,! ,home ,m$ical ,libr>y ,by ,,k5elm ,,w9sl[1 ,b4,a4,s41 ,m4,d4 ,=m]ly ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ,comp>ative ,!rapeutics1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity2 ,late ,surgeon to ! ,newton ,hospital2 ,fell[ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society1 etc4 ,) ! ,coop]ation ( ,_m ,m$ical ,advis+ ,editors & ,special ,contributors ,,9 ,,six ,,volumes ,fir/ ,aid 33 ,family ,m$ic9es 33 ,nose1 ,?roat1 ,lungs1 ,eye1 & ,e> 33 ,/oma* & ,b[els 33 ,tumors & ,sk9 ,diseases 33 ,rheumatism 33 ,g]m ,diseases ,n]v\s ,diseases 33 ,insanity 33 ,sexual ,hygi5e ,woman & ,*ild 33 ,he>t1 ,blood1 & ,dige/ion ,p]sonal ,hygi5e 33 ,indoor ,ex]cise ,diet & ,conduct = ,long ,life 33 ,practical ,kit*5 ,sci5ce 33 ,n]v\sness & ,outdoor ,life 33 ,nurse & ,pati5t ,camp+ ,com=t 33 ,sanitation ( ! ,h\sehold 33 ,pure ,wat] ,supply 33 ,pure ,food ,/able & ,k5nel ,,new ,,york ,! ,review ( ,reviews ,company #aijg ,m$ical ,advis+ ,editors ,manag+ ,editor ,,alb]t ,,w>r5 ,,f]ris1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,=m] ,assi/ant 9 ,neurology1 ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ,=m] ,*airman1 ,section on ,neurology & ,psy*iatry1 ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e2 ,assi/ant 9 ,m$ic9e1 ,univ]sity & ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college2 ,m$ical ,editor1 ,new ,int]national ,encyclop$ia4 ,n]v\s ,diseases ,,*>les ,e4 ,,atwood1 ,m4,d4 ,assi/ant 9 ,neurology1 ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ,=m] ,physician1 ,utica ,/ate ,hospital & ,bloom+dale ,hospital = ,insane ,pati5ts2 ,=m] ,cl9ical ,assi/ant to ,sir ,william ,g[]s1 ,national ,hospital1 ,london4 ,pregnancy ,,russell ,,bellamy1 ,m4,d4 ,assi/ant 9 ,ob/etrics & ,gynecology1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,college ,disp5s>y2 ,capta9 & ,assi/ant ,surgeon 79 *>ge71 ,squadron ,a1 ,new ,york ,cavalry2 ,assi/ant 9 ,surg]y1 ,new ,york ,polycl9ic4 ,g]m ,diseases ,,h]mann ,,mi*ael ,,biggs1 ,m4,d4 ,g5]al ,m$ical ,(fic] & ,director ( ,bact]iological ,laboratories1 ,new ,york ,city ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?2 ,pr(essor ( ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e 9 ,univ]sity & ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college2 ,visit+ ,physician to ,bellevue1 ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 ,will>d ,p>k]1 & ,riv]side ,hospitals4 ,! ,eye & ,e> ,j4 ,,h]b]t ,,claiborne1 ,m4,d4 ,cl9ical ,in/ructor 9 ,oph?almology1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,college2 ,=m] ,adjunct ,pr(essor ( ,oph?almology1 ,new ,york ,polycl9ic2 ,=m] ,in/ructor 9 ,oph?almology 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ,surgeon1 ,new ,am/]dam ,eye & ,e> ,hospital4 ,sanitation ,,?omas ,,d>l+ton1 ,m4,d4 ,heal? ,commission] ( ,new ,york ,city2 ,=m] ,presid5t ,m$ical ,bo>d1 ,new ,york ,f\ndl+ ,hospital2 ,consult+ ,physician1 ,fr5* ,hospital2 ,att5d+ ,physician1 ,/4 ,john's ,riv]side ,hospital1 ,yonk]s2 ,surgeon to ,new ,croton ,aqu$uct & o!r ,public ,works1 to ,copp] ,que5 ,consolidat$ ,m9+ ,company ( ,arizona1 & ,arizona & ,s\!a/]n ,railroad ,hospital2 ,au?or ( ,m$ical & ,climatological ,works4 ,m5/ruation ,,au/9 ,,fl9t1 ,,jr41 ,m4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,ob/etrics & ,cl9ical ,gynecology1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity & ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college2 ,visit+ ,physician1 ,bellevue ,hospital2 ,consult+ ,ob/etrician1 ,new ,york ,mat]nity ,hospital2 ,att5d+ ,physician1 ,hospital = ,ruptur$ & ,crippl$1 ,manhattan ,mat]nity & ,em]g5cy ,hospitals4 ,he>t & ,blood ,,john ,,bessn] ,,hub]1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,assi/ant 9 ,m$ic9e1 ,univ]sity & ,bellevue ,hospital ,m$ical ,college2 ,visit+ ,physician to ,/4 ,joseph's ,home = ,consumptives2 ,au?or ( ,consumption3 ,its ,relation to ,man & ,8 ,civilization2 ,its ,prev5tion & ,cure4 ,sk9 ,diseases ,,james ,c4 ,,john/on1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,d4 ,in/ructor 9 ,pa?ology & ,*ief ( ,cl9ic1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,d]matology1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,college4 ,diseases ( ,*ildr5 ,,*>les ,,gilmore ,,k]ley1 ,m4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,p$iatrics1 ,new ,york ,polycl9ic ,m$ical ,s*ool & ,hospital2 ,att5d+ ,physician1 ,new ,york ,infant ,asylum1 ,*ildr5's ,dep>tm5t ( ,syd5ham ,hospital1 & ,babies' ,hospital1 ,n4 ,y42 ,consult+ ,physician1 ,home = ,crippl$ ,*ildr54 ,bites & ,/+s ,,george ,,gibi] ,,rambaud1 ,m4,d4 ,presid5t1 ,new ,york ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,heada*e ,,alonzo ,d4 ,,rockwell1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,=m] ,pr(essor ,electro-,!rapeutics & ,neurology at ,new ,york ,po/-,graduate ,m$ical ,s*ool2 ,neurologi/ & ,electro-,!rapeuti/ to ! ,flu%+ ,hospital2 ,=m] ,electro-,!rapeuti/ to ! ,woman's ,hospital 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york2 ,au?or ( ,works on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,uses ( ,electricity1 ,n]v\s ,exhau/ion 7,neura/h5ia71 etc4 ,poisons ,e4 ,,ellswor? ,,smi?1 ,m4,d4 ,pa?ologi/1 ,/4 ,john's ,hospital1 ,yonk]s2 ,som]set ,hospital1 ,som]ville1 ,n4 ,j42 ,tr9ity ,hospital1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,cl9ic1 & ! ,new ,york ,we/ ,side ,g]man ,disp5s>y4 ,cat>rh ,,samuel ,,wood ,,?urb]1 ,m4,d4 ,*ief ( ,cl9ic & ,in/ructor 9 ,l>yngology1 ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ,l>yngologi/ to ! ,orphan's ,home & ,hospital4 ,c>e ( ,infants ,,h]b]t ,b4 ,,wilcox1 ,m4,d4 ,assi/ant 9 ,diseases ( ,*ildr51 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,special ,contributors ,food ,adult]ation ,s4 ,,joseph9e ,,bak]1 ,m4,d4 ,m$ical ,inspector1 ,new ,york ,city ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?4 ,pure ,wat] ,supply ,,william ,,paul ,,g]h>d1 ,c4,e4 ,consult+ ,eng9e] = ,sanit>y ,works2 ,memb] ( ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association2 ,memb]1 ,am]ican ,society ,me*anical ,eng9e]s2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects1 etc42 ,au?or ( ,h\se ,dra9age1 etc4 ,c>e ( ,food ,,janet ,,mck5zie ,,hill ,editor1 ,bo/on ,cook+ ,s*ool ,magaz9e4 ,n]ves & ,outdoor ,life ,s4 ,,weir ,,mit*ell1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,ll4,d4 7,h>v>d1 ,ed9burgh1 ,pr9ceton72 ,=m] ,presid5t1 ,philadelphia ,college ( ,physicians2 ,memb]1 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,association ( ,am]ican ,physicians1 etc42 ,au?or ( essays3 ,injuries to ,n]ves1 ,doctor & ,pati5t1 ,fat & ,blood1 etc42 ( sci5tific works3 ,rese>*es ,^u ! ,v5om ( ! ,rattlesnake1 etc42 ( novels3 ,hugh ,wynne1 ,*>act]i/ics1 ,con/ance ,trescott1 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,francois1 etc4 ,sanitation ,,george ,m4 ,,price1 ,m4,d4 ,=m] ,m$ical ,sanit>y ,inspector1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,inspector1 ,new ,york ,sanit>y ,aid ,society ( ! #aj? ,w>d1 #ahhe2 ,manag]1 ,model ,t5em5t-h\ses ( ! ,new ,york ,t5em5t-h\se ,build+ ,co41 #ahhh2 ,inspector1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,t5em5t-h\se ,commission1 #ahie2 ,au?or ( ,t5em5t-h\se ,inspection1 ,h&book on ,sanitation1 etc4 ,indoor ,ex]cise ,,dudley ,,all5 ,,s>g5t1 ,m4,d4 ,director ( ,hem5way ,gymnasium1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity2 ,=m] ,presid5t1 ,am]ican ,physical ,culture ,society2 ,director1 ,normal ,s*ool ( ,physical ,tra9+1 ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,presid5t1 ,am]ican ,association = ,promotion ( ,physical ,education2 ,au?or ( ,univ]sal ,te/ = ,/r5g?1 ,heal?1 ,/r5g? & ,p[]1 etc4 ,long ,life ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,?ompson1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,m4,b4 7,lond47 ,surgeon ,extraord9>y to ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ! ,belgians2 ,consult+ ,surgeon to ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital1 ,london2 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,cl9ical ,surg]y to ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 etc4 ,camp ,com=t ,,/ew>t ,,edw>d ,,:ite ,au?or ( ,! ,=e/1 ,! ,m\nta9s1 ,! ,sil5t ,places1 ,! ,blaz$ ,trail1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,walt] ,,re$4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj1 ,major ,walt] ,re$1 a surgeon 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 demon/rat$1 by exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ,cuba1 t a mosquito ( a s+le species1 ,/egomyia fasciata1 :i* has suck$ ! blood ( a yell[-fev] pati5t may transmit ! disease by bit+ ano!r p]son1 b n until ab\t twelve days h elaps$4 ,he also prov$1 z describ$ 9 ,volume ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 t ! malady is n contagi\s4 ,) ! exception ( ! discov]y ( anae/hesia1 said ,pr(essor ,wel*1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,dr4 ,re$'s rese>*es are ! mo/ valuable contributions to sci5ce ev] made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,g5]al ,leon>d ,wood decl>$ ! discov]y to be ! greate/ m$ical "w ( mod]n times1 :i*1 9 ! words ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt1 r5d]s mank9d 8 debtor4 ,major ,re$ di$ ,novemb] #bc1 #aijb4 ,! ,home ,m$ical ,libr>y ,,volume ,v 33 ,,sanitation ,edit$ by ,,?omas ,,d>l+ton1 ,m4,d4 ,heal? ,commission] ( ,new ,york ,city2 ,=m] ,presid5t ,m$ical ,bo>d1 ,new ,york ,f\ndl+ ,hospital1 etc42 ,au?or ( ,m$ical & ,climatological ,works ,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,purification ,by ,,william ,,paul ,,g]h>d1 ,c4,e4 ,consult+ ,eng9e] = ,sanit>y ,works2 ,au?or ( ,h\se ,dra9age1 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,h\sehold ,wa/es1 etc4 ,,pure ,,food ,,= ,,! ,,h\sekeep] ,by ,s4 ,,joseph9e ,,bak]1 ,m4,d4 ,m$ical ,inspector1 ,new ,york ,city ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? ,,! ,,h\se ,,& ,,gr\nds ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,price1 ,m4,d4 ,=m] ,m$ical ,sanit>y ,inspector1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,au?or ( ,t5em5t-,h\se ,inspection1 ,h&book on ,sanitation1 etc4 ,,new ,,york ,! ,review ( ,reviews ,company #aijg ,copyright1 #aijg1 by ,,! ,,review ,,( ,,reviews ,,company ,,! ,,tr[ ,,press1 ,,new ,,york ,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,c\ntry ,,s\rces ,,( ,,wat] ,,supply #ai ,relation ( ,wat] to ,heal?--,collection ( ,ra9 ,wat]--,ci/]ns--,spr+s--,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,wells--,laws ,regulat+ ,supply4 ,,ii4 ,,appliances ,,= ,,di/ribut+ ,,wat] #ci ,pump+ ,ma*9es--,! ,hydraulic ,ram--,use ( ,w9dmills--,eng9es--,/eam & ,electric ,pumps--,res]voirs & ,tanks--,appliances = ,c\ntry ,h\ses4 ,,iii4 ,,purify+ ,,wat] ,,by ,,copp] ,,sulphate #eb ,cle> ,wat] ,(t5 ,dang]\s--,pollution ,due to ,plants--,copp] ,sulphate ,me?od--,directions = ! ,copp] ,cure4 ,,iv4 ,,ridd+ ,,/agnant ,,wat] ,,( ,,mosquitoes #gj ,mal>ia ,due to ,mosquitoes--,cause ( ,yell[ ,fev]--,effect ( a ,mosquito ,bite--,de/ruction ( ,l>vae--,be/ ,prev5tive ,measures--,use ( ,k]os5e4 ,,"p ,,ii ,i4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,detect ,,food ,,adult]ation #hg ,def9ition ( ,adult]ation--,food ,laws--,p]missible ,adult]ants--,h[ to ,select ,pure ,food--,*emical ,te/s4 ,,ii4 ,,mu%room ,,poison+ #aab ,symptoms & ,treatm5t--,c(fee & ,atrop9e ! ,be/ ,antidotes--,h[ to ,tell ! ,edible ,k9d--,horse1 ,fairy-r+1 & ,o!r ,v>ieties--,poison\s ,species4 ,,"p ,,iii ,i4 ,,soil ,,& ,,sites #aca ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,soil--,influ5ce on ,heal?--,improv+ ,defective ,soil--,/reet ,pav+ & ,tree ,plant+--,prop] ,con/ruction ( ,h\ses--,subsoil ,dra9age4 ,,ii4 ,,v5tilation #adf ,:at is ,meant by ,v5tilation--,quantity ( ,air ,requir$--,natural ,ag5ts ( ,v5tilation--,special ,appliances4 ,,iii4 ,,w>m+ #afj ,v>i\s ,me?ods--,mat]ials ( ,combu/ion--,*imneys--,fireplaces & ,grates--,/oves--,hot-air ,w>m+--,hot-wat] ,sy/ems--,pr9ciples ( ,/eam ,heat+4 ,,iv4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,sewage #agj ,refuse & ,g>bage--,dis*>ge into ,wat]s--,cremation--,precipitation--,int ]mitt5t ,filtration--,imm$iate ,disposal1 etc4 ,v4 ,,sew]s #ahb ,def9ition--,mat]ials ,us$ 9 ,con/ruction--,levels ( ,tr5*es--,jo9ts ( ,pipes--,! ,fall & ,fl[ ( ! ,cont5ts--,connections--,tide ,valves--,sew] ,gas4 ,,vi4 ,,plumb+ #ahi ,purposes & ,requisites--,mat]ials ,us$--,jo9ts & ,connections--,con/ruction ( ,traps--,siphonage & ,back ,pressure--,! ,v5t-pipe ,sy/em4 ,,vii4 ,,plumb+ ,,pipes #bjf ,con/ruction ( ,h\se ,dra9s--,fall1 ,position1 & ,connection--,ma9 ,traps--,ext5sion ( ,v]tical ,pipes--,fre%-air ,inlets--,soil & ,wa/e ,pipes--,bran* ,pipes1 etc4 ,,viii4 ,,plumb+ ,,fixtures #baf ,s9ks--,wa%bas9s--,wa%tubs--,ba?tubs--,r efrig]ators1 etc4--,safes & ,wa/es--,pan1 ,valve1 & ,hopp] ,closets--,flu% ,tanks--,y>d ,closets--,dra9s4 ,,ix4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,plumb+ #bca ,poor ,"w--,improp] ,conditions--,h[ to ,te/ ,traps1 ,jo9ts1 & ,connections--,detect ,sew] ,gas--,wat]-pressure1 ,smoke1 & ,sc5t ,te/s--,special ,appliances4 ,x4 ,,infection ,,& ,,dis9fection #bch ,physical & ,*emical ,dis9fectants--,use ( ,sulphur ,dioxide--,=maldehyde--,hydrocyanic ,acid--,*lor9e--,c>bolic ,acid--,bi*loride ( ,m]cury--,=mal9--,potassium ,p]manganate1 etc4 ,,xi4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,convey$ ,,heat+ ,,sy/ems #bed ,co/ ( ,hot-air ,sy/ems--,ca/-iron ,hot-wat] ,heat]--,advantages & ,disadvantages--,co/ = a ,t5-room ,h\se--,/eam ,heat+--,co/ ( ,equipm5t4 ,! ,editor's ,preface ,! "* & scope ( ?is volume r5d] x a mo/ useful book = ! home mak]4 ,! "q ( sanitation is "o t closely affects ! life ( ea* individual1 & _m ( its aspects are treat$ "h 9 a lucid & compreh5sive mann]4 ,design$ = wide di/ribution1 ^! articles h be5 writt5 to meet ! ne$s ( ! dwell] 9 ! m d5sely populat$ communities1 z well z ^? liv+ 9 ! less ?ickly settl$ portion ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 l>ge cities ! wat] supply is a problem t is c>$ = by regul>ly con/itut$ sanit>y au?orities4 ,pure wat] is a vital necessity1 b ! inhabitant ( a city has no ne$ to p]sonally conc]n himself ) ! s\rce ( supply4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! home build] mu/ (t5 decide ! matt] = himself1 & x is ! aim ( ?is book to give him ! ne$$ directions = avoid+ _m errors & pitfalls t ab\nd 9 ?is direction4 ,h\se con/ruction1 ) its intricate problems1 is also a m s]i\s matt] = ! c\ntry dwell] ?an = 8 city bro!r4 ,9 ! matt] ( food supply1 ! inhabitant ( a c\ntry di/rict is m =tunate4 ,fre% vegetables & dairy products are mu* m easily obta9$1 & _! fre%ness & purity m dep5dable4 ,! article on wat] supply by ,mr4 ,g]h>d is au?oritative1 writt51 z x is1 by a mo/ em95t sanit>ian4 ,! publi%]s are to be congratulat$ ^u ! foll[+ valuable contribution to ! same subject z reg>ds ! use ( copp] sulphate & ! concise pres5tation ( plans = mosquito ext]m9ation1 :ile ! ext5d$ "w ( ,dr4 ,price & ,dr4 ,bak]'s ,food ,adult]ation are mu* to be comm5d$4 ,! two latt] h be5 connect$ ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? ( ,new ,york ,city1 & h ! advantage ( exp]i5ce 9 an organization :i* gives to ! citiz5s ( ,new ,york ! protection to heal? t ! wise use ( sci5ce1 k1 & money af=d4 ,i tru/ t ! notes ,i h add$ 9 ! light ( rec5t practice ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? may make ?is mat]ial ( ! utmo/ practical value to ! h\sehold] ( to-day4 ,?r\gh ?is ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,new ,york ,city sp5t1 dur+ #aije1 ov] #a1ejj1jjj1 & = #aijf x has appropriat$ ov] #a1hjj1jjj4 ,?is va/ sum ( money is us$ = ! sole purpose ( safegu>d+ its citiz5s f disease4 ,sanitation 9 its v>i$ bran*es is pursu$ z an almo/ exact sci5ce1 & ! ef=ts ( tra9$ m9ds are con/antly employ$ 9 combat+ disease & promot+ sanitation4 ,! cities c>e = _! own1 b ! great] numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry mu/ rely ^u _! individual ef=ts4 ,!re=e1 any dissem9ation ( k reg>d+ sanitation is mo/ wor?y4 ,?is book has a useful mission4 ,x is pregnant ) helpful sugge/ions1 & ,i mo/ he>tily comm5d its purpose & its cont5ts4 ,,?omas ,,d>l+ton1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,"p ,i ,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,purification ,,by ,,william ,,paul ,,g]h>d ,,*apt] ,i ,c\ntry ,s\rces ( ,wat] ,supply ,! writ] 0 rec5tly engag$ to plan & in/all a wat]-supply sy/em = a c\ntry h\se :i* _h be5 erect$ & complet$ )\t any provision :atev] hav+ be5 made = supply+ ! build+s & gr\nds ) wat]4 ,! h\se _h all ! usual appo9tm5ts = com=t & ample mod]n conv5i5ces1 b ^! c\ld be us$ only ) wat] borr[$ f a neighbor4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry !re are num]\s f>m build+s :i* are )\t a prop] wat]-supply in/allation4 ,^! facts are m5tion$ to emphasize ! importance ( a good wat] supply = ! c\ntry home1 & to po9t out t wat] is unque/ionably ! mo/ indisp5sable requirem5t = su* /ructures4 ,adequate ,wat] ,supply ,important ,b ! advantages ( a wat] supply are n limit$ to ! dwell+ h\se1 = x is equally useful on ! f>m1 = irrigation1 & 9 ! g>d51 on ! golf gr\nds & t5nis c\rts1 9 ! b>ns & /ables2 x af=ds1 besides1 ! be/ means = ! mu*-desir$ fire protection4 ,&1 mo/ important ( all1 an un/9t$ & adequate use ( wat] promotes cleanl9ess & !reby fur!rs ! cause ( sanitation1 9 ! c\ntry n less ?an 9 ! city home4 ,! wat] supply = c\ntry h\ses has be5 s (t5 discuss$ rec5tly t ! writ] _c hope to br+ up any new po9ts4 ,?is article %\ld1 !re=e1 be und]/ood to (f] simple sugge/ions z to h[ & :]e wat] c be obta9$1 :at wat] is pure & fit = use1 :at wat] mu/ be consid]$ ) suspicion1 :at wat] is dang]\s to heal?1 & h[ a s\rce ( supply1 meet+ ! requirem5ts ( heal?1 c be made available = conv5i5t use4 ,"r "h ,i wi% to utt] a w>n+ aga9/ ! frequ5t t5d5cy ( own]s ( c\ntry h\ses to play ! role ( amateur eng9e]s4 ,z a rule ?is leads to failure & disappo9tm5t4 ,mu* money uselessly sp5t c be sav$ if own]s w1 f ! beg9n+1 place ! matt] 9 exp]i5c$ h&s1 or at lea/ seek ! advice ( compet5t eng9e]s1 & adopt _! sugge/ions & recomm5dations z a guide4 ,po9ts to be ,borne 9 ,m9d ,_m are ! po9ts to be borne 9 m9d 9 ! se>* = wat]4 ,sci5ce tea*es u t all wat] comes f ! cl\ds1 ! atmosph]ic precipitation be+ 9 ! =m ( ei!r ra91 or dew1 or sn[4 ,aft] rea*+ ! e>?'s surface1 ! wat] takes ?ree diff]5t c\rses1 & ^! are m5tion$ "h because !y s]ve to expla9 ! diff]5t s\rces ( supply & _! v>i$ "*4 ,a "p ( ! wat] runs (f on ! surface1 =m+ brooks1 /reams1 & lakes1 & if x falls on ro(s ( h\ses or on prep>$ cat*m5t areas1 x c be collect$ 9 ci/]ns or tanks z ra9 wat]4 ,ano!r "p ( ! wat] soaks away into p]vi\s /rata ( ! subsoil1 & con/itutes und]gr\nd wat]1 :i* becomes available = supply ei!r 9 spr+s or 9 wells4 ,a ?ird "p is ei!r absorb$ by plants or else evaporat$4 ,9 our se>* = a s\rce ( supply1 we %\ld always be> 9 m9d ! ess5tial requirem5ts ( ! problem4 ,briefly /at$1 ^! are3 ! :olesom5ess ( ! wat]1 ! adequat5ess & /ead9ess ( ! supply1 its availability "u a suffici5t pressure1 insur+ a good fl[1 & ! legal re/rictions ) :i* _m wat]-supply problems are surr\nd$4 ,! fir/ ess5tial requirem5t is t ( :olesom5ess4 ,! quality ( a wat] supply is dep5d5t ^u physical prop]ties & ^u *emical & bact]iological *>act]i/ics4 ,wat]1 to be suitable = dr9k+1 mu/ be nei!r too h>d nor too s(t2 x %\ld n conta9 too _m susp5d$ impurities1 nor too mu* =eign matt] 9 solution4 ,pure wat] is colorless & )\t odor4 ,b x mu/ be und]/ood t ! quality _c be decid$ m]ely by ! color1 appe>ance1 ta/e1 & odor4 ,! *emical & bact]iological exam9ations1 if tak5 toge!r1 =m a mu* saf] guide1 & ) ^! analyses %\ld g h& 9 h& a detail$ survey ( ! wat] s\rce & its surr\nd+s4 ,relation ( ,wat] to ,heal? ,any pron\nc$ ta/e 9 ! wat] r5d]s x suspici\s2 an (f5sive smell po9ts to organic contam9ation2 turbidity indicates pres5ce ( susp5d$ impurities1 :i* may be ei!r m9]al or organic4 ,b ev5 bright & sp>kl+ wat]s hav+ a v good ta/e are sometimes f\nd to be highly pollut$4 ,h5ce1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t nei!r bright appe>ance nor lack ( bad ta/e w>rants ! belief t wat] is free f dang]\s contam9ation4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact n[ t !re is a relation betwe5 ! "* ( ! wat] supply & ! heal? ( a community2 & :at is true ( cities1 villages1 & t[ns1 is1 ( c\rse1 equally true ( ! individual c\ntry h\se4 ,h[ ,wat] ,becomes ,contam9at$ ,!re are num]\s ways 9 :i* wat] may become pollut$1 ei!r at ! s\rce or dur+ /orage or f9ally dur+ di/ribution4 ,ra9 wat]1 fall+ pure f ! cl\ds1 enc\nt]s du/1 soot1 decay+ leaves & o!r vegetable matt]s1 & ordure ( birds on ! ro(s2 its quality is also affect$ by ! ro(+ mat]ial1 or else x is contam9at$ 9 ! ci/]ns by leakage f dra9s or cesspools4 ,upl& wat]s conta9 g5]ally vegetable matt]1 :ile surface wat] f cultivat$ l&s becomes pollut$ by animal manure4 ,riv] wat] becomes bef\l$ by ! dis*>ge into x ( ! sew]s f settlem5ts & t[ns locat$ on its banks4 ,subsoil wat] is liable to infiltration ( solid & liquid wa/es emanat+ f ! human sy/em1 f leaky dra9s1 sew]s1 or cesspools1 /ables1 or f>my>ds2 & ev5 deep well wat] may become contam9at$ by reason ( defects 9 ! con/ruction ( ! well4 ,dur+ /orage1 wat] becomes contam9at$ 9 op5 res]voirs by atmosph]ic impurities2 a gr[? ( vegetable organisms or algae (t5 causes tr\ble1 bad ta/e1 or odor2 wat] 9 op5 h\se tanks & 9 ci/]ns is also liable to pollution4 ,dur+ di/ribution1 wat] may become *ang$ 9 quality1 ow+ to ! action ( ! wat] on ! mat]ial ( ! pipes4 ,f :at s\rce %all good wat] be obta9$8 ,?is is ! problem :i* confronts _m ( ^? :o decide to build 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! usual s\rces1 9 _! relative ord] ( purity1 are3 deep spr+s & l& or surface spr+s1 locat$ ei!r above or bel[ ! h\se1 b n too ne> to settlem5ts2 deep subt]ranean wat]1 made available by bor+ or drill+ a well2 upl& or m\nta9 brooks f un9habit$ regions2 und]gr\nd wat] 9 places n populat$1 rea*$ by a dug or driv5 well2 lake wat]2 ra9 wat]2 surface wat] f cultivat$ fields2 pond & riv] wat]2 & f9ally1 lea/ desirable ( all1 %all[ well wat] 9 villages or t[ns4 ,^! v>i\s s\rces ( supply w be consid]$ f>!r on4 ,an ,ample ,volume ,necess>y ,! second ess5tial requirem5t is ample quantity4 ,! supply mu/ be "o :i* furni%es an ample volume at all seasons & = all purposes4 ,:at is a reasonable daily dome/ic consumption8 ,! answ] to ?is "q necess>ily dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! build+ & ! habits & occupation ( its inmates4 ,x is a univ]sal exp]i5ce t z soon z wat] is introduc$ x is us$ m lavi%ly1 b also m recklessly & reg>dless ( wa/e4 ,= p]sonal use1 f tw5ty to tw5ty-five gallons p] p]son %\ld prove to be ample p] day3 ?is comprises wat] = dr9k+ & cook+1 = wa%+ clo!s1 h\se & kit*5 ut5sils1 p]sonal ablutions1 & ba?+2 b1 tak+ into acc\nt o!r requirem5ts on ! f>m or ( c\ntry h\ses1 we require at lea/ sixty gallons p] capita p] diem4 ,to provide wat] = ! horses1 c[s1 %eep1 = c>riage wa%+1 = ! g>d51 = irrigation ( ! lawn1 = f\nta9s1 etc41 & keep a suitable res]ve 9 case ( fire1 ! supply %\ld be n less ?an #aej gallons p] p]son p] day4 ,a ,good ,pressure ,requir$ ,! ?ird ess5tial requirem5t is a good wat] pressure4 ,:]e a suitable s\rce ( wat] is f\nd1 x pays to make x conv5i5tly available1 s z to avoid c>ry+ wat] by h&1 :i* is tr\blesome & n conducive to cleanl9ess4 ,a suffici5t pressure is atta9$ by ei!r /or+ wat] at1 or lift+ x to1 a suitable elevation above ! po9t ( consumption4 ,9 ?is respect _m f>m & c\ntry h\ses are f\nd to be b v imp]fectly suppli$4 ,(t5 ! tank is plac$ only slightly high] ?an ! second /ory ( ! h\se4 ,z a result1 ! wat] fl[s sluggi%ly at ! ba?room faucets1 &1 9 case ( fire1 no effective fire /ream c be ?r[n4 ,:]e a res]voir is suitably locat$ above ! h\se1 ! pressure is sometimes lo/ by lay+ pipes too small 9 diamet] to furni% an ample /ream4 ,elevat$ tanks %\ld always be plac$ s high z to af=d a good work+ pressure 9 ! entire sy/em ( pipes4 ,:]e a t[] ( ! requir$ height is objectionable1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! co/ or on acc\nt ( appe>ance1 pressure tanks may be in/all$ :i* h _m advantages4 ,9 select+ a s\rce ( wat] supply1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be borne 9 m9d = guidance3 fir/1 ! :olesom5ess ( ! wat]2 next1 ! co/ requir$ to collect1 /ore1 & di/ribute ! wat]2 f9ally1 :]e a gravity supply is unavailable1 ! probable op]at+ exp5ses ( ! wat] sy/em1 co/ ( pump+1 etc4 ,collection ( ,ra9 ,wat] ,! collection ( ra9 wat] ne> ext5sive manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts is n advisable1 except :]e arrangem5ts are provid$ = ei!r filt]+ or di/ill+ ! wat]4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 ra9 wat] is pure & good1 if ! precaution is obs]v$ to all[ ! fir/ wa% f ro(s to run to wa/e4 ,! ra9 may be ei!r caught on ! ro(s1 :i* mu/ always h a clean surface & clean gutt]s1 or else on artificially prep>$ cat*m5t areas4 ,z an example1 ,i quote3 ,all ab\t ! ,b]muda ,isl&s "o sees great :ite sc>s on ! hill slopes4 ,^! are di%$ spaces1 :]e ! soil has be5 scrap$ (f & ! coral rock expos$ & glaz$ ) h>d :itewa%4 ,"s ( ^! are a qu>t] acre 9 size4 ,!y cat* & c>ry ! ra9fall to res]voirs1 = ! wells are few & poor1 & !re are no natural spr+s & no brooks4 7,m>k ,twa91 ,"s ,rambl+ ,notes ( an ,idle ,excursion47 ,aft] ! close ( ! ,bo] ,w> ! ,engli% s5t ab\t #g1jjj ,bo] prison]s ( w> to ,b]muda1 :]e !y 7 encamp$ on "s ( ! small] isl&s ( ! gr\p1 & ! entire wat] supply = ! encampm5t 0 obta9$ by build+ artificial cat*m5t areas z describ$ 9 ! above quotation4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( build+ und]gr\nd ci/]ns1 ra9 wat] is caught & /or$ 9 b>rels above gr\nd2 if s1 ^! %\ld always be well cov]$1 n only to avoid pollution1 b to prev5t ! b>rels f becom+ mosquito bre$]s4 ,ci/]ns %\ld always be built ) c>e & made wat]-tight & imp]vi\s4 ,! walls %\ld be l9$ ) cem5t$ brickwork4 ,9 soil consi/+ ( h>d pan1 ci/]ns 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry are built )\t brick walls1 ! walls ( ! excavation be+ simply cem5t$4 ,i d n approve ( su* *eap con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! ci/]n is locat$ ne> a privy or cesspool4 ,pollution ( ci/]n wat] is (t5 due to ! crack+ ( ! cem5t l9+4 ,ov]fl[s ( ci/]ns %\ld nev] be connect$ ) a dra91 sew]1 or cesspool4 ,run ! ov]fl[ into "s surface dit* & provide ! m\? ) a f9e wire scre51 to exclude small animals4 ,x is n recomm5d$ to build ci/]ns 9 cell>s ( h\ses4 ,quality ( ,wat] ,obta9$ f ,lakes ,lakes yield1 z a rule1 a supply ( cle>1 bright1 & s(t wat]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) m\nta9 lakes1 because !y are at a di/ance f s\rces ( contam9ation4 ,! "* ( ! wat] dep5ds ^u :e!r ! lake is f$ by brooks1 t is1 by ! ra9 fall+ ^u ! wat]%$1 or also by spr+s4 ,9 "o case ! wat] is surface wat] exclusively2 9 ! o!r1 x is surface & und]gr\nd wat] mix$4 ,! purity also dep5ds ^u ! dep? ( ! lake & ^u ! "* ( its bottom4 ,deep lakes furni% a bett] supply & cle>] wat] ?an %all[ ones4 ,! solid matt] br\ght into ! lake by ! brooks or riv]s :i* fe$ x does n rema9 long 9 susp5sion1 b soon settles at ! bottom1 & 9 ?is way "s lakes acquire ! wond]fully cle> wat] & ! beautiful blui%-gre5 color = :i* !y are f> fam$4 ,/rong ,w9ds ,dang]\s on ,lakes ,/rong w9ds or curr5ts at times /ir up ! mud f ! bottom2 h5ce1 9 locat+ ! intake1 ! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds %\ld be consid]$1 if practicable4 ,! suction pipe %\ld always be plac$ 9 deep wat]1 at a dep? ( at lea/ fifte5 to tw5ty feet1 = "h ! wat] is pur] & always cool]4 ,settlem5ts on ! %ores ( a lake imply dang] ( sewage contam9ation1 b ! l>g] ! lake1 ! less is ! dang] ( a m>k$ or s]i\s pollution1 if ! h\ses are scatt]$ & few4 ,pools & /agnant ponds are n to be recomm5d$ z a s\rce ( supply4 ,9 artificially made lakes !re is sometimes dang] ( vegetable pollution1 & tr\ble ) gr[? ( algae4 ,! bottom ( su* lakes %\ld always be cle>$ f all dead vegetation4 ,surface wat] may be obta9$ f brooks fl[+ ?r\gh un9habit$ upl& or f m\nta9 /reams4 ,su* wat] is v pure & limpid1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! /ream 9 its d[nw>d c\rse tumbles ov] rocks or =ms wat]falls4 ,b1 ev5 !n1 ! wat]%$ ( ! /ream %\ld be gu>d$ to prev5t subsequ5t contam9ation4 ,l>g] creeks or riv]s are n desirable z a s\rce ( supply1 = settlem5ts ( human habitations1 hamlets1 villages1 & ev5 t[ns are apt to be locat$ on ! banks ( ! riv]1 :i* is q g5]ally us$--wrong z x is--z an outlet = ! liquid wa/es ( ! community1 ?us becom+ 9 "t grossly pollut$4 ,d[n-/ream neighbors are sure to suff] f a pollution ( ! /ream1 :i* ! law %\ld prev5t4 ,! ,wat] ( ,spr+s ,! wat] ( spr+s is subt]ranean1 or gr\nd wat]1 :i* = geological reasons has f\nd a natural outlet on ! surface4 ,we di/+ui% two k9ds ( spr+s1 namely1 l& or surface spr+s1 & deep spr+s4 ,! =m] furni% wat] :i* orig9ally fell z ra9 ^u a p]meable /ratum ( s& or gravel1 und]laid by an imp]vi\s "o ( ei!r clay or rock4 ,su* wat] soaks away und]gr\nd until x meets "s ob/acle caus+ x to crop out on ! surface4 ,su* spr+ wat] is n "u pressure & !re=e _c aga9 rise4 ,wat] f deep spr+s is ra9 wat] fall5 on ! surface ( a por\s /ratum on a high level1 & :i* passes "u an imp]meable /ratum1 & ?us1 be+ "u pressure1 rises aga9 :]e an op5+ is enc\nt]$ 9 ! imp]vi\s /ratum2 ^! latt] spr+s are really artesian 9 "*4 ,deep-spr+ wat] is less apt to be pollut$ ?an wat] f surface or l& spr+s1 = x has a *ance 9 its fl[ ?r\gh ! ve9s ( ! e>? to become filt]$4 ,l& spr+s always require c>eful wat*+1 p>ticul>ly 9 inhabit$ regions1 to prev5t surface contam9ation4 ,n all ,spr+ ,wat] ,pure ,x is a popul> fallacy t all spr+ wat] is absolutely pure & heal?ful4 ,! above explanation w be helpful 9 po9t+ out h[1 9 "s cases1 spr+ wat] may be no?+ b contam9at$ gr\nd wat]4 ,l& spr+s 9 uncultivat$ & un9habit$ regions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m\nta9s1 yield a good & pure supply4 ,b x is always advisable1 :5 tapp+ a spr+ = wat] supply1 to /udy its probable s\rce1 & c>efully to inspect its imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,! spr+ %\ld be protect$ by con/ruct+ a small bas91 or res]voir1 & by build+ a h\se ov] ?is4 ,! bas9 w also s]ve to /ore ! night fl[ ( ! spr+4 ,be=e decid+ ^u a supply f a spr+1 its yield %\ld be asc]ta9$ by "o ( ! well-kn[n gaug+ me?ods4 ,spr+s are usually l[e/ 9 ! mon?s ( ,octob] & ,novemb]1 ?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 l& spr+s & deep spr+s4 ,! m9imum yield ( ! spr+ det]m9es :e!r x =ms a supply to be reli$ ^u at all times ( ! ye>4 ,if ! spr+ is locat$ high] ?an ! gr\nds & build+s to be suppli$1 a simple gravity supply l9e may be c>ri$ f x1 ) pipes ( good size1 ?us avoid+ undue friction 9 ! l9e1 & /oppages4 ,if l[] ?an ! h\se1 ! wat] f ! spr+ mu/ be rais$ by "s pump+ me?od4 ,all wat] f\nd und]gr\nd owes its orig9 to ! ra9fall4 ,if conceal$ wat] is return$ to ! surface by natural processes x is call$ spr+ wat]1 b if recov]$ by artificial means x is call$ well wat]4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,wells ,!re are num]\s k9ds ( wells1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by _! mode ( con/ruction1 by _! dep? f ! surface1 by ! fact ( _! pi]c+ an imp]vi\s /ratum or m]ely tapp+ ! fir/ und]gr\nd %eet ( wat]1 & by ! height to :i* ! wat] 9 !m rises or fl[s4 ,?us we h %all[ & deep wells1 horizontal wells or infiltration gall]ies1 op5 or dug wells1 tube wells1 non-fl[+ & fl[+ wells1 bor$1 drill$1 & driv5 wells1 tile-l9$ & brick-l9$ wells1 & comb9ation dug-&-tubul> wells4 ,:5 x is desir$ to provide a wat] supply by means ( wells "s k ( ! geology ( ! region1 ( ! "* ( ! /rata & ( _! direction & dip1 w be v useful4 ,9 ! case ( deep wells1 x is really ess5tial4 ,by mak+ inquiries z to simil> well op]ations 9 ! neighborhood1 "o may ga9 "s useful in=mation1 & ?us1 to "s ext5t1 avoid guesswork4 ,:5 "o mu/ drill or bore ?r\gh rock = a v deep well1 :i* necess>ily is exp5sive1 mu* money1 (t5 uselessly sp5t1 may be sav$ by consult+ ! reports ( ! ,/ate geologi/1 or ! publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 or by engag+ ! s]vices ( an exp]t hydrogeologi/4 ,wat] ,f9d]s ,x us$ to be a common practice to s5d = s-call$ wat] f9d]s1 :o be+ usually %rewd obs]v]s w\ld locate by ! aid ( a hazel twig ! exact spot :]e wat] c\ld be f\nd4 ,9 se>*+ = wat] "o sometimes runs across ^! m5 ev5 to-day4 ,! sup]/iti\s fai? 9 ! p[] ( ! =k$ twig or bran* f ! hazelnut bu% to indicate by its twi/+ or turn+ ! pres5ce ( und]gr\nd wat] 0 at "o "t widespread1 b only ! v slighte/ f\ndation ( fact exi/s = ! belief 9 su* sup]natural p[]s4 ,9 ,europe1 att5tion has aga91 dur+ ! pa/ ye>s1 be5 call$ to ?is me?od ( f9d+ wat]1 & x has ev5 receiv$ ! indorsem5t ( a v high ,g]man au?ority 9 hydraulic eng9e]+1 a man well up 9 ye>s1 ) a v wide practical exp]i5ce1 & ! au?or ( ! mo/ up-to-date h&-book on ,wat] ,supply1 b m5 ( sci5ce h n fail$ to contradict 8 /atem5ts4 ,def9ition ( ,gr\nd-wat] ,level ,wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! soil passes d[nw>d by gravity until x rea*es an imp]vi\s /ratum4 ,! surface ( ?is und]gr\nd %eet ( wat] is te*nically call$ wat] table or gr\nd-wat] level4 ,! wat] is n at re/1 b has a sl[ & well-def9$ motion1 ! rate ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! porosity ( ! soil & also ^u ! incl9ation or gradi5t ( ! wat] table4 ,a %all[ well may be ei!r excavat$ or driv5 into ?is subsoil %eet ( wat]4 ,9 popul\s di/ricts1 9 villages1 t[ns1 b also ne> habitations1 ! soil f :i* wat] is obta9$ mu/1 ( necessity1 be impregnat$ ) organic wa/e matt]4 ,if1 9 su* a surface well1 ! level ( ! wat] is l[]$ by pump+1 ! zone ( pollution is ext5d$ lat]ally 9 all directions4 ,ord9>y %all[ well wat] %\ld always be consid]$ suspici\s wat]4 ,!re are two di/9ct ways 9 :i* surface wells are contam9at$3 "o is by leakage f cesspools1 sew]s1 privies1 etc42 ! o!r1 j z important & no less dang]\s1 by direct contam9ation f ! surface4 ,! latt] dang] is p>ticul>ly great 9 wells :i* are op5 at ! surface1 & f :i* wat] is drawn 9 buckets or pails4 ,a pump well is always ! saf] ( ! two4 ,frogs1 mice1 & o!r small animals are apt to fall into ! wat]2 du/ & dirt settle into x2 ! wood5 curb & ! rott5 cov] also contribute to ! pollution2 ev5 ! draw-buckets add to x by reason ( be+ (t5 h&l$ ) unclean h&s4 ,always avoid1 9 ! c\ntry1 dr9k+ wat] f f>m]s' wells locat$ ne> cesspools or privies4 ,su* %all[ wells are p>ticul>ly dang]\s aft] a long-protract$ dr\ght4 ,x is impossible to def9e by measurem5t ! di/ance f a cesspool or manure pit at :i* a well c be locat$ ) safety1 = ?is dep5ds entirely ^u local circum/ances4 ,contam9ation ( %all[ wells may1 9 exceptional cases1 be avoid$ by a prop] location ( ! well ) ref]5ce to ! exi/+ s\rces ( impurity4 ,a well %\ld always be plac$ above ! s\rce ( pollution1 us+ ! ^w above ) ref]5ce to ! direction 9 :i* ! gr\nd wat] fl[s4 ,precautions ,reg>d+ ,wells ,o!r precautions to be obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to surface wells are ! foll[+3 ,nev] dig a well ne> places :]e soil contam9ation has tak5 or is tak+ place4 ,l9e ! sides ( ! well ) ei!r brick1 /one1 or tile pipe1 cem5t$ 9 a wat]-tight mann] to a dep? ( at lea/ tw5ty feet f ! surface1 s t no wat] c ent] except f ! bottom1 or at ! sides ne> ! bottom4 ,raise ! surface at ! top ( ! well above ! grade2 arrange x s z to slope away on all sides f ! well2 cov] x ) a flag/one1 & cem5t ! same to prev5t =eign matt]s f dropp+ into ! well2 make sure t no surface wat] c pass directly into ! well2 make "s provision to c>ry away wa/e wat] & dripp+s f ! well4 ,%all[ wells made by driv+ iron tubes ) well po9ts into ! subsoil wat] are pref]able to dug wells4 ,use a draw-pump 9 pref]5ce to draw buckets4 ,:5 a well is sunk ?r\gh an imp]vi\s /ratum to tap ! l>g] supply ( wat] 9 ! deep] /rata1 we obta9 a deep well4 ,wat] s secur$ is usually ( great purity1 = ! impurities h be5 filt]$ & /ra9$ out by ! passage ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! soil4 ,moreov]1 ! nature ( ! con/ruction ( deep wells is su* t !y are m effici5tly protect$ aga9/ contam9ation1 ! sides be+ made imp]vi\s by an iron-pipe cas+4 ,9 "s r>e cases1 ev5 deep wells %[ pollution due to c>eless jo9t+ ( ! l9+1 or wat] foll[s ! outside ( ! well cas+ until x rea*es ! deep] wat] %eet4 ,deep wells usually yield m wat] ?an %all[ driv5 wells1 & ! supply increases p]ceptibly :5 ! wat] level 9 ! well is l[]$ by pump+4 ,:ile surface wells draw ^u ! ra9fall p]colat+ 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity1 deep wells are suppli$ by ! ra9fall f m remote di/ricts4 ,deep wells are ei!r non-fl[+ or fl[+ wells4 ,:5 ! hydro/atic pressure "u :i* ! wat] /&s is suffici5t to make x fl[ freely out on ! surface or at ! m\? ( ! well1 we h a fl[+1 or true artesian well4 ,"* ( ,wat] ,f ,deep ,wells ,wat] f deep wells is ( a cool & ev5 temp]ature4 ,x is usually v pure1 b 9 "s cases made h>d by m9]al salts 9 ! wat]4 ,sulphur is also at times pres5t1 & "s wells on ! s\!rn ,atlantic coa/ yield wat] impregnat$ ) sulphur gases1 :i*1 h[ev]1 readily pass (f1 leav+ ! wat] 9 good condition = all uses4 ,9 _m cases ! wat] has a ta/e ( iron4 ,no g5]al rule c be quot$ z to ! exact am\nt ( wat] :i* any giv5 well w yield1 = ?is dep5ds ^u a numb] ( factors4 ,increas+ ! diamet] ( v deep wells does n seem to h any m>k$ effect 9 increas+ ! supply4 ,?us1 a two-foot well gives only f fifte5 to ?irty p] c5t m wat] ?an a ?ree-in*-pipe well4 ,?is rule does n seem to apply to %all[ wells ( l>ge diamet]1 = "h we f9d t ! yield is ab\t 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! well4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! fact t wells locat$ ne> ! sea%ore1 )9 ! influ5ce ( ! tide1 v>y 9 ! h\rly fl[4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,honda1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 !re is a rem>kable concordance betwe5 ! daily v>iations 9 ! level ( ! tides & ! wat] level 9 wells4 ,! wat] 9 wells "o mile f ! sea%ore 0 f\nd to /& highe/ at high tide4 ,! daily v>iation am\nt$ to sixte5 c5timet]s1 or a little ov] six in*es4 ,a simil> v>iation 0 obs]v$ by ! writ] 9 "s fl[+ wells locat$ on ! nor? %ore ( ,long ,isl&4 ,dr4 ,honda f\nd also t ! wat] level 9 wells v>i$ ) ! /ate ( ! b>omet]1 ! wat] level be+ l[]$ ) a rise 9 ! b>omet]4 ,:]e a l>ge supply is want$ a s]ies ( wells may be driv51 &1 z ! exp5se involv$ is consid]able1 x is always advisable to beg9 by s9k+ a small] te/ well to f9d out :e!r wat] may be _h4 ,gr\nd wat] may also be recov]$ f wat]-be>+ /rata by arrang+ horizontal collect+ gall]ies ) loose-jo9t$ sides ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p]colates4 ,su* infiltration gall]ies h be5 us$ 9 "s in/ances = ! supply ( t[ns & ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 b !y are n common = ! supply ( c\ntry h\ses4 ,laws ,regulat+ ,appropriation ( ,wat] ,p]sons contemplat+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( wat] supply 9 ! c\ntry %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! tak+ ( wat] = supply purposes is1 9 ne>ly all ,/ates1 hemm$ 9 by legal re/rictions4 ,! law makes a di/9ction betwe5 subt]ranean wat]s1 surface wat]s fl[+ 9 a well-def9$ *annel & )9 def9ite banks1 & surface wat]s m]ely spread ov] ! gr\nd or accumulat$ 9 natural depressions1 pools1 or 9 swamps4 ,!re are sep>ate & di/9ct laws gov]n+ ea* k9d ( wat]4 ,x is advisable1 :]e a wat]-supply problem pres5ts itself1 to look up ^! laws1 or to consult a lawy] well v]s$ 9 ! law ( wat] c\rses4 ,if x is ! int5tion to take wat] f a lake1 ! prop]ty own] %\ld make sure t he owns ! "r to take su* wat]1 & t ! de$ ( 8 prop]ty does n read to high-wat] m>k only4 ,! own] ( a prop]ty n abutt+ on a lake has no legal "r to ab/ract "s ( ! wat] f ! lake by build+ an infiltration gall]y1 or a v]tical well ( l>ge diamet] int5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an own] may take subt]ranean wat] by driv+ or digg+ a well on 8 own prop]ty1 & x does n matt]1 f ! law's po9t ( view1 :e!r by s do+ he int]cepts p>tly or :olly ! fl[ ( wat] 9 a neighbor+ well4 ,b1 if x c be %[n t ! subt]ranean wat] fl[s 9 a well-def9$ *annel1 he is n p]mitt$ to d ?is4 ,! wat] f a /ream _c be appropriat$ or div]t$ = supply or irrigation purposes by a s+le prop]ty hold] )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r rip>ian own]s1 & )\t comp5sation to !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,appliances = ,di/ribut+ ,wat] ,we h s f> discuss$ only ! v>i\s s\rces ( potable wat]4 ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to ! me*anical means = mak+ x available = use1 :i* comprise appliances = lift+1 /or+1 convey+1 di/ribut+1 & purify+ ! wat]4 ,! location ( ! s\rce ( supply ) ref]5ce to ! build+s & gr\nds decides g5]ally ! "q :e!r a gravity supply is feasible or :e!r wat] mu/ be pump$4 ,! =m] is desirable because its op]at+ exp5ses are almo/ no?+1 b x is n always *eape/ 9 fir/ co/4 ,r ?an h a v long l9e ( conduit1 x may be *eap] to pump wat]1 p>ticul>ly if w9d or wat] p[]1 co/+ no?+1 c be us$4 ,ma*9es = ,pump+ ,:5 x becomes necess>y to pump wat]1 !re are num]\s ma*9es f :i* to *oose2 only ! m important ones w be consid]$4 ,we may use pumps op]at$ by manual labor1 ^? run by animal p[]1 pump+ ma*9]y us+ ! p[] ( ! w9d or t ( fall+ or runn+ wat]2 !n !re are hot-air1 /eam1 & electric pumps1 besides sev]al =ms ( int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 su* z gas1 gasol9e1 & oil eng9es4 ,ea* has advantages 9 c]ta9 locations & "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,( appliances utiliz+ ! =ces ( ,nature1 p]haps ! simple/ effici5t ma*9e is ! hydraulic ram4 ,:ile o!r ma*9es = lift+ wat] are compos$ ( two p>ts1 namely1 a motor & a pump1 ! ram comb9es bo? 9 "o app>atus4 ,x is a self-act+ pump ( ! impulse type1 9 :i* =ce is sudd5ly appli$ & discont9u$1 ^! p]iodical applications result+ 9 ! lift+ ( wat]4 ,s+le-act+ rams pump ! wat] :i* op]ates !m2 d\ble-act+ rams utilize an impure supply to lift a pure supply f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,! advantages ( ! ram are3 x works cont9u\sly1 day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 ) b v little att5dance2 no lubrication is requir$1 repairs are few1 ! fir/ co/ ( in/allation is small4 ,fro/ protection1 h[ev]1 is ess5tial4 ,! disadvantages are t a ram c be us$ only :]e a l>ge volume ( wat] is available4 ,! correct sett+ up is important1 also ! prop] proportion+ 9 size & l5g? ( drive & dis*>ge pipes4 ,! cont9ual j>r+ t5ds to /ra9 ! pipes1 jo9ts1 & valves2 h5ce1 heavy pip+ & fitt+s are necess>y4 ,a ram ( ! improv$ type raises wat] f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet = e foot ( fall 9 ! drive pipe1 & its effici5cy is f sev5ty to eighty p] c5t4 ,runn+ wat] is a mo/ conv5i5t & *eap p[]1 :i* is (t5 utiliz$ 9 wat] :eels & turb9es4 ,^! supply p[] to run a pump2 ! wat] to be rais$ may come f any s\rce1 & ! pump may be plac$ at "s di/ance f ! wat] :eel4 ,:]e suffici5t fall is available--at lea/ ?ree feet--! ov]%ot :eel is us$4 ,9 ,cali=nia & "s o!r ,we/]n ,/ates an impulse wat] :eel is mu* us$1 :i* is especially adapt$ to high heads4 ,w9dmills ,us$ = ,driv+ ,pumps ,! p[] ( ! w9d appli$ to a w9dmill is mu* us$ = driv+ pumps4 ,x is a long /ep =w>d f ! anci5t & picturesque ,dut* =m ( w9dmill1 consi/+ ( only f\r arms ) clo? sails1 to ! mod]n improv$ =ms ( :eels con/ruct$ 9 wood & 9 iron1 ) a l>ge numb] ( impulse blades1 & provid$ ) devices regulat+ ! spe$1 turn+ ! :eel out ( ! w9d dur+ a gale1 & /opp+ x automatically :5 ! /orage tank is fill$4 ,! useful p[] develop$ by w9dmills :5 pump+ wat] 9 a mod]ate w9d1 say ( sixte5 miles an h\r velocity1 is n v high1 rang+ f "o tw5ty-fif? horse-p[] = an eight & "o-half foot :eel to "o & "o-half horse-p[] = a tw5ty-five foot :eel4 ,! claims ( "s mak]s ( w9dmills z to ! p[] develop$ %\ld be accept$ ) caution4 ,! *ief advantage is t1 l a ram1 ! w9dmill may "w night & day1 ) b slight att5tion to lubrication1 s long z ! w9d bl[s4 ,b !re are also drawbacks2 x requires v l>ge /orage tanks to provide = p]iods ( calm2 ! :eel mu/ be plac$ suffici5tly expos$ to receive ! full w9d =ce1 ei!r on a t[] or on a high hill1 & usually ?is is n ! be/ place to f9d wat]4 ,besides1 a w9dmill t[]1 at lea/ ! mod]n "o1 is n an ornam5tal feature 9 ! l&scape4 ,x is exp5sive :5 built suffici5tly /rong to )/& sev]e w9t] gales4 ,dur+ ! hot mon?s ( ! ye>1 :5 ! f>m]1 ! g>d5]1 & ! coa*man require mo/ wat]1 ! w9d is apt to fail entirely = days 9 succession4 ,! ,use ( ,eng9es ,if wat] is n available1 & w9d is consid]$ too unreliable1 pump+ mu/ be accompli%$ by us+ an eng9e :i*1 no matt] ( :at =m or type1 d]ives its en]gy f ! combu/ion ( fuel1 be ! same coal1 wood1 *>coal1 petroleum or k]os5e1 gas1 gasol9e1 or naph?a4 ,! use ( su* pump+ eng9es implies a con/ant exp5se = fuel1 op]ation1 ma9t5ance1 & repairs4 ,9 "s mod]n =ms ( eng9es ?is exp5se is small1 notably s 9 ! oil eng9e1 & also 9 ! gasol9e eng9e2 h5ce ^! types h become favorites4 ,advantages ( ,pump+ ,eng9es ,an advantage common to all pump+ eng9es is t !y c be run at any "t1 n l ! w9dmill1 :i* does n op]ate 9 a light breeze1 nor l ! ram1 :i* fails :5 ! brook runs l[4 ,dome/ic pump+ eng9es are built z simple z possible1 s t ! g>d5]1 a f>m h&1 or ! dome/ic help may run !m4 ,skill is n requir$ to op]ate !m1 & !y are con/ruct$ s z to be safe1 provid$ ord9>y intellig5ce is appli$4 ,9 us+ a fuel eng9e x is desirable1 because ( ! att5dance requir$1 to take a ma*9e ( su* capacity & size t ! wat] supply requir$ = two or ?ree days may be pump$ to ! /orage tank 9 a few h\rs4 ,expansive ,=ce ( ,heat$ ,air ,utiliz$ ,a favorite & ext5sively us$ type ( dome/ic pump is ! hot-air eng9e1 9 :i* ! expansive =ce ( heat$ air is us$ to d useful "w4 ,among ! types are simple & safe ma*9es :i* d n easily get out ( ord]4 ,!y are />t$ by h& by giv+ ! fly :eel "o or m revolutions4 ,if prop]ly tak5 c>e ( !y are durable & d n require exp5sive repairs4 ,gas & ,gasol9e ,eng9es ,9 gas eng9es p[] is d]iv$ f ! explosion ( a mixture ( gas & air4 ,:]e a gas supply is available1 su* eng9es are v conv5i5t1 =1 once />t$1 !y w run = h\rs )\t att5tion4 ,!y are economical 9 ! consumption ( gas1 & give tr\ble only :]e ! quality ( gas v>ies4 ,ow+ to ! unavailability ( gas on ! f>m & 9 c\ntry h\ses1 two o!r =ms ( pump+ eng9es h be5 devis$ :i* are becom+ exce$+ly popul>4 ,"o is ! gasol9e1 ! o!r is ! oil eng9e4 ,bo? resemble ! gas eng9e1 b diff] f x 9 us+ a liquid fuel :i* is volatiliz$ by a spray]4 ,gasol9e eng9es are n[ br\ght to a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,k]os5e or ,crude ,oil z ,fuel ,9 rec5t ye>s1 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es :i* use heavy k]os5e or crude oil z fuel h be5 introduc$4 ,^! h two palpable advantages3 fir/1 !y are saf] ?an gasol9e eng9es2 second1 !y co/ less to run1 = crude oil & ev5 ref9$ k]os5e are mu* *eap] ?an gasol9e4 ,oil eng9es resemble ! gas & gasol9e eng9es1 b !y h l>g] cyl9d]s1 because ! mean effective pressure evolv$ f ! explosion is mu* less ?an t ( ! gasol9e eng9es4 ,oil eng9es = pump+ wat] are p>ticul>ly suitable 9 regions :]e coal & wood _c be obta9$ except at exorbitant co/4 ,usually1 ! eng9e is s built z to be adapt$ = o!r f>m "w4 ,x %>es ?is advantage ) ! gasol9e eng9e4 ,oil eng9es are simple1 reliable1 almo/ automatic1 compact1 & reasonable 9 fir/ co/ & 9 co/ ( repairs4 ,!re are _m =ms ( su* eng9es 9 ! m>ket4 ,to be successful f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 an oil eng9e %\ld be s design$ & built t any unskill$ att5dant c run1 adju/1 & clean x4 ,! co/ ( op]at+ !m1 at eight c5ts p] gallon = k]os5e1 is only "o c5t p] h\r p] horse-p[]2 or "o-half ( ?is :5 ord9>y crude oil is us$4 ,! only att5tion requir$ :5 runn+ is p]iodical lubrication & occasional repl5i%+ ( ! oil res]voir4 ,! noise ( ! exhau/1 common to all eng9es us+ an explosive =ce1 c be l>gely done away ) by us+ a muffl] or a sil5c]4 ,! smell ( oil f ! exhau/ likewise =ms an objection1 b c be ov]come by ! use ( an exhau/ wa%]4 ,/eam & ,electric ,pumps ,! well-kn[n =ms ( /eam-pump+ eng9es ne$ n be consid]$ 9 detail1 because high-pressure /eam is n (t5 available 9 c\ntry h\ses4 ,:]e electric curr5t is br\ght to ! build+1 or g5]at$ = light+ purposes1 wat] may be pump$ by an electric pump4 ,electric motors are easy & conv5i5t to run1 v clean1 b s f> n v economical4 ,electric pumps may be arrang$ s z to />t & /op entirely automatically4 ,wat] may be pump$1 :]e electricity =ms ! p[]1 ei!r by triplex plung] pumps or by rot>y1 screw1 or c5trifugal pumps4 ,pumps ,work$ by ,h& ,space =bids giv+ a description ( ! _m simpl] devices us$ = lift+ wat]4 ,9 small f>mh\ses lift & =ce pumps work$ by h& are n[ introduc$1 & ! old-fa%ion$1 moss-cov]$ draw-bucket1 :i* is nei!r conv5i5t nor sanit>y1 is becom+ a relic ( pa/ times4 ,res]voirs & ,/orage ,tanks ,! wat] pump$ is /or$ ei!r 9 small masonry or e>? res]voirs1 or else 9 /orage tanks ( ei!r wood1 iron1 or /eel1 plac$ on a wood or /eel t[]4 ,wood5 tanks are *eap b unsightly1 require frequ5t r5ewal ( ! pa9t1 & give tr\ble by leak+1 freez+1 & corrosion ( hoops4 ,9 rec5t ye>s elevat$ tanks are supplant$ by pressure tanks4 ,sev]al su* sy/ems1 diff]+ b little f "o ano!r1 are becom+ q well kn[n4 ,9 ^! wat] is /or$ "u suitable pressure 9 air-tight tanks1 fill$ p>tly ) wat] & p>tly ) air4 ,a ,simple ,pressure ,sy/em ,"o sy/em consi/s ( a circul>1 wr\ght-/eel1 clos$ tank1 made air- & wat]-tight1 a =ce pump = pump+ wat] into ! tank1 & pipe connections4 ,! tank is plac$ ei!r horizontally or v]tically 9 ! basem5t or cell>1 or else plac$ outdoors 9 ! gr\nd at a dep? bel[ freez+4 ,wat] is pump$ into ! bottom ( ! tank1 :]eby its air acquires suffici5t pressure to =ce wat] to ! upp] floors4 ,?is simple sy/em has "s m>k$ advantages ov] ! outside or ! attic tank4 ,9 ^!1 wat] gets w>m 9 summ] & freezes 9 w9t]4 ,v]m9 & du/ get into ! tank1 & ! wat] /agnates4 ,9 ! pressure tank1 wat] is kept a]at$1 cool1 & clean4 ,ano!r pressure tank has an automatic valve1 controll$ by a float & connect$ ) suction ( pump4 ,x prev5ts ! tank f becom+ wat]-logg$ by ma9ta9+ ! correct am\nt ( air inside4 ,an ,ideal ,sy/em = a ,c\ntry ,h\se ,/ill ano!r sy/em us+ pressure tanks is m complete ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 compris+ eng9e1 pump1 air compressor1 a wat] tank1 & also an air tank4 ,x is be/ describ$ by a rec5t example con/ruct$ f plans & "u ! direction ( ! writ]4 ,! build+s suppli$ ) wat] comprise ! mansion1 ! /able1 ! cottage1 & a dairy1 & ! pump+ /ation is plac$ ne> ! %ore ( ! lake f :i* ! supply is tak54 ,see ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,compress$ ,,air ,,tank ,,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,pressure-,,tank ,,pump+ ,,/ation4 ,int]ior view ( pump+ /ation ( compress$ air-tank sy/em 7see plan on opposite page7 %[+ #c1jjj gallon wat] tank1 air tank ( #aej p\nds pressure & #aj horse-p[] gasol9e eng9e4 ,! pump h\se is ab\t #bj feet by #bg feet1 & conta9s a wat]-/orage tank #f feet 9 diamet] & #ac-a_/b feet long1 ( a capacity ( #c1jjj gallons2 an air tank ( same dim5sions z ! wat] tank1 hold+ air "u #aej p\nds pressure2 a #aj horse-p[] gasol9e eng9e1 direct-connect$1 by means ( friction clut*1 ) an air compressor & also ) a triplex pump ( #ge gallons capacity p] m9ute4 ,! wat] 9 ! tank is kept "u #ge p\nds pressure1 & at ! hydrant ne> ! h\se1 locat$ ab\t #ajj feet above ! pump+ /ation1 !re is an available pressure ( #cc p\nds4 ,! la/ drop ( wat] fl[s f ! wat] tank "u ! full pressure ( #ge p\nds at ! pump+ /ation4 ,! suction pipe into ! lake is #d in*es & is provid$ ) well /ra9]s to prev5t clogg+4 ,! co/ ( pump+ wat] by ?is sy/em is q reasonable4 ,! gasol9e eng9e requires p] horse-p[] p] h\r ab\t #a-a_/d gallons ( gasol9e1 & at sixte5 c5ts p] gallon ?is makes ! co/ = #a1jjj gallons pump$ ab\t five c5ts4 ,to ?is exp5se %\ld1 h[ev]1 be add$ ! co/ ( lubricat+ oil1 repairs1 am\nt = depreciation1 & ! small co/ = labor 9 runn+ ! eng9e4 ,wat] pipes =m+ a di/ribution sy/em %\ld always be *os5 g5]\s 9 diamet]1 9 ord] to avoid undue loss ( pressure by friction4 ,:]e fire hydrants are provid$1 ! size ( ! wat] ma9 %\ld n be bel[ f\r in*es4 ,all bran*es %\ld be controll$ by %ut-(fs1 = :i* ! full-way gate valves are us$ 9 pref]5ce to globe valves4 ,pipe-l9e mat]ial is usually galvaniz$1 screw-jo9t$ wr\ght iron = sizes up to f\r in*es4 ,9 conclusion1 a ^w ab\t wat] purification4 ,:]e ! quality ( ! wat] supply is n above suspicion x may be improv$ by filtration4 ,a filt] %\ld nev] be in/all$ )\t ! advice ( a qualifi$ exp]t1 = !re are num]\s wor?less devices & few really effici5t ones4 ,:]e a filt] is n available1 ! wat] us$ = dr9k+ %\ld be boil$ or /]iliz$ if !re is ! slighte/ d\bt z to its :olesom5ess4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,purify+ ,wat] by ,copp] ,sulphate ,f ! /&po9t ( ! heal? ( ! community1 ! mo/ vital problem is to get pure wat]4 ,almo/ equally important1 :5 com=t & peace ( m9d is consid]$1 is ! procur+ ( sweet wat]4 ,! wise own] ( a c\ntry home looks to ! wat] supply ^u :i* 8 family is dep5d5t4 ,! c>eful f>m] is p>ticul> ab\t ! wat] 8 /ock1 z well z 8 family1 mu/ dr9k4 ,b c>eless p]sons con/itute ! l>ge majority4 ,mo/ p 9 ! city & 9 ! c\ntry pay no att5tion to _! dr9k+ wat] s long z x ta/es all "r4 ,cle> ,wat] ,(t5 ,dang]\s ,"s ye>s ago ! inhabitants ( ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 furni%$ a pitiful example ( ?is foolh>dy _s4 ,= a ye> previ\s to ! break+ out ( ! typhoid epidemic1 ! public 0 w>n$1 ?r\gh ! local & ! metropolitan press1 ( ! dang]\s condition ( ,i?aca's wat] supply4 ,pr(essors ( ,cornell ,college jo9$ 9 ^! w>n+s4 ,b ! p gave no he$1 probably because ! wat] 0 cle> & its ta/e sweet & agreeable4 ,z 0 ! case 9 ?is in/ance1 bact]ia are tol]at$ indef9itely1 & x is only an al>m+ increase 9 ! dea? rate t makes p c>eful4 ,!n !y beg9 to boil ! wat]--:5 x is too late = "s ( !m4 ,bad-,ta/+ ,wat] n ,always ,poison\s ,b let ! ta/e become bad & ! odor repulsive1 & a sc>e is easily />t$4 ,!re mu/ be dead ?+s 9 ! wat]1 or x w\ldn't ta/e s horrible1 is ! common v]dict4 ,"s newspap] seizes ^u ! tr\ble & makes ( x a s5sation4 ,! ubiquit\s report] writes ( "o ( ! animals t x looks l a wagon :eel & ta/es l a fi%4 ,) su* a rem>kable organism contam9at+ "o's dr9k no wond] !re is fe> ( "s dread disease4 ,! wat] is believ$ to be full ( g]ms2 :]eas ! pollution is entirely due to ! pres5ce ( algae--nev] poison\s to mank9d1 9 "s cases act+ z purify+ ag5ts1 b at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> imp>t+ a ta/e & odor to ! wat] t _c be tol]at$4 ,algae--:at are !y8 ,!y are aquatic plants4 ,algae are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! wat] vegetation common to ! eye & pass+ by ! t]m we$s4 ,su* plants include eelgrass1 pick]el we$1 wat] planta91 & duckmeat--all ( :i* h roots & produce fl[]s4 ,?is vegetation does n l5d a bad odor or ta/e to ! wat]4 ,9 itself x is h>mless1 al?\gh x sometimes af=ds a refuge = organisms ( a virul5t type4 ,b :5 ! aquatic vegetation ( ! fl[]+ v>iety is elim9at$ f consid]ation1 !re /ill rema9s a gr\p ( wat] plants call$ algae4 ,!y comprise "o-fif? ( ! kn[n fl[]less plants4 ,!y are ! ance/ors ( ! entire vegetable k+dom4 ,^? ^: habitat is ! sea numb] ! l>ge/ plants kn[n 9 nature4 ,c]ta9 =ms f\nd 9 ! ,pacific are suppos$ to be #hjj feet 9 l5g?2 o!rs are report$ to be #a1ejj feet long4 ,! m>9e v>iety are famili> z ! br[n kelps & ! wracks1 :i* are v common along our ,nor!rn coa/4 ,plants ,:i* ,pollute ,dr9k+ ,wat] ,! fre%-wat] algae are usually grass gre5 9 color4 ,?is gre5 v>iety is (t5 se5 z a spongy coat+ to ! surface ( /agnant pools1 :i* goes by ! "n ( frog spawn or pond scum4 ,"o ( ?is description1 ,spirogyra1 has done ?\s&s ( doll>s' wor? ( damage by smo!r+ ! life out ( "y wat]-cress plants 9 artificial b$s con/ruct$ = w9t] propagation4 ,:5 ! cress is cut ! plants are necess>ily left 9 a weak5$ condition1 & ! algae =m a ?ick mat ov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 ?us prev5t+ ! gr[? ( ! cress plants & (t5times kill+ !m4 ,! absolute necessity ( ext]m9at+ ^! algae l$ to ! p]fection ( ! copp]-purification process4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v>iety ( algae n easily detect$ t contam9ates ! wat]4 ,s long z !y are 9 a live1 heal?y condition !y b5efit dr9k+ wat] by purify+ x4 ,inde$1 "s sci5ti/s h attribut$ ! s-call$ self-purification ( a /ream entirely to ! activities ( ^! plants4 ,( su*1 "o =m1 ,*lamydomonas1 is bright grass gre5 9 appe>ance4 ,b ! l>ge/ gr\p--! plants :i* h ! wor/ reputation z pollut]s ( dr9k+ wat]--are popul>ly kn[n z ! blue-gre5 algae 7,s*izophyceae74 ,! common "n tells ! color ( ^! plants1 al?\gh !re are exceptions 9 ?is respect1 "s ( !m %[+ %ades ( yell[1 br[n1 olive1 *ocolate1 & purpli% r$4 ,?is v>iety ( algae fl\ri%es 9 ! summ] mon?s1 s9ce a relatively high temp]ature & %all[ /agnant wat] favor its g]m9ation4 ,if ! pond beg9s to dry up1 ! dea? ( ! organisms takes place1 & ! result is a mo/ disagreeable1 p]si/5t odor :i* r5d]s ! wat] unfit = dr9k+ purposes4 ,?is result is *emically due to ! break+ d[n ( highly organiz$ comp\nds ( sulphur & phosphorus 9 ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ^! plants4 ,decomposition is n necess>y = "s ( ! blue gre5s to give (f a bad odor1 h[ev]4 ,a numb] ( !m1 on acc\nt ( _! oil-cont5t1 produce an odor :5 9 a heal?y condition t is sometimes lik5$ to raw gre5 corn or to na/urtiums1 b usually x _c be s pleasantly describ$4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has be5 able to solve ! problem ( ext]m9at+ algae f wat] supplies4#a ,! dep>tm5t has done m2 = x has succe$$ 9 p]fect+ a me?od by :i* a res]voir contam9at$ ) typhoid or o!r pa?og5ic bact]ia c be purifi$4 ,! "w 0 begun ) an inquiry into ! ext5t ( ! tr\ble f algal pollution4 ,lett]s 7 address$ to "s five hundr$ eng9e]s & sup]9t5d5ts ( wat] companies scatt]$ all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! replies1 :i* came f almo/ e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 7 burd5$ ) "o compla9t--,algae are our wor/ pe/2 & ) "o pray]--,come ov] into ,mac$onia1 & help u4 ,a ,*eap & ,available ,rem$y = ,algae ,conv9c$ ( ! ne$ ( e>ne/ "w1 ext5sive laboratory exp]im5ts 7 inaugurat$4 ,! problem pres5t$ 0 ?is3 ! rem$y mu/ n only be readily available1 b x mu/ be *eap1 t advantage may be tak5 ( x by ! poore/ communities1 z well z by ^? own+ l>ge res]voirs4 ,above all1 ! rem$y mu/ be absolutely h>mless to man2 ! poison us$ to ext]m9ate algae mu/ n 9 any way affect ! wat] dr9k]s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( sub/ances 7 us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts be=e ! f9al decision re/$ ) copp] sulphate4 ,?is salt is v poison\s to algae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 copp] 9 solution j /rong en\gh to de/roy algal gr[? c\ld n possibly injure man2 9 fact1 ! tempor>y pres5ce ( su* a small am\nt ( copp] 9 dr9k+ wat] c\ld n be detect$4 ,a ,practical ,demon/ration ,! results 9 ! laboratory be+ successful1 ! next /ep 0 to make a practical demon/ration ( ! value ( ! me?od4 ,?is 0 fir/ done 9 ! fall ( #aija4 ,at ,b51 ,va41 wat] cress is gr[n 9 l>ge quantities dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 x is a valuable m>ket crop4 ,dams are con/ruct$ across a /ream 9 su* a mann] z to enable ! ma9t5ance ( a wat] level n too high = ! gr[? ( plants2 :5 a freeze is ?reat5$ ! plants c be flood$4 ,9 ! cress b$s select$ = ! exp]im5ts ! wat] is obta9$ f a !rmal spr+ ^: temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! ye> is ab\t #gj deg4 ,f4 ,?is temp]ature is p>ticul>ly favorable to ! gr[? ( frog spawn4 ,aft] ! cress 0 cut = m>ket1 ! algae frequ5tly develop$ s rapidly z to smo!r ! life out ( ! weak5$ plants4 ,:5 ?is occurr$1 ! practice 0 to rake out bo? wat] cress & algae & reset ! entire b$4 ,?is 0 n only exp5sive2 half ! "t x fail$ to ext]m9ate ! pe/4 ,x 01 !re=e1 mo/ desirable to devise a me?od ( ridd+ ! b$ ( algal gr[? )\t injur+ ! cress4 ,! ,copp]-sulphate ,me?od ,te/$ ,"h ! copp]-sulphate me?od 0 put to a practical te/4 ,at ! outset a /rong solution 0 spray$ on ! algae :i* coat$ ! surface ( ! pond4 ,?is only kill$ ! algal gr[? ) :i* ! p>ticles ( copp] came 9 contact & left ! ma9 body ( algae unaffect$4 ,!n trial 0 made ( dissolv+ ! copp] directly 9 ! wat]1 & ! result 0 mo/ satisfactory4 ,! solution us$ 0 t ( #a "p ( copp] to #ej1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,gr[]s ne$ h no tr\ble 9 ! future4 ,!y ne$ h no fe> ( employ+ ! me?od1 z ! copp] solution requir$ = kill+ ! algae c\ld n possibly injure wat] cress1 provid$ ord9>y c>e is us$ 9 ! "w4 ,z to ! frequ5cy ( treatm5t requir$1 "o or two applications a ye> w g5]ally be f\nd suffici5t1 z ?is lett]1 receiv$ f ! manag] ( ! ,virg9ia company1 goes to %[3 ,! 'moss' has giv5 me no tr\ble at all ?is w9t]2 9 fact1 ,i h = six mon?s _h to resort to ! copp] sulphate only once4444 ,all ! conditions 7 favorable la/ fall & e>ly w9t] = a riot ( 'moss1' b x did n appe> at all until j a few days ago1 & !n yield$ to treatm5t mu* m readily ?an x did :5 ,i fir/ began to use ! copp]4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 ov] ?ree ye>s aft] ,dr4 ,moore made 8 exp]im5t 9 ^! cress b$s4 ,satisfi$ ) ! results atta9$ 9 ext]m9at+ algal gr[? 9 wat]-cress b$s1 att5tion 0 next giv5 to res]voirs4 ,"s fifty wat] supplies 7 treat$ dur+ ! summ] ( #aijd1 & 9 e case success att5d$ ! copp] cure4 ,9 "o respect ! results 7 surpris+4 ,x 0 f\nd t 9 practice ! copp]-sulphate me?od work$ bett] ?an 9 !oretic exp]im5tation2 results 9 l>ge res]voirs 7 m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! laboratory4 ,9 fact1 x develop$ t ! solution necess>y to kill algae 9 ! laboratory mu/ conta9 f five to tw5ty times z mu* copp] z t conta9$ 9 a solution :i* w ext]m9ate algal gr[? 9 its natural habitat4 ,?is is n easily expla9$1 if x c be expla9$ at all4 ,! te/ reason advanc$ is t only ! mo/ resi/ant organisms /& transplant+ to an artificial environm5t4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! important po9t is t ! new me?od works bett] 9 practice ?an 0 expect$4 ,a ,prescription = ! ,copp] ,cure ,?us ! dep>tm5t is able to ann\nce t ! process is no long] 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 & also to say :at conditions mu/ be kn[n 9 det]m9+ ! prop] quantity ( copp] sulphate = de/roy+ algae1 toge!r ) a prescription = ! copp] cure4 ,"h x is1 = ! b5efit ( c>eful p]sons :o w use ! me?od ) prop] intellig5ce3 ,! importance ( kn[+ ! temp]ature ( ! contam9at$ wat] is second only to ! necessity ( kn[+ ! organism pres5t4 ,) increase ( temp]ature ! toxicity ( a giv5 dilution increases1 & vice v]sa4 ,assum+ t #ei deg4 ,f4 is ! av]age temp]ature ( res]voirs dur+ ! seasons :5 treatm5t is dem&$1 ! quantity ( copp] %\ld be increas$ or decreas$ approximately #b4e p] c5t = ea* degree bel[ or above #ei deg4 ,f4 ,simil> scales %\ld be arrang$ = ! organic cont5t & ! tempor>y h>dness ( ! wat]4 ,) ! limit$ data at h& x is impracticable to det]m9e ^! figures1 b an increase ( #b p] c5t 9 ! quantity ( copp] = ea* "p p] #ajj1jjj ( organic matt] & an increase ( #j4e to #e p] c5t 9 ! proportion ( copp] = ea* "p p] #ajj1jjj ( tempor>y h>dness w possibly be f\nd correct4 ,! prop] v>iation 9 ! increase due to h>dness w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( dissolv$ c>bon dioxide2 if v small1 #e p] c5t increase is desirable2 if l>ge1 #j4e p] c5t is suffici5t4 ,! in=mation 9 ?is prescription is to be us$ 9 connection ) a table#b publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,?is table gives ! numb] ( p>ts ( wat] to "o "p ( copp] sulphate necess>y to kill ! v>i\s =ms ( algae :i* are li/$4 ,! =mulae v>y f #a "p ( copp] to #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat]1 necess>y to de/roy ! mo/ resi/ant & v r>e =ms 7?ree ( ^! are li/$71 to #a "p ( copp] 9 #be1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat]1 :i* is a suffici5tly /rong solution to ext]m9ate ,spirogyra1 ! cress-b$ pe/4 ,by f> ! majority ( =ms d n require a solution /rong] ?an t ( #a "p ( copp] to #a1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,:at ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t is ,do+ ,x is true t ! dep>tm5t is n n[ hold+ out1 directly1 a help+ h& to ! own] ( a c\ntry place1 or to ! f>m]1 9 ?is campaign ( purify+ dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] dem&s t l>ge res]voirs1 :i* supply a great numb] ( p ) dr9k+ wat]1 ought to be consid]$ fir/4 ,su* supplies1 moreov]1 are mo/ frequ5tly contam9at$4 ,:]e fifty res]voirs 7 treat$ la/ summ]1 t5 times t numb] w be cur$ ?is summ]4 ,x w be readily se51 !re=e1 t 9 conduct+ su* a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts--consid]+ prelim9>y reports1 prescrib+ = treatm5t1 & keep+ prop] acc\nt ( results--! dep>tm5t1 ) a limit$ =ce & limit$ facilities1 has its h&s m ?an full4 ,m important /ill1 !re is an absolute ne$ ( ! s]vices ( "s exp]t on ! gr\nd4 ,:ile an algologi/ is a function>y n g5]ally employ$ by wat] companies--9 fact1 a man tra9$ 9 ! physiology ( algae is difficult to f9d--nev]!less1 x is highly important1 z ! dep>tm5t views x1 to h ! cooep]ation ( an exp]t v]s$ to "s ext5t 9 ! biological exam9ation ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! copp] cure is n a pat5t m$ic9e1 ) pr9t$ directions :i* any p]son c\ld foll[4 ,intellig5ce & c>e are absolutely ess5tial 9 ! use ( ?is treatm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ea* case mu/ be treat$ z a di/9ct & sep>ate case1 z a physician w\ld treat a pati5t4 ,actual ,purification ,simple ,suppose1 h[ev]1 an own] ( a c\ntry place1 :i* is dep5d5t ^u a fre%-wat] pond = its wat] supply1 f9ds t 8 dr9k+ wat] is contam9at$1 t ! ta/e & odor are su* z to r5d] ! wat] unfit = use4 ,!re is no reason :y he %\ld n treat ! supply1 provid$ he is prop]ly c>eful4 ,:5 ! nature ( ! pollut+ organism is def9itely det]m9$ & ! av]age temp]ature ( ! wat] obs]v$1 !n ! necess>y =mula c be decid$ ^u4 ,fir/1 ( c\rse1 ! pond mu/ be plott$1 ! dep? f\nd1 & ! capacity comput$4 ,! dep>tm5t w will+ly furni% data = ?is purpose1 toge!r ) blanks ^u :i* to submit details z to contam9at+ organisms & wat] temp]ature1 to any applicant4 ,once ! prop] solution is det]m9$ ^u1 ! actual "w ( purification is mo/ simple4 ,9 ! foll[+ directions ! dep>tm5t outl9es ! mo/ practicable me?od ( introduc+ ! copp] sulphate into a wat] supply3 ,directions = ! ,copp] ,cure ,place ! requir$ numb] ( p\nds ( copp] sulphate 9 a co>se bag--gunny sack or "s equally loose me%--&1 atta*+ ?is to ! /]n ( a r[-boat ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 r[ sl[ly back & =? ov] ! res]voir1 on ea* trip keep+ ! boat )9 t5 to tw5ty feet ( ! previ\s pa?4 ,9 ?is mann] ab\t a hundr$ p\nds ( copp] sulphate c be di/ribut$ 9 "o h\r4 ,by increas+ ! numb] ( boats1 &1 9 ! case ( deep res]voirs1 hang+ two or ?ree bags to ea* boat1 ! treatm5t ( ev5 a l>ge res]voir may be accompli%$ 9 f f\r to six h\rs4 ,x is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to r$uce z mu* z possible ! "t requir$ = apply+ ! copp]1 s t = imm5se supplies1 ) a capacity ( sev]al billion gallons1 x w\ld probably be desirable to use a laun*1 c>ry+ long project+ sp>s to :i* c\ld be atta*$ bags conta9+ sev]al hundr$ p\nds ( copp] sulphate4 ,! sub/itution ( wire nett+ = ! gunny-sack bag all[s a m rapid solution ( ! sulphate1 & ! "t requir$ = ! introduction ( ! salt may ?us be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,x is be/ to select z w>m a day = treatm5t z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,co/ ( ! ,treatm5t ,n difficult1 "o w\ld say4 ,no--:5 ! prop] solution is det]m9$2 to rea* t det]m9ation is ! difficulty4 ,t ! me?od c be tri$ at home is prov$ by ! results obta9$ by ! own] ( a c\ntry home 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york4 ,tir$ ( consult+ eng9e]s1 :o look$ at 8 wat] supply1 in=m$ him t !y c\ld d no?+1 & !n *>g$ him a big fee 7to "o he paid #bej71 ?is own] resort$ to ! copp]-sulphate treatm5t4 ,! cure co/ ! man j #b--;b let 8 lett] to ! dep>tm5t tell ! /ory3 ,my place 9 ! c\ntry is locat$ at ,wat] ,mill1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,s\?ampton1 9 ,long ,isl&4 ,i pur*as$ x 9 ,april1 #aijb1 & 0 l>gely influ5c$ 9 select+ ?is piece ( l& by ! beauty ( a pond :i* b\nds x on ! ea/4 ,?is little body ( wat] cov]s ab\t two acres1 is f$ by num]\s spr+s1 & dis*>ges into ,mecox ,bay1 ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! l&4 ,:5 ,i b\ght ! place ! pond 0 fill$ ) cle> wat]4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! foll[+ ,june algae began to %[1 & 9 ,augu/ ! surface 0 almo/ entirely cov]$ by ! gr[?4 ,! odor 0 (f5sive1 & myriads ( small insects hov]$ ov] ! masses ( algae mu* ( ! "t4 ,i consult$ two eng9e]s int]e/$ 9 ! /orage ( wat]1 & !y told me t no?+ c\ld be done4 ,! condition 0 s objectionable t ,i plann$ to plant a ?ick h$ge ( will[s along ! bank to %ut (f ! view ( ! pond f ! h\se4444 ,i exam9$ ! pond on ,june #ae? & f\nd l>ge masses ( algae cov]+ an area sev]al hundr$ feet 9 l5g? & f tw5ty to =ty feet 9 wid?4 ,no microscopical exam9ation 0 made ( ! gr[?1 b ,i 0 in=m$ t x seem$ to be l>gely compos$ ( filam5ts ( ,spirogyra & o!r ,conf]vae4 ,on ,june #ah? ! treatm5t 0 begun4444 ,9 "o week ! gr[? _h sunk & ! pond 0 cle> wat]4 ,i exam9$ ! pond ,septemb] #ae? & f\nd x /ill cle>4 ,! use ( ! sulphate ( copp] conv]t$ an (f5sive insect-bre$+ pond into a body ( beautifully cle> wat]4 ,! pond 0 full ( fi%1 b ! copp] did n seem to h>m !m4 ,effect ( ,copp] ,sulphate on ,fi% ,native tr\t 7 n injur$ :5 ! l>ge res]voir at ,cambridge1 ,n4 ,y41 0 purifi$ by ! copp] treatm5t4 ,a slightly diff]5t result1 9 ?is respect1 0 report$ f ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y41 h[ev]4 ,"p ( ! report is z foll[s3 ,! effect ( ! copp]-sulphate treatm5t on ! diff]5t animal life 0 z foll[s3 num]\s 'pollywogs' kill$1 b no frogs2 num]\s small 7less ?an two in*es long7 black bass & two l>ge ones 7eight in*es long7 kill$2 ab\t t5 l>ge 'bullheads' 7 kill$1 b no small ones2 num]\s small 7less ?an two in*es long7 'sunfi%' 7 kill$1 b no l>ge ones4 ,! w9d br\ght ! dead fi% to ! corn]s ( ! res]voir1 & x 0 v little tr\ble to remove !m4 ,no dead fi% 7 se5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] completion ( ! treatm5t4 ,! injury done by copp] sulphate to fi% is a m s]i\s matt] ?an 0 at fir/ suppos$4 ,brook tr\t are1 app>5tly1 ! lea/ resi/ant to ! salt4 ,a ,massa*usetts tr\t pond /ock$ ) eight-in* tr\t lo/ =ty p] c5t z a result ( ! introduction ( a /rong solution ( copp] sulphate4 ,! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies is work+ 9 conjunction ) ! ,division ( ,plant ,physiology 9 ?is matt]1 & x is hop$ to secure reliable in=mation4 ,9 ! meantime1 own]s ( ponds /ock$ ) game fi% w\ld d well to take great c>e be=e resort+ to ! copp] cure = algae--t is1 if !y hesitate to lose a "p ( ! fi%4 ,wat] ,may be ,drunk ,dur+ ,treatm5t ,:5 a pond or res]voir is treat$ ) ! prop] am\nt ( copp] sulphate to remove algae--except 9 ! case ( ! few v resi/ant =ms requir+ a /rong] solution ?an #a "p ( copp] to #a1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat]--!re is no ne$ ( discont9u+ ! use ( ! wat] supply dur+ treatm5t2 ! wat] may be drunk ) impunity4 ,b :5 wat] kn[n to be pollut$ ) pa?og5ic bact]ia is /]iliz$ by means ( copp] sulphate 9 /rong solution1 x is j z well to discont9ue ! use ( ! wat] = dr9k+ purposes = n m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ev5 !n1 ?is is an ov]c>eful precaution r ?an a necessity4 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ ) great c>e & ?or\ghness demon/rate t at room temp]ature1 :i* is ne> ! temp]ature ( a res]voir 9 summ]1 a solution ( #a "p ( copp] to #ajj1jjj p>ts ( wat] w de/roy typhoid bact]ia 9 f ?ree to five h\rs4 ,simil> exp]im5ts h prov$ t a copp] solution ( l /r5g? is fatal to *ol]a g]ms 9 ?ree h\rs1 provid$ ! temp]ature is above #bj deg4 ,f4 ,z 0 ! case ) algae1 bact]ia 7 f\nd to be mu* m s5sitive to copp] :5 pollut+ wat] ?an :5 gr[n 9 artificial m$ia4 ,! ,use ( ,copp] ,tanks ,! toxic effect ( metallic copp] ^u typhoid bact]ia 9 wat] gives "s h9ts z to prev5tion ( ! disease by ! use ( copp] tanks4 ,?is %\ld n altoge!r take ! place ( ! boil+ ( ! wat]2 x is useful 9 keep+ x free f contam9ation1 al?\gh wat] all[$ to /& 9 copp] receptacles = a p]iod ( f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs at room temp]ature w\ld be effectively /]iliz$1 no matt] :at its contam9ation & no matt] h[ mu* matt] x held 9 susp5sion4 ,b 9 ord] to insure su* results ! copp] mu/ be kept ?or\ghly clean4 ,?is poli%+ is n1 z 0 popul>ly suppos$1 to protect ! consum] f copp] poison+1 b to prev5t ! metal f becom+ s coat$ ) =eign sub/ances t !re is no contact ( ! copp] ) ! wat]1 h5ce no antiseptic quality4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,kream]1 ( ,philadelphia1 prov$ t )9 f\r h\rs typhoid g]ms 7 completely de/roy$ by ! introduction into ! pollut$ wat] ( copp] foil4 ,grant+ ! effici5cy ( ! boil+ ( wat] = dome/ic purposes1 ,i believe t ! copp]-treat$ wat] is m natural & m heal?ful4444 ,! inte/9al bact]ia1 l colon & typhoid1 are completely de/roy$ by plac+ clean copp] foil 9 ! wat] conta9+ !m4 ,p5d+ ! introduction ( ! copp] treatm5t ( wat] on a l>ge scale1 ! h\sehold] may avail himself ( a me?od = ! purification ( dr9k+ wat] by ! use ( /rips ( copp] foil ab\t ?ree & "o-half in*es squ>e to ea* qu>t ( wat]1 ?is be+ all[$ to /& ov]night1 or f six to eight h\rs at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & !n ! wat] drawn (f or ! copp] foil remov$4 ,al?\gh a spl5did antiseptic1 copp] 9 weak solution is n h>mful1 no m s ?an ! old copp] ut5sils us$ by our =efa!rs 7 h>mful4 ,und\bt$ly !y 7 ( b5efit1 & ! use ( !m prev5t$ ! gr[? ( typhoid & o!r bact]ia4 ,p ( to-day might well g back to copp] receptacles = dr9k+ wat]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= publi%$ reports ( ! "w1 see ,bullet9s #fd & #gf1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 reports prep>$ by ,dr4 ,george ,t4 ,moore & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,k>l ,f4 ,kell]man4 #b ,see ,bullet9 ,no4 #gf1 supra4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,ridd+ ,/agnant ,wat] ( ,mosquitoes ,because ( ! s]i\s & (t5 fatal injury x inflicts on man1 ! mo/ dang]\s animal kn[n is ! mosquito4 ,comp>$ ) ! evil done by ! insect pe/1 ! cobra's dea? toll is small4 ,?is v5om\s s]p5t is f\nd only 9 hot c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,india1 :ile mosquitoes "k no favorite l& or clime--unless x be ,j]sey4 ,arctic explor]s compla9 ( !m4 ,9 ,alaska1 x is record$ by a sci5ti/ t mosquitoes exi/$ 9 c\ntless millions1 driv+ u to ! v]ge ( suicide or insanity4 ,a travel] on ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :5 ! sn[ 0 sev]al feet deep1 & ! ice on ! lake five feet 9 ?ickness1 relates t mosquitoes appe>$ 9 sw>ms1 lit]ally black5+ ! banks ( sn[ 9 %elt]$ places4 ,mosquitoes ,responsible = ,yell[ ,fev] ,9 ! temp]ate zone ?is evil-bre$+ insect 01 until rec5t ye>s1 consid]$ m 9 ! light ( an exasp]at+ pe/4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 h[ev]1 t mal>ia is due entirely to ! bites ( mosquitoes4 ,b x is 9 ! tropical c\ntries t _! deadlie/ "w is done4 ,!re1 x has be5 prov$ beyond "q1 ! mosquitoes are responsible = ! c>riage ( yell[ fev]4 ,if1 9 a yell[-fev] ridd5 region1 "o 7 to live entirely 9 an inclosure1 c>efully protect$ ) prop] scre5s--z c]ta9 entomologi/s did--!re practically w\ld be no dang] f ! dread disease1 ev5 if all o!r precautions 7 neglect$4 ,effect ( a ,mosquito ,bite ,! crime committ$ by ! mosquito aga9/ its innoc5t victim1 man1 is m 9 ! nature ( manslaught] ?an ( murd]1 accord+ to ! au?orities4 ,!re is no prem$itat$ malice4 ,a mosquito bites prim>ily to obta9 food1 says a lead+ entomologi/2 !re is nei!r malice nor v5om 9 ! int5t1 :atev] !re may be 9 ! act4 ,!re isn't great com=t 9 ! intellig5ce convey$ by ! sci5ti/1 nor 9 8 fur!r obs]vation3 ,!oretically1 !re w\ld seem to be no reason :y !re %\ld be any pa9 f ! introduction ( ! m9ute lancets ( ! insects1 & ! small am\nt ( bloodlett+ is usually a b5efit r ?an o!rwise4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 its normal condition ! human blood is too mu* incl9$ to clot to be tak5 un*ang$ into ! mosquito /oma*2 h5ce1 :5 ! insect bites1 a m9ute droplet ( poison is introduc$1 ^: function x is to ?9 out ! fluid & make x m suitable = mosquito dige/ion4 ,x is ?is poison t sets up ! inflammation & produces ! irritation or swell+4444 ,! pa9 is caus$ entirely by ! action ( ! poison 9 break+ up ! blood1 &1 z ! fir/ act ( a bit+ mosquito is to introduce ! poison into ! w\nd1 ! pa9 & inflammation w be ! same1 :e!r ! insect gets its meal or n4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 said t if a mosquito be all[$ to suck its fill & !n fly1 ! bite w n it*1 & !re is j a basis ( ju/ification = ?is4 ,to make a sci5tific inquiry into ! habits ( ! mosquito1 & to d x pati5tly1 "o %\ld be f> f ! madd5+ sw>ms1 or at lea/ effectively scre5$ 94 ,!n x w\ld be possible to believe ! /atem5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t's entomologi/ t n "o mosquito 9 a million ev] gets ! opportunity to ta/e ! blood ( a w>m-blood$ animal4 ,z pro( ( ?is !re are1 9 ?is c\ntry1 great tracts ( m>%y l& nev] frequ5t$ by w>m-blood$ animals1 & 9 :i* mosquitoes are bre$+ 9 c\ntless numb]s4 ,! po9t is emphasiz$ by ! preval5ce ( mosquitoes 9 ! arctic circle & o!r un9habit$ regions4 ,if ?is gory insect does n live by blood alone1 h[ is x n\ri%$8 ,female mosquitoes are by nature veget>ians2 !y are plant fe$]s4 ,:y !y %\ld draw blood at all is a "q :i* rema9s unsolv$ by entomologi/s--z well z by ! suff]+ victims4 ,! females h be5 obs]v$ suck+ ! nect> f fl[]s2 obta9+ nutrim5t f boil$ potatoes1 ev5 f wat]melon r9ds1 f :i* !y extract ! juice4 ,z reg>ds ! blood habit1 ! male mosquito is a teetotal]4 ,j h[ ?is male insect lives1 sci5ti/s h n det]m9$4 ,he may n take n\ri%m5t at all4 ,at any rate1 ! m\? p>ts ( ! male are s diff]5t f ^? ( ! female t x is probable 8 food is obta9$ diff]5tly4 ,! male is (t5 se5 sipp+ at drops ( wat]1 & a ta/e = molasses is ascrib$ to ! male mosquito by "o au?ority4 ,pres5ce ( ,mosquitoes ,dep5ds ,^u ,w9ds ,a common rem>k he>d along ! ,j]sey %ore1 also on ,long ,isl&1 is ?is3 ,:5 we h a sea breeze we are n tr\bl$ ) mosquitoes1 b :5 !re comes a l& breeze !y are a pe/4 ,:ile ?is obs]vation is true1 ! reasons !re=e ent]ta9$ by ! unsci5tific m9d are errone\s4 ,! matt] ( ! abs5ce or abundance ( mosquitoes 9 v>y+ w9ds is closely relat$ to ! inquiry :i* entomologi/s h made3 h[ f> w mosquitoes fly8 ,says "o inve/igator3 ,! migration ( mosquitoes has be5 ! s\rce ( mu* misappreh5sion on ! "p ( ! public4 ,! idea preval5t at our seaside resorts t a l& breeze br+s sw>ms ( mosquitoes f f> inl& is bas$ on ! supposition t ^! insects are capable ( long-su/a9$ flight1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( battl+ aga9/ ! w9d4 ,?is is an error4 ,mosquitoes are frail ( w+2 a light puff ( brea? w illu/rate ?is by hurl+ ! helpless creature away1 & x w n v5ture on ! w+ aga9 = "s "t aft] f9d+ a safe h>bor4 ,! preval5ce ( mosquitoes dur+ a l& breeze is easily expla9$4 ,x is usually only dur+ ! lulls 9 ! w9d t ,culex c fly4 ,g5]ally on our coa/ a sea breeze means a /iff breeze1 & dur+ ^! mosquitoes w be f\nd hov]+ on ! leew>d side ( h\ses1 s& dunes1 & ?ick foliage4444 ,:ile ! /rong breezes la/1 !y w /ick closely to ^! fri5dly %elt]s1 ?\gh a clu/] ( h\ses may be b a few rods (f1 fill$ ) unsuspect+ mortals :o imag9e _! torm5tors are f> inl& ov] ! salt mead[s4 ,b if ! w9d dies d[n1 z x usually does :5 ve]+1 out come sw>ms ^u sw>ms ( females int5t ^u satisfy+ _! deprav$ ta/e = blood4 ,?is expla9s :y !y appe> on ! field ( action almo/ imm$iately aft] ! cessation ( ! /rong breeze2 on ! supposition t !y 7 bl[n inl&1 ?is sudd5 reappe>ance w\ld be unacc\ntable4 ,a sultry1 ra9y p]iod ( midsumm] is commonly ref]r$ to z good mosquito wea!r4 ,! accept$ idea is t mosquitoes are mu* m abundant at su* times4 ,?is is true1 & ! explanation is simple4 ,mosquito l>vae1 or wriggl]s1 z !y are t]m$1 require wat] = _! developm5t4 ,a heavy %[] leaves /&+ wat]1 :i*1 :5 ! air is full ( moi/ure1 evaporates sl[ly4 ,!n1 too1 ! heat favors ! gr[? ( ! microo]ganisms on :i* ! l>vae fe$2 wriggl]s f\nd 9 ! wat] =ty-eight h\rs aft] _! =mation w h pl5ty ( food1 & adult mosquitoes w appe> six to eight days aft] ! eggs are laid4 ,cle> wea!r1 ) quick evaporation1 int]f]es ) ! developm5t ( ! wriggl]s1 s t a season ) pl5ty ( ra91 b ) sun%9y1 dry+ wea!r int]v5+1 is n good mosquito wea!r4 ,de/roy ! ,l>vae ,inasmu* z a g5]ation ( mosquitoes appe> to torm5t man )9 t5 days1 at ! longe/1 aft] ! eggs are laid2 z a bat* laid by a female mosquito conta9s f two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ eggs2 z f ea* egg may issue a l>va or wriggl] :i* 9 six days w be an adult mosquito on ! w+--x is to ! de/ruction ( ! l>vae t att5tion %\ld be direct$4 ,! l>va is a sl5d] organism1 :ite or gray 9 color1 compris+ eight segm5ts4 ,! la/ ( ^! p>ts is 9 ! =m ( a tube1 ?r\gh :i* ! wriggl] brea!s4 ,al?\gh its habitat is ! wat]1 x mu/ come to ! surface to brea!1 !re=e its natural position is head d[n & tail1 or respiratory tube1 up4 ,n[1 if oil is spread on ! surface ( a pool inhabit$ by mosquito l>vae1 ! wriggl]s are d5i$ access to ! air :i* !y mu/ h4 ,!re=e1 !y dr[n1 j z any o!r air-brea?+ animal w\ld dr[n "u simil> circum/ances4 ,be/ ,prev5tive ,measures ,z to ! be/ me?ods to employ 9 ridd+ a c\ntry place1 or any o!r region1 ( mosquitoes1 ! directions furni%$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ! ,gov]nm5t entomologi/1 :o has be5 a c>eful /ud5t ( ! problem s9ce #ahfg1 are ( great value3 ,altoge!r1#c ! mo/ satisfactory ways ( fight+ mosquitoes are ^? :i* result 9 ! de/ruction ( ! l>vae or ! abolition ( _! bre$+ places4 ,9 n e locality are ^! measures feasible1 b 9 _m places !re is absolutely no necessity = ! mosquito annoyance4 ,! ?ree ma9 prev5tive measures are ! dra9+ ( bre$+ places1 ! introduction ( small fi% into fi%less bre$+ places1 & ! treatm5t ( su* pools ) k]os5e4 ,^! are ?ree alt]natives1 any "o ( :i* w be efficaci\s & any "o ( :i* may be us$ :]e !re are reasons aga9/ ! trial ( ! o!rs4 ,quantity ( ,k]os5e to be ,us$ ,! quantity ( k]os5e to be practically us$1 z %[n by ! writ]'s exp]im5ts1 is approximately "o ounce to fifte5 squ>e feet ( wat] surface1 & ord9>ily ! application ne$ n be r5ew$ = "o mon?4444 ,! writ] is n[ advis+ ! use ( ! grade kn[n z lubricat+ oil1 z ! result ( ! ext5sive exp]im5ts made on ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,x is mu* m p]si/5t ?an ! ord9>y illum9at+ oils4444 ,on ponds ( any size ! quicke/ & mo/ p]fect me?od ( =m+ a film ( k]os5e w be to spray ! oil ov] ! surface ( ! wat]4444 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! great sea m>%es along ! coa/1 :]e mosquitoes bre$ 9 c\ntless numb]s1 :i* we c expect to treat by ?is me?od1 b ! inl& places1 :]e ! mosquito supply is d]iv$ f comp>atively small swamps & circumscrib$ pools4 ,9 mo/ localities p endure ! torm5t or direct _! rem$ies aga9/ ! adult insect only1 )\t ! slighte/ attempt to inve/igate ! s\rce ( ! supply1 :5 ! v fir/ /ep %\ld be ! und]tak+ ( su* an inve/igation4 ,! rem$y :i* dep5ds ^u dra9+ bre$+ places ne$s no ext5d$ discussion4 ,naturally ! dra9+ (f ( ! wat] ( pools w prev5t mosquitoes f bre$+ !re1 & ! possibility ( su* dra9+ & ! means by :i* x may be done w v>y ) ea* individual case4 ,! writ] is in=m$ t an elaborate bit ( "w :i* has be5 done at ,virg9ia ,bea* be>s on ?is me?od4 ,beh9d ! hotels at ?is place1 ! hotels !mselves front+ ^u ! bea*1 0 a l>ge fre%-wat] lake1 :i*1 ) its adjo9+ swamps1 0 a s\rce ( mosquito supply1 & x 0 fur!r fe>$ t x made ! neighborhood mal>i\s4 ,two canals 7 cut f ! lake to ! ocean1 & by means ( ma*9]y ! wat] ( ! lake 0 *ang$ f a body ( fre% to a body ( salt wat]4 ,wat] t is some:at bracki% w support mosquitoes1 b wat] t is purely salt w de/roy !m4 ,employ+ ,fi% to ,de/roy ,l>vae ,! introduction ( fi% into fi%less bre$+ places is ano!r matt]4 ,x may be undesirable to treat c]ta9 bre$+ places ) k]os5e1 z1 = in/ance1 wat] :i* is int5d$ = dr9k+1 al?\gh ?is has be5 done )\t h>m 9 tanks :]e1 z is cu/om>y1 ! dr9k+ supply is drawn f ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,! value ( mo/ small fi%es = ! purpose ( de/roy+ mosquito l>vae 0 well indicat$ by an exp]i5ce describ$ to u by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,russell1 ( ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,9 ?is case a v high tide broke away a dike & flood$ ! salt mead[s ( ,/rat=d1 a small t[n a few miles f ,bridgeport4 ,! rec$+ tide left two small lakes1 ne>ly side by side & ( ! same size4 ,9 "o lake ! tide left a doz5 or m small fi%es1 :ile ! o!r 0 fi%less4 ,an exam9ation by ,mr4 ,russell 9 ! summ] ( #ahia %[$ t :ile ! fi%less lake conta9$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( mosquito l>vae1 t conta9+ ! fi% _h no l>vae4 ,! use ( c>p = ?is purpose has be5 demon/rat$1 b mo/ small fi% w answ] z well4 ,! writ] kn[s ( none t w be bett] ?an ei!r ( ! common little /icklebacks 7,ga/]o/eus aculeatus or ,pygo/eus pungitius74 ,is mosquito fight+ a success8 ,?is "q is an all-important "o1 n only to ! summ] resid5t1 b also to cities & t[ns contigu\s to salt-wat] m>%es1 or to swampy l&s1 well suit$ = mosquito bre$+4 ,! answ] is ?is3 ,mosquito control is possible2 actual ext]m9ation impossible ) an insect t develops s rapidly4 ,! ,j]sey mosquito1 ! unsci5tific "n popul>ly giv5 to an insect ( huge size & rav5\s appetite1 has become fam\s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! species ( mosquitoes f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey are no m r>e or v>i$ ?an ^? f\nd on ,/at5 ,isl& or on ,long ,isl&4 ,b until v rec5tly ! region ly+ betwe5 ,j]sey ,city & ,new>k has be5 p>ticul>ly favorable to ! developm5t ( mosquito l>vae4 ,x has be5 ann\nc$ 9 ! press t mosquitoes h be5 driv5 out ( ! ,new>k mead[s4 ,?is is an exagg]ation1 ( c\rse1 b ! "w accompli%$ !re is rem>kable1 & o!r infect$ regions may take he>t f ! m>k$ success :i* has att5d$ ! ef=ts ( ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,smi?1 ,entomologi/ ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,rem>kable ,"w ,accompli%$ ,! salt m>% ly+ )9 ! limits ( ! city ( ,new>k cov]s an area ( ab\t #c1ejj acres4 ,x ext5ds f a po9t on ! ,passaic ,riv] to ! m\? ( ,b\nd ,creek1 :]e x empties into ,new>k ,bay4 ,its l5g? is ab\t eight miles & x has an extreme wid? ( ?ree miles4 ,! ,new>k m>% problem 0 a v complex "o4 ,! mead[s are cut into _m sections by ! sev]al trav]s+ railroads & by creeks2 ?is mat]ially influ5ces ! dra9age4 ,! ,p$die ,/reet sew] crosses ! m>% 9 a /raight l9e ( ab\t ?ree miles f ! city to ! bay4 ,?is sew] is tw5ty feet wide1 & its banks are f ?ree to f\r feet above ! m>% l&4 ,an exp]im5t ) ma*9e dit*+ 0 made 9 #aijc4 ,! wor/ p>ts ( ! m>% 7 select$1 & ab\t #dj1jjj feet ( dit*es 7 cut4 ,^! dit*es 7 six in*es wide1 two feet deep1 & ! dra9age 0 p]fect f ! outset4 ,! section ( mead[ ?us dra9$ became s dry 9 consequ5ce t ! grass gr[+ !re c n[ be cut by a ma*9e 9 summ]1 :]eas =m]ly ! hay c\ld be m[n only 9 w9t]4 ,! "w 0 s successful t ! ,new>k ,common ,c\ncil appropriat$ #e1jjj to complete ! mosquito dra9age ( ! m>%4 ,( ! results obta9$ up to ?is spr+1 ,dr4 ,smi? says3 ,?is ,new>k m>% problem 0 an unusual "o1 & "o t w\ld n be likely to recur 9 ! same way at any o!r po9t along ! coa/4 ,nev]!less1 ( ! entire #c1ejj acres ( m>%1 n #ajj acres rema9 on :i* !re is any bre$+ :atev]1 & t is dang]\s only 9 a few places & "u c]ta9 abnormal conditions4 ,includ+ old dit*es clean$ out1 ab\t #cfj1jjj runn+ feet ( dit*es h be5 dug on ! ,new>k m>%es1 p>tly by ma*9e & p>tly by h&1 & if ! "w is n entirely successful1 t is due to ! defects :i* 7 n includ$ 9 ! dra9age s*eme4 ,x is a safe pr$iction1 ,i ?9k1 t ,new>k w h no e>ly brood ( mosquitoes 9 #aije1 comp>able ) ! invasions ( #aijc & #aijd4 ,?is prophecy has prov$ true4 ,! ,campaign on ,long ,isl& ,! weal?y summ] resid5ts along ! nor? %ore ( ,long ,isl&1 ke5ly alive to ! necessity ( driv+ mosquitoes f ! region :]e !y sp5d s mu* ( _! "t1 h attack$ ! problem 9 a sci5tific1 z well z an en]getic way4 ,! ,nor? ,%ore ,improvem5t ,association intru/$ ! "w to ,h5ry ,clay ,weeks1 a sanit>y eng9e]1 ) :om 0 associat$1 z entomologi/1 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,b4 ,dav5port1 ,pr(essor ( ,entomology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago & head ( ! ,cold ,spr+ ,biological ,laboratory2 also ,f4 ,e4 ,lutz1 an in/ructor 9 biology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,pr(4 ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ! mo/ em95t au?ority 9 ! c\ntry on m>9e m>%es1 0 reta9$ to make a special exam9ation ( ! salt m>%es ) a view to recomm5d+ ! be/ means ( elim9at+ :at 7 ! mo/ prolific bre$+ gr\nds ( mosquitoes4 ,a detail$ exam9ation ( ! entire t]ritory 0 made4 ,practically e bre$+ place ( mosquitoes1 includ+ ! small] pools & /reams1 & ev5 ! v>i\s artificial receptacles ( wat]1 7 locat$ & report$ on4 ,mr4 ,weeks1 ) 8 assi/ant1 !n exam9$ ea* body ( wat] 9 :i* mosquito l>vae _h be5 f\nd1 ) a view to devis+ ! be/ means ( prev5t+ ! fur!r bre$+ ( mosquitoes 9 ^! plague spots4 ,f9ally1 a report 0 prep>$1 toge!r ) a map on :i* 0 locat$ e natural bre$+ place4 ,inve/igations 9 ,connecticut ,important inve/igations h be5 made 9 ,connecticut by ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 "u ! direction ( ,w4 ,e4 ,britton & ,h5ry ,l4 ,vi]eck1 & ! results h be5 mo/ enc\rag+4 ,dr4 ,h[>d1 9 8 directions = fight+ mosquitoes1 ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ! v successful exp]im5ts c>ri$ on at ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,m>yl& is ar\s$ to ! po9t ( action4 ,dr4 ,h[>d ,a4 ,kelley1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 is to cooep]ate ) ,?omas ,b4 ,symons1 ! ,/ate entomologi/1 9 c>ry+ ! w> to ! %ores ( ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,home tal5t1 moreov]1 c accompli% mu*4 ,to fight intellig5tly1 let x n be =gott5 t ! battle %\ld be direct$ aga9/ ! l>vae4 ,^! wriggl]s are br$ = aquatic life2 !re=e1 x is to all /&+ wat] t att5tion %\ld be direct$4 ,mosquito l>vae w n bre$ 9 l>ge ponds1 or 9 op51 p]man5t pools1 except at ! edges1 because ! wat] is ruffl$ by ! w9d4 ,any pool c be r5d]$ free f wriggl]s by clean+ up ! edges & /ock+ ) fi%4 ,e f\nta9 or artificial wat] bas9 ought to be s /ock$1 if x is only ) goldfi%4 ,! h\se own] %\ld n ov]look any pond1 h[ev] small1 or a puddle ( wat]1 a dit*1 or any depression :i* reta9s wat]4 ,a half-fill$ pail1 a wat]+ tr\gh1 ev5 a t9 receptacle w likely be populat$ ) mosquito l>vae4 ,wat] b>rels are favorite haunts = wriggl]s4 ,a ,simple ,h\sehold ,rem$y ,!re are ^?1 h[ev]1 :o w ob/9ately conduct _! campaign aga9/ ! adult mosquito4 ,if en]getic1 su* p]sons w se>* ! h\se ) a k]os5e cup atta*$ to a /ick2 :5 ?is is held "u re/+ mosquitoes ! insects fall into ! cup & are de/roy$4 ,^? possess$ ( less en]gy daub _! faces & h&s ) camphor1 or ) ! oil ( p5nyroyal1 & bid defiance to ! pe/s4 ,) o!rs x is1 ,slap6 slap6--) irritation m5tal z well z physical2 = ! latt]1 entomologi/s recomm5d h\sehold ammonia4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,see ,bullet9 ,no4 #be1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,division ( ,entomology4 ,"p ,,ii ,,pure ,,food ,,= ,,! ,,h\sekeep] ,,by ,s4 ,,joseph9e ,,bak] ,,*apt] ,i ,h[ to ,detect ,food ,adult]ation ,adult]ation :5 appli$ to food/uffs is a broad1 g5]al t]m1 & cov]s all classes ( misrepres5tation1 sub/itution1 det]ioration1 or addition ( =eign sub/ances2 adult]ation may be ei!r int5tional or accid5tal1 b ! h\sekeep] %\ld be prep>$ to recognize x & s protect h]self & h] h\sehold4 ,food is consid]$ adult]at$ :5 x c be classifi$ "u any ( ! foll[+ head+s3 ,,def9itions ,,( ,,adult]ation4--7#a7 ,if any sub/ance has be5 mix$ or pack$ ) x s z to r$uce or l[] or injuri\sly affect its quality or /r5g?4 7#b7 ,if any inf]ior sub/ance has be5 sub/itut$ = x1 :olly or 9 "p4 7#c7 ,if any valuable con/itu5t has be5 :olly or 9 "p ab/ract$ f x4 7#d7 ,if x consi/s :olly or 9 "p ( diseas$ or decompos$ or putrid or rott5 animal or vegetable sub/ance1 or any portion ( an animal unfit = food1 :e!r manufactur$ or n1 or if x is ! product ( a diseas$ animal or "o :o has di$ o!rwise ?an by slaught]4 7#e7 ,if x be color$ or coat$ or poli%$ or p[d]$1 :]eby damage is conceal$ or x is made to appe> bett] ?an x really is4 7#f7 ,if x conta9s any add$ poison\s +r$i5t or any +r$i5t :i* may r5d] su* article injuri\s to heal?2 or if x conta9s any antiseptic or pres]vative n evid5t or n kn[n to ! pur*as] or consum]4 ,,food ,,laws4--,!re is n[ 9 effect 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a rigid law aga9/ ! (f]+ = sale ( any article int5d$ = human consumption :i* is adult]at$ 9 any way1 )\t ! fact & nature ( su* adult]ation be+ pla9ly /at$ on a label atta*$ to ! package conta9+ ! article4 ,?is law1 h[ev]1 applies only to articles ( ?is nature :i* orig9ate1 or are produc$1 9 "o ,/ate & (f]$ = sale 9 ano!r4 ,! pur*as] is1 !re=e1 9 a great degree protect$1 b _m food/uffs or manufactur$ articles may h _! orig9 )9 ! ,/ate :]e9 !y are sold1 & 9 ?is case ! only safegu>ds are ^? af=d$ by ! laws ( ! ,/ate1 city1 or t[n imm$iately conc]n$4 ,if ^! re/ra9+ laws d n exi/ or if !y are n en=c$ ! h\sekeep] mu/ rely ^u h] own ef=ts to protect h] family f adult]at$ food4 ,,p]missible ,,adult]ants4--,9 ?is class are includ$ articles hav+ a food value su* z salt1 sug>1 v9eg>1 spices1 or smoke us$ z pres]vatives ( meats2 or />* :5 add$ to ! salts compos+ bak+ p[d]1 :]e a c]ta9 am\nt is p]missible = ! purpose ( absorb+ moi/ure4 ,,g5]al ,,directions4--,! ability to select fre%1 :olesome meats1 p\ltry1 fi%1 fruits1 & vegetables1 to det]m9e readily ! purity ( dairy products1 & to detect adult]ation or misrepres5tation 9 all classes ( food/uffs mu/1 9 mo/ in/ances1 be acquir$4 ,common s5se & good reason+ p[]s are ne$$ "h z 9 e problem ( life4 ,:ile "s adult]ants c be detect$ only by tra9$ *emi/s & by means ( te/s too difficult & involv$ = g5]al use1 ! av]age h\sekeep] may amply protect h]self f gross imposition by simply cultivat+ h] p[]s ( obs]vation & by mak+ use ( a few simple te/s well )9 h] grasp & easily appli$4 ,fir/--,sight1 ,ta/e1 & ,smell4--,all are ( prime importance 9 det]m9+ ! fre%ness & :olesom5ess ( foods1 especially meats1 p\ltry1 fi%1 vegetables1 & fruits4 ,avoid all highly color$ bottl$ or cann$ fruits or vegetables2 pure pres]v$ fruits1 jams1 jellies1 or reli%es may h a good bright color1 b nev] h ! brilliant r$s & gre5s s (t5 %[n 9 ! artificially color$ products4#d ,! same is true ( cann$ peas1 beans1 or ,brussels spr\ts2 "h ! natural product is a dull1 r d+y gre51 & all bright gre5 samples mu/ be suspect$4 ,=eign articles ( ?is class are ! wor/ (f5d]s4 ,all food products %\ld h a clean :olesome odor1 *>act]i/ic ( _! p>ticul> class4 ,! odor ( decomposition c be readily detect$2 /ale & mu/y odors are soon recogniz$4 ,x %\ld be r>ely necess>y to use ! s5se ( ta/e1 b any food ) a ta/e =eign to ! kn[n ta/e ( a simil> product ( kn[n purity %\ld be disc>d$ or at lea/ suspect$4 ,second--,price4--,rememb] t ! be/ & pure/ food1 h[ev] high pric$1 is *eape/ 9 ! end4 ,its value 9 purity1 cleanl9ess1 food value1 & /r5g? gives a great] proportionate return ?an foods pric$ l[] ?an "o might legitimately expect f _! suppos$ "*4 ,to cite a few in/ances3 pure ,java & ,mo*a c(fee _c be retail$ at tw5ty c5ts p] p\nd2 !re=e1 :5 ! h\sekeep] pays t price %e mu/ expect to get *icory mix$ ) ! c(fee2 if x conta9s no o!r adult]ant1 %e may consid] h]self =tunate4 ,*eap vanilla is n made f ! vanilla bean4 ,^! beans sell at :olesale = f t5 to fifte5 doll>s a p\nd1 & ! *eap extracts are made f ! ,tonka bean or f a *emical product kn[n z vanill94 ,^! sub/ances are n h>mful1 b !y are n vanilla4 ,pure virg9 olive oil is made f ! fle% ( olives aft] ! /ones & sk9 h be5 remov$2 *eap] grades are made f ! /ones !mselves & h little food value1 :ile ! virg9 oil is "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s & :olesome ( foods4 ,su* in/ances might be cit$ almo/ )\t end4 ,good1 pure food dem&s a good price1 & economy defeats its own purpose :5 x is practic$ at ! exp5se ( "o ( ! mo/ vital necessities ( heal? & life4 ,?ird--,reliable ,deal]s4--,select y\r tradesm5 ) ! same c>e y be/[ 9 ! *oice ( a physician4 ,a groc] or but*] :o has once sold /ale1 adult]at$1 or impure w>es has =feit$ 8 "r to be tru/$4 ,a man :o is hone/ly try+ to build up a good trade mu/ h ! confid5ce ( 8 cu/om]s & x is to 8 int]e/ to sell only wor?y goods2 ?is confid5ce he c ga9 only by prov+ 8 tru/wor?9ess4 ,:5 y are conv9c$ ( y\r deal]'s hone/y give him y\r trade & d n be lur$ away by fla%y adv]tisem5ts & ! promise ( some?+ = no?+4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,*emical ,,te/s4--,al?\gh ! h\sekeep] w r>ely ne$ ! use ( any *emical te/s = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! purity ( food1 ! foll[+ directions mu/ be kept 9 m9d if su* an exp$i5t is deem$ necess>y4 ,x w be wise1 h[ev]1 9 ! majority ( cases :5 ! pres5ce ( *emical pres]vatives & adult]ants is suspect$1 to s5d ! article to a *emi/ = analysis4 #a4 ,all refuse matt]1 su* z %ells1 bones1 bran1 & sk91 mu/ be remov$ f ! edible portion ( ! food to be te/$4 #b4 ,if ! sample is solid or semi-solid1 divide x z f9ely z possible4 ,all vegetables & meats may be m9c$ 9 ! common h\sehold *opp+ ma*9e4 ,tea1 c(fee1 :ole spices1 & ! l may be gr\nd or cru%$ 9 a mort> or 9 a spice mill4 #c4 ,milk mu/ be ?or\ghly /irr$ or %ak5 s t ! cream is well mix$ ) ! body ( ! milk4 ,,fle% ,,foods--,meat4--,fre%1 :olesome meat is nei!r p9k nor purple2 ^! colors indicate ei!r t ! animal 0 n slaught]$ or t x 0 diseas$4 ,good meat is firm & ela/ic & :5 d5t$ ) ! f+] does n reta9 ! impression2 x has ! same consi/5cy & color ?r\gh\t2 ! fle% is m>bl$1 due to ! pres5ce ( fat di/ribut$ among ! muscul> fib]s2 x w h>dly moi/5 ! f+] :5 t\*$2 x has no disagreeable odor & has a slightly acid reaction s t r$ litmus pap] appli$ to x %\ld n turn blue4 ,wet1 sodd51 or flabby meat ) jellylike fat1 a /rong putrid odor1 & alkal9e reaction %\ld be avoid$4 ,^! signs indicate advanc$ decomposition1 & su* meat is unfit = food4 ,beef4--,?is meat %\ld h a f9e gra91 be firm 9 texture1 ) rosy-r$ fle% & yell[i%-:ite fat4 ,lamb & ,mutton %\ld h a cle>1 h>d1 :ite fat ) ! lean "p juicy1 firm1 & ( r light-r$ color4 ,! fle% %\ld be firm & close ( gra94 ,veal4--,! meat %\ld n be eat5 unless ! animal 0 at lea/ six weeks old be=e slaught]+4 ,! sale ( ?is immature veal1 or bob veal z x is sometimes call$1 is prohibit$ by law 9 _m ,/ates4 ,x is un:olesome & may be recogniz$ by its s(t1 r mu%y consi/5cy & blui% t+e4 ,good veal has a firm :ite fat ) ! lean ( a pale-r$ color4 ,pork4--,?is meat :5 fre% has a fat t is solid & pure :ite2 if yell[ & s(t x %\ld be reject$2 ! lean is p9k & ! sk9 l :ite transluc5t p>*m5t4 ,p\ltry4--,good p\ltry is firm to ! t\*1 p9k or yell[i% 9 color1 is fairly plump1 & has a /rong sk9 %[+ an unbrok5 surface4 ,x has a fre% odor4 ,/ale p\ltry is flabby & %[s a blui% color2 x becomes gre5 ov] ! crop & abdom51 & ! sk9 is already brok5 or easily pull$ ap>t 9 h&l+4 ,! odor ( su* a bird is disagreeable & may ev5 be putrid4 ,fi%4--,) ! exception ( ! salt$ or pres]v$ v>ieties fi% %\ld always be p]fectly fre% :5 eat54 ,probably no o!r article ( food is m dang]\s to heal? ?an fi% :5 x %[s ev5 ! slighte/ traces ( decomposition4 ,! ability to recognize ! e>lie/ signs ( /al5ess is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,fi% det]iorate rapidly & %\ld always be c>efully inspect$ be=e pur*as+4 ,fre% fi% are firm to ! t\*1 ! scales moi/ & bright1 ! gills r$1 & ! eyes cle> & slightly prom95t4 ,:5 held flat 9 ! h& ! fi% %\ld rema9 rigid & ! head & tail droop slightly1 if at all4 ,/ale fi% are s(t & flabby1 ! sk9 is dull & ! eyes sunk5 & (t5 cov]$ ) a film4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! head & tail to droop is m>k$ & ! fi% has a *>act]i/ic disagreeable odor4 ,?is odor ( decomposition is be/ detect$ 9 ! gills4 ,lob/]s & ,crabs4--,^! %ellfi% %\ld always be alive :5 pur*as$4 ,?is condition is easily demon/rat$ by _! movem5ts1 & ! rule %\ld nev] be disreg>d$4 ,oy/]s & ,clams4--,oy/]s %\ld n be eat5 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/2 ^! are _! bre$+ mon?s & !y are un:olesome dur+ t p]iod4 ,t oy/]s sometimes conta9 ! g]ms ( typhoid fev] is an assur$ fact2 ^! g]ms are acquir$ n f ! natural habitat ( ! oy/] 9 salt wat] b f ! fre%-wat]1 s-call$ fatt5+ b$s1 :]e ! oy/]s are plac$ = a season to remove ! bracki% & salty ta/e ( ! sea & to r5d] !m m plump4 ,^! b$s are frequ5tly subject to pollution1 & ! h\sekeep] %\ld only pur*ase oy/]s f reliable deal]s :]e ! purity ( ! s\rce ( ! supply is unque/ion$4 ,clams are 9 season & may be eat5 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,all %ellfi% :5 fre% h an agreeable fre% odor4 ,! %ells %\ld be firmly clos$ or %\ld close :5 imm]s$ 9 wat] & t\*$ ) ! f+]4 ,if !y h be5 remov$ f _! %ells :5 pur*as$1 ! fle% ( ! fi% itself %\ld be firm1 clean 9 appe>ance & n cov]$ ) slime or scum2 ! odor %\ld be fre%4 ,! odor ( dead or decompos$ oy/]s & clams is pung5t & disagreeable4 ,,meat ,,products--,cann$ or ,pott$ ,meats4--,! label on cans conta9+ meat products %\ld /ate cle>ly ! exact nature ( ! cont5ts4 ,deception z to ! "* ( ! meat is easy to practice & difficult to detect by any b a tra9$ analy/4 ,! pres5ce ( pres]vatives c also only be detect$ by *emical analysis4 ,z ^! products are practically all put on ! m>ket by ! l>ge pack+ h\ses & design$ = int]/ate comm]ce1 !y are subject to gov]nm5t inspection1 &1 !re=e1 if !y be> ! gov]nm5t /amp may be consid]$ pure4 ,! po9t t ! h\sekeep] may consid] is ! l5g? ( "t ! meat has rema9$ 9 ! c4 ,put up "u prop] precautions ^! cann$ goods reta9 _! :olesom5ess = an almo/ indef9ite p]iod4 ,! heads ( ! cans %\ld always pres5t a concave surface2 if !y are convex1 x is a sign ( decomposition ( ! cont5ts4 ,:5 ! c is op5$ ! meat %\ld h a clean appe>ance1 free f mold or gre5i% hue1 & ! odor %\ld be fre% & n ta9t$4 ,sausages4--,if possible1 sausages %\ld be homemade1 !n "o may be assur$ ( _! purity & fre$om f adult]ation4 ,ow+ to ! rapid color *anges & e>ly decomposition ( fre% meat1 artificial colors are (t5 us$ to conceal ! =m]1 & pres]vatives l boric acid or saltpet] to ret>d ! latt]4 ,! artificial colors1 su* z c>m9e & anil9e r$1 may be detect$ by obs]vation or by w>m+ ! f9ely divid$ mat]ial on a wat] ba? ) a five p] c5t solution ( sodium salicylate4 ,?is fluid w extract ! color1 if pres5t4 ,l>d4--,good l>d is :ite & granul> & has a firm consi/5cy4 ,x has an agreeable *>act]i/ic odor & ta/e4 ,! *oice/ leaf l>d is made f ! fat ab\t ! kidneys ( ! hog2 ! *eap] grades are made f ! fat ( ! :ole animal4 ,,fre% ,,vegetables ,,& ,,fruits--,vegetables4--,all gre5 vegetables to be eat5 uncook$ %\ld be c>efully wa%$ & exam9$ = insects1 dirt1 & =eign matt] g5]ally4 ,! ova or eggs ( ! tapeworm may be +e/$ ) improp]ly clean$ vegetables4 ,runn+ wat] & a clean bru% 7kept = ?is purpose7 %\ld be us$4 ,gre5 vegetables %\ld h a fre%1 unwilt$ appe>ance2 any sign ( /al5ess or decay %\ld cause _! rejection4 ,ov]ripe or und]ripe vegetables are h>mful4 ,lettuce1 cel]y1 & all leav$ or /emm$ vegetables %\ld be exam9$ to see if ! out] leaves h be5 remov$2 ?is may be det]m9$ by ! di/ance ( ! leaves f ! /em head4 ,! g5]al signs ( disease 9 vegetables are s(t5+1 *ange ( color1 & mold4 ,! foll[+ *>act]i/ics indicate fre% & :olesome vegetables3 ,asp>agus4--,firm & :ite 9 ! /alk ) a gre51 compact tip4 ,beans & ,peas %\ld h gre51 n yell[1 pods1 brittle1 & easily snapp$ op54 ,! vegetable itself %\ld be t5d]1 full & fle%y1 n wr9kl$ or %runk54 ,cabbage1 crisp & firm1 ) a well-r\nd$ & compact head4 ,c>rots1 light r$ or yell[1 ) a regul>1 conical %ape1 sweet & crisp4 ,caulifl[]1 :ite1 compact head2 any t+e ( yell[ or gre5 g5]ally indicates an inf]ior quality4 ,cel]y1 ne>ly :ite 9 color2 l>ge1 crisp1 & solid /alks1 nutty 9 flavor4 ,cucumb]s1 firm1 crisp1 ) a smoo? sk9 & :ite fle%4 ,lettuce1 ! head close & compact2 ! leaves clean1 crisp1 & sweet4 ,:5 x is too "y or runn+ to se$ ! ta/e is bitt]4 ,pale pat*es on ! leaves are caus$ by mildew & are a sign ( decay4 ,p>snips1 buff 9 color1 ) un=k$ roots1 sweet & crisp4 ,potatoes1 und]ripe1 gre5 potatoes are unfit = food2 !y conta9 a poison\s sub/ance :i* r5d]s !m actually h>mful4 ,good potatoes %\ld h a smoo? sk9 & few eyes2 ! fle% pale & ( a uni=m color & ( a firm consi/5cy4 ,a r\gh sk91 ) little depressions1 indicates a disease call$ scab2 d>k-br[n pat*es on ! sk9 are due to a disease call$ smut4 ,potatoes ) su* diseases are ( inf]ior quality4 ,if gre5 on "o side1 due to exposure to ! sun :5 gr[+1 ! potatoes are un:olesome4 ,fruits4--,und]ripe or gre5 fruit %\ld nev] be eat54 ,?is condition may be easily detect$ by ! color & consi/5cy ( ! fruit4 ,diseas$ or decay$ fruit is kn[n by its *ange ( color1 s(t5+1 & ext]nal mold4 ,spots on fruit are (t5 caus$ by a fungus :i* l[]s its quality & r5d]s x less :olesome4 ,,c]eals ,,& ,,_! ,,products--,c]eals4--,p>ticul>ly :5 b\ght 9 orig9al packages c]eals are g5]ally pure & unadult]at$4 ,:5 b\ght 9 bulk !re may be f\nd du/1 dirt1 worms1 insects1 & excessive moi/ure4 ,^! may all be det]m9$ by c>eful inspection4 ,! pres5ce ( an undue am\nt ( moi/ure adds greatly to ! weight ( c]eals & is !re=e a fraud4 ,c]eals %\ld be dry to ! t\* & ! individual k]nels or p>ticles sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,fl\r4--,by ?is g5]al t]m is meant ! ord9>y :eat fl\r4 ,x %\ld n be too moi/1 %\ld h a f9e :ite appe>ance1 rema9 lumpy1 or hold its =m1 on pressure1 n %[ any p>ticles :i* _c be cru%$1 & :5 a h&ful is ?r[n aga9/ ! wall1 "p ( x %\ld adh]e4 ,! odor & ta/e %\ld be fre% & clean & n mu/y or moldy4 ,! common adult]ants are corn & rice meal4 ,if a sample ( ! fl\r be ?r[n on ! surface ( a glassful ( wat]1 ! corn & rice1 be+ heavi]1 w s9k2 grit & s& may be detect$ 9 ! same way4 ,if ! fl\r has be5 adult]at$ ) m9]al sub/ances x may be %[n by burn+ a portion d[n to an a%2 ! a% ( pure fl\r %\ld n exce$ two p] c5t ( ! total am\nt2 if m9]al sub/ances are pres5t ! am\nt ( a% w be greatly increas$4 ,alum is sometimes add$ to fl\r 9 ord] to give x a :it] appe>ance & to produce :it] & light] bread2 x is mo/ un:olesome4 ,x c be detect$ by ! s-call$ logwood te/1 :i* is prep>$ & us$ z foll[s3 ,make two solutions4 ,! fir/3 a five p] c5t solution ( logwood *ips 9 alcohol4 ,! second3 a fifte5 p] c5t solution ( ammonium c>bonate 9 wat]4 ,make a pa/e ( "o teaspoonful ( ! fl\r & an equal am\nt ( wat]2 mix ) x "o-qu>t] ( a teaspoonful ( ! logwood solution2 foll[ ?is imm$iately ) "o-qu>t] ( a teaspoonful ( ! ammonium c>bonate solution4 ,if alum is pres5t1 ! pa/e w %[ a lav5d] or blue color2 if abs5t1 ! mass w become p9k1 fad+ to a dirty br[n4 ,if ! result is d\btful1 set ! pa/e aside = sev]al h\rs1 :5 ! colors w %[ m pla9ly4 ,bread4--,bread %\ld be well bak$ & n too light or too heavy2 ! cru/ %\ld be light br[n & adh]5t to ! sub/ance ( ! bread4 ,! c5t] %\ld be ( ev5 consi/5cy1 spongy1 & firm2 x %\ld n pit or be soggy or d\ghy4 ,! pores or holes %\ld be ( practically ! same size ?r\gh\t4 ,exce$+ly :ite1 light1 or por\s bread %[s ! pres5ce ( alum4 ,x may be detect$ by means ( ! solutions already m5tion$ 9 ! logwood te/4 ,mix "o teaspoonful ( ea* solution & add ?ree ounces 7six tablespoonfuls7 ( wat]2 p\r ?is ov] a lump ( bread1 free f cru/ & ab\t an in* squ>e4 ,aft] ! bread has become ?or\ghly soak$1 p\r (f ! excess ( liquid & dry ! bread 9 ! di%2 if alum is pres5t1 ! mass w %[ a violet or blue t9t1 m m>k$ on dry+2 if abs5t1 a br[ni% color w appe>4 ,bak+ ,p[d]s4--,bak+ p[d]s are ( ?ree classes1 all hav+ sodium bic>bonate 7bak+ soda7 z _! alkal9e salt4 ,! fir/ /yle is ! commonly us$ & :olesome mixture ( cream ( t>t> & bak+ soda2 ! second has calcium phosphate = ! acid salt1 & ! ?ird conta9s alum4 ,all h a c]ta9 proportion ( />* to absorb moi/ure4 ,( ^! ! alum p[d]s are ! mo/ h>mful & %\ld be avoid$4 ,practically all ( ! well-kn[n br&s ( bak+ p[d] are ( ! fir/-m5tion$ class & :olesome1 & are r>ely adult]at$4 ,,dairy ,,products--,milk4--,pure milk %\ld h a specific gravity ( f #a4jbg to #a4jcc4 ,its normal reaction is neutral or slightly acid2 x %\ld nev] be /rongly acid4 ,if x is /rongly alkal9e1 i4 e41 turn+ r$ litmus pap] blue1 x is pretty c]ta9 t some?+ 9 ! way ( a pres]vative has be5 add$ to x4 ,:5 left /&+ = a few h\rs ! cream %\ld %[ z a slightly yell[i% top lay]1 "o-t5? or m ( ! :ole am\nt2 ! milk bel[ ! cream %\ld be light] 9 color & ) ! slighte/ blui% t+e4 ,if ! color is ( a yell[i% t+e ?r\gh\t1 ! addition ( color+ matt] mu/ be suspect$4 ,annatto1 a vegetable pigm5t1 is us$ to give a ri* t9t to milk4 ,to detect x1 add "o teaspoonful ( bak+ soda to "o qu>t ( milk & imm]se 9 x a /rip ( unglaz$ pap]2 9 a few h\rs exam9e ! pap]2 if annatto is pres5t1 x w h become an orange color4#e ,if ! :ole milk has a blue & ?9 appe>ance1 or if ! cream is scant 9 quantity1 x has probably be5 dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! popul> idea t *alk is sometimes add$ to poor milk to make x appe> ( bett] quality is errone\s2 *alk w\ld always %[ z a precipitate1 z x does n dissolve1 & ! pres5ce ( su* a s$im5t w\ld be a too obvi\s adult]ation to be practic$4 ,milk %\ld always be kept at a temp]ature bel[ #ej deg4 ,f42 above t temp]ature ! bact]ia 9 x multiply ) great rapidity & r5d] x unfit = use4 ,milk may be pres]v$ = sev]al days if pa/euriz$ or /]iliz$4 ,pa/eurization consi/s ( heat+ milk to a temp]ature ( ab\t #afg deg4 ,f41 & ma9ta9+ x at t degree = tw5ty m9utes4 ,/]ilization means keep+ ! milk at a temp]ature ( #bab deg4 ,f4 = two h\rs & a half4 ,imm$iately aft] ei!r process ! milk %\ld be cool$1 !n plac$ 9 absolutely clean1 cov]$ bottles & kept on ice4 ,^! me?ods are n only h>mless b actually b5eficial 9 t !y de/roy any disease g]ms t might be pres5t4 ,*emical pres]vatives are occasionally f\nd 9 milk4 ,!y may be suspect$ if ! milk is alkal9e 9 reaction & has a disguis$ ta/e4 ,! ones mo/ commonly us$ are boric & salicylic acids & =maldehyde2 ! two =m] c only be detect$ by *emical te/s too delicate & intricate to be us$ by ! h\sewife4 ,=maldehyde may be te/$ = by us+ a solution ( "o drop ( a t5 p] c5t solution ( f]ric *loride to "o ounce ( hydro*loric acid4#f ,fill a small porcela9 di% "o-?ird full ( ?is solution2 add an equal volume ( milk & heat sl[ly ov] a flame ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t1 giv+ ! di% a rot>y motion to break up ! curd4 ,if =maldehyde is pres5t1 ! mass w %[ a violet color1 v>y+ 9 dep? ) ! am\nt pres5t2 if x is abs5t1 ! mass turns br[n4 ,butt]4--,good butt] has a fre%1 sweet odor & an agreeable ta/e4 ,x %\ld be ( ! same color & consi/5cy ?r\gh\t1 easily cut & adh]5t & n crumbly :5 mold$ into %apes4 ,pure butt] is v light 9 color2 ne>ly all t is sold is color$1 9 ord] to meet ! popul> dem& = yell[ butt]2 annatto & o!r vegetable & m9]al sub/ances are sometimes employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! color+ matt]s are g5]ally h>mless b may be detect$ by dissolv+ a portion ( ! butt] 9 alcohol2 ! natural color w dissolve1 :ile =eign color+ w n4 ,butt] %\ld consi/ ( eighty-five p] c5t fat1 ) ! rema9d] wat]1 case91 & salt4 ,! mo/ common me?ods ( adult]ation consi/ 9 an excess ( wat] & ! addition ( oleom>g>9e4 ,if an excess ( wat] has be5 add$ x may be %[n by melt+ ! butt]2 ! wat] & fat w sep>ate 9 two di/9ct lay]s4 ,oleom>g>9e has a di/9ctive meaty smell1 l t ( cook$ meat1 & lacks ! *>act]i/ic odor ( pure butt]4 ,if pure butt] is melt$ 9 a spoon1 x w n sputt]2 if oleom>g>9e is pres5t1 x w4 ,! pres]vatives sometimes us$1 namely1 boric & salicylic acids & =maldehyde1 c only be detect$ by *emical te/s4 ,eggs4--,two me?ods may be us$ to detect /ale eggs4 ,fir/3 make a solution ( "o "p ( table salt to t5 p>ts ( wat] & imm]se ! suspect$ egg2 if x s9ks1 x is p]fectly fre%2 if x rema9s 9 ! wat] bel[ ! surface1 x is at lea/ ?ree days old1 & if x floats1 x is five or m days old4 ,second3 hold ! egg betwe5 a bright light & ! eye4 ,if x is fre%1 x w %[ a rosy t9t ?r\gh\t1 )\t d>k spots1 z ! air *amb] is small2 if n fre%1 x w look cl\dy1 ) _m d>k spots pres5t4 ,,tea ,,& ,,c(fee4--,^! sub/ances are ext5sively adult]at$1 b ! adult]ants are almo/ )\t exception h>mless4 ,tea4--,! commone/ =ms ( adult]ation ( tea are z foll[s3 7a7 ,exhau/$ tea leaves :i* h already be5 us$ are dri$ & add$4 ,_! pres5ce may be detect$ by ! weakness ( ! infusion1 made f a giv5 quantity ( ! suspect$ tea1 comp>$ ) a simil> infusion made f tea kn[n to be pure4 7b7 ,leaves f o!r plants are sometimes dri$ & add$2 ^! are easily %[n if an infusion is made & :5 ! leaves are ?or\ghly wet unroll+ & comp>+ !m4 7c7 ,gre5 teas may be fac$ or color$ ) ,prussian blue1 indigo1 ,fr5* *alk1 or sulphate ( lime2 black teas may be simil>ly treat$ ) plumbago or ,dut* p9k4 ,if teas s treat$ are %ak5 up 9 cold wat] ! color+ matt] w wa% (f4 7d7 ,s& & iron fil+s are occasionally add$ = weight2 obs]vation1 & ! fact t !y s9k :5 tea is ?r[n 9 wat]1 w %[ _! pres5ce4 ,iron fil+s may be readily f\nd by us+ a magnet4 7e7 ,! pres5ce ( />* may be %[n by wa%+ ! tea 9 cold wat]1 /ra9+ x1 & te/+ ! solution 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 dissolve "o-half teaspoonful ( potassium iodide 9 ?ree ounces ( wat] & add z mu* iod9e z ! solution w dissolve2 a few drops ( ?is solution add$ to ! suspect$ sample w give a blue color if />* is pres5t4 ,c(fee4--,c(fee %\ld always be pur*as$ 9 ! bean1 z gr\nd c(fee is mu* m frequ5tly adult]at$ & ! =eign sub/ances are m difficult to detect4 ,! adult]ants commonly us$ are3 *icory1 peas1 beans1 peanuts1 & pellets ( roa/$ :eat fl\r1 rye1 corn1 or b>ley4 ,fat globules are always pres5t 9 pure c(fee2 _! pres5ce may be %[n by ! fact t imitation c(fee s9ks 9 wat]1 :ile pure c(fee floats4 ,*icory is ! mo/ frequ5tly us$ adult]ant2 x is add$ = flavor & to produce a d>k] infusion1 ?us giv+ ! impression ( great] /r5g?4 ,x is p]fectly h>mless & z a dr9k is actually pref]r$ by "s p4 ,its detection is comp>atively easy4 ,*icory gra9s are d>k1 gummy1 s(t1 & bitt]2 c(fee gra9s are h>d & brittle2 a small am\nt put 9 ! m\? w demon/rate ! diff]5ce4 ,*icory w (t5 adh]e to ! :eels ( a c(fee gr9d]1 clogg+ !m on acc\nt ( its gummy consi/5cy4 ,:5 a sample ( adult]at$ c(fee is ?r[n 9 wat] ! pure c(fee floats & leaves ! wat] un/a9$2 *icory s9ks almo/ in/antly1 color+ ! wat]1 :ile peas & beans s9k m sl[ly b also color ! wat]4 ,peas & beans are also detect$ by ! poli%$ appe>ance ( ! brok5 or cru%$ gra9s 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! dull surface ( cru%$ c(fee4 ,! pres5ce ( peas1 beans1 rye1 :eat1 bread crumbs1 & alli$ sub/ances may be %[n by ! fact t !y all conta9 />*4 ,make a t5 p] c5t infusion ( ! suspect$ c(fee2 filt] x1 & decolorize ! solution by boil+ x ) a piece ( animal *>coal4 ,te/ ! decoloriz$ solution by sl[ly add+ a few drops ( ! potassium-iodide-iod9e solution1 directions = prep>+ :i* 7 giv5 "u head+ ( ,tea4 ,a result+ blue color w indicate ! pres5ce ( />*4 ,,cocoa ,,& ,,*ocolate4--,! adult]ants ( ^! sub/ances are g5]ally h>mless1 z !y usually consi/ ( flavor+ extracts1 sug>1 />*1 fl\r1 & animal fats4 ,no te/s o!r ?an flavor1 consi/5cy1 & smoo?ness ne$ be consid]$4 ,good cocoa & *ocolate %\ld be slightly bitt]1 ) a pleasant *>act]i/ic odor & ta/e2 !y %\ld h a smoo?1 ev5 consi/5cy & be free f grit or h>% p>ticles4 ,,cann$ ,,& ,,bottl$ ,,vegetables ,,& ,,fruits4--,9 g5]al1 acid sub/ances1 su* z tomatoes & fruits1 %\ld n be cann$ 9 t91 z ! action ( ! acid t5ds to dissolve ! t94 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to pur*ase ^! articles 9 glass4 ,aft] op5+ ! c ! odor & appe>ance ( ! cont5ts %\ld be not$4 ,! odor %\ld be clean & fre%1 & ! slighte/ trace ( any s\r1 mu/y1 or disagreeable smell %\ld cause ! rejection ( ! food4 ,! appe>ance %\ld be clean1 ) no mold2 ! consi/5cy & color ( ! fruit or vegetables %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,if ! color is bright] ?an t ( a simil> article :5 cann$ at home1 ! pres5ce ( artificial color+ matt] mu/ be suspect$4 ,! brilliant gre5 ( "s br&s ( peas1 beans1 or ,brussels spr\ts is produc$ by ! addition ( ! salts ( copp]4 ,?is may be prov$ by leav+ ! blade ( a p5knife 9 ! cont5ts ( ! c = a %ort "t2 if copp] is pres5t x w be deposit$ on1 & discolor1 ! blade4 ,brightly color$ fruits %\ld excite suspicion2 ?is same dictum applies to all brightly color$ jams & jellies1 z ! colors are usually produc$ by ! addition ( c>m9e or anil9e r$4 ,! pres5ce ( pres]vatives1 salicylic & boric acids1 ! b5zoates1 etc41 c only be prov$ by delicate *emical te/s4 ,,sug>4--,pure granulat$ or p[d]$ sug> is :ite & clean4 ,! pres5ce ( glucose %\ld be suspect$ 9 sug> sold bel[ ! m>ket price2 x is p]fectly h>mless1 b has a sweet5+ p[] ( only ab\t two-?irds t ( sug> & is add$ on acc\nt ( its *eapness & to increase ! bulk4 ,if s&1 dirt1 or fl\r are pres5t !y may be detect$ by obs]vation1 or by wa%+ ! suspect$ sample 9 wat]2 fl\r w n dissolve1 s& w s9k1 & dirt w discolor ! wat]4 ,,spices4--,spices %\ld be b\ght :ole & gr\nd 9 a spice mill z ne$$2 if ?is is done1 !re ne$ be little fe> ( _! impurity1 = :ole spices are difficult to simulate or adult]ate4 ,gr\nd spices may be adult]at$ ) b>k1 fl\r1 />*es1 or arr[root2 ^! adult]ants are h>mless1 b are fraudul5t1 z !y increase ! bulk & decrease ! /r5g?4 ,_! actual pres5ces c only be demon/rat$ by a microscopical or *emical exam9ation4 ,pepp]s4--,black pepp] is made f ! :ole b]ry2 :ite pepp] is made f ! same b]ry ) ! out] husk remov$4 ,! adult]ants are usually in]t & h>mless sub/ances1 su* z fl\r1 mu/>d1 or l9se$ oil2 _! pres5ce is obviat$ by ! use ( ! :ole pepp]corns1 gr\nd z ne$$4 ,r$ ,pepp]4--,?is may be adult]at$ ) r$ lead2 :5 pure x w be entirely susp5d$ 9 wat]2 if a s$im5t falls x is probably r$ lead4 ,mu/>d4--,practically all ( ! adult]ants ( mu/>d c only be detect$ by intricate *emical te/s4 ,! pres5ce ( turm]ic may be detect$ by ! appe>ance ( an orange-r$ color :5 ammonia is add$ to a solution ( ! sample4 ,tomato ,catsup4--,artificial dye/uffs are common1 giv+ a brilliant crimson or mag5ta color4 ,su* catsup does n resemble ! natural dull r$ or br[n color ( ! homemade article4 ,pres]vatives1 su* z boric1 salicylic1 or b5zoic acids & _! salts1 are sometimes add$4 ,:ile _! pres5ce _c be condon$1 yet !y are usually pres5t 9 small am\nts & !re=e practically h>mless4 ,pickles4--,^! %\ld be ( a dull-gre5 color4 ,! bright em]ald gre5 sometimes obs]v$ is due to ! pres5ce ( ! salts ( copp]2 ?is may be prov$ by dipp+ ! blade ( a p5knife 9 ! liquor1 z describ$ "u ! head+ ( ,cann$ ,goods4 ,alum is sometimes us$ z a pres]vative & 9 ord] to make ! pickles crisp4 ,its pres5ce may be demon/rat$ by means ( ! logwood te/ m5tion$ "u ! head+ ( ,fl\r4 ,,v9eg>4--,cid] v9eg> is ( a br[ni%-yell[ color & possesses a /rong odor ( apples4 ,w9e v9eg> is light yell[ if made f :ite w9e1 & r$ if made f r$ w9e4 ,malt v9eg> is br[n & has an odor sugge/ive ( s\r be]4 ,glucose v9eg> has ! ta/e & odor ( f]m5t$ sug>4 ,molasses v9eg> has ! di/9ctive odor & ta/e ( molasses4 ,,olive ,,oil4--,pure olive oil has a pleasant1 bl& ta/e & a di/9ctive & agreeable odor1 unmi/akable 9 "* = t ( any o!r oil4 ,! f9e/ virg9 oil is pale gre5 9 color1 ! *eap] grades are light yell[4 ,! adult]ants consi/ ( cotton-se$1 corn1 mu/>d1 & peanut oils4 ,:5 pure olive oil is %ak5 9 a glass or porcela9 di% ) an equal quantity ( conc5trat$ nitric or sulphuric acid#g x turns f a pale to a d>k gre5 color 9 a few m9utes2 if "u ?is treatm5t a r$di% to an orange or br[n color is produc$ ! pres5ce ( a =eign vegetable oil is to be suspect$4 ,,flavor+ ,,extracts--,vanilla4--,?is may be :olly or 9 "p ! extract ( ! ,tonka bean or may be made f a *emical sub/ance kn[n z vanill94 ,! be/ practical work+ te/s z to its purity are ! price1 ta/e1 & odor4 ,! di/9ctive odor & ta/e ( vanilla are *>act]i/ic & _c be mi/ak54#h ,lemon4--,?is extract is (t5 made f t>t>ic or citric acid4 ,!y may be te/$ = z foll[s3 to a portion ( ! extract 9 a te/ tube add an equal volume ( wat] to precipitate ! oil2 filt]1 & add "o or two drops ( ! filtrate to a te/ tube full ( cold1 cle> limewat]2 if t>t>ic acid is pres5t a precipitate w fall to ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,filt] (f ?is precipitate 7if pres5t7 & heat ! cont5ts ( ! tube2 if citric acid is pres5t x w precipitate 9 ! hot limewat]4 ,,footnote4--,dr4 ,bak] wi%es to ackn[l$ge h] indebt$ness to ! foll[+ au?orities & ! volumes m5tion$ = _m helpful sugge/ions4 ,pe>man & ,moore1 ,aids to ! ,analysis ( ,foods & ,drugs2 ,alb]t ,e4 ,lea*1 ,food ,inspection & ,analysis2 ,francis ,va*]1 ,food ,inspector's ,h& ,book4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! pres5ce ( anil9e dyes may be detect$ by mix+ a portion ( ! suspect$ sample ) en\gh wat] to make a ?9 pa/e4 ,wet a piece ( :ite wool clo? or y>n ?or\ghly ) wat] & place x ) ! pa/e 9 an agate saucepan4 ,boil = t5 m9utes1 /irr+ frequ5tly4 ,if a dye has be5 us$ ! wool w be brightly color$2 a br[ni% or p9ki% color indicates ! natural color+ matt] ( ! fruit or vegetable4--,,editor4 #e ,a little v9eg> add$ to heat$ cream or milk produces 9 ! curd a di/9ct orange color if an anil9e dye has be5 us$ to make ! cream look ri*4 ,! curd w be br[n if annatto or c>omel has be5 us$4 ,if pure1 ! curd w be :ite4--,,editor4 #f ,?is acid mu/ be us$ ) great c>e2 no portion ( x %\ld ev] come 9 contact ) ! sk9 or clo?+4 #g ,^! acids mu/ be us$ ) great c>e4 ,!y %\ld nev] be all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! sk9 or clo?+4 #h ,add a little sug>-(-lead solution to ! suspect$ extract2 true vanilla extract w give a yell[i%-br[n precipitate & a pale1 /raw-color$ liquid4 ,if ! extract is artificial1 ! addition ( ! lead solution w h little or no effect4--,,editor4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,mu%room ,poison+ ,symptoms--,treatm5t--,h[ to ,tell ,mu%rooms--,! ,common ,k9d--,o!r ,v>ieties--,! ,edible ,puffball--,poison\s ,mu%rooms ,frequ5tly ,mi/ak54 ,,mu%room ,,poison+4--,vomit+1 cramps1 di>rhea1 pa9s 9 legs2 possibly confusion1 z if drunk1 /upidity1 foll[$ by excitem5t1 & p]haps convulsions4 ,lips & face may be blue4 ,pulse may be weak4 ,fir/ ,aid ,rule #a4--,rid ! /oma* & b[els ( rema9+ poison4 ,give emetic ( mu/>d1 tablespoonful 9 ?ree glasses ( w>m wat]1 unless vomit+ is already excessive4 ,:5 vomit+ ceases1 give tablespoonful ( ca/or oil1 or comp\nd ca?>tic pill4 ,,give ,,no ,,salts4 ,also empty b[els ) injection ( tablespoonful ( glyc]9 9 p9t ( w>m soapsuds & wat]4 ,rule #b4--;,antidote ! poison4 ,give a cup ( /rong c(fee & fifte5 drops ( t9cture ( belladonna to adult4 ,repeat bo? once1 aft] two h\rs h pass$4 ,rule #c4--,re/ & /imulate4 ,put pati5t to b$4 ,give :isky1 a tablespoonful 9 twice z mu* wat]4 ,give t9cture ( digitalis1 t5 drops e two h\rs1 till two or ?ree doses are tak5 by adult4 ,symptoms4--,vomit+ & di>rhea come on 9 a few h\rs to half a day1 ) cramps 9 ! /oma* & legs4 ,! face & lips may gr[ blue4 ,!re is great pro/ration4 ,9 ! case ( poison+ by ! fly amanita1 /upor may appe> e>ly1 ! pati5t act+ z if drunk1 & difficult brea?+ may be a noticeable symptom4 ,aft]w>ds ! pati5t becomes excit$ & convulsions develop4 ,! pulse becomes weak & sl[4 ,! pati5t may die 9 a few h\rs1 or may l+] = ?ree or f\r days4 ,if treatm5t be ?or\gh1 recov]y may result4 ,treatm5t4--,unless vomit+ has already be5 excessive1 ! pati5t %\ld receive a tablespoonful ( mu/>d mix$ ) a glassful ( tepid wat]4 ,aft] ! vomit+ ceases he %\ld receive a tablespoonful ( ca/or oil1 or any ca?>tic except salts4 ,if ! ca?>tic is vomit$1 he %\ld receive an injection into ! rectum ( a tablespoonful ( glyc]9 mix$ ) a p9t ( soapsuds & wat]4 ,c(fee & atrop9e 7or belladonna7 are ! be/ antidotes4 ,if a physician be secur$1 he w probably give a hypod]mic injection ( atrop9e4 ,if a physician is n procurable1 ! pati5t %\ld receive a cup ( /rong c(fee1 & a dose ( t5 or fifte5 drops ( t9cture ( belladonna 9 a tablespoonful ( wat]1 if an adult4 ,?is dose %\ld be repeat$ once aft] ! lapse ( two h\rs4 ,! pati5t %\ld be kept 9 b$1 a b$pan be+ us$ :5 ! b[els move4 ,:5 ! pulse beg9s to gr[ weak1 two tablespoonfuls ( :isky & t5 drops ( ! t9cture ( digitalis %\ld be giv5 to an adult 9 qu>t] ( a glass ( hot wat]4 ,! digitalis %\ld be repeat$ e two h\rs till ?ree or f\r doses h be5 tak54 ,! pati5t mu/ be kept w>m ) hot-wat] bottles & blankets4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,mu%rooms4--,"o-six? ( "o ( ! poison\s mu%rooms has caus$ dea?4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to ex]t too mu* c>e 9 select+ !m = food4 ,a novice w\ld mu* bett] le>n all ! *>act]i/ics ( edible & poison\s mu%rooms 9 ! field f an exp]t be=e attempt+ to ga!r !m himself1 & %\ld n tru/ to book descriptions1 except 9 ! case ( ! few edible species describ$ h]eaft]4 ,x is n safe = a novice to ga!r ! immature or button mu%rooms1 because x is mu* m difficult to det]m9e _! *>act]i/ics ?an ^? ( ! full gr[n4 ,z ref]5ce books1 ! read] is advis$ to procure ,bullet9 ,no4 #ae ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 entitl$ ,"s ,edible & ,poison\s ,fungi1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,f>l[1 :i* w be s5t )\t *>ge on reque/ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton2 ,/udies ( ,am]ican ,fungi1 by ,atk9son1 & ,miss ,m>%all's ,mu%room ,book1 all ( :i* are fully illu/rat$1 & w prove helpful to ^? int]e/$ 9 edible fungi4 ,!re are no s+le te/s by :i* "o c di/+ui% edible f poison\s fungi1 su* z ta/e1 odor1 ! black5+ ( a silv] spoon1 etc41 al?\gh contr>y /atem5ts h be5 made4 ,ev5 :5 ! prop] mu%rooms h be5 eat51 ill effects1 dea? itself1 may foll[ if ! mu%rooms h be5 kept too long1 h be5 insuffici5tly cook$1 h be5 eat5 9 too l>ge a quantity 7especially by *ildr571 or if ! consum] is ! possessor ( an unhappy idiosyncrasy t[>d mu%rooms4 ,no botanic di/9ction exi/s betwe5 toad/ools & mu%rooms2 mu%rooms may be reg>d$ z edible toad/ools4 ,!y are all1 botanically speak+1 edible or poison\s fungi4 ,a description foll[s ( ! five k9ds ( fungi mo/ commonly eat51 & ! poison\s species :i* may be mi/ak5 = !m4 ,,edible ,,mu%rooms4--#a4 ,! ,common ,mu%room 7,ag>icus ,campe/ris74--,! fungi call$ ag>ici are ^? :i* h gills1 t is1 little plates :i* look l knife blades on ! "u surface ( ! top ( ! mu%room1 radiat+ outw>d f ! /em l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,?is is ! species mo/ frequ5tly gr[n artificially1 & sold 9 ! m>kets4 ,! top or cap ( ?is mu%room is :ite1 or ( v>y+ %ades ( br[n1 & measures f "o & a half to ?ree or ev5 f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 9 ,septemb]1 & 9 ,octob]1 gr[+ 9 clu/]s on pa/ures1 fields1 & lawns4 ,! gills are p9k or salmon color$ 9 ! newly exp&$ specim52 b z x gr[s old]1 or aft] x is pick$1 ! gills turn d>k purple1 *e/nut br[n1 or black4 ,?is is ! important po9t to rememb]1 s9ce ! poison\s species mi/ak5 = x all h :ite gills4 ,! gills end ) abrupt upw>d curves at ! c5t] ( ! cap )\t be+ atta*$ to ! /em4 ,9 ! "y mu%room1 :5 ! cap is fold$ d[n ab\t ! /em1 ! gills are n noticeable1 z !y are cov]$ by a veil or filmy membrane1 a "p ( :i* rema9s atta*$ to ! /em 7:5 ! top exp&s71 z a r+ or coll> ab\t ! /em a little m ?an halfway up f ! gr\nd4 ,! /em is solid & n holl[1 & !re is no bulb\s enl>gem5t at ! base ( ! /em1 surr\nd$ by scales or a coll>1 z occurs 9 ! fly amanita & o!r poison\s species4 ,nei!r ! campe/ris nor any o!r mu%room %\ld be eat5 :5 ov] a day old1 s9ce decomposition quickly sets 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,! ,,field ,,mu%room4 7,ag>icus ,campe/ris47 ,an edible v>iety2 v common4 #b4 ,horse ,mu%room 7,ag>icus ,arv5sis74--,?is species may be consid]$ ) ! =ego+1 b x diff]s 9 be+ consid]ably l>g] 7measur+ f\r to t5 in*es across7 & 9 hav+ a m %9y cap1 ( a :ite or br[n hue4 ,! r+ ab\t ! /em is noticeably wid] & ?ick]1 & is compos$ ( two di/9ct lay]s4 ,! gills are :ite at fir/1 turn+ d>k br[n comp>atively late1 & ! /em is a little holl[ z x matures4 ,9 "s localities x is m common ?an ! campe/ris 9 fields & pa/ures1 :ile 9 o!r places x is f\nd only 9 ri* g>d5s1 ab\t hot b$s1 or 9 cold frames4 ,x is n di/+ui%$ f ! campe/ris by m>ket p1 b is (t5 sold ) ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,! ,,horse ,,mu%room4 7,ag>icus ,arv5sis47 ,?is v>iety is edible4 #c4 ,%aggy ,mane1 ,ink ,cap1 or ,horsetail ,fungus 7,copr9us ,comatus74--,?is mu%room possesses ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( any ( ! edible species2 x w\ld seem impossible to mi/ake its id5tity f writt5 descriptions & illu/rations4 ,x is consid]$ by _m sup]ior 9 flavor to ! campe/ris4 ,! top or cap does n exp& 9 ?is mu%room1 until x beg9s to turn black1 b rema9s fold$ d[n ab\t ! /em l a clos$ umbrella4 ,mature specim5s are usually ?ree to five1 occasionally f eight to t51 in*es high4 ,! /em is holl[4 ,! inside ( ! cap or gills & ! /em are sn[ :ite4 ,! out] surface ( ! cap1 :i* is :ite 9 "y plants1 becomes ( a fa9t1 yell[-br[n or tawny color 9 mature specim5s1 & also d>k] at ! top4 ,delicate scales (t5 roll$ up at _! l[] ends are se5 on ! ext]ior ( ! cap1 m readily 9 mature mu%rooms1 h5ce ! "n %aggy mane4 ,!re is a r+ ar\nd ! /em at ! l[] m>g9 ( ! cap1 & x is s loosely atta*$ to ei!r ! cap or /em t x sometimes drops d[n to ! base ( ! latt]4 ,! mo/ sali5t feature ( %aggy mane is ! *ange :i* occurs :5 x is ab\t a day old2 x turns black & dissolves away into an inky fluid1 :5ce ! o!r common "n ink cap4 ,! mu%room %\ld n be eat5 :5 9 ?is condition4 ,! ink cap is usually f\nd gr[+ 9 autumn1 r>ely 9 summ]1 9 ri*] e>? ?an ! common mu%room4 ,"o f9ds x 9 heaps ( /reet scrap+s1 by roadsides1 9 ri* lawns1 9 soils fill$ ) decompos+ wood & 9 l[1 %ad$1 moi/ gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,! ,,horse-,,tail ,,fungus4 7,copr9us ,comatus47 ,edible2 cut %[s entire plant & section4 #d4 ,fairy-r+ ,mu%room 7,m>asmius ,oreades74--,?is species usually gr[s on lawns1 9 clu/]s :i* =m an imp]fect circle or cresc5t4 ,! r+ increases 9 size ea* ye> z new fungi gr[ on ! outside1 :ile old ones t[>d ! c5t] ( ! circle p]i%4 ,?is mu%room is small & sl5d]1 & r>ely exce$s two in*es 9 bread?4 ,! cap & ! t\gh & tubul> /em are buff1 & ! gills1 few 9 numb] & bulg+ out 9 ! middle1 are ( a light] %ade ( ! same color4 ,!re is no r+ ab\t ! /em4 ,sev]al crops ( ! fairy-r+ mu%room are produc$ all ?r\gh ! season1 b ! mo/ prolific gr[? appe>s aft] ! late fall ra9s4 ,!re are o!r fungi =m+ r+s1 "s ( :i* are poison\s1 & !y may n be easily di/+ui%$ f ! edible species2 h5ce great c>e is ess5tial 9 ga!r+ !m4 ,! "u surface ( ! cap is br[n or blacki% 9 ! mature plants ( poison\s species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,! ,,fairy-,,r+ ,,mu%room4 7,m>asmius ,oreades47 ,an edible v>iety4 #e4 ,edible ,puffball 7,lycop]don ,cya?i=me74--,edible puffballs gr[ 9 op5 pa/ures1 & on lawns & grassplots1 (t5 =m+ r+s4 ,!y are sph]ical 9 =m1 g5]ally f "o & a half to two in*es1 occasionally six in*es1 9 diamet]1 broad & some:at flatt5$ at ! top1 & tap]+ at ! base1 :ite or br[n outside4 ,!y (t5 pres5t an irregul>ly *eck]$ appe>ance1 ow+ to ! fact t ! :ite int]ior %[s betwe5 ! d>k rais$ p>ts4 ,! int]ior is at fir/ pure :ite & ( solid consi/5cy1 b lat] becomes s(t] & yell[i%1 & !n conta9s an amb]-color$ juice4 ,aft] ! puffball has matur$1 ! cont5ts *ange into a br[n1 du/like mass1 & ! top falls (f2 & x is !n in$ible4 ,all v>ieties ( puffball ) a pure :ite int]ior are h>mless1 if eat5 be=e becom+ crumbly & p[d]y4 ,!re is only "o species ?\ght to be poison\s1 & t has a yell[-br[n ext]ior1 :ile ! int]ior is purple-black1 m>bl$ ) :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,! ,,edible ,,puffball4 7,lycop]don ,cya?i=me47 ,upp] illu/ration %[s entire plant2 l[]1 a section4 ,,poison\s ,,mu%rooms ,,frequ5tly ,,mi/ak54 ,to escape eat+ poison\s mu%rooms d n ga!r ! buttons1 & be suspici\s ( ^? gr[+ 9 woods & %ady spots t %[ any bright hue1 or h a scaly or dott$ cap1 or :ite gills4#i ,by s do+ ! foll[+ species w be avoid$4 ,fly ,amanita 7,amanita ,musc>ia74--,infusions ( ?is mu%room made by boil+ 9 wat] are us$ to kill flies4 ,?is species gr[s 9 woods & %ady places1 by roadsides1 & along ! bord]s ( fields1 & is mu* common] ?an ! campe/ris 9 "s localities4 ,x pref]s a poor1 gravelly soil1 & is f\nd 9 summ]4 ,! /em is holl[ & its gills are :ite4 ,! cap is v>i\sly color$1 :ite1 orange1 yell[1 or ev5 brilliant r$1 & dott$ ov] ) corklike p>ticles or w>ty scales :i* are easily rubb$ (f4 ,!re is a l>ge1 droop+ coll> ab\t ! upp] "p ( ! holl[1 :ite /em1 & ! latt] is scaly bel[ ) a bulb\s enl>gem5t at its base4 ,! "y mu%rooms1 or buttons1 d n exhibit ! dott$ cap1 & ! bulb\s scaly base may be left 9 ! gr\nd :5 ! mu%room is pick$4 ,! fly amanita is usually l>g] ?an ! common mu%room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,a ,,poison\s ,,fungus4 7,amanita ,musc>ia47 ,! ,fly ,ag>ic4 ,dea? ,cup or ,deadly ,ag>ic 7,amanita ,phalloides74--,?is species is m fatal 9 its effects ?an ! prec$+4 ,its sali5t feature is a bulb\s base surm\nt$ & surr\nd$ by a coll> or cup out ( :i* ! /em gr[s4 ,?is is (t5 buri$ b5ea? ! gr\nd1 h[ev]1 s t x may escape notice4 ,! gills & /em are :ite l ! prec$+1 b ! cap is usually n dott$ b glossy1 :ite1 gre5i%1 or yell[4 ,!re is also a broad1 noticeable r+ ab\t ! /em1 z 9 ! fly amanita4 ,?is mu%room frequ5ts moi/1 %ady spots1 also along ! bord]s ( fields4 ,x occurs s+ly1 & r>ely 9 fields or pa/ures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,! ,,deadly ,,ag>ic4 7,amanita ,phalloides47 ,?is v>iety is v poison\s4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,! %aggy mane has :ite gills1 b its o!r features are *>act]i/ic4 ,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,h\se ,,& ,,gr\nds ,,by ,,george ,m4 ,,price ,ackn[l$gm5t ,we beg to t5d] grateful ackn[l$gm5t to au?or & publi%] = ! use ( ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,price's valuable articles on sanitation4 ,! foll[+ extracts are tak5 f ,dr4 ,price's ,h&book on ,sanitation1 publi%$ by ,john ,wiley ,son1 & are cov]$ by copyright4 ,,*apt] ,i ,soil & ,sites ,def9ition4--,by ! t]m soil we mean ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! e>?1 a result ( ! geological dis9tegration ( ! primitive rock by ! action ( ! elem5ts ^u x & ( ! decay ( vegetable & animal life4 ,composition4--,soil consi/s ( solids1 wat]1 & air4 ,solids4--,! solid con/itu5ts ( ! soil are inorganic & organic 9 "*4 ,! inorganic con/itu5ts are ! v>i\s m9]als & elem5ts f\nd alone1 or 9 comb9ation1 9 ! e>?1 su* z silica1 alum9um1 calcium1 iron1 c>bon1 sodium1 *lor9e1 potassium1 etc4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! soil dep5d ^u its con/itu5ts1 & ^u ! pr$om9ance ( "o or ! o!r ( its compos+ elem5ts4 ,! nature ( ! soil also dep5ds ^u its physical prop]ties4 ,:5 ! dis9tegrat$ rock consi/s ( q l>ge p>ticles1 ! soil is call$ a gravel soil4 ,a s&y soil is "o 9 :i* ! p>ticles are v small4 ,s&/one is consolidat$ s&4 ,clay is soil consi/+ pr9cipally ( alum9um silicate2 9 *alk1 s(t calcium c>bonate pr$om9ates4 ,! organic con/itu5ts ( ! soil are ! result ( vegetable & animal gr[? & decomposition 9 ! soil4 ,gr\nd ,wat]4--,gr\nd wat] is t cont9u\s body or %eet ( wat] =m$ by ! complete fill+ & saturation ( ! soil to a c]ta9 level by ra9 wat]2 x is t /ratum ( subt]ranean lakes & riv]s1 fill$ up ) alluvium1 :i* we rea* at a high] or l[] level :5 we dig wells4 ,! level ( ! gr\nd wat] dep5ds ^u ! und]ly+ /rata1 & also ^u ! movem5ts ( ! subt]ranean wat] b$4 ,! relative position ( ! imp]meable und]ly+ /rata v>ies 9 its di/ance f ! surface soil4 ,9 m>%y l& ! gr\nd wat] is at ! surface2 9 o!r places x c be rea*$ only by deep bor+s4 ,! s\rce ( ! gr\nd wat] is ! ra9fall1 "p ( :i* dra9s into ! por\s soil until x rea*es an imp]meable /ratum1 :]e x collects4 ,! movem5ts ( ! gr\nd wat] are 9 two directions--horizontal & v]tical4 ,! horizontal or lat]al movem5t is t[>d ! seas & adjac5t wat] c\rses1 & is det]m9$ by hydro/atic laws & topographical relations4 ,! v]tical motion ( ! gr\nd wat] is to & f ! surface1 & is due to ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 ! pressure ( tides1 & wat] c\rses into :i* ! gr\nd wat] dra9s4 ,! v]tical v>iations ( ! gr\nd wat] det]m9e ! di/ance ( its surface level f ! soil surface1 & are divid$ into a p]si/5tly l[-wat] level1 ab\t fifte5 feet f ! surface2 a p]si/5tly high-wat] level1 ab\t five feet f ! surface1 & a fluctuat+ level1 sometimes high1 sometimes l[4 ,gr\nd ,air4--,except 9 ! h>de/ granite rocks & 9 soil completely fill$ ) wat] ! int]/ices ( ! soil are fill$ ) a cont9uation ( atmosph]ic air1 ! am\nt dep5d+ on ! degree ( porosity ( ! soil4 ,! nature ( ! gr\nd air diff]s f t ( ! atmosph]e only z x is influ5c$ by its location4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! air--nitrog51 oxyg51 & c>bonic acid--are also f\nd 9 ! gr\nd air1 b 9 ! latt] ! relative quantities ( ,o & ,,co#b are diff]5t4 ,,av]age ,,composition ,,( ,,atmosph]ic ,,air ,,9 #ajj ,,volumes ,nitrog5 #gi4jj p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 #bj4if ,c>bonic acid #j4jd ,,av]age ,,composition ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,air ,nitrog5 #gi4jj p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 #aj4ce ,c>bonic acid #i4gd ,( c\rse1 ^! quantities are n con/ant1 b v>y 9 diff]5t soils1 & at diff]5t dep?s1 times1 etc4 ,! great] quantity ( ,,co#b 9 gr\nd air is due to ! process ( oxidation & decomposition tak+ place 9 ! soil4 ,gr\nd air also conta9s a l>ge quantity ( bact]ial & o!r organic matt] f\nd 9 ! soil4 ,gr\nd air is 9 con/ant motion1 its movem5ts dep5d+ ^u a great _m factors1 "s among ^! be+ ! w9ds & movem5ts ( ! atmosph]ic air1 ! temp]ature ( ! soil1 ! surface temp]ature1 ! pressure f ! gr\nd wat] f bel[1 & surface & ra9 wat] f above1 etc4 ,gr\nd ,moi/ure4--,! int]/ices ( ! soil above ! gr\nd-wat] level are fill$ ) air only1 :5 ! soil is absolutely dry2 b z su* a soil is v r>e1 all soils be+ m or less damp1 soil usually conta9s a mixture ( air & wat]1 or :at is call$ gr\nd moi/ure4 ,gr\nd moi/ure is d]iv$ p>tly f ! evaporation ( ! gr\nd wat] & its capill>y absorption by ! surface soil1 & p>tly by ! ret5tion ( wat] f ra9s ^u ! surface4 ,! p[] ( ! soil to absorb & reta9 moi/ure v>ies accord+ to ! physical & *emical1 z well z ! !rmal1 prop]ties ( ! soil4 ,loose s& may hold ab\t #b gallons ( wat] p] cubic foot2 granite takes up ab\t #d p] c5t ( moi/ure2 *alk ab\t #ae p] c5t2 clay ab\t #bj p] c5t2 s&y loam #cc to #ce p] c5t2 humus#aj ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ,gr\nd ,temp]ature4--,! temp]ature ( ! soil is due to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 ! physico*emical *anges 9 its int]ior1 & to ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?4 ,! gr\nd temp]ature v>ies accord+ to ! annual & diurnal *anges ( ! ext]nal temp]ature2 also accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil1 its color1 composition1 dep?1 degree ( organic oxidation1 gr\nd-wat] level1 & degree ( dampness4 ,9 hot wea!r ! surface soil is cool]1 & ! subsurface soil /ill m s1 ?an ! surr\nd+ air2 9 cold wea!r ! opposite is ! case4 ,! contact ( ! cool soil ) ! w>m surface air on summ] ev5+s is :at produces ! cond5sation ( air moi/ure :i* we call dew4 ,bact]ia4--,q a l>ge numb] ( bact]ia are f\nd 9 ! soil1 especially ne> ! surface1 :]e *emical & organic *anges are mo/ active4 ,f #bjj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj bact]ia h be5 f\nd 9 #a c4c4 ( e>?4 ,! gr\nd bact]ia are divid$ into two gr\ps--saprophytic & pa?og5ic4 ,! saprophytic bact]ia are ! bact]ia ( decay1 putrefaction1 & f]m5tation4 ,x is to _! b5evol5t action t vegetable & animal debris is decompos$1 oxidiz$1 & r$uc$ to its elem5ts4 ,to ^! bact]ia ! soil owes its self-purify+ capacity & ! faculty ( dis9tegrat+ animal & vegetable debris4 ,! pa?og5ic bact]ia are ei!r ^? =m$ dur+ ! process ( organic decay1 & :i*1 introduc$ into ! human sy/em1 are capable ( produc+ v>i\s diseases1 or ^? :i* become lodg$ 9 ! soil ?r\gh ! contam9ation ( ! latt] by gr\nd wat] & air1 & :i* f9d 9 ! soil a favorable lodg+ gr\nd1 until =c$ out ( ! soil by ! movem5ts ( ! gr\nd wat] & air4 ,contam9ation ( ! ,soil4--,! natural capacity ( ! soil to decompose & r$uce organic matt] is sometimes tax$ to its utmo/ by ! introduction into ! soil ( extrane\s matt]s 9 quantities :i* ! soil is unable to oxidize 9 a giv5 p]iod4 ,?is is call$ contam9ation or pollution ( soil1 & is due3 7#a7 to surface pollution by refuse1 g>bage1 animal & human excreta2 7#b7 to int]m5t ( dead bodies ( bea/s & m52 7#c7 to ! introduction ( =eign delet]i\s gases1 etc4#aa ,pollution by ,surface ,refuse & ,sewage4--,?is occurs :]e a l>ge numb] ( p congregate1 z 9 cities1 t[ns1 etc41 & v s]i\sly contam9ates ! gr\nd by ! sur*>ge ( ! surface soil ) sewage matt]1 saturat+ ! gr\nd ) x1 pollut+ ! gr\nd wat] f :i* ! dr9k+ wat] is d]iv$1 & increas+ ! putrefactive *anges tak+ place 9 ! soil4 ,"h ! pa?og5ic bact]ia ab\nd1 &1 by multiply+1 ex]t a v m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! heal? by ! possible spread ( infecti\s diseases4 ,sewage pollution ( ! soils & ( ! s\rce ( wat] supply is a matt] ( grave importance1 & is "o ( ! *ief factors ( high mortality 9 cities & t[ns4 ,int]m5t ( ,bodies4--,! second cause ( soil contam9ation is also ( great importance4 ,ow+ to ! int5se physico*emical & organic *anges tak+ place )9 ! soil1 all dead animal matt] int]r$ !re9 is easily dispos$ ( 9 a c]ta9 "t1 be+ r$uc$ to ! prim>y con/itu5ts1 viz41 ammonia1 nitr\s acid1 c>bonic acid1 sulphuret$ & c>buret$ hydrog51 etc4 ,b :5ev] ! numb] ( int]r$ bodies is too great1 & ! products ( decomposition are all[$ to accumulate to a v great degree1 until ! capacity ( ! soil to absorb & oxidize !m is ov]tax$1 ! soil1 & ! air & wat] !re91 are pollut$ by ! noxi\s poisons produc$ by ! processes ( decomposition4 ,introduction ( ,v>i\s ,=eign ,mat]ials & ,gases4--,9 cities & t[ns v>i\s pipes are laid 9 ! gr\nd = conduct+ c]ta9 sub/ances1 z illum9at+ gas1 fuel1 coal gas1 etc42 ! pipes at times are defective1 all[+ leakage !refrom1 & p]mitt+ ! saturation ( ! soil ) poison\s gases :i* are frequ5tly drawn up by ! v>i\s curr5ts ( gr\nd air into ! op5 air & adjac5t dwell+s4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,soil on ,heal?4--,! intimate relations exi/+ betwe5 ! soil ^u :i* we live & our heal?1 & ! m>k$ influ5ce ( ! soil on ! life & well-be+ ( man1 h be5 recogniz$ f "t immemorial4 ,! influ5ce ( ! soil ^u heal? is due to3 7#a7 ! physical & *emical "* ( ! soil2 7#b7 ! gr\nd-wat] level & degree ( dampness2 7#c7 ! organic impurities & contam9ation ( ! soil4 ,! physical & *emical nature ( ! soil1 irrespective ( its wat]1 moi/ure1 & air1 has be5 reg>d$ by "s au?orities z hav+ an effect on ! heal?1 gr[?1 & con/itution ( man4 ,! peculi> disease call$ cret9ism1 z well z goitre1 has be5 attribut$ to a pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 *emicals 9 ! soil4 ,! gr\nd-wat] level is ( great importance to ! well-be+ ( man4 ,pr(essor ,pett5k(] claim$ t a p]si/5tly l[ wat] level 7ab\t fifte5 feet f ! surface7 is heal?y1 ! mortality be+ ! l[e/ 9 su* places2 a p]si/5tly high gr\nd-wat] level 7ab\t five feet f ! surface7 is unheal?y2 & a fluctuat+ level1 v>y+ f high to l[1 is ! mo/ unheal?y1 & is dang]\s to life & heal?4 ,_m au?orities h s\ght to demon/rate ! intimate relations betwe5 a high wat] level 9 ! soil & v>i\s diseases4 ,a damp soil1 viz41 a soil :]e9 ! gr\nd moi/ure is v great & p]si/5t1 has be5 f\nd inimical to ! heal? ( ! inhabitants1 pr$ispos+ !m to v>i\s diseases by ! direct effects ( ! dampness itself1 & by ! great] pron5ess ( damp gr\nd to become contam9at$ ) v>i\s pa?og5ic bact]ia & organisms :i* may be drawn into ! dwell+s by ! movem5ts ( ! gr\nd air4 ,z a rule1 !re is v little to h9d] ! gr\nd air f p5etrat+ ! dwell+s ( man1 air be+ drawn 9 ?r\gh cell>s by *anges 9 temp]ature1 & by ! artificial heat+ ( h\ses4 ,! organic impurities & bact]ia f\nd 9 ! soil are especially abundant 9 l>ge cities1 & are a cause ( ! evil influ5ce ( soil ^u heal?4 ,! impurities are all[$ to dra9 into ! gr\nd1 to pollute ! gr\nd wat] & ! s\rce ( wat] supply1 & to poison ! gr\nd air1 load+ x ) bact]ia & products ( putrefaction1 ?us contam9at+ ! air & wat] s necess>y to life4 ,diseases ,due to ,soil4--,a great _m diseases h be5 ?\ght to be due to ! influ5ce ( ! soil4 ,an aetiological relation _h be5 s\ght betwe5 soil & ! foll[+ diseases3 mal>ia1 p>oxysmal fev]s1 tub]culosis1 neuralgias1 *ol]a1 yell[ fev]1 bubonic plague1 typhoid1 dys5t]y1 goitre & cret9ism1 tetanus1 an?rax1 malignant ,o$ema1 septicaemia1 etc4 ,sites4--,f :at we h already le>n$ ab\t ! soil1 x is evid5t t x is a matt] ( great importance z to :]e ! site = a human habitation is select$1 = ^u ! prop] selection ( ! site dep5d ! heal?1 well-be+1 & longevity ( ! inhabitants4 ,! requisite *>act]i/ics ( a heal?y site = dwell+s are3 a dry1 por\s1 p]meable soil2 a l[ & nonfluctuat+ gr\nd-wat] level1 & a soil reta9+ v little dampness1 free f organic impurities1 & ! gr\nd wat] ( :i* is well dra9$ into di/ant wat] c\rses1 :ile its gr\nd air is uncontam9at$ by pa?og5ic bact]ia4 ,exposure to sunlight1 & free circulation ( air1 are also requisite4 ,accord+ to ,p>kes1 ! soils 9 ! ord] ( _! fitness = build+ purposes are z foll[s3 7#a7 primitive rock2 7#b7 gravel1 ) p]vi\s soil2 7#c7 s&/one2 7#d7 lime/one2 7#e7 s&/one1 ) imp]vi\s subsoil2 7#f7 clays & m>ls2 7#g7 m>%y l&1 & 7#h7 made soils4 ,x is v seldom1 h[ev]1 t a soil c be secur$ hav+ all ! requisites ( a heal?y site4 ,9 small] places1 z well z 9 cities1 comm]cial & o!r reasons frequ5tly compel ! acquisition ( & build+ ^u a site n fit = ! purpose2 x !n becomes a sanit>y problem h[ to rem$y ! defects & make ! soil suitable = habitation4 ,prev5tion ( ! ,bad ,effects ( ! ,soil on ,heal?4--,! me?ods taught by sanit>y sci5ce to improve a defective soil & to prep>e a heal?y site are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,/reet pav+ & tree plant+4 7#b7 ,prop] con/ruction ( h\ses4 7#c7 ,subsoil dra9age4 ,/reet ,pav+ s]ves a d\ble sanit>y purpose4 ,x prev5ts /reet refuse & sewage f p5etrat+ ! gr\nd & contam9at+ ! surface soil1 & x acts z a b>ri] to ! free asc5sion ( delet]i\s gr\nd air4#ab ,tree ,plant+ s]ves z a factor 9 absorb+ ! gr\nd moi/ure & 9 oxidiz+ organic impurities4 ,! ,prop] ,con/ruction ( ! ,h\se has = its purpose ! prev5tion ( ! entrance ( gr\nd moi/ure & air inside ! h\se by build+ ! f\ndations & cell> 9 su* a mann] z to entirely cut (f communication betwe5 ! gr\nd & ! dwell+4 ,?is is accompli%$ by putt+ "u ! f\ndation a solid b$ ( concrete1 & "u ! f\ndation walls damp-pro( c\rses4 ,! foll[+ are ! me?ods recomm5d$ by ! ,new ,york ,city ,t5em5t ,h\se ,dep>tm5t = ! wat]-pro(+ & damp-pro(+ ( f\ndation walls & cell>s3 ,wat]-pro(+ & ,damp-pro(+ ( ,f\ndation ,walls4--,!re %all be built 9 ) ! f\ndation walls1 at a level ( six 7#f7 in*es bel[ ! f9i%$ floor level1 a c\rse ( damp-pro(+ consi/+ ( n less ?an two 7#b7 ply ( t>r$ felt 7n less ?an fifte5 7#ae7 p\nds weight p] "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 squ>e feet71 & "o 7#a7 ply ( burlap1 laid 9 alt]nate lay]s1 hav+ ! burlap plac$ betwe5 ! felt1 & all laid 9 hot1 heavy coal-t> pit*1 or liquid asphalt1 & project+ six 7#f7 in*es inside & six 7#f7 in*es outside ( ! walls4 ,!re %all be con/ruct$ on ! outside surface ( ! walls a wat]-pro(+ lapp+ on to ! damp-pro( c\rse 9 ! f\ndation walls & ext5d+ up to ! soil level4 ,?is wat]-pro(+ %all consi/ ( n less ?an two 7#b7 ply ( t>r$ felt 7( weight specifi$ above71 laid 9 hot1 heavy coal-t> pit*1 or liquid asphalt1 f9i%$ ) a fl[ ( hot pit* ( ! same "*4 ,?is wat]-pro(+ to be well /uck to ! damp c\rse 9 ! f\ndation walls4 ,! lay]s ( felt mu/ break jo9ts4 ,wat]-pro(+ & ,damp-pro(+ ( ,cell> ,floors4--,!re %all be laid1 above a suitable b$ ( r\gh concrete1 a c\rse ( wat]-pro(+ consi/+ ( n less ?an ?ree 7#c7 ply ( t>r$ felt 7n less ?an fifte5 7#ae7 p\nds weight p] "o hundr$ 7#ajj7 squ>e feet71 laid 9 hot1 heavy coal-t> pit*1 or liquid asphalt1 f9i%$ ) a fl[ ( hot pit* ( ! same "*4 ,! felt is to be laid s t ea* lay] laps two-?irds ( its wid? ov] ! lay] imm$iately bel[1 ! contact surface be+ ?or\ghly coat$ ) ! hot pit* ov] its entire area be=e plac+ ! upp] lay]4 ,! wat]-pro(+ c\rse mu/ be prop]ly lapp$ on & secur$ to ! damp c\rse 9 ! f\ndation walls4 ,o!r me?ods ( damp-pro(+ f\ndations & cell>s consi/ 9 ! use ( slate or %eet lead in/ead ( t> & t>r$ pap]4 ,an additional means ( prev5t+ wat] & dampness f com+ into h\ses has be5 propos$ 9 ! s-call$ dry areas1 :i* are op5 spaces f\r to eight feet wide betwe5 ! h\se prop] & ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 ! op5 spaces runn+ z deep z ! f\ndation1 if possible4 ,! dry areas are c]ta9ly a good prev5tive aga9/ dampness com+ f ! sides ( ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,concrete ,,f\ndation ,,& ,,damp-,,pro( ,,c\rse4 ,subsoil ,dra9age4--,by subsoil dra9age is meant ! r$uc+ ( ! level ( ! gr\nd wat] by dra9+ all subsoil wat] into c]ta9 wat] c\rses1 ei!r artificial or natural4 ,subsoil dra9age is n a mod]n discov]y1 z x 0 us$ 9 _m anci5t l&s1 & 0 ext5sively employ$ 9 anci5t ,rome1 ! valleys & suburbs ( :i* w\ld h be5 un9habitable b = ! dra9+ ( ! m>%es by ! s-call$ cloacae or dra9s1 :i* l[]$ ! gr\nd-wat] level ( ! l[ p>ts ( ! city & made !m fit to build ^u4 ,! dra9s = ! conduction ( subsoil wat] are plac$ at a c]ta9 dep?1 ) a fall t[>d ! exit4 ,! mat]ials = ! dra9 are ei!r /one & gravel tr5*es1 or1 bett]1 por\s e>!nw>e pipes or ord9>y dra9 tile4 ,! dra9s mu/ n be imp]meable or clos$1 & sew]s are n to be us$ = dra9age purposes4 ,sometimes op51 ,v-%ap$ pipes are laid "u ! regul> sew]s1 if ^! are at ! prop] dep?4 ,by subsoil dra9age x is possible to l[] ! level ( gr\nd wat] :]ev] x is ne> or at ! surface1 z 9 swamps1 m>%1 & o!r l&s1 & prep>e l&s previ\sly un9habitable = heal?y sites4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,humus is vegetable mold2 swamp muck2 peat2 etc4--,,editor4 #aa ,a leak 9 a gas ma91 all[+ ! gas to p5etrate ! soil1 w de/roy trees1 %rubb]y1 or any o!r vegetation ) :i* x comes 9 contact4--,,editor4 #ab ,t[n & village pav+ plans w b5efit by k ( ! rec5t satisfactory exp]i5ce ( ,new ,york ,city au?orities 9 pav+ ) wood blocks soak$ 9 a prep>ation ( creosote & res94 ,z comp>$ ) ! o!r two g5]al classes ( pav+1 granite blocks1 & asphalt1 ^! wood blocks are n[ consid]$ sup]ior4 ,! granite blocks are n[ ne>ly disc>d$ 9 ,new ,york because ( _! p]meability1 exp5se1 & noise1 be+ n[ us$ = heavy traffic only4 ,asphalt is noiseless & imp]meable 7!reby s]v+ ! d\ble sanit>y purpose m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,price74 ,b ! wood possesses ^! qualities1 & has 9 addition ! advantage ( inexp5siv5ess1 s9ce x is m durable1 n crack+ at w9t] cold & melt+ "u summ] heat l ! asphalt2 & !re is b slight co/ = repairs1 :i* are easily made by tak+ out ! sep>ate blocks4 ,^! creo-res9ate wood blocks1 rec5tly us$ on l[] ,broadway1 ,p>k ,place1 & ! conge/$ side /reets1 are giv+ admirable results4--,,editor4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,v5tilation ,def9ition4--,! air )9 an un9habit$ room does n diff] f t )\t4 ,if ! room is occupi$ by "o or m individuals1 h[ev]1 !n ! air 9 ! room soon det]iorates1 until ! impurities !re9 rea* a c]ta9 degree incompatible ) heal?4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ) ea* brea? a c]ta9 quantity ( ,,co#b1 organic impurities1 & aque\s vapor is exhal$2 & ^! products ( respiration soon sur*>ge ! air until x is r5d]$ impure & unfit = brea?+4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! air pure 9 su* a room1 & make life possible1 x is necess>y to *ange ! air by )draw+ ! impure1 & sub/itut+ pure air f ! outside4 ,?is is v5tilation4 ,v5tilation1 !re=e1 is ! ma9t5ance ( ! air 9 a conf9$ space 9 a condition conducive to heal?2 9 o!r words1 v5tilation is ! replac+ ( ! impure air 9 a conf9$ space by pure air f ! outside4 ,quantity ( ,air ,requir$4--,:at d we reg>d z impure air8 ,:at is ! index ( impurity8 ,h[ mu* air is requir$ to r5d] pure an air 9 a giv5 space1 9 a giv5 "t1 = a giv5 numb] ( p8 ,h[ (t5 c ! *ange be safely made1 & h[8 ,^! are ! problems ( v5tilation4 ,an increase 9 ! quantity ( ,,co#b c>bon dioxide gas1 & a proportionate increase ( organic impurities1 are ! results ( respiratory vitiation ( ! air2 & x has be5 agre$ to reg>d ! relative quantity ( ,,co#b z ! /&>d ( impurity1 its increase s]v+ z an index ( ! condition ( ! air4 ,! normal quantity ( ,,co#b 9 ! air is #j4jd p] c5t1 or #d volumes 9 #aj1jjj2 & x has be5 det]m9$ t :5ev] ! ,,co#b rea*es #j4jf p] c5t1 or #f p>ts p] #aj1jjj1 ! maximum ( air vitiation is rea*$--a po9t beyond :i* ! brea?+ ( ! air becomes dang]\s to heal?4 ,we !re=e "k t an increase ( #b volumes ( ,,co#b 9 #aj1jjj ( air con/itutes ! maximum ( admissible impurity2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #j4jd p] c5t & #j4jf p] c5t4 ,n[1 a heal?y av]age adult at re/ exhales 9 "o h\r #j4f cubic foot ( ,,co#b4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ^! two factors--! am\nt ( ,,co#b exhal$ 9 "o h\r & ! maximum ( admissible impurity--we c f9d by divid+ #j4f by #j4jjjb 7or #j4jb p] c5t7 ! numb] ( cubic feet ( air ne$$ = "o h\r1#c1jjj4 ,!re=e1 a room ) a space ( #c1jjj cubic feet1 occupi$ by "o av]age adult at re/1 w n rea* its maximum ( impurity 7t is1 ! air 9 su* a room w n be 9 ne$ ( a *ange7 be=e "o h\r has elaps$4 ,! relative quantity ( fre% air ne$$ w diff] = adults at "w & at re/1 = *ildr51 wom51 etc42 x w also diff] accord+ to ! illum9ant employ$1 :e!r oil1 c&le1 gas1 etc4--an ord9>y #c-;foot gas-burn] requir+ #a1hjj cubic feet ( air 9 "o h\r4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to h #c1jjj cubic feet ( space = ea* individual 9 a room1 = ! air 9 ! latt] c safely be *ang$ at lea/ ?ree times )9 "o h\r1 ?us r$uc+ ! air space ne$$ to ab\t #a1jjj cubic feet4 ,?is *ange ( air or v5tilation ( a room c be accompli%$ by me*anical means (t5] ?an ?ree times 9 an h\r1 b a natural *ange ( m ?an ?ree times 9 an h\r w ord9>ily create too /rong a curr5t ( air1 & may cause draughts & *ills dang]\s to heal?4 ,9 det]m9+ ! cubic space ne$$1 ! height ( ! room z well z ! floor space mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,z a rule ! height ( a room ought to be 9 proportion to ! floor space1 & 9 ord9>y rooms %\ld n exce$ f\rte5 feet1 z a height beyond t is ( v little advantage4#ac ,=ces ( ,v5tilation4--,we n[ come to ! "q ( ! v>i\s modes by :i* *ange 9 ! air ( a room is possible4 ,v5tilation is natural or artificial accord+ to :e!r artificial or me*anical devices are or are n us$4 ,natural v5tilation is only possible because our build+s & h\ses1 _! mat]ial & con/ruction1 are su* t num]\s ap]tures & crevices are left = air to come 92 = x is evid5t t if a room 7 h]metically air-tight1 no natural v5tilation w\ld be possible4 ,! prop]ties ( air :i* r5d] bo? natural & artificial v5tilation possible are diffusion1 motion1 & gravity4 ,^! ?ree =ces are ! natural ag5ts ( v5tilation4 ,!re is a con/ant diffusion ( gases tak+ place 9 ! air2 ?is diffusion takes place ev5 ?r\gh /one & ?r\gh brick walls4 ,! m por\s ! mat]ial ( :i* ! build+ is con/ruct$1 ! m readily does diffusion take place4 ,dampness1 pla/]+1 pa9t+1 & pap]+ ( walls dim9i% diffusion1 h[ev]4 ,! second =ce 9 v5tilation is ! motion ( air or w9ds4 ,?is is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t ( v5tilation1 = ev5 a slight1 imp]ceptible w9d1 travel+ ab\t two miles an h\r1 is capable1 :5 ! w9d[s & doors ( a room are op51 ( *ang+ ! air ( a room #ebh times 9 "o h\r4 ,air passes also ?r\gh brick & /one walls4 ,! objections to w9ds z a sole mode ( v5tilation are _! incon/ancy & irregul>ity4 ,:5 ! w9d is v slight its v5tilat+ influ5ce is v small2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! w9d is /rong x _c be utiliz$ z a means ( v5tilation on acc\nt ( ! air curr5ts be+ too /rong & capable ( ex]t+ delet]i\s effects on heal?4 ,! ?ird1 ! mo/ con/ant & reliable1 &1 9 fact1 pr9cipal ag5t ( v5tilation is ! specific gravity ( ! air1 & ! v>iations 9 ! gravity & consequ5t pressure :i* are results ( ! v>iations 9 temp]ature1 humidity1 etc4 ,:5ev] air is w>m] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 ! w>m] air be+ light] & ! cold] air outside be+ heavi]1 ! latt] ex]ts pressure ^u ! air 9 ! room1 caus+ ! light] air 9 ! room to escape & be displac$ by ! heavi] air f ! outside1 ?us *ang+ ! air 9 ! room4 ,?is mode ( v5tilation is always con/ant & at "w1 z ! v pres5ce ( liv+ be+s 9 ! room w>ms ! air !re91 ?us caus+ a diff]5ce f ! outside air & effect+ *ange ( air f ! outside to ! inside ( ! room4 ,me?ods ( ,v5tilation4--,! application ( ^! pr9ciples ( v5tilation is said to be accompli%$ 9 a natural or an artificial way1 accord+ z me*anical means to utilize ! =ces & prop]ties ( air are us$ or n4 ,b 9 reality natural v5tilation c h>dly be said to exi/1 s9ce dwell+s are s con/ruct$ z to gu>d aga9/ exposure & *anges ( temp]ature1 & are usually equipp$ ) num]\s appliances = promot+ *ange ( air4 ,w9d[s1 doors1 fireplaces1 *imneys1 %afts1 c\rts1 etc41 are all artificial me?ods ( secur+ v5tilation1 al?\gh we usually reg>d !m z means ( natural v5tilation4 ,natural ,v5tilation4--,! means employ$ = apply+ ! prop]ties ( diffusion are ! mat]ials ( con/ruction4 ,a por\s mat]ial be+ favorable = diffusion1 "s su* mat]ial is plac$ 9 sev]al places )9 ! wall1 ?us favor+ *ange ( air4 ,imp]fect c>p5t] "w is also a help1 z ! cracks & op5+s left are favorable = ! escape & entrance ( air4 ,w9d1 or ! motion ( air1 is utiliz$ ei!r directly1 ?r\gh w9d[s1 doors1 & o!r op5+s2 or indirectly1 by produc+ a p>tial vacuum 9 pass+ ov] *imneys & %afts1 caus+ suction ( ! air 9 !m1 & ! consequ5t )drawal ( ! air f ! rooms4 ,! op5+ ( w9d[s & doors is possible only 9 w>m wea!r2 & z v5tilation becomes a problem only 9 temp]ate & cold wea!r1 ! op5+ ( w9d[s & doors _c v well be utiliz$ )\t caus+ colds1 etc4 ,v>i\s me?ods h !re=e be5 propos$ = us+ w9d[s = ! purposes ( v5tilation )\t produc+ =cible curr5ts ( air4 ,! "p ( ! w9d[ be/ fitt$ = ! introduction ( air is ! space betwe5 ! two sa%es1 :]e !y meet4 ,! +ress ( air is made possible :5ev] ! l[] sa% is rais$ or ! upp] "o is l[]$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t cold air f )\t ent]+ ?r\gh ! op5+s ?us made1 x has be5 propos$ by ,h9kes ,bird to fit a block ( wood 9 ! l[] op5+2 or else1 z 9 ,dr4 ,ke5's arrangem5t1 a piece ( pap] or clo? is us$ to cov] ! space left by ! lift+ or l[]+ ( ei!r or bo? sa%es4 ,l\v]s or incl9$ panes or p>ts ( ^! may also be us$4 ,p>ts or entire w9d[ panes are sometimes :olly remov$ & replac$ by tubes or p]=at$ pieces ( z9c1 s t air may come 9 ?r\gh ! ap]tures4 ,aga91 ap]tures = inlets & outlets may be made directly 9 ! walls ( ! rooms4 ,^! op5+s are fill$ 9 ) por\s bricks or ) specially made bricks 7l ,ellison's conical bricks71 or boxes provid$ ) sev]al op5+s4 ,a v useful app>atus ( ?is k9d is ! s-call$ ,%]+ham valve1 :i* consi/s ( an iron box fitt$ into ! wall1 ! front ( ! box fac+ ! room hav+ an iron valve h+$ along its l[] edge1 & s con/ruct$ t x c be op5$ or be clos$ at w to let a curr5t ( air pass upw>d4 ,ano!r v good app>atus ( ?is k9d is ! ,tob9 v5tilator1 consi/+ ( horizontal tubes let ?r\gh ! walls1 ! out] ends op5 to ! air1 b ! inn] ends project+ into ! room1 :]e !y are jo9$ by v]tical tubes c>ri$ up five feet or m f ! floor1 ?us all[+ ! outside air to ent] upw>dly into ! room4 ,?is plan is also adapt$ = filt]+ & clean+ ! incom+ air by plac+ clo? or o!r mat]ial across ! lum5 ( ! horizontal tubes to int]cept du/1 etc4 ,mc,kinnell's v5tilator is also a useful me?od ( v5tilation1 especially ( und]gr\nd rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,h9kes ,,bird ,,w9d[4 7,,taylor47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,ellison',s ,,air ,,inlets4 7,,knight47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,%]+ham ,,valve4 7,,taylor47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,tob9 ,,v5tilator4 7,,knight47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,mc,k,i,n,n,e,l,l',s ,,v5tilator4 7,,taylor47 ,to assi/ ! action ( w9ds ov] ! tops ( %afts & *imneys1 v>i\s c[ls h be5 devis$4 ,^! c[ls are arrang$ s z to help aspirate ! air f ! tubes & *imneys1 & prev5t a d[n draught4 ,! same inlets & outlets :i* are made to utilize w9ds may also be us$ = ! v5tilation effect$ by ! motion ( air due to diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravity ( outside & inside air4 ,any artificial w>m+ ( ! air 9 ! room1 :e!r by illum9ants or by ! v>i\s me?ods ( heat+ rooms1 w aid 9 v5tilat+ x1 ! *imneys act+ z p[]ful means ( removal = ! w>m] air4 ,v>i\s me?ods h also be5 propos$ = utiliz+ ! *imney1 ev5 :5 no /oves1 etc41 are connect$ ) x1 by plac+ a gaslight )9 ! *imney to cause an up draught & consequ5t aspiration ( ! air ( ! room ?r\gh x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,v5tilat+ ,,?r\gh ,,*imney4 7,,knight47 ,! "q ( ! numb]1 relative size1 & position ( ! inlets & outlets is a v important "o1 b we c "h give only an epitome ( ! requirem5ts4 ,! inlet & outlet op5+s %\ld be ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es squ>e p] head4 ,inlet op5+s %\ld be %ort1 easily clean$1 suffici5t 9 numb] to insure a prop] di/ribution ( air2 %\ld be protect$ f heat1 provid$ ) valves s z to regulate ! infl[ ( air1 &1 if possible1 %\ld be plac$ s z to all[ ! air pass+ ?r\gh !m to be w>m$ be=e ent]+ ! room4#ad ,outlet op5+s %\ld be plac$ ne> ! ceil+1 %\ld be /raight & smoo?1 &1 if possible1 %\ld be heat$ s z to make ! air !re9 w>m]1 ?us prev5t+ a d[n draught1 z is frequ5tly ! case :5 ! outlets become inlets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,c[l ,,v5tilator4 7,,knight47 ,artificial ,v5tilation4--,artificial v5tilation is accompli%$ ei!r by aspirat+ ! air f ! build+1 kn[n z ! vacuum or extraction me?od1 or by =c+ into ! build+ air f )\t2 ?is is kn[n z ! pl5um or propulsion me?od4 ,! extraction ( ! air 9 a build+ is done by means ( heat1 by w>m+ ! air 9 *imneys or special tubes1 or by me*anical means ) screws or fans run by /eam or electricity2 ^! screws or fans revolve & aspirate ! air ( ! rooms1 & ?us cause pure air to ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,an ,,air ,,propell]4 ,! propell+ me?od ( v5tilation is c>ri$ out by me*anical means only1 air be+ =c$ 9 f ! outside by fans1 screws1 bell[s1 etc4 ,artificial v5tilation is applicable only :]e a l>ge volume ( air is ne$$1 & = l>ge spaces1 su* z !at]s1 *ur*es1 lecture rooms1 etc4 ,= ! ord9>y build+ ! exp5se = me*anical contrivances is too high4 ,on ! :ole1 v5tilation )\t complex & cumb]some me*anisms is to be pref]r$4#ae ,,footnotes3 #ac ,9 c]ebro-sp9al m5+itis1 tub]culosis1 & pneumonia1 fre% air is curative4 ,any p]son1 sick or well1 _c h too mu* fre% air4 ,! w9d[s ( sleep+ rooms %\ld always be kept op5 at night4--,,editor4 #ad ,^! outlets may be plac$ close to a *imney or heat+ pipes4 ,w>m air rises & ?us w be =c$ out1 all[+ cool fre% air to ent] at ! inlets4--,,editor4 #ae ,! ord9>y dwell+ h\se ne$s no artificial me?ods ( v5tilation4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( w9d[s w supply all necess>y regulation 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! temp]ature ( liv+ rooms %\ld be kept1 9 g5]al1 at #gj deg4 ,f4 ,almo/ all rooms = ! sick are un=tunately ov]heat$4 ,cool1 fre% air is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t means ( cur+ disease4 ,ov]heat$ rooms are a m5ace to heal?4--,,editor4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,w>m+ ,v5tilation & ,heat+4--,! subject ( ! heat+ ( our rooms & h\ses is v closely alli$ to t ( v5tilation1 n only because bo? are a special necessity at ! same "t ( ! ye>1 b also because we _c heat a room )\t at ! same "t hav+ to v5tilate x by provid+ an egress = ! products ( combu/ion & introduc+ fre% air to replace ! vitiat$4 ,ne$ ( ,heat+4--,9 a l>ge "p ( ! c\ntry1 & dur+ ! great] p]iod ( ! ye>1 "s mode ( artificial heat+ ( rooms is absolutely necess>y = our com=t & heal?4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body is #ih deg4 to #ii deg4 ,f41 & !re is a con/ant radiation ( heat due to ! cool+ ( ! body surface4 ,if ! ext]nal temp]ature is v mu* bel[ t ( ! body1 & if ! l[ temp]ature is prolong$1 ! radiation ( heat f ! body is too rapid1 & colds1 pneumonia1 etc41 result4 ,! temp]ature ess5tial = ! individual v>ies accord+ to age1 con/itution1 heal?1 environm5t1 occupation1 etc4 ,a *ild1 a sick p]son1 or "o at re/ requires a relatively high] temp]ature ?an a heal?y adult at "w4 ,! mean temp]ature ( a room mo/ conducive to ! heal? ( ! av]age p]son is f #fe deg4 to #ge deg4 ,f4 ,! ,?ree ,me?ods ( ,heat+4--,! heat+ ( a room c be accompli%$ ei!r directly by ! rays ( ! sun or processes ( combu/ion4 ,we ?us receive radiant heat1 exemplifi$ by t ( op5 fires & grates4 ,or1 ! heat+ ( places c be accompli%$ by ! heat ( combu/ion be+ conduct$ ?r\gh c]ta9 mat]ials1 l brick walls1 tile1 /one1 & also iron2 ?is is conductive heat1 z af=d$ by /oves1 etc4 ,or1 ! heat is convey$ by means ( air1 wat]1 or /eam f "o place to ano!r1 z 9 ! hot-wat]1 hot-air1 & /eam sy/ems ( heat+2 ?is we call convect$ heat4 ,!re is no /rict l9e ( dem>cation diff]5tiat+ ! ?ree me?ods ( heat+1 z x is possible t a radiant heat may at ! same "t be conductive z well z convective--z is ! case 9 ! ,galton fireplace1 etc4 ,mat]ials ( ,combu/ion4--,! mat]ials ( combu/ion are air1 wood1 coal1 oil1 & gas4 ,air is indisp5sable1 =1 )\t oxyg51 !re c be no combu/ion4 ,wood is us$ 9 _m places1 b is too bulky & exp5sive4 ,oil is r>ely us$ z a mat]ial ( combu/ion1 its pr9cipal use be+ = illum9ation4 ,coal is ! be/ & *eape/ mat]ial = combu/ion4 ,! *ief objection aga9/ its use is ! production ( smoke1 soot1 & ( v>i\s gases1 z ,,co1 ,,co#b1 etc4 ,gas is a v good1 9 fact1 ! be/ mat]ial = heat+1 especially if1 :5 us$1 x is connect$ ) *imneys2 o!rwise1 x is objectionable1 z x burns up too mu* air1 vitiates ! atmosph]e1 & ! products ( combu/ion are delet]i\s2 x is also q exp5sive4 ,! ideal means ( heat+ is electricity4 ,*imneys4--,all mat]ials us$ = combu/ion yield products m or less injuri\s to heal?4 ,e sy/em ( artificially heat+ h\ses mu/ !re=e h n only means ( introduc+ fre% air to aid 9 ! burn+ up ( ! mat]ials1 b also an outlet = ! vitiat$1 w>m$ air1 p>tly *>g$ ) ! products ( combu/ion4 ,^! outlets are provid$ by *imneys4 ,*imneys are holl[ tubes or %afts built ( brick & l9$ ) e>!n pipes or o!r mat]ial inside4 ,^! tubes beg9 at ! l[e/ fireplace or connection1 & are c>ri$ up sev]al feet above ! ro(4 ,! ?ickness ( a *imney is f f\r to n9e in*es2 ! %ape squ>e1 rectangul>1 or1 pref]ably1 circul>4 ,! diamet] ( ! *imney dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! h\se1 ! numb] ( fire connections1 etc4 ,x %\ld be nei!r too small nor too l>ge4 ,squ>e *imneys %\ld be twelve to sixte5 in*es squ>e2 circul> ones f six to eight in*es 9 diamet] = ea* fire connection4 ,! *imney consi/s ( a %aft1 or v]tical tube1 & c[ls plac$ ov] *imneys on ! ro( to prev5t d[n draughts & ! fall+ 9 ( =eign bodies4 ,t "p ( ! *imney op5+ into ! fireplace is call$ ! ?roat4 ,smoky ,*imneys4--,a v frequ5t cause ( compla9t 9 a great _m h\ses is ! s-call$ smoky *imney2 ?is is ! case :5 smoke & coal gas escape f ! *imney & ent] ! liv+ rooms4 ,! pr9cipal causes ( ?is nuisance are3 7#a7 ,a too wide or too n>r[ diamet] ( ! %afts4 ,a %aft :i* is too n>r[ does n let all ! smoke escape2 "o :i* is too wide lets ! smoke g up only 9 a "p ( its diamet]1 & :5 ! smoke meets a c\nt]curr5t ( cold air x is liable to be =c$ back into ! rooms4 7#b7 ,! ?roat ( ! *imney may be too wide1 & w hold cold air1 prev5t+ ! w>m+ ( ! air 9 ! *imneys & ! consequ5t up draught4 7#c7 ,! c[ls may be too l[ or too tight1 prev5t+ ! escape ( ! smoke4 7#d7 ,! brickwork ( ! *imney may be loose1 badly con/ruct$1 or brok5 into by nails1 etc41 ?us all[+ smoke to escape !refrom4 7#e7 ,! supply ( air may be defici5t1 z :5 all doors & w9d[s are tightly clos$4 7#f7 ,! *imney may be ob/ruct$ by soot or "s =eign mat]ial4 7#g7 ,! w9d above ! h\se may be s /rong t its pressure w cause ! smoke f ! *imney to be =c$ back4 7#h7 ,if two *imneys rise toge!r f ! same h\se1 & "o is %ort] ?an ! o!r1 ! draught ( ! long] *imney may cause an inv]sion ( ! curr5t ( air 9 ! l[] *imney4 7#i7 ,wet fuel :5 us$ w cause smoke by its incomplete combu/ion4 7#aj7 ,a *imney )\t a fire may suck d[n ! smoke f a neighbor+ *imney2 or1 if two fireplaces 9 diff]5t rooms are connect$ ) ! same *imney1 ! smoke f "o room may be drawn into ! o!r4 ,me?ods ( ,heat+4 ,op5 ,fireplaces & ,grates4--,op5 fireplaces & fires 9 grates connect$ ) *imneys1 & us+ coal1 wood1 or gas1 are v com=table2 nev]!less !re are weighty objections to !m4 ,fir/ly1 b a v small "p ( ! heat ( ! mat]ial burn+ is utiliz$1 only ab\t twelve p] c5t be+ radiat$ into ! room1 ! re/ go+ up ! *imney4 ,secondly1 ! heat ( grates & fireplaces is only local1 be+ ne> ! fires & w>m+ only t "p ( ! p]son expos$ to x1 leav+ ! o!r p>ts ( ! room & p]son cold4 ,?irdly1 ! burn+ ( op5 fires necessitates a great supply ( air1 & causes p[]ful draughts4 ,! op5 fireplace c1 h[ev]1 be greatly improv$ by surr\nd+ its back & sides by an air space1 9 :i* air c be w>m$ & convey$ into ! upp] "p ( ! room2 & if a special air inlet is provid$ = supply+ ! fire ) fre% air to be w>m$1 we get a v valuable means ( heat+4 ,^! pr9ciples are embodi$ 9 ! ,frankl9 & ,galton grates4 ,a great _m o!r grates h be5 sugge/$1 & put on ! m>ket1 b ! pr9cipal objection to !m is _! complexity & exp5se1 mak+ _! use a luxury n atta9able by ! masses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,a ,,galton ,,grate4 7,,tracy47 ,/oves4--,/oves are clos$ receptacles 9 :i* fuel is burn$1 & ! heat produc$ is radiat$ t[>d ! p]sons1 etc41 ne> !m1 & also conduct$1 ?r\gh ! iron or o!r mat]ials ( :i* ! /oves are made1 to surr\nd+ objects4 ,9 /oves sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! fuel burn$ is utiliz$4 ,!y are made ( brick1 tile1 & ca/ or wr\ght iron4 ,brick /oves1 & /oves made ( tile1 are ext5sively us$ 9 "s ,european c\ntries1 z ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 etc42 !y are made ( sl[-conduct+ mat]ial1 & give a v equable1 effici5t1 & *eap heat1 al?\gh _! v5tilat+ p[] is v small4 ,iron is us$ v ext5sively because x is a v good conductor ( heat1 & c be made into v conv5i5t =ms4 ,iron /oves1 h[ev]1 (t5 become sup]heat$1 dry up1 & sometimes burn ! air ar\nd !m1 & produce c]ta9 delet]i\s gases dur+ combu/ion4 ,:5 ! fire is conf9$ 9 a clay fire box1 & ! /ove is n ov]heat$1 a good supply ( fre% air be+ provid$ & a vessel ( wat] plac$ on ! /ove to r$uce ! dryness ( ! air1 iron /oves are q effici5t4 ,hot-air ,w>m+4--,9 small h\ses ! w>m+ ( ! v>i\s rooms & halls c be accompli%$ by plac+ ! /ove or furnace 9 ! cell>1 heat+ a l>ge quantity ( air & convey+ x ?r\gh prop] tubes to ! rooms & places to be w>m$4 ,! po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 a prop] & effici5t hot-air heat+ sy/em are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! furnace mu/ be ( a prop] size 9 proportion to ! area ( space to be w>m$4 7#b7 ,! jo9ts & p>ts ( ! furnace mu/ be gas-tight4 7#c7 ,! furnace %\ld be plac$ on ! cold side ( ! h\se1 & provision made to prev5t cell> air f be+ drawn up into ! cold-air box ( ! furnace4 7#d7 ,! air = ! supply ( ! furnace mu/ be gott5 f outside1 & ! s\rce mu/ be pure1 above ! gr\nd level1 & free f contam9ation ( any k9d4#af 7#e7 ,! cold-air box & ducts mu/ be clean1 protect$ aga9/ ! entrance ( v]m91 etc41 & easily clean$4 7#f7 ,! air %\ld n be ov]heat$4 7#g7 ,! hot-air flues or tubes mu/ be %ort1 direct1 circul>1 & cov]$ ) asbe/os or "s o!r non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,a ,,hot-,,air ,,furnace4 ,! cold air f outside comes to ! ,,cold-,,air ,,intake ?r\gh ! cold-air duct1 ent]s ! furnace f b5ea?1 & is heat$ by pass+ ar\nd ! ,,fire ,,pot & ! annul> combu/ion *amb] above4 ,x !n goes ?r\gh pipes to ! v>i\s regi/]s ?r\gh\t ! h\se4 ,! coal is burnt 9 ! fire pot1 ! gases are consum$ 9 ! combu/ion *amb] above1 :ile ! heat ev5tually passes into ! ,,smoke ,,flue4 ,! ,,wat] ,,pan supplies moi/ure to ! air4 ,hot-wat] ,sy/em4--,! pr9ciples ( hot-wat] heat+ are v simple4 ,giv5 a circuit ( pipes fill$ ) wat]1 on heat+ ! l[] "p ( ! circuit ! wat]1 becom+ w>m]1 w rise1 circulate1 & heat ! pipes 9 :i* x is conta9$1 ?us w>m+ ! air 9 contact ) ! pipes4 ,! l[] "p ( ! circuit ( pipe beg9s 9 ! furnace or heat]1 & ! o!r p>ts ( ! circuit are conduct$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s rooms & halls ?r\gh\t ! h\se to ! upp]mo/ /ory4 ,! pipes ne$ n be /raight all ?r\gh2 h5ce1 to secure a l>g] area = heat+1 !y are convolut$ )9 ! furnace1 & also 9 ! rooms1 :]e ! convolut$ pipes are call$ radiators4 ,! wat] may be w>m$ by ! l[- or high-pressure sy/em2 9 ! latt]1 pipes ( small diamet] may be employ$2 :ile 9 ! =m]1 pipes ( a l>ge diamet] w be requir$4 ,! "*1 etc41 ( ! boil]s1 furnace1 pipes1 etc41 _c be gone into "h4 ,/eam-heat+ ,sy/em4--,! pr9ciple ( /eam heat+ does n diff] f t ( ! hot-wat] sy/em4 ,"h ! pressure is great] & /eam is employ$ in/ead ( wat]4 ,! /eam gives a great] degree ( heat1 b ! pipes mu/ be /rong] & able to )/& ! pressure4 ,!re are also comb9ations ( /eam & hot-wat] heat+4 ,= l>ge h\ses ei!r /eam or hot-wat] heat+ is ! be/ means ( w>m+1 &1 if prop]ly con/ruct$ & c>$ =1 q heal?y4#ag ,,footnotes3 #af ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! air box is n plac$ 9 contam9at$ soil or :]e x may become fill$ ) /agnant or pollut$ wat]4--,,editor4 #ag ,see ,*apt] ,,xi = practical notes on co/ ( in/allation ( ^! ?ree convey$ sy/ems--hot-air1 hot-wat]1 & /eam4--,,editor4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,disposal ( ,sewage ,wa/e ,products4--,!re is a l>ge am\nt ( wa/e products 9 human & social economy4 ,! products ( combu/ion1 su* z a%es1 c9d]s1 etc42 ! products ( /reet sweep+s & wa/e f h\ses1 z du/1 rubbi%1 pap]1 etc42 ! wa/e f v>i\s trades2 ! wa/e f kit*5s1 e4 g41 scraps ( food1 etc42 ! wa/e wat] f ! cleans+ processes ( individuals1 dome/ic animals1 clo?+1 etc42 &1 f9ally1 ! excreta--ur9e & faeces--( man & animals2 all ^! are wa/e products t _c be left undispos$ (1 m especially 9 cities1 & :]ev] a l>ge numb] ( p congregate4 ,all wa/e products are classifi$ into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps3 7#a7 refuse1 7#b7 g>bage1 & 7#c7 sewage4 ,! am\nt ( refuse & g>bage 9 cities is q consid]able2 9 ,manhattan1 alone1 ! dry refuse am\nts to #a1jjj1jjj tons a ye>1 & t ( g>bage to #age1jjj tons p] ye>4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! dry refuse & g>bage is valuable f a comm]cial /&po9t1 & c\ld be utiliz$1 ) prop] facilities = collection & sep>ation4 ,! disposal ( refuse & g>bage has n z yet be5 satisfactorily dealt )4 ,! modes ( wa/e disposal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are3 7#a7 dump+ into ! sea2 7#b7 fill+ 9 made l&1 or pl[+ into l&s2 7#c7 cremation & 7#d7 r$uction by v>i\s processes1 & ! products utiliz$4 ,sewage4--,by sewage we mean ! wa/e & effete human matt] & excreta--! ur9e & faeces ( human be+s & ! ur9e ( dome/ic animals 7! faeces ( horses1 etc41 has great comm]cial value1 & is usually collect$ sep>ately & dispos$ ( = f]tiliz+ purposes74 ,! am\nt ( excreta p] p]son has be5 e/imat$ 7,frankl&7 z #c ounces ( solid & #dj ounces ( fluid p] day1 or ab\t #cj tons ( solid & #ajj1jjj gallons ( fluid = ea* #a1jjj p]sons p] ye>4 ,9 sp>sely populat$ di/ricts ! removal & ultimate disposal ( sewage pres5ts no difficulties2 x is return$ to ! soil1 :i*1 z we "k1 is capable ( purify+1 dis9tegrat+1 & assimilat+ q a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt]4 ,b :5 ! numb] ( inhabitants to ! squ>e mile increases1 & ! population becomes z d5se z x is 9 "s t[ns & cities1 ! disposal ( ! human wa/e products becomes a "q ( va/ importance1 & ! prop]1 z well z ! imm$iate & f9al1 disposal ( sewage becomes a s]i\s sanit>y problem4 ,x is evid5t t sewage mu/ be remov$ 9 a ?or\gh mann]1 o!rwise x w\ld endang] ! lives & heal? ( ! p4 ,! dang]s ( sewage to heal? are3 7#a7 ,f its (f5sive odors1 :i*1 :ile n always directly dang]\s to heal?1 (t5 produce heada*es1 nausea1 etc4 7#b7 ,! organic matt] conta9$ 9 sewage decomposes & elim9ates gases & o!r products ( decomposition4 7#c7 ,sewage may conta9 a l>ge numb] ( pa?og5ic bact]ia 7typhoid1 dys5t]y1 *ol]a1 etc474 7#d7 ,contam9ation ( ! soil1 gr\nd wat]1 & air by p]colation ( sewage4 ,! problem ( sewage disposal is tw(old3 7#a7 imm$iate1 viz41 ! ne$ ( n all[+ sewage to rema9 too long on ! premises1 & its imm$iate removal beyond ! limits ( ! city2 & 7#b7 ! f9al disposition ( ! sewage1 aft] its removal f ! cities1 etc4 ,modes ( ,ultimate ,disposal ( ,sewage4--,! *ief con/itu5ts ( sewage are organic matt]1 m9]al salts1 nitrog5\s sub/ances1 pota%1 & phosphoric acid4 ,fre%-mix$ excrem5titi\s matt] has an acid reaction1 b )9 twelve to tw5ty h\rs x becomes alkal9e1 because ( ! free ammonia =m$ 9 x4 ,sewage rapidly decomposes1 evolv+ organic & fetid matt]s1 ammonium sulphide1 sulphuret$ & c>buret$ hydrog51 etc41 besides teem+ ) animal & bact]ial life4 ,a great _m ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 sewage are valuable z f]tiliz]s ( soil4 ,! sy/ems ( f9al disposal ( sewage are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,dis*>ge into seas1 lakes1 & riv]s4 7#b7 ,cremation4 7#c7 ,physical & *emical precipitation4 7#d7 ,int]mitt5t filtration4 7#e7 ,l& irrigation4 7#f7 ,bact]ial me?ods4 ,dis*>ge into ,wat]s4--,! easie/ way to dispose ( sewage is to let x fl[ into ! sea or o!r runn+ wat] c\rse4 ,! objections to sewage dis*>g+ into ! riv]s & lakes ne> cities1 & especially su* lakes & riv]s z supply wat] to ! municipalities1 are obvi\s4 ,b z wat] c purify a great am\nt ( sewage1 ?is me?od is /ill 9 vogue 9 c]ta9 places1 al?\gh x is to be hop$ t x w 9 ! ne> future be sup]s$$ by m prop] me?ods4 ,! objection aga9/ dis*>g+ into seas is ! op]ation ( ! tides1 :i* cause a backfl[ & ov]fl[ ( sewage f ! pipes4 ,?is backfl[ is rem$i$ by ! foll[+ me?ods3 7#a7 provid+ tidal flap valves1 p]mitt+ ! outfl[ ( sewage1 b prev5t+ ! infl[ ( sea wat]2 7#b7 dis*>g+ ! sewage int]mitt5tly1 only dur+ l[ tide2 & 7#c7 provid+ a con/ant outfl[ by means ( /eam-p[] pressure4 ,cremation4--,ano!r me?od ( gett+ rid ( ! sewage )\t attempt+ to utilize x is by cremation4 ,! liquid portion ( ! sewage is all[$ to dra9 & dis*>ge into wat] c\rses1 & ! m or less solid residues are collect$ & cremat$ 9 suitable crematories4 ,precipitation4--,?is me?od consi/s 9 sep>at+ ! solid matt]s f ! sewage by precipitation by physical or *emical processes1 ! liquid be+ all[$ to dra9 into riv]s & o!r wat]s1 & ! precipitat$ solids utiliz$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,! precipitation is done ei!r by /ra9+ ! sewage1 collect+ x into tanks1 & lett+ x subside1 :5 ! liquid is drawn (f & ! solids rema9 at ! bottom ( ! tanks1 a r unsatisfactory me?od2 or1 by *emical processes1 precipitat+ ! sewage by *emical means1 & utiliz+ ! products ( su* precipitation4 ,! *emical ag5ts by :i* precipitation is accompli%$ are _m & v>i\s2 among !m are lime1 alum1 iron p]*loride1 phosphates1 etc4 ,int]mitt5t ,filtration4--,sewage may be purifi$ me*anically & *emically by me?od ( int]mitt5t filtration by pass+ x ?r\gh filt] b$s ( gravel1 s&1 coke1 c9d]s1 or any su* mat]ials4 ,int]mitt5t filtration has pass$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age & has be5 adopt$ already by a numb] ( cities :]e su* a me?od ( sewage disposal seems to answ] all purposes4 ,l& ,irrigation4--,9 ?is me?od ! organic & o!r useful portions ( sewage are utiliz$ = irrigat+ l&1 to improve g>d5 & o!r vegetable gr[?s by fe$+ ! plants ) ! organic products ( animal excretion4 ,flat l&1 ) a g5tle slope1 is be/ suit$ = irrigation4 ,! quantity ( sewage dispos$ ( w dep5d on ! "* ( ! soil1 its porosity1 ! "t ( ! ye>1 temp]ature1 int]mitt5cy ( irrigation1 etc4 ,z a rule1 "o acre ( l& is suffici5t to dispose ( ! sewage ( #ajj to #aej p4 ,bact]ial ,me?ods4--,! o!r biological me?ods1 or ! s-call$ bact]ial sewage treatm5t1 are b modifications ( ! filtration & irrigation me?ods ( sewage disposal4 ,prop]ly speak+ ! bact]ial purification ( sewage is ! sci5tific application ( ! k ga9$ by ! /udy ( bact]ial life & its action ^u sewage4 ,9 int]mitt5t filtration ! sewage is pass$ ?r\gh filt] b$s ( s&s1 etc41 ^u :i* filt] b$s ! :ole burd5 ( ! purification ( ! sewage re/s4 ,9 ! bact]ial me?ods ! "w ( purification is divid$ betwe5 ! septic tanks :]e ! sewage is fir/ let into & :]e x und]goes ! action ( ! ana]obic bact]ia1 & f ^! septic tanks ! sewage is run to ! contact b$s ( coke & c9d]s to fur!r und]go ! action ( ! a]obic bact]ia1 aft] ! action ( :i* ! nitrifi$ sewage is 9 a prop] =m to be utiliz$ = f]tilization ( l&1 etc4 ,! septic tanks are b a modification ( ! common cesspool1 & are con/ruct$ ( masonry1 brick1 & concrete4 ,!re are a numb] ( special applications ( ! bact]ial me?ods ( sewage treatm5t1 into :i* we _c g "h4 ,sewage ,disposal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,accord+ to its location1 position1 etc41 ea* city 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has its own me?od ( f9al disposition ( sewage4 ,ei!r "o or ! o!r1 or a comb9ation ( two ( ! above me?ods1 is us$4 ,! foll[+ cities dis*>ge _! sewage into ! sea3 ,portl&1 ,salem1 ,lynn1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,bo/on1 ,provid5ce1 ,new ,york1 ,baltimore1 ,*>le/on1 & ,savannah4 ,! foll[+ cities dis*>ge _! sewage into riv]s & lakes3 ,philadelphia1 ,c9c9nati1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,albany1 ,m9neapolis1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,wa%+ton1 ,buffalo1 ,detroit1 ,ri*mond1 ,*icago1 ,milwaukee1 & ,clevel&4 ,worce/] uses *emical precipitation4 ,9 ,atlanta a "p ( ! soil is cremat$1 b ! re/ is deposit$ 9 pits #h x #aj feet1 & #e feet deep4 ,x is !n ?or\ghly mix$ ) dry a%es f ! crematory1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) ei!r gra9 or grass4 ,9 ,salt ,lake ,city & 9 ,woonsocket x is dispos$ ( 9 ! same way4 ,9 ,indianapolis x is compo/$ ) m>l & sawdu/1 & aft] "s mon?s us$ z a f]tiliz]4 ,a portion ( ! sewage is cremat$ 9 ,atlanta1 ,camd51 ,dayton1 ,evansville1 ,f9dlay1 ,ohio2 ,jacksonville1 ,mc,keesport1 ,pa42 ,muncie1 & ,new ,brighton4 ,9 ,atlanta1 9 #ahih1 !re 7 cremat$ #b1cfb loads ( sewage4 ,9 ,dayton1 dur+ #cj days1 !re 7 cremat$ #a1ijj b>rels ( #cjj p\nds ea*4 7,*ap91 ,mun4 ,san4 9 ,u4 ,s47 ,! ,imm$iate ,disposal ( ,sewage4--,! f9al disposition ( sewage is only "o "p ( ! problem ( sewage disposal2 ! o!r "p is h[ to remove x f ! h\se into ! /reet1 & f ! /reet into ! places f :i* x is f9ally dispos$4 ,! imm$iate disposal ( sewage is accompli%$ by two me?ods--! s-call$ dry1 & ! wat]-c>riage me?ods4 ,by ! dry me?od we mean ! removal ( sewage )\t ! aid ( wat]1 simply collect+ ! dry & liquid portions ( excreta1 /or+ x = "s "t1 & !n remov+ x = f9al disposal4 ,by ! wat]-c>riage me?od is und]/ood ! sy/em by :i* sewage1 solid & liquid1 is flu%$ out by means ( wat]1 ?r\gh pipes or conduits call$ sew]s1 f ! h\ses ?r\gh ! /reets to ! f9al de/9ation4 ,! ,dry ,me?ods4--,! dry or cons]vacy me?od ( sewage disposal is a primitive me?od us$ by all anci5t peoples1 9 ,*9a at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 all villages & sp>sely populat$ di/ricts2 x has = its basic pr9ciple ! return to "m e>? ( all excreta1 to be us$ & work$ ov] 9 its natural laboratory4 ,! excreta are simply left 9 ! gr\nd to und]go 9 ! soil ! v>i\s organic *anges1 ! diff]5ce 9 me?ods be+ only z reg>ds ! vessels ( collection & /orage4 ,! me?ods are3 7#a7 ,cesspool & privy vault4 7#b7 ,pail sy/em4 7#c7 ,pneumatic sy/em4 ,! ,privy ,vault is ! g5]al mode ( sewage disposal 9 villages1 "s t[ns1 & ev5 9 "s l>ge cities1 :]ev] sew]s are n provid$4 ,9 its primitive & un=tunately common =m1 ! privy vault is no?+ b a hole dug 9 ! gr\nd ne> or at "s di/ance f ! h\se2 ! hole is b a few feet deep1 ) a plank or r\gh seat ov] x1 & an improvis$ %$ ov] all4 ,! privy is fill$ ) ! excreta2 ! liquids dra9 into ! adjac5t gr\nd1 :i* becomes saturat$1 & contam9ates ! ne>e/ wells & wat] c\rses4 ,! solid portion is left to accumulate until ! hole is fill$ or ! /5* becomes unbe>able1 :5 ! hole is ei!r cov]$ up & =gott51 or ! excreta are remov$ & ! hole us$ ov] aga94 ,?is is ! common privy z we s (t5 f9d x ne> ! cottages & mansions ( our rural populace1 & ev5 9 t[ns4 ,a bett] & improv$ =m ( privy is t built 9 ! gr\nd1 & made wat]-tight by be+ con/ruct$ ( bricks set 9 cem5t1 ! privy be+ plac$ at a di/ance f ! h\se1 ! %$ ov] x v5tilat$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! privy remov$ regul>ly & at /at$ int]vals1 be=e !y become a nuisance4 ,at its be/1 h[ev]1 ! privy vault is an abom9ation1 z x c sc>cely be s well con/ruct$ z n to contam9ate ! surr\nd+ soil1 or s (t5 clean$ z to prev5t decomposition & ! escape ( poison\s gases4 ,! ,pail ,sy/em is an economic1 simple1 &1 on ! :ole1 v effici5t me?od ( remov+ fre% excreta4 ,! excreta are pass$ directly into /one or metal wat]- & gas-tight pails1 :i*1 aft] fill+1 are h]metically cov]$ & remov$ to ! places = f9al disposal4 ,?is sy/em is 9 use 9 ,ro*$ale1 ,man*e/]1 ,glasg[1 & o!r places 9 ,engl&4 ,! pails may also be fill$ ) dri$ e>?1 a%es1 etc41 :i* are mix$ ) ! excreta & conv]t x into a sub/ance fit = f]tilization4 ,! ,pneumatic ,sy/em is a r complicat$ me*anical me?od inv5t$ by ,capta9 ,lieurneur1 & is us$ ext5sively 9 "s places4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! excreta are pass$ to c]ta9 pipes & receptacles1 & f !re aspirat$ by means ( air exhau/s4 ,! ,wat]-c>riage ,sy/em4--,we n[ come to ! mod]n mode ( us+ wat] to c>ry & flu% all sewage mat]ial4 ,?is me?od is be+ adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,= x is claim$ a r$uction ( ! mortality rate issues :]ev] x is introduc$4 ,! wat]-c>riage sy/em presupposes ! con/ruction & exi/5ce ( pipes f ! h\se to & ?r\gh ! /reet to ! place ( f9al disposition4 ,! pipes runn+ f ! h\se to ! /reets are call$ h\se sew]s2 & :5 9 ! /reets1 are call$ /reet sew]s4 ,! ,sep>ate & ,comb9$ ,sy/ems4--,:5ev] ! wat]-c>riage sy/em is us$1 x is ei!r int5d$ to c>ry only sewage prop]1 viz41 solid & liquid excreta flu%$ by wat]1 or fa9 wat] & o!r wa/e wat] f ! h\sehold 9 addition4 ,! wat]-c>riage sy/em is accord+ly divid$ into two sy/ems3 ! comb9$1 by :i* all sewage & all wa/e & ra9 wat] are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! sew]s1 & ! sep>ate sy/em1 9 :i* two gr\ps ( pipes are us$--! sew]s prop] to c>ry sewage only1 & ! o!r pipes to dispose ( ra9 wat] & o!r uncontam9at$ wa/e wat]4 ,ea* sy/em has its advocates1 its advantages & disadvantages4 ,! advantages claim$ = ! sep>ate sy/em are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,sew]s may be ( small diamet]1 n m ?an six in*es4 7#b7 ,con/ant1 effici5t fl[ & flu%+ ( sewage4 7#c7 ,! sewage ga9$ is ri*] 9 f]tiliz+ matt]4 7#d7 ,! sew]s nev] ov]fl[1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ! comb9$ sy/em4 7#e7 ,! sew]s be+ small1 no decomposition takes place !re94 7#f7 ,sew]s ( small diamet] ne$ no special means ( v5tilation1 or ma9 traps on h\se dra9s1 & c be v5tilat$ ?r\gh ! h\se pipes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! disadvantages ( ! sep>ate sy/em are3 7#a7 ,! ne$ ( two sy/ems ( sew]s1 = sewage & = ra9 wat]1 & ! exp5se atta*$ !reto4 7#b7 ,! sew]s us$ = sewage prop] require "s sy/em = p]iodically flu%+ !m1 :i*1 9 ! comb9$ sy/em1 is done by ! occasional ra9s4 7#c7 ,small sew]s _c be z well clean$ or gott5 at z l>g] ones4 ,! sep>ate sy/em has be5 us$ 9 ,memphis & 9 ,ke5e1 ,n4 ,h41 = a numb] ( ye>s ) complete satisfaction4 ,mo/ cities1 h[ev]1 use ! comb9$ sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,v ,sew]s ,def9itions4--,a sew] is a conduit or pipe int5d$ = ! passage ( sewage1 wa/e1 & ra9 wat]4 ,a ,h\se ,sew] is ! bran* sew] ext5d+ f a po9t two feet outside ( ! out] wall ( ! build+ to its connection ) ! /reet sew]1 etc4 ,mat]ials4--,! mat]ials f :i* sew]s are manufactur$ is e>!nw>e vitrifi$ pipes4 ,iron is us$ only = pipes ( small diamet]2 & z mo/ ( ! sew]s are ( great] diamet] ?an six in*es1 !y are made ( o!r mat]ial ?an iron4 ,cem5t & brick sew]s are frequ5tly us$1 &1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 are effici5t1 al?\gh ! inn] surface ( su* pipes is r\gh1 :i* causes adh]5ce ( sewage matt]4 ,! mo/ common mat]ial ( :i* sew]s are manufactur$ is e>!nw>e1 vitrifi$ pipes4 ,vitrifi$ pipes are manufactur$ f "s k9d ( clay1 & are salt-glaz$ inside4 ,good vitrifi$ pipe mu/ be circul> & true 9 section1 ( a uni=m ?ickness1 p]fectly /raight1 & free f cracks or o!r defects2 !y mu/ be h>d1 t\gh1 n por\s1 & h a highly smoo? surface4 ,! ?icknesses ( vitrifi$ pipes are z foll[s3 #d in*es diamet] #a_/b in* ?ick #f #a_/af #h #c_/d #ab #a ,! pipes are made 9 two- & ?ree-foot l5g?s1 ) spigot1 & socket ends4 7,g]h>dt47 ,sew] pipes are laid 9 tr5*es at lea/ ?ree feet deep1 to insure aga9/ ! action ( fro/s4 ,con/ruction4--,! level ( ! tr5*es 9 :i* sew]s are laid %\ld be accurate1 & a h>d b$ mu/ be secur$1 or prep>$1 = ! pipes to lie on4 ,if ! gr\nd is s&y & s(t1 a solid b$ ( concrete %\ld be laid1 & ! places :]e ! jo9ts are %\ld be holl[$ out1 & ! latt] emb$d$ 9 cem5t4 ,jo9ts4--,! jo9ts ( ! v>i\s l5g?s mu/ be gas-tight1 & are made z foll[s3 into ! hub 7! enl>gem5t on "o end ( ! pipe7 ! spigot end ( ! next l5g? is ins]t$1 & 9 ! space left betwe5 ! two a small piece1 or gasket1 ( oakum is ramm$ 92 ! rema9+ space is fill$ 9 ) a mixture ( ! be/ ,portl& cem5t & clean1 %>p s&4 ,! (fice ( ! oakum is to prev5t ! cem5t f gett+ on ! inside ( ! pipe4 ,! jo9t is !n wip$ ar\nd ) additional cem5t4 ,fall4--,9 ord] t !re %\ld be a /eady & c]ta9 fl[ ( ! cont5ts ( ! sew]1 ! size & fall ( ! latt] mu/ be suitable2 t is1 ! pipes mu/ be laid ) a /eady1 gradual incl9ation or fall t[>d ! exit4 ,?is fall mu/ be ev51 )\t sudd5 *anges1 & n too great or too small4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,a ,,brick ,,sew]4 ,! foll[+ has be5 det]m9$ to be ab\t ! "r fall = ! sizes /at$3 #d-;in* pipe #a foot 9 #dj feet #f #a #fj #i #a #ij #ab #a #abj ,fl[4--,! velocity ( ! fl[ 9 sew]s dep5ds on ! volume ( _! cont5ts1 ! size ( ! pipes1 & ! fall4 ,! velocity %\ld n be less ?an #abj feet 9 a m9ute1 or ! sew] w n be self-cleans+4 ,size4--,9 ord] = ! sew] to be self-cleans+1 its size mu/ be proportional to ! "w to be accompli%$1 s t x may be fully & ?or\ghly flu%$ & n p]mit /agnation & consequ5t decomposition ( its cont5ts4 ,if ! sew] be too small1 x w n be adequate = its purpose1 & w ov]fl[1 back up1 etc42 if too l>ge1 ! velocity ( ! fl[ w be too l[1 & /agnation w result4 ,9 ! sep>ate sy/em1 :]e !re is a sep>ate provision = ra9 wat]1 ! size ( ! sew] ought n to exce$ six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! comb9$ sy/em1 h[ev]1 :5 arrangem5ts mu/ be made = ! disposal ( l>ge volumes ( /orm wat]1 ! size ( ! sew] mu/ be l>g]1 ?us mak+ x less self-cleans+4 ,connections4--,! connections ( ! bran* sew]s & ! h\se sew]s ) ! ma9 sew] mu/ be c>efully made1 s t !re %all be no imp$im5t to ! fl[ ( ! cont5ts1 ei!r ( ! bran*es or ( ! ma9 pipe4 ,! connections mu/ be made gas-tight2 n at "r angles or by ,t bran*es1 b by b5ds1 curves1 & ,y bran*es1 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t ( ! ma9 pipe1 & n opposite o!r bran* pipes2 & ! junction ( ! bran* pipes & ! ma9 pipe mu/ n be made at ! cr[n or at ! bottom ( ! sew]1 b j )9 ! wat] l9e4 ,tide ,valves4--,:]e sew]s dis*>ge _! cont5ts into ! sea1 ! tide may ex]t pressure ^u ! cont5ts ( ! sew] & cause back+ up1 block+ up ! sew]1 bur/+ op5 trap cov]s1 & ov]fl[+ into /reets & h\ses4 ,to prev5t ?is1 !re are con/ruct$ at ! m\? ( ! /reet sew]s1 at ! outlets to ! sea1 prop] valves or tide flaps1 s con/ruct$ z to p]mit ! cont5ts ( ! sew]s to fl[ out1 yet prev5t sea wat] f back+ up by imm$iately clos+ ^u ! slighte/ pressure f outside4 ,h\se ,sew]s4--,:]e ! gr\nd is made1 or fill$ 91 ! h\se sew] mu/ be made ( ca/ iron1 ) ! jo9ts prop]ly calk$ ) lead4 ,:]e ! soil consi/s ( a natural b$ ( loam1 s&1 or rock1 ! h\se sew] may be ( h>d1 salt-glaz$1 & cyl9drical e>!nw>e pipe1 laid 9 a smoo? bottom1 free f projections ( rock1 & ) ! soil well ramm$ to prev5t any settl+ ( ! pipe4 ,ea* section mu/ be wett$ be=e apply+ ! cem5t1 & ! space betwe5 ea* hub & ! small end ( ! next section mu/ be completely & uni=mly fill$ ) ! be/ hydraulic cem5t4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t any cem5t be+ =c$ into ! pipe to =m an ob/ruction4 ,no temp]$-up cem5t %\ld be us$4 ,a /raight edge mu/ be us$ inside ! pipe1 & ! diff]5t sections mu/ be laid 9 p]fect l9e on ! bottom & sides4 ,connections ( ! h\se sew] 7:5 ( iron7 ) ! h\se ma9 pipe mu/ be made by lead-calk$ jo9ts2 ! connection ( ! iron h\se pipe ) ! e>!nw>e h\se sew] mu/ be made ) cem5t1 & %\ld be gas-tight4 ,sew] ,air & ,gas4--,sew] gas is n a gas at all4 ,:at is commonly und]/ood by ! t]m is ! air ( sew]s1 ! ord9>y atmosph]ic air1 b *>g$ & contam9at$ ) ! v>i\s products ( organic decomposition tak+ place 9 sew]s4 ,sew] air is a mixture ( gases1 ! pr9cipal gases be+ c>bonic acid2 m>% gas2 comp\nds ( hydrog5 & c>bon2 c>bonate & sulphides ( ammonium2 ammonia2 sulphuret$ hydrog52 c>bonic oxide1 volatile fetid matt]2 organic putrefactive matt]1 & may also conta9 "s bact]ia1 saprophytic or pa?og5ic4 ,any & all ! above con/itu5ts may be conta9$ 9 sew] air 9 l>g] or small] doses1 9 m9ute or toxic doses4 ,x is evid5t t an habitual brea?+ ( air 9 :i* ev5 m9ute doses ( toxic sub/ances & gases are float+ w 9 "t impair ! heal? ( human be+s1 & t l>ge doses ( ^? sub/ances may be directly toxic & dang]\s to heal?4 ,x is c]ta9ly an error to ascribe to sew] air dea?-deal+ prop]ties1 b x w\ld be a m s]i\s mi/ake to und]value ! evil influ5ce ( bad sew] air ^u heal?4 ,v5tilation4--,to gu>d aga9/ ! bad effects ( sew] air1 x is necess>y to dilute1 *ange1 & v5tilate ! air 9 sew]s4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! v>i\s op5+s left 9 ! sew]s1 ! s-call$ lamp & manholes :i* v5tilate by dilut+ ! sew] air ) ! /reet air4 ,9 "s places1 *emical me?ods ( dis9fect+ ! cont5ts ( sew]s h be5 und]tak5 ) a view to kill+ ! disease g]ms & deodoriz+ ! sewage4 ,9 ! sep>ate sy/em ( sewage disposal1 :]e sew] pipes are small & usually self-cleans+1 ! late ,colonel ,w>+ propos$ to v5tilate ! sew]s ?r\gh ! h\se pipes1 omitt+ ! usual disconnection ( ! h\se sew] f ! h\se pipes4 ,b 9 ! comb9$ sy/em su* a proc$ure w\ld be dang]\s1 z ! sew] air w\ld be apt to ent] ! h\se4 ,ra9 /orms are ! usual means by :i* a ?or\gh flu%+ ( ! /reet sew]s is effect$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m devices propos$ = flu%+ sew]s2 e4 g41 by special flu%+ tanks1 :i* ei!r automatically or o!rwise dis*>ge a l>ge volume ( wat]1 !reby flu%+ ! cont5ts ( ! /reet sew]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,plumb+ ,purpose & ,requisites = ,h\se ,plumb+4--,a sy/em ( h\se plumb+ presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a /reet sew]1 & a wat]-supply di/ribution )9 ! h\se4 ,:ile ! =m] is n absolutely ess5tial1 z a h\se may h a sy/em ( plumb+ )\t !re be+ a sew] 9 ! /reet1 /ill 9 ! wat]-c>riage sy/em ( disposal ( sewage ! /reet sew] is ! outlet = ! v>i\s wa/e & excrem5titi\s matt] ( ! h\se4 ,! h\se-wat] di/ribution s]ves = ! purpose ( flu%+ & clean+ ! v>i\s pipes 9 ! h\se plumb+4 ,! purposes ( h\se plumb+ are3 7#a7 to get rid ( all excreta & wa/e wat]2 7#b7 to prev5t any =eign matt] & gases 9 ! sew] f ent]+ ! h\se ?r\gh ! pipes2 & 7#c7 to dilute ! air 9 ! pipes s z to make all delet]i\s gases !re9 innocu\s4 ,to accompli% ^! results1 h\se plumb+ dem&s ! foll[+ requisites3 7#a7 ,receptacles = collect+ ! wa/e & excreta4 ,^! receptacles1 or plumb+ fixtures1 mu/ be adequate = ! purpose1 small1 noncorrosive1 self-cleans+1 well flu%$1 accessible1 & s con/ruct$ z to easily dispose ( _! cont5ts4 7#b7 ,sep>ate ,v]tical ,pipes = sewage prop]1 = wa/e wat]1 & = ra9 wat]2 upright1 direct1 /raight1 noncorrosive1 wat]- & gas-tight1 well flu%$1 & v5tilat$4 7#c7 ,%ort1 direct1 clean1 well-flu%$1 gas-tight bran* pipes to connect receptacles ) v]tical pipes4 7#d7 ,disconnection ( ! h\se sew] f ! h\se pipes by ! ma9 trap on h\se dra91 & disconnection ( h\se f ! h\se pipes by traps on all fixtures4 7#e7 ,v5tilation ( ! :ole sy/em by ! fre%-air inlet1 v5t pipes1 & ! ext5sion ( all v]tical pipes4 ,def9itions4--,! ,h\se ,dra9 is ! horizontal ma9 pipe receiv+ all wa/e wat] & sewage f ! v]tical pipes1 & conduct+ !m outside ( ! f\ndation walls1 :]e x jo9s ! h\se sew]4 ,! ,soil ,pipe is ! v]tical pipe or pipes receiv+ sewage matt] f ! wat]-closets 9 ! h\se4 ,! ,ma9 ,wa/e ,pipe is ! pipe receiv+ wa/e wat] f any fixtures except ! wat]-closets4 ,bran* ,soil & ,wa/e ,pipes are ! %ort pipes betwe5 ! fixtures 9 ! h\se & ! ma9 soil & wa/e pipes4 ,traps are b5ds 9 pipes1 s con/ruct$ z to hold a c]ta9 volume ( wat]1 call$ ! wat] seal2 ?is wat] seal s]ves z a b>ri] to prev5t air & gases f ! sew] f ent]+ ! h\se4 ,v5t ,pipes are ! special pipes to :i* ! traps or fixtures are connect$ by %ort-bran* v5t pipes1 & s]ve to v5tilate ! air 9 ! pipes1 & prev5t siphonage4 ,! ,ra9 ,lead] is ! pipe receiv+ ra9 & /orm wat] f ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,mat]ials ,us$ = ,plumb+ ,pipes4--,! mat]ials f :i* ! diff]5t pipes us$ 9 h\se plumb+ are made diff] accord+ to ! use ( ea* pipe1 its position1 size1 etc4 ,! foll[+ mat]ials are us$3 cem5t1 vitrifi$ pipe1 lead2 ca/1 wr\ght1 & galvaniz$ iron2 brass1 /eel1 nickel1 %eet metal1 etc4 ,cem5t & ,vitrifi$ ,pipes are us$ = ! manufacture ( /reet & h\se sew]s4 ,9 "s places vitrifi$ pipe is us$ = h\se dra9s1 b 9 mo/ cities ?is is /rongly object$ to2 & 9 ,new ,york ,city no e>!nw>e pipes are p]mitt$ )9 ! h\se4 ,! objection to e>!nw>e pipes is t !y are n /rong en\gh = ! purpose1 break easily1 & _c be made gas-tight4 ,lead ,pipe is us$ = all bran* wa/e pipes & %ort l5g?s ( wat] pipes4 ,! advantage ( lead pipes is t !y c be easily b5t & %ap$1 h5ce _! use = traps & connections4 ,! disadvantage ( lead = pipes is ! s(tness ( ! mat]ial1 :i* is easily brok5 into by nails1 gnaw$ ?r\gh by rats1 etc4 ,brass1 ,nickel1 ,/eel1 & o!r su* mat]ials are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( exp5sive plumb+1 b are n commonly employ$4 ,%eet ,metal & ,galvaniz$ ,iron are us$ = ra9 lead]s1 refrig]ator pipes1 etc4 ,wr\ght ,iron is us$ 9 ! s-call$ ,durham sy/em ( plumb+4 ,wr\ght iron is v /rong2 ! sections ( pipe are tw5ty feet long1 ! connections are made by screw jo9ts1 & a sy/em ( h\se plumb+ made ( ?is mat]ial is v durable1 unyield+1 /rong1 & p]fectly gas-tight4 ,! objections to wr\ght iron = plumb+ pipes are t ! pipes _c be readily repair$ & t x is too exp5sive4 ,ca/ ,iron is ! mat]ial univ]sally us$ = all v]tical & horizontal pipes 9 ! h\se4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ca/-iron pipes manufactur$ = plumb+ uses1 ! /&>d & ! extra heavy4 ,! foll[+ are ! relative weights ( ea*3 ,/&>d4 ,extra ,heavy4 #b-;in* pipe1 #d lbs4 p] foot #e-a_/b lbs4 #c #f #i-a_/b #d #i #ac #e #ab #ag #f #ae #bj #g #bj #bg #h #be #cc-a_/b ,! light-weight pipe1 ?\gh ext5sively us$ by plumb]s1 is g5]ally prohibit$ by mo/ municipalities1 z x is n /rong en\gh = ! purpose1 & x is difficult to make a gas-tight jo9t ) ^! pipes )\t break+ !m4 ,ca/-iron pipes are made 9 l5g?s ( five feet ea*1 ) an enl>gem5t on "o end ( ! pipe1 call$ ! hub or socket1 into :i* ! o!r1 or spigot1 end is fitt$4 ,all ca/-iron pipe mu/ be /raight1 s\nd1 cyl9drical & smoo?1 free f s& holes1 cracks1 & o!r defects1 & ( a uni=m ?ickness4 ,! ?ickness ( ca/-iron pipes %\ld be z foll[s3 #b-;in* pipe1 #e_/af in*es ?ick #c #d #c_/h #e #g_/af #f #a_/b ,ca/-iron pipes are sometimes coat$ by dipp+ into hot t>1 or by "s o!r process4 ,t> coat+ is1 h[ev]1 n all[$ 9 ,new ,york1 because x conceals ! s& holes & o!r flaws 9 ! pipes4 ,jo9ts & ,connections4--,to facilitate connections ( ca/-iron pipes1 %ort & conv5i5t =ms & fitt+s are ca/4 ,"s ( ^! connections are nam$ accord+ to _! %ape1 su* z ,l1 ,t1 ,y1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,diff]5t ,,=ms ,,& ,,fitt+s4 ,iron ,pipe is jo9$ to ,iron ,pipe by lead-calk$ jo9ts4 ,^! jo9ts are made z foll[s3 ! spigot end ( "o pipe is ins]t$ into ! enl>g$ end1 or ! hub1 ( ! next pipe4 ,! space betwe5 ! spigot & hub is half fill$ ) oakum or dry hemp4 ,! rema9+ space is fill$ ) hot molt5 lead1 :i*1 on cool+1 is well ramm$ & calk$ 9 by special tools made = ! purpose4 ,to make a good1 gas-tight1 lead-calk$ jo9t1 exp]i5ce & skill are necess>y4 ,! r+ ( lead jo9+ ! two l5g?s ( pipe mu/ be f #a to #b in*es deep1 & f #a_/b to #c_/d ( an in* ?ick2 #ab ounces ( lead mu/ be us$ at ea* jo9t = ea* in* 9 ! diamet] ( ! pipe4 ,iron pipes are sometimes connect$ by means ( s-call$ ru/ jo9ts4 ,in/ead ( lead1 ! space betwe5 ! socket & spigot is fill$ 9 ) an iron cem5t consi/+ ( #ih p>ts ( ca/-iron bor+s1 #a "p ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 & #a "p ( sal ammoniac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,all connections betwe5 ,lead ,pipes & betwe5 ,lead & ,brass or ,copp] pipes mu/ be made by means ( wip$ sold] jo9ts4 ,a wip$ jo9t is made by sold] be+ p\r$ on two ends ( ! two pipes1 ! sold] be+ work$ ab\t ! jo9t1 %ap$ into an oval lump1 & wip$ ar\nd ) a clo?1 giv+ ! jo9t a bulb\s =m4 ,all connections betwe5 ,lead ,pipes & ,iron ,pipes are made by means ( brass f]rules4 ,lead _c be sold]$ to iron1 s a brass fitt+ or f]rule is us$2 x is jo9t$ to ! lead pipe by a wip$ jo9t1 & to ! iron pipe by an ord9>y lead-calk$ jo9t4 ,putty1 ,cem5t1 & ,slip jo9ts %\ld n be tol]at$ on any pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,traps4--,we h se5 t a trap is a b5d 9 a pipe s con/ruct$ z to hold a quantity ( wat] suffici5t to int]pose a b>ri] betwe5 ! sew] & ! fixture4 ,!re are _m & v>i\s k9ds ( traps1 "s dep5d+ on wat] alone z _! seal1 o!rs employ+ me*anical means1 su* z balls1 valves1 lips1 also m]cury1 etc41 to assi/ 9 ! disconnection betwe5 ! h\se & sew] ends ( ! pipe sy/em4 ,! value ( a trap dep5ds3 7#a7 on ! dep? ( its wat] seal2 7#b7 on ! /r5g?s & p]man5cy ( ! seal2 7#c7 on ! diamet] & uni=mity ( ! trap2 7#d7 on its simplicity2 7#e7 on its accessibility2 & 7#f7 on its self-cleans+ "*4 ,! dep? ( a trap %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es = wat]-closet traps1 & ab\t two in*es = s9k & o!r traps4 ,traps mu/ n be l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! pipe to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,! simpl] ! trap1 ! bett] x is4 ,traps %\ld be provid$ ) clean\t screw op5+s1 caps1 etc41 to facilitate clean+4 ,! %apes ( traps v>y1 & ! numb] ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( traps manufactur$ is v great4 ,traps are nam$ accord+ to _! use3 gully1 grease1 s$im5t1 int]cept+1 etc42 accord+ to _! %ape3 ,d1 ,p1 ,s1 ,v1 bell1 bottle1 pot1 globe1 etc42 & accord+ to ! "n ( _! inv5tor3 ,bu*an1 ,cottam1 ,dodd1 ,antill1 ,r5k1 ,helly]1 ,croydon1 & o!rs too num]\s to m5tion4 ,! ,s trap is ! be/ = s9k wa/e pipes2 ! runn+ trap is ! be/ on h\se dra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,traps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,traps4 ,loss ( ,seal by ,traps4--,! seals ( traps are n always secure1 & ! causes ( unseal+ ( traps are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,evaporation4--,if a fixture 9 a h\se is n us$ = a long "t1 ! wat] con/itut+ ! seal 9 ! trap ( ! fixture w evaporate2 ! seal w ?us be lo/1 & +ress ( sew] air w result4 ,to gu>d aga9/ evaporation1 fixtures mu/ be frequ5tly flu%$2 & dur+ summ]1 or at su* times z ! h\se is unoccupi$ & ! fixtures n us$1 ! traps are to be fill$ ) oil or glyc]91 ei!r ( :i* w s]ve z an effici5t seal4 7#b7 ,mom5tum4--,a sudd5 fl[ ( wat] f ! fixture may1 by ! =ce ( its mom5tum1 empty all wat] 9 ! trap & ?us leave x unseal$4 ,to prev5t ! unseal+ ( traps by mom5tum1 !y mu/ be ( a prop] size1 n less ?an ! wa/e pipe ( ! fixture1 ! seal mu/ be deep1 & ! trap 9 a p]fectly /raight position1 z a slight incl9ation w favor its empty+4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 :ile empty+ ! fixture to d x sl[ly s z to pres]ve ! seal4 7#c7 ,capill>y ,attraction4--,if a piece ( pap]1 cotton1 ?read1 hair1 etc41 rema9 9 ! trap1 & a "p ( ! pap]1 etc41 projects into ! lum5 ( ! pipe1 a "p ( ! wat] w be )drawn by capill>y attraction f ! trap & may unseal x4 ,to gu>d aga9/ unseal+ ( traps by capill>y attraction1 traps %\ld be ( a uni=m diamet]1 )\t nooks & corn]s1 & ( n too l>ge a size1 & %\ld also be well flu%$1 s t no?+ b wat] rema9s 9 ! trap4 ,siphonage & ,back ,pressure4--,! wat] 9 ! trap1 or ! seal1 is susp5d$ betwe5 two columns ( air1 t f ! fixture to ! seal1 & f ! seal ( ! trap to ! seal ( ! ma9 trap on h\se dra94 ,! seal 9 ! trap is !re=e n v secure1 z x is influ5c$ by any & all curr5ts & agitations ( air f bo? sides1 & especially f its di/al side4 ,any heat+ ( ! air 9 ! pipes ) :i* ! trap is connect$1 any increase ( temp]ature 9 ! air cont5ts ( ! v]tical pipes ) :i* ! trap is connect$1 & any evolution ( gases )9 ^? pipes w naturally increase ! weight & pressure ( ! air )9 !m1 ) ! result t ! increas$ pressure w influ5ce ! cont5ts ( ! trap1 or ! seal1 & may dislodge ! seal backw>d1 if ! pressure is v great1 or1 at any rate1 may =ce ! f\l air f ! pipes ?r\gh ! seal ( ! traps & f\l ! wat] !re91 ?us all[+ f\l odors to ent] ! rooms f ! traps ( ! fixtures4 ,?is condition1 :i* 9 practice exi/s (t5] ?an x is ord9>ily ?\ght1 is call$ back pressure4 ,by back pressure is !re=e und]/ood ! =c+ back1 or1 at lea/1 ! f\l+1 ( ! wat] 9 traps1 due to ! increas$ pressure ( ! air )9 ! pipes back ( ! traps2 ! increase 9 air pressure be+ due to heat+ ( pipes by ! hot wat] occasionally circulat+ )9 !m1 or by ! evolution ( gases due to ! decomposition ( organic matt] )9 ! pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,non-,,syphon+ ,,trap4 ,copyright by ! ,j4 ,l4 ,mott ,iron ,works4 ,a condition some:at simil>1 b act+ 9 a rev]se way1 is pres5t$ 9 :at is commonly t]m$ siphonage4 ,j z well z ! seal 9 traps may be =c$ back by ! increas$ pressure ( ! air )9 ! pipes1 ! same seal may be =c$ out1 pull$ out1 aspirat$1 or siphon$ out by a sudd5 )drawal ( a l>ge quantity ( air f ! pipes ) :i* ! trap is connect$4 ,su* a sudd5 )drawal ( l>ge quantities ( air is occasion$ e "t !re is a ru% ( l>ge column ( wat] ?r\gh ! pipes1 e4 g41 :5 a wat]-closet or simil> fixture is sudd5ly dis*>g$2 ! wat] ru%es ?r\gh ! pipes ) a great velocity & creates a /rong d[n curr5t ( air1 ) ! result t :]e ! d[n-ru%+ column passes by a trap1 ! air 9 ! trap &1 lat]1 its seal are aspirat$ or siphon$ out1 ?us leav+ ! trap )\t a seal4 ,by siphonage is !re=e meant ! empty+ ( ! seal 9 a trap by ! aspiration ( ! wat] 9 ! trap due to ! d[nw>d ru% ( wat] & air 9 ! pipes ) :i* ! trap is connect$4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! loss ( seal ?r\gh siphonage nonsiphon+ traps h be5 inv5t$1 t is1 ! traps are s con/ruct$ t ! seal !re9 is v l>ge1 & ! %ape ( ! traps made s t siphonage is difficult4 ,^! traps are1 h[ev]1 op5 to ! objection t 9 ! fir/ place !y d n prev5t ! f\l+ ( ! seals by back pressure1 & 9 ! second place !y are n easily cleansable & may reta9 dirt 9 _! l>ge pockets4 ,! univ]sal me?od ( prev5t+ bo? siphonage & back pressure is by ! sy/em ( v5t pipes1 or :at plumb]s call back-air pipes4 ,e trap is connect$ by bran*es lead+ f ! cr[n or ne> ! cr[n ( ! trap to a ma9 v]tical pipe :i* runs ?r\gh ! h\se ! same z ! wa/e & soil pipes1 & :i* conta9s no?+ b air1 :i* air s]ves z a m$ium to be press$ ^u by ! back-pressure air1 or to be drawn ^u by ! siphon+1 & ?us prev5t+ any agitation & influ5ce ^u ! seal 9 ! traps2 = x is self evid5t t z long z !re is pl5ty ( air at ! di/al "p ( ! seal1 ! seal itself w rema9 un9flu5c$ by any agitation or condition ( ! air )9 ! pipes ) :i* ! trap is connect$4 ,! v5t-pipe sy/em is also an additional means ( v5tilat+ ! plumb+ sy/em ( ! h\se1 already p>tly v5tilat$ by ! ext5sion ( ! v]tical pipes above ! ro( & by ! fre%-air inlet4 ,! pr9cipal objection urg$ aga9/ ! in/allation ( ! v5t-pipe sy/em is ! add$ exp5se1 :i* is consid]able2 & plumb]s h s\ght !re=e to sub/itute = ! v5t pipes v>i\s me*anical traps1 also nonsiphon+ traps4 ,! v5t pipes are1 h[ev]1 wor? ! additional exp5se1 z !y are c]ta9ly ! be/ means to prev5t siphonage & back pressure1 & are free f ! objections aga9/ ! cumb]some me*anical traps & ! fil?y nonsiphon+ traps4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,plumb+ ,pipes ,! ,h\se ,dra94--,all wa/e & soil matt] 9 ! h\se is c>ri$ f ! receptacles into ! wa/e & soil pipes1 & f ^! into ! h\se dra91 ! ma9 pipe ( ! h\se1 :i* c>ries all wa/e & soil into ! /reet sew]4 ,! h\se dra9 ext5ds f ! junction ( ! soil & wa/e pipes ( ! h\se ?r\gh ! h\se to outside ( ! f\ndations two to five feet1 :5ce x is call$ h\se sew]4 ,! h\se dra9 is a v important "p ( ! h\se-plumb+ sy/em1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 to make its con/ruction p]fect4 ,mat]ial4--,! mat]ial ( :i* h\se dra9s are manufactur$ is extra heavy ca/ iron4 ,light] pipes %\ld nev] be us$1 & ! use ( vitrifi$ pipes = ?is purpose %\ld n be all[$4 ,size4--,! size ( ! h\se dra9 mu/ be proportional to ! "w to be p]=m$4 ,too l>ge a pipe w n be self-cleans+1 & ! bottom ( x w fill ) s$im5t & slime4 ,7 x n = ! ne$ ( c>ry+ (f l>ge volumes ( /orm wat]1 ! h\se dra9 c\ld be a great deal small] ?an x usually is4 ,a ?ree-in* pipe is suffici5t = a small h\se1 ?\gh a f\r-in* pipe is made obligatory 9 mo/ cities4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city no h\se dra9s are all[$ ( small] diamet] ?an six in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,sy/em ,,( ,,h\se ,,dra9age1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,plumb+ ,,( ,a ,,h\se4 7,h4 ,,bramley47 ,fall4--,! fall or incl9ation ( ! h\se dra9 dep5ds on its size4 ,e h\se dra9 mu/ be laid s t x %\ld h a c]ta9 incl9ation t[>d ! h\se sew]1 s z to increase ! velocity ( fl[ 9 x & make x self-flu%+ & self-cleans+4 ,! rate ( fall %\ld be z foll[s3 ,= #d-;in* pipe #a 9 #dj feet #e #a #ej #f #a #fj ,position4--,! h\se dra9 lies 9 a horizontal position 9 ! cell>1 & %\ld1 if possible1 be expos$ to view4 ,x %\ld be hung on ! cell> wall or ceil+1 unless ?is is impracticable1 z :5 fixtures 9 ! cell> dis*>ge into x2 9 ?is case1 x mu/ be laid 9 a tr5* cut 9 a uni=m grade1 wall$ ^u ! sides ) bricks laid 9 cem5t1 & provid$ ) movable cov]s & ) a hydraulic-cem5t base f\r in*es ?ick1 on :i* ! pipe is to re/4 ,! h\se dra9 mu/ be laid 9 /raight l9es1 if possible2 all *anges 9 direction mu/ be made ) curv$ pipes1 ! curves to be ( a l>ge radius4 ,connections4--,! h\se dra9 mu/ prop]ly connect ) ! h\se sew] at a po9t ab\t two feet outside ( ! out] front vault or area wall ( ! build+4 ,an ar*$ or o!r prop] op5+ 9 ! wall mu/ be provid$ = ! dra9 to prev5t damage by settl+4 ,all jo9ts ( ! pipe mu/ be gas-tight1 lead-calk$ jo9ts1 z /at$ be=e4 ,! junction ( ! v]tical soil1 wa/e1 & ra9-lead] pipes mu/ n be made by "r-angle jo9ts1 b by a curv$ elb[ fitt+ ( a l>ge radius1 or by ,y bran*es & #de deg4 b5ds4 ,:5 ! h\se dra9 does n re/ on ! floor1 b is hung on ! wall or ceil+ ( ! cell>1 ! connection ( ! v]tical soil & wa/e pipes mu/ h suitable supports1 ! be/ support be+ a brick pi] laid n9e in*es 9 cem5t & securely fa/5$ to ! wall4 ,ne> all b5ds1 traps1 & connections ( o!r pipes ) ! h\se dra9 suitable h&-holes %\ld be provid$1 ^! h&-holes to be tightly cov]$ by brass screw f]rules1 screw$ 91 & fitt$ ) r$ lead4 ,no /eam exhau/1 boil] bl[-(f1 or drip pipe %all be connect$ ) ! h\se dra9 or sew]4 ,su* pipes mu/ fir/ dis*>ge into a prop] cond5s+ tank1 & f ?is a prop] outlet to ! h\se sew] outside ( ! build+ mu/ be provid$4 ,ma9 ,traps4--,! disconnection ( ! h\se pipes f ! /reet sew] is accompli%$ by a trap on ! h\se dra9 ne> ! front wall1 inside ! h\se1 or j outside ! f\ndation wall b usually inside ( ! h\se4 ,! be/ trap = ?is purpose is ! siphon or runn+ trap4 ,?is trap mu/ be con/ruct$ ) a clean+ h&-hole on ! inside or h\se side ( ! trap1 or on bo? sides1 & ! h&-holes are to be cov]$ gas-tight by brass screw f]rules4 ,ext5sion ( ,v]tical ,pipes4--,by ! ma9 trap ! h\se-plumb+ sy/em is disconnect$ f ! sew]1 & by ! traps on ea* fixture f ! air 9 ! rooms2 /ill1 z ! soil1 wa/e1 & dra9 pipes usually conta9 (f5sive solids & liquids :i* contam9ate ! air 9 ! pipes1 x is a good me?od to v5tilate ^! pipes4 ,?is v5tilation ( ! soil1 wa/e1 & h\se dra9 pipes prev5ts ! bad effects on heal? f ! odors1 etc41 giv5 (f by ! slime & excreta adh]+ 9 ! pipes1 & x is accompli%$ by two means3 7#a7 by ext5sion ( ! v]tical pipes to ! fre% air above ! ro(1 & 7#b7 by ! fre%-air inlet on ! h\se dra94 ,by ^! means a curr5t ( air is e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! v]tical & horizontal pipes4 ,e v]tical pipe mu/ be ext5d$ above ! ro( at lea/ two feet above ! highe/ cop+ ( ! ro( or *imney4 ,! ext5sion mu/ be f> f ! air %afts1 w9d[s1 v5tilators1 & m\?s ( *imneys1 s z to prev5t air f ! pipes be+ drawn into !m4 ,! ext5sion mu/ be n less ?an ! full size ( ea* pipe1 s z to avoid friction f ! circulation ( air4 ,! use ( cov]s1 c[ls1 return b5ds1 etc41 is repreh5sible1 z !y int]f]e ) ! free circulation ( air4 ,a wire basket may be ins]t$ to prev5t =eign sub/ances f fall+ into pipes4 ,fre%-air ,inlet4--,! fre%-air inlet is a pipe ( ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]2 x ent]s ! h\se dra9 on ! h\se side ( ! ma9 trap1 & ext5ds to ! ext]nal air at or ne> ! curb1 or at any conv5i5t place1 at lea/ fifte5 feet f ! ne>e/ w9d[4 ,! fre%-air inlet pipe usually t]m9ates 9 a receptacle cov]$ by an iron grat+1 & %\ld be f> f ! cold-air box ( any hot-air furnace4 ,:5 clean1 prop]ly c>$ =1 & ext5d$ above ! gr\nd1 ! fre%-air inlet1 9 conjunction ) ! op5 ext5d$ v]tical pipe1 is an effici5t means ( v5tilat+ ! air 9 ! h\se pipes2 un=tunately mo/ fre%-air inlets are con/antly ob/ruct$1 & d n s]ve ! purpose = :i* !y are made4 ,! ,soil & ,wa/e ,pipes4--,! soil pipe receives liquid & solid sewage f ! wat]-closets & ur9als2 ! wa/e pipe receives all wa/e wat] f s9ks1 wa%bas9s1 ba? tubs1 etc4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! v]tical soil & wa/e pipes are made is ca/ iron4 ,! size ( ma9 wa/e pipes is f ?ree to f\r in*es2 ( ma9 soil pipes1 f f\r to five in*es4 ,9 t5em5t h\ses ) five wat]-closets or m1 n less ?an five in*es4 ,! jo9ts ( ! wa/e & soil pipe %\ld be lead calk$4 ,! connections ( ! lead bran* pipes or traps ) ! v]tical l9es mu/ be by ,y jo9ts1 & by means ( brass f]rules1 z expla9$ above4 ,! location ( ! v]tical pipes mu/ nev] be )9 ! wall1 built 91 nor outside ! h\se1 b pref]ably 9 a special ?ree-foot squ>e %aft adjac5t to ! fixtures1 ext5d+ f ! cell> to ! ro(1 :]e ! air %aft %\ld be cov]$ by a l\v]$ skylight2 t is1 ) a skylight ) slats outw>dly incl9$1 s z to favor v5tilation4 ,! v]tical pipes mu/ be accessible1 expos$ to view 9 all _! l5g?s1 &1 :5 cov]$ ) bo>ds1 s fitt$ t ! bo>ds may be readily remov$4 ,v]tical pipes mu/ be ext5d$ above ! ro( 9 full diamet]1 z previ\sly /at$4 ,:5 less ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 !y mu/ be enl>g$ to f\r in*es at a po9t n less ?an "o foot bel[ ! ro( surface by an increas]1 ( n less ?an n9e in*es long4 ,all soil & wa/e pipes mu/1 :5ev] necess>y1 be securely fa/5$ ) wr\ght-iron hooks or /raps4 ,v]tical soil & wa/e pipes mu/ n be trapp$ at _! base1 z ! trap w\ld n s]ve any purpose1 & w\ld prev5t a p]fect fl[ ( ! cont5ts4 ,bran* ,soil & ,wa/e ,pipes4--,! fixtures mu/ be ne> ! v]tical soil & wa/e pipes 9 ord] t ! bran* wa/e & soil pipes %\ld be z %ort z possible4 ,! trap ( ! bran* soil & wa/e pipes mu/ n be f> f ! fixture1 n m ?an two feet f x1 o!rwise ! accumulat$ f\l air & slime 9 ! wa/e & soil bran* w emit bad odors4 ,! m9imum sizes = bran* pipes %\ld be z foll[s3 ,kit*5 s9ks #b in*es ,ba? tubs #a-a_/b to #b ,laundry tubs #a-a_/b to #b ,wat]-closets n less ?an #d ,bran* soil & wa/e pipes mu/ h a fall ( at lea/ "o-qu>t] in* to "o foot4 ,! bran* wa/e & soil pipes & traps mu/ be expos$1 accessible1 & provid$ ) screw caps1 etc41 = inspection & clean+ purposes4 ,ea* fixture %\ld be sep>ately trapp$ z close to ! fixture z possible1 z two traps on ! same l9e ( bran* wa/e or soil pipes w cause ! air betwe5 ! traps to be clos$ 91 =m+ a s-call$ cu%ion1 t w prev5t ! ready fl[ ( cont5ts4 ,all traps mu/ be well support$ & re/ true ) respect to _! wat] level4 ,v5t ,pipes & ,_! ,bran*es4--,! purpose ( v5t pipes1 we h se51 is to prev5t siphon+ ( traps & to v5tilate ! air 9 ! traps & pipes4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* v5t pipes are made is ca/ iron4 ,! size ( v5t pipes dep5ds on ! numb] ( traps ) :i* !y are connect$2 x is usually two or ?ree in*es4 ,! connection ( ! bran* v5t to ! trap mu/ be at ! cr[n ( ! trap1 & ! connection ( ! bran* v5t to ! ma9 v5t pipe mu/ be above ! trap1 s z to prev5t friction ( air4 ,! v5t pipes are n p]fectly v]tical1 b ) a cont9u\s slope1 s z to prev5t cond5sation ( air or vapor !re94 ,! v5t pipes %\ld be ext5d$ above ! ro(1 sev]al feet above ! cop+1 etc42 & ! ext5sion above ! ro( %\ld n be ( less ?an f\r in*es diamet]1 s z to avoid ob/ruction by fro/4 ,no return b5ds or c[ls %\ld be tol]at$ on top ( ! v5t pipes4 ,sometimes ! v5t1 in/ead ( runn+ above ! ro(1 is connect$ ) ! soil pipe sev]al feet above all fixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,lead] ,,pipe4 ,ra9 ,lead]s4--,! ra9 lead] s]ves to collect ! ra9 wat] f ! ro( & eaves gutt]4 ,x usually dis*>ges its cont5ts into ! h\se dra91 al?\gh "s lead]s are l$ to ! /reet gutt]1 :ile o!rs are connect$ ) s*ool s9ks 9 ! y>d4 ,! latt] practice is objectionable1 z x may lead ! f\l air f ! s*ool s9k into ! rooms1 ! w9d[s ( :i* are ne> ! ra9 lead]2 besides1 ! /irr+ up ( ! cont5ts ( ! s*ool s9k produces bad odors4 ,:5 ! ra9 lead] is plac$ )9 ! h\se1 x mu/ be made ( ca/ iron ) lead-calk$ jo9ts2 :5 outside1 z is ! rule1 x may be ( %eet metal or galvaniz$-iron pipe ) sold]$ jo9ts4 ,:5 ! ra9 lead] is run ne> w9d[s1 ! rules & practice are t x %\ld be trapp$ at its base1 ! trap to be a deep "o to prev5t evaporation1 & x %\ld be plac$ sev]al feet bel[ ! gr\nd1 s z to prev5t freez+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,plumb+ ,fixtures ,! receptacles or fixtures )9 ! h\se = receiv+ ! wa/e & excrem5titi\s matt] & c>ry+ x (f ?r\gh ! pipes to ! sew] are v important p>ts ( h\se plumb+4 ,great c>e mu/ be be/[$ ^u ! con/ruction1 mat]ial1 fitt+1 etc41 ( ! plumb+ fixtures1 t !y be a s\rce ( com=t 9 ! h\se in/ead ( becom+ a curse to ! occupants4 ,s9ks4--,! wa/e wat] f ! kit*5 is dispos$ ( by means ( s9ks4 ,s9ks are usually made ( ca/ iron1 pa9t$1 enamel$1 or galvaniz$4 ,!y are also made ( wr\ght iron1 z well z ( e>!nw>e & porcela94 ,s9ks mu/ be set level1 & provid$ ) a /ra9] at ! outlet to prev5t l>ge p>ticles ( kit*5 refuse f be+ swept into ! pipe & ob/ruct+ x4 ,if possible ! back & sides ( a s9k %\ld be ca/ f "o piece2 ! back & sides1 :5 ( wood1 %\ld be cov]$ by nonabsorb5t mat]ial1 to prev5t ! wood f becom+ saturat$ ) wa/e wat]4#ah ,no woodwork %\ld inclose s9ks2 !y %\ld be support$ on iron legs & be op5 b5ea? & ar\nd4 ,! trap ( a s9k is usually two in*es 9 diamet]1 & %\ld be ne> ! s9k2 x %\ld h a screw cap = clean+ & inspection1 & ! bran* v5t pipe %\ld be at ! cr[n ( ! trap4 ,wa%bas9s4--,wa%bas9s are plac$ 9 ba?rooms1 &1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$ & fitt$1 are a s\rce ( com=t4 ,!y %\ld n be locat$ 9 b$rooms1 & %\ld be op51 )\t any woodwork ar\nd !m4 ,! wa%b[ls are made ( porcela9 or m>ble1 ) a socket at ! outlet1 into :i* a plug is fitt$4 ,wa% ,tubs4--,= laundry purposes wood51 iron-enamel$1 /one1 & porcela9 tubs are fitt$ 9 ! kit*5 or laundry room4 ,porcela9 is ! be/ mat]ial1 al?\gh v exp5sive4 ,! soap/one tub is ! next be/2 x is clean1 nonabsorb5t1 & n too exp5sive4 ,wood %\ld nev] be us$1 z x soon becomes saturat$1 is f\l1 leaks1 & is (f5sive4 ,9 old h\ses1 :]ev] !re are wood5 tubs1 !y %\ld be cov]$ ) z9c or "s nonabsorb5t mat]ial4 ,! wa% tubs are plac$ 9 pairs1 sometimes ?ree 9 a r[1 & !y are g5]ally connect$ ) "o lead wa/e pipe "o & a half to two in*es 9 diamet]1 ) "o trap = all ! tubs4 ,ba? ,tubs4--,ba? tubs are made ( enamel$ iron or porcela91 & %\ld n be cov]$ or inclos$ by any woodwork4 ,! bran* wa/e pipe %\ld be trapp$ & connect$ ) ! ma9 wa/e or soil pipe4 ,! floor ab\t ! tub 9 ! ba?room %\ld be ( nonabsorb5t mat]ial4#ai ,refrig]ators4--,! wa/e pipes ( refrig]ators %\ld n connect ) any ( ! h\se pipes1 b %\ld be empti$ into a bas9 or pail2 or1 if ! refrig]ator is l>ge1 its wa/e pipe %\ld be conduct$ to ! cell>1 :]e x %\ld dis*>ge into a prop]ly trapp$1 sew]-connect$ & wat]-suppli$ op5 s9k4 ,boil]s4--,! s-call$ s$im5t pipe f ! hot-wat] boil] 9 ! kit*5 %\ld be connect$ ) ! s9k trap at ! inlet side ( ! trap4 ,ur9als4--,z a rule1 no ur9als %\ld be tol]at$ )9 a h\se2 !y are p]missible only 9 factories & (fice build+s4 ,! mat]ial is enamel$ iron or porcela94 ,!y mu/ be provid$ ) a prop] wat] supply to flu% !m4 ,ov]fl[s4--,to gu>d aga9/ ov]fl[ ( wa%bas9s1 ba? tubs1 etc41 ov]fl[ pipes f ! upp] portion ( ! fixtures are commonly provid$4 ,^! pipes are connect$ ) ! inlet side ( ! trap ( ! same fixture4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 liable to become a nuisance by be+ ob/ruct$ ) dirt & n be+ con/antly flu%$2 :5ev] possible !y %\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,safes & ,wa/es4--,a common usage ) plumb]s 9 ! pa/ has be5 to provide s9ks1 wa%bas9s1 ba? tubs1 & wat]-closets1 n only ) ov]fl[ pipes1 b also ) s-call$ safes1 :i* consi/ ( %eets ( lead turn$ up sev]al in*es at ! edge s z to cat* all dripp+s & ov]fl[ f fixtures2 f ^! safes a drip pipe or wa/e is conduct$ to ! cell>1 :]e x empties into a s9k4 ,( c\rse1 :5 su* safe wa/es are connect$ ) ! soil or wa/e pipes1 !y become a s\rce ( dang]1 ev5 if !y are trapp$1 z !y are n prop]ly c>$ = or flu%$2 & _! traps are usually n seal$4 ,ev5 :5 dis*>g+ into a s9k 9 ! cell>1 safes & safe wa/e are v unsightly1 dirty1 liable to accumulate fil?1 & are (f5sive4 ,) op5 plumb+1 & ) ! floors "u ! fixtures ( nonabsorb5t mat]ial1 !y are useless4 ,wat]-closets4--,! mo/ important plumb+ fixtures )9 ! h\se are ! wat]-closets4 ,^u ! prop] con/ruction & location ( ! wat]-closets greatly dep5ds ! heal? ( ! inhabitants ( ! h\se4 ,wat]-closets %\ld be plac$ 9 sep>ate1 well-light$1 p]fectly v5tilat$1 damp-pro(1 & clean comp>tm5ts1 & no wat]-closet %\ld be us$ by m ?an "o family 9 a t5em5t h\se4 ,! type & con/ruction ( ! wat]-closets %\ld be c>efully att5d$ to1 z ! _m exi/+1 old1 & obsolete types ( wat]-closets are /ill be+ in/all$ 9 h\ses1 or are left !re to f\l ! air ( rooms & ap>tm5ts4 ,!re are _m wat]-closets on ! m>ket1 "s ( :i* w be describ$2 ! be/ are ^? made ( "o piece1 ( porcela9 or enamel$ e>!nw>e1 & s con/ruct$ z always to be & rema9 clean4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,pan ,,wat]-,,closet4 7,,g]h>d47 ,! ,pan ,closet4--,! wat]-closet mo/ commonly us$ 9 =m] times 0 a repres5tative ( ! gr\p ( wat]-closets ) me*anical contrivances4 ,?is is ! pan closet1 n[ univ]sally condemn$ & prohibit$ f fur!r use4 ,! pan closet consi/s ( f\r pr9cipal p>ts3 7#a7 bas9 ( *9a1 small & r\nd2 7#b7 a copp] six-in* pan "u ! bas92 7#c7 a l>ge iron conta9]1 into :i* ! bas9 ) ! pan "u x is plac$2 & 7#d7 a ,d trap1 to :i* ! conta9] is jo9$4 ,! pan is atta*$ ) a lev] to a h&le1 :i*1 :5 pull$1 moves ! pan2 ?is describes a half circle & drops ! cont5ts into ! conta9] & trap4 ,! objections to pan closets are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,!re be+ a numb] ( p>ts & me*anical contrivances1 !y are liable to get out ( ord]4 7#b7 ,! b[l is set into ! conta9] & _c be inspect$1 & is usually v dirty b5ea?4 7#c7 ,! pan is (t5 miss+1 gets out ( ord]1 & is liable to be soil$ by adh]+ excreta4 7#d7 ,! conta9] is l>ge1 excreta adh]e to its upp] p>ts1 & ! iron becomes corrod$ & coat$ ) fil?4 7#e7 ,) e pull ( ! h&le & pan1 f\l air ent]s rooms4 7#f7 ,! junctions betwe5 ! b[l & conta9]1 & ! conta9] & trap1 are usually n gas-tight4 7#g7 ,! pan breaks ! =ce ( ! wat] flu%1 & ! trap is usually n completely empti$4 ,valve & ,plung] ,closets are an improvem5t ^u ! pan closets1 b are n free f sev]al objections enum]at$ above4 ,z a rule1 all wat]-closets ) me*anical p>ts are objectionable4 ,hopp] ,closets are made ( iron or e>!nw>e4 ,iron hopp] closets easily corrode2 !y are usually enamel$ on ! inside4 ,e>!nw>e hopp]s are pref]able to iron ones4 ,hopp] closets are ei!r long or %ort2 :5 long1 !y expose a v l>ge surface to be f\l$1 require a trap bel[ ! floor1 & are1 z a rule1 v difficult to clean or to keep clean4 ,%ort hopp] closets are pref]able1 z !y are easily kept clean & are well flu%$4 ,:5 provid$ ) flu%+ rim1 & ) a good wat]-supply ci/]n & l>ge supply pipe1 ! %ort hopp] closet is a good =m ( wat]-closet4 ,! wa%\t & wa%d[n wat]-closets are an improvem5t ^u ! hopp] closets4 ,!y are manufactur$ f e>!nw>e or porcela91 & are s %ap$ t !y conta9 a wat] seal1 obviat+ ! necessity ( a sep>ate trap "u ! closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,long ,,hopp] ,,wat]-,,closet4 7,,g]h>d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,%ort ,,hopp] ,,wat]-,,closet4 7,,g]h>d47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,/yles ,,( ,,wat]-,,closets4 ,flu% ,tanks4--,wat]-closets mu/ n be flu%$ directly f ! wat]-supply pipes1 z !re is a possibility ( contam9at+ ! wat] supply4 ,wat]-closets %\ld be flu%$ f flu% tanks1 ei!r ( iron or ( wood1 metal l9$2 ^! ci/]ns %\ld be plac$ n less ?an f\r feet above ! wat]-closet1 & provid$ ) a /raight flu% pipe ( at lea/ "o & "o-qu>t] in* diamet]4 ,! ci/]n is fitt$ ) plug & h&le1 s t by pull+ at ! h&le ! plug is lift$ out ( ! socket ( ! ci/]n & ! cont5ts p]mitt$ to ru% ?r\gh ! pipe & flu% ! wat]-closet4 ,a sep>ate ball arrangem5t is made = clos+ ! wat] supply :5 ! ci/]n is full4 ,! ci/]n mu/ h a capacity ( at lea/ ?ree to five gallons ( wat]2 ! flu% pipe mu/ h a diamet] ( n less ?an "o & "o-qu>t] in*1 & ! pipe mu/ be /raight1 )\t b5ds1 & ! arrangem5t )9 ! closets su* z to flu% all p>ts ( ! b[l at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,flu%+ ,,ci/]n4 ,y>d ,closets4--,9 _m old h\ses ! wat]-closet accommodations are plac$ 9 ! y>d4 ,!re are two =ms ( ^! y>d closets commonly us$--! s*ool s9k & ! y>d hopp]4 ,! s*ool s9k is an iron tr\gh f five to twelve or m feet long1 & "o to two feet wide & "o foot deep1 set 9 a tr5* sev]al feet bel[ ! surface ) an incl9ation t[>d ! exit2 on "o end ( ! tr\gh !re is a socket fitt$ ) a plug1 & on ! o!r a flu%+ app>atus consi/+ simply ( a wat] s]vice-pipe4 ,above ! iron tr\gh brick walls are built up1 inclos+ x2 ov] x are plac$ wood5 seats1 & surr\nd+ ! :ole is a wood5 %$ ) comp>tm5ts = e seat4 ,! excreta are all[$ to fall into ! tr\gh1 :i* is p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 & once a day1 or z (t5 z ! c>etak] *ooses1 ! plug is pull$ up & ! excreta all[$ to fl[ into ! sew] ) :i* ! s*ool s9k is connect$4 ,^! s*ool s9ks are1 z a rule1 a nuisance1 & are dang]\s to heal?4 ,! objections to !m are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! excreta lies expos$ 9 ! iron tr\gh1 & may decompose ev5 9 "o day2 & x is always (f5sive4 7#b7 ,! iron tr\gh is easily corrod$4 7#c7 ,! iron tr\gh1 be+ l>ge1 pres5ts a l>ge surface = adh]5ce ( excreta4 7#d7 ,! brickwork above ! tr\gh is n flu%$ :5 ! s*ool s9k is empti$1 & excreta1 :i* usually adh]es to x1 decomposes1 creat+ (f5sive odors4 7#e7 ,! junction ( ! iron tr\gh ) ! brickwork1 & ! brickwork itself1 is usually defective1 or becomes defective1 & all[s f\l wat] & sewage to pass into ! y>d1 or into ! wall adjac5t to ! s*ool s9k4 ,by ! ,t5em5t ,h\se ,law ( ,new ,york1 ! use ( s*ool s9ks is prohibit$ ev5 9 old build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,s*ool ,,s9k ,,aft] ,,sev]al ,,mon?s' ,,use4 7,j4 ,,sullivan47 ,y>d ,hopp] ,closets4--,:]e ! wat]-closet accommodations _c1 = "s reason1 be put )9 ! h\se1 y>d hopp] closets are commonly employ$4 ,^! closets are simply long1 iron-enamel$ hopp]s1 trapp$1 & connect$ ) a dra9 pipe dis*>g+ into ! h\se dra94 ,^! closets are flu%$ f ci/]ns1 b1 9 su* case1 ! ci/]ns mu/ be protect$ f freez+2 ?is is accompli%$ 9 "s h\ses by putt+ ! y>d hopp] ne> ! h\se & plac+ ! ci/]n )9 ! h\se2 h[ev]1 ?is c h>dly be done :]e sev]al hopp]s mu/ be employ$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 y>d hopp]s are flu%$ by automatic rod valves1 s con/ruct$ z to flu% ! b[l ( ! hopp] :5ev] ! seat is press$ ^u4 ,^! valves1 z a rule1 frequ5tly get out ( ord] & leak1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to con/ruct ! vault "u ! hopp] s t x be p]fectly wat]-tight4 ,an improv$ =m ( y>d hopp] has be5 sugge/$ by ,inspector ,j4 ,sullivan1 ( ! ,new ,york ,heal? ,dep>tm5t1 & us$ 9 a numb] ( places ) complete satisfaction4 ,! improvem5t consi/s 9 ! doors & walls ( ! privy ap>tm5t be+ ( d\ble ?ickness1 l9$ ) build]s' l9+ on ! inside1 & ! wat] s]vice-pipes & ci/]n be+ protect$ by felt or m9]al wool pack+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,j4 ,,sullivan',s ,,improv$ ,,y>d ,,hopp] ,,closet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a ,,mod]n ,,wat]-,,closet4 7,j4 ,l4 ,mott ,iron ,works47 ,y>d & ,area ,dra9s4--,! dra9+ ( ! surface ( ! y>d or o!r areas is done by tile or iron pipes connect+ ) ! sew] or h\se dra9 9 ! cell>4 ,! bell or ! lip traps are to be condemn$ & %\ld n be us$ = y>d dra9s4 ,! gully & trap %\ld be made ( "o piece2 ! trap %\ld be ( ! siphon type & %\ld be deep en\gh 9 ! gr\nd to prev5t ! freez+ ( seal 9 w9t]4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,wat]pro( pa9t or til+ %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4--,,editor4 #ai ,til+1 l9oleum1 concrete1 etc41 z oppos$ to wood or c>pets4--,,editor4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,defects 9 ,plumb+ ,! mat]ials us$ 9 h\se plumb+ are _m & v>i\s1 ! p>ts are v num]\s1 ! jo9ts & connections are frequ5t1 ! position & location ( pipes1 etc41 are (t5 inaccessible & hidd51 & ! :ole sy/em q complicat$4 ,moreov]1 no "p ( ! h\se con/ruction is subject$ to s _m /ra9s & uses1 z well z abuses1 z ! plumb+ ( ! h\se4 ,h5ce1 9 no "p ( h\se con/ruction c !re be z mu* bad "w & scamp+ done z 9 ! plumb+2 & no "p ( ! h\se is liable to h s _m defects 9 con/ruction1 ma9t5ance1 & condition z ! plumb+4 ,at ! same "t1 ! plumb+ ( a h\se is ( v great importance & influ5ce on ! heal? ( ! t5ants1 = defective mat]ials1 bad workman%ip1 & improp] condition ( ! plumb+ ( a h\se may endang] ! lives ( its inhabitants by caus+ v>i\s diseases4 ,defects 9 ,plumb+4--,! defects usually f\nd 9 plumb+ are s _m t !y _c all be enum]at$ "h4 ,among ! pr9cipal & mo/ common defects1 h[ev]1 are ! foll[+3 ,mat]ials4--,light-weight iron pipes2 ^! crack easily & _c /& ! /ra9 ( calk+4 ,s&-holes made dur+ ca/+2 ^! _c always be detect$1 especially :5 ! pipes are t>-coat$4 ,?9 lead pipe2 n heavy en\gh to )/& ! b5d+ & draw+ x is subject$ to4 ,location & ,position4--,pipes may be locat$ )9 ! walls & built 91 9 :i* case !y are inaccessible1 & may be defective )\t anyone be+ able to discov] ! defects4 ,pipes may be laid ) a wrong or an insuffici5t fall1 ?us leav+ !m unflu%$1 or ret>d+ ! prop] velocity ( ! fl[ 9 ! pipes4 ,pipes may be put und]gr\nd & h no support und]nea?1 :5 "s p>ts or l5g?s may s9k1 get out ( jo9t1 & ! sewage run into ! gr\nd in/ead ( ?r\gh ! pipes4 ,! pipes may be s locat$ z to require %>p b5ds & curves1 :i* w ret>d ! fl[ 9 !m4 ,jo9ts4--,jo9ts 9 pipes may be defective1 leak+1 & n gas-tight because ( imp]fect calk+1 insuffici5t lead hav+ be5 us$2 or1 no oakum hav+ be5 us$ & ! lead runn+ into ! lum5 ( ! pipe2 or1 n suffici5t c>e & "t be+ tak5 = ! "w4 ,jo9ts may be defective because ( iron f]rules be+ us$ in/ead ( brass f]rules2 ?r\gh improp]ly wip$ jo9ts2 ?r\gh bad workman%ip1 bad mat]ial1 or ignorance ( ! plumb]4 ,plumb]s (t5 use ,t bran*es in/ead ( ,y bran*es2 %>p b5ds in/ead ( b5ds ( =ty-five degrees or m2 slip jo9ts in/ead ( lead-calk$ ones2 also1 !y (t5 connect a pipe ( l>g] diamet] ) a pipe ( small diamet]1 etc4 ,traps4--,! traps may be bad 9 pr9ciple & 9 con/ruction2 !y may be badly situat$ or connect$1 or !y may be easily unseal$1 frequ5tly ob/ruct$1 inaccessible1 f\l1 etc4 ,v5tilation4--,! h\se dra9 may h no fre%-air inlet1 or ! fre%-air inlet may be ob/ruct$2 ! v5t pipes may be abs5t1 or ob/ruct$2 ! v]tical pipes may n be ext5d$4 ,condition4--,pipes may h holes1 may be badly repair$1 b5t1 out ( %ape1 or h holes pat*$ up ) cem5t or putty2 pipes may be corrod$1 gnaw$ by rats1 or !y may be ob/ruct$1 etc4 ,! above are only a few ( ! _m defects t may be f\nd 9 ! plumb+ ( a h\se4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( p>am\nt importance to h ! h\se plumb+ regul>ly1 frequ5tly1 & ?or\ghly exam9$ & inspect$1 z well z put to ! v>i\s te/s1 s z to discov] ! defects & rem$y !m4 ,plumb+ ,te/s4--,! foll[+ are a few m9or po9ts = te/+ plumb+3 7#a7 ,to te/ a trap ) a view to f9d+ out :e!r its seal is lo/ or n1 knock on ! trap ) a piece ( metal2 if ! trap is empty1 a holl[ s\nd w be giv5 out2 if full1 ! s\nd w be dull4 ,?is is n reliable 9 case ! trap is full or half-full ) slime1 etc4 ,ano!r te/ = ! same purpose is z foll[s3 hold a light ne> ! outlet ( ! fixture2 if ! light is drawn 91 x is a sign t ! trap is empty4 7#b7 ,defects 9 lead$ jo9ts c be detect$ if :ite lead has be5 us$1 z x w be discolor$ 9 case sew] gas escape f ! jo9ts4 7#c7 ,! connection ( a wa/e pipe ( a ba? tub ) ! trap ( ! wat]-closet c sometimes be discov]$ by sudd5ly empty+ ! ba? tub & wat*+ ! cont5ts ( ! wat]-closet trap2 ! latt] w be agitat$ if ! wa/e pipe is dis*>g$ into ! trap or on ! inlet side ( trap ( ! wat]-closet4 7#d7 ,! pres5ce ( sew] gas 9 a room c be detect$ by ! foll[+ *emical me?od3 saturate a piece ( unglaz$ pap] ) a solution ( acetate ( lead 9 ra9 or boil$ wat]1 9 ! proportion ( "o to eight2 all[ ! pap] to dry1 & hang up 9 ! room :]e ! escape ( sew] gas is suspect$2 if sew] gas is pres5t1 ! pap] w be completely black5$4 ,! ma9 te/s = plumb+ are3 7#a7 ! ,hydraulic or wat]-pressure te/2 7#b7 ! ,smoke1 or sight te/1 & 7#c7 ! ,sc5t1 or pepp]m9t1 etc41 te/4 ,! ,wat]-pressure ,te/ is us$ to te/ ! v]tical & horizontal pipes 9 new plumb+ be=e ! fixtures h be5 connect$4 ,x is appli$ z foll[s3 ! end ( ! h\se dra9 is plugg$ up ) a prop] air-tight plug1 ( :i* !re are a numb] on ! m>ket4 ,! pipes are !n fill$ ) wat] to a c]ta9 level1 :i* is c>efully not$4 ,! wat] is all[$ to /& 9 ! pipes = half an h\r1 at ! expiration ( :i* "t1 if ! jo9ts %[ no sign ( leakage1 & are n sweat+1 & if ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes has n fall51 ! pipes are wat]-tight4 ,?is is a v reliable te/1 & is made obligatory = te/+ all new plumb+ "w4 ,! ,smoke ,te/ is also a v good te/4 ,x is appli$ z foll[s3 by means ( bell[s1 or "s explod+1 smoke-produc+ rocket1 smoke is =c$ into ! sy/em ( pipes1 ! ends plugg$ up1 & ! escape ( ! smoke wat*$ =1 z :]ev] !re are defects 9 ! pipes ! smoke w appe>4 ,a numb] ( special appliances = ?is te/ are manufactur$1 all ( !m m or less +5i\s4 ,! ,sc5t ,te/ is made by putt+ into ! pipes a c]ta9 quantity ( "s pung5t *emical1 l pepp]m9t oil1 etc41 ! odor ( :i* w escape f ! defects 9 ! pipes1 if !re are any4 ,oil ( pepp]m9t is commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! te/4 ,! foll[+ is ! way ?is te/ is appli$3 all ! op5+s ( ! pipes on ! ro(1 except "o1 are clos$ up tightly ) pap]1 rags1 etc4 ,into ! "o op5 pipe is p\r$ f two to f\r ounces ( pepp]m9t oil1 foll[$ by a pail ( hot wat]1 & !n ! pipe into :i* ! oil has be5 put is also plugg$ up4 ,?is is done1 pref]ably1 by an assi/ant4 ,! inspector !n proce$s to sl[ly foll[ ! c\rse ( ! v>i\s pipes1 & w detect ! smell ( ! oil :]ev] x may escape f any defects 9 ! pipes4 ,if ! te/ is ?or\ghly & c>efully done1 if c>e is tak5 t no fixture 9 ! h\se is us$ & ! traps ( same n di/urb$ dur+ ! te/1 if ! op5+s ( ! pipes on ! ro(s are plugg$ up tightly1 if ! ma9 h\se trap is n unseal$ 7o!rwise ! oil w escape into ! sew]71 & if ! h&l+ ( ! oil has be5 done by an assi/ant1 s t none adh]es to ! inspector--if all ^! conditions are c>ri$ out1 ! pepp]m9t te/ is a mo/ valuable te/ = ! detection ( any & all defects 9 plumb+4 ,ano!r precaution to be tak5 is ) reg>d to ! ra9 lead]4 ,if ! ra9 lead] is n trapp$1 or if its trap is empty1 ! pepp]m9t oil may escape f ! pipes into ! ra9 lead]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 !re=e1 t ! trap at ! base ( ! ra9 lead] be seal$2 or1 if no trap is exi/+1 to close up ! connection ( ! ra9 lead] ) ! h\se dra92 or1 if ?is be impossible1 to plug up ! op5+ ( ! lead] ne> ! ro(4 ,in/ead ( putt+ ! oil into ! op5+ ( a pipe on ! ro(1 x may be put ?r\gh a fixture on ! top floor ( ! h\se1 al?\gh ?is is n s satisfactory4 ,v>i\s appliances h be5 manufactur$ to make ?is te/ m easy & accurate4 ,( ! ,engli% appliances1 ! ,bann] pat5t dra9 gr5ade1 & ,kemp's dra9 te/] are wor?y ( m5tion4 ,! =m] consi/s ( a ?9 glass vial *>g$ ) pung5t & volatile *emicals4 ,"o ( ! gr5ades1 :5 dropp$ d[n any suitable pipe1 su* z ! soil pipe1 breaks1 or ! gr5ade may be ins]t$ ?r\gh a trap into ! dra91 :]e x is explod$4 7,taylor47 ,kemp's dra9 te/] consi/s ( a glass tube conta9+ a *emical ) a /rong odor2 ! tube is fitt$ ) a glass cov]1 held 9 place by a /r+ & a pap] b&4 ,:5 ! te/] is ?r[n into ! pipes & hot wat] p\r$ aft] x1 ! pap] b& breaks1 ! spr+ op5s ! cov]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! tube fall into ! dra94 ,rec5tly ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,hudson1 an inspector 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? ( ,new ,york1 has inv5t$ a v +5i\s pepp]m9t c>tridge = te/+ plumb+4 ,! inv5tion is1 h[ev]1 n yet manufactur$1 & is n on ! m>ket4 ,,*apt] ,x ,infection & ,dis9fection ,dis9fection is ! de/ruction ( ! infective p[] ( infecti\s mat]ial2 or1 9 o!r words1 dis9fection is ! de/ruction ( ! ag5ts ( infection4 ,an infecti\s mat]ial is "o contam9at$ ) g]ms ( infection4 ,! g]ms ( infection are organic microo]ganisms1 vegetable & animal--protozoa & bact]ia4 ,! g]ms ( infection once be+ lodg$ )9 ! body cause c]ta9 reactions produc+ specific pa?ological *anges & a v>iety ( gr\ps ( symptoms :i* we "k by ! specific names ( infecti\s diseases1 e4 g41 typhoid1 typhus1 etc4 ,among ! infecti\s diseases kn[n to be due to specific g]ms are ! foll[+3 typhoid1 typhus1 relaps+ fev]s1 *ol]a1 diph!ria1 cr\p1 tub]culosis1 pneumonia1 mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 erysipelas1 septicaemia1 an?rax1 tetanus1 gonorrhea1 etc42 & among ! infecti\s diseases ! g]ms ( :i* h n z yet be5 discov]$ are ! foll[+3 sc>let fev]1 measles1 smallpox1 syphilis1 v>icella1 etc4 ,! "p ( ! body & ! organs 9 :i* ! g]ms fir/ f9d _! entrance1 or :i* !y specifically attack1 v>y ) ea* disease2 ?us1 ! muc\s membranes1 sk91 int]nal organs1 secretions1 & excretions are1 sev]ally1 ei!r portals ( infection or ! places :]e ! infection %[s itself ! mo/4 ,! ag5ts c>ry+ ! g]ms ( infection f "o p]son to ! o!r may be ! infect$ p]sons !mselves1 or any?+ :i* has come 9 contact ) _! bodies & its secretions & excretions2 ?us1 ! air1 room1 furniture1 vessels1 clo?+1 food & dr9k1 also insects & v]m91 may all be c>ri]s ( infection4 ,/]ilization is ! absolute de/ruction ( all organic life1 :e!r infecti\s or n2 x is !re=e m ?an dis9fection1 :i* de/roys ! g]ms ( infection alone4 ,a ,dis9fectant is an ag5t :i* de/roys g]ms ( infection4 ,a ,g]micide is ! same2 an ag5t de/roy+ g]ms4 ,an ,insecticide is an ag5t capable ( de/roy+ insects2 x is n necess>ily a dis9fectant1 nor is a dis9fectant necess>ily an insecticide4 ,an ,antiseptic is a sub/ance :i* inhibits & /ops ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia ( putrefaction & decomposition4 ,a dis9fectant is !re=e an antiseptic1 b an antiseptic may n be a dis9fectant4 ,a ,deodorant is a sub/ance :i* neutralizes or de/roys ! unpleasant odors aris+ f matt] und]go+ putrefaction4 ,a deodorant is n necess>ily a dis9fectant1 nor is e dis9fectant a deodorant4 ,! ideal dis9fectant is "o :i*1 :ile capable ( de/roy+ ! g]ms ( disease1 does n injure ! bodies & mat]ial ^u :i* ! g]ms may be f\nd2 x mu/ also be p5etrat+1 h>mless 9 h&l+1 inexp5sive1 & reliable4 ,! ideal dis9fectant has n z yet be5 discov]$4 ,= successful sci5tific dis9fection x is necess>y to "k3 7#a7 ! nature ( ! specific g]ms ( ! disease2 7#b7 ! me?ods & ag5ts ( its spread & infection2 7#c7 ! places :]e ! g]ms are mo/ likely to be f\nd2 7#d7 ! action ( ea* dis9fectant ^u ! g]ms2 & 7#e7 ! be/ me?ods ( apply+ ! dis9fectant to ! mat]ials infect$ ) g]ms ( disease4 ,dis9fection is n a r\t9e1 uni=m1 unsci5tific process2 a dis9fector mu/ be conv]sant ) ! basic pr9ciples ( dis9fection1 mu/ make a ?or\gh /udy ( ! sci5tific "p ( ! subject1 & moreov] mu/ be ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! importance ( 8 "w1 ^u :i* ! *eck+ ( ! fur!r spread ( disease dep5ds4 ,physical ,dis9fectants ,! physical dis9fectants are sunlight1 desiccation1 & heat4 ,sunlight is a good dis9fectant provid$ ! infect$ mat]ial or g]ms are directly expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,bact]ia are kill$ )9 a %ort "t1 b spores ne$ a long "t1 & "s ( !m resi/ ! action ( ! sun = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,! disadvantages ( sunlight z a dis9fectant are its sup]ficial action1 its v>iability & unc]ta9ty1 & its sl[ action ^u mo/ g]ms ( infection4 ,sunlight is a good adjunct to o!r me?ods ( dis9fection2 x is mo/ valuable 9 tub]culosis1 & %\ld be us$ :]ev] possible 9 conjunction ) o!r physical or *emical me?ods ( dis9fection4#bj ,desiccation is a good means ( dis9fection1 b c be appli$ only to v few objects2 all bact]ia ne$ moi/ure = _! exi/5ce & multiplication1 h5ce absolute dryness acts z a good g]micide4 ,meat & fi%1 c]ta9 c]eals1 & also fruit1 :5 dri$1 become at ! same "t dis9fect$4 ,heat is ! be/1 mo/ valuable1 all-p]vad+1 mo/ available1 & *eape/ dis9fectant4 ,! v>i\s ways 9 :i* heat may be us$ = dis9fection are burn+1 dry heat1 boil+1 & /eam4 ,burn+ is ( c\rse ! be/ dis9fectant1 b x n only de/roys ! g]ms 9 ! infect$ mat]ials1 b ! mat]ials !mselves2 its application is !re=e limit$ to articles ( little or no value1 & to rags1 rubbi%1 & refuse4 ,dry ,heat4--,all life is de/roy$ :5 expos$ to a dry heat ( #aej deg4 ,c4 = "o h\r1 al?\gh mo/ ( ! bact]ia ( infection are kill$ at a l[] temp]ature & 9 %ort] "t4 ,dry heat is a good dis9fectant = objects t c /& ! heat )\t injury1 b mo/ objects1 & especially textile fabrics1 are injur$ by x4 ,boil+4--,p]haps ! be/ & mo/ valuable dis9fectant 9 exi/5ce is boil+1 because x is always at comm&1 is applicable to mo/ mat]ials & objects1 is an absolutely safe /]iliz] & dis9fectant1 & ne$s v little if any prep>ation & app>atus = its use4 ,"o half h\r ( boil+ w de/roy all life2 & mo/ bact]ia c be kill$ at ev5 a l[] temp]ature4 ,subjection to a temp]ature ( only #gj deg4 ,c4 = half an h\r suffices to kill ! g]ms ( *ol]a1 tub]culosis1 diph!ria1 plague1 etc4 ,boil+ is especially applicable to textile fabrics & small objects1 & c readily be done 9 ! h\se :]e ! infection exi/s1 ?us obviat+ ! necessity ( convey+ ! infect$ objects else:]e1 & p]haps = "s di/ance1 to be dis9fect$4 ,/eam4--,( all ! physical dis9fectants /eam is ! mo/ valuable because x is v p5etrat+1 reliable1 & rapid2 x kills all bact]ia at once & all spores 9 a few m9utes1 & besides is applicable to a great numb] & _m k9ds ( mat]ials & objects4 ,/eam is especially valuable = ! dis9fection ( clo?+1 b$d+1 c>pets1 textile fabrics1 mattresses1 etc4 ,/eam c be us$ 9 a small way1 z well z 9 v l>ge plants4 ,! well-kn[n ,arnold /]iliz]s1 us$ = ! /]ilization ( milk1 etc41 af=d an example ( ! use ( /eam 9 a small app>atus2 :ile municipal au?orities usually con/ruct v l>ge /eam dis9fect+ plants4 ,a /eam dis9fector is made ( /eel or ( wr\ght iron1 is usually cyl9drical 9 %ape1 & is cov]$ ) felt1 asbe/os1 etc4 ,! dis9fector has doors on "o or bo? ends1 & is fitt$ inside ) rails ^u :i* a specially con/ruct$ c> c be slid 9 ?r\gh "o door & out ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,! c> is divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts1 9 :i* ! infect$ articles are plac$2 :5 ?us load$ x is run into ! dis9fector4 ,! /eam dis9fectors may be fitt$ ) !rmomet]s1 vacuum =m]s1 /eam jackets1 etc4 ,gase\s ,*emical ,dis9fectants ,physical dis9fectants1 h[ev] valuable & effici5t1 _c be employ$ 9 _m places & = _m mat]ials infect$ ) disease g]ms1 & !re=e *emicals h be5 s\ght to be us$ :]ev] physical dis9fectants c\ld n = "o or m reasons be employ$4 ,*emicals are us$ z dis9fectants ei!r 9 gase\s =m or 9 solutions2 ! gase\s k9ds are ( especial value on acc\nt ( _! p5etrat+ qualities1 & are employ$ = ! dis9fection ( rooms1 holds ( %ips1 etc4 ,!re are practically b two *emicals :i* are us$ 9 gase\s dis9fection1 & ^! are sulphur dioxide & =maldehyde4 ,sulphur ,dioxide4--,sulphur dioxide 7,,s#b7 is a good surface dis9fectant1 & is v de/ructive to all animal life2 x is "o ( ! be/ insecticides we h1 b its g]micidal qualities are r weak2 x does n kill spores1 & x p5etrates only sup]ficially4 ,! ma9 disadvantages ( sulphur dioxide z a dis9fectant are3 7#a7 t x weak5s textile fabrics2 7#b7 black5s & blea*es all vegetable color+ matt]2 7#c7 t>ni%es metal2 & 7#d7 is v injuri\s & dang]\s to ^? h&l+ x4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( employ+ sulphur 9 ! dis9fection ( rooms & objects1 e4 g41 ! pot1 c&le1 liquid1 & furnace me?ods4 ,9 ! pot me?ods crude sulphur1 pref]ably gr\nd1 is us$2 x is plac$ 9 an iron pot & ignit$ by ! aid ( alcohol1 & 9 ! burn+ evolves ! sulphur dioxide gas4 ,ab\t five p\nds ( sulphur are to be us$ = e #a1jjj cubic feet ( space4 ,z moi/ure plays a v important "p 9 develop+ ! dis9fect+ prop]ties ( sulphur dioxide1 ! anhydr\s gas be+ inactive z a dis9fectant1 x is advisable to place ! pot 9 a l>ge pan fill$ ) wat]1 s t ! evaporat$ wat] may r5d] ! gas active4 ,= ! purpose ( de/roy+ all insects 9 a room an exposure ( ab\t two h\rs to ! gas are necess>y1 :ile = ! de/ruction ( bact]ia an exposure ( at lea/ fifte5 to sixte5 h\rs is requir$4 ,9 ! application ( dis9fection ) sulphur dioxide1 z ) any o!r gas1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t gases v readily escape ?r\gh ! _m ap]tures1 cracks1 & op5+s 9 ! room & ?r\gh ! slits ne> doors & w9d[s2 & 9 ord] to conf9e ! gas 9 ! room x is absolutely necess>y to h]metically close all su* ap]tures1 cracks1 etc41 be=e g5]at+ ! gase\s dis9fectant4 ,! clos+ ( ! op5+s1 etc41 is done by ! pa/+ ov] ^! /rips ( gumm$ pap]1 an important proc$ure :i* mu/ n be ov]look$1 & :i* mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 a consci5ti\s mann]4 ,:5 sulphur is us$ 9 c&le =m ! exp5se is consid]ably increas$ )\t any additional effici5cy4 ,:5 a solution ( sulphur\s acid is employ$1 exposure ( ! liquid to ! air suffices to dis5gage ! sulphur dioxide necess>y = dis9fection4 ,! quantity ( ! solution ne$$ is d\ble t ( ! crude drug1 i4 e41 t5 p\nds = e #a1jjj cubic feet ( room space4 ,=maldehyde4--,at pres5t ! t5d5cy is to employ =maldehyde gas in/ead ( ! sulphur s popul> "s "t ago4 ,! advantages ( =maldehyde ov] sulphur are3 7#a7 its nonpoison\s nature2 7#b7 x is a v good g]micide2 7#c7 x has no injuri\s effect ^u fabrics & objects2 7#d7 x does n *ange colors2 & 7#e7 x c be us$ = ! dis9fection ( rooms ) ! ri*e/ hang+s1 bric-a-brac1 etc41 )\t dang] to ^!4 ,=maldehyde is evolv$ ei!r f p>a=m or f ! liquid =mal92 =m]ly x 0 also obta9$ by ! action ( wood-alcohol vapor ^u r$-hot plat9um4 ,=maldehyde gas has n v great p5etrat+ p[]2 x is n an insecticide1 b kills bact]ia 9 a v %ort "t1 & spores 9 an h\r or two4 ,p>a=m 7polym]iz$ =maldehyde2 trioxyme?yl5e7 is sold 9 pa/illes or 9 p[d] =m1 & :5 heat$ rev]ts aga9 to =maldehyde2 x mu/ n burn1 = no gas is evolv$ :5 ! heat+ rea*es ! /age ( burn+4 ,! lamps us$ = dis9fection ) p>a=m are v simple 9 con/ruction1 b z ! evolution ( ! gas is v unc]ta91 ?is me?od is us$ only = small places1 & x dem&s two ounces ( p>a=m = e #a1jjj cubic feet ( space1 ) an exposure ( twelve h\rs4 ,=maldehyde is also us$ 9 ! =m ( ! liquid =mal9 ei!r by spray+ & spr9kl+ ! objects to be dis9fect$ ) ! liquid1 & !n plac+ !m 9 a tightly cov]$ box1 s t !y are dis9fect$ by ! evolution ( ! gas1 or by wett+ %eets ) a =mal9 solution & lett+ !m hang 9 ! room to be dis9fect$4 ,! me?od mo/ frequ5tly employ$ is to g5]ate ! =maldehyde 9 g5]ators1 retorts1 & 9 ! s-call$ autoclaves1 & !n to =ce x ?r\gh ap]tures into ! room4 ,( ! o!r gase\s dis9fectants us$1 hydrocyanic acid & *lor9e may be m5tion$1 al?\gh !y are v r>ely us$ because ( _! irritat+ & poison\s "*4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid is frequ5tly us$ z an insecticide 9 %ips1 mills1 & gre5h\ses1 b its g]micidal p[] is weak4 ,*lor9e is a good g]micide1 b is v irritat+1 poison\s1 & dang]\s to h&le2 x is evolv$ by ! decomposition ( *lor9at$ lime ) sulphuric acid4 ,*lor9e gas is v injuri\s to objects1 mat]ials1 & colors1 & its use is !re=e v limit$4 ,*emicals ,us$ z ,dis9fectants ,solution ( *emicals1 9 ord] to be effective1 mu/ be us$ g5]\sly1 9 conc5trat$ =m1 = a prolong$ "t1 &1 if possible1 w>m or hot4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution mu/ dep5d ^u ! "w to be p]=m$ & ! mat]ials us$4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! solution diff]s4 ,x may consi/ 9 imm]s+ & soak+ ! infect$ object 9 ! solution2 or ! solution may be appli$ z a wa% to surfaces1 or us$ 9 ! =m ( sprays1 atomiz]s1 etc4 ,! mo/ important solutions ( *emicals & ! ones mo/ frequ5tly employ$ are ^? ( c>bolic acid & bi*loride ( m]cury4 ,c>bolic ,acid4--,9 ! /r5g? ( #a3ae1jjj c>bolic acid prev5ts decomposition2 a /r5g? ( #a3a1jjj is ne$$ = ! de/ruction ( bact]ia1 & a ?ree p] c5t to five p] c5t solution = ! de/ruction ( spores4 ,c>bolic acid is us$1 z a rule1 9 two p] c5t to five p] c5t solutions1 & is a v good dis9fectant = wa%+ floors1 walls1 ceil+s1 woodwork1 small objects1 etc4 ,! cresols1 creol91 lysol1 & o!r solutions ( ! cresols are m g]micidal ?an c>bolic acid1 & are sometimes us$ = ! same purposes4 ,bi*loride ( ,m]cury 7corrosive sublimate7 is a pot5t poison & a p[]ful g]micide2 9 solutions ( #a3ae1jjj x /ops decomposition2 9 solutions ( #a3b1jjj x kills bact]ia 9 two h\rs2 & 9 a /r5g? ( #a3ejj x acts v quickly z a g]micide = all bact]ia1 & ev5 = spores4 ,corrosive sublimate dissolves 9 sixte5 p>ts ( cold & ?ree p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 b = dis9fect+ purposes x %\ld be color$ s t x may n be inadv]t5tly us$ = o!r purposes1 z ! normal solutions are colorless & may accid5tally be us$ int]nally4 ,! action ( ! bi*loride is increas$ by heat4 ,=mal9 is a =ty p] c5t solution ( =maldehyde gas1 & its uses & me?ods ( employm5t h already be5 consid]$4 ,potassium ,p]manganate is a good g]micide1 & weak solutions ( x are suffici5t to kill "s bact]ia1 b ! objections aga9/ its use are t solutions ( potassium p]manganate become in]t & decompose on com+ 9 contact ) any organic matt]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! *emical w\ld be too exp5sive = dis9fect+ purposes4 ,f]r\s ,sulphate 7copp]as7 0 =m]ly v ext5sively us$ = dis9fect+ purposes1 b is n s us$ at pres5t1 ow+ to ! fact t x has be5 le>n$ t ! g]micidal p[] ( ?is mat]ial is v slight1 & t its value dep5ds mo/ly ^u its deodoriz+ p[]1 = :i* reason x is us$ on excreta 9 privy vaults1 etc4 ,lime4--,:5 c>bonate ( lime is calc9$ ! product is common lime1 :i*1 ^u be+ mix$ ) wat]1 produces slak$ lime2 :5 to ! latt] consid]able wat] is add$1 ! product is milk ( lime1 & also :itewa%4 ,:itewa% is (t5 us$ to dis9fect walls & ceil+s ( cell>s z well z ( rooms2 milk ( lime is us$ to dis9fect excreta 9 privy vaults1 s*ool s9ks1 etc4 ,:5ev] lime is us$ = dis9fect+ excreta x %\ld be us$ g5]\sly1 & be ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! mat]ial to be dis9fect$4 ,dis9fection ( ,rooms ,practical dis9fection is n a r\t9e1 uni=m1 & ?\ghtless process1 b dem&s ! detail$1 consci5ti\s application ( sci5tific data ga9$ by rese>* & laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,dis9fection to be ?or\gh & successful _c be appli$ to all objects1 mat]ial1 & diseases 9 l mann]1 b mu/ be adju/$ to ! ne$s ( e case1 & mu/ be p]=m$ consci5ti\sly4 ,plac+ a sulphur c&le 9 a room1 spill+ a qu>t ( c>bolic acid or a c\ple ( p\nds ( *lor9at$ lime ^u ! floors or objects1 may be reg>d$ z dis9fection by laym51 b 9 municipal dis9fection ! dis9fector mu/ be ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( dis9fection & be prep>$ to apply its dictates to practice4 ,rooms4--,9 ! dis9fection ( rooms ! dis9fectant us$ v>ies ) ! "p ( ! room z well z ) ! "* ( ! room4 ,:5 a gase\s dis9fectant is to be us$ sulphur dioxide or =maldehyde is employ$1 ) ! t5d5cy lately to replace ! =m] by ! latt]4 ,:]ev] !re are delicate furni%+s1 tape/ries1 etc41 sulphur _c be us$ on acc\nt ( its de/ructive "*2 :5 sulphur is employ$ x is1 z a rule1 9 ! poor] class ( t5em5t h\ses :]e !re is v little ( value to be injur$ by ! gas1 & :]e ! sulphur is ( additional value z an insecticide4 ,:5ev] gase\s dis9fectants are us$ ! pr9cipal "w ( ! dis9fector is 9 ! clos+ up ( ! cracks1 ap]tures1 holes1 & all op5+s f ! room to ! out] air1 z o!rwise ! gase\s dis9fectant w escape4 ,! clos+ up ( ! op5 spaces is accompli%$ usually by means ( gumm$-pap] /rips1 :i* are obta9able 9 rolls & ne$ only to be moi/5$ & appli$ to ! cracks1 etc4 ,op5+s into *imneys1 v5tilators1 transoms1 & ! l mu/ n be ov]look$ by ! dis9fector4 ,aft] ! op5+s h already be5 clos$ up ! dis9fectant is appli$ & ! dis9fector quickly leaves ! room1 be+ c>eful to close ! door beh9d him & to pa/e gumm$ pap] ov] ! door cracks4 ,! room mu/ be left clos$ = at lea/ twelve1 or bett]1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x %\ld be op5$ & well air$4 ,walls & ,ceil+s ( rooms %\ld be dis9fect$ by scrubb+ ) a solution ( corrosive sublimate or c>bolic acid2 & 9 cases ( tub]culosis & :]ev] !re is fe> ( infection adh]+ to ! walls & ceil+s1 all pap]1 kalsom9e1 or pa9t %\ld be scrap$ (f & new pap]1 kalsom9e1 or pa9t appli$4 ,metal ,furniture %\ld fir/ be scrubb$ & wa%$ ) hot soapsuds1 & !n a solution ( =mal91 c>bolic acid1 or bi*loride appli$ to ! surfaces & cracks4 ,wood5 ,b$/eads %\ld be wa%$ ) a dis9fect+ solution & subject$ to a gase\s dis9fectant 9 ord] t all cracks & op5+s be p5etrat$ & all insects be de/roy$4 ,b$d+1 ,mattresses1 ,pill[s1 ,quilts1 etc41 %\ld be pack$ 9 clean %eets moi/5$ ) a five p] c5t solution ( =mal91 & !n c>t$ away to be ?or\ghly dis9fect$ by /eam 9 a special app>atus4 ,%eets1 ,small ,l95 & ,cotton ,objects1 ,tableclo?s1 etc41 %\ld be soak$ 9 a c>bolic-acid solution & !n boil$4 ,rubbi%1 ,rags1 & ,objects ( ,little ,value f\nd 9 an infect$ room are be/ burn$4 ,glassw>e & ,*9aw>e %\ld ei!r be boil$ or subject$ to dry heat4 ,c>pets %\ld fir/ be subject$ to a gase\s dis9fectant1 & !n be wrapp$ 9 %eets wett$ ) =mal9 solution & s5t to be /eam$4 ,spots & /a9s 9 c>pets %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ be=e be+ /eam$1 z ! latt] fixes ! /a9s4 ,wool5 ,goods & ,wool are injur$ by be+ /eam$1 & h5ce may be be/ dis9fect$ by =mal9 solutions or by =maldehyde gas4 ,books are v difficult to dis9fect1 especially su* books z 7 h&l$ by ! pati5t1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( gett+ ! dis9fectant to act on e page ( ! book4 ,! only way to dis9fect books is to hang !m up s t ! leaves are all op51 & !n to subject !m to ! action ( =maldehyde gas = twelve h\rs4 ,ano!r me?od sometimes employ$ is to spr9kle a five p] c5t solution ( =mal9 on e o!r page ( ! book2 b ?is is r a sl[ process4#ba ,/ables ne$ c>eful & ?or\gh dis9fection4 ,all manure1 hay1 fe$1 etc41 %\ld be collect$1 soak$ 9 oil1 & burn$4 ,! walls1 ceil+s1 & floors %\ld !n be wa%$ ) a /rong dis9fect+ solution appli$ ) a hose2 all cracks are to be c>efully clean$ & wa%$4 ,! solution to be us$ is pref]ably lysol1 creol91 or c>bolic acid4 ,aft] ?is ! :ole premises %\ld be fumigat$ ) sulphur or =maldehyde1 & !n ! /able left op5 = a week to be air$ & dri$1 aft] :i* all surfaces %\ld be fre%ly & ?ickly kalsom9$4 ,food _c be v well dis9fect$ unless x c be subject$ to boil+4 ,:5 ?is is impossible x %\ld be burn$4 ,cadav]s ( infect$ p]sons ought to be cremat$1 b z ?is is n always practicable1 ! next be/ way is to prop]ly wa% ! surface ( ! body ) a =mal9 or o!r dis9fect+ solution1 & !n to h ! body embalm$1 ?us dis9fect+ x int]nally & ext]nally4 ,dis9fectors1 com+ (t5 z !y d 9 contact ) infect$ mat]ials & p]sons1 %\ld "k h[ to dis9fect _! own p]sons & clo?+4 ,s f> z clo?+ is conc]n$ ! rule %\ld be t ^? h&l+ infect$ mat]ials h a special uni=m#bb :i* is clean$ & dis9fect$ aft] ! day's "w is done4 ,! h&s %\ld receive c>eful att5tion1 z o!rwise ! dis9fector may c>ry infection to 8 home4 ,! be/ me?od ( dis9fect+ ! h&s is to ?or\ghly wa% & scrub !m = five m9utes ) gre5 soap1 bru%1 & wat]1 !n imm]se fir/ = "o m9ute 9 alcohol1 & !n 9 a hot #a3a1jjj bi*loride solution4 ,! nails %\ld be c>efully scrubb$ & clean$4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,blankets1 c>pets1 & rugs %\ld be frequ5tly hung out on ! l9e 9 ! bright sunlight4--,,editor4 #ba ,unless books are valuable x is be/ to burn !m4 ,pap] w hold g]ms = sev]al weeks4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts %[ t c]ta9 pa?og5ic bact]ia1 includ+ ! bacilli ( diph!ria1 w live = tw5ty-eight days on pap] money4--,,editor4 #bb ,duck1 l951 or any wa%able mat]ial w d4--,,editor4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,co/ ( ,convey$ ,heat+ ,sy/ems#bc ,9 our v>iable climate1 ) its sudd5 & extreme *anges 9 temp]ature1 ! matt] ( heat+ & v5tilation dem&s ! s]i\s att5tion ( all h\se[n]s & h\sebuild]s4 ,! mo/ common me?od ( heat+ ! mod]n dwell+ is by a hot-air furnace 9 ! cell>1 ) %eet-metal ducts = convey+ ! heat$ air to ! v>i\s rooms4 ,! advantages ( a furnace are *eapness ( in/allation &1 9 mod]ate wea!r1 a pl5tiful supply ( w>m b v dry air4 ,! disadvantages are ! co/ ( fuel consum$1 ! liability ( ! furnace to give (f gas "u c]ta9 conditions1 & ! inability to heat c]ta9 rooms ) "s comb9ations ( temp]ature & w9d4 ,! co/ ( in/all+ a furnace & its prop] ducts 9 a t5-room h\se is f #bej to #cej2 su* a furnace w consume fifte5 to tw5ty tons ( an?racite coal 9 a season 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,! hot-air sy/em works bett] ) compact squ>e h\ses ?an ) long1 rangy /ructures4 ,= a h\se fully expos$ to ! nor?we/ bla/s1 "o ( ! o!r sy/ems %\ld be consid]$4 ,p]haps ! next mo/ popul> arrangem5t is a sectional ca/-iron hot-wat] heat]1 ) a sy/em ( pip+ to & f radiators 9 ! rooms to be heat$4 ,hot-wat] heat+ has _m advantages1 "s ( :i* are ! w>m? ( ! radiators almo/ z soon z ! fire is />t$ & aft] ! fire is out2 ! mod]ation ( ! heat2 ! fre$om f sudd5 *anges 9 am\nt ( heat radiat$2 ! abs5ce ( noise 9 op]ation1 & ! l[ co/ 9 fuel consum$4 ,"s ( ! disadvantages are ! high co/ ( in/allation & ! lack ( easy or ready control 7z ! hot wat] cools sl[ly1 & %utt+ ! radiator valves (t5 puts ! :ole sy/em out ( adju/m5t74 ,a hot-wat] heat+ plant = a t5-room h\se w co/ #djj to #fjj1 accord+ to ! type ( boil]2 ! correspond+ fuel consumption w be twelve to sixte5 tons ( coal p] season4 ,! ?ird sy/em 9 common use is by /eam ?r\gh radiators or coils ( pipe connect$ to a ca/-iron sectional boil]1 or a /eel tubul> boil] set 9 brickwork4 ,?is sy/em is 9 use 9 practically all l>ge build+s2 & its advantages are ! mod]ate co/ ( in/allation 7z ! s+le-pipe sy/em is v effici5t & ! pressure to be provid$ aga9/ 9 connections & fitt+s is slight72 ! ease ( control 7s9ce any good equipm5t w furni% /eam 9 tw5ty m9utes f ! "t ! fire is />t$1 & fre% coal ?r[n ^u ! fire ) a clos+ ( damp]s w /op ! /eam supply 9 five m9utes--or any radiator may be turn$ on or (f 9 an in/ant72 ! ability to heat ! entire h\se 9 any wea!r1 or any s+le room or suite ( rooms only2 &1 la/ly1 ! mod]ate fuel consumption4 ,! disadvantages ( /eam heat are no heat1 or next to none1 )\t ! production ( /eam1 involv+ "s noise 9 op]ation1 & dang] ( explosion4 ,/eam equipm5t 9 a t5-room h\se w co/ #cjj to #eej1 ! l[] price be+ = a sectional boil] & ! high] = a /eel boil] set 9 brickwork4 ,! fuel consum$ w be f t5 to fifte5 tons p] season4 ,bo? hot-wat] & /eam sy/ems require supplem5t>y means ( v5tilation4 ,plac+ ! radiators 9 expos$ places1 z b5ea? w9d[s1 9 ! ma9 hall ne> ! front door1 9 nor?we/ corn]s & ne> outside walls1 w insure "s circulation ( air2 &1 if "o or two op5 fire places be provid$ on ea* floor1 !re w be1 9 mo/ cases1 suffici5t v5tilation )\t ! use ( special ducts4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,see ,*apt] ,,iii = full discussion4--,,editor4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,note4 #a7 ,figure numb]s 7:i* ar5't contigu\s7 h be5 pres]v$4 #b7 ,"p ,,iii1 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! table %[+ ?ickness ( vitrifi$ pipes reads3 #d in*es diamet] #a_/b in* ?ick #f #a_/af #h #c_/d #ab #a ,! ?ickness figure = ! #f in* pipe has be5 left z orig9ally pr9t$1 b probably is incorrect 7logically x %\ld be some:]e betwe5 #a_/b in* & #c_/d in* ?ick74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------