---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$ 9 ?is text4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! bottom ( ?is docum5t4 ,text pr9t$ us+ ! ,greek alphabet 9 ! orig9al book is %[n z foll[s3 ,greek3 logos ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,progress ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,essays ,,arrang$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,m>v9 ,,late ,,s5ior ,,s*ol> ,,( ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,liv+ ,,pa/' ,,editor ,,( ',,! ,,unity ,,( ,,we/]n ,,civilization' ',tanta patet r]um s]ies et omne futurum ,nititur 9 lucem4' ,,lucan4 ,,?ird ,,impression ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,ed9burgh ,,glasg[ ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,melb\rne ,,cape ,,t[n ,,bombay #aiai ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,at ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,preface ,?is volume is a sequel to ,! ,unity ( ,we/]n ,civilization publi%$ la/ ye> & arose 9 ! same way1 f a c\rse ( lectures giv5 at ! ,woodbrooke ,settlem5t1 ,birm+ham4 ,! =m] book attempt$ to describe "s ( ! p]man5t unify+ factors :i* hold our ,we/]n civilization toge!r 9 spite ( su* cata/rophic divisions z ! pres5t w>4 ,?is book attempts to %[ ^! =ces 9 gr[?4 ,! =m] aim$ r at a /atical1 ! pres5t at a dynamical view ( ! same problem4 ,bo? are hi/orical 9 _s4 ,x is hop$ t ^! c\rses may s]ve z an introduction to a s]ies ( cognate /udies1 ( :i* cle>ly bo? ! supply & ! scope are inf9ite1 = "u ! g5]al conception ( ',progress 9 ,unity' all great human topics might be embrac$4 ,"o subject has be5 sugge/$ = e>ly treatm5t :i* w\ld h especial int]e/ at ! pres5t "t1 viz4 ',rec5t ,progress 9 ,european ,?\ght'4 ,we are by ! w> br\ght m closely ?an be=e into contact ) o!r nations ( ,europe :o are pursu+ ) inevitable diff]5ces ! same ma9 l9es ( evolution4 ,to indicate ^! 9 g5]al1 ) /ress on ! factor ( bett]m5t1 is ! aim ( ! pres5t volume4 ,f4,s4,m4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,progress #g ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,m>v94 ,,ii4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,prehi/oric ,,times #bg ,by ,r4 ,r4 ,,m>ett1 ,read] 9 ,social ,an?ropology1 ,ox=d4 ,,iii4 ,,progress ,,& ,,hell5ism #dh ,by ,f4 ,,melian ,,/awell1 late ,lectur] at ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,iv4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages #gb ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,c>lyle1 ,tutor & ,lectur] at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,v4 ,,progress ,,9 ,,religion #if ,by ,,b>on ,,fri$ri* ,,von ,h,ue,g,e,l4 ,,vi4 ,,moral ,,progress #acd ,by ,l4 ,p4 ,,jacks1 ,pr9cipal ( ,man*e/] ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,vii4 ,,gov]nm5t #aea ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,zimm]n1 late ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,viii4 ,,indu/ry #ahi ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,zimm]n4 ,,ix4 ,,art #bbd ,by ,a4 ,,clutton ,,brock4 ,x4 ,,sci5ce #bdh ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,m>v94 ,,xi4 ,,philosophy #bgc ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,waynflete ,pr(essor ( ,m5tal & ,moral ,philosophy1 ,ox=d4 ,,xii4 ,,progress ,,z ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,action #bie ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,smi?4 ,i ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,progress ,f4 ,s4 ,,m>v9 ,! editor ( ^! essays 0 busy 9 ! autumn ( la/ ye> collat+ ! op9ions atta*$ by diff]5t p to ! ^w 'progress'4 ,"o ,sunday aft]noon he happ5$ to be walk+ ) two fri5ds 9 ,ox=d1 "o a pr(essor ( philosophy1 ! o!r a lady4 ,! pr(essor ( philosophy decl>$ t to him human progress mu/ always mean prim>ily ! increase ( k2 ! editor urg$ ! increase ( p[] z its mo/ *>act]i/ic feature1 b ! lady add$ at once t to h] progress _h always meant1 & c\ld only mean1 increase 9 our appreciation ( ! humanity ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ two ?\ghts1 h>moniz$ & direct$ by ! ?ird1 may be tak5 to cov] ! :ole field1 & ?is volume to be m]ely a comm5t>y ^u !m4 ,:at we h to consid] is1 :5 & h[ ?is idea ( progress1 z a g5]al ?+ affect+ mank9d z a :ole1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! _w1 h[ f> x has be5 realiz$ 9 hi/ory1 & h[ f> x gives u any guidance & hope = ! future4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a cata/rophe :i* appe>s at fir/ sight to be a deadly bl[ to ! ideal1 su* an inquiry has a special int]e/ & may h "s p]man5t value4 ,words are ! ?\ght ( ages cry/alliz$1 or r embodi$ ) a con/antly gr[+ s\l4 ,! ^w ',progress'1 l ! ^w ',humanity'1 is "o ( ! mo/ significant4 ,x is a ,lat9 ^w1 n us$ 9 its curr5t ab/ract s5se until aft] ! ,roman incorporation ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w4 ,x conta9s ,greek ?\ght summ$ up & appli$ by ,roman m9ds4 ,_m ( ! e>li] ,greek ?9k]s1 ,x5ophanes & ,emp$ocles z well z ,plato & ,ari/otle1 _h ?\ght & spok5 ( a /eady process 9 ?+s1 includ+ man himself1 f l[] to high] =ms2 b ! fir/ writ] :o exp\nds ! notion ) suffici5t bread? ( view & suffici5tly accurate & concrete obs]vation to provide a prelim9>y sket*1 0 ! great ,roman poet :o attribut$ all ! be/ t 0 9 him to ! ,greeks & yet has giv5 u a highly orig9al picture ( ! upw>d t5d5cy ( ! _w & ( human society ^u x4 ,he1 too1 s f> z "o c discov]1 0 ! fir/ to use ! ^w 'progress' 9 ! s5se ( our inquiry4 ,! passage 9 ,lucretius at ! end ( 8 fif? book on ! ,nature ( ,?+s is s true & brilliant & anticipates s _m po9ts 9 lat] ?\ght t x is wor? quot+ at "s l5g?1 & ! poet's close relation ) ,cic]o1 ! typical ,greco-,roman ?9k]1 gives 8 ideas ! m weight z an hi/orical docum5t4 ,he beg9s by describ+ a /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 :i* ! less well-adapt$ creatures di$ (f1 ^? :o want$ ei!r ! p[] to protect !mselves or ! means ( adapt+ !mselves to ! purposes ( man4 ,9 ?is /age1 h[ev]1 man 0 a h>di] creature ?an he aft]w>ds became4 ,he liv$ l ! bea/s ( ! field & 0 ignorant ( tillage or fire or clo!s or h\ses4 ,he _h no laws or gov]nm5t or m>riage1 & ?\gh he did n fe> ! d>k1 he fe>$ ! real dang] ( fi]c] bea/s4 ,m5 (t5 di$ a mis]able dea?1 b n 9 multitudes on a s+le day z !y d n[ by battle or %ipwreck4 ,! next /age sees huts & sk9s & fire :i* s(t5$ _! bodies1 & m>riage & ! ties ( family :i* s(t5$ _! temp]s4 ,& tribes began to make treaties ( alliance ) o!r tribes4 ,spee* arose f ! ne$ :i* all creatures feel to ex]cise _! natural p[]s1 j z ! calf w butt be=e 8 horns protrude4 ,m5 began to apply diff]5t s\nds to d5ote diff]5t ?+s1 j z brute bea/s w d to express diff]5t passions1 z any "o mu/ h notic$ 9 ! cases ( dogs & horses & birds4 ,no "o man set out to inv5t spee*4 ,fire 0 fir/ le>nt f lightn+ & ! friction ( trees1 & cook+ f ! s(t5+ & rip5+ ( ?+s by ! sun4 ,!n m5 ( g5ius inv5t$ improv$ me?ods ( life1 ! build+ ( cities & private prop]ty 9 l&s & cattle4 ,b gold gave p[] to ! weal?y & de/roy$ ! s5se ( cont5tm5t 9 simple happ9ess4 ,x mu/ always be s :5ev] m5 all[ !mselves to become ! slaves ( ?+s :i* %\ld be _! dep5dants & in/rum5ts4 ,!y began to believe 9 & wor%ip gods1 because !y saw 9 dreams %apes ( pret]human /r5g? & beauty & deem$ !m immortal2 & z !y not$ ! *anges ( ! seasons & all ! wond]s ( ! heav5s1 !y plac$ _! gods !re & fe>$ !m :5 !y spoke 9 ! ?und]4 ,metals 7 discov]$ ?r\gh ! burn+ ( ! woods1 :i* caus$ ! ores to run4 ,copp] & brass came fir/ & 7 rat$ above gold & silv]4 ,& !n ! metals took ! place ( h&s1 nails1 tee?1 & clubs1 :i* _h be5 m5's e>lie/ arms & tools4 ,weav+ foll[$ ! discov]y ( ! use ( iron4 ,s[+1 plant+1 & graft+ 7 le>nt f nature h]self1 & gradually ! cultivation ( ! soil 0 c>ri$ f>!r & f>!r up ! hills4 ,m5 le>nt to s+ f ! birds1 & to bl[ on pipes f ! :i/l+ ( ! zephyr ?r\gh ! re$s3 & ^? simple tunes gave z mu* ru/ic jollity z our m elaborate tunes d n[4 ,!n1 9 a summ>y passage at ! end1 ,lucretius enum]ates all ! *ief discov]ies :i* m5 h made 9 ! age-long process--%ips1 agriculture1 wall$ cities1 laws1 roads1 clo!s1 songs1 pictures1 /atues1 & all ! pleasures ( life--& adds1 '^! ?+s practice & ! exp]i5ce ( ! unre/+ m9d h taught mank9d gradually z !y h progress$ f po9t to po9t'4#a ,x is ! fir/ def9ition & use ( ! ^w 9 lit]ature4 ,if we accept x z a typical pres5tation ( ! ,greco-,roman view1 se5 by a man ( exceptional g5ius & insight at ! climax ( ! p]iod1 !re are two or ?ree po9ts :i* mu/ arre/ our att5tion4 ,lucretius is ?9k+ ma9ly ( progress 9 ! arts1 & especially ( ! arts z !y affect man's happ9ess4 ,!re is no m5tion ( increase 9 k or 9 love4 ,z 9 ! fam\s p>allel passage 9 ,sophocles' ,antigone1 x is man's /r5g? & skill :i* mo/ impress$ ! poet1 & 8 skill especially z exhibit$ 9 ! arts4 ,comp>$ ) :at we %all see z typical utt]ances ( lat] times1 x is an ext]nal view ( ! subject4 ,! abs5ce ( love z an elem5t ( progress c>ries ) x ! abs5ce ( ! idea ( humanity4 ,!re is no conception "h1 nor any:]e 9 classical ?\ght be=e ! ,/oics1 ( a _w-wide ,be+ :i* has contribut$ to ! advance & %\ld %>e fully 9 its fruits4 ,/ill less d we f9d any h9t ( ! possibilities ( an inf9ite progress4 ,! moral1 on ! contr>y1 is t we %\ld limit our desires1 bani% di/urb+ ?\ghts1 & settle d[n to a quiet & s5sible enjoym5t ( ! good ?+s t advanc+ skill has provid$ = u4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t ?\ghts c be f\nd 9 individual writ]s1 especially 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 :i* w\ld l>gely modify ?is view4 ,yet x c h>dly be que/ion$ t ,lucretius "h repres5ts ! preval5t tone ( ?\ghtful m5 ( 8 day4 ,!y _h begun to realize ! fact ( human progress1 b envisag$ x1 z 0 natural 9 a fir/ view1 ma9ly on ! ext]nal side1 &1 above all1 _h no conception ( its inf9ite possibilities4 ,:5 we turn to typical utt]ances ( ! next great age 9 hi/ory ! contra/ is /rik+4 ,ca?olic doctr9e _h absorb$ mu* t 0 cong5ial to x f ! ,/oics1 f ,plato & ,ari/otle1 b x add$ a ?+ t 0 new 9 ! _w1 a passionate love & an ov]p[]+ desire = p]sonal moral improvem5t4 ,?is is s cle> 9 ! greate/ figures ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m5 su* z ,/4 ,b]n>d & ,/4 ,francis1 & x is s unlike any?+ t we "k 9 ! _w be=e1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ x z *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,to "s ( u1 inde$1 x w appe> z ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! g5]al notion ( progress :i* we are trac+4 ,x s appe>$ to ,comte4#b ,( numb]less passages t might be quot$ f fa!rs & doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 a few words f ,ni*olas ( ,cusa mu/ suffice4 ,he 0 a div9e ( ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury1 true to ! fai?1 b anxi\s to improve ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to him progress took an entirely spiritual =m4 ',to be able to und]/& m & m )\t end is ! type ( et]nal wisdom4444 ,let a man desire to und]/& bett] :at he does und]/& & to love m :at he does love & ! :ole _w w n satisfy him4' ,"h is a po9t ( view s diff]5t f ! la/ t we f9d "s difficulty 9 fitt+ x into ! same s*eme ( ?+s4 ,yet bo? are ess5tial elem5ts 9 ,we/]n civilization2 bo? h be5 develop$ by ! op]ations ( simil> =ces 9 ! _w civiliz$ & incorporat$ by ,greece & ,rome4 ,! ,ca?olic div9e looks entirely inw>d = 8 idea ( progress1 & 8 conception conta9s elem5ts ( real & p]man5t validity1 ( :i* our pres5t notions are full4 ,8 eyes are turn$ t[>ds ! future & !re is no limit to 8 vision4 ,& ?\gh ! progress contemplat$ is )9 ! s\l ( ! individual believ]1 x re/s on ! two fundam5tal pr9ciples ( k & love :i* are bo? ess5tially social4 ,! believ] may isolate himself f ! _w to develop 8 high] nature1 b ! k & ! love :i* he c>ries ) him into 8 solitude are !mselves fruits ( t int]c\rse ) 8 fell[s f :i* an exclusive religi\s ideal tempor>ily cuts him (f4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ,ca?olic doctr9e & discipl9e1 ?\gh aim+ at ?is p]fection ( ! individual r ?an ( ! race1 0 embodi$ 9 an organization :i* c>ri$ f>!r ?an ! ,roman ,empire ! idea ( a unit$ civilization & furni%$ to _m ?9k]s1 ,bossuet z well z ,dante1 a fir/ sket* ( ! progress ( mank9d4 ,b x is cle> t ?is con/ruction 0 provisional only1 ei!r on ! side ( p]sonal belief & practice1 or ( ecclesia/ical organization2 provisional1 t is1 if we are look+ = real unity 9 ! m9d ( mank9d4 ,= we ne$ a doctr9e1 a s*eme ( k1 into :i* all t we discov] ab\t ! _w & our own nature may f9d its place2 we ne$ pr9ciples ( action :i* w guide u 9 atta9+ a /ate ( society m congru5t ) our k ( ! possibilities ( ! _w & human nature1 m ?or\ghly inspir$ by human love1 love ( man = man z a be+ liv+ 8 span ( life "h & n[1 "u conditions :i* call = a conc5tration ( skill & ef=t to realize ! be/4 ,! break+ ( ! old ,ca?olic syn!sis1 n>r[ b admirable )9 its limits1 took place at :at we call ! ,r5asc5ce & ,re=mation2 ! l9k+ up ( a new "o is ! task ( our own & _m lat] g5]ations4 ,let x n be ?\ght t su* a *ange involves ! de/ruction ( any vital elem5t 9 ! idea ( progress already a*iev$2 if true & vital1 e elem5t mu/ survive4 ,b x does involve an acceptance ( ! fact t progress1 or humanity1 or ! evolution ( ! div9e )9 u--h[ev] we pref] to phrase x--is a l>g] ?+ ?an any "o organization or any "o set ( c>efully h>moniz$ doctr9es4 ,! tru?1 & ! organ 9 :i* we en%r9e x1 mu/ gr[ ) ! human m9ds :o are collectively produc+ x4 ,! new unity is itself progress4 ,x mu/ give u confid5ce 9 fac+ su* a prospect to obs]ve t at ea* remove f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! idea ( progress 9 ! _w man's use ( ! ^w has c>ri$ m mean+ &1 ?\gh sometimes quiet] 9 tone1 z 9 rec5t times1 is bett] gr\nd$ 9 ! facts ( life & hi/ory4 ,su* an advance 9 our conceptions took place aft] ! ,r5asc5ce4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! art & sci5ce ( ! anci5t _w _h be5 recov]$1 ! ^w & ! idea ( progress />t$ on a fre% c\rse ( unexampl$ vig\r4 ,! l9es 7 clos] to ^? ( ! pre-,*ri/ian ?an ( ! ,ca?olic _w1 b x w\ld be by no means true to call !m pagan4 ,:5 ,bacon & ,desc>tes beg9 to s\nd ! mod]n note ( progress1 !y ?9k prim>ily ( an advance 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 b !re is a spiritual & human side to _! ideal :i* c\ld n be really p>allel$ 9 classical ?\ght4 ,! ,_s ( ,man is n[ invok$1 & ?is1 n 9 ! s5se ( an elite1 ! build]s ( ! ,greek ,/ate or ! rul]s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 b ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,?is is ,*ri/ian1 or p]haps we %\ld say1 ,/oical-,*ri/ian4 ,?us ,desc>tes tells u t he looks to sci5ce to furni% u ultimately ) an art :i* w make u 'ma/]s & possessors ( nature 444 & ?is n solely = ! pleasure ( enjoy+ ) ease ! good ?+s ( ! _w1 b pr9cipally = ! pres]vation & improvem5t ( human heal? :i* is bo? ! f\ndation ( all o!r goods & ! means ( /r5g!n+ ! _s itself' 7',disc\rs de la ,me?ode'74 ,x is significant t ! two words ,progress & ,humanity come into use 9 _! mod]n s5se side by side4 ,! latt] is ! basis & ! ideal ( ! =m]4 ,b ! new ?+ :i* _h come into ! _w at ?is po9t1 & gives a fre% impulse & cont5t to ! idea ( progress1 is ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,! ,greeks _h f\nd$ x &1 z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 x 0 ! recov]y ( ! ,greek ?read :i* gave ! mod]ns _! clue4 ,b no "o be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 be=e ! m>vels reveal$ by ,galileo's telescope & knit up by ,newton's syn!tic g5ius1 c\ld h conceiv$ ! visions ( human reg5]ation by sci5ce :i* light up ! pione]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & are ! gospel ( ! eighte5?4 ,we turn to ! eighte5? c5tury1 & prim>ily to ! s*ool ( ?9k]s call$ 'philosophes' 9 ,france1 = ! fulle/ & mo/ en?usia/ic /atem5t ( progress z a gospel4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ,european1 z all ! greate/ advances ( ?\ght h be52 & ,g]man ?9k]s1 z well z ,engli%1 /& ) ! ,fr5* 9 ! vangu>d4 ,kant & ,h]d]1 f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ?\ght x out p]haps m ?or\ghly ?an any "o else at t "t2 b ! ,fr5* believ$ 9 x z a nation & 7 will+ to /ake _! lives & s\ls on ! belief4 ,?us ,turgot1 be=e ! ,revolution1 decl>$ t '! total mass ( ! human race m>*es cont9ually ?\gh sometimes sl[ly t[>ds an ev]-increas+ p]fection'4 ,& ,condorcet1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,revolution1 :ile himself "u its ban1 pa9t$ a picture '( ! human race1 fre$ f its *a9s1 & m>*+ ) a firm tread on ! road ( tru? & virtue & happ9ess'4 ,"h is ! gospel 9 its pure/ & simple/ =m1 & :5 we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! crimes & ! p>tial failure ( ! ,revolution discr$it its pr9ciples1 x is well to rememb] t ! man :o believ$ 9 !m mo/ sy/ematically1 exp\nd$ 8 belief ) p]fect calmness & confid5ce z he lay "u s5t5ce ( dea? f a revolution>y tribunal4 ,if ?is en?usiasm is madness1 we might all well wi% to be possess$4 ,! true l9e ( criticism is diff]5t4 ,at ! ,revolution1 z be=e at ! ,r5asc5ce1 ! lead]s ( ! new movem5t c\ld n see all _! debt to ! pa/4 ,l ! ,r5asc5ce1 !y idealiz$ c]ta9 features 9 classical antiquity1 b !y _h n yet ga9$ ! notion ( hi/orical cont9uity2 above all1 !y did n realize ! value ( ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 left = ! n9ete5? c5tury & = u1 its successors1 to attempt ! supreme task ( see+ ?+s /eadily & see+ !m :ole4 ,= 9 spite ( ! capital contributions ( ! ,r5asc5ce to progress & ! idea ( progress1 especially by its sci5tific con/ructions1 x is und5iable t a bias 0 !n giv5 to ! c\rse ( ,we/]n civilization f :i* x has suff]$ ev] s9ce1 & :i* x is n[ our urg5t duty to correct4 ,two aspects ( ?is may be specifi$4 ,! old int]national unity :i* ,rome _h a*iev$1 at lea/ sup]ficially1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 & :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h ext5d$ & deep5$1 0 brok5 up 9 fav\r ( a sy/em ( sov]eign & indep5d5t /ates controll+ religion & influ5c+ education on l9es calculat$ to /r5g!n ! national =ces & ! national =ces alone4 ,!y ev5 believ$ t1 at any rate 9 trade & comm]ce1 ! int]e/s ( ^! indep5d5t /ates 7 r rival ?an co-op]ative4 ,! ,revolution /ruck ! note ( human association cle>ly en\gh1 b we h n yet le>nt to set all our o!r tunes 9 accord ) x4 ,ano!r1 & p]haps ev5 m fundam5tal1 weakness ( ! ,r5asc5ce tradition 0 ! /ress x laid on ! mat]ial1 me*anical1 ext]nal side ( progress4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! spiritual side ( life t5d$ to be id5tifi$ ) t sy/em ( ?\ght & discipl9e :i* _h be5 s rudely disrupt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! new advance 9 sci5ce br\ght quickly aft] x a correspond+ gr[? ( weal? & me*anical inv5tions & mat]ial com=ts4 ,! _s ( man 0 = ! "t imp$$ & half suffocat$ by its own productions4 ,! pres5t w> seems to _m ( u ! supreme /ruggle ( our bett] nature to ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ^! ob/ructions1 & fre$om = its prop] gr[?4 ,n[ if ?is analysis be any:]e ne> ! tru?1 x is cle> t our task = ! future is "o ( syn!sis on ! l9es ( social progress4 ,k1 p[]1 weal?1 increase ( skill1 increase ( heal?1 we h !m all 9 gr[+ measure1 & ,mr4 ,clutton ,brock w tell u 9 8 *apt] 9 ?is volume t we may be able by an ex]cise ( w to a*ieve ev5 a new r5asc5ce 9 art4 ,b we c]ta9ly d n yet possess ^! ?+s fairly di/ribut$ or 9 h>mony ( m9d4 ,! connexion !re=e betwe5 progress z we n[ envisage x1 & unity1 bo? 9 ourselves & 9 society at l>ge1 becomes app>5t4 ,at ea* ( ! previ\s great mom5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/ developm5t has be5 secur$ by emphasis on "o side ( our nature at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,visions ( mank9d 9 common progress h fla%$ on individual ?9k]s1 a ,roman ,emp]or1 a ,ca?olic ,s*oolman1 a ,revolution>y prophet4 ,b ! ?+ a*iev$ has be5 "o-sid$1 & ! ne$$ correction has be5 giv5 by ano!r movem5t m "o-sid$ /ill4 ,! greate/ hope ( ! pres5t day lies 9 ! fact t 9 all bran*es ( life1 9 gov]nm5t z well z 9 philosophy1 9 sci5ce z 9 social re=m1 9 religion & 9 int]national politics1 m5 are n[ /riv+ ) det]m9ation to b9d ! ?reads toge!r4 ,!re is no necess>y opposition betwe5 ! rival =ces :i* h s (t5 l$ to conflict4 ,9 all our controv]sies h>mony c be rea*$ & has (t5 be5 rea*$ by ! application ( pati5ce1 k1 & goodwill4 ,& goodwill implies "h ! read9ess to submit ! p>ticul> issue to ! arbitration ( ! g5]al good4 ,! int]national "q has be5 s fully canvass$ 9 ^! days t x w\ld be sup]flu\s to discuss x "h4 ,! moral is obvi\s1 & abundant cases ?r\gh\t ! _w illu/rate ! tru? t well-organiz$ nationalities conta9 9 !mselves no?+ contr>y to ! ideal ( int]national peace4#c ,nor is ! /ill m p]si/5t & univ]sal opposition ( capital & lab\r really less am5able to reconciliation1 because 9 ?is case also ! two factors 9 ! problem are equally necess>y to social progress1 & we %all n ent] on ! v>i\s practical solutions--co-op]ation1 co-p>tn]%ip1 p>tial /ate-socialism1 c4--:i* h be5 propos$ = a problem :i* no "o believes to be insoluble4 ,! conflict 9 our own s\ls betwe5 ! ?+s ( matt] & s5se & ! life ( ! _s1 is m closely g]mane to ! pres5t argum5t1 because ultimately ?is has to be resolv$1 if n 9 e m9d yet 9 ! dom9ant m9d ( ,europe1 be=e ! m practical que/ions c be g5]ally settl$4 ,h>mony "h is at ! root ( a s\nd idea ( progress4 ,:5 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ?is volume are rea*$ x w be se5 h[ fully ! rec5t developm5ts bo? 9 sci5ce & philosophy corroborate ! l9e :i* is "h sugge/$ = ! reconciliation ( conflicts & ! e/abli%m5t ( a /rong] & m coh]5t notion ( :at we may rightly pursue z progress4 ,= bo? 9 sci5ce & /ill m 9 philosophy att5tion is be+ m & m closely conc5trat$ on ! mean+ ( life itself1 :i* sci5ce approa*es by way ( its physical concomitants1 & philosophy f ! po9t ( view ( consci\sness4 ,& :ile sci5ce has be5 analys+ ! *>act]i/ics ( a liv+ organism1 philosophy f9ds 9 our consci\sness j t elem5t ( community ) o!rs :i* an organic conception ( progress dem&s4 ,! only progress ( :i* we c be c]ta91 ! philosoph] tells u1 is progress 9 our own consci\sness1 :i* becomes con/antly full]1 m kn[+1 & m social1 z "t unfolds4 ,?is1 he tells u1 mu/ endure1 ?\gh ! /orms ( passion & nature may fall ^u u4 ,on su* a firm basis we w\ld all gladly build our fai?4 ,no unity c be p]fect except t :i* we a*ieve 9 our own s\ls1 & no progress c be reli$ on except t :i* we c "k )91 & c develop f1 our own consci\sness & our own p[]s4 ,b we _c re/ 9 ?is4 ,we are b\nd to look outside our own consci\sness = "s objective correspond5ce to t progress :i* our own nature craves2 & hi/ory supplies ?is evid5ce4 ,x is f hi/ory t we d]ive ! fir/ idea & ! accumulat+ pro(s ( ! reality ( progress4 ,lucretius's fir/ sket* is really 8 summ>y ( social hi/ory up to t po9t4 ,! ,ca?olic ?9k] _h a wid] scope4 ,he 0 able to see t ! :ole c\rse ( ,greco-,roman civilization 01 f 8 po9t ( view1 a prep>ation = ! ,*ur* :i* _h ! c>e ( ! spiritual life ( man :ile on e>?4 ,& 9 ! next /age1 t 9 :i* we n[ live1 we see all ! int]e/s ( life tak5 back aga9 into ! complet5ess ( human progress1 & c trace t complete be+1 lab\r+ sl[ly b unmi/akably to a high] /ate1 outside u 9 ! _w1 z well z )9 our own consci\sness1 :i* is ready to exp& if we w give x range4 ,on su* l9es we may sket* ! hi/orical aspect ( progress on :i* ! p]sonal is bas$2 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance to keep ! two aspects be=e u concurr5tly1 because reliance on ! gr[+ fullness ( ! individual life to ! neglect ( ! social evolution is likely to empty t life itself ( its true cont5t1 to leave ! self-c5tr$ vision>y absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( "s ideal p]fection )9 himself1 :ile ! _w outside him f :i* he ultimately d]ives 8 notions1 is toil+ & suff]+ f ! want ( ^? v elem5ts :i* he is be/ able to supply4 ,! succe$+ *apt]s ( ?is book w1 x is hop$1 supply "s evid5ce ( ! concrete reality ( progress1 z well z ( ! t5d5cy to great] coh]5ce & purity 9 ! ideal itself4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy to accumulate evid5ce2 "s sides ( life are h>dly t\*$ on at all4 ,! collective & ! intellectual sides are fully dealt ) bo? 9 ?is & 9 ! volume on ,! ,unity ( ,we/]n ,civilization4 ,b if we make our survey ov] a suffici5t space1 com+ d[n especially to our own days1 our conclusion z to ! advance made 9 ! physical & moral well-be+ ( mank9d1 w be h>dly less emphatic4 ,our av]age lives are long] & cont9ue to l5g!n1 & !y are unque/ionably sp5t ) f> less physical suff]+ ?an 0 g5]ally ! case at any previ\s p]iod4 ,we are b\nd to give full weight to ?is1 h[ev] mu* we rightly deplore ! dead5+ effect ( monoton\s & me*anical toil on s l>ge a "p ( ! population4 ,& ev5 = ^! ! opportunities = a free & improv+ life are amaz+ly enl>g$4 ,we groan & *afe at :at rema9s to be done because ( ! unexampl$ size ( ! mod]n indu/rial populations ) :i* we h to deal4 ,b we "k 9 "s po9ts v def9itely :at we want1 & we are n[ all p]suad$ ) ,john ,/u>t ,mill t ! rem$y is 9 our own h&s1 't all ! great s\rces ( human suff]+ are 9 a great degree1 _m ( !m entirely1 conqu]able by human c>e & ef=t4' ,?is conviction is p]haps ! greate/ /ep ( all t we h ga9$4 ,9 morality "s p]t95t & necess>y que/ions are rais$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,vi1 b ! g5]al progress w\ld be d\bt$ by v few :o h _h ! opportunity ( comp>+ ! evid5ce z to any previ\s /ate ( morals1 say 9 ! ,middle ,ages or 9 ! ,elizabe?an age--! cr[n ( ! ,r5asc5ce 9 ,engl&--) t ( ! pres5t day4 ,! capital advance 9 morality1 :i* by itself w\ld be suffici5t to ju/ify our !sis1 is ! increase 9 ! consci\sness & ! obligation ( ! 'common weal'1 t conception ( :i* ,gov]nm5t1 increas+ly bett] organiz$1 is ! mo/ /rik+ practical realization4 ,x has its drawback 9 ! spread ( :at we feel z a debas+ 'vulg>ity'1 b ! g5]al balance is ov]:elm+ly on ! side ( good4 ,& 9 all su* discussions we are apt to all[ f> too little weight to ! *ange :i* ! ,new ,_w1 & especially ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has br\ght ab\t4 ,9 matt]s ( p]sonal prosp]ity & a high g5]al /&>d ( intellectual & moral compet5ce1 :at has be5 a*iev$ !re w\ld outweigh a good deal ( our ,old ,_w defects :5 we come to draw+ up a _w's balance-%eet4 ,x w be se5 !re=e t we dismiss altoge!r any doctr9e ( an 'illusion ( progress' z a necess>y decoy to progressive action4 ,progress is a fact z well z an ideal1 & ! ideal1 ?\gh x spr+s f an objective reality1 w always be 9 advance ( x4 ,s x is ) all man's activities :5 he comes to man's e/ate4 ,9 sci5ce he has always an ideal ( a m p]fect k be=e him ?\gh he becomes sci5tific by exp]i5ce4 ,9 art he is always /riv+ to idealize fre% ?+s1 ?\gh he fir/ becomes an arti/ f ! pure spontane\s pleasure ( express+ :at is 9 him4 ,! delib]ate projection ( ! ideal into ! future1 see+ h[ f> x w take u & :e!r we are j\rney+ 9 ! "r direction1 is a late /age4 ,z to progress1 ! l>ge/ g5]al ideal :i* c affect man's action1 x is only rec5tly t mank9d z a :ole has be5 br\ght to grips ) ! conception1 also enl>g$ to ! full4 ,he 0 /&+1 some:at bewild]$1 some:at dazzl$1 be=e x1 :5 ! w>1 l an eclipse ( ! sun1 came sudd5ly & d>k5$ ! view4 ,b an eclipse has be5 f\nd an invaluable "t = /udy+ "s ( ! problems ( ! sun's nature & ( light itself4 ,"o ( ! mo/ acute critics ( ! mid-,victorian prophets ( progress1 ,dr4 ,john ,grote1 did v well 9 dis5tangl+ ! ideal elem5t :i* is inh]5t 9 e s\nd doctr9e ( progress z a guide to conduct4 ,he took ! !ory ( a cont9u\s inevitable progress 9 human affairs1 & %[$ h[ ?is by itself might lead to a weak5+ ( ! w1 on :i* alone 9 8 view progress 9 ! prop] s5se dep5ds4 ,he took ! me*anical !ory ( utilit>ianism & subject$ x to a simil> analysis4 ,we _c evaluate progress z an increase 9 a sum-total ( happ9ess4 ,?is is incapable ( calculation1 & if we aim directly at x1 we are likely to lose ! high] ?+s on :i* x dep5ds1 & :i* are capable ( be+ made ! objects ( t direct /riv+ :i* is ess5tial to progress4 ,dr4 ,grote's analysis has long s9ce pass$ into curr5t philosophical tea*+1 b he w always be well wor? read+ = 8 fre% & vigor\s reason+ & = ! way 9 :i* he builds up 8 own position )\t d5y+ ! solid contributions ( ^? :om he criticizes4 ,complete tru? 9 ! matt] seems to u to involve a l>g] %>e = ! hi/orical elem5t ?an ,dr4 ,grote explicitly all[s4 ,we grant fully ! p>am\nt necessity = an ideal ( progress & = con/antly revis+1 purify+1 & /r5g!n+ x4 ,b 9 its =mation we %\ld trace m ?an he does to ! collective =ces ( mank9d z express$ 9 hi/ory4 ,^! h giv5 u ! ideal & w c>ry u on t[>ds x by a =ce :i* is great] ?an1 & 9 "o s5se indep5d5t (1 any individual w4 ,?is is ! c>d9al tru? ( sociology1 & is obvi\s if we consid] h[ 9 matt]s ( ev]yday exp]i5ce we are all compell$ by "s social =ce n ourselves1 z = in/ance 9 actions t5d+ to ma9ta9 ! family or 9 a national crisis su*1 z ! w>4 ,?is g5]al w is n1 ( c\rse1 indep5d5t ( all ! wills conc]n$1 b x acts m or less z an outside compell+ =ce 9 ! case ( e "o4 ,moreov] our selves are composite z well z :oles1 & p>ts ( u are active 9 =m+ ! g5]al w1 p>ts acquiesce & p>ts are ov]borne4 ,?us x is cle> t a g5]al t5d5cy to progress 9 ! human race may be well e/abli%$--z we hold x to be--& yet g on 9 ways capable ( inf9ite v>iation & at v v>i\s spe$4 ,we are all1 let u suppose1 be+ c>ri$ onw>d by "o mighty & irresi/ible /ream4 ,we may comb9e our /r5g? & skill & make ! be/ use ( ! surr\nd+ =ces4 ,?is is work+ & /e]+ to ! *os5 goal4 ,or we may re/ on our o>s & let ! /ream take u :]e x w4 ,?is is drift+1 & we %all c]ta9ly be c>ri$ on some:]e2 b we may be badly bruis$ or ev5 %ipwreck$ 9 ! process1 & 9 any case we %all h contribut$ no?+ to ! advance4 ,"s few may ev5 wa/e _! /r5g? 9 try+ to "w backw>ds aga9/ ! /ream4 ,we seem to h rea*$ ! po9t 9 hi/ory :5 = ! fir/ "t we are really consci\s ( our position1 & ! problem is n[ a possible & an urg5t "o to m>k ! goal cle>ly & unit$ly & b5d our common ef=ts to atta9+ x4 ,if ?is be s1 ! "w ( syn!sis may be ?\ght to h a high] practical value = ! mom5t ?an ! analysis :i* has prevail$ 9 ,european ?\ght = ! la/ =ty or fifty ye>s4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! great =mative ideas :i* _h be5 ga!r+ volume & en?usiasm dur+ ! revolution>y p]iod1 took %ape 9 complete sy/ems ( religi\s & philosophic tru?--,kant1 ,hegel1 ,sp5c]1 ,comte4 ,!y h be5 foll[$ by a p]iod ( criticism :i* has left none ( !m :ole1 b on ! o!r h& has produc$ a mass ( contradictions & specialisms highly confus+ & ev5 hopeless to ! public m9d & veil+ ! m important & pr(\nd agreem5ts :i* h be5 gr[+ all ! "t b5ea?4 ,!re are n[ abundant signs ( a reaction t[>ds unity & con/ruction ( a broad & solid k9d4 ,9 no respect is su* a knitt+ up m desirable ?an 9 ?is idea ( progress itself4 ,are we to say t !re is no su* ?+ z all-r\nd cont9u\s progress1 b only progress 9 def9ite bran*es ( ?\ght & activity1 progress 9 sci5ce or 9 p>ticul> arts1 social progress1 physical progress1 progress 9 popul> education & ! l1 b t any two or m bran*es only co9cide occasionally & by accid5t1 & t :5 work+ at "o we c & %\ld h no ?\ght ( work+ at !m all8 ,?is is no d\bt a preval5t view & we may hope t "s ?+s said 9 ?is book may modify x4 ,ano!r s*ool ( critical ?9k]s1 approa*+ ! "q f ! po9t ( view ( ! ultimate object ( action1 asks :at is ! "o ?+ = :i* all o!rs are to be pursu$ z means8 ,is increase ( k ! absolute good or increase ( happ9ess8 ,or if x is increase ( love1 is x q indiff]5t :at we love8 ,a few words on ?is may fitly conclude ?is *apt]4 ,! task ( mank9d1 & ( e "o ( u s f> z he is able to ent] into x1 is to br+ toge!r ^! v>i\s aspects ( human excell5ce1 to see !m z p>ts ( "o ideal & lab\r to approa* x4 ,?is approa* is progress1 & if y say 'progress ( :at1 & to :at end'1 ! answ] c only be1 ! progress ( humanity1 & ! end fur!r progress4 ,"s ( ! writ]s 9 ?is book w indicate ! po9t at :i* 9 _! view ?is progress is 9 contact ) ! inf9ite1 ) some?+ n giv5 9 hi/ory2 b1 :atev] our view ( ! transc5d5tal problem may be1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance = all ( u to realize t we h giv5 to u 9 ! actual process ( "t1 9 concrete hi/ory1 a developm5t ( humanity1 a gr[? f a l[] to a high] /ate ( be+1 :i* may be mo/ p]fectly realiz$ 9 ! individual consci\sness1 fully awake & fully socializ$1 b is also cle>ly traceable 9 ! do+s ( ! human race z a :ole4 ,su* is 9 fact ! unit+ ?read ( ^! essays1 & :5 we proce$ to ! conv]se ( ?is tru? & apply ?is ideal :i* we h %[n to be ! c\rse ( realization1 z a gov]n+ motive 9 our lives1 x is ev5 m imp]ative to /rive con/antly to keep ! :ole toge!r1 & n to reg>d ei!r k or p[] or beauty or ev5 love z an ultimate & supreme ?+ to :i* all o!r ends are m]ely means4 ,! end is a m p]fect man1 develop$ by ! p]fect+ ( all mank9d4 ,su* a conception embraces all ! sep>ate aspects ( our nature ea* 9 its place1 & ea* f its own angle supreme4 ,love & k insep>able & fundam5tal1 fre$om & happ9ess ess5tial conditions ( heal?y gr[?1 p]sonality develop$ ) ! developm5t ( ! great] p]sonality 9 :i* we all live & gr[4 ,?is great] p]sonality is at its highe/ immeasurably above u1 & has no assignable limits 9 "t or 9 capacity to "k1 to love1 or to enjoy4 ,we _c fix its orig9 at any kn[n po9t 9 ! bir? ( planets1 nor does ! cool+ ( our sun nor ( all ! suns seem to put any limit 9 our imag9ation to ! cont9u\s unfold+ ( life l our own4 ,:ile ?us practically inf9ite1 ! ideal ( human nature is reveal$ to u concretely 9 c\ntless types ( goodness & tru? & beauty :i* we may "k & love & imitate4 ,to all x is op5 to /udy ! l9eam5ts ( ?is ideal 9 ! records & figures ( ! pa/2 to mo/ x is reveal$ 9 "s fell[ be+s kn[n 9 life4 ,f ^!1 ! human spirits :i* embody ! /riv+s1 ! hopes1 ! conqu]$ fail+s ( ! pa/1 we may =m our bett] selves & build ! humanity ( ! future4 ,!re is a fam\s & magnific5t passage 9 ,dante's ,purgatorio :i* ,ca?olic comm5tators int]pret 9 sacram5tal t]ms b we may well apply 9 a wid] s5se to ! progress ( ! human _s t[>ds ! ideal4 ,x occurs at t crucial po9t :]e ! asc5d+ poet leaves ! circles ( sad rep5tance to rea* ! high] regions ( gr[+ light4 ',& :5 we came !re1 to ! fir/ /ep1 x 0 ( :ite m>ble1 s poli%$ t ,i c\ld see myself j z ,i am4 ',& ! second 0 col\r$ d>k1 a rugg$ /one1 crack$ l5g?wise & across4 ,& ! ?ird pil$ above x 0 flam+ porphyry1 r$ l ! blood f a ve94 ',above ?is "o 0 ! angel ( ,god1 sitt+ on ! ?re%old1 bright z a diamond4 ',up ! ?ree /eps my ma/] l$ me ) goodwill & !n he said1 ,beg humbly t he unlock ! door4'#d ,l ?is1 ! pa? man has to tread is n an easy progress4 ,b he is ris+ all ! "t & he rises on /eps ( 8 own pa/4 ,he sees reflect$ 9 !m ! image ( himself1 & he sees too ! deep faults 9 8 nature1 & ! r\gh surface ( 8 pa? ?r\gh "t4 ,! la/ /ep1 t+$ by 8 own blood1 gives access to a high] dwell+1 firm & bright & lead+ high] /ill4 ,b x is op5 only aft] a long asc5t1 & to ! human _s t has work$ fai?fully1 ) love = 8 comrades & lead]s1 & rev]5ce = ! laws :i* b9d bo? ! _w & him4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,john ,grote1 ,exam9ation ( ,utilit>ian ,philosophy4 ,kant1 ,pr9ciples ( ,politics 7translat$ by ,ha/ie & publi%$ by ,cl>k7 conta9s 8 small] works on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ,p]petual ,peace1 & ! ,pr9ciple ( ,progress4 ,see also ! ,essay on ,h]d]4 ,comte's ,positive ,polity1 vols4 i4 & ii1 passim4 ,,footnotes3 #a 'usus et impigrae simul exp]i5tia m5tis paulatim docuit p$etemtim progr$i5tes4' #b ,comte1 ,positive ,polity1 ii #aaf4 #c ,see ,delisle ,burns1 ,morality ( ,nations1 & ,! ,unity ( ,we/]n ,civilization1 passim4 #d ,purgatorio1 ix4 #id-ajh4 ,,ii ,,progress ,,9 ,,prehi/oric ,,times ,r4 ,r4 ,,m>ett ,if ,i am unable to deliv] ?is lecture 9 p]son1 x w be because ,i h to att5d 9 ,j]sey to ! excavation ( a cave once occupi$ by m5 ( ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,n[ ^! m5 knew h[ to keep a good fire burn+ )9 _! primitive %elt]2 _! skill 9 ! *ase provid$ !m ) a well-assort$ l>d]2 _! f9e /rong tee? 7 su* z to make %ort "w ( _! meals2 la/ly1 !y 7 clev] artisans & "o may ev5 say arti/s 9 fl9t & gre5/one1 n only hav+ ! intellig5ce to make an economic use ( ! mat]ial at _! disposal1 b likewise hav+ en\gh s5se ( =m to end[ _! implem5ts ) m ?an a t\* ( symmetry & beauty4 ,all ?is we "k f :at !y h left beh9d !m2 & ! re/ is sil5ce4 ,& n[ let u imag9e ourselves possess$ ( "o ( ^? "t-ma*9es ( :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells is ! inv5tor4 ,transport$ by su* means to ! ,europe ( t di/ant pa/1 c\ld we und]take to beat ! record ( ^? cave-m58 ,cle>ly1 all w dep5d on h[ _m ( u1 & h[ mu* ( ! app>atus ( civilization1 our "t-ma*9e is able to accommodate4 ,if x 7 simply to drop a pair ( u1 nak$ & presumably a%am$1 into ! mid/ ( ! rig\rs ( ! great ,ice ,age1 ! *ances surely are t ! un=tunate immigrants mu/ p]i% )9 a week4 ,adam c\ld h>dly manage to k9dle a fire )\t ! help ( mat*es4 ,eve w\ld be no less sorely tr\bl$ to make clo!s )\t ! help ( a ne$le4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! "t-ma*9e 7 z capaci\s z ,noah's ,ark1 ! v5ture w\ld und\bt$ly succe$1 pres5t+ no great] difficulty ?an1 let u say1 ! plant+ ( a settlem5t 9 ,labrador or on ! ,yukon4 ,giv5 numb]s1 specializ$ lab\r1 tools1 weapons1 books1 dome/icat$ animals & plants1 & s =?1 ! civiliz$ community w\ld d m ?an hold its own ) ! prehi/oric cave-man1 devoid ( all su* aids to life4 ,inde$1 x is tol]ably c]ta9 t1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 our coloni/s w\ld soon drive ! anci5t type ( man clean out ( exi/5ce4 ,on ! face ( x1 !n1 x w\ld seem t we1 z comp>$ ) m5 ( ,glacial times1 h decid$ly 'progress$'4 ,b x is n s easy to say (f-h& 9 :at precisely su* progress consi/s4 ,are we happi]8 ,z well ask :e!r ! wild wolf or ! tame dog is ! happi] animal4 ,! tru? w\ld seem to be t wolf & dog alike c be ?or\ghly happy ea* 9 its own way2 :]eas ea* w\ld be z ?or\ghly mis]able1 if =c$ to live ! life ( ! o!r4 ,9 "o ( 8 mo/ brilliant passages ,&rew ,lang1 aft] contra/+ ! m5tal condition ( "o ( our mo/ di/ant ance/ors ) y\rs or m9e1 by no means to our disadvantage1 concludes ) ^! words3 ',& aft] all he 0 probably z happy z we are2 x is n say+ mu*4'#e ,b1 if n happi]1 are we nobl]8 ,if ,i may v5ture to speak z a philosoph]1 ,i %\ld reply1 confid5tly1 ',yes4' ,x comes to ?is1 t we h & enjoy m s\l4 ,on ! intellectual side1 we see f>!r afield4 ,on ! moral side1 our sympa?ies are correspond+ly wid]4 ,imag9atively1 & ev5 to no small ext5t practically1 we are 9 t\* ) myriads ( m51 pres5t & pa/4 ,we p>ticipate 9 a _w-s\l2 & by s do+ are advanc$ 9 ! scale ( spiritual wor? & dignity z memb]s ( ! human race4 ,yet ?is common s\l ( mank9d we "k l>gely & ev5 *iefly z some?+ divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,n only d human ideals contradict ea* o!r2 b ! ideal 9 any & all ( its =ms is contradict$ by ! actual4 ,s x is ! discont5t ( ! human _w-s\l t is ma9ly borne 9 ^u him :o %>es 9 x mo/ fully4 ,a possibility ( complet$ good may glimm] at ! f> end ( ! que/2 b ! que/ itself is exp]i5c$ z a bitt] /riv+4 ,bitt] ?\gh x may be1 h[ev]1 x is likewise ennobl+4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i f9d ! philosophic1 t is1 ! ultimate & true/1 t\*/one ( human progress1 namely1 9 ! capacity = t ennobl+ =m ( exp]i5ce :]eby we become consci\s co-work]s & co-help]s 9 an age-long1 _w-wide /riv+ aft] ! good4 ,b to-day ,i come be=e y1 n prim>ily z a philosoph]1 b r z an an?ropologi/1 a /ud5t ( prehi/oric man4 ,i mu/ !re=e def9e progress1 n 9 ! philosophic or ultimate way1 b simply z may s]ve ! /rictly limit$ aims ( my special sci5ce4 ,z an an?ropologi/1 ,i want a workable def9ition--"o t w set me work+ & keep me work+ on promis+ l9es4 ,i d n ask ultimate tru? ( my an?ropological def9ition4 ,= my sci5ce deals ) b a s+le aspect ( reality2 & ! o!r aspects ( ! real mu/ likewise be consid]$ on _! m]its be=e a f9al acc\nt c be r5d]$ ( x4 ,n[ an?ropology is j ! sci5tific hi/ory ( man2 & ,i suppose t !re c\ld be a hi/ory ( man t did )\t ! idea ( human progress altoge!r4 ,progress means1 9 "s s5se1 *ange = ! bett]4 ,b1 /rictly1 hi/ory z su* deals ) fact2 & is n conc]n$ ) que/ions ( bett] or worse--9 a ^w1 ) value4 ,h5ce1 x mu/ always be some:at arbitr>y on ! "p ( an hi/orian to id5tify *ange 9 a giv5 direction ) a ga9 or increase 9 value4 ,nev]!less1 ! an?ropologi/ may d s1 if he be prep>$ to take ! risk4 ,he sees t human life has on ! :ole gr[n m complex4 ,he _c be sure t x w cont9ue to gr[ m complex4 ,mu* less has he a "r to lay x d[n = c]ta9 t x ought to gr[ m complex4 ,b s long z he realizes t he is !reby committ+ himself by implication to a prophetic & purposive int]pretation ( ! facts1 he ne$ n hesitate to /yle ?is gr[? ( complexity progress s f> z man is conc]n$4 ,= if he is an an?ropologi/1 he is also a man1 & _c af=d to take a :olly ext]nal & imp>tial view ( ! process :]eby ! v gr[? ( 8 sci5ce is itself expla9$4 ,an?ropologi/s ?\gh we be1 we run ) ! o!r runn]s 9 ! race ( life1 & _c be indiff]5t to ! prize to be won4 ,progress1 !n1 accord+ to ! an?ropologi/1 is def9$ z increase 9 complexity1 ) ! tacit assumption t ?is someh[ implies bett]m5t1 ?\gh x is left ) ! philosoph] to ju/ify su* an assumption f9ally & fully4 ,:]eas 9 mo/ cases man w\ld seem to h succe$$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by gr[+ m complex1 ?\gh 9 "s cases survival has be5 secur$ by way ( simplification1 an?ropology conc5trates its att5tion on ! =m] set ( cases z ! m int]e/+ & in/ructive ev5 f a !oretical po9t ( view4 ,let biology by all means disp5se ) ! notion ( progress1 & consid] man along ) ! o!r =ms ( life z subject to m]e process4 ,b an?ropology1 ?\gh 9 a way x is a bran* ( biology1 has a "r to a special po9t ( view4 ,= x employs special me?ods involv+ ! use ( a self-k t 9 respect to ! o!r =ms ( life is inevitably want+4 ,an?ropology1 9 %ort1 l *>ity1 beg9s at home4 ,because we "k 9 ourselves ! w to progress1 we g on to seek = evid5ces ( progress 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,nor ne$ we cease to ?9k ( progress z some?+ to be will$1 some?+ t conc]ns ! inn] man1 ev5 ?\gh = sci5tific purposes we und]take to recognize x by "s ext]nal sign1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! sign ( an increas+ complexity1 t is1 su* diff]5tiation z likewise involves great] cohesion4 ,all hi/ory1 & m especially ! hi/ory ( e>ly man1 mu/ deal prim>ily ) ext]nals4 ,!nce x inf]s ! inn] life2 & !reby x controls ! t5d5cy kn[n z '! psy*ologi/'s fallacy'1 namely1 t ( read+ "o's own m9d into t ( ano!r man )\t mak+ due all[ance = diff]5ces ( innate capacity & ( acquir$ outlook4 ,9 :at foll[s1 !n1 let u1 z an?ropologi/s1 be cont5t to judge human progress 9 prehi/oric times prim>ily by its ext]nal & objective manife/ations2 yet let u at no po9t 9 our inquiries =get t ^! anci5t m51 "s ( :om are our actual ance/ors1 7 n only fle% ( our fle%1 b likewise _s ( our _s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a rapid sket* su* z ?is mu/ take = grant$ on ! "p ( ! audi5ce "s g5]al acqua9tance ) t succession ( prehi/oric epo*s :i* mod]n rese>* has def9itely e/abli%$4 ,pre-hi/ory1 z di/+ui%$ f proto-hi/ory1 may1 9 ref]5ce to ,europe z a :ole1 be made coext5sive ) ! ,/one ,age4 ,?is divides into ! ,old ,/one ,age & ! ,new4 ,! ,old ,/one ,age1 or ,palaeoli?ic ,p]iod1 yields ?ree well-m>k$ subdivisions1 t]m$ ,e>ly1 ,middle1 & ,late4 ,! ,new ,/one ,age1 or ,neoli?ic ,p]iod1 includes two sub-p]iods1 ! ,e>li] or ,transitional1 & ! ,lat] or ,typical4 ,?us our hi/orical survey w fall naturally into five *apt]s4 ,!re are reasons1 h[ev]1 :y x w be m conv5i5t to move ov] ! :ole gr\nd twice4 ,! mat]ial on :i* our judgem5ts mu/ be f\nd$ is n all ( "o k9d4 ,an?ropology is ! jo9t "w ( two dep>tm5ts1 :i* are kn[n z ,physical ,an?ropology & ,cultural ,an?ropology respectively4 ,! =m]1 we may say1 deals ) man z an organism1 ! latt] ) him z an organiz]4 ,"h1 !n1 are v diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,=1 9 a broad way ( speak+1 nature controls man ?r\gh 8 physical organization1 :]eas ?r\gh 8 cultural organization man controls nature4 ,f ea* ( ^! /&po9ts 9 turn1 !n1 let u inquire h[ f> prehi/oric man c be %[n to h progress$4 ,fir/1 did ! bre$ improve dur+ ! long c\rse ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ,europe8 ,secondly1 did ! arts ( life advance1 s t by _! aid man might e/abli% himself m firmly 9 8 k+dom8 ,did ! bre$ improve dur+ prehi/oric times8 ,i h said t1 broadly speak+1 nature controls man z reg>ds 8 physical end[m5t4 ,n[ 9 !ory "o mu/ admit t x might be o!rwise4 ,if ,eug5ics 7 to mature on its purely sci5tific side1 !re is no reason :y ! legislator ( ! future %\ld n try to make a practical application ( its pr9ciples2 & ! *ances are t1 ( _m exp]im5ts1 "s w\ld prove successful4 ,b t consci\s bre$+ 0 practis$ 9 prehi/oric times is out ( ! "q4 ,! m5 ( ^? days 7 "o & all :at we are ourselves--nature's mongrels1 n[ brok5 up into v>ieties by casual isolation1 & n[ by no less casual int]mixture recomp\nd$ 9 a ho/ ( relatively un/able =ms4 ,:atev] progress1 !re=e1 may h occurr$ 9 ?is respect has be5 unconsci\s4 ,man _c take ! cr$it = x1 except 9 s f> z x is indirectly due to t increase & spread ( ! race :i* h be5 promot$ by 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ! way ( culture4 ,! b>e/ outl9e ( ! facts mu/ suffice4 ,= ! ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 ap>t f ! ,java fossil1 ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 a v]itable 'miss+ l9k'1 :om we may "h disreg>d z fall+ altoge!r outside our _w ( ,europe1 !re are only two individuals t c ) c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to ?is di/ant p]iod4 ,^! are ! ,piltd[n & ! ,heidelb]g specim5s4 ,! =m] consi/s ( a fragm5t>y bra9-case1 ?ick-bon$ & n>r[-front$1 b typically human 9 its g5]al *>act]s1 & ( ! great] "p ( a l[] jaw1 :i*1 z reg>ds bo? its own elongat$ & curi\sly flang$ /ructure1 & t ( ! tee? x conta9$1 includ+ an enorm\s po9t$ can9e1 is conv]sely m appropriate to an ape-l be+ ?an to a man4 ,! latt] consi/s only ( a l[] jaw1 ( :i* ! tee?1 ev5 ! can9es1 are altoge!r human1 :]eas ! jaw itself is h>dly less simian ?an t ( ! ,sussex skull4 ,if we add ! ,java example to ! li/ ( v primitive =ms1 x is rem>kable to note h[1 ?\gh diff]+ widely f ea* o!r1 all alike conv]ge on ! ape4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 ,pi!can?ropus1 ! brute is pass+ into ! man4 ,we note ! erect attitude1 to be inf]r$ f 8 ?igh-bone1 & ! consid]ably enl>g$1 ?\gh ev5 s h>dly human1 bra94 ,! ,piltd[n individual1 on ! o!r h&1 has cross$ ! ,rubicon4 ,he has a bra9-capacity entitl+ him to rank z a man & an ,engli%man4 ,su* a bra91 too1 implies a cunn+ h&1 :i* d\btless help$ him greatly to procure 8 food1 ev5 if 8 massive jaw enabl$ him to dispose ( ! food 9 "q )\t rec\rse to ! adv5titi\s aids ( knife & =k4 ,= ! matt] ( t1 if our k made x possible to correlate ^! r>e f9ds ( bones m exactly ) ! innum]able fl9t implem5ts ascribable to ?is p]iod 7&1 inde$1 n )\t analogies among ! spoil f ! ,piltd[n gravels71 x might turn out t ev5 ! equival5t ( knife & =k 0 n want+ to ! ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e supp]-p>ty1 or1 at any rate1 t ! human h& 0 already advanc$ f ! /atus ( lab\r] to ! m dignifi$ position ( sup]9t5d5t ( ! tool4 ,! ,middle ,plei/oc5e ,epo* belongs to ! m5 ( ! ,ne&]?al type4 ,"s ?irty specim5s1 a few ( !m m or less complete1 h come d[n to u1 & we c =m a pretty cle> notion ( ! physical appe>ance ( ! race4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we may say t x m>ks a /age ( progress z comp>$ ) ! ,piltd[n type2 ?\gh1 if ! jaw1 heavy & relatively *9less z x is1 has become less simian1 ! protrud+ br[-ridge l5ds a mon/r\s look to ! face1 :ile ! =ehead is m>k$ly rec$+--a feature :i* turns out1 h[ev]1 to be n incompatible ) a weight ( bra9 closely approa*+ our own av]age4 ,:e!r ?is type has disappe>$ altoge!r f ! e>?1 or survives 9 c]ta9 mu* modifi$ desc5dants1 is an op5 "q4 ,! fact rema9s t dur+ ! la/ ?roes ( ! ,glacial ,epo* ?is r\gh-hewn k9d ( man app>5tly _h ,nor!rn ,europe z 8 exclusive prov9ce2 & x is by no means evid5t :at ,homo ,sapi5s1 ! suppos$ highly sup]ior c\nt]p>t & rival ( ,homo ,ne&]?al5sis1 0 do+ ) himself 9 ! meantime4 ,moreov]1 n only 9 respect ( space does ! population ( t froz5 _w %[ rem>kable homog5eity2 b also 9 respect ( "t mu/ we all[ x an undisput$ sway ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! race br$ true4 ,! rate ( progress1 :e!r reckon$ 9 physical t]ms or o!rwise1 is s sl[ z to be almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,a type suffices = an age4 ,:]eas 9 ! life-hi/ory ( an individual !re is rapid developm5t dur+ y\?1 & aft] maturity a /eady+ d[n1 x is ! o!r way ab\t 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! race4 ,man1 s to speak1 0 born old & accommodat$ to a jog-trot4 ,we mod]ns are ! juv5iles1 & x is left = u to g ! pace4 ,yet ,late ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod introduces u to m div]sity 9 ! way ( human types4 ,only "o race1 h[ev]1 t nam$ aft] ! rock-%elt] ( ,cro-,magnon 9 ! ,dordogne1 is repres5t$ by a fair numb] ( specim5s1 namely1 ab\t a doz54 ,at ?is po9t we come sudd5ly & )\t previ\s w>n+ on z pretty a k9d ( man z ev] walk$ ?is e>?4 ,9 8 lead+ *>act]s he is rem>kably uni=m4 ,six feet high & long-legg$1 he likewise possess$ a head well /ock$ ) bra9s & a face t1 if r broad & %ort1 0 furni%$ by way ( comp5sation ) a long & n>r[ nose4 ,if ! pres5t _w c %[ no?+ q l him1 x at lea/ _c produce any?+ m %apely 9 ! way ( ! 'human =m div9e'4 ,ap>t f ! ,cro-,magnons1 ! rema9s ( an old woman & a y\? f\nd at ! l[e/ level ( ! ,grotte des ,enfants at ,m5tone are usually held to belong to a di/9ct /ock kn[n z ! ,grimaldi4 ,! physical *>act]s ( ! pair are reg>d$ z negroid1 v]g+ on ! ,pygmy2 b if we c\ld /udy an adult male ( ! same /ock1 x might possibly turn out n to be s v div]g5t f ! ,cro-,magnon4 ,aga91 a s+le specim5 does duty = ! s-call$ ,*ancelade race4 ,! skeleton is ( comp>atively l[ /ature1 & is deem$ to %[ close aff9ities to ! type ( ! mod]n ,eskimo4 ,)\t be+ unduly sceptical1 "o may once m wond] if ! ,cro-,magnon /ock may n h produc$ ?is some:at ab]rant =m4 ,ev5 on su* a !ory1 h[ev]--& x is h>dly or?odox--div]sity ( physical /ructure w\ld seem to be on ! increase4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are reasons ( consid]able cog5cy = ref]r+ to ! end ( ?is p]iod skeletons ( :at ,huxley t]m$ ! ',riv]-b$ type'1 ! peculi>ity ( :i* consi/s 9 ! fact t !y are m or less indi/+ui%able f ! lat] ,neoli?ic m5 & inde$ f any ( ^? slight-built1 %orti%1 long-head$ folk :o =m ! majority 9 ! cr[d$ cities ( to-day4 ,"s au?orities w\ld ascribe a f> great] antiquity to ?is type1 b1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 on ! /r5g? ( d\btful evid5ce4 ,! notori\s ,galley ,hill skeleton1 = in/ance1 f\nd m or less intact 9 an ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e b$ 9 :i* ! truly contempor>y animals are repres5t$ by ! m]e/ batt]$ remnants1 to my m9d reeks ( mod]nity4 ,be ^! ?+s z !y may1 h[ev]1 :5 we come to ,neoli?ic times a race ( simil> physical *>act]s has ,europe to itself1 ?\gh x w\ld seem to display m9or v>iations 9 a way t sugge/s t ! reign ( ! mongrel has at l5g? begun4 ,& "h we may close our enum]ation ( ! e>lie/ kn[n bran*es ( our family tree1 s9ce ! com+ ( ! broad-heads p]ta9s to ! hi/ory ( ! ,bronze ,age1 & h5ce falls outside ! scope ( ! pres5t survey4 ,n[ :at is ! be>+ ( ^! some:at scanty data on ! "q ( progress8 ,x is n easy to extract f !m m ?an ! g5]al impression t1 z "t w5t on1 ! bre$ made p]si/5t headway z reg>ds bo? ! complexity ( its organization & ! pr(usion ( its =ms4 ,aft] all1 we mu/ n expect too mu* f ?is dep>tm5t ( ! subject4 ,= "o ?+1 beyond ! limits ( ,nor?-we/]n ,europe ! record is almo/ blank2 & yet we c sc>cely hope to discov] ! c5tral bre$+-place ( man 9 :at is1 geographically1 little m ?an a bl9d alley4 ,9 ! next place1 ,physical ,an?ropology1 n only 9 respect to human palaeontology1 b 9 g5]al1 is z b>r5 ( explanations z x is f]tile 9 detail$ obs]vations4 ,! sy/ematic /udy ( h]$ity z x be>s on ! hi/ory ( ! human organism has h>dly begun4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld n befit "o :o is no exp]t 9 relation to su* matt]s to anticipate ! v]dict ( a sci5ce t ne$s only public enc\ragem5t 9 ord] to come into its own4 ,suffice x to sugge/ "h t nature z %e presides ov] organic evolution1 t is1 ! unfold+ ( ! g]m9al p[]s1 may be conceiv$ z a k9dly b sl[-go+ & cauti\s lib]ator4 ,"o by "o new p[]s1 hi!rto lat5t1 are set free z an appropriate field ( ex]cise is af=d$ !m by ! environm5t4 ,at fir/ div]g5cy is r>ely tol]at$4 ,a giv5 type is extremely uni=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 div]g5cy is p]mitt$1 x c\nts = a great deal4 ,! wid] v>iations occur ne>e/ ! beg9n+1 ea* = a long "t bre$+ true to itself4 ,lat] on1 su* uncompromis+ plurality gives way to a m diffus$ multiplicity begott5 ( int]mixture4 ,mongrelization has set 94 ,n b :at !re may spr+ up _m true-bre$+ v>ieties among ! mongrels2 & ^!1 giv5 suitable conditions1 w be all[$ to con/itute less] types possess$ ( fairly uni=m *>act]s4 ,su* at lea/ is 9 b>e/ outl9e ! picture pres5t$ by ! kn[n facts conc]n+ ! physical evolution ( man1 if "o obs]ve x f outside )\t attempt+ to explore ! hidd5 causes ( ! process4 ,"s day1 :5 ^! causes are bett] und]/ood1 man may take a h& 9 ! game1 & become1 9 reg>d to ! inf9ite possibilities /ill sleep+ 9 ! transmitt$ g]m1 a self-lib]ator4 ,nature is b a figurative expression = ! *ances ( life1 & ! wise man faces no m *ances ?an he ne$s mu/4 ,sci5tific bre$+ is no m]e application ( ! multiplication table to a sy/em ( items4 ,we mu/ make resolutely = ! types t seem heal?y & capable1 suppress+ ! defectives 9 a no less ?or\gh1 if decid$ly m consid]ate1 way ?an nature has be5 left to d 9 ! pa/4 ,"h1 !n1 along physical l9es is "o possible pa? ( human progress1 none ! less real because hi!rto pursu$1 n by ! aid ( eyes t c look & *oose1 b m]ely 9 response to pa9ful prodd+s at ! tail-end4 ,our rema9+ task is to take /ock ( t improvem5t 9 ! arts ( life :]eby man has come gradually to ma/] an environm5t t =m]ly ma/]$ him4 ,= ! ,e>ly ,palaeoli?ic ,p]iod our evid5ce 9 respect ( its v>iety1 if n ( its gross quantity1 is w(ully disappo9t+4 ,n to speak ( man's fir/ & rude/ exp]im5ts 9 ! utilization ( /one1 :i* are d\btless scatt]$ ab\t ! _w 9 goodly numb]s if only we c\ld recognize !m cle>ly = :at !y are1 ! ,*ellean indu/ry by its wide di/ribution leads "o to suppose t mank9d 9 ^? f>-(f days 0 only capable ( "o idea at a "t--a "t1 too1 t la/$ a :ole age4 ,yet ! succe$+ ,a*eulean /yle ( workman%ip 9 fl9t te/ifies to ! occurr5ce ( progress 9 "o ( its typical =ms1 namely1 9 ! =m ( :at may be t]m$ 'int5sive' progress4 ,! o!r typical =m ,i might call 'intrusive' progress1 z happ5s :5 a /imulat+ influ5ce is introduc$ f )\t4 ,n[ x may be t ! ,a*eulean culture came into be+ z a result ( contact betwe5 an immigrant /ock & a previ\s population practis+ ! ,*ellean me?od ( /one-"w4 ,we are at pres5t f> too ill-in=m$ to rule out su* a guess4 ,b1 on ! face ( x1 ! great] ref9em5t ( ! ,a*eulean h&iwork looks z if x _h be5 lit]ally hamm]$ out by /eadfa/ly foll[+ up ! ,*ellean patt]n into its fur!r possibilities4 ,expla9 x z we w1 ?is evolution ( ! s-call$ c\p-de-po+ af=ds almo/ ! sole pro( t ! human _w ( t remote epo* 0 mov+ at all4 ,if we c\ld see _! "w 9 wood1 we might disc]n a m div]sifi$ skill or we might n4 ,z x is1 we c b conclude 9 ! light ( our v imp]fect k t 9 m9d no less ?an 9 body mank9d ( ,e>ly ,palaeoli?ic times display$ a fixity ( type almo/ am\nt+ to t ( "o ( ! o!r animal species4 ,dur+ ,middle ,palaeoli?ic times ! ,m\/]ian culture rules )\t a rival4 ,! cave-p]iod has begun2 &1 ?anks to ! pres]vation ( sundry dwell+-places toge!r ) a goodly assortm5t ( _! less p]i%able cont5ts1 we c frame a fairly adequate notion ( ! home-life ( ,ne&]?al man4 ,i h already allud$ to my excavations 9 ,j]sey1 & ne$ n ent] into full] details "h4 ,b ,i %\ld l to put on record ! op9ion borne 9 ^u me by su* fir/-h& exp]i5ce z ,i h _h t cultural advance 9 ,m\/]ian days 0 almo/ z port5t\sly sl[ z ev] x _h be5 be=e4 ,! human deposits 9 ! ,j]sey cave are 9 "s places ab\t t5 feet ?ick1 & ! fact t !y fall into two /rata sep>at$ by a /]ile lay] t appe>s to consi/ ( ! du/ ( c5turies po9ts to a v long process ( accumulation4 ,yet ?\gh !re is "o k9d ( elephant occurr+ amid ! bone refuse at ! bottom ( ! b$1 & ano!r &1 x w\ld seem1 lat] k9d at ! top1 "o & ! same type ( fl9t in/rum5t is f\nd at e level alike2 & ! only developm5t "o c detect is a c]ta9 ga9 9 elegance z reg>ds ! ,m\/]ian 'po9t'1 ! reign+ sub/itute = ! =m] c\p-de-po+4 ,once m !re is int5sive progress only1 s f> at lea/ z mo/ ( ! ,j]sey evid5ce goes4 ,"o c\p-de-po+1 h[ev]1 & t h>dly ,a*eulean 9 conception b exactly :at a h& accu/om$ to ! fa%ion+ ( ! ,m\/]ian 'po9t' w\ld be likely to make by way ( an imitation ( ! once fa%ionable patt]n1 lay at l[e/ floor-level2 z if to rem9d "o t dur+ p]iods ( transition ! old is likely to survive by ! side ( ! new1 & may ev5 survive 9 x z a modify+ elem5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! c\p-de-po+ is frequ5t 9 ! e>lie/ ,m\/]ian sites2 s t we _c b ask ourselves h[ x came to be 9 ! end sup]s$$4 ,:e!r ! ,m\/]ians 7 ( a diff]5t race f ! ,a*euleans is n kn[n4 ,c]ta9 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! indu/ry t makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 _! tra9 repres5ts a lab\r-sav+ device4 ,! ,m\/]ian _h le>n$ h[ to break up 8 fl9t-nodule into flakes1 :i* simply ne$$ to be trimm$ on "o face to yield a cutt+ edge4 ,! ,a*eulean _h be5 cont5t to atta9 ?is result m labori\sly by peck+ a pebble on bo? faces until :at rema9$ 0 %>p en\gh = 8 purpose4 ,"h1 !n1 we are confront$ ) t supreme condition ( progress1 ! inv5tor's happy ?\ght4 ,"o ( ^? big-bra9$ ,ne&]?al m51 we may suppose1 _h g5ius2 nature1 ! lib]ator1 hav+ releas$ "s lat5t p[] 9 ! racial con/itution4 ,giv5 su* a culture-h]o1 ! common h]d 0 capable ( c>ry+ on m or less me*anically = an aeon or s4 ,& s x mu/ ev] be4 ,! _w _h bett] make ! mo/ ( its g5iuses2 = !y am\nt to no m ?an p]haps a s+le "o 9 a million4 ,anyway1 ,ne&]?al man nev] produc$ a second g5ius1 s f> z we c tell2 & t is :y1 p]haps1 8 peculi> type ( br[-ridge no long] adorns ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,be=e we leave ! ,m\/]ians1 ano!r side ( _! culture des]ves brief m5tion4 ,n only did !y provide _! dead ) rude graves1 b !y likewise furni%$ !m ) implem5ts & food = use 9 a future life4 ,h]e9 surely we may p]ceive ! dawn ( :at ,i d n hesitate to t]m religion4 ,a di/+ui%$ s*ol> & poet did inde$ once ask me :e!r ! ,m\/]ians1 :5 !y p]=m$ ^! rites1 did n m]ely %[ !mselves unable to grasp ! fact t ! dead are dead4 ,b ,i presume t my fri5d 0 je/+4 ,a sympa?y /rong] ?an dea?1 ov]rid+ its grisly t]ror1 & conv]t+ x into ! vehicle ( a l>g] hope--t is ! "w ( s\l2 & to develop s\l is progress4 ,a religi\s animal is no brute1 b a real man ) ! se$ ( g5u9e progress 9 him4 ,if ,ne&]?al man belong$ to ano!r species1 z ! exp]ts mo/ly decl>e & ,i v humbly beg leave to d\bt1 we mu/ ev5 s all[ t ,god made him also aft] 8 own image1 br[-ridges & all4 ,! pres5ce ( s\l 9 man is ev5 m manife/ :5 we pass on to ! ,late ,palaeoli?ic peoples4 ,!y are cave-dwell]s2 !y live by ! *ase2 9 a ^w1 !y are savages /ill4 ,b !y exhibit a ta/e & a tal5t = ! f9e arts ( draw+ & c>v+ t1 z x 71 enl>ge human exi/5ce by a new dim5sion4 ,aga9 a fre% p[] has be5 releas$1 & "o 9 :i* _m w\ld seem to h p>ticipat$2 = good arti/s are z pl5tiful dur+ ?is epo* z ev] !y 7 9 anci5t ,a!ns or m$iaeval ,flor5ce4 ,!y mu/ h m>ri$-9 some:at closely1 "o w\ld ?9k1 = ?is special aptitude to h blossom$ =? s luxuriantly4 ,i _c "h dwell at l5g? on ! triumphs ( ,aurignacian & ,magdal5ian arti/ry4 ,inde$1 :at ,i h se5 ) my own eyes on ! walls ( c]ta9 ,fr5* caves is almo/ too wond]ful to be describ$4 ,! simplicity ( ! /yle does n 9 ! lea/ detract f ! fullness ( ! *>m4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o is tempt$ to d\bt :e!r ! crit]ion ( complexity applies "h--:e!r1 9 fact1 progress has any mean+ 9 relation to f9e art--s9ce1 :e!r atta9$ by simple or by complex means1 beauty is always beauty1 & _c fur!r be p]fect$4 ,%all we say1 !n1 ) ,plato t beauty 0 reveal$ to man f ! fir/ 9 its absolute nature1 s t ! human s\l might be enc\rag$ to seek = ! real 9 its complem5t>y =ms ( tru? & goodness1 su* z are less imm$iately manife/8 ,= ! re/1 ! s\l ( ^! transc5d5tly end[$ savages 0 9 o!r respects m imp]fectly illum9at$2 z may be ga!r$ f ! fact t !y c>v$ & drew p>tly f ! love ( _! art1 b p>tly also1 &1 p]haps1 ev5 prim>ily1 = luck4 ,x seems t ^! del9eations ( ! animals on :i* !y liv$ 7 int5d$ to help !m t[>ds good hunt+4 ,su* is c]ta9ly ! object ( a l cu/om on ! "p ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es2 !re be+ ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! art ( ! latt] consid]$ z art is :olly inf]ior4 ,n[ we "k en\gh ab\t ! s\l ( ! ,au/ralian native1 ?anks l>gely to ! p5etrat+ int]pretations ( ,sir ,baldw9 ,sp5c]1 to greet & hon\r 9 him ! pot5tial "l ( ! univ]se1 ! h>b+] ( ! sci5tific control ( nature4 ,x is m ?an half ! battle to h will$ ! victory2 & ! picture-*>m z a piece ( moral app>atus is !re=e wor?y ( our deepe/ respect4 ,! *>iot ( progress1 ( :i* ! w ( man is ! driv]1 is drawn by two /e$s1 namely1 ,imag9ation & ,reason h>ness$ toge!r4 ,( ! pair1 ,reason is ! m sluggi%1 ?\gh s]viceable en\gh = ! heavy "w4 ,imag9ation1 full ( fire z x is1 mu/ always set ! pace4 ,s ! s\l ( ! ,late ,palaeoli?ic hunt]1 hav+ already 9 imag9ation controll$ ! useful portion ( ! animal _w1 0 m ?an half-way on ! road to its dome/ication4 ,b 9 s f> z he mi/ook ! w = ! accompli%$ de$1 he 0 n gett+ ! value out ( 8 second horse2 or1 to drop metaphor1 ! sci5tific reason z yet lay dormant 9 8 s\l4 ,b 8 dream 0 to come true pres5tly4 ,! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod m>ks ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! 'cibi-cultural' peoples4 ,! food-seek]s h become food-rais]s4 ,b ! *ange did n come all at once4 ,! e>li] ,neoli?ic culture is at be/ transitional4 ,!re may ev5 h be5 "o ( ^? set-backs 9 culture :i* we are apt to ignore :5 we are n>rat+ ! pr\d tale ( human advance4 ,europe _h n[ f9ally escap$ f ! la/ ravages ( an ,arctic climate2 b !re 0 cruel demolition to make good1 & 9 ! meantime !re w\ld seem1 z reg>ds man1 to h be5 little do+4 ,life among ! kit*5-midd5s ( ,d5m>k 0 sordid2 & ! ,azilians :o pu%$ up f ,spa9 z f> z ,scotl& did n exactly /ep into a p>adise ready-made4 ,some:]e1 h[ev]1 9 ! f> s\?-ea/ a high] culture 0 brew+4 ,by /eps t h n yet be5 accurately trac$ legions ( h]dsm5 & f>m]-folk ov]spread our _w1 ei!r absorb+ or driv+ be=e !m ! rov+ hunt]s ( ! old] disp5sation4 ,we t]m ?is1 ! e>lie/ ( true civilizations1 'neoli?ic'1 z if x matt]$ 9 ! lea/ :e!r y\r /one implem5t be *ipp$ or poli%$ to an edge4 ,! real s\rce ( increas$ p[] & prosp]ity lay 9 ! dome/ication ( food-animals & food-plants4 ,! man c]ta9ly _h g5ius & pluck into ! b>ga9 :o fir/ tru/$ himself to ! back ( an unbrok5 horse4 ,x ne$$ h>dly less g5ius to discov] t x is no use s++ *>ms ov] ! se$-be>+ grass 9 ord] to make x gr[1 unless "s ( ! se$ is sav$ to be s[$ 9 due season4 ,society possibly bra9$ ! inv5tor--su* is ! way ( ! cr[d2 b1 z x duly pocket$ ! inv5tion1 we h p]haps no special cause to compla94 ,by way ( appreciat+ ! conditions prevail+ 9 ! ,lat] ,neoli?ic ,age1 let u consid] 9 turn ! ,lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ! ,dolm5-build]s ( our ,we/]n coa/-l&s4 ,i 0 privileg$ to assi/1 on ! %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,neu*atel1 9 ! excavation ( a site :]e "o ,neoli?ic village ( pile-dwell+s _h evid5tly be5 de/roy$ by fire1 & at "s lat] date1 j fall+ )9 ! ,/one ,age1 _h be5 replac$ by ano!r4 ,"h we _h light$ on a crucial in/ance ( ! m>* ( cultural progress4 ,! v piles te/ifi$ to x1 ^? ( ! old] settlem5t be+ ill-assort$ & slight1 :]eas ! lat] /ructure 0 regul>ly built & heavily timb]$4 ,x 0 cle>1 too1 t ! fir/ set ( inhabitants _h liv$ n>r[ lives4 ,all _! worldly goods 7 d]iv$ f /rictly local s\rces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! successors wore %ells f ! ,m$it]ranean & amb] beads f ! ,baltic among _! num]\s decorations2 :ile = _! fl9t !y actually w5t z f> afield z ,gr& ,pressigny 9 ,we/-,c5tral ,france1 ! m9es ( :i* provid$ ! butt]-l nodules t repres5t$ ! ne plus ultra ( ,neoli?ic luxury4 ,comm]ce mu/ h be5 decid$ly fl\ri%+ 9 ^? days4 ,no long] 0 x a case ( ! s-call$ 'sil5t trade'1 :i* ! furtive savage prosecutes ) fe> & trembl+1 plac+1 let u say1 a lump ( v5ison on a rock 9 ! /ream divid+ 8 haunts f ^? ( 8 dang]\s neighb\rs1 & /eal+ back lat] on to see if ! r$ o*re = :i* he p9es has be5 deposit$ 9 return on ! primitive c\nt]4 ,! ,neoli?ic trad]1 on ! o!r side1 mu/ h pu%$ ! sci5ce ( b>t] to ! utt]mo/ limits %ort ( ! inv5tion ( a circulat+ m$ium1 if inde$ "s crude =m ( curr5cy 0 n already 9 vogue4 ,:5 we turn to ! ,dolm5-build]s1 & contemplate _! ho>y sanctu>ies1 we are back among ! problems rais$ by ! philosophic conception ( progress z an advance 9 s\l-p[]4 ,is any religion bett] ?an none8 ,does x make = s\l-p[] to be preoccupi$ ) ! cult ( ! dead8 ,does ! imag9ation1 :i* 9 alliance ) ! sci5tific reason a*ieves su* conque/s ov] nature1 give way at times to morbid ab]ration1 caus+ ! *ill & foggy loom ( an aft]-life to obscure ! hone/ face ( ! day8 ,i c only say = myself t ! deep5+ ( ! human consci\snesses due to ! ef=t to close ) ! my/]y ( evil & dea?1 & to extort !refrom a message ( hope & com=t1 seems to me to h be5 wor? ! a*ievem5t at almo/ any co/ ( crimes & follies p]petrat$ by ! way4 ,i d n ?9k t progress 9 religion is progress t[>ds its ultimate abolition4 ,r1 religion1 if reg>d$ 9 ! light ( its e>li] hi/ory1 mu/ be treat$ z ! p>5t s\rce ( all ! m spiritual activities ( man2 & on ^! 8 mat]ial activities mu/ dep5d4 ,else ! ma*9e w surely gr9d ! man to dea?2 & 8 body w f9ally /op ! :eels t 8 s\l orig9ally set 9 motion4 ,! panorama is ov]4 ,x has n be5 easy1 at ! rate ( ab\t a mill5nium to a m9ute1 to pres5t a coh]5t acc\nt ( ! prehi/oric record1 :i* at be/ is l a jig-saw puzzle t has lo/ mo/ ( ! pieces ne$$ to recon/itute ! design4 ,b1 ev5 on ?is ha/y %[+1 x looks z if ! progressive nature ( man 7 beyond "q4 ,!re is manife/ ga9 9 complexity ( organization1 bo? physical & cultural2 & only less manife/1 9 ! s5se t ! inw>dness ( ! process _c make appeal to ! eye1 is ! correspond+ ga9 9 realiz$ p[] ( s\l4 ,9 %ort1 ! m5 ( ! ,/one ,age assur$ly bore _! full %>e 9 ! "w ( race-improvem5t2 & ! only po9t on :i* !re may seem to be d\bt is :e!r we ( ! age ( metal are z ready & able to be> our %>e4 ,b let u be optimi/ic ab\t ourselves4 ,z long z we d n all[ our mat]ial a*ievem5ts to bl9d u to ! ne$ ( an education t keeps ! spiritual well to ! =e1 !n progress is assur$ s f> z x dep5ds on culture4 ,yet if we c\ld likewise bre$ = spirituality1 humanity's *ances1 ,i believe1 w\ld be bett]$ by z mu* aga9 or m4 ,b h[ is ?is to be done8 ,sci5ce mu/ someh[ f9d out4 ,to leave x to nature is treason to ! m9d4 ,man may be an ass on ! :ole1 b nature is ev5 m ( an ass1 especially :5 x /&s = human nature m9us its sav+ grace ( imag9ative1 w-direct$ intellig5ce4 ,s let u hope t "o day p w m>ry intellig5tly1 & t ! be/ m>riages w be ! ri*e/ 9 (fspr+4 ,i believe t ! spiritual is n born ( ! sickly2 & at any rate %\ld be prep>$ to make trial ( su* a work+ pr9ciple 9 my ,new ,republic4 ,s mu* = ! practical coroll>ies sugge/$ by our fly+ visit to ,prehi/oric ,europe4 ,b1 ev5 if any detail$ lessons to be drawn f su* fragm5t>y facts h to be receiv$ ) caution1 y ne$ n hesitate to pursue ?is bran* ( /udy = its own sake z "p ( ! g5]al tra9+ ( ! m9d4 ,accu/om y\rselves to a long p]spective4 ,cultivate ! eagle's faculty ( spaci\s vision4 ,x is only ?us t "o c get ! values "r--see "r & wrong1 tru? & error1 beauty & ugl9ess 9 _! broad & cumulative effects4 ,analytic /udies1 z !y are t]m$1 involv+ ! exploration ( ! mean+ ( receiv$ ideas1 mu/ come fir/ 9 any s*eme ( g5u9e education4 ,we mu/ le>n to affirm be=e we c g on to le>n h[ to criticize4 ,b hi/orical /udies are a necess>y sequel4 ,o!r p's receiv$ ideas turn out 9 ! light ( hi/ory to h sometimes work$ well1 & sometimes n s well2 & we are !reupon l$ to revise our own op9ions accord+ly4 ,n[ ! hi/ory ( man has hi!rto /ood almo/ exclusively = ! hi/ory ( ,european civilization4 ,be+ s limit$1 x loses mo/ ( its value z an in/rum5t ( criticism4 ,= h[ c a s+le phase ( culture criticize itself8 ,h[ c x /ep out ( ! scales & assess its own weight8 ,an?ropology1 h[ev]1 w nev] acquiesce 9 ?is p>o*ial view ( ! prov9ce ( hi/ory4 ,hi/ory wor?y ( ! "n mu/ deal ) man univ]sal4 ,s ,i w\ld h y all become an?ropologi/s4 ,let y\r survey ( human progress be age-long & _w-wide4 ,y come ( a l>ge family & an anci5t "o4 ,le>n to be pr\d ( x1 & !n y w seek likewise to be wor?y ( x4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas1 ,anci5t ,hunt]s & _! ,mod]n ,repres5tatives1 #bnd edition1 #aiae4 ,e4 ,a4 ,p>kyn1 ,introduction to ! /udy ( ,prehi/oric ,art4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ,an?ropology 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,j4 ,l4 ,myres1 ,dawn ( ,hi/ory 7,home ,univ]sity74 ,,footnotes3 #e ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,int]national ,folk-,lore ,congress1 #ahia1 p4 #i4 ,,iii ,,progress ,,& ,,hell5ism ,f4 ,,melian ,,/awell ,to speak ! tru? ab\t national *>act]i/ics x is (t5 necess>y to speak 9 p>adoxes1 = ( all unities on e>? no?+ conta9s s _m contradictions z a nation4 ,s x is "h3 x may be said q truly t ! ,greeks _h at once ! mo/ pr(\nd conceptions ab\t ,progress & no fai? 9 x3 t !y 7 at once ! mo/ hopeful & ! mo/ despair+ ( peoples4 ,let me try to expla94 ,:5 we speak ( a fai? 9 ,progress1 :atev] else we mean1 we mu/ mean1 ,i take x1 t !re is a real advance 9 human welf>e ?r\gh\t "t f ! ,pa/ to ! ,future1 t '! be/ is yet to be'1 & t ! good w9e is kept to ! la/4 ,b if we are to h a philosophy und]ly+ t fai? we mu/ be able to say some?+ m4 ,:at1 9 ! fir/ place1 d we mean by 'a real advance'8 ,or by 'human welf>e'8 ,progress1 yes1 b progress t[>ds :at8 ,:at is ! /&>d8 ,& if we _c indicate a /&>d1 :at "r h we to say t "o life is any bett] ?an ano!r8 ,! life ( ! sci5tific man any bett] ?an ! life ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]--cont5t if only he has en\gh bananas to eat8 ,or ?an ! life ( a triumphant conqu]or1 a ,z5ghis ,khan or a ,tamb]la9e--exultant if he has en\gh human heads be=e him8 ,or1 inde$1 any ( ^! r ?an ! blank ( ,nirvana or ! life ( a vegetable8 ,our fir/ ne$1 !n1 is ! ne$ ( a /&>d = good ov] & above ! conflict+ op9ions ( m51 & "s idea z to :at t /&>d implies4 ,& ! next "q is1 :y we %\ld hold t any ( ?is good is go+ to be realiz$ 9 human life at all8 ,if x is1 !re mu/ be "s connexion ( cause & effect betwe5 goodness & human exi/5ce4 ,:at is ! nature ( t connexion8 ,f9ally1 :y %\ld we hope t ?is goodness is realiz$ m & m fully z "t goes on8 ,! ,greeks fac$ ^! que/ions1 z !y fac$ s _m1 ) extraord9>y d>+ & p5etration & ) an intimate mixture ( sadness & hope4 ,!y !mselves1 ( all nations kn[n to u 9 hi/ory1 _h made ! greate/ progress 9 ! %orte/ space ( "t4 ,a long c\rse ( prep>ation1 x is true1 und]lay t m>vell\s gr[?4 ,! classical ,greeks1--& :5 ,i speak ( ,hell5ism ,i mean ! fl[] ( classical ,greek culture1--! classical ,greeks ent]$ into ! lab\rs ( ! isl& peoples1 :o1 :e!r k9dr$ to !m or n1 _h built up f neoli?ic times a great civilization1 ! major "p ( :i* !y c\ld1 & did1 assimilate4 ,!y f\nd ! soil already work$4 ,none ! less x is to _! own orig9al g5ius t we owe ^? great discov]ies ( ! _s :i*1 to quote a rec5t writ]1 'creat$ a new _w ( sci5ce & art1 e/abli%$ an ideal ( ! sane m9d 9 ! sane body & ! p]fect man 9 ! p]fect society1 cut out a new l9e ( progress betwe5 an>*y & despotism1 & made moral ends supreme ov] national 9 ! ,/ate4'#f ,b ^! practical a*ievem5ts ( !irs h be5 already summ$ up by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,smi? 9 8 lecture#g at ?is s*ool la/ ye>1 & x is to t lecture t ,i w\ld ref] y4 ,i w take x z a basis & proce$ = my own purposes to discuss ! ,greek conceptions ab\t progress4 ,^? conceptions 7 complex1 &1 speak+ r\ghly1 we may say ?is3 if belief 9 real progress implies belief 9 ?ree ?+s1 namely1 7#a7 an absolute /&>d appreh5d$1 h[ev] dimly1 by man1 7#b7 a causal connexion betwe5 exi/5ce & p]fection1 & 7#c7 a p]si/5t advance ?r\gh "t1 !n ! ,greeks held to ! fir/ two & d\bt$1 or ev5 d5i$1 ! ?ird4 ,_! two great ?9k]s1 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 work$ out sy/ems bas$ on ! conviction t !re really 0 an absolute /&>d ( p]fection1 t man c\ld really appreh5d some?+ ( ?is p]fection1 & t ! ef=t t[>ds x 0 ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( ! _w1 "p ( ! /uff1 z x 71 t made ! univ]se4 ,^! sy/ems h _h an effect n to be exagg]at$ on ! :ole movem5t ( ?\ght s9ce _! day4 ,moreov]1 _m ( _! fundam5tal conceptions are be+ reviv$ 9 mod]n sci5ce & metaphysics4 ,& ! convictions t und]lie !m are calculat$1 "o w\ld say1 to lead at once to a buoyant fai? 9 progress4 ,b ) ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 & ! ,greeks g5]ally1 !y did n s lead4 ,! ,greeks c\ld n feel sure t ?is ef=t t[>ds p]fection1 ?\gh x is "p ( exi/5ce1 is /rong en\gh to deliv] man 9 ?is _w f ! web ( evil 9 :i* also he is involv$1 nor ev5 t he makes any approa* on ! :ole t[>ds ! loos5+ ( ! toils4 ,! spectre ( _w-de/ruction1 z ,:itman says ( ,c>lyle1 0 always be=e !m4 ,& ,i wi% to ask lat] on if we may n surmise def9ite reasons 9 _! own hi/ory = ?is recurr+ note ( disc\ragem5t4 ,b let u fir/ look at ! positive side1 & fir/ 9 ,plato4 ,plato came to 8 sy/em by sev]al l9es ( ?\ght1 & to und]/& x we ought to take acc\nt ( all4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place no ?9k]1 ,i suppose1 ev] felt m ke5ly ?an he felt ! desire = an absolute /&>d ( tru?1 especially 9 matt]s ( "r & wrong1 if only to decide betwe5 ! disputes ( m54 ,&1 9 ,greece m5 disput$ s boldly & s incessantly t !re 0 no possibility ( =gett+ ! cla% ( op9ion 9 any 'dogmatic slumb]'4 ,?us ,plato is always ask+1 l ,rob]t ,br[n+ 9 ',rabbi ,b5 ,ezra'1-- ,n[1 :o %all arbitrate8 ,t5 m5 love :at ,i hate1 ,%un :at ,i foll[1 slight :at ,i receive2 ,t5 :o 9 e>s & eyes ,mat* me3 we all surmise1 ,!y ?is ?+1 & ,i t2 :om %all my s\l believe8 ,9 "o ( 8 v e>lie/ dialogues1 ! ',eu?yphro'1 ,plato puts ! "q almo/ 9 s _m words4 ,:at is x1 he asks 7#g ,a-,e71 t m5 qu>rel ov] mo/ passionately :5 !y dispute8 ,is x n ov] ! great que/ions ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 ( beauty1 goodness1 & ! l8 ,!y d n qu>rel ?us ov] a "q ( physical size1 simply because !y c settle su* a dispute by ref]5ce to an unque/ion$ /&>d1 a /&>d measure1 let u say4 ,if !re is no correspond+ /&>d = "r & wrong1 if ea* man is really ! judge & ! measure = himself1 !n !re is no s5se1 ,plato feels1 9 claim+ t "o man is wis] ?an ano!r 9 conduct1 or inde$ any man wis] ?an a dog-fac$ baboon 7,!aet4 #afa ,c-,e74 #b4 ,aga91 ,plato feels mo/ poignantly ! inadequacy ( all ! goodness & beauty we h ev] actually se5 9 ?is _w ( space & "t1 comp>$ ) ! ideal we h ( !m 9 _! p]fection4 ,h[ c we h ?is s5se ( defici5cy1 he asks1 unless someh[ we appreh5d some?+ supreme1 ov] & above all ! approa*es to x t h z yet appe>$8 7,pha$o1 #gd ,e74 ,?is vision ( an absolute p]fection1 z yet unrealiz$ on e>?1 s dom9ates all 8 ?9k+1 & has su* peculi> features ( its own1 t ev5 famili> quotations mu/ be quot$ "h4 ,y w f9d an exquisite translation ( a typical passage 9 our ,poet ,laureate's ,an?ology1 ,! ,_s ( ,man 7,no4 #cg74 ,specially to be not$ "h is ! /ress on ! un*ang+ "* ( ?is et]nal p]fection & ! sugge/ion t x _c be fully realiz$ 9 ! _w4 ,at ! same "t1 ,plato is equally sure t x is only ?r\gh ! /udy ( ?is _w t our appreh5sion ( t p]fection is awak5$ at all3-- ',he :o has ?us be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,love1 & has be5 l$ to see beautiful ?+s 9 _! due ord] & rank1 :5 he comes t[>d ! end ( 8 discipl9e1 w sudd5ly cat* sight ( a wondr\s ?+1 beautiful ) ! absolute ,beauty 444 he w see a ,beauty et]nal1 n gr[+ or decay+1 n wax+ or wan+1 nor w x be fair "h & f\l !re 444 z if fair to "s & f\l to o!rs 444 b ,beauty absolute1 sep>ate1 simple1 & ev]la/+2 :i* l5d+ ( its virtue to all beautiful ?+s t we see born to decay1 itself suff]s nei!r increase nor dim9ution1 nor any o!r *ange' 7,symp4 #baa74 ,all beautiful ?+s rem9d man1 ,plato tells u 9 8 my?ological fa%ion1 ( ?is p]fect ,beauty1 because we _h se5 x once be=e 9 ano!r life1 be=e our s\ls 7 born into ?is _w1 't blissful sight & spectacle' 7,pha$rus1 #bej ,b7 :5 we foll[$ ,zeus 9 8 w+$ c> & all ! company ( ! gods1 & w5t out into ! realm beyond ! sky1 a realm '( :i* no mortal poet has ev] sung or ev] w s+ wor?ily'4 #c4 ,b1 beside ?is passion = ! ideal1 ,plato 0 int5sely int]e/$ 9 our k ( ! actual _w ( appe>ances ar\nd u4 ,& "o ( ! prime que/ions ) :i* he 0 !n conc]n$ 0 ! "q1 :at we mean :5 we talk ab\t ! nature or "* ( ! ?+s we see1 a plant1 say1 or an animal1 or a man4 ,we mu/ mean some?+ def9ite1 o!rwise we c\ld n recognize1 = example1 t a plant is a plant ?r\gh all its v>ieties & all ! diff]5t /ages ( its gr[?4 ,plato's answ] 01 t 9 all natural ?+s !re is a def9ite pr9ciple t copies1 z x 71 a def9ite ,type or ,=m1 & ?is ,type he calls an ,idea4 ,?us 9 "s s5se x is ?is ,type1 ?is ,idea1 ?is ,=m1 t br+s ! p>ticul> ?+ into be+4 #d4 ,b x 0 n en\gh = ,plato to say t e natural ?+ _h 9 "s s5se a c]ta9 type = its basis1 unless he c\ld believe t ?is type 0 good1 & t all ! types 7 h>moni\s ) ea* o!r4 ,he c\ld only be satisfi$ ) ! _w1 9 %ort1 if he c\ld feel t x came ab\t ?r\gh a movem5t t[>ds p]fection4 ,he makes 8 ,socrates say t 9 ask+ ab\t '! causes ( ?+s1 :at x is t makes ea* ?+ come into be+'1 x 0 n en\gh = him if he c\ld only see t ! ?+ 0 !re because some?+ _h put x !re3 he also want$ to see t x 0 good = x to be !re4 ,socrates tells u t :at he ne$$ he ?\ght he _h f\nd 9 a book by ,anaxagoras1 :i* ann\nc$ 't ,m9d 0 ! dispos] & cause ( all' because1 ',i said to myself1 ,if ?is be s--if ,m9d is ! ord]]1 x w h all 9 ord]1 & put e s+le ?+ 9 ! place t is be/ = x'4#h ,x is ! same feel+ z t :i* und]lies ! words ( ,g5esis ab\t ! ,creation1 ',& ,god saw t x 0 good'4 ,& !re is no d\bt t su* a view ( ! _w w\ld be supremely satisfy+ if we c\ld c\nt x true4 ,!re may be consid]able intellectual satisfaction1 no d\bt1 9 m]ely solv+ a puzzle z to h[ ?+s come ab\t1 b x is z no?+ comp>$ to ! joy !re w\ld be 9 contemplat+ _! goodness4 #e4 ,b is x true8 ,c we possibly say s 9 view ( ! hide\s imp]fection r\nd u8 ,! writ]s ( ,g5esis spoke ( a ,fall4 ,plato1 9 8 own way1 speaks ( a ,fall himself4 ,he nev] gives up ! belief 9 an ,absolute ,p]fection1 a sy/em ( ,p]fect ,types someh[--he does n say exactly h[--influ5c+ ! /ructure ( ?+s 9 ?is _w4 ,b he holds t on e>? ?is p]fection is always ?w>t$ by a m$ium :i* prev5ts its full manife/ation4 ,?is m$ium is ! m$ium ( ,space & ,"t1 & !re=e ! m$ium ( hi/ory--& !re=e hi/ory is always & inevitably a record ( failure4 ',:ile we are 9 ! body1' ,plato writes1 '& :ile ! s\l is contam9at$ ) its evils1 our desire w nev] be ?or\ghly satisfi$4'#i ',! body is a tomb1' he writes else:]e1 quot+ a curr5t phrase4 ,?is is sad en\gh3 yet if we put aga9/ x ,plato's vision ( :at ,man might be1 we get z inspir+ words z ev] 7 writt53 ',we h spok5 ( ,man'1 he says at ! end ( ! ,republic1 'z he appe>s to u n[1 b n[ he looks z ,glaucus look$ aft] he _h be5 ca/ into ! sea1 & 8 orig9al nature 0 sc>cely to be disc]n$1 = 8 limbs 7 brok5 & cru%$ & defac$ by ! wat]s1 & /range ?+s _h gr[n r\nd him1 %ells & seawe$ & /ones1 s t he 0 m l a bea/ ?an a man4 ,t is h[ ! s\l looks to u n[ encompass$ by all h] evils4 ,x is else:]e1 my fri5d1 t we ought to look4' ,:]e8 asks ,plato's fri5d1 & ,plato answ]s1 ',we %\ld look to h] love ( wisdom & realize :at %e cl+s to1 :at company %e desires1 = %e is ak9 to ! ,div9e & ,immortal & ,et]nal1 & we %\ld und]/& :at %e w\ld become if %e foll[$ aft] x1 ) all h] /r5g?1 & 7 lift$ by t ef=t out ( ! sea :]e %e n[ lies4444 ,!n we %\ld und]/& h] real nature4' 7,republic1 #faa47 ,some:]e1 ,plato believes1 ?is true nature ( man may be realiz$4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,good is some?+ active1 n a dead helpless ?+1 ) no effect on ! re/ ( ! univ]se 7,sophi/1 #bdh1 #bdi72 x is a liv+ p[]1 :i* desires t ev]y?+ ev]y:]e %\ld be z glori\s z possible 7,tim4 #bi ,d74 ,!re is no envy1 ,plato says1 9 ! ,div9e1 t grudg+ _s has no "p 9 ! heav5ly company4 ,only x is n on e>? t ! glory c be realiz$4 ,x is t[>ds ! life aft] dea? t ,plato's real hopes are direct$4 ,none ! less1 & ?is is important1 ?is _w does n cease to be significant = him4 ,he does n turn aside1--z "s s\ls1 intoxicat$ ) ! ,div9e1 h done1--f ?is _w altoge!r4 ,because he holds t man c only advance by /ruggl+ to make ?is _w bett]4 ,man's ord9>y life may be l ! life 9 a cave1 z he says 9 8 fam\s my?1 b ! true philosoph] :o has once ris5 out ( ! cave mu/ g back into x aga9 & tea* ! prison]s !re :at ! univ]se really is 7,republic1 ,book vi1 f942 vii1 init474 ,! v passage t ,i quot$ ab\t man's real nature comes at ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,n[ ! ,republic is a ,utopia1 & no "o writes a ,utopia unless he believes t ! ef=t to rea* x is ( prime importance to man & helps him to advance4 ,only1 = ,plato1 ! advance is n m>k$ 9 ! successive /ages ( hi/ory1 z ! mod]n fai? 9 progress ass]ts4 ,! life on e>?1 = ,plato1 is l a s*ool ?r\gh :i* m5 pass & 9 :i* !y may le>n & gr[1 b ! s*ool itself does n g on gr[+4 ,x is n t he does n envisage *ange 9 hi/ory1 b :at he seems to hope = at ! be/ is no?+ m hopeful ?an recurr+ cycles ( bett] & worse4 ,he tells a fable1 9 8 dialogue ',! ,/atesman'1 ( h[ at "o "t ! _w is set sp9n+ 9 ! "r direction by ,god & !n all goes well1 & aga9 h[ ,god ceases to control x1 & !n x gradually =gets ! div9e tea*+ & slips f good to bad & f bad to worse1 until at la/ ,god takes pity on x once m to save x f utt] de/ruction 7,polit4 #bfi ff474 ,no d\bt 9 ?is idea ( cycles ,plato is influ5c$ by ! popul> ?\ght ( 8 "t3 ?is feel+ t !re _h be5 a lo/ ,gold5 ,age 9 ! pa/ 0 deeply root$ 9 ,greek my?ology4 ,we get x long be=e ,plato1 9 ,hesiod1 & !re are simil> t\*es 9 ,hom]1 & once m5 believe t !y h sunk f glory1 !re is always ! dread t if ev] !y recov] x !y w lose x aga94 ,& ) ,plato ?is dread is re9=c$ by 8 s5se ( some?+ incurable 9 ! _w1 ! ?w>t+ influ5ce ( spatial & temporal matt] 7,!aet4 #agf ,a74 ,x is /range t1 ?\gh he is always ?9k+ ( ! individual s\l z le>n+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce 9 its passage f "o life to ano!r1 ,plato does n seem to h ! idea ( mank9d le>n+ by ! lessons ( hi/ory1 ( k be+ h&$ d[n f "o age to ano!r1 & gr[+ 9 ! process4 ,t is "o ( ! mo/ inspir+ ideas 9 mod]n ?\ght3 a ,g]man writ] has spok5 ( hi/ory z ! long ,odyssey ( ! human _s1 ! common m9d ( ,man com+ at la/ ?r\gh its w&]+s to f9d out :at x really wants1 & :]e its true home lies4 ,& "h1 significantly en\gh1 we f9d we are br\ght back 9 our mod]n way to some?+ v l ,plato's own conception ( an et]nal un*ang+ ,reality4 ,!re are endless problems 9 ! :ole conception ( ! ,et]nal t ,i am q unable ev5 to attempt2 b ?is mu* at lea/ seems cle> to me1 t ! :ole idea ( mank9d le>n+ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,hi/ory1 implies some?+ ( p]man5t value runn+ ?r\gh t exp]i5ce4 ,! v ?\ght ( cont9u$ progress implies t man c look back at ! successive /ages ( ! ,pa/ & say ( ea*3 ,9 t lay values :i* ,i1 to-day & always1 c recognize z good1 al?\gh ,i believe we h m good n[4 ,seeley speaks 9 a noble passage ( h[ religion might conceive a progressive revelation :i* 01 9 a s5se1 ! same ?r\gh all its /ages1 & yet 0 a gr[+ ?+3--'ea* new revelation ass]ts its own sup]iority to ^? :i* w5t be=e1' b ! sup]iority is 'n ( "o ?+ to ano!r ?+--b ( ! develop$ ?+ to ! undevelop$'4 ',x is ?us'1 he writes1 't ! ages %\ld behave to "o ano!r4' ,?is is ! true 'und]/&+ & conc]t ) "t'4#aj ,& ?\gh ,plato does n live 9 ! ?\ght ( hi/oric progress1 yet su* a conception ( progress :i* recognizes at diff]5t /ages diff]5t expressions1 m or less adequate1 ( "o et]nal value1 su* a way ( ?9k+ is entirely ,platonic4 ,:5 we look back at hi/ory 9 ?is mood we ?9k n only ( grasp+ ! "r pr9ciples = ! ,future1 b ( rejoic+ 9 ! def9ite a*ievem5ts ( ! ,pa/1 & we feel ?is mo/ poignantly1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! a*ievem5ts won by ! _s ( ,beauty4 ,great works ( ,art we are accu/om$ actually to call immortal1 & we mean by ?is n m]ely t we ?9k !y w always be fam\s1 b t !re is some?+ 9 !m t makes x impossible = !m ev] to be sup]s$$4 ,9 !mselves !y are inexhau/ible3 if !y cease to int]e/ u1 x is our fault & n !irs4 ,we may want m1 we d want m1 :]e !y came f1 b we nev] want to lose !m1 any m ?an we c\ld be> to lose our old fri5ds1 ?\gh we may desire to make new ones4 ,( all ! div9e ,ideas1 said ,plato1 ,beauty is ! "o t %[s itself mo/ pla9ly 9 ! _w ( s5se & speaks to u mo/ pla9ly ( ! et]nal realities4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is p]haps tr5*+ on ! subject ( ,progress 9 ,art1 & ,i %\ld l to return to ! g5]al ,greek conception ( ! t5d5cy 9 all nature t[>ds ! ,good1 ! p]fect realization ( p]fect types4 ,plato does n expressly insi/ t ?is t5d5cy is ( ! nature ( ef=t1 ?\gh ,i ?9k t is involv$ 9 8 view4 ,b ,ari/otle does4 ,foll[+ ,plato 9 ess5tials1 he makes bold to say outright t e natural ?+ 9 its own way longs = ! div9e & desires to %>e 9 ! div9e life1 s f> z x c4#aa ,e su* ?+ 9 ?is _w ( space & "t has to cope ) difficulties & is imp]fect1 b ev]y?+ /ruggles t[>ds ! good4 ,t good is 9 ! life ( ,god1 a ?9k+ life1 an activity ( ?\ght1 exi/+ 9 "s s5se beyond ?is imp]fect _w2 & ?is life is s supremely desirable t x makes ev]y?+ else /ruggle to rea* x4 ,x moves ! :ole _w1 ,ari/otle says1 9 a fam\s passage1 because x is lov$4 ,x is ! _w's desire4#ab ,n[ ?is idea ( ef=t--or ( some?+ analog\s to ef=t--con/itut+ ! inn] nature ( e natural ?+ reappe>s1 ) pregnant consequ5ces1 9 mod]n ?\ght1 ?\gh seldom ) ^! va/ !ological consequ5ces4 ,! idea ( an upw>d ef=t ?r\gh nature lies at ! base ( our mo/ hopeful !ories ( evolution1 & =ms ! true support ( our mod]n fai? 9 progress4 ,broadly speak+1 our evolutioni/s are n[ divid$ into two s*ools3 ! adh]5ts ( ! "o believe t v>iations are purely accid5tal1 & may occur 9 any direction :atsoev]1 ! useful ones be+ pres]v$ only because !y happ5 to be useful = ! life ( ! species1 :ile ! adh]5ts ( ! o!r--! s*ool t ,i w\ld call ! s*ool ( hope--believe t accid5t1 ev5 ) natural selection to aid x1 is utt]ly inadequate to acc\nt = ! ord]$ beauty & h>mony t we d see 9 natural ?+s4 ,!y admit1 z ,plato & ,ari/otle admit1 imp]fection & difficulty 9 ! _w1 b !y insi/ on a movem5t t[>ds value3 9 %ort1 !y conceive an ord] em]g+ t is br\ght ab\t1 to quote a mod]n writ]1 bo? 9 nature & 9 society1 by 'a pr9ciple ( movem5t & progress conflict+ ) a pr9ciple ( in]tia4'#ac ,ari/otle1 9 words t are /rik+ly mod]n1 raises ! v "q at issue "h4#ad ,he asks :e!r we c suppose t nature does n aim at ! good at all1 b t v>iations arise by *ance & are pres]v$ j because !y are useful1 & he sc\ts ! idea t *ance c\ld d m1 z ,zell] says1 ?an 'br+ ab\t isolat$ & abnormal results'4 ,he *ooses in/ead ! conception ( purpose & ef=t1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! difficulties 9 conceiv+ a purpose & an ef=t t are n def9itely consci\s4 ,! sort ( ?+ t is 9 ,ari/otle's m9d :5 he speaks ( nature aim+ at ! good1 comes out 9 a passage by ,edw>d ,c>p5t] 9 8 little book ,! ,art ( ,creation4 ,c>p5t] plunges boldly & comp>es ! pr9ciple t makes a tree gr[ & propagate its k9d ) ! impulse t makes a man express himself4 ,man1 he says1 has a ,w & ,purpose1 a ,"*1 :i*1 d :at y w1 t5ds to pu% outw>ds t[>ds expression4 ,y put ,george ,fox 9 prison1 y flog & p]secute him1 b ! mom5t he has a *ance he goes & prea*es j ! same z be=e4444 ,b take a ,tree & y notice exactly ! same ?+4 ,a dom9ant ,idea in=ms ! life ( ! ,tree2 p]si/+1 x =ms ! tree4 ,y may snip ! leaves z mu* z y l to a c]ta9 patt]n1 b !y w only gr[ 9 _! own %ape4 ,f9ally1 y may cut ! tree d[n root & bran* & burn x1 b1 if !re is left a s+le se$1 )9 t se$ 444 lurks ! =mative ideal1 :i* "u prop] conditions w aga9 spr+ into life & expression4#ae ,ari/otle w\ld h endors$ almo/ e ^w ( ?is4 ,9 8 pi?y way1 speak+ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 natural & artificial objects1 he says himself t if y plant$ a wood5 b$ & ! wood c\ld /ill gr[1 x w\ld gr[ up1 n a b$1 b a tree4#af ,he w\ld n h gone s f> z to talk ab\t ! ,w ( a tree1 b he w\ld h admitt$ t :at made ! tree gr[ 0 ! same sort ( ?+ z ,w4 ,& 9 "o respect he goes f>!r ?an ,edw>d ,c>p5t] does4 ,= he consid]s t n only gr[? b ev5 ! movem5t ( natural ?+s ?r\gh space is someh[ an expression ( a t5d5cy t[>ds ! good & ! div9e1 a t5d5cy :i*1 :5 consci\sness sup]v5es1 we c call ef=t1 an activity1 ev5 ?\gh1 at its be/1 only an imp]fect activity4 ,he looks up at ! spl5d\r ( ! circl+ />s & asks if x is possible t s glori\s an ord] c be any?+ b a manife/ation ( some?+ ak9 to ! div9e4 ,"h inde$ he is speak+ ( movem5ts made by exi/5ces he reckon$ among ! highe/ 9 ! _w1 = he ?\ght ! />s 7 liv+ be+s high] ?an man4 ,b he recogniz$ a rudim5t>y =m ( su* activity ev5 9 :at we n[ call inanimate matt]4 ,"h we come to a lead+ conception ( ,ari/otle's1 & "o mo/ important = our purpose3 ! conception ( a hi]>*y ( natural exi/5ces1 all ( !m ) "s value1 less or m4 ,:5 ,ari/otle is true/ to himself1 he w tell u n to be afraid ( /udy+ ! meane/ =ms ( natural exi/5ce1 because 9 ev]y?+ !re is some?+ m>vell\s & div9e4 ,he quotes ) mu* satisfaction ! /ory ( ,h]acleitus1 :o welcom$ 8 fri5ds into ! bakeh\se ) ! say+ t '!re 7 gods 9 ! bakeh\se too'4#ag ,?us1 at ! l[e/ end ( ! scale1 we h :at we call inanimate matt]1 :i* ,ari/otle ?9ks ( mu* z we d1 namely1 z some?+ occupy+ space1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( x be+ end[$ ) diff]5t p[]s ( movem5t1 & ) diff]5t prop]ties1 su* z w>m? or coldness1 wetness or dryness4 ,a natural ?+1 he says1 is a ?+ t has a pr9ciple ( activity 9 itself1 some?+ t makes x act 9 a def9ite way1 :5ev] x is n int]f]$ ) by any?+ else4#ah ,ari/otle speaks1 = example1 ( fire hav+ a natural t5d5cy to m\nt up1 mu* z we might speak ( solids hav+ a natural t5d5cy to gravitate t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,g back z f> z we l1 &1 ,ari/otle ?9ks1 we /ill f9d c]ta9 primitive diff]5ces :i* con/itute :at we call ! primitive elem5ts4 ,?is1 ,i imag9e1 is mu* ! po9t ( view ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,& ^! primitive elem5ts 9 ,ari/otle's view influ5ce ea* o!r1 unite ) ea* o!r1 or *ange into ea* o!r4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y exhibit no new p[]s4 ,b giv5 a happy concurr5ce ( qualities1 say a c]ta9 union ( heat & cold1 & a new p[] does become manife/3 ! p[] ( life4 ,?us1 9 a s5se1 ,ari/otle does envisage ! spontane\s g5]ation ( life2 & he kn[s1 r\ghly1 :at he means by life4 ,! liv+ ?+ c g ?r\gh f> m *anges ?an ! non-liv+1 :ile yet rema9+ recognizably ! same ?+4 ,= example1 x %[s 9 itself a great] advance to ri*ness & also a decl9e1 x uses o!r ?+s to fo/] ?is advance1 & x s5ds out fre% ?+s1 l itself1 b indep5d5t ( itself3 9 %ort1 x gr[s1 decays1 fe$s itself1 & propagates its k9d4#ai ,z ,i und]/& ,ari/otle1 = him !re is n an entire & absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ord9>y matt] & liv+ ?+s1 & yet !re is a real diff]5ce1 & "o n to be expla9$ away1 = !re is a new manife/ation ( active en]gy4 ,& if we consid] life ( m value ?an m]e motion1 !n we are "r 9 say+ !re is a high] en]gy4 ,! quality ( gr[? is a quality :i* c\ld n be d$uc$ f ! quality ( w>m? or f ! quality ( m]e movem5t 9 space1 & yet all ?ree qualities are alike 9 ?is1 t !y are all manife/ations ( an en]gy :i* is someh[ inh]5t 9 ?+s1 & n m]ely impos$ on !m f )\t4 ,! manife/ations ( life are />t$1 9 a s5se1 by ! diff]5t movem5ts1 'me*anical'1 if y l to call !m s1 9 ! rudim5t>y =ms ( matt]1 ! elem5ts meet+ ea* o!r 9 space4 ,! process ( life c\ld n h begun )\t su* movem5ts4 ,b nei!r c\ld x h begun if ! elem5ts1 j z !y appe>1 _h be5 all !re 04 ,!re _h to be lat5t1 t is1 ! possibility ( a diff]5t & high] mode ( action4 ,?is high] mode ( action ,ari/otle calls a high] ,=m1 a high] ,idea4 ,& ,i ?9k x is true to him to say t he believes ! l[] ,=ms1 ! l[] ,ideas1 d _! mo/ p]fect "w :5 !y br+ ab\t ! conditions "u :i* ! high] ones c op]ate4 ,= :5 he speaks ( t concurr5ce ( elem5ts t conditions life he speaks ( ! 'w>m? & cold' z 'hav+ ma/]$ ! matt]'4#bj ,9 any case he conceives a :ole s]ies ( high] & l[] ,=ms1 ! high] com+ ne>] & ne>] to t full & glori\s activity :i* he conceives to be ! life ( ,god4 ,above ! p[] ( ! ?+ to gr[ z a plant gr[s appe>s ! p[] ( s5sation z x is pres5t 9 animals1 & above t aga9 ! p[]1 fir/ se5 9 man1 ( liv+ ! life ( ?\ght1 p]ceiv+ :at is beautiful & true 9 ! '=ms'1 ! *>act]s1 ( all ! ?+s ar\nd him1 & ) ?is t fur!r p[] ( sett+ consci\sly be=e himself :at he really wants to be & to d1 ! p[] ( moral action /rictly s-call$4 ,?r\gh\t ?is s]ies1 9 e high] /age ! l[] is pres5t z a k9d ( basis4 ,9 ! man :o ?9ks !re is active n only ! p[] ( ?\ght1 b also ! p[] ( s5sation1 ! faculty ( gr[?1 & ! physical prop]ties ( ! body4 ,x w\ld seem t ,ari/otle has only to take "o /ep1 & he w\ld be a ?or\ghgo+ evolutioni/4 ,he has only to say t ! diff]5t /ages are successive 9 "t1 ! l[] regul>ly prec$+ ! high]4 ,b ?is /ep he hesitates to take4 ,he (t5 comes v ne> x4 ,he speaks ( nature pass+ gradually f inanimate ?+s ?r\gh liv+ ?+s to liv+ animals4 ,he speaks ( :at is fir/ 9 itself1 fir/ inh]5tly1 'prior' 9 ! logical s5se because x is ! goal & ! completion ( ! ?+1 z appe>+ lat] 9 "t4 ,= in/ance1 he believes t man c only f9d 8 real happ9ess & develop 8 real nature 9 ! ,/ate1 b ! ,/ate appe>s lat] 9 "t ?an ! primitive associations ( ! h\sehold & ! family4#ba ,:at came e>li] 9 hi/ory 7 b>b>\s communities su* z ^? ( ! ,cyclopes1 :]e 'ea* man laid d[n ! law = 8 wife & *ildr5 & obey$ no o!r law'4 ,b ,ari/otle does n g on f ?is belief to ! belief 9 a univ]sal upw>d process ?r\gh\t all hi/ory4 ,! develop$ ,/ate1 x is true1 may always h be5 prec$$ by a l[] =m1 b t l[] =m may itself h be5 prec$$ by a high]4 ,ari/otle1 9 %ort1 is haunt$1 l ,plato1 by ! idea ( cycles1 alt]nations1 decl9e & progress1 progress & decl9e4 ,he feels ?is bo? 9 ! life ( ,/ates & 9 ! :ole life ( ! _w4 ,he speaks ( ! same discov]ies be+ made ov] & ov] aga91 an inf9ite numb] ( times1 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization4 ,& 8 words recall ! sad passage 9 ,plato's ,laws 7#fgf7 ref]r+ to ! numb]less nations & /ates1 t5 ?\s& times t5 ?\s&1 t _h ris5 & fall5 all ov] ! _w1 pass+ f worse to bett] & f bett] to worse4 ,simil>ly ,ari/otle w speak ( degrad$ animal =ms1 & sometimes write z ?\gh ! animal _w c\ld s9k back into ! vegetable altoge!r4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 some?+ l progress )9 ! diff]5t cycles1 we mu/ ask a little m ab\t ! k9d ( progress :i* ,ari/otle w\ld h desir$4 7,i take ,ari/otle aga9 z a typical ,greek47 ,man at 8 be/1 he cle>ly holds1 9 try+ to realize 8 true nature %\ld aim at a happ9ess :i* involves a h>mony ( all 8 faculties1 a h>mony inspir$ & l$ by ! highe/ faculty ( all1 ! ,reason :i* rejoices 9 ! contemplation ( :at is at once true & good & beautiful4 ,n[ 9 ?is aim1 we mu/ ask1 does a man ne$ o!r m5 & o!r creatures1 & 9 :at s5se does he ne$ !m8 ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 we come on two inconsi/5t t5d5cies 9 ,ari/otle's ?\ght1 connect$ ) two diff]5t ways ( reg>d+ ! hi]>*y ( exi/5ces4 ,we say t "o exi/5ce is high] ?an ano!r4 ,does ?is mean t :at we call ! l[] are only s _m blund]+ attempts to rea* ! high]8 ,t e creature1 = example1 :i* is n a ?9k+ man is1 on ! :ole1 a mi/ake8 ,ari/otle (t5 does speak l t4 ,woman1 he says 9 "o passage1 is only a mutilat$ male4#bb ,! pr9ciple :i* ought to develop into ! active p[] ( ?\ght c\ld n1 he expla9s1 9 wom5 ma/] ! recalcitrant elem5t :i* is always ?w>t+ p]fection1 & ?us woman is man manque4 ,on ^! l9es ( ?\ght x is easy to slip into look+ on all o!r =ms ( exi/5ce z m]ely valuable 9 s f> z !y s]ve ! direct purposes ( m51 & inde$ only ( a few m51 ^? namely :o are able to ?9k z philosoph]s4 ,?is is ! k9d ( view accord+ to :i*1 z ! satiri/ sugge/s1 cork-trees only gr[ 9 ord] to make corks = *ampagne-bottles1 & ! inf]ior races ( mank9d only exi/ to furni% slaves = ! high]4 ,& ,ari/otle does1 on occasion1 l5d himself to su* a view3 he ju/ifies a slav]y 9 :i*1 z he says1 "s m5 are to be treat$ m]ely z liv+ tools4 ,& yet on 8 own pr9ciples e man ought to aim at realiz+ 8 own end1 & n m]ely ! ends ( o!rs4 ,b !re is a widely diff]5t view1 also pres5t 9 ,ari/otle1 & tru] to ! ess5ce ( 8 ?\ght4 ,x is a view in/9ct ) t rev]5ce = all exi/5ce ( :i* ,i spoke at fir/1 & x holds t all ! diff]5t natural types1 high or l[1 c\ld all be unit$ 9 "o h>mony1 l an ord]$ army1 z ,ari/otle himself w\ld say1 9 :i* ! div9e _s 0 pres5t ev5 z ! _s ( a g5]al is pres5t 9 8 m54 ,! greate/ ?+ 9 man1 ,ari/otle ?9ks1 is ! godlike p[] ( appreh5d+ ! diff]5t *>act]s ( all ! ?+s ar\nd him1 & ?is ( itself sugge/s ! belief t all ^! *>act]s h a value ( _! own1 unique & indisp5sable1 ea* aim+ at a di/9ct aspect ( ! ,div9e1 ea*1 if x fulfill$ its inn] nature1 f9d+1 z ,plato might h said1 ! place :]e x 0 be/ = x to be4 ,aga91 x is cle> f ,ari/otle's :ole treatm5t ( ! ,/ate1 t :5 he wrote 8 fam\s phrase1 ',man is by nature a political animal'1 he meant t man1 z we %\ld say1 is ess5tially social4 ,x is "p ( man's goal to live ) o!rs2 x is n m]ely a means to ! goal4 ,8 highe/ happ9ess lies 9 ! contemplation ( ! good1 & ! good1 ,ari/otle says1 c be contemplat$ f> bett] 9 o!rs ?an 9 ourselves4 ,?is is a pr(\nd say+1 & f ?is ?\ght spr+s ! deep significance ( fri5d%ip 9 ,ari/otle's sy/em4 ,! cr[n ( ! civic life he takes to be ! community ( fri5ds :o recognize ! good 9 ea* o!r1 & enjoy ea* o!r ?r\gh ?is4 ,! wid] ?is community1 !n1 we mu/ surely say1 ! bett]4 ,= ,ari/otle !n1 man's p]fection ought to mean ! p]fection ( e individual1 & progress1 s f> z he conceives x1 involve progress t[>ds ?is end4 ,?is %\ld lead on to belief 9 ! supreme importance ( ! individual s\l1 & to ,kant's great pr9ciple t we %\ld always treat ea* man z an end 9 himself4 ,?us1 if we conc5trate on ! hopeful elem5ts 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 we may fairly say1 ,i ?9k1 t we c see outl9$ 9 _! philosophies some?+ l ! foll[+ belief3 e natural ?+ 9 ?is _w1 & e natural creature1 s f> z x is good1--& all are m or less good1--t5ds to express "s di/9ct aspect ( a p]fect h>mony3 we human be+s are ! fir/ on e>? to be def9itely consci\s ( su* a t5d5cy1 ! fir/ to be able def9itely to direct x to its true goal1 & our bus9ess 9 life is !re=e ?reefold3 to make actual our own function 9 ?is h>mony1 to help o!r creatures to actualize !irs1 & to contemplate e su* manife/ation1 9 m5 or 9 ?+s1 ) rev]5ce & rejoic+4 ,! h>mony1 if complete1 w\ld be a manife/ation ( a div9e reality1 & ?us ! love ( ,god1 ! love ( our neighb\r1 ! love ( nature1 self-developm5t1 political life1 sci5tific /udy1 poetic contemplation1 & philosophic speculation1 w\ld all unite 9 "o compreh5sive & glori\s task4 ,?is1 surely1 is hopeful en\gh4 ,b ! ,greek hope falt]$ & sank4 ,c\ld ?is h>mony ev] be realiz$8 ,w\ld n ! ?w>t+ elem5t 9 ! _w always drag x d[n aga9 & aga91 & drag "s m5 d[n always1 s t aft] all progress 0 impossible1 & = "s m5 %\ld n ev5 be attempt$8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,plato & ,ari/otle d limit _! exhortations to a n>r[ circle ( cultur$ ,greeks1 & ev5 ) !m !y d\bt ( success4 ,n[ ?is despond5cy came p>tly1 ,i ?9k1 ?r\gh ! v s5sitiv5ess ( ! ,hell5ic nature4 ,! spectacle ( ! ev]-baffl$ /ruggle 9 ,nature & ,man !y felt at times almo/ intol]able4 ,ari/otle saw t ?is p]petual failure 9 ! he>t ( glori\s good made ! v ess5ce ( trag$y4 ,! tragic h]o is ! man ( innate nobl5ess :o yet has "s "o defect t lays him op5 to ru94 ,man is set 9 a _w full ( difficulties1 a _w mu* ( :i* is d>k & /range to him3 8 action & ^? ( o!rs h results :i* he did n1 & 9 8 ignorance c\ld n1 =esee2 he is n /rong en\gh = 8 great task4 ,all ! ,greek poets h ?is deep sadness4 ,hom] has x1 9 & ?r\gh 8 int5se feel+ = ! beauty & en]gy ( life4 ,!re has nev] be5 su* w>-poetry z ,hom]'s1 & yet !re has nev] be5 any :i* felt m poignantly ! s5selessness 9 w>4 ',& ,i mu/ come "h'1 ,a*illes says to 8 noble enemy at ! close1 'to torture y & y\r *ildr54' ,9 ! next place1 ! sadness ( ! _w c\ld n be light5$ = ! ,greeks by ! vision t ! mod]n !ory ( evolution has op5$ up to u ( ! long advance 9 ! hi/ory ( life on ! planet4 ,ev5 _! k ( hi/ory 9 ! /rict s5se 0 scanty1 & x is only a long view ( hi/ory t is likely to be com=t+4 ,:at hi/ory !y did "k c\ld br+ !m little com=t4 ,9 ! fir/ place x %[$ !m a s]ies ( great civilizations1 ris+ & fall+1 & ^? t _h fall5 seem$ at lea/ z good z ^? t foll[$ !m4 ,a ,greek l ,plato knew ( ! ,hom]ic civilization1 simpl] inde$1 b fre%] & pur] ?an 8 own4 ,& he believ$1 :at we n[ "k to be ! fact1 t ev5 be=e ! ,hom]ic !re _h be5 a wond]ful isl&-culture1 :at we call ! ,m9oan1 fl\ri%+ be=e ! ,hom]ic4 ',!re _h be5 k+s be=e ,agamemnon4' ,& beh9d ,m9os & ,agamemnon lay ! great1 & by t "t ! ossify+1 k+dom ( ,egypt1 comp>$ to :i* ! ,greeks 71 & felt !mselves to be1 b *ildr54 ,plato _h se51 f9ally1 ! deg5]ation ( ! ,p]sian ,empire--once s magnific5t & mighty4 ,?is fact ( recurr5t decay is "o ( ! heavie/ t ! human _s c %\ld]4 ,any !ory ( progress mu/ come to t]ms ) x1 = ,progress ?r\gh hi/ory is c]ta9ly n an un9t]rupt$ asc5t2 a spiral is ! bett] image4 ,& ! weight mu/ lie mo/ heavily on a g5]ation :i* feels its own self to be 9 p]il ( decay4 ,n[ ,plato & ,ari/otle liv$ at su* a p]iod4 ,greece _h gone ?r\gh ! bitt] exp]i5ces ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 & ! %ad[ ( x lay on !m1 z on its hi/orian ,?ucydides4 ,9 t fratricidal conflict ,greece tore h]self to pieces4 ,x 0 a /ruggle betwe5 ! two lead]s ( ! !n civiliz$ _w1 & x has a t]rible lik5ess to ! /ruggle t is go+ on n[4 ,f its deva/at+ influ5ce ,greece nev] recov]$4 ,hi/orians /ill dispute1 & always w1 z to ! exact proportion ( praise & blame betwe5 ! two4 ,b ,?ucydides himself1 a true-he>t$ ,a!nian1 br+s out ! tyrannical side 9 ! ,a!nian temp]4 ,n inde$ t[>ds h] own p1 b t[>ds all :o 7 n ( h] own imm$iate /ock4 ,because ,a!ns ?\ght h]self ! faire/ city 9 ! _w1 z inde$ %e 01 because %e ?\ght h]self m5ac$ by ,sp>ta1 & m5ac$ %e 01 %e all[$ h]self to tyrannize & lightly took up ! burd5 ( w> betwe5 bre?r54 ,!re are few passages 9 hi/ory m /ately ?an ! ,fun]al ,oration ( ,p]icles 9 :i* he calls ,a!ns ! ,s*ool ( ,hellas1 b ev5 9 x !re is a c]ta9 deadly coldness ( he>t4 ,& few ?+s are m t]rible ?an ! co>s5+ ( temp] :i* ,?ucydides depicts z ! w> goes on & ,p]icles is succe$$ by 8 c>icature ,cleon1 ! man :o means to prosecute ! w> vigor\sly1 & by vig\r means ru?lessness4 ,nor 0 !re ev] a /]n] indictm5t ( aggression ?an t giv5 9 ! dialogue betwe5 ! spokesm5 ( ,melos1 ! little isl& t desir$ to /& out ( ! conflict1 & ! ,a!nian repres5tatives :o 7 det]m9$ to =ce h] into _! policy4 ,& aft] t dialogue comes1 9 ,?ucydides' great drama1 ! fall ( ,a!ns4 ,! city recov]$ 9 "s measure f h] fall1 b only to face ano!r disa/]4 ,if %e s9n$ 9 ! ,peloponnesian ,w> ?r\gh ! _s ( aggression1 %e s9n$ 9 ! /ruggle ) ,mac$on ?r\gh slackness & c[>dice4 ,9 ! "o /ruggle %e lo/ comrade%ip2 9 ! o!r %e lo/ lib]ty4 ,& ) ! loss ( ! two %e lo/ buoyancy4 ,9 a deep] s5se ?an ,p]icles us$ ! phrase1 '! spr+time w5t out ( h] ye>'4 ,ultimately1 p]haps1 we _c expla9 :y ?is %\ld be s4 ,o!r nations h _h z di%e>t5+ exp]i5ces & yet ris5 above !m4 ,"s ( ! mo/ inspir$ prophecies 9 ! ,hebrew writ+s came aft] ! t9y /ate ( ,judaea _h be5 torn 9 pieces by ! ins5sate conflict betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 & aft] ! :ole p _h be5 swept into captivity4 ,b :atev] ! ultimate reason1 ,a!ns did n recov]4 ,we mu/ n end1 h[ev]1 on a note ( despair4 ,f> f x4 ,! "w ( ,ari/otle & ,plato & ( ! ,greeks g5]ally1 0 cramp$ = lack ( sympa?y & lack ( hope1 &1 /rangely en\gh1 x 0 aft] !y _h pass$ & _! glory ) !m t sympa?y grew 9 ! _w1 & aft] sympa?y grew1 hope return$4 ,= x is exactly 9 ^? fail+ ye>s1 :5 ! ,hell5ic gave way to ! ,hell5i/ic1 t m5 fir/ grasp$1 & grasp$ s firmly t x c\ld h>dly be lo/ aga91 "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! :ole fabric ( our lat] civilization has re/$1 or ought to re/1 ! great pr9ciple ( p]sonal equality1 ! claim ( e individual to transc5d5t value1 irrespective ( race & cre$ & end[m5t4 ,! conqu]+ rule ( ,alex&]1 :atev] else x did1 broke d[n ! b>ri]s ( ! little city-/ates & made m5 ( diff]5t races feel !mselves memb]s ( mank9d4 ,!re rose among ! ,/oics ! conviction t all m5 d belong toge!r & are all made = ea* o!r4 ,& ) ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity came ! belief t e man1 h[ev] mean & unwor?y1 c receive a p[] t w make him all he ought to be4 ,! highe/ is )9 8 rea*4 ,!re is no reason n[ :y ! glori\s life t ,hell5ism conceiv$ = a few %\ld n lie op5 to all m54 ,f9ally1 we might say1 & truly1 t ! va/ political organization built up by ,rome gave u ,europeans1 once & = all1 ! vision ( a unit$ ,europe4 ,t dream has nev] left x4 ,ev5 to-day1 "h & n[1 9 spite ( our disa/]s1 our blund]s1 & our crimes1 let u n =get x1 t dream :i* is 'n all a dream'1 ! dream ( once aga9 con/ruct+ a sy/em 9 :i* we might1 all ( u1 all nations & all m5 & wom51 make progress toge!r 9 ! common task4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,g4 ,l4 ,dick9son1 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life4 ,zell]1 ,ari/otle & ! ,e>li] ,p]ipatetics4 ,edit$ by ,evelyn ,abbott1 ,hell5ica4 ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,davies & ,vaughan1 ,plato's ,republic4 ,welldon1 ,ari/otle's ,politics4 ,pet]s1 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics4 ,bridges1 ,! ,_s ( ,man4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,g4 ,h4 ,p]ris1 ,hi/ory ( ,w> & ,peace1 p4 #ed4 #g ',! ,unity ( ,we/]n ,civilization1' c4 ,,iii4 #h ,! ,_s ( ,man1 #dj2 ,pha$o1 #if4 #i ,! ,_s ( ,man1 #af2 ,pha$o1 #ff4 #aj ,natural ,religion1 "p ii1 c4 #e4 #aa ,de ,an4 ii4 #d1 #dae1 p4 #ce4 #ab ,! ,_s ( ,man1 #ci2 ,ari/otle1 ,met4 #aj4 #ac ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on1 ,p>allel ,pa?s4 #ad ,phys4 ii4 #h1 #aih #af-cd4 #ae ,pp4 #bh-i4 #af ,phys4 ii1 c4 ,i4 #ag ,de ,"p4 ,an41 ,bk4 i1 c4 #e4 #ah ,phys4 ii4 ,i1 init4 #ai ,de ,anima1 init4 #bj ,meteor1 iv4 #a4 #cgh4 ,see ,zell]'s ,ari/otle1 vol4 i1 f94 #ba ,polit4 #abec a2 ,e?4 #aafb a4 #bb ,g54 ,an4 ii4 #c4 #gcg4 ,,iv ,,progress ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,a4 ,j4 ,,c>lyle ,!re /ill survives1 n inde$ among /ud5ts ( hi/ory1 b among "s lit]>y p]sons1 ! notion t ! civilization ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 fix$ & unprogressive2 t ! conditions ( ^! c5turies 7 :olly diff]5t f ^? ( ! anci5t _w & ( mod]n "t2 t !re 0 little cont9uity ) ! anci5t _w1 & little connexion ) ! *>act]i/ic aspects ( progress 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,! tru? is v diff]5t4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r at any o!r "t1 except p]haps 9 ^? two m>vell\s c5turies ( ! fl[] ( ,greek civilization1 !re has be5 a m rapid developm5t ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( civilization ?an 9 ! p]iod f ! end ( ! t5? to ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5turies4 ,:ile x is true t mu* 0 lo/ 9 ! ru9 ( ! anci5t _w1 mu* also surviv$1 & !re 0 a real cont9uity ( civilization2 inde$ "s ( ! greate/ conceptions ( ! lat] c5turies ( ! anci5t _w are exactly ^? ^u :i* m$iaeval civilization 0 built4 ,& aga91 x 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages t ! f\ndations 7 laid ^u :i* ! mo/ *>act]i/ic in/itutions ( ! mod]n _w h gr[n4 ,inde$ ?is notion t ! civilization ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 fix$ & unprogressive is a m]e lit]>y sup]/ition1 & its orig9 is to be f\nd 9 ! ignorance & p]v]sity ( ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance2 & h>dly less1 x mu/ be add$1 9 ! fooli%ness ( _m ( ! conceptions ( ! ,romantic revival4 ,!re are1 inde$1 excuses = ^! mi/akes & confusions4 ,! ,r5aissance repres5ts1 among o!r ?+s1 a great & necess>y movem5t ( revolt aga9/ a religi\s & intellectual civilization :i* _h once be5 liv+ & mov+1 b _h t5d$ f ! latt] ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury to gr[ /iff & rigid4 ,x 0 probably a real mis=tune t ! great ?9k]s & s*ol>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 l ,alex&] ( ,hales & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 _h emb>k$ ^u :at 0 a premature attempt at ! sy/ematization ( all k2 !y made ! same mi/ake z ! ,encyclopa$i/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury or ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 ! n9ete5?1 b ) m disa/r\s results4 ,= ?is "w unhappily enc\rag$ ! m$iaeval ,*ur* 9 its mo/ fatal mi/ake1 its t5d5cy to suspect & oppose ! appreh5sions ( new aspects ( tru?4 ,! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance _h to break ! =ms "u :i* ! s*oolm5 _h ?\ght to express all tru?1 !y _h to c>ry =w>d ! great ent]prise & adv5ture ( ! discov]y ( tru?1 & !y _h to d ?is 9 ! tee? ( a viol5t resi/ance on ! "p ( ^? :o ?\ght !mselves ! repres5tatives ( ! m$iaeval civilization4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 excuses = !m 9 _! contempt = ! intellectual life ( ! pa/2 b !re is no real excuse = !m 9 _! contempt = m$iaeval art & lit]ature4 ,:5 !y turn$ _! back ^u ! imm$iate pa/1 & endeav\r$ p$antically to reproduce ! anci5t _w1 !y 7 guilty ( an outrage\s ignorance & /upidity1 a /upidity :i* is express$ 9 t unhappy phrase ( ,pope1 ! ',go?ic night'4 ,happily nei!r ! great arti/s ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies nor ! great poets ( ,engl& & ,spa9 7 mu* affect$ by ! classical p$antry ( :i* unhappily ,petr>* 0 ! begett]4 ,x is ?is fooli%ness ( ! ,r5aissance :i* is ! be/ excuse = ! fooli%ness ( ! ,romantic revival2 ! new classical movem5t _h 9 su* a degree int]rupt$ ! cont9uity ( ,european art t x 0 v difficult = m5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to recov] ! pa/1 & we mu/ make all[ance = ! (t5 ludicr\s t]ms & =ms ( ! new m$iaevalism4 ,inde$ x is a /range & (t5 absurd art--! half-s]i\s1 half-p>ody+ imitations ( ,?omson & ,walpole & ,wiel&1 ?is ludicr\s c>icature ,go?ic ( ,/rawb]ry ,hill & ,all ,s\ls1 ! notion ( ,go?ic ar*itecture z a mass ( crockets1 battlem5ts1 crypts1 & dungeons--& all 9 ru9s4 ,inde$1 ! ,romantic conception ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 (t5 z absurd z t ( ! ,r5aissance1 & if we are to get at ! tru?1 if we are to make any s]i\s attempt to und]/& ! ,middle ,ages1 we mu/ cle> our m9ds ( two sup]/itions2 ! "o1 :i* we d]ive f ! ,r5aissance1 t m$iaeval civilization 0 /]ile1 ignorant1 & cont5t to be ignorant2 ! o!r1 :i* survives f ! ,romantic movem5t1 t x 0 ess5tially religi\s1 *ivalr\s & adv5tur\s1 t m5 sp5t _! "t 9 say+ _! pray]s1 mak+ rev]5t love to _! ladies1 or c>v+ ! heads ( ! infidel4 ,:at ,i %\ld desire to d is to p]suade y t ! m y /udy ! ,middle ,ages ! m y w see t ^! m5 & wom5 7 really v mu* l ourselves1 ignorant1 no d\bt1 ( mu* :i* is to u really or sup]ficially important1 gift$ on ! o!r h& ) "s qualities :i* = ! "t we seem to h 9 a l>ge measure lo/1 b sub/antially v l ourselves1 nei!r v mu* bett] nor v mu* worse4 ,let me illu/rate ?is by consid]+ = a mom5t ! figure :i* to u is typical ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:at 0 ! m$iaeval knight8 ,we ?9k ( him z a c\rte\s1 *ivalr\s p]son ( a romantic & adv5tur\s temp]1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to fight = 8 lady or 9 ! s]vice ( religion aga9/ ! infidel4 ,9 reality he 0 usually a small l&[n]1 :o held 8 l& on condition ( milit>y s]vice to "s "l2 ! title 'knight' means 9 its ,lat9 =m 7miles71 simply a soldi]1 9 its ,g]manic =m a s]vant1 & di/+ui%es him f ! old] type ( l&[n] :o held 8 l& 9 absolute own]%ip & free ( all s]vice except ( a national k9d4 ,9 virtue ( 8 hold+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( l& he _h to pres5t himself = milit>y s]vice on ^? occasions & = ^? p]iods = :i* he c\ld be legally summon$4 ,b ev5 ?is description implies a :olly wrong emphasis1 = he 0 n prim>ily a soldi]1 b a small l&[n] & cultivator1 v mu* :at we %\ld call a squire54 ,he 0 normally mu* m conc]n$ ab\t 8 crops1 8 cattle & pigs1 ?an ab\t 8 "l's affairs & 8 "l's qu>rels4 ,he 0 ignorant1 (t5 r brutal1 & turbul5t1 v ready = a qu>rel ) 8 neighb\r1 b ) no ta/e = national w>s1 & ! prolong$ abs5ce f 8 home :i* !y might involve1 unless inde$ !re 0 a reasonable prospect ( plund]4 ,inde$1 he 0 a v matt]-(-fact p]son1 ) v little s5se ( romance1 & little ta/e = adv5ture unless !re 0 some?+ to be got out ( x4 ,we mu/ dismiss f our m9ds ! pretty sup]/itions ( romance f ,*auc] & ,sp5s] to ! "t ( ! ,romantic revival1 & we mu/ und]/& t ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 v mu* l ourselves2 ! times 7 r\gh]1 m disord]ly1 !re 0 mu* less security1 b on ! :ole ! "* ( human life 0 n v diff]5t4 ,:at 0 x1 !n1 t happ5$ ) ! end ( ! anci5t _w8 ,well1 ! civilization ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 ov]?r[n by our b>b>\s ance/ors1 ! old ord]1 & tranquillity1 & com=t disappe>$1 & ! _w fell back into discom=t & turbul5ce1 & disord]2 ! roads fell into disrepair & 7 n m5d$1 ! dra9s 7 neglect$1 & ! t[ns dw9dl$ & %rank4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ?is great civilization 0 dy+ out1 0 fail+ by "s int]nal weakness1 & t ! b>b>ians only ha/5$ ! process4 ,mu* ( ! a*ievem5t ( ,greece & ,rome 0 lo/1 mu* bo? mat]ial & intellectual1 b n all1 & ! new civilization :i* began rapidly to gr[ up on ! ru9s ( ! old 0 9 _m respects cont9u\s ) x4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t we may und]/& ?is we mu/ rememb] t ! =m ( civilization ) :i* ! ,middle ,ages 7 cont9u\s 0 ! ,graeco-,roman civilization ( ! lat] ,empire1 & n ! great ,hell5ic civilization itself4 ,:at ! ,middle ,ages knew 0 prim>ily t :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs l ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,/4 ,basil & ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus le>n$ at _! s*ools & univ]sities4 ,"s ( ^! ,fa!rs 7 educat$ at ! great univ]sities1 l ,a!ns1 o!rs at comp>atively humble prov9cial in/itutions2 "s ( !m 7 m5 ( p[]ful intellect1 :ile o!rs 7 m commonplace4 ,:at !y le>n$ 0 ! g5]al intellectual sy/em ( ! late ,empire1 & :at !y le>n$ !y h&$ on to ! ,middle ,ages2 b x 0 n ! great intellectual culture ( ,greece4 ,we h /ill too /rong an incl9ation to ?9k ( ! anci5t _w z "o & homog5e\s2 we h n yet suffici5tly appreh5d$ ! great *anges bo? 9 ! =m & 9 ! temp] ( t _w4 ,& yet ! v>ieties1 ! *anges1 are v div]se1 ! outlook1 ! arti/ic me?ods ( ! ,hom]ic poetry are v diff]5t f ! emotional & intellectual mod]nity ( ,euripides4 ,! philosophy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,/oics & ,neoplatoni/s4 ,9 t picturesque b p]haps n v felicit\s phrase :i* ,mr4 ,murray has borr[$ f ,mr4 ,corn=d1 !re 0 a 'failure ( n]ve' :i* sep>ates ! e>li] f ! lat] /ages ( ! moral & intellectual culture ( ! anci5t _w4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 & we %all h m to say ab\t ?is pres5tly1 ! civilization ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 made up on ! "o h& ( elem5ts drawn f ! lat] ,empire1 & on ! o!r ( *>act]i/ics & pr9ciples :i* seem to h belong$ to ! ,b>b>ian races !mselves4 ,) ! end ( ! six? c5tury ! anci5t _w _h pass$ away & ! m$iaeval _w _h begun1 & we h to consid] ! nature & movem5t ( ! new ord]1 or r we h to consid] "s ( its elem5ts1 & _! developm5t1 especially dur+ ! p]iod f ! end ( ! t5? c5tury to ! end ( ! ?irte5?1 dur+ :i* x rea*$ its highe/ level4 ,we h to pass ov] ! great attempt ( ! n9? c5tury1 = we c only deal ) a small "p ( a l>ge subject1 & we %all only deal ) a few aspects ( x1 & *iefly ) ! developm5t ( ! spiritual conception ( life :i* we call religion1 ) ! recon/ruction ( ! political ord] ( society1 ) ! beg9n+ ( a new intellectual life & ! pursuit ( tru?1 & ) ! developm5t "u new =ms ( ! passion = beauty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h be5 compell$ to w>n y aga9/ ! romantic sup]/ition t ! ,middle ,ages 7 specifically religi\s1 & yet x is q true t ! fir/ aspect ( m$iaeval life :i* compels our att5tion is exactly ! developm5t ( ! s5se ( ! significance ( ! spiritual quality ( life4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ great task ( ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ?is 0 9 a real s5se _! a*ievem5t2 b n z contradict+ ! *>act]i/ic developm5ts ( ! ,hell5ic civilization1 b r z complet+ & fulfill+ x4 ,x is inde$ a s+ul> sup]/ition t ! ,hell5ic _w 0 lack+ 9 spiritual insight1 b ,i ne$ only ref] y to ,miss ,/awell's lecture1 z s]v+ to %[ y h[ great & h[ real ?is 04 ,x really 0 n a mi/ake :5 an hone/ b r /upid man l ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 & ! m acute & p5etrat+ m9ds ( ! ,alex&rian ,fa!rs l ,clem5t & ,orig51 ?\ght t !y he>d ! au!ntic acc5ts ( ! ',^w' ( ,god 9 ! great philosoph]s ( ,greece1 & especially 9 ,plato4 ,! appreh5sion ( ! spiritual elem5t 9 human exp]i5ce 0 n want+ 9 ,hell5ic civilization1 b x ne$$ a fur!r developm5t & especially 9 relation to ^? new appreh5sions ( p]sonality & individuality1 ^: appe>ance we c trace bo? 9 ! po/-,ari/otelian philosophy1 & 9 ! lat] ,hebrew prophets & poets1 :i* ,*ri/ianity f\nd 9 ! _w1 & to :i* 9 its conception ( ! human 9 ! ,div9e1 & ! ,div9e 9 ! human1 x gave a new =ce & brea?4 ,x is easy = u to smile at :at may well be ! ov]-rhetorical phrases ( ,s5eca :5 he speaks ( ! self-suffic+ness 7,greek3 aut>keia7 ( ! wise man1 or :5 he says t ! wise man is1 b = 8 mortality1 l ,god himself2 & yet ^! rhetorical phrases are1 aft] all1 ! =ms ( an appreh5sion :i* has *ang$ & is *ang+ ! _w4 ,&1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t to und]/& ! full significance ( ^! phrases1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! m5 ( ! ,graeco-,roman civilization _h put aside once & = all ! 'natural' di/9ction betwe5 ! ',greek' & ! ',b>b>ian'1 _h recogniz$ t m5 7 equal & alike1 n diff]5t & unequal1 t all m5 7 possess$ ( reason1 & all 7 capable ( virtue1#bc or1 9 ! ,*ri/ian t]ms1 all m5 are ! *ildr5 ( ,god & capable ( communion ) ,him4 ,x is ?is new appreh5sion ( life = :i* ! ,middle ,ages f\nd a new =m 9 ! great organization ( ! ,*ur*1 & x is ?is :i* ju/ifies our s5se ( ! great & p]man5t significance ( ! trem5d\s conflict ( ! ,papacy & ! ,empire4 ,x is true t at times "s ( ! repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* seem to h fall5 into ! mi/ake ( aim+ at a tyranny ( ! ,*ur* ov] ! ,/ate1 :i* w\ld h be5 9 ! end z disa/r\s to ! ,*ur* itself z to ! ,/ate4 ,b ! normal pr9ciple ( ! ,*ur* 0 t :i* 0 fir/ fully /at$ by ,pope ,gelasius ,i 9 ! fif? c5tury1 t ! two great au?orities1 ! spiritual & ! temporal1 are ea* div9e1 ea* draws its au?ority ultimately f ,god himself1 ea* is supreme & indep5d5t 9 its own sph]e1 :ile ea* recognizes ! au?ority ( ! o!r )9 its prop] sph]e4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! fre$om ( ! spiritual life :i* ! m$iaeval ,*ur* 0 endeav\r+ to def5d2 x 0 ! appreh5sion t !re 0 "s ultimate quality 9 human nature :i* /&s & mu/ /& outside ( ! direct or co]cive control ( society1 :i* lies beh9d all ! confus$ clam\r ( ! conflicts ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,x is true t 9 ?is great & g5]\s ef=t to secure ! fre$om ( ! human s\l m5 9 "s measure lo/ _! way4 ,!y dem&$ & 9 a measure !y succe$$ 9 ass]t+ ! fre$om ( ! religi\s organization1 z aga9/ ! temporal organization1 b 9 do+ ?is !y w5t p]il\sly ne> to d5y+ ! fre$om ( ! individual spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,!y w5t p]il\sly ne> to d5y+ x1 b !y nev] :olly =got x4 ,! ,*ur* claim$ & ex]cis$ an imm5se au?ority 9 religion1 s imm5se an au?ority t x might easily seem z ?\gh !re 7 no place left = ! fre$om ( ! individual judgem5t & consci5ce4 ,& yet t 0 n ! case4 ,! !ory ( excommunication t is set out 9 ! canonical lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages has g5]ally be5 c>elessly /udi$ & imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,x 0 ! greate/ & mo/ ma/]ful ( ! ,popes1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 :o laid d[n 9 memorable phrases :i* are embodi$ 9 ! great collection ( ! ,decretals1 t if a ,*ri/ian man or woman is conv9c$ 9 8 own m9d & consci5ce t x w\ld be a mortal s9 to d or to leave undone "s action1 he mu/ foll[ 8 own consci5ce ev5 aga9/ ! comm& ( ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur*1 & mu/ submit pati5tly to ,*ur* c5sures & ev5 excommunication2 = x may well happ5 t ! ,*ur* may condemn him :om ,god approves1 or approve him :om ,god condemns4#bd ,?is is no isolat$ or exceptional op9ion1 b is ! doctr9e :i* is con/antly laid d[n 9 ! canonical lit]ature4#be ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 pr(\ndly true to say t :5 m5 at la/ revolt$ aga9/ :at seem$ to !m ! exagg]at$ claims ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 !y sl[ly f\ght _! way t[>ds tol]ation & religi\s fre$om1 !y 7 only ass]t+ & c>ry+ out its "o mo/ vital pr9ciple1 ! pr9ciple ( ! indep5d5ce or autonomy ( ! spiritual life2 ! mod]n _w is only fulfill+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,i d n cont9ue to develop ?is aspect ( ! progress ( we/]n civilization1 n because x is unimportant1 = inde$ x is p]haps ! greate/ & mo/ significant aspect ( m$iaeval life1 b because x is well kn[n to y1 & inde$1 x has g5]ally be5 insi/$ on to su* a degree z to obscure ! o!r aspects ( progress 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ) :i* we mu/ deal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& fir/ ,i w\ld ask y to obs]ve t x 0 9 ^! c5turies t !re 7 laid ov] aga9 ! f\ndations ( ! social & political ord] ( civilization1 & t !re 7 devis$ ^? =ms ( ! political ord] ^u :i* ! /ructure ( mod]n society is f\nd$4 ,we are famili> ) ! conception ( ! div9e nature ( political au?ority1 ! normal & fundam5tal m$iaeval view ( ! ,/ate4 ,if we translate ?is into m g5]al t]ms we %all f9d t its mean+ is t ! ,/ate has an e?ical or moral purpose or function2 ! ,/ate exi/s to secure & to ma9ta9 ju/ice4 ,y mu/ n1 inde$1 confuse ?is great conception ) t fooli% p]v]sion ( x :i* 0 sugge/$1 ,i ?9k1 by "s *>act]i/ically reckless phrases ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 /at$ 9 set t]ms by ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 almo/ =gott5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & unhappily reviv$ by ! p]v]sity ( "s ,anglicans & ,gallicans 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is fooli% p]v]sion1 :i* we "k z ! !ory ( ! ',div9e ,"r ( ,k+s'1 is inde$ ! opposite ( ! great ,paul9e & m$iaeval conception ( ! div9e nature ( political au?ority1 = to ,/4 ,paul1 to ! m normal ,fa!rs l ,/4 ,ambrose1 & to ! political !ory ( ! ,middle ,ages au?ority is div9e j because1 & only 9 s f> z1 its aim & purpose is ! atta9m5t & ma9t5ance ( ju/ice4 ,inde$1 x is n only ! notion ( ! ',div9e ,"r' :i* 0 inconsi/5t ) ! m$iaeval conception ( ! ,/ate1 b ! notion ( an absolute sov]eignty inh]5t 9 ! ,/ate1 t notion ) :i* "s ecc5tric or ignorant mod]n political !ori/s1 ignorant ( ,r\sseau z well z ( ,ari/otle1 h play$1 to ! great dang] ( society2 we h1 inde$1 got beyond ! !ory ( ! sov]eignty ( ! k+1 b we are 9 "s dang] ( be+ hag-ridd5 by ! impo/ure ( ! sov]eignty ( ! majority4 ,:atev] mi/akes ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages may h made1 !y 71 ) r>e exceptions1 cle> t !re 0 no legitimate au?ority :i* 0 n j1 & :i* did n make = ju/ice4 ,x is "h t we f9d ! real mean+ ( ! second great political pr9ciple ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t is ! supremacy ( law2 t x is ! law :i* is ! supreme au?ority 9 ! ,/ate1 ! law :i* is ov] e p]son 9 ! ,/ate4 ,:5 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ! secret>y ( ,?omas a ,becket1 wi%es to di/+ui% betwe5 ! pr9ce & ! tyrant1 he insi/s t ! pr9ce is "o :o rules accord+ to law1 :ile ! tyrant is "o :o ignores & violates ! law4#bf ,& 9 a memorable phrase1 ,bracton1 ! great ,engli% juri/ ( ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 lays x d[n dogmatically t ! k+ has two sup]iors1 ,god & ! law4#bg ,!re is an absurd notion /ill curr5t among m ignorant p]sons--,i h ev5 he>d "s !ologians fall into ! mi/ake--t m5 9 ! ,middle ,ages ?\ght ( au?ority z some?+ arbitr>y & un9telligible1 :ile ! tru? is t su* a conception 0 :olly =eign to ! temp] ( t "t4 ,x is q true t ! political life ( ! ,middle ,ages seems con/antly to oscillate betwe5 an>*y & despotism1 b ?is is n because ! m5 ( ^? days did n und]/& ! mean+ ( law & ( fre$om1 b because !y 7 only sl[ly work+ out ! organization ?r\gh :i* ^! c be secur$4 ,! supreme au?ority 9 ! m$iaeval /ate 0 ! law1 & x 0 supreme because x 0 tak5 by !m to be ! embodim5t ( ju/ice4 ,x is aga9 out ( ?is pr9ciple t !re arose ano!r great conception :i* is /ill (t5 ?\ght to be mod]n1 b :i* is really m$iaeval1 ! conception t ! au?ority ( ! rul] re/s ^u & is condition$ by an agreem5t or contract betwe5 him & ! p4 ,= ?is agreem5t 0 n an ab/ract conception1 b 0 bas$ ^u ! mutual oa?s ( ! m$iaeval coronation c]emony1 ! oa? ( ! k+ to ma9ta9 ! law1 & to adm9i/] ju/ice1 & ! oa? ( ! p to s]ve & obey ! k+ :om !y _h recogniz$ or elect$4 ,! p d1 inde$1 owe ! k+ hon\r & loyal s]vice1 b only on ! condition t he holds inviolable 8 oa?4 ,! rul] :o breaks ?is is a tyrant1 & = him !re 0 no place 9 m$iaeval political !ory4 ,?is conception 0 express$ 9 v pla9 & ev5 crude t]ms by ,manegold 9 ! elev5? c5tury :5 he said t ! k+ 0 9 ! same relation to ! community z ! man :o is hir$ to keep ! pigs to 8 ma/]4 ,if ! sw9eh]d fails to d 8 "w ! ma/] turns him (f & f9ds ano!r4 ,& if ! k+ or pr9ce refuses to fulfil ! conditions on :i* he holds 8 p[] he mu/ be depos$4#bh ,john ( ,salisbury 9 ! twelf? c5tury express$ ?is 9 ev5 /rong] t]ms :5 he said t if ! pr9ce became a tyrant & violat$ ! laws1 he _h no rights1 & %\ld be remov$1 & if !re 7 no o!r way to d x1 x 0 lawful = any citiz5 to slay him4#bi ,^! are1 no d\bt1 extreme =ms ( ! m$iaeval conception1 b ! pr9ciple t ! au?ority ( ! rul] 0 condition$ by 8 fai?ful dis*>ge ( 8 obligations is ! normal doctr9e ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is ma9ta9$ by ! compil]s ( ! feudal law-books ( ! ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem1 by ! great ,engli% juri/ ,bracton1 by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ev5 by "s ( ! mo/ repres5tative ( ! ,roman juri/s ( ,bologna1 l ,azo4 ,^! 7 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! conception ( ! nature ( political au?ority ^: developm5t we c trace 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & x is out ( ^! conceptions t !re grew ! sy/em ( ! control ( ! common affairs ( ! community by means ( ! repres5tation ( ! community4 ,= x %\ld be m cle>ly und]/ood ?an x is1 t ! repres5tative sy/em 0 ! creation ( ! m$iaeval political g5ius1 x 0 ^! m5--to :om ev5 yet ! m ignorant w\ld d5y ! true political in/9ct--x 0 ^! m5 :o devis$ t me?od ^u :i* ! /ructure ( mod]n civiliz$ gov]nm5t has be5 built up4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 yet ano!r aspect ( ! developm5t ( political civilization :i* des]ves our att5tion if we are to und]/& ! nature ( political progress 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 9 ^! c5turies t !re 7 creat$ ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! adm9i/rative sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,& inde$1 !re is p]haps no cle>] di/9ction betwe5 a b>b>ian & a civiliz$ gov]nm5t ?an ?is1 t :ile ! b>b>ian gov]nm5t hangs prec>i\sly on ! life ( ! capable k+1 ! civiliz$ gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on cont9u\sly by an organiz$ civil s]vice4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h to discuss ! e>li] =ms ( ?is 9 ! organization ( gov]nm5t by ,*>les ! ,great1 or ! v int]e/+ developm5ts ( ! royal or imp]ial *apel z ! nucleus ( a civil s]vice 9 ,g]many1 x is en\gh "h to rem9d ourselves t x is ! creation ( ?is organiz$ adm9i/ration by ,h5ry ,i & ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl& :i* laid ! f\ndations ( our national ord]4 ,en\gh has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 said to illu/rate ! reality & significance ( ! progressive recon/ruction ( ! political ord] ( ,we/]n society 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t ?is may all be true1 b t 9 all ?is we h aft] all only an example ( ! preoccupation ( ! ,middle ,ages ) conduct & religion4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 ask y to consid] ! "* & developm5t ( ! intellectual movem5t ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& "h1 =tunately1 we c f9d ! be/ ( guidance 9 ,dr4 ,ra%dall's great "w on ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 ,dr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,poole's ,illu/rations ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght4 ,inde$ ,i c\ld wi% t a little m att5tion 0 giv5 to ! hi/ory & "* ( ! intellectual movem5t :i* ! ,univ]sities repres5t1 & p]haps a little less to read+ & discuss+ ! great s*ola/ic works ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* are almo/ impossible to und]/& except 9 relation to ! intellectual movem5ts ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! new intellectual movem5t came v sudd5ly 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! elev5? c5tury2 :y x %\ld h come !n is h>d to det]m9e1 b x seems reasonable to say t x repres5ts ! reawak5+ ( ! desire = k :i* _h be5 9 abeyance dur+ ! /ormy c5turies aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,we/1 :5 m5 _h little leisure = any?+ b ! con/ant lab\r to secure a little dec5t ord] & peace4 ,= a few ye>s1 inde$1 9 ! n9? c5tury ! g5ius ( ,*>lemagne _h almo/ re/or$ ! ord] ( civilization1 & ev5 9 ^? few ye>s ! human m9d reass]t$ itself1 & = a mom5t ! le>n+ & culture :i* _h be5 pres]v$ ma9ly by ! ,iri% & _! pupils 9 ,brita91 & 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 fl[]$ & bore fruit2 b ) 8 dea? ,we/]n ,europe plung$ aga9 into an>*y & mis]y1 & x 0 only sl[ly t ! g5ius ( ! great ,g]man emp]ors 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 & ( ! ,norman settl]s 9 ,france & ,engl&1 rebuilt ! commonweal? ( ,european civilization4 ,by ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ! "w 0 n inde$ done1 b 0 be+ done1 & m5 _h aga9 a little leisure1 & ! desire = k reawak5$1 b inde$ x 0 no m]e g5tle desire1 b a v]itable passion :i* possess$ ! m5 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & x 0 ?is spontane\s passion :i* produc$ ! univ]sities4 ,! fir/ ?+1 inde$1 :i* we mu/ obs]ve ab\t ! olde/ univ]sities ( ,europe1 especially ,bologna1 ,p>is1 & ,ox=d1 is j ?is1 t !y 7 n made by any ext]nal au?ority1 t !y did n d]ive _! be+ f ,*ur* or ,/ate1 f pope or k+1 b t !y 7 =m$ by ! en?usiasm & passion :i* drew m5 f e qu>t] ( ,europe to sit at ! feet ( "s man or ano!r :o c\ld give !m ! k :i* !y desir$1 &1 9 _! turn1 to become tea*]s4 ,x is q true t z "t w5t on1 & !y f\nd t popes & k+s 7 fri5dly & int]e/$1 ^! gr\ps ( /ud5ts procur$ = !mselves bulls & *>t]s ( recognition & protection1 b :ile lat] univ]sities may trace _! f\ndation to ^! respectable patrons1 ! old] univ]sities recognize !m inde$ z b5efactors & fri5ds1 b n z f\nd]s1 b r claim t !y grew out ( m5's desire = k1 & t !y 7 recogniz$ by ! g5]al cons5t ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 ! second place x is important1 & especially ,i ?9k 9 ^! days1 to und]/& t ! m5 :o ?us creat$ ! univ]sities 9 _! eag]ness to le>n1 7 ( e class & condition1 ri* & poor1 noble & simple1 & !y liv$ z !y c\ld1 9 com=table qu>t]s if !y 7 weal?y m51 or 9 ! g>rets & cell>s ( ! citiz5s if !y 7 poor1 & = ! mo/ "p !y 7 poor2 b nei!r pov]ty nor ri*es c\ld de/roy _! noble ?ir/ = k4 ,! life ( ! univ]sities 0 inde$ turbul5t & disord]ly1 ! /ud5ts 7 always at w> ) ! citiz5s1 &1 :5 !y 7 n break+ ! heads ( ! citiz5s or hav+ _! heads brok5 by !m1 !y 7 at w> ) ea* o!r1 ! m5 ( ! nor? ) ! s\!rn]s1 ! we/]n ) ! ea/]n2 = ! univ]sities 7 n local or national in/itutions1 b 7 made up ( a cosmopolitan cr[d ( m5 ( e nation 9 ,europe1 intelligible to ea* o!r1 z unhappily we are n1 by ! univ]sal k & use ( t m$iaeval ,lat91 :i* might di/ress ! ,cic]onian e>s ( a p$ant ( ! ,r5aissance1 b 0 a good1 useful1 & adaptable language4 ,x 0 a turbul5t1 disord]ly1 brutal1 pr(ligate1 & drunk5 _w1 = ! /ud5ts 7 z h>d dr9k]s z ! citiz5s1 b x 0 animat$1 x 0 made alive by a true passion = k1 by an unwe>i$ & nev] satisfi$ intellectual curiosity4 ,b x w be ask$1 :at did !y le>n8 ,well1 ! only answ] t "o c give is t !y le>n$ :atev] !re 0 to le>n4 ,our lit]>y fri5ds h (t5 /ill ! impression t 9 ! ,middle ,ages m5 sp5t _! :ole "t 9 le>n+ !ology1 & 7 afraid ( o!r =ms ( k1 b ?is is a s+ul> delusion4 ,z ! univ]sities develop$ a sy/em1 _! /udies 7 arrang$ 9 ! ma9 "u f\r heads1 ! g5]al /udies ( :at came to be call$ ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 & ! pr(essional /udies ( ! ?ree sup]ior ,faculties ( ,law1 ,m$ic9e1 & ,!ology1 b ! /ud5t 0 n normally all[$ to /udy 9 ! ?ree sup]ior ,faculties until he _h sp5t "s ye>s 9 ! /udies ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts4 ,x is !re=e ) ?is latt] t we are prim>ily occupi$4 ,! /udies 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts consi/$1 to use our mod]n t]m9ology1 ( lit]ature1 philosophy1 & sci5ce1 & ! accompli%$ m$iaeval /ud5t 0 expect$ to "k :atev] !re 0 to "k4 ,& ?is means--:at is /rangely (t5 =gott5--t ! /udies ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities 7 prim>ily bas$ ^u ! lit]ature :i* _h surviv$ f ! anci5t _w4 ,! ,lat9 poets & orators 7 _! models ( lit]>y art1 ! surviv+ treatises ( ! anci5ts _! text-books 9 m$ic9e1 & ! ,greek philosoph]s 9 ,lat9 translations1 or 9 ,lat9 works f\nd$ on !m1 _! ma/]s 9 ?\ght4 ,to und]/& ! ext5t ( ! influ5ce & ! k ( antiquity ( a twelf?-c5tury s*ol> we ne$ only turn aga9 to ,john ( ,salisbury1 & we %all f9d him z famili> z any ,r5aissance s*ol> ) ,lat9 lit]ature1 & possess+ a v consid]able acqua9tance ) ,greek lit]ature s f> z x c\ld be obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,lat94#cj ,inde$1 s mu* is he possess$ by ! lit]ature ( antiquity t 9 works l ! ,policraticus he c h>dly write two l9es toge!r )\t a quotation f "s classical au?or4 ,?is type ( lit]>y s*ol>%ip has be5 too mu* ov]look$1 &1 z ,i said be=e1 too exclusive an att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! ?irte5?-c5tury s*oolm51 :o are nei!r f a lit]>y nor f a philosophical po9t ( view z repres5tative ( m$iaeval s*ol>s1 & philosophically !y are (t5 really unm$iaeval1 = ! g5]al quality ( m$iaeval ?\ght is its ,platonism3 ! ,ari/otelian logic 0 inde$ kn[n to ! ,middle ,ages ?r\gh ,boe?ius1 b ! o!r ,ari/otelian works 7 n kn[n till t[>ds ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h1 ev5 if ,i 7 compet5t1 :i* ,i am n1 to discuss ! "* ( m$iaeval ?\ght1 b "o ?+ we c obs]ve1 "o aspect ( ! intellectual me?od :i* may s]ve to cle> away "s confusion4 ,! great intellectual ma/] ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 ,abel>d1 & ! me?od :i* he elaborat$ 9 8 ,sic et ,non is ! me?od :i* impos$ itself ^u all aspects ( m$iaeval ?\ght4 ,x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t m$iaeval ?9k]s 7 9 su* a s5se ! creatures ( au?ority t x 0 impossible = !m to ex]cise any indep5d5t judgem5t2 h[ f> ?is may h be5 true ( ! decad5t s*ola/icism ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies ,i d n pret5d to say1 b su* a judgem5t is a ludicr\s c>icature ( ! liv+ & active ?\ght ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 & a little consid]ation ( ! critical me?od :i* ,abel>d develop$ is suffici5t to correct ?is4 ,?is is z foll[s3 fir/ "s g5]al pr9ciple is enunciat$ = consid]ation1 !n all ! au?orities :i* may seem to support x are cit$1 !n all ! au?orities aga9/1 & f9ally ! writ] deliv]s 8 own judgem5t1 criticiz+ & expla9+ ! op9ions :i* may seem contr>y to x4 ,! me?od has its defects & its limitations1 b its *>act]i/ic is r t ( scepticism ?an ( cr$ulity4 ,& x is on ?is me?od t ! mo/ important sy/ems ( k ( ! ,middle ,ages are con/ruct$4 ,x 0 appli$ by ,gratian 9 8 ,decretum1 ! fir/ great reason$ treatise on ,*ur* law1 & leads !re (t5 to some:at unexpect$ conclusions1 su* z t ev5 ! legislative au?ority ( ! ,pope is limit$ by ! cons5t+ cu/om ( ! ,*ri/ian p2#ca & x is ?is me?od ^u :i* ! great sy/ematic treatises1 l ! ,suma ,!ologica ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,:atev] its defects may be ! me?od _c fairly be accus$ ( ignor+ difficulties & ( a submission to au?ority :i* leaves no place = ! critical reason4 ,i h1 ,i hope1 said en\gh to make x cle> t !re 0 a real & liv+ intellectual movem5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & t ev5 9 ^? days m5 _h resum$ ! great adv5ture ( ! pursuit ( tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we c only = a mom5t consid] ! significance & ! "* ( m$iaeval civilization z x expresses itself 9 ,art1 & we mu/ beg9 by notic+ a di/9ction betwe5 m$iaeval art & m$iaeval le>n+1 :i* is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,! intellectual movem5t ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 relat$ to ! anci5t _w1 bo? 9 virtue ( t cont9uity :i* 0 m$iat$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ^: education 0 t ( ! lat] ,empire1 & also 9 virtue ( ! int5se & eag] c>e ) :i* m$iaeval s*ol>s /udi$ all t !y possess$ ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,! relation ( ! art ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! anci5t _w 0 q diff]5t4 ,!re 0 no cont9uity betwe5 ! v]nacul> poetry ( ! ,middle ,ages & t ( ! anci5t _w1 & :ile !re 0 a c]ta9 cont9uity 9 ar*itecture & 9 mosaic pa9t+1 ?is am\nt$ to little m ?an t ! m$iaeval arti/s took ! =mal /ructure or me?od z ! />t+-po9t ( _! own indep5d5t & orig9al "w4 ,= ! we/]n art ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies 0 conv5tional & decad5t1 & _h app>5tly lo/ its p[] ( recov]y1 :ile ! art ( ! c5turies :i* foll[$ 0 at fir/ rude & imp]fect1 b 0 full ( new life1 det]m9$ 9 its reality & dom9at$ by "s intimate s5se ( beauty2 x 0 9 no s5se imitative ( anci5t art1 b grew & *ang$ "u ! t]ms ( its own inh]5t life & p[]4 ,m$iaeval art1 :atev] else is to be said ab\t x1 0 new & indep5d5t1 & x _h all ! v>iety1 ! audaci\s exp]im5ts1 *>act]i/ic ( a liv+ art4 ,no?+ is s fooli% z to imag9e t x 0 uni=m & un*ang+4 ,inde$1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 ! int]e/ ( ! /udy ( x is curi\sly contra/$ ) t ( ! art ( ! anci5t _w4 ,!re we h only an imp]fect & fragm5t>y k ( ! e>li] & rud] =m2 its hi/ory1 z we "k x1 might almo/ be said to beg9 ) ! p]fection ( ! six? & fif? c5turies1 & :at we "k aft] t is ! hi/ory ( a long decad5ce1 n inde$ )\t new developm5ts ( importance1 z = in/ance 9 ! ar*itectural /ructure ( ,roman build+1 & p]haps 9 ! sculpture ( ! ,e>ly ,empire on "o side1 & 9 c]ta9 aspects ( ,lat9 lit]ature on ano!r4 ,! hi/ory ( m$iaeval art is ! hi/ory ( ! long developm5t f :at are g5]ally rude =ms to ! highly develop$ art ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a developm5t full ( incid5ts & exp]im5ts & v>iety4 ,i h call$ ! e>ly =m rude1 b ! phrase is n v happy1 z ^? :o "k ei!r ! e>ly mosaic or ! e>ly epic w und]/&4 ,!re are /ill "s p1 ,i suppose1 :o ?9k t m$iaeval poetry 0 all ( "o k9d1 ca/ 9 "o m\ld1 b ! tru? is t x is ( e =m & "*4 ,x ranges f ! bold imag9ative realism ( ! ,epic ( ,engl&1 ,icel&1 ,g]many1 & ,france1 to ! exquisite & graci\s b some:at artificial allegory ( ! ,romance ( ! ,rose4 ,x includes ! fir/ great emotional poetry ( ! mod]n _w--! s5se ( ! greatness & trag$y ( human passion has p]haps nev] be5 express$ 9 m mov+ t]ms ?an 9 ! ,tri/an & ,iseult ( ,?omas or ,b]\l--b x also includes ! mordant satire ( ! ,r5>d poetry & ( ,jean de ,meun1 & ! gross reali/ic hum\r ( ! ,fabliaux4 ,! m$iaeval drama1 9 ^: complex developm5t we h to trace _m /r&s1 probably repres5ts 9 its olde/ =ms ! co>se f>cical buffoon]y :i* may be relat$ to ! la/ fa%ions ( ! anci5t _w2 x receiv$ a new impulse f ! dramatization ( scripture hi/ory 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 b 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 at lea/ 9 ,france1 x _h already become sub/antially a drama ( romantic or contempor>y life1 z we c see 9 ,jean ,bodel's ,jeu de ,/4 ,ni*olas1 9 ,adam de la ,halle's ,jeu de la ,feuillee & ,rob9 et ,m>ion1 & 9 dramas l ! ,empress ( ,rome or ! ,o?o4 ,:atev] criticism we might want to make on m$iaeval lit]ature1 at lea/ we _c say t x 0 ( "o type & ( "o mood4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out ! movem5t & *anges 9 ! o!r =ms ( art 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 x is only necess>y to rem9d ourselves t1 :ile we c see t ! arti/s 7 (t5 hamp]$ by inadequate te*nical k1 !y 7 n conv5tional or m]ely imitative4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h to consid] ! hi/ory ( mosaic pa9t+1 & its developm5t f ! decad5t ,graeco-,roman "w ( ,santa ,pud5ziana 9 ,rome1 to ! magnific5t & liv+ decorations ( ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice1 or ( ! ca!dral ( ,monreale4 ,x is en\gh to rem9d ourselves ( ! imm5se int]val :i* lies betwe5 ! rude b liv+ sculpture ( ! n9? c5tury1 & ! exquisite grace ( ,*e/] or ,wells1 & ( t developm5t ( ar*itecture :i* culm9ates 9 ! maje/y ( ,durham1 & 9 ! beauty ( ,*>tres & ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,x is d\btful if we h yet at all fully or correctly appreciat$ ! nature ( m$iaeval art2 !re has be5 a good deal ( fooli% talk ab\t 'primitives'1 :i* usually goes ) a s+ul> ignorance ( m$iaeval civilization2 ! "o ?+ :i* is already cle>1 & :i* gr[s cle>]1 is t ! m5 ( ^? ages _h an in/9ct & a passion = beauty :i* express$ itself 9 almo/ e ?+ t !y t\*$2 &1 :atev] we h ga9$1 we h 9 a l>ge measure lo/ ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! m$iaeval _w 0 !n a liv+ gr[+ _w1 nei!r cut (f f ! pa/1 nor unrelat$ to ! future4 ,x 0 a r\gh & turbul5t _w1 our ance/ors 7 dogg$1 qu>relsome1 & self-ass]tive1 & ! fir/ task ( civilization 0 to produce "s sort ( dec5t ord]4 ,! _w 0 a long way (f f ! firm urbanity ( ! ,engli% policeman4 ,& yet ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages nev] fell into t delusion :i*1 z x w\ld seem1 has ru9$ o!r civilizations2 ! great ef=t = ord] 0 n 9 _! m9d to be fulfill$ by any m]e me*anical discipl9e1 by any sy/em impos$ f outside1 ! only sy/em ( ord] :i* !y 7 prep>$ to accept 0 "o :i* %\ld express ! "*1 ! tradition1 & f9ally ! w ( ! :ole community4 ,! great phrase ( ,edw>d ,i's summons to ,p>liam5t1 ',quod omnes tangit1 ab omnibus approbetur' 7,t :i* conc]ns all1 mu/ be approv$ by all71 0 n a m]e tag1 z "s fooli% p h ?\ght1 b express$ ! "* & ! g5ius ( a liv+ political civilization4 ,& ?is r\gh turbul5t _w 0 inspir$ by a great brea? ( spiritual & intellectual & arti/ic life & fre$om4 ,x might well seem z ?\gh ! ,*ur* & religion 7 m]ely a new bondage1 & 9 "p t is true1 b x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,) all its mi/akes ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages meant ! gr[+ appreh5sion ( ! reality ( t 'love :i* moves ! sun & o!r />s'1 x meant ! gr[? ( rev]5ce = t :i* is beyond & above humanity & :i* is also )9 x4 ,= x is ! la/ tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? t we "k ,god only "u ! t]ms ( human life & nature4 ,& ) all ! cruelty & brutality ( ! ,middle ,ages !y taught m5 love z well z ob$i5ce4 ,aga91 x 0 9 ^! ages1 z soon z ! confusion ( ! out] _w 0 a little r$uc$1 t ! passion = k awoke aga9 9 m5's he>ts4 ,x is true t "s 7 afraid le/ ! eag] inquiry ( m5's m9ds %\ld de/roy ! f\ndations ( t ord] :i* m5 7 sl[ly a*iev+1 b /ill ! passionate pursuit ( k has r>ely be5 m det]m9$4 ,& once aga9 ! _w 0 r\gh1 b ^! m5 _h an in/9ct1 a passion = beauty :i* express$ itself 9 almo/ ev]y?+ :i* !y t\*$4 ,!y _h n1 inde$1 ! almo/ miracul\s s5se & ma/]y ( ! great arti/s ( ,greece1 t did n come aga9 till ! "t ( ! great ,italian arti/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b !y 7 free f p$antry1 f =malism1 !y left ! dy+ art ( ! anci5t _w & made _! own way4 ,_! s5se ( col\r 0 almo/ infallible1 z ^? :o h se5 ! mosaics ( ! old] ,roman basilicas & ( ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice w "k2 b1 inde$1 we h only to look at ! illum9at$ manuscripts :i* are to be f\nd 9 all our libr>ies4 ,& 9 t great art 9 :i*1 above all p]haps1 !y express$ !mselves1 9 _! great ar*itecture1 we see ! gr[? ( a con/ructive g5ius :i* is only ov]%ad[$ by ! sup]b beauty ( its =m4 ,a r\gh1 disord]ly1 turbul5t1 gre$y1 cruel _w1 b x knew ! human s\l1 & x knew ! human he>t4 ,! anci5t _w _h end$ 9 a great de/ruction1 b ! sadness & empt9ess ( its la/ days compel u to feel t x 0 well t x %\ld end4 ,& ! new _w 0 a _w ( life1 ( crude =ce & re/less en]gy1 & f x we h receiv$ ! pr9ciples & ! =ms ( a great civilization1 & ! temp] :i* is nev] satisfi$1 = !re is no end to life4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 ,davis1 ,m$iaeval ,europe 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,"l ,bryce1 ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,empire4 ,ra%dall1 ,univ]sities ( ,empire 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,r4 ,l4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ,m$iaeval ,?\ght4 ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,w4 ,p4 ,k]1 ,epic & ,romance4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,cf4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,legibus1 i4 #aj-ab2 & ,s5eca1 ,de ,b5eficiis1 iii4 #ah4 #bd ,cf4 ,decretals1 v4 #ci4 #dd1 #bh4 #be ,cf4 ,c>lyle1 ,m$iaeval ,political ,!ory1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdd-i4 #bf ,cf4 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ,policraticus1 iv4 #a4 #bg ,cf4 ,bracton1 ,de ,legibus et ,consuetud9ibus1 i4 #h1 #e4 #bh ,cf4 ,manegold1 ,ad ,gebeh>dum1 c4 ,,xxx4 #bi ,cf4 ,john ( ,salisbury1 ,policraticus1 iii4 #ae1 viii4 #ag1 #ah1 #bj4 #cj ,cf4 ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,webb's edition ( ,john ( ,salisbury's ,policraticus1 introduction4 #ca ,cf4 ,gratian1 ,decretum1 ,d4 iv4 c4 #c4 ,v ,,progress ,,9 ,,religion ,,b>on ,,fri$ri* ,,von ,h,ue,g,e,l ,! difficulties are deep & delicate :i* confront any man at all well acqua9t$ ) ! full] significance ( ,religion & ( ,progress1 :o attempts cle>ly & %ortly to describe or def9e ! ultimate relations betwe5 ^! two sets ( fact & conviction4 ,x is pla9 t ,religion is ! deep] & ri*] ( ! two t]ms2 & t we h "h1 above all1 to attempt to fa?om ! *ief elem5ts & =ces ( ,religion z su*1 & !n to see :e!r ,progress is really traceable 9 ,religion at all4 ,& aga9 x is cle> t /rongly religi\s s\ls w1 z su*1 hold t ,religion answ]s to1 & is occasion$ by1 ! action1 )9 our human life & ne$s1 ( great1 abid+1 liv+ non-human ,realities2 & yet1 if su* s\ls are at all exp]i5c$ & s9c]e1 !y w also admit--z possibly ! mo/ baffl+ ( facts--t ! human individuals1 families1 races1 are relatively r>e 9 :om ?is s5se & ne$ ( ,religion is /rongly1 s5sitively active4 ,?us ! religion ( mo/ m5 w ei!r all b completely )] or vani% be=e ! invasion ( o!r great facts & int]e/s ( human life--,economics or ,politics or ,e?ics1 or aga91 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 ,philosophy2 or x w1 m frequ5tly1 become l>gely assimilat$1 9 its conception1 valuation1 & practice1 to ! q di/9ct1 & (t5 subtly diff]5t1 conceptions1 valuations1 & practices p]ta9+ to su* ( ^! o!r ranges & levels ( human life z happ5 "h to be vigor\sly active4 ,& su* assimilations are1 ( c\rse1 effect$ ) a p>ticul> ,philosophy or ,e?ic1 mo/ly "s pass+ fa%ion ( ! day1 :i* does n rea* ! deepe/ laws & /&>ds ev5 ( its own doma91 & :i*1 if tak5 z ,religion1 w gravely numb & m> ! p[] & "* ( su* religi\s p]ception z may /ill rema9 9 ?is p>ticul> s\l4 ,i w1 !n1 fir/ attempt "s discrim9ations 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal que/ions conc]n+ ! function+ ( our m9ds1 feel+s1 wills4 ,i w next attempt %ort1 vivid descriptions ( ! *ief /ages 9 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,religions1 ) a view to trac+ "h :at may conc]n _! progress2 & w v %ortly illu/rate ! ma9 results atta9$ by ! correspond+ ma9 peculi>ities ( ,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 & ,mohamm$anism4 ,& ,i w f9ally /rive to elucidate & to e/imate1 z cle>ly z possible1 ! ma9 facts 9 pa/ & pres5t ,religion :i* conc]n ! "q ( religi\s ',progressiv5ess'4 ,i ,i beg9 ) insi/+ ^u "s sev5 discrim9ations :i*1 ev5 only =ty ye>s ago1 w\ld h appe>$ l>gely prepo/]\s to ! !n fa%ionable philosophy4 ,fir/1 !n1 our ,k is always wid] & deep] ?an is our ,sci5ce4 ,i "k my "m1 ,i "k my dog1 ,i "k my fav\rite rose-tree2 & ?is1 al?\gh ,i am q ignorant ( ! anatomical diff]5ces betwe5 woman & man2 ( ! psy*ological limits betwe5 dog & human be+2 or ( ! natural or artificial botanical ord] to :i* my rose-plant belongs4 ,any k9d or degree ( consci\sness on my "p z to ^! ?ree realities is a k ( _! cont5t4 ',k is n simply ! r$uction ( ph5om5a to law & _! resolution into ab/ract elem5ts2 s9ce ?us ! unkn[able w\ld be f\nd well )9 ! facts ( exp]i5ce itself1 9 s f> z ^! possess a concrete "* :i* refuses translation into ab/ract relations4' ,s ,pr(essor ,aliotta urges ) unansw]able tru?4#cb ,& next1 ?is spontane\s aw>5ess ( o!r realities by myself1 ! reality ,man1 conta9s always1 f ! fir/1 bo? matt] & =m1 & s5se1 reason1 feel+1 volition1 all m or less 9 action4 ,sir ,h5ry ,jones insi/s f9ely3 ',! diff]5ce betwe5 ! prim>y & elem5t>y data ( ?\ght on ! "o h&1 & ! highe/ =ms ( sy/ematiz$ k on ! o!r1 is no diff]5ce 9 k9d1 analog\s to a m]e p>ticul> & a m]e univ]sal2 b x is a diff]5ce ( articulation4'#cc ,?irdly1 direct1 un*all5geable ,exp]i5ce is always only exp]i5ce ( a p>ticul> mom5t2 only by means ( ,?\ght1 & tru/ 9 ,?\ght1 c su* ,exp]i5ce be ext5d$1 communicat$1 utiliz$4 ,! sceptic1 to be at all effective1 practises ?is tru/ z really z does 8 oppon5t4 ,?\ght1 tak5 ap>t f ,exp]i5ce1 is inde$ artificial & arid2 b ,exp]i5ce )\t ,?\ght1 is l>gely an ord]less flux4 ,philosoph]s z diff]5t z ! ,neo-,positivi/ ,ma* & ! ,intuitioni/ ,b]gson1 d inde$ attempt to con/ruct sy/ems compos$ solely ( direct ,exp]i5ce & pure ,intuition2 &1 at ! same "t1 almo/ ceaselessly insi/ ^u ! %e] novelty1 ! utt] unexpect$ness ( all direct ,exp]i5ce1 & ! entire artificiality ( ! con/ructions ( ,?\ght--con/ructions :i* alone adult]ate our p]ceptions ( reality ) ! non-realities repetition1 uni=mity1 =eseeabl5ess4 ,yet ! amaz+ success ( ! application ( su* con/ructions to actual ,nature />es u all 9 ! face4 ',x is1 inde$1 /range1' if t cont5tion be "r1 't facts behave z if !y too _h a turn = ma!matics4' ,assur$ly 'if ?\ght1 ) its durable & coh]5t /ructure1 7 n ! reflection ( "s ord] ( /able relations 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 x w\ld be wor?less z an organ ( life'4#cd ,f\r?ly1 bo? ,space & ,"t are inde$ ess5tial con/itu5ts ( all our p]ceptions1 ?\ghts1 actions1 at lea/ 9 ?is life4 ,yet ,"t is p]haps ! m real1 & assur$ly ! ri*]1 con/itu5t ( ! two4 ,b ?is ri* reality applies only to ,concrete or ,fill$ ,"t1 ,duration1 9 :i* our exp]i5ces1 al?\gh always m or less successive1 int]p5etrate ea* o!r 9 v>i\s degrees & ways1 & are ?us m or less simultane\s4 ,an absolutely ev5 fl[ ( equal1 mutually exclusive mom5ts1 on ! contr>y1 exi/s only = our !oretical ?9k+1 9 ,ab/ract1 ,empty1 or ,clock "t4 ,already1 9 #ahhf1 ,pr(essor ,james ,w>d wrote3 ',9 "t1 conceiv$ z physical1 !re is no trace ( int5sity2 9 "t1 z psy*ically exp]i5c$1 duration is prim>ily an int5sive magnitude4'#ce ,& 9 #ahhi ,pr(essor ,b]gson1 9 8 ,essai sur les ,donnees ,imm$iates de la ,consci5ce1 gave u exquisite descriptions ( "t z we really exp]i5ce x1 ( 'duration /rictly speak+'1 :i* 'does n possess mom5ts t are id5tical or ext]ior to ea* o!r'4#cf ,?us all our real s\l life1 9 proportion to its dep?1 moves 9 ,p>tial ,simultaneity2 & x appreh5ds1 requires & re/s1 at its deepe/1 9 an ov]fl[+ly ri* ,pure ,simultaneity4 ,fif?ly1 ,man is ,body z well z ,s\l1 & ! two are closely int]relat$4 ,! s5sible p]ception ( objects1 h[ev] humble1 is always necess>y = ! beg9n+1 & 79 ! long run7 = ! p]si/5ce & gr[?1 ( ! m spiritual appreh5sions ( man4 ,h5ce ,hi/orical ,p]sons & ,happ5+s1 ,in/itutions1 af=d+ ,s5sible ,acts & ,contacts1 & ,social ,corporations1 ea* diff]5t accord+ to ! diff]5t ranges & levels ( life1 c h>dly fail to be ( importance = man's full awak5+--ev5 e?ical & spiritual4 ,pr(essor ,ern/ ,troelts*1 s free f natural prejudice 9 fav\r ( su* a ,s5se-&-,_s position1 has become p]haps ! mo/ adequate expon5t ( ?is great fact ( life1 :i* is ev] 9 su* dang] ( evaporation amid/ ! intellectual & lead+ m9ority ( m54 ,six?ly1 ! cultivat$ mod]n man is /ill l>gely arre/$ & /unt$ by ! spell ( ,desc>tes1 ) 8 insi/5ce ^u imm$iate unity ( outlook & p]fect cle>ness ( idea z ! sole1 univ]sal te/s1 inde$ con/itu5ts1 ( tru?4 ',i judg$ t ,i c\ld take = my g5]al rule t ! ?+s :i* we conceive v cle>ly & v di/9ctly are all true'--^! & ^! alone4#cg ,?us !nce=? ,ma!matics & ,me*anics h g5]ally be5 held to be ! only full & typical sci5ces1 & human k to be co-ext5sive ) su* sci5ces alone4 ,yet ,biology & ,psy*ology n[ rightly claim to be sci5ces1 ea* ) its own special me?ods & te/s di/9ct f ^? ( ,ma!matics & ,me*anics4 ,inde$1 ! wise/ & mo/ fruitful philosophy is n[ com+ to see t ',reality g5]ally eludes our ?\ght1 :5 ?\ght is r$uc$ to ma!matical =mulas'4#ch ,concrete ?\ght1 contr>iwise1 f9ds full room also = ,hi/ory1 ,philosophy1 ,religion1 = ea* z furni%+ ri* subject-matt]s = ,k or ,sci5ce1 ( a special b true k9d4 ,sev5?ly4 ,already ,ma!matics & ,me*anics absolutely dep5d1 = ! success ( _! applications to actual ,nature1 ^u a spontane\s correspond5ce betwe5 ! human reason & ! ,rationality ( ,nature4 ,! imm5sity ( ?is success is an unansw]able pro( t ?is rationality is n impos$1 b f\nd !re1 by man4 ,b ,?\ght )\t a ,?9k] is an absurd proposition4 ,?us fai? 9 ,sci5ce is fai? 9 ,god4 ,p]haps ! mo/ impressive decl>ation ( ?is necess>y connexion betwe5 ,k & ,!ism /&s at ! end ( t great "w1 ,*ri/oph ,sigw>t's ,logik4 ',z soon z we raise ! "q z to ! real "r'1 ! adequate reason1 '( our dem&s = a correspond5ce1 )9 our sev]al sci5ces1 betwe5 ! pr9ciples & ! objects ( ! rese>*es special to ea*1 !re em]ges ! ne$ = ! ,la/ & ,unconditional ,reason4 ,& ! actual situation is n t ?is ,reason appe>s only on ! horizon ( our f9ite k1' z ,kant w\ld h x4 ',n 9 ?us m]ely ext5d+ our k lies ! significance ( ! situation1 b 9 ! fact t ?is ,unconditional ,reason con/itutes ! presupposition )\t :i* no desire = ,k 79 ! prop] & /rict s5se ( ! ^w7 is truly ?9kable4'#ci ,& la/ly1 all ?is & m po9ts to philosophical ,agno/icism z an artificial sy/em1 & "o hopelessly inadequate to ! dep?s ( human exp]i5ce4 ,assur$ly ,bossuet is "r3 'man kn[s n ! :ole ( any?+'2 & my/]y1 9 ?is s5se1 is also ( ! ess5ce ( all high] religion4 ,b :at man kn[s ( any?+ is t ?+ manife/$1 n ess5tially trave/i$1 9 t same ?+'s appe>ances4 ,we m5 are mo/ assur$ly realities =m+ "p ( a real _w-:ole ( v>i\s realities2 ^? o!r realities cont9u\sly affect our own reality2 we _c help ?9k+ c]ta9 ?+s ab\t ^! o!r realities2 & ^! ?+s1 :5 accept$ & press$ home by u 9 action or 9 sci5ce1 turn out1 by our success 9 ?is _! utilization1 to be rightly appreh5d$ by u1 z p>ts ( int]connect$1 objective ,nature4 ,?us our k ( ,reality is real z f> z x goes1 & philosophical ,agno/icism is a doctr9aire position4 ,we c say ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 spite ( 8 pr$om9ant ,agno/icism1 t '! error' committ$ by philosoph]s int5t ^u demon/rat+ ! limits & conditions ( consci\sness 'consi/s 9 assum+ t consci\sness conta9s no?+ b limits & conditions1 to ! entire neglect ( t :i* is limit$ & condition$'4 ,9 reality '!re is "s ?+ :i* alike =ms ! raw mat]ial ( def9ite ?\ght & rema9s aft] ! def9it5ess1 :i* ?9k+ gave to x1 has be5 de/roy$'4#dj ,,ii ,let u next consid] five ( ! mo/ anci5t & ext5sively develop$ among/ ! /ill liv+ ,religions3 ! ,israeliti%-,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian religions %all1 z by f> ! be/ kn[n to u & z ! mo/ fully articulat$1 =m ! great bulk ( ?is %ort acc\nt2 ! ,confucian1 ,buddhi/1 & ,mohamm$an religions w be tak5 q briefly1 only z contra/s to1 or elucidations (1 ! *>act]i/ics f\nd 9 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian fai?s4 ,all ?is 9 view ( ! "q conc]n+ ! relations betwe5 ,religion & ,progress4 #a4 ,we c r\ghly divide ! ,israeliti%-,jewi% religion into ?ree long p]iods2 9 ea* ! po9ts t specially conc]n u w greatly v>y 9 cle>ness1 importance1 & ri*ness ( cont5t4 ,! fir/ p]iod1 f ! "t ( ! f\nd] ,moses & ! ,jewi% exodus out ( ,egypt to ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ great prophet ,elijah 7say #acjj ,b4,c4 to ab\t #hfj ,b4,c47 is inde$ b little kn[n to u2 yet x gives u ! great hi/orical figure ( ! initial lawgiv]1 ! recipi5t & transmitt] ( deep e?ical & religi\s exp]i5ces & convictions4 ,true1 ! code ( ,k+ ,hammurabi ( ,babylon 79 #aieh to #aiaf ,b4,c42 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 9 ab\t #afej7 anticipates _m ( ! laws ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xx1 #bb-xxiii4 #cc71 ! olde/ among/ ! at all l5g?y bodies ( laws 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 &1 aga91 ?is cov5ant appe>s to presuppose ! ,jewi% settlem5t 9 ,canaan 7say 9 #abej ,b4,c47 z an accompli%$ fact4 ,&1 inde$1 ! ,law & ! books ( ,moses g5]ally h und\bt$ly pass$ ?r\gh a long1 deep1 wide1 & elaborate developm5t1 ( :i* ?ree *ief /ages1 all consid]ably subsequ5t to ! ,cov5ant-,book1 h1 by n[1 be5 e/abli%$ ) sub/antial c]ta9ty & precision4 ,! record ( directly ,mosaic say+s & writ+s is ?us c]ta9ly v small4 ,yet x is assur$ly a gross excess to d5y ! hi/orical reality ( ,moses1 z ev5 di/+ui%$ s*ol>s su* z ,edw>d ,mey] & ,b]nh>d ,/ade h done4 ,f> wis] "h is ,wellhaus51 :o f9ds1 9 ! v greatness & fixity ( ori5tation ( ! developm5t 9 ! ,law & 9 ! figure ( ! ,lawgiv]1 a conclusive pro( ( ! ri* reality & greatness ( ! ,man ( ,god1 ,moses4 ,yet x is ,h]mann ,gunkel1 ,i ?9k1 :o has rea*$ ! be/ balanc$ judgem5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,) ,gunkel we c securely hold t ,moses call$ ,god ,yahweh1 & proclaim$ ,him z ! national ,god ( ,israel2 t ,moses invok$ ,him z ',yahweh is my bann]'--! div9e lead] ( ! ,israelites 9 battle 7,exod4 xvii4 #ae72 & t ,yahweh is = ,moses a ,god ( righte\sness--( ! "r & ! law :i* he1 ,moses1 br\ght d[n f ,m\nt ,s9ai & publi%$ at its foot4 ,fi]ce z may n[ appe> to u ! figure ( ,yahweh1 ?us proclaim$1 yet ! s\l's attitude t[>ds ,him is already "h1 f ! fir/1 a religion ( ! w3 an absolute tru/ 9 ,god 7',yahweh %all fight = y1 & ye %all hold y\r peace1' ,exod4 xiv4 #ad71 & a t]rible rel5tlessness 9 ! execution ( ,8 comm&s--z :5 ,moses ord]s ! sons ( ,levi to g to & fro 9 ! camp1 slay+ all :o1 z wor%ipp]s ( ! ,gold5 ,calf1 _h n be5 'on ,yahweh's side' 7,exod4 xxxii4 #be-bi72 & :5 ! *iefs1 :o _h jo9$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,baal-,peor1 are 'hung up unto ,yahweh be=e ! sun' 7,num4 xxv4 #a-e74 ,long aft] ,moses ! ,jews /ill believ$ 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ! gods ( ! hea!n2 & ! religion ( ,moses 0 presumably1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ',monolatry' 7! adoration ( ,"o ,god among _m72 b already accompani$ by ! conviction t ,yahweh 0 mighti] ?an any o!r god--c]ta9ly ,micah1 ',:o is l ,yahweh81' is a v anci5t ,israeliti% "n4 ,& if ,yahweh is wor%ipp$ by ,moses on a m\nta9 7,s9ai7 & ,8 law is proclaim$ at a spr+1 if ,moses p]haps himself really fa%ion$ ! braz5 s]p5t z a s5sible symbol ( ,yahweh1 ,yahweh nev]!less rema9s )\t visible repres5tation 9 or on ! ,ark2 ,he is nev] conceiv$ z ! %e] equival5t ( natural =ces2 & all my?ology is abs5t "h--! vehem5t rejection ( ! calf-wor%ip %[s ?is /rik+ly4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 himself a s\l ( fire1 und]/ood ,moses well1 ,gunkel ?9ks4#da ,! second p]iod1 f ,elijah's fir/ public appe>ance 7ab\t #hfj ,b4,c47 to ! ,d$ication ( ! ,second ,temple 7#eaf ,b4,c471 & on to ! public subscription to ! ,law ( ,moses1 "u ,ezra 79 #ddd ,b4,c471 is surpass$1 9 spiritual ri*ness & importance1 only by ! classical times ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,its beg9n+1 its middle1 & its end ea* possess di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,! :ole op5s ) ,elijah1 '! gr&e/ h]oic figure 9 all ! ,bible1' z x /ill brea!s & burns 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s4 ',= ,elijah !re exi/$ n1 9 diff]5t regions1 =ces possess$ ( equal rights & equal claims to adoration1 b ev]y:]e only "o ,holy ,p[] t reveal$ ,itself1 n l ,baal1 9 ! life ( ,nature1 b l ,yahweh1 9 ! moral dem&s ( ! ,_s' 7,wellhaus574 ,& !n 79 ab\t #gej ,b4,c47 appe>s ,amos1 ! fir/ ( ! noble '/orm-birds' :o h]ald ! com+ national de/ructions & div9e survivals4 ',yahweh 0 = ^! prophets above all ! god ( ju/ice1 & ,god ( ,israel only 9 s f> z ,israel satisfi$ ,8 dem&s ( ju/ice4 ,& yet ! special relation ( ,yahweh to ,israel is /ill recogniz$ z real2 ! e?ical tru?1 :i* n[ /ood high above ,israel1 _h1 aft] all1 aris5 )9 ,israel & c\ld /ill only be f\nd )9 x4' ,! two olde/ l5g?y n>rative docum5ts ( ! ,p5tateu*--! ,yahwi/ 7,j7 & ! ,ephraemite 7,e7--appe> to h be5 compos$1 ! fir/ 9 ,judah 9 ! "t ( ,elijah1 ! second 9 ,israel 9 ! "t ( ,amos4 ,j gives u ! immortal /ories ( ,p>adise & ! ,fall1 ,ca9 & ,abel1 ,noah & ! ,flood2 ,e1 ,abraham's sacrifice ( ,isaac2 & ! docum5ts conjo9tly furni% ! m naive & picturesque p>ts ( ! gr& acc\nts ( ! ,patri>*s g5]ally--! fir/ great n>rative /age ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,god "h gives u "s ( ,8 mo/ exquisite self-revelations ?r\gh ! ,israeliti% peasant-s\l4 ,& ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem1 successful /atesman z well z deep se]1 /ill vividly lives = u 9 "s ?irty-six *apt]s ( t great collection ! ',book ( ,isaiah' 7i-xii1 xv-xx1 xxii-xxxix74 ,!re is 8 maje/ic vocation 9 ab\t #gdj ,b4,c41 describ$ by himself1 )\t ambiguity1 z a precise1 objective revelation 7*ap4 vi72 & !re is ! div9ely impressive close ( 8 long & great activity1 :5 he n]ves ,k+ ,hezekiah to refuse ! surr5d] ( ! ,holy ,city to ! all-p[]ful ,s5na*]ib1 ,k+ ( ,assyria3 t ,yahweh w\ld n all[ a s+le arr[ to be %ot aga9/ x1 & w\ld turn back ! ,assyrian by ! way by :i* he came--all :i* actually happ5s z ?us pr$ict$ 7*ap4 xxxvii74 ,! middle ( ?is ri* second p]iod is fill$ by a great prophet-prie/'s figure1 & a great prophetical prie/ly re=m4 ,j]emiah is call$ 9 #fbh ,b4,c41 & dies obscurely 9 ,egypt 9 ab\t #ehe ,b4,c42 & ! ,deut]onomic ,law & ,book is f\nd 9 ! ,temple1 & is solemnly proclaim$ to1 & accept$ by1 ! p1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,high ,prie/ ,hilkiah & ,k+ ,josiah1 '! ,con/ant9e ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1' 9 #fbh ,b4,c4 ,j]emiah & ,deut]onomy 7,d7 are /rik+ly cognate 9 /yle1 temp]1 & injunctions2 & especially ,d contra/s rem>kably 9 all ?is ) ! docum5ts ,j & ,e4 ,we ?us h "h ! second great developm5t ( ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,bo? ,j]emiah & ,deut]onomy possess a deeply int]ior1 t5d]ly spiritual1 k]nel & a fi]cely polemical husk--!y bo? are full ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! "o ,all-,holy ,god to be wor%ipp$ 9 ! "o ,holy ,place1 ,j]usalem1 & ! _m impure hea!n gods wor%ipp$ 9 s _m places by ! ,jewi% cr[d4 ,?us 9 ,j]emiah ,yahweh decl>es3 ',?is %all be my cov5ant t ,i w make ) ! h\se ( ,israel3 ,i w write my law 9 _! he>ts3 & !y %all all "k me1 f ! lea/ to ! greate/3 = ,i w rememb] _! s9 no m' 7xxxi4 #cc1 #cd74 ,& ,yahweh exclaims3 ',my p h committ$ two evils3 !y h =sak5 me1 ! f\nta9 ( liv+ wat]s1 & h hewn out ci/]ns t c hold no wat]4' ',lift up ?9e eyes unto ! high places 444 ?\ ha/ pollut$ ! l& ) ?y wick$ness4' ',wilt ?\ n f ?is "t cry unto me3 ,my ,fa!r1 ?\ art ! guide ( my y\?8' 7ii4 #ac1 iii4 #b1 #d74 ,& ,deut]onomy tea*es magnific5tly3 ',?is comm&m5t :i* ,i comm& y ?is day1 is n too h>d = !e1 nei!r is x f> (f4 ,x is n 9 heav51 nei!r is x beyond ! sea1 t ?\ %\lde/ say3 ,:o %all g up = u to heav5 or ov] ! sea1 & br+ x unto u8 ,b ! ^w is v nigh unto !e1 9 ?y m\? & 9 ?y he>t1 t ?\ maye/ d x' 7xxx4 #aa-ad74 ,& !re are "h exquisite injunctions--to br+ back /ray cattle to _! own]s2 to sp>e ! sitt+ bird1 :]e eggs or fl$gl+s are f\nd2 to leave ov]1 at ! h>ve/1 "s ( ! gra91 olives1 grapes1 = ! /rang]1 ! orphan1 ! wid[2 & n to muzzle ! ox :5 tread+ out ! corn 7xxii4 #a1 #f1 #g2 xxiv4 #ai2 xxv4 #d74 ,yet ! same ,deut]onomy orda9s3 ',if ?9e own bro!r1 son1 daught]1 wife1 or bosom fri5d entice !e secretly1 say+1 let u g & s]ve o!r gods1 ?9e h& %all be fir/ ^u him to put him to dea?4' ,also ',!re %all n be f\nd ) !e any consult] ) a famili> _s 444 or a necromanc]4 ,yahweh ?y ,god do? drive !m out be=e !e4' ,&1 f9ally1 among/ ! laws ( w>1 '( ! cities ( ^! p 7,hittite1 ,amorite1 ,canaanite1 ,p]izzite1 ,hivite1 ,jebusite7 ?\ %alt save alive no?+ t brea!?1 z ,yahweh ?y ,god ha? comm&$ !e' 7xii4 #b-e2 xiii4 #f1 #i2 xviii4 #aj-ac2 xx4 #af1 #ag74 ,"h we mu/ rememb] t ! immorality ( ^! ,canaaniti% tribes & cults 0 ( ! grosse/1 inde$ l>gely unnatural1 k9d2 t x _h copi\sly prov$ its t]rible fasc9ation = _! k9sm51 ! ,jews2 t ^! anci5t ,ea/]ns1 e4g4 ! ,assyrians1 7 ru?lessly cruel at ! /orm+ ( enemy cities2 & especially t ! morality & spirituality1 ?us sav$ = humanity f out ( a putrid flood1 0 79 v de$7 imm5sely preci\s4 ,"o po9t "h is p>ticul>ly f>-sight$--! sev]e wat*fulness aga9/ all animism1 spiritualism1 wor%ip ( ! dead1 ?+s 9 :i* ! environ+ _w ( ! ,jews' fell[ ,semites 0 /eep$4 ,! ,israeliti%-,jewi% prophetic movem5t did n fir/ atta9 belief 9 a ,future ,life1 & !n1 ?r\gh ?is1 belief 9 ,god2 b ! belief 9 ,god1 /rongly ho/ile to all ^? spiritualisms1 only v sl[ly1 & n until ! dang] ( any infusion ( ^? naturalisms _h become remote1 l$ on ! ,jews to a realization ( ! s\l's survival ) a consci\sness at lea/ equal to its e>?ly aliv5ess4 ,! ,second ,book ( ,k+s 7*aps4 xxii1 xxiii7 gives a graphic acc\nt ( ,k+ ,josiah's rigor\s execution ( ! ,deut]onomic law4 ,! end ( ?is mo/ full second p]iod is m>k$ by ! n[ rapid pr$om9ance ( a l>gely te*nical prie/ly legislation & a correspond+ conception ( pa/ hi/ory2 by ! inception ( ! ,synagogue & ! religion ( ! ,book2 b also by writ+s ! mo/ pr(\nd ( any 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 all presumably occasion$ by ! prob+ exp]i5ces ( ! ,exile4 ,9 #eig & #ehf ,b4,c4 ,j]usalem is de/roy$ & ! majority ( ! ,jews are tak5 captives to ,babylon2 & 9 betwe5 79 #eic7 occurs ! vocation ( ! prophet-prie/ ,ezekiel1 & 8 book is practically complete by #egc ,b4,c4 ,"h ! prophecies z to ! re/oration are /rangely detail$ & s*ematic--already some:at l ! apocalyptic writ]s4 ,yet ,ezekiel reveals to u dea?less tru?s--! responsibility ( ! individual s\l = its good & its evil1 & ,god ,himself z ! ,good ,%eph]d ( ! lo/ & ! sick 7xviii4 #bj-cb2 xxxiv4 #a-f72 he gives u ! gr& pictures ( ! resurrection unto life ( ! dead bones ( ,israel 7*ap4 xxxvii71 & ( ! wat]s ( heal+ & ( life :i* fl[ =?1 ev] deep] & wid]1 f b5ea? ! ,temple1 & by _! sweetness trans=m all s\r wat]s & arid l&s t !y t\* 7xlvii4 #a-ab74 ,a _s & doctr9e closely ak9 to ^? ( ,ezekiel produc$ ! ?ird1 la/1 & mo/ ext5sive developm5t ( ! ,p5tateu*al legislation & doctr9al hi/ory--9 ab\t #efj ,b4,c41 ! ,law ( ,hol9ess 7,lev41 *aps4 xvii-xxvi72 & 9 ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,z ) ,ezekiel's look =w>d1 s "h ) ^! ,prie/s' look backw>d1 we h to recognize mu* s*ematic precision ( dates1 g5ealogies1 & explanations in/9ct ) te*nical int]e/s4 ,! unity ( sanctu>y & ! removal f ! fea/s & ! wor%ip ( all traces ( naturalism1 :i* 9 ,j]emiah1 ,deut]onomy1 & ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s appe> /ill z ! subject-matt]s ( int5se/ ef=t & conflict1 are "h assum$ z op]ative ev5 back to patri>*al times4 ,yet x c reasonably be plead$ t ! life-"w ( ,moses truly involv$ all ?is developm5t2 & ev5 t ,mono!ism 7at lea/1 = ! times & peoples "h conc]n$7 requir$ "s su* rules z are assum$ by ,p ?r\gh\t4 ,& ,p gives u ! great six days' ,creation ,/ory ) its spl5did s5se ( rational ord] p]vasive ( ! ,univ]se1 ! "w ( ! all-reasonable ,god--its s+le p>ts good1 its totality v good2 & man & woman spr++ toge!r f ! ,creator's w4 ,b ! writ] n[h]e indicates t he means long p]iods by ! 'days'2 ea* creation appe>s z effect$ 9 an in/ant1 & ^! in/ants z sep>at$ f ea* o!r by b tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 betwe5 ,deut]onomy & ! ,prie/ly ,code1 or a little lat] /ill1 lies probably ! composition ( ?ree religi\s works full1 respectively1 ( exultant ?anksgiv+1 ( ! noble/ insight into ! fruitfulness ( suff]+1 & ( ! deepe/ que/ion+s issu+ 9 *ildlike tru/ 9 ,god4 ,= an anonym\s writ] composes 7say1 9 #eej ,b4,c47 ! great bulk ( ! magnific5t *apt]s =ty to fifty-five ( our ,book ( ,isaiah--a paean ( spiritual exultation ov] ! ,jews' proximate deliv]ance f exile by ! ,p]sian ,k+ ,cyrus4 ,9 #ech ,b4,c4 ,cyrus issues ! edict = ! re/oration to ,judaea1 & 9 #eaf ! ,second ,temple is d$icat$4 ,)9 ?is great ,consolation /& 7xlii4 #a-d2 xlix4 #a-f2 l4 #d-i2 lii4 #ac-liii4 #ab7 ! f\r poems on ! ,suff]+ ,s]vant ( ,yahweh--! t5d]e/ revelation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--app>5tly writt5 previ\sly 9 ! ,exile1 say 9 #egj-efj ,b4,c4 ,! ,old ,law "h rea*es to ! v feet ( ! ,new ,law--to ! ,lamb ( ,god :o take? away ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,& ! ,book ( ,job1 9 its *ief con/itu5ts 7*aps4 i-xxxi1 xxxviii-xlii71 0 probably compos$ :5 ,greek influ5ces began--say 9 ab\t #dhj ,b4,c41 ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,!rmopylae4 ,! canonization ( ?is d>+ly speculative book indicates f9ely h[ s5sitive ev5 ! deepe/ fai? & hol9ess c rema9 to ! app>5tly unju/ di/ribution ( man's e>?ly lot4 ,our second p]iod ends 9 #ddd ,b4,c41 :5 ! prie/ & scribe ,ezra solemnly proclaims1 & receives ! public subscription to1 ! ,book ( ! ,law ( ,moses--! ,prie/ly ,code1 br\ght by him f ,babylon4 ,! ,jewi% la/ p]iod1 f ,ezra's ,proclamation #ddd ,b4,c4 to ! completion ( ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,ezra1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ie1 is 7^u ! :ole7 d]ivative4 ,amos1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah 7 absorb$ 9 ! realities ( _! own epo*-mak+ times1 & ( ,god's univ]sal gov]nance ( ! _w pa/ & future2 ,daniel n[1 ) practically all ! o!r ,apocalyptic writ]s 9 8 tra91 is absorb$ 9 ^? e>li] prophecies1 & 9 +5i\s speculations & precise computations z to ! h[ & ! :5 ( ! _w's end+4 ,! ,exile _h giv5 rise to ! ,synagogue1 & _h fav\r$ ! f9al developm5t & codify+ ( ! ,mosaic law2 ! sev5ty ye>s int]mission ( ! ,temple sacrifices & symbolic acts _h turn$ ! wor%ip1 :i* _h be5 s l>gely visible1 dramatic1 social1 into ! pray+1 s++1 read+1 prea*+ ( extant texts1 tak5 z direct & f9al rules = all ?\ght & action1 & z incapable ( additions or int]pretations equal 9 value to !mselves4 ,yet ?us priceless treasures ( spiritual tru? & light 7 h&$ d[n to times aga9 agl[ ) great--! greate/ religi\s gifts & gr[?s2 & inde$ ?is lit]ature itself introduc$ v>i\s conceptions or images de/9$ to =m a l>gely fitt+1 & 9 ! circum/ances attractive1 g>m5t = ! pr(\nd fur!r realities br\ght by ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,daniel 7writt5 some:]e betwe5 #afc & #afe ,b4,c47 all e>?ly ev5ts appe> z already inscrib$ 9 ! heav5ly books 7vii4 #aj71 & ! ev5ts :i* h /ill really to come consi/ 9 ! complete & spe$y triumph ( ! ,*ur*-,/ate ,israel aga9/ ,k+ ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,b "h we get ! e>lie/ cle> proclamation ( a height5$ life beyond dea?--?\gh n yet = all 7xii4 #b74 ,! noble vision ( ! f\r great bea/s t came up f ! sea1 & ( "o l unto a ,son ( ,man t came ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 7*ap4 vii71 d\btless "h figures ! e>?ly k+doms1 ,babel1 ,m$ia1 ,p]sia1 ,greece 7,alex&]71 & ,god's k+dom ,israel4 ,! ,psalt] appe>s to h be5 clos$ z late z #adj ,b4,c42 "s ,psalms d\btless date back to #gja--;a few p]haps to ,david himself1 ab\t #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,! comm9atory ,psalms1 ev5 if spok5 z by repres5tatives ( ,god's ,*ur* & p1 we _c n[ e*o )9 our own spiritual life2 any height5$ consci\sness aft] dea? is frequ5tly d5i$ 7e4g4 vi4 #e3 '9 ! grave :o %all give !e ?anks8' & cxv4 #ag3 '! dead praise n ! ,"l'7--we h se5 ! impressive reason ( ?is2 & p]haps a qu>t] ( ! ,psalms are d\bles1 or pale imitations ( o!rs4 ,b1 = ! re/1 ! ,psalt] rema9s z magnific5tly fre% & p[]ful z ev]3 culm9at+ 9 ! glori\s self-commitm5t 7,ps4 lxxiii71 ',i 0 z a bea/ be=e ,!e4 ,nev]!less ,i am cont9ually ) ,!e4 ,:om h ,i 9 heav5 b ,!e1 & !re is none ^u e>? t ,i desire beside ,!e4' ,! ke5 s5se1 pres5t ?r\gh\t ?is amaz+ly ri* collection1 ( ! reality1 prev5i5ce1 pres5ce1 protection--( ! c5tral importance = man1 ( ,god1 ! ,all-,abid+1 f9ds ?us its full1 dea?less articulation4 ,religi\sly slight]1 yet int]e/+ z a prep>ation = ,*ri/ian !ology1 are ! writ+s ( ,philo1 a dev\t1 ,greek-tra9$ ,jew ( ,alex&ria1 :o 9 ,a4,d4 #dj appe>$ be=e ! ,emp]or ,caligula 9 ,rome4 ,philo does n feel 8 d>+ly allegorical sublimations z any dep>tures f ! dev\te/ ,biblical fai?4 ,?us ',god nev] ceases f action2 z to burn is special to fire1 s is action to ,god'--?is 9 spite ( ,god's re/ on ! sev5? day 7,g54 ii4 #b74 ',!re exi/ two k9ds ( m53 ! heav5ly man & ! e>?ly man4'#db ,! long ,life ( ,moses#dc repres5ts him z ! ,k+1 ,lawgiv]1 ,high ,prie/1 ,prophet1 ,m$iator4 ,! ,^w1 ! ,logos 7:i* "h ev]y:]e hov]s ne>1 b nev] rea*es1 p]sonality7 is '! fir/born son ( ,god'1 '! image ( ,god'#dd2 its types are '! ,rock'1 ! ,manna1 ! ,high ,prie/'s ,coat2 x is '! ,w9e ,p\r] & ,ma/] ( ! ,dr9k+ ,fea/ ( ,god'4#de ,! majority ( ! ,jews1 :o did n accept ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 soon felt !y _h no ne$ = s mu* allegory1 & dropp$ x1 ) advantage ^u ! :ole1 to ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,b already ,/4 ,paul & ! ,f\r? ,gospel f9d "h noble m5tal raim5t = ! great new facts reveal$ by ,jesus ,*ri/4 #b4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,religion we w take1 z to our po9ts1 at f\r /ages ( its developm5t--,synoptic1 ,johann9e1 ,augu/9ian1 ,?omi/ic4 ,! ,synoptic mat]ial "h specially conc]n$ we %all f9d especially 9 ,m>k i4 #a to xv4 #dg2 b also 9 ,matt4 iii4 #a to xxvii4 #ef1 & 9 ,luke iii4 #a to xxiii4 #ef4 ,)9 ! mat]ial ?us m>k$ (f1 !re is no great] or less] au!nticity conf]r$ by treble1 or d\ble1 or only s+le atte/ation2 = ?is mat]ial spr+s f two orig9al s\rces--a collection prim>ily ( do+s & suff]+s1 :i* our ,m>k incorporates ) "s expansions2 & a collection prim>ily ( disc\rses1 utiliz$ especially by ,mat!w & ,luke 9 addition to ! orig9al ,m>k4 ,bo? ^! s\rces conta9 ! records ( eyewitnesses1 probably ,sa9ts ,pet] & ,mat!w4 ,! *ronological ord] & ! special occasions ( ! gr[?s 9 our ,"l's self-manife/ation1 or 9 ! self-consci\sness ( ,8 human s\l1 are mo/ c>efully giv5 by ,m>k & next by ,luke4 ,mat!w l>gely ignores ! /ages & occasions ( bo? ^! gr[?s1 & assumes1 z fully explicit f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m9i/ry1 :at 0 manife/$ only lat] on or at ! la/2 & he already introduces ecclesia/ical & ,*ri/ological t]ms & discrim9ations :i*1 h[ev] really implicit z to _! sub/ance 9 ,jesus's tea*+1 or inevitable 7z to _! p>ticul> =m7 = ! ma9t5ance & propagation ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ne> future1 are nev]!less /ill abs5t f ! acc\nts ( ,m>k & ,luke4 ,! *ief rules = ! und]/&+ ( ! specific "* ( our ,"l's revelation appe> to be ! foll[+4 ,! life & tea*+ mu/ be tak5 entire2 &1 )9 ?is entirety1 ea* /age mu/ be appreh5d$ 9 its own special peculi>ities4 ,! ?irty ye>s 9 ! home1 ! s*ool1 ! synagogue1 ! work%op at ,naz>e?1 =m a pr(\ndly important con/itu5t ( ,8 life & tea*+--impressively contra/$1 z !y are1 ) ! probably n full ye> ( ! ,public ,m9i/ry1 ev5 ?\gh we are almo/ completely b]eft ( all details = ^? ye>s ( sil5t prep>ation4 ,! ,public ,m9i/ry1 aga91 consi/s ( two /rongly contra/$ /ages1 divid$ by ! great sc5e ( ,jesus ) ! ,apo/les alone at ,caes>ea ,philippi 7,m>k viii4 #bg-cc2 ,luke ix4 #ah-bb2 ,matt4 xvi4 #ac-bc74 ,! /age be=e is pr$om9antly expansive1 hopeful1 peacefully gr[+2 ! /age aft]1 is conc5trat$1 sad1 9 conflict1 & 9 /orm4 ,to ! fir/ /age belong ! plant p>ables1 full ( exquisite sympa?y ) ! unfold+ ( natural beauty & ( sl[ fruitfulness2 to ! second /age belong ! p>ables ( ke5 wat*fulness & ( ! proximate1 sudd5 second com+4 ,bo? movem5ts are ess5tial to ! physiognomy ( our ,"l4 ,& !y are n simply diff]5ces 9 self-manife/ation2 !y repres5t a gr[?1 a relatively new elem5t1 9 ,8 human s\l's exp]i5ce & outlook4 ,! c5tral doctr9e 9 ! tea*+ is ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,b 9 ! fir/ /age ?is c5tral doctr9e appe>s z especially upheld by ,jesus's fundam5tal exp]i5ce--! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,9 ! second /age ! c5tral doctr9e appe>s z especially col\r$ by ,jesus's o!r great exp]i5ce--( ,himself z ! ,son ( ,man4 ,9 ! e>li] /age ! ,k+dom is pres5t$ m 9 ! _s ( ! anci5t prophets1 z pr$om9antly e?ical1 z already come 9 its beg9n+s1 & z subject to laws analog\s to ^? obta9+ 9 ! natural _w4 ,9 ! second /age ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom is pres5t$ m ) ! =m ( ! apocalyptic writ]s1 9 a purely religi\s1 int5sely transc5d5t1 & duali/ic outlook--especially ?is also 9 ! ,p>ables ( ,imm$iate ,expectation--z n pres5t b future 7,matt4 xix4 #bh72 n di/ant b imm95t 7,matt4 xvi4 #bh2 xxiv4 #cc2 xxvi4 #fd72 n gradual b sudd5 7,matt4 xxiv4 #bg1 #ci1 #dc72 n at all a*iev$ by man b purely giv5 by ,god 7s /ill 9 ,rev4 xxi4 #aj74 ,to ! e>li] /age belongs ! great ,rejoic+ ( ,jesus 7,matt4 xi4 #be-cj2 ,luke x4 #ba1 #bb74 ,! spl5did op5+1 ',i ?ank ,!e1 ,fa!r--= s x ha? seem$ good 9 ,?y sight'1 & ! exquisite close1 special to ,mat!w1 ',come unto ,me--& my bur!n is light'1 raise no grave difficulty4 ,b ! int]m$iate maje/ic decl>ation1 ',all ?+s are deliv]$ unto ,me by ! ,fa!r--nei!r kn[e? any man ! ,fa!r save ! ,son & he to :omsoev] ! ,son w reveal him'1 causes critical p]plexities4 ,i take ?is decl>ation to be modell$ ^u actual words ( ,jesus1 :i* g5u9ely impli$ r ?an cle>ly proclaim$ a unique relation betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ,himself4 ,num]\s o!r words & acts involve su* a relation & ,jesus's full consci\sness ( x4 ,8 fir/ public act1 ,8 baptism1 is cle>ly describ$ by ,m>k z a p]sonal exp]i5ce1 ',he saw ! heav5s op5$' & he>d a heav5ly voice ',?\ art my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$' 7i4 #aj1 #aa74 ,already 9 ! fir/ /age ,jesus decl>es ! ,bapti/ to be 'm ?an a prophet' 7,matt4 xi4 #i71 yet claims sup]iority ov] him & ov] ,solomon 7xi4 #aa2 xii4 #db74 ,8 doctr9e is new w9e requir+ new bottles 7,m>k ii4 #bb72 inde$ ,8 :ole attitude t[>ds ! law is t ( a sup]ior1 :o mo/ really exhorts all1 ',le>n ( ,me'4 ,& soon aft] ,caes>ea ,philippi ,he insi/s to ! p3 ',:osoev] %all be a%am$ ( ,me 9 ?is g5]ation1 ( him also %all ! ,son ( ,man be a%am$1 :5 ,he come? 9 ! glory ( ! ,fa!r' 7,m>k viii4 #ch74 ,! mo/ num]\s cures1 physical1 psy*ical1 moral1 c]ta9ly p]=m$ by ,him1 appe> z ! spontane\s effect ( a unique degree & k9d ( spiritual au?ority2 & ! s9lessness attribut$ to ,him ?r\gh\t by ! apo/olic community 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ba2 ,heb4 iv4 #ae2 ,john viii4 #df2 #a ,john ii4 #bi7 entirely corresponds to ! abs5ce1 9 ! records ( ,him1 ( all traits indicat+ tr\bles ( consci5ce & ! correspond+ fe> ( ,god4 ,& ?is ,8 unique ,son%ip is conjo9$1 9 ! e>lie/ picture ( ,him1 ) an endless v>iety & comb9ation ( all ! joys1 admirations1 affections1 disappo9tm5ts1 desolations1 temptations possible to su* a /a9less human s\l & w4 ,we ?us f9d "h a compreh5siv5ess unlike ! attitude ( ! ,bapti/ or ,/4 ,paul1 & l1 al?\gh f> exce$+1 ! joy 9 nature & ! peace 9 suff]+ ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,! ,second ,/age op5s ) ! great sc5e at ,caes>ea ,philippi & its sequel 7giv5 ) specially m>k$ successiv5ess 9 ,m>k viii4 #bg-x4 #de71 :51 = ! fir/ "t 9 a mann] beyond all dispute1 ,m>k repres5ts ,jesus z adopt+ ! designation '! ,son ( ,man' 9 a ,messianic & es*atological s5se4 ,= our ,"l "h promptly corrects ,pet]'s conception ( ',messiah' by repeat$ insi/5ce ^u '! ,son ( ,man'--,8 glory yet also ,8 suff]+s4 ,?us ,jesus adopts ! t]m ( ,daniel vii4 #ac 7:i* already ! ,apocalypse ( ,eno* _h und]/ood ( a p]sonal ,messiah7 z a succ9ct description ( ,8 specific vocation--its heav5ly orig9 & diff]5ce f all e>?ly ,messianism2 its comb9ation ( ! dep?s ( human weakness1 d]eliction1 suff]+s ) ! highe/ elevation 9 joy1 p[] & glory2 & its connexion ( t pa9 ) ?is triumph z /rictly int]relat$--only ) & ?r\gh ! ,cross1 0 !re "h ! (f] & acceptance ( ! ,cr[n4 ,z to ! ,passion & ,dea?1 & ! ,ris5 ,life1 f\r po9ts appe> to be c5tral & secur$4 ,nei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t nor ,jewi% ,!ology really knew ( a ,suff]+ ,messiah4 ,jesus ,himself cle>ly p]ceiv$1 accept$1 & c>ri$ out ?is pr(\nd new revelation4 ,?is suff]+ & dea? 7 conceiv$ by ,him z ! f9al act & cr[n ( ,8 s]vice--s 9 ,m>k x4 #dd1 #de & ,luke xxii4 #bd-g4 7,all ?is rema9s previ\s to1 & indep5d5t (1 ,/4 ,paul's elaborat$ doctr9e z to ! /rictly vic>i\s & juridical "* ( ! :ole47 ,& ! ,ris5 ,life is an objectively real1 pr(\ndly op]ative life--! visions ( ! ,ris5 ,"o 7 effects ( ! truly liv+ ,jesus1 ! ,*ri/4 ,! ,second ,*ri/ian ,/age1 ! ,johann9e writ+s1 are fully und]/&able only z po/]ior to ,/4 ,paul--! mo/ en?usia/ic & influ5tial1 inde$1 ( all our ,"l's e>ly disciples1 b a conv]t1 f ! activity ( a /rict p]secut+ ,ph>isee1 n to ! e>?ly ,jesus1 ( s\l & body1 :om he nev] knew1 b to ! heav5ly ,_s-,*ri/1 :om he _h s sudd5ly exp]i5c$4 ,saul1 ! man ( viol5t passions & acute int]ior conflicts1 ?us abruptly *ang$ 9 a sub/antially pneumatic mann]1 is h5ce=? absorb$1 n 9 ! pa/ ,jewi% ,messiah1 b 9 ! pres5t univ]sal ,*ri/2 n 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 b 9 ,pneuma1 ! ,_s4 ,*ri/1 ! second ,adam1 is "h a life-giv+ ,_s1 an elem5t t surr\nds & p5etrates ! human _s2 we are baptiz$1 dipp$1 into ,*ri/1 ,_s2 we c dr9k ,*ri/1 ! ,_s4 ,& ?is ,*ri/-,_s effects & ma9ta9s ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( mank9d1 & articulates 9 p>ticul> po/s & functions ! sev]al human spirits1 z v>i\sly necess>y memb]s ( ! "o ,*ri/ian society & ,*ur*4 ,n[ ! ,johann9e ,gospel inde$ utilizes consid]able ,synoptic mat]ials1 & does n1 z ,/4 ,paul1 re/rict itself to ! ,passion & ,resurrection4 ,yet x gives u1 sub/antially1 ! ,_s-,*ri/1 ! ,heav5ly ,man2 & ! gr[?1 pray]1 temptation1 appeal = sympa?y1 d]eliction1 agony1 :i*1 9 ! ,synopti/s1 are /ill s real = ! human s\l ( ,jesus ,himself1 appe> "h z %e] condesc5sions1 9 "t & space1 ( ,him :o1 z all ?+s good1 desc5ds f ! ,et]nal ,above1 s t we m5 "h bel[ may asc5d ?i!r ) ,him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ur* & ! ,sacram5ts1 /ill pr$om9antly implicit 9 ! ,synopti/s1 & ! subjects ( co/ly conflict & organization 9 ! ,paul9e writ+s1 "h und]lie1 z already fully op]ative facts1 practically ! entire pr(\nd "w4 ,! great dialogue ) ,nicodemus conc]ns ,baptism2 ! great disc\rse 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum1 ! ,holy ,eu*>i/--9 bo? cases1 ! /rict ne$ ( ^! ,sacram5ts4 ,& f ! side ( ! dead ,jesus fl[ blood & wat]1 z ^? two great ,sacram5ts fl[ f ! ev]liv+ ,*ri/2 :il/ at ! ,cross's foot ,he leaves ,8 seamless coat1 symbol ( ! ,*ur*'s indivisible unity4 ,! ,univ]salism ( ?is ,gospel is n m]ely app>5t3 ',god s lov$ ! _w' 7iii4 #af71 '! ,savi\r ( ! _w' 7iv4 #db7--?is glori\s tea*+ is traceable 9 _m a passage4 ,yet ,*ri/ "h condemns ! ,jews--9 ! ,synopti/s only ! ,ph>isees2 ,he is f above1 !y are f bel[2 all ^? t came be=e ,him 7 ?ieves & robb]s2 ,he w n pray = ! _w--'ye %all die 9 y\r s9s' 7xvii4 #i2 viii4 #bd72 & ! comm&m5t1 designat$ "h by ,jesus z ,8 own & z new1 to 'love "o ano!r'1 is = & )9 ! community to :i* ,he gives ,8 'example' 7xv4 #ab2 xiii4 #cd7--;9 contra/ ) ! great d\ble comm&m5t ( love proclaim$ by ,him1 9 ! ,synopti/s1 z already =mulat$ 9 ! ,mosaic ,law 7,m>k xii4 #bh-cd71 & z directly applicable to e fell[-man--inde$1 a s*ismatic ,sam>itan is giv5 z ! patt]n ( su* p]fect love 7,luke x4 #be-cg74 ,deut]onomy ga9$ its full articulation 9 conflict ) ,canaanite impurity2 ! ,johann9e writ+s take %ape dur+ ! e>li] battles ( ! long w> ) ,gno/icism--! mo/ t]rible foe ev]1 s f>1 enc\nt]$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & conqu]$ by h] 9 op5 & fair fight4 ,also ^! writ+s lay mu* /ress ^u ,kn[+ & ! ,tru?3 '?is is life et]nal1 to "k ,!e1 ! only true ,god & ,jesus ,*ri/ :om ,?\ ha/ s5t' 7xvii4 #c72 symbolism & my/icism prevail v l>gely2 &1 9 s f> z !y are n absorb$ 9 an ,et]nal ,pres5t1 ! reception ( tru? & exp]i5ce is n limit$ to ,*ri/'s e>?ly soj\rn--'! ,fa!r w give y ano!r ,help]1 ! _s ( tru? :o w abide ) y =ev]' 7xiv4 #af74 ,yet "h ! kn[+ & ! tru? are also deeply e?ical & social3 'he :o doe? ! tru? come? to ! light' 7iii4 #ba72 & ,*ri/ has a fold1 & o!r %eep n ( ?is fold--!m also ,he mu/ br+1 !re w be "o fold1 "o ,%eph]d2 inde$1 m9i/]ial gradations exi/ 9 ?is "o ,*ur* 7s 9 xiii4 #e-aj2 xx4 #c-h2 xxi4 #g-ai74 ,& ! ,my/icism "h is b an emotional intuitive appreh5sion ( ! great hi/orical figure ( ,jesus1 & ( ! mo/ specifically religi\s ( all facts--( ! already ov]fl[+ op]ative exi/5ce1 previ\s to all our action1 ( ,god1 ! ,prev5i5t ,love4 ',n we lov$ ,god 7fir/71 b ,he 7fir/7 lov$ u1' 'let u love ,him1 because ,he fir/ lov$ u1' 'no man c come to ,me1 unless ! ,fa!r draw him'--a draw+ :i* awak5s a hung] & ?ir/ = ,*ri/ & ,god 7#a ,john iv4 #aj1 #ai2 ,john vi4 #dd2 iv4 #ad2 vi4 #ce74 ,! ,?ird ,/age we c f9d 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o1 born a ,nor? ,african ,roman 7,a4,d4 #ced7 & a conv]t f an impure life & ,mani*aeism1 ) its spatially ext5d$ ,god 7,a4,d4 #chf71 wrote 8 ,confessions 9 #cig1 liv$ to exp]i5ce ! capture & sack ( ,rome by ,al>ic ! ,go?1 #daj1 compos$ 8 great "w1 ,! ,city ( ,god1 amid/ ! cle> dissolution ( a mighty pa/ & ! dim presage ( a problematical future1 & di$ at ,hippo1 8 episcopal city1 9 #dcj1 :il/ ! ,v&als 7 besieg+ x4 ,/4 ,augu/9e is m l>gely a conv]t & a rigori/ ev5 ?an ,/4 ,paul :5 ,/4 ,paul is mo/ incisive4 ,b "h he %all te/ify only to ! natures ( ,et]nity & ( real "t1 a matt] 9 :i* he rema9s unequall$ 9 ! delicate vividness & balance ( 8 psy*ological analysis & religi\s p]ception4 ',?\1 ,o ,god1 prec$e/ all pa/ times by ! height ( ,?9e ev]-pres5t ,et]nity2 & ,?\ exce$e/ all future times1 s9ce !y are future1 &1 once !y h come1 w be pa/ times4 ,all ?y ye>s abide toge!r1 because !y abide2 b ^! our ye>s w all be1 only :5 !y all w h ceas$ to be4 ,?y ye>s are b ,"o ,day--n e day1 b ,to-,day4 ,?is ,?y ,to-,day is ,et]nity'4#df ,! human s\l1 ev5 9 ?is life1 has mom5ts ( a vivid appreh5sion ( ,et]nity1 z 9 ! great sc5e ( ,augu/9e & ,monica at ! w9d[ 9 ,o/ia4#dg ,& ?is our s5se ( ,et]nity1 ,beatitude1 ,god1 proce$s at bottom f ,himself1 imm$iately pres5t 9 our lives2 ! succession1 duration ( man is su/a9$ by ! ,simultaneity1 ! ,et]nity ( ,god3 '?is day ( ours does pass )9 ,!e1 s9ce all ^! ?+s' ( our deep] exp]i5ce 'h no means ( pass+ unless1 someh[1 ,?\ do/ conta9 !m all'4 ',behold1 ,?\ wa/ )91 & ,i 0 )\t 444 ,?\ wa/ ) me1 b ,i 0 n ) ,!e4' ',is n ! bless$ life precisely t life :i* all m5 desire8 ,ev5 ^? :o only hope to be bless$ w\ld n1 unless !y 9 "s mann] already possess$ ! bless$ life1 desire to be bless$1 z1 9 reality1 x is mo/ c]ta9 t !y desire to be4'#dh ,especially satisfactory is ! insi/5ce ^u ! futility ( ! "q z to :at ,god 0 do+ 9 ,"t be=e ,he creat$4 ,"t is only a quality inh]5t 9 all creatures2 x nev] exi/$ ( itself4#di ,& our f\r?1 la/ ,*ri/ian ,/age %all be repres5t$ by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,a4,d4 #abbe-gd71 9 ! "o great "q :]e ?is ,norman-,italian ,fri> ,noble1 a s\l app>5tly s l>gely d]ivative & ab/ractive1 is m complete & balanc$1 & p5etrates to ! specific g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity m deeply1 ?an ,sa9ts ,paul & ,augu/9e ) all _! great] directness & int5sity4 ,we saw h[ ! deepe/ orig9ality ( our ,"l's tea*+ & temp] consi/$ 9 ,8 non-rigori/ic e>ne/ness1 9 ,8 non-,gno/ic deta*m5t f ?+s temporal & spatial4 ,! absorb+ expectation ( ! ,second ,com+1 inde$ ! old1 l>gely effete ,graeco-,roman _w1 _h fir/ to g1 ! great ,g]manic migrations _h to be fully complet$1 ! fir/ ,crusades _h to pass1 be=e--"s twelve c5turies aft] ,naz>e? & ,calv>y--,*ri/ianity atta9$ 9 ,aqu9as a sy/ematic & promptly au?oritative expression ( ?is its root-peculi>ity & p[]4 ,no "o has put ! po9t bett] ?an ,pr(essor ,e4 ,troelts*3 ',! decisive po9t "h is ! conception1 peculi> to ! ,middle ,ages1 ( :at is ,*ri/ian z ,sup]natural1 or r ! full elaboration ( ! consequ5ces involv$ 9 ! conception ( ! ,sup]natural4 ,! ,sup]natural is n[ recogniz$ n only 9 ! great complicat$ miracle ( man's r$emption f out ( ! _w corrupt$ by orig9al s94 ,b ! ,sup]natural n[ unfolds itself z an autonom\s pr9ciple ( a logical1 religi\s & e?ical k9d4 ,! creature1 ev5 ! p]fect creature1 is only ,natural--is possess$ ( only natural laws & ends2 ,god alone is ,sup]natural4 ,h5ce ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,sup]naturalism consi/s 9 ! elevation ( ! creature1 above ?is creature's co-natural limitations1 to ,god's own ,sup]nature'4 ,! di/9ction is no long]1 z 9 ! ,anci5t ,*ur*1 betwe5 two k9ds 7respectively p]fect & relative7 ( ! "o sole ,natural ,law2 ! di/9ction "h is betwe5 ,natural ,law 9 g5]al & ,sup]nature g5]ally4 ',! ,decalogue1 9 /rictness1 is n yet ! ,*ri/ian ,e?ic4 ,biblical n[ means reveal$1 b n necess>ily ,*ri/ian2 = ! ,bible repres5ts1 accord+ to ,aqu9as1 a process ( developm5t :i* moves ?r\gh univ]sal hi/ory & possesses v>i\s /ages4 ,! ,decalogue is inde$ pres5t 9 ! legislation ( ,*ri/1 b z a /age prelim9>y to ! specifically ,*ri/ian ,e?ic4 ,! =mula1 on ! contr>y1 = ! specifically ,*ri/ian ,moral ,law is "h ! ,augu/9ian def9ition ( ! love ( ,god z ! highe/ & absolute1 ! entirely simple1 ,moral end--an end :i* conta9s ! dem& ( ! love ( ,god 9 ! /rict] s5se 7self-sanctification1 self-d5ial1 contemplation7 & ! dem& ( ! love ( our neighb\r 7! active relat+ ( all to ,god1 ! active int]relat+ ( all 9 ,god1 & ! mo/ p5etrat+1 mutual self-sacrifice = ,god74 ,?is ,e?ic1 a my/ical int]pretation ( ! ,evangelical ,prea*+1 =ms inde$ a /rong contra/ to ! ,?is-,_w ,e?ic ( ! ,natural ,law1 ,ari/otle1 ! ,decalogue & ,natural ,prosp]ity2 b !n ?is _c fail to be ! case1 giv5 ! entire fundam5tal "* ( ! ,*ri/ian ,e?ic'4#ej ,?us ! wide/ & mo/ primitive contra/s "h are1 n ,s9 & ,r$emption 7?\gh ^!1 ( c\rse1 rema97 b ,nature 7h[ev] good 9 its k9d7 & ,sup]nature4 ,! ,/ate becomes ! complex ( t ess5tially good ?+1 ,nature2 ! ,*ur* ! complex ( t diff]5t1 high] good1 ,sup]nature2 r\ghly speak+1 :]e ! ,/ate leaves (f1 ! ,*ur* beg9s4 ,x la/$ n long1 be=e ! ,canoni/s & c]ta9 rul+ ,*ur*m5 help$ to break up1 9 ! consci\sness ( m5 at l>ge1 ?is noble p]ception ( ! two-/ep ladd] f ,god to man & f man to ,god4 ,& ! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s1 z a :ole1 w5t ev5 beyond ,sa9ts ,paul & ,augu/9e 9 exclusive preoccupation ) ,s9 & ,r$emption4 ,h5ce=? ! s+le-/ep "* ( man's call n[ m ?an ev] pr$om9ates4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 l ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 m>ks ! exi/5ce ( grave abuses1 ! ne$ ( l>ge re=ms1 &1 especially on ?is po9t1 ! all b inevitable excessiv5ess ( man once he is ar\s$ to su* 're=m+' action4 ,c]ta9ly1 to ?is h\r1 ,prote/antism z su* has produc$1 )9 & = religion specifically1 no?+ t c s]i\sly comp>e1 9 massive1 balanc$ complet5ess1 ) ! "w ( ! %ort-liv$ gold5 ,middle ,ages ( ,aqu9as & ,dante4 ,h5ce1 = our precise pres5t purpose1 we c conclude our ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian survey "h4 #c4 ,only a few words ab\t ,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 ,mohamm$anism1 z ^!1 9 "s ( _! ma9 outl9es1 illu/rate ! po9ts especially br\ght out by ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian developm5t4 ,confucianism admitt$ly consi/s1 at lea/ z we h x1 9 a greatly complicat$ sy/em ( ! direct wor%ip ( ,nature 7,sun1 ,moon1 ,/>s especially7 & ( ,ance/ors1 & ( a f9ely simple sy/em ( e?ical rules = man's ord9>y social int]c\rse4 ,t ,nature-wor%ip closely resembles :at ! ,deut]onomic re=m f\ght s fi]cely 9 ,israel2 & ! immemorial antiquity & /ill vigor\s life ( su* a wor%ip 9 ,*9a indicates impressively h[ little su* ,nature-wor%ip t5ds1 ( itself1 to its own sup]session by a def9ite ,!ism4 ,& ! ,e?ical ,rules1 & _! v l>ge obs]vance1 illu/rate well h[ real c be ! exi/5ce1 & ! goodness 9 its own k9d1 ( ,natural1 ,?is-,_w morality1 ev5 :]e x /&s all b entirely unp5etrat$ or supplem5t$ by any cle> & /rong sup]natural attraction or conviction4 ,buddhism1 9 its orig9al =m1 consi/$ nei!r 9 ! ,:eel ( ,re9c>nation alone1 nor 9 ,nirvana alone1 b precisely 9 ! comb9ation ( ! two2 = t ceaseless flux ( re9c>nation 0 !re felt ) su* horror1 t ! ,nirvana--! condition 9 :i* t flux is aboli%$--0 hail$ z a bless$ release4 ,! judgem5t z to ! facts--t all human exp]i5ce is ( %e]1 b\ndless *ange--0 d\btless excessive2 b ! value-judgem5t--t if life be su* pure %ift+ness1 !n ! cessation ( life is ! "o end = man to "w & pray =--0 assur$ly ! au!ntic cry ( ! human s\l :5 fully normal & awake4 ,?is position ?us /rik+ly confirms ! :ole ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian p]si/5t se>* = p]man5ce 9 *ange--= a ,simultaneity1 ! support ( our succession4 ,& ,mohamm$anism1 bo? 9 its /rik+ a*ievem5ts & 9 its m>k$ limitations1 inde$ also 9 ! pres5tations ( x by its own spokesm51 appe>s z a religion prim>ily n ( a special p]vasive _s & ( l>ge1 v>i\sly applicable maxims1 b z "o ( precise1 entirely immutable rules4 ,?us we f9d "h some?+ n all unlike1 b mo/ly /ill m rigid ?an1 ! po/-,exilic ,jewi% religion--some?+ d\btless useful = c]ta9 times & races1 b :i* c\ld n exp& & adapt itself to indef9ite v>ieties ( gr[?s & peoples )\t los+ t int]ior unity & self-id5tity s ess5tial to all liv+ & p[]ful religion4 ,,iii ,let u n[ attempt1 9 a some:at loose & ela/ic ord]1 a %ort allocation & e/imate ( ! facts 9 pa/ & pres5t religion :i* ma9ly conc]n ! "q ( ,religion & ,progress4 ,we ,we/ ,europeans h app>5tly aga9 rea*$ ! fruitful /age :5 man is n simply alive to ?is or t physical or psy*ic ne$1 nor ev5 to ! practical int]e/ & advantage ( ?is or t ,art1 ,sci5ce1 ,sociology1 ,politics1 ,e?ics2 b :5 he awak5s fur!r to ! "q z to :y & h[ ^! sev]al activities1 all s co/ly :]e at all effectual1 c des]ve all ?is sacrifice--c be bas$ 9 any?+ suffici5tly abid+ & objective4 ,! hi/ory ( all ! pa/ ef=ts1 & inde$ all really adequate ri*ness ( imm$iate outlook1 comb9e1 ,i ?9k1 to answ] t only ! exp]i5ce & ! conviction ( an ,objective ,reality di/9ct f1 & m ?an1 man1 or inde$ ?an ! :ole ( ! _w appreh5d$ by man z less ?an1 or z equal to1 man himself1 c furni% suffici5tly deep & t5aci\s roots = our s5se & ne$ ( an objective supreme ,beauty1 ,tru?1 & ,goodness--( a liv+ ,reality already ov]fl[+ t :i*1 9 less] degrees & ways1 we small realities _c altoge!r cease f desir+ to become4 ,x is ,religion :i*1 f fir/ to la/1 b ) increas+ purity & p[]1 br+s ) x ?is evid5ce & conviction4 ,its s5se ( ! ,objective1 ,full ,reality ( ,god1 & its ne$ ( ,adoration are q ess5tial to ,religion1 al?\gh consid]able sy/ems1 :i* are l>gely satisfactory 9 ! m imm$iate que/ions rais$ by ,ae/hetics & ev5 by ,e?ics1 & :i* are s9c]ely anxi\s to d ju/ice also to ! religi\s s5se1 are fully at "w to expla9 away ^! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( all wideawake ,religion4 ,paul ,natorp1 ! di/+ui%$ ,plato-s*ol> 9 ,g]many1 ! %ort-liv$ pa!tically eloqu5t ,m4 ,guyau 9 ,france1 &1 above all1 ,b5$etto ,croce1 ! l>ge encyclopa$ic m9d 9 ,italy1 h influ5c$ or l$ mu* ( ?is movem5t1 :i*1 9 que/ions ( ,religion1 has assur$ly n rea*$ ! deepe/ & mo/ t5aci\s tea*+s ( life4 ,! intimations z to ?is deepe/ ,reality c]ta9ly arise )9 my own m9d1 emotion1 w2 & ^! my faculties _c1 ^u ! :ole1 be con/ra9$ by my fell[ mortals2 inde$1 z m5 gr[ m manysid$ly awake1 all attempts at any su* con/ra9t only arre/ or deflect ! gr[? ( ^! intimations4 ,yet ! dispositions necess>y = ! suffici5t appreh5sion ( ^! religi\s intimations--s9c]ity1 consci5ti\sness1 docility--are n1 ev5 collectively1 already ,religion1 any m ?an !y are ,sci5ce or ,philosophy4 ,) ^! dispositions on our "p1 objective facts & liv+ ,reality c rea* u--&1 ev5 s1 ^! facts rea* u practically always1 at fir/1 ?r\gh human tea*]s already exp]i5c$ 9 ^! ?+s4 ,! ne$ ( su* facts & su* p]sons to tea* !m are1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( e man1 & = long ages 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 f> m press+ ?an any "q ( tol]ation4 ,ev5 vigor\s p]secution or ke5 exclusiv5ess ( feel+ h--pace ,"l ,acton--sav$ = mank9d1 at c]ta9 crises ( its difficult developm5t1 convictions ( priceless wor?--z 9 ! ,deut]onomic ,re=m & ! ,johann9e ,writ+s4 ,9 proportion z m5 become m manysid$ly awake1 !y acquire at lea/ ! capacity = great] s5sitiv5ess conc]n+ ! laws & =ces intr9sic to ! v>i\s ranges & levels ( life2 &1 :]e su* s5sitiv5ess is really at "w1 x c advantage\sly replace1 by means ( ! spontane\s acceptance ( su* objective realities1 ! con/ra9ts ( pa/ ages--con/ra9ts :i* n[1 9 any case1 h become directly mis*iev\s = su* m9ds4 ,none ! less w m51 aft] ?is *ange z be=e1 require ! corporate exp]i5ce & manife/ation ( religion z1 9 v>y+ degrees & ways1 a p]man5t necessity = ! vigor\s life ( religion4 ,inde$1 su* corporate tradition op]ates /rongly ev5 :]e m5's spiritual s5se seems mo/ individual1 or :]e1 ) ! ret5tion ( "s e?ical nobility ( outlook1 !y mo/ ke5ly combat all & e religi\s in/itution4 ,s ) ,george ,fox's doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,enlight5m5t ( e s\l sep>ately & )\t m$iation ( any k9d1 a doctr9e d]iv$ by him f t highly ecclesia/ical docum5t1 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john2 & ) _m a ,jacob9's fi]ce proclamation ( ! rights ( ,man1 nev] f> away f rem9isc5ces ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,?is p]man5t necessity ( ,religi\s ,in/itutions is prim>ily a ne$ = m5 to tea* & exemplify1 n simply ,natural1 ,?is-,_w ,morality1 b a ,sup]natural1 ,o!r-,_w ,e?ic2 & n simply t ab/raction1 ,religion 9 ,g5]al or a ,religi\s ,hypo!sis1 b t ri* concretion1 ?is or t ,hi/orical ,religion4 ,9 proportion z su* an ,hi/orical ,religion is deep & delicate1 x w d\btless conta9 aff9ities ) all t is :olesome & real )9 ! o!r extant hi/orical religions4 ,nev]!less1 all religions are effectual ?r\gh _! special developm5ts1 :]e ^! developm5ts rema9 true at all4 ,z well deprive a fl[] ( its 'm]e details' ( pi/il1 /am51 poll51 or an insect ( its 'sup]flu\s' ant5nae1 z simplify any ,hi/orical ,religion d[n to ! sorry /ump labell$ '! religion ( e hone/ man'4 ,we %all escape all bigotry1 )\t laps+ into su* mo/ unju/ indiff]5tism1 if we vigor\sly hold & unceas+ly apply ! doctr9e ( su* a ,*ur* !ologian z ,juan de ,lugo4 ,de ,lugo 7,a4,d4 #aehc-affj71 ,spani>d1 po/-,re=mation ,roman ,ca?olic1 ,jesuit1 ,!ological ,pr(essor1 & a ,c>d9al writ+ 9 ,rome "u ! eyes ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii1 tea*es t ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian sects1 ( ! ,jewi% & ,mohamm$an communions1 & ( ! hea!n religions & philosophical s*ools1 :o a*ieve _! salvation1 d s1 ord9>ily1 simply ?r\gh ! aid af=d$ by ,god's grace to _! good fai? 9 its in/9ctive conc5tration ^u1 & 9 its practice (1 ^? elem5ts 9 _! respective community's wor%ip & tea*+1 :i* are true & good & orig9ally reveal$ by ,god4#ea ,?us we escape all undue individualism & all unju/ equalization ( ! 7v v>i\sly valuable7 religi\s & philosophical bodies2 & yet we cle>ly hold ! pr(\nd importance ( ! s+le s\l's good fai? & religi\s in/9ct1 & ( ! wor%ip or s*ool1 be !y ev] s elem5t>y & imp]fect1 :i* environ su* a s\l4 ,a man's religion1 9 proportion to its dep?1 w move 9 a ,concrete ,"t :i* becomes m & m a ,p>tial ,simultaneity4 ,& ^! 8 dep?s !n m & m te/ify to1 & contra/ )1 ! ,fully ,simultane\s1 ,god4 ,because man ?us lives1 n 9 an ev]-equal *a9 ( mutually exclusive mom5ts1 9 ,clock ,"t1 b 9 ,duration1 ) its v>i\sly close int]p5etrations ( ! successive p>ts2 & because ^! int]p5etrations are close 9 proportion to ! ri*ness & fruitfulness ( ! durations he lives ?r\gh2 he c1 inde$ he mu/1 conceive absolutely p]fect life z absolutely simultane\s4 ,god is ?us n ,un5d+1 b ,et]nal2 ! v fullness ( ,8 life leaves no room or reason = succession & our poor ne$ ( x4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] has admirably drawn out ?is gr& doctr9e1 ) ! aid ( ,ari/otle's ,unmov+ ,action1 9 ,humanism1 #aijc1 pp4 #bjd-bg4 ,we ne$ only p]si/5tly appreh5d ?is ,simultaneity z ess5tial to ,god1 & ,succession z v>y+ly ess5tial to all creatures1 & !re rema9s no difficulty--at lea/ z reg>ds ! ,"t-elem5t--9 ! doctr9e ( ,creation4 ,= only ) ! exi/5ce ( creatures does ,"t ?us arise at all--x exi/s only 9 & ?r\gh !m4 ,& assur$ly all f9ite ?+s1 t we "k at all1 be> traces ( a hi/ory involv+ a beg9n+ & an end4 ,pr(essor ,b]n>d9o ,v>isco1 9 8 great ,"k ,?yself1 has noble pages on ?is l>ge !me4#eb ,9 any case we mu/ bew>e ( all m or less ,pan!i/ic conceptions ( ! simultane\s life ( ,god & ! successive life ( creatures z b ess5tial & necess>y elem5ts ( "o s+le ,div9e-,creaturely exi/5ce1 9 ! mann]1 e4g41 ( ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce1 9 8 p[]ful "w ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 #bnd s]ies1 #aija4 ,all su* s*emes break d[n "u an adequate realization ( ^? dread facts error & evil4 ,a c]ta9 real indep5d5ce mu/ h be5 left by ,god to reasonable creatures4 ,& let x be not$ c>efully3 ! great difficulty aga9/ all ,!ism lies 9 ! t]rible reality ( ,evil2 & ! deepe/ adequacy ( ?is same ,!ism1 especially ( ,*ri/ianity1 consi/s 9 its practical attitude t[>ds1 & success aga9/1 ?is mo/ real ,evil4 ,b ,pan!ism increases1 :il/ seem+ to surm\nt1 ! !oretical difficulty1 s9ce ! _w z x /&s1 & n an ,ultimate ,reality beh9d x1 is held to be p]fect2 & x entirely fails really to transmute ,evil 9 practice4 ,!ism1 no m ?an any o!r outlook1 really expla9s ,evil2 b x alone1 9 its fulle/1 ,jewi%-,*ri/ian =ms1 has done m1 & bett]1 ?an expla9 ,evil3 x has fully fac$1 x has inde$ greatly int5sifi$1 ! problem1 by its noble insi/5ce ^u ! reality & he9\sness ( ,s92 & x has !n ov]come all ?is ,evil1 n inde$ 9 !ory1 b 9 practice1 by actually produc+ 9 ! mid/ ( deep suff]+1 ?r\gh a /ill deep] fai? & love1 s\ls ! liv+ expression ( ! deepe/ beatitude & peace4 ,! fully ,simultane\s ,reality awak5s & satisfies man's deepe/1 mo/ ne>ly simultane\s life1 by a c]ta9 adaptation ( its own intr9sic life to ^! human spirits4 ,9 su* v>y+ly 'inc>national' acts or action ! non-successive ,god ,himself condesc5ds to a c]ta9 successiv5ess2 b ?is1 9 ord] to help ,8 creatures to a*ieve z mu* simultaneity z is compatible ) _! sev]al ranks & calls4 ,we mu/ n wond] if1 9 ! religi\s lit]ature1 ^! condesc5sions ( ,god l>gely appe> z ?\gh !y !mselves 7 m or less non-successive2 nor1 aga91 if ! deepe/ religi\s consci\sness t5ds usually to conceive ,god's outw>d action1 if future1 !n z proximate1 &1 if pres5t1 !n z /rictly in/antane\s4 ,= ,god 9 ,himself is inde$ ,simultane\s2 & if we try to picture ,simultaneity by means ( temporal images at all1 !n ! in/ant1 & n any p]iod long or %ort1 is c]ta9ly ne>e/ to ! tru?--z reg>ds ! =m & vehicle ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,! great] acts ( ,div9e ,condesc5sion & ,self-,revelation1 our ,religi\s ,accessions1 h mo/ly occurr$ at consid]able int]vals1 ea* f ! o!r1 9 our human hi/ory4 ,aft] !y h actually occurr$1 ^! sev]al acts c be comp>$ & arrang$1 accord+ to _! *ief *>act]i/ics1 & ev5 9 a s]ies ( 7^u ! :ole7 gr[+ cont5t & wor?--h5ce ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,yet su* ,sci5ce gives u no p[] to produce1 or ev5 to =esee1 any fur!r acts4 ,^! great ,accessions ( ,spiritual ,k & ,exp]i5ce are n ! simple result ( ! conditions obta9+ previ\sly 9 ! o!r levels ( life1 or ev5 9 t ( religion itself2 !y (t5 mu* anticipate1 !y sometimes greatly lag beh9d1 ! rise or decl9e ( ! o!r k9ds ( life4 ,& :]e 7z ) ! great ,jewi% ,prophets1 &1 9 "s degree1 ) ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,our ,"l7 ^! ,accessions d occur at times ( national /ress1 ^! sev]al crises are1 at mo/1 ! occasion = ! dem&1 n ! cause ( ! supply4 ,! mo/ly long gaps betwe5 ^! ,accessions h be5 m or less fill$ up1 among/ ! peoples conc]n$1 by v>y+ly vigor\s & valuable attempts to articulate & sy/ematize1 to apply 9 practice1 & rightly to place 7)9 ! o!r ranges ( man's total life7 ^! great1 closely-pack$ masses ( spiritual fact2 or to elude1 to deflect1 or directly to combat !m1 or "s ( _! int]pretations or applications4 ,n[ fairly /eady improvem5t is possible1 desirable1 & l>gely actual1 9 ! critical sift+ & appraisem5t1 z to ! dates & ! actual reality1 ( ! hi/orical docum5ts & details ( ^! ,accessions2 9 ! philosophical articulation ( _! doctr9al & evid5tial cont5t2 9 ! f9] und]/&+ & wid] application ( _! e?ical dem&s2 & 9 ! great] adequacy 7bo? z to firmness & compreh5siv5ess7 ( ! in/itutional organs & incorporations special to ^! same ,accessions4 ,all ?is c & does progress1 b mo/ly sl[ly1 int]mitt5tly1 ) %ort viol5t p>oxysms ( excess & long sleepy reactions ( defect1 ) "o-sid$ness1 trave/ies1 &--wor/ ( all--) worldly indiff]5ce & self-seek+4 ,! grace & aid ( ! ,simultane\s ,ri*ness are "h also always necess>y2 nor c ^! ?+s ev] really progress except ?r\gh a deep religi\s s5se--all m]e scepticism & all levell+ d[n are simply s mu* wa/e4 ,/ill1 we c speak ( progress 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion m appropriately ?an we c ( progress 9 ! ,k ( ,religion4 ,! ,crusades1 ! ,r5aissance1 ! ,revolution1 no d\bt ex]cis$1 9 ! long run1 s pot5t a secul>iz+ influ5ce1 because m5's m9ds _h become too l>gely o!r-worldly--_h lo/ a suffici5t int]e/ 9 ?is wond]ful _w2 & h5ce all ^? new1 app>5tly b\ndless outlooks & problems 7 tak5 up l>gely z a revolt & escape f :at look$ l a prison-h\se--religion4 ,yet ?r\gh all ^! viol5t oscillations !re p]si/$1 9 human life1 ! sup]natural ne$ & call4 ,9 ?is ,god is ! great c5tral int]e/1 love & c>e ( ! s\l4 ,we mu/ look to x t bo? ^! int]e/s & ,e?ics are kept awake1 /rong & di/9ct )9 a co/+ly ri* totality ( life3 ! ,e?ic ( ! hon\rable citiz51 m]*ant1 lawy]--( ,confucius & ,socrates2 & ! ,e?ic ( ! ,jewi% ,prophets at _! deepe/1 ( ! ,suff]+ ,s]vant1 ( our ,"l's ,beatitudes1 ( ,/4 ,paul's great eulogy ( love1 ( ,augu/9e & ,monica at ! w9d[ 9 ,o/ia1 ( ,fa!r ,damian's volunt>ily dy+ a lep] amid/ ! lep]s4 ,! ,*ur* is ! born incorporation ( ?is pole1 z ! ,/ate is ( ! o!r4 ,! ,*ur* inde$ %\ld1 at its l[] limit1 also enc\rage ! ,?is-_w ,/age2 ! ,/ate1 at its high] limit1 c1 m or less consci\sly1 prep>e u = ! ,o!r-,_w ,/age4 ,bo? spr+ f ! same ,god1 at two levels ( ,8 action2 bo? conc]n ! same m51 at two /ages ( _! response & ne$4 ,yet ! prim>y duty ( ! ,/ate is turn$ to ?is life2 ! prim>y c>e ( ! ,*ur*1 to t life--to life 9 its deepe/ dep?s4 ,w m51 aft] ?is great w>1 m l>gely aga9 appreh5d1 love1 & practise ?is d\ble pol>ity ( _! lives8 ,only ?us w ! true/ progress be possible 9 ! und]/&+1 ! application1 & ! fruitfulness ( ,religion1 ) its great c5tral orig9 & object1 ,god1 ! beg9n+ & end ( all our true progress1 precisely because ,he ,himself already possesses immeasurably m ?an all ,he helps u to become1--,he ,:o1 ev5 n[ already1 is our ,peace 9 ,action1 our ,joy ev5 9 ! ,cross4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,i4 #a4 ,oswold ,kuelpe1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,pres5t 9 ,g]many1 ,engli% translation4 ,london3 ,george ,all51 #aiac1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 #b4 ,j4 ,mc,keller ,/ew>t1 ,a ,critical ,exposition ( ,b]gon's ,philosophy4 ,london3 ,macmillan1 #aiac1 #fs4 net4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life4 ,london3 ,a4 ,c4 ,black1 #ahii1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 #b4 ,erne/ ,t4 ,scott1 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,ed9burgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 #aijf1 #fs4 net4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,aliotta1 ,! ,ideali/ic ,reaction aga9/ ,sci5ce4 ,engli% translation4 ,macmillan1 #aiad1 #abs4 net4 #b4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s*ill]1 ,humanism1 ,macmillan1 #aijc1 #gs4 #f;d4 net4 #c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,webb1 ,gr\p ,!ories ( ,religion & ! ,individual1 ,all5 & ,unw91 #aiaf1 #es4 net4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,! ,ideali/ic ,reaction aga9/ ,sci5ce1 ,engl4 tr4 #aiad1 pp4 #f1 #g4 #cc ,a ,critical ,acc\nt ( ! ,philosophy ( ,lotze1 #ahie1 p4 #ajd4 #cd ,aliotta1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hi1 #ahg4 #ce ,encyl4 ,brit41 ',psy*ology1' #aa? ed41 p4 #egg4 #cf ,ed4 #ahih1 p4 #ij4 #cg ,disc\rs sur la ,me?ode1 #afcg1 ,i,ve ,p>tie4 #ch ,aliotta1 op4 cit41 p4 #djh4 #ci ,ed4 #ahic1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gei4 #dj ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #f? ed41 #aijj1 vol4 i1 p4 #fg4 #da ,article1 ',moses1' 9 ,die ,religion 9 ,ges*i*te und ,geg5w>t1 #aiac4 #db ,ed4 ,mangey1 vol4 i1 pp4 #dd1 #di4 #dc ,ibid41 pp4 #hj-agi4 #dd ,ibid41 pp4 #cjh1 #dbg4 #de ,ibid41 pp4 #bac1 #aba1 #efb1 #fia4 #df ,conf4 x1 #ac1 #b4 #dg ,autumn1 #chg4 #dh ,conf4 #a1 #f1 #c2 x1 #bg2 x1 #bj4 #di ,conf4 xi1 #ac4 #ej ,die ,soziallehr5 d] *ri/li*5 ,kir*5 und ,grupp51 #aiab1 pp4 #bfc-e4 #ea ,de ,fide1 ,disp4 xix1 #g1 #aj2 xx1 #ajg1 #aid4 #eb ,cognosci ,te ,/esso1 #aiab1 pp4 #add-g4 ,,vi ,,moral ,,progress ,l4 ,p4 ,,jacks ,f ! syllabus ( all ! lectures 9 ?is c\rse ,i ga!r t e lectur] on ! programme is deal+ ) ! "q ( moral progress4 ,?is is inevitable4 ,ea* lectur] mu/ %[ t ! p>ticul> sort ( progress he is deal+ ) is real or g5u9e progress1 & ?is x _c be unless x is moral4 ,t is itself a significant fact & ?r[s a valuable light on our subject4 ,x %[s t progress1 z x is /udi$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse1 is n progress 9 ! ab/ract1 :atev] t may mean1 b progress = u con/itut$ z we are2 & s9ce our con/itution is ess5tially moral all progress t we c recognize z su* mu/ be moral also4 ,sci5ce1 ,indu/ry1 ,gov]nm5t1 might all claim progress on _! own gr\nd & 9 _! own nature1 b ?is w\ld n prove progress z we und]/& ! ^w1 unless x c\ld be %[n fur!r t ^! ?+s contribute to human bett]m5t 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,_! progress might conceivably involve our regress4 ,to believe 9 moral progress z an hi/orical fact1 z a process t has begun1 & is go+ on1 & w be cont9u$--t is "o ?+1 & x is my own position4 ,to believe t ?is progress is f> advanc$ is ano!r ?+1 & is n my position4 ,:ile believ+ 9 ,moral ,progress z a fact1 ,i also believe t we are mu* ne>] to ! beg9n+s ( x ?an ! end4 ,we %\ld d well to accu/om ourselves to ?is ?\ght4 ,_m ( our despairs1 lam5tations1 & pessimisms are disappo9tm5ts :i* arise f our extravagant notions ( ! degree ( progress already atta9$4 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( :at ,i h call$ philosophic ph>isaism4 ,p]haps x w\ld be bett] call$ aeonic ph>isaism4 ,i mean ! _s 9 ! pres5t age :i* seems to say ',i ?ank !e1 ,o ,god1 t ,i am n z =m] ages3 ignorant1 b>b>ic1 cruel1 unsocial2 ,i read books1 ride 9 a]oplanes1 eat my d9n] ) a knife & =k1 & *e]fully pay my taxes to ! ,/ate2 ,i /udy human sci5ce1 talk freely ab\t humanity1 & sp5d mu* ( my "t 9 mak+ spee*es on social que/ions'4 ,n[ !re is tru? 9 all ?is1 b n ! k9d ( tru? :i* %\ld lead u to self-flatt]y4 ,a good rule = optimi/s w\ld be ?is3 ',believe 9 moral progress1 b d n believe 9 too mu* ( x4' ,i ?9k !re w\ld be m optimi/s 9 ! _w1 m *e]fulness1 m belief 9 moral progress1 if we c&idly fac$ ! fact t morally consid]$ we are /ill 9 a neoli?ic age1 n brutes inde$ any long]1 & yet n s f> outgr[n ! bruti% /age z to ju/ify ^! trumpet+s4 ,"o ( ! b5efic5t lessons ( ! pres5t w> has be5 to mod]ate our claims 9 ?is respect4 ,x has reveal$ u to ourselves z no?+ else 9 hi/ory has ev] done1 & x has reveal$1 among o!r ?+s1 t moral progress is n ne>ly s advanc$ z we ?\ght x 04 ,x has be5 a t]rible bl[ to ! ph>isaism ( :i* ,i h j spok54 ,x has n discr$it$ sci5ce1 nor philosophy1 nor gov]nm5t1 nor any?+ else t we value1 b x has %[n t ^! ?+s h n br\ght u z f> z we ?\ght4 ,t v k1 :5 y come to ?9k ( x1 is itself a v di/9ct /ep 9 moral progress4 ,be=e ! w> we 7 gr[+ morally conceit$2 we ?\ght ourselves mu* bett]1 m advanc$ 9 morality1 ?an we really 71 & ?is conceit 0 act+ z a real b>ri] to our f>!r advance4 ,a %>p lesson 0 ne$$ to take ?is conceit out ( u--to rem9d u t z yet we are only at ! b>e beg9n+s ( moral advance--& n1 z "s ( u fondly imag9$1 next door to ! goal4 ,?is sudd5 awak5+ to ! tru? is full ( promise = ! future4 ,& n[ :at is ! cause ( ^! exagg]at$ notions :i* s _m ( u h ent]ta9$8 ,i ?9k !y arise f our habit ( lett+ ourselves be guid$ by words r ?an by realities1 by :at m5 are say+ r ?an by :at !y are do+1 by :at tea*]s are tea*+ ?an by :at le>n]s are le>n+4 ,if y take y\r /& 9 ! realm ( words1 ( doctr9es1 ( !ories1 ( philosophies1 ( books1 prea*+s1 & utt]$ ideals1 y might make out a /rong case = a high degree ( moral progress actually atta9$4 ,b if y ask h[ mu* ( ?is has be5 le>nt by mank9d at l>ge1 & le>nt 9 su* a way z to issue 9 practice1 y get a diff]5t /ory4 ,we h atta*$ too mu* importance to ! fir/ /ory & too little to ! second4 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( false emphasis 9 consequ5ce4 ,?is false emphasis is especially prom95t 9 ! education controv]sy :i* is n[ go+ on--& ! "q ( moral progress1 by ! way1 is ! "q ( education 9 ! wide/ & highe/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,p seem q cont5t s long z !y c get ! "r ?+ taught4 ,!y don't always see t unless ! "r ?+ is taught by ! "r p & 9 ! "r way x w n be le>nt4 ,n[ education is ultimately a "q ( :at is be+ le>nt1 n ( :at is be+ taught4 ,! process ( le>n+ is a v curi\s & complicat$ "o1 & x (t5 happ5s t :at goes 9 at ! tea*]'s end comes out at ! pupil's end 9 a :olly diff]5t =m & ) a :olly diff]5t value2 & we h ! highe/ au?ority = believ+ t :at really c\nts is n s mu* t :i* goe? into a man b t :i* come? out ( him4 ,t applies to all education--especially moral education4 ,s t if y argue f :at has gone into ! human race 9 ! way ( moral tea*+ y may be greatly surpris$ & p]haps disappo9t$ :5 y comp>e x ) :at has come out ( ! human race 9 ! meantime4 ,:at has be5 taught is n :at has be5 le>nt4 ,x has suff]$ a sea *ange 9 ! process4 ,nor is ! "q :olly "o ( le>n+4 ,!re is ! fur!r "q ( rememb]+4 ,i believe t a c&id exam9ation ( ! facts w\ld conv9ce u t ! human race has prov$ itself a =getful pupil4 ,x has n always reta9$ :at x has le>nt4 ,em]son has said t no acc\nt ( ! ,holy ,gho/ has be5 lo/4 ,b h[ did ,em]son f9d t out8 ,! only acc5ts ,em]son knew ( 7 ^? :i* ! _w happ5$ to h rememb]$4 ,if any _h be5 lo/ 9 ! meantime ,em]son naturally w\ld n "k ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i h he>d ( a function>y1 ^: precise (fice ,i am n able to def9e1 call$ '! ,"l's ,remembranc]'4 ,x w\ld be a great help to ,moral ,progress if we _h 9 mod]n life a ,p's ,remembranc]4 ,8 place is occupi$ to "s ext5t by ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & = t reason "o c\ld wi% = ! sake ( ,moral ,progress t ! /udy ( hi/ory 7 univ]sal4 ,= my own "p ,i seldom op5 a book ( hi/ory )\t recov]+ :at = me is a lo/ acc\nt ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,next to conceit ,i reckon =getfulness z ! greate/ enemy ( ,moral ,progress4 ,i suppose ,rudy>d ,kipl+ _h some?+ ( ?is 9 m9d :5 he wrote 8 poem-- ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s be ) u yet1 ,le/ we =get1 le/ we =get4 ,ano!r cause ( our ov]-e/imate ( ,moral ,progress is t we h ?\ght too mu* ( ! ab/ract ,/ate & too little ( ! actual ,/ates n[ 9 be+4 ,our devotion to '!' ,/ate z an ideal has l$ u to ov]look ! fact t _m actual ,/ates repres5t a =m ( morality s l[ t x is d\btful if x c be call$ morality at all4 ,9 _! relations ) "o ano!r !y display qualities :i* w\ld disgrace ! brutes4 ,& ! wor/ ( x is t at times ^! ,/ates drag d[n to _! own l[ level ! morality ( ! individuals belong+ to !m4 ,?us at ! pres5t mom5t we see q dec5t ,engli%m5 & q dec5t ,g]mans te>+ "o ano!r to pieces l mad dogs1 a ?+ !y w\ld nev] dream ( do+ z betwe5 man & man1 & :i* !y d only because !y are 9 ! grip ( =ces ali5 to _! own nature4 ,we h ov]e/imat$ ,progress by ?9k+ only ( :at is happ5+ inside ea* ( ! ,/ates4 ,we h =gott5 to consid] ! be>+ ( ! ,/ates to "o ano!r1 :i* rema9s on a level l[] ?an t ( individuals4 ,! impression has gone abroad t ! nations ( ! _w ne$ to take only "o /ep f ! position :]e !y n[ /& to accompli% ! f9al unity ( all mank9d4 ,tak+ any "o ( ^! nations--our own = example--we c trace ! /eps by :i* ! w>r+ elem5ts )9 x h become reconcil$1 until f9ally !re has em]g$ t va/ unit>y corporation--! ,briti% ,empire4 ,s ) all ! o!rs4 ,:at m is requir$ !re=e ?an "o /ep fur!r 9 ! same direction1 to jo9 up all ! ,/ates into a s+le _w ,/ate4 ,b ,i am b\nd to ?9k we are too ha/y 9 treat+ ! unity ( mank9d z ne$+ only "o /ep m4 ,x is n s easy z all t4 ,:5 y /udy ! process by :i* unity has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! v>i\s ,european communities y f9d t motives ( conque/ & correspond+ motives ( def5ce h _h a great deal to d ) x4 ,g]many1 = example1 0 built up & n[ holds toge!r z a fight+ unit4 ,:e!r ,g]many & ! o!r ,/ates w\ld /ill ma9ta9 _! cohesion :5 !y 7 no long] fight+ units1 & :5 ! motives ( conque/ & def5ce 7 no long] 9 op]ation1 is a "q on :i* ,i %\ld n l to dogmatize ei!r way4 ,c]ta9ly we h no "r to assume (fh& t ! unify+ process :i* has giv5 ! nations ! mass cohesion & effici5cy !y require = hold+ _! own aga9/ enemy ,/ates w\ld /ill rema9 9 full p[] :5 !re 7 no long] any enemy ,/ates to be consid]$4 ,b :at d we mean by ,progress8 ,progress may be def9$ z t process by :i* a ?+ advances f a less to a m complete /ate ( itself4 ,n[ :e!r ?is process is a desirable "o or n obvi\sly dep5ds on ! nature ( ! ?+ :i* is progress+4 ,take ! l>ge/ & mo/ inclusive ( all ?+s--! :ole _w4 ,& n[ suppose philosophy to h prov$ t ! _w1 ! :ole _w1 is advanc+ f a less to a m complete /ate ( itself--:i* z a matt] ( fact is :at ! doctr9e ( evolution claims to h prov$4 ,ought ,i to rejoice 9 ?is discov]y8 ,w x give me satisfaction8 ,t cle>ly dep5ds on ! nature ( ! _w4 ,if ,i am antec$5tly assur$ t ! _w is good1 ,i %all naturally rejoice on he>+ t x is advanc+ f a less to a m complete /ate ( itself4 ,b if ! nature ( ! _w is evil1 :at reason c ,i possibly h = rejoic+ 9 its evolution8 ,assum+ ! _w to be evil 9 its ess5tial nature1 ,i = my "p1 if ,i 7 consult$ 9 ! matt]1 w\ld c]ta9ly give my vote aga9/ its be+ all[$ to advance f a less to a m complete /ate ( itself4 ,! less su* a _w progresses ! easi] x w be = moral be+s to live 9 x4 ,our int]e/ lies 9 its rema9+ z undevelop$ z possible4 ,obvi\s z ?is seems !re are "s evolutioni/s :o take a r diff]5t view4 ,!y seem to ?9k t any sort ( _w1 no matt] :at its nature might be1 w\ld ultimately become a good _w if x 7 all[$ to develop its nature f> en\gh4 ,x is j ! fact ( its cont9ually becom+ m ( itself t makes x good4 ,b ?is w\ld compel u to ab&on our def9ition t progress is ! advance ( a ?+ f a less to a m complete /ate ( itself4 ,= if itself 7 a bad self to beg9 ) all su* advance ( itself w\ld only make x worse4 ,x is possible t an ess5tially bad man l ,iago might be conv]t$ into a good "o1 b n by advanc+ f a less to a m complete /ate ( himself z he orig9ally 0--unless inde$ we *ange ! hypo!sis & suppose t he 0 n ess5tially bad to beg9 )4 ,s ) ! _w at l>ge4 ,our nature be+ :at x is1 namely moral1 we mu/ fir/ be conv9c$ t ! _w is 9 pr9ciple good be=e we c d]ive ! lea/ satisfaction f kn[+ t x is advanc+ f a less to a m complete /ate ( itself4 ,! alt]native doctr9e makes a brea* 9 ! doctr9e ( progress :i* is inconsi/5t ) its orig9al =m4 ,a ?+ develops by reta9+ its ess5tial nature--t is ! orig9al =m4 ,b a bad _w :i* develops into a good "o doesn't reta9 its ess5tial nature4 ,!re comes a po9t some:]e :5 ! next /ep ( progress c be a*iev$ only by ! ?+ dropp+ its orig9al nature--a po9t at :i* ! ?+ is no long] becom+ m ( its =m] self1 :i* 0 bad1 b is ceas+ to be its =m] self altoge!r & becom+ some?+ else1 :i* is good4 ,let u apply ?is to progress 9 ?ree specific directions--,sci5ce1 ! ,me*anical ,arts1 & ,gov]nm5t4 ,we f9d t ! progress ( sci5ce has enorm\sly increas$ man's p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,is x a good ?+ t man's p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature %\ld be increas$8 ,t surely dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* ?is p[] is us$1 & ?is dep5ds aga9 on ! moral nature ( man4 ,:5 we obs]ve1 z we may truly obs]ve1 especially at ! pres5t "t1 t ( all ! s+le applications :i* man has made ( sci5ce1 ! mo/ ext5sive & p]haps ! mo/ effici5t is t ( devis+ implem5ts = de/roy+ 8 bro!r man1 x is at lea/ p]missible to raise ! "q :e!r ! progress ( sci5ce has contribut$ on ! :ole to ! progress ( humanity4 ,_h x n be5 = ! progress ( sci5ce1 :i* has enorm\sly increas$ ! weal? ( ! _w1 x is d\btful if ?is w>1 :i* is ma9ly a w> ab\t weal?1 w\ld h tak5 place at all4 ,or if a w> _h brok5 out1 x w\ld n h involv$ ! appall+ de/ruction ( human life & prop]ty we are n[ witness+--su* t1 )9 a space ( two ye>s1 ab\t six million human be+s h be5 kill$1 ?irty-five millions w\nd$1 & weal? de/roy$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t fifte5 ?\s& millions /]l+--?\gh "s say x is v mu* m4 ,sci5ce taught u to make ?is weal?3 sci5ce has also taught u h[ to de/roy x4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( h[ mu* ( ?is is attributable to ! progress ( sci5ce1 ,i say x is p]missible to raise ! "q :e!r man is a be+ :o c safely be entru/$ ) t control ov] ! =ces ( nature :i* sci5ce gives him4 ,:at if he uses ?is p[]1 z he pla9ly c d1 = 8 own undo+8 ,to ask ?is1 z we c h>dly help ask+1 is to transf] ! "q ( sci5tific progress into ! sph]e ( morality4 ,x is conceivable t ! progress ( sci5ce might involve = u no progress at all4 ,x might be1 & "s h fe>$ t x may become1 a /ep t[>ds ! self-de/ruction ( ! human race4 ,take ! me*anical arts4 ,! *ief effects ( progress 9 ! me*anical arts h be5 an enorm\s increase 9 ! mat]ial weal? ( mank9d1 &1 p>tly consequ5t ^u ?is1 a p>allel gr[? ( population 9 ! indu/rial c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,x is by no means cle> t ei!r ( ^! ?+s con/itutes a def9ite /ep 9 human progress4 ,consid] ! gr[? ( population--! imm5se increase 9 ! total bulk & volume ( ! human race4 ,:e!r ?is con/itutes a cle> ga9 to humanity obvi\sly _c be answ]$ )\t ref]5ce to moral consid]ations4 ,to increase ! ari?metical quantity ( life 9 ! _w c be c\nt$ a ga9 only if ! g5]al t5d5cies ( life are 9 ! "r direction4 ,if !y are 9 ! wrong direction1 !n ! m lives !re are to yield to ^! t5d5cies ! less reason has ! morali/ to be satisfi$ ) :at is happ5+4 ,no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has ev] s]i\sly ma9ta9$ t ! end & aim ( progress is to increase ! numb] ( human be+s up to ! limit :i* ! planet is able to support2 ?\gh "s doctr9es if press$ to _! conclusion w\ld lead to t1 notably ! doctr9e t all morality re/s ultimately on ! in/9ct = ! pres]vation & ! reproduction ( life4 ,we h fir/ to be conv9c$ t ! human race is n on ! wrong road be=e we c look ) complac5cy on ! increase ( its numb]s4 ,we may note 9 ?is connexion t mank9d possesses no sort ( collective control ov] its own mass or volume4 ,! mass or total numb] ( lives involv$ is det]m9$ by =ces :i* are n subject to ! unit>y direction ( any exi/+ human w ei!r individual or collective4 ,?is applies n only to ! human race z a :ole1 b to p>ticul> communities4 ,_! gr[? is unregulat$4 ,!y j come to be :at !y are 9 po9t ( size4 ,?is fact seems to me a v important "o to be> 9 m9d :5 we talk ( ! progress ( sci5ce giv+ u control ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,s f> no /ate1 no gov]nm5t1 no community has won any effective control ov] t gr\p ( ! =ces ( nature :i* det]m9e ! total size ( ! community 9 "q4 ,x is an aspect ( human de/9y :i* appe>s to be left to *ance2 & yet :5 we consid] :at x means1 is !re any aspect ( human de/9y on :i* su* trem5d\s consequ5ces dep5d8 ,& ought we n to consid] ?is be=e claim+1 z we s (t5 claim1 t ! progress ( sci5ce has giv5 u control ( ! =ces ( nature8 ,x is /range t ?is po9t has n be5 m consid]$1 especially by ?9k]s :o are fond ( ! ^w 'humanity'--'! good ( humanity'--or ! 'greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]'4 ,humanity has an ari?metical or quantitative side1 & ! good ( humanity surely dep5ds1 to "s ext5t1 on h[ mu* humanity !re is4 ,i c imag9e _m ?+s :i* might be good = a ,greek city /ate ( #aj1jjj s\ls :i* w\ld n be good1 or n good 9 ! same s5se1 = a community ( #ajj1jjj1jjj s\ls4 ,surely x ne$s no reason+ to prove t our p[] to d our duty to o!rs is affect$ by ! numb] ( o!rs to :om duty has to be done--x makes a diff]5ce :]e !re are #aj1jjj ( m5 or #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,simil>ly ) ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,:at is ! greate/ numb]8 ,a great deal t has be5 said ab\t ?is w\ld n h be5 said if we _h consid]$ t ! greate/ numb] itself is left at ! disposal ( =ces outside ! pres5t scope ( our own w4 ,ev5 ! proposal to sell our goods & give ! proce$s to ! poor w\ld surely be affect$1 f ! moral po9t ( view1 by ! numb] ( ! poor :o 7 to receive ! di/ribution4 ,7 ?is s small t ! poor w\ld get five p\nds apiece x w\ld be "o "q2 7 x s l>ge t !y w\ld receive a halfp5ny apiece x w\ld be ano!r "q4 ,?us we may conclude t ! progress ( ! me*anical arts ) ! consequ5t increase 9 ! bulk ( ! human race has n solv$ ! problem ( moral progress1 b only plac$ t problem 9 a new & m p]plex+ context4 ,a simil> conclusion w\ld meet u if we 7 to consid] ! p>allel increase ( ! weal? ( ! _w4 ,! moral "q is n ab\t ! am\nt ( weal? ! _w possesses1 b ab\t ! way m5 sp5d x & ! use !y make ( x4 ,indu/rially speak+1 ! human race has made its =tune dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,b has x made up its m9d :at to d ) ! =tune8 ,& has its m9d be5 made up 9 ! "r way8 ,to raise ^! que/ions is to see t progress f ! economic po9t ( view may be ! rev]se ( progress f ! moral4 ,b ,i %all n fur!r enl>ge ^u ?is--! !me be+ too famili>4 ,! ?ird "q :i* relates itself to moral progress is t ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ,gov]nm5t1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 is n an end 9 itself4 ,x is a device :i* man has set up to help him 9 atta9+ ! true end ( 8 life4 ,to make up our m9ds h[ we ought to be gov]n$ is !re=e impossible unless we h previ\sly made up our m9ds h[ we ought to live4 ,:at might be a good gov]nm5t = a p ^: end is indu/rial success might be a v bad "o = a p :o _h "s o!r end 9 view4 ,well1 !n1 are we well gov]n$ at ! pres5t "t8 ,are we bett] gov]n$ ?an we 78 ,has progress tak5 place 9 ?is dep>tm5t8 ,pla9ly we _c answ] ^! que/ions unless we h *os5 our end 9 life & are morally satisfi$ ) x4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n /ates we discov] a t5d5cy1 m /rongly m>k$ 9 "s qu>t]s ?an 9 o!rs1 t[>ds t =m ( democracy :i* is call$ responsible self-gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t ( ! p1 = ! p1 by ! p4 ,! p are go+ to gov]n !mselves4 ,b !y may d s 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways--ea* ( :i* has a diff]5t moral value4 ,a p may g wrong j z fatally 9 gov]n+ itself z 9 be+ gov]n$ by "s ext]nal au?ority4 ,i confess t no?+ ,i c le>n f ! hi/ory ( gov]nm5t entirely reassures me on ?is po9t4 ,i see ev]y:]e progress t[>ds organization1 b !n "o is b\nd to ask on :at ult]ior end is ?is organization direct$8 ,i see ev]y:]e a gr[+ subord9ation ( ! individual to ! ,/ate4 ,?is may or may n be a v good ?+4 ,:at k9d ( ,/ate is x to :i* ! individual is becom+ subord9at$8 ,!re are great diff]5ces among !m--"s seem to me1 "o 9 p>ticul> at ! pres5t "t1 ?or\ghly bad1 & ,i _c see t ! individual ga9s morally by be+ subord9at$ to su* a ,/ate--at lea/ if he ga9s 9 "o direction he loses m 9 ano!r4 ,ev5 ! social unity :i* ,gov]nm5ts are capable ( a*iev+ mu/ n be too ha/ily translat$ into moral progress4 ,we are entitl$ to ask sev]al que/ions be=e ! "o c be equat$ ) ! o!r4 ,to beg9 )1 d m5 "k :at !y want to a*ieve by _! unifi$ life8 ,& if !y d "k :at !y want1 h we n /ill ! "r to criticize its moral value & say '?is is "r' or ?is is wrong8 ,%\ld ! "t ev] come :5 ! common w ( mank9d %\ld get itself express$ by ! decrees ( a univ]sal democracy1 w\ld moral criticism be at an end s f> z ! said decrees 7 conc]n$8 ,= my "p ,i _c see t x w\ld4 ,p]haps x 7 tru] to say t only !n w\ld moral criticism effectively beg94 ,z ?+s n[ are1 we are prev5t$ f criticiz+ ! common w because none ( u kn[s :at exactly ! common w dem&s4 ,b if x c\ld get itself express$ & def9$ by ! decrees ( a p]fect democracy we %\ld "k4 ,^? decrees w\ld reveal ! human community to itself1 & x is possible t ! revelation w\ld n be altoge!r agreeable to our moral s5se4 ,we might !n discov] t ! common w is capable ( be+ grossly immoral4 ,s f> x has be5 impossible = u to make ?is discov]y because no organ exi/s = express+ ! common w on ! human scale1 & ev5 ^? :i* express x on ! national scale are n p]fect4 ,i am f> f say+ ! discov]y w\ld be made2 b ,i "k ( no l9e ( argum5t :i* rules x out z impossible4 ,mean:ile we are sc>cely ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! common w z necess>ily moral until we "k m ?an we d ( :at precisely x is t ! common w aims at & int5ds to a*ieve4 ,to back ! common w ?r\gh ?ick & ?91 z "s ( our philosoph]s seem dispos$ to d1 is a dang]\s speculation--x might p]haps be describ$ z putt+ y\r money on a d>k horse4 ,?is leads me to say a ^w conc]n+ a phrase :i* has be5 mu* 9 use ( late--! ,collective ,wisdom ( ,mank9d1 or ! ,collective ,wisdom ( ! ,/ate4 ,progress is sometimes def9$ z a gradual approa* to a /ate ( ?+s :]e ?is collective wisdom rules ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,& collective wisdom is sometimes repres5t$ z va/ly wis] ?an t possess$ by any individual1 ev5 ! wise/4 ,n[ if ?is really is s x seems pretty obvi\s t1 :5 ! collective wisdom speaks1 no individual c h ! "r ( appeal4 ,:at are y1 :at am ,i1 t ei!r ( u %\ld set up our private intellig5ce aga9/ ! intellig5ce ( =ty million ( our fell[ citiz5s8 ,t surely w\ld be a prepo/]\s claim4 ,! collective wisdom mu/ "k be/3 at lea/ x kn[s mu* bett] ?an y or ,i4 ,b is ! collective wisdom ( ! ,/ate s imm5sely sup]ior to t ( ! individual1 & ( necessity s8 ,h we any means ( br++ ! matt] to ! te/8 ,x is extremely difficult to d s4 ,n until we make ! exp]im5t d we f9d h[ r>e are ! occasions ( :i* we c say t !n & !re ! collective wisdom ( ! community fairly & fully express$ itself4 ,acts ( ,p>liam5t are n good examples4 ,!y usually repres5t n ! collective wisdom ( ! :ole community1 b ! wisdom ( ! majority aft] x has be5 *eck$1 modifi$1 & p]haps nullifi$ by ! oppos+ wisdom ( an almo/ equal m9ority4 ,take z an example ! hi/ory ( ! ,iri% ,"q4 ,h[ difficult x is to put "o's f+] on any mom5t 9 t tangl$ /ory & say t !n & !re ! collective wisdom ( ! community knew :at x want$ to d & did x6 ,s ) almo/ ev]y?+ else4 ,n[ if !re be su* a ?+ z ! collective wisdom ( ! ,/ate ,i suppose t ! mom5t :5 we are mo/ likely to f9d x 9 action is ! mom5t :5 "o ,/ate has deal+s ) ano!r ,/ate4 ,t surely is a fair te/4 ,if ,/ates possess collective wisdom !y ought to %[ its exi/5ce & measure :5 !y confront "o ano!r z ,/ates--:5 ,/ate calls to ,/ate across ! great deeps ( int]national policy4 ,:at %\ld we say ( any ,/ate :i* claim$ collective wisdom only :5 deal+ ) its own individual memb]s--) y & me--b dropp$ ! claim :5 ! "q 0 "o ( reasonable int]c\rse ) ano!r ,/ate simil>ly end[$8 ,?is we %\ld say is a v dubi\s claim4 ,well1 h[ /&s ! matt] :5 ?is te/ is appli$8 ,! pres5t w> provides ! answ]4 ,! w> arose out ( a type ( qu>rel :i*1 _h x occurr$ betwe5 half a doz5 individuals ( av]age intellig5ce1 w\ld h be5 amicably settl$1 by reasonable human int]c\rse1 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,does n ?is af=d a r\gh measure ( ! collective wisdom ( su* ,/ates z at pres5t exi/ 9 ?is _w8 ,does x n sugge/ t !y h little faculty ( reasonable int]c\rse ) "o ano!r8 ,& :5 y say t ( any be+1 or any collection ( be+s1 d y n put x pretty l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce8 ,x is lit]ally true t ^! ,/ates d n und]/& "o ano!r4 ,?us we are driv5 back ^u a pla9 alt]native2 ei!r ! ,/ates d n repres5t collective wisdom1 or else ?is collective wisdom is "o ( ! l[e/ =ms ( wisdom n[ extant on ?is planet4 ,9 ei!r case we mu/ be v cauti\s 9 our use ( ! phrase4 ,we mu/ n inf] moral progress f ! reign ( collective wisdom until we are assur$ t collective wisdom is really z wise z "s ( its devotees assume x to be4 ,ab\t ! idea ( moral progress1 :i* is only ano!r "n = ! idea ( progress 9 its wide/ =m1 ,i ne$ say little1 ! "q hav+ be5 adequately treat$ by o!r lectur]s4 ,b ,i w add ?is4 ,belief 9 moral progress is a belief :i* no man c live )\t1 &1 at ! same "t1 a belief :i* _c be prov$ by any appeal to human exp]i5ce4 ,we _c live )\t x1 because life is j ! process ( rea*+ =w>d to a bett] =m ( itself4 ,7 a man to say t s9ce ! _w began no moral progress has tak5 place he w\ld !reby %[ 8 lat5t belief 9 moral progress4 ,= no man w\ld take ! tr\ble to d5y moral progress unless he believ$ t ! _w w\ld 9 "s way be made bett] by 8 d5ial4 ,he w\ld n ev5 tr\ble to come to a private conclusion 9 ! matt] unless he believ$ t 8 private conclusion 0 some?+ to ! good4 ,9 t s5se p]haps we may say t moral progress is prov$1 = ! be/ pro( ( any belief is t x rema9s indisp5sable to ! life we h to live4 ,b ! appeal to exp]i5ce w\ld n prove x--& = ?is reason4 ,a progressive _w is a _w :i* n only makes ga9s1 b keeps its ga9s :5 !y are made4 ,if ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 7 to become a fact to-morr[1 t ( itself w\ld n prove progress1 if y admit ! possibility t ! _w might h]eaft] retreat f ! position x _h won4 ,t possibility y c\ld nev] rule out--except by an appeal to fai?4 ,a _w :i* atta9$ ! goal & !n lo/ x w\ld be a great] failure1 f ! po9t ( view ( moral progress1 ?an "o :i* nev] atta9$ ! goal at all4 ,! doctr9e t ! ga9s ( morality c nev] be lo/ is widely held2 b x does n re/ on a philosophic or a sci5tific basis4 ,z ,hume taught long ago1 y _c inf] an inf9ite conclusion f f9ite data--& 9 ?is case ! conclusion is inf9ite & ! data are f9ite4 ,!y are n only f9ite b v>i\s3 "s po9t+ "o way1 "s ano!r4 ,f9ally we _c prove moral progress by appeal to any objective /&>d1 su* z ! am\nt ( happ9ess exi/+ 9 ! _w at successive dates4 ,suppose y 7 able to %[ t1 up to date1 ! am\nt ( happ9ess 9 ! _w has %[n a /eady increase until x has rea*$ ! gr& sum total n[ exi/+4 ,n[ suppose t y 7 transf]r$ to ano!r planet :]e ! conditions 7 ! exact opposite3 :]e ! inhabitants ages ago />t$ ) ! happ9ess we n[ possess1 & gradually decl9$ until1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 !y are no happi] ?an ! human race 0 at ! fir/ /age ( its c>e]4 ,n[ add toge!r ! totals ( happ9ess = bo? y\r worlds1 ! asc5d+ _w :i* />ts ) ! m9imum & ends ) ! maximum1 ! decl9+ _w :i* />ts ) ! maximum & ends ) ! m9imum4 ,! gr& totals 9 bo? cases are exactly ! same4 ,s f> z ! total result is conc]n$1 ! decl9+ _w has j z mu* to %[ = itself z ! asc5d+4 ,valu$ 9 t]ms ( happ9ess1 ! "o _w w\ld be wor? z mu* z ! o!r4 ,& yet we "k t ! value ( ^! two worlds is n ! same4 ,! asc5d+ is wor? a lot m ?an ! desc5d+4 ,:y8 ,i leave y ) t conundrum4 ,answ] x1 & y h ! key to ! mean+ ( ,moral ,progress4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii1 *4 #c4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 *4 #a4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 *4 #ac to #ad4 ,,vii ,,progress ,,9 ,,gov]nm5t ,a4 ,e4 ,,zimm]n ,:5 ,i 0 ask$ to speak to y on ! subject ( ,progress 9 ,gov]nm5t ,i gladly accept$1 = x is a subject on :i* ,i h reflect$ a good deal4 ,b :5 ,i came to ?9k ov] :at ,i %\ld say1 ,i saw t y _h ask$ me = ! impossible4 ,= :at is ,gov]nm5t8 ,i d n "k :e!r !re are any "h = :om ,gov]nm5t means no m ?an a policeman1 or a ballot-box1 or a li/ ( (fice-hold]s4 ,! days ( su* %all[ views are surely ov]4 ,gov]nm5t is ! "w ( ord]+ ! ext]nal affairs & relation%ips ( m54 ,x cov]s all ! activities ( m5 z memb]s ( a community--social1 indu/rial1 & religi\s z well z political 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,x is conc]n$1 z ! anci5ts _h x1 ) 't :i* is public or common'1 :at ! ,greeks call$ ,greek3 to ko9on & ! ,romans res publica4 ,! ,old ,engli% translation ( ^! classical t]ms is ',! ,commonweal?' or ,common ,weal2 & ,i d n see t we c d bett] ?an adopt t ^w1 ) its ri*ness ( traditional mean+ & its happy association ( ! two conceptions1 too (t5 sep>at$ 9 mod]n m9ds1 ( ,weal? & ,welf>e4 ,our subject !n is ! ,progress ( ! ,commonweal? or1 9 o!r words1 ! record ( ! c\rse ( ! common life ( mank9d 9 ! _w4 ,x is a !me :i* really und]lies all ! o!r subjects ( discussion at ?is week's meet+s3 = x is only ! exi/5ce ( ! ,commonweal? & its organiz$ ef=ts to pres]ve & su/a9 ! life ( ! individuals compos+ x1 :i* h made possible ! a*ievem5ts ( mank9d 9 ! v>i\s sep>ate fields ( ef=t :i* are claim+ y\r att5tion4 ,"l ,acton sp5t a lifetime collect+ mat]ial = a ,hi/ory ( ,lib]ty4 ,he nev] wrote x3 b1 if he _h1 x w\ld h be5 a ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,gov]nm5t or ( ! ,commonweal? w\ld be no?+ less4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! invitation s k9dly giv5 to me & s *e]fully accept$4 ,if y c\ld wait a lifetime = ! prop] treatm5t ( ! subject ,i w\ld gladly give ! "t2 =1 9 tru?1 x is wor? x4 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is common life ( mank9d & ) :at is x conc]n$8 ,! subjects ( its conc]n are z wide z human nature itself4 ,we _c def9e !m 9 a =mula3 = human nature ov]leaps all =mulas4 ,:5ev] m5 h tri$ to rule regions ( human activity & aspiration out ( ! common life ( mank9d1 & to h$ge !m r\nd z private or sep>ate or sacr$ or by any o!r k9d ( taboo1 human nature has always end$ by break+ ?r\gh ! h$ges & invad+ ! retreat4 ,man is a social animal4 ,if he retires to a mona/]y he f9ds he has c>ri$ problems ( organization ) him1 z ! promot]s ( ?is ga!r+ w\ld confess y h br\ght ) y "h4 ,if he %uts himself up 9 8 home z a ca/le1 or 9 a work%op or factory z ! doma9 ( 8 own private p[]1 social problems g ) him ?i!r1 & ! long arm ( ! law w foll[ aft]4 ,if he crosses ! seas l ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 to wor%ip ,god unmole/$ 9 a new c\ntry1 or1 l ! m]*ant-v5tur]s1 to fet* home treasure f ! ,indies1 he w f9d himself unwitt+ly ! pione] ( civilization & ! f\nd] ( an ,empire or a ,republic4 ,9 ! life ( our fell[s1 9 ! ,common ,weal1 we live & move & h our be+4 ,let u recall "s wise words on ?is subject f ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol's book on ! ,middle ,ages4 ',! words ,*ur* & ,/ate'1 he writes1 repres5t :at ought to be an alliance1 b is1 9 mod]n times1 at be/ a dualism & (t5 an op5 w>f>e4444 ,! opposition ( ,*ur* & ,/ate expresses an opposition betwe5 two sides ( human nature :i* we mu/ n too easily label z good & evil1 ! heav5ly & ! e>?ly1 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane4 ,= ! ,/ate1 too1 is div9e z well z ! ,*ur*1 & may h its own ideals & sacram5tal duties & its own prophets1 ev5 its own m>tyrs4 ,! opposition ( ,*ur* & ,/ate is to be reg>d$ r z ! pursuit ( "o great aim1 pursu$ by contra/$ means4 ,! ultimate aim ( all true human activity mu/ be 9 ! noble words ( ,francis ,bacon '! glory ( ,god & ! relief ( man's e/ate'4#ec ,bacon's words =m a fitt+ />t+-po9t = our reflections3 = !y br+ vividly be=e u bo? ! idealism :i* %\ld inspire all :o lab\r at ! task ( gov]nm5t & ! va/ness & v>iety ( ! field ) :i* !y are conc]n$4 ,look$ at 9 ?is broad light1 ! hi/ory ( man's common life 9 ! _w w1 ,i ?9k1 %[ two great /reams ( progress--! progress ( man ov] ,nature1 or1 z we say to-day1 9 ! control ( 8 environm5t1 & ! progress ( man 9 :at is ess5tially a moral task--! art ( liv+ toge!r ) 8 fell[s4 ,^! two aspects ( human activity & ef=t are 9 con/ant contact & int]action4 ,/udi$ toge!r1 !y reveal an advance :i*1 9 spite ( man's ev]-pres5t moral weakness1 may be describ$ z an advance f ,*aos to ,cosmos 9 ! organization ( ! _w's common life2 yet !y are s di/9ct 9 me?od & _s t !y c be/ be describ$ sep>ately4 ,let u fir/1 !n1 consid] ! hi/ory ( ,gov]nm5t1 z a record ( ! progress ( man's p[] ov] ,nature4 ,human hi/ory1 9 ?is sph]e1 is ! /ory ( man mak+ himself at home 9 ! _w4 ,:5 human hi/ory beg9s we f9d m5 helpless1 sup]/iti\s1 ignorant1 ! play?+ ( bl9d p[]s 9 ! natural & animal _w4 ,sup]/iti\s because he 0 helpless1 helpless because he 0 ignorant1 he ek$ out a b>e exi/5ce r by avoid+ ?an controll+ ! =ces 9 ! little _w by :i* he f\nd himself surr\nd$4 ,human life 9 its e>lie/ /ages is1 z ,hobbes describ$ x1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort4 ,man 0 ! slave ( 8 environm5t4 ,he has ris5 to become its ma/]4 ,! _w1 z ! prophetic eye ( ,francis ,bacon =etold1 has become ',! ,k+dom ( ,man'4 ,h[ complete ?is conque/ is1 c be/ be realiz$ p]haps by consid]+ man's relation to ! l[] animals4 ,:5 hi/ory op5s1 ! animals are 9 _! elem5t2 x is man :o is ! int]lop]4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago x 0 n ! ,society ( ,fri5ds b wolves & wild bo>s :o felt !mselves at home on ! site ( ,b\rnville ,g>d5 ,village4 ,to-day we are surpris$ :5 we read t 9 remote ,ea/ ,africa lions & giraffes v5ture occasionally to int]f]e 9 ! murd]\s w>f>e betwe5 man & man4 ,man has impos$ himself on ! animals1 by d9t ( 8 gradual accumulation ( k & 8 consequ5t p[] ( organization & gov]nm5t4 ,he has de/roy$ ! conditions "u :i* ! animals prosp]$4 ,he has1 z we might say1 de/roy$ _! home life1 expos+ !m to dang]s ( 8 own mak+ aga9/ :i* !y are n[ z p[]less z he 0 once aga9/ !m4 ',x is a rem>kable ?+1' writes ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 :i* possibly may be less g5]ally true ?an our pres5t k seems to sugge/--t ! adju/m5t ( organisms to _! surr\nd+s is s sev]ely complete 9 ,nature ap>t f ,man1 t diseases are unkn[n z con/ant & normal ph5om5a "u ^? conditions4 ,x is no d\bt difficult to inve/igate ?is matt]1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ,man z an obs]v] itself implies human int]v5tion4 ,b x seems to be a legitimate view t e disease to :i* animals 7& probably plants also7 are liable1 except+ z a transi5t & v exceptional occurr5ce1 is due to ,man's int]f]5ce4 ,! diseases ( cattle1 %eep1 pigs1 & horses are n kn[n except 9 dome/icat$ h]ds & ^? wild creatures to :i* ,man's dome/icat$ productions h communicat$ !m4 ,! trypanosome lives 9 ! blood ( wild game & ( rats )\t produc+ mis*ief4 ,! ho/s h become tol]ant ( ! p>asite4 ,x is only :5 man br+s 8 unselect$1 humanly-nurtur$ races ( cattle & horses into contact ) ! p>asite1 t x is f\nd to h deadly prop]ties4 ,! v>i\s cattle-diseases :i* 9 ,africa h done s mu* h>m to native cattle1 & h 9 "s regions ext]m9at$ big game1 h p] contra be5 introduc$ by man ?r\gh 8 importation ( diseas$ animals ( 8 own bre$+ f ,europe4 ,mo/1 if n all1 animals 9 extra-human conditions1 includ+ ! m9ut] ?+s su* z insects1 %ellfi%1 & invisible aquatic organisms1 h be5 br\ght into a condition ( 'adju/m5t' to _! p>asites z well z to ! o!r conditions 9 :i* !y live3 x is ?is mo/ difficult & effici5t balance ( ,nature :i* ,man ev]y:]e upsets4#ed ,& ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] goes on to po9t out ! moral to be drawn f ?is developm5t4 ,he po9ts out t civiliz$ man has proce$$ s f> 9 8 int]f]5ce ) extra-human nature1 has produc$ = himself & ! liv+ organisms associat$ ) him su* a special /ate ( ?+s by 8 rebellion aga9/ natural selection & 8 defiance ( ,nature's pre-human dispositions1 t he mu/ ei!r g on & acquire firm] control ( ! conditions1 or p]i% mis]ably by ! v5geance c]ta9 to fall on ! half-he>t$ m$dl] 9 great affairs4 ,we may inde$ comp>e civiliz$ man to a successful rebel aga9/ ,nature1 :o1 by e /ep =w>d1 r5d]s himself liable to great] & great] p5alties1 & s _c af=d to pause or fail 9 "o s+le /ep4 ,or aga9 we may ?9k ( him z ! heir to a va/ & magnific5t k+dom1 :o has be5 f9ally educat$ s z to take possession ( 8 prop]ty1 & is at l5g? left alone to d 8 be/2 he has wilfully abrogat$1 9 _m important respects1 ! laws ( 8 "m ,nature by :i* ! k+dom 0 hi!rto gov]n$2 he has ga9$ "s p[] & advantage by s do+1 b is ?reat5$ on e h& by dang]s & disa/]s hi!rto re/ra9$3 no retreat is possible--8 only hope is to control1 z he kn[s t he c1 ! s\rces ( ^! dang]s & disa/]s4 ,! "t w come1 n too long h5ce1 z ,i believe1 :5 m5 h realiz$1 ) ! sci5ti/s1 t ! _w is "o k+dom n _m1 & ^! problems ( man's relation to 8 non-human environm5t w be ! fir/ conc]n ( /atesm5 & gov]nors4 ,9 "s ( our tropical colonies !y h1 p]=ce1 become s already4 ,if y live on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ! w> aga9/ mal>ia _c help seem+ m important to y ?an ! w> aga9/ ,g]man trade3 & 9 p>ts ( ,c5tral ,africa ! :ole possibility ( cont9u$ exi/5ce c5tres r\nd ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! tsetse fly :i* is ! c>ri] ( sleep+ sickness4 ,"s day1 :5 means h be5 adopt$ = abat+ our fi]c] int]national controv]sies1 we %all discov] t 9 ^! & k9dr$ matt]s lies ! real prov9ce ( _w-politics4 ,:5 t day comes ! *os5 repres5tatives ( ! human race w see _! con/itu5ts1 z only philosoph]s see !m n[1 z ! inh]itors ( a great tradition ( s]vice & a*ievem5t1 & z tru/ees = _! successors ( ! manifold s\rces ( human happ9ess :i* ! advance ( k has laid op5 to u4 ,if ! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! s\rces is ! discov]y ( ! conditions ( physical well-be+1 ! second is ! discov]y ( means ( communication betwe5 ! widely sep>ate portions ( man's k+dom4 ,! record ( ! process ( br++ ! _w "u ! control ( ! organiz$ gov]nm5t ( man is l>gely ! record ( ! improvem5t ( communications4 ,side by side ) ! un5d+ /ruggle ( human reason aga9/ cold & hung] & disease we c wat* ! conte/ aga9/ di/ance1 aga9/ ocean & m\nta9 & des]t1 aga9/ /orms & seasons4 ,!re c be few subjects m fasc9at+ = a hi/orian to /udy ?an ! record ( ! migrations ( ! tribes ( m54 ,he might beg91 if he wi%$1 ) ! migrations ( animals & describe ! we/w>d progress ( ! _m species ^: c\rse c be trac$ by exp]ts along ! natural highways ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,"s ( !m1 s ! books tell u1 rea*$ ! end ( _! j\rney :ile ,brita9 0 /ill jo9$ to ! cont95t4 ,o!rs arriv$ too late & 7 cut (f by ! /raits ( ,dov]4 ,i l to =m an imag9>y picture1 :i* ! au/]ity ( ! sci5tific consci5ce w1 ,i "k1 repudiate ) horror1 ( ! unhappy congregation1 m\rnfully assembl$ bag & baggage on ! edge ( ! /raits & gaz+ wi/fully across at ! :ite cliffs ( ,engl&1 :i* !y 7 n privileg$ to rea*--t5d5tesque manus ripae ult]ioris amore1 '/ret*+ out _! paws 9 long+ = ! fur!r bank4' ,our hi/orian w\ld !n g on to describe ! e>ly 'w&]+s ( peoples' 7,voelk]w&]ung57 h[ :ole tribes w\ld move (f 9 ! spr+-"t 9 ! se>* = fre% hunt+-gr\nds or pa/ure4 ,he w\ld trace ! c\rse ( t we/w>d pu% :i*1 />t+ f some:]e 9 ,asia1 br\ght its impact to be> on ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire & ev5tually loos5$ its :ole fabric4 ,he w\ld %[ h[ ,europe1 z we "k x1 0 weld$ into unity by ! attacks ( migratory w>riors on ?ree flanks--! ,huns & ! ,t>t>s1 a ho/ ( horsem5 rid+ light ov] ! /eppes ( ,russia & ,hung>y3 ! ,arabs1 be>+ ,islam ) !m on _! camels z !y mov$ we/w>d along ,nor? ,africa & !n pu%+ across into ,spa93 & ! ,nor?m5 ( ,sc&9avia1 ^? c>v]s ( k+doms & e>lie/ conqu]ors ( ! op5 sea1 :o left _! m>k on ,engl& & nor!rn ,france1 on ,sicily & s\!rn ,italy1 on ! ,balkan ,p59sula1 on ,russia1 on ,gre5l&1 & z f> z ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!n1 pass+ to ,africa & ,asia1 he w\ld describe ! life ( ! pack-saddle & ! c>avan1 ! long & my/]i\s inl& r\tes f ! ,m$it]ranean to ,nubia & ,nig]ia1 or f ,damascus ) ! pilgrims to ,m$9a1 & ! /ill long] & m my/]i\s passage ?r\gh ! anci5t oases ( ,turke/an1 n[ buri$ 9 s&1 along :i*1 z rec5t discov]ies h %[n u1 ,greece & ,*9a1 ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism1 ex*ang$ _! arts & ideas & products4 ,!n he w\ld tell ( ! great age ( m>itime discov]y1 ( ! m]*ant-adv5tur]s & buccane]s1 ( _! gradual trans=mation into trad+ companies1 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 f companies to settlem5ts1 f settlem5ts to colonies4 ,!n p]haps he w\ld close by ca/+ a glimpse at ! late/ human migration ( all1 t :i* takes place or took place up to #aiad1 at ! rate ( a million a ye> f ! ,old ,_w into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he w\ld take ! read] to ,ellis ,isl& 9 ,new ,york h>b\r1 :]e ! immigrants em]ge f ! /e]age to face ! ordeal ( ! ,immigration ,(fic]4 ,he w\ld %[ h[ ! same causes1 hung]1 fe>1 p]secution1 re/lessness1 ambition1 love ( lib]ty1 :i* set ! great we/w>d procession 9 motion 9 ! e>ly days ( tribal migration1 are /ill alive & at "w to-day among ! populations ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,he w\ld look into _! m9ds & read ! /ory ( ! g5]ations ( _! nameless =e-runn]s2 & he w\ld ask himself :e!r rul]s & /atesm5 h done all t !y might to make ! _w a home = all its *ildr51 = ! poor z = ! ri*1 = ! ,jew z = ! ,g5tile1 = ! yell[ & d>k-sk9n$ z = ! :ite4 ,let u dwell = a mom5t m closely on "o phase ( ?is record ( ! conque/ ( di/ance4 ,! crucial feature 9 t /ruggle 0 ! conque/ ( ! sea4 ,! sea-surface ( ! _w is f> great] ?an its l&-surface1 & ! sea1 once subdu$1 is a f> easi] & m natural means ( transport & communication4 ,= ! sea1 ! uncultivable sea1 z ,hom] calls x1 is itself a road1 :]eas on e>?1 :e!r x be m\nta9 or des]t or field1 roads h fir/ pa9fully to be made4 ,man's def9itive conque/ ( ! sea dates f ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury :51 by improvem5ts 9 ! art ( sail+ & by ! ext5d$ use ( ! m>9]'s compass1 x fir/ became possible to und]take long voyages ) assurance4 ,^! discov]ies are associat$ ) ! "n ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,portugal1 ^: life-long ambition x 01 to quote ! words engrav$ on 8 monum5t at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,portugal1 'to lay op5 ! regions ( ,we/ ,africa across ! sea1 hi!rto n trav]s$ by man1 t !nce a passage might be made r\nd ,africa to ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! ,ea/4' ,! op5+ ( ! high seas :i* result$ f ,pr9ce ,h5ry's activities is "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5ts 9 human hi/ory4 ,its effect 01 soon] or lat]1 to unite ! scatt]$ families ( mank9d1 to make ! problems ( all ! conc]n ( all3 to make ! _w "o place4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry & 8 sailors 71 9 fact1 ! pione]s ( int]nationalism1 ) all ! _m & v>i$ problems t int]nationalism br+s ) x4 ',9 #adhf1' says ! mo/ rec5t hi/ory ( ?is developm5t1 ,b>?olomew ,dias 0 c>ri$ by /orm beyond ! sight ( l&1 r\nd ! s\!rn po9t ( ,africa1 & rea*$ ! ,great ,fi% ,riv]1 nor? ( ,algoa ,bay4 ,on 8 return j\rney he saw ! promontory :i* divides ! oceans1 z ! n>r[ wat]s ( ! ,bosphorus divide ! cont95ts1 ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,z 9 ! cr[d$ /reets ( ,con/ant9ople1 s "h1 if any:]e1 at ?is awful & solit>y headl& ! elem5ts ( two hemisph]es meet & cont5d4 ,z ,dias saw x1 s he nam$ x1 ',! ,cape ( ,/orms'4 ,b 8 ma/]1 ,john ,,ii1 see+ 9 ! discov]y a promise t ,india1 ! goal ( ! national ambition1 w\ld be rea*$1 nam$ x ) happi] augury ',! ,cape ( ,good ,hope'4 ,no fitt] "n c\ld h be5 giv5 to t turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,europe1 9 tru?1 0 on ! br9k ( a*ievem5ts de/9$ to brea* b>ri]s1 :i* _h enclos$ & div]sifi$ ! nations s9ce ! mak+ ( ! ,_w1 & commit !m to an int]c\rse nev] to be brok5 aga9 s long z ! ,_w endures4 ,t good r ?an evil may spr+ !refrom is ! greate/ ( all human responsibilities4#ee ,! contra/ betwe5 ,con/ant9ople & ! ,cape1 s f9ely drawn 9 ^! l9es1 m>ks ! end ( ! age :5 l&-communications & l&-p[] 7 pr$om9ant ov] sea-p[]4 ,! ,roman ,empire 01 & c\ld only be1 a l&-p[]4 ,x is no accid5t t ! ,briti% ,commonweal? is1 z ! ,am]ican ,commonweal? is fa/ becom+1 pr$om9antly a sea-p[]4 ,h[ 0 '! greate/ ( all human responsibilities'1 aris+ f ?is new int]c\rse ( races1 met8 ,k1 alas1 is z mu* ! devil's h]itage z ! angels'3 x may be us$ = ill1 z easily z = good4 ,! fir/ explor]s1 & ! trad]s :o foll[$ !m1 7 n ideali/s b r\gh adv5tur]s4 ,break+ 91 ) ! full tide ( we/]n k & adaptability1 to ! quiet backwat]s ( primitive cons]vatism1 !y br\ght ) !m ! worse r ?an ! bett] elem5ts ( ! civilization1 ! control ( environm5t1 ( :i* !y 7 pione]s4 ,to !m ,africa & ! ,ea/ repres5t$ /oreh\ses ( treasure1 n societies ( m52 & !y treat$ ! helpless natives accord+ly4 ,engl& & ,holl& z well z ! ,lat9 mon>*ies treat$ ! natives ( ,africa z *attels )\t rights & z in/rum5ts = _! own ends1 & reviv$ slav]y 9 a =m & ^u a scale m cruel ?an any practis$ by ! anci5ts4 ,! employm5t ( slaves on h] own soil has work$ ! p]man5t ru9 ( ,portugal4 ,! slave trade ) ,am]ica 0 an important s\rce ( ,engli% weal?1 & ! philosoph] ,john ,locke did n scruple to inve/ 9 x4 ,!re is no ,european race :i* c af=d to rememb] its fir/ contact ) ! subject peoples o!rwise ?an ) %ame1 & attempts to assess _! relative degrees ( guilt are z fruitless z !y are invidi\s4 ,! "q ( real importance is h[ f> ^! v>i\s /ates 7 able to purge !mselves ( ! poison1 & rise to a high] realization ( _! duty t[>ds _! races :om !y 7 call$ by ! claims ( _! own sup]ior civilization to protect4 ,! fate ( t civilization itself hung ^u ! issue4#ef ,! process by :i* ! ,we/]n peoples h ris5 to a s5se ( _! duty t[>ds _! weak] & m ignorant fell[ citiz5s is inde$ "o ( ! *ief /ages 9 t progress ( ! common life ( mank9d ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,h[ is t duty to be ex]cis$8 ,! be/ way 9 :i* ! /rong c help ! weak is by mak+ !m /rong en\gh to help !mselves4 ,! :ite races are n /rong because !y are :ite1 or virtu\s because !y are /rong4 ,!y are /rong because !y h acquir$1 ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ?\ght & "w1 a ma/]y ov] ,nature & h5ce ov] _! weak] fell[ m54 ,x is n virtue b k to :i* !y owe _! /r5g?4 ,no d\bt mu* virtue has gone to ! mak+ ( t k--virtues ( pati5ce1 conc5tration1 p]sev]ance1 unselfi%ness1 )\t :i* ! great body ( k ( :i* we are ! inh]itors c\ld nev] h be5 built up4 ,b we late-born heirs ( ! ages h x 9 our p[] to take ! k ( our fa!rs & ca/ away any goodness t w5t to its mak+4 ,we h come into our =tune3 x is ours to use x z we ?9k be/4 ,we _c pass x on :olesale1 & at "o /ep1 to ! m ignorant races1 = !y h n ! in/itutions1 ! traditions1 ! habits ( m9d & "*1 to enable !m to use x4 ,^? too we mu/ transmit or develop toge!r ) ! treasure ( our k4 ,= ! mom5t we /& 9 ! relation ( tru/ees1 tea*]s1 guides1 gov]nors1 b always 9 _! own int]e/ & n ours1 or r1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! commonweal? ( :i* we & !y1 s9ce ! op5+ ( ! high seas1 =m an insep>able "p4 ,x has (t5 be5 ?\ght t ! relation ( ! advanc$ & backw>d races %\ld be "o purely ( philan?ropy & mission>y ent]prise r ?an ( law & gov]nm5t4 ,x is easy to criticize ?is by po9t+ to ! facts ( ! _w z we "k x--to ! exi/+ colonial empires ( ! ,great ,p[]s & to ! va/ ext5sion ( ! p[]s ( civiliz$ gov]nm5ts :i* !y repres5t4 ,b x may /ill be argu$ t ! "q is n ,h ! civiliz$ p[]s annex$ l>ge empires8 b ,ought !y to h done s8 ,0 su* an ext5sion ( gov]nm5tal au?ority ju/ifiable or inevitable8 ,engli%m5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 l ,am]icans 9 ! tw5tie?1 7 sl[ to admit t x 02 j z ! expon5ts ( laissez-faire 7 sl[ to admit ! necessity = ,/ate int]f]5ce ) private indu/ry at home4 ,b 9 bo? cases !y h be5 driv5 to accept x by ! inexorable logic ( facts4 ,:at o!r solution ( ! problem1 inde$1 is possible8 ',e alt]native solution'1 z a rec5t writ] rem>ks1#eg breaks d[n 9 practice4 ,to /& aside & d no?+ "u ! plea t e p mu/ be left free to manage its own affairs1 & t int]v5tion is wick$1 is to repeat ! tragic mi/ake ( ! ,man*e/] ,s*ool 9 ! economic _w :i* prote/$ aga9/ any int]f]5ce by ! ,/ate to protect workm5 444 f ! oppression & rapacity ( employ]s1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 an unw>rant$ int]f]5ce ) ! lib]ty ( ! subject & ! fre$om ( trade & competition4 ,to prev5t adv5tur]s f ent]+ ! t]ritory is impossible1 unless !re is "s civiliz$ au?ority )9 x to /op !m ?r\gh its police4 ,to %ut (f a backw>d p f all contact ) ! outside _w by a k9d ( blockade is n only unpracticable1 b is artificially to d5y !m ! *ances ( education & progress4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a g5u9e gov]nm5t by a p /rong en\gh & lib]al en\gh to ensure fre$om "u ! law & ju/ice = all is ! only solution4444 ,!y mu/ und]take ?is duty1 n f any pride ( dom9ion1 or because !y wi% to exploit _! res\rces1 b 9 ord] to protect !m alike f oppression & corruption1 by /rict laws & /rict adm9i/ration1 :i* %all b9d ! =eign] z well z ! native1 & !n !y mu/ gradually develop1 by education & example1 ! capacity 9 ! natives to manage _! own affairs4 ,?us we see t ! progress 9 k & 9 ! control ( _! environm5t made by ! civiliz$ peoples has1 9 fact & inevitably1 l$ to _! lead]%ip 9 gov]nm5t also1 & giv5 !m ! pr$om9ant voice 9 lay+ d[n ! l9es along :i* ! common life ( mank9d is to develop4 ,if we are to look = ! ma9spr+ ( ! _w's activities1 = ! place :]e its new ideas are ?\ght out1 its policies fram$1 its aspirations ca/ into practical %ape1 we mu/ n seek x 9 ! =e/s ( ,africa or 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9a1 b 9 ^? busy regions ( ! e>?'s surface :]e ! k1 ! indu/ries1 & all ! v>i\s organizations ( gov]nm5t & control f9d _! home4 ,because organization is embodi$ k1 & because k is p[]1 x is ! ,great ,p[]s1 z we truly "n !m1#eh :o are pr$om9antly responsible = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w & = ! future ( ! common life ( mank9d4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ?is control ! _w has already1 9 _m respects1 become a s+le organism4 ,! conque/ ( di/ance 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! beg9n+ ( a process :i* l$1 sl[ly b inevitably1 to ! wid5+ ( ! b\nd>ies ( gov]nm5t4 ,two discov]ies made ab\t ! same "t acc5tuat$ ! same t5d5cy4 ,by ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] ! p ( ,europe 7 giv5 an ov]:elm+ milit>y sup]iority ov] ! dwell]s 9 o!r cont95ts4 ,by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 k 0 int]nationaliz$ = all :o _h ! tra9+ to use x4 ,books are ! tools ( ! bra9-work] all ! _w ov]2 b1 unlike ! file & ! *isel1 ! ne$le & ! hamm]1 books n only create1 b sugge/4 ,a new idea is l an electric curr5t set runn+ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & no man c say into :at *annels ( activity x may n be direct$4 ,b nei!r travel nor conque/ nor books & ! spread ( ideas caus$ s imm5se a trans=mation 9 ! common life ( mank9d z ! process beg9n+ at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury :i* is kn[n to hi/orians z ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,z we h spok5 ( ! conque/ ( di/ance p]haps a bett] "n = ! ,indu/rial ,revolution w\ld be ! ,conque/ ( ,organization4 ,= x 0 n ! discov]y ( ! /eam-eng9e or ! sp9n+-j5ny :i* con/itut$ ! revolution3 x 0 ! fact t m5 7 n[ 9 a position to apply ^! discov]ies to ! organization ( indu/ry4 ,! anci5t ,greeks play$ ) ! idea ( ! /eam-eng9e3 x 0 res]v$ = eighte5?-c5tury ,engl& to produce a g5]ation ( pione]s end[$ ) ! k1 ! p[]1 ! =esight1 & ! imag9ation to make use ( ! _w-trans=m+ pot5tialities ( ! idea4 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 ) its railways & /eam%ips1 telegraphs & telephones1 & n[ its air%ips & subm>9es & wireless communication1 complet$ ! conque/ ( di/ance4 ,production became increas+ly organiz$ on int]national l9es4 ,m5 became famili> ) ! idea ( an int]national m>ket4 ,prices & prospects1 booms & depressions1 bank+ & borr[+1 became int]national ph5om5a4 ,! organization ( production l$ to an imm5sely rapid increase ( weal? 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! application ( t weal? to ! developm5t ( ! _w's res\rces 9 & outside ,europe l$ to a correspond+ly huge advance 9 trade & int]c\rse4 ,! breakfa/-table 9 an ord9>y ,engli% home to-day is a monum5t to ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution & to ! solid reality ( ! economic int]nationalism :i* result$ f x4 ,!re is /ill pov]ty 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 b x is prev5table pov]ty4 ,be=e ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 judg$ by a mod]n /&>d1 !re 0 no?+ b pov]ty4 ,! satisfy+ physical & economic condition :i* we describe by ! "n ( com=t did n exi/4 ,! ,italian hi/orian ,f]r]o1 9 "o ( 8 essays1 recomm5ds ^? :o h romantic ye>n+s aft] ! good old times to sp5d "o night on :at our =efa!rs call$ a b$4 ,mr4 ,c\lton1 9 8 books on ! ,middle ,ages1 has us$ "s v pla9 language on ! same text4 ,& ,pr(essor ,sm>t1 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ po/hum\s "w1 po9t+ a g5tle f+] ( rebuke at c]ta9 common ,sociali/ fantasies1 rem>ks3 ,!re nev] 0 a gold5 age ( equality ( weal?3 !re 0 r a lead5 "o ( inequality ( pov]ty4444 ,we %\ld speak m gu>d$ly ( ! ri*es ( ! old _w4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( any old book w\ld %[ t ! mo/ spl5did processions ( pomp & luxury 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 poor ?+s comp>$ to ! p>ade ( a mod]n circus on its op5+ day4#ei ,su* prosp]ity z we enjoy to-day1 su* a sc5e z we c obs]ve on ^! smil+ outskirts ( ,birm+ham1 is due to man's ,conque/ ( ,organization & to ! consequ5t developm5t & l9k+-up1 by mutual int]c\rse & ex*ange1 ( ! economic side ( ! _w's life4 ,s f> we h be5 wat*+ ! progress ( man 9 8 ef=ts to 'make himself at home' 9 ! _w4 ,we h se5 him becom+ m skilful & m ma/]ful c5tury by c5tury1 till 9 ^! latt] days ! :ole _w is1 z x 71 at 8 s]vice4 ,he has plant$ 8 flag at ! two poles3 he has cut a pa?way = 8 %ips betwe5 ,asia & ,africa1 & betwe5 ! tw9 cont95ts ( ,am]ica3 he has h>ness$ torr5ts & cat>acts to 8 s]vice3 he has conqu]$ ! air & ! dep?s ( ! sea3 he has tam$ ! animals3 he has root$ out pe/il5ce & laid b>e its hidd5 causes3 & he is p5etrat+ f>!r & ev] f>!r 9 ! discov]y ( ! causes ( physical & m5tal disease4 ,he has set 8 foot on ! neck ( ,nature4 ,b ! la/ & greate/ conque/ is yet be=e him4 ,he has yet to conqu] himself4 ,victori\s aga9/ ,nature1 m5 are /ill at w>1 nay1 m ?an ev] at w>1 among/ !mselves4 ,h[ is x t ! la/ c5tury & a half1 :i* h witness$ s unp>allel$ an advance 9 ! organization ( ! common life ( man on ! mat]ial side1 %\ld h be5 an age ( w>s & rum\rs ( w>s1 culm9at+ 9 ! va/e/ & mo/ de/ructive conflict t ?is globe ( ours has ev] witness$8 ,:at explanation c\ld we give ( ?is to a visitor f ! moon or to ^? creatures ( inf]ior species :om1 z ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] has told u1 x is our function1 ?anks to our natural sup]iority1 to comm& & control8 ,?is br+s u to ! second great bran* ( our subject--! progress ( mank9d 9 ! art ( liv+ toge!r 9 ! _w4 ,gov]nm5t1 z we h se51 cov]s ! :ole social life ( man3 = ! pr9ciples t regulate human association are inh]5t 9 ! nature ( man4 ,b 9 :at foll[s we %all p]=ce conf9e ourselves ma9ly to ! sph]e ( :at is ord9>ily call$ politics1 t is to ! recogniz$ & au?oritative =m ( human association call$ ! ,/ate1 z oppos$ to ! innum]able subord9ate or volunt>y bodies & relation%ips1 :i* p]vade e dep>tm5t ( man's common life4 ,! progress ( ,gov]nm5t 9 ?is second sph]e may be def9$ z ! deep5+ & ext5sion ( man's duty t[>ds 8 neighb\r4 ,x is to be reckon$1 n 9 t]ms ( k & organization1 b ( "*4 ,! ultimate goal ( human gov]nm5t1 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 z ( all social activity--let u nev] =get x--is lib]ty1 to set free ! life ( ! _s4 ',lib]ty1' said ,"l ,acton1 :o c\ld survey ! ages ) a weal? ( k to :i* no o!r man1 p]haps1 ev] atta9$1 ',lib]ty is n a means to a high] political end4 ,x is itself ! highe/ political end4 ,x is n = ! sake ( a good public adm9i/ration t x is requir$ b = security 9 ! pursuit ( ! highe/ objects ( civil society & ( private life4'#fj ,gov]nm5t is ne$$ 9 ord] to enable human life to become1 n effici5t or well-in=m$ or well-ord]$1 b simply good2 & ,"l ,acton believ$1 z ! ,greeks & g5]ations ( ,engli%m5 believ$ be=e him1 t x is only 9 ! soil ( lib]ty t ! human _s c gr[ to its full /ature1 & t a political sy/em bas$ ^u any o!r pr9ciple ?an t ( responsible self-gov]nm5t acts z a b> at ! outset to ! pursuit ( :at he call$ '! highe/ objects ( civil society or ( private life'4 ,= ?\gh a slave1 or a man liv+ "u a s]vile political sy/em1 may develop _m f9e qualities ( "*3 yet su* virtues w1 9 ,milton's words1 be b 'fugitive & cloi/]$'1 'unex]cis$ & unbrea!d'4 ,= lib]ty1 & ! responsibilities t x involves1 are ! s*ool ( "* & ! appo9t$ means by :i* m5 c be/ s]ve _! neighb\rs4 ,a man depriv$ ( su* opportunities1 cut (f f ! quick5+ influ5ce ( responsibility1 has1 z ,hom] said long ago 'lo/ half 8 manhood'4 ,he may be a loyal subject1 a brave soldi]1 a dilig5t & ob$i5t workman3 b he w n be a full-gr[n man4 ,gov]nm5t w h />v$ & /unt$ him 9 t :i* x is ! supreme object ( gov]nm5t to develop & set free4 ,x is idle1 !n1 to talk 9 g5]al t]ms ab\t ! ext5sion ( gov]nm5t z a good ?+1 :e!r 9 relation to ! individual citiz5 or to ! organization ( ! _w into an int]national ,/ate4 ,we h always fir/ to ask3 ,:at k9d ( ,gov]nm5t8 ,on :at pr9ciples w x be bas$8 ,:at ideal w x set =?8 ,:at k9d ( common life w x provide or all[ to its citiz5s8 ,if ! :ole _w 7 organiz$ into "o s+le ,/ate1 & t ,/ate1 supreme 9 its control ov] ,nature1 7 arm$ ) all ! k & organization t ! able/ & mo/ f>see+ bra9s 9 ! _w c\ld supply1 yet mank9d might be worse (f "u its sway1 9 ! real ess5tials ( human life1 ?an if !y 7 pa9t$ savages4 ',?\gh ,i h ! gift ( prophecy & und]/& all my/]ies & all k3 & ?\gh ,i h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4' ,gov]nm5t may be ! organization ( goodness1 or ! organization ( evil4 ,x may provide ! conditions by :i* ! common life ( society c develop along ! l9es ( man's spiritual nature3 or x may take away ! v possibility ( su* a developm5t4 ,till we "k :at a ,gov]nm5t /&s =1 d n let u judge x by its impos+ ext]nals ( organization4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire 0 m impos+ ?an ! ,republics ( ,greece3 ,assyria & ,babylon ?an ! little tribal divisions ( ,pale/9e3 ! ,spani% ,empire ?an ! cities ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,!re is "s dang] t1 9 our new-f\nd s5se ( ! value ( k 9 promot+ happ9ess1 we %\ld =get :at a tyrant k1 l weal?1 c become4 ,no d\bt1 j z we saw t moral qualities1 pati5ce & ! l1 are ne$$ = ! advancem5t ( k1 s k is ne$$1 & greatly ne$$1 9 ! task ( ext5d+ & deep5+ ! moral & spiritual life ( mank9d4 ,b we _c measure t progress 9 t]ms ( k or organization or effici5cy or culture4 ,we ne$ "s o!r /&>d by :i* to judge betwe5 ,greece & ,p]sia1 betwe5 ,israel & ,babylon1 betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 betwe5 ,napoleon & 8 adv]s>ies1 & betwe5 cont5d+ p[]s 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,:at %all t /&>d be8 ,x mu/ be a simil> /&>d--let u boldly say x--to t by :i* we judge betwe5 individuals4 ,x mu/ be a /&>d bas$ on our s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,b "r & wrong 9 !mselves w n c>ry u v f>1 any m ?an !y w c>ry ! magi/rate on ! b5* or ! m]*ant 9 8 c\nt+-h\se4 ,politics1 l bus9ess1 is n ! :ole ( life--?\gh "s p>ty politicians & "s bus9ess m5 ?9k o!rwise--b a dep>tm5t ( life3 bo? are means1 n ends2 & z su* !y h develop$ special rules & codes ( _! own1 bas$ on exp]i5ce 9 _! own special dep>tm5t4 ,9 s f> z !y are fram$ 9 accordance ) man's spiritual nature & ideals ^! rules may be consid]$ to hold good & to m>k ! /age ( progress at :i* ,politics & ,bus9ess h respectively arriv$ 9 promot+ ! common weal 9 _! own special sph]e4 ,) ! rules ( bus9ess1 or :at is call$ ,political ,economy1 we h at ! mom5t no conc]n4 ,x is ! rules ( politics1 or ! work+ exp]i5ce ( rul]s1 cry/alliz$ 9 :at is call$ ,political ,sci5ce or ,political ,philosophy1 to :i* we mu/ devote a few mom5ts' att5tion4 ,we are all ( u1 ( c\rse1 political philosoph]s4 ,:e!r we h votes or n1 :e!r we are aw>e ( x or n1 we all h views on political philosophy & we are all con/antly mak+ free use ( its own peculi> pr9ciples & conceptions4 ,law1 ! ,/ate1 ,lib]ty1 ,ju/ice1 ,democracy are words t are con/antly on our lips4 ,let u try to =m a cle> idea ( ! place :i* ^! great hi/oric ideals occupy 9 ! progress ( mank9d4 ,! great political ?9k]s ( ! _w h always be5 cle> 9 _! own m9ds z to ! ultimate goal ( _! own p>ticul> /udy4 ,political ?\ght may be said to h orig9at$ ) ! ,jewi% prophets1 :o 7 ! fir/ to rebuke k+s to _! faces & to set =? ! spiritual aims ( politics--to prea* ,righte\sness & ,m]cy z aga9/ ,p[] & ,ambition & ,self-int]e/4 ,_! so>+ imag9ation1 less sy/ematic ?an ! ,greek intellect1 0 wid] 9 its sweep & m f>see+ 9 its pr$ictions4 ',z ! e>? br+e? =? h] bud & z ! g>d5 cause? ! ?+s s[n 9 x to spr+ =?'1 says ,isaiah1 9 magnific5t anticipation ( ! doctr9e ( ,natural ,law1 's ! ,"l ,god w cause righte\sness & praise to spr+ =? be=e all ! nations4' ',peace1 peace1 to him t is f> (f1 & to him t is ne>1 sai? ! ,"l1 & ,i w heal him3 b ! wick$ are l ! tr\bl$ sea :5 x _c re/1 ^: wat]s ca/ up mire & dirt4 ,!re is no peace1 sai? my ,god1 = ! wick$4' ',out ( ,zion %all g =? ! ,law & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem4 ,& he %all judge betwe5 ! nations & %all reprove _m peoples2 & !y %all beat _! swords into pl[%>es & _! spe>s into prun+ hooks3 nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m4'#fa ,x 01 h[ev]1 ,plato & ,ari/otle :o fir/ made politics a bran* ( sep>ate /udy3 &1 unlike _m ( _! mod]n successors1 !y pursu$ x ?r\gh\t 9 close connexion ) ! k9dr$ /udies ( e?ics & psy*ology4 ,_! scope 01 ( c\rse1 conf9$ to ! field ( _! own exp]i5ce1 ! small self-conta9$ ,city-,/ates ( ,greece1 & x did n fall )9 _! prov9ce to =e%ad[1 l ! ,jewi% ,prophets1 ! end ( w>f>e1 or to speculate on ! ultimate unity ( mank9d4 ,_! task 0 to int]pret ! "w ( _! own fell[-c\ntrym5 on ! n>r[ /age ( ,greek life4 ,_! la/+ a*ievem5t is to h laid d[n = mank9d :at a ,/ate is1 z comp>$ ) o!r =ms ( human association1 & to h proclaim$1 once & = all1 9 set t]ms1 t its object is to promote ! 'good life' ( its memb]s4 ',e ,/ate'1 says ,ari/otle 9 ! op5+ words ( 8 ,politics1 'is a community ( "s k9d4' ,t is to say1 ,/ates belong to ! same g5us1 z x 71 z political p>ties1 trade unions1 cricket clubs1 bus9ess h\ses1 or su* ga!r+s z ours4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,/ate & a political p>ty8 ',if all communities'1 he goes on1 'aim at "s good1 ! ,/ate or political community1 :i* is ! highe/ ( all & :i* embraces all ! re/1 aims1 & 9 a great] degree ?an any o!r1 at ! highe/ good4' ,:y is ! ,/ate ! highe/ ( all =ms ( association8 ,:y %\ld our citiz5%ip1 = in/ance1 take prec$5ce ( our trade unionism or our bus9ess obligations8 ,ari/otle replies1 & 9 spite ( rec5t critics ,i ?9k ! reply /ill holds good3 because1 b = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate & ! reign ( law ma9ta9$ by x1 none ( ^! associations c\ld h be5 =m$ or be ma9ta9$4 ',he :o fir/ f\nd$ ! ,/ate 0 ! greate/ ( b5efactors4 ,= man1 :5 protect$1 is ! be/ ( animals1 b :5 sep>at$ f law & righte\sness1 he is ! wor/ ( all4' ,or1 to put x 9 ! res\nd+ ,elizabe?an ,engli% ( ,hook]3 ',! public p[] ( all societies is above e s\l conta9$ 9 ! same societies4 ,& ! pr9cipal use ( t p[] is to give laws to all t are "u x2 :i* laws1 9 su* case1 we mu/ obey1 unless !re be reason %[$ :i* may necess>ily en=ce t ! law ( ,reason or ( ,god do? enjo9 ! contr>y4 ,because except our own private & probable resolutions be by ! law ( public det]m9ations ov]rul$1 we take away all possibility ( social life 9 ! _w4'#fb ,! ,greeks did n d5y1 z ! example ( ,socrates %[s1 ! "r ( private judgem5t on ! "q ( ob$i5ce to law1 or ! duty ( respect = :at ,hook] calls ! ,law ( ,reason or ( ,god4 ,aga9/ ! au!ntic voice ( consci5ce no human au?ority c or %\ld prevail4 ,b ,ari/otle held1 ) ,hook]1 t ob$i5ce to law & fai?ful citiz5%ip are !mselves matt]s normally orda9$ by ! law ( ,reason or ( ,god & t1 z aga9/ ^? ( any o!r association 7,greek3 ko9onia71 ! claims ( ! ,/ate are p>am\nt4 ,9 o!r words1 he w\ld d5y :at is sometimes loosely call$ ! "r ( rebellion1 :il/ n clos+ ! door to t duty ( rebellion :i* has s (t5 advanc$ ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,:5 ,ari/otle speaks ( ! ,/ate1 moreov]1 he does n mean a sov]eign au?ority ex]cis+ arbitr>y p[]1 z 9 ,p]sia or ,babylon3 he means an au?ority adm9i/]+ ,law & ,ju/ice accord+ to recogniz$ /&>ds3 & he is ?9k+ ( ,law & ,ju/ice1 n simply z "p ( ! app>atus ( gov]nm5t b z bas$ ^u moral pr9ciples4 ',righte\sness'1 he says1 'is ! bond ( m5 9 ,/ates & ! adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice1 :i* is ! det]m9ation ( :at is righte\s1 is ! pr9ciple ( ord] 9 political society4' ',( ,law'1 says ,hook]1#fc "h z else:]e e*o+ ! anci5ts1 '!re c be no less ackn[l$g$ ?an t h] seat is ! bosom ( ,god1 h] voice ! h>mony ( ! _w4' ,! ,/ate takes prec$5ce ( ! p>ty or ! trade union because1 h[ev] ideali/ic 9 _! policy ^! latt] may be1 ! ,/ate cov]s all1 n m]ely a section ( ! community1 & is able n m]ely to proclaim b to en=ce ! rule ( law & ju/ice4 ,put 9 mod]n language1 "o might def9e ! ,greek idea ( ! ,/ate z ! ,organization ( ,mutual ,aid4 ,! ,greek ,/ates did n rema9 true to ?is high ideal4 ,fac$ ) ! temptations ( p[] !y desc5d$ almo/ to ! level ( ! ori5tal mon>*ies ) :i* !y 7 contra/$4 ,b ev5 _h !y rema9$ fai?ful to _! philosoph]s' ideal ( public s]vice !y w\ld n h surviv$4 ,unable to transc5d ! limits ( _! own n>r[ ,/ate-b\nd>ies & to m]ge _! ideals ) ^? ( _! neighb\rs1 !y 7 helpless 9 ! face ( ! invad]4 ,fir/ ,mac$onia & !n ,rome swept ov] !m1 & political idealism slumb]$ = _m c5turies4 ,rome gave ! _w1 :at x greatly ne$$1 c5turies ( peace & ord] & mat]ial prosp]ity3 x built up an endur+ fabric ( law on pr9ciples ( ,reason & ,humanity3 x did mu* to give m51 :at is next to ! political s5se1 ! social s5se4 ,x made m5 memb]s ( "o ano!r f ,scotl& to ,syria & f ,portugal to ,baghdad4 ,b x did n give !m '! good life' 9 its fullness3 = x did n1 p]haps x c\ld n1 give !m lib]ty4 ,fac$ ) ! *oice betwe5 effici5cy & ! diffusion ( responsibility1 ! rul]s ( ! ,roman ,empire unhesitat+ly *ose effici5cy4 ,b ! atrophy ( responsibility prov$ ! cank] at ! he>t ( ! ,empire4 ,depriv$ ( ! /imulus t fre$om & ! habit ( responsibility alone c give1 ! ,roman _w sank gradually into ! morass ( ,r\t9e4 ,life lo/ its sav\r & grew /ale1 flat & unpr(itable1 z 9 an old-/yle ,gov]nm5t (fice4 ',! intol]able sadness insep>able f su* a life'1 says ,r5an1 'seem$ worse ?an dea?4' ,& :5 ! b>b>ians came & ov]turn$ ! :ole fabric ( bureaucracy1 ?\gh x seem$ to educat$ m5 at ! "t ! end ( civilization1 x 0 9 reality ! beg9n+ ( a new life4 ,amid ! wreckage ( ! ,roman ,empire1 "o gov]n+ in/itution alone rema9$ upright--! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ) its organization = m9i/]+ to ! spiritual ne$s ( its memb]s4 ,) ! conv]sion ( ! b>b>ians to ,*ri/ianity ! gov]n+ functions & influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* became m & m important2 & x 0 ^u ! basis ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t t political idealism1 s long 9 abeyance1 0 reawak5$4 ,! ?9k]s :o took up ! "w ( ,plato & ,ari/otle on ! l>g] /age ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire boldly look$ =w>d to ! "t :5 mank9d %\ld be unit$ "u "o gov]nm5t & t gov]nm5t %\ld embody ! highe/ ideals ( mank9d4 ,su* an ideal seem$ inde$ to _m "o ( ! legacies ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! famili> petition 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]3 ?y k+dom come1 ?y w be done on e>? z x is 9 heav5 s\nd$1 9 ! e>s ( ,dante & ,?omas ,aqu9as & innum]able !ologians & canoni/s1 z a pray] & a pl$ge = ! ultimate political unity ( mank9d on ! basis ( ,*ri/ian ,law4 ,su* a belief 0 inde$ ! b$rock ( m$iaeval political ?\ght4 ,to dev\t ,*ri/ians1 br\ght up 9 ! oecum5ical traditions ( ! ,roman ,empire1 'e ord]+ ( a human community mu/ appe> z a compon5t "p ( t ord]+ ( ! _w :i* exi/s because ,god exi/s1 & e e>?ly gr\p mu/ appe> z an organic memb] ( t ,civitas ,dei1 t ,god-,/ate1 :i* compreh5ds ! heav5s & ! e>?4#a 444 ,?us ! ,!ory ( ,human ,society mu/ accept ! div9ely creat$ organization ( ! ,univ]se z a prototype ( ! fir/ pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! con/ruction ( human communities4444 ,!re=e1 9 all c5turies ( ! ,middle ,age1 ,*ri/5dom1 :i* 9 de/9y is id5tical ) ,mank9d1 is set be=e u z a s+le1 univ]sal ,community1 f\nd$ & gov]n$ by ,god ,himself4 ,mank9d is "o my/ical body2 x is "o s+le & int]nally connect$ p or folk2 x is an all-embrac+ corporation1 :i* con/itutes t ,univ]sal ,realm1 spiritual & temporal1 :i* may be call$ ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 or1 ) equal propriety1 ! ,commonweal? ( ! ,human ,race4 ,!re=e1 t x may atta9 its "o purpose1 x ne$s ,"o ,law & ,"o ,gov]nm5t4'#fd ,b ! m$iaeval ideal1 l ! ,greek1 broke d[n 9 practice4 ',:]e ! ,middle ,ages fail$'1 says ! ,ma/] ( ,balliol1 cont9u+ a passage already quot$1 '0 9 attempt+ 444 to make politics ! h&maid ( religion1 to give ! ,*ur* ! organization & =m ( a political ,/ate1 t is1 to turn religion f an indwell+ _s into an ecclesia/ical ma*9]y4' ,9 o!r words1 ! m$iaeval attempt broke d[n ?r\gh neglect+ ! special conditions & problems ( ! political dep>tm5t ( life1 ?r\gh decl9+1 z x 71 to specialize4 ,:ile m5 7 discuss+ ! ,!ory ( ! ,two ,swords1 :e!r ! ,emp]or d]iv$ 8 p[] directly f ,god or indirectly ?r\gh ! ,pope1 or :e!r ! sword %\ld be us$ at all1 ! actual "w ( gov]nm5t 9 lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! good life 0 neglect$4 ,n only ,lib]ty b ,ju/ice & ,ord] 7 l>gely 9 abeyance & ! range ( ,/ate action :i* we to-day describe z 'social legislation' 0 n ev5 dream$ (4 ,absorb$ 9 !ory or wrapp$ 9 ignorance1 m5 =get ! practical mean+ ( ,/atehood & its responsibilities4 ,c5tral ,europe langui%$ = c5turies1 "u a %am ,empire1 9 ! unprogressive an>*y ( feudalism4 ',! feudal sy/em'1 x has be5 said1#fe '0 no?+ m nor less ?an ! attempt ( a society :i* _h fail$ to organize itself z a ,/ate1 to make contract d ! "w ( patriotism4' ,x is ! bitt] exp]i5ce :i* ,g]many w5t ?r\gh "u ! an>*y ( feudalism & petty gov]nm5ts1 la/+ to well )9 liv+ memory1 :i* by a natural reaction has l$ ! ,g]man p1 "u ,prussian tutelage1 to cl+ to ! conception ( ! ,/ate z ,p[] & no?+ m4 ,! /udy ( politics _h to become secul> be=e x c\ld once m become practical1 &1 by be+ practical1 m9i/]+ to practical ideals & enli/+ practical devotion1 become1 z x 71 sacr$ once m4 ,:]e ! well-be+ ( our fell[ m5 is conc]n$ x is n en\gh to be well-mean+4 ,gov]nm5t is an art1 n an aspiration3 & ^? :o are conc]n$ ) x1 :e!r z rul]s or vot]s1 %\ld h /udi$ its problems1 reflect$ on its possibilities & limitations1 & fitt$ !mselves to pr(it by its accumulat$ exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 politics became secul>1 ! art ( gov]nm5t has advanc$ by giant /rides4 ,inv5tion has foll[$ inv5tion1 & exp]im5t exp]im5t1 till to-day skill$ speciali/s 9 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new are at h& to wat* & to record ! late/ devices = deal+ ) a hundr$ difficult special problems--:e!r x be ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice or patronage1 ! organization ( political p>ties1 ! fix+ ( ,cab9et responsibility1 ! possibilities & limits ( f$]alism1 ! prev5tion ( w>4 ,!re has1 inde$1 be5 z great an advance 9 ! political art 9 ! la/ f\r c5turies & p>ticul>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 z 9 ! v k9dr$ art ( m$ic9e4 ,! wond]ful conc5tration ( en]gy :i* ! v>i\s bellig]5t p[]s h be5 able to ?r[ into ! pres5t w> is at once ! be/ & ! mo/ tragic illu/ration ( ?is tru?4 ,man's common life 9 ! ,/ate is m real1 m *>g$ ) mean+ & responsibility1 m pot5t = good or = ill ?an x has ev] be5 be=e--?an our pr$ecessors ev5 9 ! "t ( ,napoleon c\ld h dream$ (4 ,! greate/ inv5tors & mo/ skilful practition]s ( ! political art 9 ! mod]n _w h be5 ! ,engli%1 = x is ! ,engli% :o1 ( all nations1 h held close/ to ! ideal ( fre$om 9 its _m & v>i\s manife/ations4 ,sup]ficially reg>d$1 ! ,engli% are a /upid p1 & s _! cont95tal neighb\rs h (t5 reg>d$ !m4 ,b _! racial h]itage & _! isl& situation seem to h giv5 !m j t comb9ation ( exp]i5ce & natural end[m5t necess>y to success 9 ! task ( gov]nm5t4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! ,engli% are n brilliant1 b !y are cle>-head$3 !y are n f>-sight$1 b !y c see ! fact be=e _! eyes3 !y are ill equipp$ ) !oretical k1 b !y und]/& ! work+ ( in/itutions & h a good eye = judg+ "*3 !y h little con/ructive imag9ation ( ! m gr&iose sort1 b !y h an in/9ct = ! 'next /ep' :i* has (t5 set !m on pa?s :i* h l$ !m f> fur!r ?an !y dream$2 above all1 !y h a relatively high /&>d ( individual "* & public duty1 )\t :i* no organization involv+ ! free co-op]ation ( man & man c hope to be effective4 ,x is ?is unique end[m5t ( moral qualities & practical gifts1 c\pl$ ) unrivall$ opportunities1 :i* has made ! ,engli% ! pione]s 9 mod]n times 9 ! art ( human association4 ,engli%m51 accu/om$ to :at eighte5?-c5tury writ]s us$ to call '! peculi> felicity ( ,briti% fre$om'1 d n always rememb] h[ f> _! own exp]i5ce has c>ri$ !m on ! road ( political progress4 ,!y d n realize h[ _m problems !y h solv$ & aboli%$1 z ! art ( m$ic9e has aboli%$ diseases4 ,:5 !y he> speak ( ! et]nal conflict betwe5 ,nationality & ,nationality1 !y (t5 =get t a w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl& has long s9ce become un?9kable & t ! platitudes ( ,/4 ,&rew's ,day are /ill p>adoxes 9 ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,:5 !y are told ( ,/ates :]e ! spontane\s manife/ations ( gr\p-life1 non-con=m+ sects1 workm5's associations1 & ord9>y social clubs1 are driv5 und]gr\nd & class$ z dang]\s secret societies1 !y %\ld realize h[ preci\s a ?+ is t fre$om ( association :i* is "o ( ! de>e/ attributes ( ,engli% lib]ty4 ,s too :5 !y read ( mon>*ical & milit>y supremacy 9 a c\ntry l ,g]many1 :i* is /ill politically speak+ 9 ! /age ( ,engl& "u ! ,tudors1 or ( ,russian autocracy1 or ( ! /ruggle ov] ! ,k+'s pr]ogative :i* has be5 tak+ place 9 ,greece4 ,if we believe1 z we mu/1 9 ! cause ( lib]ty1 let u n be too mode/ to say t nations :i* h n yet a*iev$ responsible self-gov]nm5t1 :e!r )9 or )\t ! ,briti% ,commonweal?1 are politically backw>d1 & let u recall ! long /ages ( political inv5tion by :i* our own self-gov]nm5t has be5 a*iev$4 ,repres5tation1 trial by jury1 an indep5d5t judici>y1 equality be=e ! law1 habeas corpus1 a limit$ mon>*y1 ! practice ( m9i/]ial responsibility1 religi\s tol]ation1 ! fre$om ( pr9t+ & association1 colonial autonomy--all ^! are di/9ctly ,engli% inv5tions1 b "t has %[n t mo/ ( !m are def9ite additions to ! univ]sal art ( gov]nm5t4 ,we c survey ! ,balkans1 = in/ance1 & say ) confid5ce t "o ?+1 among/ o!rs1 t ^? nations are 9 ne$ ( is tol]ation1 bo? 9 ! sph]e ( nationality & ( religion3 or decl>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t _! indu/rial future w be m5ac$ till !y h fre$ ,trade ,unionism f ! ?reat ( ! s-call$ law ( ,conspiracy3 or ask ( our own s-call$ self-gov]n+ ,dom9ions :e!r !y are cont5t ) a sy/em t conc$es !m no responsible control ov] ! issues ( peace & w>4 ,?is is n to say t our own gov]nm5tal ma*9]y is p]fect4 ,f> f x4 ,x 0 nev] 9 great] ne$ ( ov]haul+4 ,x is only to reaffirm ! belief1 :i* no tempor>y disillusionm5t c %ake1 t x is f\nd$ on endur+ pr9ciples :i* are n political b moral4 ,to comp>e a sy/em :i* aims at fre$om & seeks to atta9 t aim ?r\gh ! work+ ( responsible self-gov]nm5t ) sy/ems1 h[ev] logically p]fect or tempor>ily effective1 :i* set no value on ei!r1 is1 z x 71 to comp>e black ) :ite4 ,x is to g back on ! lessons ( c5turies ( exp]i5ce & to d5y ! cause1 n ( lib]ty alone1 b ( t progress ( ! _s ( man :i* x is ! highe/ object ( lib]ty to promote4 ,we h no "t "h to discuss 9 detail ! v>i\s ,engli% inv5tions 9 ! art ( politics1 b we mu/ pause to consid] two ( ! mo/ important1 because !y are typical ( ,briti% me?ods4 ,! fir/ is ! inv5tion call$ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,repres5tation4 ,repres5tation is a device by :i*1 & by :i* alone1 ! area ( effective gov]nm5t c be ext5d$ )\t ! sacrifice ( lib]ty4 ,x is a device by :i* ! scatt]$ _m c make _! w prevail ov] ! few at ! c5tre4 ,"u any non-repres5tative sy/em1 :e!r 9 a ,/ate or a ,*ur* or a ,trade ,union or any o!r association1 m5 always f9d !mselves set be=e ! inexorable dilemma betwe5 fre$om & weakness on ! "o h& & /r5g? & tyranny on ! o!r4 ,ei!r ! ,/ate or ! association has to be kept small1 s t ! memb]s !mselves c meet & keep 9 t\* ) all t goes on4 ,or x is all[$ to exp& & gr[ /rong1 9 :i* case p[] becomes conc5trat$ at ! c5tre & ! great body ( memb]s loses all effective control4 ,! anci5t _w saw no way out ( ?is dilemma4 ,! great ,ori5tal mon>*ies nev] contemplat$ ev5 ! pret5ce ( popul> control4 ,! city-/ates ( ,greece1 :]e democracy orig9at$1 set su* /ore 9 consequ5ce by ! p]sonal lib]ty ( ! individual citiz51 t !y pref]r$ to rema9 small1 & suff]$ ! inevitable p5alty ( _! weakness4 ,rome1 gr[+ till %e ov]%ad[$ ! _w1 sacrific$ lib]ty 9 ! process4 ,nor 0 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :5 x became a l>ge-scale organization1 able to ov]come ! dilemma4 ,x 0 n till ?irte5?-c5tury ,engl& t a way out 0 f\nd4 ,edw>d ,i 9 summon+ two burgesses f ea* bor\gh & two knights f ea* %ire to 8 model ,p>liam5t 9 #abie1 hit on a me?od ( do+ bus9ess :i* 0 de/9$ to revolutionize ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,he /ipulat$ t ! m5 *os5 by _! fell[s to conf] ) him mu/ come1 to quote ! exact words ( ! summons1 arm$ ) 'full & suffici5t p[] = !mselves & = ! community ( ! a=esaid c\nty1 & ! said citiz5s & burgesses = !mselves & ! communities ( ! a=esaid cities & bor\ghs sep>ately1 !re & !n1 = do+ :at %all !n be orda9$ accord+ to ! ,common ,c\ncil 9 ! premises1 s t ! a=esaid bus9ess %all n rema9 unf9i%$ 9 any way = defect ( ?is p[]'4 ,9 o!r words1 ! memb]s 7 to come to conf] ) ! k+ n z individuals speak+ = !mselves alone1 b z repres5tatives4 ,_! words & acts 7 to b9d ^? on ^: behalf !y came1 & ^? :o *ose !m 7 to d s 9 ! full k t !y w\ld be s b\nd4 ,9 *oos+ !m ! electors delib]ately surr5d]$ _! own %>e ( initiative & sov]eignty & comb9$ to be/[ x on a fell[ citiz5 :om !y tru/$4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is way alone1 ! p ( ,cornwall & ( ,nor?umb]l& c\ld br+ _! wi%es to be> & play _! "p1 toge!r ) ! p at ! c5tre1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry _m times ! size ( a city-/ate ( anci5t ,greece4 ,!re _h be5 assemblies be=e 9 all ages ( hi/ory3 b ?is 0 some?+ diff]5t4 ,x 0 a ,p>liam5t4 ,repres5tation seems to u su* an obvi\s device t we (t5 =get h[ comp>atively mod]n x is & :at a degree ( responsibility & self-control x dem&s bo? 9 ! repres5tative & 9 ^? :om he repres5ts4 ,x is v unpleasant to he> ( ?+s done or acquiesc$ 9 by our repres5tatives ( :i* we disapprove1 & to h to rememb] t x is our own fault = n s5d+ a wis] or brav] man to ,we/m9/] 9 8 place4 ,x is /ill m unpleasant = a repres5tative to feel1 z he (t5 mu/1 t 8 own hone/ op9ion & consci5ce draw him "o way on a matt] ( bus9ess & ! op9ions ( mo/ ( 8 con/itu5ts ano!r4 ,b ^! are difficulties inh]5t 9 ! sy/em1 & = :i* !re is no rem$y b s9c]ity & pati5ce4 ,x is "p ( ! b>ga9 t a con/itu5cy %\ld n be able to disav[ a repres5tative3 & t a repres5tative %\ld feel b\nd to use 8 own be/ judgem5t on ! issues put be=e him4 ,to turn ! repres5tative1 z !re is a t5d5cy to d 9 "s qu>t]s1 into a m]e m\?piece ) a m&ate1 is to ignore ! v problem :i* made repres5tation necess>y1 & to presume t a local mass-meet+ c be z well in=m$ or take z wide a view z ^? :o h all ! facts be=e !m at ! c5tre4 ,! anci5t ,greeks1 :o _h a /rong s5se ( individuality1 7 lo? to believe t any "o human be+ c\ld make a decision on behalf ( ano!r4 ,9 ! deepe/ s5se ( c\rse !y 7 "r4 ,b gov]nm5t1 z has be5 said1 is at be/ a r\gh bus9ess4 ,repres5tation is no m ?an a practical compromise3 b x is a compromise :i* has be5 f\nd to "w4 ,x has made possible ! ext5sion ( free gov]nm5t to areas undream$ (4 ,x has enabl$ ! g5]al s5se ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 an area ne>ly z l>ge z ,europe1 to be conc5trat$ at ,wa%+ton1 & x may yet make x possible to collect ! s5se ( self-gov]n+ ,dom9ions 9 f\r cont95ts 9 a ,p>liam5t at ,london4 ,all ?is lay implicit 9 ! practical in/ructions s5t by ! ,engli% k+ to 8 %]iffs2 b its developm5t w\ld only h be5 possible 9 a community :]e ! g5]al level ( "* 0 a high "o & :]e m5 71 !re=e1 9 ! habit ( plac+ implicit tru/ 9 "o ano!r4 ,! relation%ip ( confid5ce betwe5 a memb] ( ,p>liam5t & 8 con/itu5ts1 or a ,trade ,union lead] & 8 rank & file1 is a ?+ ( :i* public m5 are rightly pr\d3 = x reflects hon\r on bo? p>ties & te/ifies to an und]ly+ community ( purpose :i* no pass+ disagreem5t on details c break d[n4 ,repres5tation pav$ ! way = ! mod]n developm5t ( responsible self-gov]nm5t4 ,b x is important to recognize t ! two are n ! same ?+4 ,responsible self-gov]nm5t1 9 its mod]n =m1 is a sep>ate & m complex ,engli% inv5tion 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,a community may be deck$ out ) a complete app>atus ( repres5tative in/itutions & yet rema9 little bett] ?an an autocracy4 ,mod]n ,g]many is a case 9 po9t4 ,! p>liam5t>y suffrage = ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag is m repres5tative ?an t = ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! ,g]man workman is bett] repres5t$ 9 8 ,p>liam5t ?an ! ,briti% workman is 9 ours4 ,b ! ,g]man workman has f> less p[] to make 8 w effective 9 matt]s ( policy ?an ! ,briti%1 because ! ,g]man con/itution does n embody ! pr9ciple ( responsible self-gov]nm5t4 ,sov]eignty /ill re/s ) ! ,kais] z x re/$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ) ,edw>d ,i4 ,! ,imp]ial ,*ancellor is n responsible to ! ,rei*/ag b to ! ,kais]1 by :om he is appo9t$ & ^: p]sonal s]vant he rema9s4 ,! ,rei*/ag c discuss ! actions ( ! ,*ancellor3 x c advise him1 or prote/ to him1 or ev5 pass votes ( c5sure aga9/ him2 b x _c make its w effective4 ,we c obs]ve ! work+ ( simil> repres5tative in/itutions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,commonweal?4 ,! prov9ces ( ,india & _m ,briti% ,colonies h v>i\sly compos$ repres5tative assemblies1 b 9 all cases )\t ! p[] to control _! executives4 ,! self-gov]n+ ,dom9ions1 on ! o!r h&1 d enjoy responsible self-gov]nm5t1 b 9 an incomplete =m1 because ! mo/ vital ( all issues ( policy are outside _! control4 ,on que/ions ( =eign policy1 & ! issues ( w> & peace1 ! ,p>liam5ts ( ! ,dom9ions1 & ! citiz5s !y repres5t1 are1 con/itutionally speak+1 z helpless z ! mo/ ignorant native 9 ! humble/ dep5d5cy4 ,repres5tative in/itutions 9 !mselves ?us no m ensure real self-gov]nm5t ?an ! sett+ up ( a works committee ( employees 9 a factory w\ld ensure t ! workm5 ran ! factory4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 repres5tation & effective responsibility is s simple t x seems a platitude to m5tion x4 ,yet x is con/antly ignor$1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry by ^? :o speak ( ,colonial self-gov]nm5t z ?\gh ! ,dom9ions really enjoy$ ! same self-gov]nm5t z ! p ( ^! isl&s1 & by ! p>ties 9 ,g]many ^: programme x is1 n to make ,g]many a truly con/itutional c\ntry1 b to assimilate ! retrograde ,prussian fran*ise to ! broad] repres5tation ( ! ,rei*/ag4 ,:]e9 does ! transition f repres5tation to full responsibility consi/8 ,x came ab\t 9 ,engl& :5 ,p>liam5t1 in/ead ( m]ely be+ consult$ by ! sov]eign1 felt itself /rong en\gh to give ord]s to ! sov]eign4 ,! sov]eign naturally resi/$1 z ! ,kais] & ! ,ts> w resi/ 9 _! turn2 b 9 ?is c\ntry ! battle 0 f\ght & won 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,s9ce t "t1 ) a few vacillations1 ,p>liam5t has be5 ! sov]eign p[]4 ,b once ?is transf] ( sov]eignty has tak5 place1 a new problem arises4 ,a ,p>liam5t ( sev]al hundr$ memb]s1 ev5 ?\gh x meets regul>ly1 is n compet5t to transact ! multitud9\s & complex & highly specializ$ bus9ess ( a mod]n ,/ate4 ,! orig9al function ( ,p>liam5t 0 to advise1 to discuss1 & to criticize4 ,x is n an in/rum5t fit = ! "w ( execution & adm9i/ration4 ,hav+ become sov]eign1 its fir/ bus9ess mu/ be to create out ( its own memb]s an in/rum5t :i* %\ld c>ry out its own policy & be responsible to itself = its actions4 ,h5ce arose ! ,cab9et4 ,! ,cab9et is1 z x 71 a di/illation ( ,p>liam5t1 j z ,p>liam5t itself is a di/illation ( ! c\ntry4 ,x consi/s ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t & x is 9 con/ant t\* ) ,p>liam5t2 b its me?ods are n ! me?ods ( ,p>liam5t b ( ! old]1 m direct1 organs ( gov]nm5t :i* ,p>liam5t sup]s$$4 ,x meets 9 secret3 x holds all ! /r+s ( policy3 x has almo/ complete control ( political & legislative initiative3 x decides :at is to be done & :5 & h[3 x has its own /aff ( ag5ts & confid5tial advis]s 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts & else:]e ^: acts are l>gely )drawn f ! k & criticism ( ,p>liam5t4 ,a mod]n ,cab9et 9 fact is op5 to ! *>ge ( be+ autocracy 9 a new guise4 ,su* a *>ge w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a gross ov]/atem5t4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ! increas+ complexity 9 ! tasks ( gov]nm5t has l$ to a correspond+ gr[? ( p[] & organization at ! c5tre :i* has /r5g!n$ ! ,cab9et immeasurably ( rec5t ye>s at ! exp5se ( ! direct repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 p[]ful influ5ces at "w 9 ! opposite direction1 t[>ds dec5tralization & new =ms ( repres5tation1 :i* !re is no space to t\* on "h4 ,suffice x to say t "h1 z else:]e1 ! price ( lib]ty is et]nal vigilance4 ,engl&1 !n1 & all :o enjoy ! full privileges ( ,briti% citiz5%ip h be5 plac$ by ! progress ( ev5ts 9 a position ( peculi> responsibility4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury f9ds u ! c5tre ( ! wide/ exp]im5t ( self-gov]nm5t :i* ! _w has ev] se52 = ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 fir/ te/$ 9 ?is isl&1 h approv$ !mselves on ! soil ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralasia1 & ,s\? ,africa4 ,x f9ds u also responsible = ! gov]nm5t & = ! tra9+ 9 responsibility ( "s #cej1jjj1jjj memb]s ( ! m politically inexp]i5c$ & backw>d races ( mank9d1 or ab\t "o-fif? ( ! human race4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,briti% ,commonweal?1 ab\t :i* s a/oni%+ly little is kn[n ei!r by ourselves or by o!r peoples1 is n a m]e happy or unhappy accid5t4 ,x is "o ( ! inevitable & decisive developm5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,x is ! direct result ( t wid5+ ( int]c\rse1 t int]nationaliz+ ( ! _w1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,x repres5ts ! control ( law & organiz$ gov]nm5t ov] ! bl9d & selfi% =ces ( exploitation4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( ?is control we h (t5 ourselves be5 bl9d & sometimes selfi%4 ,b '! situation ( man'1 z ,burke f9ely said ( our ,indian ,empire1 'is ! preceptor ( 8 duty'4 ,! p]sev]ance ( ! ,briti% "*1 its habit ( conc5tration on ! "w t lies to h&1 & ! influ5ce ( our traditional social & political ideals1 h sl[ly br\ght u to a deep] insight1 till to-day ! ,commonweal? is becom+ alive to ! real nature ( its task--! ext5sion & consolidation ( lib]ty4 ,if x has ?us tak5 up1 9 "p1 ! "w ( ! m$iaeval ,empire & has _h a measure ( success :]e ! o!r fail$1 x is because ( ! "* ( its individual citiz5s1 because despite con/ant & he>t-break+ failures 9 k & imag9ation1 we are a p :o1 9 ! words ( a /]n1 if fri5dly1 critic1 ') great self-ass]tion & a bull-dog k9d ( c\rage1 h yet a s+ul> am\nt ( g5tl5ess & t5d]ness'4#ff 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h come to ! end ( our long survey4 ,"s ( y may feel t ,i h fet*$ too wide a compass & giv5 too wide an ext5sion to ! mean+ ( gov]nm5t4 ,b if ,i h s9n$ ,i h s9n$ ( set purpose4 ,i refuse to conf9e gov]nm5t )9 ! limits ( :at is ord9>ily call$ politics1 or to discuss ! association call$ ! ,/ate 9 isolation f o!r sides ( man's community life4 ,to d s1 ,i feel1 is to lay oneself op5 to "o ( two opposite errors3 ! error ( ^? = :om ! ,/ate is ! ,almighty1 & :o inve/ x ) a sup]human morality & au?ority ( its own2 & ! error ( ^? :o draw 9 _! skirts 9 horror f ! t\* ( :at ,nietzs*e call$ ?is 'cold mon/]' & take refuge 9 mona/ic deta*m5t f ! political responsibilities ( _! "t4 ,we mu/ be able to see politics z a "p ( life be=e we c see x /eadily & see x :ole4 ,we mu/ be able to see x 9 relation to ! g5]al ord]+ ( ! _w & to connect x once m1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ) religion & morality4 ,no ?9k+ man c live ?r\gh su* a "t z ?is & pres]ve 8 fai? unless he is su/a9$ by ! belief t ! cla% ( ,/ates :i* is d>k5+ our g5]ation is n a m]e bl9d collision ( =ces1 b has spiritual be>+s :i* affect ea* individual liv+ s\l born or to be born 9 ! _w4 ,x is n = u to anticipate ! v]dict ( hi/ory4 ,b :at we c d is to be> ourselves wor?ily1 9 ?\ght & spee*1 l our soldi]s 9 action1 ( ! times 9 :i* we live--to te/ify1 z x 71 9 our own lives1 to t = :i* s _m ( our fri5ds h laid d[n !irs4 ,we are met at a culm9at+ mom5t ( human fate--:51 s f> z human judgem5t c disc]n1 ! political de/9ies ( ?is planet are be+ settl$ = _m g5]ations to come--p]haps = good4 ,if ! task ( lead]%ip 9 ! arts ( gov]nm5t rema9s ) u1 let u face ! responsibility consci\s ( ! va/ spiritual issues :i* x involves1 & let u s plan & act t hi/ory1 look+ back on ^! ye>s ( blood1 may date f !m a new bir? ( fre$om & progress1 n = ourselves 9 ?is c\ntry alone b ?r\gh\t t k+dom ( ,man :i* mu/ "o day1 z we believe1 become 9 v tru? ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce #a4 ,man's ,control ov] ,nature3 ,ray ,lanke/]1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,man1 & o!r essays4 #aiab4 ,demol9s1 ,comm5t la r\te cree le type social4 ,curtis 7ed4 by71 ,! ,commonweal? ( ,nations4 ,vol4 i1 #aiaf4 ,murphy1 ,! ,basis ( ,asc5dancy4 #aiji4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,int]national ,relations 7,gre5wood & o!rs74 #aiaf4 #b4 ,political ,ideals3 ,! ,jews3 ,todd1 ,politics & ,religion 9 ,anci5t ,israel4 #aijd4 ,greece3 ,ari/otle's ,politics1 translat$ by ,b4 ,j[ett4 #aijh4 ,dick9son1 ,! ,greek ,view ( ,life4 #aiji4 ,b>k]1 ,! ,political ?\ght ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 #aijh4 ,rome3 ,h4 ,/u>t ,jones1 ,! ,roman ,empire4 7,/ory ( ! ,nations47 #aijh4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,rome 7,home ,univ]sity ,s]ies74 ,! ,middle ,ages3 ,a4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #aiaa4 ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,ages 7introduction by ,maitl&74 #aijj4 ,miscellane\s3 ,wallas1 ,human ,nature 9 ,politics4 #aijh4 ,acton1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,fre$om1 & o!r essays4 #aiji4 ,l[ell1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,engl&4 ,buel[1 ,imp]ial ,g]many4 #aiaf4 ,,footnotes3 #ec ,a4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 pp4 #bjg-h4 #ed ,lanke/]1 ,nature & ,man1 ,romanes ,lecture1 #aije1 pp4 #bg-i4 #ee ,! ,commonweal? ( ,nations1 edit$ by ,l4 ,curtis1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #acj4 #ef ,ibid41 p4 #aff4 #eg ,p4 ,h4 ,k]r 9 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,int]national ,relations1 #aiae1 p4 #adi4 #eh ,a /ill bett] "n w\ld be ! ,great ,responsibilities4 #ei ,second ,?\ghts ( an ,economi/1 #aiaf1 pp4 #ag-ah1 #bb4 #fj ,fre$om & o!r ,essays1 p4 #bb4 #fa ,isaiah lxvi4 #b2 lvii4 #ai1 #ba2 ii4 #c1 #d4 #fb ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 ,book ,i1 *4 xvi4 #e4 #fc ,end ( ,book ,i ( ! ,ecclesia/ical ,polity4 #fd ,gi]ke1 ,political ,!ories ( ! ,middle ,age1 pp4 #h & #aj4 #fe ,! ,commonweal? ( ,nations1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #gc4 #ff ,memoirs & lett]s ( ,sir ,rob]t ,mori]1 ii4 #bgf4 ,,viii ,,progress ,,9 ,,indu/ry ,a4 ,e4 ,,zimm]n ,9 our /udy ( ,gov]nm5t we trac$ ! upw>d c\rse ( ! common life ( mank9d 9 ! _w4 ,we saw x 9 ! increas+ control ( ,man ov] 8 physical environm5t1 & we saw x also 9 8 cle>] realization ( ! ultimate ideal ( gov]nm5t--! ord]+ ( ! _w's affairs on ! basis ( lib]ty4 ,we h n[ to turn aside f ?is ma9 /ream ( social developm5t to wat* "o p>ticul> bran* ( x--to survey man's record 9 ! special dep>tm5t ( economics4 ,we %all no long] be /udy+ human hi/ory1 or ! hi/ory ( human society1 z a :ole1 b :at is kn[n z economic or indu/rial hi/ory4 ,x is important to be cle> at ! outset t economic or indu/rial hi/ory is a tribut>y /ream & n ! ma9 /ream3 = !re are a numb] ( p :o are ( ! contr>y op9ion4 ,!re has be5 an increas+ t5d5cy ( rec5t ye>s to write human hi/ory 9 t]ms ( economic or indu/rial progress4 ',tell me :at m5 ate or wore or manufactur$1' say hi/orians ( ?is s*ool1 '& we w tell y :at /age ( civilization he _h rea*$4 ,we w place him 9 8 prop] pigeonhole 9 our arrangem5t ( ! record ( human progress4' ,did he use fl9t implem5ts or fight ) no?+ b a b[ & arr[8 ,did he use a canoe ) a primitive pole :i* he _h n ev5 ! s5se to flatt5 s z to make x into a s]viceable paddle8 ,!n our sociologi/ w put him v l[ d[n on 8 li/ ( ! /ages ( human progress4 ,= ! mod]n sociologi/ is a confirm$ plutocrat4 ,he measures ! "* ( m5 & races by _! weal?4 ,j z old-fa%ion$ p /ill ?9k ( ! society ( our own c\ntry z a hi]>*y1 9 :i* ! v>i\s classes are grad$ accord+ to _! social pre/ige & ! ext5t ( _! possessions3 s /ud5ts ( primitive civilization classify races accord+ to _! mat]ial equipm5t1 & c h>dly help yield+ to ! temptation ( reckon+ _! /age ( progress z a :ole by ! only available te/4 ,?us x is common1 especially 9 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to f9d hi/ories ( :at purports to be ! progress ( mank9d :i* %[ man fir/ z a hunt] & a fi%]man1 !n z a %eph]d1 !n z a till] ( ! soil1 & !n "w upw>ds to ! complicat$ indu/rial sy/em ( to-day4 ,we are ask$ to accept ! life ( ,abraham or ,david among ! %eepfolds z ! bottom ( ! ladd]1 & ! life ( a mod]n wage-e>n] "u ! smoky sky ( a manufactur+ area z ! top2 & :5 we compla9 & say1 z m5 l ,william ,morris & ,/eph5 ,graham are always say+1 t we w\ld f> pref] to live 9 ,david's _w1 9 spite ( all its discom=ts1 we are told t we h no "r to qu>rel ) ! sacr$ pr9ciple ( ,evolution4 ,to int]pret human hi/ory 9 ?is way is1 ( c\rse1 to d5y its spiritual mean+1 to d5y t x is a record ( ! progress ( ! human _s at all4 ,x is to read x z a tale ( ! improvem5t1 or r ! increas+ complication1 ( ?+s1 r ?an ( ! advance ( man4 ,x is to view ! _w z a ,doma9 ( ,matt]1 n z ! ,k+dom ( ,man--/ill less1 z ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,x is to tie u helplessly to ! *>iot :eels ( an indu/rial ,jugg]naut :i* kn[s no?+ ( moral values4 ,let ! progress ( indu/ry make life noisy & ugly & anxi\s & unhappy3 let x engross ! great mass ( mank9d 9 t$i\s & uncong5ial tasks & ! rema9d] 9 ! fooli% & unsatisfy+ activities ( luxuri\s liv+2 let x defile ! gre5 e>? ) pits & factories & slag-heaps & ! mean /reets ( ^? :o toil at !m1 & dim ! daylight ) exhalations ( mon/r\s vap\r4 ,x is n = u to compla9 or to resi/3 = we are 9 ! grip ( a ,p[] :i* is great] ?an ourselves1 a ,p[] to :i* mank9d 9 all five cont95ts has le>nt to yield--t ,economic ,process :i* is1 9 tru?1 ! ,god1 or ! ,devil1 ( ! mod]n _w4 ,no ?9k+ man d>e acquiesce 9 su* a conclusion or cons5t to b[ ! head be=e su* fanci$ necessities4 ,! function ( indu/ry1 he w reply1 is to s]ve human life n to ma/] x3 to beautify human life n to degrade x3 to set life free n to enslave x4 ,economics is n ! :ole ( life3 & :5 x transgresses its b\nds & exce$s its functions x mu/ be controll$ & ?ru/ back into its place by ! comb9$ activities ( m54 ,! s\l is high] ?an ! body1 & life is m ?an h\sekeep+4 ,lib]ty is high] ?an ,ri*es1 & ! welf>e ( ! community m important ?an its economic & mat]ial progress4 ,^! great processes1 :i* ! increase ( man's k has set 9 motion1 are n imp]sonal inhuman =ces3 ,m5 orig9at$ !m3 m5 adm9i/] !m3 & m5 mu/ control !m4 ,aga9/ economic necessity let u set political necessity3 & let ! wat*word ( t political necessity1 "h z always1 be ! fre$om & ! well-be+ ( mank9d4 ,) ?is caution 9 m9d1 !n1 let u approa* our subject4 ,:at is ,economics8 ,economics is simply ! ,greek = 'h\se-keep+'4 ,if writ]s & ?9k]s on ! subject _h only kept ?is simple fact 9 m9d1 or us$ ! ,engli% ^w in/ead ( ! ,greek1 ! _w w\ld h be5 sav$ mu* mis]y & confusion4 ,political economy is n1 :at ,mill & o!r writ]s def9e x to be1 '! ,sci5ce ( ,weal?'4 ,x is ! art ( community-h\sekeep+1 & community-h\sekeep+1 z e woman kn[s1 is a v important if subsidi>y bran* ( ! art ( community-managem5t or gov]nm5t4 ,h\sekeep+1 ( c\rse1 is n a selfi% b a social function4 ,h\sewives d n lay 9 bread & *eese simply to gratify _! own desire to be possessors ( a l>ge /ore1 b = ! sake ( _! h\sehold4 ,! true h\sekeep] or economic man is ! man :o is consci\sly m9i/]+ to ! real ne$s ( ! community4 ,l ! rul] or m9i/] 9 ! political sph]e1 he is a man :o is p]=m+ a public s]vice4 ,?is is equally true :e!r ! h\sekeep] has a monopoly ( ! pur*ase ( bread & *eese = ! h\sehold1 or :e!r he or %e has to compete ) o!rs z to :i* is to be all[$ to s]ve ! public 9 t p>ticul> transaction4 ,j z1 "u ! p>ty sy/em1 :i* seems to be insep>able f ! work+ ( democratic in/itutions1 m5 /& = ,p>liam5t & compete = ! hon\r ( repres5t+ _! neighb\rs1 s 9 mo/ sy/ems ( indu/ry m5 compete = ! hon\r ( supply+ ! public4 ,competition 9 indu/ry is practically z old z indu/ry4 ,9 ! e>lie/ picture t has come d[n to u ( ,greek village life we read ( ! competition betwe5 pott] & pott] & betwe5 m9/rel & m9/rel--a competition z ke5 & z fi]ce1 we may be sure1 z t betwe5 rival %opkeep]s to-day4 ,= ! opposite ( competition1 z has be5 truly said1 is n co-op]ation b monopoly or bureaucracy3 & !re is no %ort & easy means ( decid+ betwe5 ! rival sy/ems4 ,sometimes ! community is bett] s]v$ by entru/+ "o dep>tm5t :olly to "o purveyor or "o sy/em ( managem5t--z 9 ! ,po/al ,s]vice1 or ! ,army & ,navy4 ,sometimes x is cle>ly bett] to leave ! matt] op5 to competition4 ,nobody1 = in/ance1 w\ld propose to d ) only "o m9/rel1 & seal ! lips ( all poets b ! ,poet ,laureate4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ! organiz$ pr(essions & ! liquor trade1 a /rictly regulat$ sy/em ( competition has be5 consid]$ be/4 ,no d\bt ! t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t is sett+ /rongly aga9/ competition & t[>ds m unifi$ & m closely organiz$ sy/ems ( do+ bus9ess4 ,b x is important to make q cle> t !re is no?+ immoral or anti-social ab\t ! fact ( competition itself1 & no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! idea ( s]vice & co-op]ation :i* %\ld und]lie all social & economic activity4 ,x is n competition itself1 z p (t5 wrongly ?9k1 :i* is ! evil1 b ! %all[ & selfi% motives & ! ru?less trampl+ d[n ( ! weak t are too (t5 associat$ ) x4 ,:5 we condemn ! maxim '! ,devil take ! h9dmo/'1 x is n because we ?9k we ought to treat ! h9dmo/ z ?\gh he 7 ! =emo/--to buy crack$ j>s or patronize incapable m9/rels4 ,x is because we feel t !re is a wrong /&>d ( rew>d among ^? :o h pu%$ to ! front1 & t ! community z a :ole _c ignore its responsibility t[>ds its less =tunate & capable memb]s4 ,x is1 inde$1 q impossible to aboli% competition = ! patronage ( ! h\sehold )\t subject+ its memb]s to tyranny or ty+ !m d[n to an intol]able uni=mity--=c+ !m to suppress _! own tempor>y likes or dislikes & to g on tak+ 9 ! same /uff 9 ! same quantities _w )\t end4 ,= ! mo/ s]i\s & p]man5t competition is n t betwe5 rival purveyors ( ! same goods1 betwe5 pott] & pott] & m9/rel & m9/rel1 b betwe5 "o set ( goods & ano!r3 betwe5 ! pott] & ! blacksmi?1 ! m9/rel & ! pa9t]4 ,if we aboli%$ competition p]man5tly betwe5 ! ,briti% railways we c\ld n make sure t ! public w\ld always use !m z x does n[4 ,p w\ld /ill be at lib]ty to walk or to drive or to bicycle or to fly1 or1 at ! v wor/1 to /ay at home4 ,competition1 z e bus9ess man kn[s1 sometimes arises f ! mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,! picture-h\se & ! bicycle h damag$ ! brew] & ! publican4 ,simil>ly ! motor-c> & ! golf l9ks h spoilt ! trade 9 ! f9e *9a ornam5ts su* z us$ to be common 9 exp5sively furni%$ draw+-rooms4 ,p sit less 9 _! rooms1 s sp5d less on decorat+ !m4 ,! memb]s ( ! h\sehold always reta9 ultimate control ov] _! economic life1 if !y c>e to ex]cise x4 ',:oso has sixp5ce1' z ,c>lyle said1 'is sov]eign 7to ! l5g? ( sixp5ce71 ov] all m52 comm&s ,cooks to fe$ him1 ,philosoph]s to tea* him1 ,k+s to m\nt gu>d ov] him1'--to ! l5g? ( sixp5ce4 ,passive resi/ance & ! boycott are always op5 to ! public 9 ! la/ resort aga9/ any ( _! s]vants :o has abus$ ! p[]s ( 8 position4 ,a good in/ance ( ?is occurr$ 9 ! ev5ts :i* l$ to ! s-call$ ,tobacco riots 9 ,milan 9 #ahdh4 ,! ,au/rians ?\ght !y c\ld =ce ! ,italians 9 _! ,lomb>d prov9ces to pay = a gov]nm5t !y hat$ by putt+ a heavy tax on tobacco4 ,b ! ,italians1 ) m self-control ?an we h %[n 9 ! pres5t w>1 ) "o accord gave up smok+4 ,"h 0 a pla9 competition betwe5 a monopoly & ! consum]1 betwe5 tobacco & patriotism3 betwe5 a unit$ h\sehold & an unpopul> s]vant3 & ! h\sehold won1 z x always c unless its memb]s are incapable ( comb9$ action or h be5 depriv$ by gov]nm5tal tyranny ( all p[] to associate & to organize4 ,we are fac$ !n ) a community or h\sehold :i* has c]ta9 wants t ne$ to be suppli$4 ,! individual memb]s ( ! community are ju/ifi$1 )9 ! limits ( g5]al well-be+1#fg 9 decid+ :at are _! own wants & h[ to satisfy !m4 ,!y claim ! "r to dem&1 z ! economi/s put x1 ! goods & s]vices !y require1 bread & *eese1 poetry1 tobacco1 motor-bicycles1 *9a ornam5ts4 ,9 ord] to meet ^? dem&s1 :i* are /able 9 ess5tials b subject to con/ant modification 9 detail1 !re is ceaseless activity1 rivalry1 competition1 on ! "p ( ! purveyors--on ! side ( :at economi/s call supply4 ,! bus9ess ( h\sekeep+1 or :at is call$ ! economic process1 is t ( br++ ?is dem& & ?is supply into relation ) "o ano!r4 ,if ! memb]s ( ! h\sehold said !y want$ to eat ! moon in/ead ( sug>1 _! dem& w\ld n be an economic dem&3 = no h\sekeep] c\ld satisfy x4 ,simil>ly on ! supply side3 if ! bak] insi/$ on br++ r\nd bad epics in/ead ( bread & ! groc] bad sonatas in/ead ( sug>1 ! supply1 h[ev] good x might seem to ! bak] & ! groc]1 & h[ev] mu* satisfaction !y might p]sonally h d]iv$ f _! "w1 w\ld n be an economic supply3 = ! h\sekeep]1 act+ on behalf ( ! h\sehold1 w\ld n take x 94 ,b if ! dem& 0 = some?+ n yet available1 b less impossibly remote ?an ! moon1 ! h\sekeep] might p]suade ! purveyors to cudgel _! bra9s till !y _h met ! ne$4 ,=1 z we "k1 ,necessity1 :i* is ano!r ^w = ,dem&1 is ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,simil>ly1 if a purveyor suppli$ some?+ undream$ ( by ! h\sehold1 b o!rwise good ( its k9d1 he might succe$ 9 p]suad+ ! h\sehold to l x--9 o!r words1 9 creat+ a dem&4 ,! late ,sir ,alfr$ ,jones1 by putt+ bananas *eap on ! m>ket1 p]suad$ u t we lik$ !m4 ,simil>ly ,mr4 ,m>v91 :o deals 9 some?+ bett] ?an bananas1 has p]suad$ u all to come "h1 ?\gh mo/ ( u w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( x unless he _h creat$ ! dem& 9 u4 ,economic ,progress1 !n1 is progress bo? on ! side ( dem& & on ! side ( supply4 ,x is a progress 9 wants z well z 9 _! means ( satisfaction3 a progress 9 ! aspirations ( ! h\sehold z well z 9 ! contrivances ( its purveyors3 a progress 9 ! s5se ( :at life might be1 z well z 9 ! skill & g5ius & organiz+ p[]s ( ^? to :om ! community looks = help 9 ! realization ( its hopes4 ,x is important t ?is d\ble aspect ( our subject %\ld be realiz$1 = 9 :at foll[s we %all h no opportunity to dwell fur!r ^u x4 ,space compels u to leave ! h\sehold & its wants & aspirations out ( acc\nt & to direct our att5tion solely to ! side ( supply2 al?\gh x mu/ always be rememb]$ t no real & p]man5t progress 9 ! organization ( production is possible )\t improvem5ts 9 ! quality & r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! requirem5ts ( :at is call$ civilization4#fh ,:at we h to wat*1 9 our /udy ( progress 9 indu/ry1 is ! hi/ory ( man z a purveyor ( ! h\sehold3 9 o!r words1 z a produc] ( goods & s]vices3 f ! days ( ! primitive savage ) 8 b>k canoe to ! gigantic indu/rial ent]prises ( our own "t4 ,we c be/ d s by divid+ our subject into two on some:at simil> l9es to ! division 9 our /udy ( gov]nm5t4 ,let u consid] indu/ry1 fir/ z an activity involv+ a relation%ip betwe5 man & ,nature2 secondly1 z involv+ :at may be call$ a problem ( indu/rial gov]nm5t1 a problem aris+ out ( ! co-op]ation betwe5 man & man 9 indu/rial "w4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! aspects we %all see man z a mak]1 an inv5tor1 an arti/2 9 ! second z a subject or a citiz51 a slave or a free man1 9 ! ,indu/rial ,commonweal?4 ,man z a mak] or produc] c>ries u back to ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,man is a tool-us+ animal & ! e>ly /ages ( human hi/ory are a record ( ! elaboration ( tools4 ,! fl9t axes 9 our museums are ! e>lie/ monum5ts ( ! activity ( ! human _s4 ,we d n "k :at ! cave m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age said or ?\ght1 or inde$ :e!r !y did any?+ t we %\ld call speak+ or ?9k+ at all2 b we "k :at !y made4 ,c5turies & mill5niums elaps$ betwe5 !m & ! fir/ peoples ( :om we h any m intimate record--c5turies dur+ :i* ! f\ndations ( our exi/+ indu/rial k & practice 7 be+ /eadily laid4 ',"o may say 9 g5]al1' says ,mr4 ,m>v91#fi t mo/ ( ! fruitful practical devices ( mank9d _h _! orig9 9 prehi/oric times1 _m ( !m exi/+ !n ) little ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,any "o ( !m af=ds a lesson 9 ! gradual elaboration ( ! simple4 ,a /ep m9ute 9 itself leads on & on1 & s all ! practical arts are built up1 a readi] & m obs]vant m9d imitat+ & adapt+ ! "w ( pr$ecessors1 z we imag9$ ! fir/ man mak+ 8 fir/ fl9t axe4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pl\gh goes back to ! elongation ( a b5t /ick4 ,! :eel w\ld arise f cutt+ out ! middle ( a trunk us$ z a roll]4 ,h\se ar*itecture is ! imitation ) logs & mud ( ! natural %elt]s ( ! rocks1 & beg9s its great developm5t :5 m5 h le>nt to make squ>e corn]s in/ead ( a r\gh circle4 ,& s on ) all ! arts ( life or pleasure1 includ+ clo?+1 cook+1 till+1 sail+1 & fight+4 ,h[ did ?is gradual progress come ab\t8 ,mr4 ,m>v9 himself supplies ! answ]4 ,?r\gh ! action ( ! 'readi] & m obs]vant m9ds'--9 o!r words1 ?r\gh specialization & ! division ( lab\r4 ,z f> back z we c g 9 hi/ory we f9d a recognition t m5 are n all alike1 t "s h "o gift & "s ano!r1 & t x is to ! advantage ( society to let ea* use 8 own gift 9 ! public s]vice4 ,among primitive peoples !re has inde$ (t5 be5 a belief t m5 are comp5sat$ = physical weakness & disability by peculi> excell5ce 9 "s sph]e ( _! own4 ,hephae/os among ! ,greek gods 0 lame3 s he becomes a blacksmi? & uses 8 arms4 ,hom] is bl9d3 s in/ead ( fight+ he s+s ( w>4 ,!y w\ld n g s f> z to ma9ta9 t all lame m5 mu/ be good blacksmi?s or all bl9d m5 good poets3 b at lea/ !y recogniz$ t !re 0 room 9 ! community = special types & t ! blacksmi? & ! poet 7 z useful z ! ord9>y run ( cultivators & fight+ m54 ,! ,greek ^w = craftsman--,greek3 demi\rgos--'work] = ! p1' %[s h[ ! ,greeks felt on ?is po9t4 ,to !m poetry & craftsman%ip 7 z mu* hon\rable occupations or1 z we %\ld say1 pr(essional activities z fight+ & till+4 ,:e!r ,hom] took to poetry because he c\ld n fight or because he _h an ov]:elm+ poetic gift1 he _h ju/ifi$ 8 place 9 ! community4 ,specialization is ! f\ndation ( all craftsman%ip & !re=e ! s\rce ( all indu/rial progress4 ,we recognize ?is1 ( c\rse1 9 common spee*4 ',practice makes p]fect1' ',g5ius is an inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s1' are only diff]5t ways ( say+ t x is n en\gh to be 'ready' & 'obs]vant'1 b t cont9u$ activity & conc5tration are necess>y4 ,a p]fect indu/rial community w\ld n be a community :]e ev]ybody 0 do+ ! same ?+3 nor w\ld x be a community :]e e "o 0 do+ j :at he lik$ at ! mom5t3 x w\ld be a community :]e e "o 0 putt+ all 8 /r5g? into ! "w :i* he 0 by nature be/ qualifi$ to d--:]e1 9 ! words ( ,kipl+3 ,no "o %all "w = money1 & no "o %all "w = fame1 ,b ea* = ! joy ( ! work+1 & ea*1 9 8 sep>ate />1 ,%all draw ! ?+ z he sees x = ! ,god ( ,?+s z ,!y ,are4 ,progress 9 indu/ry1 !n1 on ?is side1 consi/s 9 increas+ specialization & 9 ! p]fection ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! workman & 8 "w4 ,man 9 ?is _w is de/9$ to lab\r1 & lab\r is (t5 describ$ z ! curse ( ,adam4 ,b 9 reality1 z e "o kn[s :o has tri$ x1 or obs]v$ ! habits ( ^? :o h1 idl5ess is f> m ( a curse ?an lab\r4 ,few m5--at any rate 9 ! temp]ate zone--c be consi/5tly idle & rema9 happy4 ,! born idl] is almo/ z r>e z ! born poet4 ,mo/ m51 &1 x mu/ be add$1 mo/ wom51 are happi] work+4 ,if holidays 7 ! rule & "w ! exception ! _w w\ld be a mu* less *e]ful place ?an x is ev5 to-day4 ,purposeful activity is z natural to man z play+ is to a kitt54 ,f a purely natural po9t ( view1 no "o has ev] giv5 a bett] def9ition ( happ9ess ?an ,ari/otle :5 he def9$ x z an activity ( ! s\l 9 ! direction ( excell5ce 9 an unhamp]$ life4 ,by excell5ce1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is fam\s def9ition1 ,ari/otle does n mean simply virtue3 he means excell5ce 9 "w4 ,x is impossible1 z we all "k1 to be good 9 ! ab/ract4 ,we mu/ be good 9 "s p>ticul> directions1 at "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,& ! p>ticul> ?+ t we are good at is our "w1 our craft1 our art--or1 to use our less ae/hetic ,engli% ^w1 = :i* !re is no equival5t 9 ,greek1 our duty4 ,if happ9ess is to be f\nd 9 do+ "o's duty1 x does n result f do+ t duty badly1 b f do+ x well--turn+ out1 z we say1 a ?or\ghly good piece ( "w1 :e!r a day's "w or a life "w4 ,!re is a l+]+ idea1 /ill held 9 "s qu>t]s1 t ! m unpleasant an activity is ! m virtu\s x is4 ,?is is a m]e b>b>\s survival f ! days ( :at ,nietzs*e call$ slave-morality4 ,we are ea* ( u born ) special individual gifts & capacities4 ,!re is1 if we only knew x1 "s p>ticul> k9d or piece ( "w :i* we are pre-em95tly fitt$ to d--"s p>ticul> activity or pr(ession1 be x held 9 high or 9 l[ repute 9 ! _w ( to-day1 9 :i* we c w9 ! /eady happ9ess ( purposeful lab\r4 ,%all we !n say t x m9i/]s to human progress & to ! glory ( ,god delib]ately to bury our tal5t out ( sight & to seek r "w :i*1 because x is irksome & unpleasant to u1 we c nev] succe$ 9 do+ ei!r easily or really well8 ,no "o :o kn[s any?+ ( education or ( ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 no "o1 inde$1 :o has any love = *ildr51 w\ld d>e to say t we %\ld4 ,our ,/ate educational sy/em1 mis]ably defective ?\gh x is 9 ?is reg>d1 is bas$ ^u ! idea ( m9i/]+ to ! special gifts ( its pupils--( try+ by s*ol>%ips1 by ,c>e ,committees1 by ! in/itution ( s*ools ) a special 'bias'1 to meet ! ne$s ( diff]5t k9ds ( "y p & to set !m 9 ! pa? on :i* !y are be/ fitt$ to travel4 ,9 do+ ?is ! mod]n ,/ate is only try+ to c>ry out ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! greate/ book ev] writt5 on education--,plato's ,republic4 ,plato's object 0 to tra9 e citiz5 to fill ! "o position :]e he c\ld lead ! be/ life = ! good ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 aim 0 n to make 8 citiz5s happy b to promote goodness2 b he _h en\gh fai? 9 human nature--& :o c be an educational ?9k] )\t hav+ fai? 9 human nature8--to be conv9c$ t to enable m5 to 'd _! bit'1 z we say to-day1 0 to assure !m ( ! true/ happ9ess4 ,we ( ?is g5]ation "k h[ abundantly t fai? has be5 confirm$4 ,& inde$ we c appeal 9 ?is matt] n only to ! common s5se ( ,education ,au?orities or to ! philosophy ( ! anci5ts1 b to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,sm>t1 :o 0 n only a good economi/ b a good man2 has "s v p]t95t words on ?is subject4 ',if = "s reason t we "k n (1' he rem>ks1#gj ?is pres5t is m]ely ! fir/ /age 9 be+2 if we are all at s*ool1 & n m]ely pit*$ into ! _w by *ance to pick up our liv+ z be/ we c 444 x seems to me t we h reason en\gh to compla9 ( ! exi/+ economic sy/em4444 ,i imag9e t _m ( our *ur*go+ p1 if !y ev] get to ! heav5 !y s+ ab\t1 w f9d !mselves mo/ uncom=table1 if x be a place = :i* !y h made no prep>ation b 9 ! 'bus9ess' 9 :i* !y h e>n$ _! liv+4444 ,a man's daily "w is a f> great] ?+ t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! ,god t is 9 him ?an 8 weal?4 ,&1 h[ev] revolution>y ! idea is1 ,i mu/ say t all our accumulations ( weal? are little to ! purpose ( life if !y d n t5d t[>ds ! giv+ to all m5 ! opportunity ( su* "w z w h its rew>d 9 ! do+4 ,& ( 8 own p>ticul> life-"w1 tea*+1 he rem>ks1 9 words t te/ify to 8 own inn] peace & happ9ess1 t '"s ( u h got into occupations :i* almo/ seem to gu>antee immortality'4 ,let u1 !n1 boldly lay x d[n t ! be/ te/ ( progress 9 indu/ry & ! be/ measure ( success 9 any indu/rial sy/em is ! degree to :i* x enables m5 to 'd _! bit' & s to f9d happ9ess 9 _! daily "w1 or if y pref] m di/9ctively religi\s language1 ! degree to :i* x enables m5 to develop ! ,god t is 9 !m4 ,let u h ! c\rage to say t 9 ! great battle :i* ,rusk9 & ,william ,morris f\ght almo/ s+le-h&$ aga9/ all ! ,phili/9es ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,rusk9 & ,morris1 h[ev] wrong !y may h be5 on po9ts ( practical detail1 7 "r 9 pr9ciple4 ,let u make up our m9ds t a _w 9 :i* m5 h surr5d]$ ! be/ h\rs ( ! day to unsatisfy+ drudg]y1 & bani%$ happ9ess to _! brief p]iods ( tir$ leisure1 is s f> f civiliz$ t x has n ev5 made cle> to itself :]e9 civilization consi/s4 ,& :5 we read su* a passage z ! foll[+ f a lead+ mod]n economi/1 let u n yield to ! prompt+s ( our l[] nature & acquiesce 9 its app>5t common s5se1 b rememb] t economi/s1 l all workm51 are b\nd$ by ! limits ( _! own p>ticul> craft or /udy4 ',! great] "p ( ! _w's "w1' says ,pr(essor ,taussig1#ga ! lead+ expon5t ( ,economics at ,h>v>d1 is n 9 itself felt to be pleasurable4 ,"s re=m]s h hop$ to rea* a social sy/em "u :i* all "w w\ld be 9 itself a s\rce ( satisfaction4 ,x is probable t su* p]sons are made optimi/ic by ! nature ( _! own do+s4 ,!y are writ]s1 s*em]s1 re=m]s2 !y are usually ( /rongly altrui/ic "*1 & ! p]=mance ( any duty or set task br+s to !m ! approval ( an exact+ consci5ce2 & !y believe t all mank9d c be br\ght to lab\r 9 _! own _s4 ,! _w w\ld be a mu* happi] place if _! /ate ( m9d c\ld be made univ]sal4 ,b ! great mass ( m5 are ( a humdrum sort1 n born ) any m>k$ b5t or any l(t9ess ( "*4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! _w's "w = ! satisfaction ( our prim>y wants mu/ be ( a humdrum sort1 & (t5 ( a r\gh & co>se sort4 ,!re mu/ be dit*+ & delv+1 s[+ & reap+1 hamm]+ & saw+1 & all ! sev]e physical ex]tion :i*1 h[ev] light5$ by tools & ma*9]y1 yet c nev] be o!r ?an lab\r 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,taussig assures u t '! great mass ( m5 are ( a humdrum sort1 n born ) any m>k$ b5t or l(t9ess ( "*' he is simply d5y+ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,to argue ! po9t ) him w\ld c>ry u too f>4 ,we w d no m "h ?an rem9d him t ! p to :om ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity prea*$1 & ev5 ^? :o 7 *os5 to be its fir/ disciples1 71 l ?is audi5ce1 di/9ctly humdrum1 & t assur$ly ! ,am]ican ,pr(essor w\ld n h disc]n$ 9 !m promis+ mat]ial = a _w-trans=m+ religi\s movem5t4 ,:at p see 9 o!rs is (t5 a mirror ( !mselves4 ,p]haps ,pr(essor ,taussig1 9 spite ( 8 excell5t book1 is r a humdrum p]son himself4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,taussig decl>es t '! great] "p ( ! _w's "w is n 9 itself felt to be pleasurable' he is say+ :at1 "u exi/+ conditions1 we mu/ all recognize to be true4 ,a ye> or two ago ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas made an inve/igation into ?is v "q1 ! results ( :i* confirm$ ! g5]al impression t mod]n workm5 f9d little happ9ess 9 _! "w4#gb ,b two ( ! conclusions :i* he rea*$ conflict 9 a r curi\s way ) ! /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,taussig4 ,mr4 ,wallas's evid5ce1 :i* 0 l>gely drawn f /ud5ts ( ,rusk9 ,college1 l$ him to ! conclusion 't !re is less pleasantness or happ9ess 9 "w ! ne>] x approa*es ! fully organiz$ ,great ,indu/ry'4 ,! only workman :o spoke en?usia/ically ( 8 "w 0 an agricultural lab\r] :o '0 v emphatic ) reg>d to ! pleasure to be obta9$ f agricultural "w'4 ,pr(essor ,taussig1 on ! o!r h&1 selects f\r agricultural occupations1 dit*+1 delv+1 s[+1 & reap+1 z *>act]i/ically unpleasant & looks to ma*9]y & ! app>atus ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution to c\nt]act ?is unpleasantness4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ evid5ce ga!r$ by ,mr4 ,wallas 0 t relat+ to wom5 work]s4 ,he _h an opportunity ( collect+ ! views ( girls employ$ 9 ! laundries & poor] k9d ( factories 9 ,bo/on4 ',! answ]s'1 he says1#gc 'surpris$ me greatly4 ,i expect$ to he> ^? compla9ts ab\t bad wages1 h>d conditions & arbitr>y discipl9e :i* a body ( m5 work+ at ! same grade ( lab\r w\ld c]ta9ly h put =w>d4 ,b x 0 obvi\s t ! "q ,are y happy8 meant to ! girls ,are y happi] ?an y w\ld h be5 if y _h /ay$ at home in/ead ( go+ to "w8 ,& almo/ e "o ( !m answ]$ ,yes4' ,:y 7 !y unhappy at home8 ,let ,pr(essor ,taussig reflect on ! answ]4 ,n because !y _h 'r\gh' or 'co>se' or 'humdrum' "w to d1 z 9 a factory or laundry1 b because !y _h no?+ to d1 & !y _h f\nd idl5ess unbe>able4 ',"o said t "w took up h] m9d1 %e _h be5 awfully discont5t$'4 ,ano!r t 'y 7 ( "s use'4 ,ano!r ?\ght 'x 0 because ! h\rs w5t s mu* fa/]4 ,at home "o c\ld read1 b only = a %ort "t1 !re 0 ! awful lonesome aft]noon ahead ( y4' ',ask$ a little girl ) dy$ hair b a good little he>t4 ,%e enjoy$ h] "w4 ,x made h] feel %e 0 wor? some?+4' ,& ,mr4 ,wallas concludes t x is j because 'ev]y?+ t is int]e/+1 ev5 ?\gh x is labori\s1 9 ! wom5's arts ( ! old village is gone'3 because 'clo!s are b\ght ready-made1 food is b\ght ei!r ready-cook$1 l bread & jam & fi%1 or only requir+ ! simple/ k9d ( cook+'3 9 fact j because physical ex]tion has be5 light5$ by books & ma*9]y1 t '!re results a mass ( in>ticulate unhapp9ess ^: exi/5ce has h>dly be5 indicat$ by our pres5t me?od ( sociological enquiry'4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! task ( associat+ mod]n indu/rial "w ) happ9ess is n impossible1 if we w\ld only set ourselves to ! task4 ,& ! task is a two-fold "o4 ,x is1 fir/1 to make x possible = p to foll[ ! employm5t = :i* !y are by nature be/ fitt$2 & secondly1 to /udy mu* m closely ?an h]et(ore1 f ! po9t ( view ( happ9ess1 ! conditions "u :i* "w is done4 ,! fir/ task involves a v consid]able rev]sal ( curr5t educational & social values4 ,x does n simply mean pav+ ! way = ! son ( an eng9e-driv] to become a doctor or a lawy] or a cavalryman4 ,x means pav+ ! way = ! son ( a duke to become1 )\t any s5se ( social failure1 an eng9e-driv] or a m]*ant seaman or a work] on ! l&--& to d s n1 z to-day1 9 ! dec5t seclusion ( ,briti% ,columbia or ,au/ralia1 b 9 our own c\ntry & )\t los+ t\*1 if he desires x1 ) 8 own natural circle ( fri5ds4 ,! ladd] is an old & outworn metaphor 9 ?is connexion4 ,yet x is /ill wor? rememb]+ t ! ,angels :om ,jacob obs]v$ ^u x 7 bo? asc5d+ & desc5d+4 ,x is "o ( ! fallacies ( our social sy/em to believe t a ladd] %\ld only be us$ 9 "o direction--& t ! direction :i* t5ds to remove m5 f contact & sympa?y ) _! fell[s4 ,b 9 tru? we ne$ to disc>d ! metaphor ( ! ladd] altoge!r1 ) its impli$ sugge/ion t "s tasks ( community-s]vice are m hon\rable & involve m ( :at ! _w calls 'success' ?an o!rs4 ,we d n desire a sy/em ( education :i* picks out = promotion m9ds gift$ ) c]ta9 k9ds ( capacity & /imulates !m ) ! (f] ( mat]ial rew>ds1 :ile ! s-call$ humdrum rema9d] are left1 ) _! lat5t tal5ts undiscov]$ & undevelop$4 ,rec5t educational exp]im5ts1#gd & n lea/ t mo/ te/+ ( all s*ool exam9ations1 ! w>1 h %[n u t we mu/ revise all our old notions z to clev]ness & /upidity4 ,we "k n[ t1 %ort ( real m5tal defici5cy1 !re is or ought to be no su* p]sonage z ! dunce4 ,j z ! crim9al is g5]ally a man ( unusual en]gy & m5tal p[] direct$ into wrong *annels1 s ! dunce is a pupil ^: special p[]s & aptitudes h n reveal$ !mselves 9 ! r\t9e ( s*ool life4 ,& j z ! crim9al po9ts to s]i\s defects 9 our social sy/em1 s ! dunce po9ts to s]i\s defects 9 our educational sy/em4 ,! /rik+ record ( our indu/rial s*ools & re=matories 9 ! w> %[s :at "y crim9als & dunces c d :5 !y are giv5 a fair field = _! special gifts4 ,"o ( ! *ief lessons to be drawn f ! w> is ! ne$ = a new _s & outlook 9 our national education f ! elem5t>y s*ool to ! ,univ]sity4 ,we ne$ a sy/em :i* treats e *ild1 ri* or poor1 z a liv+ & develop+ p]sonality1 :i* enables e ,engli% boy & girl to /ay at s*ool at lea/ up to ! "t :5 8 or h] natural b5t beg9s to disclose itself1 :i* provides = all classes ( ! community skill$ guidance 9 ! *oice ( employm5t bas$ ^u psy*ological /udy ( individual gifts & aptitude1#ge :i* sets up me?ods ( tra9+ & appr5tice%ip 9 ! diff]5t trades--or1 z ,i w\ld pref] to call !m ! diff]5t pr(essions--su* z to c\nt]act ! dead5+ influ5ce ( premature specialization1 & :i* ensures good conditions & a s5se ( self-respect & community-s]vice to all 9 _! self-*os5 l9e ( life1 :e!r _! b5t be manual or me*anical or comm]cial or adm9i/rative1 or = work+ on ! l& or = go+ to sea1 or t[>ds ! m special vocations ( tea*+ or s*ol>%ip or ! law or m$ic9e or ! cure ( s\ls4 ,no "o c e/imate h[ l>ge a %>e ( ! unhapp9ess associat$ ) our exi/+ social sy/em is due to ! fact t1 ow+ to defects 9 our education & our arrangem5ts = ! *oice ( employm5t1 !re are myriads ( squ>e pegs 9 r\nd holes4 ,?is applies ) especial =ce to wom51 to :om _m ( ! squ>e holes are /ill inaccessible1 n simply ow+ to ! lack ( opportunities = individuals1 b ow+ to ! inhibitions ( cu/om &1 9 "s cases1 to n>r[ & retrograde pr(essional enactm5ts4 ,! w> has br\ght wom5 _! *ance1 n only 9 ! (fice & ! work%op1 b 9 high] adm9i/rative & organiz+ positions1 & n ! lea/ ( its results is ! revelation ( undreamt-( capacities 9 ^! directions4 ,9 ! second task1 t ( p]fect+ ! adaptation betwe5 m5 & _! tools1 we h mu* to le>n f ! indu/rial hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,x is natural = m5 to enjoy 'talk+ %op'1 & ?is esot]ic bond ( union has exi/$ betwe5 workm5 9 all ages4 ,we may be sure t !re 7 discussions among/ connoisseurs 9 ! ,/one ,age z to ! respective m]its ( _! fl9t axes1 j z !re are to-day betwe5 golf]s ab\t niblicks & putt]s1 & betwe5 surgeons z to ! te*nique ( ! extraction ( an app5dix4 ,a good workman loves 8 tools4 ,he is inde$ insep>able f !m1 z our law ackn[l$ges by =bidd+ a bankrupt's tools to be sold up4 ,give a good workman1 9 t[n or c\ntry1 a sympa!tic li/5] & he is only too ready to expatiate on 8 daily "w4 ,?is s5se ( k9%ip betwe5 m5 & _! tools & mat]ial is s little und]/ood by "s ( our mod]n exp]t organiz]s ( indu/ry t x is wor? :ile illu/rat+ x at "s l5g?4 ,i make no apology1 !re=e1 = quot+ a /rik+ passage f an essay by ,mr4 ,george ,b\rne1 :o is n a trade unioni/ or a /ud5t ( ,lab\r politics b an obs]v] ( ,engli% village life1 :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to p5etrate ! m9d ( :at is commonly reg>d$ z ! /upide/ & mo/ backw>d--z x is c]ta9ly ! lea/ articulate--class ( workm5 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! agricultural lab\r] 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 ',! m5'1 he writes1 are commonly too mode/ ab\t _! "w1 & too unconsci\s t x c int]e/ an outsid]1 to dream ( discuss+ x4 ,:at !y h to say w\ld n !re=e by itself g f> 9 demon/ration ( _! acquirem5ts 9 te*nique4 ,=tunately1 = pro( ( t we are n dep5d5t on talk4 ,besides talk !re exi/s ano!r k9d ( evid5ce op5 to e "o's exam9ation1 & ! te*nical skill ex]cis$ 9 c\ntry lab\rs may be purely d$uc$ f ! aptness & s+ul> beauty ( sundry c\ntry tools4 ,! beauty ( tools is n accid5tal1 b inh]5t & ess5tial4 ,! cont\rs ( a %ip's sail belly+ 9 ! w9d are n m inevitable1 nor m graceful1 ?an ! curves ( an adze-head or ( a pl\gh-%>e4 ,ca/ 9 iron or /eel1 ! gracefulness ( a pl\gh-%>e is m inde/ructible ?an ! metal1 yet pliant 79 ! limits ( its type7 z a l9e ( ,engli% blank v]se4 ,x *anges = diff]5t soils3 x is wid5$ out or n>r[$2 x is deep-groov$ or %all[2 n because ( caprice at ! f\ndry or to satisfy an arti/ic fad1 b to meet ! te*nical dem&s ( ! exp]t pl\ghman4 ,! mo/ famili> example ( beauty indicat+ subtle te*nique is suppli$ by ! admir$ %ape ( boats1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is s v>iable 7! /atem5t is made on ! au?ority ( an old coa/-gu>dsman7 t ! boat be/ adapt$ = "o /ret* ( %ore may be dang]\s1 if n entirely useless1 at ano!r /ret* t5 miles away4 ,& z te*nique det]m9es ! design ( a boat1 or ( a waggon1 or ( a pl\gh-%>e1 s x controls absolutely ! fa%ion+ ( tools1 & is responsible = any beauty ( =m !y may possess4 ,( all tools none1 ( c\rse1 is m exquisite ?an a fiddle-b[4 ,b ! fiddle-b[ nev] c\ld h be5 p]fect$1 because !re w\ld h be5 no call = its tap]+ delicacy1 its calculat$ balance ( lightness & /r5g?1 _h n ! viol9i/'s te*nique rea*$ su* m>vell\s f95ess ( p[]4 ,= x is ! accompli%$ arti/ :o is fa/idi\s z to 8 tools2 ! bungl+ beg9n] c bungle ) any?+4 ,! fiddle-b[1 h[ev]1 af=ds only "o example ( a rule :i* is equally well exemplifi$ by _m humbl] tools4 ,qu>ryman's peck1 coa*man's :ip1 cricket-bat1 fi%+-rod1 tr[el1 all h _! intimate relation to ! skill ( ^? :o use !m2 & l animals & plants1 adapt+ !mselves ea* to its own place 9 ! univ]sal ord]1 !y atta9 to beauty by =ce ( be+ fit4 ,t law ( adaptation :i* %apes ! w+s ( a swall[ & prescribes ! poise & elegance ( ! bran*es ( trees is ! same t dem&s symmetry 9 ! corn-rick & convexity 9 ! be]-b>rel2 ! same t1 ex]t+ itself ) mat*less precision ?r\gh ! tra9$ s5ses ( haymak]s & woodm51 gives ! f9al curve to ! h&les ( _! scy!s & ! %afts ( _! axes4 ,h5ce ! beauty ( a tool is an unfail+ sign t 9 ! prop] h&l+ ( x te*nique is pres5t 444 ',x is n ! well-in=m$ & ^? eag] to tea*'1 he says 9 ano!r passage1 :o "k ! primitive necess>y lore ( civilization2 x is ! illit]ate4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,l\is ,/ev5son f\nd m5 /udy+ ! quality ( v9es gr[n on diff]5t pockets ( e>?1 j z ! peasants ( ,burgundy & ! ,rh9e h done = ages4 ,& ev5 s ! ,engli% g5]ations h wat*$ ! produce ( _! v>y+ soils4 ,:5 or h[ 0 x le>nt--0 x at ,ox=d or at ,cambridge8--t ! apples ( ,devon%ire are s specially fit = cid]8 ,or h[ is x t hops are gr[+--"s ( !m plant$ be=e liv+ memory--all along ! /rip ( gre5 s& :i* encircles ! ,weald--t curi\s /rip to :i* text-books at la/ po9t triumphantly z be+ s+ul>ly adapt$ = hops8 ,until x got into ! books1 ?is piece ( k 0 n ?\ght ( z le>n+2 x _h m]ely be5 act$ ^u dur+ "s c5turies4 ,b su* k exi/s1 b\ndless1 9 :atev] direction "o foll[s x3 ! k ( fitt+ means to ends3 excell5t rule-(-?umb k1 z good z ! *emi/ uses = analyz+ wat]4 ,:5 ! peculi> values ( a plot ( l& h be5 e/abli%$--z1 = in/ance1 t x is a clay 'too /rong' = bricks--!n fur!r =ms ( localiz$ k are br\ght to supplem5t ?is1 until at la/ ! bricks are made4 ,next1 !y mu/ be remov$ f ! field2 & imm$iately new problems arise4 ,! old f>m-c>t1 design$ = roots or manure1 has n ! mo/ suitable %ape = brick-c>t+4 ,probably1 too1 its wide :eels1 :i* 7 int5d$ = ! s(tness ( pl\gh$ l&1 are ne$lessly clumsy = ! h>d road4 ,soon1 !re=e1 ! local :eelwright beg9s to light5 8 spokes & felloes1 & to make ! :eels a trifle less 'di%$'2 :ile 8 blacksmi? b9ds !m 9 a n>r[] b ?ick] tyre1 to :i* he gives a %ade m tightness4 ,= ! :eelwright le>ns f ! c>t]--t ignorant fell[--! answ] to ! new problems set by a load ( bricks4 ,a good c>t]1 = 8 "p1 is able to adju/ 8 lab\r to 8 locality4 ,a "p ( 8 duty consi/s 9 kn[+ :at con/itutes a fair load = 8 horse 9 ! di/rict :]e he is work+4 ,s _m hundr$ /ock bricks1 s _m m few] ( ! r$ or wire-cut1 su* & su* a quantity ( s&1 or timb]1 or /raw1 or coal1 or dra9-pipes1 or slates1 accord+ to _! k9ds & sizes1 w make z mu* z an av]age horse c draw 9 ?is neighb\rhood2 b 9 ,london ! loads are bigg] & ! vehicles heavi]2 :ile 9 m hilly p>ts 7z y may see any day 9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry7 two horses are put be=e a c>t & load :i* ! ,london c>t] w\ld deem h>dly too mu* = a co/]mong]'s donkey4 ,s x goes ?r\gh\t civilization3 !re is n an indu/ry b produces its own special k relat+ to unclassifi$ details ( adju/m5t4#gf ,x is ?is craft-k & common pr(essional feel+ :i* is at ! basis ( all associations ( workpeople1 f ! semi-religi\s societies ( anci5t times1 :i* met 9 secret to wor%ip _! patron-god--,hephae/os1 ! god ( ! metal-work]s1 or ,asclepios1 ! god ( ! doctors--?r\gh ! great guilds ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! trade unions & pr(essional organizations ( to-day4 ,trade unions d n exi/ simply to raise wages or to fight ! capitali/1 any m ?an ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association exi/s simply to raise fees & to b>ga9 ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y exi/ to s]ve a pr(essional ne$3 to unite m5 :o are do+ ! same "w & to promote ! welf>e & dignity ( t "w4 ,x is ?is :i* r5d]s s difficult ! problems ( adju/m5t :i* arise ow+ to ! introduction ( new & unfamili> processes4 ,pr(essional associations are1 & are b\nd to be1 cons]vative3 _! cons]vatism is hon\rable & to _! cr$it3 = !y are ! transmitt]s ( a great tradition4 ,! problem 9 e case is to ensure ! progress necess>y to ! community )\t injury to t s5se ( 'fell[%ip 9 ! my/]y' on :i* ! social _s ( ! p>ticul> class ( workm5 dep5ds4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view t rec5t ,am]ican proposals 9 ! direction ( 'sci5tific managem5t' are mo/ op5 to criticism3 = !y involve ! break-up ( ! craft-_s )\t sett+ any?+ comp>able 9 its place4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor1 "o ( ! inv5tors ( :at is call$ ! 'sy/em' ( sci5tific managem5t1 frankly ignores or despises ! craft-_s & proposes to treat ! workman z a be+ incapable ( und]/&+ ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! practice ( 8 art4 ,he goes s f> z to lay x d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t '9 almo/ all ! me*anic arts ! sci5ce :i* und]lies ea* act ( ea* workman is s great & am\nts to s mu* t ! workman :o is be/ suit$ to actually do+ ! "w is incapable ( fully und]/&+ ?is sci5ce1 )\t ! guidance & help ( ^? :o are work+ ) him or ov] him1 ei!r ?r\gh lack ( education or ?r\gh insuffici5t m5tal capacity'4#gg ,along ! l9es ( ?is philosophy no p]man5t indu/rial advance is possible4 ,x may improve ! product = a "t1 b only at ! co/ ( degrad+ ! produc]4 ,if we are to make happ9ess our te/1 & to /& by our def9ition ( happ9ess z involv+ free activity1 su* a sy/em1 de/ructive z x is ( any real or int5se relation%ip betwe5 ! workman & 8 "w1 /&s self-condemn$4 ,if we are look+ = real indu/rial progress x is else:]e t we mu/ turn4 ,?is leads u naturally on to ! second great division ( our subject3 progress 9 ! me?ods ( co-op]ation betwe5 man & man 9 do+ indu/rial "w4 ,= if man is a social animal 8 p[] to d 8 bit & 8 consequ5t happ9ess mu/ be d]iv$1 9 "p at lea/1 f 8 social environm5t4 ,! lonely craftsman p]fect+ 8 art 9 ! solitude ( a "o-man work%op does n correspond ) our indu/rial ideal any m ?an ! h]mit or ! monk corresponds ) our g5]al religi\s ideal4 ,x 0 ! great apo/le ( craftsman%ip1 ,william ,morris1 :o be/ set =? ! social ideal ( indu/ry 9 8 immortal s5t5ce3 ',fell[%ip is ,life & lack ( ,fell[%ip is ,dea?4' ,our /udy ( ! workman1 !n1 is n complete :5 we h se5 him ) 8 tools3 we mu/ see him also among 8 workmates4 ,we mu/ see indu/ry n simply z a process ( production b z a =m ( association2 & we mu/ realize t ! association ( human be+s = ! purpose ( indu/rial "w involves :at is j z mu* a problem ( gov]nm5t z _! association 9 ! great political community :i* we call ! ,/ate4 ,x is difficult to see ! record ( ! progress ( indu/rial gov]nm5t 9 cle> p]spective = ! simple reason t ! _w is /ill s backw>d z reg>ds ! organization ( ?is side ( its common life4 ,! !ory & practice ( indu/rial gov]nm5t is g5]ations1 ev5 c5turies1 beh9d ! !ory & practice ( politics4 ,we are /ill accu/om$ 9 indu/ry to attitudes ( m9d & me?ods ( managem5t :i* ! political ?\ght ( ! ,we/]n ,_w has long s9ce disc>d$ z incompatible ) its ideals4 ,two in/ances mu/ suffice to illu/rate ?is4 ,x is con/antly be+ said1 bo? by employ]s & by politicians1 & ev5 by writ]s 9 sympa?y ) work+-class aspirations1 t all t ! workman ne$s 9 8 life is security4 ,give him "w "u dec5t conditions1 runs ! argum5t1 ) reasonable security ( t5ure & adequate gu>antees aga9/ sickness1 disablem5t & unemploym5t1 & all w be well4 ,?is !ory ( :at con/itutes indu/rial welf>e is1 ( c\rse1 :5 "o ?9ks x out1 "s six c5turies out ( date4 ,x embodies ! ideal ( ! old feudal sy/em1 b )\t ! p]sonal tie betwe5 ma/] & man :i* humaniz$ ! feudal relation%ip4 ,feudalism1 z we saw 9 our /udy ( political gov]nm5t1 0 a sy/em ( contract betwe5 ! "l & ! lab\r] by :i* ! "l & ma/] ran ! risks1 set on foot ! ent]prises 7*iefly milit>y71 & enjoy$ ! spoils1 incid5tal to m$iaeval life1 :ile ! lab\r] /uck to 8 "w & receiv$ security & protection 9 ex*ange4 ,feudalism broke d[n because x involv$ too irksome a dep5d5ce1 because x 0 f\nd to be incompatible ) ! p]sonal indep5d5ce :i* is ! bir?right ( a mod]n man4 ,s x is idle to expect t ! ideal ( security w c>ry u v f> by itself t[>ds ! p]fect indu/rial commonweal?4 ,take a second example ( ! wide gulf t /ill subsi/s betwe5 m5's ideas ( politics & m5's ideas ( indu/ry4 ,x is q common1 ev5 9 ^! latt] days1 & among ^? :o h freely sacrific$ _! ne>e/ & de>e/ to ! claims ( ! ,/ate1 to he> manufactur]s & m]*ants say t !y h a '"r to a good pr(it'4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade rem>k$ op5ly 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons aft] _m mon?s ( w> t x 0 m ?an "o c\ld expect ( human nature = coal-own]s n to get ! highe/ price !y c\ld4 ,su* a /&po9t is n m]ely indec5t3 x is hopelessly out-(-date4 ,look$ at f ! political po9t ( view x is a pure ana*ronism4 ,!re us$ to be times :5 m5 made l>ge =tunes out ( ! s]vice ( gov]nm5t1 z m5 /ill make !m out ( ! s]vice ( ! community 9 trade & indu/ry to-day4 ,9 ! days ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 :5 tax-ga!r+ 0 let out by contract1 ! apo/le's p>tn]s w\ld probably h decl>$1 z ,mr4 ,runciman does to-day1 t x 0 m ?an "o c\ld expect ( human nature t a publican :o _h a gov]nm5t contract = ! collection ( ! taxes %\ld n get all he c\ld out ( ! tax-pay]4 ,x is1 inde$1 little m ?an a c5tury ago s9ce x 0 a matt] ( c\rse 9 ?is c\ntry to look ^u ov]sea colonies m]ely z plantations--t is1 z bus9ess inve/m5ts r ?an z communities ( human be+s4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,*>t]$ ,company gov]nm5t m>ks a survival ( ?is habit ( m9d4 ,! old colonial sy/em1 :i* embodi$ ?is po9t ( view1 prov$ demoraliz+ n only to ! home gov]nm5t b to ! coloni/s1 z a simil> view is to ! work+ class1 & x l$ to ! loss ( ! ,am]ican colonies z surely z a simil> attitude on ! "p ( employ]s leads to unre/ & rebellion among workpeople to-day4 ,we h ?us a long way to travel be=e ! ideals ( politics h be5 assimilat$ into ! indu/rial life ( ! community & h f\nd fitt+ embodim5t 9 its k9dr$ & m complex problems4 ,b at lea/ we h rea*$ a po9t :]e we c see :at ! problem ( indu/rial gov]nm5t is4 ,we c say ) assurance t a sy/em :i* treats human be+s purely z in/rum5ts or z passive s]vants1 & atrophies _! self-det]m9ation & _! s5se ( individual & corporate responsibility1 is z f> f p]fection 9 indu/ry z ! ,roman ,empire 0 9 politics4 ,r5an's words ab\t '! intol]able sadness' incid5tal to su* a me?od ( organization apply ) r$\bl$ =ce to occupations :i* take up ! be/ "p ( ! day ( ! mass ( ! work+ population4 ,! bleak & loveless build+s1 ) _! bel*+ *imneys1 :i* arre/ ! eye ( ! ?\ghtful travell] 9 ! indu/rial di/ricts ( ,engl& are n prisons or workh\ses4 ,b !y (t5 look z if !y 71 & !y resemble !m 9 ?is--t !y too (t5 /& = simil>ly au?orit>ian ideas ( gov]nm5t & direction4 ,indu/ry is /ill an autocracy1 z politics 0 9 ! days be=e ! supremacy ( ,p>liam5t4 ,p[] /ill desc5ds f above in/ead ( spr++ f bel[4 ,x is a p[] limit$ no d\bt by trade union action & p>liam5t>y & adm9i/rative control3 b x is 9 ess5ce z autocratic z ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl& us$ to be be=e ! transf]5ce ( sov]eignty f ! mon>* to ! repres5tatives ( 8 subjects4 ,x 0 rec5tly ann\nc$ 9 ! press t ,"l ,rhondda _h b\ght a gr\p ( ,wel% colli]ies = #b millions1 & t z a result ',"l ,rhondda n[ controls ov] #c-a_/b millions ( capital1 pays #b-a_/b millions 9 wages e ye>1 & is virtually ! dictator ( ! economic de/9y ( a qu>t] ( a million m9]s4 ,rum\rs are also curr5t'1 ! extract cont9ues1 't ,"l ,rhondda is ext5d+ 8 control ov] ! press ( ,wales'4#gh ,! exi/5ce ( su* p[] 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury 9 ! h&s ( s+le individuals1 n select$ f ! mass = _! special wisdom or humanity1 is a /up5d\s fact :i* mu/ give pause to any "o :o is incl9$ to feel complac5t ab\t mod]n indu/rial progress4 ,9 days gone by political p[] 0 z irresponsible z ! economic p[] wield$ to-day by ,"l ,rhondda2 & x desc5d$ f fa!r to son by h]$it>y "r 9 ! same way z ! control ov] ! lives ( c\ntless ,am]ican work]s desc5ds to-day z a matt] ( c\rse f ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] s5ior to ,john ,d4 ,rockefell] junior4 ,if !re is any reality at all 9 our political fai? we mu/ believe t a simil> developm5t t[>ds self-gov]nm5t c & mu/ take place 9 indu/ry4 ,x may be t g5]ations w elapse be=e ! problems ( indu/rial gov]nm5t f9d a f9al & satisfactory con/itutional solution4 ,b at lea/ we c say t !re is only "o basis = t solution :i* is compatible ) a s\nd ideal ( gov]nm5t1 or inde$ ) any reason$ view ( morality or religion--! basis ( individual & corporate fre$om ) its correspond+ obligations ( responsibility & self-respect4 ,no nation1 z ,abraham ,l9coln said1 c rema9 half-slave & half-free3 & x 0 a great] ?an ,l9coln :o w>n$ u t we _c s]ve bo? ,god & ,mammon4 ,x is ?is und]ly+ conflict ( ideals 9 ! organization ( our exi/+ economic sy/em :i* is ! real cause ( ! ',lab\r unre/' ( :i* we h he>d s mu* 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,) ?is w>n+ 9 our m9ds z to ! imp]fections ( our mod]n indu/rial organization1 let u briefly survey ! record ( ! =ms ( economic association :i* prec$$ x4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( indu/rial gr\p+ is1 ( c\rse1 ! family2 & ! family1 z we all "k1 /ill reta9s its primitive "* 9 "s occupations z a conv5i5t =m ( productive association4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 agriculture 9 communities :]e peasant hold+s prevail4 ,b ! family is s mu* m ?an an indu/rial gr\p t x h>dly falls to u to consid] x fur!r "h4 ,outside ! family prop]1 indu/rial "w among primitive peoples is (t5 c>ri$ on by slaves4 ,x 0 a /ep =w>d 9 human progress :5 primitive man f\nd t x 0 m advantage\s to capture 8 enemies ?an to kill or eat !m2 & x 0 a /ill great] /ep =w>d :5 he f\nd t !re 0 m to be got out ( slaves by k9d treatm5t ?an by compulsion4 ,?is is n ! place 9 :i* to g into ! vex$ que/ions connect$ ) v>i\s =ms ( slav]y4 ,suffice x to say t x is a pr(\nd mi/ake to dismiss ! :ole sy/em 9 "o undiscrim9at+ condemnation4 ,slav]y involves ! d5ial ( fre$om1 & z su* x c nev] be good4 ,b o!r sy/ems besides slav]y implicitly involve ! d5ial ( fre$om4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ arti/ic "w 9 ! _w has be5 done by slaves--& by slaves n work+ "u compulsion b 9 ! company ( free m5 & on t]ms ( indu/rial equality ) !m4 ,?is %\ld s]ve to rem9d u t1 9 judg+ ( sy/ems ( indu/ry1 we mu/ look beh9d ! lett] ( ! law to ! _s ( ! times & ( social in/itutions4 ,slav]y at its be/ m]ges ins5sibly into wage-lab\r at its l[] end4 ,_m ( ! skill$ slaves ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome are h>dly di/+ui%able 9 /atus f a mod]n workman b\nd by an unusually long & /rict ind5ture & paid = 8 "w n only 9 money b p>tly 9 truck4 ,9 ord] to /imulate _! productive capacity x 0 f\nd necess>y 9 ,greece & ,rome to all[ skill$ slaves to e>n & reta9 money--al?\gh 9 ! eye ( ! law !y 7 n entitl$ to d s2 & !y 7 ?us frequ5tly 9 a position to pur*ase _! own fre$om & become indep5d5t craftsm54 ,slav]y 9 ! h\sehold & 9 small work%ops is op5 to _m & s]i\s dang]s1 :i* ne$ n be p>ticul>iz$ "h2 b ! wor/ abuses ( slav]y h always tak5 place :]e slaves h be5 easily recruit$1 z 9 ! e>ly days ( ,european contact ) ,africa1 & :5 !re 7 l>ge op5+s = _! employm5t 9 gangs on "w ( a r\gh & unskill$ "*4 ,! problem ( slav]y 9 its worse =ms is ?us at bottom a *eap-lab\r problem analog\s to t :i* confronts ,nor? ,am]ica & ,s\? ,africa to-day2 & !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce :i* is (t5 ignor$ betwe5 ! educat$ slave 9 a ,roman ,gov]nm5t (fice :o did ! "w ( a ,fir/ ,division ,civil ,s]vant = 8 imp]ial ma/] & 8 compe] work+ 9 ! fields ( ,s\? ,italy3 & betwe5 ! h\sehold s]vants ( a ,virg9ian family & ! plantation-slaves ( ! f>!r ,s\?4 ,let u rememb]1 9 pass+ judgem5t on :at is admitt$ly an indef5sible sy/em1 t dur+ ! w> :i* result$ 9 ! free+ ( ! ,am]ican slaves ! slavehold]s ( ! ,s\? tru/$ _! h\sehold slaves to protect ! wom5 & *ildr5 dur+ _! abs5ce f home & t t tru/ 0 n[h]e betray$4 ,!re is ano!r side to ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 z surely z !re is ano!r side to ,mr4 ,c>negie's paean ( mod]n indu/rialism 9 8 ,triumphant ,democracy4 ,sy/ems ( s]fdom or ca/e :i* b9d ! workman to 8 "w )\t p]mitt+ him to be sold l a slave may be reg>d$ z "o /ep high] ?an slav]y prop]4 ,su* sy/ems are common 9 /able & cu/om-b\nd c\ntries1 & p]si/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,european ,middle ,ages4 ,we ne$ n describe h[ ! ris+ tide ( *ange gradually broke up ! sy/em 9 ?is c\ntry & left ! old-"t ville9 a free b (t5 a l&less & prop]ty less man4 ,! transition f s]fdom to ! sy/em ( wage-lab\r :i* succe$$ x 0 a transition f legal dep5d5ce to legal fre$om1 & z su* x m>k$ an advance4 ,b x 0 also a transition f a fix$ &1 z x 71 a pr(essional position ( s]vice to ! community to a bl9d & prec>i\s individualism4 ,x 0 a transition1 z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e put x1 f /atus to contract4 ,?is fam\s n9ete5?-c5tury aphorism is eloqu5t ( ! limitations ( t too purely comm]cial age4 ,e ?9k+ man w\ld admit to-day t /atus at its be/ is a bett] ?+ ?an contract at its be/--t ! soldi] is a nobl] figure ?an ! army contractor1 & t corporate feel+ & pr(essional hon\r are a bett] /imulus to "r action ?an bus9ess competition & a laudable ke5ness to give satisfaction to a valuable cu/om]4 ,we h always suff]$ f ! temptation 9 ?is c\ntry ( adapt+ bus9ess me?ods & ideals to politics r ?an political ideals & me?ods to bus9ess4 ,our eighte5?-c5tury ?9k]s expla9$ citiz5%ip itself1 n z a duty to our neighb\rs b z ! fulfilm5t ( an unwritt5 contract4 ,our n9ete5?-c5tury legal writ]s elevat$ ! idea ( free contract almo/ to an indu/rial ideal2 :ile1 9 some:at ! same _s1 ! gutt] j\rnali/s ( to-day1 :5 !y are at a loss = a popul> wat*word1 call = a bus9ess gov]nm5t4 ,su* !ories & battle-cries may s]ve = a 'nation ( %opkeep]s'2 b t opprobri\s phrase has nev] be5 true ( ! great mass ( ! ,engli% p1 & x 0 nev] less true ?an to-day4 ,! idea ( indu/rial "w z ! fulfilm5t ( a contract1 :e!r freely or =cibly made1 is ?us ess5tially at v>iance ) ! ideal ( community s]vice4 ,x is difficult = a man :o makes 8 livelihood by hir+ himself out z an individual = :at he c get out ( "o piece ( "w aft] ano!r to feel ! same s5se ( community s]vice or pr(essional pride z ! man :o is s]v+ a vocation & has d$icat$ 8 tal5ts to "s cont9u\s & recogniz$ =m ( "w4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! sy/em ( wage-lab\r s unsatisfactory 9 pr9ciple comp>$ ) ! guilds ( ! t[n workm5 9 ! ,middle ,ages & ) ! organiz$ pr(essions ( to-day2 & x is ?is :i* expla9s :y trade unions ( rec5t ye>s h come to conc]n !mselves m & m ) que/ions ( /atus r ?an ( wages & to reg>d ! occupation :i* !y repres5t m & m z a pr(ession r ?an a trade4 ,no "o has laid b>e ! defici5cies ( ! wage-sy/em m cle>ly ?an ,adam ,smi? 9 ! fam\s *apt] 9 :i* he =e%ad[s ! pr9ciple ( collective b>ga9+4 ',:at are ! common wages ( lab\r'1 he !re rem>ks1#gi 'dep5ds ev]y:]e ^u ! contract usually made betwe5 ^? two p>ties1 ^: int]e/s are by no means ! same4 ,! workm5 desire to get z mu*1 ! ma/]s to give z little1 z possible4 ,! =m] are dispos$ to comb9e 9 ord] to raise1 ! latt] 9 ord] to l[]1 ! wages ( lab\r4444 ,we r>ely he>1 x has be5 said1 ( ! comb9ations ( ma/]s1 ?\gh frequ5tly ( ^? ( workm54 ,b :oev] imag9es1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 t ma/]s r>ely comb9e is z ignorant ( ! _w z ( ! subject4 ,ma/]s are always & ev]y:]e 9 a sort ( tacit b con/ant & uni=m comb9ation n to raise ! wages ( lab\r above _! actual rate4 ,to violate ?is comb9ation is ev]y:]e a mo/ unpopul> action & a sort ( reproa* to a ma/] among 8 neighb\rs & equals4 ,we seldom1 inde$1 he> ( ?is comb9ation1 because x is ! usual1 & "o may say1 ! natural /ate ( ?+s :i* nobody ev] he>s (4 ,ma/]s1 too1 sometimes ent] into p>ticul> comb9ations to s9k ! wages ( lab\r ev5 bel[ ?is rate4 ,^! are always conduct$ ) ! utmo/ secrecy till ! mom5t ( execution2 &1 :5 ! workm5 yield1 z !y sometimes d )\t resi/ance1 ?\gh sev]ely felt by !m1 !y are nev] he>d ( by o!r p4 ,su* comb9ations1 h[ev]1 are frequ5tly resi/$ by a contr>y def5sive comb9ation ( ! workm51 :o sometimes1 too1 )\t any provocation ( ?is k9d1 comb9e ( _! own accord to raise ! price ( lab\r4 ,_! usual pret5ces are1 sometimes ! high price ( provisions1 sometimes ! great pr(it :i* _! ma/]s make by _! "w4' ,^! words 7 writt5 #adj ye>s ago1 b1 z we all "k1 !y are /ill true ( ! work+ ( ! sy/em to-day4 ,inde$ ! w> has s]v$ to emphasize _! tru? by %[+ u h[ deeply entr5*$ are ! habits ( b>ga9+ & ( lat5t antagonism :i* ! work+ ( ! wage-sy/em has eng5d]$4 ,x is ! defect ( ! wage-sy/em1 z ,adam ,smi? makes cle> to u1 t x lays /ress on j ^? po9ts 9 ! indu/rial process :]e ! int]e/s ( employ]s & workpeople run contr>y to "o ano!r1 :il/ obscur+ ^? f> m important aspects 9 :i* !y are p>tn]s & fell[-work]s 9 ! s]vice ( ! community4 ,?is defect _c be ov]come by /r5g!n+ "o p>ty to ! contract at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 by cru%+ trade unions or dissolv+ employ]s' comb9ations1 or ev5 by e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple ( collective b>ga9+4 ,x c only be ov]come by ! recognition on bo? sides t indu/ry is 9 ess5ce n a matt] ( contract & b>ga9+ at all1 b ( mutual int]dep5d5ce & community s]vice3 & by ! gr[? ( a new ideal ( /atus1 a new s5se ( pr(essional pride & corporate duty & self-respect among all :o are engag$ 9 ! same function4 ,no "o c say h[ long x may take to br+ ab\t su* a fundam5tal *ange ( attitude1 especially among ^? :o h mo/ to lose1 9 ! mat]ial s5se1 by an alt]ation 9 ! exi/+ di/ribution ( economic p[]4 ,b ! w> has cle>$ away s mu* ( prejudice & set s mu* ( our life 9 a new light t ! dim ideals ( to-day may well be ! realities ( to-morr[4 ,?is at lea/ we c say3 t no c\ntry 9 ! _w is 9 a bett] position ?an we are to r$eem mod]n indu/ry f ! reproa* ( mat]ialism & to set x firmly ^u a spiritual basis1 & t ! c\ntry :i* %all fir/ h _h ! wisdom & ! c\rage to d s w be ! pione] 9 a va/ ext5sion ( human lib]ty & happ9ess & w h %[n t along ?is road & no o!r lies ! indu/rial progress ( mank9d4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce #a4 ,economics3 ,h4 ,clay1 ,economics = ! ,g5]al ,read]4 #aiaf4 ,rusk91 ,unto ?is la/4 ,sm>t1 ,second ,?\ghts ( an ,economi/4 #aiaf4 #b4 ,man & 8 ,tools3 ,m>v91 ,! ,liv+ ,pa/4 #aiac4 ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5tific ,managem5t4 #aiaa4 ,hoxie1 ,sci5tific ,managem5t & ,lab\r4 #aiaf4 #c4 ,indu/rial ,gov]nm5t3 ,ari/otle1 ,politics 7,book ,i1 *apt]s on ,slav]y74 ,zimm]n1 ,! ,greek ,commonweal? 7*apt]s on ,slav]y74 #aiaa4 ,a%ley1 ,! ,economic ,organization ( ,engl&4 #aiad4 ,unw91 ,indu/rial ,organization 9 ! ,sixte5? & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies4 ,s4 & ,b4 ,webb1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,trade ,unionism4 ,macgregor1 ,! ,evolution ( ,indu/ry 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,wallas1 ,! ,great ,society4 #aiad4 ,g4 ,d4 ,h4 ,cole1 ,! ,_w ( ,lab\r4 #aiae4 ,r\nd ,table1 ,june #aiaf 7,article on ! ,lab\r ,movem5t & ! ,future ( ,briti% ,indu/ry74 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,includ+ ! well-be+ ( ! produc]s--a po9t :i* is too (t5 ov]look$4 #fh ,on ?is po9t see ,pov]ty & ,wa/e1 by ,h>tley ,)]s1 #aiad1 writt5 be=e ! w>1 :i* has driv5 its lessons home4 #fi ,! ,liv+ ,pa/1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #gj ,second ,?\ghts ( an ,economi/1 p4 #hi4 #ga ,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 vol4 i1 p4 #aa4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 8 late/ book1 ,inv5tors & ,money-mak+1 lectures on "s relations betwe5 ,economics & ,psy*ology 7#aiae71 ,pr(essor ,taussig to "s ext5t goes back ^u ! po9t ( view ( ! extract giv5 above4 #gb ,a simil> inquiry on a mu* l>g] scale 0 made by ,adolf ,lev9/e9 9 8 book ,die ,arbeit]frage 7,muni*1 #aiaj74 ,he exam9$ #d1jjj workpeople1 consi/+ ( coalm9]s1 cotton op]atives1 & eng9e]s4 ,) ! exception ( a few turn]s & fitt]s almo/ all repli$ t !y f\nd little or no pleasure 9 _! "w4 #gc ,! ,great ,society1 p4 #cfc4 #gd ,especially ! wond]ful results obta9$ f ! "y crim9als at ! ,little ,commonweal? 9 ,dorset%ire4 #ge ,see ,read+s 9 ,vocational ,guidance by ,mey] ,bloomfield 7,bo/on1 #aiae74 #gf ,lucy ,betteswor?1 pp4 #agh-hj1 & #bad-af4 #gg ,?is s5t5ce is practically an unconsci\s p>aphrase ( a passage f ,ari/otle's def5ce ( slav]y4 #gh ,! ,wel% ,outlook1 ,augu/ #aiaf1 p4 #bgb4 #gi ,weal? ( ,nations1 ,book ,i1 *4 viii4 ,,ix ,,progress ,,9 ,,art ,a4 ,,clutton ,,brock ,x is (t5 said t !re c be no su* ?+ z progress 9 art4 ,at "o "t ! arts fl\ri%1 at ano!r !y decay3 b1 z ,:i/l] put x1 art happ5s z m5 ( g5ius happ52 & m5 _c make x happ54 ,!y _c discov] :at circum/ances fav\r art1 & !re=e !y _c attempt to produce ^? circum/ances4 ,!re are p]iods ( c\rse 9 :i* ! arts1 or "s "o p>ticul> art1 progress4 ,"o g5]ation may excel ! la/2 ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations an art may seem to be ru%+ to its consummation4 ,?is happ5$ ) ,greek sculpture & ! ,greek drama 9 ! six? & fif? c5turies2 ) ar*itecture & all k9dr$ arts 9 we/]n ,europe 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 & at ! same "t ) _m arts 9 ,*9a4 ,x happ5$ ) pa9t+ & sculpture 9 ,italy 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ) lit]ature 9 ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) music 9 ,g]many 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5?4 ,b 9 all ^! cases !re foll[$ a decl9e1 (t5 q unconsci\s at ! "t & "o ( :i* we _c discov] ! causes4 ,attempts are made by hi/orians ( ! arts to /ate ! causes2 b !y satisfy only ^? :o make !m1 = !y are1 9 fact1 only /atem5ts ( ! symptoms ( decl9e4 ,!y tell u :at happ5$1 n :y x happ5$4 ,& !y all seem to po9t to two conclusions ab\t ! c\rse ( ! arts1 bo? ( :i* w\ld make u despair ( any settl$ progress 9 !m4 ,! fir/ is t ! practice ( any art by any p>ticul> p always foll[s a c]ta9 natural c\rse ( gr[?1 culm9ation1 & decay4 ,at lea/ x always foll[s ?is c\rse :]e an art is practis$ naturally & !re=e ) success4 ,art 9 fact1 9 its actual manife/ations1 is l ! life ( an individual human be+ & subject to inexorable natural laws4 ,x is born1 z m5 are born1 )\t ! ex]cise ( w2 & 9 ! same way x passes ?r\gh y\?1 maturity1 & old age4 ,! second conclusion foll[s f ?is1 & x is t "o nation or age _c take up an art :]e ano!r has left x4 ,t is :]e art seems to diff] f sci5ce4 ,! mass ( k acquir$ 9 "o c\ntry c1 if t c\ntry loses en]gy to apply or increase x1 be utiliz$ by ano!r4 ,b we _c s make use ( ! art ( ! ,greeks or ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance or ( our own ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! ,go?ic revival we tri$ to make use ( ! art ( ! ,middle ,ages & we fail$ disa/r\sly4 ,we imitat$ )\t und]/&+1 & we c\ld n und]/& because we 7 n ourselves liv+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,art1 9 fact1 is always a gr[? ( its own "t :i* _c be transplant$1 & no "o c tell :y x gr[s 9 "o "t & among "o p & n 9 ano!r4 ,t is :at we are always told1 & yet we nev] q believe all ( x4 ,=1 z art is a product ( ! human m9d1 x mu/ also be a product ( ! human w1 unless x is altoge!r unconsci\s l a dream4 ,b t x is n2 = m5 produce x 9 _! wak+ h\rs & ) ! consci\s ex]cise ( _! faculties4 ,if a man pa9ts a picture he does s because he wants to pa9t "o4 ,he ex]cises w & *oice 9 all 8 actions1 & ! man :o buys a picture does ! same4 ,we talk ( inspiration 9 ! arts z some?+ t _c be comm&$1 b !re is also inspiration 9 ! sci5ces4 ,no man c make a sci5tific discov]y by ! pure ex]cise ( 8 w4 ,x jumps into "o m9d & n into ano!r j l an arti/ic inspiration4 ,& fur!r we are taught & tra9$ 9 ! arts z 9 ! sci5ces2 & success 9 bo? dep5ds a great deal ^u ! nature ( ! tra9+4 ,9 bo? good tra9+ w n give g5ius or inspiration to ^? :o are )\t x2 b x w enable ^? :o possess x to make ! mo/ ( x2 &1 :at is m1 x w enable ev5 ! m$iocre to produce "w ( "s value4 ,:at /rikes u mo/ ab\t ! ,flor5t9e s*ool ( pa9t+ ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies is ! fact t its second-rate pa9t]s are s good1 t we c enjoy _! works ev5 :5 !y are m]ely imitative4 ,b ! ,flor5t9e s*ool excell$ all o!rs ( ! "t 9 its tea*+2 mo/ pa9t]s ( o!r s*ools 9 ,italy le>nt f ,flor5ce2 & ! inspiration came to !m f ,flor5ce1 !y 7 quick5$ f ,flor5ce1 h[ev] mu* _! art kept its own natural "*4 ,b ?is s*ool :i* _h ! be/ tea*+ also produc$ ! mo/ pa9t]s ( g5ius4 ,its level 0 high] & its heights 7 high]2 & = ?is reason1 t ! :ole ,flor5t9e intellect w5t bo? into ! tea*+ & into ! practice ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! ,flor5t9e 0 able to put all 8 m9d1 ! sci5tific faculties z well z ! ae/hetic1 into 8 art4 ,he nev] reli$ m]ely on 8 temp]am5t or 8 mood4 ,he 0 eag] = k4 ,x 0 n en\gh = him to pa9t ?+s z he saw !m2 he tri$ to discov] h[ !y 7 made1 :at 7 ! laws ( _! gr[? & con/ruction2 & 8 k ( ^! ?+s *ang$ ! "* ( 8 vision1 made him see ! human body1 = in/ance1 z no m$iaeval arti/ _h ev] se5 x2 made him see x z an eng9e] sees a ma*9e4 ,j z an eng9e] sees m 9 a ma*9e ?an a man :o does n und]/& its work+1 s ! ,flor5t9e saw m 9 ! human body ?an a m$iaeval arti/4 ,he saw x ) a sci5tific z well z an ae/hetic passion1 & all ?is sci5ce ( 8 enri*$ 8 art s t !re has nev] s9ce be5 draw+ l ! ,flor5t9e1 draw+ at once s logical & s expressive4 ,! ,flor5t9es 9 fact did ex]cise _! w ^u _! art m ?an any o!r mod]n arti/s1 m1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r arti/s kn[n to u1 & _! pa9t+ & sculpture 7 ! greate/ ( ! mod]n _w4 ,yet ! fact rema9s t ,flor5t9e art decl9$ sudd5ly & irresi/ibly1 & t all ! ,flor5t9e intellect1 :i* /ill rema9$ rem>kable & produc$ m5 ( sci5ce l ,galileo1 c\ld n arre/ t decl9e4 ,inde$ ! ,flor5t9es !mselves seem n to h be5 consci\s ( x4 ,!y ?\ght t ! dull imitators ( ,mi*elangelo 7 great] ?an 8 great pr$ecessors4 ,z we say1 _! ta/e became bad1 _! values 7 p]v]t$2 & ) t p]v]sion all _! natural g5ius = ! arts 0 wa/$4 ,to ?is day ,c>lo ,dolci is ! fav\rite pa9t] ( ! ord9>y ,flor5t9e4 ,he 0 a man ( "s ability1 & he pa9t$ pictures at once feeble & revolt+ because he himself & 8 public lik$ su* pictures4 ,!re is no acc\nt+ = ta/es1 we say1 & 9 say+ t we despair ( progress 9 ! arts4 ,= x is ultimately ?is unacc\ntable ?+ call$ ta/e1 & n ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( g5ius1 :i* det]m9es :e!r ! arts %all ?rive or decay 9 any p>ticul> age or c\ntry4 ,p (t5 say t !y "k no?+ ab\t art1 b t !y d "k :at !y l2 & :at !y imply is t !re is no?+ to be kn[n ab\t art except y\r own likes & dislikes1 & fur!r t no man c control ^?4 ,! ,flor5t9es ( ! sev5te5? c5tury happ5$ to l ,c>lo ,dolci1 :]e ! ,flor5t9es ( ! fifte5? _h lik$ ,botticelli4 ,t is ! only explanation we c give ( ! decl9e ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+4 ,x is ( c\rse no explanation2 & because no explanation beyond x has be5 giv51 we are told t !re c be no su* ?+ z progress 9 ! arts4 ,t is ! lesson ( hi/ory4 ,we are f> beyond ! ,egyptians 9 sci5ce1 b c]ta9ly n beyond !m 9 art4 ,inde$ "o might say t !re has be5 a cont9ual sl[ decl9e 9 all ! arts ( ,europe1 except music1 s9ce ! ye> #aejj1 & t music itself has be5 sl[ly decl9+ s9ce ! dea? ( ,bee?ov54 ,b ) ?is sl[ inexorable decl9e ( ! arts !re has be5 a great advance 9 ne>ly ev]y?+ else1 9 k1 9 p[]1 ev5 9 morality4 ,^u ev]y?+ man has be5 able to ex]cise 8 w except ^u ! arts4 ,:]e he has really wi%$ = progress !re he has got x1 except 9 ?is "o case4 ,!re=e x seems t ^u ! arts he _c ex]cise 8 w1 & t !y alone ( all 8 activities are n capable ( progress4 ,:at d we mean by progress except ! successful ex]cise ( ! human w 9 a "r direction8 ,t is :at di/+ui%es progress f natural gr[?2 t alone c pres]ve x f natural processes ( decay4 ,!re are p :o say t x does n exi/1 t ev]y?+ :i* happ5s to man is a natural process ( gr[? or decay4 ,:e!r t is s or n1 we d mean by progress some?+ diff]5t f ^! natural processes4 ,:5 we speak ( x we d imply ! ex]cise ( ! human w1 man's comm& ov] circum/ances2 & ^? :o d5y progress altoge!r d5y t man has any w or any comm& ov] circum/ances4 ,= !m ?+s happ5 to man & t is all1 x is n man's w t makes ?+s happ54 ,b if we use ! ^w progress at all1 we imply t x is man's w t makes ?+s happ54 ,& s9ce man is evid5tly liable to decl9e z well z progress1 x foll[s t if we believe man to be capable ( ex]cis+ 8 w 9 a "r direction we mu/ also believe t he c & does ex]cise x 9 a wrong direction4 ,i assume t man has ?is p[] bo? = good & = evil4 ,if ,i did n1 ,i %\ld n be address+ y ^u ! "q :e!r man is capable ( progress 9 ! arts1 b ^u ! "q :e!r he is capable ( progress at all4 ,& ,i %\ld be try+ to prove t he is n4 ,z x is1 ! "q ,i h to discuss is :e!r he has ! p[] ( ex]cis+ = good or evil 8 w ^u ! arts z ^u o!r ?+s2 & hi!rto ,i h be5 giv+ y c]ta9 facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts :i* seem to prove t he is n4 ,!y all am\nt to ?is--t man has n hi!rto succe$$ 9 ex]cis+ 8 w ^u ! arts2 t he has n produc$ good art because he wi%$ to produce x4 ,we1 = in/ance1 wi% to excel 9 ! arts2 we h f> m p[] ?an ! anci5t ,greeks or ,egyptians2 b we h n be5 able to apply t p[] to ! arts4 ,9 !m we are consci\s ( a /range impot5ce4 ,we _c build l our =efa!rs ( ! ,middle ,ages1 we _c make furniture l our great-gr&fa!rs ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,g into an old *ur*y>d & look at ! tomb/ones ( ! pa/ & pres5t4 ,y w see t ! lett]+ is always f9e up to ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 t g5]ation !re is a rapid decl9e2 & s9ce ab\t #ahcj !re has be5 no dec5t lett]+ ^u tomb/ones except :at has be5 produc$ 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s or s by ! consci\s ef=t ( a few individual arti/s ( great natural tal5t & high tra9+4 ,if ,i want good lett]+ on a tomb/one ,i h to employ "o ( ^! arti/s & to pay him a high price = 8 tal5t & 8 tra9+4 ,b t is only "o example ( a univ]sal decl9e 9 all ! arts ( use1 a decl9e :i* happ5$ r\ghly betwe5 ! ye>s #ahjj & #ahcj4 ,& ! significant fact ab\t x is t :5 x happ5$ no "o 0 aw>e ( x4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ?is arti/ic cata/rophe1 f> ! swifte/ & mo/ univ]sal kn[n to u 9 ! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory1 0 nev] ev5 m5tion$ 9 contempor>y lit]ature4 ,! poets1 ! lov]s ( beauty1 did n speak ( x4 ,!y talk$ ab\t nature1 n ab\t art4 ,!re is n a h9t ( x 9 ! lett]s ( ,%elley or ,keats4 ,!re is j a h9t ( x 9 "s say+s ( ,blake2 b t is all4 ,"o w\ld suppose t su* a cata/rophe w\ld h fill$ ! m9ds ( all m5 :o 7 n entirely occupi$ ) ! /ruggle = life1 t all w\ld h se5 t a glory 0 pass+ away f ! e>?1 & w\ld h made "s desp]ate /ruggle to pres]ve x4 ,b1 z ,i say1 !y saw no?+ ( x4 ,!y 7 n aw>e t a univ]sal ugl9ess 0 tak+ ! place ( beauty 9 all ?+s made by man2 & !re=e ! new ugl9ess mu/ h pleas$ !m z mu* z ! old beauty4 ,s x appe>s once aga9 t !re is no acc\nt+ = ta/es1 & no te/ t we c apply to !m4 ,:5 sci5ce decl9es1 m5 at lea/ "k t !y h less p[]4 ,!y are m subject to pe/il5ce :5 !y =get m$ic9e & sanitation2 _! ma*9es become useless to !m :5 !y no long] "k h[ to "w !m2 !re is an>*y :5 !y lose _! political goodwill4 ,b :5 _! ta/e decays !y d n "k t x has decay$4 ,& ) x decays _! arti/ic capacity1 s t1 q complac5tly1 !y lose ! p[] ( do+ dec5tly a ?\s& ?+s t _! fa!rs did excell5tly4 ,b "h sudd5ly ,i am br\ght to a /op by a new fact 9 human hi/ory4 ,! arts h decl9$1 b our complac5cy ov] _! decl9e has ceas$4 ,! fir/ man :o di/urb$ x 0 ,rusk94 ,x 0 he :o saw ! cata/rophe t _h happ5$4 ,sudd5ly he 0 aw>e ( x2 sudd5ly he escap$ f ! univ]sal tyranny ( ! bad ta/e ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to d5y t !re 0 no acc\nt+ = ta/es2 ! fir/ to d5y1 inde$1 t ! ord9>y man did "k :at he lik$4 ,& he 0 foll[$ ) m k & practical p[]1 9 fact ) m sci5ce1 by ,william ,morris4 ,:at bo? ( ^! great m5 really said 0 t ta/e is n unacc\ntable2 t ! mass ( m5 d n "k :at !y l1 t !y d n apply _! intellect & w to :at !y suppose to be _! likes & dislikes1 & t !y c\ld apply _! intellect & w to ^! ?+s if !y *ose4 ,:5 we say t !re is no acc\nt+ = ta/es we imply t ta/es are always real1 t1 :e!r good or bad1 !y happ5 to m5 )\t any ex]cise ( _! w4 ,b ,rusk9 & ,morris impli$ t we mu/ ex]cise our w & our intellig5ce to discov] :at our ta/es really are2 t ?is discov]y is n at all easy1 b t1 if we d n make x1 we are at ! m]cy1 n ( our own real ta/es1 b ( an unreal ?+ :i* is call$ ! public ta/e1 or ( equally unreal reactions aga9/ x4 ,we ?9k t we l :at we suppose o!r p to l1 & ^! o!r p too ?9k t !y l :at no "o really likes4 ,or 9 m]e bl9d reaction we ?9k t we dislike :at ! mob likes4 ,b 9 ei!r case our likes & dislikes are n ours at all &1 :at is m1 !y are no "o's4 ,ta/e 9 fact is bad because x is n any "o's ta/e1 because no "o's w is ex]cis$ 9 x or ^u x4 ,:5 x is good1 x is always real ta/e1 t is to say "s real p]son's ta/e4 ,9 ! "w ( art ! arti/ does :at he really likes to d & expresses "s real passion ( 8 own1 n "s passion :i* he believes t he1 z an arti/1 ought to express4 ,art1 said ,morris1 is ! expression ( ! workman's pleasure 9 8 "w4 ,x _c be real art unless x is a real pleasure4 ,& s ! public w n dem& real art unless !y too take a real pleasure 9 x4 ,if !y d n "k :at !y really l1 !y w n dem& ( ! arti/ :at !y really l or :at he really likes4 ,!y w dem& some?+ tiresome & ins9c]e1 & by ! tyranny ( _! dem& w set him to produce x4 ,t 0 :at happ5$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ne>ly all ! arts & especially 9 ! arts ( use4 ,x _h happ5$ be=e 9 diff]5t ages & c\ntries1 especially 9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 & ! arts ( use z !y 7 patroniz$ by ! vulg> ri*1 su* z ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,b n[ x happ5$ sudd5ly & univ]sally to all arts4 ,!re 7 no long] vulg> ri* only b also vulg> poor & vulg> middle-classes4 ,ev]y:]e !re spread a k9d ( ae/hetic snobb]y :i* obscur$ real ta/es4 ,( ?is ,i w give "o simple & homely example4 ,! beautiful fl[]s ( ! cottage g>d5 7 no long] gr[n 9 ! g>d5s ( ! well-to-d1 because !y 7 ! fl[]s ( ! poor4 ,in/ead 7 gr[n lobelias1 g]aniums1 & calceol>ias1 comb9$ 9 a hide\s mixture1 n because any "o ?\ght !m m beautiful1 b because1 s9ce !y 7 gr[n 9 gre5-h\ses1 !y impli$ ! possession ( gre5-h\ses & s ( weal?4 ,!y did n1 ( c\rse1 ev5 d t1 s9ce !y c\ld be b\ght v *eaply f nurs]ym54 ,!y impli$ only ! bad ta/e ( snobb]y :i* is ! abs5ce ( all real ta/e4 ,= x is physically impossible = any "o to l su* a comb9ation ( plants bett] ?an l>kspurs & lilies & roses4 ,:at !y did enjoy 0 n ! fl[]s !mselves b _! association ) g5tility4 ,b s /rong 0 ! contagion ( ?is association t cottag]s !mselves began to ?r[ away _! beautiful cottage-g>d5 fl[]s & to gr[ ^! plants1 s dete/able 9 comb9ation4 ,& to ?is day "o c see (t5 9 cottage g>d5s pa!tic imitations ( a ta/e t nev] 0 real & :i* n[ is discr$it$ among ! ri*1 s t a bord] ( lobelias1 calceol>ias1 & g]aniums has become a m>k ( social inf]iority z x 0 once "o ( social sup]iority4 ,b :at x nev] 0 & nev] c\ld be 0 an expression ( a g5u9e lik+4 ,n[ ,i owe ! v fact t ,i am able to give ?is acc\nt ( a simple p]v]sion ( ta/e to ,rusk9 & ,morris4 ,x 0 !y :o fir/ made ! _w aw>e t its ta/e 0 p]v]t$ & t mo/ ( its art 0 !re=e bad4 ,x 0 !y :o fill$ u ) ! conviction ( arti/ic s91 & :o also 9 a mann] entirely sci5tific tri$ to discov] :at 0 ! nature ( ?is s9 & h[ x _h come ab\t4 ,fir/ ,rusk9 t5tatively1 & aft]w>ds ,morris sy/ematically & out ( 8 own va/ arti/ic exp]i5ce1 connect$ ?is decay ( ! arts ) c]ta9 social conditions4 ,x 0 n m]ely t ta/e _h decay$ or t ! arts _h develop$ to a po9t beyond :i* !re 0 no?+ = !m b decl9e4 ,morris insi/$ t !re 7 causes = ! decay ( ta/e & ! decl9e ( ! arts1 causes z mu* subject to ! w ( man z ! causes ( any k9d ( social decay or iniquity4 ,he insi/$ t a "w ( art is n an irrational my/]y1 n some?+ t happ5s & may happ5 well or ill2 b t all art is intimately connect$ ) ! :ole ( our social well-be+4 ,x is 9 fact an expression ( :at we value1 & if we value noble ?+s x w be noble1 if we pret5d to value base ?+s x w be base4 ,:i/l] said t ?is 0 n s4 ,he insi/$ t g5ius is born1 n made1 & t "s peoples h arti/ic capacity1 "s h n4 ,n[ x is true t nations v>y v mu* 9 _! arti/ic capacity & 9 ! /r5g? ( _! desire to produce art4 ,b ev5 ! nations :i* h little arti/ic capacity & little desire to produce art h 9 _! m primitive /ate produc$ *>m+ works ( real art4 ,:i/l] gave ! case ( ! ,swiss z an excell5t p ) little capacity = art4 ,b ! old ,swiss *alets are full ( "* & beauty1 & !re are *ur*es 9 ,switz]l& :i* h all ! beauty ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! cuckoo clocks & o!r ,swiss articles ( comm]ce :i* ,:i/l] despis$ are contemptible1 n because !y are ,swiss1 b because !y are t\ri/ tra% produc$ by workm5 :o express no pleasure ( _! own 9 !m = visitors :o buy !m only because !y ?9k !y are *>act]i/ic ( ,switz]l&4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 n ! expression ( any g5u9e ta/e or lik+ :atev]1 l ! t\ri/ tra% t is sold 9 ! ,rue de ,rivoli4 ,probably ! ,swiss w\ld nev] be capable ( produc+ works ( art l ,*>tres ,ca!dral or ,don ,giovanni1 b !y h 9 ! pa/ possess$ a g5u9e & delightful art ( _! own l ne>ly e ,european nation 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,s1 ?\gh g5ius is born1 x is also made1 & ?\gh nations diff] 9 arti/ic capacity1 !y all h "s arti/ic capacity s long z !y "k :at !y l & express only _! own lik+ 9 _! art1 s long z !y are n infect$ ) arti/ic snobbism or comm]cialism4 ,?is we "k n[1 & we h develop$ a new & rem>kable p[] ( see+ & enjoy+ all ! g5u9e art ( ! pa/4 ,?is p[] is "p ( ! hi/orical s5se :i* is itself mod]n4 ,9 ! pa/1 until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 v few p c\ld see any beauty or mean+ 9 any art ( ! pa/ t did n resemble ! art ( _! own "t & c\ntry4 ,! :ole art ( ! ,middle ,ages1 = in/ance1 0 ?\ght to be m]ely b>b>\s until ! ,go?ic revival1 & s 0 ! art ( all ! pa/ s f> z x 0 kn[n1 except ! lat] art ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,= our ance/ors' ta/e did inde$ happ5 z art happ5$1 & !y c\ld n escape f ! ta/e :i* circum/ances impos$ on !m2 any art t 0 n accord+ to t ta/e 0 = !m z x 7 9 an unkn[n tongue4 ,b we h made ?is great progress 9 ta/e1 at lea/1 if n 9 ! production ( art1 t we c und]/& ne>ly all arti/ic languages1 & t :at us$ to be call$ classical art has lo/ its old sup]/iti\s pre/ige = u4 ,n only c we enjoy ! art ( our own ,middle ,ages2 b _m ( u c enjoy & und]/& j z well ! great art ( ,egypt & ,*9a1 & c see z cle>ly :5 t art is good or bad z if x 7 ( our own "t4 ,we h1 9 fact1 9 ! matt] ( arti/ic appreciation ga9$ ! fre$om ( all ! ages1 & ?is is a ?+ t has nev]1 s f> z we "k1 happ5$ be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,b /ill ?is fre$om ( all ! ages has n enabl$ u to produce a great art ( our own4 ,!re are "s1 inde$1 :o ?9k t x has h9d]$ u f do+ s1 t we are becom+ m]ely univ]sal connoisseurs :o c criticize any?+ & produce no?+4 ,we h ! mo/ wond]ful museums t ev] 71 & ! mo/ wond]ful p[] ( enjoy+ all t is 9 !m1 b1 ) all our ri*es f ! pa/1 our pres5t is b>r52 & x is b>r5 because our ri* m5 w\ld r pay great prices = pa/ treasures ?an enc\rage arti/s to produce ma/]pieces n[4 ,if t is s1 if t is all t is com+ to u f our fre$om ( all ! ages1 !re is c]ta9ly n progress 9 x4 ,bett] t we %\ld produce & enjoy ! humble/ g5u9e art ( our own ?an t we %\ld cont9ue 9 ?is le>n$ impot5ce4 ,b ?is p[] ( enjoy+ ! art ( all ages1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly has _h "s un=tunate results1 mu/ be good 9 itself4 ,x is sympa?y1 & t is always bett] ?an indiff]5ce or antipa?y4 ,x is k1 & t is always bett] ?an ignorance4 ,& we h to rememb] t x has exi/$ only = a %ort "t & is1 !re=e1 n yet to be judg$ by its fruits4 ,we are /ill gasp+ at all ! arti/ic treasures ( ! pa/ t h be5 reveal$ to u l a new _w2 & /ill !y are be+ reveal$ to our new p]ceptions4 ,only 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 = in/ance1 h we discov]$ t ,*9ese pa9t+ is ! rival ( ,italian1 or t ! gold5 age ( ,*9ese pott]y 0 c5turies be=e ! "t ( t ,*9ese porcela9 :i* we h hi!rto admir$ s mu*4 ,! k1 ! delight1 is /ill be+ ga!r$ 9 ) bo? h&s4 ,x is too soon to look = its effects ^u ! m9d ( ,europe4 ,b x is n ! result ( m]e b>r5 connoisseur%ip or s*ola/icism4 ,r x is a new r5aissance1 a new ef=t ( ! human _s1 & an ef=t aft] :at8 ,an ef=t to ex]t ! human w 9 ! matt] ( art f> m consci\sly ?an x has ex]t$ ev] be=e4 ,x is to be not$ t ,morris himself1 ! man :o fir/ told u t we mu/ ex]t our wills 9 art1 0 also himself eag] 9 ! discov]y & enjoym5t ( all k9ds ( art 9 ! pa/4 ,he _h 8 prejudices1 ! prejudices ( a v wilful man & a work+ arti/4 ',:at c ,i see 9 ,rome1' he said1 't ,i _c see 9 ,:ite*apel8' ,b he enjoy$ ! art ( mo/ ages & c\ntries m ?an he enjoy$ 8 prejudices4 ,he _h ! hi/orical s5se 9 art to a v high degree4 ,he knew :at ! arti/ long dead meant by 8 "w z if x 7 a poem 9 8 own language1 & f ! art ( ! pa/ :i* he lov$ he saw :at 0 wrong ) ! art ( our "t4 ,s did ,rusk9 & s d _m n[4 ,fur!r we are n 9 ! lea/ cont5t to admire ! art ( ! pa/ )\t produc+ any ( our own4 ,!re is incessant re/less exp]im5t1 incessant speculation ab\t ae/hetics1 incessant ef=t to apply !m to ! actual production ( art1 9 fact to ex]t ! consci\s human w ^u art z x has nev] be5 ex]t$ be=e4 ,s1 if "o wi%$ 9 a s5t5ce to /ate ! peculi>ity ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 "o w\ld say t x is ! fir/ age 9 :i* m5 h rebell$ aga9/ ! process ( decad5ce 9 art1 9 :i* !y h be5 completely consci\s ( t process & h tri$ to arre/ x by a common ef=t ( w4 ,we _c yet say t t ef=t has succe$$1 b we _c say ei!r t x has fail$4 ,we may be discont5t$ ) ! art ( our own "t1 b at lea/ we mu/ all[ t x is1 ) all its faults1 extravagances1 morbidities & bl9d exp]im5ts1 utt]ly unlike ! art ( any =m] age ( decad5ce kn[n to u4 ,!re may be confusion & an>*y1 b !re is n m]e p$antry & /agnation4 ,arti/s p]haps are ov]-consci\s1 always foll[+ "s new prophet1 b at lea/ !re is ! conviction ( s9 9 !m1 :i* is exactly :at all ! decad5t arti/s ( ! pa/ h lack$4 ,! arti/ic decad5ce ( ! pa/ :i* is mo/ famili> to u is t ( ! lat] ,graeco-,roman art4 ,x 0 a long process :i* began at lea/ z e>ly z ! age ( ,alex&] & cont9u$ until ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire & aft]w>ds1 until1 inde$1 ! decad5t classical art 0 utt]ly supplant$ by ! art :i* we call ,romanesque & ,byzant9e1 & :i* seems to u n[ at its be/ to be z great z any art t has ev] be54 ,b a hundr$ ye>s ago ?is ,romanesque & ,byzant9e art 0 ?\ght to be only a b>b>\s corruption ( ! classical art4 ,= !n ! classical art ev5 9 its la/ feebl5ess /ill kept its imm5se & unique pre/ige4 ,%elley said t ! effect ( ,*ri/ianity seem$ to h be5 to de/roy ! la/ rema9s ( pure ta/e1 & he said ?is :5 he _h be5 look+ at ! great ma/]pieces ( ,byzant9e mosaic at ,rav5na4 ,n[ we "k ) an utt] c]ta9ty t he 0 wrong4 ,he 0 himself a great arti/1 b to him !re 0 only "o rational & beautiful & civiliz$ art1 & t 0 ! decad5t ,graeco-,roman art4 ,to him works l ! ,apollo ,belv$]e 7 ! ma/]pieces ( ! _w1 & all o!r art 0 good z x resembl$ !m4 ,he & 9 fact mo/ p ( 8 "t 7 /ill ov]aw$ by ! imm5se complac5cy ( t art4 ,!y _h n ! hi/orical s5se at all4 ,!y _h no notion ( c]ta9 psy*ological facts ab\t art :i* are n[ famili> to e educat$ man4 ,!y did n "k t art _c be good unless x expresses ! "* ( ! p :o produce x2 t *>act]less art1 h[ev] accompli%$1 is un9t]e/+2 t !re may be m life & s m beauty 9 ! idol ( an ,african savage ?an 9 ! ,laocoon4 ,?is lat] ,greek & ,graeco-,roman art 0 doom$ to inevitable decay because ( its imm5se complac5cy4 ,! arti/s _h discov]$1 z !y ?\ght1 ! "r way to produce works ( art1 & !y w5t on produc+ !m 9 t way )\t ask+ !mselves :e!r !y meant any?+ by !m or :e!r !y enjoy$ !m4 ,!y knew1 9 fact1 :at 0 ! prop] ?+ to d j z conv5tional p n[ "k :at is ! prop] ?+ to talk ab\t at a tea p>ty2 & _! art 0 z un9t]e/+ z ! conv]sation ( su* p4 ,9 bo? ! talk & ! art !re is no expression ( real values & s no expression ( real w4 ,! pa/ lies heavy ^u bo?4 ,s p h talk$1 s arti/s h work$1 & s evid5tly p mu/ talk & arti/s mu/ "w = ev]more4 ,n[ we h be5 ?reat5$ ) j ! same k9d ( arti/ic decad5ce1 & we are /ill ?reat5$ ) x2 s t x w\ld be v easy to argue t1 :5 m5 rea* a c]ta9 /age 9 t organization ( _! lives :i* we call civilization1 !y mu/ inevitably fall into arti/ic decad5ce4 ,! ,roman ,empire did atta9 to a high /age ( su* organization1 & all ! life w5t out ( its art4 ,we h rea*$ p]haps a /ill high] or at lea/ m elaborate /age ( x1 & ! life has gone or is go+ out ( our art4 ,x has become ev5 m me*anical ?an ! ,graeco-,roman4 ,we1 too1 h lo/ ! p[] ( express+ ourselves1 our real values1 our real w1 9 x2 & we _h bett] submit to t impot5ce & n make a fuss ab\t x4 ,inde$ art really is an activity prop] to a m *ildi% /age ( ! human m9d1 & we %all d well n to wa/e our "t & en]gy ^u x4 ,t is ! only way 9 :i* we c be sup]ior to ! ,graeco-,roman _w 9 ! matt] ( art4 ,we c give x up altoge!r or r put x all into museums z a curiosity ( ! pa/ to be /udi$ = hi/orical & sci5tific purposes4 ,b ,i h only to say t to prove t we w n be cont5t$ ) su* a c\nsel ( despair4 ,! ,romans w5t on produc+ art1 ev5 if x 0 bad art1 & we %all c]ta9ly g on produc+ art :e!r x is good or bad4 ,we h produc$ an imm5se mass ( bad art1 worse p]haps ?an any t ! ,roman _w produc$4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 u & ! ,romans1 t we are n cont5t ) x4 ,we h ! conviction ( arti/ic s9 & !y _h n4 ,!re=e we d n ?9k t _! example ne$ make u despair4 ,!y 7 n ex]cis+ _! w on _! art4 ,x 0 to !m :at a purely conv5tional morality is to a morally decad5t p4 ,x w5t f bad to worse1 j z conv5tional morals d1 :5 no man arises & says3 ',?is is wrong1 al?\gh y ?9k x "r4 ,i "k :at is "r f my own s5se ( values1 & ,i w d x 9 spite ( y4' ,s f> z we "k1 !re 7 no rebels ( t k9d 9 ! art ( ! ,graeco-,roman _w4 ,b our _w ( art is full ( su* rebels & has be5 ev] s9ce ! arti/ic debacle at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 fact ! *ief & ! unique *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s has be5 ! con/ant succession ( arti/ic rebels4 ,all our greate/ arti/s h be5 m5 :o 7 det]m9$ to ex]cise _! own wills 9 _! art1 :atev] ! mass ( m5 might ?9k ( x4 ,& :at has always happ5$ is t !y h be5 fir/ bitt]ly abus$ & !n passionately prais$4 ,?is1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] happ5$ be=e4 ,!re h be5 rebel arti/s l ,rembr&t1 b only a few ( !m4 ,mo/ great arti/s be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury h be5 admir$ 9 _! own "t4 ,b 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & m & m t[>ds ! end ( x1 ! great arti/s h _h to conqu] ! _w ) _! rebellion1 !y h _h to ex]cise _! own individual wills aga9/ ! common conv5tion4 ,& x seems to u n[ ! m>k ( ! great arti/ s to ex]cise 8 individual w1 s to rebel & conqu] ! _w ) 8 rebellion1 ev5 if he kills himself 9 ! process4 ,?9k ( ,con/able & ev5 ,turn]1 ( our pre-,raphaelites1 & above all ( ne>ly all ! great ,fr5* arti/s1 ( ,millet1 ( ,manet1 ( ,cezanne1 ,gaugu91 ( ,rod9 himself1 :o has conqu]$ ! _w n[1 b only 9 8 old age4 ,?9k ( ,bee?ov51 ( ,s*ub]t1 ( ,wagn]1 & ( all ! rebel musicians ( to-day4 ,b 9 ! pa/ ! great arti/s1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 ev5 ! great innovator ,giorgione2 ,moz>t1 ,ba*1 ,h&el2 none ( ^! 7 ?\ght ( z rebels4 ,!y _h n to conqu] ! _w aga9/ its w4 ,!y came into ! _w1 & ! _w knew !m4 ,s1 we may be sure1 ! decad5t arti/s ( ! ,graeco-,roman _w 7 n rebels4 ,!re !y 7 l ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael1 if !y 7 l !m 9 no?+ else4 ,if !y _h be5 rebels we might n yawn at _! works n[4 ,n[1 cle>ly1 ?is rebellion is n s good a ?+ z ! h>mony betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 public :i* has prevail$ 9 all great ages ( art4 ,b x is bett] ?an ! h>mony ( dull & complac5t conv5tion :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,graeco-,roman decad5ce4 ,= x means t our arti/s are n cont5t ) su* complac5ce1 t !y w n accept decad5ce z an inevitable process4 ,& ! fact t we d passionately admire !m = _! rebellion z soon z we und]/& :at x means1 t ?is rebellion seems to u a glori\s & h]oic ?+1 is a pro( t we1 ! public1 also are n cont5t to s9k into ! ,graeco-,roman complac5cy4 ,we may /one our prophets at fir/1 b l ! ,hebrews1 we produce prophets z well z prie/s1 t is to say academicians4 ,& we treasure _! works z ! ,hebrews treasur$ ! books ( ! prophets4 ,art1 9 fact1 is a human activity 9 :i* we try to ex]cise our wills4 ,we are aw>e t x is ?reat5$ ) decad5ce by ! m]e process ( our civilization1 t x is mu* m difficult = u to produce liv+ art ?an x 0 = our =efa!rs ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b /ill we are n cont5t to produce dead art4 ,half unconsci\sly we are mak+ ! ef=t to ex]cise our wills ^u our art1 z ^u our sci5ce1 our morals1 our politics1 to avoid decad5ce 9 art z we try to avoid x 9 o!r human activities2 & ?is ef=t is ! great exp]im5t1 ! peculi> feature1 ( ! art ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is an ef=t n m]ely ae/hetic b also intellectual4 ,!re is a great int]e/ 9 ae/hetics & a con/ant & gr[+ ef=t to *>ge !m ) actual exp]i5ce & to put !m to "s practical end4 ,9 ! pa/ !y h be5 ! mo/ backw>d1 ! mo/ futile & b>r51 k9d ( philosophy because m5 wrote ab\t !m :o _h nev] really exp]i5c$ works ( art & :o saw no connexion betwe5 _! philosophy & ! production ( works ( art4 ,!y talk$ ab\t ! nature ( ! beautiful1 z s*oolm5 talk$ ab\t ! nature ( ,god4 ,& !y knew no m ab\t ! nature ( ! beautiful f _! own exp]i5ce ( x ?an s*oolm5 knew ab\t ! nature ( ,god4 ,b n[ m5 are int]e/$ 9 ! beautiful because !y miss x s mu* 9 ! pres5t works ( m5 & because !y s passionately desire x2 & _! speculation has ! aim ( recov]+ x4 ,s ae/hetics1 :atev] "s arti/s 9 _! peculi> & pontifical n>r[ness may say1 is ( great importance n[2 !y are "p ( ! ef=t :i* ! mod]n _w is mak+ to ex]cise its w 9 ! production ( works ( art1 & !y are b\nd1 if t ef=t is successful1 to h m & m effect ^u t production4 ,b is t ef=t go+ to be successful8 ,t is a "q :i* no "o c answ] yet4 ,b my object is to insi/ t 9 our age1 because ( its ef=t1 an ef=t :i* has nev] be5 made s consci\sly & resolutely be=e1 !re is a possibility ( a progress 9 art ( ! same nature z progress 9 o!r human activities4 ,if we c escape f :at has seem$ to "s m5 ?is inexorable process ( decad5ce 9 art1 we %all h accompli%$ "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! human w4 ,we %all h r$eem$ art f ! tyranny ( m]e fate4 ,:at we h to d n[ is to und]/& :at x is t causes decad5ce 9 art1 we h to apply a consci\s sci5ce to ! production ( x4 ,we h to see :at are ! social causes t produce excell5ce & decay 9 x4 ,& we h made a great beg9n+ 9 ?is4 ,= we are all aw>e t art is n an isolat$ ?+1 t x does n m]ely happ51 z ,:i/l] said4 ,we "k t x is a symptom ( some?+ "r or wrong ) ! :ole m9d ( man & ) ! circum/ances t affect t m9d4 ,we "k at la/ t !re is a connexion betwe5 ! art ( man & 8 intellect & 8 consci5ce4 ,x 0 because ,william ,morris saw t connexion t he1 f be+ a pure arti/1 became a sociali/ & spoke at /reet corn]s4 ,su* a *ange1 su* a wa/e & p]v]sion z x seem$ to _m1 w\ld h be5 impossible 9 any =m] age4 ,x 0 possible & inevitable1 x 0 a natural process = ,morris 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 because he 0 det]m9$ to ex]cise 8 w ^u art1 j z m5 9 ! pa/ _h ex]cis$ _! w ^u religion or politics2 because he no long] believ$ t art happ5$ z ! wea!r happ5s & t ! arti/ is a *>m+ b irresponsible *ild sway$ m]ely by ! caprices ( 8 own private subconsci\sness4 ,0 he "r or wrong8 ,i myself firmly believe t he 0 "r4 ,t if man has a w at all1 if he is n a m]e piece ( matt] m\ld$ by circum/ances1 he has a w 9 art z 9 all o!r ?+s4 ,&1 fur!r1 if he has a common w :i* c express itself 9 8 o!r activities1 9 religion or politics1 t common w mu/ also be able to express itself 9 art4 ,x has n hi!rto done s consci\sly1 because man 9 all p]iods ( arti/ic success has be5 cont5t to succe$ )\t ask+ :y he succe$$1 & 9 all p]iods ( arti/ic failure he has be5 cont5t to fail )\t ask+ :y he has fail$4 ,we h be5 = long liv+ 9 a p]iod ( arti/ic failure1 b we h ask$1 we are ask+ always m insi/5tly1 :y we fail4 ,& t is :]e our "t diff]s f any =m] p]iod ( arti/ic decad5ce1 :y1 ,i believe1 x is n a p]iod ( decad5ce b "o ( exp]im5t1 & ( exp]im5t :i* w n be wa/$1 h[ev] mu* x may seem at ! mom5t to fail4 ,b if out ( all ?is consci\s ef=t & exp]im5t we d arre/ ! process ( decad5ce1 if we d pass f failure to success1 !n we %all h accompli%$ a progress 9 art su* z has nev] be5 accompli%$ be=e ev5 9 ! greate/ ages4 ,= :]eas m5 h nev] be5 able to le>n f ! exp]i5ce ( ^? ages1 :]eas ! ,greeks & ! m5 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury h n taught m5 h[ to avoid decad5ce 9 art1 we & our *ildr5 w tea* !m h[ to avoid x4 ,we %all !n h giv5 a security to art su* z x has nev] enjoy$ be=e2 & we %all d t by apply+ sci5ce to x1 by us+ ! consci\s intellig5ce ^u x4 ,we may fail1 ( c\rse1 b ev5 s our ef=t w n h be5 9 va94 ,& "s future age 9 happi] circum/ances may pr(it by x1 & a*ieve t progress1 t application ( sci5ce to art1 :i* we are n[ attempt+4 ,_m p1 especially arti/s1 tell u t ! attempt is a m]e absurdity4 ,b ignorance ev5 ab\t art ne$ n be et]nal4 ,ignorance is et]nal only :5 x is despair+ or cont5t$4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago _m p said t m5 nev] w\ld be able to fly1 yet !y are fly+ n[ because !y 7 resolv$ to fly4 ,s we are m & m resolv$ to h great art4 ,e ye> we feel ! lack ( x m & m4 ,e ye> m p ex]cise _! wills m & m consci\sly 9 ! ef=t to a*ieve x4 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 has nev] happ5$ be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,& ! consequ5ce is t our art1 :at real art we h1 is unlike any t !re has be5 9 ! _w be=e4 ,x is s /range & s rebelli\s t we ourselves are %ock$ & amaz$ by x4 ,mu* ( x1 no d\bt1 is m]ely /range & rebelli\s1 z mu* ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity 0 m]ely /range & rebelli\s & s provok$ ! res5tm5t & p]secution ( self-respect+ pagans4 ,e great ef=t ( ! human m9d attracts ^? :o m]ely desire _! own salvation1 & s x is ) ! arti/ic ef=t n[4 ,!re are cubi/s & futuri/s & po/-impressioni/s :o are z silly z human be+s c be1 because !y hope to atta9 to arti/ic salvation by ru%+ to extremes4 ,!y are religi\s egoti/s1 9 fact1 & no?+ c be m disagreeable ?an a religi\s egoti/4 ,b !re 7 no d\bt _m ( !m among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,yet ,*ri/ianity 0 a great creative religi\s ef=t :i* came because life & tru? _h di$ out ( ! religions ( ! pa/1 & m5 c\ld n endure to live )\t life & tru? 9 _! religion4 ,s n[ !y _c endure to live )\t life & tru? 9 _! art4 ,!y are det]m9$ to h an art :i* %all express all t !y h !mselves exp]i5c$ ( ! beauty ( ! univ]se1 :i* %all n m]ely utt] platitudes ( ! pa/ ab\t t beauty4 ,s f> p]haps !re is little b ! ef=t at expression1 an ef=t /range1 contort$1 self-consci\s4 ,y c say y\r wor/ ab\t x & laugh at all its failures4 ,yet !y are failures diff]5t 9 k9d f ! arti/ic failures ( ! pa/1 = !y are failures ( ! consci\s w1 n ( m]e complac5cy4 ,& x is su* failures 9 all human activities t prep>e ! way = successes4 ,let u rememb] !n1 always1 t art is a human activity1 n a fairy *ance t happ5s to ! m9d ( man n[ & aga94 ,& let u rememb]1 too1 t x does n consi/ m]ely ( pictures or /atues or ( music p]=m$ 9 conc]t-rooms4 ,x is1 inde$1 r a quality ( all ?+s made by man1 a quality t may be good or bad b :i* is always 9 !m4 ,t is "o ( ! facts ab\t art t 0 discov]$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 m5 began to miss ! excell5ce ( art 9 all _! works & to wi% passionately t its excell5ce might return to !m4 ,& ?is discov]y :i* 0 !n made ab\t art 0 ( ! greate/ practical importance4 ,= !n m5 became aw>e t !y c\ld n h good pictures or ar*itecture or sculpture unless ! quality ( art became good aga9 9 all _! works4 ,s mu* !y le>nt ab\t ! sci5ce ( art4 ,!y began1 or "s ( !m did1 to ?9k ab\t _! furniture & cottages & pots & pans & spoons & =ks1 & ev5 ab\t _! tomb/ones1 z well z ab\t :at _h be5 call$ _! works ( art4 ,& 9 all ^! humbl] ?+s an advance1 a consci\s resolute wilful advance1 has be5 made4 ,we beg9 to see :5 & also :y spoons & =ks & pots & pans are good or bad4 ,we are less at ! m]cy ( *ance or bl9d fa%ion 9 su* ?+s ?an our fa!rs 74 ,we "k our vulg>ity & ! naught9ess ( our own he>ts4 ,! advance1 ! self-k1 is n g5]al yet1 b x gr[s m g5]al e ye> & ! conviction ( s9 spreads4 ,no d\bt1 l all conviction ( s91 x (t5 produces unpleasant results4 ,! consci\sly arti/ic p]son (t5 has a m irritat+ h\se ?an 8 innoc5tly phili/9e gr&fa!r _h4 ,s1 no d\bt1 _m simple pagan p 7 mu* nic] ?an ^? e>ly ,*ri/ians :o 7 out = _! own salvation4 ,b !re 0 progress 9 ,*ri/ianity & !re 0 none 9 paganism4 ,! title ( ?is book is ,progress & ,hi/ory1 & x may ju/ly be compla9$ t ! progress ( :i* ,i h be5 talk+ is n hi/oric1 b a progress t has n yet happ5$ & may nev] happ5 at all4 ,b t ,i ?9k is a defect ( my p>ticul> bran* ( ! subject4 ,progress 9 art1 if progress is any?+ m ?an a natural process ( gr[? to be foll[$ inevitably by a natural process ( decay1 has nev] yet happ5$ 9 art2 b !re is n[ an ef=t to make x happ51 an ef=t to ex]cise ! human w 9 art m completely & consci\sly ?an x has ev] be5 ex]cis$ be=e4 ,!re=e ,i c\ld d no?+ b attempt to describe t ef=t & to speculate ^u its success4 ,x ,,progress ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,f4,s4 ,,m>v9 ',l',esprit travaillant sur les donnees de l'exp]i5ce4' ,! ,fr5* phrase1 neat] z usual ?an our own1 may be tak5 z ! />t+-po9t 9 our discussion4 ,we %all put aside su* que/ions z :at an exp]i5ce is1 or h[ mu* ! m9d itself supplies 9 ea* exp]i5ce1 or :at1 if any?+1 is ! n-m9d ^u :i* ! m9d works4 ,we mu/ leave some?+ = ! *apt] on philosophy2 & ! pres5t *apt] is prim>ily hi/orical4 ,hav+ def9$ :at we mean by sci5ce1 we are to consid] at :at /age 9 hi/ory ! work+ ( ! m9d on exp]i5ce c be call$ sci5tific1 9 :at great /rides sci5ce has leapt =w>d s9ce its def9ite =mation1 & 9 :at ways ?is gr[? ( sci5ce has affect$ g5]al progress1 bo? by its action on ! individual & on ! welf>e & unity ( mank9d4 ,our ,fr5* motto mu/ be qualifi$ 9 ord] to give u precision 9 our def9ition & a />t+-po9t 9 hi/ory = sci5ce 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,9 a g5]al s5se ! action ( ! m9d ^u ! giv5 9 exp]i5ce has be5 go+ on f ! beg9n+ ( animal life4 ,b sci5ce1 /rictly s-call$1 does n appe> till m5 h be5 civiliz$ & settl$ 9 l>ge communities = a consid]able "t4 ,we _c ascribe 'sci5ce' to ! isolat$ savage gnaw+ bones 9 8 cave1 ?\gh ! g]ms are !re1 9 e obs]vation t he makes ( ! _w ar\nd him & e ^w t he utt]s to 8 mates4 ,b we may beg9 to speak ( sci5ce :5 we rea* ^? l>ge & ord]$ societies :i* are f\nd 9 ! great riv]-bas9s & s$5t>y civilizations ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 especially 9 ,egypt & ,*aldea4 ,:5 we turn to ! quality ( ! ?+ itself1 we note 9 ! fir/ place t :ile sci5ce may be said to beg9 ) m]e description1 x implies f ! fir/ a c]ta9 degree ( ord] & accuracy1 & ?is ord] & accuracy increase /eadily z sci5ce advances4 ,x is ?us a type ( progress1 = x is a con/ant gr[? 9 ! fullness1 accuracy & simplification ( our exp]i5ce4 ,f ! dawn ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 man mu/ h acquir$ /&>ds & in/rum5ts ( measurem5t & means ( h&+ on 8 obs]vations to o!rs4 ,?us writ+ mu/ h be5 inv5t$4 ,b 9 ! second place1 !re is always involv$ 9 ?is ord]ly description1 s f> z x is sci5tific1 ! elem5t ( pr$iction4 ,! p>ticul> description is n sci5tific4 ',i saw a bird fly' is n a sci5tific description1 h[ev] accurate2 b ',! bird flies by /ret*+ out its w+s' is4 ,x conta9s t causal connexion or elem5t ( g5]ality :i* enables u to pr$ict4 ,be=e ent]+ on a hi/orical sket* ( ! mo/ p]fect example ( human progress1 x is ( ! fir/ importance to realize its social f\ndation4 ,?is is ! key-note1 & x connects sci5ce ?r\gh\t ) ! o!r aspects ( our subject4 ,k dep5ds ^u ! free int]c\rse ( m9d ) m9d1 & man advances ) ! increase & bett] direction ( 8 k4 ,b :5 we consid] ! implications ( any g5]alization :i* we c call 'a law ( nature' ! social co-op]ation involv$ becomes /ill m app>5t4 ,geometry & a/ronomy--! measurem5t ( ! e>? & ! measurem5t ( ! heav5s--dispute ! hon\r ( ! fir/ place 9 ! hi/orical ord]4 ,bo?1 ( c\rse1 involv$ ! /ill m fundam5tal conception ( numb] & ! acceptance ( "s unit = measurem5t4 ,n[ 9 ea* case & at e /ep a long previ\s elaboration is impli$ ( intellectual conv5tions & agreem5ts--consci\s & unconsci\s--betwe5 _m m9ds /ret*+ back to ! beg9n+s ( consci\s life3 ! simple/ elem5t ( ?\ght involves ! co-op]ation ( individual m9ds 9 a common product4 ,language is su* a common product ( social life & x prep>es ! gr\nd = sci5ce4 ,b sci5ce1 z ! exact =mulation ( g5]al tru?s1 atta9s a high] degree ( social value1 because x rises above ! idioms ( p]son or race & is univ]sally acceptable 9 =m & ess5ce4 ,su* is ! intr9sic nature ( ! process1 & ! hi/orical circum/ances ( its beg9n+s make x cle>4 ,x 0 ! quick m9d ( ! ,greek :i* act$ z ! sp>k to fire ! tra9s ( ?\ght & obs]vation :i* _h be5 accumulat+ = ages ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! prie/s 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia4 ,! ,greeks liv$ & travell$ betwe5 ! two c5tres1 & _! e>lie/ sages & philosoph]s 7 m5 ( ! mo/ v>i$ int]c\rse & occupation4 ,_! g5ius 0 f$ by a wide sympa?y & an all-embrac+ curiosity4 ,no o!r p c\ld h demon/rat$ s well ! social nature ( sci5ce f its inception1 & !y 7 plant+ 9 a soil well prep>$4 ,9 ,egypt conspicu\sly & 9 ,*aldea also to a less ext5t !re _h be5 a social ord] :i* be=e ! convulsions ( ! la/ mill5nium ,b4,c4 _h la/$ sub/antially un*ang$ = scores ( c5turies4 ,?is ord] 0 bas$ ^u a religi\s discipl9e :i* connect$ ! sov]eigns on e>? ) ! div9e p[] rul+ m5 f ! sky4 ,h5ce ! supreme importance ( ! prie/hood & _! /udy ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! cal5d>1 :i* !y 7 ! fir/ to frame1 0 ?us n only or ev5 prim>ily a "w ( practical utility b ( religi\s mean+ & obligation4 ,! prie/s _h to fix 9 advance ! fea/ days ( gods & k+s by a/ronomical pr$iction4 ,_! /&>ds & _! means ( measurem5t 7 r\gh approximations4 ,?us ! #cfj degrees into :i* ! ,babylonians taught u to divide ! circle are ?\ght to h be5 ! ne>e/ r\nd numb] to ! days ( ! ye>4 ,! same m5 7 also capable ( ! m accurate discov]y t ! side ( a hexagon inscrib$ 9 a circle 0 equal to ! radius & gave u our division ( sixty m9utes & sixty seconds ) all its advantages = calculation4 ,9 ,egypt1 if ! surveyors 7 unaw>e ( ! true relation betwe5 a triangle & ! rectangle on ! same base1 !y _h yet e/abli%$ ! c>p5t]'s rule ( #c1 #d & #e = ! sides ( a "r-angl$ triangle4 ,h[ mu* ! ,greeks drew f ! anci5t prie/hoods we %all nev] "k1 nor h[ f> ! prie/s _h advanc$ 9 ^? !ories ( g5]al relations :i* we call sci5tific4 ,b "o or two g5]al conclusions z to ?is initial /age ( sci5tific prep>ation may well be drawn4 ,"o is t a c]ta9 degree ( settlem5t & civilization 0 necess>y = ! bir? ( sci5ce4 ,?is we f9d 9 ^! great !ocracies1 :]e suffici5t weal? enabl$ a class ( leisur$ & hon\r$ m5 to devote !mselves to jo9t lab\r 9 obs]v+ nature & record+ _! obs]vations4 ,ano!r po9t is cle>1 namely1 t ! results ( ^! e>ly obs]vations1 crude z !y 71 contribut$ p[]fully to give /ability to ! societies 9 :i* !y arose4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y po9ts out lat] ! calm+ effect ( ,greek a/ronomy on ! m9ds ( ! ,ea/]n peoples1 & we are b\nd to c>ry back ! same idea into ! anci5t settl$ communities :]e a/ronomy began & :]e s rem>kable an ord] prevail$ = s long dur+ its prep>ation4 ,b h[ev] great ! value we all[ to ! obs]vations ( ! prie/s1 x is to ! ,ionian ,greeks t we owe ! def9ite f\ndation ( sci5ce 9 ! prop] s5se2 x 0 !y :o gave ! raw mat]ial ! ne$$ accuracy & g5]ality ( application1 ,a comp>ison ( ! societies 9 ! ne>] ,ea/ to :i* we h ref]r$1 ) ! hi/ory ( ,*9a af=ds ! /ronge/ presumption ( ?is4 ,9 ! lat] mill5niums ,b4,c4 ! ,*9ese 7 9 _m po9ts ahead ( ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians4 ,!y _h made e>li] pr$ictions ( eclipses & m accurate obs]vations ( ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! z5i? at v>i\s places4 ,!y _h1 too1 se5 ! advantages ( a decimal sy/em bo? 9 weights & measures & 9 ! calculations ( "t4 ,b no ,greek g5ius came to build ! h\se ) ! bricks t !y _h fa%ion$1 & 9 spite ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,*9ese !y rema9$ until our own day ! type 9 ! _w ( a settl$ & cont5t$1 al?\gh unprogressive1 cons]vatism4 ,sci5ce !n among its o!r qualities conta9s a =ce ( social movem5t1 & our age ( rapid trans=mation has begun to d full] ju/ice to ! "w ( ! ,greeks1 ! greate/ s\rce ( intellectual life & *ange 9 ! _w4 ,we are n[ fully consci\s ( ! defects 9 _! me?ods1 ! guesses :i* pass = obs]vations1 ! metaphysical notions :i* (t5 take ! place ( exp]im5tal results4#hj ,b hav+ witness$ ! late/ /rides 9 ! unification ( sci5ce on ma!matical l9es1 we are m & m incl9$ to prize ! geometry & a/ronomy ( ! ,greeks1 :o gave u ! fir/ con/ructions on :i* ! mod]n me*anical !ories ( ! univ]se are bas$4 ,we %all quote f !m "h only suffici5t illu/rations to expla9 & ju/ify ?is /atem5t4 ,! fir/ %all be :at is call$ ,euclidean geometry1 b :i* is 9 ! ma9 ! "w ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool ( ?9k]s & social re=m]s :o fl\ri%$ f ! sev5? to ! fif? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,?is =m$ ! great] "p ( ! geometrical tru? kn[n to mank9d until ,desc>tes & ! ma!maticians recomm5c$ ! "w 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! second greate/ contribution ( ! ,greeks 0 ! /atics & ! conics ( :i* ,ar*im$es 0 ! *ief creator 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 8 "w he gave ! fir/ sket* ( an inf9itesimal calculus & 9 8 own way p]=m$ an integration4 ,! ?ird invaluable con/ruction 0 ! trigonometry by :i* ,hipp>*us = ! fir/ "t made a sci5tific a/ronomy possible4 ,! f\r?1 ! optics ( ,ptolemy bas$ on mu* true obs]vation & conta9+ an approximation to ! g5]al law4 ,^! are a few out/&+ l&m>ks1 peaks 9 ! highl&s ( ,greek sci5ce1 & no?+ has be5 said ( _! zoology or m$ic9e4 ,9 all ^! cases x w be se5 t ! advance consi/$ 9 br++ v>y+ in/ances "u ! same rule1 9 see+ unity 9 diff]5ce1 9 discov]+ ! true l9k :i* held toge!r ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! complex ( ph5om5a4 ,t ! ,greek m9d 0 apt 9 do+ ?is is cognate to _! idealiz+ turn 9 art4 ,9 _! /atues !y %[ u ! univ]sal elem5ts 9 human beauty2 9 _! sci5ce1 ! true relations t are common to all triangles & all cones4 ,ptolemy's "w 9 optics is a good example ( ! sci5tific m9d at "w4#ha ,! problem is ! g5]al relation :i* holds betwe5 ! angles ( incid5ce & ( refraction :5 a ray passes f air into wat] or f air into glass4 ,he gr\ps a s]ies ( ! angles ) a close approximation to ! tru?1 b j misses ! p]ception :i* w\ld h turn$ 8 excell5t raw mat]ial into ! f9i%$ product ( sci5ce4 ,8 brick does n q fit its place 9 ! build+4 ,8 =mula i 7! angle ( incid5ce7 nr 7! angle ( refraction7 only fits ! case ( v small angles = :i* ! s9e is negligible1 ?\gh x _h ! deceptive advantage ( includ+ reflexion z "o case ( refraction4 ,he did n pursue ! argum5t & make 8 =m completely g5]al4 ,s9 i n s9 r escap$ him1 ?\gh he _h all ! trigonometry ( ,hipp>*us beh9d him1 & x 0 left = ,snell & ,desc>tes to take ! simple b crucial /ep at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! case is int]e/+ = m ?an "o reason4 ,x %[s u :at is a g5]al =m1 or law ( nature 9 ma!matical %ape1 & x also illu/rates ! progress ( sci5ce z x advances f ! mo/ ab/ract conceptions ( numb] & geometry1 to m concrete ph5om5a su* z physics4 ,! =mula = refraction :i* ,ptolemy help$ to %ape1 is geometrical 9 =m4 ,) him1 z ) ! discov]] ( ! "r angle 9 a semicircle1 ! m9d 0 work+ to f9d a g5]al ideal /atem5t "u :i* all simil> occurr5ces might be gr\p$4 ,obs]vation1 ! collection ( simil> in/ances1 measurem5t1 are all involv$1 & ! g5]al /atem5t1 law or =m1 :5 arriv$ at1 is f\nd to l9k up o!r g5]al tru?s & is !n us$ z a />t+-po9t 9 deal+ ) simil> cases 9 future4 ,progress 9 sci5ce consi/s 9 ext5d+ ?is m5tal process to an ev]-increas+ area ( human exp]i5ce4 ,we %all see1 z we g on1 h[ 9 ! concrete sci5ces ! gr[+ complexity & *ange ( detail make su* g5]alizations m & m difficult4 ,! laws ( pure geometry seem to h m inh]5t necessity & ! obs]vations on :i* !y 7 orig9ally f\nd$ h pass$ into ! v texture ( our m9ds4 ,b ! "w ( build+ up1 or1 p]haps bett]1 ( organiz+ our exp]i5ce rema9s fundam5tally ! same4 ,man is ?r\gh\t bo? p]ceiv+ & mak+ t /ructure ( tru? :i* is ! framework ( progress4 ,ptolemy's "w br+s u to ! edge ( ! great break :i* occurr$ 9 ! gr[? ( sci5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ! mod]n _w4 ,9 ! int]val1 ! p]iod kn[n z ! ,middle ,ages1 ! lead+ m9ds 9 ! lead+ section ( ! human race 7 engag$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! great task ( human improvem5t4 ,= !m ! mo/ incumb5t task 0 t ( develop+ ! spiritual consci\sness ( m5 = :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* provid$ an incomp>able organization4 ,b ! int]val 0 n entirely blank on ! sci5tific side4 ,our sy/em ( ari?metical notation1 includ+ t invaluable item ! ciph]1 took %ape dur+ ! ,middle ,ages at ! h&s ( ! ,arabs1 :o appe> to h d]iv$ x 9 ! ma9 f ,india4 ,its value to sci5ce is an excell5t object-lesson on ! importance ( ! details ( =m4 ,_h ! ,greeks possess$ x1 :o c say h[ f> !y might h gone 9 _! applications ( ma!matics8 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is drawback ! mo/ p]man5t contribution ( ! ,greeks to sci5ce 0 9 ! v sph]e ( exact measurem5t :]e !y w\ld h receiv$ ! mo/ assi/ance f a bett] sy/em ( calculation _h !y possess$ x4 ,!y f\nd$ & l>gely con/ruct$ bo? plane & sph]ical geometry on ! l9es :i* be/ suit our practical intellig5ce4 ,!y gave mank9d ! framework ( a/ronomy by det]m9+ ! relative positions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & !y p]ceiv$ & correctly /at$ ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( equilibrium4 ,at all ^! po9ts ! immortal gr\p ( m5 :o adopt$ ! ,cop]nican !ory at ! ,r5asc5ce1 began aga9 :]e ! ,greeks _h left (f4 ,b mod]n sci5ce />ts ) two capital improvem5ts on ! "w ( ! ,greeks4 ,measurem5t !re _h be5 f ! fir/1 & ! ef=t to f9d ! con/ant ?+ 9 ! v>iable flux2 & f ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,ionian sages ! sci5tific m9d _h be5 endeav\r+ to frame ! simple/ g5]al hypo!sis or =m :i* w\ld conta9 all ! facts4 ,b ! mod]ns advanc$ decisively1 9 me?od1 by exp]im5t+ & v]ify+ _! hypo!ses1 & 9 subject-matt]1 by apply+ _! me?od to ph5om5a ( movem5t1 :i* may !oretically include all facts biological z well z physical4 ,galileo1 ! greate/ f\nd] ( mod]n sci5ce1 p]fectly exemplifies bo? ^! new dep>tures4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ in/ructive & enc\rag+ ?+ 9 ! :ole annals ( progress to note h[ ! m5 ( ! ,r5asc5ce 7 able to pick up ! ?reads ( ! ,greeks & cont9ue _! "w4 ,! texture held good4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ^: bir? co9cides ) ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+-press1 is ! mo/ p]fect reproduction 9 mod]n times ( ! e>ly ,greek sophos1 ! man ( univ]sal int]e/s & capacity4 ,he gave c>eful & admir+ /udy to ,ar*im$es1 ! greate/ pure man ( sci5ce among ! ,greeks1 ! "o man among !m ^: works1 includ+ ev5 8 lett]s1 h come d[n to u practically complete4 ,a little lat]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,cop]nicus ga9$ f ! ,py?agoreans ! crude notion ( ! e>?'s movem5t r\nd a great c5tral fire1 & f x he elaborat$ ! !ory :i* 0 to revolutionize ?\ght4 ,ano!r half-c5tury lat] ! works ( ,ar*im$es 7 translat$ into ,lat9 & = ! fir/ "t pr9t$4 ,!y ?us became well kn[n be=e ! "t ( ,galileo1 :o also c>efully /udi$ !m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,galileo made ! capital discov]ies :i* e/abli%$ bo? ! ,cop]nican !ory & ! sci5ce ( dynamics4 ,galileo's dea? 9 #afdb co9cides ) ! bir? ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,su* is ! sequ5ce ( ! mo/ influ5tial names at ! turn+-po9t ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,galileo's "w1 8 exp]im5ts ) fall+ bodies & ! revelations ( 8 telescope1 c>ri$ ! /rategic l9es ( ,greek sci5ce across ! fronti]s ( a ,new ,_w1 & ,newton laid d[n ! l9es ( p]man5t occupation & organiz$ ! conque/4 ,organization1 ! =mation ( a network ( l9es connect$ z a :ole1 & giv+ access to diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 is p]haps ! be/ image ( ! gr[? ( sci5ce 9 ! m9d ( mank9d4 ,x w be se5 t x does n imply any exhau/ion ( ! field1 nor any id5tification ( all k ) exact or sy/ematic k4 ,! process is r "o ( gradual p5etration1 ! l9k+ up & ext5sion ( ! area ( k by well-def9$ & connect$ me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,no all-embrac+ plan ?\ght out be=eh& by ! fir/ f\nd]s ( sci5ce1 or any ( _! successors1 c be appli$ sy/ematically to ! :ole range ( our exp]i5ce4 ,x has n be5 s 9 ! pa/2 /ill less does x seem possible 9 ! future4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! discov]] works on /eadily 9 8 own plot1 occupy+ ! ne>e/ places fir/1 & obs]v+ "h & !re t "o ( 8 l9es runs into "s "o else's4 ,e n[ & !n a great] & m compreh5sive m9d appe>s1 able to treat sev]al sy/ems z "o :ole1 to survey a l>g] area & ext5d t empire ( ! m9d :i*1 z ,bacon tells u1 is nobl] ?an any o!r4 ,( su* conqu]ors ,newton 0 ! greate/ we h yet kn[n1 because he br\ght toge!r into "o sy/em m & fur!r-rea*+ l9es ( communication ?an any "o else4 ,he unifi$ ! =ms ( measurem5t :i* _h previ\sly be5 treat$ z ! sep>ate subjects ( geometry1 a/ronomy1 & ! newly-born sci5ce ( dynamics4 ,cele/ial me*anics embraces all ?ree1 & is a fre% & decisive pro( ( ! comm&+ influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies on human life & ?\ght4 ,n by a horoscope1 b by cont9u$ & sy/ematic ?\ght1 humanity 0 unravell+ its nature & de/9y 9 ! />s z well z 9 itself4 ,^! are ! two approa*es to p]fect k :i* are conv]g+ m & m closely 9 our own "t4 ,newton's "w 0 ! longe/ /ep yet tak5 on ! me*anical side1 & we mu/ complete our notice ( x by ! briefe/ possible ref]5ce to ! lat] work]s on ! same l9e1 be=e turn+ to ! sci5ces ( life :i* began _! m sy/ematic evolution ) ! discov]y ( ,h>vey1 a contempor>y ( ,newton4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) ,desc>tes' application ( algebra to geometry1 & ,newton's & ,leibnitz's inv5tion ( ! diff]5tial & integral calculus1 improv$ our me?ods ( calculation to su* a po9t t summ>y me?ods ( va/ly great] compreh5siv5ess & ela/icity c be appli$ to any problem ( :i* ! elem5ts c be measur$4 ,! m]e improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( describ+ ! same ?+s 7cf4 e4g4 a geometrical problem z writt5 d[n by ,ar*im$es ) any mod]n treatise7 0 9 itself a revolution4 ,b ! new calculus w5t mu* f>!r4 ,x enabl$ u to repres5t1 9 symbols :i* may be dealt ) ari?metically1 any =m ( regul> movem5t4 ,z movem5t is univ]sal1 & ! mo/ obvi\s ext]nal manife/ation ( life itself1 ! hopes ( a ma!matical treatm5t ( all ph5om5a are indef9itely enl>g$1 = all fre% laws or =ms might conceivably be express$ z diff]5tial equations4 ,s to ! vision ( a ,po9c>e ! human p[] ( pr$iction appe>s to h no assignable !oretical limit4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury :i* witness$ ?is mom5t\s ext5sion ( ma!matical me?ods1 also conta9s ! cognate f\ndation ( sci5tific physics4 ,accurate measurem5t began to be appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( light & heat1 ! expansion ( gases1 ! v>i\s *anges 9 ! =ms ( matt] ap>t f life4 ,! eighte5? c5tury :i* cont9u$ ?is "w1 is also & mo/ notably m>k$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a sci5tific *emi/ry4 ,9 ?is aga9 we see a fur!r ext5sion ( accurate measurem5t3 ano!r ord] ( ?+s diff]5t 9 quality began to be treat$ by a quantitative analysis4 ,lavoisi]'s is ! greate/ "n4 ,he gave a cle> & logical classification ( ! *emical elem5ts !n kn[n1 :i* s]v$ z useful a purpose 9 t sci5ce1 z classificatory sy/ems 9 botany & zoology h done 9 ^? cases4 ,b ! crucial /ep :i* e/abli%$ *emi/ry1 a /ep also due to ,lavoisi]1 0 mak+ ! te/ ( weight decisive4 ',! balance 0 ! ultima ratio ( 8 laboratory4' ,8 fir/ pr9ciple 0 t ! total weight ( all ! products ( a *emical process mu/ be exactly equal to ! total weight ( ! sub/ances us$4 ,f ?is1 & rightly disreg>d+ ! suppos$ weight ( heat1 he c\ld proce$ to ! discov]y ( ! accurate proportions ( ! elem5ts 9 all ! comp\nds he 0 able to analyse4 ,s9ce !n ! process ( ma!matical syn!sis 9 sci5ce has be5 c>ri$ _m /ages fur!r4 ,! expon5ts ( ?is aspect ( sci5tific progress1 ( :om we may take ! late ,m4 ,h5ri ,po9c>e z ! lead+ repres5tative 9 our g5]ation1 are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ?is gradual ma!matical unification ( k ) pride & confid5ce4 ,!y h solid a*ievem5t on _! side4 ,x is ?r\gh sci5ce ( ?is k9d t ! idea ( univ]sal ord] has ga9$ its sway 9 man's m9d4 ,! occasional attacks on sci5tific me?od1 ! talk "o sometimes he>s ( 'break+ ! fett]s ( ,c>tesian me*anics'1 seem to sugge/ t ! great /ructure :i* ,galileo1 ,newton1 & ,desc>tes f\nd$ is comp>able to ! false ,ari/otelianism :i* !y de/roy$4 ,! sugge/ion is absurd3 its *ief excuse is ! desire to def5d ! autonomy ( ! sci5ces ( life1 ab\t :i* we h a ^w to say lat] on4 ,b we mu/ fir/ complete our brief m5tion ( ! greate/ /ages on ! me*anical side1 ( :i* a full & vivid acc\nt may be f\nd 9 su* a book z ,m4 ,po9c>e's ,sci5ce et ,hypo!se4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury a trio ( discov]]s1 a ,fr5*man1 a ,g]man1 & an ,engli%man1 e/abli%$ ! !ory ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,to ! lab\rs ( ,sadi ,c>not1 ,may]1 & ,j\le is due our k ( ! fact t heat :i*1 z a suppos$ entity1 _h di/urb$ ! physics & *emi/ry ( ! e>li] c5turies1 0 itself ano!r =m ( me*anical en]gy & c\ld be measur$ l ! re/4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury ano!r capital /ep 9 syn!sis 0 tak5 by ! f\ndation ( a/rophysics1 :i* re/s on ! id5tity ( ! physics & *emi/ry ( ! heav5ly bodies ) ^? ( ! e>?4 ,! kn[n univ]se ?us becomes /ill m "o4 ,lat] rese>*es aga91 especially ^? ( ,maxwell1 t5d to ! id5tification ( light & heat ) electricity1 & 9 ! la/ /age matt] z a :ole seems to be swall[$ up 9 motion4 ,x is f\nd t simil> equations w express all k9ds ( motion2 t all are really v>i\s =ms ( ! motion ( some?+ :i* ! m9d po/ulates z ! ?+ 9 motion2 we h 9 ea* case to deal ) wave-movem5ts ( diff]5t l5g?4 ,! broad *ange1 !re=e1 :i* has tak5 place s9ce ! me*anics ( ,newton is ! advance f ! consid]ation ( masses to t ( molecules ( small] & small] size1 & ! tru? ( ! =m] is n !reby invalidat$4 ,newton1 ,desc>tes1 ,fresnel1 ,c>not1 ,j\le1 ,may]1 ,f>aday1 ,helmholtz1 ,maxwell appe> z "o great succession ( unifi]s4 ,all h be5 engag$ 9 ! same "w ( consolidat+ ?\ght at ! same "t t !y ext5d$ x4 ,_! conceptions ( =ce1 mass1 matt]1 e!r1 atom1 molecule h provisional validity z ! imag9$ objective sub/ratum ( our exp]i5ce1 & ! fact t we analyse ^! conceptions /ill fur!r & sometimes disc>d !m1 does n 9 any way invalidate ! law or g5]al =m 9 :i* !y h enabl$ u to sum up our exp]i5ce & pr$ict ! future4 ,b n[ we turn to ! o!r side4 ,9 spite ( ! cont9u$ progress not$ on ! me*anical side1 x is true t ! pr$om9ant sci5tific int]e/ *ang$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury f me*anics to biology1 f matt] to life1 f ,newton to ,d>w94 ,d>w9 0 born 9 #ahji1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,lam>ck1 :o inv5t$ ! t]m biology1 publi%$ 8 ,philosophie ,zoologique4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species appe>$ 9 #aheh aft] ! cons]vation ( en]gy _h be5 e/abli%$1 & ! range & influ5ce ( evolution>y biology h gr[n ev] s9ce4 ,be=e any?+ c be said ( ! conclusions 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce "o prelim9>y rem>k has to be made4 ,f ! philosophical po9t ( view ! sci5ce ( life includes all o!r1 = man is a liv+ animal1 & sci5ce is ! "w ( 8 co-op]at+ m9d1 "o ( ! functions ( 8 liv+ activity4 ,:at ?is involves on ! philosophical side does n conc]n u "h1 b x is necess>y to indicate "h ! nature ( ! contact betwe5 ! two great divisions ( sci5ce1 ! me*anical & ! biological1 consid]$ purely z sci5ces4 ,=1 ?\gh we "k t our consci\sness z a function ( life mu/ 9 "s =m come into ! sci5ce ( life1 & is1 9 a s5se1 above x all1 we are yet able to draw conclusions1 app>5tly ( inf9ite scope1 ab\t ! behavi\r ( all liv+ ?+s ar\nd u & includ+ ourselves1 j z we d ab\t a /one or a />4 ,& we are int]e/$ 9 ?is *apt] 9 see+ h[ ?is draw+ ( g5]al conclusions keeps gr[+ ) reg>d to ! ph5om5a ( life1 j z x has gr[n ) reg>d to all o!r ph5om5a1 & we h to consid] :at sort ( diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! "o class ( g5]alizations & ! o!r4 ,= ^? ( u :o are cont5t to re/ _! conclusions on ! positively kn[n1 :o1 :ile n sett+ any limits to ! possible ext5sion ( k1 are n prep>$ to dogmatize ab\t x1 x is /ill necess>y to draw a l9e4 ,a dualism rema9s1 "n & fact alike abhorr5t to ! completely logical philosophic m9d4 ,on ! "o h& ! ord9>y laws ( physical sci5ce are con/antly ext5d+ _! sph]e2 on ! o!r1 ! fact ( life /ill rema9s unexpla9$ by !m1 & becomes 9 itself m & m m>vell\s z we inve/igate x4 ,! g5]al position rema9s mu* z ,johannes ,muell] express$ x ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 himself sometimes describ$ z ! c5tral figure 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n physiology4 ',?\gh !re appe>s to be some?+ 9 ! ph5om5a ( liv+ be+s :i* _c be expla9$ by ord9>y me*anical1 physical1 or *emical laws1 mu* may be s expla9$1 & we may )\t fe> pu% ^! explanations z f> z we c1 s long z we keep to ! solid gr\nd ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4' ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ! d\ble process has gone on apace4 ,! *emi/ry & physics ( liv+ matt] are be+ sket*$1 & biologi/s are m & m incl9$ to /udy ! me*anical expression ( ! facts ( life4 ,mr4 ,bateson1 = in/ance1 tells u t ! greate/ advance t we c =esee w be made ':5 x is possible to connect ! geometrical ph5om5a ( developm5t ) ! *emical'4 ,! process ( apply+ physical laws to life foll[s1 x w\ld seem1 ! rev]se ord] ( _! orig9al developm5t4 ,fir/ ! *emi/ry ( organic matt] 0 inve/igat$1 !n ! physical attraction ( _! molecules1 & n[ _! geometry is 9 "q4 ,s1 says ,pr(essor ,bateson1 ! 'geometrical symmetry ( liv+ ?+s is ! key to a k ( _! regul>ity & ! =ces :i* cause x4 ,9 ! symmetry ( ! divid+ cell ! basis ( t resemblance :i* we call ,h]$ity is conta9$'4 ,b su* "w z ?is is /ill l>gely speculative & 9 ! future4 ,x does n solve ! secret ( life4 ,x does n affect ! fact ( consci\sness :i* we are free to conceive1 if we w1 z ! o!r side ( :at we call matt]1 evolv+ ) x f ! mo/ rudim5t>y =ms into ! highe/ kn[n =m 9 man1 or /ill fur!r into "s sup]-p]sonal or univ]sal =m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is philosophy or metaphysics4 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) ! progress ( sci5ce1 9 "o ( its two great dep>tm5ts1 i4e4 k ab\t life & all its kn[n manife/ations1 :i* f ,ari/otle onw>ds h be5 subject$ to a scrut9y simil> to t :i* has be5 giv5 to ! physical facts ( ! univ]se & ) results 9 _m po9ts simil> also4 ,b ! facts1 al?\gh sup]ficially m famili>1 are inf9itely m complicat$1 & ! scrut9y has only comm5c$ 9 e>ne/ "s hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,consid]+ ! %ort space = ?is conc5trat$ & sy/ematic /udy1 ! results are at lea/ z wond]ful z ^? a*iev$ by ! physici/s4 ,two or ?ree po9ts ( sugge/ive analogy betwe5 ! c\rses ( ! two great bran*es ( sci5ce may "h be m5tion$4 ,we w put fir/ ! fundam5tal "q on :i*1 z we h se51 no f9al answ] has yet be5 rea*$3 ,:at is life1 & is !re any evid5ce ( life aris+ f ! non-liv+8 ,n[ ?is baffl+ & probably unansw]able "q--unansw]able1 t is1 9 t]ms :i* g beyond ! physical concomitants ( life--has play$ ! "p 9 biology :i* ! al*emi/s' que/ play$ 9 *emi/ry4 ,x l$ by ! way to a ho/ ( positive discov]ies4 ,ari/otle1 ! fa!r ( biology1 believ$ 9 spontane\s g5]ation4 ,he 0 puzzl$ by ! case ( p>asites1 especially 9 putrefy+ matt]4 ,ev5 ,h>vey1 :o made ! fir/ great def9ite discov]y ab\t ! me*anism ( ! body1 agre$ ) ,ari/otle 9 ?is error4 ,x 0 left = ! m9ute & c>eful inquir]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to dispose ( ! my?4 ,x 0 only aft] c5turies ( inquiry t ! tru? 0 e/abli%$ t life1 z we "k x1 only arises f life4 ,b ! :ole c\rse ( ! inquiry _h illum9at$ ! nature ( life & _h br\ght toge!r facts z to liv+ ?+s ( all k9ds1 plants & animals1 great & small1 :i* %[ sup]ficially ! wide/ diff]5ce4 ,illum9ation by unification is "h ! note1 z cle>ly z 9 ! ma!matical-physical sci5ces4 ,all liv+ ?+s are f\nd to be built up f cells & ea* cell to be an organism1 a be+1 t is1 ) c]ta9 qualities belong+ to x z a :ole1 :i* _c be pr$icat$ ( any collection ( p>ts n an organism4 ,! cell is su* an organism1 j z ! animal is an organism1 & among its qualities z an organism is ! p[] ( gr[? by assimilat+ mat]ial diff]5t f itself4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ?is assimilation & con/ant *ange1 x gr[s & decays z "o :ole & reproduces its l4 ,ano!r po9t ( analogy betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate sph]e is t ! process ( /udy 9 bo? has be5 f ! l>g] to ! small] elem5ts4 ,! microscope has play$ at lea/ z decisive a "p z ! telescope1 & x dates f ab\t ! same "t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,s9ce !n x has p5etrat$ f>!r & f>!r into ! inf9itesimal elem5ts ( life & matt]1 & 9 ea* case !re seems to be no assignable limit to our analysis4 ,! cell is brok5 up into physiological units to :i* almo/ e inve/igator gives a new "n4 ,we are n[ confront$ by ! fasc9at+ !ory ( ,arrh5ius ( an inf9ite univ]se fill$ ) vital spores1 waft$ ab\t by radio-activity1 & beg9n+ _! upw>d c\rse ( evolution :]ev] !y f9d a k9dly soil on :i* to re/4 ,to su* a vision ! hopes & fe>s ( mortal exi/5ce1 cata/rophes ( nature or ( society1 ev5 ! decay ( man1 seem transi5t & trivial1 & ! inf9ities embrace4 ,a ?ird po9t1 p]haps ! mo/ important 9 ! comp>ison1 is ! way by :i* ! ord] ( sci5ce has ent]$ into our notions ( life1 ?r\gh a great !ory1 ! !ory ( evolution or ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,9 ?is we f9d a solid basis = ! co-ord9ation ( facts3 x 0 ! rise ( ?is !ory 9 ! h&s ( "o ?9k] ( unconqu]able pati5ce & love ( tru? :i* has put ! /udy ( biology 9 ! pre-em95t position :i* x n[ holds4 ,b x is necess>y to consid] ! evolution !ory z some?+ bo? old] & wid] ?an ,d>w9's pres5tation ( x4 ,d>w9's "w 0 to sugge/ a v]a causa = a process :i* e>li] philosoph]s _h imag9$ almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,he obs]v$ & collect$ a multitude ( facts :i* made 8 explanations ( ! *ange ( species--)9 _! limits--z conv9c+ z !y are plausible4 ,b ! idea t species *ange1 by sl[ & regul> /eps1 0 an old "o1 & 8 p>ticul> explanations1 natural & sexual selection1 are se5 on fur!r reflection to h only a limit$ scope4 ,?is is no place1 ( c\rse1 to discuss ! details ( ! greate/ & mo/ vex$ "q 9 ! :ole sci5ce ( life4 ,b x belongs to our argum5t to consid] x f "o or two g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,its analogies )1 & its diff]5ces f1 ! great g5]alizations ( ma!matical physics1 are bo? highly in/ructive4 ,! fir/ crude hypo!sis ( ! gradual evolution ( v>i\s vegetable & animal =ms f "o ano!r may be f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ,greek ?9k]s1 j z ,py?agoras & ,ari/>*us anticipat$ ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,ari/otle gave ! idea a philosophic /atem5t :i* only ! full] k ( our own "t enables u to appreciate4 ,he trac$ ! gradual progression 9 nature f ! inorganic to ! organic1 & among liv+ ?+s f ! simpl] to ! high] =ms4 ,b 8 k ( ! facts 0 insuffici5t3 ! ,greeks _h no microscope1 & ! dissect+ knife 0 =bidd5 on ! human subject4 ,!n1 z ^! ?+s 7 gradually add$ to sci5ce f ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>ds1 & ! record ( ! rocks gave ! confirmation ( palaeontology1 ! :ole realm ( liv+ nature 0 gradually unfold$ be=e u1 e =m connect$ bo? 9 function & 9 hi/ory ) e o!r1 e organ fulfill+ a necess>y "p1 ei!r n[ or 9 ! pa/1 & gr[+ & *ang+ to ga9 a m p]fect accord ) its environm5t4 ,su* is ! supreme conception :i* n[ dom9ates biological sci5ce mu* z ! ,newtonian !ory has dom9at$ physics = two hundr$ ye>s2 & x is idle to debate :e!r ?is new idea is diff]5t 9 k9d or only 9 degree f ! great law ( physics4 ,x is a g5]al notion or law :i* br+s toge!r & expla9s myriads ( hi!rto unrelat$ p>ticul>s2 x has be5 e/abli%$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t work+ on a previ\s hypo!sis2 x involves measurem5t1 z all accurate obs]vation mu/1 & x gives u an increas+ p[] ( pr$iction4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 we mu/ class x ) ! great ma!matical laws & diss5t f ,m4 ,b]gson4 ,b see+ t ! multitud9\s facts f> surpass our p[]s ( complete colligation1 t mu* 9 ! vital process is /ill obscure1 t we are consci\s 9 ourselves ( a p[] ( %ap+ circum/ances :i* we are incl9$ 9 v>i\s degrees to attribute to o!r liv+ ?+s1 s f> we recognize a pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! laws ( life & ! laws ( physics1 & pay our respects to ,m4 ,b]gson & 8 allies ( ! neo-vitali/ s*ool4 ,n = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory we h to seek ! tru? 9 ! reconciliation1 or at lea/ ! cohabitation1 ( app>5t contradictories4 ,to u :o are conc]n$ 9 trac+ ! progress ( mank9d z a :ole1 & con/antly f9d ! roots ( progress 9 ! gr[? ( ! social _s1 ! developm5t1 t is1 ( unity ( _s & ( action on a wid] & deep] scale1 !re is "o aspect ( biological tru?1 z ! evolutioni/s h lately reveal$ x1 :i* is ( special int]e/4 ,! liv+ ?+ is an organism ( :i* ! *>act]i/ic is ! con/ant ef=t to pres]ve its unity4 ,?is is 9 fact ! def9ition ( an organism4 ,x only dies or suff]s dim9ution 9 ord] to reproduce itself1 & ! new creature repeats by "s sort ( organic memory ! same pres]vative acts t its p>5ts did4 ,we recognize life by ^! manife/ations4 ,a m]ely mat]ial1 non-liv+ ?+1 su* z a cry/al1 _c ?us make good its loss1 nor c x assimilate unlike sub/ance & make x a "p ( itself4 ,b ^! ?+s are ( ! nature ( life4 ,n[ mank9d1 z a :ole1 has1 if our argum5t is correct1 ?is *>act]i/ic ( an organism3 x is b\nd toge!r by m ?an me*anical or accid5tal l9ks4 ,x is "o by ! nature ( its be+1 & ! /udy ( mank9d1 ! highe/ bran* ( ! sci5ce ( life1 re/s1 or %\ld re/1 ^u ! basis ( ^? common functions by :i* humanity is held toge!r & di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! animate _w4 ,j z 9 pass+ f ! me*anical sci5ces to t ( life1 we notic$ t ! g5]al laws ( ! l[] sph]e /ill held good1 b t new factors n analysable into ^? ( ! =m] _h to be reckon$ )1 s 9 pass+ f ! animate realm1 z a :ole1 to man its highe/ memb]1 we f9d t1 :ile animal1 & subject to ! g5]al laws ( animality1 he adds features :i* di/+ui% him z ano!r ord] & _c be f\nd else:]e4 ,8 unity z an organism has a progressive quality possess$ by no o!r species4 ,/ep by /ep 8 m9d advances into ! recesses ( "t & space1 & makes ! f>!/ objects t 8 m9d c rea* a "p ( 8 be+4 ,8 unity ( organization1 ( :i* ! humble/ animalcule is a simple type1 goes f> beyond ! pres]vation or ev5 ! improvem5t ( 8 species3 x t\*es ! inf9ite ?\gh x _c conta9 x4 ,to trace ?is wid5+ process is ! true key to progress1 ! idee-m]e ( hi/ory4 ,= :ile man's evolution has its practical side1 l t ( o!r species1--! ne$s ( nutrition1 ( reproduction1 ( adapt+ himself to 8 environm5t1--) man ?is is ! basis & n ! end4 ,! end is1 fir/ ! organization ( himself z a _w-be+1 consci\s ( 8 unity1 & !n ! illimitable conque/ ( tru? & goodness z f> z 8 ev]-gr[+ p[]s ext5d4 ,man's reason is ?us1 z philosoph]s h always taught1 8 special *>act]i/ic1 & takes ! place = him1 on a high] plane1 ( ! law ( organic gr[? common to all liv+ ?+s4 ,9 ?is we jo9 h&s1 across two ?\s& ye>s1 ) ,ari/otle3 he w\ld h und]/ood u & us$ almo/ id5tical language4 ,b ! cont5t ( ! words z we use !m & _! applications are immeasurably great]4 ,! cont5t is ! mass ( k :i* man's reason has accumulat$ & p>tly put 9 ord] s9ce ,ari/otle taught4 ,x is n[ s great t ?or\ghly to ma/] a s+le bran* is ardu\s lab\r = a lifetime ( conc5trat$ toil1 & at ! end ( x new discov]ies w cr[d ^u ! work] & he w die ) all 8 e>li] notions cry+ = revision4 ,no case s pat5t1 s conclusive1 ( ! reality ( human unity & ! p>am\nt ne$ ( organization4 ,! individual "h c only ?rive & only be ( s]vice z a small memb] ( a great :ole1 "o atom 9 a planet1 "o cell 9 a body4 ,! dem& :i* ,comte rais$ m ?an fifty ye>s ago = ano!r class ( speciali/s1 ! speciali/s 9 g5]alities1 is n[ be+ tak5 up by m5 ( sci5ce !mselves4 ,b ! field has n[ s mu* ext5d$ & is s mu* full] 9 e "p1 t x w\ld seem t no?+ less ?an a committee ( ,ari/otles c\ld survey ! :ole4 ,& ev5 ?is is b "o aspect ( ! matt]4 ,j z ! g5esis ( sci5ce 0 9 ! daily ne$s ( m5--! cultivators ^: fields mu/ be re-measur$ aft] ! flood+1 ! prie/s :o _h to fix ! "r h\r = sacrifice--s all ?r\gh its hi/ory sci5ce has gr[n & 9 ! future w gr[ /ill m by foll[+ ! sugge/ions ( practice4 ,x ga!rs /r5g? by contact ) ! _w & life1 & x %\ld use its /r5g? 9 mak+ ! _w m fit to live 94 ,?us our committee ( sci5tific philosoph]s ne$s to h con/antly 9 t\* ) x n "o b _m bo>ds ( sci5tific practition]s4 ,! pa/ :i* has giv5 u ?is mo/ wond]ful ( all ! fruits ( "t1 does n satisfy u equally z to ! use t has be5 made ( x4 ,our cr[d$ slums d n proclaim ! glory ( ,watt & ,/eph5son z ! heav5s rem9d u ( ,kepl] & ,newton4 ,selfi%ness has gr[n fat on ill-paid lab\r1 & jeal\s nations h %>p5$ _! weapons ) e device t sci5ce c sugge/4 ,b a sob] judgem5t1 z well z ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( hi/ory1 dictates a m hopeful conclusion4 ,indu/ry1 ! tw9 bro!r ( sci5ce1 has va/ly increas$ our weal?1 our com=t1 & our capacity = enjoym5t4 ,m$ic9e1 ! mo/ human ( h] *ildr51 has l5g!n$ our lives1 =tifi$ our bodies1 & alleviat$ our suff]+4 ,e *apt] 9 ?is volume gives "s evid5ce ( ! b5efic5t p[] ( sci5ce4 ,= religion1 gov]nm5t1 morality1 ev5 art1 are all pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! k t man has acquir$ ( ! _w ar\nd him & 8 practical conclusions f x4 ,^! d n1 ) ! possible exception ( art1 contradict ! !sis ( a g5]al improvem5t ( mank9d1 & sci5ce mu/ !re=e claim a %>e--x w\ld seem ! decisive %>e--9 ! result4 ,we speak1 ( c\rse1 ( sci5ce 9 ! s5se :i* has be5 develop$ 9 ?is essay1 ( ! bright well-ord]$ c5tre to our k :i* is always spread+ & br++ m ( ! surr\nd+ fr+e1 :i* is also spread+1 into ! well-def9$ area4 ,9 ?is s5se religion1 morality & gov]nm5t h all )9 hi/oric times come )9 ! range ( cle> & well-ord]$ ?\ght3 & mank9d /&+ ?us )9 ! light1 /&s m firmly & ) bett] hope4 ,he sees ! d>k spots & ! weaknesses4 ,he kn[s ! rem$ies1 ?\gh 8 w is (t5 unequal to apply+ !m4 ,& ev5 ) ?is revelation ( weakness & ignorance1 he is on ! :ole happi] & readi] to grapple ) 8 fate4 ,if ?is appe>s a fair diagnosis ( ! ,we/]n m9d 9 ! mid/ ( its greate/ ext]nal crisis1 ! reason = ?is amaz+ firmness ( m9d & /ability ( society mu/ be s\ght 9 ! /ructure :i* sci5ce & indu/ry comb9$ h built ar\nd u4 ,! savage1 untutor$ 9 a/ronomy1 may ?9k t an eclipse betok5s ! end ( ! _w4 ,sci5ce conv9ces him t x w pass4 ,j s ! mod]n _w tra9$ to an ord] ( ?\ght & ( society :i* re/s on _w-wide activities elaborat$ ?r\gh c5turies ( common ef=t1 awaits ! issue ( our d>k5$ pres5t calmly & unmov$4 ,! ?+s ( ! m9d on :i* all nations h co-op]at$ 9 ! pa/ w re-ass]t _! sway4 ,fundam5tally ?is is a triumph = ! sci5tific _s1 ! ord] :i* man has n[ succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ betwe5 himself & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! c\ntry is dem&+--& rightly--a /rong] bias 9 our educational sy/em = tea*+ ( a sci5tific k9d2 b tea*]s & pr(essors are n unnaturally p]plex$4 ,!y see ! immeasurable scope ( ! new k2 !y "k ! lab\r1 (t5 ineffective1 t has be5 exp5d$ 9 tea*+ ! rudim5ts ( ! old 'humanities'4 ,& n[ a task is prop\nd$ to !m be=e :i* ! old "o ) all its faults seems def9ite1 manageable & =mative ( "*4 ,! classical _w :i* has be5 ! /aple ( our education = #djj ye>s is a f9i%$ ?+ & we c compass x 9 ?\ght4 ,x lives inde$1 b unconsci\sly1 9 our lives1 z we g ab\t our bus9ess4 ,?is new _w into :i* our y\? has n[ to ent]1 re/s also on ! pa/1 b x is /ill m pres5t2 x gr[s all r\nd u fa/] ?an we c keep pace ) its e>li] /ages4 ,h[ !n c su* a ?+ be us$ z an in/rum5t ( education :]e above all some?+ is ne$$ ( cle> & def9ite purpose1 /imulat+ 9 itself & t5d+ to m5tal gr[? & activity 9 aft] life8 ,we c\ld n1 ev5 if we w\ld1 (f] any satisfactory answ] "h to "o ( ! mo/ tr\bl$ que/ions ( ! day4 ,decades ( exp]im5ts w be ne$$ be=e ev5 a tol]able solution c be rea*$4 ,b ! argum5t pursu$ 9 ?is & o!r essays may sugge/ a l9e ( approa*4 ,?is mu/ lie 9 a reconciliation betwe5 sci5ce & hi/ory1 or r 9 ! recognition t sci5ce rightly und]/ood is ! key to hi/ory1 & t ! hi/ory be/ wor? /udy is ! record ( man's collective ?\ght 9 face ( ! inf9ite complexities1 ! b>ri]s & byways1 ! lights & %ad[s ( life & nature4 ,f ! /udy ( man's approa* to k & unity 9 hi/ory ea* new-com+ /ud5t may %ape 8 own4 ,he sees a unity ( ?\ght n :olly unatta9able1 a f\ndation laid b5ea? ! /orms ( "t4 ,to a m9d ?us tra9$ %\ld come an eag]ness to c>ry on ! conque/s ( ! pa/ & to apply ! lessons ga9$ to ! amelioration ( ! pres5t4 ,?is we may hope f ! well-dispos$4 ,b = all1 ! contemplation ( a univ]se :]e man's m9d has work$ = ages 9 unravell+ its secrets & describ+ its wond]s1 mu/ br+ a s5se ( rev]5ce z well z tru/4 ,x is no dry category ( ab/ract tru?s to :i* we turn & w\ld h o!rs turn1 b a _w z bright & spl5did z ! ra9b[ to ! savage or ! =e/ to ! poet or ! heav5s to ! lonely wat*] on ! ,babylonian pla94 ,! glories & ! dep?s rema91 deep] & m glori\s1 ) all ! add$ m>vels ( man's explor+ ?\ght4 ,! see+ eye :i* a true education w "o day give u1 may read man's hi/ory 9 ! _w we live 91 & read ! _w ) ! full illum9ation ( a unit$ human vision--! eyes ( u all4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,alcan1 ,de la me?ode dans les ,sci5ces4 ,ma*1 ,hi/ory ( ,me*anics1 ,kegan ,paul4 ,?omson1 ,sci5ce ( ,life1 ,blackie4 ,?omson1 ,sci5ce 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,*amb]s4 ,new ,cal5d> ( ,great ,m51 ,macmillan4 ,! ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y ,volume4 ,b]gson1 ,creative ,evolution4 ,,footnotes3 #hj ,see ,lewes1 ',ari/otle1 a *apt] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce'4 #ha ,h4 ,b\asse1 ,la ,me?ode dans les ,sci5ces1 ,alcan4 ,,xi ,,progress ,,9 ,,philosophy ,j4,a4 ,,smi? ,to cont5d t !re has be5 progress 9 ,philosophy may seem b a desp]ate endeav\r4 ,= ! reproa* aga9/ x ( unprogressiv5ess is ( long /&+3 :]e o!r =ms ( human k h und\bt$ly advanc$1 ,philosophy1 9 mod]n times at any rate1 has 7s x is said7 rema9$ /ation>y1 prop\nd+ its outworn problems1 its va9 & empty solutions4 ,because ( ?is failure x has by common cons5t be5 depos$ f its once pr\d position at ! head ( ! sci5ces & oblig$ to confess1 9 ! words ( ! ,trojan que53 modo maxima r]um ,nunc trahor exul inops4 ,! *>ge ( unprogressiv5ess is n made aga9/ x by its foes alone2 ! tru? ( x is admitt$ by "s ( its be/ fri5ds4 ,if ,voltaire exclaims ',o metaphysique1 metaphysique1 n\s sommes aussi avances qu'aux temps des ,druides'1 ,kant sadly admits ! fact1 sets himself to diagnose its cause1 & if possible to discov] or devise a rem$y4 ,yet we mu/ rememb] t x 0 philosoph]s :o fir/ descri$ ^? curr5ts 9 ! _w ( ev5ts :i* ! non-philosophic1 borr[+ ! "n f !m1 call ,progress1 :o fir/ attempt$ to det]m9e _! direction & ! possible goal ( _! conv]g5ce1 & lab\r$ to cle> _! own & o!rs' m9ds 9 reg>d to ! mean+1 to capture :i* ! "n 0 ?r[n out z a net into ! ocean ( exp]i5ce4 ,nor mu/ we =get t x 0 9 _! own *os5 field--! _w ( human ?\ghts & actions--t !y f ! beg9n+ seem$ to !mselves to f9d ! sure/ evid5ce ( ! reality ( ,progress4 ,:ile ! _w t surr\nd$ & hemm$ !m & _! fell[s 9 might or mu/ be reg>d$ z un*ang+ & un*angeable1 doom$ = ev] to reproduce & monoton\sly reit]ate :atsoev] x _h once done & be51 ! m9d or _s ( ,man 9 its own realm seem$ capable ( go+ beyond all its pa/ a*ievem5ts & ris+ to new heights1 n m]ely "h & !re or 9 isolat$ in/ances b 9 su* numb]s or masses z to raise = long p]iods ( hi/ory ! g5]al level ( human effici5cy & welf>e4 ,x is true t _m ( ^? :o not$ ^! advances or pr(it$ by !m did n always admit t !y took place 91 or 7 due to ! ag5cy (1 ,philosophy4 ,! advances 7 mo/ (t5 cr$it$ to o!r p[]s & ! new t]ritory claim$ by _! repres5tatives4 ,! contributions made by ,philosophy to ! g5]al improvem5t ( human life 7 & are obscure1 difficult to trace1 easily miss$ or =gott54 ,x came ab\t t ! philosoph] 0 misconceiv$ z "o indiff]5t to ord9>y human int]e/s & disda9ful ( ! m obvi\s advantages secur$ by o!rs1 press+ & urg+ =w>d & upw>d into a cl\dl& :]e ! light 0 too dim = ! eyes ( man & ! pa?s too unc]ta9 = 8 feet4 ,unsatisfi$ ) ! region :]e ,man _h le>n$ by ! sl[ & pa9ful lessons ( exp]i5ce to build himself a habitable city he dream$ ( some?+ high]1 aspir+ to explore beyond & above :]e ! light ( t exp]i5ce %one & illum9at$4 ,p]haps ! ma9 idea t ! "n ( ,philosophy n[ to mo/ sugge/s is t ( a ,utopian ideal ( k s wide & s high t x mu/ be by sane & sob] m9ds pron\nc$ = ev] set beyond ! rea* ( human faculty1 an ideal :i* p]haps we _c help =m+ & :i* con/antly tempts u =w>d l a mirage1 b :i* l a mirage leads u into wa/e & b>r5 places1 s mu* s t x is no small "p ( human wisdom to resi/ its subtle s$uctions & to conf9e our ef=ts to ! pursuit ( su* ends z we may reasonably reg>d z well )9 ! compass ( our p[]s ( ?\ght & action4 ,x is folly1 we are told1 to adv5ture ourselves ^u ! un*>t$ seas into :i* philosoph]s invite u1 to wa/e our lives & p]haps break our he>ts 9 ! va9 se>* = a k t is = ev] d5i$ u4 ,aft] all1 !re is mu* t we c "k1 & 9 ! k ( :i* we c bett] ! e/ate ( ,man1 reliev+ him f _m ( 8 mo/ press+ t]rors & di/resses4 ,to *]i% o!r hopes is to deceive ourselves to our own & our fell[s' undo+1 to refuse !m our help & fail to play our "p 9 ! common bus9ess ( mank9d4 ,!re is surely 9 ! _w en\gh suff]+ & sorr[ & s9 to engage all our en]gies 9 deal+ ) !m1 nor are our endeav\rs to d s s pla9ly fruitless z to disc\rage f p]sev]ance 9 !m4 ,:]e 9 ?is task our he>ts d fa9t & fail1 are !re n o!r means ?an ! discr$it$ no/rum ( ,philosophy to revive our hopes & recruit our =ces8 ,x 0 only1 we are sometimes rem9d$1 9 ! d>ke/ days ( human hi/ory t m5 turn$ desp]ately to ,philosophy = com=t & consolation--h[ surely & demon/rably1 we are told1 9 va96 ,:5 o!r duties are s urg5t & imm$iate1 h we ev5 ! "r to consume our en]gies o!rwise ?an 9 _! direct dis*>ge8 ,& is x n presumption to ask = any fur!r light ?an t :i* is v\*saf$ to u 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( exp]i5ce or1 if t is insuffici5t1 9 & by ,religion8 ,mu* 9 ?is plea = a f9al rel9qui%m5t ( aid f ,philosophy 9 ! fur!rance ( human progress is plausible & m ?an plausible4 ,yet ! hope or1 if y w1 ! dream ( atta9+ "s =m or k9d or degree ( k :i* ! sci5ces d n & _c supply & p]haps d5y to be possible1 "s /ead9ess & firmness ( assurance o!r & beyond ! confid5ce ( religi\s fai?1 is n yet ext9ct1 is p]haps inext+ui%able1 & ?\gh x (t5 takes extravagant & ev5 morbid & repulsive =ms1 /ill haunts & tantalizes _m1 nor ^! ! lea/ wise or sane ( our k9d1 s t !y c\nt all ! lab\r !y sp5d ^u its se>* wor? all ! pa9s4 ,n = !mselves alone d !y seek x2 !y view !mselves z n alone 9 ! que/1 b engag$ 9 a matt] ( univ]sally human mom5t4 ,9 ! measure 9 :i* !y c\nt !mselves to h atta9$ any result !y d n ho>d x or grudge x to o!rs4 ,! notion ( philosophic tru? z some?+ to be %>$ & enjoy$ only by a few--z :at is call$ 'esot]ic'--is no long] 9 vogue & is inde$ felt to involve an ess5tial self-contradiction2 r x is conceiv$ z some?+ ! value ( :i* is assur$ & enhanc$ by be+ imp>t$4 ,^? :o believe !mselves to be by nature or 7x may be7 accid5t appo9t$ to ! (fice ( its que/1 by no means feel t !y are !reby divid$ f _! fell[s z a peculi> p or a privileg$ & exclusive prie/hood1 b mu* r z fell[ s]vants enli/$ & engag$ 9 ! public s]vice ( mank9d4 ,lea/ ( all d !y believe t _! ef=ts are =$oom$ to inevitable failure1 t progress !re9 is n to be look$ =1 or t !y & _! pr$ecessors h hi!rto made no advance t[>ds :at !y &1 z !y also believe1 all m5 s\ght & /ill seek4 ,to !m ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy = say ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s is n ! dre>y & dispirit+ n>rative ( repeat$ error & defeat1 b ! record ( a sl[ b secure & /eady advance 9 :i*1 z n[h]e else1 ! m9d ( ,man celebrates & enjoys triumphs ov] ! mightie/ ob/acles1 k9dl+ itself to an ev]-bright5+ flame4 ,review+ its own pa/ 9 hi/ory ! _s ( ,philosophy sees its own inn] light1 :i* is its act & its ess5ce1 con/antly increas+1 spread+ ev] wid] into ! circumambi5t d>k1 & t\*+ f>-(f & hi!rto undiscov]$ peaks ) ! fire ( a com+ dawn4 ,9 place ( ! />light ( ,sci5ce or ! moonlight ( ,religion x sees a sun arise flood+ ! _w ) light & w>m? & life4 ,high hopes1 high claims2 b c !y be made good1 or ev5 rationally ent]ta9$8 ,suffice x "h t !y be op5ly av[$ & proclaim$ to be laid up 9 ! he>t ( ! philosophic _s1 'dream+'1 & yet ) wak+ eyes1 '( ?+s to come'4 ,or r %all we n say1 see+ t its eyes are unseal$ & ! vision !re=e no dream1 behold+ a pres5t--an ev]-pres5t--,reality8 ,x 0 ,philosophy1 or philosoph]s1 z ,i h said1 t fir/ disc]n$ ! fact ( ,progress1 nam$ x1 & div9$ its l9eam5ts4 ,to ,philosophy ! "n & notion ( ,progress belongs z ( "r--! "r ( fir/ occupation4 ,m]ely to h inv5t$ a "n = ! fact is no small s]vice1 = ?us ! fact 0 fix$ = fur!r /udy & exam9ation4 ,b ) ! "n ,philosophy gave u ! idea1 ! notion1 & !re) ! fact began to be und]/ood & to become am5able to fur!r & fur!r explanation4 ,to ?is fur!r explanation ,philosophy gave notable assi/ance4 ,to 'elaborate our concepts' has be5 said to be ! :ole bus9ess ( ,philosophy1 t is1 to arre/ ! vague & %ift+ mean+s t float be=e our m9ds loosely atta*$ to ! words ( ord9>y c>eless spee*1 to fix _! outl9es1 di/+ui%+1 def9+1 ord]+ & organiz+ until ea* mass ( mean+ is improv$ & ref9$ into a ?\ght wor?y to be call$ a notion1 a fit memb] ( ! _w ( m9d1 a seat & s\rce ( intellectual light4 ,9 ?is "w ,philosophy proce$s & succe$s simply by reflect+ on :atev] mean+ x has 9 :atev] mann] already acquir$2 x employs no /range app>atus or recondite me?ods1 only cont9ues m ?\ghtfully & consci5ti\sly to use ! famili> means by :i* ! e>li] simpl] mean+s 7 appropriat$ & develop$1 foll[+ ! beat5 tracks ( ! m9d's native & spontane\s movem5t4 ,mu* m r>ely ?an ! sci5ces has x rec\rse to a te*nical vocabul>y1 be+ cont5t to express itself 9 ord9>y words ?\gh us+ !m & _! collocations ) a c>eful delicacy & pa9/ak+ adroitness4 ,to foll[ x 9 ^! uses dem&s an ef=t1 = no?+ is p]haps m difficult ?an to =ce our ?\ghts to run c\nt] to our cu/om>y he$less use ( words & to le>n to employ !m ev5 = a %ort "t ) a /eady precision ( significance4 ,yet unless ?is ef=t is resolutely made we mu/ rema9 ! easy prey ( manifold confusions & errors :i* trip u 9 ! d>k4 ,our words degrade into tok5s :i* exp]i5ce w n ca%--tangles ( symbols :i* we _c retranslate4 ,b ,philosophy is m ?an ! attempt to ref9e & subtilize our ord9>y words s z to fit !m = ! high] s]vice ( int]pretative ?\ght1 m ev5 ?an ! endeav\r to improve ! /ock ( ideas no matt] h[ come by1 by :i* we int]pret to ourselves :atev] x imports u to und]/&4 ,all ?is x is & does1 or /rives to d1 b only z subsidi>y to its true bus9ess & real aim4 ,all ?is x might d & d successfully1 & yet make or br+ ab\t no sub/antial progress 9 itself or else:]e4 ,& :5 progress 9 ,philosophy is spok5 (1 x is n ei!r su* improvem5t 9 language nor su* improvem5t 9 ideas t alone or ma9ly is meant4 ,:at is claim$ = 7or d5i$ to x7 "u ! "n ( ,progress is an advance 9 k1 k cle>-sight$1 gr\nd$1 & assur$1 k ( "s au!ntic & indubitable reality4 ,x is by ! atta9m5t ( su* k1 by progress 9 & t[>ds x1 t ! claim ( ,philosophy to be progressive mu/ /& or fall4 ,to ! "q :e!r x c make good its claim to ! possession & increase ( ?is k we mu/ give special att5tion1 = if ,philosophy fails 9 ?is x fails 9 all4 ,! olde/ "n = ! k 9 "q 0 simply ,wisdom &1 9 "s ways1 9 spite ( its app>5t arrogance ?is is ! be/ "n = :at is s\ght--or miss$4 ,yet f ! beg9n+ ! "n 0 felt n suffici5tly to di/+ui% :at 0 meant f ! high skill ( ! cunn+ craftsman & ! worldly wisdom ( ! man ( affairs1 ! /atesman or soldi] or trad]4 ,9 ! case ( all ^! x 0 difficult to dis5gage ! k involv$ f natural or tra9$ practical dext]ity4 ,:at 0 desir$ & requir$ 0 k di/+ui%$ b n divorc$ f practice & application--'pure k' z x 0 sometimes call$2 n divorc$1 ,i repeat1 = x 0 n conceiv$ z )\t be>+ ^u ! conduct ( life1 b /ill di/+ui%$1 z furni%+ light r ?an pr(it4 ,= good or evil ,philosophy began by consid]+ :at x s\ght & hop$ to rea* z pre-em95tly k 9 "s di/9ctive s5se1 & hav+ s begun x turn$ to reflect once m ^u :at x meant by s conceiv+ x & to make ?is mean+ m precise & cle>4 ,s x came to pres5t to itself z its aim or goal a special k9d or degree ( k1 to be inspir$ & guid$ by ! hope ( t4 ,practical z 9 _m ways 0 ! conc]n ( anci5t philosophy--its :ole b5t 0 t[>ds ! bett]+ ( human life--x s\ght to a*ieve ?is by ! ext5sion & deep5+ ( k1 & n ei!r ?r\gh ! cultivation or ref9em5t ( emotion or ! organization ( practical1 civil or social or philan?ropic activities4 ,x lab\r$--& lab\r$ n 9 va9--to fur!r ! increase ( k by def9+ to itself 9 advance ! k9d or degree ( k :i* w\ld accompli% ! ultimate aim ( its endeav\r or subs]ve its accompli%m5t4 ,h5ce we mu/ le>n to view ) a sympa!tic eye its repeat$ essays to give precision & detail to ! conception or ideal ( k4 ,9 =m ! answ] r5d]$ to its reque/ to itself = a def9ition1 0 det]m9$ by ! pr9ciple t ! k :i* 0 s\ght & alone1 if f\nd1 c\ld satisfy1 0 k ( ! real1 or z x 0 at fir/ m simply express$1 ( :at is1 or :at really & v]itably is4 ,refus+ ! "n ( k except to :at _h ?is z its object1 m5 turn$ to consid] ! nature ( ! object :i* /ood or c\ld /& 9 ?is relation4 ,) ?is !y contra/$ :at we1 aft] !m1 call ! ph5om5a1 ! appe>ances1 ! manifold aspects1 con/antly %ift+ ) ! %ift+ po9ts ( view ( ! obs]v] or _m obs]v]s ( x1 incon/ant1 un/eady1 sup]ficial1 mirror$ ?r\gh ! s5ses & imag9ation1 multipli$ & di/ort$ 9 div]g5t & *ang+ op9ions1 or misrepres5t$ & ev5 c>icatur$ 9 ! turbid m$ium ( ord9>y spee*1 l a cl\d$ image on ! brok5 wat]s ( a ru%+ /ream4 ',x'--s at fir/ !y spoke ( ! object ( true or 'philosophic' k--0 "o & s+le1 et]nal & un*angeable1 a univ]se or _w-ord] ( p>ts fix$ = ev] 9 _! ext]nal relations & inw>d /ructure4 ,9 ea* & all ( u !re 01 z x 71 a t9y mirror t c\ld be cle>$ s z to reflect all ?is1 & 9 s f> z su* reflection took place an inn] light 0 k9dl$ 9 ea* :i* 0 a lamp to 8 pa?4 ,kn[+--= to "k 0 s to reflect ! _w z x really 0--kn[+1 man came to self-possession & self-satisfaction--to peace & joy--& 0 ev5 'on ?is bank & %oal ( "t' rais$ beyond ! rea* ( all accid5ts & evils ( mortal exi/5ce--look+ ar\nd & d[n ^u all t c\ld h>m or hurt him & see+ x to be 9 its law-abid+ ord]l9ess & et]nal *angelessness ! embodim5t ( good4 ,s view+ x1 man le>n$ to feel ! ,univ]se 8 true home1 & 0 inspir$ n only ) awe b ) a high loyalty & public _s4 ',! poet says ,de> ,city ( ,cecrops1 & %all ,i n say ,de> ,city ( ,god8' ,! k ?us rea*$ or believ$ to be atta9able 0 m & m discrim9at$ f :at 0 (f]$ or suppli$ by ,art or ,sci5ce or ,religion1 ?\gh x 0 /ill (t5 confus$ ) ea* & all ( !m4 ,z oppos$ to t ( ,art1 x 0 n direct or imm$iate vision fla%$ z x 7 ^u ! inn] eye 9 mom5ts ( inspiration or excitem5t2 z oppos$ to t ( ,sci5ce1 x 0 a k t pi]c$ bel[ ! surface & ! seem+ ( ,nature & ,hi/ory2 z oppos$ to t ( ,religion 7:i* 0 r fai? ?an k71 x 0 sob]1 unimag9ative1 cleans$ ( emotional accompanim5t & admixture1 ! 'dry light' ( ! wise s\l4 ,true to ! pr9ciple :i* ,i h /at$1 anci5t ,philosophy proclaim$ t ! only k 9 ! end wor? hav+ 0 k ( ,fact--( :at lay beh9d all seem+ h[ev] fair--,fact unmodifi$ & unmodifiable by human wi% or w2 x bade u "k ! _w 9 :i* we live & move & h our be+1 "k x z x is truly & 9 itself1 & kn[+ x love x1 loyally acquiesc+ 9 its purposes & subs]v+ its ends4 ,9 all ?is !re 0 progress 70 !re n87 to a view1 to a tru? 7h[ else %all we speak ( x87 :i* has always1 :5 appreh5d$1 begott5 a high temp] 9 h]oic he>ts4 ,surely 9 hav+ rea*$ 9 ?\ght s high & s f> ! m9d ( man _h progress$ 9 k & 9 wisdom4 ,b n[ a *ange took place1 f :i* we mu/ date ! rise or bir? ( mod]n philosophy4 ,hi!rto on ! :ole ! m9d ( man _h look$ outw>d & s\ght k ( :at lay or seem$ to lie outside itself4 ,s look+ & gaz+ ev] deep] x _h enc\nt]$ a spectacle ( admirable & awe-compell+ ord]1 yet "o :i* = t v reason seem$ appall+ly remote f1 if n ali5 to1 all human bus9esses & conc]ns4 ,n[ x turn$ inw>d & f\nd )9 itself n only matt] ( m imm$iate or press+ int]e/1 b a _w t compell$ att5tion1 excit$ curiosity1 rew>d$ /udy4 ,sl[ly & gradually ! k ( ?is1 ! inn] _w--! _w ( ! ?9k]'s self--became ! c5tral object ( philosophic reflection4 ,! k t 0 mo/ requir$--t 0 all-important & indisp5sable 7s man began explicitly to realize7--0 k ( ! ,self1 n ( ! out] _w t at be/ c\ld nev] be m ?an kn[n1 b ( ! self t knew or c\ld "k x1 t c\ld bo? "k & be kn[n4 ,h5ce=w>d :at is /udi$ is n k ( reality--( any & e reality--or ( ext]nal reality1 b k ( ! ,self :i* c "k z well z be kn[n4 ,& ! process by :i* x is s\ght is reflection1 = ! self-k is n ! k ( o!r selves1 b ! k ( j t ,self :i* kn[s itself & no o!r4 ,?us ! k s\ght is once m & n[ f9ally di/+ui%$ f ! k (f]$ or suppli$ by ,art or ,sci5ce or ,religion3 n by ,art1 = ! ,self _c appe> & has no seem+ nor c x any way be pictur$ or describ$ or imag9$2 n by ,sci5ce1 = x lies beyond & b5ea? & beh9d all obs]vation1 nor c x be c\nt$ or measur$ or weigh$2 n by ,religion1 = k ( x comes f )9 & ! disclosure ( its nature is by ! self-witness ( ! ,self to its self1 n by revelation ( any o!r to x4 ,?us !re is disclos$ ! sl[ly-won & sl[ly-reveal$ secret ( mod]n ,philosophy1 t ! k :i* is indisp5sable1 :i* is necess>y z ! consummation & key-/one ( all o!r k1 is k ( ! kn[+-self1 self-k1 or1 z x is sometimes m te*nically call$1 self-consci\sness1 ) ! coroll>y t ?is k _c be won by any me?ods kn[n to or specially *>act]i/ic ( ,sci5ce or ,art or ,religion4 ,to become self-consci\s1 to progress 9 self-consci\sness is ! end1 & ! way or means to x is by reflection--! special me?od ( ,philosophy4 ,?is is ! /ep 9 advance made by ! mod]n _s beyond all discov]ies ( ! anci5ts2 x is ! tru? by ! appreh5sion ( :i* ! mod]n _s & its _w is made :at x is4 ,n outside u lies ,tru? or ! ,tru?3 ,tru? dwelle? 9 ! inn] man--9 int]iore hom9is habitat v]itas4 ,is ?is n progress1 progress 9 wisdom1 & to :at else c we ascribe ! advance save to ,philosophy8 ,x 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ utt]ances ( mod]n ,philosophy1 & "o :i* x has nev] f\nd reason to retract1 t ! ,self :i* kn[s c & does "k itself bett] ?an aught else :atsoev]1 & 9 t k c )\t end make confid5t & sure-foot$ advance4 ,to itself ! ,self is ! mo/ c]ta9 & ! mo/ kn[able ( all realities--) ?is x is mo/ acqua9t$1 ?is x has light 9 itself to explore1 ( ?is x c confid5tly =esee & =etell ! me?od ( advance to fur!r & fur!r k4 ,x kn[s n only its exi/5ce b its ess5ce1 its nature1 & x kn[s by :at proc$ure1 by :at ord]$ ef=t or ex]cise ( w x c progress to height beyond height ( its self-k4 ,i say1 x kn[s x1 b x also kn[s t t k _c be atta9$ all at once or tak5 complete & ready-made1 = x is itself a progress1 a self-creat$ & self-det]m9$ progress1 & on t condition progress alone is or is real4 ,= x to be is n to be at ! beg9n+ or at ! end ( ?is process1 b to be always com+ to be1 com+ to be :at x is n & yet also :at x has 9 x to be4 ,( no?+ else is ,progress s intimately ! ess5ce & v be+2 if we ask ',:at progresses or evolves8'1 ! mo/ c]ta9 answ] is ',! _s :i* is 9 man1 & :at x progresses 91 is k ( itself1 :i* is wisdom'4 ,speak+ ( & = ,philosophy ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t t _s :i* has creat$ x has gr[n1 is gr[+1 & w ev] gr[ 9 wisdom1 & t by reflection ^u itself & its hi/ory--nor c ! gates ( d>kness & error prevail aga9/ ! irresi/ible m>* ( its triumphant progress4 ,z we look back ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy seems /rewn ) ! debris ( outworn or outliv$ errors1 b out ( !m all em]ges ?is cle> & assur$ tru?1 t 9 self-k lies ! ma/]-light ( all our see+1 inexhau/ibly ca/+ its rays into ! retreat+ %ad[ _w t n[ surr\nds u1 melt+ all mi/s & dispell+ all cl\ds1 & t ! way to x is unveil$1 mapp$ & *>t$ 9 advance s t h5ce=w>d we c walk sure-foot$ly !re94 ,yet t does n mean t ! "w ( ,philosophy is done1 t x c fold its h&s & sit d[n1 = only 9 ! seek+ is its prize f\nd & !re is no goal or end o!r ?an ! process itself4 ,= ?is too is its discov]y1 t n by1 b 91 endless reflection is ! ,tru? conc]n+ x kn[n1 ! ,tru? t ea* g5]ation mu/ ev] anew w9 & e>n x = itself4 ,! result is n )\t ! process1 nor ! end )\t ! means3 ! fact is ! process & o!r fact !re is none4 ,9 o!r =ms ( s-call$ 'k' we c sev] ! conclusion f its premisses1 & ! result c be giv5 )\t ! process1 b ) self-k x is n s & no g5]ation1 or individual1 c communicate x ready-made to ano!r1 b c only po9t ! way & bid o!rs help !mselves4 ,& if ?is1 s put1 seems h>d doctr9e1 ,i c only rem9d y t to philosophize has always meant 'to ?9k by & = oneself'4 ,x is p]haps m necess>y to =mulate ! w>n+ t :at is "h call$ self-k & pron\nc$ to con/itute ! v ess5ce ( ! _s t is 9 man1 is f> remov$ f :at sometimes be>s its "n1 ! ext5d$ & m9ute acqua9tance by ! individual m9d ) its individual peculi>ities or idiosyncrasies1 its weaknesses & vanities1 its :ims & ecc5tricities2 nor is x to be confus$ ) ! /ill wid] acqua9tance ) ^? t make up our common human nature 9 all its folly & frailty :i* is sometimes call$ 'k ( human nature'2 no1 nor ) su* k z psy*ological sci5ce1 ) its me?ods ( obs]vation & induction & exp]im5t1 (f]s or supplies4 ,x is k ( some?+ t lies f> deep] )9 u--'! inw>d man'1 :i* is n m]ely alike or ak9 b is ! same 9 all ( u2 b5ea? all our diff]5ces1 /rong aga9/ all our weaknesses1 wise aga9/ all our follies1 :at ea* ( u rightly calls 8 true self & yet :at is n 8 alone1 b all m5's also4 ,z we reflect ^u x duly1 :at discloses or reveals itself to u is a self :i* is bo? our v own & yet common or univ]sal1 ! self ( ea* & yet ! self ( all4 ,! m we get to appreh5d & und]/& x1 ! m we become & "k ourselves1 n s mu* z be+ b z becom+ "o ) "o ano!r2 ! diff]5ces t sund] u 9 feel+ & ?\ght & action melt+ away l mi/4 ,! removal ( ^! diff]5ces is j ! unveil+ ( x1 9 :i* x at once comes to be & to be kn[n4 ,9 com+ to "k x we create x4 ,! unity ( ! _s ?us becomes & is kn[n z indubitable fact1 or r 7,i mu/ repeat7 n z fact1 z if x 7 or 7 any?+ be=e be+ kn[n1 b z some?+ :i* is ev] m & m com+ to be1 9 ! measure 9 :i* x is com+ to be kn[n--kn[n to itself4 ,= ?is is ! h>d lesson ( mod]n philosophy1 t our inmo/ nature & mo/ g5u9e self is n aught ready-made or giv51 b some?+ :i* is creat$ 9 & by ! process ( our com+ to "k x1 :i* progresses 9 exi/5ce & sub/antiality & value z our k ( x progresses 9 wid? & dep? & self-assurance4 ,! process is "o ( creative--self-creative--evolution1 9 :i* ea* advance deposits a result :i* prescribes ! next /ep & supplies all ! conditions = x1 & s con/antly furni%es all t is requir$ = an endless progress 9 reality & wor?4 ,?is is ! process 9 :i* ! _s ( man capitalizes & sub/antiates its activities1 committ+ its ga9s to secure cu/ody1 amass+ & us+ !m = its self-enri*m5t--9 :i* x dep5ds on no o!r ?an itself & is sov]eign ma/] ( its future & its fate4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* selves are made1 or r1 make !mselves4 ,?is is ! discov]y ( mod]n ,philosophy1 ! n[ pat5t secret :i* x (f]s = ! int]pretation ( all my/]ies & ! solv+ ( all problems--& x (f]s x ) unque/ion+ assurance1 = x has explor$ ! gr\nd & has awak5$ to ! true me?od ( progress )9 x4 ,& z ,i h said or impli$1 to ! reflective m9d regress is impossible1 x _c g back ^u itself1 & ) due t5d]ness & gratitude x has set beh9d x ! ?+s ( its unreflective *ildhood4 ,x /&s on ! /able f\ndation ( ! witness ( ! _s )9 u to itself1 to its own nature1 its own p[]s & its own rights2 x kn[s itself z ! kn[]1 ! int]pret]1 ! tea*]1 & !re=e ! ma/] & mak] ( itself4 ,yet we mu/ n id5tify or confuse ?is our deep] or deepe/ self :i* we ?us create ) ! sep>ate selves or s\ls :i* ea* ( u is2 x is n any "o ( !m nor all ( !m toge!r1 unless we give to ! ^w 'toge!r' a new & m pregnant s5se ?an x has yet come to be>4 ,x is n ! 'tribal' or 'collective' or 'social' self1 = x is n made by congregation or collection or association1 b by "s f> m intimate unification ?an is signifi$ by any ( ^! t]ms1 namely by com+ toge!r 9 & by k4 ,x is ! _s :i* is 9 u all & 9 :i* we all are1 :i* is m yet n o!r ?an we1 )\t :i* we are no?+ & d no?+ & yet :i* is v]itably ! _s ( man1 ! immortal h]o ( all ! trag$y & com$y--! :ole drama--( human hi/ory2 x is ( ?is _s z x is by x1 t ,philosophy has 9 repeat$ & resolute reflection come to "k ! nature & ! me?od ( its progress4 ,su* k has come into ! _w & prevails m widely & m pot5tly ?an ev] be=e2 possess$ 9 fullness by b a few1 x is op5 & available to all & radiates z f a beacon light ov] ! :ole field ( human exp]i5ce2 at t fire e man c light 8 c&le4 ,?is is ! light 9 :i* alone ! record ( man's ?\ghts & a*ievem5ts c be con/ru$ & :i* exhibits !m z /eps & /ages on t triumphant m>* to high] & high] levels su* z alone we c rightly "n ,progress4 ,:]e else ?an 9 ,hi/ory1 &1 above all1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,k1 is ,progress manife/$1 & 9 t :]e m c]ta9ly ?an 9 ! unretreat+ & unrevok$ advance t[>ds a deep]1 a tru]1 a wis] k ( itself by ! _s t is 9 & is1 ,man8 ,yes1 su* k1 tru? & wisdom n[ exi/s & is securely ours1 ?\gh to inh]it x ea* g5]ation & ea* individual mu/ w9 x afre% & hav+ won x mu/ develop & promote x1 or x ceases n only to "w b to be4 ,= x exi/s only z x is made or r only 9 ! act & fact ( its progress1 & s = x n to progress is at once to return to impot5ce & no?+ness4 ,& x is we :o ma9ta9 x 9 be+1 ma9ta9+ x by endless reit]at$ ef=ts ( reflection1 & s ma9ta9+ x we ma9ta9 ourselves1 re/+ or rely+ ^u x & us+ x z a s\rce ( /r5g? & a fulcrum or a plat=m = fur!r ef=t4 ,^u self-k 9 ?is s5se all o!r 'k' reposes2 ^u x & ! k ( o!r selves & ! _w1 :i* fl[s f x1 dep5ds ! possibility ( all practical advance4 ,9 ! d>k all progress is impossible4 ,b s9ce ?is discov]y 0 made & made good1 ! _s ( ,philosophy has n /ood /ill2 x has gone on1 & is /ill go+ on1 to ext5d & deep5 & secure its conque/s4 ,once m x has turn$ f its fruitful & enlight5+ conc5tration on ! inn] self & its life to review :at lies or seems to lie ar\nd & outside x4 ,x f9ds t ^? :o h /ay$1 or fall51 beh9d its audaci\s b ju/ifi$ advance 9 self-k1 /ill *]i% a view ( :at is ext]nal to ?is 7! true or real self s n[ made pat5t71 ?\ghts or fancies :i* misconceive & misrepres5t x--?\ghts p]si/$ 9 aga9/ ! feebl] prote/+ voices ( ,art & ,religion & s held prec>i\sly & un/ably ?\gh app>5tly gr\nd$ ^u ! au?ority ( ,sci5ce4 ,to ! unphilosophic or n yet philosophic m9d ! _s ( man1 already 9 imag9ation multipli$ & segregat$ into individual 's\ls'1 appe>s to be surr\nd$ ) an environm5t ( ali5 "*1 (t5 h>% to man's emotions1 (t5 rebelli\s or untractable to 8 purposes1 (t5 imp5etrable to 8 und]/&+1 & 9 a ^w indiff]5t or ho/ile to 8 ideals & aspirations aft] progress & good4 ,nay1 ! individual s\ls seem to act t[>ds "o ano!r sep>ately & collectively z su* h9drances1 & aga91 ea* individual s\l seems to be encru/$ ) insup]able imp$im5ts4 ,ev5 ! light )9 is enclos$ 9 an opaque scre5 :i* prev5ts or c\nt]acts its outfl[1 s t ! _s )9 is z x 7 entomb$ or imprison$4 ',wall ^u wall1 ! gross fle% hems u 91' we _c communicate ) "o ano!r or jo9 ) "o ano!r 9 ?\ght or de$2 & ! hope ( progress seems defeat$ by ! recalcitrant matt] t %ell ^u %ell encases u4 ,! _w ( our bodies1 ( ! bodies & spirits ( o!rs1 & all ! va/ compages ( ?+s & =ces :i* we call ',nature' bl9ds & baffles u1 mocks our hopes & breaks our he>ts4 ,h[ idle to dream t amid/ & aga9/ all ?is neutrality or ho/ility any sub/antial or secure advance c be made6 ,9 answ] to all ^! ?\ghts1 ^! d\bts & fe>s1 ,philosophy is beg9n+ ) increas+ boldness to speak a ^w1 n ( m]e com=t & consolation1 b ( secure & confid5t wisdom4 ,all ?is s-call$ 'ext]nal' nature & environm5t is n ho/ile or ali5 to ! self or _s :i* is 9 man1 x is ak9 & alli$ to x z we n[ "k x to be4 ,:atev] is real & n m]ely app>5t 9 ,hi/ory or ,nature is rational1 is ( ! same /uff & "* z t :i* is )9 u4 ,x too is spiritual1 ! appe>ance & embodim5t ( :at is "o 9 nature & mode ( be+ ) :at lies deepe/ & is mo/ pot5t 9 u4 ,s f> z x is n t1 x is appe>ance & n reality1 wov5 l a dream by imag9ation or end[$ ) an un/able & %ift+ quasi-reality by our ?\ghts & suppositions & fancies ab\t we "k n :at4 ,n t x is an illusion1 /ill less a delusion1 r :at x is is ! outw>d & visible sign ( an inw>d & spiritual reality1 a symbol beautiful1 ord]ly1 awe-inspir+ yet mutilat$1 p>tial1 confus$1 ( some?+ deep] & m real1 ! expression1 ! face & ge/ure1 ( a _s t1 z ours does1 kn[s itself1 its own pr(\nd be+ & mean+1 & does :at x does 9 ! light ( su* k1 a _s :i* above all progresses endlessly t[>ds & 9 a ri*] & full] k ( itself4 ,:at we call ,fact--hi/orical or natural--is ess5tially su* an expression1 on ! "o h& a f9i%$ expression1 set 9 ! pa/ & !re=e = ev] beyond ! possibility ( *ange & s ( progress1 an exhau/$ or dead expression1 on ! o!r h& a pass+ into ! light ( :at 0 be=e unkn[n ev5 to ! express]'s self1 an act by :i* 0 made & secur$ a self-discov]y or self-revelation1 a creative act ( self-k & s significant & int]pretable4 ,?is d\ble "* ( ev5ts 9 ,hi/ory & ,nature is dimly descri$ 9 :at we specially call 'nature'1 b comes m fully into view 9 ! sph]e ( human hi/ory1 :]e ea* /ep is at once a de$ & a discov]y1 a contribution to ! con/itution ( ! _w ( fact & a fulguration ( ! light )9 illum9at+ facts z ! condition ( its own inexhau/ible cont9uance4 ,! _w ( ,fact1 arti/ic or ae/hetic1 sci5tific1 moral1 political1 economic1 is :at ! _s builds r\nd itself1 creat+ x out ( its own sub/ance1 :ile x itself 9 creat+ x gr[s )91 evolv+ out ( itself into itself & advanc+ 9 k or wisdom & p[]4 ,& out ( its n[ securely won self-k x decl>es t x--itself--is ! s\rce & spr+ ( all real fact :atsoev]1 :i* is its self-creat$ expression1 made by x 9 its own int]e/s1 & = its own good1 ! bett] & bett] to "k itself4 ,no?+ is or c be ali51 /ill less ho/ile to x1 = '9 wisdom has x made !m all'4 ,look+ back & ar\nd x re-reads 9 all fact ! results ( its own p[] ( self-expression4 ,no?+ is b :at x has made4 ,all ?is might p]haps h be5 put v simply by say+ t ev] s9ce man has set himself to "k 8 own m9d 9 ! "r way1 he has succe$$ bett] & bett]1 & t 9 kn[+ 8 own m9d he has come to "k & is /ill com+ to "k all else beside1 includ+ all t at fir/ sight seems o!r ?an1 or ev5 c\nt] to1 8 own m9d4 ,he has le>n$ :at mann] ( be+ he is1 h[ t be+ has be5 made & h[ x cont9ues to be made & develop$1 & aga91 h[ 9 ! c\rse ( its self-creation & self-advance x deposits itself 9 'fact' & reflect+ on t fact rises beyond & above itself 9 k & p[]4 ,he is m9d or _s1 & :at lies beh9d & ar\nd him is spiritual4 ,z he reflects ^u ?is ! mean+ ( x becomes ev] m cle> & di/9ct1 ord]$ & organiz$1 & at ! same "t m sub/antial1 m real1 m lively & pot5t4 ,9 becom+ kn[n :at 0 be=e dead & d>k & ?reat5+ or ob/ructive or ho/ile is made transp>5t1 alive1 utilisable1 contribut+ to ! con/antly gr[+ self t kn[s & is kn[n4 ,"h is ! gr[+ po9t ( reality1 ! fons emanationis ( tru? & wor? & be+1 evid5c+ its p[] n z x 7 9 increase ( bulk1 b 9 ! enhanc+ ( value4 ,& surely "h is ,progress1 :i* consi/s n 9 m]e enl>gem5t or expansion b 9 ! height5+ ( =ces to a new p[]--9 a ^w1 9 _! elevation to a m spiritual1 a m intellig5t & !re=e m pot5t1 level4 ,to ! arti/ic eye ! univ]se pres5ts itself z a va/ & mov+ spectacle1 to ! sci5tific m9d z ! !atre ( =ces :i* repeat _! "w ) a me*anical uni=mity or p]haps fatally run d[n to a pr$e/9$ & pr$ictable f9al arre/1 to ! dev\t or religi\s s\l z ! con/ant efflux ( a b5efic5t w1 unwe>i$ly k9d1 c>+ = ! humble/ ( its creatures1 augu/1 wor%ipful1 des]v+ ( endless adoration & love1 :ile to ! philosophic m9d x is kn[n & ev] m to be kn[n z ! self-expression ( a m9d 9 ess5ce "o ) all m9ds t "k x 9 kn[+ !mselves1 "k x z ! "w or product ( a m9d engag$ or absorb$ 9 kn[+ itself1 & s creat+ itself & all t is requisite t x may le>n m & m :at is hidd5 or /or$ f all et]nity )9 its pl5itude4 ,at lea/ we may say t ! conception ( a ,m9d :i* 9 ord] to "k itself creates ! conditions ( su* k1 :i* wills to le>n :atev] c be le>n$ ( itself f :atev] x does1 supplies ! be/ patt]n or orig9al aft] :i* to model our vagu] & m blurr$ conceptions ( progressive exi/5ce & be+ else:]e4 ,x furni%es to u an ideal ( a progress :i* realizes or ma9ta9s & advances itself1 = x is indep5d5t ^u ext]nal conditions4 ,! ,progress ( ,philosophy or ( ,wisdom is a palm>y in/ance ( progress a*iev$ out ( ! int]nal res\rces ( t :i* progresses4 ,& aft] ?is patt]n we lea/ untruly & lea/ unwor?ily conceive ! mode ( t et]nal & univ]sal ,progress :i* is ! life ( ! ,:ole )9 & z "p ( :i* we live4 ,! aim ( ,philosophy is n edification b ! possession & enjoym5t ( ,tru?1 & ! ,tru? may we> an aspect :i*1 :ile x enlight5s1 also bl9ds or ev5 at fir/ appals & p>alyses4 ,& c]ta9ly ,reality or ,philosophy z has come to "k x & proclaims x to be1 is n su* z ei!r directly to w>m our he>ts or /imulate our en]gies4 ,n to d ei!r has ,philosophy come into ! _w1 nor s does x help to br+ ,progress ab\t2 nor does x (f] prizes to ^? :o pursue ei!r moral improvem5t or bus9ess success1 nor aga9 does x increase t in=mation conc]n+ 'nature' & m5 :i* is ! condition ( ! "o & ! o!r1 yet to ^? :o love ,tru? & :o w buy no good at ! sacrifice ( x1 :at x (f]s is en\gh1 & to progress t[>ds & 9 x is = !m wor? all ! _w beside2 x is1 if n ! only real progress1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* all o!r progress is )\t wor? or sub/ance or reality4 ,9 ! end1 if any advance any:]e is claim$ or ass]t$1 mu/ we n ask3 ,is ! claim f\nd$ on tru?1 is ! good or pr(it seem+ly atta9$ a 7or !7 true good8 ,to :om or to :at is x good8 ,c we /op %ort ( ! endeav\r to assure ourselves beyond "q or d\bt t we are "r 9 :at answ]s we r5d]8 ,& :]e or by :at means c we rea* ?is save by turn+ inw>d on m$itation or reflection1 t is by philosophiz+8 ,greek3 ,ei philosopheteon philosopheteon1 ei de me1 philosopheteon2 pantos ara philosopheteon4 ,?i!r ! m9d ( man has always turn$ :5 ! burd5 ( ! my/]y ( its nature & fate has weigh$ all b intol]ably ^u x1 & turn+ has nev] f\nd itself betray$1 b f k ( itself has drawn fre% hope & /r5g? to resume ! un9t]rupt$ m>* ( ,progress :i* is its life & its hi/ory1 its be+1 its self-=mation1 9 c\rage mov+ =w>ds 9 & t[>ds ! light4 ,x is z if su* light 7 n m]ely ! condition ( its welf>e1 b ! food on :i* x liv$1 ! /uff :i* x transmut$ into sub/ance & en]gy1 out ( x mak+1 ma9ta9+ & build+ its v self4 ,s "u :atev] "n1 :e!r we call :at we are do+ ,philosophy or some?+ else1 ! se>* = m & m light ^u ourselves & our _w is ! mo/ indisp5sable activity to :i* ! leagu$ & co-op]ative p[]s ( ,man c be devot$4 ,=tunately x is also t 9 :i* success or failure dep5ds mo/ c]ta9ly ^u ourselves & 9 :i* ,progress c ) mo/ confid5ce be look$ =4 ,9 x we _c fail if we w to take suffici5t tr\ble2 ! means to x are op5 & available2 x is our fault if we d n employ !m & pr(it by !m4 ,if we h less wisdom ?an we might h1 x is nev] any "o's fault b our own4 ,! door ( ! treasure-h\se ( ,wisdom /&s ev] op54 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,c4 ,c4 ,j4 ,webb1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,burnet1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy4 ,e4 ,j4 ,bevan1 ,/oics & ,sceptics4 ,hoeffd+1 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy 7translat$74 ,royce1 ,! ,_s ( ,philosophy4 ,m]z1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,,xii ,,progress ,,z ,,an ,,ideal ,,( ,,action ,j4 ,a4 ,,smi? ,?r\gh\t ?is c\rse ( lectures1 n[ come to its close1 we h toge!r be5 engag$ 9 a !oretical inquiry4 ,we h be5 look+ ma9ly t[>ds ! pa/1 to some?+ !re=e = ev] & 9 its v nature set beyond ! possibility ( alt]ation by u or inde$ at all4 ',:at is done n ev5 ,god c make to be undone4' ,7 x o!rwise x c\ld n be fact or reality & s n capable ( be+ !oriz$ or /udi$4 ,9 ! words ( our programme we h analys$ :at is involv$ 9 ! conception ( ,progress1 %[n :5 x became prom95t 9 ! consci\sness ( mank9d & h[ f> ! idea has be5 realiz$--t is has become fact--9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,we h tak5 ,progress z a fact1 some?+ accompli%$1 & h attempt$ s tak+ x to expla9 or und]/& x4 ,we h n inde$ assum$ t x is conf9$ to ! pa/1 b h at times enl>g$ our consid]ation s z to recognize its cont9uance 9 ! pres5t & to ju/ify ! hope ( its p]si/5ce 9 ! future4 ,"s ( u w\ld p]haps g fur!r & hold t x has1 by ^! & simil> reflections1 come to be "p ( our assur$ k t x mu/ s cont9ue & p]si/4 ,b h[ev] we h wid5$ our purview1 :at we call ,progress has rema9$ to u a c\rse or movem5t :i* /ill pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a fact :i* is l>gely1 if n :olly1 indep5d5t ( u--a fact because indep5d5t ( u--to :i* we c occupy no o!r attitude ?an t ( int]e/$ spectators1 int]e/$ & conc]n$1 mov$ or condition$ by x b n active or co-op]ative 9 x4 ,s f> z x is 9 process ( realization 9 ! va/ !atre ( nature1 inorganic or organic1 dead or liv+1 t surr\nds u1 x pursues its c\rse 9 virtue ( p[]s n ours & unam5able to our control4 ,& ev5 :5 we view x )9 ! clos] environm5t ( human hi/ory its curr5t seems to c>ry u irresi/ibly ) x4 ,its exi/5ce is inde$ ( v practical conc]n to u1 b app>5tly all we c d is to come to "k x1 & kn[+ x to all[ = x z or among ! set conditions ( our self-orig9at$ or self-gov]n$ actions if su* actions !re be4 ,! cle>] we h become z to ! nature ( ,progress1 ! m x w\ld appe> t x mu/ be = u1 because x is 9 itself1 a fact to be recogniz$ 9 !ory1 tak5 into acc\nt & reckon$ )4 ,x is or x is n1 comes to be or does n come to be1 & :at we h fir/ & =emo/ to seek1 is light ^u its exi/5ce & "* z x is or occurs4 ,light1 we hope1 has be5 ca/ ^u x4 ,we h le>n$ t 9 its inmo/ ess5ce & to its utmo/ b\nds ,reality--:at lies outside & ar\nd u--is n fix$1 rigid1 immobile1 0 n & is n & _c be z ! anci5t or m$iaeval m9d feign$ or fabl$1 some?+ beyond ! rea* ( "t & *ange--/atic or /ation>y--b is itself a process ( ceaseless alt]ation4 ,we h le>n$ also to be dissatisfi$ ) ! compromise :i*1 :ile ackn[l$g+ su* alt]ation1 all b )draws x 9 effect by ass]t+ x to be ei!r 9 gross or 9 detail a process ( m]e repetition4 ,! sy/em ( laws :i* sci5ce _h taught u to consid] z ! tru? ( nature is itself n[ kn[n to be caught 9 ! evolution>y process1 & to be und]go+ a con/ant modification4 ,z 9 ! mod]n /ate1 s 9 ,nature1 ! legislative p[] is n exhau/$ b incessantly embodies itself 9 novel =ms4 ,nature itself--natura naturans--is n[ conceiv$1 & rightly conceiv$1 z a p[] n b\nd to laws o!r ?an ^? :i* x makes = or imposes on itself1 & z 9 its op]ations at lea/ analog\s to a w self-det]m9$1 self-gov]n+1 creative ( ! ways & means by :i* its purpose or purposes are a*iev$4 ,:at t purpose is we h begun to appreh5d1 & to see its v>i\s processes z conv]g+ or co-op]at+ t[>ds its fulfilm5t4 ,9 ! my?ological language :i* ev5 ,sci5ce is /ill oblig$ to use1 we n[ speak ( ,nature z 'select+' or 'devis+'1 & we ascribe to x a l>ge fre$om ( *oice wisely us$4 ,we c already at lea/ def9e ! process z guid$ t[>ds a great] v>iety & fullness & h>mony ( life1 or 7) a l>g] c\rage7 z po9t$ t[>ds a height5+ or pot5tiation ( life4 ,s def9+ its goal we c sympa?ize ) & welcome ! successful ef=ts made t[>d x1 & s feel ourselves at he>t "o ) ! p[] t c>ries on ! process 9 its aspirations & its ef=ts4 ,b /ill1 we _c help feel+1 x & all its ways lie outside u1 & to u x rema9s an ali5 or =eign p[]4 ,i v5ture to repeat my cont5tion t ?is is s j because1 h[ev] mu* we come to le>n ( its ways1 we d n feel t we are com+ to und]/& x any bett]1 gett+ inside x1 z we d get inside & und]/& human nature4 ,its progress is a *ange1 p]haps a bett]m5t1 9 our environm5t--9 ext]nals--& takes place v l>gely :e!r we w & act or no4 ,! l>g] our acqua9tance ) x1 ! m does its action seem to encroa* ^u ! doma9 )9 :i* our volitions & acts c make any diff]5ce4 ,ev5 9 social life we seem 9 ! grip & grasp ( =ces :i* c>ry u t[>ds evil or good :e!r we w or no4 ,ducunt vol5tem fata1 nol5tem trahunt4 ,! :ole kn[n univ]se outside & ar\nd u pres5ts to u ! spectacle ( :at has be5 call$ a de facto teleology1 & j because x is s1 & s widely & deeply s1 x leaves little or no room = u to set up our ideals )9 x & to "w = _! realization4 ,! fact t ! laws :i* prevail 9 x are modifiable & modifi$ makes no diff]5ce2 !y modify !mselves1 & 9 _! diff]5t =ms /ill con/ra9 u4 ,& no matt] h[ increas+ly b5efic5t !y may 9 _! action appe>1 !y are /ill despotic & we unfree4 ,! rule ( laws :i* ,sci5ce discov]s encroa*es ^u our lib]ties & privacies4 ,:at we _h hi!rto ?\ght our v own1 ! movem5t ( our impulses & desires & imag9ations1 are report$ by sci5ce to be subject to 'laws ( association'1 & we are borne onw>ds ev5 if also at times upw>ds on an irresi/ible flood4 ,we rema9 b\nd by ! iron necessity ( a fate t invades our inmo/ be+--:i* w n let u any:]e securely alone4 ,i repeat t x matt]s n h[ c]ta9ly ! tr5d ( ! tide1 :i* sets ev]y:]e ar\nd & outside u1 is t[>ds :at is good or be/ = u1 x /ill is ! case t x pres5ts itself z nei!r ask+ = f u nor p]mitt+ to u ! =mation ( any ideals ( ours nor any prospect ( secur+ !m by our ef=ts4 ,7 ! fact ( ,progress e/abli%$ & conclusively %[n to be all-p]vasive & et]nal1 x /ill w\ld be> to u ! aspect ( a pat]nal gov]nm5t :i* did good to & = u1 b all ! m left less & less to ourselves4 ,?is w d\btless be pron\nc$ an exagg]ation1 & we may weakly refuse to face ! impression naturally consequ5t ^u ! progress we h made 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! facts conc]n+ ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,b does n ! impression exi/8 ,! hateful & desolat+ impression made on u e>li] by ! ?\ght ( a 'block' univ]se1 once = all & rigidly fix$ 9 unalt]able & uni=m subjection to et]nal & omnipres5t law1 has dissolv$ l ! baseless fabric ( a vision4 ,& :y8 ,j because be+ f\nd intol]able x 0 fac$ & put to ! "q4 ,n[ t !re has be5 sub/itut$ = x ! spectacle ( a univ]se necess>ily or fatally evolv+--or1 z we h said1 progress+--does x n1 :ile /ill evok+ ! old awe or rev]5ce1 d any?+ b /ill daunt & di%e>t5 u8 ,:at is our "p1 we ask1 our v own "p )9 all ?is8 ,:at c we )9 x d8 ,& ! answ]1 t x is ours1 if we w1 to ent] into & live 9 ! contemplation ( all ?is no long] appeals to u4 ,9 su* a progressive univ]se we c no long] feel ourselves 'at home'4 ,9 x our active nature w\ld seem to exi/ only to be disappo9t$ & rebuff$4 ,! only progress :i* we c c>e = is ! progress :i* we ourselves br+ ab\t1 or c believe t we br+ ab\t1 9 ourselves or our fell[s or 9 ! _w imm$iately ar\nd u4 ,s long z :at is s nam$ is some?+ devis$ & execut$ by a p[] n our own--n ! same z our own--x may call out f u gratitude & rev]5ce1 b ! spectacle ( ! reality ( su* ,progress _c ex]cise ! attractive =ce nor1 s f> z x is realiz$1 beget t creative joy :i* accompanies ev5 humble acts 9 :i* we set an ideal ( our own be=e ourselves1 & see x ?r\gh our ef=ts em]ge into actual exi/5ce4 ,a practical ideal mu/ be ?r\gh & ?r\gh ( our own mak+4 ,x mu/ be devis$ by u & set to ourselves = our pursuit1 & its com+ to be1 or be real1 mu/ be our do+4 ,! v idea ( x mu/ be our own1 n giv5 or prescrib$1 /ill less impos$1 & ! process t[>ds x mu/ be our do+ too4 ,t !re %\ld1 on _! view ( x1 ev] be prote/ & rebellion aga9/ its tyrann\s dem&s appe>s to me reasonable & "r1 & ^? :o make x to be gu>d+ ! imm$iate jewel ( man's nature4 ,we %\ld1 we might say1 if ?is 7 ! :ole tru? ab\t ! univ]se1 ackn[l$ge ourselves z its sons b\nd to gratitude & ob$i5ce because ( ! fa!rly c>e = u1 b x w\ld be an ess5tial complem5t to our family loyalty t we %\ld insi/ ^u & make good our claims to be gr[n-up sons & fell[ citiz5s1 decl9+ to pron\nce x :olly good1 if ^? claims 7 d5i$ to u4 ,n[ all ^! conditions seem to make /raight aga9/ ! possibility ( reg>d+ ,progress1 9 ! view ( x we h hi!rto tak51 z an ideal ( our action4 ,9 view ( ?is "* ( ! kn[n fact ( ,progress1 s disc\rag+ & disabl+ to our active or practical nature1 c]ta9 sugge/ions h be5 made :i* are ?\ght to relieve u f ^! effects4 ,x is said sometimes t ?is fatal--if b5efic5t or b5eficial1 /ill fatal--progress leaves z x 7 c]ta9 int]/ices 9 ! univ]se )9 :i* x loses its con/ra9+ =ce1 petty prov9ces b suffici5t1 :]e man is ma/] & det]m9es all ev5ts1 f :i* ev51 x is sometimes conc$$1 "s obscure b important influ5ces are p]mitt$ to fl[1 modify+ 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s1 little sanctu>ies :]e ! _s t is 9 him & is 8 devises & realizes ideals ( its own4 ,b ! notion ( su* sacrosanct & inviolable autonomies is be+ /eadily und]m9$1 & !y are felt1 z sci5ce becomes m dom9ant ov] our imag9ations & emotions1 to be no m ?an eddies 9 ! univ]sal /ream1 only app>5tly di/9ct & self-ma9ta9$1 means made & brok5 = its purpose1 really products & in/rum5ts ( ! _w-progress4 ,at any rate1 x has be5 d5i$ t !y c rightfully be ?\ght to /& outside x or !mselves to ex]cise any effect ^u _! =tunes & _! fate1 /ill less ^u _! environm5t4 ,ano!r sugge/ion fully & frankly ackn[l$ges ?is1 b ?\gh d5y+ to u any p[] to affect ei!r ! =m or ! direction ( ! curr5ts on :i* we are borne along1 decl>es /ill op5 to u ! possibility ( affect+ _! spe$1 & bids u f9d satisfaction 9 ! ?\ght t by tak+ ?\ght or resolve we c ha/5 or delay _! & ! univ]sal movem5t4 ,/ill ano!r view1 ab&on+ ev5 t hope1 proclaims "o la/ *oice op5 to u1 namely1 t ( sull5 submission to1 or glad & loyal acquiesc5ce 91 its irresi/ible sway4 ,b surely all ^! sugge/ions are idle1 & b = a mom5t conceal or po/pone ! inevitable conclusion t if ,progress 01 is & mu/ or w be1 t is1 is necess>y1 :at we ?9k or d makes no diff]5ce1 & c make no diff]5ce to or 9 x4 ,:e!r or no we conv]t ! fact into an ideal1 :e!r or no we set x be=e z our aim & ex]t ourselves to "w = x1 x goes on its way all ! same4 ,ei!r !n x is n a fact1 nev] 01 & nev] w be a fact1 or x is no possible ideal = :i* we c act4 ,to be or become a fact1 x mu/ be indep5d5t ( our action or our cons5t or our lik+2 if x is n all ^! x is n an ideal ( action1 or at any rate n s = u4 ,i mu/ repeat t :at is or c be an ideal ( action = u mu/ be :olly & solely ( our mak+1 ! v ?\ght ( x self-begott5 9 our m9d1 e /ep to its actual exi/5ce ! self-creat$ de$ ( our w4 ,n t ei!r idea or act comes into be+ 9 a void or )\t sugge/ion & assi/ance f )\t u1 b /ill s t ! initiative lies 9 :at we ?9k or d1 & s t )\t u x is unreal & impossible4 ,x is en\gh1 inde$1 t we %\ld be contributory1 b ! ideal mu/ be su* t )\t our irreplaceable co-op]ation x mu/ fail4 ,! only ,progress 9 :i* we c take an active int]e/ or make an ideal ( action1 is "o :i* we conceive & execute1 & t ! fact we call ,progress is n4 ,s f> we h f\nd mu* argum5t to %[ t :at we h hi!rto call$ ,progress is n & _c be an ideal ( action1 or at lea/ ( our action4 ,& n[ we mu/ face ano!r argum5t m pla9 & app>5tly fatal1 inde$1 specially or peculi>ly fatal4 ,= ! v notion ( ,progress is ( a process :i* cont9ues )\t end1 or we h ! dilemma t x is ei!r endless or runs to an end 9 :i* !re is no long] ,progress b some?+ else4 ,9 ei!r case x is n itself an end or ! end1 & :atev] an ideal ( action is1 x mu/ be an end--some?+ beyond :i* !re is no?+1 :i* has no ,beyond at all4 ,to set be=e oneself z an ideal ( action :at "o c]ta9ly kn[s to be incapable ( atta9m5t or accompli%m5t1 incapable ( com+ to an end--t is surely futile & va94 ,)\t a be/1 bett] or bett]-&-bett] has no mean+1 & :5 ! be/ is rea*$ ,progress is no m4 ,! objection may be put 9 v>i\s ways1 z ?us4 ,:at we seek or want or "w =1 is to be satisfi$1 & satisfaction is a /ate1 n a process or a progress4 ,or aga91 act+ is a process ( seek+1 seek+ & /riv+ = some?+1 & surely ! seek+ _c itself be ! object ( ! se>*4 ,or once m1 :at we act = is1 z we mu/ conceive x1 some?+ complete1 f9i%$1 p]fect1 b ,progress is ess5tially some?+ incomplete1 unf9i%$1 imp]fect4 ,we all feel ?is1 & at times at lea/ ! ?\ght t :at we seek flies ev] be=e1 affrights & p>alyses3 recoil+ f su* a prospect1 we set be=e our imag9ations z ! rew>d or result ( our lab\rs1 n movem5t b re/1 n creation or production b consumption & fruition4 ,we dream ( "o day com+ to p>ticipate 9 a life or exp]i5ce s good t !re is no *ange f less good to m good possible )9 x1 & :i*1 if x c be said to progress at all1 only1 9 ,milton's magnific5t words1 'progresses ! dateless & irrevoluble circle ( its own p]fections1 jo9+ insep>able h&s ) joy & bliss 9 ov]-measure = ev]'4 ,once ?is ideal has pres5t$ itself to our hopes or desires1 x degrades by comp>ison ) x to a second-be/1 ! =m] ideal ( endless developm5t f l[] to high]4 ,:at we want & seek is to be !re1 to h done ) gett+ !re4 ',"h is ! h\se ( fulfilm5t ( crav+1 ?is is ! cup ) ! roses ar\nd x4' ,comp>$ ) ?is1 h[ disconsolate a prospect is t '( ! sea t ha? no %ore beyond x1 set 9 all ! sea'--! endless voyage or que/4 ,n ,progress is or c be ! end1 b a*ievem5t & ! enjoym5t ( x4 ,! progress is t[>ds & = ! end2 ! end is ! supreme good & ! progress is only good because ( x1 because x is on ! way t leads to x1 ! way we are cont5t to travel only because x leads !re4 ,once m1 & on /ill sur] gr\nds1 we mu/ pron\nce :at we h come to "k z ,progress to be no possible ideal ( action4 ,:at draws u on is ! hope ( some?+ to be atta9$ 9 & by ! progress4 ,to take ,progress1 :i* on ! "o h& is a fact & on ! o!r is an incomplete fact1 to be ! end ( our /riv+ & our do+ is to acquiesce 9 a self-contradiction4 ,yet ! c\nt]-ideal ( a /ate 9 :i* we %all simply re/ f our lab\rs & sit d[n to enjoy ! fruits ( !m does n promise satisfaction ei!r1 & s _c be ! end or ideal4 ,our desire & our endeav\r is n = a moveless1 *angeless1 undevelop+ p]fection4 ,9 fact1 s (t5 z ! dream ( su* a /ate atta9$ has pres5t$ itself1 x has to ?\ghtful m9ds appe>$ any?+ b attractive or desirable4 ,our desire is to g on1 & = t we are will+ to pay a price--nay1 x is = m ?an m]ely to g on1 x is to advance & increase 9 p]fection1 s mu* s t ! ideal itself once m slews r\nd into its opposite & ! se>* appe>s wor? m ?an ! atta9m5t4 ,x seems t we 7 n on ! o!r view s :olly wrong1 b mu/ try s to frame our ideal ( action z to unite bo? *>act]s & satisfy bo? dem&s at once1 s t x %all be at once a /ate & a movem5t or process1 an a*ievem5t & a progress1 a re/ or quiet & a /riv+ aft] x1 a p]fection & a p]fect+4 ,! comb9ation at fir/ sight appe>s impossible4 ,yet bo? *>act]s x mu/ comb9e4 ,"h aga91 ,i mu/ confess t ! idea ( m]e ,progress1 ev5 z a*iev$ by our own ef=ts1 seems to me to omit some?+ ess5tial to an ideal ( action--( :at is wor? :ile our act+ =4 ,:at is to be an ideal ( action mu/ h ! "* ( a fulfilm5t--some?+ to be consum$1 n m]ely et]nally add$ to4 ,= ?is "* ( ! 7or any7 ideal ( action ! be/ "n is fruition or enjoym5t4 ,& ! defect 9 ! conception ( x z ,progress is t x seems to po/pone ?is )\t a date4 ,let u put ?is tru? :i* we h discov]$ conc]n+ ,progress 9 a nut%ell1 hid+ or disreg>d+ ! int]nal contradiction4 ,:at is ! nature1 :at is ! k9d ( reality1 :i* we h le>n$ to ascribe to ,progress 7= we did pron\nce x real & ess5tially capable ( be+ realiz$78 ,x is t x is fact1 yet fact n made b 9 ! mak+2 x is j ! "n = :at is real only ?r\gh & 9 ! process ( becom+ real or be+ realiz$4 ,n[ ,i h already else:]e po9t$ out t :ile a realization :i* is also a reality1 or a reality :i* is also a realization1 is 9 nature or :at is ext]nal to u a my/]y & a puzzle1 x is j :5 we look inw>ds ! op5 secret ( our be+2 9 our life or action reg>d$ f )91 x appe>s z some?+ :i* is only d>k because x is s close & famili> to u t inspection ( x is difficult1 n because x is 9 itself opaque or un9telligible4 ,to its exemplification or illu/ration !re we mu/ turn = light ^u our problem4 ,let u = ! "t disreg>d ! pressure ex]cis$ ^u u by ! sugge/ions ( physical sci5ce1 or ev51 ,i may add1 popul> & imag9ative or op9ionative--:i* is ,lat9 = 'dogmatic'--,religion1 & exam9e h[ ,progress takes place1 or is realiz$ & real1 )9 our spirits1 or t _s :i* is )9 u4 ,! inw>d process is "o by :i* t _s is or is real only 9 ! act or fact ( be+ or com+ to be realiz$1 or r ( realiz+ itself1 & ! way 9 :i* x s becomes or makes itself real is by ackn[l$g+ its own pa/1 treat+ x z fact1 recogniz+ its failures or imp]fections !re91 project+ on ! future an idea or ideal ( itself1 sugge/$ by ^? appreh5d$ wants or defects1 ( :at x might be1 & us+ t to supply itself ) bo? en]gy & guidance1 draw+ f its own pa/ bo? /r5g? & light4 ,9 all ?is x acts autonom\sly1 out ( itself1 & creates bo? ! requisite light & ! indisp5sable =ce1 mak+ its v limitations into new s\rces & res]voirs ( bo?4 ,we d n suffici5tly note & hold & use ! indubitable tru? t1 9 contradi/9ction to :at we call ,nature1 ! =ces ( ! _s re9=ce & re-create !mselves 9 _! use1 are 9 _! use n consum$ b re9vigorat$1 n dissipat$ or degrad$ b recollect$ & elevat$1 n exp5d$ b enhanc$4 ,!re is 9 ! realm ( _s :i* is our nature & our _w no law ( ei!r ! cons]vation or ! degradation ( en]gy4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be br[-beat5 by argum5ts drawn f ! obscur] region ( physical & ext]nal nature4 ,we "k ourselves to be en]gies or en]giz+ p[]s :i* increase & d n wa/e by ex]cise4 ,t is :at we ought to mean by say+ t we are wills & n =ces1 spiritual n physical or natural be+s4 ,if ne$ be to confirm ourselves 9 ?is k1 let u ?9k ( :at takes place1 has tak5 place 9 ! advance ( k1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! mo/ important k9d ( k1 viz4 self-k1 h[ we make x by our reflection ^u :at we h already 9 respect ( x a*iev$1 recognize h[ x or we h fall5 %ort or ov]-%ot our m>k1 def9e :at is requir$ to make good its defici5cies1 & f9d ourselves !reby already 9 actual possession ( ! preconceiv$ supplem5t4 ,! real1 ! fact1 :at is atta9$ or accompli%$ 9 & by u1 prescribes & facilitates1 or r supplies1 its own miss+ complem5t ( p]fection4 ,! process c>ries itself on1 ! progress realizes itself1 ! ideal translates itself into ! fact or actuality3 x accompli%es itself & yet x is ! do+ ( our v self1 ( ! _s )9 u4 ,all ?is is n m]ely our do+1 x is our be+1 x is ! process by :i* we make our m9ds1 our s\ls1 our v selves or self4 ,t man is ess5tially an1 or r !1 ideal-=m+ animal 7or r _s7 has long be5 not$1 & also t ! =mation ( ideals is an indisp5sable factor 9 8 progress1 :i* is 8 life & v be+4 ,b all ! same1 ?is is sometimes put 9 su* a way z to make action1 or at lea/ human action1 a disp5sable accid5t 9 ! univ]se1 an ineffective & unsub/antial unreality1 :ile at ! same "t ^? :o put x ?us1 pr(ess to see ?r\gh ! illusion & to enjoy mom5ts ( insight :i* recognize its nullity4 ,?is way ( putt+ x 9 my judgem5t intol]ably misconceives & misrepres5ts ! tru?4 ,our ideals ( action mu/ be self-made or self-begott51 b yet !y mu/ be congru5t ) kn[n fact2 b ! mann] ( su* congru5ce is h>d to see1 h>d to express4 ,ideals _c be !mselves facts1 & !re=e _c be kn[n1 b on ! o!r h& !y _c be m]e imag9ations or suppositions or beliefs1 /ill less1 ( c\rse1 illusions or delusions4 ,!y are n vision>y1 & ! appreh5sion ( !m is a sort or degree ( p]ception4 ,!y po9t beyond !mselves to "s high] fact :i* is n cognizable by our s5ses or p]haps our und]/&+1 b :i* is yet g5u9ely cognizable & s 9 "s high s5se fact4 ,yet !y are n1 z we envisage !m1 ! fact to :i* !y po9t1 b a sub/itute = or repres5tative ( t--an anticipation ( or prevision ( x1 a symbol ( a fact4 ,_! own k9d or degree ( reality is sometimes call$ 'validity'--a t]m ,i d n l3 x might be m simply nam$ 'rightness' ) ! connotation ( a c]ta9 incumb5cy & imp]ativ5ess z well z ( an appeal or adju/m5t to our nature z we "k x2 or p]haps all we c say is t _! reality--x seems a p>adox t an ideal %\ld possess 'reality'--consi/s 9 _! sugge/iv5ess ( modes ( action & _! applicability to x1 all ?is be+ support$ by ! conception ( a /ate ( affairs beyond & ar\nd u :i* makes x '"r'4 ,if all ?is is s1 ,progress z an ideal ( action _c be precisely id5tical ) ,progress z a fact or object ( actual or possible k4 ,we c nev] "k :at we are aim+ at4 ,b ?\gh diff]5t1 ! two are & mu/ be congru5t1 & ?is may be en\gh to ju/ify u 9 us+ ! "o "n = ! two4 ,unless !re 7 ,progress z fact ev]y:]e & always 9 ! univ]se--outside u--9 ,nature & ,hi/ory1 & unless we took ourselves g5u9ely to appreh5d ?is1 we c\ld n =m ! practical ideal ( ,progress1 or at lea/ ! ideal c\ld n be "r4 ,b ! diff]5ce rema9s1 & we mu/ be prep>$ = & all[ = x2 ?\gh we c use ! k we obta9 ( ! fact ( ,progress to control & guide our =mulation ( ! practical ideal1 we _c id5tify ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,our imag9+ & our suppos+ ( :at is be/ = or obligatory ^u u to d or "w =1 mu/ g on "u conditions--! conditions ( :at we "k z to ! nature ( ourselves & our surr\nd+s--& yet "u ^! conditions has a v l>ge lib]ty or autonomy4 ,! ,progress :i* is to s]ve z a practical ideal is n & _c be ! ,progress t we "k1 b mu/ be ! result ( imag9ation or supposition1 & x is high & necess>y wisdom to tru/ our imag9ations & aspirations4 ,! =ms :i* x rightly takes _c be det]m9$ by :at we h le>n$ 9 or f ! pa/2 x come? n ) obs]vation1 & ! s\rces ( exp]i5ce _c ( !mselves supply u ) x1 & ?\gh x comes 9 & ) exp]i5ce1 x does n come f or out ( x4 ,yet x is due to an impression made ^u u by ! ,univ]se z we by our faculties appreh5d x1 & is n m]ely subjective or ( subjective orig94 ,begott5 ( ! imag9ation1 x is appe>ance1 n ultimate reality1 & x _c be ?\ght out or :olly evacuat$ ( my/]y & p]plexity4 ,is ?is n involv$ 9 ! language we use ( x1 proclaim+ x practical & !re=e n !oretical8 ,nev]!less1 :ile ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge ?is insup]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,progress we c make our end or ideal & ! ,progress we believe t 9 ourselves & ar\nd u we appreh5d1 ,i /ill w\ld lay r5ew$ /ress ^u ! congru5ce & aff9ity ( ! two1 & urge t ! p]ception ( ! "o--! ,progress )\t u--& ! pursuit ( ! o!r--! ,progress )9 u--support & f]tilize ea* ! o!r4 ,! m we "k or c le>n ( ! "o ! m effectively d we pursue ! o!r1 & conv]sely4 ,! light & ! fruits are b\nd toge!r3 ! !ory & ! practice ( ,progress _c be dissev]$ )\t ! ru9 ( bo?4 ,! ideal ( ,progress :i* we pres5t to ourselves is & mu/ be "o :i* is p>tly det]m9$ or limit$ by pa/ a*ievem5t & p>tly enl>g$ by ! /udy ( :at p[]s high] ?an our own h accompli%$ & are accompli%+4 ,! =mation ( x mu/ move con/antly betwe5 a respect = :at has be5 a*iev$ & a wor%ip1 s to speak1 = :at is f> bett] ?an any?+ t yet has be5 or become fact1 & !re=e incumb5t or imp]ative ^u u4 ,! mode & mann] ( ! ,progress :i* is a*iev$ 9 ! ,univ]se has become 9 v>i\s ways cle>] to u & op5s out undreamt-( possibilities1 & our assurance ( its reality is ev] m & m confirm$1 :ile on ! o!r h& its actual or pa/ results at ! l[] level ( nature h gr[n & are gr[+ m famili>4 ,we see t ,progress is ! ess5tial & !re=e et]nal =m ( life & spiritual be+1 :i* end[s x ev]y:]e ) wor? & sub/ance4 ,) ?is comes ! conviction t ! s\rce ( all ?is lies inw>d1 9 t inw>dness :]e our true selves lie & spr+s f ! v nature ( t4 ,! _s :i* is )9 u is n o!r ?an ! _s :i* upholds & ma9ta9s ! :ole ,univ]se & works aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is its mann] ( work+1 we h le>n$ t x proce$s by tak+ acc\nt ( its own pa/ a*ievem5ts1 imag9+ or conceiv+ = itself tasks relevant to ^! b n limit$ by !m1 & f9ds 9 t ! conditions & /imulus to _! actualization4 ,x is our bus9ess to imitate ?is proc$ure & s to contribute to ! advance ( ! :ole4 ,no "w s done is or c be lo/4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t 9 s do+ we are leagu$ toge!r 9 effective co-op]ation ) "o ano!r & ) all o!r =ces at "w 9 ! :ole4 ,9 & ?r\gh u1 ?\gh n 9 & ?r\gh u only1 ,progress goes on1 draw+ u along ) x4 ,inn] & out] ,progress1 free allegiance & loyal subjection concur & d n cla%1 & ! _w 9 :i* we live & act appe>s to u z x is--a city ( ,god :i* is also a self-gov]n$ & self-adm9i/]$ city ( free m54 ,b above all1 :at x prescribes to u is ! duty--ano!r "n = '! ideal ( action'--to seek fir/ light z to ! true nature ( our _w & ourselves1 dismiss+ & disreg>d+ all appe>ance1 h[ev] *>m+ or s$uctive4 ,unless we le>n to see ,progress z univ]sal & omnipres5t & omnipot5t1 we %all set be=e ourselves ideals ( action :i* are false & trea*]\s4 ,we mu/ ex]t ourselves n m]ely to appreh5d1 b to dwell 9 ! appreh5sion & vision ( x4 ,& if !re 7 no o!r reason1 we %\ld "k x = ! "r ideal--?is comm& fir/ to seek light--because x is ! h>de/ ?+ t c be ask$ ( u or t we c ask ( ourselves4 ,b :at is ?us ask$ is n m]e ,fai? & ,hope1 b a loyal adh]5ce to ! k :i* is )9 u4 ,is ?is n ! h>de/8 ,to-day1 :5 ov] !re 9 ,france & ,fl&]s1 & inde$ almo/ all ov] ,europe1 z 9 a sort ( ,devil's smi?y1 m5 are busi$ 9 ! mo/ horrid self-de/ruction4 ,! accumulat$ /ores ( age-long & pati5t indu/ry are be+ consum$ & annihilat$2 ! works & monum5ts ( civiliz$ life are laid l[3 all physical & intellectual en]gies are b5t to ! s]vice ( de/ruction4 ,! v surface ( ! k9dly & f]tile e>? is seam$ & sc>r$ & wa/$4 ,& ! human be+s :o live & move 9 ?is inf]no1 are j]k$ l puppets hi!r & ?i!r by ! op]ation ( passions to :i* we d>e n v5ture to give names1 le/ we be f\nd ei!r n condemn+ :at defiles & imbrutes our nature or d5y+ our me$ ( praise & gratitude to :at ennobles x4 ,all ?is port5t\s activity & bus9ess fl[s f no o!r f\nt & is f$ by no o!r spr+ ?an ! _s :i* is )9 u1 t _s :i* has creat$ t weal?1 mat]ial1 arti/ic1 spiritual1 :i* x is s busily engag$ 9 wreck+ & undo+4 ,x is /ill z ( old1 mak+ ,hi/ory1 mak+ x 9 ! old fa%ion ) ! old ends 9 view & by ! ex]cise ( its old famili> p[]s4 ,& if 9 ?is tragic sc5e or episode we _c /ill read ! features ( ,progress1 our !ory is a baseless dream1 & we c frame no valid or '"r' ideal ( action4 ,= except to an environm5t kn[n to be /ill1 because always1 ! "w & self-expression ( a _s ak9 to1 & inde$ id5tical ) our own1 & except z kn[+ ourselves to be /ill1 because always1 9 all our ways ( work+ its vehicles & in/rum5ts1 we c nei!r def9e nor realize any ideals ( action at all4 ,?is w> is n an accid5t1 nor an outbur/ ( subt]ranean natural =ces1 b ! act & de$ ( human w1 & be+ s x _c be m]ely evil4 ,:at1 !n1 c we read n into1 b out (1 ! tragic spectacle n[ be+ enact$1 n m]ely be=e b 91 ?r\gh1 & by u8 ,unless we h all along be5 mi/ak51 ! victims ( m]e delusion & error1 "h1 too1 !re has be5 & /ill is ,progress4 ,prim>ily & pr9cipally :at is tak+ place1 is a trem5d\s revelation ( ! pot5cies :i* 9 our nature--9 t :i* makes u m5--h escap$ our notice & !re=e1 because unse5 or ignor$1 work+ 9 ! d>k1 h n yet be5 drawn ^u & utiliz$4 ,!re has be5 & /ill is go+ on1 an enorm\s increase ( self-k4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems :olly an op5+ up ( undreamt-( evil4 ,side by side !re has come to u a p>allel revelation ( undreamt-( good4 ,i mu/ be> witness to my conviction t we are behold+ a trem5d\s inru% or upru% ( good into man & 8 _w4 ,b :at ,i wi% to dwell ^u is ! gr[+ & ev]-confirm$ revelation ( an intimate relation or connexion betwe5 ! two :i* is ! v spr+ ( ,progress1 viz4 t ! supply ( good is n only adequate & m ?an adequate to ! utmo/ dem& made ^u x1 9 ! combat+ ( ! evil1 & t = ?is reason1 t :ile on ! "o h& ! evil t imp$es or c\nt]-works ! good is itself ( spiritual orig91 its exi/5ce & p[] is condition$ by ! law t x mu/ evoke & /imulate ! v p[] :i* x attempts to cru% & defeat4 ,?is is1 z ,i h said1 ! n[ discov]$ & kn[n spr+ ( ,progress bo? )9 & )\t u1 t :atsoev] is evil1 evil j because x is enact$ & does n m]ely occur1 passes )9 ! rea* ( k & und]/&+1 & 9 ! measure t x passes into ! light1 n m]ely loses its /+ & its =ce1 b is conv]tible & conv]t$ into a /r5g!n+ condition ( t :i* 9 its fir/ appe>ance x seem$ m]ely to ?w>t4 ,ev5 regress is se5 to be a necess>y incid5t 9 progress1 & ! seasons :i* we call p]iods ( decad5ce to be occasions 9 :i* ! _s progresses 9 secret1 recruit+ itself n by idl5ess or re/1 b g5u9ely refre%+ & recreat+ itself4 ,! view "h sugge/$ is no s5tim5tal optimism4 ,! drama ( ! univ]se is no com$y or ev5 melodrama1 b a trag$y or epic ( h]oism1 & m especially is ?is ! "* ( ! hi/ory ( ! _s :i* is 9 ,man & is ,man4 ,! evil we enact is real evil1 ! only real evil1 ! *ecks :i* our disob$i5ce or disloyalty imposes ^u ! c\rse ( good1 are g5u9e ret>dations or fru/rations2 nev]!less !y are n :olly evil1 = no?+ is su*1 b are ! means :i* ! _s t has begott5 !m1 utilizes 9 its et]nal ,progress & w9s out ( !m a ri*ness1 a complex & v>i$ h>mony to :i* !y are compell$ to contribute4 ,our ideal ( action mu/ !re=e 9 pr9ciple ackn[l$ge z ess5tial1 :at ,i h call$ ! 'tragic' "* sugge/$ by ! spectacle ( ! w>1 ! fe> & agony :i* we imag9e 9 ,nature & compreh5d+ly disc]n 9 human hi/ory4 ,! ,progress :i* we c a*ieve or contribute to--:i* we c make our ideal ( action--is "o :i* _c rightly be conceiv$ o!rwise ?an 9 its ess5ce a victory ov] evil1 & t x may be evil1 x mu/ come & be done 9 ! d>k4 ,= ! _s 9 progress+ deposits :at1 be+ ab&on$ by x1 corrupts into v5om\s evil1 b except 9 meet+ & combat+ t1 x _c progress4 ,& x c only combat x by gett+ to "k x1 = 9 d>kness & ignorance x c make no secure advance4 ,x has be5 pr(\ndly said t to "k all is to =give all4 ,let u r say t 9 com+ to "k its own pa/1 ! ,_s :i* is 9 ,man c )\t undo+ x--t x _c--make x contributory to its own weal? ( be+1 c1 z ,i h said1 utilize x = its own purposes1 :i* are summ$ up 9 ! kn[+ ( itself4 ,!re is & c be no?+ 9 its de$s :i* x _c "k1 & s dige/ & assimilate & absorb into its own sub/ance4 ,9 ?is int]pretation ( ! mean+--! veil$ b n hidd5 mean+ ( :at has tak5 place & is tak+ place 9 ! _w--or r 9 u & enact$ by u1 ,i seem to myself n to be express+ any private imag9ation or supposition :i* may or may n be s1 b a c]ta9ty t x mu/ be s4 ,ei!r x is s or '! pill>$ firmam5t is rott5ness & e>?'s base built on /ubble'4 ,& ?is means t ev]y:]e & always1 b mo/ specially & c5trally & pot5tly 9 man's _s1 !re is ,progress1 9 spite ( *ecks & h9drances :i* come f )9 x1 a con/ant if *equ]$ advance 9 true wor? or value4 ,& t k ,i build on gr\nd$ & reason$ hope t x w & mu/ cont9ue--h[1 ,i d n "k1 b c only surmise & conjecture & imag9e4 ,to ! "q1 ,:at1 !n1 ought we to d8 ,i c only reply fir/ & =emo/1 ,lab\r to reta9 ?is tru?1 fo/]+ & develop+ x1 v]ify+ x z we h be5 do+ 9 all ! v>i$ dep>tm5ts ( human exp]i5ce1 ex]cis+ our imag9ations :ile at ! same "t sob]+ & controll+ !m by ! light t comes f x4 ,if we are true to x & d n ?r\gh slackness =get & lose x1 we %all f9d aris+ spontane\sly out ( ! dep?s ( our self wor?y & feasible ideals ( action1 ! pursuit ( :i* w n betray u or leave u )\t an ev]-gr[+ assurance t 9 b5d+ & direct+ all our p[]s to _! realization we are ! ag5ts ( t ,progress :i* is ! s\rce ( all be+ & all wor? :atsoev]4 ,if we w to le>n f our own pa/1 we c conv]t any?+ t is evil 9 x into an occasion1 an opportunity1 a means to good :i* )\t x 7 n possible4 ,?us we c ev5 d :at seems utt]ly impossible1 = we c )\t =gett+ or ignor+ or d5y+1 =give ourselves ev5 ! evil :i* we h done4 ,yes1 ev5 ! d>ke/ & wor/ evil1 ! disloyalty to ourselves1 to ! be/ & deepe/ )9 u1 :i* all b a*iev$ ! impossibility ( f9ally defeat+ ! m>* ( ,progress4 ,= ! basis & gr\nd ( our belief 9 ! reality1 & !re=e ! et]nity1 ( ,progress lies 9 ?is1 t ! n[ kn[n nature ( ! ,_s :i* is 9 ,man & n 9 ,man alone1 is t x c heal any w\nds t x c inflict ^u itself1 c f9d 9 its own errors & failures1 9 its own mi/akes & misde$s1 if x only w1 ! mat]ials ( ri*] & full] & wor?i] life4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page #bf3 ,op5+ & clos+ quotes add$ to ,beg humbly t he unlock ! door4 ,page #hi3 ,suma ,!ologica sic ,page #ib3 c\rse am5d$ to co>se ,page #afe3 prev5tible am5d$ to prev5table ,page #bii3 miss+ ^w is add$ 7s f> z x is realiz$7 ,! footnote numb] is = footnote #ha is miss+ 9 ! orig9al text4 ,! location ( ! numb] t has be5 add$ is only an assumption4 ,discrepancies betwe5 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & *apt] head+s 7,gov]nm5t_/,progress 9 ,gov]nm5t2 ,indu/ry_/,progress 9 ,indu/ry2 ,art_/,progress 9 ,art2 ,sci5ce_/,progress 9 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy_/,progress 9 ,philosophy7 h be5 reta9$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------