,the ,koran ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,arabic ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4,m4 ,,rodwell1 ,m4,a4 ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,g4 ,,margoliouth1 ,m4,a4 ,introduction ,preface ,index ,sura ,number 7this edition7 ,sura ,number 7,arabic text7 ,title #a #if ,thick ,blood or ,clots of ,blood #b #gd ,the ,enwrapped #c #gc ,the ,enfolded #d #ic ,the ,brightness #e #id ,the ,opening #f #aac ,the ,daybreak #g #aad ,men #h #a ,sura ,i4 #i #aji ,unbelievers #aj #aab ,the ,unity #aa #aaa ,abu ,lahab #ab #ajh ,the ,abundance #ac #ajd ,the ,backbiter #ad #ajg ,religion #ae #ajb ,desire #af #ib ,the ,night #ag #fh ,the ,pen #ah #ij ,the ,soil #ai #aje ,the ,elephant #bj #ajf ,the ,koreisch #ba #ig ,power #bb #hf ,the ,night-,comer #bc #ia ,the ,sun #bd #hj ,he ,frowned #be #hg ,the ,most ,high #bf #ie ,the ,fig #bg #ajc ,the ,afternoon #bh #he ,the ,starry #bi #aja ,the ,blow #cj #ii ,the ,earthquake #ca #hb ,the ,cleaving #cb #ha ,the ,folded ,up #cc #hd ,the ,splitting ,asunder #cd #ajj ,the ,chargers #ce #gi ,those ,who ,drag ,forth #cf #gg ,the ,sent #cg #gh ,the ,news #ch #hh ,the ,overshadowing #ci #hi ,the ,daybreak #dj #ge ,the ,resurrection #da #hc ,those ,who ,stint #db #fi ,the ,inevitable #dc #ea ,the ,scattering #dd #eb ,the ,mountain #de #ef ,the ,inevitable #df #ec ,the ,star #dg #gj ,the ,steps or ,ascents #dh #ee ,the ,merciful #di #ed ,the ,moon #ej #cg ,the ,ranks #ea #ga ,noah #eb #gf ,man #ec #dd ,smoke #ed #ej ,kaf #ee #bj ,ta4 ,ha4 #ef #bf ,the ,poets #eg #ae ,hedjr #eh #ai ,mary #ei #ch ,sad #fj #cf ,ya4 ,sin #fa #dc ,ornaments of ,gold #fb #gb ,djinn #fc #fg ,the ,kingdom #fd #bc ,the ,believers #fe #ba ,the ,prophets #ff #be ,al ,furkan #fg #ag ,the ,night ,journey #fh #bg ,the ,ant #fi #ah ,the ,cave #gj #cb ,adoration #ga #da ,the ,made ,plain #gb #de ,the ,kneeling #gc #af ,the ,bee #gd #cj ,the ,greeks #ge #aa ,houd #gf #ad ,abraham1 ,on ,whom ,be ,peace #gg #ab ,joseph1 ,peace ,be ,on ,him #gh #dj ,the ,believer #gi #bh ,the ,story #hj #ci ,the ,troops #ha #bi ,the ,spider #hb #ca ,lokman #hc #db ,counsel #hd #aj ,jonah1 ,peace ,be ,on ,him6 #he #cd ,saba #hf #ce ,the ,creator1 or ,the ,angels #hg #g ,al ,araf #hh #df ,al ,ahkaf #hi #f ,cattle #ij #ac ,thunder #ia #b ,the ,cow #ib #ih ,clear ,evidence #ic #fd ,mutual ,deceit #id #fb ,the ,assembly #ie #h ,the ,spoils #if #dg ,muhammad #ig #c ,the ,family of ,imran #ih #fa ,battle ,array #ii #eg ,iron #ajj #d ,women #aja #fe ,divorce #ajb #ei ,the ,emigration #ajc #cc ,the ,confederates #ajd #fc ,the ,hypocrites #aje #bd ,light #ajf #eh ,she ,who ,pleaded #ajg #bb ,the ,pilgrimage #ajh #dh ,the ,victory #aji #ff ,the ,forbidding #aaj #fj ,she ,who ,is ,tried #aaa #aaj ,,help #aab #di ,the ,apartments #aac #i ,immunity #aad #e ,the ,table ,,mohammed was born at ,mecca in ,a4,d4 #efg or #efi4 ,his flight 7hijra7 to ,medina1 which marks the beginning of the ,mohammedan era1 took place on #afth ,june #fbb4 ,he died on #gth ,june #fcb4 ,,introduction ,,the ,koran admittedly occupies an important position among the great religious books of the world4 ,though the youngest of the epoch-making works belonging to this class of literature1 it yields to hardly any in the wonderful effect which it has produced on large masses of men4 ,it has created an all but new phase of human thought and a fresh type of character4 ,it first transformed a number of heterogeneous desert tribes of the ,arabian peninsula into a nation of heroes1 and then proceeded to create the vast politico-religious organisations of the ,muhammedan world which are one of the great forces with which ,europe and the ,east have to reckon to-day4 ,the secret of the power exercised by the book1 of course1 lay in the mind which produced it4 ,it was1 in fact1 at first not a book1 but a strong living voice1 a kind of wild authoritative proclamation1 a series of admonitions1 promises1 threats1 and instructions addressed to turbulent and largely hostile assemblies of untutored ,arabs4 ,as a book it was published after the prophet's death4 ,in ,muhammed's life-time there were only disjointed notes1 speeches1 and the retentive memories of those who listened to them4 ,to speak of the ,koran is1 therefore1 practically the same as speaking of ,muhammed1 and in trying to appraise the religious value of the book one is at the same time attempting to form an opinion of the prophet himself4 ,it would indeed be difficult to find another case in which there is such a complete identity between the literary work and the mind of the man who produced it4 ,that widely different estimates have been formed of ,muhammed is well-known4 ,to ,moslems he is1 of course1 the prophet par excellence1 and the ,koran is regarded by the orthodox as nothing less than the eternal utterance of ,allah4 ,the eulogy pronounced by ,carlyle on ,muhammed in ,heroes and ,hero ,worship will probably be endorsed by not a few at the present day4 ,the extreme contrary opinion1 which in a fresh form has recently been revived#a by an able writer1 is hardly likely to find much lasting support4 ,the correct view very probably lies between the two extremes4 ,the relative value of any given system of religious thought must depend on the amount of truth which it embodies as well as on the ethical standard which its adherents are bidden to follow4 ,another important test is the degree of originality that is to be assigned to it1 for it can manifestly only claim credit for that which is new in it1 not for that which it borrowed from other systems4 #a ,mahommed and the ,rise of ,islam1 in 8,heroes of ,nations0 series4 ,with regard to the first-named criterion1 there is a growing opinion among students of religious history that ,muhammed may in a real sense be regarded as a prophet of certain truths1 though by no means of truth in the absolute meaning of the term4 ,the shortcomings of the moral teaching contained in the ,koran are striking enough if judged from the highest ethical standpoint with which we are acquainted2 but a much more favourable view is arrived at if a comparison is made between the ethics of the ,koran and the moral tenets of ,arabian and other forms of heathenism which it supplanted4 ,the method followed by ,muhammed in the promulgation of the ,koran also requires to be treated with discrimination4 ,from the first flash of prophetic inspiration which is clearly discernible in the earlier portions of the book he1 later on1 frequently descended to deliberate invention and artful rhetoric4 ,he1 in fact1 accommodated his moral sense to the circumstances in which the rle he had to play involved him4 ,on the question of originality there can hardly be two opinions now that the ,koran has been thoroughly compared with the ,christian and ,jewish traditions of the time2 and it is1 besides some original ,arabian legends1 to those only that the book stands in any close relationship4 ,the matter is for the most part borrowed1 but the manner is all the prophet's own4 ,this is emphatically a case in which originality consists not so much in the creation of new materials of thought as in the manner in which existing traditions of various kinds are utilised and freshly blended to suit the special exigencies of the occasion4 ,biblical reminiscences1 ,rabbinic legends1 ,christian traditions mostly drawn from distorted apocryphal sources1 and native heathen stories1 all first pass through the prophet's fervid mind1 and thence issue in strange new forms1 tinged with poetry and enthusiasm1 and well adapted to enforce his own view of life and duty1 to serve as an encouragement to his faithful adherents1 and to strike terror into the hearts of his opponents4 ,there is1 however1 apart from its religious value1 a more general view from which the book should be considered4 ,the ,koran enjoys the distinction of having been the starting-point of a new literary and philosophical movement which has powerfully affected the finest and most cultivated minds among both ,jews and ,christians in the ,middle ,ages4 ,this general progress of the ,muhammedan world has somehow been arrested1 but research has shown that what ,european scholars knew of ,greek philosophy1 of mathematics1 astronomy1 and like sciences1 for several centuries before the ,renaissance1 was1 roughly speaking1 all derived from ,latin treatises ultimately based on ,arabic originals2 and it was the ,koran which1 though indirectly1 gave the first impetus to these studies among the ,arabs and their allies4 ,linguistic investigations1 poetry1 and other branches of literature1 also made their appearance soon after or simultaneously with the publication of the ,koran2 and the literary movement thus initiated has resulted in some of the finest products of genius and learning4 ,the style in which the ,koran is written requires some special attention in this introduction4 ,the literary form is for the most part different from anything else we know4 ,in its finest passages we indeed seem to hear a voice akin to that of the ancient ,hebrew prophets1 but there is much in the book which ,europeans usually regard as faulty4 ,the tendency to repetition which is an inherent characteristic of the ,semitic mind appears here in an exaggerated form1 and there is in addition much in the ,koran which strikes us as wild and fantastic4 ,the most unfavourable criticism ever passed on ,muhammed's style has in fact been penned by the prophet's greatest ,british admirer1 ,carlyle himself2 and there are probably many now who find themselves in the same dilemma with that great writer4 ,the fault appears1 however1 to lie partly in our difficulty to appreciate the psychology of the ,arab prophet4 ,we must1 in order to do him justice1 give full consideration to his temperament and to the condition of things around him4 ,we are here in touch with an untutored but fervent mind1 trying to realise itself and to assimilate certain great truths which have been powerfully borne in upon him1 in order to impart them in a convincing form to his fellow-tribesmen4 ,he is surrounded by obstacles of every kind1 yet he manfully struggles on with the message that is within him4 ,learning he has none1 or next to none4 ,his chief objects of knowledge are floating stories and traditions largely picked up from hearsay1 and his over-wrought mind is his only teacher4 ,the literary compositions to which he had ever listened were the half-cultured1 yet often wildly powerful rhapsodies of early ,arabian minstrels1 akin to ,ossian rather than to anything else within our knowledge4 ,what wonder then that his ,koran took a form which to our colder temperaments sounds strange1 unbalanced1 and fantastic8 ,yet the ,moslems themselves consider the book the finest that ever appeared among men4 ,they find no incongruity in the style4 ,to them the matter is all true and the manner all perfect4 ,their eastern temperament responds readily to the crude1 strong1 and wild appeal which its cadences make to them1 and the jingling rhyme in which the sentences of a discourse generally end adds to the charm of the whole4 ,the ,koran1 even if viewed from the point of view of style alone1 was to them from the first nothing less than a miracle1 as great a miracle as ever was wrought4 ,but to return to our own view of the case4 ,our difficulty in appreciating the style of the ,koran even moderately is1 of course1 increased if1 instead of the original1 we have a translation before us4 ,but one is happy to be able to say that ,rodwell's rendering is one of the best that have as yet been produced4 ,it seems to a great extent to carry with it the atmosphere in which ,muhammed lived1 and its sentences are imbued with the flavour of the ,east4 ,the quasi-verse form1 with its unfettered and irregular rhythmic flow of the lines1 which has in suitable cases been adopted1 helps to bring out much of the wild charm of the ,arabic4 ,not the least among its recommendations is1 perhaps1 that it is scholarly without being pedantic that is to say1 that it aims at correctness without sacrificing the right effect of the whole to over-insistence on small details4 ,another important merit of ,rodwell's edition is its chronological arrangement of the ,suras or chapters4 ,as he tells us himself in his preface1 it is now in a number of cases impossible to ascertain the exact occasion on which a discourse1 or part of a discourse1 was delivered1 so that the system could not be carried through with entire consistency4 ,but the sequence adopted is in the main based on the best available historical and literary evidence2 and in following the order of the chapters as here printed1 the reader will be able to trace the development of the prophet's mind as he gradually advanced from the early flush of inspiration to the less spiritual and more equivocal rle of warrior1 politician1 and founder of an empire4 ,g4 ,margoliouth4 ,,select ,,bibliography ,,english ,,translations4 ,from the original ,arabic by ,g4 ,sale1 #agcd1 #agfd1 #agie1 #ahja2 many later editions1 which include a memoir of the translator by ,r4 ,a4 ,davenport1 and notes from ,savary's version of the ,koran2 an edition issued by ,e4 ,m4 ,wherry1 with additional notes and commentary 7,trbner's ,oriental ,series71 #ahhb1 etc42 ,sale's translation has also been edited in the ,chandos ,classics1 and among ,lubbock's ,hundred ,books 7,no4 #bb74 ,the ,holy ,qurn1 translated by ,dr4 ,mohammad ,abdul ,hakim ,khan1 with short notes1 #aije2 ,translation by ,j4 ,m4 ,rodwell1 with notes and index 7the ,suras arranged in chronological order71 #ahfa1 #bnd ed41 #ahgf2 by ,e4 ,h4 ,palmer 7,sacred ,books of the ,east1 vols4 vi41 ix474 ,,selections3 ,chiefly from ,sale's edition1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,lane1 #ahdc2 revised and enlarged with introduction by ,s4 ,lane-,poole4 7,trbner's ,oriental ,series71 #ahgi2 ,the ,speeches and ,table-,talk of the ,prophet ,mohammad1 etc41 chosen and translated1 with introduction and notes by ,s4 ,lane-,poole1 #ahhb 7,golden ,treasury ,series72 ,selections with introduction and explanatory notes 7from ,sale and other writers71 by ,j4 ,murdock 7,sacred ,books of the ,east71 #bnd ed41 #aijb2 ,the ,religion of the ,koran1 selections with an introduction by ,a4 ,n4 ,wollaston 7,the ,wisdom of the ,east71 #aijd4 ,see also3 ,sir ,w4 ,muir3 ,the ,koran1 its ,composition and ,teaching1 #ahgh2 ,h4 ,hirschfeld3 ,new ,researches into the ,composition and ,exegesis of the ,qoran1 #aijb2 ,w4 ,st ,c4 ,tisdale3 ,sources of the ,qur'n1 #aije2 ,h4 ,u4 ,w4 ,stanton3 ,the ,teaching of the ,qur'n1 #aiai2 ,a4 ,mingana3 ,syriac ,influence on the ,style of the ,kur'n1 #aibg4 ,,to ,,sir ,,william ,,martin1 ,k4,t41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,,late ,,chief ,,justice ,,of ,,new ,,zealand1 ,,this ,,volume ,,is ,,dedicated1 ,,with ,,sincere ,,feelings ,,of ,,esteem ,,for ,,his ,,private ,,worth1 ,,public ,,services1 ,,and ,,eminent ,,literary ,,attainments1 ,,by ,,the ,,translator4 ,,preface ,it is necessary that some brief explanation should be given with reference to the arrangement of the ,suras1 or chapters1 adopted in this translation of the ,koran4 ,it should be premised that their order as it stands in all ,arabic manuscripts1 and in all hitherto printed editions1 whether ,arabic or ,european1 is not chronological1 neither is there any authentic tradition to shew that it rests upon the authority of ,muhammad himself4 ,the scattered fragments of the ,koran were in the first instance collected by his immediate successor ,abu ,bekr1 about a year after the ,prophet's death1 at the suggestion of ,omar1 who foresaw that1 as the ,muslim warriors1 whose memories were the sole depositaries of large portions of the revelations1 died off or were slain1 as had been the case with many in the battle of ,yemma1 ,a4,h4 #ab1 the loss of the greater part1 or even of the whole1 was imminent4 ,zaid ,ibn ,thbit1 a native of ,medina1 and one of the ,ansars1 or helpers1 who had been ,muhammad's amanuensis1 was the person fixed upon to carry out the task1 and we are told that he gathered together the fragments of the ,koran from every quarter1 from date leaves and tablets of white stone1 and from the breasts of men4#a ,the copy thus formed by ,zaid probably remained in the possession of ,abu ,bekr during the remainder of his brief caliphate1 who committed it to the custody of ,haphsa1 one of ,muhammad's widows1 and this text continued during the ten years of ,omar's caliphate to be the standard4 ,in the copies made from it1 various readings naturally and necessarily sprung up2 and these1 under the caliphate of ,othman1 led to such serious disputes between the faithful1 that it became necessary to interpose1 and in accordance with the warning of ,hodzeifa1 to stop the people1 before they should differ regarding their scriptures1 as did the ,jews and ,christians4#b ,in accordance with this advice1 ,othman determined to establish a text which should be the sole standard1 and entrusted the redaction to the ,zaid already mentioned1 with whom he associated as colleagues1 three1 according to others1 twelve#c of the ,koreisch1 in order to secure the purity of that ,meccan idiom in which ,muhammad had spoken1 should any occasions arise in which the collators might have to decide upon various readings4 ,copies of the text formed were thus forwarded to several of the chief military stations in the new empire1 and all previously existing copies were committed to the flames4 ,zaid and his coadjutors1 however1 do not appear to have arranged the materials which came into their hands upon any system more definite than that of placing the longest and best known ,suras first1 immediately after the ,fatthah1 or opening chapter 7the eighth in this edition72 although even this rule1 artless and unscientific as it is1 has not been adhered to with strictness4 ,anything approaching to a chronological arrangement was entirely lost sight of4 ,late ,medina ,suras are often placed before early ,meccan ,suras2 the short ,suras at the end of the ,koran are its earliest portions2 while1 as will be seen from the notes1 verses of ,meccan origin are to be found embedded in ,medina ,suras1 and verses promulged at ,medina scattered up and down in the ,meccan ,suras4 ,it would seem as if ,zaid had to a great extent put his materials together just as they came to hand1 and often with entire disregard to continuity of subject and uniformity of style4 ,the text1 therefore1 as hitherto arranged1 necessarily assumes the form of a most unreadable and incongruous patchwork2 une assemblage1 says ,m4 ,kasimirski in his ,preface1 informe et incohrent de prceptes moraux1 religieux1 civils et politiques1 mls d'exhortations1 de promesses1 et de menaces-and conveys no idea whatever of the development and growth of any plan in the mind of the founder of ,islam1 or of the circumstances by which he was surrounded and influenced4 ,it is true that the manner in which ,zaid contented himself with simply bringing together his materials and transcribing them1 without any attempt to mould them into shape or sequence1 and without any effort to supply connecting links between adjacent verses1 to fill up obvious chasms1 or to suppress details of a nature discreditable to the founder of ,islam1 proves his scrupulous honesty as a compiler1 as well as his reverence for the sacred text1 and to a certain extent guarantees the genuineness and authenticity of the entire volume4 ,but it is deeply to be regretted that he did not combine some measure of historical criticism with that simplicity and honesty of purpose which forbade him1 as it certainly did1 in any way to tamper with the sacred text1 to suppress contradictory1 and exclude or soften down inaccurate1 statements4 ,the arrangement of the ,suras in this translation is based partly upon the traditions of the ,muhammadans themselves1 with reference especially to the ancient chronological list printed by ,weil in his ,mohammed der ,prophet1 as well as upon a careful consideration of the subject matter of each separate ,sura and its probable connection with the sequence of events in the life of ,muhammad4 ,great attention has been paid to this subject by ,dr4 ,weil in the work just mentioned2 by ,mr4 ,muir in his ,life of ,mahomet1 who also publishes a chronological list of ,suras1 #ba however of which he admits have not yet been carefully fixed2 and especially by ,nldeke1 in his ,geschichte des ,qrans1 a work to which public honours were awarded in #ahei by the ,paris ,academy of ,inscriptions4 ,from the arrangement of this author ,i see no reason to depart in regard to the later ,suras4 ,it is based upon a searching criticism and minute analysis of the component verses of each1 and may be safely taken as a standard1 which ought not to be departed from without weighty reasons4 ,i have1 however1 placed the earlier and more fragmentary ,suras1 after the two first1 in an order which has reference rather to their subject matter than to points of historical allusion1 which in these ,suras are very few2 whilst on the other hand1 they are mainly couched in the language of self-communion1 of aspirations after truth1 and of mental struggle1 are vivid pictures of ,heaven and ,hell1 or descriptions of natural objects1 and refer also largely to the opposition met with by ,muhammad from his townsmen of ,mecca at the outset of his public career4 ,this remark applies to what ,nldeke terms the ,suras of the ,first ,period4 ,the contrast between the earlier1 middle1 and later ,suras is very striking and interesting1 and will be at once apparent from the arrangement here adopted4 ,in the ,suras as far as the #edth1 p4 #gf1 we cannot but notice the entire predominance of the poetical element1 a deep appreciation 7as in ,sura xci4 p4 #ch7 of the beauty of natural objects1 brief fragmentary and impassioned utterances1 denunciations of woe and punishment1 expressed for the most part in lines of extreme brevity4 ,with a change1 however1 in the position of ,muhammad when he openly assumes the office of public warner1 the ,suras begin to assume a more prosaic and didactic tone1 though the poetical ornament of rhyme is preserved throughout4 ,we gradually lose the ,poet in the missionary aiming to convert1 the warm asserter of dogmatic truths2 the descriptions of natural objects1 of the judgment1 of ,heaven and ,hell1 make way for gradually increasing historical statements1 first from ,jewish1 and subsequently from ,christian histories2 while1 in the #bi ,suras revealed at ,medina1 we no longer listen to vague words1 often as it would seem without positive aim1 but to the earnest disputant with the enemies of his faith1 the ,apostle pleading the cause of what he believes to be the ,truth of ,god4 ,he who at ,mecca is the admonisher and persuader1 at ,medina is the legislator and the warrior1 who dictates obedience1 and uses other weapons than the pen of the ,poet and the ,scribe4 ,when business pressed1 as at ,medina1 ,poetry makes way for ,prose1 and although touches of the ,poetical element occasionally break forth1 and he has to defend himself up to a very late period against the charge of being merely a ,poet1 yet this is rarely the case in the ,medina ,suras2 and we are startled by finding obedience to ,god and the ,apostle1 ,god's gifts and the ,apostle's1 ,god's pleasure and the ,apostle's1 spoken of in the same breath1 and epithets and attributes elsewhere applied to ,allah openly applied to himself as in ,sura ix41 #aah1 #abi4 ,the ,suras1 viewed as a whole1 strike me as being the work of one who began his career as a thoughtful enquirer after truth1 and an earnest asserter of it in such rhetorical and poetical forms as he deemed most likely to win and attract his countrymen1 and who gradually proceeded from the dogmatic teacher to the politic founder of a system for which laws and regulations had to be provided as occasions arose4 ,and of all the ,suras it must be remarked that they were intended not for readers but for hearers-that they were all promulgated by public recital-and that much was left1 as the imperfect sentences shew1 to the manner and suggestive action of the reciter4 ,it would be impossible1 and indeed it is unnecessary1 to attempt a detailed life of ,muhammad within the narrow limits of a ,preface4 ,the main events thereof with which the ,suras of the ,koran stand in connection1 are-,the visions of ,gabriel1 seen1 or said to have been seen1 at the outset of his career in his #djth year1 during one of his seasons of annual monthly retirement1 for devotion and meditation to ,mount ,hir1 near ,mecca1-the period of mental depression and re-assurance previous to the assumption of the office of public teacher-the ,fatrah or pause 7see n4 p4 #bj7 during which he probably waited for a repetition of the angelic vision-his labours in comparative privacy for three years1 issuing in about #dj converts1 of whom his wife ,chadijah was the first1 and ,abu ,bekr the most important3 7for it is to him and to ,abu ,jahl the ,sura xcii4 p4 #cb1 refers7-struggles with ,meccan unbelief and idolatry followed by a period during which probably he had the second vision1 ,sura liii4 p4 #fi1 and was listened to and respected as a person possessed 7,sura lxix4 #db1 p4 #fj1 lii4 #bi1 p4 #fd7-the first emigration to ,abyssinia in ,a4,d4 #faf1 in consequence of the ,meccan persecutions brought on by his now open attacks upon idolatry 7,taghout7-increasing reference to ,jewish and ,christian histories1 shewing that much time had been devoted to their study the conversion of ,omar in #fag-the journey to the ,thaquifites at ,taief in ,a4,d4 #fbj-the intercourse with pilgrims from ,medina1 who believed in ,islam1 and spread the knowledge thereof in their native town1 in the same year-the vision of the midnight journey to ,jerusalem and the ,heavens-the meetings by night at ,acaba1 a mountain near ,mecca1 in the #aath year of his mission1 and the pledges of fealty there given to him-the command given to the believers to emigrate to ,yathrib1 henceforth ,medinat-en-nabi 7the city of the ,prophet7 or ,el-,medina 7the city71 in ,april of ,a4,d4 #fbb-the escape of ,muhammad and ,abu ,bekr from ,mecca to the cave of ,thaur-the ,,flight to ,medina in ,june #bj1 ,a4,d4 #fbb-treaties made with ,christian tribes-increasing1 but still very imperfect acquaintance with ,christian doctrines-the ,battle of ,bedr in ,hej4 #b1 and of ,ohod-the coalition formed against ,muhammad by the ,jews and idolatrous ,arabians1 issuing in the siege of ,medina1 ,hej4 #e 7,a4,d4 #fbg7-the convention1 with reference to the liberty of making the pilgrimage1 of ,hudaibiya1 ,hej4 #f- the embassy to ,chosroes ,king of ,persia in the same year1 to the ,governor of ,egypt and to the ,king of ,abyssinia1 desiring them to embrace ,islam-the conquest of several ,jewish tribes1 the most important of which was that of ,chaibar in ,hej4 #g1 a year marked by the embassy sent to ,heraclius1 then in ,syria1 on his return from the ,persian campaign1 and by a solemn and peaceful pilgrimage to ,mecca-the triumphant entry into ,mecca in ,hej4 #h 7,a4,d4 #fcj71 and the demolition of the idols of the ,caaba-the submission of the ,christians of ,nedjran1 of ,aila on the ,red ,sea1 and of ,taief1 etc41 in ,hej4 #i1 called the year of embassies or deputations1 from the numerous deputations which flocked to ,mecca proffering submission-and lastly in ,hej4 #aj1 the submission of ,hadramont1 ,yemen1 the greater part of the southern and eastern provinces of ,arabia-and the final solemn pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,while1 however1 there is no great difficulty in ascertaining the ,suras which stand in connection with the more salient features of ,muhammad's life1 it is a much more arduous1 and often impracticable task1 to point out the precise events to which individual verses refer1 and out of which they sprung4 ,it is quite possible that ,muhammad himself1 in a later period of his career1 designedly mixed up later with earlier revelations in the same ,suras not for the sake of producing that mysterious style which seems so pleasing to the mind of those who value truth least when it is most clear and obvious but for the purpose of softening down some of the earlier statements which represent the last hour and awful judgment as imminent2 and thus leading his followers to continue still in the attitude of expectation1 and to see in his later successes the truth of his earlier predictions4 ,if after-thoughts of this kind are to be traced1 and they will often strike the attentive reader1 it then follows that the perplexed state of the text in individual ,suras is to be considered as due to ,muhammad himself1 and we are furnished with a series of constant hints for attaining to chronological accuracy4 ,and it may be remarked in passing1 that a belief that the end of all things was at hand1 may have tended to promote the earlier successes of ,islam at ,mecca1 as it unquestionably was an argument with the ,apostles1 to flee from the wrath to come4 ,it must be borne in mind that the allusions to contemporary minor events1 and to the local efforts made by the new religion to gain the ascendant are very few1 and often couched in terms so vague and general1 that we are forced to interpret the ,koran solely by the ,koran itself4 ,and for this1 the frequent repetitions of the same histories and the same sentiments1 afford much facility3 and the peculiar manner in which the details of each history are increased by fresh traits at each recurrence1 enables us to trace their growth in the author's mind1 and to ascertain the manner in which a part of the ,koran was composed4 ,the absence of the historical element from the ,koran as regards the details of ,muhammad's daily life1 may be judged of by the fact1 that only two of his contemporaries are mentioned in the entire volume1 and that ,muhammad's name occurs but five times1 although he is all the way through addressed by the ,angel ,gabriel as the recipient of the divine revelations1 with the word ,,say4 ,perhaps such passages as ,sura ii4 #ae1 p4 #cci1 and v4 #bdf1 p4 #cfe1 and the constant mention of guidance1 direction1 wandering1 may have been suggested by reminiscences of his mercantile journeys in his earlier years4 ,it may be considered quite certain that it was not customary to reduce to writing any traditions concerning ,muhammad himself for at least the greater part of a century4 ,they rested entirely on the memory of those who have handed them down1 and must necessarily have been coloured by their prejudices and convictions1 to say nothing of the tendency to the formation of myths and to actual fabrication1 which early shews itself1 especially in interpretations of the ,koran1 to subserve the purposes of the contending factions of the ,ommeyads and ,abbsides4 ,it was under the #eth ,caliph1 ,al- ,mmn1 that three writers 7mentioned below7 on whom we mainly depend for all really reliable information1 flourished3 and even their writings are necessarily coloured by the theological tendencies of their master and patron1 who was a decided partizan of the divine right of ,ali and of his descendants4 ,the incidents mentioned in the ,koran itself1 for the interpretation of which early tradition is available1 are comparatively few1 and there are many passages with which it is totally at variance2 as1 for instance1 that ,muhammad worked miracles1 which the ,koran expressly disclaims4 ,traditions can never be considered as at all reliable1 unless they are traceable to some common origin1 have descended to us by independent witnesses1 and correspond with the statements of the ,koran itself-always of course deducting such texts as 7which is not unfrequently the case7 have themselves given rise to the tradition4 ,it soon becomes obvious to the reader of ,muslim traditions and commentators that both miracles and historical events have been invented for the sake of expounding a dark and perplexing text2 and that even the earlier traditions are largely tinged with the mythical element4 ,the first biographer of ,muhammad of whom we have any information was ,zohri1 who died ,a4,h4 #abd1 aged #gb2 but his works1 though abundantly quoted by later writers1 are no longer extant4 ,much of his information was derived from ,orwa1 who died ,a4,h4 #id1 and was a near relative of ,ayesha1 the prophet's favourite wife4 ,ibn ,ishaq1 who died in ,a4,h4 #aea1 and who had been a hearer of ,zohri1 composed a ,biography of ,muhammad for the use of the ,caliph ,al ,mnsr4 ,on this work1 considerable remains of which have come down to us1 ,ibn ,hisham1 who died ,a4,h4 #bac1 based his ,life of ,muhammad4 ,waquidi of ,medina1 who died ,a4,h4 #bjg1 composed a biographical work1 which has reached us in an abbreviated form through his secretary 7,katib74 ,it is composed entirely of traditions4 ,tabari1 the ,livy of the ,arabians 7,gibbon1 #ea1 n4 #a71 who died at ,baghdad ,a4,h4 #caj1 composed annals of ,muhammad's life and of the progress of ,islam4 ,these ancient writers are the principal sources whence anything like authentic information as to the life of ,muhammad has been derived4 ,and it may be safely concluded that after the diligent investigations carried on by the professed collectors of traditions in the second century after the ,hejira1 that little or nothing remains to be added to our stores of information relative to the details of ,muhammad's life1 or to facts which may further illustrate the text of the ,koran4 ,but however this may be1 no records which are posterior in date to these authorities can be considered as at all deserving of dependance4 ,to consider1 says ,dr4 ,sprenger1 late historians like ,abulfeda as authorities1 and to suppose that an account gains in certainty because it is mentioned by several of them1 is highly uncritical4 ,life of ,mohammad1 p4 #gc4 ,the sources whence ,muhammad derived the materials of his ,koran are1 over and above the more poetical parts1 which are his own creation1 the legends of his time and country1 ,jewish traditions based upon the ,talmud1 or perverted to suit his own purposes1 and the floating ,christian traditions of ,arabia and of ,s4 ,syria4 ,at a later period of his career no one would venture to doubt the divine origin of the entire book4 ,but at its commencement the case was different4 ,the people of ,mecca spoke openly and tauntingly of it as the work of a poet1 as a collection of antiquated or fabulous legends1 or as palpable sorcery4#d ,they accused him of having confederates1 and even specified foreigners who had been his coadjutors4 ,such were ,salman the ,persian1 to whom he may have owed the descriptions of ,heaven and ,hell1 which are analogous to those of the ,zendavesta2 and the ,christian monk ,sergius1 or as the ,muhammadans term him1 ,boheira4 ,from the latter1 and perhaps from other ,christians1 especially slaves naturalised at ,mecca1 ,muhammad obtained access to the teaching of the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 and to many popular traditions of which those ,gospels are the concrete expression4 ,his wife ,chadijah1 as well as her cousin ,waraka1 a reputed convert to ,christianity1 and ,muhammad's intimate friend1 are said to have been well acquainted with the doctrines and sacred books both of ,jews and ,christians4 ,and not only were several ,arab tribes in the neighbourhood of ,mecca converts to the ,christian faith1 but on two occasions ,muhammad had travelled with his uncle1 ,abu ,talib1 as far as ,bostra1 where he must have had opportunities of learning the general outlines of ,oriental ,christian doctrine1 and perhaps of witnessing the ceremonial of their worship4 ,and it appears tolerably certain that previous to and at the period of his entering into public life1 there was a large number of enquirers at ,mecca1 who like ,zaid1 ,omayah of ,taief1 ,waraka1 etc41 were dissatisfied equally with the religion of their fathers1 the ,judaism and the ,christianity which they saw around them1 and were anxiously enquiring for some better way4 ,the names and details of the lives of twelve of the companions of ,muhammad who lived in ,mecca1 ,medina1 and ,taief1 are recorded1 who previous to his assumption of the ,prophetic office1 called themselves ,hanyfs1 i4e41 converts1 puritans1 and were believers in one ,god1 and regarded ,abraham as the founder of their religion4 ,muhammad publicly acknowledged that he was a ,hanyf-and this sect of the ,hanyfites 7who are in no way to be confounded with the later sect of the same name7 were among his ,meccan precursors4 ,see n4 pp4 #bji1 #chg4 ,their history is to be found in the ,fihrist- ,,ms4 ,paris1 anc4 fonds1 nr4 #hgd 7and in other treatises7-which ,dr4 ,sprenger believes to have been in the library of the ,caliph ,el-,mmn4 ,in this treatise1 the ,hanyfs are termed ,sabeites1 and said to have received the ,volumes 7,sohof7 or ,books of ,abraham1 mentioned in ,sura lxxxvii4 #ai1 p4 #dj1 #da1 which most commentators affirm to have been borrowed from them1 as is also the case with the latter part of ,sura liii4 #cg1 ad f4 p4 #ga2 so that from these ,books ,muhammad derived the legends of ,ad and ,themoud1 whose downfall1 recent as it was 7see note p4 #cjj71 he throws back to a period previous to that of ,moses1 who is made to ask 7,sura xiv4 #i1 p4 #bbf7 whether their history had reached his hearers4 ,muhammad is said to have discovered these ,books to be a recent forgery1 and that this is the reason why no mention of them occurs after the fourth year of his ,prophetic function1 ,a4,d4 #faf4 ,hence too1 possibly1 the title ,hanyf was so soon dropped and exchanged for that of ,muslim1 one who surrenders or resigns himself to ,god4 ,the ,waraka above mentioned1 and cousin of ,chadijah1 is said to have believed on ,muhammad as long as he continued true to the principles of the ,hanyfs1 but to have quitted him in disgust at his subsequent proceedings1 and to have died an orthodox ,christian4 ,it has been supposed that ,muhammad derived many of his notions concerning ,christianity from ,gnosticism1 and that it is to the numerous gnostic sects the ,koran alludes when it reproaches the ,christians with having split up their religion into parties4 ,but for ,muhammad thus to have confounded ,gnosticism with ,christianity itself1 its prevalence in ,arabia must have been far more universal than we have any reason to believe it really was4 ,in fact1 we have no historical authority for supposing that the doctrines of these heretics were taught or professed in ,arabia at all4 ,it is certain1 on the other hand1 that the ,basilidans1 ,valentinians1 and other gnostic sects had either died out1 or been reabsorbed into the orthodox ,church1 towards the middle of the fifth century1 and had disappeared from ,egypt before the sixth4 ,it is nevertheless possible that the gnostic doctrine concerning the ,crucifixion was adopted by ,muhammad as likely to reconcile the ,jews to ,islam1 as a religion embracing both ,judaism and ,christianity1 if they might believe that ,jesus had not been put to death1 and thus find the stumbling-block of the atonement removed out of their path4 ,the ,jews would in this case have simply been called upon to believe in ,jesus as being what the ,koran represents him1 a holy teacher1 who1 like the patriarch ,enoch or the prophet ,elijah1 had been miraculously taken from the earth4 ,but1 in all other respects1 the sober and matter-of-fact statements of the ,koran relative to the family and history of ,jesus1 are altogether opposed to the wild and fantastic doctrines of ,gnostic emanations1 and especially to the manner in which they supposed ,jesus1 at his ,baptism1 to have been brought into union with a higher nature4 ,it is quite clear that ,muhammad borrowed in several points from the doctrines of the ,ebionites1 ,essenes1 and ,sabeites4 ,epiphanius 7,h#8r4 x47 describes the notions of the ,ebionites of ,nabath#8a1 ,moabitis1 and ,basanitis with regard to ,adam and ,jesus1 almost in the very words of ,sura iii4 #eb4 ,he tells us that they observed circumcision1 were opposed to celibacy1 forbad turning to the sunrise1 but enjoined ,jerusalem as their ,kebla 7as did ,muhammad during twelve years71 that they prescribed 7as did the ,sabeites71 washings1 very similar to those enjoined in the ,koran1 and allowed oaths 7by certain natural objects1 as clouds1 signs of the ,zodiac1 oil1 the winds1 etc471 which we find adopted in the ,koran4 ,these points of contact with ,islam1 knowing as we do ,muhammad's eclecticism1 can hardly be accidental4 ,we have no evidence that ,muhammad had access to the ,christian ,scriptures1 though it is just possible that fragments of the ,old or ,new ,testament may have reached him through ,chadijah or ,waraka1 or other ,meccan ,christians1 possessing ,,mss4 of the sacred volume4 ,there is but one direct quotation 7,sura xxi4 #aje7 in the whole ,koran from the ,scriptures2 and though there are a few passages1 as where alms are said to be given to be seen of men1 and as1 none forgiveth sins but ,god only1 which might seem to be identical with texts of the ,new ,testament1 yet this similarity is probably merely accidental4 ,it is1 however1 curious to compare such passages as ,deut4 xxvi4 #ad1 #ag2 #a ,peter v4 #b1 with ,sura xxiv4 #ej1 p4 #ddh1 and x4 #gc1 p4 #bha ,john vii4 #ae1 with the illiterate ,prophet-,matt4 xxiv4 #cf1 and ,john xii4 #bg1 with the use of the word hour as meaning any judgment or crisis1 and ,the last judgment-the voice of the ,son of ,god which the dead are to hear1 with the exterminating or awakening cry of ,gabriel1 etc4 ,the passages of this kind1 with which the ,koran abounds1 result from ,muhammad's general acquaintance with ,scriptural phraseology1 partly through the popular legends1 partly from personal intercourse with ,jews and ,christians4 ,and we may be quite certain that whatever materials ,muhammad may have derived from our ,scriptures1 directly or indirectly1 were carefully recast4 ,he did not even use its words without due consideration4 ,for instance1 except in the phrase the ,lord of the worlds1 he seems carefully to have avoided the expression the ,lord1 probably because it was applied by the ,christians to ,christ1 or to ,god the ,father4 ,it should also be borne in mind that we have no traces of the existence of ,arabic versions of the ,old or ,new ,testament previous to the time of ,muhammad4 ,the passage of ,st4 ,jerome-,hc autem translatio nullum de veteribus sequitur interpretem2 sed ex ipso ,hebraico1 ,arabicoque sermone1 et interdum ,syro1 nunc verba1 nunc sensum1 nunc simul utrumque resonabit1 7,prol4 ,gal47 obviously does not refer to versions1 but to idiom4 ,the earliest ,ar4 version of the ,old ,testament1 of which we have any knowledge1 is that of ,r4 ,saadias ,gaon1 ,a4,d4 #ijj2 and the oldest ,ar4 version of the ,new ,testament1 is that published by ,erpenius in #afaf1 and transcribed in the ,thebais1 in the year #aaga1 by a ,coptic ,bishop1 from a copy made by a person whose name is known1 but whose date is uncertain4 ,michaelis thinks that the ,arabic versions of the ,new ,testament were made between the ,saracen conquests in the seventh century1 and the ,crusades in the eleventh century-an opinion in which he follows1 or coincides with1 ,walton 7,prol4 in ,polygl4 xiv47 who remarks-,plane constat versionem ,arabicam apud eas 7ecclesias orientales7 factam esse postquam lingua ,arabica per victorias et religionem ,muhammedanicam per ,orientem propagata fuerat1 et in multis locis facta esset vernacula4 ,if1 indeed1 in these comparatively late versions1 the general phraseology1 especially in the histories common to the ,scriptures and to the ,koran1 bore any similarity to each other1 and if the orthography of the proper names had been the same in each1 it might have been fair to suppose that such versions had been made1 more or less1 upon the basis of others1 which1 though now lost1 existed in the ages prior to ,muhammad1 and influenced1 if they did not directly form1 his sources of information4 ,but#e this does not appear to be the case4 ,the phraseology of our existing versions is not that of the ,koran-and these versions appear to have been made from the ,septuagint1 the ,vulgate1 ,syriac1 ,coptic1 and ,greek2 the four ,gospels1 says ,tischendorf#f originem mixtam habere videntur4 ,from the ,arab ,jews1 ,muhammad would be enabled to derive an abundant1 though most distorted1 knowledge of the ,scripture histories4 ,the secrecy in which he received his instructions from them1 and from his ,christian informants1 enabled him boldly to declare to the ignorant pagan ,meccans that ,god had revealed those ,biblical histories to him4 ,but there can be no doubt1 from the constant identity between the ,talmudic perversions of ,scripture histories and ,rabbinic moral precepts1 that the ,rabbins of the ,hejaz communicated their legends to ,muhammad4 ,and it should be remembered that the ,talmud was completed a century previous to the era of ,muhammad1#g and cannot fail to have extensively influenced the religious creed of all the ,jews of the ,arabian peninsula4 ,in one passage1#h ,muhammad speaks of an individual ,jew-perhaps some one of note among his professed followers1 as a witness to his mission2 and there can be no doubt that his relations with the ,jews were1 at one time1 those of friendship and intimacy1 when we find him speak of their recognising him as they do their own children1 and hear him blaming their most colloquial expressions4#i ,it is impossible1 however1 for us at this distance of time to penetrate the mystery in which this subject is involved4 ,yet certain it is1 that1 although their testimony against ,muhammad was speedily silenced1 the ,koreisch knew enough of his private history to disbelieve and to disprove his pretensions of being the recipient of a divine revelation1 and that they accused him of writing from the dictation of teachers morning and evening4#aj ,and it is equally certain1 that all the information received by ,muhammad was embellished and recast in his own mind and with his own words4 ,there is a unity of thought1 a directness and simplicity of purpose1 a peculiar and laboured style1 a uniformity of diction1 coupled with a certain deficiency of imaginative power1 which proves the ayats 7signs or verses7 of the ,koran at least to be the product of a single pen4 ,the longer narratives were1 probably1 elaborated in his leisure hours1 while the shorter verses1 each claiming to be a sign or miracle1 were promulgated as occasion required them4 ,and1 whatever ,muhammad may himself profess in the ,koran#aa as to his ignorance1 even of reading and writing1 and however strongly modern ,muhammadans may insist upon the same point an assertion by the way contradicted by many good authors#ab-there can be no doubt that to assimilate and work up his materials1 to fashion them into elaborate ,suras1 to fit them for public recital1 must have been a work requiring much time1 study1 and meditation1 and presumes a far greater degree of general culture than any orthodox ,muslim will be disposed to admit4 ,in close connection with the above remarks1 stands the question of ,muhammad's sincerity and honesty of purpose in coming forward as a messenger from ,god4 ,for if he was indeed the illiterate person the ,muslims represent him to have been1 then it will be hard to escape their inference that the ,koran is1 as they assert it to be1 a standing miracle4 ,but if1 on the other hand1 it was a ,book carefully concocted from various sources1 and with much extraneous aid1 and published as a divine oracle1 then it would seem that the author is at once open to the charge of the grossest imposture1 and even of impious blasphemy4 ,the evidence rather shews1 that in all he did and wrote1 ,muhammad was actuated by a sincere desire to deliver his countrymen from the grossness of its debasing idolatries-that he was urged on by an intense desire to proclaim that great truth of the ,unity of the ,godhead which had taken full possession of his own soul-that the end to be attained justified to his mind the means he adopted in the production of his ,suras-that he worked himself up into a belief that he had received a divine call-and that he was carried on by the force of circumstances1 and by gradually increasing successes1 to believe himself the accredited messenger of ,heaven4 ,the earnestness of those convictions which at ,mecca sustained him under persecution1 and which perhaps led him1 at any price as it were1 and by any means1 not even excluding deceit and falsehood1 to endeavour to rescue his countrymen from idolatry1-naturally stiffened at ,medina into tyranny and unscrupulous violence4 ,at the same time1 he was probably1 more or less1 throughout his whole career1 the victim of a certain amount of self-deception4 ,a cataleptic#ac subject from his early youth1 born-according to the traditions-of a highly nervous and excitable mother1 he would be peculiarly liable to morbid and fantastic hallucinations1 and alternations of excitement and depression1 which would win for him1 in the eyes of his ignorant countrymen1 the credit of being inspired4 ,it would be easy for him to persuade himself that he was the seal of the ,prophets1 the proclaimer of a doctrine of the ,divine ,unity1 held and taught by the ,patriarchs1 especially by ,abraham-a doctrine that should present to mankind ,judaism divested of its ,mosaic ceremonial1 and ,christianity divested of the ,atonement and the ,trinity#ad-;doctrine1 as he might have believed1 fitted and destined to absorb ,judaism1 ,christianity1 and ,idolatry2 and this persuasion1 once admitted into his mind as a conviction1 retained possession of it1 and carried him on1 though often in the use of means1 towards the end of his career1 far different from those with which he commenced it1 to a victorious consummation4 ,it is true that the state of ,arabia previous to the time of ,muhammad was one of preparedness for a new religion that the scattered elements were there1 and wanted only the mind of a master to harmonise and enforce them and that ,islam was1 so to speak1 a necessity of the time4#ae ,still ,muhammad's career is a wonderful instance of the force and life that resides in him who possesses an intense ,faith in ,god and in the unseen world2 and whatever deductions may be made-and they are many and serious-from the noble and truthful in his character1 he will always be regarded as one of those who have had that influence over the faith1 morals1 and whole earthly life of their fellow-men1 which none but a really great man ever did1 or can1 exercise2 and as one of those1 whose efforts to propagate some great verity will prosper1 in spite of manifold personal errors and defects1 both of principle and character4 ,the more insight we obtain1 from undoubted historical sources1 into the actual character of ,muhammad1 the less reason do we find to justify the strong vituperative language poured out upon his head by ,maracci1 ,prideaux1 and others1 in recent days1 one of whom has found1 in the ,byzantine ,maometis1 the number of the ,beast 7,rev4 xii76 ,it is nearer to the truth to say that he was a great though imperfect character1 an earnest though mistaken teacher1 and that many of his mistakes and imperfections were the result of circumstances1 of temperament1 and constitution2 and that there must be elements both of truth and goodness in the system of which he was the main author1 to account for the world-wide phenomenon1 that whatever may be the intellectual inferiority 7if such is1 indeed1 the fact7 of the ,muslim races1 the influence of his teaching1 aided1 it is true1 by the vast impulse given to it by the victorious arms of his followers1 has now lasted for nearly thirteen centuries1 and embraces more than one hundred millions of our race-more than one-tenth part of the inhabitants of the globe4 ,it must be acknowledged1 too1 that the ,koran deserves the highest praise for its conceptions of the ,divine nature1 in reference to the attributes of ,power1 ,knowledge1 and universal ,providence and ,unity-that its belief and trust in the ,one ,god of ,heaven and ,earth is deep and fervent-and that1 though it contains fantastic visions and legends1 teaches a childish ceremonial1 and justifies bloodshedding1 persecution1 slavery1 and polygamy1 yet that at the same time it embodies much of a noble and deep moral earnestness1 and sententious oracular wisdom1 and has proved that there are elements in it on which mighty nations1 and conquering though not1 perhaps1 durable-empires can be built up4 ,it is due to the ,koran1 that the occupants in the sixth century of an arid peninsula1 whose poverty was only equalled by their ignorance1 become not only the fervent and sincere votaries of a new creed1 but1 like ,amru and many more1 its warlike propagators4 ,impelled possibly by drought and famine1 actuated partly by desire of conquest1 partly by religious convictions1 they had conquered ,persia in the seventh century1 the northern coasts of ,africa1 and a large portion of ,spain in the eighth1 the ,punjaub and nearly the whole of ,india in the ninth4 ,the simple shepherds and wandering ,bedouins of ,arabia1 are transformed1 as if by a magician's wand1 into the founders of empires1 the builders of cities1 the collectors of more libraries than they at first destroyed1 while cities like ,fostt1 ,baghdad1 ,cordova1 and ,delhi1 attest the power at which ,christian ,europe trembled4 ,and thus1 while the ,koran1 which underlays this vast energy and contains the principles which are its springs of action1 reflects to a great extent the mixed character of its author1 its merits as a code of laws1 and as a system of religious teaching1 must always be estimated by the changes which it introduced into the customs and beliefs of those who willingly or by compulsion embraced it4 ,in the suppression of their idolatries1 in the substitution of the worship of ,allah for that of the powers of nature and genii with ,him1 in the abolition of child murder1 in the extinction of manifold superstitious usages1 in the reduction of the number of wives to a fixed standard1 it was to the ,arabians an unquestionable blessing1 and an accession1 though not in the ,christian sense a ,revelation1 of ,truth2 and while every ,christian must deplore the overthrow of so many flourishing ,eastern churches by the arms of the victorious ,muslims1 it must not be forgotten that ,europe1 in the middle ages1 owed much of her knowledge of dialectic philosophy1 of medicine1 and architecture1 to ,arabian writers1 and that ,muslims formed the connecting link between the ,west and the ,east for the importation of numerous articles of luxury and use4 ,that an immense mass of fable and silly legend has been built up upon the basis of the ,koran is beyond a doubt1 but for this ,muhammad is not answerable1 any more than he is for the wild and bloodthirsty excesses of his followers in after ages4 ,i agree with ,sale in thinking that1 how criminal soever ,muhammad may have been in imposing a false religion on mankind1 the praises due to his real virtues ought not to be denied him 7,preface71 and venture to think that no one can rise from the perusal of his ,koran without argeeing with that motto from ,st4 ,augustin1 which ,sale has prefixed to his title page1 ,nulla falsa doctrina est1 qu non aliquid veri permisceat4 ,qu#8st4 ,evang4 ii4 #dj4 ,the ,arabic text from which this translation has been made is that of ,fluegel4 ,leips4 #ahda4 ,the translations of ,sale1 ,ullmann1 ,wahl1 ,hammer von ,purgstall in the ,fundgruben des ,orients1 and ,m4 ,kasimirski1 have been collated throughout2 and above all1 the great work of ,father ,maracci1 to whose accuracy and research search ,sale's work mainly owes its merits4 ,sale has1 however1 followed ,maracci too closely1 especially by introducing his paraphrastic comments into the body of the text1 as well as by his constant use of ,latinised instead of ,saxon words4 ,but to ,sale's ,preliminary ,discourse the reader is referred1 as to a storehouse of valuable information2 as well as to the works of ,geiger1 ,gerock1 and ,freytag1 and to the lives of ,muhammad by ,dr4 ,weil1 ,mr4 ,muir1 and that of ,dr4 ,sprenger now issuing from the press1 in ,german4 ,the more brief and poetical verses of the earlier ,suras are translated with a freedom from which ,i have altogether abstained in the historical and prosaic portions2 but ,i have endeavoured nowhere to use a greater amount of paraphrase than is necessary to convey the sense of the original4 ,vel verbum e verbo1 says ,s4 ,jerome 7,prf4 in ,jobum7 of versions1 vel sensum e sensu1 vel ex utroque commixtum1 et medie temperatum genus translationis4 ,the proper names are usually given as in our ,scriptures3 the ,english reader would not easily recognise ,noah as ,nh1 ,lot as ,lt1 ,moses as ,musa1 ,abraham as ,ibrahym1 ,pharaoh as ,firaun1 ,aaron as ,harun1 ,jesus as ,isa1 ,john as ,yahia1 etc42 and it has been thought best to give different renderings of the same constantly recurring words and phrases1 in order more fully to convey their meaning4 ,for instance1 the ,arabic words which mean ,companions of the fire1 are also rendered inmates of1 etc41 given up to1 etc42 the ,people of the ,book1 i4e4 ,jews1 ,christians and ,sabeites1 is sometimes retained1 sometimes paraphrased4 ,this remark applies to such words as tanzyl1 lit4 downsending or ,revelation2 zikr1 the remembrance or constant repetition or mention of ,god's name as an act of devotion2 saha1 the ,hour of present or final judgment2 and various epithets of ,allah4 ,i have nowhere attempted to represent the rhymes of the original4 ,the ,proben of ,h4 v4 ,purgstall1 in the ,fundgruben des ,orients1 excellent as they are in many respects1 shew that this can only be done with a sacrifice of literal translation4 ,i subjoin as a specimen ,lieut4 ,burton's version of the ,fatthah1 or opening chapter of previous editions4 ,see ,sura viii4 p4 #bh4 #a ,in the ,name of ,allah1 the ,merciful1 the ,compassionate6 #b ,praise be to ,allah1 who the three worlds made4 #c ,the ,merciful1 the ,compassionate1 #d ,the ,king of the day of ,fate4 #e ,thee alone do we worship1 and of thee alone do we ask aid4 #f ,guide us to the path that is straight- #g ,the path of those to whom thy love is great1 ,not those on whom is hate1 ,nor they that deviate4 ,amen4 ,i have endeavoured1 he adds1 in this translation to imitate the imperfect rhyme of the original ,arabic4 ,such an attempt1 however1 is full of difficulties4 ,the ,arabic is a language in which1 like ,italian1 it is almost impossible not to rhyme4 ,pilgr4 ii4 #gh4 #a ,mishct1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebd4 ,e4 ,trans4 ,b4 viii4 #c1 #c4 #b ,mishct1 as above4 ,muir1 i4 p4 xiii4 ,freyt4 ,einl41 p4 #chd4 ,memoires de l',acad4 ,t4 #ej1 p4 #dbf4 ,nld4 p4 #bje4 #c ,kitb al ,waquidi1 p4 #bgh #d ,see ,suras xxxvi4 xxv4 xvii4 #e ,see ,walton's ,prol4 ad ,polygl4 ,lond4 xiv4 #b4 #f ,prol4 in ,n4,t4 p4 lxxviii4 #g ,the date of the ,bab4 ,gemara is ,a4,d4 #ecj2 of the ,jerusalem ,gamara1 ,a4,d4 #dcj2 of the ,mischina ,a4,d4 #bbj2 ,see ,gfrrer's ,jahrhundert des ,heils1 pp4 #aa- #dd4 #h ,sura xlvi4 #aj1 p4 #cad4 #i ,sura vi4 #bj1 p4 #cah4 ,sura ii4 #ac 7p4 #cci71 verse #ih1 etc4 #aj ,sura xxv4 #e1 #f1 p4 #aei4 #aa ,sura4 vii4 #aef1 p4 #cjg2 xxix4 #dg1 p4 #bfe4 #ab ,see ,dr4 ,sprenger's 8,life10 p4 #aja4 #ac ,or1 epileptic4 #ad ,a line of argument to be adopted by a ,christian missionary in dealing with a ,muhammadan should be1 not to attack ,islam as a mass of error1 but to shew that it contains fragments of disjointed truth-that it is based upon ,christianity and ,judaism partially understood-especially upon the latter1 without any appreciation of its typical character pointing to ,christianity as a final dispensation4 #ae ,muhammad can scarcely have failed to observe the opportunity offered for the growth of a new power1 by the ruinous strifes of the ,persians and ,greeks4 ,abulfeda 7,life of ,muhammad1 p4 #gf7 expressly says that he had promised his followers the spoils o ,chosroes and ,csar4 ,,sura#a ,,xcvi4-,,thick ,,blood1 ,,or ,,clots ,,of ,,blood ,i4 ,,mecca4-#ai ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful#b ,,recite#c thou1 in the name of thy ,lord who created2- ,created man from ,,clots ,,of ,,blood3- ,recite thou6 ,for thy ,lord is the most ,beneficent1 ,who hath taught the use of the pen2- ,hath taught ,man that which he knoweth not4 ,nay1 verily1#d ,man is insolent1 ,because he seeth himself possessed of riches4 ,verily1 to thy ,lord is the return of all4 ,what thinkest thou of him that holdeth back ,a servant#e of ,god when he prayeth8 ,what thinkest thou8#f ,hath he followed the true ,guidance1 or enjoined ,piety8 ,what thinkest thou8 ,hath he treated the truth as a lie and turned his back8 ,what6 doth he not know how that ,god seeth8 ,nay1 verily1 if he desist not1 ,we shall seize him by the forelock1 ,the lying sinful forelock6 ,then let him summon his associates2#g ,we too will summon the guards of ,hell3 ,nay6 obey him not2 but adore1 and draw nigh to ,god4#h #a ,the word ,sura occurs nine times in the ,koran1 viz4 ,sur4 ix4 #fe1 #hg1 #abe1 #abh2 xxiv4 #a2 xlvii4 #bb 7twice72 ii4 #ba2 x4 #ci2 but it is not easy to determine whether it means a whole chapter1 or part only of a chapter1 or is used in the sense of revelation4 ,see ,weil's ,mohammed der ,prophet1 pp4 #cfa- #cfc4 ,it is understood by the ,muhammadan commentators to have a primary reference to the succession of subjects or parts1 like the rows of bricks in a wall4 ,the titles of the ,suras are generally taken from some word occurring in each1 which is printed in large type throughout1 where practicable4 #b ,this formula-,bismillahi 'rrahmani 'rrahim-is of ,jewish origin4 ,it was in the first instance taught to the ,koreisch by ,omayah of ,taief1 the poet1 who was a contemporary with1 but somewhat older than1 ,muhammad2 and who1 during his mercantile journeys into ,arabia ,petr#8a and ,syria1 had made himself acquainted with the sacred books and doctrines of ,jews and ,christians4 7,kitab al-,aghni1 #af4 ,delhi47 ,muhammad adopted and constantly used it1 and it is prefixed to each ,sura except the ninth4 ,the former of the two epithets implies that the mercy of ,god is exercised as occasions arise1 towards all his creatures2 the latter that the quality of mercy is inherent in ,god and permanent1 so that there is only a shade of difference between the two words4 ,maracci well renders1 ,in ,nomine ,dei ,miseratoris1 ,misericordis4 ,the rendering ,i have adopted is that of ,mr4 ,lane in his extracts from the ,koran4 ,see also ,freytag's ,lex4 ii4 p4 #acc4 ,perhaps1 ,in the name of ,allah1 the ,god of ,mercy1 the ,merciful1 would more fully express the original ,arabic4 ,the first five verses of this ,sura are1 in the opinion of nearly all commentators1 ancient and modern1 the earliest revelations made to ,muhammad1 in the #djth year of his life1 and the starting point of ,el-,islam4 7,see the authorities quoted in detail in ,nldeke's ,geschichte des ,qorns1 p4 #fb1 n47 #c ,the usual rendering is read4 ,but the word qaraa1 which is the root of the word ,koran1 analogous to the ,rabbinic mikra1 rather means to address1 recite2 and with regard to its etymology and use in the kindred dialects to call1 cry aloud1 proclaim4 ,compare ,isai4 lviii4 #a2 #a ,kings xviii4 #cg2 and ,gesen4 ,thesaur4 on the ,hebrew root4 ,i understand this passage to mean1 ,preach to thy fellow men what thou believest to be true of thy ,lord who has created man from the meanest materials1 and can in like manner prosper the truth which thou proclaimest4 ,he has taught man the art of writing 7recently introduced at ,mecca7 and in this thou wilt find a powerful help for propagating the knowledge of the divine ,unity4 ,the speaker in this1 as in all the ,suras1 is ,gabriel1 of whom ,muhammad had1 as he believed1 a vision on the mountain ,hir1 near ,mecca4 ,see note #a on the next page4 ,the details of the vision are quite unhistorical4 #d ,this1 and the following verses1 may have been added at a later period1 though previous to the ,flight1 and with special reference1 if we are to believe the commentators ,beidhawi1 etc41 to the opposition which ,muhammad experienced at the hands of his opponent1 ,abu ,jahl1 who had threatened to set his foot on the ,prophet's neck when prostrate in prayer4 ,but the whole passage admits of application to mankind in general4 #e ,that is ,muhammad4 ,nldeke1 however1 proposes to render a slave4 ,and it is certain that the doctrines of ,islam were in the first instance embraced by slaves1 many of whom had been carried away from ,christian homes1 or born of ,christian parents at ,mecca4 ,men of this description1 says ,dr4 ,sprenger 7,life of ,mohammad4 ,allahabad4 p4 #aei71 no doubt prepared the way for the ,islam by inculcating purer notions respecting ,god upon their masters and their brethren4 ,these men saw in ,mohammad their liberator2 and being superstitious enough to consider his fits as the consequence of an inspiration1 they were among the first who acknowledged him as a prophet4 ,many of them suffered torture for their faith in him1 and two of them died as martyrs4 ,the excitement among the slaves when ,mohammad first assumed his office was so great1 that ,abd ,allah bin ,jod'an1 who had one hundred of these sufferers1 found it necessary to remove them from ,makkah1 lest they should all turn converts4 ,see ,sura xvi4 #aje1 #aaa2 ii4 #bbj4 #f ,lit4 hast thou seen if he be upon the guidance4 #g ,the principal men of the ,koreisch who adhered to ,abu ,jahl4 #h ,during a period variously estimated from six months to three years from the revelation of this ,sura1 or of its earliest verses1 the prophetic inspiration and the revelation of fresh ,suras is said to have been suspended4 ,this interval is called the ,fatrah or intermission2 and the ,meccan ,suras delivered at its close show that at or during this period ,muhammad had gained an increasing and more intimate acquaintance with the ,jewish and ,christian ,scriptures4 ,the accounts1 however1 says ,mr4 ,muir 7vol4 ii4 #hf7 are throughout confused1 if not contradictory2 and we can only gather with certainty that there was a time during which his mind hung in suspense1 and doubted the divine mission4 ,the idea of any supernatural influence is of course to be entirely excluded2 although there is no doubt that ,muhammad himself had a full belief in the personality and influence of ,satans and ,djinn4 ,profound meditation1 the struggles of an earnest mind anxious to attain to truth1 the morbid excitability of an epileptic subject1 visions seen in epileptic swoons1 disgust at ,meccan idolatry1 and a desire to teach his countrymen the divine ,unity will sufficiently account for the period of indecision termed the ,fatrah1 and for the determination which led ,muhammad1 in all sincerity1 but still self-deceived1 to take upon himself the office and work of a ,messenger from ,god4 ,we may perhaps infer from such passages as ,sura ii4 #abc1 what had ever been the leading idea in ,muhammad's mind4 ,,sura ,,lxxiv4-,,the ,,enwrapped#a ,,ii4 ,,mecca4-#ee ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,thou1 ,,enwrapped in thy mantle6 ,arise and warn6 ,thy ,lord-magnify ,him6 ,thy raiment-purify it6 ,the abomination-flee it6 ,and bestow not favours that thou mayest receive again with increase2 ,and for thy ,lord wait thou patiently4 ,for when there shall be a trump on the trumpet1#b ,that shall be a distressful day1 ,a day1 to the ,infidels1 devoid of ease4 ,leave me alone to deal with him#c whom ,i have created1 ,and on whom ,i have bestowed vast riches1 ,and sons dwelling before him1 ,and for whom ,i have smoothed all things smoothly down2- ,yet desireth he that ,i should add more6 ,but no6 because to our signs he is a foe ,i will lay grievous woes upon him4 ,for he plotted and he planned6 ,may he be cursed6 ,how he planned6 ,again1 may he be cursed6 ,how he planned6 ,then looked he around him1 ,then frowned and scowled1 ,then turned his back and swelled with disdain1 ,and said1 8,this is merely magic that will be wrought2 ,it is merely the word of a mortal40 ,we will surely cast him into ,hell-fire4 ,and who shall teach thee what ,hell-fire is8 ,it leaveth nought1 it spareth nought1 ,blackening the skin4 ,over it are nineteen angels4 ,none but angels have we made guardians of the fire3#d nor have we made this to be their number but to perplex the unbelievers1 and that they who possess the ,scriptures may be certain of the truth of the ,koran1 and that they who believe may increase their faith2 ,and that they to whom the ,scriptures have been given1 and the believers1 may not doubt2 ,and that the infirm of heart and the unbelievers may say1 ,what meaneth ,god by this parable8 ,thus ,god misleadeth whom ,he will1 and whom ,he will doth ,he guide aright3 and none knoweth the armies of thy ,lord but ,himself3 and this is no other than a warning to mankind4 ,nay1 by the ,moon6 ,by the ,night when it retreateth6 ,by the ,morn when it brighteneth6 ,hell is one of the most grievous woes1 ,fraught with warning to man1 ,to him among you who desireth to press forward1 or to remain behind4#e ,for its own works lieth every soul in pledge4 ,but they of ,god's right hand ,in their gardens shall ask of the wicked2- 8,what hath cast you into ,hell-fire80#f ,they will say1 8,we were not of those who prayed1 ,and we were not of those who fed the poor1 ,and we plunged into vain disputes with vain disputers1 ,and we rejected as a lie1 the day of reckoning1 ,till the certainty#g came upon us0- ,and intercession of the interceders shall not avail them4 ,then what hath come to them that they turn aside from the ,warning ,as if they were affrighted asses fleeing from a lion8 ,and every one of them would fain have open pages given to him out of ,heaven4 ,it shall not be4 ,they fear not the life to come4 ,it shall not be4 ,for this ,koran is warning enough4 ,and whoso will1 it warneth him4 ,but not unless ,god please1 shall they be warned4 ,meet is ,he to be feared4 ,meet is forgiveness in ,him4 #a ,this ,sura is placed by ,muir in the 8second stage0 of ,meccan ,suras1 and twenty-first in chronological order1 in the third or fourth year of the ,prophet's career4 ,according1 however1 to the chronological list of ,suras given by ,weil 7,leben ,m4 p4 #cfd7 from ancient tradition1 as well as from the consentient voice of tradionists and commentaries 7v4 ,nld4 ,geschichte1 p4 #fi2 ,sprenger's ,life of ,mohammad1 p4 #aaa7 it was the next revealed after the ,fatrah1 and the designation to the prophetic office4 ,the main features of the tradition are1 that ,muhammad while wandering about in the hills near ,mecca1 distracted by doubts and by anxiety after truth1 had a vision of the ,angel ,gabriel seated on a throne between heaven and earth1 that he ran to his wife1 ,chadijah1 in the greatest alarm1 and desired her1 perhaps from superstitious motives 7and believing that if covered with clothes he should be shielded from the glances of evil spirits-comp4 ,stanley on ,i ,cor4 xi4 #aj71 to envelope him in his mantle2 that then ,gabriel came down and addressed him as in v4 ,i4 ,this vision1 like that which preceded ,sura xcvi41 may actually have occurred during the hallucinations of one of the epileptic fits from which ,muhammad from early youth appears to have suffered4 ,hence ,muhammad in ,sura lxxxi4 appeals to it as a matter of fact1 and such he doubtless believe it to be4 ,it may here be observed1 that however absurd the ,muslim traditions may be in many of their details1 it will generally be found that where there is an ancient and tolerably universal consent1 there will be found at the bottom a residuum of fact and historical truth4 ,at the same time there can be no doubt but that the details of the traditions are too commonly founded upon the attempt to explain or to throw light upon a dark passage of the ,koran1 and are pure inventions of a later age4 #b ,the ,arabic words are not those used in later ,suras to express the same idea4 #c ,said to be ,walid b4 ,mogheira1 a person of note among the unbelieving ,meccans4 ,this portion of the ,sura seems to be of a different date from the first seven verses1 though very ancient1 and the change of subject is similar to that at v4 #i of the previous ,sura4 #d ,this and the three following verses wear the appearance of having been inserted at a later period to meet objections respecting the number of the angels who guard hell1 raised by the ,jews2 perhaps at ,medina1 as the four classes of persons specified are those whom ,muhammad had to deal with in that city1 viz41 the ,jews1 ,believers1 the ,hypocrites1 or undecided1 and ,idolaters4 ,these are constantly mentioned together in the ,medina ,suras4 #e ,that is1 who believe1 and do not believe4 #f ,as the word sakar disturbs the rhyme1 it may have been inserted by a mistake of the copyist for the usual word1 which suits it4 #g ,that is1 death4 ,beidh4 ,comp4 ,sura xv4 #ii4 ,,sura ,,lxxiii4 ,,the ,,enfolded#a ,,iii4 ,,mecca4 #bj ,verses4 ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,thou ,,enfolded in thy mantle1 ,stand up all night1 except a small portion of it1 for prayer3 ,half2 or curtail the half a little1- ,or add to it3 ,and with measured tone intone the ,koran1#b ,for we shall devolve on thee weighty words4 ,verily1 at the oncoming of night are devout impressions strongest1 and words are most collected2#c ,but in the day time thou hast continual employ- ,and commemorate the name of thy ,lord1 and devote thyself to ,him with entire devotion4 ,lord of the ,east and of the ,west6 ,no ,god is there but ,he6 ,take ,him for thy protector1 ,and endure what they say with patience1 and depart from them with a decorous departure4 ,and let ,me alone with the gainsayers1 rich in the pleasures of this life2 and bear thou with them yet a little while3 ,for with ,us are strong fetters1 and a flaming fire1 ,and food that choketh1 and a sore torment4 ,the day cometh when the earth and the mountains shall be shaken2 and the mountains shall become a loose sand heap4 ,verily1 we have sent you an ,apostle to witness against you1 even as we sent an ,apostle to ,pharaoh3 ,but ,pharaoh rebelled against the ,apostle1 and we therefore laid hold on him with a severe chastisement4 ,and how1 if ye believe not1 will you screen yourselves from the day that shall turn children greyheaded8 ,the very heaven shall be reft asunder by it3 this threat shall be carried into effect4 ,lo6 this is a warning4 ,let him then who will1 take the way to his ,lord4 ,of a truth1#d thy ,lord knoweth that thou prayest almost two-thirds1 or half1 or a third of the night1 as do a part of thy followers4 ,but ,god measureth the night and the day3 ,he knoweth that ye cannot count its hours aright1 and therefore1 turneth to you mercifully4 ,recite then so much of the ,koran as may be easy to you4 ,he knoweth that there will be some among you sick1 while others travel through the earth in quest of the bounties of ,god2 and others do battle in his cause4 ,recite therefore so much of it as may be easy4 ,and observe the ,prayers and pay the legal ,alms1#e and lend ,god a liberal loan3 for whatever good works ye send on before for your own behoof1 ye shall find with ,god4 ,this will be best and richest in the recompense4 ,and seek the forgiveness of ,god3 verily1 ,god is forgiving1 ,merciful4 #a ,from the first line of this ,sura1 and its expressions concerning the ,koran1 ,prayer1 and ,future ,punishment3 from the similarity of the tradition with regard to its having been preceded by a vision of ,gabriel 7,beidh41 etc471 it seems to belong to1 or at least to describe1 a period1 perhaps immediately succeeding the ,fatrah1 during which the hours of night were spent by ,muhammad in devotion and in the labour of working up his materials in rhythmical and rhyming ,suras1 and in preparation for the public assumption of the prophetic office4 ,comp4 especially verses #aa1 #ai1 #bj1 at the end1 with #aa1 #ed1 #ee1 of the preceding ,sura4 #b ,singe den ,koran laut4 ,h4v4,p4 ,psalle ,alcoranum psallendo4 ,mar4 ,singe den ,koran mit singender und lauter ,stimme ab4 ,ullm4 #c ,lit4 most firm1 perhaps1 distinct4 #d ,this verse1 according to a tradition of ,ayesha1 was revealed one year later than the previous part of the ,sura4 ,nldeke says it is offenbar ein ,medinischer4 #e ,the reader will not be surprised to find in the very outset of ,muhammad's career a frequent mention of ,alms1 ,prayer1 ,heaven1 ,hell1 ,judgment1 ,apostles1 etc41 in their usual sense1 when he remembers that ,judaism was extensively naturalised in ,arabia1 and ,christianity1 also1 although to a smaller extent4 ,the words and phrases of these religions were doubtless familiar to the ,meccans1 especially to that numerous body who were anxiously searching after some better religion than the idolatries of their fathers 7v4 on ,sura iii4 #ai1 #fj71 and provided ,muhammad with a copious fund from which to draw4 ,,sura ,,xciii4#a-,,the ,,brightness ,,iv4 ,,mecca4-#aa ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,by the noon-day ,,brightness1 ,and by the night when it darkeneth6 ,thy ,lord hath not forsaken thee1 neither hath he been displeased4 ,and surely the ,future shall be better for thee than the ,past1 ,and in the end shall thy ,lord be bounteous to thee and thou be satisfied4 ,did he not find thee an orphan#b and gave thee a home8 ,and found thee erring and guided thee1#c ,and found thee needy and enriched thee4 ,as to the orphan therefore wrong him not2 ,and as to him that asketh of thee1 chide him not away2 ,and as for the favours of thy ,lord tell them abroad4 #a ,this and the six following ,suras are expressions of a state of deep mental anxiety and depression1 in which ,muhammad seeks to reassure himself by calling to mind the past favours of ,god1 and by fixing his mind steadfastly on the ,divine ,unity4 ,they belong to a period either before the public commencement of his ministry or when his success was very dubious1 and his future career by no means clearly marked out4 #b ,the charge of the orphaned ,muhammad was undertaken by ,abd-al-,mutalib1 his grandfather1 ,a4,d4 #egf4 ,hishami1 p4 #ce2 ,kitab al ,wakidi1 p4 #bb1 have preserved traditions of the fondness with which the old man of fourscore years treated the child1 spreading a rug for him under the shadow of the ,kaaba1 protecting him from the rudeness of his own sons1 etc4 #c ,up to his #djth year ,muhammad followed the religion of his countrymen4 ,waq4 ,tabari says that when he first entered on his office of ,prophet1 even his wife ,chadijah had read the ,scriptures1 and was acquainted with the ,history of the ,prophets4 ,spreng4 p4 #ajj4 ,but his conformity can only have been partial4 ,,sura ,,xciv4-,,the ,,opening ,v4 ,,mecca4-#h ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,have we not ,,opened thine heart for thee8 ,and taken off from thee thy burden1 ,which galled thy back8 ,and have we not raised thy name for thee8 ,then verily along with trouble cometh ease4 ,verily along with trouble cometh ease4 ,but when thou art set at liberty1 then prosecute thy toil4 ,and seek thy ,lord with fervour4 ,,sura ,,cxiii4-,,the ,,daybreak ,,vi4 ,,mecca ,,or ,,medina4-#e ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,say3 ,i betake me for refuge to the ,lord of the ,,day ,,break ,against the mischiefs of his creation2 ,and against the mischief of the night when it overtaketh me2 ,and against the mischief of weird women2#a ,and against the mischief of the envier when he envieth4 #a ,lit4 who blow on knots4 ,according to some commentators an allusion to a species of charm4 ,comp4 ,virg4,ec4 vi4 ,but the reference more probably is to women in general1 who disconcert schemes as thread is disentangled by blowing upon it4 ,suras cxiii4 are called the el mouwwidhetani1 or preservative chapters1 are engraved on amulets1etc4 ,,sura ,,cxiv4-,,men ,,vii4 ,,mecca ,,or ,,medina4-#f ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,say3 ,i betake me for refuge to the ,lord of ,,men1 ,the ,king of men1 ,the ,god of men1 ,against the mischief of the stealthily withdrawing whisperer1#a ,who whispereth in man's breast- ,against djinn and men4 #a ,satan4 ,,sura ,i4#a ,,viii4 ,,mecca4-#g ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,praise be to ,god1 ,lord of the worlds6 ,the compassionate1 the merciful6 ,king on the day of reckoning6 ,thee only do we worship1 and to ,thee do we cry for help4 ,guide ,thou us on the straight path1#b ,the path of those to whom ,thou hast been gracious2-with whom thou art not angry1 and who go not astray4#c #a ,this ,sura1 which ,nldeke places last1 and ,muir sixth1 in the earliest class of ,meccan ,suras1 must at least have been composed prior to ,sura xxxvii4 #ahb1where it is quoted1 and to ,sura xv4 #hg1 which refers to it4 ,and it can scarcely be an accidental circumstance that the words of the first1 second1 and fifth verses do not occur in any other ,suras of the first ,meccan period as given by ,n0ldeke1 but frequently in those of the second1 which it therefore1 in ,n0ldeke1 opinion1 immediately precedes4 ,but this may be accounted for by its having been recast for the purposes of private and public devotion by ,muhammad himself1 which is the meaning probably of the ,muhammadan tradition that it was revealed twice4 ,it should also be observed that1 including the auspicatory formula1 there are the same number of petitions in this ,sura as in the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,it is recited several times in each of the five daily prayers1 and on many other occassions1 as in concluding a bargain1 etc4 ,it is termed the ,opening of the ,book1 the ,completion1 the ,sufficing ,sura1 the ,sura of ,praise1 ,thanks1 and ,prayer1 the ,healer1 the ,remedy1 the ,basis1 the ,treasure1 the ,mother of the ,book1 the ,seven ,verses of ,repetition4 ,the ,muhammadans always say ,amen after this prayer1 ,muhammad having been instructed1 says the ,sonna1 to do so by the ,angel ,gabriel4 #b ,islam #c ,the following transfer of this ,sura from the ,arabic into the corresponding ,english characters may give some idea of the rhyming prose in which the ,koran is written3 ,bismillahi 'rahhmani 'rrahheem4 ,el-hamdoo lillahi rabi 'lalameen4 ,arrahhmani raheem4 ,maliki yowmi-d-deen4 ,eyaka naboodoo1 wayaka nest aeen4 ,ihdina 'ssirat almostakeem4 ,sirat alezeena anhamta aleihim1 gheiri-'l mughdoobi aleihim1 wala dsaleen4 ,ameen4 ,,sura ,,cix4-,,unbelievers ,,ix4 ,,mecca4-#f ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,say3 ,o ye ,,unbelievers6 ,i worship not that which ye worship1 ,and ye do not worship that which ,i worship2 ,i shall never worship that which ye worship1 ,neither will ye worship that which ,i worship4 ,to you be your religion2 to me my religion4#a #a ,this ,sura is said to have been revealed when ,wald urged ,muhammad to consent that his ,god should be worshipped at the same time with the old ,meccan deities1 or alternately every year4 ,hishmi1 p4 #gi2 ,tabari1 p4 #aci4 ,it is a distinct renunciation of ,meccan idolatry1 as the following ,sura is a distinct recognition of the ,divine ,unity4 ,,sura ,,cxii4-,,the ,,unity ,x4 ,,mecca4-#d ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,say3 ,he is ,god alone3 ,god the eternal6 ,he begetteth not1 and ,he is not begotten2 ,and there is none like unto ,him4 ,,sura ,,cxi4 ,,abu ,,lahab ,,xi4 ,,mecca4 #e ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,let the hands of ,,abu ,,lahab#a perish1and let himself perish6 ,his wealth and his gains shall avail him not4 ,burned shall he be at the fiery flame1#b ,and his wife laden with fire wood1- ,on her neck a rope of palm fibre4 #a ,undoubtedly one of the earliest ,suras1 and refers to the rejection of ,muhammad's claim to the prophetic office by his uncle1 ,abu ,lahab1 at the instigation of his wife1 ,omm ,djemil1 who is said to have strewn the path of ,muhammad on one occasion with thorns4 ,the following six ,suras1 like the two first1 have special reference to the difficulties which the ,prophet met with the outset of his career1 especially from the rich4 #b ,in allusion to the meaning of ,abu ,lahab1 father of flame4 ,,sura ,,cviii4-,,the ,,abundance ,,xii4 ,,mecca4-#c ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,truly we have given thee an ,,abundance2 ,pray therefore to the ,lord1 and slay the victims4 ,verily whoso hateth thee shall be childless4#a #a ,a reply to those who had taunted ,muhammad with the death of his sons1 as a mark of the divine displeasure4 ,,sura ,,civ4-,,the ,,backbiter ,,xii4 ,,mecca4-#i ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,woe to every ,,backbiter1 ,defamer6 ,who amasseth wealth and storeth it against the future6 ,he thinketh surely that his wealth shall be with him for ever4 ,nay6 for verily he shall be flung into the ,crushing ,fire2 ,and who shall teach thee what the ,crushing ,fire is8 ,it is ,god's kindled fire1 ,which shall mount above the hearts of the damned2 ,it shall verily rise over them like a vault1 ,on outstretched columns4 ,,sura ,,cvii4-,,religion ,,xiv4 ,,mecca4-#g ,verses ,in the name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,what thinkest thou of him who treateth our ,,religion as a lie8 ,he it is who trusteth away the orphan1 ,and stirreth not others up to feed the poor4 ,woe to those who pray1 ,but in their prayer are careless2 ,who make a shew of devotion1 ,but refuse help to the needy4 ,,sura ,,cii4-,,desire ,,xv4 ,,mecca4-#h ,verses ,in the name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,the ,,desire of increasing riches occupieth you1 ,till ye come to the grave4 ,nay6 but in the end ye shall know ,nay6 once more1in the end ye shall know your folly4 ,nay6 would that ye knew it with knowledge of certainty6 ,surely ye shall see hell-fire4 ,then shall ye surely see it with the eye of certainty2 ,then shall ye on that day be taken to task concerning pleasures4 ,,sura ,,xcii4-,,the ,,night ,,xvi4 ,,mecca4-#ba ,verses ,in the name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,by the ,,night when she spreads her veil2 ,by the ,day when it brightly shineth2 ,by ,him who made male and female2 ,at different ends truly do ye aim6#a ,but as to him who giveth alms and feareth ,god1 ,and yieldeth assent to the ,good2 ,to him will we make easy the path to happiness4 ,but as to him who is covetous and bent on riches1 ,and calleth the ,good a lie1 ,to him will we make easy the path to misery3 ,and what shall his wealth avail him when he goeth down8 ,truly man's guidance is with ,us ,and ,our's1 the ,future and the ,past4 ,i warn you therefore of the flaming fire2 ,none shall be cast to it but the most wretched1- ,who hath called the truth a lie and turned his back4 ,but the ,god-fearing shall escape it1- ,who giveth away his substance that he may become pure2#b ,and who offereth not favours to any one for the sake of recompense1 ,but only as seeking the face of his ,lord the ,most ,high4 ,and surely in the end he shall be well content4 #a ,see ,pref41 p4 #e1 line ,i4 #b ,comp4 ,luke xi4 #da4 ,muhammad perhaps derived this view of the meritorious anture of almsgiving from the ,jewish oral law4 ,,sura ,,lxviii4-,,the ,,pen ,,xvii4 ,mecca4-#eb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,nun4#a ,by the ,,pen#b and by what they write1 ,thou1 ,o ,prophet2 by the grace of thy ,lord art not possessed6#c ,and truly a boundless recompense doth await thee1 ,for thou art of a noble nature4#d ,but thou shalt see and they shall see ,which of you is the demented4 ,now thy ,lord6 well knoweth ,he the man who erreth from his path1 and well doth he know those who have yielded to ,guidance2 ,give not place1 therefore1 to those who treat thee as a liar3 ,they desire thee to deal smoothly with them3 then would they be smooth as oil with thee3 ,but yield not to the man of oaths1 a despicable person1 ,defamer1 going about with slander1 ,hinderer of the good1 transgressor1 criminal1 ,harsh-beside this1 impure by birth1 ,though a man of riches and blessed with sons4 ,who when our wondrous verses are recited to him saith-,fables of the ancients4 ,we will brand him on the nostrils4 ,verily1 we have proved them 7the ,meccans7 as we proved the owners of the garden1 when they swore that at morn they would cut its fruits2 ,but added no reserve4#e ,wherefore an encircling desolation from thy ,lord swept round it while they slumbered1 ,and in the morning it was like a garden whose fruits had all been cut4 ,then at dawn they called to each other1 ,go out early to your field1 if ye would cut your dates4 ,so on they went whispering to each other1 ,no poor man shall set foot this day within your garden2 ,and they went out at daybreak with this settled purpose4 ,but when they beheld it1 they said1 ,truly we have been in fault3 ,yes6 we are forbidden our fruits4 ,the most rightminded of them said1 ,did ,i not say to you1 ,will ye not give praise to ,god8 ,they said1 ,glory to our ,lord6 ,truly we have done amiss4 ,and they fell to blaming one another3 ,they said1 ,oh woe to us6 we have indeed transgressed6 ,haply our ,lord will give us in exchange a better garden than this3 verily we crave it of our ,lord4 ,such hath been our chastisement-but heavier shall be the chastisement of the next world4 ,ah6 did they but know it4 ,verily1 for the ,god-fearing are gardens of delight in the presence of their ,lord4 ,shall we then deal with those who have surrendered themselves to ,god1 as with those who offend him8 ,what hath befallen you that ye thus judge8 ,have ye a ,scripture wherein ye can search out ,that ye shall have the things ye choose8 ,or have ye received oaths which shall bind ,us even until the day of the resurrection1 that ye shall have what yourselves judge right8 ,ask them which of them will guarantee this8 ,or is it that they have joined gods with ,god8 let them produce those associate-gods of theirs1 if they speak truth4 ,on the day when men's legs shall be bared1#f and they shall be called upon to bow in adoration1 they shall not be able3 ,their looks shall be downcast3 shame shall cover them3 because1 while yet in safety1 they were invited to bow in worship1 but would not obey4 ,leave me alone therefore with him who chargeth this revelation with imposture4 ,we will lead them by degrees to their ruin2 by ways which they know not2 ,yet will ,i bear long with them2 for my plan is sure4 ,askest thou any recompense from them8 ,but they are burdened with debt4 ,are the secret things within their ken8 ,do they copy them from the ,book of ,god8 ,patiently then await the judgment of thy ,lord1 and be not like him who was in the fish1#g when in deep distress he cried to ,god4 ,had not favour from his ,lord reached him1 cast forth would he have been on the naked shore1 overwhelmed with shame3 ,but his ,lord chose him and made him of the just4 ,almost would the infidels strike thee down with their very looks when they hear the warning of the ,koran4 ,and they say1 ,he is certainly possessed4 ,yet is it nothing less than a warning for all creatures4 #a ,it has been conjectured that as the word ,nun means fish1 there may be a reference to the fish which swallowed ,jonas 7v4 #dh74 ,the fact1 however1 is that the meaning of this and of the similar symbols1 throughout the ,koran1 was unknown to the ,muhammadans themselves even in the first century4 ,possibly the letters ,ha1 ,mim1 which are prefixed to numerous successive ,suras were private marks1 or initial letters1 attached by their proprietor to the copies furnished to ,said when effecting his recension of the text under ,othman4 ,in the same way1 the letters prefixed to other ,suras may be monograms1 or abbreviations1 or initial letters of the names of the persons to whom the copies of the respective ,suras belonged4 addenda3 ,the symbol nun may possibly refer to this letter as forming the ,rhyme in most of the verses of this ,sura4 #b ,this ,sura has been supposed by ancient ,muslim authorities to be1 if not the oldest1 the second revelation1 and to have followed ,sura xcvi4 ,but this opinion probably originated from the expression in v4 #a compared with ,sura xcvi4 #d4 ,verses #ag-cc read like a later addition1 and this passage1 as well as verse #dh-ej1 has been classed with the ,medina revelations4 ,in the absence of any reliable criterion for fixing the date1 ,i have placed this ,sura with those which detail the opposition encountered by the ,prophet at ,mecca4 #c ,by djinn4 ,comp4 ,sur4 xxxiv4 #de4 #d ,in bearing the taunts of the unbelievers with patience4 #e ,they did not add the restriction1 if ,god will4 #f ,an expression implying a grievous calamity2 borrowed probably from the action of stripping previous to wrestling1 swimming1 etc4 #g ,lit4 the companion of the fish4 ,comp4 on ,jonah ,sura xxxvii4 #aci-adh1 and ,sura xxi4 #hg4 ,,sura ,,xc4-,,the ,,soil ,,xviii4 ,,mecca4-#bj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,i ,,need not to swear by this ,,soil1 ,this soil on which thou dost dwell1 ,or by sire and offspring6#a ,surely in trouble have we created man4 ,what6 thinketh he that no one hath power over him8 ,i have wasted1 saith he1 enormous riches6 ,what6 thinketh he that no one regardeth him8 ,what6 have we not made him eyes1 ,and tongue1 and lips1 ,and guided him to the two highways8#b ,yet he attempted not the steep4 ,and who shall teach thee what the steep is8 ,it is to ransom the captive1#c ,or to feed in the day of famine1 ,the orphan who is near of kin1 or the poor that lieth in the dust2 ,beside this1 to be of those who believe1 and enjoin stedfastness on each other1 and enjoin compassion on each other4 ,these shall be the people of the right hand3 ,while they who disbelieve our signs1 ,shall be the people of the left4 ,around them the fire shall close4 #a ,lit4 and begetter and what he hath begotten #b ,of good and evil4 #c ,thus we read in ,hilchoth ,matt'noth ,aniim1 c4 #h1 ,the ransoming of captives takes precedence of the feeding and clothing of the poor1 and there is no commandment so great as this4 ,,sura ,,cv4-,,the ,,elephant ,,xix4 ,,mecca4-#e ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,hast thou not seen#a how thy ,lord dealt with the army of the ,,elephant8 ,did he not cause their stratagem to miscarry8 ,and he sent against them birds in flocks 7ababils71 ,claystones did they hurl down upon them1 ,and he made them like stubble eaten down6 #a ,this ,sura is probably ,muhammad's appeal to the ,meccans1 intended at the same time for his own encouragement1 on the ground of their deliverance from the army of ,abraha1 the ,christian ,king of ,abyssinia and ,arabia ,felix1 said to have been lost in the year of ,muhammad's birth in an expedition against ,mecca for the purpose of destroying the ,caaba4 ,this army was cut off by small-pox 7,wakidi2 ,hishami71 and there is no doubt1 as the ,arabic word for small-pox also means small stones1 in reference to the hard gravelly feeling of the pustules1 what is the true interpretation of the fourth line of this ,sura1 which1 like many other poetical passages in the ,koran1 has formed the starting point for the most puerile and extravagant legends4 ,vide ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall1 c4 #a4 ,the small-pox first shewed itself in ,arabia at the time of the invasion by ,abraha4 ,m4 de ,hammer ,gemaldesaal1 i4 #bd4 ,reiske opusc4 ,med4 ,arabum4 ,hal#81 #aggf1 p4 #h4 ,,sura ,,cvi4-,,the ,,koreisch ,,xx4 ,,mecca4-#d ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,for the union of the ,,koreisch3- ,their union in equipping caravans winter and summer4 ,and let them worship the ,lord of this house1 who hath provided them with food against hunger1 ,and secured them against alarm4#a #a ,in allusion to the ancient inviolability of the ,haram1 or precinct round ,mecca4 ,see ,sura1 xcv4 n4 p4 #da4 ,this ,sura1 therefore1 like the preceding1 is a brief appeal to the ,meccans on the ground of their peculiar privileges4 ,,sura ,,xcvii4-,,power ,,xxi4 ,,mecca4-#e ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,verily1 we have caused ,it#a to descend on the night of ,,power4 ,and who shall teach thee what the night of power is8 ,the night of power excelleth a thousand months3 ,therein descend the angels and the spirit by permission of their ,lord for every matter2#b ,and all is peace till the breaking of the morn4 #a ,the ,koran1 which is now pressed on the ,meccans with increased prominence1 as will be seen in many succeeding ,suras of this period4 #b ,the night of ,al ,kadr is one of the last ten nights of ,ramadhan1 and as is commonly believed the seventh of those nights reckoning backward4 ,see ,sura xliv4 #b4 ,three books are opened on the ,new ,year's ,day1 one of the perfectly righteous1 one of the perfectly wicked1 one of the intermediate4 ,the perfectly righteous are inscribed and sealed for life1 etc4 ,bab4 ,talm4 ,rosh4 ,hash41 ,i4 ,,sura ,,lxxxvi4 ,,the ,,night-,,comer ,,xxii4 ,,mecca4 #ag ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,by the heaven1 and by the ,,night-,,comer6 ,but who shall teach thee what the night-comer is8 ',tis the star of piercing radiance4 ,over every soul is set a guardian4 ,let man then reflect out of what he was created4 ,he was created of the poured-forth germs1 ,which issue from the loins and breastbones3 ,well able then is ,god to restore him to life1- ,on the day when all secrets shall be searched out1 ,and he shall have no other might or helper4 ,i swear by the heaven which accomplisheth its cycle1 ,and by the earth which openeth her bosom1 ,that this ,koran is a discriminating discourse1 ,and that it is not frivolous4 ,they plot a plot against thee1 ,and ,i will plot a plot against them4 ,deal calmly therefore with the infidels2 leave them awhile alone4 ,,sura ,,xci4-,,the ,,sun ,,xxiii4 ,,mecca4-#ae ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,by the ,,sun and his noonday brightness6 ,by the ,moon when she followeth him6 ,by the ,day when it revealeth his glory6 ,by the ,night when it enshroudeth him6 ,by the ,heaven and ,him who built it6 ,by the ,earth and ,him who spread it forth6 ,by a ,soul and ,him who balanced it1 ,and breathed into it its wickedness and its piety1 ,blessed now is he who hath kept it pure1 ,and undone is he who hath corrupted it6 ,themoud#a in his impiety rejected the message of the ,lord1 ,when the greatest wretch among them rushed up3- ,said the ,apostle of ,god to them1-,the ,camel of ,god6 let her drink4 ,but they treated him as an impostor and hamstrung her4 ,so their ,lord destroyed them for their crime1 and visited all alike3 ,nor feared he the issue4 #a ,see ,sura vii4 #cc1 for the story of ,themoud4 ,,sura ,,lxxx4-,,he ,,frowned ,,xxiv4 ,,mecca4-#db ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,he ,,frowned1 and he turned his back1#a ,because the blind man came to him6 ,but what assured thee that he would not be cleansed by the ,faith1 ,or be warned1 and the warning profit him8 ,as to him who is wealthy- ,to him thou wast all attention3 ,yet is it not thy concern if he be not cleansed3#b ,but as to him who cometh to thee in earnest1 ,and full of fears- ,him dost thou neglect4 ,nay6 but it 7the ,koran7 is a warning2 7,and whoso is willing beareth it in mind7 ,written on honoured pages1 ,exalted1 purified1 ,by the hands of ,scribes1 honoured1 righteous4 ,cursed be man6 ,what hath made him unbelieving8 ,of what thing did ,god create him8 ,out of moist germs4#c ,he created him and fashioned him1 ,then made him an easy passage from the womb1 ,then causeth him to die and burieth him2 ,then1 when he pleaseth1 will raise him again to life4 ,aye6 but man hath not yet fulfilled the bidding of his ,lord4 ,let man look at his food3 ,it was ,we who rained down the copious rains1 ,then cleft the earth with clefts1 ,and caused the upgrowth of the grain1 ,and grapes and healing herbs1 ,and the olive and the palm1 ,and enclosed gardens thick with trees1 ,and fruits and herbage1 ,for the service of yourselves and of your cattle4 ,but when the stunning trumpet-blast shall arrive1#d ,on that day shall a man fly from his brother1 ,and his mother and his father1 ,and his wife and his children2 ,for every man of them on that day his own concerns shall be enough4 ,there shall be faces on that day radiant1 ,laughing and joyous3 ,and faces on that day with dust upon them3 ,blackness shall cover them6 ,these are the ,infidels1 the ,impure4 #a ,we are told in the traditions1 etc41 that when engaged in converse with ,walid1 a chief man among the ,koreisch1 ,muhammad was interrupted by the blind ,abdallah ,ibn ,omm ,maktm1 who asked to hear the ,koran4 ,the ,prophet spoke very roughly to him at the time1 but afterwards repented1 and treated him ever after with the greatest respect4 ,so much so1 that he twice made him ,governor of ,medina4 #b ,that is1 if he does not embrace ,islam1 and so become pure from sin1 thou wilt not be to blame2 thou art simply charged with the delivery of a message of warning4 #c ,ex spermate4 #d ,descriptions of the ,day of ,judgment now become very frequent4 ,see ,sura lxxxv4 p4 #db1 and almost every ,sura to the lv41 after which they become gradually more historical4 ,,sura ,,lxxxvii4-,,the ,,most ,,high ,,xxv4 ,,mecca4-#ai ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,praise the name of thy ,lord ,,the ,,most ,,high1 ,who hath created and balanced all things1 ,who hath fixed their destinies and guideth them1 ,who bringeth forth the pasture1 ,and reduceth it to dusky stubble4 ,we will teach thee to recite the ,koran1 nor aught shalt thou forget1 ,save what ,god pleaseth2 for he knoweth alike things manifest and hidden2 ,and we will make easy to thee our easy ways4 ,warn1 therefore1 for the warning is profitable3 ,he that feareth ,god will receive the warning1- ,and the most reprobate only will turn aside from it1 ,who shall be exposed to the terrible fire1 ,in which he shall not die1 and shall not live4 ,happy he who is purified by ,islam1 ,and who remembereth the name of his ,lord and prayeth4 ,but ye prefer this present life1 ,though the life to come is better and more enduring4 ,this truly is in the ,books of old1 ,the ,books of ,abraham#a and ,moses4 #a ,thus the ,rabbins attribute the ,book ,jezirah to ,abraham4 ,see ,fabr4 ,cod4 ,apoc4 ,v4 ,t4 p4 #cdi4 ,,sura ,,xcv4-,,the ,,fig ,,xxvi4 ,,mecca4-#h ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,i ,,swear by the ,,fig and by the olive1 ,by ,mount ,sinai1 ,and by this inviolate soil6#a ,that of goodliest fabric we created man1 ,then brought him down to be the lowest of the low2- ,save who believe and do the things that are right1 for theirs shall be a reward that faileth not4 ,then1 who after this shall make thee treat the ,judgment as a lie8 ,what6 is not ,god the most just of judges8 #a ,in allusion to the sacredness of the territory of ,mecca4 ,this valley in about the fourth century of our #8ra was a kind of sacred forest of #cg miles in circumference1 and called ,haram a name applied to it as early as the time of ,pliny 7vi4 #cb74 ,it had the privilege of asylum1 but it was not lawful to inhabit it1 or to carry on commerce within its limits1 and its religious ceremonies were a bond of union to several of the ,bedouin tribes of the ,hejaz4 ,the ,koreisch had monopolised most of the offices and advantages of the ,haram in the time of ,muhammad4 ,see ,sprenger's ,life of ,mohammad1 pp4 #g #bj4 ,,sura ,,ciii4-,,the ,,afternoon ,,xxvii4 ,,mecca4-#c ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,i ,,swear by the declining day6 ,verily1 man's lot is cast amid destruction1#a ,save those who believe and do the things which be right1 and enjoin truth and enjoin stedfastness on each other4 #a ,said to have been recited in the ,mosque shortly before his death by ,muhammad4 ,see ,weil1 p4 #cbh4 ,,sura ,,lxxxv4-,,the ,,starry ,,xxviii4 ,,mecca4-#bb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,by the star-bespangled ,heaven6#a ,by the promised ,day6 ,by the witness and the witnessed6#b ,cursed the masters of the trench#c ,of the fuel-fed fire1 ,when they sat around it ,witnesses of what they inflicted on the believers6 ,nor did they torment them but for their faith in ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,praiseworthy3#d ,his the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth2 and ,god is the witness of everything4 ,verily1 those who vexed the believers1 men and women1 and repented not1 doth the torment of ,hell1 and the torment of the burning1 await4 ,but for those who shall have believed and done the things that be right1 are the ,gardens beneath whose shades the rivers flow4 ,this the immense bliss6 ,verily1 right terrible will be thy ,lord's vengeance6 ,he it is who produceth all things1 and causeth them to return2 ,and is ,he the ,indulgent1 the ,loving2 ,possessor of the ,glorious throne2 ,worker of that he willeth4 ,hath not the story reached thee of the hosts ,of ,pharaoh and ,themoud8 ,nay6 the infields are all for denial3 ,but ,god surroundeth them from behind4 ,yet it is a glorious ,koran1 ,written on the preserved ,table4 #a ,lit4 ,by the ,heaven furnished with towers1 where the angels keep watch2 also1 the signs of the ,zodiac3 this is the usual interpretation4 ,see ,sura xv4 #ae4 #b ,that is1 by ,muhammad and by ,islam2 or1 angels and men4 ,see1 however1 v4 #g4 #c ,prepared by ,dhu ,nowas1 ,king of ,yemen1 ,a4,d4 #ebc1 for the ,christians4 ,see ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall1 chap4 xii4 towards the end4 ,pocock ,sp4 ,hist4 ,ar4 p4 #fb4 ,and thus the comm4 generally4 ,but ,geiger 7p4 #aib7 and ,nldeke 7p4 #gg n47 understand the passage of ,dan4 iii4 ,but it should be borne in mind that the ,suras of this early period contain very little allusion to ,jewish or ,christian legends4 #d ,verses #h-aa wear the appearance of a late insertion1 on account of their length1 which is a characteristic of the more advanced period4 ,observe also the change in the rhymes4 ,,sura ,,ci4-,,the ,,blow ,,xxix4 ,,mecca4-#h ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,the ,,blow6 what is the ,blow8 ,who shall teach thee what the ,blow is8 ,the ,day when men shall be like scattered moths1 ,and the mountains shall be like flocks of carded wool1 ,then as to him whose balances are heavy-his shall be a life that shall please him well3 ,and as to him whose balances are light-his dwelling-place#a shall be the pit4 ,and who shall teach thee what the pit 7,el-,hawiya7 is8 ,a raging fire6 #a ,lit4 ,mother4 ,,sura ,,xcix4-,,the ,,earthquake ,,xxx4 ,,mecca4-#h ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the ,earth with her quaking shall quake ,and the ,earth shall cast forth her burdens1 ,and man shall say1 ,what aileth her8 ,on that day shall she tell out her tidings1 ,because thy ,lord shall have inspired her4 ,on that day shall men come forward in throngs to behold their works1 ,and whosoever shall have wrought an atom's weight of good shall behold it1 ,and whosoever shall have wrought an atom's weight of evil shall behold it4 ,,sura ,,lxxxii4-,,the ,,cleaving ,,xxxi4 ,,mecca4-#ai ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the ,heaven shall ,,cleave asunder1 ,and when the stars shall disperse1 ,and when the seas#a shall be commingled1 ,and when the graves shall be turned upside down1 ,each soul shall recognise its earliest and its latest actions4 ,o man6 what hath misled thee against thy generous ,lord1 ,who hath created thee and moulded thee and shaped thee aright8 ,in the form which pleased ,him hath ,he fashioned thee4 ,even so2 but ye treat the ,judgment as a lie4 ,yet truly there are guardians over you- ,illustrious recorders- ,cognisant of your actions4 ,surely amid delights shall the righteous dwell1 ,but verily the impure in ,hell-fire3 ,they shall be burned at it on the day of doom1 ,and they shall not be able to hide themselves from it4 ,who shall teach thee what the day of doom is8 ,once more4 ,who shall teach thee what the day of doom is8 ,it is a day when one soul shall be powerless for another soul3 all sovereignty on that day shall be with ,god4 #a ,salt water and fresh water4 ,,sura ,,lxxxi4-,,the ,,folded ,,up ,,xxxii4 ,,mecca4-#bi ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the sun shall be ,,folded ,,up1#a ,and when the stars shall fall1 ,and when the mountains shall be set in motion1 ,and when the she-camels shall be abandoned1 ,and when the wild beasts shall be gathered together1#b ,and when the seas shall boil1 ,and when souls shall be paired with their bodies1 ,and when the female child that had been buried alive shall be asked ,for what crime she was put to death1#c ,and when the leaves of the ,book shall be unrolled1 ,and when the ,heaven shall be stripped away1#d ,and when ,hell shall be made to blaze1 ,and when ,paradise shall be brought near1 ,every soul shall know what it hath produced4 ,it needs not that ,i swear by the stars#e of retrograde motions ,which move swiftly and hide themselves away1 ,and by the night when it cometh darkening on1 ,and by the dawn when it brighteneth1 ,that this is the word of an illustrious ,messenger1#f ,endued with power1 having influence with the ,lord of the ,throne1 ,obeyed there by ,angels1 faithful to his trust1 ,and your compatriot is not one possessed by djinn2 ,for he saw him in the clear horizon3#g ,nor doth he grapple with heaven's secrets1#h ,nor doth he teach the doctrine of a cursed#i ,satan4 ,whither then are ye going8 ,verily1 this is no other than a warning to all creatures2 ,to him among you who willeth to walk in a straight path3 ,but will it ye shall not1 unless as ,god willeth it1#aj the ,lord of the worlds4 #a ,involutus fuerit tenebris4 ,mar4 ,or1 thrown down4 #b ,thus ,bab4 ,talm4 ,erchin1 #c4 ,in the day to come 7i4e41 of judgment7 all the beasts will assemble and come1 etc4 #c ,see ,sura xvi4 #fa2 xvii4 #cc4 #d ,like a skin from an animal when flayed4 ,the idea is perhaps borrowed from the ,sept4 ,v4 of ,psalm civ4 #b4 ,vulg4 sicut pellem4 #e ,mercury1 ,venus1 ,jupiter1 ,mars1 ,saturn4 #f ,gabriel2 of the meaning of whose name the next verse is probably a paraphrase4 #g ,sura #a;iii4 #g4 #h ,like a mere ,kahin1 or soothsayer4 #i ,lit4 stoned4 ,sura iii4 #ca4 ,this vision or hallucination is one of the few clearly stated miracles1 to which ,muhammad appeals in the ,koran4 ,according to the tradition of ,ibn-,abbas in ,waquidi he was preserved by it from committing suicide by throwing himself down from ,mount ,hira1 and that after it1 ,god cheered him and strengthened his heart1 and one revelation speedily followed another4 #aj ,comp4 the doctrine of predestination in ,sura #axxvi4 v4 #be to end4 ,,sura ,,lxxxiv4-,,the ,,splitting ,,asunder ,,xxxiii4 ,,mecca4-#be ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the ,heaven shall have ,,split ,,asunder ,and duteously obeyed its ,lord2#a ,and when ,earth shall have been stretched out as a plain1 ,and shall have cast forth what was in her and become empty1 ,and duteously obeyed its ,lord2 ,then verily1 ,o man1 who desirest to reach thy ,lord1 shalt thou meet him4 ,and he into whose right hand his ,book shall be given1 ,shall be reckoned with in an easy reckoning1 ,and shall turn1 rejoicing1 to his kindred4 ,but he whose ,book shall be given him behind his back#b ,shall invoke destruction3 ,but in the fire shall he burn1 ,for that he lived joyously among his kindred1 ,without a thought that he should return to ,god4 ,yea1 but his ,lord beheld him4 ,it needs not therefore that ,i swear by the sunset redness1 ,and by the night and its gatherings1 ,and by the moon when at her full1 ,that from state to state shall ye be surely carried onward4#c ,what then hath come to them that they believe not8 ,and that when the ,koran is recited to them they adore not8 ,yea1 the unbelievers treat it as a lie4 ,but ,god knoweth their secret hatreds3 ,let their only tidings#d be those of painful punishment2 ,save to those who believe and do the things that be right4 ,an unfailing recompense shall be theirs4 #a ,lit4 and obeyed its ,lord1 and shall be worthy1 or capable1 i4e41 of obedience4 #b ,that is1 into his left hand4 ,the ,muhammadans believe that the right hand of the damned will be chained to the neck2 the left chained behind the back4 #c ,from ,life to ,death1 from the ,grave to ,resurrection1 thence to ,paradise4 #d ,the expression is ironical4 ,see ,freyt4 on the word4 ,lit4 tell them glad tidings4 ,,sura ,c4-,,the ,,chargers ,,xxxiv4 ,mecca4-#aa ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by the snorting ,,chargers6 ,and those that dash off sparks of fire6 ,and those that scour to the attack at morn6 ,and stir therein the dust aloft2 ,and cleave therein their midway through a host6 ,truly1 ,man is to his ,lord ungrateful4 ,and of this he is himself a witness2 ,and truly1 he is vehement in the love of this world's good4 ,ah6 knoweth he not1 that when that which is in the graves shall be laid bare1 ,and that which is in men's breasts shall be brought forth1 ,verily their ,lord shall on that day be informed concerning them8 ,,sura ,,lxxix4#a-,,those ,,who ,,drag ,,forth ,,xxxv4 ,,mecca4-#df ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by those angels who ,,drag ,,forth souls with violence1 ,and by those who with joyous release release them2 ,by those who swim swimmingly along2 ,by those who are foremost with foremost speed2#b ,by those who conduct the affairs of the universe6 ,one day1 the disturbing trumpet-blast shall disturb it1 ,which the second blast shall follow3 ,men's hearts on that day shall quake3- ,their looks be downcast4 ,the infidels will say1 ,shall we indeed be restored as at first8 ,what6 when we have become rotten bones8 ,this then1 say they1 will be a return to loss4 ,verily1 it will be but a single blast1 ,and lo6 they are on the surface of the earth4 ,hath the story of ,moses reached thee8 ,when his ,lord called to him in ,towa's holy vale3 ,go to ,pharaoh1 for he hath burst all bounds3 ,and say1 ,wouldest thou become just8 ,then ,i will guide thee to thy ,lord that thou mayest fear him4 ,and he showed him a great miracle1- ,but he treated him as an impostor1 and rebelled2 ,then turned he his back all hastily1 ,and gathered an assembly and proclaimed1 ,and said1 ,i am your ,lord supreme4 ,so ,god visited on him the punishment of this life and of the other4 ,verily1 herein is a lesson for him who hath the fear of ,god4 ,are ye the harder to create1 or the heaven which he hath built8 ,he reared its height and fashioned it1 ,and gave darkness to its night1 and brought out its light1 ,and afterwards stretched forth the earth1- ,he brought forth from it its waters and its pastures2 ,and set the mountains firm ,for you and your cattle to enjoy4 ,but when the grand overthrow shall come1 ,the day when a man shall reflect on the pains that he hath taken1 ,and ,hell shall be in full view of all who are looking on2 ,then1 as for him who hath transgressed ,and hath chosen this present life1 ,verily1 ,hell-that shall be his dwelling-place3 ,but as to him who shall have feared the majesty of his ,lord1 and shall have refrained his soul from lust1 ,verily1 ,paradise-that shall be his dwelling-place4 ,they will ask thee of the ,hour1 when will be its fixed time8 ,but what knowledge hast thou of it8 ,its period is known only to thy ,lord2 ,and thou art only charged with the warning of those who fear it4 ,on the day when they shall see it1 it shall seem to them as though they had not tarried in the tomb1 longer than its evening or its morn4 #a ,this ,sura obviously consists of three portions1 verses #a-ad1 #ae-bf1 #bg-df1 of which the third is the latest in point of style1 and the second1 more detailed than is usual in the ,suras of the early period1 which allude to ,jewish and other legend only in brief and vague terms4 ,it may therefore be considered as one of the short and early ,suras4 #b ,or1 ,by those angels which precede1 i4e41 the souls of the pious into ,paradise4 ,or1 are beforehand with the ,satans and djinn in learning the decrees of ,god4 ,,sura ,,lxxvii4-,,the ,,sent ,,xxxvi4 ,,mecca4-#ej ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by the train of ,,the ,,sent ones1#a ,and the swift in their swiftness2 ,by the scatterers who scatter1 ,and the distinguishers who distinguish2 ,and by those that give forth the word ,to excuse or warn2 ,verily that which ye are promised is imminent4 ,when the stars1 therefore1 shall be blotted out1 ,and when the heaven shall be cleft1 ,and when the mountains shall be scattered in dust1 ,and when the ,apostles shall have a time assigned them2 ,until what day shall that time be deferred8 ,to the day of severing6 ,and who shall teach thee what the day of severing is8 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,have we not destroyed them of old8 ,we will next cause those of later times to follow them4#b ,thus deal we with the evil doers4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,have we not created you of a sorry germ1 ,which we laid up in a secure place1 ,till the term decreed for birth8 ,such is our power6 and1 how powerful are ,we6 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,have we not made the earth to hold ,the living and the dead8 ,and placed on it the tall firm mountains1 and given you to drink of sweet water4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,begone to that ,hell which ye called a lie3- ,begone to the shadows that lie in triple masses2 ,but not against the flame shall they shade or help you3- ,the sparks which it casteth out are like towers- ,like tawny camels4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,on that day they shall not speak1 ,nor shall it be permitted them to allege excuses4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,this is the day of severing1 when we will assemble you and your ancestors4 ,if now ye have any craft try your craft on me4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,but the god-fearing shall be placed amid shades and fountains1 ,and fruits1 whatsoever they shall desire3 ,eat and drink1 with health1#c as the meed of your toils4 ,thus recompense we the good4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,eat ye and enjoy yourselves a little while4 ,verily1 ye are doers of evil4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture6 ,for when it is said to them1 bend the knee1 they bend it not4 ,woe on that day to those who charged with imposture ,in what other revelation after this will they believe8 #a ,lit4 by the sent 7fem47 one after another4 ,per missas4 ,mar4 ,either angels following in a continued series2 or1 winds1 which disperse rain over the earth2 or the successive verses of the ,koran which disperse truth and distinguish truth from error4 #b ,sura xliv4 #dj4 #c ,maimonides says that the majority of the ,jews hope that ,messiah shall come and raise the dead1 and they shall be gathered into ,paradise1 and there shall eat and drink and be in good health to all eternity4-,sanhedrin1 fol4 #aai1 col4 ,i4 ,,sura ,,lxxviii4-,,the ,,news ,,xxxvii4 ,,mecca4-#da ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,of what ask they of one another8 ,of the great ,,news4#a ,the theme of their disputes4 ,nay6 they shall certainly knows its truth6 ,again4 ,nay6 they shall certainly know it4 ,have we not made the ,earth a couch8 ,and the mountains its tent-stakes8 ,we have created you of two sexes1 ,and ordained your sleep for rest1 ,and ordained the night as a mantle1 ,and ordained the day for gaining livelihood1 ,and built above you seven solid#b heavens1 ,and placed therein a burning lamp2 ,and we send down water in abundance from the rain-clouds1 ,that we may bring forth by it corn and herbs1 ,and gardens thick with trees4 ,lo6 the day of ,severance is fixed2 ,the day when there shall be a blast on the trumpet1 and ye shall come in crowds1 ,and the heaven shall be opened and be full of portals1 ,and the mountains shall be set in motion1 and melt into thin vapour4 ,hell truly shall be a place of snares1 ,the home of transgressors1 ,to abide therein ages2 ,no coolness shall they taste therein nor any drink1 ,save boiling water and running sores2 ,meet recompense6 ,for they looked not forward to their account2 ,and they gave the lie to our signs1 charging them with falsehood2 ,but we noted and wrote down all3 ,taste this then3 and we will give you increase of nought but torment4 ,but1 for the ,god-fearing is a blissful abode1 ,enclosed gardens and vineyards2 ,and damsels with swelling breasts1 their peers in age1 ,and a full cup3 ,there shall they hear no vain discourse nor any falsehood3 ,a recompense from thy ,lord-sufficing gift6- ,lord of the heavens and of the earth1 and of all that between#c them lieth-the ,god of ,mercy6 ,but not a word shall they obtain from ,him4 ,on the day whereon the ,spirit#d and the ,angels shall be ranged in order1 they shall not speak3 save he whom the ,god of ,mercy shall permit1 and who shall say that which is right4 ,this is the sure day4 ,whoso then will1 let him take the path of return to his ,lord4 ,verily1 we warn you of a chastisement close at hand3 ,the day on which a man shall see the deeds which his hands have sent before him2 and when the unbeliever shall say1 ,oh6 would ,i were dust6 #a ,of the ,resurrection4 ,with regard to the date of this ,sura1 we can only be guided 7,i7 by the general style of the earlier portion 7to verse #cg1 which is analogous to that of the early ,meccan ,suras2 7#b7 by verse #ag1 which pre- supposes lxxvii4 #ab2 7#c7 by the obviously later style of verse #cg to the end4 #b ,see ,sura ii4 #bg4 ,this is the title given by the ,talmudists to the fifth of the seven heavens4 #c ,this phrase is of constant recurrence in the ,talmud4 ,maimonides1 ,yad ,hach4 i4 #c1 makes it one of the positive commands of the ,rabbins to believe that there exists a first ,being 4 4 4 and that all things existing1 ,heaven and ,earth1 and whatever is between them1 exist only through the truth of his existence4 #d ,gabriel4 ,,sura ,,lxxxviii4-,,the ,,overshadowing ,,xxxviii4 ,,mecca4-#bf ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,hath the tidings of the day that shall ,,overshadow1 reached thee8 ,downcast on that day shall be the countenances of some1 ,travailing and worn1 ,burnt at the scorching fire1 ,made to drink from a fountain fiercely boiling4 ,no food shall they have but the fruit of ,darih1#a ,which shall not fatten1 nor appease their hunger4 ,joyous too1 on that day1 the countenances of others1 ,well pleased with their labours past1 ,in a lofty garden3 ,no vain discourse shalt thou hear therein3 ,therein shall be a gushing fountain1 ,therein shall be raised couches1 ,and goblets ready placed1 ,and cushions laid in order1 ,and carpets spread forth4 ,can they not look up to the clouds1 how they are created2 ,and to the heaven how it is upraised2 ,and to the mountains how they are rooted2 ,and to the earth how it is outspread8 ,warn thou then2 for thou art a warner only3 ,thou hast no authority over them3 ,but whoever shall turn back and disbelieve1 ,god shall punish him with the greater punishment4 ,verily to ,us shall they return2 ,then shall it be ,our's to reckon with them4 #a ,the name of a bitter1 thorny shrub4 ,,sura ,,lxxxix4-,,the ,,daybreak ,,xxxix4 ,,mecca4-#cj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by the ,,daybreak and ten nights4#a ,by that which is double and that which is single1 ,by the night when it pursues its course6 ,is there not in this an oath becoming a man of sense8 ,hast thou not seen how thy ,lord dealt with ,ad1 ,at ,irem adorned with pillars1 ,whose like have not been reared in these lands6 ,and with ,themoud who hewed out the rocks in the valley2 ,and with ,pharaoh the impaler2 ,who all committed excesses in the lands1 ,and multiplied wickedness therein4 ,wherefore thy ,lord let loose on them the scourge of chastisement1#b ,for thy ,lord standeth on a watch tower4 ,as to man1 when his ,lord trieth him and honoureth him and is bounteous to him1 ,then saith he1 ,my ,lord honoureth me3 ,but when he proveth him and limiteth his gifts to him1 ,he saith1 ,my ,lord despiseth me4 ,aye4 ,but ye honour not the orphan1 ,nor urge ye one another to feed the poor1 ,and ye devour heritages1 devouring greedily1 ,and ye love riches with exceeding love4 ,aye4 ,but when the earth shall be crushed with crushing1 crushing1 ,and thy ,lord shall come and the angels rank on rank1 ,and ,hell on that day shall be moved up1#c-,man shall on that day remember himself4 ,but how shall remembrance help him8 ,he shall say1 ,oh6 would that ,i had prepared for this my life6 ,on that day none shall punish as ,god punisheth1 ,and none shall bind with such bonds as ,he4 ,oh1 thou soul which art at rest1 ,return to thy ,lord1 pleased1 and pleasing him3 ,enter thou among my servants1 ,and enter thou my ,paradise4 #a ,of the sacred month ,dhu'lhajja4 #b ,or1 poured on them the mixed cup of chastisement4 #c ,the orthodox ,muhammadans take this passage literally4 ,djelal says that hell will be dragged up by #gj1jjj chains1 each pulled by #gj1jjj angels1 as if it were an enormous animal or locomotive engine4 ,,sura ,,lxxv4-,,the ,,resurrection ,,xl4 ,,mecca4-#dj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,it needeth not that ,i swear by the day of the ,,resurrection1 ,or that ,i swear by the self-accusing soul4 ,thinketh man that we shall not re-unite his bones8 ,aye6 his very finger tips are we able evenly to replace4 ,but man chooseth to deny what is before him3 ,he asketh1 ,when this day of ,resurrection8 ,but when the eye shall be dazzled1 ,and when the moon shall be darkened1 ,and the sun and the moon shall be together1#a ,on that day man shall cry1 ,where is there a place to flee to8 ,but in vain-there is no refuge- ,with thy ,lord on that day shall be the sole asylum4 ,on that day shall man be told of all that he hath done first and last2 ,yea1 a man shall be the eye witness against himself3 ,and even if he put forth his plea4 4 4 4#b 7,move not thy tongue in haste to follow and master this revelation3#c ,for we will see to the collecting and the recital of it2 ,but when we have recited it1 then follow thou the recital1 ,and1 verily1 afterwards it shall be ours to make it clear to thee47 ,aye1 but ye love the transitory1 ,and ye neglect the life to come4 ,on that day shall faces beam with light1 ,outlooking towards their ,lord2 ,and faces on that day shall be dismal1 ,as if they thought that some great calamity would befal them4 ,aye1 when the soul shall come up into the throat1 ,and there shall be a cry1 ,who hath a charm that can restore him8 ,and the man feeleth that the time of his departure is come1 ,and when one leg shall be laid over the other1#d ,to thy ,lord on that day shall he be driven on2 ,for he believed not1 and he did not pray1 ,but he called the truth a lie and turned his back1 ,then1 walking with haughty men1 rejoined his people4 ,that ,hour is nearer to thee and nearer1#e ,it is ever nearer to thee and nearer still4 ,thinketh man that he shall be left supreme8 ,was he not a mere embryo8#f ,then he became thick blood of which ,god formed him and fashioned him2 ,and made him twain1 male and female4 ,is not ,he powerful enough to quicken the dead8 #a ,lit4 shall be united4 ,in the loss of light1 or in the rising in the west4- ,beidh4 #b ,supply1 it shall not be accepted4 #c ,verses #af-ai are parenthetic1 and either an address to ,muhammad by ,gabriel desiring him 7,i7 not to be overcome by any fear of being unable to follow and retain the revelation of this particular ,sura2 7#b7 or1 not to interrupt him1 but to await the completion of the entire revelation before he should proceed to its public recital4 ,in either case we are led to the conclusion that1 from the first1 ,muhammad had formed the plan of promulging a written book4 ,comp4 ,sura xx4 #aab4 #d ,in the death-struggle4 #e ,or1 ,therefore woe to thee1 woe6 ,and1 again1 woe to thee1 woe4 ,thus ,sale1 ,ullm4 ,beidhawi2 who also gives the rendering in the text1 which is that of ,maracci4 #f ,nonne fuit humor ex spermate quod spermatizatur4 ,,sura ,,lxxxiii4-,,those ,,who ,,stint ,,xli4 ,,mecca4-#cf ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,woe to those who ,,stint the measure3 ,who when they take by measure from others1 exact the full2 ,but when they mete to them or weigh to them1 minish- ,what6 have they no thought that they shall be raised again ,for the great day8 ,the day when mankind shall stand before the ,lord of the worlds4 ,yes6 the register of the wicked is in ,sidjin4#a ,and who shall make thee understand what ,sidjin is8 ,it is a book distinctly written4 ,woe1 on that day1 to those who treated our signs as lies1 ,who treated the day of judgment as a lie6 ,none treat it as a lie1 save the transgressor1 the criminal1 ,who1 when our signs are rehearsed to him1 saith1 ,tales of the ,ancients6 ,yes2 but their own works have got the mastery over their hearts4 ,yes2 they shall be shut out as by a veil from their ,lord on that day2 ,then shall they be burned in ,hell-fire3 ,then shall it be said to them1 ,this is what ye deemed a lie4 ,even so4 ,but the register of the righteous is in ,illiyoun4 ,and who shall make thee understand what ,illiyoun is8 ,a book distinctly written2 ,the angels who draw nigh unto ,god attest it4 ,surely1 among delights shall the righteous dwell6 ,seated on bridal couches they will gaze around2 ,thou shalt mark in their faces the brightness of delight2 ,choice sealed wine shall be given them to quaff1 ,the seal of musk4 ,for this let those pant who pant for bliss- ,mingled therewith shall be the waters of ,tasnim-#b ,fount whereof they who draw nigh to ,god shall drink4 ,the sinners indeed laugh the faithful to scorn3 ,and when they pass by them they wink at one another1- ,and when they return to their own people1 they return jesting1 ,and when they see them they say1 ,these are the erring ones4 ,and yet they have no mission to be their guardians4 ,therefore1 on that day the faithful shall laugh the infidels to scorn1 ,as reclining on bridal couches they behold them4 ,shall not the infidels be recompensed according to their works8 #a ,sidjin is a prison in ,hell which gives its name to the register of actions there kept1 as ,illiyoun1 a name of the lofty apartments of ,paradise1 is transferred to the register of the righteous4 #b ,derived from the root sanima1 to be high3 this water being conveyed to the highest apartments in the ,pavilions of ,paradise4 ,,sura ,,lxix4-,,the ,,inevitable ,,xlii4 ,,mecca4-#eb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,the ,,inevitable6 ,and who shall make thee comprehend what the ,inevitable is8 ,themoud and ,ad treated the day of ,terrors#a as a lie4 ,so as to ,themoud1#b they were destroyed by crashing thunder bolts2 ,and as to ,ad1 they were destroyed by a roaring and furious blast4 ,it did the bidding of ,god#c against them seven nights and eight days together1 during which thou mightest have seen the people laid low1 as though they had been the trunks of hollow palms2 ,and couldst thou have seen one of them surviving8 ,pharaoh also1 and those who flourished before him1 and the overthrown cities1 committed sin1- ,and disobeyed the ,sent one of their ,lord2 therefore did he chastise them with an accumulated chastisement4 ,when the ,flood rose high1 we bare you in the ,ark1 ,that we might make that event a warning to you1 and that the retaining ear might retain it4 ,but when one blast shall be blown on the trumpet1 ,and the earth and the mountains shall be upheaved1 and shall both be crushed into dust at a single crushing1 ,on that day the woe that must come suddenly shall suddenly come1#d ,and the heaven shall cleave asunder1 for on that day it shall be fragile2 ,and the angels shall be on its sides1 and over them on that day eight shall bear up the throne of thy ,lord4 ,on that day ye shall be brought before ,him3 none of your hidden deeds shall remain hidden3 ,and he who shall have his book given to him in his right hand1 will say to his friends1 ,take ye it2 read ye my book2 ,i ever thought that to this my reckoning ,i should come4 ,and his shall be a life that shall please him well1 ,in a lofty garden1 ,whose clusters shall be near at hand3 ,eat ye and drink with healthy relish1 as the meed of what ye sent on beforehand in the days which are past4 ,but he who shall have his book given into his left hand1 will say1 ,o that my book had never been given me6 ,and that ,i had never known my reckoning6 ,o that death had made an end of me6 ,my wealth hath not profited me6 ,my power hath perished from me6 ,lay ye hold on him and chain him1 ,then at the ,hell-fire burn him1 ,then into a chain whose length is seventy cubits thrust him2 ,for he believed not in ,god1 the ,great1 ,and was not careful to feed the poor2 ,no friend therefore shall he have here this day1 ,nor food1 but corrupt sores1 ,which none shall eat but the sinners4 ,it needs not that ,i swear by what ye see1 ,and by that which ye see not1 ,that this verily is the word of an apostle worthy of all honour6 ,and that it is not the word of a poet-how little do ye believe6 ,neither is it the word of a soothsayer 7,kahin7-how little do ye receive warning6 ,it is a missive from the ,lord of the worlds4 ,but if ,muhammad had fabricated concerning us any sayings1 ,we had surely seized him by the right hand1 ,and had cut through the vein of his neck4#e ,nor would ,we have withheld any one of you from him4 ,but1 verily1 ,it 7the ,koran7 is a warning for the ,god-fearing2 ,and we well know that there are of you who treat it as a falsehood4 ,but it shall be the despair of infidels1 ,for it is the very truth of sure knowledge4 ,praise1 then1 the name of thy ,lord1 the ,great4 #a ,thus ,beidh41 ,sale1 etc4 ,but with reference to another sense of the root karaa1 it may be rendered the day of decision1 the day on which man's lot shall be decided4 #b ,on ,ad and ,themoud4 ,see ,sura vii4 #fc-gg4 #c ,lit4 ,god subjected it to himself1 availed himself of it against them4 #d ,el-wakia1 the sudden event1 the calamity2 the woe that must break in upon ,heaven and ,earth4 ,the same word is used1 ,sura lvi4 #a1 and ci4 #a1 for the ,resurrection and ,day of ,judgment4 #e ,in allusion to the mode of executing criminals in many eastern countries4 ,,sura ,,li4-,,the ,,scattering ,,xliii4 ,,mecca4-#fj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by the clouds#a which scatter with ,,scattering1 ,and those which bear their load1 ,and by those which speed lightly along1 ,and those which apportion by command6 ,true1 indeed1 is that with which ye are threatened1 ,and lo6 the judgment will surely come4#b ,by the star-tracked heaven6 ,ye are discordant in what ye say2 ,but whose turneth him from the truth1 is turned from it by a divine decree4 ,perish the liars1 ,who are bewildered in the depths of ignorance6 ,they ask1 ,when this day of judgment8 ,on that day they shall be tormented at the fire4 ,taste ye of this your torment1 whose speedy coming ye challenged4 ,but the ,god-fearing shall dwell amid gardens and fountains1 ,enjoying what their ,lord hath given them1 because1 aforetime they were well- doers3 ,but little of the night was it that they slept1 ,and at dawn they prayed for pardon1 ,and gave due share of their wealth to the suppliant and the outcast4 ,on ,earth are signs for men of firm belief1 ,and also in your own selves3 ,will ye not then behold them8 ,the ,heaven hath sustenance for you1 and it containeth that which you are promised4 ,by the ,lord then of the heaven and of the earth1 ,i swear that this is the truth1 even as ye speak yourselves4#c ,hath the story reached thee of ,abraham's honoured guests8#d ,when they went in unto him and said1 ,peace6 he replied1 ,peace3-they are strangers4 ,and he went apart to his family1 and brought a fatted calf1 ,and set it before them4 ,he said1 ,eat ye not8 ,and he conceived a fear of them4 ,they said to him1 ,fear not2 and announced to him a wise son4 ,his wife came up with outcry3 she smote her face and said1 ,what ,i1 old and barren6 ,they said1 ,thus saith thy ,lord4 ,he truly is the ,wise1 the ,knowing4 ,said he1 ,and what1 ,o messengers1 is your errand8 ,they said1 ,to a wicked people are we sent1 ,to hurl upon them stones of clay1 ,destined#e by thy ,lord for men guilty of excesses4 ,and we brought forth the believers who were in the city3 ,but we found not in it but one family of ,muslims4 ,and signs we left in it for those who dread the afflictive chastisement1- ,and in ,moses3 when we sent him to ,pharaoh with manifest power3 ,but relying on his forces#f he turned his back and said1 ,sorcerer1 or ,possessed4 ,so we seized him and his hosts and cast them into the sea2 for of all blame was he worthy4 ,and in ,ad3 when we sent against them the desolating blast3 ,it touched not aught over which it came1 but it turned it to dust4 ,and in ,themoud3#g when it was said to them1 ,enjoy yourselves for yet a while4 ,but they rebelled against their ,lord's command3 so the tempest took them as they watched its coming4#h ,they were not able to stand upright1 and could not help themselves4 ,and we destroyed the people of ,noah1 before them2 for an impious people were they4 ,and the ,heaven-with our hands have we built it up1 and given it its expanse2 ,and the ,earth-we have stretched it out like a carpet2 and how smoothly have we spread it forth6 ,and of everything have we created pairs3 that haply ye may reflect4 ,fly then to ,god3 ,i come to you from him a plain warner4 ,and set not up another god with ,god3 ,i come to you from him a plain warner4 ,even thus came there no apostle to those who flourished before them1 but they exclaimed1 ,sorcerer1 or ,possessed4 ,have they made a legacy to one another of this scoff8 ,yes1 they are a rebel people4 ,turn away1 then1 from them1 and thou shalt not incur reproach3 ,yet warn them1 for1 in truth1 warning will profit the believers4 ,i have not created ,djinn and men1 but that they should worship me3 ,i require not sustenance from them1 neither require ,i that they feed me3 ,verily1 ,god is the sole sustainer3 possessed of might3 the unshaken6 ,therefore to those who injure thee shall be a fate like the fate of their fellows of old4 ,let them not challenge me to hasten it4 ,woe then to the infidels1 because of their threatened day4 #a ,lit4 7,i swear7 by those which scatter 7i4e41 the rain7 with a scattering1 7#b7 and by those which carry a burden1 7#c7 and by those which run lightly1 7#d7 and by those which divide a matter1 or by command4 ,the participles are all in the feminine3 hence some interpret verse #a of winds2 verse #b of clouds2 verse #c of ships2 verse #d of angels4 #b ,comp4 note at ,sura lvi4 #a1 p4 #fe4 #c ,that is1 this oath is for the confirmation of the truth1 as ye are wont to confirm things one among another by an oath4 #d ,comp4 ,sura xi4 #gb1 and xv4 #ea4 ,from the want of connection with what precedes1 it is highly probable that the whole passage from verse #bd #fj did not originally form a part of this ,sura1 but was added at a later period1 perhaps in the recension of the text under ,othman4 #e ,lit4 marked1 with the names of the individuals to be slain1 say the commentators4 #f ,or1 with his nobles4 #g ,for ,ad and ,themoud1 see ,sura xi4 #h ,that is1 in broad daylight4 ,thus ,beidh4 ,comp4 ,sura xlvi4 #bb4 ,,sura ,,lii4-,,the ,,mountain ,,xliv4 ,,mecca4-#di ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,by the ,,mountain1 ,and by the ,book written ,on an outspread roll1 ,and by the frequented fane1#a ,and by the lofty vault1 ,and by the swollen sea1 ,verily1 a chastisement from thy ,lord is imminent1 ,and none shall put it back4 ,reeling on that day the ,heaven shall reel1 ,and stirring shall the mountains stir4#b ,and woe1 on that day1 to those who called the apostles liars1 ,who plunged for pastime into vain disputes- ,on that day shall they be thrust with thrusting to the fire of ,hell3- ,this is the fire which ye treated as a lie4 ,what6 is this magic1 then8 or1 do ye not see it8 ,burn ye therein3 bear it patiently or impatiently 'twill be the same to you3 for ye shall assuredly receive the reward of your doings4 ,but mid gardens and delights shall they dwell who have feared ,god1 ,rejoicing in what their ,lord hath given them2 and that from the pain of hell- fire hath their ,lord preserved them4 ,eat and drink with healthy enjoyment1 in recompense for your deeds4 ,on couches ranged in rows shall they recline2 and to the damsels with large dark eyes will we wed them4 ,and to those who have believed1 whose offspring have followed them in the faith1 will we again unite their offspring2 nor of the meed of their works will we in the least defraud them4 ,pledged to ,god is every man for his actions and their desert4#c ,and fruits in abundance will we give them1 and flesh as they shall desire3 ,therein shall they pass to one another the cup which shall engender no light discourse1 no motive to sin3 ,and youths shall go round among them beautiful as imbedded pearls3 ,and shall accost one another and ask mutual questions4 ,a time indeed there was1 will they say1 when we were full of care as to the future lot of our families2 ,but kind hath ,god been to us1 and from the pestilential torment hath he preserved us2 ,for1 heretofore we called upon ,him-and ,he is the ,beneficent1 the ,merciful4 ,warn thou1 then4 ,for thou by the favour of thy ,lord art neither soothsayer nor possessed4 ,will they say1 ,a poet6 let us await some adverse turn of his fortune8 ,,say1 wait ye1 and in sooth ,i too will wait with you4 ,is it their dreams which inspire them with this8 or is it that they are a perverse people8 ,will they say1 ,he hath forged it 7the ,koran7 himself8 ,nay1 rather it is that they believed not4 ,let them then produce a discourse like it1 if they speak the ,truth4 ,were they created by nothing8 or were they the creators of themselves8 ,created they the ,heavens and ,earth8 ,nay1 rather1 they have no faith4 ,hold they thy ,lord's treasures8 ,bear they the rule supreme8 ,have they a ladder for hearing the angels8 ,let any one who hath heard them bring a clear proof of it4 ,hath ,god daughters and ye sons8 ,asketh thou pay of them8 they are themselves weighed down with debts4 ,have they such a knowledge of the secret things that they can write them down8 ,desire they to lay snares for thee8 ,but the snared ones shall be they who do not believe4 ,have they any ,god beside ,god8 ,glory be to ,god above what they join with ,him4 ,and should they see a fragment of the heaven falling down1 they would say1 ,it is only a dense cloud4 ,leave them then until they come face to face with the day when they shall swoon away3 ,a day in which their snares shall not at all avail them1 neither shall they be helped4 ,and verily1 beside this is there a punishment for the evildoers3 but most of them know it not4 ,wait thou patiently the judgment of thy ,lord1 for thou art in our eye2 and celebrate the praise of thy ,lord when thou risest up1 ,and in the night-season3 ,praise him when the stars are setting4 #a ,of the ,caaba4 #b ,comp4 ,psalm lxviii4 #i4 #c ,the more prosaic style of this verse indicates a later origin than the context4 ,muir places the whole ,sura in what he terms the fourth stage of ,meccan ,suras4 ,,sura ,,lvi4-,,the ,,inevitable ,,xlv4 ,,mecca4-#if ,verses ,in the name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the day that must come shall have come suddenly1#a ,none shall treat that sudden coming as a lie3 ,day that shall abase6 ,day that shall exalt6 ,when the earth shall be shaken with a shock1 ,and the mountains shall be crumbled with a crumbling1 ,and shall become scattered dust1 ,and into three bands shall ye be divided3#b ,then the people of the right hand#c-,oh6 how happy shall be the people of the right hand6 ,and the people of the left hand-,oh6 how wretched shall be the people of the left hand6 ,and they who were foremost on earth-the foremost still4#d ,these are they who shall be brought nigh to ,god1 ,in gardens of delight2 ,a crowd of the former ,and few of the latter generations2 ,on inwrought couches ,reclining on them face to face3 ,aye-blooming youths go round about to them ,with goblets and ewers and a cup of flowing wine2 ,their brows ache not from it1 nor fails the sense3 ,and with such fruits as shall please them best1 ,and with flesh of such birds1 as they shall long for3 ,and theirs shall be the ,houris1 with large dark eyes1 like pearls hidden in their shells1 ,in recompense of their labours past4 ,no vain discourse shall they hear therein1 nor charge of sin1 ,but only the cry1 ,peace6 ,peace6 ,and the people of the right hand-oh6 how happy shall be the people of the right hand6 ,amid thornless sidrahs#e ,and talh#f trees clad with fruit1 ,and in extended shade1 ,and by flowing waters1 ,and with abundant fruits1#g ,unfailing1 unforbidden1 ,and on lofty couches4 ,of a rare creation have we created the ,houris1 ,and we have made them ever virgins1 ,dear to their spouses1 of equal age with them1#h ,for the people of the right hand1 ,a crowd of the former1 ,and a crowd of the latter generations4#i ,but the people of the left hand-oh6 how wretched shall be the people of the left hand6 ,amid pestilential#aj winds and in scalding water1 ,and in the shadow of a black smoke1 ,not cool1 and horrid to behold4#aa ,for they truly1 ere this1 were blessed with worldly goods1 ,but persisted in heinous sin1 ,and were wont to say1 ,what6 after we have died1 and become dust and bones1 shall we be raised8 ,and our fathers1 the men of yore8 ,,say3 ,aye1 the former and the latter3 ,gathered shall they all be for the time of a known day4 ,then ye1 ,o ye the erring1 the gainsaying1 ,shall surely eat of the tree ,ez-zakkoum1 ,and fill your bellies with it1 ,and thereupon shall ye drink boiling water1 ,and ye shall drink as the thirsty camel drinketh4 ,this shall be their repast in the day of reckoning6 ,we created you1 will ye not credit us8#ab ,what think ye8 ,the germs of life#ac- ,is it ye who create them8 or are we their creator8 ,it is we who have decreed that death should be among you2 ,yet are we not thereby hindered#ad from replacing you with others1 your likes1 or from producing you again in a form which ye know not6 ,ye have known the first creation3 will ye not then reflect8 ,what think ye8 ,that which ye sow- ,is it ye who cause its upgrowth1 or do we cause it to spring forth8 ,if we pleased we could so make your harvest dry and brittle that ye would ever marvel and say1 ,truly we have been at cost1#ae yet are we forbidden harvest4 ,what think ye of the water ye drink8 ,is it ye who send it down from the clouds1 or send we it down8 ,brackish could we make it1 if we pleased3 will ye not then be thankful8 ,what think ye8 ,the fire which ye obtain by friction- ,is it ye who rear its tree1 or do we rear it8 ,it is we who have made it for a memorial and a benefit to the wayfarers of the desert1 ,praise therefore the name of thy ,lord1 the ,great4 ,it needs not that ,i swear by the setting of the stars1 ,and it is a great oath1 if ye knew it1 ,that this is the honourable ,koran1 ,written in the preserved ,book3#af ,let none touch it but the purified1#ag ,it is a revelation from the ,lord of the worlds4 ,such tidings as these will ye disdain8 ,will ye make it your daily bread to gainsay them8 ,why1 at the moment when the soul of a dying man shall come up into his throat1 ,and when ye are gazing at him1 ,though we are nearer to him than ye1 although ye see us not3- ,why do ye not1 if ye are to escape the judgment1 ,cause that soul to return8 ,tell me1 if ye speak the truth4 ,but as to him who shall enjoy near access to ,god1 ,his shall be repose1 and pleasure1 and a garden of delights4 ,yea1 for him who shall be of the people of the right hand1 ,shall be the greeting from the people of the right hand-,peace be to thee4 ,but for him who shall be of those who treat the prophets as deceivers1 ,and of the erring1 ,his entertainment shall be of scalding water1 ,and the broiling of hell-fire4 ,verily this is a certain truth3 ,praise therefore the name of thy ,lord1 the ,great4 #a ,the renderings of ,mar4 cum inciderit casura1 or as in ,sur4 lxix1 #ae1 ingruerit ingruens nearly express the peculiar force of the ,arabic verb and of the noun formed from it2 i4e4 a calamity that falls suddenly and surely4 ,weil renders1 ween der ,auferstehung's ,tag eintritt 7p4 #chi74 ,lane1 when the calamity shall have happened4 #b ,comp4 ,tr4 ,rosch ,haschanah1 fol4 #af1 #f4 #c ,lit41 the companions of the right hand1 what shall be the companions of the right hand6 and thus in verses #i1 #cg1 #dj4 #d ,lit41 the preceders1 the preceders4 #e ,see ,sura liii4 #ad1 p4 #fi4 #f ,probably the banana according to others1 the acacia gummifera4 #g ,a ,muslim of some learning professed to me that he considered the descriptions of ,paradise in the ,koran to be1 in a great measure1 figurative2 'like those1' said he1 'in the book of the ,revelation of ,st4 ,john2' and he assured me that many learned ,muslims were of the same opinion4 ,lane's ,modern ,egyptians1 i4 p4 #ge1 note4 #h ,like them1 grow not old4 #i ,this seems a direct contradiction to verse #ad1 unless we suppose with ,beidhawi that an inferior and more numerous class of believers are here spoken of4 #aj ,or1 scorching4 #aa ,lit41 not noble1 agreeable in appearance4 #ab ,as to the resurrection4 #ac ,lit41 semen quod emittitis4 #ad ,lit41 forestalled1 anticipated4 #ae ,lit1 have incurred debt4 #af ,that is1 ,the ,prototype of the ,koran written down in the ,book kept by ,god himself4 #ag ,this passage implies the existence of copies of portions at least of the ,koran in common use4 ,it was quoted by the sister of ,omar when at his conversion be desired to take her copy of ,sura xx4 into his hands4 ,,sura#a-,,liii4 ,,the ,,star ,,xlvi4 ,,mecca4-#fb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by the ,,star when it setteth1 ,your compatriot erreth not1 nor is he led astray1 ,neither speaketh he from mere impulse4 ,the ,koran is no other than a revelation revealed to him3 ,one terrible in power#b taught it him1 ,endued with wisdom4 ,with even balance stood he ,in the highest part of the horizon3 ,then came he nearer and approached1 ,and was at the distance of two bows1 or even closer1- ,and he revealed to his servant what he revealed4 ,his heart falsified not what he saw4 ,what6 will ye then dispute with him as to what he saw8 ,he had seen him also another time1 ,near the ,sidrah-tree1 which marks the boundary4#c ,near which is the garden of repose4 ,when the ,sidrah-tree#d was covered with what covered it1#e ,his eye turned not aside1 nor did it wander3 ,for he saw the greatest of the signs of his ,lord4 ,do you see ,al-,lat and ,al-,ozza1#f ,and ,manat the third idol besides8#g ,what8 shall ye have male progeny and ,god female8 ,this were indeed an unfair partition6 ,these are mere names3 ye and your fathers named them thus3 ,god hath not sent down any warranty in their regard4 ,a mere conceit and their own impulses do they follow4 ,yet hath the guidance from their ,lord come to them4 ,shall man have whatever he wisheth8 ,the future and the present are in the hand of ,god3 ,and many as are the ,angels in the ,heavens1 their intercession shall be of no avail#h ,until ,god hath permitted it to whom he shall please and will accept4 ,verily1 it is they who believe not in the life to come1 who name the angels with names of females3 ,but herein they have no knowledge3 they follow a mere conceit2 and mere conceit can never take the place of truth4 ,withdraw then from him who turneth his back on our warning and desireth only this present life4 ,this is the sum of their knowledge4 ,truly thy ,lord best knoweth him who erreth from his way1 and ,he best knoweth him who hath received guidance4 ,and whatever is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth is ,god's that he may reward those who do evil according to their deeds3 and those who do good will ,he reward with good things4 ,to those who avoid great crimes and scandals but commit only lighter faults1 verily1 thy ,lord will be diffuse of mercy4 ,he well knew you when he produced you out of the earth1 and when ye were embryos in your mother's womb4 ,assert not then your own purity4 ,he best knoweth who feareth him4 ,hast thou considered him who turned his back8 ,who giveth little and is covetous8 ,is it that he hath the knowledge and vision of the secret things8 ,hath he not been told of what is in the pages of ,moses8 ,and of ,abraham faithful to his pledge8 ,that no burdened soul shall bear the burdens of another1 ,and that nothing shall be reckoned to a man but that for which he hath made efforts3 ,and that his efforts shall at last be seen in their true light3 ,that then he shall be recompensed with a most exact recompense1 ,and that unto thy ,lord is the term of all things1 ,and that it is ,he who causeth to laugh and to weep1 ,and that ,he causeth to die and maketh alive1 ,and that ,he hath created the sexes1 male and female1 ,from the diffused germs of life1#i ,and that with ,him is the second creation1 ,and that ,he enricheth and causeth to possess1 ,and that ,he is the ,lord of ,sirius1#aj ,and that it was ,he who destroyed the ancient ,adites1 ,and the people of ,themoud and left not one survivor1 ,and before them the people of ,noah who were most wicked and most perverse4 ,and it was ,he who destroyed the cities that were overthrown4 ,so that that which covered them covered them4 ,which then of thy ,lord's benefits wilt thou make a matter of doubt8#aa ,he who warneth you is one of the warners of old4 ,the day that must draw nigh1 draweth nigh already3 and yet none but ,god can reveal its time4 ,is it at these sayings that ye marvel8 ,and that ye laugh and weep not8 ,and that ye are triflers8 ,prostrate yourselves then to ,god and worship4 #a ,this ,sura was revealed at about the time of the first emigration of ,muhammad's followers to ,abyssinia1 ,a4 #e4 ,the manner in which the ,prophet cancelled the objectionable verses #ai1 #bj1 is the strongest proof of his sincerity 7as also is the opening of ,sura #axxx47 at this period4 ,had he not done so1 nothing would have been easier for him than to have effected a reconciliation with the powerful party in ,mecca1 who had recently compelled his followers to emigrate4 #b ,the ,angel ,gabriel1 to the meaning of whose name1 as the strong one of ,god1 these words probably allude4 #c ,that is1 ,beyond which neither men nor angels can pass 7,djelal74 ,the original word is also rendered1 the ,lote-,tree of the extremity1 or of the loftiest spot in ,paradise1 in the seventh ,heaven1 on the right hand of the throne of ,god4 ,its leaves are fabled to be as numerous as the members of the whole human family1 and each leaf to bear the name of an individual4 ,this tree is shaken on the night of the #aeth of ,ramadan every year a little after sunset1 when the leaves on which are inscribed the names of those who are to die in the ensuing year fall1 either wholly withered1 or with more or less green remaining1 according to the months or weeks the person has yet to live4 #d ,the ,sidrah is a prickly plum1 which is called ,ber in ,india1 the zizyphus ,jujuba of ,linnus4 ,a decoction of the leaves is used in ,india to wash the dead1 on account of the sacredness of the tree4 #e ,hosts of adoring angels1 by which the tree was masked4 #f ,al-,lat or ,el-,lat1 probably the ,alilat of ,herodotus 7iii4 #h7 was an idol at ,nakhlah1 a place east of the present site of ,mecca4 ,al-,ozza was an idol of the ,kinanah tribe2 but its hereditary priests were the ,banu ,solaym1 who were stationed along the mercantile road to ,syria in the neighbourhood of ,chaibar4 #g ,when at the first recital of this ,sura1 the prophet had reached this verse1 he continued1 ,these are the exalted females1 or1 sublime swans1 i4e41 mounting nearer and nearer to ,god ,and truly their intercession may be expected4 ,these words1 however1 which were received by the idolaters with great exultation1 were disowned by ,muhammad in the course of a few days as a ,satanic suggestion1 and replaced by the text as it now stands4 ,the probability is that the difficulties of his position led him to attempt a compromise of which he speedily repented4 ,in the ,suras subsequent to this period the denunciations of idolatry become much sterner and clearer4 ,the authorities are given by ,weil1 ,sprenger and ,muir4 ,see ,sura lxvii4 xvii4 #gd- #gf4 #h ,verses #bf-cc are probably later than the previous part of the ,sura1 but inserted with reference to it4 ,some 7as ,omar b4 ,muhammad and #atq47 consider verse #cc1 or 7as ,itq4#cf7 verses #cd-db1 or 7as ,omar b4 ,muhammad7 the whole ,sura1 to have originated at ,medina4 #i ,ex spermate cum seminatum fuerit4 #aj ,the ,dog-star1 worshipped by the ,arabians4 #aa ,compare the refrain in ,sura lv4 p4 #gd4 ,,sura ,,lxx4-,,the ,,steps ,,or ,,ascents ,,xlvii4 ,,mecca4-#dd ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,a ,,suitor sued#a for punishment to light suddenly ,on the infidels3 none can hinder ,god from inflicting it1 the master of those ,,ascents1 ,by which the angels and the spirit ascend to him in a day1 whose length is fifty thousand years4#b ,be thou patient therefore with becoming patience2 ,they forsooth regard that day as distant1 ,but we see it nigh3 ,the day when the heavens shall become as molten brass1 ,and the mountains shall become like flocks of wool3 ,and friend shall not question of friend1 ,though they look at one another4 ,fain would the wicked redeem himself from punishment on that day at the price of his children1 ,of his spouse and his brother1 ,and of his kindred who shewed affection for him1 ,and of all who are on the earth that then it might deliver him4 ,but no4 ,for the fire1 ,dragging by the scalp1 ,shall claim him who turned his back and went away1 ,and amassed and hoarded4 ,man truly is by creation hasty2 ,when evil befalleth him1 impatient2 ,but when good falleth to his lot1 tenacious4 ,not so the prayerful1 ,who are ever constant at their prayers2 ,and of whose substance there is a due and stated portion ,for him who asketh1 and for him who is ashamed#c to beg2 ,and who own the judgment-day a truth1 ,and who thrill with dread at the chastisement of their ,lord- ,for there is none safe from the chastisement of their ,lord- ,and who control their desires1 7,save with their wives or the slaves whom their right hands have won1 for there they shall be blameless2 ,but whoever indulge their desires beyond this are transgressors72 ,and who are true to their trusts and their engagements1 ,and who witness uprightly1 ,and who keep strictly the hours of prayer3 ,these shall dwell1 laden with honours1 amid gardens4 ,but what hath come to the unbelievers that they run at full stretch around thee1 ,on the right hand and on the left1 in bands8 ,is it that every man of them would fain enter that garden of delights8 ,not at all4 ,we have created them1 they know of what4 ,it needs not that ,i swear by the ,lord of the ,east and of the ,west#d that we have power4 ,to replace them with better than themselves3 neither are we to be hindered4 ,wherefore let them flounder on and disport them1 till they come face to face with their threatened day1 ,the day on which they shall flock up out of their graves in haste like men who rally to a standard3- ,their eyes downcast2 disgrace shall cover them4 ,such their threatened day4 #a ,lit4 asking one asked2 probably some unbeliever1 with reference to the opening of ,sura lvi41 p4 #fj1 or like statements in some previous ,sura4 #b ,the expression is hyperbolical1 and1 as such1 identical with ,sura lxx4 xxxii4 #d4 ,compare also ,sura xcvii41 p4 #cg4 where the descent is said to take place in a single night4 #c ,lit4 forbidden or prevented by shame4 #d ,see next ,sura4 v4 #af4 ,,sura ,,lv4-,,the ,,merciful ,,xlviii4 ,,mecca4-#gh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,the ,god of ,,mercy hath taught the ,koran1 ,hath created man1 ,hath taught him articulate speech1 ,the ,sun and the ,moon have each their times1 ,and the plants and the trees bend in adoration4 ,and the ,heaven1 ,he hath reared it on high1 and hath appointed the balance2 ,that in the balance ye should not transgress4 ,weigh therefore with fairness1 and scant not the balance4 ,and the ,earth1 ,he hath prepared it for the living tribes3 ,therein are fruits1 and the palms with sheathed clusters1 ,and the grain with its husk1 and the fragrant plants4 ,which then of the bounties of your ,lord will ye twain#a deny8 ,he created man of clay like that of the potter4 ,and ,he created the djinn of pure fire3 ,which then of the bounties1 etc4 ,he is the ,lord of the ,east1#b ,he is the ,lord of the ,west3 ,which1 etc4 ,he hath let loose the two seas#c which meet each other3 ,yet between them is a barrier which they overpass not3 ,which1 etc4 ,from each he bringeth up pearls both great and small3 ,which1 etc4 ,and ,his are the ships towering up at sea like mountains3 ,which1 etc4 ,all on the earth shall pass away1 ,but the face of thy ,lord shall abide resplendent with majesty and glory3 ,which1 etc4 ,to ,him maketh suit all that is in the ,heaven and the ,earth4 ,every day doth some new work employ ,him3 ,which1 etc4 ,we will find leisure to judge you1 ,o ye men and djinn3#d ,which1 etc4 ,o company of djinn and men1 if ye can overpass the bounds of the ,heavens and the ,earth1 then overpass them4 ,but by our leave only shall ye overpass them3 ,which1 etc4 ,a bright flash of fire shall be hurled at you both1 and molten brass1 and ye shall not defend yourselves from it3 ,which1 etc4 ,when the ,heaven shall be cleft asunder1 and become rose red1 like stained leather3 ,which1 etc4 ,on that day shall neither man nor djinn be asked of his sin3 ,which1 etc4 ,by their tokens shall the sinners be known1 and they shall be seized by their forelocks and their feet3 ,which1 etc4 ,this is ,hell which sinners treated as a lie4 ,to and fro shall they pass between it and the boiling water3 ,which1 etc4 ,but for those who dread the majesty of their ,lord shall be two gardens3 ,which1 etc4 ,with o'erbranching trees in each3 ,which1 etc4 ,in each two kinds of every fruit3 ,which1 etc4 ,on couches with linings of brocade shall they recline1 and the fruit of the two gardens shall be within easy reach3 ,which1 etc4 ,therein shall be the damsels with retiring glances1 whom nor man nor djinn hath touched before them3 ,which1 etc4 ,like jacynths and pearls3 ,which1 etc4 ,shall the reward of good be aught but good8 ,which1 etc4 ,and beside these shall be two other gardens3#e ,which1 etc4 ,of a dark green3 ,which1 etc4 ,with gushing fountains in each3 ,which1 etc4 ,in each1 fruits and the palm and the pomegranate3 ,which1 etc4 ,in each1 the fair1 the beauteous ones3 ,which1 etc4 ,with large dark eyeballs1 kept close in their pavilions3 ,which1 etc4 ,whom man hath never touched1 nor any djinn3#f ,which1 etc4 ,their spouses on soft green cushions and on beautiful carpets shall recline3 ,which1 etc4 ,blessed be the name of thy ,lord1 full of majesty and glory4 #a ,men and djinn4 ,the verb is in the dual4 #b ,lit4 of the two easts1 of the two wests1 i4e41 of all that lies between the extreme points at which the sun rises and sets at the winter and summer solstices4 #c ,lit4 he hath set at large1 poured forth over the earth the masses of fresh and salt water which are in contact at the mouths of rivers1 etc4 ,see ,sura lxviii4 xxvii4 #fb2 lxxxvi4 xxxv4 #ac4 #d ,lit4 ,o ye two weights2 hence1 treasures2 and1 generally1 any collective body of men or things4 #e ,one for men1 the other for the ,genii2 or1 two for each man and ,genius2 or1 both are for the inferior classes of ,muslims4 ,beidh4 #f ,it should be remarked that these promises of the ,houris of ,paradise are almost exclusively to be found in ,suras written at a time when ,muhammad had only a single wife of #fj years of age1 and that in all the ten years subsequent to the ,hejira1 women are only twice mentioned as part of the reward of the faithful4 ,suras ii4 #bc and iv4 #fj4 ,while in ,suras xxxvi4 #ef2 xliii4 #gj2 xiii4 #bc2 xl4 #h the proper wives of the faithful are spoken of as accompanying their husbands into the gardens of bliss4 ,,sura ,,liv4-,,the ,,moon ,,xlix4 ,,mecca4-#ee ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,the hour hath approached and the ,,moon hath been cleft3 ,but whenever they see a miracle they turn aside and say1 ,this is well-devised magic4 ,and they have treated the prophets as impostors1 and follow their own lusts2 but everything is unalterably fixed4 ,a message of prohibition had come to them- ,consummate wisdom-but warners profit them not4 ,quit them then4 ,on the day when the summoner shall summon to a stern business1 ,with downcast eyes shall they come forth from their graves1 as if they were scattered locusts1 ,hastening to the summoner4 ,this1 shall the infidels say1 is the distressful day4 ,before them the people of ,noah treated the truth as a lie4 ,our servant did they charge with falsehood1 and said1 ,demoniac6 and he was rejected4 ,then cried he to his ,lord1 ,verily1 they prevail against me2 come thou therefore to my succour4 ,so we opened the gates of ,heaven with water which fell in torrents1 ,and we caused the earth to break forth with springs1 and their waters met by settled decree4 ,and we bare him on a vessel made with planks and nails4 ,under our eyes it floated on3 a recompence to him who had been rejected with unbelief4 ,and we left it a sign3 but1 is there any one who receives the warning8 ,and how great was my vengeance and my menace6 ,easy for warning have we made the ,koran-but1 is there any one who receives the warning8 ,the ,adites called the truth a lie3 but how great was my vengeance and my menace2 ,for we sent against them a roaring wind in a day of continued distress3 ,it tore men away as though they were uprooted palm stumps4 ,and how great was my vengeance and my menace6 ,easy for warning have we made the ,koran-but1 is there any one who receives the warning8 ,the tribe of ,themoud treated the threatenings as lies3 ,and they said1 ,shall we follow a single man from among ourselves8 ,then verily should we be in error and in folly4 ,to him alone among us is the office of warning entrusted8 ,no6 he is an impostor1 an insolent person4 ,to-morrow shall they learn who is the impostor1 the insolent4 ,for we will send the she-camel to prove them3 do thou mark them well1 ,o ,saleh1 and be patient3 ,and foretell them that their waters shall#a be divided between themselves and her1 and that every draught shall come by turns to them4 ,but they called to their comrade1 and he took a knife and ham-strung her4 ,and how great was my vengeance and my menance6 ,we sent against them a single shout2 and they became like the dry sticks of the fold-builders4 ,easy have we made the ,koran for warning-but1 is there any one who receives the warning8 ,the people of ,lot treated his warning as a lie2 ,but we sent a stone-charged wind against them all1 except the family of ,lot1 whom at daybreak we delivered1 ,by our special grace-for thus we reward the thankful4 ,he1 indeed1 had warned them of our severity1 but of that warning they doubted4 ,even this guess did they demand3 therefore we deprived them of sight1 ,and said1 ,taste ye my vengeance and my menace2 ,and in the morning a relentless punishment overtook them4 ,easy have we made the ,koran for warning but1 is there any one who receives the warning8 ,to the people of ,pharaoh also came the threatenings3 ,all our miracles did they treat as impostures4 ,therefore seized we them as he only can seize1 who is the ,mighty1 the ,strong4 ,are your infidels1 ,o ,meccans1 better men than these8 ,is there an exemption for you in the sacred ,books8 ,will they say1 ,we are a host that lend one another aid8 ,the host shall be routed1 and they shall turn them back4 ,but1 that ,hour is their threatened time1 and that ,hour shall be most severe and bitter4 ,verily1 the wicked are sunk in bewilderment and folly4 ,on that day they shall be dragged into the fire on their faces4 ,taste ye the touch of ,hell4 ,all things have we created after a fixed decree3 ,our command was but one word1 swift as the twinkling of an eye4 ,of old1 too1 have we destroyed the like of you-yet is any one warned8 ,and everything that they do is in the ,books2#b ,each action1 both small and great1 is written down4 ,verily1 amid gardens#c and rivers shall the pious dwell4 ,in the seat of truth1 in the presence of the potent ,king4 #a ,see ,sura lvi4 xxvi4 #aee2 also ,sura lxxxvii4 vii4 #ga4 #b ,kept by the ,guardian ,angels4 #c ,the ,talmudic descriptions of the ,gardens-for the later ,jews believed in more than one ,paradise-and of the rivers and trees therein1 will be found in ,schr der ,talm4 ,rabb4 ,judenthum1 pp4 #dah-dcb4 ,,sura ,,xxxvii4-,,the ,,ranks ,l4 ,,mecca4-#ahb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,by the angels ranged in order for ,songs of ,praise1 ,and by those who repel demons1#a ,and by those who recite the ,koran for warning1 ,truly your ,god is but one1 ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and of all that is between them1 and ,lord of the ,east4#b ,we have adorned the lower heaven with the adornment of the stars4 ,they serve also as a guard against every rebellious ,satan1 ,that they overhear not what passeth in the assembly on high1 for they are darted at from every side1#c ,driven off and consigned to a lasting torment2 ,while1 if one steal a word by stealth1 a glistening flame pursueth him4 ,ask the ,meccans then1 ,are they1 or the angels whom we have made1 the stronger creation8 ,aye1 of coarse clay have we created them4 ,but while thou marvellest they mock2 ,when they are warned1 no warning do they take2 ,and when they see a sign1 they fall to mocking1 ,and say1 ,this is no other than clear sorcery3 ,what6 when dead1 and turned to dust and bones1 shall we indeed be raised8 ,our sires also of olden times8 ,say1 ,yes2 and ye shall be covered with disgrace4 ,for1 one blast only1 and lo6 they shall gaze around them1 ,and shall say1 ,oh6 woe to us6 this is the day of reckoning2 ,this is the day of decision which ye gainsaid as an untruth4 ,gather together those who have acted unjustly1 and their consorts1#d and the gods whom they adored ,beside ,god2 and guide them to the road for ,hell4 ,set them forth3 they shall be questioned4 ,how now1 that ye help not one another8 ,but on this day they shall submit themselves to ,god1 ,and shall address one another with mutual reproaches4 ,they shall say1 ,in sooth1 ye came to us in well-omened sort3#e ,but they will answer1 ,nay1 it was ye who would not believe2 and we had no power whatever over you4 ,nay1 ye were people given to transgress2 ,just1 therefore1 is the doom which our ,lord hath passed upon us4#f ,we shall surely taste it3 ,we made you err1 for we had erred ourselves4 ,partners therefore shall they be in punishment on that day4 ,truly1 thus will we deal with the wicked1 ,because when it was said to them1 ,there is no ,god but ,god1 they swelled with pride1 ,and said1 ,shall we then abandon our gods for a crazed poet8 ,nay1 he cometh with truth and confirmeth the ,sent ,ones of old4 ,ye shall surely taste the painful punishment1 ,and ye shall not be rewarded but as ye have wrought1 ,save the sincere servants of ,god6 ,a stated banquet shall they have ,of fruits2 and honoured shall they be ,in the gardens of delight1 ,upon couches face to face4 ,a cup shall be borne round among them from a fountain1 ,limpid1 delicious to those who drink2 ,it shall not oppress the sense1 nor shall they therewith be drunken4 ,and with them are the large-eyed ones with modest refraining glances1 fair like the sheltered egg4#g ,and they shall address one another with mutual questions4 ,saith one of them1 ,i truly had a bosom friend1 ,who said1 ',art thou of those who credit it8 ,what6 when we shall have died1 and become dust and bones1 shall we indeed be judged8' ,he shall say to those around him1 ,will ye look8 ,and he shall look and see him in the midst of ,hell4 ,and he shall say to him1 ,by ,god1 thou hadst almost caused me to perish2 ,and1 but for the favour of my ,lord1 ,i had surely been of those who have been brought with thee into torment4 ,but do we not die1 say the blessed1 ,any other than our first death8 and have we escaped the torment8#h ,this truly is the great felicity6 ,for the like of this should the travailers travail6 ,is this the better repast or the tree ,ez-zakkoum8 ,verily1 we have made it for a subject of discord to the wicked4 ,it is a tree which cometh up from the bottom of hell2 ,its fruits is as it were the heads of ,satans2 ,and1 lo6 the damned shall surely eat of it and fill their bellies with it3 ,then shall they have1 thereon1 a mixture of boiling water3 ,then shall they return to hell4 ,they found their fathers erring1 ,and they hastened on in their footsteps4 ,also before them the greater number of the ancients had erred4 ,though we had sent warners among them4 ,but see what was the end of these warned ones1 ,except of ,god's true servants4 ,noah called on us of old1 and right prompt were we to hear him1#i ,and we saved him and his family out of the great distress1 ,and we made his offspring the survivors2 ,and we left for him with posterity1 ,peace be on ,noah throughout the worlds6 ,thus do we reward the well-doers1 ,for he was one of our believing servants2- ,and the rest we drowned4 ,and truly1 of his faith was ,abraham1 ,when he brought to his ,lord a perfect heart1 ,when he said to his father and to his people1 ,what is this ye worship8 ,prefer ye with falsehood gods to ,god8 ,and what deem ye of the ,lord of the worlds8 ,so gazing he gazed towards the stars1 ,and said1 ,in sooth ,i am ill3#aj ,and they turned their back on him and departed4 ,he went aside to their gods and said1 ,do ye not eat8 ,what aileth you that ye do not speak8 ,he broke out upon them1 with the right hand striking3 ,when his tribesmen came back to him with hasty steps ,he said1 ,worship ye what ye carve1 ,when ,god hath created you1 and that ye make8 ,they said1 ,build up a pyre for him and cast him into the glowing flame4 ,fain would they plot against him1 but we brought them low4 ,and he said1 ,verily1 ,i repair to my ,lord who will guide me3 ,o ,lord give me a son1 of the righteous4 ,we announced to him a youth of meekness4 ,and when he became a full-grown youth1#aa ,his father said to him1 ,my son1 ,i have seen in a dream that ,i should sacrifice thee2 therefore1 consider what thou seest right4 ,he said1 ,my father1 do what thou art bidden2 of the patient1 if ,god please1 shalt thou find me4 ,and when they had surrendered them to the will of ,god1 he laid him down upon his forehead3 ,we cried unto him1 ,o ,abraham6 ,now hast thou satisfied the vision4 ,see how we recompense the righteous4 ,this was indeed a decisive test4 ,and we ransomed his son with a costly#ab victim1 ,and we left this#ac for him among posterity1 ,,peace ,,be ,,on ,,abraham6 ,thus do we reward the well-doers1 ,for he was of our believing servants4 ,and we announced ,isaac to him-a righteous ,prophet- ,and on him and on ,isaac we bestowed our blessing4 ,and among their offspring were well-doers1 and others1 to their own hurt undoubted sinners4 ,and of old1#ad to ,moses and to ,aaron shewed we favours3 ,and both of them1 and their people1 we rescued from the great distress3 ,and we succoured them1 and they became the conquerors3 ,and we gave them 7,moses and ,aaron7 each the lucid book3 ,and we guided them each into the right way3 ,and we left this for each among posterity1 ,,peace ,,be ,,on ,,moses ,,and ,,aaron4 ,thus do we reward the well-doers1 ,for they were two of our believing servants4 ,and ,elias truly was of our ,sent ,ones1 ,when he said to his people1 ,fear ye not ,god8 ,invoke ye ,baal and forsake ye the most skilful ,creator8 ,god is your ,lord1 and the ,lord of your sires of old8 ,but they treated him as a liar1 and shall therefore be consigned to punishment1 ,except ,god's faithful servants4 ,and we left this for him among posterity1 ,,peace ,,be ,,on ,,eliasin6#ae ,thus do we reward the well-doers1 ,for he was one of our believing servants4 ,and ,lot truly was of our ,sent ,ones1 ,when we rescued him and all his family1 ,save an aged woman among those who tarried4 ,afterward we destroyed the others4 ,and ye indeed pass by their ruined dwellings at morn ,and night3 will ye not then reflect8 ,jonas1 too1 was one of the ,apostles1 ,when he fled unto the laden ship1 ,and lots were cast1#af and he was doomed1 ,and the fish swallowed him1 for he was blameworthy4 ,but had he not been of those who praise ,us1 ,in its belly had he surely remained1 till the day of resurrection4 ,and we cast him on the bare shore-and he was sick2- ,and we caused a gourd-plant to grow up over him1 ,and we sent him to a hundred thousand persons1 or even more1 ,and because they believed1 we continued their enjoyments for a season4 ,inquire then of the ,meccans whether thy ,lord hath daughters1 and they1 sons8 ,have we created the angels females8 and did they witness it8 ,is it not a falsehood of their own devising1 when they say1 ,god hath begotten8 ,they are indeed liars4 ,would he have preferred daughters to sons8 ,what reason have ye for thus judging8 ,will ye not then receive this warning8 ,have ye a clear proof for them8 ,produce your ,book if ye speak truth4 ,and they make him to be of kin with the ,djinn3 but the ,djinn have long known that these idolaters shall be brought up before ,god4 ,far be the glory of ,god from what they impute to him4 ,his faithful servants do not thus4 ,moreover1 ye and what ye worship ,shall not stir up any against ,god1#ag ,save him who shall burn in ,hell4 ,and verily each one of us hath his appointed place1 ,and we range ourselves in order1 ,and we celebrate ,his praises4#ah ,and if those infidels say1 ,had we a revelation transmitted to us from those of old1#ai ,we had surely been ,god's faithful servants4 ,yet they believe not the ,koran4 ,but they shall know its truth at last4 ,our word came of old to our servants the apostles1 ,that they should surely be the succoured1 ,and that our armies should procure the victory for them4 ,turn aside therefore from them for a time1 ,and behold them1 for they too shall in the end behold their doom4 ,would they then hasten our vengeance8 ,but when it shall come down into their courts1 an evil morning shall it be to those who have had their warning4 ,turn aside from them therefore for a time4 ,and behold2 for they too shall in the end behold their doom4 ,far be the glory of thy ,lord1 the ,lord of all greatness1 from what they impute to him1 ,and peace be on his ,apostles6 ,and praise be to ,god the ,lord of the worlds4 #a ,i have given in the text the sense of these first two verses according to the ,muhammadan commentators4 ,the original1 literally translated1 viz4 ,by the ranks which rank themselves1 and by the repellers who repel1 would not convey an intelligible idea to the ,english reader4 ,mar4 renders1 ,per ordinantes ordinando et agitantes agitando4 #b ,ar4 ,easts4 ,errat in pluralitate mundorum4 ,mar4 ,but the allusion probably is to the different points of the horizon at which the sun rises and sets in the course of the year4 #c ,see ,sura lvii4 xv4 #ah4 #d ,or1 comrades1 i4e4 the demons4 #e ,lit4 on the right hand1 the side of good omen i4e4 with semblance of truth4 #f ,see ,sura lx4 xxxvi4 #f4 #g ,the ostrich egg carefully protected from dust4 #h ,lit4 and are we not among the punished8 #i ,lit4 et sane euge auditores4 ,mar4 #aj ,and therefore unable to assist at your sacrifices4 #aa ,lit4 cum igitur pervenisset cum eo ad #8tatem cui competit operandi studium4 ,mar4 ,beidh4 ,when he had attained to the age when he could work with him4 ,lane4 #ab ,brought1 says ,rabbi ,jehoshua1 from ,paradise by an angel4 ,midr4 fol4 #ac ,this salutation4 #ad ,the ,arabic particle which is here and elsewhere rendered of old 7also1 already1 certainly7 serves to mark the position of a past act or event as prior to the time present1 and in all such passages merely gives a fulness and intensity to our perfect1 or pluperfect tense4 #ae ,the form of this word is altered in the original for the sake of the rhyme4 #af ,lit4 he cast lots 7with the sailors74 #ag ,nequequam vos ad illud colendum estis ,seducturi4 ,mar4 #ah ,this verse and the six preceding are the words of the ,angel4 #ai ,compare verse #fi4 ,,sura ,,lxxi4-,,noah ,,li4 ,,mecca4-#bi ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,we sent ,,noah to his people1 and said to him1 ,warn thou thy people ere there come on them an afflictive punishment4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 ,i come to you a plain-spoken warner3 ,serve ,god and fear ,him1 and obey me3 ,your sins will ,he forgive you1 and respite you till the fixed ,time2 for when ,god's fixed ,time hath come1 it shall not be put back4 ,would that ye knew this6 ,he said1 ,lord ,i have cried to my people night and day2 and my cry doth but make them flee from me the more4 ,so oft as ,i cry to them1 that thou mayest forgive them1 they thrust their fingers into their ears1 and wrap themselves in their garments1 and persist in their error1 and are disdainfully disdainful4 ,then ,i cried aloud to them3 ,then again spake ,i with plainness1 and in private did ,i secretly address them3 ,and ,i said1 ,beg forgiveness of your ,lord1 for ,he is ready to forgive4 ,he will send down the very ,heaven upon you in plenteous rains2 ,and will increase you in wealth and children2 and will give you gardens1 and will give you watercourses3- ,what hath come to you that ye hope not for goodness from the hand of ,god8 ,for ,he it is who hath formed you by successive steps4#a ,see ye not how ,god hath created the seven heavens one over the other8 ,and ,he hath placed therein the moon as a light1 and hath placed there the sun as a torch2 ,and ,god hath caused you to spring forth from the earth like a plant2 ,hereafter will ,he turn you back into it again1 and will bring you forth anew- ,and ,god hath spread the earth for you like a carpet1 ,that ye may walk therein along spacious paths4' ,said ,noah1 ,o my ,lord6 they rebel against me1 and they follow those whose riches and children do but aggravate their ruin4 ,and they plotted a great plot2 ,and they said1 ,forsake not your ,gods2 forsake not ,wadd nor ,sowah1 ,nor ,yaghuth and ,yahuk and ,nesr2 ,and they caused many to err2#b-;and thou1 too1 ,o ,muhammad6 shalt be the means of increasing only error in the wicked- ,because of their sins they were drowned1 and made to go into the ,fire2 ,and they found that they had no helper save ,god4 ,and ,noah said1 ,lord1 leave not one single family of ,infidels on the ,earth3 ,for if thou leave them they will beguile thy servants and will beget only sinners1 infidels4 ,o my ,lord1 forgive me1 and my parents1 and every one who1 being a believer1 shall enter my house1 and believers men and women3 and add to the wicked nought but perdition4 #a ,see ,sura xxii4 #e4 #b ,or1 the idols had seduced many4 ,thus ,kas4 ,beidh4 gives both interpp4-,see on these idols ,freytag's ,einleitung1 p4 #cdi4 ,,sura ,,lxxvi4-,,man ,,lii4 ,,mecca4-#ca ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,doth not a long time pass over ,,man1 during which he is a thing unremembered8#a ,we have created man from the union of the sexes that we might prove him2 and hearing1 seeing1 have we made him3 ,in a right way have we guided him1 be he thankful or ungrateful4 ,for the ,infidels we have got ready chains and collars and flaming fire4 ,but a wine cup tempered at the camphor fountain#b the just shall quaff3 ,fount whence the servants of ,god shall drink1 and guide by channels from place to place2 ,they who fulfilled their vows1 and feared the day whose woes will spread far and wide2 ,who though longing for it themselves1 bestowed their food on the poor and the orphan and the captive3 ,we feed you for the sake of ,god3 we seek from you neither recompense nor thanks3#c ,a stern and calamitous day dread we from our ,lord4 ,from the evil therefore of that day hath ,god delivered them and cast on them brightness of face and joy3 ,and hath rewarded their constancy1 with ,paradise and silken robes3 ,reclining therein on bridal couches1 nought shall they know of sun or piercing cold3 ,its shades shall be close over them1 and low shall its fruits hang down3 ,and vessels of silver and goblets like flagons shall be borne round among them3 ,flagons of silver whose measure themselves shall mete4 ,and there shall they be given to drink of the cup tempered with zendjebil 7ginger7 ,from the fount therein whose name is ,selsebil 7the softly flowing74 ,aye-blooming youths go round among them4 ,when thou lookest at them thou wouldest deem them scattered pearls2 ,and when thou seest this1 thou wilt see delights and a vast kingdom3 ,their clothing green silk robes and rich brocade3 with silver bracelets shall they be adorned2 and drink of a pure beverage shall their ,lord give them4 ,this shall be your recompense4 ,your efforts shall meet with thanks4 ,we ourselves have sent down to thee the ,koran as a missive from on high4 ,await then with patience the judgments of thy ,lord1 and obey not the wicked among them and the unbelieving3 ,and make mention of the name of thy ,lord at morn1 at even1 ,and at night4 ,adore him1 and praise him the livelong night4 ,but these men love the fleeting present1 and leave behind them the heavy day of doom4 ,ourselves have we created them1 and strengthened their joints2 and when we please1 with others like unto themselves will we replace them4 ,this truly is a warning3 ,and whoso willeth1 taketh the way to his ,lord2 ,but will it ye shall not1 unless ,god will it1 for ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,he causeth whom ,he will to enter into his mercy4 ,but for the evil doers1 ,he hath made ready an afflictive chastisement4 #a ,when in the womb4 #b ,with 7the water of7 ,kafoor4 ,lane4 #c ,desire no recompense from you4 ,,sura ,,xliv4-,,smoke ,,liii4 ,,mecca4-#ei ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,ha4 ,mim4#a ,by this clear ,book6 ,see6 on a blessed night#b have we sent it down1 for we would warn mankind3 ,on the night wherein all things are disposed in wisdom1#c ,by virtue of our behest4 ,lo6 we have ever sent forth ,apostles1 ,a mercy from thy ,lord3 he truly heareth and knoweth all things- ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth and of all that is between them1-if ye be firm in faith- ,there is no ,god but ,he6-,he maketh alive and killeth6-,your ,lord and the ,lord of your sires of old6 ,yet with doubts do they disport them4 ,but mark them on the day when the ,heaven shall give out a palpable ,,smoke1 ,which shall enshroud mankind3 this will be an afflictive torment4 ,they will cry1 ,our ,lord6 relieve us from this torment3 see6 we are believers4 ,but how did warning avail them1 when an undoubted apostle had come to them2 ,and they turned their backs on him1 and said1 ,taught by others1 possessed8 ,were we to relieve you from the plague even a little1 ye would certainly relapse4#d ,on the day when we shall fiercely put forth our great fierceness1 we will surely take vengeance on them6 ,of old1 before their time1 had we proved the people of ,pharaoh1 when a noble apostle presented himself to them4 ,send away with me1 cried he1 the servants of ,god2 for ,i am an apostle worthy of all credit3 ,and exalt not yourselves against ,god1 for ,i come to you with undoubted power2 ,and ,i take refuge with ,him who is my ,lord and your ,lord1 that ye stone me not3 ,and if ye believe me not1 at least separate yourselves from me4 ,and he cried to his ,lord1 ,that these are a wicked people4 ,march forth then1 said ,god1 with my servants by night1 for ye will be pursued4 ,and leave behind you the cleft sea3 they are a drowned host4 ,how many a garden and fountain did they quit6 ,and corn fields and noble dwellings6 ,and pleasures in which they rejoiced them6 ,so was it3 and we gave them as a heritage to another people4 ,nor ,heaven nor ,earth wept for them1 nor was their sentence respited2 ,and we rescued the children of ,israel from a degrading affliction- ,from ,pharaoh1 for he was haughty1 given to excess4 ,and we chose them1 in our prescience1 above all peoples1#e ,and we shewed them miracles wherein was their clear trial4 ,yet these infidels say1 ,there is but our first death1 neither shall we be raised again3 ,bring back our sires1 if ye be men of truth4 ,are they better than the people of ,tobba1#f ,and those who flourished before them whom we destroyed for their evil deeds8 ,we have not created the ,heavens and the ,earth and whatever is between them in sport3 ,we have not created them but for a serious end3#g but the greater part of them understand it not4 ,verily the day of severing#h shall be the appointed time of all3 ,a day when the master shall not at all be aided by the servant1 neither shall they be helped2 ,save those on whom ,god shall have mercy3 for ,he is the mighty1 the merciful4 ,verily the tree of ,ez-,zakkoum#i ,shall be the sinner's#aj food3 ,like dregs of oil shall it boil up in their bellies1 ,like the boiling of scalding water4 -,seize ye him1 and drag him into the mid-fire2 ,then pour on his head of the tormenting boiling water4 -',taste this3' for thou forsooth art the mighty1 the honourable6 ,lo6 this is that of which ye doubted4 ,but the pious shall be in a secure place1 ,amid gardens and fountains1 ,clothed in silk and richest robes1 facing one another3 ,thus shall it be3 and we will wed them to the virgins with large dark eyes3 ,therein shall they call1 secure1 for every kind of fruit2 ,therein1 their first death passed1 shall they taste death no more2 and ,he shall keep them from the pains of ,hell3- ',tis the gracious bounty of thy ,lord6 ,this is the great felicity4 ,we have made this ,koran easy for thee in thine own tongue1 that they may take the warning4 ,therefore wait thou1 for they are waiting4#aa #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 ,i1 p4 #cb4 #b ,of the #bcrd and #bdth of ,ramadhan1 in which1 according to the ,muslim creed1 all the events of the year subsequent are arranged4 ,see ,sura xcvii4 n4 #b1 p4 #bg4 #c ,lit4 ,we settle each wise affair-called wise1 because proceeding direct from the will of ,him who is absolute wisdom4 #d ,beidh1 and others suppose this verse to have been revealed at ,medina4 ,this opinion1 however1 is based upon the supposition that it refers to the famine with which ,mecca was visited after the ,hejira4 #e ,comp4 ,ex4 xx4 #bj2 ,deut4 viii4 #af4 #f ,tobba1 i4e4 ,chalif or successor1 is the title of the ,kings of ,yemen2 or of ,hadramont1 ,saba1 and ,hamyar4-,see ,pocock1 ,spec4 ,hist4 ,ar4 p4 #fj4 #g ,lit4 in truth4 #h ,that is1 ,of the good from the bad4 #i ,see ,sura xxxvii4 #fj1 p4 #ha4 #aj ,the commentators suppose this sinner to be ,abu ,jahl1 one of the chief of the ,koreisch1 and the bitter enemy of ,muhammad4 #aa ,to see the turn which events may take4 ,,sura ,l4-,,kaf ,,liv4 ,,mecca4-#de ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful4 ,kaf#a4 ,by the glorious ,koran3 ,they marvel forsooth that one of themselves hath come to them charged with warnings4 ,this1 say the infidels1 is a marvellous thing3 ,what6 when dead and turned to dust shall we4 4 4 48 ,far off is such a return as this8 ,now know we what the earth consumeth of them1 and with us is a ,book in which account is kept4 ,but they have treated the truth which hath come to them as falsehood2 perplexed therefore is their state4 ,will they not look up to the heaven above them1 and consider how we have reared it and decked it forth1 and that there are no flaws therein8 ,and as to the earth1 we have spread it out1 and have thrown the mountains upon it1 and have caused an upgrowth in it of all beauteous kinds of plants1 ,for insight and admonition to every servant who loveth to turn to ,god3 ,and we send down the rain from ,heaven with its blessings1 by which we cause gardens to spring forth and the grain of harvest1 ,and the tall palm trees with date-bearing branches one above the other ,for man's nourishment3 ,and life give we thereby to a dead country4 ,so also shall be the resurrection4 ,ere the days of these 7,meccans7 the people of ,noah1 and the men of ,rass#b and ,themoud1 treated their prophets as impostors3 ,and ,ad and ,pharaoh1 and the brethren of ,lot and the dwellers in the forest1 and the people of ,tobba1#c all gave the lie to their prophets3 justly1 therefore1 were the menaces inflicted4 ,are we wearied out with the first creation8 ,yet are they in doubt with regard to a new creation6#d ,we created man3 and we know what his soul whispereth to him1 and we are closer to him than his neck-vein4 ,when the two angels charged with taking account shall take it1 one sitting on the right hand1 the other on the left3 ,not a word doth he utter1 but there is a watcher with him ready to note it down3 ,and the stupor of certain death cometh upon him3 ,this is what thou wouldst have shunned- ,and there shall be a blast on the trumpet1-it is the threatened day6 ,and every soul shall come1-an angel with it urging it along1 and an angel to witness against it#e- ,saith he1 ,of this day didst thou live in heedlessness3 but we have taken off thy veil from thee1 and thy sight is becoming sharp this day4 ,and he who is at this side#f shall say1 ,this is what ,i am prepared with against thee4 ,and ,god will say1 ,cast into ,hell1 ye twain1 every infidel1 every hardened one1 ,the hinderer of the good1 the transgressor1 the doubter1 ,who set up other gods with ,god4 ,cast ye him into the fierce torment4 ,he who is at his side shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 ,i led him not astray1 yet was he in an error wide of truth4 ,he shall say1 ,wrangle not in my presence4 ,i had plied you beforehand with menaces3 ,my doom changeth not1 and ,i am not unjust to man4 ,on that day will we cry to ,hell1 ,art thou full8 ,and it shall say1 ,are there more8#g ,and not far from thence shall ,paradise be brought near unto the ,pious3 - ,this is what ye have been promised3 to every one who hath turned in penitence to ,god and kept his laws2 ,who hath feared the ,god of ,mercy in secret1 and come to him with a contrite heart3 ,enter it in peace3 this is the day of ,eternity4 ,there shall they have all that they can desire3 and our's will it be to augment their bliss3 ,and how many generations have we destroyed ere the days of these 7,meccans71 mightier than they in strength6 ,search ye then the land4 ,is there any escape8 ,lo6 herein is warning for him who hath a heart1 or giveth ear1 and is himself an eye-witness4#h ,we created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them in six days1 and no weariness touched us4#i ,wherefore put up with what they say1 and celebrate the praise of thy ,lord before sunrise and before sunset3 ,and praise ,him in the night3 and perform the two final prostrations4 ,and list for the day whereon the crier shall cry from a place near to every one alike3 ,the day on which men shall in truth hear that shout will be the day of their coming forth from the grave4 ,verily1 we cause to live1 and we cause to die4 ,to us shall all return4 ,on the day when the earth shall swiftly cleave asunder over the dead1 will this gathering be easy to ,us4 ,we know best what the infidels say3 and thou art not to compel them4 ,warn then by the ,koran those who fear my menace4 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 ,i1 p4 #cb4 #b ,see lxvi4 xxv4 #dj4 #c ,see xliv4 #cf1 p4 #ij4 #d ,the ,resurrection4 #e ,lit4 a driver and a witness4 #f ,the ,satan who is chained to him4 ,sura lxxi4 xli4 #bd4 #g ,lit4 is there any addition8 which some explain as if ,hell enquired whether1 being already full1 any addition could be made to its size4 ,comp4 ,prov4 xxx4 #ae1 and ,othioth ,derabbi ,akiba1 #h1 #a3 ,that the ,prince of ,hell saith daily1 ,give me food enough1 is clear from what is said 7,is4 v4 #ad74 ,therefore ,shaol hath enlarged herself1 and opened her mouth without measure1 etc4 #h ,that is1 of the ruins of the destroyed cities1 etc4 #i ,this verse is said 7by ,omar b4 ,muhammad1 ,itq4 #cf1 ,djelal ,eddin1 ap4 ,maracc4 and ,beidh47 to have been revealed in answer to the ,jews who told the ,prophet that if ,god rested on the ,sabbath1 it was because he was weary4 ,but a connection with verse #ad seems more natural4 ,,sura ,,xx4#a-,,ta4 ,,ha4 ,,lv4 ,,mecca4-#ace ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ta4 ,,ha4#b ,not to sadden thee have we sent down this ,koran to thee1 ,but as a warning for him who feareth2 ,it is a missive from ,him who hath made the earth and the lofty heavens6 ,the ,god of ,mercy sitteth on his throne3 ,his1 whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth1 and whatsoever is between them both1 and whatsoever is beneath the humid soil6 ,thou needest not raise thy voice3#c for ,he knoweth the secret whisper1 and the yet more hidden4 ,god6 ,there is no ,god but ,he6 ,most excellent ,his titles6 ,hath the history of ,moses reached thee8 ,when he saw a fire1 and said to his family1 ,tarry ye here1 for ,i perceive a fire3 ,haply ,i may bring you a brand from it1 or find at the fire a guide4#d ,and when he came to it1 he was called to1 ,o ,moses6 ,verily1 ,i am thy ,lord34 therefore pull off thy shoes3 for thou art in the holy valley of ,towa4 ,and ,i have chosen thee3 hearken then to what shall be revealed4 ,verily1 ,i am ,god3 there is no ,god but me3 therefore worship me1 and observe prayer for a remembrance of me4 ,verily the hour is coming3-,i all but manifest it- ,that every soul may be recompensed for its labours4 ,nor let him who believeth not therein and followeth his lust1 turn thee aside from this truth1 and thou perish4 ,now1 what is that in thy right hand1 ,o ,moses8 ,said he1 ,it is my staff on which ,i lean1 and with which ,i beast down leaves for my sheep1 and ,i have other uses for it4 ,he said1 ,cast it down1 ,o ,moses6 ,so he cast it down1 and lo6 it became a serpent that ran along4 ,he said1 ,lay hold on it1 and fear not3 to its former state will we restore it4 ,now place thy right hand to thy arm-pit3 it shall come forth white1 but unhurt3-another sign6- ,that ,we may shew thee the greatest of our signs4 ,go to ,pharaoh1 for he hath burst all bounds4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 enlarge my breast for me1 ,and make my work easy for me1 ,and loose the knot of my tongue1#e ,that they may understand my speech4 ,and give me a counsellor#f from among my family1 ,aaron my brother2 ,by him gird up my loins1#g ,and make him a colleague in my work1 ,that we may praise thee oft and oft remember thee1 ,for thou regardest us4 ,he said1 ,o ,moses1 thou hast obtained thy suit3 ,already1 at another time1 have we showed thee favour1 ,when we spake unto thy mother what was spoken3 ',cast him into the ark3#h then cast him on the sea the river1 and the sea shall throw him on the shore3 and an enemy to me and an enemy to him shall take him up4' ,and ,i myself have made thee an object of love1 ,that thou mightest be reared in mine eye4 ,when thy sister went and said1 ',shall ,i shew you one who will nurse him8'#i ,then ,we returned thee to thy mother that her eye might be cheered1 and that she might not grieve4 ,and when thou slewest a person1 ,we delivered thee from trouble1 and ,we tried thee with other trial4 ,for years didst thou stay among the people of ,midian2 then camest thou hither by my decree1 ,o ,moses3 ,and ,i have chosen thee for ,myself4 ,go thou and thy brother with my signs and be not slack to remember me4 ,go ye to ,pharaoh1 for he hath burst all bounds3 ,but speak ye to him with gentle speech2 haply he will reflect or fear4 ,they said1 ,o our ,lord6 truly we fear lest he break forth against us1 or act with exceeding injustice4 ,he said1 ,fear ye not1 for ,i am with you both4 ,i will hearken and ,i will behold4 ,go ye then to him and say1 ',verily we are ,sent ones of thy ,lord2 send therefore the children of ,israel with us and vex them not3 now are we come to thee with signs from thy ,lord1 and1 ,peace shall be on him who followeth the right guidance4 ,for now hath it been revealed to us1 that chastisement shall be on him who chargeth with falsehood1 and turneth him away4' ,and he said1 ,who is your ,lord1 ,o ,moses8 ,he said1 ,our ,lord is ,he who hath given to everything its form and then guideth it aright4 ,but what1 said he1 was the state of generations past8#aj ,he said1 ,the knowledge thereof is with my ,lord in the ,book of his decrees4 ,my ,lord erreth not1 nor forgetteth4 ,he hath spread the earth as a bed1 and hath traced out paths for you therein1 and hath sent down rain from ,heaven1 and by it we bring forth the kinds#aa of various herbs3 -',eat ye1 and feed your cattle4' ,of a truth in this are signs unto men endued with understanding4 ,from it have we created you1 and into it will we return you1 and out of it will we bring you forth a second time4#ab ,and we shewed him all our signs3 but he treated them as falsehoods1 and refused to believe4 ,he said1 ,hast thou come1 ,o ,moses1 to drive us from our land by thine enchantments8 ,therefore will we assuredly confront thee with like enchantments3 so appoint a meeting between us and you-we will not fail it1 we1 and do not thou-in a place alike for both4 ,he said1 ,on the feast day#ac be your meeting1 and in broad daylight let the people be assembled4 ,and ,pharaoh turned away1 and collected his craftsmen and came4 ,said ,moses to them1 ,woe to you6 devise not a lie against ,god3 ,for then will he destroy you by a punishment4 ,they who have lied have ever perished4 ,and the magicians discussed their plan1 and spake apart in secret3 ,they said1 ,these two are surely sorcerers3 fain would they drive you from your land by their sorceries1 and lead away in their paths your chiefest men3 ,so muster your craft3 then come in order3 well this day shall it be for him1 who shall gain the upper hand4 ,they said1 ,o ,moses1 wilt thou first cast down thy rod1 or shall we be the first who cast8 ,he said1 ,yes1 cast ye down first4 ,and lo6 by their enchantment their cords and rods seemed to him as if they ran4 ,and ,moses conceived a secret fear within him4 ,we said1 ,fear not1 for thou shalt be the uppermost3 ,cast forth then what is in thy right hand3 it shall swallow up what they have produced3 they have only produced the deceit of an enchanter3 and come where he may1 ill shall an enchanter fare4 ,and the magicians fell down and worshipped4 ,they said1 ,we believe in the ,lord of ,aaron and of ,moses4 ,said ,pharaoh1 ,believe ye on him ere ,i give you leave8 ,he1 in sooth1 is your ,master who hath taught you magic4 ,i will therefore cut off your hands and your feet on opposite sides1 and ,i will crucify you on trunks of the palm1 and assuredly shall ye learn which of us is severest in punishing1 and who is the more abiding4#ad ,they said1 ,we will not have more regard to thee than to the clear tokens which have come to us1 or than to ,him who hath made us3 doom the doom thou wilt3 ,thou canst only doom as to this present life3 of a truth we have believed on our ,lord that he may pardon us our sins and the sorcery to which thou hast forced us1 for ,god is better1 and more abiding than thou4#ae ,as for him who shall come before his ,lord laden with crime-for him verily is ,hell3 he shall not die in it and he shall not live4 ,but he who shall come before ,him1 a believer1 with righteous works1-these6 the loftiest grades await them3 ,gardens of ,eden1 beneath whose trees#af the rivers flow3 therein shall they abide for ever4 ,this1 the reward of him who hath been pure4 ,then revealed we to ,moses1 ,go forth by night with my servants and cleave for them a dry path in the sea2 ,fear not thou to be overtaken1 neither be thou afraid4 ,and ,pharaoh followed them with his hosts1 and the whelming billows of the sea overwhelmed them1#ag for ,pharaoh misled his people1 and did not guide them4 ,o children of ,israel6 we rescued you from your foes2 and ,we appointed a meeting with you on the right side of the mountain2 and ,we caused the manna and the quail to descend upon you3 ,eat1 said ,we1 of the good things with which we have supplied you2 but without excess1 lest my wrath fall upon you2 for on whom my wrath doth fall1 he perisheth outright4 ,surely however will ,i forgive him who turneth to ,god and believeth1 and worketh righteousness1 and then yieldeth to guidance4 ,but what hath hastened thee on apart from thy people1#ah ,o ,moses8 ,he said1 ,they are hard on my footsteps3 but to thee1 ,o ,lord1 have ,i hastened1 that thou mightest be well pleased with me4 ,he said1 ,of a truth now have we proved thy people since thou didst leave them1 and ,samiri#ai had led them astray4 ,and ,moses returned to his people1 angered1 sorrowful4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 did not your ,lord promise you a good promise8 ,was the time of my absence long to you8 or desired ye that wrath from your ,lord should light upon you1 that ye failed in your promise to me8 ,they said1 ,not of our own accord have we failed in the promise to thee1 but we were made to bring loads of the people's trinkets1 and we threw them into the fire and ,samiri likewise cast them in1 and brought forth to them a corporeal lowing#bj calf3 and they said1 ,this is your ,god and the ,god of ,moses1 whom he hath forgotten4' ,what6 saw they not that it returned them no answer1 and could neither hurt nor help them8 ,and ,aaron had before said to them1 ,o my people6 by this calf are ye only proved3 surely your ,lord is the ,god of ,mercy3 follow me therefore and obey my bidding4 ,they said1 ,we will not cease devotion to it1 till ,moses come back to us4 ,he said1 ,o ,aaron6 when thou sawest that they had gone astray1 what hindered thee from following me8 ,hast thou then disobeyed my command8 ,he said1 ,o ,son of my mother6 seize me not by my beard1 nor by my head3 indeed ,i feared lest thou shouldst say1 ,thou hast rent the children of ,isreal asunder1 and hast not observed my orders4' ,he said1 ,and what was thy motive1 ,o ,samiri8 ,he said1 ,i saw what they saw not3 so ,i took a handful of dust from the track#ba of the messenger of ,god1 and flung it into the calf1 for so my soul prompted me4 ,he said1 ,begone then3 verily thy doom even in this life shall be to say1 ',touch me not4'#bb ,and there is a threat against thee1 which thou shalt not escape hereafter4 ,now look at thy god to which thou hast continued so devoted3 we will surely burn it and reduce it to ashes1 which we will cast into the sea4 ,your ,god is ,god1 beside whom there is no ,god3 ,in his knowledge he embraceth all things4 ,thus do ,we recite to thee histories of what passed of old2 and from ourself have we given thee admonition4 ,whoso shall turn aside from it shall verily carry a burden on the day of ,resurrection3 ,under it shall they remain3 and grievous1 in the day of ,resurrection1 shall it be to them to bear4 ,on that day there shall be a blast on the trumpet1 and ,we will gather the wicked together on that day with leaden#bc eyes3 ,they shall say in a low voice1 one to another1-,ye tarried but ten days on earth4 ,we are most knowing with respect to that which they will say when the most veracious#bd of them will say4 ,ye have not tarried above a day4 ,and they will ask thee of the mountains3 ,,say3 scattering my ,lord will scatter them in dust2 ,and he will leave them a level plain3 thou shalt see in it no hollows or jutting hills4 ,on that day shall men follow their summoner#be-;he marcheth straight on3 and low shall be their voices before the ,god of ,mercy1 nor shalt thou hear aught but the light footfall4 ,no intercession shall avail on that day1 save his whom the ,god of ,mercy shall allow to intercede1 and whose words he shall approve4 ,he knoweth their future and their past2 but in their own knowledge they comprehend it not3- ,and humble shall be their faces before ,him that ,liveth1 the ,self-subsisting3 and undone he1 who shall bear the burden of iniquity2 ,but he who shall have done the things that are right and is a believer1 shall fear neither wrong nor loss4 ,thus have ,we sent down to thee an ,arabic ,koran1 and have set forth menaces therein diversely1 that haply they may fear ,god1 or that it may give birth to reflection in them4 ,exalted then be ,god1 the ,king1 the ,truth6 ,be not hasty in its recital#bf while the revelation of it to thee is incomplete4 ,say rather1 ,o my ,lord1 increase knowledge unto me4 ,and of old ,we made a covenant with ,adam2 but he forgat it2 and we found no firmness of purpose in him4 ,and when ,we said to the angels1 ,fall down and worship ,adam1 they worshipped all1 save ,eblis1 who refused3 and ,we said1 ,o ,adam6 this truly is a foe to thee and to thy wife4 ,let him not therefore drive you out of the garden1 and ye become wretched2 ,for to thee is it granted that thou shalt not hunger therein1 neither shalt thou be naked2 ,but ,satan whispered him3 said he1 ,o ,adam6 shall ,i shew thee the tree of ,eternity1#bg and the ,kingdom that faileth not8 ,and they both ate thereof1 and their nakedness appeared to them1 and they began to sew of the leaves of the ,garden to cover them1 and ,adam disobeyed his ,lord and went astray4 ,afterwards his ,lord chose him for himself1 and was turned towards him1 and guided him4 ,and ,god said1 ,get ye all down hence1 the one of you a foe unto the other4 ,hereafter shall guidance come unto you from me2 ,and whoso followeth my guidance shall not err1 and shall not be wretched3 ,but whoso turneth away from my monition1 his truly shall be a life of misery3 ,and ,we will assemble him with others on the day of ,resurrection1 blind4#bh ,he will say1 ,o my ,lord6 why hast thou assembled me with others1 blind8 whereas ,i was endowed with sight4 ,he will answer1 ,thus is it1 because our signs came unto thee and thou didst forget them1 and thus shalt thou be forgotten this day4 ,even thus will ,we recompense him who hath transgressed and hath not believed in the signs of his ,lord2 and assuredly the chastisement of the next world will be more severe and more lasting4 ,are not they1 who walk the very places where they dwelt1 aware how many generations we have destroyed before them8 ,verily in this are signs to men of insight4 ,and had not a decree of respite from thy ,lord first gone forth1 their chastisement had at once ensued4 ,yet the time is fixed4 ,put up then with what they say2 and celebrate the praise of thy ,lord before the sunrise1 and before its setting2 and some time in the night do thou praise him1 and in the extremes#bi of the day1 that thou haply mayest please ,him4 ,and strain not thine eye after what ,we have bestowed on divers of them-the braveries of this world-that we may thereby prove them4 ,the portion which thy ,lord will give1 is better and more lasting4 ,enjoin prayer on thy family1 and persevere therein4 ,we ask not of thee to find thine own provision-we will provide for thee1 and a happy issue shall there be to piety4 ,but they say1 ,if he come not to us with a sign from his ,lord 4 4 46#cj ,but have not clear proofs for the ,koran come to them1 in what is in the ,books of old8 ,and had ,we destroyed them by a chastisement before its time1 they would surely have said1 ,o our ,lord6 ,how could we believe if thou didst not send unto us an ,apostle that we might follow thy signs ere that we were humbled and disgraced4 ,,say3 ,each one of us awaiteth the end4 ,wait ye then1 and ye shall know which of us have been followers of the even way1 and who hath been the rightly guided4 #a ,the first #ad or #af verses of this ,sura are said to have induced ,omar to embrace ,islam 7,his4 #bbf4 ,ibn ,sd1 i4 and v4 ,comp4 ,weil1 p4 #fj4 ,causs4 i4 #cif ff47 in the sixth year before the ,hejira4 #b ,freytag supposes these letters to mean1 ,hush6 but see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #c ,lit4 if thou raise thy voice4 #d ,lit4 guidance4 ,moses had lost his way1 say the ,commentators1 when journeying to ,egypt to visit his mother4 #e ,the ,muhammadan ,commentators tell how ,moses when a child burnt his tongue with a live coal4 ,the same story is found in ,midr4 ,jalkut on ,ex4 c4 #aff1 and in ,shalsheleth ,hakabalah1 p4 #e1 b4 ,ed4 ,amsterd4 #f ,lit vizir4 #g ,or1 strengthen my back4 #h ,the form of the word in the original is not the pure ,hebraic1 but the later ,rabbinic form4 #i ,see ,sura lxxix4 xxviii4 #aa1 #ab4 #aj ,what is their condition after their death as to happiness or misery4 ,beidh4 whom ,sale follows4 ,but the word state1 which ,mar4 renders mens1 refers rather to their creed4 ,how1 enquires ,pharaoh1 do you explain the fact that the generations of men have always practised a different worship8 #aa ,lit4 pairs4 #ab ,the ,midrasch ,tanchumah on ,ex4 vii4 gives a very similar dialogue between ,pharaoh and ,moses4 #ac ,lit4 the day of ornament4 #ad ,in punishing4 ,beidh4 #ae ,to recompense4 ,beidh4 #af ,as the garden is said in ,sura lxxxviii4 to be lofty in point of situation1 this frequently recurring phrase may mean that rivers run at its base4 ,the ,commentators1 however1 generally understand it to imply that the rivers flow beneath its shades or pavilions4 #ag ,lit4 and there overwhelmed them of the sea that which overwhelmed them4 #ah ,the #gj elders who were to have accompanied him4 #ai ,that is1 the ,samaritan4 ,this rendering1 which is probably the true explanation of the word ,samiri1 involves a grievous ignorance of history on the part of ,muhammad4 ,selden 7de diis ,syr4 ,syn4 i4 ch4 #d7 supposes that ,samiri is ,aaron himself1 the ,shomeer1 or keeper of ,israel during the absence of ,moses4 ,many ,arabians identify him with the ,micha of ,judges xvii4 who is said to have assisted in making the calf 7,raschi1 ,sanhedr4 #ajb1 #b ,hottinger ,hist4 ,orient4 p4 #hd74 ,geiger suggests that ,samiri may be a corruption of ,samael4 ,see next note4 ,but it is probable that the name and its application in the present instance1 is to be traced to the old national feud between the ,jews and ,samaritans4 ,see ,de ,sacy1 ,chrestom4 i4 p4 #ahi1 who quotes ,abu ,rihan ,muhammad as stating that the ,samaritans were called ,al-limsahsit1 the people who say1 ,touch me not 7v4 #ig1 below71 and ,juynboll ,chron4 ,sam4 7,leid4 #ahdh7 p4 #aac4 ,sale also mentions a similar circumstance of a tribe of ,samaritan ,jews dwelling on one of the islands in the ,red ,sea4 #bj ,the calf came forth 7,ex4 xxxii4 #bd7 lowing and the ,israelites beheld it4 ,r4 ,jehuda saith1 ,samuel entered into it and lowed in order to mislead ,israel4 ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 #de4 #ba ,from the track of ,gabriel's horse1 or of ,gabriel himself4 #bb ,lit4 no touch4 #bc ,i have adopted the word leaden as expressive of the idea implied in the original word1 viz4 grey or greyish blue2 hence1 dulled1 dimmed4 ,the ,arabians have a great aversion to blue and grey eyes as characteristic of their enemies the ,greeks4 ,the word1 however1 may also mean blind4 ,comp4 v4 #abd1 #e4 #bd ,lit4 the most excellent or just of them in his way3 dignitate1 ,mar4 ,but ,kam4 in ,freyt4 7iii4 #aej7 justissimus eorum1 simillimus veracibus4 ,the sense of the last clause is1 ,yes have not tarried even so much as ten days1 such1 now that we look back upon it1 is the brevity of life4 ,see ,sura lxiv4 xxiii4 #aae4 #be ,the angel ,israfil4 #bf ,compare ,sura lxxv4 #af-ai1 p4 #ef4 #bg ,it should be observed that here and in ,sura vii4 #ai1 ,muhammad seems unaware of the distinction between the tree of knowledge1 and the tree of life1 as given in ,gen4 ii4 #i1 and iii4 #e4 #bh ,from the intensity of the light1 mentioned ,sura #axxx4 xxxix4 #fi4 #bi ,in order to reconcile this passage with the prescribed hours1 some understand the extremes to mean the mid-day1 when the day is as it were divided4 #cj ,supply1 we will not believe4 ,,sura ,,xxvi4-,,the ,,poets#a ,,lvi4 ,,mecca4-#bbh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,ta4 ,sin4 ,mim4#b ,these are the signs of the lucid ,book4 ,haply thou wearest thyself away with grief because they will not believe4 ,were it our will we could send down to them a sign from ,heaven1 before which they would humbly bow4#c ,but from each fresh warning that cometh to them from the ,god of ,mercy they have only turned aside1 ,and treated it as a lie3 ,but tidings shall reach them which they shall not laugh to scorn4 ,have they not beheld the earth-how we have caused every kind of noble plant to spring up therein8 ,verily1 in this is a sign3 but most of them believe not4 ,and assuredly1 thy ,lord6-,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful4 ,and remember when thy ,lord called to ,moses1 ,go to the wicked people1 ,the people of ,pharaoh4 ,what6 will they not fear me8 ,he said1 ,my ,lord1 in sooth ,i fear lest they treat me as a liar3 ,and my breast is straitened1 and ,i am slow of speech3#d send therefore to ,aaron to be my helpmate4 ,for they have a charge#e against me1 and ,i fear lest they put me to death4 ,he said1 ,surely not4 ,go ye therefore with our signs3 we will be with you and will hearken4 ,and go to ,pharaoh and say3 ',verily we are the messengers of the ,lord of the worlds- ,send forth with us the children of ,israel4' ,he said1 ,did we not rear thee among us when a child8 ,and hast thou not passed years of thy life among us8 ,and yet what a deed is that which thou hast done6#f ,thou art one of the ungrateful4 ,he said1 ,i did it indeed1 and ,i was one of those who erred3 ,and ,i fled from you because ,i feared you2 but my ,lord hath given me wisdom and hath made me one of his ,apostles4 ,and is this the favour thou hast conferred on me1 that thou hast enslaved the children of ,israel8 ,said ,pharaoh1 ,who then is the ,lord of the ,worlds8 ,he said1 ,the ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth and of all that is between them1 if only ye believe it4 ,said ,pharaoh to those around him1 ,hear ye this8 ,your ,lord1 said ,moses1 and the ,lord of your sires of old4 ,in sooth1 your ,apostle whom ,he hath sent to you1 said ,pharaoh1 is certainly possessed4 ,he said1 ,lord is ,he of the ,east and of the ,west1 and of all that is between them1 if ye can understand4 ,he said1 ,if ye take any ,god beside me1 ,i will surely put thee in ward4 ,said ,moses1 ,what6 if ,i shew thee that which shall be a proof of my mission8 ,he said1 ,forth with it then1 if thou speakest truth4 ,then threw he down his staff1 and lo6 an undoubted serpent3 ,and he drew out his hand1 and lo6 it was white#g to the beholders4 ,he said to his nobles around him4 ,this truly is a right cunning sorcerer3 ,fain would he drive you out of your land by his ,sorcery4 ,but what do ye suggest8 ,they said1 ,put him and his brother off awhile1 and send summoners to all the cities1 ,who shall bring to thee every cunning magician4 ,so the magicians were mustered at a set time1 on a solemn day3 ,and it was said to the people1 ,are ye all assembled8 -,yes6 and we will follow the magicians if they gain the day4 ,and when the magicians were arrived they said to ,pharaoh1 ,shall we have a reward if we gain the day8 ,he said1 ,yes4 ,and verily in that case ye shall be of those who are near my person4 ,moses said to them1 ,throw down what ye have to throw4 ,so they cast down their ropes and rods1 and said1 ,by ,pharaoh's might we shall surely win4 ,then ,moses threw down his rod1 and lo6 it swallowed up their cheating wonders4 ,then the magicians threw themselves down in worship3 ,they said1 ,we believe on the ,lord of the ,worlds1 ,the ,lord of ,moses and of ,aaron4 ,said ,pharaoh1 ,have ye then believed on him ere ,i gave you leave8 ,he truly is your master who hath taught you magic4#h ,but bye and bye ye shall surely know my power4 ,i will cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides1 and ,i will have you all crucified4 ,they said1 ,it cannot harm us1 for to our ,lord shall we return3 ,assuredly we trust that our ,lord will forgive us our sins1 since we are of the first who believe4 ,then revealed we this order to ,moses3 ,go forth by night with my servants1 for ye will be pursued4 ,and ,pharaoh sent summoners through the cities3- ,these ,israelites1 said they1 are a scanty band2 ,yet are they enraged against us- ,but we truly are numerous1 wary4 ,thus we caused them to quit gardens and fountains1 ,and treasures and splendid dwellings2 ,so was it2 and we gave them to the children of ,israel for an heritage4#i ,then at sunrise the ,egyptians followed them3 ,and when the hosts came in view of one another1 the comrades of ,moses said1 ,we are surely overtaken4 ,he said1 ,by no means3-for my ,lord is with me-,he will guide me4 ,and we revealed this order to ,moses1 ,strike the sea with thy rod4 ,and it clave asunder1 and each part became like a huge mountain4 ,then made we the others to draw on2 ,and we saved ,moses1 and those who were with him1 all2 ,but we drowned the others4 ,truly in this was a sign2 but most of them did not believe4 ,but verily thy ,lord1-,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful6 ,and recite to them the story of ,abraham ,when he said to his ,father and to his people1 ,what worship ye8 ,they said1 ,we worship idols1 and constant is our devotion to them4 ,he said1 ,can they hear you when ye cry to them8 ,or help you or do you harm8 ,they said1 ,but we found our ,fathers do the like4 ,he said1 ,how think ye8 ,they whom ye worship1 ,ye and your fathers of early days1 ,are my foes3 but not so#aj the ,lord of the ,worlds1 ,who hath created me1 and guideth me1 ,who giveth me food and drink2 ,and when ,i am sick1 he healeth me1 ,and who will cause me to die and again quicken me1 ,and who1 ,i hope1 will forgive me my sins in the day of reckoning4 ,my ,lord6 bestow on me wisdom and join me to the just1 ,and give me a good name#aa among posterity1 ,and make me one of the heirs of the garden of delight1 ,and forgive my father1 for he was one of the erring1 ,and put me not to shame on the day when mankind shall be raised up1 ,the day when neither wealth nor children shall avail1 ,save to him who shall come to ,god with a sound heart3 ,when ,paradise shall be brought near the pious1 ,and ,hell shall lay open for those who have gone astray4 ,and it shall be said to them1 ',where are they whom ye worshipped ,beside ,god8 ,can they harm you or help themselves8' ,and they shall be cast into it-the seducers and the seduced1 ,and all the host of ,eblis4 ,they shall say1 as they wrangle therein together1 ',by ,god1 we were in a plain error1 ,when we equalled you with the ,lord of the ,worlds3 ,and none misled us but the wicked1 ,and we have none to plead for us1 ,nor friend who careth for us4 ,could we but return1 we would be of the believers4' ,verily1 in this was a sign3 but most of them believed not4 ,and truly thy ,lord6-,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful6 ,the people of ,noah gainsaid the ,apostles1 ,when their brother ,noah said to them1 ,will ye not fear ,god8 ,of a truth am ,i your faithful ,apostle2 ,fear ,god then and obey me4 ,i ask of you no reward for this1 for my reward is of the ,lord of the ,worlds alone3 ,fear ,god then and obey me4 ,they said1 ,shall we believe on thee when the meanest only are thy followers8 ,he said1 ,but ,i have no knowledge of that they did3#ab ,to my ,lord only must their account be given3 would that ye understood this6 ,and ,i will not thrust away those who believe1 ,for ,i am only one charged with plain warnings4 ,they said1 ,now unless thou desist1 ,o ,noah1 one of the stoned shalt thou surely be4 ,he said1 ,lord6 my people treat me as a liar3 ,decide thou therefore a decision between me and them1 and rescue me and the faithful who are with me4 ,so we saved him and those who were with him in the fully-laden ark1 ,and afterwards we drowned the rest4 ,herein truly was a sign1 but most of them believed not4 ,but thy ,lord6-,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful4 ,the ,adites#ac treated their ,apostles as liars1 ,when their brother ,houd said to them1 ,will ye not fear ,god8 ,i am your ,apostle1 worthy of all credit2 ,fear ,god then and obey me3 ,i ask for no reward for this2 for my reward is of the ,lord of the ,worlds alone4 ,what6 build ye landmarks on all heights in mere pastime8 ,and raise ye structures to be your lasting abodes8#ad ,and when ye put forth your power do ye put it forth with harshness8 ,fear ye ,god then and obey me2 ,and fear ye ,him who hath plenteously betowed on you ye well know what3 ,plenteously bestowed on you flocks and children1 ,and gardens and fountains2 ,indeed ,i fear for you the punishment of a tremendous day4 ,they said1 ,it is the same to us whether thou warn or warn us not4 ,this is but a tale of the ancients1 ,and we are not they who shall be punished4 ,and they charged him with imposture2 and we destroyed them4 ,in this was a sign3 but most of them believed not4 ,but thy ,lord6-,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful6 ,the ,themoudites also treated their ,apostles as liars1 ,when their brother ,saleh said to them1 ,will ye not fear ,god8 ,i am your ,apostle worthy of all credit3 ,fear ,god1 then1 and obey me4 ,i ask of you no reward for this3 my reward is of the ,lord of the ,worlds alone4 ,shall ye be left secure amid these things here8 ,amid gardens and fountains1 ,and corn-fields and palm-trees1 with flower-sheathing branches8 ,and1 insolent that ye are1 will ye hew out your dwellings in the mountains8 ,but fear ,god and obey me1 ,and obey not the bidding of those who commit excess1 ,who act disorderly on the earth and reform it not4 ,they said1 ,certainly thou art a person bewitched2 ,thou art only a man like us3 produce now a sign if thou art a man of truth4 ,he said1 ,this she-camel1 then-drink shall there be for her1 and drink shall there be for you1 on a several day for each4 ,but harm her not1 lest the punishment of a tremendous day overtake you4 ,but they ham-strung her1 and repented of it on the morrow2 ,for the punishment overtook them4 ,in this truly was a sign1 but most of them believed not4 ,but thy ,lord6-,he is the ,powerful1 the ,merciful6 ,the people of ,lot treated their apostles as liars1 ,when their brother ,lot said to them1 ,will ye not fear ,god8 ,i am your ,apostle worthy of all credit3 ,fear ,god1 then1 and obey me4 ,for this ,i ask you no reward3 my reward is of the ,lord of the worlds alone4 ,what6 with men1 of all creatures1 will ye have commerce8 ,and leave ye your wives whom your ,lord hath created for you8 ,ah6 ye are an erring people6 ,they said1 ,o ,lot1 if thou desist not1 one of the banished shalt thou surely be4 ,he said1 ,i utterly abhor your doings3 ,my ,lord6 deliver me and my family from what they do4 ,so we delivered him and his whole family- ,save an aged one among those who tarried- ,then we destroyed the rest- ,and we rained a rain upon them1 and fatal was the rain to those whom we had warned4 ,in this truly was a sign2 but most of them did not believe4 ,but thy ,lord6 ,he is the ,powerful1 the ,merciful6 ,the dwellers in the forest of ,madian#ae treated the ,apostles as liars4 ,when ,shoaib their brother said to them1 ,will ye not fear ,god8 ,i truly am your trustworthy ,apostle4 ,fear ,god1 then1 and obey me3 ,no reward ask ,i of you for this3 my reward is of the ,lord of the ,worlds alone4 ,fill the measure1 and be not of those who minish3 ,weigh with exact balance3 ,and defraud not men in their substance1 and do no wrong on the earth by deeds of licence2 ,and fear ,him who made you and the races of old4 ,they said1 ,certainly thou art a person bewitched4 ,thou art but a man like us1 and we deem thee liar- ,make now a part of the heaven to fall down upon us1 if thou art a man of truth4 ,he said1 ,my ,lord best knoweth your doings4 ,and when they treated him as a liar1 the chastisement of the day of cloud overtook them4 ,this truly was the chastisement of a dreadful day6 ,in this was a sign1 but most of them believed not4 ,but thy ,lord6-,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful6 ,verily from the ,lord of the ,worlds hath this ,book come down2 ,the faithful spirit#af hath come down with it ,upon thy heart1 that thou mightest become a warner- ,in the clear ,arabic tongue3 ,and truly it is foretold in the ,scriptures of them of yore4#ag ,was it not a sign to them#ah that the learned among the children of ,israel recognised it8 ,if we had sent it down unto any foreigner1 ,and he had recited it to them1 they had not believed4 ,in such sort have we influenced#ai the heart of the wicked ones1 ,that they will not believe it till they see the grievous chastisement8 ,and it shall come upon them on a sudden when they look not for it3 ,and they will say1 ,can we be respited8 ,what6 will they seek to hasten on our chastisement8 ,how thinkest thou8 ,if after we have given them their fill for years1 ,that with which they are menaced come upon them at last1 ,of what avail will their enjoyments be to them8 ,we never destroyed a city which had not first its warners ,with admonition2 nor did we deal unjustly4 ,the ,satans were not sent down with this ,koran3 ,it beseemed them not1 and they had not the power1 ,for they are far removed from hearing it4#bj ,call not thou on any other god but ,god1 lest thou be of those consigned to torment3 ,but warn thy relatives of nearer kin1#ba ,and kindly lower thy wing over the faithful who follow thee4 ,and if they disobey thee1 then say3 ,i will not be answerable for your doings2- ,and put thy trust in ,him that is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful1 ,who seeth thee when thou standest in prayer1 ,and thy demeanour amongst those who worship2 ,for ,he heareth1 knoweth all4 ,shall ,i tell you on whom ,satan descend8 ,they descend on every lying1 wicked person3 ,they impart what they have heard2#bb-;but most of them are liars4 ,it is the ,,poets#bc whom the erring follow3 ,seest thou not how they rove distraught in every valley8 ,and that they say that which they do not8 ,save those who believe and do good works1 and oft remember ,god2 ,and who defend themselves when unjustly treated4 ,but they who treat them unjustly shall find out what a lot awaiteth them4 #a ,this ,sura belongs to about the seventh year of ,muhammad's prophetic life4 #b ,see ,sura #axviii4 ,i1 p4 #cb4 #c ,lit4 to which their necks would humble themselves4 #d ,lit4 my tongue is not free4 ,this verse appears to be a studied simplification of ,ex4 iv4 #aj-ac4 #e ,the murder of the ,egyptian4 ,see ,geiger1 #aei4 #f ,lit4 and thou hast done thy deed which thou hast done4 ,see xxviii4 #ae4 #g ,thus ,pirke ,r4 ,elieser #dh4 ,he placed his hand in his bosom1 and drew it forth1 white as snow with leprosy4 #h ,the ,pharaoh who lived in the days of ,moses was a great magician4 ,mid4 ,jalkut1 c4 #ahb4 ,comp4 ,sura xxviii4 #ch1 where1 in accordance with the ,rabbinic traditions ,pharaoh claims to be a ,god4 #i ,see ii4 #eh1 and ,midr4 ,jalkut on ,ex4 xii4 c4 #bjh4 #aj ,lit4 except4 #aa ,lit4 a tongue of truth1 i4e4 high repute4 ,or1 grant that my words may be believed among posterity4 ,see lviii4 xix4 #dg4 #ab ,of their motives in embracing ,islam4 #ac ,the ,adites are mentioned in vii4 and xi4 #ad ,this is to be understood of the small forts erected by the nomades of the ,hejaz along the route of the caravans to guarantee their safety4 ,comp4 ,gen4 xi4 #a-aj1 and ,sura lxxxix4 #f1 p4 #ed4 #ae ,the ,madian and the ,el-,aika of other ,suras are unquestionably one and the same place1 as they have the same prophet ,shoaib 7or ,sho'eyb71 the ,jethro of ,scripture-a name perhaps altered from ,hobab 7,numb4 x4 #bi7-;and because the same sin is laid to the charge of both4 ,see ,winer's ,realw0rterbuch on ,jethro4 ,the ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,ex4 ii4 ,i#f1 ,par4 ,i1 makes ,jethro renounce idolatry1 and his office of ,priest1 and undergo banishment from the ,midianites4 #af ,gabriel4 ,see ,sura lxxxi4 #ai1 p4 #df4 #ag ,see ,sura xiii4 #cf4 ,this verse is said to have been revealed at ,medina by ,itq4 #cd4 #ah ,the unbelieving ,meccans4 ,lit4 that the knowing 7,doctors1 ,uhlemas7 knew it4 #ai ,lit4 have introduced it1 i4e4 infidelity2 or1 the ,koran4 ,beidh4 ,the latter interpretation seems most accordant with the context4 #bj ,comp4 ,sura xxxvii4 #g1 #h1 p4 #gi4 #ba ,it is probable that within three or four years from his entry upon the prophetic office1 ,muhammad had made about #dj converts4 ,some biographers refer to this passage1 and not to ,sura lxiv4 ,i1 as the first call to preach4 ,but this ,sura is itself late1 and bears evidence of the opposition to which the prophet had become exposed1 and of adherents to his cause1 now become numerous4 ,the diffuseness and feeblenss of the style clearly point to a late origin4 #bb ,they impart to their votaries on earth what they have learned by stealth and partially1 in heaven4 #bc ,muhammad found it necessary to employ the pens of certain poets to defend himself and his religion from the ridicule and satire of other poets1 whose productions were recited at the great annual fair held at ,okatz1 the ,olympus of the ,hejaz4 ,the poems which were judged the best were written up in letters of gold1 or suspended 7hence called ,moallakat7 in the ,caaba4 ,these poetical contests were subsequently suppressed by ,muhammad1 as offering openings for discussions which might prove inconvenient1 and dangerous to his rising claims4 ,,sura ,,xv4-,,hedjr#a ,,lvii4 ,,mecca4-#ii ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,ra4#b ,these are the signs of the ,book1 and of a lucid recital ,koran4 ,many a time will the infidels wish that they had been ,muslims4 ,let them feast and enjoy themselves1 and let hope beguile them3 but they shall know the truth at last4 ,we never destroyed a city whose term was not perfixed3#c ,no people can forestall or retard its destiny4 ,they say3 ,o thou to whom the warning hath been sent down1 thou art surely possessed by a djinn3 ,wouldst thou not have come to us with the angels1 if thou wert of those who assert the truth8 -,we will not send down the angels without due cause4#d ,the ,infidels would not in that case have been respited4 ,verily1 ,we have sent down the warning1 and verily1 ,we will be its guardian2 ,and already have ,we sent ,apostles1 before thee1 among the sects of the ancients2 ,but never came ,apostles to them whom they did not deride4 ,in like manner will ,we put it into the hearts of the sinners of ,mecca to do the same3 ,they will not believe on him though the example of those of old hath gone before4 ,even were ,we to open above them a gate in ,heaven1 yet all the while they were mounting up to it1 ,they would surely say3 ,it is only that our eyes are drunken3 nay1 we are a people enchanted4 ,we have set the signs of the zodiac#e in the ,heavens1 and adorned and decked them forth for the beholders1 ,and ,we guard them from every stoned#f ,satan1 ,save such as steal a hearing3#g and him doth a visible flame pursue4 ,and the ,earth have ,we spread forth1 and thrown thereon the mountains1 and caused everything to spring forth in it in balanced measure3 ,and ,we have provided therein sustenance for you1 and for the creatures which not ye sustain3 ,and no one thing is there1 but with ,us are its storehouses2 and ,we send it not down but in settled measure3 ,and ,we send forth the fertilising winds1 and cause the rain to come down from the heaven1 and give you to drink of it2 and it is not ye who are its storers3 ,and ,we cause to live and ,we cause to die1#h and ,we are the heir of all things3 ,we know those of you who flourish first and ,we know those who come later3 ,and truly thy ,lord will gather them together again1 for ,he is ,wise1 ,knowing4 ,we created man of dried clay1 of dark loam moulded2 ,and the djinn had ,we before created of subtle fire4 ,remember when thy ,lord said to the ,angels1 ,i create man of dried clay1 of dark loam moulded3 ,and when ,i shall have fashioned him and breathed of my spirit into him1 then fall ye down and worship him4 ,and the ,angels bowed down in worship1 all of them1 all together1 ,save ,eblis3 he refused to be with those who bowed in worship4 ,o ,eblis1#i said ,god1 wherefore art thou not with those who bow down in worship8 ,he said1 ,it beseemeth not me to bow in worship to man whom thou hast created of clay1 of moulded loam4 ,he said1 ,begone then hence2 thou art a stoned one1#aj ,and the curse shall be on thee till the day of reckoning4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 respite me till the day when man shall be raised from the dead4 ,he said1 ,one then of the respited shalt thou be ,till the day of the predestined time4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 because thou hast beguiled me1 ,i will surely make all fair seeming to them#aa on the earth2 ,i will surely beguile them all2 ,except such of them as shall be thy sincere servants4 ,he said1 ,this is the right way with me2 ,for over none of my servants shalt thou have power1 save those beguiled ones who shall follow thee4 ,and verily1 ,hell is the promise for them one and all4 ,it hath seven ,portals2#ab at each ,portal is a separate band of them2 ,but 'mid gardens and fountains shall the pious dwell3 ,enter ye therein in peace1 secure- ,and all rancour will ,we remove from their bosoms3 they shall sit as brethren1 face to face1 on couches3 ,therein no weariness shall reach them1 nor forth from it shall they be cast for ever4 ,announce to my servants that ,i am the ,gracious1 the ,merciful1 ,and that my chastisement is the grievous chastisement4 ,and tell them of ,abraham's guests4 ,when they entered in unto him1 and said1 ,peace4 ,verily1 said he1 ,we fear you4 ,they said1 ,fear not1 for of a sage son we bring thee tidings4 ,he said1 ,bring ye me such tidings now that old age hath come upon me8 ,what1 therefore1 are your tidings really8 ,they said1 ,we announce them to thee in very truth4 ,be not then one of the despairing4 ,and who1 said he1 despaireth of the mercy of his ,lord1 but they who err8 ,he said1 ,what is your business then1 ,o ye ,sent ,ones8 ,they said1 ,we are sent unto a people who are sinners1 ,except the family of ,lot1 whom verily we will rescue all1 ,except his wife4 ,we have decreed that she shall be of those who linger4 ,and when the ,sent ,ones came to the family of ,lot ,he said1 ,yes2 are persons unknown to me4 ,they said1 ,yes2 but we have come to thee for a purpose about which thy people doubt3 ,we have come to thee with very truth1 and we are truthful envoys4 ,lead forth therefore thy family in the dead of the night2 follow thou on their rear3 and let no one of you turn round1 but pass ye on whither ye are bidden4 ,and this command we gave him because to the last man should these people be cut off at morning4 ,then came the people of the city rejoicing at the news#ac- ,he said1 ,these are my guests3 therefore disgrace me not4 ,and fear ,god and put me not to shame4 ,they said1 ,have we not forbidden thee to entertain any one whatever8#ad ,he said1 ,here are my daughters1 if ye will thus act4 ,as thou livest1 ,o ,muhammad1 they were bewildered in the drunkenness of their lust4 ,so a tempest overtook them at their sunrise1 ,and we turned the city upside down1 and we rained stones of baked clay upon them4 ,verily1 in this are signs for those who scan heedfully2 ,and these cities lay on the high road4#ae ,verily1 in this are signs for the faithful4 ,the inhabitants also of ,el ,aika#af were sinners3 ,so we took vengeance on them1 and they both became a plain example4 ,and the people of ,,hedjr treated ,god's messengers as liars4 ,and we brought forth our signs to them1 but they drew back from them3 ,and they hewed them out abodes in the mountains to secure them3 ,but a tempest surprised them at early morn1 ,and their labours availed them nothing4 ,we have not created the heavens and the earth and all that between them is1 but for a worthy end4#ag ,and verily1 the hour shall surely come4 ,wherefore do thou1 ,muhammad1 forgive with kindly forgiveness1 ,for thy ,lord6 ,he is the ,creator1 the ,wise4 ,we have already given thee the seven verses of repetition#ah and the glorious ,koran4 ,strain not thine eyes after the good things we have bestowed on some of the unbelievers3 afflict not thyself on their account1 and lower thy wing to the faithful4#ai ,and ,,say3 ,i am the only plain-spoken warner4 ,we will punish those who foster divisions1#bj ,who break up the ,koran into parts3 ,by thy ,lord6 we will surely take account from them one and all1 ,concerning that which they have done4 ,profess publicly then what thou hast been bidden1#ba and withdraw from those who join gods to ,god4 ,verily1 ,we will maintain thy cause against those who deride thee1 ,who set up gods with ,god3 and at last shall they know their folly4 ,now know ,we that thy heart is distressed#bb at what they say3 ,but do thou celebrate the praise of thy ,lord1 and be of those who bow down in worship2 ,and serve thy ,lord till the certainty#bc o'ertake thee4 #a ,hedjr1 a valley in the route between ,medina and ,syria1 originally the country of the ,themoudites4 #b ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 #c ,lit4 which had not a known writing4 #d ,that is1 not merely to gratify the curiosity of the doubting1 but to execute prompt punishment4 ,it might also be rendered1 save with justice #e ,ar4 bourdj1 ,gr4 greek text1 towers1 i4e4 ,signs of the ,zodiac4 #f ,see ,sura xv4 #cd2 and note p4 #aad4 #g ,comp4 ,sura xxxvii4 #f1 p4 #gi4 ,in ,chagiga #af1 #a1 the ,demons 7schedim7 are said to learn the secrets of the future by listening behind the veil 7pargd74 #h ,compare precisely a similar association of subjects1 the ,rain1 ,food1 ,god1 as ,lord of life and death in ,tr4 ,taanith1 fol4 #a a4 #i ,comp4 ,sura xci4 ii4 #cb4 ,there is much in this dialogue between ,eblis and ,allah which reminds of the dialogue between ,jehovah and ,satan in the opening of the ,book of ,job4 #aj ,that is1 accursed4 ,according to the ,muhammadan tradition1 ,abraham drove ,satan away with stones when he would have hindered him from sacrificing ,ismael4 ,hence the custom during the pilgrimage of throwing a certain number of stones-the ,shafeis1 #di2 the ,hanafis1 #gj-;as if at ,satan1 in the valley of ,mina1 near ,mecca4 ,the spot where the apparition of ,satan to ,abraham took place is marked by three small pillars1 at which the stones are now thrown4 ,comp4 ,gen4 xv4 ,,ii4 #aa ,lit4 ,i will embellish1 prepare4 #ab ,thus1 in ,sota1 #aj1 ,david is said to have rescued ,absalom from the seven dwellings of ,hell2 in ,midr4 on ,ps4 xi4 ,there are seven houses of abode for the wicked in ,hell2 and in ,sohar ii4 #aej1 ,hell hath seven gates4 #ac ,at the arrival of strangers4 #ad ,comp4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 ,par4 #ej4 #ae ,from ,arabia to ,syria4 ,the pronoun in the fem4 sing4 may refer to the ,pentapolis as to a single city1 or to ,sodom alone4 #af ,see ,sura lvi4 xxvi4 #agf4 #ag ,see ,sura lxxiii4 xvi4 #c4 #ah ,that is1 the seven verses of ,sura #a1 p4 #bh4 ,others understand1 the seven long ,suras2 or1 the fifteen ,suras which make a seventh of the whole2 or1 this ,sura 7,hedjr7 as originally the seventh4 ,mathani is an allusion1 according to some1 to the frequency with which the fatthah is to be repeated2 or1 to the frequent repetitions of great truths1 etc41 in order to impress them on the memory of the hearer and reader2 or1 to the manner in which waid and wa'd1 promises and threatenings1 alternate and balance each other in the same or subsequent verses and ,suras1 in pairs4 ,this verse and ,sura x4 #aj shew that a part at least of the ,koran was known under that name and existed as a whole in the time of ,muhammad4 ,geiger's interpretations at pp4 #ei1 #fj 7and in the note7 seem very forced4 #ai ,comp4 ,sura lvi4 xxvi4 #bae1 i4e4 demean thyself gently4 #bj ,lit4 as we sent down upon the dividers1 i4e4 the ,jews and ,christians1 who receive part of the ,scriptures and reject part4 ,others render obstructors and explain the passage of twelve idolaters1 who in order to intimidate the ,meccans1 seized upon the public revenues of ,mecca during the pilgrimage4 #ba ,in this1 the fourth year of his mission1 ,muhammad is said to have hazarded the step of mounting the ,safa1 a slight eminence in one of the streets of ,mecca1 and publicly preached to the ,koreisch4 ,the authorities are given in ,sprenger 7,life of ,m4 p4 #agg1 #h74 #bb ,lit4 contracted4 #bc ,death4 ,,sura ,,xix4#a-,,mary ,,lviii4 ,,mecca4-#ih ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,kaf4 ,,ha4 ,,ya4 ,,ain4 ,,sad4#b ,a recital of thy ,lord's mercy to his servant ,zachariah2 ,when he called upon his ,lord with secret calling1 ,and said3 ,o ,lord1 verily my bones are weakened1 and the hoar hairs glisten on my head1 ,and never1 ,lord1 have ,i prayed to thee with ill success4 ,but now ,i have fears for my kindred after me2#c and my wife is barren3 ,give me1 then1 a successor as thy special gift1 who shall be my heir and an heir of the family of ,jacob3 and make him1 ,lord1 well pleasing to thee4 -,o ,zachariah6 verily we announce to thee a son1-his name ,john3 ,that name ,we have given to none before him4#d ,he said3 ,o my ,lord6 how when my wife is barren shall ,i have a son1 and when ,i have now reached old age1 failing in my powers8 ,he said3 ,so shall it be4 ,thy ,lord hath said1 ,easy is this to me1 for ,i created thee aforetime when thou wast nothing4 ,he said3 ,vouchsafe me1 ,o my ,lord6 a sign4 ,he said3 ,thy sign shall be that for three nights1 though sound in health1 thou speakest not to man4 ,and he came forth from the sanctuary to his people1 and made signs to them to sing praises morn and even4 ,we said3 ,o ,john6 receive the ,book with purpose of heart3#e-;and ,we bestowed on him wisdom while yet a child2 ,and mercifulness from ,ourself1 and purity2 and pious was he1 and duteous to his parents2 and not proud1 rebellious4 ,and peace was on him on the day he was born1 and the day of his death1 and shall be on the day when he shall be raised to life6 ,and make mention in the ,book1 of ,mary1 when she went apart from her family1 eastward1#f ,and took a veil to shroud herself from them3#g and we sent our spirit#h to her1 and he took before her the form of a perfect man4#i ,she said3 ,i fly for refuge from thee to the ,god of ,mercy6 ,if thou fearest ,him1 begone from me4 ,he said3 ,i am only a messenger of thy ,lord1 that ,i may bestow on thee a holy son4 ,she said3 ,how shall ,i have a son1 when man hath never touched me8 and ,i am not unchaste4 ,he said3 ,so shall it be4 ,thy ,lord hath said3 ',easy is this with me2' and we will make him a sign to mankind1 and a mercy from us4 ,for it is a thing decreed4 ,and she conceived him1#aj and retired with him to a far-off place4 ,and the throes came upon her#aa by the trunk of a palm4 ,she said3 ,oh1 would that ,i had died ere this1 and been a thing forgotten1 forgotten quite6 ,and one cried to her from below her3#ab ,grieve not thou1 thy ,lord hath provided a streamlet at thy feet3- ,and shake the trunk of the palm-tree toward thee3#ac it will drop fresh ripe dates upon thee4 ,eat then and drink1 and be of cheerful eye3#ad and shouldst thou see a man1 ,say1-,verily1 ,i have vowed abstinence to the ,god of mercy4-,to no one will ,i speak this day4 ,then came she with the babe to her people1 bearing him4 ,they said1 ,o ,mary6 now hast thou done a strange thing6 ,o sister of ,aaron6#ae ,thy father was not a man of wickedness1 nor unchaste thy mother4 ,and she made a sign to them1 pointing towards the babe4 ,they said1 ,how shall we speak with him who is in the cradle1 an infant8 ,it said1#af ,verily1 ,i am the servant of ,god2 ,he hath given me the ,book1 and ,he hath made me a prophet2 ,and ,he hath made me blessed wherever ,i may be1 and hath enjoined me prayer and almsgiving so long as ,i shall live2 ,and to be duteous to her that bare me3 and he hath not made me proud1 depraved4 ,and the peace of ,god was on me the day ,i was born1 and will be the day ,i shall die1 and the day ,i shall be raised to life4 ,this is ,jesus1 the son of ,mary2 this is a statement of the truth concerning which they doubt4 ,it beseemeth not ,god to beget a son4 ,glory be to ,him6 when he decreeth a thing1 ,he only saith to it1 ,be1 and it ,is4#ag ,and verily1 ,god is my ,lord and your ,lord2 adore ,him then4 ,this is the right way4 ,but the ,sects have fallen to variance among themselves about ,jesus3 but woe1 because of the assembly of a great day1 to those who believe not6 ,make them hear1 make them behold the day when they shall come before us6 ,but the offenders this day are in a manifest error4 ,warn them of the day of sighing when the decree shall be accomplished1 while they are sunk in heedlessness and while they believe not4 ,verily1 we will inherit the earth and all who are upon it4 ,to us shall they be brought back4 ,make mention also in the ,book of ,abraham2 for he was a man of truth1 a ,prophet4#ah ,when he said to his ,father1 ,o my ,father6 why dost thou worship that which neither seeth nor heareth1 nor profiteth thee aught8 ,o my ,father6 verily now hath knowledge come to me which hath not come to thee4 ,follow me therefore-,i will guide thee into an even path4 ,o my ,father6 worship not ,satan1 for ,satan is a rebel against the ,god of ,mercy4 ,o my ,father6 indeed ,i fear lest a chastisement from the ,god of ,mercy light upon thee1 and thou become ,satan's vassal4 ,he said1 ,castest thou off my ,gods1 ,o ,abraham8 ,if thou forbear not1 ,i will surely stone thee4 ,begone from me for a length of time4 ,he said1 ,peace be on thee6 ,i will pray my ,lord for thy forgiveness1 for he is gracious to me3 ,but ,i will separate myself from you1 and the gods ye call on beside ,god1 and on my ,lord will ,i call4 ,haply1 my prayers to my ,lord will not be with ill success4 ,and when he had separated himself from them and that which they worshipped beside ,god1 we bestowed on him ,isaac and ,jacob1 and each of them we made a prophet3 ,and we bestowed gifts on them in our mercy1 and gave them the lofty tongue of truth4#ai ,and commemorate ,moses in the ,book2 for he was a man of purity3 moreover he was an ,apostle1 a ,prophet3 ,from the right side of the mountain we called to him1 and caused him to draw nigh to us for secret converse3 ,and we bestowed on him in our mercy his brother ,aaron1 a ,prophet4 ,and commemorate ,ismael in the ,book2 for he was true to his promise1 and was an ,apostle1 a ,prophet2 ,and he enjoined prayer and almsgiving on his people1 and was well pleasing to his ,lord4 ,and commemorate ,edris#bj in the ,book2 for he was a man of truth1 a ,prophet3 ,and we uplifted him to a place on high4#ba ,these are they among the prophets of the posterity of ,adam1 and among those whom we bare with ,noah1 and among the posterity of ,abraham and ,israel1 and among those whom we have guided and chosen1 to whom ,god hath shewed favour4 ,when the signs of the ,god of ,mercy were rehearsed to them1 they bowed them down worshipping and weeping4 ,but others have come in their place after them3 they have made an end of prayer1 and have gone after their own lusts2 and in the end they shall meet with evil3- ,save those who turn and believe and do that which is right1 these shall enter the ,garden1 and in nought shall they be wronged3 ,the ,garden of ,eden1 which the ,god of ,mercy hath promised to his servants1 though yet unseen3#bb for his promise shall come to pass3 ,no vain discourse shall they hear therein1 but only ,peace2 and their food shall be given them at morn and even3 ,this is the ,paradise which we will make the heritage of those our servants who fear us4 ,we#bc come not down from ,heaven but by thy ,lord's command4 ,his1 whatever is before us and whatever is behind us1 and whatever is between the two6 ,and thy ,lord is not forgetful1- ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and of all that is between them6 ,worship ,him1 then1 and abide thou steadfast in his worship4 ,knowest thou any other of the same name8#bd ,man saith3 ,what6 after ,i am dead1 shall ,i in the end be brought forth alive8 ,doth not man bear in mind that we made him at first1 when he was nought8 ,and ,i swear by thy ,lord1 we will surely gather together them and the ,satans3 then will we set them on their knees round ,hell3 ,then will we take forth from each band those of them who have been stoutest in rebellion against the ,god of ,mercy3 ,then shall we know right well to whom its burning is most due3 ,no one is there of you who shall not go down unto it#be-,this is a settled decree with thy ,lord- ,then will we deliver those who had the fear of ,god1 and the wicked will we leave in it on their knees4 ,and when our clear signs are rehearsed to them1 the infidels say to those who believe3 ,which of the two parties#bf is in the best plight8 and which is the most goodly company8 ,but how many generations have we brought to ruin before them1 who surpassed them in riches and in splendour6 ,,say3 ,as to those who are in error1 the ,god of ,mercy will lengthen out to them a length of days ,until they see that with which they are threatened1 whether it be some present chastisement1 or whether it be the ,hour1 and they shall then know which is in the worse state1 and which the more weak in forces3 ,but ,god will increase the guidance of the already guided4 ,and good works which abide1 are in thy ,lord's sight better in respect of guerdon1 and better in the issue than all worldly good4 ,hast thou marked him who believeth not in our signs1 and saith1 ,i shall surely have riches and children bestowed upon me8 ,hath he mounted up into the secrets of ,god8 ,hath he made a compact with the ,god of ,mercy8 ,no6 we will certainly write down what he saith1 and will lengthen the length of his chastisement3 ,and we will inherit what he spake of1 and he shall come before us all alone4 ,they have taken other gods beside ,god to be their help4#bg ,but it shall not be4 ,those gods will disavow their worship and will become their enemies4 ,seest thou not that we send the ,satans against the ,infidels to urge them into sin8 ,wherefore be not thou in haste with them2#bh for a small number of days do we number to them4 ,one day we will gather the ,god-fearing before the ,god of ,mercy with honours due3#bi ,but the sinners will we drive unto ,hell1 like flocks driven to the watering4 ,none shall have power to intercede1 save he who hath received permission at the hands of the ,god of ,mercy4 ,they say3 ,the ,god of ,mercy hath gotten offspring4 ,now have ye done a monstrous thing6 ,almost might the very ,heavens be rent thereat1 and the ,earth cleave asunder1 and the mountains fall down in fragments1 ,that they ascribe a son to the ,god of ,mercy1 when it beseemeth not the ,god of ,mercy to beget a son6 ,verily there is none in the ,heavens and in the ,earth but shall approach the ,god of ,mercy as a servant4 ,he hath taken note of them1 and numbered them with exact numbering3 ,and each of them shall come to ,him1 on the day of ,resurrection1 singly3 ,but love will the ,god of ,mercy vouchsafe to those who believe and do the things that be right4 ,verily we have made this ,koran easy and in thine own tongue1 that thou mayest announce glad tidings by it to the ,god-fearing1 and that thou mayest warn the contentious by it4 ,how many generations have we destroyed before them6 ,canst thou search out one of them8 or canst thou hear a whisper from them8 #a ,comp4 the first #cg verses of this ,sura with ,sura iii4 #ce-eg with reference to the different style adopted by ,muhammad in the later ,suras1 probably for the purpose of avoiding the imputation of his being merely a poet1 a sorcerer1 or person possessed4 ,sura lii4 #bi1 #cj2 xxi4 #e2 lxviii4 #b1 #ea4 ,this ,sura is one of the fullest and earliest ,koranic ,gospel ,histories1 and was recited to the ,nagash or ,king of thiopia1 in the presence of the ambassadors of the ,koreisch4 ,his4 #bbj2 ,caussin1 i4 #cib2 ,sprenger 7,life of ,m47 p4 #aic4 #b ,see ,sura lxviii4 ,i1 p4 #cb4 ,golius conjectured that these letters represent coh ya'as1 thus he counselled1 and that they were added by some ,jewish scribe4 ,sprenger 7,journ4 of ,as4 ,soc4 of ,bengal1 xx4 #bhj7 arranges them as ,ain1 ,sad1 ,kaf1 ,ha1 ,ya1 and supposes them to be taken from the ,arabic words for ,aisa 7,jesus7 of the ,nazarenes1 ,king of the ,jews4 ,but we can hardly imagine that ,muhammad would ascribe such a title to our ,lord1 and the word which ,dr4 ,sprenger uses for ,jews is not the form peculiar to the ,koran4 #c ,lest they should desert the worship of the ,god of ,israel4 #d ,ar4 ,yahia4 ,it may be true that the name in this form had never been given4 ,otherwise1 we have in this passage a misunderstanding of ,luke i4 #fa1 as well as ignorance of the ,jewish ,scriptures4 ,comp4 #b ,kings xxv4 #bc2 #a ,chron4 iii4 #af2 ,ezra viii4 #ab2 ,jerem4 xl4 #h4 ,some commentators try to avoid the difficulty by rendering samiyan1 deserving of the name4 #e ,or1 with firm resolve4 ,see ,sura xcvii4 iii4 #cf4 ,the speaker is ,god4 #f ,to an eastern chamber in the temple to pray4 ,or it may mean1 to some place eastward from ,jerusalem1 or from the house of her parents4 #g ,thus the ,protev4 ,jac4 c4 #ab says that ,mary1 although at a later period1 greek text ,but ,wahl1 she laid aside her veil4 #h ,gabriel4 #i ,see ,sura lxxxix4 vi4 #i4 #aj ,it is quite clear from this passage1 and from verse #cf1 that ,muhammad believed ,jesus to have been conceived by an act of the divine will4 ,comp4 ,sura xcvii4 iii4 #eb2 see also note at ,sura xci4 ii4 #ha4 #aa ,or1 the throes urged her to the trunk of1 etc4 #ab ,this was either the ,infant which spoke as soon as born1 or ,gabriel4 ,comp4 ,thilo ,cod4 ,apoc4 #acf-aci on this passage4 ,beidhawi explains3 from behind the palm tree4 #ac ,see ,thilo ,cod4 ,apoc4 ,n4 ,t4 p4 #ach1 and the ,hist4 ,nat4 ,mar4 c4 #bj1 which connects similar incidents with the flight into ,egypt4 ,thus also ,latona1 greek text1 ,call4 ,h4 in ,apoll4 and greek text1 ,h4 in ,delum4 #ad ,or1 settle1 calm thine eye1 refresh thine eye4 ,the birth of a son is still called korrat ol ain4 #ae ,the anachronism is probably only apparent4 ,see ,sura iii4 #a1 n4 ,muhammad may have supposed that this ,aaron 7or ,harun7 was the son of ,imran and ,anna4 ,or1 if ,aaron the brother of ,moses be meant ,mary may be called his sister1 either because she was of the ,levitical race1 or by way of comparison4 #af ,see ,sura cxiv4 v4 #aji4 #ag ,from the change in the rhyme1 and from the more polemical tone of the following five verses1 it may be inferred that they were added at a somewhat later period4 #ah ,the title ,nabi1 prophet1 is used of ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 as depositaries of the worship of the one true ,god1 but with a mission restricted to their own families2 whereas ,houd1 ,saleh1 ,shoaib1 etc41 are designated as 7,resoul7 apostles and envoys1 charged with a more extended mission to the tribes of ,arabia4 ,in ,moses1 ,jesus1 and ,muhammad1 etc41 are united the office and gift both of prophet 7nabi7 and apostle 7resoul74 #ai ,made them to be highly praised4 ,beidh4 #bj ,enoch4 ,beidhawi derives the name ,edris from the ,ar4 darasa1 to search out1 with reference to his knowledge of divine mysteries4 ,the ,heb4 ,enoch1 in like manner1 means initiated4 #ba ,comp4 ,gen4 v4 #bd1 and the tract ,derek ,erez in ,midr4 ,jalkut1 c4 #db1 where ,enoch is reckoned among the nine according to other ,talmudists1 thirteen 7,schroeder's ,talm4 und ,rabb4 ,judenthum7-individuals who were exempted from death and taken straight to ,paradise4 ,it should be observed that both here and ,sura xxi4 #he1 ,edris is named after ,ismael4 #bb ,maracci and ,beidhawi1 in absentid4 ,sale1 as an object of faith4 ,beidhawi ad f4 in reward for their secret faith4 ,ullmann fr die verborgene ,zukunft4 #bc ,this verse is to be understood as an answer on the part of ,gabriel to ,muhammad's complaints of the long intervals between the revelations4 #bd ,the idolaters called their deities ,gods1 but as ,polytheists were unused to the singular ,allah1 ,god4 #be ,even the pious on their way to ,paradise are to pass the confines of ,hell4 #bf ,the ,koreisch1 or the ,muslims4 #bg ,or1 glory1 strength4 #bh ,to call down judgments upon them4 #bi ,as ambassadors come into the presence of a prince4 ,sale4 ,this is implied in the original4 ,,sura ,,xxxviii4-,,sad ,,lix4 ,,mecca4-#hh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,sad4#a ,by the ,koran full of warning6 ,in sooth the ,infidels are absorbed in pride1 in contention with thee4 ,how many generations have we destroyed before them6 ,and they cried for mercy but no time was it of escape6 ,and they marvel that a warner from among themselves hath come to them2 and the ,infidels say1 ,this is a sorcerer1 a liar3 ,maketh he the gods to be but one god8 ,a strange thing forsooth is this6 ,and their chiefs took themselves off4 ,go1 said they1 and cleave steadfastly#b to your gods4 ,ye see the thing aimed at4 ,we heard not of this in the previous creed4#c ,it is but an imposture3 ,to him alone of us all hath a book of warning been sent down8 ,yes6 they are in doubt as to my warnings1 for they have not yet tasted my vengeance4 ,are the treasures of the mercy of thy ,lord1 the ,mighty1 the bounteous1 in their hands8 ,is the kingdom of the heavens and of the earth and of all that is between them theirs8 ,then let them mount up by cords6 ,any army of the confederates#d shall here be routed4 ,before them the people of ,noah and ,ad and ,pharaoh the impaler#e treated their prophets as impostors2 ,and ,themoud1 and the people of ,lot1 and the dwellers in the forest3 these were the confederates4 ,nought did they all but charge the apostles with falsehood3 ,just1 therefore1 the retribution4 ,and these 7,meccans7 await but one single trumpet blast-,there shall be no delaying it- ,yet they dare to say1 ,o our ,lord6 hasten our lot to us1 before the day of reckoning4 ,put thou up with what they say3 and remember our servant ,david1 a man strong of hand#f1 one who turned him to ,us in penitence3 ,we constrained the mountains#g to join with him in lauds at even and at sunrise2 ,and the birds which flocked to him1 and would all return to him oft2 ,and we stablished his kingdom3 and wisdom1 and skill to pronounce clear decisions1 did we bestow on him4 ,hath the story of the two pleaders#h reached thee1 ,o ,muhammad1 when they mounted the walls of his closet8 ,when they entered in upon ,david1 and he was frightened at them1 they said1 ,be not afraid2 we are two opposing parties3 one of us hath wronged the other4 ,judge therefore with truth between us1 and be not unjust1 but guide us to the right way4 ,now this my brother had ninety and nine ewes1 and ,i had but a single ewe2 and he said1 make me her keeper4 ,and he over-persuaded me in the dispute4 ,he said1 ,certainly he hath wronged thee in asking for thine ewe to add her to his own ewes3 and truly many associates do one another wrong-except those who believe and do the things that are right2 and few indeed are they6 ,and ,david perceived that we had tried him2 so he asked pardon of his ,lord1 and fell down and bowed himself and repented4 ,so we forgave him that his sin2 and truly he shall have a high rank with ,us1 and an excellent retreat in ,paradise4 ,o ,david6 verily we have made thee our vicegerent upon earth4 ,judge therefore between men with truth1 and follow not thy passions1 lest they cause thee to err from the way of ,god4 ,for they who err from the way of ,god shall meet with a grievous chastisement1 for that they have forgotten the day of reckoning4 ,we have not created the heaven and the earth and what is between them for nought4 ,that is the thought of infidels2 but woe to the infidels because of the fire6 ,shall we treat those who believe and do the things that are right like those who propagate evil on earth8 ,shall we treat the ,god-fearing like the impious8 ,a blessed ,book#i have we sent down to thee1 that men may meditate its verses1 and that those endued with understanding may bear it in mind4 ,and ,solomon gave we unto ,david4 ,an excellent servant1 for he loved to turn him ,godward4 ,remember when at eventide the prancing#aj chargers were displayed before him1 ,and he said1 ,truly ,i have loved the love of earthly goods above the remembrance of my ,lord1 till the sun hath been hidden by the veil of darkness4#aa ,bring them back to me4 ,and he began to sever the legs and necks4 ,we also made trial of ,solomon1 and placed a phantom#ab on his throne3 whereupon he returned to ,us 7in penitence74 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 pardon me1 and give me a dominion that may not be to any one beside me1 for thou art the liberal giver4 ,so we subjected the wind to him2 it ran softly at his bidding1 whithersoever he directed it3 ,and the ,satans-every builder and diver- ,and others bound in chains3#ac ,this1 said we1 is our gift3 be bounteous then1 or withhold thy favours2 no account shalt thou render4 ,and his rank also is high with ,us1 and an excellent retreat4 ,and remember our servant ,job when he cried to his ,lord1 ,verily1 ,satan hath laid on me disease and pain4 ,stamp1 said we1 with thy foot4 ,this#ad is to wash with2 cool1 and to drink4 ,and we gave him back his family1 and as many more with them in our mercy2 and for a monition to men of judgment4 ,and we said1 ,take in thine hand a rod1 and strike#ae with it1 nor break thine oath4 ,verily1 we found him patient6 ,how excellent a servant1 one who turned to ,us was he6 ,and remember our servants ,abraham and ,isaac and ,jacob1 men of might and vision4#af ,with this cleansing did we cleanse them the remembrance of the abode of ,paradise4 ,and verily1 they were1 in our sight1 of the elect and of the good4 ,and remember ,ishmael and ,elisha and ,dhoulkefl1 for all these were of the just4 ,this is a monition3 and verily1 the pious shall have a goodly retreat3 ,gardens of ,eden1 whose portals shall stand open to them3 ,therein reclining1 they shall there call for many a fruit and drink3 ,and with them shall be virgins of their own age1 with modest retiring glances3 ,this is what ye were promised at the day of reckoning4 ,yes6 this is our provision3 it shall never fail4 ,even so4 ,but for the evil doers is a wretched home- ,hell-wherein they shall be burned3 how wretched a bed6 ,even so4 ,let them then taste it-boiling water and gore1 ,and other things of kindred sort6 ,to their leaders it shall be said1 ,this company shall be thrown in headlong with you4 ,no greetings shall await them1 for they shall be burned in the fire4 ,they shall say3 ,but ye1 too6 there shall be no welcome for you4 ,it was ye who prepared this for us1 and wretched is the abode6 ,they will say3 ,o our ,lord6 increase twofold in the fire1 the punishment of him who hath brought this upon us4 ,and they will say3 ,why see we not the men whom we numbered among the wicked- ,whom we used to treat with scorn8 ,have they escaped our eyes8#ag ,verily this is truth-the wrangling together of the people of the fire4 ,,say3 ,i am but a warner2 and there is no ,god but ,god the ,one1 the ,almighty6 ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and of all that is between them1#ah the ,potent1 the ,forgiving6 ,,say3 this is a weighty message1#ai ,from which ye turn aside6 ,yet had ,i no knowledge of what passed among the celestial chiefs when they disputed1#bj -,verily1 it hath been revealed to me only because ,i am a public preacher- ,when thy ,lord said to the angels1 ,i am about to make man of clay1#ba ,and when ,i have formed him and breathed my spirit into him1 then worshipping fall down before him4 ,and the angels prostrated themselves1 all of them with one accord1 ,save ,eblis4 ,he swelled with pride1 and became an unbeliever4 ,o ,eblis1 said ,god1 what hindereth thee from prostrating thyself before him whom my hands have made8 ,is it that thou are puffed up with pride8 or art thou a being of lofty merit8 ,he said3 ,i am more excellent than he2 me hast thou created of fire3#bb of clay hast thou created him4 ,he said3 ,begone then hence3 thou art accursed1#bc ,and lo6 my ban shall be on thee till the day of the reckoning4 ,he said3 ,o my ,lord6 respite me till the day of ,resurrection4 ,he said1 ,one then of the respited shalt thou be1 ,till the day of the time appointed4 ,he said3 ,i swear by thy might then that all of them will ,i seduce1 ,save thy sincere servants among them4 ,he said3 ,it is truth1 and the truth ,i speak4 ,from thee will ,i surely fill ,hell1 and with such of them as shall follow thee1 one and all4 ,say3 ,i ask no wage of you for this1 nor am ,i one who intermeddleth4 ,of a truth the ,koran is no other than a warning to all creatures4 ,and after a time shall ye surely know its message4 #a ,the letter ,s4 ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 #b ,these verses are said to have been revealed when1 upon the conversion of ,omar1 the ,koreisch went in a body to ,abu ,talib and requested him to withdraw his protection from ,muhammad1 but being put to silence by the latter1 departed in great confusion4 ,wah4 ,beidh4 #c ,that is1 in the ,christian religion1 which teaches1 ,muhammad ironically implies1 a plurality of ,gods4 #d ,this may allude to the so-called confederacy of the ,koreisch against ,muhammad4 #e ,this term is also applied to ,pharaoh1 ,sura lxxxix4 #i1 p4 #ed4 ,he is said to have fastened the ,israelites to stakes1 and then subjected them to various torments4 addenda3 ,this is the usual interpretation4 ,lit4 ,lord of1 or1 possessor of stakes 7comp4 li4 #ci in ,ar471 i4e41 ,forces4 ,dr4 ,sprenger ingenuously suggests that ,muhammad's ,jewish informant may have described ,pharaoh as rich in neyb1 i4e41 fortresses2 whereas1 in ,ar41 nayb1 means an erection1 pillar1 etc41 for which ,muhammad substituted the word for tent stakes4 ,vol4 i4 7#dgj74 #f ,prditi 7manibus7 virtute4 ,mar4 #g ,comp4 ,ps4 cxlviii4 #i1 #aj4 #h ,two angels who pretended to appeal to ,david in order to convince him of his sin in the matter of ,uriah's wife4 ,comp4 ,i ,sam4 xii4 #i ,the ,psalms1 if we suppose with ,nldeke1 p4 #ii1 that ,david is still addressed3 the ,koran1 if with ,sale we refer the passage to ,muhammad4 #aj ,the ,commentators say that the word used in the original implies that the mares stood on three feet1 and touched the ground with the edge of the fourth foot4 #aa ,solomon1 in his admiration of these horses1 the result1 we are told1 of ,david's or his own conquests1 forgot the hour of evening prayer1 and when aware of his fault commenced their slaughter4 ,the ,tr4 ,sanhedr4 fol4 #ba1 mentions ,solomon's love for horses1 and that he determined to have a large stud2 yet not to send the people to ,egypt 7,deut4 xvii4 #af7 but to have them brought to him out of ,egypt 7,i ,kings x4 #bh74 #ab ,one of the ,djinn4 ,the absurd fiction may be seen in extenso in ,sale4 ,compare ,tr4 ,sanhedr4 fol4 #bj1 b4 and ,midr4 ,jalkut on ,i ,kings vi4 #ahb4 #ac ,thus the second ,targum on ,esther i4 #b1 mentions the four different kinds of ,demons which were given into the hand of ,solomon-a legend derived from a misunderstanding of ,eccl4 ii4 #h4 #ad ,the fountain which had sprung up4 ,to this history the ,talmudists have no allusion4 #ae ,thy wife2-on whom he had sworn that he would inflict an hundred blows1 because she had absented herself from him when in need of her assistance1 or for her words 7,job ii4 #i74 ,the oath was kept1 we are told1 by his giving her one blow with a rod of a hundred stalks4 ,this passage is often quoted by the ,muslims as authorising any similar manner of release from an oath inconsiderately taken4 #af ,lit4 men of hand and of sight4 #ag ,lit4 or do our eyes wander from them4 #ah ,see verses #i1 #bf1 above4 ,it seems to have been one of the peculiarities of ,muhammad1 as a person very deficient in imagination1 to dwell upon and repeat the same ideas1 with an intensity which is at once an evidence of deep personal conviction and consciousness1 of the simple ,arabian especially4 #ai ,the connection between the concluding episode and the preceding part of the ,sura does not seem very clear4 ,it probably originated at a different but uncertain period4 #bj ,about the creation of man4 #ba ,comp4 ,sura xci4 ii4 #bh1 ff4 #bb ,comp4 ,ps4 civ4 #d4 #bc ,lit4 stoned4 ,see ,sura xv4 #cd1 p4 #aad4 ,,sura ,,xxxvi4-,,ya4 ,,sin ,,lx4 ,,mecca4-#hc ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ya4 ,,sin4#a ,by the wise ,koran6 ,surely of the ,sent ,ones1 ,thou1 ,upon a right path6 ,a revelation of the ,mighty1 the ,merciful1 ,that thou shouldest warn a people whose fathers were not warned and therefore lived in heedlessness6 ,just1 now1 is our sentence#b against most of them2 therefore they shall not believe4 ,on their necks have we placed chains which reach the chin1 and forced up are their heads3 ,before them have we set a barrier and behind them a barrier1 and we have shrouded them in a veil1 so that they shall not see4 ,alike is it to them if thou warn them or warn them not3 they will not believe4 ,him only shalt thou really warn1 who followeth the monition and feareth the ,god of mercy in secret3 him cheer with tidings of pardon1 and of a noble recompense4 ,verily1 it is ,we who will quicken the dead1 and write down the works which they have sent on before them1 and the traces which they shall have left behind them3 and everything have we set down in the clear ,book of our decrees4#c ,set forth to them the instance of the people of the city#d when the ,sent ,ones came to it4 ,when we sent two unto them and they charged them both with imposture- therefore with a third we strengthened them3 and they said1 ,verily we are the ,sent unto you of ,god4 ,they said1 ,ye are only men like us3 ,nought hath the ,god of ,mercy sent down4 ,ye do nothing but lie4 ,they said1 ,our ,lord knoweth that we are surely sent unto you2 ,to proclaim a clear message is our only duty4 ,they said1 ,of a truth we augur ill from you3#e if ye desist not we will surely stone you1 and a grievous punishment will surely befall you from us4 ,they said1 ,your augury of ill is with yourselves4 ,will ye be warned8#f ,nay1 ye are an erring people4 ,then from the end of the city a man came running3#g ,he said1 ,o my people6 follow the ,sent ,ones2 ,follow those who ask not of you a recompense1 and who are rightly guided4 ,and why should ,i not worship ,him who made me1 and to whom ye shall be brought back8 ,shall ,i take gods beside ,him8 ,if the ,god of ,mercy be pleased to afflict me1 their intercession will not avert from me aught1 nor will they deliver3 ,truly then should ,i be in a manifest error4 ,verily1 in your ,lord have ,i believed2 therefore hear me4#h -,it was said to him1 ,enter thou into ,paradise3 ,and he said1 ,oh that my people knew ,how gracious ,god hath been to me1 and that ,he hath made me one of ,his honoured ones4 ,but no army sent we down out of heaven after his death1 nor were we then sending down our angels- ,there was but one shout from ,gabriel1 and lo6 they were extinct4 ,oh6 the misery that rests upon my servants6 ,no apostle cometh to them but they laugh him to scorn4 ,see they not how many generations we have destroyed before them8 ,not to false gods is it that they shall be brought#i back1 ,but all1 gathered together1 shall be set before ,us4 ,moreover1 the dead earth is a sign to them3 we quicken it and bring forth the grain from it1 and they eat thereof3 ,and we make in it gardens of the date and vine2 and we cause springs to gush forth in it2 ,that they may eat of its fruits and of the labour of their hands4 ,will they not therefore be thankful8 ,glory be to ,him1 who hath created all the sexual pairs of such things as ,earth produceth1#aj and of mankind themselves2 and of things beyond their ken6 ,a sign to them also is the ,night4 ,we withdraw the day from it1 and lo6 they are plunged in darkness2 ,and the ,sun hasteneth to her place of rest4 ,this1 the ordinance of the ,mighty1 the ,knowing6 ,and as for the ,moon1 ,we have decreed stations for it1 till it change like an old and crooked palm branch4 ,to the ,sun it is not given to overtake the ,moon1 nor doth the night outstrip the day2 but each in its own sphere doth journey on4 ,it is also a sign to them that we bare their posterity in the full-laden ,ark2 ,and that we have made for them vessels like it on which they embark2 ,and if we please1 we drown them1 and there is none to help them1 and they are not rescued1 ,unless through our mercy1 and that they may enjoy themselves for yet awhile4 ,and when it is said to them1 ,fear what is before you and what is behind you1#aa that ye may obtain mercy4 4 4 4 ,aye1 not one sign from among the signs of their ,lord dost thou bring them1 but they turn away from it6 ,and when it is said to them1 ,give alms of what ,god hath bestowed on you1#ab they who believe not say to the believers1 ,shall we feed him whom ,god can feed if ,he will8 ,truly ye are in no other than a plain error4 ,and they say1 ,when will this promise be fulfilled1 if what ye say be true8 ,they await but a single blast3 as they are wrangling shall it assail them3 ,and not a bequest shall they be able to make1 nor to their families shall they return4 ,and the trumpet shall be blown1 and1 lo6 they shall speed out of their sepulchres to their ,lord3 ,they shall say1 ,oh6 woe to us6 who hath roused us from our sleeping place8 ',tis what the ,god of ,mercy promised2 and the ,apostles spake the truth4 ,but one blast shall there be1#ac and1 lo6 they shall be assembled before us1 all together4 ,and on that day shall no soul be wronged in the least3 neither shall ye be rewarded but as ye shall have wrought4 ,but joyous on that day shall be the inmates of ,paradise1 in their employ2 ,in shades1 on bridal couches reclining1 they and their spouses3 ,therein shall they have fruits1 and shall have whatever they require- ,peace6 shall be the word on the part of a merciful ,lord4 ,but be ye separated this day1 ,o ye sinners6 ,did ,i not enjoin on you1 ,o sons of ,adam1 ',worship not ,satan1 for that he is your declared foe1' ,but ',worship ,me3 this is a right path'8 ,but now hath he led a vast host of you astray4 ,did ye not then comprehend8 ,this is ,hell with which ye were threatened3 ,endure its heat this day1 for that ye believed not4 ,on that day will we set a seal upon their mouths2 yet shall their hands speak unto us1 and their feet#ad shall bear witness of that which they shall have done4 ,and1 if we pleased1 we would surely put out their eyes3 yet even then would they speed on with rivalry in their path3 but how should they see8 ,and1 if we pleased1 we would surely transform them as they stand1#ae and they would not be able to move onward1 or to return4 ,him cause we to stoop through age whose days we lengthen4 ,will they not understand8 ,we have not taught him 7,muhammad7 poetry1#af nor would it beseem him4 ,this ,book is no other than a warning and a clear ,koran1 ,to warn whoever liveth2 and1 that against the ,infidels sentence may be justly given4 ,see they not that we have created for them among the things which our hands have wrought1 the animals of which they are masters8 ,and that we have subjected them unto them8 ,and on some they ride1 and of others they eat2 ,and they find in them profitable uses and beverages3 ,yet have they taken other gods beside ,god that they might be helpful to them4 ,no power have they to succour them3 yet are their votaries an army at their service4 ,let not their speech grieve thee3 ,we know what they hide and what they bring to light4 ,doth not man perceive that we have created him of the moist germs of life8 ,yet lo6 is he an open caviller4 ,and he meeteth us with arguments1#ag and forgetteth his creation3 ,who1 saith he1 shall give life to bones when they are rotten8 ,,say3 ,he shall give life to them who gave them being at first1 for in all creation is he skilled3 ,who even out of the green tree hath given you fire#ah1 and lo6 ye kindle flame from it4 ,what6 must not ,he who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth be mighty enough to create your likes8 ,yes6 and ,he is the skilful creator4 ,his command when ,he willeth aught1 is but to say to it1 ,,be1 and ,,it ,,is4 ,so glory be to ,him in whose hand is sway over all things6 ,and to ,him shall ye be brought back4 #a ,this ,sura is said to have been termed by ,muhammad the heart of the ,koran4 ,it is recited in all ,muhammadan countries to the dying1 at the tombs of saints1 etc4 ,on ,ya4 ,sin1 see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 #b ,sura xxxviii4 #he1 p4 #abi4 #c ,lit4 in the clear prototype1 that is1 in the ,preserved ,table1 on which all the actions of mankind are written down4 #d ,antioch1 to which ,jesus is said to have sent two disciples to preach the unity of ,god1 and subsequently ,simon ,peter4 ,this vague story1 and that of the seven sleepers in ,sura xviii4 are the only traces to be found in the ,koran of any knowledge1 on the part of ,muhammad1 of the history of the ,church subsequent to the day of ,pentecost1 or of the spread of the ,christian religion4 #e ,comp4 ,sura xxvii4 #dh2 vii4 #abh1 where1 as in this passage1 the word augur refers to the mode of divination practised previous to ,islam1 by the flight of birds4 #f ,lit4 if ye have been warned 7will ye still disbelieve874 #g ,habib1 the carpenter1 who1 as implied at verse #be1 was martyred1 and whose tomb at ,antioch is still an object of veneration to the ,muhammadans4 #h ,ullm4 following ,wahl1 renders1 ,als sie 7die stadtlente7 darauf ihn schndlich behandleten4 ,the verb in the original is thus used in the #dth conj4 ,nldeke supposes that words to this effect have been lost from the text4 ,but of this there is no trace in the ,commentators4 #i ,or1 the ,apostles shall not return to them again4 ,ullm4 #aj ,for instance1 date trees1 the female blossoms of which were carefully impregnated1 when requisite1 by branches of the male plant4 ,see ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #bga4 #aa ,the chastisements of this world and of the next4 #ab ,on account of this precept1 ,itq4 #ce1 and ,omar b4 ,muhammad suppose the verse to have originated at ,medina4 #ac ,the ,muhammadans affirm that a space of forty years will intervene between two blasts of the ,trumpet4 ,maracci suggests that the idea of the two blasts is derived from #a ,thess4 iv4 #af1 the voice of the archangel and 4 4 4 the trump of ,god4 #ad ,thus ,chagiga1 #af2 ,taanith1 #aa4 ,the very members of a man bear witness against him1 for thus is it written 7,is4 xliii4 #ab71 ,ye yourselves are my witnesses1 saith the ,lord4 ,see also ,sura lxxi4 xli4 #ai1 #bj4 #ae ,lit4 in their place4 #af ,see ,sura xxvi4 #bbe1 p4 ,,iii4 #ag ,lit4 he setteth forth to us comparisons4 #ah ,the form of the ,arabic word is ,rabbinic ,hebrew4 ,,sura ,,xliii4-,,ornaments ,,of ,,gold ,,lxi4 ,,mecca4-#hi ,verses4 ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,ha4 ,mim4#a ,by the ,luminous ,book6 ,we have made it an ,arabic ,koran that ye may understand3 ,and it is a transcript of the archetypal ,book1#b kept by us2 it is lofty1 filled with wisdom1 ,shall we then turn aside this warning from you because ye are a people who transgress8 ,yet how many prophets sent we among those of old6 ,but no prophet came to them whom they made not the object of their scorn3 ,wherefore we destroyed nations mightier than these ,meccans in strength2 and the example of those of old hath gone before6 ,and if thou ask them who created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 they will say3 ,the ,mighty1 the ,sage1 created them both1 ,who hath made the ,earth as a couch for you1 and hath traced out routes therein for your guidance2 ,and who sendeth down out of ,heaven the rain in due degree1 by which we quicken a dead land2 thus shall ye be brought forth from the grave3 ,and who hath created the sexual couples1 all of them1 and hath made for you the ships and beasts whereon ye ride3 ,that ye may sit balanced on their backs and remember the goodness of your ,lord as ye sit so evenly thereon1 and say3 ,glory to ,him who hath subjected these to us6 ,we could not have attained to it of ourselves3 ,and truly unto our ,lord shall we return4 ,yet do they assign to him some of his own servants for offspring6 ,verily man is an open ingrate6 ,hath ,god adopted daughters from among those whom he hath created1 and chosen sons for you8 ,but when that#c is announced to any one of them1 which he affirmeth to be the case with the ,god of ,mercy1#d his face settleth into darkness and he is silent-sad4 ,what6 make they a being to be the offspring of ,god who is brought up among trinkets1 and is ever contentious without reason8 ,and they make the angels who are the servants of ,god of ,mercy1 females4 ,what6 did they witness their creation8 ,their witness shall be taken down1 and they shall hereafter be enquired at4 ,and they say3 ,had the ,god of ,mercy so willed it we should never have worshipped them4 ,no knowledge have they in this3 they only lie4 ,have we ere this given them a ,book8#e and do they possess it still8 ,but say they3 ,verily we found our fathers of that persuasion1 and verily1 by their footsteps do we guide ourselves4 ,and thus never before thy time did we send a warner to any city but its wealthy ones said3 ,verily we found our fathers with a religion1 and in their tracks we tread4 ,,say1-such was our command to that apostle-,what6 even if ,i bring you a religion more right than that ye found your fathers following8 ,and they said1 ,verily we believe not in your message4 ,wherefore we took vengeance on them1 and behold what hath been the end of those who treated our messengers as liars6 ,and bear in mind when ,abraham said to his father and to his people1 ,verily ,i am clear of what ye worship1 ,save ,him who hath created me2 for he will vouchsafe me guidance4 ,and this he established as a doctrine that should abide among his posterity1 that to ,god might they be turned4 ,in sooth to these idolatrous ,arabians and to their fathers did ,i allow their full enjoyments1 till the truth should come to them1 and an undoubted apostle3 ,but now that the truth hath come to them1 they say1 ',tis sorcery1 and we believe it not4 ,and they say1 ,had but this ,koran been sent down to some great one of the two cities#f 4 4 46 ,are they then the distributors of thy ,lord's ,mercy8#g ,it is we who distribute their subsistence among them in this world's life2 and we raise some of them by grades above others1 that the one may take the other to serve him3 but better is the mercy of thy ,lord than all their hoards4 ,but for fear that all mankind would have become a single people of unbelievers1 verily we would certainly have given to those who believe not in the ,god of ,mercy roofs of silver to their houses1 and silver stairs to ascend by2 ,and doors of silver to their houses1 and couches of silver to recline on2 ,and ,,ornaments ,,of ,,gold3 for all these are merely the good things of the present life2 but the next life doth thy ,lord reserve for those who fear ,him4 ,and whoso shall withdraw from the ,warning of the ,god of ,mercy1 we will chain a ,satan to him1 and he shall be his fast companion3 ,for the ,satans will turn men aside from the ,way1 who yet shall deem themselves rightly guided2 ,until when man shall come before us1 he shall say1 ,o ,satan1 would that between me and thee were the distance of the ,east and ,west4#h ,and a wretched companion is a ,satan4 ,but it shall not avail you on that day1 because ye were unjust3 partners shall ye be in the torment4 ,what6 ,canst thou then make the deaf to hear1 or guide the blind and him who is in palpable error8 ,whether therefore we take thee off by death1 surely will we avenge ourselves on them2 ,or whether we make thee a witness of the accomplishment of that with which we threatened them1 we will surely gain the mastery over them4#i ,hold thou fast therefore what hath been revealed to thee1 for thou art on a right path3 ,for truly to thee and to thy people it is an admonition2 and ye shall have an account to render for it at last4#aj ,and ask our ,sent ,ones whom we have sent before thee1 ,appointed we gods beside the ,god of ,mercy whom they should worship8#aa ,of old sent we ,moses with our signs to ,pharaoh and his nobles3 and he said1 ,i truly am the ,apostle of the ,lord of the worlds4 ,and when he presented himself before them with our signs1 lo6 they laughed at them1 ,though we shewed them no sign that was not greater than its fellow3#ab and therefore did we lay hold on them with chastisement1 to the intent that they might be turned to ,god4 ,then they said1 ,o ,magician6 call on thy ,lord on our behalf to do as he hath engaged with thee1 for truly we would fain be guided4 ,but when we relieved them from the chastisement1 lo6 they broke their pledge4 ,and ,pharaoh made proclamation among his people4 ,said he1 ,o my people6 is not the kingdom of ,egypt mine1 and these rivers which flow at my feet8#ac ,do ye not behold8 ,am ,i not mightier than this despicable fellow1 ,and who scarce can speak distinctly8 ,have bracelets of gold#ad then been put upon him1 or come there with him a train of ,angels8 ,and he inspired his people with levity1 and they obeyed him2 for they were a perverse people3 ,and when they had angered us1 we took vengeance on them1 and we drowned them all4 ,and we made them a precedent and instance of divine judgments to those who came after them4 ,and when the ,son of ,mary was set forth as an instance of divine power1 lo6 thy people cried out for joy thereat3 ,and they said1 ,are our gods or is he the better8#ae ,they put this forth to thee only in the spirit of dispute4 ,yea1 they are a contentious people4 ,jesus is no more than a servant whom we favoured1 and proposed as an instance of divine power to the children of ,israel4 7,and if we pleased1 we could from yourselves bring forth ,angels to succeed you on earth37#af ,and he shall be a sign of the last hour2#ag doubt not then of it1 and follow ye me3 this is the right way2 ,and let not ,satan turn you aside from it1 for he is your manifest foe4 ,and when ,jesus came with manifest proofs1 he said1 ,now am ,i come to you with wisdom2 and a part of those things about which ye are at variance ,i will clear up to you2 fear ye ,god therefore and obey me4 ,verily1 ,god is my ,lord and your ,lord2 wherefore worship ye him3 this is a right way4 ,but the different parties#ah fell into disputes among themselves2 but woe to those who thus transgressed1 because of the punishment of an afflictive day6 ,for what wait they but for the hour to come suddenly on them1 while they expect it not8 ,friends on that day shall become foes to one another1 except the ,god- fearing3- ,o my servants6 on this day shall no fear come upon you1 neither shall ye be put to grief1 ,who have believed in our signs and become ,muslims3 ,enter ye and your wives into ,paradise1 delighted4 ,dishes and bowls of gold shall go round unto them3 there shall they enjoy whatever their souls desire1 and whatever their eyes delight in2 and therein shall ye abide for ever4 ,this is ,paradise1 which ye have received as your heritage in recompense for your works2 ,therein shall ye have fruits in abundance1 of which ye shall eat4 ,but in the torment of ,hell shall the wicked remain for ever3 ,it shall not be mitigated to them1 and they shall be mute for despair therein1 ,for it is not we who have treated them unjustly1 but it was they who were unjust to themselves4 ,and they shall cry3 ,o ,malec6#ai would that thy ,lord would make an end of us6 ,he saith3 ,here must ye remain4 ,we have come to you with the truth 7,o ,meccans71 but most of you abhor the truth4 ,have they drawn tight their toils for thee8#bj ,we too will tighten ours4 ,think they that we hear not their secrets and their private talk8 ,yes1 and our angels who are at their sides write them down4 ,,say3 ,if the ,god of ,mercy had a son1 the first would ,i be to worship him3 ,but far be the ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 the ,lord of the ,throne1 from that which they impute to ,him6 ,wherefore let them alone1 to plunge on1 and sport1 until they meet the day with which they are menaced4 ,he who is ,god in the ,heavens is ,god in earth also3 and ,he is the ,wise1 the ,knowing4 ,and ,blessed be ,he whose is the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth and of all that is between them2 for with ,him is the knowledge of the ,hour1 and to ,him shall ye be brought back4 ,the gods whom they call upon beside ,him shall not be able to intercede for others3 they only shall be able who bore witness to the truth and#ba knew it4 ,if thou ask them who hath created them1 they will be sure to say1 ,god4 ,how then hold they false opinions8 ,and one#bb saith1 ,o ,lord6 verily these are people who believe not4 ,turn thou then from them1 and say1 ,peace3 ,in the end they shall know their folly4 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 ,i1 p4 #cb4 #b ,lit4 it is in the ,mother of the ,book1 i4e4 the original of the ,koran1 preserved before ,god4 #c ,that is1 of the birth of a female4 #d ,lit4 which he imputeth to the ,god of ,mercy1 as his likeness4 #e ,to authorise angel-worship4 #f ,supply1 ,mecca and ,taief1 we would have received it4 #g ,lit4 mercy1 i4e4 the gift and office of prophecy4 #h ,lit4 the two ,easts1 by which some understand the distance between the two solstices4 #i ,comp4 ,suras xl4 #gg2 xxiii4 #ig2 x4 #dg2 xxix4 #ec2 xxxvii4 #agi2 xiii4 #db4 ,these passages clearly show that ,muhammad had at this period-towards the close of his ,meccan period-full faith in his ultimate success1 and in the fulfilment of his menaces against the unbelievers4 #aj ,lit4 ye shall be examined in the end4 #aa ,this verse is said 7see ,nld4 p4 #ajj1 n47 to have been revealed in the temple at ,jerusalem on the occasion of the night journey thither4 ,see also ,weil's ,muhammed der ,prophet1 p4 #cgd4 #ab ,lit4 sister4 #ac ,see ,sura lxxix4 xxviii4 #ci1 n4 #ad ,comp4 ,gen4 xli4 #db4 #ae ,this was a captious objection made to ,muhammad by the idolaters of ,mecca when he condemned their gods 7,sura xxi4 #ih71 as if they had said1 ,jesus is worshipped as a ,god by the ,christians3 does he come under your anathema equally with our idols8 we shall be content for our gods to be with him4 #af ,that is1 as we caused ,jesus to be born without a human father4 #ag ,at his return to this earth4 ,some refer this to the ,koran as revealing the last ,hour4 ,lit4 ,he 7or ,it7 is for knowledge of the ,hour4 #ah ,jewish and ,christian sects4 #ai ,malec is one of the keepers of ,hell1 who specially presides over the torments of the damned4 #bj ,lit4 if they have twisted tight or set firmly the affair1 i4e4 their plots against thee and the truth4 #ba ,or1 and they 7the ,infidels74 ,the ,commentators say that ,jesus1 ,ezra1 and the angels1 will be allowed to intercede4 #bb ,muhammad4 ,,sura ,,lxxii4-,,djinn ,,lxii4 ,,mecca4-#bh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,say3 ,it hath been revealed to me that a company of ,,djinn#a listened1 and said1-,verily1 we have heard a marvellous discourse 7,koran72 ,it guideth to the truth2 wherefore we believed in it1 and we will not henceforth join any being with our ,lord2 ,and ,he1-may the majesty of our ,lord be exalted6-hath taken no spouse neither hath he any offspring4 ,but the foolish among us hath spoken of ,god that which is unjust3 ,and we verily thought that no one amongst men or ,djinn would have uttered a lie against ,god4 ,there are indeed people among men1 who have sought for refuge unto people among ,djinn3 but they only increased their folly3 ,and they thought1 as ye think1 that ,god would not raise any from the dead4 ,and the ,heavens did we essay1 but found them filled with a mighty garrison1 and with flaming darts2 ,and we sat on some of the seats to listen1 but whoever listeneth findeth an ambush ready for him of flaming darts4 ,and truly we know not whether evil be meant for them that are on earth1 or whether their ,lord meaneth guidance for them4 ,and there are among us good1 and others among us of another kind2-we are of various sorts3 ,and verily we thought that no one could weaken ,god on earth1 neither could we escape from him by flight3 ,wherefore as soon as we had heard 'the guidance' we believed in it2 and whoever believeth in his ,lord1 need not fear either loss or wrong4 ,there are some among us who have resigned themselves to ,god 7the ,muslims72 and there are others of us who have gone astray4 ,and whoso resigneth himself to ,god pursueth the way of truth2 ,but they who go astray from it shall be fuel for ,hell4 ,moreover1 if they 7the ,meccans7 keep straight on in that way1 we will surely give them to drink of abundant waters1 ,that we may prove them thereby3 but whoso withdraweth from the remembrance of his ,lord1 him will ,he send into a severe torment4 ,it is unto ,god that the temples are set apart3 call not then on any other therein with ,god4 ,when the servant of ,god stood up to call upon ,him1 the djinn almost jostled him by their crowds4 ,,say3 ,i call only upon my ,lord1 and ,i join no other being with ,him4 ,,say3 ,no control have ,i over what may hurt or benefit you4 ,,say3 ,verily none can protect me against ,god2 ,neither shall ,i find any refuge beside ,him4 ,my sole work is preaching from ,god1 and ,his message3 and for such as shall rebel against ,god and his apostle is the fire of ,hell6 they shall remain therein alway1-for ever6 ,until they see their threatened vengeance they will be perverse6 but then shall they know which side was the weakest in a protector and the fewest in number4 ,,say3 ,i know not whether that with which ye are threatened be nigh1 or whether my ,lord hath assigned it to a distant day3 ,he knoweth the secret1 nor doth ,he divulge his secret to any1 ,except to that ,apostle who pleaseth ,him2 and before him and behind him ,he maketh a guard to march3 ,that ,he may know if his ,apostles have verily delivered the messages of their ,lord3 and ,he embraceth in his knowledge all their ways1 and taketh count of all that concerneth them4 #a ,this interview with the ,djinn took place at ,nakhla1 probably the ,wady ,mohram of ,burckhardt1 midway between ,mecca and ,taef1 when ,muhammad was driven from ,mecca4 ,a4,d4 #fbj4 ,,sura ,,lxvii4-,,the ,,kingdom ,,lxiii4 ,,mecca4- #cj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,blessed be ,he is whose hand is the ,,kingdom6 and over all things is ,he potent3 ,who hath created death and life to prove which of you will be most righteous in deed2 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,forgiving6 ,who hath created seven ,heavens one above another3 ,no defect canst thou see in the creation of the ,god of ,mercy3 ,repeat the gaze3 seest thou a single flaw8 ,then twice more repeat the gaze3 thy gaze shall return to thee dulled and weary4 ,moreover we have decked the lowest heaven with lights1 and have placed them there to be hurled at the ,satans1 for whom we have prepared the torment of the flaming fire4 ,and for those who believe not in their ,lord is the torment of ,hell2 and horrid the journey thither6 ,when they shall be thrown into it1 they shall hear it braying3#a and it shall boil- ,almost shall it burst for fury4 ,so oft as a crowd shall be thrown into it1 its keepers shall ask them1 ,came not the warner to you8 ,they shall say1 ,yes6 there came to us one charged with warnings2 but we treated him as a liar1 and said1 ,nothing hath ,god sent down3 ye are in nothing but a vast delusion4 ,and they shall say1 ,had we but hearkened or understood1 we had not been among the dwellers in the flames2 ,and their sin shall they acknowledge3 but1 ,avaunt1 ye dwellers in the flame4 ,but pardon and a great reward for those who fear their ,lord in secret6 ,be your converse hidden or open1 ,he truly knoweth the inmost recess of your breasts6 ,what6 shall ,he not know who hath created8 for ,he is the ,subtil1#b the ,cognizant4 ,it is ,he who hath made the earth level for you3 traverse then its broad sides1 and eat of what ,he hath provided4-,unto ,him shall be the resurrection4 ,what6 are ye sure that ,he who is in ,heaven will not cleave the ,earth beneath you8 ,and lo1 it shall quake4 ,or are ye sure that ,he who is in ,heaven will not send against you a stone- charged whirlwind8 ,then shall ye know what my warning meant6 ,and verily1 those who flourish before you treated their prophets as liars3 and how grievous my wrath6 ,behold they not the birds over their heads1 outstretching and drawing in their wings8 ,none1 save the ,god of ,mercy1 upholdeth them3 for he regardeth all things4 ,who is he that can be as an army to you1 to succour you1 except the ,god of ,mercy8 ,truly1 the infidels are in the merest delusion4 ,or who is he that will furnish you supplies1 if ,he withhold ,his supplies8 ,yet do they persist in pride and in fleeing from ,him6 ,is he who goeth along grovelling on his face1 better guided than he who goeth upright on a straight path8 ,,say3 ,it is ,he who hath brought you forth1 and gifted you with hearing and sight and heart3 yet how few are grateful6 ,,say3 ,it is ,he who hath sown you in the earth1 and to ,him shall ye be gathered4 ,and they say1 ,when shall this threat be put in force1 if ye speak the truth8 ,,say3 ,nay truly1 this knowledge is with ,god alone3 and ,i am only an open warner4 ,but when they shall see it nigh1 sad shall wax the countenances of the infidels3 and it shall be said1 ,this is what ye have been calling for4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,whether ,god destroy me or not1 and those who follow me1 or whether he have mercy on us1 yet who will protect the infidels from a woeful torment8 ,,say3 ,he is the ,god of ,mercy3 in ,him do we believe1 and in ,him put we our trust2 and ye shall know hereafter who is in a manifest error4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if at early morn your waters shall have sunk away1 who then will give you clear running water8 #a ,thus ,shakespeare uses the word braying of clamours of ,hell2 and ,milton speaks of braying horrible discord4 ,comp4 ,sura xxv4 #ab-ba4 #b ,der alles durchdringt4 ,ullm42 perspicax4 ,mar42 sagacious4 ,sale4 ,the primary meaning of the ,arabic root is to draw near2 hence the above signification1 in the sense of ,god's presence as interpenetrating all things3 hence also the other sense of benign1 as in ,sura lxxxiii4 xlii4 #ah4 ,,sura ,,xxiii4-,,the ,,believers ,,lxiv4 ,,mecca4#a-aah ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,happy now the ,,believers1 ,who humble them in their prayer1 ,and who keep aloof from vain words1#b ,and who are doers of alms deeds1 ,and who restrain their appetites1 7,save with their wives1 or the slaves whom their right hands possess3 for in that case they shall be free from blame3 ,but they whose desires reach further than this are transgressors37 ,and who tend well their trusts and their covenants1 ,and who keep them strictly to their prayers3 ,these shall be the heritors1 ,who shall inherit the paradise1 to abide therein for ever4 ,now of fine clay have we created man3 ,then we placed him1 a moist germ1#c in a safe abode2 ,then made we the moist germ a clot of blood3 then made the clotted blood into a piece of flesh2 then made the piece of flesh into bones3 and we clothed the bones with flesh3 then brought forth man of yet another make#d-;,blessed therefore be ,god1 the most excellent of ,makers#e- ,then after this ye shall surely die3 ,then shall ye be waked up on the day of resurrection4 ,and we have created over you seven heavens3#f-;and we are not careless of the creation4 ,and we send down water from the ,heaven in its due degree1 and we cause it to settle on the earth2-and we have power for its withdrawal3- ,and by it we cause gardens of palm trees1 and vineyards to spring forth for you1 in which ye have plenteous fruits1 and whereof ye eat2 ,and the tree that groweth up on ,mount ,sinai2 which yieldeth oil and a juice for those who eat4 ,and there is a lesson for you in the cattle3 ,we give you to drink of what is in their bellies1 and many advantages do ye derive from them1 and for food they serve you2 ,and on them and on ships are ye borne4 ,we sent ,noah heretofore unto his people1 and he said1 ,o my people6 serve ,god3 ye have no other ,god than ,he3 will ye not therefore fear ,him8 ,but the chiefs of the people who believed not said1 ,this is but a man like yourselves3 he fain would raise himself above you3 but had it pleased ,god to send1 ,he would have sent angels3 ,we heard not of this with our sires of old2- ,verily he is but a man possessed2 leave him alone therefore for a time4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 help me against their charge of imposture4 ,so we revealed unto him1 ,make the ark under our eye1 and as we have taught1 and when our doom shall come on1 and the earth's surface shall boil up1#g ,carry into it of every kind a pair1 and thy family1 save him on whom sentence hath already passed3 and plead not with me for the wicked1 for they shall be drowned4 ,and when thou1 and they who shall be with thee1 shall go up into the ark2 say1 ',praise be unto ,god1 who hath rescued us from the wicked folk4' ,and say1 ',o my ,lord6 disembark me with a blessed disembarking3 for thou art the best to disembark4' ,verily in this were signs1 and verily we made proof of man4 ,we then raised up other generations after them2 ,and we sent among them an apostle from out themselves1 with1 ,worship ye ,god6 ye have no other ,god than ,he3 will ye not therefore fear ,him8 ,and the chiefs of ,his people who believed not1 and who deemed the meeting with us in the life to come to be a lie1 and whom we had richly supplied in this present life1 said1 ,this is but a man like yourselves2 he eateth of what ye eat1 ,and he drinketh of what ye drink3 ,and if ye obey a man like yourselves1 then ye will surely be undone4 ,what6 doth he foretell you1 that after ye shall be dead and become dust and bones1 ye shall be brought forth8 ,away1 away with his predictions6 ,there is no life beyond our present life2 we die1 and we live1 and we shall not be quickened again6 ,this is merely a man who forgeth a lie about ,god3 and we will not believe him4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 help me against this charge of imposture4 ,he said1 ,yet a little1 and they will soon repent them6 ,then did the shout of the destroying angel in justice surprise them1 we made them like leaves swept down by a torrent4 ,away then with the wicked people6 ,then raised we up other generations after them- ,neither too soon1 nor too late1 shall a people reach its appointed time- ,then sent we our apostles one after another4 ,oft as their apostle presented himself to a nation1 they treated him as a liar2 and we caused one nation to follow another2 and we made them the burden of a tale4 ,away then with the people who believe not6 ,then sent we ,moses and his brother ,aaron1 with our signs and manifest power1 ,to ,pharaoh and his princes2 but they behaved them proudly1 for they were a haughty people4 ,and they said1 ,shall we believe on two men like ourselves1 whose people are our slaves8 ,and they treated them both as impostors2 wherefore they became of the destroyed4 ,and we gave ,moses the ,book for ,israel's guidance4 ,and we appointed the ,son of ,mary1 and ,his mother for a sign2 and we prepared an abode for both in a lofty spot1#h quiet1 and watered with springs4 ,o ye apostles6 eat of things that are good3 and do that which is right3 of your doings ,i am cognisant4 ,and truly this your religion is the one religion2#i and ,i am your ,lord3 therefore fear me4 ,but men have rent their great concern1 one among another1 into sects2 every party rejoicing in that which is their own2 ,wherefore leave them till a certain time1 in their depths of error4 ,what6 think they that what we largely1 bestow on them of wealth and children1 ,we hasten to them for their good8 ,nay1 they have no knowledge4 ,but they who are awed with the dread of their ,lord1 ,and who believe in the signs of their ,lord1 ,and who join no other gods with their ,lord1 ,and who give that which they give with hearts thrilled with dread because they must return unto their ,lord1 ,these hasten after good1 and are the first to win it4 ,we will not burden a soul beyond its power3 and with us is a book1 which speaketh the truth2 and they shall not be wronged3 ,but as to this ,book1 their hearts are plunged in error1 and their works are far other than those of ,muslims1 and they will work those works1 ,until when we lay hold on their affluent ones with punishment2 lo6 they cry for help3 -,cry not for help this day1 for by ,us ye shall not be succoured3 ,long since were my signs rehearsed to you1 but ye turned back on your heels1 ,puffed up with pride1 discoursing foolishly by night4 ,do they not then heed the things spoken-whether that hath come to them which came not to their fathers of old8 ,or do they not recognise their apostle2 and therefore disavow him8 ,or say they1 ,a ,djinn is in him8 ,nay6 he hath come to them with the truth2 but the truth do most of them abhor4 ,but if the truth had followed in the train of their desires1 the heavens and the earth1 and all that therein is1 had surely come to ruin6 ,but we have brought them their warning2 and from their warning they withdraw4 ,dost thou ask them for remuneration8 ,but1 remuneration from thy ,lord is best2 and ,he is the best provider4 ,and thou indeed biddest them to the right path2 ,but verily they who believe not in the life to come1 from that path do surely wander6 ,and if we had taken compassion on them1 and relieved them from their trouble1 they would have plunged on in their wickedness1 wildly wandering4#aj ,we formerly laid hold on them with chastisement1 yet they did not humble them to their ,lord1 nor did they abase them2 ,until1 when we have opened upon them the door of a severe punishment1 lo6 they are in despair at it4 ,it is ,he who hath implanted in you hearing1 and sight1 and heart2 how few of you give thanks6 ,it is ,he who hath caused you to be born on the earth3 and unto ,him shall ye be gathered4 ,and it is ,he who maketh alive and killeth1 and of ,him is the change of the night and of the day3 ,will ye not understand8 ,but they say1 as said those of old3- ,they say1,what6 ,when we shall be dead1 and have become dust and bones1 shall we1 indeed1 be waked to life8 ,this have we been promised1 we and our fathers aforetime3 but it is only fables of the ancients4 ,,say3 ,whose is the earth1 and all that is therein2-if ye know8 ,they will answer1 ,god's4 ,,say3 ,will ye not1 then reflect8 ,,say3 ,who is the ,lord of the seven heavens1 and the ,lord of the glorious throne8 ,they will say1 ,they are ,god's4 ,,say3 ,will ye not1 then1 fear ,him8 ,,say3 ,in whose hand is the empire of all things1 who protecteth but is not protected8 if ye know3 ,they will answer1 ,in ,god's4 ,,say3 ,how1 then1 can ye be so spell-bound8 ,yea1 we have brought them the truth2 but they are surely liars3 ,god hath not begotten offspring2 neither is there any other ,god with ,him3 else had each god assuredly taken away that which he had created1#aa and some had assuredly uplifted themselves above others6 ,far from the glory of ,god1 be what they affirm of ,him6 ,he knoweth alike the unseen and the seen3 far be ,he uplifted above the gods whom they associate with ,him6 ,,say3 ,o my ,lord6 ,if thou wilt let me witness the infliction of that with which they have been threatened6 ,o my ,lord6 place me not among the ungodly people4 ,verily1 we are well able to make thee see the punishment with which we have threatened them4 ,turn aside evil with that which is better3 we best know what they utter against thee4 ,and ,,say3 ,o my ,lord6 ,i betake me to ,thee1 against the promptings of the ,satans3 ,and ,i betake me to ,thee1 ,o my ,lord6 that they gain no hurtful access to me4 ,when death overtaketh one of the wicked1 he saith1 ,lord1 send me back again1 ,that ,i may do the good which ,i have left undone4#ab ,by no means4 ,these are the very words which he shall speak3 ,but behind them shall be a barrier1 until the day when they shall be raised again4 ,and when the trumpet shall be sounded1 the ties of kindred between them shall cease on that day2 neither shall they ask each other's help4 ,they whose balances shall be heavy1 shall be the blest4 ,but they whose balances shall be light1-these are they who shall lose their souls1 abiding in hell for ever3 ,the fire shall scorch their faces1 and their lips shall quiver therein3- -,what6 ,were not my signs rehearsed unto you8 and did ye not treat them as lies8 ,they shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 our ill-fortune prevailed against us1 and we became an erring people4 ,o our ,lord6 ,bring us forth hence3 if we go back again to our sins1 we shall indeed be evil doers4 ,he will say2 ,be ye driven down into it2 and1 address me not4 ,a part truly of my servants was there1 who said1 ,o our ,lord6 we believe3 forgive us1 then1 and be merciful to us1 for of the merciful art thou the best4 ,but ye received them with such scoffs that they suffered you to forget my warning1 and ye laughed them to scorn4 ,verily this day will ,i reward then1 for their patient endurance3 the blissful ones shall they be6 ,he will say1 ,what number of years tarried ye on earth8 ,they will say1 ,we tarried a day1 or part of a day2#ac but ask the recording angels4#ad ,god will say1 ,short indeed was the time ye tarried1 if that ye knew it4 ,what6 ,did ye then think that we had created you for pastime1 and that ye should not be brought back again to us8 ,wherefore let ,god be exalted1 the ,king1 the ,truth6 ,there is no god but ,he6 ,lord of the stately throne6 ,and whoso1 together with ,god1 shall call on another god1 for whom he hath no proof1 shall surely have to give account to his ,lord4 ,aye1 it shall fare ill with the infidels4 ,and ,,say3 ,o my ,lord1 pardon1 and have mercy2 for of those who show mercy1 art thou the best4 #a ,this ,sura is said by ,wahidi ,intr1 and by ,assuyti1 #ee1 to be the last ,meccan revelation4 ,but there seems to be no reason for this opinion4 #b ,in prayer4 ,eccl4 v4 ,i2 ,matt4 vi4 #g4 ,but it may be understood of idle talk generally4 #c ,see ,sura xxii4 #e1 n4 #d ,that is1 a perfect man at last1 composed of soul and body4 ,the verb halaka1 to create1 is used throughout1 for which ,i have necessarily substituted to make1 in order to retain the same word throughout the verse4 #e ,these words are said by most commentators on ,sura vi4 #ic1 to have been uttered by ,muhammad's scribe1 ,abdallah1 on hearing the previous part of this verse1 and to have been adopted by the prophet1 at the same moment1 as identical with his own inspirations4 #f ,lit4 seven paths-a ,talmudic expression4 #g ,see ,sura lxxv4 xi4 #db1 n4 #h ,comp4 ,sura xix4 #bb ff41 p4 #aai4 ,wahl understands this passage of ,paradise4 #i ,comp4 ,sura xxi4 #ib1 p4 #aeg4 #aj ,there is no reliable tradition as to the nature of the visitation here alluded to4 #aa ,that is1 each would have formed a separate and independent kingdom4 #ab ,or1 in the 7world7 which ,i have left4 #ac ,that is1 our past life seems brevity itself in comparison with eternal torment4 #ad ,lit4 those who number1 or keep account1 i4e4 our torments distract us too much to allow us to compute4 ,,sura ,,xxi4-,,the ,,prophets ,,lxv4 ,,mecca4-#aab ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,this people's reckoning hath drawn nigh1 yet1 sunk in carelessness1 they turn aside4 ,every fresh warning that cometh to them from their ,lord they only hear to mock it1- ,their hearts set on lusts3 and they who have done this wrong say in secret discourse1 ,is ,he more than a man like yourselves8 ,what6 will ye1 with your eyes open1#a accede to sorcery8 ,,say3 ,my ,lord knoweth what is spoken in the heaven and on the earth3 ,he is the ,hearer1 the ,knower4 ,nay1 say they1 it is the medley of dreams3 nay1 he hath forged it3 nay1 he is a poet3 let him come to us with a sign as the prophets of old were sent4 ,before their time1 none of the cities which we have destroyed1 believed3 will these men1 then1 believe8 ,and we sent none1 previous to thee1 but men to whom we had revealed ourselves4 ,ask ye the people who are warned by ,scriptures1#b if ye know it not4 ,we gave them not bodies which could dispense with food3 and they were not to live for ever4 ,then made we good our promise to them2 and we delivered them and whom we pleased1 and we destroyed the transgressors4 ,and now have we sent down to you the book1 in which is your warning3 ,what1 will ye not then understand8 ,and how many a guilty city have we broken down1 and raised up after it other peoples3 ,and when they felt our vengeance1 lo6 they fled from it4 ,flee not1 said the angels in mockery1 but come back to that wherein ye revelled1 and to your abodes6 ,questions will haply be put to you4 ,they said1 ,oh1 woe to us6 ,verily we have been evil doers4 ,and this ceased not to be their cry1 until we made them like reaped corn1 extinct4 ,we created not the heaven and the earth1 and what is between them1 for sport3 ,had it been our wish to find a pastime1 we had surely found it in ourselves2- if to do so had been our will4 ,nay1 we will hurl the truth at falsehood1 and it shall smite it1 and lo6 it shall vanish4 ,but woe be to you for what ye utter of ,god6 ,all beings in the heaven and on the earth are ,his3 and they who are in his presence disdain not his service1 neither are they wearied3 ,they praise ,him night and day3 they rest not4#c ,have they taken gods from the earth who can quicken the dead8 ,had there been in either heaven or earth gods besides ,god1 both surely had gone to ruin4 ,but glory be to ,god1 the ,lord of the throne1 beyond what they utter6 ,he shall not be asked of his doings1 but they shall be asked4 ,have they taken other gods beside ,him8 ,,say2 ,bring forth your proofs that they are gods4 ,this is the warning of those who are with me1 and the warning of those who were before me3 but most of them know not the truth1 and turn aside4 ,no apostle have we sent before thee to whom we did not reveal that ,verily there is no ,god beside me3 therefore worship me4 ,yet they say1 ,the ,god of ,mercy hath begotten issue from the angels4 ,glory be to ,him6 ,nay1 they are but ,his honoured servants3 ,they speak not till ,he hath spoken2#d and they do ,his bidding4 ,he knoweth what is before them and what is behind them2 and no plea shall they offer ,save for whom ,he pleaseth2 and they tremble for fear of ,him4 ,and that angel among them who saith ,i am a god beside ,him1 will we recompense with hell3 in such sort will we recompense the offenders4 ,do not the infidels see that the heavens and the earth were both a solid mass1 and that we clave them asunder1 and that by means of water we give life to everything8 ,will they not then believe8 ,and we set mountains on the earth lest it should move with them1 and we made on it broad passages between them as routes for their guidance2 ,and we made the heaven a roof strongly upholden2 yet turn they away from its signs4 ,and ,he it is who hath created the night and the day1 and the sun and the moon1 each moving swiftly in its sphere4 ,at no time#e have we granted to man a life that shall last for ever3 if thou then die1 shall they live for ever8 ,every soul shall taste of death3#f and for trial will we prove you with evil and with good2 and unto ,us shall ye be brought back4 ,and when the infidels see thee they receive thee only with scoffs3-,what6 is this he who maketh such mention of your gods8 ,yet when mention is made to them of the ,god of ,mercy1 they believe not4 ,man1 say they1 is made up of haste4#g ,but ,i will shew you my signs3#h desire them not then to be hastened4 ,they say1 ,when will this threat be made good8 ,tell us1 if ye be men of truth8 ,did the infidels but know the time when they shall not be able to keep the fire of hell from their faces or from their backs1 neither shall they be helped6 ,but it shall come on them suddenly and shall confound them2 and they shall not be able to put it back1 neither shall they be respited4 ,other apostles have been scoffed at before thee3 but that doom at which they mocked encompassed the scoffers4 ,,say3 ,who shall protect you by night and by day from the ,god of ,mercy8 ,yet turn they away from the warning of their ,lord4 ,have they gods beside ,us who can defend them8 ,for their own succour have they no power2 neither shall the gods they join with ,god screen them from ,us4 ,yes6 we have given these men and their fathers enjoyments so long as their life lasted4 ,what6 see they not that we come to a land and straiten its borders#i ,is it they who are the conquerors8 ,,say3 ,i only warn you of what hath been revealed to me3 but the deaf will not hear the call1 whenever they are warned2 ,yet if a breath of thy ,lord's chastisement touch them1 they will assuredly say1 ,oh6 woe to us6 we have indeed been offenders4 ,just balances will we set up for the day of the resurrection1 neither shall any soul be wronged in aught2 though1 were a work but the weight of a grain of mustard seed1 we would bring it forth to be weighed3 and our reckoning will suffice4 ,we gave of old to ,moses and ,aaron the illumination1#aj and a light and a warning for the ,god-fearing1 ,who dread their ,lord in secret1 and who tremble for the ,hour4 ,and this ,koran which we have sent down is a blessed warning3 will ye then disown it8 ,of old we gave unto ,abraham his direction1#aa for we knew him worthy4 ,when he said to his ,father and to his people1 ,what are these images to which ye are devoted8 ,they said1 ,we found our fathers worshipping them4 ,he said1 ,truly ye and your fathers have been in a plain mistake4 ,they said1 ,hast thou come unto us in earnest8 or art thou of those who jest8 ,he said1 ,nay1 your ,lord is ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 who hath created them both2 and to this am ,i one of those who witness3 -,and1 by ,god1 ,i will certainly lay a plot against your idols1 after ye shall have retired and turned your backs4 ,so1 he broke them all in pieces1 except the chief of them1 that to it they might return1 inquiring4 ,they said1 ,who hath done this to our gods8 ,verily he is one of the unjust4 ,they said1 ,we heard a youth make mention of them3 they call him ,abraham4 ,they said1 ,then bring him before the people's eyes1 that they may witness against him4 ,they said1 ,hast thou done this to our gods1 ,o ,abraham8 ,he said1 ,nay1 that their chief hath done it3 but ask ye them1 if they can speak4 ,so they turned their thoughts upon themselves1 and said1 ,ye truly are the impious persons3 ,then became headstrong in their former error#ab and exclaimed1,thou knowest that these speak not4 ,he said1 ,what6 do ye then worship1 instead of ,god1 that which doth not profit you at all1 nor injure you8 ,fie on you and on that ye worship instead of ,god6 ,what6 do ye not then understand8 ,they said3#ac ,burn him1 and come to the succour of your gods3 if ye will do anything at all4 ,we said1 ,o fire6 be thou cold1 and to ,abraham a safety6#ad ,and they sought to lay a plot against him1 but we made them the sufferers4 ,and we brought him and ,lot in safety to the land which we have blessed for all human beings3 ,and we gave him ,isaac and ,jacob as a farther gift1 and we made all of them righteous3 ,we also made them models who should guide others by our command1 and we inspired them with good deeds and constancy in prayer and almsgiving1 and they worshipped us4 ,and unto ,lot we gave wisdom1 and knowledge2 and we rescued him from the city which wrought filthiness2 for they were a people1 evil1 perverse3 ,and we caused him to enter into our mercy1 for he was of the righteous4 ,and remember ,noah when aforetime he cried to us and we heard him1 and delivered him and his family from the great calamity2 ,and we helped him against the people who treated our signs as impostures4 ,an evil people verily were they1 and we drowned them all4 ,and ,david and ,solomon2 when they gave judgment concerning a field when some people's sheep had caused a waste therein2 and we were witnesses of their judgment4 ,and we gave ,solomon insight into the affair2 and on both of them we bestowed wisdom and knowledge4 ,and we constrained the mountains and the birds to join with ,david in our praise3 ,our doing was it6 ,and we taught ,david the art of making mail#ae for you1 to defend you from each other's violence3 will ye therefore be thankful8 ,and to ,solomon we subjected we subjected the strongly blowing wind2 it sped at his bidding to the land we had blessed2 for we know all things3 ,and sundry ,satans#af who should dive for him and perform other work beside3 and we kept watch over them4 ,and remember ,job3 ,when he cried to his ,lord1 ,truly evil hath touched me3 but thou art the most merciful of those who shew mercy4 ,so we heard him1 and lightened the burden of his woe2 and we gave him back his family1 and as many more with them1-a mercy from us1 and a memorial for those who serve us3 ,and ,ismael1 and ,edris#ag and ,dhoulkefl#ah-;all steadfast in patience4 ,and we caused them to enter into our mercy2 for they were of the righteous3 ,and ,dhoulnoun2#ai when he went on his way in anger1 and thought that we had no power over him4 ,but in the darkness he cried ,there is no ,god but thou3 ,glory be unto ,thee6 ,verily1 ,i have been one of the evil doers3 ,so we heard him and rescued him from misery3 for thus rescue we the faithful3 ,and ,zacharias2 when he called upon his ,lord saying1 ,o my ,lord1 leave me not childless3 but there is no better heir than ,thyself4#bj ,so we heard him1 and gave him ,john1 and we made his wife fit for child- bearing4 ,verily1 these vied in goodness1 and called upon us with love and fear1 and humbled themselves before us3 ,and her who kept her maidenhood1 and into whom#ba we breathed of our spirit1 and made her and her son a sign to all creatures4 ,of a truth1 this1 your religion1 is the one#bb ,religion1 and ,i your ,lord2 therefore serve me3 ,but they have rent asunder this their great concern among themselves into sects4 ,all of them shall return to us4 ,and whoso shall do the things that are right1 and be a believer1 his efforts shall not be disowned3 and surely will we write them down for him4 ,there is a ban on every city which we shall have destroyed1 that they shall not rise again1 ,until a way is opened for ,gog and ,magog1#bc and they shall hasten from every high land1 ,and this sure promise shall draw on4 ,and lo6 the eyes of the infidels shall stare amazedly2 and they shall say1 ,oh1 our misery6 of this were we careless6 yea1 we were impious persons4 ,verily1 ye1 and what ye worship beside ,god1#bd shall be fuel for hell3 ye shall go down into it4 ,were these gods1 they would not go down into it2 but they shall all abide in it for ever4 ,therein shall they groan2 but nought therein shall they hear to comfort them4 ,but they for whom we have before ordained good things1 shall be far away from it3 ,its slightest sound they shall not hear3 in what their souls longed for1 they shall abide for ever3 ,the great terror shall not trouble them2 and the angel shall meet them with1 ,this is your day which ye were promised4 ,on that day we will roll up the heaven as one rolleth up#be written scrolls4 ,as we made the first creation1 so will we bring it forth again4 ,this promise bindeth us2 verily1 we will perform it4 ,and now1 since the ,law was given1 have we written in the ,psalms that my servants1 the righteous1 shall inherit the earth4#bf ,verily1 in this ,koran is teaching for those who serve ,god4 ,we have not sent thee otherwise than as mercy unto all creatures4 ,,say3 ,verily it hath been revealed to me that your ,god is one ,god2 are ye then resigned to ,him8 7,muslims47 ,but if they turn their backs1 then ,,say3 ,i have warned you all alike2 but ,i know not whether that with which ye are threatened be nigh or distant4 ,god truly knoweth what is spoken aloud1 and ,he also knoweth that which ye hide4 ,and ,i know not whether haply this delay be not for your trial1 and that ye may enjoy yourselves for a time4 ,my ,lord saith3 ,judge ye with truth2 for our ,lord is the ,god of ,mercy-whose help is to be sought against what ye utter4 #a ,lit4 while ye see it to be such4 #b ,lit4 the people or family of the admonition4 ,itq4 #cd considers this verse to have been revealed at ,medina4 #c ,or1 they invent not 7concerning ,him74 ,comp4 ,rev4 iv4 #h4 #d ,lit4 they precede him not in speech4 #e ,lit4 before thee1 which might seem to imply that the grant of immortality had been made to ,muhammad4 ,i have therefore rendered1 as in the text1 to avoid the ambiguity4 ,comp4 ,suras xcvii4 iii4 #ahb2 lxxxi4 xxix4 #eg1 and ,weil's ,life of ,mohammad1 p4 #cej4 #f ,comp4 ,matt4 xvi4 #bh2 ,heb4 ii4 #i4 ,hist4 ,josephi ,fabr4 ,lign4 c4 #bb at the end4 #g ,see the index under the word ,man4 ,the ,rabbins teach that man was created with innate evil propensities4 ,see ,schr der's ,talm4 ,rabb4- ,judenthum1 p4 #cgh4 #h ,that is1 my teaching as to the future lot of the infidels1 etc4 #i ,muhammad appeals to the rapid progress of ,islam as a proof of his divine mission4 #aj ,ar4 furquan-a derived by ,muhammad from the ,jews1 constantly used in the ,talmud1 and meaning as in ,syr4 and th4 deliverance1 liberation4 ,thus1 ,sura viii4 #bi1 #db1 and hence1 illumination1 revelation1 generally4 ,the usual interpretation here and in other passages is the distinction1 i4e4 between good and evil1 lawful and unlawful4 ,the title is applied to the ,koran and ,pentateuch alike4 #aa ,this story is taken in part verbatim from ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 par4 #ag4 ,see also ,schalscheleth ,hakabala1 #b2 ,maimon de ,idol4 ch4 #a2 and ,yad ,hachazakah1 vii4 #f1 who makes ,abraham-in his #djth year-renounce star-worship1 break images1 escape the wrath of the king by a miracle1 and preach that there is one ,god of the whole universe4 #ab ,lit4 sie neigten sich nach ihren ,kopfen4 ,they were turned down upon their heads4 ,ullm4 and ,sale in notes4 ,but ,ullm4 in the text1 verfielen sie wieder in ihren ,aberglauben4 #ac ,the ,rabbins make ,nimrod to have been the persecutor of ,abraham4 ,comp4 ,targ4 ,jon4 on ,gen4 xv4 #g4 ,tr4 ,bava ,bathra1 fol4 #ia a4 ,maimon4 ,more ,nevochim1 iii4 #bi4 ,weil1 ,legenden1 p4 #gd4 #ad ,or1 let peace be upon ,abraham4 ,comp4 ,targ4 ,jon4 on ,gen4 xi4 #bh1 from the mistranslation of which this legend took its rise1 the word ur in ,heb4 meaning fire4 ,see also ,targ4 ,jon4 on4 ,gen4 xv4 #g4 ,the legend was adopted by some of the ,eastern ,christians2 and commemorated in the ,syrian ,calendar on ,jan4 #bi4 7,hyde de ,rel4 ,v4 ,pers4 #gd74 ,comp4 the ,abyssinian ,calendar on ,jan4 #be4 7,ludolf4 ,hist4 p4 #dji74 #ae ,it has been observed that the blacksmith has ever been looked upon with awe by barbarians on the same principle that made ,vulcan a deity4 ,in ,abyssinia all artisans are ,budah1 sorcerers1 especially the blacksmith1 and he is a social outcast1 as among the ,somal2 ,throughout the rest of ,el- ,islam1 the blacksmith is respected as treading in the path of ,david1 the father of the craft4 ,burton4 ,first ,footsteps in ,e4 ,africa1 p4 #cc4 ,the numerous wars in which ,david was engaged1 may have given rise to the myth of his being the inventor of mail4 #af ,see ,sura xxxviii4 #cg1 p4 #abg4 #ag ,see ,sura xix4 #ee1 #f1 p4 #aba4 #ah ,the man of the lot or portion4 ,or1 of care1 support4 ,according to some ,elias1 as others say1 ,isaiah4 ,it is more probable1 however1 that he is he ,obadiah of #a ,kings xviii4 #d1 who supported #ajj prophets in the cave1 or ,ezechiel1 who is called ,kephil by the ,arabs4 ,see ,niebuhr1 ,travels1 ii4 #bfe4 #ai ,the man of the fish-,jonah4 #bj ,see ,suras xcvii4 iii4 #cc2 xix4 p4 #aag1 for the story of ,zacharias in full4 ,the concluding sentence of this clause is obscure4 ,it probably means that even if no heir were vouchsafed to ,zacharias1 yet since ,god will be the heir of all things he would take ,zacharias to himself and thus abundantly recompense him4 ,see ,sura lxxix4 xxviii4 #eh4 #ba ,see ,sura cix4 lxvi4 #ab4 ,it is quite clear from these two passages that ,muhammad believed in the ,immaculate and miraculous conception of ,jesus4 #bb ,that is1 identical with that of the previous prophets1 etc4 #bc ,see ,sura lxix4 xviii4 #ic4 ,thus1 the ancient ,jewish and ,christian legend connects ,gog and ,magog with the end of the world4 ,rev4 xx4 #h4 ,pseudojon on ,lev4 xxvi4 #dd4 ,comp4 ,numb4 xi4 #bg4 ,gog1 however1 is probably the mountain ,ghef or ,ghogh 7see ,reinegg's ,beschreib4 der ,caucasus1 ii4 #gi7 and the syllable ,ma in ,magog1 the ,sanscrit mah1 maha great4 #bd ,whenever a people is punished 7for idolatry7 the beings honoured by them as gods1 shall also be punished1 for so it is written1 on all the gods also of ,egypt will ,i inflict judgments4 7,sakkah1 #bi47 #be ,ar4 ,sidjill1 which is supposed by some to be the name of the angel who writes down the actions of every man's life upon a scroll1 which is rolled up at his death 7comp4 ,isai4 xxxiv4 #d72 by others1 to be the name of one of ,muhammad's secretaries4 #bf ,ps4 xxxvii4 #bi4 ,this is the only text quoted in the ,koran4 ,,sura ,,xxv4-,,al ,,furkan ,,lxvi4 ,,mecca4-#gg ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,blessed be ,he who hath sent down ,,al ,,furkan#a 7the illumination7 on his servant1 that to all creatures he may be a warner4 ,his the ,kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,no son hath ,he begotten6 ,no partner hath ,he in his ,empire6 ,all things hath ,he created1 and decreeing hath decreed their destinies4 ,yet have they adopted gods beside ,him which have created nothing1 but were themselves created3 ,and no power have they over themselves for evil or for good1 nor have they power of death1 or of life1 or of raising the dead4 ,and the infidels say1 ,this ,koran is a mere fraud of his own devising1 and others have helped him with it1#b who had come hither by outrage and lie4#c ,and they say1 ,tales of the ancients that he hath put in writing6 and they were dictated to him morn and even4 ,,say3 ,he hath sent it down who knoweth the secrets of the ,heavens and of the ,earth4 ,he truly is the ,gracious1 the ,merciful4 ,and they say1 ,what sort of apostle is this8 ,he eateth food and he walketh the streets6 ,unless an angel be sent down and take part in his warnings1 ,or a treasure be thrown down to him1 or he have a garden that supplieth him with food 4 4 4#d and those unjust persons say1 ,ye follow but a man enchanted4 ,see what likenesses they strike out for thee6 ,but they err1 and cannot find their way4 ,blessed be ,he who if he please can give thee better than that of which they speak-,gardens1 'neath which the rivers flow3 and pavilions will ,he assign thee4 ,aye1 they have treated the coming of the ,hour as a lie4 ,but a flaming fire have we got ready for those who treat the coming of the ,hour as a lie4 ,when it shall see them from afar1 they shall hear its raging and roaring1- ,and when they shall be flung into a narrow space thereof bound together1 they shall invoke destruction on the spot3 -,call not this day for one destruction1 but call for destructions many4 ,,say3 ,is this1 or the ,paradise of ,eternity which was promised to the ,god- fearing1 best8 ,their recompense shall it be and their retreat2 ,abiding therein for ever1 they shall have in it all that they desire6 ,it is a promise to be claimed of thy ,lord4 ,and on the day when he shall gather them together1 and those whom they worshipped beside ,god1 he will say1 ,was it ye who led these my servants astray1 or of themselves strayed they from the path8 ,they will say1 ,glory be to thee6 ,it beseemed not us to take other lords than thee4 ,but thou gavest them and their fathers their fill of good things1 till they forgat the remembrance of thee1 and became a lost people4 ,then will ,god say to the ,idolaters1 ,now have they made you liars in what ye say1#e and they have no power to avert your doom1 or to succour you4 ,and whosoever of you thus offendeth1 we will make him taste a great punishment4 ,never have we sent ,apostles before thee who ate not common food1 and walked not the streets4 ,and we test you by means of each other4 ,will ye be steadfast8 ,thy ,lord is looking on6 ,they who look not forward to meet ,us say1 ,if the angels be not sent down to us1 or unless we behold our ,lord4 4 4 40 ,ah6 they are proud of heart1 and exceed with great excess6 ,on the day when they shall see the angels1 no good news shall there be for the guilty ones1 and they shall cry out1 ,a barrier that cannot be passed6#f ,then will we proceed to the works which they have wrought1 and make them as scattered dust4 ,happier1 on that day1 the inmates of the ,garden as to abode1 and better off as to place of noontide slumber6 ,on that day shall the heaven with its clouds be cleft1 and the angels shall be sent down1 descending3 ,on that day shall all empire be in very deed with the ,god of ,mercy1 and a hard day shall it be for the ,infidels4 ,and on that day shall the wicked one#g bite his hands1 and say1 ,oh6 would that ,i had taken the same path with the ,apostle6 ,oh6 woe is me6 would that ,i had not taken such an one#h for my friend6 ,it was he who led me astray from the ,warning which had reached me6 and ,satan is man's betrayer4#i ,then said the ,apostle1 ,o my ,lord6 truly my people have esteemed this ,koran to be vain babbling4 ,thus have we given to every ,prophet an enemy from among the wicked ones-,but thy ,lord is a sufficient guide and helper4 ,and the infidels say1 ,unless the ,koran be sent down to him all at once4 4 4 4 ,but in this way would we stablish thy heart by it2 in parcels have we parcelled it out to thee2#aj ,nor shall they come to thee with puzzling questions1#aa but we will come to thee with the truth1 and their best solution4 ,they who shall be gathered upon their faces into hell1 shall have the worst place1 and be farthest from the path of happiness4 ,heretofore we gave the law to ,moses1 and appointed his brother ,aaron to be his counsellor3#ab ,and we said1 ,go ye to the people who treat our signs as lies4 ,and them destroyed we with utter destruction4 ,and as to the people of ,noah6 when they treated their ,apostles as impostors1 we drowned them2 and we made them a sign to mankind3-,a grievous chastisement have we prepared for the wicked6 ,and ,ad and ,themoud1 and the men of ,rass1#ac and divers generations between them3 ,unto each of them did we set forth parables for warnings1 and each of them did we utterly exterminate4 ,oft are this have the unbelieving ,meccans passed by the city on which was rained a fatal rain4 ,what6 ,have they not seen it8 ,yet have they no hope of a resurrection6 ,and when they see thee1 they do but take thee as the subject of their railleries4 ,what6 ,is this he whom ,god has sent as an ,apostle8 ,indeed he had well nigh led us astray from our gods1 had we not persevered steadfastly in their service4 ,but in the end they shall know1 when they shall see the punishment1 who hath most strayed from the path4 ,what thinkest thou8 ,he who hath taken his passions as a god-wilt thou be a guardian over him8 ,thinkest thou that the greater part of them hear or understand8 ,they are just like the brutes6 ,yes6 they stray even further from the right way4 ,hast thou not seen how thy ,lord lengtheneth out the shadow8#ad ,had ,he pleased he had made it motionless4#ae ,but we made the sun to be its guide2 ,then draw it in unto ,us with easy indrawing4 ,he it is who ordaineth the night as a garment1 and sleep for rest1 and ordaineth the day for waking up to life3 ,he it is who sendeth the winds as the forerunner of his mercy 7rain72 and pure water send we down from ,heaven1 ,that we may revive by it a dead land3 and we give it for drink to our creation1 beasts and men in numbers2 ,and we distribute it among them on all sides1 that they may reflect3 but most men refuse to be aught but thankless4 ,had we pleased1 we had raised up a warner in every city4 ,give not way therefore to the ,infidels1 but by means of this ,koran strive against them with a mighty strife4 ,and ,he it is who hath let loose the two seas1#af the one sweet1 fresh2 and the other salt1 bitter2 and hath put an interspace between them1 and a barrier that cannot be passed4 ,and it is ,he who hath created man of water1#ag and established between them the ties of kindred and affinity3 and potent is thy ,lord4 ,yet beside ,god do they worship what can neither help nor hurt them3 and the ,infidel is ,satan's helper against his ,lord3 ,still we have sent thee only as a herald and a warner4 ,,say3 ,i ask of you no recompense for it1#ah except from him who is willing to take the way to his ,lord4 ,and put thou thy trust in ,him that liveth and dieth not1 and celebrate his praise2 7,he fully knoweth the faults of his servants7 who in six days created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and whatever is between them1 then mounted his ,throne3 the ,god of ,mercy6 ,ask now of the ,wise concerning ,him4 ,but when it is said to them1 ,bow down before the ,god of ,mercy1 they say1 ,who is the ,god of ,mercy8 ,shall we bow down to what thou biddest8 ,and they fly from thee the more4 ,blessed be ,he who hath placed in the ,heaven the sign of the ,zodiac6#ai who hath placed in it the ,lamp of the ,sun1 and the light-giving ,moon6 ,and it is ,he who hath ordained the night and the day to succeed one another for those who desire to think on ,god or desire to be thankful4 ,and the servants of the ,god of ,mercy are they who walk upon the ,earth softly2 and when the ignorant#bj address them1 they reply1 ,peace6 ,they that pass the night in the worship of their lord prostrate and standing3- ,and that say1 ,o our ,lord6 turn away from us the torment of ,hell1 for its torment is endless3 it is indeed an ill abode and resting place6 ,those who when they spend are neither lavish nor niggard1 but keep the mean3- ,those who call on no other gods with ,god1 nor slay whom ,god hath forbidden to be slain1 except for a just cause1 and who commit not fornication 7for he who doth this shall meet the reward of his wickedness3 ,doubled to him shall be the torment on the day of ,resurrection2 and in it shall he remain1 disgraced1 for ever3- ,save those who shall repent and believe and do righteous works-for them ,god will change their evil things into good things1 for ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful- ,and whose turneth to ,god and doeth what is right1 he verily will convert with a true conversion73 ,and they who bear not witness to that which is false1 and when they pass by frivolous sport1 pass on with dignity3- ,and they who1 when monished by the signs of their ,lord1 fall not down thereat1 as if deaf and blind3- ,and who say1 ,o our ,lord6 give us in our wives and offspring the joy of our eyes1 and make us examples to those who fear thee3 ,these shall be rewarded with the ,high ,places of ,paradise for their steadfast endurance1 and they shall meet therein with-,welcome and ,salutation3- ,for ever shall they remain therein3 a fair abode and resting-place6 ,,say3 ,not on your account doth my ,lord care if ye call not on ,him6 ye have treated his ,apostle as an impostor3 but bye and bye a punishment shall cleave to them4 #a ,see ,sura lxv4 xxi4 #di4 #b ,comp4 ,sura lxxiii4 xvi4 #aje4 ,the frequency with which ,muhammad feels it necessary to rebut this charge by mere denial is strongly indicative of its truth4 #c ,the meaning may possibly be that the teachers of ,muhammad were persons who had taken refuge in ,arabia for offences and heresies4 ,sprenger1 ,life of ,m4 p4 #if1 n4 ,or1 but they utter an injustice and a falsehood4 ,nldeke combats ,dr4 ,sprenger's supposition that ,tales of the ancients 7verse #f7 is a book4 ,hist4 of ,qoran1 p4 #ac4 #d ,supply1 we will not believe4 #e ,in your ascriptions of divinity to them4 ,beidh4 #f ,or1 far1 far be they removed4 ,the same words occur at the end of verse #ee4 ,the ,commentators doubt whether they are spoken by the wicked of the impossibility of their attaining ,paradise1 or by the angels to the wicked4 #g ,said by ,beidh4 to be the polytheist ,okbeh1 the son of ,abu ,mo'eyt1 who by ,muhammad's persuasion professed ,islam1 but afterwards retracted to please ,ubei ben ,khalaf4 ,see ,gagnier's ,vie de ,mahom4 i4 #cfb4 #h ,ar4 fulani 7whence the ,spanish fulano7 identical with the ,heb4 p4 #aee1 used of a person only in ,ruth iv4 #a1 but by the ,rabbinic writers1 constantly4 #i ,or1 abandoner4 #aj ,this verse shews that the ,koran was of gradual growth in the time of ,muhammad himself4 #aa ,lit4 parables4 #ab ,lit4 vizier4 #ac ,it is uncertain whether ,rass is the name of a city in ,yemama2 or merely1 as some interpret it1 of a well near ,midian2 or1 according to others1 in the territory of ,hadramont4 #ad ,geiger is mistaken in supposing that this passage alludes to #b ,kings xx4 #i #ab1 and his translation is inaccurate4 #ae ,lit4 quiescent1 i4e4 always the same4 #af ,according to some commentators1 ,muhammad here speaks of the waters of the ,tigris1 which do not mingle with the salt water of the sea till they have reached a considerable distance from the river-mouth4 ,see ,zech4 xiv4 #h4 #ag ,see ,sura cv4 xxiv4 #dd1 n4 #ah ,thou art taught that whoever would make a profit by the ,law depriveth himself of life4 ,pirke ,aboth1 i4 #d4 ,this precept is of frequent occurrence in the ,talmud4 #ai ,comp4 ,sura xc4 xiii4 #bi2 and the following ,sura xvii4 #aji1 n4 #bj ,the idolaters4 ,,sura ,,xvii4-,,the ,,night ,,journey ,,lxvii4 ,,mecca4#a-aaa ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,glory be to ,him who carried his servant by night#b from the sacred temple of ,mecca to the temple#c that is more remote1 whose precinct we have blessed1 that we might shew him of our signs6 for ,he is the ,hearer1 the ,seer4 ,and#d we gave the ,book to ,moses and ordained it for guidance to the children of ,israel-that ye take no other ,guardian than me4 ,o posterity of those whom we bare with ,noah6 ,he truly was a grateful servant6 ,and we solemnly declared to the children of ,israel in the ,book1 ,twice surely will ye enact crimes in the earth1 and with great loftiness of pride will ye surely be uplifted4 ,so when the menace for the first crime#e came to be inflicted1 we sent against you our servants endued with terrible prowess2 and they searched the inmost part of your abodes1 and the menace was accomplished4 ,then we gave you the mastery over them#f in turn1 and increased you in wealth and children1 and made you a most numerous host4 ,we said1 ,if ye do well1 to your own behoof will ye do well3 and if ye do evil1 against yourselves will ye do it4 ,and when the menace for your latter crime#g came to be inflicted1 then we sent an enemy to sadden your faces1 and to enter the temple as they entered it at first1 and to destroy with utter destruction that which they had conquered4 ,haply your ,lord will have mercy on you6 but if ye return1 we will return3#h and we have appointed ,hell-the prison of the infidels4 ,verily1 this ,koran guideth to what is most upright2 and it announceth to believers ,who do the things that are right1 that for them is a great reward2 ,and that for those who believe not in the life to come1 we have got ready a painful punishment4 ,man prayeth for evil as he prayeth for good2 for man is hasty4 ,we have made the night and the day for two signs3 the sign of the night do we obscure1 but the sign of the day cause we to shine forth1 that ye may seek plenty from your ,lord1 and that ye may know the number of the years and the reckoning of time2 and we have made everything distinct by distinctiveness4 ,and every man's fate#i have we fastened about his neck3 and on the day of resurrection will we bring forth to him a book which shall be proffered to him wide open3 -,read thy ,book3#aj there needeth none but thyself to make out an account against thee this day4 ,for his own good only shall the guided yield to guidance1 and to his own loss only shall the erring err2 and the heavy laden shall not be laden with another's load4 ,we never punished until we had first sent an apostle3 ,and when we willed to destroy a city1 to its affluent ones did we address our bidding2 but when they acted criminally therein1 just was its doom1 and we destroyed it with an utter destruction4 ,and since ,noah1 how many nations have we exterminated6 ,and of the sins of his servants thy ,lord is sufficiently informed1 observant4 ,whoso chooseth this quickly passing life1 quickly will we bestow therein that which we please-even on him we choose2 afterward we will appoint hell for him1 in which he shall burn-disgraced1 outcast3 ,but whoso chooseth the next life1 and striveth after it as it should be striven for1 being also a believer1-these6 their striving shall be grateful to ,god3 ,to all-both to these and those-will we prolong the gifts of thy ,lord2 for not to any shall the gifts of thy ,lord be denied4 ,see how we have caused some of them to excel others6 but the next life shall be greater in its grades1 and greater in excellence4 ,set not up another god with ,god1 lest thou sit thee down disgraced1 helpless4#aa ,thy ,lord hath ordained that ye worship none but him2 and1 kindness to your parents1 whether one or both of them attain to old age with thee3 and say not to them1 ,fie6 neither reproach them2 but speak to them both with respectful speech2 ,and defer humbly to them#ab out of tenderness2 and say1 ,lord1 have compassion on them both1 even as they reared me when ,i was little4 ,your ,lord well knoweth what is in your souls2 he knoweth whether ye be righteous3 ,and gracious is ,he to those who return to ,him4 ,and to him who is of kin render his due1 and also to the poor and to the wayfarer2 yet waste not wastefully1 ,for the wasteful are brethren of the ,satans1 and ,satan was ungrateful to his ,lord3 ,but if thou turn away from them1 while thou thyself seekest boons from thy ,lord for which thou hopest1 at least speak to them with kindly speech3 ,and let not thy hand be tied up to thy neck2 nor yet open it with all openness1 lest thou sit thee down in rebuke1 in beggary4 ,verily1 thy ,lord will provide with open hand for whom he pleaseth1 and will be sparing4 ,his servants doth he scan1 inspect4 ,kill not your children for fear of want3#ac for them and for you will we provide4 ,verily1 the killing them is a great wickedness4 ,have nought to do with adultery2 for it is a foul thing and an evil way3 ,neither slay any one whom ,god hath forbidden you to slay1 unless for a just cause3 and whosoever shall be slain wrongfully1 to his heir#ad have we given powers2 but let him not outstep bounds in putting the manslayer to death1 for he too1 in his turn1 will be assisted and avenged4 ,and touch not the substance of the orphan1 unless in an upright way1 till he attain his age of strength3 ,and perform your covenant2 verily the covenant shall be enquired of3 ,and give full measure when you measure1 and weigh with just balance4 ,this will be better1 and fairest for settlement3 ,and follow not that of which thou hast no knowledge2#ae because the hearing and the sight and the heart1-each of these shall be enquired of3 ,and walk not proudly on the earth1 for thou canst not cleave the earth1 neither shalt thou reach to the mountains in height3 ,all this is evil2 odious to thy ,lord4 ,this is a part of the wisdom which thy ,lord hath revealed to thee4 ,set not up any other god with ,god1 lest thou be cast into ,hell1 rebuked1 cast away4 ,what6 hath your ,lord prepared sons for you1 and taken for himself daughters from among the angels8 ,indeed1 ye say a dreadful saying4 ,moreover1 for man's warning have we varied#af this ,koran3 ,yet it only increaseth their flight from it4 ,,say3 ,if1 as ye affirm1 there were other gods with ,him1 they would in that case seek occasion against the occupant of the throne3 ,glory to ,him6 ,immensely high is ,he exalted above their blasphemies6 ,the seven heavens#ag praise him1 and the earth1 and all who are therein2 neither is there aught which doth not celebrate his praise2 but their utterances of praise ye understand not4 ,he is kind1 indulgent4 ,when thou recitest the ,koran we place between thee and those who believe not in the life to come1 a dark veil2 ,and we put coverings over their hearts lest they should understand it1 and in their ears a heaviness2 ,and when in the ,koran thou namest thy ,one ,lord1 they turn their backs in flight4 ,we well know why they hearken1 when they hearken unto thee1 and when they whisper apart2 when the wicked say1 ,ye follow no other than a man enchanted4 ,see what likenesses they strike out for thee6 ,but they are in error1 neither can they find the path4 ,they also say1 ,after we shall have become bones and dust1 shall we in sooth be raised a new creation8 ,,say3 ,yes1 though ye were stones1 or iron1 or any other creature1 to your seeming1 yet harder to be raised4 ,but they will say1 ,who shall bring us back8 ,,say3 ,he who created you at first4 ,and they will wag their heads at thee1 and say1 ,when shall this be8 ,,say3 ,haply it is nigh4 ,on that day shall ,god call you forth1 and ye shall answer by praising ,him2 and ye shall seem to have tarried but a little while4 ,enjoin my servants to speak in kindly sort3 ,verily ,satan would stir up strifes among them1 for ,satan is man's avowed foe4 ,your ,lord well knoweth you3 if ,he please ,he will have mercy on you2 or if ,he please ,he will chastise you3 and we have not sent thee to be a guardian over them4 ,thy ,lord hath full knowledge of all in the heavens and the earth4 ,higher gifts have we given to some of the prophets than to others1 and the ,psalter we gave to ,david4 ,,say3 ,call ye upon those whom ye fancy to be gods beside ,him2 yet they will have no power to relieve you from trouble1 or to shift it elsewhere4 ,those whom ye call on1 themselves desire union with their ,lord1#ah striving which of them shall be nearest to him3 they also hope for his mercy and fear his chastisement4 ,verily the chastisement of thy ,lord is to be dreaded4 ,there is no city which we will not destroy before the day of ,resurrection1 or chastise it with a grievous chastisement4 ,this is written in the ,book4 ,nothing hindered us from sending thee with the power of working miracles1 except that the peoples of old treated them as lies4 ,we gave to ,themoud#ai the she-camel before their very eyes1 yet they maltreated her6 ,we send not a prophet with miracles but to strike terror4 ,and remember when we said to thee1 ,verily1 thy ,lord is round about mankind2 we ordained the vision#bj which we shewed thee1 and likewise the cursed tree of the ,koran1 only for men to dispute of2 we will strike them with terror2 but it shall only increase in them enormous wickedness3 ,and when we said to the ,angels1 ,prostrate yourselves before ,adam3 and they all prostrated them1 save ,eblis4 ,what6 said he1 shall ,i bow me before him whom thou hast created of clay8 ,seest thou this man whom thou hast honoured above me8 ,verily1 if thou respite me till the day of ,resurrection1 ,i will destroy his offspring1 except a few4 ,he said1 ,begone2 but whosoever of them shall follow thee1 verily1 ,hell shall be your recompense2 an ample recompense6 ,and entice such of them as thou canst by thy voice2 assault them with thy horsemen and thy footmen2#ba be their partner in their riches and in their children1 and make them promises3 but ,satan shall make them only deceitful promises4 ,as to my servants1 no power over them shalt thou have2 ,and thy ,lord will be their sufficient guardian4 ,it is your ,lord who speedeth onward the ships for you in the sea1 that ye may seek of his abundance2 for he is merciful towards you4 ,when a misfortune befalleth you out at sea1 they whom ye invoke are not to be found3 ,god alone is there3 yet when he bringeth you safe to dry land1 ye place yourselves at a distance from ,him4 ,ungrateful is man4 ,what6 are ye sure1 then1 that he will not cleave the sides of the earth for you8 or that he will not send against you a whirlwind charged with sands8 ,then shall ye find no protector4 ,or are ye sure that he will not cause you to put back to sea a second time1 and send against you a storm blast1 and drown you1 for that ye have been thankless8 ,then shall ye find no helper against us therein4 ,and now have we honoured the children of ,adam3 by land and by sea have we carried them3 food have we provided for them of good things1 and with endowments beyond many of our creatures have we endowed them4 ,one day we will summon all men with their leaders3 they whose book shall be given into their right hand1 shall read their book1 and not be wronged a thread3 ,and he who has been blind here1 shall be blind hereafter1 and wander yet more from the way4 ,and1 verily1 they had well nigh beguiled thee from what we revealed to thee1 and caused thee to invent some other thing in our name3 but in that case they would surely have taken thee as a friend2#bb ,and had we not settled thee1 thou hadst well nigh leaned to them a little3 ,in that case we would surely have made thee taste of woe#bc in life and of woe in death3 then thou shouldest not have found a helper against us4 ,and truly they had almost caused thee to quit the land1 in order wholly to drive thee forth from it3#bd but then1 themselves should have tarried but a little after thee4 ,this was our way with the ,apostles we have already sent before thee1 and in this our way thou shalt find no change4 ,observe prayer at sunset1 till the first darkening of the night1 and the daybreak reading-for the daybreak reading hath its witnesses1 ,and watch unto it in the night3 this shall be an excess in service3#be it may be that thy ,lord will raise thee to a glorious station3 ,and say1 ,o my ,lord1 cause me to enter#bf with a perfect entry1 and to come forth with a perfect forthcoming1 and give me from thy presence a helping power3 ,and ,,say3 ,truth is come and falsehood is vanished4 ,verily1 falsehood is a thing that vanisheth4 ,and we send down of the ,koran that which is a healing and a mercy to the faithful3 ,but it shall only add to the ruin of the wicked4 ,when we bestow favours on man1 he withdraweth and goeth aside2 but when evil toucheth him1 he is despairing4 ,,say3 ,every one acteth after his own manner3 but your ,lord well knoweth who is best guided in his path4 ,and they will ask thee of the ,spirit4#bg ,,say3 ,the ,spirit proceedeth at my ,lord's command3 but of knowledge1 only a little to you is given4 ,if we pleased1 we could take away what we have revealed to thee3 none couldst thou then find thee to undertake thy cause with us1 ,save as a mercy from thy ,lord2 great1 verily1 is his favour towards thee4 ,,say3 ,verily1 were men and ,djinn assembled to produce the like of this ,koran1 they could not produce its like1 though the one should help the other4 ,and of a truth we have set out to men every kind of similitude in this ,koran1 but most men have refused everything except unbelief4 ,and they say1 ,by no means will we believe on thee till thou cause a fountain to gush forth for us from the earth2 ,or1 till thou have a garden of palm-trees and grapes1 and thou cause forth- gushing rivers to gush forth in its midst2 ,or thou make the heaven to fall on us1 as thou hast given out1 in pieces2 or thou bring ,god and the angels to vouch for thee2 ,or thou have a house of gold2 or thou mount up into ,heaven2 nor will we believe in thy mounting up1 till thou send down to us a book which we may read4 ,,say3 ,praise be to my ,lord6 ,am ,i more than a man1 an apostle8 ,and what hindereth men from believing1 when the guidance hath come to them1 but that they say1 ,hath ,god sent a man as an apostle8 ,,say3 ,did angels walk the earth as its familiars1 we had surely sent them an angel-apostle out of ,heaven4 ,,say3 ,god is witness enough between you and me4 ,his servants ,he scanneth1 eyeth4 ,and ,he whom ,god shall guide will be guided indeed2 and whom he shall mislead thou shalt find none to assist1 but ,him3 and we will gather them together on the day of the resurrection1 on their faces1 blind and dumb and deaf3 ,hell shall be their abode3 so oft as its fires die down1 we will rekindle the flame4 ,this shall be their reward for that they believed not our signs and said1 ,when we shall have become bones and dust1 shall we surely be raised a new creation8 ,do they not perceive that ,god1 who created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 is able to create their like8 ,and he hath ordained them a term2 there is no doubt of it3 but the wicked refuse everything except unbelief4 ,,say3 ,if ye held the treasures of my ,lord's mercy ye would certainly refrain from them through fear of spending them3 for man is covetous4 ,we therefore gave to ,moses nine clear signs4 ,ask thou1 therefore1 the children of ,israel how it was when he came unto them1 and ,pharaoh said to him1 ,verily1 ,i deem thee1 ,o ,moses1 a man enchanted4 ,said ,moses1 ,thou knowest that none hath sent down these clear signs but the ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth2 and ,i surely deem thee1 ,o ,pharaoh1 a person lost4 ,so ,pharaoh sought to drive them out of the land2 but we drowned him and all his followers4 ,and after his death1 we said to the children of ,israel1 ,dwell ye in the land3 and when the promise of the next life shall come to pass1 we will bring you both up together to judgment4 ,in truth have we sent down the ,koran1 and in truth hath it descended1 and we have only sent thee to announce and to warn4 ,and we have parcelled out the ,koran into sections1 that thou mightest recite it unto men by slow degrees1 and we have sent it down piecemeal4 ,,say3 ,believe ye therein or believe ye not8 ,they verily to whom knowledge had been given previously1 fall on their faces worshipping when it is recited to them1 and say3 ,glory be to ,god6 the promise of our ,lord is made good6 ,they fall down on their faces weeping1 and ,it increaseth their humility4 ,,say3 ,call upon ,god 7,allah71#bh or call upon the ,god of ,mercy 7,arrahman71 by whichsoever ye will invoke him3 ,he hath most excellent names4 ,and be not loud in thy prayer1 neither pronounce it too low2#bi but between these follow a middle way3 ,and ,,say3 ,praise be to ,god who hath not begotten a son1 who hath no partner in the ,kingdom1 nor any protector on account of weakness4 ,and magnify him by proclaiming ,his greatness4#cj #a ,verses #ab1 #bc-da1 #ge-hb1 #hg1 are supposed by many commentators to have originated at ,medina4 #b ,waquidy says the night-journey took place on the #agth of ,rabhy' #a1 a twelvemonth before the ,hejira4 #c ,of ,jerusalem2 and thence through the seven heavens to the throne of ,god on the back of ,borak1 accompanied by ,gabriel1 according to some traditions2 while others1 and those too of early date1 regard it as no more than a vision4 ,it was1 however1 in all probability a dream4 ,muir ii4 #bai2 ,nld4 p4 #ajb1 who give the ,muhammadan sources of information4 #d ,it is probable that as this verse has no real or apparent connection with the preceding1 a verse may have been lost1 and that verse #a has been placed at the head of the ,sura merely because the night-journey is elsewhere alluded to in it4 #e ,according to the commentators the slaughter of ,isaiah and the imprisonment of ,jeremiah1 punished by the invasion of the ,assyrians4 #f ,over ,sennacherib4 #g ,the slaying ,zacharias1 ,john ,baptist1 and ,jesus1 punished by the destruction of ,jerusalem by the ,romans4 ,comp4 ,tr4 ,gittin1 fol4 #eg1 where we read of the sufferings drawn down upon the ,jews in consequence of the former of these crimes4 #h ,that is1 if ye return to sin1 we will return to punish4 #i ,lit4 bird4 #aj ,comp4 ,mischnah ,aboth1 #c1 #bj4 #aa ,comp4 in ,heb4 ,isai4 liii4 #c4 #ab ,lit4 lower a wing of humility4 #ac ,comp4 ,sura lxxxix4 vi4 #aea2 lxxxi4 #h1 p4 #de4 ,zaid1 the sceptical seeker after truth1 is reported to have discouraged the killing of daughters1 saying1 ,i will support them4 ,kitb al ,wackidi1 p4 #bee4 ,see note at ,sura xcvii4 iii4 #ah4 #ad ,or1 next of kin4 #ae ,or1 run not after vain things which will avail nought4 ,or1 accuse not any of a crime if thou art not sure of his guilt4 #af ,used a variety of arguments and illustrations4 #ag ,thus ,tr4 ,chagiga1 fol4 #i b4 ,there are seven heavens 7rakian73 the veil1 the firmament1 the clouds1 the habitation1 the abode1 the fixed seat1 the araboth4 ,see ,wetst4 on #b ,cor4 xii4 #b4 #ah ,in obvious allusion to the saint-worship of the ,christians4 #ai ,see ,sura lxxxvii4 vii4 #ga4 #bj ,see note on v4 #a4 ,the tree is ,zakkoum1 ,sura xlv4 lvi4 ,the ,rabbins teach that food of the bitterest herbs is one of the punishments of ,hell4 ,see ,schrder's ,rabb4 und4 ,talm4 ,judenthum1 p4 #djc4 #ba ,that is1 with all thy might4 #bb ,zamakshary relates that this passage was revealed when the ,thaqyfites in framing the document of agreement between themselves and ,muhammad1 required that the words requiring the prostrations in worship should not be added4 ,the writer looked at the prophet1 who stood by in silence1 when ,omar stood up and drew his sword with menacing words4 ,they replied1 ,we speak not thee but to ,muhammad4 ,then this verse was revealed4 ,thus ,dr4 ,sprenger4 ,life1 p4 #ahf4 ,he renders the last clause1 but at the right moment a friend reprehended thee4 #bc ,lit4 weakness1 languors4 #bd ,the ,jews1 envious of ,muhammad's good reception and stay there1 told him1 by way of counsel1 that ,syria was the land of the ,prophets1 and that if he was really a prophet1 he ought to go there4 ,sale from ,djelal ,eddin ap4 ,mar4 ,geiger1 p4 #ab1 quotes a ,talmudical saying to the same effect1 but without any reference4 #be ,a work of supererogation1 and therefore doubly meritorious4 ,thus ,tr4 ,berachoth1 fol4 #d4 ,the word station 7mekam7 is still used of the nearness to ,god1 attained in spiritual ecstacies1 etc4 #bf ,that is1 to enter the ,grave or ,mecca4 ,lit4 with an entry of truth4 #bg ,the word spirit is probably to be understood of the ,angel ,gabriel4 ,comp4 #a ,kings xxii4 #ba4 ,others understand it of the immaterial soul of man4 ,see note on ,sura xci4 ii4 #ha4 #bh ,the infidels hearing ,muhammad say1 ,ya ,allah6 ,ya ,rahman6 in his prayers1 imagined that he was addressing two ,deities2 hence this passage4 ,comp4 lxxiii4 xvi4 #eb2 lxvi4 xxv4 #fa4 ,as this title of ,god 7,rahman7 disappears from the later ,suras1 it has been inferred that ,muhammad's original intention was to have combined it with ,allah1 but that through fear lest ,allah and ,arrahman should be supposed to be two ,gods1 he dropped the latter4-,this title was applied to their deities by the ,himyarites2 and it occurs in ,ps4 lxxviii4 #ch1 and ,ex4 xxxiv4 #f4 ,the root is not found in thiopic4 #bi ,the ,talm4 ,tr4 ,berachoth1 #ca1 #b1 forbids loudness in prayer by the example of ,hannah4 #cj ,lit4 magnify ,him by magnifying4 ,,sura ,,xxvii4-,,the ,,ant ,,lxviii4 ,,mecca4-#ie ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ta4 ,,sad4#a ,these are the signs 7verses7 of the ,koran and of the lucid ,book2 ,guidance and glad tidings to the believers who observe prayer and pay the stated alms1 and believe firmly-do they-in the life to come4 ,as to those who believe not in the life to come1 we have made their own doings fair seeming to them1 and they are bewildered therein4 ,these are they whom the woe of chastisement awaiteth2 and in the next life they shall suffer-yes shall they-greatest loss2 ,but thou hast certainly received the ,koran from the ,wise1 the ,knowing4 ,bear in mind when ,moses said to his family1 ,i have perceived a fire2 ,i will bring you tidings from it1 or will bring you a blazing brand1 that ye may warm you4 ,and when he came to it1 he was called to1 ,blessed1 ,he who is in the fire1 and ,he who is about it2 and glory be to ,god1 the ,lord of the worlds6 ,o ,moses6 verily1 ,i am ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,throw down now thy staff4 ,and when he saw that it moved itself as though it were a serpent1 he retreated backward and returned not4 ,o ,moses1 fear not2 for the ,sent ,ones fear not in my presence1 ,save he who having done amiss shall afterwards exchange the evil for good2 for ,i am ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,put now thy hand into thy bosom3 it shall come forth white1 yet free from hurt3#b one of nine signs to ,pharaoh and his people2 for a perverse people are they4 ,and when our signs were wrought in their very sight1#c they said1 ,this is plain magic4 ,and though in their souls they knew them to be true1 yet in their wickedness and pride they denied them4 ,but see what was the end of the corrupt doers6 ,and of old we gave knowledge to ,david and ,solomon3 and they said1 ,praise be to ,god1 who hath made us to excel many of his believing servants6 ,and in knowledge ,solomon was ,david's heir4 ,and he said1 ,o men1 we have been taught the speech of birds1#d and are endued with everything4 ,this is indeed a clear boon from ,god4 ,and to ,solomon were gathered his hosts of ,djinn#e and men and birds1 and they were marched on in bands1 ,till they reached the ,valley of ,ants4 ,said ,,an ,,ant1 ,o ye ants1 enter your dwellings1 lest ,solomon and his army crush you and know it not4 ,then smiled ,solomon1 laughing at her words1 and he said1 ,stir me up1 ,o ,lord1 to be thankful for thy favour which thou hast shewed upon me and upon my parents1 and to do righteousness that shall be well pleasing to thee1 and bring me in1 by thy mercy1 among thy servants the righteous4 ,and he reviewed the birds1 and said1 ,how is it that ,i see not the lapwing8 ,is it one of the absent8 ,surely1 with a severe chastisement will ,i chastise it1 or ,i will certainly slaughter it1 unless it bring me a clear excuse4 ,nor tarried it long ere it came and said1 ,i have gained the knowledge that thou knowest not1 and with sure tidings have ,i come to thee from ,saba3 ,i found a woman reigning over them1 gifted with everything1 and she hath a splendid throne2 ,and ,i found her and her people worshipping the sun instead of ,god2 and ,satan hath made their works fair seeming to them1 so that he hath turned them from the ,way3 wherefore they are not guided1 ,to the worship of ,god1 who bringeth to light the secret things of heaven and earth1 and knoweth what men conceal and what they manifest3 ,god6 there is no god but ,he6 the lord of the glorious throne6 ,he said1 ,we shall see whether thou hast spoken truth1 or whether thou art of them that lie4 ,go with this my letter and throw it down to them3 then turn away from them and await their answer4 ,she said1 ,o my nobles6 an honourable letter hath been thrown down to me3 ,it is from ,solomon2 and it is this3 ',in the name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful6 ,set not up yourselves against me1 but come to me submitting 7,muslims74' ,she said1 ,o my nobles1 advise me in mine affair3 ,i decide it not without your concurrence4#f ,they said1 ,we are endued with strength and are endued with mighty valour4- ,but to command is thine3 ,see therefore what thou wilt command us4 ,she said1 ,kings when they enter a city spoil it1 and abase the mightiest of its people3 and in like manner will these also do4 ,but ,i will send to them with a gift1 and await what my envoys bring back4 ,and when the messenger came to ,solomon1 he said1 ,aid ye me with riches8 ,but what ,god hath given to me is better than what he hath given you3 yet ye glory in your gifts3 ,return to them3 for we will surely come to them with forces which they cannot withstand1 and we will drive them from their land humbled and contemptible4 ,said he1 ,o nobles1 which of you will bring me her throne before they come to me1 submitting8 7,muslims74 ,an ,efreet#g of the ,djinn said3 ,i will bring it thee ere thou risest from thy place3 ,i have power for this and am trusty4 ,and one who had the knowledge of ,scripture said1 ,i will bring it to thee in the twinkling of an eye4#h ,and when he saw it set before him1 he said1 ,this is of the favour of my ,lord1 to try me whether ,i will be thankful or unthankful4 ,and he who is thankful is thankful to his own behoof2 and as for him who is unthankful-truly my ,lord is self-sufficient1 bounteous6 ,said he1 ,make her throne so that she know it not3 we shall see whether she hath or not guidance4 ,and when she came he said1 ,is thy throne like this8 ,she said1 ,as though it were the same4 ,and we1 said he1 have had knowledge given us before her1 and have been ,muslims4 ,but the gods she had worshipped instead of ,god had led her astray3 for she was of a people who believe not4 ,it was said to her1,enter the ,palace3 and when she saw it1 she thought it a lake of water1 and bared her legs4 ,he said1 ,it is a palace paved with glass4 ,she said1 ,o my ,lord6 ,i have sinned against my own soul1 and ,i resign myself1 with ,solomon1 to ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,and of old we sent to ,themoud their brother ,saleh1 with ,serve ye ,god3but lo6 they became two sets of disputants wrangling with each other4 ,he said1 ,o my people1 why1 if ye ask not pardon of ,god that ye may find mercy1 hasten ye on evil rather than good8 ,they said1,we augur#i ill concerning thee and those who are with thee4 ,he said1 ,the ills of which ye augur#aj depend on ,god4 ,but ye are a people on your trial4 ,and there were in the city nine persons who committed excesses in the land and did not that which is right4 ,they said1 ,swear ye to one another by ,god that we will surely fall on him and on his family by night3 then will be say to the avenger of blood1 we witnessed not the destruction of his family3 and verily we speak the truth4 ,and they devised a device1 and we devised a device1 and they were not aware of it- ,and see what was the end of their device6 ,we destroyed them and their whole people3 ,and for their sin these their houses are empty ruins3 ,verily in this is a sign to those who understand2 ,and we delivered those who believed and feared4 ,and ,lot1 when he said to his people1 ,what6 proceed ye to such filthiness with your eyes open8 ,what6 come ye with lust unto men rather than to women8 ,surely ye are an ignorant people4 ,and the answer of his people was but to say1 ,cast out the family of ,lot from your city3 they1 forsooth1 are men of purity6 ,so we rescued him and his family3 but as for his wife1 we decreed her to be of them that lingered3 ,and we rained a rain upon them1 and fatal was the rain to those who had had their warning4 ,,say3 ,praise be to ,god and peace be on ,his servants whom ,he hath chosen6 ,is ,god the more worthy or the gods they join with ,him8 ,is not ,he who hath made the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and hath sent down rain to you from ,heaven1 by which we cause the luxuriant groves to spring up6 ,it is not in your power to cause its trees to spring up6 ,what6 ,a god with ,god8 ,yet they find equals for ,him6 ,is not ,he1 who hath set the earth so firm1 and hath made rivers in its midst1 and hath placed mountains upon it1 and put a barrier between the two seas8#aa ,what6 a god with ,god8 ,yet the greater part of them have no knowledge6 ,is not ,he the more worthy who answereth the oppressed when they cry to him1 and taketh off their ills1 and maketh you to succeed your sires on the earth8 ,what6 a god with ,god8 ,how few bear these things in mind6 ,is not ,he1 who guideth you in the darkness of the land and of the sea1 and who sendeth forth the winds as the forerunners of ,his mercy8 ,what6 a god with ,god8 ,far from ,god be what ye join with ,him6 ,is not ,he1 who created a ,being1 then reneweth it1 and who supplieth you out of the ,heaven and the ,earth8 ,what6 a god with ,god8 ,,say3 ,bring forth your proofs if you speak the truth4 ,,say3 ,none either in the ,heavens or in the ,earth knoweth the unseen but ,god4 ,and they know not ,when they shall be raised4 -,yet they have attained to a knowledge of the life to come3#ab-yet are they in doubt about it3-yet are they blind about it6 ,and the unbelievers say3 ,when we and our fathers have been dead shall we be taken forth8 ,of old have we been promised this1 we and our sires of old it is but fables of the ancients4 ,,say3 ,go ye through the land1 and see what hath been the end of the wicked4 ,and grieve not thou for them1 nor be in distress at their devisings4 ,and they say1 ,when will this promise be made good1 if ye speak true8 ,,say3 ,haply a part of what ye desire to be hastened may be close behind you4 ,and truly thy ,lord is full of goodness towards men3 ,but most of them are not thankful4 ,and thy ,lord knoweth well what their breasts enshroud1 and what they bring to light1 ,and there is no secret thing in the ,heaven or on the ,earth1 but it is in the clear ,book4 ,truly this ,koran declareth to the children of ,israel most things wherein they disagree3 ,and it is certainly guidance and a mercy to the faithful4 ,verily1 by his wisdom will thy ,lord decide between them3 for ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,knowing4 ,put thou then thy trust in ,god3 for thou hast clear truth on thy side4#ac ,thou shalt not make the dead to hear2 neither shalt thou make the deaf to hear the call1 when they turn away backward2 ,neither art thou the guide of the blind out of their errors3 none truly shalt thou make to hear but those who believe our signs3 and they are ,muslims4 ,when the doom shall be ready to light upon them1 we will cause a monster#ad to come forth to them out of the earth1 and cry to them ,verily men have not firmly believed our signs4 ,and on that day shall be gathered out of every nation a company of those who have gainsaid our signs1 in separate bands2 ,till they come before ,god1 who will say1 ,treated ye my signs as impostures1 although ye embraced them not in your knowledge8 or what is it that ye were doing8 ,and doom shall light upon them for their evil deeds1 and nought shall they have to plead4 ,see they not that we have ordained the night that they may rest in it1 and the day with its gift of light8 ,of a truth herein are signs to people who believe4 ,on that day there shall be a blast on the trumpet1 and all that are in the heavens1 and all that the on the earth shall be terror-stricken1 save him whom ,god pleaseth to deliver2 and all shall come to him in humble guise4 ,and thou shalt see the mountains1 which thou thinkest so firm1 pass away with the passing of a cloud6 ',tis the work of ,god1 who ordereth all things6 of all that ye do is ,he well aware4 ,to him who shall present himself with good works1 shall be a reward beyond their desert1#ae and they shall be secure from the terror on that day2 ,and they who shall present themselves with evil shall be flung downward on their faces into the fire4 ,shall ye be rewarded but as ye have wrought8 ,,say3 ,specially am ,i commanded to worship the ,lord of this land1 which ,he hath sanctified4 ,all things are ,his3 and ,i am commanded to be one of those who surrender them to ,god 7a ,muslim7 ,and to recite the ,koran3 and whoever is rightly guided1 assuredly will be rightly guided to his own behoof4 ,and as to him who erreth1 ,,say1 ,i truly am a warner only4,and ,,say1 ,praise be to ,god6 ,he will shew you ,his signs1 and ye shall acknowledge them3 and of what ye do1 thy ,lord is not regardless4 #a ,see ,sura lxviii41 p4 #cb1 n4 #b ,not really leprous4 #c ,lit4 when our visible signs came to them4 #d ,this tradition may be derived from #a ,kings iv4 #cc4 ,comp4 ,geiger1 p4 #ahe4 ,the legend of ,solomon's power over the ,genii originates in a mistranslation of ,eccl4 ii4 #h4 ,comp4 also for other points in this story ,prov4 vi4 #f2 #a ,kings x4 #a-aj4 #e ,demons obeyed him 7,solomon7 4 4 4 and evil spirits were subjected to him4 ,targ4 #b4 on ,esther #a1 #b4 ,from the same source ,muhammad has adopted1 with slight variations1 the whole story of ,solomon's intercourse with the ,queen of ,saba4 ,comp4 also ,tr4 ,gittin1 fol4 #fh1 and ,midr4 ,jalkut on #a ,kings vi4 ch4 #ahb4 #f ,lit4 unless ye bear me witness4 #g ,that is1 malignant4 ,the efreets are generally believed to differ from the other djinn in being very powerful and always malicious2 but to be in other respects of a similar nature 7,lane's ,modern ,egyptians1 i4 #bhe74 ,the ghosts of dead persons are also called by this name 7ib4 #bhi74 #h ,or1 before thy glance can be withdrawn from an object4 #i ,lit4 we have consulted the flight of birds3 hence presage4 #aj ,lit4 your bird1 augury4 #aa ,comp4 ,sura lxvi4 xxv4 #ee4 #ab ,lit4 their knowledge attaineth to the next life4 #ac ,lit4 art on clear truth4 #ad ,al ,jassaca1 the ,spy4 #ae ,or1 shall derive advantage from them4 ,,sura ,,xviii4-,,the ,,cave ,,lxix4 ,,mecca4-#aaj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,praise be to ,god1 who hath sent down the ,book to his servant1 and hath not made it tortuous#a ,but direct2 that it may warn of a grievous woe from him1 and announce to the faithful who do the things that are right1 that a goodly reward1 wherein they shall abide for ever1 awaiteth them2 ,and that it may warn those who say1 ,god hath begotten a ,son4 ,no knowledge of this have either they or their fathers6 ,a grievous saying to come out of their mouths6 ,they speak no other than a lie6 ,and haply1 if they believe not in this new revelation1 thou wilt slay thyself1 on their very footsteps1 out of vexation4 ,verily1 we have made all that is on earth as its adornment1 that we might make trial who among mankind would excel in works3 ,but we are surely about to reduce all that is thereon to dust6 ,hast thou reflected that the ,inmates of ,,the ,,cave and of ,al ,rakim#b were on our wondrous signs8 ,when the youths betook them to the cave they said1 ,o our ,lord6 grant us mercy from before thee1 and order for us our affair aright4 ,then struck we upon their ears with deafness in the cave for many a year3 ,then we awaked them that we might know which of the two parties could best reckon the space of their abiding4 ,we will relate to thee their tale with truth4 ,they were youths who had believed in their ,lord1 and in guidance had we increased them2 ,and we had made them stout of heart1 when they stood up and said1 ,our ,lord is ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 we will call on no other ,god than ,him2 for in that case we had said a thing outrageous4 ,these our people have taken other gods beside ,him1 though they bring no clear proof for them2 but1 who more iniquitous than he who forgeth a lie of ,god8 ,so when ye shall have separated you from them and from that which they worship beside ,god1 then betake you to the cave3 ,your ,lord will unfold his mercy to you1 and will order your affairs for you for the best4 ,and thou mightest have seen the sun when it arose1 pass on the right of their cave1 and when it set1 leave them on the left1 while they were in its spacious chamber4 ,this is one of the signs of ,god4 ,guided indeed is he whom ,god guideth2 but for him whom ,he misleadeth1 thou shalt by no means find a patron1 director4 ,and thou wouldst have deemed them awake1#c though they were sleeping3 and we turned them to the right and to the left4 ,and in the entry lay their dog with paws outstretched4#d ,hadst thou come suddenly upon them1 thou wouldst surely have turned thy back on them in flight1 and have been filled with fear at them4 ,so we awaked them that they might question one another4 ,said one of them1 ,how long have ye tarried here8 ,they said1 ,we have tarried a day or part of day4 ,they said1 ,your ,lord knoweth best how long ye have tarried3 ,send now one of you with this your coin into the city1 and let him mark who therein hath purest food1 and from him let him bring you a supply3 and let him be courteous1 and not discover you to any one4 ,for they1 if they find you out1 will stone you or turn you back to their faith1 and in that case it will fare ill with you for ever4 ,and thus made we their adventure known to their fellow citizens1 that they might learn that the promise of ,god is true1 and that as to the ,hour there is no doubt of its coming4 ,when they disputed among themselves concerning what had befallen them1 some said1 ,build a building over them2 their ,lord knoweth best about them4 ,those who prevailed in the matter said1 ,a place of worship will we surely raise over them4 ,some say1 ,they were three2 their dog the fourth3 others say1 ,five2 their dog the sixth1 guessing at the secret3 others say1 ,seven2 and their dog the eighth4 ,,say3 ,my ,lord best knoweth the number3 none1 save a few1 shall know them4 ,therefore be clear in they discussions about them1#e and ask not any ,christian concerning them4 ,say not thou of a thing1 ,i will surely do it to-morrow2 without 1 ,if ,god will4#f ,and when thou hast forgotten1 call thy ,lord to mind2 and say1 ,haply my ,lord will guide me1 that ,i may come near to the truth of this story with correctness4 ,and they tarried in their cave #cjj years1 and #i years over4#g ,,say3 ,god best knoweth how long they tarried3 ,with ,him are the secrets of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 ,look thou and hearken unto ,him alone4#h ,man hath no guardian but ,him1 and none may bear part in his judgments3- ,and publish what hath been revealed to thee of the ,book of thy ,lord-none may change his words1-and thou shalt find no refuge beside ,him4 ,be patient with those who call upon their ,lord at morn and even1 seeking his face3 and let not thine eyes be turned away from them in quest of the pomp of this life2#i neither obey him#aj whose heart we have made careless of the remembrance of ,us1 and who followeth his own lusts1 and whose ways are unbridled4 ,and ,,say3 the truth is from your ,lord3 let him then who will1 believe2 and let him who will1 be an infidel4 ,but for the offenders we have got ready the fire whose smoke shall enwrap them3 and if they implore help1 helped shall they be with water like molten brass which shall scald their ,wretched the drink6 and an unhappy couch6 ,but as to those who have believed and done the things that are right1-,verily we will not suffer the reward of him whose works were good1 to perish6 ,for them1 the gardens of ,eden1 under whose shades shall rivers flow3 decked shall they be therein with bracelets of gold1 and green robes of silk and rich brocade shall they wear1 reclining them therein on thrones4 ,blissful the reward6 and a pleasant couch6#aa ,and set forth to them as a parable two men2 on one of whom we bestowed two gardens of grape vines1 and surrounded both with palm trees1 and placed corn fields between them3 ,each of the gardens did yield its fruit1 and failed not thereof at all3 ,and we caused a river to flow in their midst3 ,and this man received his fruit1 and said1 disputing with him1 to his companion1 ,more have ,i than thou of wealth1 and my family is mightier4 ,and he went into his garden-to his own soul unjust4 ,he said1 ,i do not think that this will ever perish3 ,and ,i do not think that 'the ,hour' will come3 and even if ,i be taken back to my ,lord1 ,i shall surely find a better than it in exchange4 ,his fellow said to him1 disputing with him1 ,what 6 hast thou no belief in him who created thee of the dust1 then of the germs of life1#ab then fashioned thee a perfect man8 ,but ,god is my ,lord2 and no other being will ,i associate with my ,lord4 ,and why didst thou not say when thou enteredst thy garden1 ',what ,god willeth6 ,there is no power but in ,god4' ,though thou seest that ,i have less than thou of wealth and children1 ,yet haply my ,lord may bestow on me better than thy garden1 and may send his bolts upon it out of ,heaven1 so that the next dawn shall find it barren dust2 ,or its water become deep sunk1 so that thou art unable to find it4 ,and his fruits were encompassed by destruction4 ,then began he to turn down the palms of his hands at what he had spent on it2 for its vines were falling down on their trellises1 and he said1 ,oh that ,i had not joined any other god to my ,lord6 ,and he had no host to help him instead of ,god1 neither was he able to help himself4 ,protection in such a case is of ,god-the ,truth3 ,he is the best rewarder1 and ,he bringeth to the best issue4 ,and set before them a similitude of the present life4 ,it is as water which we send down from ,heaven1 and the herb of the ,earth is mingled with it1 and on the morrow it becometh dry stubble which the winds scatter3 for ,god hath power over all things4 ,wealth and children are the adornment of this present life3 but good works1 which are lasting1 are better in the sight of thy ,lord as to recompense1 and better as to hope4 ,and call to mind the day when we will cause the mountains to pass away1#ac and thou shalt see the earth a levelled plain1 and we will gather mankind together1 and not leave of them any one4 ,and they shall be set before thy ,lord in ranks3-,now are ye come unto us as we created you at first3 but ye thought that we should not make good to you the promise4 ,and each shall have his book put into his hand3 and thou shalt see the wicked in alarm at that which is therein3 and they shall say1 ,o woe to us6 what meaneth this ,book8 ,it leaveth neither small nor great unnoted down6 ,and they shall find all that they have wrought present to them1 and thy ,lord will not deal unjustly with any one4 ,when we said to the angels1 ,prostrate yourselves before ,adam1 they all prostrated them save ,eblis1 who was of the ,djinn1#ad and revolted from his ,lord's behest4 behest4-,what6 will ye then take him and his offspring as patrons rather than ,me8 and they your enemies8 ,sad exchange for the ungodly6 ,i made them not witnesses of the creation of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 nor of their own creation1 neither did ,i take seducers as my helpers4 ,on a certain day1 ,god shall say1 ,call ye on the companions ye joined with me1 deeming them to be gods3 and they shall call on them1 but they shall not answer them3 then will we place a valley of perdition between them3 ,and the wicked shall see the fire1 and shall have a foreboding that they shall be flung into it1 and they shall find no escape from it4 ,and now in this ,koran we have presented to man similitudes of every kind3 but1 at most things is man a caviller4 ,and what1 now that guidance is come to them1 letteth men from believing and from asking forgiveness of their ,lord-unless they wait till that the doom of the ancients overtake them1 or the chastisement come upon them in the sight of the universe8 ,we send not our ,sent ,ones but to announce and to warn3 but the infidels cavil with vain words in order to refute the truth2 and they treat my signs and their own warnings with scorn4 ,but who is worse than he who when told of the signs of his ,lord turneth him away and forgetteth what in time past his hands have wrought8 ,truly we have thrown veils over their hearts lest they should understand this ,koran1 and into their ears a heaviness3 ,and if thou bid them to the guidance yet will they not even then be guided ever4 ,the gracious one1 full of compassion1 is thy ,lord6 if he would have chastised them for their demerits he would have hastened their chastisement4 ,but they have a time fixed for the accomplishment of our menaces3 and beside ,god they shall find no refuge4 ,and those cities did we destroy when they became impious2 and of their coming destruction we gave them warning4 ,remember when ,moses said to his servant1 ,i will not stop till ,i reach the confluence of the two seas1#ae or for years will ,i journey on4 ,but when they reached their confluence1 they forgot their fish1 and it took its way in the sea at will4 ,and when they had passed on1 said ,moses to his servant1 ,bring us our morning meal2 for now have we incurred weariness from this journey4 ,he said1 ,what thinkest thou8 ,when we repaired to the rock for rest ,i forgot the fish2 and none but ,satan made me forget it1 so as not to mention it2 and it hath taken its way in the sea in a wondrous sort4 ,he said1 ,it is this we were in quest of4#af ,and they both went back retracing their footsteps4 ,then found they one of our servants to whom we had vouchsafed our mercy1 and whom we had instructed with our knowledge4 ,and ,moses said to him1 ,shall ,i follow thee that thou teach me1 for guidance1 of that which thou too hast been taught8 ,he said1 ,verily1 thou canst not have patience with me2 ,how canst thou be patient in matters whose meaning thou comprehendest not8 ,he said1 ,thou shalt find me patient if ,god please1 nor will ,i disobey thy bidding4 ,he said1 ,then1 if thou follow me1 ask me not of aught until ,i have given thee an account thereof4 ,so they both went on1 till they embarked in a ship1 and he-the unknown-staved it in4 ,what6 said ,moses1 hast thou staved it in that thou mayest drown its crew8 a strange thing now hast thou done6 ,he said1 ,did ,i not tell thee that thou couldst not have patience with me8 ,he said1 ,chide me not that ,i forgat1 nor lay on me a hard command4 ,then went they on till they met a youth1 and he slew him4 ,said ,moses1 ,hast thou slain him who is free from guilt of blood8 ,now hast thou wrought a grievous thing6 ,he said1 ,did ,i not tell thee that thou couldst not have patience with me8 ,moses said1 ,if after this ,i ask thee aught1 then let me be thy comrade no longer2 but now hast thou my excuse4 ,they went on till they came to the people of a city4 ,of this people they asked food1 but they refused them for guests4 ,and they found in it a wall that was about to fall1 and he set it upright4 ,said ,moses1 ,if thou hadst wished1 for this thou mightest have obtained pay4 ,he said1 ,this is the parting point between me and thee4 ,but ,i will first tell thee the meaning of that which thou couldst not await with patience4 ,as to the vessel1 it belonged to poor men who toiled upon the sea1 and ,i was minded to damage it1 for in their rear was a king who seized every ship by force4 ,as to the youth his parents were believers1 and we feared lest he should trouble them by error and infidelity4 ,and we desired that their ,lord might give them in his place a child1 better than he in virtue1 and nearer to filial piety4 ,and as to the wall1 it belonged to two orphan youths in the city1 and beneath it was their treasure3 and their father was a righteous man3 and thy ,lord desired that they should reach the age of strength1 and take forth their treasure through the mercy of thy ,lord4 ,and not of mine own will have ,i done this4 ,this is the interpretation of that which thou couldst not bear with patience4 ,they will ask thee of ,dhoulkarnain the two-horned#ag4 ,,say3 ,i will recite to you an account of him4 ,we stablished his power upon the earth1 and made for him a way to everything4 ,and a route he followed1 ,until when he reached the setting of the sun1 he found it to set in a miry fount2 and hard by he found a people4 ,we said1 ,o ,dhoulkarnain6 either chastise or treat them generously4 ,the impious1 said he1 will we surely chastise2 then shall he be taken back to his ,lord1 and he will chastise him with a grievous chastisement4 ,but as to him who believeth and doeth that which is right1 he shall have a generous recompense1 and we will lay on them our easy behests4 ,then followed he a route1 ,until when he reached the rising of the sun he found it to rise on a people to whom we had given no shelter from it4 ,thus it was4 ,and we had full knowledge of the forces that were with him4 ,then followed he a route ,until he came between the two mountains1 beneath which he found a people who scarce understood a language4 ,they said1 ,o ,dhoulkarnain6 verily1 ,gog and ,magog#ah waste this land2 shall we then pay thee tribute1 so thou build a rampart#ai between us and them8 ,he said1 ,better than your tribute is the might wherewith my ,lord hath strengthened me2 but help me strenuously1 and ,i will set a barrier between you and them4 ,bring me blocks of iron1-until when it filled the space between the mountain sides-,ply1 said he1 your bellows1-until when he had made it red with heat 7fire71 he said1-,bring me molten brass that ,i may pour upon it4 ,and ,gog and ,magog were not able to scale it1 neither were they able to dig through it4 ,this1 said he1 is a mercy from my ,lord3 ,but when the promise of my ,lord shall come to pass1 he will turn it to dust2 and the promise of my ,lord is true4 ,on that day we will let them dash like billows one over another2 and there shall be a blast on the trumpet1 and we will gather them together in a body4 ,and we will set ,hell on that day close before the infidels1 ,whose eyes were veiled from my warning1 and who had no power to hear4 ,what6 do the infidels think that they can take my servants as their patrons1 beside ,me8 ,verily1 we have got ,hell ready as the abode of the infidels4 ,,say3 ,shall we tell you who they are that have lost their labour most8 ,whose aim in the present life hath been mistaken1 and who deem that what they do is right8 ,they are those who believe not in the signs of the ,lord1 or that they shall ever meet him4 ,vain1 therefore1 are their works2 and no weight will we allow them on the day of resurrection4 ,this shall be their reward-,hell4#bj ,because they were unbelievers1 and treated my signs and my ,apostles with scorn4 ,but as for those who believe and do the things that are right1 they shall have the gardens of ,paradise#ba for their abode3 ,they shall remain therein for ever3 they shall wish for no change from it4 ,,say3 ,should the sea become ink1 to write the words of my ,lord1 the sea would surely fail ere the words of my ,lord would fail1 though we brought its like in aid4 ,,say3 ,in sooth ,i am only a man like you4 ,it hath been revealed to me that your ,god is one only ,god3 let him then who hopeth to meet his ,lord work a righteous work3 nor let him give any other creature a share in the worship of his ,lord4 #a ,lit4 hath not put crookedness into it4 #b ,the valley1 or mountain1 in which the ,cave of the ,seven ,sleepers was situated4 ,comp4 ,fundgreiben des ,orients1 iii4 #cdg-cha4 ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall1 ch4 xxxiii41 especially the concluding sentences4 #c ,because they slept with their eyes open4 ,beidh4 #d ,the ,muhammadans believe that this dog will be admitted into ,paradise4 ,one of its traditional names is ,katmir1 a word whose letters1 it should be observed1 are with one exception identical with ,rakim4 #e ,lit4 dispute not about them unless with clear disputation4 #f ,muhammad had omitted to use the qualifying phrase when1 in reply to the ,jews who asked for the ,history of the ,seven ,sleepers1 he simply promised to give it on the morrow2 hence1 this verse4 ,comp4 ,james iv4 #ac-ae4 #g ,they entered the cavern under ,decius and awoke in the time of ,theodosius1 according to the tradition2 which cannot be reconciled with the number of years given in the text4 #h ,thus ,ullm4 ,but the words may be taken with ,beidh4 and ,sale1 as ironical4 ,make thou him to see and hear4 #i ,said to have been promulgated at ,medina4 ,nld4 p4 #ajf #aj ,omaya ,ibn ,chalf1 who advised ,muhammad to cast off all his poorer followers1 out of respect to the ,koreisch4 #aa ,it is probable that this and the numerous similar descriptions of the enjoyments in ,paradise are based upon ,muhammad's knowledge1 or possibly personal observation1 of the luxurious habits of the ,persians1 to whom many ,arabian tribes owed allegiance1 and with whom they had mercantile transactions by means of caravans4 ,the word ,paradise1 the names of cups and brocade in ,sura lvi4 pp4 #ff1 #fg1 and the word sundus in this passage1 are all ,persian4 #ab ,lit ex spermate4 #ac ,comp4 ,isai4 xl4 #d1 etc4 #ad ,muhammad appears1 according to this text1 to have considered ,eblis not only as the father of the ,djinn1 but as one of their number4 ,the truth appears to be that ,muhammad derived his doctrines of the ,genii from the ,persian and ,indian mythology1 and attempted to identify them with the ,satan and demons of the ,semitic races4 ,both the ,satans and ,djinn represent in the ,koran the principle of ,evil4 ,see ,sura xci4 ii4 #cb1 n4 #ae ,the sea of ,greece and the sea of ,persia4 ,but as no literal interpretation of the passage seems satisfactory1 the ,commentators have devised a spiritual or metaphorical one1 and explain it of the two oceans of natural and supernatural knowledge4 ,there is no trace of this legend in the ,rabbinic writings4 #af ,the loss of our fish is a sign to us of our finding him whom we seek1 namely1 ,el-,khidr1 or ,el-,khadir1 the reputed vizier of ,dhoulkarnain1 and said to have drunk of the fountain of life1 by virtue of which he still lives1 and will live till the day of judgment4 ,he is also said to appear1 clad in green robes1 to ,muslims in distress1 whence his name4 ,perhaps the name ,khidr is formed from ,jethro4 #ag ,probably ,alexander the ,great-so called from his expeditions to the ,east and ,west4 ,he seems to be regarded in this passage as invested with a divine commission for the extirpation of impiety and idolatry4 ,comp4 ,dan4 viii4 and ,tr4 ,tanith1 fol4 #cb4 ,hottinger ,bibl4 ,orient4 #aji4 #ah ,ar4 ,yadjoudj and ,madjoudj-the barbarous people of ,e4 ,asia4 ,see ,ibn ,batoutah's ,travels1 iv4 p4 #bgd 7,par4ed47 #ai ,this rampart has been identified with fortifications which extended from the ,w4 shore of the ,caspian ,sea to the ,pontus ,euxinus1 made1 as it is said1 by ,alexander1 and repaired by ,yezdegird ,,ii4 ,caussin de ,perceval1 vol4i4p4 #ff4 ,see ,sura lxv4 xxi4 #if #bj ,the form of this word in the ,arabic1 with the h in the second syllable and the final m1 shews that the word was borrowed from the ,hebrew1 and not from the ,greek or ,syriac4 #ba ,observe in this expression the same admixture of the ,semitic and ,indo- ,persian elements as was noticed above in the identification of ,satans and ,djinn1 verse #dh4 ,,sura ,,xxxii4-,,adoration ,,lxx4 ,,mecca4-#cj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful4 ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4#a ,this ,book is without a doubt a ,revelation sent down from the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,will they say1 ,he hath forged it8 ,nay1 it is the truth from thy ,lord that thou mayest warn a people to whom no warner hath come before thee1 that haply they may be guided4 ,god it is who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth and all that is between them in six days2 then ascended his throne4 ,save ,him ye have no patron1 and none to plead for you4 ,will ye not then reflect8 ,from the ,heaven to the ,earth ,he governeth all things3 hereafter shall they come up to him on a day whose length shall be a thousand of such years as ye reckon4#b ,this is ,he who knoweth the unseen and the seen2 the ,mighty1 the ,merciful1 ,who hath made everything which he hath created most good2 and began the creation of man with clay2 ,then ordained his progeny from germs of life1#c from sorry water3 ,then shaped him1 and breathed of ,his ,spirit into him1 and gave you hearing and seeing and hearts3 what little thanks do ye return6 ,and they say1 ,what6 when we shall have lain hidden in the earth1 shall we become a new creation8 ,yea1 they deny that they shall meet their ,lord4 ,,say3 ,the angel of death who is charged with you shall cause you to die3 then shall ye be returned to your ,lord4 ,couldst thou but see when the guilty shall droop their heads before their ,lord1 and cry1 ,o our ,lord6 we have seen and we have heard3 return us then to life3 we will do that which is right4 ,verily we believe firmly6 7,had we pleased we had certainly given to every soul its guidance4 ,but true shall be the word which hath gone forth from me-,i will surely fill hell with ,djinn and men together47 ,taste then the recompense of your having forgotten the meeting with this your day4 ,we1 too1 we have forgotten you3 taste then an eternal punishment for that which ye have wrought4 ,they only believe in our signs1 who1 when mention is made of them1 fall down in ,,adoration1 and celebrate the praise of their ,lord1 and are not puffed up with disdain3 ,who1 as they raise them#d from their couches1 call on their ,lord with fear and desire1 and give alms of that with which we have supplied them4 ,no soul knoweth what joy of the eyes is reserved for the good in recompense of their works4 ,shall he then who is a believer be as he who sinneth grossly8 they shall not be held alike4 ,as to those who believe and do that which is right1 they shall have gardens of eternal abode as the meed of their works3 ,but as for those who grossly sin1 their abode shall be the fire3 so oft as they shall desire to escape out of it1 back shall they be turned into it4 ,and it shall be said to them1 ,taste ye the torment of the fire1 which ye treated as a lie4 ,and we will surely cause them to taste a punishment yet nearer at hand1 besides the greater punishment1 that haply they may turn to us in penitence4 ,who acteth worse than he who is warned by the signs of his ,lord1 then turneth away from them8 ,we will surely take vengeance on the guilty ones4 ,we heretofore gave the ,book of the law to ,moses3 have thou no doubt as to our meeting with him3#e and we appointed it for the guidance of the children of ,israel4 ,and we appointed ,imms from among them who should guide after our command when they had themselves endured with constancy1 and had firmly believed in our signs4 ,now thy ,lord6 ,he will decide between them on the day of resurrection as to the subject of their disputes4 ,is it not notorious to them how many generations1 through whose abodes they walk1 we have destroyed before them8 ,truly herein are sings3 will they not then hear8 ,see they not how we drive the rain to some parched land and thereby bring forth corn of which their cattle and themselves do eat8 ,will they not then behold8 ,they say1 ,when will this decision take place8 ,tell us1 if ye are men of truth8 ,,say3 ,on the day of that decision1 the faith of infidels shall not avail them1 and they shall have no further respite4 ,stand aloof from them then1 and wait thou1 for they too wait4#f #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #b ,comp4 ,sura cvii4 xxii4 #df1 and ,ps4 xc4 #d1 which is taken literally by many of the ,talmudists4 ,comp4 e4g4 ,sanhed4 #if1 #b4 #c ,lit4 ex spermate genitali4 #d ,lit4 their sides are raised4 #e ,nldeke thinks that the word for meeting is used here in the same sense as in v4 #aj above and ,sura lxxi4 xli4 #ed1 and that the clause does not belong to this verse1 p4 #ajh1 n4 #f ,wait thou for their punishment as they wait for thy downfall4 ,,sura#a ,,xli4-,,the ,,made ,,plain ,,lxxi4 ,,mecca4-#ed ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ha4 ,,mim4#b ,a ,revelation from the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful6 ,a ,book whose verses 7signs7 are ,,made ,,plain-an ,arabic ,koran1 for men of knowledge2 ,announcer of glad tidings and charged with warnings6 ,but most of them withdraw and hearken not3 ,and they say1 ,our hearts are under shelter from thy teachings1 and in our ears is a deafness1 and between us and thee there is a veil4 ,act as thou thinkest right3 we verily shall act as we think right4 ,,say3 ,i am only a man like you4#c ,it is revealed to me that your ,god is one ,god3 go straight then to ,him1 and implore his pardon4 ,and woe to those who join gods with ,god2 ,who pay not the alms of obligation1 and in the life to come believe not6 ,but they who believe and do the things that are right shall receive a perfect#d recompense4 ,,say3 ,do ye indeed disbelieve in ,him who in two days created the earth8 and do ye assign ,him peers8 ,the ,lord of the worlds is ,he6 ,and he hath placed on the earth the firm mountains which tower above it2 and ,he hath blessed it1 and distributed food throughout it1 for the cravings of all alike1 in four days3 ,then ,he applied himself to the ,heaven1 which then was but smoke3 and to it and to the ,earth ,he said1 ,come ye1 whether in obedience or against your will8 and they both said1 ,we come obedient4 ,and ,he made them seven heavens in two days1 and in each heaven made known its office3 ,and we furnished the lower heaven with lights and guardian angels4 ,this1 the disposition of the ,almighty1 the ,all-knowing4 ,if they turn away1 then ,,say3 ,i warn you of a tempest1 like the tempest of ,ad and ,themoud6 ,when the apostles came to them on every side1#e saying1 ,worship none but ,god1 they said1 ,had our ,lord been pleased to send down1 ,he had surely sent down angels2 and in sooth1 your message we do not believe4 ,as to ,ad1 they bore them proudly and unjustly in the land1 and said1 ,who more mighty than we in prowess8 ,saw they not that ,god their creator was mightier than they in prowess8 ,and they rejected our signs4 ,therefore on ill-omened days did we send against them an impetuous blast that we might make them taste the chastisement of shame in this world3-but more shameful shall be the chastisement of the life to come2 and they shall not be protected4 ,and as to ,themoud1 we had vouchsafed them guidance2 but to guidance did they prefer blindness2 wherefore the tempest of a shameful punishment overtook them for their doings3 ,but we rescued the believing and the ,god-fearing3 ,and warn of the day when the enemies of ,god shall be gathered#f unto the fire urged on in bands3 ,until when they reach it1 their ears and their eyes and their skins shall bear witness against them of their deeds3 ,and they shall say to their skins1 ,why witness ye against us8 ,they shall say1 ,god1 who giveth a voice to all things1 hath given us a voice3 ,he created you at first1 and to ,him are ye brought back4 ,and ye did not hide yourselves so that neither your ears nor your eyes nor your skins should witness against you3 but ye thought that ,god knew not many a thing that ye did6 ,and this your thought which ye did think of your ,lord hath ruined you1 so that ye are become of those who perish4 ,and be they patient1 still the fire shall be their abode3 or if they beg for favour1 yet shall they not be of favoured4 ,and we will appoint ,satans as their fast companions2 for it was they who made their present and future state seem fair and right to them2 and the sentence passed on the peoples of ,djinn and men who flourished before them hath become their due1 and they shall perish4 ,yet the unbelievers say1 ,hearken not to this ,koran1 but keep up a talking1 that ye may overpower the voice of the reader4 ,surely therefore will we cause the unbelievers to taste a terrible punishment2 ,and recompense them according to the worst of their actions4 ,this the reward of the enemies of ,god1-the ,fire6 it shall be their eternal abode1 in requital for their gainsaying our signs4 ,and they who believed not shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 shew us those of the ,djinn and men who led us astray3 both of them will we put under out feet1 that they may be of the humbled4 ,but as for those who say1 ,our ,lord is ,god2 and who go straight to ,him1#g angels shall descend to them and say1 ,fear ye not1 neither be ye grieved1 but rejoice ye in the paradise which ye have been promised4 ,we are your guardians in this life and in the next3 your's therein shall be your soul's desire1 and your's therein whatever ye shall ask for1 ,the hospitality of a ,gracious1 a ,merciful ,one4 ,and who speaketh fairer than he who biddeth to ,god and doth the thing that is right1 and saith1 ,i for my part am of the ,muslims8 ,moreover1 good and evil are not to be treated as the same thing4 ,turn away evil by what is better1 and lo6 he between whom and thyself was enmity1 shall be as though he were a warm friend4 ,but none attain to this save men steadfast in patience1 and none attain to it except the most highly favoured4#h ,and if an enticement from ,satan entice thee1 then take refuge in ,god1 for ,he is the ,hearing1 the ,knowing4 ,and among his signs are the night1 and the day1 and the sun1 and the moon4 ,bend not in adoration to the sun or the moon1 but bend in adoration before ,god who created them both1 if ye would serve ,him4 ,but if they are too proud for this1 yet they who are with thy ,lord do celebrate ,his praises night and day1#i and cease not4 ,and among ,his signs is this1 that thou seest the earth drooping3 but1 when we send down the rain upon it1 it is stirred and swelleth2 verily ,he who giveth it life1 will surely give life to the dead2 for ,his might extendeth over all things4#aj ,they truly who with obloquy disown our signs are not hidden from us4 ,is he then who shall be cast into the fire1 or he who shall come forth secure on the day of resurrection1 in the better position8 ,do what ye will3 but ,his eye is on all your doings4 ,verily1 they who believe not in the warning1 after it hath come to them 4 4 4 and yet the ,koran is a glorious book6 ,falsehood1 from whatever side it cometh1 shall not come night it2#aa it is a missive down from the ,wise1 the ,praiseworthy4 ,nothing hath been said to thee which hath not been said of old to apostles before thee4 ,verily with thy ,lord is forgiveness1 and with ,him is terrible retribution4 ,had we made it a ,koran in a foreign tongue1 they had surely said1 ,unless its signs be made clear 4 4 4 6#ab ,what6 in a foreign tongue8 and the people ,arabian8 ,,say3 ,it is to those who believe a guide and a medicine2#ac but as to those who believe not1 there is a thickness in their ears1 and to them it is a blindness3 they are like those who are called to from afar4 ,of old we gave the ,book to ,moses1 and disputes arose about it3 and if a decree of respite from thy ,lord had gone before1 there would surely have been a decision between them3 for great were their doubts and questionings about it4#ad ,he who doth right-it is for himself3#ae and he who doth evil-it is for himself3 and thy ,lord will not deal unfairly with his servants4 ,with ,him alone#af is the knowledge of the ,hour4 ,no fruit cometh forth from its coverings1 neither doth any female conceive1 nor is she delivered1 but with ,his knowledge4 ,and on that day ,he shall call men to ,him1 saying1 ,where are the companions ye gave me8 ,they shall say1 ,we own to thee1 there is no one of us can witness for them4 ,and what they erst called on shall pass away from them1 and they shall perceive that there will be no escape for them4 ,man ceaseth not to pray for good3 but if evil betide him he despondeth1 despairing4 ,and if we cause him to taste our mercy after affliction hath touched him1 he is sure to say1 ,this is my due3 and ,i take no thought of the ,hour of ,resurrection3 and if ,i be brought back to my ,lord1 ,i shall indeed attain with ,him my highest good4 ,but we will then certainly declare their doings to the ,infidels1 and cause them to taste a stern punishment4 ,when we are gracious to man1 he withdraweth and turneth him aside3 but when evil toucheth him1 he is a man of long prayers4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if this ,book be from ,god and ye believe it not1 who will have gone further astray than he who is at a distance from it8 ,we will shew them our signs in different countries and among themselves1 until it become plain to them that it is the truth4 ,is it not enough for thee that thy ,lord is witness of all things8 ,are they not in doubt as to the meeting with their ,lord8 ,but doth he not encompass all things8 #a ,in some ,,mss4 this ,sura is entitled ,adoration4 ,thus ,beidh4 ,according to ,his4 #ahf1 comp4 ,caussin #a1 #cge f41 ,muhammad's aim in this ,sura was the conversion of a noble ,meccan1 ,utba ben ,rabia1 to ,islam4 ,the precise year is uncertain4 #b ,see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #c ,thus ,,ss4 ,paul and ,barnabas1 ,acts xiv4 #ae4 #d ,or1 never failing4 #e ,lit4 from before them and from behind them4 #f ,see ,sura lx4 xxxvi4 #fd1 n4 #g ,comp4 ,sura lxxxviii4 xlvi4 #ab4 #h ,lit4 the possessor of great good fortune4 #i ,comp4 ,rev4 iv4 #h in the original4 #aj ,thus ,tr4 ,taanith 7init474 #aa ,lit4 vanity shall not come to it from before it1 or from behind it4 #ab ,we will not receive it4 ,the literal rendering of the following words is what6 foreign and ,arabian8 #ac ,comp4 ,sura lxvii4 xvii4 #hc1 #hd4 #ad ,lit4 verily they were in suspicious doubting about it4 #ae ,lit4 for his soul4 ,see next ,sura1 v4 #ad4 #af ,lit4 to ,him is referred4 ,,sura ,,xlv4-,,the ,,kneeling ,,lxxii4 ,,mecca4-#cf ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ha4 ,,mim4#a ,this ,book is sent down#b from ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,assuredly in the ,heavens and the ,earth are signs for those who believe3 ,and in your own creation1 and in the beasts which are scattered abroad are signs to the firm in faith3 ,and in the succession of night and day1 and in the supply which ,god sendeth down from the ,heaven whereby ,he giveth life to the earth when dead1 and in the change of the winds1 are signs for a people of discernment4 ,such are the signs of ,god3 with truth do we recite them to thee4 ,but in what teaching will they believe1 if they reject#c ,god and his signs8 ,woe to every lying sinner1 ,who heareth the signs of ,god recited to him1 and then1 as though he heard them not1 persisteth in proud disdain6 ,apprise him of an afflictive punishment4 ,and when he becometh acquainted with any of our signs he turneth them into ridicule4 ,these6 a shameful punishment for them6 ,hell is behind them6 and neither their gains nor the lords whom they have adopted beside ,god shall avail them in the least3 and theirs1 a great punishment6 ,this is ,guidance3 and for those who disbelieve the signs of their ,lord is the punishment of an afflictive torment4 ,it is ,god who hath subjected the sea to you that the ships may traverse it at his bidding1 and that ye may go in quest of the gifts of his bounty1 and that ye may be thankful4 ,and he hath subjected to you all that is in the ,heavens and all that is on the ,earth3 all is from him4 ,verily1 herein are signs for those who reflect4 ,tell the believers to pardon those who hope not for the days of ,god#d in which ,he purposeth to reward men according to their deeds4 ,he who doth that which is right1 doth it to his own behoof1 and whoso doth evil1 doth it to his own hurt4 ,hereafter1 to your ,lord shall ye be brought back4 ,to the children of ,israel gave we of old the ,book and the ,wisdom1 and the gift of ,prophecy1 and we supplied them with good things1 and privileged them above all peoples3 ,and we gave them clear sanctions for our behests3 neither did they differ1 through mutual envy1 till after they had become possessed of knowledge2 but thy ,lord will judge between them on the day of resurrection1 as to the subject of their disputes4 ,afterwards we set thee over our divine law3#e follow it then3 and follow not the wishes of those who have no knowledge1 ,for against ,god shall they avail thee nothing4 ,and in sooth1 the doers of evil are one another's patrons2 but the patron of them that fear ,him is ,god himself4 ,this ,book hath insight for mankind1 and a ,guidance and ,mercy to a people who are firm in faith4 ,deem they whose gettings are only evil1 that we will deal with them as with those who believe and work righteousness1 so that their lives and deaths shall be alike8 ,ill do they judge4 ,in all truth hath ,god created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 that he may reward every one as he shall have wrought2 and they shall not be wronged4 ,what thinkest thou8 ,he who hath made a ,god of his passions1 and whom ,god causeth wilfully to err1 and whose ears and whose heart he hath sealed up1 and over whose sight he hath placed a veil-who1 after his rejection by ,god1 shall guide such a one8 ,will ye not then be warned8 ,and they say1 ,there is only this our present life3 we die and we live1 and nought but time destroyeth us4 ,but in this they have no knowledge3 it is merely their own conceit4 ,and when our clear signs are recited to them1 their only argument is to say1 ,bring back our fathers1 if ye speak the truth4 ,say3 ,god giveth you life1 then causeth you to die3 then will ,he assemble you on the day of resurrection3 there is no doubt of it3 but most men have not this knowledge4 ,and ,god's is the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth2 and on the day when the ,hour shall arrive1 on that day shall the despisers#f perish4 ,and thou shalt see every nation ,,kneeling3 to its own book shall every nation be summoned3-0,this day shall ye be repaid as ye have wrought4 ,this our ,book will speak of you with truth3 therein have we written down whatever ye have done4 ,as to those who have believed and wrought righteously1 into his mercy shall their ,lord cause them to enter4 ,this shall be undoubted bliss6 ,but as to the ,infidels-,were not my signs recited to you8 but ye proudly scorned them1 and became a sinful people4 ,and when it was said1 ,verily the ,promise of ,god is truth2 and as to the ,hour1 there is no doubt of it2 ye said1 ,we know not what the hour is-we conceive it a mere conceit1-we have no assurance of it4 ,and the evils they have wrought shall rise up into their view1 and that at which they mocked shall hem them in on every side4 ,and it shall be said to them1 ,this day will we forget you as ye forgat your meeting with us this day1 and your abode shall be the fire1 and none shall there be to succour you3- ,this1 because ye received the signs of ,god with mockery1 and this present life deceived you4 ,on that day therefore they shall not come out from it2 and they shall not be asked to win the favour of ,god4 ,praise then be to ,god1 ,lord of the ,heavens and ,lord of the ,earth2 the ,lord of the worlds6 ,and ,his be the greatness in the ,heavens and on the ,earth2 for ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 #b ,lit4 the sending down1 i4e4 the revelation of the ,book4 #c ,lit4 after ,god4 #d ,that is1 the days of victory4 ,in ,scripture phrase1 the days of the right hand of the ,most ,high4 #e ,the ,arabic amri may be rendered either command or business1 i4e4 of religion4 #f ,lit4 the makers vain1 i4e4 vanitatis arguentes alcoranum4 ,mar4 ,,sura ,,xvi4-,,the ,,bee ,,lxxiii4 ,,mecca4-#abh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,the doom of ,god cometh to pass4 ,then hasten it not4 ,glory be to ,him6 ,high let ,him be exalted above the gods whom they join with ,him6 ,by his own behest will ,he cause the angels to descend with the ,spirit on whom he pleaseth among his servants1 bidding them1 ,warn that there is no ,god but me2 therefore fear me4 ,he hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth to set forth his truth2#a high let ,him be exalted above the gods they join with ,him6 ,man hath ,he created from a moist germ2#b yet lo6 man is an open caviller4 ,and the cattle6 for you hath ,he created them3 in them ye have warm garments and gainful uses2 and of them ye eat3 ,and they beseem you well#c when ye fetch them home and when ye drive them forth to pasture3 ,and they carry your burdens to lands which ye could not else reach but with travail of soul3 truly your ,lord is full of goodness1 and merciful3 ,and ,he hath given you horses1 mules1 and asses1 that ye may ride them1 and for your ornament3 and things of which ye have no knowledge hath he created4 ,of ,god it is to point out the ,way4 ,some turn aside from it3 but had ,he pleased1 ,he had guided you all aright4 ,it is ,he who sendeth down rain out of ,heaven3 from it is your drink2 and from it are the plants by which ye pasture4 ,by it ,he causeth the corn1 and the olives1 and the palm-trees1 and the grapes to spring forth for you1 and all kinds of fruits3 verily1 in this are signs for those who ponder4 ,and ,he hath subjected to you the night and the day2 the sun and the moon and the stars too are subjected to you by his behest2 verily1 in this are signs for those who understand3 ,and all of varied hues that ,he hath created for you over the earth3 verily1 in this are signs for those who remember4 ,and ,he it is who hath subjected the sea to you1 that ye may eat of its fresh fish1 and take forth from it ornaments to wear-thou seest the ships ploughing its billows-and that ye may go in quest of his bounties1 and that ye might give thanks4 ,and ,he hath thrown firm mountains on the earth1 least it move with you2 and rivers and paths for your guidance1 ,and way marks4 ,by the stars too are men guided4 ,shall ,he then who hath created be as he who hath not created8 ,will ye not consider8 ,and if ye would reckon up the favours of ,god1 ye could not count them4 ,aye6 ,god is right ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,and ,god knoweth what ye conceal1 and what ye bring to light1 ,while the gods whom they call on beside ,god1 create nothing1 but are themselves created3 ,dead are they1 lifeless6 and they know not ,when they shall be raised6 ,your ,god is the one ,god3 and they who believe not in a future life1 have hearts given to denial1 and are men of pride3- ,beyond a doubt ,god knoweth what they conceal and what they manifest3- ,he truly loveth not the men of pride4 ,for when it is said to them1 ,what is this your ,lord hath sent down8 they say1 ,fables of the ancients1- ,that on the day of resurrection they may bear their own entire burden1 and the burden of those whom they1 in their ignorance1 misled4 ,shall it not be a grievous burden for them8 ,they who were before them did plot of old4 ,but ,god attacked their building at its foundation the roof fell on them from above2 and1 whence they looked not for it1 punishment overtook them3#d ,on the day of resurrection1 too1 will ,he shame them4 ,he will say1 ,where are the gods ye associated with me1 the subjects of your disputes8 ,they to whom the knowledge hath been given will say1 ,verily1 this day shall shame and evil fall upon the infidels4 ,the sinners against their own souls whom the angels shall cause to die will proffer the submission1 ,no evil have we done4 ,nay6 ,god knoweth what ye have wrought3 ,enter ye therefore the gates of ,hell to remain therein for ever3 and horrid the abiding place of the haughty ones6 ,but to those who have feared ,god it shall be said1 ,what is this that your ,lord hath awarded8 ,they shall say1 ,that which is best4 ,to those who do good1 a good reward in this present world2 but better the mansion of the next1 and right pleasant the abode of the ,god-fearing6 ,gardens of ,eden into which they shall enter2 rivers shall flow beneath their shades2 all they wish for shall they find therein6 ,thus ,god rewardeth those who fear ,him2 ,to whom1 as righteous persons1 the angels shall say1 when they receive their souls1 ,peace be on you6 ,enter ,paradise as the meed of your labours4 ,what can the infidels expect but that the angels of death come upon them1 or that a sentence of thy ,lord take effect8 ,thus did they who flourished before them4 ,god was not unjust to them1 but to their ownselves were they unjust2 ,and the ill which they had done recoiled upon them1 and that which they had scoffed at encompassed them round about4 ,they who have joined other gods with ,god say1 ,had ,he pleased1 neither we nor our fathers had worshipped aught but him2 nor should we1 apart from him1 have forbidden aught4 ,thus acted they who were before them4 ,yet is the duty of the apostles other than public preaching8 ,and to every people have we sent an apostle saying3-,worship ,god and turn away from ,taghout4#e ,some of them there were whom ,god guided1 and there were others decreed to err4 ,but go through the land and see what hath been the end of those who treated my apostles as liars6 ,if thou art anxious for their guidance1 know that ,god will not guide him whom ,he would lead astray1 neither shall they have any helpers4 ,and they swear by ,god with their most sacred oath that ,god will never raise him who once is dead4 ,nay1 but on ,him is a promise binding1 though most men know it not1- ,that ,he may clear up to them the subject of their disputes1 and that the infidels may know that they are liars4 ,our word to a thing when we will it1 is but to say1 ,be1 and it is4#f ,and as to those who when oppressed have fled their country for the sake of ,god1 we will surely provide them a goodly abode in this world1 but greater the reward of the next life1 did they but know it ,they who bear ills with patience and put their trust in the ,lord6 ,none have we sent before thee but men inspired ask of those who have ,books of ,monition1#g if ye know it not- ,with proofs of their mission and ,scriptures3 and to thee have we sent down this ,book of ,monition that thou mayest make clear to men what hath been sent down to them1 and that they may ponder it4 ,what6 ,are they then who have plotted mischiefs1 sure that ,god will not cause the earth to cleave under them8 or that a chastisement will not come upon them whence they looked not for it8 ,or that ,he will not seize upon them in their comings and goings1 while they shall not be able to resist him8 ,or that he will not seize them with some slowly wasting scourge8 ,but verily your ,lord is ,good1 ,gracious4 ,have they not seen how everything which ,god hath created turneth its shadow right and left1 prostrating itself before ,god in all abasement8 ,and all in the ,heavens and all on the ,earth1 each thing that moveth1 and the very angels1 prostrate them in adoration before ,god1 and are free from pride2 ,they fear their ,lord who is above them1 and do what they are bidden3 ,for ,god hath said1 ,take not to yourselves two gods1 for ,he is one ,god3 me1 therefore6 yea1 me revere6 ,all in the ,heavens and in the ,earth is ,his6 ,his due unceasing service6 ,will ye then fear any other than ,god8 ,and all your blessings are assuredly from ,god3 then1 when trouble befalleth you1 to ,him ye turn for help3 ,then when ,he relieveth you of the trouble1 lo6 some of you join associates with your ,lord3- ,to prove how thankless are they for our gifts6 ,enjoy yourselves then3 but in the end ye shall know the truth4 ,and for idols1 of which they know nothing1 they set apart a share of our bounties6 ,by ,god ye shall be called to account for your devices6 ,and they ascribe daughters unto ,god6 ,glory be to ,him6 ,but they desire them not for themselves3#h ,for when the birth of a daughter is announced to any one of them1 dark shadows settle on his face1 and he is sad3 ,he hideth him from the people because of the ill tidings3 shall he keep it with disgrace or bury it in the dust8#i ,are not their judgments wrong8 ,to whatever is evil may they be likened who believe not in a future life2#aj but ,god is to be likened to whatever is loftiest3 for ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,should ,god punish men for their perverse doings1 he would not leave on earth a moving thing6 but to an appointed term doth ,he respite them2 and when their term is come1 they shall not delay or advance it an hour4 ,yet what they loathe themselves do they assign to ,god2 and their tongues utter the lie1 that theirs shall be a goodly lot4 ,but beyond a doubt is it that the fire awaiteth them1 and that they shall be the first sent into it4 ,by ,god we have sent ,apostles to nations before thee1 but ,satan prepared their work for them1 and this day is he their liege2 and a woeful punishment doth await them4 ,and we have sent down the ,book to thee only1 that thou mightest clear up to them the subject of their wranglings1 and as a guidance and a mercy to those who believe4 ,and ,god sendeth down water from ,heaven1 and by it giveth life to the ,earth after it hath been dead3 verily1 in this is a sign to those who hearken4 ,ye have also teaching from the cattle4 ,we give you drink of the pure milk1 between dregs and blood1 which is in their bellies2 the pleasant beverage of them that quaff it4 ,and among fruits ye have the palm and the vine1 from which ye get wine and healthful nutriment3 in this1 verily1 are signs for those who reflect4 ,and thy ,lord hath taught the ,,bee1 saying3 ,provide thee houses in the mountains1 and in the trees1 and in the hives which men do build thee3 ,feed1 moreover1 on every kind of fruit1 and walk the beaten paths of thy ,lord4 ,from its belly cometh forth a fluid of varying hues1#aa which yieldeth medicine to man4 ,verily in this is a sign for those who consider4 ,and ,god hath created you2 by and bye will he take you to himself2 and some among you will he carry on to abject old age1 when all that once was known is known no longer4 ,aye1 ,god is ,knowing1 ,powerful4 ,and ,god hath abounded to some of you more than to others in the supplies of life2 yet they to whom ,he hath abounded1 impart not thereof to the slaves whom their right hands possess1 so that they may share alike4 ,what6 will they deny1 then1 that these boons are from ,god8 ,god1 too1 hath given you wives of your own race1 and from your wives hath ,he given you sons and grandsons1 and with good things hath he supplied you4 ,what1 will they then believe in vain idols8 ,for ,god's boons they are ungrateful6 ,and they worship beside ,god those who neither out of the ,heavens or ,earth can provide them a particle of food1 and have no power in themselves6 ,make no comparisons1 therefore1 with ,god4#ab ,verily1 ,god hath knowledge1 but ye have not4 ,god maketh comparison between a slave#ac the property of his lord1 who hath no power over anything1 and a free man whom we have ourselves supplies1 and who giveth alms therefrom both in secret and openly4 ,shall they be held equal8 ,no3 praise be to ,god6 ,but most men know it not4 ,god setteth forth also a comparison between two men1 one of whom is dumb from his birth1 and hath no power over anything1 and is a burden to his lord3 send him where he will1 he cometh not back with success4 ,shall he and the man who enjoineth what is just1 and keepeth in the straight path1 be held equal8 ,god's are the secrets of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 and the business of the last hour will be but as the twinkling of an eye1 or even less4 ,yes6 for all things is ,god ,potent4 ,god hath brought you out of your mothers' wombs devoid of all knowledge2 but hath given you hearing1 and sight1 and heart1 that haply ye might render thanks4 ,have they never looked up at the birds subjected to ,him in ,heaven's vault8 ,none holdeth them in hand but ,god6 ,in this are signs for those who believe4 ,and ,god hath given you tents to dwell in3 and ,he hath given you the skins of beasts for tents1 that ye may find them light when ye shift your quarters1 or when ye halt2 and from their wool and soft fur and hair1 hath ,he supplied you with furniture and goods for temporary use4 ,and from the things which ,he hath created1 hath ,god provided shade for you1 and hath given you the mountains for places of shelter1 and hath given you garments to defend you from the heat1 and garments to defend you in your wars4 ,thus doth ,he fill up the measure of ,his goodness towards you1 that you may resign yourselves to ,him4 ,but if they turn their backs1 still thy office is only plain spoken preaching4 ,they own the goodness of ,god-then they disown it-and most of them are infidels4 ,but one day1 we will raise up a witness out of every nation3 them shall the infidels have no permission to make excuses1 and they shall find no favour4 ,and when they who have acted thus wrongly shall behold their torment1 it shall not be made light to them1 nor will ,god deign to look upon them4 ,and when they who had joined associates with ,god shall see those their associate-gods1 they shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 these are our associate-gods whom we called upon beside ,thee4 ,but they shall retort on them1 ,verily1 ye are liars4 ,and on that day shall they proffer submission to ,god2 and the deities of their own invention shall vanish from them4 ,as for those who were infidels and turned others aside from the way of ,god1 to them we will add punishment on punishment for their corrupt doings4 ,and one day we will summon up in every people a witness against them from among themselves2 and we will bring thee up as a witness against these ,meccans3 for to thee have we sent down the ,book which cleareth up everything1 a guidance1 and mercy1 and glad tidings to those who resign themselves to ,god 7to ,muslims74 ,verily1 ,god enjoineth justice and the doing of good and gifts to kindred1 and he forbiddeth wickedness and wrong and oppression4 ,he warneth you that haply ye may be mindful4 ,be faithful in the covenant of ,god when ye have covenanted1 and break not your oaths after ye have pledged them3 for now have ye made ,god to stand surety for you4 ,verily1 ,god hath knowledge of what ye do4 ,and1 because you are a more numerous people than some other people1 be not like her who unravelleth the thread which she had strongly spun1 by taking your oaths with mutual perfidy4 ,god is making trial of you in this3 and in the day of resurrection he will assuredly clear up to you that concerning which ye are now at variance4 ,had ,god pleased1 ,he could have made you one people3 but ,he causeth whom ,he will to err1 and whom ,he will ,he guideth3 and ye shall assuredly be called to account for your doings4 ,therefore take not your oaths with mutual fraud1 lest your foot slip after it hath been firmly fixed1 and ye taste of evil because ye have turned others aside from the way of ,god1 and great be your punishment4 ,and barter not the covenant of ,god for a mean price2 for with ,god is that which is better for you1 if ye do but understand4 ,all that is with you passeth away1 but that which is with ,god abideth4 ,with a reward meet for their best deeds will we surely recompense those who have patiently endured4 ,whoso doeth that which is right1 whether male or female1 if a believer1 him will we surely quicken to a happy life1 and recompense them with a reward meet for their best deeds4 ,when thou readest the ,koran1 have recourse to ,god for help against ,satan the stoned1#ad ,for no power hath he over those who believe1 and put their trust in their ,lord1 ,but only hath he power over those who turn away from ,god1 and join other deities with ,him4 ,and when we change one 7sign7 verse for another1 and ,god knoweth best what ,he revealeth1 they say1 ,thou art only a fabricator4 ,nay6 but most of them have no knowledge4 ,,say3 ,the ,holy ,spirit#ae hath brought it down with truth from thy ,lord1 that ,he may stablish those who have believed1 and as guidance and glad tidings to the ,muslims4 ,we also know that they say1 ,surely a certain person teacheth him4 ,but the tongue of him at whom they hint is foreign1#af while this ,koran is in the plain ,arabic4 ,as for those who believe not in the signs of ,god1 ,god will not guide them1 and a sore torment doth await them4 ,surely they invent a lie who believe not in the signs of ,god-and they are the liars4 ,whoso1 after he hath believed in ,god denieth him1 if he were forced to it and if his heart remain steadfast in the faith1 shall be guiltless3#ag but whoso openeth his breast to infidelity-on such shall be wrath from ,god1 and a severe punishment awaiteth them4 ,this1 because they have loved this present life beyond the next1 and because ,god guideth not the unbelievers6 ,these are they whose hearts and ears and eyes ,god hath sealed up3 these are the careless ones3 in the next world shall they perish beyond a doubt4 ,to those also who after their trials fled their country1#ah then fought and endured with patience1 verily1 thy ,lord will in the end be forgiving1 gracious4 ,on a certain day shall every soul come to plead for itself1 and every soul shall be repaid according to its deeds2 and they shall not be wronged4 ,god proposeth the instance of a city1#ai secure and at ease1 to which its supplies come in plenty from every side4 ,but she was thankless for the boons of ,god2 ,god therefore made her taste the woe#bj of famine and of fear1 for what they had done4 ,moreover1 an apostle of their own people came to them1 and they treated him as an impostor4 ,so chastisement overtook them because they were evil doers4 ,of what ,god hath supplied you eat the lawful and good1 and be grateful for the favours of ,god1 if ye are his worshippers4 ,forbidden to you is that only which dieth of itself1 and blood1 and swine's flesh1 and that which hath been slain in the name of any other than ,god3 but if any be forced1 and neither lust for it nor wilfully transgress1 then verily ,god is forgiving1 gracious4#ba ,and say not with a lie upon your tongue1 ,this is lawful and this is forbidden3 for so will ye invent a lie concerning ,god3 but they who invent a lie of ,god shall not prosper3 ,brief their enjoyment1 but sore their punishment6 ,to the ,jews#bb we have forbidden that of which we before told thee2 we injured them not1 but they injured themselves4 ,to those who have done evil in ignorance1 then afterwards have repented and amended1 verily thy ,lord is in the end right gracious1 merciful4 ,verily1 ,abraham was a leader in religion3#bc obedient to ,god1 sound in faith3#bd he was not of those who join gods with ,god4 ,grateful was he for ,his favours3 ,god chose him and guided him into the straight way2 ,and we bestowed on him good things in this world3 and in the world to come he shall be among the just4 ,we have moreover revealed to thee that thou follow the religion of ,abraham1 the sound in faith4 ,he was not of those who join gods with ,god4 ,the ,sabbath was only ordained for those who differed about it3 and of a truth thy ,lord will decide between them on the day of resurrection as to the subject of their disputes4 ,summon thou to the way of thy ,lord with wisdom and with kindly warning3 dispute with them in the kindest manner3 thy ,lord best knoweth those who stray from his way1 and ,he best knoweth those who have yielded to his guidance4 ,if ye make reprisals1#be then make them to the same extent that ye were injured3 but if ye can endure patiently1 best will it be for the patiently enduring4 ,endure then with patience4 ,but thy patient endurance must be sought in none but ,god4 ,and be not grieved about the infidels1 and be not troubled at their devices2 for ,god is with those who fear him and do good deeds4 #a ,see ,sura lxxxiv4 x4 #e1 n4 #b ,ex gutta spermatis4 ,pirke ,aboth iii4 ,unde venisti8 ex gutt foetid4 ,this verse is said to be an allusion to a difficulty proposed by an idolatrous ,arab1 who brought a carious leg-bone to ,muhammad1 and asked whether it could be restored to life4 ,compare a similar argument for the ,resurrection1 ,tr4 ,sanhedrin1 fol4 #ia a4 #c ,lit4 there is beauty in them for you1 i4e4 they win you credit4 #d ,in allusion to ,gen4 xi4 #a-aj4 #e ,an ,arabian idol4 #f ,ps4 xxxv4 #i4 #g ,lit4 the family of the admonition1 i4e4 ,jews and ,christians versed in the ,pentateuch and ,gospel4 #h ,the idolatrous ,arabians regarded ,angels as females and daughters of ,god4 ,but their own preference was always for male offspring4 ,thus ,rabbinism teaches that to be a woman is a great degradation4 ,the modern ,jew says in his ,daily ,prayers1 fol4 #e1 #f1 ,blessed art thou1 ,o ,lord our ,god6 ,king of the ,universe6 who hath not made me a woman4 #i ,see ,sura lxxxi4 #h1 p4 #de4 ,it is said that the only occasion on which ,othman ever shed a tear was when his little daughter1 whom he was burying alive1 wiped the dust of the grave-earth from his beard4 #aj ,lit4 the likeness of evil to those1 etc4 #aa ,the ,arabs are curious in and fond of honey3 ,mecca alone affords eight or nine varieties-green1 white1 red1 and brown4 ,burton's ,pilgr4 iii4 #aaj4 #ab ,ex4 xx4 #d4 #ac ,the slave1 and the dumb in verse following1 are the idols4 #ad ,see ,sura xcvii4 iii4 #cd1 and n4 #a1 p4 #aad4 #ae ,gabriel4 #af ,this passage has been supposed to refer to ,salman the ,persian4 ,he did not1 however1 embrace ,islam till a much later period1 at ,medina4 ,nld4 p4 #aaj4 ,mr4 ,muir thinks that it may refer to ,suheib1 son of ,sinan1 the first fruits of ,greece1 as ,muhammad styled him1 who1 while yet a boy1 had been carried off by some ,greeks as a slave1 from ,mesopotamia to ,syria1 brought by a party of the ,beni ,kalb1 and sold to ,abdallah ibn ,jodda'n of ,mecca4 ,he became rich1 and embraced ,islam4 ,dr4 ,sprenger thinks the person alluded to may have been ,addas1 a monk of ,nineveh1 who had settled at ,mecca4 ,life of ,m4 p4 #gi4 #ag ,this is to be understood of the persecutions endured by the more humble and needy ,muslims by their townspeople of ,mecca4 #ah ,from ,mecca to ,medina1 i4e4 the ,mohadjers1 to whom also verse #dc refers4 ,both passages1 therefore1 are of a later date than the rest of this ,sura4 ,thus ,nldeke4 ,sprenger1 however 7,life1 p4 #aei71 explains this passage of the seven slaves purchased and manumitted by ,abu ,bekr4 ,they had been tortured for professing ,islam1 shortly after ,muhammad assumed the ,prophetic office4 #ai ,mecca4 #bj ,lit4 the garment4 #ba ,comp4 ,sura lxxxix4 vi4 #aai4 #bb ,comp4 ,sura lxxxix4 vi4 #adg4 ,this verse as well as the following1 and verse #abe1 were probably added at ,medina4 #bc ,antistes4 ,maracci4 ,or the text may be literally rendered ,abraham was a people1 i4e4 the people of ,abraham2 from whom the idolatrous ,koreisch pretended to derive their origin4 #bd ,ar4 a ,hanyf4 ,according to a tradition in ,waquidi1 fol4 #bee1 ,zaid 7who died only five years before ,muhammad received his first inspiration1 and undoubtedly prepared the way for many of his subsequent announcements7 adopted this term at the instance of a ,christian and a ,jew1 who exhorted him to become a ,hanyf4 ,zaid having at this time renounced idolatry1 and being unable to receive either ,judaism or ,christianity1 ,what1 said he1 is a ,hanyf8 ,they both told him1 it was the religion of ,abraham1 who worshipped nothing but ,god4 ,on this ,zaid exclaimed1 ,o ,god1 ,i bear witness that ,i follow the religion of ,abraham4 ,the root1 whence ,hanyf is derived1 means generally to turn from good to bad1 or vice vers1 and is equivalent to the verbs convert and pervert4 #be ,all ,muhammadan commentators explain this verse as a prohibition to avenge the death of ,hamza on the ,meccans with too great severity4 ,,sura ,,xxx4-,,the ,,greeks ,,lxxiv4 ,,mecca4-#fj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4#a ,,the ,,greeks have been defeated#b ,in a land hard by3 ,but after their defeat they shall defeat their foes1 ,in a few years4#c ,first and last is the affair with ,god4 ,and on that day shall the faithful rejoice ,in the aid of their ,god3 ,he aideth whom ,he will2 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,merciful4 ,it is the promise of ,god3 ,to his promise ,god will not be untrue3 but most men know it not4 ,they know the outward shews of this life present1 but of the next life are they careless4 ,have they not considered within themselves that ,god hath not created the ,heavens and the ,earth and all that is between them but for a serious end1 and for a fixed term8 ,but truly most men believe not that they shall meet their ,lord4 ,have they never journeyed through the land1 and seen what hath been the end of those who were before them8 ,mightier were they than these in strength2 and they broke up the land1 and dwelt in it in greater numbers than they who dwell there now2 and their apostles came to them with proofs of their mission3 and it was not ,god who would wrong them1 but they wronged themselves4 ,then evil was the end of the evil doers2 because they had treated our signs as lies1 and laughed them to scorn4 ,god bringth forth the creation-then causeth it to return again-then to ,him shall ye come back4#d ,and on the day when the hour shall arrive1 the guilty shall be struck dumb for despair1 ,and they shall have no intercessors from among the gods whom they have joined with ,god1 and they shall deny the gods they joined with ,him4 ,and on that day when the ,hour shall arrive1 shall men be separated one from another2 ,and as for those who shall have believed and done the things that are right1 they shall enjoy themselves in a flowery mead2 ,but as for those who shall not have believed1 but treated our signs and the meeting of the next life as lies1 they shall be given over to the torment4 ,glorify ,god therefore when ye reach the evening1 and when ye rise at morn3 ,and to ,him be praise in the ,heavens and on the ,earth2 and at twilight1 and when ye rest at noon4 ,he bringeth forth the living out of the dead1 and ,he bringeth forth the dead out of the living3 and ,he quickeneth the earth when dead4 ,thus is it that ye too shall be brought forth4#e ,and one of his signs it is that ,he hath created you out of dust2 then lo6 ye become men who spread themselves far and wide3 ,and one of his signs it is1 that ,he hath created wives for you of your own species1#f that ye may dwell with them1 and hath put love and tenderness between you4 ,herein truly are signs for those who reflect4 ,and among his signs are the creation of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and your variety of tongues and colour4 ,herein truly are signs for all men4 ,and of his signs are your sleep by night and by day1 and your goings in quest of his bounties4 ,herein truly are signs to those who hearken4 ,and of his signs are1 that ,he sheweth you the lightning1 a source of awe and hope2 and that ,he sendeth down rain from the heaven and giveth life by it to the earth when dead4 ,herein truly are signs to those who understand4 ,and of his signs also one is that the ,heaven and the ,earth stand firm at his bidding3 hereafter1 when with one summons ,he shall summon you out of the earth1-lo6 forth shall ye come4 ,his1 whatsoever is in the ,heavens and on the ,earth3 all are obedient to him4 ,and ,he it is who bringeth a creature forth1 then causeth it to return again2 and to him is this most easy4 ,to whatever is loftiest in heaven and earth is ,he to be likened2 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,he setteth forth to you an instance drawn from yourselves4 ,have ye among the slaves whom your right hands have won1 any partner in what we have bestowed on you1 so that ye share alike8 ,fear ye them as ye fear each other8 7,thus make we our signs clear to men of understanding47 ,no1 ye do not4 ,but the wicked1 devoid of knowledge1 follow their own desires3#g and those whom ,god shall mislead1 who shall guide1 and who shall be their protector8 ,set thou thy face then1 as a true convert1#h towards the ,faith which ,god hath made1 and for which ,he hath made man4 ,no change is there in the creation of ,god4 ,this is the right ,faith1 but the greater part of men know it not4 ,and be ye turned to ,him1 and fear ,him1 and observe prayer1 and be not of those who unite gods with ,god3 ,of those who have split up their religion1 and have become sects1 where every party rejoices in what is their own4#i ,when some evil toucheth men1 they turn to their ,lord and call upon him3 then when he hath made them taste his mercy1 lo1 a part of them join other gods with their ,lord1 ,ungrateful for our favours6 ,enjoy yourselves then4 ,but in the end ye shall know your folly4 ,have we sent down to them any mandate which speaketh in favour of what they join with ,god8 ,when we cause men to taste mercy they rejoice in it2 but if1 for that which their hands have aforetime wrought1 evil befall them1 they despair4 ,see they not that ,god bestoweth full supplies on whom ,he pleaseth and giveth sparingly to whom ,he pleaseth8 ,signs truly are there herein to those who believe4 ,to him who is of kin to thee give his due1 and to the poor and to the wayfarer3 this will be best for those who seek the face of ,god2 and with them it shall be well4 ,whatever ye put out at usury to increase it with the substance of others shall have no increase from ,god3#aj but whatever ye shall give in alms1 as seeking the face of ,god1 shall be doubled to you4 ,it is ,god who created you-then fed you-then will cause you to die-then will make you alive4 ,is there any of your companion-gods who can do aught of these things8 ,praise be to ,him6 and far be ,he exalted above the gods they join with ,him4 ,destruction hath appeared by land and by sea on account of what men's hands have wrought1 that it might make them taste somewhat of the fruit of their doings1 that haply they might turn to ,god4 ,,say3 ,journey through the land1 and see what hath been the end of those who were before you6 ,the greater part of them joined other gods with ,god4 ,set thy face then towards the right faith1 ere the day come which none can hinder ,god from bringing on4#aa ,on that day shall they be parted in twain3 ,unbelievers on whom shall be their unbelief2 and they who have wrought righteousness1 and prepared for themselves couches of repose3 ,that of his bounty ,he may reward those who have believed and wrought righteousness2 for the unbelievers ,he loveth not4 ,and one of his signs is that ,he sendeth the winds with glad tidings of rain1 both that ,he may cause you to taste his mercy1 and that ships may sail at his command1 that out of his bounties ye may seek wealth1 and that haply ye may render thanks4 ,we have sent apostles before thee to their peoples1 and they presented themselves to them with clear proofs of their mission2 and while it behoved us to succour the faithful1 we took vengeance on the guilty4 ,it is ,god who sendeth the winds and uplifteth the clouds1 and1 as ,he pleaseth1 spreadeth them on high1 and breaketh them up2 and thou mayest see the rain issuing from their midst2 and when ,he poureth it down on such of his servants as ,he pleaseth1 lo6 they are filled with joy1 ,even they who before it was sent down to them1 were in mute despair4 ,look then at the traces of ,god's mercy-how after its death he quickeneth the earth6 ,this same ,god will surely quicken the dead1 for to all things ,his might is equal4 ,yet should we send a blast1 and should they see their harvest turn yellow1 they would afterwards shew themselves ungrateful4 ,thou canst not make the dead to hear1 neither canst thou make the deaf to hear the call1 when they withdraw and turn their backs3 ,neither canst thou guide the blind out of their error3 in sooth1 none shalt thou make to hear1 save him who shall believe in our signs3 for they are resigned to our will 7,muslims74 ,it is ,god who hath created you in weakness1 then after weakness hath given you strength3 then after strength1 weakness and grey hairs3 ,he createth what ,he will2 and ,he is the ,wise1 the ,powerful4 ,and on the day whereon the ,hour shall arrive1 the wicked will swear ,that not above an hour have they waited3 ,even so did they utter lies on earth3 ,but they to whom knowledge and faith have been given will say1 ,ye have waited1 in accordance with the book of ,god1 till the day of ,resurrection3 for this is the day of the ,resurrection-but ye knew it not4 ,on that day their plea shall not avail the wicked1 neither shall they again be bidden to seek acceptance with ,god4 ,and now have we set before men1 in this ,koran1 every kind of parable3 yet if thou bring them a single verse of it1 the infidels will surely say1 ,ye are only utterers of vain things4 ,it is thus that ,god hath sealed up the hearts of those who are devoid of knowledge4 ,but do thou1 ,muhammad1 bear with patience1 for true is the promise of ,god2 and let not those who have no firm belief1 unsettle thee4 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #b ,by the ,persians2 probably in ,palestine in the #fth year before the ,hejira1 under ,khosrou ,parviz4 7,ann4 #fae4 ,see ,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall1 ch4 xlvi47 ,the sympathies of ,muhammad would naturally be enlisted on the side of the ,christians rather than on that of the idolatrous fire-worshippers1 with whom ,islam had nothing in common4 #c ,this alludes to the defeat of the ,persians by ,heraclius1 ann4 #fbe4 ,the ,muhammadans appeal to this passage as a clear proof of the inspiration of their prophet4 ,but it should be borne in mind that the vowel points of the consonants of the ,arabic word for defeated in verse #a1 not being originally written1 and depending entirely on the speaker or reader1 would make the prophecy true in either event1 according as the verb received an active or passive sense in pronunciation4 ,the whole passage was probably constructed with the view of its proving true in any event4 #d ,comp4 ,psalm xc4 #cj1 in the ,arabic version4 #e ,the ,talmudists apply the description of ,god of the sender of the rain to the divine command which shall cause the dead to arise4 ,taanith 7init474 #f ,lit4 from yourselves1 i4e4 either from the side of ,adam or of human1 and of no other kind of being4 ,beidh4 #g ,by worshipping idols conjointly with ,god4 #h ,lit4 as a ,hanyf4 ,see note on the preceding ,sura1 #aba1 p4 #bji4 #i ,peculiar to and distinctive of themselves4 ,muhammad had a just appreciation of that narrowness of mind which is the characteristic of sectarians in every age1 who seize upon some one point of truth1 through inability to grasp the whole in its due proportions and bearing1 and glory in it1 as if the fragment were the whole4 #aj ,comp4 ,ps4 xv4 #e4 #aa ,lit4 which none can put back from ,god4 ,,sura ,,xi4-,,houd ,,lxxv4 ,,mecca4-#abc ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,ra4#a ,a book whose verses are stablished in wisdom and then set forth with clearness from the ,wise1 the ,all-informed- ,that ye worship none other than ,god-,verily ,i come to you from ,him charged with warnings1 announcements2 ,and that ye seek pardon of your ,lord1 and then be turned unto ,him6 ,goodly enjoyments will ,he give you to enjoy until a destined time1 and ,his favours will ,he bestow on every one who deserves his favours4#b ,but if ye turn away1 then verily ,i fear for you the chastisement of the great day4 ,unto ,god shall ye return1 and over all things is he ,potent4 ,do they not doubly fold up their breasts1 that they may hide themselves from ,him8 ,but when they enshroud themselves in their garments1 doth ,he not know alike what they conceal and what they shew8 ,for ,he knoweth the very inmost of their breast4 ,there is no moving thing on earth whose nourishment dependeth not on ,god2 he knoweth its haunts and final resting place3 all is in the clear ,book4 ,and ,he it is who hath made the ,heavens and the ,earth in six days3 ,his throne had stood ere this upon the waters1#c that ,he might make proof which of you#d would excel in works4 ,and if thou say1 ,after death ye shall surely be raised again1 the infidels will certainly exclaim1 ,this is nothing but pure sorcery4 ,and if we defer their chastisement to some definite time1 they will exclaim1 ,what keepeth it back8 ,what6 will it not come upon them on a day when there shall be none to avert it from them8 ,and that at which they scoffed shall enclose them in on every side4 ,and if we cause man to taste our mercy1 and then deprive him of it1 verily1 he is despairing1 ungrateful4 ,and if after trouble hath befallen him we cause him to taste our favour1 he will surely exclaim1 ,the evils are passed away from me4 ,verily1 he is joyous1 boastful4 ,except those who endure with patience and do the things that are right3 these doth pardon await and a great reward4 ,perhaps thou wilt suppress a part of what hath been revealed to thee1 and wilt be distress at heart lest they say1 ,if a treasure be not sent down to him1 or an angel come with him4 4 4 4 ,but thou art only a warner1 and ,god hath all things in his charge4 ,if they shall say1 ,the ,koran is his own device1 ,,say3 ,then bring ten ,suras like it#e of your devising1 and call whom ye can to your aid beside ,god1 if ye are men of truth4 ,but if they answer you not1 then know that it hath been sent down to you in the wisdom of ,god only1 and that there is no ,god but ,he4 ,are ye then ,muslims8 ,those who choose this present life and its braveries1 we will recompense for their works therein3 they shall have nothing less therein than their deserts4 ,these are they for whom there is nothing in the next world but the ,fire3 all that they have wrought in this life shall come to nought1 and vain shall be all their doings4 ,with such can they be compared who rest upon clear proofs from their ,lord8 to whom a witness from him reciteth the ,koran1 and who is preceded by the ,book of ,moses1 a guide and mercy8 ,these have faith in it3 but the partisans of idolatry1 who believe not in it1 are menaced with the fire6 ,have thou no doubts about that ,book1 for it is the very truth from thy ,lord4 ,but most men will not believe4 ,who is guilty of a greater injustice than he who inventeth a lie concerning ,god8 ,they shall be set before their ,lord1 and the witnesses shall say1 ,these are they who made their ,lord a liar4 ,shall not the malison of ,god be on these unjust doers1 ,who pervert others from the way of ,god1 and seek to make it crooked1 and believe not in a life to come8 ,god's power on earth they shall not weaken2 and beside ,god they have no protector6 ,doubled shall be their punishment6 ,they were not able to hearken1 and they could not see4 ,these are they who have lost their own souls1 and the deities of their own devising have vanished from them3 ,there is no doubt but that in the next world they shall be the lost ones4 ,but they who shall have believed and done the things that are right1 and humbled them before their ,lord1 shall be the inmates of ,paradise2 therein shall they abide for ever4 ,these two sorts of persons resemble the blind and deaf1 and the seeing and hearing3 shall these be compared as alike8 ,ah6 do ye not comprehend8 ,we sent ,noah of old unto his people3-,verily ,i come to you a plain admonisher1 ,that ye worship none but ,god4 ,verily ,i fear for you the punishment of a grievous day4 ,then said the chiefs of his people who believed not1 ,we see in thee but a man like ourselves2 and we see not who have followed thee except our meanest ones of hasty judgment1 nor see we any excellence in you above ourselves3 nay1 we deem you liars4 ,he said3 ,o my people6 how think you8 ,if ,i am upon a clear revelation from my ,lord1 who hath bestowed on me mercy from ,himself to which ye are blind1 can we force it on you1 if ye are averse from it8 ,and1 ,o my people6 ,i ask you not for riches3 my reward is of ,god alone3 and ,i will not drive away those who believe that they shall meet their ,lord3-but ,i see that ye are an ignorant people4 ,and1 ,o my people6 were ,i to drive them away1 who shall help me against ,god8 ,will ye not therefore consider8 ,and ,i tell you not that with me are the treasures of ,god3 nor do ,i say1 ',i know the things unseen2' nor do ,i say1 ',i am an angel2' nor do ,i say of those whom you eye with scorn1 ,no good thing will ,god bestow on them3-,god best knoweth what is in their minds-for then should ,i be one of those who act unjustly4 ,they said3 ,o ,noah6 already hast thou disputed with us1 and multiplied disputes with us3 ,bring then upon us what thou hast threatened1 if thou be of those who speak truth4 ,he said1 ,god will bring it on you at ,his sole pleasure1 and it is not you who can weaken him2 ,nor1 if ,god desire to mislead you1 shall my counsel profit you1 though ,i fain would counsel you aright4 ,he is your ,lord1 and unto ,him shall ye be brought back4 ,do they say1 ,this ,koran is of his own devising8 ,say3 ,on me be my own guilt1 if ,i have devised it1 but ,i am clear of that whereof ye are guilty4 ,and it was revealed unto ,noah4 ,verily1 none of thy people shall believe1 save they who have believed already2 therefore be not thou grieved at their doings4 ,but build the ,ark under our eye and after our revelation3 and plead not with me for the evil doers1 for they are to be drowned4 ,so he built the ,ark2 and whenever the chiefs of his people passed by they laughed him to scorn3#f said he1 ,though ye laugh at us1 we truly shall laugh at you1 even as ye laugh at us2 and in the end ye shall know ,on whom a punishment shall come that shall shame him1 and on whom shall light a lasting punishment4 ,thus was it until our sentence came to pass1 and the earth's surface#g boiled up4 ,we said1 ,carry into it one pair of every kind1 and thy family1 except him on whom sentence hath before been passed1 and those who have believed4 ,but there believed not with him except a few4 ,and he said1 ,embark ye therein4 ,in the name of ,god be its course and its riding at anchor6 ,truly my ,lord is right ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,and the ,ark moved on with them amid waves like mountains3 and ,noah called to his son-for he was apart-,embark with us1 ,o my child6 and be not with the unbelievers4 ,he said1 ,i will betake me to a mountain that shall secure me from the water4 ,he said1 ,none shall be secure this day from the decree of ,god1 save him on whom ,he shall have mercy4 ,and a wave passed between them1 and he was among the drowned4 ,and it was said1 ,o ,earth6 swallow up thy water2 and cease1 ,o ,heaven6 ,and the water abated1 and the decree was fulfilled1 and the ,ark rested upon ,al- ,djoudi2#h and it was said1 ,avaunt6 ye tribe of the wicked6 ,and ,noah called on his ,lord and said1 ,o ,lord6 verily my son is of my family3 and thy promise is true1 and thou art the most just of judges4 ,he said1 ,o ,noah6 verily1 he is not of thy family3 in this thou actest not aright4#i ,ask not of me that whereof thou knowest nought3 ,i warn thee that thou become not of the ignorant4 ,he said1 ,to thee verily1 ,o my ,lord1 do ,i repair lest ,i ask that of thee wherein ,i have no knowledge3 unless thou forgive me and be merciful to me ,i shall be one of the lost4 ,it was said to him1 ,o ,noah6 debark with peace from ,us1 and with blessings on thee and on peoples to be born from those who are with thee2 but as for other and unbelieving peoples1 we will give them their good things in this world1 but hereafter shall a grievous punishment light on them from us4 ,this is one of the secret ,histories3 we reveal it unto thee3 neither thou nor thy people knew it ere this3 be patient thou3 verily1 there is a prosperous issue to the ,god-fearing4 ,and unto ,ad we sent their ,brother ,,houd4 ,he said1 ,o my people1 worship ,god4 ,you have no ,god beside ,him4 ,ye only devise a lie4 ,o my people6 ,i ask of you no recompense for this3 my recompense is with ,him only who hath made me4 ,will ye not then understand8 ,o my people6 ask pardon of your ,lord2 then be turned unto ,him3 ,he will send down the heavens upon you with copious rains3 ,and with strength on strength will ,he increase you3 only turn not back with deeds of evil4 ,they said1 ,o ,houd1 thou hast not brought us proofs of thy mission3 we will not abandon our gods at thy word1 and we believe thee not4 ,we can only say that some of our gods have smitten thee with evil4 ,said he1 ,now take ,i ,god to witness1 and do ye also witness1 that ,i am clear of your joining other gods ,to ,god4 ,conspire then against me all of you1 and delay me not4 ,for ,i trust in ,god1 my ,lord and yours4 ,no single beast is there which he holdeth not by its forelock4 ,right1 truly1 is the way in which my ,lord goeth4 ,but if ye turn back1 ,i have already declared to you my message4 ,and my ,lord will put another people in your place1 nor shall ye at all hurt ,him2 verily1 my ,lord keepeth watch over all things4 ,and when our doom came to be inflicted1 we rescued ,houd and those who had like faith with ,him1 by our special mercy3 we rescued them from the rigorous chastisement4 ,these men of ,ad gainsaid the signs of their ,lord1 and rebelled against his messengers1 and followed the bidding of every proud contumacious person4 ,followed therefore were they in this world by a curse2 and in the day of the ,resurrection it shall be said to them1 ,what6 ,did not ,ad disbelieve their ,lord8 ,was not ,ad1 the people of ,houd1 cast far away8 ,and unto ,themoud we sent their ,brother ,saleh3#aj-,o my people6 said he1 worship ,god3 you have no other god than ,him4 ,he hath raised you up out of the earth1 and hath given you to dwell therein4 ,ask pardon of him then1 and be turned unto him2 for thy ,lord is nigh1 ready to answer4 ,they said1 ,o ,saleh6 our hopes were fixed on thee till now3#aa forbiddest thou us to worship what our fathers worshipped8 ,truly we misdoubt the faith to which thou callest us1 as suspicious4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 what think ye8 ,if ,i have a revelation from my ,lord to support me1 and if ,he hath shewed his mercy on me1 who could protect me from ,god if ,i rebel against him8 ,ye would only confer on me increase of ruin4 ,o my people6 this is the she-,camel of ,god1 and a sign unto you4 ,let her go at large and feed in ,god's earth1 and do her no harm1 lest a speedy punishment overtake you4 ,yet they hamstrung her3 then said he1 ,yet three days more enjoy yourselves in your dwellings3 this menace will not prove untrue4 ,and when our sentence came to pass1 we rescued ,saleh and those who had a like faith with him1 by our mercy1 from ignominy on that day4 ,verily1 thy ,lord is the ,strong1 the ,mighty6 ,and a violent tempest overtook the wicked1 and they were found in the morning prostrate in their dwellings1 ,as though they had never abode in them4 ,what6 ,did not ,themoud disbelieve his ,lord8 ,was not ,themoud utterly cast off8 ,and our messengers came formerly to ,abraham with glad tidings4 ,peace1 said they4 ,he said1 ,peace1 and he tarried not1 but brought a roasted calf4 ,and when he saw that their hands touched it not1#ab he misliked them1 and grew fearful of them4 ,they said1 ,fear not1 for we are sent to the people of ,lot4 ,his wife was standing by and laughed2#ac and we announced ,isaac to her2 and after ,isacc1 ,jacob4 ,she said1 ,ah1 woe is me6 shall ,i bear a son when ,i am old1 and when this my husband is an old man8 ,this truly would be a marvellous thing4 ,they said1 ,marvellest thou at the command of ,god8 ,god's mercy and blessing be upon you1 ,o people of this house2 praise and glory are ,his due6 ,and when ,abraham's fear had passed away1 and these glad tidings had reached him1 he pleaded with us for the people of ,lot4 ,verily1 ,abraham was right kind1 pitiful1 relenting4 ,o ,abraham6 desist from this2 for already hath the command of thy ,god gone forth2 as for them1 a punishment not to be averted is coming on them4 ,and when our messengers came to ,lot1 he was grieved for them2 and he was too weak to protect them1#ad and he said1 ,this is a day of difficulty4 ,and his people came rushing on towards him1 for aforetime had they wrought this wickedness4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 these my daughters will be purer for you3 fear ,god1 and put me not to shame in my guests4 ,is there no rightminded man among you8 ,they said1 ,thou knowest now that we need not thy daughters2 and thou well knowest what we require4 ,he said1 ,would that ,i had strength to resist you1 or that ,i could find refuge with some powerful chieftain4#ae ,the ,angels said1 ,o ,lot6 verily1 we are the messengers of thy ,lord3 they shall not touch thee3 depart with thy family in the dead of night1 and let not one of you turn back3 as for thy wife1 on her shall light what shall light on them4 ,verily1 that with which they are threatened is for the morning4 ,is not the morning near8 ,and when our decree came to be executed we turned those cities upside down1 and we rained down upon them blocks of claystone one after another1 marked#af by thy ,lord himself4 ,nor are they far distant from the wicked ,meccans4 ,and we sent to ,madian#ag their brother ,shoaib4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 worship ,god3 no other ,god have you than ,he3 give not short weight and measure3 ,i see indeed that ye revel in good things2 but ,i fear for you the punishment of the all-encompassing day4 ,o my people6 give weight and measure with fairness2 purloin not other men's goods2 and perpetrate not injustice on the earth with corrupt practices3 ,a residue1#ah the gift of ,god1 will be best for you if ye are believers3 ,but ,i am not a guardian over you4 ,they said to him1 ,o ,shoaib6 is it thy prayers which enjoin that we should leave what our fathers worshipped1 or that we should not do with our substance as pleaseth us8 ,thou forsooth art the mild1 the right director6 ,he said1 ,o my people6 ,how think ye8 ,if ,i have a clear revelation from my ,lord1 and if from ,himself ,he hath supplied me with goodly supplies1 and if ,i will not follow you in that which ,i myself forbid you1 do ,i seek aught but your amendment so far as in me lieth8 ,my sole help is in ,god4 ,in ,him do ,i trust1 and to ,him do ,i turn me4 ,o my people6 let not your opposition to me draw down upon you the like of that which befel the people of ,noah1 or the people of ,houd1 or the people of ,saleh3 and the abodes of the people of ,lot are not far distant from you6 ,seek pardon of your ,lord and be turned unto ,him3 verily1 my ,lord is ,merciful1 ,loving4 ,they said1 ,o ,shoaib6 we understand not much of what thou sayest1 and we clearly see that thou art powerless among us3 were it not for thy family we would have surely stoned thee1 nor couldest thou have prevailed against us4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 think ye more highly of my family than of ,god8 ,cast ye ,him behind your back1 with neglect8 ,verily1 my ,lord is round about your actions4 ,and1 ,o my people6 act with what power ye can for my hurt3 ,i verily will act3 and ye shall know ,on whom shall light a punishment that shall disgrace him1 and who is the liar4 ,await ye2 verily ,i will await with you4 ,and when our decree came to pass1 we delivered ,shoaib and his companions in faith1 by our mercy3 ,and a violent tempest overtook the wicked1 and in the morning they were found prostrate in their houses ,as if they had never dwelt in them4 ,was not ,madian swept off even as ,themoud had been swept off8 ,of old sent we ,moses with our signs and with incontestable power to ,pharaoh1 and to his nobles-who followed the behests of ,pharaoh1 and1 unrighteous were ,pharaoh's behests4 ,he shall head his people on the day of the ,resurrection and cause them to descend into the fire3 and wretched the descent by which they shall descend6 ,they were followed by a curse in this world2 and in the day of the ,resurrection1 wretched the gift that shall be given them6 ,such1 the histories of the cities which we relate to thee4 ,some of them are standing1 others mown down3 ,we dealt not unfairly by them1 but they dealt not fairly by themselves3 and their gods on whom they called beside ,god availed them not at all when thy ,lord's behest came to pass4 ,they did but increase their ruin4 ,such was thy ,lord's grasp#ai when he laid that grasp on the cities that had been wicked4 ,verily his grasp is afflictive1 terrible6 ,herein truly is a sign for him who feareth the punishment of the latter day4 ,that shall be a day unto which mankind shall be gathered together2 that shall be a day witnessed by all creatures4 ,nor do we delay it1 but until a time appointed4 ,when that day shall come no one shall speak a word but by ,his leave1 and some shall be miserable and others blessed4 ,and as for those who shall be consigned to misery-their place the ,fire6 therein shall they sigh and bemoan them- ,therein shall they abide while the ,heavens and the ,earth shall last1 unless thy ,lord shall will it otherwise2 verily thy ,lord doth what ,he chooseth4 ,and as for the blessed ones-their place the ,garden6 therein shall they abide while the ,heavens and the ,earth endure1 with whatever imperishable boon thy ,lord may please to add4 ,have thou no doubts therefore concerning that which they worship3 they worship but what their fathers worshipped before them3 we will surely assign them their portion with nothing lacking4 ,of old gave we ,moses the ,book1 and they fell to variance about it4 ,if a decree of respite had not gone forth from thy ,lord1 there had surely been a decision between them4 ,thy people also are in suspicious doubts about the ,koran4 ,and truly thy ,lord will repay every one according to their works6 for ,he is well aware of what they do4 ,go straight on then as thou hast been commanded1 and he also who hath turned to ,god with thee1 and let him transgress no more4 ,he beholdeth what ye do4 ,lean not on the evil doers lest the ,fire lay hold on you4 ,ye have no protector1 save ,god1 and ye shall not be helped against ,him4 ,and observe prayer at early morning1 at the close of the day1 and at the approach of night2 for the good deeds drive away the evil deeds4 ,this is a warning for those who reflect3 ,and persevere steadfastly1 for verily ,god will not suffer the reward of the righteous to perish4 ,were the generations before you1 endued with virtue1 and who forbad corrupt doings on the earth1 more than a few of those whom we delivered8 but the evil doers followed their selfish pleasures1 and became transgressors4 ,and thy ,lord was not one who would destroy those cities unjustly1 when its inhabitants were righteous4 ,had thy ,lord pleased he would have made mankind of one religion3 but those only to whom thy ,lord hath granted his mercy will cease to differ4 ,and unto this hath ,he created them2 for the word of thy ,lord shall be fulfilled1 ,i will wholly fill hell with ,djinn and men4 ,and all that we have related to thee of the histories of these ,apostles1 is to confirm thy heart thereby4 ,by these hath the truth reached thee1 and a monition and warning to those who believe4 ,but say to those who believe not1 ,act as ye may and can3 we will act our part3 and wait ye2 we verily will wait4 ,to ,god belong the secret things of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 all things return to him3 worship him then and put thy trust in ,him3 thy ,lord is not regardless of your doings4#bj #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 #b ,or1 will bestow his grace on every gracious one1 or will bestow his abundance on every one who hath abundance 7of merit74 ,the difficulty of rendering this passage arises from the word fadhl1 which means merit as applied to man1 favour as applied to ,god4 #c ,that is1 before the ,creation4 ,precisely the same statement occurs in ,raschi on ,gen4 i4 #b1 also in the modern catechism4 ,tsenah ur'enak b'noth ,tsion1 authoritatively put forth by the ,polish and ,german ,talmudist ,rabbins4 ,at the first creation of ,heaven and ,earth 4 4 4 the throne of glory of the ,blessed ,god stood in the air above the waters4 ,comp4 ,ps4 civ4 #c4 #d ,men1 heaven1 and earth4 ,comp4 ,tr4 ,aboth1 v4 ,mischna #a4 #e ,comp4 verse #cg and ,sura xci4 ii4 #ba4 ,it should be observed that the challenge in these passages is not to produce a book which shall equal the ,koran in point of poetry or rhetoric1 but in the importance of its subject- matter with reference to the ,divine ,unity1 the future retribution1 etc4 ,upon these topics ,muhammad well knew that he had preoccupied the ground4 ,and we may infer from the fragments of the ,revelations of ,musailima and ,sajh 7,hisam4 #idf2 ,attabri 7ed4 ,kosegarten7 i4 #acd1 #acf1 #aeb2 ,tab4 ,agni1 #cci71 which are mere imitations of the ,koran1 that he felt this to be the case4 #f ,they laughed and jeered at him in their words4 ,midr4 ,tanchuma4 ,the passage ,job xii4 #e1 refers to the righteous ,noah who taught them and spake to them words severe as flames3 but they scorned him1 and said1 ',old man6 for what purpose is this ark8' ,sanhedr4 #ajh4 ,comp4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 #cj1 and #cc on ,eccl4 ix4 #ad4 #g ,or1 oven3 according to others1 reservoir4 ,geiger thinks that the expression the oven boiled up may be a figurative mode of expressing the ,rabbinic idea that the generation of the ,deluge were punished by hot water4 ,rosch4 ,haschanah1 #af1 #b2 ,sanhedr4 #ajh4 ,comp4 ,weil's ,legenden1 p4 #dd4 #h ,the ,montes ,gordyoei1 perhaps4 #i ,according to another reading3 ,he hath done amiss4 ,the origin of this story is probably ,gen4 ix4 #bj-be4 #aj ,a ,prophet1 so far as we know1 of ,muhammad's own invention1 unless ,muir's conjecture be admitted that he was a ,christian or ,jewish missionary whose adventures and persecution were recast into this form4-,the name may have been suggested by1 ,methusaleh1 upon whose piety the ,midrasch enlarges4 #aa ,that is1 we had intended to make thee our chief4 ,beidh4 #ab ,thus1 in contradiction to ,gen4 xviii4 #h1 the ,rabbins2 comp4 ,tr4 ,baba ,mezia1 fol4 #hf1 ,they made as though they ate4 #ac ,or1 menstrua passa est1 in token of the possibility of her bearing a child4 #ad ,lit4 his arm was straitened concerning them4 #ae ,lit4 column4 #af ,with the name1 it is said1 of the person each should strike4 #ag ,see ,sura lvi4 xxvi4 #agf4 #ah ,that is1 after giving fair measure4 #ai ,seizure1 for punishment4 ,hence1 the punishment itself4 #bj ,in the later period of his life ,muhammad attributed his gray hairs to the effect produced upon him by this ,sura and its ,sisters4 ,while ,abu ,bekr and ,omar sat in the mosque at ,medina1 ,muhammad suddenly came upon them from the door of one of his wives' houses4 4 4 4 ,and ,abu ,bekr said1 ,ah6 thou for whom ,i would sacrifice father and mother1 white hairs are hastening upon thee6 ,and the ,prophet raised up his beard with his hand and gazed at it2 and ,abu ,bekr's eyes filled with tears4 ,yes1 said ,muhammad1 ,hd and its sisters have hastened my white hairs4 ,and what1 asked ,abu ,bekr1 are its sisters8 ,the ,inevitable 7,sura lvi47 and the ,blow 7,sura ci474 ,kitb al ,wackidi1 p4 #hd1 ap4 ,muir4 ,,sura ,,xiv4-,,abraham1 ,,on ,,whom ,,be ,,peace ,,lxxvi4 ,,mecca4-#eb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,ra4 ,this ,book have we sent down to thee that by their ,lord's permission thou mayest bring men out of darkness into light1 into the path of the ,mighty1 the ,glorious- ,of ,god2 to whom belongeth whatever is in the ,heavens and whatever is on the ,earth3 and woe6 for their terrible punishment1 to the infidels1 ,who love the life that now is1 above that which is to come1 and mislead from the way of ,god1 and seek to make it crooked4 ,these are in a far-gone error4 ,and in order that ,he might speak plainly to them1 we have not sent any ,apostle1 save with the speech of his own people2 but ,god misleadeth whom ,he will1 and whom ,he will he guideth3 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,of old did we send ,moses with our signs3 and said to him1 ,bring forth thy people from the darkness into the light1 and remind them of the days of ,god4 ,verily1 in this are signs for every patient1 grateful person3 ,when ,moses said to his people1 ,remember the kindness of ,god to you1 when he rescued you from the family of ,pharaoh who laid on you a cruel affliction1 slaughtering your male children1 and suffering only your females to live4 ,in this was a sore trial from your ,lord- ,and when your ,lord caused it to be heard that1 ,if we render thanks then will ,i surely increase you more and more3 but if ye be thankless4 4 4 4 ,verily1 right terrible my chastisement4 ,and ,moses said1 ,if ye and all who are on the ,earth be thankless1 yet truly ,god is passing ,rich1 and worthy of all praise4 ,hath not the story reached you of those who were before you1 the people of ,noah1 and ,ad1 and ,themoud1 ,and of those who lived after them8 ,none knoweth them but ,god4 ,when their prophets came to them with proofs of their mission1 they put their hands on their mouths and said1 ,in sooth1 we believe not your message2 and in sooth1 of that to which you bid us1 we are in doubt1 as of a thing suspicious4 ,their prophets said3 ,is there any doubt concerning ,god1 maker of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 who calleth you that ,he may pardon your sins1 and respite you until an appointed time8 ,they said1 ,ye are but men like us3 fain would ye turn us from our fathers' worship4 ,bring us therefore some clear proof4 ,their ,apostles said to them1 ,we are indeed but men like you4 ,but ,god bestoweth favours on such of his servants as he pleaseth1 and it is not in our power to bring you any special proof1 ,but by the leave of ,god4 ,in ,god therefore let the faithful trust4 ,and why should we not put our trust in ,god1 since ,he hath already guided us in our ways4 ,we will certainly bear with constancy the harm you would do to us4 ,in ,god let the trustful trust4 ,and they who believed not said to their ,apostles1 ,forth from our land will we surely drive you1 or1 to our religion shall ye return4 ,then their ,lord revealed to them1 ,we will certainly destroy the wicked doers1 ,and we shall certainly cause you to dwell in the land after them4 ,this for him who dreadeth the appearance at my judgment-seat and who dreadeth my menace6 ,then sought they help from ,god1 and every proud rebellious one perished3 ,hell is before him3 and of tainted water shall he be made to drink3 ,he shall sup it and scarce swallow it for loathing2 and ,death shall assail him on every side1 but he shall not die3 and before him shall be seen a grievous torment4 ,a likeness of those who believe not in their ,lord4 ,their works are like ashes which the wind scattereth on a stormy day3 no advantage shall they gain from their works4 ,this is the far-gone wandering4 ,seest thou not that in truth#a hath ,god created the ,heavens and the ,earth8 ,were such his pleasure ,he could make you pass away1 and cause a new creation to arise4 ,and this would not be hard for ,god4 ,all mankind shall come forth before ,god2 and the weak shall say to the men of might1 ,verily1 we were your followers3 will ye not then relieve us of some part of the vengeance of ,god8 ,they shall say1 ,if ,god had guided us1 we surely had guided you4 ,it is now all one whether we be impatient1 or endure with patience4 ,we have no escape4 ,and after doom hath been given1 ,satan shall say1 ,verily1 ,god promised you a promise of truth3 ,i1 too1 made you a promise1 but ,i deceived you4 ,yet ,i had no power over you3 ,but ,i only called you and ye answered me4 ,blame not me then1 but blame yourselves3 ,i cannot aid you1 neither can ye aid me4 ,i never believed that ,i was ,his equal with whom ye joined me4#b ,as for the evil doers1 a grievous torment doth await them4 ,but they who shall have believed and done the things that be right1 shall be brought into gardens beneath which the rivers flow3 therein shall they abide for ever by the permission of their ,lord3 their greeting therein shall be ,peace4 ,seest thou not to what ,god likeneth a good word8#c ,to a good tree3 its root firmly fixed1 and its branches in the ,heaven3 ,yielding its fruit in all seasons by the will of its ,lord4 ,god setteth forth these similitudes to men that haply they may reflect4 ,and an evil word is like an evil tree torn up from the face of the earth1 and without strength to stand4 ,those who believe shall ,god stablish by his steadfast word both in this life and in that which is to come3 but the wicked shall ,he cause to err3 ,god doth his pleasure4 ,hast thou not beholden those who repay the goodness of ,god with infidelity1 and sink their people into the abode of perdition- ,hell8 ,therein shall they be burned2 and wretched the dwelling6 ,they set up compeers with ,god in order to mislead man from his way4 ,,say3 ,enjoy your pleasures yet awhile1 but assuredly1 your going hence shall be into the fire4 ,speak to my servants who have believed1 that they observe prayer1 and give alms of that with which we have supplied them1 both privately and openly1 ere the day come when there shall be neither traffic nor friendship4 ,it is ,god who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and sendeth down water from the ,heaven1 and so bringeth forth the fruits for your food3 ,and ,he hath subjected to you the ships1 so that by ,his command1 they pass through the sea2 and ,he hath subjected the rivers to you3 and ,he hath subjected to you the sun and the moon in their constant courses3 and ,he hath subjected the day and the night to you3 of everything which ye ask ,him1 giveth ,he to you2 and if ye would reckon up the favours of ,god1 ye cannot count them6 ,surely man is unjust1 ungrateful6 ,,abraham said1 ,o ,lord make this land secure1 and turn aside me and my children from serving idols3 ,for many men1 ,o my ,lord1 have they led astray4 ,but whosoever shall follow me1 he truly shall be of me2 and whosoever shall disobey me4 4 4 4 ,thou truly art ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,o our ,lord6 verily ,i have settled some of my offspring in an unfruitful valley1 nigh to thy holy house2#d ,o our ,lord1 that they may strictly observe prayer6 ,make thou therefore the hearts of men to yearn toward them1 and supply them with fruits that they may be thankful4 ,o our ,lord6 thou truly knowest what we hide and what we bring to light2 nought on earth or in heaven is hidden from ,god4 ,praise be to ,god who hath given me1 in my old age1 ,ismael and ,isaac6 ,my ,lord is the hearer of prayer4 ,lord6 grant that ,i and my posterity may observe prayer4 ,o our ,lord6 and grant this my petition4 ,o our ,lord6 forgive me and my parents and the faithful1 on the day wherein account shall be taken4 ,think thou not that ,god is regardless of the deeds of the wicked4 ,he only respiteth them to the day on which all eyes shall stare up with terror3 ,they hasten forward in fear2 their heads upraised in supplication2 their looks riveted2 and their hearts a blank4 ,warn men therefore of the day when the punishment shall overtake them1 ,and when the evil doers shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 respite us yet a little while3#e ,to thy call will we make answer2 thine ,apostles will we follow4 ,did ye not once swear that no change should befal you8 ,yet ye dwelt in the dwellings of those#f who were the authors of their undoing#g and it was made plain to you how we had dealt with them2 and we held them up to you as examples4 ,they plotted their plots3 but ,god could master their plots1 even though their plots had been so powerful as to move the mountains4 ,think not then that ,god will fail his promise to his ,apostles3 aye6 ,god is mighty1 and ,vengeance is ,his4 ,on the day when the ,earth shall be changed into another ,earth1 and the ,heavens also1 men shall come forth unto ,god1 the ,only1 the ,victorious4 ,and thou shalt see the wicked on that day linked together in chains- ,their garments of pitch1 and fire shall enwrap their faces that ,god may reward every soul as it deserveth2 verily ,god is prompt to reckon4 ,this is a message for mankind1 that they may thereby be warned3 and that they may know that there is but one ,god2 and that men of understanding may ponder it4 #a ,see ,sura lxxxiv4 x4 #e4 #b ,lit4 ,i truly renounce your having associated me 7with ,god7 heretofore4 #c ,the preaching and the profession of ,islam4 ,comp4 ,ps4 i4 #c1 #d4 #d ,the ,caaba4 #e ,lit4 to a term near at hand4 #f ,of the anciently destroyed cities of ,themoud1 ,ad1 etc4 #g ,lit4 were unjust to their own souls4 ,,sura ,,xii4-,,joseph1 ,,peace ,,be ,,on ,,him ,,lxxvii4 ,,mecca4-,,iii ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,ra4#a ,these are signs of the clear ,book4 ,an ,arabic ,koran have we sent it down1 that ye might understand it4 ,in revealing to thee this ,koran1#b one of the most beautiful of narratives will we narrate to thee1 of which thou hast hitherto been regardless4 ,when ,joseph said to his ,father1 ,o my ,father6 verily ,i beheld eleven stars and the sun and the moon-beheld them make obeisance to me6#c ,he said1 ,o my son6 tell not thy vision to thy brethren1 lest they plot a plot against thee3 for ,satan is the manifest foe of man4 ,it is thus that thy ,lord shall choose thee and will teach thee the interpretation of dark saying1 and will perfect his favours on thee and on the family of ,jacob1 as of old he perfected it on thy fathers ,abraham and ,isaac2 verily thy ,lord is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,now in ,,joseph and his brethren are signs for the enquirers2#d ,when they said1 ,surely better loved by our ,father1 than we1 who are more in number1 is ,joseph and his brother2 verily1 our father hath clearly erred4 ,slay ye ,joseph6 or drive him to some other land1 and on you alone shall your father's face be set6 and after this1 ye shall live as upright persons4 ,one of them said1 ,slay not ,joseph1 but cast him down to the bottom of the well3 if ye do so1 some wayfarers will take him up4 ,they said1 ,o our ,father6 why dost thou not entrust us with ,joseph8 indeed we mean him well4 ,send him with us to-morrow that he may enjoy himself and sport3 we will surely keep him safely4 ,he said1 ,verily1 your taking him away will grieve me2 and ,i fear lest while ye are heedless of him the wolf devour him4 ,they said1 ,surely if the wolf devour him1 and we so many1 we must in that case be weak indeed4#e ,and when they went away with him they agreed to place him at the bottom of the well4 ,and ,we revealed to him1 ,thou wilt yet tell them of this their deed1 when they shall not know thee4 ,and they came at nightfall to their father weeping4 ,they said1 ,o our ,father6 of a truth1 we went to run races1 and we left ,joseph with our clothes1 and the wolf devoured him3 but thou wilt not believe us even though we speak the truth4 ,and they brought his shirt with false blood upon it4 ,he said1 ,nay1 but yourselves have managed this affair4#f ,but patience is seemly3 and the help of ,god is to be implored that ,i may bear what you tell me4 ,and wayfarers came and sent their drawer of water1#g and he let down his bucket4 ,good news6#h said he1 ,this is a youth6 ,and they kept his case secret1 to make merchandise of him4 ,but ,god knew what they did4 ,and they sold him for a paltry price-for some dirhems counted down1 and at no high rate did they value him4 ,and he who bought him-an ,egyptian-said to his wife1 ,treat him hospitably2 haply he may be useful to us1 or we may adopt him as a son4 ,thus did we settle ,joseph in the land1 and we instructed him in the interpretation of dark sayings1 for ,god is equal to his purpose2 but most men know it not4 ,and when he had reached his age of strength we bestowed on him judgment and knowledge2 for thus do we recompense the well doers4 ,and she in whose house he was conceived a passion for him1 and she shut the doors and said1 ,come hither4 ,he said1 ,god keep me6 ,verily1 my lord hath given me a good home3 and the injurious shall not prosper4 ,but she longed for him2 and he had longed for her had he not seen a token from his lord4#i ,thus we averted evil and defilement from him1 for he was one of our sincere servants4 ,and they both made for the door1 and she rent his shirt behind2 and at the door they met her lord4 ,what1 said she1 shall be the recompense of him who would do evil to thy family1 but a prison#aj or a sore punishment8 ,he said1 ,she solicited me to evil4 ,and a witness out of her own family#aa witnessed3 ,if his shirt be rent in front she speaketh truth1 and he is a liar3 ,but if his shirt be rent behind1 she lieth and he is true4 ,and when his lord saw his shirt torn behind1 he said1 ,this is one of your devices6 verily your devices are great6 ,joseph6 leave this affair4 ,and thou1 ,o wife1 ask pardon for thy crime1 for thou hast sinned4 ,and in the city1 the women said1 ,the wife of the ,prince hath solicited her servant3 he hath fired her with his love3 but we clearly see her manifest error4 ,and when she heard of their cabal1 she sent to them and got ready a banquet for them1 and gave each one of them a knife1 and said1 ,joseph shew thyself to them4 ,and when they saw him they were amazed at him1 and cut their hands1#ab and said1 ,god keep us6 ,this is no man6 ,this is no other than a noble angel6 ,she said1 ,this is he about whom ye blamed me4 ,i wished him to yield to my desires1 but he stood firm4 ,but if he obey not my command1 he shall surely be cast into prison1 and become one of the despised4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 ,i prefer the prison to compliance with their bidding3 but unless thou turn away their snares from me1 ,i shall play the youth with them1 and become one of the unwise4 ,and his ,lord heard him and turned aside their snares from him3 for he is the ,hearer1 the ,knower4 ,yet resolved they1 even after they had seen the signs of his innocence1 to imprison him for a time4 ,and there came into the prison with him two youths4 ,said one of them1 ,methought in my dream that ,i was pressing grapes4 ,and the other said1 ,i dreamed that ,i was carrying bread on my head1 of which the birds did eat4 ,declare to us the interpretation of this1 for we see thou art a virtuous person4 ,he said1 ,there shall not come to you in a dream any food wherewith ye shall be fed1 but ,i will acquaint you with its interpretation ere it come to pass to you4 ,this is a part of that which my ,lord hath taught me3 for ,i have abandoned the religion#ac of those who believe not in ,god and who deny the life to come2 ,and ,i follow the religion of my fathers1 ,abraham and ,isaac and ,jacob4 ,we may not associate aught with ,god4 ,this is of ,god's bounty towards us and towards mankind3 but the greater part of mankind are not thankful4 ,o my two fellow prisoners6 are sundry lords best1 or ,god1 the ,one1 the ,mighty8 ,ye worship beside him mere names which ye have named1 ye and your fathers1 for which ,god hath not sent down any warranty4 ,judgment belongeth to ,god alone4 ,he hath bidden you worship none but ,him4 ,this is the right faith3 but most men know it not4 ,o my two fellow prisoners6 as to one of you1 he will serve wine unto his ,lord3 but as to the other1 he will be crucified and the birds shall eat from off his head4 ,the matter is decreed concerning which ye enquire4 ,and he said unto him who he judged would be set at large1 ,remember me with thy lord4 ,but ,satan caused him to forget the remembrance of his ,lord1#ad so he remained some years in prison4 ,and the ,king said1 ,verily1 ,i saw in a dream seven fat kine which seven lean devoured2 and seven green ears and other withered4 ,o nobles1 teach me my vision1 if a vision ye are able to expound4 ,they said1 ,they are confused dreams1 nor know we aught of the unravelling of dreams4 ,and he of the twain who had been set at large1 said1 ,i will tell you the interpretation2 let me go for it4 ,joseph1 man of truth6 teach us of the seven fat kine which seven lean devoured1 and of the seven green ears1 and other withered1 that ,i may return to the men1 and that they may be informed4 ,he said1 ,ye shall sow seven years as is your wont1 and the corn which ye reap leave ye in its ear1 except a little of which ye shall eat4 ,then after that shall come seven grievous years which shall eat what ye have stored for them1 except a little which ye shall have kept4 ,then shall come after this a year1 in which men shall have rain1 and in which they shall press the grape4 ,and the ,king said1 ,bring him to me4#ae ,and when the messenger came to ,joseph he said1 ,go back to thy lord1 and ask him what meant the women who cut their hands1 for my lord well knoweth the snare they laid4 ,then said the ,prince to the women1 ,what was your purpose when ye solicited ,joseph8 ,they said1 ,god keep us6 we know not any ill of him4 ,the wife of the ,prince said1 ,now doth the truth appear4 ,it was ,i who would have led him into unlawful love1 and he is one of the truthful4 ,by this 7said ,joseph7 may my lord know that ,i did not in his absence play him false1 and that ,god guideth not the machinations of deceivers4 ,yet ,i hold not myself clear1 for the heart is prone to evil1 save theirs on whom my ,lord hath mercy2 for gracious is my ,lord1 ,merciful4 ,and the ,king said1 ,bring him to me3 ,i will take him for my special service4 ,and when he had spoken with him he said1 ,from this day shalt thou be with us1 invested with place and trust4 ,he said1 ,set me over the granaries of the land1#af ,i will be their prudent keeper6 ,thus did we stablish ,joseph in the land that he might house himself therein at pleasure4 ,we bestow our favours on whom we will1 and suffer not the reward of the righteous to perish4 ,and truly the recompense of the life to come is better1 for those who have believed and feared ,god4 ,and ,joseph's brethren came and went in to him and he knew them1 but they recognised him not4 ,and when he had provided them with their provision1 he said1 ,bring me your brother from your father4 ,see ye not that ,i fill the measure1 and am the best of hosts8 ,but if ye bring him not to me1 then no measure of corn shall there be for you from me1 nor shall ye come near me4 ,they said1 ,we will ask him of his father1 and we will surely do it4 ,said he to his servants1 ,put their money into their camel-packs1 that they may perceive it when they have returned to their family3 haply they will come back to us4 ,and when they returned to their father1 they said1 ,o1 our father6 corn is withholden from us3 send1 therefore1 our brother with us and we shall have our measure2 and all care of him will we take4 ,he said1 ,shall ,i entrust you with him otherwise than as ,i before entrusted you with his brother8 ,but ,god is the best guardian1 and of those who shew compassion ,he is the most compassionate4 ,and when they opened their goods they found their money had been returned to them4 ,they said1 ,o1 our father1 what more can we desire8 ,here is our money returned to us2 we will provide corn for our families1 and will take care of our brother1 and shall receive a camel's burden more of corn4 ,this is an easy quantity4#ag ,he said1 ,i will not send him with you but on your oath before ,god that ye will1 indeed1 bring him back to me1 unless hindrances encompass you4 ,and when they had given him their pledge1 he said1 ,god is witness of what we say4 ,and he said1 ,o1 my sons6 ,enter not by one gate1 but enter by different gates4#ah ,yet can ,i not help you against aught decreed by ,god3 judgment belongeth to ,god alone4 ,in ,him put ,i my trust1 and in ,him let the trusting trust4 ,and when they entered as their father had bidden them1 it did not avert from them anything decreed of ,god2 but it only served to satisfy a desire in the soul of ,jacob which he had charged them to perform2 for he was possessed of knowledge which we had taught him2 but most men have not that knowledge4 ,and when they came in to ,joseph1 he took his brother to him4 ,he said1 ,verily1 ,i am thy brother4 ,be not thou grieved for what they did4#ai ,and when he had provided them with their provisions1 he placed his drinking cup in his brother's camel-pack4 ,then a crier cried after them1 ,o travellers6 ye are surely thieves4 ,they turned back to them and said1 ,what is that ye miss8 ,we miss1 said they1 the prince's cup4 ,for him who shall restore it1 a camel's load of corn6 ,i pledge myself for it4 ,they said1 ,by ,god6 ye know certainly that we came not to do wrong#bj in the land and we have not been thieves4 ,what1 said the ,egyptians1 shall be the recompense of him who hath stolen it1 if ye be found liars8 ,they said1 ,that he in whose camel-pack it shall be found be given up to you in satisfaction for it4 ,thus recompense we the unjust4 ,and ,joseph began with their sacks1 before the sack of his brother1 and then from the sack of his brother he drew it out4 ,this stratagem did we suggest to ,joseph4 ,by the ,king's law he had no power to seize his brother1 had not ,god pleased4 ,we uplift into grades of wisdom whom we will4 ,and there is one knowing above every one else endued with knowledge4 ,they said1 ,if he steal1 a brother of his hath stolen heretofore4#ba ,but ,joseph kept his secret1 and did not discover it to them4 ,said he1 aside1 ,ye are in the worse condition4 ,and ,god well knoweth what ye state4 ,they said1 ,o ,prince6 ,verily he hath a very aged father2 in his stead1 therefore1 take one of us1 for we see that thou art a generous person4 ,he said1 ,god forbid that we should take but him with whom our property was found1 for then should we act unjustly4 ,and when they despaired of ,benjamin1 they went apart for counsel4 ,the eldest of them said1 ,know ye not how that your father hath taken a pledge from you before ,god1 and how formerly ye failed in duty with regard to ,joseph8 ,i will not quit the land till my father give me leave1 or ,god decide for me2 for of those who decide is ,he the best4 ,return ye to your father and say1 ',o our father6 ,verily1 thy son hath stolen3 we bear witness only of what we know3 we could not guard against the unforeseen4 ,enquire for thyself in the city where we have been1 and of the caravan with which we have arrived2 and we are surely speakers of the truth4' ,he said1 ,nay1 ye have arranged all this among yourselves3 ,but patience is seemly3 ,god1 may be1 will bring them back to me together2 for he is the ,knowing1 the ,wise4 ,and he turned away from them and said1 ,oh6 how ,i am grieved for ,joseph6 and his eyes became white with grief1 for he bore a silent sorrow4 ,they said1 ,by ,god thou wilt only cease to think of ,joseph when thou art at the point of death1 or dead4 ,he said1 ,i only plead my grief and my sorrow to ,god3 but ,i know from ,god what ye know not3#bb ,go1 my sons1 and seek tidings of ,joseph and his brother1 and despair not of ,god's mercy1 for none but the unbelieving despair of the mercy of ,god4 ,and when they came in to ,joseph1 they said1 ,o ,prince1 distress hath reached us and our family1 and little is the money that we have brought4 ,but give us full measure1 and bestow it as alms1 for ,god will recompense the almsgivers4 ,he said1 ,know ye what ye did to ,joseph and his brother in your ignorance8 ,they said1 ,canst thou indeed be ,joseph8 ,he said1 ,i am ,joseph1 and this is my brother4 ,now hath ,god been gracious to us4 ,for whoso feareth ,god and endureth4 4 4 4 ,god verily will not suffer the reward of the righteous to perish6 ,they said1 ,by ,god6 now hath ,god chosen thee above us1 and we have indeed been sinners6 ,he said1 ,no blame be on you this day4 ,god will forgive you1 for ,he is the most merciful of those who shew mercy4 ,go ye with this my shirt and throw it on my father's face1 and he shall recover his sight3 and bring me all your family4 ,and when the caravan was departed1 their father said1 ,i surely perceive the smell of ,joseph3#bc think ye that ,i dote8 ,they said1 ,by ,god1 it is thy old mistake4 ,and when the bearer of good tidings came1 he cast it on his face1 and ,jacob's eyesight returned4 ,then he said1 ,did ,i not tell you that ,i knew from ,god what ye knew not8 ,they said1 ,our father1 ask pardon for our crimes for us1 for we have indeed been sinners4 ,he said1 ,i will ask your pardon of my ,lord1 for he is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,and when they came into ,joseph he took his parents#bd to him1 and said1 ,enter ye ,egypt1 if ,god will1 secure4 ,and he raised his parents to the seat of state1 and they fell down bowing themselves unto him4 ,then said he1 ,o my father1 this is the meaning of my dream of old4 ,my ,lord hath now made it true1 and he hath surely been gracious to me1 since he took me forth from the prison1 and hath brought you up out of the desert1 after that ,satan had stirred up strife between me and my brethren2 for my ,lord is gracious to whom ,he will2 for ,he is the ,knowing1 the ,wise4 ,o my ,lord1 thou hast given me dominion1 and hast taught me to expound dark sayings4 ,maker of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,my guardian art thou in this world and in the next6 ,cause thou me to die a ,muslim1 and join me with the just4 ,this is one of the secret histories#be which we reveal unto thee4 ,thou wast not present with ,joseph's brethren when they conceived their design and laid their plot3 but the greater part of men1 though thou long for it1 will not believe4 ,thou shalt not ask of them any recompense for this message4 ,it is simply an instruction for all mankind4 ,and many as are the signs in the ,heavens and on the ,earth1 yet they will pass them by1 and turn aside from them3 ,and most of them believe not in ,god1 without also joining other deities with ,him4 ,what6 ,are they sure that the overwhelming chastisement of ,god shall not come upon them1 or that that ,hour shall not come upon them suddenly1 while they are unaware8 ,,say3 ,this is my way3 resting on a clear proof1 ,i call you to ,god1 ,i and whoso followeth me3 and glory be to ,god6 ,i am not one of those who add other deities to ,him4 ,never before thee have we sent any but men1 chosen out of the people of the cities1 to whom we made revelations4 ,will they not journey through the land1 and see what hath been the end of those who were before them8 ,but the mansions of the next life shall be better for those who fear ,god4 ,will they not then comprehend8 ,when at last the ,apostles lost all hope1 and deemed that they were reckoned as liars1 our aid reached them1 and we delivered whom we would2 but our vengeance was not averted from the wicked4 ,certainly in their histories is an example for men of understanding4 ,this is no new tale of fiction1 but a confirmation of previous scriptures1 and an explanation of all things1 and guidance and mercy to those who believe4 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 ,in no other ,sura beside this is one subject treated of throughout4 ,it was recited to the first eight of the ,ansars who were converted1 and clearly proves that ,muhammad must have been in confidential intercourse with learned ,jews4 #b ,the word ,koran is here used in the same sense as ,sura4 #c ,muhammad was either unaware of the previous dream mentioned1 ,gen4 xxxvii4 #g1 or passes it by in silence4 #d ,the captious and unbelieving ,koreisch4 #e ,wir mussten denn zuerst das ,leben einbssen4 ,wahl4 ,ullm4 ,maracci4 #f ,lit4 your minds have made a thing seem pleasant to you4 #g ,according to ,gen4 xxxvii4 #bd1 the well or pit had no water in it4 #h ,some take the ,arabic ,boshra as the proper name of the person who accompanied the drawer of water4 #i ,the apparition of his father1 who said1 ,hereafter shall the names of thy brethren1 engraven on precious stones1 shine on the breast of the ,high ,priest4 ,shall thine be blotted out8 ,tr4 ,sotah1 fol4 #cf4 ,comp4 ,weil1 ,legenden1 p4 #aji1 n4 #aj ,lit4 that he be imprisoned4 #aa ,an infant in the cradle4 ,sepher ,hadjascher1 as below on v4 #ca4 #ab ,instead of their food1 through surprise at his beauty4 ,seph4 ,hadj4 in ,midr4 ,jalkut4 ,see also ,midr4 ,abkhir1 ib4 ch4 #adf4 #ac ,it is curious to observe how ,muhammad1 in this and the following verse1 puts his own doctrine and convictions into the mouth of ,joseph4 #ad ,satan induced ,joseph to place his confidence in man1 rather than in ,god alone1 in punishment of which sin the imprisonment was continued4 ,thus ,midr4 ,rabba4 ,gen4 ,par4 #hi4 ,midr4 ,jalkut1 ib4 ch4 #adg4 #ae ,in ,gen4 xli4 #ad1 ,joseph is released from prison before the interpretation of the dreams4 ,but the ,koran makes him decline to quit it till his character is cleared4 #af ,according to ,gen4 xli4 #ci1 ,pharaoh of his own accord sets ,joseph over his house and land4 #ag ,for the king to bestow4 #ah ,thus we read in ,mid4 ,rab4 on ,gen4 ,par4 #ia1 ,jacob said to them1 ,enter ye not all by one gate4 ,see also ,midr4 ,jalkut1 ch4 #adh4 #ai ,thus also1 in the ,sepher ,hadjaschar1 ,joseph first discovers himself to ,benjamin1 in opposition to ,gen4 xlv4 #a4 #bj ,comp4 ,gen4 xlii4 #i4 #ba ,joseph is said by the ,muhammadan commentators to have stolen an idol of gold belonging to his mother's father1 which he broke1 that he might not worship it4 ,but this comment1 as well as the text of the ,koran1 is probably based upon some such tradition as that of ,midr4 ,rabba1 ,par4 #ib1 ,he is a thief and the son of a thief 7,comp4 ,gen4 xxxi4 #ai7-spoken of ,benjamin4 #bb ,that is1 that ,joseph was still alive4 ,thus ,midr4 ,tanchumah on ,gen4 xlii4 #a4 #bc ,comp4 ,gen4 xxvii4 #bg4 #bd ,joseph's mother had long been dead4 ,see ,gen4 xxxv4 #ai4 ,but the object of ,muhammad was probably to bring the event into strict accordance with the prediction of the dream4 ,gen4 xxxvii4 #aj4 ,some1 however1 suppose that ,bilhah is here meant1 and her appearance before ,joseph is also asserted to be the fulfilment of the dream by some of the ,rabbins4 ,comp4 ,raschi on ,gen4 xxxvii4 #aj4 #be ,lit4 ,this is of the announcements of the things unseen 7by thee1 ,muhammad74 ,compare the manner in which the story of the ,creation and of ,moses in the mount is introduced4 ,sura xxxviii4 #gj2 xxviii4 #de4 ,mr4 ,muir thinks that ,muhammad must at this period1 while recasting and working up these materials1 have entered upon a course of wilful dissimulation and deceit 7although the end would justify to him the means employed7 in claiming inspiration for them4 ,,sura ,,xl4-,,the ,,believer ,,lxxviii4 ,,mecca4-#he ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ha4 ,,mim4 ,the ,revelation 7sending down7 of the ,book is from ,god the ,almighty1 the ,all-knowing1#a ,forgiver of sin1 and receiver of penitence1-vehement in chastisement1 ,long-suffering6 ,there is no ,god but ,he3 to ,him shall be the final gathering4 ,none but infidels gainsay the signs of ,god3 but let not their prosperity in the land deceive thee4 ,the people of ,noah1 and the confederates after them1 have brought the charge of imposture before these ,meccans3 each nation schemed against their apostle to lay violent hold on him1 and disputed with vain words to refute the truth4 ,therefore did ,i lay violent hold on them2 and how great was my chastisement6 ,thus is it that thy ,lord's sentence1 that inmates shall they be of the fire1 was accomplished upon the infidels4 ,they who bear the throne#b and they who encircle it1 celebrate the praise of their ,lord and believe in ,him1 and implore forgiveness for the believers3-,o our ,lord6 thou embracest all things in mercy and knowledge2 forgive1 therefore1 those who turn to thee and follow thy path2 keep them from the pains of hell3 ,o our ,lord6 and bring them into the ,gardens of ,eden which thou hast promised to them1 and to the righteous ones of their fathers and their wives and their children2 for thou art the ,all-mighty1 the ,all-wise3 ,and keep them from evil3 for on him hast thou mercy whom on that day thou shalt keep from evil2 and this will be the great felicity4 ,but to the infidels shall a voice cry1 ,surely the hatred of ,god is more grievous than your hatred of yourselves1 when ye were called to the faith1 and remained unbelievers4 ,they shall say1 ,twice1 ,o our ,lord1 hast thou given us death1 and twice hast thou given us life3#c and we acknowledge our sins3 is there no way to escape8 ,this hath befallen you1 for that when ,one ,god was proclaimed to you1 ye believed not3 but when partners had been united with him1 ye believed3 ,but judgment belongeth unto ,god1 the ,high1 the ,great4 ,it is ,he who sheweth you his signs1 and sendeth down supplies to you from ,heaven3 but none will receive warning save he who turneth to ,god4 ,call then on ,god1 offering him a pure worship1 though the infidels abhor it4 ,of exalted grade1 of the throne possessed1 ,he sendeth forth the ,spirit at ,his own behest on whomsoever of ,his servants ,he pleaseth1 that ,he may warn of the day of meeting1 ,the day when they shall come forth from their graves1 when nought that concerneth them shall be hidden from ,god4 ,with whom shall be the power supreme on that day8 ,with ,god1 the ,one1 the ,almighty4 ,on that day shall every soul be recompensed as it hath deserved3 no injustice on that day6 ,verily1 ,god will be swift to reckon4 ,warn them1 then1 of the approaching day1 when men's hearts shall rise up1 choking them1 into their throats4 ,the evil-doers shall have no friend or intercessor who shall prevail4 ,god knoweth the deceitful of eye1 and what men's breasts conceal4 ,and everything will ,god decide with truth3 ,but nothing shall those gods whom men call on beside him1 decide4 ,verily1 ,god6 the ,hearer1 the ,beholder1 ,he6 ,have they never journeyed in this land1 and seen what hath been the end of those who flourished before them8 ,mightier were they in strength than these ,meccans1 and their traces remain in the land3 ,yet ,god took them in their sins1 and there was none to defend them against ,god4 ,this1 because their apostles had come to them with proofs of their mission1 and they believed not3 so ,god took them in hand2 for ,he is mighty1 vehement in punishing4 ,moreover we had sent ,moses of old with our signs and with clear authority4 ,to ,pharaoh1 and ,haman1 and ,karun3#d and they said1 ,sorcerer1 impostor4 ,and when he came to them from our presence with the truth1 they said1 ,slay the sons of those who believe as he doth1 and save their females alive2 but the stratagem of the unbelievers issued only in failure4 ,and ,pharaoh said1 ,let me alone1 that ,i may kill ,moses2 and let him call upon his ,lord3 ,i fear lest he change your religion1 or cause disorder to shew itself in the land4 ,and ,moses said1 ,i take refuge with my ,lord and your ,lord from every proud one who believeth not in the day of reckoning4 ,and a man of the family of ,pharaoh1 who was a ,,believer1#e but hid his faith1 said1 ,will ye slay a man because he saith my ,lord is ,god1 when he hath already come to you with proofs of his mission from your ,lord8 and if he be a liar1 on him will be his lie3#f but if he be a man of truth1 part at least of what he threateneth will fall upon you4 ,truly ,god guideth not him who is a transgressor1 a liar4 ,o my people6 this day is the kingdom yours1 the eminent of the earth6 but who shall defend us from the vengeance of ,god if it come on us8 ,pharaoh said1 ,i would have you see only what ,i see2 and in a right way only will ,i guide you4 ,then said he who believed1 ,o my people6 truly ,i fear for you the like of the day of the allies1#g ,the like of the state of the people of ,noah and ,ad and ,themoud1 ,and of those who came after them2 yet ,god willeth not injustice to his servants4 ,and1 ,o my people6 ,i indeed fear for you the day of mutual outcry- ,the day when ye shall be turned back from the ,judgment into hell4 ,no protector shall ye have then against ,god4 ,and he whom ,god shall mislead no guide shall there be for him4 ,moreover1 ,joseph had come to you before with clear tokens1 but ye ceased not to doubt of the message with which he came to you1 until when he died1 ye said1 ',god will by no means raise up an apostle after him4' ,thus ,god misleadeth him who is the transgressor1 the doubter4 ,they who gainsay the signs of ,god without authority having come to them1 are greatly hated by ,god and by those who believe4 ,thus ,god sealeth up every proud1 contumacious heart4 ,and ,pharaoh said1 ,o ,haman1#h ,build for me a tower that ,i may reach the avenues1 ,the avenues of the heavens1 and may mount to the ,god of ,moses1 for ,i verily deem him a liar4 ,and thus the evil of his doings was made fair-seeming to ,pharaoh1 and he turned away from the path of truth2 but the artifice of ,pharaoh ended only in his ruin4 ,and he who believed said1 ,o my people6 follow me3 into the right way will ,i guide you4 ,o my people6 this present life is only a passing joy1 but the life to come is the mansion that abideth4 ,whoso shall have wrought evil shall not be recompensed but with its like2 but whoso shall have done the things that are right1 whether male or female1 and is a believer-these shall enter paradise3 good things unreckoned shall they enjoy therein4 ,and1 ,o my people6 how is it that ,i bid you to salvation1 but that ye bid me to the fire8 ,ye invite me to deny ,god1 and to join with him gods of whom ,i know nothing2 but ,i invite you to the ,mighty1 the ,forgiving4 ,no doubt is there that they to whom ye invite me are not to be invoked either in this world or in the world to come3 and that unto ,god is our return1 and that the transgressors shall be the inmates of the fire4 ,then shall ye remember what ,i am saying unto you3 and to ,god commit ,i my case3 ,verily1 ,god beholdeth his servants4 ,so ,god preserved him from the evils which they had planned1 and the woe of the punishment encompassed the people of ,pharaoh4 ,it is the fire to which they shall be exposed morning and evening1 and on the day when the ,hour shall arrive-,bring in the people of ,pharaoh into the severest punishment4 ,and when they shall wrangle together in the fire1 the weak shall say to those who had borne themselves so proudly1 ,it is you we followed3 will ye therefore relieve us from aught of the fire8 ,and those proud ones shall say1 ,verily we are all in it2 for now hath ,god judged between his servants4 ,and they who are in the fire shall say to the keepers of ,hell1 ,implore your ,lord that he would give us ease but for one day from this torment4 ,they shall say1 ,came not your apostles to you with the tokens8 ,they shall say1 ,yes4 ,they shall say1 ,cry ye then aloud for help3 but the cry of the unbelievers shall be only in vain4 ,assuredly1 in this present life will we succour our apostles and those who shall have believed1 and on the day when the witnesses shall stand forth2 ,a day whereon the plea of the evil doers shall not avail them2 but theirs shall be a curse1 and theirs the woe of the abode in ,hell4 ,and of old gave we ,moses the guidance1 and we made the children of ,israel the heritors of the ,book1-a guidance and warning to men endued with understanding4 ,therefore be steadfast thou and patient2 for true is the promise of ,god3 and seek pardon for thy fault1#i and celebrate the praise of thy ,lord at evening and at morning4 ,as to those who cavil at the signs of ,god without authority having reached them1 nought is there but pride in their breasts3 but they shall not succeed4 ,fly thou for refuge then to ,god1 for ,he is the ,hearer1 the ,beholder4 ,greater surely than the creation of man is the creation of the heavens and of the earth3 but most men know it not4 ,moreover1 the blind and the seeing1 and the evil doer and they who believe and do the things that are right1 shall not be deemed equal4 ,how few ponder this6 ,aye1 the ,hour will surely come3 there is no doubt of it3 but most men believe it not4 ,and your ,lord saith1 ,call upon me-,i will hearken unto you3 but they who turn in disdain from my service shall enter ,hell with shame4 ,it is ,god who hath ordained the night for your rest1 and the day to give you light3 verily ,god is rich in bounties to men3 but most men render not the tribute of thanks4 ,this is ,god your ,lord1 ,creator of all things3 no god is there but ,he3 why then do ye turn away from ,him8 ,yet thus are they turned aside who gainsay the signs of ,god4 ,it is ,god who hath given you the earth as a sure foundation1 and over it built up the ,heaven1 and formed you1 and made your forms beautiful1 and feedeth you with good things4 ,this is ,god your ,lord4 ,blessed then be ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds6 ,he is the ,living ,one4 ,no ,god is there but ,he4 ,call then upon ,him and offer ,him a pure worship4 ,praise be to ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds6 ,,say3 ,verily ,i am forbidden to worship what ye call on beside ,god1 after that the clear tokens have come to me from my ,lord1 and ,i am bidden to surrender myself to the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,he it is who created you of the dust1 then of the germs of life1 then of thick blood1 then brought you forth infants3 then he letteth you reach your full strength1 and then become old men 7but some of you die first71 and reach the ordained term4 ,and this that haply ye may understand4 ,it is ,he who giveth life and death2 and when ,he decreeth a thing1 ,he only saith of it1 ,be1 and it is4 ,seest thou not those who cavil at the signs of ,god8 how are they turned aside6 ,they who treat the ,book1 and the message with which we have sent our ,sent ,ones1 as a lie1 shall know the truth hereafter1 ,when the collars shall be on their necks and the chains to drag them into ,hell3 then in the fire shall they be burned4 ,then shall it be said to them1 ,where are they whom ye made the objects of joint worship with ,god8 ,they shall say1 ,they have vanished away from us4 ,yea1 it was nought on which we called heretofore4 ,thus ,god leadeth the unbelievers astray4 -,this for you1 because of your unrighteous insolence and immoderate joys on earth4 ,enter ye the portals of ,hell to abide therein for ever4 ,and1 wretched the abode of the haughty ones6 ,therefore be thou steadfast in patience3 for the promise of ,god is truth3 and whether we shall make thee see part of the woes with which we threatened them1 or whether we cause thee first to die1 unto us shall they be brought back4 ,and we have already sent apostles before thee3 of some we have told thee1 and of others we have told thee nothing3#aj but no apostle had the power to work a miracle unless by the leave of ,god4 ,but when ,god's behest cometh1 everything will be decided with truth3 and then they perish who treated it as a vain thing4 ,it is ,god who hath given you the cattle that on some of them ye may ride1 and of some may eat3 7,other advantages too do ye derive from them7-and that by them ye may effect the projects ye cherish in your breasts2 for on them1 and on ships are ye borne3 ,and ,he sheweth you ,his signs3 which1 then1 of the signs of ,god will ye deny8 ,have they not journeyed in this land1 and seen what hath been the end of those who flourished before them8 ,more were they than these in number and mightier in strength1 and greater are the traces of their power remaining in the land3#aa yet their labours availed them nothing4 ,and when their apostles had come to them with the tokens of their mission1 they exulted in what they possessed of knowledge2 but that retribution at which they scoffed1 encompassed them4 ,and when they beheld our vengeance they said1 ,we believe in ,god alone1 and we disbelieve in the deities we once associated with ,him4 ,but their faith1 after they had witnessed our vengeance1 profited them not4 ,such the procedure of ,god with regard to his servants who flourished of old4 ,and then the unbelievers perished4 #a ,see ,sura #axviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #b ,the ,cherubic beings of ,scripture are said to be above the throne of ,god 7,is4 vi4 #a71 beneath it 7,ezek4 x472 and the mystical beasts in the ,revelations are said to be in the midst of the throne and round about it4 #c ,probably the union of life and death in the womb1 and the subsequent life followed by death4 #d ,see ,sura lxxix4 xxviii4 #gf4 #e ,thus ,sura lxxix4 xxviii #bj1 and ,sura lx4 xxxvi4 #ai1 we have a similar character introduced into the narrative4 #f ,comp4 ,acts v4 #ch1 #ci4 #g ,these tribes no doubt constantly formed temporary alliances4 ,muhammad implies that they were confederate against their prophets4 #h ,haman1 the favourite of ,ahasuerus and the enemy of the ,jews1 is thus made the vizier of ,pharaoh4 ,the ,rabbins make this vizier to have been ,korah1 ,jethro1 or ,balaam4 ,midr4 ,jalkut on ,ex4 ch4 #a1 ,sect4 #afb-afh2 and ,tr4 ,solah1 fol4 #aa4 ,see ,sura lxxix4 xxviii4 #e4 #i ,thy remissness in propagating ,islam4 ,beidh4 #aj ,it is possible that ,muhammad1 conscious of his ignorance of ,jewish history1 intends in this verse to screen himself from the charge of passing over the histories of many of their prophets4 #aa ,the wealth of ,mecca1 although it still numbered about #ab1jjj inhabitants 7as well as of ,arabia generally71 had much declined at the time of ,muhammad1 owing mainly to the navigation of the ,red ,sea1 under the ,roman dominion over ,egypt1 which of course impoverished the tribes situated on the line of the old mercantile route southward4 ,mecca1 however1 was still to a certain extent prosperous4 ,comp4 ,sura lxi4 xliii4 #bh4 ,,sura ,,xxviii4-,,the ,,story ,,lxxix4 ,,mecca4-#hh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ta4 ,,sin4 ,,mim4#a ,these are the signs of the lucid ,book4 ,we will recite to thee portions of the ,history of ,moses and ,pharaoh with truth1 for the teaching of the faithful4 ,now ,pharaoh lifted himself up in the earth1 and divided his people into parties3 one portion of them he brought low-,he slew their male children1 and let their females only live2 for he was one of those who wrought disorders4 ,and we were minded to shew favour to those who were brought low in the land1 and to make them spiritual chiefs1#b and to make them ,pharaoh's heirs1 ,and to stablish them in the land2#c and to make ,pharaoh and ,haman and their hosts1 the eye-witnesses of what they dreaded from them4 ,and we said by revelation to the mother of ,moses1 ,give him suck2 and if thou fearest for him1 launch him on the sea2 and fear not1 neither fret2 for we will restore him to thee1 and make him one of the apostles4 ,and ,pharaoh's family took him up to be a foe and a sorrow to them1 for sinners were ,pharaoh and ,haman and their hosts6 ,and ,pharaoh's wife said1 ,joy of the eye#d to me and thee6 put him not to death3 haply he will be useful to us1 or we may adopt him as a son4 ,but they knew not what they did4 ,and the heart of ,moses' mother became a blank through fear3 and almost had she discovered him1 but that we girt up her heart with constancy1 in order that she might be one of those who believe4 ,she said to his sister1 ,follow him4 ,and she watched him from afar3 and they perceived it not4 ,and we caused him to refuse the nurses1#e until his sister came and said1 ,shall ,i point out to you the family of a house that will rear him for you1 and will be careful of him8 ,so we restored him to his mother1 to be the joy of her eyes1 and that she might not fret1 and that she might know that the promise of ,god was true4 ,but most men knew it not4 ,and when he had reached his age of strength1 and had become a man1 we bestowed on him wisdom and knowledge2 for thus do we reward the righteous4 ,and he entered a city at the time when its inhabitants would not observe him1#f and found therein two men fighting3 the one1 of his own people2 the other1 of his enemies4 ,and he who was of his own people asked his help against him who was of his enemies4 ,and ,moses smote him with his fist and slew him4 ,said he1 ,this is a work of ,satan2 for he is an enemy1 a manifest misleader4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord1 ,i have sinned to mine own hurt3#g forgive me4 ,so ,god forgave him2 for ,he is the ,forgiving1 the ,merciful4 ,he said1 ,lord1 because thou hast showed me this grace1 ,i will never again be the helper of the wicked4 ,and in the city at noon he was full of fear1 casting furtive glances round him3 and lo6 the man whom he had helped the day before1 cried out to him again for help4 ,said ,moses to him1 ,thou art plainly a most depraved person4 ,and when he would have laid violent hands on him who was their common foe1 he said to him1 ,o ,moses1 dost thou desire to slay me1 as thou slayedst a man yesterday8 ,thou desirest only to become a tyrant in this land1 and desirest not to become a peacemaker4 ,but a man came running up from the city's end4 ,he said1 ,o ,moses1 of a truth1 the nobles consult to slay thee-,begone then-,i counsel thee as a friend4 ,so forth he went from it in fear1 looking warily about him4 ,he said1 ,o ,lord1 deliver me from the unjust people4 ,and when he was journeying toward ,madian1 he said1 ,haply my ,lord will direct me in an even path4 ,and when he arrived at the water of ,madian1 he found at it a company of men watering4 ,and he found beside them1 two women#h keeping back their flock3 ,why do ye1 said he1 thus8 ,they said ,we shall not water till the shepherds shall have driven off2 for our father is very aged4 ,so he watered for them-then retired to the shade and said1 ,o my ,lord1 of the good thou hast caused me to meet with ,i stand in need4#i ,and one of them came to him1 walking bashfully4 ,said she1 ,my father calleth thee1 that he may pay thee wages for thy watering for us4 ,and when he came to him and had told him his ,,story1 ,fear not1 said he1 thou hast escaped from an unjust people4 ,one of them said1 ,o my father1 hire him3 for the best thou canst hire is the strong1 the trusty4 ,he said1 ,truly to one of these my two daughters ,i desire to marry thee1 if for eight years thou wilt be my hired servant3#aj and if thou fulfil ten1 it shall be of thine own accord1 for ,i wish not to deal hardly with thee4 ,thou wilt find me1 if ,god will1 one of the upright4 ,he said1 ,be it so between me and thee3 ,whichever of the two terms ,i fulfil1 there will be no injustice to me4 ,and ,god is witness of what we say4 ,and when ,moses had fulfilled the term1 and was journeying with his family1 he perceived a fire on the mountain side4 ,he said to his family1 ,wait ye1 for ,i perceive a fire4 ,haply ,i may bring you tidings from it1 or a brand from the fire to warm you4 ,and when he came up to it1 a ,voice cried to him#aa out of the bush from the right side of the valley in the sacred hollow1 ,o ,moses1 ,i truly am ,god1 the ,lord of the ,worlds3 ,throw down now thy rod4 ,and when he saw it move as though it were a serpent1 he retreated and fled and returned not4 ,o ,moses1 cried the ,voice1 draw near and fear not1 for thou art in safety4 ,put thy hand into thy bosom2 it shall come forth white1 but unharmed3 and draw back thy hand#ab to thee without fear4 ,these shall be two signs from thy ,lord to ,pharaoh and his nobles2 for they are a perverse people4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 truly ,i have slain one of them1 therefore fear ,i lest they slay me4 ,my brother ,aaron is clearer of speech than ,i4 ,send him1 therefore1 with me as a help1 and to make good my cause1 for ,i fear lest they treat me as an impostor4 ,he said1 ,we will strengthen thine arm with thy brother1 and we will give power unto you both1 and they shall not equal you in our signs4 ,ye twain and they who shall follow you1 shall gain the day4 ,and when ,moses came to him with our demonstrative signs they said1 ,this is nought but magical device4 ,we never heard the like among our sires of old4 ,and ,moses said1 ,my ,lord best knoweth on whom ,he hath bestowed ,his guidance1 and whose shall be the recompense of the abode of ,paradise4 ,verily1 the wicked shall not prosper4 ,and ,pharaoh said1 ,o ye nobles1 ye have no other ,god that ,i know of but myself4 ,burn me then1 ,haman1 bricks of clay1#ac and build me a tower that ,i may mount up to the ,god of ,moses1 for in sooth1 ,i deem him a liar4 ,and he and his hosts behaved themselves proudly and unjustly on the earth1 and thought that they should never be brought back to us4 ,but we seized on him and his hosts and cast them into the sea3 ,behold1 then1 the end of the wrongful doers3 ,and we made them imms who invite to the fire of hell1 and on the day of ,resurrection they shall not be helped4 ,we followed them with a curse in this world1 and covered shall they be with shame on the day of ,resurrection4 ,and after we had destroyed the former generations1 we gave the book of the ,law to ,moses for man's enlightening1 and a guidance and a mercy1 that haply they might reflect4 ,and thou wast not on the western slope of ,sinai when we laid his charge on ,moses1 nor wast thou one of the witnesses2 ,but we raised up generations after ,moses1 men whose days were lengthened2#ad neither didst thou dwell among the inhabitants of ,madian to rehearse to them our signs1 but we sent ,apostles to them4#ae ,nor wast thou on the slope of ,sinai when we called to ,moses1 but it is of the mercy of thy ,lord that thou warnest a people1 to whom no warner had come before thee1 to the intent that they should reflect3 ,and that they should not say when a calamity shall befal them for their previous handy work1 ,o our ,lord6 why hast thou not sent an ,apostle to us8 ,then we should have followed thy signs and have been of the believers4 ,yet when the truth came to them from our very presence1 they said1 ,unless the like powers be given to him that were given to ,moses4 4 4 4#af ,but did they not disbelieve in what of old was given to ,moses8 ,they said1 ,two works of sorcery#ag have helped each other2 and they said1 ,we disbelieve them both4 ,,say3 ,bring then a ,book from before ,god which shall be a better guide than these1 that ,i may follow it2 if ye speak the truth4 ,and if they answer thee not1 then know that verily they are following their own caprices3 and who goeth more widely astray than he who followeth his own caprice without guidance from ,god8 for ,god guideth not the wicked4 ,and now have we caused our word to come unto them1 that they may be warned3 ,they#ah to whom we gave the ,scriptures before ,,it1 do in ,,it believe4 ,and when it is recited to them they say1 ,we believe in it1 for it is the truth from our ,lord4 ,we were ,muslims before it came4 ,twice shall their reward be given them1 for that they suffered with patience1 and repelled evil with good1 and gave alms out of that with which we provided them4 ,and when they hear light discourse they withdraw from it1 and say1 ,our works for us and your works for you6 ,peace be on you6 ,we are not in quest of fools6 ,thou truly canst not guide whom thou desirest2 but ,god guideth whom ,he will2 and ,he best knoweth those who yield to guidance4 ,but they say1 ,if we follow the way in which thou art guided1#ai we shall be driven from our country4 ,but have we not established for them a sacred secure precinct1 to which fruits of every kind1 our gift for their support1 are gathered together8 ,but most of them have no knowledge4 ,and how many cities have we destroyed that flourished in wanton ease6 ,and these their dwellings have not been inhabited since their time save by a few1 and it is we who became their heirs4 ,but thy ,lord did not destroy the cities till ,he had sent an apostle to their mother-city to rehearse our signs to its people3 nor did we destroy the cities unless its people were unjust4 ,and all that hath been bestowed on you is merely for enjoyment and pomp of this life present3 but that which is with ,god is better and more lasting4 ,will ye not be wise8 ,shall he then to whom we have promised a goodly promise and who obtaineth it1 be as he on whom we have bestowed the enjoyments of this life present1 and who on the day of ,resurrection shall be brought up for punishment8 ,on that day will ,god cry to them and say1 ,where are my companions1 as ye supposed them8 ,they on whom doom shall be justly pronounced will say1 ,o our ,lord6 these are they whom we led astray3 we led them astray even as we had been led astray ourselves3 ,thou hast no cause of blame against us3 ,it was not we whom they worshipped4#bj ,and it shall be said1 ,call now on those whom ye made ,god's companions3 and they shall call on them1 but they will not answer them4 ,and they shall see the punishment1 and wish that they had been guided aright4 ,and on that day shall ,god call to them and say1 ,how answered ye the apostles8 ,but on that day they shall be too blinded with confusion to give an account1#ba nor shall they ask it of one another4 ,yet as to him who shall turn to ,god and believe and do the thing that is right1 it may come to pass that he shall be among the happy4 ,and thy ,lord createth what he will and hath a free choice4 ,but they1 the false gods1 have no power to choose4 ,glory be to ,god6 and high let him be exalted above those whom they associate with him4 ,and thy ,lord knoweth what their breasts conceal and what they bring to light4 ,and ,he is ,god6 ,there is no god but ,he6 ,his1 all praise in this life and in the next1 and ,his the power supreme1#bb and to ,him shall ye be brought back6 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if ,god should enshroud you with a long night until the day of resurrection1 what god beside ,god would bring you light8 ,will ye not then hearken8 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if ,god should make it one long day for you until the day of resurrection1 what god but ,god could bring you the night in which to take your rest8 ,will ye not then see8 ,of ,his mercy he hath made for you the night that ye may take your rest in it2 and the day that ye may seek what ye need out of his bounteous supplies1 and that ye may give thanks4 ,one day ,god will call to them and say1 ,where are my companions as ye supposed them8 ,and we will bring up a witness out of every nation and say1 ,bring your proofs4 ,and they shall know that the truth is with ,god alone1 and the gods of their own devising shall desert them4 ,now ,korah#bc was of the people of ,moses3 but he behaved haughtily toward them2 for we had given him such treasure that its keys would have burdened a company of men of strength4 ,when his people said to him1 ,exult not1 for ,god loveth not those who exult2 ,but seek1 by means of what ,god hath given thee1 to attain the future ,mansion2 and neglect not thy part in this world1 but be bounteous to others as ,god hath been bounteous to thee1 and seek not to commit excesses on the earth2 for ,god loveth not those who commit excesses3 ,he said1 ,it hath been given me only on account of the knowledge that is in me4 ,did he not know that ,god had destroyed before him generations that were mightier than he in strength and had amassed more abundant wealth8 ,but the wicked shall not be asked of their crimes4 ,and ,korah went forth to his people in his pomp4 ,those who were greedy for this present life said1 ,oh that we had the like of that which hath been bestowed on ,korah6 ,truly he is possessed of great good fortune4 ,but they to whom knowledge had been given said1 ,woe to you6 the reward of ,god is better for him who believeth and worketh righteousness1 and none shall win it but those who have patiently endured4 ,and we clave the earth for him and for his palace1 and he had no forces1 in the place of ,god1#bd to help him1 nor was he among those who are succoured4 ,and in the morning those who the day before had coveted his lot said1 ,aha6 ,god enlargeth supplies to whom he pleaseth of his servants1 or is sparing4 ,had not ,god been gracious to us1 ,he had caused it to cleave for us4 ,aha6 the ungrateful can never prosper4 ,as to this future mansion1 we will bestow it on those who seek not to exalt them in the earth or to do wrong3 ,and there is a happy issue for the ,god- fearing4 ,whoso doeth good shall have reward beyond its merits1 and whoso doeth evil1 they who do evil shall be rewarded only as they shall have wrought4 ,he who hath sanctioned the ,koran to thee will certainly bring thee to thy home4#be ,,say3 ,my ,lord best knoweth who hath guidance1 and who is in undoubted error4 ,thou didst never expect that the ,book would be given thee4 ,of thy ,lord's mercy only hath it been sent down4 ,be not thou helpful then to the unbelievers3 ,neither let them turn thee aside from the signs of ,god after they have been sent down to thee1 but bid men to thy ,lord2 and be not among those who add gods to ,god3 ,and call not on any other god with ,god4 ,there is no god but ,he6 ,everything shall perish except ,himself6 ,judgment is ,his1 and to ,him shall ye return6 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #b ,lit4 ,imms4 #c ,comp4 xci4 ii4 #eh4 #d ,that is1 ,this child will be a comfort to us4 ,see ,sura lviii4 xix4 #bf4 #e ,why must the nurse be a ,hebrew woman8 7,ex4 ii4 #g47 ,this shews that he refused the breast of all the ,egyptian women4 ,for the ,holy1 blessed be ,he1 had said1 ,shall the mouth that is to speak with me suck an unclean thing8 ,sotah4 xii4 #b4 #f ,lit4 in the time of neglect on the part of its people1 i4e4 at the hour of the noon sleep4 #g ,lit4 ,i have acted unjustly to my soul4 #h ,comp4 ,ex4 ii4 #af1 #ag1 where the daughters are said to be seven4 #i ,that is1 of a wife4 #aj ,the compact 7,gen4 xxix4 #ae-ci7 between ,laban and ,jacob must have been present to the mind of ,muhammad when composing this tale4 #aa ,lit4 he was cried to4 ,according to ,muhammad1 ,moses had resolved to quit ,madian previously to the ,vision of the ,bush1 which1 according to ,ex4 iii41 was the real occasion4 #ab ,lit4 thy wing4 #ac ,lit4 kindle upon the clay4 ,comp4 lxxviii4 xl4 #ch-di4 ,he 7,pharaoh7 said to them3 ,from the first have ye spoken an untruth1 for ,lord of the ,worlds am ,i4 ,i created myself and the ,nile1 as it is said 7,ez4 xxix4 #c71 ',my river is mine own and ,i have made it for myself4' 7,e4,t47 ,mid4 ,rab4 on ,ex4 ,par4 #e4 #ad ,so that the oral traditions would be easily handed down4 #ae ,or1 yet have we sent thee as an ,apostle to them4 #af ,supply1 we will not believe4 #ag ,that is1 the ,pentateuch and the ,koran4 #ah ,the ,meccan ,jews and ,christians who had formerly embraced ,islam1 and could now affirm that they had always held the same faith4 ,this passage could not have been written after ,muhammad's experience of ,jewish unbelief at ,medina4 #ai ,lit4 the guidance with thee4 #bj ,but their own imaginations and passions4 #ba ,lit4 the account shall be blind or dark to them4 ,sie werden vor ,bestrzung keine ,rechenschaft geben4 ,ullm4 #bb ,potestas judiciaria4 ,mar4 ,richteramt4 ,ullm4 #bc ,ar4 ,karun4 ,joseph concealed three treasures in ,egypt1 one of which became known to ,korah 4 4 4 the keys of ,korah's treasure chambers were a burden for #cjj white mules4 ,midr4 ,jalkut on ,eccl4 v4 #ab1 ,riches kept for the owners thereof to their hurt1-which may have furnished ,muhammad with the nucleus of this story4 ,compare also ,tract4 ,psachim4 fol4 #aai a4 #bd ,or1 against ,god4 #be ,probably to ,paradise1 according to others to ,mecca1 as a conqueror4 ,but this latter interpretation involves the revelation of this verse at least1 at ,medina4 ,,sura ,,xxxix4-,,the ,,troops ,,lxxx4 ,,mecca4-#ge ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,the ,book#a sent down from ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,we have sent down the ,book to thee with the truth3 serve thou ,god then1 and be sincere in thy worship3 ,is not a sincere worship due to ,god8 ,but they who take others beside him as lords saying1 ,we serve them only that they may bring us near to ,god-,god will judge between them and the faithful1 concerning that wherein they are at variance4 ,verily ,god will not guide him who is a liar1 an infidel4 ,had ,god desired to have had a son1 he had surely chosen what he pleased out of his own creation4 ,but praise be to ,him6 ,he is ,god1 the ,one1 the ,almighty4 ,for truth#b hath he created the ,heavens and the ,earth3 ,it is of ,him that the night returneth upon the day and that the day returneth upon the night3 and ,he controlleth the sun and the moon so that each speedeth to an appointed goal4 ,is ,he not the ,mighty1 the ,gracious8 ,he created you all of one man1 from whom ,he afterwards formed his wife2 and of cattle ,he hath sent down to you four pairs4#c ,in the wombs of your mothers did ,he create you by creation upon creation in triple darkness4 ,it is ,he who is ,god your ,lord3 the kingdom is ,his3 ,there is no ,god but ,he4 ,how then are ye so turned aside from ,him8 ,suppose ye render him no thanks6 yet forsooth is ,god rich without you3 but ,he is not pleased with thanklessness in ,his servants3 yet if ye be thankful ,he will be pleased with you4 ,the soul burdened with its own works shall not be burdened with the burden of another3 hereafter shall ye return to your ,lord1 and he will tell you of all your works1 ,for he knoweth the very secrets of your breasts4 ,when some trouble toucheth a man1 he turneth to his ,lord and calleth on him3 yet no sooner hath ,he enriched him with his favour than he forgetteth ,him on whom he before had called1 and setteth up peers with ,god1 that he may beguile others from ,his way4 ,,say3 ,enjoy thou thyself yet a little in thine ingratitude6 but thou shalt surely be one of the inmates of the fire4 ,shall he who observeth the hours of the night1 prostrate or standing in devotion1 heedful of the life to come1 and hoping for the mercy of his ,lord 4 4 48 ,,say3 ,shall they who have knowledge and they who have it not1 be treated alike8 ,in sooth1 men of understanding only will take the warning4 ,,say3 ,o my believing servants1 fear your ,lord4 ,for those who do good in this world there is good3 and broad is ,god's earth#d-verily those who endure with patience shall be repaid3 their reward shall not be by measure4 ,,say3 ,i am bidden to serve ,god with a sincere worship3 and ,i am bidden to be the first of those who surrender themselves to him 7,muslims74 ,,say3 ,verily ,i fear if ,i rebel against my ,lord the punishment of a great day4 ,,say3 ,god will ,i serve1 presenting him with a sincere worship3 ,and serve ye what ye choose beside ,him4 ,,say3 ,the losers truly will they be who shall lose their own souls and their families on the day of resurrection3 ,is not this the clear ruin8 ,canopies of fire shall be over them1 and floors of fire beneath them4 ,with this doth ,god alarm his servants3 ,fear ye me1 then1 ,o my servants6 ,but good tidings are there for those who shun the worship of ,thagout and are turned to ,god4 ,cheer then with good tidings those my servants who hearken to my word and follow its excellence4 ,these are they whom ,god guideth1 and these are men of insight4 ,him then on whom the sentence of punishment hath justly lighted-him who is doomed to the fire canst thou rescue8 ,but for those who fear their ,lord are storied pavilions beneath which shall the rivers flow3 it is the promise of ,god1 and ,god will not fail in his promise4 ,seest thou not that ,god sendeth down water from heaven1 and guideth it along so as to form springs in the earth-then bringeth forth by it corn of varied sorts-then causeth he it to wither1 and thou seest it become yellow-then crumbleth it away8 ,lo6 herein is teaching for men of insight4 ,shall he then whose breast ,god hath opened to ,islam1 and who hath light from his ,lord 4 4 48 ,but woe to those whose hearts are hardened against the remembrance of ,god6 ,they plainly err4 ,the best of recitals hath ,god sent down a book in unison with itself1 and teaching by iteration4#e ,the very skins of those who fear their ,lord do creep at it6 ,then do their skins and their hearts soften at the remembrance of their ,lord6 ,this is ,god's guidance3 by it will ,he guide whom ,he pleaseth2 and1 whom ,god shall mislead1 no guide shall there be for him4 ,shall he who shall have nought but his own face to shelter him with from the torment of the punishment on the day of the resurrection 4 4 48 ,aye1 to the evil doers it shall be said1 ,taste what ye have earned4 ,they who were before them said it was a lie2 but a punishment came upon them whence they looked not for it3 ,and ,god made them taste humiliation in this present life3 but greater surely will be the punishment of the life to come4 ,did they but know it6 ,now have we set before man in this ,koran every kind of parable for their warning3 ,an ,arabic ,koran1 free from tortuous wording1 to the intent that they may fear ,god4 ,god setteth forth the comparison of a man with associates#f at variance among themselves1 and of a man devoted wholly to a man4 ,are these to be held alike8 ,no1 praise be to ,god6 ,but the greater part of them understand not4 ,thou truly shall die1 ,o ,muhammad1 and they too shall die3 ,then1 at the day of resurrection1 ye shall wrangle with one another in the presence of your ,lord4 ,and who acteth more unjustly than he who lieth of ,god1 and treateth the truth when it cometh to him as a lie8 ,is there not a dwelling-place in ,hell for the infidels8 ,but he who bringeth the truth1 and he who believeth it to be the truth3 these are the ,god-fearing4 ,whatever they shall desire1 awaiteth them with their ,lord6 ,this is the reward of the righteous2 ,that ,god may do away the guilt of their worst actions1 and for their best actions render them their reward4 ,is not ,god all-sufficient for his servant8 ,yet would they scare thee by their idols4 ,but no guide shall there be for him whom ,god misleadeth3 ,and he whom ,god guideth shall have none to mislead him4 ,is not ,god1 all- mighty1 able to revenge8 ,and if thou ask them who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 they will surely answer1 ,god4 ,,say3 ,think ye1 then1 that they#g on whom ye call beside ,god1 if ,god choose to afflict me1 could remove his affliction8 or if he choose to show me mercy1 could they withhold ,his mercy8 ,,say3 ,god sufficeth me3 in ,him let the trusting trust4 ,,say3 ,o my people1 act your part as best ye can1 ,i too will act mine2 and in the end ye shall know ,on whom shall light a punishment that shall shame him1 and on whom a lasting punishment shall fall4 ,assuredly we have sent down the ,book to thee for man and for the ends of truth4 ,whoso shall be guided by it-it will be for his own advantage1 and whoso shall err1 shall only err to his own loss4 ,but not to thy keeping are they entrusted4 ,god taketh souls unto ,himself at death2 and during their sleep those who do not die3#h and he retaineth those on which he hath passed a decree of death1 but sendeth the others back till a time that is fixed4 ,herein are signs for the reflecting4 ,have they taken aught beside ,god as intercessors8 ,,say3 ,what6 though they have no power over anything1 neither do they understand8 ,,say3 ,intercession is wholly with ,god3#i ,his the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,to him shall ye be brought back hereafter6 ,but when the ,one ,god is named1 the hearts of those who believe not in the life to come1 shrivel up3 but when the deities who are adored beside ,him are named1 lo6 they are filled with joy4 ,,say3 ,o ,god1 creator of the ,heaven and of the ,earth1 who knowest the hidden and the manifest1 thou shalt judge between thy servants as to the subject of their disputes4 ,if the wicked possessed all that is in the earth and as much again therewith1 verily they would ransom themselves with it from the pain of the punishment on the day of the resurrection2 and there shall appear to them1 from ,god1 things they had never reckoned on3 ,and their own ill deeds shall be clearly perceived by them1 and that fire at which they mocked shall encircle them on every side4 ,when trouble befalleth a man he crieth to ,us2 afterwards1 when we have vouchsafed favour to him1 he saith1 ,god knew that ,i deserved it4#aj ,nay1 it is a trial4 ,but the greater part of them knew it not4 ,the same said those who flourished before them2 but their deeds profited them not4 ,and their own ill deeds recoiled upon them4 ,and whoso among these 7,meccans7 shall do wrong1 on them likewise their own misdeeds shall light1 neither shall they invalidate ,god4 ,know they not that ,god giveth supplies with open hand1 and that ,he is sparing to whom ,he will8 ,of a truth herein are signs to those who believe4 ,,say3 ,o my servants who have transgressed to your own hurt1#aa despair not of ,god's mercy1 for all sins doth ,god forgive4 ,gracious1 ,merciful is ,he6 ,and return ye to your ,lord1 and to ,him resign yourselves1 ere the punishment come on you1 for then ye shall not be helped3 ,and follow that most excellent thing which hath been sent down to you from your ,lord1 ere the punishment come on you suddenly1 and when ye look not for it3 ,so that a soul say1 ,oh misery6 for my failures in duty towards ,god6 and verily ,i was of those who scoffed3 ,or say1 ,had ,god guided me1 ,i had surely been of those who feared ,him3 ,or say1 when it seeth the punishment1 ,could ,i but return1 then ,i would be of the righteous4 ,nay6 my signs had already come to thee1 and thou didst treat them as untruths1 and wast arrogant1 and becamest of those who believed not4 ,and on the resurrection day1 thou shalt see those who have lied of ,god1 with their faces black4 ,is there not an abode in ,hell for the arrogant8 ,but ,god shall rescue those who fear him into their safe retreat3 no ill shall touch them1 neither shall they be put to grief4 ,god is the creator of all things1 and of all things is ,he the guardian6 ,his the keys of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 and-who believe not in the signs of ,god-these6 they shall perish6 ,,say3 ,what6 do ye then bid me worship other than ,god1 ,o ye ignorant ones8 ,but now hath it been revealed to thee and to those who flourished before thee1-,verily1 if thou join partners with ,god1 vain shall be all thy work1 and thyself shalt be of those who perish4 ,nay1 rather worship ,god6 and be of those who render thanks4 ,but they have not deemed of ,god as is ,his due2#ab for on the resurrection day the whole ,earth shall be but his handful1 and in his right hand shall the ,heavens be folded together4 ,praise be to ,him6 and high be ,he uplifted above the partners they join with ,him6 ,and there shall be a blast on the trumpet1 and all who are in the ,heavens and all who are in the ,earth shall expire1 save those whom ,god shall vouchsafe to live4 ,then shall there be another blast on it1 and lo6 arising they shall gaze around them3 ,and the earth shall shine with the light of her ,lord1 and the ,book shall be set1 and the prophets shall be brought up1 and the witnesses2 and judgment shall be given between them with equity2 and none shall be wronged3 ,and every soul shall receive as it shall have wrought1 for well knoweth ,he men's actions4 ,and by ,,troops shall the unbelievers be driven towards ,hell1 until when they reach it1 its gates shall be opened1 and its keepers shall say to them1 ,came not apostles from among yourselves to you1 reciting to you the signs of your ,lord1 and warning you of the meeting with ,him on this your day8#ac ,they shall say1 ,yes4 ,but just is the sentence of punishment on the unbelievers4 ,it shall be said to them1 ,enter ye the gates of ,hell1 therein to dwell for ever2 and wretched the abode of the arrogant6 ,but those who feared their ,lord shall be driven on by troops to ,paradise1 until when they reach it1 its gates shall be opened1 and its keepers shall say to them1 ,all hail6 virtuous have ye been3 enter then in1 to abide herein for ever4 ,and they shall say1 ,praise be to ,god1 who hath made good to us ,his promise1 and hath given to us the earth as our heritage1 that we may dwell in ,paradise wherever we please6 ,and goodly is the reward of those who travailed virtuously4 ,and thou shalt see the ,angels circling around the ,throne with praises of their ,lord3 and judgment shall be pronounced between them with equity3 and it shall be said1 ,glory be to ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds4 #a ,lit4 the sending down1 or revelation1 of the ,book is1 etc4 #b ,lit4 in truth1 i4e4 for a serious and earnest purpose1 and not as mere pastime4 #c ,that is1 camels1 oxen1 sheep and goats4 #d ,the wording of this verse would seem to indicate a period when ,muhammad was meditating flight from ,mecca4 ,comp4 lxxxi4 xxix4 #ef4 #e ,see on the word ,mathani1 ,sura xv4 #hg1 p4 #aaf4 ,or1 by rhyming couplets4 #f ,the word associates contains an implied allusion to the deities associated with ,god1 and who distract the idolaters in their worship4 #g ,in the fem4 gender in the ,ar4 ,this passage was revealed shortly after the circumstances mentioned1 liii4 #bj1 n4 p4 #gj4 #h ,see ,sura lxxxix4 vi4 #fj4 #i ,that is1 none may intercede with ,him but those whom ,he permits to do so4 #aj ,lit4 ,it was only given to me on account of knowledge4 ,mar4 ,deus sciebat me esse dignum eo4 ,thus ,sale4 #aa ,by becoming apostates from ,islam4 ,comp4 ,sura lxxiii4 xvi4 #ajh4 ,this and the two following verses are said to have originated at ,medina4 ,his #bcj1 ,wah4 ,omar ben ,muhammad4 ,beidh4 ,itq4 #ai4 #ab ,lit4 they have not esteemed ,god according to the truth of ,his estimation4 #ac ,adventum diei hujus4 ,mar4 ,,sura ,,xxix4-,,the ,,spider ,,lxxxi4 ,,mecca-#fi ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4#a ,think men that when they say1 ,we believe1 they shall be let alone and not be put to proof8 ,we put to proof those who lived before them2 for ,god will surely take knowledge of those who are sincere1 and will surely take knowledge of the liars4 ,think they who work evil that they shall escape ,us8 ,ill do they judge4 ,to him who hopeth to meet ,god1 the set time of ,god will surely come4 ,the ,hearer1 the ,knower1 ,he6 ,whoso maketh efforts for the faith1 maketh them for his own good only4 ,verily ,god is rich enough to dispense with all creatures4 ,and as to those who shall have believed and done the things that are right1 their evil deeds will we surely blot out from them1 and according to their best actions will we surely reward them4 ,moreover we have enjoined on man to shew kindness to parents3 but if they strive with thee that thou join that with ,me of which thou hast no knowledge1#b obey them not4 ,to me do ye return1 and then will ,i tell you of your doings3 ,and those who shall have believed and done the things that are right1 we will surely give them an entering in among the just4 ,but some men say1 ,we believe in ,god1 yet when they meet with sufferings in the cause of ,god1 they regard trouble from man as chastisement from ,god4 ,yet if a success come from thy ,lord they are sure to say1 ,we were on your side6 ,doth not ,god well know what is in the breasts of his creatures8 ,yes1 and ,god well knoweth those who believe1 and ,he well knoweth the ,hypocrites4 ,the unbelievers say to the faithful1 ,follow ye our way1 and we will surely bear your sins4 ,but not aught of their sins will they bear-verily they are liars6 ,but their own burdens1 and burdens beside their own burdens shall they surely bear3 and inquisition shall be made of them on the day of ,resurrection as to their false devices4 ,of old sent we ,noah to his people3 a thousand years save fifty did he tarry among them2 and the flood overtook them in their wrongful doings3 ,but we rescued him and those who were in the vessel2 and we made it a sign to all men3 ,and ,abraham2 when he said to his people1 ,worship ,god and fear ,him4 ,this will be best for you1 if ye have knowledge2 ,ye only worship idols beside ,god1 and are the authors of a lie4 ,those whom ye worship beside ,god can give you no supplies3 seek1 then1 your supplies from ,god2 and serve ,him and give ,him thanks4 ,to ,him shall ye return4 ,suppose that ye treat me as a liar6 nations before you have treated ,god's messenger as a liar2 but open preaching is his only duty4 ,see they not how ,god bringeth forth creation8 and then causeth it to return again8 ,this truly is easy for ,god4 ,,say1#c ,go through the earth1 and see how he hath brought forth created beings4 ,hereafter1 with a second birth will ,god cause them to be born again2 for ,god is ,almighty4 ,whom ,he pleaseth will ,he chastise1 and on whom ,he pleaseth will ,he have mercy1 and to ,him shall ye be taken back4 ,and ye shall not invalidate his power either in the ,earth or in the ,heaven3#d and1 save ,god1 ye shall have neither patron nor helper4 ,as for those who believe not in the signs of ,god1 or that they shall ever meet him1 these of my mercy shall despair1 and these doth a grievous chastisement await4 ,and the only answer of his people was to say1 ,slay him or burn him4 ,but from the fire did ,god save him6 ,verily1 herein are signs to those who believe4 ,and ,abraham said1 ,of a truth ye have taken idols along with ,god as your bond of union#e in this life present2 ,but on the day of resurrection some of you shall deny the others1 and some of you shall curse the others2 and your abode shall be the fire1 and ye shall have none to help4 ,but ,lot believed on him1#f and said1 ,i betake me to my ,lord1 for ,he truly is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,and we bestowed on him ,isaac and ,jacob1#g and placed the gift of prophecy and the ,scripture among his posterity2 ,and we gave him his reward in this world1 and in the next he shall be among the just4 ,we sent also ,lot3 when he said to his people1 ,proceed ye to a filthiness in which no people in the world hath ever gone before you8 ,proceed ye even to men8 attack ye them on the highway8 and proceed ye to the crime in your assemblies8 ,but the only answer of his people was to say1 ,bring ,god's chastisement upon us1 if thou art a man of truth4 ,he cried3 ,my ,lord6 help me against this polluted people4 ,and when our messengers came to ,abraham with the tidings of a son1 they said1 ,of a truth we will destroy the in-dwellers in this city1 for its in-dwellers are evil doers4 ,he said1 ,lot is therein4 ,they said1 ,we know full well who therein is4 ,him and his family will we save1 except his wife2 she will be of those who linger4 ,and when our messengers came to ,lot1 he was troubled for them1 and his arm was too weak#h to protect them2 and they said1 ,fear not1 and distress not thyself1 for thee and thy family will we save1 except thy wife2 she will be of those who linger4#i ,we will surely bring down upon the dwellers in this city vengeance from ,heaven for the excesses they have committed4 ,and in what we have left of it is a clear sign to men of understanding4 ,and to ,madian we sent their brother ,shoaib4 ,and he said1 ,oh6 my people6 worship ,god1 and expect the latter day1 and enact not in the land deeds of harmful excess4 ,but they treated him as an impostor3 so an earthquake assailed them2 and at morn they were found prostrate and dead in their dwellings4 ,and we destroyed ,ad and ,themoud4 ,already is this made plain to you in the ruins of their dwellings4 ,for ,satan had made their own works fair seeming to them1 and drew them from the right path1 keen-sighted though they were4 ,and ,corah and ,pharaoh and ,haman4 ,with proofs of his mission did ,moses come to them1 and they behaved proudly on the earth2 but us they could not outstrip2#aj ,for1 every one of them did we seize in his sin4 ,against some of them did wesend a stone-charged wind3 ,some of them did the terrible cry of ,gabriel surprise3 for some of them we cleaved the earth2 and some of them we drowned4 ,and it was not ,god who would deal wrongly by them1 but they wronged themselves4 ,the likeness for those who take to themselves guardians instead of ,god is the likeness of the ,,spider who buildeth her a house3 ,but verily1 frailest of all houses surely is the house of the spider4 ,did they but know this6 ,god truly knoweth all that they call on beside ,him2 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,these similitudes do we set forth to men3 and none understand them except the wise4 ,god hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth for a serious end4#aa ,verily in this is a sign to those who believe4 ,recite the portions of the ,book which have been revealed to thee and discharge the duty of prayer3 for prayer restraineth from the filthy and the blame-worthy4 ,and the gravest duty is the remembrance of ,god2 and ,god knoweth what ye do4 ,dispute not1 unless in kindly sort1 with the people of the ,book2#ab save with such of them as have dealt wrongfully with you3 ,and say ye1 ,we believe in what hath been sent down to us and hath been sent down to you4 ,our ,god and your ,god is one1 and to him are we self-surrendered 7,muslims74 ,thus have we sent down the ,book of the ,koran to thee3 and they to whom we have given the ,book of the law believe in it3 and of these ,arabians there are those who believe in it3 and none1 save the ,infidels1 reject our signs4 ,thou didst not recite any book 7of revelation7 before it3 with that right hand of thine thou didst not transcribe one3 else might they who treat it as a vain thing have justly doubted3 ,but it is a clear sign in the hearts of those whom the knowledge hath reached4 ,none except the wicked reject our signs4 ,and they say1 ,unless a sign be sent down to him from his ,lord4 4 4 4 ,,say3 ,signs are in the power of ,god alone4 ,i am only a plain spoken warner4 ,is it not enough for them that we have sent down to thee the ,book to be recited to them8 ,in this verily is a mercy and a warning to those who believe4 ,,say3 ,god is witness enough between me and you4 ,he knoweth all that is in the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and they who believe in vain things#ac and disbelieve in ,god-these shall be the lost ones4 ,they will challenge thee to hasten the punishment3 but had there not been a season fixed for it1 that punishment had already come upon them4 ,but it shall overtake them suddenly when they look not for it4 ,they will challenge thee to hasten the punishment3 but verily ,hell shall be round about the infidels4 ,one day the punishment shall wrap them round1 both from above them and from beneath their feet2 and ,god will say1 ,taste ye your own doings4 ,o my servants who have believed6 ,vast truly is my ,earth3#ad me1 therefore6 yea worship me4 ,every soul shall taste of death4 ,then to us shall ye return4 ,but those who shall have believed and wrought righteousness will we lodge in gardens with palaces1 beneath which the rivers flow4 ,for ever shall they abide therein4 ,how goodly the reward of those who labour1 ,who patiently endure1 and put their trust in their ,lord6 ,how many animals are there which provide not#ae their own food6 ,god feedeth them and you4 ,he ,heareth1 ,knoweth all things4 ,if thou ask them who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and hath imposed laws on the sun and on the moon1 they will certainly say1 ,god4 ,how then can they devise lies8 ,god lavisheth supplies on such of his servants as ,he pleaseth or giveth to them by measure4 ,god knoweth all things4 ,if thou ask them who sendeth rain from heaven1 and by it quickeneth the earth1 after it hath been dead1 they will certainly answer1 ,god4 ,,say3 ,praise be to ,god6 ,yet most of them do not understand4 ,this present life is no other than a pastime and a disport3 but truly the future mansion is life indeed6 ,would that they knew this6 ,lo6 when they embark on shipboard1 they call upon ,god1 vowing him sincere worship1 but when ,he bringeth them safe to land1 behold they join partners with ,him4 ,in our revelation they believe not1 yet take their fill of good things4 ,but in the end they shall know their folly4 ,do they not see that we have established a safe precinct#af while all around them men are being spoiled8 ,will they then believe in vain idols1 and not own the goodness of ,god8 ,but who acteth more wrongly than he who deviseth a lie against ,god1 or calls the truth when it hath come to him1 a lie8 ,is there not an abode for the infidels in ,hell8 ,and whoso maketh efforts for us1 in our ways will we guide them3 for ,god is assuredly with those who do righteous deeds4 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 ,the first ten verses of this ,sura were revealed at ,medina1 after the battles of ,bedr and ,ohod4 ,nld4 p4 #aae4 #b ,deities for whose worship thou canst shew no authority4 ,comp4 ,tr4 ,jebhamoth1 fol4 #f4 ,if a father saith to his son1 ,defile thyself1 or saith1 ,make not restitution1 shall he obey him8 ,it is said 7,lev4 xix4 #c71 ,let every man reverence his father and mother1 but keep my ,sabbaths all of you3 ye are all bound to honour me4 ,thus also ,midr4 ,jalkut1 #fjd4 ,comp4 next ,sura1 v4 #ac4 #c ,the word ,,say-the usual address of ,god or ,gabriel to ,muhammad-must either be considered as spoken by ,god to ,abraham1 in which case we have a curious instance of the manner in which ,muhammad identifies himself with ,abraham1 and makes ,abraham speak in words which he constantly elsewhere uses himself2 or1 with ,wahl1 we must suppose that from v4 #ag to v4 #bb are misplaced4 #d ,comp4 ,ps4 cxxxix4 #g4 #e ,lit4 for love among yourselves1 or as an object of love1 i4e4 devout worship4 #f ,thus ,sura lxv4 xxi4 #ga4 ,the ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 ,par4 #ah1 says that ,haran1 the father of ,lot1 was brought by ,abraham's deliverance from the furnace to the adoption of his doctrines4 ,muhammad may have transferred this idea to ,lot4 #g ,the following passages deserve to be compared1 as shewing the loose way in which ,muhammad could speak of the relationship subsisting between ,abraham and the other ,patriarchs4 ,see #ch below4 ,sura xci4 ii4 #abg2 lxxxix4 vi4 #hd2 lviii4 xix4 #ej2 lxv4 xxi4 #gb2 lxxvii4 xii4 #f4 ,it is a curious coincidence that in the ,sonna #cih1 #djj1 ,joseph is said to be the ,grandson1 and ,jacob the ,son1 of ,abraham4 #h ,lit4 was straitened in regard to them4 #i ,see lxxv4 xi4 #hc4 #aj ,so as to fly from our vengeance4 #aa ,lit4 in truth4 #ab ,with the ,jews4 ,this passage is quoted by modern ,muslims in justification of their indifference with respect to the propagation of their religion4 ,the number of the faithful1 said one of them to ,mr4 ,lane1 is decreed by ,god1 and no act of man can increase or diminish it4 ,mod4 ,egypt4 i4 p4 #cfd4 ,nldeke supposes this verse to have been revealed at ,medina1 and renders1 ,contend not except in the best way1 i4e4 not by words but by force4 #ac ,idols4 #ad ,that is1 you may find places of refuge where you may worship the true ,god in some other parts of the earth1 if driven forth from your native city4 ,this verse is very indicative of a late ,meccan origin4 ,flight from ,mecca must have been imminent when ,muhammad could thus write4 #ae ,lit4 carry not4 ,comp4 ,matth4 vi4 #bf2 ,luke xii4 #bd4 #af ,at ,mecca4 ,,sura ,,xxxi4-,,lokman#a ,,lxxxii4 ,,mecca4-#cd ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4#b ,these are the verses 7signs7 of the wise ,book1 ,a guidance and a mercy to the righteous1 ,who observe prayer1 and pay the impost1#c and believe firmly in the life to come3- ,these rest on guidance from their ,lord1 and with these it shall be well4 ,but a man there is#d who buyeth an idle tale1 that in his lack of knowledge he may mislead others from the way of ,god1 and turn it to scorn4 ,for such is prepared a shameful punishment6 ,and when our signs are rehearsed to him1 he turneth away disdainfully1 as though he heard them not1-as though his ears were heavy with deafness4 ,announce to him therefore tidings of an afflictive punishment6 ,but they who shall have believed and wrought good works1 shall enjoy the gardens of delight3 ,for ever shall they dwell therein3 it is ,god's true promise6 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,without pillars that can be seen hath ,he created the heavens1 and on the earth hath thrown mountains lest it should move with you2#e and ,he hath scattered over it animals of every sort3 and from the ,heaven we send down rain and cause every kind of noble plant to grow up therein4 ,this is the creation of ,god3 ,shew me now what others than ,he have created4 ,ah6 the ungodly are in a manifest delusion4 ,of old we bestowed wisdom upon ,,lokman1 and taught him thus-,be thankful to ,god3 for whoever is thankful1 is thankful to his own behoof2 and if any shall be thankless 4 4 4 ,god truly is self-sufficient1 worthy of all praise6 ,and bear in mind when ,lokman said to his son by way of warning1 ,o my son6 join not other gods with ,god1 for the joining gods with ,god is the great impiety4 7,we have commanded#f man concerning his parents4 ,his mother carrieth him with weakness upon weakness2 nor until after two years is he weaned4#g ,be grateful to me1 and to thy parents4 ,unto me shall all come4 ,but if they importune thee to join that with ,me of which thou hast no knowledge1 obey them not3 comport thyself towards them in this world as is meet and right2 but follow the way of him who turneth unto me4 ,unto me shall ye return at last1 and then will ,i tell you of your doings27 ,o my son6 verily ,god will bring everything to light1 though it were but the weight of a grain of mustard-seed1 and hidden in a rock or in the heavens or in the earth2 for1 ,god is subtile1 informed of all4 ,o my son6 observe prayer1 and enjoin the right and forbid the wrong1 and be patient under whatever shall betide thee3 for this is a bounden duty4 ,and distort not thy face at men2 nor walk thou loftily on the earth2 for ,god loveth no arrogant vain-glorious one4 ,but let thy pace be middling2 and lower thy voice3 for the least pleasing of voices is surely the voice of asses4 ,see ye not how that ,god hath put under you all that is in the heavens and all that is on the earth1 and hath been bounteous to you of his favours1 both for soul and body4#h ,but some are there who dispute of ,god without knowledge1 and have no guidance and no illuminating ,book3 ,and when it is said to them1 ,follow ye what ,god hath sent down1 they say1 ,nay2 that religion in which we found our fathers will we follow4 ,what6 though ,satan bid them to the torment of the flame8 ,but whoso setteth his face toward ,god with self-surrender1 and is a doer of that which is good1 hath laid hold on a sure handle2 for unto ,god is the issue of all things4 ,but let not the unbelief of the unbelieving grieve thee3 unto us shall they return3 then will we tell them of their doings2 for ,god knoweth the very secrets of the breast4 ,yet a little while will we provide for them3 afterwards will we force them to a stern punishment4 ,if thou ask them who hath created the heavens and the earth1 they will certainly reply1 ,god4 ,,say3 ,god be praised6 ,but most of them have no knowledge4 ,god's1 whatever is in the ,heavens and the ,earth6 for ,god1 ,he is the ,rich1#i the ,praiseworthy4 ,if all the trees that are upon the earth were to become pens1 and if ,god should after that swell the sea into seven seas of ink1 ,his words would not be exhausted3 for ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4#aj ,your creation and your quickening hereafter1 are but as those of a single individual4 ,verily1 ,god ,heareth1 ,seeth6 ,seest thou not that ,god causeth the night to come in upon the day1 and the day to come in upon the night8 and that he hath subjected the sun and the moon to laws by which each speedeth along to an appointed goal8 and that ,god therefore is acquainted with that which ye do8 ,this1 for that ,god is the truth2 and that whatever ye call upon beside ,him is a vain thing2 and that ,god-,he is the ,high1 the ,great4 ,seest thou not how the ships speed on in the sea1 through the favour of ,god1 that he may shew you of his signs8 for herein are signs to all patient1 grateful ones4 ,when the waves cover them like dark shadows they call upon ,god as with sincere religion2 but when ,he safely landeth them1 some of them there are who halt between two opinions4#aa ,yet none reject our signs but all deceitful1 ungrateful ones4 ,o men6 fear ye your ,lord1 and dread the day whereon father shall not atone for son1 neither shall a son in the least atone for his father4 ,aye6 the promise of ,god is a truth4 ,let not this present life then deceive you2 neither let the deceiver deceive you concerning ,god4 ,aye6 ,god6-with ,him is the knowledge of the ,hour3 and ,he sendeth down the rain-and ,he knoweth what is in the wombs-but no soul knoweth what it shall have gotten on the morrow3 neither knoweth any soul in what land it shall die4 ,but ,god is knowing1 informed of all4 #a ,nothing certain is known concerning the history of this fabulist and philosopher4 ,the opinion most generally received is that ,lokman is the same person whom the ,greeks1 not knowing his real name1 have called sop1 i4e41 thiops4 ,this ,sura shews the high degree of respect entertained for ,lokman in ,arabia at the time of ,muhammad1 who doubtless aimed to promote the interests of his new religion by connecting the ,koran with so celebrated a name4 #b ,see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #c ,beidh4 and ,itq4 suppose this verse to have been revealed at ,medina1 on account of the precept to pay the impost1 required by ,muhammad of his followers as a religious duty1 and different from the alms4 ,the former is usually coupled with the duty of observing prayer4 ,mar4 renders1 sacrum censum in marg4 #d ,nodhar ,ibn ,el ,hareth1 who had purchased in ,persia the romance of ,roustem and ,isfendiar1 two of the most famous heroes of that land1 which he recited to the ,koreisch as superior to the ,koran4 #e ,comp4 ,ps4 civ4 #e4 #f ,this verse and the verse following would seem more naturally to follow verse #ah1 where ,wahl has placed them4 ,see preceding ,sura1 v4 #g4 #g ,comp4 ,talm4 ,kethuboth1 #fj1 #a1 ,a woman is to suckle her child two years4 ,comp4 ,jos4 ,ant4 ii4 #i1 #f4 #h ,or1 the seen and unseen1 lit41 outwardly and inwardly4 #i ,or as rendered in verse #aa1 the self-sufficient4 #aj ,wah4 ,omar ben ,muhammad1 ,zam4 and ,beidh4 suppose this and the three following verses to have been revealed at ,medina1 in answer to the ,jews1 who had affirmed that all knowledge was contained in their own ,law4 ,but the accuracy of this supposition is very doubtful1 if considered with regard to the preceding and following context4 #aa ,between idolatry and ,islam4 ,,sura ,,xlii4-,,counsel ,,lxxxiii4 ,,mecca4-#ec ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ha4 ,,mim4 ,,ain4 ,,sin4 ,,kaf4#a ,thus unto thee as unto those who preceded thee doth ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise1 reveal6 ,all that is in the ,heavens and all that is in the ,earth is ,his3 and ,he is the ,high1 the ,great6 ,ready are the ,heavens to cleave asunder from above for very awe3 and the angels celebrate the praise of their ,lord1 and ask forgiveness for the dwellers on earth3 ,is not ,god the ,indulgent1 the ,merciful8 ,but whose take aught beside ,him as lords-,god watcheth them6 but thou hast them not in thy charge4 ,it is thus moreover that we have revealed to thee an ,arabic ,koran1 that thou mayest warn the mother city#b and all around it1 and that thou mayest warn them of that day of the ,gathering1 of which there is no doubt-when part shall be in ,paradise and part in the flame4 ,had ,god so pleased1 ,he had made them one people and of one creed3 but ,he bringeth whom ,he will within ,his mercy2 and as for the doers of evil1 no patron1 no helper shall there be for them4 ,will they take other patrons than ,him8 ,but ,god is man's only ,lord3 ,he quickeneth the dead2 and ,he is mighty over all things4 ,and whatever the subject of your disputes1 with ,god doth its decision rest4 ,this is ,god1 my ,lord3 in ,him do ,i put my trust1 and to ,him do ,i turn in penitence2 ,creator of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 he hath given you wives from among your own selves1 and cattle male and female-by this means to multiply you3 ,nought is there like ,him6 the ,hearer1 the ,beholder ,he6 ,his1 the keys of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,he giveth with open hand1 or sparingly1 to whom ,he will3 ,he knoweth all things4 ,to you hath ,he prescribed the faith which ,he commanded unto ,noah1 and which we have revealed to thee1 and which we commanded unto ,abraham and ,moses and ,jesus1 saying1 ,observe this faith1 and be not divided into sects therein4 ,intolerable to those who worship idols jointly with ,god ,is that faith to which thou dost call them4 ,whom ,he pleaseth will ,god choose for it1 and whosoever shall turn to ,him in penitence will ,he guide to it4 ,nor were they divided into sects through mutual jealousy1 till after that the knowledge had come to them3 and had not a decree from thy ,lord gone forth respiting them to a fixed time1 verily1 there had at once been a decision between them4#c ,and they who have inherited the ,book after them1 are in perplexity of doubt concerning it4 ,for this cause summon thou them to the faith1 and go straight on as thou hast been bidden1 and follow not their desires3 and ,,say3 ,in whatsoever ,books ,god hath sent down do ,i believe3 ,i am commanded to decide justly between you3 ,god is your ,lord and our ,lord3 we have our works and you have your works3 between us and you let there be no strife3 ,god will make us all one3 and to ,him shall we return4 ,and as to those who dispute about ,god1 after pledges of obedience given to ,him1#d their disputings shall be condemned by their ,lord1 and wrath shall be on them1 and theirs shall be a sore torment4 ,it is ,god who hath sent down the ,book with truth1 and the ,balance3#e but who shall inform thee whether haply the ,hour be nigh8 ,they who believe not in it1 challenge its speedy coming3#f but they who believe are afraid because of it1 and know it to be a truth4 ,are not they who dispute of the ,hour1 in a vast error8 ,benign is ,god towards his servants3 for whom ,he will doth ,he provide3 and ,he is the ,strong1 the ,mighty4 ,whoso will choose the harvest field of the life to come1 to him will we give increase in this his harvest field3 and whoso chooseth the harvest field of this life1 thereof will we give him3 but no portion shall there be for him in the life to come4#g ,is it that they have gods who have sanctioned for them aught in the matter of religion which ,god hath not allowed8 ,but had it not been for a decree of respite till the day of severance1 judgment had ere now taken place among them2 and assuredly the impious shall undergo a painful torment4 ,on that day thou shalt see the impious alarmed at their own works1 and the consequence thereof shall fall upon them3 but they who believe and do the things that are right1 shall dwell in the meadows of paradise3 whatever they shall desire awaiteth them with their ,lord4 ,this1 the greatest boon4 ,this is what ,god announceth to his servants who believe and do the things that are right4 ,,say3 ,for this ask ,i no wage of you1 save the love of my kin4 ,and whoever shall have won the merit of a good deed1 we will increase good to him therewith2 for ,god is forgiving1 grateful4 ,will they say he hath forged a lie of ,god8 ,if ,god pleased1 ,he could then seal up thy very heart4#h ,but ,god will bring untruth to nought1 and will make good the truth by his word3 for ,he knoweth the very secrets of the breast4 ,he it is who accepteth repentance from his servants1 and forgiveth their sins and knoweth your actions3 ,and to those who believe and do the things that are right will he hearken1 and augment his bounties to them3#i but the unbelievers doth a terrible punishment await4 ,should ,god bestow abundance upon his servants1 they might act wantonly on the earth3 but ,he sendeth down what ,he will by measure2 for he knoweth1 beholdeth his servants4 ,he it is who after that men have despaired of it1 sendeth down the rain1 and spreadeth abroad his mercy3 ,he is the ,protector1 the ,praiseworthy4 ,among his signs is the creation of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and the creatures which he hath scattered over both3 and1 for their gathering together when he will1 ,he is allpowerful6 ,nor happeneth to you any mishap1 but it is for your own handy-work3 and yet he forgiveth many things4 ,ye cannot weaken him on the earth3 neither1 beside ,god1 patron or helper shall ye have4 ,among his signs also are the sea-traversing ships like mountains3 if such be his will1 ,he lulleth the wind1 and they lie motionless on the back of the waves3-truly herein are signs to all the constant1 the grateful2- ,or if1 for their ill deserts1 ,he cause them to founder1 still ,he forgiveth much3 ,but they who gainsay our signs shall know that there will be no escape for them4 ,all that you receive is but for enjoyment in this life present3 but better and more enduring is a portion with ,god1 for those who believe and put their trust in their ,lord2 ,and who avoid the heinous things of crime1 and filthiness1 and when they are angered1 forgive2 ,and who hearken to their ,lord1 and observe prayer1 and whose affairs are guided by mutual ,,counsel1 and who give alms of that with which we have enriched them2 ,and who1 when a wrong is done them1 redress themselves3 -,yet let the recompense of evil be only a like evil but he who forgiveth and is reconciled1 shall be rewarded by ,god himself2 for ,he loveth not those who act unjustly4 ,and there shall be no way open against those who1 after being wronged1 avenge themselves2 ,but there shall be a way open against those who unjustly wrong others1 and act insolently on the earth in disregard of justice4 ,these6 a grievous punishment doth await them4 ,and whoso beareth wrongs with patience and forgiveth2-this verily is a bounden duty2 ,but he whom ,god shall cause to err1 shall thenceforth have no protector4 ,and thou shalt behold the perpetrators of injustice1 ,exclaiming1 when they see the torment1 ,is there no way to return8 ,and thou shalt see them when set before it1 downcast for the shame3 they shall look at it with stealthy glances3 and the believers shall say1 ,truly are the losers they who have lost themselves and their families on the day of ,resurrection6 ,shall not the perpetrators of injustice be in lasting torment8 ,and no other protectors shall there be to succour them than ,god2 and no pathway for him whom ,god shall cause to err4 ,hearken then to your ,lord ere the day come1 which none can put back when ,god doth ordain its coming4 ,no place of refuge for you on that day6 no denying your own works6 ,but if they turn aside from thee1 yet we have not sent thee to be their guardian4 ',tis thine but to preach4 ,when we cause man to taste our gifts of mercy1 he rejoiceth in it2 but if for their by-gone handy-work evil betide them1 then lo6 is man ungrateful4 ,god's1 the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,he createth what ,he will6 and he giveth daughters to whom ,he will1 and sons to whom ,he will3 ,or ,he giveth them children of both sexes1 and ,he maketh whom ,he will to be childless2 for ,he is ,wise1 ,powerful6 ,it is not for man that ,god should speak with him but by vision1 or from behind a veil3 ,or1 ,he sendeth a messenger to reveal1 by his permission1 what ,he will3 for ,he is ,exalted1 ,wise6 ,thus have we sent the ,spirit 7,gabriel#aj7 to thee with a revelation1 by our command4 ,thou knewest not1 ere this1 what the ,book was1 or what the faith4 ,but we have ordained it for a light3 by it will we guide whom we please of our servants4 ,and thou shalt surely guide into the right way1 ,the way of ,god1 whose is all that the ,heaven and the ,earth contain4 ,shall not all things return to ,god8 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 #a1 p4 #cb4 #b ,mecca4 #c ,jews and ,christians4 #d ,or1 nachdem ihm 7,mohamed7 die ,lehre geworden4 ,ullm4 ,postquam responsum fuit illi 7id est1 ,mahumeto de ,religione manifestanda74 ,mar4 #e ,the law contained in the ,koran4 #f ,isai4 v4 #ai4 #g ,comp4 ,gal4 vi4 #g1 #h4 #h ,that is1 deprive thee of the ,prophetic mission2 or1 fortify thee with patience against the calumny of forging lies of ,god4 ,thus ,mar4 ,if this latter interpretation be adopted1 the remainder of the verse must be rendered3 ,and ,god will abolish the lie and1 etc4 #i ,lit4 he will increase them4 ,comp4 ,ps4 cxv4 #ad4 #aj ,thus ,beidhawi4 ,,sura ,x4-,,jonah1 ,,peace ,,be ,,on ,,him6 ,,lxxxiv4 ,,mecca4-#aji ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,ra4#a ,these are the signs of the wise ,book6 ,a matter of wonderment is it to the men of ,mecca1 that to a person among themselves ,we revealed1 ,bear warnings to the people3 and1 to those who believe1 bear the good tidings that they shall have with their ,lord the precedence merited by their sincerity4 ,the unbelievers say1 ,verily this is a manifest sorcerer4 ,verily your ,lord is ,god who hath made the ,heavens and the ,earth in six days- then mounted his throne to rule all things3 ,none can intercede with him till after his permission3 ,this is ,god your ,lord3 therefore serve him3 ,will ye not reflect8 ,unto ,him shall ye return1 all together3 the promise of ,god is sure3 ,he produceth a creature1 then causeth it to return again-that he may reward those who believe and do the things that are right1 with equity3 but as for the infidels6-for them the draught that boileth and an afflictive torment- because they have not believed4 ,it is ,he who hath appointed the sun for brightness1 and the moon for a light1 and hath ordained her stations that ye may learn the number of years and the reckoning of time4 ,god hath not created all this but for the truth4#b ,he maketh his signs clear to those who understand4 ,verily1 in the alternations of night and of day1 and in all that ,god hath created in the ,heavens and in the ,earth are signs to those who fear ,him4 ,verily1 they who hope not to meet ,us1 and find their satisfaction in this world's life1 and rest on it1 and who of our signs are heedless2- ,these6 their abode the fire1 in recompense of their deeds6 ,but they who believe and do the things that are right1 shall their ,lord direct aright because of their faith4 ,rivers shall flow at their feet in gardens of delight3 ,their cry therein1 ,glory be to thee1 ,o ,god6 and their salutation therein1 ,peace6 ,and the close of their cry1 ,praise be to ,god1 ,lord1 of all creatures6 ,should ,god hasten evil on men as they fain would hasten their good1 then were their end decreed6 ,so leave we those who hope not to meet ,us1 bewildered in their error4 ,when trouble toucheth a man1 he crieth to us1 on his side1 or sitting1 or standing2 and when we withdraw his trouble from him1 he passeth on as though he had not called on us against the trouble which touched him6 ,thus are the deeds of transgressors pre-arranged for them4 ,and of old destroyed we generations before you1 when they had acted wickedly1 and their ,apostles had come to them with clear tokens of their mission1 and they would not believe3-thus reward we the wicked4 ,then we caused you to succeed them on the earth1 that we might see how ye would act4 ,but when our clear signs are recited to them1 they who look not forward to meet ,us1 say1 ,bring a different ,koran from this1 or make some change in it4 ,,say3 ,it is not for me to change it as mine own soul prompteth4 ,i follow only what is revealed to me3 verily1 ,i fear1 if ,i rebel against my ,lord1 the punishment of a great day4 ,,say3 ,had ,god so pleased1 ,i had not recited it to you1 neither had ,i taught it to you4 ,already have ,i dwelt among you for years1 ere it was revealed to me4 ,understand ye not8 ,and who is more unjust than he who coineth a lie against ,god1 or treateth his signs as lies8 ,surely the wicked shall not prosper6 ,and they worship beside ,god1 what cannot hurt or help them2 and say1 ,these are our advocates with ,god6 ,,say3 ,will ye inform ,god of aught in the ,heavens and in the ,earth which he knoweth not8 ,praise be to ,him6 ,high be ,he exalted above the deities they join with ,him6 ,men were of one religion only3#c then they fell to variance3 and had not a decree 7of respite7 previously gone forth from thy ,lord1 their differences had surely been decided between them6 ,they say3 ,unless a sign be sent down to him from his ,lord4 4 4 4 ,but ,,say3 ,the hidden is only with ,god3 wait therefore3 ,i truly will be with you among those who wait4 ,and when after a trouble which you befallen them1#d we caused this people to taste of mercy1 lo6 a plot on their part against our signs6 ,,say3 ,swifter to plot is ,god6 ,verily1 our messengers note down your plottings4 ,he it is who enableth you to travel by land and sea1 so that ye go on board of ships-which sail on with them1 with favouring breeze in which they rejoice4 ,but if a tempestuous gale overtake them1 and the billow come on them from every side1 and they think that they are encompassed therewith1 they call on ,god1 professing sincere religion3-,wouldst thou but rescue us from this1 then will we indeed be of the thankful4 ,but when we have rescued them1 lo6 they commit unrighteous excesses on the earth6 ,o men6 assuredly your self-injuring excess is only an enjoyment of this life present3 soon ye return to us3 and we will let you know what ye have done6 ,verily1 this present life is like the water which we send down from ,heaven1 and the produce of the earth1 of which men and cattle eat1 is mingled with it1 till the earth hath received its golden raiment1 and is decked out3 and they who dwell on it deem that they have power over it6 but1 ,our behest cometh to it by night or by day1 and we make it as if it had been mown1 as if it had not teemed only yesterday6 ,thus make we our signs clear to those who consider4 ,and ,god calleth to the abode of peace2#e and ,he guideth whom ,he will into the right way4 ,goodness#f itself and an increase of it for those who do good6 neither blackness nor shame shall cover their faces6 ,these shall be the inmates of ,paradise1 therein shall they abide for ever4 ,and as for those who have wrought out evil1 their recompense shall be evil of like degree1 and shame shall cover them-no protector shall they have against ,god3 as though their faces were darkened with deep murk of night6 ,these shall be inmates of the fire3 therein they shall abide for ever4 ,and on that day will we gather them all together3 then will we say to those who added gods to ,god1 ,to your place1 ye and those added gods of yours6 ,then we will separate between them3 and those their gods shall say1 ,ye served us not3#g ,and ,god is a sufficient witness between us and you3 we cared not aught for your worship4 ,there shall every soul make proof of what itself shall have sent on before1 and they shall be brought back to ,god1 their true lord1 and the deities of their own devising shall vanish from them4 ,,say3 ,who supplieth you from the ,heaven and the ,earth8 ,who hath power over hearing and sight8 ,and who bringeth forth the living from the dead1 and bringeth forth the dead from the living8 ,and who ruleth all things8 ,they will surely say1 ,god3 then ,,say3 ,what6 will ye not therefore fear him8 ,this ,god then is your true ,lord3 and when the truth is gone1 what remaineth but error8 ,how then are ye so perverted8 ,thus is the word of thy ,lord made good on the wicked1 that they shall not believe4 ,,say3 ,is there any of the gods whom ye add to ,god who produceth a creature1 then causeth it to return to him8 ,,say3 ,god produceth a creature1 then causeth it to return to ,him3 ,how therefore are ye turned aside8 ,,say3 ,is there any of the gods ye add to ,god who guideth into the truth8 ,,say3 ,god guideth into the truth4 ,is ,he then who guideth into the truth the more worthy to be followed1 or he who guideth not unless he be himself guided8 ,what then hath befallen you that ye so judge8 ,and most of them follow only a conceit3-,but a conceit attaineth to nought of truth6 ,verily ,god knoweth what they say4 ,moreover this ,koran could not have been devised by any but ,god3 but it confirmeth what was revealed before it1 and is a clearing up of the ,scriptures-there is no doubt thereof-from the ,lord of all creatures4 ,do they say1 ,he hath devised it himself8 ,,say3 ,then bring a ,sura like it2 and call on whom ye can beside ,god1 if ye speak truth4 ,but that which they embrace not in their knowledge have they charged with falsehood1 though the explanation of it had not yet been given them4 ,so those who were before them brought charges of imposture3 ,but see what was the end of the unjust6 ,and some of them believe in it1 and some of them believe not in it4 ,but thy ,lord well knoweth the transgressors4 ,and if they charge thee with imposture1 then ,,say3 ,my work for me1 and your work for you6 ,ye are clear of that which ,i do1 and ,i am clear of that which ye do4 ,and some of them lend a ready ear to thee3 ,but wilt thou make the deaf to hear even though they understand not8 ,and some of them look at thee3 ,but wilt thou guide the blind even though they see not8 ,verily1 ,god will not wrong men in aught1 but men will wrong themselves4 ,moreover1 on that day1 ,he will gather them all together3 ,they shall seem as though they had waited but an hour of the day6 ,they shall recognise one another6 ,now perish they who denied the meeting with ,god1 and were not guided aright6 ,whether we cause thee to see some of our menaces against them fulfilled1 or whether we first take thee to ,ourself1#h to us do they return4 ,then shall ,god bear witness of what they do4 ,and every people hath had its apostle4#i ,and when their apostle came1 a rightful decision took place between them1 and they were not wronged4 ,yet they say1 ,when will this menace be made good8 ,tell us if ye speak truly4 ,,say3 ,i have no power over my own weal or woe1 but as ,god pleaseth4 ,every people hath its time3 when their time is come1 they shall neither retard nor advance it an hour4 ,,say3 ,how think ye8 if ,god's punishment came on you by night or by day1 what portion of it would the wicked desire to hasten on8 ,when it falleth on you1 will ye believe it then8 ,yes6 ye will believe it then4 ,yet did ye challenge its speedy coming4 ,then shall it be said to the transgressors1 ,taste ye the punishment of eternity6 ,shall ye be rewarded but as ye have wrought8 ,they will desire thee to inform them whether this be true8 ,,say3 ,yes6 by my ,lord it is the truth3 and it is not ye who can weaken ,him4 ,and every soul that hath sinned1 if it possessed all that is on earth1 would assuredly ransom itself therewith2 and they will proclaim their repentance when they have seen the punishment3 and there shall be a rightful decision between them1 and they shall not be unjustly dealt with4 ,is not whatever is in the ,heavens and the ,earth ,god's8 ,is not then the promise of ,god true8 ,yet most of them know it not4 ,he maketh alive and ,he causeth to die1 and to ,him shall ye return4 ,o men6 now hath a warning come to you from your ,lord1 and a medicine for what is in your breasts1 and a guidance and a mercy to believers4 ,,say3 ,through the grace of ,god and his mercy6 and in this therefore let them rejoice3 better is this than all ye amass4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 of what ,god hath sent down to you for food1 have ye made unlawful and lawful8 ,,say3 ,hath ,god permitted you8 or invent ye on the part of ,god8 ,but what on the day of ,resurrection will be the thought of those who invent a lie on the part of ,god8 ,truly ,god is full of bounties to man2 but most of them give not thanks4 ,thou shalt not be employed in affairs1 nor shalt thou read a text out of the ,koran1 nor shall ye work any work1 but we will be witnesses over you when ye are engaged therein3 and not the weight of an atom on ,earth or in ,heaven escapeth thy ,lord2 nor is there aught that is less than this or greater1 but it is in the perspicuous ,book4 ,are not the friends of ,god1 those on whom no fear shall come1 nor shall they be put to grief8 ,they who believe and fear ,god- ,for them are good tidings in this life1 and in the next6 ,there is no change in the words of ,god6 ,this1 the great felicity6 ,and let not their discourse grieve thee3 for all might is ,god's3 the ,hearer1 the ,knower1 ,he6 ,is not whoever is in the ,heavens and the ,earth subject to ,god8 ,what then do they follow who1 beside ,god1 call upon deities they have joined with ,him8 ,they follow but a conceit1 and they are but liars6 ,it is ,he who hath ordained for you the night wherein to rest1 and the lightsome day4 ,verily in this are signs for those who hearken4 ,they say1 ,god hath begotten children4 ,no6 by his glory6 ,he is the self- sufficient4 ,all that is in the ,heavens and all that is in the ,earth is ,his6 ,have ye warranty for that assertion8 ,what6 speak ye of ,god that which ye know not8 ,,say3 ,verily1 they who devise this lie concerning ,god shall fare ill4 ,a portion have they in this world6 ,then to us they return6 ,then make we them to taste the vehement torment1 for that they were unbelievers4 ,recite to them the history of ,noah1#aj when he said to his people1-,if1 ,o my people6 my abode with you1 and my reminding you of the signs of ,god1 be grievous to you1 yet in ,god is my trust3 ,muster1 therefore1 your designs and your false gods1 and let not your design be carried on by you in the dark3 then come to some decision about me1 and delay not4 ,and if ye turn your backs on me1 yet ask ,i no reward from you3 my reward is with ,god alone1 and ,i am commanded to be of the ,muslims4 ,but they treated him as a liar3 therefore we rescued him and those who were with him in the ark1 and we made them to survive the others2 and we drowned those who charged our signs with falsehood4 ,see1 then1 what was the end of these warned ones6 ,then after him1 we sent ,apostles to their peoples1 and they came to them with credentials2 but they would not believe in what they had denied aforetime3 ,thus seal we up the hearts of the transgressors6 ,then sent we1 after them1 ,moses and ,aaron to ,pharaoh and his nobles with our signs2 but they acted proudly and were a wicked people3 ,and when the truth came to them from us1 they said1 ,verily1 this is clear sorcery4 ,moses said3 ,what6 say ye of the truth after it hath come to you1 ',is this sorcery8' ,but sorcerers shall not prosper4 ,they said3 ,art thou come to us to pervert us from the faith in which we found our fathers1 and that you twain shall bear rule in this land8 ,but we believe you not4 ,and ,pharaoh said3 ,fetch me every skilled magician4 ,and when the magicians arrived1 ,moses said to them1 ,cast down what ye have to cast4 ,and when they had cast them down1 ,moses said1 ,verily1 ,god will render vain the sorceries which ye have brought to pass3 ,god prospereth not the work of the evildoers4 ,and by his words will ,god verify the ,truth1 though the impious be averse to it4 ,and none believed on ,moses but a race among his own people1 through fear of ,pharaoh and his nobles1 lest he should afflict them3 ,for of a truth mighty was ,pharaoh in the land1 and one who committed excesses4 ,and ,moses said3 ,o my people6 if ye believe in ,god1 then put your trust in ,him-if ye be ,muslims4 ,and they said3 ,in ,god put we our trust4 ,o our ,lord6 abandon us not to trial from that unjust people1 ,and deliver us by thy mercy from the unbelieving people4 ,then thus revealed we to ,moses and to his brother3 ,provide houses for your people in ,egypt1 and in your houses make a ,kebla1 and observe prayer and proclaim good tidings to the believers4 ,and ,moses said3 ,o our ,lord6 thou hast indeed given to ,pharaoh and his nobles splendour and riches in this present life3 ,o our ,lord6 that they may err from thy way6 ,o our ,lord6 confound their riches1 and harden their hearts that they may not believe till they see the dolorous torment4 ,he said3 ,the prayer of you both is heard3 pursue ye both therefore the straight path1 and follow not the path of those who have no knowledge4 ,and we led the children of ,israel through the sea2 and ,pharaoh and his hosts followed them in eager and hostile sort until1 when the drowning overtook him1 he said1 ,i believe that there is no ,god but he on whom the children of ,israel believe1 and ,i am one of the ,muslims4 ,yes1 now1 said ,god3 but thou hast been rebellious hitherto1 and wast one of the wicked doers4 ,but this day will we rescue thee with thy body that thou mayest be a sign to those who shall be after thee3#aa but truly1 most men are of our signs regardless6 ,moreover we prepared a settled abode for the children of ,israel1 and provided them with good things3 nor did they fall into variance till the knowledge 7the ,law7 came to them3 ,truly thy ,lord will decide between them on the day of ,resurrection concerning that in which they differed4 ,and if thou art in doubt as to what we have sent down to thee1 inquire at those who have read the ,scriptures before thee4#ab ,now hath the truth come unto thee from thy ,lord3 be not therefore of those who doubt4 ,neither be of those who charge the signs of ,god with falsehood1 lest thou be of those who perish4 ,verily they against whom the decree of thy ,lord is pronounced1 shall not believe1 ,even though every kind of sign come unto them1 till they behold the dolorous torment6 ,were it otherwise1 any city1 had it believed1 might have found its safety in its faith4 ,but it was so1 only with the people of ,,jonas4 ,when they believed1 we delivered them from the penalty of shame in this world1 and provided for them for a time4 ,but if thy ,lord had pleased1 verily all who are in the earth would have believed together4 ,what6 wilt thou compel men to become believers8 ,no soul can believe but by the permission of ,god3 and he shall lay his wrath on those who will not understand4 ,,say3 ,consider ye whatever is in the ,heavens and on the ,earth3 but neither signs1 nor warners1 avail those who will not believe6 ,what then can they expect but the like of such days of wrath as befel those who flourish before them8 ,,say3 ,,wait2 ,i too will wait with you3 ,then will we deliver our apostles and those who believe4 ,thus is it binding on us to deliver the faithful4 ,,say3 ,o men6 if ye are in doubt as to my religion1 verily ,i worship not what ye worship beside ,god2 but ,i worship ,god who will cause you to die3 and ,i am commanded to be a believer4 ,and set thy face toward true religion1 sound in faith1 and be not of those who join other gods with ,god3 ,neither invoke beside ,god that which can neither help nor hurt thee3 for if thou do1 thou wilt certainly then be one of those who act unjustly4 ,and if ,god lay the touch of trouble on thee1 none can deliver thee from it but ,he3 and if ,he will thee any good1 none can keep back his boons4 ,he will confer them on such of his servants as he chooseth3 and ,he is the ,gracious1 the ,merciful6 ,,say3 ,o men6 now hath the truth come unto you from your ,lord4 ,he therefore who will be guided1 will be guided only for his own behoof3 but he who shall err will err only against it2 and ,i am not your guardian6 ,and follow what is revealed to thee3 and persevere steadfastly till ,god shall judge1 for ,he is the best of ,judges4 #a ,see ,sura #axviii4 n4 #c1 p4 #cb4 #b ,that is1 for a serious end1 to manifest the ,divine ,unity4 #c ,gen4 xi4 #a4 #d ,this refers to the seven years of scarcity with which ,mecca had been visited4 #e ,paradise4 #f ,verses #bg1 #bh are to be noted1 as defining the proportion to be observed in rewards and punishments1 the severity of the latter being only in proportion to the crime1 the excellence of the former being above and beyond its strict merits4 #g ,but rather your own lusts4 ,the ,muhammadans believe that idols will be gifted with speech at the day of judgment4 #h ,the ordinary ,arabic word for to die seems to be avoided in speaking of ,jesus and ,muhammad4 #i ,this is the doctrine of the ,rabbins4 ,comp4 ,midrasch ,rabba1 and ,midr4 ,jalkut on ,numb4 xxii4 #b4 #aj ,the preaching of ,noah is mentioned by the ,rabbins4 ,sanhedrin1 #ajh4 ,comp4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 ,par4 #cj and #cc1 on ,eccl4 ix4 #ad1 and in the probably sub4 ,apostolic #b ,pet4 ii4 #e4 #aa ,this is in accordance with ,talmudic legend4 ,recognise the power of repentance1 in the case of ,pharaoh1 ,king of ,egypt1 who rebelled excessively against the most ,high2 ,who is ,god that ,i should hearken to his voice8 7,ex4 v4 #b74 ,but with the same tongue that sinned he did penance3 ,who is like thee1 ,o ,lord1 among the ,gods8 7xv4 #aa74 ,the ,holy ,one1 ,blessed be ,he1 delivered him from the dead1 4 4 4 so that he should not die 7ix4 #ae1 #af74-;,for now have ,i stretched forth my hand1 and verily thee have ,i raised up from among the dead1 to proclaim my might4 ,ex4 ix4 #ae1 #af4 ,a strange comment6 ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 #dc4 ,comp4 ,midr4 on ,ps4 cvi4 ,midr4 ,jalkut1 ch4 #bch4 #ab ,that is1 whether thou art not foretold in the ,law and ,gospel1 and whether the ,koran is not in unison with1 and confirmatory of1 them4 ,,sura ,,xxxiv4-,,saba#a ,,lxxxv4 ,,mecca4-#ed ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,praise be to ,god6 to whom belongeth all that is in the ,heavens and all that is on the ,earth2 and to ,him be praise in the next world3 for he is the ,all- wise1 the ,all-informed6 ,he knoweth what entereth into the earth1 and what proceedeth from it2 and what cometh down from heaven1 and what goeth up into it3 and ,he is the ,merciful1 the ,forgiving6 ,never1 say the unbelievers1 will the ,hour come upon us6 ,,say3 ,yea1 by my ,lord who knoweth the unseen1 it will surely come upon you6 not the weight of a mote either in the ,heavens or in the ,earth escapeth him2 nor is there aught less than this or aught greater1 which is not in the clear ,book2- ,to the intent that ,god may reward those who have believed and done the things that are right3 ,pardon and a noble provision shall they receive3 ,but as for those who aim to invalidate our signs1-a chastisement of painful torment awaiteth them6 ,and they to whom knowledge hath been given see that what hath been sent down to thee from thy ,lord is the truth1 and that it guideth into the way of the ,glorious one1 the ,praiseworthy4 ,but the unbelievers say to those whom they fall in with1 ,shall we shew you a man who will foretell you that when ye shall have been utterly torn and rent to pieces1 ye shall be restored in a new form8 ,he deviseth a lie about ,god1 or there is a djinn in him1 but they who believe not in the next life1 shall incur the chastisement1 and be lost in the mazes of estrangement from ,god4 ,what6 have they never contemplated that which is before them and behind them1 the ,heaven and the ,earth8 ,if such were our pleasure1 we could sink them into that ,earth1 or cause a portion of that ,heaven to fall upon them6 herein truly is a sign for our every returning servant4 ,of old bestowed we on ,david a gift1 our special boon3-,ye mountains and ye birds answer his songs of praise4 ,and we made the iron soft for him3-,make coats of mail1 and arrange its plates2 and work ye righteousness2 for ,i behold your actions4 ,and unto ,solomon did we subject the wind1 which travelled in the morning a month's journey1 and a month's journey in the evening4 ,and we made a fountain of molten brass to flow for him4 ,and of the ,djinn were some who worked in his presence1 by the will of his ,lord2 and such of them as swerved from our bidding will we cause to taste the torment of the flame4 ,they made for him whatever he pleased1 of lofty halls1 and images1 and dishes large as tanks for watering camels1 and cooking pots that stood firmly4 ,work1 said we1 ,o family of ,david with thanksgiving3 ,but few of my servants are the thankful6 ,and when we decreed the death of ,solomon1 nothing shewed them that he was dead but a reptile of the earth that gnawed the staff which supported his corpse4#b ,and when it fell1 the ,djinn perceived that if they had known the things unseen1 they had not continued in this shameful affliction4#c ,a sign there was to ,,saba1 in their dwelling places3-two gardens1 the one on the right hand and the other on the left3-,eat ye of your ,lord's supplies1 and give thanks to him3 ,goodly is the country1 and gracious is the ,lord6 ,but they turned aside3 so we sent upon them the flood of ,irem2#d and we changed them their gardens into two gardens of bitter fruit and tamarisk and some few jujube trees4 ,such was our retribution on them for their ingratitude3 but do we thus recompense any except the ungrateful8 ,and we placed between them and the cities which we have blessed1 conspicuous cities1 and we fixed easy stages3 ,travel ye through them by night and day1 secure4 ,but they said1 ,o ,lord6 make the distance between our journeys longer1#e-;and against themselves did they act unjustly3 so we made them a tale1 and scattered them with an utter scattering4 ,truly herein are signs to everyone that is patient1 grateful4 ,and ,eblis found that he had judged truly of them3 and they all except a remnant of the faithful1 followed him3 ,yet no power had he over them4 ,only we would discern him who believed in the life to come1 from him who doubted of it2 for thy ,lord watcheth all things4 ,,say3 ,call ye upon those whom ye deem gods1 beside ,god3 their power in the ,heavens and in the ,earth is not the weight of an atom-neither have they any share in either2 nor hath ,he a helper from among them4 ,no intercession shall avail with ,him but that which ,he shall ,himself allow4 ,until when at last their hearts shall be relieved from terror1 they shall say1 ,what saith your ,lord8 they shall say1 ,the ,truth2 and ,he is the ,high1 the ,great4 ,,say3 ,who supplieth you out of the ,heavens and the ,earth8 ,,say3 ,god4 ,and either we or ye have guidance1 or are in palpable error6 ,,say3 ,not as to our faults shall ye be questioned2 neither shall we be questioned as to your actions4 ,,say3 ,our ,lord will gather us together3 then will ,he judge between us in justice2 for ,he is the ,judge1 the ,knowing6 ,,say3 ,shew me those whom ye have united with ,him as associates3 ,nay1 rather1 ,he is ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,and we have sent thee to mankind at large1 to announce and to threaten4 ,but most men understand not4 ,and they say1 ,when will this threat come to pass8 ,tell us1 if ye be men of truth4 ,,say3 ,ye are menaced with a day1 which not for an hour shall ye retard or hasten on4 ,the unbelievers say1 ,we will not believe in this ,koran1 nor in the ,books which preceded it4 ,but couldst thou see when the wicked shall be set before their ,lord6 ,with reproaches will they answer one another4 ,the weak shall say to the mighty ones1 ,but for you we had been believers3 ,then shall the mighty ones say to the weak1 ,what6 was it we who turned you aside from the guidance which had reached you8 ,nay1 but ye acted wickedly yourselves4 ,and the weak shall say to the mighty ones1 ,nay1 but there was a plot by night and by day1 when ye bad us believe not in ,god1 and gave him peers4 ,and they shall proclaim their repentance after they have seen the punishment6 ,and yokes will we place on the necks of those who have not believed6 ,shall they be rewarded but as they have wrought8 ,and never have we sent a warner to any city whose opulent men did not say1 ,in sooth we disbelieve your message4 ,and they said1 ,we are the more abundant in riches and in children1 nor shall we be among the punished4 ,,say3 ,of a truth my ,lord will be liberal or sparing in his supplies to whom he pleaseth3 but the greater part of men acknowledge it not4 ,neither by your riches nor by your children shall you bring yourselves into nearness with ,us2 but they who believe and do the thing that is right shall have a double reward for what they shall have done3 and in the pavilions of ,paradise shall they dwell secure6 ,but they who shall aim to invalidate our signs1 shall be consigned to punishment4 ,,say3 ,of a truth my ,lord will be liberal in supplies to whom he pleaseth of his servants1 or will be sparing to him3 and whatever ye shall give in alms he will return2 and ,he is the best dispenser of gifts4 ,one day he will gather them all together3 then shall he say to the angels1 ,did these worship you8 ,they shall say1 ,glory be to thee6 ,thou art our master1 not these6 ,but they worshipped the ,djinn3 it was in them that most of them believed4 ,on this day the one of you shall have no power over others for help or hurt4 ,and we will say to the evil doers1 ,taste ye the torment of the fire1 which ye treated as a delusion4 ,for when our distinct signs are recited to them1 they say1 ,this is merely a man who would fain pervert you from your father's ,worship4 ,and they say1 ,this 7,koran7 is no other than a forged falsehood4 ,and the unbelievers say to the truth when it is presented to them1 ,tis nothing but palpable sorcery4 ,yet have we given them no books in which to study deeply1 nor have we sent any one to them before thee1 charged with warnings4 ,they also flourished before them1 treated our apostles as impostors in like sort3 but not to the tenth part of what we bestowed on them1#f have these attained4 ,and yet when they charged my apostles with deceit1 how terrible was my vengeance3 ,,say3 ,one thing in sooth do ,i advise you3-that ye stand up before ,god two and two1 or singly1#g and then reflect that in your fellow citizen is no djinn3#h he is no other than your warner before a severe punishment4 ,,say3 ,i ask not any wage from you3 keep it for yourselves3 my wage is from ,god alone4 ,and ,he is witness over all things6 ,,say3 ,truly my ,lord sendeth forth the ,truth3-,knower of things unseen6 ,,say3 ,truth is come1 and falsehood shall vanish and return no more4 ,,say3 ,if ,i err1 verily to my own cost only shall ,i err3 but if ,i have guidance1 it will be of my ,lord's revealing1 for ,he is the ,hearer1 the near at hand4 ,couldst thou see how they shall tremble and find no escape1 and be taken forth from the place that is so near2#i ,and shall say1 ,we believe in ,him6 ,but how1 in their present distance1 shall they receive the faith1 ,when they had before denied it1 and aimed their shafts at the mysteries from afar8#aj ,and a gulf shall be between them and that which they shall desire- ,as was done unto their likes of old1 who were lost in the questionings of doubt4 #a ,in ,arabia ,felix1 three days' journey from ,sanaa4 #b ,the ,talmud mentions the worm ,shameer1 used by ,solomon to cut the stones for building the temple4 ,pirke ,aboth4 v4 ,see ,buxt4 ,lex4 ,talmud1 p4 #bdef4 ,tr4 ,gittin1 fol4 #fh2 and ,midr4 ,jalkut on #a ,kings1 vi4 #g4 ,this passage of ,scripture may have suggested the idea that ,solomon built1 etc41 by the aid of ,spirits4 #c ,that is1 in their difficult toils4 #d ,see ,m4 ,caussin de ,perceval ,hist4 des ,arabes1 vol4 iii41 who1 as well as ,m4 de ,sacy1 fix this event in the second century of our era4 #e ,the ,saba1 of verse #ad formed an important branch of the trading population of ,yemen4 ,this whole passage1 #ad-ah1 alludes to the cessation of traffic between them and ,syria1 which led to the desire to lengthen the stages and diminish the expense of the journey4 ,see ,muir's ,life of ,muhammad1 i4 p4 cxxxix4 ,muhammad attributes this desire to covetousness4 #f ,that is1 of strength and material prosperity4 #g ,that is1 so as to form a judgment free from the influence of others4 #h ,it is very remarkable1 that when the power of ,muhammad became firmly established1 he never reverts to the insinuations against the soundness of his mind which in the earlier ,suras he so often rebuts4 #i ,that is1 their graves4 ,mar4 ,so called because there is but a step into it from the surface of the earth4 ,ullm4 #aj ,that is1 when in this life4 ,,sura ,,xxxv4-,,the ,,creator1 ,,or ,,the ,,angels ,,lxxxvi4 ,,mecca4-#de ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,praise be to ,god1 ,maker of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,who employeth the ,,angels as envoys1 with pairs of wings1 two1 three1 and four3 ,he addeth to his creature what ,he will6 ,truly ,god hath power for all things4 ,the mercy which ,god layeth open for man1 no one can keep back2 and what ,he shall keep back1 none can afterwards send forth4 ,and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,o men6 bear in mind the favour of ,god towards you4 ,is there a creator other than ,god1 who nourisheth you with the gifts of heaven and earth8 ,there is no ,god but ,he6 ,how then are ye turned aside from ,him8 ,if they treat thee as an impostor1 then before thee have apostles been treated as impostors4 ,but to ,god shall all things return4 ,o men6 assuredly the promise of ,god is true3 let not then the present life deceive you3 and let not the ,deceiver deceive you as to ,god4 ,yes1 ,satan is your foe4 ,for a foe then hold him4 ,he calleth his followers to him that they may become inmates of the flame4 ,the unbelievers1-for them a terrible punishment6 ,but believers and doers of good works1 for them is mercy1 and a great reward6 ,shall he1 the evil of whose deeds are so tricked out to him that he deemeth them good1 be treated like him who seeth things aright8 ,verily ,god misleadeth whom ,he will1 and guideth whom ,he will4 ,spend not thy soul in sighs for them3 ,god knoweth their doings4 ,it is ,god who sendeth forth the winds which raise the clouds aloft3 then drive we them on to some land dead from drought1#a and give life thereby to the earth after its death4 ,so shall be the resurrection4 ,if any one desireth greatness1 all greatness is in ,god4 ,the good word riseth up to ,him1 and the righteous deed will ,he exalt4 ,but a severe punishment awaiteth the plotters of evil things2 and the plots of such will ,he render vain4 ,moreover1 ,god created you of dust-then of the germs of life-then made you two sexes3 and no female conceiveth or bringeth forth without his knowledge2 and the aged ageth not1 nor is aught minished from man's age1 but in accordance with the ,book4 ,an easy thing truly is this to ,god4 ,nor are the two seas#b alike3 the one fresh1 sweet1 pleasant for drink1 and the other salt1 bitter2 yet from both ye eat fresh fish1 and take forth for you ornaments to wear1 and thou seest the ships cleaving their waters that ye may go in quest of his bounties1 and that ye may be thankful4 ,he causeth the night to enter in upon the day1 and the day to enter in upon the night2 and ,he hath given laws to the sun and to the moon1 so that each journeyeth to its appointed goal3 ,this is ,god your ,lord3 ,all power is ,his3 ,but the gods whom ye call on beside ,him have no power over the husk of a date stone6 ,if ye cry to them they will not hear your cry2 and if they heard they would not answer you1 and in the day of resurrection they will disown your joining them with ,god3 and none can instruct thee like ,him who is informed of all4 ,o men6 ye are but paupers in need of ,god2 but ,god is the ,rich1 the ,praiseworthy6 ,if ,he please1 ,he could sweep you away1 and bring forth a new creation6 ,nor will this be hard for ,god4 ,and the burdened soul shall not bear the burden of another3 and if the heavy laden soul cry out for its burden to be carried1 yet shall not aught of it be carried1 even by the near of kin6 ,thou shalt warn those who fear their ,lord in secret1 and observe prayer4 ,and whoever shall keep himself pure1 he purifieth himself to his own behoof3 for unto ,god shall be the final gathering4 ,and the blind and the seeing are not alike2 neither darkness and light2 nor the shade and the hot wind2 ,nor are the living and the dead the same thing6 ,god indeed shall make whom ,he will to hearken1 but thou shalt not make those who are in their graves to hearken2 for only with warning art thou charged4 ,verily we have sent thee with the truth2 a bearer of good tidings and a warner2 nor hath there been a people unvisited by its warner4 ,and if they treat thee as a liar1 so did those who were before them threat their ,apostles who came to them with the proofs of their mission1 and with the ,scriptures and with the enlightening ,book3#c ,then chastised ,i the unbelievers3 and how great was my vengeance6 ,seest thou not how that ,god sendeth down water from the ,heaven1 and that by it we cause the up-growth of fruits of varied hues1 and that on the mountains#d are tracks of varied hues1 white and red1 and others are of a raven black8 ,and of men and reptiles and animals1 various likewise are the hues4 ,such only of his servants as are possessed of knowledge fear ,god4 ,lo6 ,god is ,mighty1 ,gracious6 ,verily they who recite the ,book of ,god1 and observe prayer1 and give alms in public and in private from what we have bestowed upon them1 may hope for a merchandise that shall not perish3 ,god will certainly pay them their due wages1 and of his bounty increase them3 for ,he is ,gracious1 ,grateful4 ,and that which we have revealed to thee of the ,book is the very ,truth1 confirmatory of previous ,scriptures3 for ,god knoweth and beholdeth his servants4 ,moreover1 we have made the ,book an heritage to those of our servants whom we have chosen4 ,some of them injure themselves by evil deeds2 others keep the midway between good and evil2 and others1 by the permission of ,god1 outstrip in goodness2 this is the great merit6 ,into the gardens of ,eden shall they enter3 with bracelets of gold and pearl shall they be decked therein1 and therein shall their raiment be of silk3 ,and they shall say1 ,praise be to ,god who hath put away sorrow from us4 ,verily our ,lord is ,gracious1 ,grateful1 ,who of ,his bounty hath placed us in a manison that shall abide for ever3 therein no toil shall reach us1 and therein no weariness shall touch us4 ,but for infidels is the fire of ,hell2 to die shall never be decreed them1 nor shall aught of its torment be made light to them4 ,thus reward we every infidel6 ,and therein shall they cry aloud1 ,take us hence1 ,o our ,lord6 righteousness will we work1 and not what we wrought of old4-,prolonged we not your days that whoever would be warned might be warned therein8 ,and the preacher came to you- ,taste it then4-,there is no protector for the unjust4 ,god truly knoweth the hidden things both of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 for ,he knoweth the very secrets of the breast4 ,he hath appointed you his vicegerents in the earth3 ,and whoever believeth not1 on him shall be his unbelief2 and their unbelief shall only increase for the unbelievers1 hatred at the hands of their ,lord3-and their unbelief shall only increase for the unbelievers their own perdition6 ,,say3 ,what think ye of the gods whom ye invoke beside ,god8 ,shew me what part of the earth they have created8 ,had they a share in the creation of the ,heavens8 ,have we given them a ,book in which they can find proofs that they are to be called on8 ,nay1 the wicked promise one another only deceits4 ,verily ,god holdeth fast the ,heavens and the ,earth that they pass not away3 and if they were passing away none could hold them back but ,he3 for ,he is ,kind1 ,gracious4 ,they swore by ,god with their mightiest oath that should a preacher come to them they would yield to guidance more than any people3 but when the preacher came to them it only increased in them their estrangement1 ,their haughtiness on earth and their plotting of evil6 ,but the plotting of evil shall only enmesh those who make use of it4#e ,look they then for aught but ,god's way#f of dealing with the peoples of old8 ,thou shalt not find any change in the way of ,god1- ,yea1 thou shalt not find any variableness in the way of ,god4 ,have they never journeyed in the land and seen what hath been the end of those who flourished before them1 though mightier in strength than they8 ,god is not to be frustrated by aught in the ,heavens or in the ,earth2 for ,he is the ,all-knowing1 the ,all-mighty4 ,if1 moreover1 ,god should chastise men according to their deserts1 ,he would not leave even a reptile on the back of the earth6 ,but to an appointed time doth ,he respite them4 ,and when their time shall come1 then verily ,god's eye is on his servants4 #a ,see note at ,sura xcvii4 iii4 #ah4 ,this is one of the passages said to have originated with ,zayd4 #b ,not only seas1 properly so called1 but the great masses of fresh water in the ,nile1 ,tigris1 inland lakes1 etc4 #c ,the ,gospel4 #d ,this idea was probably suggested by ,muhammad's reminiscences of the view from the ,cave of ,hira1 to the north and west of which there is a prospect thus described by ,burckhardt 7,travels1 p4 #agf74 ,the country before us had a dreary aspect1 not a single green spot being visible2 barren1 black1 and grey hills1 and white sandy valleys were the only objects in sight4 #e ,lit4 shall encompass its people4 #f ,method of dealing1 i4e41 first warning1 then punishing4 ,,sura ,,vii4-,,al ,,araf ,,lxxxvii4 ,,mecca4-#bje ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4 ,,sad4#a ,a ,book hath been sent down to thee3 therefore let there be no difficulty in thy breast concerning it3 to the intent that thou mayest warn thereby1 and that it may be a monition to the faithful4 ,follow ye what hath been sent down to you from your ,lord2 and follow no masters beside ,him4 ,how little will ye be monished6 ,how many cities have we destroyed6 ,by night1 or while they were in their midday slumber1 did our wrath reach them6 ,and what was their cry when our wrath reached them1 but to say1 ,verily1 we have been impious4 ,surely1 therefore1 will we call those to account1 to whom an ,apostle hath been sent1 and of the sent ones themselves will we certainly demand a reckoning4 ,and with knowledge will we tell them of their deeds1 for we were not absent from them4 ,the weighing#b on that day1 with justice6 and they whose balances shall be heavy1 these are they who shall be happy4 ,and they whose balances shall be light1 these are they who have lost their souls1 for that to our signs they were unjust3 ,and now have we stabilished you on the earth1 and given you therein the supports of life4 ,how little do ye give thanks6 ,we created you2 then fashioned you2 then said we to the angels1 ,prostrate yourselves unto ,adam3 and they prostrated them all in worship1 save ,eblis3 ,he was not among those who prostrated themselves4 ,to him said ,god3 ,what hath hindered thee from prostrating thyself in worship at my bidding8 ,he said1 ,nobler am ,i than he3 me hast thou created of fire2 of clay hast thou created him4 ,he said1 ,get thee down hence3 ,paradise is no place for thy pride3 ,get thee gone then2 one of the despised shalt thou be4 ,he said1 ,respite me till the day when mankind shall be raised from the dead4 ,he said1 ,one of the respited shalt thou be4 ,he said1 ,now1 for that thou hast caused me to err1 surely in thy straight path will ,i lay wait for them3 ,then will ,i surely come upon them from before1 and from behind1 and from their right hand1 and from their left1 and thou shalt not find the greater part of them to be thankful4 ,he said1 ,go forth from it1 a scorned1 a banished one6 ,whoever of them shall follow thee1 ,i will surely fill hell with you1 one and all4 ,and1 ,o ,adam6 dwell thou and thy wife in ,paradise1 and eat ye whence ye will1 but to this tree approach not1 lest ye become of the unjust doers4 ,then ,satan whispered them to shew them their nakedness1 which had been hidden from them both4 ,and he said1 ,this tree#c hath your ,lord forbidden you1 only lest ye should become angels1 or lest ye should become immortals4 ,and he sware to them both1 ,verily ,i am unto you one who counselleth aright4 ,so he beguiled them by deceits3 and when they had tasted of the tree1 their nakedness appeared to them1 and they began to sew together upon themselves the leaves of the garden4 ,and their ,lord called to them1 ,did ,i not forbid you this tree1 and did ,i not say to you1 ',verily1 ,satan is your declared enemy4' ,they said1 ,o our ,lord6 ,with ourselves have we dealt unjustly3 if thou forgive us not and have pity on us1 we shall surely be of those who perish4 ,he said1 ,get ye down1 the one of you an enemy#d to the other2 and on earth shall be your dwelling1 and your provision for a season4 ,he said1 ,on it shall ye live1 and on it shall ye die1 and from it shall ye be taken forth4 ,o children of ,adam6 now have we sent down to you raiment to hide your nakedness1 and splendid garments2 but the raiment of piety-this is best4 ,this is one of the signs of ,god1 that man haply may reflect4 ,o children of ,adam6 let not ,satan bring you into trouble1 as he drove forth your parents from the ,garden1 by despoiling them of their raiment1 that he might cause them to see their nakedness3 ,he truly seeth you1 he and his comrades1 whence ye see not them4 ,verily1 we have made the ,satans tutelars of those who believe not4 ,and when the wicked commit some filthy deed1 they say1 ,we found our fathers practising it1 and to us hath ,god commanded it-,,say3 ,god enjoineth not filthy deeds4 ,will ye speak of ,god ye know not what8 ,,say3 ,my ,lord hath enjoined what is right4 ,turn your faces therefore towards every place where he is worshipped#e and call upon him with sincere religion4 ,as he created you1 to him shall ye return3 some hath he guided1 and some hath he justly left in error1 because they have taken the ,satans as their tutelars beside ,god1 and have deemed that they were guided aright4 ,o children of ,adam6 wear your goodly apparel when ye repair to any mosque1#f and eat ye and drink2 but exceed not1 for ,he loveth not those who exceed4 ,,say3 ,who hath prohibited ,god's goodly raiment1 and the healthful viands which ,he hath provided for his servants8 ,,say3 ,these are for the faithful in this present life1 but above all on the day of the resurrection4 ,thus make we our signs plain for people of knowledge4 ,,say3 ,truly my ,lord hath forbidden filthy actions whether open or secret1 and iniquity1 and unjust violence1 and to associate with ,god that for which ,he hath sent down no warranty1 and to speak of ,god that ye know not4 ,every nation hath its set time4 ,and when their time is come1 they shall not retard it an hour2 and they shall not advance it4 ,o children of ,adam6 there shall come to you ,apostles from among yourselves1 rehearsing my signs to you2 and whoso shall fear ,god and do good works1 no fear shall be upon them1 neither shall they be put to grief4 ,but they who charge our signs with falsehood1 and turn away from them in their pride1 shall be inmates of the fire3 for ever shall they abide therein4 ,and who is worse than he who deviseth a lie of ,god1 or treateth our signs as lies8 ,to them shall a portion here below be assigned in accordance with the ,book of our decrees1 until the time when our messengers1#g as they receive their souls1 shall say1 ,where are they on whom ye called beside ,god8 ,they shall say3 ,gone from us4 ,and they shall witness against themselves that they were infidels4 ,he shall say1 ,enter ye into the ,fire with the generations of ,djinn and men who have preceded you4 ,so oft as a fresh generation entereth1 it shall curse its sister1 until when they have all reached it1 the last comers shall say to the former1 ',o our ,lord6 these are they who led us astray3 assign them therefore a double torment of the fire3' ,he will say1 ,ye shall all have double4 ,but of this are ye ignorant4 ,and the former of them shall say to the latter1 ,what advantage have ye over us8 ,taste ye therefore the torment for that which ye have done4 ,verily1 they who have charged our signs with falsehood and have turned away from them in their pride1 ,heaven's gates shall not be opened to them1 nor shall they enter ,paradise1 until the camel#h passeth through the eye of the needle4 ,after this sort will we recompense the transgressors4 ,they shall make their bed in ,hell1 and above them shall be coverings of fire6 ,after this sort will we recompense the evil doers4 ,but as to those who have believed and done the things which are right 7we will lay on no one a burden beyond his power7 ,these shall be inmates of ,paradise3 for ever shall they abide therein2 ,and we will remove whatever rancour was in their bosoms3 rivers shall roll at their feet3 and they shall say1 ,praise be to ,god who hath guided us hither6 ,we had not been guided had not ,god guided us6 ,of a surety the ,apostles of our ,lord came to us with truth4 ,and a voice shall cry to them1 ,this is ,paradise1 of which1 as the meed of your works1 ye are made heirs4 ,and the inmates of ,paradise shall cry to the inmates of the fire1 ,now have we found what our ,lord promised us to be true4 ,have ye too found what your ,lord promised you to be true8 ,and they shall answer1 ,yes4 ,and a ,herald shall proclaim between them3 ,the curse of ,god be upon the evil doers1 ,who turn men aside from the way of ,god1 and seek to make it crooked1 and who believe not in the life to come6 ,and between them shall be a partition2 and on the wall ,,al ,,araf#i shall be men who will know all1#aj by their tokens1 and they shall cry to the inmates of ,paradise1 ,peace be on you6 but they shall not yet enter it1 although they long to do so4 ,and when their eyes are turned towards the inmates of the ,fire1 they shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 place us not with the offending people4 ,and they who are upon ,al ,araf shall cry to those whom they shall know by their tokens1 ,your amassings and your pride have availed you nothing4 ,are these they on whom ye sware ,god would not bestow mercy8 ,enter ye#aa into ,paradise6 where no fear shall be upon you1 neither shall ye be put to grief4 ,and the inmates of the fire shall cry to the inmates of ,paradise3 ,pour upon us some water1 or of the refreshments#ab ,god hath given you8 ,they shall say1 ,truly ,god hath forbidden both to unbelievers1 ,who made their religion a sport and pastime1 and whom the life of the world hath deceived4 ,this day therefore will we forget them1 as they forgot the meeting of this their day1 and as they did deny our signs4 ,and now have we brought them the ,book3 with knowledge have we explained it2 a guidance and a mercy to them that believe4 ,what have they to wait for now but its interpretation8 ,when its interpretation#ac shall come1 they who aforetime were oblivious of it shall say1 ,the ,prophets of our ,lord did indeed bring the truth2 shall we have any intercessor to intercede for us8 or could we not be sent back8 ,then would we act otherwise than we have acted4 ,but they have ruined themselves2 and the deities of their own devising have fled from them6 ,your ,lord is ,god1 who in six days created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and then mounted the throne3 ,he throweth the veil of night over the day3 it pursueth it swiftly3 and he created the sun and the moon and the stars1 subjected to laws by ,his behest3 ,is not all creation and its empire ,his8 ,blessed be ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds6 ,call upon your ,lord with lowliness and in secret1 for ,he loveth not transgressors4 ,and commit not disorders on the earth after it hath been well ordered2 and call on ,him with fear and longing desire3 ,verily the mercy of ,god is nigh unto the righteous4 ,and ,he it is who sendeth forth the winds as the heralds of his compassion1#ad until they bring up the laden clouds1 which we drive along to some dead land and send down water thereon1 by which we cause an upgrowth of all kinds of fruit4-,thus will we bring forth the dead4 ,haply ye will reflect4 ,in a rich soil1 its plants spring forth abundantly by the will of its ,lord1 and in that which is bad1 they spring forth but scantily4 ,thus do ,we diversify our signs for those who are thankful4 ,of old sent ,we ,noah to his people1#ae and he said1 ,o my people6 worship ,god4 ,ye have no ,god but ,him3 indeed ,i fear for you the chastisement of the great day4 ,the chiefs of his people said1 ,we clearly see that thou art in a palpable error4 ,he said1 ,there is no error in me1 ,o my people6 but ,i am a messenger from the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,i bring to you the messages of my ,lord1 and ,i give you friendly counsel2 for ,i know from ,god what ye know not4 ,marvel ye that a ,warning should come to you from your ,lord through one of yourselves1 that he may warn you1 and that ye may fear for yourselves1 and that haply ye may find mercy8 ,but they treated him as a liar3 so we delivered him and those who were with him in the ark1 and we drowned those who charged our signs with falsehood2 for they were a blind people4 ,and to ,ad#af we sent their brother ,houd4#ag ,o my people6 said he1 worship ,god3 ye have no other god than ,him3 ,will ye not then fear ,him8 ,said the unbelieving chiefs among his people1 ,we certainly perceive that thou art unsound of mind2 and we surely deem thee an impostor4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 it is not unsoundness of mind in me1 but ,i am an ,apostle from the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,the messages of my ,lord do ,i announce to you1 and ,i am your faithful#ah counsellor4 ,marvel ye that a warning hath come to you from your ,lord through one of yourselves that ,he may warn you8 ,remember how he hath made you the successors of the people of ,noah1 and increased you in tallness of stature4 ,remember then the favours of ,god1 that it may haply be well with you4 ,they said1 ,art thou come to us in order that we may worship one ,god alone1 and leave what our fathers worshipped8 ,then bring that upon us with which thou threatenest us1 if thou be a man of truth4 ,he said1 ,vengeance and wrath shall suddenly light on you from your ,lord4 ,do ye dispute with me about names that you and your fathers have given your idols1 and for which ,god hath sent you down no warranty8 ,wait ye then1 and ,i too will wait with you4 ,and we delivered him1 and those who were on his side1 by our mercy1 and we cut off1 to the last man1 those who had treated our signs as lies1 and who were not believers4 ,and to ,themoud we sent their brother ,saleh4#ai ,he said1 ,o my people6 worship ,god3 ye have no other god than ,him3 now hath a clear proof of my mission come to you from your ,lord1 this she-camel of ,god being a sign to you3 therefore let her go at large to pasture on ,god's earth3 and touch her not to harm her1 lest a grievous chastisement seize you4 ,and remember how he hath made you successors to the ,adites1 and given you dwellings on the earth1 so that on its plains ye build castles1 and hew out houses in the hills4 ,and bear in mind the benefits of ,god1 and lay not the earth waste with deeds of licence4 ,said the chiefs of his people puffed up with pride1 to those who were esteemed weak1 even to those of them who believed1 ,what6 know ye for certain that ,saleh is sent by his ,lord8 ,they said1 ,truly we believe in that with which he hath been sent4 ,then said those proud men1 ,verily1 we reject that in which ye believe4 ,and they ham-strung the she-camel1 and rebelled against their ,lord's command1 and said1 ,o ,saleh1 let thy menaces be accomplished upon us if thou art one of the ,sent ,ones4 ,then the earthquake surprised them2 and in the morning they were found dead on their faces in their dwellings4 ,so he turned away from them1 and said1 ,o my people6 ,i did indeed announce to you the message of my ,lord3 and ,i gave you faithful counsel1 but ye love not faithful counsellors4#bj ,we also sent ,lot1 when he said to his people1 commit ye this filthy deed in which no creature hath gone before you8 ,come ye to men1 instead of women1 lustfully8 ,ye are indeed a people given up to excess4 ,but the only answer of his people was to say1 ,turn them out of your city1 for they are men who vaunt them pure4 ,and we delivered him and his family1 except his wife2 she was of those who lingered3 ,and we rained a rain upon them3 and see what was the end of the wicked6 ,and we sent to ,madian#ba their brother ,shoaib4 ,he said1 ,o my people6 worship ,god2 ye have no other ,god than ,him3 now hath a clear sign come to you from your ,lord3 give therefore the full in measures and weights2 take from no man his chattels1 and commit no disorder on the earth after it has been made so good4 ,this will be better for you1 if you will believe it4 ,and lay not in ambush by every road in menacing sort2 nor mislead him who believeth in ,god1 from ,his way1 nor seek to make it crooked2 and remember when ye were few and that he multiplied you1 and behold what hath been the end of the authors of disorder6 ,and if a part of you believe in that with which ,i am sent1 and a part of you believe not1 then wait steadfastly until ,god shall judge between us1 for ,he is the best of judges4 ,said the chiefs of his people puffed up with pride1 ,we will surely banish thee1 ,o ,shoaib1 and thy fellow-believers from our cities1 unless indeed ye shall come back to our religion4 ,what6 said he1 though we abhor it8 ,now shall we have devised a lie concerning ,god1 if after he hath delivered us from your religion we shall return to it2 nor can we return to it1 unless by the will of ,god our ,lord3 our ,lord embraceth all things in his ken4 ,in ,god have we put our trust3 ,o our ,lord6 decide between us and between our people1 with truth2 for the best to decide art ,thou4 ,and the chiefs of his people who believed not1 said1 ,if ye follow ,shoaib1 ye shall then surely perish4 ,an earthquake therefore surprised them1 and they were found in the morning dead on their faces1 in their dwellings4 ,those who had treated ,shoaib as an impostor1 became as though they had never dwelt in them3 they who treated ,shoaib as an impostor1 were they that perished4 ,so he turned away from them and said1 ,o my people6 ,i proclaimed to you the messages of my ,lord1 and ,i counselled you aright2 but how should ,i be grieved for a people who do not believe8 ,nor did we ever send a prophet to any city without afflicting its people with adversity and trouble1 that haply they might humble them4#bb ,then changed we their ill for good1 until they waxed wealthy1 and said1 ,of old did troubles and blessings befall our fathers3 therefore did we seize upon them suddenly when they were unaware4 ,but if that the people of these cities had believed and feared us1 we would surely have laid open to them blessings out of the ,heaven and the ,earth3 but they treated our signs as lies1 and we took vengeance on them for their deeds4 ,were the people1 therefore1 of those cities secure that our wrath would not light on them by night1 while they were slumbering8 ,were the people of those cities secure that our wrath would not light on them in broad day1 while they were disporting themselves8 ,did they1 therefore1 deem themselves secure from the deep counsel#bc of ,god8 ,but none deem themselves secure from the deep counsel of ,god1 save those who perish4 ,is it not proved to those who inherit this land after its ancient occupants1 that if we please we can smite them for their sins1 and put a seal upon their hearts1 that they hearken not8 ,we will tell thee the stories of these cities4 ,their apostles came to them with clear proofs of their mission2 but they would not believe in what they had before treated as imposture4-,thus doth ,god seal up the hearts of the unbelievers- ,and we found not of their covenant in most of them2 but we found most of them to be perverse4 ,then after them we sent ,moses with our signs to ,pharaoh and his nobles1 who acted unjustly in their regard4 ,but see what was the end of the corrupt doers6 ,and ,moses said1 ,o ,pharaoh6 verily ,i am an apostle from the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,nothing but truth is it right for me to speak of ,god4 ,now am ,i come to you from your ,lord with a proof of my mission2 send away1 therefore1 the children of ,israel with me4 ,he said1 ,if thou comest with a sign1 shew it if thou art a man of truth4 ,so he threw down his rod1 and lo6 it distinctly became a serpent4 ,then drew he forth his hand1 and lo6 it was white#bd to the beholders4 ,the nobles of ,pharaoh's people said1 ,verily1 this is an expert enchanter3 ,fain would he expel you from your land3 what then do ye order to be done8 ,they said1 ,put#be him and his brother off awhile1 and send round men to your cities who shall muster ,and bring to thee every skilled enchanter4 ,and the enchanters came to ,pharaoh4 ,said they1 ,shall we surely be rewarded if we prevail8 ,he said1 ,yes2 and ye certainly shall be near my person4 ,they said1 ,o ,moses6 either cast thou down thy rod first1 or we will cast down ours4 ,he said1 ,cast ye down4 ,and when they had cast them down they enchanted the people's eyes1 and made them afraid2 for they had displayed a great enchantment4 ,then spake we unto ,moses1 ,throw down thy rod2 and lo6 it devoured their lying wonders4 ,so the truth was made strong1 and that which they had wrought proved vain3 ,and they were vanquished on the spot1 and drew back humiliated4 ,but the other enchanters prostrated themselves adoring3 ,said they1 ,we believe on the ,lord of the ,worlds1 ,the ,lord of ,moses and ,aaron4 ,said ,pharaoh1 ,have ye believed on him1 ere ,i have given you leave8 ,this truly is a plot which ye have plotted in this my city1 in order to drive out its people4 ,but ye shall see in the end what shall happen4 ,i will surely cut off your hands and feet on opposite sides2 then will ,i have you all crucified4 ,they said1 ,verily1 to our ,lord do we return2 ,and thou takest vengeance on us only because we have believed on the signs of our ,lord when they came to us4 ,lord6 pour out constancy upon us1 and cause us to die ,muslims4 ,then said the chiefs of ,pharaoh's people-,wilt thou let ,moses and his people go to spread disorders in our land1 and desert thee and thy gods8 ,he said1 ,we will cause their male children to be slain and preserve their females alive3 and verily we shall be masters over them4 ,said ,moses to his people1 ,cry unto ,god for help1 and bear up patiently1 for the earth is ,god's3 to such of ,his servants as ,he pleaseth doth ,he give it as a heritage2 and for those that fear ,him is a happy issue4 ,we have been oppressed1 they said1 before thou camest to us1 and since thou hast been with us3 ,perhaps1 said he1 your ,lord will destroy your enemy1 and will make you his successors in the land1 and ,he will see how ye will act therein4 ,already had we chastised the people of ,pharaoh with dearth and scarcity of fruits1 that haply they might take warning3 ,and when good fell to their lot they said1 ,this is our due4 ,but if ill befel them1 they regarded ,moses and his partisans as 7the birds7 of evil omen4#bf ,yet1 was not their evil omen from ,god8 ,but most of them knew it not4 ,and they said1 ,whatever sign thou bring us for our enchantment1 we will not believe on thee4 ,and we sent upon them the flood and the locusts and the kummal 7lice7 and the frogs and the blood1-clear signs#bg-;but they behaved proudly1 and were a sinful people4 ,and when any plague fell upon them1 they said1 ,o ,moses6 pray for us to thy ,lord1 according to that which he hath covenanted with thee3 ,truly if thou take off the plague from us1 we will surely believe thee1 and will surely send the children of ,israel with thee4 ,but when we had taken off the plague from them1 and the time which ,god had granted them had expired1#bh behold6 they broke their promise4 ,therefore we took vengeance on them and drowned them in the sea1 because they treated our signs as falsehoods and were heedless of them4 ,and we gave to the people who had been brought so low1 the eastern and the western lands1 which we had blessed as an heritage3 and the good word of thy ,lord was fulfilled on the children of ,israel because they had borne up with patience3 and we destroyed the works and the structures of ,pharaoh and his people3 ,and we brought the children of ,israel across the sea1 and they came to a people who gave themselves up to their idols4 ,they said1 ,o ,moses6 make us a god1 as they have gods4 ,he said1 ,verily1 ye are an ignorant people3 ,for the worship they practise#bi will be destroyed1 and that which they do1 is vain4 ,he said1 ,shall ,i seek any other god for you than ,god1 when it is ,he who hath preferred you above all other peoples8 ,and remember when we rescued you from the people of ,pharaoh they had laid on you a cruel affliction2 they slew your sons1 and let only your daughters live1 and in this was a great trial from your ,lord4 ,and we appointed a meeting with ,moses for thirty nights1 which we completed with ten other nights1 so that his whole time with his ,lord#cj amounted to forty nights4 ,then said ,moses to his brother ,aaron1 ,take thou my place among my people1 and act rightly1 and follow not the way of the corrupt doers4 ,and when ,moses came at our set time and his ,lord spake with him1 he said1 ,o ,lord1 shew thyself to me1 that ,i may look upon thee4 ,he said1 ,thou shalt not see ,me2 but look towards the mount1 and if it abide firm in its place1 then shalt thou see ,me4 ,and when ,god manifested ,himself to the mountain he turned it to dust6 and ,moses fell in a swoon4 ,and when he came to himself1 he said1 ,glory be to thee6 ,to thee do ,i turn in penitence1 and ,i am the first of them that believe4 ,he said1 ,o ,moses6 thee above all men have ,i chosen by my commissions1 and by my speaking to thee4 ,take therefore what ,i have brought thee1 and be one of those who render thanks4 ,and we wrote for him upon the tables a monition concerning every matter1 and said1 ,receive them thyself with steadfastness1 and command thy people to receive them for the observance of its most goodly precepts3-,i will shew you the abode of the wicked4 ,the unjustly proud ones of the earth will ,i turn aside from my signs1 for even if they see every sign they will not believe them2 and if they see the path of uprightness1 they will not take it for their path1 but if they see the path of error1 for their path will they take it4 ,this1-for that they treated our signs as lies1 and were heedless of them4 ,vain will be the works of those who treated our signs1 and the meeting of the life to come1 as lies6 ,shall they be rewarded but as they have wrought8 ,and the people of ,moses took during his absence a calf made of their ornaments1 and ruddy like gold1 and lowing4#ca ,saw they not that it could not speak to them1 nor guide them in the way8 ,yet they took if for a ,god and became offenders6 ,but when they repented1 and saw that they had erred1 they said1 ,truly if our ,lord have not mercy on us1 and forgive us1 we shall surely be of those who perish4 ,and when ,moses returned to his people1 wrathful1 angered1 he said1 ,evil is it that ye have done next upon my departure4 ,would ye hasten on the judgments of your ,lord8 ,and he threw down the tables1 and seized his brother by the head and dragged him unto him4 ,said he1 ,son of my mother6 the people thought me weak1 and had well nigh slain me4 ,make not mine enemies to rejoice over me1 and place me not among the wrong doers4 ,he said1 ,o ,lord1 forgive me and my brother1 and bring us into thy mercy2 for of those who shew mercy thou art the most merciful4 ,verily as to those who took the calf as a god1 wrath from their ,lord shall overtake them1 and shame in this present life3 for thus recompense we the devisers of a lie4 ,but to those who have done evil1 then afterwards repent and believe1 thy ,lord will thereafter be ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,and when the anger of ,moses was stilled1 he took up the tables2 and in their writing was guidance and mercy for those who dread their ,lord4 ,and ,moses chose seventy men of his people for a meeting appointed by us4 ,and when the earthquake overtook them1 he said1 ,o my ,lord6 if it had been thy pleasure1 thou hadst destroyed them and me ere this6 wilt thou destroy us for what our foolish ones have done8 ,it is nought but thy trial3 thou wilt mislead by it whom thou wilt1 and guide whom thou wilt4 ,our guardian1 thou6 ,forgive us then and have mercy on us2 for of those who forgive art thou the best3 ,and write down for us what is good in this world1 as well as in the world to come1 for to thee are we guided4 ,he said1 ,my chastisement shall fall on whom ,i will1 and my mercy embraceth all things1 and ,i write it down for those who shall fear me1 and pay the alms1 and believe in our signs1 ,who shall follow the ,apostle1 the unlettered#cb ,prophet-whom they shall find described with them in the ,law and ,evangel4 ,what is right will he enjoin them1 and forbid them what is wrong1 and will allow them healthful viands and prohibit the impure1 and will ease them of their burden1 and of the yokes which were upon them2 and those who shall believe in him1 and strengthen him1 and help him1#cc and follow the light#cd which hath been sent down with him1- these are they with whom it shall be well4 ,,say to them3 ,o men6 ,verily ,i am ,god's apostle to you all2 ,whose is the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,therefore believe on ,god but ,he6 ,he maketh alive and killeth6 ,therefore believe on ,god1 and his ,apostle-the unlettered ,prophet-who believeth in ,god and his word4 ,and follow him that ye may be guided aright4 ,and among the people of ,moses there is a certain number#ce who guide others with truth1 and practise what is right according to it4 ,and we divided the ,israelites into twelve tribes1 as nations2 and we revealed unto ,moses when the people asked drink of him-,strike the rock with thy staff3 and there gushed forth from it twelve fountains-the men all knew their drinking places4 ,and we caused clouds to overshadow them1 and sent down upon them the manna and the quails4 4 4 4 ,eat of the good things with which we have supplied you4 ,but it was not us whom they injured1 but they injured their own selves3 ,and when it was said to them1 ,dwell in this city1 and eat therefrom what ye will1 and say ',hittat' 7forgiveness71 and enter the gate with prostrations2 then will we pardon your offences1-we will give increase to the doers of good3 ,but the ungodly ones among them changed that word into another than that which had been told them3#cf therefore sent we forth wrath out of ,heaven upon them for their wrong doings4 ,and#cg ask them about the city that stood by the sea1 when its inhabitants broke the ,sabbath2 when their fish came to them on their ,sabbath day appearing openly1 but came not to them on the day when they kept no ,sabbath4 ,thus did we make trial of them1 for that they were evildoers4#ch ,and when some of them said1 why warn ye those whom ,god would destroy or chastise with terrible chastisement8 they said1 ,for our own excuse with your ,lord2 and that they may fear ,him4 ,and when they forgot their warnings1 we delivered those who had forbidden evil2 and we inflicted a severe chastisement on those who had done wrong1 for that they were evil doers4 ,but when they proudly persisted in that which was forbidden1 we said to them1 ,become scouted apes2 and then thy ,lord declared that until the day of the resurrection1 he would surely send against them#ci 7the ,jews7 those who should evil entreat and chastise them3 for prompt is thy ,lord to punish2 and ,he is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,and we have divided them upon the ,earth as peoples3 some of them are upright and some are otherwise2 and by good things and by evil things have we proved them1 to the intent that they might return to us4 ,and they have had successors to succeed them3 they have inherited the ,book3 they have received the passing good things of this lower world1#dj and say1 ,it will be forgiven us4 ,yet if the like good things came to them again1 they would again receive them4 ,but hath there not been received on their part a covenant through the ,scripture that they should speak nought of ,god but the truth8 ,and yet they study its contents4 ,but the mansion of the next world hath more value for those who fear ,god-,do ye not then comprehend8- ,and who hold fast the ,book1 and observe prayer3 verily1 we will not suffer the reward of the righteous to perish4 ,and when we shook the mount#da over them as if it had been a shadow1 and they thought it falling upon them1 4 4 4 ,receive1 said we1 with steadfastness what we have brought you1 and remember what is therein to the end that ye may fear ,god4 ,and when thy ,lord brought forth their descendants from the reins of the sons of ,adam and took them to witness against themselves1 ,am ,i not1 said ,he1 your ,lord8 ,they said1 ,yes1 we witness it4 ,this we did1 lest ye should say on the day of ,resurrection1 ,truly1 of this were we heedless1 because uninformed2 ,or lest ye should say1 ,our fathers1 indeed1 aforetime joined other gods with our ,god1 and we are their seed after them3 wilt thou destroy us for the doings of vain men8 ,thus make we our signs clear3 that haply they may return to ,god4 ,recite to them#db the history of him#dc to whom we vouchsafed our signs1 and who departed from them1 so that ,satan followed him1 and he became one of the seduced4 ,had we pleased1 we had certainly thereby exalted him2 but he crouched to the earth and followed his own lust3 his likeness1 therefore1 is as that of the dog which lolls out his tongue1 whether thou chase him away1 or leave him alone6 ,such is the likeness of those who treat our signs as lies4 ,tell them this tale then1 that they may consider4 ,evil the likeness of those who treat our signs as lies6 and it is themselves they injure4 ,he whom ,god guideth is the guided1 and they whom he misleadeth shall be the lost4 ,many1 moreover1 of the ,djinn and men have we created for ,hell4 ,hearts have they with which they understand not1 and eyes have they with which they see not1 and ears have they with which they hearken not4 ,they are like the brutes3 ,yea1 they go more astray3 these are the heedless4 ,most excellent titles hath ,god3#dd by these call ye on ,him1 and stand aloof from those who pervert#de his titles4 ,for what they have done shall they be repaid6 ,and among those whom we have created are a people who guide others with truth1 and in accordance therewith act justly4 ,but as for those who treat our signs as lies1 we will gradually bring them down by means of which they know not3 ,and though ,i lengthen their days1 verily1 my stratagem shall prove effectual4 ,will they not bethink them that their companion ,muhammad is not djinn- possessed8 ,yes1 his office is only that of plain warner4 ,will they not look forth on the realms of the ,heaven and of the ,earth1 and on all things which ,god hath made1 to see whether haply their end be not drawing on8 ,and in what other book will they believe#df who reject the ,koran8 ,no other guide for him whom ,god shall mislead6 ,he will leave them distraught in their wanderings4 ,they will ask thee of the ,hour-for what time is its coming fixed8 ,,say3 ,the knowledge of it is only with my ,lord3 none shall manifest it in its time but ,he3 it is the burden#dg of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 not otherwise than on a sudden will it come on you4#dh ,they will ask thee as if thou wast privy to it3 ,,say3 ,the knowledge of it is with none but ,god4 ,but most men know not this4 ,,say3 ,i have no control over what may be helpful or hurtful to me1 but as ,god willeth4 ,had ,i the knowledge of his secrets1 ,i should revel in the good1 and evil should not touch me4 ,but ,i am only a warner1 and an announcer of good tidings to those who believe4 ,he it is who hath created you from a single person1 and from him brought forth his wife that he might dwell with her3 and when he had known her1 she bore a light burden1 and went about with it2 and when it became heavy1 they both cried to ,god their ,lord1 ,if thou give us a perfect child we will surely be of the thankful4 ,yet when ,god had given them a perfect child1#di they#ej joined partners with ,him in return for what he had given them4 ,but high is ,god above the partners they joined with ,him6 ,what6 ,will they join those with ,him who cannot create anything1 and are themselves created1 and have no power to help them1 or to help themselves8 ,and if ye summon them to the guidance1 they will not follow you6 ,it is the same to them whether ye summon them or whether ye hold your peace6 ,truly they whom ye call on beside ,god1 are1 like yourselves1 ,his servants6 ,call on them then1 and let them answer you1 if what ye say of them be true6 ,have they feet to walk with8 ,have they hands to hold with8 ,have they eyes to see with8 ,have they ears to hear with8 ,,say3 ,call on these joint gods of yours2 then make your plot against me1 and delay it not4 ,verily1 my ,lord is ,god1 who hath sent down the ,book2 and ,he is the protector of the righteous4 ,but they whom ye call on beside ,him1 can lend you no help1 nor can they help themselves3 ,and if ye summon them to the guidance1 they hear you not3 thou seest them look towards thee1 but they do not see6 ,make the best of things2#ea and enjoin what is just1 and withdraw from the ignorant3 ,and if stirrings to evil from ,satan stir thee1 fly thou for refuge to ,god3 ,he verily heareth1 knoweth6 ,verily1 they who fear ,god1 when some phantom from ,satan toucheth them1 remember ,him1 and lo6 they see clearly4 ,their ,brethren#eb will only continue them in error1 and cannot preserve themselves from it4 ,and when thou bringest not a verse 7sign7 of the ,koran to them1 they say1 ,hast thou not yet patched it up8#ec ,,say3 ,i only follow my ,lord's utterances to me4 ,this is a clear proof on the part of your ,lord1 and a guidance and a mercy for those who believe4 ,and when the ,koran is read1 then listen ye to it and keep silence1 that haply ye may obtain mercy4 ,and think within thine own self on ,god1 with lowliness and with fear and without loud spoken words1 at even and at morn2 and be not one of the heedless4 ,verily they who are round about thy ,lord disdain not ,his service4 ,they praise ,him and prostrate themselves before ,him4 #a ,the initial letters1 it has been conjectured1 of 7,amara li ,muhammad sahdiq71 thus spake to me ,muhammad the truthful4 ,but see ,sura #axviii4 p4 #cb4 ,the first part of this ,sura was perhaps revealed when the ,arabians were assembled at the ,pilgrimage4 ,see verse #bi4 #b ,a figure of frequent occurence in the ,talmud4 ,see ,tr4 ,rosh4 ,haschana1 #ag;a4 #c ,comp4 ,sura xx4 #aah1 p4 #aja4 #d ,gen4 iii4 #ae4 #e ,lit4 towards each ,mosque1 i4e4 towards the kibla of each ,mosque4 ,the word mosque1 mesjid1 however1 is usually applied only to that of ,mecca4 ,the common term in use for larger places of worship is djami1 a word unknown1 in that sense1 to the ,koran4 #f ,for full information as to the clothing of the ancient ,arabians see ,freyt4 ,einl4 pp4 #bie #cbg4 ,the ,koreisch 7we are told in ,sirat ,arrasul1 fol4 #bf1 and ,beidh471 in order to instil a deep respect for the ,caaba and other holy places into the minds of the ,arabians1 had forbidden all food during the processions1 and required that no clothes1 except those borrowed from ,meccans1 should be worn1 or that those who wore their own should devote them to ,god as holy vestments4 ,the consequence was that most of the pilgrims visited the holy places in perfect nudity4 ,hence the precept in the text4 #g ,the ,angels of ,death4 #h ,comp4 ,matth4 xix4 #bd2 ,mark x4 #be2 ,luke xviii4 #be4 ,by the change of a single vowel in the ,arabic word for camel1 we obtain the rendering1 cable4 ,in the ,rabbinic form of the proverb1 however1 the elephant is substituted for the camel1 which confirms the usual rendering and reading4 #i ,on this wall 7the name of which is derived from ,arafa1 'to know1' with allusion to the employment of those upon it7 will stand those whose good and evil works are equal1 and are not1 therefore1 deserving of either ,paradise or ,gehenna4 ,the idea1 which is analogous to that of ,purgatory1 may be derived from the ,talmud4 ,thus in the ,midrasch on ,eccl4 vii4 #ad1 ',how much space is there between the two' 7,paradise and ,hell78 ,r4 ,jochanan saith1 a wall2 ,r4 ,acha1 a span3 others hold them to be so close that a person may see from one into the other4 ,see ,plato's ,phaed4 #fb4 #aj ,that is1 they will know the inmates of ,paradise by their whiteness1 and the people of ,hell by the blackness of their faces4 #aa ,that is1 ye believers3 to whom the speakers on ,al ,araf are supposed to turn4 #ab ,the fruits of ,paradise4 ,comp4 ,luke xvi4 #ai4 #ac ,the fulfilment of its promises and threats4 #ad ,the rain4 ,thus1 the ,rabbins call the rain the might and power of ,god1 ,comp4 ,tract ,tanith1 fol4 ,i1 and connect it with the ,resurrection1 ,tract ,berachoth1 fol4 #cc4 #ae ,the ,rabbins in like manner describe the mission of ,noah4 ,comp4 ,sanhedr4 #ajh4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 par4 #cj1 #cc2 and on ,eccl4 #i1 #ad4 ,see ,sura lxxv4 xi4 #dj4 #af ,the two tribes of ,ad and ,themoud-the latter of whom is mentioned by ,diod4 ,sic4 and ,ptolemy-lay to the north of ,mecca in the direct line of traffic between the countries to the north and to the south1 and both probably disappeared with its cessation1 when the ,arabs were no longer held in check by the ,romans4 ,the traditions adopted by ,muhammad attribute this to the divine vengeance1 throughout the ,koran1 and were derived by him from the popular legends of ,arabia4 ,see ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #ab4 #ag ,on ,houd1 see ,geiger1 pp4 #aac #aai4 ,he supposes him to be the ,eber of the ,bible4 ,but ,mr4 ,muir suggests that both ,houd and ,saleh may have been persecuted ,jewish or ,christian emissaries and teachers1 whose rejection was thus recast by ,muhammad4 ,see note on verse #ga4 #ah ,or1 entrusted1 i4e4 with the office of apostle4 #ai ,saleh-according to ,bochart1 the ,peleg of ,gen4 xi4 #af4 ,d',herbelot1 ,b4 ,o4 #gdj1 makes him the ,schelah of ,gen4 xi4 #ac4 ,see v4 #fc1 n4 and p4 #bbj1 n4 #bj ,it is just possible that the act of ,koleib1 chief of the ,banu ,taghlib tribe1 in killing the milch camel of ,bass1 a female relative of his wife of ,bani-,bakr lineage-which led to a forty years' war between these two tribes1 ,a4,d4 #dij-may have been worked up by ,muhammad into this account of the persecutions of ,saleh4 #ba ,see ,sura xxiv4 #agf1 p4 #aji4 #bb ,this verse may contain an implied reference to the famine with which ,mecca had been visited1 and fix the date of this part of the ,sura4 ,comp4 verse #abg4 #bc ,lit4 plot1 stratagem4 #bd ,comp4 the passage from ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #dh1 who makes ,moses perform this miracle in the presence of ,pharaoh1 which the ,scripture 7,ex4 vii47 account does not4 ,the ,muhammadan tradition is that ,moses was a black4 #be ,lit4 cause him to hope1 temporise with him4 #bf ,lit4 male ominati sunt4 ,mar4 ,they traced their calamities to ,moses4 ,so ,sale4 ,kas4 ,but ,ullmann4 renders1 they attributed their misfortunes to the predictions of ,moses4 #bg ,in ,suras lxvii4 xvii4 and lxviii4 ,muhammad speaks of nine plagues4 ,the flood is not mentioned in the ,scripture4 #bh ,lit4 when we removed from them the plague until a period at which they should arrive4 #bi ,lit4 that in which these are4 #cj ,lit4 the set time of his ,lord was fulfilled in forty nights4 #ca ,sale and others render having a body1 corporeal1 of which the commentators give no satisfactory explanation4 ,i have adopted that given by ,freytag in v4 ,that the calf lowed in consequence of ,samal having entered into it1 is one of the traditions of the ,talmud4 ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 c4 #de4 #cb ,compare ,sura lxxxi4 xxix4 #dg1 xciv4 lxxii4 #b1 xci4 ii4 #gc4 ,the word ummyy is derived from ummah1 a nation1 and means ,gentile2 it here refers to ,muhammad's ignorance1 previous to the revelation of ,islam1 of the ancient ,scriptures4 ,it is equivalent to the ,gr4 laic1 ethnic1 and to the term gojim1 as applied by the ,jews to those unacquainted with the ,scriptures4 ,there can1 however1 be no doubt that ,muhammad-in spite of his assertions to the contrary1 with the view of proving his inspiration-was well acquainted with the ,bible histories4 ,he wished to appear ignorant in order to raise the elegance of the ,koran into a miracle4 ,for the passages of ,scripture said to foretel ,muhammad1 see ,pocock's ,sp4 ,hist4 ,ar4 p4 #ahh1 ed4 ,white4 #cc ,if these words1 as ,nldeke supposes1 contain an allusion to the ,ansars1 it is likely that this verse was added at ,medina4 ,the epithet ,al-,ummy 7the unlettered7 does not1 thus1 occur in ,meccan ,suras4 #cd ,the ,koran4 #ce ,pirke ,r4 ,eliezer1 #de1 explains ,ex4 xxxii4 #bf1 of the tribe of ,levi1 as not having been implicated with the other tribes in the sin of the golden calf4 #cf ,the ,jews changed hittat1 absolution1 indulgence1 into habbat1 corn4 #cg ,this and the next six verses are supposed to have been added at ,medina4 #ch ,comp4 ,sura xci4 ii4 #fa4 ,no trace of this legend is to be found in the ,talmudists4 ,the city is said to have been ,aila 7,elath7 on the ,red ,sea4 #ci ,perhaps in allusion to ,deut4 xxviii4 #di1 #ej4 #dj ,as bribes to pervert ,scripture1 etc4 #da ,sinai-which1 however1 is not mentioned in the ,koran as the place where the law was given4 ,comp4 ,i will cover you with the mountain like a roof4 ,abodah ,sar4 #b1 #b4 ,thus also in ,tract ,sabbath1 f4 #hh1 #a1 ,r4 ,avdimi 4 4 4 saith1 ,these words teach us that the ,holy ,one1 blessed be ,he1 turned the mountain over them like a vessel1 and said to them1 ,if ye will receive the law1 well2 but if not1 there shall be your grave4 ,this tradition is still held by the ,jews4 ,see ,d4 ,lewis ,pent4 ,prayers1 fol4 #aej4 ,its origin is a misunderstanding of ,ex4 xix4 #ag1 rightly rendered in the ,e4 version at the nether part of the mountain4 #db ,to the ,jews4 #dc ,balaam4 ,but according to others1 a ,jew who renounced his faith in ,muhammad4 #dd ,the #ii titles of ,god1 taken from the ,koran1 are to be found in ,maracci1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #dad1 or in ,macbride's ,religion of the ,mohammedans1 p4 #aba4 ,to facilitate the repetition of these names1 the ,muslims use a rosary4 #de ,in altering the names of ,god1 changing allah into ,allat1 ,elaziz into ,alozza1 ,mennan into ,menat1 etc4 #df ,lit4 and in what declaration after it will they believe8 #dg ,that is1 it weighs heavily on the hopes and fears of men1 djinn1 and angels4 #dh ,probably the usual final clause1 whence ye looked not for it1 should here be added to make good the rhyme1 which is otherwise interrupted in the original4 #di ,some render salihan1 well made1 rightly shaped2 others1 virtuous1 morally perfect4 #ej ,and their idolatrous posterity4 ,beidh4 #ea ,take or use indulgence2 i4e4 take men and their actions as they are1 and make all due allowances4 ,some understand it1 of ,muhammad's accepting such voluntary and superfluous alms as the people could spare4 #eb ,that is1 those under ,satanic influence4 #ec ,collected or sought it out4 ,beidh4 ,,sura ,,xlvi4-,,al ,,ahkaf ,,lxxxviii4 ,,mecca4-#ce ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,ha4 ,,mim4#a ,the ,revelation 7sending down7 of this ,book is from the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,we have not created the ,heavens and the ,earth and all that is between them otherwise than in truth and for a settled term4 ,but they who believe not1 turn away from their warning4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,as for those whom ye invoke beside ,god1 shew me what part of the earth it is which they have created8 ,had they a share in the ,heavens8 ,bring me a ,book sent down by them before this ,koran1 or traces of their knowledge2#b-;if ye are men of truth4 ,and who erreth more than he who1 beside ,god1 calleth upon that which shall not answer him until the day of ,resurrection8 ,yes1 they regard not their invocations2 ,and when mankind shall be assembled together1 they will become their enemies1 and ungratefully disown their worship4 ,and when our clear signs are recited to them1 they who believe not say of the truth when it cometh to them1 ,this is plain sorcery4 ,will they say1 ,he hath devised ,it8 ,,say3 ,if ,i have devised the ,koran1 then not one single thing shall ye ever obtain for me from ,god6 ,he best knoweth what ye utter in its regard6 ,witness enough is ,he between me and you6 ,and ,he is the ,gracious1 the ,merciful4 ,,say3 ,i am no apostle of new doctrines3 neither know ,i what will be done with me or you4 ,only what is revealed to me do ,i follow1 and ,i am only charged to warn openly4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if this ,book be from ,god1 and ye believe it not1 and a witness of the children of ,israel#c witness to its conformity with the ,law1 and believe1 while ye proudly disdain it 4 4 4 8 ,ah6 ,god guideth not the people guilty of such a wrong6 ,but the infidels say of the believers1 ,if it were a good ,book they would not have been before us in believing it3#d ,and not having submitted to guidance1 they proceed to say1 ,it is an old lying legend6 ,but before the ,koran was the ,book of ,moses1 a rule and a mercy2 and this ,book confirmeth it 7the ,pentateuch7-in the ,arabic tongue-that those who are guilty of that wrong may be warned1 and as glad tidings to the doers of good4 ,assuredly they who say1 ,our ,lord is ,god1 and take the straight way to ,him- no fear shall come on them1 neither shall they be put to grief3 ,these shall be the inmates of ,paradise to remain therein for ever1-the recompense of their deeds6 ,moreover1 we have enjoined on man to shew kindness to his parents4 ,with pain his mother beareth him2 with pain she bringeth him forth3 and his bearing and his weaning is thirty months2 until when he attaineth his strength1 and attaineth to forty years1#e he saith1 ,o my ,lord6 stir me up to be grateful for thy favours wherewith thou hast favoured me and my parents1 and to do good works which shall please thee3 and prosper me in my offspring3 for to thee am ,i turned1 and am resigned to thy will 7am a ,muslim74 ,these are they from whom we will accept their best works1 and whose evil works we will pass by2 among the inmates shall they be of ,paradise3-a true promise which they are promised4 ,but he who saith to his parents1 ,fie on you both6 ,promise ye me that ,i shall be taken forth from the grave alive1 when whole generations have already passed away before me8 ,but they both will implore the help of ,god1 and say1 ,alas for thee6 ,believe3 for the promise of ,god is true4 ,but he saith1 ,it is no more than a fable of the ancients4 ,these are they in whom the sentence passed on the nations1 djinn and men1 who flourished before them1 is made good4 ,they shall surely perish4#f ,and there are grades for all1 according to their works1 that ,god may repay them for their works2 and they shall not be dealt with unfairly4 ,and they who believe not shall one day be set before the fire4 ,ye made away your precious gifts during your life on earth2 and ye took your fill of pleasure in them3 ,this day1 therefore1 with punishment of shame shall ye be rewarded1 for that ye behaved you proudly and unjustly on the earth1 and for that ye were given to excesses4 ,remember1 too1 the brother of ,ad#g when he warned his people in ,,al ,,ahkaf#h-;and before and since his time there have been warners-,worship none but ,god3 verily ,i fear for you the punishment of the great day4 ,they said1 ,art thou come to us to turn us away from our ,gods8 ,bring on us now the woes which thou threatenest if thou speakest truth4 ,that knowledge1 said he1 is with ,god alone3 ,i only proclaim to you the message with which ,i am sent4 ,but ,i perceive that ye are a people sunk in ignorance4 ,so when they saw a cloud coming straight for their valleys1 they said1 ,it is a passing cloud that shall give us rain4 ,nay1 it is that whose speedy coming ye challenged a blast wherein is an afflictive punishment3- ,it will destroy everything at the bidding of its ,lord6 ,and at morn nought was to be seen but their empty dwellings6 ,thus repay we a wicked people4 ,with power had we endued them1 even as with power have we endued you2 and we had given them ears and eyes and hearts3 yet neither their eyes1 nor their ears1 nor their hearts aided them at all1 when once they gainsaid the signs of ,god2 but that punishment which they had mocked at enveloped them on all sides4 ,of old1 too1 did we destroy the cities which were round about you2 and1 in order that they might return to us1 we varied our signs before them4 ,but did those whom they took for gods beside ,god as his kindred deities1 help them8#i ,nay1 they withdrew from them4 ,such was their delusion1 and their device6 ,and remember when we turned aside a company of the djinn to thee1 that they might hearken to the ,koran3 and no sooner were they present at its reading than they said to each other1 ,hist2 and when it was ended1 they returned to their people with warnings4 ,they said1 ,o our people6 verily we have been listening to a book sent down since the days of ,moses1 affirming the previous scriptures2 it guideth to the truth1 and to the right way4 ,o our people6 ,obey the ,summoner of ,god1 and believe in him1 that ,he may forgive your sins1 and rescue you from an afflictive punishment4 ,and he who shall not respond to ,god's preacher1 yet cannot weaken ,god's power on earth1 nor shall he have protectors beside ,him4 ,these are in obvious error4 ,see they not that ,god who created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and was not wearied with their creation1 is of power to quicken the dead8 ,yea1 he is for all things ,potent4 ,and a day is coming when the infidels shall be set before the fire4 ,is not this it in truth8 ,they shall say1 ,aye1 by our ,lord4 ,he said1 ,taste then the punishment for that ye would not believe4 ,bear thou up1 then1 with patience1 as did the ,apostles endued with firmness1 and seek not to accelerate their doom4 ,for1 on the day when they shall see that with which they have been menaced1 ,it shall be as though they had waited but an hour of the day4 ,enough6 shall any perish save they who transgress8 #a ,see ,sura lxviii4 p4 #cb4 #b ,of a divine revelation1 authorising the worship of other gods than ,god #c ,abdallah bin ,salma1 say the commentators4 #d ,comp4 ,john vii4 #dh4 #e ,thus ,mischn4 ,aboth1 v4 #ba1 at forty years of age a man comes to intelligence4 ,this verse refers1 it is said by the ,sonnites1 to ,abu ,bekr1 afterwards ,chalif1 who embraced ,islam in his #djth year4 ,but this interpretation was probably invented after his accession to power4 #f ,lit4 suffer loss4 #g ,the ,prophet ,houd4 #h ,that is1 ,sandhills2 at ,taief1 to which ,muhammad had retired in consequence of the opposition1 etc41 of the ,meccans4 ,verses #bj-ca are probably misplaced1 as they interrupt the connection between #ai and #cb1 but appear to belong to the same period as the rest of the ,sura4 #i ,thus ,ullm4 als naheverwandte ,gtter4 ,but ,wahl1 denen sie sich mit gottesdienstlichen ,opfer nherten4 ,ad appropinquandum 7magis ipsi ,deo71 by intercession4 ,mar4 ,beidh4 ,,sura ,,vi4-,,cattle ,,lxxxix4 ,,mecca4-#afe ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,praise be to ,god1 who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and ordained the darkness and the light6 ,yet unto their ,lord do the infidels give peers6 ,he it is who created you of clay then decreed the term of your life3 and with ,him is another prefixed term for the resurrection4 ,yet have ye doubts thereof6 ,and ,he is ,god in the ,heavens and on the ,earth6 ,he knoweth your secrets and your disclosures6 and ,he knoweth what ye deserve4 ,never did one single sign from among the signs of their ,lord come to them1 but they turned away from it2 ,and now1 after it hath reached them1 have they treated the truth itself as a lie4 ,but in the end1 a message as to that which they have mocked1 shall reach them4 ,see they not how many generations we have destroyed before them8 ,we had settled them on the earth as we have not settled you1 and we sent down the very heavens upon them in copious rains1 and we made the rivers to flow beneath their feet3 yet we destroyed them in their sins1 and raised up other generations to succeed them4 ,and had we sent down to thee a ,book written on parchment1 and they had touched it with their hands1 the infidels had surely said1 ,this is nought but plain sorcery4 ,they say1 too1 ,unless an angel be sent down to him4 4 4 4 ,but if we had sent down an angel1 their judgment would have come on them at once1#a and they would have had no respite3 ,and if we had appointed an angel1 we should certainly have appointed one in the form of a man1 and we should have clothed him before them in garments like their own4#b ,moreover1 apostles before thee have been laughed to scorn3 but that which they laughed to scorn encompassed the mockers among them6 ,,say3 ,go through the land3 then see what hath been the end of those who treated them as liars4 ,,say3 ,whose is all that is in the ,heavens and the ,earth8 ,,say3 ,god's4 ,he had imposed mercy on ,himself as a law4 ,he will surely assemble you on the ,resurrection day2 there is no doubt of it4 ,they who are the authors of their own ruin1 are they who will not believe4 ,his1 whatsoever hath its dwelling in the night and in the day6 and ,he1 the ,hearing1 the ,knowing6 ,,say3 ,other than ,god shall ,i take as ,lord1 maker of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 who nourisheth all1 and of none is nourished8 ,,say3 ,verily1 ,i am bidden to be the first of those who surrender them to ,god 7profess ,islam73 and1 be not thou of those who join gods with ,god4 ,,say3 ,verily1 ,i fear1 should ,i rebel against my ,lord1 the punishment of the great day4 ,from whomsoever it shall be averted on that day1 ,he will have had mercy on him3 and this will be the manifest bliss4 ,if ,god touch thee with trouble1 none can take it off but ,he3 and if ,he visit thee with good-it is ,he whose power is over all things2 ,and ,he is the ,supreme over his servants2 and ,he is the ,wise1 the ,cognisant6 ,,say3 ,what thing is weightiest in bearing witness8 ,,say3 ,god is witness between me and you2 and this ,koran hath been revealed to me that ,i should warn you by it1 and all whom it shall reach4 ,what6 will ye really bear witness that there are other gods with ,god8 ,,say3 ,i bear no such witness4 ,,say3 ,verily1 ,he is one ,god1 and truly am guiltless of what ye join with ,him4 ,they to whom we have given the ,book1 recognise him 7,muhammad7 as they do their own children3#c but they who are the authors of their own perdition are they who will not believe4 ,and who more wicked than he who inventeth a lie concerning ,god1 or who treateth our signs as lies8 ,verily those wicked ones shall not prosper4#d ,and on the ,day we will gather them all together3 then will we say to those who joined gods with ,god1 ,where are those companion-gods of yours1 as ye supposed them8 ,then shall they find no other excuse than to say1 ,by ,god our ,lord6 we joined not companions with ,him4 ,behold6 how they lie against themselves-and the gods of their own inventing desert them6 ,some among them hearken unto thee3 but we have cast veils over their hearts that they should not understand the ,koran1 and a weight into their ears3 and though they should see all kinds of signs1 they will refuse all faith in them1 until when they come to thee1 to dispute with thee1 the infidels say1 ,verily1 this is nothing but fables of the ancients4 ,and they will forbid it1 and depart from it3-but they are only the authors of their own perdition1 and know it not4 ,if thou couldst see when they shall be set over the fire1 and shall say1 ,oh6 would we might be sent back6 we would not treat the signs of our ,lord as lies6 we would be of the believers4 ,aye6 that hath become clear#e to them which they before concealed2 but though they should return1 they would surely go back to that which was forbidden them2 for they are surely liars6 ,and they say1 ,there is no other than our life in this world1 neither shall we be raised again4 ,but if thou couldest see when they shall be set before their ,lord6 ,he shall say to them1 ,is not this it#f in truth8 ,they shall say1 ,yea1 by our ,lord6 ,taste then1 saith ,he1 the torment1 for that ye believed not6 ,lost are they who deny the meeting with ,god until the ,hour cometh suddenly upon them6 ,then will they say1 ,oh1 our sighs for past negligence of this hour6 and they shall bear their burdens on their back6 ,will not that be evil with which they shall be burdened8 ,the life in this world is but a play and pastime2 and better surely for men of godly fear will be the future mansion6 ,will ye not then comprehend8 ,now know we that what they speak vexeth thee3#g ,but it is not merely thee whom they charge with falsehood1 but the ungodly gainsay the signs of ,god4 ,before thee have apostles already been charged with falsehood3 but they bore the charge and the wrong with constancy1 till our help came to them2-for none can change the words of ,god4 ,but this history of ,his ,sent ,ones hath already reached thee4 ,but if their estrangement be grievous to thee1 and if thou art able to seek out an opening into the earth or a ladder into ,heaven1#h that thou mightest bring them a sign4 4 4 4 ,yes6 ,but if ,god pleased1 ,he would surely bring them1 one and all1 to the guidance6 therefore be not thou one of the ignorant4 ,to those only who shall lend an ear will ,he make answer3 as for the dead1 ,god will raise them up2 then unto ,him shall they return4 ,they say1 ,unless a sign be sent down to him from his ,lord4 4 4 4 ,,say3 ,verily1 ,god is able to send down a sign2 but the greater part of them know it not4 ,no kind of beast is there on earth nor fowl that flieth with its wings1 but is a folk#i like you3 nothing have we passed over in the ,book3#aj then unto their ,lord shall they be gathered4 ,they who gainsay our signs are deaf1 and dumb1 in darkness3 ,god will mislead whom ,he pleaseth1 and whom ,he pleaseth ,he will place upon the straight path4 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if the punishment of ,god were to come upon you1 or the ,hour were to come upon you1 will ye cry to any other than ,god8 ,tell me1 if ye speak the truth8 ,yes6 to ,him will ye cry3 and if ,he please ,he will deliver you from that ye shall cry to ,him to avert1 and ye shall forget the partners ye joined with ,him4 ,already have we sent apostles to nations that were before thee1 and we laid hold on them with troubles and with straits in order that they might humble themselves3 ,yet1 when our trouble came upon them1 they did not humble themselves2 but their hearts were hardened1 and ,satan pre-arranged for them#aa their course of conduct4 ,and when they had forgotten their warnings1 we set open to them the gates of all things1 until1 as they were rejoicing in our gifts1 we suddenly laid hold upon them1 and lo6 they were plunged into despair1 ,and the uttermost part of that impious people was cut off4 ,all praise be to ,god1 the ,lord of the ,worlds6 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if ,god should take away your hearing and your sight and set a seal upon your hearts1 what god beside ,god would restore them to you8 ,see6 how we vary our wondrous verses 7signs76 yet they turn away from them6 ,,say3 ,what think ye8 ,if the punishment of ,god come on you suddenly or foreseen1#ab shall any perish except the impious8 ,we send not our ,sent ,ones but as heralds of good news and warners2 and whoso shall believe and amend1 on them shall come no fear1 neither shall they be sorrowful3 ,but whoso shall charge our signs with falsehood1 on them shall fall a punishment for their wicked doings4 ,,say3 ,i say not to you1 ,in my possession are the treasures of ,god2 neither say ,i1 ,i know things secret2 neither do ,i say to you1 ,verily1 ,i am an angel3 ,only what is revealed to me do ,i follow4 ,,say3 ,shall the blind and the seeing be esteemed alike8 ,will ye not then reflect8 ,and warn those who dread their being gathered to their ,lord1 that patron or intercessor they shall have none but ,him1-to the intent that they may fear ,him6 ,and thrust not thou away those who cry to their ,lord at morn and even1 craving to behold his face4 ,it is not for thee in anything to judge of their motives1 nor for them in anything to judge of thee4 ,if thou thrust them away thou wilt be of the doers of wrong4 ,thus have we made proof of some of them by others1 that they may say1 ,are these they among us to whom ,god hath been gracious8 ,doth not ,god best know the thankful8 ,and when they who believe in our signs come to thee1 ,,say3 ,peace be upon you6 ,your ,lord hath laid down for himself a law of mercy2 so that if any one of you commit a fault through ignorance1 and afterwards turn and amend1 ,he surely will be ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,thus have we distinctly set forth our signs1 that the way of the wicked might be made known4 ,,say3 ,forbidden am ,i to worship those whom ye call on beside ,god4 ,,say3 ,i will not follow your wishes2 for then should ,i have gone astray1 and should not be of the guided4 ,,say3 ,i act upon proofs from my ,lord1 but ye treat them as falsehoods4 ,that punishment which ye desire to be hastened is not in my power2 judgment is with ,god only3 ,he will declare the truth2 and ,he is the best settler of disputes4 ,,say3 ,if what ye would hasten on1 were in my power1 the matter between me and you had been decided3 but ,god best knoweth the impious4 ,and with ,him are the keys#ac of the secret things2 none knoweth them but ,he3 ,he knoweth whatever is on the land and in the sea2 and no leaf falleth but ,he knoweth it2 neither is there a grain in the darknesses of the earth1 nor a thing green or sere1 but it is noted in a distinct writing4#ad ,it is ,he who taketh your souls at night1#ae and knoweth what ye have merited in the day3 then he awaketh you therein1 that the set life-term may be fulfilled3 then unto ,him shall ye return2 and then shall be declare to you that which ye have wrought4 ,supreme over his servants1 ,he sendeth forth guardians who watch over you1 until1 when death overtaketh any one of you1 our messengers take his soul1 and fail not3 ,then are they returned to ,god their ,lord1 the ,true4 ,is not judgment ,his8 ,swiftest ,he1 of those who take account6 ,,say3 ,who rescueth you from the darkness of the land and of the sea1 when humbly and secretly ye cry to ,him-,if thou rescue us from this1 we will surely be of the thankful8 ,,say3 ,god rescueth you from them1 and from every strait3 yet afterwards ye give ,him companions6 ,,say3 ,it is ,he who hath power to send on you a punishment from above you1 or from beneath your feet1 or to clothe you with discord1#af and to make some of you to taste the violence of others4 ,see how variously we handle the wondrous verses1 that haply they may become wise6 ,but thy people hath accused the ,koran of falsehood1 though it be the truth3 ,,say3 ,i am not in charge of you3 ,to every prophecy is its set time1 and bye- and-bye ye shall know it6 ,and when thou seest those who busy themselves with cavilling at our signs1 withdraw from them till they busy themselves in some other subject3 and if ,satan cause thee to forget this1 sit not1 after recollection1 with the ungodly people3#ag ,not that they who fear ,god are to pass any judgment upon them1 but the object of recollection is that they may continue to fear ,him4 ,and quit those who make their religion a sport and a pastime1 and whom this present life hath deceived3 warn them hereby that every soul will be consigned to doom for its own works3 patron or intercessor1 beside ,god1 shall it have none3 and could it compensate with fullest compensation1 it would not be accepted from it4 ,they who for their deeds shall be consigned to doom-for them are draughts of boiling water1 and a grievous torment2 for that they believed not6 ,,say3 ,shall we1 beside ,god1 call upon those who can neither help nor hurt us8 ,shall we turn upon our heel after that ,god hath guided us8 ,like some bewildered man whom the ,satans have spell-bound in the desert1 though his companions call him to the true guidance1 with1 ,come to us6 ,,say3 ,verily1 guidance from ,god1 that is the true guidance2 and we are commanded to surrender ourselves to the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,and observe ye the times of prayer1 and fear ye ,god3 for it is ,he to whom ye shall be gathered4 ,and it is ,he who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 in truth1 and when ,he saith to a thing1 ,be1 it is4 ,his word is the truth3 and ,his the kingdom1 on the day when there shall be a blast on the trumpet3 ,he knoweth alike the unseen and the seen3 and ,he is the ,wise1 the ,cognisant4 ,and remember when ,abraham said to his father ,azar1#ah ,takest thou images as gods8 ,verily1 ,i see that thou and thy people are in manifest error4 ,and thus did we shew ,abraham the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1#ai that he might be stablished in knowledge4 ,and when the night overshadowed him1 he beheld a star4 ,this1 said he1 is my ,lord3 but when it set1 he said1 ,i love not gods which set4 ,and when he beheld the moon uprising1 ,this1 said he1 is my ,lord3 but when it set1 he said1 ,surely1 if my ,lord guide me not1 ,i shall surely be of those who go astray4 ,and when he beheld the sun uprise1 he said1 ,this is my ,lord2 this is greatest4 ,but when it set1 he said1 ,o my people6 ,i share not with you the guilt of joining gods with ,god2 ,i turn my face to him who hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 following the right religion3#bj ,i am not one of those who add gods to ,god4 ,and his people disputed with him4-,he said3 ,dispute ye with me about ,god1 when ,he hath guided me8 ,and ,i fear not the deities whom ye join with ,him1 for only by the will of my ,lord have they any power3#ba ,my ,lord embraceth all things in ,his knowledge4 ,will ye not then consider8 ,and how should ,i fear what ye have joined with ,god1 since ye fear not for having joined with ,him that for which ,he hath sent you down no warranty8 ,which1 therefore1 of the two parties is more worthy of safety8 ,know ye that8 ,they who believe1 and who clothe not their faith with error4#bb theirs is safety1 and they are guided aright4 ,this is our reasoning with which we furnished ,abraham against his people3 ,we uplift to grades of wisdom whom we will2 ,verily thy ,lord is ,wise1 ,knowing4 ,and we gave him ,isaac and ,jacob1 and guided both aright2 and we had before guided ,noah2 and among the descendants of ,abraham1 ,david and ,solomon1 and ,job and ,joseph1 and ,moses and ,aaron3 ,thus do we recompense the righteous3 ,and ,zachariah1 ,john1 ,jesus1 and ,elias3 all were just persons3 ,and ,ismael and ,elisha and ,jonas and ,lot3 all these have we favoured above mankind3 ,and some of their fathers1 and of their offspring1 and of their brethren3 and we chose them1 and guided them into the straight way4 ,this is ,god's guidance3 ,he guideth by it such of his servants as he will3 ,but if they join others god with ,him1 vain assuredly shall be all their works4 ,these are they to whom we gave the ,scripture and ,wisdom and ,prophecy3 but if these their posterity believe not therein1 we will entrust these gifts to a people who will not disbelieve therein4 ,these are they whom ,god hath guided3 follow therefore their guidance4 ,,say3 ,no pay do ,i ask of you for this3#bc ,verily it is no other than the teaching for all creatures4 ,no just estimate do they form of ,god when they say1 ,nothing hath ,god sent down to man4 ,,say3 ,who sent down the ,book which ,moses brought1 a light and guidance to man1 which ye set down on paper1 publishing part1 but concealing most3 though ye have now been taught that which neither ye nor your fathers knew8 ,,say3 ,it is ,god3 then leave them in their pastime of cavillings4#bd ,and this ,book which we have sent down is blessed1 confirming that which was before it2 and in order that thou mightest warn the mother-city and those who dwell round about it4 ,they who believe in the next life will believe in ,it1 and will keep strictly to their ,prayers4 ,but is any more wicked than he who deviseth a lie of ,god1 or saith1 ,i have had a revelation1 when nothing was revealed to him8#be ,and who saith1 ,i can bring down a book like that which ,god hath sent down8 ,but couldst thou see when the ungodly are in the floods of death1 and the angels reach forth their hands1 saying1 ,yield up your souls3-this day shall ye be recompensed with a humiliating punishment for your untrue sayings about ,god1 and for proudly rejecting his signs6 ,and now are ye come back to us1 alone1 as we created you at first1 and ye leave behind you the good things which we had given you1 and we see not with you your intercessors whom ye regarded as the companions of ,god among you4 ,there is a severance between you now1 and those whom ye regarded as partners with ,god have deserted you4 ,verily ,god causeth the grain and the date stone to put forth3 ,he bringeth forth the living from the dead1 and the dead from the living6 ,this is ,god6 ,why1 then1 are ye turned aside from ,him8 ,he causeth the dawn to appear1 and hath ordained the night for rest1 and the sun and the moon for computing time6 ,the ordinance of the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,and it is ,he who hath ordained the stars for you that ye may be guided thereby in the darknesses of the land and of the sea6 clear have we made our signs to men of knowledge4 ,and it is ,he who hath produced you from one man1 and hath provided for you an abode and resting-place6#bf ,clear have we made our signs for men of insight4 ,and it is ,he who sendeth down rain from ,heaven3 and we bring forth by it the buds of all the plants1 and from them bring we forth the green foliage1 and the close growing grain1 and palm trees with sheaths of clustering dates1 and gardens of grapes1 and the olive and the pomegranate1 like and unlike4#bg ,look ye on their fruits when they fruit and ripen4 ,truly herein are signs unto people who believe4 ,yet have they assigned the ,djinn to ,god as his associates1 though ,he created them2 and in their ignorance have they falsely ascribed to him sons and daughters4 ,glory be to ,him6 ,and high let ,him be exalted above that which they attribute to ,him6 ,sole maker of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 how1 when ,he hath no consort1 should ,he have a son8 ,he hath created everything1 and ,he knoweth everything6 ,this is ,god your ,lord4 ,there is no ,god but ,he1 the creator of all things3 therefore worship ,him alone2-and ,he watcheth over all things4 ,no vision taketh in ,him1 but ,he taketh in all vision3#bh and ,he is the ,subtile1 the ,all-informed4 ,now have proofs that may be seen1 come to you from your ,lord2 whoso seeth them1 the advantage will be his own3 and whoso is blind to them1 his own will be the loss3 ,i am not made a keeper over you4 ,thus variously do we apply our signs1#bi that they may say1 ,thou hast studied deep3 and that to people of understanding we may make them clear4 ,follow thou that which hath been revealed to thee by thy ,lord3 there is no god but ,he6 and withdraw from those who join other gods with ,him4 ,had ,god pleased1 they had not joined other gods with ,him3 and we have not made thee keeper over them1 neither art thou a guardian over them4 ,revile not those whom they call on beside ,god1#cj lest they1 in their ignorance1 despitefully revile ,him4 ,thus have we planned out their actions for every people2 then shall they return to their ,lord1 and ,he will declare to them what those actions have been4 ,with their most solemn oath have they sworn by ,god1 that if a sign come unto them they will certainly believe it2 ,,say3 ,signs are in the power of ,god alone2 and ,he teacheth you not thereby1 only because when they were wrought1 ye did not believe4#ca ,and we will turn their hearts and their eyes away from the truth1 because they did not believe therein at first1 and we will leave them in their transgressions1 wandering in perplexity4 ,and though we had sent down the angels to them1 and the dead had spoken to them1 and we had gathered all things about them in tribes1 they had not believed1 unless ,god had willed it6 but most of them do not know it4 ,thus have we given an enemy to every prophet ,satans among men and among ,djinn3 tinsel discourses do they suggest the one to the other1 in order to deceive3 and had thy ,lord willed it1 they would not have done it4 ,therefore1 leave them and their vain imaginings- ,and let the hearts of those who believe not in the life to come incline thereto1 and let them find their content in this1 and let them gain what they are gaining4 ,what6 shall ,i seek other judge than ,god1 when it is ,he who hath sent down to you the distinguishing ,book8 ,they to whom we have given the ,book know that it is sent down from thy ,lord with truth4 ,be not thou then of those who doubt4 ,and the words of thy ,lord are perfect in truth and in justice3 none can change his words3 ,he is the ,hearing1 ,knowing4 ,but if thou obey most men in this land1 from the path of ,god will they mislead thee3 they follow but a conceit1 and they are only liars4 ,thy ,lord6 ,he best knoweth those who err from his path1 and ,he knoweth the rightly guided4 ,eat#cb of that over which the name of ,god hath been pronounced1 if ye believe in his signs4 ,and why eat ye not of that over which the name of ,god hath been pronounced1 since ,he hath made plain to you what ,he hath forbidden you1 save as to that which is forced upon you8 ,but indeed many mislead others by their appetites1 through lack of knowledge4 ,verily1 thy ,lord6 ,he best knoweth the transgressors4 ,and abandon the semblance of wickedness1 and wickedness itself4#cc ,they1 verily1 whose only acquirement is iniquity1 shall be rewarded for what they shall have gained4 ,eat not therefore of that on which the name of ,god has not been named1 for that is assuredly a crime3 the ,satans will indeed suggest to their votaries to wrangle with you2 but if ye obey them1 ye will indeed be of those who join gods with ,god4 ,shall the dead1 whom we have quickened1 and for whom we have ordained a light whereby he may walk among men1 be like him1 whose likeness is in the darkness1 whence he will not come forth8 ,thus have the doings of the unbelievers been prepared for them4 ,even so have we placed in every city1 ringleaders of its wicked ones1 to scheme therein3 but only against themselves shall they scheme6 and they know it not4 ,and when a sign cometh to them they say1 ,we will not believe1 till the like of what was accorded to the apostles of ,god1 be accorded to us4 ,god best knoweth where to place his mission4 ,disgrace with ,god1 and a vehement punishment shall come on the transgressors for their crafty plottings4 ,and whom ,god shall please to guide1 that man's breast will ,he open to ,islam2 but whom ,he shall please to mislead1 strait and narrow will ,he make his breast1 as though he were mounting up into the very ,heavens6 ,thus doth ,god inflict dire punishment on those who believe not4 ,and this is the right way of thy ,lord4 ,now have we detailed our signs unto those who will consider4 ,for them is a dwelling of peace with their ,lord6 and in recompense for their works1 shall he be their protector4 ,on the day whereon ,god shall gather them all together 4 4 4 ,o race of ,djinn1 will ,he say1 much did ye exact from mankind4 ,and their votaries from among men shall say1 ,o our ,lord6 we rendered one another mutual services3 but we have reached our set term1 which thou hast set for us4 ,he will say1 ,your abode the fire6 therein abide ye for ever3 unless as ,god shall will4 ,verily1 thy ,lord is ,wise1 ,knowing4 ,even thus place we some of the wicked over others1 as the meed of their doings4 ,o race of ,djinn and men6 came not apostles to you from among yourselves1 rehearsing my signs to you1 and warning you of the meeting of this your day8 ,they shall say1 ,we bear witness against ourselves4 ,this world's life deceived them2 and they shall bear witness against themselves that they were infidels3- ,this1#cd because thy ,lord would not destroy the cities in their sin1 while their people were yet careless4 ,and for all1 are grades of recompense as the result of their deeds2 and of what they do1 thy ,lord is not regardless4 ,and thy ,lord is the ,rich one1 full of compassion6 ,he can destroy you if ,he please1 and cause whom ,he will to succeed you1 as he raised you up from the offspring of other people3 ,verily1 that which is threatened you shall surely come to pass1 neither shall ye weaken its might4 ,,say3 ,o my people6 ,act as ye best can3 ,i verily will act my part1 and hereafter shall ye know ,whose will be the recompense of the abode6 ,verily1 the ungodly shall not prosper4 ,moreover1 they set apart a portion of the fruits and cattle#ce which he hath produced1 and say1 ,this for ,god-so deem they-,and this for his companions1 whom we associate with ,him4 ,but that which is for these companions of theirs1 cometh not to ,god2 yet that which is for ,god1 cometh to the companions6 ,ill do they judge4 ,thus have the companion-gods induced many of these1 who join them with ,god1 to slay their children1 that they might ruin them1 and throw the cloak of confusion over their religion4 ,but if ,god had pleased1 they had not done this4 ,therefore1 leave them and their devices4 ,they also say1 ,these cattle and fruits are sacred3 none may taste them but whom we please3 so deem they-,and there are cattle1 whose backs should be exempt from labour4 ,and there are cattle over which they do not pronounce the name of ,god3 inventing in all this a lie against ,him4 ,for their inventions shall ,he reward them4 ,and they say1 ,that which is in the wombs of these cattle is allowed to our males1 and forbidden to our wives2 but if it prove abortive1 both partake of it4 ,god shall reward them for their distinctions6 ,knowing1 ,wise is ,he4 ,lost are they who1 in their ignorance1 have foolishly slain their children1 and have forbidden that which ,god hath given them for food1 devising an untruth against ,god6 ,now have they erred2 and they were not rightly guided4 ,he it is who produceth gardens of the vine trellised and untrellised1 and the palm trees1 and the corn of various food1 and olives1 and pomegranates1 like and unlike4 ,eat of their fruit when they bear fruit1 and pay the due thereof on the day of its ingathering3 and be not prodigal1 for ,god loveth not the prodigal4 ,and there are cattle for burdens and for journeys4 ,eat of what ,god hath given you for food2 and follow not the steps of ,satan1 for he is your declared enemy4 ,you have four sorts of cattle in pairs3 of sheep a pair1 and of goats a pair4 ,,say3 ,hath ,he forbidden the two males or the two females2 or that which the wombs of the two females enclose8 ,tell me with knowledge1 if ye speak the truth3 ,and of camels a pair1 and of oxen a pair4 ,,say3 ,hath ,he forbidden the two males or the two females2 or that which the wombs of the two females enclose8#cf ,were ye witnesses when ,god enjoined you this8 ,who then is more wicked than he who1 in his ignorance1 inventeth a lie against ,god1 to mislead men8 ,god truly guideth not the wicked4 ,,say3 ,i find not in what hath been revealed to me aught forbidden to the eater to eat1 except it be that which dieth of itself1 or blood poured forth1 or swine's flesh2 for this is unclean or profane1 being slain in the name of other than ,god4 ,but whoso shall be a forced partaker1 if it be without wilfulness1 and not in transgression1-verily1 thy ,lord is ,indulgent1 ,merciful6 ,to the ,jews did we forbid every beast having an entire hoof1 and of both bullocks and sheep we forbade them the fat1 save what might be on their backs1 or their entrails1 and the fat attached to the bone4 ,with this have we recompensed them1 because of their transgression3 and verily1 we are indeed equitable4 ,if they treat thee as an impostor1 then ,,say3 ,your ,lord is of all-embracing mercy3 but his severity shall not be turned aside from the wicked4 ,they who add gods to ,god will say1 ,if ,god had pleased1 neither we nor our fathers had given him companions1 nor should we have interdicted anything4 ,thus did they who flourished before them charge with imposture1 until they had tasted our severity6 ,,say3 ,have ye any knowledge that ye can produce to us8 ,verily1 ye follow only a conceit3 ye utter only lies6 ,,say3 ,peremptory proof is ,god's6 ,had ,he pleased ,he had guided you all aright4 ,,say3 ,bring hither your witnesses who can witness that ,god hath forbidden these animals2 but if they bear witness1 witness not thou with them1 nor witness to the conceits of those who charge our signs with falsehood1 and who believe not in the life to come1 and give equals to our ,lord4 ,,say3 ,come1 ,i will rehearse what your ,lord hath made binding on you-that ye assign not aught to ,him as partner2 and that ye be good to your parents2 and that ye slay not your children1 because of poverty3 for them and for you will we provide3#cg and that ye come not near to pollutions1 outward or inward3#ch and that ye slay not anyone whom ,god hath forbidden you1 unless for a just cause4 ,this hath he enjoined on you1 to the intent that ye may understand4 ,and come not nigh to the substance of the orphan1 but to improve it1 until he come of age3 and use a full measure1 and a just balance3 ,we will not task a soul beyond its ability4 ,and when ye give judgment1 observe justice1 even though it be the affair of a kinsman1 and fulfil the covenant of ,god4 ,this hath ,god enjoined you for your monition- ,and1 this is my right way4 ,follow it then2 and follow not other paths lest ye be scattered from ,his path4 ,this hath he enjoined you1 that ye may fear ,him4 ,then#ci gave we the ,book to ,moses-complete for him who should do right1 and a decision for all matters1 and a guidance1 and a mercy1 that they might believe in the meeting with their ,lord4 ,blessed1 too1 this ,book which we have sent down4 ,wherefore follow it and fear ,god1 that ye may find mercy3 ,lest ye should say1 ,the ,scriptures were indeed sent down only unto two peoples before us1 but we were not able to go deep into their studies3#dj ,or lest ye should say1 ,if a book had been sent down to us1 we had surely followed the guidance better than they4 ,but now hath a clear exposition come to you from your ,lord1 and a guidance and a mercy4 ,who then is more wicked than he who treateth the signs of ,god as lies1 and turneth aside from them8 ,we will recompense those who turn aside from our signs with an evil punishment1 because they have turned aside4 ,what wait they for1 but the coming of the angels to them1 or the coming of thy ,lord ,himself1 or that some of the sings of the ,lord should come to pass8 ,on the day when some of thy ,lord's signs shall come to pass1 its faith shall not profit a soul which believed not before1 nor wrought good works in virtue of its faith4 ,,say3 ,wait ye4 ,verily1 we will wait also4 ,as to those who split up their religion and become sects1 have thou nothing to do with them3 their affair is with ,god only4 ,hereafter shall he tell them what they have done4 ,he who shall present himself with good works shall receive a tenfold reward2 but he who shall present himself with evil works shall receive none other than a like punishment3 and they shall not be treated unjustly4 ,,say3 ,as for me1 my ,lord hath guided me into a straight path2 a true religion1 the creed of ,abraham1 the sound in faith2 for he was not of those who join gods with ,god4 ,,say3 ,my prayers and my worship and my life and my death are unto ,god1 ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,he hath no associate4 ,this am ,i commanded1 and ,i am the first of the ,muslims4 ,,say3 ,shall ,i seek any other ,lord than ,god1 when ,he is ,lord of all things8 ,no soul shall labour but for itself2 and no burdened one shall bear another's burden4 ,at last ye shall return to your ,lord1 and he will declare that to you about which you differ4 ,and it is ,he who hath made you the successors of others on the earth1 and hath raised some of you above others by various grades1 that he may prove you by his gifts4 ,verily thy ,lord is swift to punish4 ,but ,he is also ,gracious1 ,merciful6 #a ,lit4 their affair would have been decided4 ,in that case there would no longer have been an opportunity for the warnings of the prophets and for repentance1 but the angels would at once have executed the divine judgments4 #b ,see ,sura xli4 #ac1 p4 #aic4 #c ,see ,sura xc4 xiii4 #cf4 #d ,this denunciation is repeated in eleven other passages of the ,koran1 and coupled with the known reverence of the early ,muslims for what they considered as the word of ,god1 must have greatly tended to secure the revelations of the ,prophet from being in any way tampered with and corrupted4 #e ,they are self-convicted of their own hypocrisy and of the hollowness of their professions4 #f ,the ,resurrection1 etc4 #g ,abu ,jahl had said3 ,muhammad speaks truth1 and he never said a falsehood2 but1 if the ,banu ,chosai1 who enjoy already the offices of bearing the standard1 of providing the pilgrims with water1 and of keeping the keys of the ,kaaba1 should also obtain the ,prophetship1 what would remain for the other ,koreisch4 ,kashaf in #a4 #h ,see ,sura lii4 #ch1 p4 #fe4 ,these passages may allude to the ladder set up in a tower by ,wacih ben ,salamah1 one of the ancient doorkeepers of the ,caaba1 by which he professed to mount up to ,god and receive divine ,oracles4 ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #cga4 #i ,a community4 ,comp4 ,prov4 xxx4 #be1 #bf4 ,animals as well as mankind are under the control of ,god1 are held within the limits of his decrees1 are accountable to him1 and will stand before him in the judgment4 #aj ,of the ,eternal decrees4 #aa ,or1 embellished1 made it fair-seeming4 #ab ,lit4 openly1 i4e4 preceded by some sign4 #ac ,the ,rabbins speak of the three keys in the hand of ,god4 ,tr4 ,tanith1 fol4 x4 #ad ,on the preserved tablet1 on which are written the decrees of ,god4 #ae ,that is1 during sleep4 ,see ,sura xxxix4 #dc1 p4 #beh4 ,or1 layeth to rest4 ,mar4 renders literally1 defungi faciet vos1 id est1 obdormiscere4 ,thus also ,beidh4 ,but see the use of the same word in the next verse4 #af ,or1 to perplex you 7by dividing you into7 sects4 #ag ,comp4 ,sura cx4 #ax4 #ac4 #ah ,azar4 ,this form is probably borrowed from ,athar1 as ,terah is called by ,eusebius4 ,see ,maracci ,prodr4 iv4 #ij4 ,compare a similar narrative 7,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 par4 #ag7 in which ,abraham is given over by his idolatrous father ,zarah to ,nimrod1 who says1 ,we will adore the ,fire3 ,rather1 said ,abraham1 the water which puts out fire4 ,the ,water then-,rather the clouds that bear the water4 ,the ,clouds then-,rather the wind which scatters the clouds4 ,the ,wind then-,rather man who endures the wind4 ,whereupon ,abraham was thrown into the furnace4 ,it is quite possible that in what follows1 ,muhammad may have intended to imply that ,abraham had renounced the ,sabian starworship of his fathers1 and to vindicate him from the habit of consulting the stars attributed to him by the ,talmudists4 ,shabbath1 fol4 #aef1 col4 #a4 ,abraham replied1 ,i have consulted my ,astrology4 ,comp4 ,rashi on ,gen4 xv4 #e4 ,see ,maim4 ,yad ,hachaz4 vii4 #f4 #ai ,comp4 ,gen4 xv4 #e4 #bj ,see ,sura xxi4 #eb4 #ba ,lit4 unless that my ,lord shall will anything4 #bb ,or1 confuse not their faith with wrong1 injustice1 i4e4 idolatry4 #bc ,koran4 #bd ,this verse and the following were probably added at ,medina after the ,hejira2 at least it is difficult to conceive that ,muhammad would have ventured thus to have written at ,mecca4 #be ,this verse is said to have been revealed at ,medina and to be aimed at the false prophets ,moseilama1 ,aswad and ,amsi2 also at ,abdallah ,ibn ,saad1 ,muhammad's secretary1 who for corrupting the sacred text and apostacy1 was one of the ten proscribed at the taking of ,mecca4 #bf ,in the womb4 #bg ,of all sorts4 #bh ,lit4 attaineth to4 ,mr4 ,lane renders1 the eyes see not ,him1 but ,he seeth the eyes4 #bi ,the verses of the ,koran4 #cj ,comp4 ,ex4 xxii4 #bh4 #ca ,notwithstanding this disclaimer1 the ,muslim tradition1 etc4 speak of many of their ,prophet's miracles4 ,see ,maracci's ,prodr4 p4 ii4 p4 #af1 and #cj #df4 #cb ,verses #aah-aba seem misplaced1 and should probably follow #aed4 #cc ,lit4 the outside of iniquity and its inside4 ,some understand these words of open sins1 and secret sins4 #cd ,that is1 ,god's method of dealing with the guilty was to send apostles previous to the execution of his judgments4 #ce ,it appears to have been the custom of the idolatrous ,arabs to set apart one portion of their fields for the ,supreme ,god1 and the other for the inferior gods represented by their idols4 ,if any of the fruit happened to fall from the part consecrated to the idols into that consecrated to ,god1 they restored it1 but if the reverse occurred1 they gave it to the idols4 ,god1 said they1 is rich and can dispense with it4 ,the secret1 however1 was that the idols' portion was reserved for the priests1 ,beidhawi4 ,freytag mentions the names of #gc idols worshipped by the ,arab tribes1 previous to ,islam 7,einl4 pp4 #bgj and #cdb #ceg7 and generally with ,allah1 as ,supreme ,god4 #cf ,comp4 ,sura cxiv4 v4 #ajb4 #cg ,comp4 ,sura xvii4 #cc1 p4 #afg4 #ch ,see verse #abj above4 #ci ,this very abrupt transition to ,jewish history seems to indicate that a passage between this and the preceding verse is lost4 #dj ,lit4 we were careless of their studies ,,sura ,,xiii4-,,thunder ,,xc4 ,,mecca4-#dc ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4 ,,ra4#a ,these1 the signs of the ,book6 ,and that which hath been sent down to thee from thy ,lord is the very truth3 ,but the greater part of men will not believe4 ,it is ,god who hath reared the ,heavens without pillars thou canst behold2 then mounted his throne1 and imposed laws on the sun and moon3 each travelleth to its appointed goal4 ,he ordereth all things4 ,he maketh his signs clear1 that ye may have firm faith in a meeting with your ,lord4 ,and ,he it is who hath outstretched the earth1 and placed on it the firm mountains1 and rivers3 and of every fruit ,he hath placed on it two kinds3 ,he causeth the night to enshroud the day4 ,verily in this are signs for those who reflect4 ,and on the earth hard by each other are its various portions3 gardens of grapes and corn1 and palm trees single or clustered4 ,though watered by the same water1 yet some make we more excellent as food than other3 ,verily in all this are signs for those who understand4 ,if ever thou dost marvel1 marvellous surely is their saying1 ,what6 when we have become dust1 shall we be restored in a new creation8 ,these are they who in their ,lord believe not3 these6 the collars shall be on their necks2 and these shall be inmates of the fire1 to abide therein for aye4 ,to hasten evil rather than good will they challenge thee3 but1 before their time have been like examples4 ,full1 truly1 of mercy is thy ,lord unto men1 despite their sins2 but verily1 thy ,lord is right vehement to punish4 ,and they who believe not say3 ,if a sign from his ,lord be not sent down to him 4 4 4 6 ,thou art a warner only4 ,and every people hath its guide4 ,god knoweth the burden of every female1 and how much their wombs lessen and enlarge3 with ,him everything is by measure3 ,knower of the ,hidden and the ,manifest6 the ,great6 the ,most ,high6 ,alike to ,him is that person among you who concealeth his words1 and he that telleth them abroad3 he who hideth him in the night1 and he who cometh forth in the day4 ,each hath a succession of ,angels before him and behind him1 who watch over him by ,god's behest4 ,verily1 ,god will not change his gifts to men1 till they change what is in themselves3 and when ,god willeth evil unto men1 there is none can turn it away1 nor have they any protector beside ,him4 ,he it is who maketh the lightning to shine unto you2 for fear and hope3 and who bringeth up the laden clouds4 ,and the ,,thunder uttereth his praise1 and the ,angels also1 for awe of ,him3 and he sendeth his bolts and smiteth with them whom he will#b while they are wrangling about ,god6 ,mighty is he in prowess4 ,prayer is ,his of right3 but these deities to whom they pray beside ,him give them no answer1 otherwise than as he is answered who stretcheth forth his hands to the water that it may reach his mouth1 when it cannot reach it6 ,the prayer of the ,infidels only wandereth1 and is lost4 ,and unto ,god doth all in the ,heavens and on the ,earth bow down in worship1 willingly or by constraint3 their very shadows also morn and even6 ,,say3 ,who is ,lord of the ,heavens and of the ,earth8 ,,say3 ,god4 ,,say3 ,why then have ye taken beside ,him protectors1 who even for their own selves have no power for help or harm8 ,,say3 ,what6 shall the blind and the seeing be held equal8 ,shall the darkness and the light be held equal8 ,or have they given associates to ,god who have created as ,he hath created1 so that their creation appear to them like ,his8 ,,say3 ,god is the ,creator of all things6 ,he is the ,one6 the ,conquering6 ,he sendeth down the rain from ,heaven3 then flow the torrents in their due measure1 and the flood beareth along a swelling foam4 ,and from the metals which are molten in the fire for the sake of ornaments or utensils1 a like scum ariseth4 ,in this way doth ,god depict 7set forth7 truth and falsehood4 ,as to the foam1 it is quickly gone3 and as to what is useful to man1 it remaineth on the earth4 ,thus doth ,god set forth comparisons6 ,to those who respond to their ,lord shall be an excellent reward2 but those who respond not to his call1 had they all that the earth containeth twice over1 they would surely give it for their ransom4 ,evil their reckoning6 and ,hell their home6 ,and wretched the bed6 ,shall he then who knoweth that what hath been sent down to thee from thy ,lord is the truth1 act like him who is blind8 ,men of insight only will bear this in mind1 ,who fulfil their pledge to ,god1 and break not their compact3 ,and who join together what ,god hath bidden to be joined1 and who fear their ,lord1 and dread an ill reckoning2 ,and who1 from desire to see the face of their ,lord1 are constant amid trials1 and observe prayer and give alms1 in secret and openly1 out of what we have bestowed upon them1 and turn aside evil by good3 for these is the recompense of that abode1 ,gardens of ,eden-into which they shall enter together with the just of their fathers1 and their wives1 and their descendants3 and the angels shall go in unto them at every portal3 ,peace be with you6 say they1 because ye have endured all things6 ,charming the recompense of their abode6 ,but those who1 after having contracted it1 break their covenant with ,god1 and cut asunder what ,god hath bidden to be united1 and commit misdeeds on the earth1 these1 a curse awaiteth them1 and an ill abode6 ,god is open-handed with supplies to whom he will1 or is sparing4 ,they rejoice in the life that now is1 but this present life is but a passing good1 in respect of the life to come6#c ,and they who believe not say1 ,unless a sign be sent down to him from his ,lord4 4 4 4 ,,say3 ,god truly will mislead whom he will2 and ,he will guide to ,himself him who turneth to ,him1 ,those who believe1 and whose hearts rest securely on the thought of ,god4 ,what6 ,shall not men's hearts repose in the thought of ,god8 ,they who believe and do the things that be right-blessedness awaiteth them1 and a goodly home4 ,thus have we sent thee to a people whom other peoples have preceded1 that thou mightest rehearse to them our revelations to thee4 ,yet they believe not on the ,god of ,mercy4#d ,,say3 ,he is my ,lord4 ,there is no ,god but ,he4 ,in ,him do ,i put my trust4 ,to ,him must ,i return4 ,if there were a ,koran by which the mountains could be set in motion1 or the earth cleft1 or the dead be made to speak 6 ,but all sovereignty is in the hands of ,god4 ,do then believers doubt#e that had ,he pleased ,god would certainly have guided all men aright8 ,misfortune shall not cease to light on the unbelievers for what they have done1 or to take up its abode hard by their dwellings1 until the threat of ,god come to pass4 ,verily1 ,god will not fail his plighted word4 ,before thee indeed have apostles been mocked at2 but though ,i bore long with the unbelievers1 at last ,i seized upon them2-and how severe was my punishment6 ,who is it then that is standing over every soul to mark its actions8 ,yet have they set up associates with ,god4 ,,say3 ,name them4 ,what6 ,would ye inform ,god of that which ,he knoweth not on the ,earth8 ,or are they not a mere empty name8 ,but prepared of old for the infidels was this fraud of theirs2 and they are turned aside from the path2 and whom ,god causeth to err1 no guide shall there be for him6 ,chastisement awaiteth them in this present life1 and more grievous shall be the chastisement of the next3 and none shall screen them from ,god4 ,a picture of the ,paradise which ,god hath promised to them that fear ,him4 ,the rivers flow beneath its bowers3 its food and its shades are perpetual4 ,this is the reward of those who fear ,god2 but the reward of the unbelievers is the ,fire4 ,they to whom we have given the ,book rejoice#f in what hath been sent down to thee2 yet some are banded together who deny a part of it4 ,,say3 ,i am commanded to worship ,god1 and not to associate any creature with ,him4 ,on ,him do ,i call1 and to ,him shall ,i return4 ,thus1 then1 as a code in the ,arabic tongue have we sent down the ,koran2 and truly1 if after the knowledge that hath reached thee thou follow their desires1 thou shalt have no guardian nor protector against ,god4 ,apostles truly have we already sent before thee1 and wives and offspring have we given them4 ,yet no apostle had come with miracles unless by the leave of ,god4 ,to each age its ,book4 ,what ,he pleaseth will ,god abrogate or confirm3 for with ,him is the source of revelation4#g ,moreover1 whether we cause thee to see the fulfilment of part of our menaces1 or whether we take thee hence1 verily1 thy work is preaching only1 and ours to take account4 ,see they not that we come into their land and cut short its borders8#h ,god pronounceth a doom1 and there is none to reverse his doom4 ,and swift is ,he to take account4 ,those who lived before them made plots3 but all plotting is controlled by ,god3 ,he knoweth the works of every one1 and the infidels shall know whose will be the recompense of the abode4 ,the infidels1 moreover1 will say2 ,thou art not sent of ,god4 ,,say3 ,god is witness enough betwixt me and you1 and1 whoever hath knowledge of the ,book4 #a ,see ,sura #axviii4 p4 #cb4 #b ,this is said by the traditionists and commentators generally1 to refer to ,amir and ,arbad ben ,kais1 who in the year #i or #aj conspired against ,muhammad's life1 and were struck dead by lightning4 ,see the authorities in ,nld4 p4 #abj3 ,weil1 #bef2 ,caussin1 iii4 #bie4 ,but this explanation may have been suggested by the words of the text1 which must1 if the comment be correct1 have been revealed at ,medina4 #c ,thus1 one hour of bliss in the world to come is better than all life in this world4 ,mischnah ,aboth1 iv4 #ag4 ,comp4 ,sura cxiii4 ix4 #ch4 #d ,see ,sura xvii4 #aji4 ,this verse is said to have been occasioned by the refusal of the ,meccans at ,hudaibiya to adopt the formula prescribed by ,muhammad-,in the ,name of the ,god of ,mercy1 the ,merciful-declaring that they knew not who the ,god of ,mercy 7,arrahman7 was4 ,this was in ,hej4 #f4 ,see n4 p4 #agc4 #e ,lit4 despair4 #f ,that is1 the ,jews1 who at this period of ,muhammad's prophetic function1 must have been highly gratified at the strong leaning towards1 and respect for1 their ,scriptures and ,histories1 which shews itself increasingly in the later ,meccan ,suras4 #g ,lit4 ,mother1 or ,prototype of the ,book4 ,either ,god's knowledge or ,prescience1 or the fabled preserved tablet1 on which is written the original of the ,koran1 and all ,god's decrees4 ,the ,jews have a tradition that the ,law existed before the ,creation4 ,midr4 ,jalkut1 #g4 #h ,that is1 the progressive conquests of the ,muslims trench more and more on the territories of the idolatrous ,arabians4 ,,sura ,,ii4-,,the ,,cow#a ,,xci4 ,,medina4-#bhf ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4#b ,no doubt is there about this ,book3 ,it is a guidance to the ,god-fearing1 ,who believe in the unseen1#c who observe prayer1 and out of what we have bestowed on them1 expend for ,god2 ,and who believe in what hath been sent down to thee1 and in what hath been sent down before thee1 and full faith have they in the life to come3 ,these are guided by their ,lord2 and with these it shall be well4 ,as to the infidels1 alike is it to them whether thou warn them or warn them not-they will not believe3 ,their hearts and their ears hath ,god sealed up2 and over their eyes is a covering4 ,for them1 a severe chastisement6 ,and some#d there are who say1 ,we believe in ,god1 and in the latter day3 ,yet are they not believers6 ,fain would they deceive ,god and those who have believed2 but they deceive themselves only1 and know it not4 ,diseased are their hearts6 ,and that disease hath ,god increased creased to them4 ,their's a sore chastisement1 for that they treated their prophet as a liar6 ,and when it is said to them1 ,cause not disorders in the earth3 they say1 ,nay1 rather do we set them right4 ,is it not that they are themselves the authors of disorder8 ,but they perceive it not6 ,and when it is said to them1 ,believe as other men have believed2 they say1 ,shall we believe as the fools have believed8 ,is it not that they are themselves the fools8 ,but they know it not6 ,and when they meet the faithful they say1 ,we believe2 but when they are apart with their ,satans#e they say1 ,verily we hold with you1 and at them we only mock4 ,god shall mock at them1 and keep them long in their rebellion1 wandering in perplexity4 ,these are they who have purchased error at the price of guidance3 but their traffic hath not been gainful1 neither are they guided at all4 ,they are like one#f who kindleth a fire1 and when it hath thrown its light on all around him4 4 4 4 ,god taketh away their light and leaveth them in darkness-they cannot see6- ,deaf1 dumb1 blind3 therefore they shall not retrace their steps from error6 ,or like those who1 when there cometh a storm-cloud out of the ,heaven1 big with darkness thunder and lightning1 thrust their fingers into their ears because of the thunder-clap1 for fear of death6 ,god is round about the infidels4 ,the lightning almost snatcheth away their eyes6 ,so oft as it gleameth on them they walk on in it1 but when darkness closeth upon them1 they stop6 ,and if ,god pleased1 of their ears and of their eyes would he surely deprive them3 verily ,god is ,almighty6 ,o men of ,mecca#g adore your ,lord1 who hath created you and those who were before you3 haply ye will fear ,him ,who hath made the earth a bed for you1 and the heaven a covering1 and hath caused water to come down from heaven1 and by it hath brought forth fruits for your sustenance6 ,do not then wittingly give peers to ,god4 ,and if ye be in doubt as to that which we have sent down to our servant1 then produce a ,sura like it1 and summon your witnesses1 beside ,god1 if ye are men of truth3 ,but if ye do it not1 and never shall ye do it1 then fear the fire prepared for the infidels1 whose fuel is men and stones3#h ,but announce to those who believe and do the things that are right1 that for them are gardens 'neath which the rivers flow6 ,so oft as they are fed therefrom with fruit for sustenance1 they shall say1 ,this same was our sustenance of old3 ,and they shall have its like given to them4#i ,therein shall they have wives of perfect purity1 and therein shall they abide for ever4 ,verily ,god is not ashamed to set forth as well the instance of a gnat#aj as of any nobler object3 for as to those who have believed1 they know it to be the truth from their ,lord2 but as to the unbelievers1 they will say1 ,what meaneth ,god by this comparison8 ,many will ,he mislead by such parables and many guide3 but none will ,he mislead thereby except the wicked1 ,who1 after its establishment1 violate the covenant of ,god1#aa and cut in sunder what ,god hath bidden to be joined1 and act disorderly on the ,earth4 ,these are they who shall suffer loss6 ,how can ye withhold faith from ,god8 ,ye were dead and ,he gave you life2 next ,he will cause you to die2 next ,he will restore you to life3 next shall ye return to ,him6 ,he it is who created for you all that is on ,earth1 then proceeded to the ,heaven1 and into seven#ab ,heavens did ,he fashion it3 and ,he knoweth all things4 ,when thy ,lord said to the angels1 ,verily1 ,i am about to place one in my stead on earth1#ac they said1 ,wilt thou place there one who will do ill therein and shed blood1 when we celebrate thy praise and extol thy holiness8 ,god said1 ,verily1 ,i know what ye know not4 ,and he taught ,adam the names of all things1 and then set them before the angels1#ad and said1 ,tell me the names of these1 if ye are endued with wisdom4#ae ,they said1 ,praise be to ,thee6 ,we have no knowledge but what ,thou hast given us to know4 ,thou6 ,thou art the ,knowing1 the ,wise4 ,he said1 ,o ,adam1 inform them of their names4 ,and when he had informed them of their names1 ,he said1 ,did ,i not say to you that ,i know the hidden things of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and that ,i know what ye bring to light1 and what ye hide8 ,and when we said to the angels1 ,bow down and worship ,adam1 then worshipped they all1 save ,eblis4#af ,he refused and swelled with pride1 and became one of the unbelievers4 ,and we said1 ,o ,adam6 dwell thou and thy wife in the ,garden1 and eat ye plentifully therefrom wherever ye list2 but to this tree come not nigh1 lest ye become of the transgressors4 ,but ,satan#ag made them slip from it1 and caused their banishment from the place in which they were4 ,and we said1 ,get ye down1 the one of you an enemy to the other3 and there shall be for you in the earth a dwelling-place1 and a provision for a time4 ,and words of prayer learned ,adam from his ,lord3 and ,god turned to him2 for ,he loveth to turn1 the ,merciful4 ,we said1 ,get ye down from it1 all together3 and if ,guidance shall come to you from me1 whoso shall follow my guidance1 on them shall come no fear1 neither shall they be grieved3 ,but they who shall not believe1 and treat our signs as false-hoods1 these shall be inmates of the fire2 in it shall they remain for ever4 ,o children of ,israel6 remember my favour wherewith ,i shewed favour upon you1 and be true to your covenant with me2 ,i will be true to my covenant with you2 me therefore1 revere me6 and believe in what ,i have sent down confirming your ,scriptures1 and be not the first to disbelieve it1 neither for a mean price barter my signs3 me therefore1 fear ye me6 ,and clothe not the truth with falsehood1 and hide not the truth when ye know it3#ah ,and observe prayer and pay the legal impost1 and bow down with those who bow4 ,will ye enjoin what is right upon others1 and forget yourselves8 ,yet ye read the ,book3 will ye not understand8 ,and seek help with patience and prayer3 a hard duty indeed is this1 but not to the humble1 ,who bear in mind that they shall meet their ,lord1 and that unto ,him shall they return4 ,o children of ,israel6 remember my favour wherewith ,i shewed favour upon you2 for verily to you above all human beings have ,i been bounteous4 ,and fear ye the day when soul shall not satisfy for soul at all1 nor shall any intercession be accepted from them1 nor shall any ransom be taken1 neither shall they be helped4 ,and remember when we rescued you from the people of ,pharaoh1 who had laid on you a cruel chastisement4 ,they slew your male children1 and let only your females live3 and in this was a great trial from your ,lord3 ,and when we parted the sea for you1 and saved you1 and drowned the people of ,pharaoh1 while ye were looking on3 ,and when we were in treaty with ,moses forty nights3 then during his absence took ye the calf and acted wickedly3 ,yet after this we forgave you1 that ye might be grateful3 ,and when we gave ,moses the ,book and the ,illumination#ai in order to your guidance3 ,and remember when ,moses said to his people1 ,o my people6 verily ye - have sinned to your own hurt1 by your taking the calf to worship it3 ,be turned then to your creator1 and slay the guilty among you2#bj this will be best for you with your creator3 ,then turned ,he unto you1 for ,he is the one who turneth1 the ,merciful3 ,and when ye said1 ,o ,moses6 we will not believe thee until we see ,god plainly2 the thunderbolt fell upon you while ye were looking on3 ,then we raised you to life after ye had been dead1#ba that haply ye might give thanks3 ,and we caused the clouds to overshadow you1 and we sent down manna and quails upon you2-,eat of the good things we have give you for sustenance2-and they injured not us but they injured themselves4#bb ,and when we said1 ,enter this city1#bc and eat therefrom plentifully1 at your will1 and enter the gate with prostrations1 and say1 ',forgiveness2' and we will pardon you your sins1 and give an increase to the doers of good3- ,but the evil-doers changed that word into another than that spoken to them1#bd and we sent down upon those evil-doers wrath from heaven1 for that they had done amiss3 ,and when ,moses asked drink for his people1 we said1 ,strike the rock with thy rod2 and from it there gushed twelve fountains3 each tribe#be knew their drinking-place3-,eat and drink1 said we1 of what ,god hath supplied1 and do no wrong on the earth by licentious deeds3 ,and when ye said1 ,o ,moses6 we will not put up with one sort of food3 pray1 therefore1 thy ,lord for us1 that ,he would bring forth for us of that which the earth groweth1 its herbs and its cucumbers and its garlic and its lentils and its onions3 ,he said1 ,what6 will ye exchange that which is worse for what is better8 ,get ye down into ,egypt2-for ye shall have what ye have asked3 ,vileness and poverty were stamped upon them1 and they returned with wrath from ,god3 ,this1 for that they disbelieved the signs of ,god1 and slew the ,prophets#bf unjustly3 this1 for that they rebelled and transgressed6 ,verily1 they who believe 7,muslims71 and they who follow the ,jewish religion1 and the ,christians1 and the ,sabeites#bg-whoever of these believeth in ,god and the last day1 and doeth that which is right1 shall have their reward with their ,lord3 fear shall not come upon them1 neither shall they be grieved4 ,call to mind also when we entered into a covenant with you1 and lifted up the mountain#bh over you3-,take hold1 said we1 on what we have revealed to you1 with resolution1 and remember what is therein1 that ye may fear3 ,but after this ye turned back1 and but for ,god's grace and mercy toward you1 ye had surely been of the lost6 ,ye know too those of you who transgressed on the ,sabbath1 and to whom we said1 ,be changed into scouted apes3#bi ,and we made them a warning to those of their day1 and to those who came after them1 and a caution to the ,god-fearing3 ,and when ,moses said to his people1 ,verily1 ,god bids you sacrifice a ,,cow2#cj they said1 ,makest thou a jest of us8 ,he said1 ,god keep me from being one of the foolish4 ,they said1 ,call on thy ,lord for us that ,he would make plain to us what she is4 ,he said1 ,god saith1 ',she is a cow neither old nor young1 but of the middle age between the two3' do therefore what ye are bidden4 ,they said1 ,call on your ,lord for us1 that he would make plain to us what is her colour4 ,he said1 ,god saith1 ',she is a fawn-coloured cow2 her colour is very bright2 she rejoiceth the beholders4' ,they said1 ,call on they ,lord for us that ,he would make plain to us what cow it is-for to us are cows alike1-and verily1 if ,god please1 we shall be guided rightly3 ,he said1 ,god saith1 ',she is a cow not worn by ploughing the earth or watering the field1 sound1 no blemish in her4' ,they said1 ,now hast thou brought the truth3 ,then they sacrificed her2 ,yet nearly had they done it not3 ,and when ye slew a man1 and strove among yourselves about him1 ,god brought to light what he had hidden3 ,for we said1 ,strike the corpse with part of her4 ,so ,god giveth life to the dead1 and sheweth you his signs1 that haply ye may understand4 ,then after that your hearts became hard like rocks1 or harder still3 for verily1 from rocks have rivers gushed2 others1 verily1 have been cleft1 and water hath issued from them2 and others1 verily1 have sunk down through fear of ,god3 ,and ,god is not regardless of your actions4 ,desire ye then that for your sakes#ca the ,jews should believe8 ,yet a part of them heard the word of ,god1 and then1 after they had understood it1 perverted it1 and knew that they did so4 ,and when they fall in with the faithful1 they say1 ,we believe2 but when they are apart#cb one with another1 they say1 ,will ye acquaint them with what ,god hath revealed to you1 that they may dispute with you about it in the presence of your ,lord8 ,understand ye their aim8 ,know they not that ,god knoweth what they hide1 as well as what they bring to light8 ,but there are illiterates among them who are unacquainted with the ,book1#cc but with lies only1 and have but vague fancies4 ,woe to those who with their own hands transcribe the ,book corruptly1 and then say1 ,this is from ,god1 that they may sell it for some mean price6 ,woe then to them for that which their hands have written6 and1 ,woe to them for the gains which they have made6 ,and they say1 ,hell fire shall not touch us1 but for a few days3#cd ,,say3 ,have ye received such a promise from ,god8 for ,god will not revoke his promise3 or1 ,speak ye of ,god that which ye know not8 ,but they whose only gains are evil works1 and who are environed by their sins1-they shall be inmates of the fire1 therein to abide for ever3 ,but they who have believed and done the things that be right1 they shall be the inmates of ,paradise1-therein to abide for ever4 ,and when we entered into covenant with the children of ,israel1 we said1 ,worship none but ,god1 and be good to your parents and kindred1 and to orphans1 and to the poor1 and speak with men what is right1 and observe prayer1 and pay the stated alms4 ,then turned ye away1 except a few of you1 and withdrew afar off4 ,and when we made a covenant with you that ye should not shed your own blood1#ce nor expel one another from your abodes1 then ye ratified it and yourselves were witnesses4 ,then were ye the very persons who slew one another2 and ye drove out a part of your own people from their abodes2 ye lent help against them with wrong and hatred2 but if they come captives to you1 ye redeem them6-,yet it was forbidden you to drive them out4#cf ,believe ye then part of the ,book1 and deny part8 ,but what shall be the meed of him among you who doth this1 but shame in this life8 ,and on the day of the ,resurrection they shall be sent to the most cruel of torments1 for ,god is not regardless of what ye do4 ,these are they who purchase this present life at the price of that which is to come3 their torment shall not be lightened1 neither shall they be helped4 ,moreover1 to ,moses gave we the ,book1 and we raised up apostles after him2 and to ,jesus1 son of ,mary1 gave we clear proofs of his mission1 and strengthened him by the ,holy ,spirit4#cg ,so oft then as an apostle cometh to you with that which your souls desire not1 swell ye with pride1 and treat some as impostors1 and slay others8 ,and they say1 ,uncircumcised are our hearts4 ,nay6 ,god hath cursed them in their infidelity3 few are they who believe6 ,and when a ,book had come to them from ,god1 confirming that which they had received already-although they had before prayed for victory over those who believed not-yet when that ,koran come to them1 of which they had knowledge1 they did not recognise it4 ,the curse of ,god on the infidels6 ,for a vile price have they sold themselves1 by not believing what ,god hath sent down1 envious of ,god's sending down his grace on such of his servants as he pleaseth3#ch and they have brought on themselves wrath upon wrath4 ,and for the unbelievers is a disgraceful chastisement4 ,and when it is said to them1 ,believe in what ,god hath sent down1 they say1 ,in that which hath been sent down to us we believe3 but what hath since been sent down they disbelieve1 although it be the truth confirmatory of their own ,scriptures4 ,,say3 ,why then have ye of old slain ,god's prophets1#ci if ye are indeed believers8 ,moreover1 ,moses came unto you with proofs of his mission4 ,then in his absence ye took the calf for your ,god1 and did wickedly4 ,and when we accepted your covenant1 and uplifted#dj the mountain over you1 we said1 ,take firm hold on what we have given you1 and hearken4 ,they said1 ,we have hearkened and have rebelled3 then were they made to drink down the calf into their hearts for their ingratitude4 ,,say3 ,a bad thing hath your faith commanded you1 if ye be indeed believers4 ,,say3 ,if the future dwelling place with ,god be specially for you1 but not for the rest of mankind1 then wish for death1 if ye are sincere3 ,but never can they wish for it1 because of that which their own hands have sent on before them6#da ,and ,god knoweth the offenders4 ,and thou wilt surely find them of all men most covetous of life1 beyond even the polytheists4 ,to be kept alive a thousand years might one of them desire3 but that he may be preserved alive1 shall no one reprieve himself from the punishment6 ,and ,god seeth what they do4 ,,say3 ,whoso is the enemy of ,gabriel-,for he it is who by ,god's leave hath caused the ,koran to descend on thy heart1 the confirmation of previous revelations1 and guidance1 and good tidings to the faithful- ,whoso is an enemy to ,god or his angels1 or to ,gabriel1 or to ,michael1 shall have ,god as his enemy3 for verily ,god is an enemy to the ,infidels4 ,moreover1 clear signs have we sent down to thee1 and none will disbelieve them but the perverse4 ,oft as they have formed an engagement with thee1 will some of them set it aside8 ,but most of them believe not4 ,and when there came to them an apostle from ,god1 affirming the previous revelations made to them1 some of those to whom the ,scriptures were given1 threw the ,book of ,god behind their backs as if they knew it not3 ,and they followed what the ,satans read#db in the reign of ,solomon3 not that ,solomon was unbelieving1 but the ,satans were unbelieving4 ,sorcery did they teach to men1 and what had been revealed to the two angels1 ,harut and ,marut1 at ,babel4 ,yet no man did these two teach until they had said1 ,we are only a temptation4 ,be not then an unbeliever4 ,from these two did men learn how to cause division between man and wife3 but unless by leave of ,god1 no man did they harm thereby4 ,they learned1 indeed1 what would harm and not profit them2 and yet they knew that he who bought that art should have no part in the life to come6 ,and vile the price for which they have sold themselves1-if they had but known it6 ,but had they believed and feared ,god1 better surely would have been the reward from ,god1-if they had but known it6 ,o ye who believe6 say not to our apostle1 ,raina#dc 7,look at us72 but say1 ,ondhorna 7,regard us74 ,and attend to this2 for1 the ,infidels shall suffer a grievous chastisement4 ,the unbelievers among the people of the ,book1 and among the idolaters1 desire not that any good should be sent down to you from your ,lord3 but ,god will shew ,his special mercy to whom ,he will1 for ,he is of great bounty4 ,whatever verses we cancel1#dd or cause thee to forget1 we bring a better or its like4 ,knowest thou not that ,god hath power over all things8 ,knowest thou not that the dominion of the ,heavens and of the ,earth is ,god's8 and that ye have neither patron nor helper1 save ,god8 ,would ye ask of your apostle what of old was asked of ,moses8 ,but he who exchangeth faith for unbelief1#de hath already erred from the even way4 ,many of the people of the ,book desire to bring you back to unbelief after ye have believed1 out of selfish envy1 even after the truth hath been clearly shewn them4 ,but forgive them1 and shun them till ,god shall come in with ,his working4 ,truly ,god hath power over all things4 ,and observe prayer and pay the legal impost3#df and whatever good thing ye have sent on before for your soul's sake1 ye shall find it with ,god4 ,verily ,god seeth what ye do4 ,and they say1 ,none but ,jews or ,christians shall enter ,paradise3 ,this is their wish4 ,,say3 ,give your proofs if ye speak the truth4 ,but they who set their face with resignation ,godward1 and do what is right1- their reward is with their ,lord2 no fear shall come on them1 neither shall they be grieved4 ,moreover1 the ,jews say1 ,the ,christians lean on nought3 ,on nought lean the ,jews1 say the ,christians3 ,yet both are readers of the ,book4 ,so with like words say they who have no knowledge4#dg ,but on the resurrection day1 ,god shall judge between them as to that in which they differ4 ,and who committeth a greater wrong than he who hindereth ,god's name from being remembered in his temples1 and who hasteth to ruin them8#dh ,such men cannot enter them but with fear4 ,their's is shame in this world1 and a severe torment in the next4 ,the ,east and the ,west is ,god's3 therefore1 whichever way ye turn1 there is the face of ,god3#di ,truly ,god is immense and knoweth all4 ,and they say1 ,god hath a son3 ,no6 ,praise be to ,him6 ,but-,his1 whatever is in the ,heavens and the ,earth6 ,all obeyeth ,him1 ,sole maker of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,and when ,he decreeth a thing1 ,he only saith to it1 ,be1 and it is4 ,and they who have no knowledge say1 ,unless ,god speak to us1 or thou shew us a sign 4 4 4 6 ,so1 with like words1 said those who were before them3 their hearts are alike3 ,clear signs have we already shewn for those who have firm faith3 ,verily1 with the ,truth have we sent thee1 a bearer of good tidings and a warner3 and of the people of ,hell thou shalt not be questioned4 ,but until thou follow their religion1 neither ,jews nor ,christians will be satisfied with thee4 ,,say3 ,verily1 guidance of ,god1-that is the guidance6 ,and if1 after the ,knowledge which hath reached thee1 thou follow their desires1 thou shalt find neither helper nor protector against ,god4 ,they to whom we have given the ,book1 and who read it as it ought to be read1- these believe therein3 but whoso believeth not therein1 shall meet with perdition4 ,o children of ,israel6 remember my favour wherewith ,i have favoured you1 and that high above all mankind have ,i raised you3 ,and dread the day when not in aught shall soul satisfy for soul1 nor shall any ransom be taken from it1 nor shall any intercession avail1 and they shall not be helped4 ,when his ,lord made trial of ,abraham by commands which he fulfilled1 ,he said1 ,i am about to make thee an ,imm to mankind3 he said1 ,of my offspring also3 ,my covenant1 said ,god1 embraceth not the evil doers4 ,and remember when we appointed the ,holy ,house#ej as man's resort and safe retreat1 and said1 ,take ye the station of ,abraham for a place of prayer3 ,and we commanded ,abraham and ,ismael1 ,purify my house for those who shall go in procession round it1 and those who shall abide there for devotion1 and those who shall bow down and prostrate themselves4 ,and when ,abraham said1 ,lord6 make this secure land1 and supply its people with fruits1 such of them as believe in ,god and in the last day3 ,he said1 ,and whoso believeth not1 for a little while will ,i bestow good things on him2 then will ,i drive him to the torment of the ,fire6 ,an ill passage6 ,and when ,abraham1 with ,ismael1 raised the foundations#ea of the ,house1 they said1 ,o our ,lord6 accept it from us2 for thou art the ,hearer1 the ,knower4 ,o our ,lord6 make us also ,muslims1 and our posterity a ,muslim people2 and teach us our holy rites1 and be turned towards us1 for thou art ,he who turneth1 the ,merciful4 ,o our ,lord6 raise up among them an apostle#eb who may rehearse thy signs unto them1 and teach them 'the ,book1' and ,wisdom1 and purify them3 for thou art the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,and who but he that hath debased his soul to folly will mislike the faith of ,abraham1 when we have chosen him in this world1 and in the world to come he shall be of the ,just8 ,when his ,lord said to him1 ,resign thyself to me1 he said1 ,i resign myself to the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,and this to his children did ,abraham bequeath1 and ,jacob also1 saying1 ,o my children6 truly ,god hath chosen a religion for you2 so die not unless ye be also ,muslims4 ,were ye present when ,jacob was at the point of death8#ec when he said to his sons1 ,whom will ye worship when ,i am gone8 ,they said1 ,we will worship thy ,god and the ,god of thy fathers ,abraham and ,ismael and ,isaac1 one ,god1 and to ,him are we surrendered 7,muslims74 ,that people have now passed away2 they have the reward of their deeds1 and ye shall have the meed of yours3 but of their doings ye shall not be questioned4 ,they say1 moreover1 ,become ,jews or ,christians that ye may have the true guidance4 ,,say3 ,nay6 the religion of ,abraham1 the sound in faith1#ed and not one of those who join gods with ,god6 ,say ye3 ,we believe in ,god1 and that which hath been sent down to us1 and that which hath been sent down to ,abraham and ,ismael and ,isaac and ,jacob and the tribes3 and that which hath been given to ,moses and to ,jesus1 and that which was given to the prophets from their ,lord4 ,no difference do we make between any of them3 and to ,god are we resigned 7,muslims74 ,if therefore they believe even as ye believe1 then have they true guidance2 but if they turn back1 then do they cut themselves off from you3 and ,god will suffice to protect thee against them1 for ,he is the ,hearer1 the ,knower4#ee ,islam is the ,baptism of ,god1#ef and who is better to baptise than ,god8 ,and ,him do we serve4 ,,say3 ,will ye dispute with us about ,god8 when ,he is our ,lord and your ,lord6 ,we have our works and ye have your works2 and we are sincerely ,his4 ,will ye say1 ,verily ,abraham1 and ,ismael1 and ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 and the tribes1 were ,jews or ,christians8 ,,say3 ,who knoweth best1 ye1 or ,god8 ,and who is more in fault than he who concealeth the witness which he hath from ,god8 ,but ,god is not regardless of what ye do4 ,that people have now passed away3 they have the reward of their deeds1 and for you is the meed of yours2 but of their doings ye shall not be questioned4 ,the foolish ones will say1 ,what hath turned them from the kebla which they used8 ,,say3 ,the ,east and the ,west are ,god's4 ,he guideth whom he will into the right path4 ,thus have we made you a central people1#eg that ye may be witnesses in regard to mankind1 and that the apostle may be a witness in regard to you4 ,we appointed the kebla which thou formerly hadst1 only that we might know him who followeth the apostle1 from him who turneth on his heels3 ,the change is a difficulty1 but not to those whom ,god hath guided4 ,but ,god will not let your faith#eh be fruitless2 for unto man is ,god ,merciful1 ,gracious4 ,we have seen thee turning thy face towards every part of ,heaven2 but we will have thee turn to a kebla which shall please thee4 ,turn then thy face towards the sacred ,mosque1#ei and wherever ye be1 turn your faces towards that part4 ,they1 verily1 to whom the ,book hath been given1 know this to be the truth from their ,lord3 and ,god is not regardless of what ye do4 ,even though thou shouldest bring every kind of sign to those who have received the ,scriptures1 yet thy kebla they will not adopt2 nor shalt thou adopt their kebla2 nor will one part of them adopt the kebla of the other4 ,and if1 after the knowledge which hath come to thee1 thou follow their wishes1 verily then wilt thou become of the unrighteous4 ,they to whom we have given the ,scriptures know him-the apostle-even as they know their own children3 but truly a part of them do conceal the truth1 though acquainted with it4#fj ,the truth is from thy ,lord4 ,be not then of those who doubt4 ,all have a quarter of the ,heavens to which they turn them2 but wherever ye be1 hasten emulously after good3 ,god will one day bring you all together2 verily1 ,god is all-powerful4 ,and from whatever place thou comest forth1 turn thy face toward the sacred ,mosque2 for this is the truth from thy ,lord2 and ,god is not inattentive to your doings4 ,and from whatever place thou comest forth1 turn thy face toward the sacred ,mosque2 and wherever ye be1 to that part turn your faces1 lest men have cause of dispute against you3 but as for the impious among them1 fear them not2 but fear me1 that ,i may perfect my favours on you1 and that ye may be guided aright4 ,and we sent to you an apostle from among yourselves to rehearse our signs unto you1 and to purify you1 and to instruct you in the ,book1 and in the wisdom1 and to teach you that which ye knew not3 ,therefore remember me3 ,i will remember you2 and give me thanks and be not ungrateful4 ,o ye who believe6 seek help with patience and with prayer1 for ,god is with the patient4 ,and say not of those who are slain on ,god's path#fa that they are ,dead2 nay1 they are ,living6 ,but ye understand not4 ,with somewhat of fear and hunger1 and loss of wealth1 and lives1 and fruits1 will we surely prove you3 but bear good tidings to the patient1 ,who when a mischance chanceth them1 say1 ,verily we are ,god's1 and to ,him shall we return3#fb ,on them shall be blessings from their ,lord1 and mercy3 and these6-they are the rightly guided4 ,verily1 ,safa and ,marwah#fc are among the monuments of ,god3 whoever then maketh a pilgrimage to the temple1 or visiteth it1 shall not be to blame if he go round about them both4 ,and as for him who of his own accord doeth what is good-,god is ,grateful1 ,knowing4 ,they who conceal aught that we have sent down1 either of clear proof or of guidance1 after what we have so clearly shewn to men in the ,book1#fd ,god shall curse them1 and they who curse shall curse them4 ,but as for those who turn to me1 and amend and make known the truth1 even unto them will ,i turn me1 for ,i am ,he who ,turneth1 the ,merciful4 ,verily1 they who are infidels and die infidels1-these6 upon them shall be the malison of ,god and of angels and of all men3 ,under it shall they remain for ever3 their torment shall not be lightened1 and ,god will not even look upon them6 ,your ,god is one ,god3#fe there is no ,god but ,he1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful4 ,assuredly in the creation of the ,heavens and of the ,earth2 and in the alternation of night and day2 and in the ships which pass through the sea with what is useful to man2 and in the rain which ,god sendeth down from ,heaven1 giving life by it to the earth after its death1 and by scattering over it all kinds of cattle2 and in the change of the winds1 and in the clouds that are made to do service between the ,heaven and the ,earth2-are signs for those who understand4 ,yet there are men who take to them idols along with ,god1 and love them with the love of ,god3 ,but stronger in the faithful is the love of ,god4 ,oh6 the impious will see1 when they see their chastisement1 that all power is ,god's1 and that ,god is severe in chastising4 ,when those who have had followers#ff shall declare themselves clear from their followers after that they have seen the chastisement1 and when the ties between them shall be cut asunder2 ,the followers shall say1 ,could we but return to life we would keep ourselves clear from them1 as they have declared themselves clear of us4 ,so will ,god shew them their works6 ,sighing is upon them6 but1 forth from the fire they come not4 ,oh men6 eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth1 but follow not the steps of ,satan1 for he is your avowed enemy3 ,he only enjoineth you evil and wickedness1 and that ye should aver of ,god that which ye know not4 ,and when it is said to them1 ,follow ye that which ,god hath sent down2 they say1 ,nay1 we follow the usages which we found with our fathers4 ,what6 though their fathers were utterly ignorant and devoid of guidance8 ,the infidels resemble him who shouteth aloud to one who heareth no more than a call and cry6 ,deaf1 ,dumb1 blind3 therefore they have no understanding4 ,o ye who believe6 eat of the good things with which we have supplied you1 and give ,god thanks if ye are ,his worshippers4 ,but that which dieth of itself1 and blood1 and swine's flesh1 and that over which any other name than that of ,god hath been invoked1 is forbidden you4 ,but he who shall partake of them by constraint1 without lust or wilfulness1 no sin shall be upon him4 ,verily ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,they truly who hide the ,scriptures which ,god hath sent down1 and barter them for a mean price-these shall swallow into their bellies nought but fire4 ,god will not speak to them1 or assoil them1 on the day of the ,resurrection3 and theirs shall be a grievous torment4 ,these are they who have bartered guidance for error1 and pardon for torment2 ,but how great their endurance in fire6#fg ,this shall be their doom1 because ,god had sent down the ,book with the very truth4 ,and verily they who dispute about that ,book are in a far-gone severance from it4 ,there is no piety in turning your faces toward the east or the west1 but he is pious who believeth in ,god1 and the last day1 and the angles1 and the ,scriptures1 and the prophets2 who for the love of ,god disburseth his wealth to his kindred1 and to the orphans1 and the needy1 and the wayfarer1 and those who ask1 and for ransoming2 who observeth prayer1 and payeth the legal alms1 and who is of those who are faithful to their engagements when they have engaged in them1 and patient under ills and hardships1 and in time of trouble3 these are they who are just1 and these are they who fear the ,lord4 ,o believers6 retaliation for bloodshedding is prescribed to you3 the free man for the free1 and the slave for the slave1 and the woman for the woman3 but he to whom his brother shall make any remission1#fh is to be dealt with equitably2 and to him should he pay a fine with liberality4 ,this is a relaxation#fi from your ,lord and a mercy4 ,for him who after his shall transgress1#gj a sore punishment6 ,but in this law of retaliation is your security for life1 ,o men of understanding6 to the intent that ye may fear ,god4 ,it is prescribed to you1 when any one of you is at the point of death1 if he leave goods1 that he bequeath equitably to his parents and kindred4 ,this is binding on those who fear ,god4 ,but as for him who after he hath heard the bequest shall change it1 surely the wrong of this shall be on those who change it3 verily1 ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,but he who feareth from the testator any mistake or wrong1 and shall make a settlement between the parties-that shall be no wrong in him3 verily1 ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,o believers6 a ,fast is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you1 that ye may fear ,god1 ,for certain days4 ,but he among you who shall be sick1 or on a journey1 shall fast that same number of other days3 and as for those who are able to keep it and yet break it1 the expiation of this shall be the maintenance of a poor man4 ,and he who of his own accord performeth a good work1 shall derive good from it3 and good shall it be for you to fast if ye knew it4 ,as to the month ,ramadhan in which the ,koran was sent down to be man's guidance1 and an explanation of that guidance1 and of that illumination1#ga as soon as any one of you observeth the moon1 let him set about the fast2 but he who is sick1 or upon a journey1 shall fast a like number of other days4 ,god wisheth you ease1 but wisheth not your discomfort1 and that you fulfil the number of days1 and that you glorify ,god for his guidance1 and that you be thankful4 ,and when my servants ask thee concerning me1 then will ,i be nigh unto them4 ,i will answer the cry of him that crieth1 when he crieth unto me3 but let them hearken unto me1 and believe in me1 that they may proceed aright4 ,you are allowed on the night of the fast to approach your wives3 they are your garment and ye are their garment4#gb ,god knoweth that ye defraud yourselves therein1 so ,he turneth unto you and forgiveth you6 ,now1 therefore1 go in unto them with full desire for that which ,god hath ordained for you2 and eat and drink until ye can discern a white thread from a black thread#gc by the daybreak3 then fast strictly till night1 and go not in unto them1 but rather pass the time in the ,mosques4 ,these are the bounds set up by ,god3 therefore come not near them4 ,thus ,god maketh his signs clear to men that they may fear ,him4#gd ,consume not your wealth among yourselves in vain things1 nor present it to judges that ye may consume a part of other men's wealth unjustly1 while ye know the sin which ye commit4 ,they will ask thee of the new moons4 ,,say3 ,they are periods fixed for man's service and for the ,pilgrimage4 ,there is no piety in entering your houses at the back1#ge but piety consists in the fear of ,god4 ,enter your houses then by their doors2 and fear ,god that it may be well with you4 ,and fight for the cause of ,god against those who fight against you3 but commit not the injustice of attacking them first3 ,god loveth not such injustice3 ,and kill them wherever ye shall find them1 and eject them from whatever place they have ejected you2 for civil discord#gf is worse than carnage3 yet attack them not at the sacred ,mosque1 unless they attack you therein2 but if they attack you1 slay them4 ,such the reward of the infidels4 ,but if they desist1 then verily ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,fight therefore against them until there be no more civil discord1 and the only worship be that of ,god3 but if they desist1 then let there be no hostility1 save against the wicked4 ,the sacred month and the sacred precincts are under the safeguard of reprisals3#gg whoever offereth violence to you1 offer ye the like violence to him1 and fear ,god1 and know that ,god is with those who fear ,him4 ,give freely for the cause of ,god1 and throw not yourselves with your own hands into ruin2#gh and do good1 for ,god loveth those who do good4 ,accomplish the ,pilgrimage and the ,visitation#gi of the holy places in honour of ,god3 and if ye be hemmed in by foes1 send whatever offering shall be the easiest3 and shave not your heads until the offering reach the place of sacrifice4 ,but whoever among you is sick1 or hath an ailment of the head1 must satisfy by fasting1 or alms1 or an offering4 ,and when ye are safe from foes1 he who contents himself with the ,visitation of the holy places1 until the ,pilgrimage1 shall bring whatever offering shall be the easiest4 ,but he who findeth nothing to offer1 shall fast three days in the ,pilgrimage itself1 and seven days when ye return3 they shall be ten days in all4 ,this is binding on him whose family shall not be present at the sacred ,mosque4 ,and fear ,god1 and know that ,god is terrible in punishing4 ,let the ,pilgrimage be made in the months already known3#hj whoever therefore undertaketh the ,pilgrimage therein1 let him not know a woman1 nor transgress1 nor wrangle in the ,pilgrimage4 ,the good which ye do1 ,god knoweth it4 ,and provide for your journey2 but the best provision is the fear of ,god3 fear me1 then1 ,o men of understanding6 ,it shall be no crime in you if ye seek an increase from your ,lord2#ha and when ye pour swiftly on from ,arafat1 then remember ,god near the holy monument2 and remember ,him1 because ,he hath guided you who before this were of those who went astray3 ,then pass on quickly#hb where the people quickly pass1 and ask pardon of ,god1 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,and when ye have finished your holy rites1 remember ,god as ye remember your own fathers1 or with a yet more intense remembrance6 ,some men there are who say1 ,o our ,lord6 give us our portion in this world3 but such shall have no portion in the next life3 ,and some say1 ,o our ,lord6 give us good in this world and good in the next1 and keep us from the torment of the fire4 ,they shall have the lot which they have merited3 and ,god is swift to reckon4 ,bear ,god in mind during the stated days3 but if any haste away#hc in two days1 it shall be no fault in him3 ,and if any tarry longer1 it shall be no fault in him1 if he fear ,god4 ,fear ,god1 then1 and know that to ,him shall ye be gathered4 ,a man there is#hd who surpriseth thee by his discourse concerning this life present4 ,he taketh ,god to witness what is in his heart2 yet is he the most zealous in opposing thee3 ,and when he turneth his back on thee1 he runneth through the land to enact disorders therein1 and layeth waste the fields and flocks3 but ,god loveth not the disorder4 ,and when it is said to him1 ,fear ,god1 the pride of sin seizeth him3 but he shall have his fill of ,hell2 and right wretched the couch6 ,a man1 too1 there is#he who selleth his very self out of desire to please ,god3 and ,god is good to his servants4 ,o believers6 enter completely into the true religion1 and follow not the steps of ,satan1 for he is your declared enemy4 ,but if ye lapse after that our clear signs#hf have come to you1 know that ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,what can such expect but that ,god should come down to them overshadowed with clouds1 and the angels also1 and their doom be sealed8 ,and to ,god shall all things return4 ,ask the children of ,isreal how many clear signs we have given them4 ,but if any man shall alter the boon#hg of ,god after it shall have reached him1 assuredly ,god will be vehement in punishing him4 ,this present life is prepared for those who believe not1 and who mock at the faithful4 ,but they who fear ,god shall be above them on the day of resurrection2 and ,god is bounteous without measure to whom ,he will4 ,mankind was but one people2#hh and ,god sent prophets to announce glad tidings and to warn2 and ,he sent down with them the ,book of ,truth1 that it might decide the disputes of men2 and none disputed but those to whom the ,book had been given1 after the clear tokens had reached them1-being full of mutual jealousy4 ,and ,god guided those who believed to the truth of that about which1 by his permission1 they had disputed2 for ,god guideth whom he pleaseth into the straight path4 ,think ye to enter ,paradise1 when no such things have come upon you1 as on those who flourish before you8 ,ills and troubles tried them2 and so tossed were they by trials1 that the ,apostle and they who shared his faith1 said1 ,when will the help of ,god come8-,is not the help of ,god nigh8 ,they will ask thee what they shall bestow in alms4 ,,say3 ,let the good which ye bestow be for parents1 and kindred1 and orphans1 and the poor1 and the wayfarer2 and whatever good ye do1 of a truth ,god knoweth4 ,war is prescribed to you3 but from this ye are averse4 ,yet haply ye are averse from a thing1 though it be good for you1 and haply ye love a thing though it be bad for you3 ,and ,god knoweth2 but ye1 ye know not4 ,they will ask thee concerning war in the ,sacred ,month4 ,,say3 ,to war therein is bad1 but to turn aside from the cause of ,god1 and to have no faith in ,him1 and in the ,sacred ,temple1 and to drive out its people1 is worse in the sight of ,god2 and civil strife is worse than bloodshed4 ,they will not cease to war against you until they turn you from your religion1 if they be able3 but whoever of you shall turn from his religion and die an infidel1 their works shall be fruitless in this world1 and in the next3 they shall be consigned to the fire2 therein to abide for aye4 ,but they who believe1 and who fly their country1 and fight in the cause of ,god may hope for ,god's mercy3 and ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,they will ask thee concerning wine#hi and games of chance4 ,,say3 ,in both is great sin1 and advantage also1 to men2 but their sin is greater than their advantage4 ,they will ask thee also what they shall bestow in alms3 ,,say3 ,what ye can spare4 ,thus ,god sheweth you his signs that ye may ponder ,on this present world1 and on the next4 ,they will also ask thee concerning orphans4 ,,say3 ,fair dealing with them is best2 ,but if ye mix yourselves up 7in their affairs7-they are your brethren3 ,god knoweth the foul dealer from the fair3 and1 if ,god pleased1 he could indeed afflict you6 ,verily1 ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,marry not idolatresses until they believe2 a slave who believeth is better than an idolatress1 though she please you more4 ,and wed not your daughters to idolaters until they believe2 for a slave who is a believer1 is than better an idolater1 though he please you4 ,they invite to the ,fire2 but ,god inviteth to ,paradise1 and to pardon1 if he so will1 and maketh clear his signs to men that they may remember4 ,they will also question thee as to the courses of women4 ,,say3 ,they are a pollution4 ,separate yourselves therefore from women and approach them not1 until they be cleansed4 ,but when they are cleansed1 go in unto them as ,god hath ordained for you4 ,verily ,god loveth those who turn to ,him1 and loveth those who seek to be clean4 ,your wives are your field3 go in1 therefore1 to your field as ye will2 but do first some act for your souls' good3 and fear ye ,god1 and know that ye must meet ,him2 and bear these good tidings to the faithful4 ,swear not by ,god1 when ye make oath1 that ye will be virtuous and fear ,god1 and promote peace among men2 for ,god is ,he who ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,god will not punish you for a mistake in your oaths3 but ,he will punish you for that which your hearts have done4 ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,they who intend to abstain from their wives shall wait four months2 but if they go back from their purpose1 then verily ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful3 ,and if they resolve on a divorce1 then verily ,god is ,he who ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,the divorced shall wait the result1 until they have had their courses thrice1 nor ought they to conceal what ,god hath created in their wombs1 if they believe in ,god and the last day2 and it will be more just in their husbands to bring them back when in this state1 if they desire what is right4 ,and it is for the women to act as they 7the husbands7 act by them1 in all fairness2 but the men are a step above them4 ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,ye may divorce your wives twice3 ,keep them honourably1 or put them away with kindness4 ,but it is not allowed you to appropriate to yourselves aught of what ye have given to them1 unless both fear that they cannot keep within the bounds#ij set up by ,god4 ,and if ye fear that they cannot observe the ordinances of ,god1 no blame shall attach to either of you for what the wife shall herself give for her redemption4 ,these are the bounds of ,god3 therefore overstep them not2 for whoever oversteppeth the bounds of ,god1 they are evil doers4 ,but if the husband divorce her a third time1 it is not lawful for him to take her again1 until she shall have married another husband2 and if he also divorce her1 then shall no blame attach to them if they return to each other1 thinking that they can keep within the bounds fixed by ,god4 ,and these are the bounds of ,god2 ,he maketh them clear to those who have knowledge4 ,but when ye divorce women1 and the time for sending them away is come1 either retain them with generosity1 or put them away with generosity3 but retain them not by constraint so as to be unjust towards them4 ,he who doth so1 doth in fact injure himself4 ,and make not the signs of ,god a jest2 but remember ,god's favour toward you1 and the ,book and the ,wisdom which ,he hath sent down to you for your warning1 and fear ,god1 and know that ,god's knowledge embraceth everything4 ,and when ye divorce your wives1 and they have waited the prescribed time1 hinder them not from marrying their husbands when they have agreed among themselves in an honourable way4 ,this warning is for him among you who believeth in ,god and in the last day4 ,this is most pure for you1 and most decent4 ,god knoweth1 but ye know not4 ,mothers1 when divorced1 shall give suck to their children two full years1#ia if the father desire that the suckling be completed2 and such maintenance and clothing as is fair for them1 shall devolve on the father4 ,no person shall be charged beyond his means4 ,a mother shall not be pressed unfairly for her child1 nor a father for his child3 ,and the same with the father's heir4 ,but if they choose to wean the child by consent and by bargain1 it shall be no fault in them4 ,and if ye choose to have a nurse for your children1 it shall be no fault in you1 in case ye pay what ye promised her according to that which is fair4 ,fear ,god1 and know that ,god seeth what ye do4 ,if those of you who die leave wives1 they must await their state during four months and ten days2 and when this their term is expired1 you shall not be answerable for the way in which they shall dispose of themselves fairly4 ,and ,god is cognisant of what ye do4 ,and then shall no blame attach to you in making proposals of marriage#ib to such women1 or in keeping such intention to yourselves8 ,god knoweth that ye will not forget them4 ,but promise them not in secret1 unless ye speak honourable words2 ,and resolve not on the marriage tie until the prescribed time be reached2 and know that ,god knoweth what is in your minds3 therefore1 beware of ,him2 and know that ,god is ,gracious1 ,mild6 ,it shall be no crime in you if ye divorce your wives so long as ye have not consummated the marriage1 nor settled any dowry on them4 ,and provide what is needful for them he who is in ample circumstances according to his means1 and he who is straitened1 according to his means-with fairness3 ,this is binding on those who do what is right4 ,but if ye divorce them before consummation1 and have already settled a dowry on them1 ye shall give them half of what ye have settled1 unless they make a release1 or he make a release in whose hand is the marriage tie4 ,but if ye make a release1 it will be nearer to piety4 ,and forget not generosity in your relations one towards another2 for ,god beholdeth your doings4 ,observe strictly the prayers1 and the middle#ic prayer1 and stand up full of devotion towards ,god4 ,and if you have any alarm1 then pray on foot or riding3 but when you are safe1 then remember ,god1 how he hath made you to know what ye knew not4 ,and#id such of you as shall die and leave wives1 shall bequeath their wives a year's maintenance without causing them to quit their homes2 but if they quit them of their own accord1 then no blame shall attach to you for any disposition they may make of themselves in a fair way4 ,and ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,and for the divorced let there be a fair provision4 ,this is a duty in those who fear ,god4 ,thus ,god maketh his signs clear to you that ye may understand4 ,hast thou not thought on those who quitted their dwellings-and they were thousands-for fear of death8#ie ,god said to them1 ,die3 then ,he restored them to life1 for full of bounty towards man is ,god4 ,but most men give not thanks6 ,fight for the cause of ,god2 and know that ,god is ,he who ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,who is he that will lend to ,god a goodly loan8 ,he will double it to him again and again3 ,god is close1 but open handed also3 and to ,him shall ye return4 ,hast thou not considered#if the assembly of the children of ,israel after the death of ,moses1 when they said to a prophet of theirs1 ,set up for us a king2 we will do battle for the cause of ,god8 ,he said1 ,may it not be that if to fight were ordained you1 ye would not fight8 ,they said1 ,and why should we not fight in the cause of ,god1 since we and our children are driven forth from our dwellings8 ,but when fighting was commanded them1 they turned back1 save a few of them3 ,but ,god knew the offenders6 ,and their prophet said to them1 ,now hath ,god set 7,talout7 ,saul king over you4 ,they said1 ,how shall he reign over us1 when we are more worthy of the kingdom than he1 and of wealth he hath no abundance8 ,he said1 ,verily ,god hath chosen him to be over you1 and hath given him increase in knowledge and stature2 ,god giveth his kingdom to whom he pleaseth2 and ,god is ,liberal1 ,knowing6 ,and their prophet said to them1 ,verily1 the sign of his kingship shall be that the ,ark shall come to you3 in it is a pledge of security#ig from your ,lord and the relics#ih left by the family of ,moses1 and the family of ,aaron2 the angels shall bear it3 ,truly herein shall be a sign indeed to you if ye are believers4 ,and when ,saul marched forth with his forces1 he said1 ,god will test you by a river3 ,he who drinketh of it shall not be of my band2 but he who shall not taste it1 drinking a drink out of the hand excepted1 shall be of my band4#ii ,and1 except a few of them1 they drank of it4 ,and when they had passed it1 he and those who believed with him1 the former said1 ,we have no strength this day against 7,djalout7 ,goliath and his forces3 ,but they who held it as certain that they must meet ,god1 said1 ,how oft1 by ,god's will1 hath a small host vanquished a numerous host6 and ,god is with the steadfastly enduring4 ,and when they went forth against ,goliath and his forces1 they said1 ,o our ,lord6 pour out steadfastness upon us1 and set our feet firm1 and help us against the infidels6 ,and by the will of ,god they routed them2 and 7,daood7 ,david slew ,goliath2 and ,god gave him the kingship and wisdom1 and taught him according to ,his will3 and were it not for the restraint of one by means of the other1 imposed on men by ,god1 verily the earth had been utterly corrupted4 ,but ,god is bounteous to his creatures4 ,such are the signs of ,god3 with truth do we rehearse them to thee1 for one of the ,sent ,ones art ,thou4 ,some of the apostles we have endowed more highly than others3 ,those to whom ,god hath spoken1 ,he hath raised to the loftiest grade1 and to ,jesus the ,son of ,mary we gave manifest signs1 and we strengthened him with the ,holy ,spirit4#ajj ,and if ,god had pleased1 they who came after them would not have wrangled1 after the clear signs had reached them4 ,but into disputes#aja they fell3 some of them believed1 and some were infidels2 yet if ,god had pleased1 they would not have thus wrangled3 but ,god doth what he will4 ,o ,believers6 give alms of that with which we have supplied you1 before the day cometh when there shall be no trafficking1 nor friendship1 nor intercession4 ,and the infidels are the wrong-doers4 ,god6 ,there is no ,god but ,he2 the ,living1 the ,eternal2 ,nor slumber seizeth ,him1 nor sleep2 ,his1 whatsoever is in the ,heavens and whatsoever is in the ,earth6 ,who is he that can intercede with ,him but by ,his own permission8 ,he knoweth what hath been before them and what shall be after them2 yet nought of ,his knowledge shall they grasp1 save what ,he willeth4 ,his ,throne reacheth over the ,heavens and the ,earth1 and the upholding of both burdeneth ,him not2 and ,he is the ,high1 the ,great6 ,let there be no compulsion in ,religion4#ajb ,now is the right way made distinct from error4 ,whoever therefore shall deny ,thagout#ajc and believe in ,god-he will have taken hold on a strong handle that shall not be broken3 and ,god is ,he who ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,god is the patron of believers3 ,he shall bring them out of darkness into light3 ,as to those who believe not1 their patrons are ,thagout3 they shall bring them out of light into darkness3 they shall be given over to the fire3 they shall abide therein for ever4 ,hast thou not thought on him#ajd who disputed with ,abraham about his ,lord1 because ,god had given him the kingdom8 ,when ,abraham said1 ,my ,lord is ,he who maketh alive and cause to die3 ,he said1 ,it is ,i who make alive and cause to die6 ,abraham said1 ,since ,god bringeth the sun from the ,east1 do thou1 then1 bring it from the ,west4 ,the infidel was confounded2 for ,god guideth not the evil doers3 ,or how he#aje demeaned him who passed by a city which had been laid in ruins4#ajf ,how1 said he1 shall ,god give life to this city1 after she hath been dead8 ,and ,god caused him to die for an hundred years1 and then raised him to life4 ,and ,god said1 ,how long hast thou waited8 ,he said1 ,i have waited a day or part of a day4 ,he said1 ,nay1 thou hast waited an hundred years4 ,look on thy food and thy drink2 they are not corrupted2 and look on thine ass3 we would make thee a sign unto men3 ,and look on the bones of thine ass1 how we will raise them1 then clothe them with flesh4 ,and when this was shewn to him1 he said1 ,i acknowledge that ,god hath power to do all things4 ,when ,abraham said1 ,o ,lord1 shew me how thou wilt give life to the dead6 ,he said1 ,hast thou not believed8 ,he said1 ,yes2 but ,i have asked thee1 that my heart may be well assured4 ,he said1 ,take1 then1 four birds1#ajg and draw them towards thee1 and cut them in pieces2 then place a part of them on every mountain2 then call them and they shall come swiftly to thee3 and know thou that ,god is ,might1 ,wise6 ,the likeness of those who expend their wealth for the cause of ,god1 is that of a grain of corn which produceth seven ears1 and in each ear a hundred grains2 and ,god will multiply to whom ,he pleaseth3 ,god is ,liberal1 ,knowing6 ,they who expend their wealth for the cause of ,god1 and never follow what they have laid out with reproaches or harm1 shall have their reward with their ,lord2 no fear shall come upon them1 neither shall they be put to grief4 ,a kind speech and forgiveness is better than alms followed by injury4 ,god is ,rich1 ,clement4 ,o ye who believe6 make not your alms void by reproaches and injury1 like him who spendeth his substance to be seen of men1 and believeth not in ,god and in the latter day4 ,the likeness of such an one is that of a rock with a thin soil upon it1 on which a heavy rain falleth but leaveth it hard3 ,no profit from their works shall they be able to gain2 for ,god guideth not the unbelieving people4 ,and the likeness of those who expend their substance from a desire to please ,god1 and for the stablishing of their souls1 is as a garden on a hill1 on which the heavy rain falleth1 and it yieldeth its fruits twofold2 and even if a heavy rain fall not on it1 yet is there a dew3 ,god beholdeth your actions4 ,desireth any one of you a garden of palms and vines through which rivers flow1 in which he may have every fruit1 and that old age should surprise him there1 and that his offspring should be weakly1 and that then a fiery violent wind shall strike it so that it shall be burned8 ,thus ,god maketh plain his signs to you that ye may reflect4 ,o ye who believe6 bestow alms of the good things which ye have acquired1 and of that which we have brought forth for you out of the earth1 and choose not the bad for almsgiving1 ,such as ye would accept yourselves only by connivance3 and know that ,god is ,rich1 ,praiseworthy4 ,satan menaceth you with poverty1#ajh and enjoineth base actions3 but ,god promiseth you pardon from himself and abundance3 ,god is ,all-bounteous1 ,knowing4 ,he giveth wisdom to whom ,he will3 and he to whom wisdom is given1 hath had much good given him2 but none will bear it in mind1 except the wise of heart4 ,and whatever alms ye shall give1 or whatever vow ye shall vow1 of a truth ,god knoweth it3 but they who act unjustly shall have no helpers4 ,give ye your alms openly8#aji it is well4 ,do ye conceal them and give them to the poor8 ,this1 too1 will be of advantage to you1 and will do away your sins3 and ,god is cognisant of your actions4 ,their guidance is not thine affair1 ,o ,muhammad2 but ,god guideth whom he pleaseth4 ,and the good that ye shall give in alms shall redound unto yourselves2 and ye shall not give but as seeking the face of ,god2 and whatever good thing ye shall have given in alms1 shall be repaid you1 and ye shall not be wronged4 ,there are among you the poor1 who being shut up to fighting for the cause of ,god1 have it not in their power to strike out into the earth for riches4 ,those who know them not1 think them rich because of their modesty4 ,by this their token thou shalt know them-they ask not of men with importunity3 and of whatever good thing ye shall give them in alms1 of a truth ,god will take knowledge4 ,they who give away their substance in alms1 by night and day1 in private and in public1 shall have their reward with their ,lord3 no fear shall come on them1 neither shall they be put to grief4 ,they who swallow down usury1 shall arise in the resurrection only as he ariseth whom ,satan hath infected by his touch4 ,this1 for that they say1 ,selling is only the like of usury3 and yet ,god hath allowed selling1 and forbidden usury4 ,he then who when this warning shall come to him from his ,lord1 abstaineth1 shall have pardon for the past1 and his lot shall be with ,god4 ,but they who return to usury1 shall be given over to the fire2 therein shall they abide for ever4 ,god will bring usury to nought1 but will increase alms with usury1 and ,god loveth no infidel1 or evil person4 ,but they who believe and do the things that are right1 and observe the prayers1 and pay the legal impost1 they shall have their reward with their ,lord3 no fear shall come on them1 neither shall they be put to grief4 ,o believers6 fear ,god and abandon your remaining usury1 if ye are indeed believers4 ,but if ye do it not1 then hearken for war on the part of ,god and his apostle3 yet if ye repent1 ye shall have the principal of your money4 ,wrong not1 and ye shall not be wronged4 ,if any one find difficulty in discharging a debt1 then let there be a delay until it be easy for him3 but if ye remit it as alms it will be better for you1 if ye knew it4 ,fear the day wherein ye shall return to ,god3 then shall every soul be rewarded according to its desert1 and none shall have injustice done to them4 ,o ye who believe6 when ye contract a debt 7payable7 at a fixed date1 write it down1 and let the notary faithfully note between you3 and let not the notary refuse to note1 even as ,god hath taught him2 but let him note it down1 and let him who oweth the debt dictate1 and let him fear ,god his ,lord1 and not diminish aught thereof4 ,but if he who oweth the debt be foolish or weak1 or be not able to dictate himself1 let his friend dictate for him with fairness2 and call to witness two witnesses of your people3 but if there be not two men1 let there be a man1 and two women of those whom ye shall judge fit for witnesses3 if the one of them should mistake1 the other may cause her to recollect4 ,and the witnesses shall not refuse1 whenever they shall be summoned4 ,and disdain not to put the debt in writing1 be it large or small1 with its time of payment3 this will be more just for you in the sight of ,god1 better suited for witnessing1 and the best for avoiding doubt4 ,but if the goods be there present1 and ye pass them from hand to hand-then it shall be no fault in you not to write it down4 ,and have witnesses when ye sell1 and harm not writer or witness3 it will be a crime in you to do this4 ,but fear ,god and ,god will give you knowledge1 for ,god hath knowledge of all things4 ,and if ye be on a journey and shall find no notary1 let pledges be taken3 but if one of you trust the other1 let him who is trusted1 restore what he is trusted with1 and fear ,god his ,lord4 ,and refuse not to give evidence4 ,he who refuseth is surely wicked at heart3 and ,god knoweth your deeds4 ,whatever is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth is ,god's3 and whether ye bring forth to light what is in your minds or conceal it1 ,god will reckon with you for it2 and whom ,he pleaseth will ,he forgive1 and whom ,he pleaseth will ,he punish2 for ,god is ,all-powerful4 ,the apostle believeth in that which hath been sent down from his ,lord1 as do the faithful also4 ,each one believeth in ,god1 and ,his ,angels1 and ,his ,books1 and ,his ,apostles3 we make no distinction between any of ,his ,apostles4#aaj ,and they say1 ,we have heard and we obey4 ,thy mercy1 ,lord6 for unto thee must we return4 ,god will not burden any soul beyond its power4 ,it shall enjoy the good which it hath acquired1 and shall bear the evil for the acquirement of which it laboured4 ,o our ,lord6 punish us not if we forget1 or fall into sin2 ,o our ,lord6 and lay not on us a load like that which thou hast laid on those who have been before us2 ,o our ,lord6 and lay not on us that for which we have not strength3 but blot out our sins and forgive us1 and have pity on us4 ,thou art our protector3 give us victory therefore over the infidel nations4 #a ,the greater part of this1 the oldest of the ,medina ,suras1 was revealed in the early part of the second year of the ,hejira and previously to the battle of ,bedr4-,the ,hejira took place in the beginning of ,muharram1 or middle of ,april1 ,a4,d4 #fbb4 ,the numbers who emigrated with ,muhammad at first1 were about #aej persons4 ,medina is #bej miles north of ,mecca1 and ten days' journey4 #b ,said to mean ,a mara li ,muhammad1 i4e4 at the command of ,muhammad2 but see ,sura #axviii4 p4 #cb4 #c ,death1 ,resurrection1 ,judgment1 etc4 #d ,the ,jews4 #e ,the ,jews and ,christians1 hostile to the mission of ,muhammad4 #f ,lit4 the similitude of them is as the similitude of1 etc4 #g ,the people of ,medina are generally addressed with ,o ye who believe2 the ,meccans1 with ,o men4 ,hence it has been inferred that from verse #ai 7,o men7 to #cg inclusively1 is of the ,meccan period4 ,the subjects treated of also lead to this conclusion4 #h ,the statues of false gods4 #i ,it will be an agreeable surprise to the blessed to have fruits1 which at first sight resemble those of earth1 but are infinitely more delicious14 #aj ,muhammad had been reproached for having drawn illustrations from the ,ant1 ,bee1 ,spider1 etc4 #aa ,concerning faith in ,muhammad4 ,see verse #ci below1 note4 #ab ,the number of the ,heavens is borrowed from the ,talmud1 or traditions based upon it2 but the idea probably has its root in the ,scriptural expression1 ,heaven of ,heavens4 #ac ,lit4 a caliph1 vicegerent4 ,when the ,holy ,one1 ,blessed be ,he1 would create man1 ,he took counsel with the ,angels and said to them1 ,we will make man in our image4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,numb4 iv4 par4 #ai4 ,comp4 ,midr4 on ,gen4 #a1 par4 #h1 #ag4 ,sanhedr4 #ch4 #ad ,god said to the ,angels1 ',his wisdom is greater than yours4' ,then brought he before them beasts1 cattle1 and birds1 and asked for their names1 but they knew them not4 ,but when he had created man1 etc4 ,midr4 as above4 #ae ,or1 if ye are truthful1 or can make good a better claim to the vicegerency4 #af ,in the name ,eblis 7diabolos7 and in the honour claimed for ,adam as a kind of ,godman1 there are traces of a ,christian original1 as well as in the identification of the serpent with ,satan4 ,comp4 ,ps4 civ4 #d2 ,heb4 i4 #f4 ,the ,talmudists also enlarge on the honour paid to ,adam4 ,adam sat in the garden and the ,angels brought him flesh and cooling wine4 ,sanhedr4 #bi4 ,in the hour when the ,holy ,one1 ,blessed be ,he1 created man1 the ,angels went astray in regard to him1 and essayed to say before him1 ',o ,holy ,one6' then ,god permitted sleep to fall on him1 and all knew that he was of earth4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 par4 #h4 ,it is possible that the ,arabic word balas1 a profligate1 wicked person1 may have influenced ,muhammad in the formation of the word ,eblis4 ,see note1 p4 #ahe4 ,eblis is used in the ,arabic version of the ,new ,testament1 for the probable date of which1 see ,tischendorf1 ,prol4 p4 #gh4 #ag ,observe the change from ,eblis1 the calumniator1 to ,satan1 the hater4 #ah ,muhammad rarely accused the ,jews and ,christians of corrupting1 but often of misinterpreting1 their ,sacred ,books1 in order to evade his claims4 ,his charges1 however1 are always very vaguely worded1 and his utterances upon this subject are tantamount to a strong testimony in favour of the unimpeachable integrity of the sacred books1 both of the ,jews and ,christians1 so far as he knew them4 ,see ,sura lxxxvii4 vii4 #afh1 and v4 #gc below4 #ai ,see ,sura lxv4 xxi4 #di4 #bj ,lit4 slay one another4 #ba ,the ,talmudists relate how the ,israelites who had died1 on hearing the divine voice1 etc41 were restored by the intercession of the ,law itself4 ,sanh4 #e4 #bb ,by storing them up in violation of ,god's command4 #bc ,jericho according to some commentators1 ,jerusalem according to others1 but see verse #eh4 #bd ,see ,sura lxxxvii4 vii4 #afb4 #be ,lit4 all men4 ,this incident is perhaps inadvertently borrowed from ,ex4 xv4 #bg4 #bf ,this passage 7comp4 xxvi4 #ei7 is one of the numerous anachronisms which abound in the ,koran and prove the gross ignorance of the ,arabian ,prophet4 #bg ,the ,sabeites are identical with the ,mendaites1 or so-called ,christians of ,s4 ,john1 residing in the marshy district at the mouth of the ,euphrates1 but are not the same with the star-worshipping ,sabians of ,harran in ,mesopotamia4 ,see ,d',herbelot1 ,bibl4 ,or4 under the word ,sabi2 ,assemani1 ,bibl4 ,or4 iii4 #b1 #fji4 ,for curious details as to the elements of the ,sabeite religion1 see ,chwolson's ,s,sabier and ,s,sabaismus ,i4 #bh ,see ,sura lxxxvii4 vii4 #agj4 #bi ,see ,sura lxxxvii4 vii4 #afd4 #cj ,compare ,numb4 xix42 ,deut4 xxii4 #a-i4 ,the cow was to be sacrificed in order that a murderer might be discovered through the miracle to be wrought on the corpse by a piece of her flesh4 #ca ,to please you1 ,o ,muslims4 #cb ,this is one of the passages which shews great familiarity with the habits of the ,jews1 on the part of ,muhammad4 ,see ,maracci's ,prodr4 i4 #dd4 ,wahl's ,einleitung1 xxx4 xxxv4 #cc ,the ,pentateuch4 ,this passage shews that the art of writing was known in ,medina shortly after the ,hejira4 #cd ,forty days2 the period during which they worshipped the calf4 #ce ,the blood of those who are as your own flesh4 #cf ,two ,jewish tribes 7,koreidha and ,nadhir7 in alliance with certain ,arab tribes who were at war1 destroyed one another's abodes1 but redeemed the ,jewish captives1 professing that they were commanded to do this by the ,law4 ,so the commentators4 #cg ,gabriel4 ,muhammad either knowingly rejected the divinity of the ,holy ,ghost1 or confounded ,gabriel announcing the conception1 with the ,holy ,spirit that overshadowed ,mary4 ,it is probable that ,muhammad's ideas of the ,spirit were at first indefinite1 but that the two expressions1 ,gabriel and the ,holy ,spirit1 became ultimately synonymous4 ,see note on ,sura lxvii4 xvii4 #hg4 ,geiger 7p4 #hb7 quotes an instance in which the ,jewish expositors understand the distinctly-speaking ,spirit 7,sanhedr4 #dd7 of ,gabriel4 #ch ,the gift of the prophetic office1 etc41 to a pagan ,arab and not to a ,jew4 #ci ,matt4 xxiii4 #cg4 #dj ,see ,sura vii4 #agj1 p4 #cji4 #da ,comp4 #a ,tim4 v4 #bd4 #db ,in ,solomon's ,books of ,magic4 ,this story has been supposed to be of ,persian origin4 ,see ,hyde de ,rel4 ,vet4 ,pers4 ch4 xii4 ,but from a passage in the ,midr4 ,abhkhir quoted in the ,midr4 ,jalkut1 ch4 #dd1 and from a quotation in ,maracci's ,prodr4 iv4 #hb1 ,geiger infers that ,muhammad has transferred to the time of ,solomon1 the ,rabbinic traditions concerning the influence of angels upon men at the time of the ,deluge4 p4 #ajf4 ,babel is regarded by the ,muslims as the fountain head of the science of magic4 ,they suppose ,haroot and ,maroot to be two angels who1 in consequence of their want of compassion for the frailties of mankind1 were sent down to earth to be tempted4 ,they both sinned2 and being permitted to choose whether they would be punished now or hereafter1 chose the former1 and are still suspended by the feet at ,babel in a rocky pit1 and are the great teachers of magic4 7,lane on ch4 iii4 note #ad of the #ajja ,nights47 #dc ,raina1 as pronounced in ,hebrew1 our bad one2 but in ,arabic1 look upon us1 a kind of salutation of the same signification as ondhorna1 which1 however1 does not admit of any secondary bad sense like raina4 #dd ,comp4 ,sura xvi4 #ajc2 iv4 #hd4 ,the ,muslims admit that there are #bbe verses cancelled by later ones4 ,the doctrine of abrogation is taught in the ,talmud4 ,thus ,hilchoth ,mamrim1 ii4 #a1 #b1 etc4 #de ,that is1 does not weigh the evidence for ,muhammad's mission already given1 but demands1 as the ,jews did1 to see ,god himself4 #df ,in all ,muhammadan countries the first time of prayer is the moghreb or sunset1 or rather1 four minutes later2 the second the eshe1 when it has become quite dark2 the third the soobh or fegr1 the daybreak2 the fourth1 doohr1 or a little after noon1 when the sun has begun to decline2 the fifth1 the asr1 midway between noon and nightfall4 ,the obligatory legal alms or impost are called1 as here1 zekah 7lit4 purity71 the voluntary1 sudackah4 ,it is1 however1 left to the conscience of individuals to give and to apply them as they think fit4 #dg ,the idolatrous ,arabs4 #dh ,if this verse is aimed at the ,meccans who1 in the #fth year of the ,hejira1 forbad ,muhammad and his followers to enter the temple of ,mecca in the expedition of ,hodeibiya1 it is misplaced here4 #di ,abrogated by verse #aci below4 #ej ,the ,caaba4 #ea ,freytag 7,einl4 p4 #cci7 says that there is no good reason for doubting that the ,caaba was founded as stated in this passage4 ,see note on ,sura xcvii4 iii4 #ij4 #eb ,deut4 xviii4 #ae4 #ec ,at the time when our father ,jacob quitted this world1 be summoned his twelve sons and said to them1 ,hearken to your father ,israel 7,gen4 xlix4 #b74 ,have ye any doubts in your hearts concerning the ,holy ,one1 ,blessed be ,he6 ,they said1 ,hear1 ,o ,israel1 our ,father4 ,as there is no doubt in thy heart1 so neither is there in ours4 ,for the ,lord is our ,god1 and ,he is one4 ,midr4 ,rabbah on ,gen4 par4 #ih1 and on ,deut4 par4 #b4 ,comp4 also ,targ4 ,jer4 on ,deut4 vi4 #d4 ,tract4 ,pesachim1 #ef4 #ed ,see ,sura lxxiii4 xvi4 #aba1 n41 p4 #bji4 #ee ,ibn ,batutah assures us 7vol4 ii4 #aj7 that when in the #adth century he visited ,basra1 he saw in the mosque the copy of the ,koran which the ,caliph ,othman had in his hands when murdered1 and that the marks of his blood were still visible at the words of this verse4 ,othman's originals are also said to be preserved in ,egypt1 ,morocco1 ,damascus1 ,mecca1 and ,medina4 ,see ,m4 ,quatremere in ,journ4 ,asiatique1 ,juillet1 #ahch4 #ef ,the original simply has ,baptism of ,god4 ,this may be understood either of ,islam generally1 or1 with ,ullmann1 in the more restricted sense of circumcision4 ,perhaps ,muhammad used the word advisedly as a hint to the ,christians of his land1 that in the reception of his religion consisted the true new birth4 #eg ,or1 intermediate1 i4e41 according to the commentators1 not addicted to excess1 just4 ,ullm4 ein vermittelndes ,volk1 zwischen ,juden und ,christen die ,mitte haltend4 #eh ,in having prayed towards ,jerusalem4 #ei ,of ,mecca4 ,this change of the ,kebla from ,jerusalem to ,mecca shows that this part of the ,sura was revealed at a time when the breach between ,muhammad and the ,jews was past healing2 i4c4 in the first half of the second year of the ,hejira4 ,see ,thilo's4 ,cod4 ,apoc4 p4 #ba1 n4 #fj ,that is1 the ,jews are really convinced of the truth of ,muhammad's mission4 #fa ,that is1 warring with the infidels4 ,the precise date of verses #adh-aeb depends upon whether this passage refers to the battle of ,bedr or ,ohod4 #fb ,these words are constantly used by the pious ,muslims when in any trouble4 #fc ,hills in the sacred territory of ,mecca1 which had long been objects of superstitious reverence to the idolatrous ,arabs1 on which account the ,muslims were at first unwilling to include them among the sacred places4 #fd ,the ,pentateuch4 ,see verse #ada4 #fe ,this and the three following verses are probably ,meccan1 as also verses #afg-aga4 #ff ,the ringleaders of infidelity and idolatrous faiths4 #fg ,freyt4 ,lex4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgg ,quid eos agere coegit quemadmodum damnati agunt8 ,but ,mar4 ,quanta erit sustinentia corum6 #fh ,to whom his brother1 that is1 any ,arab or believer1 shall remit the penalty of death4 #fi ,of the stricter ,mosaic lex talionis1 as well of the ante-,islamitic ,arabian custom1 by which the killing of a slave was avenged by the death of a free man1 and the killing of a woman by taking the life of a man4 ,see ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #aic4 ,comp4 ,ex4 xxi4 #bc4 #gj ,that is1 by killing the manslayer4 #ga ,on the word ,furquan1 see ,sura #axv4 xxi4 #di4 #gb ,a mutual comfort to each other4 #gc ,thus ,misch4 ,berachoth1 #a1 #b1 ,prayer is to be said as soon as one can distinguish between a blue and white thread4 #gd ,judging from the minuteness of the precepts laid down in this and the following verses to #aic1 it would appear that they were added at a late period of ,muhammad's residence at ,medina4 #ge ,such appears to have been the superstitious custom of the ,arabs after their return from pilgrimages to ,mecca4 #gf ,their driving you out of ,mecca2 or1 the temptation 7to idolatry74 #gg ,lit4 the sacred month for the sacred month1 and the sacred precincts or things 7for7 reprisals4 ,the meaning of this difficult passage is that in wars for the cause of religion1 the sacred month and the temple of ,mecca may be made the time and scene of contests1 which then and there are usually prohibited4 ,for the most accurate information as to the ,pilgrimage1 see ,freytag1 ,einl4 #dah4 #gh ,this shows that ,muhammad inculcated the doctrine of entire freedom of the will4 #gi ,the greater ,pilgrimage1 which every ,muslim is bound to perform once in his life1 is the ,hadjat el ,farz 7the one obligatory ,pilgrimage71 or the ,hadjat el ,islam4 ,the ,umrah1 or little pilgrimage1 may be performed at any time except the pilgrimage season1 and its ceremonies are much fewer4 ,they are described by ,lieut4 ,burton in his ,pilgrimage1 vol4 iii4 ch4 xxviii4 #hj ,namely1 ,shawl1 ,dhu'lkaada1 and ,dhu'lhajja4 #ha ,by trading during the ,hadj4 #hb ,the pilgrims move on very rapidly when in the immediate neighbourhood of the ,holy ,places4 #hc ,from the valley of ,mina4 #hd ,said to have been one ,al ,akhnas ,ibn ,shoraik1 a dissembler with ,muhammad4 #he ,sohaib1 when he joined the standard of ,muhammad1 left all his property in the hands of the infidels4 #hf ,verses #bjd-baj are probably addressed to those ,muslims who were desirous to observe certain parts of the ,jewish law4 #hg ,the ,koran4 #hh ,that is1 there was originally but one religion in the world4 #hi ,comp4 ,sura c4 iv4 #db1 and cxiv4 v4 #ii1 #ajj4 #ij ,limits1 fences4 ,the word is ,talmudic4 ,thus ,pirke ,aboth1 i4 ,the men of the great synagogue said 4 4 4 ,make a fence for the law2 and iii4 #ac1 ,tradition is a fence to the law4 #ia ,comp4 ,sura lxxxii4 xxxi4 #ac4 #ib ,within the four months and ten days4 #ic ,either the asr1 midway between noon and nightfall 7see verse #ajd above7 or the prayer immediately after midday4 ,see note on ,sura c4 iv4 #df4 #id ,this verse is certainly older than the commencement of ,sura iv4 which alters the law here laid down4 #ie ,comp4 ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #a-aj4 ,these ,jews are said by some commentators to have abandoned their dwellings through fear of a pestilence 7comp4 ,talmud ,sanhed4 #ib72 by others1 for fear of being compelled to serve in the wars of ,god4 #if ,this and the seven following verses shew that ,muhammad1 foreseeing an open rupture with the people of ,medina at no distant period1 felt it necessary to stimulate the zeal and courage of his partisans by examples from ,jewish history4 #ig ,ar4 ,shechinah4 ,see ,freytag ,lex4 in v4 ,this word1 as well as the ,arabic word for ark 7p4 #ie1 n47 betray in their form a ,rabbinic origin4 #ih ,the shoes and rod of ,moses1 the mitre of ,aaron1 the vase of manna1 the fragments of the two tables of the law4 #ii ,observe the confusion between ,gideon and ,saul4 #ajj ,see verse #ha4 #aja ,the drift of these words1 which are of such frequent recurrence in the ,koran1 is1 that the former revelations had been abused1 and instead of leading them to ,islam broke them up into sects and dissentient parties4 #ajb ,this verse must have been revealed before ,muhammad felt himself secure in his new position at ,medina4 #ajc ,a name applied to an idol or idols especially ,allat and ,ozza1 the ancient idols of the ,meccans4 ,the termination of the word ,thagout is more ,hebraic than pure ,arabic1 and literally means error4 #ajd ,nimrod4 #aje ,ozair or ,esdras doubted whether ,jerusalem could be rebuilt after its destruction by ,nebuchadnezzar1 and the miracle here narrated1 was wrought for his assurance4 ,the fable has its origin in the circuit made by ,nehemiah around the ruined city4 ,neh4 ii4 #ac4 #ajf ,lit4 it was falling on its roofs4 #ajg ,comp4 ,gen4 xv4 #i4 #ajh ,that is1 ,satan would dissuade you from liberal contributions by instilling the fear of poverty4 #aji ,comp4 ,matt4 vi4 #c1 #d4 #aaj ,this contradicts verse #bed1 as well as several verses in ,sura #aviii4 xix4 ,,sura ,,xcviii4-,,clear ,,evidence ,,xcii4 ,,medina4-#h ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,the unbelievers among the people of the ,book1 and the ,polytheists1 did not waver1 until the ,,clear ,,evidence had come to them2 ,a messenger from ,god1 reciting to them the pure pages wherein are true ,scriptures6 ,neither were they to whom the ,scriptures were given divided into sects1 till after this clear evidence had reached them6 ,yet was not aught enjoined on them but to worship ,god with sincere religion1 sound in faith2 and to observe prayer and pay the stated alms4 ,for this is true religion4 ,but the unbelievers among the people of the ,book1 and among the ,polytheists1 shall go into the fire of ,gehenna to abide therein for aye4 ,of all creatures are they the worst6 ,but they who believe and do the things that are right-these of all creatures are the best6 ,their recompense with their ,lord shall be gardens of ,eden1 'neath which the rivers flow1 in which they shall abide for evermore4 ,god is well pleased in them and they in ,him6 ,this1 for him who feareth his ,lord4 ,,sura ,,lxiv4-,,mutual ,,deceit ,,xciii4 ,,medina4#a-ah ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,all that is in the ,heavens1 and all that is in the ,earth1 praiseth ,god3 ,his the ,kingdom and ,his the ,glory6 ,and ,he hath power over all things6 ,it is ,he who hath created you all2 yet some of you are infidel and others believers3 but ,god beholdeth all your actions4 ,he hath created the ,heavens and the ,earth in ,truth2 and ,he hath fashioned you and given you goodly forms2 and to ,him must ye all return4 ,he knoweth all that passeth in the ,heavens and in the ,earth2 and ,he knoweth what ye hide and what ye bring to light2 and ,god knoweth the very secrets of men's breasts4 ,hath not the story reached you of those who disbelieved of yore1 and therefore tasted the evil consequences of their doings8 ,and a sore punishment doth await them4 ,this1 for that when their apostles came to them with the clear tokens1 they said1 ,what6 shall men be our guides8 ,and they believed not and turned their backs4 ,but ,god can dispense with them2 for ,god is the ,rich1 the ,praiseworthy6 ,the infidels pretend that they shall not be raised from the dead4 ,,say3 ,yea1 by my ,lord1 ye shall surely be raised2 then shall ye surely be told of your deeds6 ,and easy is this for ,god4 ,believe then in ,god and his apostle and in the light which we have sent down2 for ,god is fully aware of all ye do4 ,the day when ,he shall gather you together for the day of mutual gathering1 will be the day of ,,mutual ,,deceit1#b and whoso shall have believed in ,god and done what is right1 for him will ,he cancel his deeds of evil2 and ,he will bring him into the gardens beneath whose shades the rivers flow1 to abide therein for evermore4 ,this will be the great bliss6 ,but the unbelieving-those who gave the lie to our signs-shall be the inmates of the fire1 wherein they shall remain for ever4 ,and a wretched passage thither6 ,no mischance chanceth but by ,god's permission2 and whoso believeth in ,god1 that man's heart will he guide3 and ,god knoweth all things4 ,obey ,god then and obey the apostle3 but if ye turn away1 our apostle is not to blame1 for he is only charged with plain preaching4 ,god6 there is no ,god but ,he6 ,on ,god1 then1 let the faithful trust4 ,o ye who believe6 ,verily1 in your wives and your children ye have an enemy3 wherefore beware of them4 ,but if ye pass it#c over and pardon1 and are lenient1 then ,god too is ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,your wealth and your children are only a source of trial6 but ,god6 with ,him is the great recompense4 ,fear ,god1 then1 with all your might1 and hear and obey3 and give alms for your own weal2 for such as are saved from their own greed1 shall prosper4 ,if ye lend ,god a generous loan1 ,he will double it to you and will forgive you1 for ,god is ,grateful1 ,long-suffering4 ,he knoweth alike the ,hidden and the ,manifest3 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 #a ,the first verse of this ,sura1 and the phrase obey ,god and the ,apostle 7verses #h1 #ab71 which usually occurs only in ,medina ,suras1 the phrases in verse #af compared with ,sura cii4 lix4 #i1 as well as the subject matter1 incline me to follow those ,muslim commentators who are of opinion that the whole ,sura was revealed at ,medina4 ,weil and ,muir suppose it to be ,meccan4 #b ,that is1 the day on which it will be found that if the just had been wicked they would have taken the place of the reprobates1 while the reprobates will see that if they had been just persons they would have gone to ,paradise4 #c ,their occasionally beguiling you from your duty1 especially that of contending for the faith4 ,comp4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #cb4 ,,sura ,,lxii4-,,the ,,assembly ,,xciv4 ,,medina4-,,ii ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,all that is in the ,heavens1 and all that is on the ,earth1 uttereth the ,praise of ,god1 the ,king6 the ,holy6 the ,mighty6 the ,wise6 ,it is ,he who hath sent to the pagan folk 7,arabs7 an ,apostle from among themselves1 to rehearse ,his signs to them1 and to purify them1 and to impart to them a knowledge of the ,book and wisdom2 for aforetime were they in manifest error4 ,and others among them have not yet overtaken those who preceded them in the faith4 ,but ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,this is the goodness of ,god3 ,he bestoweth it on whom ,he will3 ,god is of immense goodness6 ,they on whom the burden of the law was laid1 and would not bear it1 are like an ass beneath a load of books4 ,a sorry likeness this1 for the people who give the lie to the signs of ,god6 ,god guideth not the people who do this wrong6 ,,say3 ,o ye ,jews1 if ye profess that ye rather than other men are the friends of ,god1 then wish for death if ye are men of truth4 ,but never on account of their previous handywork will they wish for it1 and ,god knoweth the wrong doers4 ,,say3 ,verily the death from which ye flee will surely meet you4 ,then shall ye be brought back to ,him who knoweth alike the things done in secret and openly3 and ,he will tell you of your actions4 ,o ye who believe6 ,when ye are summoned to prayer on the day of ,,the ,,assembly1#a haste to the commemoration of ,god1 and quit your traffic4 ,this1 if ye knew it1 will be best for you4 ,and when the ,prayer is ended1 then disperse yourselves abroad and go in quest of the bounties of ,god2 and1 that it may be well with you1 oft remember ,god4 ,but when they get a sight of merchandise or sport1 they disperse after it1 and leave thee standing alone4#b ,,say3 ,god hath in reserve what is better than sport or wares4 ,and ,god is the best provider6 #a ,friday2 the day on which ,muhammad made his first entry into ,medina1 and the day on which creation was finished4 #b ,it is said that when ,muhammad was preaching1 ,dahya ,alkalbi1 while yet a heathen1 came1 on a ,friday1 into ,medina at the head of a caravan1 and that all the congregation1 attracted by the music of the tambours which preceded it1 left the sermon for the spectacle4 ,muqutil ap4 ,alfarr4 ,if this account be accurate1 we may approximate to the date of this ,sura as in ,hej4 #e 7towards the close74 ,dahya is known to have fought in the ranks of the ,muslims at the battle of the ,ditch4 ,and as the former part is aimed at the ,jews1 it is probably of the same period as ,sura xci4 ii4 ,,sura ,,viii4-,,the ,,spoils#a ,,xcv4 ,,medina4-#gf ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,they will question thee about ,,the ,,spoils4 ,,say3 ,the spoils are ,god's and the apostle's4 ,therefore1 fear ,god1 and settle this among yourselves2 and obey ,god and his apostle1 if you are believers4 ,believers are they only whose hearts thrill with fear when ,god is named1 and whose faith increaseth at each recital of his signs1 and who put their trust in their ,lord2 ,who observe the prayers1 and give alms out of that with which we have supplied them2 ,these are the believers3 their due grade awaiteth them in the presence of their ,lord1 and forgiveness1 and a generous provision4 ,remember how thy ,lord caused thee to go forth from thy home#b on a mission of truth1 and part of the believers were quite averse to it3 ,they disputed with thee about the truth#c which had been made so clear1 as if they were being led forth to death1 and saw it before them3 ,and remember when ,god promised you that one of the two troops#d should fall to you1 and ye desired that they who had no arms should fall to you3 but ,god purposed to prove true the truth of his words1 and to cut off the uttermost part ofthe infidels2 ,that he might prove his truth to be the truth1 and bring to nought that which is nought1#e though the impious were averse to it3 ,when ye sought succour of your ,lord1 and he answered you1 ,i will verily aid you with a thousand#f angels1 rank on rank3 ,and ,god made this promise as pure good tidings1 and to assure your hearts by it3 for succour cometh from ,god alone6 ,verily ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,recollect when sleep1 a sign of security from ,him1 fell upon you1 and he sent down upon you water from ,heaven that he might thereby cleanse you1 and cause the pollution of ,satan to pass from you1 and that he might gird up your hearts1 and stablish your feet by it3 ,when thy ,lord spake unto the angels1 ,i will be with you3 therefore stablish ye the faithful4 ,i will cast a dread into the hearts of the infidels4 ,strike off their heads then1 and strike off from them every finger-tip4 ,this1 because they have opposed ,god and his apostle3 ,and whoso shall oppose ,god and his apostle4 4 4 4 ,verily1 ,god will be severe in punishment4 ,this for you6 ,taste it then6 and for the infidels is the torture of the fire6 ,o ye who believe6 when ye meet the marshalled hosts of the infidels1 turn not your backs to them3 ,whoso shall turn his back to them on that day1 unless he turn aside to fight1 or to rally to some other troop1 shall incur wrath from ,god3 ,hell shall be his abode and wretched the journey thither6 ,so it was not ye who slew them1 but ,god slew them2 and those shafts were ,god's1 not thine6#g ,he would make trial of the faithful by a gracious trial from ,himself3 ,verily1 ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,this befel1 that ,god might also bring to nought the craft of the infidels4 ,o ,meccans6 if ye desired a decision1 now hath the decision come to you4#h ,it will be better for you if ye give over the struggle4 ,if ye return to it1 we will return2 and your forces1 though they be many1 shall never avail you aught1 for ,god is with the faithful4 ,o ye faithful6 obey ,god and his apostle1 and turn not away from ,him1 now that ye hear the truth2 ,and be not like those who say ,we hear1 when they hear not2 ,for the vilest beasts in ,god's sight1 are the deaf1 the dumb1 who understand not4 ,had ,god known any good in them1 he would certainly have made them hear4 ,but even if ,he had made them hear1 they would certainly have turned back and withdrawn afar4 ,o ye faithful6 make answer to the appeal of ,god and his apostle when he calleth you to that which giveth you life4 ,know that ,god cometh in between a man and his own heart1 and that to him shall ye be gathered4 ,and be afraid of temptation3 the evil doers among you will not be the only ones on whom it will light3 ,and know ye that ,god is severe in punishment4 ,and remember when ye were few1 and reputed weak in the land3#i ye feared lest men should pluck you away2 then was it that ,he took you in and strengthened you with his help1 and supplied you with good things1 that haply ye might give thanks4 ,o ye who believe6 deal not falsely with ,god and his apostle2 and be not false in your engagements1 with your own knowledge3 ,and know that your wealth and your children are a temptation2 and that ,god6 with ,him is a glorious recompense4 ,o ye who believe6 if ye fear ,god he will make good your deliverance1 and will put away your sins from you1 and will forgive you4 ,god is of great bounteousness6 ,and call to mind when the unbelievers plotted against thee1 to detain thee prisoner1 or to kill thee1 or to banish thee3 ,they plotted-but ,god plotted3 and of plotters is ,god the best6 ,and oft as our signs were rehearsed to them1 they said1 ,now have we heard3 if we pleased we could certainly utter its like6 ,yes1 it is mere tales of the ancients4 ,and when they said1 ,god6 if this be the very truth from before thee1 rain down stones upon us from ,heaven1 or lay on us some grievous chastisement4 ,but ,god chose not to chastise them while thou wast with them1 nor would ,god chastise them when they sued for pardon4 ,but because they debarred the faithful from the holy temple1 albeit they are not its guardians1 nothing is there on their part why ,god should not chastise them4 ,the ,godfearing only are its guardians2 but most of them know it not4 ,and their prayer at the house of ,god is no other than whistling through the fingers and clapping of the hands-,taste then the torment1 for that ye have been unbelievers4 ,the infidels spend their riches#aj with intent to turn men aside from the way of ,god3 spend it they shall2 then shall sighing be upon them1 and then shall they be overcome4 ,and the infidels shall be gathered together into ,hell1 ,that ,god may separate the bad from the good1 and put the bad one upon the other1 and heap them all up and put them into ,hell6 ,these are they who shall be lost4 ,,say to the infidels3 ,if they desist from their unbelief1 what is now past shall be forgiven them2 but if they return to it1 they have already before them#aa the doom of the ancients6 ,fight then against them till strife be at an end1 and the religion be all of it ,god's4 ,if they desist1 verily ,god beholdeth what they do3 ,but if they turn their back1 know ye that ,god is your protector3 ,excellent protector6 excellent helper6 ,and know ye1 that when ye have taken any booty1 a fifth#ab part belongeth to ,god and to the ,apostle1 and to the near of kin1 and to orphans1 and to the poor1 and to the wayfarer1 if ye believe in ,god1 and in that which we have sent down to our servant on the day of the victory1#ac the day of the meeting of the ,hosts4 ,over all things is ,god potent4 ,when ye were encamped on the near side of the valley1 and they were on the further side1 and the caravan was below you1 if ye had made an engagement to attack ye would have failed the engagement2 but ye were led into action notwithstanding1 that ,god might accomplish the thing destined to be done3 ,that he who should perish might perish with a clear token#ad before him1 and that he who liveth might live with it4 ,and verily1 ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,remember when ,god shewed them to thee in thy dream1 as few3 ,had he shown them numerous1 ye would certainly have become fainthearted1 and would certainly have disputed about the matter-,but from this ,god kept you-,he knoweth the very secrets of the breast- ,and when1 on your meeting1 he made them to appear to your eyes as few1 and diminished you in their eyes1 that ,god might carry out the thing that was to be done4#ae ,to ,god do all things return4 ,believers6 when ye confront a troop1 stand firm and make frequent mention of the name of ,god1 that it may fare well with you3 ,and obey ,god and his ,apostle2 and dispute not1 lest ye become fainthearted and your success go from you2 but endure with steadfastness1 for ,god is with the steadfastly enduring4 ,and be not like those ,meccans who came out of their houses insolently and to be seen of men1 and who turn others from the way of ,god3 ,god is round about their actions4 ,when ,satan prepared their works for them1 and said1 ,no man shall conquer you this day2 and verily ,i will be near to help you3 ,but when the two armies came in sight1 he turned on his heel and said1 ,ay1 ,i am clear of you3 ay1 ,i see what ye see not3#af ay1 ,i fear ,god2 for ,god is severe in punishing4 ,when the hypocrites and the diseased of heart said1 ,their ,religion hath misled the ,muslims3#ag ,but whoso putteth his trust in ,god4 1 1 1 ,yes1 verily ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,if thou didst see1 when the angels cause the infidels to die6 ,they smite their faces and their backs1 and-,taste ye the torture of the burning3 ,this1 for what your hands have sent on before you3-and ,god is not unjust to his servants4 ,their state is like that of the people of ,pharaoh and of those before them who believed not in the signs of ,god3 therefore ,god seized upon them in their sin6 ,god is ,mighty1 severe in punishing4 ,this1 because ,god changeth not the favour with which he favoureth a people1 so long as they change not what is in their hearts2 and for that ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,their state is like that of the people of ,pharaoh1 and of those before them who treated their ,lord's signs as lies4 ,we therefore destroyed them in their sins1 and we drowned the people of ,pharaoh2 for they were all doers of wrong4 ,the worst beasts truly in the sight of ,god are the thankless who will not believe2 ,they with whom thou hast leagued1 and who are ever breaking their league1 and who fear not ,god6 ,if thou take them in war1 then1 by the example of their fate1 scatter those who shall follow them-that they may be warned3 ,or if thou fear treachery from any people1 throw back their treaty to them as thou fairly mayest1#ah for ,god loveth not the treacherous4 ,and think not that the infidels shall escape ,us6 ,they shall not weaken ,god4 ,make ready then against them what force ye can1 and strong squadrons whereby ye may strike terror into the enemy of ,god and your enemy1 and into others beside them whom ye know not1 but whom ,god knoweth4 ,all that you shall expend for the cause of ,god shall be repaid you2 and ye shall not be wronged4 ,and if they lean to peace1 lean thou also to it2 and put thy trust in ,god3 for ,he is the ,hearing1 the ,knowing4 ,but if they seek to betray thee1 ,god will be all-sufficient for thee4 ,he it is who hath strengthened thee with ,his help1 and with the faithful1 and hath made their hearts one4 ,hadst thou spent all the riches of the earth1 thou couldst not have united their hearts2 but ,god hath united them1 for ,he is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,o prophet6 ,god1 and such of the faithful as follow thee1 will be all- sufficient for thee4 ,o prophet6 stir up the faithful to the fight4 ,twenty of you who stand firm shall vanquish two hundred3 and if there be a hundred of you they shall vanquish a thousand of the infidels1 for they are a people devoid of understanding4 ,now hath ,god made your work easy1 for he knoweth how weak ye are4 ,if there be an hundred of you who endure resolutely1 they shall vanquish two hundred2 and if there be a thousand of you1 they shall vanquish two thousand#ai by ,god's permission2 for ,god is with those who are resolute to endure4 ,no prophet hath been enabled to take captives until he had made great slaughter in the earth4 ,ye desire the passing fruitions of this world1 but ,god desireth the next life for you4 ,and ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,had there not been a previous ordinance#bj from ,god1 a severe chastisement had befallen you1 for the ransom which ye took4 ,eat therefore of the spoils ye have taken what is lawful and good2 and fear ,god3 ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,o prophet6 say to the captives who are in your hands1 ,if ,god shall know good#ba to be in your hearts1 ,he will give you good beyond all that hath been taken from you1 and will forgive you3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,but if they seek to deal treacherously with you-they have already dealt treacherously#bb with ,god before6 ,therefore hath ,he given you power over them4 ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,verily1 they who have believed and fled their homes and spent their substance for the cause of ,god1 and they who have taken in the prophet and been helpful to him1 shall be near of kin the one to the other4 ,and they who have believed1 but have not fled their homes1 shall have no rights of kindred with you at all1 until they too fly their country4 ,yet if they seek aid from you on account of the faith1 your part it is to give them aid1 except against a people between whom and yourselves there shall be a treaty4 ,and ,god beholdeth your actions4 ,the infidels lend one another mutual help4 ,unless ye do the same1 there will be discord in the land and great corruption4 ,but as for those who have believed and fled their country1 and fought on the path of ,god1 and given the prophet an asylum1 and been helpful to him1 these are the faithful2 ,mercy is their due and a noble provision4 ,and they who have believed and fled their country since1 and have fought at your side1 these also are of you4 ,those who are united by ties of blood#bc are the nearest of kin to each other4 ,this is in the ,book of ,god4 ,verily1 ,god knoweth all things4 #a ,on this ,sura1 which relates mainly to the battle of ,bedr1 see ,weil's ,m4 der ,prophet1 p4 #bfh4 #b ,at ,medina4 #c ,the necessity for the combat and its probable result4 #d ,muhammad had conceived the design of attacking an unarmed caravan belonging to the ,koreisch on its way from ,syria to ,mecca4 ,abu ,sofian1 who had charge of it1 sent to ,mecca for succour1 whence a body of nearly #ajjj armed men at once set out to his assistance4 ,some of the ,muslims were anxious to attack the caravan3 others1 notwithstanding the disparity of numbers1 proposed to throw themselves upon the succours4 #e ,idolatry4 #f ,in ,sura xcvii4 iii4 the angels are said to be #cjjj4 #g ,lit4 thou didst not cast when thou didst cast1 but ,god cast4 ,this is explained of the miracle of the gravelstones and sand cast by ,god into the eyes of the ,meccans at ,bedr4 #h ,that is1 by our victory over you4 #i ,muhammad specially addresses the ,mohadjers in this verse1 i4e4 those who had fled with him to ,medin4 #aj ,twelve of the ,koreisch had given camels and a large sum of money in aid of the ,meccan succours4 #aa ,lit4 hath preceded4 #ab ,before ,islam it had been the custom among the ,arabians to assign a fourth part of the booty to the leader of an expedition4 ,see ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #bff4 #ac ,that is1 on the day of the battle of ,bedr4 ,see ,sura xxi4 #di1 p4 #aed4 #ad ,the mission of ,gabriel to ,muhammad with the promise of victory4 #ae ,compare the different account in ,sura xcvii4 iii4 ,,ii4 ,the commentators1 however1 get over the discropancy by explaining the apparent diminution of the ,muslims at the commencement only of the battle1 which had the effect of drawing on the enemy in self-confidence4 #af ,the angels fighting for the ,muslims4 #ag ,by inducing them to attack so greatly superior a force4 #ah ,thus ,beidh4 ,or1 more simply1 render them the like4 #ai ,comp4 ,lev4 xxvi4 #h2 ,josh4 xxiii4 #aj4 #bj ,authorising the ransom of captives4 #ba ,that is1 a disposition to become ,muslims4 #bb ,that is1 on account of their infidelity4 #bc ,see ,weil4 ,life of ,m4 p4 #hd1 n4 ,,sura#a ,,xlvii4-,,muhammad ,,xcvi4 ,,medina4-#dj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,whoso believe not1 and prevent others from the way of ,god-their works will ,he cause to miscarry2#b ,but whoso believe1 and do things that are right1 and believe in what hath been sent down to ,,muhammad-for it is the truth from their ,lord-their sins will ,he cancel1 and dispose their hearts aright4 ,this-because the infidels followed vanity1 while those who believe1 followed the truth from their ,lord4 ,thus to men doth ,god set forth their likenesses4 ,when ye encounter the infidels1#c strike off their heads till ye have made a great slaughter among them1 and of the rest make fast the fetters4 ,and afterwards let there either be free dismissals or ransomings1 till the war hath laid down its burdens4 ,thus do4 ,were such the pleasure of ,god1 he could himself take vengeance upon them3 but ,he would rather prove the one of you by the other4 ,and whoso fight for the cause of ,god1 their works he will not suffer to miscarry2 ,he will vouchsafe them guidance1 and dispose their hearts aright2 ,and he will bring them into the ,paradise1 of which he hath told them4 ,believers6 if ye help ,god1 ,god will help you1 and will set your feet firm3 ,but as for the infidels1 let them perish3 and their works shall ,god bring to nought3 ,this-because they were averse from the command which ,god sent down2 ,fruitless1 therefore1 shall their works become6 ,have they not journeyed through the land1 and seen what hath been the end of those who flourished before them8 ,god brought destruction on them3 and the like of this doth await the infidels4 ,this-because ,god is the protector of those who believe1 and because the infidels have no protector4 ,verily ,god will bring those who believe1 and do the things that are right1 into the ,gardens1 beneath whose shades the rivers flow3 but they who believe not1 take their fill1 and eat as the beasts eat6 ,and their dwelling-place the fire6 ,and how many cities were mightier in strength than thy city1 which hath thrust thee forth6#d ,we destroyed them1 and there was none to help them4 ,shall he who followeth the clear teaching of his ,lord be as he1 the evil of whose doings hath been made to seem good to him1 or like those who follow their own lusts8 ,a picture of the ,paradise which is promised to the ,god-fearing6 ,therein are rivers of water1 which corrupt not3 rivers of milk1 whose taste changeth not3 and rivers of wine1 delicious to those who quaff it2 ,and rivers of honey clarified3 and therein are all kinds of fruit for them from their ,lord6 ,is this like the lot of those who must dwell for ever in the fire8 and shall have draughts of boiling water forced on them which will rend their bowels asunder8 ,some of them indeed hearken to thee1 until when they go out from thee1 they say with sneers to those to whom the knowledge hath been given1 ,what is this he said8 ,these are they whose hearts ,god hath sealed up1 and who follow their own lusts4 ,but as to those who have the guidance1 ,he will increase their guidance1 and ,he will teach them what to fear4 ,for what do the infidels wait1 but that the ,hour come suddenly on them8 ,already are its signs come1#e and when it hath come on them indeed1 how can they be warned then8 ,know1 then1 that there is no god but ,god3 and ask pardon for thy sin1 and for believers1 both men and women4 ,god knoweth your busy movements1 and your final resting-places4 ,the believers say1 ,oh1 would that a ,sura were sent down6#f but when a peremptory ,sura is revealed1 whose burden is war1 thou mayest see the diseased of heart look toward thee1 with a look of one on whom the shadows of death have fallen6 ,but better in them would be obedience and becoming language4 ,and if1 when the command for war is issued1 they are true to ,god1 it will be assuredly best for them4 ,were ye not ready1 if ye had turned back from ,him1 to spread disorder in the land1 and violate the ties of blood8 ,these are they whom ,god hath cursed1 and made deaf1 and blinded their eyes6 ,will they not then meditate on the ,koran8 ,are locks upon their hearts8 ,but as to those who return to their errors after the guidance hath been made plain to them1 ,satan shall beguile them1 and fill them with his suggestions4 ,this-because they say to those who abhor what ,god hath sent down1 ,we will comply with you in part of what ye enjoin4 ,but ,god knoweth their secret reservations4 ,but how8 ,when the angels1 in causing them to die1 shall smite them on the face and back6 ,this because they follow that which angereth ,god1 and abhor what pleaseth ,him3 therefore will ,he make their works fruitless4 ,think these men of diseased hearts1 that ,god will not bring out their malice to light8 ,if such were our pleasure1 we could point them out to thee1 and thou surely know them by their tokens3 and know them thou shalt1 by the strangeness of their words4#g ,god knoweth your doings4 ,and we will surely test you1 until we know the valiant and the steadfast among you3 and we will test the reports of your conduct4 ,verily they who believe not1 and turn others from the way of ,god1 and separate from the ,apostle after that the guidance hath been clearly shewn them1 shall in no way injure ,god3 but their works shall he bring to nought4 ,believers6 obey ,god and the ,apostle3 and render not your works vain4 ,verily those who believe not1 and who pervert others from the way of ,god1 and then die in unbelief1 ,god will not forgive4 ,be not fainthearted then2 and invite not the infidels to peace when ye have the upper hand3 for ,god is with you1 and will not defraud you of the recompense of your works4 ,surely this present life is only a play1 and pastime6 but if ye believe1 fear ,god2 ,he will give you your rewards3 but ,he will not ask all your riches of you4 ,should ,he ask them of you1 and urge you1 ye would shew yourself niggards3 and ,he would bring your grudges to light4 ,lo6 ye are they1 who are called to expend for the cause of ,god3 and some of you are niggards3 but whoso is niggardly shall be niggard only to his own loss2 for ,god is the ,rich1 and ye are the poor3 and if ye turn back1 ,he will change you for another people1#h and they shall not be your like6 #a ,this ,sura was revealed at a period after the victory at ,bedr1 when there was still some hesitation on the part of ,muhammad's followers to take decided steps for securing their position4 ,see #cg4 #b ,lit4 will ,he cause to wander1 that is1 from their proper aim and end1 the rewards of ,paradise4 ,see verse #e ad f4 #c ,the ,meccans and other unbelievers of ,muhammad's time4 ,the ,hanefites suppose this law to apply only to the battle of ,bedr4 ,the ,shiites take it as of universal obligation4 #d ,this verse is said 7by ,omar b4 ,muhammad1 and ,itq4 #dc7 to be the expression of ,muhammad's feelings at the injuries inflicted on ,mecca4 ,he is reported to have wept over it4 #e ,the first sign being the mission of ,muhammad2 the second1 the splitting of the moon2 the third1 the smoke mentioned in ,sura xliv4 p4 #hi4 #f ,that is1 commanding war against the infidels4 #g ,unintelligible or affected words1 applied to the new religion in contempt4 ,see ,sura xci4 ii4 #ef1 p4 #cdc4 #h ,matt4 xxi4 #dc4 ,,sura ,,iii4-,,the ,,family ,,of ,,imran#a ,,xcvii4 ,,medina4-#bjj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,elif4 ,,lam4 ,,mim4#b ,god6 there is no god but ,he1 the ,living1 the ,merciful6 ,in truth hath ,he sent down to thee the ,book1 which confirmeth those which precede it3 ,for ,he had sent down the ,law1 and the ,evangel aforetime1 as man's ,guidance2 and now hath ,he sent down the ,illumination4#c 7,furkan47 ,verily for those who believe not in the signs of ,god1 is a severe chastisement6 ,and ,god is ,mighty1 the ,avenger6 ,god6 nought that is in ,earth or that is in ,heaven1 is hidden unto ,him4 ,he it is who formeth you in your mothers' wombs4 ,there is no god but ,he2 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,he it is who hath sent down to thee the ,book4 ,some of its signs are of themselves perspicuous2-these are the basis#d of the ,book-and others are figurative4 ,but they whose hearts are given to err1 follow its figures1 craving discord1 craving an interpretation2 yet none knoweth its interpretation but ,god4 ,and the stable in knowledge say1 ,we believe in it3 it is all from our ,lord4 ,but none will bear this in mind1 save men endued with understanding4 ,o our ,lord6 suffer not our hearts to go astray after that thou hast once guided us1 and give us mercy from before thee2 for verily thou art ,he who giveth4 ,o our ,lord6 ,for the day of whose coming there is not a doubt1 thou wilt surely gather mankind together4 ,verily1 ,god will not fail the promise4 ,as for the infidels1 their wealth1 and their children1 shall avail them nothing against ,god4 ,they shall be fuel for the fire4 ,after the wont of the people of ,pharaoh1 and of those who went before them1 they treated our signs as falsehoods4 ,therefore ,god laid hold of them in their sins2 and ,god is severe in punishing6 ,say to the infidels3 ye shall be worsted1 and to ,hell shall ye be gathered together2 and wretched the couch6 ,ye have already had a sign#e in the meeting of the two hosts4 ,the one host fought in the cause of ,god1 and the other was infidel4 ,to their own eyesight1 the infidels saw you twice as many as themselves3 ,and ,god aided with his succour whom ,he would3 ,and in this truly was a lesson for men endued with discernment4 ,fair-seeming to men is the love of pleasures from women and children1 and the treasured treasures of gold and silver1 and horses of mark1 and flocks1 and cornfields6 ,such the enjoyment of this world's life4 ,but ,god6 goodly the home with ,him4 ,,say3 ,shall ,i tell you of better things than these1 prepared for those who fear ,god1 in ,his presence8 ,theirs shall be gardens1 beneath whose pavilions the rivers flow1 and in which shall they abide for aye3 and wives of stainless purity1 and acceptance with ,god3 for ,god regardeth his servants- ,who say1 ,o our ,lord6 we have indeed believed2 pardon us our sins1 and keep us from the torment of the fire2- ,the patient1 and the truthful1 the lowly1 and the charitable1 and they who seek pardon at each daybreak4 ,god witnesseth that there is no god but ,he3 and the angels1 and men endued with knowledge1 stablished in righteousness1 proclaim ,there is no god but ,he1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,the true religion with ,god is ,islam3 and they to whom the ,scriptures had been given1 differed not till after the knowledge#f had come to them1 and through mutual jealousy4 ,but as for him who shall not believe in the signs of ,god-,god will be prompt to reckon with him6 ,if they shall dispute with thee1 then ,,say3 ,i have surrendered myself to ,god1 as have they who follow me4 ,,say to those who have received the ,book1 and to the common folk1 ,do ye surrender yourselves unto ,god8#g ,if they become ,muslims1 then are they guided aright3 but if they turn away-thy duty is only preaching2 and ,god's eye is on ,his servants4 ,but to those who believe not in the signs of ,god1 and unjustly slay the prophets1 and slay those men who enjoin uprightness1-announce an afflictive chastisement4 ,these are they whose works come to nought in this world1 and in the next2 and none shall they have to help them6 ,hast thou not marked those who have received a portion of the ,scriptures1 when they are summoned to the ,book of ,god1 that it may settle their differences8 ,then did a part of them turn back1 and withdrew far off4 ,this-because they said1 ,the fire shall by no means touch us1 but for certain days3-,their own devices have deceived them in their religion4 ,but how1 when we shall assemble them together for the day of 7which7 whose coming there is no doubt1 and when every soul shall be paid what it hath earned1 and they shall not be wronged8 ,,say3 ,o ,god1 possessor of all power1#h thou givest power to whom thou wilt1 and from whom thou wilt1 thou takest it away6 ,thou raisest up whom thou wilt1 and whom thou wilt thou dost abase6 ,in thy hand is good2 for thou art over all things potent4 ,thou causest the night to pass into the day1 and thou causest the day to pass into the night4 ,thou bringest the living out of the dead1 and thou bringest the dead out of the living2 and thou givest sustenance to whom thou wilt1 without measure4 ,let not believers take infidels for their friends rather than believers3 whoso shall do this hath nothing to hope from ,god-unless1 indeed1 ye fear a fear from them3 ,but ,god would have you beware of ,himself2 for to ,god ye return4 ,,say3 ,whether ye hide what is in your breasts1 or whether ye publish it abroad1 ,god knoweth it3 ,he knoweth what is in the heavens and what is in the earth2 and over all things is ,god potent4 ,on that day shall every soul find present to it1 whatever it hath wrought of good3 and as to what it hath wrought of evil1 it will wish that wide were the space between itself and it6 ,but ,god would have you beware of ,himself2 for ,god is kind to ,his servants4 ,,say3 ,if ye love ,god1 then follow me3 ,god will love you1 and forgive your sins1 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,,say3 ,obey ,god and the ,apostle2 but if ye turn away1 then verily1 ,god loveth not the unbelievers4 ,verily above all human beings did ,god choose ,adam1 and ,noah1 and the family of ,abraham1 and the family of ,,imran1 the one the posterity of the other3 ,and ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,remember when the wife of ,imran#i said1 ,o my ,lord6 ,i vow to thee what is in my womb1 for thy special service4 ,accept it from me1 for thou ,hearest1 ,knowest6 ,and when she had given birth to it1 she said1 ,o my ,lord6 ,verily ,i have brought forth a female1-,god knew what she had brought forth2 a male is not as a female#aj-;and ,i have named her ,mary1 and ,i take refuge with thee for her and for her offspring1 from ,satan the stoned4#aa ,so with goodly acceptance did her ,lord accept her1 and with goodly growth did he make her grow4#ab ,zacharias reared her4 ,so oft as ,zacharias went in to ,mary at the sanctuary1 he found her supplied with food4#ac ,oh1 ,mary6 said he1 whence hast thou this8 ,she said1 ,it is from ,god2 for ,god supplieth whom ,he will1 without reckoning6 ,there did ,zacharias call upon his ,lord3 ,o my ,lord6 said he1 vouchsafe me from thyself good descendants1#ad for thou art the hearer of prayer4 ,then did the angels call to him1 as he stood praying in the sanctuary3#ae ,god announceth ,john 7,yahia7 to thee1 who shall be a verifier of the word from ,god1 and a great one1 chaste1 and a prophet of the number of the just4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord6 how shall ,i have a son1 now that old age hath come upon me1 and my wife is barren8 ,he said1 ,thus will ,god do ,his pleasure4 ,he said1 ,lord6 give me a token4 ,he said1 ,thy token shall be1 that for three days thou shalt speak to no man but by signs3 ,but remember thy ,lord often1 and praise him at even and at morn3 ,and remember when the angels said1 ,o ,mary6 verily hath ,god chosen thee1#af and purified thee1 and chosen thee above the women of the worlds6 ,o ,mary6 be devout towards thy ,lord1#ag and prostrate thyself1 and bow down with those who bow4 ,this is one of the announcements of things unseen by thee3 ,to thee1 ,o ,muhammad6 do we reveal it2 for thou wast not with them when they cast lots with reeds#ah which of them should rear ,mary2 nor wast thou with them when they disputed about it4 ,remember when the angel said1 ,o ,mary6 ,verily ,god announceth to thee the ,word from ,him3 ,his name shall be1 ,messiah ,jesus the son of ,mary1#ai illustrious in this world1 and in the next1 and one of those who have near access to ,god2 ,and ,he shall speak to men alike when in the cradle and when grown up2 ,and he shall be one of the just4 ,she said1 ,how1 ,o my ,lord6 shall ,i have a son1 when man hath not touched me8 ,he said1 ,thus3 ,god will create what ,he will2 ,when ,he decreeth a thing1 ,he only saith1 ',be1' and it is4 ,and he will teach him the ,book1 and the ,wisdom1 and the ,law1 and the ,evangel2 and he shall be an apostle to the children of ,israel4 ,now have ,i come1 he will say1 to you with a sign from your ,lord3 ,out of clay will ,i make for you1 as it were1 the figure of a bird3 and ,i will breathe into it1 and it shall become1 by ,god's leave1 a bird4#bj ,and ,i will heal the blind1 and the leper2 and by ,god's leave will ,i quicken the dead2 and ,i will tell you what ye eat1 and what ye store up in your houses6 ,truly in this will be a sign for you1 if ye are believers4 ,and ,i have come to attest the law which was before me2 and to allow you part of that which had been forbidden you2 and ,i come to you with a sign from your ,lord3 ,fear ,god1 then1 and obey me2 of a truth ,god is my ,lord1 and your ,lord3 ,therefore worship ,him4 ,this is a right way4 ,and when ,jesus perceived unbelief on their part1 ,he said1 ,who my helpers with ,god8#bj-ba ,the apostles#ba said1 ,we will be ,god's helpers6 ,we believe in ,god1 and bear thou witness that we are ,muslims4 ,o our ,lord6 we believe in what thou hast sent down1 and we follow the apostle2 write us up1 then1 with those who bear witness to him4 ,and the ,jews plotted1 and ,god plotted3 ,but of those who plot is ,god the best4 ,remember when ,god said1 ,o ,jesus6 verily ,i will cause thee to die1#bb and will take thee up to myself and deliver thee from those who believe not2 and ,i will place those who follow thee above those who believe not1 until the day of resurrection4 ,then1 to me is your return1 and wherein ye differ will ,i decide between you4 ,and as to those who believe not1 ,i will chastise them with a terrible chastisement in this world and in the next2 and none shall they have to help them4 ,but as to those who believe1 and do the things that are right1 ,he will pay them their recompense4 ,god loveth not the doers of evil4 ,these signs1 and this wise warning do we rehearse to thee4 ,verily1 ,jesus is as ,adam in the sight of ,god4#bc ,he created him of dust3 ,he then said to him1 ,be-and he was4 ,the truth from thy ,lord6 ,be not thou1 therefore1 of those who doubt4 ,as for those #bd who dispute with thee about ,him1 after theknowledge hath come to thee1 ,,say3 ,come1#be let us summon our sons and your sons1 our wives and your wives1 and ourselves and yourselves4 ,then will we invoke and lay the malison of ,god on those that lie6 ,this recital is very truth1 and there is no god but ,god2 and verily ,god is the ,mighty1 the ,wise4 ,but if they turn away1 then verily ,god hath knowledge of the corrupt doers4 ,,say3 ,o people of the ,book6 come ye to a just judgment between us and you-,that we worship not aught but ,god1 and that we join no other god with ,him1 and that the one of us take not the other for lords1#bf beside ,god4 ,then if they turn their backs1 ,,say3 ,bear ye witness that we are ,muslims4 ,o people of the ,book6 ,why dispute about ,abraham1#bg when the ,law and the ,evangel were not sent down till after him8 ,do ye not then understand8 ,lo6 ye are they who dispute about that in which ye have knowledge2 #bh but why dispute ye about that of which ye have no knowledge8 ,god hath knowledge1 but ye know nothing4 ,abraham was neither ,jew nor ,christian2 but he was sound in the faith1#bi a ,muslim2 and not of those who add gods to ,god4 ,they among men1 who are nearest of kin to ,abraham1 are surely those who follow him1 and this prophet ,muhammad1 and they who believe on him4 ,and ,god is the protector of the faithful4 ,a party among the people of the ,book would fain mislead you3 but they only mislead themselves1 and perceive it not4 ,o people of the ,book6 why disbelieve the signs of ,god1 of which yourselves have been witnesses8 ,o people of the ,book6 why clothe ye the truth with falsehood8 ,why wittingly hide the truth8 ,others of the people of the ,book say3 ,believe in what hath been sent down to the believers1 at daybreak1 and deny it at its close-,thus do they go back- ,and believe in those only who follow your ,religion4 ,,say3 ,true guidance is guidance from ,god-that to others may be imparted the like of what hath been imparted to you4 ,will they wrangle then with you in the presence of their ,lord8 ,,say3 ,plenteous gifts are in the hands of ,god3 ,he imparteth them unto whom ,he will1 and ,god is ,bounteous1 ,wise4 ,he will vouchsafe ,his mercy to whom ,he will1 for ,god is of great bounteousness4 ,among the people of the ,book are some1 to one of whom if thou entrust a thousand dinars1 he will restore them to thee3 ,and there is of them to whom if thou entrust a dinar1 he will not restore it to thee1 unless thou be ever instant with him4 ,this-because they say1 ,we are not bound to keep faith with the ignorant 7,pagan7 folk1 and they utter a lie against ,god1 and know they do so3 ,but whoso is true to his engagement1 and feareth ,god1-verily ,god loveth those that fear ,him4 ,verily they who barter their engagement with ,god1 and their oaths1 for some paltry price-,these6 no portion for them in the world to come6 and ,god will not speak to them1 and will not look on them1 on the day of resurrection1 and will not assoil them6 for them1 a grievous chastisement6 ,and some truly are there among them who torture the ,scriptures with their tongues1 in order that ye may suppose it to be from the ,scripture1 yet it is not from the ,scripture4 ,and they say1 ,this is from ,god2 yet it is not from ,god3 and they utter a lie against ,god1 and they know they do so4 ,it beseemeth not a man1 that ,god should give him the ,scriptures and the ,wisdom1 and the gift of prophecy1 and that then he should say to his followers1 ,be ye worshippers of me1 as well as of ,god2 #cj but rather1 ,be ye perfect in things pertaining to ,god1 since ye know the ,scriptures1 and have studied deep4 ,god doth not command you to take the angels or the prophets as lords4#ca ,what6 would he command you to become infidels after ye have been ,muslims8 ,when ,god entered into covenant with the prophets1#cb he said1 ,this is the ,book and the ,wisdom which ,i give you4 ,hereafter shall a prophet came unto you to confirm the ,scriptures already with you4 ,ye shall surely believe on him1 and ye shall surely aid him4 ,are ye resolved8 said he1 and do ye accept the covenant on these terms8 ,they said1 ,we are resolved2 ,be ye then the witnesses1 said he1 and ,i will be a witness as well as you4 ,and whoever turneth back after this1 these are surely the perverse4 ,other religion than that of ,god desire they8 ,to him doth everything that is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth submit1 in willing or forced obedience6 and to ,him do they return4 ,,say3 ,we believe in ,god1 and in what hath been sent down to us1 and what hath been sent down to ,abraham1 and ,ismael1 and ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 and the tribes1 and in what was given to ,moses1 and ,jesus1 and the ,prophets1 from their ,lord4 ,we make no difference between them4 ,and to ,him are we resigned 7,muslims74 ,whoso desireth any other religion than ,islam1 that religion shall never be accepted from him1 and in the next world he shall be among the lost4 ,how shall ,god guide a people who1 after they had believed and bore witness that the apostle was true1 and after that clear proofs of his mission had reached them1 disbelieved8 ,god guideth not the people who transgress4 ,these6 their recompense1 that the curse of ,god1 and of angels1 and of all men1 is on them6 ,under it shall they abide for ever2 their torment shall not be assuaged6 nor shall ,god even look upon them6- ,save those who after this repent and amend2 for verily ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,as for those who become infidels1 after having believed1 and then increase their infidelity-their repentance shall never be accepted4 ,these6 they are the erring ones4 ,as for those who are infidels1 and die infidels1 from no one of them shall as much gold as the earth could contain be accepted1 though he should offer it in ransom4 ,these6 a grievous punishment awaiteth them2 and they shall have none to help them4 ,ye shall never attain to goodness till ye give alms of that which ye love2 and whatever ye give1 of a truth ,god knoweth it4 ,all food was allowed to the children of ,israel1 except what ,jacob forbad himself1 ere the law was sent down2 ,,say3 ,bring ye then the law and read it1 if ye be men of truth4 ,and whoso after this inventeth the lie about ,god3 ,these are evil doers4 ,,say3 ,god speaketh truth4 ,follow1 therefore1 the religion of ,abraham1 the sound in faith1 who was not one of those who joined other gods to ,god4 ,the first temple that was founded for mankind1 was that in ,becca1#cc-;,blessed1 and a guidance to human beings4 ,in it are evident signs1 even the standing-place#cd of ,abraham3 and he who entereth it is safe4 ,and the pilgrimage to the temple1 is a service due to ,god from those who are able to journey thither4 ,and as to him who believeth not-verily ,god can afford to dispense with all creatures6 ,,say3 ,o people of the ,book6 why disbelieve ye the signs of ,god8 ,but ,god is witness of your doings4 ,,say3 ,o people of the ,book6 why repel believers from the way of ,god8 ,ye fain would make it crooked1 and yet ye are its witnesses6 ,but ,god is not regardless of what ye do4 ,o believers6 if ye obey some amongst those who have received the ,scripture1 after your very ,faith will they make you infidels6 ,but how can ye become infidels1 when the signs of ,god are recited to you1 and his prophet is among you8 ,whoever holdeth fast by ,god1 is already guided to a straight path4 ,o ye believers6 fear ,god as ,he deserveth to be feared6 and die not till ye have become ,muslims4 ,and hold ye fast by the cord #ce of ,god1 all of you1 and break not loose from it2 and remember ,god's goodness towards you1 how that when ye were enemies1 ,he united your hearts1 and by his favour ye became brethren2 ,and when ye were on the brink of the pit of fire1 he drew you back from it4 ,thus ,god clearly sheweth you his signs that ye may be guided2 ,and that there may be among you a people who invite to the ,good1 and enjoin the ,just1 and forbid the ,wrong4 ,these are they with whom it shall be well4 ,and be ye not like those who have formed divisions1 and fallen to variance after the clear proofs have come to them4 ,these6 a terrible chastisement doth await them1 ,on ,,the ,,day when faces shall turn white1 and faces shall turn black6 ,and as to those whose faces shall have turned black 4 4 4 4,what6 after your belief have ye become infidels8 ,taste then the chastisement1 for that ye have been unbelievers4 ,and as to those whose faces shall have become white1 they shall be within the mercy of ,god3 therein shall they abide for ever4 ,these are the signs of ,god3 we recite them to thee in truth3 ,and ,god willeth not injustice to mankind4 ,whatever is in the ,heavens1 and whatever is on the ,earth1 is ,god's4 ,and to ,god shall all things return4 ,ye are the best folk that hath been raised up unto mankind4 ,ye enjoin the ,just1 and ye forbid the ,evil1 and ye believe in ,god3 ,and if the people of the ,book had believed1 it had surely been better for them6 ,believers there are among them1 but most of them are perverse4 ,they will never inflict on you but a trifling damage2 and if they do battle with you1 they shall turn their backs to you3 then they shall not be succoured4 ,shame shall be stamped upon them#cf wherever found1 unless they ally them with ,god and men6 ,and the wrath of ,god will they incur1 and poverty shall be stamped upon them6 ,this-for that they believed not in the signs of ,god1 and slew the prophets unjustly3 ,this-because they rebelled1 and became transgressors4 ,yet all are not alike3 ,among the people of the ,book is an upright folk1 who recite the signs of ,god in the night-season1 and adore3 ,they believe in ,god and in the latter day1 and enjoin justice1 and forbid evil1 and speed on in good works4 ,these are of the righteous4 ,and of whatever good ye do1 ye shall not be denied the meed4 ,god knoweth those who fear ,him4 ,but as for the infidels1 their wealth1 and their children shall avail them nothing against ,god4 ,they shall be the inmates of the fire1 to abide therein eternally4 ,the alms which they bestow in this present life1 are like a freezing wind1 which falleth upon and destroyeth the cornfields of a people who have been to themselves unjust4 ,god doeth them no injustice1 but to themselves are they unjust4 ,o ye who have believed6 form not intimacies among others than yourselves4 ,they will not fail to corrupt you4 ,they long for your ruin4 ,hatred hath already shewn itself out of their mouths1 but more grievous is what their breasts conceal4 ,the tokens thereof we have already made plain to you1 if ye will comprehend4 ,see now6 ye love them1 but they love not you4 ,ye believe the entire ,book4 ,and when they meet you1 they say1 ,we believe2 but when they are apart1 they bite their fingers' ends at you1 out of wrath4 ,,say3 ,die in your wrath6 ,god truly knoweth the very recesses of your breasts4 ,if good befalleth you it grieveth them1 and when ill lighteth on you1 they rejoice in it4 ,but if ye be steadfast and fear ,god1 their craft shall in no way harm you4 ,for ,god is round about their doings4 ,and remember when thou didst leave thy household at early morn1 that thou mightest prepare the faithful a camp for the war2#cg-;,god heard1 knew it- ,when two troops of you became full of anxious thoughts1 and lost heart1 and when ,god became the protector of both6 ,in ,god1 then1 let the faithful trust4 ,god had already succoured you at ,bedr1 when ye were the weaker6 ,fear ,god1 then1 that ye may be thankful4 ,then thou didst say to the faithful1 ,is it not enough for you that your ,lord aideth you with three thousand angels sent down from on high8 ,aye3 but ye if be steadfast and fear ,god1 and the foe come upon you in hot haste1 your ,lord will help you with five thousand angels in their cognisances6#ch ,this1 as pure good tidings for you1 did ,god appoint1 that your hearts might be assured-for only from ,god1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise1 cometh the ,victory-and that ,he might cut off the uttermost part of those who believed not1 or cast them down so that they should be overthrown1 defeated without resource4 ,it is none of thy concern whether ,he be turned unto them in kindness or chastise them3 for verily they are wrongful doers4 ,whatever is in the ,heavens and the ,earth is ,god's6 ,he forgiveth whom ,he will1 and whom ,he will1 chastiseth3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,o ye who believe6 devour not usury1 doubling it again and again6 ,but fear ,god1 that ye may prosper4 ,and fear the fire which is prepared for them that believe not2 and obey ,god and the apostle1 that ye may find mercy3 ,and vie in haste for pardon from your ,lord1 and a ,paradise1 vast as the ,heavens and the ,earth1 prepared for the ,god-fearing4 ,who give alms1 alike in prosperity and in success1 and who master their anger1 and forgive others6 ,god loveth the doers of good4 ,they who1 after they have done a base deed or committed a wrong against their own selves1 remember ,god and implore forgiveness of their sins-and who will forgive sins but ,god only8-and persevere not in what they have wittingly done amiss4 ,as for these6 ,pardon from their ,lord shall be their recompense1 and gardens 'neath which the rivers flow2 for ever shall they abide therein3 ,and goodly the reward of those who labour6 ,already1 before your time1 have examples been made6 ,traverse the earth1 then1 and see what hath been the end of those who treat prophets as liars4 ,this ,koran is a manifest to man1 and a guidance1 and a warning to the ,god- fearing6 ,and be not fainthearted1 and be not sorrowful3 ,for ye shall gain the upper hand if ye be believers4#ci ,if a wound hath befallen you1 a wound like it hath already befallen others3 we alternate these days of successes and reverses among men1 that ,god may know those who have believed1 and that ,he may take martyrs from among you1- but ,god loveth not the wrongful doers- ,and that ,god may test those who believe1 and destroy the infidels4 ,thought ye that ye should enter ,paradise ere ,god had taken knowledge of those among you who did valiantly1 and of those who steadfastly endure8 ,ye had desired death ere ye met it4 ,but ye have now seen it-and ye have beheld it-and fled from it6 ,muhammad is no more than an apostle2 other apostles have already passed away before him3 if he die1 therefore1#dj or be slain1 will ye turn upon your heels8#da ,but he who turneth on his heels shall not injure ,god at all3 ,and ,god will certainly reward the thankful6 ,no one can die except by ,god's permission1 according to the ,book that fixeth the term of life4#db ,he who desireth the recompense of this world1 we will give him thereof2 ,and he who desireth the recompense of the next life1 we will give him thereof6 ,and we will certainly reward the thankful4 ,how many a prophet hath combated those who had with them many myriads6 ,yet were they not daunted at what befel them on the path of ,god1 nor were they weakened1 nor did they basely submit6 ,god loveth those who endure with steadfastness1 ,nor said they more than this3#dc ,o our ,lord6 forgive us our sins and our mistakes in this our work2 and set our feet firm2 and help us against the unbelieving people4 ,and ,god gave them the recompense of this world1 and the excellence of the recompense of the next4 ,for ,god loveth the doers of what is excellent4 ,o ye who have believed6 if ye obey the infidels1 they will cause you to turn upon your heels1#dd and ye will fall back into perdition3 ,but ,god is your liege lord1 and ,he is the best of helpers4 ,we will cast a dread into hearts of the infidels because they have joined gods with ,god without warranty sent down2 their abode shall be the fire2 and wretched shall be the mansion of the evil doers4 ,already had ,god made good to you ,his promise1 when by ,his permission ye destroyed your foes1 until your courage failed you1 and ye disputed about the order1#de and disobeyed1 after that the ,prophet had brought you within view of that for which ye longed4#df ,some of you were for this world1 and some for the next4#dg ,then1 in order to make trial of you1 ,he turned you to flight from them1-yet hath ,he now forgiven you2 for all-bounteous is ,god to the faithful- ,when ye came up the height#dh and took no heed of any one1 while the ,prophet in your rear was calling you to the fight6 ,god hath rewarded you with trouble upon trouble1 that ye might learn not to be chagrined at your loss of booty1 or at what befel you6 ,god is acquainted with your actions4 ,then after the trouble ,god sent down security upon you4 ,slumber fell upon a part of you3 as to the other part-their own passions stirred them up to think unjustly of ,god with thoughts of ignorance6 ,they said-,what gain we by this affair8 ,,say3 ,verily the affair resteth wholly with ,god4 ,they hid in their minds what they did not speak out to thee1 saying1 ,were we to have gained aught in this affair1 none of us had been slain at this place4 ,,say3 ,had ye remained in your homes1 they who were decreed to be slain would have gone forth to the places where they lie3-in order that ,god might make trial of what was in your breasts1 and might discover what was in your hearts1 for ,god knoweth the very secrets of the breast4 ,of a truth it was ,satan alone who caused those of you to fail in duty who turned back on the day when the hosts met1 for some of their doings6 ,but now hath ,god pardoned them2 ,for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,gracious4 ,o ye who believe6 be not like the infidels1 who said of their brethren when they had travelled by land or had gone forth to war1 ,had they kept with us1 they had not died1 and had not been slain6 ,god purposed that this affair should cause them heart sorrow6 ,god maketh alive and killeth2 and ,god beholdeth your actions4 ,and if ye shall be slain or die on the path of ,god1 then pardon from ,god and mercy is better than all your amassings2 ,for if ye die or be slain1 verily unto ,god shall ye be gathered4 ,of the mercy of ,god thou hast spoken to them in gentle terms4 ,hadst thou been severe and harsh-hearted1 they would have broken away from thee4 ,therefore1 forgive and ask for pardon for them1 and consult them in the affair of war1 and when thou art resolved1 then put thou thy trust in ,god1 for ,god loveth those who trust in ,him4 ,if ,god help you1 none shall overcome you2 but if ,he abandon you1 who is he that shall help you when ,he is gone8 ,in ,god1 then1 let the faithful trust4 ,it is not the ,prophet who will defraud you2#di-;,but he who shall defraud1 shall come forth with his defraudings on the day of the resurrection3 then shall every soul be paid what it hath merited1 and they shall not be treated with injustice4 ,shall he who hath followed the good pleasure of ,god be as he who hath brought on himself wrath from ,god1 and whose abode shall be ,hell8 and wretched the journey thither6 ,there are varying grades with ,god3 and ,god beholdeth what ye do4 ,now hath ,god been gracious to the faithful1 when he raised up among them an apostle out of their own people1 to rehearse unto them his signs1 and to cleanse them1 and to give them knowledge of the ,book and of ,wisdom3 for before they were in manifest error4 ,when a reverse hath befallen you1#ej the like of which ye had before inflicted1 say ye1 ,whence is this8 ,,say3 ,it is from yourselves4 ,for ,god hath power over all things4 ,and that which befel you on the day when the armies met1 was certainly by the will of ,god1 and that he might know the faithful1 and that he might know the hypocrites6 ,and when the word was ,advance1 fight on the path of ,god1 or drive back the foe1-they said1 ,had we known how to fight1 we would have followed you4 ,nearer were some of them on that day to unbelief1 than to faith3 ,they said with their lips what was not in their hearts6 ,but ,god knew what they concealed1 ,who said of their brethren while themselves sat at home1 ,had they obeyed us1 they had not been slain4 ,,say3 ,keep back death from yourselves if ye speak truth4 ,and repute not those slain on ,god's path to be dead4#ea ,nay1 alive with their ,lord1 are they richly sustained2 ,rejoicing in what ,god of his bounty hath vouchsafed them1 filled with joy for those who follow after them1 but have not yet overtaken them1 that on them nor fear shall come1 nor grief2 ,filled with joy at the favours of ,god1 and at his bounty3 and that ,god suffereth not the reward of the faithful to perish4 ,as to those who after the reverse#eb which befel them1 respond to ,god and the ,apostle-such of them as do good works and fear ,god1 shall have a great reward3 ,who1 when men said to them1 ,now are the ,meccans mustering against you2 therefore fear them6 it only increased their faith1 and they said1 ,our sufficiency is ,god1 and ,he is an excellent protector4 ,they returned1 therefore1 with the favour of ,god1 enriched by ,him1 and untouched by harm2 and they followed what was well pleasing to ,god4 ,and ,god is of great ,munificence4 ,only would that ,satan#ec instil the fear of his adherents3 ,fear them not1 but fear me if ye are believers4 ,let not those who vie in haste after infidelity grieve thee3 ,verily not one whit shall they injure ,god6 ,god will refuse them all part in the life to come3 a severe chastisement shall be their lot4 ,they truly who purchase infidelity at the price of their faith1 shall not injure ,god one whit6 and a grievous chastisement shall be their lot4 ,let not the infidels deem that the length of days we give them is good for them6 ,we only give them length of days that they may increase their sins6 and a shameful chastisement shall be their lot4 ,it is not in ,god to leave the faithful in the ,state in which they are1 until he sever the bad from the good3 ,nor is ,god minded to lay open the secret things to you1 but ,god chooseth whom he will of his apostles to know them4#ed ,believe1 therefore1 in ,god and his apostles3 and if ye believe and fear ,god1 a great reward awaiteth you4 ,and let not those who are niggard of what ,god hath vouchsafed them in his bounty1 think that this will be good for them-,nay1 it will be bad for them- ,that of which they have been niggard shall be their collar on the day of the resurrection4 ,god's1 the heritage of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,and ,god is well-informed of all ye do4 ,now hath ,god heard the saying of those who said3 ,aye1 ,god is poor and we are rich4#ee ,we will surely write down their sayings1 and their unjust slaughter of the prophets2 and and we will say1 ,taste ye the torment of the burning4 ,this1 for what your hands have sent before you2 and because ,god will not inflict a wrong upon his servants6 ,to those who say1 ,verily1 ,god hath enjoined us that we are not to credit an apostle until he present us a sacrifice which fire out of ,heaven shall devour1 ,,say3 ,already have apostles before me come to you with miracles1 and with that of which ye speak4 ,wherefore slew ye them8 ,tell me1 if ye are men of truth4 ,and if they treat thee as a liar1 then verily apostles have been treated as liars before thee1 though they came with clear proofs of their mission1 and with ,scriptures1 and with the light-giving ,book4 ,every soul shall taste of death3 and ye shall only receive your recompenses on the day of resurrection4 ,and whoso shall scape the fire1 and be brought into ,paradise1 shall be happy4 ,and the life of this world is but a cheating fruition6 ,ye shall assuredly be tried in your possessions and in yourselves4 ,and many hurtful things shall ye assuredly hear from those to whom the ,scriptures were given before you1 and from those who join other gods with ,god4 ,but if ye be steadfast1 and fear ,god this verily is needed in the affairs of life4 ,moreover1 when ,god entered into a convenant with those to whom the ,scriptures had been given1 and said1 ,ye shall surely make it known to mankind and not hide it1 they cast it behind their backs1 and sold it for a sorry price6 ,but vile is that for which they have sold it4 ,suppose not that they who rejoice in what they have brought to pass1 and love to be praised for what they have not done#ef-suppose not they shall escape the chastisement4 ,an afflictive chastisement doth await them1 ,for the ,kingdom of the ,heavens and the ,earth is ,god's1 and ,god hath power over all things4 ,verily1 in the creation of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and in the succession of the night and of the day1 are signs for men of understanding heart2 ,who standing1 and sitting1 and reclining1 bear ,god in mind1 and muse on the creation of the ,heavens and of the ,earth4 ,o our ,lord6 say they1 thou hast not created this in vain4 ,no4 ,glory be to ,thee6 ,keep us1 then1 from the torment of the fire4 ,o our ,lord6 surely thou wilt put him to shame whom thou shalt cause to enter into the ,fire1 and the wrong-doers shall have none to help them4 ,o our ,lord6 we have indeed heard the voice of one that called4 ,he called us to the faith-',believe on your ,lord'-and we have believed4 ,o our ,lord6 forgive us then our sin1 and hide away from us our evil deeds1 and cause us to die with the righteous4 ,o our ,lord6 and give us what thou hast promised us by thine apostles1 and put us not to shame on the day of the resurrection4 ,verily1 ,thou wilt not fail thy promise4 ,and their ,lord answereth them1 ,i will not suffer the work of him among you that worketh1 whether of male or female1 to be lost4 ,the one of you is the issue of the other4#eg ,and they who have fled their country and quitted their homes and suffered in my cause1 and have fought and fallen1 ,i will blot out their sins from them1 and ,i will bring them into gardens beneath which the streams do flow4 ,a recompense from ,god6 and ,god6 with ,his is the perfection of recompense6 ,let not prosperity in the land#eh on the part of those who believe not1 deceive thee4 ',tis but a brief enjoyment6 ,then shall ,hell be their abode2 and wretched the bed6 ,but as to those who fear their ,lord-for them are the gardens 'neath which the rivers flow3 therein shall they abide for aye4 ,such their reception with ,god- and that which is with ,god is best for the righteous4 ,among the people of the ,book are those who believe in ,god1 and in what ,he hath sent down to you1 and in what ,he hath sent down to them1 humbling themselves before ,god4 ,they barter not the signs of ,god for a mean price4 ,these6 their recompense awaiteth them with their ,lord3 aye6 ,god is swift to take account4 ,o ye who believe6 be patient1 and vie in patience1 and be firm1 and fear ,god1 that it may be well with you4 #a ,verses #a-hg probably belong to the period between the battle of ,bedr and ,hej4 #f4-,muhammad supposed ,imran or ,amran to be the father of the ,virgin ,mary 7,sura cix4 lxvi4 #ab7-,mary and ,elizabeth to be sisters2 who1 with ,jesus1 ,john1 and ,zacharias1 make up the family of ,imran4 ,it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that ,muhammad is guilty of the anachronism of confounding ,miriam with the ,virgin ,mary4 ,on the other hand is the difficulty of conceiving that as the sequence of time and fact is observed with tolerable accuracy in regard to the main features of ,jewish and ,christian ,history1 he should have fallen into so serious an error1 or have so inadvertently adopted1 as ,mr4 ,muir supposes1 the phraseology of his ,jewish informants 7amongst whom the only well-known ,mary 7,miriam7 was the daughter of ,imran and the sister of ,moses7 as to have overlooked the discrepancy in their respective dates4 ,but it is possible that ,muhammad believed1 as some ,muslim writers assert1 that ,miriam's soul and body were miraculously preserved till the time of ,jesus in order to become ,mary his mother4 ,certainly the ,talmudists fabled that the ,angel of ,death and the worm of corruption had no power over ,miriam4 ,comp4 ,babha ,bathra1 #ag4 ,jos4 ,ant4 iv4 #d1 #f4 #b ,see note1 p4 #cb4 #c ,see ,sura xxi4 #di1 p4 #aed1 n4 #d ,lit4 mother4 #e ,in the battle of ,bedr1 ,muhammad1 with #cai followers routed #ajjj ,meccans1 ,a4,h4 #b4 #f ,that is1 knowledge1 or revelation1 became the cause of disputings4 #g ,that is1 will ye receive ,islam8 ,the ,ummiin1 or common folk1 the heathen ,arabians destitute of ,revelation4 ,in the earliest extant biography of ,muhammad by ,ibn ,ishaq1 we find these words addressed by ,zaid1 previous to the assumption of the prophetic office by ,muhammad1 to the ,koreisch4 ,this is one of the facts which shew that the way was to a great extent prepared for ,islam4 ,this whole address of ,zaid's-which contains not less than six passages afterwards repeated in the ,koran-may be seen in ,dr4 ,sprenger's ,life of ,m4 p4 #db4 ,the instances of others who had learned to disbelieve in idolatry1 and had either become ,jews or ,christians1 or held their minds in suspense1 might easily be multiplied4 ,comp4 ,sharastani1 p4 #dcg4 ,masudi1 ch4 #f4 #h ,the ,king of the ,kingdom1 or1 ,lord of ,might4 ,this verse and the following are either fragments of some lost ,sura1 or belonging to one of the ,meccan ,suras4 ,at any rate1 they are misplaced1 interrupting as they do the connection of the preceding and subsequent verses4 #i ,the wife of ,imran is ,hannah or ,anne4 ,comp4 ,protev4 ,jac4 iv4 greek text4- ,evang4 de ,nat4 ,mar4 #a3 ,voverunt tamen 7,mari#8 parentes7 si forte donaret eis ,deus sobolem1 eam se ,dni servitio mancipaturos4-,although ,muhammad had no direct access to the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 yet these may have influenced1 or at any rate1 contained much in common with1 the ordinary traditions of ,s4 ,syria4 ,and of this1 the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,b4 ,v4 ,mary1 supposed by ,gibbon 7ch4 #ej7 to have been borrowed from the ,koran1 probably formed a part4 #aj ,that is1 the female could not become a priest4 #aa ,see note1 p4 #aad4 #ab ,according to a tradition of ,muhammad every new-born child is touched by ,satan1 with the exception of ,mary and her ,son1 between whom and ,satan ,god interposed a veil4 7,djelal4 ,beidh47 ,hence this passage may imply the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,b4 ,v4 ,mary4 ,see v4 #cg below4 #ac ,evang4 de ,nat4 ,mar4 #g3 ,quotidie ab angelis frequentabatur1 quotidie divin visione fruebatur1 queam a malis omnibus custodiebat et bonis omnibus redundare faciebat4 ,protev4 ,jac4 #h3 greek text4 ,hist4 ,nativ4 ,mar4 #f3 ,quotidie esc1 quam de manu angeli accipiebat1 ips tantum reficiebatur4 #ad ,the word rendered descendants is a collective noun4 ,gerock 7p4 #bj7 thinks that ,zacharias' prayer was not for a son of his own1 but for an adopted son- as1 for instance1 the future husband of ,mary who might become his heir1 and hence accounts for his surprise and unbelief at the announcement of ,john4 #ae ,lit4 chamber4 ,by this may be meant an greek text of the ,temple ,comp4 ,luke i4 #ba4 #af ,luke i4 #bh4 #ag ,hist4 de ,nativ4 ,mar4 #f3 ,abierunt simul ,joachim et ,anna uxor ejus ad templum domini1 et 4 4 4 tradiderunt 4 4 4 ,mariam in contubernio virginum qu#8 die noctuque in ,dei laudibus manebant4 #ah ,these reeds1 say the commentators1 were written over with passages from the law1 and cast into ,jordan4 ,that of ,zacharias alone swam1 and was the token that the charge of ,mary was to devolve on him4 ,others render1 their divining arrows4 ,see a detailed account of the manner in which this matter was settled by greek text1 virgae1 in ,protev4 ,jac4 ,thilo4 p4 #bjd4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,mar4 ib4 p4 #cei sqq4 #ai ,ar4 ,el-,mesich ,isa ben ,mariam1 illustrious in this world as a ,prophet1 in the next as an ,intercessor4 ,beidh4 #bj ,evang4 ,thom#81 ch4 #b 7,thilo4 p4 #bha7 and ,evang4 ,infanti ,arab4 ch4 #cf1 #df4 7,thilo4 p4 #aaa1 #abc47 #bj-ba;a 7#j7 ,addenda3 ,lit4 who my helpers unto ,god8 i4e41 helpers of his religion 7,beidh74 ,if ,muhammad had become1 by any means1 acquainted with the use of the th4 radeh1 helper or disciple1 we have herein a probable interpretation of this passage1 as well as of the word ,ansar4 #ba ,see ,sura cxiv4 v4 #aaa4 #bb ,muhammad probably believed that ,god took the dead body of ,jesus to ,heaven- for three hours according to some-while the ,jews crucified a man who resembled him4 ,sura c4 iv4 #aef4 ,the word motewaffika 7comp4 ,sura lxxx4 xxxix4 #aef7 means1 in speaking of ,god1 to cause to die1 take to himself4 ,it would also seem from ,sura lviii4 xix4 #cd1 that ,muhammad supposed ,jesus to have died a natural death1 though it is nowhere said how long he continued in that state4 ,the ,muhammadans believe that ,jesus on his return to earth at the end of the world will slay the ,antichrist1 die1 and be raised again4 ,a vacant place is reserved for his body in the ,prophet's tomb at ,medina4 ,see ,lieut4 ,burton's ,pilgrimage1 vol4 ii4 #bc ,lit4 verily the similitude or analogy of ,isa is as the similitude or analogy of ,adam1 i4e4 neither of them had a human father4 #bd ,this refers to an embassy from the ,christians in ,nedjran in ,arabia1 with their ,bishop1 ,abu ,hareth1 at their head1 to ,muhammad at ,medina1 who had now acquired political power4 ,the embassy declined to be parties to the strange mode of settling the dispute here proposed1 but consented to pay tribute on condition of not being molested in their religion or lands4 #be ,if this be not a mere figure of speech1 it must mean let us call over and curse the names1 the persons being at a distance4 #bf ,as the ,christians do their ,bishops and ,priests4 #bg ,whether he were a ,jew or ,christian4 #bh ,about ,moses and ,jesus1 and their respective faiths4 #bi ,see ,sura xvi4 #aba1 p4 #bji1 note4 #cj ,muhammad insinuates that the claim to be equal with ,god could never have been made by ,jesus himself1 but by his followers1 in ignorance of the ,scriptures and of his true nature4 #ca ,that is1 to call them rabb-a title due only to ,god4 #cb ,assembled on ,mount ,sinai4 ,compare the ,jewish legend1 that all the prophets1 even those who were not yet born1 were present on ,mount ,sinai1 when ,god gave the law to ,moses4 ,see ,shemoth ,rabba4 ,parashah #bh1 according to which1 not only the ,prophets but the ,rabbis of every generation1 were present at the giving of the ,law4 #cc ,becca1 place of crowding1 i4e4 ,mecca4 ,this sentence1 together with other ,suras-the ,cave1 ,mary1 ,imran1 ,repentance1 ,t1 ,h1 are woven into the ,kiswah or covering of the ,caaba1 which is renewed annually4 #cd ,the ,makam ,ibrahim 7praying place of ,abraham7 is a small building supported by six pillars about #h ft4 high1 four of which are surrounded from top to bottom by a fine iron railing1 while they leave the space between the two hind pillars open2 within the railing is a frame about #e ft4 square1 said to contain the sacred stone on which ,ibrahim stood when he built the ,caaba4 ,burckhardt4 ,lieut4 ,burton 7,pilgrimage1 iii4 #ccf7 says that as the ,arab tradition speaks clearly and consistently as to the fact of ,abraham having visited ,mecca to build the ,caaba1 it may be considered an open question4 ,thus also ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,freytag 7,einl474 #ce ,the ,koran4 #cf ,or1 they are smitten with4 ,sale4 ,s'etendra comme une tente4 ,kas4 #cg ,this probably refers to the battle of ,ohod4 #ch ,the ,arabic word occurs at verse #ac of horses as known by certain marks4 ,so here these angels would be known by their accoutrements1 etc4 #ci ,this and the following verses to #aed were probably revealed shortly after the reverse of ,ohod4 #dj ,this verse and xxxix4 #ca 7p4#beg7 were recited at ,muhammad's death by ,abu ,bekr1 in order to convince ,omar and the other ,muslims of the possibility of that event4 ,it has been supposed that these passages were invented by ,abu ,bekr on this occasion1 and inserted into the ,koran4 ,but this is more than doubtful4 ,see ,nldeke1 pp4 #aii-bja4 #da ,that is1 return to idolatry4 ,a report had been spread in the battle of ,ohod that ,muhammad had been slain4 #db ,lit4 according to a writing 7i4e4 of ,god7 definite4 ,the ,rabbins also teach 7,com4 ,tract4 ,rosch4 ,haschanah7 that there are books in which ,god has written down the lifetime of every individual4 ,lit4 ,no soul can die4 #dc ,lit4 and their saying was no other than that they said4 #dd ,to relapse into infidelity4 ,the ,koreisch attempted to seduce the ,muslims to renounce their faith after the battle of ,ohod4 #de ,the command to abstain from taking the spoils4 ,this disobedience turned the scale of victory against the ,muslims4 #df ,victory and plunder4 #dg ,some took to flight1 others stood firm1 and were not careful of their lives4 #dh ,that is1 in confused rout4 #di ,muhammad had been accused of having secretly appropriated a portion of the spoil4 #ej ,at ,ohod4 #ea ,see ,sura xci4 ii4 #adi4 #eb ,at ,ohod2 lit4 wound4 #ec ,lit4 that ,satan4 ,said to refer to ,noaim1 or ,abu ,sofian1 the leader of the ,koreisch4 #ed ,this is an answer to the taunt that ,muhammad could not distinguish true believers from hypocrites4 #ee ,this was the taunt of the ,jews of the tribe of ,kainoka1 when ,muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of ,god4 #ef ,that is1 who rejoice in their successful corruptions of their own sacred books1 especially the testimony of ,moses to ,muhammad1 and in their own fancied righteousness4 ,thus some of the commentators4 #eg ,lit4 some of you are from others4 ,these words were occasioned by one of the ,prophet's wives having told him that ,god often praised the men1 but not the women1 who had fled their country for the faith4 ,beidh4 #eh ,lit4 their movements1 their comings and goings4 ,hence1 the success of the ,meccans in their trading journeys4 ,this may point to the comparative freedom from trade and general independence of the ,meccans after the affair at ,ohod4 ,,sura ,,lxi4-,,battle ,,array ,,xcviii4 ,,medina4-#ad ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,all that is in the ,heavens and all that is on the ,earth praiseth ,god4 ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,believers6 why profess ye that which ye practise not8#a ,most hateful is it to ,god that ye say that which ye do not4 ,verily ,god loveth those who1 as though they were a solid wall1 do battle for his cause in serried lines6 ,and bear in mind when ,moses said to his people1 ,why grieve ye me1 ,o my people1 when ye know that ,i am ,god's apostle unto you8 ,and when they went astray1 ,god led their hearts astray2 for ,god guideth not a perverse people3 ,and remember when ,jesus the son of ,mary said1 ,o children of ,israel6 of a truth ,i am ,god's apostle to you to confirm the law which was given before me1 and to announce an apostle that shall come after me whose name shall be ,ahmad6#b ,but when he 7,ahmad7 presented himself with clear proofs of his mission1 they said1 ,this is manifest sorcery6 ,but who more impious than he who when called to ,islam deviseth a falsehood concerning ,god8 ,god guideth not the wicked6 ,fain would they put out the light of ,god with their mouths6 but though the ,infidels hate it1 ,god will perfect his light4 ,he it is who hath sent his apostle with guidance and the religion of truth1 that1 though they hate it who join other gods with ,god1 ,he may make it victorious over every other religion4 ,o ye who believe6 shall ,i shew you a merchandise that shall deliver you from the sore torment8 ,believe in ,god and his apostle1 and do valiantly in the cause of ,god with your wealth and with your persons6 ,this1 did ye but know it1 will be best for you4 ,your sins will ,he forgive you1 and ,he will bring you into gardens beneath whose shades the rivers flow-into charming abodes in the gardens of ,eden3 ,this shall be the great bliss4- ,and other things which ye desire will he bestow1 ,help from ,god and speedy conquest6#c ,bear thou these tidings to the faithful4 ,o ye who believe6 be helpers 7ansars7 of ,god2 as said ,jesus the son of ,mary to his apostles1 ,who will come to the help of ,god8 ,we1 said the apostles1 will be helpers of ,god4 ,and a part of the children of ,israel believed1 and a part believed not4 ,but to those who believed gave we the upperhand over their foes1 and soon did they prove victorious4 #a ,addressed to the ,muslims who had turned their backs to the enemy at ,ohod4 #b ,muhammad had no doubt heard that ,jesus had promised a ,paracletos1 ,john xvi4 #g4 ,this title1 understood by him1 probably from the similarity of sound1 as equivalent to ,periclytos1 he applied to himself with reference to his own name ,muhammad 7i4e4 praised1 glorified7 from the same root and of the same meaning as ,ahmad1 also one of the ,prophet's names4 ,it may be here remarked that the name ,muhammad1 if pronounced ,muhammed1 might be understood by an ,arab in an active instead of a passive sense4 7,lane1 ,kor4 p4 #eb47 ,other passages of ,scripture understood by ,muslims of their ,prophet are ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b1 where ,paran is said to mean ,islam2 ,isai4 xxi4 #f1 where the rider on the ass is ,jesus1 the rider on the camel ,muhammad2 ,matt4 xx4 #a-af1 where the morning1 noon1 and even are ,judaism1 ,christianity1 and ,islam2 ,john iv4 #ba2 #a ,john iv4 #b1 #c1 where ,muhammad is said to be the spirit that is of ,god1 because he proclaimed that ,jesus was a true man and not ,god4 #c ,if this allude to a meditated attack on the ,banu ,nadir 7see ,sura cii4 lix47 we have a clue to the probable date of the ,sura4 ,the promise1 however1 may be general4 ,but the tone of verse #i evidently points to a period when1 as at ,medina1 the prospects of ,islam were becoming hopeful4 ,,sura ,,lvii4-,,iron ,,xcix4 ,,medina4#a-bi ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,all that is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth praiseth ,god1 and ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,his the ,kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth2 ,he maketh alive and killeth2 and ,he hath power over all things6 ,he is the first and the last2 the ,seen and the ,hidden2#b and ,he knoweth all things6 ,it is ,he who in six days created the ,heavens and the ,earth1 then ascended ,his throne4 ,he knoweth that which entereth the earth1 and that which goeth forth from it1 and what cometh down from ,heaven1 and what mounteth up to it2 and wherever ye are1 ,he is with you2 and ,god beholdeth all your actions6 ,his the kingdom of the ,heavens and the ,earth2 and to ,god shall all things return6 ,he causeth the night to pass into the day1 and ,he causeth the day to pass into the night3 and ,he knoweth the very secrets of the bosom6 ,believe in ,god and his apostle1 and bestow in alms of that whereof ,god hath made you heirs3 for whoever among you believe and give alms-their's shall be a great recompense4 ,what hath come to you that ye believe not in ,god1 although the apostle exhorteth you to believe in your ,lord1 and ,he hath accepted your alliance-if ye are true believers8 ,he it is who hath sent down clear tokens upon ,his servant1 that ,he may bring you out of darkness into light2 and truly1 ,kind1 ,merciful to you is ,god4 ,and what hath come to you that ye expend not for the cause of ,god8 since the heritage of the ,heavens and of the ,earth is ,god's only6 ,those among you who contributed before the victory1 and fought1 shall be differently treated from certain others among you6 ,such shall have a nobler grade than those who contributed and fought after it4 ,but a goodly recompense hath ,god promised to all2 and ,god is fully informed of your actions4 ,who is he that will lend a generous loan to ,god8 ,so will ,he double it to him1 and he shall have a noble reward4 ,one day thou shalt see the believers1 men and women1 with their light running before them1 and on their right hand4#c ,the angels shall say to them1 ,good tidings for you this day of gardens beneath whose shades the rivers flow1 in which ye shall abide for ever6 ,this the great bliss6 ,on that day the hypocrites1 both men and women1 shall say to those who believe1 ,tarry for us1 that we may kindle our light at yours4 ,it shall be said1 ,return ye back1 and seek light for yourselves4 ,but between them shall be set a wall with a gateway1 within which shall be the ,mercy1 and in front1 without it1 the ,torment4 ,they shall cry to them1 ,were we not with you8 ,they shall say1 ,yes6 but ye led yourselves into temptation1 and ye delayed1 and ye doubted1 and the good things ye craved deceived you1 till the doom of ,god arrived3-and the deceiver deceived you in regard to ,god4 ,on that day1 therefore1 no ransom shall be taken from you or from those who believe not3-your abode the fire6-,this shall be your master6#d and wretched the journey thither6 ,hath not the time come1 for those who believe1 to humble their hearts at the warning of ,god and at the truth which he hath sent down8 and that they be not as those to whom the ,scriptures were given heretofore1 whose lifetime was prolonged1 but whose hearts were hardened1 and many of them were perverse8 ,know that ,god quickeneth the earth after its death6 ,now have we made these signs clear to you1 that ye may understand4 ,verily1 they who give alms1 both men and women1 and they who lend a generous loan to ,god1-doubled shall it be to them-and they shall have a noble recompense4 ,and they who believed in ,god and his apostle are the men of truth1 and the witnesses in the presence of their ,lord2#e ,they shall have their recompense and their light3 ,but as for the infidels1 and those who give the lie to our signs1 these shall be the inmates of ,hell4 ,know ye that this world's life is only a sport1 and pastime1 and show1 and a cause of vainglory among you6 ,and the multiplying of riches and children is like the plants which spring up after rain-,their growth rejoiceth the husband-man2 then they wither away1 and thou seest them all yellow2 then they become stubble4 ,and in the next life is a severe chastisement1 ,or else pardon from ,god and ,his satisfaction3 and this world's life is but a cheating fruition4#f ,vie in hasting after pardon from your ,lord1 and ,paradise-whose outspread is as the outspread of the ,heaven and of the ,earth3 ,prepared is it for those who believe in ,god and ,his apostles3 ,such is the bounty of ,god3 to whom ,he will ,he giveth it3 and of immense bounty is ,god6 ,no mischance chanceth either on earth or in your own persons1 but ere we created them1 it was in the ,book2#g-;for easy is this to ,god- ,lest ye distress yourselves if good things escape you1 and be over joyous for what falleth to your share4 ,god loveth not the presumptuous1 the boaster1 ,who are covetous themselves and incite others to covetousness4 ,but whose turneth away from almsgiving-,ah6 ,god is the ,rich1 the ,praiseworthy4 ,we have sent our apostles with the clear tokens1 and we have caused the ,book and the balance#h to descend with them1 that men might observe fairness4 ,and we have sent down ,,iron4 ,dire evil#i resideth in it1 as well as advantage1 to mankind6 ,god would know who will assist ,him and his apostle in secret4 ,verily1 ,god is ,powerful1 ,strong4 ,and of old sent we ,noah and ,abraham1 and on their seed conferred the gift of prophecy1 and the ,book2 and some of them we guided aright2 but many were evil doers4 ,then we caused our apostles to follow in their footsteps2 and we caused ,jesus the son of ,mary to follow them2 and we gave him the ,evangel1#aj and we put into the hearts of those who followed him kindness and compassion3 but as to the monastic life1 they invented it themselves4 ,the desire only of pleasing ,god did we prescribe to them1 and this they observed not as it ought to have been observed3 but to such of them as believed gave we their reward1 though many of them were perverse4 ,o ye who believe6 fear ,god and believe in his apostle3 two portions of his mercy will ,he give you4 ,he will bestow on you light to walk in1 and ,he will forgive you3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful2 ,that the people of the ,book may know that they have no control over aught of the favours of ,god1 and that these gifts of grace#aa are in the hands of ,god1 and that ,he vouchsafeth them to whom he will2 for ,god is of immense bounty4 #a ,the general tone of this ,sura shews it to have been revealed at ,medina1 and from verse #bb it may be inferred that its true date lies between the battle of ,ohod and the battle of the ,ditch4 #b ,lit4 the exterior and the interior4 #c ,to guide them on their route to paradise4 #d ,patronus4 ,mar4 ,beschutzer4 ,ullm4 ,or1 what ye have deserved4 #e ,against the infidels4 #f ,supellex deceptionis4 ,mar4 #g ,of our eternal decrees4 #h ,brought by ,gabriel to ,noah1 who imparted its use to his posterity4 ,so say the commentators4 ,but the expression seems rather to be figurative4 ,comp4 ,sura lv4 #f1 p4 #gd4 #i ,or1 mighty warlike strength1 but the antithesis requires the rendering given in the text4 ,comp4 ,gen4 iv4 #bb1 and ,michna ,tr4 ,aboth1 #e1 #i4 #aj ,we are not to understand by the word ,evangel the actual volume of the ,new ,testament1 or any one of its component parts1 but rather the revelation made to ,jesus by ,god himself1 which ,muhammad may have imagined to have been committed to writing subsequently1 in the same way as his own ,koran4 #aa ,the word in the original is the same for favours1 gifts of grace1 bounty4 ,the reference is to the gift of prophecy 7,beidh47 mentioned verse #bg4 ,,sura ,,iv4-,,women#a ,c4 ,,medina4-#age ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,men6 fear your ,lord1 who hath created you of one man 7nafs1 soul71 and of him created his wife1 and from these twain hath spread abroad so many men and ,,women4 ,and fear ye ,god1 in whose name ye ask mutual favours1-and reverence the wombs that bare you4 ,verily is ,god watching over you6 ,and give to the orphans their property2 substitute not worthless things of your own for their valuable ones1 and devour not their property after adding it to your own2 for this is a great crime4 ,and if ye are apprehensive that ye shall not deal fairly with orphans1 then1 of other women who seem good in your eyes1 marry but two1 or three1 or four2#b and if ye still fear that ye shall not act equitably1 then one only2 or the slaves whom ye have acquired3 this will make justice on your part easier4 ,give women their dowry freely2 but if of themselves they give up aught thereof to you1 then enjoy it as convenient1 and profitable3 ,and entrust not to the incapable the substance which ,god hath placed with you for their support2 but maintain them therewith1 and clothe them1 and speak to them with kindly speech4 ,and make trial of orphans until they reach the age of marriage2 and if ye perceive in them a sound judgment1 then hand over their substance to them2 but consume ye it not wastefully1 or by hastily entrusting it to them2 ,because they are growing up4 ,and let the rich guardian not even touch it2 and let him who is poor use it for his support 7eat of it7 with discretion4 ,and when ye make over their substance to them1 then take witnesses in their presence3 ,god also maketh a sufficient account4 ,men ought to have a part of what their parents and kindred leave2 and women#c a part of what their parents and kindred leave3 whether it be little or much1 let them have a stated portion4 ,and when they who are of kin are present at the division1 and the orphans and the poor1 let them too have a share2 and speak to them with kindly speech4 ,and let those be afraid to wrong the orphans1 who1 should they leave behind them weakly offspring1 would be solicitous on their account4 ,let them1 therefore1 fear ,god1 and let them propose what is right4 ,verily they who swallow the substance of the orphan wrongfully1 shall swallow down only fire into their bellies1 and shall burn in the flame6 ,with regard to your children1 ,god commandeth you to give the male the portion of two females2 and if they be females more than two1 then they shall have two-thirds of that which their father hath left3 but if she be an only daughter1 she shall have the half2 and the father and mother of the deceased shall each of them have a sixth part of what he hath left1 if he have a child2 but if he have no child1 and his parents be his heirs1 then his mother shall have the third3 and if he have brethren1 his mother shall have the sixth1 after paying the bequests he shall have bequeathed1 and his debts4 ,as to your fathers1 or your children1 ye know not which of them is the most advantageous to you4 ,this is the law of ,god4 ,verily1 ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,half of what your wives leave shall be your's1 if they have no issue2 but if they have issue1 then a fourth of what they leave shall be your's1 after paying the bequests they shall bequeath1 and debts4 ,and your wives shall have a fourth part of what ye leave1 if ye have no issue2 but if ye have issue1 then they shall have an eighth part of what ye leave1 after paying the bequests ye shall bequeath1 and debts4 ,if a man or a woman make a distant relation their heir1 and he or she have a brother or a sister1 each of these two shall have a sixth2 but if there are more than this1 then shall they be sharers in a third1 after payment of the bequests he shall have bequeathed1 and debts1 ,without loss to any one4 ,this is the ordinance of ,god1 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,gracious6 ,these are the precepts of ,god2 and whoso obeyeth ,god and his prophet1 him shall ,god bring into gardens beneath whose shades the rivers flow1 therein to abide for ever3 and this1 the great blessedness6 ,and whoso shall rebel against ,god and his apostle1 and shall break ,his bounds1 him shall ,god place in the fire to abide therein for ever2 and his shall be a shameful torment4 ,if any of your women be guilty of whoredom1 then bring four witnesses against them from among yourselves2 and if they bear witness to the fact1 shut them up within their houses till death release them1#d or ,god make some way for them4 ,and if two men among you commit the same crime1 then punish them both2 but if they turn and amend1 then let them be3 for ,god is ,he who turneth1 ,merciful6 ,with ,god himself will the repentance of those who have done evil ignorantly1 and then turn speedily unto ,him1 be accepted4 ,these6 ,god will turn unto them3for ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,but no place of repentance shall there be for those who do evil1 until1 when death is close to one of them1 he saith1 ,now verily am ,i turned to ,god2 nor to those who die unbelievers4 ,these6 we have made ready for them a grievous torment6 ,o believers6 it is not allowed you to be heirs of your wives against their will2 nor to hinder them from marrying1 in order to take from them part of the dowry you had given them1 unless they have been guilty of undoubted lewdness2 but associate kindly with them3 for if ye are estranged from them1 haply ye are estranged from that in which ,god hath placed abundant good4 ,and if ye be desirous to exchange one wife for another1 and have given one of them a talent1 make no deduction from it4 ,would ye take it by slandering her1 and with manifest wrong8 ,how1 moreover1 could ye take it1 when one of you hath gone in unto the other1 and they have received from you a strict bond of union8 ,and marry not women whom your fathers have married3 for this is a shame1 and hateful1 and an evil way3 though what is past#e may be allowed4 ,forbidden to you are your mothers1 and your daughters1 and your sisters1 and your aunts1 both on the father and mother's side1 and your nieces on the brother and sister's side1 and your foster-mothers1 and your foster-sisters1 and the mothers of your wives1 and your step-daughters who are your wards1 born of your wives to whom ye have gone in3 7but if ye have not gone in unto them1 it shall be no sin in you to marry them27 and the wives of your sons who proceed out of your loins2 and ye may not have two sisters2 except where it is already done4 ,verily1 ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful6 ,forbidden to you also are married women1 except those who are in your hands as slaves3 ,this is the law of ,god for you4 ,and it is allowed you1 beside this1 to seek out wives by means of your wealth1 with modest conduct1 and without fornication4 ,and give those with whom ye have cohabited their dowry4 ,this is the law4 ,but it shall be no crime in you to make agreements over and above the law4 ,verily1 ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,and whoever of you is not rich enough to marry free believing women1 then let him marry such of your believing maidens as have fallen into your hands as slaves2 ,god well knoweth your faith4 ,ye are sprung the one from the other4 ,marry them1 then1 with the leave of their masters1 and give them a fair dower3 but let them be chaste and free from fornication1 and not entertainers of lovers4 ,if after marriage they commit adultery1 then inflict upon them half the penalty enacted for free married women4 ,this law is for him among you who is afraid of doing wrong3#f but if ye abstain1#g it will be better for you4 ,and ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,god desireth to make this known to you1 and to guide you into the ways of those who have been before you1 and to turn ,him unto you in mercy4 ,and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,god desireth thus to turn him unto you3 but they who follow their own lusts1 desire that with great swerving should ye swerve6 ,god desireth to make your burden light3 for man hath been created weak4 ,o believers6 devour not each other's substance in mutual frivolities2#h unless there be a trafficking among you by your own consent3 and commit not suicide3-of a truth ,god is merciful to you4 ,and whoever shall do this maliciously and wrongfully1 we will in the end cast him into the fire2 for this is easy with ,god4 ,if ye avoid the great sins which ye are forbidden1 we will blot out your faults1 and we will cause you to enter ,paradise with honourable entry4 ,covet not the gifts by which ,god hath raised some of you above others4 ,the men shall have a portion according to their deserts1 and the women a portion according to their deserts4 ,of ,god1 therefore1 ask his gifts4 ,verily1 ,god hath knowledge of all things4 ,to every one have we appointed kindred1 as heirs of what parents and relatives1 and those with whom ye have joined right hands in contract1 leave4 ,give therefore1 to each their portion4 ,verily1 ,god witnesseth all things4 ,men are superior to women on account of the qualities with which ,god hath gifted the one above the other1 and on account of the outlay they make from their substance for them4 ,virtuous women are obedient1 careful1 during the husband's absence1 because ,god hath of them been careful4#i ,but chide those for whose refractoriness ye have cause to fear2 remove them into beds apart1 and scourage them3 but if they are obedient to you1 then seek not occasion against them3 verily1 ,god is ,high1 ,great6 ,and if ye fear a breach between man and wife1 then send a judge chosen from his family1 and a judge chosen from her family3 if they are desirous of agreement1 ,god will effect a reconciliation between them2 verily1 ,god is knowing1 apprised of all6 ,worship ,god1 and join not aught with ,him in worship4 ,be good to parents1#aj and to kindred1 and to orphans1 and to the poor1 and to a neighbour1 whether kinsman or new-comer1 and to a fellow traveller1 and to the wayfarer1 and to the slaves whom your right hands hold2 verily1 ,god loveth not the proud1 the vain boaster1 ,who are niggardly themselves1 and bid others be niggards1 and hide away what ,god of his bounty hath given them4 ,we have made ready a shameful chastisement for the unbelievers1 ,and for those who bestow their substance in alms to be seen of men1 and believe not in ,god and in the last day4 ,whoever hath ,satan for his companion1 an evil companion hath he6 ,but what blessedness would be theirs1 if they should believe in ,god and in the last day1 and bestow alms out of what ,god hath vouchsafed them2 for ,god taketh knowledge of them6 ,god truly will not wrong any one of the weight of a mote2 and if there be any good deed1 he will repay it doubly2 and from his presence shall be given a great recompense4 ,how6 when we shall bring up against them witnesses from all peoples1 and when we shall bring thee up as witness against these8 ,on that day they who were ,infidels and rebelled against the prophet1 shall wish that the earth were levelled with them6 ,but nothing shall they hide from ,god4 ,o ye true believers1#aa come not to prayer when ye are drunken1 but wait till ye can understand what ye utter2 nor when ye are polluted1 unless ye be travelling on the road1 until ye have washed you4 ,if ye be sick1 or on a journey1 or have come from the unclean place1 or have touched a woman1 and ye find not water1 then rub pure sand1 and bathe your face and your hands with it3 verily1 ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,hast thou not remarked those#ab to whom a part of the ,scriptures hath been given8 ,vendors are they of error1 and are desirous that ye go astray from the way4 ,but ,god knoweth your enemies2 and ,god is a sufficient patron1 and ,god is a sufficient helper6 ,among the ,jews are those who displace the words of their ,scriptures1 and say1 ,we have heard1 and we have not obeyed4 ,hear thou1 but as one that heareth not2 and ,,look ,,at ,,us2#ac perplexing with their tongues1 and wounding the ,faith by their revilings4 ,but if they would say1 ,we have heard1 and we obey2 hear thou1 and ,,regard ,,us2 it were better for them1 and more right4 ,but ,god hath cursed them for their unbelief4 ,few only of them are believers6 ,o ye to whom the ,scriptures have been given6 believe in what we have sent down confirmatory of the ,scripture which is in your hands1 ere we efface your features1 and twist your head round backward1 or curse you as we cursed the sabbath-breakers3#ad and the command of ,god was carried into effect4 ,verily1 ,god will not forgive the union of other gods with ,himself6 ,but other than this will forgive to whom ,he pleaseth4 ,and ,he who uniteth gods with ,god hath devised a great wickedness4 ,hast thou not marked those who hold themselves to be righteous8 ,but ,god holdeth righteous whom ,he will2 and they shall not be wronged the husk of a date stone4 ,behold how they devise a lie of ,god6 ,therein is wickedness manifest enough6 ,hast thou not observed those to whom a part of the ,scriptures hath been given8#ae ,they believe in ,djibt and ,thagout1 and say of the infidels1 ,these are guided in a batter path than those who hold the faith4 ,these are they whom ,god hath cursed3 and for him whom ,god hath cursed1 thou shalt by on means find a helper4 ,shall they have a share in the kingdom who would not bestow on their fellow men even the speck in a date stone8 ,envy they other men what ,god of his bounty hath given them8 ,we gave of old the ,scriptures and wisdom to the line of ,abraham1 and we gave them a grand kingdom3 -,some of them believe on the prophet and some turn aside from him3-the flame of ,hell is their sufficing punishment6 ,those who disbelieve our signs we will in the end cast into the fire3 so oft as their skins shall be well burnt1#af we will change them for fresh skins1 that they may taste the torment4 ,verily ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,but as for those who have believed1 and done the things that are right1 we will bring being them into gardens 'neath which the rivers flow therein to abide eternally2-therein shall they have wives of stainless purity3 and we will bring them into aye-shadowing shades4 ,verily1 ,god enjoineth you to give back your trusts to their owners1 and when ye judge between men1 to judge with fairness4 ,excellent is the practice to which ,god exhorteth you4 ,god ,heareth1 ,beholdeth6 ,o ye who believe6 obey ,god and obey the apostle1 and those among you invested with authority2 and if in aught ye differ1 bring it before ,god and the apostle1 if ye believe in ,god and in the latter day4 ,this is the best and fairest way of settlement4 ,hast thou not marked those who profess that they believe in what hath been sent down to thee1 and what hath been sent down before thee8 ,fain would they be judged before ,thagout1 though commanded not to believe in him2 and fain would ,satan make them wander with wanderings wide of truth4 ,and when it is said to them1 ,accede to that which ,god hath sent down1 and to the apostle1 thou seest the hypocrites avert them from thee with utter aversion4 ,but how1 when some misfortune shall fortune them1 for their previous handywork8 ,then will they come to thee1 swearing by ,god1 ,we desire nothing but to promote good and concord6 ,these are they whose hearts ,god knoweth4 ,therefore break off from them1 and warn them1 speak words that may penetrate their souls4 ,we have not sent any apostle but to be obeyed1 it ,god so will3 but if they1 after they have sinned to their own hurt by unbelief1 come to thee and ask pardon of ,god1 and the apostle ask pardon for them1 they shall surely find that ,god is ,he who turneth unto man1 ,merciful4 ,and they will not-,i swear by thy ,lord-they will not believe1 until they have set thee up as judge between them on points where they differ4 ,then shall they not find in their own minds any difficulty in thy decisions1 and shall submit with entire submission4 ,had we laid down such a law for them as ,kill yourselves1 or abandon your dwellings1 but few of them would have done it4 ,but had they done that to which they were exhorted1 better and it been for them1 and stronger for the confirmation of their faith4 ,in that case we had surely given them from ourself a great recompense1 and on the straight path should we surely have guided them4 ,and whoever shall obey ,god and the ,apostle1 these shall be with those of the ,prophets1 and of the ,sincere1 and of the ,martyrs1 and of the ,just1 to whom ,god hath been gracious4 ,these are a goodly band6 ,this is the bounty of ,god2 and in knowledge doth ,god suffice4 ,o ye who believe6 make use of precautions2 and advance in detachments1 or 1 advance in a body4 ,there is of you who will be a laggard3 and if a reverse befall you he saith1 ,now hath ,god dealt graciously with me1 since ,i was not with you in the fight3 ,but if a success from ,god betide you1 he will say1 as if there had never been any friendship between you and him1 ,would ,i had been with them6 a rich prize should ,i have won6 ,let those then fight on the path of ,god1 who barter this present life for that which is to come2 for whoever fighteth on ,god's path1 whether he be slain or conquer1 we will in the end give him a great reward4 ,but what hath come to you that ye fight not on the path of ,god1 and for the weak among men1 women and children1 who say1 ,o our ,lord6 bring us forth from this city#ag whose inhabitants are oppressors2 give us a champion from thy presence2 and give us from thy presence a defender4 ,they who believe1 fight on the path of ,god2 and they who believe not1 fight on the path of ,thagout3 ,fight therefore against the friends of ,satan4 ,verily craft of ,satan shall be powerless6 ,hast thou not marked those to whom it was said1 ,withhold your hands awhile from war2 and observe prayer1 and pay the stated alms4 ,but when war is commanded them1 lo6 a portion of them fear men as with the fear of ,god1 or with a yet greater fear1 and say3 ,o our ,lord6 why hast thou commanded us war8 ,couldst thou not have given us respite till our not distant end8 ,,say3 ,small the fruition of this world2 but the next life is the true good for him who feareth ,god6 and ye shall not be wronged so much as the skin of a date stone4 ,wherever ye be1 death will overtake you-although ye be in lofty towers6 ,if good fortune betide them1 they say1 ,this is from ,god2 and if evil betide them1 they say1 ,this is from thee4 ,,say3 ,all is from ,god3 ,but what hath come to these people that they are not near to understanding what is told them8 ,whatever good betideth thee is from ,god1 and whatever betideth thee of evil is from thyself2 and we have sent thee to mankind as an apostle3 ,god is thy sufficing witness4 ,whoso obeyeth the ,apostle1 in so doing obeyeth ,god3 and as to those who turn back from thee1 we have not sent thee to be their keeper4 ,moreover1 they say3 ,obedience6 but when they come forth from thy presence1 a party of them brood by night over other than thy words2 but ,god writeth down what they brood over3 therefore separate thyself from them1 and put thou thy trust in ,god4 is a sufficient protector6 ,can they not consider the ,koran8 ,were it from any other than ,god1 they would surely have found in it many contradictions4 ,and when tidings1 either of security or alarm1 reach them1 they tell them abroad2 but if they would report them to the apostle1 and to those who are in authority among them1 those who desire information would learn it from them4 ,but for the goodness and mercy of ,god towards you1 ye would have followed ,satan except a few6 ,fight1 therefore1 on ,god's path3 lay not burdens on any but thyself2 and stir up the faithful4 ,the might of the infidels haply will god restrain1 for ,god is the stronger in prowess1 and the stronger to punish4 ,he who shall mediate between men for a good purpose shall be the gainer by it4 ,but he who shall mediate with an evil mediation shall reap the fruit of it4 ,and ,god keepeth watch over everything4 ,if ye are greeted with a greeting1 then greet ye with a better greeting1 or at least return it3 ,god taketh count of all things4 ,god6 there is no god but ,he6 ,he will certainly assemble you on the day of resurrection4 ,there is no doubt of it4 ,and whose word is more true than ,god's8 ,why are ye two parties on the subject of the hypocrites1 when ,god hath cast them off for their doings8 ,desire ye to guide those whom god hath led astray8 ,but for him whom ,god leadeth astray1 thou shalt by no means find a pathway4 ,they desire that ye should be infidels as they are infidels1 and that ye should be alike4 ,take therefore none of them for friends1 till they have fled their homes for the cause of ,god4 ,if they turn back1 then seize them1 and slay them wherever ye find them2 but take none of them as friends or helpers1 ,except those who shall seek and asylum among your allies1 and those who come over to you-their hearts forbidding them to make war on you1 or to make war on their own people4 ,had ,god pleased1 he would have given them power against you1 and they would have made war upon you6 ,but1 if they depart from you1 and make not war against you and offer you peace1 the ,god alloweth you no occasion against them4 ,ye will find others who seek to gain your confidence as well as that of their own people3 ,so oft as they return to sedition1 they shall be overthrown in it3 ,but if they leave you not1 nor propose terms or peace to you nor withhold their hands1 then seize them1 and slay them1 wherever ye find them4 ,over these have we given you undoubted power4 ,a believer killeth not a believer but by mischance3 and whoso killeth a believer by mischance shall be bound to free a believer from slavery2 and the blood-money shall be paid to the family of the slain1 unless they convert it into alms4 ,but if the slain believer be of a hostile people1 then let him confer freedom on a slave who is a believer2 and if he be of a people between whom and yourselves there is an alliance1 then let the blood-money be paid to his family1 and let him set free a slave who is a believer3 and let him who hath not the means1 fast two consecutive months4 ,this is the penance enjoined by ,god2 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,but whoever shall kill a believer of set purpose1 his recompense shall be hell2 for ever shall he abide in it2 ,god shall be wrathful with him1 and shall curse him1 and shall get ready for him a great torment4 ,o believers6 when ye go forth to the fight for the cause of ,god1 be discerning1 and say not to every one who meeteth you with a greeting1 ,thou art not a believer#ah in your greed after the chance good things of this present life6 ,with ,god are abundant spoils4 ,such hath been your wont in times past2 but god hath been gracious to you4 ,be discerning1 then1 for ,god well knoweth what ye do4 ,those believers who sit at home free from trouble1 and those who do valiantly in the cause of ,god with their substance and their persons1 shall not be treated alike4 ,god hath assigned to those who contend earnestly with their persons and with their substance1 a rank above those who sit at home4 ,goodly promises hath ,he made to all4 ,but ,god hath assigned to the strenuous a rich recompense1 above those who sit still at home1 ,rank of his own bestowal1 and forgiveness1 and mercy2 for ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,the angels1#ai when they took the souls of those who had been unjust to their own weal1 demanded1 ,what hath been your state8#bj ,they said1 ,we were the weak ones#ba of the earth4 ,they replied1 ,was not ,god's earth broad enough for you to flee away in8 ,these6 their home shall be ,hell1 and evil the passage to it- ,except the men and women and children who were not able1 through their weakness1 to find the means of escape1 and were not guided on their way4 ,these haply ,god will forgive3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,gracious4 ,whoever flieth his country for the cause of ,god1 will find in the earth many under like compulsion1 and abundant resources2 and if any one shall quit his home and fly to ,god and his apostle1 and then death overtake him1-his reward from ,god is sure3 for ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,and when ye go forth to war in the land1 it shall be no crime in you to cut short your prayers1#bb if ye fear lest the infidels come upon you2 ,verily1 the infidels are your undoubted enemies6 ,and when thou1 ,o apostle6 shalt be among them1 and shalt pray with them1 then let a party of them rise up with thee1 but let them take their arms2 and when they shall have made their prostrations1 let them retire to your rear3 then let another party that hath not prayed come forward1 and let them pray with you2 but let them take their precautions and their arms4 ,pleased would the infidels be for you to neglect your arms and your baggage1 that they might turn upon you at once6 ,and it shall be no crime in you to lay down your arms if rain annoy you1 or if ye be sick4 ,but take your precautions4#bc ,verily1 ,god hath made ready a shameful torment for the infidels4 ,and when ye shall have ended the prayer1 make mention of ,god1 standing1 and sitting1 and reclining3 and as soon as ye are secure1 observe prayer2 for to the faithful1 prayer is a prescribed duty1 and for stated hours4 ,slacken not in pursuit of the foe4 ,if ye suffer1 assuredly they suffer also as ye suffer2 but ye hope from ,god for what they cannot hope6 ,and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,verily1 we have sent down the ,book to thee with the truth1 thou that mayest judge between men according as ,god hath given thee insight3 ,but with the deceitful ones dispute not3 and implore pardon of ,god4 ,verily1 ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4#bd ,and plead not with us for those who are self-deceivers2 for ,god loveth not him who is deceitful1 criminal4 ,from men they hide themselves2 but they cannot hide themselves from ,god3 and when they hold nightly discourses which please ,him not1 ,he is with them4 ,god is round about their doings6 ,oh6 ye are they who plead in their favour in this present life2 but who shall plead with ,god for them on the day of the resurrection8 ,who will be the guardian over them8 ,yet he who doth evil1 or shall have acted against his own weal1 and then shall ask pardon of ,god1 will find ,god ,forgiving1 ,merciful3 ,and whoever committeth a crime1 committeth it to his own hurt4 ,and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,and whoever committeth an involuntary fault or a crime1 and then layeth it on the innocent1 shall surely bear the guilt of calumny and of a manifest crime4 ,but for the grace and mercy of ,god upon thee1 a party among them had resolved to mislead thee1 but they shall only mislead themselves2 nor in aught shall they harm thee4 ,god hath caused the ,book and the wisdom to descend upon thee3 and what thou knowest not ,he hath caused thee to know3 and the grace of ,god toward thee hath been great4 ,in most of their secret talk is nothing good2 but only in his who enjoineth almsgiving1 or that which is right1 or concord among men4 ,whoso doth this1 out of desire to please ,god1 we will give him at the last a great reward3 ,but whoso shall sever himself from the prophet after that the guidance hath been manifested to him1 and shall follow any other path than that of the faithful1 we will turn our back on him as he hath turned his back on us1 and we will cast him into ,hell2-an evil journey thither6 ,god truly will not forgive the joining other gods with ,himself4 ,other sins ,he will forgive to whom ,he will3 but he who joineth gods with ,god1 hath erred with far-gone error4 ,they call1 beside ,him1 upon mere goddesses6 they invoke a rebel ,satan6 ,on them is the malison of ,god4 ,for he said1 ,a portion of thy servants will ,i surely take1 and will lead them astray1 and will stir desires within them1 and will command them and they shall cut the ears of animals2#be and ,i will command them1 and they shall alter the creation of ,god4#bf ,he who taketh ,satan rather than ,god for his patron1 is ruined with palpable ruin3 ,he hath made them promises1 and he hath stirred desires within them2 but ,satan promiseth1 only to beguile6 ,these6 their dwelling ,hell6 no escape shall they find from it6 ,but they who believe and do the things that are right1 we will bring them into gardens beneath which the rivers flow2 ,for ever shall they abide therein4 ,truly it is the promise of ,god3 ,and whose word is more sure than ,god's8 ,not according to your wishes1 or the wishes of the people of the ,book1 shall these things be4 ,he who doth evil shall be recompensed for it4 ,patron or helper1 beside ,god1 shall he find none4 ,but whoso doth the things that are right1 whether male or female1 and he or she a believer1-these shall enter ,paradise1 nor shall they be wronged the skin of a date stone4 ,and who hath a better religion than he who resigneth himself to ,god1 who doth what is good1 and followeth the faith of ,abraham in all sincerity8 ,and ,god took ,abraham for his friend4 ,all that is in the ,heavens and all that is on the ,earth is ,god's3 and ,god encompasseth all things6 ,moreover1 they will consult thee in regard to women3 ,,say3 ,god hath instructed you about them2 and ,his will is rehearsed to you1 in the ,book1 concerning female orphans to whom ye give not their legal due1 and whom ye refuse to marry2 also with regard to weak children2 and that ye deal with fairness towards orphans4 ,ye cannot do a good action1 but verily ,god knoweth it4 ,and if a wife fear ill usage or aversion on the part of her husband1 then shall it be no fault in them if they can agree with mutual agreement1 for agreement is best4 ,men's souls are prone to avarice2 but if ye act kindly and fear ,god1 then1 verily1 your actions are not unnoticed by ,god6 ,and ye will not have it at all in your power to treat your wives alike1 even though you fain would do so2 but yield not wholly to disinclination1 so that ye leave one of them as it were in suspense2 if ye come to an understanding1 and fear ,god1 then1 verily1 ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful2 ,but if they separate1 ,god can compensate both out of ,his abundance2 for ,god is ,vast1 ,wise2 ,and whatever is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth is ,god's6 ,we have already enjoined those to whom the ,scriptures were given before you1 and yourselves1 to fear ,god4 ,but if ye become unbelievers1 yet know that whatever is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth is ,god's3 and ,god is ,rich1 ,praiseworthy4 ,all that is in ,heaven and all that is in ,earth is ,god's6 ,god is a sufficient protector6 ,if he pleased1 he could cause you to pass away1 ,o mankind6 and create others in your stead3 for this hath ,god power4 ,if any one desire the reward of this world1 yet with ,god is the reward of this world and of the next6 ,and ,god ,heareth1 ,beholdeth4 ,o ye who believe6 stand fast to justice1 when ye bear witness before ,god1 though it be against yourselves1 or your parents1 or your kindred1 whether the party be rich or poor4 ,god is nearer than you to both4 ,therefore follow not passion1 lest ye swerve from truth4 ,and if ye wrest your testimony or stand aloof1 ,god verily is well aware of what ye do4 ,o ye who believe6 believe in ,god and his ,apostle1 and the ,book which he hath sent down to his ,apostle1 and the ,book which he hath sent down aforetime4 ,whoever believeth not on ,god and his ,angels and his ,books and his ,apostles1 and in the last day1 he verily hath erred with far-gone error4 ,verily1 they who believed1 then became unbelievers1 then believed1 and again became unbelievers1 and then increased their unbelief-it is not ,god who will forgive them or guide them into the way4 ,announce#bg to the hypocrites that a dolorous torment doth await them4 ,those who take the unbelievers for friends besides the faithful-do they seek honour at their hands8 ,verily1 all honour belongeth unto ,god6 ,and already hath ,he sent this down to you in the ,book#bh ,,when ,,ye ,,shall ,,hear ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,god ,,they ,,shall ,,not ,,be ,,believed ,,but ,,shall ,,be ,,mocked ,,at4 ,sit ye not therefore with such1 until they engage in other discourse2 otherwise1 ye will become like them4 ,verily ,god will gather the hypocrites and the infidels all together in ,hell4 ,they watch you narrowly4 ,then if ,god grant you a victory1 they say1 ,are we not with you8 and if the infidels meet with a success1 they say to them1 ,were we not superior to you3 and did we not defend you from those believers8 ,god shall judge betwixt ye on the day of the resurrection1 and ,god will by no means make a way for the infidels over the believers4 ,the hypocrites would deceive ,god1 but ,he will deceive them6 ,when they stand up for prayer1 they stand carelessly1 to be seen of men1 and they remember ,god but little3 ,wavering between the one and the other-belonging neither to these nor those6 and by no means shalt thou find a path for him whom ,god misleadeth4 ,o believers6 take not infidels for friends rather than believers4 ,would ye furnish ,god with clear right to punish you8 ,verily the hypocrites shall be in the lowest abyss of the fire3 and1 by no means shalt thou find a helper for them2 ,save for those who turn and amend1 and lay fast hold on ,god1 and approve the sincerity of their religion to ,god2 these shall be numbered with the faithful1 and ,god will at last bestow on the faithful a great reward4 ,why should ,god inflict a chastisement upon you1 if ye are grateful1 and believe8 ,god is ,grateful1 ,wise6 ,god loveth not that evil be matter of public talk1 unless any one hath been wronged3 ,god it is who ,heareth1 ,knoweth6 ,whether ye publish what is good1 or conceal it1 or pardon evil1 verily ,god is ,pardoning1 ,powerful6 ,of a truth they who believe not on ,god and his ,apostles1 and seek to separate ,god from his ,apostles1 and say1 ,some we believe1 and some we believe not1 and desire to take a middle way2 ,these6 they are veritable infidels6 and for the infidels have we prepared a shameful punishment4 ,and they who believe on ,god and his ,apostles1 and make no difference between them these6 we will bestow on them their reward at last4 ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,the people of the ,book will ask of thee to cause a ,book to come down unto them out of ,heaven4 ,but a greater thing than this did they ask of ,moses6 for they said1 ,shew us ,god plainly6 and for this their wickedness did the fire- storm lay hold on them4 ,then took they the calf as the object of their worship1 after that our clear tokens had come to them2 but we forgave them this1 and conferred on ,moses undoubted power4 ,and we uplifted the mountain #bi over them when we made a covenant with them1 and we said to them1 ,enter the gate adoring3and we said to them1 ,transgress not on the ,sabbath1 and we received from them a strict covenant4 ,so1 for that they have broken their covenant1 and have rejected the signs of ,god1 and have put the prophets to death unjustly1 saying the while1 ,our hearts are uncircumcised1-,nay1 but ,god hath sealed them up for their unbelief1 so that but few believe4 ,and for their unbelief1-and for their having spoken against ,mary a grievous calumny1- ,and for their saying1 ,verily we have slain the ,messiah1 ,jesus the son of ,mary1 an ,apostle of ,god4 ,yet they slew him not1 and they crucified him not1 but they had only his likeness4#cj ,and they who differed about him were in doubt concerning him3 ,no sure knowledge had they about him1 but followed only an opinion1 and they did not really slay him1 but ,god took him up to ,himself4 ,and ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,there shall not be one of the people of the ,book but shall believe in ,him before his death1 and in the day of resurrection1 ,he will be a witness against them4 ,for the wickedness of certain ,jews1 and because they turn many from the way of ,god1 we have forbidden them goodly viands which had been before allowed them4 ,and because they have taken usury1 though they were forbidden it1 and have devoured men's substance in frivolity1 we have got ready for the infidels among them a grievous torment4 ,but their men of solid knowledge1 and the believers who believe in that which hath been sent down to thee1 and in what hath been sent down before thee1 and who observe prayer1 and pay the alms of obligation1 and believe in ,god and the latter day1-these6 we will give them a great reward4 ,verily we have revealed to thee as we revealed to ,noah and the ,prophets after him1 and as we revealed to ,abraham1 and ,ismal1 and ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 and the tribes1 and ,jesus1 and ,job1 and ,jonah1 and ,aaron1 and ,solomon2 and to ,david gave we ,psalms4 ,of some apostles we have told thee before3 of other apostles we have not told thee-,and discoursing did ,god discourse with ,moses- ,apostles charged to announce and to warn1 that men1 after those apostles1 might have no plea against ,god4 ,and ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,but ,god is himself witness of what ,he hath sent down to thee3 ,in ,his knowledge hath ,he sent it down to thee4 ,the angels are also its witnesses3 but ,god is a sufficient witness6 ,verily1 they who believe not and pervert from the way of ,god1 have indeed erred with error wide of truth4 ,verily1 those who believe not1 and act wrongfully1 ,god will never pardon1 and never will he guide them on path1 ,than the path to ,hell1 in which they shall abide for ever6 ,and this is easy for ,god4 ,o men6 now hath an apostle come to you with truth from your ,lord4 ,believe then1 it will be better for you4 ,but if ye believe not1 then1 all that is in the ,heavens and the ,earth is ,god's2 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,o ye people of the ,book6 overstep not bounds in your religion2#ca and of ,god1 speak only truth4 ,the ,messiah1 ,jesus1 son of ,mary1 is only an apostle of ,god1 and his ,word which he conveyed into ,mary1 and a ,spirit#cb proceeding from himself4 ,believe therefore in ,god and his apostles1 and say not1 ,three3 7there is a ,trinity7-,forbear-it will be better for you4 ,god is only one ,god6 ,far be it from ,his glory that ,he should have a son6 ,his1 whatever is in the ,heavens1 and whatever is in the ,earth6 ,and ,god is a sufficient ,guardian4 ,the ,messiah disdaineth not to be a servant of ,god1 nor do the angels who are nigh unto ,him4 ,and whoso disdaineth ,his service1 and is filled with pride1 ,god will gather them all to ,himself4 ,and to those who believe and do the things that are right1 will ,he pay them their due recompense1 and out of ,his bounty will ,he increase them3 but as for those who are disdainful and proud1 with a grievous chastisement will ,he chastise them2 ,and none beside ,god shall they find to protect or to help them4 ,o men6 now hath a proof come to you from your ,lord1 and we have sent down to you a clear light4 ,as to those who believe in ,god and lay fast hold on ,him1 these will ,he cause to enter into his mercy and grace1 and along the straight way unto ,himself will ,he guide them4 ,they will consult thee4 ,,say3 ,god instructeth you as to distant kindred4 ,if a man die childless1 but have a sister1 half what he shall have shall be her's2 and if she die childless he shall be her heir4 ,but if there be two sisters1 two-third parts of what he shall have shall be theirs2 and if there be both brothers and sisters1 the male shall have the portion of two females4 ,god teacheth you plainly1 that ye err not6 ,god knoweth all things4 #a ,most of the events alluded to in this ,sura fall between the end of the third and the close of the fifth year after the ,flight to ,medina4 #b ,muhammad assumed to himself the privilege of having a yet greater number of wives4 ,but in doing so1 he was probably actuated by a desire for male offspring4 ,chadijah was his only wife until quite a late period of his career4 ,comp4 ,arbah ,turim4 ,ev4 ,hazaer #a1 ,a man may marry many wives1 for ,rabba saith it is lawful to do so1 if he can provide for them4 ,nevertheless1 the wise men have given good advice1 that a man should not marry more than four wives4 ,see also ,yad ,hachazakah ,hilchoth ,ishuth4 #ad1 #c4 #c ,verses #h and #ab are said by the commentators to have been revealed in consequence of the complaints of ,omm ,kuhha that1 in accordance with the ante- ,islamitic custom1 she had been excluded from any portion of her deceased husband's property4 ,the unsatisfactory nature of the ,muhammadan traditions may be inferred from the fact1 that no less than six different names are assigned to him4 ,it is1 however1 probable that these and similar laws relative to inheritances were given at a time when many heads of families had fallen1 as at ,ohod1 in battle4 ,this remark applies to verses #cc-de4 #d ,women found guilty of adultery and fornication were punished at the first rise of ,islam1 by being literally immured4 ,but this was exchanged1 in the case of a maiden1 for one year's banishment and #ajj stripes2 and in the case of a married woman1 for stoning4 #e ,what took place in the times of ignorance1 previous to the revelation of the ,koran4 ,see ,freytag's ,einl4 p4 #bja1 as to the incestuous nature of the ante-,islamitic ,arabian marriages4 #f ,by marrying without means adequate to the support of a free wife1 or by remaining single4 #g ,from marrying slaves4 #h ,games of chance1 usury1 etc4 #i ,by providing for them a home and the protection of a husband4 ,or1 of that which ,god would have them care for4 #aj ,an undutiful child is very seldom heard of among the ,egyptians1 or the ,arabs in general4 ,sons scarcely ever sit1 or sit1 or eat1 or smoke1 in the presence of the father unless bidden to do so2 and they often wait upon him and upon his guests at meals and on other occasions3 they do not cease to act thus when they have become men4 ,lane's ,mod4 ,egypt4 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 #aa ,the ,koranic precepts as to prayer savour of ,jewish origin4 ,thus1 ,prayer should be said standing is a ,rabbinic precept4-,comp4 ,sura xci4 ii4 #bdj4- ,misch4,berachoth #aj-may be shortened in dangerous places1 ib4 iv4 #aj-;is forbidden to the drunken1 ib4 #ca1 #b4 ,erubin1 #fd-;and to the polluted2 ,berachoth iii4 #d-;and is to be preceded1 in this case1 by washings with water or sand4 ,see ,sura xvii4 #aaj1 note #b1 p4 #agc4 #a ,cor4 xi4 #ba4 #ab ,the ,jews and their ,rabbis4 #ac ,see ,sura xci4 ii4 #ih4 #ad ,lit4 the companions of the sabbath4 ,see xci4 ii4 #fa4 #ae ,this refers to certain renegade ,jews1 who out of hatred against ,muhammad1 went over to the ,koreisch4 ,see ,nldeke4 p4 #adi4 #af ,lit4 ripened4 #ag ,mecca4 #ah ,and therefore a fit subject for plunder4 #ai ,some of the ,meccans after embracing ,islam did not thoroughly break with the infidels and fly their country4 ,these persons were miraculously slain by angels at ,bedr4 ,others suppose the angels to be ,nakir and ,monkir1 who examine the dead in the grave4 #bj ,that is1 to what religion did ye belong8 #ba ,and therefore could not resist the unbelievers4 #bb ,thus the ,rabbins ,tr4 ,berachoth1 iv4 #d1 ,he that goeth in a dangerous place may pray a short prayer4 #bc ,see ,mischna ,tr4 ,berachoth1 #aj4 #bd ,this verse is said to have been revealed when ,muhammad was about to acquit a ,muslim who had committed theft1 and laid the guilt at the door of a ,jew4 ,but the particulars are given in a very contradictory manner4 ,see ,nldeke1 p4 #aea4 #be ,in allusion to an idolatrous and superstitious custom of the old ,arabians4 #bf ,by the mutilation of slaves1 branding their bodies1 filing the teeth1 etc4 #bg ,see ,sura lxxxiv4 #bd1 p4 #dg1 note4 #bh ,sura vi4 #bi ,see ,sura xci4 ii4#g4 #cj ,lit4 one was made to appear to them like 7,jesus74 ,comp4 xcvii4 iii4#dh4 ,photius1 ,bibl4 ,cod4 cxiv4says that the ,apocr4 ,book1 ,greek text-,this individual according to the ,basilidans was-,simon of ,cyrene2 according to the ,evang4 ,barnab#81 ,judas4-,mani1 ,ep4 ,fund4 ap4 ,evodium3 ,princeps itaque tenebrarum cruci est affixus1 idemque coronam spineam portavit4 #ca ,by believing too much1 like the ,christians who regarded ,jesus as ,god2 or too little1 like the ,jews who would not believe on ,muhammad4 #cb ,that is1 a ,being possessing a ,spirit4 ,,sura ,,lxv4-,,divorce#a ,,ci4 ,,mecca4-#ab ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,prophet6 when ye divorce women1 divorce them at their special times4 ,and reckon those times exactly1 and fear ,god your ,lord4 ,put them not forth from their houses1 nor allow them to depart1 unless they have committed a proven adultery4 ,this is the precept of ,god2 and whoso transgresseth the precept of ,god1 assuredly imperilleth his own self4 ,thou knowest not whether1 after this1 ,god may not cause something new to occur which may bring you together again4 ,and when they have reached their set time1 then either keep them with kindness1 or in kindness part from them4 ,and take upright witnesses from among you1 and bear witness as unto ,god4 ,this is a caution for him who believeth in ,god and in the latter day4 ,and whoso feareth ,god1 to him will ,he grant a prosperous issue1 and will provide for him whence he reckoned not upon it4 ,and for him who putteth his trust in ,him will ,god be all-sufficient4 ,god truly will attain his purpose4 ,for everything hath ,god assigned a period4 ,as to such of your wives as have no hope of the recurrence of their times1 if ye have doubts in regard to them1 then reckon three months1 and let the same be the term of those who have not yet had them4 ,and as to those who are with child1 their period shall be until they are delivered of their burden4 ,god will make ,his command easy to him who feareth ,him4 ,this is ,god's command which ,he hath sent down to you3 ,whoso feareth ,god1 his evil deeds will ,he cancel and will increase his reward4 ,lodge the divorced wherever ye lodge1 according to your means2 and distress them not by putting them to straits4 ,and if they are pregnant1 then be at charges for the them till they are delivered of their burden2 and if they suckle your children1 then pay them their hire and consult among yourselves1 and act generously3 ,and if herin ye meet with obstacles1 then let another female suckle for him4 ,let him who hath abundance of his abundance2 let him1 too1 whose store is scanty1 give of what ,god hath vouchsafed to him4 ,god imposeth burdens only according to the means which ,he hath given4 ,god will cause ease to succeed difficulties4 ,how many cities have turned aside from the command of their ,lord and of his apostles6 ,therefore did we reckon with them in a severe reckoning1 and chastised them with a stern chastisement2 ,and they tasted the harmfulness of their own conduct3 and the end of their conduct was ruin4 ,a vehement chastisement hath ,god prepared for them6 ,fear ,god1 then1 ,o ye men of understanding6#b ,believers6 ,now hath ,god sent down to you a warning6 a prophet1 who reciteth to you the clear signs of ,god1 that he may bring those who believe1 and do the things that are right1 out of the darkness into the light4 ,and-whoso believeth in ,god1 and doeth the things that are right1 ,god will cause them to enter the gardens beneath which the rivers flow1 to remain therein for aye6 ,a goodly provision now hath ,god made for him4 ,it is ,god who hath created seven heavens and as many earths4#c ,the ,divine command cometh down through them all1 that ye may know that ,god hath power over all things1 and that ,god in his knowledge embraceth all things6 #a ,comp4 ,sura xci4 ii4 #bbh1 which this ,sura is perhaps intended to supplement4 ,wahidi and ,beidhawi state that it was revealed on account of ,ibn ,omar who had divorced his wife at improper time1 and was obliged to take her again4 #b ,in order to make good the rhyme1 verse #aj ought to be continued to the end of the first clause of verse ,,ii4 #c ,lit4 and of the earth1 their likes4 ,the style of this verse resembles that of the ,meccan ,suras4 ,hence1 probably2 a tradition in ,omar ben ,muhammad makes the whole ,sura ,meccan4 ,,sura ,,lix4-,,the ,,emigration ,,cii4 ,,medina4-#bd ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,all that is in the ,heavens and all that is on the ,earth praiseth ,god6 ,he1 the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,he it is who caused the unbelievers among the people of the ,book to quit their homes and join those who had ,,emigrated previously4#a ,ye did not think that they would quit them2 and they on their part thought that their fortresses would protect them against ,god3 ,but ,god came upon them whence they looked not for ,him1 and cast such fear into their hearts that by their own hands as well as by the hands of the victorious believers they demolished their houses6 ,profit by this example ye who are men of insight6 ,and were it not that ,god had decreed their exile1 surely in this world would he have chastised them3 but in the world to come the chastisement of the fire awaiteth them4 ,this because they set them against ,god and his apostle2 and whoso setteth him against ,god4 4 4 4 6 ,god truly is vehement in punishing4 ,your cutting down some of their palm trees and sparing others was by ,god's permission1 and to put the wicked to shame4 ,after the spoils of these ,jews which ,god hath assigned to his apostle1 ye pressed not with horse or camel4#b ,but ,god giveth his apostles power over what he will4 ,god is ,almighty4 ,the spoil taken from the people of the towns and assigned by ,god to his apostle1 belongeth to ,god1 and to the apostle1 and to his kindred1 and to the orphan1 and to the poor1 and to the wayfarer1 that none of it may circulate among such of you only as are rich3 ,what the apostle hath given you1 take3 ,what he hath refused you1 refuse3 ,and fear ye ,god1 for ,god is severe in punishing4 ,to the poor refugees 7,mohadjerin7 also doth a part belong1 who have been driven from their homes and their substance1 and who seek favour from ,god and his goodwill1 and aid ,god and his apostle4 ,these are the men of genuine virtue4 ,they of ,medina who had been in possession of their abodes and embraced the faith before them1 cherish those who take refuge with them2 and they find not in their breasts any desire for what hath fallen to their share3 they prefer them before themselves1 though poverty be their own lot4 ,and with such as are preserved from their own covetousness shall it be well4 ,and they who have come after them into the faith say1 ,o our ,lord6 forgive us and our brethren who have preceded us in the faith1 and put not into our hearts ill-will against those who believe4 ,o our ,lord6 thou verily art ,kind1 ,merciful4 ,hast thou not observed the disaffected saying to their unbelieving brethren#c among the people of the ,book1 ,if ye be driven forth1 we will go forth with you2 and in what concerneth you1 never will we obey any one2 and if ye be attacked we will certainly come to your help4 ,but ,god is witness that they are liars4 ,no6 if they were driven forth1 they would not share their banishment2 if they were attacked they would not help them1 or if they help them they will surely turn their backs3 then would they remain unhelped4 ,assuredly the fear of you is more intense in their hearts than the fear of ,god6 ,this because they are a people devoid of discernment4 ,they 7the ,jews7 will not fight against you in a body except in fenced towns or from behind walls4 ,mighty is their valour among themselves6 thou thinkest them united-but their hearts are divided4 ,this for that they are a people who understand not4 ,they act like those who lately preceded them1#d who also tasted the result of their doings2 and a grievous chastisement awaiteth them- ,like ,satan when he saith to a man1 ,be an infidel3 and when he hath become an infidel1 he saith1 ,i share not thy guilt3#e verily1 ,i fear ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,of both1 therefore1 shall the end be that they dwell for ever in the fire3 ,this is the recompense of the evil doers4 ,o ye who believe6 fear ,god4 ,and let every soul look well to what it sendeth on before for the morrow4 ,and fear ye ,god3 ,verily1 ,god is cognisant of what ye do4 ,and be ye not like those who forget ,god1 and whom ,he hath therefore caused to forget their proper selves4 ,such men are the evil doers4 ,the inmates of the ,fire and the inmates of ,paradise are not to be held equal4 ,the inmates of ,paradise only shall be the blissful4 ,had we sent down this ,koran on some mountain1 thou wouldst certainly have seen it humbling itself#f and cleaving asunder for the fear of ,god4 ,such are the parables we propose to men in order that they may reflect4 ,he is ,god beside whom there is no god4 ,he knoweth things visible and invisible3 ,he is the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful4 ,he is ,god beside whom there is no god3 ,he is the ,king1 the ,holy1 the ,peaceful1 the ,faithful1 the ,guardian1 the ,mighty1 the ,strong1 the ,most ,high6 ,far be the ,glory of ,god from that which they unite with ,him6 ,he is ,god1 the ,producer1 the ,maker1 the ,fashioner6 ,to ,him are ascribed excellent titles4 ,whatever is in the ,heavens and in the ,earth praiseth ,him4 ,he is the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 #a ,the ,jews of ,nadhir1 three miles from ,medina1 had broken a treaty made with ,muhammad1 and in the month ,rab of the fourth year of the ,hejira were besieged by him and driven first to the ,jews of ,kainoka1 who had emigrated previously1 under compulsion1 after the battle of ,bedr1 and subsequently out of ,arabia4 ,weil1 ,life of ,m4 p4#acg4n4 #b ,on which account these spoils were entirely assigned to ,muhammad1 and not divided in the usual manner4 ,see ,sura xcv4 viii4 #db4 ,weil1 p4 #ach1 #ahd4 #c ,to the ,jews of the tribe of ,nadhir4 #d ,the idolaters slain at ,bedr 7,djal47 or the ,jews of ,kainoka1 who had been plundered previously to those of ,nadhir4 #e ,lit4 ,i am clear of thee4 #f ,this may be derived from the ,rabbinical idea that ,mount ,sinai was chosen1 on account of its lowness1 to be the scene of the revelation to ,moses1 in order to shew that ,god loves the humble4 ,,sura ,,xxxiii4-,,the ,,confederates#a ,,ciii4 ,,medina4-#gc ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,prophet1 fear thou ,god1 and obey not the unbelievers and the hypocrites2- ,truly ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise3 ,but follow what is revealed to thee from thy ,lord3 ,cognisant truly is ,he of all your actions- ,and put thou thy trust in ,god1 for a sufficient guardian is ,god4 ,god hath not given a man two hearts within him2 neither hath he made your wives whom ye divorce#b to be as your mothers2 nor hath he made your adopted sons to be as your own sons4 ,such words are indeed in your mouths2 but ,god speaketh the truth1 and in the right way ,he guideth4 ,name them after their fathers3 this will be more right before ,god4 ,but if ye know not who their fathers are1 then let them be your brethren in the faith1 and your comrades4 ,and unless made with intent of heart1 mistakes in this matter shall be no crime in you3 for ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,nearer of kin to the faithful is the ,prophet1 than they are to their own selves4 ,his wives are their mothers4 ,according to the ,book of ,god1 they who are related by blood1 are nearer the one to the other than other believers1 and than those who have fled their country#c for the cause of ,god3 but whatever kindness ye shew to your kindred1 shall be noted down in the ,book4 ,and remember that we have entered into covenant with the ,prophets1 and with thee1 and with ,noah1 and ,abraham1 and ,moses1 and ,jesus1 ,son of ,mary3 and we formed with them a strict covenant1 ,that ,god may question the men of truth as to their truth4#d ,but a sore torment hath ,he prepared for the unbelievers4 ,o believers6#e remember the goodness of ,god towards you1 when the armies came against you1 and we sent against them a blast1 and hosts that ye saw not2 for the eye of ,god was upon your doings3 ,when they assailed you from above you1 and from below you1#f and when your eyes became distracted1 and your hearts came up into your throat1 and ye thought divers thoughts of ,god3 ,then were the faithful tried1 and with strong quaking did they quake3 ,and when the disaffected and the diseased#g of heart said1 ,god and his ,apostle have made us but a cheating promise3 ,and when a party of them said1 ,o people of ,yathrib6#h there is no place of safety for you here2#i therefore return into the city4 ,and another party of you asked the prophet's leave to return1 saying1 ,our houses are left defenceless4 ,no6 they were not left defenceless3 but their sole thought was to flee away4 ,if the enemy had effected an entry at all points1 and they 7the disaffected7 had been asked to promote confusion1 they would have done so2 but only a short time would they have remained in it4-7,medina74#aj ,they had before pledged themselves to ,god that they would not turn their backs2 and a pledge given to ,god must be enquired of4 ,,say3 ,flight shall not profit you2 if ye have fled the death or the slaughter1 yet even then1 but a little while shall ye enjoy your good things6 ,,say3 ,who is he that will screen you from ,god1 whether ,he choose to bring evil on you1 or to shew you mercy8 ,none beside ,god shall they find to be their patron or helper4 ,god well knoweth those among you who cause hindrances1 and those who say to their brethren1 ,come hither to us2 and who come not to the fight except a little4 ,it is out of covetousness in your regard3 for when an alarm cometh1 thou mayest see them look to thee1 and roll their eyes like him on whom the shadows of death have fallen6 ,yet1 when the alarm is passed1 with sharp tongues will they assail you1 covetous of the best of the spoil4 ,no faith have these6 ,god will make their doings of no avail6 ,and easy is this with ,god4 ,they thought that the ,,confederates would never retire3#aa and were the confederates to come again1 they would fain be dwelling among the ,arabs of the desert1 and there ask news about you6 for though they were with you1 they fought not except a little4 ,a noble pattern had ye in ,god's ,apostle1 for all who hope in ,god1 and in the latter day1 and oft remember ,god6 ,and when the faithful saw the confederates1 they said1 ,this is what ,god and ,his ,apostle promised us1#ab and ,god and ,his ,apostle spoke truly3 and it only increased their faith and self-devotion4 ,some were there among the faithful who made good what they had promised to ,god4 ,some have fulfilled their course1 and others await its fulfilment1 and have not been changelings who change- ,that ,god may reward the faithful for their faithfulness1 and may punish the hypocrites1 if ,he so please1 or be turned unto them3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,and ,god drove back the infidels in their wrath2 they won no advantage2 ,god sufficed the faithful in the fight3 for ,god is ,strong1 ,mighty6 ,and ,he caused those of the people of the ,book 7the ,jews71 who had aided the confederates1 to come down out of their fortresses1 and cast dismay into their hearts3 some ye slew1 others ye took prisoners4#ac ,and ,he gave you their land1 and their dwellings1 and their wealth1 for an heritage-even a land on which ye had never set foot3 for the might of ,god is equal to all things4 ,o ,prophet6 say to thy wives1#ad ,if ye desire this present life and its braveries1 come then1 ,i will provide for you1 and dismiss you with an honourable dismissal4 ,but if ye desire ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and a home in the next life1 then1 truly1 hath ,god prepared for those of you who are virtuous1 a great reward4 ,o wives of the ,prophet6 should any of you be guilty of a proven lewdness1 doubly shall her chastisement be doubled3 and with ,god this is easy4 ,but whoever of you shall obey ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and shall do that which is right1 twice over will we give her her reward1 and we have prepared for her a noble provision4 ,o wives of the ,prophet6 ye are not as other women4 ,if ye fear ,god1 be not too complaisant of speech1 lest the man of unhealthy heart should lust after you1 but speak with discreet speech4 ,and abide still in your houses1 and go not in public decked as in the days of your former ignorance1#ae but observe prayer1 and pay the impost1 and obey ,god and the ,apostle3 for ,god only desireth to put away filthiness from you#af as his household1 and with cleansing to cleanse you4 ,and recollect what is rehearsed to you in your houses of the ,book of ,god1 and of wisdom3 for ,god is keen-sighted1 cognisant of all4 ,truly the men who resign themselves to ,god 7,muslims71 and the women who resign themselves1 and the believing men and the believing women1 and the devout men and the devout women1 and the men of truth1 and the women of truth1 and the patient men and the patient women1 and the humble men and the humble women1 and the men who give alms and the women who give alms1 and the men who fast and the women who fast1 and the chaste men and the chaste women1 and the men and the women who oft remember ,god3 for them hath ,god prepared forgiveness and a rich recompense4 ,and it is not for a believer1 man or woman1 to have any choice in their affairs1 when ,god and ,his ,apostle have decreed a matter3 and whoever disobeyeth ,god and ,his ,apostle1 erreth with palpable error4 ,and1 remember1 when thou saidst to him unto whom ,god had shewn favour1#ag and to whom thou also hadst shewn favour1 ,keep thy wife to thyself1 and fear ,god2 and thou didst hide in thy mind what ,god would bring to light4#ah and thou didst fear man2 but more right had it been to fear ,god4 ,and when ,zaid had settled concerning her to divorce her1 we married her to thee1 that it might not be a crime in the faithful to marry the wives of their adopted sons1 when they have settled the affair concerning them4 ,and the behest of ,god is to be performed4 ,no blame attacheth to the prophet where ,god hath given him a permission4 ,such was the way of ,god with those prophets who flourished before thee2 for ,god's behest is a fixed decree- ,who fulfilled the mission with which ,god had charged them1#ai and feared ,him1 and feared none but ,god4 ,and ,god taketh a sufficient account4 ,muhammad is not the father of any man among you1 but he is the ,apostle of ,god1 and the seal of the prophets3 and ,god knoweth all things4 ,o ,believers6 remember ,god with frequent remembrance1 and praise ,him morning and evening4 ,he blesseth you1 and ,his angels intercede for you1 that ,he may bring you forth out of darkness into light3 and ,merciful is ,he to the ,believers4 ,their greeting on the day when they shall meet ,him shall be ,peace6 ,and ,he hath got ready for them a noble recompense4 ,o ,prophet 6 we have sent thee to be a witness1 and a herald of glad tidings1 and a warner2 ,and one who1 through ,his own permission1 summoneth to ,god1 and a light-giving torch4 ,announce1 therefore1 to believers1 that great boons do await them from ,god2 ,and obey not the ,infidels and ,hypocrites-yet abstain from injuring them3 and put thou thy trust in ,god1 for ,god is a sufficient guardian4 ,o ,believers6 when ye marry believing women1 and then divorce them before ye have consummated the marriage1 ye have no term prescribed you1 which ye must fulfil towards them3 provide for them1 and dismiss them with a reputable dismissal4 ,o ,prophet6 we allow thee thy wives whom thou hast dowered1 and the slaves whom thy right hand possesseth out of the booty which ,god hath granted thee1 and the daughters of thy uncle1 and of thy paternal and maternal aunts who fled with thee to ,medina1 and any believing woman who hath given herself up to the ,prophet1 if the ,prophet desired to wed her-a ,privilege for thee above the rest of the ,faithful4 ,we well know what we have settled for them1 in regard to their wives and to the slaves whom their right hands hold1 that there may be no fault on thy part3#bj and ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful6 ,thou mayst decline for the present whom thou wilt of them1 and thou mayest take to thy bed her whom thou wilt1 and whomsoever thou shalt long for of those thou shalt have before neglected2 and this shall not be a crime in thee4 ,thus will it be easier to give them the desire of their eyes1 and not to put them to grief1 and to satisfy them with what thou shalt accord to each of them4 ,god knoweth what is in your hearts1 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,gracious4 ,it is not permitted thee to take other wives hereafter1#ba nor to change thy present wives for other women1 though their beauty charm thee1 except slaves whom thy right hand shall possess4#bb ,and ,god watcheth all things4 ,o ,believers6 enter not into the houses of the ,prophet1#bc save by his leave1 for a meal1 without waiting his time4 ,when ye are invited then enter1 and when ye have eaten then disperse at once4#bd ,and engage not in familiar talk1 for this would cause the ,prophet trouble1 and he would be ashamed to bid you go2 but ,god is not ashamed to say the truth4 ,and when ye would ask any gift of his wives1 ask it from behind a veil4 ,purer will this be for your hearts and for their hearts4 ,and ye must not trouble the ,apostle of ,god1 nor marry his wives1 after him1 for ever4 ,this would be a grave offence with ,god4 ,whether ye bring a matter to the light or hide it1 ,god truly hath knowledge of all things4 ,no blame shall attach to them 7your wives7 for speaking to their fathers unveiled1 or to their sons1 or to their brothers1 or to their brothers' sons1 or to their sisters' sons1 or to their women1 or to the slaves whom their right hands hold4 ,and fear ye ,god3 for ,god witnesseth all things4 ,verily1 ,god and ,his ,angels bless the ,prophet6 ,bless ye ,him1 ,o ,believers1 and salute ,him with salutations of ,peace4 ,verily1 they who affront ,god and ,his ,apostle1 the curse of ,god is on them in this world1 and in the world to come3 and ,he hath prepared for them a shameful chastisement4 ,and they who shall affront believing men and believing women1 for no fault of theirs1 they shall surely bear the guilt of slander1 and of a clear wrong4 ,o ,prophet6 speak to thy wives and to thy daughters1#be and to the wives of the ,faithful1 that they let their veils fall low4 ,thus will they more easily be known1 and they will not be affronted4 ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful6 ,if the ,hypocrites1 and the men of tainted heart1 and the stirrers of sedition in ,medina desist not1 we will surely stir thee up against them4 ,then shall they not be suffered to dwell near thee therein1 but a little while3 ,cursed wherever they are found2 they shall be seized and slain with slaughter6 ,such hath been the way of ,god with those who lived before them2 and no change canst thou find in the way of ,god4 ,men will ask thee of the ,hour4 ,,say3 ,the knowledge of it is with ,god alone3 and who can tell thee whether haply the ,hour be not nigh at hand8 ,verily1 ,god hath cursed the ,infidels1 and hath got ready for them the flame3 ,for aye shall they abide therein2 none to befriend them1 no helper shall they find6 ,on the day when their faces shall be rolled in the fire1 they shall cry3 ,oh6 would that we had obeyed ,god1 and obeyed the ,apostle6 ,and they shall say3 ,oh our ,lord6 indeed we obeyed our chiefs and our great ones1 and they misled us from the way of ,god- ,o our ,lord6 give them a double chastisement1 and curse them with a heavy curse4 ,o ,believers6 be not like those who affronted ,moses4#bf ,but ,god cleared him from what they said of him1 and of ,god was he highly esteemed4 ,o ,believers6 fear ,god1 and speak with well-guided speech4 ,that ,god may bless your doings for you1 and forgive you your sins4 ,and whoso obeyeth ,god and ,his ,apostle with great bliss shall be blessed4 ,verily1 we proposed to the ,heavens1 and to the ,earth1 and to the ,mountains to receive the ,faith1 but they refused the burden1 and they feared to receive it4 ,man undertook to bear it1 but hath proved unjust1 senseless6 ,therefore will ,god punish the hypocritical men and the hypocritical women1 and the men and the women who join gods with ,god2 but to the believing men and women will ,god turn him3 for ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful6 #a ,medina was besieged1 when this ,sura was revealed1 by certain confederate tribes at the instigation of the ,jews1 an4 ,hej4 #e4 ,the first nine verses1 however1 have no immediate reference to this event1 but to ,muhammad's cotemporary marriage with ,zeinab4 ,see below1 verse #cg4 #b ,the ,arabians had been accustomed1 before the time of ,muhammad1 to divorce their wives with the words1-thy back be to me as the back of my mother4 ,the drift and motive of this passage is explained by verse #cg below4 ,it had also been the custom to hold adopted sons to be as nearly related to them as their natural ones4 ,see ,sura lviii4 #b1 p4 #dea4 #c ,the ,mohadjers-those who had emigrated with ,muhammad from ,mecca4 ,this verse abrogates ,sura xcv4 viii4 #gc4 #d ,how they have discharged their prophetic functions4 #e ,verses #i-cc have reference to the events of the year ,hej4 #e1 towards the close4 ,see next note4 ,his4 #fhh2 ,waq4 #d f4 #f ,in the engagement which took place under the walls of ,medina1 some of the enemy were posted on a height to the east of the city1 others in a valley on the west4 ,the besiegers were #ab1jjj1 the ,muslims #c1jjj strong1 when a violent storm1 which upset the tents1 put out the camp fires1 and blinded the eyes of the confederates with sand1 turned the scale of victory against them4 ,muhammad ascribes the storm to angelic agency4 #g ,that is1 with infidelity4 #h ,the ancient name of ,el-,medina4 #i ,in the trenches which had been dug around the city by the advice of ,salmn1 the ,persian4 #aj ,they would speedily have quitted the city to attack the faithful in the trenches4 #aa ,that is1 raise the siege4 #ab ,that is1 that through trials we should attain to ,paradise1 v4 #bi4 #ac ,after the siege of ,medina had been raised1 ,muhammad made a successful expedition against the ,jews of ,koreidha1 for their treason and violation of treaties4 #ad ,muhammad's wives having caused him much annoyance by demands of rich dresses1 etc41 he gave them the choice of continuing with him as before1 or of divorce4 ,they chose the former4 ,see ,abulfeda's ,hist4 ,moh4 p4 #gg1 and ,gagnier's ,vie de ,moh4 i4 #d1 chap4 ii4 #ae ,that is1 ,idolatry4 ,acts xvii4 #cj4 ,freytag 7,einl4 p4 #dec7 thinks that previous to ,islam1 the ,arabian women went in public unveiled4 #af ,the pronoun is in the pl4 masc41 whereas the pl4 fem4 is used in the previous part of the verse4 ,the partisans of ,ali quote this passage to prove the intimate union of ,ali and his posterity with the ,prophet4 #ag ,that is1 to ,zaid4 ,the favour of ,god to ,zaid consisted in having caused him to become a ,muslim3 the favour of ,muhammad in adopting him as his son4 ,zaid and ,abu ,lahab 7,sura cxi4 p4 #bi7 are the only contemporaries of ,muhammad mentioned by name in the ,koran4 #ah ,thy plan to obtain ,zeinab1 or ,zenobia1 ,zaid's wife1 as thy wife4 #ai ,lit1 who brought the messages of ,god4 #bj ,if thou makest use of the special prerogative 7conferred in verse #di74 #ba ,he had nine wives at this period1 beside slaves4 ,the number of wives allowed to the faithful is four4 ,see note1 p4 #daa4 #bb ,the first slave whom ,muhammad took to wife was ,raihana1 at the conquest of the ,banu ,koreidha4 ,his4 #fic4 ,weil1 #agj4 #bc ,verses #ec-ee refer to the conduct of the guests at ,muhammad's house after his marriage with ,zeinab4 ,albuhari passim4 ,muslim i4 #hbd ff4 ,wah4 ,comp4 ,caussir1 iii4 #aea4 #bd ,ullmann1 p4 #bfc1 quotes a similar precept from the ,talmud1 ,do all that the master of the house biddeth1 but wait not to be asked to depart4 #be ,this verse cannot be of later date than ,hej4 #h1 when ,muhammad's daughter ,omm ,kulthum died4 leaving only ,fatima4 #bf ,this may refer to the charge of adultery said by the ,rabbins to have been brought by ,korah against ,moses4 ,comp4 ,tr4 ,sanhedrin1 fol4 #aaj;a4 and ,numbers xii4 #a4 ,the verse is said to have been revealed on account of aspersions thrown on ,muhammad for unfairly dividing spoils1 whereupon he said1 ,god be merciful to my brother ,moses4 ,he was wronged more than this1 and bore it with patience4 ,,sura ,,lxiii4#a-,,the ,,hypocrites ,,civ4 ,,medina4-#aa ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the ,hypocrites come to thee1 they say1 ,we bear witness that thou art the ,sent ,one of ,god4 ,god knoweth that thou art ,his ,sent ,one3 but ,god beareth witness that the ,,hypocrites do surely lie4 ,their faith#b have they used as a cloak1 and they turn aside others from the way of ,god6 ,evil are all their doings4 ,this1 for that they believed1 then became unbelievers6,therefore hath a seal been set upon their hearts1 and they understand not4 ,when thou seest them1 their persons make thee marvel2 and if they speak1 thou listenest with pleasure to their discourse4 ,like timbers are they leaning against a wall6#c ,they think that every shout is against them4 ,they are enemies-,beware of them then-,god do battle with them6 ,how false are they6 ,and when it is said to them1 ,come1 the ,apostle of ,god will ask pardon for you1 they turn their heads aside1 and thou seest them withdraw in their pride4 ,alike shall it be to them whether thou ask forgiveness for them1 or ask it not4 ,by no means will ,god forgive them3 ,god hath no guidance for a perverse people4 ,these are they who say to you of ,medina1 ,spend not aught upon those who are with the ,apostle of ,god1 and they will be forced to quit him4 ,yet the treasures of the ,heavens and of the ,earth are ,god's6 ,but the ,hypocrites have no understanding4 ,they say3 ,if we return to the city1 the mightier will assuredly drive out the weaker from it4 ,but might is with ,god1 and with the ,apostle1 and with the ,faithful6 ,yet the ,hypocrites understand not4 ,o ye who believe6 let not your wealth and your children delude you into forgetfulness of ,god4 ,whoever shall act thus1 shall surely suffer loss4 ,and expend in the cause of ,god out of that with which we have supplied you1 ere death surprise each one of you1 and he say1 ,o ,lord6 wilt thou not respite me to a term not far distant1 that ,i may give alms1 and become one of the just8 ,and by no means will ,god respite a soul when its hour hath come6 ,and ,god is fully cognisant of what ye do4 #a ,revealed shortly after the expedition against the ,banu 'l ,mustaliq in ,hej4 #f4 ,see ,nld4 p4 #aef n4 ,the ,hypocrites mentioned in the later ,suras are the disaffected portion of the population of ,medina1 who covertly opposed the claims of ,muhammad to temporal authority over that city4 ,they were gradually absorbed1 as the authority of ,islam increased4 #b ,or1 in accordance with another reading1 oaths4 ,comp4 ,ps4 cix4 #ah4 #c ,like timbers or joists supported in a wall or leaned against it1 i4e41 their persons are bulky1 but their hearts so hypocritical and cowardly that they are afraid of the slightest noise4 ,in the original1 sakat is perhaps an allusion to the shout of ,gabriel1 that is to exterminate the wicked4 ,,sura ,,xxiv4-,,light ,,cv4 ,,medina4-#fd ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,a ,,sura which we have sent down and sanctioned6 ,clear signs have we sent down therein1 that ye may take warning4 ,the whore and the whoremonger-scourge each of them with an hundred stripes2 and let not compassion keep you from carrying out the sentence of ,god1 if ye believe in ,god and the last day3 ,and let some of the faithful witness their chastisement4#a ,the whoremonger shall not marry other than a whore or an idolatress2 and the whore shall not marry other than a whoremonger or an idolater4 ,such alliances are forbidden to the faithful4 ,they who defame virtuous women1#b and bring not four witnesses1 scourge them with fourscore stripes1 and receive ye not their testimony for ever1 for these are perverse persons- ,save those who afterwards repent and live virtuously2 for truly ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful6 ,and they who shall accuse their wives1 and have no witnesses but themselves1 the testimony of each of them shall be a testimony by ,god four times repeated1 that he is indeed of them that speak the truth4#c ,and the fifth time that the malison of ,god be upon him1 if he be of them that lie4 ,but it shall avert the chastisement from her if she testify a testimony four times repeated1 by ,god1 that he is of them that lie2 ,and a fifth time to call down the wrath of ,god on her1 if he have spoken the truth4 ,and but for the goodness and mercy of ,god towards you1 and that ,god is ,he who loveth to turn1 ,wise 4 4 4 4 6 ,of a truth1 they who advanced that lie#d were a large number of you2 but regard it not as an evil to you4 ,no1 it is an advantage to you4#e ,to every man among them shall it be done according to the offence he hath committed2 and as to that person#f among them who took on himself to aggravate it1 a sore punishment doth await him4 ,did not the faithful of both sexes1 when ye heard of this1 form a favourable judgment in their own minds1 and say1 ,this is a manifest lie8 ,have they brought four witnesses of the fact8 ,if they cannot produce the witnesses1 they are the liars in the sight of ,god4 ,and but for the goodness of ,god towards you1 and ,his mercy in this world and in the next1 a severe punishment had come upon you for that which ye spread abroad1 when ye uttered with your tongues1 and spake with your mouths that of which ye had no knowledge4 ,ye deemed it to be a light matter1 but with ,god it was a grave one4 ,and did ye say when ye heard it1 ,it is not for us to talk of this affair6 ,o ,god6 ,by thy ,glory1 this is a gross calumny8 ,god hath warned you that ye go not back to the like of this for ever1 if ye be believers3 ,and ,god maketh ,his signs clear to you3 for ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,but as for those who love that foul calumnies should go forth against those who believe1 a grievous chastisement awaits them ,in this world and in the next4 ,and ,god hath knowledge1 but ye have not4 ,and but for the goodness of ,god towards you and ,his ,mercy1 and that ,god is ,kind1 ,merciful 4 4 4 6 ,o ye who believe6 follow not the steps of ,satan1 for whosoever shall follow the steps of ,satan1 he will enjoin on him what is base and blameworthy2 and but for the goodness of ,god towards you1#g and ,his mercy1 no one of you had been cleansed for ever3 but ,god maketh whom ,he will to be clean1 and ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,and let not persons of wealth and means among you swear that they will not give to their kindred1 to the poor1 and to those who have fled their homes in the cause of ,god2 let them rather pardon and pass over the offence4#h ,desire ye not that ,god should forgive you8 ,and ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,verily1 they who throw out charges against virtuous but careless women1 who yet are believers1 shall be cursed in this world and in the world to come2 and a terrible punishment doth await them4 ,their own tongues1 and hands1 and feet1 shall one day bear witness against them of their own doings4#i ,on that day will ,god pay them their just due1 and they shall know that ,god is the clear ,truth itself4 ,bad women for bad men1 and bad men for bad women2 but virtuous women for virtuous men1 and virtuous men for virtuous women6 ,these shall be cleared from calumnies2 theirs shall be forgiveness and an honourable provision4 ,o ye who believe6 enter not into other houses#aj than your own1 until ye have asked leave1 and have saluted its inmates4 ,this will be best for you3 haply ye will bear this in mind4 ,and if ye find no one therein1 then enter it not till leave be given you2 and if it be said to you1 ,go ye back1 then go ye back4 ,this will be more blameless in you1 and ,god knoweth what ye do4 ,there shall be no harm in your entering houses in which no one dwelleth1 for the supply of your needs3 and ,god knoweth what ye do openly and what ye hide4 ,speak unto the believers that they restrain their eyes and observe continence4 ,thus will they be more pure4 ,god is well aware of what they do4 ,and speak to the believing women that they refrain their eyes1 and observe continence2 and that they display not their ornaments1 except those which are external2 and that they throw their veils over their bosoms1 and display not their ornaments1 except to their husbands or their fathers1 or their husbands' fathers1 or their sons1 or their husbands' sons1 or their brothers1 or their brothers' sons1 or their sisters' sons1 or their women1 or their slaves1 or male domestics who have no natural force1 or to children who note not women's nakedness4 ,and let them not strike their feet together1 so as to discover their hidden ornaments4#aa ,and be ye all turned to ,god1 ,o ye ,believers6 that it may be well with you4 ,and marry those among you who are single1 and your good servants1 and the handmaidens4 ,if they are poor1 ,god of ,his bounty will enrich them4 ,god is all-bounteous1 ,knowing4 ,and let those who cannot find a match#ab live in continence till ,god of ,his bounty shall enrich them4 ,and to those of your slaves who desire a deed of manumission1 execute it for them1 if ye know good in them1 and give them a portion of the wealth of ,god which ,he hath given you4#ac ,force not your female slaves into sin1 in order that ye may gain the casual fruitions of this world1 if they wish to preserve their modesty4 ,yet if any one compel them1 then ,verily to them1 after their compulsion1 will ,god be ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,and now have we sent down to you clear signs1 and an instance from among those who flourished before you1 and a caution for the ,god-fearing4#ad ,god is the ,,light of the ,heavens and of the ,earth4 ,his ,light is like a niche in which is a lamp-the lamp encased in glass-the glass1 as it were1 a glistening star4 ,from a blessed tree is it lighted1 the olive neither of the ,east nor of the ,west1 whose oil would well nigh shine out1 even though fire touched it not6 ,it is light upon light4 ,god guideth whom ,he will to ,his light1 and ,god setteth forth parables to men1 for ,god knoweth all things4 ,in the temples which ,god hath allowed to be reared1 that ,his name may therein be remembered1 do men praise ,him morn and even4 ,men whom neither merchandise nor traffic beguile from the remembrance of ,god1 and from the observance of prayer1 and the payment of the stated alms1 through fear of the day when hearts shall throb and eyes shall roll3 ,that for their most excellent works may ,god recompense them1 and of ,his bounty increase it to them more and more3 for ,god maketh provision for whom ,he pleaseth without measure4 ,but as to the infidels1 their works are like the vapour in a plain which the thirsty dreameth to be water1 until when he cometh unto it1 he findeth it not aught1 but findeth that ,god is with him2 and ,he fully payeth him his account3 for swift to take account is ,god3 ,or like the darkness on the deep sea when covered by billows riding upon billows1 above which are clouds3 darkness upon darkness4 ,when a man reacheth forth his hand1 he cannot nearly see it6 ,he to whom ,god shall not give light1 no light at all hath he6 ,hast thou not seen how all in the ,heavens and in the ,earth uttereth the praise of ,god8-the very birds as they spread their wings8 ,every creature knoweth its prayer and its praise6 and ,god knoweth what they do4 ,god's1 the ,kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 and unto ,god the final return6 ,hast thou not seen that ,god driveth clouds lightly forward1 then gathereth them together1 then pileth them in masses8 ,and then thou seest the rain forthcoming from their midst2 and ,he causeth clouds like mountains charged with hail1 to descend from the heaven1 and ,he maketh it to fall on whom ,he will1 and from whom ,he will ,he turneth it aside4-,the brightness of ,his lightning all but taketh away the sight6 ,god causeth the day and the night to take their turn4 ,verily in this is teaching for men of insight4 ,and ,god hath created every animal of water4#ae ,some go upon the belly2 some go upon two feet2 some go upon four feet4 ,god hath created what ,he pleased4 ,aye1 ,god hath power over all things4 ,now have we sent down distinct signs4-,and ,god guideth whom ,he will into the right path3 ,for there are who say ,we believe on ,god and on the ,apostle1 and we obey2 yet1 after this1 a part of them turn back4#af ,but these are not of the faithful4 ,and when they are summoned before ,god and ,his ,apostle that ,he may judge between them1 lo6 a part of them withdraw3 ,but had the truth been on their side1 they would have come to ,him1 obedient4 ,what6 are they diseased of heart8 ,do they doubt8 ,are they afraid that ,god and ,his ,apostles will deal unfairly with them8 ,nay1 themselves are the unjust doers4 ,the words of the believers1 when called to ,god and ,his ,apostle that ,he may judge between them1 are only to say1 ,we have heard1 and we obey3 these are they with whom it shall be well4 ,and whoso shall obey ,god1 and ,his ,apostle1 and shall dread ,god and fear ,him1 these are they that shall be the blissful4 ,and they have sworn by ,god1 with a most solemn oath1 that if thou give them the word1 they will certainly march forth4 ,say3 swear ye not3 of more worth is obedience4 ,verily1 ,god is well aware of what ye do4 ,,say3 ,obey ,god and obey the ,apostle4 ,suppose that ye turn back1 still the burden of his duty is on him only1 and the burden of your duty rests on you4 ,if ye obey ,him1 ye shall have guidance3 but plain preaching is all that devolves upon the ,apostle4 ,god hath promised to those of you who believe and do the things that are right1 that ,he will cause them to succeed others in the land1 as ,he gave succession to those who were before them1 and that ,he will establish for them that religion which they delight in1 and that after their fears ,he will give them security in exchange4 ,they shall worship ,me3 nought shall they join with ,me3 ,and whoso1 after this1 believe not1 they will be the impious4 ,but observe prayer1 and pay the stated alms1 and obey the ,apostle1 that haply ye may find mercy4 ,let not the ,infidels think that they can weaken ,god on ,his own ,earth3 their dwelling place shall be the ,fire6 and right wretched the journey6 ,o ye who believe6 let your slaves1 and those of you who have not come of age1 ask leave of you1 three times a day1 ere they come into your presence2-before the morning prayer1 and when ye lay aside your garments at mid-day1 and after the evening prayer4 ,these are your three times of privacy4 ,no blame shall attach to you or to them1 if after these times1 when ye go your rounds of attendance on one another1 they come in without permission4 ,thus doth ,god make clear to you ,his signs3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,and when your children come of age1 let them ask leave to come into your presence1 as they who were before them asked it4 ,thus doth ,god make clear to you his signs3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,as to women who are past childbearing1 and have no hope of marriage1 no blame shall attach to them if they lay aside their outer garments1 but so as not to shew their ornaments4 ,yet if they abstain from this1 it will be better for them3 and ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,no crime#ag shall it be in the blind1 or in the lame1 or in the sick1 to eat at your tables3 or in yourselves1 if ye eat in your own houses1 or in the houses of your fathers1 or of your mothers1 or of your brothers1 or of your sisters1 or of your uncles on the father's side1 or of your aunts on the father's side1 or of your uncles on the mother's side1 or of your aunts on the mother's side1 or in those of which ye possess the keys1 or in the house of your friend4 ,no blame shall attach to you whether ye eat together or apart4 ,and when ye enter houses1 salute one another with a good and blessed greeting as from ,god4 ,thus doth ,god make clear to you ,his signs1 that haply ye may comprehend them4 ,verily1 they only are believers who believe in ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and who1 when they are with him upon any affair of common interest1 depart not until they have sought his leave4 ,yes1 they who ask leave of thee1 are those who believe in ,god and ,his ,apostle4 ,and when they ask leave of ,thee on account of any affairs of their own1 then grant it to those of them whom thou wilt1 and ask indulgence for them of ,god3 for ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,address not the ,apostle as ye address one another4#ah ,god knoweth those of you who withdraw quietly from the assemblies1 screening themselves behind others4 ,and let those who transgress his command beware1 lest some present trouble befall them1 or a grievous chastisement befall them1 hereafter4 ,is not whatever is in the ,heavens and the ,earth ,god's8 ,he knoweth your state2 and one day shall men be assembled before ,him1 and ,he will tell them of what they have done3 for ,god knoweth all things4 #a ,with this verse commences the reference to the scandal against ,ayesha1 to which verses #f-i read like a later addition4 ,see ,his4 #gca ff4 ,albuhari1 passim4 ,muslim ii4 #fbh ff4 ,tirm4 #ebd4 ,tabari and ,weil1 p4 #aea4 #b ,said to refer to ,hilal ben ,umaiya 7,muslim i4 #hhf4 ,tirm4 #ebc4 ,annasai1 #dji f4 ,assamarq47 who had accused his wife of adultery4 ,two of these commentators1 however1 give the name of another ,muslim as the person intended4 #c ,comp4 ,numb4 v4 ii1 #ca1 with which ,muhammad must have been acquainted4 #d ,the rumour of improper intimacy between ,ayesha and ,safwan ,ibn ,el ,moattal1 during ,muhammad's return from the expedition against the tribe of ,mostaliq 7an4 ,hej4 #i71 in which he was separated from her for an entire day1 which she passed in the company of ,safwan1 who had found her when accidentally left behind4 ,verses #d-bf were revealed shortly after the return4 #e ,whose characters are cleared4 #f ,abdallah ,ibn ,obba4 7,abulf4 p4 #hc47 #g ,comp4 verse #aj1 #aa 7n474 #h ,abubekr had been desirous to punish one of his relatives1 ,mestah1 who had propagated the scandal against ,ayesha1 by refusing him gifts or alms4 #i ,the very members of a man shall testify against him1 for thus we read 7,jer4 xliii4 #ab71 ,ye are yourselves my witnesses saith the ,lord4 ,chagiga1 #af4 ,thaanith1 #aa;a4 #aj ,it was the custom in ,arabia1 before ,islam1 to enter houses without permission4 ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #baf4 #aa ,that is1 the anklets4 ,comp4 ,isai4 iii4 #af1 #ah #ab ,on account of poverty4 #ac ,comp4 ,deut4 xv4 #ab #ae4 #ad ,the meaning probably is1 that the scandal raised against ,ayesha resembled the scandal in the case of ,joseph in ,egypt1 and of the ,virgin ,mary1 detailed in previous suras4 #ae ,an idea perhaps derived from ,gen4 i4 #bj1 #ba4 ,comp4 ,tr4 ,cholin1 fol4 #bg;a4 #af ,verses #df-ef obviously refer to a period1 perhaps that between the battle of ,ohod and the end of the war of the ,ditch1 when ,muhammad's prospects were overclouded and the confidence of his followers shaken4 #ag ,this verse was intended to relieve the scruples of the ,muslims1 who4 following the superstitious customs of the ,arabs1 thought that they ought not to admit the blind1 etc4 to their tables1 to eat alone1 or in a house of which they were entrusted with the key1 etc4 #ah ,lit4 make not the calling of the ,apostle among you1 like the calling of some of you to others1 i4e41 address him by some respectful and honourable title4 ,thus in the ,talmud1 ,it is forbidden to a disciple to call his ,rabbi by name even when he is not in his presence2 and again3 ,neither is he to salute his ,rabbi1 nor to return his salutation1 in the same way that salutations are given and returned among friends4 ,whoever despises the wise men hath no portion in the world to come4 ,see ,hilchoth ,torah1 c4#e4 ,,sura ,,lviii4-,,she ,,who ,,pleaded ,,cvi4 ,,medina4-#bb ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,god hath heard the words of ,,her#a ,,who ,,pleaded with thee against her husband1 and made her plaint to ,god2 and ,god hath heard your mutual intercourse3 for ,god ,heareth1 ,beholdeth4 ,as to those of you who put away their wives by saying1 ,be thou to me as my mother's back their mothers#b they are not2 they only are their mothers who gave them birth6 they certainly say a blameworthy thing and an untruth3 ,but truly1 ,god is ,forgiving1 ,indulgent4 ,and those who thus put away their wives1 and afterwards would recall their words1 must free a captive before they can come together again4 ,to this are ye warned to conform3 and ,god is aware of what ye do4 ,and he who findeth not a captive to set free1 shall fast two months in succession before they two come together4 ,and he who shall not be able to do so1 shall feed sixty poor men4 ,this1 that he may believe in ,god and ,his ,apostle4 ,these are the statutes of ,god3 and for the unbelievers is an afflictive chastisement6 ,truly they who oppose ,god and ,his ,apostle shall be brought low1 as those who were before them were brought low4 ,and now have we sent down demonstrative signs3 and1 for the ,infidels is a shameful chastisement4 ,on the day when ,god shall raise them all to life1 and shall tell them of their doings4 ,god hath taken count of them1 though they have forgotten them6 and ,god is witness over all things4 ,dost thou not see that ,god knoweth all that is in the ,heavens and all that is in the ,earth8 ,three persons speak not privately together1 but ,he is their fourth2 nor five1 but ,he is their sixth2 nor fewer nor more1 but wherever they be ,he is with them4 ,then on the day of resurrection ,he will tell them of their deeds3 for ,god knoweth all things4 ,hast thou not marked those who have been forbidden secret talk1 and return to what they have been forbidden1 and talk privately together with wickedness1 and hate1 and disobedience towards the ,apostle8 ,and when they come to thee1 they greet thee not as ,god greeteth thee3#c and they say among themselves1 ,why doth not ,god punish us for what we say8 ,hell shall be their meed3#d they shall be burned at its fire3 and a wretched passage thither6 ,o ,believers6 when ye hold private converse together1 let it not be with wickedness1 and hate1 and disobedience towards the ,apostle2 but let your private talk be with justice and the fear of ,god3 aye1 fear ye ,god unto whom ye shall be gathered6 ,only of ,satan is this clandestine talk1 that he may bring the faithful to grief3 but1 unless by ,god's permission1 not aught shall he harm them6 in ,god then let the faithful trust4 ,o ye who believe6 when it is said to you1 ,make room in your assemblies1 then make ye room4 ,god will make room for you in ,paradise6 ,and when it is said to you1 ,rise up1 then rise ye up4 ,god will uplift those of you who believe1 and those to whom the ,knowledge is given1 to lofty grades6 and ,god is cognisant of your actions4 ,o ye who believe6 when ye go to confer in private with the ,apostle1 give alms before such conference4 ,better will this be for you1 and more pure4 ,but if ye have not the means1 then truly ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful4 ,do ye hesitate to give alms previously to your private conference8 ,then if ye do it not 7and ,god will excuse it in you71 at least observe prayer1 and pay the stated impost1 and obey ,god and ,his ,apostle3 for ,god is cognisant of your actions4 ,hast thou not remarked those who make friends of that people with whom ,god is angered8 ,they are neither of your party nor of theirs2 and they swear to a lie1#e knowing it to be such4 ,god hath got ready for them a severe torment3 for1 evil is that they do4 ,they make a cloak of their faith1 and turn others aside from the way of ,god3 wherefore a shameful torment awaiteth them4 ,not at all shall their wealth or their children avail them aught against ,god4 ,companions shall they be of the fire3 they shall abide therein for ever4 ,on the day when ,god shall raise them all1 they will swear to ,him as they now swear to you1 deeming that it will avail them4 ,are they not-yes they-the liars8 ,satan hath gotten mastery over them1 and made them forget the remembrance of ,god4 ,these are ,satan's party4 ,what6 shall not verily the party of ,satan be for ever lost4 ,verily1 they who oppose ,god and ,his ,apostle shall be among the most vile4 ,god hath written this decree3 ,i will surely prevail1 and my ,apostles also4 ,truly ,god is ,strong1 ,mighty4 ,thou shalt not find that any of those who believe in ,god1 and in the last day1 love him who opposeth ,god and ,his ,apostle1 even though they be their fathers1 or their sons1 or their brethren1 or their nearest kin4 ,on the hearts of these hath ,god graven the ,faith1 and with ,his own ,spirit hath ,he strengthened them2 and ,he will bring them into gardens1 beneath whose shades the rivers flow1 to remain therein eternally4 ,god is well pleased in them1 and they in ,him4 ,these are ,god's party6 ,shall not1 of a truth1 a party of ,god be for ever blessed8 #a ,khaula1 daughter of ,thalaba1 who had been divorced by the formula in verse #b1 which was understood among the ,arabs to imply perpetual separation4 ,this ,muhammad had asserted in her case2 but in consequence of the woman's prayers1 etc41 a relaxation of the law1 on fulfilment of the conditions mentioned in verses #d1 #e1 was hereby allowed4 ,none of the earlier traditions fix any date for this ,sura1 though later authorities 7,weil1 #ahd7 fix the end of ,hej4 #f1 or the beginning of ,hej4 #g4-,the subject matter is in part similar to that of ,sura xxiv4 #b ,see ,sura ciii4 xxxiii4 #d4 #c ,instead of saying1 ,es-salam aleika1 ,peace be on thee1 the ,infidels and ,jews said1 ,es-sam aleika1 a plague1 or poison on thee4 ,see ,geiger1 p4 #ah4 #d ,lit4 sufficiency4 #e ,the ,jews swear that they are ,muslims4 ,,sura ,,xxii4-,,the ,,pilgrimage ,,cvii4 ,,medina4#a-gh ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,men of ,mecca1 fear your ,lord4 ,verily1 the earthquake of the last ,hour will be a tremendous thing6 ,on the day when ye shall behold it1 every suckling woman shall forsake her sucking babe2 and every woman that hath a burden in her womb shall cast her burden2 and thou shalt see men drunken1 yet are they not drunken3 but it is the mighty chastisement of ,god6 ,there is a man#b who1 without knowledge1 wrangleth about ,god1 and followeth every rebellious ,satan2 ,concerning whom it is decreed1 that he shall surely beguile and guide into the torment of the ,flame1 whoever shall take him for his ,lord4 ,o men6 if ye doubt as to the resurrection1 yet1 of a truth1 have ,we created you of dust1 then of the moist germs of life1 then of clots of blood1 then of pieces of flesh shapen and unshapen1 that ,we might give you proofs of our power6 ,and ,we cause one sex or the other1 at our pleasure1 to abide in the womb until the appointed time2 then ,we bring you forth infants2 then permit you to reach your age of strength2 and one of you dieth1 and another of you liveth on to an age so abject that all his former knowledge is clean forgotten6#c ,and thou hast seen the earth dried up and barren3 but when ,we send down the rain upon it1 it stirreth and swelleth1 and groweth every kind of luxuriant herb4 ,this1 for that ,god is the ,truth1 and that it is ,he who quickeneth the dead1- and that ,he hath power over everything3 ,and that the ,hour will indeed come-there is no doubt of it-and that ,god will wake up to life those who are in the tombs4 ,a man there is who disputeth about ,god without knowledge or guidance or enlightening ,book1 ,turning aside in scorn to mislead others from the way of ,god6 ,disgrace shall be his in this world2 and on the day of the resurrection1 ,we will make him taste the torment of the burning3- ,this1 for thy handywork of old6 for ,god is not unjust to ,his servants4 ,there are some who serve ,god in a single point4 ,if good come upon one of them1 he resteth in it2 but if trial come upon him1 he turneth him round 7to infidelity7 with the loss both of this world and of the next6 ,this same is the clear ruin6 ,he calleth upon that beside ,god which can neither hurt him nor profit him4 ,this same is the far-gone error6 ,he calleth on him who would sooner hurt than profit him4 ,surely1 bad the lord1 and1 surely1 bad the vassal6 ,but ,god will bring in those who shall believe and do the things that are right1 into gardens 'neath which the rivers flow3 for ,god doth that which ,he pleaseth4 ,let him who thinketh that ,god will not help ,his ,apostle in this world and in the next1 stretch a cord aloft as if to destroy himself2 then let him cut it1 and see whether his devices can bring that#d to nought at which he was angry6 ,thus send we down the ,koran with its clear signs 7verses73 and because ,god guideth whom ,he pleaseth4 ,as to those who believe1 and the ,jews1 and the ,sabeites1#e and the ,christians1 and the ,magians1 and those who join other gods with ,god1 of a truth1 ,god shall decide between them on the day of resurrection3 for ,god is witness of all things4 ,seest thou not that all in the ,heavens and all on the ,earth adoreth ,god8 the sun and the moon and the stars1 and the mountains1 and the trees1 and the beasts1 and many men8 ,but of many is chastisement the due3 ,and whom ,god shall disgrace there shall be none to honour3 ,god doth that which pleaseth ,him4 ,these1 the ,faithful and the ,infidels1 are the two disputants who dispute concerning their ,lord3 but for those who have disbelieved1 garments of fire shall be cut out2 the boiling water shall be poured down upon their heads3 ,all that is in their bowels1 and their skins1 shall be dissolved3 and there are maces of iron for them6 ,so oft as they1 for very anguish1 would fain come forth thence1 back shall they be turned into it3 and-,taste ye the torment of the burning4 ,but ,god will bring in those who shall have believed1 and done the things that are right1 into gardens 'neath which the rivers flow4 ,adorned shall they be therein with golden bracelets and with pearls1 and their raiment therein shall be of silk2 ,for they were guided to the best of words2 guided to the glorious path6 ,but those who believe not1 and seduce others from the way of ,god1 and from the ,holy ,mosque which we have appointed to all men1 alike for those who abide therein1 and for the stranger2 ,and those who seek impiously to profane it1 we will cause to taste a grievous punishment4 ,and call to mind when we assigned the site of the ,house#f to ,abraham and said3 ,unite not aught with ,me in worship1 and cleanse ,my ,house for those who go in procession round it1 and who stand or bow in worship3- ,and proclaim to the peoples a ,,pilgrimage3 ,let them come to thee on foot and on every fleet#g camel1 arriving by every deep defile3 ,that they may bear witness of its benefits to them1 and may make mention of ,god's name on the appointed days1#h over the brute beasts with which ,he hath supplied them for sustenance3 ,therefore eat thereof yourselves1 and feed the needy1 the poor3 ,then let them bring the neglect of their persons to a close1#i and let them pay their vows1 and circuit the ancient ,house4 ,this do4 ,and he that respecteth the sacred ordinances of ,god1 this will be best for him with his ,lord4 ,the flesh of cattle is allowed you1 save of those already specified to you4 ,shun ye1 therefore1 the pollutions of idols2 and shun ye the word of falsehood2 ,sound in faith ,godward1 uniting no god with ,him2 for whoever uniteth gods with ,god1 is like that which falleth from on high1 and the birds snatch it away1 or the wind wafteth it to a distant place4 ,this do4 ,and they who respect the rites of ,god1 perform an action which proceedeth from piety of heart4 ,ye may obtain advantages from the cattle up to the set time for slaying them3 then1 the place for sacrificing them is at the ancient ,house4 ,and to every people have we appointed rites1 that they may commemorate the name of ,god over the brute beasts which ,he hath provided for them4 ,and your ,god is the one ,god4 ,to ,him1 therefore1 surrender yourselves3 and bear thou good tidings to those who humble them1- ,whose hearts1 when mention is made of ,god1 thrill with awe2 and to those who remain steadfast under all that be-falleth them1 and observe prayer1 and give alms of that with which we have supplied them4 ,and the camels have we appointed you for the sacrifice to ,god3 much good have ye in them4 ,make mention1 therefore1 of the name of ,god over them when ye slay them1 as they stand in a row2 and when they are fallen over on their sides1 eat of them1 and feed him who is content and asketh not1 and him who asketh4 ,thus have ,we subjected them to you1 to the intent ye should be thankful4#aj ,by no means can their flesh reach unto ,god1 neither their blood2 but piety on your part reacheth ,him4 ,thus hath ,he subjected them to you1 that ye might magnify ,god for ,his guidance3 moreover1 announce to those who do good deeds- ,that ,god will ward off mischief from believers3 for ,god loveth not the false1 the ,infidel4 ,a sanction is given to those who1 because they have suffered outrages1 have taken up arms2 and verily1 ,god is well able to succour them3 ,those who have been driven forth from their homes wrongfully1 only because they say ,our ,lord is the ,god4 ,and if ,god had not repelled some men by others1 cloisters1 and churches1 and oratories1 and mosques1 wherein the name of ,god is ever commemorated1 would surely have been destroyed4 ,and him who helpeth ,god will ,god surely help3#aa for ,god is right ,strong1 ,mighty3- ,those who1 if we establish them in this land1 will observe prayer1 and pay the alms of obligation1 and enjoin what is right1 and forbid what is evil4 ,and the final issue of all things is unto ,god4 ,moreover1 if they charge thee with imposture1 then already1 before them1 the people of ,noah1 and ,ad and ,themoud1 and the people of ,abraham1 and the people of ,lot1 and the dwellers in ,madian1 have charged their prophets with imposture6 ,moses1 too1 was charged with imposture6 ,and ,i bore long with the unbelievers2 then seize on them3 and how great was the change ,i wrought6 ,and how many cities which had been ungodly1 and whose roofs are now laid low in ruin1 have ,we destroyed6 ,and wells have been abandoned and lofty castles6 ,have they not journeyed through the land8 ,have they not hearts to understand with1 or ears to hear with8 ,it is not that to these sights their eyes are blind1 but the hearts in their breasts are blind6 ,and they will bid thee to hasten the chastisement4 ,but ,god cannot fail ,his threat4 ,and verily1 a day with thy ,lord is as a thousand years1#ab as ye reckon them6 ,how many cities have ,i long borne with1 wicked though they were1 yet then laid hold on them to chastise them6 ,unto ,me shall all return4 ,,say3 ,o men6 ,i am only your open warner3 ,and they who believe and do the things that are right1 shall have forgiveness and an honourable provision2 ,but those who strive to invalidate our signs shall be inmates of ,hell4 ,we have not sent any apostle or prophet before thee1 among whose desires ,satan injected not some wrong desire1 but ,god shall bring to nought that which ,satan had suggested4 ,thus shall ,god affirm ,his revelations#ac for ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise6 ,that ,he may make that which ,satan hath injected1 a trial to those in whose hearts is a disease1 and whose hearts are hardened4-,verily1 the wicked are in a far-gone severance from the truth6- ,and that they to whom the ,knowledge hath been given1 may know that the ,koran is the truth from thy ,lord1 and may believe in it1 and their hearts may acquiesce in it3 for ,god is surely the guider of those who believe1 into the straight path4 ,but the ,infidels will not cease to doubt concerning it1 until the ,hour come suddenly upon them1 or until the chastisement of the day of desolation come upon them4 ,on that day the ,kingdom shall be ,god's3 ,he shall judge between them3 and they who shall have believed and done the things that are right1 shall be in gardens of delight3 ,but they who were ,infidels and treated our signs as lies-these then-their's a shameful chastisement6 ,and as to those who fled their country for the cause of ,god1 and were afterwards slain1 or died1 surely with goodly provision will ,god provide for them6 for verily1 ,god6 ,he1 surely1 is the best of providers6 ,he will assuredly bring them in with an in-bringing that shall please them well3 for verily1 ,god is right ,knowing1 ,gracious4 ,so shall it be4 ,and whoever in making exact reprisal for injury done him1 shall again be wronged1 ,god will assuredly aid him3 for ,god is most ,merciful1 ,gracious4 ,so shall it be2 for that ,god causeth the night to enter in upon the day1 and ,he causeth the day to enter in upon the night3 and for that ,god ,heareth1 ,seeth4 ,so shall it be1 for that ,god is the truth2 and because what they call on beside ,him is vanity3 and because ,god is the ,lofty1 the ,mighty6 ,seest thou not that ,god sendeth down water from ,heaven1 and that on the morrow the earth is clad with verdure8 for ,god is benignant1 cognisant of all4 ,his1 all in the ,heavens and all on ,earth3 and verily1 ,god6 ,he assuredly is the ,rich1 the ,praiseworthy6 ,seest thou not that ,god hath put under you whatever is in the earth2 and the ships which traverse the sea at ,his bidding8 ,and ,he holdeth back the heaven that it fall not on the earth1 unless ,he permit it6 for ,god is right ,gracious to mankind1 ,merciful4 ,and ,he it is who hath given you life1 then will cause you to die1 then will give you life-of a truth man is all ungrateful4 ,to every people have we appointed observances which they observe4 ,therefore1 let them not dispute this matter with thee1 but bid them to thy ,lord1 for thou art on the right way3 ,but if they debate with thee1 then ,say3 ,god best knoweth what ye do6 ,god will judge between you on the day of resurrection1 as to the matters wherein ye differ4 ,knowest thou not that ,god knoweth whatever is in the ,heaven and on the ,earth8 ,this truly is written in the ,book3 this truly is easy for ,god4 ,they worship beside ,god1 that for which ,he hath sent down no warranty1 and that of which they have no knowledge3 but for those who commit this wrong1 no helper6 ,and when our clear signs are rehearsed to them1 thou mayst perceive disdain in the countenances of the ,infidels4 ,scarce can they refrain from rushing to attack those who rehearse our signs to them6 ,,say3 ,shall ,i tell you of worse than this8 ,the fire which ,god hath threatened to those who believe not6 ,wretched the passage thither6 ,o men6 a parable is set forth to you1 wherefore hearken to it4 ,verily1 they on whom ye call beside ,god1 cannot create a fly1 though they assemble for it2 and if the fly carry off aught from them1 they cannot take it away from it6 ,weak the suppliant and the supplicated6 ,unworthy the estimate they form of ,god6#ad for ,god is right ,powerful1 ,mighty6 ,god chooseth messengers from among the angels and from among men3 verily1 ,god ,heareth1 ,seeth4 ,he knoweth what is before them and what is behind them2 and unto ,god shall all things return4 ,believers6 bow down and prostrate yourselves and worship your ,lord1 and work righteousness that you may fare well4 ,and do valiantly in the cause of ,god as it behoveth you to do for ,him4 ,he hath elected you1 and hath not laid on you any hardship in religion1 the ,faith of your father ,abraham4 ,he hath named you the ,muslims ,heretofore and in this ,book1 that the ,apostles may be a witness against you1 and that ye may be witnesses against the rest of mankind4 ,therefore observe prayer1 and pay the legal impost1 and cleave fast to ,god4 ,he is your liege ,lord-a goodly ,lord1 and a goodly ,helper6 #a ,this ,sura is generally said to have been revealed at ,mecca1-but this is probably only the case with verses #a-bd2 #dc-ef2 #fj-fe2 #fg-ge4 ,mr4 ,muir places it at the close of the ,meccan ,suras of the fifth period4 ,see ,nld1 p4 #aeh4 #b ,said to be ,abu ,jahl4 ,see ,sura xcvi4 p4 #bj1 n4 #b4 #c ,lit4 so that after knowledge he knoweth not aught4 #d ,the teachings and progress of ,islam4 #e ,see ,sura xci4 ii4 #ei4 ,the ,sabeites were probably ,hanyfs4 ,see ,pref4 #f ,the ,kaaba4 ,sharastani informs us that there was an opinion prevalent among the ,arabs1 that the walking round the ,kaaba1 and other ceremonies1 were symbolic of the motion of the planets and of other astronomical facts4 ,watwat1 ,mabahij al ,fikr41 ,lib4 i41 c4 #b1 says that most ,arabic tribes were originally star-worshippers1 ,sabeans4 ,the people of ,saba worshipped the ,sun1 the tribes of ,asad and ,kaninah the ,moon1 etc4 etc4 ,at a later period they all sunk into idolatry1 and in the time of ,muhammad1 the idols round the ,kaaba amounted to #cfj4 #g ,lit4 thin1 with the implied sense of fleet4 #h ,the ten first days of the ,dhu'lhajja4 ,for the ceremonies1 see ,freytag's ,einleitung1 p4 #dah2 ,burton's ,pilgrimage1 vol4 iii42 ,sale's ,notes and ,prelim4 ,disc4 #i ,that is1 the uncut beards1 nails1 etc4 #aj ,offerings of animals are by no means confined to ,mecca and the ,pilgrimage4 ,it is not uncommon1 says ,mr4 ,lane1 without any definite view but that of obtaining general blessings1 to make vows 7of animals73 and sometimes a peasant vows that he will sacrifice1 for the sake of a saint1 a calf which he possesses1 as soon as it is grown and fatted4 ,it is let loose1 by consent of all his neighbours1 to pasture where it will1 even in fields of young wheat2 and at last1 after it has been sacrificed1 a public feast is made of its meat4 ,many a large bull is thus given away4 ,modern ,egyptians1 i4 #cjg4 ,compare ,dr4 ,gobat's ,abyssinia1 p4 #bid1 #g1 for similar customs among ,christians of probably ,arabian extraction4 ,five or six thousand animals are said to have been slain in the valley of ,mina by the pilgrims of the year #ahed4 7,see ,lieut4 ,burton's ,pilgrimage1 iii4 p4 #cac47 ,the victim is considered by the devout as an expression of their conviction that death is their desert at the hands of ,god4 #aa ,see ,ibn ,batoutah1 iv4 #ajf4 7,par4 ed47 #ab ,comp4 ,sur4 xxxii4 #d1 p4 #aij4 #ac ,the ayats1 signs or verses of the ,koran4 ,it is said by tradition that ,muhammad was consoled by this revelation for the ,satanic suggestion mentioned ,sur4 liii4 #bj1 p4 #gj 7n474 ,but in this view of the text1 for among whose desires1 or affections1 we should render when he recited4 #ad ,lit4 they measure not ,god with truth of ,his measurement4 ,,sura ,,xlviii4-,,the ,,victory ,,cviii4 ,,medina4-#bi ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,verily1 ,we have won for thee an undoubted ,,victory#a- ,in token that ,god forgiveth thy earlier and later faults1 and fulfilleth ,his goodness to thee1 and guideth thee on the right way1 ,and that ,god succoureth thee with a mighty succour4 ,he it is who sendeth down a spirit of secure repose into the hearts of the faithful that they might add faith to their faith2 7for ,god's are the armies of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise37 ,and that ,he may bring the believing men and the believing women into gardens 'neath whose trees the rivers flow1 to dwell therein for ever1 and that ,he may cancel their evil deeds3 for this is the great bliss with ,god3 ,and that ,he may punish the hypocritical men and the hypocritical women1 and the men and women who join other gods with ,god1 and think evil thoughts of ,him4 ,theirs shall be a round of evil2 and ,god is angry with them and curseth them1 and hath prepared ,hell for them3 and1 an evil journey thither6 ,the armies of the ,heavens and of the ,earth are ,god's1 and ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,verily1 we have sent thee to be a witness and a herald of good 7an announcer71 and a warner1 ,that ye may believe on ,god and on ,his ,apostle2 and may assist ,him1 and honour ,him1 and praise him1 morning and evening4 ,in truth1 they who plighted fealty to thee1 really plighted that fealty to ,god3 the hand of ,god was over their hands6 ,whoever1 therefore1 shall break his oath shall only break it to his own hurt2 but whoever shall be true to his engagement with ,god1 ,he will give him a great reward4 ,the ,arabs who took not the field with you1#b will say to thee1#c ,we were engaged with our property and our families2 therefore ask thou pardon for us4 ,they speak with their tongues what is not in their hearts4 ,,say3 ,and who can have any power over ,god in your behalf1 whether he will you some loss1 or whether he will you an advantage8 ,yes1 ,god is acquainted with your doings4 ,but ye thought that the ,apostle and the faithful could never more come back to their families2 and your hearts were pleased at this2 and ye thought an evil thought of this expedition1 and ye became an undone people3 ,for1 whoso believeth not in ,god1 and ,his ,apostle4 4 4 4 ,verily1 we have got ready the flame for the ,infidels6 ,and ,god's is the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 ,whom ,he will ,he forgiveth1 and whom ,he will ,he punisheth3 and ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,they who took not the field with you will say1 when ye go forth to the spoil to take it1 ,let us follow you4 ,fain would they change the word of ,god4#d ,,say3 ,ye shall by no means follow us3 thus hath ,god said already4 ,they will say1 ,nay1 ye are jealous of us4 ,nay6 they are men of little understanding4 ,,say to those ,arabs of the desert1 who took not the field1 ye shall be called forth against a people of mighty valour4 ,ye shall do battle with them1 or they shall profess ,islam4 ,if ye obey1 a goodly recompense will ,god give you2 but if ye turn back1 as ye turned back aforetime1 ,he will chastise you with a sore chastisement4 ,it shall be no crime on the part of the blind1 the lame1 or the sick1 if they go not to the fight4 ,but whoso shall obey ,god and ,his ,apostle1 he shall bring him into the gardens 'neath which the rivers flow3 but whoso shall turn back1 ,he will punish him with a sore punishment4 ,well pleased now hath ,god been with the believers when they plighted fealty to thee under the tree2#e and ,he knew what was in their hearts3 therefore did ,he send down upon them a spirit of secure repose1 and rewarded them with a speedy victory1 ,and with the rich booty which they took3 for ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise6 ,god promised you the taking of a rich booty#f and sped it to you2 and ,he withheld men's hands from you1 for a sign to the faithful1 and that ,he might guide you along the right way3- ,and other booty1 over which ye have not yet had power3 but now hath ,god compassed them for you2 for ,god is over all things ,potent4 ,if the ,infidels shall fight against you1 they shall assuredly turn their backs2 then1 neither protector nor helper shall they find6 ,such is ,god's method carried into effect of old2 no change canst thou find in ,god's mode of dealing4 ,and ,he it was who held their hands from you and your hands from them in the valley of ,mecca1#g after that ,he had given you the victory over them3 for ,god saw what ye did4 ,these are they who believed not1 and kept you away from the sacred ,mosque1 as well as the offering which was prevented from reaching the place of sacrifice4 ,and had it not been that ye would have trodden down believers1 both men and women1 whom ye knew not1 so that a crime might have lighted on you without your knowledge on their account1 and that ,god would bring whom ,he will within ,his mercy1 this would have been otherwise ordered4 ,had they been apart1#h we had surely punished such of them as believed not1 with a sore punishment4 ,when the unbelievers had fostered rage in their hearts-the rage of ignorance 7of heathens7-,god sent down ,his peace on ,his ,apostle and on the faithful1 and stablished in them the word of piety1 for they were most worthy and deserving of it3 and ,god knoweth all things4 ,now hath ,god in truth made good to ,his ,apostle the dream#i in which he said1 ,ye shall surely enter the sacred ,mosque1 if ,god will1 in full security1 having your heads shaved and your hair cut3 ye shall not fear2 for ,he knoweth what ye know not2 and ,he hath ordained you1 beside this1 a speedy victory4 ,it is ,he who hath sent ,his ,apostle with the ,guidance1 and the religion of truth1 that ,he may exalt it above every religion4 ,and enough for thee is this testimony on the part of ,god4 ,muhammad is the ,apostle of ,god2 and his comrades are vehement against the infidels1 but full of tenderness among themselves4 ,thou mayst see them bowing down1 prostrating themselves1 imploring favours from ,god1 and ,his acceptance4 ,their tokens#aj are on their faces1 the marks of their prostrations4 ,this is their picture in the ,law1 and their picture in the ,evangel3#aa they are as the seed which putteth forth its stalk2 then strengtheneth it1 and it groweth stout1 and riseth upon its stem1#ab rejoicing the husbandman-that the infidels may be wrathful at them4 ,to such of them as believe and do the things that are right1 hath ,god promised forgiveness and a noble recompense4 #a ,this ,sura was probably revealed shortly after the peace of ,hudaibiya4 ,ann4 ,hej4 #f4 ,some commentators1 however1 understand the ,victory of the taking of ,mecca two years-later the preterite being used in the prophetic style for the future-others of the taking of ,chaibar1 or ,muta 7871 a town of the ,roman empire4 #b ,lit4 were left behind4 #c ,on the return to ,medina4 ,see ,weil's ,leben ,m4 p4 #agc 7n474 #d ,the law relative to booty1 viz4 that those who were not at ,hudaibiya should have no share in the booty to be obtained from the ,jews at ,chaibar4 ,muhammad marched against them in ,hej4 #g4 #e ,when the rumour reached ,muhammad at ,hudaibiya that ,othman ,ibn ,affan1 whom he had sent to inform the ,meccans that he was merely coming to visit their temple1 and with peaceable intentions1 had been slain by them4 #f ,at ,chaibar4 #g ,the valley of ,mecca may mean ,hudaibiya4 ,but the commentators explain this verse of different events4 ,it probably1 however1 refers to the #ej 7according to ,djalalein #hj7 prisoners whom ,muhammad dismissed freely at ,hudaibiya4 #h ,had the believers been separate from the infidels4 #i ,this dream ,muhammad had at ,medina1 before he set out for al ,hudaibiya4 ,his followers expected its fulfilment within the year1 but when the truce frustrated their hopes1 this verse was revealed to pacify them4 #aj ,dust from the pavement4 ,the ,muhammadans who say their prayers on carpets often place little bricks before them which they touch in prostration with their forehead4 #aa ,comp4 ,mark iv4 #bh4 #ab ,lit4 legs4 ,,sura ,,lxvi4-,,the ,,forbidding ,,cix4 ,,medina4-#ab ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,why1#a ,o ,prophet6 dost thou hold that to be ,,forbidden which ,god hath made lawful to thee1 from a desire to please thy wives1 since ,god is ,lenient1 ,merciful8 ,god hath allowed you release from your oaths2 and ,god is your master3 and ,he is the ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,when the prophet told a recent occurrence as a secret to one of his wives1 and when she divulged it and ,god informed him of this1 he acquainted her with part and withheld part4#b ,and when he had told her of it1 she said1 ,who told thee this8 ,he said1 ,the ,knowing1 the ,sage hath told it me4 ,if ye both be turned to ,god in penitence1 for now have your hearts gone astray 4 4 4 4#c but if ye conspire against the ,prophet1 then know that ,god is his ,protector1 and ,gabriel1 and every just man among the faithful2 and the angels are his helpers besides4 ,haply if he put you both away1 his ,lord will give him in exchange other wives better than you1 ,muslims1 believers1 devout1 penitent1 obedient1 observant of fasting1 both known of men and virgins4 ,o ,believers6 save yourselves and your families from the fire whose fuel is men and stones1 over which are set angels fierce and mighty3 they disobey not ,god in what ,he hath commanded them1 but execute ,his behests4 ,o ye ,infidels6 make no excuses for yourselves this day2 ye shall surely be recompensed according to your works4 ,o ,believers6 turn to ,god with the turning of true penitence2 haply your ,lord will cancel your evil deeds1 and will bring you into the gardens 'neath which the rivers flow1 on the day when ,god will not shame the ,prophet1 nor those who have shared his faith3 their light shall run before them1 and on their right hands6 they shall say1 ,lord perfect our light1 and pardon us3 for thou hast power over all things4 ,o ,prophet6 make war on the infidels and hypocrites1 and deal rigorously with them4 ,hell shall be their abode6 and wretched the passage to it6 ,god setteth forth as an example to unbelievers the wife of ,noah and the wife of ,lot2 they were under two of our righteous servants1 both of whom they deceived3 but their husbands availed them nought against ,god3 and it shall be said ,enter ye into the fire with those who enter4 ,god also holdeth forth to those who believe the example of the wife of ,pharaoh1#d when she said1 ,lord1 build me an house with thee in ,paradise1 and deliver me from ,pharaoh and his doings2 and deliver me from the wicked3 ,and ,mary1 the daughter of ,imran1 who kept her maidenhood1 and into whose womb#e we breathed of our spirit1 and who believed in the words of her ,lord and ,his ,scriptures1 and was one of the devout4 #a ,the first verses of this ,sura were revealed 7,hej4 #g47 on occasion of ,muhammad's reviving affection for ,mary1 a ,copt slave sent him by the governor of ,egypt1 from whom he had recently 7verse #c7 sworn to his wife ,hafsa to separate entirely4 ,hafsa1 who had been greatly incensed at their amour1 of which ,muhammad had himself informed her1 communicated the matter in confidence to ,ayesha1 from whose altered manner1 probably1 the prophet found that his secret had been betrayed4 ,to free ,muhammad from his obligation to ,hafsa was the object of this chapter4 #b ,muhammad withheld the fact that ,ayesha1 as well as ,god1 was his informant1 but taxed ,hafsa with not having kept his secret4 #c ,supply ,god will pardon you4 #d ,asia1 a name1 perhaps1 corrupted from that of ,pharaoh's daughter ,bithiah4 #a ,chron4 iv4#ah4 #e ,see ,sura xxi4 #ia4 ,lit4 quae rimam suam tuita est1 in quam 7rimam7 inflavimus ,spiritus nostri partem4 ,thus ,beidh4 ,,sura#a ,,lx4-,,she ,,who ,,is ,,tried ,,cx4 ,,medina4-#ac ,versus ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,ye who believe6 take not my foe#b and your foe for friends1 shewing them kindness1 although they believe not that truth which hath come to you3 they drive forth the ,apostles and yourselves because ye believe in ,god your ,lord6 ,if ye go forth to fight on my way1 and from a desire to please me1 and shew them kindness in private1 ,i well know what ye conceal1 and what ye discover6 ,whoso doth this hath already gone astray from the even way4 ,if they meet with you they will prove your foes3 hand and tongue will they put forth for your hurt1 and will desire that you become infidels again4 ,neither your kindred nor your children shall at all avail you on the day of the resurrection4 ,a severance between you will it make6 and your actions doth ,god behold4 ,a good example had ye in ,abraham1#c and in those who followed him1 when they said to their people1 ,verily1 we are clear of you1 and of what ye worship beside ,god3 we renounce you3 and between us and hath hatred and enmity sprung up for ever1 until ye believe in ,god alone4 ,yet imitate not the language of ,abraham to his ,father1 ,i will pray for thy forgiveness1 but not aught shall ,i obtain for thee from ,god4#d ,o our ,lord6 in thee do we trust6 to thee do we turn6 to thee we shall come back at the last4 ,o our ,lord6 expose us not for trial to the unbelievers1 and forgive us3 for thou art the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,a good example had ye in them1 for all who hope in ,god and in the last day4 ,but let who will turn back1 ,god truly is the ,rich1 the ,praiseworthy6 ,god will1 perhaps1 establish good will between yourselves and those of them whom ye take to be your enemies3#e ,god is ,powerful3 and ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,god doth not forbid you to deal with kindness and fairness toward those who have not made war upon you on account of your religion1 or driven you forth from your homes3 for ,god loveth those who act with fairness4,only doth ,god forbid you to make friends of those who1 on account of your religion1 have warred against you1 and have driven you forth from your homes1 and have aided those who drove you forth3 and whoever maketh friends of them are wrong- doers4 ,o ,believers6#f when believing women come over to you as refugees 7,mohadjers71 then make ,,trial of them4 ,god best knoweth their faith2 but if ye have also ascertained their faith1 let them not go back to the infidels2 they are not lawful for them1 nor are the unbelievers lawful for these women4 ,but give them back what they have spent for their dowers4 ,no crime shall it be in you to marry them1 provided ye give them their dowers4 ,do not retain any right in the infidel women1 but demand back what you have spent for their dowers1 and let the unbelievers demand back what they have spent for their wives4#g ,this is the ordinance of ,god which ,he ordaineth among you3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,and if any of your wives escape from you to the ,infidels from whom ye afterwards take any spoil1 then give to those whose wives shall have fled away1 the like of what they shall have spent for their dowers2 and fear ,god in whom ye believe4 ,o ,prophet6 when believing women come to thee1 and pledge themselves that they will not associate aught with ,god1 and that they will not steal or commit adultery1 nor kill their children1 nor bring scandalous charges1#h nor disobey thee in what is right1 then plight thou thy faith to them1 and ask pardon for them of ,god3 for ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful6 ,o ,believers6 enter not into amity with those against whom ,god is angered2 they despair of the life to come1 even as the ,infidels despair of the inmates of the tombs4 #a ,revealed probably as far as verse #i 7,ramadhan ,hej4 #h7 shortly before the taking of ,mecca4 #b ,haleb 787 ,ben ,abu ,baltaa had informed the ,koreisch of an intended surprise of ,mecca on the part of ,muhammad1 with the view of making terms for his own family who had been left there4 ,the offence was pardoned1 but the revelation was nevertheless published with the view of preventing similar acts of treachery in future4 #c ,speaking of the representatives of the different religious systems prevalent in the ,roman ,empire1 as ,orpheus1 ,abraham1 ,christ1 ,apollonius of ,tyana1 enshrined among the household deities of ,alexander ,severus1 ,mr4 ,milman remarks 7,hist4 of ,christianity1 ii4 p4 #bca7 that ,it is singular that ,abraham1 rather than ,moses1 was placed at the head of ,judaism3 it is possible that the traditionary sanctity which attached to the first parent of the ,jewish people1 and of many of the ,arab tribes1 and which was afterwards embodied in the ,koran1 was floating in the ,east1 and would comprehend1 as it were1 the opinions1 not only of the ,jews1 but of a much wider circle of the ,syrian natives4 #d ,sura cxiii4 ix4 #aae4 #e ,that is1 by their conversion hereafter4 #f ,said 7see ,nld4 p4 #afc7 to have been revealed at1 or shortly after1 the peace of ,hudaibiya4 ,according to the terms then agreed upon1 a mutual restitution of property was to take place4 #g ,who are converted to ,islam4 #h ,lit4 with a calumny which they have devised between their hands and their feet4 ,said to have been revealed at the taking of ,mecca4 ,tab4 ,beidh4 ,,sura#a ,,cx4-,,help ,,cxi4 ,,medina4-#c ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,,when the ,,help of ,god and the victory arrive1 ,and thou seest men entering the religion of ,god by troops2 ,then utter the praise of thy ,lord1 implore ,his pardon2 for ,he loveth to turn in mercy4 #a ,this ,sura was revealed at the taking of ,mecca1 and is supposed to have given ,muhammad warning of his death4 ,,sura ,,xlix4-,,the ,,apartments ,,cxii4 ,,medina4-#ah ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,believers6 enter not upon any affair ere ,god and ,his ,apostle#a permit you2 and fear ye ,god3 for ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4#b ,o ,believers6 raise not your voices above the voice of the ,prophet1 neither speak loud to him as ye speak loud one to another1 lest your works come to nought1 and ye unaware of it4 ,they who lower their voices in the presence of the ,apostle of ,god1 are the persons whose hearts ,god hath inclined to piety4 ,forgiveness shall be theirs and a rich reward4 ,they who call out to thee while thou art within#c thine ,,apartments1 have most of them no right perception of what is due to thee4 ,but if they wait patiently till thou come forth to them1 it were far better for them4 ,but ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,o ,believers6 if any bad man#d come to you with news1 clear it up at once1 lest through ignorance ye harm others1 and speedily have to repent of what ye have done4 ,and know that an ,apostle of ,god is among you6 should he give way to you in many matters ye would certainly become guilty of a crime4 ,but ,god hath endeared the faith to you1 and hath given it favour in your hearts1 and hath made unbelief1 and wickedness1 and disobedience hateful to you4 ,such are they who pursue a right course4 ,through the bounty and grace which is from ,god3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,if two bodies of the faithful are at war1 then make ye peace between them3#e and if the one of them wrong the other1 fight against that party which doth the wrong1 until they come back to the precepts of ,god3 if they come back1 make peace between them with fairness1 and act impartially2 ,god loveth those who act with impartiality4 ,only the faithful are brethren2 wherefore make peace between your brethren2 and fear ,god1 that ye may obtain mercy4 ,o ,believers6 let not men laugh men to scorn who haply may be better than themselves2 neither let women laugh women to scorn who may haply be better than themselves6#f ,neither defame one another1 nor call one another by nicknames4 ,bad is it to be called wicked after having professed the faith3#g and whoso repent not of this are doers of wrong4 ,o ,believers6 avoid frequent suspicions1 for some suspicions are a crime2 and pry not3 neither let the one of you traduce another in his absence4 ,would any one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother8 ,surely ye would loathe it4 ,and fear ye ,god3 for ,god is ,ready to turn1 ,merciful4 ,o men6 verily1 we have created you of a male and a female2 and we have divided you into peoples and tribes that ye might have knowledge one of another4 ,truly1 the most worthy of honour in the sight of ,god is he who feareth ,him most4#h ,verily1 ,god is ,knowing1 ,cognisant4 ,the ,arabs of the desert#i say1 ,we believe4 ,say thou3 ,ye believe not2 but rather say1 ,we profess ,islam2 for the faith hath not yet found its way into your hearts4 ,but if ye obey ,god and ,his ,apostle1 he will not allow you to lose any of your actions3 for ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,the true believers are those only who believe in ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and afterwards doubt not2 and who contend with their substance and their persons on the path of ,god4 ,these are the sincere4 ,,say3 ,will ye teach ,god about your religion8 when ,god knoweth whatever is in the ,heavens and on the ,earth3 yea1 ,god hath knowledge of all things4 ,they taunt thee with their having embraced ,islam4#aj ,,say3 ,taunt me not with your having embraced ,islam3 ,god rather taunteth you with ,his having guided you to the faith3 acknowledge this if ye are sincere4 ,verily1 ,god knoweth the secrets of the ,heavens and of the ,earth3 and ,god beholdeth what ye do4 #a ,or anticipate not1 take not the lead of ,god and ,his ,apostle4 #b ,all the ancient ,interpreters 7as ,his4 #icc ff41 ,ibn ,sa'd4 #cbj1 ,tab4 ,agn4 #aaf f4-comp4 also ,weil #bdd ff41 ,caussin1 iii4 #bga7 refer from #a-e to the disrespectful demeanour1 in ,muhammad's presence1 of the envoys of the ,banu ,tamim in ,hej4 #i or #aj4 #c ,lit4 from without4 #d ,the commentators mentioned in the last note1 as well as others1 explain this verse of ,al ,walid ben ,uqba1 who had brought a false report of the refusal of the ,banu'lmustaliq to pay certain alms which ,muhammad had sent him to demand4 ,this ,al ,walid became governor of ,kufa under ,othman4 ,he probably was never really converted to ,islam4 #e ,upon this passage #ia-b1 die ,muslimen1 says ,nldeke1 verschiedene ,geschichten erzhlen1 so dass sich ,nichts sicher bestimmen ,isst1 p4 #afd4 ,this remark applies to the great mass of ,muhammadan comment4 #f ,said to refer to ,safia1 one of ,muhammad's wives4 who had been taunted by his other wives with being a ,jewess4 #g ,lit4 ,bad the name1 wickedness1 after faith4 #h ,that is1 not the most nobly born1 like the ,koreisch4 ,this verse is said to have been revealed in ,mecca on the day of its conquest4 ,see ,weil1 ,leben1 p4#cgb1 and n4 #i ,the ,ban ,asad had come to ,medina in a year of famine to seek support for themselves and families1 and made profession of ,islamism4 ,beidh4-,thus1 also ,ibn ,sad4 ,tabari4 ,wah4 #aj ,as if by so doing they had conferred a favour on the ,prophet4 ,,sura ,,ix4#a-;,,immunity ,,cxiii4 ,,medina4-#acj ,verses ,an ,,immunity from ,god and ,his ,apostle to those with whom ye are in league1 among the ,polytheist ,arabs6 7those who join gods with ,god74 ,go ye1 therefore1 at large in the land four months3 but know that ,god ye shall not weaken2#b and that those who believe not1 ,god will put to shame- ,and a proclamation on the part of ,god and ,his ,apostle to the people on the day of the greater pilgrimage1 that ,god is free from any engagement with the votaries of other gods with ,god as is ,his ,apostle6 ,if1 therefore1 ye turn to ,god it will be better for you2 but if ye turn back1 then know that ye shall not weaken ,god3 and to those who believe not1 announce thou a grievous punishment4 ,but this concerneth not those ,polytheists with whom ye are in league1 and who shall have afterwards in no way failed you1 nor aided anyone against you4 ,observe1 therefore1 engagement with them through the whole time of their treaty3 for ,god loveth those who fear ,him4 ,and when the sacred months#c are passed1 kill those who join other gods with ,god wherever ye shall find them2 and seize them1 besiege them1 and lay wait for them with every kind of ambush3 but if they shall convert1 and observe prayer1 and pay the obligatory alms1 then let them go their way1 for ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful4 ,if any one of those who join gods with ,god ask an asylum of thee1 grant him an asylum1 that he may hear the ,word of ,god1 and then let him reach his place of safety4 ,this1 for that they are people devoid of knowledge4 ,how shall they who add gods to ,god be in league with ,god and with ,his ,apostle1 save those with whom ye made a league at the sacred temple8 ,so long as they are true to you1 be ye true to them2 for ,god loveth those who fear ,him4 ,how can they8 since if they prevail against you1 they will not regard in you either ties of blood or faith4 ,with their mouths will they content you1 but their hearts will be averse4 ,the greater part of them are perverse doers4 ,they sell the signs of ,god for a mean price1 and turn others aside from his way3 evil is it that they do6 ,they regard not in a believer either ties of blood or faith2 these are the transgressors6 ,yet if they turn to ,god and observe prayer1 and pay the impost1 then are they your brethren in religion4 ,we make clear our signs to those who understand4 ,but if1 after alliance made1 they break their oaths and revile your religion1 then do battle with the ring-leaders of infidelity-for no oaths are binding with them that they may desist4 ,what6 will ye not fight against those ,meccans who have broken their oaths and aimed to expel your ,apostle1 and attacked you first8 ,will ye dread them8 ,god is more worthy of your fear1 if ye are believers6 ,so make war on them3 ,by your hands will ,god chastise them1 and will put them to shame1 and will give you victory over them1 and will heal the bosoms of a people who believe2 ,and will take away the wrath of their hearts4 ,god will be turned unto whom ,he will3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,think ye that ye shall be forsaken as if ,god did not yet know those among you who do valiantly1 and take none for their friends beside ,god1 and ,his ,apostle1 and the faithful8 ,god is well apprised of your doings4 ,it is not for the votaries of other gods with ,god1 witnesses against themselves of infidelity1 to visit the temples of ,god4 ,these6 vain their works3 and in the fire shall they abide for ever6 ,he only should visit the temples of ,god who believeth in ,god and the last day1 and observeth prayer1 and payeth the legal alms1 and dreadeth none but ,god4 ,these haply will be among the rightly guided4 ,do ye place the giving drink to the pilgrims1 and the visitation of the sacred temple1#d on the same level with him who believeth in ,god and the last day1 and fighteth on the way of ,god8 ,they shall not be held equal by ,god3 and ,god guideth not the unrighteous4 ,they who have believed1 and fled their homes1 and striven with their substance and with their persons on the path of ,god1 shall be of highest grade with ,god3 and these are they who shall be happy6 ,tidings of mercy from ,himself1 and of ,his good pleasure1 doth their ,lord send them1 and of gardens in which lasting pleasure shall be theirs2 ,therein shall they abide for ever2 for ,god6 with ,him is a great reward4 ,o ,believers6 make not friends of your fathers or your brethren if they love unbelief above faith3 and whoso of you shall make them his friends1 will be wrong doers4 ,,say3 ,if your fathers1 and your sons1 and your brethren1 and your wives1 and your kindred1 and the wealth which ye have gained1 and merchandise which ye fear may be unsold1 and dwellings wherein ye delight1 be dearer to you than ,god and ,his ,apostle and efforts on his ,path1 then wait until ,god shall ,himself enter on ,his work3#e and ,god guideth not the impious4 ,now hath ,god helped you in many battlefields1 and1 on the day of ,honein1#f when ye prided yourselves on your numbers2 but it availed you nothing2 and the earth1 with all its breadth1 became too straight for you3#g then turned ye your backs in flight3 ,then did ,god send down ,his spirit of repose#h upon ,his ,apostle1 and upon the faithful1 and ,he sent down the hosts which ye saw not1 and ,he punished the ,infidels3 ,this1 the ,infidels' reward6 ,yet1 after this1 will ,god be turned to whom ,he pleaseth2 for ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful6 ,o ,believers6 only they who join gods with ,god are unclean6 ,let them not1 therefore1 after this their year1 come near the sacred ,temple4 ,and if ye fear want1#i ,god1 if ,he please1 will enrich you of ,his abundance3 for ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,make war upon such of those to whom the ,scriptures have been given as believe not in ,god1 or in the last day1 and who forbid not that which ,god and ,his ,apostle have forbidden1 and who profess not the profession of the truth1 until they pay tribute out of hand1#aj and they be humbled4#aa ,the ,jews say1 ,ezra 7,ozair7 is a son of ,god2#ab and the ,christians say1 ,the ,messiah is a son of ,god4 ,such the sayings in their mouths6 ,they resemble the saying of the ,infidels of old6 ,god do battle with them6 ,how are they misguided6 ,they take their teachers1 and their monks1 and the ,messiah1 son of ,mary1 for ,lords#ac beside ,god1 though bidden to worship one ,god only4 ,there is no ,god but ,he6 ,far from ,his glory be what they associate with ,him6 ,fain would they put out ,god's light with their mouths3 but ,god only desireth to perfect ,his light1 albeit the ,infidels abhor it4 ,he it is who hath sent ,his ,apostle with the ,guidance and a religion of the truth1 that ,he may make it victorious#ad over every other religion1 albeit they who assign partners to ,god be averse from it4 ,o ,believers6 of a truth1 many of the teachers and monks do devour man's substance in vanity1 and turn them from the ,way of ,god4 ,but to those who treasure up gold and silver and expend it not in the ,way of ,god1 announce tidings of a grievous torment4 ,on that day their treasures shall be heated in hell fire1 and their foreheads1 and their sides1 and their backs1 shall be branded with them4 4 4 4 ,this is what ye have treasured up for yourselves3 taste1 therefore1 your treasures6 ,twelve months is the number of months with ,god1#ae according to ,god's book1 since the day when ,he created the ,heavens and the ,earth3 of these four are sacred3 this is the right usage3 ,but wrong not yourselves therein2 attack those who join gods with ,god in all1 as they attack you in all3 and know that ,god is with those who fear ,him4 ,to carry over a sacred month to another1 is only a growth of infidelity4 ,the ,infidels are led into error by it4 ,they allow it one year1 and forbid it another1 that they may make good the number of months which ,god hath hallowed1 and they allow that which ,god hath prohibited4 ,the evil of their deeds hath been prepared for them by ,satan3 for ,god guideth not the people who do not believe4 ,o ,believers6 what possessed you1 that when it was said to you1 ,march forth on the ,way of ,god1 ye sank heavily earthwards8 ,what6 prefer ye the life of this world to the next8 ,but the fruition of this mundane life1 in respect of that which is to come1 is but little4#af ,unless ye march forth1 with a grievous chastisement will ,he chastise you2 and ,he will place another people in your stead1 and ye shall in no way harm ,him3 for over everything is ,god potent4 ,if ye assist not your ,prophet 4 4 4 ,god assisted him formerly1 when the unbelievers drove him forth1 in company with a second only6#ag when they two were in the cave2 when the ,prophet said to his companion1 ,be not distressed2 verily1 ,god is with us4 ,and ,god sent down ,his tranquillity upon him1 and strengthened him with hosts ye saw not1 and made the word of those who believed not the abased1 and the word of ,god was the exalted3 for ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,march ye forth the light and heavy armed1#ah and contend with your substance and your persons on the ,way of ,god4 ,this1 if ye know it1 will be better for you4 ,had there been a near advantage and a short journey1 they would certainly have followed thee2 but the way seemed long to them4#ai ,yet will they swear by ,god1 ,had we been able1 we had surely gone forth with you3 they are self- destroyers6 ,and ,god knoweth that they are surely liars6 ,god forgive thee6 ,why didst thou give them leave to stay behind1 ere they who make true excuses had become known to thee1 and thou hadst known the liars8 ,they who believe in ,god and in the last day will not ask leave of thee to be exempt from contending with their substance and their persons4 ,but ,god knoweth those who fear ,him6 ,they only will ask thy leave who believe not in ,god and the last day1 and whose hearts are full of doubts1 and who are tossed up and down in their doubtings4 ,moreover1 had they been desirous to take the field1 they would have got ready for that purpose the munitions of war4#bj ,but ,god was averse to their marching forth1 and made them laggards2 and it was said1 ,sit ye at home with those who sit4 ,had they taken the field with you1 they would only have added a burden to you1 and have hurried about among you1 stirring you up to sedition2 and some there are among you who would have listened to them3 and ,god knoweth the evil doers4 ,of old aimed they at sedition1 and deranged thy affairs1 until the truth arrived1 and the behest of ,god became apparent1 averse from it though they were4 ,some of them say to thee1 ,allow me to remain at home1 and expose me not to the trial4 ,have they not fallen into a trial already8 ,but verily1 ,hell shall environ the ,infidels6 ,if a success betide thee1 it annoyeth them3 but if a reverse betide thee1 they say1 ,we took our own measures before3 and they turn their backs and are glad4 ,,say3 ,nothing can befall us but what ,god hath destined#ba for us4 ,our liege- lord is ,he2 and on ,god let the faithful trust6 ,,say3 ,await ye for us1 other than one of the two best things8#bb ,but we await for you the infliction of a chastisement by ,god1 from himself1 or at our hands4 ,wait ye then2 we verily will wait with you4 ,,say3 ,make ye your offerings willingly or by constraint2 it cannot be accepted from you1 because ye are a wicked people3 ,and nothing hindreth the acceptance of their offerings1 but that they believe not in ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and discharge not the duty of prayer but with sluggishness1 and make not offerings but with reluctance4 ,let not1 therefore1 their riches or their children amaze thee4 ,god is only minded to punish them by means of these1 in this life present1 and that their souls may depart while they are unbelievers4#bc ,and they swear by ,god that they are indeed of you1 yet they are not of you1 but they are people who are afraid of you3 ,if they find a place of refuge1 or caves1 or a hiding place1 they assuredly turn towards it and haste thereto4 ,some of them also defame thee in regard to the alms2 yet if a part be given them1 they are content1 but if no part be given them1 behold1 they are angry6 ,would that they were satisfied with that which ,god and ,his ,apostle had given them1 and would say ,god sufficeth us6 ,god will vouchsafe unto us of ,his favour1 and so will ,his ,apostle3 verily unto ,god do we make our suit6 ,but alms are only to be given to the poor and the needy1#bd and those who collect them1 and to those#be whose hearts are won to ,islam1 and for ransoms1 and for debtors1 and for the cause of ,god1 and the wayfarer4 ,this is an ordinance from ,god3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,there are some of them who injure#bf the ,prophet and say1 ,he is all ear4 ,say3 ,an ear of good to you6 ,he believeth in ,god1 and believeth the believers3 and is a mercy to such of you as believe3 ,but they who injure the ,apostle of ,god1 shall suffer a dolorous chastisement4 ,they swear to you by ,god to please you2 but worthier is ,god1 and ,his ,apostle1 that they should please ,him1 if they are believers4 ,know they not1 that for him who opposeth ,god and ,his ,apostle1 is surely the fire of ,hell1 in which he shall remain for ever8 ,this is the great ignominy6 ,the hypocrites are afraid lest a ,sura should be sent down concerning them1 to tell them plainly what is in their hearts4 ,,say3 ,scoff ye2 but ,god will bring to light that which ye are afraid of4 ,and if thou question them1 they will surely say1 ,we were only discoursing and jesting4 ,,say3 ,what6 do ye scoff at ,god1 and ,his signs1 and ,his ,apostle8 ,make no excuse3 from faith ye have passed to infidelity6 ,if we forgive some of you1 we will punish others3 for that they have been evil doers4 ,hypocritical men and women imitate one another4#bg ,they enjoin what is evil1 and forbid what is just1 and shut up their hands4#bh ,they have forgotten ,god1 and ,he hath forgotten them4 ,verily1 the hypocrites are the perverse doers4 ,god promiseth the hypocritical men and women1 and the unbelievers1 the fire of ,hell-therein shall they abide-this their sufficing portion6 ,and ,god hath cursed them1 and a lasting torment shall be theirs4 ,ye act like those who flourished before you4 ,mightier were they than you in prowess1 and more abundant in wealth and children1 and they enjoyed their portion3 so ye also enjoy your portion1 as they who were before you enjoyed theirs2 and ye hold discourses like their discourses4 ,these6 vain their works both for this world and for that which is to come6 ,these6 they are the lost ones4 ,hath not the history reached them of those who were before them8-of the people of ,noah1#bi and of ,ad1 and of ,themoud1 and of the people of ,abraham1 and of the inhabitants of ,madian1 and of the overthrown cities8 ,their apostles came to them with clear proofs of their mission3 ,god would not deal wrongly by them1 but they dealt wrongly by themselves4 ,the faithful of both sexes are mutual friends3 they enjoin what is just1 and forbid what is evil2 they observe prayer1 and pay the legal impost1 and they obey ,god and ,his ,apostle4 ,on these will ,god have mercy3 verily1 ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,to the faithful1 both men and women1 ,god promiseth gardens 'neath which the rivers flow1 in which they shall abide1 and goodly mansions in the gardens of ,eden4 ,but best of all will be ,god's good pleasure in them4 ,this will be the great bliss4 ,o ,prophet6 contend against the infidels and the hypocrites1 and be rigorous with them3 ,hell shall be their dwelling place6 ,wretched the journey thither6 ,they swear by ,god that they said no such thing3 yet spake they the word of infidelity1 and from ,muslims became unbelievers6 ,they planned what they could not effect2#cj and only disapproved of it because ,god and ,his ,apostle had enriched them by ,his bounty6 ,if they repent it will be better for them2 but if they fall back into their sin1 with a grievous chastisement will ,god chastise them in this world and the next1 and on earth they shall have neither friend nor protector6 ,some there are of them who made this agreement with ,god-,if truly ,he give us of ,his bounties1 we will surely give alms and surely be of the righteous4 ,yet when he had vouchsafed them of ,his bounty1 they became covetous thereof1 and turned their backs1 and withdrew afar off3 ,so ,he caused hypocrisy to take its turn in their hearts1 until the day on which they shall meet ,him-for that they failed their promise to ,god1 and that they were liars6 ,know they not that ,god knoweth their secrets and their private talk1 and that ,god knoweth the secret things8 ,they who traduce such of the faithful as give their alms freely1 and those who find nothing to give but their earnings1 and scoff at them1 ,god shall scoff at them2 and there is a grievous torment in store for them4 ,ask thou forgiveness for them1 or ask it not1 it will be the same4 ,if thou ask forgiveness for them seventy times1 ,god will by no means forgive them4 ,this1 for that they believe not in ,god and ,his ,apostle6 ,and ,god guideth not the ungodly people4 ,they who were left at home were delighted to stay behind ,god's ,apostle1 and were averse from contending with their riches and their persons for the cause of ,god1 and said1 ,march not out in the heat4 ,,say3 ,a fiercer heat will be the fire of ,hell4 ,would that they understood this4 ,little1 therefore1 let them laugh1 and much let them weep1 as the meed of their doings6 ,if ,god bring thee back from the fight to some of them1 and they ask thy leave to take the field1 ,,say3 ,by no means shall ye ever take the field with me1 and by no means shall ye fight an enemy with me3 ye were well pleased to sit at home at the first crisis3 sit ye at home1 then1 with those who lag behind4 ,never pray thou over anyone of them who dieth1 or stand at his grave#ca- because they believed not in ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and died in their wickedness4 ,let not their riches or their children astonish thee3 through these ,god is fain only to punish them in this world1 and that their souls should depart while they are still infidels4 ,when a ,sura was sent down with ,believe in ,god and go forth to war with ,his ,apostle1 those of them who are possessed of riches demanded exemption1 and said1 ,allow us to be with those who sit at home4 ,well content were they to be with those who stay behind3 for a seal hath been set on their hearts so that they understand not3- ,but the ,apostle and those who share his faith1 contend for the faith with purse and person2 and these6 all good things await them3 and these are they who shall be happy4 ,god hath made ready for them gardens 'neath which the rivers flow1 wherein they shall remain for ever3 this will be the great bliss4 ,some ,arabs of the desert came with excuses1 praying exemption2 and they who had gainsaid ,god and ,his ,apostle sat at home3 a grievous punishment shall light on such of them as believe not4 ,it shall be no crime in the weak1 and in the sick1 and in those who find not the means of contributing1 to stay at home1 provided they are sincere with ,god and ,his ,apostle4 ,against those who act virtuously1 there is no cause of blame3 and ,god is ,gracious1 ,merciful3- ,nor against those1 to whom when they came to thee that thou shouldst mount them1 thou didst say ,i find not wherewith to mount you1 and they turned away their eyes shedding floods of tears for grief1 because they found no means to contribute4 ,only is there cause of blame against those who1 though they are rich1 ask thee for exemption4 ,they are pleased to be with those who stay behind2 and ,god hath set a seal upon their hearts3 they have no knowledge4 ,they will excuse themselves to you when ye come back to them4 ,,say3 ,excuse yourselves not2 we cannot believe you3 now hath ,god informed us about you3 ,god will behold your doings1 and so will ,his ,apostle3 to ,him who knoweth alike things hidden and things manifest shall ye hereafter be brought back3 and ,he will tell you what ye have done4 ,they will adjure you by ,god when ye are come back to them1 to withdraw from them3 ,withdraw from them1 then1 for they are unclean3 their dwelling shall be ,hell1 in recompense for their deserts4 ,they will adjure you to take pleasure in them2 but if ye take pleasure in them1 ,god truly will take no pleasure in those who act corruptly4 ,the ,arabs of the desert are most stout in unbelief and dissimulation2 and likelier it is that they should be unaware of the laws which ,god hath sent down to ,his ,apostle3 and ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,of the ,arabs of the desert there are some who reckon what they expend in the cause of ,god as tribute1 and wait for some change of fortune to befall you3 a change for evil shall befall them6 ,god is the ,hearer1 the ,knower4 ,and of the ,arabs of the desert1 some believe in ,god and in the last day1 and deem those alms an approach to ,god and to the ,apostle's prayers4 ,are they not their approach8 ,into ,his mercy shall ,god lead them3 yes1 ,god is ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,as for those who led the way1 the first of the ,mohadjers1#cb and the ,ansars1 and those who have followed their noble conduct1 ,god is well pleased with them1 and they with ,him3 ,he hath made ready for them gardens under whose trees the rivers flow3 to abide therein for aye3 this shall be the great bliss3 ,and of the ,arabs of the desert round about you1 some are hypocrites3 and of the people of ,medina1 some are stubborn in hypocrisy4 ,thou knowest them not1 ,muhammad3 we know them3 twice#cc will we chastise them3 then shall they be given over to a great chastisement4 ,others have owned their faults1 and with an action that is right they have mixed another that is wrong4 ,god will haply be turned to them3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,take alms of their substance1#cd that thou mayst cleanse and purify them thereby1 and pray for them2 for thy prayers shall assure their minds3 and ,god ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,know they not that when his servants turn to ,him with repentance1 ,god accepteth it1 and that ,he accepteth alms1 and that ,god is ,he who turneth1 the ,merciful8 ,,say3 ,work ye3 but ,god will behold your work1 and so will ,his ,apostle1 and the faithful3 and ye shall be brought before ,him who knoweth alike the ,hidden and the ,manifest1 and ,he will tell you of all your works4 ,and others await the decision of ,god2 whether ,he will punish them1 or whether ,he will be turned unto them3 but ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,there are some#ce who have built a ,mosque for mischief#cf and for infidelity1 and to disunite the faithful1 and in expectation of him#cg who1 in time past1 warred against ,god and ,his ,apostle4 ,they will surely swear1 ,our aim was only good3 but ,god is witness that they are liars4 ,never set thou foot in it4#ch ,there is a ,mosque#ci founded from its first day in piety4 ,more worthy is it that thou enter therein3 therein are men who aspire to purity1 and ,god loveth the purified4 ,which of the two is best8 ,he who hath founded his building on the fear of ,god and the desire to please ,him1 or he who hath founded his building on the brink of an undermined bank washed away by torrents1 so that it rusheth with him into the fire of ,hell8 ,but ,god guideth not the doers of wrong4 ,their building which they#dj have built will not cease to cause uneasiness in their hearts1 until their hearts are cut in pieces4#da ,god is ,knowing1 ,wise4 ,verily1 of the faithful hath ,god bought their persons and their substance1 on condition of ,paradise for them in return3 on the path of ,god shall they fight1 and slay1 and be slain3 a ,promise for this is pledged in the ,law1 and in the ,evangel1 and in the ,koran-and who more faithful1 in to his engagement than ,god8 ,rejoice1 therefore1 in the contract that ye have contracted3 for this shall be the great bliss4 ,those who turn to ,god1 and those who serve1 who praise1 who fast1 who bow down1 who prostrate themselves1 who enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil1 and keep to the bounds#db of ,god 4 4 4#dc ,wherefore bear these good tidings to the faithful4 ,it is not for the prophet or the faithful to pray for the forgiveness of those1 even though they be of kin1 who associate other beings with ,god1 after it hath been made clear to them that they are to be the inmates of ,hell4 ,for neither did ,abraham ask forgiveness for his father1 but in pursuance of a promise which he had promised to him3 but when it was shewn him that he was an enemy to ,god1 he declared himself clear of him4 ,yet ,abraham was pitiful1 kind4 ,nor is it for ,god to lead a people into error1 after he hath guided them aright1 until that which they ought to dread hath been clearly shewn them4 ,verily1 ,god knoweth all things4 ,god6 ,his the kingdom of the ,heavens and of the ,earth6 ,he maketh alive and killeth6 ,ye have no patron or helper save ,god4 ,now hath ,god turned ,him unto the ,prophet and unto the refugees 7,mohadjers71 and unto the helpers 7,ansars7#dd1 who followed him in the hour of distress1 after that the hearts of a part of them had well nigh failed them#de4 ,then turned ,he unto them1 for ,he was ,kind to them1 ,merciful4 ,he hath also turned ,him unto the three#df who were left behind1 so that the earth1 spacious as it is1 became too strait for them2 and their souls became so straitened within them1 that they bethought them that there was no refuge from ,god but unto ,himself4 ,then was ,he turned to them1 that they might be turned to ,him1 for ,god is ,he that turneth1 the ,merciful4 ,believers6#dg fear ,god1 and be with the sincere4 ,no cause had the people of ,medina and the ,arabs of the desert around them1 to abandon ,god's ,apostle1 or to prefer their own lives to his2 because neither thirst1 nor the labour nor hunger1 could come upon them when on path of ,god2#dh neither do they step a step which may anger the unbelievers1 neither do they receive from the enemy any damage1 but it is written down to them as a good work4 ,verily1 ,god suffereth not the reward of the righteous to perish4 ,nor give they alms either small or great1 nor traverse they a torrent1 but it is thus reckoned to them2 that ,god may reward them with better than they have wrought4 ,the faithful must not march forth all together to the wars3 and if a party of every band of them march not out1 it is that they may instruct themselves in their religion1 and may warn their people when they come back to them1 that they take heed to themselves4 ,believers6 wage war against such of the infidels as are your neighbours1 and let them find you rigorous3 and know that ,god is with those who fear him4 ,whenever a ,sura is sent down1 there are some of them who say1 ,whose faith hath it increased8 ,it will increase the faith of those who believe1 and they shall rejoice4 ,but as to those in whose hearts is a disease1 it will add doubt to their doubt1 and they shall die infidels4 ,do they not see that they are proved every year once or twice8 ,yet they turn not1 neither are they warned4 ,and whenever a ,sura is sent down1 they look at one another4 4 4 4 ,doth any one see you8 then turn they aside4 ,god shall turn their hearts aside1 because they are a people devoid of understanding4 ,now hath an ,apostle come unto you from among yourselves3 your iniquities press heavily upon him4 ,he is careful over you1 and towards the faithful1 compassionate1 merciful4 ,if they turn away1 ,,say3 ,god sufficeth me3 there is no ,god but ,he4 ,in ,him put ,i my trust4 ,he is the possessor of the ,glorious ,throne6 #a ,the ,immunity is said by some commentators to have formed originally one ,sura with the eighth1 p4#cge1 and that on this account the usual formula of invocation is not prefixed4 ,the ,caliph ,othman accounted for this omission of the ,bismillah from the fact of this ,sura having been revealed1 with the exception of a few verses1 shortly before the prophet's death1 who left no instructions on the subject4 7,mishcat #a1 p4 #ebf47 ,the former verses from #a- #ab1 or1 according to other traditions1 from #a-dj1 were recited to the pilgrims at ,mecca by ,ali1 ,ann4 ,hej4 #i4 #b ,lit4 that ye cannot weaken ,god4 #c ,shawl1 ,dhu'lkaada1 ,dhu'lhajja1 ,muharram4 ,these months were observed by the ,arabians previous to the time of ,muhammad4 #d ,al ,abbas1 ,muhammad's uncle1 when taken prisoner1 had defended his unbelief1 and declared that he had performed these two important duties4 ,beidh4 #e ,or1 shall issue his behest4 #f ,at the battle of ,honein1 a valley three miles from ,mecca 7,a4,h4 #h71 the ,muhammadans1 presuming upon the great superiority of their numbers1 #ab1jjj men1 over the enemy who were only #djjj strong1 were seized with a panic throughout their ranks4 ,order was restored and victory obtained through the bravery and presence of mind of ,muhammad and his kindred4 #g ,the enemy attacked and routed you on all sides4 #h ,see ii4 #bdi1 p4 #cfe4 #i ,through the breaking off commercial relations4 #aj ,or1 by right of subjection1 ,sale2 in cash1 ,wahl42 all without exception1 ,k4 i4e4 as if by counting hands4 #aa ,thus ,hilchoth ,melachim1 vi4 #d4 ,the ,jews are commanded1 in case of war with the ,gentiles1 to offer peace on two conditions3-that they become tributaries1 and renounce idolatry4 ,thus also chap4 viii4 #d4 #ab ,the ,muhammadan tradition is that ,ezra was raised to life after he had been #ajj years dead1 and dictated from memory the whole ,jewish law1 which had been lost during the captivity1 to the scribes4 ,that the ,jews regarded ,ezra as a son of ,god is due to ,muhammad's own invention4 ,see ,sonna1 #dfb v4 ,h4 v4 ,purgstall's ,fundgruben des ,orients1 i4 #bhh4 ,the ,talmudists1 however1 use very exaggerated language concerning him4 ,thus1 ,sanhedrin1 #ba1 #bb4 ,ezra would have been fully worthy to have been the lawgiver1 if ,moses had not preceded him4 ,josephus1 ,ant4 xi4 #e1 #e1 speaks of his high repute 7greek text7 with the people1 and of his honourable burial4 ,muhammad probably represents the ,jews as having deified ,ezra with the view of showing that they1 as well as the ,christians1 had tampered with the doctrine of the ,divine unity4 #ac ,an allusion to the word ,rabbi1 used by ,jews and ,christians1 of their priests1 etc41 but in ,arabic of ,god only4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xxiii4 #g1 #h4 #ad ,see ,sur4 cxiv4 v4 #he4 #ae ,the intercalation of a month every third year1 in order to reduce the lunar to the solar years1 is justified by the ,muhammadans from this passage4 #af ,see ,sur4 xiii4 #bf1 p4 #ccf 7n474 #ag ,with ,abubekr4 lit4 second of two4 #ah ,wahk4 reich oder arm4 ,savary1 young or old4 ,ibn ,hisam 7#ibd7 pronounces this to be the oldest verse of the ,sura4 #ai ,this refers to the expedition of ,tabouk1 a town half-way between ,medina and ,damascus1 against the ,greeks1 ,a4,h4 #i4 ,muhammad was now at the head of an army of #cj1jjj men4 ,verses #db-dh are said to have been revealed during the march4 #bj ,lit4 prepared a preparation4 #ba ,lit4 written4 #bb ,that is1 victory or martyrdom4 #bc ,compare ,sura iii4 #agb4 ,geiger1 p4 #gf1 shews that this is precisely the teaching of the ,talmudists with regard to the wicked4 #bd ,the poor1 i4e4 absolute paupers2 the needy i4e4 those in some temporary distress4 #be ,the petty ,arab chiefs with whom ,muhammad made terms after the battle of ,honein1 in order to secure their followers4 #bf ,there seems to be a play1 in the original1 upon the similarity of the words for injure and ear4 #bg ,lit4 7are7 the one from the other4 #bh ,from giving alms4 #bi ,comp4 ,sura liv4 #ae1 p4 #gg4 ,the traditions as to the collection of pitch from wood of the ,ark1 in the time of ,berosus 7,b4,c4 #bej87 for amulets1 and of the wood itself1 in the time of ,josephus 7,ant4 i4 #c1 #f1 c4 ,apion1 i4 #ai7 must have reached ,muhammad through his ,jewish informants4 ,fragments are said to have existed in the days of ,benjamin of ,tudela1 and to have been carried away by the ,chalif ,omar1 from the mountain al ,djoudi to the mosque of ,gazyrat ,ibn ,omar4 #cj ,to kill ,muhammad4 ,the circumstances are given in a tradition preserved ap4 ,weil1 p4 #bfe1 note4 ,the meaning is1 that the people of ,medina1 who had become enriched by ,muhammad's residence among them1 had no better motive for disapproving the attempt upon his life4 ,lit4 they had nothing to avenge but that1 etc4 #ca ,prayers for the dead were customary among the ,arabians before ,muhammad4 ,see ,freyt4 ,einl4 p4 #bba4 #cb ,the ,mohadiers were those who fled with ,muhammad from ,mecca to ,medina1 the ,ansars his auxiliaries in ,medina4 #cc ,the commentators are not agreed as to the nature of this double punishment4 #cd ,the fine of a third part of all their substance was imposed upon seven of those who had held back from the expedition to ,tabouk4 ,this is the fault spoken of in the preceding verse4 #ce ,the tribe of ,beni ,ganim had built a mosque1 professedly from religious motives1 which they invited ,muhammad on his way to ,tabouk to dedicate by a solemn act of prayer4 ,muhammad1 however1 discovered that the real motive of the ,beni ,ganim was jealousy of the tribe of ,beni ,amru ,ibn ,auf1 and of the mosque at ,kuba1 and that there existed and understanding between them and his enemy the monk ,abu ,amir1 who was then in ,syria1 for the purpose of urging the ,greeks to attack the ,muslims and their mosque4 ,it is to him that the word irsdan refers4 #cf ,to the dwellers at ,kuba4 ,verses #ajh-aaa were probably promulged on the return from ,tabouk previous to the entry into ,medina4 #cg ,abu ,amir4 #ch ,or1 never stand thou in it 7to pray74 #ci ,the mosque of ,kuba1 about three miles ,s4,s4,e4 of ,medina4 ,the spot where this verse was revealed is still pointed out1 and called ,makam el ,ayat1 or the place of signs4 ,burton's ,pilgrimage1 ii4 p4 #bad4,muhammad laid the first brick1 and it was the first place of public prayer in ,el ,islam4 ,ib4 p4 #bji4 #dj ,the ,beni ,ganim4 #da ,that is1 up to the time of their death they will never reflect on what they have done without bitter pangs of conscience4 ,see ,weil's ,m4 der ,prophet1 pp4 #bfh1 #bfi1 and note4 #db ,lit4 limits1 i4e4 laws4 #dc ,shall have their recompense4 #dd ,see verse #aja4 #de ,lit4 turned aside1 swerved4 #df ,three ,ansars who did not accompany ,muhammad to ,tabouk1 and who on his return were put under interdict1 and not released from it till after fifty days of penance4 #dg ,verses #abj-abh probably belong to the period after the return from ,tabouk to ,medina4 #dh ,while fighting for the cause of ,god4 ,,sura ,v4-,,the ,,table ,,cxiv4 ,,medina4-#abj ,verses ,in the ,name of ,god1 the ,compassionate1 the ,merciful ,o ,,believers6 be faithful to your engagements4 ,you are allowed the flesh of cattle other than what is hereinafter recited1 except game1 which is not allowed you while ye are on pilgrimage4 ,verily1 ,god ordaineth what he pleaseth4 ,o ,believers6 violate neither the rites of ,god1 nor the sacred month ,muharram1 nor the offering1 nor its ornaments#a1 nor those who press on to the sacred house seeking favour from their ,lord and his good pleasure in them4 ,but when all is over#b1 then take to the chase3 and let not ill will at those#c who would have kept you from the sacred mosque lead you to transgress#d1 but rather be helpful to one another according to goodness and piety1 but be not helpful for evil and malice3 and fear ye ,god4 ,verily1 ,god is severe in punishing6 ,that which dieth of itself1 and blood1 and swine's flesh1 and all that hath been sacrificed under the invocation of any other name than that of ,god1 and the strangled1 and the killed by a blow1 or by a fall1 or by goring#e1 and that which hath been eaten by beasts of prey1 unless ye make it clean by giving the death-stroke yourselves1 and that which hath been sacrificed on the blocks of stone#f1 is forbidden you3 and to make division of the slain by consulting the arrows1#g is impiety in you4 ,woe this day on those who forsake your religion6 ,and fear them not1 but fear ,me4 ,this day have ,i perfected your religion for you1 and have filled up the measure of my favours upon you3 and it is my pleasure that ,islam be your religion2 but whoso without wilful leanings to wrong shall be forced by hunger to transgress1 to him1verily1 will ,god be ,indulgent1 ,merciful4 ,they will ask thee what is made lawful for them4 ,say3 ,those things which are good#h are legalised to you1 and the prey of beasts of chase which ye have trained like dogs1 teaching them as ,god hath taught you4 ,eat1 therefore1 of what they shall catch for you1 and make mention of the name of ,god over it1 and fear ,god3 ,verily1 ,swift is ,god to reckon3 ,this day1 things healthful are legalised to you1 and the meats of those who have received the ,scriptures are allowed to you1 as your meats are to them4 ,and you are permitted to marry virtuous women who are believers1 and virtuous women of those who have received the ,scriptures before you1 when you shall have provided them their portions1 living chastely with them without fornication1 and without taking concubines4 ,vain the works of him who shall renounce the faith6 and in the next world he shall be of the lost4 ,o ,believers6 when ye address yourselves to prayer1 wash your faces1 and your hands up to the elbow1 and wipe your heads1 and your feet to the ankles4 ,and if ye have become unclean1 then purify yourselves4 ,but if ye are sick1 or on a journey1 or if one of you come from the place of retirement1 or if ye have touched women1 and ye find no water1 then take clean sand and rub your faces and your hands with it4#i ,god desireth not to lay a burden upon you1 but he desireth to purify you1 and ,he would fill up the measure of ,his favour upon you1 that ye may be grateful4 ,and remember the favour of ,god upon you1 and ,his covenant which ,he hath covenanted with you1 when ye said1 ,we have heard and will obey2#aj and fear ,god2 verily1 ,god knoweth the very secrets of the breast4 ,o ,believers6 stand up as witnesses for ,god by righteousness3 and let not ill- will at any1 induce you not to act uprightly4 ,act uprightly4 ,next will this be to the fear of ,god4 ,and fear ye ,god3 verily1 ,god is apprised of what ye do4 ,god hath promised to those who believe1 and do the things that are right1 that for them is pardon and a great reward4 ,but they who are ,infidels and treat our signs as lies-these shall be mated with ,hell fire4 ,o ,believers6 recollect ,god's favour upon you1 when#aa certain folk were minded to stretch forth their hands against you1 but ,he kept their hands from you4 ,fear ,god then3 and on ,god let the faithful trust4 ,of old did ,god accept the covenant of the children of ,israel1#ab and out of them we raised up twelve leaders1 and ,god said1 ,verily1 ,i will be with you4 ,if ye observe prayer and pay the obligatory alms1 and believe in my ,apostles and help them1 and lend ,god a liberal loan1 ,i will surely put away from you your evil deeds1 and ,i will bring you into gardens 'neath which the rivers flow6 ,but whoso of you after this believeth not1 hath gone astray from the even path4 ,but for their breaking their covenant we have cursed them1 and have hardened their hearts4 ,they shift the words of ,scripture from their places1 and have forgotten part of what they were taught4 ,thou wilt not cease to discover deceit on their part1 except in a few of them4 ,but forgive them1 and pass it over3 verily1 ,god loveth those who act generously6 ,and of those who say1 ,we are ,christians1 have we accepted the covenant4 ,but they too have forgotten a part of what they were taught2 wherefore we have stirred up enmity and hatred among them that shall last till the day of the ,resurrection2 and in the end will ,god tell them of their doings4 ,o people of the ,scriptures6 now is our ,apostle come to you to clear up to you much that ye concealed of those ,scriptures1 and to pass over many things4 ,now hath a light and a clear ,book come to you from ,god1 by which ,god will guide him who shall follow after his good pleasure1 to paths of peace1 and will bring them out of the darkness to the light1 by his will3 and to the straight path will he guide them4 ,infidels now are they who say1 ,verily ,god is the ,messiah ,ibn ,maryam 7son of ,mary76 ,,say3 ,and who could aught obtain from ,god1 if he chose to destroy the ,messiah ,ibn ,maryam1 and his mother1 and all who are on the earth together8 ,for with ,god is the sovereignty of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and of all that is between them6 ,he createth what ,he will2 and over all things is ,god potent4 ,say the ,jews and ,christians1 ,sons are we of ,god and his beloved4 ,,say3 ,why then doth he chastise you for your sins8 ,nay6 ye are but a part of the men whom he hath created6 ,he will pardon whom he pleaseth1 and chastise whom he pleaseth1 and with ,god is the sovereignty of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and of all that is between them1 and unto ,him shall all things return4 ,o people of the ,book6 now hath our ,apostle come to you to clear up to you the cessation#ac of ,apostles1 lest you should say1 ,there hath come to us no bearer of good tidings1 nor any warner4 ,but now hath a bearer of good tidings and a warner reached you4 ,and ,god is ,almighty4 ,and remember when ,moses said to his people1 ,o my people6 call to mind the goodness of ,god towards you when he appointed ,prophets among you1 and appointed you kings1 and gave you what never had been given before to any human beings3 ,enter1 ,o my people6 the holy land which ,god hath destined for you4 ,turn not back1 lest ye be overthrown to your ruin4 ,they said1 ,o ,moses6 ,therein are men of might4 ,and verily1 we can by no means enter it till they be gone forth4 ,but if they go forth from it1 then verily will we enter in4 ,then said two men of those who feared their ,lord and to whom ,god had been gracious1 ,enter in upon them by the gate3 and when ye enter it1 ye overcome6 ,if ye be believers1 put ye your trust in ,god4 ,they said1 ,o ,moses6 never can we enter while they remain therein4 ,go thou and thy ,lord and fight2 for here will we sit us down4 ,he said1 ,o my ,lord1 ,verily of none am ,i master but of myself and my brother3 put thou therefore a difference between us and this ungodly people4 ,he said1 ,verily the land shall be forbidden them forty years3 they shall wander in the earth perplexed4 ,fret not thyself therefore for the ungodly people4 ,relate to them exactly the story of the sons of ,adam#ad when they each offered an offering2 accepted from the one of them1 and not accepted from the other4 ,the one said1 ,i will surely slay thee4 ,said the other1 ,god only accepted from those that fear ,him4 ,even if thou stretch forth thine hand against me to slay me1 ,i will not stretch forth my hand against thee to slay thee4 ,truly ,i fear ,god the ,lord of the ,worlds4 ,yea1 rather would ,i that thou shouldest bear my sin#ae and thine own sin1 and that thou become an inmate of the ,fire3 for that is the recompense of the unjust doers4 ,and his passion led him to slay his brother3 and he slew him2 and he became one of those who perish4 ,and ,god sent a raven which scratched upon the ground1 to shew him#af how he might hide his brother's wrong4#ag ,he said3 ,o woe is me6 am ,i too weak to become like this raven1 and to hide away my brother's wrong8 ,and he became one of the repentant4 ,for this cause have we ordained to the children of ,israel that he who slayeth any one1 unless it be a person guilty of manslaughter1 or of spreading disorders in the land1 shall be as though he had slain all mankind2 but that he who saveth a life1 shall be as though he had saved all mankind alive4#ah ,of old our ,apostles came to them with the proofs of their mission2 then verily after this most of them committed excesses in the land4 ,only1 the recompense of those who war against ,god and his ,apostle1 and go about to commit disorders on the earth1 shall be that they shall be slain or crucified1 or have their alternate hands and feet cut off1 or be banished the land3 ,this their disgrace in this world1 and in the next a great torment shall be theirs- ,except those who1 ere you have them in your power1 shall repent2 for know that ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,o ye who believe6 fear ,god4 ,desire union with ,him4 ,contend earnestly on his path1 that you may attain to happiness4 ,as to the infidels-if that they had twice the riches of the earth to be their ransom from torment on the day of resurrection1 it should not be accepted from them6 ,and a dolorous torment shall be their's4 ,fain would they come forth from the ,fire2 but forth from it they shall not come3 and a lasting torment shall be their's4 ,as to the thief1 whether man or woman1 cut ye off their hands in recompense for their doings4#ai ,this is a penalty by way of warning from ,god himself4 ,and ,god is ,mighty1 ,wise4 ,but whoever shall turn him to ,god after this his wickedness1 and amend1 ,god truly will be turned to him3 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,knowest thou not that the sovereignty of the ,heavens and of the ,earth is ,god's8 ,he chastiseth whom ,he will1 and whom ,he will ,he forgiveth4 ,and ,god hath power over all things4 ,o ,apostle6 let not those who vie with one another in speeding to infidelity vex thee2-of those who say with their mouths1 ,we believe1 but whose hearts believe not2-or of the ,jews listeners to a lie-listeners to others-but who come not to thee4 ,they shift the words of the law from their places1 and say1 ,if this be brought to you1 receive it2 but if this be not brought to you1 then beware of it4 ,for him whom ,god would mislead1 thou canst in no wise prevail with ,god6 ,they whose hearts ,god shall not please to cleanse1 shall suffer disgrace in this world1 and in the next a grievous punishment2 ,listeners to a falsehood and greedy devourers of the forbidden6#bj ,if1 therefore1 they have recourse to thee1 then judge between them1 or withdraw from them4 ,if thou withdraw from them1 then can they have no power to injure thee4 ,but if thou judge1 then judge between them with equity4 ,verily1 ,god loveth those who deal equitably4 ,but how shall they make thee their judge1 since they possess already the ,law1 in which are the behests of ,god1 and have not obeyed it8 ,after this1 they will turn their backs2 but such are not believers4 ,verily1 we have sent down the law 7,towrat7 wherein are guidance and light4 ,by it did the prophets who professed ,islam judge the ,jews2 and the doctors and the teachers judged by that portion of the ,book of ,god1 of which they were the keepers and the witnesses4 ,therefore1 ,o ,jews6 fear not men but fear ,me2 and barter not away my signs for a mean price6 ,and whoso will not judge by what ,god hath sent down-such are the ,infidels4 ,and therein#ba have we enacted for them1 ,life for life1 and eye for eye1 and nose for nose1 and ear for ear1 and tooth for tooth1 and for wounds retaliation3-,whoso shall compromise it as alms shall have therein the expiation of his sin2 and whoso will not judge by what ,god hath sent down- such are the transgressors4 ,and in the footsteps of the prophets caused we ,jesus1 the son of ,mary1 to follow1 confirming the law which was before him3 and we gave him the ,evangel with its guidance and light1 confirmatory of the preceding ,law2 a guidance and warning to those who fear ,god2- ,and that the people of the ,evangel may judge according to what ,god hath sent down therein4 ,and whoso will not judge by what ,god hath sent down-such are the perverse4 ,and to thee we have sent down the ,book of the ,koran with truth1 confirmatory of previous ,scriptures1 and their safeguard4 ,judge therefore between them by what ,god hath sent down1 and follow not their desires by deserting the truth which hath come unto thee4 ,to every one of you have we given a rule and a beaten track4 ,and if ,god had pleased ,he had surely made you all one people2 but ,he would test you by what ,he hath given to each4 ,be emulous1 then1 in good deeds4 ,to ,god shall ye all return1 and ,he will tell you concerning the subjects of your disputes4 ,wherefore do thou judge between them1 by what ,god hath sent down1 and follow not their wishes6 but be on thy guard against them lest they beguile thee from any of those precepts which ,god hath sent down to thee2 and if they turn back1 then know thou that for some of their crimes doth ,god choose to punish them3 for truly most men are perverse4 ,desire they1 therefore1 the judgments of the times of7pagan7 ignorance8 ,but what better judge can there be than ,god for those who believe firmly8 ,o ,believers6 take not the ,jews or ,christians#bb as friends4 ,they are but one another's friends4 ,if any one of you taketh them for his friends1 he surely is one of them6 ,god will not guide the evil doers4 ,so shalt thou see the diseased at heart speed away to them1 and say1 ,we fear lest a change of fortune befall us4 ,but haply ,god will of himself bring about some victory or event of ,his own ordering3 then soon will they repent them of their secret imaginings4 ,then will the faithful say1 ,what6 are these they who swore1 by their most solemn oath1 that they were surely with you8 ,vain their works2 and themselves shall come to ruin4 ,o ye who believe6 should any of you desert ,his religion1 ,god will then raise up a people loved by ,him1 and loving ,him1 lowly towards the faithful1 haughty towards the ,infidels4 ,for the cause of ,god will they contend1 and not fear the blame of the blamer4 ,this is the ,grace of ,god6 ,on whom ,he will ,he bestoweth it6 ,god is ,vast1 ,omniscient6 ,verily1 your protector is ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and those who believe1 who observe prayer1 and pay the alms of obligation1 and who bow in worship4 ,and whoso take ,god and ,his ,apostle1 and those who believe for friends1 they truly are the people of ,god2 they shall have the upper hand4 ,o ye who believe6 take not such of those who have received the ,scriptures before you1 as scoff and jest at your religion1 or the ,infidels1 for your friends1 but fear ,god if ye are believers3 ,nor those who when ye call to prayer1 make it an object of raillery and derision4 ,this they do because they are a people who understand not4 ,,say3#bc ,o people of the ,book6 do ye not disavow us only because we believe in ,god1 and in what ,he hath sent down to us1 and in what ,he hath sent down aforetime1 and because most of you are doers of ill8 ,,say3 ,can ,i announce to you any retribution worse than that which awaiteth them with ,god8 ,they whom ,god hath cursed and with whom ,he hath been angry- some of them hath ,he changed into apes and swine2 and they who worship ,thagout are in evil plight1 and have gone far astray from the right path6 ,when they presented themselves to you they said1 ,we believe2 but ,infidels they came in unto you1 and ,infidels they went forth6 ,god well knew what they concealed4 ,many of them shalt thou see hastening together to wickedness and malice1 and to eat unlawful things4 ,shame on them for what they have done6 ,had not their doctors and teachers forbidden their uttering wickedness1 and their eating unlawful food1 bad indeed would have been their doings6 ,the hand of ,god1 say the ,jews1 is chained up4#bd ,their own hands shall be chained up-and for that which they have said shall they be cursed4 ,nay6 outstretched are both ,his hands6 ,at ,his own pleasure does ,he bestow gifts4 ,that which hath been sent down to thee from thy ,lord will surely increase the rebellion and unbelief of many of them2 and we have put enmity and hatred between them that shall last till the day of the ,resurrection4 ,oft as they kindle a beacon fire for war shall ,god quench it6 and their aim will be to abet disorder on the earth3 but ,god loveth not the abettors of disorder4 ,but if the people of the ,book believe and have the fear of ,god1 we will surely put away their sins from them1 and will bring them into gardens of delight3 and if that they observe the law and the ,evangel1 and what hath been sent down to them from their ,lord1 they shall surely have their fill of good things from above them and from beneath their feet4 ,some there are among them who act aright2 but many of them-how evil are their doings6 ,o ,apostle6 proclaim all that hath been sent down to thee from thy ,lord3 for if thou do it not1 thou hast not proclaimed ,his message at all4 ,and ,god will protect thee from evil men3 verily1 ,god guideth not the unbelievers4 ,,say3 ,o people of the ,book6 ye have no ground to stand on1 until ye observe the ,law and the ,evangel1 and that which hath been sent down to you from your ,lord4#be ,the ,book which hath been sent down to thee from thy ,lord will certainly increase the rebellion and unbelief of many of them2 but1 be not thou troubled for the unbelievers4 ,verily1 they who believe1 and the ,jews1 and the ,sabeites1#bf and the ,christians-whoever of them believeth in ,god and in the last day1 and doth what is right1 on them shall come no fear1 neither shall they be put to grief4 ,of old we accepted the covenant of the children of ,israel1 and sent ,apostles to them4 ,oft as an ,apostle came to them with that for which they had no desire1 some they treated as liars1 and some they slew2#bg ,and they reckoned that no harm would come of it3-but they became blind and deaf6 ,then was ,god turned unto them3 then many of them again became blind and deaf6 but ,god beheld what they did4 ,infidels now are they who say1 ,god is the ,messiah1 ,son of ,mary2 for the ,messiah said1 ,o children of ,israel6 worship ,god1 my ,lord and your ,lord4 ,whoever shall join other gods with ,god1 ,god shall forbid him the ,garden1 and his abode shall be the ,fire2 and the wicked shall have no helpers4 ,they surely are ,infidels who say1 ,god is the third of three3 for there is no ,god but one ,god3 and if they refrain not from what they say1 a grievous chastisement shall light on such of them as are ,infidels4 ,will they not1 therefore1 be turned unto ,god1 and ask pardon of ,him8 since ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful6 ,the ,messiah1 ,son of ,mary1 is but an ,apostle2 other ,apostles have flourished before him2 and his mother was a just#bh person3 they both ate food4#bi ,behold6 how we make clear to them the signs6 then behold how they turn aside6 ,,say3 ,will ye worship1 beside ,god1 that which can neither hurt nor help8 ,but ,god6 ,he only ,heareth1 ,knoweth4 ,,say3 ,o people of the ,book6 outstep not bounds of truth in your religion2 neither follow the desires of those who have already gone astray1 and who have caused many to go astray1 and have themselves gone astray from the evenness of the way4 ,those among the children of ,israel who believed not were cursed by the tongue of ,david1#cj and of ,jesus1 ,son of ,mary4 ,this1 because they were rebellious1 and became transgressors3 they forbade not one another the iniquity which they wrought6 detestable are their actions6 ,thou shalt see many of them make friends of the infidels4 ,evil the actions which their own passions have sent on beforehand2 for ,god is angry with them1 and in torment shall they abide for ever3 ,but1 if they had believed in ,god1 and the ,prophet1 and the ,koran which hath been sent down to him1 they had not taken them for their friends2 but perverse are most of them4 ,of all men thou wilt certainly find the ,jews1 and those who join other gods with ,god1 to be the most intense in hatred of those who believe2 and thou shalt certainly find those to be nearest in affection to them who say1 ,we are ,christians4 ,this1 because some of them are priests and monks1#ca and because they are free from pride4 ,and when they hear that which hath been sent down to the ,apostle1 thou seest their eyes overflow with tears at the truth they recognise therein1 saying1 ,o our ,lord6 we believe2 write us down therefore with those who bear witness to it4 ,and why should we not believe in ,god1 and in the truth which hath come down to us1 and crave that our ,lord would bring us into ,paradise with the ,just8 ,therefore hath ,god rewarded them for these their words1 with gardens 'neath which the rivers flow2 they shall abide therein for ever3 this the reward of the righteous6 ,but they who believe not and treat our signs as lies shall be the inmates of ,hell-fire4 ,o ye who believe6 interdict not the healthful viands which ,god hath allowed you2 go not beyond this limit4 ,god loveth not those who outstep it4#cb ,and eat of what ,god hath given you for food1 that which is lawful and wholesome3 and fear ,god1 in whom ye believe4 ,god will not punish you for a mistaken word in your oaths3 but he will punish you in regard to an oath taken seriously4#cc ,its expiation shall be to feed ten poor persons with such middling food as ye feed your own families with1 or to clothe them2 or to set free a captive4 ,but he who cannot find means1 shall fast three days4 ,this is the expiation of your oaths when ye shall have sworn4 ,keep then your oaths4 ,thus ,god maketh his signs clear to you1 that ye may give thanks4 ,o believers6 surely wine and games of chance1#cd and statues1 and the divining arrows1 are an abomination of ,satan's work6 ,avoid them1 that ye may prosper4 ,only would ,satan sow hatred and strife among you1 by wine and games of chance1 and turn you aside from the remembrance of ,god1 and from prayer3 will ye not1 therefore1 abstain from them8 ,obey ,god and obey the ,apostle1 and be on your guard3 but if ye turn back1 know that our ,apostle is only bound to deliver a plain announcement4 ,no blame shall attach to those who believe and do good works1 in regard to any food they have taken1 in case they fear ,god and believe1 and do the things that are right1 and shall still fear ,god and believe1 and shall still fear him1 and do good2 for ,god loveth those who do good4 ,o ye who believe6 ,god will surely make trial of you with such game as ye may take with your hands1 or your lances1 that ,god may know who feareth him in secret3 and whoever after this transgresseth1 shall suffer a grievous chastisement4 ,o believers6#ce kill no game while ye are on pilgrimage4 ,whosoever among you shall purposely kill it1 shall comsent pensate for it in domestic animals of equal value 7according to the judgment of two just persons among you71 to be brought as an offering to the ,caaba2 or in expiation thereof shall feed the poor2 or as the equivalent of this shall fast1 that he may taste the ill consequence of his deed4 ,god forgiveth what is past2 but whoever doth it again1 ,god will take vengeance on him2 for ,god is mighty and vengeance is ,his4 ,it is lawful for you to fish in the sea1 and to eat fish1 as provision for you and for those who travel2 but it is unlawful for you to hunt by land while ye are still on pilgrimage3 fear ye ,god1 therefore1 before whom ye shall be assembled4 ,god hath appointed the ,caaba1#cf the sacred house1 to be a station for mankind1 and the sacred month1 and the offering1 and its ornaments4 ,this1 that ye may know that ,god knoweth all that is in the heavens and on the earth1 and that ,god hath knowledge of everything4 ,know that ,god is severe in punishing1 and that ,god is ,forgiving1 ,merciful4 ,the ,apostle is only bound to preach3 and ,god knoweth what ye bring to light1 and what ye conceal4 ,,say3 ,the evil and the good shall not be valued alike1 even though the abundance of evil please thee2 therefore fear ,god1 ,o ye of understanding6 that it may be well with you4 ,o believers6 ask us not of things which if they were told might only pain you2 but if ye ask of such things when the entire ,koran shall have been sent down1 they will be declared to you3 ,god will pardon you for this1 for ,god is ,forgiving1 ,gracious4 ,they who were before you1 asked concerning such things1 and afterwards quickly disbelieved therein ,god hath not ordained anything on the subject4 of ,bahira1 or ,saba1 or ,wasila1 or ,hami2#cg but the unbelievers have invented this lie against ,god3 and most of them had no understanding4 ,and when it was said to them1 ,accede to that which ,god hath sent down1 and to the ,apostle3 they said1 ,sufficient for us is the faith in which we found our fathers4 ,what6 though their fathers knew nothing1 and had no guidance8 ,o believers6 take heed to yourselves4#ch ,he who erreth shall not hurt you when ye have the guidance3 to ,god shall ye all return1 and ,he will tell you that which ye have done4 ,o believers6 let there be witnesses between you1 when death draweth nigh to any of you1 at the time of making the testament2 two witnesses-just men from among yourselves1 or two others of a different tribe from yourselves-if ye be journeying in the earth1 and the calamity of death surprise you4 ,ye shall shut them both up1 after the prayer2 and if ye doubt them1 they shall swear by ,god1 ,we will not take a bribe though the party be of kin to us1 neither will we conceal the testimony of ,god1 for then we should be among the wicked4 ,but if it shall be made clear that both have been guilty of a falsehood1 two others of those who have convicted them thereof1 the two nearest in blood shall stand up in their place1 and they shall swear by ,god1 ,verily our witness is more true than the witness of these two2 neither have we advanced anything untrue1 for then should we be of the unjust4 ,thus will it be easier for men to bear a true#ci witness1 or fear lest after their oath another oath be given4 ,therefore fear ,god and hearken2 for ,god guideth not the perverse4 ,one day will ,god assemble the ,apostles1 and say1 ,what reply was made to you8 ,they shall say1 ,we have no knowledge1 but ,thou art the ,knower of ,secrets4 ,when ,he shall say3 ,o ,jesus6 ,son of ,mary6 call to mind my favour upon thee and upon thy mother1 when ,i strengthened thee with the ,holy ,spirit1 that thou shouldest speak#dj to men alike in the cradle1 and when grown up2- ,and when ,i taught thee the ,scripture1 and ,wisdom1 and the ,law1 and the ,evangel3 and thou didst create of clay1 as it were1 the figure of a bird1 by my leave1 and didst breathe into it1 and by my leave it became a bird2 and thou didst heal the blind and the leper1 by my leave2 and when1 by my leave1 thou didst bring forth the dead2 and when ,i withheld the children of ,israel from thee1 when thou hadst come to them with clear tokens3 and such of them as believed not said1 ,this is nought but plain sorcery2#da ,and when ,i revealed unto the ,apostles1 ,believe on me and on my ,sent ,one1 they said1 ,we believe2 and bear thou witness that we are ,muslims4 ,remember when the ,apostles#db said-,o ,jesus1 ,son of ,mary6 is thy ,lord able to send down a furnished ,,table to us out of ,heaven8 ,he said-,fear ,god if ye be believers4 ,they said-,we desire to eat therefrom1 and to have our hearts assured2 and to know that thou hast indeed spoken truth to us1 and to be witnesses thereof4 ,jesus1 ,son of ,mary1 said-,o ,god1 our ,lord6 send down a table to us out of ,heaven1 that it may become a recurring festival to us1 to the first of us and to the last of us1 and a sign from thee2 and do thou nourish us1 for thou art the best of nourishers4 ,and ,god said-,verily1 ,i will cause it to descend unto you2 but whoever among you after that shall disbelieve1 ,i will surely chastise him with a chastisement1 wherewith ,i will not chastise any other creature4#dc ,and when ,god shall say-,o ,jesus1 ,son of ,mary3 hast thou said unto mankind- ',take me and my mother as two ,gods1 beside ,god8' ,he shall say-,glory be unto ,thee6 it is not for me to say that which ,i know to be not the truth2 had ,i said that1 verily thou wouldest have known it3 ,thou knowest what is in me1 but ,i know not what is in ,thee2 for ,thou well knowest things unseen6 ,i spake not to them aught but that which thou didst bid me-',worship ,god1 my ,lord and your ,lord2' and ,i was a witness of their actions while ,i stayed among them2 but since thou hast taken me to ,thyself1 ,thou hast ,thyself watched them1 and ,thou art witness of all things3 ,if ,thou punish them1 they are ,thy servants1 and if ,thou forgive them4 4 4 4#dd ,thou1 verily1 art the ,mighty1 the ,wise6 ,god will say-,this day shall their truth advantage the truthful4 ,gardens shall they have 'neath which the rivers flow1 and remain therein for ever3 ,god is well pleased with them and they with ,him4 ,this shall be the great bliss4 ,unto ,god belongeth the sovereignty of the ,heavens and of the ,earth1 and of all that they contain2 and ,he hath power over all things4 #a ,the garlands1 etc41 attached to the victims offered at ,mecca4 #b ,when you have again returned to your common and everyday life by laying aside the ihram1 or pilgrim's robe4 ,this generally consists of two pieces of cotton1 or linen1 or woollen cloth1 without seam or ornament1 one of which is wrapped round the loins1 and the other thrown over the shoulders4 ,the instep1 heel1 and head must be bare4 #c ,the ,koreisch sent to meet ,muhammad1 who was on his way to visit the ,caaba with #adjj men1 at ,hudaibiya 7,an4 ,hej4 #f7 to prohibit his nearer approach4 ,a truce for ten years was ultimately concluded4 #d ,by making war in the holy month4 #e ,comp4 ,tract ,cholin1 c4 #c4 #f ,lit4 on blocks or shafts of stone4 ,these were set up by the pagan ,arabs in front of their houses for the purpose of sacrificing thereon4 ,see ,freytag's ,einl4 p4 #dfb1 and ,tr4 ,cholin1 p4 #ci1 #dj1 #da4 #g ,it was the custom to draw lots for joints of a camel with arrows1 some feathered and others unfeathered1 kept for this purpose in the temple of ,mecca4 ,see ,pocock1 ,spec4 ,hist4 ,ar41 under the word ,hobal4 #h ,in the sense of sound1 healthful4 #i ,thus ,talm4 ,tr4 ,berachoth1 #df4 #aj ,this refers to the oath of fidelity which ,muhammad's followers took at ,al ,akaba4 ,abulf4 ,vit4,moh4p4#dc4 #aa ,it is quite uncertain to what events this refers4 ,the commentators narrate1 and have doubtless invented1 various incidents as having occasioned it4 #ab ,verses #ae-ch belong probably to the period shortly before the taking of ,chaibar in the beginning of ,hej4 #g4 ,it is remarkable that ,muhammad1 although he has invented these twelve leaders of tribes1 should nowhere mention the number of the ,apostles4 ,there is no doubt1 however1 from the ancient biographies1 that he chose twelve assistants for the propagation of ,islam4 ,see ,gagnier1 ,vie de ,m4 ii4 xvi4 #ac ,the space between the mission of different prophets4 #ad ,called by the ,arabians ,habeel and ,kabeel4 ,the dialogue between ,cain and ,abel is slightly varied from that given in ,targ4 ,jerus4 on ,gen4 iv4 #h1 and ,jonath4 ,ben ,uzziel4 #ae ,or1 the sin against me1 i4e4 of slaying me4 #af ,in the ,jewish tradition the raven shews the mode of burial to ,adam1 not to ,cain4 ,pirke ,r4 ,elieser1 c4 #ba4 ,midr4 fol4 ,,ii ap4 ,weil 7,legenden1 p4 #ci74 #ag ,or1 corpse4 #ah ,thus ,mischn4 ,sanhedr4 iv4 #e1 ,we find it said in the case of ,cain who murdered his brother-',the voice of thy brother's bloods crieth'-,it is not said1 blood of thy brother1 but bloods1 i4e4 his blood and the blood of his seed4 ,therefore was man created single1 in order to shew that to him who kills a single individual of ,israel it shall be reckoned as if he had slain the whole race1 and that he1 etc4 precisely as in the text4 ,comp4 also the same form of expression in ,bab4 ,tal1 ,kidush1 #a1 ,if one fulfil but one commandment1 he causes the scale of innocence to preponderate for himself and the whole world2 but if he commit one sin1 he causes the scale of guilt to preponderate for himself and the whole world4 #ai ,muhammad is said by the early traditionists to have punished a woman who had been guilty of theft in this manner while on the route to ,mecca previous to its capture4 ,we are1 therefore1 able to fix the date of verses #ci-dd4 #bj ,usury1 bribes4 #ba ,ex4 xxi4 #bc-bg4 #bb ,this may refer to proposals made to the ,muslims to enter into alliance with the ,jews and ,christians against the heathen1 after the reverse at ,ohod4 ,lane observes 7,mod4 ,egyptians1 i4 #ceh7 with regard to this precept1 that of the leading features of the character of the ,mooslims none is more remarkable than their religious pride4 ,they regard persons of every other faith as the children of perdition2 and such the ,mooslim is early taught to despise4 ,they are1 however1 as remarkable for their toleration as for their contempt of unbelievers4 #bc ,weil suggests that verses #fd-hh were revealed subsequently to contests with the ,jews1 but before ,muhammad had broken with the ,christians1 i4e4 between ,hej4 #d and #h4 #bd ,that is1 ,god has ceased to be bounteous4 ,the ,muslims believe that at the day of judgment all the ,jews will appear with the right hand tied to the neck4 #be ,that is1 the ,koran4 ,the ,jew was to retain a faith in the ,towrt1 or ,law2 the ,christian in the ,injil1 or ,gospel2 but both ,jews and ,christians were to receive the ,koran as the complement of both4 #bf ,see ,sura xci4 ii4 #ei1 p4 #cdd4 #bg ,i ,thess4 ii4 #ae4 #bh ,did not give herself out to be a goddess4 ,djelal4 #bi ,that is1 were human beings1 and subject to the usual wants and liabilities of ordinary persons4 #cj ,see ,sura ii4 #fa1 p4 #cdd4 ,mark viii4 #cj4 #ca ,geiger derives both the ,arabic words from ,syriac terms1 and renders elders and clerics1 p4 #ea4 ,but the root of the ,arabic word rendered monk is generally said to be rahaba1 to fear4 #cb ,comp4 ,sura cix4 #axvi4 #b4 ,the date of verses #hi-ia is therefore probably ,hej4 #g4 #cc ,if you violate it4 #cd ,see verse #d4 ,tradition has expanded the word ansab1 so as to include all figures1 and hence the strict observers of the letter of the ,koran forbid the game of chess4 ,the ,persians1 however1 and ,indians generally interpret this verse more liberally4 #ce ,this and the two following verses are placed by the commentators in the year of ,hudaibiya1 as also #ih1 #ii1 #ajj4 #cf ,that is1 ,cube-,house4 ,maison ,carre4 ,it is also commonly called the ,bait ,ullah1 ,house of ,god4 ,the ,caaba is an oblong massive structure #ee ft4 in length1 #de in breadth1 and the height somewhat greater than the length4 ,at the ,s4,e4 corner is the famous ,hajar ,el-,aswad1 or ,black ,stone1 according to ,lieut4 ,burton1 an undoubted aerolite4 ,it is figured in ,mr4 ,muir's ,life of ,mahomet4 ,the ,caaba stands in an open parallelogram of about #ejj ft4 by #ecj ft4 and is surrounded by colonnades1 the pillars of which1 made of various marbles1 some ,egyptian but mostly ,meccan1 stand in a quadruple row on the east side1 and three deep on the other sides1 and amount to #eed4 ,it has been rebuilt several times1 but has not been materially altered since ,a4,h4 #ajdj4 #cg ,names given to the sacred animals which were marked and allowed to range for pasture at liberty4 ,the dedicated mother-camel was the ,saiba2 the ,wasila included also goats or ewes2 the eleventh female offspring of the camel was ,bahira2 the dedicated stallion was ,hami4 ,these forms of superstition grew up1 obviously1 from a remote period1 out of the intense affection of the ,bedouin for his flocks1 especially his horses and camels4 #ch ,lit4 on you your souls4 #ci ,lit4 upon its face1 i4e4 according to its plain scope4 #dj ,see ,evang4 ,infant4 c4 #a1 ,invenimus in libro ,josephi ,pontificis qui vixit tempore ,christi1 ,jesum locutum esse1 et quidem cum in cunis jaceret1 etc4 ,the date of verse #ajh to the end is uncertain4 #da ,precisely the same expression is applied to our ,lord in the ,arabic ,evang4 ,infanti1 c4 #cf at the end1 which also relates the story of the ,birds4 #db ,ar4 ,el-hawariyin1 a different word from that used for ,jesus1 ,hud1 ,saleh1 and the other apostles par excellence4 ,the root of the word is the thiopic hawyra1 to go1 send2 hence the ,church is called in thiopic the ,beth chrestyan ant hawariyat1 i4e4 ,apostolic4 ,see1 however1 the note on ,thilo's ,cod4 ,apoc4 p4 #aeb1 who derives from the root hur1 to be white1 pure2 hence1 friends1 helpers4 #dc ,comp4 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bg1 sqq4-,muhammad obviously refers to the ,eucharist4 #dd ,thou hast a right to do so as their ,lord4