,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,,by ,,levi ,,seeley1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,p$agogy ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,j]sey ,,/ate ,,normal ,,s*ool ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,new ,,york 3 ,,c9c9nati 3 ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,copyright1 #ahii1 #aijd1 ,,by ,,levi ,,seeley4 ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall4 ,,hi/4 ,,( ,,education ,,preface ,! importance ( a k ( ! hi/ory ( education 0 nev] s fully recogniz$ z at ! pres5t "t4 ,normal s*ools & tea*]s' colleges give ?is subject a prom95t place 9 _! pr(essional c\rses1 sup]9t5d5ts require c&idates = c]tificates to pass exam9ation 9 x1 & famili>ity ) x is an ess5tial "p ( ! equipm5t ( e well-in=m$ tea*]4 ,! hi/ory ( education portrays ! !ories & me?ods ( ! pa/1 w>ns ( error & indicates e/abli%$ tru?1 %[s difficulties surm\nt$1 & enc\rages ! tea*] ( to-day by examples ( h]oism & consecration on ! "p ( educators ^: labors = _! fell[-m5 we discuss4 ,to ! tea*] ?is /udy is a con/ant help 9 ! s*oolroom1 ! trials ( :i* are met ) ! add$ /r5g? & inspiration f contact ) great tea*]s ( ! pa/4 ,no text-book c be said to conta9 ! la/ ^w ^u any subject4 ,lea/ ( all c su* a claim be made = a hi/ory ( education1 :i* aims to trace ! intellectual developm5t ( ! human race & to indicate ! means & processes ( t evolution4 ,any individuals or factors mat]ially contribut+ !reto des]ve a place 9 educational hi/ory4 ,z to :i* ( ^! factors is ! mo/ important1 t is a "q ( *oice1 ^u :i*1 d\btless1 _m w diff] ) ! au?or4 ,"s educators1 ^: claims to consid]ation are unque/ion$1 h be5 reluctantly omitt$ on acc\nt ( ! limitations ( ?is "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m tea*]s lack "t = exhau/ive /udy ( su* a subject4 ,?is book is design$ to furni% all ! mat]ial t c be reasonably dem&$ = any /ate1 c\nty1 or city tea*]'s c]tificate4 ,x also provides suffici5t subject-matt] = classes 9 normal s*ools & colleges & = read+ circles4 ,! mat]ial (f]$ c be ma/]$ 9 a half-ye>'s class "w1 b1 by us+ ! ref]5ces1 a full ye> c be well employ$4 ,= ^? :o desire to make a m ext5d$ /udy ( p>ticul> topics1 ! au?or gives su* au?orities z ye>s ( c>eful rese>* h %[n to be mo/ valuable4 ,e inve/igator kn[s ! labor involv$ 9 f9d+ suitable mat]ial4 ,to sp>e ! read] some?+ ( t labor1 ! lit]ature is giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt]4 ,by foll[+ ! collat]al read+s ?us sugge/$1 ?is book w be f\nd suitable = ! mo/ advanc$ classes4 ,! plan ( ref]5ces embraces ?ree features3 7#a7 lit]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt]2 7#b7 foot ref]5ces to special citations2 & 7#c7 a g5]al bibliography 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,9 ! fir/ two1 titles are sometimes abbreviat$ because ( _! frequ5t repetition4 ,9 case ( d\bt ! read] %\ld ref] to ! g5]al bibliography1 9 :i* all ! au?orities cit$ are arrang$ alphabetically1 ) full titles4 ,to get ! greate/ value f ?is /udy1 classes %\ld be requir$ to keep a notebook :i* %\ld foll[ "s uni=m plan4 ,i sugge/ ! foll[+ z su* outl9e3 7#a7 hi/orical & geographical2 7#b7 home life2 7#c7 physical1 religi\s1 & ae/hetic education2 7#d7 elem5t>y & high] education2 7#e7 summ>y ( lessons taught2 7#f7 educators3 7a7 life1 7b7 writ+s1 7c7 p$agogical tea*+s4 ,( c\rse ea* tea*] w modify ?is outl9e to suit 8 own ideals4 ,su* notebook w be f\nd to be ( value n only 9 review1 b also 9 fix+ ! subject-matt] 9 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! plan ( an hi/orical "w %\ld be bas$ ^u ! evolution ( civilization4 ,9 common ) o!r rec5t writ]s on educational hi/ory1 ! au?or accepts ! g5]al plan ( ,k>l ,s*midt 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 ! mo/ compreh5sive "w on ?is subject t has yet appe>$4 ,b ! specific plan1 :i* involves ! mo/ important & vital *>act]i/ics ( ?is book1 is ! au?or's own4 ,! details ( ?is specific plan embrace a /udy ( ! hi/ory & environm5t1 ( ! int]nal1 social1 political1 & religi\s conditions ( ! p1 )\t :i* !re c be no accurate conception ( _! education4 ,our civilization _h its inception 9 t ( anci5t ,egypt1 & !nce its logical developm5t mu/ be trac$4 ,if desirable ! tea*] c omit ! *apt]s on ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,israel4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! lessons taught by ^! c\ntries1 ?\gh negative 9 "*1 are int5sely int]e/+ to /ud5ts1 & mo/ in/ructive & impressive4 ,^! c\ntries are also admirably illu/rative ( ! plan employ$ 9 ! book1 & !reby prep>e ! way = lat] "w4 ,t plan is m fully set =? 9 ! ,introduction1 a c>eful /udy ( :i* is recomm5d$ to bo? tea*] & /ud5t4 ,! au?or wi%es to ackn[l$ge 8 appreciation ( ! valuable assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume r5d]$ by ,dr4 ,elias ,f4 ,c>r ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,normal ,s*ool1 & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,j4 ,morrison ( ! ,brooklyn ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,tea*]s4 ,,levi ,,seeley4 ,,revis$ ,,edition ,i h tak5 advantage ( ! necess>y repr9t+ ( ! book to make c]ta9 *anges & additions1 & to correct a few errors :i* 7 f\nd to exi/4 ,an attempt has be5 made to note ! rec5t *anges t h tak5 place1 especially 9 ! ,fr5* & ,engli% s*ool sy/ems4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,second ,,revision ,! cont9u$ & he>ty reception :i* tea*]s are giv+ ?is book has l$ me to desire to make /ill fur!r improvem5ts 9 x4 ,accord+ly1 ,i h add$ brief sket*es ( ! ,sophi/s1 ,plut>*1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,roll91 & ,jacotot4 ,! space available is all too limit$ to w>rant su* treatm5t z ! subjects des]ve4 ,all t c be expect$ is t ! read] may become int]e/$ & seek fur!r in=mation f special s\rces4 ,an app5dix is add$ 9 :i* ! ,national ,educational ,association1 ! ,national ,bureau ( ,education1 ! ,qu9cy ,movem5t1 ! ,h]b>tian ,movem5t1 ,*ild ,/udy1 ,p>5ts' ,meet+s1 ,manual ,tra9+1 & ,mat]ial ,improvem5ts 9 ,s*ools are ea* giv5 a brief consid]ation4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,introduction #ae #a4 ,purpose ( ! hi/ory ( education4 #b4 ,plan ( /udy4 #c4 ,! /udy ( great educators4 #d4 ,mod]n sy/ems ( education4 #e4 ,g5]al outl9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*9a #bj #a4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #b4 ,! home4 #c4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool4 #d4 ,high] education4 #e4 ,degrees4 #f4 ,exam9ations4 #g4 ,criticism ( ,*9ese education4 #h4 ,confucius4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,india #bi #a4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #b4 ,! ca/e sy/em4 #c4 ,! home4 #d4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool4 #e4 ,high] education4 #f4 ,criticism ( ,h9du education4 #g4 ,buddha4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p]sia #cf #a4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #b4 ,! home4 #c4 ,! ,/ate education4 #d4 ,criticism ( ,p]sian education4 #e4 ,zoroa/]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,jews #dj #a4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #b4 ,! home4 #c4 ,! ,jewi% s*ool4 #d4 ,e/eem = ! tea*]s4 #e4 ,! ,s*ools ( ! ,rabbis4 #f4 ,criticism ( ,jewi% education4 #g4 ,! ,talmud4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,egypt #df #a4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #b4 ,! ca/e sy/em4 #c4 ,! home4 #d4 ,education4 #e4 ,criticism ( ,egyptian education4 #f4 ,g5]al summ>y ( ori5tal education4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,greece #ec #a4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #b4 ,mann]s & cu/oms4 #c4 ,! ,olympian games4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,a!ns #ef #a4 ,hi/orical4 #b4 ,! diff]5ce 9 _s betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta4 #c4 ,! home4 #d4 ,education4 #e4 ,! ,sophi/s4 #f4 ,criticism ( ,a!nian education4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,a!nian ,,educators #fa #a4 ,socrates1--life1 me?od1 dea?4 #b4 ,plato1--life1 8 ,republic1 s*eme & aim ( education4 #c4 ,ari/otle1--life1 p$agogy1 e/imate ( him4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,sp>ta #fh #a4 ,hi/orical4 #b4 ,! home4 #c4 ,education4 #d4 ,criticism ( ,sp>tan education4 #e4 ,lycurgus4 #f4 ,py?agoras4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rome #gd #a4 ,! ,age ( ,augu/us4 #b4 ,geography & hi/ory4 #c4 ,! home4 #d4 ,education1--elem5t>y1 second>y1 high]4 #e4 ,criticism ( ,roman education4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,roman ,,educators #ha #a4 ,cic]o1--life1 philosophy1 p$agogy4 #b4 ,s5eca1--! tea*] ( ,n]o1 great orator1 writ]1 etc41 p$agogical writ+s4 #c4 ,qu9tilian1--8 s*ool1 8 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1 p$agogical pr9ciples4 #d4 ,plut>* & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,*ri/ian ,,education--,,introduction #hi #a4 ,g5]al view4 #b4 ,new pr9ciples introduc$ by ,*ri/ianity4 #c4 ,importance ( ! individual4 #d4 ,ob/acles :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h to meet4 #e4 ,sl[ gr[? ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,great ,,tea*] #if #a4 ,life & "*4 #b4 ,impression :i* ,*ri/ made4 #c4 ,8 "w z a tea*]4 #d4 ,an example ( p$agogical practice4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,education #aja #a4 ,! p]iod cov]$4 #b4 ,! connection ( ! ,*ur* ) education4 #c4 ,! mona/]ies4 #d4 ,influ5ce ( ! crusades4 #e4 ,( ! ,teutonic peoples4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools #ajd #a4 ,! cate*um5 s*ools4 #b4 ,*ryso/om4 #c4 ,basil ! ,great4 #d4 ,! cate*etical s*ools4 #e4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 #f4 ,orig54 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,pagan ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,education #aaa #a4 ,g5]al discussion4 #b4 ,t]tullian4 #c4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 #d4 ,augu/9e's p$agogy4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,mona/ic ,,education #aaf #a4 ,mona/]ies4 #b4 ,! ,b5$ict9es4 #c4 ,! sev5 lib]al arts4 #d4 ,summ>y ( b5efits conf]r$ by ! mona/]ies4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,s*ola/icism #aba #a4 ,its "*4 #b4 ,its influ5ce4 #c4 ,summ>y ( its b5efits4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,*>lemagne #abe #a4 ,hi/ory1 "*1 & purpose4 #b4 ,p]sonal education4 #c4 ,g5]al educational plans4 #d4 ,summ>y ( ,*>lemagne's "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,alfr$ ,,! ,,great #acj #a4 ,hi/ory & "*4 #b4 ,educational "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,feudal ,,education #acb #a4 ,"* ( ! knights4 #b4 ,?ree p]iods into :i* _! education 0 divid$4 #c4 ,education ( wom54 #d4 ,criticism ( feudal education4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,crusades ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,movem5t #acf #a4 ,causes ( ! crusades4 #b4 ,! mo/ important crusades4 #c4 ,summ>y ( _! educational value4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sities #aci #a4 ,:at l$ to _! e/abli%m5t4 #b4 ,! mo/ important e>ly univ]sities4 #c4 ,_! privileges4 #d4 ,_! influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,mohamm$an ,,education #adc #a4 ,hi/ory ( ,mohamm$anism4 #b4 ,! five ,moslem precepts4 #c4 ,education4 #d4 ,:at ! ,mohamm$ans accompli%$ = sci5ce4 #e4 ,g5]al summ>y ( education dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,r5aissance #adh #a4 ,! great revival4 #b4 ,pr9ciples proclaim$4 #c4 ,! movem5t 9 ,italy4 #d4 ,9 ,g]many4 #e4 ,summ>y ( ! b5efits ( ! ,r5aissance to education4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,humani/ic ,,educators #aee #a4 ,revival ( ! classics _! purpose4 #b4 ,dante4 #c4 ,petr>*4 #d4 ,boccaccio4 #e4 ,agricola4 #f4 ,reu*l94 #g4 ,erasmus4 #h4 ,p$agogy ( ,erasmus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,re=mation ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,influ5ce #afd #a4 ,conditions at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #b4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 #c4 ,! rul]s ( ! lead+ c\ntries4 #d4 ,intellectual conditions4 #e4 ,lu!r4 #f4 ,lu!r's p$agogy4 #g4 ,melan*?on4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,o!r ,,prote/ant ,,educators #agd #a4 ,/urm4 #b4 ,! ,gymnasium at ,/rasburg4 #c4 ,! celebrat$ c\rse ( /udy4 #d4 ,trotz5dorf4 #e4 ,ne&]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,jesuits ,,& ,,_! ,,education #ahb #a4 ,! ord]4 #b4 ,loyola4 #c4 ,gr[? ( ! society4 #d4 ,jesuit education4 #e4 ,use ( emulation4 #f4 ,e/imate ( _! educational "w4 #g4 ,summ>y4 #h4 ,! ,port ,royali/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,o!r ,,educators ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #aij #a4 ,rog] ,as*am4 #b4 ,d\ble translat+4 #c4 ,rabelais4 #d4 ,fir/ appe>ance ( realism 9 in/ruction4 #e4 ,montaigne4 #f4 ,summ>y ( progress dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #bjj #a4 ,political & hi/orical conditions4 #b4 ,! educational situation4 #c4 ,compulsory education4 #d4 ,! ,innovators4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,educators ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #bje #a4 ,bacon4 #b4 ,! inductive me?od4 #c4 ,ratke4 #d4 ,8 p$agogy4 #e4 ,com5ius4 #f4 ,! ,orbis ,pictus4 #g4 ,summ>y ( 8 "w4 #h4 ,milton4 #i4 ,locke4 #aj4 ,f5elon4 #aa4 ,8 p$agogy4 #ab4 ,la ,salle & ! bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ools4 #ac4 ,roll94 #ad4 ,summ>y ( ! educational progress ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,francke ,,& ,,! ,,pieti/s #bca #a4 ,pietism4 #b4 ,francke4 #c4 ,! ,in/itutions at ,halle4 #d4 ,! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 #e4 ,! ,real-s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,n9ete5? ,,c5turies #bcg #a4 ,! abolition ( slav]y4 #b4 ,! ext5sion ( political rights4 #c4 ,sci5ce z an in/rum5t ( civilization4 #d4 ,religi\s fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,mod]n ,,educators--,,r\sseau #bda #a4 ,life4 #b4 ,p$agogy4 #c4 ,! ,emile4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,mod]n ,,educators--,,bas$[ #bej #a4 ,life4 #b4 ,! ,philan?rop94 #c4 ,writ+s4 #d4 ,jacotot4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,mod]n ,,educators--,,pe/alozzi #beg #a4 ,*ildhood4 #b4 ,s*ool+4 #c4 ,life purpose4 #d4 ,! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry4 #e4 ,! law4 #f4 ,f>m+4 #g4 ,m>riage4 #h4 ,at ,neuh(4 #i4 ,au?or%ip4 #aj4 ,at ,/anz4 #aa4 ,at ,burgdorf4 #ab4 ,at ,yv]don4 #ac4 ,summ>y ( ,pe/alozzi's "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,mod]n ,,educators--,,froebel #bgb #a4 ,life4 #b4 ,z tea*]4 #c4 ,8 fir/ s*ool4 #d4 ,! k9d]g>t54 #e4 ,! ,education ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,mod]n ,,educators--,,h]b>t #bgh #a4 ,life4 #b4 ,exp]i5ce z a tutor4 #c4 ,z a univ]sity pr(essor4 #d4 ,8 practice s*ool 9 ! univ]sity4 #e4 ,writ+s4 #f4 ,8 p$agogical "w4 #g4 ,"w ( mod]n ,h]b>tians4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,mod]n ,,educators--,,horace ,,mann #bhd #a4 ,life4 #b4 ,"w z a /atesman4 #c4 ,z an educator4 #d4 ,8 ,sev5? ,annual ,report4 #e4 ,love = ! common s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,g]many #bhi #a4 ,adm9i/ration4 #b4 ,s*ool att5dance4 #c4 ,! s*ools4 #d4 ,support ( s*ools4 #e4 ,! tea*]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,france #bif #a4 ,adm9i/ration4 #b4 ,s*ool att5dance4 #c4 ,! s*ools4 #d4 ,support ( s*ools4 #e4 ,! tea*]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,engl& #cjd #a4 ,adm9i/ration4 #b4 ,s*ool att5dance4 #c4 ,! s*ools4 #d4 ,support ( s*ools4 #e4 ,! tea*]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #cji #a4 ,no national sy/em4 #b4 ,/ate sy/ems--,adm9i/ration4 #c4 ,s*ool att5dance4 #d4 ,! s*ools4 #e4 ,support ( s*ools4 #f4 ,! tea*]s4 ,,app5dix ,,rec5t ,,educational ,,movem5ts #cae #a4 ,! ,national ,educational ,association4 #b4 ,! ,national ,bureau ( ,education4 #c4 ,! ,qu9cy ,movem5t4 #d4 ,! ,h]b>tian ,movem5t4 #e4 ,*ild ,/udy4 #f4 ,p>5ts' ,meet+s4 #g4 ,manual & ,indu/rial ,tra9+4 #h4 ,mat]ial ,improvem5ts4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,! hi/ory ( education beg9s ) ! *ildhood ( ! race1 & traces its intellectual developm5t /ep by /ep to ! pres5t "t4 ,z su* hi/ory is academic 9 "*1 & furni%es in=mation conc]n+ ! educational sy/ems1 me?ods1 !ories1 & practices ( ! pa/1 x %\ld be plac$ e>ly 9 ! pr(essional p$agogical c\rse1 to s]ve z ! f\ndation = an improv$ educational sci5ce :i* pr(its by ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,! hi/ory ( education pres5ts _m ( ! great problems t h int]e/$ ?\ghtful m51 %[s h[ "s ( ^! h be5 solv$1 & po9ts ! way to ! solution ( o!rs4 ,x /udies educational sy/ems1 select+ ! good1 & reject+ ! bad1 & introduc+ ! /ud5t directly to ! p$agogical que/ions t h influ5c$ ! _w4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! /udy ( education %\ld beg9 ) its hi/ory4 ,k>l ,s*midt says3 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w is ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! human s\l4 ,! mann] ( ?is developm5t is ! same 9 ! race z 9 ! individual2 ! same law1 because ! same div9e ?\ght1 rules 9 ! individual1 9 a p1 & 9 humanity4 ,humanity has1 z ! individual1 its /ages ( progress1 & x unfolds itself 9 !m4 ,! individual z a *ild is n a rational be+2 he becomes rational4 ,! *ild has n yet ! ma/]y ov] himself1 b 8 environm5t is 8 ma/]2 he belongs n to himself1 b to 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! ori5tal peoples are ! *ild ( humanity4444 ,classical antiquity repres5ts ! p]iod ( y\? 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4444 ,*ri/ is ! type ( p]fect$ manhood4 ,! hi/ory ( ! individual reflects & repeats ! hi/ory ( humanity1 j z ! hi/ory ( humanity is a reflection ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,cosmos1 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,cosmos is an image ( ! life ( ,god2 all hi/ory1 be x t ( humanity or ( ! individual1 ( ! />ry heav5s1 or ( ! e>?1 is developm5t ( life t[>d ,god4 ,:]e !re is developm5t1 !re is progress4 ,progress 9 hi/ory is only ! m visible1 audible1 p]ceptible embodim5t ( ,god 9 humanity4#a ,9 ! /udy ( ! education ( a p x is necess>y fir/ to become acqua9t$ ) _! social1 political1 & religi\s life4 ,to ?is end a k ( ! geography & hi/ory ( _! c\ntry is (t5 ess5tial1 because ( ! influ5ce ( climate1 occupation1 & environm5t1 9 %ap+ ! "* ( a p4 ,examples ( ?is influ5ce are n want+4 ,! peculi> position ( ! ,p]sians1 surr\nd$ on all sides by enemies1 requir$ a m>tial education z a prep>ation = def5sive & (f5sive measures4 ,physical education 0 dom9ant among ! ,sp>tans1 because ( s]fdom :i* involv$ ! absolute control ( ! _m by ! few4 ,no less /rik+ are ! effects ( physical conditions ^u all peoples 9 /imulat+ m5tal activity & 9 develop+ moral life1 bo? ( :i* processes are ess5tial to true education4 ,! intellectual product ( ! temp]ate zone diff]s f t ( ! torrid zone1 ! product ( ! c\ntry f t ( ! l>ge city4 ,= ^! reasons /ress is "h laid ^u ! geographical & hi/orical conditions ( ! peoples consid]$4 ,= ! same purpose we mu/ /udy ! home & ! family1 ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! educational /ructure is built4 ,! anci5t ,jew look$ ^u *ildr5 z ! gift ( ,god1 !reby tea*+ ! great lesson ( ! div9e mission ( *ildr5 & ( ! p>5ts' responsibility = _! welf>e4 ,?is race has nev] neglect$ ! home education1 ev5 :5 x became necess>y to e/abli% ! s*ool4 ,! family 0 ! nurs]y ( education1 & only :5 div]sifi$ duties made x no long] possible to tra9 ! *ildr5 prop]ly 9 ! home 0 ! s*ool e/abli%$4 ,ev5 !n ! purpose ( ! s*ool 0 b to give expression to dem&s :i* ! home creat$4 ,! _s & purpose ( ! education ( a p c be und]/ood only :5 ! discipl9e1 ! ideals1 & ! religion ( ! home are und]/ood4 ,:5 we h le>n$ ! environm5t ( a p1 we are ready to /udy _! elem5t>y education4 ,?is takes u into ! s*oolroom1 introduces u to ! place :]e ! s*ool is held1 indicates ! c\rse ( /udy pursu$1 ! discipl9e1 me?ods ( in/ruction1 _s & tra9+ ( ! tea*]1 z well z ! results obta9$4 ,aft] ?is we are ready to consid] ! high] education1 :i* completes ! sy/em & measures its effici5cy4 ,ano!r task dem&$ ( ! /ud5t is to draw lessons f ! educational sy/ems /udi$1 to note :at c be appli$ to mod]n conditions1 & to avoid ! errors ( ! pa/4 ,! product ( a me?od1 z %[n 9 ! "* ( ! p pursu+ x1 is ( great int]e/ 9 e/imat+ ! value ( a s*eme ( education4 ,great movem5ts h (t5 be5 ! outcome ( ! tea*+s ( "s individual :o1 inspir$ by a new idea1 has consecrat$ 8 life to x4 ,?r\gh su* m5 ! _w receives new & mighty impulses t[>d its enlight5m5t1 civilization takes va/ /rides 9 its developm5t1 & man approa*es ne>] 8 f9al emancipation4 ,confucius1 ,socrates1 ,augu/9e1 ,*>lemagne1 ,lu!r1 ,bacon1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,froebel1 are names t sugge/ ! uplift+ ( humanity & ! bett]m5t ( ! _w4 ,! /udy ( ! lives ( ^! m51 ( _! victories & _! defeats1 _c fail to be an enc\ragem5t & a sugge/ive lesson to tea*]s ( all l&s & all times4 ,! hi/ory ( education mu/ !re=e consid] ! biographies ( su* m5 z well z _! !ories & _! tea*+s4 ,f9ally1 mod]n sy/ems ( education are ! outgr[? ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! pa/4 ,!y repres5t ! results atta9$ & indicate pres5t educational conditions4 ,no?+ c bett] summ>ize ! total developm5t rea*$1 or bett] sugge/ l9es ( future progress ?an a comp>ative discussion ( ! lead+ s*ool sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,! la/ *apt]s ( ?is book1 !re=e1 are devot$ to a /udy ( ! s*ool sy/ems ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica4 ,^! are typical1 ea* be+ sugge/ive ( c]ta9 phases ( education1 :ile "o ( !m has l>gely influ5c$ ! education ( sev]al o!r c\ntries4 ,ea* furni%es lessons valuable to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,al?\gh _m practices 9 o!r c\ntries may n be applicable to our conditions1 ! broad-m9d$1 g5u9e patriot w n refuse to accept s\nd pr9ciples & good me?ods f :atev] s\rce d]iv$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re is a vital di/9ction betwe5 ,education & ,s*ool+4 ,education takes into acc\nt all ^? =ces :i* ent] into ! civilization & elevation ( man1 :e!r x be ! home1 ! s*ool1 ! /ate1 ! *ur*1 ! influ5ces ( environm5t1 or all ^! comb9$4 ,x is a cont9u\s process :i* beg9s at bir? & ceases only at ! end ( life4 ,by s*ool+ we mean ! educative process :i* is c>ri$ on dur+ a limit$ p]iod ( ! *ild's life "u ! guidance ( tea*]s4 ,! s*ool is a product ( civilization4 ,x became necess>y because ( ! division ( labor caus$ by ! multiplication ( ! int]e/s ( mank9d :i* made x impossible = ! home to cont9ue :olly to c>e = ! tra9+ ( its *ildr54 ,! hi/ory ( education mu/ n m]ely treat ( ! developm5t ( ! s*ool1 b x mu/ consid] education 9 its broad] mean+2 t is1 z a hi/ory ( civilization4 ,= ?is reason "s ( ! great educators ( ! _w :o h n be5 s*ool tea*]s1 mu/ receive consid]ation4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a1 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*9a ,lit]ature4--,m>t91 ,! ,*9ese2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,h\ghton1 ,wom5 ( ! ,ori5t2 ,doolittle1 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese2 ,johonnot1 ,geographical ,read]2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory2 ,ball\1 ,due ,we/ & ,footpr9ts ( ,travel2 ,ploetz1 ,epitome ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory2 ,b>nes1 ,/udies 9 ,education2 ,/odd>d's ,lectures2 ,pi]re ,l]oy-,beaulieu1 ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,ea/2 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aijj1 ,a ,"* ,/udy ( ! ,*9aman4 ,! civilization ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire is1 ) ! possible exception ( t ( ,egypt1 ! olde/ 9 ! _w4 ,& yet1 x has contribut$ b little to ! advancem5t ( mank9d4 ,_! sy/em ( education has fail$ to /imulate national & individual progress1 has fo/]$ n>r[ egotism1 & has exclud$ ext]nal sugge/ion4 ,x is /udi$ r = its negative lessons1 & !re=e sugge/s practices :i* ! /ud5t ( education w d well to avoid4 ,! result 9 ,*9a furni%es ! be/ argum5t aga9/ a me?od ( in/ruction t appeals solely to ! memory4 ,?is alone is suffici5t reason = a /udy ( ,*9ese education1 aside f its /range & unique *>act]i/ics :i* nev] fail to int]e/ ! read]4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,! ,*9ese ,empire occupies a position on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,asiatic cont95t )9 ab\t ! same p>allels ( latitude z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ext5d+ f tw5ty degrees latitude on ! s\? to fifty-?ree degrees on ! nor?4 ,its area is ab\t f\r & a qu>t] million squ>e miles1 be+ some:at l>g] ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,its population is e/imat$ at ab\t six times t ( our c\ntry4 ,x has an abundance ( riv]s1 int]sect$ by num]\s canals1 :i* greatly facilitate int]nal comm]ce4 ,_m p>ts ( ! c\ntry are d5sely populat$4 ,! p are l>gely engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,tea & silk are ! *ief articles ( export1 :ile rice & millet =m ! pr9cipal food4 ,! ,*9ese belong to ! ,mongolian or yell[ race4 ,!y are an indu/ri\s1 frugal1 & temp]ate p1 ?\gh ! opium habit is v g5]al & is disa/r\s 9 its effects4 ,d\btless ! ov]cr[d$ population1 :i* has driv5 _m to live 9 boats & 9 cr[d$ ap>tm5ts1 has _h mu* to d 9 mold+ ! ,*9ese "*4 ,until rec5tly !y h be5 sl[ to admit mod]n improvem5ts & are cons]vative 9 ! ma9t5ance ( _! cu/oms1 religion1 education1 & social practices4 ,consequ5tly !y h = _m c5turies made b little progress4 ,_! au!ntic hi/ory cov]s1 accord+ to extant records1 a p]iod ( ne>ly f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,! gov]nm5t is an absolute mon>*y2 ! emp]or is reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( all 8 p & has complete p[] ov] ! lives ( 8 subjects4 ,! ,*9ese language conta9s no alphabet2 ea* symbol repres5ts a diff]5t ^w2 ! sub/antives are indecl9able1 & ! v]bs are )\t inflection4 ,x ?us becomes necess>y 9 ma/]+ ! language to le>n by rote a va/ numb] ( signs & *>act]s1--a prodigi\s feat = ! memory4 ,! religion mo/ widespread among ! ,*9ese is ,buddhism 7:i* 0 import$ f ,india71 ?\gh ance/or wor%ip is /ill univ]sal4 ,wom5 are ! pr9cipal wor%ip]s1 yet ! ,*9ese believe t wom5 h no s\ls4 ,! belief 9 transmigration ( s\ls is implicit1 & ?is is us$ to keep woman 9 a mo/ degrad$ condition4 ,if a woman is ob$i5t to h] husb& & 8 relatives1 & is ! "m ( sons1 %e may hope to return to ?is _w1 9 ! future1 z a man1 & ?us h a *ance ultimately to rea* ,buddha's heav54 ,! belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls expla9s ! veget>ian diet ( ! ,buddhi/4 ,no zeal\s ,buddhi/ w t\* meat or ev5 eggs1 nei!r w he kill ! smalle/ insect1 le/ he %\ld ?us inadv]t5tly murd] a relative4#b ,! m5 c>e b little = any religion beyond a v5]ation = _! ance/ors4 ,polygamy is v g5]ally practic$1 ! limit to ! numb] ( wives be+ det]m9$ by ! ability to support !m4 ,wom5 usually become m religi\s z !y advance 9 ye>s1 & !y sp5d mu* "t 9 wor%ip+ 9 ! temples4 ,x is !y :o pres]ve ! national religion & make mo/ difficult ! "w ( mission>ies4#c ,! ,home4--,! wife exi/s only = ! com=t ( h] husb&4 ,x is h] duty to s]ve & obey him4 ,if %e abuses h] husb&1 %e receives "o hundr$ /ripes2 b abuse f him is n a puni%able (f5se4 ,in/ruction1 at home z well z at s*ool1 is conf9$ to boys4 ,! bir? ( a boy is indicat$ by hang+ a b[ & arr[ ov] ! door2 t ( a girl1 by a sp9dle & y>n4 ,9 nam+ ! numb] ( 8 *ildr51 ! fa!r c\nts only ! boys4 ,boys are clo!d 9 ! f9e/ mat]ial ! family c af=d2 girls1 9 rags4 ,p>5ts may de/roy _! *ildr51 b only girls are ev] sacrific$4 ,! "m c seldom read & write1 h] *ief duty be+ to in/ill into h] *ildr5 ! two c>d9al ,*9ese virtues--polit5ess & ob$i5ce4 ,! relation ( p>5ts & *ildr5 is ! highe/ & pure/ repres5tation ( ! relation betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creature1 & to v5]ate ! p>5ts is ! fir/ & holie/ ( all duties1 high] ?an ! love ( wife to husb&1 high] ?an ! rev]5ce = ! emp]or2 !re=e ! emp]or's fa!r _c be 8 subject4 ,to ! ,*9aman all o!r duties are includ$ 9 filial duties4 ,! br++ up ( ! *ildr5 is left almo/ entirely to ! "m4 ,! tra9+ beg9s v e>ly1 & greate/ /ress f ! fir/ is laid ^u ob$i5ce4 ,disob$i5ce is a crime puni%able by ! fa!r ) dea?4 ,!re are no illu/rat$ *ildr5's books1 no nurs]y rhymes to inspire ! imag9ation1 none ( ! bright & useful ?+s s necess>y to a happy *ildhood4 ,! *ild gr[s up ) b few play?+s calculat$ to /imulate ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4--,at ab\t six or sev5 ye>s ( age ! *ild ent]s s*ool4 ,sometimes a few p>5ts unite to employ a tea*] = _! *ildr54 ,! gov]nm5t has no conc]n = ! qualifications ( ! tea*]2 no lic5se to tea* is requir$1 !re is no gov]nm5tal inspection or control1 nor does ! ,/ate assume any "p ( ! exp5se ( ! s*ool4 ,att5dance is n compulsory1 & yet male education is s univ]sal t sc>cely a boy c be f\nd :o does n enjoy opportunities = education4 ,*>ity s*ools are furni%$ by ! weal?y = ^? :o _c af=d to contribute t[>d ! ma9t5ance ( a s*ool4 ,!re are no public s*oolh\ses4 ,! s*ool is sometimes held 9 ! temple1 sometimes 9 ! home ( ! s*oolma/]1 & sometimes 9 ! home ( a weal?y patron4 ,! furniture ( ! s*oolroom consi/s ( an alt> consecrat$ to ,confucius & ! god ( k1 a desk & a *air = ! tea*]1 & ! pupils' desks & /ools1 provid$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,no ef=t is made to r5d] ! room attractive4 ,! *ild is admitt$ ! fir/ "t ) mu* c]emony 9 ord] t ! day may be "o ( pleasant memories4 ,he also receives a new "n1 ! "n ( 8 babyhood be+ dropp$4 ,inde$1 a *ange ( "n accompanies ea* new epo* ( 8 life1 z ! "t he takes a new degree1 ! day ( 8 m>riage1 etc4 ,?us ! boy ent]s ^u 8 new "w4 ,! fir/ ye>s ( /udy are devot$ to read+1 writ+1 & ! elem5ts ( ari?metic1 :i* /udies complete ! education ( ! majority ( ! pupils4 ,no ef=t is made to int]e/ ! *ild2 he is simply requir$ to memorize & write z _m z possible ( ! fifty ?\s& *>act]s4 ,n until aft] ! names ( ! *>act]s h be5 le>n$ by rote is !re any ef=t to tea* ! mean+ ( ! words :i* !y repres5t4 ,! *ild's writ+1 too1 is me*anical1 = ! expression ( ?\ght is b a second>y consid]ation4 ,?\ght awak5+ is n enc\rag$ 9 ! ,*9ese c\rse ( education4 ,fe>1 n int]e/1 is ! motive :i* drives ! *ild to /udy4 ,memory is ! *ief faculty to be cultivat$1 & ea* *ild vies ) ! o!rs to make ! mo/ noise 9 /udy4 ,! tea*] is greatly rev]$1 only less s ?an ! fa!r4 ,8 discipl9e is rigid1 ! rod n be+ sp>$4 ,!re are no new me?ods to le>n2 ! practice to-day is ! same z t ( hundr$s ( ye>s ago2 x consi/s simply 9 he>+ :at ! *ildr5 h le>n$ by he>t4 ,! second /age ( /udy consi/s ( translations f text-books & lessons 9 composition4 ,?is "w br+s "s pleasure to ! *ild1 z x is a little less me*anical4 ,! ?ird /age consi/s ( belles-lettres & essay writ+4 ,only a few ev] rea* ?is /age1 & ! purpose ( ?is advanc$ "w is n intellectual developm5t1 or ev5 ! accumulation ( k1 b to prep>e = a position "u ! gov]nm5t1 :i* c be rea*$ by no o!r means4 ,ev5 9 ^! la/ two /ages ( /udy memory is ! pr9cipal faculty br\ght into play4 ,)\t great ex]cise ( ?is p[] ! va/ am\nt ( mat]ial c nev] be ma/]$4 ,high] ,education4--,!re are no high s*ools1 b m5 :o h tak5 degrees ga!r ab\t !m "y /ud5ts1 :o are to devote !mselves to /udy1 & give !m in/ruction 9 ! ,*9ese classics & prep>e !m = ! ,/ate exam9ations = degrees4 ,great att5tion is paid to /yle1 & 9 ord] to cultivate a good /yle1 /ud5ts are requir$ to commit to memory _m ( ! productions ( _! classical au?ors4 ,!y write a great _m essays & v]ses1 :i* are criticis$ by _! tea*]s4 ,! att5tion is conf9$ solely to ! ,*9ese classics4 ,! educat$ ,*9aman is usually ignorant ( any field ( k n embrac$ 9 8 own lit]ature4 ,!re is 9 ! royal libr>y at ,pek9 a catalogue consi/+ ( "o hundr$ & twelve octavo volumes ( ?ree hundr$ pages ea*1 conta9+ ! titles ( twelve ?\s& works1 ) %ort extracts ( _! cont5ts4 ,^! works treat ( sci5ce1 m$ic9e1 a/ronomy1 & philosophy1 :ile hi/ory has an especially ri* lit]ature4 ,! ,*9ese knew h[ to obs]ve ! heav5s f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 & yet 7 unable to con/ruct a cal5d> )\t ! help ( ! ,europeans4 ,!y inv5t$ gunp[d]1 ! m>9]'s compass1 porcela91 bells1 play+ c>ds1 & ! art ( pr9t+ long be=e !y 7 us$ 9 ,europe1 yet !y lack$ ! ability to use ^! inv5tions z in/rum5ts to _! advancem5t4 ,*9a is divid$ into prov9ces :i* are subdivid$ into di/ricts4 ,c&idates mu/ pass ?ree exam9ations 9 _! own di/rict & ^? :o are successful receive ! l[e/ degree1 t ( ,budd+ ,intellect4 ,_m ?\s&s ent] = ?is degree1 b only ab\t "o p] c5t succe$ 9 atta9+ x4 ,! possession ( ?is degree does n yet entitle ! hold] to a public (fice1 b mo/ ( ^? :o h secur$ x become tea*]s1 physicians1 lawy]s1 etc4 ,once 9 ?ree ye>s !re is ano!r exam9ation = ! second degree1 call$ ,des]v+ ( ,promotion1 conduct$ by an exam9] s5t f ,pek94 ,a ?ird exam9ation is also held once e ?ree ye>s1 9 ,pek91 & success 9 ?is is rew>d$ by ! title ,fit = ,(fice4 ,hold]s ( ! la/ two degrees are entitl$ to an appo9tm5t to "s (fice1 ! highe/ aim ( a ,*9aman4 ,all ( ^! exam9ations are conduct$ ) great /rictness & fairness1 no "o be+ exclud$4 ,?us e ,*9ese *ild ( ability has ! opportunity to rea* ! highe/ positions 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re is a /ill high] degree call$ ! ,=e/ ( ,p5cils1 :i* is op5 only to memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ! ,hanl94 ,! acquirem5t ( ?is degree is ! greate/ honor to be atta9$2 its possessor is highly e/eem$1 & may hold ! highe/ (fices 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aije an edict 0 promulgat$ aboli%+ ! old sy/em ( exam9ations4 ,?is m>ks an epo* 9 ,*9ese educational hi/ory & w t5d to place ,*9a 9 ! l9e ( mod]n political & indu/rial developm5t4 ,criticism ( ,*9ese ,education4--#a4 ,x is n "u gov]nm5t control4 #b4 ,x has no int]e/ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,*9a1 & reg>ds no lit]ature save ! ,*9ese classics4 #c4 ,x is non-progressive1 hav+ made practically no improvem5t = _m c5turies4 #d4 ,x cultivates memory to ! neglect ( ! o!r p[]s ( ! m9d1 & places m emphasis on ! acquirem5t ( k ?an on ! developm5t ( ! human faculties4 #e4 ,x obta9s its results ?r\gh fe>1 n by awak5+ int]e/ 9 or love = /udy4 #f4 ,wom5 are n embrac$ 9 ! s*eme ( education4 #g4 ,x produces a cons]vative1 untru?ful1 cunn+1 & non-progressive p4 #h4 ,x rea*es practically all ( ! male sex1 & !re is opportunity = all to rise to ! highe/ positions ( honor1 b its me?ods are s unnatural z to awak5 little desire = education on ! "p ( ! "y4 #i4 ,its motive is debas+ to ! "*4 ,,confucius 7,b4,c4 #eej-dgh7 ,! "n ( ,confucius is ! "o mo/ rev]$ among ! ,*9ese4 ,to him & 8 disciples are due n only ! native religion1 n[ supplant$ by ,buddhism1 b also ! language & lit]ature4 ,he began to tea* 9 a private s*ool at ! age ( tw5ty-two4 ,he reject$ no pupil ( ability & ambition1 b accept$ none )\t ^! qualities4 ,he said1 ,:5 ,i h pres5t$ "o corn] ( a subject1 & ! pupil _c make out ! o!r ?ree1 ,i d n repeat ! lesson4 ,! foll[+ are extracts f ! analects ( ,confucius3-- #a4 ,:at y d n l :5 done to y\rself1 d n to o!rs4 #b4 ,le>n+ )\t ?\ght is labor lo/2 ?\ght )\t le>n+ is p]il\s4 #c4 ,to see :at is "r & n d x is want ( c\rage4 #d4 ,wor%ip z if ! ,deity 7 pres5t4 #e4 ,?ree fri5d%ips are advantage\s3 fri5d%ip ) ! upright1 fri5d%ip ) ! s9c]e1 & fri5d%ip ) ! man ( obs]vation4 ,?ree are injuri\s3 fri5d%ip ) a man ( spuri\s airs1 fri5d%ip ) ! ins9uat+ly s(t1 & fri5d%ip ) ! glib-tongu$4 #f4 ,%all ,i tell y :at k is8 ,:5 y "k a ?+1 to hold t y "k x2 & :5 y d n "k a ?+1 to confess y\r ignorance4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,baldw91 ,foo*[1 ,*9a4 #c ,h\ghton1 ,wom5 ( ! ,ori5t1 p4 #ad4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,india ,lit]ature4--,m>%man1 ,hi/ory ( ,india2 ,ragoz91 ,v$ic ,india2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,butl]1 ,l& ( ! ,v$a2 ,h\ghton1 ,wom5 ( ! ,ori5t2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,johonnot1 ,geographical ,read]2 ,macaulay1 ,essays2 ,ball\1 ,footpr9ts ( ,travel2 ,/odd>d's ,lectures2 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica2 ,arnold1 ,light ( ,asia2 ,*amb]la91 ,education 9 ,india4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,india lies betwe5 ! six? & ?irty-six? p>allels ( nor? latitude4 ,x is bord]$ on ! nor? by ! ,himalayas & on ! s\? by ! ,indian ocean4 ,! climate 9 g5]al is hot1 :i* makes ! natives indol5t & acc\nts = _! lack ( ent]prise4 ,! c\ntry is v ri*1 ! *ief products be+ :eat1 cotton1 rice1 opium1 & tea4 ,! area is ab\t "o & a half million squ>e miles1 & ! population two hundr$ millions4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,india is obscure1 z ! ,brahmans1 f religi\s scruples1 h ev] be5 oppos$ to hi/orical records4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re 0 an aborig9al race :i* occupi$ ! c\ntry f an unkn[n p]iod1 & t a bran* ( ! ,aryan#d or ,indo-,g]manic race came to ,india & /ruggl$ = supremacy4 ,! ,aryans succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! natives to subjection or 9 driv+ !m into ! m\nta9s4 ,! comp>atively pure desc5dants ( ^! races are ab\t equal 9 numb] 9 ,india1 _! mix$ prog5y compos+ ! great mass ( ! ,h9du population4 ,! ,sanskrit 0 _! classic language1 & ! ,v$a _! ,bible4 ,! ,ca/e ,sy/em4--,!re are f\r great ca/es 9 ,india3-- #a4 ,! ,brahmans1 or highe/ ca/e1 :o are ! prie/s1 s*ol>s1 lawy]s1 physicians1 tea*]s1 etc4 ,?is ord] is highly rev]5c$ by ! l[] ca/es1 & its memb]s are dignifi$1 ab/emi\s1 & s$ate4 ,_! highe/ ideal is to br+ _! desires & appetites "u complete control4 ,!y ex]cise great influ5ce 9 ! l&4#e #b4 ,! w>riors1 :o comprise ! army & ! (fice hold]s4 #c4 ,! m]*ants1 me*anics1 & f>m]s1 :o con/itute ! bone & s9ew ( ,india4 #d4 ,! s]vants1 :o receive no education except+ 9 matt]s ( polit5ess & o!r ?+s connect$ ) _! /ation 9 life4 ,ea* ca/e mu/ pay respect to ! high] ca/es1 & association ) p]sons ( a l[] ca/e is consid]$ a degradation4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t ( ,india does n int]f]e ) ! ca/e sy/em1 b x is gradually break+ d[n4 ,besides ! above-m5tion$ ca/es1 !re are tradesm5's ca/es :i* h gr[n up z new occupations h be5 introduc$4 ,?us !re is a pott]s' ca/e1 a weav]s' ca/e1 a c>p5t]s' ca/e1 etc41 ea* son foll[+ 8 fa!r's trade4 ,?is acc\nts = ! m>vel\s skill ( ! craftsm5 ( ,india 9 weav+ c>pets & f9e musl9s1 9 metal "w1 & o!r arts1--workman%ip n equal$ any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,brahmanism & ,mohamm$anism are ! *ief religions4 ,buddhism ov]ran ! c\ntry 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies ,b4,c41 b x did n seem to be suit$ to ! ,h9dus1 & n[ x is f\nd 9 its purity only 9 ,ceylon4 ,unlike ! ,*9ese1 ! ,h9dus are a v religi\s p4 ,! ,%a/as#f decl>e t :5 9 ! pres5ce ( h] husb&1 a woman mu/ keep h] eyes ^u h] ma/]1 & be ready to receive 8 comm&s4 ,:5 he speaks1 %e mu/ be quiet & li/5 to no?+ besides4 ,:5 he calls1 %e mu/ leave ev]y?+ else & att5d ^u him alone4 ,a woman's husb& is h] god1 h] prie/1 & h] religion4 ,! mo/ excell5t "w t %e c p]=m is to gratify him ) ! /ricte/ ob$i5ce4#g ,! sy/em ( sale ( girls at bir?1 = wives1 ( e>ly betro?al & m>riage1 ( p]petual wid[hood "u mo/ degrad+ circum/ances1#h & ! practice ( polygamy make ! condition ( woman 9 ,india /ill worse ?an 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,engli% n[ rule ! c\ntry ) su* wisdom & ju/ice t ! p are g5]ally cont5t$ & loyal4 ,re=ms h be5 introduc$1 comm]ce has be5 e/abli%$1 improvem5ts h be5 made1 & new life has be5 awak5$4 ,!y h also e/abli%$ s*ools & univ]sities2 b z ! purpose "h is to give a picture ( ! ca/e education1 ! ,engli% sy/em w n be describ$4 ,! ,home4--,woman has no educational advantages 9 ,india1 & %e is reg>d$ m z ! s]vant ?an z ! equal ( h] husb&4 ,%e may nev] appe> un9vit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( any man except h] husb&4 ,?is has work$ great h>d%ips = h]1 especially 9 cases ( sickness1 z %e c h no m$ical att5dance unless a female m$ical mission>y c be rea*$4 ,?is fact has op5$ a f]tile field = mission>y ent]prise :i* has be5 a great bless+ to ,h9du wom54 ,a memb] ( a ca/e may m>ry 9 8 own or 9 a l[] ca/e2 ?us ! ,brahman may h f\r wives1 ! w>rior ?ree1 ! f>m] two1 & ! s]vant "o4 ,p>5ts love _! *ildr51 & expect ( !m unque/ion+ ob$i5ce4 ,*ildr5 are taught to love & honor _! tea*]s ev5 m ?an _! p>5ts4 ,!y are taught to rev]5ce & respect old] p]sons "u all circum/ances4 ,contr>y to ! ,*9ese idea ( education1 :i* is to prep>e = ?is life1 ! ,h9du idea is to prep>e = ! future life1 & *ildr5 9 ! home1 f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 are tra9$ ) ref]5ce to ?is idea4 ,! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4--,all tea*]s belong to ! ,brahman ca/e4 ,!y receive no sal>y1 dep5d+ ^u gifts = _! support4 ,!y are mild 9 discipl9e1 & g5]ally humane 9 _! treatm5t ( _! pupils4 ,! in/ruction is giv5 "u trees 9 ! op5 air on pleasant days1 & 9 a t5t or %$ :5 ! wea!r is bad4 ,in/ruction is giv5 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 ?\gh religion con/itutes ! pr9cipal !me4 ,memoriz+ ! holy say+s ( ,brahma occupies a l>ge portion ( ! "t4 ,:ile ! ,*9aman wor%ips nature & 8 ance/ors1 ! ,h9du wor%ips ,brahma4 ,! cultivation ( ! memory is consid]$ important1 b by no means s ess5tial z 9 ! ,*9ese sy/em4 ,! read+ lessons are f ! ,v$a4 ,9 writ+1 ! *ild beg9s by =m+ *>act]s 9 s& ) 8 f+] or a /ick1 !n he writes ^u leaves1 & f9ally ^u pap]1 ) ink4 ,! "w 9 ari?metic is v elem5t>y1 be+ only su* z w fit ! le>n]s = practical life4 ,s]vants & girls are exclud$ f ev5 ?is limit$ education4 ,m4 ,ida ,dean says3 ,h[ amus$ y w\ld be if y c\ld take a peep at a s*ool 9 ,india taught by a native tea*]4 ,! s*ool is (t5 held 9 an op5 %$1 & no pa9s :atev] is tak5 to keep x clean4 ,(t5 ! raft]s are fe/oon$ ) cobwebs & dirt4 ,( furniture1 save ! tea*]'s l[ desk1 !re is none4 ,! tea*] uses a grass mat1 :ile ! boys sit cross-legg$ on ! e>!n floor4 ,! tea*]1 9 a s+song voice1 reads a s5t5ce :i* ! boys %\t aft] him4 ,!n ano!r s5t5ce is read1 :i* ! pupils likewise %\t 9 a s+song voice1 :ile _! bodies sway to & fro4 ,?is goes on until s5t5ce aft] s5t5ce is memoriz$4 ,no "o kn[s nor c>es :at he is say+4 ,! tea*] nev] expla9s4 ,nei!r tea*] nor pupil is ev] bo!r$ by t tr\blesome & inquisitive little ^w :y4 ,! ca/es are taught sep>ately1 & especial att5tion is giv5 to su* in/ruction z w fit !m = _! /ation 9 life4 ,! highe/ virtues to be cultivat$ are polit5ess1 pati5ce1 mode/y1 & tru?fulness4 ,morn+1 noon1 & ev5+ !re are impressive religi\s c]emonies 9 ! s*ool1 & ! pupils mu/ ?r[ !mselves at ! feet ( _! tea*] ) rev]5tial respect4 ,!re is no !ory ( education among ! ,h9dus1 ea* tea*] in/ruct+ z he pleases1 accord+ to hi/oric cu/om4 ,?is precludes any consid]able improvem5t 9 me?od or advance 9 ! art ( education4 ,!re is no au?ority to decide ^u qualifications ( tea*]s1 ! only ess5tial requisite be+ t !y %all belong to ! ,brahman ca/e4 ,high] ,education4--,! ,brahmans are ! only educat$ class1 al?\gh w>riors att5d _! s*ools = ! purpose ( su* /udy z is necess>y 9 connection ) _! call+4 ,! f>m] ca/e1 too1 may att5d ! ,brahman s*ools to le>n ! /udies p]ta9+ to _! ca/e4 ,!y pursue 9 _! s*ools ! /udy ( gramm>1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 philosophy1 m$ic9e1 law1 lit]ature1 & religion4 ,_m ( !m /ill speak _! classic language1 ! ,sanskrit4 ,z _! religion is bas$ on philosophy1 ?is /udy takes prec$5ce ov] all o!rs4 ,! ,h9dus are believ$ to h orig9at$ ! decimal sy/em ( ari?metical notation :i* has be5 transmitt$ to u ?r\gh ,arabian *annels4#i ,! end ( ,h9du wisdom is to rise above all human suff]+ ?r\gh k4 ,wuttke says1 ,*ri/ians pray1 ',?y ,k+dom come'2 ! ,*9ese1 ',?y ,k+dom rema9'2 ! ,h9dus1 ',let :atev] ?\ ha/ creat$ pass away4' ,criticism ( ,h9du ,education4--#a4 ,x is n univ]sal1 a l>ge "p ( ! p be+ exclud$ f its b5efits4 #b4 ,x is bas$ on ca/es & ! promulgation ( ! ca/e sy/em1 :i* is baneful4 #c4 ,x dep5ds too mu* ^u ! cultivation ( ! memory4 #d4 ,x has no philosophy ( education1 &1 !re=e1 is non-progressive4 #e4 ,x does n prop]ly honor woman1 & excludes h] f its advantages4 #f4 ,x produces a dreamy1 self-satisfi$1 indol5t1 selfi%1 & non-progressive p4 #g4 ,x makes ! p self-reflective1 :i* d\btless acc\nts = _! pr(\nd philosophical & ma!matical discov]ies4 ,,buddha#aj ,buddha liv$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he s\ght to ov]?r[ ,brahmanism & taught t all m5 are bro!rs1 t !y %\ld %[ fri5d%ip1 k9dness1 pity1 & love t[>d _! fell[-m54 ,8 religion & 8 _s approa* ne>] to ,*ri/ianity ?an any o!r ori5tal fai?1 & d\btless 8 influ5ce 0 great = ! uplift+ ( ! race1 ?\gh x _c be class$ z te*nically educational4 ,self-d5ial1 virtu\s life1 suppression ( all self-seek+1 love = fell[-m51 said he1 are c>d9al virtues :i* br+ bless$ness to mank9d4 ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids says1 ,buddha did n aboli% ca/es1 z no ca/es exi/$ at 8 "t4 ,_h ! _s ( 8 tea*+ prevail$1 ,india w\ld nev] h be5 curs$ by ?is baneful sy/em4 ,buddhism is a religion bas$ on moral acts4 ,9 a corrupt$ =m x has _m millions ( adh]5ts 9 ,*9a1 ,tibet1 ,japan1 & o!r c\ntries2 b x is f\nd 9 its purity only 9 ,ceylon4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! ,aryans are suppos$ to h orig9ally occupi$ ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 ?\gh "s au?orities locate !m nor? ( x4 ,! bran*es ( ?is race are ! ,h9dus1 ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,celts1 ,teutons1 & ,slavs4 ,^! bran*es are relat$ 9 language & color1 & ! peoples t f9d _! common orig9 9 ! ,aryans repres5t a l>ge "p ( ! _w's ent]prise & progress4 #e ,see article 9 ,johonnot's ,geographical ,read]1 p4 #aig4 #f ,a comm5t>y on ! sacr$ book1 ! ,v$a ( ! ,h9dus4 #g ,h\ghton1 ,wom5 ( ! ,ori5t1 p4 #cd4 #h ,a betro!d girl becomes a wid[ ^u ! dea? ( h] promis$ husb& ev5 ?\gh %e be only two or ?ree ye>s old & may nev] h se5 him4 ,%e mu/ always rema9 a wid[1 & z su* is con/antly humiliat$4 #i ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education4 #aj ,see ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 #aga1 p4 #eag4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p]sia ,lit]ature4--,b5jam91 ,/ory ( ,p]sia2 ,ragoz91 ,! ,/ory ( ,m$ia1 ,babylon1 & ,p]sia2 ,rawl9son1 ,! ,sev5? ,great ,ori5tal ,mon>*y2 ,my]s1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory2 ,f]gusson1 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,p]sia lies 9 ! pa?way ( ! great c>avans :i* =m]ly c>ri$ on trade betwe5 ,europe & ,india4 ,x consi/s l>gely ( a high plateau1 surr\nd$ by m\nta9s4 ,l>ge p>ts ( ! c\ntry are s&y & dry f lack ( suffici5t ra91 & !re=e are unproductive4 ,! p are a bran* ( ! ,aryan race4 ,!y d\btless liv$ a nomadic life1 & 7 oblig$ to be ev] ready to def5d !mselves4 ,success 9 def5se aga9/ ! frequ5t assaults ( _! surr\nd+ enemies /imulat$ !m to become a nation ( w>riors4 ,?is fact _h mu* to d 9 %ap+ _! education4 ,cyrus ! ,great conqu]$ ,m$ia & br\ght ,p]sia to ! summit ( h] greatness4 ,! ,p]sians boa/$ t !y _h become great by ! sword1 h5ce !y c>$ b little = agriculture or manufactures4 ,!y levi$ tribute ^u ! nations !y _h subdu$4 ,home production 0 !re=e unnecess>y1 & !y c\ld devote all ( _! "t to ! art ( w>4 ,ab\t "o f\r? ( ! population are /ill class$ z w&]+ tribes1 & ! nation is an aggregation r ?an a unity ( peoples4 ,! e>ly ,p]sians wor%ip$ fire1 & holy fires :i* only ! ,magi1 or prie/s1 7 all[$ to approa*1 7 kept p]petually burn+ ^u ! m\nta9 tops4 ,! sun also 0 wor%ip$1 ! ,p]sian kneel+ ) 8 face t[>d ! ea/ at sunrise 9 beatific joy4 ,?is wor%ip may h be5 borr[$ f ! ,egyptians1 :o 7 conqu]$ by ! ,p]sians1 & ) :om !y /ood 9 close relations4 ,9 lat] times ! religion ( ,zoroa/] became ! religion ( ! p4 ,! ,home4--,wife & *ildr5 7 requir$ to %[ ! fa!r great respect4 ,ea* morn+ ! wife 0 expect$ to ask h] husb& n9e times1 ,:at d y wi% me to d8 ,! tea*] /ood next to ! fa!r 9 ! *ild's e/eem4 ,! *ild 0 kept at home "u ! c>e ( ! "m until sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,an a/rolog] gave him a "n & outl9$ 8 future de/9y by ref]5ce to ! />s4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to tell him ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong be=e 8 fif? ye>4 ,no corporal puni%m5t 0 adm9i/]$ be=e 8 sev5? ye>4 ,! "m 0 greatly belov$ by h] *ildr51 ?\gh wom5 7 exclud$ f education4 ,! position ( woman 0 mu* high] ?an 9 ei!r ,*9a or ,india4 ,! *ief tra9+ ( *ildr5 9 ! home 0 physical4 ,?r[+1 runn+1 ar*]y1 rid+1 etc41 7 ! pr9cipal employm5ts ( *ildr54 ,absolute tru?fulness & ju/ice 7 e>ly inculcat$4 ,a quick eye1 a /eady h&1 accurate p[] ( obs]vation1 & unwav]+ c\rage 7 qualities s\ght = 9 e *ild1 & all ( ! tra9+ 9 ! home1 z well z 9 ! lat] education1 _h = its aim ! acquirem5t ( ^! p[]s4 ,?us *ildr5 7 e>ly taught to be self-reliant & fe>less4 ,! ,/ate ,education4--#a4 ,p]sian education 0 national 9 "*4 ,aft] ! sev5? ye> ! boy 0 tak5 f home & educat$ entirely by & = ! ,/ate4 ,8 tra9+ 9 ! use ( arms1 9 rid+1 & 9 o!r a?letic ex]cises 0 cont9u$4 ,!re 7 l>ge public in/itutions 9 :i* ! boys 7 qu>t]$1 & simple/ food & clo?+ 7 giv5 !m4 ,besides ! tra9+ = w>1 !y 7 taught religi\s prov]bs & pray]s1 & 7 l$ to practice tru? & ju/ice4 ,?is education cont9u$ until _! fifte5? ye>4 ,! tea*]s 7 m5 :o _h pass$ _! fiftie? ye>1 & :o 7 *os5 = virtue z well z k1 t !y might s]ve z models to _! pupils4 #b4 ,! second p]iod ( education consi/$ ( a milit>y tra9+1 :i* occupi$ ! t5 ye>s betwe5 ! age ( fifte5 & tw5ty-five4 #c4 ,! f9al p]iod 0 t ( ! soldi]1 :i* cont9u$ till ! fiftie? ye>1 :5 ! ,p]sian c\ld retire f ! army ) honor4 ,! mo/ compet5t 7 reta9$ z tea*]s4 ,read+ & writ+ 7 taught to a limit$ degree1 b ! *ief end ( education 0 to prep>e ! citiz5 = w>4 ,! ,magi 7 educat$ 9 a/ronomy1 a/rology1 & al*emy1 & _m ( ! d]vi%es h ev] be5 r5[n$ = _! acut5ess1 s5se ( ju/ice1 great p[]s ( obs]vation1 & good judgm5t4 ,criticism ( ! ,p]sian ,education4--#a4 ,! ,/ate robs ! family ( its inh]5t "r to educate ! *ildr54 #b4 ,x neglects intellectual education1 giv+ undue prom95ce to ! physical & moral2 & dem&s too great a "p ( ! active life ( man4 #c4 ,x makes ! highe/ aim ( education to prep>e = w>1 & !re=e does n cultivate ! arts ( peace4 #d4 ,x excludes woman f ! b5efits ( education4 ,,zoroa/]#aa ,zoroa/]1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]sian religion1 0 a great tea*]4 ,! exact date ( 8 bir? is unkn[n1 b x is g5]ally plac$ at ab\t ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,! te/imony ( anci5t classic lit]ature confirms ! belief t he 0 an hi/orical p]son4 ,a tablet une>!d 9 ,greece conta9s an acc\nt ( 8 life & 8 doctr9es4 ,pl9y says t he laugh$ on ! day ( 8 bir? & t = ?irty ye>s he liv$ 9 ! wild]ness on *eese4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,magi prie/hood1 b did n tea* ! wor%ip ( fire4 ,8 philosophy is duali/ic4 ,!re are two spirits or pr9ciples t rule ! univ]se4 ,^! are ,ormuzd1 ! pr9ciple ( light1 & ,ahriman1 ! pr9ciple ( d>kness4 ,^! two oppos+ pr9ciples are 9 con/ant conflict1 ea* /riv+ = ! ma/]y4 ,man is ! c5t] ( ! conflict1 b ,ormuzd z 8 creator has ! great] p[] ov] him4 ,all influ5ces are summon$ to br+ ab\t ! success ( ! good1 & 9 ! end x w surely prevail4 ,no remission ( s9 is taught1 b judgm5t is repres5t$ z a bridge ov] :i* ^? ^: good de$s outweigh _! evil de$s are all[$ to pass to p>adise3 9 case ! evil de$s outweigh ! good1 ! p]son is ca/ (f =ev]2 9 case ( a balance ( good & evil de$s1 !re is ano!r p]iod ( probation4 ,?is dualism %[s itself 9 nature z well z 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,ord] is oppos$ to lawlessness1 tru? to falsehood1 life to dea?1 good to evil4 ,x is a religion 9 :i* ! ideas ( guilt & m]it are c>ri$ out to ! extreme4 ,zoroa/] believ$ t he 0 ! prophet *os5 to promulgate ^! doctr9es1 & 8 influ5ce z a tea*] ^u ! ,p]sian nation 0 unque/ionably great4 ,p]sia is n[ a ,mohamm$an c\ntry4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 #agb1 p4 #acb4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,jews ,lit]ature4--,hosm]1 ,/ory ( ! ,jews2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,durrell1 ,new ,life 9 ,education2 ,my]s1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory2 ,/odd>d's ,lectures2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory2 ,josephus1 ,antiquities ( ! ,jews2 ,morrison1 ,! ,jews "u ,roman ,rule2 ,l>n$1 ,hi/ory = ,ready ,ref]5ce2 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahie2 ,pet]s1 ,ju/ice to ! ,jew4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,! ,jews 7 ! anci5t p ( ,god1 ! *os5 p1 ^: hi/ory is record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,!y rea*$ _! greate/ p[] & glory dur+ ! reigns ( ,david & ,solomon1 & !y occupi$ ,pale/9e1 ) ,j]usalem z _! capital city4 ,)9 ?is small t]ritory1 "s six ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 h occurr$ "s ( ! mo/ important ev5ts ( hi/ory1 & ! ,jewi% race has be5 ! repres5tative ( ,god's purposes t[>d man4 ,! ,almighty communicat$ directly ) 8 p1 :o 7 ?us made acqua9t$ ) ! div9e w4 ,! e>ly ,jews 7 nomadic 9 _! habits1 liv+ 9 t5ts1 & t5d+ _! flocks4 ,! patri>*1 :o 0 at ! head ( a family or tribe1 made laws = ! p "u him & gov]n$ !m accord+ to ! comm& ( ,god1 ^: repres5tative he 04 ,because ,god directly or ?r\gh ! patri>* l$ & in/ruct$ ! p1 _! education1 l _! gov]nm5t1 is call$ !ocratic4 ,! ,jews lo/ _! indep5d5ce ,b4,c4 #fc 9 becom+ subject to ! ,romans1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #gj ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$ & ! ,jews 7 disp]s$4 ,s9ce t "t !y h be5 w&]]s on ! face ( ! e>?1 & !re is no "p ( ! _w :]e !y are n to be f\nd4 ,!y h ma9ta9$ _! racial *>act]i/ics ) rem>kable purity4 ,!y 7 an agricultural p until ! ,babylonian captivity1 aft] :i* !y became a comm]cial p4 ,p]secutions1 :i* h univ]sally foll[$ !m1 mak+ ! acquirem5t ( fix$ prop]ty unsafe1 _h mu* to d ) ?is *ange4 ,! ,home4--,! ,jewi% family 0 ! pure/ ( antiquity4 ,9 g5]al1 monogamy 0 practic$1 & ! wife 0 reg>d$ z ! companion & equal ( ! husb&4 ,*ildr5 be+ accept$ z ! gift ( ,god1 ! fa!r /ood 9 ! same relation to 8 *ildr5 z ,jehovah /ood to man4 ,!re=e ! fa!r's highe/ aim 0 to br+ up 8 *ildr5 9 ! k & s]vice ( ! ,"l4 ,we h "h ! highe/ & be/ type ( family tra9+ to be f\nd 9 hi/ory1 a *>act]i/ic t /ill holds 9 ,jewi% families :]ev] !y exi/1 & t has contribut$ l>gely to ! ma9t5ance ( ! /rong racial peculi>ities ( ! ,jews4 ,! fa!r taught 8 boys read+ & writ+1 & ! "m taught ! girls h\sehold duties2 b ! latt] 7 n entirely exclud$ f intellectual tra9+4 ,great att5tion 0 giv5 to ! rites & c]emonies ( ! tab]nacle & ! ,jewi% law4 ,hi/ory 0 also taught z a means ( /imulat+ patriotism4 ,! ,jewi% *ild 0 e>ly made acqua9t$ ) ! ,scriptures1 & hi/ory1 law1 & prophecy became famili> to e ,jew4 ,z !re 7 no s*ools1 ?is 0 all done 9 ! home by ! p>5ts4 ,religion 0 ! c5tral ?\ght ( all education1 & prep>ation = ! s]vice ( ! tab]nacle & ! wor%ip ( ,god 0 e>ly giv5 to e *ild4 ,?us 9 an atmosph]e ( love & piety ! ,jew dis*>g$ 8 sacr$ duty ) c>e & fai?fulness4 ,ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( p>5ts1 v5]ation = ! ag$1 :olesome respect = _! ance/ors1 & famili>ity ) ! ,jewi% law 7 in/ill$ into ! m9ds ( all *ildr54 ,music & danc+ 7 taught 9 e h\sehold1 n = pleasure1 b z a means ( religi\s expression4 ,by pray] & holy liv+1 by precept & example1 by ^w & de$1 ! fa!r dis*>g$ ! duty committ$ to him by ,god1 lead+ 8 *ildr5 by c>eful wat*fulness t[>d ! ideal manhood :i* 0 reveal$ to him by ! tea*+s ( ,holy ,writ4 ,!re 7 no ca/es among ! ,hebrews1 & ! same k9d ( tra9+ 0 giv5 to ! *ildr5 ( ri* & poor1 high & l[1 alike4 ,no o!r race ( p has giv5 su* c>eful home tra9+ to its *ildr51 f e>lie/ times to ! pres5t4 ,! ,jewi% ,s*ool4--,!re 7 no elem5t>y ,jewi% s*ools until aft] ! de/ruction ( ! nation & ! loss ( _! civil lib]ty4 ,aft] ! defeat at ,j5a ! ,prussians turn$ to education z ! sole means ( retriev+ _! national greatness2 ! same 0 true ( ! ,au/rians aft] ! defeat ( ,sad[a1 & ( ! ,fr5* aft] ! fall ( ! empire at ,s$an4 ,b ! ,jewi% p _h set ?is example eighte5 c5turies be=e4 ,dittes says1 ,if ev] a p has demon/rat$ ! p[] ( education1 x is ! p ( ,israel4 ,! rabbis requir$1 ,a4,d4 #fd1 t e community %\ld support a s*ool1 & t att5dance %\ld be compulsory4 ,?is is ! fir/ in/ance ( compulsory education on record4 ,if a t[n 0 divid$ by a /ream )\t a connect+ bridge1 a s*ool 0 support$ 9 ea* "p4 ,n m ?an tw5ty-five pupils c\ld be assign$ to "o tea*]1 & :]e ! numb] 0 great] an assi/ant 0 employ$4 ,if !re 7 =ty pupils1 !re 7 two tea*]s4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! ,jews put into practice eighte5 c5turies ago a condition ( ?+s :i*1 ow+ to ! complexity ( our civilization1 is ) u to-day l>gely an unrealiz$ ideal4 ,tea*]s 7 respect$ ev5 m ?an p>5ts1 = x 0 held t p>5ts prep>$ _! *ildr5 = ! pres5t1 b tea*]s = ! future4 ,none b mature m>ri$ m5 7 employ$ z tea*]s4 ,x 0 said t he :o le>ns ( a "y ma/] is l a man :o eats gre5 grapes1 & dr9ks w9e fre% f ! press2 b he :o has a ma/] ( mature ye>s is l a man :o eats ripe & delici\s grapes1 & dr9ks old w9e4 ,! *ild ent]$ s*ool at six4 ,previ\s to t age physical ex]cise & bodily gr[? 7 to be ! ends s\ght4 ,:5 he ent]s s*ool1 says ! ,talmud1 load him l an ox4 ,o!r au?orities1 h[ev]1 enc\rag$ giv+ him tasks accord+ to 8 /r5g?4 ,! subjects taught 7 read+1 writ+1 natural hi/ory1 ari?metic1 geometry1 & a/ronomy4 ,! ,scriptures 7 taught to all ! *ildr51 & all 7 v]s$ 9 religi\s rites4 ,! me?ods 7 good & attractive1 great ef=t be+ made to lead ! *ildr5 to und]/&1 ev5 ?\gh x might be necess>y to repeat f\r hundr$ times4 ,! discipl9e 0 humane4 ,accord+ to ! ,talmud1 *ildr5 %\ld be puni%$ ) "o h& & c>ess$ ) two4 ,corporal puni%m5t 0 adm9i/]$ only to *ildr5 ov] elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,! ,s*ools ( ! ,rabbis4--,k>l ,s*midt says3 ,culture 9 a p beg9s ) ! creation ( a lit]ature & ! use ( writ+4 ,! olde/ monum5t ( writ+ among ! ,israelites is f\nd 9 ! tables ( /one conta9+ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts4 ,moses1 ,david1 ,solomon1 & ,isaiah1 & ! o!r prophets 7 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,among ! in/rum5talities ( high] education 7 ! ,s*ools ( ! ,prophets1 :i* taught philosophy1 m$ic9e1 poetry1 hi/ory1 & law to ! sons ( prophets & prie/s1 & ( lead+ families4 ,^! s*ools 7 influ5tial 9 /imulat+ ! production ( ! hi/orical1 poetical1 & prophetic books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b m important z direct means ( high] education 7 ! ,s*ools ( ! ,rabbis4 ,^! sprang up 9 ,alex&ria1 ,babylon1 & ,j]usalem 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!y 7 private in/itutions f\nd$ by celebrat$ tea*]s4 ,d\btless x 0 9 su* a s*ool z ?is t ,/4 ,paul 0 br\ght up at ! feet ( ,gamaliel4 ,! pr9cipal subjects /udi$ 7 !ology & law1--politics1 hi/ory1 ma!matics & sci5ce be+ exclud$4 ,! collection ( ! say+s & discussions 0 begun 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 & aft]w>d took =m 9 ! ,talmud4 ,criticism ( ,jewi% ,education4--#a4 ,x exalt$ ! home & insi/$ on ! control ( *ildr5 by _! p>5ts4 #b4 ,x gave to woman an honor$ place 9 ! home4 #c4 ,x gave an intellig5t int]pretation ( ! s*ool & its functions4 ,9 reg>d to s*ool att5dance1 ! numb] ( pupils "u "o tea*]1 ! respect due to tea*]s1 ! c\rse ( /udy1 & _m o!r matt]s1 x %[$ practical wisdom4 #d4 ,x taught ob$i5ce1 patriotism1 & religion4 #e4 ,x provid$ only = ,jewi% *ildr54 #f4 ,x 0 mild & g5]ally wise 9 discipl9e1 ?\gh mi/ak5 9 =bidd+ corporal puni%m5t be=e ! elev5? ye>1 :ile admitt+ its use aft] t4 #g4 ,x develop$ an hone/1 intellig5t1 progressive1 ,god-fe>+ p4 #h4 ,x produc$ "s ( ! greate/ poets & hi/orians ( ! _w4 ,,! ,,talmud#ab ,?is book1 z we h se51 is ! outgr[? ( ! discussions ( ! rabbis1 ^: say+s1 collect$ f ! second to ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 are h]e9 conta9$4 ,x proclaims ) great m9ut5ess rules ( life :i* ! fai?ful ,jew /ill rigidly obs]ves4 ,x has aid$ 9 p]petuat+ ,jewi% laws1 c]emonies1 cu/oms1 & religion1 & has be5 ! mo/ pot5t means ( pres]v+ ! national & racial *>act]i/ics ( ! ,jews = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,driv5 f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 !y h always c>ri$ ! ,talmud ) !m & h be5 guid$ & kept unit$ by its tea*+s4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! /udy ( ! ,talmud has be5 reviv$1 n only among ! ,jews1 b also among ,*ri/ians & /ud5ts ( all classes4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,talmud #a4 ,ev5 if ! gates ( heav5 are %ut to pray]1 !y are op5 to te>s4 #b4 ,tea* ?y tongue to say1 ,i d n "k4 #c4 ,if a ^w spok5 9 its "t is wor? "o piece ( money1 sil5ce is wor? two4 #d4 ,n ! place honors ! man1 b ! man ! place4 #e4 ,! _w is sav$ by ! brea? ( s*ool *ildr54 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,see ,pet]s1 ,ju/ice to ! ,jew4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,egypt ,lit]ature4--,masp]o1 ,egyptian ,ar*aeology2 ,wilk9son1 ,! ,anci5t ,egyptians2 ,/odd>d's ,lectures2 ,my]s1 ,anci5t ,hi/ory2 ,r\tl$ge1 ,! ,mod]n ,wond]s ( ! ,_w2 ,johonnot1 ,geographical ,read]2 ,edw>ds1 ,a ,?\s& ,miles up ! ,nile2 ,knox1 ,egypt & ! ,holy ,l&2 ,ball\1 ,due ,we/2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,eb]s1 ,u>da2 & ,egyptian ,pr9cess2 ,curtis1 ,nile ,notes ( a ,h[adji4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,egypt consi/s ( a n>r[ /rip ( l& ab\t six hundr$ miles long1 ly+ 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,africa4 ,its geographical importance is due to ! riv] ,nile1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh x1 & :i*1 by its annual ov]fl[1 enri*es ! soil1 & makes "o ( ! mo/ productive portions ( ! globe4 ,= _m c5turies res]voirs = ! /orage ( wat] 9 "t ( ! ov]fl[1 & irrigation canals = its lat] di/ribution1 h secur$ ! c\ntry aga9/ dr\ght1 & ?us abundant h>ve/s 7 always assur$ indep5d5t ( ! seasons & ! skies4 ,?is1 ) ! mild climate & exce$+ly ri* soil1 made food atta9able ) slight labor1 furni%+ an abundance1 n only = its own population1 b mak+ ,egypt ! gran>y ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,we le>n f ! ,scriptures1 ( ! visits ( ! sons ( ,jacob to ,egypt to buy corn ( ,joseph :5 fam9e exi/$ 9 _! own l&4 ,^! conditions1 :i* made liv+ s *eap1 7 d\btless ! ma9 causes ( ! e>ly settlem5t ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 & ! rapid increase 9 its population4 ,9 confirmation ( ! =ego+ we h ! te/imony ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 a ,greek writ]1 :o visit$ ,egypt ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,he tells u t ! entire co/ to br+ up a *ild to manhood 0 n m ?an tw5ty dra*mas 7less ?an f\r doll>s ( our money74#ac ,( ! antiquity ( ,egyptian hi/ory we h abundant evid5ce4 ,sw9ton says1 ,egypt is ! c\ntry 9 :i* we fir/ f9d a gov]nm5t & political in/itutions e/abli%$4 ,egypt itself may n h be5 ! olde/ nation1 b ,egyptian hi/ory is c]ta9ly ! olde/ hi/ory4 ,its monum5ts1 records1 & lit]ature surpass 9 antiquity ^? ( ,*aldea & ,india1 ! two next olde/ nations4#ad ,! records ( ! hi/ory ( ,egypt are f\nd 9 abundance c>v$ on h] monum5ts1 tombs1 build+s1 implem5ts1 etc4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 hi]oglyphics1 ! mean+ ( :i* 0 unkn[n until ! discov]y ( ! ,rosetta /one1 :i* furni%$ ! key to _! int]pretation4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians excell$ 9 me*anics & arts4 ,x is d\btful :e!r to-day we "k z mu* ( c]ta9 sci5ces z !y did f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,_! applications ( me*anics1 eng9e]+1 dye+1 & embalm+ /ill rema9 to u lo/ arts4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians 0 prov]bial1 & ! great s*ol>s ( o!r c\ntries made pilgrimages to ,egypt to /udy philosophy1 lit]ature1 law1 & sci5ce4 ,! ,ca/e ,sy/em4--,! ca/e sy/em exi/$ also 9 ,egypt1 b 9 no su* /rict s5se z 9 ,india4 ,! fir/ & highe/ ca/e consi/$ ( ! prie/s1 :o repres5t$ ! le>n+ & weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y own$ "o ?ird ( ! l&1 ^u :i* !y paid no tax4 ,!y held all ! (fices1 7 ! surveyors1 eng9e]s1 tea*]s1--inde$1 _! ca/e alone furni%$ all ! high] pr(essions4 ,!y rul$ ! l& ) an iron h&4 ,conc]n+ _! influ5ce1 ,sw9ton says1 ,! prie/s 7 ! ri*e/1 mo/ p[]ful1 & mo/ influ5tial ord]4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! mod]n ^w 'prie/' gives ! true idea ( ?is ca/e4 ,its memb]s 7 n limit$ to religi\s (fices2 !y =m$ an ord] compris+ _m occupations & pr(essions4 ,!y 7 di/ribut$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 possess+ exclusively ! means ( read+ & writ+1 & ! :ole /ock ( m$ical & sci5tific k4 ,_! asc5d5cy1 bo? direct & indirect1 ov] ! m9ds ( ! p 0 imm5se1 = !y prescrib$ t m9ute religi\s ritual "u :i* ! life ( e ,egyptian1 n except+ ! k+ himself1 0 pass$4#ae ,! second ca/e consi/$ ( ! milit>y class1 :o also belong$ to ! nobles4 ,!re 0 fre] int]c\rse betwe5 ! two high] ca/es ?an 0 possible 9 ! ,h9du sy/em4 ,x 0 n uncommon to f9d bro!rs belong+ to diff]5t ca/es4 ,amp]e f\nd an inscription on a monum5t m5tion+ "o son z a prie/1 ano!r z gov]nor ( a prov9ce1 & a ?ird z sup]9t5d5t ( build+s4 ,to ea* memb] ( ?is ca/e 0 assign$ a p>cel ( l& 7six & "o half acres71 :i* also 0 free f taxation4 ,^! two high] ca/es 7 especially privileg$1 & ! gulf betwe5 !m & ! l[] ca/es 0 v wide4 ,! ?ird1 or unprivileg$ ca/e 0 subdivid$ into ?ree ord]s3 7#a7 ! f>m]s & boatm52 7#b7 ! me*anics & tradespeople2 & 7#c7 ! common labor]s4 ,betwe5 ^!1 also1 !re 7 bonds ( common int]e/1 ?\gh a decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord]s 0 recogniz$4 ,! ca/e sy/em may be outl9$ z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,prie/s1 :o repres5t$ ! le>n+ & weal? & rul$ ! l&4 ,egyptian ,,ii4 ,soldi]s1 :o1 ?\gh l[] 9 ca/e ?an ! prie/s1 ,ca/es4 yet associat$ ) !m4 #a4 ,f>m]s & boatm51 :o rank$ next4 ,,iii4 #b4 ,me*anics & tradespeople1 :o rank$ next4 #c4 ,! common labor]s4 ,! slaves 7 l[] ?an ! common labor]s1 & 7 n classifi$ among ! ca/es4 ,!y 7 g5]ally captives tak5 9 w>4 ,respect & rev]5ce = ! high] ca/es 7 by no means s m>k$ z 9 ,india1 & outbreaks betwe5 ! v>i\s classes 7 common4 ,! ,home4--,woman occupi$ a mu* high] plane 9 ,egypt ?an 9 ,*9a or ,india1 ?\gh polygamy 0 practic$ by all classes except ! prie/s4 ,%e 0 ! recogniz$ mi/ress ( ! home1 possess$ "s education1 & l>gely direct$ ! education ( ! *ildr54 ,*ildr5 ( wives ( diff]5t ca/es _h equal rights be=e ! law to inh]itance4 ,great att5tion 0 paid to religi\s c]emonies1 & ! *ildr5 7 taught piety & ob$i5ce 9 _! e>ly y\?4 ,!y 7 highly reg>d$ 9 ! ,egyptian home1 & 7 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( love & filial respect4 ,! day ( a *ild's bir? 0 reg>d$ z det]m9+ its de/9y4 ,! *ild 0 br\ght up on ! simple/ food1 & furni%$ ) scanty clo?+1 9 ord] t its body might be /rong & supple4 ,! ,education4--,! education1 l t ( ,india1 0 suit$ to ! diff]5t ca/es4 ,prie/s 7 ! only tea*]s4 ,:ile *ief att5tion 0 giv5 to ! education ( boys1 girls also receiv$ "s in/ruction4 ,! pr9cipal subjects taught 9 ! l[e/ ca/e 7 writ+ & ma!matics4 ,! papyrus plant1 f\nd along ! ,nile1 furni%$ a mat]ial on :i* writ+ 0 practic$4 ,9 ari?metic we f9d an anticipation ( mod]n pr9ciples 9 ! concrete me?ods employ$4 ,religi\s in/ruction 0 also giv54 ,bodily ex]cise 0 sev]e1 runn+ be+ a favorite pa/ime4 ,! exp5se ( s*ool+ 0 v small4 ,! boy usually foll[$ ! trade ( 8 fa!r1 ?\gh ?is 0 n an inflexible rule4 ,! occupation he 0 to foll[ _h "s influ5ce 9 %ap+ 8 education4 ,! high] ca/es receiv$ an ext5sive education1 includ+ a k ( high] ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 language1 natural sci5ce1 m$ic9e1 music1 eng9e]+1 & religion4 ,! annual ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile necessitat$ ! con/ruction ( res]voirs & irrigation canals1 & caus$ frequ5t *anges ( b\nd>y l9es4 ,= all ?is a k ( ma!matics 0 necess>y1 & ?is /udy 0 !re=e greatly enc\rag$4 ,in/itutions ( high] le>n+ = ! tra9+ ( prie/s & soldi]s 7 f\nd at ,!bes1 ,memphis1 & ,heliopolis4 ,! ,museum ( ,alex&ria1 :i* rea*$ its highe/ prosp]ity ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & :i* made ,alex&ria ! c5t] ( ! le>n+ ( ! _w at t p]iod1 attract$ philosoph]s & inve/igators f ,a!ns & ,rome4 ,9 connection ) ! ,museum 0 ! celebrat$ ,alex&rian libr>y1 :i* 0 fo/]$ by ! ,ptolemies1 & :i* conta9$ a va/ collection ( books1 v>i\sly e/imat$ at f f\r hundr$ ?\s& to sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes4#af ,criticism ( ,egyptian ,education4--#a4 ,x 0 dom9at$ by ! prie/s "u ! ca/e sy/em1 & did n recognize equality ( man4 #b4 ,x enc\rag$ great] respect = woman ?an o!r ori5tal sy/ems1 b took little acc\nt ( h] intellectual tra9+4 #c4 ,x made use ( concrete me?ods1 at lea/ 9 writ+ & ari?metic1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory4 #d4 ,x 0 non-progressive 9 its elem5t>y education1 ! fa!r g5]ally expect+ 8 son to foll[ 8 call+4 #e4 ,9 high] education x 0 ju/ly not$1 z x attract$ wise m5 f ,greece & ,rome to /udy its sci5ce & philosophy4 ,,g5]al ,,summ>y ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,education ,) ! discussion ( ,egyptian education1 ! consid]ation ( ori5tal sy/ems ceases4 ,conc]n+ ! education ( ! ,pho5icians1 ,babylonians1 & o!r ori5tal nations we "k b little4 ,to ! ,pho5icians ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet1 glass mak+1 & purple dye+ is g5]ally cr$it$1 & ! k ( ^! ?+s 0 communicat$ to ! ,m$it]ranean nations ) :om !y engag$ 9 trade4 ,! classical c\ntries 7 mat]ially influ5c$ by ,egyptian culture1 & ! way 0 prep>$ = a broad] & m enlight5$ int]pretation ( ! purpose ( education1 & = a m successful evolution ( civilization on soil bett] suit$ to t end4 ,we may briefly summ>ize ! lessons ( ori5tal education1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ,ori5tal sy/ems fo/]$ class di/9ctions by furni%+ b little enlight5m5t to ! l[] classes1 & af=d+ sup]ior advantages to ! privileg$ few4 #b4 ,!y 7 non-progressive1 = c5turies witness$ no improvem5t 9 me?ods ( in/ruction1 rea*$ no high] ideals1 & m>k$ no advance 9 civilization4 #c4 ,!y did n feel ! ne$ ( tra9$ tea*]s4 #d4 ,! importance ( ! individual 0 n appreciat$1 & man 0 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,/ate4 #e4 ,! end s\ght 0 good conduct1 :i* 0 to be atta9$ ?r\gh memoriz+ moral precepts4 ,?is gave undue importance to ! memory4 #f4 ,little enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to free inve/igation2 au?ority ( tea*]s & ance/ral traditions 7 ! pr9cipal factors employ$4 ,! progress ( civilization 0 !re=e v sl[4 #g4 ,9 g5]al1 except+ ) ! ,jews1 woman _h no "p 9 education1 be+ reg>d$ z incapable ( any consid]able intellectual developm5t4 #h4 ,9 ,*9a ! motive ( education 0 to prep>e = success 9 ?is life2 9 ,india1 = ! future life2 9 ,p]sia1 to support ! ,/ate2 9 ,israel1 to rehabilitate ! nation2 & 9 ,egypt1 to ma9ta9 ! supremacy ( ! prie/s4 #i4 ,9 no case 0 ! conception rea*$ t ! aim ( education %\ld be to emancipate all ! p[]s ( man1--physical1 intellectual1 moral1 spiritual4 #aj4 ,f9ally1 we may sum up ! conditions t prep>$ ! way = classical education 9 ! words ( ,k>l ,s*midt3 ,9 ,greece at la/ ! idea ( human individuality z ! pr9cipal end1 & n z a means to t end1 0 grasp$4 ,con=mable to ?is tru?1 all human1 social1 & political conditions 7 %ap$ & education giv5 its =m4 ,?is idea ( ! emancipation ( ! individual became e/abli%$ 9 ,greece ) a brilliancy :i* attracts att5tion to t l& until ! pres5t "t4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,! /ud5t %\ld be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! pur*as+ p[] ( a sum equival5t to f\r doll>s 0 mu* great] 9 ^? days ?an n[4 #ad ,outl9es ( ! ,_w's ,hi/ory1 p4 #ab4 #ae ,outl9es ( ,hi/ory1 p4 #bj4 #af ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! anci5t volume1 or roll1 conta9$ mu* less matt] ?an ! mod]n book4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,greece ,lit]ature4--,davidson1 ,education ( ! ,greek ,p2 ,felton1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,greece2 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,curtius1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,morris1 ,hi/orical ,tales 7,greek72 ,mahaffy1 ,old ,greek ,education2 ,social ,life 9 ,greece2 ,! ,greek ,_w "u ,roman ,sway2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,guhl & ,kon]1 ,life ( ,greeks & ,romans2 ,timay5is1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,wilk9s1 ,national ,education 9 ,greece2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,monroe1 ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,greece lies 9 ! c5t] ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! num]\s isl&s betwe5 x & ! ma9l& ( ,asia made /epp+-/ones = ! h>dy m>9]s :o1 fill$ ) ! _s ( adv5ture1 pu%$ out f>!r & f>!r f ! ,asiatic %ores until !y rea*$ ,greece--! fir/ ,european c\ntry to be settl$4 ,"h we f9d ano!r bran* ( ! great ,aryan race4 ,! coa/ is brok5 up by _m ind5tations :i* af=d f9e h>bors & invite seaf>+ life4 ,! surface is m\nta9\s1 ! ranges cutt+ ! c\ntry up into _m sections or /ates4 ,! climate is v>y+1 dep5d+ ^u proximity to ! sea1 & ^u ! elevation4 ,! sc5]y is beautiful1 & ! soil 9 ! valleys is f]tile4 ,! productions are fruit1 gra91 & silk4 ,z might be expect$ f ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 ! p %[ mu* comm]cial ent]prise4 ,! area is ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& squ>e miles1 & ! population ab\t #b1bjj1jjj4 ,! ,greeks 7 a brave & ambiti\s p1 & _! hi/ory is full ( h]oic de$s & /irr+ ev5ts4 ,! _m small /ates 7 (t5 ho/ile to "o ano!r4 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta 7 ! two mo/ important cities4 ,ar\nd !m c5t]$ two div]se =ms ( civilization1 & 9 !m 7 develop$ two v diff]5t /&>ds ( education4 ,x w be necess>y1 !re=e1 to discuss sep>ately ! education ( ^! two cities4 ,:5 ! ,grecian /ates 7 unit$ 9 def5se1 no outside p[] 0 able to conqu] !m2 b1 un=tunately1 jeal\sies (t5 arose :i* br\ght !m into conflict ) "o ano!r1 & :i* f9ally caus$ ! ov]?r[ ( all4 ,9 art & lit]ature ,greece rea*$ ! summit ( h] glory 9 ,a!ns 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! "w accompli%$ by ,a!ns has be5 ! inspiration ( ! _w = ne>ly tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 gov]nm5t1 9 mann]s1 & 9 cu/oms ! ,greeks 7 v diff]5t f ! ori5tal nations4 ,! _s ( political fre$om prevail$ "h = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,d\btless ! small size ( ! /ates1 :i* 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by natural b\nd>ies1 0 an important factor 9 /imulat+ ! p to secure & ma9ta9 ?is indep5d5ce4 ,man's "* is =m$ by ! surr\nd+s ( 8 home4 ,! beautiful valleys & m\nta9s1 ! v>y+ climate1 ! sea ) its _m isl&s & h>bors1 ! soil1 9 ! ma9 yield+ its fruit only by h>d labor1 7 elem5ts well calculat$ to produce a h>dy race1--a race ) l(ty ideals1 lov+ beauty bo? ( m9d & body4 ,! ,olympian ,games4--,because ( _! national popul>ity & _! direct influ5ce on ! education ( ! p1 a description ( ! ,olympian games is n out ( place 9 a hi/ory ( education4 ,at fir/ !y 7 religi\s 9 "*4 ,!y 7 celebrat$ 9 honor ( ,zeus1 at ,olympia1 9 ,elis1 :i* became ! ,holy ,l& ( ,greece4 ,!y took place once 9 f\r ye>s1 & ?is p]iod1 call$ an ,olympiad1 furni%$ ! basis ( comput+ "t4 ,! fir/ ,olympiad beg9s ) ,b4,c4 #ggf4 ,all ( ! /ates took "p 9 ^! conte/s1 & :5 at w>1 ho/ilities 7 susp5d$ dur+ ! games1 t visitors might att5d !m unmole/$4 ,?us once 9 f\r ye>s ! v>i\s /ates ( ,greece 7 unit$ 9 fri5dly conte/ & joy\s fe/ivity4 ,at fir/ !re 0 only ! foot race1 b aft]w>d wre/l+1 jump+1 & ?r[+ ! spe> 7 add$4 ,/ill lat]1 *>iot & horse races1 & conte/s 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & lit]ature1 7 includ$4 ,only ,greek citiz5s ( good moral "* c\ld ent] ! conte/s4 ,! prize1 ?\gh b a simple wrea? ( laurel or olive1 0 mo/ highly e/eem$4 ,at fir/ spectators 7 attract$ f ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,greece only2 b aft]w>d ! games became great fairs = ! ex*ange ( commodities1 z well z conte/s :i* attract$ p f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! ,olympian games t5d$ to unite ! p & cultivate ! arts ( peace4 ,!y enc\rag$ ! developm5t ( p]fect bodies1 ! tra9+ be+ design$ to produce sup]ior a?letes4 ,!y inculcat$ broad] views1 br++ toge!r p f diff]5t p>ts ( _! own l& & f o!r l&s4 ,!y incit$ intellectual ambition by add+ 9 lat] times lit]>y productions4 ,!y creat$ a manly _s & /imulat$ a national patriotism4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,a!ns ,lit]ature4--7,see g5]al lit]ature = ,greece47 ,h>rison1 ,/ory ( ,greece2 ,macaulay1 ,essays2 ,curtius1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,davidson1 ,education ( ! ,greeks2 ,wilk9s1 ,national ,education 9 ,greece2 ,freeman1 ,hi/orical ,essays4 ,hi/ory4--,! ideals ( ,a!ns--educational1 political1 & moral--7 9 direct contra/ to ^? ( ,sp>ta4 ,at ,a!ns1 love ( lib]ty1 love ( k1 & love ( beauty w5t h& 9 h&4 ,?\gh ! body 0 n neglect$1 z is prov$ by ! beautiful types ( manhood pres]v$ = u 9 ,a!nian art1 ! ,a!nians believ$ t ! true/ beauty 0 to be rea*$ only by ! developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,h5ce ,a!ns br\ght =? great m5 l ,p]icles1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 %e creat$ a lit]ature t has influ5c$ ! _w1 %e develop$ art to its highe/ excell5ce1 & ga9$ = h]self a p]man5t & high place 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,sp>ta did none ( ^! ?+s1 !re=e h] ru9 0 sure & spe$y2 :ile ! decl9e ( ,a!ns 0 sl[ & h] influ5ce /ill lives4 ,! _s ( ,a!ns 0 lib]ty1 :ile t ( ,sp>ta 0 tyranny4 ,x is true t ,a!ns _h slaves2 inde$1 only "o f\r? ( ! inhabitants 7 free2 b ev5 ! slaves _h a l>ge %>e ( fre$om1 & enjoy$ "s means ( education4 ,we le>n t *ildr5 ( ! weal?y 7 committ$ to tru/$ slaves1 call$ p$agogues1 :o escort$ !m to s*ool1 in/ruct$ !m 9 _m ?+s1 & _h a "r to puni% !m = disob$i5ce4 ,?is c\ld n h be5 all[$ by p>5ts ) su* high ideals _h ! slaves be5 debas$ z 7 ^? ( ,sp>ta4 ,9 ,a!ns we f9d = ! fir/ "t ! democratic idea ( gov]nm5t2 ?is 0 by no means s completely realiz$ z x is 9 mod]n times1 especially 9 ! we/]n _w4 ,! ,age ( ,p]icles 7,b4,c4 #dhj-dcj7 =ms ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( ,a!ns1 a p]iod h>dly surpass$ 9 "s respects by any o!r 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,solon 7,b4,c4 #fch7 0 ! great lawgiv] ( ,a!ns4 ,8 wise laws _h mu* influ5ce on ! prosp]ity & intellectual developm5t ( ! p4 ,! ,home4--,9 ,a!ns ! *ild 0 left ) ! "m until ! six? or sev5? ye>4 ,! toys 7 great] 9 v>iety ?an ) any o!r p ( antiquity4 ,!y 7 mu* ! same 9 "* z ^? ( mod]n times1 & _! purpose 0 to amuse ! *ildr5 r ?an to furni% a def9ite prep>ation = life1 z 9 ,p]sia & ,sp>ta4 ,play1 !re=e1 0 recogniz$ z an important factor 9 ! *ild's life1 & ! toys 9 use /imulat$ & enc\rag$ ! joy\s elem5t 9 ! *ild's nature4 ,t toys are a pot5t influ5ce t[>d heal?ful m5tal & physical gr[? is an educational tru? t has be5 fully recogniz$ by u only )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,& yet ! ,a!nians appreciat$ x 9 ! home1 tw5ty-five c5turies ago4 ,! tra9+ 0 intellectual & humane1 ?\gh /rict ob$i5ce 0 en=c$4 ,great att5tion 0 paid to ! works ( ! poets1 selections be+ taught to all ! *ildr54 ,! fa!r int]e/$ himself *iefly 9 ! education ( ! boys1 & :5 he 0 unable to dis*>ge ?is duty an eld]ly male relative 0 select$ z m5tor1 :o devot$ 8 leisure h\rs to su* tra9+4 ,little att5tion 0 paid to ! m5tal tra9+ ( ! girls4 ,wom5 7 n held 9 s high e/eem z 9 ,sp>ta1 nor 7 !y z wor?y ( respect4 ,! husb& ex]cis$ ov] 8 wife ! same au?ority z ov] 8 *ildr54 ,nei!r by social position nor by intellectual atta9m5t 0 %e 8 equal4 ,h] own *amb] 0 ! _w ( ! ,a!nian woman2 h] maids 7 h] companions2 h\sehold duties & ! prep>ation ( clo?+ = h] family 7 h] employm5t4 ,education4--,! fa!r 0 free to *oose = 8 *ildr5 _! s*ool & ! "* ( _! education4 ,! ,/ate furni%$ gymnasia 9 :i* s*ools c\ld be held1 fix$ ! qualifications ( tea*]s1 ! s*ool h\rs1 & ! numb] ( pupils to a tea*]4 ,once a ye> public exam9ations 7 held1 ! exp5se ( :i* ! ,/ate defray$4 ,! s*ools 7 private in/itutions1 support$ by private means1 ?\gh "u ,/ate inspection4 ,! tea*]s 7 philosoph]s or wise m51 ?or\ghly compet5t to dis*>ge ! duties ( _! (fice4 ,at six or sev5 ye>s ( age1 ! boy 0 s5t to s*ool 9 *>ge ( a p$agogue1 or lead] ( ! "y1--usually an old & tru/$ slave4 ,:ile n intru/$ ) ! actual tea*+ ( 8 *>ge1 he 0 responsible = 8 morals & mann]s1 & 0 all[$1 z we h se51 to adm9i/] puni%m5t4 ,! p$agogue 0 ! con/ant att5dant ( ! boy4 ,! "* ( ! s*ool *os5 dep5d$ ^u ! means ( ! p>5ts4 ,! fir/ two ye>s 7 devot$ *iefly to gymna/ics4 ,! two subjects ( ! elem5t>y c\rse 7 gymna/ics & music1 ! latt] t]m includ+ read+ & writ+4 ,b little ari?metic 0 taught1 z ! ,a!nians believ$ t ! object ( ! /udy ( ari?metic 0 simply utility1 & b little ari?metic 0 ne$$ = practical use4 ,calculat+ bo>ds made ! reckon+ = all bus9ess ne$s a purely me*anical process4 ,! idea ( education 0 ! developm5t ( ! beautiful1 & !y held t ari?metic contribut$ b little to ?is end4 ,! works ( ! poets 7 giv5 prom95ce ?r\gh\t ! ,a!nian education1 & pupils 7 requir$ to commit to memory _m selections4 ,! ,sophi/s4--,! ,sophi/s fl\ri%$ dur+ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,_! greate/ expon5ts 7 ,protagoras & ,gorgias4 ,!y introduc$ a movem5t ( :i* ,s*wegl] says1 ,x _h /ruck its roots into ! :ole moral1 political1 & religi\s "* ( ! ,hell5ic life ( t "t4 ,!y w&]$ ab\t f place to place proclaim+ !mselves z philosoph]s & bidd+ = ! patronage ( ! ri* by *>g+ l>ge fees & consid]+ public que/ions4 ,!y discuss$ error & wrong ) ! same eloqu5ce & zeal t !y discuss$ tru? & ju/ice1 _! purpose be+ to fo/] eloqu5ce r ?an discov] tru?4 ,h5ce1 we h ! ^w sophi/ry1 :i* means fallaci\s reason+4 ,& yet1 9 ! words ( ,s*wegl]1 ,x _c be d5i$ t ,protagoras also hit ^u _m correct pr9ciples ( rhetoric1 & satisfactorily e/abli%$ c]ta9 grammatical categories4 ,x may 9 g5]al be said ( ! ,sophi/s t !y gave ! p a great pr(usion ( g5]al k2 444 t !y call$ out inve/igations 9 ! !ory ( k1 9 logic1 & 9 language2 t !y laid ! basis = ! me?odical treatm5t ( _m bran*es ( human k1 & t !y p>tly orig9at$ & p>tly assi/$ ! wond]ful intellectual activity :i* *>act]iz$ ,a!ns at t "t4 ,*ildr5 ( ! poor] classes 7 kept 9 s*ool until _! f\rte5? or fifte5? ye>1 :5 !y le>n$ a trade4 ,^? ( ! ri* rema9$ 9 s*ool until _! tw5tie? ye>4 ,! c\rse ( /udy ( ! latt] includ$ music1 rhetoric1 gramm>1 & philosophy4 ,at tw5ty ! y\?'s education 0 reg>d$ z complet$1 & ! "y man became a citiz54 ,tea*]s 7 paid fees & n fix$ sal>ies4 ,x 0 ! atmosph]e ( ,a!ns1 m ?an ! discipl9e ( ! s*ool1 t fo/]$ culture & inspir$ le>n+4 ,! aim ( education 0 ! beautiful1 & ! ideal 0 ! ae/hetic 9 m9d & body4 ,criticism ( ,a!nian ,education4--#a4 ,x s\ght to educate ! entire man1 giv+ him beauty ( =m1 ke5ness ( intellect1 & nobl5ess ( he>t4 #b4 ,x ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( p>5ts to direct & det]m9e ! education ( _! *ildr54 #c4 ,x recogniz$ ! importance ( ! individual z no o!r p _h be=e4 #d4 ,/rict ob$i5ce 0 requir$ ( ! *ildr54 #e4 ,x produc$ great m51 ) high moral & intellectual ideals1 b ^! ideals 7 c5t]$ 9 ,a!nian culture4 #f4 ,x exclud$ wom5 & slaves f its b5efits1 & 0 by no means univ]sal4 #g4 ,x recogniz$ ! value ( play z an educational =ce1 !reby anticipat+ ! k9d]g>t54 #h4 ,! ,/ate ex]cis$ a c]ta9 control ov] ! s*ool by furni%+ places :]e x might be held1 by defray+ ! exp5se ( exam9ations1 by det]m9+ ! numb] ( pupils to a tea*]1 by fix+ ! limit ( s*ool h\rs1 & by decid+ ^u ! qualifications ( tea*]s4 ,& yet ! *oice ( education 0 free1 & its aim 0 ! good ( ! individual & n ! glory ( ! ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,a!nian ,,educators ,lit]ature4--,bulkley1 ,plato's ,be/ ,?\ghts2 ,s*wegl]1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 ,morris1 ,hi/orical ,tales2 ,curtius1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,j[ett1 ,! ,republic ( ,plato2 ,vogel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik2 ,em]son1 ,repres5tative ,m52 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,plato's ,republic2 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,,socrates 7,b4,c4 #dgj-cii7 ,socrates 0 ! son ( a sculptor ( ,a!ns4 ,?\gh he le>n$ 8 fa!r's trade & foll[$ x 9 e>ly manhood1 he rel9qui%$ x to devote himself to ! /udy ( philosophy1 = :i* he _h a natural b5t4 ,9 p]son he 0 f> f fulfill+ ! ,a!nian ideal ( beauty1 be+ %ort ( /ature1 corpul5t1 ) protrud+ eyes1 upturn$ nose1 l>ge m\?1 & ?ick lips4 ,8 dome/ic life 0 n happy1 8 wife1 ,xantippe1 be+ a not$ %rew4 ,8 failure to provide = ! mat]ial welf>e ( 8 family1 ?\gh q natural 9 a man to :om all mat]ial ?+s seem$ uness5tial1 mu/ h sorely tri$ h] pati5ce4 ,b ,socrates bore h] scold+ ) resignation4 ,inde$1 he seem$ to reg>d x z furni%+ an opportunity to practice ! philosophic pati5ce t he prea*$4 ,socrates believ$ t he _h a div9e call to conv9ce m5 ( ignorance mi/ak+ itself = k1 & by s do+ to promote _! intellectual & moral developm5t4 ,l _m o!r philosoph]s1 he sp5t 8 "t 9 ! /reets1 m>kets1 & o!r public places1 argu+ ) any "o :o w\ld /op to li/5 or conv]se4 ,?is mann] ( tea*+ 0 common 9 ,a!ns1 & he nev] lack$ he>]s4 ,! :ole atmosph]e ( ! classic city 0 *>g$ ) ! _s ( intellectual activity & philosophic discussion4 ,socrates did n tea* positive doctr9es1 b assum$ ignorance himself 9 ord] to conv9ce o!rs ( ignorance4 ,by a s]ies ( sugge/ive que/ions he w\ld lead 8 pupils or oppon5ts into admissions :i* f9ally e/abli%$ ! tru? t ,socrates saw at ! outset4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,socratic ,me?od1 or ! dialectical me?od1 & ?is =m ( inductive tea*+ 0 an important contribution to education4 ,al?\gh ,socrates left no writ+s1 8 great pupils1 ,x5ophon & ,plato1 h giv5 ! _w a full acc\nt ( 8 tea*+s4 ,plato speaks 9 highe/ t]ms ( 8 moral "*1 decl>+ t he 0 n ( ?is _w4 ,x5ophon also adds 8 te/imony 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,no "o ev] knew ( 8 do+ or say+ any?+ pr(ane or unholy4 ,socrates believ$ 9 "o ,supreme ,be+1 ! intellig5t ,creator ( ! univ]se4 ,he also believ$ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,^! doctr9es 7 altoge!r contr>y to ,greek poly!ism1 ! prevail+ religion ( ,a!ns1 & !y prove him to h be5 f> 9 advance ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,:ile he e/abli%$ no s*ool1 ,socrates nev]!less mu/ ev] rank z "o ( ! _w's greate/ tea*]s & ?9k]s4 ,9 8 dea? he fully exemplifi$ ! tru? ( 8 own philosophy4 ,he 0 accus$ ( corrupt+ ! y\? & d5y+ ! deities1 & 0 condemn$ to die by dr9k+ a cup ( hemlock4 ,he calmly submitt$ to 8 fate1 refus+ to avail himself ( an opportunity to escape4 ,accord+ to ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,plato's ,pha$o1 he sp5t 8 la/ h\rs discuss+ ) ! fri5ds :o att5d$ him ! "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,,plato 7,b4,c4 #dbi-cdg7 ,plato 0 a disciple ( ,socrates1 & to him we are *iefly indebt$ = an acc\nt ( ! tea*+s ( 8 great ma/]4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he sat at ! feet ( ! philosoph]1 & drank f ! f\nta9 ( k possess$ by t wond]ful man4 ,he also travel$ 9 o!r l&s1 p>ticul>ly ,egypt & ,italy1 9 pursuit ( k4 ,he became "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable s*ol>s & philosoph]s1 n only ( antiquity1 b ( all "t4 ,:5 =ty ye>s ( age he f\nd$ a s*ool at ,a!ns1 ?\gh x is n z a tea*] t he is *iefly kn[n1 b z a writ] & sage4 ,plato among ! ,greeks1 l ,bacon among ! mod]ns1 0 ! fir/ :o conceiv$ a me?od ( k4 ,8 great "w is 8 ,republic1 9 :i* he pictures ! ideal ,/ate & outl9es 8 s*eme ( education1 :i* is built on ideals ( bo? ,sp>tan & ,a!nian citiz5%ip4 ,f ,sp>ta comes ! ?\ght ( an education :i* %all be controll$ by ! ,/ate f bir?2 :ile ,a!ns adds ! ae/hetical aspects to ^? purely physical4 ,9 8 s*eme he divid$ ! p into ! foll[+ classes3-- #a4 ,! common p4 ,!y %\ld be all[$ to rise1 b no education is provid$ = !m 9 8 s*eme4 #b4 ,! gu>dians or citiz5s1 :o %all /udy music & gymna/ics4 ,music includes lit]ature1 t is1 human culture z di/+ui%$ f sci5tific k4 ,writ+ & ari?metic are also includ$ "u music1 ! latt] n be+ /udi$ = practical purposes1 b to develop ! reason4 #c4 ,! rul]s1 :o1 9 addition to ! prec$+ subjects1 %all /udy geometry1 a/ronomy1 rhetoric1 & philosophy4 ,! ,/ate is to h absolute control ( e citiz52 x %all arrange m>riages1 de/roy weak & unpromis+ *ildr51 & remove ! heal?y babes at bir? to public nurs]ies1 :]e mo!rs may c>e = ! *ildr5 9 common1 b w n recognize or take special int]e/ 9 _! own *ildr54 ,boys & girls are to be educat$ alike4 ,great c>e is to be tak5 t no?+ mean or vile %all be %[n to *ildr52 _! environm5ts %all be beautiful & ennobl+1 ?\gh simple4 ,f bir? to sev5 ye>s ( age ! *ild is to h pl5ty ( physical ex]cise4 ,he %all he> fairy tales & selections f ! poets1 b c>eful c5sor%ip mu/ be plac$ on ev]y?+ pres5t$ to him4 ,suitable play?+s are to be provid$1 precaution tak5 aga9/ fe> ( d>kness1 & by g5tl5ess comb9$ ) firmness a manly _s is to be produc$4 ,beauty ( m9d & body are to be h>moni\sly unit$4 ,f sev5 to ?irte5 intellectual z well z physical activity is requir$4 ,! special education beg9s at tw5ty by ! selection ( ! mo/ promis+ y\?s4 ,at ?irty ano!r selection ( ^? able to cont9ue _! education five ye>s m is made4 ,high] ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 h>mony1 & sci5ce con/itute ! "w ( ! fir/ t5 ye>s1 & philosophical /udy t ( ! la/ five4 ,fifte5 ye>s !n are to be giv5 to ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 aft] :i*1 at fifty1 ! /ud5t may return to ! /udy ( philosophy = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,education is to be compulsory1 z ! *ild belongs to ! ,/ate & n to ! p>5t4 ,plato gave pr$om9ance to intellectual r ?an to physical culture1 z he said1 ,if ! m9d be educat$ x w take c>e ( ! body1 = ! good s\l improves ! body1 & n ! good body ! s\l4 ,he taught t x is ! aim ( education to br+ all ( ! p[]s ( man into h>moni\s cooep]ation4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ,plato's s*eme ( education c5t]s ar\nd ! ori5tal idea t man belongs to ! ,/ate1 & ! ma9 purpose ( education is to fit him to s]ve ! ,/ate4 ,& ,plato cle>ly set =? h[ ! education :i* he dem&$ %\ld be atta9$1 & !re=e he is to be rememb]$ z orig9at+ ! fir/ sy/ematic s*eme ( education 9 hi/ory4 ,,ari/otle 7,b4,c4 #chd-cbb7ag ,ari/otle 0 born 9 ,/agira 9 ,mac$onia1 & f ?is fact he is call$ ! ,/agirite4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he 0 a pupil ( ,plato1 z ,plato _h be5 ( ,socrates4 ,ari/otle 0 n only "o ( ! greate/ philosoph]s t ev] liv$1 b he enjoy$ ! di/9ction ( be+ ! tea*] & *os5 c\nselor ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,mu* ( ! greatness ( ! man :o conqu]$ ! _w & wept because !re 7 no m worlds to conqu] 0 due to 8 wise tea*]4 ,alex&] lov$ & rev]$ ,ari/otle z mu* z 8 fa!r1 decl>+ t he 0 indebt$ to ! "o = liv+1 & to ! o!r = liv+ well4 ,he assi/$ ,ari/otle 9 f\nd+ a s*ool at 8 native place1 ,/agira4 ,x is n simply z ! tea*] ( ,alex&] ! ,great t ,ari/otle is to be rememb]$ 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 ?\gh t w\ld entitle him to la/+ fame4 ,aft] ! education ( ,alex&] 0 f9i%$1 ,ari/otle w5t to ,a!ns1 :]e he f\nd$ ! ,lyceum4 ,"h he lectur$ = _m ye>s1 9 ! morn+ to 8 rip] pupils on philosophical subjects1 & 9 ! ev5+ to ! masses on su* topics z 7 )9 _! compreh5sion & z w\ld t5d to elevate !m4 ,8 p$agogy may be briefly outl9$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,education is a lifelong task1 beg9n+ at bir? & cont9u+ till dea?4 ,! fir/ sev5 ye>s are to be sp5t 9 ! home "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! p>5ts4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! *ild is to h no sev]e tasks1 b *ief att5tion is to be giv5 to physical developm5t4 ,he mu/ le>n ob$i5ce1 z ! fir/ /ep to an e?ical life4 ,8 food & clo?+ are to be simple1 & 8 toys & games ( a "* to /imulate :olesome activity4 ,at ! age ( sev5 he is to ent] ^u ! direct intellectual tra9+1 & no?+ mu/ int]f]e ) ?is dur+ ! next sev5 ye>s4 ,f f\rte5 to tw5ty-"o ! education is to include su* ex]cises z directly prep>e = life4 ,! diet is to be simple1 ! physical tra9+ sev]e1 = ! d\ble purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! t5d5cies ( ! adolesc5t p]iod1 & ( prep>+ = w>4 #b4 ,education includes ! developm5t ( ! body1 ! "*1 & ! intellect4 ,c\rage1 endurance1 self-d5ial1 temp]ance1 tru?fulness1 & ju/ice are ess5tial *>act]i/ics to be s\ght4 ,! purpose ( in/ruction is to develop ! imp]fect1 untra9$ *ild into ! well-r\nd$1 intellig5t1 & patriotic citiz54 #c4 ,! c\rse ( /udy1 :i* beg9s s]i\sly aft] ! sev5? ye>1 includes music1 gymna/ics1 draw+1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 & ma!matics4 ,lat]1 dialectics1 philosophy1 & political sci5ce are to be add$4 #d4 ,woman is to h "p 9 education t %e may prop]ly tra9 h] *ildr51 & may1 by an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! laws1 uphold ! ,/ate4 #e4 ,ari/otle consid]$ education z ! mo/ important & mo/ difficult ( all problems4 ,he bas$ 8 p$agogy ^u a k ( ! individual4 #f4 ,8 me?od 0 ! analytical4 ,he began ) ?+s & advanc$ f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,! =ego+ w %[ t ,ari/otle began ! /udy ( problems t /ill occupy ! m9ds ( educational ?9k]s1 aft] m ?an tw5ty-two c5turies ( se>* = ! tru?4 ,"s ( ! problems he discuss$ h f\nd _! solution1 & ! se$ s[n by ! great ?9k] has come to fruitage4 ,k>l ,s*midt says1 ,ari/otle is ! intellectual ,alex&]4 ,ri* 9 exp]i5ce & pr(\nd 9 speculation1 he p5etrates all p>ts ( ! univ]se & seeks to r$uce all realities to concepts4 ,he is ! mo/ pr(\nd & compreh5sive ?9k] ( ! pre-,*ri/ian _w1--! ,hegel ( classical antiquity1--because1 l ,hegel1 he seeks to unify all k1 br+s toge!r ! scatt]$ mat]ials ( ! pres5t into "o sy/em1 con/ructs 9 a wond]ful intellectual temple ! psy*ical & physical ,cosmos1 ! univ]se & ,god1 proclaims ! de/ruction ( an e>li] culture epo*1 & sets 9 motion waves 9 ! ocean ( hi/ory t are de/9$ to influ5ce ! intellectual life ( all c5turies to come4444 ,ari/otle /&s = ! highe/ intellectual summit ( antiquity1--! bridge :i* b9ds ! ,grecian to ! mod]n _w1--! philosophical m\?piece & ! intellectual ma/] ( tw5ty c5turies4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,bro!r ,az>ias1 ,essays ,philosophical4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,sp>ta ,lit]ature4--7,see g5]al lit]ature = ,greece47 ,sankey1 ,sp>tan & ,!ban ,supremacies2 ,smi?1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,plut>*'s ,lives2 ,momb]t1 ,great ,lives2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s4 ,hi/ory4--,sp>ta 0 ! capital ( ,laconia1 ! s\!rn prov9ce ( ,greece4 ,its inhabitants consi/$ (3-- #a4 ,citiz5s1 compos$ ( n9e ?\s& families ( nobles1 :o rul$ ! o!r classes4 #b4 ,p]ioeci1#ah compos$ ( ?irty ?\s& families ( freem5 :o liv$ 9 ! t]ritory surr\nd+ ,sp>ta1 b :o 7 subject to ! nobles4 #c4 ,helots1#ai ab\t ?ree hundr$ ?\s& 9 numb]1 :o 7 slaves4 ,! ,p]ioeci & ! helots1 ) ! love ( fre$om *>act]i/ic among ! ,greeks1 *af$ "u _! yoke ( subjugation1 & eag]ly wat*$ = opportunities = revolt4 ,only by an ex]cise ( sup]ior =ce c\ld ! nobles ma9ta9 _! supremacy1 & !y 7 oblig$ to seek by m>tial tra9+ ! /r5g? !y lack$ 9 numb]s4 ,h5ce ! education ( ! ,sp>tan y\? 0 ( necessity milit>y1 & e citiz5 0 tra9$ to become a w>rior4 ,! ,sp>tans 7 dignifi$1 au/]e1 & ( few words1 laconic 9 spee*4 ,! "y 7 expect$ to be sil5t 9 ! pres5ce ( _! eld]s except :5 address$4 ,!y 7 taught to give way to _! s5iors1 especially to old m51 :5ev] !y met ^u ! /reet or 9 a public place4 ,! ,home4--,! *ild 0 left 9 *>ge ( ! "m until six or sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,toys incit+ to w>like sports 7 provid$1 & *ildhood 0 made happy4 ,! fa!r usually sup]9t5d$ ! *ild's tra9+1 b sometimes an ag$ relative assum$ ! responsibility4 ,! treatm5t 0 humane & intellig5t4 ,f ! fir/ ! *ild 0 taught implicit ob$i5ce & mode/y4 ,! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey h be5 call$ ! ,bible ( ! ,greeks1 & *ildr5 e>ly le>n$ extracts f ! works ( ! great poet1 ,hom]4 ,! ,sp>tan "m 0 highly respect$ by h] husb& & h] *ildr51 & %e 0 not$ = h] *a/ity & nobility ( "*4 ,%e ent]$ fully into ! ,sp>tan idea1 & *e]fully gave h] sons to h] c\ntry1 :ile %e (t5 inspir$ !m to de$s ( brav]y & patriotism4 ,! l(ty & self-sacrific+ patriotism ( ! ,sp>tan "m is illu/rat$ by h] words ^u s5d+ h] son to battle1--,return ei!r ) y\r %ield or on x6 ,x is said t weak & unpromis+ *ildr5 7 ei!r kill$ z soon z !y 7 born1 or ab&on$ to ! wild bea/s ^u ! m\nta9s4 ,?is 0 because ! ,/ate w\ld assume ! tra9+ only ( /rong *ildr51 su* z 7 likely to make good soldi]s4 ,x is probable t _m ( ^! ab&on$ *ildr5 7 rescu$ & re>$ by ! l[] classes1 :i* w\ld p>tially acc\nt = ! fi]ce resi/ance s (t5 (f]$ by ^! classes to ^? :o depriv$ !m ( lib]ty4 ,if su* an inhuman practice _h be5 enc\rag$ by o!r nations ( ! _w1 _m ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! race w\ld h be5 consign$ to an untimely dea?1 = "s ( ! noble/ m5 t h ev] liv$ 7 weak 9 infancy4 ,education4--,at six or sev5 ! boy 0 tak5 f ! home1 & ! ,/ate _h entire jurisdiction ov] 8 education4 ,! boys 7 plac$ 9 gr\ps 9 *>ge ( "y m5 :o 7 responsible = _! education1 :i* 0 almo/ :olly physical4 ,!y liv$ on v simple food1 & 7 (t5 oblig$ to appease hung] by !ft4 ,!y 7 taught t crime did n lie 9 ! commission ( ! (f5se1 b 9 its detection4 ,_! dress f sev5 to twelve consi/$ ( a long coat ( v co>se mat]ial1 ! same = summ] & w9t]4 ,!y 7 taught to be> bl[s )\t a murmur1 & in/ances are relat$ ( boys be+ :ipp$ to dea? )\t cry+ out4 ,*ildr5 sat at table ) old] m5 & li/5$ to _! conv]sation1 b !y 7 nev] all[$ to speak except 9 answ] to que/ions4 ,?us !y absorb$ wisdom & 7 incit$ to de$s ( brav]y by ! /ories ( h]oism relat$ by _! s5iors4 ,! ,/ate furni%$ b>racks poorly provid$ ) ! com=ts ( life1 9 :i* ! boys slept 9 sev]e wea!r2 at o!r times !y slept 9 ! op5 air4 ,!y 7 :olly sep>at$ f _! homes1 & completely "u control ( ! ,/ate4 ,! purpose 0 to secure /rong1 beautiful1 & supple bodies1 inur$ to h>d%ip1 z a prep>ation = ! life ( ! soldi]4 ,! only intellectual education 0 music1 :i* consi/$ 9 play+ ! lyre z an accompanim5t to ! dance4 ,read+ & writ+ 7 despis$ z be+ fit only = slaves4 ,at ! age ( twelve ! boy ex*ang$ ! long coat = ! mantle1 !reby ent]+ ^u manhood4 ,f ?is "t until ! age ( ?irty1 mu* ! same =m ( tra9+ 0 cont9u$1 ?\gh x became m def9itely milit>y4 ,at ?irty ! ,sp>tan y\? became a citiz5 & 0 expect$ to m>ry4 ,girls also receiv$ gymna/ic tra9+1 9 _m cases ) ! boys4 ,! purpose ( ?is 0 to develop /rong & beautiful wives & mo!rs4 ,! effect ( ?is co$ucation ( ! sexes 0 9 ! highe/ degree salut>y1 impurity among wom5 be+ unkn[n 9 ,sp>ta4 ,we h already not$ ! patriotism ( ! ,sp>tan "m4 ,woman 0 highly e/eem$ 9 ! home4 ,h] praises & h] repro(s 7 alike respect$1 & all h] op9ions bore mu* weight4 ,criticism ( ,sp>tan ,education4--#a4 ,x produc$ m5 & wom5 ( beautiful physique4 #b4 ,x inculcat$ ob$i5ce1 polit5ess1 mode/y1 sobriety1 respect = ! ag$1 c\rage1 & patriotism4 #c4 ,x *eck$ luxury & extravagance4 #d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x gave little att5tion to intellectual tra9+1 h5ce x produc$ few m5 ( la/+ fame4 #e4 ,its aim 0 m>tial supremacy1 & ?is atta9$1 ! ,/ate fell into a ha/y decl9e because ( ! in/ability ( su* a f\ndation4 #f4 ,x exclud$ a l>ge "p ( ! inhabitants f its b5efits1 only ! nobles be+ includ$4 #g4 ,x 0 selfi% because x tra9$ = ,sp>ta & n = ,greece1 or = humanity4 #h4 ,x taught ! duty ( man to ! ,/ate1 & n ! duty ( man to man4 #i4 ,x took boys at an e>ly age away f ! influ5ces ( home1 ?us robb+ ! p>5ts ( ! sacr$ pr]ogative ( direct+ ! education ( _! (fspr+4 #aj4 ,x produc$ m5 cruel 9 battle & rev5geful 9 victory1 m5 incapable ( cultivat+ ! arts ( peace4 ,,lycurgus ,!re is s mu* t is my?ical & unc]ta9 conc]n+ ,lycurgus t _m h d\bt$ :e!r he ev] liv$4 ,curtius1 h[ev]1 says1 ,!re really liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 a legislator ( ! "n ( ,lycurgus4 ,lycurgus =m$ ! con/itution :i* gave ,sp>ta its peculi> in/itutions1 & :i* e/abli%$ its place 9 hi/ory4 ,8 laws 7 int5d$ to *eck luxury & to inculcate ! simple/ habits4 ,"s ( 8 important laws l$ to ! introduction ( ! foll[+ cu/oms3-- #a4 ,all ! m5 ate at common tables1 fifte5 at a table4 #b4 ,*ildr5 sat at ^! tables1 b 7 requir$ to ma9ta9 sil5ce save :5 address$4 ,!y 7 n all[$ to ask = food4 ,! object 0 to tea* !m good mann]s1 to inculcate implicit ob$i5ce1 & to imp>t to !m ! wisdom ( ! ,sp>tan fa!rs4 #c4 ,! food 0 ( ! simple/ k9d4 #d4 ,sp>ta 0 divid$ into n9e ?\s& p>ts1 a "p = ea* ( ! n9e ?\s& citiz5s1 or noble families4 ,! prov9ces "u ,sp>tan rule 7 divid$ into ?irty ?\s& p>ts1 a "p = ea* ,p]ioeci family4 #e4 ,iron 0 made ! only money1 s t ! p c\ld n become ri*2 = its great weight r5d]$ burd5some ! possession ( a consid]able am\nt4 #f4 ,all *ildr5 belong$ to ! ,/ate1 to :i* only soldi]s 7 valuable1 !re=e weak or de=m$ *ildr5 7 ca/ out4 ,m>riage 0 also controll$ by ! ,/ate4 ,lycurgus ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ,sp>ta1 & 8 laws 7 responsible = h] peculi> political sy/em & h] result+ greatness4 ,,py?agoras ,py?agoras1 ?\gh n a ,sp>tan1 is associat$ ) s\!rn ,greece4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 e>ly life4 ,he 0 born on ! isl& ( ,samos1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ehb4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! ,ionic philosophy1 & probably visit$ ,egypt = /udy1 a cu/om common among s*ol>s ( t "t4 ,su* a visit w\ld 9 "p expla9 8 k ( ma!matics1 z ! ,egyptians _h long be5 ma/]s 9 t sci5ce4 ,"o ( 8 tea*]s 0 ,?ales1 ! fa!r ( philosophy4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy 0 ! idea ( proportion & h>mony4 ,?r\gh numb] alone1 ! quantitative relations ( ?+s1 ext5sion1 magnitude1 figure 7triangul>1 quadrangul>1 cubic71 comb9ation1 di/ance1 etc41 obta9 _! peculi> "*2 ! =ms & proportions ( ?+s c all be r$uc$ to numb]4 ,!re=e1 x 0 conclud$1 s9ce )\t =m & proportion no?+ c exi/1 numb] mu/ be ! pr9ciple ( ?+s !mselves1 z well z ! ord] 9 :i* !y manife/ !mselves 9 ! _w4 7,s*wegl]'s ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy47 ,:ile ma!matics 0 ! c5tral idea ( 8 sy/em1 m$ic9e1 physics1 & philosophy 7 also taught 9 8 s*ool4 ,he did ! _w great s]vice 9 ! discov]y ( ! s-call$ ,py?agorean !orem 9 geometry1 t ! squ>e ( ! hypot5use ( a "r-angl$ triangle is equal to ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! o!r two sides4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,! ,p]ioeci 7dwell]s ar\nd7 7 ! old] population ( ! l&1 :o inhabit$ ! m\nta9s & hillsides ab\t ,sp>ta4 ,!y 7 f>m]s1 & !y also work$ ! m9es & qu>ries1 manufactur$ articles = ! ,sp>tan m>ket1 & c>ri$ on ! comm]ce4 ,?\gh freem51 !y 7 all[$ no "p 9 ! gov]nm5t1 c\ld n be> arms1 & _h to pay tribute to ,sp>ta4 #ai ,! ,helots 7 probably peasants :o occupi$ ! l& ab\t ,helos1 &1 defeat$ 9 w>1 became ,sp>tan subjects4 ,!y c\ld n be sold or giv5 away1 b belong$ to ! inv5tory ( ! f>m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rome ,lit]ature4--,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,bury1 ,! ,roman ,empire2 ,*ur*1 ,pictures f ,roman ,life & ,/ory2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ,roman ,empire2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,capes1 ,roman ,empire2 ,m]ivale1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans2 ,%umway1 ,a ,day 9 ,anci5t ,rome2 ,momms51 ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,liddell1 ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,ploetz1 ,epitome ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory2 ,gilman1 ,/ory ( ,rome2 ,coll9s1 ,anci5t ,classics2 ,monroe1 ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,! ,age ( ,augu/us4--,! hi/ory ( ,rome cov]s a p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,f ! little village on ! ,palat9e ,hill ,rome grew to be ! mightie/ empire ( ! _w4 ,! ,age ( ,augu/us repres5ts n only ! summit ( milit>y glory1 b also ! highe/ civilization1 & ! noble/ ideals ( ! ,roman p4 ,x 0 ! age ( ,v]gil1 ,horace1 ,ovid1 ,livy1 & ,s5eca4 ,rome 0 at peace ) ! _w1 & !re=e _h "t to devote to art1 lit]ature1 & o!r intellectual pursuits4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,l ,sp>ta1 ,rome = a long "t ma9ta9$ h] supremacy by =ce ( arms1 & !re=e enc\rag$ physical education4 ,b :5 %e became mi/ress ( ! _w1 & came 9 contact ) ! culture ( ! ,greeks1 %e began to feel ! ne$ ( an intellectual & ae/hetic developm5t4 ,accord+ly x became ! fa%ion to /udy ,greek1 to br+ tea*]s f ,a!ns to ,rome1 & to s5d "y m5 to ,a!ns to /udy4 ,! ,roman ,empire 0 !re=e ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,grecian culture 0 transmitt$ to ! we/]n _w1 & dur+ ! ,augu/an ,age ! c5t] ( le>n+ 0 transf]r$ f ,a!ns to ,rome4 ,gibbon says1 ,! fir/ sev5 c5turies 7 fill$ ) a rapid succession ( triumphs2 b x 0 res]v$ = ,augu/us to rel9qui% ! ambiti\s design ( subdu+ ! :ole e>?1 & to introduce a _s ( mod]ation into ! public c\ncils4#bj ,! ,augu/an ,age %[s ,rome at h] be/1 & a /udy ( ! educational sy/em at t "t w be mo/ fruitful = ! /ud5t ( p$agogy4 ,geography & ,hi/ory4--,we h se5 t ,rome began ) a small t]ritory 9 ! c5t] ( ,italy1 & t prov9ce aft] prov9ce 0 add$1 until 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us %e rul$ ! _w4 ,italy1 ! c5t] ( ! empire1 has a div]sifi$ surface1 a mild climate1 & a f]tile soil4 ,9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ! ,roman ,empire embrac$ all ( ! bord] ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ext5d$ z f> nor? z ! ,nor? ,sea1 z f> ea/ z ! ,euphrates1 z f> s\? z ! ,sah>a1 & we/ to ! ,atlantic4 ,) ! great ,m$it]ranean entirely "u its control1 includ+ ! seas1 bays1 & riv]s tribut>y to x2 ) its ri* t]ritories2 & ) its va/ population1 :i* repres5t$ mo/ ( ! ent]prise & civilization ( ! _w1--?is great empire possess$ wond]ful advantages = ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 = ! dissem9ation ( intellig5ce1 & = ! improvem5t ( ! human race4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,romans 0 g5]ally "s =m ( republic1 ! p always be+ jeal\s ( _! rights4 ,_! religion took on gross =ms ( idolatry1 = !y readily adopt$ & wor%ip$ ! gods ( ! ,grecians1 ,egyptians1 & o!r conqu]$ peoples4 ,temples to ,fai?1 ,hope1 ,concord1 & o!r virtues 7 erect$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! ,romans 7 v sup]/iti\s4 ,^! facts h a be>+ ^u ,*ri/ian education1 & w expla9 "s ( ! *ief difficulties :i* x _h to enc\nt]4 ,! ,home4--,:ile 9 ,a!ns ! fa!r _h *>ge ( ! education ( ! boy 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 9 ,rome t duty devolv$ almo/ entirely ^u ! "m4 ,9 e>ly ,roman hi/ory ! matron 0 celebrat$ = h] virtues--fidelity to h] husb&1 love = h] *ildr51 & que5ly gu>dian%ip ( ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! home4 ,! "n ( ! ,roman matron became a synonym ( all t is noble1 wifely1 & mo!rly 9 ! home4 ,)\t d\bt ! "* _h sadly det]iorat$ at ! p]iod ( :i* we write1 b !re /ill rema9$ ) _m ! l(ty ideals :i* _h be5 fo/]$ 9 e>li] times4 ,! husb& 0 ! head ( ! h\se1 b to ! wife 0 committ$ ! c>e ( ! *ildr5 & _! in/ruction = ! fir/ six or sev5 ye>s ( _! lives4 ,%e taught !m /rict ob$i5ce & polit5ess1 & in/ruct$ !m 9 ! ,twelve ,tables ( ,roman ,law4#ba ,! "m also took great pa9s to tea* h] *ildr5 correct pronunciation4 ,%e taught !m _! lett]s1 fir/ ! "n & !n ! =m1 a practice :i* is p$agogically false1 z ,qu9tilian po9t$ out4 ,%e also taught !m poems f ! great ma/]s4 ,9 tak+ pa9s ) pronunciation %e prep>$ ! way = lat] tra9+ 9 oratory1 :i* 0 ! mo/ important /udy 9 ,roman education4 ,only :5 ,rome _h begun to decay did mo!rs commit ! tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 to nurses & slaves4 ,:5 ,rome 0 at h] be/1 ! *ild grew up 9 an atmosph]e ( love "u direct c>e ( ! "m1 :o %ap$ 8 morals & guid$ 8 religi\s life z well z 8 e>ly m5tal developm5t4 ,ar\nd ! "m c5t]$ all t 0 ennobl+ & elevat+ 9 ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( ! *ild's life4 ,! fa!r _h b little to d ) ?is p]iod1 & did n int]f]e ) ! "m's "w4 ,8 duty lay 9 public life2 h]s lay )9 ! home1 & well did %e meet h] responsibilities until ! "t ( h] debasem5t ) all ! o!r elem5ts ( ,roman society4 ,elem5t>y ,education4--,at six or sev5 ye>s ( age ! *ild 0 s5t to s*ool 9 *>ge ( a slave1 :o c>ri$ 8 books & protect$ him f h>m4 ,?is 0 9 imitation ( ! practice 9 ,a!ns1 :]e ! p$agogue p]=m$ a l (fice4 ,b ! duties ( ! ,roman slave d n seem to h be5 z responsible z ^? ( ! ,a!nian p$agogue4 ,z we h se51 9 ,rome ! mo!rs look$ aft] ! morals ( _! *ildr5 ) great c>e1 & ! att5dant ( ! *ild to s*ool 0 reg>d$ z b little else ?an a s]vant4 ,9 "s ( ! weal?i] & m ari/ocratic families1 h[ev]1 9 addition to ! slave :o p]=m$ ! m5ial duties m5tion$1 !re 0 also a p$agogue :o att5d$ ! y\? to s*ool & to ! !at]1 sup]9t5d$ 8 games1 &1 9 %ort1 accompani$ him :]ev] he w5t4 ,?is p$agogue 0 intru/$ ) full p[] to discipl9e & to direct ! morals ( 8 *>ge4 ,9 "s cases sev]al boys 7 plac$ 9 ! c>e ( ! same p$agogue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x (t5 happ5$ t a boy _h a :ole ret9ue ( slaves1 ea* hav+ 8 special duty to p]=m4 ,! s*ools 7 9 *>ge ( lit]ators1 usually m5 ( little culture & no social /&+4 ,^! in/itutions 7 public1 ?\gh support$ by private means4 ,! discipl9e 0 sev]e1 /rict ob$i5ce be+ exact$ by ! tea*]1 :o made use ( ! rod :5 he ?\ght x necess>y4 ,! subjects taught 7 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 ) pronunciation1 j z _h be5 done 9 ! e>ly ye>s "u ! "m's in/ruction4 ,9 writ+1 ! *>act]s 7 trac$ ) ! /ylus on wax$ tablets4 ,ari?metic 0 le>n$ = its utility4 ,inde$1 ! :ole purpose ( ! s*ools 0 to prep>e ! *ildr5 = practical life4 ,! easi] poets 7 read1 expla9$1 & committ$ to memory1 n s mu* = _! cont5t z to fit y\? = public speak+4 ,ob$i5ce1 polit5ess1 mode/y1 cleanl9ess1 & respect = tea*]s 7 virtues insi/$ ^u4 ,^! s*ools1 :i* cov]$ ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 f five to twelve ye>s ( age1 did n1 z already intimat$1 rea* ! v highe/ classes1 :o pref]r$ to employ private tutors4 ,second>y ,education4--,at twelve ! boy ent]$ a s*ool taught by an educat$ man1 call$ lit]atus4 ,_m ( ! tea*]s ( ?is class 7 ,greeks4 ,"h1 9 addition to ! /udies ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ! pupils 7 taught ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages2 & ! poets1 hi/ory1 oratory1 philosophy1 & criticism 7 also /udi$4 ,! s*ool ( ! lit]atus 0 mu* bett] ?an t ( ! lit]ator1 b x rea*$ only a limit$ numb] ( ! ,roman y\?4 ,high] ,education4--,^u ent]+ 8 sixte5? ye>1 ! boy 0 induct$ ) c]emony into ! dignity ( manhood1 & 0 clo!d ) ! toga virilis1 ! dress ( m54 ,he n[ *ose 8 call+ & began def9ite prep>ation = x4 ,five vocations 7 op5 to him1--namely1 oratory1 politics1 arms1 law1 & agriculture4 ,^? )\t tal5t or incl9ation = any ( ! o!rs devot$ !mselves to agriculture4 ,!y 7 tak5 to ! f>ms1 :]e !y receiv$ def9ite in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples & practices ( ?is occupation4 ,to ^? :o *ose oratory1 politics1 or law1 7 assign$ p]sons exp]i5c$ 9 _! respective fields1 & ! boys 7 tak5 to ! =um1 ! s5ate1 & o!r places :]e !y c\ld he> r5[n$ orators & become famili> ) public life4 ,!y _h also def9ite in/ruction 9 _! *os5 bran*4 ,^? :o ent]$ ! army 7 plac$ 9 *>ge ( milit>y (fic]s1 :o taught !m milit>y tactics & ! practical duties ( life 9 camp4 ,^! le>n]s also gave att5tion to oratory & o!r intellectual /udies4 ,x w ?us appe> t 9 _! s*ools1 z 9 life1 ! ,romans 7 ?or\ghly practical4 ,ea* boy 0 c>efully prep>$ = ! life :i* he _h *os51 by be+ induct$ into x dur+ 8 s*ool c\rse4 ,cic]o ask$ ! "q1 ,:at h we to le>n8 & answ]$ x1 ,to honor & /r5g!n ! ,/ate1 9 ord] t we may become ! rul]s ( ! _w4 ,roman p>5ts dem&$ t _! *ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 ! practical duties ( life1 9 ord] t !y might "k h[ to become ri*4 ,!re=e all tra9+ = *ildr5 0 9 ?is direction4 ,:ile ?is 9 g5]al 0 ! purpose ( education1 ! ,romans _h _! ideal ( :at an educat$ man %\ld be1 & t ideal f\nd its expression 9 ! "n ( orator4 ,he :o 0 ! be/ orator 0 ! be/ educat$ man4 ,! s*ools1 h[ev]1 7 = boys1 little acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! education ( girls except 9 h\sehold duties4 ,/ill1 wom5 7 m respect$1 & _h wid] privileges ?an !y _h be=e enjoy$4 ,mo/ ( ! weal?y citiz5s employ$ ,greek tutors = _! sons1 & s\ght to ape ,grecian mann]s & culture4 ,education 0 complet$ by /udy 9 ,a!ns & by travel--advantages )9 rea* only ( ! v weal?y4 ,criticism ( ,roman ,education4--#a4 ,x took great c>e to in/ill respect = law & ob$i5ce to p>5tal & civil au?ority4 #b4 ,x honor$ ! home & taught respect = ! "m4 ,9 ?is1 ,rome took a great /ep 9 advance ov] _m nations ( antiquity4 #c4 ,x 0 n a ,/ate in/itution1 & !re=e c\ld n (f] equal advantages to all4 #d4 ,its end 0 to prep>e ! y\? = practical life & to fit him = ! acquirem5t ( weal?1 r ?an = ! developm5t ( all ! human p[]s4 #e4 ,x 0 sup]ficial1 & s\ght to apply ,greek culture to ,roman conditions & "*4 #f4 ,x did n take a /rong hold ^u ! ,roman p s z to %ape ! c\rse ( ! nation4 #g4 ,x ignor$ ! claims ( ! masses1 includ+ wom51 to equal education & equal rights4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b4 #ba ,! ,twelve ,tables 7 =mulat$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #dej4 ,!y con/itut$ ! code ( writt5 law1 & 7 writt5 or engrav$ on tables ( wood4 ,!y settl$ usages long 9 practice1 b nev] be=e writt51 def9+ ! rights ( plebeians & patricians4 ,!y 7 agre$ to only aft] t5 ye>s ( dispute & mutual concession4 ,!y resembl$ ,solon's laws1 ow+1 d\btless1 to ! commission :i* 0 s5t to ,greece to /udy ! laws ( t c\ntry4 ,^! tables 7 de/roy$ :5 ! ,gauls sack$ ,rome 7,b4,c4 #cij71 b _! cont5ts _h be5 widely committ$ to memory1 & 7 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! mo!rs saw to x t ^! laws 7 e>ly taught to _! *ildr51 :o ?us came to v5]ate !m & to h respect = au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,roman ,,educators ,lit]ature4--7,see ,lit]ature1 ,*apt] ,,xi47 ,=sy?1 ,life ( ,cic]o2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,watson1 ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes 7,p$agogy1 9 ,bks4 ,i ,,ii74 ,,cic]o#bb 7,b4,c4 #ajf-dc7 ,cic]o 0 born ,b4,c4 #ajf1 ( noble p>5ts4 ,z a boy he _h ! advantage ( ! be/ s*ools & tea*]s t ,rome c\ld furni%4 ,lat] he /udi$ at ,a!ns1 "u ! greate/ ,greek ma/]s1 & became pr(ici5t 9 ! ,greek language4 ,accord+ to ! common practice among ! bett] classes 9 ,rome1 he sp5t "s "t 9 travel to complete 8 education1 visit+ ,egypt1 ,asia ,m9or1 & o!r p>ts ( ! kn[n _w4 ,b ,cic]o's education c h>dly be said to h be5 complet$ z long z he liv$1 = he rema9$ a /ud5t ev5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 mo/ exact+ duties ( ,/ate1 & (t5 employ$ tea*]s1 especially 9 oratory4 ,=sy? says ( him1 ,philosophy & oratory seem to h be5 ! two *ief objects ( 8 /udy2 b if ( any man be=e ,bacon appe>$ t might be said :i* ! great ma/] ( mod]n philosophy claim$ = himself1 t he '_h tak5 all k = 8 prov9ce1' x might be truly decl>$ ( ! y\?ful ,cic]o4 ,8 appetite = k 0 insatiable1 & 8 desire = di/9ction b\ndless4#bc ,becom+ an advocate 9 ,rome1 he devot$ himself *iefly to ! def5se ( m5 high 9 position1 (t5 ^? :o 7 *>g$ ) brib]y1 extortion1 or o!r abuse ( political tru/4 ,"s ( 8 f9e/ orations 7 deliv]$ on ^! occasions4 ,9 ! meantime he lo/ no opportunity to advance 8 own political int]e/s4 ,he 0 elect$ to "o (fice aft] ano!r until he rea*$ ! height ( 8 political ambition1--! consul%ip ( ,rome1 ! l(tie/ position atta9able by ! ,roman citiz54 ,z consul he devot$ himself ) su* zeal1 integrity1 & success z to w9 ! title ,fa!r ( 8 ,c\ntry4 ,:ile he held ?is (fice he expos$ ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e & sav$ ,rome f civil w>4 ,he conduct$ ! (fice ) hone/y & effici5cy4 ,inde$1 at a "t ( great corruption1 ,cic]o /&s out dur+ 8 entire life ( ne>ly sixty-f\r ye>s z ! pure/ patriot1 ! broade/-m9d$ /atesman1 ! noble/ man ( ! age4 ,8 hone/y 9 public or private life is unque/ion$4 ,( 8 intellectual greatness ,=sy? says1 ,! greatness ( 8 intellect dw>f$ t ( e o!r man alive4#bd ,t he 0 va9 ( 8 accompli%m5ts admits ( no d\bt4 ,t he also sometimes lack$ moral c\rage & 0 vacillat+ seems also true4 ,b he 0 incorruptible 9 a corrupt age2 above reproa* :5 impure life 0 ! rule2 & :5 treason 0 common1 he rema9$ a firm patriot4 ,8 celebrat$ ,philippics 7 deliv]$ aga9/ practices :i* indicat$ ! approa*+ ru9 ( ! republic4 ,t ru9 0 complete :5 ! ,second ,triumvirate 0 =m$1--an ev5t :i* also seal$ ! doom ( ,cic]o4 ,^u le>n+ t he 0 proscrib$1 ,cic]o attempt$ to escape f ,italy1 b 0 ov]tak5 & assass9at$4 ,8 head & h&s 7 c>ri$ to ,rome & pres5t$ to ,antony1 :o gave ! head to 8 wife1 ,fulvia1 ^: crimes ,cic]o _h (t5 rebuk$4 ,=sy? says1 ,%e took x1 & plac+ x on h] lap1 address$ x z if x 7 alive1 9 words ( bitt] insult4 ,%e dragg$ out ! tongue1 ^: s>casms %e _h s (t5 felt1 & ) fem99e rage pi]c$ x ) h] bodk94 ,x 0 !n tak5 & nail$ to ! ro/ra1 toge!r ) ! h&s1 to mold] !re 9 mock]y ( ! triumphs ( 8 eloqu5ce1 ( :i* t spot _h s (t5 be5 ! sc5e4 ,a sadd] sight 0 nev] gaz$ ^u 9 ,rome4#be ,cic]o's ,p$agogy4--,x is n z a tea*]1 b z a writ]1 t ,cic]o dem&s a place 9 educational hi/ory4 ,8 writ+s furni% ! f9e/ examples ( ,lat9 /yle1 & 8 orations are /udi$ = _! classic beauty & rhetorical f9i%4 ,he wrote _m philosophical works1 9 :i* are set =? advanc$ ideas on education4 ,especially 0 he 9 advance ( 8 age 9 reg>d to ! puni%m5t ( *ildr54 ,he held t corporal puni%m5t %\ld be resort$ to only :5 all else has fail$2 t ! *ild %\ld n be degrad$ 9 ! mode ( puni%m5t2 t puni%m5t %\ld nev] be adm9i/]$ 9 ang]1 %\ld be def]r$ until ample "t = reflection has be5 all[$ to bo? tea*] & pupil2 & t reasons = x %\ld be giv51 s t1 if possible1 ! *ild may be l$ to see ! ju/ice ( ! puni%m5t inflict$4 ,! tea*+s ( ,cic]o on ?is subject are ( great p$agogical importance1 & !y h at la/ come to be recogniz$ 9 ! s*ool practice ( ! pres5t day4 ,:ile ^! 7 ,cic]o's mo/ important p$agogical tea*+s1 he also taught _m o!r tru?s valuable 9 education4 ,among !m are ^!3 t education beg9s 9 *ildhood1 & is a /eady gr[? ?r\gh\t life2 t memory %\ld be cultivat$ by le>n+ extracts f classic au?ors2 t great c>e %\ld be tak5 to make ! amusem5ts & environm5ts ( ! *ild su* z to elevate & ref9e1 z well z prop]ly to develop its p[]s2 t at ! suitable "t "s call+ %\ld be *os5 = :i* ! y\? has evid5t fitness2 t religion is ! basis ( morals1 !re=e c>eful att5tion %\ld be giv5 to religi\s in/ruction4 ,,s5eca 7,b4,c4 #c-;,a4,d4 #fe7 ,s5eca 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 t ,rome produc$4 ,ev5 z a boy he %[$ rem>kable tal5t1 & 8 fa!r furni%$ him ! be/ educational opportunities by plac+ him "u ! greate/ ma/]s 9 ! city4 ,he also _h ! b5efit ( travel 9 ,greece & ,egypt1 aft] :i* he practic$ law 9 ,rome4 ,! /ud5t ( education is int]e/$ 9 ,s5eca *iefly z ! tutor ( ,n]o1 :o 0 committ$ to 8 *>ge at ! age ( elev54 ,)\t d\bt ! lad _h already =m$ vici\s habits1 z 8 tea*] _h great tr\ble 9 manag+ him2 nor did ,s5eca eradicate ^? evil t5d5cies :i* bore su* t]rible fruit 9 ,n]o's lat] ye>s4 ,n]o reta9$ 8 love = 8 tea*] = a long "t1 keep+ him z a tru/$ c\nselor = sev]al ye>s4 ,s5eca drew up all ( ,n]o's /ate pap]s1 among o!rs "o def5d+ ! crime ( matricide1 ,n]o hav+ put 8 own "m to dea?4 ,?is br\ght des]v$ odium ^u ,s5eca's "n4 ,x indicates t he 0 a "t-s]v]1 lack+ moral indep5d5ce & firmness4 ,?is may expla9 8 failure 9 ! tra9+ ( 8 royal pupil4 ,n]o himself we>i$ ( 8 old tea*] & fri5d1 & condemn$ him to dea?4 ,s5eca1 h[ev]1 committ$ suicide1 a mode ( dea? q 9 accord ) 8 ,/oic philosophy4 ,s5eca 0 ! mo/ em95t writ]1 rhetorician1 & orator ( 8 "t4 ,he anticipat$ _m mod]n e?ical tea*+s1 & 9 "s ( 8 writ+s we f9d a /rong religi\s s5tim5t1 q l t ( ,*ri/ianity1 lead+ "o to ?9k t he may h be5 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ & 8 disciples1 ) :om he 0 contempor>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( 8 tea*+s are decid$ly repulsive to ,*ri/ianity4 ,s5eca's ,p$agogy4--#a4 ,l ,cic]o1 he believ$ t puni%m5t %\ld be mild & reasonable4 ,:o condemns quickly1 condemns will+ly2 & :o puni%es too mu*1 puni%es improp]ly4 #b4 ,! (fice ( education is to correct ! evil t5d5cies 9 ! *ild4 #c4 ,! "* ( ea* *ild mu/ be /udi$1 & ea* individual %\ld be develop$ accord+ to 8 peculi>ities4 #d4 ,d n flatt] ! *ild1 b tea* him tru?fulness1 mode/y1 & respect = 8 eld]s4 #e4 ,take great c>e t ! environm5t ( ! *ild is elevat+1 & all[ only pure & ennobl+ examples to be reflect$ be=e him4 #f4 ,give ! *ild b few /udies1 9 ord] t he may be ?or\gh & acquire "r habits ( le>n+4 #g4 ,! (fice ( tea*] is "o ( ! mo/ important ( all (fices4 ,:at ! tea*]1 :o in/ructs u 9 ! sci5ces1 imp>ts to u 9 noble ef=t & intellectual culture1 is wor? m ?an he receives2 =1 n ! matt]1 b ! tr\ble2 n ! des]t1 b only ! labor1 is paid =4444 ,su* a man1 :o consecrates 8 :ole be+ to our good1 & :o awak5s our dormant faculties1 is des]v+ all ! e/eem t we give a b5evol5t physician or our mo/ lov$ & de>e/ k9dr$4 ,,qu9tilian#bf ,no o!r ,roman contribut$ s mu* p$agogy to ! _w z ,qu9tilian4 ,he 0 born 9 ,spa91 b e>ly mov$ to ,rome1 9 ord] to be tra9$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( culture :i* t city alone af=d$4 ,8 education 0 conduct$ by 8 fa!r1 a celebrat$ rhetorician1 to :om he ow$ ! p>ticul> direction ( 8 p[]s :i* aft]w>d made him s fam\s4 ,he *ose ! law z a pr(ession1 because x (f]$ ! be/ opportunity = ! ex]cise ( oratory4 ,n f9d+ ! practice ( law cong5ial1 he soon ab&on$ x1 & devot$ 8 "t to tea*+4 ,he f\nd$ a s*ool at ,rome1 & conduct$ x ) great success = tw5ty ye>s1 hav+ = pupils *ildr5 f ! mo/ di/+ui%$ patrician families4 ,among ^! 7 ! gr&nephews ( ,domitian1 possible heirs to ! ?rone4 ,?is 0 ! be/ s*ool 9 ,rome at t "t4 ,vespasian honor$ ,qu9tilian by creat+ = him a *air ( rhetoric & conf]r+ ^u him ! title ,pr(essor ( ,oratory4 ,?is is ! fir/ in/ance 9 hi/ory ( ,/ate end[m5t ( a *air = tea*+ a specific subject4 ,royal recognition 0 n )\t effect ^u ! =tunes ( ,qu9tilian1 z x plac$ him 9 ! front rank ( ! tea*]s ( ,rome4 ,?is1 toge!r ) 8 subject1 ! tea*+ & ma/]y ( :i* 7 consid]$ by ! ,romans to be ! climax ( education1 enabl$ him to wre/ supremacy f ! ,greek tea*]s :o s long _h enjoy$ a monopoly ( tea*+ 9 ! city4 ,:5 fifty-?ree ye>s ( age1 ,qu9tilian retir$ f 8 s*ool1 & devot$ himself to au?or%ip4 ,9 ! fir/ two books ( 8 great "w1 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1#bg he sets =? 8 ideas on education4 ,?is is ! mo/ rem>kable treatise on education bequea!d to u by antiquity4 ,he taught t z oratory 0 ! climax ( ,roman education1 especial att5tion %\ld be giv5 to x4 ,he 0 n 9 sympa?y ) ! prevail+ use t 0 made ( oratory4 ,oratorical conte/s 7 frequ5t1 & !y excit$ popul> int]e/4 ,c\rts1 lawy]s1 & public speak]s resort$ to all ! tricks ( spee* to w9 popul> favor1 & audi5ces dem&$ some?+ />tl+1 dramatic1 & unusual4 ,qu9tilian tri$ to /ay ?is tide1 & taught t oratory %\ld conceal itself4 ,he met1 h[ev]1 ) poor success 9 re=m+ ! evil4 ,qu9tilian's ,p$agogy4--,8 p$agogical tea*+s1 "s ( :i* we pres5t1 are ( ! greate/ importance4 #a4 ,!re %\ld be no corporal puni%m5t1 z puni%m5t adm9i/]$ to slaves is n suitable = *ildr5 :o are to be citiz5s4 #b4 ,nurses mu/ be irreproa*able 9 life & language1 s t *ildr5 be n br\ght 9 contact ) any?+ impure4 #c4 ,amusem5ts %\ld be turn$ to acc\nt z a means ( education4 #d4 ,tea*]s %\ld be m5 ( ability & ( spotless "*4 #e4 ,*ildr5 %\ld beg9 e>ly ) a =eign tongue1 z _! own language w come to !m naturally 9 _! int]c\rse ) ^? ab\t !m4 #f4 ,education %\ld beg9 ) ! e>lie/ *ildhood4 #g4 ,! =ms & names ( ! lett]s %\ld be le>n$ simultane\sly1 play?+s be+ utiliz$ to assi/ 9 ?is4 #h4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t *ildr5 d n acquire a di/a/e = le>n+4 #i4 ,9 le>n+ to read1 advance v sl[ly4 #aj4 ,writ+ %\ld beg9 ) trac+1 & ! copies %\ld consi/ ( moral precepts4 #aa4 ,! individuality ( ! *ild %\ld be /udi$4 #ab4 ,public s*ools are pref]able to o!r means ( education1 because !y d n subject ! *ild to great] moral dang]1 :ile !y /imulate him by association1 fri5d%ip1 & example1 to nobl] endeavor4 #ac4 ,"u ! lit]atus1 gramm>1 composition1 music1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & lit]ature are to be /udi$4 #ad4 ,! climax ( education %\ld be rhetoric4 ,o!r ,roman ,educators4--,among ! o!r ,roman educators may be m5tion$ ,plut>* 7#ej-ach ,a4,d47 & ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,plut>* 9 8 ,p>allel ,lives gives p>ticul> att5tion to morals4 ,he (f]s valuable sugge/ions z to ! tra9+ ( *ildr51 lay+ great /ress ^u family life1 an admonition p>ticul>ly ne$$ 9 ,rome at t p]iod4 ,he also urges t wom5 %\ld be educat$ 9 ord] prop]ly to tra9 _! *ildr51 be+ "o ( ! fir/ to consid] ?is "q4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 call$ ! philosoph] on ! ?rone1 9 8 ,m$itations gave expression to mo/ l(ty ?\ghts1 %[+ ke5e/ self-exam9ation & ob$i5ce to consci5ce4 ,8 moral tea*+s are among ! noble/ ( all ! writ]s ( antiquity4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,=sy?1 ,life ( ,cic]o4 ,?is is a v complete1 j1 & discrim9at+ treatm5t ( ,cic]o & 8 relation to ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 #bc ,life ( ,cic]o1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cj4 #bd ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bac4 #be ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cag4 #bf ,au?orities diff] z to ! dates ( ,qu9tilian's bir? & dea?1 plac+ 8 bir? at f ,a4,d4 #ce to #db1 & 8 dea? f ,a4,d4 #ie to #abj4 ,dries]1 :o is p]haps ! be/ au?ority1 places 8 bir? at ,a4,d4 #ce1 b does n fix ! date ( 8 dea?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 probably mu* lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #ie z he liv$ to a ripe old age4 #bg ,in/itutio ,oratoria4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,*ri/ian ,,education ,lit]ature4--,bryce1 ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,%epp>d1 ,fall ( ,rome2 ,drap]1 ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ,roman ,empire2 ,laurie1 ,rise ( ,univ]sities2 ,/ille1 ,/udies 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory2 ,arnold1 ,essays 9 ,criticism2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals2 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 ,allies1 ,! ,=mation ( ,*ri/5dom2 ,*ateaubri&1 ,! ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,az>ias1 ,essays ,philosophical4 ,,introduction ,ori5tal civilization 0 bas$ on ! !ory t ! individual belong$ to ! ,/ate1 & c\ld h no int]e/ except t :i* 0 b\nd up 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 taught t :ile ! individual has duties :i* he owes to ! ,/ate1 & :ile he mu/ look to ! ,/ate = 8 protection1 & = ! pres]vation ( 8 mat]ial int]e/s1 he owes a high] allegiance else:]e1 & no fett]s c be plac$ on ! aspirations or wants ( 8 own s\l4 ,9 a ^w1 ,*ri/ianity taught ! importance & wor? ( ! individual4 ,! great tea*]s1 ,confucius1 ,buddha1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 _h _m glimpses ( tru?1 b ,*ri/ is tru? itself4 ,he discov]$ to ! _w ! f9al pr9ciple ( ! value ( ! human s\l1 & br\ght to fruition ! tru? t all m5 are equal be=e ,god4 ,?is ?\ght made human developm5t possible2 a new pr9ciple 0 introduc$ ^u :i* civilization c\ld build & advance1 & improve to ! end ( "t4 ,p]haps ! highe/ te/ ( civilization is f\nd 9 ! respect %[n to wom54 ,measur$ by ?is te/1 ! ori5tal nations h made b little progress1 z ! position ( woman ) !m is mu* ! same to-day z x 0 c5turies ago4 ,:ile ?is is true ( ea* individual nation1 we h f\nd among ! nations !mselves1 z we h trac$ ! gr[? ( civilization1 /eady improvem5t 9 ! condition ( woman4 ,?us1 9 ,a!ns & ,rome1 :]e we f9d ! highe/ types ( anci5t civilization1 !re 0 also ! greate/ respect = woman4 ,9 no c\ntry ( ! ,ea/ 0 x equal$4 ,if ! ,jews are m5tion$ z an exception1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,jewi% wom5 held ! highe/ place among ^? ( antiquity2 b ?is em95ce 0 giv5 by ! ,jews only to ! wom5 ( _! own race1 & 0 by no means univ]sally accord$ to womank9d1 z x is by ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,if we discov] a great] respect = woman 9 ,rome or ,a!ns ?an 9 ,*9a or ,india1 x only %[s ! movem5t ( civilization t[>d ! we/4 ,! com+ ( ,*ri/ m>k$ a new era bo? 9 religion & education4 ,let u look at "s ( ! lessons :i* ,*ri/ianity tea*es4 #a4 ,god is ! common ,fa!r ( all m54--,?is does n limit ! bless+s ( ! _w to ! ,jew & exclude ! ,g5tile4 ,all m5 ( :atev] race or color may approa* ,god z _! ,fa!r1 & all are equal 9 8 sight4 ,?is gives hope to all1 & makes possible an ex]cise ( fai? 9 ! pres5t & 9 ! future life4 ,x proclaims a high] citiz5%ip ?an t ( ! ,/ate1 & dem&s allegiance fir/ ( all to ,god4 #b4 ,! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man4--,?is pr9ciple sweeps away ca/es1 aboli%es slav]y1 de/roys class di/9ctions1 & gives equal rights to all m54 ,x /imulates love = fell[-m51 *ecks selfi%ness1 promulgates peace & good w1 & implants ! _s ( ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 ! he>ts ( m54 #c4 ,m>riage is a div9e rite & husb& & wife are equal4--,no?+ l ?is tea*+ _h be5 practic$ 9 ! pagan _w4 ,woman 0 simply ! s]vant1 ! creature1 ( man4 ,%e 0 to d 8 bidd+1 & might be divorc$ = trivial cause1 or = none4 ,man 0 supreme & 8 w 0 law4 ,! home 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se did n exi/1 because ! husb& & wife 7 n "o4 #d4 ,*ildr5 are ! gift ( ,god4--,?is 0 a ,jewi% z well z a ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,if *ildr5 are ! gift ( ,god1 ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] !m _c re/ ) ! fa!r1 z 9 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 or ,rome4 ,x is ! duty ( ! fa!r to pres]ve !m1 tea* !m1 tra9 !m = ?is life1 & prep>e !m = ! life to come4 ,s9ce ! *ildr5 come f ,god1 ! pi\s p>5t mu/ consid] !m z a sacr$ tru/ :i* he does n neglect4 ,h5ce he mu/ see to x t !y are prop]ly educat$4 #e4 ,! c5tral p$agogic tru? ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ is ?is3 ,all education is = ! individual4 ,ori5tal education _h = its end ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,*ri/ian education has = its end ! int]e/s ( ! individual4 ,! ,/ate is ! creature ( man1 & n man ! creature ( ! ,/ate4 ,man w create1 & support1 & pres]ve ! ,/ate = 8 self-protection & = 8 own good4 ,! highe/ ideal ( ! ,/ate is t 9 :i* ! p rule1 t :i* furni%es ! greate/ lib]ty4 ,?is is ! logic ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! logical conclusion ( education4 ,x is really = ! individual4 ,! _w has be5 sl[ to le>n ?is lesson taught by ,*ri/2 b n[ x is ma/]+ x m ?or\ghly e day1 z %[n by ! m lib]al =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! broad] int]pretation ( c\rses ( /udy1 & ! great] att5tion to ! ne$s ( ! individual *ild4 ,all ^! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity h a direct educational mean+1 & sugge/ lessons = all humanity4 ,= ! s*ool is n ! only contributor to ! education ( a p4 ,e tru? t affects mank9d1 e pr9ciple t t\*es ! home or ! ,/ate1 has its influ5ce ^u ! life & "* ( ! individual1 & is1 !re=e1 an elem5t 9 8 education4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples is t education mu/ be univ]sal4 ,e *ild mu/ be fitt$ = ! duties ( life1 bo? = 8 own sake & = ! sake ( ! ,/ate ( :i* he is a "p4 ,z an individual1 he mu/ "w out 8 de/9y1 & to make ?is possible 9 ! broade/ & be/ s5se f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t bo? m9d & he>t mu/ be develop$4 ,z a memb] ( ! ,/ate he mu/ assume duties 9 public affairs :i* require ! possession ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 free gov]nm5ts :i* are ! logical product ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ! idea ( univ]sal education _h its beg9n+ ) ! ,*ri/ian era1 we %all see t _m c5turies elaps$ be=e x rea*$ its fulfillm5t4 ,!re 7 _m s]i\s & almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acles aga9/ :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h to cont5d1 & ^! made progress necess>ily sl[4 ,let u look at "s ( ^! ob/acles4 ,_! ,pov]ty4--,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 almo/ )\t exception poor4 ,*ri/ appeal$ to ! poor & l[ly1 & *ose 8 disciples f among !m4 ,! ackn[l$g$ foll[]s ( ! ,naz>5e _h to face confiscation ( prop]ty1 p]secution1 dea?4 ,homeless & )\t protection !y w&]$ ab\t1 & _h nei!r ! opportunity nor ! "r to acquire prop]ty4 ,!y1 !re=e1 _h little means to apply to ! education ( _! *ildr54 ,!y c\ld nei!r e/abli% s*ools nor employ tea*]s2 !y c\ld give only su* in/ruction z ! limitations ( _! pov]ty1 _! mis]y1 & _! fe> p]mitt$4 ,consequ5tly1 only ! mo/ meag] tra9+ c\ld be secur$1 & t almo/ :olly 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,_! ,own ,ignorance4--,*os5 z !y 7 f ! l[ly ranks ( life1 _m ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 ignorant4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 s]vants & slaves1 :o _h be5 conv]t$ f paganism1 & :o did n possess ev5 ! rudim5ts ( education4 ,!y _h to be in/ruct$ 9 ! rites & c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ! practices & requirem5ts ( _! new belief4 ,unlett]$ z !y 7 !mselves1 !y c\ld sc>cely und]take to educate _! *ildr54 ,x is m>vel\s t "u ^! conditions any attempt 0 made to d x2 yet we f9d t great pa9s 7 tak5 ev5 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era to p]=m ?is duty t[>d ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z gifts ( ,god & heirs ( salvation4 ,_! ,small ,numb]4--,ev5 :5 free f p]secution & "u comp>atively happy conditions1 !y 7 s scatt]$ & s few 9 numb]1 z well z s poor1 t to ma9ta9 s*ools 0 almo/ an impossibility4 ,!y w\ld n p]mit _! *ildr5 to att5d ! pagan s*ools1 z !y fe>$ moral & intellectual contam9ation4 ,! only safety1 especially = ! conv]ts f paganism1 0 9 be+ sep>ate f ! _w ab\t !m4 ,s :]e _! numb]s 7 suffici5t !y e/abli%$ s*ools ( _! own4 ,b 9 _m communities !y c\ld n d ?is2 h5ce !y c\ld only tea* _! *ildr5 at home4 ,opposition ( ! ,rul]s4--,rome rul$ ! _w1 & h] highways1 h] comm]ce1 h] milit>y exp$itions1 & h] mighty ent]prises furni%$ excell5t means = ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b :ile ,rome _h _m religions1 adopt$ f h] conqu]$ peoples1 ,*ri/ianity 0 s diff]5t f ^! t ! rul]s 7 readily br\ght to reg>d ! ,*ri/ians ) suspicion4 ,humility1 return+ good = evil1 refusal to av5ge1 7 contr>y to ! ,roman _s4 ,!re=e _m p]secutions foll[$1 :i* di/urb$ ! life ( ! ,*ri/ians s z to make impossible ! "w ( educat+ _! *ildr54 ,lack ( ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature4--,! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs fully realiz$ ! dang]s t surr\nd$ _! *ildr54 ,to come 9 contact ) pagan s*ools1 or ev5 ) pagan lit]ature1 !y felt to be dang]\s4 ,h[ easy x w\ld be = pagan conv]ts to fall away1 or ev5 = o!rs n pagan1 attract$ by popul> influ5ces4 ,= ,*ri/ianity 0 n yet popul>4 ,h5ce ! only safety ( ! conv]ts lay 9 totally ab/a9+ f ! use ( pagan lit]ature4 ,"h 0 introduc$ a discussion t affect$ ! ,*ur* & educational progress = c5turies1 & caus$ le>n$ m5 :5 conv]t$ to abjure _! favorite au?ors :o _h furni%$ ! mat]ial = _! education 9 _! e>ly ye>s4 ,hav+ no lit]ature ( _! own1 & condemn+ ! use ( pagan lit]ature1 ! ,*ri/ians f\nd x h>d to ov]come ! ob/acles :i* /ood 9 ! way ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,z a result1 almo/ ! only ?+s taught to *ildr5 7 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,bible1 & ! rites & duties ( ! ,*ur*4 ,o!r ,difficulties4--,new ideas d n readily take hold ( ! _w4 ,m5 naturally cl+ to ! old & tri$1 & are n easily turn$ to new ?\ghts & practices4 ,! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ 7 s radically new t m5 7 sl[ to adopt !m4 ,_! acceptance involv$ a *ange ( habit1 ! ab&onm5t ( cu/oms n be=e reg>d$ z evil1 ! yield+ up ( social ca/e1 ! humbl+ ( ! individual4 ,h]e9 exi/$ a mo/ s]i\s ob/acle to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,^! are a few ( ! great difficulties t _h to be met1 _m ( :i* 7 n ov]come = c5turies4 ,we %all see1 z we trace ! developm5t ( education1 h[ ! new ideas :i* _h _! bir? ) ! ,*ri/ian era /ruggl$ = recognition1 h[ !y h become e/abli%$1 h[ !y h br\ght great bless+s to mank9d1 h[ !y h ar\s$ ambition & awak5$ hope1 & h[ !y give promise ( /ill great] advancem5t 9 times to come4 ,! b\ndless field ?us op5$ to mank9d1 & ! k ( h[ to ent] & possess x1 con/itute ! _w's great inh]itance f ,*ri/4 ,b to "k h[ to appreciate & use ?is inh]itance1 we mu/ /udy ! sl[ & pa9ful gr[? ( ^! new educational ideals f ! ,*ri/ian era till ! pres5t "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,great ,,tea*] ,lit]ature4--,! ,bible2 ,bee*]1 ,life ( ,*ri/2 ,hanna1 ,our ,"l's ,life on ,e>?2 ,geikie1 ,life ( ,*ri/2 ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature2 ,f\>d1 ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,life & ,"*4--,*ri/ 0 born 9 ,be?lehem1 sp5t 8 e>ly life at ,naz>e?1 ent]$ ^u 8 m9i/ry :5 ?irty ye>s ( age1 cont9u$ x = ?ree ye>s1 & 0 !n crucifi$ by ! ,romans at ! in/igation ( ! ,jews4 ,^! are simple facts ( hi/ory corroborat$ by bo? sacr$ & pr(ane writ+s4 ,all agree t 8 0 ! mo/ noble "* t ev] appe>$ on e>?4 ,! mo/ c>eful /udy ( 8 life = n9ete5 c5turies1 by fri5ds & enemies1 by s*ol>s & critics1 by philosoph]s & /atesm51 by ,*ri/ians & unbeliev]s1 only adds to its lu/]1 & su/a9s ! conviction t1 ?\gh he 0 a man1 he 0 also m ?an man4 ,! mo/ critical rese>*1 ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( 8 life1 8 motives1 8 tea*+s1 only compel ! te/imony t he 0 )\t spot or blemi%4 ,! great h /udi$ 8 say+s & 8 life1 & h b[$ 9 admiration be=e ! sublime tea*+s ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,! simple & unlett]$ h li/5$ to 8 words ( tru? & be5 com=t$4 ,fai? has be5 awak5$1 hope inspir$1 love quick5$1 & man r$eem$ by ! p[] ( ! ,*ri/4 ,millions h be5 influ5c$ by ! sweetness & purity ( 8 life4 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ianity has l$ to ! f\nd+ ( hospitals1 asylums1 & in/itutions ( m]cy ev]y:]e2 to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools & colleges2 to ! univ]sal spread ( education2 to ! uplift+ ( ! individual2 to ! fur!rance ( human bro!rhood2 & to ! fo/]+ ( peace among m5 & nations4 ,*ri/ produc$ a pr(\nd impression alike ^u ! great & ! small4 ,r\sseau says ( him1 ,! life & dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ are ^? ( a god4 ,napoleon says ( ,*ri/1 ,8 bir? & ! /ory ( 8 life2 ! pr(\ndness ( 8 doctr9e1 :i* ov]turns all difficulties1 & is _! mo/ complete solution2 8 gospel2 ! s+ul>ity ( 8 my/]i\s be+2 8 appe>ance1 8 empire1 8 progress ?r\gh all c5turies & k+doms1--all ?is is to me a prodigy1 an unfa?omable my/]y4 ,i defy y to cite ano!r life l t ( ,*ri/4 ,x has well be5 said t ,*ri/ is ! ,god :o is man1 & ! man :o is ,god4 ,nor 0 ! impression ^u ! l[ly less pr(\nd4 ,he call$ ignorant fi%]m5 to disciple%ip1 & by ?ree ye>s' contact & in/ruction prep>$ !m to g into ! _w & tea* all nations4 ,! inspiration ( 8 life & tea*+s made !m able to /& be=e k+s1 & to conf\nd ! wisdom ( ! wise4 ,8 ,"w z a ,tea*]4--,b ! "q "h is n conc]n+ ,*ri/ z ! f\nd] ( a religion1 nor ( 8 div9e "* or life1 b ( ,*ri/ z a tea*]4 ,he is ju/ly entitl$ to be call$ ,! ,great ,tea*]4 ,k>l ,s*midt says1 ,by 8 doctr9es & ?r\gh 8 de$s1--9 & ) 8 entire life1--is ,*ri/ ! tea*] & educator ( humanity4 ,8 me?od is ! f\ndation ( all true tea*+4 ,let u note "s ( ! important *>act]i/ics ( ?is me?od4 #a4 ,x 0 suit$ to 8 he>]s4--,:5 ,*ri/ taught ! p he us$ mat]ial t !y c\ld compreh5d4 ,?us1 :5 he spoke 8 p>able ( ! s[]1 :ile he sat by ! seaside1 ! multitude be=e him _h ga!r$ f ! villages & f>ms ( ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t4 ,!y !re=e c\ld ?or\ghly appreciate ! lesson4 ,8 p>able ( ! v9ey>d 0 d\btless sugge/$ by ! v9e-clad hills ( ,judea1 & ! lessons taught 7 made m =cible by _! suitabl5ess4 ,9 8 conv]sation ) ! le>n$ ,nicodemus he plung$ at once into ! mo/ pr(\nd doctr9es1 b :5 he talk$ ) ! ignorant ,sam>itan woman1 8 approa* to ! tru? he w\ld tea* 0 mo/ simple & gradual4 ,no "o ev] fail$ to und]/& him1 & he is a mo/ rem>kable example ( ! tea*] suit+ himself to ! capacity ( 8 pupils4 #b4 ,x 0 full ( illu/rations4--,:5 he wi%$ to tea* ! evil ( covet\sness he told ( ! ri* man & 8 b>ns2 he enc\rag$ fai?fulness by ! p>able ( ! tal5ts2 he /imulat$ to fruit be>+ by ! /ory ( ! fig tree2 he taught m]cy by ! acc\nt ( ! ,good ,sam>itan2 joy ov] rep5tance 0 illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( ! n9ety & n9e4 ,& s we f9d t by ample & suitable illu/ration ! ,savior en=c$ ! sublime tru?s t he taught4 #c4 ,x 0 simple & yet logical4--,!re 0 no ef=t to be philosophical1 yet ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ are full ( philosophy4 ,! language us$ & ! mann] ( putt+ ! tru? 7 s simple t ! ignorant man & ! *ild 7 nev] left 9 d\bt z to 8 mean+4 ,nev]!less 8 tea*+ 0 n haphaz>d2 x 0 connect$ & logical4 ,x conta9$ s mu* ( tru?1 s sy/ematically put & s mu* to ! po9t 9 view1 t1 :ile x appeal$ at once to ! und]/&+ ( 8 he>]s1 x also furni%$ mat]ial = ?\ght = ! mo/ le>n$ ( all ages4 ,:e!r x 0 a p>able or a /ory1 an admonition or a rebuke1 a s]mon or a pray]1 a ^w ( com=t to ! si/]s ( ,be?any or an argum5t ) ! *ief prie/s1 a famili> conv]sation ) 8 disciples or a /]n rebuke ( ! scribes & ,ph>isees1--,*ri/ always express$ himself ) simplicity & cle>ness4 #d4 ,x drew f ,nature4--,*ri/ lov$ to walk 9 ! fields ) 8 disciples & draw lessons f ! plants1 ! birds1 ! s[+ ( ! f>m]1 ! ga!r+ ( fruit f ! v9ey>d1 ! rip5+ h>ve/s1 & ! :isp]+ breezes4 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field h[ !y gr[2 behold ! f[ls ( ! air2 a s[] w5t =? to s[2 a c]ta9 man _h a fig tree plant$ 9 8 v9ey>d2 & he came & s\ght fruit !reon & f\nd none2 lift up y\r eyes & look on ! fields2 = !y are :ite already to h>ve/2 ! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?1--^! & _m o!r texts %[ t ,*ri/ 0 famili> ) ,nature1 & lov$ to call ^u h] = illu/ration & example4 #e4 ,x elevat$ ! tru? & s\ght to en=ce x4--,*ri/ gave himself a sacrifice = ! tru?4 ,he all[$ no ?\ght ( p]sonal safety or success to ov]%ad[ ! tru?4 ,all 8 words1 8 acts1 8 tea*+s1 aim$ at e/abli%+ ! tru?4 ,he ov]?rew old sy/ems & introduc$ a new _s into ! _w1 ev5 ! _s ( tru?4 ,he 0 ! v ess5ce ( tru?1 decl>+ to ,?omas1 ,i am ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life4 ,he ?us gave to tea*]s = all "t a noble example & an immortal pr9ciple1 vital to _! success 9 true tea*+4 ,x is ! tru? t mu/ be taught & practic$ by e "o wor?y ( ! "n ( tea*]4 #f4 ,x 0 e>ne/ & full ( sympa?y4--,! e>ne/ness ( ,*ri/ ar\s$ ! populace to %\t ,hosanna6 & provok$ ! bitt] ho/ility ( 8 enemies4 ,x drew multitudes into ! wild]ness & attract$ cr[ds :]ev] he w5t4 ,8 sympa?y w5t out to ! p z %eep hav+ no %eph]d4 ,x l$ him to fe$ ! multitude1 heal ! sick1 raise ! dead1 take little *ildr5 9 8 arms & bless !m1 & weep ov] ,j]usalem4 ,he came close to ! lives & he>ts ( ^? :om he in/ruct$4 ,?is is "o ( ! gr&e/ lessons t ! ,great ,tea*] left = tea*]s ( all "t4 ,^! are "s ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ,*ri/'s _s & me?od4 ,he lov$ little *ildr51 & taught 8 disciples1 :5 he _h set a little *ild 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 %all humble himself z ?is little *ild1 ! same is greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 ,e "o ( ! pr9ciples above /at$ is ess5tial to ! tea*]1 & ^! pr9ciples conta9 ! sum & sub/ance ( all true p$agogy4 ,well has ,k>l ,s*midt express$ ! tru?1 :5 he says1 ,*ri/1 ! p]fect tea*]1 gave by 8 example & by 8 own tea*+ ! et]nal pr9ciples ( p$agogy4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]iod ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,education ,lit]ature4--,allies1 ,pet]'s ,rock 9 ,mohamm$'s ,flood2 ,newman1 ,hi/orical ,essays4 ,?is p]iod cov]$ ! "t f ! bir? ( ,*ri/ till ! ,re=mation4 ,x includ$ ! e>ly c5turies ( /ruggl+ ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* old cu/oms _h to be combat$1 & ! new ideas1 born ) ! com+ ( ! ,savior1 & propagat$ by him & 8 foll[]s1 7 sl[ly & surely to take possession ( ! _w4 ,^! fifte5 c5turies embrace ^? g5]ally kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,d>k ,ages1 dur+ :i* progress 0 inde$ sl[4 ,b :5 we rememb] ! ob/acles :i*1 z we h se51 7 to be met1 ! prejudice to be set aside1 ! great *anges inaugurat$1 & ! limit$ means at comm&1 we m>vel at ! great results atta9$4 ,let u n[ briefly exam9e "s ( ! factors t are prom95t 9 ,*ri/ian education dur+ its fir/ p]iod4 #a4 ,! apo/les & ,*ur* ,fa!rs 7 =emo/ 9 all educational matt]s4--,^! m5 7 n simply spiritual lead]s2 !y caught ! _s ( ! ,ma/]1 & s\ght to in/ruct ! head z well z ! he>t4 ,!y e/abli%$ s*ools & !mselves became tea*]s1 direct$ educational movem5ts1 =m$ c\rses ( /udy1 & by fo/]+ education fur!r$ ! success & p]petuity ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,m5 l ,paul1 ,orig51 ,*ryso/om1 ,basil ! ,great1 & ,augu/9e did mu* good1 n only 9 build+ up ! ,*ur*1 b also 9 promot+ education1 ! *ief h&maid ( ! ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 all educational progress dur+ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies c5t]s ar\nd ! names ( ^! m54 #b4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! sponsor ( ! s*ools4--,dur+ ?is long p]iod ! ,/ate _h n yet assum$ ! obligation ( educat+ h] y\?1 & we f9d only r>e in/ances ( ! ,/ate tak+ any "p 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,no attempt at univ]sal education 0 made1 & none c\ld be made1 = ! ,*ur* c\ld n furni% ! means to d x2 consequ5tly ne>ly all educational ef=t 0 direct$ to tra9+ ! prie/hood & provid+ = ! p]petuity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* 0 ! "m ( ! s*ools1 & to h] fo/]+ c>e alone d we owe _! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance dur+ ?is long p]iod4 ,h] au?ority 0 supreme1 & ackn[l$g$ by all temporal p[]s2 h5ce ! subjects /udi$ 9 ! s*ools & ! p]sons *os5 to %>e ! b5efits ( education 7 su* z w\ld subs]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 #c4 ,! mona/]ies r5d]$ valuable s]vice to education4--,!y 7 long ! c5t]s ( le>n+1 be+ ! only places :]e s*ools exi/$4 ,!y 7 ! repositories ( valuable manuscripts1 :i* 7 copi$ ) m>vel\s dilig5ce & pres]v$ = future g5]ations4 ,! mona/]ies adopt$ c\rses ( /udy :i*1 h[ev] incomplete1 7 effici5tly c>ri$ out1 & =m$ ! basis ( future c\rses4 ,! influ5ce ( ! mona/]ies = _m c5turies 0 ( great value to le>n+4 #d4 ,! crusades br\ght new life into education4--,:ile ! crusades 7 prim>ily religi\s movem5ts1 !y 7 also educational 9 _! results4 ,!y infus$ new life into ! /agnant conditions ( ,europe4 ,!y ar\s$ ! p to physical & m5tal1 z well z religi\s1 activity4 ,!y l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools & univ]sities4 #e4 ,! ,teutonic peoples became an important in/rum5t ( progress4--,rome began to decl9e1 & ! ,teutons ( ! nor?1 :om ,rome _h nev] be5 able to subjugate1 became h] conqu]ors4 ,! ,lat9 race _h s]v$ a noble purpose 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 b n[ ano!r1 p]haps /rong] race1 jo9$ 9 ! "w ( civilization4 ,! physical & intellectual vigor ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,teutonic family1--! ,g]man1 ! ,anglo-,saxon1 ! ,sc&9avian1--:i* has won = !m lead]%ip 9 evangelization1 9 comm]ce1 9 conque/1 & 9 educational ent]prise1 %[$ itself unmi/akably dur+ ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,^! peoples n[ jo9$ ) ! ,lat9 peoples 9 assum+ ! ev] increas+ responsibilities ( ,*ri/ian civilization1 & ! int]e/s ( education 7 greatly enhanc$ & fur!r$ ?r\gh ^! comb9$ influ5ces4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal ag5cies to :i* 7 committ$ ! mo/ vital int]e/s ( humanity dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,we %all see t "s grave errors 7 made1 errors t block$ ! pa? ( improvem5t sometimes = c5turies2 we %all f9d t n>r[ness1 bigotry1 prejudice1 & ignorance (t5 h9d]$ ! introduction ( tru? because x did n co9cide ) tradition2 we %all see h[ ! ,*ur* assum$ pr]ogatives t did n belong to h]1 especially 9 ! field ( sci5tific rese>*1 & !reby delay$ human progress2 nev]!less1 we %all ev] rema9 ?ankful to ^! ag5cies = ! enc\ragem5t !y gave to education1 & = :atev] good results !y 7 in/rum5tal 9 atta9+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools ,lit]ature4--,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,durrell1 ,a ,new ,life 9 ,education2 ,laurie1 ,rise ( ,univ]sities2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals2 ,allies1 ,! ,=mation ( ,*ri/5dom2 ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature2 ,az>ias1 ,essays ,philosophical4 ,we h already se5 t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 oblig$ to endure great h>d%ips & surm\nt great difficulties 9 secur+ education = _! *ildr54 ,inde$1 dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies almo/ all t 0 done 0 to tra9 ! conv]ts 9 ! rites & c]emonies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,b z !y grew /rong] 9 numb]s1 & z p]secution dim9i%$1 !y c\ld give great] att5tion to education4 ,unwill+ to make use ( pagan s*ools1 :i* c\ld n satisfy _! *ief ne$--to prep>e = ! new religion--!y gradually e/abli%$ _! own4 ,cate*um5 ,s*ools4--,! fir/ ,*ri/ian s*ools 7 cate*um5 s*ools4 ,a cate*um5 0 a p]son :o desir$ in/ruction 9 ! new fai? ) a view to baptism & admission into ! ,*ur*4 ,z _m ( ! conv]ts _h be5 pagans1 & z all 7 ignorant ( ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ur* z well z ( ! new doctr9es1 su* in/ruction 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,!re=e ! conv]ts 7 divid$ into classes1 at fir/ two1 lat]1 f\r2 & in/ruction 0 giv5 !m 9 ! rudim5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! cate*um5 s*ools 7 = adults only1 b aft]w>d *ildr5 7 admitt$1 & read+ & writ+ 7 taught4 ,previ\s to ?is *ange1 if *ildr5 receiv$ any secul> in/ruction at all1 x 0 giv5 at _! homes by p>5ts or tutors1 or 9 ! pagan s*ools4 ,at ! close ( ! second c5tury ,protog5es e/abli%$ a s*ool at ,odessa1 9 :i* read+1 writ+1 texts ( ,scripture1 & s++ ( psalms 7 taught4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian common s*ool4 ,o!r s*ools foll[$ rapidly z ! p]secutions ceas$1 until ,rome became ,*ri/ianiz$1 & pagan s*ools gave place to ,*ri/ian s*ools ?r\gh\t ! empire4 ,two great names are closely connect$ ) ?is movem5t4 ,,*ryso/om 7#cdg-djg7 ,"o ( ! greate/ repres5tatives ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* int]e/$ 9 education 0 ,*ryso/om4#bh ,he 0 born at ,antio* 9 ,syria1 & educat$ 9 ! pagan s*ools1 b ! influ5ce ( 8 dev\t ,*ri/ian "m kept him true to h] fai?4 ,he 0 not$ = 8 eloqu5ce1 h5ce ! "n by :i* he is kn[n 9 hi/ory1 = ,*ryso/om means gold5-m\!d4 ,john ,malone says ( him1 ,fir/ ( ! great ,*ri/ian prea*]s aft] ! ,*ur* came f ! caves1 he 0 n less able z a tea*]4#bi ,he became bi%op ( ! ,*ur*1 & 0 ! greate/ p$agogue ( 8 "t4 ,"s ( 8 educational pr9ciples may be /at$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,z ,*ri/ l[]$ himself to man's e/ate 9 ord] to raise man to 8 e/ate1 s ! tea*] mu/ l[] himself to ! capacity ( 8 pupils 9 ord] to elevate !m4 #b4 ,*ri/ did n reveal ev]y?+ to 8 disciples1 sugge/+ sometimes tru?s = !m to discov]2 s ! tea*] mu/ n d = 8 pupils :at !y c d = !mselves4 #c4 ,! f\ndation ( all true education is ! ,*ri/ian life & example2 !re=e tea*]s & p>5ts mu/ walk circumspectly be=e *ildr54 #d4 ,wom51 especially mo!rs1 are ! natural educators ( *ildr54 #e4 ,religi\s in/ruction is an ess5tial factor ( ! s*ool "w4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance t *ildr5 %\ld be br\ght up 9 ! nurture & admonition ( ! ,"l4 ,,basil ,,! ,,great 7#cbi-cgi7 ,basil ! ,great 0 born at ,caes>ea4 ,he /udi$ at ,con/ant9ople & ,a!ns1 & sat at ! feet ( ! greate/ pagan philosoph]s & tea*]s ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 n p]v]t$ by _! tea*+s1 b told !m frankly t1 ?\gh !y possess$ all le>n+1 he _h f\nd some?+ great] ?an ?is1 & t 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,basil 0 "o ( ! =emo/ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 a great writ]1 & a promot] ( education4 ,he 0 v fond ( classic lit]ature1 &1 9 face ( ! bitt] opposition ( _m ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 urg$ its prop] use 9 ! s*ools4 ,he 0 in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ mona/]ies1 hospitals1 orphanages1 & refuges = ! poor4 ,p$agogical ,tea*+s4--#a4 ,e misde$ %\ld be puni%$ 9 su* a way t ! puni%m5t %all be an ex]cise 9 self-comm& & %all t5d to correct ! fault4 ,= example1 if a *ild has li$1 us$ pr(ane language1 or be5 qu>relsome1 give him solitude & fa/+4 ,if he is gre$y & glutton\s1 let him /& by & see o!rs eat :ile he rema9s hungry4 #b4 ,orphan *ildr5 & ^? t are dep5d5t %\ld be taught 9 ! cloi/]4 #c4 ,! ,bible1 ) its /ories1 promises1 hi/ory1 & doctr9es1 %\ld be ! *ief text-book4 #d4 ,n only monks & prie/s %\ld be all[$ to tea*1 b also ! laity4 #e4 ,*ildr5 :ile /ill "y & innoc5t mu/ be taught good habits & "r precepts4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,*ryso/om & ,basil 7 ! fir/ to m>k out def9ite l9es ( ,*ri/ian in/ruction4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 also1 ! fir/ songs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* orig9at$ 9 ! huts & caves ( ! poor4 ,?us 9 religi\s in/ruction & *ur* song ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian common s*ool 7 laid4 ,cate*etical ,s*ools4--,! pr9cipal cate*etical s*ool 0 e/abli%$ at ,alex&ria ,a4,d4 #aha1 by ,panta5us4 ,o!rs 7 locat$ lat] at ,antio*1 ,odessa1 & ,nisibis4 ,! ,alex&rian s*ool1 h[ev]1 0 by f> ! mo/ important4 ,alex&ria1 at ! close ( ! second c5tury1 0 ! seat ( philosophy1 z ,a!ns _h =m]ly be54 ,x possess$ ! mo/ important libr>y 9 ! _w1 & /ud5ts & sages f all p>ts ( ! _w flock$ to ?is place ( le>n+4 ,laurie says1 ,! great ,alex&]1 9 f\nd+ ,alex&ria1 connect$ ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 n m]ely by m]cantile bonds1 b 9 _! intellectual & lit]>y life4 ,"h arose1 "u ! ,ptolemies1 a complete sy/em ( high] in/ruction1 & libr>ies su* z ! _w _h n be=e se54 ,! books 7 lodg$ 9 ! temple ( ,s]apis1 & accumulat$ to ! numb] ( sev5 hundr$ ?\s&4 ,!y =m$ ! record ( all human ?\ght1 until !y fell a prey to int]nal civic & religi\s diss5sions4 ,! ,s]apeum dates f ,b4,c4 #bih1 &1 aft] recov]+ f ! fire ( ,b4,c4 #dh1 x f9ally disappe>$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,"u ! /imulus ( ^! surr\nd+s1 & ) su* an abundance ( lit]>y mat]ial at comm&1 pagans & ,*ri/ians vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 _! se>* = tru?4 ,b ! pagans _h bett] s*ools & bett] means ( prep>+ !mselves = intellectual combat4 ,*ri/ian tea*]s 7 call$ ^u to def5d _! fai? aga9/ subtle philosoph]s & tra9$ ?9k]s1 :o _h _h ! advantage ( excell5t s*ools4 ,9 ord] to meet ?is app>5t defect & =tify !mselves aga9/ _! skillful oppon5ts1 ! ,*ri/ians e/abli%$ ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria1 ! mo/ celebrat$ s*ool ( its k9d at t p]iod4 ,x took ! "n cate*etical f ! fact t ! me?od ( in/ruction 0 l>gely t ( cate*is+1 ?\gh lectures 7 also giv54 ,_m pagans _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld be taught ! reason ( _! fai?1 9 ord] t !y might ma9ta9 _! gr\nd :5 !y came 9 contact ) unbeliev]s4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly necess>y1 if ,*ri/ianity 0 to hold its own1 9 a city l ,alex&ria1 :]e s _m le>n$ m5 _h ga!r$4 ,x 0 also necess>y = ! ext5sion ( ! new fai? among m5 ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,?us ! object ( ! cate*etical s*ool 0 to in/ruct le>n$ m5 9 ! doctr9es & usages ( ! ,*ur*1 to prep>e believ]s to meet ! argum5ts ( ! philosoph]s1 & to tra9 tea*]s4 ,:ile x 0 a sort ( !ological s*ool1 x also taught philosophy1 rhetoric1 gramm>1 & geometry4 ,f ! nature ( ?+s x w be se5 t ! cate*etical s*ool 0 = adults only1 & x may be call$ a k9d ( univ]sity1 ^: *ief att5tion 0 giv5 to ! /udy ( ! ,scriptures & ! promulgation ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,! cate*etical s*ool 0 mu* high] ?an ! cate*um5 s*ool 9 its c\rse ( /udy1 & 9 ! intellig5ce & le>n+ ( its /ud5ts & pr(essors4 ,,clem5t ,,( ,,alex&ria 7#aej-bbj7 ,among ! mo/ promis+ ( ! pupils ( ,panta5us 0 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o 0 8 successor 9 ! direction ( ! s*ool4 ,clem5t 0 br\ght up a pagan1 b 0 n satisfi$ ) ! hea!n religion1 & made a c>eful /udy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he travel$ ev]y:]e1 & s\ght out old m5 :o _h li/5$ to ! apo/les1 or ^: p>5ts _h done s2 & ?us he hop$ to le>n ! tru? directly4 ,z a result ( 8 rese>*1 he became pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! purity ( ! morals ( ! ,*ri/ians & ! tru? ( _! religion4 ,he 0 a great tea*] z well z ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 ,p$agogy4--#a4 ,fai? is ! corn]/one ( k4 #b4 ,mosaic law & hea!n philosophy are n oppos$ to ea* o!r1 b simply p>ts ( ! same tru?4 ,bo? prep>$ ! way = ,*ri/ianity4 ,jewi% law & ,greek philosophy are /eps 9 ! developm5t ( ! _w :i* prep>e ! way = revelation4 ,*ri/ianity is ! fulfillm5t ( law & philosophy4 #c4 ,he br\ght all ! speculations ( ! ,*ri/ians & ! culture ( ! ,greeks to be> ^u ,*ri/ian tru?1 & s\ght to h>monize ! two4 ,! tea*+s ( ,clem5t ga9 9 importance :5 we rememb] ! bitt] /rife 9 ! ,*ur* ov] ! use ( classic lit]ature1 :i* la/$ = c5turies1 & ! s*ola/ic movem5t a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 :i* also s\ght to h>monize philosophy & religion4 ,,orig5 7#ahf-bec7 ,orig5 0 a pupil ( ,clem5t 9 ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria1 & became 8 successor4 ,besides be+ br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( culture 9 8 native city1 & surr\nd$ by influ5ces t /imulat$ intellectual gr[?1 he 0 =tunate 9 hav+ a man ( le>n+ = 8 fa!r4 ,f him he le>n$ ,greek1 ma!matics1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 & a k ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,he began to tea* 9 ! cate*etical s*ool :5 only eighte5 ye>s ( age1 a rem>kable fact :5 "o rememb]s t he _h among 8 /ud5ts le>n$ pagan philosoph]s1 & t x 0 v unusual = s "y a man to be all[$ to tea*4 ,he 0 ab/emi\s 9 8 habits1 self-sacrific+1 g5]\s1 & )al consi/5t 9 8 life4 ,orig5's ,p$agogy4--#a4 ,nev] tea* pupils any?+ t y d n y\rself practice4 #b4 ,! end ( education is to gr[ into ! lik5ess ( ,god4 #c4 ,pupils mu/ be taught to inve/igate = !mselves4 #d4 ,! tea*] mu/ seek to correct ! bad habits ( 8 pupils1 z well z to give !m intellectual in/ruction4 ,"u ,orig51 ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria rea*$ its highe/ prosp]ity1 & its decay began soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,already 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury its p[] & influ5ce 7 practically gone4 ,none ( ! o!r cate*etical s*ools ev] rea*$ ! fame ( t at ,alex&ria1 & !y1 too1 gradually disappe>$4 ,inde$1 z ! ,roman ,empire became ,*ri/ianiz$1 & z ,*ri/ians ga9$ 9 education & intellig5ce1 !re 0 less & less occasion = ! exi/5ce ( s*ools ( ?is "*4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,w>n]'s ,libr>y ( ! ,_w's ,be/ ,lit]ature1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #cffe4 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,lecture on ,sacr$ ,eloqu5ce4 #bi ,w>n]'s ,libr>y1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #cfff4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,pagan ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,education ,lit]ature4--,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,fi%]1 ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,az>ias1 ,essays ,educational2 ,allies1 ,! ,=mation ( ,*ri/5dom2 ,allies1 ,! ,mona/ic ,life2 ,maitl&1 ,! ,d>k ,ages4 ,,g5]al ,,discussion ,z ,*ri/ianity became m p[]ful2 z ! ,roman nation privately & (ficially accept$ ! new religion2 z ! bi%ops ( ! ,*ur* came m & m to be recogniz$ z ! viceg]5ts ( ,*ri/ & ! apo/les2 z ! ,*ur* au?orities became conv9c$ t tol]ance ( paganism 0 dang]\s to believ]s1 & irreconcilable ) ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1--z ^! ?+s became app>5t1 x 0 se5 t no?+ w\ld suffice %ort ( ! utt] de/ruction ( pagan s*ools4 ,pagan philosophy & art 7 tol]at$ only z !y s]v$ ! ,*ur*4 ,pagan education _h an e>?ly purpose2 ! new education1 a spiritual aim1 a prep>ation = et]nal life4 ,! pagan temples & s*ools pres]v$ ! _s ( paganism long aft] ! ,roman ,empire _h become ,*ri/ian1 & ! lead]s ( ,*ri/ianity f9ally became conv9c$ t ultimate success w\ld be rea*$ only :5 ^! in/itutions 7 de/roy$4 ,! conflict betwe5 ^! two p>ties cont9u$ dur+ ! fif? c5tury & until #ebi1 :5 a complete victory 0 ga9$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,aft] #ebi we h !re=e only ,*ri/ian s*ools to consid]4 ,= ! next ?\s& ye>s education 0 entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ur*1 ^: p[] 0 n always ex]cis$ = ! good ( humanity1 b (t5 = ! fur!rance ( h] own ends4 ,/ill1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t all t 0 done = education 0 done by h]1 & !re=e ! _w owes h] a debt ( gratitude1 z lat] pages w %[4 ,%e did n und]take ! education ( ! masses1 a task t 0 beyond h] p[]1 & p]haps beyond ! scope ( h] vision4 ,yet great honor is due ! ,*ur* = :at 0 accompli%$ 9 education dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & to h] alone mu/ be giv5 cr$it = an advancem5t 9 civilization by no means small1 consid]+ ! difficulties to be met & ! ob/acles to be ov]come4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod !re 7 _m bright spots 9 ! educational firmam5t1 _m brilliant lead]s ( ! ,*ur* :o also 7 conspicu\s educators1 & _m important movem5ts t[>d high] civilization4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is p]iod has l$ rec5t hi/orians to ab&on ! t]m ,d>k ,ages4 ,a m c>eful /udy ( "s ( ^! lead]s & ! movem5ts t !y inaugurat$ w be res]v$ to lat] pages4 ,we %all f9d ! _s ( ! p]iod be/ illu/rat$ by a /udy ( two great m5 :o are preem95t 9 ! educational affairs ( ! "t1--namely1 ,t]tullian & ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,,t]tullian 7#aej-bcj7cj ,t]tullian 0 born at ,c>?age ( pagan p>5ts4 ,he 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity :5 =ty ye>s ( age1 & by 8 tal5t1 8 zeal = ! new religion1 & 8 fai?fulness1 he rose rapidly until he became ,bi%op ( ,c>?age4 ,he 0 an orator1 a writ]1 & a tea*]4 ,8 immod]ate zeal l$ him into ! vice ( rigorism1 q =eign to ! real _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,he jo9$ ! ,montani/s1 a sect t believ$ 9 )drawal f ! _w1 ! unlawfulness ( second m>riages1 & ! spe$y second adv5t ( ! ,savior4 ,hav+ receiv$ a ?or\gh tra9+ z a juri/ at ,rome1 he became a great controv]siali/4 ,he 0 ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ian ,lat9 lit]ature1 be+ bitt]ly oppos$ to ev]y?+ pagan4 ,he w\ld use no?+ manufactur$ by ! pagans1 w\ld n dress l !m1 nor h any?+ to d ) _! s*ools or writ+s4 ,?is ( c\rse exclud$ classic lit]ature1 & 0 9 direct opposition to ! tea*+s ( ! cate*etical s*ools1 especially t ( ,alex&ria4 ,t]tullian's attempt to create a lit]ature = ! s*ools :i* %\ld take ! place ( classic lit]ature1 :ile x produc$ discord = c5turies1 & influ5c$ o!r great m5 to foll[ 8 example1 _h no p]man5t result4 ,p]haps ! d[nfall ( paganism may h remov$ all dang] to ! ,*ri/ians f pagan philosophy & lett]s2 at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t 9 lat] c5turies ! ,*ur* 0 mo/ effici5t 9 pres]v+ !m4 ,t]tullian held t philosophy ( :atev] k9d is dang]\s1 claim+ t x makes man arrogant1 & less incl9$ to fai?4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 7 oppos$ to pagan lit]ature4 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions comm&$1 ,refra9 f all writ+s ( ! hea!n2 = :at ha/ ?\ to d ) /range disc\rses1 laws1 or false prophets1 :i*1 9 tru?1 turn aside f ! fai? ^? :o are weak 9 und]/&+4 ,x 0 urg$ t1 ,z ! (fspr+ ( ! pagan _w1 if n1 inde$1 inspir$ by demons1 !y 7 dang]\s to ! new fai?4 ,?is introduc$ into education a n>r[ view1 :i* evok$ _m bitt] discussions1 & :i* x took c5turies to eradicate4 ,,/4 ,,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj7 ,augu/9e 0 born 9 ,numidia1 ,africa4 ,8 fa!r 0 a pagan1 & 8 "m a dev\t ,*ri/ian4 ,augu/9e grew up 9 ! fai? ( nei!r1 & 9 8 e>ly ye>s seems to h _h no settl$ belief4 ,z a /ud5t1 he 0 wild & pr(ligate1 ?\gh att5tive to 8 /udies4 ,he became ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ,greek & ,lat94 ,he /udi$ at ,c>?age & lat] at ,milan4 ,at ! latt] place he made ! acqua9tance ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,bi%op ( ,milan1 :o 0 in/rum5tal 9 ,augu/9e's conv]sion4 ,8 life 0 radically *ang$1 & he :o _h be5 ! wild1 c>eless unbeliev] became ! greate/ ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,l ,t]tullian1 he condemn$ ! v classic lit]ature to :i* he 0 indebt$ = 8 intellectual greatness4 ,8 greate/ lit]>y works are ,city ( ,god & ,confessions4 ,confessions4--,9 ?is "w are f\nd 8 *ief p$agogical tea*+s4 ,k>l ,s*midt says1 ,9 8 ',confessions' he develops a complete psy*ology ( ! human s\l1 f :i* ! p$agogue c le>n m ?an f _m !ories ( education4 ,?is "w %[s /ep by /ep 8 own developm5t f *ildhood to mature manhood1--h[ a ^w1 a look1 an act may awak5 passions1 & lead to evil desire1 or /imulate to noble de$ or self-sacrific+ consecration4 ,f 8 own life & exp]i5ces he portrays ! :ole nature ( man4 ,augu/9e is call$ ! ,/4 ,paul ( ! fif? c5tury1 & he c]ta9ly 0 ! greate/ man1 s9ce ,paul1 t ! ,*ur* has produc$4 ,9 8 writ+s is f\nd ! mo/ lum9\s exposition ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 & probably ,augu/9e is ! mo/ not$ ( all ,ca?olic ,fa!rs4 ,9 ! doma9 ( !ology & morals he bas$ all tea*+ on au?ority r ?an on inve/igation1 yet ! excessive application ( ?is pr9ciple to subjects ( physical sci5ce 0 de/9$ lat] on to h9d] inve/igators 9 ! fields ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,drap] says1 ,augu/9e antagoniz$ sci5ce & ,*ri/ianity = m ?an fifte5 c5turies4 ,?is 0 d\btless due to ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 9 fields t ,augu/9e did n contemplate4 ,b we %all h occasion to recur to ?is subject 9 lat] pages4 ,augu/9e's ,p$agogy4--#a4 ,all tea*+ is bas$ on fai? & au?ority4 #b4 ,all pagan lit]ature mu/ be exclud$ f ! s*ools4 #c4 ,! *ief subject 9 ! s*ool c\rse is hi/ory pursu$ 9 ! n>rative =m4 #d4 ,make abundant use ( obs]vation 9 in/ruction4 #e4 ,! tea*] mu/ be e>ne/ & en?usia/ic4 ,:ile ! ,roman ,empire became (ficially ,*ri/ian 9 ! f\r? c5tury "u ,con/ant9e1 x 0 n until ,ju/9ian decre$ ! abolition ( pagan s*ools & temples1 ,a4,d4 #ebi1 t paganism1 z we h se51 0 f9ally de/roy$4 ,?us ! long conflict 0 end$1 & h5ce=? we h to d only ) ,*ri/ian education4 ,we n[ ent] ^u ! ?\s& ye>s ( ! _w's hi/ory kn[n z ! ,middle ,ages1 ! close ( :i* br+s u to ! ,re=mation4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,see ,drap]1 ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 p4 #ei4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,mona/ic ,,education ,lit]ature4--,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals2 ,my]s1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,h>p]1 ,book ( ,facts2 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 ,leg5ds ( ,mona/ic ,ord]s2 ,gasquet1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies2 ,*ateaubri&1 ,! ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,allies1 ,! ,mona/ic ,life2 ,taunton1 ,! ,engli% ,black ,monks ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,mona/]ies4--,mona/]ies 7 e/abli%$ z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d42 b x 0 n until ! six? c5tury t !y became p[]ful4 ,! _s ( asceticism1 urg$ by ! ,*ur* z "o ( ! mo/ important virtues1 took a /rong hold ^u ! p1 & l$ _m to )draw f ! _w4 ,= su* ! f\nd+ ( mona/]ies became a necessity4 ,! mona/]ies 7 ! result ( ! ascetic _s1 & _! tea*+ 0 bas$ ^u au?ority & n ^u free inve/igation or orig9al rese>*4 ,?us !re 0 introduc$ into society & education a pr9ciple t1 wrongly int]pret$1 imp$$ progress = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! "t dur+ ?is p]iod ! ,*ur* held supremacy ov] ! ,/ate ) au?ority unque/ion$4 ,?is au?ority 0 c>ri$ n only into spiritual matt]s1 b also into social1 political1 & educational affairs4 ,ev]y?+ t conflict$ ) t au?ority1 or ) ! decrees ( ! ,*ur*1 0 condemn$4 ,ev5 sci5tific discov]ies t did n h>monize ) preconceiv$ & accept$ !ories 7 reluctantly receiv$1 if n absolutely reject$4 ,discov]]s 9 ! realm ( sci5ce 7 sil5c$1 & sometimes actually puni%$1 = promulgat+ !ories contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a notable example is t ( ,galileo1 :o taught ! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! univ]se1 & = :i* tea*+ he 0 condemn$ to imprisonm5t & a ban put ^u 8 "w4 ,?is exagg]at$ int]pretation ( au?ority work$ h>m to ! ,*ur*4 ,x seem$ to be =gott5 t ! ,bible is a book ( religion & morals & n a text-book ( sci5ce4 ,! ,b5$ict9es4--,! mo/ important mona/ic ord] f ! /&po9t ( education 0 t ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,/4 ,b5$ict f\nd$ ! fir/ mona/]y ( ! ord] t be>s 8 "n--,monte ,cass9o1 ne> ,naples1--9 #ebi4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ?is is ! date ( ! abolition ( pagan s*ools by ,ju/9ian4 ,on ! site ( ,monte ,cass9o _h /ood a pagan s*ool4 ,! mona/]y :i* supplant$ x rema9s to ! pres5t day4 ,b5$ict's two important pr9ciples--to :i* cloi/]s hi!rto _h be5 unaccu/om$--7 indu/ry & /rict discipl9e4 ,^! pr9ciples made ! ,b5$ict9e ! mo/ successful & b5efic5t ( all mona/ic ord]s4 ,x grew rapidly1 & )9 "o hundr$ ye>s f its f\ndation !re 7 m ?an two hundr$ & fifty ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies4 ,x is claim$ t ! ord] has produc$ #dfjj bi%ops1 #afjj ar*bi%ops1 #bjj c>d9als1 #dj popes1 #ej patri>*s1 #d emp]ors1 #ab empresses1 #df k+s1 #da que5s1 #cfjj canoniz$ sa9ts1 & #ae1gjj au?ors1 & t prior to ! ,fr5* ,revolution x possess$ #cg1jjj cloi/]s4 ,!re h be5 times :5 ! weal? ( ?is ord] 9 "s /ates compris$ m ?an half ( all ! prop]ty4 ,! ,b5$ict9e monks till$ ! soil ( ! c\ntry surr\nd+ _! mona/]ies1 lit]ally mak+ ! des]t blossom z ! rose4 ,!y 7 untir+ 9 zeal = ! ,*ur* & 9 de$s ( m]cy4 ,!y e/abli%$ cloi/] s*ools 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&4 ,monte ,cass9o 7#ebi71 ,italy2 ,cant]bury 7#ehf7 & ,ox=d 7n9? c5tury71 ,engl&2 ,/4 ,gall 7#fac71 ,switz]l&2 ,fulda 7#gdd71 ,con/ance1 ,hamburg1 & ,cologne 7t5? c5tury71 ,g]many2 ,lyons1 ,t\rs1 ,p>is1 & ,r\5 7t5? c5tury71 ,france2 ,salzburg 7#fif71 ,au/ria2 & _m o!r s*ools 7 f\nd$ *iefly by ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,among ! _m great tea*]s t !y produc$ 7 ,alcu9 ( ,engl&1 ,boniface ( ,g]many1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,duns ,scotus1 & ,abel>d4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ,b5$ict9e ord] took a deep int]e/ 9 education1 & _! "w des]ves a mo/ honorable place among ! educational ag5cies ( ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4--,we h se5 t mu* att5tion 0 always giv5 to religi\s in/ruction 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*ools4 ,! ,bible1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 & its rites & c]emonies 7 at fir/ exclusively taught4 ,b lat] secul> bran*es 7 introduc$4 ,^! secul> bran*es 7 kn[n z ! sev5 lib]al arts1 :i* compris$ ! foll[+ subjects3-- ,read+ & #a4 ,gramm>4 ,writ+4 ,i4 ,trivium#a #b4 ,rhetoric4 ,! ,sev5 #c4 ,logic4 ,lib]al ,arts4 #a4 ,ari?metic4 #b4 ,music4 ,,ii4 ,quadrivium#ca #c4 ,geometry4 #d4 ,a/ronomy4 ,?is c\rse requir$ sev5 ye>s4 ,lat9 0 ! only language us$1 & consequ5tly ! native tongues suff]$4 ,! trivium 0 ! mo/ popul> c\rse2 su* k 0 consid]$ an absolute necessity = any "o mak+ claim to culture4 ,aft] complet+ ! trivium1 ^? :o wi%$ = high] culture /udi$ ! quadrivium4 ,"u ! t]m gramm> 7 includ$ read+ & writ+1 z well z ! con/ruction & use ( language4 ,9 rhetoric ! works ( ,qu9tilian & ,cic]o 7 /udi$1 & s]mons deliv]$ 9 ! *ur*es 7 made to s]ve = a practical application ( ! rules4 ,9 logic ! works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 7 us$ 9 ! ex]cises ( con/ruct+ syllogisms1 ( disputation1 & ( def9ition4 ,9 ari?metic1 be=e ! introduction ( ! ,arabic notation1 numb]s 7 consid]$ to h a my/]i\s mean+4 ,! h&s & f+]s 7 us$ to indicate numb]s4 ,= example1 ! left h& ^u ! brea/ indicat$ t5 ?\s&2 bo? h&s fold$1 "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,= ! practical purposes ( life ! reckon+ bo>d 0 us$4 ,?is 0 a bo>d ) l9es drawn ^u x1 betwe5 :i* pebbles 7 plac$ to indicate ! numb] to be express$4 ,= example1 ! numb] #cadf w\ld be indicat$ z foll[s3-- #c #a #d #f ''' ' '''' '''''' ,music 0 design$ = ! *ur* s]vice4 ,k ( music 0 held to be positively ess5tial to prie/ & tea*]4 ,"u ! t]m music 7 also sometimes includ$ ! f9e arts1 pa9t+1 draw+1 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 etc4 ,9 geometry ,euclid 0 us$4 ,l9es1 angles1 surfaces1 & solids 7 /udi$4 ,) geometry !re seems to h be5 connect$ a meag] /udy ( geography4 ,e>ly maps h be5 f\nd1 "o dat+ f ! sev5? c5tury1 be+ 9 possession ( ,/4 ,gall mona/]y4 ,a/ronomy 0 closely connect$ ) a/rology4 ,its practical application 0 limit$ to ! =mation ( ! ,*ur* cal5d>1 fix+ ! date ( ,ea/]1 etc4 ,?is celebrat$ c\rse ( /udy =m$ ! basis ( secul> in/ruction 9 ! mona/]ies1 &1 inde$1 9 all s*ools1 = sev]al c5turies4 ,religi\s in/ruction always rema9$ a prom95t feature ( ! "w4 ,hi/ory _h no place 9 ! curriculum4 ,summ>y ( ,b5efits conf]r$ ^u ,civilization by ! ,mona/]ies4--#a4 ,!y pres]v$ classic lit]ature4 ,?\gh _m ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 z we h se51 7 bitt]ly oppos$ to pagan lit]ature1 ! mona/]ies copi$ x ) great indu/ry & pres]v$ x ) c>e4 ,! ar*ives ( ^! in/itutions h yield$ up "s mo/ rem>kable & valuable manuscripts t o!rwise w\ld h be5 lo/ to ! _w4 #b4 ,!y kept alive ! flick]+ flame ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,middle ,ages 7 inde$ d>k = ,*ri/ianity1 z unbelief1 ignorance1 & fai?lessness prevail$4 ,b ! mona/]ies 7 c5t]s ( religi\s int]e/ & zeal4 #c4 ,!y ma9ta9$ educational int]e/ dur+ ?is long1 d>k p]iod4 ,we h se5 t ! mona/]ies conta9$ ! only s*ools4 ,?r\gh !m ! ,*ur* kept up :atev] educational int]e/ surviv$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & h] "w !n cons]v$ ! en]gies employ$ 9 lat] educational ent]prise4 #d4 ,!y orig9at$ a great c\rse ( /udy by giv+ to ! _w ! sev5 lib]al arts4 #e4 ,!y furni%$ places ( refuge = ! oppress$4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,laurie ?9ks t ^! names 7 fir/ appropriately us$ ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,s*ola/icism ,lit]ature4--,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,?alheim]1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,s*wegl]1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 ,seebohm1 ,era ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolution2 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature2 ,az>ias1 ,essays ,philosophical2 ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education1 its ,hi/ory & ,pr9ciples4 ,compayre rem>ks1 ,x has be5 truly said t !re 7 ?ree ,r5asc5ces3 ! fir/1 :i* ow$ its beg9n+ to ,*>lemagne1 & ^: brilliancy did n la/2 ! second1 t ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! issue ( :i* 0 ,s*ola/icism2 & ! ?ird1 ! great ,r5aissance ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* /ill la/s1 & :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution has complet$4#cb ,z s*ola/icism1 9 a s5se1 0 ! rival ( mona/icism1 & z x cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we %all discuss x at ?is po9t4 ,s*ola/icism 0 a movem5t hav+ = its object ! h>moniz+ ( anci5t philosophy1 especially t ( ,ari/otle1 ) ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x cov]$ a p]iod rea*+ f ! n9? to ! fifte5? c5tury1 & display$ its greate/ activity betwe5 ! elev5? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,x is call$ ! philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! t]m s*ola/ic is also appli$ g5]ally to =ms ( reason+ :i* ab\nd 9 subtleties4 ,s*ola/icism 0 a diss5t f ! tea*+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! ascetics4 ,x laid *ief /ress ^u reason in/ead ( au?ority1 ?us ass]t+ a vitally diff]5t pr9ciple1 :i* w\ld t5d to *ange ! :ole _s ( education4 ,! fir/ prom95t lead] ( ?is movem5t 0 ,erig5a1 :o liv$ dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 & 0 ! mo/ int]e/+ writ] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he 0 also a great tea*]1 & 0 call$ to give in/ruction at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ! ,bald1 & aft]w>d at ,ox=d4 ,he oppos$ ! prevail+ t5d5cies ( ! mona/]ies to base all tea*+ on au?ority1 & made its f\ndation philosophy & reason4 ,s*wegl]#cc d5om9ates ,anselm 7born ab\t #ajcc7 z ! beg9n] & f\nd] ( s*ola/icism4 ,?us x 0 n till ! elev5? c5tury t !re 0 develop$ any?+ t might be prop]ly t]m$ a ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,?is 0 ! s-call$ s*ola/icism4#cd ,great] ?an ei!r ( ^! 0 ,abel>d 7born #ajgi71 :o by 8 eloqu5ce attract$ great numb]s ( /ud5ts to ,p>is4 ,x is said t few tea*]s ev] held su* sway z did ,abel>d = a "t4 ,he made ,p>is ! c5t] ( ! s*ola/ic movem5t1 attract+ /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he did m ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors to give accept$ ecclesia/ical doctr9es a rational expression4 ,s*ola/icism influ5c$ ! e/abli%m5t ( in/itutions ( le>n+ 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 "s ( :i* lat] develop$ into great univ]sities4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,duns ,scotus1 & ,occam may also be m5tion$ z great s*oolm54 ,( ! fir/ two ,s*wegl] says1#ce ,at ! summit ( s*ola/icism we mu/ place ! two inconte/ably greate/ ma/]s ( ! s*ola/ic art & me?od1 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,dom9ican1 #abbe-abgd7 & ,duns ,scotus 7,franciscan1 #abfe-acjh71 ! f\nd]s ( two s*ools1 into :i* aft] !m ! :ole s*ola/ic !ology divides itself1--! =m] exalt+ ! und]/&+ 7intellectus71 & ! latt] ! w 7voluntas71 z ! highe/ pr9ciple1 bo? be+ driv5 into ess5tially diff]+ directions by ?is opposition ( ! !oretical & practical4 ,ev5 ) ?is began ! d[nfall ( s*ola/icism2 its highe/ po9t 0 also ! turn+ po9t to its self-de/ruction4 ,! rationality ( ! dogmas1 ! on5ess ( fai? & k1 _h be5 con/antly _! fundam5tal premise2 b ?is premise fell away1 & ! :ole basis ( _! metaphysics 0 giv5 up 9 pr9ciple ! mom5t ,duns ,scotus plac$ ! problem ( !ology 9 ! practical4 ,:5 ! practical & ! !oretical became divid$1 & /ill m :5 ?\ght & be+ 7 sep>at$ by nom9alism1 philosophy broke loose f !ology & k f fai?4 ,k assum$ its position above fai? & above au?ority1 & ! religi\s consci\sness broke ) ! traditional dogma4 ,t[>d ! end1 ano!r ?+ contribut$ to ! d[nfall ( s*ola/icism4 ,! philosophical subtleties ( discussion made ! s*oolm5 lose sight ( ! ma9 issue1 & devote !mselves to ! mo/ ridicul\s que/ions4#cf ,s*wick]a? rem>ks1#cg ,x c n & ne$ n be d5i$ t ! education imp>t$ by ! m$iaeval s*ola/ics 0 9 _m reg>ds defective4 ,x 0 at once too dogmatic & disputati\s4 ,lit]>y /udies 7 comp>atively neglect$2 frequ5tly too mu* importance 0 atta*$ to purely dialectical subtleties4444 ,! defects ( s*ola/icism became especially manife/ 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 :5 mu* "t & en]gy 7 wa/$ 9 discuss+ useless ref9em5ts ( ?\ght4 ,t x did a great deal ( good w appe> f ! foll[+ summ>y3-- ,summ>y ( ! ,b5efits ( ,s*ola/icism4--#a4 ,x attempt$ to h>monize philosophy ) ,*ri/ianity1 & may be call$ ! fir/ ,*ri/ian philosophy4 #b4 ,x s\ght to base le>n+ on reason & inve/igation1 r ?an on au?ority4 ,9 ?is we f9d ! fir/ impulse ( t movem5t :i* lat] l$ to ! f\nd+ ( sci5ce4 #c4 ,_m univ]sities 7 e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! s*ola/ic influ5ce1 notably1 ,p>is1 ,heidelb]g1 ,bologna1 ,prague1 & ,vi5na4 #d4 ,:ile x fail$ to e/abli% !m1 x at lea/ recogniz$ ! desirabl5ess ( a univ]sal language = s*ools1 & a univ]sal *ur* = man4 #e4 ,al?\gh1 ) ! exception ( ! univ]sities :i* x f\nd$1 its direct "w 9 education _c be said to h be5 p]man5t1 yet x imp>t$ fre% vigor to educational endeavors4 #f4 ,s*wegl] says1#ch ,x 444 introduc$ to ! _w ano!r pr9ciple ?an t ( ! old ,*ur*1 ! pr9ciple ( ! ?9k+ _s1 ! self-consci\sness ( ! reason1 or at lea/ prep>$ ! way = ! victory ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,ev5 ! de=mities & unfavorable side ( s*ola/icism1 ! _m absurd que/ions ^u :i* ! s*ola/ics divid$1 ev5 _! ?\s&fold unnecess>y & accid5tal di/9ctions1 _! inquisitiv5ess & subtleties1 all sprang f a rational pr9ciple1 & grew out ( a _s ( inve/igation1 :i* c\ld only utt] itself 9 ?is way "u ! all-p[]ful ecclesia/ical _s ( ! "t4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #ga4 #cc ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 p4 #ahf4 #cd ,ibid41 p4 #ahe4 #ce ,ibid41 p4 #ahf4 #cf ,see ,k4 ,s*midt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfe1 = subjects ( ^! discussions4 #cg ,jesuit ,education1 p4 #df4 #ch ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 p4 #ahi4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,*>lemagne ,lit]ature4--,f]ris1 ,great ,lead]s2 ,em]ton1 ,introduction to ! ,middle ,ages2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,wells1 ,! ,age ( ,*>lemagne2 ,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,*ur*1 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,laurie1 ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities2 ,bulf9*1 ,leg5ds ( ,*>lemagne2 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,article on ,*>lemagne4 ,hi/ory1 ,"*1 & ,purpose4--,*>lemagne 0 n only ! greate/ rul] ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b "o ( ! greate/ & wise/ rul]s ! _w has kn[n4 ,by bir? & in/9ct he belong$ to ! ,teutonic race1 to :i*1 z be=e /at$1 ! _w's enlight5m5t has be5 committ$4 ,l ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,*>lemagne unit$ _m peoples into "o1 until he rul$ ov] ! t]ritory n[ includ$ 9 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy1--9 fact1 8 empire compris$ ! ri*e/ "p ( c5tral ,europe4 ,he design$ to rebuild ! ,roman ,empire1 & 0 cr[n$ ,emp]or ( ,rome by ! ,pope1 9 ! ye> #hjj4 ,:ile he protect$ ! ,pope & 0 loyal to him1 he did n admit ! papal supremacy 9 matt]s ( ,/ate4 ,two v important influ5ces 7 wisely utiliz$ by ,*>lemagne 9 8 "w ( civilization1 namely1 ! political ideas ( ! ,teutons1 & ! adh]+ p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,he *]i%$ ,g]man cu/oms1 & left1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 _m monum5ts ( 8 love = t p4 ,he 0 ( comm&+ pres5ce1 be+ sev5 feet 9 height1 & ( good proportions1 blond 9 type1 & ( g5ial mann]s4 ,8 real capital 0 at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 b ,rome 0 a nom9al capital4 ,bulf9* says ( ,*>lemagne3 ,:e!r we reg>d him z a w>rior or legislator1 z a patron ( le>n+ or z ! civiliz] ( a b>b>\s nation1 he is entitl$ to our w>me/ admiration4 ,if 8 successors _h possess$ ! ability1 ent]prise1 & bread? ( view t *>act]iz$ him1 ! _w might nev] h kn[n ! p]iod 9 hi/ory commonly call$ ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,p]sonal ,education4--,:5 ,*>lemagne arriv$ at ! e/ate ( manhood & asc5d$ ! ?rone1 he 0 ignorant ( lett]s & lack$ any consid]able intellectual tra9+4 ,8 education _h be5 t ( ! knight :o believ$ t skill 9 ! use ( arms & physical pr[ess 7 ( f> m importance ?an a k ( lett]s4#ci ,aft] he _h come to ! ?rone1 & especially aft] he _h conqu]$ 8 foes & _h leisure to /udy ! welf>e ( 8 p1 he realiz$ 8 defici5cies1 & s\ght to ov]come !m by dilig5t /udy4 ,he call$ to 8 c\rt ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! _w1 receiv$ p]sonal in/ruction f !m1 & _h !m read to him & conv]se ) him :ile at 8 meals4 ,9 ?is way he ov]came1 9 a measure1 ! defects ( 8 e>ly education4 ,he ?or\ghly ma/]$ ,lat91 became famili> ) ,greek1 & le>n$ also gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 music1 a/ronomy1 & natural hi/ory4 ,he nev] le>n$ to write well1 ow+ to ! late p]iod ( life at :i* he began1 & to ! clums9ess ( ! h& accu/om$ to wield+ ! sword r ?an ! p54 ,among 8 in/ructors 0 ,alcu9 ( ,engl&1 ! mo/ celebrat$ tea*] ( 8 "t4 ,*>lemagne e/abli%$ ! ,s*ool ( ! ,palace1 & plac$ ,alcu9 at its head4 ,"h ! *ildr5 ( ! emp]or z well z 8 c\rti]s 7 taught4 ,he _h 8 own daught]s le>n ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,france is indebt$ to ,alcu9 = its polite le>n+4 ,alcu9 0 also ! c\nselor ( ! emp]or 9 ! educational matt]s ( ! empire1 & x 0 probably 8 influ5ce t l$ ,*>lemagne to adopt su* broad views conc]n+ ! culture ( 8 p4 ,g5]al ,education4--,we h se5 t ! prevail+ idea 0 t education %\ld subs]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,*>lemagne turn$ ! curr5t ( ?\ght t[>d ! national idea4 ,he believ$ 9 religi\s tra9+1 b want$ to f\nd a great ,/ate1 & !re=e insi/$ t ^? ?+s :i* enc\rag$ intellig5t patriotism %\ld be taught4 ,he protect$ ! ,*ur*1 b insi/$ t ! ,*ur* 0 subord9ate to ! ,/ate1 & t 8 w 0 law ov] bo?4 ,consequ5tly he requir$ prie/s to prea* 9 ! native tongues r ?an 9 ,lat91 & decre$ t mona/]ies t w\ld n op5 _! doors to *ildr5 = s*ool purposes %\ld be clos$4 ,! prie/s1 he insi/$1 %\ld be able to read & write1 %\ld h a k ( ! ,holy ,scriptures & ( ! *ief doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 & %\ld in/ruct ! p 9 ^! ?+s4 ,! sev5 lib]al arts =m$ ! basis ( s*ool in/ruction4 ,monks 7 n to rema9 9 idl5ess & ignorance1 b 7 requir$ to tea*1 n only 9 ! mona/]ies1 b also outside ( !m4 ,he also enc\rag$ education among 8 nobles1 & pla9ly intimat$ t m]it & n noble bir? w\ld entitle !m to favor4 ,*>lemagne visit$ ! s*ools himself1 & requir$ ! bi%op to report to him _! condition4 ,he ?us became a sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 be+ z famili> ) ! educational int]e/s ( 8 k+dom z he 0 ) e o!r int]e/4 ,he s\ght to tea* fir/ ! prie/s & nobles1 & aft] t ! masses ( 8 p4 ,he introduc$ ! practice ( compulsory education = all *ildr51 & decre$ t truant *ildr5 be fir/ depriv$ ( food z puni%m5t1 & if t did n suffice1 t !y be br\ght be=e him4 ,read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & s++ 7 taught1 especial att5tion be+ giv5 to music1 :i* 0 ( use 9 ! *ur* s]vices4 ,! ,apo/les' ,cre$ & ! ,"l's ,pray] 7 also taught4 ,9 #hja ,*>lemagne decre$ t wom5 & *ildr5 %\ld receive in/ruction 9 ! doctr9es ( religion1 because he believ$ religion to be ! f\ndation ( a civiliz$ nation4 ,*>lemagne's c>e] %9es out 9 brilliant contra/ ) ! ignorance & sup]/ition ( 8 age4 ,! _w 0 n yet ripe = 8 advanc$ ideas1 h5ce :5 ! "w lo/ ! support ( 8 /rong p]sonality1 its effects soon became oblit]at$1 & a retrogression ( civilization result$4 ,! cl]gy1 :o _h ent]ta9$ b little sympa?y = ! ent]prises ( ! emp]or1 soon clos$ ! mona/]ies to outside /ud5ts1 & return$ to ! same practices f :i* ! au?ority & en]gy ( ,*>lemagne _h ar\s$ !m4 ,8 "w 0 n :olly 9 va91 h[ev]1 = he laid ! f\ndations ( ! ,prussian s*ool sy/em4#dj ,summ>y ( ,*>lemagne's ,"w4--#a4 ,he elevat$ ! cl]gy by dem&+ great] educational qualifications ( !m & by insi/+ t !y d _! duty4 #b4 ,he gave dignity to native tongues by requir+ ! prie/s to prea* m frequ5tly 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! p1 & ?us help$ to make ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( great] pr(it to ! p4 #c4 ,he op5$ ! cloi/]s to ! purposes ( education1 & !reby greatly ext5d$ _! usefulness4 #d4 ,he s\ght to p]petuate religion & insure ! /ability ( 8 empire by mak+ education compulsory & univ]sal4 #e4 ,he believ$ 9 ! education ( wom54 #f4 ,he laid ! f\ndations ( future s*ool sy/ems1 & indicat$ c]ta9 pr9ciples t are /ill recogniz$ z valid4 ,,footnotes3 #ci ,see ,feudal ,education1 ,*ap4 ,,xxii4 #dj ,pr(essor ,masius1 ,lectures 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,alfr$ ,,! ,,great ,lit]ature4--,f]ris1 ,great ,lead]s2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,momb]t1 ,great ,lives2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,gre51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,hi/ory & ,"*4--,alfr$ became k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons 9 #hga at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,z a boy he _h already %[n rem>kable en]gy & ability1 & z a man he m ?an fulfill$ ! promise ( 8 e>ly ye>s4 ,engl& 0 divid$ into sev]al k+doms1 ! ,danes hav+ tak5 possession ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl&4 ,alfr$ c>ri$ on w> aga9/ !m = _m ye>s ) v>y+ success1 until he made peace by skillful diplomacy 9 giv+ !m t]ritory4 ,he aft]w>d %[$ rem>kable /atesman%ip 9 w9n+ !m to peaceful acquiesc5ce 9 8 sov]eignty1 & ?us he came to rule ov] unit$ ,engl&4 ,he laid ! f\ndation ( ,engl&'s naval greatness by build+ %ips to def5d ! c\ntry aga9/ ,dani% pirates4 ,_m /ories are told ( 8 simplicity1 8 p]sev]ance1 8 /rategy 9 defeat+ 8 enemies1 & ! love ) :i* he inspir$ 8 p4 ,k>l ,s*midt says1 ,alfr$1 z victor 9 fifty-six battles1 z lawgiv]1 z k+ & sage1 z ,*ri/ian & man1 z husb& & fa!r1 is rightly call$--',! ,great4' ,he 0 v me?odical 9 8 habits1 & divid$ 8 day into ?ree equal p>ts ( eight h\rs ea*3 eight h\rs he gave to gov]nm5t1 eight h\rs to religi\s devotion & /udy1 & ! o!r eight h\rs to sleep1 recreation1 & ! recup]ation ( 8 body4 ,education4--,alfr$ did n le>n to read until twelve ye>s ( age4 ,8 "m !n /imulat$ him by ! promise ( a book to t "o ( h] sons :o %\ld fir/ commit to memory a ,saxon poem4 ,) indomitable en]gy he ma/]$ read+1 le>n$ ! poem1 & secur$ ! prize4 ,?r\gh\t 8 life he gave mu* att5tion to lit]>y matt]s4 ,he translat$ _m portions ( ! ,bible1 z well z o!r books1 into ,anglo-,saxon1 & enc\rag$ lit]>y ef=ts 9 o!rs4 ,)\t d\bt ! intellectual activity ( ,*>lemagne act$ z a spur to ,alfr$'s p]sonal ambition & to 8 desire to elevate 8 p4 ,al?\gh he did n foll[ ! example ( ,*>lemagne 9 seek+ univ]sal education = 8 p1 he did urge t ! *ildr5 ( e freeman %\ld be able to read & write1 & %\ld h in/ruction 9 ,lat94 ,! di/9ction ?us made 9 ! purposes ( ^! two great rul]s has be5 p]petuat$ till ! pres5t "t1 ! ,g]mans enc\rag+ univ]sal education1 :ile ! ,engli% h att5d$ *iefly to ! education ( ! high] classes4 ,alfr$ e/abli%$ _m mona/]ies & made !m c5t]s ( le>n+4 ,x seems cle> t he assi/$ 9 lay+ ! f\ndations f :i* ,ox=d ,univ]sity grew4 ,he left 8 impress ^u ! ,engli% p z no o!r rul] has done1 implant+ love = law1 ju/ice1 fre$om1 national honor1 & ! dome/ic virtues :i* *>act]ize t nation4 ,8 influ5ce is felt ^u ,engli% in/itutions to ?is day4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,feudal ,,education ,lit]ature4--,/ille1 ,/udies 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory2 ,bulf9*1 ,leg5ds ( ,*>lemagne2 ,em]ton1 ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,em]ton def9es feudalism z an organization ( society bas$ ^u ! abs5ce ( a /rong controll+ p[] at ! c5t] ( ! ,/ate4#da ,x m>ks a /ep 9 ! reorganization ( society :i* 0 sl[ly go+ =w>d dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 an elem5t 9 ! movem5t t[>d fre$om1 9 :i* m5 ( l>ge l&$ possessions ga9$ ! allegiance ( vassals by gifts ( l&1 9 return = :i* ! latt] b\nd !mselves to def5d ! =m] 9 case ( attack4 ,! tie by :i* ! high] freeman b\nd ! l[] "o to himself 0 ord9>ily a gift ( ! use ( a c]ta9 tract ( l&1 toge!r ) m or less ext5sive rights ( jurisdiction ov] ! dwell]s !reon4 ,by means ( ?is gift he secur$ ! s]vice ( ! less] man 9 w>1 & z w> 0 ! normal condition ( ?+s1 su* s]vice 0 ! mo/ valuable paym5t he c\ld receive4#db ,:ile x is true t ! feudal lords 7 9 _m cases little else ?an robb] *iefta9s1 especially 9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! sy/em1 x w\ld be false to hi/ory to picture !m 9 g5]al z be+ ( t "*4 ,! knights 7 *ivalr\s 9 battle1 ev] ready to fight = _! religion1 z %[n 9 ! crusades1 to def5d ! weak1 to %[ greate/ respect = woman1 & to ma9ta9 fre$om4 ,=tifi$ 9 an impregnable ca/le on "s em95ce1 ) 8 loyal reta9]s ab\t him1 ! feudal b>on 0 able to defy k+s4 ,! sy/em m>ks a /age 9 ! developm5t ( civilization1 & :5 feudalism fell into decl9e its purpose _h be5 fulfill$4 ,) su* an indep5d5t mann] ( liv+1 & su* ideas ( _! own rights1 x is n /range t ! knights _h a =m ( education peculi> to !mselves1 & ?is education is full ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t4 ,!re 0 little 9 ! s*ool+ ( ! mona/]ies t c\ld appeal to !m1 & _! ideas ( manhood 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ! ecclesia/ics4 ,pr[ess 9 ! use ( arms1 skill 9 horseman%ip1 acqua9tance ) ! *ivalric =ms ( polit5ess & ) knightly mann]s1 7 ( f> m importance to !m ?an ability to read & write4 ,inde$1 !y despis$ book-le>n+ z some?+ b5ea? _! own dignity1 h[ev] suitable x might be = _! vassals4 ,9 su* a s*ool z ?is ,*>lemagne grew up4 ,x 0 a s*ool ( action r ?an ( ?\ght2 a s*ool :i* look$ to ! pres5t r ?an ! future4 ,! education ( ! knights 0 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! prevail+ modes4 ,in/ead ( ! sev5 lib]al arts1 ! sev5 p]fections ( ! knight 7 taught1--horseman%ip1 swimm+1 use ( b[ & arr[1 swordsman%ip1 hunt+1 *ess-play+1 & v]se-mak+4 ,_! purpose 0 to prep>e = ! activities ( ! life 9 :i* _! lot 0 ca/2 t ( ! mona/]ies 0 to pres]ve le>n+ to fit m5 = ! duties ( ! ,*ur*1 & to prep>e !m = ! life to come4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t ! knight 0 unm9dful ( religion1 = he 0 induct$ into knigh?ood by mo/ solemn religi\s c]emonies & v[s4 ,! education ( ! knight 0 divid$ into ?ree p]iods4 ,fir/ ,p]iod4--,! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( ! boy's life 7 sp5t 9 ! home "u ! "m's c>eful direction4 ,ob$i5ce1 polit5ess1 & respect = old] p]sons 7 inculcat$1 & /ress 0 also laid ^u religi\s tra9+4 ,by ! developm5t ( /rong & heal?y bodies ! boys 7 well prep>$ = ! lat] education ^u :i* !y ent]$ aft] ! sev5? ye>4 ,second ,p]iod4--,aft] ! sev5? ye> ! boy 0 g5]ally remov$ f home to ! c>e ( "s fri5dly knight1 9 ord] t he might receive a /rict] tra9+4 ,"h he rema9$ till 8 f\rte5? ye>1 *iefly "u ! c>e ( ! lady :om he s]v$ z page4 ,he 0 taught music1 poetry1 *ess1 & "s simple intellectual /udies1 besides ! duties ( knigh?ood1 especially 9 relation to ! treatm5t ( wom51 & to c\rtly mann]s4 ,?ird ,p]iod4--,at f\rte5 ! boy left ! s]vice ( 8 lady & became an esquire to ! knight4 ,he n[ att5d$ 8 ma/] ^u ! *ase1 at t\rnam5ts1 & 9 battle4 ,he 0 taught all ! arts ( w>1 ( rid+1 j\/+1 f5c+4 ,x 0 necess>y t he %\ld h a wat*ful eye to av]t dang]1 protect 8 ma/]1 & quickly anticipate 8 e wi%4 ,! s]vice ( ?is p]iod complet$ 8 education1 & at tw5ty-"o he 0 knight$ ) impos+ c]emonies4 ,aft] p>tak+ ( ! sacram5t1 he took v[s to speak ! tru?1 def5d ! weak1 honor womanhood1 & use 8 sword = ! def5se ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is =m ( education 0 mo/ pot5t 9 pres]v+ knigh?ood = sev]al c5turies & 0 a p[]ful factor 9 %ap+ ! de/9ies ( ,europe4 ,x 0 fai?fulness to ! v[ to def5d ,*ri/ianity t l$ f9ally to ! ov]?r[ ( *ivalry1 z w appe> 9 ! /udy ( ! crusades4 ,education ( ,wom54--,! girls rema9$ at home & 7 taught ! dome/ic arts1 z well z ! =ms ( etiquette :i* 7 practic$ 9 ?is *ivalric age1 & :i* ! peculi> homage paid to woman made necess>y4 ,!y 7 also taught read+ & writ+1 & 7 expect$ to be famili> ) poetry4 ,daught]s ( ! bett] families 7 sometimes collect$ 9 "s ca/le1 :]e a k9d ( s*ool 0 organiz$1 9 :i* !y 7 in/ruct$ 9 read+1 writ+1 poetry1 s++1 & ! use ( /r+$ in/rum5ts1 religion1 & sometimes 9 ,fr5* & ,lat94 ,among no o!r class dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 su* great att5tion paid to ! education ( wom54 ,x 0 ! duty ( mo!rs to see t _! daught]s 7 c>efully prep>$ to su/a9 ! peculi> dignity ( feudal womanhood4 ,criticism ( ,feudal ,education4--#a4 ,x honor$ woman & gave h] ! highe/ position af=d$ by any sy/em dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 #b4 ,x gave ! _w a spl5did example ( *ivalry1 tea*+ manl9ess1 c\rage1 devotion to ! "r z x 0 und]/ood1 & ! esp\sal ( ! cause ( ! weak4 #c4 ,x contribut$ to lit]ature ?r\gh ! compositions ( ! ,m9nes+]s4 #d4 ,x c\nt]act$ ! ascetic t5d5cies ( ! mona/ics by enc\rag+ an active p>ticipation 9 life's affairs4 #e4 ,x re/rict$ its advantages to ! privileg$ class4 #f4 ,x despis$ intellectual tra9+1 :ile lay+ great /ress ^u physical pr[ess4 #g4 ,x lack$ ! elem5ts ( progress4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,m$iaeval ,europe1 p4 #dgh4 #db ,ibid41 p4 #dhj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,crusades ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,movem5t ,lit]ature4--,mi*aud1 ,! ,crusades2 ,/ubbs1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,momb]t1 ,great ,lives 7see ,godfrey72 ,my]s1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,ar*] & ,k+s=d1 ,! ,crusad]s2 ,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,&rews1 ,in/itutes ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory2 ,ridpa?1 ,libr>y ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory 7article on ! ,crusades74 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable movem5ts t took place dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7 ! crusades4 ,! ,s>ac5s _h ov]run & conqu]$ ! ,holy ,l&1 & ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! we/ attempt$ to recov] f ! h&s ( ! infidels ! soil made sacr$ by ! life & dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,= a long "t ! pilgrims :o made j\rneys to ! tomb ( ! ,savior 7 undi/urb$1 z _! pilgrimages 7 a s\rce ( pr(it to ! ,s>ac5s4 ,b :5 ! ,turks ga9$ possession ( ,j]usalem1 !y began to p]secute bo? ! native ,*ri/ians & ^? :o came f abroad4 ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 :o _h suff]$ f ^! cruelties at ,j]usalem1 return$ to ,europe1 & by 8 crude eloqu5ce & e>ne/ness /irr$ ! p almo/ to a fr5zy4 ,obta9+ ! sanction ( ! ,pope1 he ga!r$ an imm5se cr[d ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 & />t$ = ! ,holy ,l&4 ,!y enc\nt]$ great h>d%ips1 _m di$ ( hung]1 disease1 & ! ho/ility ( ! p ?r\gh ^: c\ntries !y pass$1 & ! remnant :o rea*$ ! ,bosporus1 7 totally de/roy$ by ,turki% soldi]s4 ,! fir/ successful crusade 0 organiz$ by ! feudal lords1 :o ga!r$ an army ( six hundr$ ?\s& m5 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,godfrey ( ,b\illon4 ,!y _h connect$ ) _! army "o hundr$ ?\s& spl5didly m\nt$ m54 ,aft] untold losses & horrors1 :i* r$uc$ _! =ces to sixty ?\s& m51 !y succe$$ 9 tak+ ,j]usalem4 ,!y e/abli%$ a ,lat9 k+dom ) ,godfrey at ! head1 & ?us accompli%$ ! purpose = :i* !y _h set out4 ,?is crusade la/$ f #ajif to #ajii4 ,= ab\t fifty ye>s ! ,lat9 k+dom held its own2 b x 0 con/antly h>ass$ by ! ,mohamm$ans1 until x became necess>y to organize a second crusade4 ,! lead]s 9 ?is 7 ,conrad ,,iii4 ( ,g]many & ,l\is ,,vii4 ( ,france4 ,jeal\sies soon arose betwe5 ! rival lead]s1 :o c>$ m = p]sonal glory ?an = ! purpose ( ! crusade4 ,z a result1 only a small portion ( ! ?ree hundr$ ?\s& soldi]s ev] rea*$ ! ,holy ,l&2 & ?is crusade1 :i* la/$ f #aadg to #aadi1 result$ 9 failure4 ,=ty ye>s lat] ,salad91 a ,mohamm$an rul]1 hav+ captur$ ,j]usalem1 a ?ird crusade 0 organiz$4 ,?is 0 l$ by ,ri*>d ! ,lion-,he>t$ ( ,engl&1 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa ( ,g]many1 & ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france4 ,b>b>ossa w5t ov]l&1 b ,ri*>d & ,philip1 pr(it+ by pa/ exp]i5ces1 made ! j\rney by wat]1 ?us accompli%+ x ) great] ease & few] losses4 ,! rivalries betwe5 ! diff]5t nationalities engag$ prev5t$ successful w>f>e2 b a truce 0 made ) ! humane ,salad91#dc :]eby he gu>ante$ protection to ! ,*ri/ians1 & ?us ! crusade came to an end4 ,?is crusade la/$ f #aahi to #aaib4 ,o!r crusades foll[$ f "t to "t = sev]al c5turies1 ) b little advantage ga9$ ov] ! conditions grant$ by ,salad94 ,results ( ! ,crusades4--,?is1 9 brief1 is a hi/orical acc\nt ( ! crusades4#dd ,x rema9s = u to note _! educational value4 #a4 ,!y drew v>i\s nations toge!r by "o common purpose4 #b4 ,!y increas$ ! k ( ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 culture1 products1 & civilization ( ! ,ea/4 #c4 ,!y /irr$ up comm]ce1 especially t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 mak+ ,v5ice & ,g5oa great comm]cial c5t]s4 #d4 ,!y broke up ! p[] ( feudalism4 ,"l & vassal toge!r ent]$ ^u ent]prises ( dang] & suff]+1 :i* 7 great level]s ( class di/9ction4 ,9 ! en?usiasm ( ! holy cause1 _m feudal lords dispos$ ( all _! worldly possessions1 & became z poor z _! vassals4 ,?is broke up ! feudal e/ates4 #e4 ,!y wid5$ ! horizon ( ?\ght1 made ,europeans m lib]al1 & prep>$ ! way = an intellectual & religi\s revival4 #f4 ,!y emancipat$ philosophy f !ology4 ,z a result ( movem5ts inaugurat$ by ! crusades1 ! univ]sity ( ,p>is e/abli%$ ! faculty ( philosophy sep>ate f t ( !ology4 #g4 ,g4 ,w4 ,cox says1 ,by roll+ back ! tide ( ,mohamm$an conque/ f ,con/ant9ople = upw>d ( f\r c5turies !y probably sav$ ,europe f horrors ! recital ( :i* might ev5 n[ make "o's e>s t+le4 ,,footnotes3 #dc ,see ,less+'s ,na?an d] ,weise4 #dd ,x w\ld be impossible to give a full hi/orical acc\nt ( ! crusades 9 a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to any /&>d "w on t subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sities ,lit]ature4--,laurie1 ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities2 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,pauls51 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities2 ,hur/1 ,life & ,lit]ature 9 ! ,fa!rl&2 ,bro!r ,az>ias1 ,essays ,educational4 ,we h se5 t ! ,*ur* _h almo/ entire control ( education dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?r\gh h] influ5ce s*ools 7 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$1 le>n+ 0 pres]v$1 & ! int]e/s ( civilization 7 promot$4 ,%e 0 also influ5tial 9 ! f\nd+ ( univ]sities1 ?\gh n to h] alone 7 ^! in/itutions due4 ,laurie says3-- ,n[ look+ fir/ to ! g]m out ( :i* ! univ]sities grew1 ,i ?9k we mu/ say t ! univ]sities may be reg>d$ z a natural developm5t ( ! ca!dral#de & mona/]y s*ools2 b if we seek = an ext]nal motive =ce urg+ m5 to und]take ! m pr(\nd & indep5d5t /udy ( ! lib]al arts1 we c f9d x only 9 ! ,s>ac5ic s*ools ( ,bagdad1 ,babylon1 ,alex&ria1 & ,cordova4 ,! ,s>ac5s 7 necess>ily br\ght into contact ) ,greek lit]ature1 j :5 ! we/]n ,*ur* 0 drift+ away f x2 & by _! translations ( ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 ,ari/otle1 & o!r ,greek classics1 !y re/or$ :at may be q accurately call$ ! 'univ]sity life' ( ! ,greeks4 ,! fir/ univ]sities1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be said to h be5 inspir$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nor did ! ,/ate assi/ 9 _! e/abli%m5t1 ?\gh x aft]w>d sanction$ !m1 & conf]r$ ^u !m _! peculi> privileges4 ,! fir/ univ]sities grew out ( organizations ( s*ol>s & /ud5ts :o jo9$ !mselves toge!r = ! purpose ( /udy & inve/igation4 ,! olde/ in/itution ( ?is k9d 0 t ( ,sal]no1 ,italy1 :i* ,laurie says 0 a public s*ool f ,a4,d4 #ajfj1 & a privileg$ s*ool f #aajj4 ,x taught m$ic9e only1 & 0 e/abli%$ by a conv]t$ ,jew4 ,x 0 entirely indep5d5t ( bo? ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & attract$ /ud5ts f _m c\ntries4 ,! next univ]sity 0 t ( ,bologna1 ,italy4 ,x also _h only "o faculty1 t ( law4 ,9 #aaeh ,fr$]ick ,i4 recogniz$ ! in/itution by giv+ x c]ta9 privileges4 ,x awak5$ widespread int]e/ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 s t by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury x is e/imat$ t twelve ?\s& /ud5ts _h flock$ to ,bologna1 mo/ ( !m f =eign l&s4 ,?is is an indication t ! revival ( le>n+ 0 q g5]al ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,b ! greate/ univ]sity ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 t ( ,p>is1 :i* attract$ at lea/ tw5ty ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,! univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 evolv$ f a ca!dral s*ool1 & x always reta9$ a /rong !ological t5d5cy4 ,philip ,augu/us gave x privileges z a corporation1 & ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 recogniz$ x z a high s*ool ( !ology4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 0 by no means n>r[1 z x 0 held t broad k 0 ess5tial z a prep>ation = !ological /udy4 ,consequ5tly x 0 n long be=e a philosophical faculty#df--! fir/ 9 hi/ory--0 add$ z sep>ate f ! !ological faculty4 ,! greate/ "n connect$ ) ! univ]sity ( ,p>is is t ( ,abel>d4 ,e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury he attract$ great numb]s ( /ud5ts1 & x 0 8 p]sonality t made ,p>is ! greate/ univ]sity ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 ,engl&1 0 f\nd$ 9 #aadj1dg t ( ,cambridge 9 #abjj4 ,! olde/ ,g]man univ]sity is ,prague1 f\nd$ 9 #acdh4 ,!n foll[3 ,vi5na1 #acfe2 ,heidelb]g1 #achf2 ,cologne1#c #achh2 ,erfurt1#dh #acib2 ,wu]zburg1 #adjc2 ,leipsic1 #adji2 ,ro/ock1 #adai2 ,greifswald1 #adef2 ,freiburg-im-,breisgau1 #adeg2 ,tri]1 #adgb2 ,tueb+51 #adgg2 & ,ma9z1 #adgg4 ,9 ,france1 aft] ,p>is1 ,t\l\se1 #abcc2 ,orleans1 ,cahors1 ,ca51 ,poiti]s1 ,nantes1 & o!rs dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! same c5tury at ,lund & ,upsala 9 ,sw$51 ,*ri/iania 9 ,norway1 & ,cop5hag5 9 ,d5m>k4 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl& also felt ?is wond]ful impulse4 ,^! univ]sities 7 usually model$ aft] t ( ,p>is4 ,! ,european univ]sities 7 e>ly grant$ c]ta9 privileges1 _m ( :i* are accord$ to ?is day4 ,inde$1 "s ( ^! privileges 7 assum$ & all[$ be=e ! in/itutions _h (ficial recognition by *>t]4 ,^! educational associations acquir$ s mu* influ5ce & p[] t pr9ces & popes vi$ ) ea* o!r to ga9 favor ) !m by grant+ !m special privileges4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is t ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ud5t body re/s ) ! univ]sity faculty1 bo? z to _! life 9 connection ) ! univ]sity1 & also outside ( x4 ,?us to ?is day if a /ud5t is arre/$ by ! police1 8 case is turn$ ov] to ! au?orities ( ! univ]sity = trial & puni%m5t4 ,?is 0 an important concession l>gely gr[+ out ( ! fact t a great _m ( ! /ud5ts 7 citiz5s ( o!r c\ntries ?an t 9 :i* ! univ]sity 0 locat$4 ,x w readily appe> t ?is privilege alone w\ld h a t5d5cy to create a _w = univ]sity /ud5ts & pr(essors ap>t f t ( ! citiz5s4 ,d\btless ! moral tone among ! =m] 0 (t5 v l[4 ,/ud5ts took advantage ( ! situation creat$ by _! peculi> privileges1 & disreg>d$ laws :i* ! citiz5s 7 oblig$ to obey4 ,conflicts betwe5 ^! two classes1 !re=e1 7 frequ5t & bitt]4 ,! univ]sities /imulat$ a desire = le>n+1 creat$ a respect = x1 & began a movem5t t[>d free inve/igation1 & = ! promulgation ( lib]al ideas1 :i* ga9s /r5g? ) ea* decade ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!y h greatly contribut$ to ! gr[? ( k1 to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 & to ! elevation ( mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 #de ,! ca!dral s*ools 7 in/itutions connect$ ) ea* ca!dral = ! purpose ( tra9+ prie/s = _! sacr$ (fice1 b !y 7 n limit$ entirely to prie/s4 ,in/ructions 9 ! sev5 lib]al arts 0 imp>t$1 & also 9 religion4 ,p>o*ial s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 _m places = ! purpose ( tra9+ *ildr5 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,*ur* s\ght to ext5d ! b5efits ( education to ! p z well z to ! prie/hood4 ,:ile ! p>o*ial s*ools 7 limit$ 9 _! in/ruction1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! e>ly cate*um5 s*ools1 ! *ang$ conditions ( ,*ri/ianity p]mitt$ a mu* broad] tra9+ ?an =m]ly4 #df ,! complete univ]sity has f\r faculties1 :i* embrace all human k4 ,! hi/orical ord] ( prec$5ce is z foll[s3 ,!ology 7#abei-fj71 ,law 7#abga71 ,m$ic9e 7#abgd71 & ,arts or ,philosophy 7#abha74 ,! la/ includes all subjects n embrac$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree4 ,?us all bran*es ( sci5ce1 hi/ory1 language1 ma!matics1 etc41 belong to ! philosophical faculty4 #dg ,laurie1 ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities4 #dh ,no long] 9 exi/5ce ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,mohamm$an ,,education ,lit]ature4--,w>n]1 ,libr>y ( ! ,_w's ,be/ ,lit]ature 7see article on ! ,koran72 ,johonnot1 ,geographical ,read]2 ,lane-,poole1 ,/ory ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa92 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory2 ,?alheim]1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,/ille1 ,/udies 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory2 ,irv+1 ,mahomet & 8 ,successors2 ,*ur*1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ! ,middle ,ages2 ,&rews1 ,in/itutes ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory2 ,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,my]s1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,momb]t1 ,great ,lives2 ,cl>ke1 ,t5 ,great ,religions2 ,f]ris1 ,great ,lead]s2 ,laurie1 ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities2 ,walk]1 ,john ,brisb51 ,! ,build+ ( an ,empire 7,cosmopolitan1 ,feb4-,sept41 #ahii72 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 #aga1 p4 #ged4 ,we h ?us f> describ$ ! "w ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,p>allel ) ?is & almo/ entirely indep5d5t ( x grew ! educational "w ( ! ,moslems4 ,?is 0 a v important movem5t mo/ valuable to civilization4 ,hi/ory ( ,mohamm$anism4--,mohamm$anism dates f ! "t ( ! ,hegira1 or flight ( ,mohamm$ f ,mecca1 ,a4,d4 #fbb4 ,f ?is date ,moslems reckon _! "t1 z ! ,*ri/ian _w reckons f ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,mohamm$ fir/ appe>$ z prophet :5 =ty ye>s ( age4 ,! religion ( ! ,arabs 0 a mo/ degrad$ "o1 & !re 0 great ne$ ( ! re=mation :i* ,mohamm$ und]took4 ,! prophet 0 n well receiv$ at fir/1 &1 be+ oblig$ to flee f ,mecca1 he retir$ to a cave at ,m$9a1 :]e he m$itat$ & /udi$4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is retirem5t t he wrote ! ,koran1 ! ,bible ( ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,he claim$ t ! angel ,gabriel appe>$ to him1 giv+ him a new revelation1 :i* 0 m significant ?an t ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,inde$1 ^! s-call$ revelations 7 /rangely suit$ to ! v>y+ ambition ( ! f\nd] ( ?is religion4 ,! ,koran tea*es t z ,jesus 0 great] ?an ,moses1 s ,mohamm$ 0 great] ?an ,jesus4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! new religion 0 an improvem5t ^u ! degrad$ =m ( wor%ip t ,mohamm$ f\nd among ! ,arabs1 or t 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 activity he did mu* to purify & elevate 8 p4 ,b z he ga9$ great numb]s ( adh]5ts1 & z he acquir$ p[]1 ,mohamm$ became a w>rior1 & attempt$ by ! sword to compel belief 9 8 doctr9es4 ,moslemism met ) su* wond]ful success t already1 dur+ ! life ( ,mohamm$1 all ,arabia 0 conqu]$ to ?is belief1 :ile 8 successors spread 8 tea*+s into nor!rn ,africa1 we/]n ,asia1 ,spa91 & ,turkey4 ,!y c>ri$ _! triumphant arms into ,france1 until !y 7 *eck$ by ,*>les ,m>tel2 !y ov]ran ,au/ria & ?reat5$ ! complete subjugation ( s\!a/]n ,europe1 until ,john ,sobieski dealt !m a cru%+ bl[ be=e ! gates ( ,vi5na1 & =ev] de/roy$ _! ambition = nor!rn conque/2 !y occupi$ ,spa9 = sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 & /ill reta9 ,turkey z _! sole ,european possession2 !y h ext5d$ _! p[] ov] _m p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa1 until n[ !y numb] ab\t two hundr$ million s\ls4 ,! five *ief ,moslem precepts are3-- #a4 ,confession ( ! unity ( ,god4 ,!re is "o ,god1 & ,mohamm$ is 8 prophet4 #b4 ,/at$ pray]4 #c4 ,almsgiv+4 #d4 ,! fa/ ( ,ramadan1 ! n9? mon? ( ! ,mohamm$an ye>4 #e4 ,obs]vance ( ! fe/ival ( ,mecca4 ,e ,moslem is expect$ to make a pilgrimage to ,mecca at lea/ once 9 8 lifetime4 ,education4--,:5 ,mohamm$anism became secure 9 its p[]1 x turn$ its att5tion to education4 ,! successors ( ,mohamm$ 7 call$ caliphs1 & ! caliphs ( ,bagdad & ,cordova rival$ ea* o!r 9 fo/]+ le>n+4 ,s*ools 7 e/abli%$ 9 all l>ge ,moslem cities & 9 _m small] t[ns4 ,_! s*ol>s translat$ ! works ( ,ari/otle & o!r ,greek au?ors4 ,!y taught ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 philosophy1 & gramm>4 ,!y orig9at$ ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 & made great advances 9 ! /udy ( algebra & trigonometry4 ,!y also measur$ ! e>?1 & made catalogues ( ! />s4 ,e bran* ( k 0 /udi$1 & /ud5ts 7 attract$ f all p>ts ( ,europe to _! s*ools1 especially to ,cordova4 ,/ud5ts liv$ 9 colleges ) ! pr(essors1 & !re 0 an atmosph]e ( culture & inve/igation n equal$ 9 any ( ! ,*ri/ian univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,spa9 rea*$ ! summit ( ,moslem education dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,hakem ,,iii4 7#ifa-igf74 ,?is k+ fo/]$ education1 be+ himself a man ( le>n+4 ,he _h a private libr>y ( six hundr$ ?\s& volumes4 ,education 0 n conf9$ simply to ! high] s*ools & univ]sities4 ,!re 7 also a great _m elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! fir/ "w ( ^! 0 to tea* ! ,koran1 :i* 0 us$ z a read+ book4 ,! ,koran gives u ! mo/ p]fect picture ( ! ori5tal m9d t we possess4 ,*ildr5 ( ! poor att5d$ s*ool f _! fif? till _! eigh? ye>1 :5 !y 7 all[$ to g to s]vice4 ,*ildr5 ( ! ri* ent]$ s*ool at _! fif? ye> & rema9$ till _! f\rte5? or fifte5? ye>4 ,aft] t1 if p>5ts c\ld af=d x1 boys travel$ until _! tw5tie? ye>1 "u c>e ( a tutor4 ,?is complet$ _! education4 ,any p]son c\ld tea* :o *ose to d s1 no au?ority fix+ ! qualifications ( tea*]s4 ,! ,mohamm$an s*ools began to decl9e 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 b little att5tion is paid to education 9 any ( ! c\ntries "u ! sway ( ,islam4 ,,g5]al ,,summ>y ,,( ,,educational ,,progress ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages #a4 ,paganism gave way to ,*ri/ianity1 & ! b5ign influ5ce ( ! latt] began to be felt 9 ! recognition ( ! importance ( ! individual4 #b4 ,! ,*ur* und]took ! direction ( education1 :i*1 ?\gh necess>ily limit$ *iefly to ! ecclesia/ics1 _h also a great influ5ce ^u ! masses at l>ge4 #c4 ,! ,*ur* ,fa!rs 7 ! lead]s 9 intellectual z well z 9 spiritual matt]s1 :ile monks & prie/s 7 ! pr9cipal tea*]s4 #d4 ,! mona/]ies 7 ! c5t]s ( educational activity1 bo? 9 fo/]+ s*ol>%ip & 9 pres]v+ classic lit]ature4 #e4 ,secul> c\rses ( /udy 7 e/abli%$1 ! mo/ important be+ ! sev5 lib]al arts4 #f4 ,education 0 bas$ on au?ority1 & free inve/igation f\nd b little enc\ragem5t1 except among ! s*ola/ics4 #g4 ,! ,/ate assum$ no "p 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,*>lemagne's educational "w is an exception to ?is rule4 ,he ass]t$ ! pr]ogative ( ! ,/ate to control education1 recogniz$ ! necessity ( univ]sal education1 & ! pr9ciple ( compulsory att5dance4 #h4 ,! crusades *eck$ ! gr[? ( feudalism1 ar\s$ ! intellectual z well z ! spiritual en]gies ( ! p1 l$ to a broad] conception ( man's duty to 8 fell[-man1 & prep>$ ! way = great] religi\s & political fre$om4 #i4 ,z an important result ( ! /imulat$ educational activity1 bo? among ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans1 _m univ]sities 7 f\nd$4 #aj4 ,! ,middle ,ages1 says ,em]son1 gave u decimal numb]s1 gunp[d]1 glass1 *emi/ry1 & go?ic ar*itecture1 & _! pa9t+s are ! delight & tuition ( our age4#di ,,footnotes3 #di ,em]son1 ,progress ( ,culture 9 ,lett]s & ,social ,aims1 p4 #bjd4 ,bo/on1 #ahie4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,r5aissance ,lit]ature4--,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,&rews1 ,in/itutes ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory2 ,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,reeve1 ,petr>*2 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy2 ,seebohm1 ,era ( ,prote/ant ,revolution2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory2 ,drap]1 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe2 ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature2 ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education2 ,dr4 ,ludwig ,pa/or1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ed1 etc4 ,z ! fifte5? c5tury drew to a close !re 7 unmi/akable evid5ces ( ! dawn ( a bett] day1 & ! long p]iod kn[n z ! ,d>k ,ages 0 to be succe$$ by a bright] & m glori\s era4 ,! sway ( ! ,*ur* ov] ! consci5ces1 lives1 & mat]ial int]e/s ( m5 0 disput$2 ! feudal sy/em _h begun to dis9tegrate2 ! _w _h be5 ar\s$ to new ent]prise by ! discov]y & exploration ( di/ant cont95ts1 by ! inv5tion ( pap]1 ! pr9t+ press1 gunp[d]1 & ! m>9]'s compass2 ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( a/ronomy _h be5 sup]s$$ by t ( ,cop]nicus2 ! great empires ( ! ,middle ,ages _h disappe>$1 & ^u _! ru9s _h be5 con/ruct$ small] nationalities :i* spoke a language ( _! own4 ,! p]iod 9 :i* ^! rem>kable *anges 7 tak+ place is kn[n z t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,x _c be conf9$ to def9ite *ronological limits1 b is ! p]iod ( transition f "o hi/orical /age to ano!r1 9 :i* !re 0 a gradual metamorphosis ( ! intellectual & moral /ate ( ,europe4 ,! ,r5aissance mu/ be view$ z an int]nal process :]eby spiritual en]gies lat5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 develop$ into actuality & =m$ a m5tal habit = ! mod]n _w4 ,x prep>$ ! way = ! ,re=mation1 & introduc$ ! era ( wond]ful progress ^u :i* mod]n civilization has ent]$4 ,x 0 ! new bir?1 ! reg5]ation 7r5asc5ce7 ( ! _w4 ,a mo/ important in/rum5tality = c>ry+ =w>d ! great "w ?us inaugurat$ 0 ! ,teutonic race4 ,! despis$ nor!rn b>b>ians1 :o _h conqu]$ ,rome1 _h become civiliz$ & ,*ri/ianiz$1 & 7 f\nd to possess ! /]l+ qualities :i* made !m capable ( be>+ ! great responsibilities ( progressive civilization4 ,! pr\d ,roman ,empire _h at la/ succumb$ to its int]nal weaknesses & vices1 & _h disappe>$ =ev] f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,) ! great] enlight5m5t ( m5 _h come once m an appreciation ( ! value ( ! classic languages1 & ,greek1 ! language ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire1 0 no long] reg>d$ ) antipa?y4 ,! revival ( le>n+1 :i* _h its inception 9 ,italy & spread nor?w>d1 f\nd its mo/ important expression 9 ! new int]e/ awak5$ 9 ! classic languages4 ,x is 9 ?is1 ! s-call$ humani/ic phase ( ! ,r5aissance1 t ! /ud5t ( education is *iefly int]e/$4 ,to ?is we turn our att5tion4 ,we h already allud$ to ! social conditions1 ! inv5tions1 & discov]ies1 :i* prep>$ ! way = ! revival ( le>n+4 ,new & p[]ful impulses 7 %ap+ ! progress ( ! _w1 & ! lead]s ( ! humani/ic movem5t 7 n sl[ to utilize ! in/rum5ts ?us opportunely furni%$ !m4 ,*ief among ^! 0 ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* enabl$ !m to multiply & di/ribute copies ( ! classics1 t _h be5 consign$ to comp>ative oblivion4 ,ano!r important elem5t mu/ be consid]$ if we are to und]/& ?is revival4 ,we h se5 t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! ecclesia/ics l>gely %ap$ ! intellectual activity ( ,europe1 t my/]y 0 made ( sci5ce1 & t ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 supreme on all que/ions ( education z well z ( religion4 ,a new & vital doctr9e 0 taught :i* _h mu* to d ) ! intellectual & spiritual emancipation ( man4 ,?is new doctr9e may be /at$ z foll[s3-- ,man is a rational1 volitional1 self-consci\s be+1 born ) capabilities & rights to enjoy :atev] good ! _w (f]s4 ,?is doctr9e1 x w readily appe>1 is capable ( be+ p]v]t$ to an excuse = unbridl$ lic5se1 z 0 done by ! ,italians2 or1 rightly int]pret$1 ( be+ productive ( great good1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,g]mans4 ,ano!r new doctr9e taught 0 t !re 0 goodness 9 man & 8 works ev5 previ\s to ! ,*ri/ian era1 & t a /udy ( ! writ+s ( all :o h contribut$ to human progress is ess5tial to culture1 & ( value to mank9d4 ,?is 0 an argum5t = ! revival ( ! /udy ( ,greek1 :i* _h = c5turies be5 neglect$4 ,inde$1 ,gibbon tells u t 9 ! "t ( ,petr>*1 ,no m ?an t5 vot>ies ( ,hom] c\ld be enum]at$ 9 all ,italy4 ,aga91 x 0 held t ! gates ( le>n+ mu/ be op5$ to all & n limit$ to ! cl]gy1 ! recluse1 & ! sage4 ,intellectual culture mu/ be (f]$ to all m51 to make !m bett] & happi]1 & is n to be conf9$ to ! few = ! purpose ( increas+ _! p[] & wid5+ ! brea* betwe5 ! classes4 ,! ,r5aissance made le>n+ popul>1 x creat$ a passion = culture1 x ar\s$ & /imulat$ widespread desire = great] enlight5m5t4 ,"s ( ! lead]s 9 ! movem5t1 h[ev]1 m]it$ opposition because ( _! ef=ts to introduce n only ! beauties ( pagan art & lit]ature1 b likewise "s ( _! lic5ti\sness4 ,we may n[ turn our att5tion to a m detail$ hi/ory ( ?is revival & its effect ^u diff]5t peoples1 & to a brief /udy ( "s ( its great lead]s4 ,humanism 9 ,italy4--,italy 0 ! fir/ to cat* ! impulse ( humanism4 ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury inspir$ m5 ) _! new ideas1 & set 9 motion influ5ces :i* 7 att5d$ ) results (t5 f> f good4 ,!y reviv$ ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek classics1 extract$ manuscripts f _! hidd5 ar*ives1 incit$ 9 society a passion = le>n+1 & creat$ a popul> lit]ature 9 _! own v]nacul>4 ,!y implant$ a love ( fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ! ,italian masses4 ,_! en?usiasm = ! new le>n+ attract$ s*ol>s f ,g]many1 ,france1 & o!r c\ntries1 :o spread ! influ5ce 9 _! own l&s4 ,! effect ( humanism ^u ! ,italian m9d & life 0 p]nici\s 9 ! extreme4 ,x l$ to infidelity1 to immorality1 & to a return to _m pagan practices4 ,?is 0 ow+ to two *ief causes4 ,fir/1 ! evil influ5ce ( _m lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & second1 ! passionate nature ( ! ,italian p4 ,k>l ,s*midt says1 ,humanism1 b n morality1 rul$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,bro!r ,az>ias1 9 speak+ ( ?is p]iod1 says3#ej ,! cl]gy lov$ _! own ease too well2 !y 7 too great pleasure-seek]s & gold-covet]s to att5d to _! flocks ) t pa/oral _s ( simplicity & good fai? t is to be witness$ 9 ! ,*ur* to-day4 ,! bi%ops 7 no bett]4 ,!y look$ = emolum5ts & c\rt favor4 ,ev5 ! bett] class ( ecclesia/ics gave !mselves up to ! intellectual luxury ( admir+ ,plato & imitat+ ,cic]o4 ,:ile a g5]al laxity ( morals 9 all ord]s ( religi\s life--among prie/ & monk1 pope & c>d9al--0 br++ odium on ! ,*ur*1 & weak5+ h] hold ^u ! p--especially ^u ! ,teutonic races--! se$s ( reg5]ation 7 g]m9at+ 9 h] own body4 ,%e 0 ev5 !n ! "m ( sanctity4444 ,! ,ca?olic hi]>*y at la/ realiz$ t ) !mselves %\ld beg9 ! re=mation !y w\ld see e/abli%$2 !y !re=e pron\nc$ ! mo/ )]+ d5unciations ^u ! cl]ical & religi\s abuses ( ! day4 ,! p int]pret$ ! tea*+ ( ,petr>* t ! _w 0 made = man's enjoym5t1 z a plea = lic5se & abs5ce ( re/ra9t4 ,ev5 monks & prie/s1 :o _h be5 held to ! rigid life ( ! cloi/]1 imbu$ ) ?is tea*+1 indulg$ 9 excesses t 7 subv]sive ( bo? morals & religion4#ea ,b )\t d\bt !re 0 a great intellectual movem5t 9 ,italy4 ,drap] says1 ,betwe5 #adgj & #aejj m ?an t5 ?\s& editions ( books & pamphlets 7 pr9t$1 & a majority ( !m 9 ,italy1 demon/rat+ t ,italy 0 9 ! van ( ! intellectual movem5t4 ,humanism 9 ,g]many4--,a f> diff]5t result 0 atta9$ among ! ,teutonic peoples4 ,! be/ /ud5ts ( ,g]many w5t to ,italy1 &1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! new education1 return$ to introduce x into _! own univ]sities4 ,be+ less directly "u ! influ5ces t obta9$ 9 ,italy1 & possess+ ! moral /ability :i* _h br\ght ! ,teutonic race to ! front1 ! ,g]mans obta9$ good :]e ! ,italians _h absorb$ evil4 ,! same pr9ciple1 ) diff]5t int]pretation1 "u diff]5t conditions1 & 9 diff]5t soil1 br\ght =? f> diff]5t fruit4 ,?us ,petr>*'s tea*+ 0 int]pret$ to mean t ! good ?+s ( e>? are n to be abus$1 & t man's acquirem5ts are to be consecrat$ to 8 self-developm5t & to ! glory ( ,god4 ,! ,g]man humani/s reviv$ ! /udy ( ! classics1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,hebrew1 until1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ^! languages 7 taught 9 e ,g]man univ]sity4 ,! ,bible 0 /udi$ 9 ! orig9al1 & classic writ+s 7 r$eem$ f obscurity1 pr9t$1 & giv5 to ! _w4 ,heidelb]g & ,tueb+5 became c5t]s ( ! humani/ic movem5t1 & ,agricola1 ,reu*l91 & ,erasmus 7 ! great lead]s4 ,artisan ,s*ools4--,dur+ ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies ano!r type ( s*ools fl\ri%$1 namely1 ! ,bu]g] or ,artisan ,s*ools1 ^: purpose1 contr>y to t ( ! humani/ic influ5ces1 0 to prep>e m5 = practical & useful "w1 & to fit = citiz5%ip4 ,! ne$ ( ^! s*ools grew out ( ! *ang$ conditions ( life1 especially ! gr[+ t5d5cy to live 9 cities & to divide labor into crafts4 ,!y 7 support$ by ! secul> au?orities1 & ultimately !y came to ex]t a great influ5ce ^u city gov]nm5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,hanseatic league4 ,_m ( ! tea*]s 7 prie/s1 & ! in/ruction 0 usually giv5 9 ! "m tongue4 ,^! s*ools fl\ri%$ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,d5m>k1 & o!r c\ntries1 & !y d\btless fur!r$ ! idea ( ! ma9t5ance ( education at public exp5se1 an idea t has come to h univ]sal acceptance4 ,summ>y ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,humanism4--#a4 ,x laid ! f\ndation = future lib]ty ( ?\ght & consci5ce4 #b4 ,x reviv$ ! /udy ( ! classic languages1 & gave !m a place 9 education :i* !y /ill hold4 #c4 ,x utiliz$ ! art ( pr9t+ by plac+ ! works ( anci5t au?ors 9 =m to be us$ by ! _w4 #d4 ,x increas$ ! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 ! univ]sities1 & /imulat$ intellig5ce among ! masses4 #e4 ,x *ang$ c\rses ( /udy1 mak+ !m m practical4 #f4 ,x ex]t$ an influ5ce on s*ools ( all k9ds by giv+ bett] prep>ation to tea*]s4 #g4 ,x /imulat$ all =ms ( elevat+ activity1--9 art1 9 sci5ce1 9 exploration1 9 inv5tion4 #h4 ,x prep>$ ! way = ! ,re=mation1 :i* broad5$ & p]fect$ ! "w ?us inaugurat$4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature1 p4 #abc4 #ea ,ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,humani/ic ,,educators ,lit]ature4--,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy2 ,reeve1 ,petr>*2 ,macaulay1 ,essays2 ,w>n]1 ,libr>y ( ! ,_w's ,be/ ,lit]ature 7see articles on ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio72 ,d',aubigne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,morris1 ,era ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolution2 ,lecl]c1 ,life ( ,erasmus2 ,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,mrs4 ,oliphant1 ,dante2 ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature2 ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education4 ,! mission ( ! humani/ic lead]s 0 to awake ! dead1 = ,greek _h become 9 ! fulle/ s5se a dead language1 & :ile classic ,lat9 0 /ill read1 its _s 0 n compreh5d$ & !re=e x also 0 practically dead4 ,we h se5 t ! ,italians 7 ! fir/ to cat* ! inspiration ( ?is revival1 & ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,engl& 7 invit$ to h] fea/4 ,! great lead]s ( ,italy 7 ,dante1 ,petr>*1 & ,boccaccio4 ,x is n ! purpose "h to discuss ^! m5 9 all ( _! intellectual activities1 b simply to consid] ! "p ( _! "w t _h a be>+ on education4 ,,! ,,italian ,,humani/s ,,dante 7#abfe-acba7 ,dante 0 born & educat$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 favor$ ) a devot$ tea*]1 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 :o 0 said to be a great philosoph] & a consummate ma/] ( rhetoric1 n only kn[+ h[ to speak well1 b to write well4 ,"u him ,dante became famili> ) all ( ! great ,lat9 poets1 ) philosophy1 hi/ory1 & !ology4 ,dante always spoke ( 8 tea*] ) great affection4 ,^? 7 times ( revolution & political di/urbance1 & ,dante 0 readily drawn into politics4 ,?is caus$ 8 bani%m5t & ev5 endang]$ 8 life4 ,dante's greate/ "w is ! ,div9e ,com$y1 :i* has made 8 "n immortal4 ,8 0 ! fir/ great "n 9 lit]ature aft] ! long d>k p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is said ( him t he 0 n ! re/or] ( classic antiquity1 b "o ( ! great prophets ( t re/oration4 ,he br\ght ! ,italian language into use 9 lit]ature & gave to x a dignity t x has nev] lo/4 ,dante prep>$ ! way = ! humani/ic movem5t & 0 !re=e an important factor 9 ?is great revival4 ,,petr>* 7#acjd-acgd7 ,! fa!r ( ,petr>* 0 an em95t juri/1 & he desir$ 8 son to adopt 8 pr(ession1 b ,petr>* _h nei!r ta/e nor capacity = ,roman law4 ,he 0 det]m9$ to be a man ( lett]s4 ,l ,dante1 he too mix$ 9 politics1 & sev]al important diplomatic positions 7 giv5 to him4 ,?\gh he succe$$ 9 le>n+ a little ,greek late 9 life1 ,petr>* 0 n a ,greek s*ol>4 ,?is did n h9d] him f be+ a w>m advocate ( ! claims ( ! ,greek language z an important elem5t ( a lib]al education4 ,al?\gh he possess$ a manuscript ( ,hom]1 ,hom] 0 dumb to him1 or r he 0 deaf to ,hom]4 ,petr>* 0 ! real f\nd] ( humanism4 ,be+ en?usia/ic = ! works ( antiquity himself1 he inspir$ ! ,italians ) a rem>kable zeal 9 ! pursuit ( classic lore2 nor 0 8 influ5ce conf9$ to ! limits ( 8 native c\ntry4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to make a collection ( classic works1 & to br+ to light ! lit]>y treasures :i* ! mona/]ies _h s c>efully pres]v$ = c5turies4 ,he inaugurat$ t great movem5t :i* re/or$ fre$om1 self-consci\sness1 & ! faculty ( progress to human intellect4 ,he recogniz$ t ! mo/ wond]ful ?+ 9 ! _w is ! human m9d1 ! emancipation ( :i* c be br\ght ab\t only ?r\gh its own activity4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to appreciate ! importance ( ,greek 9 human culture4 ,unlike ,t]tullian1 ,j]ome1 & ,augu/9e1 he believ$ t classic au?ors1 toge!r ) ! ,holy ,scriptures & ! writ+s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 produce ! broade/ intellig5ce4 ,all ( ^! h ! same purpose1 & all are necess>y to human enlight5m5t4 ,petr>* broke d[n ! unfruitful me?ods ( ! s*ola/ics1 & laid ! f\ndations ^u :i* mod]n education is bas$2 namely1 intellectual fre$om1 self-consci\sness1 & self-activity4 ,,boccaccio 7#acac-acge7 ,! ?ird ( ! great ,italian lead]s 9 ! humani/ic movem5t 0 ,boccaccio4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 :ile /&+ at ! grave ( ,v]gil1 he decid$ to devote himself to a lit]>y c>e]4 ,he admir$ ! great "w ( ,petr>*1 & 0 pr\d t1 at 8 own exp5se1 he 0 ! fir/ to h ! works ( ,hom] & o!r ,greek au?ors br\ght to 8 native l&2 t he 0 ! fir/ to call & support a tea*] ( ,greek2 & t he 0 ! fir/ among all ,italians :o c\ld read ,hom] 9 ! orig9al4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,humani/s ,! ,g]man m9d is m e>ne/1 disputative1 & practical ?an ! ,italian1 !re=e ! tr5d ( ,g]man humanism 0 at fir/ *iefly !ological1 & ! /udy ( ! classic languages1 especially ,hebrew & ,greek1 0 und]tak5 = ! purpose ( bett] und]/&+ ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,only a few s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 7 int]e/$1 & n until a viol5t attack 0 made ^u ,reu*l91 0 g5]al att5tion attract$4 ,,agricola 7#addc-adhe7 ,rudolphus ,agricola 0 ! fir/ to prep>e ! nor!rn c\ntries = ! reception ( ! classic revival4 ,aft] /udy+ = "s "t "u ! great ,italian ma/]s1 he return$ to ,g]many & accept$ a pr(essor%ip at ,heidelb]g1 :]e he deliv]$ c\rses ( lectures on ! lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,he lectur$ also at ,worms at ! reque/ ( ! bi%op1 & drew ar\nd him a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts 9 bo? places4 ,hallam says ( him1 ,no ,g]man wrote s pure a /yle1 or possess$ s l>ge a portion ( classic le>n+4 ,he prep>$ ! way = ! introduction ( humani/ic tea*+s & "s ( 8 pupils became ! great lead]s ( t movem5t among ! ,teutonic peoples4 ,! te/imony ( ,erasmus conc]n+ ,agricola is z foll[s3 ,!re 0 no bran* ( k 9 :i* he c\ld n measure himself ) ! greate/ ma/]s4 ,among ! ,greeks1 he 0 a pure ,greek1 among ! ,lat9s a pure ,roman4444 ,ev5 :5 he spoke ex tempore1 8 spee* 0 s p]fect & s pure t "o c\ld easily believe t "o he>d a ,roman r ?an a ,g]man4 ,unit$ ) 8 p[]ful eloqu5ce 0 ! broade/ erudition4 ,he _h inve/igat$ all ! my/]ies ( philosophy1 & ?or\ghly ma/]$ e bran* ( music4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he devot$ 8 :ole s\l to ! ma/]y ( ,hebrew & to ! /udy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,he c>$ b little = glory4 ,,reu*l9 7#adee-aebb7 ,reu*l9 may prop]ly be call$ ! fir/ great ,g]man humani/4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,freiburg1 ,p>is1 & ,basel1 & gave especial att5tion to ! classic /udies1 :i* _h almo/ disappe>$ f ! univ]sity c\rses 9 ,g]many4 ,he took 8 ma/]'s degree at ,basel1 & !n began to lecture on classical ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,be+ a born tea*]1 he drew ab\t him a great numb] ( /ud5ts1 :o became int]e/$ 9 classic /udies4 ,he made sev]al visits to ,italy1 :]e he imbib$ ! humani/ic !ories ( ! ,italians1 ?\gh he 0 already f> advanc$ 9 ^? !ories be=e he w5t to ,italy4 ,9 #adha he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor at ,tueb+51 :i* ?us became ! fir/ ,g]man univ]sity to tea* humani/ic doctr9es4 ,at ,l9z1 :]e he _h be5 s5t on an embassy1 he made ! acqua9tance ( ! emp]or's ,jewi% physician1 ) :om he began ! /udy ( ,hebrew4 ,?is m>ks an important epo* 9 8 hi/ory1 z he is be/ kn[n = 8 ,hebrew ,gramm> & ,lexicon1 publi%$ 9 #aejf1 & = 8 *ampion%ip ( ! ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city ( classic text-books1 ,reu*l9 0 oblig$ to m>k out c\rses = 8 /ud5ts1 &1 9 a measure1 to supply text-books = !m4 ,mu* ( 8 "w 9 ! univ]sity _h to be dictat$1 & /ud5ts 7 oblig$ to copy _! "w f manuscripts4 ,he publi%$ a ,lat9 lexicon & prep>$ ! manuscript ( a ,greek gramm> :i* he nev] publi%$1 b f :i* d\btless he drew 9 8 "w ) /ud5ts4 ,9 #adif 8 fri5d ,c\nt ,eb]h>d di$1 & ,reu*l9's enemies succe$$ 9 ali5at+ ! new pr9ce1 s he 0 glad to avail himself ( ! opportunity to g to ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,"h he gave *ief att5tion to ,hebrew4 ,:ile 9 ,heidelb]g he became involv$ 9 an un=tunate controv]sy reg>d+ ,hebrew lit]ature1 a controv]sy :i* 0 =c$ ^u him4 ,john ,pfeff]korn1 a conv]t$ ,jew1 zeal\s = ! conv]sion ( 8 race1 obta9$ an ord] f ! emp]or to confiscate & de/roy all ,hebrew works :i* oppos$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,reu*l9 0 appeal$ to z ! highe/ au?ority on ,hebrew1 & he urg$ t1 in/ead ( de/roy+ ! lit]ature1 two pr(essors %\ld be appo9t$ 9 ea* univ]sity to tea* ,hebrew & !reby refute ! ,jewi% doctors by mak+ ! /ud5ts acqua9t$ ) ! ,bible4 ,! /ruggle cont9u$ = ye>s1 & al?\gh ! ,*ur* & ev5 ! univ]sities 7 aga9/ him1 ,reu*l9 0 f9ally victori\s1 !reby sav+ a noble lit]ature to ! _w4 ,?is 0 a great victory = humanism4 ,a %ort "t be=e 8 dea? ,reu*l9 return$ to ,tueb+51 :]e he clos$ 8 illu/ri\s c>e] 9 #aebb4 ,reu*l9 0 ! fir/ to introduce ,greek into ,g]many1 & ! fir/ to recognize ! necessity ( a k ( ,hebrew 9 int]pret+ ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,he began a re=m 9 ! s*ools :i* prep>$ ! way = a l movem5t 9 ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ,lu!r he saw ! man :o 0 de/9$ to c>ry bo? ( ^! re=ms to fulfillm5t4 ,god be prais$1 said he1 9 ,lu!r !y h f\nd a man :o w give !m "w en\gh to d1 s t !y c let me1 an old man1 g to my re/ 9 peace4 ,,erasmus 7#adfg-aecf7 ,erasmus 0 born at ,rott]dam4 ,?\gh n a ,g]man1 he belong$ to ! ,teutonic race4 ,he has well be5 call$ a citiz5 ( ! _w1 z he liv$ 9 s _m c\ntries1 & came to be ! mo/ le>n$ man ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 left an orphan at an e>ly age1 & 8 gu>dians plac$ him 9 a conv5t4 ,!y wi%$ to make a monk ( him s t !y c\ld inh]it 8 patrimony1 b ?is plan 0 resi/$ by ! boy = a long "t4 ,! life ( ! conv5t 0 v di/a/eful to him1 & ?\gh he aft]w>d took v[s1 he nev] 0 9 sympa?y ) asceticism4 ,possibly ! condition ( ! mona/]ies at t "t may h _h some?+ to d ) ! repugnance ( ,erasmus to ! mona/ic life4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly greatly reliev$ :5 ! ,pope absolv$ him f 8 v[s4 ,erasmus 0 precoci\s z a *ild1 & x 0 e>ly pr$ict$ ( him t he w\ld be a great man1 a pr$iction :i* he fully v]ifi$4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce & help ( ! ,bi%op ( ,cambray1 he 0 enabl$ to g to ,p>is = /udy1 ?\gh ! means furni%$ 7 n suffici5t = 8 support4 ,he took pupils & gave lectures1 !reby supply+ ! defici5cy 9 8 funds4 ,x is record$ t1 9 8 eag]ness = books1 he said1 ,:5 ,i get money1 ,i w fir/ buy ,greek books1 & !n clo?+4 ,he also /udi$ at ,ox=d1 & aft]w>d at ,tur91 :]e he took ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,div9ity4 ,?\gh _m high (fices 9 ! ,*ur*1 & _m positions 9 univ]sities1 7 (f]$ to him1 he refus$ !m all1 pref]r+ to be an indep5d5t man ( lett]s4 ,erasmus 0 recogniz$ z ! supreme lit]>y au?ority ( ! _w1 & ?is l(ty position 0 ! summit ( 8 ambition4 ,no?+ c\ld turn him aside f ! pa? t l$ to t em95ce1 &1 once atta9$1 no?+ c\ld attract him away f x4 ,basel _h become ! c5t] ( ! new pr9t+ indu/ry4 ,?is l$ ,erasmus to *oose t city z 8 home = ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 & "h he fur!r$ ! cause ( humanism z no o!r man _h done1 by edit+ & giv+ to ! _w _m ( ! classic treasures ( ! mona/]ies4 ,he translat$ ,greek works into ,lat91 !reby mak+ !m available to ! _w1 z ,lat9 0 bett] und]/ood ?an ,greek4 ,8 edition ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t 0 8 mo/ em95t s]vice1 ?\gh 8 ,colloquies are bett] kn[n4 ,8 ,praise ( ,folly is a satirical "w1 9 :i* he holds up to ridicule ! ignorance & vice ( ! monks4 ,?\gh he nev] broke away f ! ,*ur*1 )\t d\bt 8 sympa?ies 7 ) ! re=m]s4 ,b nei!r ! p]suasions nor ! d5unciations ( ,lu!r c\ld br+ him to take a decid$ /& on ei!r side4 ,he ?\ght t ! re=m c\ld be wr\ght )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,he accept$ ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 & rema9$ )9 x z long z he liv$4 ,erasmus 0 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ,lu!r4 ,he appeal$ to ! limit$ few1 ,lu!r to ! masses2 he to ! educat$ & high] classes1 ,lu!r to ! ignorant & l[ly2 he 0 a man ( reflection1 ,lu!r a man ( action4 ,! app>5t vacillation ( ,erasmus may h be5 due to ill heal?1 to ! influ5ce ( ! ,pope1 to ! ties ( ! ,*ur* 9 :i* he _h be5 re>$1 to ! satisfaction he f\nd 9 8 em95t lit]>y position1 & to 8 dislike = controv]sy4 ,erasmus gives u "s v valuable p$agogical tea*+s1 :i* may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,p$agogy ( ,erasmus4--#a4 ,! "m is ! natural educator ( ! *ild 9 its e>ly ye>s4 ,! "m :o does n c>e = ! education ( h] *ildr5 is only half a "m4 #b4 ,until ! sev5? ye> ! *ild %\ld h little to d b play1 9 ord] to develop ! body4 ,x mu/ h no e>ne/ "w1 b mu/ be taught polit5ess4 #c4 ,aft] ! sev5? ye> e>ne/ "w mu/ beg94 ,lat9 & ,greek 7:i* %\ld be /udi$ toge!r7 mu/ be taught e>ly s t "r pronunciation & a good vocabul>y may be atta9$4 #d4 ,! fir/ subject to be le>n$ is gramm>4 ,language is necess>y be=e a k ( o!r ?+s c be ga9$4 #e4 ,tea*]s %\ld be bett] tra9$ & bett] paid1 & suitable places mu/ be furni%$ = ! s*ools4 #f4 ,! religi\s side ( education mu/ n be neglect$4 #g4 ,great att5tion mu/ be paid to ! cultivation ( ! memory3 7a7 by a prop] und]/&+ ( ! subject2 7b7 by logical ord] 9 ?9k+2 7c7 by comp>ison4 #h4 ,z ! bee collects honey f _m fl[]s1 s k is ga!r$ f _m s\rces4 #i4 ,! f\ndation ( all tra9+ ( *ildr5 mu/ be laid 9 ! home4 ,p>5ts %\ld "k :at _! *ildr5 ought to be taught4 ,above all ?+s *ildr5 mu/ be taught to obey4 #aj4 ,! fir/ c>e ) girls is to inculcate 9 !m religi\s feel+s2 ! second to protect !m f contam9ation2 ! ?ird1 to gu>d !m f idl5ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,re=mation ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,influ5ce ,lit]ature4--,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,taylor1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many2 ,drap]1 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,seebohm1 ,! ,prote/ant ,revolution2 ,gasquet1 ,eve ( ! ,re=mation2 ,spauld+1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,bryce1 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire2 ,morris1 ,era ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolution2 ,hur/1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,lewis1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many2 ,my]s1 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,s*ill]1 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 ,hallam1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory2 ,kiddle & ,s*em1 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,education2 ,dy]1 ,mod]n ,europe2 ,d',aubigne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,yonge1 ,?ree ,c5turies ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,momb]t1 ,great ,lives2 ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education4 ,hi/orical ,conditions4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d ! /age ( political1 religi\s1 & educational activity transf]r$ f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,we h se5 ! great "w ( civilization tak5 f ! ,greek & ,lat9 races & committ$ to ! ,teutonic race4 ,we h trac$ ! humani/ic movem5t f its bir?place 9 ,italy to ,g]many1 :]e x f\nd a m cong5ial atmosph]e & a m suitable soil4 ,! _w 0 ripe = a great revolution1 :i* 0 de/9$ to advance ! int]e/s ( mank9d ) gigantic /rides4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by ,gut5b]g1 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 mu/ be m5tion$ z ! prim>y mat]ial ag5cy 9 =w>d+ ?is advance4 ,x 0 said ( ?is art t x w\ld give ! dea?bl[ to ! sup]/ition ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x multipli$ read]s a hundr$fold2 x /imulat$ au?or%ip2 x revolutioniz$ lit]ature1 because x made ! pres]vation & dissem9ation ( ?\ght easy2 x 0 a mighty influ5ce 9 br++ ab\t univ]sal education1 a pr9ciple = :i* ! ,re=mation /ood4 ,ano!r ev5t ( great importance 0 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 :i* /imulat$ v>i\s ,european ent]prises4 ,?us1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! _w awak5$ f its long sleep1 & educational ent]prise 0 born anew4 ,! ,g]man ,re=mation _h be5 prec$$ by simil> movem5ts 9 o!r l&s4 ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague1 9 ,bohemia1 ,wyclif 9 ,engl&1 ,zw+li 9 ,switz]l&1 ! ,wald5ses 9 ,italy1 & ! ,albig5ses 9 ,france1 _h rais$ _! voices 9 solemn prote/ aga9/ cl]ical abuses1#eb & _m ( ! re=m]s _h paid = _! tem]ity by m>tyrdom4 ,b ! ,g]man ,re=mation1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 0 de/9$ to ex]t a mighty influ5ce ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,europe1 & to set 9 motion impulses :i* 7 to %ape all lat] hi/ory4 ,! *ief rul]s ( ,europe 7 ,fr$]ick ! ,wise ( ,saxony1 kn[n z ,lu!r's fri5d1 ,h5ry ! ,eigh? ( ,engl&1 ,francis ! ,fir/ ( ,france1 & ,*>les ! ,fif?1 k+ ( ,spa91 ,naples1 ,sicily1 & ,au/ria1 & aft]w>d emp]or ( ,g]many4 ,leo ! ,t5? 0 ,pope1 & he _h great influ5ce 9 temporal affairs4 ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,fif? 0 ! mo/ p[]ful rul] ( ?is p]iod4 ,?\gh a =eign] 9 mann]s1 cu/oms1 & sympa?y1 & unacqua9t$ ) ! ,g]man tongue1 he became emp]or ( ,g]many by brib+ ! electors :o _h a voice 9 select+ ! rul] ( t nation4 ,x is said t he paid #a1ejj1jjj to ^! corrupt electors1 besides mak+ _m promises ( future favors4 ,he 0 trea*]\s1 & nev] hesitat$ to break ! mo/ solemn pl$ges :5 8 int]e/s s dem&$4 ,bay>d ,taylor says ( him1 ,8 election 0 a crime1 f ! effects ( :i* ,g]many did n recov] = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,intellectual ,conditions4--,^!1 !n1 7 ! ext]nal conditions :i* exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t ! ne$ ( re=mation 0 ackn[l$g$ on all sides4 ,!re 7 b few good tea*]s to be f\nd1 ev5 9 ! ,*ur* :i* _h s long be5 ! "m ( s*ools4 ,education 0 at su* a l[ ebb1 & ! advantages (f]$ by ! s*ools 7 s poor1 & ( su* a d\btful "*1 t b few p]sons c>$ to avail !mselves ( _! privileges4 ,ev5 ! univ]sities fail$ to educate4 ,lu!r says1 ,is x n pitiable t a boy has be5 oblig$ to /udy tw5ty ye>s or long] to le>n en\gh bad ,lat9 to become a prie/1 & read mass8 ,aga9 he says1 ,su* tea*]s & ma/]s we h be5 oblig$ to h ev]y:]e1 :o h kn[n no?+ !mselves1 & h be5 able to tea* no?+ good or useful4 ,!re 0 ne$1 !n1 ( re=m 9 education z well z 9 religion1 & ,lu!r took ! burd5 ( bo? ^u 8 %\ld]s4 ,z an educational re=m]1 he has e>n$ = himself ! _w's gratitude4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,lu!r's ma9 purpose 0 ! re=mation ( ! ,*ur*1 & t 8 educational "w m]ely grew out ( ! ne$ ( g5]al intellig5ce z a necess>y adjunct to t "w4 ,( ! exi/+ conditions1 ,compayre well says1 ,) ,la ,salle & ! f\ndation ( ! ,in/itute ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 ! hi/orian ( education recognizes ! ,ca?olic orig9 ( prim>y in/ruction2 9 ! decrees & laws ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 its lay & philosophical orig92 b x is to ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1--to ,lu!r 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & to ,com5ius 9 ! sev5te5?1--t mu/ be ascrib$ ! honor ( hav+ fir/ organiz$ s*ools = ! p4 ,9 its orig91 ! prim>y s*ool is ! *ild ( ,prote/antism1 & its cradle 0 ! ,re=mation4#ec ,,lu!r 7#adhc-aedf7 ,m>t9 ,lu!r 0 born at ,eisleb51 ,g]many1 ( poor & humble p>5ts4 ,he 0 br\ght up "u ! rigid discipl9e ( ! typical ,g]man home1 9 :i* ! rod 0 n sp>$4 ,^u ?is po9t he writes1 ,my p>5ts' sev]ity made me timid2 _! /]nness & ! /rict life !y l$ me made me aft]w>d g into a mona/]y & become a monk4 ,!y meant well1 b !y did n und]/& ! art ( adju/+ _! puni%m5ts4 ,:5 he 0 f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 8 p>5ts1 !n 9 bett] circum/ances1 s5t him to ,magdeburg to prep>e = ! univ]sity4 ,b ! exp5se be+ too great1 he 0 )drawn f ?is s*ool & s5t to ,eis5a*1 :]e he c\ld live ) relatives4 ,"h he sang 9 ! /reet = alms1 & 8 sweet voice attract$ ! att5tion ( ,ursula ,cotta1 a weal?y lady1 :o took him to h] own home & gave him an excell5t tea*]4 ,:5 eighte5 ye>s ( age he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,erfurt1 !n a c5t] ( humani/ic le>n+4 ,he made m>vel\s progress 9 8 /udies until he took 8 degree4 ,8 fa!r _h int5d$ him = ! law1 b ,lu!r det]m9$ to devote himself to ! ,*ur*1 mu* to 8 fa!r's disappo9tm5t4 ,accord+ly he became an ,augu/9ian monk :5 tw5ty-two ye>s ( age4 ,unlike _m ( 8 bre?r51 he kept up 8 /udies :ile 9 ! mona/]y1 & 0 call$ to a pr(essor%ip 9 ! new univ]sity at ,witt5b]g 9 #aejh1 :]e he f\nd an ample field = 8 rem>kable p[]s4 ,two ye>s lat]1 he w5t z a delegate to ! papal c\rt at ,rome1 :]e 8 eyes 7 op5$ to ! condition ( ! ,*ur* 9 h] holie/ sanctu>ies4 ,return+ to ,witt5b]g1 he cont9u$ 8 /udies & 8 lectures1 & drew ab\t him a great numb] ( /ud5ts4 ,8 lectures & 8 writ+s aga9/ ! practices ( ! ,*ur* became s pron\nc$ t he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,diet ( ,worms & comm&$ to retract4 ,?is he refus$ to d 9 ! memorable words3 ,"h ,i /&2 ,i _c d o!rwise4 ,god help me6 ,am54 ,on 8 return f ,worms1 fe>+ = 8 safety1 8 fri5ds took him prison] & conf9$ him 9 ! ,w>tburg ca/le at ,eis5a*4 ,dur+ ! n9e mon?s ( 8 conf9em5t he translat$ ! ,bible into ,g]man4#ed ,lu!r took great pa9s to make ! language s pure & pla9 t x c\ld be und]/ood by ! common p1 to :om he appeal$4 ,he 0 nev] a%am$ ( 8 humble orig94 ,:5 he came to be ! honor$ fri5d & tru/$ advis] ( pr9ces & k+s1 he 0 wont to say1 ,i am a peasant's son2 my fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & remote ance/ors 7 no?+ b v]itable peasants4 ,! language ( ,lu!r's translation ( ! ,bible became ! /&>d ,g]man1 :i* 0 to supplant ! _m dialects4 ,8 great wat*word 01 ,make ! p acqua9t$ ) ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,b ! ,bible 0 ( little use to ! masses s long z !y c\ld n read4 ,lu!r !re=e set himself /urdily to ! improvem5t ( ! s*ools1 :i* 7 9 a deplorable condition4 ,he urg$ ! pr9ciple ( p>5tal responsibility = ! education ( *ildr54 ,believe me1 said he1 x is f> m important t y ex]cise c>e 9 tra9+ y\r *ildr5 ?an t y seek indulg5ces1 say _m pray]s1 g mu* to *ur*1 or make _m v[s4 ,8 p$agogy con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ! ,g]man common s*ool sy/em ( to-day4 ,lu!r1 !n1 mu/ be rememb]$ z ! greate/ educator ( 8 "t = two reasons4 #a4 ,he gave ! ,g]man p a language by 8 translation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 #b4 ,he laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,g]man common s*ool sy/em4 ,lu!r's ,p$agogy4--#a4 ,p>5ts are responsible = ! education ( _! *ildr54 #b4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,/ate to require regul> att5dance at s*ool ( e *ild1 & ! p>5ts mu/ be held acc\ntable = non-att5dance4 #c4 ,religion is ! f\ndation ( all s*ool in/ruction4 #d4 ,e *ild mu/ le>n n only ! ord9>y subjects taught at s*ool1 b also ! practical duties ( life1--boys1 a trade2 girls1 h\sework4 #e4 ,e cl]gyman mu/ h p$agogical tra9+ & exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ be=e ent]+ ^u a pa/orate4#ee #f4 ,! tea*] mu/ be tra9$1 & 9 t tra9+ s++ is includ$4 #g4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be taught accord+ to nature's laws1--! k ( ! ?+ mu/ prec$e its "n4 #h4 ,due respect %\ld be %[n to ! (fice ( tea*]1 & by example & precept e tea*] %\ld be wor?y ( respect4 #i4 ,8 c\rse ( /udy includ$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 s++1 & physical tra9+1 besides religion4 #aj4 ,e s*ool %\ld h a libr>y4 #aa4 ,x is ! inh]5t "r ( e *ild to be educat$1 & ! ,/ate mu/ provide ! means to t end4 ,! pr9ciples above /at$ are fundam5tal 9 ! ,g]man s*ool sy/ems ( ! pres5t "t4 ,religi\s in/ruction1 tra9$ tea*]s1 compulsory & univ]sal education1 are ! c5tral pr9ciples ( ! s*ools ( ,g]many & ( _m o!r nations4 ,lu!r c\ld n give 8 *ief att5tion to education1 b ) deep insight he saw ! necessity ( x1 & laid ! f\ndations ^u :i* lat] g5]ations h built a m>vel\s /ructure1 true to ! design ( its ar*itect4 ,,melan*?on 7#adig-aefj7 ,philipp ,melan*?on 0 ! fri5d1 colabor]1 & advis] ( ,lu!r4 ,lu!r 0 a resolute1 en]getic1 impulsive man2 ,melan*?on 0 quiet1 res]v$1 & conciliat+4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! two m5 ( su* opposite dispositions ex]t$ a salut>y influ5ce ^u ea* o!r1--,lu!r /imulat$ & enc\rag$ ,melan*?on2 ,melan*?on *eck$ & re/ra9$ ,lu!r4 ,x is c]ta9 t ea* 0 helpful to ! o!r1 & t ! great cause ( ! ,re=mation1 to :i* !y mutually consecrat$ !mselves1 0 fur!r$ by _! fri5d%ip & union4 ,melan*?on _h excell5t tra9+ z a boy1 & e>ly %[$ signs ( unusual ability4 ,at fifte5 he took 8 ba*elor's degree at ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 & :5 only eighte5 ye>s ( age ,erasmus said ( him1 ,:at hopes may we n conceive ( ,philipp ,melan*?on1 ?\gh z yet v "y1 almo/ a boy1 b equally to be admir$ = 8 pr(ici5cy 9 bo? languages6 ,:at quickness ( inv5tion6 ,:at purity ( diction6 ,:at va/ness ( memory6 ,:at v>iety ( read+6 ,:at mode/y & gracefulness ( behavior6 ,& :at a pr9cely m9d6 ,aft] complet+ 8 c\rse at ,heidelb]g1 he w5t to ,tueb+51 :]e 8 /udies 7 direct$ by ,reu*l91 :o 0 8 k9sman4 ,he gave public lectures at ,tueb+5 on rhetoric & on v>i\s classic au?ors1 attract+ worldwide att5tion4 ,9 #aeah he 0 call$ to ! ,greek pr(essor%ip at ,witt5b]g1 :]e he made ! acqua9tance ( ,lu!r4 ,bi%op ,hur/ says1 ,! life ( ,melan*?on 0 n[ s ?or\ghly id5tifi$ ) t ( ,lu!r t x is difficult to sep>ate ! two4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! same t[n ( ,witt5b]g4 ,!y 7 9 con/ant consultation1 ea* do+ :at he 0 mo/ able to d1 & bo? work+ ) unwe>i$ zeal = ! triumph ( ! cause to :i* !y gave _! life4 ,8 success at ,witt5b]g 0 assur$ f ! fir/4 ,?\gh y\?ful 9 appe>ance1 be+ b tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 8 pure logic1 8 pr(\nd k ( philosophy1 8 famili>ity ) ! ,scriptures1 8 p]fect ma/]y ( ! classic languages1 8 f9e diction1 & 8 broad k awoke en?usiasm at once4 ,witt5b]g1 possess+ two su* great m5 z ,lu!r & ,melan*?on1 became ! c5t] ( humani/ic /udies1 n less ?an two ?\s& /ud5ts be+ attract$ to its univ]sity4 ,melan*?on 0 an inspir+ tea*]2 among 8 pupils 7 m5 :o aft]w>d became lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ,g]many1 & :o did mu* to %ape ! de/9y ( ,europe4 ,p]haps ,melan*?on's greate/ s]vice to ! s*ools 0 8 publication ( text-books1 :i* 7 v mu* ne$$4 ,he wrote a ,greek gramm> = boys :5 himself b a boy ( sixte54 ,gramm> he def9$ z ! sci5ce ( speak+ & writ+ correctly1 a def9ition t has be5 sc>cely improv$ ^u4 ,t5 ye>s lat] 8 ,lat9 gramm> 0 publi%$1 aft] be+ te/$ = "s ye>s 9 8 classes4 ,= m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s ?is 0 ! pr9cipal ,lat9 gramm> 9 use1 & !re 7 n less ?an fifty-"o editions ( x4 ,he wrote also text-books on logic1 rhetoric1 & e?ics4 ,x w be se5 t ! trivium--gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic--furni%$ ! f\ndation ( 8 lit]>y activity1 s f> z ! s*ools are conc]n$4 ,he 0 active also 9 au?or%ip ( !ological works1 produc+ ! fir/ !ological "w ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 ! ,loci ,communes1 :i* ,lu!r plac$ next to ! ,bible = !ological /udy4 ,! int]e/ ( ,melan*?on = education made him ! *ief advis] & lead] among ! s*ool m54 ,8 advice 0 con/antly s\ght 9 ! educational movem5ts ( ,g]many4 ,aft] visit+ ! s*ools ( ,saxony1 he drew up ! ,saxony ,s*ool ,plan1 :i* furni%$ ! basis ( v>i\s simil> organizations ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,!re 7 ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ?is sy/em4 #a4 ,!re mu/ n be too _m /udies 9 ! s*ools1 & ,lat9 %\ld be ! only language taught4 #b4 ,!re mu/ n be too _m books us$4 #c4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be divid$ into at lea/ ?ree classes1 or grades4 ,9 ! fir/ grade1 read+1 writ+1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$1 pray]s & hymns1 & "s ,lat9 %\ld be taught4 ,9 ! second1 ! ,lat9 gramm>1 ,lat9 au?ors1 & religion4 ,9 ! ?ird1 completion ( ! gramm>1 difficult ,lat9 au?ors1 rhetoric1 & logic4 ,williams calls ?is ,melan*?on's some:at artless ideas ( a prop] s*ool sy/em1 :i* he excuses z be+ m>k$ possibly by ! crudity ( a fir/ ef=t at organization1 b m probably controll$ 9 =m by ! fewness ( tea*]s 9 ! s*ools ( 8 "t4 ,melan*?on is also kn[n z ! fir/ ,prote/ant psy*ologi/4 ,to sum up ! educational "w ( ,melan*?on1 we f9d t he 0 a born tea*]1 attract+ & inspir+ ?\s&s ( "y m5 :om he in/ruct$2 t he 0 ! au?or ( _m text-books = ! s*ools1 & ( !ological works2 t he 0 an educational au?ority2 t he outl9$ a complete s*ool sy/em2 & t he 0 ! advis] & fri5d ( ,lu!r 9 ! "w ( ! ,re=mation4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,see ,bro!r ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature1 pp4 #abb-abd4 #ec ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #aab4 ,k>l ,s*midt1 9 speak+ ( ! _s ( ! ,re=mation1 says1 ,^! ideas =m ! basis ( ! common s*ool1 :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 sporadically e/abli%$ only 9 isolat$ places4 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #af4 #ed ,9 #ahgg1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,/ev5s publi%$ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 a ,li/ ( ,bibles 9 ! ,caxton ,exhibition4 ,he says3 ,n only are !re _m editions ( ! ,lat9 ,vulgate long ant]ior to t "t 7#aejg ,a4,d471 b !re 7 actually n9e ,g]man editions ( ! ,bible 9 ! ,caxton exhibition e>li] ?an #adhc1 ! ye> ( ,lu!r's bir?1 & at lea/ ?ree m be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! g5]al use ( ! pr9t+ press ab\t ?is "t made popul> translations opportune1 z x plac$ ! ,bible )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,x ?us became a p[]ful in/rum5t = univ]sal education4 #ee ,?is 0 because ! pa/or _h an ov]sight ( ! s*ool1 a practice /ill v common 9 ,g]many4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,o!r ,,prote/ant ,,educators ,! educational "w ( ,lu!r & ,melan*?on bore rem>kable fruit4 ,lu!r _h urg$ p>5ts to see to x t _! *ildr5 %\ld be educat$1 & _h appeal$ to magi/rates to assi/ ! ,*ur* 9 ma9ta9+ s*ools4 ,he insi/$ ^u compulsory education 9 ! memorable words1 ,! au?orities are b\nd to compel _! subjects to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,z a result s*ools 7 organiz$ 9 ,nuremb]g1 ,frank=t1 ,ilfeld1 ,/rasburg1 ,hamburg1 ,brem51 ,dantzic1 & _m o!r places4 ,eton1 ,rugby1 ,h>r[1 & o!r educational in/itutions 7 f\nd$ ab\t ?is "t 9 ,engl&4 ,melan*?on's c\rse ( /udy 7,s*ulplan7 = ,saxony _h appe>$ 9 #aebh1 & 9 #aeeh ! s*ool law ( ,wu]temb]g1 by f> ! be/ yet enact$1 w5t into =ce4 ,o!r ,g]man prov9ces adopt$ m or less effici5t s*ool sy/ems1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian education1 ! duty ( ! ,/ate to assume ! responsibility ( ! education ( its subjects 0 recogniz$4 ,out ( ^! primitive sy/ems h gr[n ! complet] sy/ems ( ! pres5t1 aft] m ?an ?ree c5turies ( exp]im5t1 /udy1 & /ruggle4 ,! ,re=mation taught ! "r ( e p]son to an education1 prim>ily1 x is true1 = religi\s ends1 & x gradually came to be und]/ood t ! ,/ate mu/ assume t duty4 ,= ! ,*ur* _h nei!r ! means nor ! p[] to accompli% univ]sal education4 ,b x 0 n till ! n9ete5? c5tury t ?is end 0 rea*$1 :]eby ! advantages ( education 7 (f]$ to ! *ild ( e p>5t ( :atev] rank or /ation1 & ! ,/ate assum$ full control ( ! s*ools4 ,?is 0 ! great "w m>k$ out by ,lu!r & ,melan*?on1 & _! pupils & disciples c>ri$ t "w to its fulfillm5t4 ,among ^! imm$iate foll[]s we may m5tion ,/urm1#ef ,trotz5dorf1 & ,ne&]1 :o contribut$ to educational re=m4 ,,/urm#eg 7#aejg-aehi7 ,johann ,/urm is c\nt$ among ! greate/ s*oolm5 t ! ,re=mation produc$1 ?\gh he belong$ to ! ,fr5* r ?an ! ,g]man re=m]s4 ,he receiv$ an excell5t tra9+ 9 ! s*ools ( ,g]many1 & complet$ 8 education at ,p>is1 :]e he aft]w>d became pr(essor ( ,greek4 ,he soon ga9$ su* a wide reputation t :5 only ?irty ye>s ( age he 0 call$ to ! rector%ip ( ! ,gymnasium at ,/rasburg1 a position :i* he held = =ty-sev5 ye>s1 & :]e he ga9$ la/+ fame4 ,?is fame re/s n on 8 "w z a tea*]1 b z an organiz] & an executive4 ,pauls5 d\bts 8 hav+ be5 a great tea*]4 ,he says1 ,he 0 a man :o gave 8 att5tion to great ?+s4 ,he _h 8 h&s 9 univ]sal politics2 he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ne>ly all ! ,european pot5tates1 draw+ 8 ye>ly sal>y f all4444 ,x is n probable t su* a wond]ful man 0 also a good s*oolma/]4#eh ,b 8 great "w 0 ! organization ( ! ,/rasburg ,gymnasium1 especially its c\rse ( /udy1 :i* became ! model = ! ,lat9 s*ools = _m ye>s4 ,/urm's c\nsel 0 s\ght by s*oolm5 all ov] ,europe1 & he came to be ! recogniz$ lead] ( educational =ces4 ,8 s*ool c\rse took ! boy at six ye>s ( age & provid$ at fir/ a n9e ye>s'1 aft]w>d a t5 ye>s' c\rse1 end+ at ! sixte5? ye> ( age4 ,he add$ a five ye>s' c\rse to ?is lat]1 & evid5tly plann$ to f\nd a univ]sity4#ei ,/urm believ$ t ! "m %\ld h *>ge ( ! *ild = ! fir/ six ye>s ( its life4 ,9 8 t5 ye>s' c\rse he requir$ t5 ye>s ( ,lat91 six ( ,greek1 besides rhetoric1 logic1 religion1 & music4 ,he introduc$ ! practice ( translat+ ,lat9 into ,g]man & !n translat+ x back into ,lat94#fj ,8 c\rse took no acc\nt ( ,g]man1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 or sci5ce4 ,he ?us s\ght to re9/ate ,greece & ,rome1 b entirely neglect$ ^? ?+s :i* prep>e = life4 ,williams says1 ,) reg>d to ,/urm's plan ( organization1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t x is ! v e>lie/ s*eme t we h1 look+ to an ext5d$1 sy/ematic1 well-articulat$ c\rse ( /udies = a s*ool ( sev]al tea*]s1 9 :i* is assign$ to ea* class su* portion ( ! subject-matt] ( ! c\rse ( in/ruction z is suit$ to ! age & /age ( advancem5t ( its pupils4#fa ,?is c\rse ( /udy attract$ ! att5tion ( all ,europe4 ,k>l ,s*midt says t 9 #aegh 8 s*ool numb]$ sev]al ?\s& /ud5ts1 among :om 7 two hundr$ ( noble bir?1 tw5ty-f\r c\nts & b>ons1 & ?ree pr9ces--f ,portugal1 ,pol&1 ,d5m>k1 ,engl&1 etc4 ,pauls51 :ile n belittl+ ! "w ( ,/urm1 ?9ks t ! celebrat$ c\rse has b little 9 x diff]5t f ! c\rses ( ! ,witt5b]g re=m]s4 ,he says1 ,if ,melan*?on _h _h ! plann+ ( a s*ool c\rse = a l>ge city1 x w\ld h be5 mu* ! same 7z ,/urm's74 ,! ,saxon s*ool plan ( #aebh 0 effective only 9 small cities & c\ntry places4 ,! basis ( bo? 7,melan*?on's & ,/urm's7 is ! same1--gramm>1 rhetoric1 dialectics1 ) music & religion4 ,9 ! l>ge s*ools1 l ^? ( ,nuremb]g & ,hamburg1 a beg9n+ ( ,greek & ma!matics 0 add$4#fb ,/urm's c\rse has ! m]it ( def9it5ess1 ?or\ghness1 & unity4 ,!re seems to be "s d\bt z to 8 success 9 c>ry+ x out4 ,x is c]ta9 t b few /ud5ts complet$ 8 c\rse comp>$ ) ! numb] :o began x4 ,in/ead ( sixty to sev5ty pupils 9 ! la/ class1 !re 7 only n9e or t54 ,! influ5ce ( ,/urm1 h[ev]1 spread n only ov] ,g]many1 b also rea*$ to _m o!r c\ntries1 & 8 ,/rasburg c\rse ( /udy %ap$ ! "w 9 ! classical s*ools = _m ye>s4 ,,trotz5dorf 7#adij-aeef7 ,val5t9e ,trotz5dorf 0 born 9 pov]ty & beset by _m difficulties 9 boyhood4 ,8 "m 0 a con/ant inspiration to him1 & :5 he 0 dispos$ to give up ! /ruggle1 h] words1 ,my son1 /ick to y\r s*ool1 l$ him to cont9ue until he ov]came ! ob/acles4 ,:5 ready = ! univ]sity he w5t to ,leipsic1 :]e he /udi$ ,greek & ,lat9 = two ye>s4 ,9 #aeae he became a tea*] 9 a village ne> ,leipsic1 a position t he reta9$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,he !n w5t to ,witt5b]g1 :]e he /udi$ "u ,melan*?on = five ye>s1 & became v intimate ) t great tea*]4 ,8 fame z a tea*] 0 made at ,goldb]g1 :]e he 0 ?irty-five ye>s rector ( a s*ool4 ,l ,melan*?on1 he believ$ t ! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 & t ! s*ool is an adjunct ( ! ,*ur*4 ,) ,/urm1 he laid great /ress ^u ! classic languages1 & insi/$ t 8 pupils %\ld speak 9 ! ,lat9 tongue4 ,z a tea*] he possess$ rem>kable p[]4 ,he lov$ to m+le ) 8 pupils1 conv]se ) & "q !m1 & he _h great skill 9 draw+ !m out4 ,9 8 in/ruction he employ$ _m illu/rations1 & proce$$ f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,8 discipl9e 0 unique & orig9al4 ,he introduc$ a practice be=e unkn[n1 namely1 t ( self-gov]nm5t on ! "p ( ! /ud5ts1 an exp]im5t t has be5 tri$ 9 rec5t ye>s ) excell5t results 9 _m ,am]ican in/itutions = high] le>n+4 ,trotz5dorf e/abli%$ a s5ate ( twelve /ud5ts1 a consul1 & o!r (fic]s1 :o 7 made responsible = ! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ool4 ,^! con/itut$ a c\rt ( :i* he 0 presid5t4 ,(f5d]s 7 br\ght be=e ! tribunal & tri$ ) great =mality & dignity4 ,?is body s5t5c$ ! culprit to su* puni%m5t z 8 guilt m]it$1 ! ma/] res]v+ to himself ! "r ( be+ a c\rt ( f9al appeal4 ,besides ! (fic]s above nam$1 !re 7 o!rs :o 7 9 *>ge ( ! boys 9 _! dome/ic relations1--su* z keep+ gu>d ov] _! punctuality1 table mann]s1 dilig5ce 9 /udy1 etc4 ,x 0 consid]$ a high honor to hold "o ( ^! (fices4 ,! s*eme work$ well "u ,trotz5dorf2 x taught self-gov]nm5t1 & inculcat$ ! _s ( fre$om z well z an intellig5t submission to law4 ,trotz5dorf ?us gives an example ( s*ool gov]nm5t :i* is q 9 accord ) ! _s ( mod]n times4 ,he also _h 8 be/ pupils in/ruct ! l[] classes "u 8 sup]vision1 & ?us prep>$ !m to g =? z tea*]s4 ,tea*]s f 8 s*ool 7 s\ght = by intellig5t patrons ( education 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,,ne&] 7#aebe-aeie7 ,mi*ael ,ne&] 0 ano!r ( ,melan*?on's pupils :o became great z a tea*]4 ,ne&] 0 = =ty-five ye>s ! sole tea*] ( a ,lat9 s*ool at ,ilfeld4 ,?\gh he nev] _h _m pupils1 8 s*ool 0 pron\nc$ by ,melan*?on z ! be/ sem9>y 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 a mo/ successful tea*]1 & ! /ud5ts :om he s5t to ! univ]sity 7 f\nd to possess ! v be/ prep>ation1 & always /ood among ! fir/4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 m$ic9e & *emi/ry1 & 0 "o ( ! be/ ,greek & ,lat9 s*ol>s ( 8 "t4 ,contr>y to ! practice ( 8 contempor>ies1 he favor$ ! tea*+ ( geography1 hi/ory1 & ! natural sci5ces4 ,8 position 9 reg>d to ! sci5ces places him 9 advance ( o!r educators1 & 9 ?is he 0 a foll[] ( ,melan*?on1 :o also believ$ t sci5ce %\ld be taught4 ,ne&] is celebrat$ also = ! ,greek & ,lat9 text-books :i* he wrote4 ,speak+ ( ^! books1 ,pauls5 says1 ,:at he especially emphasiz$ is3 z few & z %ort rules z possible1 & ^! rules are to be progressive2 at ! prop] "t !y are to be committ$ to memory4 ,! pupil mu/ also commit words1 phrases1 & s5t5ces to memory1 :i* is equally important4 ,la/ly1 he gave a c>eful outl9e ( ! "w ( a boy = e ye> f ! six? to ! eighte5?4 ,?is 0 especially valuable = t p]iod :5 p>5ts & tea*]s alike _h no?+ to guide !m except ! mona/ic c\rse ( /udy1 & :5 ! _w 0 giv+ bir? to new !ories 9 education z well z 9 religion4 ,ne&]'s :ole life 0 conc5trat$ on ! "w ( tea*+1 & 9 ! s*oolroom he f\nd 8 greate/ joy4 ,"h1 also1 he made a la/+ impression ^u 8 pupils & ^u mank9d4 ,8 fa!r 0 mi/ak5 :5 he address$ ! boy1 ,into a cloi/] ) y2 y w am\nt to no?+ 9 ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o!r great tea*]s 9 ! s*ools & 9 ! univ]sities c>ri$ =w>d ! educational "w begun by ! great re=m]s4 ,_m cities _h f\nd$ s*ools1 & sev]al ( ! ,g]man /ates _h e/abli%$ s*ool sy/ems4 ,! educational ideas ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation _h tak5 deep root1 & 7 de/9$ to spread ov] ! :ole _w1 ga9+ 9 =ce ) ea* succe$+ c5tury4 ,! practical outcome ( ?is great movem5t 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools 9 e village 9 ,g]many "u ! direction ( ! pa/or1 & :]e he 0 unable to tea*1 "u 8 cl]k or assi/ant4 ,z ! *ief purpose 0 to prep>e ! *ildr5 = entrance to ! *ur* by confirmation1 religion 0 ! c5t] ( ! s*ool c\rse4 ,b read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 & s++ 7 also taught4 ,! cl]k ( ! *ur* gradually became ! s*oolma/]1 & :ile ! relations ( ^! two (fices h mat]ially *ang$1 !re is /ill a close (ficial connection betwe5 ! two1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 _m cases ! pa/or is ! local sup]9t5d5t ( ! s*ool1 & ! tea*] is ! cl]k & *ori/] ( ! *ur*4 ,z fa/ z ,lu!ran *ur*es 7 organiz$1 s*ools 7 also e/abli%$ 9 connection ) !m4 ,nor 7 boys alone includ$ 9 ! "w ( education4 ,girls' s*ools 7 organiz$ & an ef=t 0 made at univ]sal education4 ,_m prov9ces adopt$ advanc$ s*ool laws1 & ! pr9ciple ( compulsory education 0 recogniz$1 ?\gh by no means successfully c>ri$ out4 ,?us 0 born 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! common s*ool1 & ?us 0 recogniz$ ! "r ( all m5 to an education1 & a practical illu/ration ( ! means ( secur+ x 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,,footnotes3 #ef ,?\gh ,/urm 0 n a ,lu!ran1 he 0 a ,prote/ant1 be+ a foll[] ( ,calv94 #eg ,see ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s1 & ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education1 p4 #hh4 #eh ,ges*i*te des ,gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts4 #ei ,/urm's s*ool c\rse appe>$ 9 #aech4 ,x 0 n ! olde/ s*ool c\rse ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,! olde/ s*ool c\rse = a ,g]man s*ool 0 prep>$ by ,johannes ,agricola & ,h]mann ,tali* 9 #aebe = ! s*ool at ,eisleb51 ,lu!r's bir?place4 ,inde$1 ,pauls5 ?9ks t ,melan*?on _h a h& 9 its prep>ation4 ,he says 7,ges*i*te des ,gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts1 p4 #ahb71 ,?is is ! olde/ publi%$ s*ool c\rse ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 :i*1 if n compos$ by ,melan*?on1 0 )\t d\bt outl9$1 or at lea/ approv$1 by him4 ,?is 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfe by ,f4 ,l4 ,h(fmann 9 ! ,hamburg city libr>y4 #fj ,see ,as*am1 p4 #aia1 & ,ratke1 p4 #baj4 #fa ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education1 p4 #ia4 #fb ,ges*i*te des ,gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts1 p4 #aig4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,jesuits ,,& ,,_! ,,education ,lit]ature4--,drap]1 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe2 ,durrell1 ,a ,new ,life 9 ,education2 ,dy]1 ,mod]n ,europe2 ,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,f]ris1 ,great ,lead]s2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,p>kman1 ,! ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,:ite1 ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,symonds1 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy2 ,hughes1 ,loyola2 ,l>n$1 ,hi/ory = ,ready ,ref]5ce2 ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education2 ,*ateaubri&1 ,! ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,ord]4--,! rem>kable spread ( ,prote/antism1 h[ev]1 0 n to g on un*all5g$4 ,already be=e ! rupture ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ne$ ( a bett]-educat$ cl]gy _h be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,we h se5 t ,lu!r & ! ,re=m]s laid great /ress ^u ! education ( ! "y z a means ( propagat+ ! new fai?1 & !y _h employ$ ?is means ) great success4 ,x is n to be ga!r$ f ?is t ! ,roman ,*ur* _h be5 unm9dful ( h] duty 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! ,*ur* ma9ta9$ education f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era d[n ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 t %e nev] slack5$ 9 h] zeal = ?is "w1 & t %e held x to be h] "r & duty1 z %e does to ?is day1 to tra9 ! "y4 ,at ?is v "t %e 0 ma9ta9+ _m s*ools4 ,b ! ,ord] ( ,jesus 0 de/9$ to sy/ematize education 9 su* a degree z ! ,*ur* _h nev] witness$4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! f\nd+ ( ! ,society ( ,jesus 0 a ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to *eck ! gr[? ( ,prote/antism4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! effect ( its "w 9 ?is direction1 x seems cle> t su* 0 n ! purpose = :i* x 0 organiz$4 ,s*wick]a? %[s t x is d\btful if ! f\nd] ( ! ,jesuit ord] _h ev] he>d ! "n ( ! ,g]man ,re=m]4 ,he says1#fc ,! ,papal ,lett]s & ! ,con/itutions assign z ! special object ( ! ,society3 ',! progress ( s\ls 9 a good life & k ( religion2 ! propagation ( fai? by public prea*+1 ! ,spiritual ,ex]cises & works ( *>ity1 & p>ticul>ly ! in/ruction ( y\? & ignorant p]sons 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4' ,x _c be d5i$1 :atev] ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,society1 t x n only *eck$ ! onw>d m>* ( ,prote/antism1 b x ev5 re/or$ _m prov9ces & communities to _! fealty to ! ,"m ,*ur*4 ,h[ well ! la/ clause ( ! admonition above quot$ 0 c>ri$ out w be se5 :5 we rememb] t ! ,jesuits orig9at$ ! mo/ successful educational sy/em ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 a sy/em hav+ a def9ite end 9 view1 & ^: adh]5ts by indomitable en]gy1 by self-sacrifice1 by on5ess ( purpose1 secur$ rem>kable success4 ,let u turn our att5tion to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,ord]4 ,loyola 7#adia-aeef71 ! orig9ator ( ! ord]1 0 a ,spani% nobleman4 ,:ile recov]+ f a sev]e w\nd receiv$ 9 battle1 he read "s religi\s books :i* made su* a pr(\nd impression ^u him t he resolv$ to consecrate himself to religi\s "w4 ,n be+ an educat$ man1 he devot$ "s ye>s to /udy1 & :ile at ! univ]sity ( ,p>is he ga!r$ ar\nd him o!r "y m5 :o also 7 ready to consecrate !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,!y =m$ !mselves into ! ,ord] ( ,jesus1 ) ! av[$ purpose at fir/ ( rescu+ ,j]usalem f ! h&s ( ! infidels4 ,?is 0 n to be done by =ce ( arms1 z 9 case ( ! crusad]s1 b by peaceful means4 ,?is purpose 0 ab&on$1 b ! zeal\s mission>y _s ( ! ,jesuits endur$4 ,9 #aedj ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 recogniz$ ! new ord] & gave x ! sanction ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! organization 0 milit>y 9 "*1 ,loyola becom+ its fir/ g5]al4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,society 0 rem>kable f ! outset4 ,9 #afjj x _h #bjj s*ools2 9 #agaj1 #fab colleges1 #aeg bo>d+ or normal s*ools1 #ei h\ses = novitiates1 #cdj resid5ces1 #bjj missions1 & #bd univ]sities4 ,! college at ,cl]mont _h1 9 #afea1 #bjjj /ud5ts1 & 9 #afge1 #cjjj /ud5ts4 ,^! in/itutions controll$ ! education ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 all ,europe1 & _m ,prote/ant "y m5 also 7 attract$ to ! ,jesuit s*ools by _! sup]ior tea*]s & _! ?or\gh tra9+4 ,! society became s /rong t v>i\s attempts 7 made to *eck its p[]4 ,x spread1 h[ev]1 to ,*9a & ,h9du/an1 to ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,its _s & its practices ar\s$ ! suspicion ( pr9ces & p1 ( _m ,ca?olics z well z ,prote/ants4 ,9 #aggc ! ,jesuits 7 9 possession ( #da prov9ces1 & _h #bb1ehi memb]s1 ( :om #aa1bie 7 prie/s4 ,s9ce t "t popes h suppress$ !m1 rul]s h expell$ !m f _! c\ntries1 _! prop]ty & p[] h be5 tak5 f !m1 until _! influ5ce has be5 greatly less5$ & _! progress *eck$4 ,jesuit ,education4--,unlike ! mona/ics1 ! ,jesuits m+l$ ) ! _w2 !y assum$ no peculi>ities ( dress1 & held !mselves ready to act z mission>ies to ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ! _w1 z ag5ts ( ! ,*ur* to :i* !y s fully consecrat$ !mselves1 & z tea*]s ( y\?4 ,!y e/abli%$ s*ools ev]y:]e1 & plac$ !m 9 *>ge ( tea*]s ( rem>kable skill & p$agogical tra9+4#fd ,we h se5 t _! ef=ts 7 *iefly direct$ to high] education1 _! s*ools be+ design$ = boys n less ?an f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,9 g5]al1 prim>y education did n ent] into _! s*eme4 ,s*wick]a? ?9ks t ! ,jesuits c\ld n und]take elem5t>y education because !y _h nev] m5 en\gh to supply ! dem&s = high] education4#fe ,?is %[s t !y held high] education z ( ! great] importance1 & ! same au?or fur!r adds3 ,besides1 ! :ole intellectual tra9+ ( ! ,jesuits fitt$ !m bett] = ! high] bran*es4 ,!y rea*$ sons ( pr9ces1 noblem51 & o!rs :o con/itut$ ! influ5tial classes1#ff b ! ,con/itutions expressly laid d[n t pov]ty & mean extraction 7 nev] to be any h9drance to a pupil's admission4#fg ,in/ruction 0 free4 ,_! s*ools became ! mo/ effici5t & ! mo/ popul> means ( education furni%$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1--& ju/ly s1 = _! "w 0 ?or\gh1 _! tea*]s 7 compet5t & well tra9$1 & _! c\rse ( /udy compreh5sive4 ,x is wor?y ( especial note t all tea*]s ( ! ,jesuit s*ools 7 c>efully tra9$ be=e !y 7 all[$ to give in/ruction4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory t ! necessity ( special prep>ation = ! "w ( tea*+ 0 recogniz$ z an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! "w ( education4 ,e ,jesuit s*ool 0 divid$ into two dep>tm5ts1 ! l[]1 /udia inf]iora1 consi/+ ( five classes1 & ! high]1 /udia sup]iora1 requir+ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,boys 7 admitt$ to ! l[] c\rse at ! age ( f\rte51 & ! "w consi/$ *iefly ( ! /udy ( ! humanities1 :ile t ( ! advanc$ c\rse embrac$ philosophy & !ology4#fh ,) ref]5ce to ^! c\rses ( /udy1 ,quick says1 ,! ,jesuit sy/em /&s out 9 ! hi/ory ( education z a rem>kable in/ance ( a s*ool sy/em elaborately ?\ght out & work$ z a :ole4 ,aga91 he says ( ! ,ratio ,/udiorum3#fi ,x po9ts out a p]fectly atta9able goal1 & c>efully def9es ! road by :i* t goal is to be approa*$4 ,= ea* class 0 prescrib$ n only ! "w to be done1 b also ! end to be kept 9 view4 ,surely ^! are mo/ comm5dable features ( any c\rse ( /udy4 ,! "w 0 rem>kably ?or\gh 9 e detail4 ,aft] ! society _h be5 9 exi/5ce "s =ty ye>s1 ,claudius ,aquaviva became its ,g5]al ,sup]ior4 ,he at once began ! /udy ( ! educational problem1 us+ all ! res\rces ( 8 (fice 9 obta9+ in=mation1 & employ+ 8 executive ability 9 produc+ an improv$ me?od ( /udy4 ,a committee ( twelve mo/ em95t *ur*m5 0 appo9t$ 9 #aeha to /udy ! "q1 & ?ree ye>s lat] a commission ( six1 repres5t+ diff]5t c\ntries1 began ! labor ( prep>+ a c\rse ( /udy4 ,_! "w1 call$ ! ,ratio ,/udiorum1#gj complet$ 9 #aeii1 has rema9$1 ) "s modifications1 ! guide ( ,jesuit in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,emulation4--,emulation 0 employ$ to /imulate pupils to "w & to secure good conduct4 ,prizes1 decorations1 rew>ds1 titles1 7 (f]$ z a means ( atta9+ desir$ ends4 ,emulation is a natural in/9ct 9 mank9d1 & x may be utiliz$ to /imulate endeavor & fo/] ambition4 ,! pr9ciple ev] to be kept 9 m9d %\ld be excell5cy )\t degrad+ o!rs4 ,s*wick]a? ?9ks t su* 0 ! _s 9 :i* ! ,jesuits employ$ ?is inc5tive4#ga ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t !re are dang]s connect$ ) prizes1 &1 on ! :ole1 t c]ta9 me?ods ( fo/]+ emulation recomm5d$ by ! ,ratio ,/udiorum are less suitable to nor!rn c\ntries & less 9 accordance ) mod]n ta/e4 ,:ile corporal puni%m5t 0 all[$1 x 0 g5]ally adm9i/]$ by an (ficial discipl9>ian4 ,x 0 seldom us$1 h[ev]1 ! discipl9e be+ mild & humane4 ,criticism ( ,jesuit ,education4--,z to ! effici5cy ( ! in/ruction 9 ! ,jesuit s*ools1 op9ions widely diff]4 ,bacon & ,desc>tes indorse x 9 highe/ t]ms1 :ile ,leibnitz1 ,voltaire1 & o!rs are equally /rong 9 its condemnation4 ,bacon rem>ks1 ,z to :atev] relates to ! in/ruction ( ! "y1 we mu/ consult ! s*ools ( ! ,jesuits1 = !re c be no?+ t is bett] done4 ,leibnitz1 on ! o!r h&1 says1 ,9 ! matt] ( education1 ! ,jesuits h rema9$ bel[ m$iocrity4 ,ranke1 9 speak+ ( ! success ( ! ,jesuit s*ools1 says1 ,x 0 f\nd t "y p]sons le>n$ m "u !m 9 half a ye> ?an ) o!rs 9 two ye>s4 ,mr4 ,quick says3 ,i h said t ! object :i* ! ,jesuits propos$ 9 _! tea*+ 0 n ! highe/ object4 ,!y did n aim at develop+ all ! faculties ( _! pupils1 b m]ely ! receptive & reproductive faculties4 ,:5 ! "y man _h acquir$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! ,lat9 language = all purposes1 :5 he 0 well v]s$ 9 ! !ological & philosophical op9ions ( 8 preceptors1 :5 he 0 skillful 9 dispute1 & c\ld make a brilliant display f ! res\rces ( a well-/or$ memory1 he _h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t to :i* ! ,jesuits s\ght to lead him4#gb ,"s critics ( ! ,jesuits claim t !y lack 9 orig9ality ( ?9k+1 & t !y neglect tra9+ 9 ! p[] ( =m+ correct judgm5ts4 ,!y h produc$1 h[ev]1 _m great m54 ,summ>y4--,summ>iz+ ! educational "w ( ! ,jesuits1 ! foll[+ w\ld appe> to u to be j3-- #a4 ,_! educational sy/em 0 by f> ! mo/ effici5t & successful ( any dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies4 #b4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 applies only to high] education1 z prim>y education 0 n und]tak5 by !m4 #c4 ,!y made _! s*ools int]e/+1 & le>n+ pleasant4 ,_! "w 0 ?or\gh1 _! consecration complete1 _! success z tea*]s m>vel\s1 !y be+ ! greate/ s*oolma/]s ( _! "t4 #d4 ,!y produc$ a c\rse ( /udy1 ! ,ratio ,/udiorum1 :i* lays pr9cipal /ress ^u ! humanities & religi\s in/ruction4 #e4 ,!y taught ! necessity ( tra9$ tea*]s1 & develop$ a rem>kable p[] & tact 9 ! "w ( in/ruction & s*ool managem5t4 #f4 ,!y made use ( emulation z a means ( /imulat+ ambition1--a pr9ciple t t5ds to ar\se ! bas] motives1 & :i* is !re=e to be us$ gu>d$ly4 #g4 ,!y 7 indefatigable 9 mission>y ent]prise1 & zeal\s 9 ! propagation ( _! pr9ciples1 bo? religi\s & educational4 #h4 ,!y /imulat$ au?or%ip1 advanc$ le>n+1 & produc$ _m great m54 #i4 ,!y ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! intellectual1 social1 & political movem5ts ( _! "t4 ,,! ,,port ,,royali/s ,oppos$ to ! ,jesuits 0 ano!r body ( ,ca?olics1 sometimes call$ ,jans5i/s f ! organiz] ( ! movem5t1 & sometimes ,port ,royali/s1 because _! *ief s*ool 0 at ,port ,royal ne> ,p>is4 ,_! purpose 0 to *eck ! progress ( ! ,jesuits1 to promote great] spirituality 9 ! ,*ur*1 & to revive ! pure ,ca?olicism ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,among _! great lead]s may be m5tion$ ,pascal1 ,nicole1 & ,launcelot4 ,! purpose ( ! ,jans5i/s 0 v diff]5t f t ( ! ,jesuits1 & _! me?ods 7 m mod]n4 ,!y gave pref]5ce to mod]n languages1 :ile ! ,jesuits gave *ief att5tion to ! classic tongues4 ,_! discipl9e1 l t ( ! ,jesuits1 0 humane1 b firm4 ,_! greate/ contribution to education is ! phonic me?od ( spell+4 ,!y also laid /ress ^u ! use ( objects1 ! developm5t ( ! s5se p]ceptions1 especially 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,"o ( _! axioms 01 ,! intellig5ce ( *ildhood always be+ v dep5d5t on ! s5ses1 we mu/1 z f> z possible1 address our in/ruction to ! s5ses1 & cause x to rea* ! m9d1 n only ?r\gh he>+1 b also ?r\gh see+4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* object tea*+ 0 taught z a pr9ciple1 a pr9ciple :i* ,bacon1 ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 & ,froebel work$ out1 & :i* has be5 "o ( ! mo/ important factors ( mod]n educational progress4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,jesuit ,education1 p4 #gg4 #fd ,see ,hughes1 ,loyola1 pp4 #df1 #aac1 #aef1 #bhb4 ,also ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education1 p4 #dae4 #fe ,jesuit ,education1 p4 #aje4 ,see also ,hughes1 ,loyola1 pp4 #d1 #ad1 #dc1 #df1 #fh1 #gb1 #hb1 & #hf 7l9es #ab-bc74 #ff ,see ,hughes1 ,loyola1 pp4 #gb1 #aea4 #fg ,educational ,re=m]s p4 #bf4 #fh ,k4 ,s*midt1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bcj4 #fi ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #cd4 #gj ,see ,hughes1 ,loyola1 p4 #ada1 = full description ( ?is "w & outl9e ( ! c\rse4 ,also ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education1 p4 #aia4 #ga ,see ,hughes1 ,loyola1 p4 #eaa4 #gb ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,o!r ,,educators ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,lit]ature4--,h4 ,m4 ,sk9n]1 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature1 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,com$y & ,satire2 ,gill1 ,sy/ems ( ,education2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education2 ,besant1 ,rabelais2 ,monroe1 ,educational ,ideal2 ,coll9s1 ,montaigne2 ,em]son1 ,repres5tative ,m52 ,vogel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik2 ,c>lisle1 ,two ,great ,tea*]s 7,as*am & ,arnold72 ,az>ias1 ,essays ,educational2 ,davidson1 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,we h ?us f> discuss$ educators :o 7 directly connect$ ) ! great ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic movem5ts4 ,!re 7 o!rs :o 7 m or less indep5d5t ( ^! movem5ts4 ,among ^! we may m5tion ,rog] ,as*am1 ,rabelais1 & ,montaigne4 ,,as*am 7#aeae-aefh7 ,rog] ,as*am 0 ! mo/ celebrat$ ,engli% educator ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,cambridge1 & /udi$ ?ree ye>s 9 ,g]many4 ,he _h a ?or\gh k ( ! classic languages4 ,= ^! reasons he 0 *os5 tutor to ,elizabe?1 a position :i* he held = two ye>s4 ,^u h] accession to ! ?rone1 ,as*am came to read ) h] sev]al h\rs a day1 & %e reta9$ h] affection = h] old tea*] ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,8 *ief lit]>y "w is 8 ,s*olema/]1 :i* is ! fir/ educational classic 9 ,engli%4 ,dr4 ,johnson says ( ?is book1 ,x conta9s1 p]haps1 ! be/ advice t ev] 0 giv5 = ! /udy ( languages4 ,?is me?od 0 z foll[s1 giv5 9 ,as*am's words3 ,fir/1 let him tea* ! *ild1 *e]fully & pla9ly1 ! cause & matt] ( ! lett] 7,cic]o's ,epi/les72 !n1 let him con/rue x into ,engli% s (t z ! *ild may easily c>ry away ! und]/&+ ( x2 la/ly1 p>se x ov] p]fectly4 ,?is done1 !n let ! *ild by & by bo? con/rue & p>se x ov] aga92 s t x may appe> t ! *ild d\bte? 9 no?+ t 8 ma/] has taught him be=e4 ,aft] ?is1 ! *ild mu/ take a pap] book1 & sitt+ 9 "s place :]e no man %all prompt him1 by himself let him translate into ,engli% 8 =m] lesson4 ,!n %[+ x to 8 ma/]1 let ! ma/] take f him 8 ,lat9 book1 & paus+ an h\r at ! lea/1 !n let ! *ild translate 8 own ,engli% into ,lat9 aga9 9 ano!r pap] book4 ,:5 ! *ild br+e? x turn$ into ,lat91 ! ma/] mu/ comp>e x ) ,tully's book1 & lay !m bo? toge!r1 & :]e ! *ild do? well1 praise him1 :]e amiss1 po9t out :y ,tully's use is bett]4 ,?us ! *ild w easily acquire a k ( gramm>1 & also ! gr\nd ( almo/ all ! rules t are s busily taught by ! ma/]1 & s h>dly le>n$ by ! s*ol> 9 all common s*ools4 ,! translation is ! mo/ common & mo/ comm5dable ( all o!r ex]cises = y\?2 mo/ common1 = all y\r con/ructions 9 gramm> s*ools be no?+ else b translations2 b because !y be n d\ble translations 7z ,i d require71 !y br+ =? b simple & s+le commodity2 & because also !y lack ! daily use ( writ+1 :i* is ! only ?+ t bre$e? deep root1 bo? 9 ! wit = good und]/&+1 & 9 ! memory = sure keep+ ( all t is le>n$2 mo/ comm5dable also1 & t by ! judgm5t ( all au?ors :i* entreat ( ^! ex]cises4#gc ,as*am (t5 ref]s to 8 illu/ri\s pupil 9 claim+ m]it = 8 sy/em4 ,he says1 ,& a bett] & ne>] example h]e9 may be our mo/ noble ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o nev] took yet ,greek nor ,lat9 gramm> 9 h] h& aft] ! fir/ decl9+ ( a n\n & a v]b2 b only by ?is d\ble translat+ ( ,demo/h5es & ,isocrates daily1 )\t miss+1 e =5oon1 & likewise "s "p ( ,tully e aft]noon1 = ! space ( a ye> or two1 ha? atta9$ to su* a p]fect und]/&+ 9 bo? tongues1 & to su* a ready utt]ance ( ! ,lat91 & t ) su* a judgm5t z !re be few n[ 9 bo? univ]sities1 or else:]e 9 ,engl&1 t be 9 bo? tongues comp>able ) h] ,maje/y4 ,mr4 ,quick ?9ks t :ile ,as*am may h ?us flatt]$ 8 royal pupil1 !re is no d\bt t %e 0 an accompli%$ s*ol>4 ,we h se5 t ,/urm made "s use ( d\ble translation1 b ,as*am is entitl$ to full cr$it = ! me?od1 :i* he adopt$ f ,pl9y & p]fect$4 ,_m tea*]s ( language s9ce t "t h employ$ ?is me?od ) excell5t results4 ,,rabelais#gd 7#adhc-aeec7 ,?\gh !re is "s obscurity z to ! exact date ( ! bir? ( ,rabelais1 x is g5]ally believ$ t he 0 born ! same ye> z ,lu!r1 #adhc4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,fr5* innkeep]1 &1 aft] complet+ a classical c\rse1 0 consecrat$ to ! prie/hood4 ,8 great ability & indep5d5t ?9k+1 & 8 humani/ic t5d5cy br\ght repro( f 8 sup]iors1 & he 0 ord]$ to p]=m works ( p5ance 9 8 cell2 b ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( p[]ful fri5ds he 0 fre$ & all[$ to g ov] to ! ,b5$ict9es1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 he did n rema9 long4 ,he became an indep5d5t prea*]1 & z su* _h _m fri5ds among ! re=m]s1 *ief among :om 0 ,calv94 ,8 intimacy ) ,calv9 l$ ! m radical re=m]s to be suspici\s ( him1 & n )\t reason4 ,walt] ,besant tells u t1 ,"o he>s he is a buffoon--he is always mock+ & always laugh+4 ,t is p]fectly true4 ,he laughs at ! pret5sions ( pope1 c>d9al1 bi%op1 & prie/2 he laughs at monk]y & monks2 he mocks at ! p]petual it]ation ( litanies2 he laughs at ! ignorance & sup]/ition :i* he ?9ks are ab\t to vani% be=e ! new day ( mod]n le>n+4#ge ,nor 0 8 sympa?y ) ! re=m]s any m m>k$4 ,besant fur!r adds1 ,x 0 at t "t all important t1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! s*ol>s %\ld range !mselves on ! ,prote/ant side4 ,rabelais refus$ to d ?is4 ,m1 he set an example :i* det]r$ o!r s*ol>s1 & kept !m1 9 %e] impati5ce1 9 ! enemy's camp4#gf ,! great lit]>y "w ( ,rabelais is embodi$ 9 a s]ies ( *ronicles1 ! fir/ ( :i* is call$ ,g>gantua & ! second1 ,pantagruel4 ,x is believ$ t ^! 7 popul> names ( giants 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ^! books we f9d ,rabelais's p$agogy4#gg ,! giant ,g>gantua att5ds a s*ool 9 :i* s*ola/ic me?ods are employ$4 ,! au?or skillfully ridicules ! me?ods1 & %[s ! utt] ineffici5cy ( ! in/ruction by contra/+ ! result 9 ,g>gantua & ,eudemon1 a page ( ! k+4 ,g>gantua1 a man ( fifty-five1 is introduc$ to ,eudemon1 a boy ( twelve4 ,! =m] is awkw>d1 ba%ful1 & does n "k :at to say1 :ile ! latt] meets ,g>gantua cap 9 h&1 ) op5 c\nt5ance1 ruddy lips1 /eady eyes1 & ) mode/y becom+ a y\?4 ,9 reply to ! polite & intellig5t conv]sation ( ! lad1 ,g>gantua falls to cry+ l a c[1 ca/+ d[n 8 face1 & hid+ x ) 8 cap4 ,compayre says1 ,9 ^! two pupils1 s diff]5t 9 mann]1 ,rabelais has p]sonifi$ two contra/$ me?ods ( education3 t :i*1 by me*anical ex]cises ( memory1 enfeebles & dulls ! intellig5ce2 & t :i*1 ) l>ge grants ( lib]ty1 develops intellig5ces & frank & op5 *>act]s4 ,! defici5cies ( ! old education 7! s*ola/ic7 be+ ?us %[n1 ,rabelais places 8 pupil "u ,ponocrates1 ,eudemon's tea*]1 :o has produc$ su* practical results4 ,he !n op5s up 8 sy/em ( p$agogy 9 ! plan pursu$ = ! r$emption ( ,g>gantua4 ,realism 9 ,education4--,compayre's e/imate ( ?is p$agogy is z foll[s3 ,! p$agogy ( ,rabelais is ! fir/ appe>ance ( :at may be call$ realism 9 in/ruction1 9 di/9ction f ! s*ola/ic =malism4 ,! au?or ( ',g>gantua' turns ! m9d ( ! "y man t[>d objects truly wor?y ( occupy+ 8 att5tion4 ,he cat*es a glimpse ( ! future res]v$ to sci5tific education1 & to ! /udy ( nature4 ,he invites ! m9d1 n to ! labor$ subtleties & complicat$ tricks :i* s*ola/icism _h br\ght into fa%ion1 b to manly ef=ts1 & to a wide unfold+ ( human nature4#gh ,9 comp>+ ,rabelais ) ,lucretius1 ,walt] ,besant says1 ,bo?1 at an int]val ( fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 anticipat$ ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 its re/less discont5t ( old beliefs1 its fe>less que/ion+1 its advocacy ( sci5tific rese>*4#gi ,compayre ?9ks t ,rabelais is c]ta9ly ! fir/1 9 po9t ( "t1 ( t gr& s*ool ( educators :o place ! sci5ces 9 ! fir/ rank among ! /udies ( human ?\ght4#hj ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! au?or ( ,g>gantua is wor?y ( a mo/ honorable place among educational writ]s4 ,rabelais began a movem5t1 :i* 0 de/9$ to revolutionize educational me?ods4 ,! educational s*eme ( ,rabelais embrac$ ! /udy ( lett]s1 ( nature1 ( sci5ce1 ( morals & religion1 ( ! physical well-be+1--9 %ort1 ( ev]y?+ necess>y1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] w\ld say1 to complete liv+4 ,,montaigne#ha 7#aecc-aeib7 ,( a v diff]5t "* f ,rabelais 0 ,montaigne4 ,rabelais 0 radical & extravagant1 ,montaigne cons]vative & discreet2 ,rabelais s\ght developm5t ( all ! faculties alike1 ,montaigne gave pref]5ce to ! tra9+ ( ! judgm5t2 ,rabelais w\ld ?or\ghly ma/] e bran* ( human k1 ,montaigne 0 cont5t to skim ov] ! sci5ces4 ,& yet1 ,montaigne mu/ be recogniz$ z an important factor 9 education1 n only = 8 own tea*+s1 b because und\bt$ly ,bacon1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 & o!r apo/les ( re=m 7 greatly influ5c$ by him4 ,bacon fur!r$ ,montaigne's !ories conc]n+ ! importance ( sci5ce1 & by 8 inductive me?od r5d]$ ! _w a f> great] s]vice ?an 8 great ,fr5* contempor>y4 ,locke enl>g$ ^u ,montaigne's ideas ( physical tra9+4 ,r\sseau accept$ a vital doctr9e ( ,montaigne 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,he 7,emile7 possesses a univ]sal capacity1 n 9 po9t ( actual k1 b 9 ! faculty ( acquir+ x2 an op51 intellig5t g5ius adapt$ to ev]y?+1 &1 z ,montaigne says1 if n in/ruct$1 capable ( receiv+ in/ruction4 ,montaigne's fa!r 0 a ,fr5* nobleman1 :o fully appreciat$ ! responsibility laid ^u him 9 ! education ( 8 son4 ,d\btless 8 tra9+ _h mu* to d 9 %ap+ ! p$agogy ( ! illu/ri\s son4 ,x 0 wise1 mild b firm1 natural1 & ?or\gh4 ,! tutors & s]vants :o surr\nd$ him 7 all[$ to speak only 9 ,lat94 ,t tongue ?us became z famili> z 8 native tongue4 ,inde$1 x is said1 t at ! age ( six he 0 s pr(ici5t 9 ! language ( ,cic]o1 t ! be/ ,lat9i/s ( ! "t fe>$ to address him4 ,nor 0 8 k conf9$ to ,lat9 alone4 ,he 0 in/ruct$ 9 mod]n lore z well4 ,at ! age ( six he 0 plac$ 9 ! college ( ,gui5ne1 :]e he rema9$ sev5 ye>s4 ,8 exp]i5ce !re1 s contr>y to t "u :i* he _h be5 br\ght up1 l$ him to be utt]ly oppos$ to corporal puni%m5t4 ,( ! me?ods ( discipl9e employ$ 9 ! s*ool1 he says1 ,! discipl9e ( mo/ ( our colleges has always displeas$ me4 ,!y are v]itable jails 9 :i* y\? is held prison]4 ,! pupils are made vici\s by be+ puni%$ be=e !y become s4 ,pay a visit !re :5 !y are at _! "w2 y w he> no?+ b cries1--*ildr5 "u execution1 & ma/]s drunk ) fury4 ,:at a mode ( creat+ 9 ^! t5d] & timid s\ls an appetite = _! lessons1 to conduct !m to _! tasks ) a furi\s c\nt5ance1 rod 9 h&6--x is an iniquit\s & p]nici\s fa%ion4 ,h[ mu* m becom+ x w\ld be to see ! classroom /rew$ ) leaves & fl[]s ?an ) blood-/a9$ /umps ( bir* rods6 ,i w\ld h pa9t$ up !re sc5es ( joy & m]rim5t1 ,flora & ! ,graces1 z ,speusippus _h 8 s*ool ( philosophy3 :]e !y are to ga9 pr(it1 !re let !m f9d happ9ess too4 ,"o ought to sweet5 all food t is :olesome1 & put bitt] into :at is dang]\s4#hb ,"h we f9d a /rong plea = humane =ms ( puni%m5t & a sev]e criticism ( ! prevail+ practice ( flogg+1 a practice :i* did n cease until long aft] ,montaigne's "t4 ,x is an equally =cible plea = beautiful & pleasant s*oolrooms1 decorat$ ) works ( art int5d$ to awak5 & cultivate ! ae/hetic s5se ( ! *ildr51 :ile contribut+ to _! happ9ess4 ,x has be5 left to ! educators ( ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to take up & s]i\sly act ^u ?is sugge/ion made ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! purpose ( education1 said ,montaigne1 is ! tra9+1 n ( a gramm>ian1 or a logician1 b ( a complete g5tleman4 ,education %\ld be ( a practical nature4 ,! *ild mu/ become famili> ) ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,he mu/ le>n 8 own language fir/ & !n t ( 8 neighbors1 & languages %\ld all be le>n$ by conv]sation4 ,a decid$ weakness 9 8 sy/em is f\nd 9 8 ideas conc]n+ wom54 ,he made no provision = _! education1 &1 inde$1 express$ great contempt = _! abilities ( ei!r m9d or he>t4 ,montaigne's *ief lit]>y "w is 8 ,essays4 ,compayre pron\nces ,montaigne's p$agogy1 a p$agogy ( good s5se1 & fur!r adds t he has rema9$1 aft] ?ree c5turies1 a sure guide 9 ! matt] ( intellectual education4 ,obs]vation & exp]i5ce 7 to be abundantly employ$1 & visits to o!r l&s1 toge!r ) int]c\rse ) intellig5t m5 ev]y:]e1 7 to %>p5 our wits by rubb+ !m ^u ^? ( o!rs4 ,to sum up1 we may say t ! p$agogy ( ,montaigne tea*es ! tra9+ & use ( ! s5ses2 ! /udy ( sci5ce2 ! le>n+ ( ! "m tongue fir/ by conv]sation1 & !n ! language ( our neighbors ) :om we come 9 contact2 ! abolition ( corporal puni%m5t1 & ! beautify+ ( s*oolrooms4 ,?is surely is no small contribution to education4 ,8 def9ition ( education is wor?y ( note4 ,he says1 ,x is n ! m9d only1 nor ! body1 b ! :ole man t is to be educat$4#hc ,summ>y ( ,educational ,progress dur+ ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4--#a4 ,humanism _h rea*$ its climax & begun to decl9e4 ,x /imulat$ inv5tion & discov]y2 x reviv$ classic lit]ature & put x 9 su* =m t x c\ld be us$2 x emancipat$ ! m9d2 x prep>$ ! way = lat] re=ms2 x produc$ great educators su* z ,petr>*1 ,erasmus1 & ,reu*l94 #b4 ,! ,re=mation took up ! educational "w ( humanism1 & c>ri$ x =w>d4 ,x in/itut$ prim>y education1 ! education ( ! masses1 compulsory education & p>5tal responsibility !re=2 x ass]t$ ! "r & duty ( ! ,/ate to dem& & secure univ]sal education2 x elevat$ & gave dignity to ! (fice ( tea*]2 x =mulat$ sev]al s*ool sy/ems1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ,g]man s*ool sy/em4 ,among its great educators 7 ,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 ,/urm1 & ,ne&]4 #c4 ,! ,jesuits e/abli%$ a rem>kable sy/em ( s*ools1 not$ = _! ?or\ghness1 = _! s+l5ess ( purpose1 = _! rapid gr[?1 & = _! tra9$ tea*]s4 ,!y gave little att5tion to prim>y education1 b s\ght to rea* ! high] classes4 ,emulation 0 ! pr9cipal inc5tive employ$4 #d4 ,oppos$ to ! ,jesuit education 0 t ( ! ,port ,royali/s4 ,!y appeal$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! *ildr5 & cultivat$ ! s5se-p]ceptions4 ,!y inv5t$ ! phonic me?od ( spell+4 #e4 ,/urm's celebrat$ c\rse ( /udy 0 introduc$ dur+ ?is c5tury at ,/rasburg4 #f4 ,! me?od ( d\ble translations 9 le>n+ a language 0 taught by ,as*am & ,/urm4 #g4 ,9 ,rabelais we f9d ! fir/ appe>ance ( realism1 :i* bore ri* fruit 9 lat] sci5tific education4 #h4 ,montaigne oppos$ ! use ( ! rod1 & taught t ! s*oolroom %\ld be made attractive4 ,he also advocat$ ! /udy ( mod]n languages by conv]sation1 & gave sci5ce an honorable place 9 ! curriculum4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! sixte5? c5tury surpass$ _m previ\s eras 9 its contributions to educational progress4 ,,footnotes3 #gc ,h4 ,m4 ,sk9n]1 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature1 p4 #bj4 #gd ,= special ref]5ce see ,besant's ,rabelais4 #ge ,rabelais1 #aib4 #gf ,ibid41 #aic4 #gg ,s*oolma/] 9 ,com$y & ,satire1 #i-cc4 #gh ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #ia4 #gi ,rabelais1 p4 #ahg4 #hj ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #if4 #ha ,see ,coll9s1 ,montaigne4 #hb ,coll9s1 ,montaigne1 p4 #ad4 #hc ,a good summ>y ( ,montaigne's educational ideas may be f\nd 9 ,coll9s's ,montaigne1 p4 #ajb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,lit]ature4--,taylor1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,s*ill]1 ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 ,dy]1 ,mod]n ,europe2 ,lewis1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many2 ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,political & ,hi/orical ,conditions4--,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 rem>kable = ! w>s = religi\s supremacy4 ,! ,re=mation _h *all5g$ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 ar\s$ a que/ion+ _s1 & in/ill$ into m5's m9ds a love = religi\s lib]ty4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,europe _h sway$ back & =? betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism1 accord+ z success 9 arms _h favor$ "o side or ! o!r4 ,! _s ( ,prote/antism _h tak5 possession m especially ( ! common p1 :o =m$ ! bone & s9ew ( ! armies4 ,bitt] animosities exi/$ betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( ! papal *ur* & ! re=m]s1 :i* f\nd expression 9 blood%$1 rap9e1 & de/ruction ( prop]ty4 ,engl& 0 torn asund] by civil w>1 :i* result$ 9 ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,commonweal? "u ,cromwell1--! /ruggle betwe5 ,cavali] & ,r\ndhead1 betwe5 e/abli%$ *ur* & ,puritan1 end+ f9ally 9 ! revolution ( #afhh4 ,! c\ntry 0 9 a religi\s f]m5t dur+ ! great] "p ( ?is c5tury1 caus$ by a gr[+ jeal\sy = ! ma9t5ance ( ! pr9ciple ( ! "r to wor%ip ,god accord+ to ! dictates ( "o's own consci5ce4 ,nor 0 ! /ruggle less virul5t or disa/r\s 9 cont95tal ,europe4 ,! religi\s upheaval ( ! previ\s c5tury culm9at$ 9 ! t]rible conflict kn[n z ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 ?is la/$ f #afah till #afdh1 :5 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia secur$ religi\s lib]ty to all m54 ,nor!rn ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1 & ,sw$51 z well z m9or c\ntries1 7 involv$ 9 ?is great w>4 ,let ,bay>d ,taylor pa9t ! result ( ?is fe>ful /ruggle4 ,?irty ye>s ( w>6 ,! slaught]s ( ,rome's wor/ emp]ors1 ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,n]o & ,diocletian1 ! invasions ( ! ,huns & ,magy>s1 ! long /ruggle ( ! ,guelfs & ,ghibell9es1 left no su* desolation beh9d !m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 ! population ( ! ,g]man ,empire 0 ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj2 :5 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia 0 decl>$1 x 0 sc>cely m ?an #ab1jjj1jjj6 ,electoral ,saxony1 alone1 lo/ #ijj1jjj lives 9 two ye>s4444 ,! city ( ,b]l9 conta9$ b #cjj citiz5s1 ! :ole ( ! ,palat9ate ( ! ,rh9e b #bjj f>m]s4 ,9 ,hesse-,cassel1 #ag cities1 #dg ca/les1 & #cjj villages 7 entirely de/roy$ by fire2 ?\s&s ( villages1 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 _h b f\r or five families left out ( hundr$s1 & l&$ prop]ty sank to ab\t "o tw5tie? ( its =m] value4444 ,! horses1 cattle1 & %eep 7 ext]m9at$ 9 _m di/ricts1 ! supplies ( gra9 7 at an end1 ev5 = s[+1 & l>ge cultivat$ tracts _h relaps$ into a wild]ness4 ,ev5 or*>ds & v9ey>ds _h be5 wantonly de/roy$ :]ev] armies _h pass$4 ,s t]rible 0 ! ravage t1 9 a great _m localities1 ! same am\nt ( population1 cattle1 acres ( cultivat$ l&1 & g5]al prosp]ity 0 n re/or$ until ! ye> #ahdh1 two c5turies aft]w>d6 ,?is /atem5t ( ! losses ( ,g]many1 h[ev]1 0 b a small "p ( ! suff]+ endur$4444 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s ( ! w>1 bo? ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 de$s ( b>b>ity2 ! soldi]s 7 no?+ b highway robb]s1 :o maim$ & tortur$ ! c\ntry p to make !m give up _! la/ rema9+ prop]ty4444 ,9 ! ye> #afcg1 :5 ,f]d9& ,,ii4 di$1 ! want 0 s great t m5 dev\r$ ea* o!r1 & ev5 hunt$ d[n human be+s l de] or h>es1 9 ord] to fe$ ^u !m4 ,9 "*1 9 intellig5ce1 & 9 morality1 ! ,g]man p 7 set back two hundr$ ye>s4 ,all bran*es ( indu/ry _h decl9$1 comm]ce _h almo/ entirely ceas$1 lit]ature & ! arts 7 suppress$1 & except ! a/ronomical discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]1 !re 0 no contribution to human k4 ,ev5 ! mod]n ,high ,g]man language1 :i* ,lu!r _h made ! classic tongue ( ! l&1 seem$ to be on ! po9t ( p]i%+4 ,spani>ds & ,italians on ! ,ca?olic1 ,sw$es & ,fr5* on ! ,prote/ant side1 flood$ ! c\ntry ) =eign words & expressions1 ! use ( :i* soon became an affectation ) ! nobility1 :o did _! be/ to de/roy _! native tongue4 ,politically1 ! *ange 0 no less disa/r\s4 ,! ambition ( ! h\se ( ,hapsburg1 x is true1 _h br\ght its own puni%m5t2 ! imp]ial dignity 0 secur$ to x1 b h5ce=? ! head ( ! ',holy ,roman ,empire' 0 n mu* m ?an a %ad[4444 ,z = ! mass ( ! p1 _! _s 0 brok52 = a "t !y gave up ev5 ! long+ = ! rights :i* !y _h lo/1 & taught _! *ildr5 abject ob$i5ce 9 ord] t !y might simply live4#hd ,! ,educational ,situation4--,^! political conditions _h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u education4 ,s*ools 7 ab&on$1 colleges gave up _! *>t]s1 & p 7 cont5t to all[ _! *ildr5 to gr[ up 9 ignorance4 ,inde$1 x 0 n to be expect$ t1 9 ! mid/ ( _! pov]ty & sorr[1 p>5ts %\ld c>e = education4 ,& yet1 "s mo/ important & wise s*ool laws 7 enact$ & put into =ce1 :i* =m ! basis ( ! pres5t ,g]man s*ool sy/em1 z well z ! s*ool sy/ems ( _m o!r c\ntries4 ,9 #afai ! ,duke ( ,weim> decre$ t all *ildr51 girls z well z boys1 %\ld be kept 9 s*ool = at lea/ six ye>s1--f six to twelve4 ,?is is ! fir/ effici5t compulsory education law on record int5d$ = all classes ( *ildr54 ,besides ,weim>1 ,wu]temb]g1 ,hesse-,d>m/adt1 ,meckl5burg1 ,hol/e91 ,hesse-,cassel1 & o!r prov9ces 7 active 9 s*ool "w4 ,!y organiz$ s*ools1 appo9t$ tea*]s1 & =mulat$ s*ool regulations4 ,9 #afdb1 ,duke ,ern/ ( ,go?a adopt$ a new s*ool regulation :i* 0 a c5tury 9 advance ( ! "t1 & ?is action 0 tak5 :5 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 0 at its height & 9 a t]ritory sadly deva/at$ by cont5d+ armies4 ,?is law requir$ e *ild to ent] s*ool at ! beg9n+ ( 8 six? ye>1 & to rema9 9 s*ool until he c\ld read 8 "m tongue1 _h ma/]$ ,lu!r's cate*ism1 & 0 well gr\nd$ 9 ari?metic1 writ+1 & *ur* songs4 ,a c\rse ( /udy 0 m>k$ out1 ! s*ools 7 grad$1 & me?ods ( in/ruction 7 outl9$4 ,! greate/ defect 9 ! sy/em 0 ! lack ( compet5t tea*]s4 ,dis*>g$ soldi]s1 wor?less /ud5ts1 & degrad$ craftsm5 :o c\ld read & write1 & :o possess$ a little k ( music1 cont9u$ = _m ye>s to be employ$ z s*oolma/]s4 ,b little progress c\ld be made "u ^! adv]se circum/ances2 & ! only reason = enc\ragem5t 0 ! fact t ! duty ( p>5ts to keep _! *ildr5 at s*ool 0 ev]y:]e recogniz$4 ,! ,innovators4--,we mu/ "h m5tion also ! ,innovators or ,re=m]s1 ^: p]iod ( educational activity falls *iefly )9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,among ^! appe> ! names ( ,francis ,bacon1 ,ratke1 ,milton1 ,com5ius1 ,roll91 ,f5elon1 & ,locke4 ,^! m5 />t$ movem5ts :i* revolutioniz$ education & laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n me?ods4 ,! dem&s ( ! ,re=m]s are summ$ up by ,quick z foll[s3 ,fir/1 t ! /udy ( ?+s %\ld prec$e1 or be unit$ )1 ! /udy ( words2 second1 t k %\ld be communicat$1 :]e possible1 by appeal to ! s5ses2 ?ird1 t all l+ui/ic /udy %\ld beg9 ) t ( ! "m tongue2 f\r?1 t ,lat9 & ,greek %\ld be taught to su* boys only z w\ld be likely to complete a le>n$ education2 fif?1 t physical education %\ld be att5d$ to 9 all classes ( society = ! sake ( heal?1 n simply ) a view to g5tlemanly accompli%m5ts2 six?1 t a new me?od ( tea*+ %\ld be adopt$1 fram$ ',accord+ to nature4'#he ,9 ano!r *apt] we %all /udy ! life & "w ( "s ( ^! m54 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,hi/ory ( ,g]many1 p4 #dji4 #he ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #ej4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,educators ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,lit]ature4--,*ur*1 ,bacon2 ,macaulay1 ,essays2 ,sp(=d1 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,montagu1 ,life ( ,bacon2 ,b>n>d1 ,engli% ,p$agogy2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education2 ,laurie1 ,life & ,works ( ,com5ius2 ,com5ius1 ,orbis ,pictus2 ,b>n>d1 ,j\rnal ( ,education2 ,milton1 ,tractate on ,education2 ,pattison1 ,milton2 ,f[l]1 ,locke2 ,leit*1 ,practical ,educationi/s2 ,gill1 ,sy/ems ( ,education2 ,s*wegl]1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 ,c\rtney1 ,john ,locke2 ,vogel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik2 ,compayre1 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy2 ,f5elon1 ,education ( ,girls2 ,az>ias1 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature2 ,monroe1 ,com5ius4 ,,bacon#hf 7#aefa-afbf7 ,b little is kn[n ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ,francis ,bacon1 b x is probable t he 0 well tra9$1 z 8 fa!r 0 a man ( good education1 & ! boy 0 able to ent] ,cambridge :5 only a little ov] twelve ye>s ( age4 ,8 fa!r 0 = _m ye>s ,"l ,keep] ( ! ,seals1 & ?is br\ght ,francis 9 contact ) c\rt life1 :]e 8 precocity made him a favorite ) ! que54 ,he ?us e>ly acquir$ t ta/e = ! c\rt1 by :i* he climb$ to ! height ( 8 ambition only to fall !refrom 9 ignom9i\s defeat4 ,he rema9$ at ,cambridge only ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,"l ,macaulay sums up ! result ( ,bacon's univ]sity exp]i5ce 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,bacon dep>t$1 c>ry+ ) him a pr(\nd contempt = ! c\rse ( /udy pursu$ !re1 a fix$ conviction t ! sy/em ( academic education 9 ,engl& 0 radically vici\s1 a j scorn = ! trifles on :i* ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle _h wa/$ _! p[]s1 & no great rev]5ce = ,ari/otle himself4#hg ,"s ?9k t ?us e>ly1 :ile n yet fifte5 ye>s ( age1 ,bacon began to =mulate t inductive sy/em :i* made him a great b5efactor ( ! human race4 ,!re seems to be b little pro( ( ?is2 &1 if x be s1 he laid x aside until ne> ! close ( 8 life1 & devot$ himself to politics4 ,aft] leav+ ,cambridge1 he w5t abroad ) ! ,engli% ambassador at ,p>is1 ) :om he s]v$ until ! dea? ( 8 fa!r compell$ 8 return to ,engl&4 ,unexpect$ly f9d+ t 8 patrimony 0 gone1 he began a c>e] at ! b>1 & rose /ep by /ep1 amid _m disc\ragem5ts1 until he rea*$ ! height ( 8 ambition1 ! ,"l ,high ,*ancellor%ip ( ! realm4 ,9 rea*+ ?is position he resort$ to _m ( ! tricks ( ! politician1 & sacrific$ 8 be/ fri5ds to fur!r 8 selfi% int]e/s4 ,conc]n+ 8 actions t[>d 8 b5efactor1 ,essex1 ,macaulay says1 ,?is fri5d1 s lov$1 s tru/$1 bore a pr9cipal "p 9 ru9+ ! e>l's =tunes1 9 %$d+ 8 blood1 & 9 black5+ 8 memory4 ,b let u be j to ,bacon4 ,we believe t1 to ! la/1 he _h no wi% to injure ,essex4 ,nay1 we believe t he s9c]ely wi%$ to s]ve ,essex1 z long z he c\ld s]ve ,essex )\t injur+ himself4#hh ,su* seem+ mitigation ( ,bacon's +ratitude s]ves only to br+ ! ,"l ,*ancellor's c[>dice m completely to light4 ,?is lack ( pr9ciple & gre$ = (fice1 toge!r ) ! luxuri\s ta/es :i* kept ,bacon con/antly 9 debt1 made him susceptible to corruption4 ,accord+ly he accept$ bribes2 &1 :5 expos$1 8 degradation f ! highe/ (fice "u ! cr[n 0 mo/ complete & humiliat+4 ,he 0 summon$ be=e ! b> ( ,p>liam5t2 &1 f9d+ ! evid5ce aga9/ him complete1 he admitt$ 8 guilt & plead$ = clem5cy4 ,^! are ! words ( 8 confession1 ,^u advis$ consid]ation ( ! *>ges1 desc5d+ into my own consci5ce & call+ ^u my memory to acc\nt s f> z ,i am able1 ,i d pla9ly & +5u\sly confess t ,i am guilty ( corruption1 & d r5\nce all def5se4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty & condemn$ to imprisonm5t 9 ! ,t[] dur+ ! pleasure ( ! k+1 & to a f9e ( ,l#dj1jjj2 he 0 =bidd5 ev] to sit 9 ,p>liam5t or come )9 ! v]ge ( ! c\rt1 & 0 =ev] deb>r$ f hold+ (fice4 ,he nev] paid ! f9e1 0 releas$ f ! ,t[] aft] two days1 0 p]mitt$ to visit ! c\rt1 & 0 summon$ to ! meet+s ( ,p>liam5t4#hi ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 took any "p 9 public affairs4 ,! k+ grant$ him a p5sion ^u :i* he liv$ ! rema9d] ( 8 days4 ,?us disappe>$ f public life "o ( ,engl&'s greate/ /atesm51 ^: political c>e] end$ 9 disgrace4 ,b dur+ ! rema9+ six ye>s ( 8 life1 he wrote 8 pr9cipal works1 :i* made him fam\s = all "t1 & :i* m>k a new era 9 education z well z 9 ! _w's progress4 ,9 #afbj 8 greate/ "w1 ! ,novum ,organum1 0 publi%$4 ,9 ?is appe>s 8 ,inductive ,me?od1 a great educational discov]y1 :i* has be5 ( ine/imable value to mank9d4 ,x revolutioniz$ sci5ce1 & sugge/$ ! application ( ! =ces ( nature to ! wants ( man1 ?us op5+ to man's ent]prise an illimitable field = rese>*4 ,9 ! ?ree c5turies s9ce ,bacon's discov]y1 sci5ce has made va/ /rides1 & yet is only at ! ?re%old ( its possible developm5t4 ,! wat*words ( ! inductive me?od--exp]im5t1 inve/igate1 v]ify--h l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( laboratories1 to ! f\nd+ ( exp]im5t+ /ations1 & to ! /udy ( ,nature h]self4 ,z ,macaulay puts x1 ,two words =m ! key ( ! ,baconian doctr9e1 ,utility & ,progress4 ,aga9 he says1 ,! philosophy ( ,plato began 9 words & end$ 9 words4444 ,! philosophy ( ,bacon began 9 obs]vation & end$ 9 arts4#ij ,macaulay depreciates ! "w ( ,bacon1 & %[s t he 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! inductive me?od1 :i*1 he says ) tru?1 has be5 practic$ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w by e human be+4#ia ,nor 0 he ! fir/ p]son :o correctly analyz$ t me?od & expla9$ its uses1 z ,ari/otle _h done s long be=e4 ,b ^! facts d n detract f ! glory ( ,bacon any m ?an ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ! ,norsem5 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,columbus detracts f 8 glory4 ,! same process ( reason+ w\ld take all cr$it f e philosoph] t has ev] liv$1 = ) equal tru? x may be said t e m5tal process has be5 practic$ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w by e human be+4 ,bacon's tea*+s resemble ^? ( ,montaigne1 ?\gh ,bacon's "w 0 f> m important & complete ?an t ( 8 ,fr5* contempor>y4 ,8 p$agogy may be summ$ up 9 ^! pregnant words f 8 own p53 ,a judici\s bl5d+ & int]*ange betwe5 ! easi] & m difficult bran*es ( le>n+1 adapt$ to ! individual capabilities & to ! future occupation ( pupils1 w pr(it bo? ! m5tal & bodily p[]s1 & make in/ruction acceptable4 ,we f9d 9 ,bacon1 !n1 ! beg9n+ ( a new era 9 education4 ,x rema9$ = ,com5ius1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & _! compe]s to apply to specific educational sy/ems ! great tru? conta9$ 9 ! inductive me?od2 & to sci5ti/s & inve/igators ( all k9ds has be5 intru/$ ! mission ( fur!r+1 ?r\gh ?is me?od1 ! m>vel\s sci5tific developm5t :i* has almo/ re-creat$ ! _w4 ,,ratke#ib 7#aega-afce7 ,p]haps ! fir/ to urge ! re=ms :i* con/itute ! basis ( educational !ory 0 ,ratke1 a ,g]man1 born 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hol/e94 ,he orig9at$ a s*eme by :i* he promis$ to tea* any language1 anci5t or mod]n1 9 six mon?s4 ,he travel$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 endeavor+ to sell 8 discov]y to pr9ces & m5 ( le>n+4 ,pur*as]s _h to agree /rictly to ma9ta9 ! secret4 ,pr(essor ,williams speaks ( ?is conduct z foll[s3 ,^! 7 ! acts ( a *>latan p$dl+ "s secret quack no/rum4#ic ,mr4 ,quick says1 ,he w\ld also f\nd a s*ool 9 :i* all arts & sci5ces %\ld be rapidly le>n$ & advanc$2 he w\ld introduce1 & peacefully ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t ! cont95t1 a uni=m spee*1 a uni=m gov]nm5t1 &1 m wond]ful /ill1 a uni=m religion4 ,f ^! mode/ proposals we %\ld naturally inf] t ! promis] 0 no?+ b a quack ( m ?an usual impud5ce2 b ! position :i* ! "n ( ,rati* holds 9 ! hi/ory ( education is suffici5t pro( t ?is is by no means a complete /atem5t ( ! matt]4#id ,_m ?9k]s fully believ$ t ! s*ools 7 9 bondage to ! classic /udies1 t !y did n prep>e = life1 & t sci5ce1 :i* _h begun to %[ signs ( awak5+1 %\ld h a place 9 education4 ,! extravagant !ories ( ,ratke1 !re=e1 attract$ att5tion4 ,opportunity 0 giv5 him to put 8 !ories into practice1 fir/ at ,augsburg1 !n at ,koe!n1 & f9ally at ,magdeburg4 ,9 ea* in/ance he utt]ly fail$1 m f want ( tact 9 deal+ ) m51--) ^? 9 au?ority1 z well z ) 8 tea*]s & pupils1--?an f lack ( s\ndness 9 !ory4 ,( c\rse mu* ( 8 !ory 0 wor?less1 especially t ref]r+ to ! ma/]y ( a language 9 six mon?s1 & t propos+ uni=mity 9 spee*1 gov]nm5t1 & religion4 ,ratke's me?od ( tea*+ a language 0 n orig9al ) him1 be+ simil> to1 ?\gh n s effective z1 t advocat$ by ,rog] ,as*am1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e 7see p4 #aia71 & sugge/$ fir/ by ,pl9y1 fifte5 c5turies e>li]4 ,ratke requir$ ! pupil to g ov] ! same matt] _m times1 to le>n ! gramm> 9 connection ) translation1 & f9ally to translate back into ! orig9al4 ,he propos$ to foll[ ! same c\rse ) all languages1 & h all gramm>s con/ruct$ on ! same plan4 ,! "w :i* ,ratke began 0 m successfully c>ri$ out by o!rs :o foll[$ him1 & ?us fruit has be5 borne to ^! new & radical ideas4 ,quick sums up ,ratke's p$agogy 9 a few words1 z foll[s3#ie-- #a4 ,ev]y?+ aft] ! ord] & c\rse ( nature4 #b4 ,"o ?+ at a "t4 #c4 ,"o ?+ aga9 & aga9 repeat$4 #d4 ,no?+ %all be le>n$ by he>t4 #e4 ,uni=mity 9 all ?+s4 #f4 ,k ( ! ?+ itself mu/ be giv5 be=e t :i* ref]s to ! ?+4 #g4 ,ev]y?+ by exp]im5t & analysis4 #h4 ,ev]y?+ )\t co]cion2#b t is1 by g5tle means1 & n by ! use ( ! rod4 ,o!rs h work$ out ^! pr9ciples until !y h become ?or\ghly incorporat$ into e sy/em ( mod]n p$agogy4 ,,com5ius#if 7#aeib-afgj7 ,by f> ! greate/ educator ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & "o ( ! greate/ 9 educational hi/ory1 0 ,johann ,amos ,com5ius4 ,he 0 born 9 ,moravia1 & belong$ to ! ,prote/ant body kn[n z ! ,moravian ,bre?r54 ,8 e>ly education 0 neglect$1 a fact t 0 n )\t its comp5sation1 =1 n beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,lat9 until sixte5 ye>s ( age1 he 0 mature en\gh to appreciate ! defects 9 ! preval5t me?od ( in/ruction4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ valuable s]vices to education grew out ( 8 attempt to rem$y ! defects ?us discov]$4 ,( ! s*ools he att5d$1 he says1 ,!y are ! t]ror ( boys1 & ! slaught]h\ses ( m9ds1--places :]e a hatr$ ( books & lit]ature is contract$1 :]e t5 or m ye>s are sp5t 9 le>n+ :at might be acquir$ 9 "o1 :]e :at ought to be p\r$ 9 g5tly is viol5tly =c$ 91 & beat5 91 :]e :at ought to be put cle>ly & p]spicu\sly is pres5t$ 9 a confus$ & intricate way1 z if x 7 a collection ( puzzles1--places :]e m9ds are f$ on words4#ig ,9 speak+ ( 8 own exp]i5ce at s*ool1 he says1 ,i 0 cont9ually full ( ?\ghts = ! f9d+ out ( "s means :]eby m might be inflam$ ) ! love ( le>n+1 & :]eby le>n+ itself might be made m comp5di\s1 bo? 9 ! matt] ( *>ge & co/1 & ( labor belong+ !reto1 t s ! y\? might be br\ght by a m easy me?od unto "s notable pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+4#ih ,! life ( ,com5ius1 :i* ext5d$ ov] ne>ly eighty ye>s1 0 full ( vicissitudes & trials4 ,briefly told1 x is z foll[s3 ,he 0 left an orphan at an e>ly age1 _h poor educational advantages 9 *ildhood1 began ! /udy ( ,lat9 at sixte51 & complet$ 8 /udies at ,heidelb]g at tw5ty-two1 hav+ previ\sly /udi$ at ,h]born4 ,aft] leav+ ! univ]sity1 he 0 tea*] ( ! ,moravian ,s*ool at ,pr]au = two ye>s1 & !n hav+ be5 orda9$ to ! m9i/ry1 became pa/or ( ,fulnek4 ,"h he rema9$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 liv+ a happy & useful life4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> _h brok5 out1 ! battle ( ,prague _h be5 lo/ by ! ,prote/ants1 & ! t[n ( ,fulnek sack$4 ,com5ius lo/ ev]y?+ he possess$1 & ?is mis=tune 0 soon foll[$ by ! dea? ( 8 wife & *ild4 ,aft] hid+ 9 ! m\nta9s = "s "t1 he 0 bani%$ f 8 native l&1 toge!r ) all ! o!r ,prote/ants4 ,?is took place 9 #afbg1 :5 ,com5ius 0 ?irty-five ye>s old4 ,?\gh he (t5 long$ to return to 8 fa!rl&1 he 0 nev] p]mitt$ to d s4 ,he settl$ 9 ,pol&1 & began by ! /udy ( ! works ( ,ratke1 ,bacon1 & o!r writ]s to prep>e himself = ! great task ( educational re=m4 ,( ?is exp]i5ce he writes1 ,aft] _m work+s & toss+s ( my ?\ghts1 by r$uc+ ev]y?+ to ! immovable laws ( nature1 ,i light$ ^u my ',didactica ,magna1' :i* %[s ! art ( readily & solidly tea*+ all m5 all ?+s4 ,he visit$ ,engl&1 ,sw$51 & ,hung>y 9 ! int]e/s ( education1 & 0 invit$ to ,france1 b did n accept ! invitation4 ,:ile liv+ at ,leszno1 ,pol&1 = a second "t 8 h\se 0 sack$ & all 8 prop]ty de/roy$4 ,among o!r ?+s1 8 "w on ,pansophia1 & 8 ,lat9-,bohemian diction>y1 on :i* he _h labor$ = =ty ye>s1 7 burn$4 ,he clos$ 8 days at ,am/]dam1 ,holl&4 ,9 addition to ! great honors be/[$ ^u him by ! v>i\s c\ntries t s\ght 8 advice on educational matt]s1 he 0 made ! *ief bi%op & head ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r54 ,raum] =cibly sums up ! life ( ,com5ius z foll[s3 ,com5ius is a gr& & v5]able figure ( sorr[4 ,?\gh w&]+1 p]secut$1 & homeless1 dur+ ! t]rible & desolat+ ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 yet he nev] despair$1 b ) endur+ c\rage1 & /rong fai?1 labor$ unwe>i$ly to prep>e y\? by a bett] education = a happi] future4 ,susp5d$ f ! m9i/ry1 z he himself tells u1 & an exile1 he became an apo/le to ! ,*ri/ian y\?2 & he labor$ = !m ) a zeal & love wor?y ( ! *ief ( ! apo/les4#ii ,p$agogical ,"w4--,! great educational works ( ,com5ius are 8 ,gate ( ,tongues ,unlock$1 ! ,great ,didactic1 & 8 ,orbis ,pictus4 ,mr4 ,quick ?9ks t ! ,great ,didactic conta9s1 9 ! be/ =m1 ! pr9ciples he aft]w>d endeavor$ to "w out#ajj 9 8 o!r educational writ+s4 ,! s]vices ( ,com5ius to p$agogy1 says ,pr(essor ,williams1 7 ( a ?reefold "*1 9 ea* ( :i* 8 m]it 0 v great4 ,fir/1 he 0 ! true orig9ator ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( ! ,innovators4 ,second1 he 0 a great educational sy/emati/4 ,?ird1 he 0 ! au?or ( improv$ text-books1 :i* 7 long & widely fam\s4#aja ,?is is a fair summ+ up ( ! rem>kable activity ( ?is man ) ! exception ( ! fir/ po9t4 ,montaigne1 ,ratke1 & ,bacon _h previ\sly taught _m ( ! fundam5tal tru?s :i* ,com5ius m]ely amplifi$ & br\ght to practical fruition1 & he himself ackn[l$g$ ! influ5ce ( ! la/ two m5 ^u him4 ,t ! :ole purpose ( ! life ( ,com5ius 0 f> nobl] ?an t ( ,ratke or ,bacon1 !re rema9s no room = d\bt4 ,compayre says1 ,! "* ( ,com5ius equals 8 intellig5ce4 ,?r\gh a ?\s& ob/acles he devot$ 8 long life to ! "w ( popul> in/ruction4 ,) a g5]\s ardor he consecrat$ himself to infancy4 ,he wrote tw5ty works & taught 9 tw5ty cities4 ,moreov]1 he 0 ! fir/ to =m a def9ite conception ( :at ! elem5t>y /udies %\ld be4#ajb ,bacon gave ! inspiration & ,com5ius work$ ! tru? into practical =m2 ,bacon inv5t$ a new !ory ( sci5tific inve/igation1 ,com5ius employ$ t !ory 9 education2 ,bacon orig9at$ & ,com5ius appli$4 ,?is does n detract f ! m]it ( ,com5ius any m ?an 8 "w detracts f ! m]it ( ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 or ,horace ,mann1 all ( :om ga!r$ inspiration f him4 ,summ>y ( ! ,"w ( ,com5ius4--7#a7 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ! fir/ illu/rat$ text-book1 ! ,orbis ,pictus4#ajc ,! co/ ( illu/rations 0 = a long "t a s]i\s b>ri] to _! g5]al adoption 9 s*oolbooks2 b mod]n inv5tions & improvem5ts h remov$ ?is ob/acle1 & _m ( ! text-books ( to-day are z valuable = _! illu/rations z = _! text4 ,! ,orbis ,pictus appe>$ 9 #afeh4 7#b7 ,9 8 ,great ,didactic1 he pres5ts a s*eme = g5]al organization ( ! s*ool sy/em :i* cov]s ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( life4 ,x divides ?is "t into f\r equal p]iods ( six ye>s1 ea* z foll[s3-- #a4 ,infancy1 or ! "m s*ool1 f bir? up to six ye>s ( age4 #b4 ,boyhood1 ! v]nacul> or national s*ool1 f six to twelve4 #c4 ,adolesc5ce1 ! ,gymnasium or ,lat9 s*ool1 f twelve to eighte54 #d4 ,y\?1 ! univ]sity 7includ+ travel71 f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! infant s*ool %\ld be f\nd 9 e h\se1 ! v]nacul> s*ool 9 e village & community1 ! gymnasium 9 e prov9ce1 & ! univ]sity 9 e k+dom or l>ge prov9ce4 ,?is s*eme1 ) v>iation ( details1 =ms ! basis ( pres5t s*ool sy/ems3 fir/1 ! p]iod 9 ! home ) ! "m till six2 second1 ! p]iod ( g5]al education 9 ! common s*ool1 f six to twelve or f\rte52 ?ird1 ! p]iod ( prep>ation = ! pr(essional s*ools1 f twelve or f\rte5 to eighte52 & f\r?1 ! pr(essional or univ]sity c\rse1 f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! la/ is usually divid$ into a college & a univ]sity c\rse4 7#c7 ,! educational pr9ciples ( ,com5ius 7 revolution>y z to ! s*ool practices ( ! "t4 ,!y h come to be almo/ univ]sally accept$ at pres5t4 ,we c "h /ate only a few ( ! mo/ ess5tial4#ajd #a4 ,if we w\ld tea* & le>n surely1 we mu/ foll[ ! ord] ( ,nature4 #b4 ,let ev]y?+ be pres5t$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 #c4 ,proce$ f ! easy to ! difficult1 f ! ne> to ! remote1 f ! g5]al to ! special1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 #d4 ,make le>n+ pleasant by ! *oice ( suitable mat]ial1 by n attempt+ too mu*1 by ! use ( concrete examples1 & by ! selection ( t :i* is ( utility4 #e4 ,fix firmly by frequ5t repetitions & drills4 #f4 ,let all ?+s advance by indissoluble /eps1 s t ev]y?+ taught to-day may give firmness & /ability to :at 0 taught ye/]day1 & po9t ! way to ! "w ( to-morr[4#aje #g4 ,let ev]y?+ t is useless be elim9at$ f tea*+4 #h4 ,le>n to d by do+4 #i4 ,ea* language %\ld be le>n$ sep>ately1 h a def9ite "t assign$ to x1 be le>n$ by use r ?an precept1--t is1 ! practice 9 le>n+ %\ld be ) famili> ?+s1--& all tongues %\ld be le>n$ by "o & ! same me?od4 #aj4 ,! example ( well-ord]$ life ( p>5ts1 nurses1 tea*]s1 & s*oolfell[s is v important = *ildr52 b precepts & rules ( life mu/ be add$ to example4 #aa4 ,z k ( ,god is ! highe/ ( all k1 ! ,holy ,scriptures mu/ be ! alpha & omega ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ools4 ,com5ius gives explicit directions z to me?ods ( in/ruction1 class managem5t1 discipl9e1 c\rses ( /udy1 includ+ a discussion ( ea* bran*1 & moral & religi\s tea*+4 ,he pres5ts ^! directions 9 ! mo/ rem>kable & complete s]ies ( precepts & pr9ciples to be f\nd 9 educational lit]ature4#ajf ,,milton 7#afjh-afgd7 ,john ,milton 0 ! mo/ notable man :o ev] kept s*ool or publi%$ a s*oolbook4 ,:ile 8 fame re/s on ,p>adise ,lo/ & o!r great lit]>y works1 he des]ves a place among educators = 8 ,tractate on ,education1 & = 8 sympa?y ) educational re=m4 ,he anticipat$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s celebrat$ def9ition1--,to prep>e u = complete liv+ is ! function :i* education has to dis*>ge1--9 ! foll[+ words3 ,i call1 !re=e1 a complete & g5]\s education t :i* fits a man to p]=m ju/ly1 skillfully1 & magnanim\sly all ! (fices1 bo? private & public1 ( peace & w>4 ,he criticis$ ! s*ools ( 8 "t & s\ght to make !m m practical4 ,l ! e>li] ,innovators1 & 9 h>mony ) ! _s t 0 rapidly gr[+1 he ?\ght t too mu* "t 0 giv5 to ! /udy ( ,lat91 & urg$ t sci5ce1 music1 physical culture1 & language z a means ( acquir+ a k ( useful ?+s1 %\ld receive m att5tion 9 ! s*ools4 ,quick says1 ,a prote/ aga9/ a purely lit]>y education comes ) trem5d\s =ce f ! /ud5t :o sacrific$ 8 sight to 8 read+1 ! accompli%$ s*ol> ^: ,lat9 works 7 kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ! au?or ( ',p>adise ,lo/4'#ajg ,milton's exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ 0 conf9$ to a small bo>d+ s*ool1 su* z ^? usually resort$ to = educat+ ! sons ( ! bett] classes 9 ,engl& at t "t4 ,= pupils he began ) two nephews1 to :om 7 soon add$ a few o!r boys4 ,^! 7 sons ( ,milton's fri5ds1 & "s ( !m came z bo>d]s1 o!rs z day /ud5ts4 ,milton seem$ to l ! "w ( tea*+1 & x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t 8 ,tractate 0 writt54 ,he probably taught s*ool 9 ?is way = eight or n9e ye>s1 & !n 0 appo9t$ to a small (fice "u ! gov]nm5t1 :i* secur$ 8 liv+4 ,! re/ ( 8 life 0 devot$ *iefly to lit]>y "w4 ,milton's ,tractate4--,! pr9cipal lessons f ?is educational "w are embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! end !n ( ,le>n+ is to repair ! ru9es ( our fir/ ,p>5ts by rega9+ to "k ,god aright1 & out ( t k to love him1 & to imitate him1 to be l him1 z we may ! ne>e/ by possess+ our s\ls ( true virtue1 :i* be+ unit$ to ! heav5ly grace ( fai? makes up ! highe/ p]fection4#ajh ,?is r cumb]some def9ition %[s h[ fully ,milton 0 possess$ ( ! ,puritan _s1 :i* !n controll$ ,engl&1 & :i* magnifi$ religi\s zeal4 ,milton's s*eme ( education may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! s*ool premises %\ld consi/ ( a spaci\s h\se ) l>ge s*ool gr\nds1 int5d$ = ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty /ud5ts f twelve to tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 :o %\ld receive _! complete second>y & univ]sity education 9 ! same s*ool4 ,?is s*eme1 s unique 9 ,milton's "t1 is practically c>ri$ out 9 ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! connection betwe5 ! l[] & high] s*ools is direct4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! l& ( its inception1 & 9 ,g]many1 !re is no su* direct articulation betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] s*ools4 #b4 ,! c\rse ( /udy embraces1 fir/1 ! ,lat9 gramm>1 ari?metic1 geometry1 religion1 & ,greek au?ors to be read 9 translation2 second1 ,lat9 au?ors1 geography1 natural philosophy2 ?ird1 ,greek1 trigonometry1--int5d$ to prep>e = =tification1--ar*itecture1 eng9e]+1 & navigation1 anatomy1 & m$ic9e4 ,?is c\rse is suppos$ to be complet$ at ab\t ! age ( sixte54 ,! h>d] topics n[ foll[1 toge!r ) ! /udy ( ^? subjects int5d$ to tea* e?ical judgm5t4 ,milton says1 ,z !y beg9 to acquire "*1 & to reason on ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 !re w be requir$ a con/ant & s\nd indoctr9at+ to set !m "r & firm1 in/ruct+ !m m amply 9 ! k ( virtue & ! hatr$ ( vice4 ,!n come ,greek au?ors1 ,holy ,writ1 poetry1 & at any odd h\r1 ! ,italian tongue1 e?ics1 & politics4 ,he is consi/5t ) 8 def9ition ( education1--t :i* fits a man to p]=m ju/ly1 skillfully1 & magnanim\sly all ! (fices1 bo? public & private1 ( peace & w>1 :5 he w\ld tra9 m5 to be /eadfa/ pill>s ( ! ,/ate4 ,he adds 9 8 c\rse also ! /udy ( law1 includ+ ,roman edicts & ,engli% common law1 a k ( ,hebrew1 & possibly ,syrian & ,*aldaic4 ,nor 7 physical ex]cises omitt$4 ,sword ex]cises1 wre/l+1 milit>y tactics1 rid+1 etc41 7 to be daily practic$1 ea* 9 its prop] "t4 ,f9ally1 ! "y man1 :5 ab\t tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 %\ld travel abroad1 & ?us1 :5 mature en\gh to compreh5d !m1 become acqua9t$ ) ! geography1 hi/ory1 & politics ( o!r c\ntries4 ,?is 0 to be ! f9al prep>ation = citiz5%ip & s]vice ( c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,br[n+ pron\nces ?is a magnific5t & compreh5sive s*eme4 ,! mo/ s]i\s criticism ( x is1 t x m>ks out mu* m ?an ! av]age "y man c accompli%4 ,,locke#aji 7#afcb-agjd7 ,john ,locke 0 ! son ( a ,puritan g5tleman :o took active "p 9 ! w>s = religi\s fre$om f\ght dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,)\t d\bt ! /irr+ sc5es enact$ & ! great moral movem5ts :i* occupi$ ,engl& _h a great influ5ce ^u ,locke's life4 ,he 0 c>efully tra9$ at home until he 0 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s old1 :5 he ent]$ ,we/m9/] ,s*ool1 a ,puritan in/itution1 :]e he rema9$ = six ye>s4 ,he !n ent]$ ,ox=d1 & 9 due "t took 8 ba*elor's & ma/]'s degrees4 ,9 #affj1 :5 tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 he 0 made tutor ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 :]e he lectur$ on ,greek1 rhetoric1 & philosophy4 ,he int]e/$ himself 9 !ology1 b nev] took ord]s2 & he also /udi$ m$ic9e & = a "t practic$ x4 ,8 own heal? 0 prec>i\s1 he hav+ suff]$1 f *ronic consumption ne>ly all 8 life4 ,nev]!less1 he accompli%$ a trem5d\s am\nt ( "w4 ,! fri5d%ip ( ! ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury gave ,locke "s political pre/ige4 ,he liv$ 9 ! family ( t nobleman = _m ye>s1 & 0 ! tutor ( 8 son & gr&son4 ,locke's great "w1 on :i* 8 fame securely re/s1 is ! ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* /amps him z ! greate/ ( ,engli% philosoph]s4 ,?is appe>$ 9 #afij4 ,8 mo/ important educational "w is entitl$ ,"s ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education4 ,compayre says1 ,f psy*ology to p$agogy ! transition is easy1 & ,locke _h to make no great ef=t to become an au?ority on education aft] hav+ be5 an accompli%$ philosoph]4 ,fur!r1 ! same au?or says conc]n+ ! ess5tial pr9ciples discuss$ 9 ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education1 ,^! are3 #a1 9 physical education1 ! h>d5+ process2 #b1 9 intellectual education1 practical utility2 #c1 9 moral education1 ! pr9ciple ( honor1 set up z a rule = ! free self-gov]nm5t ( man4 ,9 ,locke1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d a c>eful set ( rules z to ! food1 sleep1 physical ex]cise1 & clo?+ ( *ildr54 ,:ile mod]n sci5ce rejects "s ( ^!1 mo/ ( !m are reg>d$ z s\nd 9 practice4 ,pl5ty ( outdoor ex]cise1 clo?+ loose & n too w>m1 pla9 food ) b little meat or sug>1 prop] h\rs ( sleep1 & b$s n too s(t1 e>ly retir+ & ris+1 & cold ba?s1 are means prescrib$ to h>d5 ! body & prep>e x to resi/ ! attacks ( disease4 ,a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body is ! celebrat$ aphorism :i* sums up ,locke's educational !ory4 ,z to moral education1 ,locke decl>es1 ,t :i* a g5tleman ought to desire = 8 son1 besides ! =tune :i* he leaves him1 is1 #a1 virtue2 #b1 prud5ce2 #c1 good mann]s2 #d1 in/ruction4 ,9 8 c\rse ( /udy ! idea ( utility prevails4 ,aft] read+1 writ+1 draw+1 geography1 & ! "m tongue are ma/]$1 ,locke1 l ,montaigne1 w\ld tea* ! language ( ne>e/ neighbors1 & !n ,lat94 ,ev5 ! ,lat9 tongue %\ld be le>n$ ?r\gh use1 r ?an by rules ( gramm> & by memoriz+ ! works ( classic au?ors4 ,:ile 8 sy/em ( education 0 plann$ = sons ( g5tlem51 ,locke urg$ ! e/abli%m5t ( work+ s*ools = *ildr5 ( ! labor+ classes4 ,?is 0 9 l9e ) 8 utilit>ian ideas1 z ! int5t 0 n s mu* intellectual tra9+1 z ! =mation ( /eady habits & ! prep>ation = success 9 indu/rial pursuits4 ,locke's plan 0 = a sort ( manual tra9+ s*ool1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( su* a project 9 hi/ory4 ,locke did n believe 9 univ]sal education1 nor 9 ! public s*ool4 ,only g5tlem5 7 provid$ = 9 8 =mal s*eme1 & h]e9 he foll[$ ! pa? m>k$ out by ,alfr$ ! ,great eight hundr$ ye>s be=e1 :i* ,engl& has n completely =sak5 to ?is day4 ,s9ce he _h done all 8 tea*+ z a private tutor 9 ! family ( a g5tleman1 "o c easily und]/& 8 advocacy ( t =m ( in/ruction = ! favor$ few4 ,locke's tea*+s 9 ?is respect are gradually los+ _! hold ev5 9 ,engl&1 ! mo/ cons]vative ( all c\ntries 9 educational matt]s1 & ! late/ great nation to accept ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal education4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ,engl& has be5 e>ne/ly seek+ to give e *ild1 :e!r ( g5tle or ( humble bir?1 ri* or poor1 :at 8 bir?right dem&s1--a good common s*ool education4 ,! influ5ce ( ,locke ^u education1 !n1 has be5 v great4 ,williams rem>ks t he inspir$ ,r\sseau ) ne>ly e valuable ?\ght :i* appe>s 9 ! brilliant pages ( 8 ',emile4' ,he seems himself to h d]iv$ "s ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic ideas f ,montaigne1 & possibly also f ,rabelais4#aaj ,al?\gh ,locke diff]$ f o!r educational re=m]s 9 _m respects1 ?\gh he 0 some:at n>r[ 9 8 conception ( education1 ow+ to 8 environm5t1 he oppos$ ! dry =malism t *>act]iz$ ! educational practice ( 8 "t1 & s\ght to emancipate man bo? intellectually & physically4 ,,f5elon 7#afea-agae7 ,f5elon 0 born ( noble p>5ts 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]igord1 ,france4 ,dur+ 8 e>ly ye>s 8 fa!r att5d$ v c>efully to 8 education1 & lat] 8 uncle1 ! ,m>quis de ,f5elon1 became 8 gu>dian4 ,?\gh delicate 9 heal?1 ! boy %[$ rem>kable aptness 9 le>n+4 ,at ! age ( twelve he ent]$ ! college ( ,cahors1 & !nce w5t to ! univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,he 0 de/9$ by 8 p>5ts = ! ,*ur*1 = :i*1 by natural temp]am5t & pi\s zeal1 he 0 well fitt$4 ,he prea*$ at fifte5 ) m>k$ success1 & took up a !ological c\rse at ,/4 ,sulpice4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r he 0 orda9$ prie/4 ,he desir$ to ent] ! mission>y field1 fir/ 9 ,canada1 & lat] 9 ,greece1 b _h to ab&on ?is purpose on acc\nt ( ill heal?4 ,sa9t-,simon1 9 8 ,memoires1 describes ,f5elon z a man ( /rik+ appe>ance1 & says1 ,8 mann] altoge!r correspond$ to 8 appe>ance2 8 p]fect ease 0 infecti\s to o!rs1 & 8 conv]sation 0 /amp$ ) ! grace & good ta/e :i* are acquir$ by habitual int]c\rse ) ! be/ society & ! great _w4 ,= t5 ye>s ,f5elon 0 at ! head ( ! conv5t ( ! ,new ,ca?olics1 an in/itution :i* s\ght to reclaim ,prote/ant "y wom5 to ,ca?olicism4 ,9 ?is position1 z well z 9 all 8 lifework1 ?\gh himself an ard5t ,ca?olic1 ,f5elon's c\rse 0 s temp]ate & j t he won ! w>me/ admiration ev5 ( ,prote/ants1 :o did n accept 8 fai?4 ,among 8 fri5ds 7 ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,beauvilli]s1 :o _h eight daught]s & sev]al sons4 ,at _! sugge/ion1 & = ! purpose ( help+ !m 9 educat+ _! daught]s1 he wrote 8 fir/ & mo/ important educational "w1 ,! ,education ( ,girls4 ,compayre pron\nces ?is ! fir/ classical "w ( ,fr5* p$agogy4 ,he fur!r speaks ( ?is book z a "w ( g5tl5ess & goodness1 ( a complaisant & amiable grace1 :i* is p]vad$ by a _s ( progress4#aaa ,x appe>$ 9 #afhg4 ,9 #afhi1 :5 ?irty-eight ye>s ( age1 ,f5elon 0 *os5 preceptor ( ! gr&son ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! "y ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,9 ?is position 8 rem>kable p[]s z a tea*] 7 br\ght to light1 & he appli$ ! !ories :i* he _h promulgat$4 ,! "y duke1 :o 0 eight ye>s ( age1 0 ( a passionate nature1 h>d to control1 & yet1 )al1 ( w>m-he>t$ impulses4 ,x is said t he w\ld break ! clocks :i* summon$ him to unwelcome duty1 & fly into ! wilde/ rage ) ! ra9 :i* h9d]$ "s pleasure4 ,! ,telema*us#aab ( ,f5elon1 p]haps 8 greate/ lit]>y "w1 0 compos$ at ?is "t1 z 7 also 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,dead & 8 ,fables4 ,! inspiration ( all ^! works 0 f\nd 9 ! *>ge committ$ to him--t ( prop]ly in/ruct+ 8 royal pupil4 ,f5elon ?us creat$ ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* he int]e/$ ! boy & taught him ! int5d$ lessons4 ,! ,telema*us 0 design$ = ! moral & political in/ruction ( ! pr9ce2 ?r\gh 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,dead he taught hi/ory2 & 8 ,fables 7 compos$ = ! purpose ( tea*+ ! moral & intellectual lessons :i* he wi%$ to imp>t to 8 illu/ri\s1 b head/rong1 pupil4 ,f5elon's success ) ! pr9ce 0 ph5om5al1 z ! passionate boy became affectionate1 docile1 & ob$i5t4 ,! success ( ! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 0 nev] put to ! f9al te/1 z ! duke di$ be=e com+ to ! ?rone4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! cure 0 p]man5t1 & x is n believ$ t1 l ,n]o1 he w\ld h relaps$ into 8 =m] vici\sness & cruelty4 ,"o naturally comp>es ,f5elon ) ,s5eca4 ,to bo? 7 committ$ *ildr51 heirs app>5t to ?rones1--willful1 cruel1 disob$i5t1 & h>d to control4 ,9 ,s5eca's pupil ! se$s ( cruelty rema9$1 to g]m9ate into ! awful tyrant2 9 ,f5elon's ! evil seem$ to be p]man5tly eradicat$1 & ! result 0 a pr9ce ) g5]\s impulses & noble int5tions4 ,& ?is result 0 l>gely ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! tea*]s1--,f5elon1 ! g5tle1 b firm1 pati5t1 pa9/ak+ consci5ti\s man2 ,s5eca1 ! m brilliant1 b vacillat+ & times]v+ sycophant4 ,f5elon's ,p$agogy4--#a4 ,!re mu/ be sy/ematic c>e ( ! body4 ,!re=e regul> meals & pla9 food1 pl5ty ( sleep1 ex]cise1 etc41 are ess5tial4 #b4 ,all in/ruction mu/ be made pleasant & int]e/+4 ,play is to be utiliz$ 9 tea*+4 ,9 ?is he anticipat$ ,froebel4 #c4 ,let puni%m5ts be z light z possible4 ,enc\rage *ildr5 to be op5 & tru?ful1 & d n prev5t confession by mak+ puni%m5ts too frequ5t or too sev]e4 ,puni%m5t %\ld be adm9i/]$ privately1 z a rule1 & publicly only :5 all o!r means h fail$4 #d4 ,pres5t ! ?+ be=e its "n1--! idea be=e ! ^w4 ,/udy ?+s1 inve/igate4 ,employ curiosity4 ,9 ?is he 0 a disciple ( ,bacon & ,com5ius1 & a prophet to ,pe/alozzi4 #e4 ,all[ no?+ to be committ$ to memory t is n und]/ood4 #f4 ,girls1 also1 mu/ %>e ! b5efits ( education4 ,especial att5tion %\ld be giv5 to tea*+ !m mode/y1 g5tl5ess1 piety1 h\sehold economy1 ! duties ( _! /ation 9 life1 & ^? ( mo!rhood4 #g4 ,morality %\ld be taught e>ly & by means ( fables1 /ories1 & concrete examples4 #h4 ,proce$ f ! ne> at h& to ! remote1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,?us 9 language1 aft] ! "m tongue1 tea* o!r liv+ languages1 & !n ! classics4 ,! latt] are to be le>n$ by conv]sation ab\t common objects1 & by application ( ! rules ( gramm> 9 connection !re)4 ,9 geography & hi/ory "o's own environm5t & c\ntry %\ld be le>n$ fir/1 !n o!r c\ntries4 #i4 ,example is ( great importance to all p]iods ( life1 b especially to *ildhood4 ,?is ,f5elon practically illu/rat$ by 8 own life & by ! concrete cases :i* he us$4 ,voltaire says ( ,f5elon1 ,8 wit 0 ov]fl[+ ) beauty1 8 he>t ) goodness4 ,,la ,,salle ,,& ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,s*ools#aac ,9 #afha1 ,la ,salle1 a devot$ prie/ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 organiz$ ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,! idea prim>ily 0 to awak5 int]e/ 9 elem5t>y education4 ,he p]fect$ ! "w already done by ,pet] ,fauri]1 ,*>les ,demia1 & o!rs4 ,! me?od ( in/ruction1 up to ?is "t1 _h be5 l>gely individual4 ,! pupils 7 call$ up to ! tea*]1 "o by "o1 or at mo/ two by two1 &1 aft] ! lesson _h be5 he>d1 !y 7 s5t back to _! seats to /udy4 ,la ,salle conceiv$ ! idea ( grad+ toge!r pupils ( ! same advancem5t1 & tea*+ !m simultane\sly1--a practice n[ employ$ 9 prim>y s*ools ev]y:]e4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,simultane\s ,me?od4 ,bro!r ,az>ias says ( ?is me?od1 ,because we all ( u h be5 tra9$ accord+ to ?is me?od1 & see x practic$ 9 ne>ly all ( our public & _m ( our private s*ools ?r\gh\t ! l&1 & h ceas$ to f9d x a subject ( wond]1 we may be incl9$ to und]value its importance4 ,n s 0 x reg>d$ 9 ! days ( ,la ,salle4 ,!n a ,bro!rs' ,s*ool 0 look$ ^u ) admiration4 ,/rang]s 7 %[n x z a curiosity wor? visit+4 ,la ,salle laid d[n _m explicit rules conc]n+ puni%m5t1 me?ods ( tea*+1 & s*ool organization 9 a book call$ ,! ,conduct ( ,s*ools4 ,:ile mod]n criticism w\ld condemn _m ( ^! rules1 we ?9k1 ) ,compayre1 t :atev] ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ^! gloomy s*ools f our mod]n ideal1--f ! pleasant1 active1 animat$ s*ool1 su* z we conceive x to-day1--!re is none ! less obligation to d ju/ice to ,la ,salle1 to p>don him = practices :i* 7 ^? ( 8 "t1 & to admire him = ! good qualities t 7 peculi>ly 8 own4#aad ,he e/abli%$ ! fir/ normal s*ool 9 hi/ory at ,rheims 9 #afhd1 ?irte5 ye>s be=e ,francke organiz$ 8 tea*]s' class at ,halle1 & fifty ye>s be=e ,heck] f\nd$ ! fir/ ,prussian normal s*ool at ,/ett94 ,la ,salle magnifi$ ! tea*]'s (fice1 & urg5tly dem&$ pr(essional tra9+ = in/ructors ( ! "y4 ,bro!r ,az>ias =cibly sums up ,la ,salle's great "w 9 ?is respect z foll[s3 ,he is ! b5efactor ( ! mod]n s*oolma/]4 ,he x 0 :o rais$ prim>y tea*+ out ( ! ruts ( nev] end+ r\t9e1 c>ri$ on 9 ! mid/ ( "t-honor$ noise & confusion1 &1 9 giv+ x pr9ciples & a me?od1 made ( x a sci5ce4 ,he h$g$ 9 ! dignity ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to ass]t ! exclusive "r ( ! ma/] to devote 8 :ole "t to 8 s*ool "w4#aae ,education1 !re=e1 owes to ,la ,salle ?ree important contributions1--7#a7 ! ,simultane\s ,me?od ( ,in/ruction1 :]eby a numb] ( *ildr5 ( ! same advancem5t are taught toge!r2 7#b7 ! fir/ ,normal ,s*ool1 e/abli%$ at ,rheims1 ,france1 9 #afhd2 & 7#c7 a dignify+ ( ! tea*]'s pr(ession by sett+ ap>t tra9$ p]sons :o %\ld give all _! "t to ! "w ( tea*+4 ,roll9 7#affa-agda74--,?is great tea*]1 connect$ = _m ye>s ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & depos$ !refrom 9 connection ) ! ,jans5i/s to :om he adh]$1 0 n m]ely a univ]sity lectur]1 b also an au?or ( educational works & a /ud5t ( g5]al education4 ,8 mo/ important educational "w is 8 ,treatise on ,/udies4 ,roll9 anticipat$ mod]n practice by seek+ to make le>n+ pleasant & discipl9e humane4 ,he w\ld use ! rod only z a la/ resort--a !ory q contr>y to ! practice ( t "t4 ,too mu* fre$om1 he ?\ght1 w\ld h a t5d5cy to make *ildr5 impud5t2 too frequ5t appeal to fe> breaks ! _s2 praise ar\ses & enc\rages ! *ild1 b too mu* ( x makes him va94 ,!re=e ! tea*] mu/ avoid bo? extremes4 ,:ile he w\ld h girls "k ! f\r gr\nd rules ( ari?metic1 t is ab\t all !y %\ld h except dome/ic tra9+4 ,roll9 _h no connection ) elem5t>y s*ools & b little contact ) *ildr52 !re=e 8 precepts d n always h ! s\nd basis t exp]i5ce furni%es4 ,nev]!less1 he ex]t$ a salut>y influ5ce ^u ! education ( 8 "t4 ,summ>y ( ! ,educational ,progress ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--#a4 ,s*ool sy/ems 7 e/abli%$ & compulsory att5dance made effici5t 9 ,weim> 9 #afai1 9 ,go?a 9 #afdb1 & 9 _m o!r cities1 %[+ a gr[+ recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal education & ! duty ( ! ,/ate to assume ! responsibility = its atta9m5t4 #b4 ,a s*ool ( educators1 kn[n z ! ,innovators1 laid emphasis on s5se-realism1--! /udy ( ?+s1 ! contact ) nature1 ! education t is ( practical use4 #c4 ,bacon laid ! f\ndation ( all future sci5tific rese>* by 8 inductive me?od4 ,?is increas$ ! ri*es ( ! _w beyond calculation1 taught h[ inve/igation is to be made1 laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n sci5ce1 & gave direction to all lat] education4 #d4 ,ratke1 ?\gh erratic & vulg>1 in/itut$ :olesome re=ms 9 ! tea*+ ( languages1 & promulgat$ !ories :i*1 "u lat] re=m]s1 bore ri* fruitage4 #e4 ,com5ius1 "o ( ! greate/ educators ( all "t1 produc$ ! fir/ illu/rat$ text-book1 plann$ a g5]al organization = s*ools 9 sev]al c\ntries1 :i* is ! basis ( pres5t sy/ems1 & proclaim$ !ories :i* are n[ univ]sally accept$ z ! guide ( mod]n p$agogical practice4 #f4 ,milton1 ?\gh prim>ily a lit]>y man1 l5t ! weight ( 8 g5ius & 8 great "n to s*ool re=m4 ,he m>k$ out a c\rse ( /udy :i* contemplates a unity ( purpose f ! elem5t>y s*ool to ! univ]sity4 #g4 ,! great ,engli% philosoph]1 ,locke1 also f\nd "t to devote to education4 ,8 pr9ciple1 ,a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body1 direct$ att5tion to physical education4 #h4 ,9 ! noble ,fr5* prie/1 ,f5elon1 we f9d an example ( !ory practically appli$4 ,he gives1 also1 = ! fir/ "t1 a place 9 p$agogy to ! education ( girls4 #i4 ,9 g5]al1 we f9d t ! sev5te5? c5tury laid /ress ^u ! pr9ciple ( utility1 gave great impulse to sci5ce1 call$ att5tion to ! c>e ( ! body1 decreas$ ! influ5ce ( classic /udies1 bru%$ away ! fabric :i* sup]/ition & cons]vatism _h wov51 produc$ "s ( ! greate/ educators t h ev] liv$1 & laid ! f\ndations on :i* mod]n education is built4 ,,footnotes3 #hf ,= special ref]5ce see ,macaulay's ,essays1 ,vols4 ,,ii & ,,iii4 #hg ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ced4 #hh ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cfh4 #hi ,= a full description ( 8 trial consult ,macaulay's ,essays4 ,also 8 biograph]1 ,montagu1 ^: judgm5t ( ,bacon is mu* mild] ?an ,macaulay's4 #ij ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dei4 #ia ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dgj4 #ib ,also ,rateke1 ,radtke1 & ,rati*4 ,pauls5 pron\nces ! la/ an abom9able mutilation ( ,lat9ization4 #ic ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education1 p4 #ada4 #id ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #ea4 #ie ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #ec4 #if ,especial att5tion is call$ to ,laurie's ,life ( ,com5ius1 & ,monroe's ,com5ius4 ,= o!r works1 see ,app5dix ( ,b>de5's edition ( ,laurie's ,com5ius4 #ig ,laurie1 ,life ( ,com5ius1 p4 #ad4 #ih ,preface to ! ,prodromus4 #ii ,raum]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik4 #ajj ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #gc4 #aja ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education1 p4 #aea4 #ajb ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #abb4 #ajc ,see ,orbis ,pictus1 edit$ & publi%$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,b>de51 ,syracuse1 ,n4,y4 #ajd ,laurie's ,life & ,works ( ,com5ius1 p4 #gg4 #aje ,ibid41 p4 #aje4 #ajf ,= full discussion ( ! p$agogical pr9ciples ( ,com5ius1 see ,pr(essor ,laurie's great "w4 #ajg ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #ei4 #ajh ,tractate1 p4 #c4 #aji ,see ,f[l]'s ,locke4 ,also ,quick1 ,compayre1 & ,williams4 #aaj ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education1 p4 #aha4 #aaa ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #afe4 #aab ,s*oolma/] 9 ,com$y & ,satire1 pp4 #gc-ajj4 #aac ,especial ref]5ce is made to ,bro!r ,az>ias1 ,essays ,educational4 #aad ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #bgf4 #aae ,essays ,educational1 p4 #bch4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,augu/ ,,h]mann ,,francke ,,& ,,! ,,pieti/s 7#affc-agbg7 ,lit]ature4--,re91 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*2 ,/rack1 ,ges*i*te des ,volks*ulwes5s2 ,dy]1 ,mod]n ,europe2 ,re91 ,am ,ende d] ,s*ulre=m8 ,russell1 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools4 ,,pietism ,pietism is ! "n ( a movem5t 9 ,g]many :i* s\ght to revive spiritual life 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,9 t *ur*1 religion _h become purely a matt] ( intellect1 in/ead ( he>t4 ,cold =mality & adh]5ce to ! lett]1 r ?an ! _s1 _h tak5 possession ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,l ! ,jans5i/s 9 ,france1 :o _h a simil> purpose ) ref]5ce to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & lat] ! ,me?odi/s 9 ,engl&1 :o s\ght to awak5 religi\s zeal 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ! ,pieti/s ( ,g]many endeavor$ to vitalize religi\s life1 & to lead m5 away f cre$s promulgat$ by human ag5cy1 to ! pure ^w ( ,god4 ,! ,pieti/s diff]$ f ! or?odox ,lu!rans n 9 doctr9e1 b 9 insi/+ on ! necessity ( a *ange ( he>t & a pi\s life1 in/ead ( m]e adh]5ce to =mal doctr9e4 ,! ,pieti/s f\nd$ ! univ]sity ( ,halle1 & ?is rema9$ ! c5t] ( ! movem5t until x _h run its c\rse4 ,pietism _h its inception dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x ext5d$ ?r\gh ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,its orig9ator 0 ,philipp ,jakob ,sp5]1 a man ( rem>kable zeal & godly life4 ,?\gh x met ) bitt] opposition on ! "p ( ! or?odox ,lu!rans1 x c]ta9ly did great good1 n only to its adh]5ts1 b to ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 by awak5+ deep] spiritual life4 ,its influ5ce 0 also great 9 reviv+ ,biblical /udy 9 ,g]many1 9 improv+ ! "* ( tea*]s1 & 9 giv+ a spiritual direction to ! /udies ( ! s*ools4 ,x has left an endur+ monum5t 9 ! great ,in/itutions t x f\nd$ at ,halle4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,pieti/s 0 ,augu/ ,h]mann ,francke1 :o is celebrat$1 n only z a !ologian1 b z a philan?ropi/ & tea*]4 ,,francke#aaf 7#affc-agbg7 ,francke's e>ly education 0 conduct$ by private tea*]s1 ?\gh 8 p>5ts1 :o 7 intellig5t & ,god-fe>+ p1 ex]t$ a /rong influ5ce ^u him4 ,at ?irte5 he ent]$ ! highe/ class ( ! ,gymnasium at ,go?a1 :]e he rema9$ = "o ye>4 ,"h he 0 introduc$ to ! re=m tea*+s ( ,ratke & ,com5ius4 ,two ye>s lat] he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,erfurt z a /ud5t ( !ology4 ,he /udi$ also at ,kiel & ,leipsic4 ,:ile he gave p>ticul> att5tion to ,hebrew & ,greek1 he also le>n$ ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,italian4 ,he seem$ to be gift$ ) a tal5t = le>n+ languages1 = dur+ a %ort resid5ce 9 ,holl& 9 lat] life he le>n$ ! ,dut* language s well t he 0 able to prea* 9 x4 ,"u ! in/ruction ( a ,jewi% rabbi1 he read ! ,hebrew ,bible ?r\gh sev5 times 9 "o ye>4 ,aft] sp5d+ "s "t z tea*] 9 a private s*ool1 he return$ to ,leipsic z ,privat ,doc5t#aag 9 ! univ]sity4 ,hav+ become acqua9t$ ) ,sp5] & 8 tea*+s1 ,francke became an e>ne/ ,pieti/4 ,8 success 9 lectur+ & 8 zeal 9 religi\s "w drew ar\nd him a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts4 ,?is awak5$ ! envy ( ! old pr(essors ( ! univ]sity1 & !y began a p]secution :i* caus$ 8 dismissal4 ,he !n w5t to ,erfurt & prea*$ ) rem>kable success1 draw+ great cr[ds by 8 e>ne/ness & eloqu5ce4 ,p]secution aga9 foll[$ him1 & he 0 bani%$ f ! city4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! new univ]sity ( ,halle call$ ,francke to ! *air ( ,greek & ori5tal languages & aft]w>d to t ( !ology4 ,he began 8 "w 9 #afib1 & rema9$ 9 t position = ne>ly ?irty-six ye>s1 until 8 dea?4 ,z ?is position did n furni% en\gh to live ^u1 he became pa/or ( ! *ur* 9 ! neighbor+ village ( ,glau*a4 ,9 8 pa/oral "w he came 9 contact ) pov]ty1 drunk5ness1 & e =m ( immorality4 ,mov$ ) pity1 he collect$ small sums ( money1 :i* he di/ribut$ among ! poor aft] cate*is+ ! *ildr54 ,at ,ea/]1 #afie1 he f\nd sev5 guld5s 7#b4hj7 9 ! collection boxes1 :i* he decl>$ to be ,a spl5did capital ) :i* some?+ ( importance c be f\nd$2 ,i w beg9 a s*ool = ! poor ) x4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! great orphan asylum at ,halle1--an ent]prise ! magnitude ( :i* we %all describe lat]4 ,)\t visible income1 ) no means at comm&1 b ) a sublime fai? 9 ,god & humanity1 & an ov]:elm+ s5se ( ! ignorance & mis]y ( ! *ildr5 ab\t him1 ,francke began at once ! great "w2 nor 0 8 fai? misplac$1 z ! result %[s4 ,he ga!r$ toge!r a few *ildr5 & plac$ a /ud5t ov] !m z a tea*]4 ,soon ! bett] class ( citiz5s took an int]e/1 & desir$ him to provide a s*ool = _! *ildr54 ,two rooms 7 r5t$1 "o = ^? :o c\ld n pay & ! o!r = ^? :o c\ld4 ,?is 0 ! f\ndation ( ! free s*ool & ! citiz5s' s*ool /ill connect$ ) ! ,in/itutions4 ,9 ! fall ( #afie1 ,francke f\nd$ ! orphan asylum4 ,money fl[$ 9 f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry z p began to und]/& ! great "w4 ,francke 0 ?us able to bran* out 9 _m directions4 ,he e/abli%$ a ,p$agogium to prep>e tea*]s = 8 & o!r s*ools2 free meals 7 furni%$ to /ud5ts :o devot$ a "p ( _! "t to tea*+ 9 ! in/itutions2 sep>ate s*ools = boys & girls1 a ,gymnasium1 a ,real-s*ool1 a bookb9d]y & pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 & _m o!r in/itutions 7 f\nd$4 ,! ,in/itutions at ,halle4--,9 a few ye>s ,francke _h 9 successful op]ation a m>vel\s sy/em1 a "w f\nd$ ^u love ( humanity & dep5d5t ^u philan?ropy = its support4 ,! results attract$ att5tion f all ,europe1 & /ud5ts came f _m l&s4 ,at ! dea? ( ,francke 9 ! ye> #agbg1 ! foll[+ report ( ! ,in/itutions 0 s5t to ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william ,i43 7#a7 ,9 ! ,p$agogium1 #hb s*ol>s1 #gj tea*]s & o!r p]sons2 7#b7 9 ! ,lat9 s*ool1 #c inspectors1 #cb tea*]s1 #djj pupils1 & #aj s]vants2 7#c7 9 ! common s*ool1 #d inspectors1 #ih male tea*]s1 #h female tea*]s1 #agbe boys & girls2 7#d7 orphans1 #ajj boys1 #cd girls1 #aj ov]se]s2 7#e7 at ! free table1 #bbe /ud5ts1 #cfj poor *ildr52 7#f7 employ$ 9 ! drug /ore1 book/ore1 etc41 & o!r p]sons 9 ! e/abli%m5t1 #hb4aah ,?is makes a total ( ov] #cbjj p]sons in/ruct$1 %elt]$1 employ$1 or o!rwise connect$ ) ^! great ,in/itutions4 ,! f\ndations 7 s firmly laid t ! progress has be5 /eady f t "t to ?is4 ,at pres5t !re are no less ?an tw5ty-five diff]5t ent]prises connect$ ) ! ,in/itutions1 among :i* may be m5tion$ a free s*ool = boys1 & "o = girls2 a common s*ool = boys1 & "o = girls2 a royal ,p$agogium2 a ,lat9 s*ool2 a high] girls' s*ool2 a ,realgymnasium2 a prep>atory s*ool = ! high s*ool2 a ,real-s*ool2 an orphan asylum = boys1 & "o = girls2 a bo>d+ h\se = /ud5ts2 a ,bible h\se1 :i* has di/ribut$ ab\t #f1ejj1jjj ,bibles & religi\s works2 a tea*]s' sem9>y 7normal s*ool7 = ea* sex2 a book/ore1 a pr9t+ h\se1 & a drug /ore4#aai ,ab\t #cjjj *ildr5 receive in/ruction 9 ! v>i\s s*ools1 & ab\t #aah1jjj h be5 recipi5ts ( ! b5efits s9ce ! ,in/itutions 7 f\nd$ two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! co/ is ab\t "o million m>ks a ye>1 :i* is cov]$ by end[m5ts1 by tuition fees1 by pr(its f ! productive dep>tm5ts 7book/ores1 pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 etc471 & by moneys receiv$ f ! ,/ate4 ,francke's idea ( dep5d+ ^u volunt>y gifts has be5 ab&on$4 ,all ?is "w is ! result ( ! en]gy ( a man :o began ) a capital ( less ?an ?ree doll>s1 & a va/ am\nt ( fai? to f\nd some?+ ( importance4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ,tea*]s4--,:ile ,francke's greate/ "w = mank9d 0 ! ,in/itutions m5tion$ above1 we mu/ notice "o field ( 8 activity t is ( especial importance to u1--t ( ! tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,we h se5 t1 on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( funds1 he 0 oblig$ to rely ^u /ud5ts to d ! "w ( in/ruct+ ! *ildr5 committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,! "y !ologians made use ( ?is opportunity z a /epp+-/one to _! future call+1 ! m9i/ry1 & ,francke1 p]ceiv+ ?is1 s\ght to secure ! mo/ pi\s & gift$ among 8 !ological /ud5ts = ?is "w4 ,he also e/abli%$ a p$agogical class 7,p$agogium74 ,aft] two ye>s' memb]%ip !re91 ! /ud5t 0 all[$ to tea* provid$ he pl$g$ himself to devote ?ree ye>s to tea*+ 9 ! s*ools4 ,?is class met once a week = criticism & discussion "u ! lead]%ip ( ! inspector ( ! s*ool1 & ! v>i\s inspectors met ,francke e ev5+ = fur!r in/ruction4 ,! results soon attract$ widespread notice1 & creat$ a great dem& = ,francke's tea*]s4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 v crude p$agogical tra9+1 x may be reg>d$ z ! inception ( ! normal s*ool1 :i* has n[ come to be an ess5tial "p ( e educational sy/em4 ,! ,real-s*ool4--,a ?ird s]vice is cr$it$ by _m to ,francke1 namely1 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,real-s*ool#abj ( ,g]many4 ,! be/ au?orities give t cr$it to ,pr(essor ,erh>d ,weigel ( ,j5a4 ,:e!r or n ! idea orig9at$ ) ,francke1 he 0 ready to accept ! necessity ( su* a *ange1 & f\nd$ s*ools = high] le>n+ 9 :i* ,greek & ,lat9 7 n requir$1 & 9 :i* m att5tion 0 giv5 to mod]n languages & sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #aaf ,re9's ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ccf4 #aag ,! ,privat ,doc5t is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! pr(essor's c>e] 9 ! ,g]man univ]sity4 ,he is all[$ to lecture 9 ! univ]sity1 b receives no pay except fees f ! /ud5ts :o he> him4 #aah ,k4 ,s*midt1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dfb4 #aai ,see ,re91 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdh4 #abj ,! ,real-s*ool is ! great rival ( ! ,gymnasium 9 ,g]many4 ,! latt] is ! old e/abli%$ s*ool :i* bases culture on ! ,humanities1--! classic languages1 & lit]ature4 ,! ,real-s*ool is m mod]n & gives great] att5tion to ! ,realities1--to ?+s ( practical utility4 ,prec$5ce is giv5 to ! mod]n languages1 sci5ces1 & arts4 ,:ile ! *ief purpose ( ! ,gymnasium is to prep>e = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 t ( ! ,real-s*ool is to prep>e = practical life4 ,! relation ( ^! two in/itutions to ea* o!r & to ! univ]sity l$ to ! ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce 9 #ahij1 at :i* x cle>ly appe>$ t ! y\ng] is out/ripp+ ! old] & m cons]vative in/itution4 ,see ,russell1 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,& ,,n9ete5? ,,c5turies ,lit]ature4--,dy]1 ,mod]n ,europe2 ,duruy1 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution2 ,yonge1 ,?ree ,c5turies ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory2 ,&rews1 ,in/itutes ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory2 ,"l1 ,beacon ,lights2 ,taylor1 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many2 ,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization2 ,drap]1 ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce2 ,s*wick]a?1 ,jesuit ,education4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury has be5 cr[d$ ) ev5ts1 & *>act]iz$ by movem5ts ( greate/ mom5t to mank9d4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is "w to discuss political movem5ts1 to *ronicle w>s1 or to /udy ! great upheavals ( society except 9 s f> z !y h a direct be>+ ^u educational que/ions4#aba ,! political *a9s t fett]$ ! nations ( ! _w h gradually be5 brok5 until great] lib]ty has be5 secur$1 a m p]fect ackn[l$gm5t ( ! rights ( ! individual br\ght ab\t1 & a m tol]ant religi\s _s fo/]$ 9 e civiliz$ l&4 ,^! ?+s h ex]t$ a trem5d\s =ce 9 ! intellectual emancipation ( man4 ,at la/ ! long /ruggle ( ! c5turies beg9s to be> legitimate fruit1 & ! supreme educational purpose ( ,*ri/ianity1 t ( ass]t+ & ma9ta9+ ! importance ( ! individual1 seems de/9$ to complete realization4 ,! noble tru?s ( bro!rly love1 equality be=e ,god1 & human rights 7 obscur$ dur+ ! long c5turies1--obscur$ sometimes by ! v in/itution ^: *ief aim is to scatt] light & give gladness to m54 ,x has rema9$ = mod]n education to r$iscov] ! educational pr9ciples :i* ! ,great ,tea*] promulgat$1 & :i* ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( c5turies fail$ ( recognition1 & bore indiff]5t fruit4 ,among ! _m social & political *anges t h tak5 place dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 we may m5tion a few t h a direct influ5ce ^u education4 ,prec$+ c5turies _h prep>$ ! way1--_h brok5 ! gr\nd & s[n ! se$1 & n[ ! _w 0 ready to reap an abundant h>ve/4 ,! great political ev5ts ( ?is p]iod may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! abolition ( human slav]y4--,great ,brita91 ,spa91 ,france1 ,russia1 & f9ally our own c\ntry h =ev] remov$ ! %ackles ( ! slave )9 _! bord]s4 ,p]haps ! greate/ ( all emancipation acts 0 t ( ,russia1 :i*1 9 #ahfa1 )\t blood%$ & )\t s]i\s di/urbance1 by royal decree1 set free =ty million s]fs4 ,! abolition ( slav]y 9 ne>ly all civiliz$ c\ntries is ! greate/ political triumph ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,)\t ?is !re c\ld nev] h come t high] intellectual emancipation :i* is ! aim s\ght 9 all education4 #b4 ,! ext5sion ( political rights4--,?is is ano!r victory t mu/ be cr$it$ to ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re 0 sc>cely a nation t ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( ! individual to a "p 9 gov]nm5t1 or to p]sonal fre$om4 ,m5 7 9 vassalage to _! imm$iate "l1 :o1 9 turn1 0 oblig$ to ackn[l$ge ! div9e "r ( ! k+ ov] him4 ,) ! exception ( ,switz]l&1 :o = c5turies _h ma9ta9$ h] fre$om1 & ( ,engl&1 :o _h secur$ ! rights ( man only by mu* blood%$1 !re 0 sc>cely a p 9 ! _w t possess$ ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 ,engl& _h secur$ t "r only 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury "u ! lead]%ip ( ,cromwell4 ,?is "r %e did n conc$e to h] colonies1 h[ev]1 until ! ,am]ican ,revolution wre/$ h] ri*e/ dep5d5cy f h]1 & =ev] e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( self-gov]nm5t = a sov]eign p4 ,imm$iately foll[+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution came ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* taught ! ,old ,_w ! ideas s h]oically conceiv$1 s bravely support$1 & s successfully realiz$ 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! same pr9ciple has compell$ ! rul]s ( mo/ ( ! ,european nations to divide ! responsibility ( gov]nm5t ) _! subjects1 & to grant _! p enl>g$ p[]s b little %ort ( absolute sov]eignty4 #c4 ,sci5ce has be5 recogniz$ z a p[]ful in/rum5t ( civilization4--,?r\gh sci5tific discov]ies !re has be5 a wond]ful accession to mat]ial weal?1 inv5tion has be5 /imulat$1 & progress has be5 made 9 all directions4 ,! _s ( inve/igation has be5 fo/]$1 old !ories & sup]/itions h be5 ab&on$1 & tru? has be5 e/abli%$ ^u _! ru9s4 ,9 ?is direction m has be5 done by sci5ce dur+ ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies ?an dur+ ! :ole previ\s hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,man has n[ become ma/] ( h]et(ore unkn[n =ces :i* he may utilize z a bless+ = ! human race4 ,we %all see 9 lat] pages t sci5tific inve/igation has become ! greate/ educational pr9ciple ( mod]n times4 #d4 ,religi\s fre$om has be5 atta9$4--,! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies witness$ _m /ruggles = religi\s lib]ty1 :i* result$ 9 no decid$ victory4 ,x 0 n until ! la/ two c5turies t complete religi\s fre$om 0 ga9$4 ,m5 are no long] b\nd to accept ecclesia/ical decrees )\t "q1 b e "o may weigh & consid]1 & freely decide = himself4 ,civil law protects1 civil society su/a9s1 & public op9ion ju/ifies m5 9 ! ex]cise ( p]sonal lib]ty 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,by ! realization ( ^! great pr9ciples educational progress has be5 enc\rag$4 ,! greate/ ob/acles h be5 remov$1 & ! future op5s ) possibilities ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 univ]sal peace1 & univ]sal education4 ,x rema9s = u to /udy "s ( ! m5 :o h contribut$ to ! educational progress ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 to trace ! *ief movem5ts 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! race1 & to exam9e ! s*ool sy/ems ( ! repres5tative nations ( ! _w at ! pres5t "t4 ,,footnotes3 #aba ,x mu/ be freely admitt$ t su* influ5ces are p[]ful 9 %ap+ ! de/9y ( man1 & t !y h _h mu* to d ) education1 z we h (t5 %[n 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 leave ! trac+ ( ! movem5ts to ea* individual /ud5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,mod]n ,,educators ,lit]ature4--,davidson1 ,r\sseau2 ,graham1 ,r\sseau2 ,morley1 ,life ( ,r\sseau2 ,r\sseau1 ,emile2 ,munroe1 ,educational ,ideal2 ,vogel1 ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,weir1 ,! ,key to ,r\sseau's ,emile 7article 9 ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #fa72 ,compayre1 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy4 ,,r\sseau 7#agab-aggh7 ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau 0 born 9 ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&4 ,8 fa!r 0 a wat*mak]1 & ^u him devolv$ ! education ( ! boy1 z ! "m di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,r\sseau's fa!r 0 a man ( dissipat$ habits1 c>eless ( responsibility1 & ( v viol5t temp]4 ,he int]e/$ himself 9 8 son f> en\gh to tea* him to read1 & suppli$ him ) ! wor?less novels :i* he himself 0 fond ( read+4 ,?is unwise c\rse d\btless _h mu* to d 9 %ap+ ! "* ( ! boy4 ,probably x 0 ! evil effects ( ?is e>ly lit]ature t l$ ,r\sseau lat] 9 life to oppose tea*+ "y *ildr5 to read4 ,quick says1 ,r\sseau pr(ess$ a hatr$ ( books1 :i* he said kept ! /ud5t s long engag$ ^u ! ?\ghts ( o!r p z to h no "t to make a /ore ( 8 own4 ,ab&on$ by 8 fa!r at ! age ( t51 he 0 tak5 into ! family ( 8 uncle1 :o appr5tic$ him1 fir/ to a not>y1 & aft]w>d to an engrav]4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he ran away1 & began a life ( vagabondage4 ,:ile yet a "y man1 he became involv$ 9 intrigues1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt 9 8 ,confessions1 7 no cr$it to him4 ,madame de ,w>5s1 a "y wid[ ) :om he liv$ = "s ye>s1 s5t him to s*ool at ,/4 ,laz>e1 :]e he /udi$ ! classics & music2 b he soon laps$ aga9 into vagabondage4 ,he pick$ up a little music1 & attempt$ to give lessons 9 x1 b ) small success4 ,he also took a position z private tutor1 b he _h no tal5t = tea*+4 ,lat] 9 life he m>ri$ ,!rese le ,vasseur1 a woman f ! common ranks ( life4 ,%e bore him five *ildr51 all ( :om he committ$ to f\ndl+ hospitals )\t means ( id5tification4 ,he did ?is because he 0 n will+ t 8 own com=t or plans %\ld be di/urb$ by ! pres5ce ( *ildr54 ,r\sseau _h reason to regret ?is he>tless & unnatural c\rse :51 9 lat] ye>s1 he s\ght 9 va9 to f9d "s trace ( 8 *ildr54 ,compayre says1 ,if he lov$ to obs]ve *ildr51 he obs]v$1 alas1 only ! *ildr5 ( o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ sadd] ?an t page ( ! ',confessions1' 9 :i* he relates h[ he (t5 plac$ himself at ! w9d[ to obs]ve ! dismission ( a s*ool1 9 ord] to li/5 to ! conv]sations ( *ildr5 z a furtive & unse5 obs]v]6#abb ,9 #agdi ,r\sseau successfully compet$ = a prize (f]$ by ! ,academy ( ,dijon on ! subject1 ,has ! re/oration ( ! sci5ces contribut$ to purify or to corrupt mann]s8 ,r\sseau ent]$ ?is conte/ q accid5tally4 ,he saw ! notice ( ! conte/ 9 a newspap]1 & decid$ at once to compete4 ,( ?is ev5t he says1 ,if ev] any?+ resembl$ a sudd5 inspiration1 x 0 ! movem5t :i* began 9 me z ,i read ?is4 ,all at once ,i felt myself dazzl$ by a ?\s& sp>kl+ lights2 cr[ds ( vivid ideas ?rong$ into my m9d ) a =ce & confusion :i* ?rew me into unspeakable agitation2 ,i felt my head :irl+ 9 a gidd9ess l t ( intoxication4 ,a viol5t palpitation oppress$ me2 unable to walk = difficulty ( brea?+1 ,i sank "u "o ( ! trees ( ! av5ue1 & pass$ half an h\r !re 9 su* a condition ( excitem5t t :5 ,i rose ,i saw t ! front ( my wai/coat 0 all wet ) te>s1 ?\gh ,i 0 :olly unconsci\s ( %$d+ !m4 ,ah1 if ,i c\ld h writt5 ! qu>t] ( :at ,i saw & felt "u t tree1 ) :at cle>ness %\ld ,i h br\ght out all ! contradictions ( our social sy/em2 ) :at simplicity %\ld ,i h demon/rat$ t man is good naturally1 & t by in/itution only is he made bad4 ,?is essay made him fam\s1 & its publication 0 ! beg9n+ ( a rem>kable lit]>y c>e]4 ,8 pr9cipal lit]>y works are 8 ,confessions1 9 :i* he decl>es t he conceals no?+ conc]n+ himself2 ! ,social ,contract1 an anti-mon>*ic "w1 :i* _m believe incit$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 ,heloise1 a novel ov]-/ra9$ 9 s5tim5t & immoral 9 its tea*+s1 b full ( pa?os & k ( ! human he>t2 & ,emile1 8 greate/ "w1 :i* conta9s 8 educational !ories4 ,! ,emile#abc 0 an epo*-mak+ book1 :i* excit$ great int]e/ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,x is said t ! philosoph] ,emanuel ,kant became s absorb$ 9 read+ x t he =got to take 8 daily walk4 ,p$agogy4--7a7 ,r\sseau's fir/ pr9ciple is1 ,ev]y?+ is good z x comes f ! h&s ( ! ,au?or ( nature2 ev]y?+ deg5]ates 9 ! h&s ( man4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t education has only to prev5t ! entrance ( evil1 & let nature cont9ue ! "w begun4 ,x is to be a negative1 z well z a natural1 process4 ,! fallacy ( ?is pr9ciple is v =cibly %[n by ,vogel#abd z foll[s3 ,! v fir/ s5t5ce ( ',emile1' t man by nature is good1 is a fundam5tal error2 = by nature1 t is1 f bir?1 man is nei!r good nor bad1 b morally indiff]5t4 ,only :5 ! individual possesses mature self-consci\sness does he h a correct idea ( good & evil4 ,if man by nature is good1 x is inexplicable h[ evil c orig9ate )9 him4 ,ext]nal ?+s may1 inde$1 furni% motives to evil1 b are nev] 9 !mselves evil2 ! evil arises r f ! conduct ( ! individual t[>d outside objects4 ,if1 !n1 evil does n come f )\t1 & is n by nature already )9 ! he>t1 x is impossible t !re %all be su* a ?+ z evil4 7b7 ,! fir/ education is physical & x beg9s at bir?4 ,z ! physical wants ( ! *ild are natural !y %\ld be satisfi$1 b ! clo?+ %\ld be ( su* "* z n to int]f]e ) ! p]fect fre$om ( ! body4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! real wants ( ! *ild & its pass+ :ims4 ,to gratify ! latt] because ( ! cry+ ( ! *ild w t5d to =m bad habits4 ,9 ?is connection may be taught ! fir/ moral lessons4 ,x ?us becomes important t ! spee*1 ge/ures1 & expressions ( ! "y *ild %all be c>efully /udi$4 ,?is is ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! necessity = *ild /udy4 ,! idea 0 lat] develop$ by ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 & is "o ( ! mo/ important features ( rec5t p$agogical activity4 7c7 ,! *ild's second p]iod beg9s ) 8 ability to speak & cont9ues till ! twelf? ye>4 ,no attempt mu/ be made to educate ! *ild = 8 future1 b he mu/ be all[$ to get ! full enjoym5t ( *ildhood by fre$om to play z he w4 ,let him run1 jump1 & te/ 8 /r5g?1 !reby acquir+ judgm5t ( ! mat]ial =ces ab\t him1 & le>n+ h[ to take c>e ( himself4 ,leave him free to d :at he w1 let him h :at he wi%es1 b1 z f> z possible1 he %\ld be l$ to dep5d ^u himself to satisfy 8 wants4 ,give him p]fect fre$om1 = fre$om is ! fundam5tal law ( education4 ,if he disobeys1 d n puni% him1--disob$i5ce works its own puni%m5t2 !re=e1 d n comm& him4 ,! tra9+ ( ! s5ses is ! important "w ( ?is p]iod2 !re=e1 !re %\ld be z little moral tra9+ z possible1 & absolutely no religi\s tra9+4 ,! only moral idea = ! *ild to le>n is t ( own]%ip4 ,he is to be prev5t$ f vice 9 a negative mann]1 t is1 by nev] be+ all[$ to meet x4 ,! only habit t a *ild %\ld be all[$ to =m is to contract no habit4 ,he is to h a preceptor devot$ entirely to him1 n to in/ruct or control him1 b to lead him to discov] & exp]i5ce = himself4 ,9 reg>d to 8 intellectual in/ruction1 ,r\sseau says ( ,emile at twelve ye>s ( age1 t he has n le>n$ to di/+ui% 8 "r h& f 8 left4 ,books are entirely proscrib$1 &1 inde$1 !y are useless to him z he _c read2 ! only intellectual k ! *ild receives is t :i* comes f ?+s ?r\gh 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,?is is a brief outl9e ( ! erratic1 impossible1 & inconsi/5t tra9+ t ,r\sseau provides = ,emile dur+ ?is p]iod :5 ! f\ndation ( "* 9 ! *ild mu/ be laid4 ,gre>d says1 ,r\sseau goes beyond progressive education to recomm5d an education 9 fragm5ts1 s to speak1 :i* isolates ! faculties 9 ord] to develop !m "o aft] ano!r1 :i* e/abli%es an absolute l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 ! diff]5t ages1 & :i* ends 9 di/+ui%+ ?ree /ages ( progress 9 ! s\l4 ,r\sseau's error on ?is po9t is 9 =gett+ t ! education ( ! *ild ought to prep>e = ! education ( ! "y man4 7d7 ,! ?ird p]iod ext5ds f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? ye>4 ,x is ! p]iod ( intellectual developm5t4 ,) no habits ( ?\ght or /udy1 be+ little else ?an a robu/ animal1 9 ?ree ye>s ,emile is to obta9 all ne$$ intellectual tra9+4 ,true1 ,r\sseau excludes ev]y?+ t is n useful1 & places limitations ev5 on t4 ,= example1 he naturally lays great /ress ^u ! physical sci5ces :i* are to be taught 9 connection ) ?+s !mselves1--out ( doors1 by travel1 & 9 actual life2 b he all[s no hi/ory1 or gramm>1 or anci5t languages4 ,no books are p]mitt$ save ,rob9son ,crusoe1 :i* ,r\sseau f9ds entirely suitable = ,emile4 ,a trade is to be le>n$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,:ile 9 g5]al we condemn ,r\sseau's s*eme ( education1 !re is mu* 9 8 me?ods t is mo/ excell5t4 ,on ?is po9t ,compayre comm5ts z foll[s3 ,at lea/ 9 ! g5]al me?od :i* he comm5ds1 ,r\sseau makes am5ds = ! errors 9 8 plan ( /udy3 ',d n treat ! *ild to disc\rses :i* he _c und]/&4 ,no descriptions1 no eloqu5ce1 no figures ( spee*4 ,be cont5t to pres5t to him appropriate objects4 ,let u trans=m our s5sations into ideas4 ,b let u n jump at once f s5sible to intellectual objects4 ,let u always proce$ sl[ly f "o s5sible notion to ano!r4 ,9 g5]al1 let u nev] sub/itute ! sign = ! ?+1 except :5 x is impossible = u to %[ ! ?+4'#abe 7e7 ,! f\r? p]iod ( education beg9s at fifte51 ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce4 ,at ?is "t1 ,emile w "k no?+ ( hi/ory1 no?+ ( humanity1 no?+ ( art & lit]ature1 no?+ ( ,god2 b he w "k a manual trade4 ,r\sseau himself says1 ,emile has b little k1 b t :i* he has is really 8 own2 he kn[s no?+ by halves4 ,he has a m9d :i*1 if n in/ruct$1 is at lea/ capable ( be+ in/ruct$4 ,! rema9+ "w to be done 9 ! education ( ,emile consi/s 9 tra9+ ! s5tim5ts ( affection1 ! moral & ! religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,! feel+ ( love = 8 fell[-be+s is n[ to be cultivat$4 ,! error ( ?is is %[n by ,compayre1 :o says1 ,= fifte5 ye>s ,r\sseau leaves ! he>t ( ,emile unoccupi$4444 ,r\sseau made ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t a *ild c be taught to love z he is taught to read & write1 & t lessons c\ld be giv5 to ,emile 9 feel+ j z lessons are giv5 to him 9 geometry4 ,9 morals ,r\sseau taught t ! fir/ duty ( e "o is to take c>e ( himself2 we mu/ love ourselves fir/ ( all1 & f9d our greate/ int]e/ 9 ^? ?+s t be/ s]ve u4 ,we mu/ seek t :i* is useful to u & avoid :at h>ms u1 in/ead ( lov+ our enemies & do+ good to ^? t hate u1 z taught by ,*ri/4 ,we mu/ love ^? :o love u1 :ile we mu/ avoid & hate ^? :o hate u4 ,z to religion1 ,emile does n yet "k at fifte5 t he has a s\l1 & ,r\sseau ?9ks t p]haps ! eighte5? ye> is /ill too e>ly = him to le>n t fact2 =1 if he tries to le>n x be=e ! prop] "t1 he runs ! risk ( nev] really kn[+ t he possesses an immortal s\l4 ,b z religion furni%es a *eck ^u ! passions1 x %\ld be taught to ! boy :5 eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,he is n to be in/ruct$ 9 ! doctr9es ( any p>ticul> sect1 b %\ld be all[$ to select t religi\s belief :i* mo/ /rongly appeals to 8 reason4 ,mod]n inve/igation has prov5 ! utt] fallacy ( ,r\sseau's tea*+s 9 ?is respect4 ,inde$1 x seems to be e/abli%$ t ! mo/ or?odox p]iod ( ! *ild's life occurs be=e ! fifte5? ye>1 ! "t :5 ,r\sseau w\ld beg9 8 religi\s tra9+4 ,con=mable to ?is tru?1 _m sects confirm *ildr5 & receive !m into ! *ur* at or be=e ! fifte5? ye>4#abf 7f7 ,hav+ br\ght ,emile to ! p]iod ( life at :i* he is to m>ry1 ,r\sseau proce$s to create 9 ,sophie ! ideal wife4 ,x is n ! education ( wom5 z su* t ,r\sseau discusses1 b _! education ) ref]5ce to man4 ,he says1 ,! :ole education ( wom5 %\ld be relative to m52 to please !m1 to be useful to !m1 to make !mselves honor$ & lov$ by !m1 to educate ! "y1 to c>e = ! old]1 to advise !m1 to console !m1 to make life agreeable & sweet to !m1--^! are ! duties ( wom5 9 e age4 ,consequ5tly ! sole in/ruction woman ne$s is 9 h\sehold duties1 9 c>e ( *ildr51 9 ways to add to ! happ9ess ( h] husb&4 ,h] own happ9ess or developm5t does n ent] into ,r\sseau's s*eme4 ,?is is ! weake/ "p ( 8 educational !ory4 ,! _w is gradually awak5+ to ! fact t woman's intellectual capacity is n inf]ior to t ( man1 & ! prejudices ( ages are sl[ly disappe>+4 ,r\sseau's p$agogical !ories made a pr(\nd impression ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ?\gh (t5 inconsi/5t1 extravagant1 & vision>y1 !y set ! _w to ?9k+ ( ! *ild & 8 psy*ological developm5t4 ,a new direction 0 ?us giv5 to educational !ory & practice1 & ^u ?is basis ,pe/alozzi1 ,froebel1 & o!r mod]n educators h built4 ,r\sseau mu/1 !re=e1 be reckon$ among ! greate/ p$agogical writ]s ( mod]n times4 ,k>l ,s*midt pron\nces ! ,emile a ,platonic republic ( education1--nev]!less1 ,r\sseau's "w is a great univ]sal a*ievem5t1 ! importance ( :i* ,goe! recognizes :5 he calls ! book ! nature-gospel ( education4#abg ,,footnotes3 #abb ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #bhf4 #abc ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature1 pp4 #dj-fc4 #abd ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 p4 #abg4 ,see also ,compayre1 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #bhf4 #abe ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy1 p4 #bih4 #abf ,see address ( ,pr(essor ,e>l ,b>nes1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,association = #ahic1 p4 #gfe4 ,also article by ,dr4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall 9 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aif4 ,note also ! religi\s developm5t ( ,laura ,bridgman4 #abg ,ges*i*te d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #eei4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,mod]n ,,educators 7,cont9u$7 ,,bas$[#abh 7#agbc-agij7 ,! "n ( ,bas$[ is connect$ ) :at is kn[n z ! ,philan?rop9ic exp]im5t4 ,he 0 born at ,hamburg1 8 fa!r be+ a wigmak]4 ,n be+ appreciat$ 9 8 home1 ! son ran away & b\nd himself out z s]vant 9 ! h\sehold ( a g5tleman4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ?is man1 :o discov]$ 8 extraord9>y abilities1 he 0 reconcil$ ) 8 fa!r1 & return$ home4 ,he 0 s5t to ! ,gymnasium at ,hamburg1 & aft]w>d1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( fri5ds1 w5t to ! univ]sity ( ,leipsic1 :]e he /udi$ !ology4 ,"h he liv$ a r wild life1 & ^u ! completion ( 8 /udies 0 f\nd too unor?odox to take ord]s4 ,accord+ly1 he became tutor 7,hauslehr]7 to ! *ildr5 ( ,h]r von ,quaal54 ,9 ?is position he %[$ great aptitude & orig9ality 9 ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,8 me?od ( tea*+ includ$ conv]sation1 adaptation ( play1 & use ( ! woods1 fields1 plants1 birds1 & o!r works ( nature4 ,ow+ to 8 orig9al mann] ( tea*+1 ,bas$[ obta9$ ! be/ results4 ,9 tea*+ ,lat91 = in/ance1 he began by po9t+ to objects & giv+ _! ,lat9 names4 ,8 pupils1 9 a v %ort "t1 le>n$ to speak ,lat9 almo/ z well z _! native language4 ,bas$[ himself le>n$ ,fr5*1 aft] ! same mann]1 ( ! gov]ness ( ! h\se4#abi ,he next became ,pr(essor ( ,morals & ,polite ,lit]ature at ,soroee1 ,d5m>k1 :]e 8 unor?odox writ+s aga9 l$ him into tr\ble4 ,he 0 remov$ to ! ,gymnasium at ,altona4 ,r\sseau's ,emile produc$ a pr(\nd impression ^u him1 z x _h done ^u _m o!r ?9k]s 9 ,europe1 & _m ( 8 !ories are probably traceable to t book4 ,bas$[ 0 conv9c$ ( ! ne$ ( a radical re=m 9 ! s*ools ( ,g]many1 & set himself ! task ( effect+ x4 ,b]nsdorf1 ! ,dani% m9i/] ( education1 became int]e/$ 9 8 writ+s1 &1 toge!r ) sev]al ( ! cr[n$ heads ( ,europe1 assi/$ him 9 br++ out 8 ,elem5t>y ,book 7,elem5t>bu*71 :i* =e%ad[$ 8 plans4 ,x 0 model$ aft] ! ,orbis ,pictus ( ,com5ius4 ,! int]e/ ( ^! di/+ui%$ patrons %[s h[ urg5t 0 ! ne$ ( an educational re=m4 ,bas$[ also made ! acqua9tance ( ! great lit]>y m5 ( ! "t1 *ief among :om 0 ,goe!4 ,9 temp]am5t he 0 misan?ropic & peevi%1 ow+ 9 "p1 d\btless1 to ill heal? br\ght on by ov]work & worry4 ,! ,philan?rop94--,indirectly ?r\gh ,goe!1 ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,dessau 0 attract$ to ,bas$[4 ,! pr9ce det]m9$ to f\nd an in/itute 9 :i* ! plans ( ! great educator c\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,! in/itute1 call$ ! ,philan?rop91 0 e/abli%$1 & became celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,quick says3 ,!n1 = ! fir/ & probably = ! la/ "t1 a s*ool 0 />t$ 9 :i* use & wont 7 entirely set aside1 & ev]y?+ done on 'improv$ pr9ciples4' ,su* a bold ent]prise attract$ ! att5tion ( all int]e/$ 9 education1 f> & ne>2 b x w\ld seem t few p>5ts consid]$ _! own *ildr5 vilia corpora 7vile bodies71 on :om exp]im5ts might be made = ! public good4 ,:51 9 ,may1 #aggf1 a numb] ( s*oolma/]s & o!rs collect$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many1 & ev5 f beyond ,g]many1 to be pres5t by ,bas$['s invitation at an exam9ation ( ! *ildr51 !y f\nd only ?irte5 pupils 9 ! ,philan?rop91 includ+ ,bas$['s own son & daught]4#acj ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,philan?rop9 0 to give ,bas$[ an opportunity to c>ry out 8 new educational ideas4 ,a prom95t feature ( ! und]tak+ 0 t x %\ld be a model in/itute = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s 9 ! !ory & practice ( ! new education4 ,! in/itution1 0 to be a s*ool ( true humanity4 ,its "n 0 to give evid5ce ( its object--! education ( y\? 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature & humanity4 ,9 x ,bas$[ 0 to exemplify 8 ideas ( education4 ,! be/ ( tea*]s 7 to be employ$1 ! be/ appliances furni%$1 & ! in/ruction 0 to be f\nd$ entirely on s5se-p]ception4 ,! ,philan?rop9 0 op5$ 9 #aggd1 & at once awoke univ]sal int]e/4 ,b ?is s*ool1 conceiv$ 9 love = humanity1 f\nd$ ) ! noble/ ( purposes1 & exemplify+ mu* ( s\nd educational philosophy1 0 de/9$ to be %ortliv$4 ,x 0 ab&on$ 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is d[nfall 0 ow+ to sev]al causes1 "s ( :i* may be m5tion$4 #a4 ,! in/itution 0 purely secul> 9 "*1 & ! _w 0 n yet ready = ?is4 ,p>5ts 7 suspici\s ( a non-sect>ian s*ool1 ! idea ( :i* 0 s contr>y to t ( ! traditional *ur*-s*ool4 ,h5ce ! small numb] ( pupils 9 ! ,philan?rop91 ev5 at ! height ( its prosp]ity "u ,bas$[4 #b4 ,altoge!r too _m subjects 7 includ$ 9 ! c\rse4 ,quick outl9es ! "w und]tak5 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,man4 ,"h he w\ld use ! pictures ( =eign]s & wild m51 also a skeleton1 a h& 9 spirits1 & o!r objects /ill m appropriate to a surgical museum4 7#b7 ,animals4 ,only su* animals are to be depict$ z x is useful to "k ab\t1 because !re is mu* t ought to be kn[n1 & a good me?od ( in/ruction mu/ %ort5 r ?an increase ! h\rs ( /udy4 ,articles ( comm]ce made f ! animals may also be exhibit$4 7#c7 ,trees & plants4 ,only ! mo/ important are to be select$4 ,( ^! ! se$s also mu/ be %[n1 & cubes =m$ ( ! diff]5t woods4 ,g>d5]s' & f>m]s' implem5ts are to be expla9$4 7#d7 ,m9]al & *emical sub/ances4 7#e7 ,ma!matical in/rum5ts = weigh+ & measur+2 also ! air pump1 siphon1 & ! l4 ,! =m & motion ( ! e>? are to be expla9$ ) globes & maps4 7#f7 ,trades4 ,! use ( v>i\s tools is to be taught4 7#g7 ,hi/ory4 ,?is is to be illu/rat$ by engrav+s ( hi/orical ev5ts4 7#h7 ,comm]ce4 ,samples ( commodities may be produc$4 7#i7 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 %\ld be %[n pictures ( famili> objects ab\t ! h\se & its surr\nd+s4#aca ,!re are v _m sugge/ive ideas 9 ,bas$['s c\rse1 :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 mod]n s*ools2 b ! tr\ble 0 t he dem&$ too mu*1 & he himself ackn[l$g$ lat] 9 life t he _h exagg]at$ notions ( ! am\nt boys 7 capable ( le>n+1 & accord+ly 8 curriculum 0 v mu* %ort5$4 #c4 ,ano!r reason = ! failure ( ! ,philan?rop9 0 ,bas$['s indiscrim9ate condemnation ( ev]y?+ t _h be5 done be=e1 & ( all :o fail$ to agree ) him4 ,?is awoke ! antagonism ( tea*]s ev]y:]e4 ,all re=m]s are apt to be radical 9 _! own views & d5unciatory ( ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,_h !re be5 less to criticise 9 ,bas$[ himself1 he w\ld d\btless h triumph$ ov] all opposition4 ,b 8 educational !ories & practices did n produce ! results :i* he pr$ict$ = !m1 & 8 oppon5ts 7 quick to m>k e weakness t 8 sy/em betray$4 #d4 ,m fatal /ill1 p]haps1 0 ! unfitness ( ,bas$[ = ! director%ip ( ! in/itution4 ,he 0 caprici\s1 lack+ 9 self-comm& & prop] balance1 vision>y1 & (t5 suspici\s ( ! tea*]s "u 8 direction4 ,su* causes prev5t$ ! exp]im5t at ,dessau f fulfill+ ! bright hopes ( ,bas$[ & ! fri5ds :o assi/$ him 9 />t+ ! ent]prise4 ,bas$[ retir$ aft] f\r ye>s' lead]%ip1 & ! in/itution cont9u$ = a few ye>s ) v>y+ success1 "u su* m5 z ,campe1 ,salzmann1 & ,mat?ison4 ,yet1 :5 ! ,philan?rop9 0 clos$ 9 #agic1 ! tea*]s1 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 c>ri$ ! new gospel :]ev] !y w5t1 ar\s+ fre% int]e/ 9 education & do+ mu* = its advancem5t4 ,quick ?9ks t ,bas$['s sy/em possess$ great m]its = *ildr51 say1 betwe5 ! ages ( six & t54 ,kant 0 greatly disappo9t$ at ! result4 ,r\sseau's ,emile _h awak5$ 8 int]e/ 9 education1 & he look$ to ! exp]im5t at ,dessau = an exemplification ( ! new ideals4 ,8 e/imate ( ! "w accompli%$ is z foll[s3 ,exp]i5ce %[s t (t5 9 our exp]im5ts we get q opposite results f :at we _h anticipat$4 ,we see1 too1 t s9ce exp]im5ts are necess>y1 x is n 9 ! p[] ( "o g5]ation to =m a complete plan ( education4 ,! only exp]im5tal s*ool :i*1 to "s ext5t1 made a beg9n+ 9 cle>+ ! road1 0 ! ,in/itute at ,dessau4 ,?is praise at lea/ mu/ be all[$1 not)/&+ ! _m faults :i* c\ld be br\ght up aga9/ x--faults :i* are sure to %[ !mselves :5 we come to ! results ( our exp]im5ts1 & :i* m]ely prove t fre% exp]im5ts are necess>y4 ,x 0 ! only s*ool 9 :i* tea*]s _h lib]ty to "w accord+ to _! own me?ods & s*emes1 & :]e !y 7 9 free communication bo? among !mselves & ) all le>n$ m5 ?r\gh\t ,g]many4#acb ,writ+s4--,bas$['s *ief educational writ+ is ! book call$ ! ,elem5t>y4 ,! ,book ( ,me?od 0 ! fir/ to appe>1 & 0 really ! fir/ "p ( ! ,elem5t>y4 ,conc]n+ ! ,book ( ,me?od1 ,lang says1 ,?is fam\s manual 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/ ( ,bas$['s educational writ+s4444 ,x 0 full ( valuable sugge/ions4 ,x set educators to ?9k+1 & has be5 a p[]ful motor 9 br++ ab\t a *ange 9 s*ool in/ruction4 ,! ,elem5t>y1 conta9+ ,bas$['s complete s*eme ( education1 has be5 call$ ! ,orbis ,pictus ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t ,bas$[ obta9$ ! root ideas ( ?is "w f ,com5ius1 ,locke1 & ,r\sseau4 ,!re is b little t is orig9al 9 8 p$agogical pr9ciples1 b he made an ef=t to c>ry out ! progressive tea*+s :i* _h ent]$ into ! !ories ( advanc$ ?9k]s b _h n be5 work$ into practice4 ,/ill1 ! problem ( education became ?r\gh ,bas$[ bett] und]/ood1 & he is des]v+ ( a place among ! great educators ( ! _w = 8 exp]im5t at ,dessau t[>d ! solution ( t problem4 ,! exp]im5t 0 crude1 b x has borne fruit 9 mod]n s*ools & _! me?ods1 9 bett] s*ool build+s & app>atus1 9 tra9$ tea*]s1 9 mild] =ms ( discipl9e1 9 ! improv$ /udy ( nature1 & 9 a broad] & m philan?ropic view ( man's duty to 8 fell[-man4 ,jacotot 7#aggj-ahdj74--,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,fr5* educators & writ]s ( ?is p]iod 0 ,jacotot1 = a "t pr(essor ( languages & ma!matics at ,p>is1 & lat] pr(essor ( ! ,fr5* language & lit]ature at ,loew54 ,8 pr9cipal educational "w is entitl$ ,univ]sal ,in/ruction4 ,jacotot is be/ kn[n = 8 p>adoxes1 two ( ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* are1 ,ev]y?+ is 9 ,ev]y?+1 & ,all m5 h equal intellig5ce4 ,b 8 me?od r ?an 8 p>adoxical /atem5ts has prov$ 8 greate/ contribution to educational progress4 ,8 me?od consi/$ 9 ! selection ( fundam5tal examples or types1 hav+ ! pupils commit !m to memory1 repeat+ ?is "w daily1 amplify+ x1 d]iv+ ! rules or pr9ciples 9 relation to x1 until ! ma/]y 9 all directions is complete4 ,?us 9 /udy+ ,lat9 a page ( ,caes> might be tak5 & drill$ ^u until ! /yle1 rules ( gramm>1 & mean+ ( ! passage are ma/]$2 9 ma!matics ! fundam5tal rules1--! ,py?agorean !orem mu/ be repeat$ daily2 9 geography beg9 ) a map & ma/] all its details4 ,ga9 a complete und]/&+ ( "o subject be=e tak+ up ano!r4 ,8 me?od attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,,footnotes3 #abh ,special ,ref]5ces1 ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s1 pp4 #add1 #bhh2 ,lang1 ,bas$[ 7,tea*]s' ,manuals1 ,no4 #af74 #abi ,lang1 ,bas$[1 p4 #f4 #acj ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #aej4 #aca ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #aea4 #acb ,kant1 ,ueb] ,pa$agogik4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,mod]n ,,educators 7,cont9u$7 ,,pe/alozzi 7#agdf-ahbg7 ,lit]ature4--,de ,guimps1 ,pe/alozzi1 8 ,life & ,works2 ,kruesi1 ,life1 ,"w1 & ,influ5ce ( ,pe/alozzi2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,von ,raum]1 ,life & ,sy/em ( ,pe/alozzi2 ,durrell1 ,new ,life 9 ,education2 ,gill1 ,sy/ems ( ,education2 ,sk9n]1 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature2 ,b>n>d1 ,pe/alozzi & ,pe/alozzianism2 ,vogel1 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,volkss*ulwes5s2 ,re91 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* d] ,pa$agogik4 ,johann ,he9ri* ,pe/alozzi 0 born 9 ,zuri*1 ,switz]l&1 ,janu>y #ab1 #agdf4 ,8 fa!r 0 a physician ( great intellig5ce1 & 8 dea? be=e ! boy rea*$ 8 six? ye> depriv$ ! latt] ( a wise c\nselor4 ,! "* ( ! "m is %[n by ! dy+ appeal ( ,pe/alozzi's fa!r to 8 s]vant ,baebeli3 ,= ,god's sake & 9 ! "n ( m]cy d n =sake my wife4 ,:5 ,i am dead %e w be helpless1 & my *ildr5 w fall into ! h&s ( /rang]s4 ,baebeli repli$1 ,i w nev] leave y\r wife1 if x %\ld please ,god to take y h5ce4 ,i w rema9 ) h] till dea?1 if %e wi%es me to d s1 a promise :i* %e fai?fully kept4 ,kruesi ?9ks t1 ,! sacrifices ( a "m = h] *ildr5 d n %[ m nobility ( s\l ?an 0 display$ by ?is poor1 un$ucat$ girl1 :o gave up all h] worldly int]e/ = a family n h] own4 ,:o c say t ,pe/alozzi himself 0 n inspir$ to 8 long life ( devotion to ! int]e/s ( ! l[ly by ! unselfi% consecration ( ?is l[ly woman to 8 family8 ,pe/alozzi did n c>e = companions ( 8 own age4 ,he 0 peculi>ly a "m's boy1 cont5t to gr[ up dreamy & impractical at h] quiet he>?/one4 ,consequ5tly he 0 awkw>d & res]v$1 easily impos$ ^u1 & lack+ 9 self-reliance4 ,^! qualities rema9$ ) him z long z he liv$1 & caus$ him _m pa9ful failures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pi\s example ( 8 "m & ! tranquil life he l$ ) h] made ! boy reflective & imag9ative1 :ile 8 s\l became fill$ ) great ?\ghts = ! well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 a c\ntry pa/or1 :om he (t5 visit$1 by 8 simple1 godly life ex]t$ a great influ5ce 9 %ap+ ,pe/alozzi's religi\s "*4 ,s*ool+4--,at s*ool he 0 ! butt ( ridicule among ! s*ol>s because ( 8 awkw>dness1 8 simplicity1 & 8 +5u\sness4 ,8 comrades dubb$ him ,h>ry ,oddity ( ,follyville1 a nickname t c>ri$ no reproa* ) x1 b 0 int5d$ to express good-natur$ appreciation ( 8 *>act]i/ics4 ,mr4 ,quick tells u t 8 good nature & oblig+ disposition ga9$ him _m fri5ds4 ,no d\bt 8 fri5ds pr(it$ f 8 will+ness to d any?+ = !m4 ,we f9d t :51 on ! %ock ( an e>?quake1 tea*]s & s*ol>s alike ru%$ out ( ! s*oolh\se1 ,h>ry ,oddity 0 ! boy s5t back to fet* out caps & books4 ,:ile n brilliant z a s*ol>1 he 0 by no means dull4 ,he 0 m ready 9 grasp+ ! cont5t ?an ! =m ( ! subject4 ,consequ5tly all ?r\gh life he nev] ov]came 8 weakness 9 "s ( ! commone/ requirem5ts ( education4#acc ,life ,purpose4--,aft] complet+ ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ools1 he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,zuri*1 :]e he su/a9$ himself ) cr$it4 ,ev5 :ile yet a boy he jo9$ a league ( /ud5ts :i* 0 int5d$ to resi/ inju/ice4 ,( himself & 8 fell[-/ud5ts1 he says1 ,we decid$ to live = no?+ b indep5d5ce1 well-do+1 & sacrifice = love ( c\ntry4 ,speak+ ( society z he saw x1 he says1 ,i saw ! un=tunate condition ( all mank9d1 especially ( my own c\ntrym51 9 all its holl[ness4 ,i saw indulg5ce despoil+ ! highe/ moral1 spiritual1 & civil int]e/s1 & sapp+ ! lifeblood ( our race z nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,i saw f9ally ! p ( our nation /eep$ 9 pov]ty1 mis]y1 & univ]sal want4 ,f y\? up ! purpose ( my life has be5 to secure to ! poor ( my c\ntry a happi] fate by improv+ & simplify+ _! educational privileges4 ,b ! only sure f\ndation ^u :i* we may hope to secure national culture & elevate ! poor is t ( ! home :]e ! love ( fa!r & "m is ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ,?r\gh ! unselfi%ness1 tru?1 /r5g?1 & purity ( _! love1 p>5ts k9dle fai? 9 _! *ildr54 ,?is leads to t implicit ob$i5ce :i* is bas$ on confid5ce & love4 ,love = humanity1 desire to ameliorate suff]+1 & ?or\gh unselfi%ness furni%$ ! key to ,pe/alozzi's purpose & lifework4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,m9i/ry4--,x 0 ?is l(ty purpose t l$ him fir/ to attempt ! "w ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry1 a "w :i* 8 ag$ gr&fa!r enc\rag$4 ,b he fail$ 9 8 fir/ s]mon1 & at once decid$ t he _h mi/ak5 8 call+4 ,kruesi#acd says t he /opp$ %ort 9 8 s]mon & made mi/akes 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,?is may h be5 due to emb>rassm5t1 :i* made ! "y m9i/] =get ! s]mon :i* he _h be5 oblig$ to commit to memory4 ,m likely1 h[ev]1 x 0 an exalt$ idea ( ! prop] qualifications ( a cl]gyman1 comp>$ ) 8 own humble m]its1 :i* induc$ him to ex*ange ! /udy ( !ology = t ( law4 ,! ,law4--,8 motive 9 devot+ himself to law 0 ! same t _h l$ him to ! m9i/ry1--8 desire to be a bless+ to 8 fell[-be+s4 ,he saw ! peasantry *eat$ & impos$ ^u because ( _! ignorance1 & det]m9$ to become _! *ampion4 ,kruesi ?9ks t 8 /udy ( ! law mu/ h produc$ negative results by %[+ him ! insuffici5cy ( human legislation to d away ) abuses1 unless support$ by pr9ciples ( *>ity & ju/ice4 ,he !re=e gave up ?is ent]prise also4 ,f>m+4--,! advice ( a dy+ fri5d1 ,blunts*li1 ,nev] emb>k 9 any op]ation :i* might become dang]\s to y\r peace ( m9d1 because ( ! simplicity & t5d]ness ( y\r disposition1 may h _h its effect ^u ,pe/alozzi4 ,he n[ ent]$ ^u 8 ?ird v5ture4 ,hav+ induc$ a weal?y firm 9 ,zuri* to advance him money1 he b\ght ab\t "o hundr$ acres ( unimprov$ l& 9 ! canton ( ,a>gau1 :]e he propos$ to raise madd] z a means ( pr(it4 ,once m 8 real purpose 0 philan?ropic1 z he int5d$ to %[ ! poor peasants improv$ me?ods ( f>m+ :]eby !y c\ld obta9 bett] results = _! labor & !reby be enabl$ to live m com=tably4 ,he nam$ ! place ,neuh(4 ,m>riage4--,at ?is "t he _h j pass$ 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye>4 ,we pause to m5tion an ev5t t _h mu* to d ) 8 happ9ess & ) 8 lat] life4 ,he _h made ! acqua9tance ( ,anna ,s*ul!ss1 a "y lady ( consid]able means1 & s\ght h] h& 9 m>riage4 ,8 lett] to h]1 propos+ m>riage1 is rem>kable = its frankness1 = ! +5u\s confession ( 8 own weaknesses1 & = its correct e/imate ( himself4 ,a few quotations f ?is lett] mu/ suffice4#ace ,my fail+s1 :i* appe> to me ! mo/ important 9 relation to ! future1 are improvid5ce1 want ( caution1 & want ( t pres5ce ( m9d :i* is necess>y to meet unexpect$ *anges 9 my future prospects4 ,i hope1 by cont9u$ ex]tions1 to ov]come !m2 b "k t ,i /ill possess !m to a degree t does n all[ me to conceal !m f ! maid5 ,i love4444 ,i am fur!r b\nd to confess t ,i %all place ! duties t[>d my fa!rl& 9 advance ( ^? to my wife1 & t1 al?\gh ,i mean to be a t5d] husb&1 ,i %all be inexorable ev5 to ! te>s ( my wife1 if !y %\ld ev] try to deta9 me f p]=m+ my duties z a citiz51 to _! fulle/ ext5t4 ,my wife %all be ! confidant ( my he>t1 ! p>tn] ( all my mo/ secret c\nsel4 ,a great & holy simplicity %all reign 9 my h\se4444 ,my de> fri5d1 ,i love y s t5d]ly & f]v5tly t ?is confession has co/ me mu*1 s9ce x may ev5 take f me ! hope ( w9n+ y4 ,anna 0 n disc\rag$ by ! picture :i* ! man %e lov$ drew ( himself1 & %e cons5t$ to become 8 wife4 ,!y 7 m>ri$ 9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 & ?us began a long p]iod ( happy w$d$ life t ext5d$ ov] fifty ye>s4 ,quick tells u t ! =ebod+s ( ! lett] 7 amply realiz$1 444 & yet we may well believe t ,madame ,pe/alozzi nev] rep5t$ ( h] *oice4 ,neuh(4--,b to return to ,pe/alozzi's exp]im5t 9 f>m+1 matt]s _h n progress$ well4 ,! ,zuri* capitali/s became suspici\s1 & aft] an inve/igation decid$ to )draw _! support1 ?us precipitat+ failure4 ,( ?is ,pe/alozzi himself says1 ,! cause ( ! failure ( my und]tak+ lay ess5tially & exclusively 9 myself1 & 9 my pron\nc$ incapacity = e k9d ( und]tak+ :i* requires practical ability4 ,"o _c fail to admire ! en]gy & c\rage ( ! man1 :o1 consci\s ( 8 own weakness1 /ill p]sev]$ 9 great ent]prises until he a*iev$ success4 ,x 0 n = himself1 b = humanity1 t ,pe/alozzi labor$1 & no disc\ragem5t c\ld daunt1 no failure defeat1 no lack ( appreciation or misund]/&+ *eck1 ! ardor ( 8 zeal = ! great "w t absorb$ 8 life4 ,ar\nd him 7 m5 & wom5 9 pov]ty & mis]y1 ^: *ildr5 7 gr[+ up 9 vice & ignorance1 to p]petuate ! evils "u :i* _! p>5ts suff]$4 ,) ! _s ( 8 div9e ,ma/]1 ,pe/alozzi s\ght to elevate & bless ^? ar\nd him4 ,accord+ly1 aft] ! failure caus$ by ! )drawal ( ! f9ancial support h]et(ore m5tion$1 he />t$ aga9 at ,neuh(1 us+ 8 wife's money4 ,he op5$ an indu/rial s*ool = ! poor1 :i* ,kruesi calls ! fir/ s*ool ( its k9d ev] conceiv$1 & ! "m ( hundr$s n[ exi/+ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,?is 0 9 #agge4 ,he ga!r$ fifty *ildr5 toge!r1 & f$1 clo!d1 h\s$1 & taught !m )\t comp5sation2 9 return = ?is !y 7 to "w 9 ! fields 9 summ] & at sp9n+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,b ?is exp]im5t also 0 doom$ to br+ disappo9tm5t4 ,! *ildr5 7 lazy1 %iftless1 & di%one/2 _! "w 0 ( little use to ,pe/alozzi1 because ( _! lack ( skill & _! bad habits4 ,!y w\ld (t5 run away z soon z !y 7 well f$ & _h a new suit ( clo!s4 ,p>5ts 7 unappreciative & dissatisfi$1 dem&+ pay = ! labor ( _! *ildr54 ,0 !re ev] a m disc\rag+ situation ?an ?is :i* ,pe/alozzi _h to confront1 :5 p dem&$ pay = accept+ ! philan?ropic & unselfi% measures tak5 = ! good ( _! *ildr5 & = _! own elevation8 ,?is c\ld n cont9ue long1 & 9 #aghj ,pe/alozzi 0 oblig$ to close 8 s*ool4 ,he f\nd himself badly 9 debt1 ) 8 wife's prop]ty gone4 ,b ev5 "u ^! ov]:elm+ mis=tunes he says1 ,my failure %[$ me ! tru? ( my plans1 & ?is has long s9ce be5 v]ifi$1 bo? 9 8 ideas ( f>m+ & 9 ! indu/rial s*ool4 ,au?or%ip4--,! next eighte5 ye>s1 ?\gh pass$ by ,pe/alozzi 9 extreme pov]ty1 7 n unfruitful4 ,he began to write pamphlets & books1 ! fir/ book be+1 ,! ,ev5+ ,h\rs ( a ,h]mit1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aghj4 ,8 second book1 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1#acf 0 publi%$ ! ye> foll[+4 ,x creat$ great int]e/ & br\ght ,pe/alozzi imm$iate fame4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,b]ne pres5t$ him a gold m$al1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 oblig$ to sell to procure ! necessities ( life = 8 family4 ,9 ,leon>d & ,g]trude ,pe/alozzi gives a homely & t\*+ picture ( life among ! l[ly1 & %[s h[ a good woman uses h] opportunities = uplift+ & educat+1 fir/ h] own family1 & !n h] neighbors4 ,9 ?is "w %e is aid$ by ! village s*oolma/] & ! magi/rate1 :o are inspir$ by h] example & lead]%ip4 ,pe/alozzi wrote sev]al o!r books dur+ ?is p]iod1 b none to equal ,leon>d & ,g]trude4 ,/anz4--,9 ! meantime1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out1 & ,pe/alozzi1 influ5c$ by ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau1 became an ard5t *ampion ( ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,he seems to h acquir$ consid]able political influ5ce1 z ! ,directors ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,switz]l& ?\ght x necess>y to w9 him to _! cause by giv+ him a political (fice4 ,!y !re=e ask$ him :at (fice he want$1 & he repli$1 ,i want to be a s*oolma/]4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! ,fr5* _h pillag$ ! inhabitants & burn$ _! homes1 ,pe/alozzi 0 s5t to ,/anz1--! only village left 9 ! canton ( ,nidwald51--to e/abli% a s*ool4#acg ,n[ = ! fir/ "t he f\nd himself 9 ! call+ = :i* 8 :ole nature _h ye>n$1 = :i* he 0 peculi>ly suit$1 & 9 :i* he 0 de/9$ to become fam\s4 ,at ! age ( fifty-?ree ,pe/alozzi began 8 "w at ,/anz4 ,! gov]nm5t gave him an empty conv5t 9 :i* to hold 8 s*ool1 &1 be=e x 0 ready = occupancy1 *ildr5 flock$ to x = admission4 ,! deva/ation ( ! l& by ! ,fr5* & ! consequ5t lack ( ! necessities ( life among ! p increas$ ! difficulties ( ,pe/alozzi's task4 ,8 own description ( ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w is full ( eloqu5ce4 ,speak+ ( ! s*ool1 he says1 ,i 0 among !m f morn+ till ev5+4 ,ev]y?+ t5d+ to b5efit body & s\l ,i adm9i/]$ ) my own h&4 ,e assi/ance1 e lesson !y receiv$1 came f me4 ,my h& 0 jo9$ to !irs1 & my smile accompani$ !irs4 ,!y seem$ out ( ! _w & away f ,/anz2 !y 7 ) me & ,i ) !m4 ,we %>$ food & dr9k4 ,i _h no h\sehold1 no fri5ds1 no s]vants ar\nd me2 ,i _h only !m4 ,0 _! heal? good1 ,i enjoy$ x ) !m2 7 !y sick1 ,i /ood at _! side4 ,i slept 9 _! mid/4 ,i 0 ! la/ to g to b$ & ! fir/ to rise4 ,i pray$ ) !m1 & taught !m 9 b$ till !y fell asleep4 ,h[ true is ! say+ t1 ,he liv$ ) begg>s 9 ord] t begg>s might le>n to live l m54 ,?us liv+ ) !m1 tea*+ !m1 inspir+ !m to be good1 devot+ 8 :ole ?\ght to _! welf>e1 ,pe/alozzi1 :o 0 describ$ z ei!r a good-natur$ fool1 or a poor devil1 :o 0 compell$1 by indig5ce1 to p]=m ! m5ial (fice ( s*oolma/]1 began a "w t has revolutioniz$ educational me?od4 ,b ! same disc\ragem5ts t _h met him at ,neuh( att5d$ him at ,/anz4 ,p>5ts br\ght _! *ildr5 to ! asylum only to be clo!d1 & !n remov$ !m ^u ! slighte/ pretexts4 ,nev]!less1 ! "w ( ,pe/alozzi at ,/anz 0 n a failure1 ?\gh ! s*ool 0 r5d]$ h\seless by ! ,fr5* soldi]s 9 #agii1 & _h to be ab&on$ aft] less ?an five mon?s' exi/5ce4 ,kruesi comm5ts ^u ?is p]iod ( ,pe/alozzi's life z foll[s3 ,let ^? :o n[ witness ! mighty *anges t h tak5 place 9 education pay grateful tribute to ! man :o fir/ took up arms aga9/ ! holl[ sy/ems ( ! old s*ool r\t9e1 & :o %[$ ! pa? to ^? delightful regions ( ?\ght1 9 ^: well-till$ soil ri* h>ve/s w ev] be reap$ by ! pati5t labor]4 ,to ! philan?ropi/ & fri5d ( education1 ,/anz w always be a hall[$ spot1 exhibit+1 z x does1 ! picture ( ?is v5]able tea*] sitt+ among ! outca/ *ildr51 animat$ by ! v _s ( ,*ri/1 & by a great idea :i* n only fill$ 8 own s\l1 b also inspir$ ^? :o witness$ 8 labors4#ach ,burgdorf4--,b ,/anz prov$ ! turn+ po9t 9 ,pe/alozzi's c>e]4 ,he 0 soon *os5 assi/ant tea*] at ,burgdorf4 ,8 exp]i5ce at ,/anz1 )\t books & )\t appliances1 _h compell$ him to inv5t me?ods ( int]e/+ ! *ildr54 ,he 0 ?us br\ght to ! use ( objects1 & "h we h ! beg9n+ ( practical object tea*+4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! head ma/] ( ! s*ool became jeal\s ( him because he secur$ ! att5tion & affection ( ! pupils1 & ,pe/alozzi's dismissal 0 obta9$ on ! gr\nd t he did n "k h[ to read & spell correctly1 a *>ge :i*1 z we h se51 0 )\t d\bt true4 ,z to 8 me?od ( tea*+1 ,ramsau]1 "o ( 8 pupils1 tells u t !re 0 no regul> plan1 n any "t-table4444 ,z ,pe/alozzi1 9 8 zeal1 did n tie himself to any p>ticul> "t1 we g5]ally w5t on until elev5 o'clock ) :atev] we comm5c$ at eight1 & by t5 o'clock he 0 always tir$ & ho>se4 ,we knew :5 x 0 elev5 by ! noise ( ! o!r s*ool *ildr5 9 ! /reet1 & !n we usually all ran out )\t bidd+ good-by4 ,c]ta9ly no "o w comm5d su* s*oolroom practice1 & at fir/ glance ,pe/alozzi w\ld seem to m]it only c5sure2 b 8 en?usiasm1 8 zeal = ! good ( 8 fell[-be+s1 & 8 consci\sness ( possess+ ! tru? triumph$ ov] 8 lack ( sy/em z well z ov] o!r ob/acles4 ,! s*ool committee ( ,burgdorf appreciat$ ?is1 z is %[n by _! report4 ,he 7,pe/alozzi7 has %[n :at p[]s are hidd5 9 ! feeble *ild1 & 9 :at mann] !y c be develop$4 ,! pupils h made a/oni%+ progress 9 "s bran*es1 !reby prov+ t e *ild is capable ( do+ some?+ if ! tea*] is able to draw out 8 tal5t1 & awak5 ! p[]s ( 8 m9d 9 ! ord] ( _! natural developm5t4 ,^u 8 dismissal f ?is position he unit$ ) ,h]mann ,kruesi 9 f\nd+ a private s*ool4 ,pupils increas$ 9 numb]s1 & at la/ ,pe/alozzi 0 on ! road to success z well z fame4 ,he ga!r$ a /rong corps ( tea*]s ab\t him1 :o n only contribut$ to ! success ( ! in/itution1 b sat at ! feet ( _! recogniz$ ma/]1 & loyally support$ 8 measures4 ,dur+ 8 life at ,burgdorf1 he issu$ 8 "w entitl$ ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr5 7#ahja71 9 :i* he attempts to give 8 sy/em ( education4 ,a "w1 says ,pr(essor ,hunzik]1#aci ^: cont5ts 9 no way meet ! dem&s ( ! subtitle4 7,! full title is1 ,h[ ,g]trude tea*es h] ,*ildr52 an ,attempt to direct ,mo!rs h[ to tea* _! own ,*ildr547 ,yv]don4--,9 #ahjd ,pe/alozzi 0 oblig$ to vacate 8 qu>t]s at ,burgdorf1 & aft] "s hesitation he mov$ 8 s*ool to ,yv]don1 into an old =tress1 :i*1 says ,kruesi1 hav+ /ood _m a siege ( invad+ armies1 0 n[ captur$ by a s*oolma/]2 & x 0 h5ce=? to become m =midable 9 its attack ^u ignorance1 ?an x _h be=e be5 9 its def5se ( lib]ty4 ,at ,yv]don ,pe/alozzi 0 enabl$ to c>ry out ! pr9ciples ( education :i* he _h s long held1 & ?is place mu/ be recogniz$ z ! ,mecca ( ,pe/alozzianism4 ,8 success at ,burgdorf _h drawn to him ! att5tion ( ! _w1 & n[ educators1 philosoph]s1 & pr9ces began to /udy 8 !ories1 :ile _m visit$ ! in/itution to witness its peculi> work+s4 ,)\t d\bt ! _m visitors s]i\sly di/urb$ ! "w1 z ,pe/alozzi took great pa9s to %[ :at 8 pupils c\ld d1 especially :5 m5 ( influ5ce came4 ,dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s !re 0 great prosp]ity1 ! numb] ( /ud5ts rea*+ "o hundr$ & fifty4 ,pe/alozzi usually arose at two 9 ! morn+1 & comm5c$ lit]>y "w2 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by 8 tea*]s1 "o ( :om te/ifies1 ,!re 7 ye>s 9 :i* n "o ( u 0 f\nd 9 b$ aft] ?ree o'clock1 & summ] & w9t] we work$ f ?ree to six 9 ! morn+4#adj ,at fir/ ! tea*]s 7 ?or\ghly unit$1 cordially c>ry+ out ! tea*+s ( ,fa!r ,pe/alozzi4 ,b aft] a "t private ambitions & p]sonal jeal\sies crept 9 & de/roy$ h>mony4 ,_m ( ! be/ tea*]s left & ! s*ool 0 clos$4#ada ,9 #ahbe1 aft] an exi/5ce ( tw5ty ye>s1 ! in/itute at ,yv]don 0 ab&on$1 & once m ,pe/alozzi saw ! app>5t failure ( 8 hopes4 ,he di$ two ye>s lat]1 at ! age ( eighty-"o4 ,mr4 ,quick comm5ts ^u ?is ev5t z foll[s3 ,?us ! sun w5t d[n 9 cl\ds1 & ! old man1 :5 he di$ at ! age ( eighty1#adb 9 #ahbi1adc _h se5 ! app>5t failure ( all 8 toils4 ,he _h n1 h[ev]1 fail$ 9 reality4 ,x has be5 said ( him t 8 true function 0 to educate ideas1 n *ildr51 & :5 tw5ty ye>s lat] ! c5t5>y ( 8 bir? 0 celebrat$ by s*oolma/]s1 n only 9 8 native c\ntry1 b ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 x 0 f\nd t ,pe/alozzian ideas _h be5 s[n1 & 7 be>+ fruit1 ov] ! great] "p ( c5tral ,europe4#add ,pr(essor ,hunzik] says ( ,pe/alozzi's influ5ce1 ,eighty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,pe/alozzi 0 laid 9 ! grave4 ,! social ?9k]1 :o po9t$ out ! way ( re=m = humanity 9 8 ',leon>d & ,g]trude1' :o attempt$ to solve ! enigmas & inequalities ( social life 9 8 ',inquiries conc]n+ ! ,c\rse ( ,nature 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,mank9d1' is almo/ =gott54 ,b ! "n ( ,pe/alozzi %9es bright] ?an ev] 9 ! field ( p$agogics4 ,9 e bran* ( education we he> ! w>n+ cry1 return to ,pe/alozzi6 ,let ! wat*word = ! future be3 ,pe/alozzi =ev]6#ade ,summ>y ( ,pe/alozzi's ,"w4--,no "o c /udy ! hi/ory ( ,pe/alozzi )\t discov]+ ! secret ( 8 educational purpose4 ,x is reveal$ 9 e ent]prise he und]took1 9 e book he wrote1 9 8 :ole lifework4#adf ,let u briefly sum up ! "w he accompli%$3-- #a4 ,he %[$ h[ ! !ories ( ,com5ius & ,r\sseau c\ld be appli$4 ,by ?is a decid$ impulse 0 giv5 to educational re=m1 & ! way 0 prep>$ = ! wond]ful educational revival ( ! pres5t c5tury4 #b4 ,8 greate/ p$agogical pr9ciple is t education consi/s 9 ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! human p[]s4 #c4 ,developm5t %\ld foll[ ! ord] ( nature4 ,:ile he d\btless borr[$ ?is ?\ght f ,r\sseau1 unlike ,r\sseau he held t ! ord] ( nature requires ! *ild to be taught ) o!r *ildr54 #d4 ,all k is obta9$ ?r\gh ! s5ses by ! self-activity ( ! *ild4 #e4 ,in/ruction %\ld be bas$ on obs]vation1 especially ) "y *ildr54 ,h5ce objects mu/ be freely us$4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( object lessons1--^? apply+ to =m1 to numb]1 & to spee*4 ,mr4 ,quick says1 ,by 8 object lessons ,pe/alozzi aim$ at1--7#a7 enl>g+ gradually ! sph]e ( ! *ild's intuition1 t is1 increas+ ! numb] ( objects fall+ "u 8 imm$iate p]ception2 7#b7 impress+ ^u him ^? p]ceptions ( :i* he _h become consci\s1 ) c]ta9ty1 cle>ness1 & precision2 7#c7 imp>t+ to him a compreh5sive k ( language = ! expression ( :atev] _h become or 0 becom+ an object ( 8 consci\sness1 9 consequ5ce ei!r ( ! spontane\s impulse ( 8 own nature1 or ( ! assi/ance ( tuition4 #f4 ,! "m is ! natural educator ( ! *ild 9 its e>ly ye>s4 ,mat]nal love is ! fir/ ag5t 9 education2 444 ?r\gh x ! *ild is l$ to love & tru/ 8 ,creator & 8 ,r$eem]4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t mo!rs %\ld be educat$4 #g4 ,he illu/rat$ 8 pr9ciples 9 8 me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,he employ$ ! phonic me?od 9 spell+2#adg made use ( objects 9 tea*+ numb]2 grad$ ! "w accord+ to ! capacity ( ! *ildr52 taught draw+1 language1 composition1 etc41 by use1 ?us illu/rat+ "o ( ! aphorisms ( ,com5ius1--,we le>n to d by do+4 #h4 ,b ! greate/ lesson t ,pe/alozzi taught is embodi$ 9 ! ^w love4 ,he lov$ little *ildr51 he lov$ ! di/ress$ & l[ly1 he lov$ all 8 fell[-m54 ,by ! _s :i* actuat$ him1 by ! me?ods ( in/ruction employ$1 by a life ( disappo9tm5t & app>5t failure1 by ! appreciation ( 8 s]vice aft] he _h gone to 8 re/1 by ! accel]at$ gr[? ( 8 tea*+s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 he m closely resembles ! ,great ,tea*] ?an any o!r man t has ev] liv$4 ,dr4 ,h>ris says1 ,he is ! fir/ tea*] to ann\nce conv9c+ly ! doctr9e t all p %\ld be educat$1--t1 9 fact1 education is ! "o good gift to give to all1 :e!r ri* or poor4#adh ,h5ce !re is no "* 9 educational hi/ory m wor?y ( /udy & m inspir+ to ! tea*] ?an ,johann ,he9ri* ,pe/alozzi4 ,,footnotes3 #acc ,9 reg>d to ! criticisms made aga9/ him at ,burgdorf1 ,pe/alozzi says3 ,x 0 :isp]$ t ,i myself c\ld n write1 nor "w acc\nts1 nor ev5 read prop]ly4 ,popul> reports are n always entirely wrong4 ,x is true ,i c\ld n write1 nor read1 nor "w acc\nts well4 #acd ,life1 ,"w1 & ,influ5ce ( ,pe/alozzi1 p4 #ag4 #ace ,bo? ,quick & ,kruesi give ?is lett] 9 full4 #acf ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature1 pp4 #hc-aaj4 #acg ,see ,kruesi1 p4 #bh1 = an acc\nt ( 8 appo9tm5t4 #ach ,pe/alozzi1 p4 #cf4 #aci ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cae4 #adj ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cai4 #ada ,kruesi1 ^: fa!r 0 associat$ ) ,pe/alozzi1 gives a full acc\nt ( ^! diss5sions4 ,he also tells _m int]e/+ incid5ts connect$ ) ,pe/alozzi & 8 s*ool at ,yv]don1 p4 #de4 #adb ,%\ld be eighty-"o4 #adc #ahbg4 #add ,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #ahc4 #ade ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cbj4 #adf ,9 him ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ is 8 life4--,,quick4 #adg ,n orig9al ) ,pe/alozzi1--see ,port ,royali/s4 #adh ,= /atem5t ( 8 pr9ciples1 see ,compayre1 p4 #dch2 ,williams1 p4 #cab2 ,kruesi1 p4 #afi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,mod]n ,,educators 7,cont9u$7 ,,froebel 7#aghb-aheb7 ,lit]ature4--,lange1 ,collect$ ,writ+s ( ,f4 ,froebel2 ,kriege1 ,fri$ri* ,froebel2 ,b[51 ,froebel & ,education by ,self-activity2 ,h]=d1 ,! ,/ud5t's ,froebel2 ,froebel1 ,education ( ,man2 ,quick1 ,educational ,re=m]s2 ,munroe1 ,educational ,ideal2 ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education2 ,m>5holtz-,buel[1 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,f4 ,froebel2 ,re91 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* d] ,pa$agogik4 ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,augu/ ,froebel 0 born at ,ob]weisba*1 a village 9 ! beautiful ,?u]+ian ,=e/ ( ,g]many4 ,! fir/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t at home "u ! in/ruction ( 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a ,lu!ran cl]gyman & _h six villages "u 8 pa/orate4 ,! _m c>es ( 8 (fice prev5t$ ! pa/or f giv+ 8 son mu* att5tion1 & z ! /epmo!r nei!r und]/ood ! boy1 nor took mu* int]e/ 9 him1 he sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ! woods1 ) birds & fl[]s z 8 companions1 & receiv$ f> less rudim5t>y tra9+ ?an mo/ boys ( 8 age4 ,b at ! age ( t5 an important *ange took place 9 8 life4 ,he w5t to live ) 8 "m's bro!r1 :o s5t him to s*ool = f\r ye>s4 ,"h he 0 taught ! elem5t>y bran*es & a little ,lat94 ,he tells u ( ! pr(\nd impression made ^u him ! fir/ day ( s*ool by ! text ( ,scripture t ! *ildr5 repeat$4 ,x 01 ,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,he says1 ,! v]se made an impression on me l no?+ be=e or s9ce4 ,inde$1 ?is impression 0 s lively & deep1 t to-day e ^w lives fre% 9 my memory ) ! peculi> acc5t ) :i* x 0 spok52 & yet s9ce t "t ne>ly =ty ye>s h elaps$4 ,8 progress 9 ! s*ool does n seem to h be5 v great4 ,at f\rte5 he return$ to 8 fa!r's home1 & soon !reaft] 0 appr5tic$ to a =e/]4 ,"h he 0 entirely 9 8 elem5t1 & he tells ( f\r aspects ( ?is life3 ,! homeli] & m practical life2 ! life sp5t ) nature1 especially =e/ nature2 ! life ( /udy1 devot$ to ma!matics & languages1 = :i* he f\nd a good supply ( books ready to h&2 & ! "t sp5t 9 ga9+ a k ( plants1 9 :i* he 0 mu* help$ by books on botany l5t him by a neighbor+ doctor4#adi ,b he obta9$ little help f ! =e/]1 s at ! end ( ?ree ye>s ,froebel )drew1 & soon !reaft] ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,he seems to h /udi$ h>d dur+ ! ye> & a half he sp5t at ,j5a1 b to h accompli%$ little4 ,he became involv$ 9 debt1 & 0 imprison$ = n9e weeks 9 ! univ]sity ,c>c]4#aej ,aft] 8 lib]ation1 he left ! univ]sity4 ,z ,tea*]4--,meet+ ) little success 9 v>i\s ent]prises 9 :i* he engag$1 he at la/ drift$ to ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 :]e he made ! acqua9tance ( ,dr4 ,grun]1 head ma/] ( ! ,model ,s*ool4 ,dr4 ,grun] quickly discov]$ ,froebel's tal5t1 & urg$ him to accept a position "u him z tea*]4 ,froebel reluctantly cons5t$1 b 9 speak+ lat] ( 8 fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ! s*oolroom1 he says1 ,x seem$ z if ,i _h f\nd some?+ ,i _h nev] kn[n1 b always long$ =1 always miss$2 z if my life _h at la/ discov]$ its native elem5t4 ,i felt z happy z ! fi% 9 ! wat]1 ! bird 9 ! air4 ,al?\gh ,froebel succe$$ at once 9 8 new pr(ession1 !reby ju/ify+ ,dr4 ,grun]'s op9ion ( him1 he felt t he ne$$ special prep>ation = ! "w ( tea*+4 ,accord+ly1 9 #ahjh1 aft] two ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 hav+ 9 ! meantime visit$ ,pe/alozzi at ,yv]don1 & hav+ read 8 works1 he gave up 8 position & jo9$ ! in/itute at ,yv]don4 ,he took ) him ?ree ( 8 pupils to tutor1 & x ?us happ5$1 he tells u1 t ,i 0 !re bo? z tea*] & s*ol>1 educator & pupil4 ,froebel sp5t two ye>s at ,yv]don1 & 8 te/imony conc]n+ ,pe/alozzi is int]e/+4 ,he says1 ,he set "o's s\l on fire = a high] & nobl] life1 ?\gh he _h n made cle> or sure ! exact road t[>d x1 nor indicat$ ! means :]eby to atta9 x4 ,?is sums up 9 a ^w ! secret & ext5t ( ,pe/alozzi's p[]4 ,dittes ?9ks t ! orig9 ( ! k9d]g>t5 is due to ! p$agogical revival ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,froebel himself1 speak+ ( 8 exp]i5ce at ,yv]don1 says1 ,i /udi$ ! boys' play1 ! :ole s]ies ( games 9 ! op5 air1 & le>n$ to recognize _! mighty p[] to awak5 & to /r5g!n ! intellig5ce & ! s\l z well z ! body4 ,"h we f9d ! fir/ sugge/ion ( ! k9d]g>t51 :i* has made ,froebel fam\s4 ,aft] leav+ ,yv]don1 ,froebel sp5t ab\t two ye>s at ! univ]sities ( ,goett+5 & ,b]l9 9 fur!r+ 8 prep>ation = educational re=m1 to :i* he _h devot$ himself4 ,9 #ahac w> = ,g]man lib]ty broke out1 & ,froebel1 ) _m o!r /ud5ts1 enli/$4 ,x is n ! purpose "h to foll[ 8 =tunes z a soldi]1 b :ile 9 ! army he made ! acqua9tance ( two "y m5 :o aft]w>d became associat$ ) him 9 educational ent]prise1--,wilhelm ,midd5dorff & ,he9ri* ,lange?al4 ,8 ,fir/ ,s*ool4--,9 #ahaf ,froebel op5$ 8 fir/ s*ool at ,grie%eim1 "u ! high-s\nd+ title ( ,univ]sal ,g]man ,educational ,in/itute4 ,at fir/ he _h 8 five nephews z 8 only pupils4 ,soon aft]1 ! s*ool 0 remov$ to ,keilhau1 ne> ,rudol/adt1 9 ! ,?u]+ian ,=e/4 ,"h he 0 jo9$ by 8 old fri5ds ,midd5dorff & ,lange?al4 ,?is in/itution cont9u$ = a numb] ( ye>s ) "s success1 until #ahcc1 :5 ,froebel remov$ to ,burgdorf1 ,switz]l&4 ,! ,prussian gov]nm5t1 f> f giv+ enc\ragem5t to ! in/itution at ,keilhau1 _h reg>d$ x ) suspicion4 ,a commission 0 s5t by ! gov]nm5t to exam9e ! in/itution1 & al?\gh ! report 0 highly complim5t>y to ,froebel's "w1#aea ! p]secution did n cease4 ,9 #ahea ! gov]nm5t prohibit$ k9d]g>t5s1 z =m+ a "p ( ! ,froebelian sociali/ic sy/em1 ! aim ( :i* is to tea* *ildr5 a!ism2 & ?is decree 0 9 =ce till #ahfj6 ,inde$1 to ?is day1 ,prussia does n reg>d ! k9d]g>t5 z an educational in/itution1 nor does %e give aid to x z su*4 ,! k9d]g>t5 is (ficially recogniz$ z a sort ( day nurs]y1 its tea*]s are n lic5s$1--h5ce h no (ficial /&+1--& ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ools1 e specific prep>ation = ! "w ( ! latt]1 mu/ be /rictly exclud$1 & ^! s*ools c 9 no way be all[$ to take ! "* ( in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,especially c nei!r read+ nor ari?metic be all[$ a place 9 !m4#aeb ,b ,froebel receiv$ m enc\ragem5t 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he admitt$ *ildr5 f f\r to six ye>s ( age1 & organiz$ a tea*]s' class to /udy 8 !ories4 ,al?\gh ,froebel did n rema9 long 9 ,switz]l&1 t l& prov$ cong5ial to 8 ideas1 & ! k9d]g>t5 has fl\ri%$ !re f 8 "t to ! pres5t4 ,great cr$it is due to ?is c\ntry1 :i* ext5d$ its hospitality to ! two great educational mod]n re=m]s1 ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel6 ,! ,k9d]g>t54--,mr4 ,h]=d says ( ,froebel's in/itution at ,burgdorf1 t1 ,"h we recognize ! rise ( ! k9d]g>t51 n yet s nam$4#aec ,! "n came to ,froebel a few ye>s lat] z an inspiration4 ,he _h return$ to ,keilhau & op5$ a s*ool 9 ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,blank5burg4 ,= a long "t he _h be5 pond]+ ov] a suitable "n = ! new in/itution4 ,:ile tak+ a walk "o day ) ,midd5dorff & ,b>( to ,blank5burg ov] ! ,/eig] ,pass1 ,froebel kept repeat+1 ',oh1 if ,i c\ld only ?9k ( a good "n = my y\nge/ born6' ,blank5burg lay at our feet1 & he walk$ moodily t[>d x4 ,sudd5ly he /ood /ill z if rivet$ to ! spot1 & 8 eyes grew wond]fully bright4 ,!n he %\t$ to ! m\nta9 s t x e*o$ to ! f\r w9ds1 ',eureka6 ,k9d]g>t5 %all ! in/itute be call$6' ,b1 l ,pe/alozzi1 ,froebel 0 :olly incapable ( f9ancial managem5t1 & ! in/itution at ,blank5dorf _h to be clos$4 ,he devot$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life to lectur+ ^u 8 !ories 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,he appeal$ to mo!rs1 & endeavor$ to in/ruct !m 9 ! duty ( tra9+ "y *ildr54 ,he taught t ! "m is ! natural tea*] ( ! *ild1 & t x is h] duty to fit h]self = ! sacr$ responsibility t ,god has plac$ ^u h]4 ,froebel's greate/ discov]y 0 t education comes only ?r\gh self-activity1 ?\gh he nev] cle>ly =mulat$ 8 discov]y4 ,! ,b>oness ,b]?a von ,m>5holtz-,buel[ has publi%$ "o ( ! be/ acc\nts ( 8 life & "w4#aed ,! ,education ( ,man4--,froebel gives 8 philosophy ( education 9 8 ,education ( ,man1 b 8 mo/ popul> "w is ,songs = ,"m & ,nurs]y4 ,8 *ief contribution to ! "w ( educational re=m is ! k9d]g>t51 an in/itution t has be5 +raft$ ^u ! s*ool sy/ems ( _m l&s1 & t is de/9$ to become ev] increas+ly pot5t = good4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w has ! k9d]g>t5 tak5 s /rong a hold & made s great progress z 9 ,am]ica4 ,! purpose ( ! k9d]g>t51 accord+ to ,froebel himself1 is1 to take ! ov]sight ( *ildr5 be=e !y are ready = s*ool life2 to ex]t an influ5ce ov] _! :ole be+ 9 correspond5ce ) its nature2 to /r5g!n _! bodily p[]s2 to ex]cise _! s5ses2 to employ ! awak5+ m9d2 to make !m ?\ghtfully acqua9t$ ) ! _w ( nature & ( man2 to guide _! he>t & s\l 9 ! "r direction1 & to lead !m to ! ,orig9 ( all life1 & to unison ) ,him4 ,,footnotes3 #adi ,b[51 ,froebel1 p4 #aa4 #aej ,= a "p ( ?is debt ,froebel's bro!r1 also a /ud5t1 0 responsible4 ,! am\nt ( ! debt 0 less ?an tw5ty-five doll>s4 #aea ,! sole recomm5dation ( ! commission t might be int]pret$ z a criticism 0 t ! boys %\ld h _! hair cut6 ,see ,b[5's ,froebel1 p4 #bf1 = ! full report ( ! visit+ commission4 #aeb ,rescript f ! ,prussian ,m9i/] ( ,education1 ,april #g1 #ahhd4 #aec ,! ,/ud5t's ,froebel1 ,,xv4 #aed ,h&bu* d] ,froebelis*5 ,erziehungslehre1 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,fri$ri* ,froebel1 ,*ild & ,*ild-nature4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,mod]n ,,educators 7,cont9u$7 ,,h]b>t 7#aggf-ahda7 ,lit]ature4--,de ,g>mo1 ,h]b>t & ! ,h]b>tians2 ,felk91 ,introduction to ,h]b>t2 ,van ,liew1 ,life ( ,h]b>t & ,developm5t ( 8 ,p$agogical ,doctr9es2 ,ye>books ( ! ,h]b>t ,society2 ,lange1 ,app]ception2 ,re91 ,outl9es ( ,p$agogics2 also1 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* d] ,pa$agogik2 ,willmann1 ,h]b>t's pa$agogis*e ,s*rift54 ,x is probable t no sy/em ( p$agogy is attract+ s mu* att5tion & awak5+ s mu* int]e/ at ! pres5t "t z t ( ,h]b>t4 ,pr(essor ,re9 says1 ,he :o n[adays w aspire to ! highe/ p$agogical k1 _c neglect to make a ?or\gh /udy ( ,h]b>t's p$agogy4 ,johann ,fri$ri* ,h]b>t 0 born at ,old5burg1 ,may #d1 #aggf4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 rector ( ! ,gymnasium at ,old5burg = ?irty-f\r ye>s2 8 fa!r 0 a high (ficial "u ! gov]nm5t2 b 8 "m seems to h wield$ ! mo/ influ5ce ov] him4 ,%e wat*$ ov] 8 /udies ) greate/ c>e1 &1 inde$1 /udi$ ,greek h]self to spur him on4 ,?\gh g5tle & mild1 %e 0 firm 9 discipl9e4 ,! fa!r 0 satisfi$ to leave ! direction ( ! education ( 8 son to h]4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 little sympa?y betwe5 ! fa!r & "m1 & !re 7 frequ5t family diss5sions1 t mu/ h _h a bad influ5ce on ! lad4 ,^! disagreem5ts f9ally l$ to a sep>ation4 ,a tutor employ$ = ,h]b>t at ?is p]iod develop$ 9 him a speculative t5d5cy & taught him ! p[] ( =cible expression4 ,h]b>t le>n$ to play on sev]al musical in/rum5ts1 & at ! age ( elev5 display$ consid]able tal5t z a piani/4 ,:5 twelve ye>s ( age he ent]$ ! ,gymnasium at ,old5burg1 & six ye>s lat] complet$ ! c\rse4 ,he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,j5a 9 #agid & became a /ud5t ( ,fi*te1 :o 0 sure to inspire a "y man ( ,h]b>t's philosophical b5t4 ,8 att5tion seems to h be5 direct$ to educational que/ions1 ?\gh he _h n yet decid$ to be a tea*]4#aee ,z ,tea*]4--,aft] ?ree ye>s at ,j5a1 ,h]b>t became tutor 7,hauslehr]7 9 ! family ( ,h]r von ,/eig]1 gov]nor ( ,int]lak54 ,?is 0 8 only exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ *ildr54 ,h]b>t's exp]i5ce z a tea*]1 says ,de ,g>mo1 w\ld seem too small a ?+ to m5tion--"s two or ?ree ye>s 9 a private family 9 ,switz]l& ) ?ree *ildr5 ag$ respectively eight1 twelve1 & f\rte54 ,yet to a man :o c see an oak tree 9 an acorn1 :o c und]/& all m9ds f ! /udy ( a few1 su* an exp]i5ce may be mo/ fruitful4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,h]b>t (t5 drew ^u ?is exp]i5ce 9 8 lat] writ+s4 ,:ile 9 ,switz]l& he visit$ ,pe/alozzi1 ) :om he 0 deeply impress$4 ,op9ions diff] z to ! h>mony ( !ory betwe5 ,pe/alozzi & ,h]b>t4 ,pr(essor ,re9 ?9ks t1 ,9 ! ideas ( ,pe/alozzi are f\nd ! outl9es ( ,h]b>t's p$agogical /ructure4 ,hav+ decid$ to devote himself to academic tea*+1 he gave up 8 position 9 ,switz]l& & w5t to ,brem5 = fur!r /udy4 ,dur+ ! two ye>s sp5t !re1 he wrote sev]al essays on educational subjects1 b gave 8 *ief att5tion to ! /udy ( ,greek & ma!matics4 ,z ,pr(essor4--,9 #ahjb he took ! fir/ /ep 9 8 academic c>e] z ,privat ,doc5t at ! univ]sity ( ,goett+54 ,?is ) him 0 a p]iod ( great lit]>y activity4#aef ,9 #ahji1 he 0 call$ to ! *air ( philosophy at ,ko5igsb]g once occupi$ by ,kant4 ,he calls ?is ! mo/ r5[n$ *air ( philosophy1 ! place :i* :5 a boy ,i long$ = 9 rev]5tial dreams1 z ,i /udi$ ! works ( ! sage ( ,ko5igsb]g4#aeg ,8 ,practice ,s*ool4--,"h he e/abli%$ a p$agogical sem9>y1 hav+ a practice s*ool 9 :i* ! /ud5ts in/ruct$ *ildr5 "u ! criticism ( ,h]b>t himself4 ,conc]n+ 8 p$agogical activity at ,ko5igsb]g1 ,h]b>t says1 ,among my _m duties1 ! consid]ation ( educational que/ions is ( especial int]e/ to me4 ,b x is n en\gh to !orize m]ely2 !re mu/ be exp]im5t & practice4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i desire to ext5d ! range ( my own exp]i5ce 7already cov]+ t5 ye>s7 9 ?is field4 ,!re=e1 ,i h long _h 9 m9d to tea* daily = "o h\r a few select$ boys 9 ! pres5ce ( su* ( my /ud5ts z are famili> ) my p$agogical !ory4 ,aft] a little1 ^! /ud5ts are to take up ! "w ,i h begun1 & give in/ruction "u my obs]vation4 ,9 "t1 9 ?is way1 tea*]s w\ld be tra9$1 ^: me?od by means ( reciprocal obs]vation & discussion mu/ be p]fect$4 ,z a plan ( tea*+ is valueless )\t a tea*]1 & inde$ a tea*] t is 9 sympa?y ) t plan1 & is ma/] ( ! me?od1--s p]haps a small exp]im5tal s*ool1 su* z ,i h 9 m9d1 w\ld prep>e ! way = future great] und]tak+s4 ,!re is a ^w f ,kant1 'fir/ exp]im5tal s*ools & !n normal s*ools6'#aeh ,?is 0 ! fir/ practice s*ool 9 connection ) ! *air ( p$agogy 9 a univ]sity2 ! idea1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h tak5 v deep root1 z1 ) ! exception ( ! celebrat$ practice s*ool at ,j5a1 "u ,pr(essor ,re91 !re is n "o n[ 9 ,g]many4 ,mo/ pr(essors ( p$agogy conduct a ,sem9>1 9 :i* "s practice "w ) *ildr5 is done1 b none ( !m ma9ta9 a practice s*ool4 ,lit]>y ,activity4--,h]b>t's lit]>y activity at ,ko5igsb]g 0 great4 ,he work$ out 8 psy*ological sy/em1 & wrote also on philosophy1 hi/ory1 & p$agogy4 ,b 8 greate/ works 9 ! latt] field are 8 ,a ,b ,c d] ,ans*auung1#aei & 8 ,allgeme9e ,pa$agogik1#afj bo? ( :i* appe>$ :ile he 0 /ill at ,goett+54#afa ,9 #ahcc1 aft] tw5ty-f\r ye>s 9 ,ko5igsb]g1 he return$ to ,goett+51 :]e 8 lifework 0 complet$ 9 #ahda4 ,^u 8 retirem5t f ,ko5igsb]g1 ! practice s*ool 0 clos$4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 a pupil ( ,h]b>t1 ,k>l ,volkm> ,/oy1 e/abli%$ ! practice s*ool at ,j5a1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,two s*ools ( ,h]b>tians exi/ 9 ,g]many1 ! ,/oy s*ool1 :i* attempts to foll[ ,h]b>t v closely1 & ! ,zill] s*ool1 :i* is fre] 9 its int]pretation ( him4 ,! *ief expon5t ( ! latt] is ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,re9 ( ,j5a1 ! place :i* is at pres5t ! c5t] ( ,h]b>tian activity4 ,9 ,am]ica ?is movem5t is "u ! direction ( ! ,national ,h]b>t ,society4 ,8 ,p$agogical ,"w4--,aside f ! educational movem5ts organiz$ by ,h]b>t & 8 foll[]s1 ! cr$it is due to him ( be+ ! fir/ to elevate p$agogy to ! dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,re9 says1 ,h]b>t has r5d]$ an undisput$ s]vice 9 t he has elevat$ p$agogics to ! rank ( a sci5ce4 ,no "o has ev] rep5t$ ( hav+ become famili> ) ,h]b>t's tea*+s1 =1 9 any case1 he has !reby add$ ri*ly to 8 own atta9m5ts4 ,! developm5t ( our p w be =tunate if ! education ( ! y\? %all be intru/$ m & m to ^? :o /& & "w ^u ! l9es laid d[n by ,com5ius1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,h]b>t4 ,! p$agogic ?9k+ ( ,h]b>t has inde$ borne ri* fruit 9 ,g]many4 ,o!r peoples1 also1 h be5 bless$ by 8 tea*+s4 ,?us ,h]b>t1 ^: span ( life did n rea* to ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 lives 9 ! pres5t4 ,he creat$ ! basis ( a sci5ce ( education1 :i* furni%es a safe />t+ po9t = all p$agogical !ories1 & :i* be>s 9 itself ! mo/ fruitful g]ms = future developm5t4#afb ,mod]n ,h]b>tians h c>ri$ =w>d t developm5t f> beyond its orig9al outl9e4 ,! t]ms _m-sid$ int]e/1 app]ception1 conc5tration1 culture-epo*s1 ! =mal /eps ( in/ruction1 correlation1 & h>moni\s developm5t1 are phrases t h become common 9 educational lit]ature4 ,! limits ( ?is volume d n p]mit a discussion ( ^! subjects4 ,inde$1 _m ( !m belong m prop]ly to ! disciples ( ,h]b>t1 r ?an to ,h]b>t himself4#afc ,h]b>t's ideal 0 t education %\ld aim to produce well-r\nd$ m51 fit = all ! duties ( life2 m5 well develop$ physically1 intellectually1 morally1 & spiritually4 ,he himself 0 n "o-sid$1 be+ an en?usia/ic tea*] z well z psy*ologi/ & philosoph]4 ,,footnotes3 #aee ,pr(essor ,re9 indicates t ,h]b>t discuss$ educational que/ions at ?is p]iod4 ,see ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dfh4 #aef ,= li/ ( works produc$1 see ,de ,g>mo's ,h]b>t & ! ,h]b>tians1 p4 #ag4 #aeg ,felk9's translation ( ,sci5ce ( ,education1 p4 #af4 #aeh ,willmann's ,h]b>t1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #c4 #aei ,! ,a ,b ,c ( ,obs]vation4 #afj ,g5]al ,p$agogy4 #afa ,! be/ collection ( 8 works is t by ,willmann1 ,h]b>t's ,pa$agogis*e ,s*rift51 :i* has n be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 #afb ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* d] ,pa$agogik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dhe4 #afc ,= discussion ( ^! subjects see ! ,ye>books ( ! ,h]b>tian ,society1 & o!r works ref]r$ to on page #bgh4 ,= ! complete/ li/ ( ref]5ces to ,h]b>tian lit]ature1 see ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu*1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dhe4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,mod]n ,,educators 7,cont9u$7 ,,horace ,,mann 7#agif-ahei7 ,lit]ature4--,mrs4 ,m>y ,t4 ,mann1 ,life ( ,horace ,mann2 ,h9sdale1 ,horace ,mann2 ,w9%ip1 ,horace ,mann1 ! ,educator2 ,lang1 ,horace ,mann2 ,f4 ,w4 ,p>k]1 ,article 9 ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #fe2 ,wm4 ,t4 ,h>ris1 ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #aje2 ,m>t91 ,education 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,colonel ,p>k] says1 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a *ild t5 ye>s ( age 9 our sixty-five millions :o does n "k ( ,abraham ,l9coln or ,george ,wa%+ton2 b ! ?ird1 at lea/1 9 ! li/ ( ! build]s ( ! ,am]ican republic is n kn[n to millions ( intellig5t p4 ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln repres5t ! highe/ types ( h]oism1 patriotism1 & wisdom 9 great crises ( republic-build+2 ,horace ,mann1 ! quiet inn] build+1 ! s\l-developm5t ( ! nation4#afd ,horace ,mann 0 born at ,frankl91 ,massa*usetts1 ,may #d1 #agif4 ,inur$ to ! h>d "w ( ! f>m1 ) b a few weeks' s*ool+ 9 ! w9t]1 nev] bless$ ) v rugg$ heal?1 left at ! age ( ?irte5 by ! dea? ( 8 fa!r ) ! responsibilities ( a man1 x is no wond] t he reta9$ only pa9ful recollections ( ! :ole p]iod :i* ought to be1 ) e *ild1 a gold5 age to look back ^u4#afe ,:5 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ( age1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,mr4 ,b>rett1 an ecc5tric tea*] :o came to ! village1 he decid$ to g to college1 & 9 six mon?s he prep>$ = ! sophomore class ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,?is prep>ation 0 a trem5d\s und]tak+ :i* broke d[n 8 heal? = life4 ,he n[ _h an opportunity to satisfy ! crav+s = k1 :i* ! h>d%ips ( 8 e>ly life _h n be5 able to /ifle4 ,he 0 graduat$ ) ! highe/ honors ( 8 class & decid$ to /udy law4 ,he sp5t two ye>s at ,br[n ,univ]sity z tutor1 mean:ile privately /udy+ law1 & !n resign$ t position to ent] ! law s*ool at ,lit*field1 ,connecticut4 ,two ye>s lat]1 at ! age ( tw5ty-sev51 he 0 admitt$ to ! b>4 ,z ,/atesman4--,he 0 call$ ^u to s]ve 8 /ate 9 ! legislature1 & lat] z repres5tative 9 ,congress4#aff ,! ye> #ahcg m>ks a new epo* 9 ! educational hi/ory ( ,massa*usetts4 ,al?\gh ,massa*usetts _h _h s*ools = ne>ly two c5turies1 ! free s*ool _h be51 to a great degree1 a *>ity s*ool ! c\ntry ov]4444 ,horace ,mann1 l ,?omas ,jeff]son1 saw cle>ly t !re c\ld be no evolution ( a free p )\t intellig5ce & morality1 & look$ ^u ! common s*ool z ! fundam5tal means ( developm5t ( m5 & wom5 :o c\ld gov]n !mselves4 ,he saw cle>ly t ! :ole problem ( ! republic :i* 0 pres5t+ itself to intellig5t educat$ m5 re/$ ^u ! idea ( public education4#afg ,z ,educator4--,accord+ly1 hav+ secur$ ! passage ( a law e/abli%+ a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,mr4 ,mann 0 made its secret>y at a sal>y ( "o ?\s& doll>s a ye>4 ,to accept ?is "w1 he gave up a lucrative law practice1 f9e prospects ( political pref]m5t1 & probable =tune1 z well z pr(essional fame4 ,he ent]$ ^u an educational campaign full ( disc\ragem5t1 colossal 9 its und]tak+1 & sure to ar\se bitt]e/ animosities4 ,( ?is p]iod ,colonel ,p>k] says1 ,! /ory ( 8 e>ly /ruggles 9 ?is direction has n yet be5 writt54 ,:5 x is1 x w reveal a pr(\nd dep? ( h]oism r>ely equal$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,mann visit$ all p>ts ( ! /ate1 lectur+ to p>5ts & /imulat+ ! tea*]s4 ,he 0 (t5 receiv$ ) coldness1 sometimes ) active ho/ility4 ,8 ,annual ,reports4--,b he p]sev]$ until ! :ole /ate 0 awak5$4 ,he cont9u$ 9 ?is "w = twelve ye>s1 & pres5t$ its results 9 8 ,annual ,reports1 ! mo/ rem>kable docum5ts ( ,am]ican educational lit]ature4#afh ,9 ! meantime1 he visit$ ,europe1 /udi$ ! s*ools1 & gave ! results ( 8 inve/igations 9 8 celebrat$ ,sev5? ,annual ,report4 ,mr4 ,m>t9 summ>izes ! "w ( ,horace ,mann dur+ ^! twelve ye>s z foll[s3 ,9 ! evolution ( ! ,massa*usetts public s*ools dur+ ^! twelve ye>s ( ,mr4 ,mann's labors1 /ati/ics tell u t ! appropriations = public s*ools _h d\bl$2 t m ?an two million doll>s _h be5 sp5t 9 provid+ bett] s*oolh\ses2 t ! wages ( m5 z tea*]s _h increas$ sixty-two p] c5t1 ( wom5 fifty-"o p] c5t1 :ile ! :ole numb] ( wom5 employ$ z tea*]s _h increas$ fifty-f\r p] c5t2 "o mon? _h be5 add$ to ! av]age l5g? ( ! s*ools2 ! ratio ( private s*ool exp5ditures to ^? ( ! public s*ools _h dim9i%$ f sev5ty-five p] c5t to ?irty-six p] c5t2 ! comp5sation ( s*ool committees _h be5 made compulsory1 & _! sup]vision 0 m g5]al & m con/ant2 ?ree normal s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$1 & _h s5t out sev]al hundr$ tea*]s1 :o 7 mak+ !mselves felt 9 all p>ts ( ! /ate4#afi ,love = ! ,common ,s*ools4--,he believ$ mo/ fully 9 ! common s*ool1 decl>+ t1 ,?is in/itution is ! greate/ discov]y ev] made by man4444 ,9 two gr& *>act]i/ic attributes1 x is sup]em95t ov] all o!rs3 fir/ 9 its univ]sality1 = x is capaci\s en\gh to receive & *]i% 9 its p>5tal bosom e *ild t comes into ! _w2 & second1 9 ! timel9ess ( ! aid x pr(f]s1--its e>ly1 seasonable supplies ( c\nsel & guidance mak+ security ant$ate dang]4 ,9 8 fir/ ,annual ,report ,mr4 ,mann ass]ts t1 ,! object ( ! common s*ool sy/em is to give to e *ild a free1 /raight1 solid pa?way1 by :i* he c walk directly up f ! ignorance ( an infant to a k ( ! prim>y duties ( man4 ,horace ,mann c\ld h>dly h anticipat$ ! k9d]g>t5 = ! infant ye>s1 & ! high s*ool at ! end ( ! c\rse1 z !y n[ /& 9 ! common s*ool sy/ems ( our c\ntry4 ,& yet1 :at has already be5 accompli%$ 9 our educational s*eme fulfills ! prophecy impli$ 9 8 words4 ,! be/ kn[n & mo/ important ( ,mr4 ,mann's writt5 docum5ts is 8 ,sev5? ,annual ,report1 9 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( ,european s*ools4 ,conc]n+ ?is ,mr4 ,w9%ip says1 ,he _h made a crisis1 & 8 ,sev5? ,report 0 an immortal docum5t2 opposition to ! normal s*ools 0 nev] m to be he>d 9 ! l&1 & oral in/ruction1 ! ^w me?od1 & less corporal puni%m5t 7 c]ta9 to come to ! ,bo/on s*ools4#agj ,aft] sev]+ 8 connection ) ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,mr4 ,mann s]v$ 9 ,congress f #ahdh to #ahec1 & 0 defeat$ 9 8 c&idacy = gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts4 ,at ! age ( fifty-six he accept$ ! presid5cy ( ,antio* ,college at ,yell[ ,spr+s1 ,ohio1 a position :i* he held until 8 dea? 9 #ahei4 ,he clos$ 8 la/ address to ! graduat+ class at ,antio* ) ^! noble words3 ,be a%am$ to die until y h won "s victory = humanity4 ,he himself _h won _m great victories = humanity1--9 ! improvem5t ( ! common s*ool sy/ems ( 8 native c\ntry2 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( free s*ools2 9 ! f\nd+ ( normal s*ools :]e tea*]s might be tra9$2 9 ! adoption ( mild] means ( discipl9e2 9 ! improvem5t ( s*oolh\ses2 9 ! bett] support ( s*ools2 9 bett] me?ods ( in/ruction2 & 9 ! inspiration he gave to tea*]s = all "t4 ,!re=e he at lea/ _h no ne$ to be a%am$ to die4 ,,footnotes3 #afd ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #fe4 #afe ,mrs4 ,mann1 ,life ( ,horace ,mann1 p4 #aj4 #aff ,mr4 ,mann complet$ ! t]m made vacant by ! dea? ( ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 & 0 reelect$ = ! two succe$+ t]ms4 #afg ,colonel ,p>k] 9 article cit$4 #afh ,= an analysis ( ^! ,reports1 see ,dr4 ,h>ris's article 9 ,educational ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #aab4 #afi ,education 9 ,massa*usetts1 p4 #agd4 #agj ,horace ,mann1 p4 #gf4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,g]many ,lit]ature4--,p>sons1 ,prussian ,s*ools ?r\gh ,am]ican ,eyes2 ,klemm1 ,european ,s*ools2 ,pr9ce1 ,me?ods 9 ! ,g]man ,s*ools2 ,seeley1 ,! ,g]man ,common ,s*ool ,sy/em2 ,russell1 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools2 ,bolton1 ,second>y ,education 9 ,g]many4 ,we h trac$ ! hi/orical developm5t ( education to ! pres5t "t4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to exam9e briefly ! educational sy/ems ( a few lead+ c\ntries1 9 ord] t comp>isons may be made1 lessons drawn1 & ! pres5t condition ( education cle>ly set =?4#aga ,! plan ( discussion to be foll[$ 9 ea* ( ! f\r sy/ems consid]$ w embrace1 #a1 ,adm9i/ration2 #b1 ,s*ool ,att5dance2 #c1 ! ,s*ools2 #d1 ,support ( ,s*ools2 #e1 ! ,tea*]s4 ,adm9i/ration4--,ea* ,g]man /ate is indep5d5t 9 its s*ool sy/em1 ?\gh !re are _m features 9 common1 & !re is a mutual und]/&+ on mo/ educational que/ions betwe5 ! v>i\s /ates1 :i* makes _! sy/ems practically uni=m4 ,! sy/em "h describ$ is t ( ,prussia1 :i*1 be+ ! l>ge/1 mo/ popul\s1 & mo/ influ5tial ( ! /ates compris$ )9 ! ,g]man ,empire1 z well z ! =emo/ 9 educational developm5t1 may well be tak5 z a type4 ,!re is a m9i/] ( education ^: jurisdiction ext5ds ov] ! :ole k+dom4 ,he repres5ts ! s*ool int]e/s 9 ! ,prussian diet or ,l&tag1 li/5s to appeals1 di/ributes s*ool moneys1 & is ! g5]al educational executive (fic]4 ,ea* ( ! ?irte5 royal prov9ces has a s*ool bo>d ^: presid+ (fic] is ex (ficio ! royal presid5t ( ! prov9ce4 ,) him are associat$ o!r royal c\nselors1 & p$agogically tra9$ m51--s*ool sup]9t5d5ts & pr9cipals4 ,?is bo>d consi/s ( m5 ( highe/ integrity & intellig5ce4 ,_! duties ext5d to ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+1 & to in/itutions = ! un=tunate2 !y h *>ge ( ! s*ool f9ances ( _! prov9ces1 adopt ! s*ool books t are us$ 9 ! high] s*ools1 & appo9t tea*]s 9 ! normal s*ools4 ,!y report annually to ! m9i/]1 & z mu* m frequ5tly z he may require4 ,! ?irte5 royal prov9ces are subdivid$ into ! s-call$ gov]nm5ts 7,regi]ung571 ( :i* ,prussia conta9s ?irty-six4 ,^! gov]nm5ts h an adm9i/rative s*ool bo>d simil> to t ( ! prov9ce1 ) duties )9 _! t]ritory correspond+ to ^? ( ! prov9cial bo>d4 ,!y come into close t\* ) ! s*ools1 h a voice 9 ! appo9tm5t ( tea*]s & 9 ! selection ( text-books = ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,_! "w is especially ) ! common s*ools1 :ile t ( ! prov9cial bo>ds is ) ! high] s*ools4 ,! gov]nm5ts are subdivid$ into di/ricts4 ,!re is a di/rict s*ool bo>d simil> to t ( ! l>g] t]ritories m5tion$1 b ! *ief & mo/ important s*ool (fic] ( ! di/rict is ! s*ool inspector4 ,! di/rict inspector is always a man ( p$agogical tra9+ & exp]i5ce4 ,he is appo9t$ = life & devotes 8 :ole "t to ! s*ools 9 8 di/rict4 ,8 effici5t & wise inspection ( ! s*ools insures _! success4 ,! di/rict s*ool bo>d erects s*ool build+s1 det]m9es ! am\nt ( ! tea*]s' sal>ies1 ov]sees _! p5sions1 en=ces compulsory att5dance laws1 decides ^u taxable prop]ty1 fixes b\nd>y l9es1 & provides = ! f9ances4 ,f9ally1 !re is ! local s*ool bo>d = ea* sep>ate s*ool4 ,^! m5 h *>ge ( ! ext]nal matt]s ( ! s*ool su* z ! direct en=cem5t ( att5dance1 ! repairs1 supplies1 etc42 b !y may n int]f]e ) ! tea*] 9 8 "w4 ,9 ! c\ntry villages !y h a voice 9 ! *oice ( ! tea*]4 ,! tea*] may appeal to !m 9 matt]s t ne$ imm$iate att5tion4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools m5 ( ! highe/ "* are *os5 )\t ref]5ce to _! political lean+s4 ,!re are usually tea*]s among ! numb]1 on ! pr9ciple t ^? :o h made ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( education are ! mo/ compet5t to adm9i/] x4 ,s*ool ,att5dance4--,e *ild 9 normal heal? is requir$ to att5d s*ool betwe5 ! ages ( six & f\rte5 = e day t ! s*ool is 9 session4 ,p>5ts are held responsible = ! att5dance ( _! *ildr51 & may be f9$ or imprison$ = non-fulfillm5t ( ! requirem5ts ( ! law4 ,9 case p>5ts are unable to secure ! att5dance ( _! *ildr51 ! latt] are plac$ 9 re=m s*ools4 ,! law is c>ri$ out ) great /rictness & wond]ful effici5cy4 ,= example1 9 #ahic1 out ( #e1bii1caj *ildr5 ( s*ool age 9 ,prussia1 !re 7 only #ide unexcus$ abs5tees1--t is1 #b 9 #aj1jjj4 ,all p>5ts expect _! *ildr5 to be 9 s*ool e day1 & ! *ildr5 gr[ up fully impress$ ) ! idea t !y are to att5d s*ool regul>ly4 ,! *ief reason = ! effici5cy ( compulsory att5dance 9 ,g]many lies 9 ! fact t x cov]s e s*ool day1 & !re=e does n all[ ! =mation ( habits ( truancy4 ,! ,s*ools4--,! common s*ool 7,volkss*ule7 ( ,g]many rea*es e *ild1 z we h se54 ,9 villages ! sexes are taught toge!r2 b 9 cities !y are g5]ally sep>at$4 ,! s*ool h\rs are f eight to elev5 9 ! =5oon1 = six days 9 ! week1 & f two to f\r = f\r days 9 ! week1 ,w$nesday & ,saturday aft]noons be+ holidays4 ,^! h\rs may be v>i$ to suit local conditions4 ,! s*ool is 9 session = ab\t =ty-two weeks ea* ye>4 ,ea* tea*] is requir$ to give ab\t tw5ty-eight h\rs ( s]vice p] week1 :ile ! pupils mu/ att5d f sixte5 h\rs 7= beg9n]s7 to tw5ty-eight4 ,! common s*ools ( ,prussia are n[ practically free4 ,! common s*ool is int5d$ = ! common p1 & x is n foll[$ by a high or second>y s*ool4 ,?is is ! greate/ weakness ( ! ,g]man s*ool sy/em4 ,x p]petuates ! class sy/em1 & effectually prev5ts ! *ild f ris+ above 8 /ation4 ,! sole opportunity = ! *ild ( ! l[] classes to receive a high] education is ?r\gh ! normal s*ool1 & ev5 ?is privilege is limit$ to a small numb] ( ! pupils :o %[ special ability4 ,we may m5tion also ! ,cont9uation s*ools1 :i* are held ev5+s & ,sundays4 ,^! s*ools are rapidly multiply+ & becom+ m effici5t1 z _m ( !m are held 9 ! daytime4 ,!y furni% an opportunity = ! *ild :o has complet$ ! common s*ool to review 8 "w1 & also to add "s subjects t w be ( utility 9 8 lifework4 ,9 g5]al1 !re are ?ree classes ( second>y s*ools1--! ,gymnasium1 ! ,realgymnasium1 & ,ob]reals*ule4 ,ea* prep>es = ! univ]sity1 & ea* has n9e classes2 namely1 ,sexta1 ,qu9ta1 ,qu>ta1 ,unt]t]tia1 ,ob]t]tia1 ,unt]secunda1 ,ob]secunda1 ,unt]prima1 & ,ob]prima4 ,^! s*ools diff] *iefly 9 ! am\nt ( classics !y (f]1 ! ,gymnasium lay+ /ress ^u ! classics & ! ,reals*ule ^u ! realities4#agb ,nei!r ( ^! s*ools succe$s ! common s*ool1 & ! boy :o is to pursue "o ( ^! c\rses ( /udy mu/ beg9 at n lat] ?an n9e or t5 ye>s ( age4#agc ,?us1 if a pr(essional life is *os5 = a boy1 he _c att5d ! common s*ool1--at lea/ n = m ?an ! fir/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1--b mu/ be s5t to "o ( ! s*ools above m5tion$1 = !y alone prep>e = ! univ]sity1 & )\t a univ]sity c\rse he _c ent] a pr(ession4 ,! univ]sity is ! cr[n+ in/itution ( ! ,g]man s*ool sy/em4 ,support ( ,s*ools4--,ab\t "o half ( ! exp5se ( ! s*ools is paid f ! g5]al /ate fund1 "o ?ird f local taxation1 & ! balance comes f income f end[m5ts1 *ur* funds1 tuition1 etc4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy is to make ! s*ools free1 accord+ to ! recomm5dation ( ! m9i/] ( education1 b "s communities /ill cont9ue to *>ge tuition4 ,9 ^! cases1 !re are poor s*ools = ^? :o _c pay tuition1 ?us af=d+ s*ool privileges to all4 ,! ,tea*]s4--,all tea*]s ( ! ,prussian common s*ools are normal graduates1 or h _h an equal p$agogic prep>ation4#agd ,graduates ( ! univ]sity seldom ent] ! common s*ool "w2 !y tea* 9 ! second>y s*ools1 9 private s*ools1 & z tutors4 ,! common s*ool tea*]s g5]ally come f ! common s*ools4 ,if a *ild %[s special aptness = tea*+1 ! att5tion ( ! s*ool inspector is call$ to him1 &1 ) cons5t ( 8 p>5ts1 he is s5t to a prep>atory s*ool = ?ree ye>s4 ,8 "w !re is entirely academic 9 "*4 ,at sev5te5 he ent]s ! normal s*ool & has ano!r ye> ( academic "w1 aft] :i* he beg9s 8 te*nical "w4 ,8 normal c\rse is ?ree ye>s1 ! la/ ye> be+ giv5 almo/ entirely to pr(essional "w4 ,ea* class 9 ! normal s*ool conta9s f ?irty to ?irty-six /ud5ts1 ?us mak+ ! total numb] ( /ud5ts 9 a ,g]man normal s*ool ab\t "o hundr$4 ,z only ab\t ?irty c ent] f ! :ole di/rict1 x w appe> t ! opportunities = *ildr5 to ext5d ! common s*ool c\rse are v limit$4 ,aft] complet+ ! normal c\rse1 ! graduate is provisionally appo9t$ to a position = ?ree ye>s4 ,he is n[ "u ! ov]sight ( 8 =m] pr9cipal1 z well z ( ! di/rict inspector4 ,if he proves successful 9 tea*+1 he is requir$ to pass a f9al exam9ation1 *iefly on p$agogical que/ions1 & !n has a life t5ure1 & c be remov$ only on ! gr\nd ( ineffici5cy or immorality4 ,! av]age t5ure ( (fice ) tea*]s is tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! sal>y is (t5 v l[1 b ) free r5t1 fuel1 & light1 ! s*oolma/]'s income is by no means inadequate4 ,8 sal>y increases ) ! ye>s ( s]vice1 & 8 prospective p5sion also increases ye> by ye>4#age ,! ,g]man s*oolma/] is a /ate (fic]4 ,he comm&s1 by virtue ( 8 position1 ! respect :i* 8 "*1 8 self-sacrifice1 8 effici5cy1 & ! great "w t he is do+ des]ve4 ,x is ! s*oolma/] t has won our battles1 said ,von ,moltke2 & x is he t is prep>+ ,g]many = ! arts ( peace z well z ^? ( w>4 ,! ,prussian s*ool sy/em is ! mo/ effici5t 9 ! _w1 at lea/ s f> z ! education ( ! masses is conc]n$4 ,x has practically oblit]at$ illit]acy 9 ! k+dom1 m ?an #iia_/b p] c5t ( ! recruits receiv$ into ! army 9 #ahic be+ able to read & write4 ,_m c\ntries h mat]ially improv$ _! s*ool sy/ems by adopt+ "s ( ! lessons taught by ,prussia4 ,! ?ree mo/ important features ( ! ,g]man s*ool sy/em are3-- #a4 ,only pr(essionally tra9$ tea*]s c be employ$4 #b4 ,su* tea*]s are appo9t$ to p]man5t positions4 #c4 ,! att5dance ( e *ild dur+ ! entire s*ool ye> is compulsory4 ,,footnotes3 #aga ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be impossible )9 ! limitations ( ?is "w to give m ?an a m]e outl9e ( ^! sy/ems4 ,! read] w f9d full discussions 9 ! works ref]r$ to 9 ! ,lit]ature4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! ,reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education f ! ye> #ahie to ! pres5t "t4 #agb ,9 addition to ^! s*ools1 !re are also ! ,progymnasium1 ! ,realprogymnasium1 & ! ,reals*ule1 :i*1 z _! names indicate1 are modifi$ =ms ( ! pr9cipal types4 ,^! s*ools d n (f] ! full n9e ye>s' c\rse4 ,see footnote on p4 #bcf = explanation ( ! "w ( ^! s*ools4 #agc ,russell's ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools fully describes ^! in/itutions4 #agd ,9 #ahic !re 7 only #bda tea*]s out ( #ga1gca 9 ,prussia1 :o 7 outside ( ! above requirem5t4 ,^! #bda 7 old tea*]s :o began be=e ! law 0 s /rict1 & :o1 because ( _! effici5cy1 are reta9$4 ,9 a few ye>s ?is b& w entirely disappe>1 & all w be normal graduates4 #age ,= full /atem5t ( sal>ies & p5sions1 see ,g]man ,common ,s*ool ,sy/em1 pp4 #agb1 #aie4 ,?\gh ! ,g]man tea*]'s sal>y is mu* small] ?an t ( ! av]age ,am]ican tea*]1 tak+ into acc\nt ! great] pur*as+ p[] ( money 9 ,g]many1 ! simple habits1 & few] dem&s ^u ! purse1 ! ,g]man tea*] is fully z well (f z ! ,am]ican4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,france ,lit]ature4--,p>sons1 ,fr5* ,s*ools ?r\gh ,am]ican ,eyes2 ,ri*>d1 ,! ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,france2 ,weig]t1 ,die ,volkss*ule 9 ,frankrei*2 ,s*ro$]1 ,das ,volkss*ulwes5 ,frankrei*s2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission]'s ,reports4 ,adm9i/ration4--,france1 l ,g]many1 has a m9i/] ( education :o sits 9 ! cab9et ( ! presid5t4 ,! "w ( 8 (fice is divid$ into ?ree dep>tm5ts1 high]1 second>y1 & prim>y1 & at ! head ( ea* !re is a director4 ,!re are two advisory bodies 9 *>ge ( education4 ,"o has g5]al ov]sight ( all ! s*ool int]e/s ( ,france4 ,! o!r is divid$ into ?ree bo>ds1 appo9t$ by ! m9i/] himself1 = sup]vision ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts above m5tion$4 ,! g5]al bo>d consi/s ( sixty memb]s1 fifte5 appo9t$ by ! presid5t ( ! republic1 & ! o!rs appo9t$ by ! bo>d itself :5ev] vacancies occur4 ,?is body meets once a ye> to he> reports1 to pass ^u ! g5]al s*ool policy1 & to legislate = ! s*ools4 ,out ( its memb]%ip is *os5 an executive committee t meets once a week1 & ^u :i* devolves ! *ief managem5t ( educational affairs4 ,?is committee is answ]able to ! g5]al bo>d1 to :i* x r5d]s an annual report4 ,m5 ( ! highe/ "* & intellig5ce con/itute ?is bo>d4 ,! :ole ( ,france is divid$ into sev5te5 p>ts call$ academies4 ,^! divisions d n co9cide ) ! political divisions1 b are made m]ely = conv5i5ce 9 s*ool adm9i/ration4 ,ea* academie has a s*ool bo>d to :i* is committ$ ! g5]al ov]sight ( all educational int]e/s )9 its t]ritory1 & p>ticul>ly ! c>e ( ! high] s*ools4 ,a n>r[] division is into dep>tem5ts4 ,!re are n9ety ( ^! 9 ,france & ,algi]s4 ,ea* is gov]n$ by an educational c\ncil :i* has *>ge ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! pr9cipal (fic] ( a dep>tem5t is a s*ool inspector1 a tra9$ educator :o devotes all 8 "t to ! s*ools4 ,9 ea* dep>tem5t !re is a normal s*ool = ea* sex1 ?\gh 9 a few in/ances two dep>tem5ts comb9e to ma9ta9 "o normal s*ool4 ,! dep>tem5t is subdivid$ into arrondissem5ts4 ,ea* has an executive (fic] & a c\ncil 9 close t\* ) ! s*ools4 ,la/ly !re are ! cantons1 ^: s*ool bo>d has direct control ( ea* individual s*ool4 ,9 ?is mann] f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ division !re are executive (fic]s ) well-def9$ duties--all work+ toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony & ) great effici5cy4 ,tra9$ tea*]s (t5 sit 9 ^! c\ncils z memb]s & advis]s4 ,?us ! highe/ p$agogical tra9+ ( ! republic is utiliz$ to obta9 ! be/ adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool int]e/s4 ,s*ool ,att5dance4--,s*ool att5dance is compulsory ^u *ildr5 f six to ?irte5 ye>s ( age = e s*ool day4 ,z 9 ,g]many1 ! *ild is n compell$ to att5d ! public s*ool1 b mu/ receive in/ruction = ! requir$ "t & 9 a mann] approv$ by ! ,/ate4 ,x is ! "r ( ! *ild to be educat$1 & ! ,/ate ass]ts its pr]ogative to secure t "r to ! *ild1 :atev] be ! attitude ( ! p>5t4 ,b ! mann] ( secur+ x is left to ! p>5t if he *ooses to ex]cise t privilege4 ,al?\gh ,france has _h compulsory education only s9ce #ahhb1 ! law is effective1 & gr[s m s ea* ye>4 ,9 #ahie1 #ia p] c5t ( all ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age att5d$ s*ool regul>ly4 ,! ,s*ools4--,9 ! arrangem5t ( h] s*ools1 & ! p]fect articulation betwe5 !m f ! "m s*ool to ! univ]sity1 ,france has ! mo/ p]fect sy/em 9 ! _w4 ,! "m s*ools 7ecoles mat]nelles7 take *ildr5 f two to six ye>s ( age & c>e = !m f e>ly morn+ till ev5+1 !reby p]mitt+ p>5ts to g out to s]vice4 ,!y comb9e ! idea ( ! day nurs]y & ! k9d]g>t54 ,^! s*ools1 9 communes ( #bjjj or m1 are support$ by ! ,/ate1 z are o!r s*ools4 ,in/ead ( ! "m s*ool1 sometimes ! infant s*ool 7ecole infant9e7 takes ! *ild f f\r to sev5 & prep>es him = ! prim>y s*ool4 ,?is s*ool is m ne>ly l ! k9d]g>t5 ?an ! "m s*ool4 ,x is support$ :olly by ! ,/ate & is a "p ( ! s*ool sy/em1 its "w be+ entirely 9 sympa?y ) t :i* foll[s4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,france has tak5 a m advanc$ /ep ?an any o!r nation4 ,) ! l[] prim>y s*ool 7ecole primaire elem5taire71 :i* cov]s ! p]iod ( f six to ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 beg9s compulsory education4 ,! sexes are always taught sep>ately except 9 villages ( less ?an five hundr$ inhabitants4 ,! pupils all dress 9 ! same g>b4 ,! s*ool is 9 session five days 9 ! week1 ,?ursdays be+ free4 ,!re is no religi\s in/ruction 9 ! s*ools4 ,a peculi> & v important factor is a book ( regi/ration = ea* *ild1 9 :i* specim5s ( "w 9 ea* subject are ent]$ once a mon? = ! :ole s*ool c\rse4 ,?is book is kept at ! s*ool1 & furni%es an accurate indication ( progress to p>5ts or inspectors4#agf ,foll[+ ! l[] prim>y s*ool is ! high] prim>y 7ecole primaire sup]ieure71 :i* has two c\rses1 "o = pupils :o wi% to review _! elem5t>y "w & add "s subjects1 ) ! view ( bett] prep>+ = ! ord9>y walks ( life2 & ! high s*ool c\rse = ^? :o wi% to prep>e = academic life4 ,! =m] is indef9ite 9 l5g?2 ! latt] requires five ye>s1 ?us be+ complet$ at ! eighte5? ye>4 ,"h appe>s ano!r sup]iority ov] ! ,g]man sy/em1 9 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 !re is no connection betwe5 ! common & ! high s*ool4 ,^! high s*ools prep>e = ! normal s*ool & = ! univ]sity4 ,!re are also _m o!r k9ds ( s*ools "u ,/ate support1--su* z te*nical s*ools1 appr5tice s*ools1 s*ools ( m9es1 etc4 ,9 ! advantages (f]$ to "y m5 = p]fect+ !mselves 9 a trade or call+1 ,france surpasses all o!r c\ntries4 ,f9ally !re are ! ,/ate univ]sities1 fifte5 9 numb]1 ! pr(essors ( :i* are appo9t$ by ! ,/ate4 ,:ile ! ,/ate pays all sal>ies1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! build+s dep5ds ^u fees1 end[m5ts1 & su* local support z is obta9able4 ,^! in/itutions are op5 to /ud5ts f ! high] prim>y s*ools1 ?us mak+ a complete sy/em f ! l[e/ s*ool to ! highe/1 & (f]+ rem>kable advantages to all4 ,all degrees are giv5 by ! ,/ate1 !reby secur+ p]fect uni=mity4 ,support ( ,s*ools4--,all ( ! s*ools above m5tion$1 f ! "m s*ool to ! univ]sity1 are free4 ,! exp5ses are di/ribut$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,/ate pays ! sal>ies ( all tea*]s1 adm9i/rators1 & inspectors1 & all ! exp5ses ( ! normal s*ools4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! bulk ( ! exp5se ( education is borne by ! ,/ate 9 g5]al4 7#b7 ,! dep>tem5ts erect ! normal s*ool & furni% ! app>atus & supplies = ! same4 7#c7 ,! communes pay = ! ne$$ supplies1 = ! janitor1 & = o!r local necessities ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!y may also tax !mselves to increase ! sal>ies ( tea*]s beyond ! ,/ate all[ance4 ,ea* community ?us has ! p[] to decide :e!r x w be cont5t ) an av]age s*ool1 m]ely fulfill+ ! ,/ate requirem5ts1 or :e!r x w h a sup]ior s*ool taught by ! be/ tea*]s obta9able4 ,! ,tea*]s4--,!re are two classes ( normal s*ools 9 ,france1 ! elem5t>y1 ( :i* !re are eighty-sev5 = m5 & eighty-five = wom51--practically "o = ea* sex 9 ea* ( ! dep>tm5ts1--& ! high]1 ( :i* !re is "o = m51 "o = wom51 & "o = k9d]g>tn]s4 ,ne>ly all tea*]s are graduates ( normal s*ools1 & z no c&idates = positions are consid]$ unless !y hold a normal c]tificate1 9 ! ne> future all ! tea*]s ( ,france w be pr(essionally tra9$4 ,c&idates = admission to ! normal s*ool mu/ be at lea/ sixte5 ye>s ( age1 ( good moral "*1 & ( fair abilities4 ,!y mu/ pl$ge !mselves to tea* = n less ?an t5 ye>s4#agg ,! elem5t>y c\rse cov]s ?ree ye>s4 ,aft] graduation1 ! "y tea*] is appo9t$ provisionally until he has tak5 a f9al exam9ation1 :i* mu/ be )9 t5 ye>s4 ,if he has be5 successful 9 ! s*oolroom1 z well z 9 ?is second exam9ation1 he becomes a p]man5t tea*]1 & c be remov$ only = immorality4 ,! c\rse 9 ! advanc$ normal s*ool takes ?ree or m ye>s1 dep5d+ ^u ! prep>ation ) :i* ! c&idate ent]s4 ,only ^? betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty-five c be admitt$4 ,^! s*ools tra9 pr9cipals1 sup]9t5d5ts1 inspectors1 & tea*]s = ! elem5t>y normal s*ools4 ,!y are ! model s*ools ( ,france1 & %ape ! educational practice ( ! republic4 ,graduates f ! elem5t>y normal s*ools are n deb>r$ f ent]+ ! high] normal s*ools2 ?us ambiti\s tea*]s are enc\rag$ to prep>e !mselves = high] "w4 ,no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w does s mu* z ,france to assi/ "y tea*]s 9 _! prep>ation4 ,9 all ( ! normal s*ools m5tion$1 tuition1 bo>d1 room1 & books are free4 ,& :5 ! "y tea*] has be5 graduat$1 ! ,/ate recognizes its own "w by giv+ him ! pref]5ce 9 appo9tm5ts4 ,!re are five classes ( tea*]s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 ! l[e/ be+ ! fif?4 ,! "y graduate tea*] beg9s 9 ! l[e/ class & works 8 way up4 ,! annual sal>ies = ! diff]5t classes are indicat$ by ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,classes ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,m5 ,,wom5 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fif? ,class #bjj4jj #bjj4jj ,f\r? ,class #bdj4jj #bdj4jj ,?ird ,class #cjj4jj #bhj4jj ,second ,class #cfj4jj #cjj4jj ,fir/ ,class #djj4jj #cbj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,additional all[ances are made 9 l>ge s*ools1 & ! communes (t5 supplem5t ! above am\nts4 ,! annual sal>ies ( pr9cipals are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,high] ,,prim>y ,,normal ,,s*ools ,,pr9cipals ------------------------------ ,bo? ,sexes ,m5 ,wom5 ---------------------------------------- --- ,fif? ,class #cfj4jj #gjj4jj #fjj4jj ,f\r? ,class #djj4jj #hjj4jj #gjj4jj ,?ird ,class #dej4jj #ijj4jj #hjj4jj ,second ,class #ejj4jj #ajjj4jj #ijj4jj ,fir/ ,class #efj4jj #aajj4jj #ajjj4jj ---------------------------------------- --- ,! assi/ants 9 ^! s*ools receive3-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,high] ,,prim>y ,,normal ,,s*ools ,,assi/ants ------------------------------ ,bo? ,sexes ,m5 ,wom5 ---------------------------------------- --- ,fif? ,class #bdj4jj #ejj4jj #ddj4jj ,f\r? ,class #bhj4jj #edj4jj #dhj4jj ,?ird ,class #cbj4jj #ehj4jj #ebj4jj ,second ,class #chj4jj #fbj4jj #efj4jj ,fir/ ,class #ddj4jj #fhj4jj #fjj4jj ---------------------------------------- --- ,9 addition to ^! am\nts !re is also a small all[ance = r5t4 ,aft] ?irty-five ye>s ( s]vice1 ! tea*] may retire ^u ?ree f\r?s ( 8 sal>y z a p5sion4 ,)\t d\bt ,france has out/ripp$ all o!r nations 9 educational progress dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1--! p]iod 9 :i* h] s*ool sy/em has be5 con/ruct$4 ,! ?ree great signs ( advance 9 ,fr5* education are ! e/abli%m5t ( free s*ools 7#ahha72 compulsory education & ! secul>ization ( ! s*ools 7#ahhb72 & ! re/riction ( tea*]s to lay p]sons 7#ahhf74agh ,! /rong features ( ! ,fr5* s*ool sy/em may be /at$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,complet5ess & h>mony ( ! sy/em1 cov]+ ! p]iod f e>ly *ildhood till ! prescrib$ education is f9i%$4 #b4 ,?or\ghly tra9$ tea*]s4 #c4 ,two k9ds ( normal s*ools to meet ! v>i\s educational requirem5ts ( tea*]s4 #d4 ,lib]al support ( s*ools ( all k9ds4 #e4 ,admirable adm9i/ration ( ! s*ools4 ,,footnotes3 #agf ,see ,p>sons1 ,fr5* ,s*ools ?r\gh ,am]ican ,eyes1 p4 #hb4 #agg ,?is is no h>d%ip1 z !y fully expect to devote _! lives to tea*+4 #agh ,previ\s to ?is ! memb]s ( religi\s ord]s c\ld tea* 9 ! public s*ools4 ,,note4--,9 #aijb ! gov]nm5t /ill fur!r re/rict$ ! tea*+ by religi\s ord]s4 ,x is n[ propos$ n only to =bid all tea*+ by ^! ord]s1 b also to seque/rate ! prop]ty ( su* congregations z exi/ solely = tea*+ purposes4 ,?is w close ab\t #cejj s*ools ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bro!rs :i* h exi/$ = a long "t1 & necessitate ! organization by ! gov]nm5t ( correspond+ s*ool facilities to supply _! place4 ,five ye>s are all[$ to effect ! *ange44 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,engl& ,lit]ature4--,%>pless1 ,engli% ,education2 ,craik1 ,education & ! ,/ate2 ,b>n>d1 ,engli% ,p$agogy2 ,cl>k1 ,! ,/ate & ,education2 ,gill1 ,sy/ems ( ,education2 ,balf\r1 ,educational ,sy/ems ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission]'s ,reports = #ahhi to #aijb4 ,ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s ago ,alfr$ ! ,great enc\rag$ education ( ! high] classes to ! exclusion ( ! masses--a pr9ciple t has gov]n$ education 9 ,engl& until )9 rec5t times4 ,/ati/ics tak5 9 #ahde %[$ t only "o 9 six ( ! inhabitants c\ld read1 "o 9 f\r write1 & "o 9 fifty ciph] z f> z ! ,rule ( ,?ree4 ,s9ce #ahgj important *anges h be5 made1 & ! numb] ( *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,engl& has increas$ f #a1ejj1jjj 9 #ahgj to ne>ly #f1jjj1jjj 9 #aijb4agi ,! pr9cipal features ( ! law ( #ahgj 7 7#a7 ! obligation assum$ by ! gov]nm5t to secure s*ool provision = all *ildr5 ( ages #e to #ad2 7#b7 ! recognition or creation ( local ag5cies 7private or *ur* manag]s or elect$ bo>ds7 = ! execution ( ?is purpose2 7#c7 provision = secur+ effici5t in/ruction by means ( an annual grant f ! treasury to be di/ribut$ to ! local manag]s ^u ! results ( exam9ation & inspection by gov]nm5t inspectors2 7#d7 ! creation ( a c5tral ag5cy to c>ry out ! provisions on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t & ( new local ag5cies or s*ool bo>ds :i* e s*ool di/rict mu/ elect except ^u satisfactory evid5ce t s*ools effici5t & adequate to ! ne$s ( ! di/rict 7 o!rwise provid$2 7#e7 ! admission ( private & public elem5t>y s*ools to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t grant ^u ! same conditions2 7#f7 ! requirem5ts t bo>d s*ools %\ld be /rictly non-sect>ian & ! *ildr5 ( private s*ools protect$ f en=c$ sect>ian in/ruction by a consci5ce clause4#ahj ,! mo/ important modifications ( ?is law are ! laws ( #ahii & #aijc4 ,! law ( #ahii has ref]5ce to ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( education 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 :ile t ( #aijc entirely *anges ! local managem5t ( s*ools & ext5ds ! sph]e ( public education to second>y z well z elem5t>y s*ools4 ,adm9i/ration4 #a4 ,g5]al4--,"u ! provisions ( ! law ( #ahii ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( educational affairs is committ$ to a bo>d ( education consi/+ ( a presid5t1 appo9t$ by ! cr[n1 "l presid5t ( ! c\ncil1 ! pr9cipal secret>ies ( /ate1 ! fir/ commission] ( ! treasury1 & ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]--n less ?an five nor m ?an fifte5 memb]s4 ,by means ( a suffici5t numb] ( royal inspectors :o are tra9$ educators1 ^: duty x is to visit ! s*ools & report !reon1 ! bo>d ( education is able to rea* e s*ool 9 ! k+dom4 ,!re is also a consultation committee1 two-?irds ( :om are p]sons repres5t+ univ]sities & bodies int]e/$ 9 education1 ^: (fice is to advise ! bo>d ( education4 #b4 ,c\nties & ,c\nty ,bor\ghs4--,by ! t]ms ( ! law ( #aijc ! c\ncil ( e c\nty & ( e c\nty bor\gh are con/itut$ a local education au?ority1 :i* controls secul> in/ruction 9 all elem5t>y s*ools )9 its di/rict1 & p]=ms ! duties ( =m] s*ool bo>ds & s*ool att5dance committees4 ,!y may also e/abli% high s*ools4 ,9 bor\ghs ( ov] #aj1jjj & cities ( ov] #bj1jjj inhabitants a special bo>d or local education au?ority is all[$4 #c4 ,local ,manag]s4--,all public und5om9ational 7bo>d7 s*ools h a body ( six manag]s1 f\r ( :om are appo9t$ by ! local education au?ority & two by ! m9or local au?ority4 ,all public d5om9ational 7volunt>y7 s*ools %all also h six manag]s1 f\r ( :om are f\ndation manag]s & two are appo9t$ by /ate au?ority4 ,a great] numb] ( local manag]s may be *os51 b ! above proportion ( memb]s mu/ hold4 ,s*ool ,att5dance4--,! s*ool age is f five to f\rte51 & ! local au?orities are requir$ to compel att5dance = t p]iod except+ 9 case :]e ! pupil has obta9$ ! educational c]tificate ( exemption1 :i* _c be giv5 be=e ! *ild is twelve ye>s ( age4 ,! av]age att5dance 9 #aijb rea*$ ne>ly #hc p] c5t ( ! enrollm5t4 ,engl& has /r+5t laws 9 reg>d to ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 factories1 m9es1 etc41 :i* are well en=c$4 ,! ,s*ools4--,we h already m5tion$ ! bo>d & ! volunt>y s*ools :i* supply ! pr9cipal means ( elem5t>y education4 ,! volunt>y s*ools are "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! ,*ur*1 & _! enrollm5t includes m ?an half ( ! *ildr54 ,second>y education is c>ri$ on *iefly 9 private s*ools1 ?\gh ! law ( #aijc p]mits ! e/abli%m5t ( high s*ools to foll[ elem5t>y education4 ,! private second>y s*ools are ( two g5]al classes1 gramm> & public s*ools4 ,! =m] are int5d$ = ! middle classes1 _! ma9 purpose be+ to prep>e = civil s]vice1 :ile ! latt] are ! great end[$ s*ools l ,rugby1 ,eton1 etc4 ,support ( ,s*ools4--,! exp5se ( ! elem5t>y s*ools is met by p>liam5t>y grants1 by local taxes1 & by end[m5ts4 ,p>liam5t>y grants cov] ab\t #fb p] c5t ( ! total1 & ! balance is made up f ! o!r s\rces4 ,=m]ly bo? d5om9ational & und5om9ational s*ools p>ticipat$ alike 9 ! gov]nm5t grants1 b ! =m] 7 compell$ to make up ! balance ne$$ by private subscriptions1 s*ool p5ce1 etc41 :ile ! latt] 7 all[$ to levy a local tax = ?is purpose4 ,"u ! law ( #aijc bo? may %>e alike 9 ! local tax1 !reby remov+ ! necessity = private subscriptions4 ,! ,tea*]s4--,! tra9+ ( tea*]s is z peculi> z ! o!r features ( ! ,engli% sy/em4 ,lanca/] & ,bell introduc$ ! monitorial sy/em1 by :i* "o tea*] c\ld take *>ge ( a l>ge s*ool1 ! old] pupils tea*+ ! y\ng] ones4 ,?is idea has be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! pupil tea*] s*eme4 ,*ildr5 fifte5 ye>s old are appr5tic$ to a s*ool to assi/ 9 ! "w1 & 9 return receive in/ruction & a small /ip5d4 ,at eighte5 or n9ete5 !y ent] ! tea*]s' college = a two ye>s' c\rse4 ,!y may in/ead at ?is "t take an exam9ation = ! tea*]s' c]tificate1 & if successful1 !y are kn[n z assi/ant tea*]s4 ,t ! pupil tea*] idea has lo/ its =ce is %[n by ! foll[+ facts3 ,f #ahgf to #ahic ! increase ( graduate tea*]s 0 #aad p] c5t1 ! increase ( assi/ant tea*]s #fia p] c5t1 :ile !re 0 a decrease ( #ae p] c5t 9 ! numb] ( pupil tea*]s4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ,engl& is dem&+ bett] prep>$ tea*]s4 ,! #aca tea*]s' colleges graduate ab\t #aijj /ud5ts ea* ye>1 :i* is ab\t two ?irds ( ! numb] ( tea*]s ne$$4 ,tea*]s' positions are practically p]man5t1 & ! sal>ies are good1 be+ 9 #aija an av]age = c]tificate tea*]s ( #fdd a ye> = m5 & #dcb = wom54 ,ea* tea*] is entitl$ to a p5sion at ! age ( #fe4 ,?is am\nts to at lea/ #ccj = m5 :o h be5 9 ! s]vice f _! tw5ty-fir/ ye>1 & #bbe = wom54 ,if oblig$ to retire e>li] on acc\nt ( breakd[n1 ! am\nt ( p5sion w be proportionate to ! l5g? ( s]vice4 ,m5 tea*]s contribute ?ree p\nds annually & wom5 two p\nds to ?is fund1 :ile ! ,/ate appropriates ! balance ne$$4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! traditions t h controll$ ,engli% education = c5turies1 & recalls ! cons]vatism t rules ,engli% life1 "o c only m>vel at ! trem5d\s /rides tak5 by ,engl& dur+ ! la/ ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,victor ,hugo says3 ,! ,engli% patrician ord] is patrician 9 ! absolute s5se ( ! ^w4 ,no feudal sy/em 0 ev] m illu/ri\s1 m t]rible1 & m t5aci\s ( life4 ,engl& has _h to ov]come h] patrician ideas 9 reg>d to education1 & h] gr[? 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s has be5 m rapid & m effectual ?an = a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,al?\gh %e /ill has _m problems to solve1 h] rec5t educational ent]prise places h] 9 ! front rank among ! nations ( ! _w 9 s*ool matt]s4 ,! law ( #aijc consi/$ ( _m compromises :i* satisfy nei!r p>ty4 ,x w d\btless be foll[$ by /ill fur!r *anges 9 ! ne> future4 ,,footnotes3 #agi ,! total enrollm5t 9 #aijb 0 #e1hha1bgh1 or #ah4jh p] c5t ( ! population4 #ahj ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education = #ahif-ahig1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,lit]ature4--,boone1 ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,williams1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education2 ,b>n>d1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education2 ,horace ,mann1 ,annual ,reports2 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission]s ,reports1 especially ! m rec5t ones4 ,ea* /ate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has its own indep5d5t sy/em ( education2 !re is no national sy/em4 ,9 #ahfg ,congress e/abli%$ a ,national ,bureau ( ,education1 ! function ( :i* is to collect /ati/ics & facts %[+ ! condition & progress ( education 9 ! sev]al /ates & t]ritories1 & diffuse su* in=mation respect+ ! organization & managem5t ( s*ools & s*ool sy/ems & me?ods ( tea*+ z %all aid ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( effici5t s*ool sy/ems1 & o!rwise promote ! cause ( education ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! bureau issues an annual report1 :i* is replete ) in=mation conc]n+ ! educational int]e/s ( our own & o!r l&s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has giv5 va/ tracts ( ! public doma91 z well z l>ge sums ( money1 to ! v>i\s /ates1 out ( :i* h be5 creat$1 9 "s cases1 l>ge s*ool funds :i* yield a p]man5t income4#aha ,up to #ahgf ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h grant$ ne>ly eighty million acres ( l& = educational purposes4 ,! ,bureau ( ,education is oblig$ to rely on su* /ati/ics z its correspond5ts are will+ to give1 yet its "w has be5 s valuable1 its in=mation s ext5sive & accurate1 & its educational purpose s high1 t cordial cooep]ation is g5]ally giv54 ,?is annual report is ! f9e/ issu$ by any nation 9 ! _w4#ahb ,,! ,,/ate ,,sy/ems ,adm9i/ration4--,at ! head ( ea* /ate s*ool sy/em1 !re is an executive (fic] usually call$ ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,he is *os5 = f two to five ye>s1 sometimes by popul> vote1 sometimes by ! jo9t h\ses ( ! ,legislature1 sometimes by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 & 9 "s cases is appo9t$ by ! gov]nor4 ,8 duties are to make reports1 to exam9e tea*]s1 to inspect s*ools1 to di/ribute s*ool moneys1 to he> appeals 9 s*ool matt]s1 & to h g5]al ov]sight ( ! educational int]e/s ( ! /ate4 ,9 "s /ates !re is a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education t cooep]ates ) ! ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t4 ,! int]e/s ( education seem to be be/ cons]v$ :5 !re is a non-p>tisan ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 :i* appo9ts ! executive (fic]s & has g5]al *>ge ( ! s*ools4 ,! second adm9i/rative unit is ! c\nty1 ov] :i* is plac$ a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools4 ,he is *os5 by popul> vote or is appo9t$ by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 & holds (fice g5]ally ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,he mu/ visit ! s*ools1 exam9e tea*]s1 hold in/itutes1 di/ribute s*ool moneys1 & ov]see ! educational "w4 ,! numb] ( s*ools "u ! inspection ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t is (t5 s great1 & ! t]ritory s l>ge1 t 8 "w _c be well done4 ,9 _m cases ! comp5sation is s small t he is oblig$ to devote a "p ( 8 "t to "s o!r occupation4 ,! "w is ( suffici5t importance to dem& ! full "t ( a compet5t man2 & ! sal>y ought to be proportionate to su* ne$s4 ,! next division is t ( ! t[n%ip1 ?\gh 9 mo/ /ates ! s*ool di/rict is ! next unit4 ,! s-call$ t[n%ip sy/em has be5 adopt$ 9 sev]al /ates1 & recomm5d$ 9 o!rs4 ,?is sy/em has a bo>d ( education :i* appo9ts tea*]s1 pur*ases supplies1 & manages ! s*ools ( ! :ole t[n%ip4 ,! di/rict sy/em has outliv$ its usefulness4 ,x ma9ta9s m s*ools ?an are w>rant$ by ! small numb] ( pupils4 ,_m ( ^! c\ld be ab&on$ 9 favor ( bett] s*ools 9 neighbor+ di/ricts1 to :i* ! *ildr5 c\ld be s5t4 ,x (t5 secures = its tru/ee a man ( limit$ education & n>r[ views1 :o conducts ! s*ool on ! *eape/ plan possible1 :ile ! l>g] t]ritory ( ! t[n%ip furni%es bett] mat]ial f :i* to *oose2 x limits its educational plan to ! mo/ elem5t>y c\rse1 :]eas ! t[n%ip sy/em contemplates a c5tral high s*ool op5 to all *ildr5 ( ! t[n%ip4 ,! t[n%ip sy/em also admits ( ! employm5t ( a special s*ool inspector or sup]9t5d5t if desir$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 two or m t[n%ips unite 9 ! employm5t ( su* a sup]9t5d5t4 ,s*ool ,att5dance4--,! s*ool age comm5ces at f f\r to six & ext5ds to f eighte5 to tw5ty-"o1 v>y+ greatly 9 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission]'s ,report n[ cov]s ! p]iod ( f five to eighte54 ,on ?is basis he reports t #ga4ed p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 :o are ( s*ool age are enroll$ 9 ! s*ools1 :ile ! av]age att5dance is ab\t #fi p] c5t ( ! enrollm5t4 ,?is is a v l[ p]c5tage z comp>$ ) t 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,! long] p]iod cov]$ by u 7five to eighte57 ?us acts unfavorably4 ,! natural p]iod ( ! *ild's life to be devot$ to education is f six to f\rte54 ,s*ool att5dance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is by no means s regul> z x %\ld be1 ev5 dur+ ! p]iod 7six to f\rte574 ,to rem$y ?is1 compulsory education laws h be5 pass$ 9 mo/ /ates4 ,!y cov] p]iods v>y+ f eight consecutive weeks & a total ( tw5ty weeks dur+ ! ye>1 to ! full s*ool ye>4 ,^! laws are g5]ally a dead lett]1 p>tly because ( _! own weakness1 & p>tly because ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! p4 ,compulsory att5dance to be effective mu/ cov] ! :ole s*ool ye>1 & mu/ c>ry a suffici5t p5alty = non-en=cem5t4 ,! ,s*ools4--,! s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a1 ! elem5t>y s*ool hav+ an eight ye>s' c\rse :i* %\ld be complet$ at f\rte52 #b1 ! second>y s*ool ) a f\r ye>s' c\rse t fits = college or its equival5t tra9+2 #c1 ! und]graduate s*ool or college ) its f\r ye>s' c\rse2 & ! graduate s*ool or univ]sity4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool is g5]ally sep>at$ into prim>y & gramm> grades1 & is sometimes prec$$ by ! k9d]g>t54 ,! second>y s*ool usually (f]s comm]cial or o!r practical c\rses to ^? :o d n wi% to prep>e = college4 ,colleges diff] greatly 9 ! scope ( _! "w & 9 _! c\rses ( in/ruction4 ,mo/ univ]sities op5 _! doors to ^? :o are n graduates ( colleges4 ,9 all /ates ! elem5t>y & ! high s*ools are free1 :ile 9 "s1 p>ticul>ly ! we/]n /ates1 ! entire exp5se ( ! *ild's education f k9d]g>t5 to univ]sity is defray$ at public exp5se4 ,support ( ! ,s*ools4--,! annual co/ ( ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry is ab\t two hundr$ & fifty million doll>s4 ,ab\t two ?irds ( ?is is rais$ by local tax1 ab\t "o fif? by /ate tax1 & ! balance is d]iv$ *iefly f p]man5t funds1 etc4 ,! prepond]ance ( ! local tax %[s t to ea* community is intru/$ ! important matt] ( decid+ z to ! quality ( s*ool x w ma9ta94 ,! ,am]ican p h always be5 lib]al t[>d education1 & no money is vot$ s freely by legislative bodies z t necess>y = ! education ( ! "y4 ,! ,tea*]s4--,!re are ov] #ddj1jjj tea*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :om ab\t #bh p] c5t are m5 & #gb p] c5t wom54 ,only ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ^! h _h a pr(essional tra9+4 ,! av]age t]m ( s]vice is five ye>s1 & ab\t #ajj1jjj new tea*]s are ne$$ e ye>4 ,to supply ?is numb] ! normal s*ools & o!r in/itutions = tra9+ tea*]s are utt]ly inadequate1 & w rema9 s until ! av]age t]m ( s]vice is l5g!n$4 ,! pr9cipal in/itutions = tra9+ tea*]s are ! normal s*ool1 ! city tra9+ s*ool1 ! p$agogical dep>tm5ts ( univ]sities1 & tea*]s' tra9+ classes4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! tea*]s' in/itute & ! summ] s*ool1 :i* :ile !y /imulate & in/ruct ! tea*]s1 _c be said to give !m a pr(essional tra9+4 ,! c\rse ( ! normal s*ool usually cov]s ?ree ye>s1 & embraces bo? ! !ory ( education & practice 9 tea*+ *ildr54 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 _m colleges h e/abli%$ *airs ( p$agogy1 b ! "w rema9s inadequate = a pr(essional tra9+ s long z practice 9 tea*+ is n add$ to ! requirem5ts4 ,tea*]s are appo9t$ by local bo>ds g5]ally = "o ye>1 ?\gh !y (t5 rema9 undi/urb$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,! av]age mon?ly sal>y ( m5 9 #aijb 0 #di4je1 & ( wom5 #ci4gg4 ,s long z pr(essional tra9+ ( ! tea*] gu>antees nei!r p]man5ce ( position nor adequate remun]ation1 _m m5 & wom5 ) ability to tea* w be tempt$ to devote _! en]gies to o!r "w1 leav+ ! nation's mo/ sacr$ tru/1 ! education ( its *ildr51 to ^? :o w n or _c prop]ly prep>e !mselves = t great responsibility4 ,b !re is 9 pres5t t5d5cies no ne$ = disc\ragem5t4 ,ev]y:]e brave m5 & wom5 are prep>+ !mselves 9 e>ne/ = ! high call+ ( tea*]1 hopeful t ! future w br+ !m ! recognition !y des]ve4 ,) free s*ools1 abl] tea*]s1 consecrat$ to _! call+1 & bett] c\rses ( in/ruction2 ) a p g5]\s 9 exp5ditures = educational purposes1 a cooep]ation ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 & a will+ness to le>n f o!r nations2 ) ! _m educational p]iodicals1 ! p$agogical books1 & tea*]s' in/itutes to broad5 & /imulate ! tea*]1--! fri5ds ( education 9 ,am]ica may labor on1 assur$ t ! pres5t c5tury w give abundant fruitage to ! "w :i* has s m>vel\sly prosp]$ 9 ! pa/4 ,,footnotes3 #aha ,9 #ahcf !re 0 a l>ge surplus 9 ! national treasury1 :i*1 by act ( ,congress1 0 ord]$ to be deposit$ ) ! sev]al /ates1 9 proportion to _! repres5tation 9 ,congress4 ,! am\nt s di/ribut$ equal$ ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,mo/ ( ! /ates receiv+ ?is deposit set x aside z a p]man5t s*ool fund4 ,see ,boone1 ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #ia4 #ahb ,see an article by ,m4 ,/ev5s on ,! ,national ,bureau ( ,education1 9 ! ,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,lvi1 p4 #gdc1 = a full description ( ?is bureau & its "w4 ,,app5dix ,,rec5t ,,educational ,,movem5ts ,lit]ature4--,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,educational ,society2 ,reports ( ! ,commission] ( ,education2 ,ye>books ( ! ,national ,society = ! ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education2 ,p>k] ,memorial ,numb] ( ! ,new ,york ,s*ool ,j\rnal1 ,april #e1 #aijb4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! hi/ory ( education d[n to ! pres5t & awak5 an int]e/ 9 que/ions t are n[ occupy+ ! att5tion ( educational ?9k]s1 a brief /udy ( rec5t educational movem5ts1 !ories1 & organizations is "h pres5t$4 ,su* /udy %\ld s]ve z an introduction ( ! "y tea*] to ! actual _w ( ?\ght1 9 :i* he is to live1 & pres5t to him ! que/ions :i* he mu/ aid 9 solv+4 ,! ,national ,educational ,association4--,"o ( ! mo/ pot5t factors ( education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! ,national ,educational ,association1 f\nd$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #aheg4 ,! purpose ( ?is organization1 9 ! language ( ! preamble to its con/itution1 is1 ,to elevate ! "* & advance ! int]e/s ( ! pr(ession ( tea*+1 & to promote ! cause ( popul> education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x holds its meet+s annually 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 attract+ l>ge numb]s ( tea*]s ( all ranks & f e section4#ahc ,!re are eighte5 dep>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* holds special sessions dur+ ! "t ( ! g5]al meet+1 :i* occurs e>ly 9 ! summ] vacation4 ,! dep>tm5t ( sup]9t5d5ce1 h[ev]1 holds a midw9t] meet+ :i* attracts ! lead+ educators ( ! c\ntry4 ,v valuable s]vice has be5 r5d]$ by ! ,association ?r\gh its committees t h be5 appo9t$ f "t to "t to inve/igate & report ^u special problems4 ,among ! notable reports may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3 ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,t5 on ,second>y ,s*ools2 ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,fifte5 on ,elem5t>y ,s*ools2 ,report ( ! ,committee on ,normal ,s*ools2 ,report ( ! ,committee on ,rural ,s*ools4 ,! discussions ( ! ,association are pres]v$ 9 an annual volume ( proce$+s4 ,its committee reports (t5 appe> also 9 special bullet9s4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ 9 g5]al t ! ,national ,educational ,association fulfils its mission1 z outl9$ 9 ! preamble quot$1 9 an admirable way4 ,,! ,,national ,,bureau ,,( ,,education ,:ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates has no national sy/em ( education1 ea* /ate hav+ entire *>ge ( its own educational affairs1 !re is a national bureau ^: (fice is tw(old2 namely3 7#a7 to collect /ati/ics1 & 7#b7 to diffuse in=mation conc]n+ educational affairs4 ,?is bureau 0 e/abli%$ by ,congress 9 #ahfg1 & s9ce #ahfi x has be5 a bureau ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,h5ry ,b>n>d 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ commission]1 & he has be5 succe$$ 9 t (fice by ,john ,eaton1 ,n4 ,h4 ,r4 ,dawson1 ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 & ,elm] ,e4 ,br[n1 ! pres5t incumb5t4 ,?is bureau fo/]s ! int]e/s ( education 9 ?ree important directions3 7#a7 by its publications2 7#b7 by its ma9t5ance ( a p$agogical libr>y1 ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! c\ntry2 & 7#c7 by its p$agogical museum1 9 :i* e feature ( educational ent]prise is exhibit$4 ,! mo/ valuable s]vice r5d]$1 h[ev]1 is ?r\gh its publications4 ,x issues an annual report :i* has gr[n to two l>ge volumes ( m ?an tw5ty-f\r hundr$ pages1 9 :i* are f\nd /ati/ics conc]n+ all k9ds ( s*ools & educational ent]prises ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,nor are its inve/igations limit$ to our own c\ntry & its t]ritories4 ,educational movem5ts 9 o!r c\ntries are describ$ f "t to "t by exp]ts ) a view to furni% complete in=mation conc]n+ curr5t educational hi/ory ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,^! reports are recogniz$ z by f> ! be/ furni%$ by any c\ntry4 ,9 addition to ! annual report ! bureau issues _m pamphlets be>+ ^u special topics & furni%+ valuable in=mation4 ,9 view ( ! fact t su* va/ int]e/s are involv$1--! in/ruction ( ov] tw5ty million pupils1 requir+ ! s]vice ( m ?an half a million tea*]s1 involv+ ! exp5diture ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ million doll>s p] annum1 & ( vital int]e/ to ! :ole population1--_m educators believe t ! bureau %\ld be elevat$ to ! dignity ( a dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t ) a cab9et (fic] at its head4 ,,! ,,qu9cy ,,movem5t ,9 #ahgc ! ,s*ool ,bo>d ( ,qu9cy1 ,massa*usetts1 took a new & v important dep>ture1 namely1 t ( call+ an educational exp]t to take *>ge ( _! s*ools4 ,!y realiz$ t ! (fice ( a s*ool bo>d is to adm9i/] ! ext]nal matt]s1 b tra9$ exp]ts %\ld h entire direction ( ! int]nal affairs ( ! s*ools1 su* z discipl9e1 me?ods ( in/ruction1 c\rse ( /udy1 etc4 ,!y call$ ,colonel ,francis ,w4 ,p>k] 7#ahcg-aijb7 to ! sup]9t5d5cy & said to him practically3 ,we w furni% ! equipm5t & ! tea*]s1 & x is y\r bus9ess to run ! s*ools4 ,we w n int]f]e ) y\r me?ods or y\r plans1 b w hold y responsible = results4 ,colonel ,p>k]1 :o _h j return$ f a c>eful /udy ( ,european s*ools1 accept$ ?is responsibility & at once began re=ms 9 prim>y education n second 9 importance to ^? ( ,horace ,mann a g5]ation e>li]4 ,! ,new ,education & ,qu9cy ,me?ods began to be discuss$ ev]y:]e1 & ,qu9cy became ! educational ,mecca = tea*]s f e "p ( ! l&4 ,"s ( ! re=ms inaugurat$ 7 ! foll[+3 ,text-books 7 aboli%$1 ! le>n+ ( ! alphabet discont9u$1 m]e memoriz+ ( facts disc\nt5anc$1 nature "w 0 emphasiz$1 concrete me?ods employ$1 & all s*ool "w made natural & int]e/+4 ,! results 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( o!r s*ools 7 ph5om5al1 & x 0 recogniz$ t a great re=m movem5t _h be5 />t$4 ,d\btless1 l re=m]s g5]ally1 ,colonel ,p>k] 0 too extreme4 ,"s ( 8 innovations 7 lat] modifi$1 ev5 by ! orig9ator himself4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,qu9cy ,movem5t did incalculable good by break+ up ! =malism t prevail$1 by mak+ ! "w practical & int]e/+1 by (f]+ suitable mat]ial1 by improv+ ! me?ods ( in/ruction1 & by awak5+ great int]e/ 9 educational problems among bo? ! tea*]s & ! public at l>ge4 ,= ?is great "w at ,qu9cy1 = 8 _m ye>s' s]vice z ! head ( ! ,*icago ,normal ,s*ool1 & = 8 /imulat+ influ5ce ^u elem5t>y education ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ,colonel ,p>k] des]ves a place among ! =emo/ educators ( rec5t times4 ,! example ( ! ,qu9cy ,s*ool ,bo>d 9 plac+ an educational exp]t ov] _! s*ools has be5 foll[$ by _m cities4 ,! (fice ( city sup]9t5d5t has be5 creat$1 & to him is n[ committ$ duties t =m]ly 7 und]tak5 by memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d :o 7 )\t pr(essional tra9+4 ,?is *ange m>ks a decid$ /ep =w>d 9 ! educational progress ( our c\ntry4 ,,! ,,h]b>tian ,,movem5t ,"o ( ! mo/ important educational movem5ts ( rec5t ye>s1 is t inaugurat$ by ! disciples ( ,h]b>t#ahd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,association 9 ,d5v] 9 #ahie a numb] ( m51 mo/ ( :om _h /udi$ "u ,/oy & ,re9 9 ,g]many1 =m$ ! ,national ,h]b>t ,society1 ^: purpose 0 decl>$ to be ! aggressive discussion & spread ( educational doctr9es4 ,?is society 0 ! outgr[? ( ! ,h]b>t ,club1 =m$ ?ree ye>s be=e at ,s>atoga4 ,x is n[ kn[n z ! ,national ,society = ! ,sci5tific ,/udy ( ,education4 ,x holds semiannual meet+s 9 connection ) ! ,national ,association1 b is n a dep>tm5t ( said ,association4 ,x issues ,ye>books :i* conta9 ! results ( ! inve/igations ( its memb]s & :i* are valuable contributions to curr5t educational lit]ature4 ,among ! mo/ important educational !ories br\ght =w>d by ?is s*ool may be m5tion$ t ( ,app]ception1 ! ,doctr9e ( ,int]e/1 ! ,correlation ( ,/udies1 ,conc5tration1 ! ,culture ,epo* ,!ory1 & ,"* ,build+ z an end ( education4 ,! practical application ( ^! !ories to s*ool problems has n be5 neglect$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,h]b>tian tea*+s h s]v$ to br+ education 9 ?is c\ntry to a sci5tific basis4 ,! memb]s ( ?is society h be5 among ! =emo/ contributors to ! p$agogical lit]ature ( ! la/ decade4 ,,v>i\s ,,t5d5cies ,*ild ,/udy4--,! old psy*ologi/s bas$ _! !ories & d$uctions ^u a /udy ( ! activities ( ! adult m9d4 ,mod]n educators h turn$ _! att5tion to ! be+ :om !y are to educate--! *ild4 ,que/ionnaires h be5 issu$ & syllabi =mulat$ conc]n+ _m *>act]i/ics ( *ildr51 su* z _! fe>s1 _! imag9ations1 _! lies1 _! views ( ,god1 etc41 = ! purpose ( discov]+ laws gov]n+ ! same4 ,:ile z yet ! movem5t _c claim to h add$ mu* to educational !ory1 x has /imulat$ c>eful /udy & obs]vation ( *ildr51 br\ght tea*]s into m g5u9e sympa?y ) !m1 sugge/$ suitable mat]ial = in/ruction1 & fo/]$ rational discipl9e4 ,x (f]s an unlimit$ & fruitful field = fur!r inve/igation4 ,p>5ts' ,meet+s4--,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! race p>5ts assum$ ! entire education ( _! (fspr+4 ,:5 s*ools became num]\s & tea*]s effici5t1 p>5ts l>gely absolv$ !mselves f direct responsibility 9 ! matt] ( education4 ,to ar\se prop] int]e/ & to unite all ! ag5cies ( ! community 9 ?is "w1 p>5ts' meet+s h be5 organiz$ 9 _m places4 ,?us ! patrons ( ! s*ool h n only be5 l$ to cooep]ate ) _! tea*]s1 b also to /udy educational problems4 ,su* organizations h /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! tea*]s1 /imulat$ educational int]e/1 & ar\s$ a g5u9e & intellig5t pride 9 ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,manual & ,indu/rial ,tra9+4--,! m>vel\s indu/rial developm5t ( rec5t ye>s1 toge!r ) ! attitude ( labor unions t[>ds appr5tice%ips1 creates a dem& = a recon/ruction ( c\rses ( /udy4 ,mu* ( education t 0 secur$ 9 ! %op & field mu/ n[ be furni%$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,educate ! :ole *ild is ! wat*word4 ,! motor activities mu/ be tra9$ z well z ! m5tal activities4 ,inde$1 ! latt] _c atta9 _! prop] developm5t )\t ! =m]4 ,h5ce1 manual tra9+ has be5 adopt$ z a "p ( ! curriculum4 ,mat]ial ,improvem5ts4--,a c>eful /udy ( ! v5tilation1 light+1 seat+1 & o!r hygi5ic conditions1 z well z con/ruction ( s*ool build+s1 has *>act]iz$ rec5t times4 ,9 _m places n only s*ool mat]ials1 b also text-books1 are furni%$ free ( co/ to ! pupil4 ,physicians are also employ$ p]iodically to visit ! s*ools & exam9e ! *ildr5 z to ! condition ( eyes & e>s1 z to ! preval5ce ( disease1 & z to _! g5]al heal?4 ,safegu>ds are inaugurat$ to prev5t ! spread ( contagi\s diseases4 ,all ( ^! mat]ial measures are f\nd$ ^u ! !ory t only "u be/ conditions c ! be/ results be obta9$ 9 education1 & !re=e x is true economy = ! community to furni% ^! conditions4 ,,footnotes3 #ahc ,! memb]%ip at ! ,bo/on meet+ 9 #aijc 0 #cd1ihd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> 9 excess ( ! av]age att5dance4 #ahd ,see p4 #bgh4 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ works h a be>+ ^u "s phase ( ! _m topics consid]$ 9 ?is book4 ,mo/ ( !m h be5 m5tion$ 9 abbreviat$ =m ei!r 9 ! lit]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt] or 9 ! footnotes4 ,!y are "h giv5 ) _! full titles4 ,a ,,adams1 ,,francis4 ,! ,free ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,all51 ,w4 ,f4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,p4 ,,allies4 ,! ,mona/ic ,life4 ,! ,=mation ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,,&rews1 ,e4 ,b4 ,brief ,in/itutes ( ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,,ar*]1 ,t4 ,a41 & ,k+s=d1 ,c4 ,l4 ,crusad]s4 ,,arnold1 ,,edw94 ,! ,light ( ,asia4 ,,arnold1 ,,mat!w4 ,essays 9 ,criticism4 ,a,r,n,s,t,ae,d,t1 ,f4 ,a4 ,rabelais und se9 ,traite d',education4 ,f5elon4 ,,as*am1 ,,rog]4 ,! ,s*olema/] 7edit$ by ,e4 ,arb]74 ,,az>ias1 ,,bro!r4 ,essays ,educational4 ,essays ,philosophical4 ,philosophy ( ,lit]ature4 ,b ,,balf\r1 ,,graham4 ,educational ,sy/ems ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& ,,ballant9e1 ,h4 ,midnight ,m>*es ?r\gh ,p]sia4 ,,ball\1 ,m4 ,m4 ,due ,we/2 or1 ,r\nd ! ,_w 9 ,t5 ,mon?s4 ,footpr9ts ( ,travel4 ,,b>de51 ,c4 ,w4 ,! ,orbis ,pictus ( ,john ,com5ius4 ,,b>n>d1 ,,h5ry4 ,engli% ,p$agogy4 ,pe/alozzi & ,pe/alozzianism4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,,b>nes1 ,,e>l4 ,/udies 9 ,education4 ,,b>r[s1 ,,john ,,h5ry4 ,_w's ,p>liam5t ( ,religions4 ,,bee*]1 ,h4 ,w4 ,life ( ,jesus ! ,*ri/4 ,,beeg] ,,und ,,leutbe*]4 ,com5ius ,ausgewaehlte ,s*rift54 ,,b5jam91 ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,! ,/ory ( ,p]sia4 ,p]sia & ! ,p]sians4 ,,besant1 ,,walt]4 ,rabelais4 ,,boone1 ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,its ,hi/ory f ! ,e>lie/ ,settlem5ts4 ,,bormann1 ,k4 ,pa$agogik ,fu] ,volkss*ullehr]4 ,,b[51 ,h4 ,,c\r?ope4 ,froebel & ,education by ,self-activity4 ,,brooks1 ,,phillips4 ,lett]s ( ,travel4 ,,br[n+1 ,,osc>4 ,milton's ,tractate on ,education4 ,,brugs*-,,bey1 ,h4 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt ,"u ! ,ph>aohs4 ,,bryce1 ,,james4 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,,bulf9*1 ,t4 ,leg5ds ( ,*>lemagne4 ,,bulkley1 ,,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,a4 ,plato's ,be/ ,?\ghts4 ,,bury1 ,j4 ,b4 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,lat] ,roman ,empire ,f ,arcadius ,to ,ir5e4 ,,butl]1 ,n4 ,m4 ! ,place ( ,com5ius 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,,butl]1 ,w4 ,l& ( ! ,v$a4 ,c ,,capes1 ,w4 ,w4 ,roman ,empire ( ! ,second ,c5tury3 ,age ( ,anton9es4 ,,c>lisle1 ,,james ,h4 ,two ,great ,tea*]s--,as*am & ,arnold4 ,,c>lyle1 ,,?omas4 ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,,*amb]la94 ,education 9 ,india4 ,,*ateaubri&4 ,! ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,*ur*1 ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,pictures ,f ,roman ,life & ,/ory4 ,pictures ,f ,greek ,life & ,/ory4 ,,*ur*1 ,r4 ,w4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,middle ,ages4 ,bacon4 ,,cl>k1 ,,h5ry4 ,! ,/ate & ,education4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,james ,,freeman4 ,t5 ,great ,religions4 ,,coll9s1 ,w4 ,,lucas4 ,montaigne4 ,,combe1 ,,george4 ,education3 ,its ,pr9ciples & ,practice4 ,,com5ius4 ,! ,orbis ,pictus4 ,grosse ,unt]ri*tslehre 7see ,z\bek74 ,,compayre1 ,,gabriel4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy 7trans1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,payne74 ,,c\rtney1 ,w4 ,l4 ,john ,locke4 ,,cox1 ,,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,! ,crusades4 ,,craik1 ,h4 ,! ,/ate 9 ,relation ,to ,education4 ,,curtis1 ,g4 ,w4 ,nile ,notes ( a ,h[adji4 ,,curtius1 ,,ern/4 ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7#e ,vols474 ,d ,d',,aubigne1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,m]le4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,,davidson1 ,,?omas4 ,r\sseau & ,education ,accord+ ,to ,nature4 ,! ,education ( ! ,greek ,p & ,its ,influ5ce on ,civilization4 ,ari/otle & ! ,anci5t ,educational ,ideals4 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,,de ,,g>mo1 ,,*>les4 ,h]b>t & ! ,h]b>tians4 ,,de ,,guimps1 ,r4 ,pe/alozzi1 ,8 ,life & ,works 7trans4 by ,j4 ,russell74 ,,de ,,qu9cey1 ,t4 ,plato's ,republic4 ,,dittes1 ,f4 ,ges*i*te ,d] ,erziehung ,und ,des ,unt]ri*ts4 ,,doolittle1 ,,rev4 ,j4 ,social ,life ( ! ,*9ese4 ,,drap]1 ,,john ,w4 ,conflict ,betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe4 ,,durrell1 ,,flet*]4 ,a ,new ,life 9 ,education4 ,,duruy1 ,,victor4 ,hi/ory ( ,france 7trans4 by ,mrs4 ,c>ey74 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,times1 ,f ! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople ,to ,! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,,dy]1 ,t4 ,h4 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,europe 7#c ,vols474 ,e ,,eb]s1 ,,georg4 ,u>da4 ,an ,egyptian ,pr9cess4 ,,educational ,,review4 ,,edw>ds1 ,,amelia ,b4 a ,?\s& ,miles ,up ! ,nile4 ,,em]son1 ,,ralph ,,waldo4 ,repres5tative ,m54 ,,em]ton1 ,e4 ,an ,introduction ,to ! ,/udy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,m$iaeval ,europe4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica4 ,e,n,c,y,k,l,o,p,ae,d,i,s,c,h,e,s ,,h&bu* ,,d] ,p,ae,d,a,g,o,g,i,k4 ,f ,,felk91 ,,h5ry ,m4 & ,,emmie4 ,h]b>t's ,sci5ce ( ,education4 ,,felton1 ,c4 ,c4 ,greece1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,,f5elon1 ,f4 ,treatise on ! ,education ( ,girls4 ,,f]gusson1 ,,james4 ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture 9 ,all ,c\ntries4 ,,f]ris1 ,g4 ,t4 ,great ,lead]s4 ,,fi%]1 ,g4 ,p4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,=sy?1 ,w4 ,life ( ,cic]o4 ,,f[l]1 ,,?omas4 ,locke4 ,bacon4 ,,fraz]1 ,,rob]t ,w4 ,briti% ,india4 ,,freeman1 ,,edw>d ,a4 ,hi/orical ,essays4 ,,froebel1 ,f4 ,! ,education ( ,man 7trans4 by ,w4 ,n4 ,hailmann74 ,,fr\de1 ,,james ,,an?ony4 ,%ort ,/udies on ,great ,subjects4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,erasmus4 ,g ,,gasquet4 ,h5ry ,,viii & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies4 ,,geikie1 ,c4 ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,,gibbon1 ,,edw>d4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,,gill1 ,,john4 ,sy/ems ( ,education4 ,,gilman1 ,a4 ,/ory ( ,rome ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times ,to ! ,end ,( ,! ,republic4 ,,graham1 ,h4 ,g4 ,r\sseau4 ,,gre51 ,j4 ,r4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p 7#d ,vols474 ,,grote1 ,,george4 ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7#ab ,vols474 ,,guhl ,,& ,,kon]4 ,! ,life ( ,greeks & ,romans4 ,f ,antique ,monum5ts4 ,,guizot4 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 7#d ,vols474 ,h ,,hailmann1 ,w4 ,n4 ,hi/ory ( ,p$agogy4 ,,hallam1 ,,h5ry4 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7#c ,vols474 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,,hanna1 ,,william4 ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,,hanus1 ,,paul ,h4 ,! ,p]man5t ,influ5ce ( ,com5ius 7ed4 ,review1 ,n4,y41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #bbf74 ,,h>p]',s ,book ( ,facts 7compil$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,willsey74 ,,h>rison1 ,j4 ,h4 ,/ory ( ,greece4 ,,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,,h]b>t1 ,j4 ,f4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 7see ,felk947 ,,h]=d1 ,,william ,h4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,froebel4 ,,h9sdale1 ,b4 ,a4 ,horace ,mann4 ,,horton1 ,r4 ,f4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans4 ,,hosm]1 ,j4 ,k4 ,/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,,h\ghton1 ,r4 ,c4 ,wom5 ( ! ,ori5t4 ,,hughes1 ,,?omas4 ,loyola & ! ,educational ,sy/em ( ! ,jesuits4 ,,hur/1 ,,john ,f4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation4 ,life & ,lit]ature 9 ! ,fa!rl&4 ,i ,,irv+1 ,,wa%+ton4 ,mahomet & ,8 ,successors4 ,j ,,jameson1 ,,mrs4 ,,anna4 ,leg5ds ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s4 ,,johonnot1 ,,james4 ,geographical ,read]4 ,,josephus1 ,f4 ,! ,works ,(4 ,,j[ett1 ,b4 ,! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,k ,,kemp4 ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,,kiddle ,,& ,,s*em4 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,education4 ,,k+s=d1 ,c4 ,l4 7see ,ar*]47 ,,kit*91 ,g4 ,w4 ,hi/ory ( ,france4 ,,klemm1 ,l4 ,r4 ,european ,s*ools4 ,,knox1 ,,?omas ,w4 ,! ,boy ,travel]s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,9 ,egypt & ! ,holy ,l&4 ,k,oe,n,i,g,b,a,u,e,r1 ,j4 ,ges*i*te ,d] ,pa$agogik ,und ,me?odik4 ,,kriege1 ,,matilda ,h4 ,fri$ri* ,froebel4 ,k,ue,r,s,i1 ,h4 ,life1 ,"w1 & ,influ5ce ( ,pe/alozzi4 ,l ,,labb]ton1 ,r4 ,h4 ,new ,hi/orical ,atlas & ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,,lane1 ,,edw>d ,w4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,mod]n ,egyptians4 ,,lane-,,poole1 ,s4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,,lang1 ,,ossian ,h4 ,r\sseau3 ,8 ,life1 ,"w1 & ,educational ,ideas4 ,bas$[3 ,8 ,life & ,educational ,"w4 ,horace ,mann4 ,,lange1 ,,wi*>d4 ,gesammelte ,pa$agogis*e ,s*rift5 von ,f4 ,froebel4 ,,langhorne1 ,j4 & ,w4 ,life ( ,plut>*4 ,,l>n$1 ,j4 ,n4 ,hi/ory = ,ready ,ref]5ce 7#e vols474 ,,laurie1 ,s4 ,s4 ,rise & ,e>ly ,con/itution ( ,univ]sities4 ,com5ius3 ,8 ,life & ,educational ,works4 ,,lavisse1 ,,ern/4 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe 7trans4 by ,*>les ,gross74 ,,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals 7#b vols474 ,,le ,,cl]c4 ,life ( ,erasmus4 ,,leit*1 ,j4 ,,muir4 ,practical ,educationi/s & _! ,sy/ems ( ,tea*+4 ,,l]oy-,,beaulieu4 ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,ea/4 ,,less+1 ,g4 ,e4 ,na?an d] ,weise4 ,,lewis1 ,,*>les ,t4 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,,liddell1 ,h4 ,g4 ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,,"l1 ,,john4 ,beacon ,lights ( ,hi/ory4 ,m ,,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b4 ,essays4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p4 ,social ,life 9 ,greece4 ,old ,greek ,education4 ,! ,greek ,_w "u ,roman ,sway4 ,,maitl&4 ,! ,d>k ,ages4 ,,mann1 ,,m>y1 & ,,george ,,combe ,,mann4 ,! ,life & ,works ( ,horace ,mann4 ,educational ,writ+s ( ,horace ,mann4 ,,m>d51 ,,orison ,,swett4 ,pu%+ to ! ,front4 ,,m>5holtz-,b,ue,l,o,w1 ,,b]?a ,,von4 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,fri$ri* ,froebel 7trans4 by ,m>y ,mann74 ,,m>%man1 ,j4 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,india4 ,,m>t91 ,g4 ,h4 ,evolution ( ! ,massa*usetts ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em4 ,,m>t91 ,w4 ,a4 ,p4 ,! ,*9ese3 ,_! ,education1 ,philosophy1 & ,lett]s4 ,,masp]o1 ,g4 ,egyptian ,ar*aeology 7trans4 by ,amelia ,b4 ,edw>ds47 ,,m]ivale1 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,romans 7#g ,vols474 ,,mi*aud1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades 7trans4 by ,w4 ,robson74 ,,milton1 ,j4 ,tractate on ,education4 7see ,osc> ,br[n+47 ,,momb]t1 ,j4 ,i4 ,great ,lives4 ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ! ,great 7,*>lemagne74 ,,momms51 ,,?4 ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,,monroe1 ,,paul4 ,s\rce ,book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,,montagu1 ,,basil4 ,life ( ,francis ,bacon4 ,,morley1 ,,john4 ,life ( ,r\sseau4 ,,morris1 ,,*>les4 ,hi/orical ,tales 7,greek-,roman74 ,,morris1 ,,william ,o',,connor4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ,fir/ ,empire4 ,,morrison1 ,w4 ,,d\glas4 ,! ,jews ,"u ,roman ,rule4 ,,munroe1 ,,james ,p4 ,! ,educational ,ideal4 ,,my]s1 ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,n ,n,i,e,d,e,r,g,e,s,ae,s,s4 ,ges*i*te ,d] ,pa$agogik4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 #aga4 ,o ,,oliphant1 ,,mrs4 ,,montaigne4 7see ,w4 ,lucas ,coll9s47 ,dante4 ,p ,,pa9t]1 ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,education4 ,,p>kman1 ,,francis4 ,! ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,,p>sons1 ,j4 ,,russell4 ,prussian ,s*ools ,?r\gh ,am]ican ,eyes4 ,fr5* ,s*ools ,?r\gh ,am]ican ,eyes4 ,,pa/or1 ,,ludwig4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes4 ,,pattison1 ,,m>k4 ,milton4 ,,pauls51 ,,fri$ri*4 ,! ,g]man ,univ]sities3 ,_! ,"* ,& ,hi/orical ,developm5t 7trans4 by ,e4 ,p4 ,p]ry74 ,ges*i*te ,des ,gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts1 ,auf ,d5 ,deuts*5 ,s*ul5 ,und ,univ]sitaet54 ,,pet]s4 ,ju/ice ,to ! ,jew4 ,,ploetz4 ,epitome ( ,anci5t1 ,m$iaeval1 & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,,pr9ce1 ,,john ,t4 ,me?ods ( ,in/ruction1 & ,organization ( ,s*ools ,9 ,g]many4 ,q ,,quick1 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,educational ,re=m]s4 ,,qu9tilian4 ,in/itutes ( ,oratory2 ,or1 ,education ( an ,orator4 7see ,watson47 ,r ,,ragoz91 ,z4 ,a4 ! ,/ory ( ,*aldea3 ,f ,e>lie/ ,"t ,to ,rise ,( ,assyria4 ,! ,/ory ( ,m$ia1 ,babylon1 & ,p]sia4 ,,ragoz91 ,,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,! ,/ory ( ,v$ic ,india4 ,,raum]1 ,,k>l ,,von4 ,ges*i*te ,d] ,pa$agogik4 ,life & ,sy/em ( ,pe/alozzi 7trans4 by ,tille>d74 ,,rawl9son1 ,g4 ,five ,great ,mon>*ies4 ,anci5t ,egypt4 ,sev5? ,great ,ori5tal ,mon>*y4 ,,reeve1 ,,h5ry4 ,petr>*4 ,,reim]1 ,,k>l4 ,mi*el de ,montaigne4 ,emil1 ,od] ,ueb] ,die ,erziehung4 ,,re91 ,w4 ,am ,ende ,d] ,s*ulre=m8 ,encyklopa$is*es ,h&bu* ,d] ,pa$agogik4 ,,reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education4 ,,ri*>d1 ,,ern/4 ,! ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,france4 ,,ri*t]1 ,,k>l4 ,pe/alozzi4 ,a4 ,h4 ,francke4 ,,ridpa?1 ,j4 ,c4 ,libr>y ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,,r\sseau4 ,emile4 ,,r\tl$ge4 ,! ,mod]n ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w4 ,,russell1 ,,james ,e4 ,g]man ,high] ,s*ools4 ,s ,,sankey1 ,c4 ! ,sp>tan & ,!ban ,supremacies4 ,,s*ill]1 ,,fri$ri*4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 7trans4 ,by ,morrison74 ,,s*mid1 ,k4 ,a4 ,encyklopa$ie ,des ,gesammt5 ,erziehungs ,und ,unt]ri*tswes5s 7#aa ,vols474 ,,s*midt1 ,,k>l4 ,ges*i*te ,d] ,pa$agogik 7#d ,vols47 7edit$ ,by ,wi*>d ,lange74 ,,s*neid]1 ,e41 und ,e4 ,,von ,,brem54 ,das ,volkss*ulwes5 ,im ,preussis*5 ,/aate 7#c ,vols474 ,,s*ro$]1 ,,*r4 ,das ,volkss*ulwes5 9 ,frankrei*4 ,,s*wegl]1 ,a4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7trans4 by ,julius ,h4 ,seelye74 ,,seebohm1 ,f4 ,era ( ! ,prote/ant ,revolution4 ,,seeley1 ,l4 ,common ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,g]many4 ,,seidel1 ,f4 ,froebel's ,pa$agogis*e ,s*rift5 7#c ,vols474 ,,%>pless1 ,,isaac4 ,engli% ,education 9 ,elem5t>y & ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,,%epp>d1 ,j4 ,y4 ,! ,fall ( ,rome & ! ,rise ( ,new ,nationalities4 ,,%\p1 ,,william ,j4 ,! ,hi/ory & ,sci5ce ( ,education4 ,,%umway1 ,e4 ,s4 ,a ,day 9 ,anci5t ,rome4 ,,s9e1 ,,james4 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,,sk9n]1 ,h4 ,m4 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,lit]ature4 ,! ,s*oolma/] 9 ,com$y & ,satire4 ,,smi?1 ,,william4 ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co4 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,education4 ,,sp(=d1 ,a4 ,r4 ,libr>y ( ,hi/orical ,*>act]s 7#aj ,vols474 ,,/eeg1 ,m4 ,,jules4 ,emile2 ,or1 ,conc]n+ ,education 7trans4 ,by ,eleanor ,wor?+ton74 ,,/ille1 ,c4 ,j4 ,/udies 9 ,m$iaeval ,hi/ory4 ,,/odd>d1 ,,john ,l4 ,lectures on ,travel4 ,,/rack1 ,k4 ,ges*i*te ,des ,deuts*5 ,volkss*ulwes5s4 ,,symonds1 ,,john ,,add+ton4 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 ,t ,,taunton4 ,! ,engli% ,black ,monks ( ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,,taylor1 ,,bay>d4 ,hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,,?alheim]1 ,m4 ,e4 ,m$iaeval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,,timay5is1 ,t4 ,t4 ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7#b ,vols474 ,u ,,uf]1 ,c4 ,introduction ,to ! ,p$agogy ( ,h]b>t4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,commission] ,,( ,,education ,,reports4 ,v ,,van ,,liew1 ,c4 ,c4 ,life ( ,h]b>t & ,developm5t ( ,8 ,p$agogical ,doctr9es4 ,,vogel1 ,,augu/4 ,ges*i*te ,d] ,pa$agogik ,als ,wiss5s*aft4 ,w ,,walk]1 ,,john ,,brisb54 ,! ,build+ ( an ,empire4 7,cosmopolitan1 ,feb4-,sept41 #ahii47 ,,w>n]1 ,,*>les ,,dudley4 ,libr>y ( ! ,_w's ,be/ ,lit]ature4 ,,watson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,qu9tilian's ,in/itutes ( ,oratory2 ,or1 ,education ,( ,an ,orator4 ,,weig]t1 ,,max4 ,die ,volkss*ule 9 ,frankrei*4 ,,weir1 ,,samuel4 ,key ,to ,r\sseau's ,emile4 ,,wells1 ,c4 ,l4 ,! ,age ( ,*>lemagne4 ,,we/1 ,,&rew ,f4 ,alcu9 & ! ,rise ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,,:ite1 ,,rev4 ,,james4 ,! ,eighte5 ,*ri/ian ,c5turies4 ,,wilk9s1 ,a4 ,s4 ,national ,education 9 ,greece 9 ! ,f\r? ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ,,wilk9son1 ,,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 7#c ,vols474 ,,williams1 ,,samuel ,g4 ! ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,education4 ,,willmann1 ,,otto4 ,h]b>t's ,pa$agogis*e ,s*rift5 7#b ,vols474 ,,w9%ip1 ,,alb]t ,e4 ,horace ,mann1 ,educator4 ,y ,,yonge1 ,c4 ,d4 ,?ree ,c5turies ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,z ,,z\bek1 ,,fr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,com5ius4 ,grosse ,unt]ri*tslehre4 ,,index ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 d] ,ans*auung1 ,h]b>t's1 #bha4 ,abel>d at ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 #ada4 ,b5$ict9e tea*]1 #aah4 lead] ( s*ola/icism1 #abb4 ,academies1 9 ,fr5* s*ool adm9i/ration1 #bif1 #big4 ,agricola1 ,johannes1 s*ool c\rse (1 #agf n4 ,agricola1 ,rudolphus1 fa!r ( ,g]man humanism1 #aec1 #aeh4 lectures (1 #aeh4 ,ahriman1 pr9ciple ( d>kness 9 ,p]sian religion1 #ci4 ,albig5ses1 re=m]s 9 ,france1 #afe4 ,alcohol1 ,arabians discov]1 #ade4 ,alcu9 ( ,engl&1 ,b5$ict9e tea*]1 #aah4 tea*] ( ,*>lemagne1 #abg4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 pupil ( ,ari/otle1 #fe4 ,alex&ria1 cate*etical s*ool at1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,museum (1 #ej4 ,s>ac5ic s*ool at1 #adj4 s*ool ( rabbis at1 #dd4 seat ( philosophy1 #ajg4 ,alex&rian libr>y fo/]$ by ! ,ptolemies1 #ej4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 becomes k+1 #acj4 "* & hi/ory (1 #acj4 education (1 #aca4 enc\rages education ( high] classes1 #cjb4 e/abli%es mona/]ies1 #aca4 f\nds ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 #aca4 influ5ce on ,engli% education1 #aca4 lit]>y "w (1 #aca4 /atesman%ip (1 #acj4 ,algebra1 mod]n =m (1 #ade4 ,allgeme9e ,pa$agogik1 ,h]b>t's1 #bha4 ,ambrose1 ,/41 bi%op ( ,milan1 #aad4 ,am]ica1 discov]y (1 #afe4 ,am]ican ,revolution1 e/abli%es pr9ciple ( self-gov]nm5t1 #bci4 ,analects ( ,confucius1 #bh4 ,analytical me?od ( ,ari/otle1 #fg4 ,anatomy1 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bai4 ,annual ,reports1 ,horace ,mann's1 #bhf4 ( ,bureau ( ,education1 #caj4 ,anselm1 f\nd] ( s*ola/icism1 #abb4 ,antio*1 cate*etical s*ool at1 #ajg4 ,antio* ,college1 ,horace ,mann presid5t (1 #bhh4 ,apo/les1 active 9 education1 #aja4 ,apo/les' ,cre$1 taught dur+ ,*>lemagne's reign1 #abh4 ,apo/olic ,con/itution quot$1 #aac4 ,appr5tice s*ools1 9 ,france1 #bii4 ,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 ,b5$ict9e tea*]1 #aah4 lead] ( s*ola/icism1 #abb4 ,arabians1 s]vices to education1 #ade4 ,ar*itecture1 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bai4 ,ari/otle1 analytical me?od (1 #fg4 ,a!nian philosoph]1 #ef4 call$ ! ,/agirite1 #fe4 p$agogy (1 outl9$1 #ff1 #fg4 pupil ( ,plato1 #fe4 tea*] ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 #fe4 ,ari?metic1 9 ,*>lemagne's reign1 #abh4 9 ,*9ese s*ools1 #bd4 9 ,india1 #cb1 #cc4 9 ,jewi% education1 #dc4 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bai4 9 mona/ic education1 #aai4 9 ,roman s*ools1 #gh4 ,arrondissem5ts1 9 ,fr5* s*ool sy/em1 #big4 ,art1 9 ,a!ns1 #ef4 9 ,egypt1 #dg4 ,arts1 sev5 lib]al1 #aah1 #abg4 ,aryans1 9 ,greece1 #ec4 9 ,india1 #cj4 9 ,p]sia1 #cf4 ,asceticism1 influ5ce on civilization1 #aaf4 ,as*am1 ,rog]1 ,engli% educator1 #aij4 me?od (1 #aia4 ,s*olema/]1 #aij4 tutor to ,elizabe?1 #aij4 ,assi/ant tea*]s1 #cjg4 ,a/rology1 applications (1 #abj4 ,a/ronomy1 applications (1 #abj4 ,arabians' s]vices to1 #ade4 ,cop]nican sy/em1 #adh4 ,a/ronomy taught 9 ,egypt1 #ej4 taught 9 ,mohamm$an s*ools1 #ade4 taught to ,jews1 #dc4 ,a!nian education1 criticism (1 #ei4 ,a!nian educators1 #fa-fg4 ,ari/otle1 #fe-fg4 ,plato1 #fc-fe4 ,socrates1 #fa1 #fb4 ,a!ns1 #ef-fj4 ae/hetic education 91 #eh1 #ei4 ,ari/otle f\nds ,lyceum at1 #ff4 art & lit]ature 91 #ed4 c5t] ( le>n+1 #ge4 contra/$ ) ,sp>ta1 #ef4 criticism ( education 91 #ei4 democratic gov]nm5t 91 #eg4 hi/ory (1 #ef4 home 91 #eg4 laws ( ,solon1 #eg4 ,p]icles1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 #ef4 philosoph]s f1 at ,museum ( ,alex&ria1 #ej1 #ea4 play important factor 9 *ild life1 #eg4 ,romans /udy at1 #gd4 /udy ( poets1 #eg1 #ei4 tra9+ ( *ildr51 #eg4 woman's /atus 91 #eh1 #ij4 ,att5dance1 compulsory1 9 ,engli% s*ools1 #cjf4 9 ,fr5* s*ools1 #big1 #bih4 9 ,g]man s*ools1 #bia1 #bib4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates s*ools1 #cab4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 ,city ( ,god1 ,confessions1 #aad4 conv]sion (1 #aad4 influ5ce (1 #ah1 #aae4 life (1 #aad4 p$agogy1 #aae4 s]vices to education1 #aja4 works (1 us$ 9 mona/]ies1 #aai4 ,augu/us1 age (1 #gd1 #ge4 ,az>ias1 ,bro!r1 on ,la ,salle1 #bbh4 on ! ,simultane\s ,me?od1 #bbg4 ,babylon1 ,s>ac5ic s*ool at1 #adj4 s*ool ( rabbis at1 #dd4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 "* (1 #bjf4 ,com5ius applies pr9ciples (1 #bad4 degradation (1 #bjg4 ,inductive ,me?od introduc$1 #bjg1 #bjh4 influ5ce (1 #ah4 life (1 #bje4 ,montaigne's influ5ce on1 #aie4 new era 9 education1 #bji4 ,novum ,organum1 #bjg4 object tea*+ (1 #ahi4 on ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahf1 #ahg4 p$agogy (1 #bjh1 #bji4 political advancem5t (1 #bjf4 re=ms (1 #bjd4 ,bagdad1 caliphs fo/] education1 #ade4 ,s>ac5ic s*ool at1 #adj4 ,b>rett1 influ5ces ,horace ,mann1 #bhe4 ,bas$[1 ,elem5t>y ,book 7,elem5t>bu*71 #bea4 failure (1 #bed4 life (1 #bej4 me?ods ( tea*+1 #bej4 p$agogy (1 #bec1 #bee1 #bef4 ,philan?rop9 e/abli%$1 #bea1 #beb4 pr(essor at ,soroee1 #bea4 writ+s (1 #bee4 ,basel1 c5t] ( pr9t+ indu/ry1 #afb4 ,basil ! ,great1 life (1 #ajf4 p$agogy (1 #ajf4 s]vices to education1 #aja4 ,beautify+ ( s*oolrooms1 #aig1 #aih4 ,bell1 ,&rew1 f\nds ,national ,s*ools1 #cje4 ,monitorial sy/em (1 #cjg4 ,belles-,lettres1 9 ,*9ese education1 #be4 ,b5$ict1 ,/41 pr9ciples (1 #aag4 ,b5$ict9es1 gr[? (1 #aag4 pr9ciples (1 #aag4 s*ools f\nd$ by1 #aah4 tea*]s1 #aah4 ,b]l9 ,conf]5ce1 #bcf n4 ,b]nsdorf1 ,dani% m9i/] ( education1 #bea4 ,besant1 ,walt]1 on ,rabelais1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie4 ,bible1 only lit]ature ( e>ly ,*ri/ians1 #ie4 /udy (1 #aec4 translat$ by ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #aca4 translat$ into ,g]man1 #afh4 ,biographies ( educators1 #ah4 ,blank5burg1 ,froebel's s*ool at1 #bgf4 ,blunts*li1 advice to ,pe/alozzi1 #bfj4 ,bo>d ( ,education 9 ,unit$ ,/ates s*ool sy/em1 #caj1 #caa4 ,bo>d s*ools1 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 #cje4 ,boatman1 ?ird ca/e 9 ,egypt1 #dh4 ,boccaccio1 humani/ic lead] ( ,italy1 #aee1 #aeg4 influ5ces (1 #aea4 ,body1 c>e (1 #bba1 #bcj4 ,bologna1 univ]sity e/abli%$ at1 #abd4 ,boniface1 ( ,g]many1 ,b5$ict9e tea*]1 #aah4 ,book ( ,me?od1 ,bas$['s1 #bee4 ,books1 s*ool1 adoption (1 #bij4 ,b\illon1 ,godfrey (1 leads fir/ crusade1 #acg4 ,brahma1 ,h9du wor%ip (1 #cc4 ,brahmanism1 ,buddha seeks to ov]?r[1 #ce4 ,brahmans1 highe/ ca/e 9 ,india1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd4 m>riage (1 #cb4 ,bro!rhood ( man1 value ( pr9ciple1 #ia4 ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 ,la ,salle organizes1 #bbg4 ,br[n ,univ]sity1 ,horace ,mann at1 #bhe4 ,br[n+1 on ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bbj4 ,buddha1 religion & _s (1 #ce4 ,buddhism1 9 ,*9a1 #ba1 #bb1 #bg4 9 ,india1 #ca4 religion bas$ on moral acts1 #ce4 ,budd+ ,intellect1 ,*9ese degree1 #bf4 ,bulf9*1 on ,*>lemagne1 #abf4 ,bureau ( ,education1 ,u4 ,s41 #cji4 ,burgdorf1 ,froebel at1 #bge4 ,pe/alozzi tea*es at1 #bff4 ,burgundy1 ,duke (1 taught by ,f5elon1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,ca51 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,cahors1 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,calculat+ bo>ds1 9 ,a!ns1 #ei4 ,caliphs1 fo/] education1 #ade4 ,cambray1 ,bi%op (1 aids ,erasmus1 #afa4 ,cambridge1 ,univ]sity (1 #ada4 ,campe1 lead] ( ,philan?rop91 #bed4 ,cant]bury1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 ,cantons1 9 ,fr5* s*ool sy/em1 #big4 ,ca/e sy/em1 9 ,egypt1 #dg-di4 9 ,india1 #cj1 #cb4 ,cate*etical s*ools1 #ajg1 #ajh4 decay (1 #aaj4 ,cate*um5 s*ools1 #ajd4 ,ca!dral s*ools1 #aci n4 ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,see ,*ur*4 ,cavali]s1 /ruggle ) ,r\ndheads1 #bjj4 ,cele/ial ,empire1 civilization (1 #bj4 ,ceylon1 ,buddhism 91 #ce4 ,*>ity s*ools1 9 ,*9a1 #bc4 ,*>lemagne1 education (1 #acc4 enc\rages education1 #abg1 #abh4 hi/ory1 "*1 purpose (1 #abe1 #abf4 influ5ce (1 #ah4 ,s*ool ( ,palace e/abli%$1 #abg4 summ>y ( "w (1 #abh1 #abi4 ,*>les ,v41 ( ,spa91 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 #afe1 #aff4 ,*emi/ry1 taught 9 ,mohamm$an s*ools1 #ade4 ,*ild /udy1 #cai4 ,*ildr51 a sacr$ tru/1 #ia4 home tra9+ ( e>ly ,*ri/ians1 #id4 among ,jews1 #da1 #db4 9 ,a!ns1 #eg4 9 ,egypt1 #di4 ,*ildr51 9 ,india1 #cb4 9 ,p]sia1 #cg4 9 ,rome1 #gf1 #gg4 9 ,sp>ta1 #fi4 weak1 ca/ out 9 ,sp>ta1 #fi1 #gc4 ,*9a1 #bj-bh4 belief 9 transmigration ( s\ls1 #bb4 civilization ( #bj4 classics (1 #be4 ,confucius1 #ah1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh4 cons]vative "* (1 #ba4 criticism ( education1 #bg4 degrees 91 #be1 #bf4 elem5t>y s*ools 91 #bc1 #be4 exam9ations 91 #bf4 geography & hi/ory (1 #bj1 #ba4 gov]nm5t & language 91 #ba4 high] education 91 #be4 home 91 #bb4 lack ( toys1 #bc4 motive = education1 #eb4 relation ( p>5ts & *ildr51 #bb1 #bc4 religion 91 #ba4 sci5ce & inv5tions 91 #bf4 treatm5t ( wom5 91 #bb4 ,*ri/1 disciples (1 #ib1 #ic4 influ5ce (1 #if1 #ig4 life & "* (1 #if1 #ig4 me?ods (1 #ig1 #ih4 nature /udy (1 #ii4 pr9ciples (1 #ij1 #ia4 tea*]1 #ig-ajj4 tru? prea*$ by1 #ii4 type ( p]fect manhood1 #af4 value ( tea*+s (1 #hi1 #ie4 ,*ri/ian education1 #hi-cad4 aim (1 #ia4 ,alfr$ ! ,great's influ5ce1 #acj1 #aca4 ,basil ! ,great1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,b5$ict9es1 #aag1 #aah4 cate*etical s*ools1 #ajg4 cate*um5 s*ools1 #ajd4 ,*>lemagne1 #abe-abi4 ,*ryso/om1 #aje1 #ajf4 *ur* connection )1 #aja4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #aji4 conflict ) pagan education1 #aaa-aae4 crusades1 #ajb1 #acf-ach4 difficulties 9 e/abli%m5t (1 #ie4 feudal education1 #acb-ace4 fir/ ,*ri/ian s*ools1 #ajd1 #aje4 g5]al view (1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajc4 importance ( individual1 #ia4 lessons & pr9ciples (1 #ij1 #ia4 mona/ic education1 #ajb1 #aaf-abj4 ,orig51 #aaj4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 #aad1 #aae4 s*ola/icism1 #aba-abd4 sev5 lib]al arts1 #aai1 #abj4 ,*ri/ian education1 sl[ gr[? 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(1 #hb4 education (1 #ha4 life (1 #ha4 p$agogy (1 #hc4 ,philippics (1 #hb4 ,roman consul1 #hb4 s]vices to education1 #hc4 works (1 /udi$ 9 mona/ic education1 #aai4 ,citiz5s 9 ,sp>ta1 #fh4 ,city ( ,god1 ,/4 ,augu/9e's1 #aad4 ,classic languages1 ,humani/s revive /udy1 #adi4 9 ,trotz5dorf's p$agogy1 #agh4 new int]e/ 91 #adi1 #aej4 ,classic lit]ature1 revival ( /udy (1 #aee-aeg4 ,t]tullian excludes1 #aac4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 p$agogy1 #aji4 pupil ( ,panta5us1 #aji4 tea*]1 #aji4 ,cl]mont1 ,jesuit college (1 #ahc4 ,climate a factor 9 education1 #af4 ,cloi/] s*ools e/abli%$1 #aah4 ,clo?+ ( *ildr51 ,locke's rules reg>d+1 #bba4 ,co$ucation1 9 ,france1 #bih4 9 ,g]man villages1 #bib4 9 ,sp>ta1 #ga4 ,colleges1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates s*ool sy/em1 #cab1 #cac4 ,colloquies1 ,erasmus's1 #afb4 ,cologne1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 univ]sity (1 #ada4 ,com5ius1 ,johann ,amos1 bani%$1 #bab4 ,didactica ,magna1 #bac4 education (1 #baa1 #bab4 educational works (1 #bad4 honors be/[$ on1 #bac4 influ5ce (1 #ah4 influ5ce ( ,bacon on1 #bad4 ,lat9 ,bohemian diction>y (1 #bac4 memb] ( ,moravian ,bre?r51 #baa4 object tea*+ (1 #ahi4 ,pe/alozzi applies pr9ciples (1 #bfi4 re=ms (1 #bjd4 settles 9 ,pol&1 #bac4 summ>y ( 8 "w1 #bae4 trials (1 #bab4 ,comm&m5ts1 ,t51 olde/ writ+ among ,israelites1 #dd4 ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education1 9 ,engl&1 #cje4 ,common s*ools1 importance (1 #bhg4 9 ,g]many1 #bib4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caj4 ,commonweal?1 e/abli%$1 #bjj4 ,communes1 9 ,fr5* education1 #cjj4 ,compass1 inv5tion (1 #adh4 ,compayre1 on ,com5ius1 #bad4 on ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahe1 #ahg4 on ,jesuits & ,jans5i/s1 #ahi4 on ,la ,salle1 #bbh4 on ,locke1 #bba4 on ,montaigne's p$agogy1 #aih4 on ,rabelais's ,g>gantua1 #aid1 #aie4 on ,r\sseau1 #bdb1 #bdf4 on ! ,re=mation1 #aff1 #afg4 on ! ,r5aissance1 #aba4 ,composition1 9 ,*9ese education1 #be4 ,compulsory education1 among ,jews1 #db4 ,*>lemagne introduces1 #abh4 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 9 ,france1 #big1 #bih4 9 ,g]many1 #agj1 #aha1 #bjc1 #bia4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 ,lu!r insi/s on1 #agd4 ,plato's s*eme (1 #fe4 ,conduct ( ,s*ools1 ,la ,salle's1 #bbh4 ,confessions1 ,r\sseau's1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,confessions1 ,/4 ,augu/9e's1 #aad4 ,confucius1 alt> to1 9 ,*9ese s*oolrooms1 #bd4 ,confucius1 analects (1 #bh4 influ5ce (1 #ah1 #bg4 ,conrad ,,iii41 ( ,g]many1 leads second crusade1 #acg4 ,con/ance1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 ,cont9uation s*ools1 9 ,g]many1 #bib4 ,cop5hag51 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,cop]nicus1 a/ronomical discov]ies (1 #adh1 #bjb4 ,cordova1 caliphs (1 fo/] education1 #ade4 ,s>ac5ic s*ool at1 #adj4 ,corporal puni%m5t1 among ,jews1 #dc4 ,basil ! ,great on1 #ajf4 ,cic]o's views reg>d+1 #hc4 9 ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahf4 ,qu9tilian's views reg>d+1 #hg4 ,c\ncil1 ,educational1 gov]ns ,fr5* dep>tem5ts1 #big4 ,c\nt]-,re=mation1 #ahb4 ,c\nty1 s*ool adm9i/ration (1 #caj4 ,cram]1 on ! crusades1 #ach4 ,criticism1 ( ,a!nian education1 #ei4 ( ,*9ese education1 #bg4 ( ,egyptian education1 #ea4 ( ,feudal education1 #ace4 ( ,h9du education1 #cd1 #ce4 ( ,jesuit education1 #ahh4 ( ,jewi% education1 #dd1 #ahf4 ( ,p]sian education1 #ch4 ( ,roman education1 #hj4 ( ,sp>tan education1 #ga4 ,cromwell1 ,commonweal? 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#ade4 9 ,a!ns1 #eh4 9 ,*9a1 #bc4 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 9 ,france1 #bih1 #bii4 9 ,g]many1 #aib4 9 ,india1 #cb-cd4 ,elem5t>y education 9 ,rome1 #gg4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 neglect$ by ,jesuits1 #ahd1 #ahg4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 taught by ,rog] ,as*am1 #aij1 #aib4 ,em]son1 on ! ,middle ,ages1 #adg4 ,emile1 ,r\sseau's1 #bdc-bdi4 ,emulation1 z inc5tive 9 ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,eng9e]+1 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 #dg-ej4 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bai4 ,engl&1 adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 #cje4 att5dance 9 s*ools1 #cjf4 educational ent]prise 91 #cjh4 s*ool sy/em (1 #cjc-cjh4 support ( s*ools 91 #cjg4 tea*]s 91 #cjg1 #cjh4 ,engli% rule 9 ,india1 #ca4 ,environm5t1 a factor 9 education1 #af1 #ag4 ,erasmus1 ,colloquies1 #afb4 comp>$ ) ,lu!r1 #afb4 humani/ic lead]1 #aec4 life (1 #afa4 lit]>y au?ority ( _w1 #afb4 on ,agricola1 #aeh4 on ,melan*?on1 #aga4 p$agogy (1 #afb1 #afc4 ,praise ( ,folly1 #afb4 /udies (1 #afa4 translation ( ,greek te/am5t1 #afb4 ,erfurt1 ,francke prea*] at1 #bcc4 univ]sity (1 #ada4 ,erig5a1 lead] ( s*ola/icism1 #abb4 pr9ciples (1 #abb4 ,ern/ ( ,go?a1 ,duke1 s*ool law (1 #bjc4 ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,locke's1 #bba4 ,essays1 ,montaigne's1 #aih4 ,essex1 b5efactor ( ,bacon1 #bjf4 ,eton1 college at1 #agd1 #cjf4 ,euclid1 us$ 9 mona/ic education1 #aai4 ,eudemon1 page 9 ,rabelais's ,g>gantua1 #aid4 ,ev5+ ,h\rs ( a ,h]mit1 ,pe/alozzi's1 #bfc4 ,exam9ations 9 ,a!ns1 #eh4 9 ,*9a1 #be1 #bf4 ,ex]cise1 ,locke's rules reg>d+1 #bba4 ,fables1 ,f5elon's1 #bbe4 ,factory laws1 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 ,family1 ! f\ndation ( education1 #ag4 ,see ,home4 ,f>m]s1 ca/e 9 ,india1 #cj4 education (1 #cd4 ?ird ca/e 9 ,egypt1 #dh4 ,fa!rs ( *ur*1 oppos$ to pagan lit]ature1 #aac4 ,fauri]1 ,pet]1 #bbg4 ,fe>1 motive = /udy 9 ,*9a1 #bd1 #bg4 ,f5elon1 comp>$ ) ,s5eca1 #bbe1 #bbf4 education (1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,education ( ,girls1 #bbd4 head ( conv5t ( new ,ca?olics1 #bbd4 p$agogy (1 #bbf1 #bbg4 preceptor ( gr&son ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 #bbd4 prie/1 #bbd4 re=ms (1 #bjd4 works (1 #bbe4 ,feudal b>ons1 influ5ce (1 #acc4 ,feudal education1 #acb-ace4 criticism (1 #ace4 ,feudalism1 crusades break p[] (1 #ach4 def9$1 #acb4 ,fi*te1 ,h]b>t /ud5t (1 #bgi4 ,f9ances1 s*ool1 #bij4 ,fit = ,(fice1 ,*9ese degree1 #bf4 ,food ( *ildr51 ,locke's rules reg>d+1 #bba4 ,=e/ ( ,p5cils1 ,*9ese degree1 #bf4 ,=malism 9 in/ruction1 #aid4 ,=sy?1 on ,cic]o1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc4 ,france1 adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 #bif1 #big4 att5dance 9 s*ools1 #big4 "m s*ools 91 #bih4 normal s*ools 91 #big4 s*ool sy/em1 #bif4 support ( s*ools1 #bii1 #cjj4 tea*]s1 #cjj1 #cjb4 ,francis ,i41 ( ,france1 #afe4 ,francke1 ,augu/ ,h]mann1 call$ to ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 #bcc4 education (1 #bcb4 f\nds orphan asylum at ,halle1 #bcd4 ,in/itutions at ,halle1 #bcd1 #bce4 organizes tea*]s' class at ,halle1 #bbh4 ,privat ,doc5t at ,leipsic1 #bcb4 ,real-s*ool1 #bcf4 tra9+ ( tea*]s1 #bce4 "w among poor1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 ,froebel tea*es 91 #bgc4 ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa ( ,g]many1 leads ?ird crusade1 #acg4 ,fr$]ick ,i41 recognizes univ]sity at ,bologna1 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sacrifices ( ,baebeli1 #beg4 ,pe/alozzi f\nds s*ool )1 #bfg4 ,la ,salle1 ,conduct ( ,s*ools1 #bbh4 organizes ,bro!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*ools1 #bbg4 s]vices to education1 #bbh4 simultane\s me?od introduc$1 #bbg4 ,labor]s1 ?ird ca/e 9 ,egypt1 #di4 ,lanca/]1 ,joseph1 e/abli%es ,bo>d ,s*ools1 #cjg4 monitorial sy/em (1 #cjg4 ,l& grants1 = educational purposes1 #caj4 ,lang1 on ,bas$['s ,book ( ,me?od1 #bee4 ,lange?al1 ,he9ri*1 jo9s ,froebel1 #bge4 ,language1 ,as*am's me?od = /udy (1 #aia4 classic1 see ,lat91 ,greek1 classic languages1 d\ble translation 9 tea*+1 #aii4 9 p$agogy ( ,innovators1 #bjd4 mod]n conv]sational me?od1 #aig-aii4 taught 9 ,egypt1 #ej4 taught 9 ,roman s*ools1 #gh4 ,lat91 9 ,locke's sy/em ( education1 #bbb4 9 ,melan*?on's c\rse1 #agc4 9 ,milton's p$agogy1 #bai4 9 p$agogy ( ,innovators1 #bjd4 9 ,/urm's s*ool c\rse1 #agf4 9 ,trotz5dorf's s*ool c\rse1 #ahh4 revival ( /udy1 #aea1 #aec4 ,lat9 ,k+dom1 e/abli%$ at ,j]usalem1 #acg4 ,lat9 ,s*ools1 ,/rasburg ,gymnasium ! model =1 #agf4 ,lat9 text-books1 ,ne&]'s1 #ahj4 ,lat9i1 ,brunetto1 tea*] ( ,dante1 #aee4 ,launcelot1 lead] ( ,port ,royali/s1 #ahh4 ,laurie1 ,s4 ,s41 quot$1 #ajg1 #aci1 #adj4 ,law1 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bbj4 /udi$ 9 ,egypt1 #dg4 taught 9 ,gymnasia1 #bic4 taught 9 s*ools ( prophets & rabbis1 #dd4 ,leibnitz1 on ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahg4 ,leipsic1 ,univ]sity (1 #ada4 ,leon>d & ,g]trude1 ,pe/alozzi's1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,leopold ( ,dessau1 e/abli%es ! 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,great e/abli%es1 #aca4 b5efits to civilization by1 #abj4 c5t] ( educational activity1 #adf4 c5t] ( religi\s int]e/1 #abj4 p[] (1 #aaf4 s]vices to education1 #ajb4 suppress sci5tific discov]ies1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,mona/ic education1 #aaf-abj4 ,monitorial ,sy/em1 def9$1 #cjg4 ,montaigne1 education (1 #aif4 ,essays1 #aig4 influ5ce on ,locke1 #bbc4 p$agogy (1 #aie1 #aig1 #aih4 ,montani/s1 tea*+s (1 #aac4 ,monte ,cass9o1 mona/]y at1 #aag1 #aah4 ,moravian ,bre?r51 ,com5ius memb] (1 #baa1 #bac4 ,moravian ,s*ool1 ,com5ius tea*] (1 #bab4 ,moses f\nd] ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 #dd4 ,moslemism4 ,see ,mohamm$anism4 ,"m-s*ool 7ecole mat]nelle7 9 ,france1 #bih4 ,motive ( education1 among ,jews1 #eb4 9 ,a!ns1 #ei4 9 ,*9a1 #bg1 #eb4 9 ,egypt1 #eb4 9 ,india1 #cd1 #eb4 9 ,p]sia1 #ch1 #eb4 9 ,rome1 #hj4 9 ,sp>ta1 #fi1 #ga4 ,music1 cultivation (1 among ,jews1 #db4 dur+ ,*>lemagne's reign1 #abh4 9 ,a!ns1 #eh1 #ei4 9 ,egypt1 #ej4 9 mona/ic education1 #aai4 9 ,sp>ta1 #ga4 9 ,/urm's s*ool c\rse1 #agf4 ,nantes1 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,napoleon1 quot$1 #ig4 ,national ,bureau ( ,education1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cji1 #caj4 ,national ,h]b>t ,society 9 ,am]ica1 #bhb4 ,national ,s*ools1 ,&rew ,bell e/abli%es1 #cje4 ,nature /udy1 ,*ri/ advocates1 #ii4 inductive me?ods lead to1 #bjh4 ,navigation1 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bai4 ,ne&]1 ,mi*ael1 tea*] at ,ilfeld1 #agi4 text-books (1 #ahj4 ,n]o1 pupil ( ,s5eca1 #hd4 ,neuh(1 ,pe/alozzi's exp]im5t at1 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,nicole1 lead] ( ,port ,royali/s1 #ahh4 ,nile1 importance to ,egypt1 #df4 ,nile1 inundations enc\rage ma!matical /udy1 #ej4 ,n9ete5? c5tury education1 g5]al view1 #bcg-bdj4 ,see also ,mod]n ,educators & ,s*ool ,sy/ems4 ,nisibis1 cate*etical s*ool at1 #ajg4 ,nitric acid discov]$1 #ade4 ,normal s*ools1 9 ,france1 #big1 #cjj1 #cja4 9 ,g]many1 #bij1 #bid4 9 ,massa*usetts1 #bhg4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cad4 ,la ,salle e/abli%es fir/1 #bbh4 tea*]s appo9t$ 91 #bij4 ,novum ,organum1 ,bacon's1 #bjg4 ,ob$i5ce1 c>d9al ,*9ese virtue1 #bc4 ,object tea*+1 beg9n+ (1 #bff4 ( ,jans5i/s1 #ahi4 ,pe/alozzi's1 #bgj4 ,occam1 lead] ( s*ola/icism1 #abb4 ,occupation1 a factor 9 education1 #af4 ,odessa1 cate*etical s*ool at1 #ajg4 fir/ ,*ri/ian common s*ool at1 #aje4 ,olympia1 ,holy ,l& ( ,greece1 #ee4 ,olympiad1 basis = comput+ "t1 #ee4 ,olympian games1 influ5ce & "* (1 #ed1 #ee4 ,orations ( ,cic]o1 #hb1 #hc4 ,oratory1 ideal ( education 9 ,rome1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj4 ,qu9tilian's views reg>d+1 #hg4 ,orbis ,pictus1 ,com5ius's fir/ illu/rat$ text-book1 #bad1 #bae4 ,ord] ( ,jesus4 ,see ,jesuits4 ,ori5tal civilization1 basis (1 #hi4 ,ori5tal education1 aim (1 #ia4 summ>y (1 #ea1 #eb4 ,orig51 "* (1 #aaj4 education (1 #aaj4 p$agogy (1 #aaj4 s]vice to education1 #aja4 ,orleans1 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,ormuzd1 pr9ciple ( light 9 ,p]sian religion1 #ci4 ,orphan asylum1 at ,halle1 f\nd$1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,ox=d1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 ,locke tutor at1 #bba4 ,univ]sity (1 #aca1 #ada4 ,pagan education1 conflict ) ,*ri/ian1 #aaa-aae4 ,pagan lit]ature1 opposition to1 #id1 #aac1 #aae1 #abj4 ,panta5us1 e/abli%es cate*etical s*ool1 #ajg4 ,pantagruel1 ,rabelais's1 #aic4 ,pap]1 inv5t$1 #adh4 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,milton's1 #bag4 ,p>is1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 univ]sity at1 #abd1 #adj1 #ada4 ,p>k]1 ,colonel1 on ,horace ,mann1 #bhd1 #bhf4 ,p>liam5t>y grants = s*ool exp5ses1 #cjf4 ,p>o*ial s*ools1 #aci n4 ,pascal1 lead] ( ,port ,royali/s1 #ahh4 ,pa/or1 sup]9t5d5t ( ,g]man s*ools1 #aha4 ,paul1 s]vices to education1 #ajb4 ,paul ,,iii41 ,pope1 recognizes ,jesuits1 #ahc4 ,pauls51 on ,john ,/urm1 #age1 #agf1 #agg4 on ,ne&]'s text-books1 #ahj4 ,p$agogium1 e/abli%$ by ,francke1 #bcd1 #bcf4 ,p$agogue1 duty (1 9 ,a!ns1 #ef1 #eh4 9 ,rome1 #gg4 ,p$agogy1 beg9s ) hi/ory ( education1 #ae4 elevat$ to dignity ( a sci5ce1 #bhb4 ( ,agricola1 #aeh4 ( ,alfr$ ! 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( ,*ri/1 #gd4 criticism ( education1 #hj4 education 91 #gg-gi4 educators (1 #ha-hh4 gov]nm5t 91 #ge4 home 91 #gf4 home tra9+ ( *ildr51 #gf1 #gg4 influ5ce ( ,greek culture on1 #gd4 oratory highe/ art 9 education1 #gg1 #hj4 p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 #id4 philosoph]s f1 visit ,museum ( ,alex&ria1 #ej1 #ea4 practical tra9+ ( *ildr51 #gi4 religion (1 #ge4 supremacy (1 #gd4 utility ! aim ( education1 #gi4 woman's /atus 91 #ij4 ,rosetta /one1 furni%es key to int]pretation ( hi]oglyphics1 #dg4 ,ro/ock1 ,univ]sity (1 #ada4 ,rote le>n+1 9 ,*9ese s*ools1 #bd4 ,r\51 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 ,r\ndheads1 /ruggles ) cavali]s1 #bjj4 ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,jacques1 ,emile1 #bdd-bdh4 influ5c$ by ,montaigne1 #aie1 #aif4 life (1 #bda1 #bdb4 on ,*ri/1 #ig4 on education ( wom51 #bdh4 p$agogy (1 #bdc4 ,r\sseau1 ,jean ,jacques1 ,pe/alozzi applies pr9ciples (1 #bfi1 #bgj4 s*eme ( education1 z outl9$ 9 ,emile1 #bdd-bdh4 works (1 #bdc4 ,rugby1 college1 f\nd$ at1 #agd1 #cjf4 ,russia1 s]fs fre$ 91 #bch4 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,see ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,/4 ,gall1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah1 #abj4 ,sa9t-,simon1 on ,f5elon1 #bbd4 ,salad91 captures ,j]usalem1 #acg4 ,sal>ies ( tea*]s1 9 ,engl&1 #cjh4 9 ,france1 #cjj1 #cjb4 9 ,g]many1 #bie4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cad4 ,sal]no1 univ]sity at1 #adj4 ,sallu/1 ,roman writ]1 #gd4 ,salzburg1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 ,salzmann1 lead] ( ,philan?rop91 #bed4 ,sanskrit1 language ( ,india1 #cj1 #cd4 ,s>ac5s1 conqu] ,holy ,l&1 #acf4 s*ools (1 #adj4 ,saxony ,s*ool ,plan1 pr9ciples (1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd1 #agg4 ,s*midt1 ,k>l1 on ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #acj4 on ,ari/otle1 #fg4 on corruption ( ! *ur*1 #aea4 on culture1 #dc4 on emancipation ( ! individual1 #eb4 on hi/ory ( humanity1 #ae1 #af4 on ,johann ,/urm1 #agg4 on ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,confessions1 #aad4 on s*ola/icism1 #abc4 on tea*+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 #ig1 #ajj4 on ! ,emile1 #bdi4 ,s*ola/icism1 b5efits (1 #abc1 #abd4 def9$1 #aba4 d[nfall (1 #abc4 ,s*olema/]1 ,rog] ,as*am's1 #aij4 ,s*ool att5dance1 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 9 ,france1 #big1 #bih4 9 ,g]many1 #bia1 #bib4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caa1 #cab4 ,s*ool bo>d1 9 ,engl&1 #cje4 9 ,france1 #bif4 9 ,g]many1 #bij1 #bia4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caj4 ,s*ool fund 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cji4 ,s*ool gov]nm5t1 ,trotz5dorf's re=ms 91 #agh1 #agi4 ,s*ool h\rs1 9 ,a!ns1 #eh1 #fj4 9 ,g]many1 #bib4 ,s*oolh\ses 9 ,india1 #cc4 public1 none 9 ,*9a1 #bc4 ,s*ool inspector1 9 ,g]man s*ools1 #bij4 ,s*oolma/]1 ,g]man1 position (1 #bie4 ,s*ool ( ! ,palace1 e/abli%$1 #abg4 ,s*ool p5ce1 exp5se ( ,engli% s*ools met by1 #cjg4 ,s*ool sy/em1 ,com5ius's organization (1 #bae4 ( ,engl&1 #cjd-cjh4 ( ,france1 #bif-cjc4 ( ,g]many1 #bhi-bie4 ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cji-cad4 ,s*ools1 appr5tice 9 ,france1 #bii4 cate*etical1 #ajg4 cate*um51 #ajd4 ca!dral1 #aci n4 *>ity1 9 ,*9a1 #bc4 *ur*1 #ajb1 #aha4 cloi/]1 #aah4 common1 #gh1 #hh1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aha1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bib1 #bic1 #bih1 #cac4 elem5t>y4 ,see ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many1 #ahj4 graduate1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 ,gymnasium1 9 ,g]many1 #bic4 high4 ,see ,high ,s*ools4 9 ,a!ns1 "u /ate inspection1 #eh1 #fj4 indu/rial1 = poor1 #bfb4 infant1 9 ,france1 #bih4 ,jesuit1 #ahc-ahh4 ,jewi%1 #db4 manual tra9+1 #bbb4 ,mohamm$an1 #ade1 #adf4 "m1 9 ,france1 #bih4 national1 9 ,engl&1 #cje4 normal4 ,see ,normal ,s*ools4 ( m9es1 9 ,france1 #bii4 ( ! prophets1 #dd4 ( ! rabbis1 #dd4 pagan1 aboli%$1 #aae4 p>o*ial1 #aci n4 prim>y1 9 ,france1 #bih1 #bii4 public4 ,see ,public ,s*ools4 ,real1 9 ,g]many1 #bcf1 #bic4 second>y1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 summ]1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 support (1 9 ,engl&1 #cjf1 #cjg4 support (1 9 ,france1 #bii1 #cjj4 support (1 9 ,g]many1 #bic4 support (1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 tea*]s' sal>ies 94 ,see ,tea*+4 te*nical1 9 ,france1 #bii4 und]graduate1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 volunt>y1 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 ,s*ul!ss1 ,anna1 m>ries ,pe/alozzi1 #bfa4 ,s*wegl]1 on numb]1 #gc4 on s*ola/icism1 #abb1 #abd4 ,s*wick]a?1 on ! s*ola/ics1 #abc4 on ,lu!r1 #ahc4 ,sci5ce1 among anci5t ,egyptians1 #dg4 in/rum5tal 9 civilization1 #bci4 mona/ic opposition to1 #aaf4 ,sci5ce1 natural1 ,ne&] favors /udy (1 #agi4 natural1 taught 9 ,egypt1 #dg1 #ej4 ( ,*9ese1 #bf4 ,rabelais gives fir/ rank to1 #aie4 ,sci5tific discov]ies1 results (1 #bci4 ,scriptures1 ,holy1 9 s*ools1 #bag4 ,second>y s*ools1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 ,secul> c\rses ( /udy e/abli%$1 #aah4 ,self-gov]nm5t ( /ud5ts1 ,trotz5dorf introduces1 #agh1 #agi4 ! pr9ciple e/abli%$1 #bci4 ,sem9>1 9 ,g]many1 #bha4 ,s5eca1 comp>$ ) ,f5elon1 #bbe1 #bbf4 education (1 #hd4 p$agogy (1 #he4 religi\s s5tim5t (1 #he4 suicide (1 #he4 tutor ( ,n]o1 #hd4 ,s5se-realism1 ,innovators advocate1 #bbd1 #bbi4 ,s]apis1 temple (1 libr>y 91 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,s]vants1 f\r? ca/e 9 ,india1 #cj4 m>riage (1 #cb4 ,sev5 lib]al arts1 #aah4 basis ( s*ool in/ruction1 #abg4 ,sev5te5? c5tury1 education dur+1 #bjj-bcf4 ,sev5? ,annual ,report ( ,horace ,mann1 #bhg4 ,%aftesbury1 ,e>l (1 fri5d%ip ) ,locke1 #bba4 ,%a/as1 comm5t>y on ,v$as1 #ca4 ,%rewsbury1 s*ool at1 #cjf4 ,siculus ,diodorus1 ,greek writ]1 #dg4 ,simultane\s me?od1 inaugurat$1 #bbg4 ,sixte5? c5tury1 education (1 #afd-aii4 ,slav]y1 abolition (1 #bch4 ,slaves1 9 ,a!ns1 #ef4 9 ,egypt1 #di4 9 ,rome1 #gg4 9 ,sp>ta1 #fh4 ,sleep ( *ildr51 ,locke's rules reg>d+1 #bba4 ,sobieski1 ,john1 *ecks ,mohamm$an advance1 #add4 ,social ,contract1 ,r\sseau's1 #bdc4 ,socrates1 ,a!nian philosoph]1 #ef4 dea? (1 #fb1 #fc4 dialectical me?ods (1 #fb4 doctr9es (1 #fb4 influ5ce (1 #ah4 life & home (1 #fa4 me?ods ( tea*+1 #fb4 p]sonal appe>ance (1 #fa4 religi\s belief (1 #fb4 ,solomon1 f\nd] ( ,hebrew lit]ature1 #dd4 ,solon1 ,a!nian lawgiv]1 #eg4 ,"s ,?\ghts ,conc]n+ ,education1 ,locke's1 #bba4 ,songs1 *ur*1 #ajg4 ,songs = ,"m & ,nurs]y1 ,froebel's1 #bgg4 ,sophi/s1 tea*]s ( gramm>1 #ei4 ,soroee1 ,bas$[ pr(essor at1 #bea4 ,sp>ta1 #fh-gc4 co$ucation 91 #ga4 contra/$ ) ,a!ns1 #ef4 criticism ( education1 #ga4 hi/ory (1 #fh4 home 91 #fi4 ,lycurgus1 #gb1 #gc4 m>tial tra9+ 91 #fi1 #gj1 #ga4 physical education 91 #af4 ,/ate control ( *ildr51 #fi1 #gj1 #gc4 /atus ( woman 91 #fi-ga4 tyranny1 ! _s (1 #ef4 ,sp>tan education1 criticism (1 #ga4 ,spell+1 phonic me?od introduc$1 #ahi4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on function ( education1 #bag4 ,sp5]1 ,philipp ,jakob1 orig9ator ( ,pietism1 #bca4 ,/agira1 ,ari/otle f\nds s*ool at1 #fe4 ,/anz1 ,pe/alozzi's s*ool at1 #bfd4 ,/ate1 assumes responsibility ( education 9 ,g]many1 #agd4 controls citiz5s 9 ,plato's s*eme ( education1 #fd4 controls education 9 ,p]sia1 #cg1 #ch4 controls education ( ,sp>tan *ildr51 #gj4 controls s*ools 9 ,a!ns1 #fj4 int]e/ (1 aim ( ori5tal education1 #ia4 sup]vises ,engli% s*ools1 #cjf4 supports s*ools 9 ,france1 #bih4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 duties (1 #caa4 e/abli%$1 #bhf4 ,/ate s*ool sy/em1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caj4 ,/ate support ( public in/ruction 9 ,am]ican s*ools1 #caj4 ,/ett91 fir/ ,prussian normal s*ool at1 #bbh4 ,/oy1 ,k>l ,volkm>1 e/abli%es practice s*ool at ,j5a1 #bha4 ,/rasburg ,gymnasium1 organization (1 #age1 #agf4 ,/urm1 rector (1 #age4 ,/udia inf]iora & sup]iora ( ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahe4 ,/urm1 ,johann1 education (1 #age4 influ5ce (1 #agg4 rector at ,/rasburg ,gymnasium1 #age1 #agf4 s*ool c\rse (1 #agf1 #agg4 ,sulphuric acid1 ,arabians discov]1 #ade4 ,summ] s*ool1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates s*ool sy/em1 #cac4 ,sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 duties (1 #caj1 #caa4 ,sup]/ition ( ,romans1 #gf4 ,support ( s*ools1 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 9 ,france1 #bii4 9 ,g]many1 #bic4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 ,sw9ton1 on antiquity ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 #dg4 on influ5ce ( ,egyptian prie/s1 #dh4 ,switz]l&1 ,h]b>t 91 #bgi4 k9d]g>t5 91 #bgf4 ,tali*1 ,h]mann1 s*ool c\rse (1 #agf n4 ,talmud1 extracts f1 #de1 #df4 influ5ce (1 #de4 on discipl9e ( *ildr51 #dc4 orig9 ( say+s 91 #dd4 ,tax = s*ools1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 ,taylor1 ,bay>d1 on ,*>les ,v41 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 #aff4 on ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 #bja4 ,tea*]s1 9 ,a!ns1 #eh1 #ei4 9 ,*9a1 #bc1 #bd4 9 ,egypt1 #di1 #ej4 9 ,engl&1 #bce1 #cjg4 9 ,france1 #cjj-cjb4 9 ,g]many1 #bij1 #bia1 #bic1 #bid4 9 ,india1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd4 9 ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahe4 9 ,jewi% s*ools1 #dc4 9 ,mohamm$an s*ools1 #adf4 9 ,p]sia1 #ch4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 pr(essional tra9+ (1 #afc1 #agj1 #ahh1 #bbh1 #bce1 #bhj1 #bid1 #cjg1 #cac4 sal>ies (1 #eh1 #ei1 #bhf1 #bie1 #cjj-cjb1 #cjh1 #cac4 t5ure ( (fice (1 #bid1 #cjb1 #cjg1 #cad4 ,tea*]'s ,in/itute1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates s*ool sy/em1 #cac4 ,te*nical s*ools1 9 ,france1 #bii4 ,telema*us1 ,f5elon's1 #bbe4 ,t5ure ( (fice ( tea*]s1 9 ,engl&1 #cjg4 9 ,france1 #cjb4 9 ,g]many1 #bid4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cad4 ,t]tullian1 bir? (1 #aab4 conv]sion (1 #aab4 f\nd] ( ,*ri/ian ,lat9 lit]ature1 #aac4 jo9s ,montani/s1 #aac4 ,te/am5t1 ,greek1 ,erasmus's translation1 #afb4 ,te/am5t1 ,old1 books (1 /imulat$ by prophets1 #dd4 ,teutonic nations1 lead]s 9 civilization1 #ajc1 #adi4 ,text-book1 fir/ illu/rat$1 #bae4 ,?ales1 fa!r ( philosophy1 #gc4 ,!bes1 in/itution = high] le>n+ at1 #ej4 ,!ocratic education1 ( ,jews1 #dj4 ,!ology1 9 ,gymnasium1 #bic4 9 ,jesuit s*ools1 #ahe4 9 s*ools ( rabbis1 #dd4 ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 #bja1 #bab4 ,toga virilis1 :5 assum$1 #gi4 ,t\l\se1 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,t\rs1 cloi/] s*ool at1 #aah4 ,t[n%ip sy/em ( education1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #caa4 ,toys1 lack (1 9 ,*9a1 #bc4 ( ,a!nian *ildr51 #eg4 ( ,p]sians1 #eg4 ( ,sp>tans1 #fi4 ,tractate on ,education1 ,milton's1 #bag1 #bah4 ,tradesm5's ca/es1 9 ,india1 #cj4 ,tradespeople1 ?ird ca/e 9 ,egypt1 #dh4 ,tra9+ s*ool1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cac4 ,translation1 d\ble1 = language /udy1 #aib4 ,transmigration ( s\ls1 ,*9ese belief 91 #bb4 ,tri]1 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,trigonometry1 9 ,milton's s*eme ( education1 #bai4 taught by ,mohamm$ans1 #ade4 ,trivium1 fir/ c\rse 9 sev5 lib]al arts1 #aah1 #aai4 ,trotz5dorf1 ,val5t9e1 discipl9e & me?ods (1 #agh4 life (1 #agh4 pupil ( ,melan*?on1 #agh4 rector at ,goldb]g1 #agh4 ,tueb+51 c5t] ( humani/ic movem5t1 #aec1 #aei4 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,twelve ,tables1 ( ,roman ,law1 #gf4 ,und]graduate s*ool1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab4 ,und]/&+1 developm5t (1 #ahi4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 #caj4 att5dance 9 s*ools1 #caa4 education 91 #cji-cad4 l& grants = education1 #cji1 #caj4 ,/ate sy/em1 #cji1 #caj4 support ( s*ools1 #cac4 tea*]s1 #cac1 #cad4 ,univ]sal education1 advocat$ by ,*>lemagne1 #abh1 #aca4 ,univ]sal education1 9 ,g]man s*ools1 #aca1 #agj4 ,univ]sal ,g]man ,educational ,in/itute1 at ,grie%eim1 #bge4 ,univ]sities1 e/abli%$ ?r\gh s*ola/ic influ5ce1 #abd4 9 ,engl&1 #cjf4 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab1 #cac4 prep>ation =1 9 ,g]many1 #bic4 privileges grant$ to1 #adb4 rise (1 #aci-adb4 s]vices (1 #adb4 ,/ate1 9 ,france1 #bii4 ,upsala1 univ]sity at1 #ada4 ,vasseur1 ,!rese le1 wife ( ,r\sseau1 #bdb4 ,v$a1 ,bible ( ,india1 #cj4 read+ lessons f1 #cc4 ,v]gil1 ,roman poet1 #gd4 ,vespasian1 honors ,qu9tilian1 #hf4 ,vi5na1 univ]sity e/abli%$ at1 #abd1 #ada4 ,vogel1 on errors ( ,emile1 #bdd4 ,volkss*ule 7common s*ool7 9 ,g]many1 #bib4 ,voltaire1 condemns ,jesuit education1 #ahg4 on ,f5elon1 #bbg4 ,volunt>y s*ools1 9 ,engl&1 #cje n41 #cjf4 ,von ,moltke1 quot$1 #bie4 ,wald5ses1 re=m]s 9 ,italy1 #afe4 ,w>1 prep>ation =1 *ief end ( education 9 ,p]sia1 #ch4 ,w>5s1 ,madame de1 befri5ds ,r\sseau1 #bdb4 ,w>riors1 education (1 #cd4 m>riage (1 #cb4 second ca/e 9 ,india1 #cj4 ,weigel1 ,erh>d1 f\nds ,real-s*ool1 #bcf4 ,weim>1 ,duke (1 law = compulsory education1 #bjc4 ,we/m9/]1 s*ool at1 #cjf4 ,williams1 ,pr(essor1 on ,com5ius's s]vices to p$agogy1 #bad4 on ,locke1 #bbc4 on ,ratke1 #bji4 on ,/urm's s*ool c\rse1 #agf1 #agg4 ,w9*e/]1 s*ool at1 #cjf4 ,w9%ip1 ,mr41 on ,mann's ,sev5? ,annual ,report1 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,witt5b]g1 c5t] ( humani/ic /udies1 #agb4 ,lu!r pr(essor at1 #afh4 ,wom51 education (1 among ,jews1 #da4 education (1 dur+ ,*>lemagne's reign1 #abh4 education (1 9 ,ari/otle's s*eme1 #fg4 education (1 9 ,a!ns1 #fj4 education (1 9 ,*9a1 #dg4 education (1 9 ,egypt1 #ej4 education (1 9 ,india1 #ce4 education (1 9 ,p]sia1 #ch4 education (1 9 ,rome1 #hj4 education (1 9 ,sp>ta1 #ga4 education (1 ,r\sseau's ideas (1 #bdh4 improvem5t 9 culture (1 #ij4 ,montaigne's contempt =1 #aih4 /atus (1 among ,jews1 #da1 #dd4 /atus (1 among ori5tal nations1 #ij4 /atus (1 9 ,a!ns1 #eh4 /atus (1 9 ,*9a1 #bb1 #bg4 /atus (1 9 ,egypt1 #di1 #ea4 /atus (1 9 ,india1 #ca1 #cb1 #ce4 /atus (1 9 ,p]sia1 #cg4 /atus (1 9 ,rome1 #gf4 /atus (1 9 ,sp>ta1 #fi1 #ga4 ,work+ s*ools1 ,locke urges e/abli%m5t (1 #bbb4 ,writ+1 dur+ ,*>lemagne's reign1 #abh4 9 ,a!ns1 #eh4 9 ,*9ese s*ools1 #bd4 9 ,egypt1 #ej4 9 ,india1 #cb1 #cc4 9 ,jewi% s*ools1 #dc4 9 mona/ic education1 #aai4 9 ,p]sian s*ools1 #ch4 9 ,roman s*ools1 #gh4 neglect$ 9 ,sp>ta1 #ga4 ,wu]temb]g1 active 9 s*ool "w1 #bjc4 ,wu]zburg1 ,univ]sity (1 #ada4 ,wuttke1 quot$1 #cd4 ,wyclif1 re=m]1 #afe4 ,xantippe1 wife ( ,socrates1 #fa4 ,x5ophon1 te/imony to ,socrates1 #fb4 ,yell[ ,spr+s1 ,antio* ,college at1 #bhh4 ,yv]don1 ,froebel at1 #bgd4 ,pe/alozzi's s*ool at1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,zeus1 ,olympian fe/ivals 9 honor (1 #ee4 ,zill] ,s*ool1 #bha4 ,zoroa/]1 duali/ic philosophy (1 #ci4 f\nd] ( ,p]sian religion1 #ci4 religion (1 9 ,p]sia1 #cg4 ,zw+li1 ,swiss re=m]1 #afe4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,p$agogy ,by ,,em]son ,e4 ,,:ite1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,elem5ts ( ,p$agogy #a4jj ,s*ool ,managem5t & ,moral ,tra9+ #a4jj ,art ( ,tea*+ #a4jj ,by ! safe pa? 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