,a ,,!odicy2 ,,or ,,v9dication ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,glory1 ,,z ,,manife/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,& ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,_w4 ,,by ,,alb]t ,,taylor ,,bl$soe1 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,& ,,a/ronomy ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mississippi4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,c>lton ,,phillips4 #bjj ,,mulb]ry ,,/reet4 #ahed4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction4 ,( ,! ,possibility ,( ,a ,!odicy4 ,section ,i4 ,! failure ( ,plato & o!r anci5t philosoph]s to con/ruct a ,!odicy1 n a gr\nd ( despair4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! failure ( ,leibnitz n a gr\nd ( despair4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! sy/em ( ! moral univ]se n purposely involv$ 9 obscurity to tea* u a lesson ( humility4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! littl5ess ( ! human m9d a gr\nd ( hope4 ,section ,v4 ,! con/ruction ( a ,!odicy1 n an attempt to solve my/]ies1 b to dissipate absurdities4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! _s 9 :i* ! foll[+ "w has be5 prosecut$1 & ! relation ( ! au?or to o!r sy/ems4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,moral ,evil1 ,or ,s91 ,consi/5t ,) ,! ,hol9ess ,( ,god4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,s*eme ,( ,necessity ,d5ies ,t ,man ,is ,responsible ,= ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,s94 ,section ,i4 ,! attempts ( ,calv9 & ,lu!r to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! responsibility ( man4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,hobbes1 ,coll9s1 & o!rs1 endeav\r to reconcile necessity ) free & acc\ntable ag5cy4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,malebran*e1 conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! views ( ,locke1 ,tuck]1 ,h>tley1 ,prie/ley1 ,helvetius1 & ,did]ot1 ) respect to ! relation betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,section ,v4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,leibnitz endeav\rs to reconcile lib]ty & necessity4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! attempt ( ,edw>ds to e/abli% free & acc\ntable ag5cy on ! basis ( necessity--,! views ( ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 ,day1 ,*alm]s1 ,dick1 ,d',aubigne1 ,hill1 ,%aw1 & ,m',co%1 conc]n+ ! agreem5t ( lib]ty & necessity4 ,section ,,vii4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ,hume1 ,br[n1 ,comte1 & ,mill1 9 relation to ! antagonism betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,section ,,viii4 ,! views ( ,kant & ,sir ,william ,hamilton 9 relation to ! antagonism betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,section ,,ix4 ,! notion ( ,"l ,kames & ,sir ,james ,mack9to% on ! same subject4 ,section ,x4 ,! conclusion ( ,mhl]1 ,?oluck1 & o!rs1 t all speculation on su* a subject mu/ be va9 & fruitless4 ,section ,,xi4 ,! true conclusion f ! =ego+ review ( op9ions & argum5ts4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,s*eme ,( ,necessity ,makes ,god ,! ,au?or ,( ,s94 ,section ,i4 ,! attempts ( ,calv9 & o!r re=m]s to %[ t ! sy/em ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,section ,,ii4 ,! attempt ( ,leibnitz to %[ t ! s*eme ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,section ,,iii4 ,! maxims adopt$ & employ$ by ,edw>ds to %[ t ! s*eme ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,section ,,iv4 ,! attempts ( ,dr4 ,emmons & ,dr4 ,*alm]s to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! purity ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,s*eme ,( ,necessity ,d5ies ,! ,reality ,( ,moral ,di/9ctions4 ,section ,i4 ,! views ( ,sp9oza 9 relation to ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! attempt ( ,edw>ds to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,section ,,iii4 ,( ! proposition t ,! ess5ce ( ! virtue & vice ( dispositions ( ! he>t & acts ( ! w1 lies n 9 _! cause1 b 9 _! nature4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! s*eme ( necessity seems to be inconsi/5t ) ! reality ( moral di/9ctions1 n because we conf\nd natural & moral necessity1 b because x is really inconsi/5t !re)4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,moral ,_w ,n ,con/itut$ ,accord+ ,to ,! ,s*eme ,( ,necessity4 ,section ,i4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is bas$ on a false psy*ology4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is direct$ aga9/ a false issue4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is support$ by false logic4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is =tifi$ by false conceptions4 ,section ,v4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is recomm5d$ by false analogies4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is r5d]$ plausible by a false phraseology4 ,section ,,vii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity orig9ates 9 a false me?od1 & t]m9ates 9 a false religion4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,relation ,betwe5 ,! ,human ,w ,& ,! ,div9e ,ag5cy4 ,section ,i4 ,g5]al view ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e & ! human p[]4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,pelagian plat=m1 or view ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e & ! human p[]4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! ,augu/9ian ,plat=m1 or view ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e ag5cy & ! human4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! views ( ^? :o1 9 lat] times1 h symboliz$ ) ,augu/9e4 ,section ,v4 ,! dang] ( mi/ak+ di/ort$ = exalt$ views ( ! div9e sov]eignty4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,moral ,evil1 ,or ,s91 ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,hol9ess ,( ,god4 ,section ,i4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! s\l's preexi/5ce4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! ,mani*eans4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! hypo!sis ( optimism4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! argum5t ( ! a!i/--,! reply ( ,leibnitz & o!r !i/s--,! insuffici5cy ( ?is reply4 ,section ,v4 ,! sophism ( ! a!i/ explod$1 & a p]fect agreem5t %[n to subsi/ betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( s9 & ! hol9ess ( ,god4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! true & only f\ndation ( optimism4 ,section ,,vii4 ,! glory ( ,god se5 9 ! creation ( a _w1 :i* he =esaw w\ld fall "u ! dom9ion ( s94 ,section ,,viii4 ,! little1 capti\s _s ( ,voltaire1 & o!r a!iz+ m9ute philosoph]s4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,objections ,consid]$4 ,section ,i4 ,x may be object$ t ! =ego+ s*eme is new !ology4 ,section ,,ii4 ,x may be imag9$ t ! views h]e9 set =? limit ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! =ego+ s*eme1 x may be said1 pres5ts a gloomy view ( ! univ]se4 ,section ,,iv4 ,x may be alleg$1 t 9 refus+ to subject ! volitions ( m5 to ! p[] & control ( ,god1 we und]m9e ! s5tim5ts ( humility & submission4 ,section ,v4 ,! =ego+ treatise may be deem$ inconsi/5t ) gratitude to ,god4 ,section ,,vi4 ,x may be cont5d$1 t x is unfair to urge ! prec$+ difficulties aga9/ ! s*eme ( necessity2 inasmu* z ! same1 or z great1 difficulties atta* to ! sy/em ( ^? by :om !y are urg$4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,natural ,evil1 ,or ,suff]+1 ,consi/5t ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,god ,desires ,& ,seeks ,! ,salvation ( ,all ,m54 ,section ,i4 ,! reason :y !ologians h conclud$ t ,god designs ! salvation ( only a "p ( mank9d4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! attempt ( ,h[e to reconcile ! et]nal ru9 ( a portion ( mank9d ) ! s9c]ity ( ,god 9 8 endeav\rs to save !m4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! views ( ,lu!r & ,calv9 respect+ ! s9c]ity ( ,god 9 8 endeav\rs to save ^? :o w f9ally p]i%4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,natural ,evil1 ,or ,suff]+1 ,& ,especially ,! ,suff]+ ,( ,infants ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,section ,i4 ,all suff]+ n a puni%m5t = s94 ,section ,,ii4 ,! imputation ( s9 n consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! imputation ( s9 n consi/5t ) human1 mu* less ) ! div9e goodness4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! true ends1 or f9al causes1 ( natural evil4 ,section ,v4 ,! importance ( h>moniz+ reason & revelation4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,suff]+s ,( ,*ri/ ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,section ,i4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ n unnecess>y4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ a bright manife/ation ( ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! objections ( ,dr4 ,*ann+1 & o!r ,unit>ians1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,et]nal ,puni%m5t ,( ,! ,wick$ ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,section ,i4 ,! false gr\nds ^u :i* ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5t has be5 plac$4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! uns\nd pr9ciples f :i*1 if true1 ! fallacy ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts may be cle>ly inf]r$4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts an expression ( ! div9e goodness4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,disp5sation ,( ,! ,div9e ,fav\rs ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,section ,i4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( fav\rs1 :i* obta9s 9 ! economy ( natural provid5ce1 consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,scripture doctr9e ( election consi/5t ) ! imp>tiality ( ! div9e goodness4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election inconsi/5t ) ! imp>tiality & glory ( ! div9e goodness4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! true gr\nd & reason ( election to et]nal life %[s x to be consi/5t ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god4 ,conclusion4 ,a ,summ>y ,view ,( ,! ,pr9ciples ,& ,advantages ,( ,! ,=ego+ ,sy/em4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,summ>y ,( ,! ,fir/ ,"p ,( ,! ,=ego+ ,sy/em4 ,section ,i4 ,! s*eme ( necessity d5ies t man is ! responsible au?or ( s94 ,section ,,ii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity makes ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,section ,,iii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity d5ies ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! moral _w n con/itut$ accord+ to ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,section ,v4 ,! relation betwe5 ! human ag5cy & ! div9e4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! exi/5ce ( moral evil consi/5t ) ! inf9ite purity ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,summ>y ,( ,! ,second ,"p ,( ,! ,=ego+ ,sy/em4 ,section ,i4 ,god desires ! salvation ( all m54 ,section ,,ii4 ,! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 & especially ( infants1 consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ consi/5t ) ! div9e goodness4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! et]nity ( future puni%m5t consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,v4 ,! true doctr9e ( election & pr$e/9ation consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! "q submitt$4 ,footnotes ,introduction4 ,,( ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,a ,,!odicy4 ,h[1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( an inf9itely p]fect ,be+1 evil c\ld h proce$$ f a creature ( 8 own1 has ev] be5 reg>d$ z ! great difficulty p]ta9+ to ! intellectual sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,x has nev] ceas$ to puzzle & p]plex ! human m9d4 ,inde$1 s great & s ob/9ate has x seem$1 t x is usually suppos$ to lie beyond ! rea* ( ! human faculties4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 exam9e ! gr\nds ( ?is op9ion1 be=e we ex*ange ! bright illusions ( hope1 if su* inde$ !y be1 = ! gloomy =ebod+s ( despair4 ,section ,i4 ,! failure ( ,plato & o!r anci5t philosoph]s to con/ruct a ,!odicy1 n a gr\nd ( despair4 ,! suppos$ want ( success att5d+ ! lab\rs ( ! pa/1 is1 no d\bt1 ! pr9cipal reason :i* has induc$ s _m to ab&on ! problem ( evil 9 despair1 & ev5 to accuse ( presumption e speculation design$ to %$ light ^u s great a my/]y4 ,b ?is reason1 h[ev] speci\s & impos+ at fir/ view1 w lose mu* ( its app>5t =ce ^u a clos] exam9ation4 ,9 e age ! same reason+ has be5 employ$ to repress ! ef=ts ( ! human m9d to ov]come ! difficulties by :i* x has be5 surr\nd$2 yet1 9 spite ( su* disc\ragem5ts1 ! mo/ /up5d\s difficulties h gradually yield$ to ! progressive developm5ts & revelations ( "t4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,socrates1 = example1 t ! problem ( ! natural _w 0 unavoidably conceal$ f mortals1 & t x 0 a sort ( presumptu\s impiety1 displeas+ to ! gods1 = m5 to pry into x4 ,if ,newton himself _h liv$ 9 t age1 x is probable t he w\ld h ent]ta9$ ! same op9ion4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! problem 9 "q w\ld !n h be5 z f> beyond ! rea* ( 8 p[]s1 z beyond ^? ( ! mo/ ord9>y individual4 ,! ignorance ( ! e>?'s dim5sions1 ! manifold errors respect+ ! laws ( motion1 & ! defective /ate ( ! ma!matical sci5ces1 :i* !n prevail$1 w\ld h r5d]$ utt]ly impot5t ! ef=ts ( a ?\s& ,newtons to grapple ) su* a problem4 ,! "t 0 nei!r ripe = ! solution ( t problem1 nor = ! appe>ance ( a ,newton4 ,x 0 only aft] sci5ce _h1 dur+ a p]iod ( two ?\s& ye>s1 multipli$ h] res\rces & ga!r$ up h] en]gies1 t %e 0 prep>$ = a flight to ! summit ( ! _w1 :5ce %e might behold & reveal ! wond]ful art :]e) x ha? be5 con/ruct$ by ! ,almighty ,ar*itect4 ,because ,socrates c\ld n conceive ( any possible means ( solv+ ! great problem ( ! mat]ial _w1 x did n foll[1 z ! ev5t has %[n1 t x 0 =ev] beyond ! rea* & dom9ion ( man4 ,we %\ld n !n li/5 too implicitly to ! tea*]s ( despair1 nor too ra%ly set limits to ! triumphs ( ! human p[]4 ,if we may believe 8! ma/] ( wisdom10 !y are n ! true fri5ds ( sci5ce1 nor ( ! _w's progress4 8,by f> ! greate/ ob/acle10 says ,bacon1 8to ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 is to be f\nd 9 m5's despair & idea ( impossibility40 ,ev5 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o cultivate a p>ticul> bran* ( k1 !re is (t5 an int]nal secret despair ( f9d+ ! tru?1 :i* s f> p>alyzes _! ef=ts z to prev5t !m f seek+ x ) t deep e>ne/ness1 )\t :i* x is seldom f\nd4 ,! hi/ory ( optics furni%es a mo/ impressive illu/ration ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ,newton1 no "o seem$ to ent]ta9 a real hope t ?is bran* ( k w\ld ev] assume ! =m & cle>ness ( sci5tific tru?4 ,! laws & prop]ties ( s e!real a sub/ance z light1 appe>$ to elude ! grasp ( ! human intellect2 & h5ce1 no "o ev9c$ ! boldness to grapple directly ) !m4 ,! :ole region ( optics 0 involv$ 9 mi/s1 & ^? :o gave _! att5tion to ?is dep>tm5t ( k1 ab&on$ !mselves1 = ! mo/ "p1 to vague g5]alities & loose conjectures4 ,9 ! conflict ( manifold op9ions1 & ! great v>iety ( hypo!ses :i* seem$ to promise no?+ b endless disputes1 ! highe/ idea ( ! sci5ce ( optics t prevail$1 0 t ( some?+ 9 relation to light :i* might be plausibly advanc$ & confid5tly ma9ta9$4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,newton to produce a revolution 9 ! mode ( treat+ ?is bran* ( k1 z well z t ( physical a/ronomy4 ,n despair+ ( ! tru?1 he /]nly put away 8innum]able fancies flitt+ on all sides ar\nd him10 & by se>*+ obs]vation & exp]im5t1 br\ght 8 m9d directly into contact ) ?+s !mselves1 & held x /eadily to !m1 until ! cle> light ( tru? dawn$4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ! dreams ( philosophy1 falsely s call$1 gave place to ! cle> realities ( nature4 ,x 0 to ! unconqu]able hope1 no less ?an to ! pr(\nd humility ( ,newton1 t ! _w is indebt$ = 8 mo/ spl5did discov]ies1 z well z = t p]fect model ( ! true _s ( philosophy1 :i* comb9$ ! inf9ite caution ( a ,butl] ) ! unb\nd$ boldness ( a ,leibnitz4 ,! l[lie/ humility1 free f ! lea/ %ad[ ( despair1 unit$ ) ! l(tie/ hope1 )\t ! lea/ mixture ( presumption1 bo? proce$+ f an inv9cible love ( tru?1 are ! elem5ts :i* con/itut$ ! secret ( t pati5t & all-endur+ ?\ght :i* conduct$ ! m9d ( ,newton f ! obscurities & dreams envelop+ ! _w bel[ into ! bright & %9+ region ( et]nal tru?s above4 ,9 our humble op9ion1 ,newton has done m = ! great cause ( k1 by ! mighty impulse ( hope he has giv5 to ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 ?an by all ! sublime discov]ies he has made4 ,=1 z ,maclaur9 says3 8,! v>iety ( op9ions & p]petual disputes among philosoph]s has induc$ n a few ( late1 z well z 9 =m] times1 to ?9k t x 0 va9 lab\r to endeav\r to acquire c]ta9ty 9 natural k1 & to ascribe ?is to "s unavoidable defect 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce4 ,b x has appe>$ suffici5tly1 f ! discov]ies ( ^? :o h consult$ nature1 & n _! own imag9ations1 & p>ticul>ly f :at we le>n f ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 t ! fault has la9 9 philosoph]s !mselves1 & n 9 philosophy40 ,we are p]suad$ ! day w come1 :5 x w be se5 t ! despair ( scepticism has be5 misplac$1 n only ) reg>d to natural k1 b also 9 relation to ! great problems ( ! intellectual & moral _w4 ,x is true1 t ,plato fail$ to solve ^! problems2 b 8 failure may be easily acc\nt$ =1 )\t 9 ! lea/ degree %ak+ ! f\ndations ( our hope4 ,! le>n$ ,ritt] has said1 t ,plato felt ! necessity impos$ ^u him1 by 8 sy/em1 to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( evil ) ! p]fections ( ,god2 b yet1 z (t5 z he approa*$ ?is d>k subject1 8 views became vague1 fluctuat+1 & unsatisfactory4 ,h[ little insight he _h into x on any sci5tific or cle>ly def9$ pr9ciple1 is obvi\s f ! fact1 t he took %elt] f its difficulties 9 ! wild hypo!sis ( ! prexi/5ce ( s\ls4 ,b ! impot5cy ( ,plato's attempts to solve ^! difficulties1 may be expla9$ )\t ! lea/ disp>agem5t to 8 g5ius1 or )\t lead+ u to hope = light only f ! _w's possession ( bett] m9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* 0 ! /ate ( m5tal sci5ce :5 ,plato liv$1 t x w\ld h be5 impossible = any "o to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( evil ) ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,x has be5 truly said1 t 8,an att5tion to ! int]nal op]ations ( ! human m9d1 ) a view to analyze its pr9ciples1 is "o ( ! di/9ctions ( mod]n times4 ,among ! anci5ts sc>cely any?+ ( ! sort 0 kn[n40--,rob]t ,hall4 ,yet )\t a correct analysis ( ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 & ( ! relations !y su/a9 to ea* o!r1 z well z to ext]nal objects & influ5ces1 x is impossible to %$ "o ray ( light on ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( moral evil & ! div9e glory4 ,! !ory ( motion is 8! key to nature40 ,x 0 ) ?is key t ,newton1 ! great high-prie/ ( nature1 ent]$ into h] pr(\nde/ recesses1 & laid op5 h] mo/ sublime secrets to ! admiration ( mank9d4 ,9 l mann]1 ! true !ory ( action is ! key to ! intellectual _w1 by :i* its difficulties are to be laid op5 & its enigmas solv$4 ,n possess+ ?is key1 x 0 z impossible = ,plato1 or = any o!r philosoph]1 to p5etrate ! my/]y ( s9's exi/5ce1 z x w\ld h be51 )\t a k ( ! laws ( motion1 to compreh5d ! /up5d\s problem ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,secondly1 ! anci5t philosoph]s lab\r$ "u ! insup]able disadvantage1 t ! sublime disclosures ( revelation _h n be5 made kn[n to ! _w4 ,h5ce ! mat]ials 7 want+ out ( :i* to con/ruct a ,!odicy1 or v9dication ( ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,= if we c\ld see only s mu* ( ?is _w's drama z is made kn[n by ! light ( nature1 x w\ld n be possible to reconcile x ) ! "* ( its great ,au?or4 ,no "o 0 m s5sible ( ?is defect ( k ?an ,plato himself2 & its cont9uance 01 9 8 view1 inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ! div9e ,be+4 ,h5ce 8 well-kn[n pr$iction1 t a tea*] w\ld be s5t f ,god to cle> up ! d>kness ( man's pres5t de/9y1 & to )draw ! veil f its future glory4 ,! facts ( revelation _c1 ( c\rse1 be logically assum$ z v]ities1 9 an argum5t ) ! a!i/2 b /ill1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 !y may1 9 connexion ) o!r tru?s1 be made to s]ve a mo/ important & legitimate function 9 explod+ 8 sophisms & objections4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! failure ( ,leibnitz n a gr\nd ( despair4 ,x is alleg$1 t s9ce ,leibnitz exhau/$ ! res\rces ( 8 va/ erudition1 & ex]t$ ! p[]s ( 8 mighty intellect )\t success1 to solve ! problem 9 "q1 x is 9 va9 = any "o else to attempt its solution4 ,leibnitz1 himself1 0 too mu* ( a philosoph] to approve ( su* a judgm5t 9 relation to any human be+4 ,he c\ld nev] h wi%$1 or expect$ to see 8! empire ( man1 :i* is f\nd$ 9 ! sci5ces10 p]man5tly conf9$ to ! b\nd>ies ( a s+le m9d1 h[ev] exalt$ its p[]s1 or compreh5sive its atta9m5ts4 ,he f9ely rebuk$ ! false humility & ! disguis$ arrogance ( ,desc>tes1 9 affirm+ t ! sov]eignty ( ,god & ! fre$om ( man c\ld nev] be reconcil$4 8,if ,desc>tes10 says he1 8_h confess$ su* an inability = himself alone1 ?is might h sav\r$ ( humility2 b x is o!rwise1 :51 because he c\ld n f9d ! means ( solv+ ?is difficulty1 he decl>es x an impossibility = all ages & = all m9ds40 ,we h1 at lea/1 ! au?ority & example ( ,leibnitz1 9 fav\r ( ! propriety ( cultivat+ ?is dep>tm5t ( k1 ) a view to %$ light on ! great problem ( ! intellectual _w4 ,8 failure1 if rightly consid]$1 is n a gr\nd = despond5cy4 ,he approa*$ ! problem 9 "q 9 a wrong _s4 ,! pride ( conqu]+ difficulties is ! un=tunate disposition ) :i* he und]took to solve x4 ,8 well-kn[n boa/1 t ) him all difficult ?+s are easy1 & all easy ?+s difficult1 is a pro( t 8 _s 0 n p]fectly adapt$ to c>ry him =w>d 9 a conte/ ) ! d>k enigmas ( ! univ]se4 ,inde$1 if we consid] :at ,leibnitz has actually done1 we %all p]ceive1 t not)/&+ 8 wond]ful p[]s1 he has r5d]$ _m easy ?+s difficult1 z well z _m difficult ?+s easy4 ,! be/ way to conqu] difficulties is1 if we may judge f 8 example1 n to attack !m directly1 & ) ! pride ( a conqu]or1 b simply to seek aft] ! tru?4 ,if we make a conque/ ( all ! tru?1 ?is w make a conque/ ( all ! difficulties )9 our rea*4 ,x is wond]ful ) :at ease a difficulty1 :i* may h resi/$ ! direct siege ( c5turies1 w sometimes fall be=e a s+le inquir] aft] tru?1 :o _h n dream$ ( aim+ at its solution1 until ?is seem$1 z if by accid5t1 to (f] itself to 8 m9d4 ,if we pursue difficulties1 !y w be apt to fly f u & elude our grasp2 :]eas1 if we give up our m9ds to an hone/ & e>ne/ se>* aft] tru?1 !y w come 9 ) _! own solutions4 ,! tru? is1 t ! difficulty 9 "q has be5 increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ by ! speculations ( ,leibnitz4 ,?is has result$ f a premature & extreme devotion to sy/em--a s\rce ( misc>riage & failure common to ,leibnitz1 & to mo/ o!rs :o h devot$ _! att5tion to ! orig9 ( evil4 ,on ! "o h&1 exagg]at$ views conc]n+ ! div9e ag5cy1 or equally extravagant notions on ! o!r1 respect+ ! ag5cy ( man1 h frequ5tly conv]t$ a seem+ into a real contradiction4 ,9 g5]al1 ! "w ( ,god has be5 conceiv$ 9 su* a relation to ! p[]s ( man1 z to make ! latt] entirely disappe>2 or else ! p[] ( man has be5 repres5t$ z occupy+ s exalt$ & indep5d5t a position1 z to exclude ! ,almighty f 8 rightful dom9ion ov] ! moral _w4 ,?us1 ! ,supreme ,be+ has g5]ally be5 %ut out f ! affairs & gov]nm5t ( ! _w by "o side1 & 8 en]gy r5d]$ s all-p]vad+ by ! o!r1 z really to make him ! au?or ( evil4 ,9 ?is way1 ! difficulties conc]n+ ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( evil h be5 greatly augm5t$ by ! v speculations design$ to solve !m4 ,= if ,god takes little or no conc]n 9 ! affairs & de/9y ( ! moral _w1 ?is cle>ly seems to r5d] him responsible = ! evil :i* he might easily h prev5t$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if he p]vades ! moral _w ) 8 p[] 9 su* a mann] z to br+ all ?+s to pass1 ?is z cle>ly seems to implicate him 9 ! turpitude ( s94 ,aft] hav+ conv]t$ ! seem+ discrepancy betwe5 ! div9e p[] & human ag5cy into a real contradiction1 x is too late to endeav\r to reconcile !m4 ,yet su* has be5 ! case ) mo/ ( ! giant intellects t h lab\r$ to reconcile ! sov]eignty ( ,god & ! moral ag5cy ( man4 ,x w h]eaft] be cle>ly se51 we tru/1 t x is n possible = any "o1 hold+ ! s*eme ( a ,calv91 or a ,leibnitz1 or a ,desc>tes1 or an ,edw>ds1 to %[ an agreem5t betwe5 ! p[] ( ,god & ! fre$om ( man2 s9ce accord+ to ^! sy/ems !re is an et]nal opposition & conflict betwe5 !m4 ,x is no gr\nd ( despair1 !n1 t ! mighty m9ds ( ! pa/ h fail$ to solve ! problem 9 "q1 if ! cause ( _! failure may be trac$ to ! errors ( _! own sy/ems1 & n to ! inh]5t difficulties ( ! subject4 ,^? :o h endeav\r$ to solve ! problem 9 "q h1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 necessitat$ to fail 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ adopt$ a wrong me?od4 ,in/ead ( beg9n+ ) obs]vation1 & c>efully dissect+ ! _w :i* ,god has made1 s z to rise1 by a cle> analysis ( ?+s1 to ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* !y h be5 actually fram$ & put toge!r1 !y h set out f ! l(ty region ( univ]sal ab/ractions1 & proce$$ to recon/ruct ! _w = !mselves4 ,in/ead ( beg9n+ ) ! actual1 z be/ befits ! feebl5ess ( ! human intellect1 & work+ _! way up into ! great sy/em ( ?+s1 !y h tak5 _! position at once 9 ! high & b\ndless realm ( ! ideal1 & !nce endeav\r$ to d$uce ! nature ( ! laws & ph5om5a ( ! real _w4 ,?is is ! c\rse pursu$ by ,plato1 ,leibnitz1 ,hobbes1 ,desc>tes1 ,edw>ds1 &1 inde$1 mo/ ( ^? great ?9k]s :o h endeav\r$ to %$ light on ! problem 9 "q4 ,h5ce ea* has necess>ily become 8a sublime ar*itect ( words10 ^: gr& & impos+ sy/em ( %ad[s & ab/ractions has b a slight f\ndation 9 ! real con/itution & laws ( ! spiritual _w4 ,_! writ+s furni% ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! pr(\nd aphorism ( ,bacon1 t 8! usual me?od ( discov]y & pro(1 by fir/ e/abli%+ ! mo/ g5]al propositions1 !n apply+ & prov+ ! int]m$iate axioms accord+ to ^!1 is ! p>5t ( error & ! calamity ( e sci5ce40 ,he :o w\ld frame a real model ( ! _w 9 ! und]/&+1 su* z x is f\nd to be1 n su* z man's reason has di/ort$1 mu/ pursue ! opposite c\rse4 ,surely x _c be deem$ unreasonable1 t ?is c\rse %\ld be mo/ dilig5tly appli$ to ! /udy ( ! intellectual _w2 especially z x has wr\ght su* wond]s 9 ! prov9ce ( natural k1 & t too1 aft] s _m ages _h1 accord+ to ! =m] me?od1 lab\r$ ^u x comp>atively 9 va94 ,because ! human m9d has n be5 able to bridge ov] ! impassable gulf betwe5 ! ideal & ! concrete1 s z to effect a passage f ! =m] to ! latt]1 x c]ta9ly does n foll[1 t x %\ld =ev] despair ( s f> p5etrat+ ! app>5t obscurity & confusion ( real ?+s1 z to see t no?+ :i* ,god has creat$ is inconsi/5t ) ! et]nal1 immutable glory ( ! ideal3 or1 9 o!r words1 because ! real _w & ! ideal _c be %[n to be connect$ by a logical dep5d5cy1 x does n foll[1 t ! actual creation & provid5ce ( ,god1 t all 8 works & ways _c be made to appe> consi/5t ) ! idea ( an absolutely p]fect be+ & ( ! et]nal laws accord+ to :i* 8 p[] acts3 t is to say1 because ! high a priori me?od1 :i* s magi/]ially proce$s to pron\nce :at mu/ be1 has fail$ to solve ! problem ( ! moral _w1 x does n foll[1 t ! inductive me?od1 or t :i* cauti\sly beg9s ) an exam9ation ( :at is1 may n f9ally rise to ! sublime contemplation ( :at ought to be2 &1 9 ! light ( ,god's own creation1 behold ! magnific5t model ( ! actual univ]se p]fectly con=m$ to ! transc5d5t & unutt]able glory ( ! ideal4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! sy/em ( ! moral univ]se n purposely involv$ 9 obscurity to tea* u a lesson ( humility4 ,b ! ass]tion is frequ5tly made1 t ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w is purposely left 9 obscurity & app>5t confusion1 9 ord] to tea* man a lesson ( humility & submission1 by %[+ him h[ weak & n>r[ is ! human m9d4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 be5 able to f9d any suffici5t reason or f\ndation = su* an op9ion4 ,z e atom 9 ! univ]se pres5ts my/]ies :i* baffle ! mo/ subtle rese>* & ! mo/ pr(\nd inve/igation ( ! human intellect1 we _c see h[ any reflect+ m9d c possibly f9d an additional lesson ( humility 9 ! fact1 t ! sy/em ( ! univ]se itself is involv$ 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,w\ld x n be /range1 inde$1 if ! m9d1 ^: grasp is n suffici5t = ! my/]ies ( a s+le atom1 %\ld be really humbl$ by ! conviction t x is too weak & limit$ to fa?om ! wond]s ( ! univ]se8 ,does ! insignificance ( an egg-%ell appe> f ! fact t x _c conta9 ! ocean8 ,! tru? is1 t ! m cle>ly ! maje/y & glory ( ! div9e p]fections are display$ 9 ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 ! m cle>ly %all we see ! greatness ( ,god & ! littl5ess ( man4 ,no true k c ev] impress ! human m9d ) a conceit ( its own greatness4 ,! f>!r its light exp&s1 ! great] mu/ become ! visible sph]e ( ! surr\nd+ d>kness2 & its highe/ atta9m5t 9 real k mu/ inevitably t]m9ate 9 a pr(\nd s5se ( ! va/1 unlimit$ ext5t ( its own ignorance4 ,h5ce1 we ne$ ent]ta9 no fe>1 t man's humility w ev] be endang]$ by too great atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce4 ,presumption is1 inde$1 ! natural (fspr+ ( ignorance1 & n ( k4 ,socrates1 z we h already se51 endeav\r$ to inculcate a lesson ( humility1 by rem9d+ 8 contempor>ies h[ f> ! !ory ( ! mat]ial heav5s 0 beyond ! rea* ( _! faculties4 ,& to en=ce ?is lesson1 he assur$ !m t x 0 displeas+ to ! gods = m5 to attempt to pry into ! wond]ful art :]e) !y _h con/ruct$ ! univ]se4 ,9 l mann]1 ! poet1 at a mu* lat] p]iod1 puts ! foll[+ s5tim5t into ! m\? ( an angel3-- 8,to ask or se>*1 ,i blame !e n2 = heav5 ,is z ! book ( ,god be=e !e set1 ,:]e9 to read 8 wondr\s works1 & le>n ,8 seasons1 h\rs1 or days1 or mon?s1 or ye>s3 ,?is to atta91 :e!r heav5 move or e>?1 ,imports n if ?\ reckon "r2 ! re/ ,f man or angel ! great ,ar*itect ,did wisely to conceal1 & n divulge ,8 secrets1 to be scann'd by !m :o ought ,r admire2 or1 if !y li/ to try ,conjecture1 he 8 fabric ( ! heav5s ,ha? left to _! disputes1 p]haps to move ,8 laught] at _! qua9t op9ions wide ,h]eaft]40 ,all ?is may be v well1 no d\bt1 = him by :om x 0 utt]$1 & = ^? :o may h receiv$ x z an ev]la/+ oracle ( tru?4 ,b ! true lesson ( humility 0 taught by ,newton1 :5 he solv$ ! problem ( ! _w1 & reveal$ ! wond]ful art display$ !re9 by ! ,supreme ,ar*itect4 ,nev] be=e1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 0 s impressive a conviction made ( ! almo/ absolute no?+ness ( man1 :5 measur$ on ! inconceivably magnific5t scale ( ! univ]se4 ,no "o1 x is well kn[n1 felt ?is conviction m deeply ?an ,newton himself4 8,i h be5 b z a *ild10 said he1 8play+ on ! sea-%ore2 n[ f9d+ "s pebble r m poli%$1 & n[ "s %ell r m agreeably v>iegat$ ?an ano!r1 :ile ! imm5se ocean ( tru? ext5d$ itself unexplor$ be=e me40 ,x is1 inde$1 /rangely to =get our littl5ess1 z well z ! limits :i* ?is necess>ily sets to ! progress ( ! und]/&+1 to imag9e t ! ,almighty has to conceal any?+ ) a view to rem9d u ( ! weakness ( our p[]s4 ,inde$1 ev]y?+ ar\nd u1 & ev]y?+ )9 u1 br+s home ! conviction ( ! littl5ess ( man4 ,!re is n a page ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght on :i* ?is lesson is n deeply engrav$4 ,/ill we d n despair4 ,we f9d a gr\nd ( hope 9 ! v littl5ess z well z 9 ! greatness ( ! human p[]s4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! littl5ess ( ! human m9d a gr\nd ( hope4 ,we w\ld yield to no "o 9 a pr(\nd v5]ation = ! great intellects ( ! pa/4 ,b let u n be dazzl$ & bl9d$ by ! spl5d\r ( _! a*ievem5ts4 ,let u look at x closely1 & see h[ wond]ful x is--?is ?+ call$ ! human m9d4 ,! m ,i ?9k ( x1 ! m x fills me ) amazem5t4 ,i sc>cely "k :i* amazes me ! m1 its littl5ess or its gr&eur4 ,n[ ,i see x1 ) all its high p[]s & glori\s faculties1 lab\r+ "u ! ambiguity ( a ^w1 app>5tly 9 hopeless eclipse = c5turies4 ,%all ,i !re=e despise x8 ,be=e ,i h "t to d s1 ! p[] & ! light :i* is ?us %ut out f ! _w by s pitiful a cause1 is reveal$ 9 all its glory4 ,i see ?is same intellig5ce =c+ its way ?r\gh a ?\s& ho/ile appe>ances1 resi/+ innum]able ob/acles press+ on all sides ar\nd x1 ov]com+ deep illusions1 & invet]ate op9ions1 almo/ z firmly seat$ z ! v laws ( nature !mselves4 ,i see x ris+ above all ^!1 & plant+ itself 9 ! radiant seat ( tru?4 ,x embraces ! plan1 x surveys ! "w ( ! ,supreme ,ar*itect ( all ?+s4 ,x foll[s ! inf9ite reason1 & recognises ! almighty p[]1 9 _! sublime/ manife/ations4 ,i rejoice 9 ! glory ( its triumphs1 & am ready to pron\nce its empire b\ndless4 ,b1 alas6 ,i see x aga9 baffl$ & conf\nd$ by ! wond]s & my/]ies ( a s+le atom6 ,i see ?is same ?+1 or r its mightie/ repres5tatives1 ) a ,newton or a ,leibnitz at _! head1 9 full pursuit ( a %ad[1 & wa/+ _! wond]ful en]gies 9 beat+ ! air4 ,!y h measur$ ! _w1 & /ret*$ _! l9e ^u ! *amb]s ( ! great deep4 ,!y h weigh$ ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & m>k$ out _! orbits4 ,!y h det]m9$ ! laws accord+ to :i* all worlds & all atoms move--accord+ to :i* ! v sph]es s+ toge!r4 ,& yet1 :5 !y came to measure 8! =ce ( a mov+ body10 !y toil = a c5tury at ! task1 & f9ally re/ 9 ! amaz+ conclusion1 t 8! v same ?+ may h two measures widely diff]5t f ea* o!r60 ,alas6 t ! same m9d1 t ! same god-l intellig5ce1 :i* has measur$ worlds & sy/ems1 %\ld ?us h wa/$ its /up5d\s en]gies 9 /riv+ to measure a metaphor6 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( its gr&eur & its triumphs1 ,i b[ ) rev]5ce be=e its p[]1 & am ready to despair ( ev] see+ x g f>!r ?an x has already gone2 b :5 ,i ?9k ( its littl5ess & its failures1 ,i take c\rage aga91 & det]m9e to toil on z a liv+ atom among liv+ atoms4 ,! glory ( its triumphs does n disc\rage me1 because ,i also see its littl5ess2 nor c its littl5ess ext+ui% 9 me ! light ( hope1 because ,i also see ! glory ( its triumphs4 ,& surely ?is is "r2 = ! intellect ( man1 s conspicu\sly comb9+ ! attributes ( ! angel & ( ! worm1 is n to be despis$ )\t inf9ite dang]1 nor foll[$ )\t inf9ite caution4 ,su*1 inde$1 is ! weakness & fallibility ( ! human m9d1 ev5 9 its brighte/ =ms1 t we _c = a mom5t imag9e1 t ! inh]5t difficulties ( ! d>k enigma ( ! _w are insup]able1 because !y h n be5 cle>ly & fully solv$ by a ,leibnitz or an ,edw>ds4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are p]fectly p]suad$ t 9 ! end ! wond] w be1 n t su* a "q %\ld h be5 attempt$ aft] s _m illu/ri\s failures1 b t any su* failure %\ld h be5 made4 ,?is w appe> ! m probable1 if we consid] ! precise nature ( ! problem to be solv$1 & n lose ourselves 9 d>k & un9telligible notions4 ,x is n to d "s great ?+--x is simply to refute ! sophism ( ! a!i/4 ,if ,god 7 bo? will+ & able to prev5t s91 :i* is ! only supposition consi/5t ) ! idea ( ,god1 says ! a!i/1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h prev5t$ x1 & s9 w\ld nev] h made its appe>ance 9 ! _w4 ,b s9 has made its appe>ance 9 ! _w2 & h5ce1 ,god mu/ h be5 ei!r unable or unwill+ to prev5t x4 ,n[1 if we take ei!r t]m ( ?is alt]native1 we mu/ adopt a conclusion :i* is at w> ) ! idea ( a ,god4 ,su* is ! argum5t ( ! a!i/2 & sad inde$ mu/ be ! condition ( ! ,*ri/ian _w if x be =ev] unable to meet & refute su* a sophism4 ,yet1 x is ! error involv$ 9 ?is sophism :i* obscures our intellectual vision1 & causes s p]plex+ a d>kness to spread itself ov] ! moral ord] & beauty ( ! _w4 ,h5ce1 9 grappl+ ) ! suppos$ great difficulty 9 "q1 we d n und]take to remove a veil f ! univ]se--we simply und]take to remove a sophism f our own m9ds4 ,?\gh we h s spok5 9 accommodation ) ! views ( o!rs1 ! problem ( ! moral _w is n1 9 reality1 high & difficult 9 itself1 l ! great problem ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,we repeat1 x is simply to refute & explode ! sophism ( ! a!i/4 ,let ?is be bl[n away1 & ! d>kness :i* seems to ov]hang ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w w disappe> l ! mi/s ( ! morn+4 ,if su* be ! nature ( ! problem 9 "q1 & su* x w be f\nd to be1 x is c]ta9ly a mi/ake to suppose t 8x mu/ be entangl$ ) p]plexities :ile we see b 9 "p407#a7 ,x is only :ile we see amiss1 & n :ile we see 9 "p1 t ?is problem mu/ we> ! appe>ance ( a d>k enigma4 ,x is cle>1 t our k is1 & ev] mu/ be1 exce$+ly limit$ on all sides2 & if we mu/ und]/& ! :ole ( ! case1 if we mu/ compreh5d ! entire ext5t ( ! div9e gov]nm5t = ! univ]se & = et]nity1 be=e we c remove ! difficulty 9 "q1 we mu/ necess>ily despair ( success4 ,b we _c see any suffici5t gr\nd to support ?is (t-repeat$ ass]tion4 ,because ! field ( our vision is s exce$+ly limit$1 we d n see :y x %\ld be =ev] trav]s$ by app>5t inconsi/5cies & contradictions4 ,9 relation to ! mat]ial univ]se1 our space is b a po9t1 & our "t b a mom5t2 & yet1 z t inconceivably gr& sy/em is n[ und]/ood by u1 !re is no?+ 9 x :i* seems to conflict ) ! dictates ( reason1 or ) ! inf9ite p]fections ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! revelations ( mod]n sci5ce h giv5 an emphasis & a sublimity to ! language ( inspiration1 t 8! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ! ,"l10 :i* _h1 = ages1 be5 conceal$ f ! l(tie/ conception ( ! a/ronom]4 ,nor did x require a k ( ! :ole mat]ial univ]se to remove ! difficulties1 or to bla/ ! objections :i* a!i/s _h1 9 all prec$+ ages1 rais$ aga9/ ! p]fections ( its div9e ,au?or4 ,su* objections1 z is well kn[n1 7 rais$ be=e a/ronomy1 z a sci5ce1 _h an exi/5ce4 ,lucretius1 = example1 ?\gh he deem$ ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 no l>g] ?an !y appe> to ! eye1 & suppos$ !m to revolve ar\nd ! e>?1 und]took to po9t out & declaim aga9/ ! mis]able defects :i* he saw1 or fanci$ he saw1 9 ! sy/em ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,t is to say1 he und]took to criticise & f9d fault ) ! great volume ( nature1 be=e he _h ev5 le>n$ its alphabet4 ,! objections ( ,lucretius1 :i* appe>$ s =midable 9 8 day1 z well z _m o!rs t h s9ce be5 rais$ on equally plausible gr\nds1 h pass$ away be=e ! progress ( sci5ce1 & n[ seem l ! silly prattle ( *ildr51 or ! insane babble ( madm54 ,b al?\gh su* difficulties h be5 swept away1 & our field ( vision cle>$ ( all t is pa9ful & p]plex+1 nay1 bright5$ ) all t is gr& & beautiful1 we seem to be f>!r ?an ev] f compreh5d+ ! :ole ( ! case--f grasp+ ! amaz+ ext5t & glory ( ! mat]ial globe4 ,& :y may n ?is ultimately be ! case also 9 relation to ! moral univ]se8 ,:y %\ld e attempt to cle> up its difficulties1 & bl[ away ! objections ( a!ism to its ord] & beauty1 be suppos$ to orig9ate 9 presumption & to t]m9ate 9 impiety8 ,are we s mu* ! less int]e/$ 9 kn[+ ! ways ( ,god 9 reg>d to ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w ?an ( ! mat]ial1 t he %\ld purposely conceal ! =m] f u1 :ile he has p]mitt$ ! latt] to be laid op5 s z to ravi% our m9ds8 ,we c believe no su* ?+2 & we are n will+ to admit t !re is any "p ( ! creation ( ,god 9 :i* omnisci5ce alone c cope ) ! a!i/4 ,section ,v4 ,! con/ruction ( a ,!odicy1 n an attempt to solve my/]ies1 b to dissipate absurdities4 ,z we h m]ely und]tak5 to refute ! a!i/1 & v9dicate ! glory ( ! div9e p]fections1 s x w\ld be a griev\s mi/ake to suppose1 t we are ab\t to pry into ! holy my/]ies ( religion4 ,no s\nd m9d is ev] p]plex$ by ! contemplation ( my/]ies4 ,inde$1 !y are a s\rce ( positive satisfaction & delight4 ,if no?+ 7 d>k1--if all ar\nd u1 & above u1 7 cle>ly se51--! tru? itself w\ld soon appe> /ale & mean4 ,ev]y?+ truly great mu/ transc5d ! p[]s ( ! human m9d2 & h5ce1 if no?+ 7 my/]i\s1 !re w\ld be no?+ wor?y ( our v5]ation & wor%ip4 ,x is my/]y1 inde$1 :i* l5ds su* unspeakable gr&eur & v>iety to ! sc5]y ( ! moral _w4 ,)\t x1 all w\ld be cle>1 x is true1 b no?+ gr&4 ,!re w\ld be lights1 b no %ad[s4 ,& ar\nd ! v lights !mselves1 !re w\ld be no?+ soo?+ & sublime1 9 :i* ! s\l might re/ & ! imag9ation revel4 ,h5ce x is no "p ( our object to pry into my/]y1 b to get rid ( absurdity4 ,& 9 our humble op9ion1 ?is w\ld long s9ce h be5 done1 & ! difficulty 9 "q solv$1 _h n ! fri5ds ( tru? incauti\sly giv5 ! mo/ p[]ful protection to ! sophism & absurdity ( ! a!i/1 by ?r[+ ar\nd x ! sacr$ g>b ( my/]y4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! _s 9 :i* ! foll[+ "w has be5 prosecut$1 & ! relation ( ! au?or to o!r sy/ems4 ,9 conclusion1 we (f] a few rem>ks 9 relation to ! mann] & _s 9 :i* ! foll[+ "w has be5 und]tak5 & prosecut$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! writ] may truly say1 t he did n ent] on ! app>5tly d>k problem ( ! moral _w ) ! lea/ hope t he %\ld be able to ?r[ any light ^u x1 nor ) any o!r set purpose & design4 ,he simply revolv$ ! subject 9 m9d1 because he 0 by nature prone to su* m$itations4 ,s f> f hav+ aim$ at ?+s usually e/eem$ s high & difficult ) a feel+ ( presumptu\s confid5ce1 he has1 inde$1 suff]$ mo/ f t _s ( despond5cy1 t despair ( scepticism1 aga9/ :i*1 9 ! =ego+ pages1 he has appe>$ s anxi\s to caution o!rs4 ,x has be5 pati5t reflection1 & ! read+ ( excell5t au?ors1 toge!r ) an e>ne/ desire to "k ! tru?1 :i* has deliv]$ him f ! p[] ( t _s1 & conduct$ him to :at n[ s cle>ly seems 8! bright & %9+ light ( tru?40 ,x 01 9 fact1 :ile engag$ 9 m$itation on ! p[]s & susceptibilities ( ! human m9d1 z well z on ! relations !y su/a9 to ea* & to o!r ?+s1 & n 9 any direct attempt to elucidate ! orig9 ( evil1 t ! fir/ cle> light appe>$ to dawn on ?is great difficulty3 & 9 no o!r way1 he humbly conceives1 c ! true philosophy ( ! spiritual _w ev] be compreh5d$4 ,=1 z ! laws ( matt] _h fir/ to be /udi$ & trac$ out 9 relation to bodies on ! e>?1 be=e !y c\ld be ext5d$ to ! heav5s1 & made to expla9 its wond]ful me*anism2 s mu/ ! laws & ph5om5a ( ! human m9d be correctly analyz$ & cle>ly def9$1 9 ord] to obta9 an insight into ! intellectual sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,& j 9 proportion z ! cl\ds & d>kness hang+ ov] ! ph5om5a ( our own m9ds are made to disappe>1 w ! intellectual sy/em ( ! _w :i* ,god 8has set 9 our he>ts10 become m di/9ct & beautiful 9 its proportions4 ,= x is ! mass ( real contradictions & obscurities1 exi/+ 9 ! little _w )91 :i* di/orts to our view ! great _w )\t1 & causes ! "w & ways ( ,god to appe> s full ( disord]s4 ,h5ce1 9 proportion z ^! real contradictions & obscurities are remov$1 w ! m9d become a tru] microcosm1 or m fai?ful mirror1 9 :i* ! image ( ! univ]se w unfold itself1 free f ! app>5t disord]s & confusion :i* seem to r5d] x unwor?y ( its great ,au?or & ,rul]4 ,secondly1 ! relation :i* ! writ] su/a9s to o!r sy/ems1 has be51 x appe>s to himself1 mo/ fav\rable to a successful prosecution ( ! foll[+ speculations4 ,:e!r at ! outset ( 8 inquiries1 he 0 ! m ( an ,arm9ian or ( a ,calv9i/1 he is unable to say2 b if 8 crude & imp]fectly develop$ s5tim5ts _h !n be5 made kn[n1 x is probable he w\ld h be5 rank$ ) ! ,arm9ians4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t he 0 nev] s mu* ( an ,arm9ian1 or ( any?+ else1 z to imag9e t ,calv9ism admitt$ ( no?+ great & good4 ,on ! contr>y1 he has ev] believ$ t ! ,calv9i/s 7 at lea/ equal to any o!r body ( m5 9 piety1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! highe/ & noble/ ( all qualities4 ,& besides1 x 0 a con/ant delight to him to read ! great ma/]-pieces ( reason+ :i* ,calv9ism _h furni%$ = ! in/ruction & admiration ( mank9d4 ,by ?is means he came to believe t ! s*eme ( ! ,arm9ians c\ld n be ma9ta9$1 & 8 fai? 9 x 0 gradually und]m9$4 ,b al?\gh he ?us submitt$ 8 m9d to ! dom9ion ( ,calv9ism1 z advocat$ by ,edw>ds1 & e>ne/ly esp\s$ x ) "s exceptions2 he nev] felt t pr(\nd1 int]nal satisfaction ( ! tru? ( ! sy/em1 aft] :i* 8 rational nature cont9ually long$1 & :i* x /ruggl$ to realize4 ,he c]ta9ly expect$ to f9d ?is satisfaction 9 ,calv9ism1 if any:]e4 ,long1 !re=e1 did he pass ov] e portion ( ,calv9ism1 9 ord] to discov]1 if possible1 h[ its f\ndations might be r5d]$ m cle> & conv9c+1 & all its p>ts h>moniz$ among !mselves z well z ) ! great und5iable facts ( man's nature & de/9y4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ^! inquiries1 he has be5 m ?an once l$ to see :at appe>$ to be a flaw 9 ,calv9ism itself2 b )\t at fir/ p]ceiv+ all its consequ5ces4 ,by reflection on ^! app>5t defects2 nay1 by protract$ & e>ne/ m$itation on !m1 8 suspicions h be5 confirm$ & 8 op9ions *ang$4 ,if :at n[ s cle>ly appe>s to be ! tru? is s or n1 x is c]ta9 t x has n be5 embrac$ out ( a _s ( opposition to ,calv9ism1 or to any o!r sy/em ( religi\s fai? :atev]4 ,its light1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 has dawn$ ^u 8 m9d :ile seek+ aft] tru? amid ! f\ndations ( ,calv9ism itself2 & ?is light has be5 augm5t$ m by read+ ! works ( ,calv9i/s !mselves1 ?an ^? ( _! oppon5ts4 ,^! ?+s are "h set d[n1 n because ! writ] ?9ks !y %\ld h any weight or influ5ce to bias ! judgm5t ( ! read]1 b because he wi%es x to be und]/ood t he ent]ta9s ! mo/ pr(\nd v5]ation = ! great & good m5 ^: works seem to /& 9 ! way ( ! foll[+ design to v9dicate ! glory ( ,god1 & :i*1 !re=e1 he w n scruple to assail 9 s f> z ?is may be necess>y to 8 purpose4 ,x is1 inde$1 a matt] ( deep & inexpressible regret1 t 9 our conflicts ) ! p[]s ( d>kness1 we %\ld1 h[ev] undesign$ly1 be weak5$ & oppos$ by ,*ri/ian div9es & philosoph]s4 ,b s x seems to be1 & we d>e n cease to resi/ !m4 ,& if1 9 ! foll[+ attempt to v9dicate ! glory ( ,god1 x %all become necess>y to call 9 "q ! infallibility ( ! great f\nd]s ( human sy/ems1 ?is1 x is to be hop$1 w n be deem$ an unp>donable (f5ce4 ,?us has ! writ] endeav\r$ to "w 8 way ?r\gh ! m+l$ lights & obscurity ( human sy/ems into a bright & beautiful vision ( ! great h>moni\s sy/em ( ! _w itself4 ,x is c]ta9ly ei!r a sublime tru?1 or else a glori\s illusion1 :i* ?us enables him to rise above ! app>5t disord]s & p]turbations ( ! _w1 z con/itut$ & gov]n$ by ! ,almighty1 & behold ! real ord] & h>mony !re9 e/abli%$4 ,! ideal creations ( ! poet & ! philosoph] s9k into p]fect insignificance beside ! actual creation ( ,god4 ,:]e cl\ds & d>kness once appe>$ ! mo/ imp5etrable1 !re sc5es ( indescribable magnific5ce & beauty are n[ beheld ) inexpressible delight2 ! /up5d\s cl\d ( evil no long] hangs ov]head1 b rolls b5ea? u1 :ile ! et]nal ,reason f above p]meates its gloom1 & irradiates its dep?s4 ,we n[ behold ! reason1 & absolutely rejoice 9 ! contemplation1 ( t :i* once seem$ l a d>k blot on ! _w's design4 ,9 us+ ?is language1 we d n wi% to be und]/ood z lay+ claim to ! discov]y ( any great tru?1 or any new pr9ciple4 ,yet we d tru/1 t we h atta9$ to a cle> & precise /atem5t ( old tru?s4 ,& ^! tru?s1 ?us cle>ly def9$1 we tru/ t we h seiz$ ) a firm grasp1 & c>ri$ z lights ?r\gh ! d>k places ( !ology1 s z to expel !nce ! errors & delusions by :i* its glory has be5 obscur$4 ,moreov]1 if we h n succe$$1 nor ev5 attempt$ to succe$1 9 solv+ any my/]ies1 prop]ly s call$1 yet may we h remov$ c]ta9 app>5t contradictions1 :i* h be5 usually deem$ insup]able to ! human m9d4 ,b ev5 if ! read] %\ld be satisfi$ be=eh&1 t no additional light w h]e9 be ?r[n on ! problem ( ! moral _w1 yet w\ld we rem9d him1 t x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! ensu+ disc\rse is :olly unwor?y ( 8 att5tion3 = ! mat]ials1 ?\gh old1 may be pres5t$ 9 new comb9ations1 & mu* may be omitt$ :i* has disfigur$ & obscur$ ! beauty ( mo/ o!r sy/ems4 ,al?\gh no new f\nta9s ( light may be op5$1 yet may ! vision ( ! s\l be s purg$ ( c]ta9 films ( error z to enable x to reflect ! glory ( ! spiritual univ]se1 j z a s+le dew-drop is se5 to mirror =? ! magnific5t cope ( heav5 ) all its multitude ( />s4 ,we h s\ght ! tru?1 & h[ f> we h f\nd x1 no "o %\ld proce$ to det]m9e )\t hav+ fir/ read & exam9$4 ,we h s\ght x1 n 9 ,calv9ism alone1 nor 9 ,arm9ianism alone1 nor 9 any o!r cre$ or sy/em ( man's devis+4 ,9 e direction h we dilig5tly s\ght x1 z our feeble abilities w\ld p]mit2 & yet1 we hope1 x w be f\nd t ! body ( tru? :i* we n[ h to (f] is n a m]e ha/y pat*work ( sup]ficial eclecticism1 b a liv+ & organic :ole4 ,by ?is te/ we c\ld wi% to be tri$2 =1 z ,bacon ha? well said1 8,x is ! h>mony ( any philosophy 9 itself t give? x light & cr$5ce40 ,& 9 ! application ( ?is te/1 we c\ld also wi%1 t ! read] w\ld s f> =get 8 sect>ian pr$ilections1 if he h any1 z to p]mit 8 m9d to be inspir$ by ! immortal words ( ,milton1 :i* we %all "h adopt z a fitt+ conclusion ( ^! our pres5t rem>ks3-- 8,tru?1 inde$1 came once into ! _w ) h] div9e ,ma/]1 & 0 a p]fect %ape mo/ glori\s to look on2 b :5 he asc5d$1 & 8 apo/les aft] him 7 laid asleep1 !n /raight arose a wick$ race ( deceiv]s1 :o1 z t /ory goes ( ! ,egyptian ,typhon1 ) 8 conspirators1 h[ !y dealt ) ! good ,osiris1 took ! virg91 ,tru?1 hew$ h] lovely =m into a ?\s& pieces1 & scatt]$ !m to ! f\r w9ds4 ,f t "t ev] s9ce ! sad fri5ds ( ,tru?1 su* z dur/ appe>1 imitat+ ! c>eful se>* t ,isis made = ! mangl$ body ( ,osiris1 w5t up & d[n ga!r+ up limb by limb /ill z !y c\ld f9d !m4 ,we h n yet f\nd !m all1 nor ev] %all d1 till h] ,ma/]'s second com+2 he %all br+ toge!r e jo9t & memb]1 & %all m\ld !m into an immortal feature ( lovel9ess & p]fection4 ,suff] n ^! lic5s+ prohibitions to /& at e place ( opportunity1 =bidd+ & di/urb+ !m t cont9ue seek+1 t cont9ue to d our obsequies to ! torn body ( our m>tyr$ sa9t4 ,we boa/ our light2 b if we look n wisely on ! sun itself1 x smites u into d>kness4 ,:o c disc]n ^? planets t are (t combu/1 & ^? />s ( brighte/ magnitude1 t rise & set ) ! sun1 until ! opposite motion ( _! orbs br+ !m to su* a place 9 ! firmam5t1 :]e !y may be se5 morn+ or ev5+8 ,! light :i* we h ga9$ 0 giv5 u1 n to be ev] />+ on1 b by x to discov] onw>d ?+s m remote f our k4 ,x is n ! unfrock+ ( a prie/1 ! unmitr+ ( a bi%op1 & ! remov+ him f (f ! ,presbyt]ian %\ld]s1 t w make u a happy nation2 no1 if o!r ?+s z great 9 ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ! rule ( life1 bo? economical & political1 be n look$ into & re=m$1 we h look$ s long ^u ! blaze t ,zu+lius & ,calv9 h beacon$ up to u1 t we are />k bl9d4 ,!re be :o p]petually compla9 ( s*isms & sects1 & make x su* a calamity t any man diss5ts f _! maxims4 ,x is _! own pride & ignorance :i* causes ! di/urb+1 :o nei!r w he> ) meekness1 nor c conv9ce1 yet all mu/ be suppress$ :i* is n f\nd 9 _! ,syntagma4 ,!y are ! tr\bl]s1 !y are ! divid]s ( unity1 :o neglect & p]mit n o!rs to unite ^? dissev]$ pieces :i* are yet want+ to ! body ( tru?4 ,to be /ill se>*+ :at we "k n1 by :at we "k1 /ill clos+ up tru? to tru? z we f9d x1 7= all h] body is homog5eal & proportional17 ?is is ! gold5 rule 9 !ology z well z 9 ari?metic1 & makes up ! be/ h>mony 9 a ,*ur*2 n ! =c$ & outw>d union ( cold1 & neutral1 & inw>dly-divid$ m9ds40 ,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,moral ,,evil1 ,,or ,,s91 ,,consi/5t ,,) ,,! ,,hol9ess ,,( ,,god4 ,:at ,"t ?is ,_w's great ,workmai/] did ca/1 ,to make all ?+s su* z we n[ behold1 ,x seems t he be=e 8 eyes _h pla/ ,a goodly patt]ne1 to ^: p]fect m\ld ,he fa%ion'd !m z comely z he c\ld1 ,t n[ s fair & seemly !y appe>1 ,z naught may be am5d$ any:]e4 ,t wondr\s patt]ne1 :]esoe'er x be1 ,:e!r 9 e>? laid up 9 secret /ore1 ,or else 9 heav'n1 t no man may x see ,) s9ful eyes1 = fe>e x to deflore1 ,is p]fect ,beautie4--,,sp5s]4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,s*eme ,( ,necessity ,d5ies ,t ,man ,is ,responsible ,= ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,s94 ,ye1 :o live1 ,d s ea* cause ref] to ,heav5 above1 ,e'en z its motion1 ( necessity1 ,drew ) x all t moves4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ,free *oice 9 y 7 none2 nor ju/ice w\ld ,!re %\ld be joy = virtue1 woe = ill4--,,dante4 ,! doctr9e ( necessity has be51 9 all ages ( ! _w1 ! great /ronghold ( a!ism4 ,x is ! mighty in/rum5t ) :i* ! unbeliev] seeks to /rip man ( all acc\ntability1 & to de/roy our fai? & confid5ce 9 ,god1 by trac+ up ! exi/5ce ( all moral evil to 8 ag5cy4 8,! op9ion ( necessity10 says ,bi%op ,butl]1 8seems to be ! v basis 9 :i* infidelity gr\nds itself40 ,x w n be d5i$ t ?is op9ion seems1 at fir/ view1 to be inconsi/5t ) ! free ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man1 & t x appe>s to impair our idea ( ,god by /a9+ x ) impurity4 ,h5ce x has be5 us$1 by ! pr(ligate & pr(ane1 to excuse m5 = _! crimes4 ,x is aga9/ ?is use ( ! doctr9e t we int5d to direct ! =ce ( our argum5t4 ,b "h ! "q arises3 ,c we refute ! argum5t aga9/ ! acc\ntability ( man1 )\t attack+ ! doctr9e on :i* x is f\nd$8 ,if we c meet ?is argum5t at all1 x mu/ be ei!r by %[+ t no su* consequ5ce fl[s f ! s*eme ( necessity1 or by %[+ t ! s*eme itself is false4 ,we _c meet ! sceptic1 :o seeks to excuse 8 s9s1 & to ca/ di%on\r on ,god1 & expose 8 sophi/ry1 unless we c %[ t 8 premises are uns\nd1 or t 8 conclusions are false4 ,we mu/ d ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! two ?+s2 or1 :atev] we may ?9k ( 8 moral s5sibility1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! sup]iority ( 8 reason & logic4 ,aft] long & pati5t m$itation on ! subject1 we h be5 =c$ to ! conclusion1 t ! only way to repel ! argum5t ( ! sceptic1 & cause ! intr9sic lu/re ( man's free-ag5cy to appe>1 is to unravel & refute ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,if we c\ld pres]ve ! s*eme ( necessity1 & at ! same "t avoid ! consequ5ces 9 "q1 we may fairly conclude t ! means ( do+ s h be5 f\nd by "s ( ! illu/ri\s advocates ( t s*eme4 ,h[1 !n1 d !y v9dicate _! own sy/em8 ,h[ d !y repel ! frightful consequ5ces :i* infidelity d$uces f x8 ,?is is ! fir/ "q to be consid]$2 & ! discussion ( x w occupy ! rema9d] ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,section ,i4 ,! attempts ( ,calv9 & ,lu!r to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! responsibility ( man4 ,no?+ c be m unju/ ?an to br+1 z has (t5 be5 done1 ! unqualifi$ *>ge ( fatalism aga9/ ! great ,prote/ant re=m]s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is odi\s epi!t is frequ5tly us$1 apply+ x )\t discrim9ation to ! brighte/ ornam5ts & to ! d>ke/ specim5s ( humanity1 is calculat$ to eng5d] f> m heat ?an light4 ,inde$1 "u ?is v ambigu\s t]m1 ?ree di/9ct s*emes ( doctr9e1 widely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 are set =?2 s*emes :i* e c&id inquir] aft] tru? %\ld be c>eful to di/+ui%4 ,! fir/ is t s*eme ( fatalism :i* re/s on ! fundam5tal idea t !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se besides matt] & local motion4 ,?is doctr9e1 ( c\rse1 d5ies ! spirituality ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 z well z ( all creat$ s\ls1 & /rikes a fatal bl[ at ! immutability ( moral di/9ctions4 ,x is unnecess>y to say1 t 9 su* a s5se ( ! ^w1 nei!r ,calv9 nor ,lu!r c be ju/ly accus$ ( fatalism2 z x is well kn[n t bo? ( !m ma9ta9$ ! spirituality ( ,god1 z well z ! reality ( moral di/9ctions prior to all human laws4 ,! second s*eme ( fatalism rises above ! fir/ 9 po9t ( dignity & purity ( "*4 ,x proce$s on ! idea t all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? are b\nd toge!r by 8an implex$ s]ies & concat5ation ( causes30 x admits ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x is true1 b yet x reg>ds him z m]ely ! greate/ & brighte/ l9k 9 ! adamant9e univ]sal *a9 ( necessity4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme1 z well z to ! =m]1 ! v idea ( moral lib]ty is inconceivable & impossible4 ,?is port5t\s s*eme 0 p]fectly und]/ood & expressly repudiat$ by ,calv94 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is doctr9e1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ by ! anci5t ,/oics1 he says3 8,t dogma is falsely & malici\sly *>g$ ^u u4 ,= we d n1 ) ! ,/oics1 imag9e a necessity aris+ f a p]petual concat5ation & intricate s]ies ( causes conta9$ 9 nature2 b we make ,god ! ,arbit] & ,gov]nor ( all ?+s1 :o1 9 8 own wisdom1 has1 f all et]nity1 decre$ :at he w\ld d1 & n[ by 8 own p[] executes :at he decre$40 ,"h we behold ! nature ( ! ?ird s*eme1 :i* has be5 includ$ "u ! t]m fatalism4 ,x recognises ,god z ! great c5tral & all-controll+ p[] ( ! univ]se4 ,x does n d5y ! possibility ( lib]ty2 = x recognises its actual exi/5ce 9 ! ,div9e ,be+4 8,if ! div9e w10 says ,calv91 8has any cause1 !n !re mu/ be some?+ antec$5t1 on :i* x dep5ds2 :i* x is impi\s to suppose40 ,accord+ to ,calv91 x is ! uncaus$ div9e w :i* makes ! 8necessity ( all ?+s40 ,he frequ5tly sets =? ! doctr9e1 t1 f all et]nity1 ,god decre$ :atev] %\ld come to pass1 n except+1 b expressly includ+1 ! delib]ations & 8volitions ( m510 & by 8 own p[] n[ executes 8 decree4 ,z we d n wi% to use opprobri\s names1 we %all *>act]ize ^! ?ree sev]al s*emes ( doctr9e by ! appellations giv5 to !m by _! advocates4 ,! fir/ we %all call1 8mat]iali/ic fatalism20 ! second1 8,/oical fatalism20 & ! ?ird we %all designate by ! t]m1 8necessity40 ,widely z ^! s*emes may diff] 9 o!r respects1 !y h "o feature 9 common3 !y all seem to be> ) equal /r+5cy on ! human w1 & deprive x ( t fre$om :i* is n[ conc$$ to be indisp5sable to r5d] m5 acc\ntable = _! actions4 ,if our volitions be produc$ by a s]ies ( causes1 accord+ to ! ,/oical notion ( fate1 or by ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 !y w\ld seem to be equally necessitat$ & devoid ( fre$om4 ,h5ce1 9 attack+ "o ( ^! s*emes at ?is po9t1 we really attack !m all4 ,we %all fir/ consid] ! "q1 !n1 ,h[ does ,calv9 attempt to reconcile 8 doctr9e ) ! acc\ntability ( man8 ,h[ does he %[1 = example1 t ! fir/ man 0 guilty & ju/ly puni%able = a transgression 9 :i* he succumb$ to ! div9e omnipot5ce8 ,if a man is really laid "u a necessity ( s9n+1 x w\ld c]ta9ly seem impossible to conceive t he is responsible = 8 s9s4 ,nay1 x w\ld n only seem impossible to conceive ?is1 b x w\ld also appe> v easy to und]/&1 t he c\ld n be responsible = !m4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is difficulty1 & repel ! attack ( 8 oppon5ts1 ,calv9 makes a di/9ction betwe5 8co-action & necessity40 8,n[1 :5 ,i ass]t10 says he1 8t ! w1 be+ depriv$ ( its lib]ty1 is necess>ily drawn or l$ into evil1 ,i %\ld wond] if any "o consid]$ x z a h>% expression1 s9ce x has no?+ 9 x absurd1 nor is x unsanction$ by ! cu/om ( good m54 ,x (f5ds ^? :o "k n h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 necessity & compulsion407#b7 ,let u see1 !n1 :at is ?is di/9ction betwe5 necessity & compulsion1 or co-action1 7z ,calv9 sometimes calls x17 :i* is to take (f all appe>ance ( h>%ness f 8 views4 ,we are n to imag9e t ?is is a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce2 =1 9 tru?1 !re is no di/9ction 9 philosophy :i* may be m easily made1 or m cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,x is ?is3 ,suppose a man wills a p>ticul> ?+1 or ext]nal action1 & x is prev5t$ f happ5+ by any outw>d re/ra9t2 or suppose he is unwill+ to d a ?+1 & he is con/ra9$ to d x aga9/ 8 w2 he is said to lab\r "u compulsion or co-action4 ,( c\rse he is n acc\ntable = ! failure ( ! consequ5ce ( 8 w 9 ! "o case1 nor = ! consequ5ce ( ! =ce impos$ on 8 body 9 ! o!r4 ,?is k9d ( necessity is call$ co-action by ,calv9 & ,lu!r2 x is usually d5om9at$ 8natural necessity0 by ,edw>ds & 8 foll[]s2 ?\gh x is also frequ5tly t]m$ compulsion1 or co-action1 by !m4 ,?is natural necessity1 or co-action1 x is admitt$ on all h&s1 de/roys acc\ntability = ext]nal conduct1 :]ev] x obta9s4 ,inde$1 if a man is compell$ to d a ?+ aga9/ 8 w1 ?is is n1 prop]ly speak+1 8 act at all2 nor is x an omission ( 81 if he wills to d a ?+1 & is necess>ily prev5t$ f do+ x by ext]nal re/ra9t4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t natural necessity1 or co-action1 rea*es no deep] ?an ! ext]nal conduct2 & c excuse = no?+ else4 ,z x does n influ5ce ! w itself1 s x _c excuse = acts ( ! w4 ,inde$1 x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a volition1 or act ( ! w1 ^: natural consequ5ces x c\nt]acts & ov]comes4 ,h5ce1 if ! "q 7--,is a man acc\ntable = 8 ext]nal actions1 t is1 = ! motions ( 8 body1 we might speak ( natural necessity1 or co-action1 ) propriety2 b n s :5 ! "q relates to int]nal acts ( ! w4 ,all ref]5ce to natural necessity1 or co-action1 9 relation to su* a "q1 is :olly irrelevant4 ,no "o d\bts1 & no "o d5ies1 t ! motions ( ! body are controll$ by ! volitions ( ! m9d1 or by "s ext]nal =ce4 ,! advocates = ! inh]5t activity & fre$om ( ! m9d1 d n place !m 9 ! ext]nal sph]e ( matt]1 9 ! passive & necessitat$ movem5ts ( body3 !y seek n ! liv+ among ! dead4 ,b to d ju/ice to ^! illu/ri\s m51 !y did n attempt1 z _m ( _! foll[]s h done1 to pass (f ?is fre$om f ext]nal co-action = ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,inde$1 nei!r ( !m cont5d$ = ! fre$om ( ! w at all1 nor deem$ su* fre$om requisite to r5d] m5 acc\ntable = _! actions4 ,?is is an elem5t :i* has be5 wr\ght into _! sy/em by ! subsequ5t progress ( human k4 ,lu!r1 x is well kn[n1 s f> f ma9ta9+ ! fre$om ( ! m9d1 wrote a "w on ! 8,bondage ( ! ,human ,w10 9 reply to ,erasmus4 8,i admit10 says he1 8t man's w is free 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 n because x is n[ 9 ! same /ate x 0 9 p>adise1 b because x 0 made free orig9ally1 & may1 ?r\gh ,god's grace1 become s aga9407#c7 ,& ,calv91 9 8 ,in/itutes1 has writt5 a *apt] to %[ t 8man1 9 8 pres5t /ate1 is despoil$ ( fre$om ( w1 & subject$ to a mis]able slav]y40 ,he 80 end[$ ) free w10 says ,calv91 8by :i*1 if he _h *os51 he might h obta9$ et]nal life407#d7 ,?us1 accord+ to bo? ,lu!r & ,calv91 man 0 by ! fall despoil$ ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,?\gh !y all[ a fre$om f co-action1 !y repudiate ! idea ( call+ ?is a fre$om ( ! w4 8,lomb>d at l5g? pron\nces10 says ,calv91 8t we are n !re=e possess$ ( free-w1 because we h an equal p[] to d or to ?9k ei!r good or evil1 b only because we are free f con/ra9t4 ,& ?is lib]ty is n dim9i%$1 al?\gh we are corrupt1 & slaves ( s91 & capable ( do+ no?+ b s94 ,!n man w be said to possess free-w 9 ?is s5se1 n t he has an equally free election ( good & evil1 b because he does evil volunt>ily1 & n by con/ra9t4 ,t inde$1 is true2 b :at end c\ld x answ] to deck out a ?+ s dim9utive ) a title s sup]b807#e7 ,truly1 if ,lomb>d m]ely meant by ! fre$om ( ! w1 = :i* he cont5d$1 a fre$om f ext]nal re/ra9t1 or co-action1 ,calv9 might well contemptu\sly exclaim1 8,egregi\s lib]ty607#f7 ,x 0 res]v$ = a lat] p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* to deck out ?is dim9utive ?+ ) ! sup]b title ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 & to pass x (f = ! highe/ & mo/ glori\s lib]ty ( :i* ! human m9d c =m any conception4 ,hobbes1 x w be h]eaft] se51 0 ! fir/ :o1 ei!r design$ly or undesign$ly1 palm$ (f ?is impo/ure ^u ! _w4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 t ! mo/ p[]ful & impos+ argum5ts us$ by ! e>ly re=m]s to disprove ! fre$om ( ! w h be5 z confid5tly employ$ by _! mo/ celebrat$ foll[]s to e/abli% t v fre$om on a solid basis4 ,x is well kn[n1 = example1 t ,edw>ds1 & _m o!r great m51 h employ$ ! doctr9e ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god to prove philosophical necessity1 )\t :i* !y conclude !re c be no rational f\ndation = ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,yet1 9 =m] times1 ?is v doctr9e 0 reg>d$ z ! mo/ =midable in/rum5t ) :i* to ov]?r[ & demoli% t v fre$om4 ,?us ,lu!r calls ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god a ?und]bolt to da% ! doctr9e ( free-w into atoms4 ,& :o c =be> to agree ) ,lu!r s f> z to say1 t if ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god proves any?+ 9 opposition to ! fre$om ( ! w1 x proves t x is "u ! mo/ absolute & uncontrollable necessity8 ,x cle>ly seems1 t if x proves any?+ 9 fav\r ( necessity1 x proves ev]y?+ = :i* ! mo/ absolute necessit>ian c cont5d4 ,accord+ly1 a di/+ui%$ ,calv9i/ic div9e has said1 t if our volitions be =ese51 we c no m avoid !m 8?an we c pluck ! sun out ( ! heav5s407#g7 ,b ?\gh ! re=m]s 7 ?us1 9 "s respects1 m true to _! fundam5tal pr9ciple ?an _! foll[]s h be51 we are n to suppose t !y are free f all inconsi/5cies & self-contradiction4 ,?us1 if 8=ekn[l$ge is a ?und]bolt0 to da% ! doctr9e ( free-w into atoms1 x de/roy$ free-w 9 man be=e ! fall z well z aft]4 ,h5ce ! ?und]bolt ( ,lu!r falls ^u 8 own doctr9e1 t man possess$ free-w 9 8 primitive /ate1 ) z mu* =ce z x c ^u ! doctr9e ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,he is evid5tly caught 9 ! toils he s confid5tly prep>$ = 8 adv]s>y4 ,& h[ _m ( ! foll[]s ( ! great re=m] adopt 8 doctr9e1 & wield 8 ?und]bolts1 )\t p]ceiv+ h[ de/ructively !y recoil on !mselves6 ,?\gh !y ascribe free-w to man z "o ( ! elem5ts ( 8 pri/9e glory1 yet !y employ aga9/ x 9 8 pres5t condition argum5ts :i*1 if good = any?+1 w\ld despoil1 n only man1 b ! :ole univ]se ( creat$ intellig5ces--nay1 ! great ,uncreat$ ,intellig5ce himself--( e ve/ige & %ad[ ( su* a p[]4 ,x is a wond]ful inconsi/5cy 9 ,lu!r1 t he %\ld s (t5 & s dogmatically ass]t t ! doctr9e ( free-w falls pro/rate be=e ! presci5ce ( ,god1 & at ! same "t ma9ta9 ! fre$om ( ! div9e w4 ,if =ekn[l$ge is incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( free-w1 x is cle> t ! w ( ,god is n free2 s9ce x is on all sides conc$$ t all 8 volitions are p]fectly =ese5 by him4 ,yet 9 ! face ( ?is conclusion1 :i* s cle>ly & s irresi/ibly foll[s f ,lu!r's position1 he ass]ts ! fre$om ( ! div9e w1 z if he 7 p]fectly unconsci\s ( ! self-contradiction 9 :i* he is involv$4 8,x n[ !n foll[s10 says he1 8t free-w is pla9ly a div9e t]m1 & c be applicable to none b ! ,div9e ,maje/y only407#h7 444 ,he ev5 says1 ,if free-w 8be ascrib$ unto m51 x is n m prop]ly ascrib$1 ?an ! div9ity ( ,god himself w\ld be ascrib$ unto !m2 :i* w\ld be ! greate/ ( all sacrilege4 ,:]e=e1 x becomes !ologians to refra9 f ! use ( ?is t]m altoge!r1 :5ev] !y wi% to speak ( human ability1 & to leave x to be appli$ to ,god only407#i7 ,& we may add1 if !y w\ld apply x to ,god1 x becomes !m to refra9 f all su* argum5ts z w\ld %[ ev5 su* an application ( x to be absurd4 ,9 l mann]1 ,calv9 admits t ! human s\l possess$ a free-w 9 its primitive /ate1 b has be5 despoil$ ( x by ! fall1 & is n[ 9 bondage to a 8mis]able slav]y40 ,b if ! necessity :i* arises f ! p[] ( s9 ov] ! w be inconsi/5t ) its fre$om1 h[ are we to reconcile ! fre$om ( ! fir/ man ) ! p[] ex]cis$ by ! ,almighty ov] ! wills ( all creat$ be+s8 ,s true x is1 t ! mo/ sy/ematic ?9k]1 :o beg9s by d5y+ ! tru?1 w be sure to end by contradict+ himself4 ,9 "o respect1 z we h se51 ,calv9 diff]s f 8 foll[]s at ! pres5t day2 ! d5ial ( free-w he reg>ds z p]fectly reconcilable ) ! idea ( acc\ntability4 ,al?\gh our volitions are absolutely necess>y to u1 al?\gh !y may be produc$ 9 u by ! mo/ uncontrollable p[] 9 ! univ]se1 yet are we acc\ntable = !m1 because !y are our volitions4 ,! b>e fact t we w su* & su* a ?+1 )\t reg>d to h[ we come by ! volition1 is suffici5t to r5d] u acc\ntable = x4 ,we mu/ be free f an ext]nal co-action1 he admits1 to r5d] u acc\ntable = our ext]nal actions2 b n f an int]nal necessity1 to r5d] u acc\ntable = our int]nal volitions4 ,b ?is does n seem to be a satisfactory reply to ! difficulty 9 "q4 ,we ask1 ,h[ a man c be acc\ntable = 8 acts1 = 8 volitions1 if !y are caus$ 9 him by an inf9ite p[]8 & we are told1 ,because !y are 8 acts4 ,?is et]nal repetition ( ! fact 9 :i* all sides are agre$1 c ?r[ no light on ! po9t ab\t :i* we dispute4 ,we /ill ask1 ,h[ c a man be responsible = an act1 or volition1 :i* is necessitat$ to arise 9 8 m9d by ,omnipot5ce8 ,if any "o %\ld reply1 ) ,dr4 ,dick1 t we d n "k h[ he c be acc\ntable = su* an act1 yet we %\ld nev] d5y a ?+ because we _c see h[ x is2 ?is w\ld n be a satisfactory answ]4 ,=1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly ! la/ weakness ( ! human m9d to d5y a ?+1 because we _c see h[ x is2 yet !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 n be+ able to see h[ a ?+ is1 & be+ cle>ly able to see t x _c be anyh[ at all1--betwe5 be+ unable to see h[ two ?+s agree toge!r1 & be+ able to see t two ideas are utt]ly repugnant to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce we mean to ask1 t if a man's act be necessitat$ 9 him by an inf9ite1 omnipot5t p[]1 ov] :i* he _h1 & c\ld h1 no possible control1 c we n see t he _c be acc\ntable = x8 ,we h no difficulty :atev] 9 believ+ a my/]y2 b :5 we are requir$ to embrace :at s pla9ly seems to be an absurdity1 we confess t our reason is ei!r weak en\gh1 or /rong en\gh1 to pause & reluctate4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,hobbes1 ,coll9s1 & o!rs1 endeav\r to reconcile necessity ) free & acc\ntable ag5cy4 ,! celebrat$ philosoph] ( ,malmsbury view$ all ?+s z b\nd toge!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect2 & he 01 beyond d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ acute ?9k]s t ev] advocat$ ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,f "s ( ! s5tim5ts express$ t[>ds ! conclusion ( 8,! ,levia?an10 :i* h1 n )\t reason1 subject$ him to ! *>ge ( a!ism1 we may d\bt 8 entire s9c]ity :5 he pret5ds to advocate ! doctr9e ( necessity out ( a zeal = ! ,div9e ,sov]eignty & ! dogma ( ,pr$e/9ation4 ,if he hop$ by ?is av[al ( 8 design to propitiate any class ( !ologians1 he mu/ h be5 greatly disappo9t$2 = 8 speculations 7 univ]sally condemn$ by ! ,*ri/ian _w z a!i/ical 9 _! t5d5cy4 ,?is *>ge has be5 fix$ ^u him1 9 spite ( 8 solemn prote/ations aga9/ its inju/ice1 & 8 e>ne/ endeav\rs to reconcile 8 s*eme ( necessity ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man4 8,i conceive10 says ,hobbes1 8t no?+ take? beg9n+ f itself1 b f ! action ( "s o!r imm$iate ag5t )\t itself4 ,& t !re=e1 :5 fir/ a man ha? an appetite or w to some?+1 to :i* imm$iately be=e he _h no appetite nor w1 ! cause ( 8 w is n ! w itself1 b some?+ else n 9 8 own dispos+2 s t x is out ( controv]sy1 t ( volunt>y actions ! w is ! necess>y cause1 & by ?is :i* is said1 ! w is also caus$ by o!r ?+s :]e( x dispose? n1 x foll[e?1 t volunt>y actions h all ( !m necess>y causes1 & !re=e are necessitat$40 ,?is is cle> & explicit4 ,!re is no controv]sy1 he truly says1 t volunt>y actions1 t is1 ext]nal actions proce$+ f ! w1 are necessitat$ by ! w4 ,& z accord+ to 8 po/ulate1 ! w or volition is also caus$ by o!r ?+s ( :i* x has no disposal1 s !y are also necessitat$4 ,9 o!r words1 ext]nal volunt>y actions are necess>ily caus$ by volitions1 & volitions are necess>ily caus$ by some?+ else o!r ?an ! w2 & consequ5tly ! *a9 is complete betwe5 ! cause ( volition & its effects4 ,h[1 !n1 is man a free-ag5t8 & h[ is he acc\ntable = 8 actions8 ,hobbes has n left ^! que/ions unansw]$2 & x is a mi/ake to suppose1 z is too (t5 done1 t 8 argum5t 9 fav\r ( necessity ev9ces a design to sap ! f\ndations ( human responsibility4 ,he answ]s ^! que/ions precisely z !y 7 answ]$ by ,lu!r & ,calv9 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t4 ,9 ord] to solve ?is great difficulty1 & e/abli% an agreem5t betwe5 necessity & lib]ty1 he insi/s on ! di/9ction betwe5 co-action & necessity4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% says1 t 89 8 treatise de ,s]vo ,arbitrio aga9/ ,erasmus1 ,lu!r /ates ! di/9ction betwe5 co-action & necessity z famili> a hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e x 0 propos$ by ,hobbes1 or condemn$ 9 ! ,jans5i/s407#aj7 ,accord+ to 8 def9ition ( lib]ty1 x is m]ely a fre$om f co-action1 or ext]nal compulsion4 8,i conceive lib]ty10 says he1 8to be rightly def9$ 9 ?is mann]3 ,lib]ty is ! abs5ce ( all ! imp$im5ts to action t are n conta9$ 9 ! nature & intr9sical qualities ( ! ag5t3 z = example1 ! wat] is said to desc5d freely1 or to h lib]ty to desc5d by ! *annel ( ! riv]1 because !re is no imp$im5t t way2 b n across1 because ! banks are imp$im5ts2 & ?\gh ! wat] _c asc5d1 yet m5 nev] say x wants lib]ty to asc5d1 b ! faculty or p[]1 because ! imp$im5t is 9 ! nature ( ! wat] & intr9sical40 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 ?\gh a man's volitions 7 ?r[n out1 n by himself1 b by "s irresi/ible p[] work+ )9 8 m9d1 say ! p[] ( ! ,almighty1 yet he w\ld be free1 provid$ !re 7 no imp$im5ts to prev5t ! ext]nal effects ( 8 volitions4 ,?is is ! lib]ty :i* wat]1 impell$ by ! p[] ( gravity1 possesses 9 desc5d+ ! *annel ( a riv]4 ,x is ! lib]ty ( ! w9ds & waves ( ! sea1 :i*1 by a sort ( metaphor1 is suppos$ to reign ov] ! dom9ions ( a me*anical & mat]iali/ic fate4 ,x is ! mo/ idle ( all idle ?+s to speak ( su* a lib]ty1 or r1 to use ! ^w 9 su* a s5se1 :5 ! controv]sy relates to ! fre$om ( ! m9d itself4 ,:at has su* a ?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( human volitions1 or ! nature ( moral ag5cy8 ,is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 ! motion ( ! body & ! action ( m9d8 ,or is !re no?+ 9 ! univ]se ( ,god b m]e body & local motion8 ,if !re is n1 !n1 inde$1 we nei!r h nor c conceive any high] lib]ty ?an t :i* ! philosoph] is pleas$ to all[ u to possess2 b if !re be m9d1 !n !re may be ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? :i* are n dream$ ( 9 8 philosophy4 ,! def9ition :i* ,coll9s1 ! disciple ( ,hobbes1 has giv5 ( lib]ty1 is ! same z t ( 8 ma/]4 8,i cont5d10 says he1 8= lib]ty1 z x signifies a p[] 9 man to d z he wills or pleases40 ,! do+ "h ref]s to ! ext]nal action1 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is n an act at all1 b m]ely a *ange ( /ate 9 ! body4 ,! body m]ely suff]s a *ange ( place & position1 9 ob$i5ce to ! act ( ! w2 x does n act1 nor c x act1 because x is passive 9 its nature4 ,to d z "o wills1 9 ?is s5se1 is a fre$om ( ! body f co-action2 x is n a fre$om ( ! w f int]nal necessity4 ,coll9s says ?is is 8a valuable lib]ty10 & he says truly2 = if "o 7 ?r[n into prison1 he c\ld n g :]ev] he might please1 or d z he might w4 ,b ! imprisonm5t ( ! body does n prev5t a man f be+ a free-ag5t4 ,he also tells u truly1 t 8_m philosoph]s & !ologians1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 h giv5 def9itions ( lib]ty t are consi/5t ) fate & necessity40 ,b !n1 _! def9itions1 l 8 own1 _h no ref]5ce to ! acts ( ! m9d1 b to ! motions ( ! body2 & x is a gr& irrelevancy1 we repeat1 to speak ( su* a ?+1 :5 ! "q relates1 n to ! fre$om ( ! body1 b ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 ,calv9 truly says1 t to call ?is ext]nal fre$om f co-action or natural necessity a fre$om ( ! w1 is to decorate a mo/ dim9utive ?+ ) a sup]b title2 b ! philosoph] ( ,malmsbury1 & 8 +5i\s disciple1 seem dispos$ to conf] ! high-s\nd+ title & empty "n on u1 9 ord] to reconcile u to ! s]vitude & *a9s 9 :i* !y h be5 pleas$ to b9d u4 ,?is idea ( lib]ty1 common to ,hobbes & ,coll9s1 :i* ,mack9to% says 0 famili> to ,lu!r & ,calv9 at lea/ a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s be=e1 is 9 reality ( mu* e>li] orig94 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ by ! anci5t ,/oics1 by :om x is z cle>ly set =? z by ,hobbes himself4 ,! well-kn[n illu/ration ( ! ,/oic ,*rysippus1 s (t5 m5tion$ by ,leibnitz & o!rs1 is a pro( ( ! correctness ( ?is rem>k3 8,suppose ,i pu% aga9/ a heavy body10 says he3 8if x be squ>e1 x w n move2 if x be cyl9drical1 x w4 ,:at ! diff]5ce ( =m is to ! /one1 ! diff]5ce ( disposition is to ! m9d40 ,?us 8 notion ( fre$om 0 d]iv$ f matt]1 & suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( friction6 ,! idea ( lib]ty ?us d$uc$ f t :i* is purely & p]fectly passive1 f an absolutely necessitat$ /ate ( body1 0 easily reconcil$ by him ) 8 doctr9e ( fate4 ,is x n /range t ,mr4 ,hazlitt1 aft] adopt+ ?is def9ition ( lib]ty1 %\ld h suppos$ t he all[$ a real fre$om to ! w8 8,i pref] exce$+ly10 says he1 8to ! mod]n in/ances ( a c\ple ( billi>d-balls1 or a pair ( scales1 ! illu/ration ( ,*rysippus40 ,we _c v well see1 h[ ! in/ance ( a cyl9d] is s great an improvem5t on t ( a billi>d-ball2 especially z a sph]e1 & n a cyl9d]1 is free to move 9 all directions4 ,! tru? is1 we mu/ quit ! region ( dead1 in]t1 passive matt]1 if we w\ld =m an idea ( ! true mean+ ( ! t]m lib]ty1 z appli$ to ! activity ( liv+ ag5ts4 ,mr4 ,hazlitt evid5tly loses himself amid ! ambiguities ( language1 :5 he says1 t 8,i s f> agree ) ,hobbes & diff] f ,locke1 9 ?9k+ t lib]ty1 9 ! mo/ ext5d$ & ab/ract$ s5se1 is applicable to mat]ial z well z volunt>y ag5ts40 ,/ill ?is v acute writ] makes a few feeble & ineffectual ef=ts to raise our notion ( ! lib]ty ( moral ag5ts above t giv5 by ! illu/ration ( ,*rysippus 9 ,cic]o4 8,my notion ( a free ag5t1 ,i confess10 says he1 8is n t repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,hobbes1 namely1 "o t :5 all ?+s necess>y to produce ! effect are pres5t1 c nev]!less n produce x2 b ,i believe a free-ag5t ( :atev] k9d is "o :i*1 :]e all ?+s necess>y to produce ! effect are pres5t1 c produce x2 its own op]ation n be+ h9d]$ by any?+ else4 ,! body is said to be free :5 x has ! p[] to obey ! direction ( ! w2 s ! w may be said to be free :5 x has ! p[] to obey ! dictates ( ! und]/&+407#aa7 ,?us ! lib]ty ( ! w is made to consi/ n 9 ! d5ial t its volitions are produc$1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( imp$im5ts :i* might h9d] its op]ations f tak+ effect4 ,?is idea ( lib]ty1 x is evid5t1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! mat]iali/ic fatalism ( ,hobbes1 :i* is s mu* admir$ by ,mr4 ,hazlitt4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 & ,malebran*e1 conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,no "o 0 ev] m deeply implicat$ 9 ! s*eme ( necessity ?an ,desc>tes4 8,m]e philosophy10 says he1 8is en\gh to make u "k t !re _c ent] ! lea/ ?\ght into ! m9d ( man1 b ,god mu/ w & h will$ f all et]nity t x %\ld ent] !re40 ,8 argum5t 9 pro( ( ?is position is %ort & intelligible4 8,god10 says he1 8c\ld n be absolutely p]fect if !re c\ld happ5 any?+ 9 ?is _w :i* did n spr+ entirely f him40 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t x is inconsi/5t ) ! absolute p]fections ( ,god to suppose t a be+ creat$ by him c\ld put =? a volition :i* does n spr+ entirely f him1 & n ev5 9 "p f ! creature4 ,yet ,desc>tes is a w>m believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( free-w4 ,on ! gr\nd ( reason1 he believes 9 an absolute pr$e/9ation ( all ?+s2 & yet he concludes f exp]i5ce t man is free4 ,if we ask h[ ^! ?+s c hang toge!r1 he replies1 t we _c tell2 t a solution ( ?is difficulty lies beyond ! rea* ( ! human faculties4 ,n[1 x is evid5t1 t reason _c 8make u "k0 "o ?+1 & exp]i5ce tea* ano!r1 q contr>y to x2 = no two tru?s c ev] contradict ea* o!r4 ,^? :o adopt ?is mode ( view+ ! subject1 g5]ally rem9d u ( ! feebl5ess ( human reason1 & ( ! necess>y limits to all human speculation4 ,?\gh1 z disciples ( ,butl]1 we are deeply impress$ ) ^! tru?s1 yet1 z disciples ( ,bacon1 we d n int5d to despair until we c discov] "s good & suffici5t reason = s do+4 ,x seems to u1 t ! reply ( ,leibnitz to ,desc>tes1 already allud$ to1 is n )\t reason4 8,x might h be5 an evid5ce ( humility 9 ,desc>tes10 says he1 8if he _h confess$ 8 own inability to solve ! difficulty 9 "q2 b n satisfi$ ) confess+ = himself1 he does s = all intellig5ces & = all times40 ,b1 aft] all1 ,desc>tes has really endeav\r$ to solve ! problem :i* he decl>$ insoluble2 t is1 to reconcile ! inf9ite p]fections ( ,god ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,he /ruggles to break loose f ?is d>k my/]y2 b1 l ! *>m$ bird1 he /ruggles & flutt]s 9 va91 & f9ally yields to its magical influ5ce4 ,9 8 solution1 ?is great lum9>y ( sci5ce1 l o!rs be=e him1 seems to suff] a sad eclipse4 8,be=e ,god s5t u into ! _w10 says he1 8he knew exactly :at all ! incl9ations ( our wills w\ld be2 x is he t has implant$ !m 9 u2 x is he also t has dispos$ all ?+s1 s t su* or su* objects %\ld pres5t !mselves to u at su* or su* times1 by means ( :i* he has kn[n t our free-w w\ld det]m9e u to su* or su* actions1 he has will$ t x %\ld be s2 b he has n will$ to con/ra9 u !reto40 ,?is is f\nd 9 a lett] to ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe?1 = ^: b5efit he endeav\r$ to reconcile ! lib]ty ( man ) ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,x br+s u back to ! old di/9ction betwe5 necessity & co-action4 ,god br+s our volitions to pass2 he wills !m2 !y 8spr+ entirely f him20 b we are nev]!less free1 because he con/ra9s n our ext]nal actions1 or compels u to d any?+ contr>y to our wills6 ,we _c suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is solution ( ! problem made a v cle> or deep impression on ! m9d ( ,desc>tes himself1 or he w\ld n1 on o!r occasions1 h pron\nc$ e attempt at ! solution ( x va9 & hopeless4 ,9 8 attempt to reconcile ! free-ag5cy ( man ) ! div9e p]fections1 ,desc>tes deceives himself by a false analogy4 ,?us he supposes t a mon>* 8:o has =bidd5 duell+1 & :o1 c]ta9ly kn[+ t two g5tlem5 w fight1 if !y %\ld meet1 employs infallible means to br+ !m toge!r4 ,!y meet1 !y fight ea* o!r3 _! disob$i5ce ( ! laws is an effect ( _! free-w2 !y are puni%able40 8,:at a k+ c d 9 su* a case10 he adds1 8,god :o has an inf9ite p[] & presci5ce1 infallibly does 9 relation to all ! actions ( m540 ,b ! k+1 9 ! suppos$ case1 does n act on ! m9ds ( ! duelli/s2 _! disposition to disobey ! laws does n proce$ f him2 :]eas1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,desc>tes1 no?+ ent]s into ! m9d ( man :i* does n spr+ entirely f ,god4 ,if we suppose a k+1 :o has direct access to ! m9d ( 8 subject1 l ,god1 & :o employs 8 p[] to excite !re9 a murd]\s int5t or any o!r p>ticul> disposition to disobey ! law1 we %all h a m apposite repres5tation ( ! div9e ag5cy accord+ to ! !ory ( ,desc>tes4 ,has any?+ ev] be5 ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( ,satan himself :i* c\ld m cle>ly r5d] him an accomplice 9 ! s9s ( m58 ,f ! bosom ( ,c>tesianism two sy/ems arose1 "o 9 pr9ciple1 b widely diff]5t 9 _! developm5ts & ultimate results4 ,we allude to ! celebrat$ s*emes ( ,sp9oza & ,malebran*e4 ,bo? set out ) ! same exagg]at$ view ( ! sublime tru? t ,god is all 9 all2 & ea* gave a div]se developm5t to ?is fundam5tal position1 to ?is c5tral idea1 accord+ z ! logical faculty pr$om9at$ ov] ! moral1 or ! moral faculty ov] ! logical4 ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 by a happy inconsi/5cy1 pres]v$ ! great moral int]e/s ( ! _w aga9/ ! invasion ( a remorseless logic4 ,sp9oza1 on ! contr>y1 c\ld foll[ out 8 fir/ pr9ciple almo/ to its la/ consequ5ce1 ev5 to ! entire ext9ction ( ! moral light ( ! univ]se1 & ! en?ronem5t ( bl9d p[]1 ) z little conc]n1 ) z pr(\nd composure1 z if he 7 m]ely discuss+ a !orem 9 ! ma!matics4 8,all ?+s10 says he1 8det]m9$ to su* & su* actions1 are det]m9$ by ,god2 &1 if ,god det]m9es n a ?+ to act1 x _c det]m9e itself407#ab7 ,f ?is proposition he drew ! inf]5ce1 t ?+s :i* are produc$ by ,god1 c\ld n h exi/$ 9 any o!r mann]1 nor 9 any o!r ord]47#ac7 ,?us1 by ! div9e p[]1 all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? are b\nd toge!r 9 ! iron circle ( necessity4 ,x requir$ no great logical =esight to p]ceive t ?is doctr9e %ut all real lib]ty out ( ! creat$ univ]se2 b x did require no little moral firmness1 or v great moral ins5sibility1 to decl>e su* a consequ5ce ) ! unfl9*+ audacity :i* m>ks its enunciation by ,sp9oza4 ,he repeat$ly decl>es1 9 v>i\s modes ( expression1 t 8! s\l is a spiritual automaton10 & possesses no su* lib]ty z is usually ascrib$ to x4 ,all is necess>y1 & ! v notion ( a free-w is a vulg> prejudice4 8,all ,i h to say10 he coolly rem>ks1 8to ^? :o believe t !y c speak or keep sil5ce--9 "o ^w1 c act--by virtue ( a free decision ( ! s\l1 is1 t !y dream ) _! eyes op5407#ad7 ,?\gh he ?us boldly d5ies all free-w1 accord+ to ! common notion ( mank9d2 yet1 no less ?an ,hobbes & ,coll9s1 he all[s t ! s\l possesses 8a sort ( lib]ty40 8,x is free10 says he1 9 ! act ( affirm+ t 8two & two are equal to f\r20 ?us f9d+ ! fre$om ( ! s\l :i* he is pleas$ to all[ ! _w to possess 9 ! mo/ p]fect type ( necessity x is possible to conceive4 ,b ,sp9oza does n employ ?is idea ( lib]ty1 nor any o!r1 to %[ t man is a responsible be+4 ,?is is n at all /range2 ! wond] is1 t aft] hav+ demon/rat$ t 8! prejudice ( m5 conc]n+ good & evil1 m]it & dem]it1 praise & blame1 ord] & confusion1 beauty & de=mity10 are no?+ b dreams1 he %\ld h felt b\nd to def5d ! position1 t we may be ju/ly puni%$ = our (f5ces by ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,8 def5ce ( ?is doctr9e we %all lay be=e ! read] )\t a ^w ( comm5t4 8,w y say10 he replies to ,old5burg1 8t ,god _c be angry ) ! wick$1 or t all m5 are wor?y ( beatitude8 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 ,i p]fectly agree t ,god _c be angry at any?+ :i* happ5s accord+ to 8 decree1 b ,i d5y t x results t all m5 ought to be happy2 = m5 c be excusable1 & at ! same "t be depriv$ ( beatification1 & made to suff] a ?\s& ways4 ,a horse is excusable = be+ a horse1 & n a man2 b t prev5ts n t he ought to be a horse1 & n a man4 ,he :o is r5d]$ mad by ! bite ( a dog1 is surely excusable1 & yet we ought to con/ra9 him4 ,9 l mann]1 ! man :o _c gov]n 8 passions1 nor re/ra9 !m by ! fe> ( ! laws1 ?\gh excusable on acc\nt ( ! infirmity ( 8 nature1 c nev]!less n enjoy peace1 nor ! k & ! love ( ,god2 & x is necess>y t he %\ld p]i%407#ae7 ,x 0 z difficult = ,fa!r ,malebran*e to re/ra9 8 indignation at ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 z x 0 = him to expose its fallacy1 aft] hav+ admitt$ its great fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! facts /at$ by ,m4 ,saisset3 8,:5 ,mairan10 says he1 8/ill "y1 & hav+ a /rong passion = ! /udy ( ! #8,e?ique1' reque/$ ,malebran*e to guide him 9 t p]il\s r\te2 we "k ) :at urg5cy1 bord]+ on importunity1 he press$ ! illu/ri\s fa!r to %[ him ! weak po9t ( ,sp9ozism1 ! precise place :]e ! rig\r ( ! reason+ fail$1 ! p>alogism conta9$ 9 ! demon/ration4 ,malebran*e elud$ ! "q1 & c\ld n assign ! p>alogism1 aft] :i* ,mairan s e>ne/ly s\ght3 #8,x is n t ! p>alogism is 9 su* or su* places ( ! ,e?ique1 x is ev]y:]e4' 07#af7 ,9 ?is impati5t judgm5t1 ,fa!r ,malebran*e utt]$ m tru? ?an he c\ld v well p]ceive2 ! p>alogism is truly ev]y:]e1 because ?is :ole edifice ( words1 8?is frightful *im]a10 is really assum$ 9 ! arbitr>y def9ition ( ! t]m sub/ance4 ,we might say ) equal tru?1 t ! fallacy ( ,malebran*e's s*eme is also ev]y:]e2 = al?\gh x /ops %ort ( ! consequ5ces s /]nly d$uc$ by ,sp9oza1 x sets out f ! same di/ort$ view ( ! sov]eignty & dom9ion ( ,god1 f :i* ^? consequ5ces necess>ily fl[4 ,sp9oza1 :o _h b few foll[]s dur+ 8 lifetime1 has be5 almo/ idoliz$ by ! mo/ celebrat$ savants ( mod]n ,g]many4 ,:e!r ?is w ultimately add to ! glory ( ,sp9oza1 or detract f t ( 8 admir]s1 we %all leave ! read] & po/]ity to det]m9e4 ,9 ! mean "t1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) a /atem5t ( ! fact1 9 ! language ( ,m4 ,saisset3 8,ev]y?+10 says he1 8appe>s extraord9>y 9 ,sp9oza2 8 p]son1 8 /yle1 8 philosophy2 b t :i* is m /range /ill1 is ! de/9y ( t philosophy among m54 ,badly kn[n1 despis$ by ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,sp9oza di$ 9 obscurity1 & rema9$ buri$ dur+ a c5tury4 ,all at once 8 "n reappe>$ ) an extraord9>y eclat2 8 works 7 read ) passion2 a new _w 0 discov]$ 9 !m1 ) a horizon unkn[n to our fa!rs2 & ! god ( ,sp9oza1 :i* ! sev5te5? c5tury _h brok5 z an idol1 became ! god ( ,less+1 ( ,goe!1 ( ,novalis40 8,! solit>y ?9k] :om ,malebran*e call$ a wret*1 ,s*lei]ma*] rev]es & invokes z equal to a sa9t4 ,t #8sy/ematic a!i/1' on :om ,bayle lavi%$ outrage1 has be5 = mod]n ,g]many ! mo/ religi\s ( m54 #8,god-intoxicat$1' z ,novalis said1 #8he has se5 ! _w ?r\gh a ?ick cl\d1 & man has be5 to 8 tr\bl$ eyes only a fugitive mode ( ,be+ 9 itself4' ,9 t sy/em1 9 f9e1 s %ock+ & s mon/r\s1 t #8hide\s *im]a1' ,jacobi sees ! la/ ^w ( philosophy1 ,s*ell+ ! pres5tim5t ( ! true philosophy40 ,section ,,iv4 ,! views ( ,locke1 ,tuck]1 ,h>tley1 ,prie/ley1 ,helvetius1 & ,did]ot1 ) respect to ! relation betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,locke1 x is well kn[n1 adopt$ ! notions ( free-ag5cy giv5 by ,hobbes4 8,9 ?is10 says he1 8consi/s fre$om1 viz41 9 our be+ able to act or n to act1 accord+ z we %all *oose or w407#ag7 ,& ?is notion ( lib]ty1 consi/+ 9 a fre$om f ext]nal co-action1 has receiv$ an impetus & curr5cy f ! influ5ce ( ,locke :i* x w\ld n o!rwise h obta9$4 ,nei!r ,calv9 nor ,lu!r1 z we h se51 pret5d$ to hold x up z ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,?is 0 res]v$ = ,hobbes & 8 immortal foll[]1 ,john ,locke1 :o has1 9 8 turn1 be5 copi$ by a ho/ ( illu/ri\s disciples :o w\ld h recoil$ f ! m articulate & consi/5t developm5t ( ?is doctr9e by ! philosoph] ( ,malmsbury4 ,x is only because ,locke has envelop$ x 9 a cl\d ( inconsi/5cies t x has be5 able to secure ! v5]ation ( ! great & good4 ,x is rem>kable1 t al?\gh ,locke adopt$ ! def9ition ( free-w giv5 by ,hobbes1 & :i* ! latt] s easily reconcil$ ) ! omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce ( ,god2 yet he expressly decl>es t he _h f\nd x impossible to reconcile ^? attributes 9 ! ,div9e ,be+ ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,surely no su* difficulty c\ld h exi/$1 if 8 def9ition ( free-ag5cy1 or free-w1 be correct2 = al?\gh omnipot5ce itself might produce our volitions1 we might /ill be free to act1 to move 9 accordance ) our volitions4 ,b ! tru? is1 !re 0 some?+ m 9 ,locke's ?\ghts & feel+s1 9 ! inmo/ work+ ( 8 nature1 ) respect to moral lib]ty1 ?an !re 0 9 8 def9ition4 ,! inconsi/5cy & fluctuation ( 8 views on ?is all-important subject are fully reflect$ 9 8 *apt] on p[]4 ,bo? 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s successors ( ,locke soon deliv]$ !mselves f 8 inconsi/5cies & self-contradictions4 ,h>tley 0 n 9 all respects a foll[] ( ,locke1 x is true1 ?\gh he admitt$ 8 def9ition ( free-ag5cy4 8,x appe>s to me10 says ,h>tley1 8t all ! mo/ complex ideas arise f s5sation1 & t reflection is n a di/9ct s\rce1 z ,mr4 ,locke makes x40 ,by ?is mutilation ( ! philosophy ( ,locke1 x 0 r$uc$ back to t dead level ( mat]ialism 9 :i* ,hobbes _h left x1 & f :i* ! =m] _h sc>cely endeav\r$ to raise x4 ,h5ce arose ! rigid s*eme ( necessity1 = :i* ,h>tley is s zeal\s an advocate4 ,9 read+ 8 treatise on ! 8,me*anism ( ! ,human ,m9d10 we are irresi/ibly compell$ to feel ! conviction t ! only circum/ance :i* prev5ts ! movem5ts ( ! s\l f be+ subject$ to ma!matical calculation1 & made a bran* ( dynamics1 is ! want ( a measure ( ! =ce ( motives4 ,if ?is want 7 suppli$1 !n ! philosophy ( ! m9d might be1 accord+ to 8 view ( its nature & op]ations1 conv]t$ into a portion ( me*anics4 ,yet ?is excell5t man did n imag9e = a mom5t t he upheld a s*eme :i* is at w> ) ! great moral int]e/s ( ! _w4 ,he supposes x is no matt] h[ we come by our volitions1 provid$ our bodies be left free to obey ! impulses ( ! w2 ?is is amply suffici5t to r5d] u acc\ntable = our actions1 & to v9dicate ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,?us did he fall asleep ) a speci\s1 b mo/ sup]ficial dream ( lib]ty1 :i* has no m to d ) ! real "q conc]n+ ! moral ag5cy ( man ?an if x relat$ to ! w9ds ( heav5 or to ! waves ( ! sea4 ,accord+ly ?is is ! view ( lib]ty :i* he repeat$ly holds up z all-suffici5t to secure ! great moral int]e/ ( ! human race4 ,8 great disciple1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 pursues precisely ! same c\rse4 8,if a man10 says he1 8be :olly a mat]ial be+1 & ! p[] ( ?9k+ ! result ( a c]ta9 organization ( ! bra91 does x n foll[ t all 8 functions mu/ be regulat$ by ! laws ( me*anism1 & t ( consequ5ce 8 actions proce$ f an irresi/ible necessity80 ,& aga91 he obs]ves1 8! doctr9e ( necessity is ! imm$iate result ( ! mat]iality ( man1 = me*anism is ! und\bt$ consequ5ce ( mat]ialism407#ah7 ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 all[s u to possess free-w z def9$ by ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,h>tley4 ,helvetius himself c\ld easily admit su* a lib]ty into 8 unmitigat$ s*eme ( necessity1 b he did n commit ! blund] ( ,locke & ,h>tley1 9 suppos+ t x bore on ! great "q conc]n+ ! fre$om ( ! m9d4 8,x is true10 he says1 8we c =m a tol]ably di/9ct idea ( ! ^w lib]ty1 und]/ood 9 its common s5se4 ,a man is free :o is nei!r load$ ) irons nor conf9$ 9 prison1 nor intimidat$ l ! slave ) ! dread ( *a/isem5t3 9 ?is s5se ! lib]ty ( man consi/s 9 ! free ex]cise ( 8 p[]2 ,i say1 ( 8 p[]1 because x w\ld be ridicul\s to mi/ake = a want ( lib]ty ! incapacity we are "u to pi]ce ! cl\ds l ! eagle1 to live "u ! wat] l ! :ale1 or to become k+1 emp]or1 or pope4 ,we h s f> a suffici5tly cle> idea ( ! ^w4 ,b ?is is no long] ! case :5 we come to apply lib]ty to ! w4 ,:at mu/ ?is lib]ty !n mean8 ,we c only und]/& by x a free p[] ( will+ or n will+ a ?+3 b ?is p[] w\ld imply t !re may be a w )\t motives1 & consequ5tly an effect )\t a cause4 ,a philosophical treatise on ! lib]ty ( ! w w\ld be a treatise ( effects )\t a cause407#ai7 ,9 l mann]1 ,did]ot _h ! sagacity to p]ceive t ! idea ( lib]ty1 z def9$ by ,locke1 did n at all come into conflict ) 8 port5t\s s*eme ( irreligion1 :i* _h gr\nd$ itself on ! doctr9e ( necessity4 ,hav+ pron\nc$ ! t]m lib]ty1 z appli$ to ! w1 to be a ^w )\t mean+1 he proce$s to ju/ify ! infliction ( puni%m5t on ! same gr\nds on :i* x is v9dicat$ by ,hobbes & ,sp9oza4 8,b if !re is no lib]ty10 says he1 8!re is no action t m]its ei!r praise or blame1 nei!r vice nor virtue1 no?+ t ought to be ei!r rew>d$ or puni%$4 ,:at !n is ! di/9ction among m58 ,! do+ ( good & ! do+ ( evil6 ,! do] ( ill is "o :o mu/ be de/roy$1 n puni%$4 ,! do] ( good is lucky1 n virtu\s4 ,b ?\gh nei!r ! do] ( good nor ( ill be free1 man is1 nev]!less1 a be+ to be modifi$2 x is = ?is reason ! do] ( ill %\ld be de/roy$ ^u ! scaffold4 ,f !nce ! good effects ( education1 ( pleasure1 ( grief1 ( gr&eur1 ( pov]ty1 c42 f !nce a philosophy full ( pity1 /rongly atta*$ to ! good1 nor m angry ) ! wick$ ?an ) ! :irlw9d :i* fills "o's eyes ) du/40 444 8,adopt ^! pr9ciples if y ?9k !m good1 or %[ me t !y are bad4 ,if y adopt !m1 !y w reconcile y too ) o!rs & ) y\rself3 y w nei!r be pleas$ nor angry ) y\rself = be+ :at y are4 ,reproa* o!rs = no?+1 & rep5t ( no?+1 ?is is ! fir/ /ep to wisdom4 ,besides ?is all is prejudice & false philosophy40 ,?\gh ^! consequ5ces irresi/ibly fl[ f ! doctr9e ( necessity1 yet ! injury result+ f !m w\ld be f> less if !y 7 ma9ta9$ only by su* m5 z ,helvetius & ,did]ot4 ,x is :5 su* errors receive ! sanction ( ,*ri/ian philosoph]s1 l ,h>tley & ,leibnitz1 & are recomm5d$ to ! human m9d by a pi\s zeal = ! glory ( ,god1 t !y are apt to obta9 a frightful curr5cy & become f> m desolat+ 9 _! effects4 8,! doctr9e ( necessity10 says ,h>tley1 8has a t5d5cy to abate all res5tm5t aga9/ m53 s9ce all !y d aga9/ u is by ! appo9tm5t ( ,god1 x is rebellion aga9/ him to be (f5d$ ) !m40 ,section ,v4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,leibnitz endeav\rs to reconcile lib]ty & necessity4 ,leibnitz c5sures ! language ( ,desc>tes1 9 :i* he ascribes all ! ?\ghts & volitions ( m5 to ,god1 & compla9s t he !reby %uts out free-ag5cy f ! _w4 ,x becomes a v curi\s "q1 !n1 h[ ,leibnitz himself1 :o 0 s deeply implicat$ 9 ! s*eme ( necessity1 has be5 able to save ! great int]e/s ( morality4 ,he does n1 = a mom5t1 call 9 "q 8! great demon/ration f cause & effect0 9 fav\r ( necessity4 ,x is well kn[n t he has m ?an once comp>$ ! human m9d to a balance1 9 :i* reasons & incl9ations take ! place ( weights2 he supposes x to be j z impossible = ! m9d to dep>t f ! direction giv5 to x by 8! det]m9+ cause10 z x is = a balance to turn 9 opposition to ! influ5ce ( ! greate/ weight4 ,nor is he pleas$ ) ,desc>tes's appeal to consci\sness to prove ! doctr9e ( lib]ty4 ,9 reply to ?is appeal1 he says3 8,! *a9 ( causes connect$ "o ) ano!r rea*es v f>4 ,:]e=e ! reason alleg$ by ,desc>tes1 9 ord] to prove ! indep5d5ce ( our free actions1 by a pret5d$ vigor\s int]nal feel+1 has no =ce47#bj7 ,we _c1 /rictly speak+1 feel our indep5d5ce2 & we d n always p]ceive ! causes1 frequ5tly imp]ceptible1 on :i* our resolution dep5ds4 ,x is z if a ne$le t\*$ ) ! load/one 7 s5sible ( & pleas$ ) its turn+ t[>d ! nor?4 ,= x w\ld believe t x turn$ itself1 indep5d5tly ( any o!r cause1 n p]ceiv+ ! ins5sible motions ( ! magnetic matt]407#ba7 ,?us1 he seems to repres5t ! doctr9e ( lib]ty z a m]e dream & delusion ( ! m9d1 & ! iron s*eme ( necessity z a /]n reality4 ,is x 9 ! p[] ( ,leibnitz1 !n1 any m ?an x 0 9 t ( ,desc>tes1 to reconcile su* a s*eme ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man8 ,let u he> him & det]m9e4 ,leibnitz repudiates ! notion ( lib]ty giv5 by ,hobbes & ,locke4 ,9 8 8,n\veaux ,essais sur ,l',ent5dem5t ,huma910 a "w 9 :i* he combats _m ( ! doctr9es ( ,locke1 ! insignificance ( 8 idea ( ! fre$om ( ! w is mo/ cle>ly & triumphantly expos$4 ,philale!1 or ! repres5tative ( ,locke1 says3 8,lib]ty is ! p[] t a man has to d or n to d an action accord+ to 8 w40 ,!ophile1 or ! repres5tative ( ,leibnitz1 replies3 8,if m5 und]/ood only t by lib]ty1 :5 !y ask :e!r ! w is free1 _! "q w\ld be truly absurd40 ,& aga93 8,! "q ought n to be ask$10 says ,philale!1 8if ! w is free3 t is to speak 9 a v improp] mann]3 b if man is free4 ,?is grant$1 ,i say t1 :5 any "o c1 by ! direction or *oice ( 8 m9d1 pref] ! exi/5ce ( "o action to ! non-exi/5ce ( t action & to ! contr>y1 t is to say1 :5 he c make x exi/ or n exi/1 accord+ to 8 w1 !n he is free4 ,& we c sc>cely see h[ x c\ld be possible to conceive a be+ m free ?an "o :o is capable ( do+ :at he wills40 ,!ophile rejo9s3 8,:5 we reason conc]n+ ! lib]ty ( ! w1 we d n dem& if ! man c d :at he wills1 b if he has a suffici5t indep5d5ce 9 ! w itself2 we d n ask if he has free limbs or elb[-room1 b if ! m9d is free1 & 9 :at t fre$om consi/s407#bb7 ,hav+ ?us explod$ ! delusive notion ( lib]ty :i* ,locke _h borr[$ f ,hobbes1 ,leibnitz proce$s to take :at seems to be high] gr\nd4 ,he expressly decl>es1 t 9 ord] to con/itute man an acc\ntable ag5t1 he mu/ be free1 n only f con/ra9t1 b also f necessity4 ,9 ! adoption ( ?is language1 ,leibnitz seems to speak ) ! advocates ( free-ag5cy2 b does he ?9k ) !m8 ,! s\nd is pleasant to ! e>2 b :at s5se is x int5d$ to convey to ! m9d8 ,leibnitz %all be 8 own int]pret]4 8,all ev5ts h _! necess>y causes10 says ,hobbes4 8,bad10 replies ,leibnitz3 8!y h _! det]m9+ causes1 by :i* we c assign a reason = !m2 b !y h n necess>y causes40 ,n[ does ?is signify t an ev5t1 t a volition1 is n absolutely & indissolubly connect$ ) its 8det]m9+ cause80 ,is ?is ! gr& idea f :i* ! light ( lib]ty is to beam on a d>k5$ & enslav$ _w8 ,by no means4 ,we mu/ indulge no fond hopes or idle dreams ( ! k9d4 ,volition is free f necessity1 adds ,leibnitz2 because 8! contr>y c\ld happ5 )\t imply+ a contradiction40 ,?is is ! signification :i* he atta*es to 8 own language2 & x is ! only mean+ ( :i* x is susceptible 9 accordance ) 8 sy/em4 ,?us1 ,leibnitz saw & cle>ly expos$ ! futility ( speak+ ab\t a fre$om f co-action or re/ra9t1 :5 ! "q is1 n :e!r ! body is untrammell$1 b :e!r ! m9d itself is free 9 ! act ( will+4 ,b he did n see1 x seems1 t x is equally irrelevant to speak ( a fre$om f a ma!matical necessity 9 su* a connexion2 al?\gh ?is1 z pla9ly z ! o!r s5se ( ! ^w1 has no conceivable be>+ on ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,if a volition 7 produc$ by ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 irresi/ibly act+ on ! human m9d1 /ill x w\ld n be necess>y1 9 ! s5se ( ,leibnitz1 s9ce x might & w\ld h be5 diff]5t if ,god _h s will$ x2 ! contr>y volition imply+ no contradiction4 ,is x n evid5t1 t to suppose ! m9d may ?us be b\nd to act1 & yet be free because ! contr>y act implies no contradiction1 is m]ely to dream ( lib]ty1 & to mi/ake a %ad[ = a sub/ance8 ,z ! opposite ( a volition implies no contradiction1 says ,leibnitz1 s x is free f an absolute necessity2 t is to say1 x might h be5 diff]5t1 nay1 x mu/ h be5 diff]5t1 f :at x is1 provid$ its det]m9+ cause _h be5 diff]5t4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! motions ( matt]4 ,we may say t !y are also free1 because ! opposite motions imply no contradiction2 & we only h to v>y ! =ce 9 ord] to v>y ! motion4 ,h5ce1 fre$om 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! absolute & uncontroll$ dom9ion ( causes ov] ! w2 = :at c be m completely necessitat$ ?an ! motions ( ! body8 ,! dem& ( 8 own nature1 :i* s /rongly impell$ ,leibnitz to seek & cl+ to ! fre$om ( ! m9d1 z ! basis ( moral & acc\ntable ag5cy1 c\ld n re/ satisfi$ ) s unsub/antial a %ad[4 ,aft] all1 he has felt con/ra9$ to h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( a pre/abli%$ h>mony 9 ord] to re/ore1 if possible1 ! lib]ty :i* 8 s*eme ( necessity _h bani%$ f ! univ]se4 ,x is no "p ( our int5tion to exam9e ?is obsolete fiction2 we m]ely wi% to %[ h[ ess5tial ,leibnitz reg>d$ x to a solution ( ! difficulty "u consid]ation4 8,i come n[10 says he1 8to %[ h[ ! action ( ! w dep5ds on causes2 t !re is no?+ s agreeable to human nature z ?is dep5d5ce ( our actions1 & t o!rwise we %\ld fall into an absurd & insupportable fatality2 t is to say1 into ! ,mohamm$an fate1 :i* is ! wor/ ( all1 because x does away ) =esight & good c\nsel4 ,h[ev]1 x is well to expla9 h[ ?is dep5d5cy ( our volunt>y actions does n prev5t t !re may be at ! bottom ( ?+s a m>vell\s spontaneity 9 u1 :i* 9 a c]ta9 s5se r5d]s ! m9d1 9 its resolutions1 indep5d5t ( ! physical influ5ce ( all o!r creatures4 ,?is spontaneity1 b little kn[n hi!rto1 :i* raises our empire ov] our actions z mu* z x is possible1 is a consequ5ce ( ! sy/em ( pre/abli%$ h>mony40 ,?us1 9 ord] to satisfy himself t our actions are really free & indep5d5t ( ! physical influ5ce ( o!r creatures1 he has rec\rse to a fiction 9 :i* few p]sons ev] concurr$ ) him1 & :i* is n[ univ]sally reg>d$ z "o ( ! vag>ies & dreams ( philosophy4 ,if we are to be sav$ f an insupportable fate only by su* means1 our condition mu/ inde$ be "o ( =lorn hopelessness4 ,be=e we take leave ( ,leibnitz1 !re is "o view ( ! difficulty 9 "q :i* we wi% to notice1 n because x is peculi> to him1 b because x is v cle>ly /at$ & confid5tly reli$ on by him4 ,x is common to mo/ ( ! advocates ( necessity1 & x is exce$+ly impos+ 9 its appe>ance & effect4 8,m5 ( all times10 says he1 8h be5 tr\bl$ by a sophism1 :i* ! anci5ts call$ ! #8raison p>esseuse1' because x induces !m to d no?+1 or at lea/ to conc]n !mselves ab\t no?+1 & to foll[ only ! pres5t incl9ation to pleasure4 ,=1 say !y1 if ! future is necess>y1 t :i* is to happ5 w happ5 :atev] ,i may d4 ,b ! future1 say !y1 is necess>y1 ei!r because ! ,div9ity =esees all ?+s1 & ev5 pre/abli%es !m 9 gov]n+ ! univ]se2 or because all ?+s necess>ily come to pass by a concat5ation ( causes407#bc7 ,leibnitz illu/rat$ ! fallacy ( ?is reason+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,by ! same reason 7if x is valid7 ,i c\ld say--,if x is writt5 9 ! ar*ives ( fate1 t poison w kill me at pres5t1 or d me h>m1 ?is w happ51 ?\gh ,i %\ld n take x2 & if t is n writt51 x w n happ51 ?\gh ,i %\ld take x2 &1 consequ5tly1 ,i c foll[ my incl9ation to take :atev] is agreeable ) impunity1 h[ev] p]nici\s x may be2 :i* involves a manife/ absurdity4444 ,?is objection /agg]s !m a little1 b !y always come back to _! reason+1 turn$ 9 diff]5t po9ts ( view1 until we cause !m to compreh5d 9 :at ! defect ( _! sophism consi/s4 ,x is ?is1 t x is false t ! ev5t w happ5 :atev] we may d2 x w happ51 because we d t :i* leads to x2 & if ! ev5t is writt51 ! cause :i* w make x happ5 is also writt54 ,?us ! connexion 7liaison7 ( effects & _! causes1 s f> f e/abli%+ ! doctr9e ( a necessity prejudicial to practice1 s]ves to de/roy x407#bd7 ,! same reply is f\nd m ?an once 9 ! c\rse ( ! same great "w2 & x is employ$ by all necessit>ians 9 def5ce ( _! sy/em4 ,b x is n a satisfactory answ]4 ,x ov]looks ! real difficulty 9 ! case1 & seeks to remove an imag9>y "o4 ,! "q is1 n :e!r a necess>y connexion betwe5 our volitions & _! effects is a disc\ragem5t to practice1 b :e!r a necess>y connexion betwe5 our volitions & _! causes is s4 ,x is v true1 t no man w\ld be acc\ntable = 8 ext]nal actions or _! consequ5ces1 if !re 7 no fix$ relation betwe5 ^! & 8 volitions4 ,if1 :5 a man will$ "o ?+1 ano!r %\ld happ5 to foll[ :i* he did n w1 ( c\rse he w\ld n be responsible = x4 ,& if !re 7 no c]ta9 or fix$ connexion betwe5 8 ext]nal actions & _! consequ5ces1 ei!r z !y affect$ himself or o!rs1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n be responsible = ^? consequ5ces4 ,?is connexion betwe5 causes & effects1 ?is connexion betwe5 volitions & _! consequ5ces1 is indisp5sable to our acc\ntability = su* consequ5ces4 ,b = su* a connexion1 no?+ c\ld be m idle & ridicul\s ?an to endeav\r to d any?+2 = we might w "o ?+1 & ano!r w\ld take place4 ,b mu/ ! same necess>y connexion exi/ betwe5 ! causes ( our volitions & ! volitions !mselves1 be=e we c be acc\ntable = ^! volitions1 = ^! effects8 ,?is is ! "q4 ,leibnitz has lo/ sight ( x1 & deceiv$ himself by a false application ( 8 doctr9e4 ,! doctr9e ( necessity1 :5 appli$ to volitions & _! effects1 is indisp5sable to build up man's acc\ntability = 8 ext]nal conduct & its consequ5ces4 ,b ! same doctr9e1 :5 appli$ to e/abli% a fix$ & unalt]able relation betwe5 ! causes ( volition & volition itself1 really demoli%es all responsibility = volition1 & consequ5tly = its ext]nal results4 ,leibnitz und]took to %[ t a necess>y connexion betwe5 volition & its causes does n de/roy man's acc\ntability = 8 volitions2 & he has %[n1 :at no "o ev] d\bt$1 t a necess>y connexion betwe5 volition & its effects does n de/roy acc\ntability = ^? effects6 ,/range z ?is confusion ( ?+s is1 x is made by ! mo/ celebrat$ advocates ( ! doctr9e ( necessity2 :i* %[s1 we ?9k1 t ! doctr9e h>dly admits ( a solid def5ce4 ,?us ,edw>ds1 = example1 insi/s t ! doctr9e ( necessity is s f> f r5d]+ our endeav\rs va9 & useless1 t x is an indisp5sable condition or pr]equisite to _! success4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 he says3 8,let u suppose a real & sure connexion betwe5 a man hav+ 8 eyes op5 9 ! cle> daylight1 ) good organs ( sight1 & see+2 s t see+ is connect$ ) op5+ 8 eyes1 & n see+ ) 8 n op5+ 8 eyes2 & also ! l connexion betwe5 su* a man attempt+ to op5 8 eyes & 8 actually do+ x3 ! suppos$ e/abli%$ connexion betwe5 ^! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 let ! connexion be nev] s sure & necess>y1 c]ta9ly does n prove t x is 9 va9 = a man 9 su* circum/ances to attempt to op5 8 eyes1 9 ord] to see+2 8 aim+ at t ev5t1 & ! use ( ! means1 be+ ! effect ( 8 w1 does n break ! connexion1 or h9d] ! success40 8,s t ! objection we are ^u does n lie aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! necessity ( ev5ts by a c]ta9ty ( connexion & consequ5ce3 on ! contr>y1 x is truly =cible aga9/ ! ,arm9ian doctr9e ( cont+5ce & self-det]m9ation1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) su* a connexion4 ,if !re be no connexion betwe5 ^? ev5ts :]e9 virtue & vice consi/1 & any?+ antec$5t2 !n !re is no connexion betwe5 ^! ev5ts & any means or endeav\rs us$ 9 ord] to !m3 & if s1 !n ^? means mu/ be 9 va94 ,! less !re is ( connexion betwe5 =ego+ ?+s & foll[+ ones1 s mu* ! less !re is betwe5 means & end1 endeav\rs & success2 & 9 ! same proportion are means & endeav\rs ineffectual & 9 va940 ,9 l mann]1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 9 8 def5ce ( ! doctr9e ( necessity1 has 9 all 8 illu/rations conf\nd$ ! connexion betwe5 a volition & its antec$5t1 ) ! relation betwe5 a volition & its consequ5t4 ,to select "o su* illu/ration f _m1 x w\ld be idle1 says he1 = a man to lab\r & toil aft] weal?1 if !re 7 no fix$ connexion betwe5 su* ex]tion & ! accumulation ( ri*es4 ,we reply to all su* illu/rations1--,x is true1 !re mu/ be a fix$ connexion betwe5 our endeav\rs or volunt>y ex]tions & _! consequ5ces1 9 ord] to r5d] su* endeav\rs or ex]tions ( any avail1 or to r5d] u acc\ntable = su* consequ5ces4 ,b x %\ld be =ev] borne 9 m9d1 t ! "q is n :e!r a fix$ connexion obta9s betwe5 our volitions & _! sequ5ts1 b :e!r a necess>y connexion exi/s betwe5 our volitions & _! antec$5ts4 ,! "q is1 n :e!r ! w be a p[] :i* is (t5 foll[$ by necessitat$ effects2 b :e!r !re be a p[] beh9d ! w by :i* its volitions are necessitat$4 ,& ?is be+ ! "q1 :at does x signify to tell u1 t ! w is a produc+ p[]8 ,we d5y t volitions & _! antec$5ts are necess>ily connect$2 & our oppon5ts refute u by %[+ t volitions & _! sequ5ts are ?us connect$6 ,we d5y t ,a & ,b are necess>ily connect$2 & ?is position is ov]?r[n & demoli%$ by %[+ t ,b & ,c are ?us connect$6 ,is x n truly wond]ful t su* m5 z a ,leibnitz1 an ,edw>ds1 & a ,*alm]s1 %\ld1 9 _! zeal to ma9ta9 a fav\rite dogma1 commit s great an ov]sight1 & s griev\sly deceive !mselves8 ,section ,,vi4 ,! attempt ( ,edw>ds to e/abli% free & acc\ntable ag5cy on ! basis ( necessity--,! views ( ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 ,day1 ,*alm]s1 ,dick1 ,d',aubigne1 ,hill1 ,%aw1 & ,m',co%1 conc]n+ ! agreem5t ( lib]ty & necessity4 ,! great metaphysician ( ,new-,engl& insi/s1 t 8 s*eme1 & 8 s*eme alone1 is consi/5t ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man4 ,b h[ does he %[ ?is8 ,does he endeav\r to %ake ! /]n argum5t by :i* all ?+s seem b\nd toge!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect8 ,does he ev5 intimate a d\bt ) respect to ! p]fect coh]5cy & validity ( ?is argum5t8 ,does he once ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,/oics1 or ( ! mat]iali/ic fatali/s1 accord+ to :i* all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? are involv$ 9 an 8implex s]ies ( causes80 ,he does n4 ,on ! contr>y1 he has /at$ & en=c$ ! great argum5t f cause & effect1 9 ! /ronge/ possible t]ms4 ,he cont5ds t volition is caus$1 n by ! w nor ! m9d1 b by ! /ronge/ motive4 ,?is is ! cause ( volition1 & x is impossible = ! effect to be loose f its cause4 ,x is an inh]5t contradiction1 a gl>+ absurdity1 to say t motive is ! cause ( volition1 & yet admit t volition may1 or may n1 foll[ motive4 ,?is is to say1 inde$1 t motive is ! cause1 & yet t x is n ! cause1 ( volition2 :i* is a contradiction 9 t]ms47#be7 ,s f> f say+ any?+1 !n1 to extricate ! volitions ( m5 f ! adamant9e circle ( necessity1 he has ex]t$ 8 prodigi\s en]gies to fa/5 !m !re94 ,h5ce ! "q arises1 ,has he left any room = ! introduction ( t fre$om ( ! m9d1 :i* x is ! great object ( 8 inquiry to e/abli% ^u its true f\ndations8 ,! lib]ty = :i* he cont5ds1 is1 aft] all 8 lab\rs1 precisely t advocat$ by ,hobbes & ,coll9s1 & no o!r4 ,x is a fre$om f co-action1 & n f necessity4 ,b he is entitl$ to speak = himself1 & we %all p]mit him s to d3 8,! pla9 & obvi\s mean+ ( ! ^w fre$om & lib]ty10 says he1 89 common spee*1 is ! p[]1 opportunity1 or advantage1 t any "o has1 to d z he pleases4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 8 be+ free f h9d]ance or imp$im5t 9 ! way ( do+ or conduct+ 9 any respect z he wills4 ,& ! contr>y to lib]ty1 :atev] "n we call x by1 is a p]son be+ h9d]$1 or unable to conduct z he w1 or be+ necessitat$ to d o!rwise40 ,"h1 x w be se51 t lib]ty1 accord+ to ?is notion ( x1 has no relation to ! mann] 9 :i* ! w arises1 or comes into exi/5ce2 if "o's ext]nal conduct c only foll[ 8 w1 he is free4 8,!re are two ?+s10 says he1 8contr>y to :at is call$ lib]ty 9 common spee*4 ,"o is con/ra9t1 o!rwise call$ =ce1 compulsion1 & co-action2 :i* is a p]son be+ necessitat$ to d a ?+ contr>y to 8 w4 ,! o!r is re/ra9t2 :i* is1 8 be+ h9d]$1 & n hav+ p[] to d accord+ to 8 w4 ,b t :i* has no w _c be ! subject ( ^! ?+s40 ,?is def9ition1 x is pla91 presupposes ! exi/5ce ( a volition2 & lib]ty consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( co-action4 ,x has no relation to ! "q z to h[ we come by our volitions1 :e!r !y are put =? by ! m9d itself )\t be+ necessitat$1 or :e!r !y are necess>ily produc$ 9 u4 ,x leaves ?is great fundam5tal "q unt\*$4 ,on ?is subject 8 language is p]fectly explicit4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,kames1 nor ,coll9s1 nor ,crombie1 nor ,hobbes1 nor any o!r writ]1 m p]fectly unequivocal4 8,b "o ?+ m10 says he1 8,i w\ld obs]ve conc]n+ :at is vulg>ly call$ lib]ty1 namely1 t p[] & opportunity = "o to d & conduct z he w1 or accord+ to 8 *oice1 is all t is meant by x1 )\t tak+ into ! mean+ ( ! ^w any?+ ( ! cause ( t *oice1 or at all consid]+ h[ ! p]son came to h su* a volition1 or int]nal habit & bias2 :e!r x 0 det]m9$ by "s int]nal antec$5t volition1 or :e!r x happ5$ )\t a cause2 :e!r x 7 necess>ily connect$ ) some?+ =ego+1 or n connect$4 ,let ! p]son come by 8 *oice any h[1 yet1 if he is able1 & !re is no?+ 9 ! way to h9d] 8 pursu+ & execut+ 8 w1 ! man is p]fectly free accord+ to ! prim>y & common notion ( fre$om40 ,n[ ?is is all ! def9ition ( lib]ty ) :i* 8 8,inquiry0 furni%es u2 & ?is1 he says1 is 8suffici5t to %[ :at is meant by lib]ty1 accord+ to ! common notion ( mank9d1 & 9 ! usual & prim>y acceptation ( ! ^w40 ,x is easy to see1 t !re is no difficulty 9 reconcil+ lib]ty1 9 su* a s5se1 ) ! mo/ absolute s*eme ( necessity or fatalism ! _w has ev] se54 ,let a man come by 8 volition ,,any ,,h[2 let x be produc$ 9 him by ! direct & almighty p[] ( ,god himself2 yet1 8he is p]fectly free10 provid$ !re is no ext]nal co-action to prev5t 8 volition f produc+ its natural effects6 ,presid5t ,day is n pleas$ ) ! def9ition conta9$ 9 ! 8,inquiry20 & 9 ?is p>ticul> we ?9k he has discov]$ a sup]ior sagacity to ,edw>ds4 ,b 8 extreme anxiety to save ! cr$it ( 8 au?or has betray$ him1 x seems to u1 into an apology :i* w n be> a close exam9ation4 8,on ! subject ( lib]ty or fre$om10 says he1 8:i* occupies a portion ( ! fif? section ( ,edw>ds's fir/ book1 he has be5 less p>ticul> ?an 0 to be expect$1 consid]+ t ?is is ! great object ( inquiry 9 8 "w4 ,8 explanation ( :at he reg>ds z ! prop] mean+ ( ! t]m is applicable to ! lib]ty ( outw>d action1 to :at is call$ by philosoph]s ext]nal lib]ty40 8,?is is v well z f> z x goes4 ,b ! pr(ess$ object ( 8 book1 accord+ to ! title-page1 is an inquiry conc]n+ ! fre$om ( ! w1 n ! fre$om ( ! ext]nal conduct4 ,we naturally look = 8 mean+ ( ?is int]nal lib]ty4 ,:at he has said1 9 ?is section1 respect+ fre$om ( ! w1 has r ! appe>ance ( evad+ su* a def9ition ( x z might be consid]$ 8 own407#bf7 ,n[1 is x possible t ,presid5t ,edw>ds has in/itut$ an inquiry into ! fre$om ( ! w1 & writt5 a great book 9 def5ce ( x1 & yet has evad$ giv+ 8 own def9ition ( x8 ,if s1 !n he may h demoli%$ ! views ( o!rs on ?is subject1 b he has c]ta9ly n e/abli%$ 8 own 9 _! /ead2 & h5ce1 = aught we "k1 he really did n believe 9 ! fre$om ( ! w at all2 &1 = all 8 "w %[s1 !re may be no su* fre$om4 ,= h[ is x possible = any man to e/abli% 8 views ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 if he is n at suffici5t pa9s to expla9 8 mean+ ( ! t]ms1 & =be>s ev5 to give 8 own def9ition ( !m8 ,b ! tru? is1 ! au?or ( ! 8,inquiry0 has plac$ x beyond all controv]sy1 t he has be5 guilty ( no su* omission or evasion4 ,he has left no room to d\bt t ! def9ition ( lib]ty1 :i* he says is 9 con=mity 8) ! common notion ( mank9d10 is 8 own4 ,he always uses ?is def9ition :5 he und]takes to repel objections aga9/ 8 s*eme ( necessity4 8,x is evid5t10 he says1 8t su* a provid5tial dispos+ & det]m9+ ( m5's moral actions1 ?\gh x inf]s a moral necessity ( ^? actions1 yet x does n 9 ! lea/ infr+e ! real lib]ty ( mank9d1 ! only lib]ty t common s5se tea*es to be necess>y to moral ag5cy1 :i*1 ,,z ,,has ,,be5 ,,demon/rat$1 is n inconsi/5t ) su* necessity407#bg7 ,he def9es lib]ty 9 ! v words ( ,coll9s & ,hobbes1 to mean ! p[] or opportunity any "o has 8to d z he pleases20 or1 9 o!r words1 to d 8z he wills407#bh7 ,?is def9ition1 he says1 is accord+ to ! prim>y & common notion ( mank9d2 & n[ he decl>es1 t 8?is is ! only lib]ty common s5se tea*es is necess>y to moral ag5cy40 ,x is v /range t any "o %\ld h read ! great "w ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds )\t p]ceiv+ t ?is is ! s5se 9 :i* he always uses ! t]m :5 he und]takes to repel ! attacks ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,to select only "o in/ance out ( _m1 he says1 8,if ! ,/oics held su* a fate z is repugnant to any lib]ty1 consi/+ 9 our do+ z we please1 ,i utt]ly d5y su* a fate4 ,if !y held any su* fate z is n consi/5t ) ! common & univ]sal notions t mank9d h ( lib]ty1 activity1 moral ag5cy1 virtue1 & vice1 ,i disclaim any su* ?+1 & ?9k ,i h demon/rat$ ! s*eme ,i ma9ta9 is no su* s*eme407#bi7 ,?us he always has rec\rse to ?is def9ition ( lib]ty1 consi/+ 9 ! p[] or opportunity any "o has 8to d z he pleases10 or1 9 o!r words1 8z he wills10 :5ev] he attempts to reconcile 8 doctr9e ) ! moral ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man1 or to v9dicate x aga9/ ! attacks ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,we mu/ suppose !n1 t ,edw>ds has giv5 8 own def9ition ( lib]ty 9 ! ,inquiry1 or we mu/ conclude t he def5d$ 8 sy/em by ! use ( an idea ( lib]ty :i* he did n believe to be correct2 t :5 he alleg$ t he 8_h demon/rat$0 8 doctr9e to be consi/5t ) free-ag5cy1 he only meant ) a false & a!i/ical notion ( free-ag5cy4 ,we are n surpris$ t ,presid5t ,day does n l ?is def9ition ( lib]ty2 b we are some:at surpris$1 we confess1 t su* an idea ( lib]ty %\ld be s unhesitat+ly adopt$ f ,edw>ds1 & s confid5tly set =? z ! highe/ conceivable notion !re(1 by ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 ,he does n seem to ent]ta9 ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 ei!r t ! def9ition ( lib]ty conta9$ 9 ! ,inquiry is t ( ,edw>ds himself1 or t :i* is fully f\nd$ 9 tru?4 ,he freely conc$es1 t 8we c d z we please10 & supposes t ! read] may be />tl$ to he> t ?is is 8cordially admitt$ by ! necessit>ians !mselves60 ,b ?is concession he easily reconciles ) ! t5et ( necessity4 8,to say t y c d z y please10 says he1 8is j to affirm "o ( ^? sequ5ces :i* take place 9 ! ph5om5a ( m9d--a sequ5ce :]e( a volition is ! antec$5t1 & ! p]=mance ( t volition is ! consequ5t4 ,x is a sequ5ce :i* no advocate ( ! philosophical necessity is ev] he>d to d5y4 ,let ! volition ev] be =m$1 & if x po9t to "s execution :i* lies )9 ! limits we h j adv]t$ to1 ! execution ( x w foll[407#cj7 ,?us1 8 notion ( lib]ty makes x consi/ 9 ! abs5ce ( ext]nal imp$im5ts1 :i* might break ! connexion ( a volition & its consequ5t1 & n 9 ! fre$om ( ! w itself f ! absolute dom9ion ( causes4 ,su* an idea ( free-w1 x mu/ be confess$1 is v well adopt$ by "o :o int5ds to ma9ta9 8a rigid & absolute pr$e/9ation0 ( all ev5ts4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,edw>ds attempts to reconcile ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man ) ! great argum5t f ! law ( causation1 or ) 8 doctr9e ( necessity1 is1 z we h se51 precisely ! same z t adopt$ by ,hobbes4 ,!re is n a %ade ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,x is1 inde$1 easy to demon/rate t lib]ty1 accord+ to ?is def9ition ( x1 is n inconsi/5t ) necessity2 & x is j z easy to demon/rate1 t x is n inconsi/5t ) any s*eme ( fate t has ev] be5 he>d ( among m54 ,! w may be absolutely necessitat$ 9 all its acts1 & yet ! body may be free f ext]nal co-action or natural necessity6 ,b ?\gh !re is ?is close agreem5t betwe5 ,hobbes & ,edw>ds1 !re are "s po9ts ( div]g5cy betwe5 ,edw>ds & ,calv94 ,! =m] comes =w>d z ! advocate ( free-w1 ! latt] expressly d5ies t we h a free-w4 ,calv9 admits t we may be free f co-action or compulsion2 b to call ?is fre$om ( ! w1 is1 he consid]s1 to decorate a mo/ 8dim9utive ?+ ) a sup]b title40 ,& ?\gh ?is is all ! fre$om ,edw>ds all[s u to possess1 yet he does n hesitate to decl>e t 8 doctr9e is p]fectly consi/5t ) 8! highe/ degree ( lib]ty t ev] c\ld be ?\ght (1 or t ev] c\ld possibly ent] into ! he>t ( man to conceive40 ,! only lib]ty we possess1 accord+ to all ! au?ors ref]r$ to1 is a fre$om ( ! body & n ( ! m9d4 ,?\gh ! y\ng] ,edw>ds is a /r5u\s advocate ( 8 fa!r's doctr9e1 he has sometimes1 )\t int5d+ to d s1 let fall a heavy bl[ ^u x4 ,he f9ds1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ language 9 ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,we/1 8he might h omitt$ do+ ! ?+ if he w\ld10 & he is p]plex$ to asc]ta9 its mean+4 8,to say t if a man _h *os5 n to g to a debau*1 7= t is ! case put by ,dr4 ,we/17 he w\ld1 inde$1 h *os5 n to g to x1 is too great trifl+ to be ascrib$ to ,dr4 ,we/40 8,yet to say10 he cont9ues1 8t ! man c\ld h avoid$ ! ext]nal action ( go+1 c41 if he w\ld1 w\ld be equally trifl+2 = ! "q be=e u is conc]n+ ! lib]ty ( ! w or m9d1 & n ! body40 ,! italics are 8 own4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 ! op9ion ( ! y\ng] ,edw>ds x is v great trifl+ to speak ( ! p[] to d an ext]nal action 9 ! pres5t controv]sy1 because x relates to ! w or m9d1 & n to ! body4 ,we believe ?is rem>k to be p]fectly j1 & al?\gh x 0 aim$ at ! antagoni/ ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 x falls ) cru%+ weight on ! doctr9e ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds himself4 ,is x n wond]ful t s j a reflection did n occur to ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 9 relation to ! def9ition ( lib]ty conta9$ 9 ! great "w he _h und]tak5 to def5d8 ,we h n[ se5 h[ "s ( ! e>ly re=m]s1 & "s ( ! great ?9k]s 9 aft]-times1 h endeav\r$ to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man4 ,be=e quitt+ ?is subject1 h[ev]1 we wi% to adduce a rem>kable passage f "o ( ! mo/ correct reason]s1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ impressive writ]s t 9 mod]n times h advocat$ ! doctr9es ( ,calv9ism4 8,"h we come to a "q10 says he1 8:i* has engag$ ! att5tion1 & ex]cis$ ! +5uity1 & p]plex$ ! wits ( m5 9 e age4 ,if ,god has =eorda9$ :atev] comes to pass1 ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts is necess>y1 & human lib]ty is tak5 away4 ,m5 are passive in/rum5ts 9 ! h&s ( _! ,mak]2 !y c d no?+ b :at !y are secretly & irresi/ibly impell$ to d2 !y are n1 !re=e1 responsible = _! actions2 & ,god is ! au?or ( s940 ,aft] sweep+ away "s attempts to solve ?is difficulty1 he adds3 8,x is a m intelligible me?od to expla9 ! subject by ! doctr9e :i* makes lib]ty consi/ 9 ! p[] ( act+ accord+ to ! prevail+ incl9ation1 or ! motive :i* appe>s /ronge/ to ! m9d4 ,^? actions are free :i* are ! effects ( volition4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! /ate ( m9d :i* gave rise to volition has be5 produc$1 ! lib]ty ( ! ag5t is nei!r great] nor less4 ,x is 8 w alone :i* is to be consid]$1 & n ! means by :i* x has be5 det]m9$4 ,if ,god =eorda9$ c]ta9 actions1 & plac$ m5 9 su* circum/ances t ! actions w\ld c]ta9ly take place agreeably to ! laws ( ! m9d1 m5 are nev]!less moral ag5ts1 because !y act volunt>ily & are responsible = ! actions :i* cons5t has made _! own4 ,lib]ty does n consi/ 9 ! p[] ( act+ or n act+1 b 9 act+ f *oice4 ,! *oice is det]m9$ by some?+ 9 ! m9d itself1 or by some?+ ext]nal influ5c+ ! m9d2 b :atev] is ! cause1 ! *oice makes ! action free1 & ! ag5t acc\ntable4 ,if ?is def9ition ( lib]ty be admitt$1 y w p]ceive t x is possible to reconcile ! fre$om ( ! w ) absolute decrees2 b we h n got rid ( e difficulty40 ,n[ ?is def9ition ( lib]ty1 x is obvi\s1 is precisely ! same z t giv5 by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 & no?+ c\ld be m p]fectly adapt$ to effect a reconciliation betwe5 ! fre$om ( ! w & ! doctr9e ( absolute decrees4 ,h[ p]fectly x %apes ! fre$om ( man to fit ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation6 ,x is a f9e piece ( workman%ip1 x is true2 b z ! le>n$ & c&id au?or rem>ks1 we mu/ n imag9e t we h 8got rid ( e difficulty40 ,=1 8by ?is !ory10 he cont9ues1 8human actions appe> to be z necess>y z ! motions ( matt] accord+ to ! laws ( gravitation & attraction2 & man seems to be a ma*9e1 consci\s ( 8 movem5ts1 & cons5t+ to !m1 b impell$ by some?+ diff]5t f himself407#ca7 ,su* is ! c&id confession ( ?is devot$ ,calv9i/4 ,we h n[ se5 ! nature ( t fre$om ( ! w :i* ! immortal ,edw>ds has ex]t$ all 8 p[]s to recomm5d to ! ,*ri/ian _w6 8,egregi\s lib]ty60 exclaim$ ,calv94 8,x m]ely all[s u elb[-room10 says ,leibnitz4 8,x seems1 aft] all1 to leave u m]e ma*9es10 says ,dick4 8,x is trifl+ to speak ( su* a ?+10 says ! y\ng] ,edw>ds1 9 relation to ! w4 8,:y1 surely1 ?is _c be :at ! great ,presid5t ,edw>ds meant by ! fre$om ( ! w10 says ,dr4 ,day4 ,he c]ta9ly mu/ h evad$ 8 own idea on t po9t4 ,is x n evid5t1 t ! h\se ( ! necessit>ian is divid$ aga9/ itself8 ,necessit>ians n only refute ea* o!r1 b 9 mo/ cases ea* "o contradicts himself4 ,?us ! y\ng] ,edw>ds says1 x is absurd to speak ( a p[] to act accord+ to our *oice1 :5 ! "q relates1 n to ! fre$om ( ! body1 b to ! fre$om ( ! m9d itself4 ,he happ5s to see ! absurdity ( ?is mode ( speak+ :5 he f9ds x 9 8 adv]s>y1 ,dr4 ,we/2 & yet x is precisely 8 own def9ition ( fre$om4 8,b if by lib]ty10 says he1 8be meant a p[] ( will+ & *oos+1 an exemption f co-action & natural necessity1 & p[]1 opportunity1 & advantage1 to execute our own *oice2 9 ?is s5se we hold lib]ty407#cb7 ,?us he returns to ! absurd idea ( free-w z consi/+ 9 8elb[-room10 :i* m]ely all[s our *oice or volition to pass into effect4 ,dr4 ,dick is guilty ( ! same inconsi/5cy4 ,?\gh he admits1 z we h se51 t ?is def9ition ( lib]ty does n get rid ( e difficulty1 b seems to leave u m]e 8ma*9es20 yet he has rec\rse to x1 9 ord] to reconcile ! ,calv9i/ic view ( div9e grace ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 8,! great objection10 says he1 8aga9/ ! inv9cibility ( div9e grace1 is1 t x is subv]sive ( ! lib]ty ( ! w407#cc7 ,b1 he replies1 8,true lib]ty consi/s 9 do+ :at we d ) k & f *oice40 ,yet z if unconsci\s t _! greate/ *ampions 7 ?us r\t$ & ov]?r[n by ea* o!r1 we see hundr$s ( m9or necessit>ians /ill fight+ on ) ! same weapons1 p]fectly unm9dful ( ! disord] & confusion :i* reigns ar\nd !m 9 _! own ranks4 ,?us1 = example1 ,d',aubign says1 8,x 7 easy to demon/rate t ! doctr9e ( ! re=m]s did n take away f man ! lib]ty ( a moral ag5t1 & r$uce him to a passive ma*9e40 ,n[1 h[ does ! hi/orian s easily demon/rate t ! doctr9e ( necessity1 z held by ! re=m]s1 does n d5y ! lib]ty ( a moral ag5t8 ,:y1 by simply produc+ ! old effete notion ( ! lib]ty ( ! w1 z consi/+ 9 fre$om f co-action2 z if x _h nev] be51 & nev] c\ld be1 call$ 9 "q4 8,e action p]=m$ )\t ext]nal re/ra9t10 says he1 8& 9 pursuance ( ! det]m9ation ( ! s\l itself1 is a free action407#cd7 ,?is demon/ration1 x is ne$less to repeat1 w\ld save any s*eme ( fatalism f reproa*1 z well z ! doctr9e ( ! re=m]s4 ,! s*eme ( ! ,calv9i/s is def5d$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ,hill's ,div9ity3 8,! lib]ty ( a moral ag5t10 says he1 8consi/s 9 ! p[] ( act+ accord+ to 8 *oice2 & ^? actions are free1 :i* are p]=m$ )\t any ext]nal compulsion or re/ra9t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! det]m9ation ( 8 own m9d40 8,accord+ to ! ,calv9i/s10 says ,mr4 ,%aw1 9 8 ,exposition ( ! ,confession ( ,fai?1 8! lib]ty ( a moral ag5t consi/s 9 ! p[] ( act+ accord+ to 8 *oice2 & ^? actions are free :i* are p]=m$ )\t any ext]nal compulsion or re/ra9t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! det]m9ation ( 8 own m9d407#ce7 ,su*1 if we may believe ^! le>n$ ,calv9i/s1 is ! idea ( ! fre$om ( ! w :i* belongs to _! sy/em4 ,if ?is be s1 !n x mu/ be conc$$ t ! ,calv9i/ic def9ition ( ! fre$om ( ! w is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! mo/ absolute s*eme ( fatality :i* ev] ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to conceive4 ,! views ( ,m',co% respect+ ! fre$om ( ! w1 seem1 at fir/ sight1 widely diff]5t f ^? ( o!r ,calv9i/s & necessit>ians4 ,! fre$om & indep5d5ce ( ! w is c]ta9ly pu%$ z f> by him z x is c>ri$ by ,c\s91 ,col]idge1 ,cl>ke1 or any ( its advocates 9 mod]n times4 8,true necessit>ians10 says he1 8%\ld le>n 9 :at way to hold & def5d _! doctr9e4 ,let !m dis5cumb] !mselves ( all t d\btful argum5t1 d]iv$ f man be+ suppos$ to be sway$ by ! mo/ p[]ful motive407#cf7 ,aga93 8,! tru? is10 says he1 8x is n motive1 prop]ly speak+1 t det]m9es ! work+ ( ! w2 b x is ! w t imp>ts ! /r5g? to ! motive4 ,z ,col]idge says1 #8,x is ! man t makes ! motive1 & n ! motive ! man4' 07#cg7 ,accord+ to ?is ,calv9i/ic div9e1 ! w is n det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 on ! contr>y1 x is self-active & self-det]m9$4 8,m9d is a self-act+ sub/ance10 says he2 8& h5ce its activity & indep5d5ce40 ,9 op5 defiance ( all ,calv9i/ic & necessit>ian philosophy1 he ev5 adopts ! self-det]m9+ p[] ( ! w4 8,nor h necessit>ians10 says he1 8ev5 ( ! highe/ ord]1 be5 suffici5tly c>eful to gu>d ! language employ$ by !m4 ,afraid ( mak+ admissions to _! oppon5ts1 we believe t none ( !m h fully develop$ ! ph5om5a ( human spontaneity4 ,ev5 ,edw>ds ridicules ! idea ( ! faculty or p[] ( w1 or ! s\l 9 ! use ( t p[] det]m9+ its own volitions4 ,n[1 we hold x to be an incontrov]tible fact1 & "o ( great importance1 t ! true det]m9+ cause ( e giv5 volition is n any m]e ant]ior incitem5t1 b ! v s\l itself1 by its inh]5t p[] ( w407#ch7 ,surely1 ! au?or ( su* a passage _c be accus$ ( be+ afraid to make concessions to 8 oppon5ts4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,if possible1 he rises /ill high] 9 8 views ( ! l(ty1 n to say god-l1 indep5d5ce ( ! human w4 8,we rejoice10 says he1 8to recognise su* a be+ 9 man4 ,we tru/ t we are *]i%+ no presumptu\s feel+1 :5 we believe him to be free1 z 8 ,mak] is free4 ,we believe him1 morally speak+1 to be z indep5d5t ( ext]nal control z 8 ,creator mu/ ev] be--z t ,creator 0 :51 9 a pa/ et]nity1 !re 0 no ext]nal exi/5ce to control him407#ci7 ,yet1 /range z x may seem1 ,mr4 ,m',co% trembles at ! idea ( 8remov+ ! creature f "u ! control ( ,god20 & h5ce1 he insi/s z /r5u\sly z any o!r necessit>ian1 t ! m9d1 & all its volitions1 are subject$ to ! dom9ion ( causes4 8,we are l$ by an intuition ( our nature10 says he1 8to a belief 9 ! inv>iable connexion betwe5 cause & effect2 & we see num]\s pro(s ( ?is law ( cause & effect reign+ 9 ! human m9d z x does 9 ! ext]nal _w1 & reign+ 9 ! w z x does 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( ! m9d407#dj7 ,aga93 8,x is by an intuition ( our nature t we believe ?is ?\ght or feel+ c\ld n h be5 produc$ )\t a cause2 & t ?is same cause w aga9 & =ev] produce ! same effects4 ,& ?is intuitive pr9ciple leads u to expect ! reign ( causation1 n only among ! ?\ghts & feel+s g5]ally1 b among ! wi%es & volitions ( ! s\l407#da7 ,n[ "h is ! "q1 ,h[ c ! s\l be self-active1 self-det]m9$1 & yet all its ?\ghts1 & feel+s1 & volitions1 h produc+ causes8 ,h[ c x be free & indep5d5t 9 its acts1 & yet "u ! dom9ion ( effici5t causes8 ,h[ c ! law ( causation reign 9 all ! /ates ( ! m9d1 z x reigns ov] all ! movem5ts ( matt]1 & yet leave x z free z 0 ! ,creator :5 no?+ beside himself exi/$8 ,9 o!r words1 ,h[ is su* a s*eme ( necessity to be reconcil$ ) su* a s*eme ( lib]ty8 ,! au?or replies1 ,we are n b\nd to answ] su* a "q7#db7--nor are we4 ,z we und]/& x1 ! v idea ( lib]ty1 z above set =? by ! au?or1 is a direct negative ( 8 doctr9e ( necessity4 ,b al?\gh he has tak5 s mu* pa9s to diss5t f 8 necessit>ian bre?r51 & to advocate ! ,arm9ian notion ( free-w1 ,mr4 ,m',co%1 nev]!less1 falls back ^u ! old ,calv9i/ic def9ition ( lib]ty1 z consi/+ 9 a fre$om f ext]nal co-action1 9 ord] to f9d a basis = human responsibility4 ,x may seem /range1 t aft] all 8 lab\r 9 lay+ ! f\ndation1 he %\ld n build ^u x2 b x is /rictly true4 8,if any man ass]ts10 says he1 8t 9 ord] to responsibility1 ! w mu/ be free--t is1 free f physical re/ra9t2 free to act z he pleases--we at once & he>tily agree ) him2 & we ma9ta9 t 9 ?is s5se ! w is free1 z free z x is possible = any man to conceive x to be40 ,& aga93 8,if actions d n proce$ f ! w1 b f some?+ else1 f m]e physical or ext]nal re/ra9t1 !n ! ag5t is n responsible = !m4 ,b if ! de$s proce$ f ! w1 !n x at once atta*es a responsibility to !m4 ,place be=e ! m9d a murd] committ$ by a p>ty ?r\gh pure physical compulsion br\ght to be> on ! arm t inflicts ! bl[1 & ! consci5ce says1 "h no guilt is atta*able4 ,b let ! same murd] be done ) ! ?or\gh cons5t ( ! w1 ! consci5ce /ops n to inquire :e!r ?is cons5t has be5 caus$ or no407#dc7 ,?us1 aft] all 8 diss5t f ,edw>ds1 he returns precisely to ,edw>ds's def9ition ( ! fre$om ( ! w z ! gr\nd ( human responsibility2 aft] all 8 /rictures ^u 8necessit>ians ( ! fir/ ord]10 he falls back ^u precisely t notion ( free-w :i* 0 s long ago condemn$ by ,calv91 & explod$ by ,leibnitz1 & :i* relates1 z we h s (t5 se51 n to acts ( ! w at all1 b only to ! ext]nal movem5ts ( ! body4 ,section ,,vii4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ,hume1 ,br[n1 ,comte1 & ,mill1 9 relation to ! antagonism betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 ,mr4 ,hume has dispos$ ( ! "q conc]n+ lib]ty & necessity1 by ! application ( 8 celebrat$ !ory ( cause & effect4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! idea ( p[]1 ( efficacy1 is a m]e *im]a1 :i* has no correspond+ reality 9 nature1 & %\ld be rank$ among ! explod$ prejudices ( ! human m9d4 8,"o ev5t foll[s ano!r10 says he2 8b we nev] c obs]ve any tie betwe5 !m4 ,!y seem conjo9$1 b nev] connect$407#dd7 ,we %all n /op to exam9e ?is hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 s (t5 refut$4 ,we %all m]ely rem>k 9 pass+1 t x owes its exi/5ce to a false me?od ( philosophiz+4 ,its au?or set out ) ! doctr9e ( ,locke1 t all our ideas are d]iv$ f s5sation & reflection2 & because he c\ld n trace ! idea ( p[] to ei!r ( ^! s\rces1 he d5i$ its exi/5ce4 ,h5ce we may apply to him1 ) peculi> =ce1 ! judici\s & valuable criticism :i* ,m4 ,c\s9 has be/[$ ^u ! me?od ( ,locke4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,hume und]takes1 z 8 title-page decl>es1 to introduce ! inductive me?od into ! sci5ce ( human nature1 he dep>t$ f t me?od at ! v fir/ /ep4 ,in/ead ( beg9n+1 z he %\ld h done1 by asc]ta9+ ! ideas actually 9 our m9ds1 & not+ _! *>act]i/ics1 & proce$+ to trace !m up to _! s\rces1 he pursu$ ! diametrically opposite c\rse4 ,he fir/ det]m9$ & fix$ ! orig9 ( all our ideas2 & e idea :i* 0 n se5 to arise f ?is pre/abli%$ orig91 he decl>$ to be a m]e *im]a4 ,he ?us caus$ nature to b5d to hypo!ses2 in/ead ( anatomiz+ & /udy+ ! _w ( m9d accord+ to ! inductive me?od1 he pursu$ ! high a priori road1 & recon/ruct$ x to suit 8 pre/abli%$ orig9 ( human k4 ,?is 0 n to /udy & int]pret ! "w ( ,god 89 ! pr(\nd humiliation ( ! human s\l207#de7 b to re-write ! volume ( nature1 & omit ^? p>ts :i* did n accord ) ! views & wi%es ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 ! pi?y language ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 he 8did n anatomize1 b truncate40 ,if ?is doctr9e be true1 x is idle to talk ab\t free-ag5cy1 = !re is no su* ?+ z ag5cy 9 ! _w4 ,x is true1 !re is a ?+ :i* we call volition1 or an act ( ! m9d2 b ?is does n produce ! ext]nal *ange by :i* x is foll[$4 ,! two ev5ts co-exi/1 b !re is no connect+ tie betwe5 !m4 8,!y are conjo9$1 b n connect$40 ,9 %ort1 accord+ to ?is s*eme1 all ?+s are equally free1 & all equally necess>y4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is nei!r fre$om nor necessity 9 ! usual acceptation ( ! t]ms2 & ! :ole controv]sy conc]n+ !m1 :i* has agitat$ ! le>n$ = s _m ages1 dw9dles d[n into a m]e empty & noisy logoma*y4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! conclusion to :i* ,mr4 ,hume himself comes2 expressly ma9ta9+ t ! controv]sy 9 "q has be5 a dispute ab\t words4 ,we are n to suppose f ?is1 h[ev]1 t he =be>s to give a def9ition ( lib]ty4 ,8 idea ( free-ag5cy is precisely t ( ,hobbes1 & s _m o!rs be=e him4 8,by lib]ty10 says he1 8we c only mean a p[] ( act+ or n act+ accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( ! w3 t is1 if we *oose to rema9 at re/1 we may2 if we *oose to move1 we also may407#df7 ,su* he decl>es is all t c possibly be meant by ! t]m lib]ty2 & h5ce x foll[s t any o!r idea ( x is a m]e dream4 ,! coolness ( ?is assumption is admirable2 b x is fully equall$ by ! conclusion :i* foll[s4 ,if we w obs]ve ^! two circum/ances1 says he1 & !reby r5d] our def9ition intelligible1 ,mr4 ,hume is p]fectly p]suad$ 8t all mank9d w be f\nd ( "o op9ion ) reg>d to x40 ,if ,mr4 ,hume _h closely look$ into ! great productions ( 8 own s*ool1 he w\ld h se5 ! utt] improbability1 t necessit>ians !mselves w\ld ev] concur 9 su* a notion ( lib]ty47#dg7 ,if ,mr4 ,hume's s*eme 7 correct1 x w\ld seem t no?+ c\ld be /able or fix$2 m9d w\ld be de/itute ( en]gy to move )9 its own sph]e1 or to b9d matt] 9 its orbit4 ,all ?+s w\ld seem to be 9 a loose1 disconnect$1 & fluctuat+ /ate4 ,b ?is is n ! view :i* he _h ( ! matt]4 ,?\gh he d5i$ t !re is any connect+ l9k among ev5ts1 yet he insi/$ t ! connexion subsi/+ among !m is fix$ & unalt]able4 8,let any "o def9e a cause10 says he1 8)\t compreh5d+1 z "p ( ! def9ition1 a necess>y connexion ) its effect2 & let him %[ di/9ctly ! orig9 ( ! idea express$ by ! def9ition1 & ,i %all readily give up ! :ole controv]sy407#dh7 ,?is is ! philosoph] :o has s (t5 told u1 t ev5ts are 8conjo9$1 n connect$40 ,! motives ( volition giv51 = example1 & ! volition inv>iably & inevitably foll[s4 ,h[ !n1 may we ask1 c a man be acc\ntable = 8 volitions1 ov] :i* he has no p[]1 & 9 :i* he ex]ts no p[]8 ,?is "q has n escap$ ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,hume4 ,let u see 8 answ]4 ,he admits t lib]ty 8is ess5tial to morality407#di7 ,= 8z actions are objects ( our moral s5tim5t s f> only z !y are indications ( ! int]nal "*1 passions1 & affections1 x is impossible t !y c give rise ei!r to praise or blame1 :5 !y proce$1 n f ^! pr9ciples1 b are d]iv$ altoge!r f ext]nal viol5ce40 ,x is true1 z we h se51 t if our ext]nal actions1 ! motions ( ! body1 proce$ n f our volitions1 b f ext]nal viol5ce1 we are n responsible = !m4 ,?is is conc$$ on all sides1 & has no?+ to d ) ! "q4 ,b suppose our ext]nal actions are inevitably connect$ ) our volitions1 & our volitions z inevitably connect$ ) _! causes1 h[ c we be responsible = ei!r ! "o or ! o!r8 ,?is is ! "q :i* ,mr4 ,hume has evad$ & n fairly met4 ,mr4 ,hume's notion ab\t cause & effect has be5 greatly ext5d$ by its di/+ui%$ advocate1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n2 ^: acut5ess1 eloqu5ce1 & elevation ( "*1 h giv5 x a circulation :i* x c\ld nev] h receiv$ f ! influ5ce ( its au?or4 ,almo/ z (t5 z div9es h occasion to use ?is notion1 !y call x ! doctr9e ( ,dr4 ,br[n1 & omit to notice its true a!i/ical pat]nity & orig94 ,! def5d]s ( ?is doctr9e are directly oppos$1 9 reg>d to a fundam5tal po9t1 to all o!r necessit>ians4 ,?\gh !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( all p[] & efficacy1 !y /ill hold t human volitions are necess>y2 :ile o!r necessit>ians gr\nd _! doctr9e on ! fact1 t volitions are produc$ by ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! mo/ efficaci\s motives4 ,!y are n only at w> ) o!r necessit>ians1 !y are also at w> ) !mselves4 ,let u see if ?is may n be cle>ly %[n4 ,accord+ to ! s*eme 9 "q1 ! m9d does n act ^u ! body1 nor ! body ^u ! m9d2 = !re is no p[]1 & consequ5tly no action ( p[]1 9 ! univ]se4 ,n[1 x is kn[n t x 0 ! doctr9e ( ,leibnitz1 t two sub/ances s :olly unlike z m9d & matt] c\ld n act ^u ea* o!r2 & h5ce he conclud$ t ! ph5om5a ( ! int]nal & ext]nal worlds 7 m]ely 8conjo9$1 n connect$40 ,! s\l & body run toge!r--to use 8 own illu/ration--l two indep5d5t wat*es1 )\t ei!r ex]t+ any influ5ce ^u ! movem5ts ( ! o!r4 ,?us arose 8 celebrat$1 b n[ obsolete fiction1 ( a pre/abli%$ h>mony4 ,n[1 if ! doctr9e ( ,hume & ,br[n be true1 ?is sort ( h>mony subsi/s1 n only 9 relation to m9d & body1 b 9 relation to all ?+s 9 exi/5ce4 ,m9d nev] acts ^u body1 nor m9d ^u m9d4 ,h5ce1 ?is doctr9e is b a g5]alization ( ! pre/abli%$ h>mony ( ,leibnitz1 ) ! exception t ,mr4 ,hume did n cont5d t ?is wond]ful h>mony 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,is x n wond]ful t s acute a metaphysician z ,dr4 ,br[n %\ld n h p]ceiv$ ! insep>able aff9ity betwe5 8 doctr9e & t ( ,leibnitz8 ,is x n wond]ful t1 in/ead ( p]ceiv+ ?is aff9ity1 he %\ld h p\r$ ridicule & contempt ^u ! doctr9e ( :i* 8 own 0 b a g5]alization8 ,mr4 ,mill1 ano!r able & /r5u\s advocate ( ,mr4 ,hume's !ory ( causation1 has likewise rank$ ! pre/abli%$ h>mony ( ,leibnitz1 z well z ! sy/em ( occasional causes peculi> to ,malebran*e1 among ! fallacies ( ! human m9d4 ,?us !y are at w> ) !mselves1 z well z ) _! great coadjutors 9 ! cause ( necessity4 ,m4 ,comte1 prem95tly di/+ui%$ 9 e bran* ( sci5ce1 has tak5 ! same "o-sid$ view ( nature z t :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! !ory "u consid]ation2 b he does n p]mit himself to be encumb]$ by ! inconsi/5cies obs]vable 9 8 great pr$ecessors4 ,on ! contr>y1 he boldly c>ries out 8 doctr9e to its legitimate consequ5ces1 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 ! free-ag5cy ( man1 & ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,mr4 ,mill also refuses to avail himself ( ! notion ( lib]ty ent]ta9$ by ,hobbes & ,hume1 9 ord] to lay a f\ndation = human responsibility4 ,he sees t x really _c be made to answ] su* a purpose4 ,he also sees1 t ! doctr9e ( necessity1 z usually ma9ta9$1 is liable to ! objections urg$ aga9/ x1 t 8x t5ds to degrade ! moral nature ( man1 & to p>alyze our desire ( excell5ce407#ej7 ,9 mak+ ?is concession to ! advocates ( lib]ty1 he speaks f 8 own 8p]sonal exp]i5ce40 ,! only way to escape ^! p]nici\s consequ5ces1 he says1 is to keep con/antly be=e ! m9d a cle> & uncl\d$ view ( ! true !ory ( causation1 :i* w prev5t u f suppos+1 z mo/ necessit>ians d1 t !re is a real connect+ l9k or influ5ce betwe5 motives & volitions1 or any o!r ev5ts4 ,s /rong is ! prejudice 7z he calls x7 9 fav\r ( su* connection1 t ev5 ^? :o adopt ,mr4 ,hume's !ory1 are n habitually influ5c$ by x1 b frequ5tly relapse into ! old error :i* conflicts ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man1 & h5ce an advantage :i* _! oppon5ts h _h ov] !m4 ,^! rem>ks are und\bt$ly j4 ,!re is n a s+le writ]1 f ,mr4 ,hume himself1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 :o has be5 able ei!r to speak or to reason 9 con=mity ) 8 !ory1 h[ev] w>mly he may h embrac$ x4 ,mr4 ,mill himself has n be5 m =tunate 9 ?is respect ?an _m ( 8 di/+ui%$ pr$ecessors4 ,x is an exce$+ly difficult ?+1 by ! =ce ( speculation1 to sil5ce ! voice ( nature )9 u4 ,if x 7 necess>y we might easily %[1 t if we ab/ract 8! common prejudice10 9 reg>d to causation1 x w be z impossible to read ,mr4 ,mill's "w on logic1 z to read ,mr4 ,hume's writ+s !mselves1 )\t p]ceiv+ t _m ( its passages h be5 /ripp$ ( all logical coh]5cy ( ?\ght4 ,! defect :i* he s cle>ly sees 9 ! writ+s ( o!r advocates ( necessity1 n except+ ^? :o embrace 8 own p>adox 9 relation to cause & effect1 we c easily p]ceive 9 8 own4 ,! doctr9e ( causation1 "u consid]ation1 annihilates "o ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ fundam5tal di/9ctions ev] made 9 philosophy2 ! di/9ction betwe5 action & passion1 betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,matt] is passive1 m9d is active4 ,! v fir/ law ( motion laid d[n 9 ! ,pr9cipia1 a "w s mu* admir$ by ,m4 ,comte & ,mr4 ,mill1 is bas$ on ! idea t matt] is :olly in]t1 & de/itute ( p[] ei!r to move itself1 or to *eck itself :5 mov$ by any?+ ab extra4 ,?is w n be d5i$4 ,b is m9d equally passive8 ,is !re no?+ 9 exi/5ce :i* rises above ?is passivity ( ! mat]ial _w8 ,if !re is n1 & su* is ! evid5t conclusion ( ! doctr9e 9 "q1 !n all ?+s fl[ on 9 "o b\ndless ocean ( passivity1 :ile !re is no ,fir/ ,mov]1 no ,self-active ,ag5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,inde$1 ,mr4 ,mill has expressly decl>$1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ag5t & pati5t is illusory47#ea7 ,if ?is be true1 we are p]suad$ t ,m4 ,comte has be5 m successful 9 deliv]+ ! _w f ! be+ ( a ,god1 ?an ,mr4 ,mill has be5 9 reliev+ x f ! difficulties att5d+ ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,section ,,viii4 ,! views ( ,kant & ,sir ,william ,hamilton 9 relation to ! antagonism betwe5 lib]ty & necessity4 8,to cle> up ?is seem+ antagonism betwe5 ! me*anism ( nature & fre$om 9 "o & ! self-same giv5 action1 we mu/ ref]10 says ,kant1 8to :at 0 advanc$ 9 ! critique ( pure reason1 or :at1 at lea/1 is a coroll>y f x1 viz41 t ! necessity ( nature :i* may n consort ) ! fre$om ( ! subject1 atta*es simply to a ?+ /&+ "u ! relations ( "t1 i4 e41 to ! modifications ( ! act+ subject z ph5om5a1 & t1 !re=e1 s f> 7i4 e41 z ph5om5a7 ! det]m9ators ( ea* act lie 9 ! =ego+ elaps$ "t1 & are q beyond 8 p[]1 7"p ( :i* are ! actions man has already p]=m$1 & ! ph5om5al "* he has giv5 himself 9 8 own eyes17 yet1 e contra1 ! self-same subject1 be+ self-consci\s ( itself z a ?+ 9 itself1 consid]s its exi/5ce z some:at deta*$ f ! conditions ( "t1 & itself1 s f> =?1 z only det]m9able by laws giv5 x by its own reason407#eb7 ,kant has said1 t ?is 8intricate problem1 at ^: solution c5turies h lab\r$10 is n to be solv$ by 8a j>gon ( words40 ,if s1 may we n d\bt :e!r he has tak5 ! be/ me?od to solve x8 ,8 solution %[s "o ?+ at lea/1 viz41 t he 0 n satisfi$ ) any ( ! solutions ( 8 pr$ecessors1 = 8 is :olly unlike !m4 ,kant saw t ! "q ( lib]ty & necessity relat$ to ! w itself1 & n to ! consequ5ces ( ! w's volitions4 ,h5ce he 0 compell$ to reject ^? weak evasions ( ! difficulty ( reconcil+ !m1 & to grapple directly ) ! difficulty itself4 ,let u see if ?is 0 n too mu* = him4 ,let u see if he has be5 able to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( necessity1 hold+ x z a 8demon/rat$ tru?10 & at ! same "t give ! idea ( lib]ty a t5able position 9 8 sy/em4 ,if we w\ld cle> up ! seem+ antagonism betwe5 ! me*anism ( nature & fre$om 9 reg>d to ! same volition1 says he1 we mu/ rememb]1 t ! volition itself1 z /&+ "u ! conditions ( "t1 is to be consid]$ z subject to ! law ( me*anism3 yet ! m9d :i* puts =? ! volition1 be+ consci\s t x is a ?+ some:at deta*$ f ! conditions ( "t1 is free f ! law ( me*anism1 & det]m9able by ! laws ( its own reason4 ,t is to say1 ! volitions ( m9d fall+ "u ! law ( cause & effect1 l all o!r ev5ts :i* appe> 9 "t1 are necess>y2 :ile ! m9d itself1 :i* exi/s n exactly 9 "t1 is free4 ,we %all /ate only two objections to ?is view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x seems to di/+ui% ! m9d f its act1 n modally1 i4 e41 z a ?+ f its mode1 b num]ically1 i4 e41 z "o ?+ f ano!r ?+4 ,b :o c d ?is8 ,:o reg>ds an act ( ! m9d1 a volition1 z any?+ b ! m9d itself z exi/+ 9 a /ate ( will+8 ,9 ! second place1 x requires u to conceive1 t ! act ( ! m9d is necessitat$1 :ile ! m9d itself is free 9 ! act ?us necessitat$4 ,b :o c d ?is8 ,on ! contr>y1 :o c fail to see 9 ?is precisely ! same seem+ antagonism :i* ,kant und]took to remove8 ,to tell u1 t volition is necessitat$ because x exi/s 9 "t1 b ! m9d is free because x does n exi/ 9 "t1 is1 "o w\ld ?9k1 a v odd way to dispel ! d>kness :i* hangs ov] ! gr& problem ( life4 ,x is to solve "o difficulty m]ely by add+ o!r difficulties to x4 ,h5ce1 ! _w w nev] be mu* wis]1 we are incl9$ to suspect1 ) respect to ! seem+ antagonism betwe5 lib]ty & necessity1 9 consequ5ce ( ! speculations ( ! philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g1 especially s9ce 8 great admir]1 ,mr4 ,col]idge1 =got to fulfil 8 promise to write ! hi/ory ( a man :o exi/$ 9 8nei!r "t nor space1 b a-"o side40 ,?\gh ,kant made ! attempt 9 8 ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics to ov]come ! speculative difficulty 9 "q1 x is evid5t t he is n satisfi$ ) 8 own solution ( x1 s9ce he has repeat$ly decl>$1 t ! practical reason furni%es ! only gr\nd on :i* x c be surm\nt$4 8,?is view ( ,kant10 says ,knapp1 8imply+ t fre$om1 :ile x is a po/ulate ( our practical reason1 7i4 e41 necess>y to be assum$ 9 ord] to moral action17 is yet inconsi/5t ) our !oretical reason1 7i4 e41 incapable ( demon/ration1 & contr>y to ! conclusions to :i* ! reflect+ m9d arrives17 is n[ v g5]ally reject$407#ec7 ,9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 !re seems to be a p]fect co9cid5ce betwe5 ! philosophy ( ,kant & t ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton4 8,9 ?\ght10 says ! latt]1 8we nev] escape det]m9ation & necessity407#ed7 ,if ! s*eme ( necessity nev] fails to =ce itself ^u our ?\ght1 h[ are we !n to get rid ( x1 s z to lay a f\ndation = morality & acc\ntability8 ,?is "q1 ! au?or decl>es1 is too mu* = ! speculative reason ( man2 & be+ utt]ly baffl$ 9 t direction1 we c only appeal to ! fact ( consci\sness1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( lib]ty4 8,! philosophy :i* ,i pr(ess10 says he1 8annihilates ! !oretical problem--,h[ is ! s*eme ( lib]ty1 or ! s*eme ( necessity1 to be r5d]$ compreh5sible8--by %[+ t bo? s*emes are equally inconceivable2 b x e/abli%es lib]ty practically z a fact1 by %[+ t x is ei!r itself an imm$iate datum1 or is involv$ 9 an imm$iate datum ( consci\sness407#ee7 ,we %all h]eaft] see1 :y ! s*eme ( necessity always rivet$ ! *a9 ( conviction on ! ?\ght ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & compell$ him to h rec\rse to an appeal to consci\sness 9 ord] to escape its delusive p[]4 ,section ,,ix4 ,! notion ( ,"l ,kames & ,sir ,james ,mack9to% on ! same subject4 ,"l ,kames boldly cut ! knot :i* philosophy _h fail$ to unravel = him4 ,suppos+ ! doctr9e ( necessity to be settl$ on a cle> & firm basis1 he resolv$ our feel+s ( lib]ty into 8a deceitful s5se0 :i* he imag9$ ! ,almighty _h conf]r$ on man = wise & good purposes4 ,he conclud$ t if m5 c\ld see ! tru?1 9 reg>d to ! s*eme ( necessity1 )\t any illusion or mi/ake1 !y w\ld relax _! ex]tions 9 all directions1 & passively submit to ! all-controll+ influ5ces by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,b ,god1 he suppos$1 out ( compassion = u1 conceal$ ! tru? f our eyes1 9 ord] t we might be induc$ to take c>e ( ourselves1 by ! pleasant dream t we really h ! p[] to d s4 ,we %all n /op to pull ?is s*eme to pieces4 ,we %all only rem>k1 t x is a pity ! philosoph] und]took to c\nt]act ! b5evol5t design ( ! ,deity1 & to expose ! *eat & delusion by :i* he int5d$ to gov]n ! _w = its b5efit4 ,b ! au?or himself1 x is b j to add1 _h ! good s5se & c&\r to r5\nce 8 own s*eme2 & h5ce we ne$ dwell no long] ^u x4 ,x rema9s at ! pres5t day only z a /rik+ example ( ! frightful contortions ( ! human m9d1 9 its h]culean ef=ts to escape f ! d>k labyr9? ( fate into ! cle> & op5 light ( nature4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 ?\gh famili> ) ! speculations ( prec$+ philosoph]s1 0 satisfi$ ) none ( _! solutions ( ! great problem "u consid]ation1 & consequ5tly he has inv5t$ "o ( 8 own4 ,?is solution is f\nd$ on 8 !ory ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 :i* is peculi> to himself4 ,?is !ory is employ$ to %[ h[ x is1 t al?\gh we may come by our volitions accord+ to ! s*eme ( necessity1 yet we d n p]ceive ! causes by :i* !y are necess>ily produc$1 & consequ5tly imag9e t we are free4 ,?us1 ! 8feel+ ( lib]ty10 z he calls x1 is resolv$ into an illusory judgm5t1 & ! s*eme ( necessity is exhibit$ 9 all its adamant9e /r5g?4 8,x seems impossible10 says he1 8= reason to consid] occurr5ces o!rwise ?an z b\nd toge!r by ! connexion ( cause & effect2 & 9 ?is circum/ance consi/s ! /r5g? ( ! necessit>ian sy/em407#ef7 ,we %all (f] only "o rem>k on ?is extraord9>y hypo!sis4 ,if ! !ory ( ,sir ,james 7 true1 x c\ld only %[1 t al?\gh our volitions are necess>ily caus$1 we d n p]ceive ! causes by :i* !y are produc$4 ,b ?is fact has nev] be5 d5i$3 x has always be5 conc$$1 t we asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( effici5t causes1 except+ ! acts ( our m9ds1 only by means ( ! effects !y produce4 ,bo? ,leibnitz & ,edw>ds long ago avail$ !mselves ( ?is undisput$ fact1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! belief :i* m5 ent]ta9 9 reg>d to _! int]nal fre$om4 8,?us10 says ,edw>ds1 8,i f9d myself possess$ ( my volitions be=e ,i c see ! effectual p[] & efficacy ( any cause to produce !m1 = ! p[] & efficacy ( ! cause are n se5 b by ! effect1 & ?is1 = aught ,i "k1 may make "s imag9e t volition has no cause40 ,we %all see h]eaft] t ?is is a v false acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( ! common belief1 t we possess an int]nal fre$om f necessity2 b x is f\nd$ on ! tru? :i* no "o pret5ds to d5y1 t ext]nal effici5t causes c only be se5 by _! effects1 & n by any direct p]ception ( ! m9d4 ,x 0 altoge!r a "w ( sup]]ogation1 !n1 = ,sir ,james ,mack9to% to br+ =? 8 !ory ( moral s5tim5ts to e/abli% ! possibility ( a ?+ :i* prec$+ philosoph]s _h admitt$ to be a fact4 ,x requires no elaborate !ory to conv9ce u t a ?+ might exi/ )\t our p]ceiv+ x1 :5 x is conc$$ on all sides1 t ev5 if x did exi/1 we h no p[] by :i* to p]ceive x4 ,) ?is s+le rem>k1 we %all dismiss a s*eme :i* resolves our conviction ( int]nal lib]ty into a m]e illusion1 & :i*1 h[ev] pure may h be5 ! int5tions ( ! au?or1 really saps ! f\ndation ( moral obligation1 & de/roys ! nature ( virtue4 ,section ,x4 ,! conclusion ( ,mhl]1 ,?oluck1 & o!rs1 t all speculation on su* a subject mu/ be va9 & fruitless4 ,consid]+ ! va/ wild]ness ( speculation :i* exi/s on ! subject "u consid]ation1 x is n at all surpris+ t _m %\ld turn away f e speculative view ( x ) disgu/1 & endeav\r to dissuade o!rs f su* pursuits4 ,accord+ly ,mhl] has decl>$1 t 8s (t5 z1 )\t reg>d to revelation1 ! relation ( ! human _s to ,god ha? be5 m deeply inve/igat$1 m5 h f\nd !mselves =c$ 444 to ! adoption ( pan!ism1 &1 ) x1 ! mo/ arrogant deification ( man407#eg7 ,& ,?oluck spreads out ! reason+ f effect to cause1 by :i* all ?+s are ref]r$ to ,god1 & ,god himself only made ! greate/ & brighte/ l9k 9 ! *a92 & assum+ ?is to be an unansw]able argum5t1 he holds x up z a dissuasive f all su* speculations4 ,he believes t reason necess>ily conducts ! m9d to fatalism4 ,we _c concur ) ^! celebrat$ writ]s1 & we w\ld d$uce a f> diff]5t conclusion f ! speculations ( necessit>ians4 ,?is sort ( scepticism or despair is m common 9 ,g]many ?an x is 9 ?is c\ntry2 = !re1 speculation pursu+ no c]ta9 or det]m9ate me?od1 has %[n itself 9 all its wild & desolat+ excesses4 ,b x is sophi/ry1 & n reason1 t leads ! human m9d a/ray2 & we believe t reason1 9 all cases1 is compet5t to detect & expose ! impositions ( sophi/ry4 ,we d n believe t "o guide :i* ! ,almighty has giv5 u1 c1 by ! legitimate ex]cise ( x1 lead u to a diff]5t result f t ( ano!r guide4 ,we are p]suad$ t if reason seems to =ce u into any sy/em :i* is contradict$ by ! te/imony ( our moral nature1 or by ! tru?s ( revelation1 ?is is uns\nd speculation3 x is f\nd$ ei!r on false premises1 or else spr+s f false conclusions1 :i* reason itself may correct1 ei!r by po9t+ out ! fallacy ( ! premises1 or ! logical incoh]5cy ( ! argum5t4 ,we d n !n int5d to ab&on speculation1 b to plant x1 if we c1 on a bett] f\ndation1 & build x up accord+ to a bett] me?od4 ,section ,,xi4 ,! true conclusion f ! =ego+ review ( op9ions & argum5ts4 ,all ! mighty logicians we h yet nam$ h yield$ to 8! demon/ration0 9 fav\r ( necessity1 b we d n "k t "o ( !m has ev] direct$ ! en]gies ( 8 m9d to pry into its validity4 ,!y h all pursu$ ! me?od s emphatically condemn$ by ,bacon1 & ! result has v]ifi$ 8 pr$iction4 8,! usual me?od10 says he1 8( discov]y & pro( by fir/ e/abli%+ ! mo/ g5]al propositions1 !n apply+ & prov+ ! int]m$iate axioms accord+ to ^!1 is ! p>5t ( error & ! calamity ( e sci5ce407#eh7 ,!y h set out ) ! univ]sal law ( causality or ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason1 & !nce h proce$$ to asc]ta9 & det]m9e ! actual nature & processes ( ?+s4 ,we may despair ( ev] be+ able to det]m9e a s+le fact1 or a s+le process ( nature1 by reason+ f truisms2 we mu/ beg9 9 ! opposite direction & le>n 8to dissect nature10 if we w\ld behold h] secrets & compreh5d h] my/]ies4 ,by pursu+ ?is me?od x w be se51 & cle>ly se51 t 8! great demon/ration0 :i* has l$ s _m philosoph]s 9 *a9s1 is1 aft] all1 a sophism4 ,we h witness$ _! attempts to reconcile ! great fact ( man's free-ag5cy ) ?is boa/$ demon/ration ( necessity4 ,b h[ int]m9able is ! confusion among !m8 ,if a few ( !m concur 9 "o solution1 ?is is condemn$ by o!rs1 & n unfrequ5tly by ! v au?ors ( ! solution itself4 ,we ent]ta9 too great a respect = _! abilities n to believe1 t if !re _h be5 any means ( reconcil+ ^! ?+s toge!r1 !y w\ld long s9ce h discov]$ !m1 & come to an agreem5t among !mselves1 z well z made ! tru? kn[n to ! satisfaction ( mank9d4 ,b z x is1 _! speculations are de/itute ( h>mony--are fill$ ) discordant elem5ts4 ,in/ead ( ! cle> & /eady light ( tru?1 illum9at+ ! great problem ( exi/5ce1 we are bewild]$ by ! gl>e ( a ?\s& p>adoxes2 in/ead ( ! sweet voice ( h>mony1 rea*+ & call+ =? a response f ! dep?s ( ! human s\l1 ! e> is /unn$ & conf\nd$ ) a frightful ro> ( confus$ s\nds4 ,we %all n attempt to hold ! s*eme ( necessity1 & reconcile x ) ! fact ( man's free-ag5cy4 ,we %all n und]take a task1 9 ! prosecution ( :i* a ,desc>tes1 a ,leibnitz1 a ,locke1 & an ,edw>ds1 n to m5tion a hundr$ o!rs1 h lab\r$ 9 va94 ,b we d n int5d to ab&on speculation4 ,on ! contr>y1 we int5d to %[1 s cle>ly & s unequivocally t e eye may see x1 t ! great boa/$ demon/ration 9 fav\r ( necessity is a prodigi\s sophism4 ,we int5d to d ?is2 because until ! m5tal vision be purg$ ( ! film ( ?is d>k error1 x c nev] cle>ly behold ! intr9sic maje/y & glory ( ,god's creation1 nor ! div9e beauty ( ! plan accord+ to :i* x is gov]n$4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,s*eme ,( ,necessity ,makes ,god ,! ,au?or ,( ,s94 ,i told ye !n he %\ld prevail1 & spe$ ,on 8 bad err&2 man %\ld be s$uc$1 ,& flatt]'d out ( all1 believ+ lies ,aga9/ 8 ,mak]2 no decree ( m9e ,concurr+ to necessitate 8 fall1 ,or t\*'d ) slighte/ mom5t ( impulse ,8 free-w1 to h] own incl9+ left ,9 ev5 scale4--,,milton4 ,! s*eme ( necessity1 z we h already said1 pres5ts two phases 9 relation to ! exi/5ce ( moral evil2 "o relat+ to ! ag5cy ( man1 & ! o!r to ! ag5cy ( ,god4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we exam9$ ! attempts ( ! mo/ le>n$ & skilful advocates ( ?is s*eme to reconcile x ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man4 ,we h se5 h[ ineffectual h be5 all _! endeav\rs to %[ t _! doctr9e does n de/roy ! responsibility ( man = 8 s9s4 ,x is ! design ( ! pres5t *apt] to consid] ! doctr9e ( necessity "u its o!r aspect1 & to demon/rate t x makes ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,if ?is c be %[n1 x may ju/ly lead u to suspect t ! s*eme conta9s )9 its bosom "s d>k fallacy1 :i* %\ld be dragg$ f its hid+-place into ! op5 light ( day1 & expos$ to ! abhorr5ce & dete/ation ( mank9d4 ,9 discuss+ ?is bran* ( our subject1 we %all pursue ! c\rse adopt$ 9 relation to ! fir/2 = if ! doctr9e ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s91 we may conclude t ?is has be5 %[n by "s "o ( its mo/ pr(\nd & enlight5$ advocates4 ,if ! attempts ( a ,calv91 & an ,edw>ds1 & a ,leibnitz1 to ma9ta9 su* a doctr9e1 & yet v9dicate ! purity ( ,god may be %[n to be signal failures1 we may well d\bt :e!r !re is a real agreem5t betwe5 ^! t5ets z ma9ta9$ by !m4 ,nay1 if 9 ord] to v9dicate _! sy/em f s great a reproa*1 !y h be5 compell$ to adopt positions :i* are cle>ly inconsi/5t ) ! div9e hol9ess1 & ?us to increase r ?an to dim9i% ! reproa*2 surely _! sy/em itself %\ld be m ?an suspect$ ( error4 ,we %all proce$1 !n1 ) ?is view1 to exam9e _! speculations 9 reg>d to ! ag5cy ( ,god 9 its connexion ) ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( moral evil4 ,section ,i4 ,! attempts ( ,calv9 & o!r re=m]s to %[ t ! sy/em ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,mo/ ( ! advocates ( div9e provid5ce h endeav\r$ to s(t5 _! views1 s z to br+ !m into a con=mity ) ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 by suppos+ t ,god m]ely p]mits1 )\t produc+ ! s9ful volitions ( m54 ,b ,calv9 rejects ?is di/9ction ) ! mo/ positive disda94 8,a "q ( /ill great] difficulty arises10 says he1 8f o!r passages1 :]e ,god is said to incl9e or draw ,satan himself & all ! reprobate4 ,= ! c>nal und]/&+ sc>cely compreh5ds h[ he1 act+ by _! means1 & ev5 9 op]ations common to himself & !m1 is free f any fault1 & yet righte\sly condemns ^? ^: m9i/ry he uses4 ,h5ce 0 inv5t$ ! di/9ction betwe5 do+ & p]mitt+2 because to _m p]sons ?is has appe>$ an inexplicable difficulty1 t ,satan & all ! impi\s are subject to ! p[] & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 s t he directs _! malice to :atev] end he pleases1 & uses _! crimes = ! execution ( 8 judgm5ts4 ,! mode/y ( ^? :o are al>m$ by absurdity1 might p]haps be excusable1 if !y did n attempt to v9dicate ! div9e ju/ice f all accusation by a pret5ce utt]ly de/itute ( any f\ndation 9 tru?407#ei7 ,"h ! di/9ction betwe5 ,god's p]mitt+ & do+ 9 relation to ! s9s ( m51 is decl>$ by ,calv9 to be utt]ly )\t f\ndation 9 tru?1 & purely *im]ical4 ,s1 9 v>i\s o!r places1 he treats ?is di/9ction z 8too weak to be support$40 8,! w ( ,god10 says he1 8is ! supreme & fir/ cause ( ?+s20 & he quotes ,augu/9e ) approbation to ! effect1 t 8,he does n rema9 an idle spectator1 det]m9+ to p]mit any?+2 !re is an int]v5tion ( an actual volition1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 :i* o!rwise c\ld nev] be consid]$ a cause407#fj7 ,accord+ to ,calv91 !n1 no?+ ev] happ5s 9 ! univ]se1 n ev5 ! s9ful volitions ( m51 :i* is n caus$ by ,god1 ev5 by 8! int]v5tion ( an actual volition0 ( ! supreme w4 ,x is evid5t t ,calv9 scorns to h any rec\rse to a p]missive w 9 ,god1 9 ord] to s(t5 d[n ! /up5d\s difficulties "u :i* 8 sy/em seems to lab\r4 ,on ! contr>y1 he sometimes betrays a little impati5ce ) ^? :o _h endeav\r$ to mitigate ! m rugg$ features ( :at he conceiv$ to be ! tru?4 8,! fa!rs10 says he1 8are sometimes too scrupul\s on ?is subject1 & afraid ( a simple confession ( ! tru?407#fa7 ,he ent]ta9s no su* fe>s4 ,he is ev5 bold & rigid en\gh 9 8 consi/5cy to say1 8t ,god (t5 actuates ! reprobate by ! int]position ( ,satan1 b 9 su* a mann] t ,satan himself acts 8 "p by ! div9e impulse407#fb7 ,& aga91 he decl>es t by means ( ,satan1 8,god excites ! w & /r5g!ns ! ef=ts0 ( ! reprobate47#fc7 ,inde$1 8 great "w1 :5ev] x t\*es ^u ?is awful subject1 r5d]s x p]fectly cle> t ,calv9 despises all weak evasions 9 ! advocacy ( 8 /]n doctr9e4 ,x has be5 truly said1 t ,calv9 nev] ?9ks ( 8d$uc+ ! fall ( man f ! abuse ( human fre$om40 ,s f> is he f ?is1 inde$1 t he seems to lose 8 pati5ce ) ^? :o trace ! orig9 ( moral evil to su* a s\rce4 8,!y say x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 express t]ms10 says ,calv91 8t ,god decre$ ,adam %\ld p]i% by 8 defection2 z ?\gh ! same ,god1 :om ! ,scriptures repres5t z do+ :atev] he pleases1 creat$ ! noble/ ( 8 creatures )\t any det]m9ate end4 ,!y ma9ta91 t he 0 possess$ ( free *oice1 t he might be ! au?or ( 8 own fate1 b t ,god decre$ no?+ m ?an to treat him accord+ to 8 des]t4 ,if s weak a s*eme z ?is be receiv$1 :at w become ( ,god's omnipot5ce1 by :i* he gov]ns all ?+s accord+ to 8 secret c\nsel1 indep5d5tly ( e p]son or ?+ besides407#fd7 ,! fall ( man1 says ,calv91 0 decre$ f all et]nity1 & x 0 br\ght to pass by ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,to suppose t ,adam 0 ! au?or ( 8 own fate & fall1 is to d5y ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & to rob him ( 8 sov]eignty4 ,n[1 if to say t ,god creat$ man1 & !n left 8 s9 to proce$ :olly f himself1 be to rob ,god ( 8 omnipot5ce1 & to affirm t he made man = no det]m9ate end1 ! same consequ5ces w\ld foll[ f ! position t ,god creat$ ,satan1 & !n left 8 s9 & rebellion to proce$ :olly f himself4 ,b1 /range z x may seem1 ! v ?+ :i* ,calv9 s vehem5tly d5ies 9 reg>d to man1 he ass]ts 9 relation to ,satan2 & he ev5 feels call$ ^u to make ?is ass]tion 9 ord] to v9dicate ! div9e purity aga9/ ! calumny ( be+ implicat$ 9 ! s9 ( ,satan6 8,b s9ce ! devil 0 creat$ by ,god10 says he1 8we mu/ rem>k1 t ?is wick$ness :i* we attribute to 8 nature is n f creation1 b f corruption4 ,= :atev] evil quality he has1 he has acquir$ by 8 defection & fall4 ,& ( ?is ,scripture apprizes u2 b1 believ+ him to h come f ,god1 j z he n[ is1 we %all ascribe to ,god himself t :i* is 9 direct opposition to him4 ,= ?is reason1 ,*ri/ decl>es1 t ,satan1 #8:5 he speake? a lie1 speake? ( 8 own2' & adds ! reason1 #8because he abode n 9 ! tru?4' ,:5 he says t he abode n 9 ! tru?1 he c]ta9ly impli$ t he _h once be5 9 x2 & :5 he calls him ! fa!r ( a lie1 he precludes 8 imput+ to ,god ! depravity ( 8 nature1 :i* orig9at$ :olly f himself4 ,?\gh ^! ?+s are deliv]$ 9 a brief & r obscure mann]1 yet !y are abundantly suffici5t to v9dicate ! maje/y ( ,god f e calumny407#fe7 ,?us1 9 ord] to %[ t ,god is n ! au?or ( s91 ,calv9 assumes ! v positions 9 reg>d to ! rebellion ( ,satan :i* 8 oppon5ts h always felt con/ra9$ to adopt 9 reg>d to ! transgression ( man4 ,:at !n1 on ,calv9's own pr9ciples1 becomes ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god8 ,does ?is ext5d m]ely to man & n to ,satan8 ,is x n evid5t t ,calv9's s*eme 9 reg>d to ! s9 ( ! fir/ man1 is "h mo/ emphatically condemn$ out ( 8 own m\?8 ,does he n "h endorse ! v consequ5ce :i* 8 adv]s>ies h be5 accu/om$ to d$uce f 8 s*eme ( pr$e/9ation1 namely1 t x makes ,god ! au?or ( s98 ,?is s*eme ( doctr9e1 x mu/ be confess$1 is n )\t its difficulties4 ,x clo!s man1 z he came f ! h& ( 8 ,mak]1 ) ! glori\s attributes ( fre$om2 b to :at end8 ,is ?is attribute employ$ to acc\nt = ! introduction ( s9 into ! _w8 ,is x employ$ to %[ t man1 & n ,god1 is ! au?or ( moral evil8 ,x is sad to reflect t x is n4 ,! fall ( man is ref]r$ to ! direct 8omnipot5ce ( ,god40 ,! feeble creature yields to ! decree & p[] ( ! ,almighty1 :o1 because he does s1 k9dles into ! mo/ fe>ful wra? & dooms him & all 8 po/]ity to temporal1 spiritual1 & et]nal dea?4 ,su* is ! doctr9e :i* is advanc$1 9 ord] to secure ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 & to exalt 8 sov]eignty4 ,b is x n a great lead+ feature ( deism itself1 t x exalts ! p[] ( ,god at ! exp5se ( 8 inf9ite moral p]fections8 ,s we h und]/ood ! matt]2 & h5ce1 x seems to u1 t ,*ri/ian div9es %\ld be m gu>d$ 9 h&l+ ! attribute ( omnipot5ce4 8,! rigid !ologians10 says ,leibnitz1 8h held ! greatness ( ,god 9 high] e/imation ?an 8 goodness1 ! latitud9>ians h done ! contr>y2 true or?odoxy has ^! two p]fections equally at he>t4 ,! error :i* abases ! greatness ( ,god %\ld be call$ an?ropomorphism1 & despotism t :i* dive/s him ( 8 goodness407#ff7 ,if ,calv9's doctr9e be true1 ,god is n ! au?or ( s91 inasmu* z he made man pure & upright2 b yet1 by ! same p[] :i* creat$ him1 has he plung$ him into s9 & mis]y4 ,n[1 if ! creation ( man ) a s9ful nature be inconsi/5t ) ! inf9ite purity ( ,god1 w x n be difficult to reconcile ) t purity ! production ( s9 9 man1 aft] 8 creation1 by an act ( ! div9e omnipot5ce8 ,if we ask1 ,h[ c ,god be j 9 caus+ man to s91 & !n puni%+ him = x8 ,calv9 replies1 ,t all 8 deal+s ) u 8are guid$ by equity407#fg7 ,we "k1 inde$1 t all 8 ways are guid$ by ! mo/ absolute & p]fect ju/ice2 & ?is is ! v circum/ance :i* creates ! difficulty4 ,! m cle>ly we p]ceive1 & ! m vividly we realize1 ! p]fection ( ! div9e equity1 ! m heavily does ! difficulty press ^u our m9ds4 ,?is assurance br+s u no relief2 we /ill dem&1 if ,god be j1 z 9 tru? he is1 h[ c he deal ) u aft] su* a mann]8 ,! answ] we obta9 is1 t ,god is j4 ,& if ?is does n satisfy u1 we are rem9d$ t 8x is impossible ev] :olly to prev5t ! petulance & murmurs ( impiety407#fh7 ,we seek = light1 &1 in/ead ( light1 we are turn$ (f ) reproa*es = ! want ( piety4 ,we h n t fai?1 we humbly confess1 :i* 8f its exaltation looks d[n on ^! mi/s ) contempt207#fi7 b we h a reason1 x may be 8a c>nal und]/&+10 :i* longs to be enl>g$ & enlight5$ by fai?4 ,h5ce1 x _c b murmur :51 in/ead ( be+ enl>g$ & enlight5$ by fai?1 x is utt]ly ov]:elm$ & conf\nd$ by x4 ,& ^! murmur+s ( reason1 :i* we c no m prev5t ?an we c\ld /op ! heav+s ( ! mighty ocean f its dep?s1 are met & s\ght to be quell$ ) ! rebuke1 8,:o art ?\1 ,o man1 t replie/ aga9/ ,god80 ,we reply n aga9/ ,god1 b aga9/ man's int]pretation ( ,god's ^w2 & :o art ?\1 ,o man1 t putte/ ?yself 9 ! place ( ,god8 8,m510 sai? ,bacon1 8are ev] ready to usurp ! /yle1 #8,non ego1 s$ ,dom9us2' & n only s1 b to b9d x ) ! ?und] & d5unciation ( curses & ana!mas1 to ! t]ror ( ^? :o h n suffici5tly le>n$ out ( ,solomon1 t ! #8causeless curse %all n come4' 0 ,9 relation to ! subject "u consid]ation1 ! amiable & philosophic m9d ( ,melan*?on seems to h be5 m consi/5t1 at "o "t1 ?an t ( mo/ ( ! re=m]s4 8,he laid d[n10 says ,d',aubign1 8a sort ( fatalism1 :i* might lead 8 read]s to ?9k ( ,god z ! au?or ( evil1 & :i* consequ5tly has no f\ndation 9 ,scripture3 #8s9ce :atev] happ5s1' said he1 #8happ5s by necessity1 agreeably to div9e =ekn[l$ge1 x is pla9 our w ha? no lib]ty :atev]4' 0 ,x is c]ta9ly a v mild expression to say1 t ! doctr9e ( ,melan*?on might lead 8 read]s to ?9k ( ,god z ! au?or ( evil4 ,?is is a consequ5ce :i* ! logical m9d ( ,melan*?on did n fail to draw f 8 own s*eme ( necessity4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 9 ! edition ( #aebe1 he ass]t$ 8t ,god wr\ght all ?+s1 evil z well z good2 t he 0 ! au?or ( ,david's adult]y1 & ! treason ( ,judas1 z well z ( ,paul's conv]sion40 ,?is doctr9e 0 ma9ta9$ by ,melan*?on on practical z well z on speculative gr\nds4 ,x is useful1 says he1 9 its t5d5cy to subdue human arrogance2 x represses ! wisdom & cunn+ ( human reason4 ,we h g5]ally obs]v$1 t :5ev] a le>n$ div9e d5\nces ! arrogancy ( reason1 & insi/s on an humble submission to 8 own doctr9es1 t he has "s absurdity :i* he wi%es u to embrace2 he feels a sort ( int]nal consci\sness t human reason is array$ aga9/ him1 & h5ce he abuses & vilifies x4 ,b reason is n to be kept 9 due subord9ation by any su* means4 ,if sov]eigns w\ld ma9ta9 a legitimate au?ority ov] _! subjects1 !y %\ld b9d !m ) wise & :olesome laws1 & n ) arbitr>y & despotic enactm5ts1 :i* are s well calculat$ to eng5d] hatr$ & rebellion4 ,9 l mann]1 ! be/ possible way to tame ! refractory reason ( man1 & hold x 9 subjection1 is to b9d x ) ! silk5 cords ( div9e tru?1 & n fett] x ) ! h>% & gall+ absurdities ( man's inv5tion4 ,melan*?on himself furni%$ a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k2 = al?\gh1 l o!r re=m]s1 he taught ! doctr9e ( a div9e fatality ( all ev5ts1 9 ord] to humble ! pride ( ! human intellect1 8 own reason aft]w>d rebell$ aga9/ x4 ,he n only recant$ ! mon/r\s doctr9e :i* made ,god ! au?or ( s91 b he op5ly combatt$ x4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,beza & ,zw+le !re are passages1 9 relation to ! orig9 ( evil1 m (f5sive1 if possible1 ?an any we h adduc$ f ,calv9 & ,melan*?on4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! re=m]s def5d$ _! common doctr9e 01 ) "s few exceptions1 ! same 9 sub/ance4 ,!y h said no?+ :i* c s]ve to dispel1 or ev5 mat]ially less51 ! /up5d\s cl\d ( difficulties :i* _! s*eme spreads ov] ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,consid]+ ! condition ( ! ,*ur*1 ! /ate ( human k1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! circum/ances ( ! times 9 :i* ! re=m]s liv$ & act$1 x is n v surpris+ t !y %\ld h fall5 into su* errors4 ,! corruptions ( human nature1 manife/+ !mselves 9 ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 _h s extravagantly exalt$ ! p[]s ( man1 & especially ( ! prie/hood1 & s greatly depress$ or obscur$ ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 t ! re=m]s1 9 fight+ aga9/ ^? abuses1 7 naturally =c$ into ! opposite extreme4 ,x is n at all wond]ful1 we say1 t a reaction1 :i* %ook ! v f\ndations ( ! e>?1 %\ld h c>ri$ ! au?ors ( x beyond ! b\nds ( mod]ation & tru?4 ,!y w\ld h be5 m ?an human if !y _h n fall5 into "s su* errors z ^! :i* we h ascrib$ to !m4 ,b ! great mis=tune is1 t ^! errors %\ld h be5 /]eotyp$ & fix$ 9 ! symbolical books ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 & made to desc5d f ! re=m]s to _! *ildr5's *ildr51 z ?\gh !y 7 ( ! v ess5ce ( ! fai? once deliv]$ to ! sa9ts4 ,?is is ! mis=tune1 ! lam5table evil1 :i* has furni%$ ! ,romi% ,*ur* ) its mo/ p[]ful weapons ( attack27#gj7 :i* has =tifi$ ! /rongholds ( a!ism & infidelity2 & :i* has1 beyond all "q1 fe>fully ret>d$ ! great & glori\s cause ( true religion4 ,if we w\ld exam9e ! mo/ elaborate ef=ts to def5d ^! doctr9es1 or r ! great c5tral dogma ( necessity f :i* !y all radiate1 we mu/ desc5d to lat] times2 we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! immortal writ+s ( a ,leibnitz & an ,edw>ds4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! attempt ( ,leibnitz to %[ t ! s*eme ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,?is philosoph] employ$ all ! res\rces ( a sublime g5ius1 & all ! /ores ( a va/ erudition1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! s*eme ( necessity1 & at ! same "t v9dicate ! purity ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,t subtle & adroit sceptic1 ,m4 ,bayle1 _h drawn out all ! consequ5ces ( ! doctr9e ( necessity 9 opposition to ! free-ag5cy ( man1 & to ! hol9ess ( ,god4 ,leibnitz wrote 8 great 8,essais de ,?odice10 = ! purpose ( refut+ ^! conclusions ( ,bayle1 z well z ^? ( all o!r sceptics1 & ( reconcil+ 8 sy/em ) ! div9e attributes4 ,9 ! preface to 8 "w he says1 8,we %[ t evil has ano!r s\rce ?an ! w ( ,god2 & t we h reason to say ( moral evil1 t ,god only p]mits x1 & t he does n w x4 ,b :at is m important1 we %[ t ,god c n only p]mit s91 b ev5 concur !re91 & contribute to x1 )\t prejudice to 8 hol9ess2 al?\gh1 absolutely speak+1 he might h prev5t$ x40 ,su* is ! task :i* ,leibnitz has und]tak5 to p]=m2 let u see h[ he has accompli%$ x4 8,! anci5ts10 says he1 8attribut$ ! cause ( evil to matt]2 b :]e %all we1 :o d]ive all ?+s f ,god1 f9d ! s\rce ( evil807#ga7 ,he has m ?an once answ]$ ?is "q1 by say+ t ! s\rce ( evil is to be f\nd 9 ! ideas ( ! div9e m9d4 8,*rysippus10 says he1 8has reason to allege t vice comes f ! orig9al con/itution ( "s spirits4 ,x is object$ to him t ,god has =m$ !m2 & he c only reply1 t ! imp]fection ( matt] does n p]mit him to d bett]4 ,?is reply is good = no?+2 = matt] itself is indiff]5t to all =ms1 & besides ,god has made x4 ,evil comes r f =ms !mselves1 b ab/ract2 t is to say1 f ideas t ,god has n produc$ by an act ( 8 w1 no m ?an he has produc$ numb] & figures2 & no m1 9 "o ^w1 ?an all ^? possible ess5ces :i* we reg>d z et]nal & necess>y2 = !y f9d !mselves 9 ! ideal region ( possibles2 t is to say1 9 ! div9e und]/&+4 ,god is !n n ! au?or ( ^? ess5ces1 9 s f> z !y are only possibilities2 b !re is no?+ actual1 b :at he disc]n$ & call$ into exi/5ce2 & he has p]mitt$ evil1 because x is envelop$ 9 ! be/ plan :i* is f\nd 9 ! region ( possibles2 t plan ! supreme wisdom c\ld n fail to *oose4 ,x is ?is notion :i* at once satisfies ! wisdom1 ! p[]1 & ! goodness ( ,god1 & yet leaves room = ! entrance ( evil407#gb7 ,9 read+ ! l(ty speculations ( ,leibnitz1 we h be5 (t5 l$ to wond] h[ "o1 ^: g5ius 0 s great1 c\ld h p]mitt$ himself to re/ 9 conceptions :i* appe> s vague & indi/9ct4 ,9 ! above passage we h bo? light & obscurity2 & we f9d x difficult to det]m9e :i* pr$om9ates ov] ! o!r4 ,we are cle>ly told t ,god is n ! au?or ( evil1 because ?is proce$s f ab/ract =ms :i* 7 f all et]nity envelop$ 9 8 und]/&+1 & n f any op]ation ( 8 w4 ,b h[ does evil proce$ f ab/ract =ms2 f ! ideal region ( ! possible8 ,leibnitz does n mean t evil proce$s f ab/ract ideas1 be=e !y are embodi$ 9 ! creation ( real moral ag5ts4 ,:y !n did ,god create be+s :i* he knew f all et]nity w\ld commit s98 & :y1 hav+ creat$ !m1 did he contribute to _! s9s by a div9e conc\rse8 ,?is is com+ d[n f ! ideal region ( ! possible1 into ! _w ( real difficulties4 ,accord+ to ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz1 ,god creat$ e intellig5t be+ 9 ! univ]se ) a p]fect k ( its :ole de/9y2 & !re is1 moreov]1 a conc\rse ( ! div9e w ) all _! volitions4 ,n[1 "h we are 9 ! v mid/ ( ! concrete _w1 & "h is a difficulty :i* _c be avoid$ by a flight into ! ideal region ( ! possible4 ,h[ c !re be a conc\rse ( ! div9e w ) ! human w 9 "o & ! same s9ful volition1 )\t a /a9 ^u ! immaculate purity ( ,god8 ,h[ c ! ,fa!r ( ,lights1 by an op]ation ( 8 w1 contribute to our s9ful volitions1 )\t prejudice to 8 hol9ess8 ,?is is ! problem :i* ,leibnitz has promis$ to solve2 & we %all1 ) all pati5ce1 li/5 to 8 solution4 ,! solution ( ?is problem1 says he1 is effect$ by means ( ! 8privative nature ( evil40 ,we %all /ate ?is "p ( 8 sy/em 9 8 own words3 8,z to ! physical conc\rse10 says he1 8x is "h t x is necess>y to consid] t tru? :i* has made s mu* noise 9 ! s*ools1 s9ce ,/4 ,augu/9e has %[n its importance1 t evil is a privation1 :]eas ! action ( ,god produces only ! positive4 ,?is reply passes = a defective "o1 & ev5 = some?+ *im]ical 9 ! m9ds ( _m m52 b "h is an example suffici5tly analog\s1 :i* may undeceive !m40 8,! celebrat$ ,kepl]1 & aft] him ,m4 ,desc>tes1 h spok5 ( ! natural in]tia ( bodies1 & t we c consid] x z a p]fect image1 & ev5 z a patt]n ( ! orig9al limitation ( creatures1 9 ord] to make u see t privation is ! =mal cause ( ! imp]fections & inconv5i5ces :i* are f\nd 9 sub/ance z well z 9 actions4 ,suppose t ! curr5t ( a riv] c>ries along ) x _m vessels :i* h diff]5t c>goes1 "s ( wood1 & o!rs ( /one2 "s m1 & "s less4 ,x w happ5 t ! vessels :i* are m heavily lad5 w move m sl[ly ?an ! o!rs1 provid$ !re is no?+ to aid _! progress4444 ,let u comp>e ! =ce :i* ! curr5t ex]cises ov] ! vessels & :at x communicates to !m1 ) ! action ( ,god1 :o produces & pres]ves :atev] is positive 9 ! creature1 & imp>ts to !m p]fection1 be+1 & =ce2 let u comp>e1 ,i say1 ! in]tia ( matt] ) ! natural imp]fection ( creatures1 & ! sl[ness ( ! m heavily lad5 vessel ) ! defect :i* is f\nd 9 ! qualities & 9 ! actions ( ! creature1 & we %all p]ceive t !re is no?+ s j z ?is comp>ison4 ,! curr5t is ! cause ( ! movem5t ( ! vessel1 b n ( its ret>dation2 ,god is ! cause ( ! p]fection 9 ! nature & ! actions ( ! creature1 b ! limitation ( ! receptivity ( ! creature is ! cause ( ! defect 9 its actions4 ,?us ! ,platoni/s1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! s*oolm51 h reason to say t ,god is ! mat]ial cause ( evil1 :i* consi/s 9 :at is positive1 & n ! =mal cause ( x1 :i* consi/s 9 privation1 z we c say t ! curr5t is ! mat]ial cause ( ! ret>dation1 )\t be+ its =mal cause2 t is to say1 is ! cause ( ! swiftness ( ! vessel1 )\t be+ ! cause ( ! b\nds ( t swiftness4 ,god is z little ! cause ( s91 z ! curr5t ( ! riv] is ! cause ( ! ret>dation ( ! vessel407#gc7 ,or z ,leibnitz else:]e says1 ,god is ! au?or ( all t is positive 9 our volitions1 & ! pravity ( !m arises f ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! creature4 ,we h _m objections to ?is mode ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( moral evil1 "s few ( :i* we %all proce$ to /ate4 #a4 ,x is a hopeless attempt to illu/rate ! processes ( ! m9d by ! analogies ( matt]4 ,all su* illu/rations are bett] adapt$ to d>k5 & conf\nd ! subject1 ?an to ?r[ light ^u x4 ,if we w\ld "k any?+ ab\t ! nature ( moral evil1 or its orig91 we mu/ /udy ! subject 9 ! light ( consci\sness1 & 9 ! light ( consci\sness alone4 ,dugald ,/ew>t has conf]r$ on ,desc>tes ! pr\d di/9ction ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ philosoph] to tea* ! true me?od accord+ to :i* ! sci5ce ( m9d %\ld be /udi$4 8,he laid x d[n z a fir/ pr9ciple10 says ,/ew>t1 8t no?+ compreh5sible by ! imag9ation c be at all subs]vi5t to ! k ( m9d2 & t ! s5sible images involv$ 9 all our common =ms ( speak+ conc]n+ its op]ations1 are to be gu>d$ aga9/ ) ! mo/ anxi\s c>e1 z t5d+ to conf\nd 9 our appreh5sions1 two classes ( ph5om5a1 :i* x is ( ! la/ importance to di/+ui% accurately f ea* o!r407#gd7 #b4 ,! privative nature ( evil1 z x is call$1 is purely a figm5t ( ! bra92 x is an inv5tion ( ! s*oolm51 :i* has no correspond+ reality 9 nature4 ,:5 ,adam put =? 8 h& to pluck ! =bidd5 fruit1 & ate x1 he committ$ a s9ful act4 ,b :y 0 x s9ful8 ,because he knew x 0 wrong2 because 8 act 0 a volunt>y & kn[n transgression ( ! comm& ( ,god4 ,n[1 if ,god _h caus$ all t 0 positive 9 ?is s9ful act1 t is1 if he _h caus$ ,adam to w to put =? 8 h& & eat ! fruit1 x is pla9 t he w\ld h be5 ! cause ( 8 transgression4 ,no?+ c be m *im]ical1 x seems to u1 ?an ?is di/9ction betwe5 be+ ! au?or ( ! sub/ance ( an act1 & ! au?or ( its pravity4 ,if ,adam _h obey$1 t is1 if he _h refus$ to eat ! =bidd5 fruit1 su* an act w\ld n h be5 m positive ?an ! actual s]ies ( volitions by :i* he transgress$4 #c4 ,if :at we call s91 arises f ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! creature1 z ! sl[ness ( a vessel 9 desc5d+ a /ream arises f its c>go1 h[ c he be to blame = x2 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ c x be moral evil at all8 ,&1 #d4 ,leibnitz has c]ta9ly committ$ a v great ov]sight 9 ?is attempt to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( evil4 ,he expla9s x1 by say+ t x arises f ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! creature :i* limits its receptivity2 b does he mean t ,god _c communicate hol9ess to ! creature8 ,does he mean t ,god endeav\rs to communicate hol9ess1 & fails 9 consequ5ce ( ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! creature8 ,if s1 :at becomes ( ! doctr9e :i* he ev]y:]e advances1 t ,god c v easily cause virtue or hol9ess to exi/ if he %\ld *oose to d s8 ,if ,god c v easily cause ?is to exi/1 z ,leibnitz cont5ds he c1 not)/&+ ! necess>y imp]fection ( ! creature1 :y has he n done s8 ,is x n evid5t1 t ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz m]ely plays ov] ! surface ( ?is great difficulty1 & decks x out ) ! ornam5ts ( fancy1 in/ead ( rea*+ d[n to ! bottom ( x1 & ca/+ ! illum9ations ( 8 g5ius into its dep?s8 ,section ,,iii4 ,! maxims adopt$ & employ$ by ,edw>ds to %[ t ! s*eme ( necessity does n make ,god ! au?or ( s94 8,?is rem>kable man10 says ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 8! metaphysician ( ,am]ica1 0 =m$ among ! ,calv9i/s ( ,new-,engl&1 :5 _! /]n doctr9e reta9$ its vigor\s au?ority4 ,8 p[] ( subtle argum5t1 p]haps unmat*$1 c]ta9ly unsurpass$ among m51 0 jo9$1 z 9 "s ( ! anci5t my/ics1 ) a "* :i* rais$ 8 piety to f]v\r40 ,x is 9 8 great "w on ! w1 z well z 9 "s ( 8 miscellane\s obs]vations1 t ,edw>ds has put =? ! p[]s ( 8 m9d1 9 ord] to %[ t ! s*eme ( necessity does n obscure ! lu/re ( ! div9e p]fections4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,essais de ,?odice ( ,leibnitz1 x is p]haps ! greate/ ef=t ! human m9d has ev] made to get rid ( ! seem+ antagonism betwe5 ! s*eme ( necessity & ! hol9ess ( ,god4 ,accord+ to ! sy/em ( ,edw>ds1 z well z t ( 8 oppon5ts1 s9 w\ld n h be5 committ$ unless x 7 p]mitt$ by ,god4 ,b 9 ! s*eme ( ,edw>ds1 ! ag5cy ( ,god be>s a m intimate relation to ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( s9 ?an is impli$ by a b>e p]mission ( x4 8,god10 says he1 disposes 8! /ate ( ev5ts 9 su* a mann]1 = wise1 holy1 & mo/ excell5t ends & purposes1 t s91 if x be p]mitt$ or n h9d]$1 w mo/ c]ta9ly & infallibly foll[407#ge7 ,& ?is occurr5ce ( s91 9 consequ5ce ( 8 dispos+ & ord]+ ev5ts1 ent]s into 8 design4 ,= ,edw>ds truly says1 t 8,if ,god disposes all ev5ts1 s t ! infallible exi/5ce ( ! ev5ts is decid$ by 8 provid5ce1 !n1 d\btless1 he ?us ord]s & decides ?+s kn[+ly & on design4 ,god does n d :at he does1 nor ord] :at he ord]s1 accid5tally & unaw>es1 ei!r )\t or beside 8 int5tion40 ,?us1 we are told1 t ,god s arranges & disposes ! ev5ts ( 8 provid5ce z to br+ s9 to pass1 & t he does s design$ly4 ,?is broad proposition is laid d[n1 n m]ely ) ref]5ce to s9 9 g5]al1 b to c]ta9 great s9s 9 p>ticul>4 8,s t10 says ,edw>ds1 8:at ^! murd]]s ( ,*ri/ did1 is spok5 ( z :at ,god br\ght to pass or ord]$1 & t by :i* he fulfill$ 8 own ^w40 ,accord+ to ,edw>ds1 !n1 ! ev5ts ( ,god's provid5ce are arrang$ ) a view to br+ all ! s9ful de$s ( m5 8c]ta9ly & infallibly0 to pass1 z well z _! holy acts4 ,n[1 "h ! "q arises1 ,is ?is doctr9e consi/5t ) ! "* ( ,god8 ,is x n repugnant to 8 inf9ite hol9ess8 ,we affirm t x is2 ,edw>ds decl>es t x is n4 ,let u see1 !n1 if 8 position does n involve him 9 insup]able difficulties1 & 9 irreconcilable contradictions4 ,edw>ds supposes t "s "o may object3 8,all t ^! ?+s am\nt to is1 t ,god may d evil t good may come2 :i* is ju/ly e/eem$ immoral & s9ful 9 m51 & !re=e may be ju/ly e/eem$ inconsi/5t ) ! p]fections ( ,god40 ,?is is a fair & hone/ /atem5t ( ! objection2 n[ let u he> ! reply4 8,i answ]10 says ,edw>ds1 8t = ,god to dispose & p]mit evil 9 ! mann] t has be5 spok5 (1 is n to d evil t good may come2 = x is n to d evil at all40 ,x is n to d evil at all1 says he1 = ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w to arrange ev5ts ar\nd "o ( 8 creatures 9 su* a mann] t !y w c]ta9ly & infallibly induce him to commit s94 ,:y is n ?is to d evil8 ,at fir/ view1 x c]ta9ly looks v mu* l do+ evil2 & x is n at once di/+ui%able f ! temptations ascrib$ to ,satanic ag5cy4 ,:y is x n to d evil1 !n1 :5 x is done by ! ,almighty8 ,x is n to d evil1 says ,edw>ds1 because :5 ,god br+s s9 c]ta9ly & infallibly to pass1 he does s 8= wise & holy purposes40 ,?is is 8 answ]3 8,9 ord] to a ?+'s be+ morally evil1 !re mu/ be "o ( ^! two ?+s belong+ to x3 ei!r x mu/ be a ?+ unfit & unsuitable 9 its own nature1 or x mu/ h a bad t5d5cy1 or x mu/ be done = an evil end4 ,b nei!r ( ^! ?+s c be attribut$ to ,god's ord]+ & p]mitt+ su* ev5ts z ! immoral acts ( creatures = good ends407#gf7 ,let u exam9e ?is logic4 ,we are gravely told1 t ,god design$ly br+s ! s9ful acts ( m5 to pass by ! use ( mo/ c]ta9 & infallible means2 b ?is is n to d evil1 because he has a good end 9 view4 ,8 int5tion is "r2 he br+s s9 to pass = 8wise & holy purposes40 ,let u come a little clos] to ?is doctr9e1 & see :at x is4 ,x w n be d5i$1 t if any be+ %\ld br+ s9 to pass )\t any end at all1 except to secure its exi/5ce1 ?is w\ld be a s9ful ag5cy4 ,if any be+ %\ld1 kn[+ly & design$ly1 br+ s9 to pass 9 ano!r1 )\t any 8wise & holy purposes10 all mank9d w agree 9 pron\nc+ ! de$ to be morally wrong4 ,b precisely ! same de$ is n wrong 9 ,god1 says ,edw>ds1 because 9 8 case x proce$s f 8a wise & holy purpose10 & he has 8a good end 9 view40 ,t is to say1 ! means1 9 !mselves consid]$1 are morally wrong2 b be+ employ$ = a wise & holy purpose1 = ! atta9m5t ( a good end1 !y are sanctifi$6 ,?is is precisely ! doctr9e1 t ! end sanctifies ! means4 ,is x n wond]ful1 t any sy/em %\ld be s d>k & despotic 9 its p[] z to induce ! m9d ( an ,edw>ds1 ord9>ily s amaz+ = its acut5ess & s exalt$ 9 its piety1 to v9dicate ! "* ( ,god ^u su* gr\nds8 ,! def5ce ( ,edw>ds is nei!r m nor less ?an a play on ! t]m evil4 ,:5 x is said1 t 8we may d evil t good may come20 ! mean+ ( ! maxim is1 t ! means 9 su* a case & "u su* circum/ances ceases to be evil4 ,! maxim tea*es t 8we may d evil10 t x is lawful to d evil1 ) a view to ! gr& & glori\s end to be atta9$ by x4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 t x is "r to d :at w\ld o!rwise be morally evil1 9 ord] to accompli% a good end4 ,if ,edw>ds _h consid]$ ! o!r =m ( ! same odi\s maxim1 namely1 t 8! end sanctifies ! means10 he w\ld h f\nd x impossible to evade ! =ce ( its application to 8 doctr9e4 ,he c\ld n h escap$ f ! difficulty ( 8 position by a play ^u ! ^w evil4 ,he w\ld h se5 t he _h und]tak5 to ju/ify ! conduct ( ! ,fa!r ( ,lights1 by suppos+ x to be gov]n$ by ! mo/ corrupt maxim ( ! mo/ corrupt sy/em ( casui/ry ! _w has ev] se54 ,:at ,god does1 says ,edw>ds1 is n evil at all2 because 8 purpose is holy1 because 8 object is good1 8 int5tion is "r4 ,9 l mann]1 ! maxim says1 t :5 ! end is good & holy1 8x sanctifies ! means40 ,! means may be impure 9 !mselves consid]$1 b !y are r5d]$ pure by ! cause 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,?is doctr9e has be5 immortaliz$ by ,pascal1 9 8 8,prov9cial ,lett]s20 & we _c bett] dismiss ! subject ?an ) an extract f ! 8,prov9cial ,lett]s40 8,i %[$ y10 says ! jesuitical fa!r1 8h[ s]vants might1 ) a safe consci5ce1 manage c]ta9 tr\blesome messages2 did y n obs]ve t x is simply tak+ (f _! int5tion f ! s9 itself1 & fix+ x on ! advantage to be ga9$407#gg7 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 /eal+1 & ly+1 & murd]1 may all be v9dicat$4 8,c>amuel1 our illu/ri\s def5d]10 says ! ,jesuit1 89 8 ,fundam5tal ,!ology10 444 ent]s into ! exam9ation ( _m new que/ions result+ f ?is pr9ciple1 7( direct+ ! int5tion17 z1 = example1 :e!r ! ,jesuits may kill ! ,jans5i/s8 8,alas1 fa!r60 exclaim$ ,pascal1 8?is is a mo/ surpris+ po9t 9 !ology6 ,i hold ! ,jans5i/s already no bett] ?an dead m5 by ! doctr9e ( ,fa!r ,launy40 8,aha1 sir1 y are caught2 = ,c>amuel d$uces ! v opposite conclusion f ! same pr9ciples40 8,h[ s80 said ,pascal4 8,obs]ve 8 words1 n4 #aadf & #aadg1 p4 #edg & #edh4 ,! ,jans5i/s call ! ,jesuits ,pelagians2 may !y be kill$ = s do+8 ,no--= ?is pla9 reason1 t ! ,jans5i/s are no m able to obscure ! glory ( our society1 ?an an owl c hide ! sun2 9 fact1 !y promote x1 ?\gh c]ta9ly aga9/ _! int5tion--occidi non possunt1 quia noc]e non potu]unt40 8,alas1 fa!r10 says ,pascal1 8& does ! exi/5ce ( ! ,jans5i/s dep5d solely ^u _! capacity ( injur+ y\r reputation8 ,if t be ! case1 ,i am afraid !y are n 9 a v good pr$icam5t2 = if ! slighte/ probability %\ld arise ( _! do+ y any hurt1 !y may be despat*$ at once4 ,y c p]=m ! de$ logically & 9 =m2 = x is only to direct y\r int5tion "r1 & y insure a quiet consci5ce4 ,:at a bless$ness = ^? :o c endure injuries to "k ?is *>m+ doctr9e6 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ mis]able is ! condition ( ! (f5d+ p>ty6 ,really1 fa!r1 x w\ld be bett] to h to d ) p totally devoid ( all religion1 ?an ) ^? :o h receiv$ in/ructions s f> only z to ?is po9t1 relative to direct+ ! int5tion4 ,i am afraid ! int5tion ( ! murd]] is no consolation to ! w\nd$ p]son4 ,he c h no p]ception ( ?is secret direction--poor man6 he is consci\s only ( ! bl[ he receives2 & ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r he w\ld n be less indignant to be cruelly massacr$ by p 9 a viol5t transport ( rage1 ?an to be dev\tly kill$ = consci5ce' sake40 ,n[1 we submit x to ! c&id read]1 :e!r ! reason+ "h ascrib$ to ! ,jesuit by ,pascal1 is n exactly p>allel ) t on :i* ,edw>ds ju/ifies ! proc$ure ( ! ,almighty8 ,if ,god may *oose s9 & br+ x to pass1 )\t contract+ ! lea/ impurity1 because 8 int5tion is direct$ aright1 to a wise & good end1 may we n be p]mitt$ to imitate 8 example8 ,& aga91 if ,god ?us employs ! creature z an in/rum5t to accompli% 8 wise & holy purposes1 :y %\ld he p\r out ! vials ( 8 wra? ^u him = hav+ yield$ to ! disp5sations ( 8 almighty p[]8 ,9 ord] to save 8 doctr9e f reproa*1 ,edw>ds has inv5t$ a di/9ction1 :i* next dem&s our att5tion4 8,!re is no inconsi/5ce10 says he1 89 suppos+ t ,god may hate a ?+ z x is 9 itself1 & consid]$ simply z evil1 & yet t x may be 8 w x %\ld come to pass1 consid]+ all consequ5ces4 ,i believe !re is no p]son ( good und]/&+ :o w v5ture to say1 he is c]ta9 t x is impossible x %\ld be be/1 tak+ 9 ! :ole compass & ext5t ( exi/5ce1 & all consequ5ces 9 ! endless s]ies ( ev5ts1 t !re %\ld be su* a ?+ z moral evil 9 ! _w4 ,& if s1 x w c]ta9ly foll[1 t an inf9itely wise ,be+1 :o always *ooses :at is be/1 mu/ *oose t !re %\ld be su* a ?+4 ,& if s1 !n su* a *oice is n evil1 b a wise & holy *oice4 ,& if s1 !n t ,provid5ce :i* is agreeable to su* a *oice1 is a wise & holy ,provid5ce4 ,m5 d w s9 z s91 & s are ! au?ors & actors ( x2 !y love x z s91 & = evil ends & purposes4 ,god does n w s9 z s91 or = ! sake ( any?+ evil2 ?\gh x be 8 pleasure s to ord] ?+s t1 he p]mitt+1 s9 w come to pass1 = ! sake ( ! great good t by 8 disposal %all be ! consequ5ce4 ,8 will+ to ord] ?+s s t evil %\ld come to pass = ! sake ( ! contr>y good1 is no argum5t t he does n hate evil z evil2 & if s1 !n x is no reason :y he may n reasonably =bid evil z evil1 & puni% x z su*407#gh7 ,"h we are pla9ly told1 t al?\gh ,god hates s9 z s91 yet1 all ?+s consid]$1 he pref]s t x %\ld come to pass1 & ev5 helps x into exi/5ce4 ,b man loves & commits evil z su*1 & is !re=e ju/ly puni%able = x4 ,!re are sev]al s]i\s objections to ?is extraord9>y di/9ction4 ,x is n true t m5 love & commit s9 z s94 ,s9 is committ$1 n = its own sake1 b = ! pleasure :i* att5ds x4 ,if s9 did n gratify ! appetites1 or ! passions1 or ! desires ( m51 x w\ld n be committ$ at all2 !re w\ld be no temptation to x1 & x w\ld be se5 z x is 9 its own loa?some nature4 ,inde$1 to speak ) philosophical accuracy1 s9 is nev] a direct object ( our affections or *oice2 we simply desire c]ta9 ?+s1 z ,adam did ! =bidd5 fruit1 & we seek our gratification 9 !m contr>y to ! w ( ,god4 ,?is con/itutes our s94 ,! direct object ( our *oice is1 n disob$i5ce1 n s91 b ! =bidd5 ?+1 ! prohibit$ gratification4 ,we d n love & *oose ! disob$i5ce1 b ! ?+ :i* leads u to disobey4 ,?is is s v pla9 & simple a matt]1 t we _c b wond] t hone/ m5 %\ld h lo/ sight ( x 9 a mi/ ( words1 & built up _! !ories 9 ! d>k4 ,secondly1 ! above position1 into :i* ,edw>ds has be5 =c$ by ! exig5cies ( 8 doctr9e conc]n+ evil1 is directly at w> ) ! great fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* 8 :ole sy/em re/s1 namely1 t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,= h[ is x possible t m5 %\ld commit s9 z s91 & = its own sake1 if !y nev] d any?+ except :at is ! mo/ agreeable to !m8 ,h[ is x possible t !y pursue moral evil m]ely z moral evil1 & yet pursue x z ! greate/ app>5t good8 ,if x %\ld be said t m5 love s9 m]ely z s91 & !re=e x pleases !m to *oose x = its own sake1 ?is reply w\ld be )\t f\ndation4 ,=1 z we h already se51 !re is no su* pr9ciple 9 human nature z ! love ( s9 z su*1 or = its own sake2 & consequ5tly s9 c nev] delight or please ! human m9d z x is 9 itself4 ,&1 besides1 x is self-contradictory2 = ! "q is1 ,h[ c a man commit s9 = its own sake on acc\nt ( ! pleasure x af=ds him8 ,x w\ld be an attempt to expla9 an hypo!sis :i* d5ies ! v fact to be expla9$ by x4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 if ! philosophy ( ,edw>ds be true1 no good reason c be assign$ :y m5 %\ld re/ra9 !mselves f ! commission ( s93 =1 all ?+s consid]$1 ,god pref]s ! s9 :i* actually exi/s1 & infallibly br+s x to pass4 ,he pref]s x on acc\nt ( ! great good he int5ds to educe f x4 ,:y !n %\ld we n also pref] its exi/5ce8 ,god is sov]eign2 he w p]mit no m s9 ?an he c & w r5d] subs]vi5t to ! highe/ good ( ! univ]se2 & s mu* z is = ! highe/ good he w br+ into exi/5ce4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we give ourselves any conc]n ab\t ! matt]8 ,:y %\ld we fe> t !re may be too mu* s9 9 ! _w1 or :y %\ld we blame o!r m5 = _! crimes & (f5ces8 ,! inf]5ce :i* we h j m5tion$ z necess>ily fl[+ f ! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds1 has actually be5 drawn by "s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s advocates ( t doctr9e4 ,?us says ,h>tley1 z we h already se51 8s9ce all m5 d aga9/ u is by ! appo9tm5t ( ,god1 x is rebellion aga9/ him to be (f5d$ ) !m40 ,?is is s cle>ly ! logical inf]5ce f ! doctr9e 9 "q1 t x is truly wond]ful h[ any "o c possibly fail to p]ceive x4 ,we are told by ,leibnitz & ,edw>ds1 t we %\ld n presume to act on ! pr9ciple ( p]mitt+ s9 9 o!rs1 or ( br++ x to pass1 on acc\nt ( ! good t we may educe f x2 because su* an affair is too high = u4 ,b1 surely1 we ne$ h no weak fe>s on ?is gr\nd2 = al?\gh x may be too high = u1 !y d n pret5d t x is too high = ,god4 ,he w all[ no m s9 to make its appe>ance 9 ! _w1 say !y1 ?an he w cause to r$\nd to ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,he pref]s x = t reason1 & :y %\ld we n respond1 am56 to 8 pref]5ce8 ,:y %\ld we give ourselves any conc]n ab\t s98 ,may we n foll[ our own incl9ations1 leav+ s9 to take its c\rse1 & re/ quietly 9 ,provid5ce8 ,to ?is "q x w be repli$1 z ,calv9 & ,edw>ds repeat$ly reply1 t ! reveal$1 & n ! secret1 w ( ,god is ! rule ( our duty4 ,we d n object to ?is doctr9e2 we ackn[l$ge its p]fect propriety & correctness3 b x is no reply to ! consequ5ce we h d$uc$ f ! philosophy ( ,edw>ds4 ,x only %[s t 8 philosophy leads to a conclusion :i* is 9 direct opposition to revelation4 ,s f> f object+ t any %\ld turn f ! philosophy ( ,edw>ds to revelation1 9 ord] to f9d reasons :y evil %\ld n be committ$ by u1 we s9c]ely regret t su* a dep>ture f a false philosophy1 & return to a true religion1 is n m p]man5t & univ]sal4 ,! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds on ?is subject de/roys ! h>mony ( ! div9e attributes4 ,x repres5ts ,god z hav+ two wills2 or1 to speak m correctly1 x repres5ts him z hav+ publi%$ a holy law = ! gov]nm5t ( 8 creatures1 :i* he does n1 9 all cases1 wi% !m to obey4 ,on ! contr>y1 he pref]s t "s ( !m %\ld violate 8 holy law2 & n only s1 b he adopts c]ta9 & infallible means to lead !m to violate & trample x "u foot4 ,x is admitt$ by ,edw>ds1 t 9 ?is s5se ,god really possesses two wills2 b he /ill d5ies t ?is %[s any inconsi/5cy 9 ! nature ( ,god4 ,edw>ds says1 t ! w ( ,god does n oppose s9 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x pref]s s91 & t1 !re=e1 !re is no inconsi/5cy 9 ! case4 ,b let u n deceive ourselves by words4 ,is x true1 t s9 is oppos$ by :at is call$ ! reveal$ w ( ,god1 by 8 comm&2 & yet t x is1 all ?+s consid]$1 *os5 by 8 secret & work+ w8 ,he comm&s "o ?+1 & yet works to br+ ano!r to pass6 ,he prohibits all s91 "u ! awful p5alty ( et]nal dea?1 & yet secretly arranges & plans ?+s 9 su* a mann] z to secure ! commission ( x6 ,we h already se5 "o ( ^! def5ces4 ,god 8hates s9 z x is 9 itself20 & h5ce he prohibits x by 8 comm&4 8,yet x may be 8 w x %\ld come to pass1 consid]+ all its consequ5ces20 & h5ce 8 secret w is b5t on br++ x into exi/5ce4 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy "h1 says ,edw>ds1 because ! div9e w relates to two diff]5t objects2 namely1 to 8s9 consid]$ simply z s910 & to 8s9 consid]$ 9 all its consequ5ces40 ,we d n c>e :e!r ! two propositions contradict ea* o!r or n2 x is abundantly evid5t1 z we h se51 t x makes ,god *oose t :i* he hates1 ev5 s9 itself1 z ! means ( good4 ,x makes ! end sanctify ! means1 ev5 9 ! eye ( ! holy ,god4 ,?is doctr9e we utt]ly reject & inf9itely abhor4 ,we _h r h 8our sight1 he>+1 & motive p[]1 & :at n besides1 disput$1 & ev5 torn away f u1 ?an suff] ourselves to be disput$ into a belief10 t ! holy ,god c *oose moral evil z a means ( good4 ,we _h r believe all ! fables 9 ! ,talmud & ! ,koran1 ?an t ! ev]-bless$ ,god %\ld1 by 8 provid5ce & 8 p[]1 plunge 8 feeble creatures into s91 & !n puni% !m ) ev]la/+ torm5ts = _! transgression4 ,we "k ( no?+ 9 ! ,pan!ism ( ,sp9oza1 or 9 ! a!ism ( ,hobbes1 m revolt+ ?an ?is hide\s dogma4 ,! great metaphysician ( ,new-,engl& has made a /ill fur!r attempt to v9dicate ! dogma 9 "q4 8,! ,arm9ians10 says he1 8ridicule ! di/9ction betwe5 ! secret & reveal$ w ( ,god1 or1 m prop]ly express$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! decree & law ( ,god2 because we say he may decree "o ?+ & comm& ano!r4 ,& s1 !y argue1 we hold a contr>iety 9 ,god1 z if "o w ( 8 contradict$ ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 if !y w call ?is a contradiction ( wills1 we "k t !re is su* a ?+2 s t x is ! greate/ absurdity to dispute ab\t x4 ,we & !y "k x 0 ,god's secret w1 t ,abraham %\ld n sacrifice 8 son ,isaac2 b yet 8 comm& 01 t he %\ld d x407#gi7 ,su* is ! in/ance produc$ by ?is acute div9e1 to %[ t ! secret w ( ,god may pref] ! v ?+ :i* is condemn$ by 8 reveal$ w or law2 & on ! /r5g? ( x1 he is bold to say1 8,we "k x1 s t x is ! greate/ absurdity to dispute ab\t x40 ,we h (t5 se5 ?is passage ( ,scripture produc$ by infidels1 to %[ t ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s unwor?y repres5tations ( ,god4 ,if ,edw>ds _h und]tak5 to refute ! infidel gr\nd 9 relation to ?is passage1 he might h done s ) v great ease3 b !n he w\ld at ! same "t h refut$ himself4 ,! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ,god's comm&+ ,abraham to (f] up 8 son ,isaac1 0 long ago employ$ by ! fam\s infidel ,hobbes to %[ t !re are two wills 9 ,god4 ,?is argum5t ( ,hobbes has be5 refut$ by ,leibnitz4 8,hobbes cont5ds10 says ,leibnitz1 8t ,god wills n always :at he comm&s1 z :5 he comm&s ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son20 & he replies1 t 8,god1 9 comm&+ ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son1 will$ ! ob$i5ce1 & n ! action1 :i* he prev5t$ aft] hav+ ! ob$i5ce2 = t 0 n an action :i* m]it$ 9 itself to be will$3 b su* is n ! case ) ^? actions :i* he positively wills1 & :i* are inde$ wor?y ( be+ ! objects ( 8 w2 su* z piety1 *>ity1 & e virtu\s action :i* ,god comm&s1 & su* z ! avoidance ( s91 m repugnant to ! div9e p]fections ?an any o!r ?+4 ,x is incomp>ably bett]1 !re=e1 to expla9 ! w ( ,god1 z we h done x 9 ?is "w407#hj7 ,x is evid5t t ,leibnitz did n reli% ! idea ( two wills 9 ,god2 & p]haps few pi\s m9ds w\ld d s1 if x 7 pres5t$ to !m by an a!i/4 ,b !re 0 too close an aff9ity betwe5 ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz & t ( ,hobbes1 to p]mit ! =m] to furni% ! mo/ satisfactory refutation ( ! argum5t ( ! latt]4 ,?is comm& to ,abraham does n %[ t !re ev] 0 any su* contr>iety betwe5 ! reveal$ & ! decretal wills ( ,god1 z is cont5d$ = by ,hobbes & ,edw>ds4 ,god int5d$1 z we are told1 to prove ! fai? ( ,abraham1 9 ord] t x might %9e =? & become a bright example to all succe$+ ages4 ,= ?is purpose he comm&$ him to take 8 only son1 :om he lov$1 & g into ! l& ( ,moriah1 & !re (f] him up z a burnt-(f]+ ^u "o ( ! m\nta9s4 ,abraham obey$ )\t a murmur4 ,aft] sev]al days travell+ & prep>ation1 ,abraham has rea*$ ! appo9t$ place1 & is ready = ! sacrifice4 ,8 son ,isaac is b\nd1 & laid ^u ! alt>2 ! fa!r /ret*es =? 8 h& to take ! knife & slay him4 ,b a voice is he>d1 say+1 8,lay n ?9e h& on ! lad2 nei!r d ?\ any?+ unto him40 ,n[1 ! conduct ( ,abraham on ?is memorable occasion1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable exhibitions ( confid5ce 9 ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 :i* ! hi/ory ( ! _w has furni%$4 ,x des]ves to be held up to ! admiration ( mank9d1 & to be celebrat$ 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,we s9c]ely pity ! man1 :o is s tak5 up ) sup]ficial appe>ances1 or :o is s de/itute ( sympa?y ) ! moral greatness & beauty ( s\l manife/$ 9 ?is simple n>rative1 t he c approa* x 9 a little1 capti\s1 sne]+ _s1 r ?an 9 an attitude ( pr(\nd admiration4 ,b our bus9ess1 at pres5t1 is n s mu* ) ! laugh+ sceptic z ) ! grave div9e4 ,:at evid5ce1 !n1 does ?is /ory furni% t ! secret w ( ,god _h any?+ to d ) ! simple b sublime transaction :i* x records8 ,god comm&$ ,abraham to repair to ! l& ( ,moriah ) 8 son ,isaac2 b are we in=m$ t 8 secret w 0 oppos$ to ! patri>*'s go+ ?i!r1 or t x oppos$ any ob/acle to 8 ob$i5ce8 ,are we told t ,god s arrang$ ! ev5ts ( 8 provid5ce z to r5d] ! disob$i5ce ( ,abraham1 9 any "o p>ticul>1 c]ta9 & infallible8 ,we _c f9d ! %ad[ ( any su* in=mation 9 ! sacr$ /ory4 ,& is !re ! lea/ intimation1 t :5 ,abraham 0 comm&$ to /ay ! uplift$ knife1 ! secret w ( ,god 0 9 fav\r ( its be+ plung$ into ! bosom ( 8 son8 ,cle>ly !re is n4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! discrepancy betwe5 ! reveal$ & ! secret wills ( ,god 9 ?is case1 :i* we are requir$ to see8 ,:]e is ?is discrepancy s pla9ly manife/$1 t we absolutely "k its exi/5ce1 s t x is ! height ( absurdity to dispute aga9/ x8 ,if !re is any contr>iety at all 9 ?is case1 x is betwe5 ! reveal$ w ( ,god 9 comm&+ ,abraham to (f] up 8 son1 & 8 subsequ5tly reveal$ w to desi/ f ! sacrifice4 ,x does n pres5t ev5 a seem+ inconsi/5cy betwe5 8 secret w & 8 comm&1 b betwe5 two portions ( 8 reveal$ w4 ,?is seem+ inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! comm& ( ,god & 8 c\nt]m&1 9 relation to ! same ext]nal action1 has be5 fully remov$ by ,leibnitz2 & if x _h n be51 x is j z incumb5t on ! abettors ( ,edw>ds's s*eme to expla9 x1 z x is ^u 8 oppon5ts4 ,if ,god _h comm&$ ,abraham to d a ?+1 & yet ex]t$ 8 secret w to make him violate ! injunction1 ?is w\ld h be5 a case 9 po9t3 b !re is no su* case to be f\nd 9 ! ^w ( ,god4 ,x may n be improp]1 9 ?is connexion1 to quote ! foll[+ judici\s admonition ( ,h[e3 8,take he$10 says he1 8t we d n oppose ! secret & reveal$ w ( ,god to "o ano!r1 or all[ ourselves s mu* z to imag9e an opposition or contr>iety betwe5 !m4 ,& t gr\nd be+ once firmly laid & /uck to1 z x is impossible t !re c be a w aga9/ a w 9 ,god1 or t he c be divid$ f himself1 or aga9/ himself1 or t he %\ld reveal any?+ to u z 8 w t is n 8 w1 7x be+ a ?+ inconsi/5t ) 8 nature1 & impossible to him to lie17 t be+1 ,i say1 firmly laid1 7z no?+ c be firm] or sur] ?an t17 !n measure all y\r conceptions ( ! secret w ( ,god by 8 reveal$ w1 ab\t :i* y may be sure4 ,b nev] measure y\r conceptions ( 8 reveal$ by 8 secret w2 t is1 by :at y may imag9e conc]n+ t4 ,= y c b imag9e :ile x is secret1 & s f> z x is unreveal$407#ha7 8,x prop]ly belongs10 says ,edw>ds1 8to ! supreme absolute ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 to ord] all important ev5ts )9 8 dom9ions by wisdom2 b ! ev5ts 9 ! moral _w are ( ! mo/ important k9d1 su* z ! moral actions ( intellig5t creatures1 & ! consequ5ces4 ,^! ev5ts w be ord]$ by some?+4 ,!y w ei!r be dispos$ by wisdom1 or !y w be dispos$ by *ance2 t is1 !y w be dispos$ by bl9d & undesign+ causes1 if t 7 possible1 & c\ld be call$ a disposal4 ,is x n bett] t ! good & evil :i* happ5 9 ,god's _w %\ld be ord]$1 regulat$1 b\nd$1 & det]m9$ by ! good pleasure ( an inf9itely wise be+1 ?an to leave ^! ?+s to fall out by *ance1 & to be det]m9$ by ^? causes :i* h no und]/&+ & aim8444 ,x is 9 its own nature fit1 t wisdom1 & n *ance1 %\ld ord] ^! ?+s407#hb7 ,9 our op9ion1 if !re be no o!r alt]native1 x is bett] t s9 %\ld be left to *ance1 ?an ascrib$ to ! high & holy ,"o4 ,b :y mu/ s9 be ord]$ & det]m9$ by ! supreme ,rul] ( ! _w1 or else be left to *ance8 ,has ! great metaphysician =gott51 t !re may be su* ?+s z m5 & angels 9 ! univ]se2 or does he mean1 ) ,sp9oza1 to blot out all creat$ ag5ts1 & all subord9ate ag5cy1 f exi/5ce8 ,if n1 !n c]ta9ly ,god may refuse to be ! au?or ( s91 )\t leav+ x to bl9d *ance1 :i* is incapable ( su* a ?+4 ,he may leave x1 z we conceive he has done1 to ! det]m9ation ( f9ite creat$ intellig5ces4 ,if s9 is to come into ! _w1 z come x evid5tly does1 x is inf9itely bett]1 we say1 t x %\ld be left to proce$ f ! creature1 & n be made to emanate f ,god himself1 ! f\nta9 ( light1 & ! great object ( all adoration4 ,x is inf9itely bett] t ! high & holy ,"o %\ld d no?+ ei!r by 8 wisdom or by 8 decree1 by 8 provid5ce or 8 p[]1 to help ?is hide\s ?+ to raise its head amid ! inconceivable spl5d\rs ( 8 dom9ion4 ,su* speculations z ^? ( ,edw>ds & ,leibnitz1 9 our op9ion1 only reflect di%on\r & disgrace ^u ! cause !y are int5d$ to subs]ve4 ,x is bett]1 t5 ?\s& times bett]1 simply to plant ourselves ^u ! moral nature ( man1 & ! irrev]sible dictates ( common s5se1 & annihilate ! speculations ( ! a!i/1 ?an to endeav\r to p>ry !m (f by su* inv5t$ quibbles & sophisms4 ,!y give po9t1 & pung5cy1 & p[] to ! %afts ( ! sceptic4 ,if we meet him on ! common gr\nd ( necessity1 he w snap all su* quibbles l ?reads ( t[1 & ov]:elm u ) ! floods ( irony & scorn4 ,=1 9 ! memorable words ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 8,x c easily be prov$ by ^? :o are able & n afraid to reason1 t ! doctr9e ( necessity is subv]sive ( religion1 natural & reveal$40 ,to p]ceive ?is1 x requires nei!r a ,bayle1 nor a ,hobbes1 nor a ,hume2 x only requires a man :o is nei!r unable nor afraid to reason4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! attempts ( ,dr4 ,emmons & ,dr4 ,*alm]s to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! purity ( ,god4 ,z we h dwelt s long on ! speculations ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds conc]n+ ! objections 9 "q1 we ne$ add b a few rem>ks 9 relation to ! views ( ! above-m5tion$ au?ors on ! same subject4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ,dr4 ,emmons on ! relation betwe5 ! div9e ag5cy & ! s9ful actions ( m51 are ev5 m cle>ly def9$ & boldly express$ ?an ^? ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,! disciple is m op5 & decid$ ?an ! ma/]4 8,s9ce m9d _c act10 says he1 8any m ?an matt] c move1 )\t a div9e ag5cy1 x is absurd to suppose t m5 c be left to ! fre$om ( _! own w1 to act1 or n to act1 indep5d5tly ( a div9e influ5ce4 ,!re mu/ be1 !re=e1 ! ex]cise ( a div9e ag5cy 9 e human action1 )\t :i* x is impossible to conceive t ,god %\ld gov]n moral ag5ts1 & make mank9d act 9 p]fect con=mity to 8 designs407#hc7 8,he is n[ ex]cis+ 8 p[]ful & irresi/ible ag5cy ^u ! he>t ( e "o ( ! human race1 & produc+ ei!r holy or unholy ex]cises 9 x407#hd7 8,x is (t5 ?\ght & said1 t no?+ m 0 necess>y on ,god's "p1 9 ord] to fit ,ph>aoh = de/ruction1 ?an b>ely to leave him to himself4 ,b ,god knew t no ext]nal means & motives w\ld be suffici5t ( !mselves to =m 8 moral "*4 ,he det]m9$ !re=e to op]ate on 8 he>t itself1 & cause him to put =? c]ta9 evil ex]cises 9 view ( c]ta9 ext]nal motives4 ,:5 ,moses call$ ^u him to let ! p g1 ,god /ood by him1 & mov$ him to refuse4 ,:5 ! p dep>t$ f 8 k+dom1 ,god /ood by him & mov$ him to pursue aft] !m ) increas$ malice & rev5ge4 ,& :at ,god did on su* p>ticul> occasions1 he did at all times407#he7 ,x is useless to multiply extracts to ! same effect4 ,c\ld language be m explicit1 or m revolt+ to ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d8 ,if ,god is alike ! au?or ( all our volitions1 s9ful z well z holy1 "o wond]s by :at sort ( leg]dema9 ! au?ors ( ! doctr9e h contriv$ to ascribe all ! glory & all ! praise ( our holy actions to ,god1 & at ! same "t all ! %ame & condemnation ( our evil actions to ourselves4 ,9 relation to ! holy actions ( m51 all ! praise is due to ,god1 say !y1 because !y 7 produc$ by 8 p[]4 ,:y is n ! moral turpitude ( _! evil actions1 !n1 also ascrib$ to ,god1 inasmu* z he is said to produce !m by 8 irresi/ible & almighty ag5cy8 ,we are acc\ntable = our evil acts1 say ,dr4 ,emmons & ,calv91 because !y are volunt>y4 ,are n our moral acts1 our virtu\s acts1 also volunt>y8 ,c]ta9ly !y are2 ?is is n d5i$2 & yet we are n all[$ to impute ! moral quality ( ! acts to ! ag5t 9 su* cases4 ,?is :ole s*ool ( metaphysicians1 inde$1 f ,calv9 d[n to ,emmons1 c make ,god ! au?or ( our evil acts1 by an ex]tion ( 8 omnipot5ce1 & yet ass]t t because !y are volunt>y we are ju/ly blamewor?y & puni%able = !m2 b ?\gh our virtu\s acts are also volunt>y1 !y /ill insi/ ! praisewor?9ess ( !m is to be ascrib$ exclusively to ,him by :om !y 7 produc$4 ,! pla9 tru? is1 t z ! s*eme orig9at$ 9 a p>ticul> set purpose & design1 s x is "o-sid$ 9 its views1 arbitr>y 9 its di/9ctions1 & full ( self-contradictions4 ,! simple fact seems to be1 t if any effect be produc$ 9 our m9ds by ! p[] ( ,god1 x is a passive impression1 & is v absurdly call$ a volunt>y /ate ( ! w4 ,& ev5 if su* an impression c\ld be a volunt>y /ate1 or a volition1 prop]ly s call$1 we %\ld n be responsible = x1 because x is produc$ by ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,?is1 we d\bt n1 is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! univ]sal consci\sness & voice ( mank9d1 & _c be resi/$ by ! sophi/ical evasions ( p>ticul> m51 h[ great soev] may be _! g5ius1 or exalt$ _! piety4 ,we %all1 9 conclusion1 add "o m great "n to ! li/ ( ^? :o1 f _! zeal = ! glory ( ! div9e omnipot5ce1 h really & cle>ly made ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,! d5ial ( 8 s*eme ( 8a rigid & absolute pr$e/9ation10 z he calls x1 ,dr4 ,*alm]s deems equival5t to ! ass]tion1 t 8?+s gr[ up f ! d>k womb ( non-entity1 :i* omnipot5ce did n summon into be+1 & :i* omnisci5ce c\ld n =etell40 ,& aga91 8,at ?is rate1 ev5ts w\ld come =? uncaus$ f ! womb ( non-entity1 to :i* omnipot5ce did n give bir?1 & :i* omnisci5ce c\ld n =esee407#hf7 ,n[ all ?is is spok51 be x rememb]$1 9 relation to ! volitions or acts ( m54 ,b if !re are no su* ev5ts1 except su* z omnipot5ce gives bir? to1 or summons into be+1 h[ cle> & h[ irresi/ible is ! conclusion t ,god is ! au?or ( ! s9ful acts ( ! creature8 ,x 7 bett]1 we say1 t5 ?\s& times bett]1 t s91 t mon/r\s bir? ( night & d>kness1 %\ld gr[ up out ( ! womb ( non5tity1 if su* 7 ! only alt]native1 ?an t x %\ld proce$ f ! bosom ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,s*eme ,( ,necessity ,d5ies ,! ,reality ,( ,moral ,di/9ctions4 ,our volunt>y s]vice ,he requires1 ,n our necessitat$2 su* ) him ,f9ds no acceptance1 nor c f9d2 = h[ ,c he>ts1 n free1 be tri$ :e!r !y s]ve ,will+ or no1 :o w b :at !y mu/ ,by de/9y1 & c no o!r *oose8--,,milton4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h tak5 x = grant$ t !re is su* a ?+ z moral good & evil1 & endeav\r$ to %[1 t if ! s*eme ( necessity be true1 man is absolv$ f guilt1 & ,god is ! au?or ( s94 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 if ! s*eme ( necessity be true1 !re is no su* ?+ z moral good or evil 9 ?is l[] _w2 all di/9ction betwe5 virtue & vice1 moral good & evil1 is a m]e dream1 & we really live 9 a non-moral _w4 ,?is has be5 %[n by _m ( ! advocates ( necessity4 ,section ,i4 ,! views ( ,sp9oza 9 relation to ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,x is %[n by ,sp9oza1 t all moral di/9ctions vani% be=e ! iron s*eme ( necessity4 ,!y are swept away z ! dreams ( vulg> prejudice by ! =ce ( ,sp9oza's logic2 yet little praise is due1 we ?9k1 on t acc\nt1 to ! sup]iority ( 8 acum54 ,! wond] is1 n t ,sp9oza %\ld h drawn su* an inf]5ce1 b t any "o %\ld fail to draw x4 ,= if our volitions are necessitat$ by causes ov] :i* we h no control1 x seems to foll[1 z cle> z noonday1 t !y _c be ! objects ( praise or blame--_c be our virtue or vice4 ,s f> is x inde$ f requir+ any logical acut5ess to p]ceive su* an inf]5ce1 t x dem&s1 z we %all see1 ! v greate/ +5uity to keep f p]ceiv+ x4 ,h5ce1 9 our humble op9ion1 ! praise :i* has be5 lavi%$ on ! logic ( ,sp9oza is n des]v$4 ,8 sup]ior consi/5cy only %[s "o ( two ?+s--ei!r t he possess$ a /rong] reason+ faculty ?an 8 great ma/]1 ,desc>tes1 or a weak] moral s5se4 ,9 our op9ion1 x %[s ! latt]4 ,if 8 moral s5tim5ts _h be5 vigor\s & active1 !y w\ld h induc$ him1 no d\bt1 ei!r to inv5t sophi/ical evasions ( su* an inf]5ce1 or to reject ! doctr9e f :i* x fl[s4 ,if a ,desc>tes1 a ,leibnitz1 or an ,edw>ds1 = example1 _h se5 ! consequ5ces ( ! s*eme ( necessity z cle>ly z !y 7 se5 by ,sp9oza1 8 moral nature w\ld h recoil$ f x ) su* =ce z to da% ! premises to atoms4 ,if any praise1 !n1 be due to ,sp9oza = su* triumphs ( ! reason+ p[]1 x %\ld be giv51 n to ! sup]iority ( 8 logic1 b to ! apa?y ( 8 moral s5tim5ts4 ,= our "p1 greatly z we admire s\nd reason+ & consi/5cy 9 speculation1 we _h r be guilty ( t5 ?\s& acts ( logical inconsi/5cy1 su* z ^? ( ,edw>ds1 or ,leibnitz1 or ,desc>tes1 ?an to be capable ( re/+ 9 ! conclusion to :i* ! logic ( ,sp9oza conduct$ him--t e moral di/9ction is a vulg> prejudice1 & t ! exi/5ce ( moral goodness is a dream47#hg7 ,section ,,ii4 ,! attempt ( ,edw>ds to reconcile ! s*eme ( necessity ) ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to see1 p]haps1 t a necess>y hol9ess1 or a necess>y s91 is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 if we w\ld only all[ reason to speak = itself1 in/ead ( extort+ te/imony f x by subject+ x to ! torture ( a false logic4 ,= :at proposition c m cle>ly c>ry its own evid5ce along ) x1 ?an t :atev] is necess>y to u1 t :atev] we _c possibly avoid1 is nei!r our virtue nor our fault8 ,:at c be m unque/ionable1 ?an t we c be nei!r to praise nor to blame1 nei!r ju/ly rew>dable nor puni%able = any?+ ov] ^: exi/5ce we h no p[] or control8 ,yet ?is "q1 app>5tly s pla9 & simple 9 itself1 has be5 envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( metaphysical subtilty1 & obscur$ by huge masses ( s*ola/ic j>gon4 ,if1 on ?is subject1 we h w&]$ 9 ! dim twilight ( unc]ta9 speculation1 in/ead ( walk+ 9 ! cle> op5 day1 ?is has be51 x seems to u1 because we h neglect$ ! wise admonition ( ,b>r[1 t logic1 h[ev] admirable 9 its place1 0 n design$ z an in/rum5t 8to put out ! sight ( our eyes40 ,x %all be our fir/ object1 !n1 to pull d[n & de/roy 8! inv5t$ quibbles & sophisms0 :i* h s long d>k5$ & conf\nd$ ! light ( reason & consci5ce 9 relation to ! nature ( moral good & evil1 to dispel ! cl\ds :i* h be5 s indu/ri\sly ?r[n ar\nd ?is subject1 9 ord] t ! bright & %9+ light ( nature may1 free & unob/ruct$1 f9d its way into our m9ds & he>ts4 ,we say1 !n1 t !re nev] c be virtue or vice 9 ! brea/ ( a moral ag5t1 prior to 8 own act+s & do+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is insi/$ by ,edw>ds1 t true virtue or hol9ess 0 plant$ 9 ! bosom ( ! fir/ man by ! act ( creation4 8,9 a moral ag5t10 says he1 8subject to moral obligations1 x is ! same ?+ to be p]fectly innoc5t1 z to be p]fectly righte\s4 ,x mu/ be ! same1 because !re c no m be any m$ium betwe5 s9 & righte\sness1 or betwe5 be+ "r & be+ wrong1 9 a moral s5se1 ?an !re c be a m$ium betwe5 /raight & crook$ 9 a natural407#hh7 ,?is is appli$ to ! fir/ man z he came f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 & is design$ to %[ t he 0 creat$ ) true hol9ess or virtue 9 8 he>t4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 man 0 made upright1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se t he 0 free f ! lea/ bias to evil1 or t he possess$ all ! p[]s requisite to moral ag5cy1 b 9 ! s5se t true virtue or moral goodness 0 plant$ 9 8 nature by ! act ( creation4 ,if ?is be s1 ! doctr9e ( a necess>y hol9ess mu/ be admitt$2 = surely no?+ c be m necess>y to u1 no?+ c take place 9 :i* we h less to d1 ?an ! act by :i* we are creat$4 ,?is !n is ! "q :i* we int5d to exam9e3 :e!r t :i* is concreat$ ) a moral ag5t1 c be 8 virtue or 8 vice8 ,:e!r1 9 o!r words1 ! dispositions or qualities :i* ,adam d]iv$ f ! h& ( ,god1 p>took ( ! nature ( true virtue or o!rwise8 ,edw>ds assumes ! affirmative4 ,to e/abli% 8 position1 he relies ^u two argum5ts1 :i* we %all proce$ to exam9e4 ,! fir/ argum5t is design$ to %[1 t unless true virtue1 or moral goodness1 _h be5 plant$ 9 ! nature ( man by ! f+] ( ,god1 x c\ld nev] h f\nd its way into ! _w4 ,to give ?is argum5t 9 8 own words1 he says3 8,x is agreeable to ! s5se ( m5 9 all nations & ages1 n only t ! fruit or effect ( a good *oice is virtu\s1 b t ! good *oice itself1 f :5ce t effect proce$s1 is s2 yea1 also1 ! antec$5t good disposition1 temp]1 or affection ( m9d1 f :5ce proce$s t good *oice1 is virtu\s4 ,?is is ! g5]al notion--n t pr9ciples d]ive _! goodness f actions1 b t actions d]ive _! goodness f ! pr9ciples :5ce !y proce$2 s t ! act ( *oos+ :at is good is no fur!r virtu\s1 ?an x proce$s f a good pr9ciple1 or virtu\s disposition ( m9d2 :i* supposes t a virtu\s disposition ( m9d may be be=e a virtu\s act ( *oice2 & t1 !re=e1 x is n necess>y !re %\ld fir/ be ?\ght1 reflection1 & *oice1 be=e !re c be any virtu\s disposition4 ,if ! *oice be fir/1 be=e ! exi/5ce ( a good disposition ( he>t1 :at is ! "* ( t *oice8 ,!re c1 accord+ to our natural notions1 be no virtue 9 a *oice :i* proce$s f no virtu\s pr9ciple1 b f m]e self-love1 ambition1 or "s animal appetites2 !re=e1 a virtu\s temp] ( m9d may be be=e a good act ( *oice1 z a tree may be be=e its fruit1 & ! f\nta9 be=e ! /ream :i* proce$s f x407#hi7 ,?us1 he argues1 if !re mu/ be *oice be=e a good disposition1 or virtue1 accord+ to our doctr9e1 !n virtue c\ld n arise at all1 or f9d its way into ! _w4 ,= all m5 conc$e1 says he1 t e virtu\s *oice1 or act1 mu/ proce$ f a virtu\s disposition2 & if ?is mu/ also proce$ f a virtu\s act1 x is pla9 !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z virtue or moral goodness at all4 ,! s*eme :i* tea*es t ! act mu/ prec$e ! pr9ciple1 & ! pr9ciple ! act1 r$uces ! v exi/5ce ( virtue to a pla9 impossibility4 ,he %[s virtue to be possible1 & escapes ! difficulty1 by ref]r+ x to ! creative en]gy ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 by :i* ! pr9ciple ( virtue1 he cont5ds1 0 plant$ 9 ! m9d ( ! fir/ man4 ,?is argum5t is plausible2 b x w n be> a close exam9ation4 ,x might be made to give way1 9 v>i\s directions1 be=e an analysis ( ! pr9ciple on :i* x is con/ruct$2 b we int5d to demoli% x by easi] & m /rik+ argum5ts4 ,if we _h no?+ bett] to oppose to x1 we might inde$ neutralize its effect by a c\nt]-argum5t ( ,edw>ds himself1 :i* we f9d 9 8 celebrat$ "w on ! w4 ,he !re says1 t ! virtu\sness ( e virtu\s act or *oice dep5ds ^u its own nature1 & n ^u its orig9 or cause4 ,if we mu/ ref] e virtu\s act1 says he1 to some?+ 9 u t is virtu\s z its antec$5t1 we mu/ likewise ref] t antec$5t to "s o!r virtu\s orig9 or cause2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?us we %\ld be compell$ to trace virtue back f /ep to /ep1 until we _h q driv5 x out ( ! _w1 & exclud$ x f ! univ]sality ( ?+s47#ij7 ,n[ ?is argum5t seems j z plausible z t :i* we h produc$ f ! same au?or1 9 8 "w on ,orig9al ,s94 ,let u lay !m toge!r1 & contemplate ! jo9t result4 ,accord+ to "o1 ! "* ( e virtu\s act dep5ds ^u ! virtu\sness ( ! pr9ciple or disposition :5ce x proce$s2 accord+ to ! o!r1 x dep5ds ^u its own nature1 & n at all ^u any?+ 9 its orig91 or cause1 or antec$5t4 ,accord+ to "o1 we mu/ trace e virtu\s act to a virtu\s pr9ciple1 & ! virtu\s pr9ciple itself to ! necessitat+ act ( ,god2 accord+ to ! o!r1 we mu/ look no high] to det]m9e ! "* ( an act ?an its own nature2 & if we proce$ to its orig9 or cause to det]m9e its "*1 we %all f9d no /opp+-place4 ,we %all n trace x up to ,god1 z be=e1 b we %all bani% all virtue q out ( ! _w1 & exclude x f ! univ]sality ( ?+s4 ,accord+ to "o argum5t1 !re c be no virtue 9 ! _w1 unless x be caus$ to exi/1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! necessitat+1 creative act ( ! ,almighty2 & accord+ to ! o!r1 ! virtu\sness ( e virtu\s act dep5ds ^u its own nature1 & is :olly indep5d5t ( ! "q respect+ its orig9 or cause4 ,! solution ( ^! inconsi/5cies & contradictions1 we %all leave to ! foll[]s & admir]s ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds47#ia7 ,b we h some?+ bett]1 we tru/1 to oppose to ,presid5t ,edw>ds ?an 8 own argum5ts4 ,if 8 logic be good = any?+1 x w prove t ,god is ! au?or ( s9 z well z ( virtue4 ,= x is z mu* ! common notion ( mank9d t e s9ful act mu/ proce$ f a s9ful disposition or pr9ciple1 z x is t e virtu\s act mu/ proce$ f a virtu\s disposition or pr9ciple2 & h5ce1 accord+ to ! logic ( ,edw>ds1 a s9ful disposition or pr9ciple mu/ h prec$$ ! fir/ s9ful act2 t an antec$5t s9ful disposition or pr9ciple c\ld n h be5 introduc$ by ! act ( ! creature1 & consequ5tly x mu/ h be5 plant$ 9 ! bosom ( ! fir/ man by ! act ( ! ,creator4 ,?is argum5t1 we say1 j z cle>ly %[s t s9 is impossible1 or t x mu/ h be5 concreat$ ) man1 z x %[s ! same ?+ 9 relation to virtue4 ,if we ma9ta9 8 argum5t1 !n1 we mu/ ei!r d5y ! possibility ( moral evil or make ,god ! au?or ( x4 ,aft] hav+ laid d[n pr9ciples f :i* ! impossibility ( moral evil may be demon/rat$1 x 0 too late = ,edw>ds to und]take to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( s94 ,accord+ to 8 philosophy1 x c h no exi/5ce2 & h5ce we are n to look into t philosophy = any v cle> acc\nt ( h[ x took its rise 9 ! _w4 ,inde$1 ?is po9t is hurri$ ov] by ,edw>ds 9 a mo/ ha/y & sup]ficial mann]1 9 :i* he seems consci\s ( no little emb>rassm5t4 ,9 8 great "w on ! w he devotes "o page & a half to ?is subject2 & ! great] "p ( ?is small space is fill$ up ) ! retort ^u ! ,arm9ians1 t _! s*eme is encumb]$ ) z great difficulties z 8 own6 ,he lets ! tru? drop 9 "o place1 h[ev]1 t 8! abid+ pr9ciple & habit ( s90 0 8fir/ introduc$ by an evil act ( ! creature407#ib7 ,is x possible8 ,h[ c\ld !re be an evil act :i* did n proce$ f an antec$5t evil pr9ciple or disposition8 ,:at becomes ( ! great common notion ( mank9d1 on :i* 8 demon/ration is erect$8 ,b we mu/ all[ ! au?or to contradict himself1 s9ce he has n[ come ar\nd to ! tru?1 t an evil act ( ! creature may & mu/ h prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( moral evil 9 ! _w4 ,if an intellig5t creature1 h[ev]1 z x came f ! h& ( ,god1 c introduce a 8pr9ciple ( s9 by a s9ful act10 :y %\ld x be ?\ght impossible = su* a creature to introduce a pr9ciple ( virtue by a virtu\s act8 ,! tru? is1 t a virtu\s act does n require an antec$5t virtu\s disposition or pr9ciple to acc\nt = its exi/5ce2 nor does a vici\s act require an antec$5t vici\s pr9ciple to acc\nt = its exi/5ce4 ,9 relation to ! rise ( good & evil 9 ! _w1 ! philosophy ( ,edw>ds is radically defective2 & no "o c discuss t subject on ! pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy )\t f9d+ himself involv$ 9 contradictions & absurdities4 ,if 8 psy*ology _h n be5 false1 he might h se5 a cle> & /eady light :]e he has only beheld difficulties & confusion4 ,z we h already se51 & z we %all /ill m fully see1 ,edw>ds conf\nds ! p[] by :i* we act ) ! susceptibility ?r\gh :i* we feel3 ! w ) ! emotive "p ( our nature4 ,e "o kn[s t we may feel )\t act+2 & yet feel+ & act+1 suff]+ & do+1 are expressly & repeat$ly id5tifi$ 9 8 writ+s4 ,hav+ m]g$ ! w 9 s5sibility1 he reg>d$ virtue & vice z ph5om5a ( ! latt]1 & z evolv$ f its bosom by ! op]ation ( necessitat+ causes4 ,h5ce 8 views 9 relation to ! nature ( moral good & evil1 z well z 9 relation to _! orig91 became unavoidably d>k & confus$4 ,if we only be> 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 ! w & ! s5sibility1 we may easily see h[ ei!r hol9ess or s9 might h tak5 its rise 9 ! bosom ( ! fir/ man1 )\t suppos+ t ei!r a holy or a s9ful pr9ciple 0 plant$ !re by ! h& ( ! ,creator4 ,if we w only c>ry ! light ( ?is di/9ction along ) u1 x w be no m difficult to acc\nt = ! rise ( ! fir/ s9 9 ! bosom ( a spotless creature ( ,god1 ?an to acc\nt = any o!r volition ( ! human m9d4 ,! fir/ man1 by means ( 8 intellig5ce1 c\ld contemplate ! p]fection ( 8 ,creator1 &1 do+ s1 he c\ld n b feel an emotion ( admiration & delight4 ,b ?is feel+ 0 n 8 virtue4 ,x 0 ! natural & ! necess>y result ( ! organization :i* ,god _h giv5 him4 ,he 0 also s con/itut$1 t c]ta9 e>?ly objects 7 agreeable to him1 & excit$ 8 natural appetites & desires4 ,^! appetites & desires 7 n s9ful1 nor 0 ! s5sibility f ^: bosom !y 7 evolv$3 !y 7 ! spontane\s work+s ( ! nature :i* ,god _h be/[$ ^u him4 ,b 8 w 0 free4 ,he c\ld turn 8 m9d to ,god1 or he c\ld turn x to e>?4 ,he did ! latt]1 & !re 0 no h>m 9 ?is4 ,b he li/5$ to ! voice ( ! tempt]2 he fix$ 8 m9d on ! =bidd5 fruit2 he saw x 0 pleasant to ! eye2 he imag9$ x 0 good = food1 & greatly to be desir$ to make "o wise4 ,nei!r ! possession ( ! intellect by :i* he p]ceiv$ ! beauty ( ! fruit1 nor ( ! s5sibility 9 :i* x excit$ s _m pleasurable emotions1 0 ! s9 ( ,adam4 ,!y 7 giv5 to him by ! ,au?or ( e good & p]fect gift4 ,8 w 0 free4 ,x 0 n necessitat$ to act by 8 desires4 ,b yet1 9 direct opposition to ! kn[n w ( ,god1 he put =? an act ( 8 own free m9d1 8 own unnecessitat$ w1 & pluck$ ! =bidd5 fruit to gratify 8 desires4 ,?is 0 8 s9--?is volunt>y transgression ( ! kn[n w ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he _h resi/$ ! temptation1 & in/ead ( volunt>ily gratify+ 8 appetite & desire1 _h pres]v$ 8 allegiance to ,god by act+ 9 con=mity ) 8 w1 ?is w\ld h be5 8 virtue4 ,he w\ld h act$ 9 con=mity ) ! rule ( duty1 & !reby gratifi$ a feel+ ( love to ,god1 in/ead ( ! l[] feel+s ( 8 nature4 ,?us1 by obs]v+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! w & ! s5sitive "p ( our nature1 we may easily see h[ ei!r hol9ess or s9 might h aris5 9 ! bosom ( ! fir/ man1 ?\gh he _h nei!r a holy nor a s9ful pr9ciple plant$ 9 8 nature by ! h& ( ! ,creator4 ,we may easily see t he _h all ! p[]s requisite to moral ag5cy1 & t he 0 really capable ( ei!r a holy or a s9ful act1 )\t any antec$5t pr9ciple ( hol9ess or s9 9 8 nature4 ,we h n[ said en\gh1 we ?9k1 to %[ ! fallacy ( ,edw>ds's fir/ great argum5t 9 fav\r ( a necess>y hol9ess4 ,we h se51 t we ne$ n suppose ! exi/5ce ( a virtu\s pr9ciple 9 ! fir/ man1 9 ord] to acc\nt = 8 fir/ virtu\s act1 or to r5d] virtue possible4 ,we might po9t out _m o!r errors & inconsi/5cies 9 :i* t argum5t is involv$2 b to avoid1 z f> z possible1 becom+ prolix & tiresome1 we %all proce$ to consid] 8 second argum5t 9 fav\r ( a necess>y or concreat$ hol9ess4 ,8 second argum5t is ?is3 8,human nature mu/ h be5 creat$ ) "s dispositions--a disposition to reli% "s ?+s z good & amiable1 & to be av]se to o!rs z odi\s & disagreeable2 o!rwise x mu/ be )\t any su* ?+ z incl9ation or w2 p]fectly indiff]5t1 )\t pref]5ce1 )\t *oice1 or av]sion1 t[>ds any?+ z agreeable or disagreeable4 ,b if x _h any concreat$ dispositions at all1 !y mu/ be ei!r "r or wrong1 ei!r agreeable or disagreeable to ! nature ( ?+s4 ,if man _h at fir/ ! highe/ reli% ( ?+s excell5t & beautiful1 a disposition to h ! quicke/ & highe/ delight 9 ^? ?+s :i* 7 mo/ wor?y ( x1 !n 8 dispositions 7 morally "r & amiable1 & nev] c be excell5t 9 a high] s5se4 ,b if he _h a disposition to love mo/ ^? ?+s t 7 inf]ior & less wor?y1 !n 8 dispositions 7 vici\s4 ,& x is evid5t !re c be no m$ium betwe5 ^!40 ,x is ?us t ,edw>ds seeks & f9ds virtue 9 ! emotion1 & n 9 ! volunt>y elem5t ( man's nature4 ,! natural concreat$ disposition ( ,adam1 he supposes1 0 morally "r 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 because he 0 s made z to reli% & delight 9 ! glori\s p]fections ( ! div9e nature4 ,our fir/ answ] to ?is is1 t x is contradict$ by ! reason & moral judgm5t ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 by ! reason & moral judgm5t ( ,edw>ds himself4 ,x is agreeable to ! voice ( human reason1 t no?+ c be our virtue1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 :i* 0 plant$ 9 u by ! act ( creation1 & 9 reg>d to ! production ( :i* we possess$ no k1 ex]cis$ no ag5cy1 & gave no cons5t4 ,& if we li/5 to ! language ( ,edw>ds1 :5 ! peculi>ities ( 8 sy/em are out ( ! "q1 we %all f9d t ?is moral judgm5t 0 z agreeable to him z x is to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,= example3 human nature is creat$ ) a disposition to be grateful = fav\rs2 & ?is disposition1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 mu/ ei!r be agreeable or disagreeable to ! nature ( ?+s1 t is1 x mu/ be ei!r morally "r or wrong 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!re c be no m$ium betwe5 ^! two--x mu/ p>take ( ! nature ( virtue or ( vice4 ,n[1 :i* ( ! t]ms ( ?is alt]native does ,edw>ds adopt8 ,does he pron\nce ?is natural disposition our virtue or our vice8 ,we d n "k :at ,edw>ds w\ld h said1 if ?is "q _h be5 prop\nd$ to him 9 connexion ) ! argum5t n[ "u consid]ation2 b we d "k :at he has said ( x 9 o!r portions ( 8 works4 ,?is natural concreat$ disposition is1 says he1 nei!r our virtue nor our vice6 8,t +ratitude1 or ! want ( natural affection10 says he1 8%[s a high degree ( depravity1 does n prove t all gratitude & natural affection possesses ! nature ( true virtue or sav+ grace407#ic7 8,we see1 9 innum]able in/ances1 t m]e nature is suffici5t to excite gratitude 9 m51 or to affect _! he>ts ) ?ankfulness to o!rs = fav\rs receiv$407#id7 8,gratitude be+ ?us a natural pr9ciple1 +ratitude is s mu* ! m vile & he9\s2 because x %[s a dreadful preval5ce ( wick$ness1 :i* ev5 ov]be>s & suppresses ! bett] pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,x is m5tion$ z a high degree ( wick$ness 9 _m ( ! hea!n1 t !y 7 )\t natural affection4 ,rom4 ii1 #ca4 ,b t ! want ( gratitude1 or natural affection1 is evid5ce ( a great degree ( vice1 is no argum5t t all gratitude & natural affection has ! nature ( virtue or sav+ grace40 ,"h1 z well z 9 v>i\s o!r places1 ,edw>ds speaks ( gratitude & o!r natural affections z ! bett] pr9ciples ( our nature2 to be de/itute ( :i* he consid]s a horrible de=mity4 ,b1 h[ev] amiable & lovely1 he d5ies to ^! natural affections1 or dispositions1 ! "* ( virtue2 because !y are m]ely natural or concreat$ dispositions4 ,!y are innoc5t2 t is1 !y are nei!r our virtue nor our vice1 b a m$ium betwe5 moral good & evil4 ,no?+ c be m reasonable ?an ?is1 & no?+ m inconsi/5t ) ! logic ( ! au?or4 ,su* is ! te/imony ( ,edw>ds himself1 :5 he escapes f ! %ad[s ( a d>k sy/em1 & ! trammels ( a false logic1 & p]mits 8 own individual m9d1 9 ! cle> op5 light ( nature1 to "w 9 full unison ) ! univ]sal m9d ( man4 ,accord+ to ! au?or's own def9ition ( 8true virtue10 x 8is ! beauty ( ^? qualities & acts ( ! m9d t are ( a moral nature1 i4 e41 su* z are att5d$ ) des]t ( praise or blame40 ,surely1 ,adam c\ld h des]v$ no praise = ! qualities be/[$ on him by ! act ( creation2 & h5ce1 accord+ to ! au?or's own def9ition1 !y c\ld n h be5 8 virtue4 ,9 reg>d to ! 8new creation0 ( ! s\l1 ,edw>ds cont5ds t all ! praise is due to ,god1 & no "p ( x to man2 because ! :ole "w is p]=m$ by div9e grace1 )\t human cop]ation4 ,n[1 we admit t if ! :ole "w ( reg5]ation is p]=m$ by ,god1 !n man is n to be prais$ = x2 t is to say1 x is n 8 virtue4 ,"h aga9 ! au?or sets =? ! true pr9ciple2 b h[ does x agree ) 8 logic 9 relation to ! fir/ man8 ,0 n 8 creation :olly & exclusively ! "w ( ,god8 ,if s1 !n all ! praise is due to ,god1 & no "p ( x to man4 ,b1 accord+ to ! au?or's own def9ition1 :5 !re is no praisewor?9ess !re is no virtue2 & h5ce1 z ,adam des]v$ no praise on acc\nt ( :at he receiv$ at 8 creation1 s su* end[m5ts p>took n ( ! nature ( true virtue4 ,b we h a /ill m fundam5tal objection to ! argum5t 9 "q4 ,x proce$s on ! supposition t true virtue consi/s 9 m]e feel+4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( virtue is admirably adapt$ to make x agree & h>monize ) ! s*eme ( necessity2 b x is n a s\nd view4 ,if an object is calculat$ to excite a c]ta9 feel+ or emotion 9 ! m9d1 t feel+ or emotion w necess>ily arise 9 view ( su* object4 ,if ! glori\s p]fections ( ! div9e nature1 = example1 _h be5 pres5t$ to ! m9d ( ,adam1 no d\bt he w\ld h be5 necess>ily compell$ to 8love1 reli%1 & delight 9 !m40 ,b ?is feel+ ( love & delight1 ?us necess>ily evolv$ out ( ! bosom ( 8 natural disposition1 h[ev] exquisite & enraptur+1 w\ld n h be5 8 virtue or hol9ess4 ,x w\ld h be5 ! spontane\s & irresi/ible developm5t ( ! nature :i* ,god _h giv5 him4 ,we may admire x z ! mo/ beautiful unfold+ ( t nature1 b we _c applaud x z ! virtue or moral goodness ( ,adam4 ,we look ^u x m]ely z ! excell5cy & glory ( ! div9e "w ( creation4 ,we c\ld reg>d ! glory ( ! heav5s1 or ! beauty ( ! e>?1 ) a s5tim5t ( moral approbation1 z easily z we c\ld ascribe ! "* ( moral goodness to ! noble qualities ) :i* ! ,almighty _h be5 pleas$ to adorn ! nature ( ! fir/ man4 ,! beautiful feel+ or emotion ( love is m]ely ! blossom :i* prec$es ! =mation ( true virtue 9 ! he>t4 ,?is consi/s1 n 9 holy feel+s1 z !y are call$1 b 9 holy ex]cises ( ! w4 ,x is only :5 ! w1 9 its work+s1 coalesces ) a s5se ( "r & a feel+ ( love to ,god1 t ! blossom gives place to ! fruit ( virtue4 ,a virtu\s act is n a spontane\s & irresi/ible emotion ( ! s5sibility2 x is a volunt>y ex]cise & go+ =? ( ! w 9 ob$i5ce to ,god4 ,x is a /range error :i* makes virtue consi/ 9 8! spontane\s affections1 emotions1 & desires t arise 9 ! m9d 9 view ( its appropriate objects40 ,if ^! necess>ily arise 9 u1 8& d n wait = ! bidd+ ( ! w107#ie7 h[ c !y possibly be our virtue8 h[ c !y =m ! objects ( moral approbation 9 u8 ,yet is x confid5tly ass]t$1 t ! d5ial ( su* a doctr9e 8/&s 9 direct & palpable opposition to ! au?ority ( ,god's ^w407#if7 ,! ^w ( ,god1 we admit1 says t hol9ess consi/s 9 love2 b does x ass]t t x consi/s 9 ! feel+ ( love m]ely8 or 9 any feel+ :i* spontane\sly & irresi/ibly arises 9 ! m9d8 ,if ! ,scripture _h be5 writt5 expressly to refute su* a moral h]esy1 x c\ld n h be5 m po9t$ or explicit4 ,hol9ess consi/s 9 love4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ! t]m love1 z set =? 9 ,scripture8 ,we answ]1 8,?is is ! love ( ,god10 t we 8keep 8 comm&m5ts40 8,let u n love 9 ^w1 nei!r 9 tongue1 b 9 de$ & 9 tru?40 8,:osoev] he>e? ^! say+s ( m9e & doe? !m1 ,i w lik5 him unto a wise man :o built 8 h\se ^u a rock40 8,he t ha? my comm&m5ts1 & keepe? !m1 he x is t love? me40 ,"h1 z well z 9 innum]able o!r places1 are we told t true love is n a m]e evanesc5t feel+ ( ! he>t1 b an inwr\ght & abid+ habit ( ! w4 ,x is n a suff]+1 x is a do+4 ,! mo/ lively emotions1 ! mo/ ec/atic feel+s1 if !y lead n ! w to action1 c avail u no?+2 = ! tree w be judg$1 n by its blossoms1 b by its fruits4 ,if we see our bro!r 9 di/ress1 we _c b sympa?ize ) him1 unless our he>ts h be5 h>d5$ by crime4 ,! feel+ ( compassion w spontane\sly arise 9 our m9ds1 9 view ( 8 di/ress2 b let u n too ha/ily imag9e !re=e t we are virtu\s1 or ev5 humane4 ,we may possess a t5d] feel+ ( compassion1 & yet ! feel+ may h no correspond+ act4 ,! op5+ f\nta9 ( compassion may be %ut up1 or turn$ aside f its natural c\rse1 by a wrong habit ( ! w2 & h5ce1 ) all our weep+ t5d]ness ( feel+1 we may be de/itute ( any true humanity4 ,we may be m]ely z s\nd+ brass1 or a t9kl+ cymbal4 8,:oso ha? ?is _w's goods1 & see? 8 bro!r h ne$1 & %utte? up 8 b[els ( compassion f him1 h[ dwelle? ! love ( ,god 9 him80 ,x is ?is lov+ 9 "w1 & n 9 feel+ m]ely1 :i* ! ^w ( ,god requires ( u2 & :51 at ! la/ day1 all nations1 & k9dr$s1 & tongues1 %all /& be=e ! ?rone ( heav51 we %all be judg$1 n accord+ to ! feel+s we h exp]i5c$1 b accord+ to ! de$s done 9 ! body4 ,h5ce1 ! doctr9e :i* makes true virtue or moral goodness consi/ 9 ! spontane\s & irresi/ible feel+s ( ! he>t1 8/&s 9 direct & palpable opposition to ! au?ority ( ,god's ^w40 ,feel+ is "o ?+2 ob$i5ce is ano!r4 ,?is c\nt]feit virtue or moral goodness1 :i* beg9s & t]m9ates 9 feel+1 is f> m common ?an true virtue or hol9ess4 ,:o c reflect1 = in/ance1 on ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 )\t an emotion or feel+ ( love8 ,t man mu/ inde$ be uncommonly h>d-he>t$ & sull51 :o c walk out on a f9e day & behold ! wond]ful exhibitions ( div9e goodness on all sides ar\nd him1 )\t be+ w>m$ into a feel+ ( admiration & love4 ,:5 all nature is music to ! e> & beauty to ! eye1 x requires no?+ m ?an a fre$om f ! d>k] /a9s & cl\ds ( guilt )91 to lead a sympa?iz+ he>t to ! sun%9e ( ext]nal nature1 z x seems to rejoice 9 ! smile ( ,inf9ite ,b5efic5ce4 ,! he>t may swell ) rapture z x looks abroad on a happy univ]se1 repl5i%$ ) s _m evid5ces ( ! div9e goodness2 nay1 ! /ory ( a ,savi\r's love1 set =? 9 eloqu5t & t\*+ language1 may draw te>s f our eyes1 & ! s\l may rise 9 gratitude to ! ,au?or ( su* b\ndless compassion2 & yet1 aft] all1 we may be m]e s5tim5tali/s 9 religion1 ^: wills & ^: lives are 9 direct opposition to all laws1 bo? human & div9e4 ,infidelity itself1 9 su* mom5ts ( deep b transitory feel+1 may exclaim ) an emotion kn[n b to few ,*ri/ian m9ds1 8,socrates di$ l a philosoph]1 b ,jesus ,*ri/ l a ,god10 & its iron nature /ill reta9 8! unconqu]able w40 ,we may n[ safely conclude1 we ?9k1 t ! mi/s rais$ by ! philosophy & logic ( ,edw>ds h n be5 able to obscure ! lu/re ( ! simple tru?1 t true virtue or hol9ess _c be produc$ 9 u by ext]nal necessitat+ causes4 ,:atsoev] is ?us produc$ 9 u1 we say1 _c be our virtue1 nor c we des]ve any praise = its exi/5ce4 ,?is seems to be a cle> dictate ( ! reason ( man2 & x w\ld s seem1 we h no d\bt1 to all m51 b = c]ta9 devices :i* to "s h obscur$ ! light ( nature4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! devices we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e4 ,section ,,iii4 ,( ! proposition t 8,! ess5ce ( ! virtue & vice ( dispositions ( ! he>t & acts ( ! w1 lies n 9 _! cause1 b 9 _! nature407#ig7 ,= ! sake ( great] di/9ctness1 we %all conf9e our att5tion to a s+le bran* ( ?is complex proposition2 namely1 t ! ess5ce ( virtu\s acts ( ! w lies n 9 _! cause1 b _! nature4 ,our reason+ 9 relation to ?is po9t1 may be easily appli$ to ! o!r bran*es ( ! proposition4 ,we admit1 !n1 t ! ess5ce ( a virtu\s act lies 9 its nature4 ,if ?is means t ! nature ( a virtu\s act lies 9 its nature1 or its ess5ce lies 9 its ess5ce1 x is c]ta9ly true2 & ev5 if ! au?or atta*$ diff]5t ideas to ! t]ms ess5ce & nature1 we d n c>e to se>* out 8 mean+2 z we may v safely admit 8 proposition1 :atev] may be its signification4 ,we are told by ! editor1 t ! :ole proposition is v important on acc\nt ( 8! negative "p10 namely1 t 8! ess5ce ( virtue & vice lies n 9 _! cause40 ,we are also will+ to admit1 t ! ess5ce ( ev]y?+ lies 9 its own nature1 & n 9 its cause4 ,b :y is ?is proposition br\ght =w>d8 ,:at purpose is x design$ to s]ve 9 ! philosophy ( ! au?or8 ,?is "q is easily answ]$4 ,he cont5ds t true virtue may be1 & is1 necessitat$ to exi/ by p[]s & causes ov] :i* we h no control4 ,if we raise our eyes to su* a s\rce ( virtue1 its intr9sic lu/re & beauty seem to fade f our view4 ,! au?or1 inde$1 endeav\rs to expla9 :y x is1 t ! s*eme ( necessity seems to be inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( true virtue4 ,! ma9 reason is1 says he1 because we imag9e t ! ess5ce ( virtue & vice consi/s1 n 9 _! nature1 b 9 _! orig9 & cause4 ,h5ce ?is p]suasion n to busy ourselves ab\t ! orig9 or cause ( virtue & vice1 b to e/imate !m accord+ to _! nature4 ,we are fully p]suad$4 ,if any c be f\nd :o w ass]t 8t ! virtu\sness ( ! dispositions or acts ( ! w1 consi/s n 9 ! nature ( ^! dispositions or acts ( ! w1 b :olly 9 ! orig9 or cause ( !m10 we mu/ deliv] !m up to ! t5d] m]cies ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,or if any %all talk s absurdly z to say1 8t if ! dispositions ( ! m9d1 or acts ( ! w1 be nev] s good1 yet if ! cause ( ! disposition or act be n our virtue1 !re is no?+ virtu\s or praisewor?y 9 x10 we h n "o ^w to say 9 8 def5ce2 nor %all we ev] raise our voice 9 fav\r ( any "o1 :o %all ma9ta91 t 8if ! w1 9 its incl9ations or acts1 be nev] s bad1 yet1 unless x arises f some?+ t is our vice or fault1 !re is no?+ vici\s or blamewor?y 9 x40 ,= we are firmly p]suad$1 t if ! acts ( ! w be good1 !n !y are good2 & if !y be bad1 !n !y are bad2 :atev] may h be5 _! orig9 or cause4 ,we %all h no dispute ab\t su* truisms z ^!4 ,we insi/1 inde$1 t ! fir/ virtu\s act ( ! fir/ man 0 s1 because x p>took ( ! nature ( virtue1 & n because x _h a virtu\s orig9 or cause 9 a prec$+ virtu\s disposition ( ! m9d4 ,b1 9 8 "w on ,orig9al ,s91 ,edw>ds cont5ds o!rwise4 ,he !re cont5ds1 t no act ( ,adam c\ld h be5 virtu\s1 unless x _h proce$$ f a virtu\s orig9 or cause 9 ! disposition ( 8 he>t2 & t ?is c\ld h _h no exi/5ce 9 ! _w1 unless x _h proce$$ f ! p[] ( ! ,creator4 ,?us he look$ beyond ! nature ( ! act itself1 ev5 to its orig9 & cause1 9 ord] to %[ ^u :at its moral nature dep5d$2 b n[ he insi/s t we %\ld simply look at its own nature1 & n to its orig9 or cause1 9 ord] to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,he asc5ds f acts ( ! w to _! orig9 or cause1 9 ord] to %[ t virtue c only consi/ ) ! s*eme ( necessity2 & yet he d5ies to u ! privilege ( asc5d+ ) him1 9 ord] to %[ t ! nature ( virtue _c at all consi/ ) ! s*eme ( necessity6 ,we admit t ! virtu\sness ( e virtu\s act lies1 n 9 its orig9 or cause1 b 9 itself4 ,b /ill we insi/ t a virtu\s act1 z well z ev]y?+ else1 may be trac$ to a false orig9 or cause t is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) its v nature4 ,a horse is und\bt$ly a horse1 come f :5ce x may2 b yet if any "o %\ld tell u t horses gr[ up out ( ! e>?1 or drop d[n out ( ! cl\ds1 we %\ld c]ta9ly und]/& him to speak ( m]e phantoms1 & no real horses1 or we %\ld ?9k him v greatly mi/ak54 ,9 l mann]1 :5 we are told t virtue may be1 & is1 necessitat$ to exi/ 9 u by causes ov] :i* we h no control2 t we may be to praise = any gift be/[$ ^u u by ! div9e p[]2 we are con/ra9$ to believe t he has giv5 a false g5ealogy ( moral goodness1 & "o t is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) its nature4 ,nor c we be made to bl9k ?is tru?1 :i* s p]fectly accords1 z we h se51 ) ! univ]sal s5tim5t ( mank9d1 by be+ rem9d$ t moral goodness consi/s1 n 9 its orig9 or cause1 b 9 its own nature4 ,virtue is always virtue1 we freely admit1 proce$ f :at qu>t] ( ! univ]se x may2 yet d we insi/ t x c no m be produc$ 9 u by an extrane\s ag5cy ?an x c gr[ up out ( ! e>?1 or drop d[n out ( ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,t :i* is produc$ 9 u by su* an ag5cy1 be x :at x may1 is n our virtue1 nor is any praise !re= due to u4 ,to mi/ake su* effects or passive impressions = virtue1 is to mi/ake phantoms = ?+s1 %ad[s = sub/ances1 & dreams = realities4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! s*eme ( necessity seems to be inconsi/5t ) ! reality ( moral di/9ctions1 n because we conf\nd natural & moral necessity1 b because x is really inconsi/5t !re)4 ,let u !n look at ?is matt]1 & see if we are really s deplorably bl9d$ by ! ambiguity ( a ^w1 t we _c contemplate ! glory ( ! s*eme ( moral necessity z x is 9 itself4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two ?+s1 natural & moral necessity1 is c]ta9ly a cle> & a broad "o4 ,let u see1 !n1 if we may n f9d our way along ! l9e ( ?is di/9ction1 )\t t d>kness & confusion by :i* our judgm5t is suppos$ to be s sadly misl$ & p]v]t$4 ,x is on all sides conc$$1 t natural necessity is inconsi/5t ) ! good or ill des]t ( human actions4 ,if a man 7 comm&$1 = example1 to leap ov] a m\nta91 or to lift ! e>? f its c5tre1 he w\ld be ju/ly excusable = ! non-p]=mance ( su* ?+s1 because !y lie beyond ! range ( 8 natural p[]4 8,!re is "h a limit to our p[]10 z ,dr4 ,*alm]s says1 8beyond :i* we _c d t :i* we please to d2 & !re are _m ?\s& su* limits407#ih7 ,?is is natural necessity1 9 "o ( its bran*es4 ,x circumscribes & b9ds our natural p[]4 ,x limits ! ext]nal sph]e beyond :i* ! effects or consequ5ces ( our volitions _c be project$4 ,x rea*es n to ! int]ior sph]e ( ! w itself1 & has no m to d ) its fre$om ?an has ! influ5ce ( ! />s4 ,we may please to d a ?+1 nay1 we may freely w x1 & yet a natural necessity may cut (f & prev5t ! ext]nal consequ5ce ( ! act4 ,aga91 if by a sup]ior =ce1 a man's limbs or ext]nal bodily organs %\ld be us$ z in/rum5ts ( good or evil1 )\t 8 concurr5ce or cons5t1 he w\ld be excusable = ! consequ5ces ( su* use4 ,?is is ! o!r bran* ( natural necessity4 ,x is evid5t t x has no relation to ! fre$om or to ! acts ( ! w1 b only to ! ext]nal movem5ts ( ! body4 ,x int]f]es m]ely ) t ext]nal fre$om ( bodily motion1 ab\t :i* we he>d s mu* 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w1 & :i* ! advocates ( necessity h1 = ! mo/ "p1 s indu/ri\sly lab\r$ to pass (f ^u ! _w = ! lib]ty ( ! w itself4 ,z ?is natural necessity1 !n1 tr5*es n ^u ! int]ior sph]e ( ! w1 s x m]ely excuses = ! p]=mance or non-p]=mance ( ext]nal actions4 ,x leaves ! great "q ) respect to man's acc\ntability = ! acts ( ! w itself1 f :i* 8 ext]nal actions proce$1 :olly unt\*$ & undet]m9$4 ,f> diff]5t is ! case ) respect to moral necessity4 ,?is acts directly ^u ! w itself1 & absolutely controls all its movem5ts4 ,)9 its own sph]e x is conc$$ to be 8z absolute z natural necessity107#ii7 & 8z sure z fatalism407#ajj7 ,x absolutely & unconditionally det]m9es ! w at all times1 & 9 all cases4 ,yet we are told t we are acc\ntable = all ! acts ?us produc$ 9 u1 because !y are ! acts ( our own wills6 ,no?+ is done aga9/ our wills1 z 9 ! case ( natural necessity2 7!y %\ld r say1 aga9/ ! ext]nal effects ( our wills27 b our wills always foll[1 & we are acc\ntable !re=1 ?\gh !y _c b foll[4 ,moral necessity is n irresi/ible1 because ?is implies resi/ance1 & our wills nev] resi/ t :i* makes u will+4 ,x is only inv9cible2 & inv9cible x is inde$1 s9ce ) ! mighty1 sov]eign p[] ( ! ,almighty x controls all ! ?\ghts1 & feel+s1 & volitions ( ! human m9d4 ,n[ we see ?is s*eme z x is 9 itself1 9 all its nak$ness1 j z x is pres5t$ to u by its own mo/ able & enlight5$ def5d]s4 ,& see+ x ?us remov$ f all contact ) ! s*eme ( natural necessity1 we ask1 :e!r ag5ts c be ju/ly held acc\ntable = acts ?us det]m9$ & controll$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 or by ^? inv9cible causes :i* 8 omnipot5ce m>%alle?8 ,we speak n ( ext]nal acts2 & h5ce we lay aside ! :ole s*eme ( natural necessity4 ,we speak ( ! acts ( ! w2 & we ask1 if ^! be n free f ! dom9ion ( moral necessity1 f necessitat+ causes ov] :i* we h no control1 c we be acc\ntable = !m8 ,c we be to praise or to blame = !m8 ,c !y be our virtue or our vice8 ,^! que/ions1 we ?9k1 we may safely submit to ! imp>tial decision ( e unbiass$ m9d4 ,& to su* m9ds we %all leave x to det]m9e1 :e!r ! s*eme ( moral necessity has ow$ its hold ^u ! reason ( man to a d>k confusion ( words & ?+s1 or :e!r its glory has be5 obscur$ by ! misconception ( its oppon5ts8 ,9 conclusion1 we %all simply lay d[n1 9 a few brief propositions1 :at we tru/ has n[ be5 se5 9 relation to ! nature ( virtue & vice3--#a4 ,no necessitat$ act ( ! m9d c be its virtue or its vice4 #b4 ,9 ord] t any act ( ! w %\ld p>take ( a moral nature1 x mu/ be free f ! dom9ion ( causes ov] :i* x has no control1 or f ^: influ5ce x _c dep>t4 #c4 ,virtue & vice lie n 9 ! passive /ate ( ! s5sibility1 nor 9 any o!r necessitat$ /ates ( ! m9d1 b 9 acts ( ! w1 & 9 habits =m$ by a repetition ( su* free volunt>y acts4 ,:atev] else may be said 9 relation to ! nature ( virtue & ( vice1 & to ! di/9ction betwe5 !m1 ^! ?+s appe> to be cle>ly true2 & if s1 !n ! s*eme ( moral necessity is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) _! exi/5ce1 & saps ! v f\ndation ( all moral di/9ctions4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,moral ,_w ,n ,con/itut$ ,accord+ ,to ,! ,s*eme ,( ,necessity4 ,i made him j & "r2 ,suffici5t to h /ood1 ?\gh free to fall4 ,su* ,i creat$ all ! e!real p[]s ,& spirits1 bo? !m :o /ood & !m :o fail'd2 ,freely !y /ood :o /ood1 & fell :o fell4--,,milton4 ,we h already witness$ ! /range inconsi/5cies into :i* ! mo/ le>n$ & +5i\s m5 h fall51 9 _! attempts to reconcile ! doctr9e ( necessity ) ! acc\ntability ( man1 & ! glory ( ,god4 ,hav+ involv$ !mselves 9 t s*eme1 on :at has appe>$ to !m conclusive evid5ce1 !y h seem$ to /ruggle 9 va9 to =ce _! way out into ! cle> & op5 light ( nature4 ,!y h seem$ to torm5t !mselves1 & to conf\nd o!rs1 9 _! gigantic ef=ts to extricate !mselves f a d>k labyr9?1 out ( :i* !re is absolutely no escape4 ,let u see1 !n1 if we may n refute ! pret5d$ demon/ration 9 fav\r ( necessity1 & !reby re/ore ! m9d to t int]nal satisfaction :i* x s e>ne/ly desires1 & :i* x s con/antly seeks 9 a p]fect unity & h>mony ( pr9ciple4 ,section ,i4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is bas$ on a false psy*ology4 ,!re are ?ree great lead+ faculties or attributes ( ! human m9d2 namely1 ! intellig5ce1 ! s5sibility1 & ! w4 ,by means ( ^! we ?9k1 we feel1 & we act4 ,n[1 ! ph5om5a ( ?9k+1 feel+1 & act+1 w be f\nd1 on exam9ation1 to possess diff]5t *>act]i/ics2 ( :i* we mu/ =m cle> & fix$ conceptions1 if we w\ld extricate ! philosophy ( ! w f ! obscurity & confusion 9 :i* x has be5 s long involv$4 ,let u proce$ !n to exam9e !m1 to int]rogate our consci\sness 9 relation to !m4 ,suppose1 = example1 t an apple is plac$ be=e me4 ,i fix my att5tion ^u x1 & consid] its =m3 x is r\nd4 ,?is judgm5t1 or decision ( ! m9d1 9 relation to ! =m ( ! apple1 is a /ate ( ! intellig5ce4 ,x does n dep5d on any ef=t ( m9e1 :e!r x %all appe> r\nd to me or n3 ,i c\ld n possibly come to any o!r conclusion if ,i w\ld3 ,i c\ld z soon ?9k x z l>ge z ! globe z believe x to be squ>e1 or ( any o!r =m ?an r\nd4 ,h5ce ?is judgm5t1 ?is decision1 ?is /ate ( ! intellig5ce1 is necessitat$4 ,! same ?+ is true ( all ! o!r p]ceptions or /ates ( ! intellig5ce4 ,m4 ,c\s9 has truly said3 8,und\bt$ly diff]5t intellects1 or ! same intellect at diff]5t p]iods ( its exi/5ce1 may sometimes pass diff]5t judgm5ts 9 reg>d to ! same ?+4 ,sometimes x may be deceiv$2 x w judge t :i* is false to be true1 ! good to be bad1 ! beautiful to be ugly1 & ! rev]se3 b at ! mom5t :5 x judges t a proposition is true or false1 an action good or bad1 a =m beautiful or ugly1 at t mom5t x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! intellect to pass any o!r judgm5t ?an t x passes4 ,x obeys laws x did n make4 ,x yields to motives :i* det]m9e x indep5d5t ( ! w4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ph5om5on ( intellig5ce1 compreh5d+1 judg+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 :atev] "n be giv5 to x1 is m>k$ ) ! *>act]i/ic ( necessity407#aja7 ,once m ,i fix my att5tion on ! apple3 an agreeable s5sation arises 9 ! m9d2 a desire to eat x is awak5$4 ,?is desire or appetite is a /ate ( ! s5sibility4 ,:e!r ,i %all feel ?is appetite or desire1 does n dep5d ^u any ef=t or ex]tion ( my w4 ,! m9d is cle>ly passive 9 relation to x2 ! desire1 !n1 is z /rongly m>k$ ) ! *>act]i/ic ( necessity1 z are ! /ates ( ! intellig5ce4 ,! same is true ( all our feel+s2 !y are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! objects 9 view ( ! m9d4 ,!re is no controv]sy on ^! po9ts2 x is univ]sally agre$ t e /ate ( ! intellig5ce & ( ! s5sibility is necess>ily det]m9$ by ! evid5ce & ! object 9 view ( ! m9d4 ,x is n1 !n1 ei!r 9 ! intellig5ce or 9 ! s5sibility t we are to look = lib]ty4 ,b once m ,i fix my att5tion on ! apple3 ! desire is awak5$1 & ,i conclude to eat x4 ,hi!rto ,i h done no?+ except 9 fix+ my att5tion on ! apple4 ,i h exp]i5c$ ! judgm5t t x is r\nd1 & felt ! desire to eat x4 ,b n[ ,i conclude to eat x1 & ,i make an ef=t ( ! m9d to put =? my h& to take ! apple & eat x4 ,x is done4 ,n[ "h is an entirely new ph5om5on2 x is an ef=t1 an ex]tion1 an act1 a volition ( ! m9d4 ,! "n is ( no importance2 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ph5om5on arises h call$ att5tion to x1 & ! precise ?+ int5d$ is se5 9 ! light ( consci\sness4 ,let u look at x closely1 & m>k its *>act]i/ic well1 be+ c>eful to see nei!r m nor less ?an is pres5t$ by ! ph5om5on itself4 ,we are consci\s1 !n1 ( ! exi/5ce ( an act1 ( a volition3 ev]ybody c see :at ?is is4 ,we mu/ n say1 z ! advocates ( free-ag5cy usually d1 t :5 we put =? ?is act or volition we are consci\s ( a p[] to d ! contr>y2 = ?is position may be refut$1 & ! f\ndation on :i* we int5d to raise our sup]/ructure und]m9$4 ,we are m]ely consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! act itself1 & n ev5 ( ! p[] by means ( :i* we act2 ! exi/5ce ( ! p[] is necess>ily inf]r$ f its ex]cise4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* we "k x1 & n f ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,mu* less if we _h refus$ to act1 %\ld we h be5 consci\s ( ! p[] to )hold x2 mu* less aga9 are we consci\s ( ! p[] to )hold ! act1 z we d n 9 ! case suppos$ ex]cise ?is p[]4 ,b c]ta9ly we are consci\s ( ! act itself2 all m5 w conc$e ?is1 & ?is is all our argum5t really dem&s4 ,"h !n we are consci\s ( an act1 ( an ef=t1 ( ! m9d4 ,look at x closely4 ,is ! m9d passive 9 ?is act8 ,no2 we v5ture to answ] = ! univ]sal intellig5ce ( man4 ,if ?is act _h be5 produc$ 9 u by a necessitat+ cause1 w\ld n ! m9d h be5 passive 9 x8 ,9 o!r words1 w\ld x n h be5 a passive impression1 & n an act1 n an ef=t ( ! m9d at all8 ,yes2 we aga9 v5ture to answ] = ! unbiass$ reason ( man4 ,b x is n1 we h se51 a passive impression2 x is an act ( ! m9d1 & h5ce x is n necessitat$4 ,x is n necessitat$1 because x is n /amp$ ) ! *>act]i/ic ( necessity4 ,! univ]sal reason ( man decl>es t ! w has n necess>ily yield$ l ! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility1 to motives ov] :i* x _h no control4 ,x does n be> ^u its face ! m>k ( any su* subjection 8to ! p[] & action0 ( a cause4 ,x is m>k$ ) ! *>act]i/ic1 n ( necessity1 b ( lib]ty4 ,we w\ld n say1 ) ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 t 8action & lib]ty are id5tical ideas20 b we w say1 t ! idea ( action necess>ily implies t ( lib]ty2 = if we duly reflect on ! nature ( an act we _c conceive x z be+ necessitat$4 ,?is consid]ation furni%es an easy & satisfactory solution ( a problem1 by :i* necessit>ians are sadly p]plex$4 ,!y endeav\r 9 v>i\s ways to acc\nt = ! fact t we believe our volitions to be free1 or n necess>ily caus$4 ,"s resolve ?is belief & feel+ ( lib]ty into a deceitful s5se2 "s imag9e t we are deceiv$ by ! ambiguities ( language2 & "s resort to o!r me?ods ( expla9+ ! ph5om5on4 8,x is true10 says ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 8,i f9d myself possess$ ( my volitions be=e ,i c see ! effectual p[] ( any cause to produce !m1 = ! p[] & efficacy ( ! cause is n se5 b by ! effect2 & ?is1 = aught ,i "k1 may make "s imag9e t volition has no cause1 or t x produces itself40 ,b ?is is n a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! imag9ation1 z he w\ld t]m x4 ,we also f9d ourselves possess$ ( our judgm5ts & feel+s be=e we p]ceive ! effectual p[] ( ! cause :i* produces !m4 ,:y !n d we ref] ^! to ! op]ation ( a necess>y cause1 & n our volitions8 ,if ! p[] & efficacy ( ! cause is se5 only by ! effect 9 ! "o case1 x is only se5 9 ! same mann] 9 ! o!r4 ,:y !n d we diff] 9 our conclusions ) respect to !m8 ,:y d we ref] ! judgm5t & ! feel+ to necess>y causes1 & fail to d ! same 9 relation to ! volition8 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! m9d is passive 9 judg+ & feel+1 & h5ce ^! ph5om5a necess>ily dem& ! op]ation ( causes to acc\nt = !m2 b ! m9d is active 9 its volitions1 & ?is necess>ily excludes ! idea ( causes to produce !m4 ,! m9d cle>ly p]ceives1 by due reflection1 & at all times sees dimly1 at lea/1 t an act or volition is diff]5t 9 its nature f a passive impression or a produc$ effect2 & h5ce x kn[s & feels t x is exempt f ! p[] & efficacy ( a produc+ cause 9 its volitions4 ,?is fact ( our consci\sness x is n 9 ! p[] ( sophi/ry :olly to conceal1 nor 9 ! p[] ( human nature to evade4 ,h5ce we c>ry ab\t ) u ! irresi/ible conviction t we are free2 t our wills are n absolutely subject to ! dom9ion ( causes ov] :i* we h no control4 ,h5ce we see & "k t we are self-active4 ------------------------------------- ,hav+ complet$ our analysis1 9 z f> z our pres5t purpose dem&s1 we may proce$ to %[ t ! sy/em ( necessity is f\nd$ on a false psy*ology1--on a d>k confusion ( ! facts ( human nature4 ,x is v rem>kable t all ! advocates ( ?is sy/em1 f ,hobbes d[n to ,edw>ds1 w all[ ! human m9d to possess only two faculties1 ! und]/&+ & ! w4 ,! w & ! s5sibility are expressly id5tifi$ by !m4 ,locke di/+ui%$ betwe5 w & desire1 betwe5 ! faculty ( will+ & ! susceptibility to feel+2 b ,edw>ds has endeav\r$ to %[ t !re is no su* di/9ction z t = :i* ,locke cont5ds4 ,we %all n arre/ ! progress ( our rem>ks 9 ord] to po9t out ! mann] 9 :i* ,edw>ds has deceiv$ himself by an appeal to logic r ?an to consci\sness1 because ! ?reefold di/9ction = :i* we cont5d is n[ admitt$ by necessit>ians !mselves4 ,inde$1 aft] ! cle> & beautiful analysis by ,m4 ,c\s91 !y c\ld n well d o!rwise ?an recognise ?is ?reefold di/9ction2 b !y h done s1 we ?9k x w be f\nd1 )\t p]ceiv+ all ! consequ5ces ( su* an admission to _! sy/em4 ,x is an admission :i*1 9 our op9ion1 w %[ ! s*eme ( necessity to be insecure 9 its f\ndation1 & disjo9t$ 9 all its p>ts4 ,) ! light ( ?is di/9ction 9 our m9ds1 x w be easy to foll[ & expose ! sophi/ries ( ! necessit>ian4 ,he (t5 declaims aga9/ ! idea ( lib]ty = :i* we cont5d1 on ! gr\nd t x w\ld be1 n a p]fection1 b a v great imp]fection ( our nature to possess su* a fre$om4 ,b 9 e su* in/ance he conf\nds ! w ) "o ( ! passive susceptibilities ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 = example1 ,coll9s argues t lib]ty w\ld be a great imp]fection1 because 8no?+ c be m irrational & absurd ?an to be able to refuse our ass5t to :at is evid5tly true to u1 & to ass5t to :at we see to be false40 ,n[1 all ?is is true1 b x is n to ! purpose2 = no "o cont5ds t ! intellig5ce is free 9 ass5t+ to1 or 9 diss5t+ f1 ! evid5ce 9 view ( ! m9d4 ,no rational be+1 we admit1 c\ld desire su* a fre$om2 c\ld desire to be free1 = example1 f ! conviction t two & two make f\r4 ,m4 ,lam>t9e1 we are aw>e1 expresses a v lively abhorr5ce ( ! ma!matics1 because !y all[ n a suffici5t fre$om ( ?\ght--because !y ex]cise s great a despotism ov] ! intellect4 ,b ! circum/ance :i* ?is fl[]y poet deems an imp]fection 9 ! ma!matics1 e enlight5$ fri5d ( free-ag5cy w reg>d z _! *ief excell5cy & glory4 ,! same error is committ$ by ,sp9oza3 8,we c consid] ! s\l "u two po9ts ( view10 says he1 8z ?\ght & z desire40 ,"h ! w is made to disappe>1 & we behold only ! two susceptibilities ( ! s\l1 :i* are /amp$ ) ! *>act]i/ic ( necessity4 ,:]e1 !n1 w ,sp9oza f9d ! fre$om ( ! s\l8 ,c]ta9ly n 9 ! w1 = ?is has be5 blott$ out f ! map ( 8 psy*ology4 ,accord+ly he says3 8,! free w is a *im]a ( ! species1 flatt]$ by our pride1 & f\nd$ ^u our ignorance40 ,he mu/ f9d ! fre$om ( ! s\l !n1 if he f9d x at all1 9 "o ( its passive susceptibilities4 ,?is1 z we h already se51 is exactly :at he does2 he says ! s\l is free 9 ! affirmation t two & two are f\r6 ,?us he f9ds ! lib]ty ( ! s\l1 n 9 ! ex]cises ( its w1 ( its active p[]1 b 9 ! bosom ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* is absolutely necessitat$ 9 all its det]m9ations4 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 z well z 9 mo/ o!rs1 ,sp9oza m]ely reproduces ! error ( ! anci5t ,/oics4 ,x 0 a pr9ciple ) !m1 says ,ritt]1 8t ! w & ! desire are "o ) ?\ght1 & may be resolv$ into x407#ajb7 ,?us1 by ! anci5t ,/oics1 z well z by ,hobbes1 & ,sp9oza1 & ,coll9s1 & ,edw>ds1 ! w is m]g$ 9 "o ( ! passive elem5ts ( ! m9d1 & its real *>act]i/ic lo/ sight (4 8,by ! fre$om ( ! s\l10 says ,ritt]1 8! ,/oics und]/ood simply t ass5t :i* x gives to c]ta9 ideas407#ajc7 ,?us ! anci5t ,/oics endeav\r$ to f9d ! fre$om ( ! s\l1 :]e ,sp9oza & s _m mod]n necessit>ians h s\ght to f9d x1 9 ! passive1 necessitat$ /ates ( ! intellig5ce4 ,?is 0 inde$ to impose ^u !mselves a m]e %ad[ = a sub/ance1--a dream = a reality4 8,by :atev] "n we call ! act ( ! w10 says ,edw>ds1 8*oos+1 refus+1 approv+1 disapprov+1 lik+1 dislik+1 embrac+1 reject+1 det]m9+1 direct+1 comm&+1 =bidd+1 incl9+ or be+ av]se1 be+ pleas$ or displeas$ )--all may be r$uc$ to ?is ( *oos+407#ajd7 ,?us1 9 ! vocabul>y & accord+ to ! psy*ology ( ?is great au?or1 ! ph5om5a ( ! s5sibility & ^? ( ! w are id5tifi$1 z well z ! faculties !mselves4 ,pleas+ & will+1 lik+ & act+1 are all "o ) him4 ,8 psy*ology admits ( no di/9ction1 = example1 betwe5 ! pleasant impression made by an apple on ! s5sibility1 & ! act ( ! w by :i* ! h& is put =? to take x4 8,! w & ! affections ( ! s\l10 says he1 8are n two faculties2 ! affections are n ess5tially di/9ct f ! w1 nor d !y diff] f ! m]e act+s ( ! w & incl9ation1 b only 9 ! livel9ess & s5sibility ( ex]cise407#aje7 ,& aga91 8,i humbly conceive t ! affections ( ! s\l are n prop]ly di/+ui%$ f ! w1 z ?\gh !re 7 two faculties407#ajf7 ,& /ill m explicitly1 8all acts ( ! w are truly acts ( ! affections407#ajg7 ,is x n /range1 t "o :o c\ld exhibit su* wond]ful discrim9ation :5 ! exig5ces ( 8 sy/em dem&$ ! ex]cise ( su* a p[]1 %\ld h conf\nd$ ?+s s cle>ly di/9ct 9 _! natures z an act ( ! w & an agreeable impression made on ! s5sibility8 ,x is n possible = any m9d1 no matt] h[ great its p[]s1 to see ! nature ( ?+s cle>ly :5 x comes to ! contemplation ( !m ) su* a confusion ( ideas4 ,ev5 ,presid5t ,edw>ds is n exempt f ! common lot ( humanity4 ,8 doctr9e is necess>ily envelop$ 9 obscurity4 ,we c turn x 9 no light )\t be+ /ruck ) its inconsi/5cies or its futility4 ,he repeat$ly says1 ! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ affection1 or appetite1 or passion2 t is1 by ! mo/ agreeable /ate ( ! s5sibility4 ,b if ! w & ! s5sibility are id5tical1 z 8 language expressly makes !m2 or if ! /ates ( ! "o are n di/+ui%able f ! /ates ( ! o!r1 !n to say t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! s5sibility1 or an act ( ! w by ! /ronge/ affection ( ! s5sibility1 is to say t a ?+ is det]m9$ by itself4 ,x is to say1 9 fact1 t ! w is always det]m9$ by itself2 a doctr9e aga9/ :i* he uni=mly prote/s4 ,nay1 m1 t an act ( ! w causes itself2 a position :i* he has repeat$ly ascrib$ to 8 oppon5ts1 & held up to ! d]ision ( mank9d4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t ,edw>ds seems to h be5 consci\s1 at times1 t he laid himself op5 to ! *>ge ( su* an absurdity1 :5 he said t ! w is det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 or by :at seems mo/ agreeable to ! m9d4 ,= he says1 8,i h *os5 r to express myself ?us1 t ! w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 or z :at appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an to say ! w is det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 or by :at seems mo/ agreeable2 because an appe>+ mo/ agreeable to ! m9d1 & ! m9d's pref]r+1 seem sc>cely di/9ct40 ,we h tak5 ! lib]ty to emphasize 8 words4 ,n[ "h he tells u t ! 8m9d's pref]r+10 by :i* ^w he has expla9$ himself to mean will+17#ajh7 is sc>cely di/9ct f 8an appe>+ mo/ agreeable to ! m9d40 ,"h he returns to 8 psy*ology1 & id5tifies ! mo/ agreeable impression made on ! s5sibility ) an act ( ! w4 ,he does n l to say1 t ! act ( ! w is caus$ by ! mo/ agreeable s5sation1 because ?is seems to make a ?+ ! cause ( itself4 ,9 ?is he does wisely2 b hav+ %ap$ 8 doctr9e to suit himself m exactly1 9 :at =m is x pres5t$ to u8 ,let u look at x 9 its new %ape1 & see :at x is4 ,! w is n det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 because a ?+ is n det]m9$ by itself2 b ! w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good6 ,?us ! absurdity ( say+ a ?+ is det]m9$ by itself is avoid$2 b surely1 if an appe>+ mo/ agreeable to ! m9d is n di/9ct f ! m9d's act+1 !n to say t ! m9d's act+ is always z t :i* appe>s mo/ agreeable to x is m]ely to say1 t ! m9d's act+ is always z ! m9d's act+6 or1 9 o!r words1 t a ?+ is always z itself6 ,?us1 8 great fundam5tal proposition is1 9 "o =m1 a gl>+ absurdity2 & 9 ! o!r1 x is an insignificant truism2 & !re is no escape f ?is dilemma except ?r\gh a return to a bett] psy*ology1 to a s\nd] analysis ( ! great facts ( human nature4 ,:5 ,edw>ds once rea*es ! truism t a ?+ is always z itself1 he feels p]fectly secure1 & defies ) unb\nd$ confid5ce ! utmo/ ef=ts ( 8 oppon5ts to dislodge him4 8,z we obs]v$ be=e10 says he1 8no?+ is m evid5t ?an t1 :5 m5 act volunt>ily1 & d :at !y please1 !n !y d :at appe>s mo/ agreeable to !m2 & to say o!rwise1 w\ld be z mu* z to affirm1 t m5 d n *oose :at appe>s to suit !m be/1 or :at seems mo/ pleas+ to !m2 or t !y d n *oose :at !y pref]--:i* br+s ! matt] to a contradiction40 ,true2 ?is br+s ! matt] to a contradiction1 z he has repeat$ly told u2 = *oos+1 & pref]r+1 or will+1 are all "o4 ,b if any "o d5ies t a man does :at he pleases :5 he does :at he pleases2 or if he affirms t he pleases )\t pleas+1 or *ooses )\t *oos+1 or pref]s )\t pref]r+1 we %all leave him to ! logic ( ! necessit>ian & ! physician4 ,we h no idea t he w ev] be able to refute ! volumes t h be5 writt5 to conf\nd him4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds cle>ly has ! bett] ( him2 = he puts 8! s\l 9 a /ate ( *oice10 & yet affirms t x 8has no *oice40 ,he might z well say1 inde$1 t 8a body may move :ile x is 9 a /ate ( re/10 z to say t 8! m9d may *oose )\t *oos+10 or )\t hav+ a *oice4 ,he is v cle>ly involv$ 9 an absurdity2 & if he c read ! ?ree hundr$ pages ( ! ,inquiry1 )\t be+ conv9c$ ( 8 error1 8 case mu/ inde$ be truly hopeless4 ,edw>ds is f> f be+ ! only necessit>ian :o has fall5 into ! error ( id5tify+ ! s5sibility ) ! w2 ?us r$uc+ 8 doctr9e to an unassailable truism4 ,9 8 fam\s controv]sy ) ,cl>ke1 ,leibnitz has done ! same ?+4 8,?us10 says he1 89 tru?1 ! motives compreh5d all ! dispositions :i* ! m9d c h to act volunt>ily2 = !y include n only reasons1 b also ! incl9ations & passions1 or o!r prec$+ impressions4 ,:]e=e if ! m9d %\ld pref] a weak incl9ation to a /rong "o1 x w\ld act aga9/ itself1 & o!rwise ?an x is dispos$ to act40 ,n[ is x n wond]ful1 t s pr(\nd a ?9k]1 & s acute a metaphysician1 z ,leibnitz1 %\ld h suppos$ t he 0 engag$ 9 a controv]sy to %[ t ! m9d nev] acts o!rwise ?an x acts2 t x nev] acts aga9/ itself8 ,hav+ r$uc$ 8 doctr9e to ?is truism1 he says1 ?is 8%[s t ! au?or's notions1 contr>y to m9e1 are sup]ficial1 & appe> to h no solidity 9 !m1 :5 !y are well consid]$40 ,true1 ! notions ( ,cl>ke 7 sup]ficial1 & worse ?an sup]ficial1 if he suppos$ t ! m9d ev] acts contr>y to its act1 or o!rwise ?an x really acts4 ,b ,cl>ke di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! disposition & ! w4 ,9 l mann] ,?ummig1 ! disciple ( ,leibnitz1 has ! foll[+ language1 z quot$ by ,sir ,william ,hamilton3 8,x is to philosophize v crudely conc]n+ m9d1 & to image ev]y?+ 9 a corporeal mann]1 to conceive t actuat+ reasons are some?+ ext]nal1 :i* make an impression on ! m9d1 & to di/+ui% motives f ! active pr9ciple itself40 ,n[ ?is language1 x seems1 is f\nd 9 ,?ummig's def5ce ( ! la/ pap] ( ,leibnitz 7:o di$ be=e ! controv]sy 0 t]m9at$7 aga9/ ! answ] ( ,cl>ke4 ,b1 surely1 if x is a great mi/ake1 z ! au?or insi/s x is1 to di/+ui% motives f ! active pr9ciple itself2 !n to say t ! active pr9ciple is det]m9$ by motives1 is to say t ! active pr9ciple is det]m9$ by itself4 ,& hav+ rea*$ ?is po9t1 ! disciple ( ,leibnitz f9ds himself plant$ precisely on ! position he _h und]tak5 to ov]?r[1 namely1 t ! w is det]m9$ by itself4 ,& aga91 if x be wrong to di/+ui% ! motive f ! active pr9ciple itself1 !n to say t ! active pr9ciple nev] dep>ts f ! motive1 is to affirm t a ?+ is always z itself4 ,! great s]vice :i* a false psy*ology has r5d]$ to ! cause ( necessity is easily se54 ,= hav+ id5tifi$ an act ( ! w ) a /ate ( ! s5sibility1 :i* is univ]sally conceiv$ to be necessitat$1 ! necessit>ian is deliv]$ f m ?an half 8 lab\rs4 ,by m]g+ a ph5om5on or manife/ation ( ! w 9 a /ate ( ! s5sibility1 x seems to lose its own *>act]i/ic1 :i* is incompatible ) ! s*eme ( necessity1 & to assume ! *>act]i/ic ( feel+1 :i* is p]fectly reconcilable ) x2 nay1 :i* dem&s ! s*eme ( necessity to acc\nt = its exi/5ce4 ,?us1 ! sy/em ( necessity is bas$ on a false psy*ology1 on :i* x has too securely /ood f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,b ! /ream ( k1 ev] deep5+ & wid5+ 9 its c\rse1 has be5 gradually und]m9+ ! f\ndations ( ?is d>k sy/em4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is direct$ aga9/ a false issue4 ,z we h se5 9 ! la/ section1 ! argum5t ( ! necessit>ian is frequ5tly direct$ aga9/ a false issue2 b ! po9t is wor?y ( a /ill m c>eful consid]ation4 ,we %all nev] cease to admire ! logical dext]ity ) :i* ! *ampions ( necessity assail & worry _! adv]s>ies4 ,!y h said1 9 all ages1 t 8no?+ take? beg9n+ f itself20 b :o ev] imag9$ or dream$ ( s wild an absurdity8 ,x is conc$$ by all rational be+s4 ,motion take? n beg9n+ f itself1 b f action2 action take? n beg9n+ f itself1 b f m9d2 & m9d take? n beg9n+ f itself1 b f ,god4 ,x is false1 h[ev]1 to conclude t because no?+ take? beg9n+ f itself1 x is br\ght to pass 8by ! action ( "s imm$iate ag5t )\t itself40 ,! motion ( body1 z we h se51 is produc$ by ! action ( "s imm$iate ag5t )\t itself2 b ! action ( m9d is produc$1 or br\ght to pass1 by no action at all4 ,x take? beg9n+ f an ag5t1 & n f ! action ( an ag5t4 ,?is di/9ction1 ?\gh s cle>ly f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 is always ov]look$ by ! logic ( ! necessit>ian4 ,!y might well adopt ! language ( ,bacon1 t ! subtilty ( nature f> surpasse? t ( our logic4 ,hobbes 0 cont5t to re/ on a simple /atem5t ( ! fact1 t no?+ c produce itself2 b x is n e logician :o is will+ to rely on ! inh]5t /r5g? ( su* a position4 ,ask a *ild1 ,did y make y\rself8 & ! *ild w answ]1 ,no4 ,prop\nd ! same "q to ! rov+ savage1 or to ! man ( m]e common s5se1 & he w also answ]1 ,no4 ,appeal to ! univ]sal reason ( man1 & ! same emphatic ,no1 w come up f its pr(\nde/ dep?s4 ,b y\r r$\btable logicians are n satisfi$ to rely on su* te/imony alone3 !y d>e n build on su* a f\ndation unless x be fir/ secur$ & r5d]$ firm by ! aid ( ! syllogi/ic process4 ,i "k 8,i did n make myself10 says ,desc>tes1 8= if ,i _h made myself1 ,i %\ld h giv5 myself e p]fection40 ,n[ ?is argum5t 9 true syllogi/ic =m /&s ?us3 ,if ,i _h made myself1 ,i %\ld h end[$ myself ) e p]fection2 ,i am n end[$ ) e p]fection2 !re=e ,i did n make myself4 ,surely1 aft] s cle> a process ( reason+1 no "o c possibly d\bt ! proposition t ,desc>tes did n make himself6 ,9 ! same way we might prove t he did n make 8 own logic3 = if he _h made 8 logic1 he w\ld h end[$ x ) e possible p]fection2 b x is n end[$ ) e possible p]fection1 & !re=e he did n make x4 ,b ,presid5t ,edw>ds has excell$ ,desc>tes1 & e o!r adept 9 ! syllogi/ic art1 except ,ari/otle 9 8 physics1 9 8 ability to r5d] ! light ( p]fect day cle>] by a few ma/]ly /rokes ( logic4 ,he has furni%$ ! reason :y "s p]sons imag9e t volition has no cause ( its exi/5ce1 or 8t x produces itself40 ,n[1 by ! way1 w\ld x n h be5 z well if he _h fir/ made sure ( ! fact1 be=e he und]took to expla9 x8 ,b to proce$3 let u see h[ he has prov$ t volition does n produce itself2 t x does n arise out ( no?+ & br+ itself into exi/5ce4 ,he does ?is 9 true logical =m1 & accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( demon/ration4 ,he fir/ e/abli%es ! g5]al position1 t no exi/5ce or ev5t :atev] c give rise to its own be+17#aji7 & he !n %[s t ?is is true ( volition 9 p>ticul>47#aaj7 ,& hav+ rea*$ ! position1 t volition does n arise out ( no?+1 b mu/ 8h "s antec$5t0 to introduce x into be+2 he next proce$s to prove t !re is a necess>y connexion betwe5 volition & ! antec$5ts on :i* x dep5ds = exi/5ce4 ,?is completes ! *a9 ( logic1 & ! process is held up by 8 foll[]s to ! admiration ( ! _w z a p]fect demon/ration4 ,let u look at x a little m closely1 & exam9e ! nature & me*anism ( its p>ts4 ,if ! huge frame ( ! e>?1 ) all its teem+ population & productions1 c\ld rise up out ( no?+1 he argues1 & br+ itself into be+ )\t any cause ( its exi/5ce1 !n we c\ld n prove ! be+ ( a ,god4 ,all ?is is v true4 ,=1 z he truly alleges1 if "o _w c\ld ?us make itself1 s also might ano!r & ano!r1 ev5 unto millions ( millions4 ,! univ]se might make itself1 or come into exi/5ce )\t any cause !re(1 & h5ce we c\ld nev] "k t !re is a ,god4 ,b surely1 if any man imag9$ t ev5 "o _w c\ld create itself1 x is sc>cely wor? :ile to reason ) him4 ,x is n at all likely t he w\ld be fright5$ f 8 position by su* a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,we %\ld almo/ z soon suspect a sane man ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god himself1 z ( d\bt+ ! proposition t 8no?+ take? beg9n+ f itself40 ,hav+ settl$ x to 8 entire satisfaction1 by ?is & o!r argum5ts1 t no effect :atev] c produce itself1 he !n proce$s to %[ t ?is proposition is true ( volitions z well z ( all o!r ev5ts or occurr5ces4 8,if any %\ld imag9e10 says he1 8!re is some?+ 9 ! sort ( ev5t t r5d]s x possible to come into exi/5ce )\t a cause1 & %\ld say t ! free acts ( ! w are exi/5ces ( an exce$+ diff]5t nature f o!r ?+s1 by reason ( :i* !y may come into exi/5ce )\t previ\s gr\nd or reason ( x1 ?\gh o!r ?+s _c2 if !y make ?is objection 9 good e>ne/1 x w\ld be an evid5ce ( _! /rangely =gett+ !mselves2 = x w\ld be giv+ "s acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 :51 at ! same "t1 !y w\ld ma9ta9 !re is no gr\nd ( its exi/5ce407#aaa7 ,true1 if any man %\ld suppose t a volition rises up 9 ! _w 8)\t any gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce10 & aft]w>d endeav\r to assign a gr\nd or reason ( x1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be /rangely inconsi/5t ) himself2 b we %\ld deem 8 la/ position1 t !re mu/ be a gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce1 to be "s evid5ce ( 8 com+ to himself1 r ?an ( 8 hav+ =gott5 himself4 ,b to proce$ ) ! argum5t4 8,!re=e ,i w\ld obs]ve10 says he1 8t ! p>ticul> nature ( exi/5ce1 be x nev] s div]se f o!rs1 c lay no f\ndation = t ?+ com+ into exi/5ce )\t a cause2 because1 to suppose ?is1 w\ld be to suppose ! p>ticul> nature ( exi/5ce to be a ?+ prior to exi/5ce1 )\t a cause or reason ( exi/5ce4 ,b t :i* 9 any respect makes way = a ?+ com+ into be+1 or = any mann] or circum/ance ( its fir/ exi/5ce1 mu/ be prior to exi/5ce4 ,! di/+ui%$ nature ( ! effect1 :i* is some?+ belong+ to ! effect1 _c h influ5ce backw>d to act be=e x is4 ,! peculi> nature ( t ?+ call$ volition1 c d no?+1 c h no influ5ce1 :ile x is n4 ,& aft]w>d x is too late = its influ5ce2 = !n ! ?+ has made sure ( its exi/5ce already )\t its help407#aab7 ,aft] all ?is reason+1 & m to ! same effect1 we are p]fectly satisfi$ t volition1 no matt] :at its nature may be1 _c produce itself2 & t x mu/ h "s gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce1 "s antec$5t )\t :i* x c\ld n come into be+4 ,we %all n d ju/ice to ?is bran* ( our subject1 if we leave x )\t lay+ be=e ! read] "o or two m specim5s ( logic f ! celebrat$ ,inquiry ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,he is oppos+ 8! hypo!sis10 he tells u1 8( acts ( ! w com+ to pass )\t a cause40 ,n[1 accord+ to 8 def9ition ( ! t]m cause1 z laid d[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! section "u consid]ation1 x signifies any antec$5t on :i* a ?+ dep5ds1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 = its exi/5ce1 or :i* con/itutes ! reason :y x is1 r ?an n47#aac7 ,8 doctr9e is1 !n1 t no?+ ev] comes to pass )\t "s 8gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce10 )\t "s antec$5t :i* is necess>y to acc\nt = its com+ into be+4 ,& ^? :o d5y x are b\nd to ma9ta9 ! /range !sis1 t some?+ may come into exi/5ce )\t any antec$5t to acc\nt = x2 t x may rise f no?+ & br+ itself into exi/5ce4 ,x is aga9/ ?is !sis t 8 logic is direct$4 8,if x 7 s10 says he1 8t ?+s only ( "o k9d1 viz41 acts ( ! w1 seem$ to come to pass ( !mselves2 & x 7 an ev5t t 0 cont9ual1 & t happ5$ 9 a c\rse :5ev] 7 f\nd subjects capable ( su* ev5ts2 ?is v ?+ w\ld demon/rate !re 0 "s cause ( !m1 :i* made su* a diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ev5t & o!rs4 ,= cont+5cy is bl9d1 & does n pick & *oose a p>ticul> sort ( ev5ts4 ,no?+ has no *oice4 ,?is no-cause1 :i* causes no exi/5ce1 _c cause ! exi/5ce :i* comes to pass to be ( "o p>ticul> sort only1 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,?us1 t only "o sort ( matt] drops out ( heav51 ev5 wat]2 & t ?is comes s (t51 s con/antly & pl5tifully1 all ov] ! _w1 9 all ages1 %[s t !re is "s cause or reason ( ! fall+ ( wat] out ( ! heav5s1 & t some?+ besides m]e cont+5ce _h a h& 9 ! matt]407#aad7 ,we d n int5d to comm5t on ?is passage2 we m]ely wi% to adv]t to ! fact1 t x is a lab\r$ & logical ef=t to demoli% ! hypo!sis t acts ( ! w d n br+ !mselves into exi/5ce1 & to %[ t !re mu/ be "s antec$5t to acc\nt = _! com+ into be+4 ,we %all only add1 8x is true t no?+ has no *oice20 b :o ev] pret5d$ to believe t no?+ puts =? volitions8 t !re is no m9d1 no motive1 no gr\nd or reason ( volition8 ,is x n wond]ful t ! great metaphysician ( ,new-,engl& %\ld ?us worry himself & exhau/ 8 p[]s 9 grappl+ ) %ad[s & combatt+ dreams1 :i* no sane man ev] s]i\sly ent]ta9$ = a mom5t8 8,if we %\ld suppose non-entity to be ab\t to br+ =?10 he cont9ues1 8& ?+s 7 com+ into exi/5ce )\t any cause or antec$5t on :i* ! exi/5ce1 or k9d or mann] ( exi/5ce dep5ds1 or :i* c\ld at all det]m9e :e!r ! ?+s %\ld be /ones or /ems1 or bea/s or angels1 or human bodies or s\ls1 or only "s new motion or figure 9 natural bodies1 or "s new s5sation 9 animals1 or new idea 9 ! human und]/&+1 or new volition 9 ! w1 or any?+ else ( all ! inf9ite numb] ( possibles1--!n x c]ta9ly w\ld n be expect$1 al?\gh _m millions ( millions ( ?+s 7 com+ into exi/5ce 9 ?is mann] all ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 t !y %\ld all be only ( "o p>ticul> k9d1 & t x %\ld be ?us 9 all ages1 & t ?is sort ( exi/5ces %\ld nev] fail to come to pass :5 !re is room = !m1 or a subject capable ( !m1 & t con/antly :5ev] !re is occasion407#aae7 ,n[ all ^! words are put toge!r to prove t non-entity _c br+ =? effects1 at lea/ su* effects z we see 9 ! _w2 = if non-entity br\ght !m =?1 t is1 to come to ! po9t 9 dispute1 if non-entity br\ght =? our volitions1 !y w\ld n be always ( "o p>ticul> sort ( effects4 ,b !y are ( "o p>ticul> sort1 & h5ce !re mu/ be "s antec$5t to acc\nt = ?is uni=mity 9 _! nature1 & !y c\ld n h be5 br\ght =? by non5tity6 ,surely if any?+ c equal ! fatuity ( ! hypo!sis t non5tity c br+ =?1 or t a ?+ c produce itself1 x is a s]i\s attempt to refute x4 ,h[ (t51 :ile por+ ov] ! works ( necessit>ians1 are we lo/ 9 amazem5t at ! logical mania :i* seems to h seiz$ !m1 & :i*1 9 its impetu\s ef=ts to settle & det]m9e ev]y?+ by reason+1 leaves reason itself nei!r "t nor opportunity to contemplate ! nature ( ?+s !mselves1 or li/5 to its own mo/ au?oritative & irrev]sible m&ates4 ,b le/ we %\ld be suspect$ ( do+ ?is great metaphysician inju/ice1 we mu/ po9t out ! means by :i* he has s grossly deceiv$ himself4 ,accord+ to 8 def9ition ( motive1 z ! y\ng] ,edw>ds truly says1 x includes e cause & condition ( volition4 ,if any?+ is m]ely a condition1 )\t :i* a volition c\ld n come to pass1 ?\gh x ex]ts no influ5ce1 x is call$ a cause ( t volition1 & plac$ 9 ! def9ition ( motive4 ,& if any?+ ex]ts a positive influ5ce to produce volition1 ?is is also a cause ( x1 & is includ$ 9 ! same def9ition4 ,9 %ort1 ?is def9ition embraces e conceivable antec$5t on :i* volition 9 any mann]1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ei!r negatively or positively1 dep5ds4 ,?us ! mo/ het]og5e\s mat]ials are cr[d$ toge!r "u "o & ! same t]m1--! mo/ diff]5t ideas "u "o & ! same def9ition4 ,is x possible to conceive ( a bett] me?od ( obscur+ a subject ?an su* a c\rse8 ,:5 ,edw>ds m]ely means a condition1 :y does he n say s8 & :5 he means a produc+ cause1 :y does he n use ! "r ^w to express 8 mean+8 ,if he _h c>ri$ on ! v>i\s processes ( 8 reason+ ) "s "o cle> & di/9ct idea be=e 8 m9d1 we might h expect$ great ?+s f him2 b he has n *os5 to d s4 ,x is ) ! t]m cause t he op]ates1 aga9/ ! ambiguities ( :i* he has n gu>d$ himself or 8 read]4 8,hav+ ?us expla9$ :at ,i mean by cause10 says he1 8,i ass]t t no?+ ev] comes to pass )\t a cause40 ,we h se5 8 reason+ on ?is po9t4 ,he lab\rs ?r\gh page aft] page to e/abli% 8 v ambigu\s proposition1 9 a s5se 9 :i* nobody ev] d5i$ x2 unless "s "o has affirm$ t a ?+ may come into be+ )\t any gr\nd or reason ( its exi/5ce1--may arise out ( no?+ & help itself into exi/5ce4 ,hav+ suffici5tly e/abli%$ 8 fundam5tal proposition 9 ?is s5se1 he proce$s to %[ t e effect & volition 9 p>ticul>1 is necess>ily connect$ ) its cause4 8,x mu/ be rememb]$10 says he1 8t x has be5 already %[n1 t no?+ c ev] come to pass )\t a cause or a reason207#aaf7 & he !n proce$s to %[1 t 8! acts ( ! w mu/ be connect$ ) _! cause40 ,9 ?is "p ( 8 argum5t1 he employs 8 ambigu\s proposition 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* he e/abli%$ x4 ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( x he only insi/s t !re mu/ be "s antec$5t suffici5t to acc\nt = e ev5t2 & 9 ! application ( x he cont5ds1 t ! antec$5t or cause mu/ produce ! ev5t4 ,^! ideas are p]fectly di/9ct4 ,!re c\ld be no act ( ! m9d unless !re 7 a m9d to act1 & unless !re 7 a motive 9 view ( :i* x acts2 b x does n foll[ t ! m9d is compell$ to act by motive4 ,b let u see h[ he comes to ?is conclusion4 8,= an ev5t10 says he1 8to h a cause & gr\nd ( its exi/5ce1 & yet n be connect$ ) its cause1 is an inconsi/5cy4 ,= if ! ev5t be n connect$ ) its cause1 x is n dep5d5t on ! cause3 its exi/5ce is1 z x 71 loose f its influ5ce1 & may att5d x or may n407#aag7 8,dep5d5ce on ! influ5ce ( a cause is ! v notion ( an effect407#aah7 ,aga91 8to suppose !re are "s ev5ts :i* h a cause & gr\nd ( _! exi/5ce1 t yet are n necess>ily connect$ ) _! cause1 is to suppose t !y h a cause :i* is n _! cause4 ,?us1 if ! effect be n necess>ily connect$ ) ! cause1 ) its influ5ce & influ5tial circum/ances1 !n1 z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 x is a ?+ possible & supposable t ! cause may sometimes ex]t ! same influ5ce "u ! same circum/ances1 & yet ! effect n foll[407#aai7 ,he has mu* o!r simil> reason+ to %[ t x is absurd & contradictory to say t motive is ! cause ( volition1 & yet admit t volition may be loose f ! influ5ce ( motive1 or t 8! cause is n suffici5t to produce ! effect407#abj7 ,9 all ?is he uses ! t]m 9 its mo/ n>r[ & re/rict$ s5se4 ,x is no long] a m]e antec$5t or antec$5ts1 :i* are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( volition2 x is an effici5t cause :i* produces volitions4 ,?us he e/abli%es 8 ambigu\s proposition 9 "o s5se1 & builds on x 9 ano!r4 ,he expla9s ! t]m cause to signify any antec$5t1 9 ord]1 he tells u1 to prev5t objection to 8 doctr9e1 :5 he alleges t no?+ ev] comes to pass )\t "s cause ( its exi/5ce2 & yet1 :5 he applies ?is fundam5tal proposition to ! con/ruction ( 8 s*eme1 he returns to ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w1 9 :i* x signifies1 8t :i* has a positive efficacy or influ5ce to produce a ?+40 ,x is ?us t ! great s*eme ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds is made up ( m]e words1 hav+ no intr9sic coh]5cy ( p>ts1 & appe>+ consi/5t ?r\gh\t1 only because its disjo9t$ fragm5ts seem to be unit$1 & its huge *asms conceal$ by means ( ! ambiguities ( language4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is support$ by false logic4 ,"o reason :y ! advocates ( necessity deceive !mselves1 z well z o!rs1 is1 t !re is great want ( precision & di/9ctness 9 _! views & def9itions4 ,we are told by !m t ! w is always det]m9$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 t ?is is inv>iably ! cause ( volition4 ,b :at is meant by ! t]m cause8 ,we h f9al causes1 in/rum5tal causes1 occasional causes1 pr$ispos+ causes1 effici5t causes1 & _m o!rs4 ,n[1 9 :i* ( ^! s5ses is ! ^w us$1 :5 we are in=m$ t motive is ! cause ( volition8 ,on ?is po9t we are n enlight5$4 ,nei!r ,leibnitz nor ,edw>ds is suffici5tly explicit4 ,! proposition1 z left by !m1 is vague & obscure4 ,leibnitz incl9$ to ! use ( ! ^w reason1 because he c>ri$ on a controv]sy ) ,bayle & ,hobbes1 :o 7 a!i/s2 ?\gh he frequ5tly speaks ( a *a9 ( causes :i* embrace human volitions47#aba7 ,:ile ,edw>ds1 :o oppos$ ! ,arm9ians1 g5]ally employs ! m rigid t]m cause2 ?\gh he1 too1 frequ5tly repres5ts motive z 8! gr\nd & reason0 ( volition4 ,! "o s(t5s 8 language1 9 places1 z he cont5ds ) ^? :o _h r5d]$ !mselves obnoxi\s to ! ,*ri/ian _w by an advocacy ( ! doctr9e ( necessity 9 connexion ) a!i/ical s5tim5ts4 ,! o!r appe>s to pref] ! /rong] expression1 z he puts =? 8 p[] aga9/ antagoni/s ^: views ( lib]ty 7 deem$ subv]sive ( ! t5ets ( ,calv9ism4 ,b ! law ( causality1 z /at$ by ,edw>ds1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason1 z def9$ & employ$ by ,leibnitz1 are p]fectly id5tical4 ,:5 we are told t motive is ! cause ( volition1 x is evid5t we _c det]m9e :e!r to d5y or to ass5t to ! proposition1 unless we "k 9 :at s5se ! t]m cause is us$4 ,we might discuss ?is p]plex$ "q =ev]1 by ! use ( su* vague & indef9ite propositions1 )\t progress+ a s+le /ep t[>d ! end ( ! controv]sy4 ,we mu/ br+ a m se>*+ analysis to ! subject1 if we hope to accompli% any?+4 ,we mu/ take ! ^w cause or reason1 9 ea* ( its significations1 9 ord] to discov] 9 :at p>ticul>s ! cont5d+ p>ties agree1 & 9 :at p>ticul>s !y disagree1 9 ord] to see h[ f> ea* p>ty is "r1 & h[ f> x is wrong4 ,?is is ! only c\rse t promises ! lea/ prospect ( a satisfactory result4 ,if we mean by ! cause ( volition1 t :i* wills or ex]ts ! volition1 !re is no controv]sy2 = 9 ?is s5se ! advocates ( necessity admit t ! m9d is ! cause ( volition4 ,?us says ,edw>ds3 8,! acts ( my w are my own2 i4 e41 !y are acts ( my w407#abb7 ,x is univ]sally conc$$ t x is ! m9d :i* wills1 & no?+ else 9 ! place ( x2 & h5ce1 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 !re is no "q b t ! m9d is ! cause ( volition4 ,b ! advocates ( necessity _c be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se2 = !y d5y t ! m9d is ! cause ( volition1 & insi/ t x is caus$ by motive4 ,! t]m cause is v (t5 us$ to designate ! condition ( a ?+1 or t )\t :i* x c\ld n happ5 or come to pass4 ,?us we are told by ,edw>ds1 t he sometimes uses 8! ^w cause to signify any antec$5t0 ( an ev5t1 8:e!r x has any influ5ce or n10 9 ! production ( su* ev5t47#abc7 ,if ?is be ! mean+1 :5 x is said t motive is ! cause ( volition1 ! tru? ( ! proposition is conc$$ by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy4 ,9 speak+ ( argum5ts & motives1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke says3 8,occasions inde$ !re may be1 & are1 ^u :i* t sub/ance 9 man1 :]ev] ! self-mov+ pr9ciple resides1 freely ex]ts its active p[]407#abd7 ,h]e91 !n1 !re is a p]fect agreem5t betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,! fact t ! m9d requires c]ta9 conditions or occasions1 on :i* to ex]cise its active p[]1 does n at all int]f]e ) its fre$om2 & h5ce ! advocates ( free-ag5cy h readily admitt$ t motives are ! occasional causes ( volition4 ,we mu/ look out = "s o!r mean+ ( ! t]m1 !n1 if we w\ld cle>ly & di/9ctly fix our m9ds on ! po9t 9 controv]sy4 ,we say t an antec$5t is ! cause ( its consequ5t1 :5 ! latt] is produc$ by ! action ( ! =m]4 ,= example1 a motion ( ! body is said to be caus$ by ! m9d2 because x is produc$ by an act ( ! m9d4 ,?is seems to be :at is meant by an 8effici5t cause40 ,x is1 no d\bt1 ! mo/ prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 & ar\nd ?is x is t ! controv]sy /ill rages1 & has = c5turies rag$4 ,! advocates ( necessity cont5d1 n only t volition is ! effect ( motive1 b also t 8to be an effect implies passiv5ess1 or ! be+ subject to ! p[] & action ( its cause407#abe7 ,su* precisely is ! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds1 & ,coll9s1 & ,hobbes4 ,9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w x is d5i$ t motive is ! cause ( volition1 & x is affirm$ t m9d is ! cause !re(4 ,?us1 says ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 9 8 reply to ,coll9s1 8',tis ! self-mov+ pr9ciple1 & n at all ! reason or motive1 :i* is ! physical or effici5t cause ( action20 by :i* we und]/& him to mean volition1 z t is ! ?+ 9 dispute4 ,n[1 :5 ! advocates ( free-ag5cy insi/ t motive is n ! effici5t cause ( volition1 & t m9d is ! effici5t cause !re(1 we suppose !m to employ ! expression1 effici5t cause1 9 "o & ! same s5se 9 bo? bran*es ( ! proposition4 ,?is is ! only fair way ( view+ _! language2 & if !y wi%$ to be und]/ood 9 any o!r mann]1 !y %\ld h tak5 ! pa9s to expla9 !mselves1 & n p]mit u to be misl$ by an ambiguity4 ,"h ! precise po9t 9 dispute is cle>ly pres5t$2 & let u he> ! cont5d+ p>ties1 be=e we proce$ to decide betwe5 !m4 ,y are 9 error1 says ! necessit>ian to 8 oppon5ts1 9 d5y+ t motive1 & 9 affirm+ t m9d1 is ! effici5t cause ( volition4 ,= if an act ( ! m9d1 or a volition1 is caus$ by ! m9d1 x mu/ be produc$ by a prec$+ act ( ! m9d1 & ?is act mu/ be produc$ by ano!r prec$+ act ( ! m9d1 & s on ad inf9itum2 :i* r$uces ! matt] to a pla9 impossibility4 ,n[1 if ! necessit>ian has n be5 deceiv$ by an unw>rantable ambiguity on ! "p ( 8 adv]s>y1 he has cle>ly r$uc$ 8 doctr9e to ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( acts3 t is to say1 if ! advocate ( free-ag5cy does n dep>t f ! ord9>y mean+ ( words1 :5 he affirms t m9d is ! effici5t cause ( volition2 & if he does n use ^! t]ms 8effici5t cause10 9 diff]5t s5ses 9 ! same s5t5ce1 !n we feel b\nd to say t he is fairly caught 9 ! toils ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,b we are n yet 9 condition to pass a f9al judgm5t betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,! necessit>ian cont5ds t 8volition1 or an act ( ! m9d1 is ! effect ( motive1 & t x is subject to ! p[] & action ( its cause407#abf7 ,! advocate ( free-w replies1 ,if we mu/ suppose an action ( motive on ! m9d to acc\nt = its act1 we mu/ likewise suppose ano!r action to acc\nt = ! action ( motive2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?us ! necessit>ian seems to be fairly caught 9 8 own toils1 & entrapp$ by 8 own def9ition & argum5ts4 ,our decision 7= ! correctness ( :i* we appeal to ! calm & imp>tial judgm5t ( ! read]7 is z foll[s3 ,if ! t]m cause be und]/ood 9 ! fir/ or ! second s5se above m5tion$1 !re is no disagreem5t betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties2 & if x be und]/ood 9 ! ?ird s5se1 !n bo? p>ties are 9 error4 ,if1 9 ord] to acc\nt = an act ( ! m9d1 we suppose x is caus$ by an action ( motive1 we are involv$ 9 ! absurdity ( an inf9ite s]ies ( actions2 & on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose x is caus$ by a prec$+ act ( ! m9d itself1 we are =c$ into ! same absurdity4 ,h5ce1 we conclude1 t an act ( ! m9d1 or a volition1 is n produc$ by ! action ( ei!r m9d or motive1 b takes its rise 9 ! _w )\t any su* effici5t cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,ea* p>ty has refut$ 8 adv]s>y1 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 triumph he seems n to h duly reflect$ on ! de/ruction ( 8 own position4 ,bo? are 9 ! "r1 & bo? are 9 ! wrong2 b1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 n equally s4 ,if we adopt ! argum5t ( bo? sides1 9 s f> z x is true1 we %all come to ! conclusion t action mu/ take its rise some:]e 9 ! univ]se )\t be+ caus$ by prec$+ action4 ,& if s1 :]e %all we look = its orig98 9 t :i* by nature is end[$ ) active p[]1 or 9 t :i* is purely & altoge!r passive8 ,we lay x d[n1 !n1 z an e/abli%$ & fundam5tal position1 t ! m9d acts or puts =? its volitions )\t be+ effici5tly caus$ to d s--)\t be+ impell$ by its own prior action1 or by ! prior action ( any?+ else4 ,! conditions or occasions ( volition be+ suppli$1 ! m9d itself acts 9 view !re(1 )\t be+ subject to ! p[] or action ( any cause :atev]4 ,all rational be+s mu/1 z we h se51 ei!r admit ?is exemption ( ! m9d 9 will+ f ! p[] & action ( any cause1 or else lose !mselves 9 ! labyr9? ( an inf9ite s]ies ( causes4 ,x is ?is exemption :i* con/itutes ! fre$om ( ! human s\l4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to see1 9 a cle> light1 ! sophi/ical nature ( ! pret5d$ demon/ration ( ! s*eme ( necessity4 8,x is impossible to consid] occurr5ces10 says ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 o!rwise ?an z b\nd toge!r 9 8! relation ( cause & effect40 ,n[ ?is relation1 if we int]pret x accord+ to ! nature ( ?+s1 & n accord+ to ! s\nd ( words1 is n "o1 b two4 ,! motions ( ! body are caus$ by ! m9d1 t is1 !y are produc$ by ! action ( ! m9d2 ?is con/itutes "o relation3 b acts ( ! m9d are caus$1 t is1 !y are produc$ by ! action ( no?+2 & ?is is a q diff]5t relation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! motions ( body are produc$ by prec$+ action1 & ! acts ( ! m9d are n produc$ by prec$+ action4 ,h5ce1 ! fir/ are necessitat$1 & ! la/ are free3 ! fir/ come "u 8! relation ( cause & effect10 & ! la/ come "u a v diff]5t relation4 ,! relation ( cause & effect connects ! mo/ remote consequ5ces ( volition ) volition itself2 b :5 we rea* volition !re a new relation arises3 x is ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 an ag5t & its act4 ,we may trace *anges 9 ! ext]nal _w up to ! volitions or acts ( m9d1 & p]ceive no div]sity 9 ! *a9 ( dep5d5cies2 b precisely at ?is po9t ! *a9 ( cause & effect ceases1 & ag5cy beg9s4 ,! surr\nd+ circum/ances may be conditions1 may be occasional causes1 may be pr$ispos+ causes1 b !y are n1 & _c be1 produc+ or effici5t causes4 ,"h1 !n1 ! iron *a9 t]m9ates1 & fre$om comm5ces4 ,9 ! ambiguity :i* fails to di/+ui% betwe5 8! relation ( cause & effect10 & ! relation :i* volition be>s to its antec$5ts1 8consi/s ! /r5g? ( ! necessit>ian sy/em40 ,let ?is di/9ction be cle>ly made & firmly borne 9 m9d1 & ! great boa/$ adamant9e s*eme ( necessity w resolve itself into an empty1 ineffectual s\nd4 ,h5ce1 if we w\ld place ! doctr9e ( lib]ty ^u solid gr\nds1 x becomes necess>y to modify ! categories ( ,m4 ,c\s94 ,all ?+s1 says he1 fall "u ! "o or ! o!r ( ! two foll[+ relations3 ! relation betwe5 subject & attribute1 or ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,?is la/ category1 we ?9k1 %\ld be subdivid$1 s z to give two relations2 "o betwe5 cause & effect1 prop]ly s call$1 & ! o!r betwe5 ag5t & action4 ,until ?is be done1 x w be impossible to extricate ! ph5om5a ( ! w f ! me*anism ( cause & effect4 ,we ?9k we might "h leave ! /up5d\s sophism ( ! necessit>ian2 b z x has ex]t$ s wond]ful an influ5ce ov] ! human m9d1 & obscur$1 = ages1 ! glory ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god1 we may well be p]mitt$ to pursue x fur!r1 & to cont9ue ! pursuit s long z a fragm5t or a %ad[ ( x rema9s to be demoli%$4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is =tifi$ by false conceptions4 ,"o ( ! notions to :i* ! cause ( necessity owes mu* ( its /r5g?1 is a false conception ( lib]ty1 z consi/+ 9 8a p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( ! w40 ,h5ce x is said t ?is p[] ov] ! w c d no?+1 c cause no det]m9ation except by act+ to produce x4 ,b accord+ to ?is notion ( lib]ty1 ?is causative act _c be free unless x be also caus$ by a prec$+ act2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,su* is "o ( ! fav\rite argum5ts ( ! necessit>ian4 ,b 9 tru? ! fre$om ( ! m9d does n consi/ 9 its possess+ a p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( its own w1 = ! true notion ( fre$om is a negative idea1 & consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( e p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( ! w4 ,! m9d is free because x possesses a p[] ( act+1 ov] :i* !re is no controll+ p[]1 ei!r )9 or )\t itself4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 x seems to u1 t ! advocates ( free-ag5cy h too (t5 sanction$ ?is false conception ( lib]ty1 & !reby /r5g!n$ ! cause ( _! oppon5ts4 ,cudwor?1 ,cl>k1 ,/u>t1 ,col]idge1 & ,reid1 all speak ( ?is suppos$ p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! det]m9ations ( ! w1 z t :i* con/itutes its fre$om4 ,?us says ,reid1 = example3 8,by ! lib]ty ( a moral ag5t1 ,i und]/& a p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( 8 own w40 ,n[1 x is n at all /range t ?is language %\ld be conceiv$ by necessit>ians 9 su* a mann] z to involve ! doctr9e ( lib]ty 9 ! absurd consequ5ce ( an inf9ite s]ies ( acts1 s9ce x is s und]/ood by "s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ advocates ( free-ag5cy !mselves4 8,a p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( our w10 says ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 8supposes an act ( ! w t our w %\ld det]m9e s & s2 = we c only ex]t p[] ?r\gh a rational det]m9ation or volition4 ,?is def9ition ( lib]ty is "r4 ,b ! "q ^u "q rema9s1 7& ?is ad inf9itum7--h we a p[] 7a w7 ov] su* ant]ior w8 & until ?is "q be def9itively answ]$1 :i* x nev] c1 we mu/ be unable to conceive ! possibility ( ! fact ( lib]ty4 ,b1 ?\gh inconceivable1 ?is fact is n !re=e false40 ,true1 we are unable to conceive ! possibility ( ! fact ( lib]ty1 if ?is mu/ be conceiv$ z consi/+ 9 a p[] ov] ! det]m9ations ( ! w2 b1 9 our humble op9ion1 ?is def9ition ( lib]ty is n "r4 ,x seems m correct to say1 t ! fre$om ( ! w consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( a p[] ov] its det]m9ations1 ?an 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a p[]4 ,!re is ano!r false conception :i* has giv5 great app>5t =ce to ! cause ( necessity4 ,x is suppos$ t ! /ates ( ! w1 ! volitions1 are (t5 necessitat$ by ! necessitat$ /ates ( ! s5sibility4 ,9 o!r words1 x is suppos$ t ! appetites1 passions1 & desires1 (t5 act ^u ! w1 & produce its volitions4 ,b ?is seems to be a v great mi/ake1 :i* has aris5 f view+ ! subtle op]ations ( ! m9d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? me*anical =ms ( ?\ght t h be5 d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,9 tru?1 ! feel+s d n act at all1 & consequ5tly !y _c act ^u ! w4 ,x is absurd1 z ,locke & ,edw>ds well say1 to ascribe p[]1 :i* belongs to ! ag5t himself1 to ! prop]ties ( an ag5t4 ,h5ce1 x is absurd to suppose t our feel+s1 appetites1 desires1 & passions1 are end[$ ) p[]1 & c act4 ,!y are n ag5ts--!y are m]ely ! prop]ties ( an ag5t4 ,x is ! m9d itself :i* acts1 & n its passions4 ,^! are b passive impressions made ^u ! s5sibility2 & h5ce1 8x is to philosophize v crudely conc]n+ m9d1 & to image ev]y?+ 9 a corporeal mann]10 to conceive t !y act ^u ! w & control its det]m9ations1 j z ! motions ( body are caus$ & controll$ by ! action ( m9d47#abg7 ,?is conception1 h[ev]1 is n peculi> to ! necessit>ian4 ,x has be5 mo/ un=tunately sanction$ by ! greate/ advocates ( free-ag5cy4 ,?us says ,dr4 ,reid1 9 relation to ! appetites & passions3 8,su* motives are n address$ to ! rational p[]s4 ,_! influ5ce is imm$iately ^u ! w40 8,:5 a man is act$ ^u by contr>y motives ( ?is k9d1 he f9ds x easy to yield to ! /ronge/4 ,!y are l two =ces pu%+ him 9 contr>y directions4 ,to yield to ! /ronge/ he ne$s only be passive40 ,if ?is be s1 h[ c ,dr4 ,reid ma9ta91 z he does1 t 8! det]m9ation 0 made by ! man1 & n by ! motive80 ,to ?is ass]tion ,sir ,william ,hamilton replies3 8,b 0 ! man det]m9$ by no motive to t det]m9ation8 ,0 8 specific volition to ?is or to t )\t a cause8 ,on ! supposition t ! sum ( ! influ5ces 7motives1 dispositions1 t5d5cies7 to volition ,a is equal to #ab1 & ! sum ( c\nt] volition ,b1 equal to #h--;c we conceive t ! det]m9ation ( volition ,a %\ld n be necess>y8 ,we c only conceive ! volition ,b to be det]m9$ by suppos+ t ! man creates 7calls f nonexi/5ce into exi/5ce7 a c]ta9 supplem5t ( influ5ces4 ,b ?is creation z actual1 or 9 itself1 is inconceivable2 & ev5 to conceive ! possibility ( ?is inconceivable act1 we mu/ suppose "s cause by :i* ! man is det]m9$ to ex]t x4 ,we ?us 9 ?\ght1 nev] escape det]m9ation & necessity4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i d n consid] ?is inability to notion any dispro( ( ! fact ( free-w40 ,x is true1 t if we suppose1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,sir ,william & ,dr4 ,reid1 t two c\nt] influ5ces act ^u ! w1 ! "o be+ z #ab & ! o!r z #h1 !n ! fir/ mu/ necess>ily prevail4 ,b if ?is supposition be correct1 we are n only unable to conceive ! fact ( lib]ty1 we are also able to conceive t x _c be a fact at all4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce1 we h be5 accu/om$ to believe1 betwe5 be+ unable to conceive h[ a ?+ is1 & be+ able to conceive t x _c be anyh[ at all3 ! fir/ w\ld leave x a m]e my/]y1--! la/ w\ld %[ x to be an absurdity4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! ?+ w\ld be above reason1 & 9 ! o!r1 contr>y to reason4 ,n[1 to :i* ( ^! categories does ! fact ( lib]ty1 z left by ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 belong8 ,is x a my/]y1 or is x an absurdity8 ,is x an inconceivable fact1 or is x a conceiv$ impossibility8 ,x seems to u t x is ! latt]2 & t if we w only take ! pa9s to view ! ph5om5a ( m9d z !y exi/ 9 consci\sness1 & n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( mat]ial analogies1 we %all be able to untie ! knot :i* ,sir ,william ,hamilton has f\nd x necess>y to cut4 ,! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 if prop]ly view$1 is p]fectly conceivable4 ,we c c]ta9ly conceive t ! omnipot5ce ( ,god c put =? an act )\t be+ impell$ !reto by a p[] back ( 8 own2 & to suppose o!rwise1 is to suppose a p[] great] ?an ,god's1 & ^u :i* ! ex]cise ( 8 omnipot5ce dep5ds4 ,by p>ity ( reason1 we %\ld be compell$ to suppose ano!r p[] /ill back ( t1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?is is n only absurd1 b1 z ,calv9 truly says1 x is impi\s4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ^u ! ?rone ( ! univ]se a cle> & unequivocal in/ance ( a self-active p[]1--a p[] ^: go+s =? are n impell$ by any p[] )\t itself4 ,x goes =?1 x is true1 9 ! light ( ! ,et]nal ,reason1 & 9 pursuit ( ! ends ( ! ,et]nal ,goodness2 b yet 9 itself x possesses an inf9ite fulness1 be+ self-su/a9$1 self-active1 & :olly indep5d5t ( all o!r p[]s & influ5ces :atsoev]4 ,n[1 if su* a ,be+ %\ld create at all1 x is n difficult to conceive t he w\ld create subord9ate ag5ts1 be>+ 8 own image 9 ?is1 namely1 ! possession ( a self-active p[]4 ,x is n difficult to conceive t he %\ld produce spiritual be+s l himself1 :o c act )\t be+ necessitat$ to act1 l ! inanimate portions ( creation1 z well z ^? ( an inf]ior nature4 ,nor is x m difficult to conceive t man1 9 po9t ( fact1 possesses su* a limit$ self-active p[]1 ?an x is to conceive t ,god possesses an inf9ite self-active p[]4 ,inde$ we mu/ & d conceive ?is1 or else we %\ld h no type or repres5tative 9 ?is l[] "p ( ! _w1 by & ?r\gh :i* to rise to a contemplation ( its univ]sal ,"l & ,sov]eign4 ,we %\ld h a temple )\t a symbol1 & a univ]se )\t a ,god4 ,b ,god has n ?us left himself )\t witness2 = he has rais$ man above ! du/ ( ! e>? 9 ?is1 t he is end[$ ) a self-active p[]1 f :5ce1 z f an humble plat=m1 he may rise to ! sublime contemplation ( ! ,univ]sal ,mov] ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,b = ?is ray ( light1 %$ abroad 9 our he>ts by ! creative en]gy ( ,god1 ! nature ( ! div9e p[] itself w\ld be unkn[n to u1 & its et]nal1 immutable glories %r\d$ 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,! idea ( an omnipot5t p[]1 mov+ 9 & ( itself 9 ob$i5ce to ! dictates ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 w\ld be =ev] m]g$ & lo/ 9 ! d>k s*eme ( an implex$ s]ies & concat5ation ( causes1 b9d+ all ?+s fa/1 ,god himself n except$1 9 ! iron bonds ( fate4 ,if lib]ty be a fact1 z ,sir ,william ,hamilton cont5ds x is1 !n no su* objections c be urg$ aga9/ x z ^? 9 :i* he supposes x to be involv$4 ,we are aw>e ( :at may be said 9 fav\r ( su* a mode ( view+ subjects ( ?is k9d1 z well z ( ! nature ( ! pr9ciples f :i* x takes its rise4 ,b we _c consid] ^? pr9ciples altoge!r s\nd4 ,!y appe> to be too sceptical1 ) respect to ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 & ! de/9y ( human k4 ,! s5tim5t ( ,leibnitz seems to re/ ^u a m solid f\ndation4 8,x is necess>y to come10 says he1 8to ! gr& "q :i* ,m4 ,bayle has rec5tly br\ght ^u ! c>pet1 to wit1 :e!r a tru?1 & especially a tru? ( fai?1 c be subject to unansw]able objections4 ,t excell5t au?or seems boldly to ma9ta9 ! affirmative ( ?is "q3 he cites grave !ologians on 8 side1 & ev5 ^? ( ,rome1 :o appe> to say :at he pret5ds2 & he adduces philosoph]s :o h believ$ t !re are ev5 philosophical tru?s1 ! def5d]s ( :i* _c reply to objections made aga9/ !m40 8,= my "p10 says ,leibnitz1 8,i av[ t ,i _c be ( ! s5tim5t ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t a tru? c be liable to inv9cible objections2 = :at is an objection b an argum5t ( :i* ! conclusion contradicts our !sis8 & is n an inv9cible argum5t a demon/ration80 8,x is always necess>y to yield to demon/rations1 :e!r !y are propos$ = our adoption1 or advanc$ 9 ! =m ( objections4 ,& x is unju/ & useless to wi% to weak5 ! pro(s ( adv]s>ies1 "u ! pretext t !y are only objections2 s9ce ! adv]s>y has ! same "r1 & c rev]se ! d5om9ations1 by hon\r+ 8 argum5ts ) ! "n ( pro(s1 & l[]+ y\rs by ! disp>ag+ "n ( objections407#abh7 ,!re is ano!r false conception1 by :i* ! necessit>ian =tifies himself 9 8 opposition to ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,z he id5tifies ! s5sibility & ! w1 s :5 ! indiff]5ce ( ! latt] is spok5 (1 ! language is und]/ood to mean t ! m9d is indiff]5t1 & de/itute ( all feel+ or emotion4 ,b ?is is to view ! doctr9e ( lib]ty1 n z x is held by its advocates1 b z x is se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a false psy*ology4 ,we might adduce a hundr$ examples ( ! tru? ( ?is rem>k1 b "o or two mu/ suffice4 ,?us1 ,coll9s supposes t ! doctr9e ( lib]ty implies1 t ! m9d is 8indiff]5t to good & evil20 8indiff]5t to :at causes pleasure or pa920 8indiff]5t to all objects1 & sway$ by no motives40 ,gross z ?is misrepres5tation ( ! doctr9e ( free-ag5cy is1 x is frequ5tly made by its oppon5ts4 ,x occurs repeat$ly 9 ! writ+s ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds & ,presid5t ,day47#abi7 ,! fre$om ( ! w1 inde$1 no m implies an indiff]5ce ( ! s5sibility ?an ! p[] ( a bird to fly implies ! exi/5ce ( a vacuum4 ,section ,v4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is recomm5d$ by false analogies4 ,x is insi/$ t !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ( a caus$ action or volition2 b ?is position is illu/rat$ by false & deceptive analogies4 ,?us says an advocate ( necessity3 8,! t]m passive is sometimes employ$ to express ! relation ( an effect to its cause4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x is s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) activity1 t activity may be ! v effect :i* is produc$4 ,a cannon%ot is said to be passive1 ) respect to ! *>ge ( p[d] :i* impels x4 ,b is !re no activity giv5 to ! ball8 ,is n ! :irlw9d active :5 x te>s up ! =e/807#acj7 ,n at all1 9 any s5se p]ta9+ to ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,! trem5d\s p[]1 :atev] x may be1 :i* sets ! :irlw9d 9 motion1 is active2 ! w9d itself is p]fectly passive4 ,! air is act$ on1 & x m]ely suff]s a *ange ( place4 ,if x te>s up ! =e/1 ?is is n because x ex]cises an active p[]1 b because x is body com+ into contact ) body1 & bo? _c occupy ! same space at "o & ! same "t4 ,x te>s up ! =e/1 n z an ag5t1 b z an in/rum5t4 ,! same is true ( ! cannonball4 ,?is does n act2 x m]ely moves4 ,x does n put =? a volition1 or an ex]cise ( p[]2 x m]ely suff]s a *ange ( place4 ,9 "o ^w1 !re is no sort ( resemblance betwe5 an act ( m9d & ! motion ( body4 ,?is has no active p[]1 & _c be made to act3 x is passive1 h[ev]1 & may be made to move4 ,if ! "q 71 ,c a body be made to move8 ^! illu/rations w\ld be 9 po9t2 b z x relates to ! possibility ( caus+ ! m9d to put =? a volition1 !y are cle>ly irrelevant4 ,& if !y 7 really apposite1 !y w\ld only %[ t ! m9d may be caus$ to act l a cannonball1 a :irlw9d1 a clock1 or any o!r piece ( ma*9]y4 ,?is is ! only k9d ( action !y s]ve to prove may be caus$2 & su* action1 z x is call$1 has f> m to d ) ma*9]y ?an ) human ag5cy4 ,presid5t ,edw>ds also has rec\rse to false analogies4 ,to select only "o in/ance3 8,x is no m a contradiction10 says he1 8to suppose t action may be ! effect ( "s o!r cause besides ! ag5t1 or be+ t acts1 ?an to suppose t life may be ! effect ( "s o!r cause besides ! be+ t lives407#aca7 ,n[1 z we are :olly passive 9 ! reception ( life1 s x may be :olly conf]r$ ^u u by ! p[] & ag5cy ( ,god4 ,! v reason :y we suppose an act _c be caus$ is1 t x is a volunt>y ex]cise ( our own m9ds2 :]eas1 if x 7 caus$1 x w\ld be a necessitat$ passive impression4 ,h[ c x %[ ! fallacy ( ?is position1 to ref] to ! case ( a caus$ life1 9 reg>d to :i*1 by univ]sal cons5t1 we d n & _c act at all8 ,! y\ng] ,edw>ds ass]ts1 t 8to say t an ag5t t is act$ ^u _c act1 is z gr\ndless z to say t a body act$ ^u _c move40 ,aga93 8,my actions are m9e2 b 9 :at s5se c !y be prop]ly call$ m9e1 if ,i be n ! effici5t cause ( !m8--,answ]3 my ?\ghts & all my p]ceptions & feel+s are m9e2 yet x w n be pret5d$ t ,i am ! effici5t cause ( !m407#acb7 ,b 9 reg>d to all our ?\ghts & feel+s1 we are1 z we h se51 altoge!r passive2 & ^! are ours1 because !y are necess>ily produc$ 9 u4 ,is x only 9 ?is s5se t our acts are ours8 ,are !y ours only because !y are necess>ily caus$ to exi/ 9 our m9ds8 ,if s1 !n inde$ we und]/& ^! writ]s2 b if !y are n m]ely passive impressions1 :y resort to /ates ( ! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility1 :i* are conc$$ to be passive1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! reasonabl5ess ( _! s*eme1 & to expose ! unreasonabl5ess ( ! opposite doctr9e8 ,we admit t e passive impression is caus$2 b ! "q is1 ,c ! m9d be caus$ to act8 ,z we lay all ! /ress on ! nature ( an act1 z se5 9 ! light ( consci\sness1 :at does x signify to tell u t ano!r ?+1 :i* possesses no su* nature1 may be effici5tly caus$8 ,all su* illu/rations ov]look ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 action & passion1 betwe5 do+ & suff]+4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! s*eme ( necessity is r5d]$ plausible by a false phraseology4 ,! false psy*ology1 ( :i* we h spok51 has be5 greatly /r5g!n$ & confirm$ 9 its influ5ces by ! phraseology connect$ ) x4 ,z ,mr4 ,locke di/+ui%$ betwe5 w & desire1 p>tially at lea/1 s he likewise di/+ui%$ a pref]5ce ( ! m9d f a volition4 ,b ,presid5t ,edw>ds is n satisfi$ ) ?is di/9ction4 8,! in/ance he m5tions10 says ,edw>ds1 8does n prove !re is any?+ else 9 will+ b m]ely pref]r+407#acc7 ,?is may be v true2 b is !re no?+ 9 will+1 9 act+1 b m]ely pref]r+8 ,?is la/ t]m1 h[ev] x may be appli$1 seems bett] adapt$ to express a /ate ( ! intellig5ce1 ?an an act ( ! w4 ,two objects are plac$ be=e ! m9d3 "o affects ! s5sibility 9 a m agreeable mann] ?an ! o!r1 & !re=e ! intellig5ce pron\nces t "o is m to be desir$ ?an ! o!r4 ,?is seems to be precisely :at is meant by ! use ( ! t]m pref]5ce4 ,"o pref]s an orange to an apple1 = in/ance1 because ! orange affects 8 s5sibility m agreeably ?an ! apple2 & ! intellig5ce p]ceiv+ ?is /ate ( ! s5sibility1 decl>es 9 fav\r ( ! orange4 ,?is decision ( ! judgm5t is :at is usually meant by ! use ( ! t]m pref]5ce1 or *oice4 ,to pref]1 is m]ely to judge1 9 view ( desire1 :i* ( two objects is m agreeable4 ,b judg+ & desir+ are1 z we h se51 bo? necessitat$ /ates ( ! m9d4 ,:y1 !n1 apply ! t]m pref]5ce1 or *oice1 to acts ( ! w8 ,:y apply a t]m1 :i* seems to express m]ely a /ate ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* all conc$e is necessitat$1 to an act ( ! w8 ,is x n evid5t1 t by su* a use ( language ! cause ( necessity ga9s great app>5t /r5g?8 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ! language ( ! necessit>ian deceives4 ,! language he employs (t5 repres5ts ! facts ( nature1 b n facts z !y w\ld be1 if 8 sy/em 7 true4 ,h5ce1 :5 ?is sy/em is attack$1 its advocates repel ! attack by ! use ( words :i* truly repres5t nature1 b n _! errors4 ,?is gives great plausibility to _! apologies4 ,?us1 :5 x is object$ t ! s*eme ( necessity 8makes m5 no m ?an m]e ma*9es10 !y are always ready to reply1 8t not)/&+ ?is doctr9e1 man is entirely1 p]fectly1 & unspeakably diff]5t f a ma*9e40 ,b h[8 ,is x because 8 volitions1 z !y are call$1 are n necess>ily det]m9$ by causes8 ,no4 ,is x because 8 w may be loose f ! influ5ce ( motives8 ,no4 ,is x because he may foll[ ! /ronge/ motive1 or may n foll[ x8 ,no4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is h9t$4 ,h[ does ! man1 !n1 diff] s entirely f a ma*9e8 ,:y1 89 t he has reason & und]/&+1 ) a faculty ( w1 & s is capable ( volition & *oice40 ,true1 a ma*9e has no reason or und]/&+2 b suppose x _h1 w\ld x be a p]son8 ,by no means4 ,we h se5 t ! und]/&+1 or ! intellig5ce1 is necess>ily det]m9$2 all its /ates are necessitat$ z completely z ! movem5ts ( a ma*9e4 ,?is con/itutes an ess5tial lik5ess1 & x is :at is always meant1 :5 x is said t necessity makes m5 m]e ma*9es4 ,b x seems t man also has 8a faculty ( w1 & s is capable ( volition or *oice407#acd7 ,yes1 he c act4 ,n[ ?is language means some?+ accord+ to ! sy/em ( nature2 b :at does x mean accord+ to ! sy/em ( necessity8 ,x m]ely means t ! human m9d is susceptible ( be+ necessitat$ to und]go a *ange by ! 8p[] & action ( a cause10 :i* ! advocates ( t sy/em are pleas$ to call an act4 ,!y nev] h9t t we are n ma*9es1 because we h any p[] by :i* we are exempt f ! mo/ absolute dom9ion ( causes4 ,!y nev] h9t t we are n ma*9es1 because our volitions1 or acts1 are n z necess>ily produc$ 9 u1 z ! motions ( a clock are produc$ 9 x4 ,n[1 if ?is s*eme 7 true1 !re w\ld be no su* ?+s z acts or volitions 9 u3 all ! ph5om5a ( our m9ds w\ld be passive impressions1 l our judgm5ts & feel+s4 ,:5 !y speak ( ! w1 !n1 :i* is capable ( volitions1 or acts1 !y deceive by us+ ! language ( nature1 & n ( _! false s*eme4 ,section ,,vii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity orig9ates 9 a false me?od1 & t]m9ates 9 a false religion4 ,?is sy/em1 z we h se51 has be5 built up1 n by an analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 b by means ( univ]sal ab/ractions & truisms4 ,x takes its rise1 n f ! facts ( nature1 b f ! conceptions ( ! intellect4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( anatomiz+ ! _w :i* ,god has made s z to exhibit ! actual plan accord+ to :i* x has be5 con/itut$1 x sets out f c]ta9 id5tical propositions1 su* z t e effect mu/ h a cause1 & proce$s to in=m u h[ ! _w mu/ h be5 con/itut$4 ,?is 8usual me?od ( discov]y & pro(10 z ,bacon says1 8by fir/ e/abli%+ ! mo/ g5]al propositions1 !n apply+ & prov+ ! int]m$iate axioms accord+ to ^!1 is ! p>5t ( error & ! calamity ( e sci5ce40 ,n[h]e1 x is believ$1 c a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ^! pregnant words be f\nd1 ?an 9 ! me?od adopt$ by necessit>ians4 ,!y beg9 ) ! univ]sal proposition1 t e effect mu/ h a cause1 z a self-evid5t tru?1 & !n proce$1 n to exam9e & discov] h[ ! _w is made1 b to demon/rate h[ x mu/ h be5 con/ruct$4 ,?is is n to 8int]pret10 x is to 8anticipate0 nature4 ,by ?is high a priori me?od ! fre$om ( ! human m9d is demon/rat$1 z we h se51 to be an impossibility1 & ! acc\ntability ( man a dream4 ,man is n responsible = s91 or r1 !re is no su* ?+ z moral good & evil 9 ! l[] _w2 s9ce ,god1 ! only effici5t f\nta9 ( all ?+s & ev5ts1 is ! sole responsible au?or ( all evil z well z ( all good4 ,su*1 z we h se51 are ! inevitable logical consequ5ces ( ?is boa/$ s*eme ( necessity4 ,b we h cle>ly %[n1 we tru/1 t ! gr& demon/ration ( ! necessit>ian is a sophism1 ^: app>5t =ce is ow+ to a v>iety ( causes3--,fir/1 x seeks out1 & lays its f\ndation 91 a false psy*ology2 id5tify+ ! feel+s1 or affections1 & ! w4 ,secondly1 by view+ ! opposite s*eme ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is false psy*ology1 x r$uces its ma9 position to ! pitiful absurdity t a ?+ may produce itself1 or arise out ( no?+1 & br+ itself into exi/5ce2 & !n demoli%es ?is absurdity by logic6 ,?irdly1 x r$uces itself to ! truism1 t a ?+ is always z x is2 & be+ entr5*$ 9 ?is /ronghold1 x ga!rs ar\nd itself all ! common s5se & all ! reason ( mank9d1 z well x may1 & looks d[n ) sov]eign contempt on ! feeble attacks ( its adv]s>ies4 ,f\r?ly1 x =tifies itself by a multitude ( false conceptions1 aris+ f a ha/y application ( its univ]sal truism1 & n f a sev]e inspection & analysis ( ?+s4 ,fif?ly1 x decorates itself 9 false analogies1 & !reby assumes ! impos+ appe>ance ( tru?4 ,six?ly1 x clo!s itself 9 deceptive & ambigu\s phraseology1 by :i* x speaks ! language ( tru? to ! e>1 b n to ! s5se4 ,&1 sev5?ly1 x takes its rise 9 a false me?od1 & t]m9ates 9 a false religion4 ,^! are "s ( ! hidd5 my/]ies ( ! s*eme ( necessity2 :i* hav+ be5 detect$ & expos$1 we d n hesitate to pron\nce x a gr& imposition on ! reason ( mank9d4 ,z su*1 we set aside ?is /up5d\s sophism1 ^: d>k %ad[ has s long re/$ on ! beauty ( ! _w1 obscur+ ! intr9sic maje/y & glory ( ! inf9ite goodness !re9 display$4 ,we put away & repudiate ?is va/ assemblage ( errors1 :i* has s sadly p]plex$ our m5tal vision1 & s frightfully di/ort$ ! real proportions ( ! _w1 z to lead philosoph]s1 su* z ,kant & o!rs1 to pron\nce a ,!odicy impossible4 ,we put !m aside utt]ly1 9 ord] t we may proce$ to v9dicate ! glory ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,relation ,betwe5 ,! ,human ,w ,& ,! ,div9e ,ag5cy4 ,?\ art ! s\rce & c5tre ( all m9ds1 ,_! only po9t ( re/1 et]nal ,^w6 ,f ,!e dep>t+1 !y are lo/ & rove ,at r&om1 )\t hon\r1 hope1 or peace4 ,f ,!e is all t soo!s ! life ( man1-- ,8 high endeav\r & 8 glad success1 ,8 /r5g? to suff] & 8 w to s]ve4--,,c[p]4 ,& ,god proclaim'd f heav51 & by an oa? ,confirm'd1 t ea* %\ld answ] = himself2 ,& z 8 own peculi> "w %\ld be ,done by 8 prop] self1 %\ld live or die4--,,pollok4 ,! evils ( ha/e & precipitancy 9 ! =mation ( op9ions are1 p]haps1 n[h]e m deplorably exhibit$1 ?an 9 reg>d to ! relation betwe5 human & div9e ag5cy4 ,inde$1 s _m ra% judgm5ts h be5 put =? on ?is important subject1 t ! v act ( approa*+ x has come to be inve/$1 9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons1 ) ! "* ( ra%ness & presumption4 ,h5ce ! frequ5t w>n+s to turn our att5tion f x1 z a subject ly+ beyond ! range ( all sob] speculation1 & z unsuit$ to ! inve/igation ( our f9ite m9ds4 ,if ?is be a wise conclusion1 x w\ld be well to leave x to support itself1 in/ead ( attempt+ to bol/] x up ) ! reasons frequ5tly giv5 = x4 ,section ,i4 ,g5]al view ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e & ! human p[]4 ,x is frequ5tly said1 = example1 t x is impossible to reconcile ! ag5cy ( ,god ) t ( man2 because we d n "k h[ ! div9e p[] op]ates ^u ! human m9d4 ,b1 if we exam9e ! subject closely1 we %all f9d t ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,_s ( ,god op]ates1 is n :at we want to "k1 9 ord] to remove ! great difficulty 9 "q4 ,if su* k 7 possess$ 9 ! greate/ possible p]fection1 we h no reason to believe t our insight into ! relation betwe5 ! human & ! div9e p[] w\ld be at all improv$4 ,= aught we c see1 our notions on ?is po9t w\ld rema9 z dim & feeble z if we possess$ no su* k4 ,if we c\ld asc]ta91 h[ev]1 precisely :at is done by ! p[] ( man1 !n we %\ld see :e!r !re be any real inconsi/5cy or conflict betwe5 !m or n4 ,?is is ! po9t on :i* we ne$ to be enlight5$1 9 ord] to cle> up ! difficulty 9 "q2 & on ?is po9t ! mo/ satisfactory light may be atta9$4 ,if we mu/ wait to und]/& ! modus op]&i ( ! div9e ,_s1 be=e we c dispel ! cl\ds & d>kness :i* 8 influ5ce ca/s ov] ! free-ag5cy ( man1 !n mu/ we inde$ def] ?is great my/]y to ano!r /ate ( be+1 & p]haps =ev]4 ,^? :o h look$ 9 ?is direction = light1 may well deplore our inability to see x4 ,b let u look 9 ! "r direction3 let u consid]1 n ! modus op]&i ( ! div9e p[]1 b ! effects produc$ by x1 & !n1 p]haps1 we may behold ! beautiful h>mony subsi/+ betwe5 ! ag5cy ( ,god & ! fre$om ( man4 ,! reason :y ! views ( mo/ p]sons conc]n+ ?is relation are s vague & indi/9ct is1 t !y d n possess a suffici5tly cle> & p]fect analysis ( ! human m9d4 ,! p[]s & susceptibilities ( ! m9d1 z well z ! laws :i* gov]n its ph5om5a1 seem bl5d$ toge!r 9 _! m9ds 9 "o confus$ mass2 & h5ce ! relations !y be> to ea* o!r1 & to ! div9e ag5cy1 are z dim & fluctuat+ z an ill-rememb]$ dream4 ,9 ?is confusion ( laws & ph5om5a1 ( p[]s & susceptibilities1 ( facts & fancies1 x is no wond] t s _m crude conceptions & vague hypo!ses h sprung up & prevail$ conc]n+ ! great difficulty "u consid]ation4 ,9 ! dim twilight ( m5tal sci5ce1 :i* has %[n all ?+s di/ort$ & no?+ 9 its true proportions1 x is no wond] t ! beautiful ord] & p]spective ( ! moral _w %\ld h be5 conceal$ f our eyes4 ,x 0 to h be5 expect$1 t e attempt to del9eate ?is ord]1 w\ld1 "u su* circum/ances1 prove premature1 & aggravate r ?an less5 ! app>5t disord]s prevail+ 9 ! spiritual _w4 ,accord+ly1 su* attempts g5]ally t]m9ate1 ei!r 9 ! d5ial ( ! free-ag5cy ( man1 or ( ! sov]eignty ( ,god2 & ^? :o h ma9ta9$ bo? ( ^! t5ets 9 reality1 z well z 9 "n1 h usually refus$ to all[ !mselves to be tr\bl$ by ! app>5t contradictions 9 :i* !y are involv$4 ,:ile !y recognise ! two sph]es ( ! human & ( ! div9e ag5cy1 !y h left !m s %ad[y & indi/9ct1 & s di/ort$ f _! real proportions1 t !y h inevitably seem$ to cla% ) ea* o!r4 ,h5ce1 to describe ^! two sph]es ) cle>ness & precision1 & to det]m9e ! precise po9t at :i* !y come into contact )\t int]sect+ ea* o!r1 is /ill a desid]atum 9 ! sci5ce ( !ology4 ,we %all endeav\r to def9e ! human p[] & ! div9e sov]eignty1 & to exhibit ! h>mony subsi/+ betwe5 !m1 9 su* a mann] z to supply1 9 "s small degree at lea/1 ?is great desid]atum :i* has s long be5 ! reproa* ( ! mo/ sublime ( all ! sci5ces4 ,b ?is is n to be done by plant+ ourselves ^u any "o p>ticul> plat=m1 & dogmatiz+ f !nce1 z if t p>ticul> po9t ( view necess>ily pres5t$ u ) e possible phase ( ! tru?4 ,!re has be51 inde$1 s mu* ( ?is "o-sid$1 exclusive1 & dogmatiz+ _s manife/$ 9 relation to ! subject 9 "q1 z to give a great appe>ance ( tru? to ! ass]tion ( an +5i\s writ]1 t inasmu* z diff]5t m9ds contemplate ! div9e & human ag5cy f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ! pr$om9ant or lead+ idea pres5t$ to !m c nev] be ! same2 & h5ce !y c nev] agree 9 ! same repres5tation ( ! complex :ole4 ,! "o1 says he1 8necess>ily gives a great] prom95ce to ! div9e ag5cy1 & ! o!r to ! scope & influ5ce ( ! human w1 & consequ5tly !y pron\nce diff]5t judgm5ts2 j z a man :o views a sph]ical surface f ! inside w =ev] affirm x to be concave1 :ile he :o contemplates x f ! outside w z ob/9ately ass]t t x is convex40 ,b al?\gh ?is has be5 ! usual me?od ( treat+ ! subject 9 "q1 su* weakness & dogmatiz+ is self-impos$1 & n an inevitable condition ( ! human m9d4 ,we may le>n wisdom f ! errors ( ! pa/1 no less ?an f its mo/ triumphant & glori\s discov]ies4 ,9 ! discussion ( ?is subject1 x is true t opposite p>ties h conf9$ !mselves to fir/ appe>ances too mu*1 & re/$ on "o-sid$ views4 ,b are we necess>ily ti$ d[n to su* inadequate conceptions8 ,! causes :i* sep>ate m5 9 op9ion1 & ! ob/acles :i* keep !m asund]1 are inde$ p[]ful2 b we hope !y d n =m an et]nal b>ri] betwe5 ! wise & good4 ,9 reg>d to doctr9es s fundam5tal & s vital z ! div9e sov]eignty & human fre$om1 x is to be hop$ t all good m5 w "s day unite1 & p]fectly h>monize ) ea* o!r4 ,z we are rational be+s1 s we are n ti$ d[n to t appe>ance ( ?+s :i* is pres5t$ to "o p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy w\ld nev] h _h an exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ! ph5om5a ( t noble sci5ce are almo/ inconceivably diff]5t f ^? pres5t$ to ! m9d ( man at 8 p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,f ! small %9+ objects :i* are br\ght to our k by ! s5se ( sight1 ! reason rises to ! true dim5sions ( ^? trem5d\s worlds4 ,& aft] ! human m9d has ?us furni%$ itself ) ! facts ( ! sol> sy/em1 x has proce$$ b a small way t[>d a k ( ! sy/em itself4 ,x has also to d$uce ! laws ( ! mat]ial _w f its fir/ appe>ances1 &1 arm$ ) ^!1 x mu/ transport itself f ! e>? to ! true c5tre ( ! sy/em1 f :i* its wond]ful ord] & beauty may be contemplat$1 & reveal$ to ! _w4 ,!n ^! innum]able tw9kl+ po9ts ( light1 :i* sp>kle 9 ! heav5s l s _m atoms1 become to ! eye ( reason ! /up5d\s suns & c5tres ( o!r worlds & sy/ems4 ,if we %\ld judge f fir/ appe>ances1 inde$1 if we c\ld n emancipate ourselves f ph5om5a z !y are exhibit$ to u f "o p>ticul> po9t ( view1 !n %\ld we nev] escape ! conclusion1 t ! e>? is ! fix$ c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ar\nd :i* its c\ntless myriads ( worlds p]=m _! et]nal revolutions4 ,b1 =tunately1 we are subject to no su* mis]able bondage4 ,! m9d ( man has already rais$ itself f ! planet to :i* 8 body is conf9$1 &1 plant+ itself on ! true c5tre ( ! sy/em1 has beheld ! sublime s*eme plann$ by ! inf9ite reason1 & execut$ by ! almighty p[] ( ! ,div9e ,ar*itect4 ,surely ! m9d :i* c d1 & has done1 all ?is1 has ! capacity to und]/&1 place x :]e y w1 t al?\gh ! inside ( a sph]e is concave1 ! outside may be convex2 z well z "s o!r ?+s :i* may p]haps h be5 plac$ beyond its p[]1 )\t due consid]ation4 ,b 9 e attempt to emancipate ourselves f fir/ appe>ances1 & to rea* a k ( ! tru?1 8n z reflect$ "u a s+le angle10 b z se5 9 all its fulness & beauty1 x is indisp5sable to contemplate x on all sides1 & to m>k ! precise b\nd>ies ( all its phases4 ,h5ce we %all n plant ourselves on ! fact ( man's p[] alone1 &1 view+ ! subject exclusively f !nce1 enl>ge ! sph]e ( human ag5cy to su* an ext5t z to %ut ! div9e ag5cy q out ( ! intellectual & moral _w4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 %all we p]mit ourselves to become s completely absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( ! maje/y ( ,god1 to dwell s w>mly on 8 inf9ite sov]eignty & ! littl5ess ( man1 z to cause ! sph]e ( human p[] to dw9dle d[n to a m]e po9t1 & entirely disappe>4 ,we %all endeav\r to f9d ! true m$ium betwe5 ^! two extreme op9ions4 ,t su* a m$ium exi/s some:]e1 w n be d5i$ by _m p]sons4 ,! only "q w be1 z to :]e & h[ ! l9e %\ld be drawn to /rike out ?is m$ium4 ,9 mo/ sy/ems ( !ology1 ?is l9e is n drawn at all1 b left completely 9 ! d>k4 ,we are %[n "s ?+s on bo? sides ( ?is l9e1 b we are n %[n ! l9e itself4 ,we are made to see1 = example1 ! fact ( human exi/5ce z some?+ di/9ct f ,god1 t we may n err ) ,sp9oza1 9 r$uc+ man to a m]e fugitive mode ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 to a m]e %ad[ & a dream4 ,& on ! o!r side1 we are made to contemplate ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 t we may n call 9 "q 8 sov]eignty & dom9ion ov] ! moral _w4 ,b betwe5 ^! two positions1 on :i* ! light ( tru? has ?us be5 made to fall1 !re is a tract ( d>k & unexplor$ t]ritory1 a t]ra incognita1 :i* rema9s to be completely survey$ & del9eat$1 be=e we c see ! beauty ( ! :ole sc5e4 ,9 ! attempt to map out ?is region1 to def9e ! precise b\nd>y ( t imp]ium 9 imp]io1 ( :i* ,sp9oza & o!rs ent]ta9$ s great a horror1 we %\ld endeav\r to foll[ ! wise maxim ( ,bacon1 8to despise no?+1 & to admire no?+40 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld endeav\r to 8prove all ?+s1 & to hold fa/ t :i* is good10 )\t yield+ a bl9d v5]ation to receiv$ dogmas1 or a bl9d admiration to ! s$uctive *>ms ( novelty4 ,h5ce1 we %all fir/ /& on ! same plat=m ) ,pelagius1 & endeav\r to view ! subject ) 8 eyes2 to see all t he saw1 z well z to correct ! errors ( 8 obs]vation4 ,& hav+ done ?is1 we %all !n transport ourselves to ! plat=m ( ,augu/9e1 & contemplate ! subject f 8 po9t ( view1 s z to possess ourselves ( 8 great tru?s1 & also to correct ! errors ( 8 obs]vation4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ^! processes1 x w n be f\nd difficult to comb9e ! tru?s ( ^! two conflict+ s*emes 9 a complete & h>moni\s sy/em1 :i* %all exhibit bo? ! human & ! div9e elem5ts ( religion 9 _! true proportions & j relations to ea* o!r4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,pelagian plat=m1 or view ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e & ! human p[]4 ,! doctr9e ( ,pelagius 0 develop$ f 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & m\ld$1 9 a great measure1 by 8 opposition to ! s*eme ( ,augu/9e4 ,accord+ to ! hi/orian1 ,ne&]1 z well z to ! te/imony ( ,augu/9e himself1 ! life ( ,pelagius 01 f beg9n+ to end1 "o 8e>ne/ moral ef=t40 ,z 8 "* 0 gradually =m$ by 8 own cont9u$ & unremitt$ ex]tions1 )\t any sudd5 or viol5t revolution 9 8 views or feel+s1 s ! great fact ( human ag5cy pres5t$ itself to 8 individual consci\sness ) uncl\d$ lu/re4 ,?is fact 0 ! great c5tral position f :i* 8 :ole s*eme develop$ itself4 ,&1 z ! hi/ory ( 8 op9ion %[s1 he 0 l$ to give a /ill great] pr$om9ance to ?is fact1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 opposition to ! sy/em ( ,augu/9e1 by :i* x seem$ to him to be subv]t$1 & ! int]e/s ( morality ?reat5$4 ,! great fact ( free-w1 ( ^: exi/5ce he 0 s well assur$ by 8 own consci\sness1 0 s imp]fectly int]pret$ by him1 t he 0 l$ to exclude o!r great facts f 8 sy/em1 :i* might h be5 p]fectly h>moniz$ ) 8 c5tral position4 ,?us1 z ,ne&] well says1 he d5i$ ! op]ation ( ! div9e p[] 9 ! r5ovation ( ! s\l17#ace7 because he c\ld n reconcile its influ5ce ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,?is 0 ! weak po9t 9 ! philosophy ( ,pelagius1 z x has be5 9 ! sy/em ( ?\s&s :o h liv$ s9ce 8 "t4 ,to reject ! "o ( two facts1 bo? ( :i* re/ ^u cle> & unequivocal evid5ce1 is an error :i* has be5 condemn$ by ,butl] & ,burlamaqui1 z well z by _m o!r celebrat$ philosoph]s4 ,b ?is error1 s f> z we "k1 has be5 by no "o m f9ely reprov$ ?an by ,pr(essor ,hodge1 ( ,pr9ceton4 8,if ! evid5ce ( ! con/ant revolution ( ! e>? r\nd its axis10 says he1 87 pres5t$ to a man1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be unreasonable 9 him to d5y ! fact1 m]ely because he c\ld n reconcile x ) ! /ability ( ev]y?+ on ! e>?'s surface4 ,or if he saw two rays ( light made to produce d>kness1 mu/ he resi/ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 because he kn[s t two c&les give m light ?an "o8 ,m5 d n act ?us irrationally 9 physical inve/igations4 ,!y let ea* fact /& ^u its own evid5ce4 ,!y /rive to reconcile !m1 & are happy :5 !y succe$4 ,b !y d n get rid ( difficulties by d5y+ facts4 8,if 9 ! dep>tm5t ( physical k we are oblig$ to act ^u ! pr9ciple ( receiv+ e fact ^u its own evid5ce1 ev5 :5 unable to reconcile "o ) ano!r1 x is n wond]ful t ?is necessity %\ld be impos$ ^u u 9 ^? dep>tm5ts ( k :i* are less )9 ! limits ( our p[]s4 ,x is c]ta9ly irrational = a man to reject all ! evid5ce ( ! spirituality ( ! s\l1 because he _c reconcile ?is doctr9e ) ! fact t a disease ( ! body disord]s ! m9d4 ,mu/ ,i d viol5ce to my nature 9 d5y+ ! pro( ( design af=d$ by ! human body1 because ,i _c acc\nt = ! occasional occurr5ce ( de=mities ( /ructure8 ,mu/ ,i h>d5 my he>t aga9/ all ! evid5ce ( ! b5evol5ce ( ,god1 :i* /reams ^u me 9 a flood ( light f all 8 works1 because ,i may n "k h[ to reconcile t b5evol5ce ) ! exi/5ce ( evil8 ,mu/ ,i d5y my free-ag5cy1 ! mo/ intimate ( all convictions1 because ,i _c see ! consi/5cy betwe5 ! fre5ess ( an act & ! frequ5cy ( its occurr5ce8 ,may ,i d5y t ,i am a moral be+1 ! v glory ( my nature1 because ,i _c *ange my "* at w807#acf7 ,if ?is judici\s s5tim5t _h be5 obs]v$ by speculati/s1 x _h be5 well = philosophy1 & /ill bett] = religion4 ,! h]esy ( ,pelagius1 & ! c\ntless =ms ( k9dr$ errors1 w\ld n h infe/$ human ?\ght4 ,b ?is s5tim5t1 h[ev] j 9 itself1 or h[ev] elegantly express$1 %\ld n be p]mitt$ to inspire our m9ds ) a feel+ ( despair4 ,x %\ld tea* u caution1 b n despond5cy2 x %\ld ext+ui% presumption1 b n hope4 ,= if 8we /rive to reconcile ! facts0 ( ! natural _w1 8& are happy :5 we succe$10 h[ mu* m solicit\s %\ld we be to succe$ 9 su* an attempt to %ut up & seal ! v f\nta9s ( religi\s error8 ,no?+ is m wond]ful to my m9d1 ?an t ,pelagius %\ld h su* foll[]s z ,reim>us & ,less+1 n to m5tion hundr$s ( o!rs1 :o d5y ! possibility ( a div9e influ5ce1 because x seems to !m to conflict ) ! intellectual & moral nature ( man47#acg7 ,to ass]t1 z ^! philosoph]s d1 t ! p[] ( ,god _c act ^u ! human m9d )\t infr++ ^u its fre$om1 betrays1 z we v5ture to affirm1 a pr(\nd & a/oni%+ ignorance ( ! :ole doctr9e ( free-ag5cy4 ,x proce$s on ! amaz+ supposition t ! w is ! only p[] ( ! human m9d1 & t volitions are ! only ph5om5a ev] manife/$ !re92 s t ,god _c act ^u x at all1 unless x be to produce volitions4 ,b is x true1 t ,god mu/ d all ?+s )9 u1 or he c d no?+8 t if he produce a *ange 9 our m5tal /ate1 !n he mu/ produce all conceivable *anges !re98 ,9 ord] to refute s ra% a conclusion1 & explode ! wild supposition on :i* x is bas$1 x w be necess>y to recur to ! ?reefold di/9ction ( ! intellig5ce1 ! s5sibility1 & ! w1 already ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! p]ception ( tru?1 z we h se51 ! intellig5ce is p]fectly passive4 ,e /ate ( ! intellig5ce is z completely necessitat$ z is ! affirmation t two & two are equal to f\r4 ,! decisions ( ! intellig5ce1 !n1 are n free acts2 inde$1 !y are n acts at all1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y are passive /ates ( ! intellect4 ,!y are usually call$ acts1 x is true2 & ?is use ( language is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! causes :i* has giv5 rise to s _m errors & delusions 9 reg>d to moral & acc\ntable ag5cy4 ,) e decision or /ate ( ! intellig5ce1 ) e p]ception ( tru? by x1 !re is intimately associat$1 x is true1 an act ( ! m9d1 a /ate ( ! w1 a volition1 by :i* ! att5tion is direct$ to ! subject "u consid]ation2 & x is ?is intimate association 9 :i* ! two /ates or m5tal ph5om5a seem bl5d$ into "o1 :i* has l$ s _m to reg>d ! passive susceptibility1 call$ ! intellig5ce1 z an active p[]1 & its /ates z free acts ( ! m9d4 ,a m correct analysis1 a f9] discrim9ation ( ! real facts ( consci\sness1 mu/ prevail on ?is subject1 be=e light c be let 9 ^u ! philosophy ( free & acc\ntable ag5cy4 ,! divid+ knife mu/ be /ruck betwe5 ! two ph5om5a 9 "q1 betwe5 an active /ate ( ! w & ! passive /ates ( ! intellig5ce1 & ! ob/9ate association be sev]$ 9 our imag9ation1 be=e ! tru? c be se5 o!rwise ?an ?r\gh di/ort+ films ( error4 ,z e /ate ( ! intellig5ce is necessitat$1 s ,god may act ^u ?is dep>tm5t ( our m5tal frame )\t infr++ ^u ! nature ( man 9 ! slighte/ possible degree4 ,z ! law ( necessity is ! law ( ! intellig5ce1 s ,god may absolutely necessitate its /ates1 by ! pres5tation ( tru?1 or by 8 direct & irresi/ible ag5cy 9 connexion ) ! tru?1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ! laws ( our intellectual & moral nature4 ,nay1 9 s act+1 he proce$s 9 p]fect con=mity ) ^? laws4 ,h5ce1 no matt] h[ deep a human s\l may be sunk 9 ignorance & /upidity1 ,god may fla% ! light ( tru? into x1 9 p]fect accordance ) ! laws ( its nature4 ,&1 z has be5 well said1 8,! fir/ effect ( ! div9e p[] 9 ! new1 z 9 ! old creation1 is light40 ,?is is n all4 ,e /ate ( ! s5sibility is a passive impression1 a necessitat$ ph5om5on ( ! human m9d4 ,no matt] :at fact1 or :at tru?1 may be pres5t to ! m9d1 ei!r by its own volunt>y att5tion or by ! ag5cy ( ,god1 or by ! cop]ation ( bo?1 ! impression x makes ^u ! s5sibility is beyond ! control ( ! w1 except by refus+ to give ! att5tion ( ! m9d to x4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh tru? may be vividly impress$ ^u ! intellig5ce1 al?\gh ! glories ( heav5 & ! t]rors ( hell may be made to %9e into x1 yet ! s5sibility may rema9 unaffect$ by !m4 ,x may be dead4 ,h5ce1 ,god may act ^u ?is1 may cause x to melt ) sorr[ or to gl[ ) love1 )\t do+ viol5ce to any law ( our moral nature4 ,!re is no difficulty1 !n1 9 conceiv+ t ! second effect ( ! div9e p[] 9 ! new creation is 8a new he>t40 ,hav+ done all ?is1 he may well call on u to 8"w out our salvation ) fe> & trembl+1 = ,god worke? 9 u to w & to d ( 8 own good pleasure40 ,we h se5 t ! /ate ( ! w1 t a volition is n necessitat$ by ! intellig5ce or by ! s5sibility2 &1 h5ce1 x may 8obey ! heav5ly vision10 or x may 8resi/ & d despite to ! ,_s ( grace40 ,if x obey1 !n ! vivify+ light & g5ial %[] h n fall5 ^u ! s\l 9 va94 ,! free-w coalesces ) ! r5ovat$ intellig5ce & s5sibility1 & ! man 8has root 9 himself40 ,! blossom gradually yields to ! fruit1 & ! g]m ( true hol9ess is =m$ 9 ! s\l4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! volunt>y ex]cise ( ! m9d1 9 ob$i5ce to ! k & ! love ( ,god1 & 9 ! p]man5t habit =m$ by ! repetition ( su* ex]cises4 ,h5ce1 9 ! great !&ric "w ( reg5]ation1 we see ! "p :i* is p]=m$ by ,god1 & ! "p :i* proce$s f man4 ,?is %[s an absolute dep5d5ce ( ! s\l ^u ! ag5cy ( ,god4 ,= )\t k ! m9d c no m p]=m its duty ?an ! eye c see )\t light2 & )\t a feel+ ( love to ,god1 x is z impossible = x to r5d] a spiritual ob$i5ce1 z x w\ld be = a bird to fly 9 a vacuum4 ,yet ?is dep5d5ce1 absolute z x is1 does n impair ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,= div9e grace supplies1 & mu/ supply1 ! indisp5sable conditions ( hol9ess2 b x does n produce hol9ess itself4 ,x does n produce hol9ess itself1 because1 z we h se51 a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,is x n evid5t1 !n1 t ^? :o ass]t ! impossibility ( a div9e influ5ce1 on ! gr\nd t x w\ld de/roy ! free-ag5cy ( man1 h proce$$ on a wond]ful confusion ( ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d8 ,is x n evid5t t !y h conf\nd$ ^? /ates ( ! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility1 :i* are m>k$ ov] ) ! *>act]i/ics ( necessity1 ) ^? /ates ( ! w :i* inevitably sugge/ ! ideas ( fre$om & acc\ntability8 ,b1 /range z x may seem1 ! philosoph]s :o ?us %ut ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+ out ( ! spiritual _w1 because !y _c reconcile x ) ! moral ag5cy ( man1 d n always d5y ! influ5ce ( creat$ be+s ov] ! m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is no uncommon ?+ to see philosoph]s & !ologians1 :o beg9 by d5y+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,_s ^u ! human m9d1 9 ord] to save ! fre$om ( ! latt]1 end by subject+ x to ! mo/ absolute dom9ion ( facts2 & circum/ances1 & motives4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! ,augu/9ian ,plat=m1 or view ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e ag5cy & ! human4 ,! doctr9e ( ,augu/9e1 l t ( ,pelagius1 0 develop$ f ! individual exp]i5ce & consci\sness ( its au?or4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 01 t ! s5sible exp]i5ce ( ! "o furni%$ him ) only ! human elem5t ( religion1 :i* 0 unduly magnifi$ by him2 :ile ! div9e elem5t 0 ! great prom95t fact 9 ! consci\sness ( ! o!r1 :o accord+ly r5d]$ x too exclusive 9 ! =mation ( 8 views4 ,! "o elevat$ ! human elem5t ( religion at ! exp5se ( ! div9e2 ! o!r p]mitt$ ! maje/y ( ! div9e to ov]%ad[ ! human1 & cause x to disappe>4 ,! causes :i* induc$ ,augu/9e to take ?is sublime b "o-sid$ view ( religion may be easily und]/ood4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life1 he ab&on$ himself to vici\s excesses2 be+ hurri$ away1 to use a metaphor1 by ! viol5ce ( 8 appetites & passions4 ,8 consci5ce1 no d\bt1 (t5 reprov$ him = su* a c\rse ( life1 & gave rise to _m resolutions ( am5dm5t4 ,b exp]i5ce taught him t he c\ld n trans=m & m\ld 8 own "* at pleasure4 ,he lack$ ^? views ( tru?1 & ^? feel+s ( rev]5ce & love to ,god1 )\t :i* true ob$i5ce is impossible4 ,h5ce he /ruggl$ 9 va94 ,he felt 8 own impot5cy4 ,he /ill yield$ to ! importunities ( appetite & passion4 ,( a sudd51 h[ev]1 he f9ds 8 views ( div9e ?+s *ang$1 & 8 religi\s s5sibilities awak5$4 ,he kn[s ?is m>vell\s trans=mation is n effect$ by himself4 ,he ascribes x1 & he truly ascribes x1 to ! p[] ( ,god2 by :i* he has be5 br\ght f a region ( d>kness to light4 ,old ?+s _h pass$ away1 & all ?+s become new4 ,b n[ obs]ve ! precise mann] 9 :i* ! error ( ,augu/9e takes its rise 9 8 m9d4 ,he1 too1 z well z ,pelagius1 conf\nds ! passive susceptibility ( ! he>t ) a volunt>y /ate ( ! w4 ,! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility are ! only elem5ts 9 8 psy*ology2 ! /ates ( !m1 :i* are necessitat$1 con/itute all ! ph5om5a ( ! human m9d4 ,hol9ess1 accord+ to him1 consi/s 9 a feel+ ( love to ,god4 ,he kn[s ?is is d]iv$ f ! div9e ag5cy2 & h5ce he concludes1 t ! :ole "w ( conv]sion is due to ,god1 & no "p ( x is p]=m$ by himself4 ,i "k1 says he1 t ,i did n make myself love ,god1 by :i* he means a feel+ ( love2 & ?is he takes to be true hol9ess1 :i* has be5 wr\ght 9 8 he>t by ! p[] ( ,god4 8,love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law2 b love to ,god is n %$ abroad 9 our he>ts by ! law1 b by ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,he is sure ! :ole "w is f ,god1 because he is sure t ! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility are ! :ole ( man4 ,h[ _m excell5t p]sons are !re1 :o1 tak+ _! /& ^u ! same plat=m ( a false psy*ology1 proce$ to dogmatize ) ,augu/9e z confid5tly z if ! only possible gr\nd ( diff]5ce f !m 0 a want ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 by :i* !y h be5 s em95tly bless$4 ,we d5y n ! reality ( _! ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce2 b we d d\bt ! accuracy ( _! int]pretation ( x4 ,?us1 ! complex fact ( consci\sness1 consi/+ 9 a /ate ( ! s5sibility & a /ate ( ! w1 0 view$ f opposite po9ts by ,pelagius & ,augu/9e4 ,! volunt>y phase ( x 0 se5 by ,pelagius1 & h5ce he became an exclusive & "o-sid$ advocate ( free-ag5cy2 ! passive side 0 beheld by ,augu/9e1 & h5ce he became a "o-sid$ & exclusive advocate ( div9e grace4 ,if we w\ld possess ! tru?1 & ! :ole tru?1 we mu/ view x on all sides1 & give a bett] int]pretation ( ! natural consci\sness ( ! "o1 z well z ! sup]natural consci\sness ( ! o!r1 ?an !y !mselves 7 enabl$ to give4 ,!n %all we n in/9ctively turn to "o-sid$ views ( revelation4 ,!n %all we n always repeat ) ,pelagius1 8,"w out y\r own salvation ) fe> & trembl+10 nor always exclaim ) ,augu/9e1 t 8,god worke? 9 u to w & to d ( 8 good pleasure20 b we %all ) equal fre$om & read9ess approa* & appropriate bo? bran*es ( ! tru?4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! views ( ^? :o1 9 lat] times1 h symboliz$ ) ,augu/9e4 ,^? div9es :o h adopt$1 9 ! ma91 ! same lead+ views ) ,augu/9e1 h g5]ally admitt$ ! fact ( free-ag5cy2 b1 because !y c\ld n reconcile x ) _! lead+ t5et1 !y h1 z we h se51 expla9$ x away4 ,! only fre$om :i* !y all[ to man1 p]ta9s1 z we h %[n1 n to ! w at all1 b only to ! ext]nal sph]e ( ! body4 ,!y h ma9ta9$ ! great fact 9 words1 b reject$ x 9 sub/ance4 ,?\gh !y h se5 ! absurdity ( reject+ "o fact because !y c\ld n reconcile x ) ano!r1 yet _! int]nal /ruggle aft] a unity & h>mony ( pr9ciple has induc$ !m to d5y1 9 reality1 :at !y h seem$ to !mselves to pres]ve & ma9ta94 ,we h se51 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "w1 9 :at mann] ?is has be5 done by !m2 x n[ rema9s to take a view ( ! subject1 9 connexion ) ! po9t "u consid]ation4 ,! man :o conf\nds ! s5sibility ) ! w %\ld1 inde$1 h no difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! div9e ag5cy ) ! human4 ,if ! /ate ( ! m9d 9 will+ is purely passive1 l a /ate ( ! m9d 9 feel+2 !n to say t x is produc$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 w\ld create no difficulty :atev]4 ,h5ce1 ! great difficulty ( reconcil+ ! human ) ! div9e ag5cy1 :i* has puzzl$ & p]plex$ s _m1 %\ld n exi/ = "o :o id5tifies ! w ) ! s5sibility2 & x w\ld exi/ = no "o hold+ ?is psy*ology1 if !re 7 n m 9 ! op]ations ( 8 nature ?an 9 ! developm5ts ( 8 sy/em4 ,p]haps no "o ev] m completely lo/ sight ( ! true *>act]i/ic ( ! manife/ations ( ! w1 by ?ru/+ !m beh9d ! ph5om5a ( ! s5sibility1 ?an ,presid5t ,edw>ds2 & h5ce ! difficulty 9 "q seem$ to h no exi/5ce = him4 ,s f> f tr\bl+ himself ab\t ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! human ag5cy f ! div9e1 he calmly & quietly speaks z if su* a l9e _h no exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 ! div9e ag5cy encircles all1 & man is m]ely ! subject ( its influ5ce4 ,x is true1 he uses ! t]ms active & actions1 z applicable to man & 8 ex]tions2 b yet he reg>ds 8 v acts1 8 volitions1 z be+ produc$ by ,god4 8,9 efficaci\s grace10 says he1 8,god does all1 & we d all4 ,god produces all1 & we act all4 ,= t is :at he produces2 namely1 our own acts40 ,n[ ,i ?9k ,edw>ds c\ld n h us$ su* language1 if he _h atta*$ any o!r idea to ! t]m act1 ?an :at really belongs to x :5 x is appli$1 z x (t5 is1 to ! passive /ates ( ! intellig5ce & ! s5sibility4 ,an act ( ! intellect1 or an act ( ! affections1 may be produc$ by ! p[] ( ,god2 b n an act ( ! w4 ,=1 z ! ,pr9ceton ,review well says1 8a necess>y volition is an absurdity1 a ?+ inconceivable40 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add1 t 9 caus+ all real human ag5cy to disappe> be=e ! div9e sov]eignty1 ,edw>ds m]ely reproduc$ ! op9ion ( ,calv92 :i* he endeav\r$ to e/abli%1 n by a fi]ce1 unreason+ dogmatism1 b ^u ! pr9ciples ( reason & philosophy4 8,! apo/le10 says ,calv91 8ascribes ev]y?+ to ! ,"l's m]cy1 & leaves no?+ to our wills or ex]tions407#ach7 ,he ev5 cont5ds1 t to 8suppose man to be a cop]ator ) ,god1 s t ! validity ( election dep5ds on 8 cons5t10 is to make ! 8w ( man sup]ior to ! c\nsel ( ,god207#aci7 z if !re 7 no possible m$ium betwe5 no?+ & omnipot5ce4 ,section ,v4 ,! dang] ( mi/ak+ di/ort$ = exalt$ views ( ! div9e sov]eignty4 ,!re is no dang]1 x is true1 t we %all ev] =m too exalt$ conceptions ( ! div9e maje/y4 ,all notions mu/ fall inf9itely bel[ ! sublime reality4 ,b we may proce$ 9 ! wrong direction1 by mak+ x our imm$iate aim & object to exalt ! sov]eignty ( ,god4 ,an object s va/ & ov]:elm+ z ! div9e omnipot5ce1 _c fail to transport ! imag9ation1 & to fill ! s\l ) wond]4 ,h5ce1 9 our passionate1 b always feeble1 endeav\rs to grasp s wond]ful an object1 our vision may be di/urb$ by our emotions1 & ! glory ( ,god badly reflect$ 9 our m9ds4 ,our utmo/ ex]tions may ?us end1 n 9 exalt$1 b 9 di/ort$ views ( ! div9e sov]eignty4 ,is x n bett]1 !n1 = feeble creatures l ourselves1 to aim simply to acquire a k ( ! tru?1 :i*1 we may dep5d ^u x1 w n fail to exhibit ! div9e sov]eignty 9 its mo/ beautiful lights8 ,if su* be our object1 we %all f9d1 we ?9k1 t ,god is ! au?or ( our spiritual views 9 religion1 z well z ^? g5u9e feel+s ( rev]5ce & love1 )\t :i* ob$i5ce is impossible2 & t man himself is ! au?or ( ! volitions by :i* 8 ob$i5ce is consummat$4 ,?is %[s ! precise po9t at :i* ! div9e ag5cy ceases1 & human ag5cy beg9s2 ! precise po9t at :i* ! sph]e ( human p[] comes into contact ) ! sph]e ( omnipot5ce1 )\t int]sect+ x & )\t be+ annihilat$ by x4 ,x %[s at once ! absolute dep5d5ce ( man ^u ,god1 )\t a d5ial ( 8 free & acc\ntable ag5cy2 & x ass]ts ! latt]1 )\t exclud+ ! ,div9e ,be+ f ! affairs ( ! moral _w4 ,x r5d]s unto ,cs> ! ?+s :i* are ,cs>'s1 & unto ,god ! ?+s :i* are ,god's4 ,at ! same "t t x comb9es & h>monizes ^! tru?s1 x %[s ! errors ( ! opposite extremes1 & places ! doctr9es ( human & div9e ag5cy ^u a solid & endur+ basis1 by prev5t+ ea* f exclud+ ! o!r4 ,9 all our inquiries1 tru?1 & tru? alone1 %\ld be our gr& object4 ,all by-ends & contract$ purposes1 all p>ty s*emes & sect>ian zeal1 w be almo/ sure to defeat _! own objects1 by seek+ !m ) too direct & exclusive an aim4 ,^!1 ev5 :5 noble & praisewor?y1 mu/ be s\ght & rea*$1 if rea*$ at all1 by seek+ & f9d+ ! tru?4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 w\ld we exalt ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 !n mu/ we n directly seek to exalt t sov]eignty1 b put away f u all ! =c$ contrivances & factiti\s lights :i* h be5 inv5t$ = t purpose4 ,x is ! light ( tru? alone1 s\ght = its own sake1 & !re=e cle>ly se51 t c reveal ! sublime proportions1 & ! intr9sic moral lovel9ess1 ( ?is awful attribute ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 w\ld we v9dicate ! fre$om ( man1 & break into atoms ! iron law ( necessity1 :i* is suppos$ to b9d him to ! du/1 !n aga9 mu/ we seek ! tru? )\t ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> aim or object4 ,we mu/ /udy ! great advocates ( t law ) z great e>ne/ness & fairness z its adv]s>ies4 ,= x is by ! light ( tru? alone1 t ! real position man occupies 9 ! moral _w1 or ! orbit 8 p[] moves 91 c be cle>ly se51 free f ! manifold illusions ( error2 & until x be ?us se51 ! lib]ty ( ! human m9d c nev] be successfully & triumphantly v9dicat$4 ,if we w\ld und]/& ^! ?+s1 !n1 we mu/ /ruggle to rise above ! foggy atmosph]e & ! refract$ lights ( prejudice1 into ! bright region ( et]nal tru?4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,exi/5ce ,( ,moral ,evil1 ,or ,s91 ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,hol9ess ,( ,god4 ,"o d\bt rema9s1 ,t wr+s me sorely1 if ,i solve x n4 ,! _w1 inde$1 is ev5 s =lorn ,( all good1 z ?\ speake/ x1 & s sw>ms ,) e evil4 ,yet1 besee* !e1 po9t ,! cause out to me1 t myself may see ,& unto o!rs %[ x3 = 9 heav5 ,"o places x1 & "o on e>? bel[4--,,dante4 ,!ology tea*es t ,god is a be+ ( inf9ite p]fections4 ,h5ce1 x is conclud$1 t if he _h s *os51 he might h secur$ ! _w aga9/ ! possibility ( evil2 & ?is naturally gives rise to ! inquiry1 :y he did n ?us secure x8 ,:y he did n pres]ve ! moral univ]se1 z he _h creat$ x1 free f ! lea/ impress or ov]%ad[+ ( evil8 ,:y he p]mitt$ ! beauty ( ! _w to become disfigur$1 z x has be51 by ! d>k invasion & ravages ( s98 ,?is great "q has1 9 all ages1 agitat$ & di/urb$ ! human m9d1 & be5 a prolific s\rce ( a!i/ic d\bts & scepticism4 ,x has be51 inde$1 a d>k & p]plex+ enigma to ! eye ( fai? itself4 ,to solve ?is great difficulty1 or at lea/ to mitigate ! /up5d\s d>kness 9 :i* x seems envelop$1 v>i\s !ories h be5 employ$4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! s\l's prexi/5ce2 #b4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! ,mani*eans2 &1 #c4 ,! hypo!sis ( optimism4 ,x may n be improp] to be/[ a few brief rem>ks on ^! diff]5t s*emes4 ,section ,i4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! s\l's prexi/5ce4 ,?is 0 a fav\rite op9ion ) _m ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,9 ! ,phdon ( ,plato1 ,socrates is introduc$ z ma9ta9+ x2 & he ascribes x to ,orpheus z its orig9al au?or4 ,leibnitz supposes t x 0 inv5t$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( evil27#adj7 b ! tru? seems to be1 t x arose f ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! s\l c\ld be creat$ out ( no?+1 or out ( a sub/ance s diff]5t f itself z matt]4 ,! hypo!sis 9 "q 0 also ma9ta9$ by _m great philosoph]s1 because !y imag9$ t if ! pa/ et]nity ( ! s\l 7 d5i$1 ?is w\ld %ake ! philosophical pro( ( its future et]nity47#ada7 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t aft] ! idea ( ! s\l's prexi/5ce _h be5 conceiv$ & ent]ta9$1 x 0 v g5]ally employ$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( evil4 ,b x mu/ be conc$$ t ?is hypo!sis m]ely draws a veil ov] ! great difficulty x 0 design$ to solve4 ,! difficulty arises1 n f ! circum/ance t evil exi/s 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our be+1 b f ! fact t x is f\nd to exi/ any:]e1 or 9 any /ate1 "u ! moral adm9i/ration ( a p]fect ,god4 ,x is z difficult to conceive :y su* a be+ %\ld h p]mitt$ ! s\l to s9 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 ev5 if su* a /ate 7 an e/abli%$ reality1 z x is to acc\nt = its rise 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,to remove ! difficulty out ( sight1 by transf]r+ ! orig9 ( evil beyond ! sph]e ( visible ?+s1 is a poor sub/itute = a solid & satisfactory solution ( x4 ,! great problem ( ! moral _w is n to be illum9at$ by any su* fictions ( ! imag9ation2 & we _h bett] let x alone altoge!r1 if we h no?+ m rational & solid to advance4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! ,mani*eans4 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e is ascrib$ to ,manes1 aft] :om x is call$1 x is ( a f> m e>ly orig94 ,x 0 taught1 says ,plut>*1 by ! ,p]sian ,magi1 ^: views are exhibit$ by him 9 8 celebrat$ treatise ( ,isis & ,osiris4 8,zoroa/]10 says he1 8?\ght t !re are two gods1 contr>y to ea* o!r 9 _! op]ations--a good & an evil pr9ciple4 ,to ! =m] he gave ! "n ( ,oromazes1 & to ! latt] t ( ,arimanius4 ,! "o resembles light & tru?1 ! o!r d>kness & ignorance40 ,we d n allude to ?is !ory = ! purpose ( combatt+ x2 we suppose x w\ld sc>cely f9d a respectable advocate at ! pres5t day4 ,?is1 l _m o!r inv5tions ( ! great intellects ( antiquity1 has entirely disappe>$ be=e ! simple b sublime doctr9es ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,m4 ,bayle1 x is true1 has exhau/$ ! res\rces ( 8 g5ius1 z well z ! ri* /ores ( 8 le>n+1 9 ord] to adorn ! doctr9e ( ,manes1 & to r5d] x m plausible1 if possible1 ?an any o!r :i* has be5 employ$ to expla9 ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( evil4 ,b ?is 0 n because he s9c]ely believ$ x to be f\nd$ 9 tru?4 ,he m]ely wi%$ to %[ its sup]iority to o!r s*emes1 9 ord] t by demoli%+ x he might ! m effectually inspire ! m9ds ( m5 ) a d>k feel+ ( univ]sal scepticism4 ,x 0 decorat$ by him1 n z a sy/em ( tru?1 b z a sacrifice to be (f]$ up on ! alt> ( a!ism4 ,true to ! in/9cts ( 8 philosophy1 he s\ght on ?is subject1 z well z on all o!rs1 to ext+ui% ! light ( sci5ce1 & manife/ ! wond]s ( 8 p[]1 by hang+ r\nd ! wret*$ habitation ( man ! gloom ( et]nal despair4 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e is n[ obsolete 9 ! civiliz$ _w1 x 0 employ$ by a l>ge portion ( ! anci5t philosoph]s to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( evil4 ,?is !ory does n1 x is true1 relieve ! difficulty x 0 design$ to solve2 b x %[s t !re 0 a difficulty to be solv$1 :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case if evil c\ld h be5 ascrib$ to ! ,supreme ,god z its au?or4 ,if ^? philosoph]s c\ld h reg>d$ him z a ,be+ ( p>tial goodness1 !y w\ld h f\nd no difficulty 9 expla9+ ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( evil2 !y w\ld simply h attribut$ ! good & ! evil 9 ! _w to ! good & ! evil suppos$ to p]ta9 to 8 nature4 ,b !y c\ld n d ?is1 inasmu* z ! human m9d no soon] =ms an idea ( ,god1 ?an x reg>ds him z a be+ ( unlimit$ & unmix$ goodness4 ,x has %[n a disposition1 9 all ages1 to adopt ! mo/ wild & unt5able hypo!ses1 r ?an ent]ta9 ! imag9ation t evil c\ld proce$ f ! ,fa!r ( ,lights4 ,! doctr9e ( ,manes1 !n1 z well z ! o!r hypo!ses employ$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( evil1 demon/rates h[ deep is ! conviction ( ! human m9d t ,god is light1 & 9 him !re is no d>kness at all4 ,9 se>*+ aft] ! f\nta9 ( evil1 x turns f ! great s\rce ( life & light1 & embraces ! wilde/ extravagancies1 r ?an indulge a d>k suspicion respect+ ! goodness ( its ,mak]4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! hypo!sis ( optimism4 8,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! optimi/ is10 says ,dugald ,/ew>t1 8t all ev5ts are ord]$ = ! be/2 & t evils :i* we suff] are p>ts ( a great sy/em conduct$ by almighty p[] "u ! direction ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness40 ,leibnitz1 :o is unque/ionably "o ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ! _w has produc$1 has ex]t$ all 8 p[]s to adorn & recomm5d ! s*eme ( optimism4 ,we h1 9 a =m] *apt]1 consid]$ ! sy/em ( ,leibnitz2 b we h n d5i$ its fundam5tal pr9ciple1 :i* is s well express$ 9 ! above language ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t4 ,if he _h conf9$ himself to t pr9ciple1 )\t und]tak+ to expla9 h[ x is t ,god ord]s all ?+s = ! be/1 8 doctr9e w\ld h be5 free f objections1 except = a want ( cle>ness & precision4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s has said t ! s*eme ( optimism1 z left by ,leibnitz1 is m]ely an hypo!sis4 ,he insi/s1 h[ev]1 t ev5 z an hypo!sis1 x may be made to s]ve a highly important purpose 9 !ology4 8,if x be n an (f5sive weapon10 says he1 8) :i* we may beat d[n & demoli% ! /rongholds ( ! sceptic1 x is1 at lea/1 an arm\r ( def5ce1 ) :i* we may cause all 8 %afts to fall h>mless at our feet40 ,?is rem>k ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s seems to be well f\nd$4 ,! objection ( ! sceptic1 z we h se51 proce$s on ! supposition t if a ,be+ ( inf9ite p]fections _h s *os51 he might h made a bett] univ]se ?an t :i* actually exi/s4 ,b we h z good reasons to make suppositions z ! sceptic4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t not)/&+ ! evil :i* reigns 9 ! _w1 ! univ]se is ! be/ possible univ]se t ev5 inf9ite wisdom1 & p[]1 & goodness1 c\ld h call$ into exi/5ce4 ,let u suppose t ?is w\ld be cle>ly se5 by u1 if we only knew ! :ole ( ! case2 if we c\ld only view ! pres5t condition ( man 9 all its connexions & relations to ,god's inf9ite plans = ! univ]se & = et]nity4 ,9 o!r words1 let u suppose1 t if we 7 only omnisci5t1 our difficulty w\ld vani%1 & :]e we n[ see a cl\d ov] ! div9e p]fections1 we %\ld behold bright manife/ations ( !m4 ,?is is a m]e supposition1 x is true1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! objection 9 "q is bas$ on a m]e supposition4 ,:5 x is ask$1 :y ,god p]mitt$ evil if he _h bo? ! p[] & ! w to prev5t x8 x is assum$ t ! prev5tion ( evil is bett]1 on ! :ole1 ?an ! p]mission ( x1 & consequ5tly m wor?y ( ! inf9ite wisdom & goodness ascrib$ to ,god4 ,b z ?is is a m]e supposition1 :i* has nev] be5 prov$ by ! sceptic1 we d n see :y x may n be suffici5tly answ]$ by a m]e supposition4 ,?is is an important idea4 ,9 _m a good old writ]1 x exi/s 9 ! d>k g]m2 9 ,dr4 ,*alm]s x appe>s 9 ! exp&$ blossom4 ,its value may be %[n1 & its beauty illu/rat$1 by a ref]5ce to ! affairs ( human life2 = _m ( ! mo/ important conc]ns ( society are settl$ & det]m9$ by ! application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,if a man 7 on trial = 8 life1 = example1 & c]ta9 facts t5d+ to e/abli% 8 guilt 7 9 evid5ce aga9/ him1 no enlight5$ tribunal w\ld pron\nce him guilty1 provid$ any hypo!sis c\ld be fram$1 or any supposition made1 by :i* ! facts 9 evid5ce c\ld be reconcil$ ) 8 innoc5ce4 8,evid5ce10 says a di/+ui%$ legal writ]1 8is always insuffici5t1 :]e1 assum+ all to be prov$ :i* ! evid5ce t5ds to prove1 "s o!r hypo!sis may /ill be true2 = x is ! actual exclusion ( any o!r hypo!sis :i* inve/s m]e circum/ances ) ! =ce ( pro(407#adb7 ,?is is a settl$ pr9ciple ( law4 ,if any supposition c be made1 !n1 :i* w\ld reconcile ! facts 9 evid5ce ) a man's innoc5ce1 ! law directs t he %all be acquitt$4 ,any o!r rule ( decision w\ld be manife/ly unju/1 & inconsi/5t ) ! dictates ( a s\nd policy4 ,?is pr9ciple is applicable1 :e!r ! accus$ be> a good or a bad moral "*4 ,z1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 he might be innoc5t2 s no tribunal on e>? c\ld fairly det]m9e t he 0 guilty4 ,! h>d%ip ( su* a conclusion w\ld be /ill m app>5t 9 reg>d to ! conduct ( a man ^: g5]al "* is well kn[n to be good4 ,9 su* a case1 especially1 %\ld ! facts be ( su* a nature z to exclude e fav\rable hypo!sis1 be=e ei!r tru? or ju/ice w\ld li/5 to an unfav\rable decision & judgm5t4 ,su* is ! rule :i* human wisdom has e/abli%$1 9 ord] to arrive at tru?1 or at lea/ to avoid error1 9 relation to ! acts & int5tions ( m54 ,h5ce1 is x n reasonable1 we ask1 t we %\ld keep )9 ! same sacr$ b\nds1 :5 we come to =m an e/imate ( ! ways ( ,god8 ,no "o c fairly d\bt t ! _w is replete ) ! evid5ces ( 8 goodness4 ,if he _h s *os51 he might h made e brea? a sigh1 e s5sation a pang1 & e utt]ance ( man's _s a groan2 b h[ diff]5tly has he con/itut$ ! _w )9 u1 & ! glori\s _w ar\nd u6 ,in/ead ( swell+ e s\nd ) discord1 & clo?+ e object ) de=mity1 he has made all nature music to ! e> & beauty to ! eye4 ,! full tide ( 8 univ]sal goodness fl[s )9 u1 & ar\nd u on all sides4 ,9 its et]nal r\nds1 x t\*es & blesses all ?+s liv+ ) its p[]4 ,we live1 & move1 & h our v be+ 9 ! goodness ( ,god4 ,surely1 !n1 we %\ld mo/ joyfully cl+ to an hypo!sis :i* is fav\rable to ! "* ( su* a ,be+4 ,h5ce1 we inf9itely pref] ! w>m & g5]\s !ory ( ! optimi/1 :i* reg>ds ! actual univ]se z ! be/ possible1 to ! d>k & cold hypo!sis ( ! sceptic1 :i* calls 9 "q ! b\ndless p]fections ( ,god4 ,9 ! =ego+ rem>ks1 we h concurr$ ) ,dr4 ,*alm]s 9 view+ ! doctr9e ( ,bayle z a m]e unsupport$ hypo!sis2 b h we any "r to d s8 ,x has n be5 prov$1 x is true2 b !re are "s ?+s :i* require no pro(4 ,is n ! doctr9e ( ,bayle a ?+ ( ?is k9d8 ,x c]ta9ly seems evid5t t if ,god hates s9 above all ?+s1 & c\ld easily prev5t x1 he w\ld n p]mit x to appe> 9 8 dom9ions4 ,?is view ( ! subject recomm5ds itself p[]fully to ! human m9d1 :i* has1 9 all ages1 be5 worri$ & p]plex$ by x4 ,x seems to c>ry its own evid5ce along ) x2 to %ake ! m9d ) d\bt1 & ov]-spread x ) d>kness4 ,h5ce1 we %\ld ei!r expose its fallacy or else fairly ackn[l$ge its p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory ( ,leibnitz1 or r ! great fundam5tal idea ( 8 !ory1 is m ?an a m]e hypo!sis4 ,x re/s on ! conviction ( ! human m9d t ,god is inf9itely p]fect1 & seems to fl[ f x z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,= h[ natural1 h[ irresi/ible ! conclusion1 t if ,god be absolutely p]fect1 !n ! _w made by him mu/ be p]fect also6 ,b :ile ^! two hypo!ses seem to be s\nd1 x is cle> t bo? _c be s3 !re is a real conflict betwe5 !m1 & ! "o or ! o!r mu/ be made to give way be=e our k c assume a cle>ly h>moni\s & satisfactory =m4 ,! effects ( ! hypo!sis ( ! sceptic may be neutraliz$ by oppos+ to x ! hypo!sis ( ! !i/4 ,b we are n satisfi$ to /op at ?is po9t4 ,we int5d1 n m]ely to neutralize1 b to explode1 ! !ory ( ! sceptic4 ,we int5d to wre/ f x ! elem5t ( its /r5g?1 & gr9d x to atoms4 ,we int5d to lay our f+] precisely ^u ! fallacy :i* lies s deeply conceal$ 9 its bosom1 & f :i* x d]ives all its app>5t =ce & conclusiv5ess4 ,we %all drag ?is false pr9ciple f its place ( concealm5t into ! op5 light ( day1 & !reby expose ! utt] futility1 ! inh]5t absurdity1 ( ! :ole a!i/ical hypo!sis1 to :i* x has s long imp>t$ its deceptive p[]4 ,if ,leibnitz did n detect ?is false pr9ciple1 & !reby ov]?r[ ! !ory ( ,bayle1 x 0 because he held ?is pr9ciple 9 common ) him4 ,we mu/ elim9ate ?is error1 common to ! s*eme ( ! a!i/ & to t ( ! !i/1 if we w\ld organize ! tru?s :i* bo? conta91 & pres5t !m toge!r 9 "o h>moni\s & symmetrical sy/em2 into a sy/em :i* w enable u1 n m]ely to /& ^u ! def5sive1 & p>ry (f ! attacks ( ! sceptic1 b to ent] ^u 8 own t]ritory1 & demoli% 8 /rongholds2 n m]ely to oppose 8 argum5t by a c\nt]-argum5t1 b to explode 8 sophism1 & exhibit ! cause ( ,god 9 cl\dless spl5d\r4 ,?is false pr9ciple1 ?is conceal$ fallacy1 ( :i* ! a!i/ has be5 s long all[$ to avail himself1 has be5 ! s\rce ( _m unsuspect$ errors1 & _m lam5table evils4 ,x has n only giv5 p[] & efficacy to ! weapons ( ! sceptic1 b to ! eye ( fai? itself has x ca/ cl\ds & d>kness ov] ! transc5d5t glory ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,x has prev5t$ a ,leibnitz f refut+ ! sophism ( a ,bayle1 & induc$ a ,kant to decl>e a !odicy impossible4 ,x has1 inde$1 z we %all see1 crept into & corrupt$ ! :ole mass ( religi\s k2 conv]t+ ! radiant & cle>ly-def9$ body ( tru? into a d>k1 het]og5e\s comp\nd ( conflict+ elem5ts4 ,h5ce we %all utt]ly demoli% x1 t nei!r a fragm5t nor a %ad[ ( x may rema9 to d>k5 & delude ! m9ds ( m54 ,section ,,iv4 ,! argum5t ( ! a!i/--,! reply ( ,leibnitz & o!r !i/s--,! insuffici5cy ( ?is reply4 ,s9 exi/s4 ,?is is ! a/\nd+ fact ( :i* ! a!i/ avails himself4 ,he has nev] ceas$ to cont5d1 t z ,god has p]mitt$ s9 to exi/1 he 0 ei!r unable or unwill+ to prev5t x4 ,god might easily h prev5t$ s91 says he1 if he _h *os5 to d s2 b he has n *os5 to d s1 & !re=e 8 love ( virtue is n inf9ite1 8 hol9ess is n unlimit$4 ,n[1 we d5y ?is conclusion1 & ass]t ! inf9ite hol9ess ( ,god4 ,?is ass]tion may be true1 says ,voltaire1 & h5ce ,god w\ld h prev5t$ all s91 if 8 p[] _h n be5 limit$4 ,! only conceivable way1 says he1 to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( s9 ) ! purity ( ,god1 is 8to d5y 8 omnipot5ce40 ,we insi/1 on ! contr>y1 t ! p[] ( ,god is absolutely )\t b\nds or limits4 ,?\gh s9 exi/s1 we /ill ma9ta91 9 opposition to e =m ( a!ism1 t ?is fact implies no limitation ( any ( ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,be=e proce$+ to e/abli% ?is position1 we %all consid] ! usual reply ( ! !i/ to ! great argum5t ( ! a!i/4 8,! greate/ love :i* a rul] c %[ = virtue10 says ,bayle1 8is to cause x1 if he c1 to be always practis$ )\t any mixture ( vice4 ,if x is easy = him to procure ?is advantage to 8 subjects1 & he nev]!less p]mits vice to raise its head 9 8 dom9ions1 int5d+ to puni% x aft] hav+ tol]at$ x = a long "t1 8 affection = virtue is n ! greate/ ( :i* we c conceive2 x is !n n inf9ite40 ,?is has be5 ! great /&+ argum5t ( a!ism 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,?is argum5t1 z held by ! a!i/s ( antiquity1 is pres5t$ by ,cudwor? 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! suppos$ ,deity & ,mak] ( ! _w 0 ei!r will+ to aboli% all evils1 b n able2 or he 0 able b n will+2 or else1 la/ly1 he 0 bo? able & will+4 ,?is latt] is ! only ?+ t answ]s fully to ! notion ( a ,god4 ,n[ t ! suppos$ ,creator ( all ?+s 0 n ?us bo? able & will+ to aboli% all evils1 is pla91 because !n !re w\ld h be5 no evils at all left4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce !re is su* a deluge ( evils ov]fl[+ all1 x mu/ ne$s be t ei!r he 0 will+1 & n able to remove !m1 & !n he 0 impot5t2 or else he 0 able & n will+1 & !n he 0 envi\s2 or1 la/ly1 he 0 nei!r able nor will+1 & !n he 0 bo? impot5t & envi\s40 ,?is argum5t is1 9 sub/ance1 ! same z t pres5t$ by ,bayle1 & reli$ ^u by a!i/s 9 all subsequ5t times4 ,to ! argum5t ( ,bayle1 ! foll[+ reply is giv5 by ,leibnitz3 8,:5 we deta* ?+s t are connect$ toge!r1--! p>ts f ! :ole1 ! human race f ! univ]se1 ! attributes ( ,god f ea* o!r1 8 p[] f 8 wisdom1--we are p]mitt$ to say t ,god c cause virtue to be 9 ! _w )\t any mixture ( vice1 & ev5 t he _m easily cause x to be s407#adc7 ,b he does n cause virtue to exi/ )\t any mixture ( vice1 says ,leibnitz1 because ! good ( ! :ole univ]se requires ! p]mission ( moral evil4 ,h[ ! good ( ! univ]se requires ! p]mission ( evil1 he has n %[n u2 b he repeat$ly ass]ts ?is to be ! fact1 & insi/s t if ,god 7 to prev5t all evil1 ?is w\ld "w a great] h>m to ! :ole ?an ! p]mission ( "s evil4 ,n[1 is ?is a suffici5t & satisfactory reply to ! argum5t ( ! a!i/8 ,x c]ta9ly seems to possess weight1 & is entitl$ to s]i\s consid]ation4 ,bayle cont5ds1 t z evil exi/s1 ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w _c be absolutely p]fect4 ,he %\ld h conclud$ ) me1 ,leibnitz truly says1 t z ,god is absolutely p]fect1 ! exi/5ce ( evil is necess>y to ! p]fection ( ! univ]se1 or is an unavoidable "p ( ! be/ _w t c\ld h be5 creat$4 ,x is ?us t he neutralizes1 )\t demoli%+1 ! argum5t ( ! a!i/1 & ea* p]son is left to be m deeply affect$ by ! argum5t ( ,leibnitz1 or by t ( ,bayle1 z 8 fai? 9 ! unlimit$ goodness ( ,god is /rong or weak4 ,if ! !i/1 by su* means1 %\ld ga9 a complete victory1 ?is w\ld be due to ! fai? ( ! vanqui%$1 r ?an to ! sup]iority ( ! logic by :i* he is subdu$4 ,to ?is argum5t ( ,leibnitz we may !n well apply 8 own rem>ks ^u ano!r celebrat$ philosoph]4 ,desc>tes met ! argum5t ( ! necessit>ian1 n by expos+ its fallacy1 b by repell+ ! conclusion ( x on extrane\s gr\nds4 8,?is 0 to cut ! ,gordian knot10 says ,leibnitz1 :o 0 himself a necessit>ian1 8& to reply to ! conclusion ( "o argum5t1 n by resolv+ x1 b by oppos+ to x a contr>y argum5t2 :i* is n con=m$ to ! laws ( philosophical controv]sy40 ,! reply ( ,leibnitz to ,bayle is cle>ly op5 to ! same objection4 ,x does n analyze ! sophism ( ! sceptic1 or resolve x into its elem5ts1 & po9t out its error2 x m]ely opposes its conclusion by ! pres5tation ( a contr>y argum5t4 ,h5ce x is n likely to produce v great effect2 =1 z ,leibnitz himself says1 9 relation to ?is mode ( attack+ sceptics1 8,x may arre/ !m a little1 b !y w always return to _! reason+1 pres5t$ 9 diff]5t =ms1 until we cause !m to compreh5d :]e9 ! defect ( _! sophism consi/s40 ,leibnitz has1 !n1 accord+ to 8 own canons ( criticism1 m]ely cut ! ,gordian knot ( a!ism1 :i* he %\ld h unravell$4 ,he has m]ely arre/$ ! *ampions ( scepticism 8a little10 :om he %\ld h ov]?r[n & demoli%$4 ,8 reply is n only incomplete1 9 t x does n expose ! sophi/ry ( ! a!i/2 x is also uns\nd4 ,x c>ries 9 its bosom ! elem5ts ( its own de/ruction4 ,x is self-contradictory1 & consequ5tly unt5able4 ,x admits t x is easy = ,god to cause virtue to exi/1 & yet cont5ds t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 he fails to d s1 because ! highe/ good ( ! univ]se requires ! exi/5ce ( moral evil4 ,b h[ is ?is possible8 ,x w be conc$$ t ! good ( ! individual w\ld be promot$1 if ,god %\ld cause him to be p]fectly holy & happy4 ,?is w\ld be = ! good ( ea* & e individual moral ag5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,h[1 !n1 is x possible = su* an ex]cise ( ! div9e p[] to be = ! good ( all ! p>ts1 & yet n = ! good ( ! :ole8 ,s f> f be+ able to see h[ ^! ?+s c hang toge!r1 x seems evid5t t !y are utt]ly repugnant to ea* o!r4 ,! highe/ good ( ! univ]se1 we are told1 requires ! p]mission ( evil4 ,:at good8 ,is x ! hol9ess ( moral ag5ts8 ,?is1 x is said1 c be produc$ by ! ag5cy ( ,god1 )\t ! introduction ( evil1 & produc$1 too1 9 ! greate/ conceivable degree ( p]fection4 ,:y %\ld evil be p]mitt$1 !n1 9 ord] to atta9 an end1 :i* x is conc$$ c be p]fectly atta9$ )\t x8 ,is !re any high] end ?an ! p]fect moral purity ( ! univ]se1 :i* ,god seeks to accompli% by ! p]mission ( s98 ,x c]ta9ly is n ! happ9ess ( ! moral univ]se2 = ?is c also be secur$1 9 ! highe/ possible degree1 by ! ag5cy ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 )\t ! p]mission ( moral evil4 ,:at good is !re1 !n1 beside ! p]fect hol9ess & happ9ess ( ! univ]se1 to ! production ( :i* ! exi/5ce ( moral evil is necess>y8 ,!re seems to be no su* good 9 reality4 ,x appe>s to be a dream ( ! imag9ation1 a spl5did fiction1 :i* has be5 recomm5d$ to ! human m9d by its horror ( ! *e]less gloom ( scepticism4 ,section ,v4 ,! sophism ( ! a!i/ explod$1 & a p]fect agreem5t %[n to subsi/ betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( s9 & ! hol9ess ( ,god4 ,suppos+ ,god to possess p]fect hol9ess1 he w\ld c]ta9ly prev5t all moral evil1 says ! a!i/1 unless 8 p[] 7 limit$4 ,?is inf]5ce is drawn f a false premiss2 namely1 t if ,god is omnipot5t1 he c\ld easily prev5t moral evil1 & cause virtue to exi/ )\t any mixture ( vice4 ,?is assumption has be5 incauti\sly conc$$ to ! a!i/ by 8 oppon5t1 & h5ce 8 argum5t has n be5 cle>ly & fully refut$4 ,to refute ?is argum5t ) p]fect cle>ness1 x is necess>y to %[ two ?+s3 fir/1 t x is no limitation ( ! div9e omnipot5ce to say t x _c "w contradictions2 & secondly1 t if ,god %\ld cause virtue to exi/ 9 ! he>t ( a moral ag5t1 he w\ld "w a contradiction4 ,we %all endeav\r to ev9ce ^! two ?+s1 9 ord] to refute ! gr& sophism ( ! sceptic1 & lay a solid f\ndation = a g5u9e s*eme ( optimism1 aga9/ :i* no valid objection c be urg$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x is n a limitation ( ! div9e omnipot5ce to say1 t x _c "w contradictions4 ,!re w be little difficulty 9 e/abli%+ ?is po9t4 ,inde$1 x w be readily conc$$2 & if we (f] a few rem>ks ^u x1 x is only t we may leave no?+ d>k & obscure beh9d u1 ev5 to ^? ^: m9ds are n accu/om$ to su* speculations4 ,z contradictions are impossible 9 !mselves1 s to say t ,god c\ld p]=m !m1 w\ld n be to magnify 8 p[]1 b to expose our own absurdity4 ,:5 we affirm1 t omnipot5ce _c cause a ?+ to be & n to be at "o & ! same "t1 or _c make two & two equal to five1 we d n set limits to x2 we simply decl>e t su* ?+s are n ! objects ( p[]4 ,a circle _c be made to possess ! prop]ties ( a squ>e1 nor a squ>e ! prop]ties ( a circle4 ,inf9ite p[] _c conf] ! prop]ties ( ! "o ( ^! figures ^u ! o!r1 n because x is less ?an inf9ite p[]1 b because x is n )9 ! nature1 or prov9ce1 or dom9ion ( p[]1 to p]=m su* ?+s1 to embody su* inh]5t & immutable absurdities 9 an actual exi/5ce4 ,9 reg>d to ! do+ ( su* ?+s1 or r ( su* absurd & inconceivable no?+s1 omnipot5ce itself possesses no advantage ov] weakness4 ,p[]1 f its v nature & ess5ce1 is conf9$ to ! accompli%m5t ( su* ?+s z are possible1 or imply no contradiction4 ,h5ce x is beyond ! rea* ( almighty p[] itself to break up & conf\nd ! immutable f\ndations ( reason & tru?4 ,god possesses no su* mis]able p[]1 no su* horribly di/ort$ attribute1 no su* inconceivably mon/r\s imp]fection & de=mity ( nature1 z w\ld enable him to embody absurdities & contradictions 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief excell5cies & glories ( ! div9e nature1 t its inf9ite p[] works )9 a sph]e ( light & love1 )\t ! lea/ t5d5cy to break ov] ! sacr$ b\nds ( et]nal tru?1 into ! out] d>kness ( *aotic night6 ,! tru? ( ?is rem>k1 z a g5]al proposition1 w be readily admitt$4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 & its application is easy :]e ! impossibility is pla91 or ! contradiction gl>+4 ,b !re are ?+s :i* really imply a contradiction1 )\t be+ suspect$ to d s4 ,we may well ask1 9 relation to su* ?+s1 :y ,god does n produce !m1 )\t be+ s5sible ( ! absurdity ( ! inquiry4 ,! production ( virtue1 or true hol9ess1 9 ! brea/ ( a moral ag5t1 is a ?+ ( ?is k9d47#add7 ,?is conducts u to our second position2 namely1 t if ,god %\ld cause virtue to exi/ 9 ! brea/ ( a moral ag5t1 he w\ld "w a contradiction4 ,9 o!r words1 ! production ( virtue by any extrane\s ag5cy1 is "o ( ^? impossible conceits1 ^? inh]5t absurdities1 :i* lie q beyond ! sph]e ( light 9 :i* ! div9e omnipot5ce moves1 & has no exi/5ce except 9 ! out] d>kness ( a lawless imag9ation1 or 9 ! dim regions ( error1 9 :i* ! true nature ( moral goodness has nev] be5 se54 ,x is absurd1 we say1 to suppose t moral ag5ts c be gov]n$ & controll$ 9 any o!r way ?an by moral means4 ,all physical p[] is "h out ( ! "q4 ,by physical p[]1 9 connexion ) wisdom & goodness1 a moral ag5t may be creat$1 & end[$ ) ! noble/ attributes4 ,by physical p[]1 a moral ag5t may be caus$ to gl[ ) a feel+ ( love1 & arm$ ) an uncommon en]gy ( w2 b su* effects1 ?\gh produc$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 are n ! virtue ( ! moral ag5t 9 :om !y are produc$4 ,?is consi/s1 n 9 ! possession ( moral p[]s1 b 9 ! prop] & ob$i5t ex]cise ( ^? p[]s47#ade7 ,if inf9ite wisdom1 & goodness1 & p[]1 %\ld mu/] all ! means & appliances 9 ! univ]se1 & cause !m to be> ) unit$ en]gy on a s+le m9d1 ! effect produc$1 h[ev] gr& & beautiful1 w\ld n be ! virtue ( ! ag5t 9 :om x is produc$4 ,no?+ c be 8 virtue :i* is produc$ by an extrane\s ag5cy4 ,?is is a dictate ( ! univ]sal reason & consci\sness ( mank9d4 ,x ne$s no metaphysical ref9em5t = its support1 & no s*ola/ic j>gon = its illu/ration4 ,on ?is broad pr9ciple1 !n1 :i* is s cle>ly d$uc$1 n f ! conf9$ d>kness ( ! s*ools1 b ! op5 light ( nature1 we int5d to take our /& 9 opposition to ! embattl$ ranks ( a!ism4 ,! argum5t ( ! a!i/ assumes1 z we h se51 t a ,be+ ( inf9ite p[] c\ld easily prev5t s91 & cause hol9ess to exi/4 ,x assumes t x is possible1 t x implies no contradiction1 to create an intellig5t moral ag5t1 & place x beyond all liability to s94 ,b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,almighty p[] itself1 we may say ) ! mo/ pr(\nd rev]5ce1 _c create su* a be+1 & place x beyond ! possibility ( s9n+4 ,if x c\ld n s91 !re w\ld be no m]it1 no virtue1 9 its ob$i5ce4 ,t is to say1 x w\ld n be a moral ag5t at all1 b a ma*9e m]ely4 ,! p[] to d wrong1 z well z to d "r1 is includ$ 9 ! v idea ( a moral & acc\ntable ag5t1 & no su* ag5t c possibly exi/ )\t be+ inve/$ ) su* a p[]4 ,to suppose su* an ag5t to be creat$1 & plac$ beyond all liability to s91 is to suppose x to be :at x is1 & n :at x is1 at "o & ! same "t2 x is to suppose a creature to be end[$ ) a p[] to d wrong1 & yet de/itute ( su* a p[]1 :i* is a pla9 contradiction4 ,h5ce1 ,omnipot5ce _c create su* a be+1 & d5y to x a p[] to d evil1 or secure x aga9/ ! possibility ( s9n+4 ,we may1 ) ! a!i/1 conceive ( a univ]se ( su* be+s1 if we please1 & we may suppose !m to be at all times prev5t$ f s9n+ by ! omnipot5t & irresi/ible en]gy ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 & hav+ imag9$ all ?is1 we may be inf9itely bett] pleas$ ) ?is ideal creation ( our own ?an ) t :i* ,god has call$ into actual exi/5ce ar\nd u4 ,b !n we %\ld only pref] ! absurd & contradictory model ( a univ]se eng5d]$ 9 our own weak bra9s1 to t :i* inf9ite wisdom1 & p[]1 & goodness h actually project$ into be+4 ,su* a univ]se1 if fre$ f contradictions1 might be also free f evil1 nay1 f ! v possibility ( evil2 b only on condition t x %\ld at ! same "t be free f ! v possibility ( good4 ,x admits into its dom9ions moral & acc\ntable creatures1 capable ( kn[+ & s]v+ ,god1 & ( dr9k+ at ! pure/ f\nta9 ( untreat$ bliss1 only by be+ involv$ 9 irreconcilable contradiction4 ,x may appe> m delightful to ! imag9ation1 be=e x comes to be n>r[ly inspect$1 ?an ! univ]se ( ,god2 & ! latt]1 be+ comp>$ ) x1 may seem less wor?y ( ! inf9ite p]fections ( its ,au?or2 b1 aft] all1 x is b a weak & crazy ?+1 a contradicti\s & impossible conceit4 ,we may admire x1 & make x ! /&>d by :i* to try ! "w ( ,god2 b1 aft] all1 x is b an 8idol ( ! human m9d10 & n 8an idea ( ! ,div9e ,m9d40 ,x is a little1 di/ort$ image ( human weakness1 & n a h>moni\s manife/ation ( div9e p[]4 ,among all ! possible models ( a univ]se1 :i* lay op5 to ! inf9ite m9d & *oice ( ,god1 a ?+ s de=m$ _h no place2 & :5 ! sceptic concludes t ! p]fections ( ! ,supreme ,ar*itect are limit$1 because he did "w aft] su* a model1 he only displays ! impot5cy ( 8 own wisdom1 & ! bl9dness ( 8 own presumption4 ,h5ce1 ! error ( ! a!i/ is obvi\s4 ,he does n consid] t ! only way to place all creatures beyond a liability to s91 is to place !m bel[ ! rank ( intellig5t & acc\ntable be+s4 ,he does n consid] t ! only way to prev5t 8s9 f rais+ its head0 is to prev5t hol9ess f ! possibility ( appe>+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,he does n consid] t among all ! ideal worlds pres5t to ! ,div9e ,m9d1 !re 0 n "o :i*1 if call$ into exi/5ce1 w\ld h be5 capable ( s]v+ & glorify+ its ,mak]1 & yet incapable ( ?r[+ (f 8 au?ority4 ,h5ce1 he really f9ds fault ) ! "w ( ! ,almighty1 because he has n fram$ ! _w accord+ to a model :i* is involv$ 9 ! mo/ irreconcilable contradictions4 ,9 o!r words1 he fancies t ,god is n p]fect1 because he has n embodi$ an absurdity 9 ! creature4 ,if ,god1 he asks1 is p]fect1 :y did he n r5d] virtue possible1 & vice impossible8 ,:y did he n create moral ag5ts1 & yet d5y to !m ! attributes ( moral ag5ts8 ,:y did he n give 8 creatures ! p[] to d evil1 & yet )hold ?is p[] f !m8 ,he might j z well h dem&$1 :y he did n create matt] )\t dim5sions1 & circles )\t ! prop]ties ( a circle4 ,poor man6 he _c see ! wisdom & p[] ( ,god manife/$ 9 ! _w1 because x is n fill$ ) moral ag5ts :i* are n moral ag5ts1 & ) glori\s realities t are m]e empty %ad[s6 ,if ! above rem>ks be j1 !n ! great "q1 :y has ,god p]mitt$ s91 :i* has ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( man 9 all ages1 is a mo/ idle & insignificant inquiry4 ,! only real "q is1 :y he creat$ su* be+s z m5 at all2 & n :y he creat$ !m1 & !n p]mitt$ !m to s94 ,! fir/ "q is easily answ]$4 ,! second1 ?\gh (t5 prop\nd$1 seems to be a mo/ unmean+ "q4 ,x is unmean+1 because x seeks to asc]ta9 ! reason :y ,god has p]mitt$ a ?+1 :i*1 9 reality1 he has n p]mitt$ at all4 ,hav+ creat$ a _w ( moral ag5ts1 t is1 a _w end[$ ) a p[] to s91 x 0 impossible = him to prev5t s91 s long z !y reta9$ ?is p[]1 or1 9 o!r words1 s long z !y cont9u$ to exi/ z moral ag5ts4 ,a univ]se ( su* ag5ts giv51 its liability to s9 is n a matt] = ! w ( ,god to p]mit2 ?is is a necess>y consequ5ce f ! nature ( moral ag5ts4 ,he c\ld no m d5y peccability to su* creatures ?an he c\ld d5y ! prop]ties ( ! circle to a circle2 & if he c\ld n prev5t su* a ?+1 x is surely v absurd to ask :y he p]mitt$ x4 ,on ! supposition ( su* a _w1 ,god did n p]mit s9 at all2 x c\ld n h be5 prev5t$4 ,x w\ld be consid]$ a v absurd inquiry1 if we %\ld ask1 :y ,god p]mitt$ two & two to be equal to f\r1 or :y he p]mitt$ ! ?ree angles ( a triangle to be equal to two "r angles4 ,b all su* que/ions1 h[ev] idle & absurd1 are n m s ?an ! great inquiry respect+ ! p]mission ( moral evil4 ,if ?is does n s appe> to our m9ds1 x is because we h n suffici5tly reflect$ on ! great tru?1 t a necess>y virtue is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 an inh]5t & utt] impossibility4 ,! full possession ( ?is tru? w %[ u1 t ! cause ( !ism has be5 encumb]$ ) great difficulties1 because its advocates h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! reason :y ,god has p]mitt$ a ?+1 :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 he has n p]mitt$4 ,hav+ attempt$ to expla9 a fact :i* has no exi/5ce1 x is no wond] t !y %\ld h involv$ !mselves 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,let u cease !n1 to seek ! reason ( t :i* is n1 9 ord] t we may behold ! glory ( t :i* is4 ,we h se5 t x is impossible = ,omnipot5ce to create moral ag5ts1 & yet prev5t !m f possess+ an ability to s9 or transgress ! law ( ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 t ! ,almighty _c give ag5ts a p[] to s91 & at ! same "t d5y ?is p[] to !m4 ,to expect su* ?+s ( him1 is to expect him to "w contradictions2 to expect him to cause a ?+ to be :at x is1 & n :at x is1 at "o & ! same "t4 ,?us1 al?\gh s9 exi/s1 we v9dicate ! "* ( ,god1 on ! gr\nd t x is an inh]5t impossibility to exclude all evil f a moral univ]se4 ,?is is ! high1 impregnable gr\nd ( ! true ,*ri/ian !i/4 ,we h already said1 t ! only real "q is1 n :y ,god p]mitt$ evil1 b :y he creat$ be+s capable ( s9n+4 ,su* creatures are1 beyond all "q1 ! mo/ noble specim5s ( 8 workman%ip4 ,/4 ,augu/9e has beautifully said1 t ! horse :i* has gone a/ray is a m noble creature ?an a /one :i* has no p[] to g a/ray4 ,9 l mann]1 we may say1 a moral ag5t t is capable ( kn[+1 & lov+1 & s]v+ ,god1 ?\gh its v nature implies an ability to d o!rwise1 is a m glori\s creature ?an any be+ de/itute ( su* a capacity4 ,if ,god _h creat$ no su* be+s1 8 "w might h repres5t$ him 8z a h\se do? ! build]10 b n 8z a son do? 8 fa!r40 ,if he _h creat$ no su* be+s1 !re w\ld h be5 no eye 9 ! univ]se1 except 8 own1 to admire & to love 8 works4 ,traces ( 8 wisdom & goodness might h be5 se5 "h & !re1 scatt]$ ov] 8 works1 provid$ any eye _h be5 light$ up ) intellig5ce to see !m2 b n[h]e w\ld 8 liv+ & immortal image h be5 se5 9 ! magnific5t temple ( ! _w4 ,x w be conc$$1 !n1 t !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ :y ,god %\ld h pref]r$ a univ]se ( creatures1 beam+ ) ! glories ( 8 own image1 to "o :olly de/itute ( ! beauty ( hol9ess & ! light ( intellig5ce4 ,b hav+ pref]r$ ! noble/ ord] ( be+s1 its insep>able incid5t1 a liability to moral evil1 c\ld n h be5 exclud$4 ,h5ce ,god is ! au?or ( all good1 & ( good alone2 & evil proce$s1 n f him nor f 8 p]mission1 b f an abuse ( ^? exalt$ & un%ackl$ p[]s1 ^: nature & ^: fre$om con/itute ! glory ( ! moral univ]se4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! sublime purpose ( ,god1 to give & cont9ue exi/5ce to free moral ag5ts1 & to gov]n !m = _! good z well z = 8 own glory4 ,?is is ! decree ( ! ,almighty1 to call =? f no?+ into actual exi/5ce1 ! univ]se :i* n[ %9es ar\nd u1 & spread ov] x ! dom9ion ( 8 p]fect moral law4 ,he does n cause s94 ,he does n p]mit s94 ,he sees t x w raise its hide\s head1 b he does n say--s let x be4 ,no6 s9 is ! ?+ :i* ,god hates1 & :i* he is det]m9$1 by all ! means )9 ! rea* ( 8 omnipot5ce1 utt]ly to root out & de/roy4 ,! ^w has gone =?1 8,(f5ces mu/ ne$s come1 b woe unto ! man by :om !y come60 ,8 omnipot5ce is pl$g$ to wipe out ! /a9 & efface ! %ad[ ( evil1 9 z f> z possible1 f ! glory ( 8 creation4 ,b yet1 s long z ! light & glory ( ! moral univ]se is p]mitt$ to %9e1 may ! d>k %ad[ ( evil1 :i* moral ag5ts ca/ ^u its brightness & its beauty1 cont9ue to exi/ & p>tially obscure its div9e p]fections4 ,& w\ld x n be unwor?y ( ! div9e wisdom & goodness to remove ?is p>tial %ad[1 by an utt] ext9ction ( ! univ]sal light8 ,section ,,vi4 ,! true & only f\ndation ( optimism4 ,?\gh few h be5 satisfi$ ) ! details ( ! sy/em ( optimism1 yet has ! great fundam5tal conception ( t sy/em be5 receiv$ by ! wise & good 9 all ages4 8,! a!i/ takes x = grant$10 says ,cudwor?1 8t :osoev] ass]ts a ,god1 or a p]fect m9d1 to be ! orig9al ( all ?+s1 does !re=e ipso facto suppose all ?+s to be well made1 & z !y %\ld be4 ,& ?is1 d\btless1 0 ! s5se ( all ! anci5t !olog]s10 c47#adf7 ,?is di/+ui%$ philosoph] himself ma9ta9s1 z well z ,leibnitz1 t ! intellectual _w c\ld n h be5 made bett] ?an x is1 ev5 by a be+ ( inf9ite p[] & goodness4 8,to believe a ,god10 says he1 8is to believe ! exi/5ce ( all possible good & p]fection 9 ! univ]se2 x is to believe t ?+s are z !y %\ld be1 & t ! _w is s well fram$ & gov]n$1 z t ! :ole sy/em !re( c\ld n possibly h be5 bett]407#adg7 ,b :ile ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple has be5 held by philosoph]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 x has be51 z we h se51 connect$ ) o!r doctr9es1 by :i* x is contradict$1 & its influ5ce impair$4 ,! concession :i* is univ]sally made to ! sceptic1 t if ,god is omnipot5t1 he c easily cause virtue to exi/ )\t any mixture ( vice1 is fatal to ! great pr9ciple t lies at ! f\ndation ( optimism4 ,x resolves ! :ole s*eme1 :i* reg>ds ! _w z ! be/ t c\ld possibly be made1 into a loose1 vague1 & unt5able hypo!sis4 ,x is true1 ! good man w\ld inf9itely pref] ?is hypo!sis to ! intol]able gloom ( a!ism2 b yet our rational nature dem&s some?+ m solid & cle> on :i* to repose4 ,inde$1 ! w>me/ support]s ( optimism h suppli$ u ) ! l(ty s5tim5ts ( a pure fai?1 r ?an ) sub/antial & satisfactory views4 ,! writ+s ( ,plato1 ,leibnitz1 ,cudwor?1 & ,edw>ds1 all furni% illu/rations ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k4 ,b n[h]e is its tru? m cle>ly se5 ?an 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,plot9us3 8,god made ! :ole mo/ beautiful1 entire1 complete1 & suffici5t10 says he2 8all agree+ fri5dly ) itself & its p>ts2 bo? ! nobl] & ! mean] ( !m be+ alike congru\s !reunto4 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 f ! p>ts !re(1 w blame ! :ole1 is an absurd & unju/ c5sur]4 ,= we ought to consid] ! p>ts n alone by !mselves1 b 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole1 :e!r !y be h>moni\s & agreeable to ! same2 o!rwise we %all n blame ! univ]se1 b "s ( its p>ts tak5 by !mselves407#adh7 ,! !i/1 h[ev]1 :o ma9ta9s ?is beautiful s5tim5t1 is accu/om$ to make concessions by :i* its beauty is m>r$1 & its f\ndation subv]t$4 ,= if ,god c\ld easily cause virtue to exi/ )\t any mixture ( vice1 x is demon/rable t ! univ]se might be r5d]$ m holy & happy ?an x is1 9 ea* & e "o ( its p>ts1 & consequ5tly 9 ! :ole4 ,b if we assume ! position1 z 9 tru? we may1 t a necess>y virtue is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 !n we c v9dicate ! inf9ite p]fections ( ,god1 by %[+ t s9 may ent] into ! be/ possible _w4 ,?is great tru?1 !n1 t 8a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms10 :i* has be5 s (t5 utt]$ & s seldom foll[$ out to its consequ5ces1 is ! precise po9t f :i* we %\ld contemplate ! _w1 if we w\ld behold ! p[] & goodness ( ,god !re9 manife/$4 ,?is is ! secret ( ! _w by :i* ! d>k enigma ( evil is to be solv$4 ,?is is ! clew1 by :i* we are to be conduct$ f ! d>k labyr9? ( a!i/ical d\bt & scepticism1 into ! cle> & op5 light ( div9e provid5ce4 ,?is is ! great c5tral light :i* has be5 want+ to ! s*eme ( optimism1 to conv]t x f a m]e b magnific5t hypo!sis1 into a cle>ly manife/$ & glori\s reality4 ,god gov]ns ev]y?+ accord+ to ! nature :i* he has giv5 x4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be z impossible to necessitate true & g5u9e ob$i5ce by ! application ( p[]1 z x w\ld be to conv]t a /one into a moral ag5t by ! application ( motives & p]suasion4 ,z s9 is possible1 !n1 ?\gh omnipot5ce be pl$g$ to prev5t its exi/5ce1 x is cle> t x _c be reg>d$ z a limitation ( ! div9e p[]4 ,?is cuts (f ! objection ( ,voltaire1 & explodes ! gr& sophism on :i* x is bas$4 ,god hates s9 above all ?+s1 & is m ?an will+ to prev5t x2 & he actually does s1 9 s f> z ?is is possible to inf9ite wisdom & p[]4 ,?is refutes ! objection ( ,bayle1 & leaves 8 argum5t )\t ! %ad[ ( a f\ndation4 ,god does n *oose s91 or p]mit x z a means ( ! highe/ good1 z if !re c\ld be any high] good ?an absolute & univ]sal hol9ess2 b x comes to pass1 because ,god has creat$ a _w ( moral ag5ts1 & !y h transgress$ 8 law4 ,?is removes ! high & holy ,god inf9itely above ! contam9ation ( all evil1 above all contact ) ! s9 ( ! _w1 & %[s an impassable gulf betwe5 ! purity ( ! ,creator & ! pravity ( ! creature4 ,by reveal+ ! true connexion ( s9 ) ! moral univ]se1 & its relation to ,god1 x cle>ly %[s t its exi/5ce %\ld n raise ! slighte/ cl\d ( suspicion respect+ 8 inf9ite goodness & p[]1 & ?us reconciles ! fact ( s9's exi/5ce ) ! adorable p]fections ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,x may be said1 t al?\gh ,god c\ld n cause hol9ess to prevail univ]sally1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 p[]1 yet he might employ means & influ5ces suffici5t to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( s94 ,to ?is !re are two satisfactory answ]s4 ,fir/1 x is a contradiction to admit t ,god _c necessitate virtue1 because su* a ?+ is impossible2 & yet suppose t he c\ld1 9 all cases1 secure ! exi/5ce ( x1 )\t any *ance ( failure4 ,x bo? ass]ts & d5ies at ! same "t1 ! idea ( a necess>y hol9ess4 ,secondly1 ! objection 9 "q proce$s on ! supposition1 t !re are res\rces 9 ! /ores ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 :i* might h be5 successfully employ$ = ! good ( ! univ]se1 & :i* ,god has fail$ to employ4 ,b ?is is a m]e gratuit\s assumption4 ,x nev] has be51 & x nev] c be prov$4 ,x has n ev5 ! appe>ance ( reason 9 its fav\r4 ,let ! objector %[ :]e9 ! ,almighty c\ld h done m ?an he has actually done to prev5t s91 & secure hol9ess1 )\t attempt+ viol5ce to ! nature ( man1 & !n 8 objection may h "s =ce1 & be entitl$ to "s consid]ation4 ,b if he _c d ?is1 8 objection re/s ^u a m]e unsupport$ hypo!sis4 ,x is v easy to conceive t m light might h be5 imp>t$ to m51 & great] influ5ces br\ght to be> on _! feel+s2 b x w n foll[ t su* additional inducem5ts to virtue w\ld h be5 good = !m4 ,= aught we "k1 x might only h add$ to _! awful responsibilities1 )\t at all conduc+ to _! good4 ,= aught we "k1 ! means employ$ by ,god = ! salvation ( man f s9 & mis]y h1 bo? 9 k9d & degree1 be5 precisely su* z to secure ! maximum ( good & ! m9imum ( evil4 ,let ! sceptic frame a m p]fect moral law = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w ?an t :i* ,god has e/abli%$2 let him %[ :]e m trem5d\s sanctions might be f\nd to en=ce t law2 let him %[ h[ ! ,almighty might h made a m efficaci\s display ( 8 maje/y1 & p[]1 & goodness1 ?an he has actually exhibit$ to u2 let him ref] to m p[]ful influ5ces1 consi/5t ) ! free-ag5cy & acc\ntability ( man1 ?an ^? ex]t$ by ! ,_s ( ,god2 let him d all ?is1 we say1 & !n he may h "s "r to object & f9d fault4 ,9 "o ^w1 let him meet ! dem& ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 8:at m c\ld h be5 done to my v9ey>d1 t ,i h n done 9 x10 & %[ x to be )\t f\ndation1 & !n !re w be "s appe>ance ( reason 9 8 objection4 ,section ,,vii4 ,! glory ( ,god se5 9 ! creation ( a _w1 :i* he =esaw w\ld fall "u ! dom9ion ( s94 ,x may be said t we h n yet gone to ! bottom ( ! difficulty2 t al?\gh omnipot5ce c\ld n d5y ! capacity to commit s9 to a moral ag5t1 yet ,god c\ld prev5t moral evil1 by refus+ to create any be+ :o he =eknew w\ld transgress 8 law4 ,z ,god might h prev5t$ ! rise ( evil 9 our _w1 by refus+ to create man1 :y1 x may be ask$1 did he n d s8 ,:y did he n1 9 ?is way1 sp>e ! univ]se t spectacle ( crime & suff]+ :i* has be5 pres5t$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our fall5 race8 ,to ?is we answ]1 t ,god did n *oose to prev5t s9 9 ?is way1 b to create ! _w exactly z he did1 ?\gh he =esaw ! fall & all its consequ5ces2 because ! highe/ good ( ! univ]se requir$ ! creation ( su* a _w4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to see ?is great tru? 9 its true light4 ,! highe/ good ( ! univ]se may1 no d\bt1 be promot$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! r$emption ( our fall5 race1 ( :i* we h no conception 9 our pres5t /ate ( d>kness & ignorance4 ,b we are furni%$ ) "s fa9t glimpses ( ! true s\rce ( t admiration & wond] ) :i* ! angels ( ,god are inspir$1 z !y contemplate ! manife/ation ( 8 glory 9 reconcil+ ! _w to himself4 ,! felicity ( ! angels1 & no d\bt ( all creat$ intellig5ces1 mu/ be f\nd 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,god4 ,no o!r object is suffici5tly va/ to fill & satisfy ! unlimit$ desires ( ! m9d4 ,& z ! "* ( ,god mu/ necess>ily con/itute ! *ief happ9ess ( 8 creatures1 s e new manife/ation ( ! glory ( t "* mu/ add to _! supreme felicity4 ,n[1 if !re _h be5 no su* ?+ z s91 ! compassion ( ,god w\ld h be5 =ev] conceal$ f ! eyes ( 8 intellig5t creatures4 ,!y might h ador$ 8 purity2 b ( t t5d] compassion :i* calls up ! deepe/ & mo/ pleasurable emotions 9 ! s\l1 !y c\ld h kn[n absolutely no?+4 ,!y might h witness$ 8 love to s9less be+s2 b !y c\ld nev] h se5 t love 9 its omnipot5t ye>n+s ov] ! ru9$ & ! lo/4 ,! attribute ( m]cy or compassion w\ld h be5 =ev] lock$ up & conceal$ 9 ! deep recesses ( ! ,div9e ,m9d2 & ! bless+1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & dom9ion1 :i* %all be ascrib$ by ! r$eem$ unto ,him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb1 =ev] & ev]1 w\ld n h be5 he>d 9 ! univ]se ( ,god4 ,! *ord :i* n[ s5ds =? ! sweete/ music 9 ! h>mony ( heav51 fill+ its inhabitants ) deep & raptur\s emotions ( sympa?y & delight1 w\ld nev] h be5 t\*$ by ! f+] ( ,god4 ,h[ f> su* a display ( ! div9e "* is necess>y to ! ends ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god c be kn[n only to himself4 ,we are in=m$ 9 8 ^w1 t x is by ! r$emption ( ! _w1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 t ! ends ( 8 moral gov]nm5t are secur$4 ,x pleas$ ! ,fa!r1 sai? ,/4 ,paul1 t 9 ,*ri/ all fulness %\ld dwell2 & hav+ made peace ?r\gh ! blood ( 8 cross1 by him to reconcile all ?+s unto himself1 :e!r !y be ?+s 9 e>?1 or ?+s 9 heav54 ,?us we are told t all ?+s 9 heav5 are reconcil$ unto ,god1 by ! blood ( ! cross4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,h[ 0 x possible to reconcile ^? be+s unto ,god :o _h nev] s9n$ aga9/ him1 nor be5 e/rang$ f him8 ,accord+ to ! orig9al1 ,god is n exactly said to reconcile1 b to keep toge!r1 all ?+s1 by ! m$iation & "w ( ,*ri/4 ,! angels fell f heav51 & man s9n$ 9 p>adise2 b ! creatures ( ,god are secur$ f any fur!r defection f him1 by ! all-controll+ display ( 8 "*1 & by ! /up5d\s sy/em ( moral ag5cies & means :i* h be5 call$ =? 9 ! great "w ( r$emption4 ,9 ?is view ( ! passage 9 "q we are happy to f9d t we are confirm$ by s enlight5$ a critic z ,dr4 ,macknight4 ,9 relation to ^! words1 8,& by him to reconcile all ?+s10 he says1 8,?\gh ,i h translat$ ! 1 to reconcile1 :i* is its ord9>y mean+1 ,i am cle>ly ( op9ion t x signifies "h to unite simply2 because ! good angels are said1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! v]se1 to be reconcil$ ) ,*ri/1 :o nev] 7 at enmity ) him4 ,i !re=e take ! apo/le's mean+ to be ?is3 #8,x pleas$ ! ,fa!r1 by ,*ri/1 to unite all ?+s to ,*ri/1 namely1 z _! ,head & ,gov]nor4' 0 7,col4 i1 #bj47 ,! same sublime tru? is reveal$ 9 o!r portions ( ,scripture1 z 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ,fir/ ,cor9?ians1 :]e x is said1 t x is ! design ( ,god to subject all ?+s to ,*ri/1 & exception is made only ( ,him by :om ?is univ]sal subjection & dom9ion is e/abli%$4 ,! accompli%m5t ( su* an object1 x w be admitt$1 is "o ( unspeakable importance4 ,= no gov]nm5t1 h[ev] p]fect & beautiful 9 o!r respects1 c be ( mu* value unless x be s con/ruct$ z to secure its own p]man5cy4 ,?is gr& object1 revelation in=ms u1 has be5 atta9$ by ! r$emption ( ! _w ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,b = 8 "w1 ^? bless$ spirits n[ b\nd toge!r 9 ev]la/+ society ) ,god1 by ! sacr$ ties ( confid5ce & love1 might h fall5 f him into ! out] d>kness1 z angels & ar*angels _h fall5 be=e !m4 ,! m9i/]s ( light1 ?\gh hav+ drunk deeply ( ! goodness ( ,god1 & rejoic$ 9 8 smile1 7 n satisfi$ ) _! condition1 &1 /riv+ to bett] x1 pluck$ d[n ru9 on _! heads4 ,s1 man 9 p>adise1 n cont5t ) 8 happy lot1 b va9ly /riv+ to raise himself to a god1 =sook 8 allegiance to 8 ,mak]1 & yield$ himself a will+ s]vant to ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,b an apo/le1 ?\gh born 9 s91 hav+ ta/$ ! bitt] fruits ( evil1 & ! sweet m]cies ( r$eem+ love1 felt su* confid5ce 9 ,god1 t 9 :atsoev] /ate he 01 he c\ld !re) be cont5t4 ,n only 9 heav5--n only 9 p>adise--b 9 a dungeon1 load$ ) irons1 & beat5 ) /ripes1 he c\ld rejoice & give glory to ,god4 ,?is firm & un%ak5 allegiance 9 a weak & err+ mortal to ! ?rone ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god1 pres5ts a spectacle ( moral gr&eur & sublimity to :i* ! annals ( et]nity1 b = ! exi/5ce ( s91 _h pres5t$ no p>allel4 ,x is by ! s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity alone t ! confid5ce ( ! creature 9 8 ,god has be5 r5d]$ too /rong = ! gates ( hell to prevail aga9/ him4 ,b = ?is s*eme1 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god might h pres5t$ sc5es ( mutability & *ange1 inf9itely m appall+ ?an ! p>tial evil :i* we behold 9 our pres5t /ate4 ,or if ,god _h *os5 to prev5t ?is1 to r5d] x absolutely impossible1 by ! creation ( no be+s :o he =eknew w\ld rebel aga9/ him1 ?is might h contract$ 8 moral empire into ! mo/ insignificant limits4 ,?us1 by ! creation ( ! _w1 ,god has prep>$ ! way to ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( 8 empire1 & to secure its f\ndations4 ,*ri/ is ! corn]-/one ( ! spiritual univ]se1 by :i* all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? are kept f fall+ away f ,god1 its great c5tre ( light & life4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t :5 ?is cr[n+ ev5t 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se 0 ab\t to be accompli%$1 ! heav5ly ho/ %\ld h %\t$1 8,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/60 ,?is view ( ! subject ( moral evil1 d]iv$ f revelation1 h>monizes all ! ph5om5a ( ! moral _w ) ! p]fections ( ,god1 z well z w>ms & exp&s ! noble/ feel+s ( ! human he>t4 ,/4 ,paul ascribes ! /ability ( all ?+s 9 heav5 to ! manife/ation ( ! div9e "* 9 ! r$emption ( our fall5 race4 ,if ?is be ! case1 !n ^? :o s confid5tly ass]t t ,god might h pres]v$ ! _w 9 hol9ess1 )\t impair+ ! free-ag5cy ( man1 z easily z he keeps ! angels f fall+1 are v mu* mi/ak54 ,?is ass]tion is frequ5tly made2 b1 z we conceive1 )\t au?ority ei!r f reason or revelation4 ,x is said by a le>n$ div9e1 8,t ,god has actually pres]v$ "s ( ! angels f fall+2 & t he has promis$ to pres]ve1 & w1 !re=e1 c]ta9ly pres]ve ! spirits ( j m5 made p]fect2 & t ?is has be51 & w be1 done )\t infr++ at all on _! moral ag5cy4 ,( c\rse1 he c\ld j z easily h pres]v$ ,adam f fall+1 )\t infr++ on 8 moral ag5cy407#adi7 ,?is argum5t is pron\nc$ by its au?or to be conclusive & 8unansw]able40 ,b if ,god pres]ves "o portion ( 8 creatures f fall+1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he has dealt ) ^? :o h fall51 x does n foll[ t he c\ld j z easily h kept ea* & e portion ( !m f a defection4 ,if a rul] %\ld prev5t a "p ( 8 subjects f rebellion1 by ! way 9 :i* he has dealt ) ^? :o h rebell$1 does x foll[ t he might j z easily h secur$ ob$i5ce 9 ! rebels8 ,x cle>ly does n2 & h5ce !re is a radical defect 9 ! argum5t ( ^! le>n$ div9es & ! s*ool to :i* !y belong4 ,let !m %[ t all ?+s 9 heav5 are n secur$ 9 _! et]nal allegiance to ,god by ! "w ( ,*ri/1 & !n !y may safely conclude1 t man might h be5 z c]ta9ly & infallibly secur$ aga9/ a defection z angels & j m5 made p]fect4 ,if ,god b9ds ! spiritual univ]se to himself1 by ! display ( 8 unb\nd$ m]cy to a fall5 race1 x does n foll[ t he c\ld1 by ! same means1 h pres]v$ t race itself1 & e o!r ord] ( be+s1 f a defection4 ,=1 on ?is supposition1 !re w\ld h be5 no fall5 race to call =? 8 inf9ite compassion1 & s5d its b9d+ influ5ces ov] angels & ! spirits ( j m5 made p]fect4 ,accord+ to ! sublime idea ( revelation1 x is ! transc5d5t glory ( ! cross t x ex]ts moral influ5ces1 :i* h b\nd ! :ole intellig5t creation toge!r 9 "o h>moni\s society ) ,god1 its sov]eign & all-glori\s head4 ,= aught we "k1 ! /ability ( ! spiritual univ]se c\ld n possibly h be5 secur$ 9 any o!r way2 & h5ce1 if !re _h be5 no fall1 & no r$emption1 ! gr& intellectual sy/em :i* is n[ s full ( confid5ce & joy1 might h be5 )\t a secure f\ndation4 ,we h se5 t its f\ndation c\ld n1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 h be5 e/abli%$ & fix$ by m]e p[]2 = ?is c\ld n h kept a s+le moral ag5t f ! possibility ( s9n+ mu* less a b\ndless univ]se ( su* be+s4 ,! ,*ri/ian believ]1 !n1 lab\rs "u no difficulty 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( evil1 :i* %\ld 9 ! lea/ oppress 8 m9d4 ,if he %\ld conf9e 8 att5tion too n>r[ly to ! nature ( evil z x is 9 itself1 he may1 inde$1 p]plex 8 bra9 almo/ to di/raction2 b he %\ld take a fre] & wid] range1 view+ x 9 all its relations1 dep5d5cies1 & ultimate results4 ,if he %\ld consid] ! orig9 ( evil exclusively1 he may only meet ) imp5etrable obscurity & confusion1 z he endeav\rs to pry into ! d>k enigma ( ! _w2 b all t is pa9ful 9 x w soon vani%1 if he w only view x 9 connexion ) ,god's inf9ite plans = ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,he w !n see1 t ?is _w1 ) all its wick$ness & woe1 is b a dim speck ( vitality 9 a b\ndless dom9ion ( light1 t is necess>y to ! glory & p]fection ( ! :ole4 ,! believ] %\ld n1 = "o mom5t1 ent]ta9 ! l[ view1 t ! atonem5t conf]s its b5efits on man alone4 ,! plan ( r$emption 0 n an aft]-?\ght1 design$ to rem$y an evil :i* ! eye ( omnisci5ce _h n =ese52 x 0 =m$ 9 ! c\nsels ( inf9ite wisdom long be=e ! f\ndations ( ! _w 7 laid4 ,! atonem5t 0 made = man1 x is true2 b1 9 a /ill high] s5se1 man 0 made = ! atonem5t4 ,all ?+s 7 made = ,*ri/4 ,god1 ^: pr]ogative x is to br+ good out ( evil1 w turn ! %ort-liv$ triumph ( ! p[]s ( d>kness into a glori\s victory1 & cause x to be a univ]sal song ( rejoic+ to 8 great "n ?r\gh\t ! endless ages ( et]nity4 ,:o w\ld compla91 !n1 t he is subject to ! evils ( ?is life1 s9ce he has be5 subject$ 9 hope8 ,ev]y?+ ar\nd u is a type & symbol ( our high de/9y4 ,all ?+s %ad[ =? ! glory to be reveal$ 9 u4 ,! insignificant se$ t rots 9 ! e>? does n die4 ,x lives1 x g]m9ates1 x gr[s1 x spr+s up into ! /ately plant1 & is cr[n$ ) beauty4 ,! worm b5ea? our feet1 ?\gh seem+ly s dead1 is1 by ! secret all-work+ p[] ( ,god1 und]go+ *anges to fit x = a high] life4 ,9 due "t x puts (f its =m ( dea?1 & rises1 8l a w+$ fl[]10 f ! cold e>? into a w>m region ( life & light4 ,9 l mann]1 ! bodies we inhabit1 wond]fully & fe>fully z !y are made1 are de/9$ to m\ld] 9 ! grave1 & become ! food ( worms1 be=e !y are rais$ l unto ,*ri/'s glorifi$ body1 clo!d ) p[] & immortality4 ,nature itself1 ) all its teem+ =ms ( beauty1 mu/ decay1 till 8pale conclud+ w9t] comes at la/1 & %uts ! sc5e40 ,b ! sc5e is clos$1 & all its magnific5ce %ut 91 only t x may op5 out aga91 z x 71 into all ! wond]s ( a new creation4 ,ev5 s ! human s\l1 al?\gh x be subject$ to ! p[]s ( d>kness = a season1 may em]ge into ! light & bless$ness ( et]nity4 ,su* is ! de/9y ( man2 & ^u himself1 "u ,god1 x dep5ds :e!r ?is high de/9y be fulfill$1 or 8 bright hopes bla/$4 8,i call heav5 & e>? ?is day to witness10 sai? ! ,"l1 8t ,i h set be=e y life & dea?1 bless+ & curs+2 !re=e *oose life40 ,section ,,viii4 ,! little1 capti\s _s ( ,voltaire1 & o!r a!iz+ m9ute philosoph]s4 ,x w be object$1 no d\bt1 t 9 ! =ego+ v9dication ( ! div9e hol9ess1 we h tak5 = grant$ ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( r$emption2 b x %\ld be rememb]$1 t we d n propose 8to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man0 on dei/ical pr9ciples4 ,we are fully p]suad$1 t if ,god _h m]ely creat$ ! _w1 & rema9$ satisfi$ to look d[n z an idle spectator ^u ! evils x _h br\ght ^u itself1 8 "* & glory w\ld n admit ( v9dication2 & we %\ld n h ent]$ ^u s *im]ical an ent]prise4 ,we h attempt$ to reconcile ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 z set =? 9 ! sy/em we ma9ta91 & 9 no o!r1 ) ! p]fections ( ,god2 & :oev] objects t ?is _c be done1 is b\nd1 we insi/1 to take ! sy/em z x is 9 itself1 & n z x is mangl$ & di/ort$ by its adv]s>ies4 ,we freely admit1 t if ! ,*ri/ian religion does n furni% ! means ( su* a reconciliation1 !n we d n possess !m1 & are necess>ily devot$ to despair4 ,"h we mu/ notice a v great inconsi/5cy ( a!i/s4 ,!y insi/ t if ! _w _h be5 creat$ by an inf9itely p]fect ,be+1 he w\ld n h p]mitt$ ! lea/ s9 or disord] to arise 9 8 dom9ions2 yet1 :5 !y he> ( any int]position on 8 "p = ! good ( ! _w1 !y p\r ridicule ^u ! idea ( su* int]v5tion z :olly unwor?y ( ! maje/y ( s augu/ a ,be+4 ,s weak & wav]+ are _! notions1 t x agrees equally well ) _! cre$1 t x becomes an inf9itely p]fect ,be+ to d all ?+s1 & t x becomes him to d no?+6 ,c y believe t an omnipot5t ,god reigns1 says ,m4 ,voltaire1 s9ce he beholds ! frightful evils ( ! _w )\t putt+ =? 8 arm to r$ress !m8 ,c y believe1 asks ! same philosoph]1 t s great a be+1 ev5 if he exi/$1 w\ld tr\ble himself ab\t ! affairs ( s insignificant a creature z man8 ,su* inconsi/5cies are h>dly wor?y ( a philosoph]1 :o possesses a wisdom s sublime1 & a p5etration s pr(\nd1 z to au?orize him to sit 9 judgm5t on ! ord] & h>mony ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are p]fectly wor?y1 h[ev]1 ( ! au?or ( ,c&idus4 ,! poison ( ?is "w consi/s1 n 9 its argum5t1 b 9 its ridicule4 ,inde$1 x is n ev5 an attempt at argum5t or rational criticism4 ,! sole aim ( ! au?or seems to be to %[ ! brilliancy ( 8 wit1 at ! exp5se ( 8! be/ ( all possible worlds20 & x mu/ be confess$ t he has %[n x1 ?\gh x be 9 ! wor/ ( all possible causes4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to view ! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! light ( any pr9ciple :atev]1 he m]ely accumulates evil ^u evil2 & :5 ! mass has become suffici5tly t]rific1 ) ! je]+ mock]y ( a small fi5d1 he delights 9 ! contemplation ( ! awful spectacle z a conclusive demon/ration t ! ,rul] ( ! _w is unequal to ! gov]nm5t ( 8 creatures4 ,8 book is m]ely an appeal to ! ignorance & feel+s ( ! read]1 & c d no mis*ief1 except :5 x may happ5 to f9d a weak head 9 union ) a corrupt he>t4 ,= :at does x signify t ! ca/le ( ! ,b>on ,?und]-t5-trock 0 n ! mo/ p]fect ( all possible ca/les2 does ?is disprove ! skill ( ! great ,ar*itect ( ! univ]se8 ,or :at does x signify t ,dr4 ,pangloss lo/ an eye2 does ?is ext+ui% a s+le ray ( ! div9e omnisci5ce1 or depose ei!r ( ! great lights :i* ,god orda9$ to rule ! _w8 ,la/ly1 :at does x signify t ,m4 ,voltaire1 by a horrible abuse ( 8 p[]s1 %\ld h ext+ui%$ ! light ( reason 9 8 s\l2 does ?is disprove ! goodness ( t ,be+ by :om ^? p[]s 7 giv5 = a high] & a nobl] purpose8 ,a fracture 9 ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's w\ld1 no d\bt1 pres5t z great difficulties to an insect lo/ 9 its dep?s1 z ! disord]s ( ?is little _w pres5t$ to ! capti\s & fault-f9d+ _s ( ,m4 ,voltaire2 & w\ld z completely %ut out ! ord] & design ( ! :ole /ructure f its field ( vision1 z ! ord] & design ( ! magnific5t temple ( ! _w 0 exclud$ f ! m9d ( ?is v m9ute philosoph]4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,objections ,consid]$4 ,heav5 see? all1 & !re=e kn[s ! s5se ,( ! :ole beaute\s frame ( ,provid5ce4 ,8 judgm5t ( ,god's k+dom ne$s mu/ fail1 ,:o kn[s no m ( x ?an ?is d>k jail4--,,baxt]4 ,"o "p1 "o little "p1 we dimly scan1 ,?r\gh ! d>k m$ium ( life's fev]i% dream2 ,yet d>e arraign ! :ole /up5d\s plan1 ,if b t little "p incongru\s seem4--,,beattie4 ,?\gh we h tak5 great pa9s to obviate objections by ! mann] 9 :i* we h unfold$ & pres5t$ our views1 yet we _c b =esee t !y w h to run ! gauntlet ( adv]se criticism4 ,inde$1 we c\ld desire no?+ m s9c]ely ?an su* a ?+1 provid$ !y be subject$ to ! te/ ( pr9ciple1 & n ( prejudice4 ,b h[ c su* a ?+ be hop$ =8 ,is all !ological prejudice & bigotry ext9ct1 t an au?or may hope to h a p]fectly fair he>+1 & imp>tial decision8 ,exp]i5ce has taught u t we mu/ expect to be assail$ by a great v>iety ( cavils1 & t ! weake/ w (t5 produce z great an effect z ! /ronge/ ^u ! m9ds ( sect>ians4 ,h5ce1 we %all endeav\r to meet all su* objections z may occur to u1 provid$ !y c be suppos$ to ex]t any influ5ce ov] ! m9d4 ,section ,i4 ,x may be object$ t ! =ego+ s*eme is 8new !ology40 ,if no?+ m 7 int5d$ by su* an objection1 ?an to put ! read] on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! prejudice 9 fav\r ( novelty1 we c\ld n compla9 ( x4 ,= surely e new op9ion :i* comes into collision ) receiv$ doctr9es1 %\ld be held suspect$1 until x is made to und]go ! scrut9y to :i* its importance & appe>ance ( tru? may entitle x4 ,no reasonable man %\ld compla9 ( su* a precaution4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! pres5t writ] %\ld n compla9 ( su* treatm5t1 = x is precisely ! treatm5t :i* he has receiv$ f himself4 ,he well rememb]s1 t :5 ! great tru?s1 z he n[ conceives !m to be1 fir/ dawn$ ^u 8 own m9d1 h[ sadly !y di/urb$ & p]plex$ 8 bl9d v5]ation = ! pa/4 ,z he 0 himself1 !n1 s ready to %r9k f 8 own views z 8new !ology10 he surely _c c5sure any "o else = s do+1 provid$ he w b give !m a fair & imp>tial he>+ be=e he proce$s to sc\t !m f 8 pres5ce4 ,x is true1 aft] ! writ] _h once fairly made ! discov]y t 8old !ology0 is n necess>ily true !ology1 he c\ld proce$ ) ! great] fre$om 9 8 inquiries4 ,he did n v p>ticul>ly inquire :e!r ?is or t 0 old or new1 b :e!r x 0 true4 ,he felt assur$1 t if he c\ld only be s =tunate z to f9d ! tru?1 ! defect ( novelty w\ld be cur$ by lapse ( "t1 & he ne$ give himself no v great conc]n ab\t x4 ,n _m c5turies ago1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 ,galileo 0 condemn$ & imprison$ = tea*+ 8new !ology40 ,he _h ! unb\nd$ audacity to put =? ! insuff]able h]esy1 8directly aga9/ ! v ^w ( ,god itself10 t ! sun does n revolve ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! ,vatican ?und]$1 & cru%$ ,galileo2 b x did n %ake ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is /ood z firm 9 its c5tre1 & roll$ on z calmly & z maje/ically 9 its c\rse1 z if ! ,vatican _h n utt]$ its ana!ma4 ,its ?und]s are all hu%$ n[4 ,nay1 x has ev5 rev]s$ its =m] decree1 & conclud$ to p]mit ! orbs ( light to roll on 9 ! pa?s appo9t$ = !m by ! mighty h& t re>$ ?is beautiful fabric ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,ev5 s w x be1 9 relation to all s\nd views p]ta9+ to ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w2 & ^? :o may deem !m uns\nd1 w h to give "s m solid reason ?an an odi\s epi!t1 be=e !y c resi/ _! progress4 ,we d n pret5d t !y h n1 or t !y _c give1 m solid reasons = ?is opposition to :at is call$ 8new !ology40 ,we only mean1 t an objection1 :i*1 entirely ov]look+ ! tru? or ! falsehood ( an op9ion1 appeals to prejudice by ! use ( an odi\s "n1 is unwor?y ( a s]i\s & c&id inquir] aft] tru?1 & !re=e %\ld be laid aside by all :o aspire to su* a "*4 ,section ,,ii4 ,x may be imag9$ t ! views h]e9 set =? limit ! omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,?is objection has already be5 suffici5tly answ]$2 b x may be well to notice x m di/9ctly & by itself1 z x is "o ^u :i* great reliance w be plac$4 ,x is n d5y+ ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 z all agree1 to say t he _c "w contradictions2 b1 z we h se51 a necessitat$ volition is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,h5ce1 x does n d5y or limit ! div9e omnipot5ce1 to say1 x _c produce or necessitate our volitions4 ,x is absurd to say1 t t is a volunt>y ex]cise ( p[]1 :i* is produc$ 9 u by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,bo? ( ^! pr9ciples are conc$$ by ^? :o w be among ! =emo/1 9 all probability1 to d5y ! conclusion :i* necess>ily fl[s f !m4 ,?us1 ! ,pr9ceton ,review1 = example1 admits t ,god _c "w contradictions2 & also t 8a necess>y volition is an absurdity1 a ?+ inconceivable40 ,b w x say1 t ,god _c "w a volition 9 ! human m9d8 t omnipot5ce _c "w ?is p>ticul> absurdity8 ,if t j\rnal %\ld speak on ?is subject at all1 we v5ture to pr$ict x w be se5 t x has en\nc$ a great tru?1 )\t p]ceiv+ its be>+ ^u ! ,pr9ceton s*ool ( !ology4 ,if ?is objection has any solidity1 x lies ) equal =ce aga9/ ! s*eme ( ,leibnitz1 ,edw>ds1 & o!r philosoph]s & div9es1 z well z aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! =ego+ treatise4 ,= !y affirm1 t ,god *ooses s9 z ! necess>y means ( ! greate/ good2 & t he c\ld n exclude s9 f ! univ]se1 )\t caus+ a great] evil ?an its p]mission4 ,?is s5tim5t is repeat$ly set =? 9 ! ,essais de ,?odice ( ,leibnitz2 & x is also repeat$ly av[$ by ,edw>ds4 ,n[1 "h is an inh]5t impossibility2 namely1 ! prev5tion ( s9 )\t produc+ a great] evil ?an its p]mission1 :i* x is assum$ ,god _c "w4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 x is ass]t$1 t he *ooses s9 z ! necess>y means ( ! greate/ good1 x is cle>ly int5d$ t he _c secure ! greate/ good )\t *oos+ t s9 %\ld exi/4 ,h5ce if ! doctr9e ( ?is disc\rse limits ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 no less c be said ( t to :i* x is oppos$4 ,b bo? s*emes may be object$ to on ?is gr\nd1 & bo? be set aside z limit+ ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,inde$1 x has be5 object$ aga9/ ! s*eme ( ,leibnitz1 8t x seems to make some?+ :i* ,i d n "k h[ to express o!rwise ?an by ! anci5t /oical fate1 antec$5t & sup]ior ev5 to ,god himself4 ,i w\ld !re=e ?9k x be/ to say1 ) ! curr5t ( or?odox div9es1 t ,god 0 p]fectly free 9 8 purpose & provid5ce1 & t !re is no reason to be s\ght = ! "o or ! o!r beyond himself407#aej7 ,we d n "k :at reply ,leibnitz w\ld h made to su* an objection2 b we %\ld be at no loss = an answ]1 7 x urg$ aga9/ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! prec$+ disc\rse4 ,we %\ld say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x 0 a v great pity ! au?or c\ld n f9d a bett] way ( express+ 8 objection1 8?an by ! anci5t /oical fate1 antec$5t & sup]ior ev5 to ,god himself40 ,to say t ,god _c "w contradictions1 is n to place a /oical fate1 nor any o!r k9d ( fate1 above him4 ,& if x is1 ?is impiety is c]ta9ly practis$ by 8! curr5t ( or?odox div9es10 ev5 9 ! au?or's own s5se ( ! t]m2 = !y all affirm t ,god _c "w contradictions4 ,if su* an objection has any =ce aga9/ ! pres5t treatise1 x might be mu* bett] express$ ?an by an allusion to 8! anci5t /oical fate40 ,inde$1 x is mu* bett] express$ by ,lu!r1 9 8 v9dication ( ! doctr9e ( consub/antiation4 ,:5 x 0 urg$ aga9/ t doctr9e1 t x is a ma!matical impossibility = ! same corporeal sub/ance to be 9 a ?\s& diff]5t places at "o & ! same "t1 ! great re=m] resi/$ ! objection z an infr+em5t ( ! div9e sov]eignty3 8,god is above ma!matics10 he exclaim$3 8,i reject reason1 common-s5se1 c>nal argum5ts1 & ma!matical pro(s407#aea7 ,!re is no d\bt b ! or?odox div9es ( ! pres5t day w be dispos$ to smile at ?is specim5 ( ,lu!r's pi\s zeal = ! sov]eignty ( ,god2 & al?\gh !y may n be will+ to admit t ,god is above all reason & common-s5se1 yet w !y be incl9$ to ?9k t1 9 "s respects1 ,lu!r 0 a little bel[ !m4 ,b :ile !y smile at ,lu!r1 might x n be well to take c>e1 le/ !y %\ld display a zeal ( ! same k9d1 & equally pleasant 9 ! e/imation ( po/]ity8 ,9 affirm+ t omnipot5ce _c "w contradictions1 we are c]ta9ly v f> f be+ s5sible t we place a 8/oical fate0 above ,god1 or any o!r k9d ( fate4 ,we w\ld n place ma!matics above ,god2 mu* less w\ld we place him bel[ ma!matics4 ,nor w\ld we say any?+ :i* w\ld seem to r5d] him o!rwise ?an 8p]fectly free 9 8 purpose1 or 9 8 provid5ce40 ,to say t he _c make two & two equal to five1 is n1 we tru/1 inconsi/5t ) ! p]fection ( 8 fre$om4 ,if x w\ld be a great imp]fection 9 mortals1 z all or?odox div9es w admit1 to be able to affirm & believe t two & two are equal to five2 !n x w\ld be a /ill great] imp]fection 9 ,god1 n only to be able to affirm su* a ?+1 b to embody x 9 an actual creation4 ,9 l mann]1 if x w\ld be an imp]fection 9 u to be able to affirm s great 8an absurdity10 a ?+ s 8inconceivable0 z a 8necess>y volition20 !n x c\ld n add mu* to ! glory ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 to suppose him capable ( produc+ su* a mon/rosity 9 ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,!re is a class ( !ologians :o reject e explication ( ! orig9 ( evil1 on ! gr\nd t !y limit ! div9e sov]eignty2 & to ! "q :y evil is p]mitt$ to exi/1 !y reply1 8,we _c tell40 ,if ,god c1 z !y insi/ he c1 easily cause hol9ess to %9e =? ) uncl\d$1 univ]sal spl5d\r1 no wond] !y _c tell :y he does n d s4 ,if1 by a s+le glance ( 8 eye1 he c make hell itself cle> up & %9e out into a heav51 & fix ! et]nal glories ( ! moral univ]se ^u an immovable f\ndation1 no wond] !y c see no reason :y he refuses to d s4 ,! only wond] is t !y _c see t1 on ?is pr9ciple1 !re is no reason at all = su* refusal1 & ! p]mission ( moral evil4 ,= if ,god c d all ?is1 & yet p]mits s9 8to raise its hide\s head 9 8 dom9ions10 !n !re is1 & mu/ be1 some?+ :i* he loves m ?an hol9ess1 or abhors m ?an s94 ,& h5ce1 ! reason :y !y _c tell is1 9 our humble op9ion1 because !y h already told too mu*1--m ?an !y "k4 ,to d\bt 9 ! "r place1 is (t5 ! be/ cure = d\bt2 & to dogmatize 9 ! wrong place1 is (t5 ! mo/ c]ta9 road to scepticism4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! =ego+ s*eme1 x may be said1 pres5ts a gloomy view ( ! univ]se4 ,if we say t ,god _c necessitate our volitions1 or necess>ily exclude all evil f a moral sy/em1 x w be object$1 t1 on ^! pr9ciples1 8we h no c]ta9ty ( ! cont9u$ ob$i5ce ( holy1 angelic1 & r$eem$ spirits407#aeb7 ,?is is true1 if ! s*eme ( necessity af=ds ! only gr\nd ( c]ta9ty 9 ! univ]se4 ,b we _c see ! ju/ness ( ?is assumption4 ,x is agre$ on all sides1 t a fix$ habit ( act+1 =m$ by repeat$ & long-cont9u$ acts1 is a pretty sure f\ndation = ! c]ta9ty ( action4 ,h5ce1 !re may be "s little c]ta9ty1 "s little /ability 9 ! moral _w1 )\t suppos+ all ?+s !re9 to be necessitat$4 ,p]haps !re may be1 on ?is hypo!sis1 z great c]ta9ty !re91 z is actually f\nd to exi/4 ,9 ! ass]tion s (t5 made1 t if all our volitions are n controll$ by ! div9e p[]1 b left to ourselves1 !n ! moral _w w n be s well gov]n$ z ! natural1 & disord]s w be f\nd !re92 ! fact seems to be ov]look$1 t !re is actually disord] & confusion 9 ! moral _w4 ,if x 7 our object to f9d an hypo!sis to ov]turn & refute ! facts ( ! moral _w1 we "k ( none bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose ?an ! doctr9e ( necessity2 b if x be our aim1 n to d5y1 b to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! moral _w1 !n mu/ we adopt "s o!r s*eme4 ,b x has be5 eloqu5tly said1 t 8if ,god c\ld n h prev5t$ s9 9 ! univ]se1 he _c prev5t believ]s f fall+2 he _c prev5t ,gabriel & ,paul f s9k+ at once into devils1 & heav5 f turn+ into a hell4 ,& 7 he to create new races to fill ! vacant seats1 !y might turn to devils z fa/ z he creat$ !m1 9 spite ( any?+ t he c\ld d %ort ( de/roy+ _! moral ag5cy4 ,he is liable to be defeat$ 9 all 8 designs1 & to be z mis]able z he is b5evol5t4 ,?is is inf9itely ! gloomie/ idea t 0 ev] ?r[n ^u ! _w4 ,x is gloomi] ?an hell itself40 ,true1 !re might be a gloomi] spectacle 9 ! univ]se ?an hell itself2 & = ?is v reason x is1 z we h se51 t ,god has orda9$ hell itself1 t su* gloomi] spectacle may nev] appe> 9 ! univ]se to d>k5 its transc5d5t & et]nal glories4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t we reconcile ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god ) ! awful spectacle ( a _w ly+ 9 ru9s1 & ! /ill m awful spectacle ( an et]nal hell beyond ! grave4 ,x is true1 !re might be a gloomi] idea ?an hell itself2 !re might be two su* ideas4 ,nay1 !re might be two su* ?+s2 b yet1 s f> z we "k1 !re is only "o4 ,we beg su* objectors to consid]1 !re are "s ?+s :i*1 ev5 accord+ to our s*eme1 w n take place q s fa/ z !y may be pleas$ to imag9e !m4 ,x is true1 = example1 t a man1 t a rational be+1 might take a copp] in/ead ( a gu9ea1 if bo? 7 pres5t$ = 8 selection2 b al?\gh we may conceive ?is1 x does n foll[ t he w actually take ! copp] & leave ! gu9ea4 ,x is also true1 t a man might ?r[ himself d[n f ! br9k ( a precipice into a yawn+ gulf2 yet he may1 p]haps1 refuse to d s4 ,?is may be m]ely a gloomy idea1 & may nev] become a gloomy fact4 ,9 l mann]1 z "o _w fell away f ,god1 s might ano!r1 & ano!r4 ,b yet ?is imag9ation may nev] be realiz$4 ,inde$1 ! ,supreme ,rul] ( all ?+s has assur$ u t x w n be ! case2 & 9 =m+ our views ( ! univ]se1 we feel m dispos$ to look at facts ?an at fancies4 ,we ne$ n fright5 ourselves at 8gloomy ideas40 ,!re are gloomy facts en\gh 9 ! univ]se to call =? all our fe>s4 ,inde$1 if we %\ld p]mit our m9ds to be direct$1 n by ! reality ( ?+s1 b by ! relative gloom9ess ( ideas1 we %\ld altoge!r d5y ! et]nity ( future torm5ts1 & rejoice 9 ! contemplation ( ! bright prospects ( ! univ]sal hol9ess & happ9ess ( creat$ be+s4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! tru? is once f\nd1 x w pres5t ! univ]se ( ,god 9 a m glori\s po9t ( view1 ?an x c be made to display by any sy/em ( error :atev]4 ,:e!r ! =ego+ s*eme possesses ?is *>act]i/ic ( tru? or n1 ! read] c n[ det]m9e = himself4 ,he c det]m9e :e!r x does n pres5t a bright] & m lovely spectacle to contemplate ,god1 ! great f\nta9 ( all be+ & all light1 z do+ all t is possible1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 = ! hol9ess & happ9ess ( ! univ]se1 & actually succe$+1 ?r\gh & by ! cop]ation ( 8 creation1 9 reg>d to all worlds b ?is2 ?an to view him z possess+ ! p[] to %ut out all evil f ! univ]se1 = "t & = et]nity1 & yet absolutely refus+ to d s4 ,b let me insi/ ^u x1 t ! fir/ & ! all-important inquiry is1 8,:at is tru?80 ,?is is ! only wise c\rse2 & x is ! only safe c\rse = ! necessit>ian4 ,= no sy/em1 :5 pres5t$ 9 its true col\rs1 is m gloomy & appall+ ?an 8 own4 ,x repres5ts ! great ,god1 :o is seat$ ^u ! ?rone ( ! univ]se1 z controll+ all ! volitions ( 8 rational creatures by ! omnipot5ce ( 8 w4 ,! fir/ man succumbs to 8 p[]4 ,at ?is unavoidable transgression1 ,god k9dles into ! mo/ fe>ful wra?1 & dooms bo? himself & 8 po/]ity to temporal & et]nal mis]y4 ,if ?is be s1 !n let me ask ! read]1 if ! fact be n inf9itely 8gloomi] ?an hell itself80 ,section ,,iv4 ,x may be alleg$1 t 9 refus+ to subject ! volitions ( m5 to ! p[] & control ( ,god1 we und]m9e ! s5tim5ts ( humility & submission4 ,?is objection is (t5 made3 x is1 inde$1 ! great practical gr\nd on :i* ! s*eme ( necessity plants itself4 ,! object is1 no d\bt1 a mo/ laudable "o2 b e laudable object is n always promot$ by wise means4 ,let u see1 !n1 if x be wise ?us to ass]t ! doctr9e ( a necessitat$ ag5cy1 9 ord] to abase ! pride ( man1 & tea* him a lesson ( humility4 ,if we set out f ?is po9t ( view1 x w be f\nd exce$+ly difficult1 if n impossible1 to tell :5 & :]e to /op4 ,9 fact1 ^? :o rely ^u ?is k9d ( argum5t1 (t5 c>ry x mu* too f>2 & if we look ar\nd u1 we %all f9d t ! only means ( escap+ ! *>ge ( pride1 is to swall[ all ! doctr9es :i* ! tea*]s ( humility may be pleas$ to pres5t to u4 ,?us1 = example1 ,sp9oza w\ld h u to believe t man is n a p]son at all1 b a m]e fugitive mode ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,no?+ is m ridicul\s1 9 8 eyes1 ?an t s insignificant a ?+ z a man %\ld aspire to ! rank ( a di/9ct1 p]sonal exi/5ce1 & assume to himself ! attribute ( free-w4 8,! free-w10 says he1 8is a *im]a ( ! same k9d1 flatt]$ by our pride1 & 9 reality f\nd$ ^u our ignorance40 ,n[ x may n be v humble 9 u1 b /ill we beg leave to prote/ aga9/ ?is entire annihilation ( our be+4 ,ev5 ,m4 ,comte1 :o 9 8 extreme mode/y1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 insi/s t x is no?+ b ! fumes ( pride & self-conceit1 ! intoxication ( vanity1 :i* induces u to imag9e t we are free & acc\ntable be+s4 ,no d\bt he w\ld consid] u suffici5tly humble & submissive1 provid$ we w\ld only =swe> all ! light :i* %9es )9 u & ar\nd u1 & swall[ 8 a!i/ical dogmas4 ,b !re is some?+ m valuable 9 ! univ]se1 if we mi/ake n1 ?an ev5 a reputation = humility4 ,b no "o w expect u to g s f> 9 self-abasem5t & humility1 z to submit our intellects to all sorts ( dogmas4 ,x w be amply suffici5t1 if we only g j f> en\gh to receive ! dogmas ( 8 p>ticul> cre$4 ,?us1 = example1 if y assail ! doctr9e ( necessity1 on :i*1 z we h se51 ,calv9ism erects itself1 ! ,puseyite w clasp 8 h&s1 & cry out1 8,well done60 ,b if y turn ar\nd & oppose any ( 8 dogmas1 !n :at pride & presumption to set up y\r individual op9ion aga9/ 8! decisions ( ! "m ,*ur*607#aec7 ,& he w be sure to w9d up 8 lesson ( humility ) t ( ,/4 ,v9c5tius3 8,quod ubique1 quod semp]1 quod ab omnibus40 ,see+1 !n1 t a reputation = humility is n ! greate/ good 9 ! univ]se1 & t ! only possibility ( obta9+ x1 ev5 f "o p>ty1 is by a submission ( ! intellect to its cre$2 w\ld x n be z well to leave su* a reputation to take c>e ( itself1 & use all ex]tions to se>* out & f9d ! tru?8 ,tell a c>nal1 unreg5]ate man1 x is said1 t ?\gh ,god _h physical p[] to create him1 he has n moral p[] to gov]n him1 & y c\ld n furni% 8 m9d ) bett] alim5t = pride & rebellion4 ,%\ld y1 aft] giv+ ?is lesson1 press ^u him ! claims ( ,jehovah1 y might expect to be answ]$1 z ,moses 0 by ! pr\d oppressor ( ,israel3 8,:o is ! ,"l1 t ,i %\ld obey 8 voice807#aed7 ,he mu/1 inde$1 be an exce$+ly c>nal man1 :o %\ld draw su* an inf]5ce f ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,b we %\ld n tell him t 8,god _h no moral p[] to gov]n him40 ,we %\ld tell him1 t ,god c\ld n control all 8 volitions2 t he c\ld n gov]n him z a ma*9e is gov]n$1 )\t de/roy+ 8 free-ag5cy2 b we %\ld /ill insi/ t he possess$ ! mo/ absolute & uncontrollable p[] to gov]n him2 t ,god c give him a p]fect moral law1 & p[] to obey x1 ) ! mo/ /up5d\s motives = ob$i5ce2 & !n1 if he p]si/ 9 8 disob$i5ce1 ,god c1 & w1 %ut him up 9 torm5ts =ev]1 t o!rs1 see+ ! awful consequ5ces ( rebellion1 may keep _! allegiance to him4 ,is ?is to d5y ! p[] ( ,god to gov]n 8 creatures8 ,b is x n wond]ful t a ,calv9i/ %\ld und]take to te/ a doctr9e by ! consequ5ces :i* a 8pr\d oppressor10 or 8a c>nal man10 might draw f x8 ,if we %\ld tell su* a man1 t ,god possesses ! absolute p[] to control 8 volitions1 & t no?+ ev] happ5s on e>? b 9 p]fect accordance ) 8 good w & pleasure1 might we n expect him to conclude1 t he w\ld !n leave ! matt] ) ,god1 & give himself no tr\ble ab\t x8 ,if we may judge f ! practical effect ( doctr9es1 !n ! au?ors ( ! objection 9 "q d n take ! be/ me?od to inculcate ! lesson ( humility4 ,!y take ! precise c\rse pursu$ by ,melan*?on1 & (t5 ) ! same success4 ,?is great re=m]1 x is well kn[n1 und]took to frame 8 doctr9e s z to tea* humility & submission3 ) ?is view he w5t s f> z to insi/1 t man 0 s insignificant a ?+1 t he c\ld n act at all1 except 9 s f> z he 0 act$ ^u by ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is position1 he n only saw1 b expressly adopt$ ! conclusion1 t ,god is ! au?or ( all ! volitions ( m52 t he 0 ! au?or ( ,david's adult]y z well z ( ,saul's conv]sion4 ,n[1 x is true1 if ! human m9d c\ld abase itself s l[ z to embrace su* a doctr9e1 x w\ld give a mo/ complete1 if n a mo/ pleas+ example ( its submissiv5ess4 ,b x _c v well d s4 ,= ev5 amid ! ru9s ( our fall5 nature1 !re are "s fragm5ts left1 :i* raise ! intellect & moral nature ( man above s bl9d & s abject a submission to ! dom9ion ( error4 ,h5ce x 01 t ,melan*?on himself c\ld n long submit to 8 own doctr9e2 & he :o _h und]tak5 to tea* o!rs humility1 became "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( rebels4 ,?is sugge/s ! pr(\nd aphorism ( ,pascal3 8,x is dang]\s to make u see too mu* h[ ne> man is to ! brutes1 )\t %[+ him 8 greatness4 ,x is also dang]\s to make him see 8 greatness )\t 8 bas5ess4 ,x is /ill m dang]\s to leave him ignorant ( bo?4 ,b x is v advantage\s to repres5t to him bo? ! "o & ! o!r407#aee7 ,! fact is1 t no?+ c tea* ! human intellect a g5u9e submission b ! light ( evid5ce3 ?is1 & ?is alone1 c rivet ^u our speculative faculty ! *a9s ( inevitable conviction1 & b9d x to ! tru?4 ,^? :o tea* error1 !n1 may prea* humility ) success to ! bl9d & ! un?9k+2 b :]ev] m5 may be dispos$ to ?9k = !mselves1 !y mu/ expect to f9d rebels4 ,h[ _m at ! pres5t day h begun1 l ,melan*?on1 by ! prea*+ ( submission1 & end$ by ! practice ( rebellion aga9/ _! own doctr9es4 ,x is wond]ful to obs]ve ! /yle ( criticism usually adopt$ by ! fai?ful1 z "o illu/ri\s rebel aft] ano!r is se5 to dep>t f _! ranks4 ,! mom5t he is kn[n to d\bt a s+le dogma ( ! e/abli%$ fai?1 ! awful suspicion is set afloat1 8!re is no tell+ :]e he w end40 ,alas6 ?is is b too true2 = :5 a man has once discov]$ t :at he has be5 taught all 8 life to reg>d & rev]5ce z a great my/]y1 is 9 reality an absurdity & an imposition on 8 reason1 !re is no tell+ :]e he w end4 ,! reaction may be s great1 inde$1 z to produce an entire %ipwreck ( 8 fai?4 ,b 9 ?is case1 let u n *ide our poor lo/ bro!r ) pride & presumption1 z if we ourselves 7 un/a9$ ) ! same s94 ,let u rememb]1 t ! fault may be p>tly our own1 z well z 84 ,let u rememb]1 t ! s9 ( n ev5 e unw>rantable innovation1 is exclusively imputable to ! innovator himself4 ,=1 z ,"l ,bacon says1 8,a fr[>d ret5tion ( cu/oms is a great innovator40 ,if ^? :o1 "s c5turies ago1 =m$ ! v>i\s cre$s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 7 fallible m51 & if !y p]mitt$ s]i\s errors to creep into ! great mass ( religi\s tru? conta9$ 9 ^? cre$s1 !n ! be/ way to prev5t innovation is1 n to prea* humility & submission1 b to br+ ^? =mul>ies into a con=mity ) ! tru?4 ,=1 if ! 8,old ,!ology0 be uns\nd1 ! 8,new ,!ology0 w h ! audacity to %[ itself4 ,& :o1 among ! *ildr5 ( m51 w set b\nds to ! progress ( ! human m9d1 ei!r 9 ! direction ( ,god's ^w or 8 "w1 & say1 ,hi!rto %alt ?\ come1 & "h %all ?y pr\d waves be /ay$8 ,:o w la% ! w9ds into submission1 or b9d ! rag+ ocean at 8 feet8 ,section ,v4 ,! =ego+ treatise may be deem$ inconsi/5t ) gratitude to ,god4 8,su* reflections10 x has be5 urg$1 8af=d z little gr\nd = gratitude z = submission4 ,:y d we feel grateful to ,god = ^? fav\rs :i* are conf]r$ on u by ! ag5cy ( our fell[-m51 except on ! pr9ciple t !y are in/rum5ts 9 8 h&1 :o1 )\t #8(f]+ ! lea/ viol5ce to _! wills1 or tak+ away ! lib]ty or cont+5cy ( second causes1' ha? mo/ sov]eign dom9ion ov] !m1 to d by !m1 & ^u !m1 :atsoev] himself please?8 ,on any o!r gr\nd1 !y w\ld be wor?y ( ! pr9cipal1 & ,he ( ! second>y praise407#aef7 ,true1 if m5 are 8only in/rum5ts 9 8 h&10 we %\ld give him all ! praise2 b we %\ld nev] feel grateful to our e>?ly fri5ds & b5efactors4 ,z we %\ld n1 on ?is hypo!sis1 be grateful = ! greate/ b5efits conf]r$ on u by our fell[-m52 s1 9 ! language ( ,h>tley1 & ,bel%am1 & ,did]ot1 we %\ld nev] res5t1 nor c5sure1 ! greate/ injuries committ$ by ! greate/ crim9als4 ,b on our pr9ciples1 :ile we h inf9ite gr\nd = gratitude to ,god1 we also h "s little room = gratitude to our fell[-m54 ,section ,,vi4 ,x may be cont5d$1 t x is unfair to urge ! prec$+ difficulties aga9/ ! s*eme ( necessity2 inasmu* z ! same1 or z great1 difficulties atta* to ! sy/em ( ^? by :om !y are urg$4 ,?is is ! great /&+ objection ) all ! advocates ( necessity4 ,inde$1 we sometimes f9d x conc$$ by ! advocates ( free-ag5cy2 ( :i* concessions ! opposite p>ty are ev] ready & eag] to avail !mselves4 ,9 ! /atem5t ( ?is fact1 ,i d n mean to compla9 ( a zeal :i* all c&id m9ds mu/ ackn[l$ge to be comm5dable on ! "p ( ! advocates ( necessity4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t ! foll[+ language ( ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 9 relation to ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( evil1 is (t5 quot$ by !m3 8,let x be rememb]$1 t x is n peculi> to any "o !ological sy/em3 let n !re=e ! ,calv9i/ or ! ,arm9ian urge x z an objection aga9/ _! respective adv]s>ies2 mu* less an objection clo!d 9 (f5sive language1 :i* w be f\nd to recoil on _! own religi\s t5ets1 z soon z x %all be p]ceiv$ t bo? p>ties are alike unable to expla9 ! difficulty2 let !m n1 to de/roy an oppon5t's sy/em1 ra%ly k9dle a fire :i* w soon ext5d to ! no less combu/ible /ructure ( _! own40 ,no "o c d\bt ! ju/ice or wisdom ( su* a maxim2 & x w\ld be well if x 7 obs]v$ by all :o may be dispos$ to assail an adv]s>y's s*eme ) objections4 ,e su* p]son %\ld fir/ ask himself :e!r 8 objection might n be retort$1 or ! %aft be hurl$ back ) de/ructive =ce at ! assailant4 ,b al?\gh ! rem>k ( ,ar*bi%op ,:ately is bo? wise & j1 x is n altoge!r s 9 its application to ,ar*bi%op ,k+1 or to o!r ,arm9ians4 ,= example1 x is conc$$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 t he _h n f\nd ! means ( reconcil+ ! exi/5ce ( moral evil ) ! p]fections ( ,god2 b is ?is any reason :y he %\ld n %r9k ) abhorr5ce f ! doctr9e ( necessity :i* s cle>ly appe>$ to him to make ,god ! direct & prop] cause ( moral evil8 8,we ackn[l$ge10 says he1 8t no?+ c happ5 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,deity :i* he does n p]mit4 ,! p]mission ( natural & moral evil is a ph5om5on :i* _c be disput$4 ,to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on "u ! gov]nm5t ( a ,be+ ( inf9ite goodness1 has1 9 all ages1 be5 consid]$ z difficult to human reason1 :e!r we embrace ! sy/em ( lib]ty or t ( necessity40 ,b because he c\ld n solve ?is difficulty1 mu/ he !re=e embrace1 or at lea/ cease to object aga9/ e absurdity :i* may be prop\nd$ to him8 ,because he _c compreh5d :y an inf9itely good ,be+ %\ld p]mit s91 does x foll[ t he %\ld cease to prote/ aga9/ mak+ ,god ! prop] cause & ag5t ( all moral evil z well z good8 ,9 8 op9ion1 ! s*eme ( necessity does ?is2 & h5ce he v prop]ly rem>ks3 8,?is view ( ! div9e nature1 ! only "o consi/5t ) ! s*eme ( necessity1 appe>s to me mu* m %ock+ ?an ! p]mission ( evil ^u ! s*eme ( lib]ty4 ,x is said1 t x requires only /r5g? ( m9d to embrace x3 to me x seems to require mu* /r5g? ( c\nt5ance to pr(ess x40 ,9 ?is s5tim5t ( ,dr4 ,reid ! moral s5se & reason ( mank9d w1 ,i h no d\bt1 p]fectly concur4 ,= al?\gh we may n be able to cle> up ! /up5d\s difficulties p]ta9+ to ! spiritual univ]se1 ?is is no reason :y we may be p]mitt$ to deep5 !m into absurdities1 & cause !m to be>1 9 ! h>%e/ & mo/ revolt+ =m1 ^u ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 ,! reason :y ,dr4 ,reid & o!rs c\ld n remove ! great difficulty conc]n+ ! orig9 ( evil is1 z we h se51 because !y proce$$ on ! supposition t ,god c\ld create a moral sy/em1 & yet necess>ily exclude all s9 f x4 ,?is mi/ake1 x seems to me1 has already be5 suffici5tly refut$1 & ! exi/5ce ( moral evil br\ght into p]fect accordance & h>mony ) ! inf9ite hol9ess ( ,god4 ,b x is /r5u\sly insi/$1 9 p>ticul>1 t ! div9e =ekn[l$ge ( all future ev5ts e/abli%es _! necessity2 & ?us involves ! advocates ( t sublime attribute 9 all ! difficulties aga9/ :i* !y s l\dly declaim4 ,z ,i h exam9$ ?is argum5t 9 ano!r place17#aeg7 ,i %all n dwell ^u x "h1 b cont5t myself ) a few additional rem>ks4 ,! :ole /r5g? ( ?is argum5t 9 fav\r ( necessity arises f ! assumption1 t if ,god =esees ! future volitions ( m51 !y mu/ be b\nd toge!r ) o!r ?+s accord+ to ! me*anism ( cause & effect2 t is to say t ,god c\ld n =esee ! volunt>y acts ( m51 unless !y %\ld be necessitat$ by causes ultimately connect$ ) 8 own w4 ,accord+ly1 ?is bold position is usually assum$ by ! advocates ( necessity4 ,b to say t ,god c\ld n =ekn[ future ev5ts1 unless !y are indissolubly connect$ toge!r1 seems to be a trem5d\s flight = any f9ite m9d2 & especially = ^? :o are always rem9d+ u ( ! melan*oly fact ( human bl9dness & presumption4 ,:o %all set limits to ! modes ( k possess$ by an inf9ite1 all-compreh5d+ m9d8 ,:o %all tell h[ ,god =esees future ev5ts8 ,:o %all say x mu/ be 9 ?is or t p>ticul> way1 or x _c be at all8 ,let ! necessit>ian prove 8 assumption1 let him make x cle> t ,god c\ld n =ekn[ future ev5ts unless !y are necessitat$1 & he w place 9 ! h&s ( ! sceptic ! means ( demon/rat+1 ) absolute & uncontrollable c]ta9ty1 t ,god does n =ekn[ all future ev5ts at all1 t he does n =esee ! free volunt>y acts ( ! human m9d4 ,= we d "k1 z cle>ly z we c possibly "k any?+1 n ev5 except+ our own exi/5ce1 or ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 t we are free 9 our volitions1 t !y are n necessitat$2 & h5ce1 accord+ to ! assumption 9 "q1 ,god c\ld n =esee !m4 ,if ! sceptic c\ld see :at ! necessit>ian affirms1 he might proce$ f :at he kn[s1 by a direct & irresi/ible process1 to a d5ial ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 9 relation to human volitions4 ,b =tunately ! assumption ( ! necessit>ian is n true4 ,by ! fundam5tal laws ( human belief1 we "k t our acts are n necessitat$2 & h5ce1 we inf] t z ,god =esees !m all1 he may d s )\t proce$+ f cause to effect1 accord+ to ! me?od ( f9ite m9ds4 ,we ?us reason f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 f ! cle> light ( facts ar\nd u up to ! d>k "q conc]n+ ! possibility ( ! modes 9 relation to ! div9e presci5ce4 ,we w\ld n fir/ settle ?is "q ( possibility1 we w\ld n say t ,god _c =ekn[ except 9 "o p>ticul> way1 & !n proce$ to reason f su* a po/ulate aga9/ ! cle>e/ facts 9 ! univ]se4 ,no logic1 & especially no logic bas$ ^u s obscure a f\ndation1 %all ev] be p]mitt$ to ext+ui% = u ! light ( facts1 or conv]t ! univ]sal intellig5ce ( man into a falsehood4 ,^? :o argue f =ekn[l$ge 9 fav\r ( necessity1 usually admit t !re is nei!r be=e nor aft] ) ,god4 ,?is is emphatically ! case ) ! ,edw>dses4 ,h5ce1 =ekn[l$ge inf]s necessity 9 no o!r s5se ?an x is inf]r$ by pres5t or concomitant k4 ,?is is also freely conc$$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 does pres5t k inf] necessity8 ,let u see4 ,i "k a man is n[ walk+ be=e me2 does ?is prove t he c\ld n help walk+8 t he is necessitat$ to walk8 ,x is pla9 t x inf]s no su* ?+4 ,x inf]s ! necess>y connexion1 n betwe5 ! act ( ! man 9 walk+ & ! causes impell+ him !reto1 b betwe5 my k ( ! fact & ! exi/5ce ( ! fact itself4 ,?is is a necess>y connexion betwe5 two ideas1 or propositions1 & n betwe5 two ev5ts4 ,?is confusion is p]petually made 9 ! 8great demon/ration0 f =ekn[l$ge 9 fav\r ( necessity4 ,x proves no?+1 except t ! greate/ m9ds may be deceiv$ & misl$ by ! ambiguities ( language4 ,?is argum5t1 we say1 only %[s a necess>y connexion betwe5 two ideas or propositions4 ,?is is p]fectly evid5t f ! v words 9 :i* x is (t5 /at$ by ! advocates ( necessity4 8,i freely all[10 says ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 8t =ekn[l$ge does n prove a ?+ necess>y any m ?an aft]-k2 b ! aft]-k1 :i* is c]ta9 & infallible1 proves t x is n[ become impossible b t ! proposition kn[n %\ld be true40 ,n[1 "h we h a necess>y connexion betwe5 ! c]ta9 & infallible k ( a ?+1 & ! infallible c]ta9ty ( its exi/5ce6 ,:at has ?is to d ) ! "q ab\t ! w8 ,if any man has ev] und]tak5 to ass]t its fre$om1 by d5y+ ! necess>y connexion betwe5 two or m ideas1 propositions1 or tru?s1 ?is argum5t may be appli$ to him2 we h no?+ to d ) x4 ,aga93 8,to suppose ! future volitions ( moral ag5ts10 says ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 8n to be necess>y ev5ts2 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ev5ts :i* are n impossible b t !y may n come to pass2 & yet to suppose t ,god c]ta9ly =ekn[s !m1 & kn[s all ?+s1 is to suppose ,god's k to be inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,= to say1 t ,god c]ta9ly1 & )\t all conjecture1 kn[s t a ?+ w infallibly be1 :i* at ! same "t he kn[s to be s cont+5t t x may possibly n be1 is to suppose 8 k inconsi/5t ) itself2 or t "o ?+ he kn[s is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ano!r ?+ he kn[s4 ,x is ! same ?+ z to say1 he n[ kn[s a proposition to be ( c]ta9 infallible tru? :i* he kn[s to be ( cont+5t unc]ta9 tru?40 ,n[ all ?is is true4 ,if we affirm ,god's =ekn[l$ge to be c]ta9 & at ! same "t to be unc]ta91 we contradict ourselves4 ,b :at has ?is necess>y connexion betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 or betwe5 our propositions conc]n+ !m1 to d ) ! necess>y connexion among ev5ts8 ,! "q is n :e!r all future ev5ts w c]ta9ly come to pass2 or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r all future ev5ts are future ev5ts2 = ?is is a truism1 :i* no man 9 8 "r m9d c possibly d5y4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r all future ev5ts w be det]m9$ by necessitat+ causes1 or :e!r !y may n be1 9 "p1 ! free unnecessitat$ acts ( ! human m9d4 ,?is is ! "q1 & let x n be lo/ sight ( 9 a cl\d ( logoma*y4 ,if all future ev5ts are necessitat$1 !n all pa/ ev5ts are necessitat$4 ,b if we "k any?+1 we "k t all pres5t ev5ts are n necessitat$1 & h5ce1 all future ev5ts w n be necessitat$4 ,we deem x always saf] to reason ?us f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 ?an to inv]t ! process4 ,b suppose t =ekn[l$ge proves t all human volitions are "u ! influ5ce ( causes1 9 :at s5se does x leave !m free8 ,does x leave !m free to dep>t f ! influ5ce ( motives8 ,by no means4 ,x w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms1 accord+ to ?is argum5t1 to say t !y are c]ta9ly & infallibly =ekn[n1 & yet t !y may possibly n come to pass4 ,h5ce1 if ! argum5t proves any?+1 x proves ! absolute fatality ( all human volitions4 ,x leaves n a fragm5t nor a %ad[ ( moral lib]ty on e>?4 ,if ?is argum5t prove any?+ to ! purpose1 !n ,lu!r 0 "r 9 decl>+ t 8! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god is a ?und]bolt to da% ! doctr9e ( free-w into atoms20 & ,dr4 ,dick is "r 9 affirm+1 8t x is z impossible to avoid !m0 7our volitions7 8z x is to pluck ! sun out ( ! firmam5t407#aeh7 ,x ei!r proves all ! mo/ absolute necessit>ian c\ld desire1 or x proves no?+4 ,9 our humble op9ion x proves ! latt]4 ,on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,dick himself is explicit3 8,:atev] is ! f\ndation ( 8 =ekn[l$ge10 says he1 8:at he does =ekn[ w und\bt$ly take place4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! actions ( m5 are z unalt]ably fix$ f et]nity1 z if !y _h be5 ! subject ( an immutable decree407#aei7 ,b to dispel ?is gr& illusion1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 t ! actions ( m5 w n come to pass because !y are =ekn[n2 b !y are =ekn[n because !y w come to pass4 ,! free actions ( m5 are cle>ly reflect$ back 9 ! mirror ( ! div9e omnisci5ce--!y are n project$ =w>d f ! eng9e ( ! div9e omnipot5ce4 ,s9ce ! argum5t 9 "q proves s mu*1 if x proves any?+1 we ne$ n wond] t x 0 employ$ by ,cic]o & o!r anci5t ,/oics to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( an absolute & unconditional fate4 8,if ! w is free10 says he1 8!n fate does n rule ev]y?+1 !n ! ord] ( all causes is n c]ta91 & ! ord] ( ?+s is no long] c]ta9 9 ! presci5ce ( ,god2 if ! ord] ( ?+s is n c]ta9 9 ! presci5ce ( ,god1 !n ?+s w n take place z he =esees !m2 & if ?+s d n take place z he =esees1 !re is no =ekn[l$ge 9 ,god40 ,?us1 by a r$uctio ad absurdum1 he e/abli%es ! position t ! w is n free1 b fate rules all ?+s4 ,edw>ds & ,dick1 h[ev]1 w\ld only apply ?is argum5t to human volitions4 ,b are n ! volitions ( ! div9e m9d also =ekn[n8 ,c]ta9ly !y are2 ?is w n be d5i$4 ,h5ce1 ! v m5 :o set out to exalt ! p[] ( ,god & abase ! glory ( man1 h1 by ?is argum5t1 rais$ a dom9ion1 n only ov] ! p[] ( man1 b also ov] ! p[] ( ,god himself4 ,9 o!r words1 if ?is argum5t proves t we _c act unless we be fir/ act$ ^u1 & impell$ to act1 x proves no less 9 relation to ,god2 & h5ce1 if x %[ ! weakness & dep5d5ce ( m51 x also %[s ! weakness & dep5d5ce ( ,god4 ,s apt are m5 to adopt argum5ts :i* defeat _! own object1 :5ev] !y h any o!r object ?an ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,x is frequ5tly said1 z we h se51 t x is a contradiction to affirm t a ?+ is =ekn[n1 or w c]ta9ly come to pass1 & t x may possibly n come to pass4 ,?is position is at lea/ z old z ,ari/otle4 ,b let x be borne 9 m9d1 t if ?is be a contradiction1 !n future ev5ts are plac$1 n only beyond ! p[] ( man1 b also beyond ! p[] ( ,god itself2 = x is conc$$ on all h&s1 t ,god _c "w contradictions4 ,?is fam\s argum5t entirely ov]looks ! "q ( p[]4 ,x simply decl>es ! ?+ to be a contradiction1 & z su*1 plac$ above all p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 if x be absurd or self-contradictory to say1 t a future ev5t is =ekn[n1 &1 at ! same "t1 might n come to pass1 ?is proposition is true ( ! volitions ( ! div9e no less ?an ( ! human m9d2 = !y are all alike =ekn[n4 ,t is to say1 if ! argum5t f =ekn[l$ge proves t ! volitions ( man might n h be5 o!rwise ?an !y are1 x proves precisely ! same ?+ 9 reg>d to ! volitions ( ,god4 ,?us1 if ?is argum5t proves any?+ to ! purpose1 x rea*es ! appall+ position ( ,sp9oza1 t no?+ 9 ! univ]se c\ld possibly be o!rwise ?an x is4 ,& if ?is be s1 !n let ! ,calv9i/ decide :e!r he w jo9 ) ! ,pan!i/ & fatali/1 or give "s little qu>t] to ! ,arm9ian4 ,let him decide :e!r he w cont9ue to employ an argum5t :i*1 if x proves any?+1 demon/rates ! dep5d5cy ( ! div9e w z well z ( ! human2 & in/ead ( exalt+ ! adorable sov]eignty ( ,god1 subjects him to ! dom9ion ( fate4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,natural ,,evil1 ,,or ,,suff]+1 ,,consi/5t ,,) ,,! ,,goodness ,,( ,,god4 ,! pa? ( sorr[1 & t pa? alone1 ,leads to ! l& :]e sorr[ is unkn[n4 ,b ,he1 :o knew :at human he>ts w\ld prove1 ,h[ sl[ to le>n ! dictates ( 8 love1 ,t1 h>d by nature & ( /ubborn w1 ,a life ( ease w\ld make !m h>d] /ill1 ,9 pity to ! s\ls 8 grace design'd ,= rescue f ! ru9 ( mank9d1 ,call'd =? a cl\d to d>k5 all _! ye>s1 ,& said1 8,g1 sp5d !m 9 ! vale ( te>s40--,,c[p]4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,god ,desires ,& ,seeks ,! ,salvation ( ,all ,m54 ,love is ! root ( creation1--,god's ess5ce4 ,worlds )\t numb] ,lie 9 8 bosom1 l *ildr53 he made !m = ?is purpose only1-- ,only to love1 & be lov$ aga94 ,he brea!d =? 8 ,_s ,into ! slumb]+ du/1 &1 upright /&+1 x laid its ,h& on its he>t1 & felt x 0 w>m ) a flame out ( heav54--,,tegn]4 ,! att5tive read] has p]ceiv$ be=e ?is "t1 t "o ( ! fundam5tal ideas1 "o ( ! great lead+ tru?s1 ( ! pres5t disc\rse is1 t a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms1--an inh]5t & utt] impossibility4 ,?is tru? has %[n u :y a ,be+ ( inf9ite purity does n cause virtue to prevail ev]y:]e1 & at all times4 ,if virtue c\ld be necessitat$ to exi/1 !re seems to be no d\bt t su* a ,be+ w\ld cause x to %9e out 9 all p>ts ( 8 dom9ion1 & ! blot ( s9 w\ld n be se5 ^u ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,b al?\gh moral goodness _c be necessitat$ to exi/1 yet ,god has atte/$ 8 abhorr5ce ( vice & 8 approbation ( virtue1 by ! disp5sation ( natural good & evil1 ( pleasure & pa94 ,hav+ m>k$ out ! pa? ( duty = u1 he has made su* a di/ribution ( natural good & evil z is adapt$ to keep u !re94 ,! evid5t design ( ?is arrangem5t is1 z !ologians & philosoph]s agree1 to prev5t ! commission ( evil1 & secure ! practice ( virtue4 ,! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w adopts ?is me?od to promote t moral goodness :i* _c be produc$ by ! direct omnipot5cy ( 8 p[]4 ,h5ce1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t al?\gh ,god desires ! happ9ess ( 8 rational & acc\ntable creatures1 he does n be/[ happ9ess ^u !m )\t reg>d to _! moral "*4 ,! great disp5sation ( 8 natural provid5ce1 z well z ! express decl>ation ( 8 ^w1 =bids ! inf]5ce t he desires ! happ9ess ( ^? :o ob/9ately p]si/ 9 _! evil c\rses4 ,if we may rely ^u su* te/imony1 he desires fir/ ! hol9ess ( 8 intellig5t creatures1 & next _! happ9ess4 ,h5ce1 x is well said by ,bi%op ,butl]1 t ! 8div9e goodness1 ) :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 we make v free 9 our speculations1 may n be a b>e1 s+le disposition to produce happ9ess1 b a disposition to make ! good1 ! fai?ful1 ! hone/ man happy407#afj7 ,he desires ! hol9ess ( all1 t all may h life4 ,?is great tru? is s cle>ly & s emphatically set =? 9 revelation1 & x s p]fectly h>monizes ) ! mo/ pleas+ conceptions ( ! div9e "*1 t "o is fill$ ) amazem5t to reflect h[ _m crude undige/$ notions !re are 9 ! m9ds ( pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians1 :i* are utt]ly inconsi/5t ) x4 8,z ,i live1 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 ,i h no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! wick$1 b t ! wick$ turn f 8 way1 & live4 ,turn ye1 turn ye1 = :y w ye die80 ,?is solemn assev]ation t ,god desires n ! dea? ( ! s9n]1 b t he %\ld turn f 8 wick$ness & live1 "o w\ld suppose %\ld satisfy e m9d :i* reposes confid5ce 9 ! div9e orig9 ( revelation4 ,& yet1 until ! m9ds ( m5 are purg$ f ! films ( a false philosophy & sect>ian prejudice1 !y seem afraid to look at ! pla91 obvi\s mean+ ( ?is & o!r simil> passages ( ,scripture4 ,!y w h x1 t ,god desires ! ultimate hol9ess & happ9ess ( only a portion ( mank9d1 & ! de/ruction ( all ! re/2 t ^u "s he be/[s 8 grace1 caus+ !m to become holy & happy1 & appe> =ev] z ! monum5ts ( 8 m]cy2 :ile f "s he )holds 8 sav+ grace1 t !y may become ! fe>ful objects ( 8 indignation & wra?4 ,su* a display ( ! div9e "* seems to be equally unkn[n to reason & to revelation4 ,section ,i4 ,! reason :y !ologians h conclud$ t ,god designs ! salvation ( only a "p ( mank9d4 ,! reason :y s _m !ologians come to s frightful a conclusion is1 t !y imag9e ,god c\ld v easily cause virtue 9 ! brea/ ( e moral ag5t1 if he w\ld4 ,h5ce arises 9 _! m9ds ! /up5d\s difficulty1 8,h[ c ,god really desire ! hol9ess & happ9ess ( all1 s9ce he refuses to make all holy & happy8 ,is he really 9 e>ne/1 9 plead+ ) s9n]s to turn f _! wick$ness1 s9ce he might s easily turn !m1 & yet w n d x8 ,is ! great ,god really s9c]e 9 ! (f] ( salvation to all1 & 9 ! gr& prep>ations he ha? made to secure _! salvation1 s9ce he w n put =? 8 mighty1 irresi/ible h& to save !m80 ,su* is ! great difficulty :i* has aris5 f ! imag9ation 9 "q1 & conf\nd$ !ology = ages1 z well z ca/ a d>k %ad[ ^u ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,x is only by gett+ rid ( ?is unf\nd$ imag9ation1 ?is false supposition1 t ?is /up5d\s difficulty c be solv$1 & ! glory ( ! div9e gov]nm5t cle>ly v9dicat$4 ,we h be=e u ,mr4 ,sym+ton's able & plausible def5ce ( a limit$ atonem5t1 9 :i* he says1 t 8! ev5t is ! be/ int]pret] ( ! div9e int5tion40 ,h5ce he inf]s1 t z all are n actually sav$1 x 0 n ! design ( ,god t all %\ld be sav$1 & no provision is really made = _! salvation4 ,?is argum5t is plausible4 ,x is (t5 employ$ by ! s*ool ( !ologians to :i* ! au?or belongs1 & employ$ ) great effect4 ,b is x s\nd8 ,no d\bt x has (t5 be5 %[n to be uns\nd indirectly2 t is1 by %[+ t ! conclusion at :i* x arrives comes into conflict ) ! express decl>ations ( ,scripture1 z well z ) our notions ( ! p]fections ( ,god4 ,b ?is is n to analyze ! argum5t itself1 & %[ x to be a sophism4 ,nor c ?is be done1 s long z ! pr9ciple f :i* ! conclusion necess>ily foll[s be admitt$4 ,if we admit1 !n1 t ,god c\ld v easily cause virtue or moral goodness to exi/ ev]y:]e1 we mu/ conclude t 8! ev5t is ! be/ int]pret] ( ! div9e int5tion20 & t ! atonem5t & all o!r provisions = ! salvation ( m5 are limit$ 9 ext5t by ! design ( ,god4 ,t is to say1 if we admit ! premiss assum$ by ,mr4 ,sym+ton & 8 s*ool1 we _c consi/5tly d5y _! conclusion4 ,nor c\ld we resi/ a great _m o!r conclusions :i* are frightful 9 ! extreme4 ,= if ,god c\ld easily make all m5 holy1 z x is cont5d$ he c1 !n ! ev5t is ! be/ evid5ce ( 8 real int5tion & design4 ,h5ce he really did n design ! salvation ( all m54 ,:5 he gave man a holy law1 he really did n int5d t he %\ld obey & live1 b t he %\ld transgress & die4 ,:5 he creat$ ! _w1 he really did n int5d t all %\ld rea* ! abodes ( et]nal bliss1 b t "s %\ld be ru9$ & lo/ =ev]4 ,su* are "s ( ! consequ5ces :i* necess>ily fl[ f ! pr9ciple1 t hol9ess may be caus$ to exi/ 9 ! brea/ ( e moral ag5t4 ,?is is n all4 ,we h be=e u ano!r book1 :i* insi/s t s9ce ! _w 0 creat$1 ! law ( ,god has nev] be5 violat$1 because 8 w _c be resi/$4 ,h5ce1 x is s]i\sly urg$1 t if !ft1 or adult]y1 or murd]1 be p]petrat$1 x mu/ be 9 accordance ) ! w ( ,god1 & consequ5tly no s9 9 8 sight4 8,! :ole notion ( s9n+ aga9/ ,god10 ?is book says1 8is p]fectly pu]ile40 ,n[ all ?is vile /uff proce$s on ! supposition1 t 8! ev5t is ! be/ int]pret] ( ! div9e int5tion20 & x re/s ^u t supposition ) j z great security1 z does ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( a limit$ atonem5t4 ,?\gh we may well give su* /uff to ! w9ds1 or trample x "u foot ) inf9ite scorn1 z an outrage aga9/ ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d2 yet we _c meet x on ! ar5a ( logic1 if we conc$e t hol9ess may be ev]y:]e caus$ to exi/1 & univ]sal ob$i5ce to ! div9e w secur$4 ,! only pr9ciple1 x cle>ly seems to u1 on :i* we c reconcile su* gl>+ discrepancies betwe5 ! express w ( ,god & ! ev5t1 is1 t ! ev5t is ( su* a nature t x is n an object ( p[]1 or _c be caus$ to exi/ by ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce4 ,= 8 8secret w10 or r 8 executive w1 is always 9 p]fect h>mony ) 8 reveal$ w4 ,x is f an inatt5tion to ! =ego+ pr9ciple1 t !ologians h n be5 able to see & v9dicate ! s9c]ity ( ,god1 9 ! (f] ( salvation to all m54 ,we h exam9$ _! ef=ts to remove ?is difficulty1 & be5 con/ra9$ to agree ) ,dr4 ,dick1 t 8we may pron\nce ^! attempts to reconcile ! univ]sal call ( ! gospel ) ! s9c]ity ( ,god1 to be a fa9t /ruggle to extricate ourselves f ! pr(undities ( !ology40 ,b on look+ into ^? solutions aga91 9 :i* = "s ye>s we f\nd a sort ( re/1 we c\ld cle>ly p]ceive :y !ology _h /ruggl$ 9 va9 to deliv] itself f its pr(\nd emb>rassm5ts on ?is subject1 z well z on _m o!rs4 ,^! solutions admit ! v pr9ciple :i* necess>ily creates ! difficulty1 & r5d]s a satisfactory answ] impossible4 ,disc>d ?is false pr9ciple1 sub/itute ! tru? 9 its /ead1 & ! s9c]ity ( ,god w come out f e obscurity1 & %9e ) uncl\d$ spl5d\r4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! attempt ( ,h[e to reconcile ! et]nal ru9 ( a portion ( mank9d ) ! s9c]ity ( ,god 9 8 endeav\rs to save !m4 ,to illu/rate ! ju/ness ( ! rem>k j made1 we %all select t solution ( ! difficulty 9 "q :i* has be5 deem$ ! mo/ pr(\nd & satisfactory4 ,we mean ! solution ( 8! wond]ful ,h[e407#afa7 ,?is celebrat$ div9e cle>ly saw ! impossibility ( reconcil+ ! s9c]ity ( ,god ) ! (f] ( salvation to all1 on ! supposition t he does any?+ to prev5t ! salvation1 or promote ! ru9 ( ^? :o are f9ally lo/4 ,he rejects ! s*eme ( necessity1 or a concurr5ce ( ! div9e w1 9 relation to ! s9ful volitions ( m51 z aggravat+ ! difficulty :i* he _h und]tak5 to solve4 ,?is 0 "o great /ep t[>ds a solution4 ,b x /ill rema9$ to 8reconcile ,god's presci5ce ( ! s9s ( m5 ) ! wisdom & s9c]ity ( 8 c\nsels1 exhortations1 & :atsoev] means he uses to prev5t !m40 ,let u see h[ he has succe$$ 9 8 attempt to accompli% ?is great object4 ,he admits 9 ?is v attempt1 8t ! univ]sal1 cont9u$ rectitude ( all intellig5t creatures _h1 we may be sure1 be5 will$ ) a p]emptory1 efficaci\s w1 if x _h be5 be/40 ,he expressly says1 t ,god might h prev5t$ s9 f rais+ its head 9 8 dom9ions1 if he _h *os5 to d s4 8,nor 0 x less easy10 says he1 8by a mighty1 irresi/ible h&1 univ]sally to expel s91 ?an to prev5t x40 ,n[1 hav+ made ?is concession1 0 x possible = him to v9dicate ! s9c]ity & wisdom ( ,god 9 ! use ( means to prev5t s91 :i* he =esaw mu/ fail to a v great ext5t8 ,aft] hav+ made su* an admission1 or r aft] hav+ assum$ su* a position1 we ?9k x may be cle>ly %[n t ! au?or 0 doom$ to fail2 & t he has deceiv$ himself by false analogies 9 8 gigantic ef=ts to v9dicate ! "* ( ,god4 ,he says1 = example3 8,we w1 = disc\rse's sake1 suppose a pr9ce end[$ ) ! gift or _s ( prophecy4 ,?is mo/ w ackn[l$ge a great p]fection1 add$ to :atsoev] o!r ( 8 accompli%m5ts4 ,& suppose ?is 8 prophetic ability to be s l>ge z to ext5d to mo/ ev5ts :i* fall out 9 8 dom9ions4 ,is x h]eby become unfit = him to gov]n 8 subjects by laws1 or any way admoni% !m ( _! duty8 ,ha? ?is p]fection s mu* dim9i%$ him z to depose him f 8 gov]nm5t8 ,x is n1 inde$1 to be dissembl$1 t x 7 a difficulty to det]m9e1 :e!r su* =esight 71 = himself1 bett] or worse4 ,b\ndless k seems only 9 a fit conjunction ) an unb\nd$ p[]4 ,b x is altoge!r unimag9able t x %\ld de/roy 8 relation to 8 subjects2 z :at ( x 7 left1 if x %\ld despoil him ( 8 legislative p[] & capacity ( gov]n+ accord+ to laws made by x8 ,& to br+ back ! matt] to ! ,supreme ,rul]3 let x = ! pres5t be suppos$ only1 t ! bless$ ,god ha?1 belong+ to 8 nature1 ! univ]sal presci5ce :]e( we are disc\rs+2 we w surely1 ^u t supposition1 ackn[l$ge x to belong to him z a p]fection4 ,& 7 x reasonable to affirm1 t by a p]fection he is disabl$ f gov]nm5t8 or 7 x a good consequ5ce1 #8,he =ekn[s all ?+s--he is !re=e unfit to gov]n ! _w8' 0 ,?is way ( repres5t+ ! matt]1 x mu/ be confess$1 is exce$+ly plausible & tak+ at fir/ view2 b yet1 if we exam9e x closely1 we %all f9d t x does n t\* ! real knot ( ! difficulty4 ,! cases are n p>allel4 ,! pr9ce is end[$ ) a =ekn[l$ge ( (f5ces1 :i* x is n 9 8 p[] :olly to prev5t4 ,h5ce x may be p]fectly consi/5t ) 8 wisdom & s9c]ity1 to use all ! means 9 8 p[] to prev5t !m1 ?\gh he may see !y w fail 9 "s cases1 :ile !y w succe$ 9 o!rs4 ,b ,god1 accord+ to ! au?or1 might prev5t all s91 or exclude x all f 8 dom9ions by 88 mighty1 irresi/ible h&40 ,h5ce x may n be consi/5t ) 8 wisdom & s9c]ity to use means :i* he =esees w h only p>tial success1 :5 he might s easily obta9 univ]sal & p]fect success4 ,x seems evid5t1 !n1 t ?is is a deceptive analogy4 ,x ov]looks ! root1 & grapples ) ! bran*es ( ! difficulty4 ,let x be se51 t no p[] c cause ! univ]sal1 cont9u$ moral rectitude ( intellig5t creatures1 & !n ! two cases w be p>allel2 & ,god may well use all possible means to prev5t s9 & cause hol9ess1 ?\gh "s ( 8 subjects may resi/ & p]i%4 ,let ?is pr9ciple1 :i* we h lab\r$ to e/abli%1 be se51 & !n may we entirely dispel ! cl\d :i* has s long seem$ to hang ov] ! wisdom & s9c]ity ( ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,we might (f] /rictures ^u o!r passages ( ! solution "u consid]ation2 b z ! same error runs ?r\gh all ( !m1 ! read] may easily unravel its rema9+ obscurities & emb>rassm5ts = himself4 ,if hol9ess _c be caus$ by a direct application ( p[]1 x foll[s t !re is no want ( wisdom 9 ! use ( indirect means1 or ( s9c]ity 9 ! use ( ! mo/ efficaci\s means ! nature ( ! case w admit3 b if univ]sal hol9ess may be caus$ to exi/ by a m]e ^w1 !n inde$ x seems to be cle>ly inconsi/5t ) wisdom to resort to means :i* mu/ fail to secure x1 & ) s9c]ity to utt] ! mo/ solemn & vehem5t assev]ations t x is ! w ( ,god to secure x2 = h[ obvi\s is ! inquiry1 ,if he s e>ne/ly desire x1 & c s easily secure x1 :y does he n d x8 ,9 reject+ ! pr9ciple = :i* we cont5d1 ,h[e has paid ! usual p5alty ( d5y+ ! tru?2 t is1 he has contradict$ himself4 8,x 7 v unreasonable to imag9e10 says he1 8t ,god _c1 9 any case1 extraord9>ily ov]sway ! incl9ations & det]m9e ! w ( su* a creature1 9 a way agreeable en\gh to its nature1 7?\gh we p>ticul>ly "k n1 & we are n conc]n$ to "k1 or curi\sly to inquire 9 :at way17 & highly reasonable to suppose t 9 _m cases he do?40 ,"h he affirms1 t our wills may be ov]rul$ & det]m9$ 9 p]fect con=mity to our natures1 9 "s way or o!r1 ?\gh we "k n h[4 ,:y1 !n1 does n ,god s ov]rule our wills 9 all cases1 & secure ! exi/5ce ( univ]sal hol9ess8 ,because1 says he1 8x is manife/ to any sob] reason1 t x 7 v incongru\s ?is %\ld be ! ord9>y c\rse ( 8 conduct to mank9d1 or ! same p]sons at all times2 t is1 t ! :ole ord] ( intellig5t creatures %\ld be mov$ only by inw>d impulses2 t ,god's precepts1 promises1 & comm9ations1 :]e( _! nature is capable1 %\ld be all made imp]t95ces1 ?r\gh 8 con/ant ov]p[]+ ^? t %\ld neglect !m2 t ! faculties1 :]eby m5 are capable ( moral gov]nm5t1 %\ld be r5d]$ to ?is purpose1 useless & va92 & t !y %\ld be tempt$ to expect to be con/antly manag$ z m]e ma*9es t "k n _! own use40 ,:at /range confusion & self-contradiction6 ,! wills ( m5 may be1 & (t5 are1 sway$ by ! mighty1 irresi/ible h& ( ,god1 & 9 a way agreeable to _! nature2 & yet ?is is n done 9 all cases1 le/ m5 %\ld be gov]n$ z m]e ma*9es6 ,! laws1 promises1 & ?reat5+s ( ,god1 are n to be r5d]$ va9 & useless 9 all cases1 b only 9 "s cases6 ,inde$1 if we w\ld escape su* inconsi/5cies & self-contradictions1 we mu/ return to ! position t a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms1--t no p[] c cause x4 ,f ?is position we may cle>ly see1 t ! laws1 promises1 & comm9ations2 ! c\nsels1 exhortations1 & influ5ces ( ,god1 :i* are employ$ to prev5t s91 are n a sy/em ( gr& imp]t95ces1--are n a va/ & complicat$ ma*9]y to accompli% :at might be m p]fectly1 easily1 & directly accompli%$ )\t !m4 ,we may see1 t ,god really desires ! hol9ess & happ9ess ( all m51 al?\gh "s may be f9ally lo/2 t he is 9 e>ne/ 9 ! great "w ( salvation2 & :5 he s solemnly decl>es t he has no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! s9n]1 b w\ld r he %\ld turn & live1 he means precisely :at he says1 )\t ! lea/ equivocation or m5tal res]vation4 ,?is position x is1 !n1 :i* %[s ! goodness ( ,god 9 uncl\d$ glory1 & reconciles 8 s9c]ity ) ! f9al result ( 8 lab\rs4 ,b we h n yet got rid ( e %ade ( difficulty4 ,= x may /ill be ask$1 :y ,god uses means to save ^? :o he =esees w be lo/8 :y he %\ld lab\r :5 he =esees 8 lab\r w be 9 va98 ,to ?is we answ]1 t x does n foll[ 8 lab\r w be 9 va91 because "s may be pleas$ to rebel & p]i%4 ,?is w\ld be ! case 9 reg>d to su* p]sons1 provid$ 8 only object 9 :at he does be to save !m2 b al?\gh ?is is "o great end & aim ( 8 ag5cy1 x does n foll[ t x is 8 only object4 ,= if any p]i%1 x is c]ta9ly desirable t x be f _! own fault1 & n f ! neglect ( ,god to provide !m ) ! means ( salvation4 ,x is 8 object1 z he tells u1 to v9dicate 8 own "*1 & to /op e m\? 9 reg>d to ! lo/1 z well z to save ! greate/ possible numb]4 ,b ?is object c\ld n be accompli%$1 if "s %\ld be p]mitt$ to p]i% )\t ev5 a possibility ( salvation4 ,h5ce he gives to all ! means1 p[]1 & opportunity to turn & live2 & ?is fact is ne>ly always allud$ to 9 relation to ! f9ally imp5it5t & lo/4 ,?us says our ,savi\r1 ) te>s ( commis]ation & pity3 8,o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1 ev5 z a h5 ga!re? h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 & ye w\ld n6 ,behold1 y\r h\se is left unto y desolate40 ,n[ ! te>s ( ! ,r$eem] ?us wept ov] lo/ s\ls1 & ?is eloqu5t v9dication ( 8 own & 8 ,fa!r's goodness & compassion1 w\ld be a p]fect mock]y1 if salvation _h nev] be5 plac$ )9 _! rea*1 or if _! ob$i5ce1 _! real spiritual ob$i5ce & submission1 might h be5 secur$4 ,b z x is1 !re is n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a gr\nd = suspect+ ! s9c]ity ( ! ,r$eem]1 or 8 be+ 9 e>ne/ 9 ! great "w ( sav+ s\ls4 ,aga9 ! imp5it5t are address$ 9 ! foll[+ awful language3 8,turn ye at my repro(3 behold1 ,i w p\r out my _s ^u y1 ,i w make kn[n my words unto y4 ,because ,i h call$1 & ye refus$2 ,i h /ret*$ out my h& & no man reg>d$2 b ye h set at naught all my c\nsel & w\ld none ( my repro(3 ,i also w laugh at y\r calamity3 ,i w mock :5 y\r fe> come?40 ,?us ! proce$+ ( ! ,almighty1 9 ! f9al rejection ( ! imp5it5t1 is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 t !y _h ob/9ately resi/$ ! means employ$ = _! salvation4 ,?is seems to remove e %ade ( difficulty4 ,b h[ d>k & enigmatical1 nay1 h[ self-contradictory1 w\ld all su* language appe>1 if !y might h be5 v easily r5d]$ holy & happy6 ,?us1 by be>+ 9 m9d t a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction1 an absurd & impossible conceit1 ! goodness ( ,god is v9dicat$ 9 reg>d to ! lo/1 & 8 s9c]ity is ev9c$ 9 ! (f] ( salvation to all4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! views ( ,lu!r & ,calv9 respect+ ! s9c]ity ( ,god 9 8 endeav\rs to save ^? :o w f9ally p]i%4 ,on any o!r pr9ciple1 we mu/ =ev] /ruggle 9 va9 to accompli% s desirable & s glori\s an object4 ,if we proce$ on ! assumption t hol9ess may be v easily caus$ by an omnipot5t1 extrane\s ag5cy1 we %all nev] be able to v9dicate ! s9c]ity ( ! ,almighty1 9 ! _m solemn decl>ations put =? by him t he desires ! salvation ( all m54 ,! only s\nd1 logical inf]5ce = su* premises1 is t drawn by ,lu!r1 namely1 t :5 ,god exhorts ! s9n]1 :o he =esees w rema9 imp5it5t1 to turn f 8 wick$ness & live1 he does s m]ely 9 ! way ( mock]y & d]ision2 j 8z if a fa!r 7 to say to 8 *ild1 #8,come1' :ile he kn[s t he _c come407#afb7 ,! repres5tation :i* ,calv91 />t+ f ! same po9t ( view1 gives ( ! div9e "*1 is n m amiable or attractive ?an t ( ,lu!r4 ,he ma9ta9s t 8! mo/ p]fect h>mony0 exi/s betwe5 ^! two ?+s3 8,god's hav+ appo9t$ f et]nity on :om he w be/[ 8 fav\r & ex]cise 8 wra?1 & 8 proclaim+ salvation indiscrim9ately to all407#afc7 ,b h[ does he ma9ta9 ?is position8 ,h[ does he %[ ?is agreem5t8 8,!re is m app>5t plausibility10 says he1 8to ! objection aga9/ pr$e/9ation f ! decl>ation ( ,pet]1 t #8! ,"l is n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld come to rep5tance4' ,b ! second clause furni%es an imm$iate solution ( ! difficulty2 = ! will+ness to come to rep5tance mu/ be und]/ood 9 consi/5ce ) ! g5]al t5or ( ,scripture407#afd7 ,n[ :at is ! g5]al t5or ( ,scripture1 :i* is to ov]rule ?is explicit decl>ation t 8,god is n will+ t any %\ld p]i%80 ,! read] w be surpris$1 p]haps1 t x is n ,scripture at all1 b ! notion t ,god might easily conv]t ! s9n] if he w\ld4 8,conv]sion is c]ta9ly 9 ! p[] ( ,god20 he adds1 8let him be ask$1 :e!r he wills ! conv]sion ( all1 :5 he promises a few individuals to give !m #8a he>t ( fle%1' :ile he leaves !m ) #8a he>t ( /one4' 0 ,?us ! v cle>e/ light ( ! div9e ^w is ext+ui%$ by ! application ( a false metaphysics4 ,god tells u t he 8is n will+ t any %\ld p]i%30 ,calv9 tells u1 t ?is decl>ation mu/1 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al t5or ( ,scripture1 be s und]/ood z to all[ u to believe t he is n only will+ t _m %\ld p]i%1 b also t _! de/ruction is prerda9$ & =ev] fix$ by an et]nal & immutable decree ( ,god4 ,nay1 t !y are1 & 71 creat$ = ! express purpose ( be+ devot$ to dea?1 spiritual & et]nal4 ,is ?is to int]pret1 or to refute ! div9e ^w8 ,! view :i* ,calv91 f ?is position1 f9ds himself b\nd to take ( ! div9e "*1 is truly horrible1 & makes "o's blood run cold4 ,! call ( ! gospel1 he admits1 is univ]sal--is direct$ to ! reprobate z well z to ! elect2 b to :at end1 or ) :at design1 is x direct$ to ! =m]8 8,he directs 8 voice to !m10 if we may believe ,calv91 8b x is t !y may become m deaf2 he k9dles a light1 b x is t !y may be made m bl9d2 he publi%es 8 doctr9e1 b x is t !y may be m besott$2 he applies a rem$y1 b x is t !y may n be heal$4 ,john1 cit+ ?is prophecy1 decl>es t ! ,jews c\ld n believe1 because ! curse ( ,god 0 ^u !m4 ,nor c x be disput$1 t to su* p]sons z ,god det]m9es n to enlight51 he deliv]s 8 doctr9e involv$ 9 enigmatical obscurity1 t its only effect may be to increase _! /upidity407#afe7 ,9 conclusion1 we w\ld add t x is ?is idea ( a necessitat$ hol9ess :i* gives app>5t solidity to ! argum5ts ( ! ,calv9i/1 & :i* neutralizes ! attacks ( _! oppon5ts4 ,to select only "o in/ance out ( a ?\s&3 ! ,calv9i/ insi/s t if ,god _h really int5d$ ! salvation ( all m51 !n all w\ld h be5 sav$2 s9ce no?+ lies beyond ! rea* ( 8 omnipot5ce4 ,to ?is ! ,arm9ian cries out ) horror1 t if ,god does n desire ! salvation ( all1 b is will+ t a portion %\ld s9 & be et]nally lo/1 !n 8 goodness is limit$1 & 8 glory obscur$4 ,9 p]fect con=mity ) ^! views1 ! "o cont5ds = a limit$ atonem5t1 insi/+ t x is conf9$ ei!r 9 its orig9al design1 or 9 its application1 to a c]ta91 fix$1 def9ite numb] ( mank9d2 :ile ! o!r ma9ta9s1 ) equal e>ne/ness1 t su* is ! goodness ( ,god t he has s5t =? 8 ,son to make an atonem5t = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w4 ,to design & prep>e x = all1 says ! ,calv9i/1 & !n apply x only to a few1 is n consi/5t ) ei!r ! wisdom or goodness ( ,god2 & t he does sav+ly apply x only to a small numb] ( ! human race is evid5t f ! fact t only a small numb] are actually sav$4 ,h[ev] ! doctr9e ( a limit$ atonem5t1 or1 :at is ! same ?+ 9 effect1 ! limit$ application ( ! atonem5t1 may be exclaim$ aga9/ & d5\nc$ z di%on\rable to ,god1 all mu/ & d admit ! fact1 t x is efficaci\sly appli$ to only a select portion ( mank9d2 :i* is to d5y & to admit "o & ! same ?+ 9 "o & ! same brea?4 ,n[1 9 ?is conte/ ( arms1 x is our humble op9ion t ea* p>ty gets ! bett] ( ! o!r4 ,ea* ov]?r[s ! o!r2 b nei!r p]ceives t he is himself ov]?r[n4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ea* demoli%es ! o!r1 nei!r is conv9c$1 & ! controv]sy /ill rages4 ,nor c !re ev] be an end ( ?is wrangl+ & jangl+ :ile ! argum5ts ( ! opposite p>ties h _! roots 9 a common error4 ,let ! "w ( ,mr4 ,sym+ton1 or any o!r :i* advocates a limit$ atonem5t1 be tak5 up1 its argum5t dissect$1 & let ! false pr9ciple1 t ,god c\ld easily make all m5 holy if he w\ld1 be elim9at$ f !m1 & we v5ture to pr$ict t !y w lose all appe>ance ( solidity1 & resolve !mselves into ?9 air47#aff7 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,natural ,evil1 ,or ,suff]+1 ,& ,especially ,! ,suff]+ ,( ,infants ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,sweet ,ed5 0 ! arb\r ( delight2 ,yet 9 8 lovely fl[]s our poison blew3 ,sad ,ge?semane1 ! b[] ( baleful night1 ,:]e ,*ri/ a heal? ( poison = u drew2 ,yet all our honey 9 t poison grew3 ,s we f sweete/ fl[]s c\ld suck our bane1 ,& ,*ri/1 f bitt] v5om1 c\ld aga9 ,extract life out ( dea?1 & pleasure out ( pa94--,,giles ,,flet*]4 ,if1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 !n ! exi/5ce ( natural evil may be easily reconcil$ ) ! div9e goodness1 9 s f> z x may be necess>y to puni% & prev5t moral evil4 ,inde$1 ! div9e goodness itself dem&s ! puni%m5t ( moral evil1 9 ord] to re/ra9 its preval5ce1 & %ut out ! disord]s x t5ds to introduce into ! moral univ]se4 ,nor is x any impea*m5t ( ! inf9ite wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 if ! evils inflict$ ^u ! commission ( s9 be suffici5tly great to answ] ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$--t is1 to /ay ! frightful progress & ravages ( moral evil4 ,h5ce x 0 t ! s9 ( "o man br\ght 8dea? into ! _w1 & all our woe40 ,?us ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 no less ?an 8 ^w1 speaks ?is trem5d\s lesson to 8 intellig5t creatures3 8,behold ! awful spectacle ( a _w ly+ 9 ru9s1 & tremble at ! v ?\ght ( s96 ,a ?\s& dea?s are n s t]rible z "o s960 ,section ,i4 ,all suff]+ n a puni%m5t = s94 ,we %\ld n conclude f ?is1 h[ev]1 t all suff]+ or natural evil be>s ! *>act]i/ic ( a puni%m5t = moral evil4 ,?is seems to be a great mi/ake ( c]ta9 !ologians1 :o pay m att5tion to ! coh]5cy ( _! sy/em ?an to ! light ( nature or ( revelation4 ,?us1 says ,dr4 ,dick3 8,if our antagoni/s w *ange ! mean+ ( words1 !y _c alt] ! nature ( ?+s4 ,pa9 & dea? are evils1 & :5 inflict$ by ! h& ( a j ,god1 mu/ be puni%m5ts3 = al?\gh ! innoc5t may be h>ass$ & de/roy$ by ! arbitr>y ex]cise ( human p[]1 none b ! guilty suff] "u 8 adm9i/ration4 ,to pret5d t1 al?\gh dea? & o!r temporal evils h come ^u u ?r\gh ! s9 ( ,adam1 yet ^! are n to be reg>d$ z a puni%m5t1 is nei!r m nor less ?an to say1--!y mu/ n be call$ a puni%m5t1 because ?is w\ld n agree ) our sy/em4 ,if we %\ld conc$e t !y are a puni%m5t1 we %\ld be compell$ to admit t ! s9 ( ! fir/ man is imput$ to 8 po/]ity1 & t he 0 _! f$]al head4 ,we d5y1 !re=e1 t ! lab\rs & sorr[s ( ! pres5t life1 ! loss ( su* joys z are left to u at its close1 & ! dreadful agonies & t]rors ) :i* dea? is (t5 att5d$1 h ! nature ( a p5alty4 ,9 l mann]1 a man may call black :ite1 & bitt] sweet1 because x w s]ve 8 purpose2 b he w\ld be ! v]ie/ simpleton :o %\ld believe him40 ,n[1 we d n d5y t ! agonies & t]rors ( dea? are sometimes a puni%m5t = s93 ?is is ! case 9 reg>d to all ^? :o actually commit s91 & s9k into ! grave amid ! horrors ( a guilty consci5ce4 ,b ! "q is1 ,d suff]+ & dea? nev] fall ^u ! innoc5t "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god8 ,we affirm t !y d2 & also t !y may fall ^u ! innoc5t1 9 p]fect accordance ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we reply to ! confid5t ass]tions ( ,dr4 ,dick1 & ( ! :ole s*ool to :i* he belongs1 z foll[s3 ,to pret5d t dea? & o!r temporal evils are always puni%m5ts1 is nei!r m nor less ?an to say1 8!y mu/ be call$ puni%m5ts1 because ?is w\ld agree ) our sy/em4 ,if we %\ld conc$e t !y are n a puni%m5t1 we %\ld be compell$ to admit t ! s9 ( ! fir/ man is n imput$ to 8 po/]ity1 & t he 0 n _! f$]al head4 ,if our antagoni/s10 c4 ,surely x is n v wise to use language :i* may be s easily retort$4 ,secondly1 x is true1 ! *ange ( a ^w _c alt] ! nature ( ?+s2 b x may alt]1 & v mat]ially too1 our view ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,besides1 if to refuse to call suff]+ 9 c]ta9 cases a puni%m5t1 be m]ely to *ange a ^w1 :y %\ld s great an outcry be made ab\t x8 ,:y may we n use t ^w :i* s\nds ! mo/ pleasantly to ! e>1 & sits ! mo/ easily ^u ! he>t8 ,?irdly1 we d n arbitr>ily & bl9dly reject ! t]m puni%m5t1 8because x does n agree ) our sy/em40 ,we n only reject ! t]m1 b also ! v idea & ! ?+ = :i* x /&s4 ,we mean to affirm1 t ! innoc5t d sometimes suff] "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god2 & t all suff]+ is n a puni%m5t = s94 ,! v idea ( puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,dick himself1 is1 t x is suff]+ inflict$ on acc\nt ( s9 9 ! p]son ^u :om x is inflict$2 & h5ce1 :]ev] pa9 or dea? falls "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god1 we mu/ !re f9d1 says he1 ei!r actual or imput$ s94 ,n[1 9 reg>d to c]ta9 cases1 we d5y bo? ! "n & ! ?+4 ,& we make ?is d5ial1 z x w be se51 n because x agrees ) our sy/em m]ely1 b because x agrees ) ! univ]sal voice & reason ( mank9d1 except :]e t voice has be5 sil5c$1 & t reason p]v]t$1 by d>k & bl9dly-dogmatiz+ s*emes ( !ology4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is a va/ diff]5ce1 9 reality1 betwe5 reg>d+ "s suff]+s z m]e calamities1 & all suff]+ z puni%m5t4 ,if we reg>d all suff]+ z puni%m5t1 !n we ne$ look no high] & no fur!r 9 ord] to v9dicate ! "* ( ,god 9 ! infliction ( !m4 ,=1 accord+ to ?is view1 !y are ! infliction ( 8 retributive ju/ice1 m]it$ by ! p]son ^u :om !y fall1 & adapt$ to prev5t s92 & consequ5tly "h our inquiries may t]m9ate2 j z :5 we see ! crim9al receive ! p5alty due to 8 crimes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we may n view all suff]+ z puni%m5t1 !n mu/ we seek = o!r gr\nds & pr9ciples on :i* to v9dicate ! goodness ( ,god2 !n mu/ we look = o!r ends1 or f9al causes1 ( suff]+ "u ! wise economy ( div9e provid5ce4 ,& ?is se>*1 z we %all see1 w lead u to behold ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 n z x is d>kly di/ort$ 9 c]ta9 sy/ems ( !ology1 b z x is 9 itself1 replete ) light & ineffable beauty4 ,b be=e we und]take to %[ ?is by direct argum5ts1 let u pause & consid] ! pr$icam5t to :i* ! greate/ div9es h r$uc$ !mselves1 by _! advocacy ( su* an imputation ( ! s9 ( "o man4 ,dr4 ,dick affirms1 z we h se51 t e evil br\ght ^u man "u ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 mu/ be a puni%m5t = s92 & h5ce1 z infants d n actually s91 !y are expos$ to div9e wra? on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ,adam1 :i* is imput$ to !m4 ,b is n ?is imputation1 :i* draws aft] itself pa9 & dea?1 also an evil8 ,h[ has x happ5$1 !n1 t 9 ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 ?is trem5d\s evil1 ?is frightful s\rce ( s _m evils1 has be5 p]mitt$ to fall on ! infant _w8 ,mu/ !re n be "s o!r s9 imput$ to ju/ify ! infliction ( su* an evil1 & s on ad inf9itum8 ,w ,dr4 ,dick c>ry out 8 pr9ciple to ?is consequ5ce8 ,w he require1 z 9 consi/5cy he is b\nd to require1 t ! trem5d\s evil ( ! imputation ( s9 %all n fall ^u any "p ( ,god's creation1 except z a puni%m5t = "s antec$5t guilt8 ,no1 inde$3 at ! v second /ep 8 great pr9ciple1 s confid5tly & s dogmatically ass]t$1 completely breaks d[n "u him4 ,! imposition ( ?is evil is ju/ifi$1 n by any antec$5t guilt1 b by ! div9e con/itution1 accord+ to :i* ,adam is ! f$]al head & repres5tative ( ! human race4 ,?us1 aft] all1 ,dr4 ,dick has f\nd "s pr9ciple or gr\nd on :i* to ju/ify ! infliction ( evil1 beside ! pr9ciple ( guilt or ill-des]t4 ,might !re n possibly be1 !n1 su* a div9e con/itution ( ?+s1 z to br+ suff]+ ^u ! (fspr+ ( ,adam 9 consequ5ce ( 8 s91 )\t resort+ to ! d>k & enigmatical fiction ( ! imputation ( 8 transgression8 ,if !re be a div9e con/itution1 z ,dr4 ,dick cont5ds !re is1 :i* ju/ifies ! imputation ( moral evil1 ) all its frightful consequ5ces1 bo? temporal & et]nal dea?1 may x n be possible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 to suppose a div9e con/itution to ju/ify suff]+ )\t ! imputation ( s98 ,h[ c ! "o ( ^! ?+s be s utt]ly repugnant to ! div9e "*1 & ! o!r s p]fectly agreeable to x8 ,until ?is "q be answ]$1 we may suspect ! au?or himself ( hav+ assum$ positions & made confid5t ass]tions1 8because !y agree ) 8 sy/em40 8,we say1 !n10 says ,dr4 ,dick1 8t by 8 s9 8 po/]ity became liable to ! puni%m5t d5\nc$ aga9/ himself4 ,!y became guilty ?r\gh 8 guilt1 :i* is imput$ to !m1 or plac$ to _! acc\nt2 s t !y are treat$ z if !y _h p]sonally brok5 ! cov5ant40 ,?us all ! po/]ity ( ,adam1 n except+ infants1 became ju/ly obnoxi\s to ! 8p5alty ( ! cov5ant ( works1--dea?1 temporal1 spiritual1 & et]nal40 ,n[1 we w\ld suppose t ?is s*eme ( imputation is att5d$ ) at lea/ z great a difficulty z ! doctr9e t ! innoc5t d sometimes suff] "u ! good provid5ce ( ,god4 ,inde$1 ! au?or does n d5y t x is att5d$ ) difficulties1 :i* h nev] be5 answ]$4 ,9 reg>d to ! imputation ( s91 he says3 8,c&\r requires me to add1 t we are n compet5t fully to assign ! reasons ( ?is disp5sation4 ,aft] ! mo/ mature consid]ation ( ! subject1 x appe>s my/]i\s t ,god %\ld h plac$ our fir/ p>5t 9 su* circum/ances1 t :ile he might insure1 he might =feit1 8 own happ9ess & t ( millions ( be+s :o 7 to spr+ f 8 lo9s4 ,we _c tell :y he adopt$ ?is plan ) u & n ) angels1 ea* ( :om 0 left to /& or fall = himself407#afg7 ,n[1 :5 x is affirm$ t ! innoc5t may suff] = wise & good purposes1 :y is all ?is c&\r & mode/y =gott58 ,:y is x n admitt$1 8,x may be s20 8,we _c tell80 ,:y is ! fact1 ( :i* ^! writ]s s (t5 & s eloqu5tly rem9d u1 t ! human intellect is a poor1 bl9d1 weak ?+1 q unfit to pry into my/]ies1 !n sunk 9 utt] oblivion1 & a tone ( confid5t dogmatism assum$8 ,:y n act consi/5tly ) ! "* ( ! sceptic or ! dogmati/1 & n put on ! "o or ! o!r by turns1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( a sy/em8 ,if we ask1 :y infants are expos$ to dea?1 we are told1 t x is a puni%m5t = ,adam's s9 imput$ to !m4 ,we are told t ?is mu/ be s2 s9ce 8none b ! guilty ev] suff] "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god10 :o is n an arbitr>y & cruel tyrant to cause ! innoc5t to suff]4 ,:y !n1 we ask1 does he impute s9 to !m8 ,to ?is x is repli$1 8,we _c tell40 ,no wond]2 = if !re mu/ always be antec$5t guilt to ju/ify ,god 9 impos+ evil ^u 8 subjects1 !n !re c be no reason = su* a disp5sation = impos+ ! trem5d\s evil ( ! imputation ( s94 ,! advocates ( x !mselves h laid d[n a pr9ciple1 :i* %[s x to be )\t a reason4 ,h5ce !y may well say1 8,we _c tell40 ,?us suff]+ is ju/ifi$ by ! imputation ( guilt2 ! imputation ( guilt by ! div9e con/itution2 & ! div9e con/itution1 by no?+6 ,if ?is is all t c be done1 w\ld x n h be5 j z well to h begun1 z well z end$1 9 ! div9e con/itution ( ?+s8 ,b1 no6 ev5 ! mo/ humble ( m5 mu/ h "s explanation1 "s little mitigation ( _! difficulties1 if x be only to place ! _w ^u ! back ( an elephant1 ! elephant ^u ! back ( a tortoise1 & ! tortoise ^u no?+4 ,x seems to be inconceivably horrible to ,dr4 ,dick1 & o!rs ( 8 s*ool1 t ! innoc5t %\ld ev] be made to suff] "u ! provid5ce ( ,god2 b yet !y e>ne/ly insi/ t ! same good provid5ce plunges ! :ole human race--infants & all--into unavoidable guilt1 & !n puni%es !m = x6 ,to say t ! innoc5t may be made to suff] is mon/r\s inju/ice--is horrible2 b to say t !y are made s9n]s1 & !n puni%$1 is all "r & prop]6 ,to say t ! innoc5t c suff] "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god1 is to %ock our s5se ( ju/ice1 & put out ! light ( ! div9e goodness2 b x is all well if we only say t ! puni%m5t due to ,adam's s9 is made1 by ! same good adm9i/ration1 to fall ^u all 8 po/]ity 9 ! =m ( moral evil1 & t !n !y are ju/ly puni%$ = ?is puni%m5t6 ,alas1 t ! m9ds ( ! great & ! good1 born to reflect ! light ( ! glori\s gospel ( ,god ^u a d>k5$ _w1 %\ld be s sadly w>p$1 s awfully di/ort$1 by ! inexorable necessities ( a despotic sy/em6 ,section ,,ii4 ,! imputation ( s9 n consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,?is po9t has be5 already indirectly consid]$1 b x is wor?y ( a m direct & complete exam9ation4 ,x is v rem>kable t al?\gh ,dr4 ,dick admits he _c reconcile ! s*eme ( imputation ) ! "* ( ,god1 or remove its seem+ h>d%ips1 n to say cruelty1 he yet positively affirms t 8x is a pro( ( ! goodness ( ,god407#afh7 ,surely1 if ! cov5ant ( works1 involv+ ! imputation ( s91 z expla9$ by ,dr4 ,dick1 be a 8pro( ( ! div9e goodness10 x _c b appe> to be too sev]e4 ,b z ?is po9t1 on :i* he sc>cely dwells at all1 is m elaborately & fully discuss$ by ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 we %all direct our att5tion to him4 8,x is object$10 says ,edw>ds1 8t appo9t+ ,adam to /& 9 ?is great affair z ! moral head ( 8 po/]ity1 & s treat+ !m z "o ) him1 is injuri\s to !m40 8,to :i*10 says he1 8,i answ]1 x is demon/rably o!rwise2 t su* a con/itution 0 s f> f be+ injuri\s to ,adam's po/]ity any m ?an if e "o _h be5 appo9t$ to /& = himself p]sonally1 t x 01 9 itself consid]$1 att5d$ ) a m eligible probability ( a happy issue ?an ! latt] w\ld h be52 & s is a con/itution t truly expresses ! goodness ( its ,au?or40 ,n[1 let u see h[ ?is is demon/rat$4 8,!re is a great] t5d5cy to a happy issue 9 su* an appo9tm5t10 says he1 8?an if e "o _h be5 appo9t$ to /& = himself2 especially on ^! acc\nts3 7#a47 ,t ,adam _h /rong] motives to wat*fulness ?an 8 po/]ity w\ld h _h2 9 t1 n only 8 own et]nal welf>e lay at /ake1 b also t ( all 8 po/]ity4 7#b47 ,adam 0 9 a /ate ( complete manhood :5 8 trial began407#afi7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ! con/itution = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds is 8an expression ( ! div9e goodness10 because x pres5t$ /rong] motives to ob$i5ce ?an if x _h m]ely susp5d$ ! et]nal de/9y ( ,adam alone ^u 8 conduct4 ,! et]nal welf>e ( 8 po/]ity 0 /ak$ ^u 8 ob$i5ce2 &1 hav+ ?is /up5d\s motive be=e him1 he w\ld be m likely to pres]ve 8 allegiance ?an if ! motive _h be5 less p[]ful4 ,! magnitude ( ! motive1 says ,edw>ds1 is ! gr& circum/ance :i* ev9ces ! goodness ( ,god 9 ! appo9tm5t ( su* a con/itution4 ,if ?is be true1 x is v easy to see h[ ! ,almighty might h made a va/ improvem5t 9 8 own con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,he might h made ! motive /ill /rong]1 & !reby made ! appo9tm5t or cov5ant /ill bett]3 in/ead ( susp5d+ m]ely ! et]nal de/9y ( ! human race ^u ! conduct ( ,adam1 he might h /ak$ ! et]nal fate ( ! univ]se ^u x4 ,accord+ to ! argum5t ( ,edw>ds1 :at a va/1 :at a wond]ful improvem5t w\ld ?is h be5 9 ! div9e con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & h[ mu* m conspicu\sly w\ld x h display$ ! goodness ( its ,div9e ,au?or6 ,aga91 ! s*eme ( ,edw>ds is condemn$ out ( 8 own m\?4 ,if ?is s*eme be bett] ?an ano!r1 because its motives are /rong]1 :y did n ,god r5d] x /ill m wor?y ( 8 goodness1 by r5d]+ its motives /ill m p[]ful & efficaci\s8 ,edw>ds admits1 nay1 he insi/s1 t ,god might easily h r5d]$ ! motives ( 8 moral gov]nm5t p]fectly efficaci\s & successful4 ,he repeat$ly decl>es t ,god c\ld h prev5t$ all s91 8by giv+ su* influ5ces ( 8 ,_s z w\ld h be5 absolutely effectual to h9d] x40 ,if ! goodness ( a con/itution1 !n1 is to be det]m9$ by ! /r5g? ( its motives1 z ! argum5t ( ,edw>ds supposes1 !n we are b\nd1 accord+ to 8 pr9ciples1 to pron\nce t = :i* he cont5ds unwor?y ( ! goodness ( ,god1 z be+ radically uns\nd & defective4 ,?is is emphatically ! case1 z ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w might h /r5g!n$ ! motives to ob$i5ce indef9itely1 n by augm5t+ ! dang]1 b by increas+ ! security ( 8 subjects2 t is to say1 n by mak+ ! p5alty m t]rific1 b by giv+ a great] disposition to ob$i5ce4 ,! same ?+ may be cle>ly se5 f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 t ,god _h e/abli%$ ! con/itution or cov5ant1 t if ,adam _h p]sev]$ 9 ob$i5ce1 !n all 8 po/]ity %\ld be confirm$ 9 hol9ess & happ9ess2 & t if he fell1 he %\ld fall = himself alone4 ,w\ld n su* an appo9tm5t1 we ask1 h be5 m likely to h be5 att5d$ ) a happy issue ?an t = :i* ,edw>ds cont5ds8 ,let u suppose aga91 t aft] su* a con/itution _h be5 e/abli%$1 its ,div9e ,au?or _h really secur$ ! ob$i5ce ( ,adam2 w\ld n ?is h made a 8happy issue0 p]fectly c]ta98 ,:y !n 0 n su* a con/itution e/abli%$8 ,x w\ld mo/ assur$ly h be5 an inf9itely cle>] & m beautiful expression ( ! div9e goodness ?an t ( ,edw>ds4 ,h5ce1 ! philosophy ( ,edw>ds easily furni%es an unspeakably bett] con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 ?an t :i* has be5 e/abli%$ by ! wisdom ( ,god6 ,is x n evid5t1 t ! advocates ( su* a s*eme %\ld nev] v5ture be=e ! tribunal ( reason at all8 ,is x n evid5t1 t _! only safe policy is to insi/1 z !y sometimes d1 t we d n "k :at is consi/5t1 or inconsi/5t1 ) ! attributes ( ,god1 9 8 arrangem5ts = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w8 ,is x n evid5t1 t _! true/ wisdom is to be f\nd 9 habitually dwell+ on ! littl5ess1 weakness1 mis]y1 & d>kness ( ! human m9d1 & 9 rebuk+ its arrogance = presum+ to pry into ! my/]ies ( _! sy/em8 ,! v9dication ( ! div9e goodness by ,edw>ds1 is1 we ?9k x mu/ be conc$$1 exce$+ly weak4 ,all x am\nts to is ?is1--t ?is s*eme is an expression ( ! goodness ( ,god1 because1 9 c]ta9 respects1 x is bett] ?an a s*eme :i* might h be5 e/abli%$4 ,s f> f %[+ x to be ! be/ possible s*eme1 8 philosophy %[s x might be greatly improv$ 9 ! v respects 9 :i* its excell5cy is suppos$ to consi/4 ,9 o!r words1 he cont5ds t ,god has display$ 8 goodness 9 ! appo9tm5t ( su* a con/itution1 on ! gr\nd t he might h made a worse2 ?\gh1 accord+ to 8 own pr9ciples1 x is p]fectly evid5t t he might h made a bett]6 ,is ?is to express1 or to d5y1 ! absolute1 inf9ite goodness ( ,god8 ,is x to manife/ ! glory ( t goodness to ! eye ( man1 or to %r\d x 9 cl\ds & d>kness8 ,edw>ds also says1 t 8! goodness ( ,god 9 su* a con/itution ) ,adam appe>s 9 ?is3 t if !re _h be5 no sov]eign1 graci\s e/abli%m5t at all1 b ,god _h proce$$ on ! basis ( m]e ju/ice1 & _h gone no f>!r ?an ?is requir$1 he might h dem&$ ( ,adam & all 8 po/]ity1 t !y %\ld h p]=m$ p]fect1 p]petual ob$i5ce40 ,! italics are all 8 own4 ,on ?is passage1 we h to rem>k1 t x is built ^u unf\nd$ assumptions4 ,x is frequ5tly said1 we are aw>e1 t if x _h n be5 = ! r$emption ( ! _w by a 8sov]eign1 graci\s0 disp5sation1 ! :ole race ( man might h be5 ju/ly expos$ to ! torm5ts ( hell =ev]4 ,b :]e is ! pro(8 ,is x f\nd 9 ! ^w ( ,god8 ,?is tells u :at is1 :at has be51 & :at w be2 b x is n giv5 to speculate ^u :at might be4 ,= aught we "k1 if !re _h be5 no salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/1 z a "p ( ! actual con/itution & sy/em ( ! _w1 !n !re w\ld h be5 no o!r "p ( t sy/em :atev]4 ,we are n told1 & we d n "k1 :at x w\ld h be5 consi/5t ) ! ju/ice ( ,god to d 9 relation to ! _w1 if !re _h be5 no rem$y provid$ = its re/oration4 ,p]haps x might nev] h be5 creat$ at all4 ,! "w ( ,*ri/ is ! great sun & c5tre ( ! sy/em z x is2 & if ?is _h nev] be5 a "p ( ! orig9al gr& design1 we d n "k t ! planets w\ld h be5 creat$ to w&] 9 et]nal d>kness4 ,we d n "k t ev5 ! ju/ice ( ,god w\ld h creat$ man1 & p]mitt$ him to fall1 w&]+ ev]la/+ly amid ! horrors ( dea?1 )\t hope & )\t rem$y4 ,we f9d no?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! ^w ( ,god2 & 9 our nature x meets ) no response1 except a wail ( unutt]able horror4 ,we l n1 we confess1 ^? v9dications ( ,god's goodness1 :i* consi/ 9 draw+ hide\s1 black pictures ( 8 ju/ice1 & !n tell+ u t x is n s d>k z ^!4 ,we want n to "k :e!r !re might n be d>k] ?+s 9 ! univ]se ?an ,god's love2 we only want to "k if !re c\ld be any?+ bright]1 or bett]1 or m beautiful4 ,! mo/ a/\nd+ feature ( ?is v9dication ( ! div9e goodness /ill rema9s to be notic$4 ,we are told t ! con/itution 9 "q is good1 because x 0 s likely to h _h a 8happy issue40 ,& :5 ?is con/itution 0 e/abli%$ by ! sov]eign w & pleasure ( ,god1 ! conduct ( ,adam1 x is conc$$1 0 p]fectly =ese5 by him4 ,at ! v "t ?is con/itution 0 e/abli%$1 its ,div9e ,au?or =esaw ) p]fect absolute c]ta9ty :at w\ld be ! issue4 ,he knew t ! great f$]al head1 s appo9t$ by him1 w\ld transgress ! cov5ant1 & br+ d[n ! curse ( 8dea?1 temporal1 spiritual1 & et]nal10 ^u all 8 po/]ity4 ,o1 wond]ful goodness6 to promise et]nal life to ! human race on a condition :i* he c]ta9ly =eknew w\ld n be p]=m$6 ,amaz+ grace6 to ?reat5 et]nal dea? to all mank9d1 on a condition :i* he c]ta9ly =eknew w\ld be fulfill$6 ,?is _c be evad$1 by ass]t+ t ! same difficulty atta*es to ! fact1 t ,god creat$ ,adam =esee+ he w\ld fall4 ,8 =ekn[l$ge did n necessitate ! fall ( ,adam4 ,x left him free z ,god _h creat$ him4 ,life & dea? 7 set be=e him1 & he _h ! p[] to /&1 z well z ! p[] to fall4 ,he _h no "r to compla9 ( ,god1 !n1 if1 "u su* circum/ances1 he *ose to rebel1 & incur ! p5alty4 ,b if ! s*eme ( ,edw>ds be true1 ! desc5dants ( ,adam did n h _! fate 9 _! own h&s4 ,x did n dep5d on _! own *oice4 ,x 0 necessitat$1 ev5 prior to _! exi/5ce1 by ! div9e con/itution :i* _h indissolubly connect$ _! awful de/9y1 _! temporal & et]nal ru91 ) an ev5t already =ese54 ,& ! con/itution b9d+ su* awful consequ5ces to an ev5t already =ese51 is call$ an expression ( ! goodness ( ,god6 ,suppose1 = example1 t a great pr9ce %\ld promise 8 subjects t on ! happ5+ ( a c]ta9 ev5t1 ov] :i* !y _h no control1 he w\ld conf] unspeakable fav\rs ^u !m4 ,suppose also1 t at ! same "t he %\ld decl>e to !m1 t if ! ev5t %\ld n happ51 he w\ld load !m ) irons1 ca/ !m into prison1 & inflict ! greate/ imag9able puni%m5ts ^u !m dur+ ! rema9d] ( _! lives4 ,suppose aga91 t at ! v "t he ?us made kn[n 8 graci\s int5tions to !m1 he knew p]fectly well t ! ev5t on :i* 8 fav\r 0 susp5d$ w\ld n happ54 ,!n1 accord+ to 8 c]ta9 =ekn[l$ge1 ! ev5t fails1 & ! p5alty ( ! cov5ant or appo9tm5t is inflict$ ^u 8 subjects3--!y are ca/ into prison2 !y are b\nd 9 *a9s1 & p]petually torm5t$ ) ! greate/ ( all imag9able evils3--n because !y _h transgress$ ! appo9tm5t or sov]eign con/itution1 b because an ev5t _h tak5 place ov] :i* !y _h no control4 ,n[1 :o w\ld call su* a rul] a good pr9ce8 ,:o c\ld conceive1 inde$1 ( a m cruel or deceitful tyrant8 ,b we submit x to ! c&id read]1 if he be n m l ! pr9ce ( pr$e/9ation1 ?an ! great ,god ( heav5 & e>?8 ,?is s*eme ( imputation1 s f> f be+ an expression ( inf9ite goodness1 7 inde$ an exhibition ( ! mo/ frightful cruelty & inju/ice4 ,x w\ld be a useful1 z well z a mo/ curi\s inquiry1 to exam9e ! v>i\s contrivances ( +5i\s m51 9 ord] to br+ ! doctr9e ( imputation into h>mony ) ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,we %all briefly allude to only two ( ^! wond]ful inv5tions1--^? ( ,augu/9e & ,edw>ds4 ,nei!r ( ^! celebrat$ div9es suppos$ t a =eign s91 prop]ly s call$1 is ev] imput$ to any "o2 b t ! s9 ( ,adam1 :i* is imput$ to 8 desc5dants1 is _! own s91 z well z 847#agj7 ,b "h ! "q arises1 ,h[ c\ld !y make ,adam's s9 to be ! s9 ( 8 desc5dants1 _m ( :om 7 born ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] x 0 committ$8 ,augu/9e1 z is well kn[n1 ma9ta9$ ! />tl+ p>adox1 t all mank9d 7 pres5t 9 ,adam1 & s9n$ 9 him4 ,9 ?is way1 he suppos$ t all m5 became p>tak]s 9 ! guilt ( ,adam's s91 & consequ5tly ju/ly liable to ! p5alty due to 8 transgression4 ,augu/9e 0 q too good a logician n to p]ceive1 t if all m5 are responsible = ,adam's s91 because !y 7 9 him :5 he transgress$1 !n1 x foll[s1 t we are also responsible = ! s9s ( all our ance/ors1 f :om we are m imm$iately desc5d$4 ,?is foll[s f t maxim ( jurisprud5ce1 f t dictate ( common-s5se1 t a rule ( law is coxt5sive ) ! reason ^u :i* x is bas$4 ,h5ce1 z ,wigg]s rem>ks3 8,augu/9e ?\ght x n improbable t ! s9s ( ance/ors univ]sally are imput$ to _! desc5dants407#aga7 ,?is conclusion is cle>ly set =? 9 ! extracts made by ! translator ( ,wigg]s47#agb7 ,if ?is s*eme be true1 we "k inde$ t we are all guilty ( ,adam's s92 b :o1 or h[ _m ( ! human race1 7 ! p]petrators ( ,ca9's murd] beside himself1 we _c det]m9e4 ,inde$1 if ?is frightful hypo!sis be well f\nd$1 if x =m a "p ( ! moral con/itution ( ! _w1 no man c possibly tell h[ _m !fts1 murd]s1 or treasons1 he may h committ$ 9 8 ance/ors4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 h[ev]1 & t is1 t ! man :o is born lat] 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w h ! m s9s to answ] =1 & ! m fe>ful w be ! accumulation ( 8 guilt2 z all ! transgressions ( all 8 ance/ors1 f ,adam d[n to 8 imm$iate p>5ts1 w be laid ^u 8 head4 ,cle>ly z ?is consequ5ce is involv$ 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,augu/9e's !ory1 ! good fa!r c\ld n b reel & /agg] "u x4 8,respect+ ! s9s ( ! o!r p>5ts10 says he1 8! prog5itors f ,adam d[n to "o's own imm$iate fa!r1 x may n improp]ly be debat$1 :e!r ! *ild is implicat$ 9 ! evil acts & multipli$ orig9al faults ( all1 s t ea* "o is ! worse 9 proportion z he is lat]2 or t1 9 respect to ! s9s ( _! p>5ts1 ,god ?reat5s po/]ity to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 because1 by ! mod]ation ( 8 compassion1 he does n fur!r ext5d 8 ang] 9 respect to ! faults ( prog5itors1 le/ ^? on :om ! grace ( reg5]ation is n conf]r$1 %\ld be press$ ) too heavy a burd5 9 _! own et]nal damnation1 if !y 7 compell$ to contract by way ( orig9 7orig9alit]7 ! s9s ( all _! prec$+ p>5ts f ! comm5cem5t ( ! human race1 & to suff] ! puni%m5t due to !m47#agc7 ,:e!r1 on s great a subject1 any?+ else c or _c be f\nd1 by a m dilig5t read+ & scrut9y ( ! ,scriptures1 ,i d>e n ha/ily affirm407#agd7 ,?us does ! /urdy logician1 not)/&+ 8 almo/ indomitable h>dihood1 seem to /& appall$ be=e ! consequ5ces to :i* 8 pr9ciples w\ld inevitably conduct him4 ,hav+ foll[$ ^? pr9ciples b a little way1 ! sc5e becomes s d>k ) 8 repres5tations ( ! div9e ju/ice1 t he feels con/ra9$ to retrace 8 /eps1 & arbitr>ily introduce ! div9e m]cy1 9 ord] to mitigate ! indescribable horrors :i* cont9ually ?ick5 ar\nd him4 ,su* hesitation1 su* wav]+ & inconsi/5cy1 is ! natural result ( e s*eme :i* places ! decisions ( ! head 9 viol5t conflict ) ! inde/ructible feel+s ( ! he>t4 ,9 8 attempt to reconcile ! s*eme ( imputation ) ! ju/ice ( ,god1 ,edw>ds has met ) z little success z ,augu/9e4 ,= ?is purpose1 he suppos$ t ,god _h con/itut$ an id5tity betwe5 ,adam & all 8 po/]ity1 :]eby ! latt] became p>tak]s ( 8 rebellion4 8,i ?9k x w\ld g f> t[>d direct+ u to ! m cle> conception & "r /atem5t ( ?is affair10 says he1 9 ref]5ce to imputation1 87 we /eadily to be> ?is 9 m9d1 t ,god1 9 e /ep ( 8 proce$+s ) ,adam1 9 relation to ! cov5ant or con/itution e/abli%$ ) him1 look$ on 8 po/]ity z be+ "o ) him4 ,& ?\gh he dealt m imm$iately ) ,adam1 x yet 0 z ! head ( ! :ole body1 & ! root ( ! :ole tree2 & 9 8 proce$+s ) him1 he dealt ) all ! bran*es z if !y _h be5 !n exi/+ 9 _! root4 ,f :i* x w foll[1 t bo? guilt1 or expos$ness to puni%m5t1 & also depravity ( he>t1 came ^u ,adam's po/]ity j z !y came ^u him1 z mu* z if he & !y _h all coxi/$1 l a tree ) _m bran*es2 all[+ only = ! diff]5ce necess>ily result+ f ! place ,adam /ood 9 z head or root ( ! :ole4 ,o!rwise1 x is z if1 9 e /ep ( proce$+1 e alt]ation 9 ! root _h be5 att5d$ at ! same in/ant ) ! same alt]ation ?r\gh\t ! :ole tree1 9 ea* individual bran*4 ,i ?9k ?is w naturally foll[ on ! supposition ( _! be+ a con/itut$ on5ess or id5tity ( ,adam & 8 po/]ity 9 ?is affair407#age7 ,z ! sap ( a tree1 ,edw>ds has said1 spreads f ! root ( a tree to all its bran*es1 s ! orig9al s9 ( ,adam desc5ds f him ?r\gh ! g5]ations ( m54 ,9 ! s]i\s promulgation ( su* s5tim5ts1 x is only =gott5 t s9 is n ! sap ( a tree1 & t ! :ole human race is n really "o & ! same p]son4 ,su* an idea ( p]sonal id5tity is z utt]ly un9telligible z ! nature ( ! s9 & ! responsibility ) :i* x is s intimately associat$4 ,surely ^! are ! d>k dreams ( m51 n ! bright & %9+ lights ( et]nal tru?4 ,be=e we take leave ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 we w\ld rem>k1 t he proce$s on ! same supposition ) ,calv917#agf7 ,bates17#agg7 ,dwight17#agh7 ,dick1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 t suff]+ is always a puni%m5t ( s91 & ( 8s9 9 !m :o suff]407#agi7 8,! light ( nature10 says ,edw>ds1 8or tradition f anci5t revelation1 l$ ! hea!n to conceive ( dea? z 9 a peculi> mann] an evid5ce ( div9e v5geance4 ,?us we h an acc\nt1 t :5 ! b>b>ians saw ! v5om\s bea/ hang on ,paul's h&1 !y said among !mselves1 #8,no d\bt1 ?is man is a murd]]1 :om1 ?\gh he ha? escap$ ! seas1 yet v5geance suff]e? n to live4' 07#ahj7 ,we ?9k t ! b>b>ians conclud$ ra%ly3 x is c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul 0 nei!r a murd]] nor a god4 ,nor1 inde$1 if ! v5om\s bea/ _h tak5 8 life1 w\ld ?is h prov$ him to be a murd]]1 any m ?an its fall+ (f into ! fire prov$ him to be a god1 accord+ to ! ra% judgm5t ( ! b>b>ians4 ,!re is a bett] s\rce ( philosophy1 if we mi/ake n1 ?an ! ra%1 ha/y1 fooli% judgm5ts ( b>b>ians4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! imputation ( s9 n consi/5t ) human1 mu* less ) ! div9e goodness4 ,!re are few p]sons ^: feel+s w all[ !m to be consi/5t advocates ( ! doctr9e ( ! imputation ( ,adam's s94 8,to _m o!r div9es10 says ,bi%op ,burnet1 8?is seems a h>% & inconceivable op9ion3 x seems repugnant to ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god to reckon m5 guilty ( s9 :i* !y nev] committ$1 & to puni% !m 9 _! s\ls et]nally = t :i* is no act ( !irs407#aha7 ,x c]ta9ly 8seems v h>d10 z ! au?or says1 8to appreh5d h[ p]sons :o h nev] s9n$1 b are only unhappily desc5d$1 %\ld be1 9 consequ5ce ( t1 "u s great a mis]y40 ,b h[ to escape ! pressure ( ?is /up5d\s difficulty is ! "q4 ,!re are _m :o _c endure x2 or r1 !re are v few :o c endure x2 b1 z ,bi%op ,burnet says1 !y f9d no difficulty 9 ! idea ( temporal puni%m5t on acc\nt ( ,adam's s94 8,?is1 !y ?9k1 is easily en\gh reconcilable ) ! notions ( ju/ice & goodness1 s9ce ?is is only a tempor>y puni%m5t relat+ to m5's p]sons407#ahb7 ,b d !y n sacrifice _! logic to _! feel+s8 ,let u see4 ,?is view ( a limit$ imputation1 & a limit$ puni%m5t1 is n conf9$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,x prevails to a great] or less ext5t 9 all d5om9ations4 ,b ,presid5t ,edw>ds has1 we ?9k1 unansw]ably expos$ ! inconsi/5cy ( its advocates4 8,"o ( !m supposes10 says he1 8t ?is s91 ?\gh truly imput$ to ,,infants1 s t !reby !y are expos$ to a prop] puni%m5t1 yet is n imput$ to !m 9 su* a degree1 z t ^u ?is acc\nt !y %\ld be liable to et]nal puni%m5t1 z ,adam himself 01 b only to temporal dea?1 or annihilation2 ,adam himself1 ! imm$iate actor1 be+ made inf9itely m guilty ( x ?an 8 po/]ity4 ,on :i* ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t to suppose ,god imputes1 n all ! guilt ( ,adam1 b only "s little "p ( x1 relieves no?+ b 8 imag9ation4 ,to ?9k ( poor little infants be>+ su* torm5ts = ,adam's s91 z !y sometimes d 9 ?is _w1 & ^! torm5ts end+ 9 dea? & annihilation1 may sit easi] on ! imag9ation1 ?an to conceive ( _! suff]+ et]nal mis]y = x2 b x does n at all relieve "o's reason4 ,!re is no rule ( reason t c be suppos$ to lie aga9/ imput+ a s9 9 ! :ole ( x1 :i* 0 committ$ by "o1 to ano!r :o did n p]sonally commit x1 b w also lie aga9/ its be+ s imput$ & puni%$ 9 "p2 = all ! reasons 7if !re be any7 lie aga9/ ! imputation1 n ! quality or degree ( :at is imput$4 ,if !re be any rule ( reason t is /rong & good1 ly+ aga9/ a prop] d]ivation or communication ( guilt f "o t act$ to ano!r t did n act1 !n x lies aga9/ all t is ( t nature4444 ,if ^! reasons are good1 all ! diff]5ce is ?is3 t to br+ a great puni%m5t on infants = ,adam's s91 is a great act ( inju/ice1 & to br+ a comp>atively small] puni%m5t is a small] act ( inju/ice2 b n1 t ?is is n z truly & demon/rably an act ( inju/ice z ! o!r407#ahc7 ,we hold ?is to be a solid & unansw]able argum5t2 & we hold also1 t ,god c no m commit a small act ( inju/ice ?an a great "o4 ,h5ce1 9 ! eye ( reason1 !re is no m$ium betwe5 reject+ ! :ole ( ! imputation ( ,adam's s91 & ceas+ to object aga9/ ! imputation ( ! :ole ( x1 z inconsi/5t ) ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god4 ,we may arbitr>ily wipe out a portion ( x 9 ord] to relieve our imag9ation2 b ?is br+s no relief to ! calm & passionless reason4 ,x may /ill ! wild tumults ( emotion1 b x _c sil5ce ! voice ( ! intellect4 ,:y n relieve bo? ! imag9ation & ! reason8 ,:y n wipe out ! :ole d>k film ( imputation1 & p]mit ! glad eye to op5 on ! bright glory ( ,god's inf9ite goodness8 ,! wond] is1 t :5 ,edw>ds _h c>ri$ out 8 logic to su* a conclusion1 he did n reg>d 8 argum5t z a p]fect r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,! wond] is1 t :5 he _h c>ri$ out 8 logic to ! position1 t x might well consi/ ) ! ju/ice ( ,god to impute ! :ole ( ,adam's s9 to 8poor little infants10 z he calls !m1 & !n cause !m to endure 8et]nal torm5ts = x10 8 :ole nature did n recoil f su* a conclusion ) indescribable horror4 ,= our "p1 highly z we value logical consi/5cy1 we %\ld pref] a little incoh]5cy 9 our reason+1 a little flexibility 9 our logic1 r ?an be> ev5 "o 8poor little infant0 on ! h>d1 unyield+ po9t ( x into ! torm5ts ( hell =ev]4 ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 ! great f\nd] ( ! doctr9e ( ! imputation ( s94 ,b al?\gh he did m ?an any o!r p]son to give ?is doctr9e a hold ^u ! m9d ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 x nev] _h a p]fect hold ^u 8 own m9d4 ,s f> f be+ able to reconcile x ) ! div9e goodness1 he c\ld n reconcile x ) 8 own goodness4 ,= ?is purpose1 he employ$ ! !ory t all ! po/]ity ( ,adam 71 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 already 9 him1 & s9n$ 9 him--9 8 p]son2 & t ,adam's s9 is !re=e ju/ly imput$ to all 8 po/]ity47#ahd7 ,he also appeals to revelation4 8,/4 ,augu/9e10 z ,fa!r ,almeyda truly says1 8& ! fa!rs :o foll[ him1 take ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( _! doctr9e 7:i* affirms t infants )\t baptism w endure et]nal pa97 f ! s5t5ce :i* ! ,supreme ,judge is to pron\nce at ! la/ day4 ,we "k t ! ,"l1 divid+ ! human race into two portions1 w put ! elect on ! "r h&1 & ! reprobate on ! left2 & he w say to ^? on ! left1 ,dep>t into et]nal fire4 ,/4 ,augu/9e !n argues1 t infants w n be on ! "r1 because ,jesus ,*ri/ has positively exclud$ all ^? :o %all n be born aga9 ( wat] & ( ! ,holy ,_s3 !n !y w be on ! left2 & ?us !y w be compreh5d$ 9 ! damnation ( et]nal fire1 :i* ! ,"l w pron\nce aga9/ ^? :o %all be on ! left side3 = hav+ no m ?an two h&s1 & only two places & two s5t5ces1 s9ce1 !n1 !re are infants :i* ,god does n fav\r1 x foll[s t !y w be compreh5d$ 9 ! s5t5ce ( ! reprobate1 :i* is n only a privation ( ! sight ( ,god1 b also ! pa9 ( fire407#ahe7 ,su* is ! gr\nd1 & su* ! logic1 on :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 foll[]s erect$ t port5t\s s*eme1 t awful speculation1 :i* has s long ca/ a d>k cl\d ov] ! glory ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & prev5t$ x f reflect+ ! bright1 *e]+ beams ( ! div9e goodness4 ,b1 :at6 c\ld ,/4 ,augu/9e f9d re/ 9 8 own views1--9 8 own logic8 ,did he really bani% all non-elect infants into ! region ( p5al fire & ev]la/+ woe8 ,if he adh]$ to ! lit]al mean+ ( ! words ( revelation1 z he und]/ood !m1 he 0 c]ta9ly b\nd to d s2 b did he really & consi/5tly d x8 ,did he really b9d ! 8poor little0 reprobate1 because x _h s9n$ 9 ,adam1 9 *a9s ( adamant1 & leave x to wri! b5ea? ! fi]ce inquisitorial fury ( ! ev]la/+ flames8 ,did he really extract ! vials ( su* exquisite & unprovok$ wra? f ! ess5ce ( inf9ite goodness itself8 ,no3 ?is 0 res]v$ = ! sup]ior logic & ! /]n] consi/5cy ( an iron age4 ,b s9ce x has be5 extract$1 we may dev\tly ?ank ,almighty ,god1 t x is n[ exclud$ f ! he>ts ( m5 call+ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 & kept safely bottl$ up 9 _! cre$s & confessions4 ,/4 ,augu/9e c\ld n endure ! insuff]able consequ5ces ( 8 own doctr9e4 ,h5ce1 9 writ+ to 8 great fri5d1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 he said1 89 all s9c]ity3 :5 ,i come to treat ( ! puni%m5t ( infants1 believe t ,i f9d myself 9 great emb>rassm5t1 & ,i absolutely "k n :at to reply40 ,writ+ aga9/ ,julian1 he adds3 8,i d n say t ^? :o die )\t baptism w be puni%$ ) a torm5t su* t x w\ld be bett] = !m if !y _h nev] be5 born40 ,& aga93 8,^? :o1 besides orig9al s9 :i* !y h contract$1 h n committ$ any o!r1 w be subject$ to a pa9 ! mo/ mild ( all407#ahf7 ,?us by adopt+ a wrong int]pretation1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* 7 b little und]/ood 9 8 "t1 ,/4 ,augu/9e bani%$ all unbaptiz$ infants f ! k+dom ( light2 b yet he c\ld h>dly f9d x 9 8 he>t to condemn !m to ! out] d>kness4 ,he _h too great a reg>d = ! ^w ( ,god1 z he und]/ood x1 to p]mit non-elect infants to reign ) ,*ri/ 9 heav52 &1 on ! o!r h&1 he 0 too sev]ely press$ by ! g5]\s impulses ( 8 nature1 nay1 by ! et]nal dictates ( tru? & goodness1 to p]mit him to consign !m really to ! 8fire prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels40 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ,*ri/ knew ( 8b two places10 he fitt$ up a ?ird1 to see !m 9 :i*1 01 z ,edw>ds w\ld say1 8m agreeable to 8 imag9ation40 ,x 0 ! sublime b un/eady g5ius ( ,/4 ,augu/9e t caus$ ?is doctr9e ( ! damnation ( infants to be receiv$ into ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & f9d its way into ! c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,t celebrat$ c\ncil n only adopt$ ! views ( ,/4 ,augu/9e on ?is subject1 b also mo/ p]fectly reflect$ all 8 hesitation & inconsi/5cy4 ,widely z its memb]s diff]$ on o!r po9ts1 !y all agre$ t unbaptiz$ infants %\ld be exclud$ f ! k+dom ( heav54 ,!re 0 b little unanimity h[ev]1 z to ! be/ me?od ( dispos+ ( !m4 ,! ,dom9icans fitt$ up a d>k1 subt]rane\s cav]n = !m1 9 :i* !re is no fire1 at lea/ none su* z t ( ! inf]nal regions1 & 9 :i* !y might be at lea/ z happy z monks4 ,?is place 0 call$ ,limbo--:i*1 we suppose1 is to ,purgatory1 ab\t :at ! v>ioloid is to ! smallpox4 ,! ,franciscans1 m humane 9 _! doctr9e1 det]m9$ t 8de> little infants10 ?\gh !y _h nev] felt ! sanctify+ influ5ces ( holy wat]1 %\ld yet reside1 n 9 d>k cav]ns & holes ( ! e>?1 b 9 ! sweet light & pure air ( ! upp] _w4 ,well done1 noble ,franciscan6 we hon\r !e = ?y sweet fancy6 ,surely ?\ w]t n1 l o!r monks1 made s altoge!r fi]ce by d>k keep+1 t ?\ c\lde/ n delight to see 9 ,god's bless$1 beautiful _w1 a smil+ infant6 ,o!rs insi/$1 t unbaptiz$ infants w\ld be condemn$ to become philosoph]s1 & turn out ! au?ors ( great discov]ies4 ,?is may seem a t]rible damnation to "s p]sons2 b1 = our "p1 if we _h be5 ( t fam\s c\ncil1 x is likely we %\ld h be5 9 fav\r ( ?is decree4 ,z ! mo/ agreeable puni%m5t we c\ld imag9e1 we %\ld h be5 = condemn+ !m1 l ! fall5 angels ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 to torm5t !mselves ) reason+s high1-- 8,( provid5ce1 =ekn[l$ge1 w1 & fate1 ,fix'd fate1 free-w1 =ekn[l$ge absolute40 ,& if any ( !m _h be5 f\nd to possess no v great aptitude = su* speculations1 !n1 r ?an !y %\ld f9d 8no end 9 w&]+ mazes lo/10 we %\ld h condemn$ !m to turn poets & 8build ! l(ty rhyme40 ,s completely did ! _s ( a bl9d exegesis triumph ov] ! light ( reason 9 ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 t ev5 ,pelagius & 8 foll[]s exclud$ unbaptiz$ infants f ! k+dom ( heav51 because our ,savi\r _h decl>$ t a man c\ld n ent] !re91 except he be born ( wat] & ( ! ,_s4 ,x is true1 !y did n bani% !m into 8! fire prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels10 nor into ,limbo1 nor into d>k holes ( ! e>?2 on ! contr>y1 !y admitt$ !m to ! joys ( et]nal life1 b n into ! k+dom ( heav547#ahg7 ,?us1 ! ,pelagians br\ght 8poor little infants0 z ne> to ! k+dom ( heav5 z possible1 )\t do+ too great viol5ce to ! univ]sal or?odoxy ( _! "t4 ,b z we _c1 l ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 det]m9e ! fate ( infants by a decree1 we mu/ take "s little pa9s to asc]ta9 h[ x has be5 det]m9$ by ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,= ?is purpose we %all fir/ %[1 t !re is suff]+ 9 ! _w :i* is n a puni%m5t = s91 & !n decl>e ! great ends1 or f9al causes1 ( all natural evil4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! true ends1 or f9al causes1 ( natural evil4 ,we h (t5 wond]$ t grave div9es %\ld decl>e t !re c\ld be no natural evil1 or suff]+1 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god1 except su* z is a puni%m5t = s9 9 ! p]son ^u :om x is inflict$4 ,we h wond]$1 t 9 decl>+ none b a tyrant c\ld ev] p]mit ! innoc5t to suff]1 !y h ent]ta9$ no fe>s le/ !y might /r5g!n ! cause ( a!ism4 ,= if x be impossible to ju/ify ! "* ( ,god1 except on ! pr9ciple t all suff]+ is m]it$ on acc\nt ( s9 9 ! object ( x1 !n x is easy to see1 t ! a!i/ical argum5t aga9/ ! goodness ( ,god is unansw]able4 ,! a!i/ might well say3 8,d we n see & "k t ! :ole animal creation suff]s8 ,n[ = :at s9 are !y puni%$8 ,! inf]ior animals1 y w admit1 are n capable ( committ+ actual s91 any m ?an infants are2 & ,adam 0 n _! f$]al head & repres5tative4 ,h5ce1 unless y c %[ = :at s9 !y are puni%$1 y mu/ admit t1 accord+ to y\r own pr9ciples1 ,god is a tyrant40 ,h[ ,dr4 ,dick1 or ,dr4 ,dwight1 or ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 or ,calv91 w\ld h answ]$ su* an argum5t1 we _c det]m9e4 ,= al?\gh !y all assume t !re c be no suff]+ "u ! good provid5ce ( ,god1 except x be a puni%m5t = s9 9 ! object ( x1 yet1 s f> z we "k1 !y h n made ! mo/ di/ant allusion to ! suff]+ ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,inde$1 !y seem to be s int5tly b5t on ma9ta9+ ! doctr9e ( ! imputation ( s9 to infants1 t !y pay no att5tion1 9 ! assumption ( ! above position1 ei!r to ! ^w ( ,god1 or to ! great volume ( nature spread out be=e !m4 ,b we f9d ! difficulty notic$ 9 a prize essay ( ?ree hundr$ pages1 on ! subject ( native depravity1 by ,dr4 ,woods4 ,! au?or assumes ! same gr\nd ) ,edw>ds1 t all suff]+ mu/ be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( ju/ice2 & h5ce he f9ds a real & prop] s9 9 infants1 9 ord] to reconcile _! suff]+s ) ! "* ( ,god4 ,?is is ! only gr\nd1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,woods1 on :i* suff]+ c be v9dicat$ "u ! adm9i/ration ( a p]fect ,god4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! real & prop] s9 9 ! inf]ior animals to ju/ify _! suff]+s8 ,?is difficulty occurs to ! di/+ui%$ au?or1 & he endeav\rs to meet x4 ,let u see 8 reply4 ,x is a reply :i* we h long be5 solicit\s to see1 & we n[ h x f "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ !ologians ( ! pres5t day4 8,"s suppose10 says he1 8t infants suff] z irrational animals d1 )\t ref]5ce to a moral law or ! pr9ciples ( a moral gov]nm5t4 ,a /range supposition inde$1 t human be+s %\ld = a "t be rank$ ) be+s :i* are n human1 t is1 m]e animals40 ,he is evid5tly %ock$ at su* an insult (f]$ to poor little infants4 ,he w n all[ u1 = "o mom5t1 to take ! :ole race ( man1 8dur+ ! int]e/+ p]iod ( infancy1 cut !m (f f _! relation to ,adam1 degrade !m f ! dignity ( human be+s1 & put !m 9 ! rank ( brute animals1--& !n say1 !y suff] z ! brutes d4444 ,?is w\ld be ! wor/ ( all !ories1--! f>!/ (f f ,scripture & reason1 & ! mo/ revolt+ to all ! noble s5sibilities ( man40 ,n[1 x is really refre%+ to f9d ^! allusions to 8! dignity ( human be+s0 9 a writ] ( ?is s*ool2 & especially 9 ,dr4 ,woods1 :o has s (t5 rebuk$ o!rs = _! pride1 :5 !y h imag9$ t !y 7 only engag$ 9 ! laudable ent]prise ( ass]t+ ?is v dignity1 by rais+ m5 f ! rank ( m]e ma*9es4 ,x is s refre%+1 inde$1 to f9d su* allusions 9 ,dr4 ,woods1 t we c\ld almo/ =give a little special plead+ & bad logic 9 8 attempt to v9dicate ! 8dignity ( human be+s10 :i* %\ld h be5 an attempt to v9dicate ! goodness ( ,god4 ,we d n place human be+s & brutes 9 ! same rank1 except 9 s f> z bo? are s5sitive creatures1 & consequ5tly susceptible ( pleasure & pa94 ,9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! ,creator himself has1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 plac$ !m 9 ! same rank1 & x is useless to cry out aga9/ 8 appo9tm5t4 ,he w n li/5 to our talk ab\t 8! dignity ( human be+s40 ,he w /ill leave u1 9 s f> z bodily pa9 & dea? are conc]n$1 9 ! same rank ) m]e animals4 ,?is s+le po9t ( resemblance betwe5 animals & human be+s is all t our argum5t requires2 & ! fact t animals d suff] pa9 & dea? _c be d5i$1 or swept away by declamation4 ,let ?is fact be fairly & op5ly met1 & n m]ely evad$4 ,let x be %[n h[ ! suff]+ ( m]e animals may be reconcil$ ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 & we w und]take to %[ h[ ! suff]+ ( guiltless 8human be+s0 may be reconcil$ ) x4 ,nay1 we w und]take to %[ t ! suff]+ ( infants may be reconcil$ ) ! div9e goodness1 on ! same1 & also on /ill high]1 gr\nds4 ,we w place _! suff]+s on a m solid & a m def9ite f\ndation1 ?an ^u su* vague & mi/y ass]tions z t !y 8suff] ) ref]5ce to a moral law40 ,we d n cut (f infants f _! relation to ,adam2 nor c\ld we1 if we desir$ to d s1 cut !m (f f _! relation to ! animal nature :i* ,god has giv5 !m4 ,x may be a v humiliat+ ?\ght1 x is true1 t human be+s %\ld ev] eat l m]e animals1 or sleep l m]e animals1 or suff] l m]e animals2 b yet we _c see h[ any rebellion aga9/ s humiliat+ a ?\ght c possibly alt] ! fact4 ,we d n d5y1 inde$1 t a !ologian may eat1 & sleep1 & suff] on high] pr9ciples ?an m]e animals d2 b we s]i\sly d\bt if infants ev] eat1 or sleep1 or suff] on any high] pr9ciples4 ,x may %ock ! 8noble s5sibilities0 ( man t de> little infants %\ld suff] z brutes d1 especially :5 ! t]m brutes is s /rongly emphasiz$2 b h[ x c relieve ! case to h ! poor little creatures arraign$ at ! b> ( div9e ju/ice1 & condemn$ to suff] z malefactors & crim9als d1 is m ?an we c possibly compreh5d4 ,to h !m ?us arraign$1 condemn$1 & puni%$ z crim9als1 may dignify _! suff]+s1 & r5d] !m m wor?y ( ! rank ( human be+s2 b ?is is a dignity to :i*1 we tru/1 !y w nev] aspire4 ,if we are n mi/ak51 !n1 ! !ory = :i* we cont5d is 8n ! wor/ ( all !ories10 nor 8! mo/ revolt+ to ! noble/ s5sibilities ( man40 ,x is a worse !ory to suppose1 ) ,edw>ds1 t !y may be arraign$ & bani%$ into 8et]nal mis]y0 = a s9 !y h n committ$1 or ! possession ( a nature !y c\ld n possibly h avoid$ possess+4 ,x is bett]1 we say1 to rank ! human race 8= a "t10 8dur+ ! int]e/+ p]iod ( infancy10 ev5 ) m]e animals1 ?an to rank !m ) ! devil & 8 angels4 ,b1 9 tru?1 we rank !m ) nei!r2 we simply leave !m :]e ,god ha? plac$ !m1 z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! animal & ! angelic natures4 ,b we may produce _m in/ances ( suff]+ among human be+s1 :i* are n a puni%m5t = s94 ,we might ref] to ! feel+ ( compassion1 :i* is always pa9ful1 & sometimes wr+s ! he>t ) ! mo/ exquisite agony2 & yet ?is 0 n plant$ 9 our bosom z a puni%m5t = s91 b1 z ,bi%op ,butl] has %[n17#ahh7 x 0 orda9$ by a ,god ( m]cy1 to tea* u a lesson ( m]cy1 & lead u to mitigate ! manifold mis]ies ( man's e/ate4 ,we might also ref] to an indignation aga9/ crime1 :i*1 z ! same pr(\nd ?9k] has %[n 9 8 s]mon on res5tm5t1 0 plant$ 9 our natures1 n to puni% ! subject ( x1 b to insure ! puni%m5t ( o!rs1 t is1 ( crim9als2 & !reby to pres]ve ! good ord] & well-be+ ( ! _w4 ,?is s5se ( wrong1 ( inju/ice1 ( outrage1 by :i* ! s\l is s (t5 tortur$1 is n design$ to puni% ! subject ( x1 b to promote ! happ9ess & virtue ( mank9d4 ,we might ref] to ^!1 & _m o!r ?+s ( ! same k9d1 b x is n necess>y to dwell ^u p>ticul> in/ances2 = ! pr9ciple aga9/ :i* we cont5d may be m directly refut$ by an appeal to reason1 & to ! v au?ors by :om x is advocat$2 =1 al?\gh x is adopt$ by !m1 & seems plausible at fir/ view1 x is (t5 lo/ sight ( :5 !y lose sight ( _! sy/em1 & !y give utt]ance to ano!r pr9ciple m 9 accordance ) ! voice ( nature4 ,x is evid5t1 t if ! gov]nm5t ( ,god requires t no suff]+ %\ld be inflict$1 except z a puni%m5t = s91 !n 8 p]fect moral gov]nm5t requires t ! puni%m5t %\ld1 9 all cases1 be exactly proportion$ to ! dem]it ( ^? ^u :om x falls4 ,=1 z ,butl] truly says1 8,moral gov]nm5t consi/s 9 rew>d+ ! righte\s & puni%+ ! wick$2 9 r5d]+ to m5 accord+ to _! actions1 consid]$ z good or evil4 ,& ! p]fection ( moral gov]nm5t consi/s 9 do+ ?is1 ) reg>d to all intellig5t creatures1 9 exact proportion to _! p]sonal m]its & dem]its407#ahi7 ,?is w n be d5i$4 ,h5ce1 if suff]+ is di/ribut$ by ,god z a puni%m5t = s9 9 all cases1 z ,calv9 & 8 foll[]s ass]t1 !n x mu/1 on ! same pr9ciple1 be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! dem]it ( m54 ,b is ?is ! case8 ,does ?is necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple agree ) fact8 ,if s1 !n e vile de$1 e wick$ outrage1 committ$ by man1 %\ld be reg>d$ z an in/rum5t ( div9e ju/ice1 & des]v$ by ^? ^u :om !y fall4 ,! inquisition itself1 ) all its unutt]$ & unutt]able horrors1 %\ld be reg>d$1 n m]ely z an exhibition ( human wick$ness & wra?1 b also z an eng9e ( div9e ju/ice1 to cru% ! m>tyr on its :eels1 because he refuses to lie to 8 own s\l & to 8 ,god8 ,nature itself recoils f su* a conclusion4 ,n "o ( ! writ]s 9 "q w\ld adopt x4 ,h5ce1 !y %\ld n advocate a pr9ciple f :i* x necess>ily fl[s4 ,inde$1 !y all argue ! necessity ( a future /ate ( retribution1 f ! unequal di/ribution ( natural good & evil 9 ?is life4 ,b ,"l ,bol+broke has refut$ ?is argum5t by reason+ f _! own pr9ciples4 ,he insi/s t su* is ! ju/ice ( ,god1 t !re c be no suff]+ or natural evil 9 ?is life1 except su* z is proportion$ to ! dem]its ( m52 & h5ce he rejects ! argum5t f ! app>5t unequal di/ribution ( pleasure & pa9 9 ?is _w 9 fav\r ( ! reality ( a future judgm5t4 ,he res5ts ! imputation t ,god c\ld ev] p]mit any suff]+ :i* is n des]v$1 z w>mly z x is res5t$ by ,dr4 ,dick himself1 & proclaims x to be di%on\rable to ,god4 ,all rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 says he1 are equal & j 9 ?is life2 & to say o!rwise1 is to take an a!i/ical view ( ! div9e "*4 ,le>n$ div9es proce$ on ! same pr9ciple1 z we h se51 :5 !y cont5d = ! imputation ( s92 b !y =get & ov]look x1 :5 !y come to prove ! future judgm5t to ! infidel4 ,?us1 9 _! zeal to e/abli% _! own peculi> dogmas1 !y place !mselves & _! cause 9 ! p[] ( ! infidel4 ,b if suff]+ be n always inflict$1 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,god1 z a puni%m5t = s91 = :at o!r end is x inflict$8 ,we answ]1 x is inflict$ = ^! ends3 #a4 ,ev5 :5 x is inflict$ z a puni%m5t = s91 ?is is n ! only end1 or f9al cause ( its infliction4 ,x is also int5d$ to det] o!rs f ! commission ( evil1 & pres]ve ! ord] ( ! _w4 #b4 ,9 "s in/ances1 nay1 9 v _m in/ances1 x is int5d$ to discipl9e & =m ! m9d to virtue4 ,z ,bi%op ,butl] well says1 ev5 :ile v9dicat+ ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w3 8,x is n pret5d$ b t1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 happ9ess & mis]y appe> to be di/ribut$ by o!r rules1 ?an only ! p]sonal m]it & dem]it ( "*4 ,!y may sometimes be di/ribut$ by way ( m]e discipl9e40 ,& 9 8 pr(\nd *apt] on a 8,/ate ( probation1 z int5d$ = moral discipl9e & improvem5t10 he %[s t !y are actually di/ribut$ = ?is purpose4 #c4 ,! unavoidable evils ( ?is life1 :i* are n br\ght ^u u by our faults1 are int5d$ to s]ve z a foil to set (f ! bless$ness ( et]nity4 ,our pres5t light afflictions are int5d$1 n m]ely to "w out = u an exce$+ & et]nal weight ( glory1 b also to height5 our s5se & enjoym5t ( x by a recollection ( ! mis]ies exp]i5c$ 9 ?is life4 ,!y are int5d$ to =m b a %ort & discordant prelude to an ev]la/+ h>mony4 ,if !y %\ld n prove s 9 fact1 ! fault w be our own1 )\t ! lea/ impea*m5t ( ! b5efic5t design ( ! great ,au?or & ,rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 especially on ! fir/ two1 we mu/ ju/ify all ! natural evil 9 ! _w4 ,9 reg>d to ! second1 ,bi%op ,butl] says3 8,allurem5ts to :at is wrong2 difficulties 9 ! dis*>ge ( our duties2 our n be+ able to act a uni=m "r "p )\t "s ?\ght & c>e2 & ! opportunities we h1 or imag9e we h1 ( avoid+ :at we dislike1 or obta9+ :at we desire1 by unlawful means1 :5 we ei!r _c d x at all1 or at lea/ n s easily1 by lawful ones2 ^! ?+s1 t is1 ! sn>es & temptations ( vice1 are :at r5d] ! pres5t _w peculi>ly fit to be a /ate ( discipl9e to ^? :o w pres]ve _! integrity2 because !y r5d] be+ ^u our gu>d1 resolution1 & ! d5ial ( our passions1 necess>y to t end40 ,?us1 ! temptations by :i* we are surr\nd$1 ! allurem5ts ( ^? passions by :i* vice is r5d]$ s bewit*+1 are ! appo9t$ means ( moral discipl9e & improvem5t 9 virtue4 ,! habit ( virtue ?us =m$1 he truly obs]ves1 w be firm & fix$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( temptation we h gradually ov]come 9 its =mation4 8,?\gh actions mat]ially virtu\s10 says he1 8:i* h no sort ( difficulty1 b are p]fectly agreeable to our p>ticul> incl9ations1 may possibly be done only f ^? p>ticul> incl9ations1 & s may n be any ex]cise ( ! pr9ciple ( virtue1 i4 e41 n be virtu\s actions at all2 yet1 on ! contr>y1 !y may be an ex]cise ( t pr9ciple1 &1 :5 !y are1 !y h a t5d5cy to =m & fix ! habit ( virtue4 ,b :5 ! ex]cise ( ! virtu\s pr9ciple is m cont9u$1 (t5] repeat$1 & m int5se1 z x mu/ be 9 circum/ances ( dang]1 temptation1 & difficulty ( any k9d1 & 9 any degree1 ?is t5d5cy is increas$ proportionably1 & a m confirm$ habit is ! consequ5ce407#aij7 ,! great] ! temptation1 !n1 ! m fix$ w be ! habit ( virtue1 by :i* x is gradually ov]come & subdu$4 ,?is habit may become s fix$1 by a /ruggle ) temptations & difficulties1 z to raise ! s\l above ! dang]s to :i* moral ag5ts are expos$4 8,virtu\s self-gov]nm5t is n only "r 9 itself1 b also improves ! inw>d con/itution or "*2 & may improve x to su* a degree1 t ?\gh we %\ld suppose x impossible = p>ticul> affections to be absolutely co-incid5t ) ! moral pr9ciple1 & consequ5tly %\ld all[1 t su* creatures z h be5 above suppos$ w\ld =ev] rema9 defectible2 yet _! dang] ( actually deviat+ f "r may be almo/ inf9itely less5$1 & !y fully =tifi$ aga9/ :at rema9s ( x2 if t may be call$ dang]1 aga9/ :i* !re is an adequate effectual security407#aia7 8,^! sev]al obs]vations10 says he1 8conc]n+ ! active pr9ciple ( virtue & ob$i5ce to ,god's comm&s are applicable to passive submission or resignation to 8 w1 :i* is ano!r ess5tial "p ( a "r "*1 connect$ ) ! =m]1 & v mu* 9 our p[] to =m ourselves to40 ,?is1 !n1 is ! view :i* we ?9k %\ld be ent]ta9$ ) respect to ! natural evils ( ?is life3 !y are int5d$ by ! inf9itely wise & good ,rul] ( ! _w to deta* u f ! fleet+ ?+s ( "t & s5se1 by ! gradual =mation ( a habit ( moral goodness1 aris+ f a resi/ance aga9/ ! influ5ce ( su* ?+s & firm adh]5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & to =m our "* = a /ate ( fix$ et]nal bless$ness4 ,su* is ! b5efic5t design ( ,god 9 relation to ! human race itself4 ,8 design 9 relation to ! m magnific5t s*eme ( ! moral univ]se1 9 ?us plant+ ! human race & /riv+ to tra9 x up to virtue & happ9ess1 we h already consid]$47#aib7 ,we say1 !n1 t x is a pr9ciple ( ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w to impose natural evil or suff]+ z a means ( good4 ,x is object$ aga9/ ?is pr9ciple1 t x is to d evil t good may come4 8,to say t ,*ri/ 0 subject$ to suff]+s10 says ,dr4 ,dick1 8= ! b5evol5t purpose ( conf]r+ important b5efits ^u mank9d1 is to give ! highe/ sanction to ! pr9ciple :i* is s /rongly reprobat$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 t evil may be done t good may come40 ,! !ology ( ,dr4 ,dick1 & ( 8 s*ool1 does n suffici5tly di/+ui% betwe5 natural & moral evil4 ,we are n[h]e told 9 ,scripture1 t x is wrong to d natural evil1 or inflict suff]+1 t good may come4 ,e good man acts ^u ?is pr9ciple e day ( 8 life4 ,e act ( self-d5ial1 & e infliction ( p>5tal discipl9e1 are pro(s ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k4 ,! surgeon :o amputates a limb1 9 ord] to save ! life ( 8 pati5t1 acts ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,b :o ev] ?\ght ( condemn+ su* conduct8 ,:o ev] rem9d$ him t he %\ld n d evil t good may come8 ,x is pla91 t nei!r 8! suff]+s0 ( ,*ri/1 nor any o!r suff]+s impos$ = ! real good ( ! _w1 are liable to any su* objection1 or come "u ! condemnation ( any su* maxim4 ,?is objection lies1 z we h se517#aic7 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds & 8 foll[]s1 t moral evil1 t s91 may be *os5 z ! means ( good4 ,! high & holy ,god nev] commits1 or causes o!rs to commit1 moral evil t good may come2 b he n only may1 b actually does1 inflict natural evil 9 ord] to promote ! good ( 8 creatures4 ,?us1 by apply+ ! language ( ,scripture to natural evil in/ead ( to moral1 ,dr4 ,dick has j exactly inv]t$ ! ord] ( ?+s z !y actually exi/ 9 ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w4 ,section ,v4 ,! importance ( h>moniz+ reason & revelation4 ,= ^! reasons1 we refuse to ju/ify ! suff]+s ( infants1 on ! gr\nd t ! s9 ( ,adam 0 imput$ to !m4 ,a s5tim5t s d>k & appall+ b ill accords ) ! sublime & beautiful _s ( ! gospel4 ,x p>takes m ( ! weakness & infirmity ( human nature ?an ( ! div9e nature ( ,him :o 8spake z nev] man spake40 ,! be/ acc\nt :i* ,plato c\ld give ( ! suff]+s ( infants 0 t !y _h s9n$ 9 "s =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 = :i* !y are puni%$ 9 ?is4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & 8 foll[]s1 reject+ su* a view1 & rely+ on ! lit]al s5se ( ! words ( revelation1 advanc$ ! hypo!sis t infants s9n$1 n 9 a prexi/5t /ate1 b 9 ,adam2 = :i* !y are ju/ly expos$ to pa9 & dea?4 ,o!rs aga91 n be+ able to conceive h[ infants c\ld be really & p]sonally 9 ,adam _m ?\s& ye>s be=e !y 7 born1 s z to s9 ) him1 adopt$ ! hypo!sis1 t if !y _h be5 9 8 place !y w\ld h s9n$1 & are !re=e ju/ly expos$ to ! p5alty due to 8 transgression2 accord+ to :i* !ory ea* s\l might be made liable to ! guilt ( inf9itely m s9 ?an any f9ite be+ c\ld possibly commit4 ,ano!r age1 ris+ above su* d>k notions respect+ ! nature ( s9 & ! ju/ice ( ,god1 ma9ta9$ ! hypo!sis t ,adam's s9 0 imput$ to all 8 po/]ity1 by :i* ! fe>ful p5alty due to 8 s9 might be ju/ly inflict$ ^u !m4 ,accord+ to a fif? !ory1 x is cle> t 8no?+ "u ! empire ( ,jehovah0 c be s91 except a kn[n transgression ( ! law2 & infants are puni%$1 because1 z soon z !y come into ! _w1 !y kn[+ly transgress ! law ( ,god4 ,!y _c kn[+ly s91 says a six? !ory2 b /ill !y really transgress ! law ( ,god by ^? little bubbl+ emotions ( ang]1 & s =?1 z soon z !y come into exi/5ce2 & h5ce1 ! p5alty ( s9 is inflict$ ^u !m4 ,su* are "s ( ! hypo!ses :i* h be5 adopt$ by ,*ri/ian !ologians to reconcile ! suff]+ ( infants ) ! ju/ice & goodness ( ,god4 ,! m we look into !m1 ! m we are amaz$ t ! great lights ( ! _w %\ld h indulg$ 9 rev]ies s wild & s wond]ful2 & ! m are we conv9c$1 t ! speculations ( m5 on ^! subjects1 & ! :ole !ological lit]ature ( ! _w 9 relation to x1 =m "o ( ! d>ke/ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,h[ unlike are su* views respect+ ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( natural evil to ! div9e simplicity & beauty ( ! gospel6 8,:o did s91 ?is man or 8 p>5ts10 said ! disciples to our ,savi\r1 8t he 0 born bl9d80 ,!y made no d\bt b t ! great evil ( natural bl9dness mu/ h be5 ! puni%m5t ( "s s92 & m]ely wi%$ to "k :e!r x 7 8 own s91 committ$ 9 "s =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 or ! s9 ( 8 p>5ts4 ,_! m9ds seem to h hung 9 a /ate ( vacillation betwe5 ! !ory ( ,plato & t ( imputation4 ,b our ,savi\r repli$3 8,nei!r did ?is man s91 nor 8 p>5ts10 t he 0 born bl9d2 b 8t ! "w ( ,god might be made manife/ 9 him40 ,we ?ank !e1 ,o bless$ ,ma/]1 = t sweet ^w6 ,h[ delightful is x1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! d>k labyr9?s ( human folly to sit at ?y feet & dr9k 9 ! lessons ( heav5ly wisdom6 ,h[ pleasant to ! s\l--h[ inexpressibly *e]+ is x--to turn f ! h>% & revolt+ sy/ems ( m51 & li/5 to ! sweet acc5ts ( m]cy z !y fall f ?y lips6 ,! great law ( suff]+1 !n1 is t x is int5d$ = ! b5efit ( intellig5t creatures4 ,?is is ! case1 ev5 :5 x assumes ! "* ( puni%m5t2 = !n x is design$ to prev5t moral evil4 ,su* a view ( natural evil1 or suff]+1 does n give t horrid picture ( ! _w :i* arises f ! s5tim5t t all pa9 & dea? mu/ be a puni%m5t = s94 ,?is causes u to see ! black sc\rge ( retributive ju/ice ev]y:]e1 & ! h& ( fa!rly correction n[h]e4 ,x places u1 n 9 a s*ool or /ate ( probation1 to tra9 u up = a bett] & bright] _w1 b 9 ! mid/ ( inquisitorial fires & p5al woe4 ,x tea*es t all mank9d became guilty by ! act ( "o man2 & t = "o de$1 millions ^u millions ( human be+s are ju/ly obnoxi\s1 n only to temporal & spiritual1 b also to et]nal dea?4 ,we are p]fectly aw>e ( all ! argum5ts :i* h be5 drawn f ,scripture 9 support ( su* a doctr9e2 & we are also p]fectly satisfi$ t !y may be mo/ easily & triumphantly refut$4 ,b at pres5t we d n mean to t\* ?is argum5t2 we %all res]ve x = ano!r "w4 ,9 ! mean "t1 we mu/ be p]mitt$ to express ! s5tim5t1 t a sy/em ( !ology1 s pr(\ndly unphilosophical1 s utt]ly repugnant to ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 c nev] fulfil ! sublime mission ( true religion on e>?4 ,x may possess ! pr9ciple ( life )91 b x is de/itute ( ! =m ( life )\t4 ,x may conv]t ! individual s\l1 & lead x up to heav52 b x has n ! radiant =m & p[] ( tru?1 to comm& ! admiration & conqu] ! intellect ( ! _w4 ,x may elevate & purify ! affections1 ev5 :ile x depresses & conf\nds ! und]/&+2 b x _c transfigure ! :ole m9d1 & *ange x into its own div9e image4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ fix$ & root$ fai?1 or ! mo/ bl9d & unque/ion+ submission1 c )/& ! fe>ful bla/s & d>k impulses ( su* a sy/em4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t "u a sy/em s deplorably defici5t 9 "s ( ! mo/ sublime features ( ,*ri/ianity1 infidelity & ,pelagianism %\ld s (t5 h sprung up4 ,if we write libels on ! div9e gov]nm5t1 we mu/ expect rebellions & insurrections4 ,?is is ! natural consequ5ce ( ! great fundam5tal h]esy :i* places reason & revelation 9 opposition to ea* o!r4 ,or?odoxy1 z %e pr\dly /yles h]self1 may d5\nce su* rebellions2 b %e h]self is p>tly responsible = ! fatal consequ5ces ( !m4 ,reason & revelation c nev] be dissev]$1 c nev] be plac$ 9 viol5t conflict1 )\t a frightful injury to bo?1 & to ! be/ int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,reason mu/ f9d its own int]nal p[] & life 9 revelation1 & revelation mu/ f9d its own ext]nal =m & beauty 9 reason4 ,! p]fection & glory ( ea* consi/s 9 ! liv+ union & cons5tane\s developm5t ( bo?4 ,if we tea* absurdity1 x is worse ?an idle to en=ce submission by arrogant & lordly d5unciations ( human pride1 or ( 8c>nal reason40 ,& we %all always f9d1 inde$1 t :5 a !ologian or a philosoph] beg9s by abus+ & vilify+ human reason1 he ei!r has "s absurdity :i* he wi%es u to swall[1 or he wi%es to be excus$ f believ+ any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,?us1 ! dogmatism ( ! "o & ! scepticism ( ! o!r unite 9 trampl+ human reason "u foot2 ! "o1 to erect an empire ( absurdity1 & ! o!r1 to erect an empire ( d>kness ^u its ru9s4 ,x %\ld be ! great object ( all our lab\rs to effect a reunion & h>mony betwe5 revelation & reason1 ^: 8inauspici\s repudiations & divorces0 h s long 8di/urb$ ev]y?+ 9 ! great family ( mank9d407#aid7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,suff]+s ,( ,*ri/ ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,o bless$ ,well ( ,love6 ,o ,fl[] ( ,grace6 ,o glori\s ,morn+ ,/>re6 ,o ,lampe ( ,light6 ,mo/ lively ,image ( ?y ,fa!r's face1 ,et]nal ,k+ ( ,glorie1 ,"l ( ,might1 ,meeke ,lambe ( ,god1 be=e all worlds behight1 ,h[ c we !e requite = all ?is good8 ,or :o c prize t ?y mo/ preci\s blood8--,,sp5s]4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h endeav\r$ to %[ t natural evil or suff]+ is n inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,we 7 !re l$ to see t ,god1 al?\gh he nev] *ooses moral evil1 (t5 imposes natural evil1 or suff]+1 9 ord] to secure ! well-be+ ( ! _w4 ,( ?is g5]al pr9ciple1 ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/ are a p>ticul> in/ance2 !y are n anomal\s1 b a /rik+ manife/ation ( a great pr9ciple :i* p]vades ! :ole economy ( div9e provid5ce4 ,^! suff]+s1 s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god1 are a /up5d\s display ( t sublime m]cy :i* is ov] all 8 works4 ,to illu/rate ?is position1 & cle> x ( sceptical cavils & objections1 is ! ma9 object ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,section ,i4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ n unnecess>y4 ,because ! necessity ( ,*ri/'s dea? & suff]+s is n manife/ at fir/ view1 or because ! utility ( !m is n se51 x is conclud$ by "s t !y 7 :olly useless1 & consequ5tly inconsi/5t ) ! inf9ite goodness ascrib$ to ! ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) dispos+ ( ?is objection 9 ! words ( ,bi%op ,butl]4 8,to object aga9/ ! exp$i5cy or usefulness ( p>ticul> ?+s reveal$ to h be5 done or suff]$ by him10 says he1 8because we d n see h[ !y 7 conducive to ^? ends1 is highly absurd4 ,yet no?+ is m common to be met ) ?an ?is absurdity4 ,b if x be ackn[l$g$ be=eh&1 t we are n judges 9 ?is case1 x is evid5t t no objection c1 ) any %ad[ ( reason1 be urg$ aga9/ any p>ticul> "p ( ,*ri/'s m$iatorial (fice reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 till x c be %[n positively1 n to be requisite1 or conducive1 to ! ends propos$ to be accompli%$2 or t x is 9 itself unreasonable407#aie7 ,aga93 8,x is inde$10 says he1 8a matt] ( great pati5ce to reasonable m5 to f9d p argu+ 9 ?is mann]2 object+ aga9/ ! cr$ibility ( su* p>ticul> ?+s reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 t !y d n see ! necessity or exp$i5cy ( !m4 ,=1 ?\gh x is highly "r1 & ! mo/ pi\s ex]cise ( our und]/&+1 to inquire ) due rev]5ce into ! ends & reasons ( ,god's disp5sations2 yet1 :5 ^? reasons are conceal$1 to argue f our ignorance1 t su* disp5sations _c be f ,god1 is inf9itely absurd4 ,! presumption ( ?is k9d ( objection seems almo/ lo/ 9 ! folly ( !m4 ,& ! folly ( !m is yet great]1 :5 !y are urg$1 z usually !y are1 aga9/ ?+s 9 ,*ri/ianity analog\s1 or l to ^? natural disp5sations ( ,provid5ce :i* are matt]s ( exp]i5ce4 ,let reason be kept to1 & if any "p ( ! ,scripture acc\nt ( ! r$emption ( ! _w by ,*ri/ c be %[n to be really contr>y to x1 let ! ,scripture1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 be giv5 up3 b let n su* poor creatures z we g on object+ aga9/ an inf9ite s*eme1 t we d n see ! necessity or usefulness ( all its p>ts1 & call ?is reason+2 & :at height5s ! absurdity 9 ! pres5t case1 p>ts :i* we are n actively conc]n$ 9407#aif7 ,?is reply is amply suffici5t = su* an objection4 ,b al?\gh ! concession is made1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 x is n true1 t we d n see ! necessity or usefulness ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,=1 z ! au?or well says3 8,:at has be5 (t5 alleg$ 9 ju/ification ( ?is doctr9e1 ev5 f ! app>5t natural t5d5cy ( ?is me?od ( our r$emption--its t5d5cy to v9dicate ! au?ority ( ,god's laws1 & det] 8 creatures f s93 ?is has nev] be5 answ]$1 & is1 ,i ?9k1 pla9ly unansw]able2 ?\gh ,i am f> f ?9k+ x an acc\nt ( ! :ole ( ! case407#aig7 ,x is true1 we believe1 t ! position t ! great "w ( ,*ri/ 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( ,god's law1 & to det] 8 creatures f s91 nev] has be51 & nev] c be refut$4 ,yet ne>ly all ( ! commonly receiv$ sy/ems ( !ology furni% a pr9ciple1 a false pr9ciple1 on :i* ?is position may be ov]?r[n1 & ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ %[n to be unnecess>y4 ,= if a necess>y hol9ess be n a contradiction 9 t]ms1 if ,god c1 z is usually ass]t$1 cause hol9ess univ]sally to prevail by ! m]e ^w ( 8 p[]1 !n ! "w & suff]+s ( ,*ri/ are n necess>y to ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( 8 law1 & det] 8 creatures f s94 ,9 o!r words1 ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7 8n requisite to ! ends propos$ to be accompli%$10 because1 on su* a supposition1 !y might h be5 f> m easily & completely accompli%$ )\t !m4 ,^? :o ma9ta91 !n1 z mo/ !ologians d1 t ,god c\ld easily cause virtue to exi/ ev]y:]e if he w\ld1 really set =? a pr9ciple :i*1 if true1 w\ld demon/rate ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ to be unnecess>y1 & consequ5tly inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,we mu/ /rike at ?is false pr9ciple1 & re/ore ! tru? t a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 an inh]5t & impossible conceit1 if we w\ld behold ! sublime significancy & beauty ( ! /up5d\s sacrifice ( ! cross4 ,we %all !n behold ! necessity ( t sacrifice1 & see ! omnipot5t ye>n+s ( ! div9e love 9 its ef=ts to ov]come an ob/acle1 :i* c\ld n be o!rwise surm\nt$4 ,x is (t5 said1 we are well aw>e1 t ,god might h sav$ u by a m]e ^w2 b he *ose n to d s1 pref]r+ to give up 8 ,son to dea? 9 ord] to %[ 8 love4 ,b h[ c su* a position be ma9ta9$8 ,if ,god c\ld save u by a ^w1 h[ c x display 8 love to require su* imm5se suff]+s 9 ord] to save u8 ,if he c\ld accompli% ! salvation ( all m5 by a m]e ^w1 h[ does x %[ 8 love to make su* wond]ful prep>ations = _! salvation2 &1 aft] all1 p]mit s l>ge a portion ( !m to be et]nally lo/8 ,if we c\ld save ! life ( a fell[-be+ by m]ely putt+ =? a h&1 w\ld x display our love = him if we %\ld *oose to travel all ar\nd ! e>?1 & incur incr$ible h>d%ips & suff]+s 9 ord] to save him8 ,w\ld ?is display our love1 we ask1 or our folly8 ,is x n evid5t1 !n1 t ! pr9ciple t virtue or hol9ess might be easily caus$ to exi/ ev]y:]e1 is utt]ly repugnant to ! glory ( revelation8 ,is x n evid5t t x causes ! transc5d5t glory ( ! cross to disappe>1 & r$uces ! :ole complicat$ sy/em ( means & appliances = ! salvation ( ! _w to a m]e idle mock]y ( ! mis]ies ( man's e/ate8 ,does x n %[ ! :ole plan ( salvation1 z conceiv$ & execut$ by ! inf9ite wisdom ( ,god1 to be an awkw>d & bungl+ attempt to accompli% an end1 :i* might h be5 f> m easily & p]fectly accompli%$8 ,& if s1 does x n become all ,*ri/ian !ologians to expunge ?is false pr9ciple f _! sy/ems1 & eradicate x f _! ?\ghts8 ,section ,,ii4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ a bright manife/ation ( ! goodness ( ,god4 ,! reason :y ! love ( ,god does n appe> to all m5 9 ! sacrifice ( 8 ,son is1 t x is (t5 view$1 n z x is 9 itself1 b ?r\gh ! di/ort+ m$ium ( false analogies1 or ( a vague & ill-def9$ phraseology4 ,h5ce x is t ! melan*oly spectacle is ev]y:]e pres5t$ ( m51 ( rational & immortal be+s1 liv+ & dy+ 9 a det]m9$ opposition to a doctr9e :i* !y h n tak5 ! pa9s to und]/&1 & ( ^: intr9sic gr&eur & glory !y h n enjoy$ ! mo/ remote glimpse4 ,s f> f behold+ ! love ( ,god1 :i* %9es =? s conspicu\sly 9 ! cross ( ,*ri/1 !y see 9 x only an act ( inju/ice & cruelty on ! "p ( ,god4 ,"o s\rce ( ?is error1 we h no d\bt1 is to be f\nd 9 ! use1 or r 9 ! abuse1 ( ! t]m puni%m5t4 ,9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 x is n only unju/1 b impossible1 = ,god to puni% ! innoc5t4 ,! v idea ( puni%m5t1 accord+ to ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 implies ! notion ( guilt or ill-des]t 9 ! p]son ^u :om x is inflict$4 ,x is suff]+ inflict$ on an (f5d]1 on acc\nt ( 8 real or suppos$ p]sonal guilt4 ,h5ce1 z ,god reg>ds all ?+s j z !y are 9 !mselves1 he _c possibly look ^u ! innoc5t z guilty2 & consequ5tly he _c1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 inflict puni%m5t ^u !m4 ,& :5 we speak ( ! puni%m5t ( ,*ri/1 we m]ely mean1 or %\ld m]ely mean1 to convey ! idea t he suff]$1 9 ord] to release u f ! puni%m5t due to our s9s4 ,x w\ld be well1 p]haps1 if ?is c\ld always be borne 9 m9d2 = mo/ m5 are m "u ! influ5ce & p[] ( words ?an !y are apt to see1 or will+ to ackn[l$ge4 ,! m]e expression1 ! puni%m5t ( ! innoc5t1 is apt to awak5 associations 9 ! m9d :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! dictates ( ju/ice2 b :i* ! idea ( ! atonem5t w\ld nev] h sugge/$1 if cle>ly & di/9ctly view$ 9 its own cle> light1 & n ?r\gh ! d>k m$ium ( an ill-def9$ phraseology4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ! error 9 "q is to be f\nd 9 ! ambiguity ( ! t]m ju/ice4 ,x is frequ5tly said t ! atonem5t is a satisfaction to div9e ju/ice2 to :i* x is repli$1 t ju/ice requires ! puni%m5t ( ! v individual :o (f5ds1 & n ( ano!r p]son 9 8 place4 ,let u consid] ?is subject4 ,! t]m ju/ice has two di/9ct significations1 :i* ,i %all designate by ! epi!ts retributive & adm9i/rative4 ,by retributive ju/ice1 ,i mean t attribute :i* incl9es ,him to puni% an (f5d] m]ely on acc\nt ( ! intr9sic dem]it & hatefulness ( 8 (f5ce2 & :i* animadv]ts ^u ! evil conduct ( a moral ag5t1 consid]$ z an individual1 & n z a memb] ( ! great family ( intellig5t be+s4 ,?is attribute seeks to puni% s9 m]ely because x des]ves puni%m5t1 & n because its puni%m5t is necess>y to secure ! ends ( gov]nm5t2 &1 suppos+ s9 to exi/1 x w\ld h its object1 ev5 if !re 7 only "o acc\ntable creature 9 ! univ]se4 ,! object ( public or adm9i/rative ju/ice is q diff]5t4 ,x inflicts puni%m5t1 n because x is des]v$1 b 9 ord] to prev5t transgression1 & to secure ! g5]al good1 by secur+ ! ends ( wise & good gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god1 "o ( ! highe/ objects ( ?is k9d ( ju/ice1 or1 if y please1 ( ?is phase or manife/ation ( ! div9e ju/ice1 is to secure 9 ! he>ts ( its subjects a cordial approbation ( ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* !y are gov]n$4 ,?is is indisp5sable to ! v exi/5ce ( moral gov]nm5t4 ,! dom9ion ( =ce1 or ( p[]1 may be ma9ta9$1 9 _m cases1 not)/&+ ! av]sion ( ^? :o are subject to x2 b x is impossible to gov]n ! he>t by love :ile x disapproves & hates ! pr9ciples to :i* x is requir$ to submit1 or ! "* ( ! rul] by :om ^? pr9ciples are en=c$4 ,n[1 x is v true1 t ,*ri/ has made a satisfaction to div9e ju/ice4 ,?is is frequ5tly ass]t$2 b x is seldom consid]$1 we appreh5d1 ) any v great degree ( di/9ctness1 9 :at s5se ! t]m ju/ice %\ld always be und]/ood 9 ?is proposition4 ,x _c prop]ly ref] to ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,?is requires ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]1 & ( no "o else4 ,x accepts ( no sub/itute4 ,& h5ce1 x is impossible to conceive t x c be satisfi$1 except by ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d] himself4 ,! object ( ?is sort ( ju/ice1 z ,i h said1 is p]sonal guilt2 & h5ce1 z our ,savi\r did n become p]sonally guilty1 :5 he assum$ our place & cons5t$ to die = u1 s x is impossible to conceive t he became liable to ! infliction ( ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,& we suppose x is ?is idea1 at :i* ! ,soc9ian vaguely & obscurely aims1 :5 he says1 t ! ju/ice ( ,god requires ! puni%m5t ( ! transgressor alone2 & t x is absurd to suppose x c be satisfi$ by ! sub/itution ( ! innoc5t 9 8 /ead4 ,he d5ies ! :ole doctr9e ( satisfaction1 because he sees & feels t x is n true accord+ to "o mean+ ( ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$4 ,9 tru? & 9 de$1 ! s9n] is j z guilty aft] ! atonem5t z he 0 be=e2 & he is j z obnoxi\s to ! inflictions ( ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,he may be mo/ ju/ly puni%$2 = z ! claims ( retributive ju/ice h n be5 satisfi$1 s !y may be dem&$ ( him )\t be+ a second "t exact$4 ,he really des]ves ! wra? ( ,god on acc\nt ( 8 s9s1 al?\gh adm9i/rative ju/ice has be5 satisfi$2 & h5ce1 :5 he truly rep5ts & believes1 all 8 s9s are freely & graci\sly remitt$4 ,no satisfaction is made to retributive ju/ice4 ,x is ! adm9i/rative ju/ice ( ,god t has be5 satisfi$ by ! atonem5t4 ,?is m]ely en=ces ! puni%m5t ( ! s9n]1 z ,i h said1 9 ord] to secure ! ends ( good gov]nm5t2 & h5ce1 x is capable ( yield+ & giv+ place to any exp$i5t by :i* ^? ends may be secur$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is capable ( be+ satisfi$ by :atev] me?od ,god may be pleas$ to adopt 9 ord] to secure ! ends ( good gov]nm5t1 & to accompli% 8 own glori\s designs1 )\t ! puni%m5t ( ! s9n]4 ,all ?is1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 has be5 mo/ glori\sly accompli%$ by ! dea? & suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,god c n[ be j1 & yet ! ju/ifi] ( him t believes4 ,! great ob/acles :i* ! adm9i/rative ju/ice ( ,god int]poses to ! =giv5ess ( s91 hav+ be5 tak5 out ( ! way & nail$ to ! cross1 t unb\nd$ m]cy f :i* ! provision ( su* a ,savi\r proce$$1 c n[ fl[ d[n ^u a lo/ & ru9$ _w 9 all ! fulness & pl5itude ( its p>don+ & sanctify+ p[]4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ^? :o und]take to v9dicate ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ aga9/ objections1 re/ _! def5ce on ! gr\nd t !y are a satisfaction to ! adm9i/rative ju/ice ( ,god4 ,?is is se51 n f _! express decl>ations1 b f ! nature ( _! argum5ts & def5ce2 z if !y unconsci\sly turn$ to ?is position z to _! /ronghold4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o assail ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 almo/ inv>iably treat x z if x 7 a satisfaction to ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,bo? sides seem to be "r1 & bo? wrong4 ,! :ole idea ( satisfaction to div9e ju/ice by a sub/itute is n absurd1 because ! idea ( satisfaction to retributive ju/ice is s2 nor is ! :ole ju/ice ( ,god1 or ! ju/ice ( ,god 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 to be conceiv$ ( z satisfi$ by ! atonem5t1 because 8 adm9i/rative ju/ice is ?us satisfi$4 ,:5 x is ?us ass]t$1 !n1 t ! ju/ice ( ,god is satisfi$ by ! atonem5t2 we %\ld be c>eful1 we ?9k1 to obs]ve 9 :at precise s5se ?is proposition is true1 & 9 :at s5se x is false2 9 ord] t we may pursue ! cle> & %9+ light ( tru?1 nei!r di/ract$ by ! clam\r ( words nor envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( logoma*y4 ,!re is a class ( !ologians1 we are aw>e1 & a v l>ge class1 :o reg>d ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ z a satisfaction to ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,b ?is =ms no "p ( ! doctr9e :i* we h und]tak5 to def5d2 &1 inde$1 we ?9k ! def5ce ( su* a view ( ! atonem5t cle>ly impossible4 ,x is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 t ! s9s ( ! _w1 or ( ^? = :om ,*ri/ di$1 h be5 imput$ to him2 & h5ce he really suff]s ! inflictions ( ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,! objections to ?is s*eme1 :i* seek to remove ! app>5t h>d%ips & inju/ice ( ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 by ! fiction ( ! imputation ( ! s9s ( ! guilty1 we %all n dwell ^u "h2 z we s fully consid]$ !m 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,to our m9d !y are pla9ly unansw]able4 ,we w\ld v9dicate ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ no m ?an ^? ( infants1 on ! gr\nd t s9 0 imput$ to him1 s z to r5d] !m j4 ,on ! contr>y1 we hold !m to h be5 :olly undes]v$2 & in/ead ( v9dicat+ !m on ! gr\nd ( /]n ju/ice1 we v9dicate !m on ! gr\nd ( ! inf9ite1 unb\nd$1 & ov]fl[+ goodness ( ,god4 ,x is easy to see t su* a view ( ! atonem5t does n 9 ! lea/ degree conflict ) ! ju/ice ( ,god4 ,x m]ely tea*es1 t ,god has provid$ = ! salvation ( ! _w by ! suff]+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 )\t spot or blemi%4 ,surely we _c f9d x 9 our he>ts to object1 t ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ = su* a purpose are n consi/5t ) ! ju/ice ( ,god1 if we w only read a s+le page 9 ! great volume ( nature & ( provid5ce4 ,x has be5 said by ,bi%op ,butl]1 t su* an objection 8concludes altoge!r z mu* aga9/ ,god's :ole orig9al con/itution ( nature1 & ! :ole daily c\rse ( div9e provid5ce1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 i4 e41 aga9/ ! :ole s*eme ( !ism & ! :ole notion ( religion1 z aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ! _w is a con/itution1 or sy/em1 ^: p>ts h a mutual ref]5ce to ea* o!r2 & !re is a s*eme ( ?+s gradually c>ry+ on1 call$ ! c\rse ( nature1 to ! c>ry+ on ( :i* ,god has appo9t$ u1 9 v>i\s ways1 to contribute4 ,& :51 9 ! daily c\rse ( natural provid5ce1 x is appo9t$ t innoc5t p %\ld suff] = ! faults ( ! guilty1 ?is is liable to ! v same objection z ! in/ance we are consid]+4 ,! inf9itely great] importance ( t appo9tm5t ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is object$ aga9/1 does n h9d] b t x may be1 z x pla9ly is1 an appo9tm5t ( ! v same k9d ) :at ! _w af=ds u daily examples (4 ,nay1 if !re 7 any =ce at all 9 ! objection1 x w\ld be /rong]1 9 "o respect1 aga9/ natural provid5ce1 ?an aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2 because1 "u ! =m]1 we are 9 _m cases comm&$1 & ev5 necessitat$1 :e!r we w or no1 to suff] = ! faults ( o!rs1 :]eas ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7 volunt>y40 ,n[1 h[ v unreasonable is x 9 ! !i/1 to object aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 t x repres5ts ,god z hav+ act$ ^u a p>ticul> pr9ciple1 i4 e41 z hav+ appo9t$ ! innoc5t to suff] = ! good ( ! guilty1 :5 we see t he has ev]y:]e recognis$ & adopt$ ! v same pr9ciple 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w8 ,h[ev] remote ?is pr9ciple may appe> f ! conceptions ( man1 x is n only f\nd 9 ! volume ( inspiration2 x is deeply engrav5 by ! f+] ( ,god himself ^u e page ( ! volume ( natural provid5ce4 ,& to "q ! div9e orig9al ( revelation1 because x conta9s su* a pr9ciple or appo9tm5t1 :ile we admit t ,god creat$ & gov]ns ! _w1 is ab\t z unreasonable z x w\ld be to d5y t a lett] came f a p>ticul> p]son1 because x 0 cle>ly writt5 9 8 h&-writ+1 & bore evid5t traces ( 8 peculi>ities ( /yle & ?\ght4 ,let u view ?is g5]al pr9ciple 9 a p>ticul> in/ance4 ,?is w set x 9 a cle> & /rik+ light1 & seem to v9dicate ! con/itution ( ! _w1 z well z ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( compassion has be5 plant$ 9 our bosom by ! f+] ( ,god4 ,& ?us ! necessity is laid ^u u1 by a law ( our nature1 to suff] on acc\nt ( ! di/resses :i* our fell[-m5 br+ ^u !mselves by _! own crimes & vices2 & we are impell$ 9 v>i\s ways to und]go inconv5i5ce & loss1 & self-d5ial & suff]+1 9 ord] to av]t f !m ! consequ5ces ( _! own misconduct4 ,b h we any reason to compla9 ( ?is appo9tm5t ( ,god8 ,c]ta9ly n3 = if we obey ! indications ( 8 w1 z se5 9 ?is "p ( ! con/itution ( our nature1 by do+ all 9 our p[] to relieve ! di/resses ( our fell[-m51 we %all be inf9itely m ?an repaid = all t we may und]go & suff]4 ,h[ev] pa9ful may be ! feel+ ( compassion1 we only h to obey its dictates by reliev+ ! di/ress$ to ! utmo/ ( our ability1 & we %all be m ?an repaid by ! satisfaction & delight :i* nev] fail to result f su* a c\rse ( life2 to say no?+ ( ^? inf9ite rew>ds :i* ,god has prep>$ = ^? :o s9c]ely love & s]ve him4 ,j s x is 9 relation to ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,he 0 l$ by 8 b\ndless compassion to av]t f u ! awful consequ5ces ( s91 by ! agony1 & ! suff]+s1 & ! dea?1 :i* he endur$ ^u ! cross4 ,&1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( atonem5t1 he is inf9itely m ?an repaid = all ?is4 ,?\gh he suff]$ 9 ! fle%1 & 0 made a spectacle to m5 & angels1 yet he despis$ ! %ame1 see+ ! joy t 0 set be=e him4 ,we d confess t we c see no insuff]able h>d%ip 9 all ?is1 nor ! lea/ %ad[ ( inju/ice4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 if inju/ice is exhibit$ "h1 x is exhibit$ ev]y:]e 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god2 & if ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t 7 /rick5 f ! s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! inju/ice :i* is suppos$ to att5d x w\ld /ill cont9ue to ov]hang & cl\d ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,& h5ce1 if ! dei/ or ! ,soc9ian w\ld escape f ?is frightful spectre ( 8 own imag9ation1 he mu/ bury himself 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd dep?s & mo/ *e]less gloom ( a!ism4 ,! doctr9e 9 "q is frequ5tly misrepres5t$1 & made to appe> inconsi/5t ) ! ju/ice ( ,god1 by means ( false analogies4 ,! ,soc9ian frequ5tly speaks ( x1 z if x 7 p>allel ) ! proce$+ ( a human gov]nm5t t %\ld doom ! innoc5t to suff] 9 place ( ! guilty4 ,?us ! feel+ ( indignation t is ar\s$ 9 ! human bosom at ! idea ( a virtu\s man's be+ s5t5c$ to suff] ! puni%m5t due to ! crim9al is s\ght to be direct$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,b 9 va9 w su* rhetoric be employ$ to excite indignation & horror aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! cross1 9 ! m9d ( any p]son by :om x is at all und]/ood4 ,! cases are n at all p>allel4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no human gov]nm5t has a "r to doom a virtu\s man to be> ! puni%m5t due to ! crim9al2 & if he 7 will+ to suff] 9 ! place ( ! culprit1 no gov]nm5t on e>? has a "r to accept ( su* a sub/itute4 ,! life ( ! virtu\s citiz5 is ! gift ( ,god1 & no e>?ly p[] has ! au?ority to take x = any su* purpose4 ,x w\ld be a violation ( ! w ( ,god = any human gov]nm5t to admit ( su* a sub/itution4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ri/ _h ! p[] to lay d[n 8 life2 & he did s1 9 p]fect accordance ) ! appo9tm5t ( ,god4 ,9 submitt+ to ! dea? ( ! cross1 he did n subv]t1 he fulfill$ ! end ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,secondly1 x w\ld ov]?r[ ! ends ( public ju/ice = any human gov]nm5t to p]mit a good man1 ! ornam5t & bless+ ( society1 to die 9 ! room ( ! crim9al1 its sc\rge & plague4 ,! suff]+s ( ! good citiz5 9 su* a case w\ld be pure & unmitigat$ evil4 ,:ile !y w\ld deprive society ( 8 s]vices1 !y w\ld ?r[ back ^u x ! burd5 ( "o :o des]v$ to die4 ,!y w\ld t5d to r5d] ! puni%m5t ( crime unc]ta92 !y w\ld %ock ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 & cov] ) odium & disgrace ! gov]nm5t t c\ld tol]ate su* a proce$+4 ,b n s 9 relation to ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,he assum$ 8 human nature = ! express purpose ( dy+ ^u ! cross4 ,he di$1 n to deliv] an individual & turn him loose to commit fur!r depr$ations ^u society1 b to effect ! salvation ( ! _w itself1 & to deliv] x f all ! evils "u :i* x groans & travails 9 pa94 ,he di$ = s9n]s1 n t !y might cont9ue 9 _! s9s1 b 9 ord] to r$eem unto himself a peculi> p zeal\s ( good works4 ,9 ! ?ird & la/ place1 ! dea? ( a good man is ! end ( 8 exi/5ce1 ! entire ext9ction ( 8 be+1 9 s f> z all human gov]nm5t is conc]n$2 :]eas ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 9 relation to ! gov]nm5t ( ,god1 0 b ! beg9n+ ( 8 exaltation & glory4 ,he endur$ ! cross1 despis+ ! %ame1 9 view ( ! unb\nd$ joy t 0 set be=e him4 ,! temporal evils :i* he endur$1 unutt]ably great z !y 71 if view$ m]ely 9 relation to himself1 7 inf9itely m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! et]nal satisfaction & delight t result$ f !m4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! objections ( ,dr4 ,*ann+1 & o!r ,unit>ians1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,x is likewise object$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t1 t x obscures ! fre5ess & glory ( ! div9e m]cy4 ,x is suppos$ to int]f]e ) ! fre5ess ( ! fav\r ( ,god1 inasmu* z x requires a sacrifice to procure ! remission ( s94 ,?is po9t1 no less ?an ! =m]1 ! ,soc9ian endeav\rs to e/abli% by means ( analogies drawn f ! ord9>y transactions ( life4 8,i "k x is said10 says ,dr4 ,*ann+1 8t ,tr9it>ianism magnifies ,god's m]cy1 because x tea*es t he himself provid$ ! sub/itute = ! guilty4 ,b ,i reply1 t ! "w "h ascrib$ to m]cy is n ! mo/ appropriate1 nor ! mo/ fitt$ to manife/ x & impress x on ! he>t4 ,?is may be made app>5t by famili> illu/ration4 ,suppose t a cr$itor1 ?r\gh compassion to c]ta9 debtors1 %\ld p]suade a b5evol5t & opul5t man to pay him 9 _! /ead2 w\ld n ! debtors see a great] m]cy1 & feel a weighti] obligation1 if !y 7 to receive a free1 gratuit\s release8 ,& w n _! *ief gratitude /ray beyond ! cr$itor to _! b5evol5t sub/itute8 ,or suppose t a p>5t1 unwill+ to inflict a p5alty on a disob$i5t b feeble *ild1 %\ld p]suade a /rong] *ild to be> x2 w\ld n ! (f5d] see a m t\*+ m]cy 9 a free =giv5ess1 spr++ imm$iately f a p>5t's he>t1 ?an 9 ?is circuit\s remission80 ,if !re 7 any =ce 9 su* analogies1 !y w\ld conclude q z mu* aga9/ ! s*eme ( ,dr4 ,*ann+ z aga9/ ours4 ,= he ma9ta9s t ! s9n] c obta9 =giv5ess only by a s9c]e rep5tance ( 8 s9s4 ,he tea*es t ,god requires ! s9n] to humble himself1 & take up 8 cross & foll[ ,*ri/4 ,n[ to return to ! case ( ! debtor4 ,w\ld he n see a great] k9dness1 8& feel a weighti] obligation10 if he 7 to receive a free release1 )\t any conditions be+ impos$ ^u him1 ?an if x 0 accompani$ by any t]ms or conditions8 ,b ! analogy is false4 ,h[ev] well x might s]ve "s purposes1 x is misappli$ by ,dr4 ,*ann+4 ,if a cr$itor is kn[n to love money1 z mo/ m5 are1 & he %\ld nev]!less release 8 debtors2 ?is w\ld und\bt$ly be an exhibition ( 8 k9dness4 ,& we might measure ! ext5t ( 8 k9dness by ! am\nt ( ! indebt$ness :i* he _h =giv54 ,b al?\gh ! cr$itor1 :o is ! mo/ easily mov$ by ! necessities ( 8 debtor1 may be ! mo/ compassionate man1 x does n foll[ t ! gov]nor1 :o "u all circum/ances1 makes ! mo/ free & unre/ra9$ use ( ! p>don+ p[]1 is ! be/ rul]4 ,! cr$itor has a p]fect "r to release 8 debtor2 & 9 s do+1 he affects ! int]e/ ( no "o b himself3 :]eas1 by ! p>don ( (f5ces aga9/ public law1 ! mo/ sacr$ rights ( ! community may be disreg>d$1 ! protection ( law may be remov$1 & ! g5]al good invad$4 ,! p5alty ( ! law does n belong to ! supreme executive1 z a debt belongs to ! cr$itor to :om x is due2 & h5ce x _c always be ab&on$ at 8 pleasure4 ,x is orda9$1 n m]ely = ! rul]1 b = ! b5efit & protection ( all :o are subject to its control4 ,& h5ce1 al?\gh a cr$itor may %[ 8 m]cy by releas+ 8 necessit\s debtors2 yet ! rul] :o und]takes to display 8 m]cy by a free use ( ! p>don+ p[]1 may only betray a weak & yield+ compassion = ! individual1 in/ead ( manife/+ t calm & enlight5$ b5evol5ce :i* lab\rs to secure ! f\ndations ( wise & good gov]nm5t1 & !reby to promote ! ord] & happ9ess ( ! gov]n$4 ,?is leads me to rem>k1 t ! hope & ! !ology ( ! ,soc9ian is built ^u ! mo/ inadequate conceptions ( ! div9e m]cy4 ,?is is n a weak & yield+ ?+1 z m5 are s fondly prone to imag9e2 x is a univ]sal & inflexible law4 ,! mo/ p]fect h>mony exi/s among all ! attributes ( ,god2 & z 8 ju/ice dem&s ! puni%m5t ( ! s9n]1 s also do? 8 m]cy4 ,! bosom ( ,god is n1 l t ( frail mortals1 torn & di/ract$ by conflict+ pr9ciples4 ,ev5 to ! ma9t5ance ( 8 law1 t bright transcript ( 8 et]nal ju/ice1 8 m]cy is inviolably pl$g$4 ,heav5 & e>? %all soon] pass away1 ?an 8 m]cy %all )draw f ! support ( "o jot or "o tittle ( x4 ,x is n only j & holy1 & !re=e w be ma9ta9$ ) almighty p[]2 b x is also good1 & !re=e its immutable f\ndations are laid 9 ! ev]la/+ & un*ang+ m]cy ( ,god4 ,= ! univ]sal good1 x w be inexorably en=c$ aga9/ ! individual transgressor4 ,god is n slack conc]n+ 8 promises4 ,he is free f all human weakness4 ,8 m9d is n limit$1 l t ( man1 to be m affect$ by p>tial suff]+ ?an by t univ]sal disord] & ru9 :i* mu/ inevitably result f ! unrequit$ violation ( 8 law4 ,! m9d ( man is unduly affect$ by ! pres5t & ! proximate2 b to ,god !re is nei!r remote nor future4 ,& :51 9 wisdom & 9 goodness1 he fir/ e/abli%$ & orda9$ ! law unto life1 he saw ! end f ! beg9n+2 & he c nev] sacrifice ! univ]sal good by sett+ aside t law 9 ord] to avoid p>tial evil4 ,8 m]cy to ! :ole creation makes ! same dem& z 8 ju/ice4 ,! execution ( div9e ju/ice is1 inde$1 b a manife/ation ( t m]cy :i* is ov] all 8 works2 & :i* lab\rs1 ) omnipot5t en]gy1 to secure ! good ( all1 by v9dicat+ ! maje/y & glory ( t law1 ^u ! pres]vation ( :i* inviolate ! good ( all dep5ds4 ,! fire t is n qu5*$ is k9dl$ by ! b\ndless love ( ,god no less ?an by 8 ju/ice2 & ! v fi]c5ess ( its burn+ is1 t x is ! 8wra? ( ! ,lamb40 ,let u n be deceiv$ by ! va9 fancies & ! idle dreams :i* our fond wi%es & n>r[-m9d$ infirmities are s apt to beget 9 u4 ,let u rememb] t ! m]cy ( ,god is unit$ ) omnisci5ce2 & t x is to be f\nd only 9 ! bosom ( ,him ^: empire ext5ds to ! utmo/ b\nds ( ! univ]se1 z well z ?r\gh\t ! endless ages ( et]nity4 ,9 ! g5u9e _s ( ,soc9ian !ology1 ,dr4 ,*ann+1 9 8 illu/ration1 has set be=e u ! m]cy ( ,god alone2 & t1 too1 m]ely 9 relation to ! s9n]1 & n 9 relation to 8 law & gov]nm5t4 ,he entirely ov]looks ! fact1 t x is impossible to exhibit ei!r ! ju/ice or ! m]cy ( ,god 9 ! mo/ affect+ mann]1 except 9 union ) ea* o!r4 ,x is frequ5tly said1 we are aw>e1 t if ,god _h p>don$ ! s9n] )\t en=c+ ! dem&s ( ! law1 he w\ld h display$ 8 m]cy alone1 & n 8 ju/ice2 b 9 fact ?is w\ld h be5 a v equivocal display ( m]cy4 ,x w\ld h %[n only "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r t ,god reg>d$ ! s9n] ) an eye ( compassion1 or t he did n reg>d 8 s93 ei!r t he 0 m]ciful1 or t he _h no great abhorr5ce ( s93 ei!r t he lov$ ! transgressor1 or t he did n hate ! transgression4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t1 let u take ! case ( ,zaleucus1 ! k+ ( ! ,locrians4 ,he pass$ a c]ta9 law1 ) ! p5alty t e transgressor ( x %\ld lose bo? 8 eyes4 ,x s happ5$ t 8 own son 0 ! fir/ by :om x 0 violat$4 ,n[1 any "o c see1 t al?\gh ,zaleucus _h be5 a h>d-he>t$ & unfeel+ tyrant1 he might h p>don$ 8 son1 j because he _h no reg>d to ! dem&s ( public ju/ice2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t he might h inflict$ ! p5alty ( ! law ^u 8 son to ! utt]mo/1 n out ( a supreme reg>d to ! law1 b because he 0 de/itute ( m]cy & natural affection4 ,nei!r by remitt+ ! :ole puni%m5t1 nor by inflict+ x ) rig\r1 c\ld he h made su* a display ( 8 ju/ice & m]cy z to make a deep moral impression ^u 8 subjects4 ,9 o!r words1 if ei!r ( ^! attributes _h be5 left out 9 ! manife/ation1 ! display ( ! o!r mu/ h be5 exce$+ly feeble & equivocal4 ,bo? mu/ be se5 9 union1 or nei!r c be se5 9 ! fulness ( its glory4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ,zaleucus h display$ bo? ( ^! attributes 9 ! mo/ p]fect & affect+ mann]8 ,by do+ precisely t :i* he is said to h done4 ,he direct$ t "o ( 8 own eyes %\ld be put out1 & "o ( 8 son's4 ,^: he>t is n t\*$ by ?is mo/ affect+ display ( ! t5d] pity ( ! fa!r1 9 union ) ! /]n ju/ice ( ! law-giv]8 ,8 pity w\ld n all[ him to inflict ! :ole p5alty ^u 8 belov$ son2 & 8 high reg>d = ! dem&s ( public ju/ice w\ld n p]mit him to set at naught ! au?ority ( ! law3 & b = ! possession & manife/ation ( ?is la/ trait ( "*1 ! mighty /ruggl+s & ye>n+s ( ! fir/ c\ld n h bur/ =? & appe>$ ) su* ov]:elm+ p[] & transc5d5t lu/re4 ,h5ce1 e sy/em ( r$emption :i*1 l t ( ! ,soc9ian1 leaves out ( view ! adm9i/rative ju/ice ( ,god1 does n admit ( any v impressive display ( 8 goodness & 8 m]cy4 ,all su* illu/rations mu/ be imp]fect1 9 "s respects2 b ! "o above giv5 conveys a f> m adequate view ( ! atonem5t ?an t pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,*ann+4 ,! application ( x is easy4 ,su* 0 ! m]cy ( ,god1 t he c\ld n leave 8 poor fall5 creatures to endure ! awful p5alty ( ! law2 & su* 0 8 reg>d = ! purity & happ9ess ( ! univ]se1 t he c\ld n p]mit 8 law to be violat$ ) impunity4 ,if 8 adm9i/rative ju/ice _h n /ood 9 ! way1 ! (f] ( p>don to ! s9n] w\ld h co/ him m]ely a ^w4 ,& h5ce ! l5g?1 ! bread?1 & ! dep? ( 8 love c\ld n h be5 manife/$4 ,b he 0 ! ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 & z su* 8 law /ood 9 ! way4 ,he ow$ x to himself n to p]mit ?is to be trampl$ "u foot ) impunity1 nor its violation to be =giv51 until he _h provid$ "s way 9 ord] to secure ! high & holy ends = :i* x _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,h5ce1 z x 0 n possible = ,god to d5y himself1 he s5t =? 8 belov$ ,son1 :o _h be5 ! companion ( 8 bosom & 8 bless$ness f all et]nity1 to take ^u himself ! =m ( a s]vant1 & by 8 tea*+1 & ob$i5ce1 & suff]+s1 & dea?1 to v9dicate ! maje/y ( ! law1 & to r5d] x hon\rable 9 ! sight ( ! univ]se4 ,& x is ?is wond]ful union ( ! goodness & ! sev]ity1 ( ! m]cy & ! ju/ice ( ,god1 :i* con/itutes ! gr& moral t5d5cy & glory ( ! cross4 ,! c\rse pursu$ by ! k+ ( ! ,locrians1 9 relation to ! crime ( 8 son1 secur$ ! ends ( ! law 9 a mu* great] degree ?an !y c\ld h be5 secur$ by a rigor\s execution ( its p5alty ^u ! p]son ( 8 son4 ,x ev9c$ a deep & settl$ abhorr5ce ( crime1 & an inflexible det]m9ation to puni% x4 ,x cut (f all hope f 8 subjects t crime w\ld be p]mitt$ to escape ) impunity4 ,& h5ce1 aft] su* a manife/ation ( 8 "* z a k+1 he c\ld p]mit 8 son to enjoy ! unspeakable bless+s ( sight1 )\t hold+ out ! lea/ enc\ragem5t to ! commission ( crime4 ,s1 likewise1 9 relation to ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,^! 7 n1 9 /rictness1 ! p5alty ( ! law4 ,?is 0 et]nal dea?2 :]eas ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 inconceivably great z !y 71 7 b temporal2 & !re c be no proportion betwe5 suff]+s :i* "k a p]iod1 & ^? :i* are )\t end4 ,h5ce1 z we h already said1 he did n satisfy ! punitive ju/ice ( ,god4 ,b ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ answ]$ all ! purposes t c\ld h be5 answ]$ by ! rigor\s execution ( ! law2 & x answ]$ !m 9 an inf9itely great] degree1 ?an if ! human race _h be5 p]mitt$ to endure x )\t rem$y4 ,god's love to 8 ,son 0 inconceivably great] ?an t :i* any creature ev] bore to himself or to any o!r2 &1 consequ5tly1 by (f]+ him up z a sub/itute = guilty mortals1 9 ord] t he might save !m )\t do+ viol5ce to 8 adm9i/rative ju/ice1 he manife/$ ! inf9ite en]gy ( 8 det]m9ation to de/roy s94 ,no acc\nt ( ! indescribable odi\sness & de=mity ( evil1 nor ( ! inconceivable hol9ess ( ,god1 c\ld h made s deep an impression ( 8 implacable abhorr5ce ( s91 z is made by ! cross ^u :i* 8 ,son 0 p]mitt$ to expire amid ! scorn & contempt ( 8 enemies4 ,! human imag9ation has no p[] to conceive ( a m impressive & appall+ en=cem5t ( ! great lesson1 8,/& 9 awe1 & s9 n10 ?an t :i* is pres5t$ to an a/oni%$ univ]se 9 ! cross & passion ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,& besides1 x possesses ?is o!r unspeakable advantage1 t :ile x manife/s an inf9ite abhorr5ce ( s91 x displays ! mo/ he>t-subdu+ love ( ! s9n]4 ,if ,zaleucus _h exhau/$ ! p5alty ( ! law ^u 8 son1 ?is w\ld h _h little or no t5d5cy to re=m 8 he>t1 or to induce him to acquiesce 9 ! ju/ness ( ! law4 ,x w\ld h be5 m apt to lead him to reg>d ! k+ z an unfeel+ fa!r4 ,b :5 he 0 made to see1 by ! mann] 9 :i* ! k+ _h disp5s$ ! law1 t he *]i%$ ! w>me/ feel+s ( affection = him1 !re 0 no cause left = a murmur on ! "p ( any1 b = ! highe/ admiration on ! "p ( all4 ,j s 9 relation to ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,if ,god _h exhau/$ ! fe>ful p5alty ( ! law ^u poor1 suff]+1 & degrad$ humanity1 ?is w\ld h be5 well calculat$ to inspire 8 creatures ) a s]vile & trembl+ awe ( him4 ,f _! limit$ & imp]fect views ( ! evil ( s91 & ( ! reasons :y x %\ld be puni%$1 !y w\ld n h be5 prep>$ to acquiesce 9 su* trem5d\s sev]ity4 ,?us1 "o ( ! great ends ( ,god's moral gov]nm5t w\ld h be5 subv]t$3 ! affections ( 8 creatures w\ld h be5 e/rang$ f him1 ?r\gh a di/ru/ ( 8 goodness & a dread ( 8 p[]1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 drawn to him by ! sweet & sacr$ ties ( confid5ce & love4 ,b h[ diff]5t is ! case n[6 ,hav+ giv5 = u 8 belov$ ,son1 :o is great] ?an all ?+s1 :ile we 7 yet enemies1 n[ t we are reconcil$ to him1 we are mo/ firmly p]suad$ t he w freely give u all ?+s t c possibly conduce to our good4 ,surely1 aft] su* a display ( 8 love1 x 7 highly crim9al 9 u1 to p]mit ! lea/ %ad[ ( suspicion or di/ru/ to int]cept ! sweet1 & *e]+1 & purify+ beams ( 8 reconcil$ c\nt5ance4 ,:atev] may be 8 sev]ity aga9/ s91 & :atev] t]ror x may /rike into ! consci5ce ( evil-do]s1 we c mo/ cordially acquiesce 9 its ju/ness3 = we mo/ cle>ly p]ceive1 t ! p5alty ( ! law 0 n e/abli%$ to gratify any private appetite = rev5ge1 b to uphold & secure ! highe/ happ9ess ( ! moral univ]se4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,et]nal ,puni%m5t ,( ,! ,wick$ ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,& ?us1 ,transfigur$1 ) a meek & dreadless awe1 ,a solemn hu% ( _s1 he beholds ,all ?+s ( t]rible seem+3 yea1 unmov$ ,views e'en ! immitigable m9i/]s1 ,t %[] d[n v5geance on ^! latt] days4 ,= ev5 ^! on w+s ( heal+ come1 ,yea1 k9dl+ ) int5s] ,deity2 ,f ! cele/ial m]cy-seat !y spe$1 ,& at ! r5ovat+ wells ( love1 ,h fill'd _! vials ) salut>y wra?4--,,col]idge4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 x n[ becomes necess>y to contemplate ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty1 9 connexion ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god4 ,?is conducts u to ! consid]ation ( ! mo/ awful subject t ev] engag$ ! att5tion ( a rational be+1--! nev]-end+ torm5ts ( ! wick$ 9 ano!r _w4 ,?\gh plausible argum5ts & objections h be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is doctr9e1 we are p]fectly satisfi$ !y w n be> ! te/ ( a close exam9ation4 ,!y h d]iv$ all _! app>5t =ce & conclusiv5ess1 x seems to u1 f two di/9ct s\rces1 namely3 f ! circum/ance t ?is appall+ doctr9e has be5 too (t5 plac$1 by its advocates1 ^u insecure & unt5able gr\nds2 & f ! fact1 t ! support]s ( ?is doctr9e h too (t5 ma9ta9$ pr9ciples f :i* its fallacy may be cle>ly inf]r$4 ,9 ! def5ce ( ?is doctr9e1 !n1 we %all endeav\r to po9t out1 fir/1 ! false gr\nds ^u :i* x has be5 plac$2 secondly1 ! uns\nd pr9ciples f :i* its fallacy may be inf]r$2 &1 ?irdly1 we %all endeav\r to %[ ! means by :i* x may be cle>ly & satisfactorily reconcil$ ) ! goodness ( ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,section ,i4 ,! false gr\nds ^u :i* ! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5t has be5 plac$4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unt5able1 x seems to u1 ?an ! usual argum5t 9 fav\r ( future puni%m5ts1 :i* seeks to ju/ify _! et]nity on ! gr\nd t e s9ful act1 because x is committ$ aga9/ an inf9ite be+1 is inf9ite1 & !re=e des]ves to be visit$ ) endless torm5ts4 ,?is argum5t1 :i* seems b little bett] ?an a play on ! t]m inf9ite1 is p]haps calculat$ to make no impression ^u any m9d1 :i* is n already fully p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be s easily refut$ by a multitude ( consid]ations1 t x exposes ! doctr9e1 9 "o ( its def5ces1 to ! triumphant attacks ( its adv]s>ies4 ,we %all n exhau/ ! pati5ce ( ! read] by dwell+ ^u ! refutation :i* may be giv5 ( su* an argum5t4 ,we %all dismiss x ) a s+le reply1 & t we %all give 9 ! language ( ,john ,fo/]4 8,a common argum5t has be5 t s9 is an inf9ite evil1 t is1 ( inf9ite dem]it1 z an (f5ce aga9/ an inf9ite be+2 & t1 s9ce a f9ite creature _c suff] inf9itely 9 measure1 he mu/ 9 duration4 ,b1 surely 9 all reason1 ! limit$1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 dim9utive nature ( ! crim9al1 mu/ be an ess5tial "p ( ! case = judgm5t4 ,e act mu/1 = "o ( its proportions1 be measur$ by ! nature & condition ( ! ag5t3 & x w\ld seem t "o pr9ciple 9 t rule ( proportion %\ld be1 t ! (f5d+ ag5t %\ld be capable ( be+ aw>e ( ! magnitude 7! am\nt1 if we might use su* a ^w17 ( ! (f5ce he commits1 by be+ capable ( some?+ l an adequate conception ( ! be+ aga9/ :om x is committ$4 ,a p]v]se *ild1 committ+ an (f5ce aga9/ a great mon>*1 ( ^: dignity x _h "s1 b a va/ly inadequate appreh5sion1 w\ld n be puni%$ 9 ! same mann] z an (f5d] ( high end[m5ts & responsibility1 & fully aw>e ( ! dignity ( ! p]sonage (f5d$4 ,! "o w\ld ju/ly be %>ply *a/is$2 ! o!r might z ju/ly be condemn$ to dea?4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! (f5d] does or may "k t ! ,be+ (f5d$ aga9/ is ( awful maje/y1 & !re=e ! (f5ce is "o ( great aggravation1 & he w ju/ly be puni%$ ) great sev]ity2 b by 8 extremely contract$ & feeble faculties1 z ! l[e/ 9 ! scale ( /rictly rational & acc\ntable creatures 9 ! :ole creation1 he is inf9itely incapable ( any adequate conception ( ! greatness ( ! ,be+ (f5d$ aga9/4 ,he is !n1 accord+ to ! argum5t1 obnoxi\s to a puni%m5t n 9 any proportion to 8 own nature1 b alone to t inf9ity ( ! supreme nature1 :i* is to him inf9itely inconceivable & unkn[n407#aih7 ,?is answ] alone1 ?\gh p]haps n ! be/ :i* might be made1 we deem amply suffici5t4 ,inde$1 does n ! position1 t a man1 a poor1 weak1 fallible creature1 des]ves an inf9ite puni%m5t1 an et]nity ( torm5ts1 = ea* evil ?\ght or ^w1 c>ry its own refutation along ) x8 ,& if n1 :at are we to ?9k ( t attribute ( ju/ice1 :i* dem&s an et]nity to inflict ! inf9ite pangs due to a s+le s98 ,is x a quality to inspire ! s\l ) a rational wor%ip1 or to fill x ) a horror :i* ca/e? out love8 ,ano!r argum5t to %[ ! inf9ite ill-des]t ( "s m51 is drawn f ! sci5tia m$ia ,dei4 ,x is said1 t if ,god =esaw t if !y _h be5 plac$ 9 v>i\s o!r circum/ances1 & surr\nd$ by o!r temptations1 _! dispositions & "* w\ld h induc$ !m to commit o!r s9s2 = :i* !y are1 !re=e1 z really responsible z if !y _h actually committ$ !m4 ,if ?is be a correct pr9ciple1 x is easy1 we mu/ admit1 to r5d] ea* individual ( ! human race responsible = a great] numb] ( s9s ?an h ev] be5 committ$1 or ?an c\ld ev] h be5 committ$ by all ! actual dwell]s ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,nay1 by su* a process ( multiplication1 x w\ld be easy to spread ! guilt ( a s+le s\l ov] e po9t ( inf9ite space1 & e mom5t ( et]nal duration4 ,b su* a pr9ciple is m ?an que/ionable4 ,to say no?+ ( its intr9sic de=mity1 x is refut$ by ! consequ5ces to :i* x leads4 ,we want argum5ts on ?is subject1 t w give ! m9d1 n horrid c>icatures ( ! div9e ju/ice1 b su* views ( t sublime attribute z w inspire u ) s5tim5ts ( admiration & love1 z well z ) a godly fe> & :olesome awe4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! uns\nd pr9ciples f :i*1 if true1 ! fallacy ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts may be cle>ly inf]r$4 ,x is a doctr9e ma9ta9$ by ,augu/9e1 ,calv91 & ,lu!r1 z well z by _m ( _! foll[]s1 t1 9 8 fall5 /ate1 man 8is free to evil only40 ,he c d no?+ good )\t ! aid ( div9e grace2 & ?is1 9 po9t ( fact1 is giv5 to b a v small numb] ( ! human race2 at lea/1 efficaci\s grace is giv5 to b few1 s t ! great] "p ( mank9d _c acquire or possess t hol9ess )\t :i* no man %all see ! ,"l4 ,n[1 if we take our /& ^u ?is plat=m ( doctr9e1 x w be f\nd utt]ly impossible1 we ?9k1 to def5d ! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts4 ,x 0 ^u ?is plat=m t ,john ,fo/] erect$ 8 trem5d\s batt]y aga9/ ! doctr9e 9 "q2 & x is believ$1 t ! m closely ! argum5t is exam9$1 ! m cle>ly x w be se51 t he has ei!r demoli%$ ! doctr9e :i* 0 s obnoxi\s to 8 feel+s1 or else ! plat=m :i* con/itut$ s ess5tial a "p ( 8 own cre$4 ,9 our humble op9ion1 8! moral argum5t10 z he calls x1 8press$ irresi/ibly ^u 8 m9d20 because x 0 drawn f false premises1 ( ^: correctness he seems n to h ent]ta9$ ! %ad[ ( a d\bt4 ,he clung to ! conclusion1 :5 he %\ld h ab&on$ ! premises4 ,b we %all give 8 own words1 & p]mit ! read] to judge = himself4 ,aft] hav+ endeav\r$ to impress our feeble p[]s ) 8! /up5d\s idea ( et]nity10 he adds3 8,n[ ?9k ( an infliction ( mis]y protract$ ?r\gh su* a p]iod1 & at ! end ( x be+ only comm5c$1--n "o smalle/ /ep ne>] a conclusion1--! case j ! same if t sum ( figures 7 multipli$ by itself2 & !n ?9k ( man1--8 nature1 8 situation1 ! circum/ances ( 8 brief soj\rn & trial on e>?4 ,f> be x f u to make light ( ! dem]it ( s91 & to remon/rate ) ! ,supreme ,judge aga9/ a sev]e *a/isem5t1 ( :atev] moral nature we may reg>d ! infliction to be4 ,b /ill1 :at is man8 ,he comes into ! _w ) a nature fatally corrupt1 & p[]fully t5d+ to actual evil4 ,he comes among a cr[d ( temptations adapt$ to 8 innate evil prop5sities4 ,he gr[s up 7incomp>ably ! great] portion ( ! race7 9 great ignorance1 8 judgm5t weak1 & "u numb]less beguilem5ts into error2 :ile 8 passions & appetites are /rong1 8 consci5ce unequally mat*$ aga9/ _! p[]1--9 ! majority ( m51 b feebly & rudely con/itut$4 ,! influ5ce ( :atev] good in/ructions he may receive1 is c\nt]act$ by a comb9ation ( opposite influ5ces almo/ con/antly act+ on him4 ,he is ess5tially & inevitably unapt to be p[]fully act$ on by :at is invisible & future4 ,9 addition to all :i*1 !re is ! int]v5tion & activity ( ! great tempt] & de/roy]4 ,9 %ort1 8 condition is su* t !re is no hope ( him1 b f a direct1 special op]ation on him1 ( :at we d5om9ate grace4 ,is x n s8 ,are we n conv9c$8 ,is x n ! pla9 doctr9e ( ,scripture8 ,is !re n irresi/ible evid5ce1 f a view ( ! actual condition ( ! human _w1 t no man c become good 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se1--c become fit = a holy & happy place h]eaft]1--b by ?is op]ation ab extra8 ,b ?is is arbitr>y & discrim9ative on ! "p ( ! sov]eign ,ag5t1 & indep5d5t ( ! w ( man4 ,& h[ awfully evid5t is x1 t ?is indisp5sable op]ation takes place only on a comp>atively small proportion ( ! collective race6 8,n[ ?is creature1 ?us con/itut$ & circum/anc$1 passes a few fleet+ ye>s on e>?1 a %ort1 s9ful c\rse1 9 :i* he does (t5 :at1 not)/&+ 8 ignorance & ill-discipl9$ judgm5t & consci5ce1 he kn[s to be wrong1 & neglects :at he kn[s to be 8 duty2 &1 consequ5tly1 = a great] or less measure ( guilt1 widely diff]5t 9 diff]5t (f5d]s1 des]ves puni%m5t4 ,b ,,endless ,,puni%m5t6 ,,hopeless ,,mis]y1 ?r\gh a duration to :i* ! enorm\s t]ms above imag9$ w be absolutely ,,no?+6 ,i ackn[l$ge my inability 7,i w\ld say x rev]5tly7 to admit ?is belief1 toge!r ) a belief 9 ! div9e goodness1--! belief t #8,god is love1' t 8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8 works4 ,goodness1 b5evol5ce1 *>ity1 z ascrib$ 9 supreme p]fection to him1 _c mean a quality =eign to all human conceptions ( goodness3 x mu/ be some?+ analog\s 9 pr9ciple to :at himself has def9$ & requir$ z goodness 9 8 moral creatures2 t1 9 ador+ ! div9e goodness1 we may n be wor%ipp+ an #8unkn[n ,god4' ,b1 if s1 h[ w\ld all our ideas be conf\nd$1 :ile contemplat+ him br++1 ( 8 own sov]eign w1 a race ( creatures into exi/5ce1 9 su* a condition t !y c]ta9ly w & mu/--mu/ by _! nature & circum/ances--g wrong1 & be mis]able1 unless prev5t$ by especial grace1 :i* is ! privilege ( only a small proportion ( !m1 & at ! same "t affix+ on _! del9qu5cy a doom ( :i* x is inf9itely beyond ! highe/ ar*angel's faculty to appreh5d a ?\s&? "p ( ! horror607#aii7 ,n[1 grant+ ! premises1 we hold ?is argum5t to be unansw]able & conclusive4 ,b is x n wond]ful t x did n occur to s acute a m9d z ,fo/]'s1 t ! same premises w\ld furni% a valid argum5t aga9/ ! ju/ice ( all puni%m5t1 z well z aga9/ ! ju/ice ( et]nal puni%m5ts8 ,surely1 if ! utt] inability ( man to d good )\t div9e grace is any ext5uation1 :5 su* grace is n giv51 x is an entire & p]fect exon]ation4 ,x is ei!r ?is1 or x is no?+4 ,su* are ! inevitable inconsi/5cies ( ! be/ ?9k]s1 :5 ! feel+s ( ! he>t are at w> ) ! notions ( ! head4 ,in/ead ( analyz+ ?is awful subject1 & trac+ x d[n to its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ^u :i* 8 reason might h repos$ ) a calm & immovable satisfaction1 ,fo/] seems to h p]mitt$ 8 great m9d to take root 9 a cre$ ( man's devis+1 & !n to be sway$ by ! gu/s & c\nt]-bla/s ( passion4 ,believ+ t man 8mu/ g wrong10 t nature & circum/ances impose ?is dire necessity ^u him1 8 b5evol5ce c\ld n contemplate an et]nity ( torm5ts z due to su* inevitable s94 ,x 0 repell$ by 8! inf9ite horror ( ! t5et40 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 abhorr5ce ( evil1 & s5se ( ju/ice1 %rank ) equal viol5ce f ! idea t all puni%m5t is unju/2 & h5ce he c\ld say1 8,f> be x f u to make light ( ! dem]it ( s91 & to remon/rate ) ! ,supreme ,judge aga9/ a sev]e *a/isem5t40 ,?us did 8 great m9d1 in/ead ( re/+ ^u tru?1 p]petually hang 9 a /ate ( susp5se & vacillation betwe5 ! noble/ feel+s ( 8 he>t & ! d>ke/ errors ( 8 cre$4 ,o!rs1 :o h adopt$ ! same cre$1 h endeav\r$ to extricate !mselves f ! dilemma 9 :i* ,fo/] f\nd himself1 n by d5y+ ! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts1 b by inv5t+ a v nice di/9ction betwe5 ! natural & moral inability ( man4 8,he c obey ! law10 say !y1 8if he w20 all t 8he wants is ! w40 ,all 8 natural faculties are complete2 only let him w aright1 & he is safe4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,h[ is he to get ! w1--! good w1--9 ord] to r5d] him acceptable to ,god8 ,does he get x f nature--is x a "p ( 8 bir?-"r8 ,no3 f ?is he d]ives a deprav$ w1 8free to evil only40 ,is x v\*saf$ to him f above8 ,is x a gift f ,god8 ,alas6 to ^? :o are lo/1 & p]i% et]nally 9 _! s9s1 ! grace ( ,god is nev] giv56 ,:at does x signify ?us to tell !m1 or to tell ! _w1 t !y h ! natural ability to obey2 t none ( _! natural faculties are lo/2 t !y /ill h und]/&+s1 & affections1 & wills8 ,:at c all ^! avail !m8 ,is x n ! m]e/ mock]y to assure !m t !y really h he>ts1 & wills1 & feel+s1 if !y 8mu/ g wrong10 if !y mu/ put =? ! volitions = :i* !y %all be torm5t$ =ev]8 ,^u ?is di/9ction we %all n dwell1 z we h fully consid]$ x 9 our 8,exam9ation ( ,edw>ds on ! ,w40 ,we %all m]ely add1 t x is n an inv5tion ( mod]n times47#bjj7 ,x is at lea/ z old z ! age ( ,augu/9e4 8,! ,pelagians ?9k10 says he1 8!y "k "s great ?+1 :5 !y say1 #8,god w\ld n comm& :at he knew c\ld n be done by man4' ,:o does n "k ?is8 ,b he comm&s :at we _c d1 :]eby we "k :at we ought to ask ( him4 ,= x is fai? :i* obta9s by pray] :at ! law comm&s4 ,= true x is t we keep ! comm&m5ts if we w1 7si volumus27 b z ! w is prep>$ ( ! ,"l1 we mu/ seek ( him t we may w z mu* z is suffici5t1 9 ord] to our do+ by volition1 7ut vol5do faciamus470 ,truly1 we c keep ! comm&m5ts if we w to d s2 =1 z ,augu/9e imm$iately says1 8c]ta9 x is1 t we w :5 we w407#bja7 ,b no man c put =? a volition 9 con=mity ) ! comm&m5ts1 unless x be giv5 him ( ,god1 :o 8causes u to w good207#bjb7 & ?is is nev] giv5 to ! reprobate4 ,h[1 !n1 c !y be ju/ly consign$ to et]nal torm5ts8 ,h[ c !y be et]nally puni%$ = t :i* !y c\ld n possibly avoid8 ,x is no wond] t a ,fo/] %\ld h %runk f 8! inf9ite horrors ( su* a t5et10 z se5 f ?is po9t ( view2 ! only wond] is1 t any "o c be f\nd :o c possibly endure !m4 ,! same di/9ction1 z we h already said1 is reli$ ^u by ,edw>ds 9 ord] to %[ t man has an ability to obey ! law ( ,god47#bjc7 ,?us we are gravely taught t we are able to obey ! law ( ,god2 because if we w to d s1 ! ext]nal act w foll[2 & because x is c]ta9 t if we w we d really w4 ,b h[ to w is ! "q4 ,c we put =? ! requisite volitions8 ,no "o d\bts t if we put =? ! volition :i* ! law ( ,god requires1 we !n obey him1 :e!r ! ext]nal act foll[ or n2 nor t if we w1 !n we d really w4 ,b all ?is leaves ! great "q unt\*$1 ,c we put =? ! requisite volitions )\t div9e aid8 ,& aft] ?is "q has be5 answ]$ 9 ! negative1 & we h be5 told t su* aid is n giv5 to ! reprobate1 all ?is talk ab\t a natural ability1 :i* mu/ =ev] prove unavail+1 is ! m]e/ mock]y t ev] ent]$ into ! imag9ation or ! metaphysics ( man4 ,h[ev] ! fact may be disguis$ by v]bal niceties1 x z really places et]nal life beyond ! rea* ( ! reprobate1 z is ! v sun 9 ! firmam5t ( heav51 & makes et]nal dea? z inevitable to !m z is ! ris+ & ! sett+ !re(4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts an expression ( ! div9e goodness4 ,we h se5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is "p ( ! pres5t "w1 t ,god really & s9c]ely int5d$ ! salvation ( all m52 & t if any are lo/1 x is because x is impossible 9 ! nature ( ?+s to necessitate hol9ess2 & t ! imp5it5t1 9 spite ( all ! means employ$ by inf9ite wisdom & goodness = _! salvation1 d ob/9ately "w out _! own ru9 & de/ruction4 ,omnipot5ce _c conf] hol9ess ^u !m2 !y d n *oose to acquire x2 & h5ce1 !y are compell$ to endure ! awful wages ( s94 ,to ^? :o reject ?is view ( ! nature ( hol9ess1 ! _w 9 :i* we live mu/ =ev] rema9 an inexplicable enigma2 & t to :i* we are ha/5+ mu/ pres5t /ill m t]rific subjects ( contemplation4 ,to _! m9ds ! et]nal agonies ( ! lo/ c nev] be made to h>monize ) ! inf9ite p]fections ( ,god1 by :om ! second dea? is appo9t$4 8,h[ self-evid5t ! proposition10 says ,fo/]1 8t if ! ,sov]eign ,arbit] _h int5d$ ! salvation ( ! race1 x mu/ h be5 accompli%$40 ,hav+ s summ>ily settl$ ?is position1 t ,god did n int5d ! salvation ( ! race1 ! "q :i* admits ( no answ]1 ,:y did he n int5d x8 might well spread a my/]i\s d>kness ov] ! :ole economy ( div9e provid5ce4 ,x 0 t d>kness1 t p]plex+ & conf\nd+ d>kness1 by :i* ! mighty s\l ( ,fo/] 0 oppress$ ) s _m gloomy ?\ghts1 & fill$ ) s _m frightful imag9ations4 ,= our "p1 if we c\ld believe t ,god c\ld easily "w hol9ess 9 ! he>t ( e creature1 & t he does n d s simply because he does n int5d _! salvation1 we %\ld n h attempt$ to v9dicate 8 p]fections4 ,we %\ld h believ$ 9 !m1 x is true2 b we %\ld h be5 con/ra9$ to confess1 t !y are veil$ 9 imp5etrable cl\ds & d>kness4 ,h5ce1 if we _h n confess$ ignorance & inability = all m9ds & all ages1 z s _m o!rs h done1 we %\ld1 at lea/1 h confess$ ^! ?+s = ourselves1 & sup9ely wait$ = ! light ( et]nity to dispel ! awful & p]plex+ enigmas ( "t4 ,b we hold no su* doctr9e2 we ent]ta9 no su* s5tim5t4 ,we believe t ,god1 9 8 inf9ite1 ov]fl[+ goodness desires1 & f all et]nity has desir$1 ! salvation ( all m54 ,we believe t salvation is impossible to "s1 because a necess>y hol9ess is impossible1 & !y d n *oose to "w out = !mselves :at _c be work$ out = !m1 ev5 by omnipot5ce4 ,x 0 ! bright & *e]+ light :i* ?is tru? seem$ to ca/ ^u ! d>k places ( ! univ]se1 t fir/ inspir$ u ) ! ?\ght & det]m9ation to produce a !odicy4 ,& x is 9 ! light ( ?is tru?1 if we mi/ake n1 t ! inf9ite love ( ,god may be se5 beam+ f ! eye ( hell1 z well z f ! bright regions ( et]nal bless$ness4 ,?is conclusion we %all endeav\r me?odically to unfold1 & to set 9 a cle> light4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 to beg9 ) our fundam5tal position1 ! ,creator c\ld n necessitate ! hol9ess ( ! creature4 ,h5ce ?is hol9ess1 aft] all ! means & ! ability 7 giv5 to him1 mu/ be left to ! w ( ! creature himself4 ,all t c\ld be done 9 su* a case 01 = ,god to set life & dea? be=e u1 accompani$ by ! greate/ ( all conceivable motives to pursue ! "o1 & to fly f ! o!r2 & !n say1 8*oose ye30 & all ?is has ,god actually done = ! salvation ( all m54 ,h5ce1 ?\gh "s %\ld be f9ally lo/1 8 inf9ite goodness w be cle>4 ,let u see :at objections may be urg$ aga9/ ?is conclusion4 ,suppos+ x grant$1 t a necessitat$ virtue is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 & t x is indisp5sably requisite to orda9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ord] to prev5t s9 & secure hol9ess2 x may /ill be said t ! p5alty ( et]nal dea? is too sev]e = t purpose1 & is !re=e inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,inde$1 aft] su* a concession1 ?is is ! only position :i* c be tak5 9 opposition to ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,let u !n look at x1 & exam9e ! assumption ^u :i* x re/s = support4 ,if su* puni%m5ts be too sev]e1 x mu/ be = "o ( ^! two reasons3 ei!r because no object c ju/ify ! infliction ( !m1 or because ! end propos$ by ! ,supreme ,rul] is n suffici5tly great = t purpose4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! position to be assum$1 t no object c possibly ju/ify ! infliction ( su* awful puni%m5ts4 ,su* w\ld be ! case1 we admit1 if su* puni%m5ts 7 unju/--7 n des]v$ by ! p]son ^u :om !y are inflict$4 ,h5ce1 x becomes indisp5sable1 9 ord] to v9dicate ! div9e b5evol5ce1 to %[ t et]nal suff]+s are des]v$ by ^? ^u :om !y fall4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld be unju/1 & consequ5tly unju/ifiable2 z ! end c\ld nev] ju/ify ! means4 ,we say1 !n1 t et]nal suff]+s are des]v$ by ! f9ally imp5it5t1 n because e s9ful act c>ries along ) x an inf9ite guilt1 nor because e s9n] may be imag9$ to h committ$ an inf9ite numb] ( s9s1 b because !y w cont9ue to s9 =ev]4 ,x w be conc$$1 t if puni%m5t be admissible at all1 x is "r & prop] t s long z acts ( rebellion are p]si/$ 91 ! rew>ds ( iniquity %\ld att5d !m4 ,x w be conc$$1 t if ! f9ally imp5it5t %\ld cont9ue to s9 =ev]1 !n !y =ev] des]ve to reap ! rew>ds ( s94 ,b ?is is "o "p ( ! ,scripture doctr9e ( future puni%m5ts1 t ^? :o endure !m w nev] cease to s9 & rebel aga9/ ! au?ority ( ,god's law4 ,fo/] has attempt$ a reply to ?is def5ce ( ! doctr9e 9 "q1 b )\t success4 8,x is usually alleg$10 says he1 8t !re w be an endless cont9uance ( s9n+ 444 & !re=e ! puni%m5t mu/ be endless40 ,b 8! allegation10 he replies1 8is ( no avail 9 v9dication ( ! doctr9e1 because ! fir/ consignm5t to ?is dreadful /ate necessitates a cont9uance ( ! crim9ality2 ! doctr9e tea*+ t x is ( ! ess5ce1 & is an awful aggravation ( ! orig9al consignm5t1 t x dooms ! condemn$ to ma9ta9 ! crim9al _s un*ang$ =ev]4 ,! doom to s9 z well z to suff]1 &1 accord+ to ! argum5t1 to s9 9 ord] to suff]1 is inflict$ z ! puni%m5t ( ! s9 committ$ 9 ! mortal /ate4 ,virtually1 !re=e1 ! et]nal puni%m5t is ! puni%m5t ( ! s9s ( "t407#bjd7 ,ev5 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,fo/] himself1 ! argum5t is :olly unt5able4 ,= he admits1 t su* is ! evil nature ( man1 su* ! circum/ances ar\nd him1 & su* ! influ5ces ( ! great tempt]1 he mu/ inevitably g wrong2 & yet he holds t he may be ju/ly puni%$ = su* transgressions4 ,n[1 if e man :o comes into ! _w be doom$ to s91 z ?is au?or insi/s he is1 & may be ju/ly puni%$ = s9s committ$ 9 ?is life1 :y %\ld he be excus$ = ! s9s committ$ 9 ano!r /ate1 because he is doom$ to commit !m8 ,b ?is argum5tum ad hom9em is m]ely by ! way1 & has m to d ) ! consi/5cy ( ! au?or1 ?an ) ! validity ( 8 position4 ,we %all proce$ to subject ?is to a m se>*+ & a m1 satisfactory te/4 ,8 argum5t assumes1 t 8x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! orig9al consignm5t1 t x dooms ! condemn$ to ma9ta9 ! crim9al _s un*ang$ =ev]40 ,?is is an unw>rantable assumption4 ,we n[h]e le>n1 & we are n[h]e requir$ to believe1 t ! guilty are doom$ to s9 =ev]1 because !y h volunt>ily s9n$ 9 ?is life2 mu* less t !y are necessitat$ to s9 9 ord] to suff]6 ,! doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts is n necess>ily encumb]$ ) any su* ridicul\s app5dage2 & if any "o c be f\nd to ent]ta9 s absurd a view ( ! doctr9e1 we mu/ leave him to v9dicate ! creation ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,we d n suppose t ! s\l ( ! guilty w cont9ue to s9 =ev]1 because x w be consign$ to ! regions ( ! lo/2 b we suppose x w be consign$ to ! regions ( ! lo/1 because1 by its own repeat$ acts ( transgression1 x has made sure ( its et]nal cont9uance 9 s9n+4 ,god dooms no man to s9--nei!r by 8 p[] nor by 8 provid5ce4 ,b x is a fact1 aga9/ :i* !re w be no dispute1 t if a man commit a s9 once1 he w be /ill m apt to commit ! same s9 aga91 "u ! same or simil> circum/ances4 ,! same ?+ w be true ( ea* & e succe$+ repetition ( ! (f5ce2 until ! habit ( s9n+ may be s completely wr\ght into ! s\l1 & s firmly fix$ !re1 t no?+ c *eck x 9 its c>e] ( guilt4 ,nei!r ! glories ( heav51 nor ! t]rors ( hell1 may be suffici5t to *ange its c\rse4 ,no am\nt ( influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u its feel+s1 may be suffici5t to trans=m its w4 8,!re is a c]ta9 b\nd to imprud5ce & misbehavi\r10 says ,butl]1 8:i* be+ transgress$1 !re rema9s no place = rep5tance 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s40 ,& may we n also add1 nor 9 ! sup]natural c\rse ( ?+s ei!r2 & !re only rema9s a c]ta9 fe>ful look+-= ( judgm5t8 ,z ?is may be ! case1 = aught we "k1 nay1 z x seems s probable t ?is is ! case1 no "o is au?oriz$ to pron\nce endless suff]+s unju/1 unless he c fir/ %[ t ! object ( !m has n br\ght ^u himself an et]nal cont9uance 9 ! practice ( s94 ,9 o!r words1 unless he c fir/ %[ t ! s9n] does n doom himself to an et]nity ( s9n+1 he _c reasonably compla9 t 8 ,creator & ,judge dooms him to an et]nity ( suff]+4 ,b x may be said1 t al?\gh ! s9n] may des]ve to suff] =ev]1 because he cont9ues to s9 =ev]2 yet x 7 m wor?y ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 to release him f s awful a calamity4 ,if ! s9n] des]ves su* puni%m5t1 x is n only j to inflict x ^u him1 x is a dem& ( inf9ite goodness itself t x %\ld be inflict$ ^u him1 provid$ a suffici5tly great good may be atta9$ by su* a manife/ation ( ju/ice4 ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( our second po9t1 namely3 ,is ! object propos$ to be accompli%$ by ! infliction ( et]nal mis]y suffici5tly great to ju/ify ! infliction ( s sev]e a p5alty8 ,9 o!r words1 ,is su* a p5alty disproportion$ to ! exig5cies ( ! case8 ,9 8 attempt to %[1 t ! infliction ( et]nal mis]y is too sev]e to consi/ ) ! goodness ( ,god1 ,mr4 ,fo/] does n at all consid] ! great ends1 or f9al causes1 ( p5al enactm5ts4 ,he m]ely dwells ^u ! t]rors ( ! puni%m5t1 & br+s ^! into vivid contra/ ) ! weakness & impot5cy ( man 9 8 mortal /ate4 ,?is1 x mu/ be confess$1 is a mo/ "o-sid$ & p>tial view ( s pr(\nd a subject2 mu* bett] adapt$ to "w ^u ! feel+s ?an to enlight5 ! judgm5t4 ,all t he seems to h se5 9 ! case1 is a poor1 weak creature1 utt]ly unable to d any good1 subject$ to et]nal torm5ts = ! s9s ( 8a few fleet+ ye>s on e>?40 ,h5ce x 01 t 8! moral argum5t10 :i* 8press$ s irresi/ibly on 8 m9d10 came 9 8! /up5d\s idea ( et]nity40 ,inde$1 accord+ to 8 !ology1 !re c\ld be no object suffici5tly va/1 no necessity suffici5tly imp]i\s1 to ju/ify et]nal puni%m5ts4 ,! prev5tion ( s91 & ! promotion ( univ]sal hol9ess1 c\ld n =m su* an object or con/itute su* a necessity2 =1 accord+ to 8 cre$1 all ?is might h be5 mo/ p]fectly atta9$ by a ^w4 ,h5ce1 he 0 puzzl$ & conf\nd$ 9 ! contemplation ( :at appe>$ to him s mu* unnecess>y evil4 8,i ackn[l$ge my inability10 said he1 8to admit ! belief1 7! belief 9 endless puni%m5t17 toge!r ) ! belief 9 ! div9e goodness--! belief t #8,god is love1' t #88 t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8 works4' 0 ,z we h already se5 f ano!r po9t ( view1 we mu/ come out f 8 !ology if we w\ld see ! h>mony & agreem5t betwe5 ^! beliefs4 ,we mu/ take our /& on ! position1 t ,omnipot5ce _c necessitate hol9ess1 & mu/ h rec\rse to rew>ds & puni%m5ts to secure x4 ,o!rwise all evil & all suff]+ w rema9 an inexplicable enigma2 all rew>ds & puni%m5ts awkw>d & clumsy contrivances to atta9 an end1 :i* might be mu* bett] atta9$ )\t !m4 ,on ?is high & impregnable gr\nd ! moral argum5t ( ,fo/] loses all its irresi/ible =ce1 & 8! /up5d\s idea ( et]nity0 presses ) all its weight 9 fav\r ( endless puni%m5t4 ,if temporal puni%m5ts are ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t !y are necess>y to meet ! exig5cies & uphold ! int]e/s ( temporal gov]nm5ts1 surely et]nal puni%m5ts may be ju/ifi$ on ! same gr\nd 9 relation to an et]nal gov]nm5t4 ,! 8/up5d\s idea ( et]nity0 atta*es to ! :ole1 z well z to ! "p2 & h5ce no?+ c be ga9$ to ! cause ( ,univ]salism by ! introduction ( ?is idea1 except 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o take only a "o-sid$ & p>tial view ( ! subject4 ,! spectacle ( puni%m5t = a s+le day1 x w be admitt$1 w\ld be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t x 0 necess>y to support = a s+le day a gov]nm5t2 especially if t gov]nm5t 7 va/ 9 ext5t & involv$ /up5d\s int]e/s4 ,b if suff]+ = a s+le day may be ju/ifi$ on su* a gr\nd1 !n ! exig5cies ( su* a gov]nm5t = two days w\ld ju/ify a puni%m5t = two days2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,h5ce1 ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5ts 9 common ) ! et]nal moral gov]nm5t ( ,god1 is n a great] anomaly ?an temporal puni%m5ts 9 relation to temporal gov]nm5ts4 ,if we reject ! "o1 we mu/ also reject ! o!r4 ,inde$1 :5 we consid] n only ! et]nal duration1 b also ! univ]sal ext5t1 ( ! div9e gov]nm5t1 ! argum5t 9 "q1 if good = any?+1 presses ) great] =ce aga9/ ! little1 insignificant gov]nm5ts ( m51 ?an aga9/ ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,"o reason :y ,fo/] 0 8repell$ into d\bt by ! inf9ite horrors ( ! t5et0 is1 t he m]ely contemplat$ ! suff]+s ( ! guilty1 & saw n h[ ^? suff]+s 7 connect$ ) ! maje/y & glory ( ,god's univ]sal & et]nal empire4 ,x is z if an insect %\ld und]take to set b\nds to ! puni%m5ts :i* human be+s h f\nd necess>y to meet ! exig5cies & uphold ! int]e/s ( human society4 ,we are told by writ]s on jurisprud5ce1 t p5alties %\ld be proportion$ to (f5ces2 b1 z has be5 truly said1 h[ ?is proportion is to be asc]ta9$1 or on :at pr9ciples x is to be adju/$1 we are seldom in=m$4 ,we are usually left to vague g5]alities1 :i* convey no def9ite in=mation1 & furni% no satisfactory guidance to our m9ds4 ,if we c asc]ta9 ! precise conditions accord+ to :i* ?is pr9ciple %\ld be adju/$1 ev5 by goodness itself1 we %all !n be ! bett] able to det]m9e :e!r ! et]nal suff]+ ( ! guilty & imp5it5t is n a manife/ation ( ! love ( ,god1--( t t5d] m]cy :i* is ov] all 8 works4 ,x is a maxim t puni%m5t %\ld be suffici5t to accompli% ! great end = :i* x is impos$1 namely1 ! prev5tion ( (f5ces4 ,o!rwise1 if x fail$ to accompli% ?is object1 8x w\ld be s mu* suff]+ 9 wa/e407#bje7 ,n[1 :o c say t ! p5alty ( et]nal dea? is n necess>y to ?is end 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 or t x is great] ?an is necess>y = its accompli%m5t8 ,:o c say t a puni%m5t = a limit$ p]iod w\ld h answ]$ t end 9 a great] or m desirable degree8 ,:o c say t !re w\ld h be5 m hol9ess & happ9ess1 ) less s9 & mis]y1 9 ! univ]se1 if ! puni%m5t ( ^? :om no?+ c\ld reclaim _h n be5 et]nal8 ,:o c say t x w\ld be bett] = ! univ]se1 on ! :ole1 if ! puni%m5t ( s9 7 limit$ ?an if x 7 et]nal8 ,until ?is "q1 :i* s evid5tly lies beyond ! range ( our n>r[ faculties1 be answ]$1 x is presumption to object t et]nal puni%m5t is inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,= aught ! objector kn[s1 ?is v p5alty is dem&$ by inf9ite goodness itself1 9 ord] to /ay ! univ]sal ravages ( s91 & pres]ve ! glory ( ! moral empire ( ,jehovah4 ,= aught he kn[s1 ! v suff]+s ( ! lo/ =ev] may be1 n only a manife/ation ( ! ju/ice ( ,god1 b also a pr(\nd expression ( t t5d] m]cy :i* is ov] all 8 works4 ,= aught he kn[s1 ?is v appo9tm5t1 at :i* he takes s great (f5ce1 may be "o ( ! ma9 pill>s 9 ! /ructure ( ! intellectual sy/em ( ! univ]se2 )\t :i* its int]nal con/itution w\ld be radically defective1 & its moral gov]nm5t impossible4 ,9 %ort1 = aught he kn[s1 8 objection may arise1 n f any undue or unnecess>y sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t 9 "q1 b f 8 own utt] incapacity to decide su* a po9t 9 relation to ! univ]sal & et]nal gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,x may be said t ?is is an appeal to human ignorance1 r ?an a reply to ! argum5t ( ! ,univ]sali/4 ,surely1 x is good to be rem9d$ ( our ignorance1 :5 we und]take to base objections aga9/ ! doctr9es ( religion ^u assumptions ab\t ! tru? ( :i* we "k1 &1 f ! nature ( ! case1 mu/ "k1 absolutely no?+4 ,if ! doctr9e 9 "q involv$ any inh]5t contradictions1 or 7 x cle>ly at w> ) ! dictates ( ju/ice1 or m]cy1 or tru?1 !re might be "s reason 9 our opposition2 b to oppose x because we _c see h[ x subs]ves ! highe/ int]e/s ( ! univ]se1 seems to be an exce$+ly ra% & ha/y decision2 especially z we see t su* a p5alty mu/ p[]fully t5d to re/ra9 ! wick$ness ( m51 z well z to pres]ve unfall5 creatures 9 _! ob$i5ce4 ,x is n at all /range t be+s ) su* faculties z we possess1 limit$ on all sides1 & f> m influ5c$ by feel+ ?an by reason1 %\ld be oppress$ by ! /up5d\s idea ( et]nal torm5ts4 ,x absolutely ov]:elms ! imag9ation ( poor1 %ort-sight$ creatures l ourselves4 ,b ,god1 9 8 plans = ! univ]se & = et]nity1 takes no c\nsel ( human weakness2 & t :i* seems s t]rible to our feeble intellects may1 to 8 all-see+ eye1 appe> no m ?an a d>k speck 9 a b\ndless realm ( light4 ,surely1 if !re ev] 01 or ev] c\ld be1 a "q :i* %\ld be r$uc$ to ! simple inquiry1 8,:at sai? ! ,scripture80 x is t respect+ ! future condition ( ! wick$4 ,x is truly amaz+ t a m9d l ,fo/]'s %\ld h put ?is inquiry s easily aside1 & reli$ ) s mu* confid5ce ^u :at he 0 pleas$ to call 8! moral argum5t40 ,?is argum5t1 z we h se51 is altoge!r uns\nd & sophi/ical4 ,x bases itself ^u ! prejudices ( a cre$1 & t]m9ates 9 d>k conjectures m]ely4 ,he hopes1 or r he 8w\ld wi% to indulge ! hope1 f\nd$ ^u ! div9e attribute ( inf9ite b5evol5ce1 t !re w be a p]iod some:]e 9 ! endless futurity1 :5 all ,god's s9n+ creatures w be re/or$ by him to rectitude & happ9ess40 ,va9 hope6 delusive wi%6 ,h[ c !y be made holy )\t _! own cons5t & cop]ation8 ,& if !y c\ld be re/or$ to rectitude & happ9ess1 h[ c we hope t ,god w\ld re/ore !m1 s9ce he has n be5 pleas$ to pres]ve !m 9 _! orig9al /ate ( rectitude & happ9ess8 ,b p]haps1 says he1 !re w be1 n a re/oration ( all ,god's s9n+ creatures to rectitude & happ9ess1 b an annihilation ( _! exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ?is conjecture1 if true1 8w\ld be a prodigi\s relief20 = 8! gr& object ( int]e/ is a negation ( ! p]petuity ( mis]y40 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! univ]se _h be5 plann$ accord+ to ?is b5evol5t wi% ( ,mr4 ,fo/]1 & t ^? :o c\ld n be reclaim$ %\ld1 aft] a v protract$ p]iod ( suff]+1 be =ev] annihilat$2 w\ld ?is promote ! ord] & well-be+ ( ! :ole creation8 ,h[ did ,mr4 ,fo/] "k b t su* a provision 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se w\ld oppose s feeble a b>ri] to ! progress ( s91 t sc5es ( mutability1 & *ange1 & ru91 w\ld be introduc$ into ! empire ( ,god1 f :i* 8 b5evol5ce w\ld %r9k ) inf9ite abhorr5ce8 ,h[ did ,mr4 ,fo/] "k b t ! ,div9e ,b5evol5ce itself w\ld pref] a hell 9 "o "p ( 8 dom9ions1 to ! univ]sal disord]1 confusion1 & moral desolation :i* su* a provision might introduce into ! gov]nm5t ( ,god8 ,su* a conjecture might1 x is true1 br+ a 8prodigi\s relief0 to our imag9ation2 b ! gov]nm5t ( ,god is int5d$ = ! relief ( ! univ]se1 & n = ! relief ( our imag9ation4 ,o!rs besides ! au?or 9 "q h s\ght relief = _! m9ds on ?is subject1 by indulg+ 9 vague conjectures respect+ ! real design ( ! ,supreme ,rul] & ,judge4 ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson1 = example1 supposes t al?\gh ,god actually ?reat5$ to puni% ! wick$ et]nally1 he does n int5d1 & is n b\nd1 to c>ry ?is ?reat into execution4 ,?is p5alty1 he supposes1 is m]ely set =? z a t]ror to evil-do]s1 9 ord] to promote ! good ord] & well-be+ ( ! _w2 & aft] x has subs]v$ ?is purpose1 ! ,lawgiv] w graci\sly remit a portion ( ! ?reat5$ p5alty1 & re/ore all 8 s9n+ creatures to purity & bliss4 ,9 reply to ?is extraord9>y position1 we %all only say t if ! ,almighty really und]took to deceive ! _w = its own good1 x is a pity he did n take ! precaution to prev5t ! ar*bi%op f detect+ ! *eat4 ,x is a pity1 we say1 t he did n deceive ! ar*bi%op z well z ! re/ ( m52 & n suff] 8 secret to get into ! possession ( "o :o has s indiscreetly publi%$ x to ! :ole _w4 ,no?+ seems m amaz+ to u ?an ! ha/e & precipitancy ) :i* mo/ m5 dispose ( subjects s awful z t ( ! et]nity ( future puni%m5ts4 ,"o w\ld suppose t if any subject 9 ! :ole range ( human ?\ght %\ld engage our mo/ s]i\s att5tion1 & call =? ! utmo/ ex]tion ( our p[] ( inve/igation1 x w\ld be ! duration ( puni%m5t 9 a future life4 ,if t puni%m5t be et]nal1 x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ mom5t\s "q :i* ev] engag$ ! att5tion ( man1 & is to be lightly dispos$ ( only by madm547#bjf7 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,disp5sation ,( ,! ,div9e ,fav\rs ,reconcil$ ,) ,! ,goodness ,( ,god4 ,o ,god1 ^: ?und] %akes ! sky1 ,^: eye ?is atom globe surveys1 ,to !e1 my only rock1 ,i fly2 ,?y m]cy 9 ?y ju/ice praise4 ,!n :y1 my s\l1 do/ ?\ compla98 ,:y droop+ seek ! d>k recess8 ,%ake (f ! melan*oly *a91 ,= ,god creat$ all to bless4--,,*att]ton4 ,9 ! prec$+ "p1 we consid]$ ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 "u ! "n ( necessity1 9 its relation to ! orig9 ( evil4 ,we !re endeav\r$ to %[ t x d5ies ! responsibility ( man1 & makes ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,9 ! pres5t "p1 x rema9s = u to exam9e ! same doctr9e 9 relation to ! equality ( ! div9e goodness4 ,if we mi/ake n1 ! s*eme ( pr$e/9ation1 or r ! doctr9e ( election1 :i* lies at its f\ndation1 is1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 p]fectly consi/5t ) ! imp>tiality & glory ( ! goodness ( ,god4 ,on ?is subject we %all n[ proce$ to unfold our views 9 z ord]ly & p]spicu\s a mann] z possible4 ,section ,i4 ,! unequal di/ribution ( fav\rs1 :i* obta9s 9 ! economy ( natural provid5ce1 consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t if ! goodness ( ,god 7 unlimit$ & imp>tial1 ! light & bless+s ( revelation w\ld be univ]sal4 ,b be=e we %\ld atta* any weight to su* an objection1 we %\ld fir/ consid] & det]m9e two ?+s4 ,fir/1 we %\ld consid] & det]m9e h[ f> ! unequal diffusion ( ! light ( revelation has result$ f ! ag5cy ( man1 & h[ f> f ! ag5cy ( ,god4 ,=1 if ?is inequality 9 ! spread ( a div9e bless+ has sprung 9 any degree f ! abuse :i* free1 subord9ate ag5ts h made ( _! p[]s1 ei!r by active opposition1 or passive neglect1 x is 9 s f> no m imputable to a want ( goodness 9 ! ,div9e ,be+ ?an is any o!r evil or disord] :i* ! creature has introduc$ into ! _w4 ,9 s f>1 ! glory ( ,god is cle>1 & man alone is to blame4 ,x is incumb5t ^u ^?1 !n1 :o urge ?is objection aga9/ ! goodness ( ,god to %[ t ! evil 9 "q has n result$ f ! ag5cy ( man4 ,?is position1 we imag9e1 ! objector w n f9d x v easy to e/abli%2 & yet1 until he does s1 8 objection v cle>ly re/s ^u a m]e unsupport$ hypo!sis4 ,secondly1 be=e we c fairly rely ^u ! objection 9 "q1 we %\ld be able to %[1 t ! ag5cy ( ,god might h be5 s ex]t$ z to spread ! light ( revelation fur!r ?an x n[ ext5ds1 )\t on ! :ole caus+ great] evil ?an good4 ,light or k1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 is n 9 itself a bless+4 ,x may be s1 or x may n2 & :e!r x be a bless+ or a curse dep5ds1 n ^u ! b5efic5ce ( ! giv]1 b ^u ! disposition & "* ( ! recipi5t4 ,be=e we %\ld presume to indulge ! lea/ compla9t1 !n1 aga9/ ! goodness ( div9e provid5ce1 we %\ld be able to produce ! nation1 ^: "* = moral goodness & virtue w\ld1 on ! :ole1 & 9 relation to its circum/ances1 h be5 improv$ by ! int]position ( ,god 9 caus+ ! light ( tru? to %9e 9 ! mid/ ( its corruptions4 ,b we are manife/ly incompet5t to deal ) a "q ( su* a nature4 ,its inf9ite complication1 z well z its /up5d\s magnitude1 places x entirely beyond ! rea* ( ! human m9d4 ,s manifold & s multi=m are ! hidd5 causes ^u :i* its solution dep5ds1 t g5]al pr9ciples _c be br\ght to be> ^u x2 & its inf9ite v>iety & complication ( detail mu/ =ev] baffle ! intellect ( man4 ,h5ce1 an objection :i* proce$s on ! supposition t ?is "q has be5 solv$ & det]m9$1 is wor? no?+4 ,b1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 let u suppose t ! unequal diffusion ( religi\s k has proce$$ directly f ! ag5cy ( ,god4 ,/ill ! objection aga9/ 8 goodness1 9 reg>d to ! disp5sation ( light1 w\ld be no great] ?an 9 relation to all ! disp5sations ( 8 fav\r4 ,all ! gifts ( ,heav5--heal?1 ri*es1 hon\r1 intellig5ce1 & :atev] else comes d[n f above--are scatt]$ among ! *ildr5 ( m5 ) ! mo/ promiscu\s v>iety4 ,h5ce1 ! unequal di/ribution ( ! bless+s ( ! gospel1 or r ( its ext]nal advantages1 is s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ,god1 t x is ( a piece ) all 8 o!r disp5sations3 x is s f> f /&+ out z an anomaly 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 t x falls 9 ) ! :ole analogy ( nature & ( provid5ce4 ,h5ce1 !re is no re/+-place betwe5 ! ab&onm5t ( ?is objection1 & d[nright a!ism4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at =ce !re is 9 ?is objection1 :5 urg$1 z x is by ! a!i/1 aga9/ ! :ole con/itution & managem5t ( ! _w4 ,x proce$s on ! supposition1 t if light & k1 or any o!r natural advantage1 7 be/[$ ^u "o p]son1 x w\ld be be/[$ ^u all o!rs1 & ^u all 9 precisely ! same degree4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 !re %\ld be no su* ?+ z degrees 9 k1 & consequ5tly no su* ?+ z self-developm5t & progress4 ,to select only "o in/ance out ( _m3 ! a!i/ objects1 t x is n wor?y ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness to provide u ) s complicat$ an in/rum5t z ! eye1 z a means ( obta9+ light & k4 ,:y c\ld n ?is end be atta9$ by a m simple & direct me?od8 ,:y leave u1 = s great a portion ( e>?ly exi/5ce1 9 comp>ative ignorance1 to grope out our way into regions ( light8 ,9 ! eye ( reason1 !re is no end to ?is k9d ( object+2 & x only /ops :]e ! %all[ conceit1 or wayw>d fancy1 ( ! objector is pleas$ to t]m9ate4 ,x is v easy to ask1 ,:y a ,be+ ( inf9ite goodness did n conf] light & k ^u u directly & at once1 )\t leav+ u to acquire !m by ! t$i\s use ( ! complicat$ means provid$ by 8 natural provid5ce4 ,b ! inquiry does n /op "h4 ,he might j z well ask1 ,:y su* a ,be+ 0 pleas$ to conf] s small an am\nt ( light ^u u1 & leave u to acquire m = ourselves8 ,:y n conf] x ^u u )\t measure & )\t ex]tion on our "p8 ,! same int]rogation1 x is evid5t1 may be appli$ to e o!r bless+1 z well z to k2 & h5ce ! objection ( ! a!i/1 :5 c>ri$ out1 t]m9ates 9 ! great difficulty1 :y ,god did n make all creatures alike1 & ea* equal to himself4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( ?is objection1 ! insect %\ld compla9 t x is n a man2 ! man t he is n an angel2 & ! angel t he is n a god4 ,h5ce1 su* a pr9ciple w\ld exclude f ! sy/em ( ! _w ev]y?+ l a div]sity & subord9ation ( p>ts2 & w\ld r$uce ! :ole univ]se1 z a sy/em1 to z inconceivable a non5tity z w\ld be a wat*1 all ( ^: p>ts %\ld be made ( exactly ! same mat]ials1 & possess+ precisely ! same =ce & prop]ties4 ,9 e sy/em1 :e!r ( nature or ( art1 !re mu/ be a v>iety & subord9ation ( p>ts4 ,h5ce1 to object t ea* "p is n p]fect 9 itself1 )\t consid]+ its relations & adaptation to ! :ole1 is little %ort ( madness4 ,& :at height5s ! absurdity 9 ! pres5t case is1 t ! p>ts :i* fall "u obs]vation may1 = aught we "k1 possess ! greate/ p]fection :i* is consi/5t ) ! highe/ good & beauty ( ! :ole4 ,if ,god has end[$ man ) ! attributes ( reason & spee*2 if he has scatt]$ ar\nd him1 ) a lib]al h&1 ! multipli$ bless+s ( life2 if1 above all1 he has made him capable ( et]nal bless$ness1 & ( an endless progress 9 glory2 ?is %\ld w>m 8 he>t ) ! mo/ gl[+ gratitude1 & tune 8 tongue to ! mo/ exalt$ praise4 ,& ! man1 ! rational & immortal be+1 ^: high end[m5ts %\ld lead him to murmur & rep9e at ! unequal disp5sations ( ! div9e b\nty1 because ,god has creat$ be+s ( a high] ord] ?an himself1 & plac$ !m 9 a _w :]e no cl\d is ev] se51 & :]e no sigh is ev] he>d1 w\ld c]ta9ly1 to say ! v lea/1 be guilty ( ! mo/ crim9al +ratitude4 ,reason & consci5ce might well cry out1 ,%all ! ?+ =m$ say to ,him :o =m$ x1 ,:y ha/ ?\ made me ?us8 ,& ,god himself might well dem&1 ,is ?9e eye evil1 because ,i am good8 ,! case is n alt]$1 if we suppose t ! div9e fav\r is unequally be/[$ ^u diff]5t individuals ( ! same species1 in/ead ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( creat$ be+s4 ,! same pr9ciple ( wisdom & goodness1 z ,butl] rem>ks1 :atev] x may be1 :i* l$ ,god to make a diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & angels1 may be ! same :i* induces him to make a diff]5ce betwe5 "o portion ( ! human family & ano!r--to leave "o portion = a season to ! dim twilight ( nature1 :ile ^u ano!r he p\rs out ! light ( revelation4 ,! same pr9ciple1 x may also be1 :i* gives rise to ! endless div]sity ( natural gifts among ! diff]5t individuals ( ! same community1 z well z to ! diff]5t situations ( ! same individual1 9 reg>d to 8 temporal & et]nal int]e/s1 dur+ ! v>i\s /ages ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,& if ?is be s1 we %\ld ei!r cease to object aga9/ ! goodness ( ,god1 because ! same p[]s & advantages are n be/[$ ^u all1 or we %\ld adopt ! a!i/ical pr9ciple1 9 its fulle/ ext5t1 :i* has n[ be5 %[n to be s full ( absurdity4 ,b al?\gh we _c see ! p>ticul> reasons ( su* a div]sity ( gifts1 or h[ ea* is subs]vi5t to ! good ( ! :ole2 yet e %ad[ ( inju/ice w disappe>1 if we consid] t ,god deals ) e "o1 to use ! language ( ,scripture1 8accord+ to :at he ha?1 & n accord+ to :at he ha? n40 ,8 b\nty ov]fl[s1 9 v>i\s degrees1 ^u 8 creatures2 b 8 ju/ice equalizes all1 by requir+ e "o to give an acc\nt ( j exactly z _m tal5ts z h be5 committ$ to 8 *>ge1 & no m4 ,9 ?is respect1 all ! disp5sations ( div9e provid5ce are cle>ly & broadly di/+ui%$ f ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election & reprobation4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme1 ! reprobate1 or ^? :o are n objects ( ! div9e m]cy1 h n1 & nev] _h1 ! ability to obey ! law ( ,god2 & yet !y are condemn$ to et]nal dea? = _! failure to obey x4 ,?is is to deal ) !m1 n accord+ to :at !y h1 b accord+ to :at !y h n1 & :at !y c\ld n possibly h4 ,h5ce1 to reason f "o ( ^! cases to ! o!r1 f ! inequality ( gifts & tal5ts orda9$ by ,god to a s*eme ( election & reprobation1 z ,calv9i/s uni=mly d1 is to conf\nd all our notions ( j deal+1 & to conv]t ! rightful sov]eignty ( ,god into frightful tyranny4 ,! p]fect ju/ice ( ?is rem>k w1 we tru/1 be made to appe> ! m cle>ly & fully 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ section ( ! pres5t "w4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,scripture doctr9e ( election consi/5t ) ! imp>tiality ( ! div9e goodness4 ,we h se5 t ! election ( a nation to ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 ext]nal advantages1 or ! be/[m5t ( sup]ior gifts ^u "s individuals1 is n inconsi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ! div9e goodness4 ,beyond ! di/9ctions ?us indicat$1 & :i* s cle>ly obta9 9 ! natural provid5ce ( ,god1 x is believ$ t ! ,scriptural s*eme ( election does n g2 & t ! m rigid features ( ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election & reprobation c be d$uc$ f revelation only by a viol5t wre/+ & /ra9+ ( ! cle> ^w ( ,god4 ,let u see if ?is ass]tion may n be fully e/abli%$4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 x is well kn[n1 is ! portion ( ,scripture ^u :i* ! advocates ( t s*eme h *iefly reli$1 f ,augu/9e d[n to ,calv91 & f ,calv9 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,b1 to any imp>tial m9d1 we believe1 ?is *apt] w n be f\nd to l5d ! lea/ %ad[ ( support to any su* s*eme ( doctr9e4 ,we assume ?is position advis$ly1 & %all proce$ to give ! reasons on :i* x is bas$4 ,n[1 9 ! int]pretation ( any in/rum5t ( writ+1 x is a univ]sally admitt$ rule1 t x %\ld be con/ru$ ) ref]5ce to ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! subject ( :i* ! apo/le treats 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ,romans8 ,9 reg>d to ?is po9t !re is no dispute2 &1 to avoid all appe>ance ( controv]sy 9 relation to x1 we %all /ate ! design ( ! apo/le1 9 ?is "p ( 8 disc\rse1 9 ! words ( "o by :om ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election is ma9ta9$4 8,) ! eigh? *apt]10 says ,pr(essor ,hodge1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 8! discussion ( ! plan ( salvation1 & its imm$iate consequ5ces1 0 br\ght to a close4 ,! consid]ation ( ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ! rejection ( ! ,jews1 comm5ces ) ! n9?1 & ext5ds to ! end ( ! elev5?40 ,?us1 accord+ to ! au?or1 8! subject :i* ! apo/le _h 9 view10 9 ! n9? *apt]1 is 8! rejection ( ! ,jews1 & ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles40 ,n[1 if ?is be 8 subject1 & if ! discussion ( ! plan ( salvation 0 br\ght to a close 9 ! eigh? *apt]1 h[ c ! doctr9e ( election & reprobation1 :i* lies at ! v f\ndation (1 & gives bo? %ape & col\r+ to1 ! :ole s*eme ( salvation1 z ma9ta9$ by ,calv9i/s1 be f\nd 9 ! n9? *apt]8 ,h[ has x happ5$ t su* important lights h be5 ?r[n ^u ! plan ( salvation1 & su* fundam5tal positions e/abli%$ 9 relation to x1 aft] its discussion has be5 br\ght to a close8 ,b ?is only by ! way2 we %all h]eaft] see h[ ^! important lights h be5 extract$ f ! *apt] 9 "q4 ,! precise passage ^u :i* ! greate/ /ress is laid seems to be ! foll[+3 8,! *ildr5 be+ n yet born1 nei!r hav+ done any good or evil1 t ! purpose ( ,god1 accord+ to election1 might /&1 n ( works1 b ( him t calle?2 x 0 said unto h]1 ,! eld] %all s]ve ! y\ng]4 ,z x is writt51 ,jacob h ,i lov$1 b ,esau h ,i hat$40 ,n[1 ! "q is1 ,does ?is ref] to ! election ( ,jacob to et]nal life1 & ! et]nal reprobation ( ,esau2 or1 ,does x ref] to ! selection ( ! desc5dants ( ! =m] to con/itute ! visible p ( ,god on e>?8 ,?is is ! "q2 & x is "o :i*1 we ?9k1 is by no means difficult ( solution4 ,! apo/le 0 9 ! habit ( quot+ only a few words ( a passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to :i* he _h occasion to ref]2 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance he m]ely cites ! words ( ! prophecy1 8,! eld] %all s]ve ! y\ng]40 ,b1 accord+ to ! prophecy to :i* he ref]s1 x 0 said to ,rebecca1 8,two nations are 9 ?y womb1 & two mann] ( p %all be sep>at$ f ?y b[els2 & ! "o p %all be /rong] ?an ! o!r p1 & ! eld] %all s]ve ! y\ng]40 ,no?+ c be pla9]1 we ?9k1 ?an t ?is prophecy relates to ! desc5dants ( ,jacob & ,esau1 & n to ! individuals !mselves4 ,?is view ( ! above passage1 if x ne$$ fur!r confirmation1 is corroborat$ by ! fact t ,esau did n s]ve ,jacob1 & t ?is "p ( ! prophecy is true only 9 relation to 8 desc5dants4 ,?us ! prophecy1 :5 int]pret$ by its own express words1 z well z by ! ev5t1 %[s t x relat$ to 8two nations10 to 8two mann] ( p10 & n to two individuals4 ,! argum5t ( ,/4 ,paul dem&s ?is int]pretation4 ,he is n discuss+ ! plan ( salvation4 ,! "q be=e him is n :e!r "s are elect$ to et]nal life on acc\nt ( _! works or n2 & h5ce1 if he _h quot$ a prophecy7#bjg7 f ! ,old ,te/am5t to e/abli% t position1 he w\ld h be5 guilty ( a gross solecism1 a non sequitur1 z pla9 z c\ld well be conceiv$4 ,= ^! reasons1 we ?9k !re c be b little d\bt ) respect to ! true mean+ ( ! passage 9 "q4 ,& besides1 ?is con/ruction n only br+s ! language ( ! apo/le into p]fect con=mity ) ! provid5ce :i* ,god is actually se5 to ex]cise ov] ! _w1 b also reconciles x ) ! glory ( ! div9e "*4 ,9 reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! t]ms lov$ & hat$1 us$ 9 ! prophecy "u consid]ation1 !re c be no d\bt t ! int]pretation ( ,pr(essor ,hodge is p]fectly j4 8,! mean+ is10 says he1 8t ,god pref]r$ "o to ! o!r1 or *ose "o in/ead ( ! o!r4 ,z ?is is ! idea meant to be express$1 x is evid5t t 9 ?is case ! ^w hate means to love less1 to reg>d & treat ) less fav\r4 ,?us 9 ,g54 xxix1 #cc1 ,leah says1 %e 0 hat$ by h] husb&2 :ile1 9 ! ?irtie? v]se1 ! same idea is express$ by say+1 ,jacob #8lov$ ,ra*el m ?an ,leah4' ,matt4 x1 #cg4 ,luke xiv1 #bf3 #8,if any man come to me1 & hate n 8 fa!r & "m1' c4 ,john xii1 #be40 ,no "o w object to ?is explanation4 ,b h[ w ! language1 ?us und]/ood1 apply to ! case ( individual election & reprobation1 z ma9ta9$ by ,calv9i/s8 ,we c see1 inde$1 h[ x applies to ! desc5dants ( ,esau1 :o 7 9 _m respects plac$ 9 less advantage\s circum/ances ?an ! po/]ity ( ,jacob2 b h[ c ,god be said to love ! elect m ?an ! reprobate8 ,c he be said to love ! reprobate at all8 ,if1 f all et]nity1 !y h be5 et]nally damn$ = n r5d]+ an impossible ob$i5ce1 %\ld we call ?is a less] degree ( love ?an t :i* is be/[$ ^u ! elect1 or %\ld we call x hate8 ,x seems1 t ! comm5tator feels "s repugnance at ! idea ( sett+ ap>t ! individual1 be=e he has 8done ei!r good or evil10 z an object ( hate2 b n at all at ! idea ( sett+ him ap>t z an object ( et]nal & rem$iless woe6 8,x is no d\bt true10 says ,pr(essor ,hodge1 8t ! pr$iction conta9$ 9 ?is passage has ref]5ce n only to ! relative /&+ ( ,jacob & ,esau1 z individuals1 b also to t ( _! desc5dants4 ,x may ev5 be all[$ t ! latt] 0 pr9cipally int5d$ 9 ! communication to ,rebecca4 ,b x is cle>3 #a4 ,t ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! two races presuppos$ & includ$ a di/9ction betwe5 ! individuals4 ,jacob1 made ! special heir to 8 fa!r ,isaac1 obta9$ z an individual ! bir?right & ! bless+2 & ,esau1 z an individual1 0 cut (f40 ,?is may all be p]fectly true2 x is c]ta9ly no?+ to ! purpose4 ,x is true1 t ,jacob 0 made ! special heir to 8 fa!r2 b did he !reby inh]it et]nal life8 ,! di/9ction betwe5 him & ,esau 0 und\bt$ly a p]sonal fav\r2 ! v fact t 8 desc5dants w\ld be s highly bless$1 mu/ h be5 a s\rce ( p]sonal satisfaction & joy1 :i* 8 less fav\r$ bro!r did n possess4 ,b 0 ?is bir?right & ?is bless+ ! fix$ & irrev]sible boon ( et]nal life8 ,!re is n ! lea/ %ad[ ( any su* ?+ 9 ! :ole record4 ,! only bless+s1 ( a p]sonal or individual nature1 ( :i* ! acc\nt gives u ! lea/ intimation1 ei!r by express words or by implication1 are l ^? ) :i* ,god1 9 8 provid5ce1 /ill cont9ues to di/+ui% "s individuals f o!rs4 ,!y are n ! gift ( et]nal life1 b ( c]ta9 ext]nal & temporal advantages4 ,h5ce !y ?r[ no light ^u ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election & reprobation4 ,to make out ?is s*eme1 or any?+ 9 support ( x1 some?+ m mu/ be done ?an to %[ t ,god di/+ui%es "o nation1 or "o individual1 f ano!r1 9 ! di/ribution ( 8 fav\rs4 ,?is is conc$$ on all sides2 & has no?+ to d ) ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,x mu/ also be %[n1 t ! p>ticul> fav\r :i* he br+s home to "o by 8 inf9ite p[]1 & :i* he )holds f ano!r1 is nei!r m nor less ?an ! salvation ( ! s\l4 ,x mu/ be %[n1 t ! m]e w & pleasure ( ,god makes su* a di/9ction among ! s\ls ( m51 t :ile "s are inv9cibly made ! heirs ( glory1 o!rs are /amp$ ) ! seal ( et]nal dea?4 ,! inh]itance ( ,jacob1 & ! ca/+ (f ( ,esau1 71 s f> z we c see1 v diff]5t f ! awful proce$+ :i* is ascrib$ to ,god accord+ to ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election & reprobation4 ,! same rem>k is applicable to o!r attempts to %[1 t ,god's fav\r 0 be/[$ ^u ,jacob1 z an individual1 9 pref]5ce to ,esau4 8,z to ! objection10 says ,pr(essor ,hodge1 8t ,esau nev] p]sonally s]v$ ,jacob1 x is f\nd$ on ! m]e lit]al s5se ( ! words4 ,esau did ackn[l$ge 8 inf]iority to ,jacob1 & 0 po/pon$ to him on v>i\s occasions4 ,?is is ! real _s ( ! passage4 ,?is prophecy1 z is ! case ) all simil> pr$ictions1 has v>i\s /ages ( fulfilm5t4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two bro!rs dur+ life2 ! loss ( ! bir?right bless+ & promises on ! "p ( ,esau2 ! tempor>y subjugation ( 8 desc5dants to ! ,hebrews "u ,david2 _! f9al & complete subjugation "u ! ,maccabees2 & especially _! exclusion f ! peculi> privileges ( ! p ( ,god1 ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 are includ$40 ,suppose all ?is to be true1 :at relation has x to ! election ( "s individuals to et]nal life1 & ! reprobation ( o!rs8 ,we %all n dwell ^u o!r portions ( ! *apt] 9 "q2 =1 if ! =ego+ rem>ks be j1 x w be easy to dispose ( e text :i* may1 at fir/ view1 appe> to support ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( election4 ,we %all dismiss ! consid]ation ( ! n9? *apt] ( ,romans ) an extract f ,dr4 ,macknight1 :o1 al?\gh a firm believ] 9 ! ,calv9i/ic view ( election & reprobation1 does n f9d any support = 8 doctr9e 9 ?is portion ( ,scripture4 8,al?\gh "s passages 9 ?is *apt]10 says he1 8:i* pi\s & le>n$ m5 h und]/ood ( ! election & reprobation ( individuals1 are 9 ! =ego+ illu/ration int]pret$ ( ! election ( nations to be ! p ( ,god1 & to enjoy ! advantage ( an ext]nal revelation1 & ( _! los+ ^! hon\rable di/9ctions1 ! read] mu/ n1 on t acc\nt1 suppose ! au?or rejects ! doctr9es ( ! decree & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,^! doctr9es are taught 9 o!r passages ( ,scripture3 see ,rom4 viii1 #bi40 ,?us ?is enlight5$ critic c&idly ab&ons ! n9? *apt] ( ,romans1 & seeks support = 8 ,calv9i/ic view ( ! div9e decrees else:]e4 ,let u1 !n1 proce$ to exam9e ! eigh? *apt] ( ,romans1 ^u :i* he relies4 ,! words are z foll[3 8,= :om he did =ekn[1 he also did pr$e/9ate to be con=m$ to ! image ( 8 ,son1 t he might be ! fir/-born among _m bre?r54 ,moreov]1 :om he did pr$e/9ate1 !m he also call$3 & :om he call$1 !m he also ju/ifi$3 & :om he ju/ifi$1 !m he also glorifi$40 ,we ne$ h no dispute ) ! ,calv9i/s respect+ ! int]pretation ( ^! words4 ,if we mi/ake n1 we may adopt _! own con/ruction ( !m1 & yet cle>ly %[ t !y l5d n ! lea/ support to _! views ( election & reprobation4 8,z to "k10 says ,pr(essor ,hodge1 8is (t5 to approve & love1 x may express ! idea ( peculi> affection 9 ! case2 or x may mean to select or det]m9e ^u40 ,^! two int]pretations1 z he truly says1 8d n ess5tially diff]4 ,! "o is b a modification ( ! o!r40 8,! idea1 !re=e1 obvi\sly is1 t ^? :om ,god peculi>ly lov$1 & by ?us lov+1 di/+ui%$ or select$ f ! re/ ( mank9d2 or1 to express bo? ideas 9 "o ^w1 ^? :om he elect$ he pr$e/9at$1 c40 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is comm5tator1 ^? :om ,god elect$1 he also pr$e/9at$1 call$1 ju/ifi$1 &1 f9ally1 glorifi$4 ,n[1 suppose all ?is to be admitt$1 let u consid] :e!r x gives any support to ! ,calv9i/ic cre$ ( election4 ,x tea*es t all ^? :om ,god elects %all be ultimately sav$2 b n "o ^w or "o syllable does x say ) respect to ! pr9ciple or gr\nd ( 8 election4 ,x tells u t ,god1 9 8 inf9ite wisdom1 selects "o portion ( mank9d z ! objects ( 8 sav+ m]cy1--! heirs ( et]nal glory2 b x does n say t ?is selection1 ?is approbation1 ?is peculi> love1 is :olly )\t f\ndation 9 ! "* or condition ( ! elect4 ,x tells u t ,god has numb]$ ! elect1 & writt5 _! names 9 ! book ( life2 b x does n tell u t1 9 any case1 he has tak5 precisely su* z he has left1 or left precisely su* z he has tak54 ,! b>e fact ( ! election is all t is "h disclos$4 ,! reason1 or ! gr\nd1 or ! pr9ciple1 ( t election is n ev5 allud$ to2 & we are left to ga!r x ei!r f o!r portions ( ,scripture1 or f ! et]nal dictates ( ju/ice & m]cy4 ,h5ce1 z ?is passage makes no allusion to ! gr\nd or reason ( ! div9e election1 x does n beg9 to t\* ! controv]sy we h ) !ologians ( ! ,calv9i/ic s*ool4 ,e l9k 9 ! *a9 "h pres5t$ is p]fect1 except t :i* connects its fir/ l9k1 ! election to et]nal life1 ) ! unconditional decree ( ,god2 & t l9k1 ! only "o 9 controv]sy1 is absolutely want+4 ,we h no occasion to break ! *a92 = x is only to ! imag9ation t x seems to be unconditionally b\nd to ! ?rone ( ! ,omnipot5t4 ,z ?is passage1 !n1 det]m9es no?+ ) respect to ! gr\nd or reason ( election1 s we h z mu* "r to affirm1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( su* language1 t ,god did really =esee a diff]5ce :]e he has made s great a di/9ction1 z ! ,calv9i/s h to suppose t s great a di/9ction has be5 made by a m]e arbitr>y & caprici\s ex]cise ( p[]4 ,t we h a bett] reason = ?is position ?an our oppon5ts c produce = !irs1 we %all endeav\r to %[ 9 ! ensu+ section4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election inconsi/5t ) ! imp>tiality & glory ( ! div9e goodness4 ,hav+ se5 t ! unequal di/ribution ( fav\rs1 :i* obta9s 9 ! wise economy ( ,provid5ce1 di/+ui%+ nation f nation1 z well z individual f individual1 is n inconsi/5t ) ! p]fection ( ! div9e goodness2 & hav+ also se5 t ! ,scripture doctr9e ( election makes no o!r di/9ctions ?an ^? :i* take place 9 ! provid5ce ( ,god1 & is equally reconcilable ) ! glory ( 8 "*1 we come n[ to consid] ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election & reprobation4 ,we h %[n on :at pr9ciples ! provid5ce ( ,god1 :i* makes s _m di/9ctions among m51 may be v9dicat$2 let u n[ see on :at pr9ciples ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( election & reprobation seeks to ju/ify itself4 ,if we mi/ake n1 ?is s*eme ( pr$e/9ation is z unlike ! provid5ce ( ,god 9 its pr9ciples z x is 9 ! appall+ di/9ctions :i* x makes among ! subjects ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 8,pr$e/9ation10 says ,calv91 8we call ! et]nal decree ( ,god1 by :i* he has det]m9$ 9 himself1 :at he w\ld h to become ( e individual ( mank9d4 ,= !y are n all creat$ ) a simil> de/9y2 b et]nal life is =eorda9$ = "s1 & et]nal damnation = o!rs4 ,e man1 !re=e1 be+ creat$ = "o or ! o!r ( ^! ends1 we say1 he is pr$e/9at$ ei!r to life or to dea?407#bjh7 ,aga93 8,9 con=mity1 !re=e1 to ! cle> doctr9e ( ,scripture1 we ass]t1 t by an et]nal & immutable c\nsel1 ,god has once = all det]m9$1 bo? :om he w\ld admit to salvation & :om he w\ld condemn to de/ruction407#bji7 ,! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation is set =? 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai?1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,by ! decree ( ,god1 = ! manife/ation ( 8 glory1 "s m5 & angels are pr$e/9at$ unto ev]la/+ life1 & o!rs =eorda9$ to ev]la/+ dea?40 8,^! m5 & angels1 ?us pr$e/9at$ & =eorda9$1 are p>ticul>ly & un*angeably design$2 & _! numb] is s c]ta9 & def9ite1 t x _c be ei!r increas$ or dim9i%$40 8,^? ( mank9d t are pr$e/9at$ unto life1 ,god1 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w 0 laid1 accord+ to 8 et]nal & immutable purpose1 & ! secret c\nsel & good pleasure ( 8 w1 ha? *os5 9 ,*ri/ unto ev]la/+ glory1 out ( 8 m]e free grace & love1 )\t any =esight ( fai? or good works1 or p]sev]ance 9 ei!r ( !m1 or any o!r ?+ 9 ! creature1 z conditions or causes mov+ him !reunto2 & all to ! praise ( 8 glori\s grace40 8,z ,god ha? appo9t$ ! elect unto glory1 s ha? he1 by ! et]nal & mo/ free purpose ( 8 w1 =eorda9$ all ! means !reunto4 ,:]e=e1 !y :o are elect$1 be+ fall5 9 ,adam1 are r$eem$ by ,*ri/1 are effectually call$ unto fai? 9 ,*ri/ by 8 ,_s work+ 9 due season2 are ju/ifi$1 adopt$1 sanctifi$1 & kept by 8 p[] ?r\gh fai? unto salvation4 ,nei!r are any o!r r$eem$ by ,*ri/1 effectually call$1 ju/ifi$1 adopt$1 sanctifi$1 & sav$1 b ! elect only40 8,! re/ ( mank9d1 ,god 0 pleas$1 accord+ to ! unse>*able c\nsel ( 8 own w1 :]eby he ext5de? or )holde? m]cy z he please?1 = ! glory ( 8 sov]eign p[] ov] 8 creatures1 to pass by1 & to orda9 to di%on\r & wra? = _! s91 to ! praise ( 8 glori\s ju/ice40 ,! def5d]s ( ?is sy/em assume ! position1 t z 8by ,adam's s9 ! :ole human race became a corrupt mass1 & ju/ly subject to et]nal damnation2 s t no "o c blame ,god's righte\s decision1 if none are sav$ f p]dition407#baj7 ,augu/9e expressly says3 8,b :y fai? is n giv5 to all1 ne$ n move ! fai?ful1 :o believe t by "o all came into condemnation1 d\btless ! mo/ j2 s t !re w\ld be no j compla9+ ( ,god1 ?\gh no "o %\ld be fre$40 ,& aga93 8,! dom9ion ( dea? has s f> prevail$ ov] m51 t ! des]v$ puni%m5t w\ld drive all headlong into a second dea? likewise1 ( :i* !re is no end1 if ! undes]v$ grace ( ,god did n deliv] !m f x407#baa7 ,su* is ! picture ( ! div9e ju/ice1 :i* ! advocates ( pr$e/9ation h pres5t$1 f ! "t ( ,augu/9e1 ! great f\nd] ( ! doctr9e1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x surely furni%es a suffici5tly d>k backgr\nd on :i* to display ! div9e m]cy to advantage4 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld n judge ( ! proce$+ ( ,god1 accord+ to our notions ( ju/ice4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true1 if ! div9e ju/ice is fairly repres5t$ 9 ! s*eme ( pr$e/9ation2 = t is cle>ly unlike all t is call$ ju/ice among m54 ,if ,god c create c\ntless myriads ( be+s1 :o1 because !y come into ! _w ) a deprav$ nature1 & 8c d no?+ b s910 he reg>ds ) su* displeasure1 z to leave !m )\t hope & )\t rem$y2 & n only s1 b dooms !m to et]nal mis]y on acc\nt ( an unavoidable cont9uance 9 s92 x mu/ be confess$1 t we %\ld n presume to apply our notions ( ju/ice to 8 deal+s ) ! _w4 ,!y w\ld m exactly accord ) our notions ( inju/ice1 cruelty1 & oppression1 ?an ) any o!rs ( :i* we are capable ( =m+ any conception4 ,b1 if we are n to decide accord+ to our notions ( ju/ice1 h[ %all we judge1 or =m any op9ion respect+ ! equity ( ! div9e proce$+8 ,%all we judge accord+ to "s notion :i* we d n possess1 or %all we n judge at all8 ,?is la/ w\ld seem to be ! wis] c\rse2 b x is "o :i* ! ,calv9i/s !mselves w n p]mit u to adopt4 ,!y tell u1 t ! pr$e/9ation ( ! great] "p ( mank9d to et]nal dea? is 8to ! praise ( ,god's glori\s ju/ice40 ,b h[ are we to behold ?is glori\s manife/ation ( ! div9e ju/ice1 if we may n view x ?r\gh any m$ium kn[n to u1 or contemplate x 9 any light :i* may h dawn$ ^u our m9ds8 ,inde$1 al?\gh ! def5d]s ( ?is doctr9e (t5 decl>e t ! pr$e/9ation ( s _m m5 & angels to et]nal mis]y1 displays ! ju/ice ( ,god 9 all its glory2 yet _! own writ+s furni% ! mo/ abundant & conclusive evid5ce1 t !y !mselves c see no appe>ance ( ju/ice 9 su* a proce$+4 ,on v>i\s occasions !y d n hesitate to tell u1 t al?\gh !y _c recognise ! ju/ice ( su* a proce$+1 yet !y believe x to be j1 because x is ! proce$+ ( ,god4 ,b h[ c t be a display ( ju/ice to u1 :i*1 accord+ to all our notions1 we>s ! appe>ance ( ! mo/ frightful inju/ice8 ,calv9 himself admits1 t ! ju/ice ( ,god1 :i* is suppos$ to be s brightly display$ 9 ! pr$e/9ation ( s _m immortal be+s to endless woe1 is1 9 reality1 !re9 involv$ 9 cl\ds & d>kness4 ,yet he does n fail to d$uce an argum5t 9 its fav\r f 8! v obscurity :i* excites su* dread407#bab7 ,x seems cle>1 t if ! div9e ju/ice is really display$ 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! reprobate1 x w\ld h be5 exhibit$ on a /ill m magnific5t scale by ! condemnation ( ! :ole human race4 ,=1 accord+ to ,calv9ism1 all 7 equally des]v+ ( ! div9e displeasure1 & ! sav$ are di/+ui%$ f ! lo/ only by ! election ( ,god4 ,h5ce1 ?is s*eme %[s ! ju/ice ( ,god to be limit$1 or n display$ on s gr& & impos+ a scale z x might h be52 t is to say1 x %[s ! ju/ice ( ,god to be less ?an inf9ite4 ,b if su* be ! ju/ice ( ,god1 we c]ta9ly %\ld n compla9 t x has be5 limit$ by 8 m]cy2 we %\ld r rejoice1 inde$1 to believe t x _h be5 !reby entirely ext+ui%$4 ,not)/&+ ! claims ( div9e ju/ice1 all 7 n reprobat$ & doom$ to et]nal dea?4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( mank9d are elect$ & sav$1 8to ! praise ( 8 glori\s grace40 ,n[1 x is conc$$ by ,calv9i/s1 t 8all ! circum/ances :i* di/+ui% ! elect f o!rs are ! fruit ( _! election407#bac7 ,?is proposition is d$uc$ by a ,calv9i/ic div9e f ! 8,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai?40 ,x is also conc$$1 t if ! same grace :i* is giv5 to ! elect1 %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! reprobate1 !y also w\ld be sav$47#bad7 ,:y1 !n1 is x n be/[$8 ,:y ?is fe>ful limitation ( ! div9e m]cy8 ,c ! ju/ice ( ,god be manife/$ only at ! exp5se ( 8 m]cy1 & 8 m]cy only at ! exp5se ( 8 ju/ice8 ,or1 is ! ev]la/+ m]cy ( ,god1 t sublime attribute :i* con/itutes ! excell5cy & glory ( 8 moral nature1 s limit$ & /rait5$ on all sides1 t x m]ely selects "h & !re an object ( its fav\r1 :ile x leaves ?\s&s & millions1 equally )9 its rea*1 expos$ to ! et]nal ravages ( ! spoil]8 ,if s1 !n are we b\nd to conclude1 t ! m]cy ( ,god is n inf9ite2 t x is n only limit$1 b also p>tial & arbitr>y 9 its op]ation8 ,b su* is n ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,?is is n a caprici\s fondness1 nor yet an arbitr>y dictate ( feel+2 x is a uni=m & univ]sal rule ( goodness4 ,to select "o "h & !re out ( ! mass ( mank9d1 :ile o!rs1 precisely l !m 9 all respects1 are left to p]i%1 is n m]cy2 x is fav\ritism4 ,! tyrant may h 8 fav\rites z well z o!rs4 ,b ,god is n a respect] ( p]sons4 ,if he selects "o1 z ! object ( 8 sav+ m]cy1 he w select all :o /& 9 ! l condition2 o!rwise1 8 m]cy 7 no m m]cy1 b a c]ta9 caprici\s fondness ( feel+1 unwor?y ( an e>?ly mon>*1 & mu* m ( ! augu/ ,head & ,rul] ( ! moral univ]se4 ,^! views & feel+s are n peculi> to ! oppon5ts ( ,calv9ism4 ,!y exi/ 9 ! bosom ( ,calv9i/s !mselves2 only !y are s cru%$ b5ea? a sy/em1 t !y _c f9d t fre$om ( developm5t1 nor t fulness ( utt]ance1 :i* s rightfully belongs to !m1 & :i* is s ess5tial to _! entire heal?fulness & beauty4 ,we %all give only "o illu/ration ( ! ju/ness ( ?is rem>k1 al?\gh we might produce a hundr$4 ,aft] hav+ endeav\r$ to v9dicate ! m]cy ( ,god1 z display$ 9 ! s*eme ( pr$e/9ation1 ,dr4 ,hill c&idly decl>es3 8,/ill1 h[ev]1 a cl\d hangs ov] ! subject2 & !re is a difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! m9d to a sy/em1 :i*1 aft] lay+ ?is f\ndation1 t special grace is necess>y to ! production ( human virtue1 adopts z its di/+ui%+ t5et ?is position1 t t grace is d5i$ to _m407#bae7 ,not)/&+ 8 mo/ elaborate def5ce ( pr$e/9ation1 he may well say1 t 8a cl\d /ill hangs ov] ! subject10 & d>k5s ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,"s ( ! /]eotyp$ attempts ( ,calv9i/s to escape f ! cl\d :i* hangs ov] _! doctr9e are too weak to des]ve a s]i\s refutation4 ,we are (t5 ask$1 = example1 if ,god may n d :at he pleases ) 8 own8 ,mo/ assur$ly he may2 b does x please him1 accord+ to ! high supralaps>ian notion ( ,calv91 to create myriads ( m5 & angels1 to ! end t !y may be et]nally damn$8 ,does x please him1 accord+ ev5 to ! sublaps>ian s*eme1 to leave ! great mass ( mank9d 9 ! helpless & =lorn condition 9 :i* !y 7 born1 )\t assi/ance1 & !n subject !m to et]nal mis]y1 because !y w\ld n r5d] an ob$i5ce beyond _! p[]8 ,truly1 ! sov]eign ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w may d :at he pleases ) 8 own2 b yet we insi/1 t x is 8 supreme/ pleasure to deal ) 8 creatures accord+ to ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ju/ice & m]cy4 ,8 p[] is inf9ite1 we admit1 nay1 we joyfully believe2 b yet x is n a p[] :i* works accord+ to ! lawless pleasure ( an unmitigat$ despot4 ,x moves )9 a sph]e ( light & love4 ,god's inf9ite wisdom & goodness sup]9t5d & surr\nd all its work+s2 o!rwise its omnipot5t act+s w\ld soon c>ry ! goodly frame ( ! _w1 toge!r ) all ! bless$ inhabitants !re(1 into a /ate ( utt] confusion & *aotic night2 leav+ occasion = none1 save ! bl9d idolat]s ( p[]1 to exclaim1 8,may he n d :at he pleases ) 8 own80 ,we are also told1 t 8,god is "u no obligation to 8 creatures40 ,suppos+ ?is to be true1 7?\gh true mo/ c]ta9ly x is n17 yet does he n owe x to himself--does he n owe x to ! et]nal pr9ciples ( tru? & goodness--does he n owe x to ! glory ( 8 own empire ov] ! _w--to deal ) 8 rational & immortal creatures1 o!rwise ?an accord+ to ! d>k s*eme ( ,calv9i/ic pr$e/9ation8 ,nay1 is x n due to ! creature himself1 t he %\ld h "s little *ance or opportunity to embrace ! life :i* ,god has set be=e him8 ,or1 9 default ( su* opportunity1 is x n due to him t he %\ld be exempt f ! wages ( ! second dea?8 ,confess+ ! wisdom & ju/ice ( pr$e/9ation1 z ma9ta9$ by !mselves1 to be above our compreh5sion1 ! ,calv9i/s are accu/om$ to rem9d u ( ! littl5ess1 ! weakness1 & ! bl9dness ( ! human m9d1 & h[ dang]\s x is = be+s l ourselves to pry into my/]ies4 ,we are aw>e1 inde$1 t our faculties are limit$ on all sides1 & t we are exce$+ly prone to assume m ?an belongs to u4 ,we are n sure t ! human m9d1 s little & s assum+1 appe>s to any v great advantage 9 its advocacy ( ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( pr$e/9ation4 ,?is s*eme is n only f\nd 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ,romans1 by a /range misappreh5sion ( ! :ole scope & design ( ! apo/le's argum5t1 b1 aft] hav+ bas$ x ^u ?is mis9t]pretation ( ! div9e ^w1 its advocates p]si/ 9 reg>d+ all opposition to x z an opposition aga9/ ,god4 ,z (t5 z we dispute ! doctr9e1 !y cry out1 8,nay1 b1 ,o man1 :o art ?\ t replie/ aga9/ ,god80 ,?is rebuke 0 well adm9i/]$ by ,/4 ,paul4 ,he appli$ x to ^? :o1 und]/&+ 8 doctr9e1 did n hesitate to arraign ! equity ( ! div9e proce$+ 9 ! election ( "o nation 9 pref]5ce to ano!r to con/itute ! visible ,*ur* on e>?4 ,?is 0 n only to reply aga9/ ,god's ^w1 b also aga9/ ! manife/ arrangem5ts & disp5sations ( 8 provid5ce4 ,b x is n well appli$ by ,calv9i/s1 unless !y possess an infallibility :i* au?orizes !m to id5tify _! int]pretation ( ! ^w ( ,god ) ! ^w itself4 ,x is n well appli$ by !m1 unless !y are au?oriz$ to put !mselves 9 ! place ( ,god4 ,if !y h no "r to d ?is1 we mu/ insi/ ^u x t x is "o ?+ to reply aga9/ ,god1 & q ano!r to reply aga9/ ,calv9 & 8 foll[]s4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! true gr\nd & reason ( election to et]nal life %[s x to be consi/5t ) ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god4 ,we agree ) bo? ,calv9i/ic & ,arm9ian writ]s 9 ! position1 t no man is elect$ to et]nal life on acc\nt ( 8 m]its4 ,inde$1 ! idea t a human be+ c m]it any?+1 mu* less et]nal life1 ( ,god1 is prepo/]\s 9 ! extreme4 ,all 8 gifts are ( pure grace4 ,! creation ( ! s\l ) glori\s & immortal p[]s 0 an act ( pure1 unmix$ fav\r4 ,! duty ( lov+ & s]v+ him1 :i* we are p]mitt$ to enjoy1 is an exalt$ privilege1 & %\ld inspire u ) gratitude1 in/ead ( begett+ ! mis]able conceit t our s]vice1 ev5 :5 mo/ p]fect1 c\ld des]ve any?+ fur!r f ,god1 or e/abli% any claims ^u 8 ju/ice4 ,?is view1 :i* we take to be ! true "o1 z completely %uts out all occasion ( boa/+ z does ! s*eme ( election ma9ta9$ by ! ,calv9i/s4 ,x is object$1 t ,god did n elect individuals to et]nal life1 because he =esaw t !y w\ld rep5t & believe2 s9ce rep5tance & fai? !mselves are ! fruits ( election4 ,if ?is objection h any =ce1 we are p]suad$ t x arises f an improp] word+1 or pres5tation1 ( ! tru? aga9/ :i* x is direct$4 ,we _c suppose t ,god elect$ any "o because he =esaw 8 good works1 s z to make election to dep5d ^u !m1 in/ead ( mak+ !m to dep5d ^u election4 ,?is does n prev5t an individual1 h[ev]1 f hav+ be5 elect$1 because ,god =esaw f all et]nity t ! influ5ces att5d+ ^u 8 election w\ld1 by 8 own volunt>y cop]ation !re)1 be r5d]$ effectual to 8 salvation4 ,?is is ! gr\nd on :i* we believe ! election ( individuals to et]nal life to proce$4 ,accord+ly1 we suppose t ,god nev] select$1 or det]m9$ to save1 any "o :o he =esaw w\ld n yield to ! influ5ces ( 8 grace1 provid$ !y %\ld be giv54 ,& we also suppose t su* is ! ov]fl[+ goodness ( ,god1 t all 7 elect$ by him1 & _h _! names writt5 9 ! book ( life1 :o he =esaw w\ld yield to ! influ5ces ( 8 grace1 &1 by ! cop]ation !re)1 8make _! call+ & election sure40 ,?is s*eme appe>s to possess ! foll[+ v great advantages3-- #a4 ,x does n give su* a p]vad+ en]gy to ! op]ations ( div9e grace z to exclude all subord9ate moral ag5cy f ! _w1 & de/roy ! v f\ndation ( man's acc\ntability4 #b4 ,x does n weak5 ! motives to ! practice ( a virtu\s & dec5t life1 by assur+ ! wor/ "p ( mank9d t !y are j z likely to be made ! objects ( ! sav+ grace ( ,god z any o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 x holds out ?is t]rible w>n+1 t by an ob/9ate cont9uance 9 evil-do+1 ! wick$ may place !mselves beyond ! effectual influ5ces ( div9e grace1 & set ! seal ( et]nal dea? to _! own s\ls4 #c4 ,x %[s ! m]cy ( ,god to be inf9ite4 ,no "o1 except ^? :o place !mselves beyond ! possibility ( salvation by _! own evil de$s1 is ev] lo/4 ,h5ce1 ! m]cy ( ,god1 :i* takes 9 all ^: salvation is )9 ! range ( possibility1 appe>s 9 full-orb$ & uncl\d$ spl5d\r4 ,x c\ld n possibly appe> great]1 or m beautiful1 ?an z x pres5ts itself to our view 9 ?is s*eme4 #d4 ,x %[s ! ju/ice ( ,god to be inf9ite4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! above view1 is nei!r limit$ by1 nor does x limit1 ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,x acts m]ely ^u ^? :o 7 n1 & nev] c\ld be made1 ! objects ( m]cy2 & x acts ^u ^! accord+ to ! full measure ( _! ill-des]t1 z well z accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! moral empire ( ,god4 ,x has no limits1 except ^? :i* circumscribe & b\nd ! objects ( inf9ite ju/ice4 #e4 ,x n only %[s ! m]cy & ju/ice ( ,god to be z great z c possibly be conceiv$1 b x also %[s ! p]fect h>mony & agreem5t :i* subsi/s betwe5 ^! sublime attributes ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,x m>ks out & def9es ! orbit1 9 :i* ea* revolves 9 all ! p]fection & pl5itude ( its glory1 )\t ! lea/ cla%+ or int]f]5ce ) ! o!r4 ,9 conclusion1 we w\ld simply ask ! c&id & imp>tial read]1 ,does any d>k or p]plex+ 8cl\d /ill hang ov] ! subject80 ,is 8!re a difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! m9d to a sy/em10 :i* exhibits ! "* ( ,god1 & 8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 9 s pleas+ & s advantage\s a light8 ,does n a sy/em1 :i* gives s glad & joy\s a response to ! dem& ( ,god1 8,are n my ways equal80 recomm5d itself to ! affections ( ! pi\s m9d8 ,x v cle>ly seems to u1 t1 /rong z are ! convictions ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s 9 fav\r ( 8a rigid & absolute pr$e/9ation107#baf7 8 affections _c always be re/ra9$ )9 ! n>r[ conf9es ( s d>k a s*eme4 ,8 language1 9 plead+ = ! univ]sality ( ! gospel (f]1 conta9s1 x seems to u1 z direct1 & po9t$1 & p[]ful condemnation ( 8 own s*eme z c well be f\nd 9 ! :ole range ( !ological lit]ature4 8,!re mu/ be10 says he1 8a sad misund]/&+ some:]e4 ,! commission put into our h&s is to g & prea* ! gospel to e creature "u heav52 & ! ann\ncem5t s\nd$ =? 9 ! _w f heav5's vault 01 ,peace on e>?1 good-w to m54 ,!re is no freez+ limitation "h1 b a l>g5ess & munific5ce ( m]cy b\ndless z space1 free & op5 z ! expanse ( ! firmam5t4 ,we hope1 !re=e1 ! gospel1 ! real gospel1 is z unlike ! views ( "s ( its int]pret]s1 z creation1 9 all its b\ndless ext5t & beauty1 is unlike ! paltry s*eme ( "s wret*$ s*ola/ic 9 ! middle ages4 ,! middle age ( sci5ce & civilization is n[ t]m9at$2 b ,*ri/ianity also _h its middle age1 & ?is1 p]haps1 is n yet fully t]m9at$4 ,!re is /ill a rema9d] ( ! old spell1 ev5 ! spell ( human au?ority1 & by :i* a c]ta9 cramp or conf9em5t has be5 laid on ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we _c d\bt t ! "t ( its complete emancipation is com+1 :5 x %all break loose f ! imprisonm5t 9 :i* x is held2 b mean:ile !re is1 z x 71 a /ricture ^u x1 n yet :olly remov$1 & 9 virtue ( :i* ! l>g5ess & lib]ality ( ,heav5's own purposes h be5 made to desc5d 9 p>tial & scanty dropp+s ?r\gh ! /ra9]s ( an artificial !ology1 in/ead ( fall+1 z !y ought1 9 a univ]sal %[] ^u ! _w407#bag7 ,is x possible1 t ?is is ! language ( a man :o believes t ,heav5's purposes ( m]cy desc5d1 n ^u all m51 b only ^u ! elect8 ,x is ev5 s4 ,b\ndless & beautiful z ! goodness ( ,god is 9 itself2 yet1 ?r\gh ! /ra9]s ( 8 !ology1 is x made to desc5d 9 p>tial & scanty dropp+s m]ely1 & n 9 "o univ]sal %[]4 ,x is good-w1 n to m51 b to ! elect4 ,su* is ! 8*ill+ limitation10 & su* ! frightful 8/ricture10 on ! g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1 f :i*1 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 imag9ation1 ! great he>t ( ,*alm]s bur/ into a high] & a m g5ial elem5t ( light & love4 ,alas6 h[ sad & h[ sudd5 ! desc5t1 :5 9 ! v next p>agraph he says3 8,! names & numb] ( ! sav$ may h be5 9 ! view1 nay1 ev5 9 ! design & de/9ation ( ,god f all et]nity2 & /ill ! di/9ction is c>ri$ into effect1 n by means ( a gospel address$ p>tially & exclusively to !m1 b by means ( a gospel address$ g5]ally to all4 ,a p>tial gospel1 9 fact1 c\ld n h a*iev$ ! conv]sion ( ! elect30 t is to say1 ?\gh x 0 ! design & de/9ation ( ,god f all et]nity to save only a small portion ( ^? :om he might h sav$2 yet he made ! (f] ( salvation to all1 9 ord] to save ! *os5 few6 ,& if he _h n proclaim$ ?is univ]sal (f]1 by :i* 8! l>g5ess & munific5ce0 ( 8 m]cy are made to appe> z 8b\ndless z space10 ! elect c\ld n h be5 sav$6 ,if s1 is x ! real goodness ( ,god1 !n1 or m]ely ! appe>ance ( univ]sal goodness1 t leade? m5 to rep5tance8 8,any *>m10 says he1 8:i* !re is 9 ,*ri/ianity to recall or to reg5]ate "s1 lies 9 ^? ( its ov]tures :i* are s fram$ z to hold out ! (f]$ fri5d%ip ( ,god to all307#bah7 t is1 t al?\gh ,god int5ds & seeks to save only a few1 he (f]s ! same salvation to all1 to give an efficaci\s *>m to ! s*eme ( r$emption6 ,inde$1 if ! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( an absolute pr$e/9ation be true1 !n we admit t !re is a *>m & a glory 9 ! magnific5t delusion1 aris+ f ,god's (f] ( fri5d%ip to all1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 ! tru?4 ,b t s*eme1 z we h se51 is n true2 & also1 t ! goodness ( ,god is z b\ndless & beautiful 9 reality1 z x c\ld possibly be 9 appe>ance4 ,we agree ) ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 t ! goodness ( ,god %\ld be view$1 n ?r\gh ! m$ium ( pr$e/9ation1 b z x %9es =? 9 ! light ( ! glori\s gospel4 ,we agree ) him1 t 8we ought to proce$ on ! obvi\s repres5tations :i* ,scripture gives ( ! ,deity2 & ^! beheld 9 _! own imm$iate light1 unt+$ by ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation4 ,god wait+ to be graci\s--,god n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld come to rep5tance--,god swe>+ by himself t he has no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( a s9n]1 b r t all %\ld come unto him & live--,god besee*+ m5 to ent] into reconciliation1 & ?is n z elect1 b simply & g5]ally z m5 & s9n]s2--^! are ! attitudes 9 :i* ! ,fa!r ( ! human family sets himself =? unto ! _w--^! ! t]ms 9 :i* he speaks to u f heav540 ,x is precisely 9 ?is sublime attitude1 & 9 ?is transport+ light1 t we rejoice to contemplate ! ,fa!r ( m]cies2 & ?is view1 x mu/ be confess$1 is :olly 8unt+$ ) ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation40 ,conclusion4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,sy/em4 ,!re is a lamp )9 ! l(ty dome ,( ! dim _w1 ^: radiance cle> do? %[ ,its awful beauty2 &1 ?r\gh ! wide gloom1 ,make all its obscure my/ic symbols gl[ ,) pleas+ light1--t we may see & "k ,! glori\s _w1 & all its wondr\s s*eme2 ,n z di/ort$ 9 ! m9d bel[1 ,nor 9 philosoph]'s1 nor poet's dream1 ,b z x 01 & is1 high 9 ! ,m9d ,supreme4--,,anon4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,summ>y ,( ,! ,fir/ ,"p ,( ,! ,=ego+ ,sy/em4 ,! commonly receiv$ sy/ems ( !ology are1 x is confess$ by _! advocates1 att5d$ ) manifold inconv5i5ces & difficulties4 ,! habit ( m9d by :i*1 not)/&+ su* difficulties1 x cl+s to ! great tru?s ( ^? sy/ems1 is wor?y ( all admiration1 & =ms "o ( ! be/ gu>antees ( ! /ability & progress ( human k4 ,= 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce ! great tru?s :i* dawn ^u ! m9d are usually att5d$ ) a cl\d ( difficulties1 &1 b = ! habit 9 "q1 !y w\ld soon be p]mitt$ to fade away1 & be lo/ 9 _! orig9al obscurity4 ,cop]nicus has1 !re=e1 be5 ju/ly applaud$17#bai7 n only = conceiv+1 b = firmly grasp+ ! helioc5tric !ory ( ! _w1 not)/&+ ! _m =midable objections :i* x _h to enc\nt] 9 8 own m9d4 ,ev5 ! sublime law ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 be=e x f9ally e/abli%$ itself 9 ! m9d ( ,newton1 m ?an once fell1 9 its /ruggles = acceptance1 b5ea? ! app>5tly insup]able objections by :i* x 0 att5d$2 &1 aft] all1 ! ov]p[]+ evid5ce :i* caus$ x to be embrac$1 /ill left x surr\nd$ by an imm5se p5umbra ( difficulties4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! sublime tru?1 he bequea!d to 8 successors4 ,!y h reta9$ ! tru?1 & remov$ ! difficulties4 ,9 l mann]1 admirable ?\gh ! habit ( cl++ to e suffici5tly accr$it$ tru? may be1 yet1 :e!r 9 ! physical or 9 ! moral sci5ces1 ! ef=t to dis5cumb] ! tru? ( ! difficulties by :i* its progress is emb>rass$ %\ld nev] be remitt$4 ,! sci5tific impulse1 by :i* a great tru? is grasp$1 & e/abli%$ ^u its own appropriate evid5ce1 %\ld ev] be foll[$ by ! subord9ate movem5t1 :i* /rives to remove e ob/acle out ( ! way1 & cause x to secure a wid] & a bright] dom9ion 9 ! human m9d4 ,& 9 proportion z any s*eme1 :e!r 9 relation to natural or to div9e ?+s1 %all1 )\t a sacrifice or mutilation ( ! tru?1 dive/ itself ( ! d>kness :i* mu/ ev] accompany all "o-sid$ & p>tial views1 w x possess a decid$ advantage & sup]iority ov] o!r sy/ems4 ,s9ce ?is g5]al pr9ciple w n be d5i$1 let u proce$1 9 conclusion1 to take a brief survey ( ! =ego+ s*eme ( doctr9e1 & det]m9e1 if we c1 :e!r to any tru? x has giv5 any su* advantage4 ,x cle>ly seems free f ! /up5d\s cl\d ( difficulties t ov]hang t view ( ! moral univ]se :i* supposes its entire con/itution & gov]nm5t to be 9 accordance ) ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,^! difficulties p]ta91 fir/1 to ! responsibility ( man2 secondly1 to ! purity ( ,god2 &1 ?irdly1 to ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,^! ?ree sev]al bran*es ( ! difficulty 9 "q h be5 respectively consid]$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t "w2 & we %all n[ briefly recapitulate ! views !re9 pres5t$1 9 ! ?ree foll[+ sections4 ,section ,i4 ,! s*eme ( necessity d5ies t man is ! responsible au?or ( s94 ,if1 accord+ to ?is s*eme1 all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ! volitions ( ! human m9d n except$1 be "u ! dom9ion ( necessitat+ causes1 !n may we well ask1 ,h[ c man be a free & responsible ag5t8 ,to ?is inquiry ! mo/ illu/ri\s advocates ( ! s*eme 9 "q h n be5 able to return a coh]5t or satisfactory reply4 ,aft] ! se>* ( ages1 & ! jo9t lab\r ( all _! gigantic intellects1 !y h f\nd no position 9 _! sy/em on :i* ! fre$om ( ! human m9d may be securely plant$4 ,! position set up = ?is purpose by "o is pull$ d[n by ano!r1 :o1 9 8 turn1 indicates "s o!r position only to be demoli%$ by "s o!r advocate ( 8 own s*eme4 ,! m we look into _! writ+s on ?is subject1 ! m irreconcilable seems ! conflict ( op9ion 9 :i* !y are among !mselves involv$4 ,! m closely we contemplate ! lab\r ( _! h&s1 ! m cle>ly we p]ceive t all _! attempts1 9 opposition to ! voice ( heav5 & e>?1 to re> ! great metaphysical t[] ( necessity1 h only end$ 9 an utt] confusion ( tongues4 ,s f>1 inde$1 are !y f hav+ f\nd & pres5t$ any su* view ( ! fre$om & responsibility ( man1 z %all1 by ! intr9sic & ov]p[]+ lu/re ( its evid5ce1 /& "s *ance to dis>m ! enemies ( ,god1 t !y h n ev5 f\nd "o 9 :i* !y !mselves c re/4 ,! s*ool ( ! necessit>ian is1 9 reality1 a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself2 & t1 too1 9 reg>d to ! mo/ vital & fundam5tal po9t ( its philosophy4 ,!re seems to be "o exception to ! tru? ( ?is g5]al rem>k3 = !re is "o s*eme or def9ition ( lib]ty1 9 :i* _m1 if n mo/1 ( ! advocates ( necessity h concurr$2 t is1 ! def9ition ( ,hobbes4 ,z ! curr5t ( a riv]1 says he1 is free to fl[ d[n its *annel1 provid$ !re be no ob/ruction 9 ! way2 s ! human w1 ?\gh compell$ to act by causes ov] :i* x has no control1 is free1 provid$ !re be no ext]nal imp$im5t to prev5t its volition f pass+ into effect4 ,?is idea ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 ?\gh mu* old] ?an ,hobbes1 is prim>ily indebt$ to 8 influ5ce = its preval5ce 9 mod]n times2 = x desc5d$ f ,hobbes to ,locke1 f ,locke to ,edw>ds1 & f ,edw>ds to ! mod]n s*ool ( ,calv9i/ic div9es4 ,no matt] h[ we come by our volitions1 says ,edw>ds1 yet are we p]fectly free :5 !re is no ext]nal imp$im5t to h9d] our volitions f pass+ into effect3 t is to say1 ?\gh our volitions be absolutely produc$ by ! div9e omnipot5ce itself1 or 9 any o!r way2 yet is ! w free1 provid$ no ext]nal cause int]pose to prev5t its volition f mov+ ! body4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition ( ! lib]ty ( ! w1 x is n a prop]ty ( ! s\l at all1 b only an accid5tal circum/ance or condition ( ! body4 ,9 ! significant language ( ,leibnitz1 x is n ! fre$om ( ! m9d2 x is m]ely 8elb[-room40 ,x consi/s n 9 an attribute1 or prop]ty1 or p[] ( ! s\l1 b only 9 ! ext]nal opportunity :i* its necessitat$ volitions may h to necessitate an effect4 ,we ask1 ,h[ c ! m9d be free8 & !y tell u1 ,:5 ! body may be s6 ,we inquire ab\t an attribute ( ! spiritual pr9ciple )91 & !y turn u (f ) an answ] respect+ an accid5t ( ! mat]ial pr9ciple )\t6 ,an ignoratio el5*i m flagrant--a mi/ak+ ( ! "q m palpable--x is surely n possible to conceive4 ,yet ?is def9ition ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 ?\gh s sup]ficially false1 is precisely t :i* has f\nd ! mo/ g5]al acceptance among necessit>ians4 ,?\gh vehem5tly condemn$ by ,calv9 himself1 unansw]ably refut$ by ,leibnitz1 sne]$ at by ,edw>ds ! y\ng]1 & pron\nc$ utt]ly inadequate by ,dr4 ,john ,dick2 yet1 z we h se51 is x n[ held up z 8! ,calv9i/ic idea ( ! fre$om ( ! w40 ,we d n wond] t su* a def9ition ( free-w %\ld h be5 adopt$ by a!iz+ philosoph]s1 su* z ,hume & ,hobbes1 = example2 because we _c suppose !m to h be5 p5etrat$ ) any v pr(\nd design to uphold ! cause ( human responsibility1 or to v9dicate ! immaculate purity ( ! div9e glory4 ,b t x %\ld h be5 accept$ ) su* unque/ion+ simplicity by a l>ge body ( ,*ri/ian div9es1 hav+ ! great int]e/s ( ! moral _w at he>t1 is1 we _c b ?9k1 a suffici5t gr\nd = ! mo/ pr(\nd a/oni%m5t & regret2 =1 surely1 to plant ! great cause ( human responsibility on a f\ndation s sl5d]1 on a fallacy s palpable1 on a position s utt]ly unt5able1 is to expose x to ! victori\s assaults ( its weake/ enemy & invad]4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity makes ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,! necessit>ian1 9 8 attempts to v9dicate ! purity ( ,god1 has n be5 m successful ?an 9 8 endeav\rs to e/abli% ! fre$om & acc\ntability ( man4 ,if1 accord+ to 8 s*eme1 ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w be ! primal cause ( all ?+s1 ! volitions ( m5 includ$2 x c]ta9ly seems exce$+ly difficult to conceive1 t he is n implicat$ 9 ! s9 ( ! _w4 ,& ?is difficulty1 s appall+ at fir/ view1 rema9s j z great aft] all t ! mo/ enlight5$ advocates ( t s*eme h advanc$ z x 0 be=e4 ,we h witness$ ! ef=ts ( a ,leibnitz1 an ,edw>ds1 & a ,*alm]s1 to repel ?is objection to ! s*eme ( necessity2 & if we mi/ake n1 we h se5 h[ utt]ly ineffectual !y h prov$ to break its =ce1 or resi/ its influ5ce4 ,! sum & sub/ance ( t def5ce is1 z we h se51 t ,god may d evil t good may come2 a def5ce :i*1 in/ead ( v9dicat+ ! purity ( ! div9e proce$+1 repres5ts x z hav+ be5 gov]n$ by ! mo/ corrupt maxim ( ! mo/ corrupt sy/em ( casui/ry ! _w has ev] se54 ,x d>k5s1 r ?an illum9ates1 t pr(\nd & port5t\s obscurity ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 aris+ f ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( moral evil4 ,s f> f remov+ ! difficulty f _! s*eme1 !y h only illu/rat$ its =ce by ! ineffable weakness ( ! means & me?ods :i* t s*eme has necessitat$ !m to employ = its de/ruction4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! s*eme ( necessity d5ies ! reality ( moral di/9ctions4 ,=1 if all ?+s 9 ! _w1 ! acts ( ! w n except$1 be produc$ by an extrane\s ag5cy1 x seems cle> t x is absurd to atta* praise or blame to m5 on acc\nt ( _! volitions4 ,no?+ appe>s m self-evid5t ?an ! position1 t :atev] is ?us produc$ 9 u c nei!r be our virtue nor our vice4 ,! advocates ( necessity1 at lea/ ^? ( !m :o d n admit ! inf]5ce 9 "q1 invoke ! aid ( logic to ext+ui% ! light ( ! pr9ciple on :i* x is bas$4 ,b :]e h !y f\nd1 or :]e c !y f9d1 a pr9ciple m cle>1 m simple1 or m unque/ionable on :i* to gr\nd _! argum5ts8 ,:]e1 9 ! :ole armory ( logic1 c be f\nd a pr9ciple m unque/ionable ?an ?is1 t no man c be to praise or to blame = t :i* is produc$ 9 him1 by causes ov] :i* he _h no control8 ,we h exam9$ ^? argum5ts 9 detail1 & exhibit$ ! pr9ciples on :i* !y proce$4 ,^? pr9ciples1 in/ead ( be+ ( su* a nature z to subs]ve ! purposes ( valid argum5t1 are ei!r insignificant truisms :i* prove no?+1 or else !y rea* ! po9t 9 dispute only by means ( an ambiguity ( words4 ,( ! fir/ description is ! celebrat$ maxim ( ,edw>ds1 t ! ess5ce ( virtue & vice consi/s 9 _! nature1 & n 9 _! cause4 ,by :i* he means1 t no matt] h[ we come by our virtue & vice1 ?\gh !y be produc$ 9 u accord+ to ! s*eme ( necessity1 yet are !y our virtue & vice4 ,if a horse %\ld fall f ! moon1 x w\ld be a horse3 = no matt] :]e x comes f1 a horse is a horse2 or1 m sci5tifically express$1 ! ess5ce ( a horse consi/s 9 ! nature ( a horse1 & n 9 its orig9 or cause4 ,all ?is is v true4 ,b !n1 we no m believe t horses fall f ! moon1 ?an we d t virtue & vice are produc$ accord+ to ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,( ! la/ description is t o!r maxim ( ,edw>ds1 t m5 are adjudg$ virtu\s or vici\s on acc\nt ( actions proce$+ f ! w1 )\t consid]+ h[ !y come by _! volition4 ,true1 we may judge ( ext]nal actions accord+ z _! orig9 is 9 ! w or o!rwise1 )\t consid]+ h[ its volitions come to pass2 b !n ?is is because we proce$ on ! tacit assumption t ! w is free1 & n "u ! dom9ion ( necessitat+ causes4 ,b ! "q relates1 n to ext]nal actions or movem5ts ( ! body1 b to ! volitions ( ! m9d itself4 ,& ?is be+ ! case1 x does make a va/ diff]5ce 9 our e/imate1 :e!r we consid] ^? volitions z com+ to pass freely2 or :e!r1 accord+ to ! s*eme ( necessity1 we reg>d !m z be+ produc$ by ! op]ation ( causes ov] :i* we h no control4 ,9 ?is case1 x is impossible = ! human m9d to atta* praise or blame to !m1 or view !m z con/itut+ ei!r virtue or vice4 ,= no?+ c be pla9] ?an ! position1 t if any?+ 9 u be produc$ by ! mighty & irresi/ible op]ation ( an extrane\s ag5cy1 x c nei!r be our virtue nor vice4 ,?is pr9ciple is s cle>1 t logic c nei!r add to nor detract f ! intr9sic lu/re ( its evid5ce4 ,& all ! cl\dy sophi/ications ( an ,edw>ds1 +5i\s z !y are1 c obscure x only to ! m9ds ( ^? :o h n suffici5t p5etration to see ?r\gh ! nature ( 8 argum5ts4 ,at ?is po9t1 !n1 z well z at o!rs1 ! s*eme ( necessity1 in/ead ( cle>+ up ! old1 has introduc$ new difficulties into ! sy/em ( ! _w4 ,in/ead ( diffus+ light1 x has actually ext5d$ ! empire ( d>kness1 by inve/+ 9 ! cl\ds & mi/s ( its own rais+1 "s ( ! brighte/ elem5ts :i* ent] into its organization4 ,by s*ola/ic ref9em5ts & sophi/ical devices1 x has s\ght to ov]turn & de/roy1 n ! elem5ts ( error & confusion1 b "s ( ! cle>e/ & mo/ inde/ructible intuitional convictions ( ! human head & he>t4 ,b great z ^! difficulties are1 we may /ill be ask$ to embrace ! s*eme f :i* !y fl[1 on ! gr\nd t x is true4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! c\rse pursu$ by "s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ,calv9i/ic necessit>ians ( ! pres5t day4 ,freely admitt+ t all ! attempts ( ,leibnitz1 ( ,edw>ds1 & o!rs1 to br+ ! s*eme ( necessity into an agreem5t ) ! dictates ( reason1 h left its /up5d\s difficulties pretty mu* :]e !y f\nd !m--wrapp$ 9 imp5etrable gloom2 !y nev]!less ma9ta9 ?is s*eme1 & propose x to our acceptance1 on ! sole & suffici5t gr\nd ( its evid5ce4 ,if we may judge f ^? ( _! writ+s :i* we h se51 ?is c\rse ( proce$+ is gett+ to be v mu* ! fa%ion among ! ,calv9i/s ( ! pres5t day2 & !y h a great deal to say 9 praise ( simply adh]+ to ! tru?1 )\t be+ ov]-solicit\s ab\t its difficulties1 or pay+ too mu* att5tion to !m4 ,t man1 say !y1 is 9 imm95t dang] ( h]esy :o1 in/ead ( receiv+ ! tru? ) ! simplicity ( a little *ild1 goes ab\t to worry himself ) its difficulties4 ,he walks 9 d>k & slipp]y places4 ,we agree ) !m 9 ?is1 & comm5d _! wisdom3 = x pres5ts ! only *ance :i* _! sy/em has ( reta9+ its hold on ! human m9d4 ,b be=e accept+ ?is s*eme on ! gr\nd ( its evid5ce1 we h deem$ x prud5t to look into ! v int]ior ( ! s*eme itself1 & weigh ! evid5ce on :i* x is s confid5tly recomm5d$4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! moral _w n con/itut$ accord+ to ! s*eme ( necessity4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is inquiry1 we h appe>$ to ourselves to f9d1 t ?is boa/$ s*eme ( necessity is nei!r m nor less ?an "o gr& tissue ( sophisms4 ,we h f\nd1 we believe1 t ?is huge imposition on ! reason ( man is a vile congregation ( pe/il5tial errors1 ?r\gh :i*1 if ! glory ( ,god & 8 m>vell\s ways be contemplat$1 !y mu/ appe> mo/ horribly di/ort$4 ,we h f\nd t ?is s*eme is z weak & crazy 9 ! me*anism ( its int]nal /ructure z x is frightful 9 its consequ5ces4 ,in/ead ( t closely articulat$ body ( ?\ght1 :i* we 7 l$ to expect !re91 we h f\nd little m ?an a jumble ( incoh]5ces1 a semi-*aotic mass ( plausible blund]s4 ,we h se5 & %[n1 we tru/1 t ?is gr& & impos+ s*eme ( necessity is1 9 reality1 bas$ on a false psy*ology1--direct$ aga9/ a false issue1--support$ by false logic1--=tifi$ by false conceptions1--recomm5d$ by false analogies1--& r5d]$ plausible by a false phraseology4 ,&1 besides1 we h asc]ta9$ t x orig9ates 9 a false me?od1 & t]m9ates 9 a false religion4 ,z su*1 we deem x f> bett] adapt$ to repres5t ! little1 n>r[1 d>k1 crook$1 & p]v]t$ _w )91 ?an ! great & all-glori\s _w ( ,god )\t4 ,s h we n sp>$ its de=mities4 ,section ,v4 ,! relation betwe5 ! human ag5cy & ! div9e4 ,hav+ got rid ( ! s*eme ( necessity1 :i* oppos$ s _m ob/acles to ! prosecution ( our design1 we 7 !n prep>$ to inve/igate ! great problem ( evil3 b1 be=e ent]+ on ?is subject1 we paus$ to consid] ! difficulty :i*1 9 all ages1 ! human m9d has f\nd 9 attempt+ to reconcile ! influ5ce ( ! ,div9e ,_s ) ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,9 reg>d to ?is difficulty1 x has be5 made to appe>1 we tru/1 t we ne$ n und]/& h[ ! ,_s ( ,god acts1 9 ord] to reconcile 8 influ5ce ) ! free-ag5cy ( man4 ,we ne$ to "k1 n h[ ! "o ,_s acts on ! o!r1 b only :at is done by ea*1 9 ord] to see a p]fect agreem5t & h>mony 9 _! cop]ation4 ,! inquiry relates1 !n1 to ! precise ?+ done by ea*1 & n to ! modus op]&i4 ,hav+1 9 opposition to ! commonly receiv$ notion1 asc]ta9$ ?is to be ! difficulty1 we h f\nd x comp>atively easy ( solution4 ,= ! improv$ psy*ology ( ! pres5t day1 :i* gives s cle> & /eady a view ( ! simple facts ( consci\sness1 has enabl$ u to see :at may1 & :at may n1 be produc$ by an extrane\s ag5cy4 ,?is aga9 has enabl$ u to make out & def9e ! sph]e ( ! div9e p[]1 z well z t ( ! human2 & to det]m9e ! po9t at :i* !y come into contact1 )\t int]f]+ ) or int]sect+ ea* o!r4 ,! same means h also %[n u1 t ! opposite errors ( ,pelagianism & ,augu/9ism h a common root 9 a false psy*ology4 ,! psy*ology ( ! pa/1 :i* id5tifies ! passive /ates ( ! s5sibility ) ! active /ates ( ! w1 is common to bo? ( ^! s*emes4 ,f ?is common root ! two doctr9es bran* out 9 opposite directions2 ! "o on ! side ( ! m9d's activity1 & ! o!r on t ( its passivity4 ,ea* p]ceives only "o phase ( ! complex :ole1 & d5ies ! reality ( ! o!r4 ,) "o1 ! active phase is ! :ole2 ) ! o!r1 ! passive impression is ! :ole4 ,h5ce ! "o recognises ! human p[] alone2 :ile ! o!r causes ?is p[] entirely to disappe> b5ea? ! ov]%ad[+ influ5ce ( ! div9e4 ,n[ ! =ego+ sy/em1 by avail+ itself ( ! psy*ology ( ! pres5t day1 n only does n cause ! "o ( ^! great facts to exclude ! o!r1 b1 by %[+ _! logical coh]5cy & agreem5t1 x removes ! temptation t ! speculative reason has ev] felt to d su* viol5ce to ! cause ( tru?4 ,x embraces ! half views ( bo? s*emes1 & m\lds !m into "o great & full-orb$ tru?4 ,9 ! great !&ric "w ( reg5]ation1 9 p>ticul>1 x nei!r causes ! human elem5t to exclude ! div9e1 nor ! div9e to swall[ up ! human2 b pres]ves ea* 9 its integrity1 & bo? 9 _! h>moni\s union & cop]ation4 ,! mutual int]-dep5d5cy1 & ! undi/urb$ int]-work+1 ( ^! all-important elem5ts ( ! moral _w1 x aims to place on a firm basis1 & exhibit 9 a cle> light4 ,if ?is object has be5 accompli%$1 ?\gh b 9 "p1 or by way ( a fir/ approximation only1 x w be conc$$ to be no small ga91 or advantage1 to ! cause ( tru?4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! exi/5ce ( moral evil consi/5t ) ! inf9ite purity ( ,god4 ,! relation ( ! =ego+ treatise to ! great problem ( ! spiritual _w1 conc]n+ ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( evil1 may be easily indicat$1 & ! solution x proposes di/+ui%$ f t ( o!rs4 ,?is may be be/ done1 p]haps1 ) ! aid ( logical =ms4 ,! _w1 creat$ by an inf9itely p]fect ,be+1 says ! sceptic1 mu/ ne$s be ! be/ ( all possible worlds3 b ! actual _w is n ! be/ ( all possible worlds3 !re=e x 0 n creat$ by an inf9itely p]fect ,be+4 ,n[1 9 reply+ to ?is argum5t1 no !i/ d5ies ! major premiss4 ,all h conc$$1 t ! idea ( an inf9itely p]fect ,be+ necess>ily implies ! exi/5ce & pres]vation ( ! greate/ possible p]fection 9 ! creat$ univ]se4 ,9 ! two celebrat$ works ( ,m4 ,leibnitz & ,ar*bi%op ,k+1 bo? put =? 9 reply to ,bayle1 ?is admission is repeat$ly & di/9ctly made4 ,?is seems to h be5 rightly done2 =1 9 ! language ( ,cudwor?1 8,to believe a ,god1 is to believe ! exi/5ce ( all possible good & p]fection 9 ! univ]se407#bbj7 ,9 ?is1 says ,leibnitz1 is embosom$ all possible good4 ,b h[ is ?is po9t e/abli%$8 8,we judge f ! ev5t itself10 says he2 8s9ce ,god has made x1 x 0 n possible to h made a bett]407#bba7 ,b ?is is ! language ( fai?1 & n ( reason4 ,z an argum5t address$ to ! sceptic1 x is radically uns\nd2 = z a m$ium ( pro(1 x employs ! v ?+ 9 dispute1 namely1 t ,god is inf9itely p]fect4 ,h5ce ?is is a petitio pr9cipii1 a begg+ ( ! "q4 ,if ?is 7 all t ,m4 ,leibnitz _h to (f]1 he might z well h believ$1 & rema9$ sil5t4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,he endeav\rs to %[1 t ! _w is absolutely p]fect1 )\t inf]r+ its p]fection f ! assum$ inf9ite p]fection ( its ,au?or4 ,at fir/ view1 ?is does n appe> to be s2 = ! s9 & mis]y :i* ov]fl[ ?is l[] "p ( ! _w seem to detract f ! p]fection & beauty ( ! :ole4 ,n s1 says ,leibnitz3 8!re are "s disord]s 9 ! p>ts1 :i* m>vell\sly height5 ! beauty ( ! :ole2 z c]ta9 discords1 skilfully employ$1 r5d] ! h>mony m exquisite407#bbb7 ,consid]$ z an argum5t1 ?is is likewise q unsatisfactory4 ,x is1 9 fact1 m]ely ! light ( ! imag9ation1 play+ ov] ! bosom ( ! cl\d2 n ! conc5trat$ blaze ( ! intellig5ce1 dispell+ its gloom4 ,& besides1 ?is analogy proce$s on a false pr9ciple2 inasmu* z x supposes t ,god has himself introduc$ s9 into ! _w1 ) a view to its happy effects4 ,we c\ld soon] believe1 inde$1 t ! pr9ciple ( evil _h introduc$ h>mony into ! _w 9 ord] to height5 ! frightful effects ( its discord1 ?an t ! pr9ciple ( all good _h produc$ ! frightful discord ( ! _w1 9 ord] to enhance ! effects ( its h>mony4 ,b we %all let all su* f9e say+s pass4 ,p]haps !y 7 int5d$ z ! ornam5ts ( fai?1 r ?an z ! radiant arm\r & ! inv9cible weapons ( reason4 ,?\gh ,leibnitz frequ5tly insi/s1 t 8! p]mission ( evil t5ds to ! good ( ! univ]se107#bbc7 he does n always seem to mean t evil w\ld be bett] ?an hol9ess 9 its /ead2 b t ! p]mission ( s9 is n s great an inconv5i5ce z w\ld be its univ]sal prev5tion4 8,we ought to say10 says he1 8t ,god p]mits s91 because o!rwise he w\ld himself d a worse action 7une action pire7 ?an all ! s9 ( 8 creatures407#bbd7 ,b :at is ?is worse1 ?is m unreasonable action ( :i* ,god w\ld be guilty1 if he %\ld prev5t all s98 ,"o bad feature !re( w\ld be1 accord+ to ,leibnitz1 t x w\ld int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,9 8 8,abrg de la ,controv]se10 he says3 8,we h add$1 aft] _m good au?ors1 t x is 9 con=mity ) ! g5]al ord] & good1 = ,god to leave to c]ta9 creatures an occasion = ! ex]cise ( _! lib]ty40 ,?is argum5t comes ) a bad grace f "o :o has already d5i$ ! lib]ty ( ! w2 &1 inde$1 f ! v =m ( 8 expression1 ,leibnitz seems to h adopt$ x f au?ority1 r ?an f a p]ception ( any support x d]ives f 8 own pr9ciples4 ,he ass]ts ! fre$om ( ! w1 x is true1 b he does ?is1 z we h se51 only 9 opposition to ! 8absolute necessity0 ( ,hobbes & ,sp9oza2 accord+ to :om no?+ 9 ! univ]se c\ld possibly h be5 o!rwise ?an x is4 ,9 8 8,reflexions sur le ,livre de ,hobbes10 he says1 t al?\gh ! w is det]m9$ 9 all cases by ! div9e omnipot5ce1 yet is x free f an absolute or ma!matical necessity1 8because ! contr>y volition might happ5 )\t imply+ a contradiction40 ,true1 ! contr>y volition might happ5 )\t imply+ a contradiction2 = ,god himself might cause x to exi/4 ,& if1 by 8 almighty & irresi/ible p[]1 he %\ld cause x to exi/1 ! w w\ld /ill be free 9 ,leibnitz's s5se ( ! ^w2 s9ce its contr>y might h happ5$4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ?is def9ition ( lib]ty1 if ,god %\ld1 9 all cases1 det]m9e ! w to good1 x w\ld nev]!less be free2 s9ce ! contr>y det]m9ation might h be5 produc$ by 8 p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 if su* be ! lib]ty ( ! w1 no op]ation ( ! ,almighty c\ld possibly int]f]e !re)2 z no volition produc$ by him w\ld h r5d]$ x impossible = him to h caus$ ! opposite volition1 if he _h s *os5 & ex]t$ 8 omnipot5ce = t purpose4 ,?is def5ce ( ! div9e proc$ure1 !n1 has no f\ndation 9 ! s*eme ( ,leibnitz2 & ! only ?+ he c say 9 its fav\r is1 t aft] ! au?ority 8( _m good au?ors10 we h add$ x to our own views4 ,ar*bi%op ,k+1 too1 z is well kn[n1 assumes ! gr\nd t ,god p]mits s91 on acc\nt ( ! great] inconv5i5ce t w\ld result to ! _w f an int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,b s extravagant are 8 views respect+ ?is fre$om1 t ! position 9 "q is "o ( ! weake/ p>ts ( 8 sy/em4 ,! m9d *ooses objects1 says he1 n because !y please x2 b !y are agreeable & pleasant to ! m9d1 because x *ooses !m4 ,surely1 su* a lib]ty z ?is1 consi/+ 9 a m]e arbitr>y or caprici\s movem5t ( ! s\l1 t owns n ! guidance ( reason1 or wisdom1 or any?+ app>5tly good1 _c possess s great a value t ! moral good ( ! univ]se %\ld be p]mitt$ to suff]1 r ?an t x %\ld be int]f]$ ) or re/ra9$4 ,b ^! are m]ely argum5ta ad hom9em4 ,!re are 8_m good au?ors0 :o1 al?\gh !y ma9ta9 nei!r ( ! above views ( lib]ty1 insi/ t x is bett] = ,god to p]mit s91 ?an to int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( 8 creatures4 ,b is x cle>1 t great] inconv5i5ces w\ld h aris5 f su* an int]f]5ce1 ?an f ! frightful reign ( all ! s9 & mis]y t h afflict$ ! _w8 ,if ,god c s easily prev5t all s91 & secure all hol9ess1 by re/ra9+ ! lib]ty ( 8 creatures1 is x cle>1 t 9 pref]r+ _! unre/ra9$ fre$om to ! highe/ moral good ( ! univ]se1 he makes a *oice wor?y ( 8 inf9ite wisdom8 ,9 o!r words1 is x n m desirable t moral evil %\ld ev]y:]e disappe>1 & ! beauty ( hol9ess ev]y:]e %9e =?1 ?an t ! creature %\ld be left to abuse 8 lib]ty by ! introduction ( s9 & dea? into ! _w8 ,besides1 x is admitt$ by all ! au?ors 9 "q1 t ,god sometimes int]poses ! arm ( 8 omnipot5ce1 9 ord] to ! production ( hol9ess4 ,n[1 9 su* an ex]tion ( 8 p[]1 he ei!r int]f]es ) ! fre$om ( ! creature1 or he does n4 ,if he does n int]f]e ) t fre$om1 :y may he n produce hol9ess 9 o!r cases also1 )\t any su* int]f]5ce8 ,& if1 9 "s cases1 he does int]f]e !re)1 9 ord] to secure ! hol9ess ( 8 creatures1 :y %\ld he n1 9 all cases1 pref] _! highe/ moral good to s fatal an abuse ( _! pr]ogatives8 ,is 8 proce$+ !re9 m]ely arbitr>y & caprici\s1 or is x gov]n$ by ! be/ ( reasons8 ,und\bt$ly by ! be/ ( reasons1 say all ! au?ors 9 "q3 b !n1 :5 we come to ?is po9t ( ! inquiry1 !y always tell u1 t ^? reasons are pr(\ndly conceal$ 9 ! unse>*able dep?s ( ! div9e wisdom2 t is to say1 !y believe !m to be ! be/1 n because !y h se5 & consid]$ !m1 b because !y are ! reasons ( an inf9itely p]fect m9d4 ,n[1 all ?is is v well2 b x is n to ! purpose4 ,x is to retire f ! ar5a ( logic1 & fall back on ! v po9t 9 dispute = support4 ,x is n to argue2 x is simply to drop ! weapons ( our w>f>e1 & oppose ! %ield ( fai? to ! %afts ( ! adv]s>y4 ,x is also cont5d$ by ,leibnitz & ,k+1 z well z _m o!r good au?ors1 t !re is an e/abli%$ ord]1 or sy/em ( laws1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 into :i* s great a confusion w\ld be introduc$ by ! int]position ( div9e p[] to prev5t all s91 t "s _h bett] be p]mitt$4 ,?is1 :i* ,leibnitz s positively ass]ts1 is ?r[n out z a conjecture by ,bi%op ,butl]47#bbe7 ,b 9 ! pres5t controv]sy1 x is n to ! po9t4 ,= "h ! "q is conc]n+ ! ord] & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w itself4 ,& ?is be+ ! "q1 x is n admissible = "o ( ! p>ties to say1 t ! propos$ plan = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w is n ! be/1 because x w\ld int]f]e ) & di/urb ! arrangem5ts ( t :i* is e/abli%$4 ,?is is cle>ly to beg ! "q4 ,x is to assume t ! e/abli%$ me?od is ! be/1 & !re=e %\ld n h be5 sup]s$$ by ano!r2 b ?is is ! v po9t 9 dispute4 ,! tru? is1 t ! !i/ has assail$ ! sceptic 9 8 /rong & impregnable po9t1 & left ! vuln]able "p ( 8 sy/em unt\*$4 ,?is may be easily se54 ,! objection ( ! sceptic is ?us /at$ by ,leibnitz3 ,:oev] c prev5t ! s9 ( ano!r1 & does n1 b r contributes to x by 8 conc\rse & by ! occasions he gives rise to1 ?\gh he possesses a p]fect k1 is an accomplice4 ,god c prev5t ! s9 ( 8 intellig5t creatures3 b he does x n1 ?\gh 8 k be p]fect1 & contributes to x by 8 conc\rse & ! occasions to :i* he gives rise3 !re=e he is an accomplice4 ,n[ ,leibnitz admits ! m9or1 & d5ies ! major1 premiss ( ?is argum5t4 ,he %\ld h done ! contr>y4 ,=1 admitt+ t ,god might easily prev5t s91 & cause hol9ess to reign univ]sally1 :at _h he left to oppose to ! attacks ( ! sceptic b ! %ield ( fai?8 ,he might say1 inde$1 z he (t5 does1 t ,god volunt>ily p]mits s91 because x is a "p & p>cel ( ! be/ possible univ]se4 ,b h[ easy = ! sceptic to dem&1 ,:at good purpose does x answ]8 ,c x add to ! hol9ess or happ9ess ( ! univ]se8 ,_c ^! high ends1 ^! glori\s purposes ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 be z well atta9$ by ! univ]sal rectitude & purity ( 8 creatures1 z by any o!r means8 ,_c ! ,supreme ,rul] ( ! _w1 9 ! res\rces ( 8 inf9ite m9d1 br+ z mu* good out ( hol9ess z c be br\ght out ( s98 ,& if s1 :y p]mit s9 9 ord] to ! good ( ! creation8 ,are n ! p]fect hol9ess & happ9ess ( ea* & e "p ( ! moral _w bett] = ea* & e "p !re( ?an are _! contr>ies8 ,& if s1 are !y n bett] = ! :ole8 ,by ?is reply1 ! !i/ is1 9 our op9ion1 dis>m$1 & ! sceptic victori\s4 ,h5ce we say1 t ! =m] %\ld h conc$$ ! major1 & d5i$ ! m9or1 premiss ( ! above argum5t2 t is1 he %\ld h admitt$1 t :oev] c prev5t ! s9 ( ano!r1 b1 in/ead ( s do+1 contributes to x by 8 conc\rse1 is an accomplice3 & he %\ld h d5i$ t ,god1 be+ able to produce hol9ess 9 ! place ( s91 bo? p]mits & contributes to ! reign ( ! latt] 9 8 dom9ions4 ,! !i/ %\ld h d5i$ ?is1 we say1 if he w\ld h rais$ ! ev]-bless$ ,god above all contact ) s91 & plac$ 8 cause ^u high & impregnable gr\nd1 f> above ! attacks ( ! sceptic4 ,b z x is1 he has plac$ t cause ^u false gr\nds1 & !reby expos$ x to ! successful %afts ( ! adv]s>y4 ,ano!r reason assign$ by ,leibnitz7#bbf7 & ,k+7#bbg7 = ! p]mission ( moral evil is1 t if ,god %\ld int]pose to prev5t x1 ?is w\ld be to "w a con/ant & univ]sal miracle4 ,b if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 :y %\ld he n "w su* a miracle8 ,by ^! au?ors !mselves x is conc$$1 t ! ,almighty (t5 works a miracle = ! production ( moral good2 &1 ?is be+ ! case1 :y %\ld he n exhibit ?is miracle on ! mo/ gr& & magnific5t scale ( :i* x is possible to conceive8 ,9 o!r words1 :y %\ld he n r5d] x wor?y ( 8 inf9ite wisdom1 & p[]1 & goodness8 ,is x n by a l miracle1 by a l univ]sal int]position ( 8 p[]1 t ! maje/ic fabric ( ! mat]ial globe is upheld1 & ! sublime movem5t ( all its c\ntless orbs cont9ually c>ri$ on8 ,& if s1 are n ! ord] & h>mony ( ! moral univ]se z wor?y su* an ex]cise ( 8 omnipot5ce z are ! regul>ity & beauty ( ! mat]ial8 ,we def5d ! ,div9e ,au?or & ,pres]v] ( all ?+s on no su* gr\nds4 ,we say t a univ]sal hol9ess is n produc$ by ! omnipres5t en]gy ( 8 p[]1 n because ?is w\ld be to "w a miracle1 b because x w\ld be to "w a contradiction4 ,b we are becom+ we>y ( su* replies4 ,! v "q is1 ,:y is !re n a univ]sal int]position ( ! div9e p[]8 & ! reply1 ,because ?is w\ld be a univ]sal int]position ( ! div9e p[]6 ,:at is all ?is b a gr& attempt to solve ! awful my/]y ( ! _w1 :i* ends 9 ! assurance t ,god does n univ]sally int]pose to prev5t s91 because he does n univ]sally int]pose to prev5t x8 ,or1 9 few] words1 t he does n1 because he does n8 ,s9ce s9 exi/s1 says ! sceptic1 x foll[s t ,god is ei!r unable or unwill+ to prev5t x4 8,able1 b unwill+10 replies ! !i/4 ,su* is ! answ] :i* has come d[n to u f ! e>lie/ times2 f a ,lactantius to a ,leibnitz1 & f a ,leibnitz to a ,m',co%4 ,no wond] t 9 all ?is "t !y h n be5 able to f9d ! reason :y ,god is unwill+ to prev5t s92 s9ce1 9 tru? & reality1 he is inf9itely m ?an will+ to d s4 ,b1 say+ t he is will+1 %all we conc$e t he is unable8 ,by no means3 = su* language implies t ! p[] ( ,god is limit$1 & he is omnipot5t4 ,we *oose to impale ourselves ^u nei!r horn ( ! dilemma4 ,we are cont5t to leave ,m4 ,bayle ^u ! "o1 & ,m4 ,voltaire ^u ! o!r1 :ile we be/[ our company else:]e4 ,9 pla9 ,engli%1 we nei!r reply unwill+ nor unable4 ,we d say1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ,god is inf9itely will+ to secure ! exi/5ce ( univ]sal hol9ess1 to ! exclusion ( all s91 yet su* a ?+ is n an object ( p[]1 & !re=e _c be produc$ by omnipot5ce itself4 ,! production ( hol9ess by ! application ( p[] is1 z we h se51 an absurd & impossible conceit1 :i* may exi/ 9 ! bra9 ( man1 b :i* c nev] be embodi$ 9 ! fair & ord]ly creation ( ,god4 ,x c no m be realiz$ by ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce ?an a ma!matical absurdity c be caus$ to be true4 ,h5ce1 we no long] ask :y ,god p]mits s94 ,?is 7 to seek a gr\nd & reason ( t :i* has no exi/5ce1 except 9 ! imag9ation ( man4 ,god does n p]mit s94 ,he *ooses x n1 & he p]mits x n1 z an ess5tial "p ( ! be/ possible univ]se4 ,s9 is t :i* 8 s\l abhors1 & :i* all ! p]fections ( 8 nature1 8 inf9ite p[] & wisdom1 no less ?an 8 hol9ess1 are pl$g$ to wipe out f ! face ( 8 creation4 ,he does n cause1 he does n tol]ate s91 on acc\nt ( its happy effects1 or on acc\nt ( ! uses to :i* x may be turn$4 ,! only ^w he has = su* a ?+ is woe2 & ! only attitude he be>s t[>d x is "o ( et]nal & inexorable v5geance4 ,all ! s*emes ( m5 make light ( s92 b ,god is 9 e>ne/1 inf9itely & immutably 9 e>ne/1 9 ! purpose to root out & de/roy ! odi\s ?+1 t x may h no place amid ! glory ( 8 dom9ions4 ,z s9 did n orig9ate by 8 p]mission1 s x does n cont9ue by 8 suff]ance4 ,he p]mits x1 inde$1 9 t he p]mits ! exi/5ce ( be+s capable ( s9n+2 & he p]mits ! exi/5ce ( su* be+s 9 ! v act ( p]mitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ^? :o are capable ( kn[+1 & lov+1 & s]v+ him4 ,an inf9itely good ,be+1 says ,m4 ,bayle1 w\ld n h conf]r$ on 8 creature ! fatal p[] to d evil4 ,b he did n reflect t a p[] to d good is1 ex necessitate rei1 a p[] to d evil4 ,surely1 a good ,be+ w\ld be/[ on 8 creature ! p[] to d good--! p[] to become l himself1 & to p>take ( ! incommunicable bless$ness ( a holy w4 ,b if he w\ld be/[ ?is1 he w\ld c]ta9ly conf] p[] to d evil2 = ! "o is id5tical ) ! o!r4 ,& s9 has aris51 n f any p[] conf]r$ = t purpose1 b f t :i* con/itutes ! brighte/ elem5t 9 ! sublime /ructure & glory ( ! moral _w4 ,x arises1 n f any imp]fection 9 ! "w ( ,god1 b f t )\t :i* x w\ld h be5 inf9itely less ?an p]fect4 8,all div9es admit10 says ,bayle1 8t ,god c infallibly produce a good act ( ! w 9 a human s\l )\t depriv+ x ( ! use ( lib]ty407#bbh7 ,?is is no long] admitt$4 ,we call x 9 "q4 ,we d5y t su* an act c be produc$1 ei!r ) or )\t depriv+ ! s\l ( lib]ty4 ,we d5y t x c be produc$ at all3 = :atev] ,god may produce 9 ! human s\l1 ?is is n1 ?is _c be1 ! moral goodness or virtue ( ! s\l 9 :i* x is produc$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n1 & x _c be1 an object ( praise or ( moral approbation 9 him 9 :om x is ?us caus$ to exi/4 ,8 virtue or moral goodness c exi/ only by reason1 & 9 case ( an ex]cise ( 8 own w4 ,x c no m be ! effect ( an extrane\s =ce ?an two & two c be made equal to five4 ,9 conclusion1 ! pla9 tru? is1 t ! actual univ]se is n 9 ! be/ ( all possible conditions2 = we might conceive x to be bett] ?an x is4 ,if !re 7 no s9 & no suff]+1 b ev]y:]e a purity & bliss z great z x is possible to conceive1 ?is w\ld be a va/ improvem5t 9 ! actual /ate ( ! univ]se4 ,su* is ! magnific5t dream ( ! sceptic2 &1 z we h se51 x is n )\t tru? & ju/ice t he ?us dreams4 ,b ) ?is dream ( 81 magnific5t z x is1 !re is connect$ ano!r :i* is inf9itely false3 = he imag9es t ! sublime spectacle ( a _w )\t s91 t ! beatific vision ( a univ]se rob$ 9 /a9less spl5d\r might h be5 realiz$ by ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce2 :]eas1 ?is c\ld h be5 realiz$ only by ! univ]sal & cont9u$ cop]ation ( ! :ole intellig5t creation ) ! gr& design ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !i/1 by conc$+ ! error & conte/+ ! tru? ( ! sceptic1 has inextricably entangl$ himself 9 ! toils ( ! adv]s>y4 ,! only rema9+ "q :i* ! sceptic has to ask is1 t s9ce ,god might h prev5t$ moral evil by ! creation ( no be+s :o he =esaw w\ld s91 :y did he create su* be+s8 ,:y did he n leave all su* uncreat$1 & call into exi/5ce only su* z he =eknew w\ld obey 8 law1 & become l himself 9 purity & bliss8 ,?is "q has be5 fully answ]$ bo? f reason & revelation4 ,we h %[n t ! highe/ good ( ! univ]se requir$ ! creation ( su* be+s4 ,we h %[n t x is by 8 deal+s ) ! s9n] t ! f\ndation ( 8 spiritual empire is secur$1 & its b\nd>ies enl>g$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 we h %[n1 f revelation1 t x is by ! r$emption ( a fall5 _w t all unfall5 worlds are pres]v$ 9 _! allegiance to 8 ?rone1 & kept w>m 9 ! bosom ( 8 bless$ness4 ,if ! sceptic %\ld compla9 t ?is is to meet him1 n ) weapons drawn f ! armory ( reason1 b f t ( revelation1 our reply is at h&3 he has no long] any?+ left to be met4 ,8 argum5t1 :i* assumes t a ,be+ ( inf9ite p[] c\ld easily cause hol9ess to exi/1 has be5 %[n to be false4 ,?is v assumption1 ?is major premiss1 :i* has be5 s long conc$$ to him1 has be5 tak5 out ( 8 h&s1 & demoli%$4 ,h5ce1 we d n oppose ! %ield ( fai? to 8 argum5t2 we hold x 9 triumph ov] 8 explod$ sophism4 ,we m]ely recall our fai?1 & exult 9 ! div9e glory :i* x s magnific5tly br+s to view1 & aga9/ :i* 8 once bl9d & blund]+ reason has n[ no m to say4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,summ>y ,( ,! ,second ,"p ,( ,! ,=ego+ ,sy/em4 ,hav+ reconcil$ ! exi/5ce ( s9 ) ! purity ( ,god1 & refut$ ! objections aga9/ ! pr9ciples on :i* t reconciliation is bas$1 we next proce$$ to ! second "p ( ! "w1 9 :i* ! natural evil1 or suff]+1 t afflicts humanity1 is %[n to be consi/5t ) 8 goodness4 ,?is "p consi/s ( five *apt]s1 ( ^: lead+ pr9ciples & position we %all n[ proce$ to take a rapid survey 9 ! rema9+ sections ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,section ,i4 ,god desires ! salvation ( all m54 ,! fact t all m5 are n sav$1 at fir/ view1 seems inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 & ! s9c]ity ( 8 endeav\rs = _! conv]sion4 ,we naturally ask1 t if ,god c\ld s easily cause all m5 to turn & live1 :y %\ld he 9 va9 call ^u !m to d s8 ,is he really s9c]e 9 ! use ( means = ! salvation ( all1 s9ce he p]mits s _m to hold out 9 _! rebellion & p]i%8 ,9 o!r words1 if he really & s9c]ely seeks ! salvation ( all1 :y are n all sav$8 ,?is is confess$ly "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ & conf\nd+ difficulties :i* atta* to ! commonly receiv$ sy/ems ( !ology4 ,x con/itutes "o ( ^? pr(\nd obscurities f :i*1 x is admitt$1 !ology has n be5 able to extricate itself1 & come out into ! cle> light ( ! div9e glory4 ,by _m !ologians ?is difficulty1 in/ead ( be+ solv$1 is mo/ fe>fully aggravat$4 ,lu!r1 = example1 f9ds x s great1 t he d5ies ! s9c]ity ( ,god 9 call+ ^u s9n]s to =sake _! evil ways & live2 & t1 z address$ to ! f9ally imp5it5t1 8 language is t ( mock]y & scorn4 ,& ,calv9 imag9es t su* exhortations1 z well z ! o!r means ( grace (f]$ to all1 are design$1 n = ! real conv]sion ( ^? :o %all f9ally p]i%1 b to enhance _! guilt1 & ov]:elm !m 9 ! m fe>ful condemnation4 ,if x 7 possible to g ev5 "o /ep beyond su* doctr9es1 t /ep is tak5 by ,presid5t ,edw>ds3 = he is s f> f suppos+ t ,god really int5ds to lead all m5 into a con=mity ) 8 reveal$ w1 t he cont5ds t ,god possesses ano!r & a secret w by :i*1 = "s good purpose1 he *ooses _! s91 & infallibly br+s x to pass4 ,if any m9d be n appall$ by su* doctr9es1 & *ill$ ) horror1 surely no?+ c be too mon/r\s = its cr$ulity1 provid$ only x relate to ! div9e sov]eignty4 ,! ,arm9ian ) indignation rejects su* views ( ! div9e glory4 ,b does he escape ! great difficulty 9 "q8 ,if ,god =ms ! design1 says he1 n to save all m51 he is n inf9itely good2 b yet he admits t ,god actually refuses to save "s4 ,n[1 :at diff]5ce c x make :e!r ,god's int5tion n to save all be evid5c$ by a prexi/+ design1 or by a pres5t reality8 ,is n ev]y?+ t is done by him1 or left undone1 9 pursuance ( 8 et]nal purpose & design8 ,:at1 !n1 9 ref]5ce to ! po9t 9 "q1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,arm9ian & ! ,calv9i/8 ,bo? admit t ,god c\ld easily save all m5 if he w\ld2 t is1 r5d] all m5 holy & happy4 ,b ! "o says t he did n design to save all1 :ile ! o!r affirms t he actually refuses to save "s4 ,surely1 if we may assume :at is conc$$ by bo? p>ties1 ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god is no m disprov$ by a s*eme ( salvation limit$ 9 its design1 ?an by a s*eme ( salvation limit$ 9 its execution4 ,h5ce1 x is admitt$ by _m ,arm9ians !mselves1 t _! own s*eme m]ely mitigates & s(t5s d[n1 )\t remov+1 ! appall+ difficulty 9 "q4 ,!re are _m exceptions to ?is rem>k4 ,"o ( ! mo/ memorable ( ^! is ! judgm5t :i* ,rob]t ,hall7#bbi7 pron\nces conc]n+ ! solution ( ?is difficulty by ! 8,wond]ful ,h[e40 ,?is solution1 z we h se51 lab\rs "u ! same defect ) ^? ( its pr$ecessors1 9 t x rejects ! tru? t a necess>y hol9ess is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! guidance ( ?is tru?1 he w&]s amid ! obscurities ( ! subject1 becomes involv$ 9 num]\s self-contradictions1 & is misl$ by ! deceitful light ( false analogies4 ,we %all n "h reproduce 8 inconsi/5cies & self-contradictions4 ,we %all simply add1 t al?\gh he1 too1 attempts to %[ :y x is = ! be/ t all %\ld n be sav$1 he frequ5tly betrays ! feeble & unsatisfactory nature ( ! impression :i* 8 own reasons made ^u 8 m9d4 ,= ! light ( ^! reasons soon fades f 8 recollection2 &1 l all :o h gone be=e him1 :5 he comes to contemplate ! subject f ano!r po9t ( view1 he decl>es t ! reasons ( ! ?+ he has endeav\r$ to expla91 are hid f ! human m9d 9 ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! div9e wisdom4 ,if we w\ld realize1 !n1 t ,god s9c]ely desires ! salvation ( all m51 we mu/ plant ourselves on ! tru?1 t hol9ess1 :i* is ( ! v ess5ce ( salvation1 _c be wr\ght 9 u by an extrane\s =ce4 ,x is "u ! guidance ( ?is pr9ciple1 & ( ?is pr9ciple alone1 t we c f9d our way out f ! d>k labyr9? ( error & self-contradiction1 9 :i* o!rs are involv$1 into ! cle> & beautiful light ( ! gospel1 t ,god 8w h all m5 to be sav$1 & come unto a k ( ! tru?40 ,x is ) ! aid ( ?is pr9ciple1 & ( ?is alone1 t we may he> ! sublime tea*+s ( ! div9e wisdom1 unm+l$ ) ! discordant s\nds ( human folly4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 & especially ( infants1 consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,by ! ,calv9i/ic s*ool ( div9es x is mo/ positively & p]emptorily pron\nc$ t ! innoc5t c nev] suff] "u ! adm9i/ration ( a ,be+ ( inf9ite goodness4 ,!y _c possibly all[ t su* a ,be+ w\ld p]mit "o ( 8 innoc5t creatures to suff]2 b !y c v well believe t he c p]mit !m bo? to s9 & to suff]4 ,is n ?is to /ra9 at a gnat1 & swall[ a camel8 ,hav+ pr$et]m9$ t ! innoc5t nev] suff]1 !y h felt ! necessity ( f9d+ "s s9 9 infants1 by :i* _! suff]+s might be %[n to be des]v$1 & !reby reconcil$ ) ! div9e goodness4 ,?is has prov$ a h>d task4 ,f ! "t ( ,augu/9e d[n to ! pres5t day1 x has be5 dilig5tly prosecut$2 & ) :at success1 we h endeav\r$ to %[4 ,! s]ies ( hypo!ses to :i* ?is ef=t has giv5 rise1 are1 p]haps1 z wild & wond]ful z any to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,we ne$ n aga9 rec\nt ^? d>k dreams & inv5tions 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,calv9ism4 ,p]haps ! hypo!sis ( ! pres5t day1 by :i* x endeav\rs to v9dicate ! suff]+ ( infants1 w seem sc>cely less a/oni%+ to po/]ity1 ?an ^? explod$ fictions ( ! pa/ appe> to ?is g5]ation4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! infant _w des]ves to suff]1 because ! s9 ( ,adam1 _! f$]al head & repres5tative1 is imput$ to !m4 ,x is ev5 cont5d$ t ?is con/itution1 by :i* ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! _w 0 susp5d$ on ! conduct ( ! fir/ man1 is a bright display ( ! div9e goodness1 s9ce x 0 s likely to be att5d$ ) a happy issue to ! human race4 ,likely to be att5d$ ) a happy issue6 ,& did n ! ,almighty =esee & "k1 t if ! guilt ( ! _w 7 made to dep5d on ! conduct ( ,adam1 x w\ld infallibly be att5d$ ) a fatal result8 ,we h exam9$1 at l5g?1 ! argum5ts ( an ,edw>ds to %[ t su* a div9e s*eme & con/itution ( ?+s is a display or manife/ation ( goodness4 ,^? argum5ts are1 p]haps1 z +5i\s & plausible z x is possible = ! human intellect to inv5t 9 ! def5ce ( su* a cause4 ,:5 closely exam9$ & se>*$ to ! bottom1 !y c]ta9ly appe> z pu]ile & weak z x is possible = ! human imag9ation to conceive4 ,inde$1 no coh]5t hypo!sis c be inv5t$ on ?is subject1 s long z ! m9d ( ! inv5tor fails to recognise ! impossibility ( exclud+ all s9 f ! moral sy/em ( ! univ]se3 = if all s91 !n all suff]+1 likewise1 may be exclud$2 & we c nev] und]/& :y ei!r %\ld be p]mitt$2 mu* less c we compreh5d :y ! innoc5t %\ld be all[$ to suff]4 ,b hav+ recognis$ ?is impossibility1 we h be5 conduct$ to ?ree gr\nds1 on :i*1 x is believ$1 ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t may be reconcil$ ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,fir/1 ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 9 s f> z !y are ! consequ5ces ( s91 s]ve to %[ its t]rific nature1 & t5d to prev5t its introduction into ! _w4 ,if ?is end c\ld h be5 accompli%$ by ! div9e p[]1 su* a provision w\ld h be5 unnecess>y1 & all ! mis]y ( ! _w only s mu* 8suff]+ 9 wa/e40 ,secondly1 ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t s]ve z a foil to set (f & enhance ! bless$ness ( et]nity4 ,!y are b a %ort & discordant prelude to an ev]la/+ h>mony4 ,?irdly1 difficulties & trials1 temptations & wants1 are indisp5sable to ! rise ( moral good 9 ! s\l ( ! innoc5t2 = if !re 7 no temptation to wrong1 !re c\ld be no m]it 9 ob$i5ce1 & no virtue 9 ! _w4 ,suff]+ is1 !n1 ess5tial to ! moral discipl9e & improvem5t ( mank9d4 ,on ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! gr\nds1 x is believ$ t e in/ance 9 :i* suff]+ falls ^u ! innoc5t1 or falls n z a puni%m5t ( s91 may be v9dicat$ & reconcil$ ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ consi/5t ) ! div9e goodness4 ,! usual def5ces ( ! atonem5t are good1 s f> z !y g1 b n complete4 ,! vic>i\s suff]+s ( ,*ri/ are well v9dicat$ on ! gr\nd1 t !y are necess>y to cause ! maje/y & hon\r ( ! div9e law to be respect$2 b ?is def5ce1 ?\gh s\nd1 has be5 left on an insecure f\ndation2 = x has be5 admitt$ t ,god1 by ! ^w ( 8 p[]1 might easily h caus$ 8 laws to be univ]sally respect$ & obey$4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ?is admission1 ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ might h be5 easily disp5s$ )1 & 7 n necess>y 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! hon\r & glory ( ! div9e gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ to ?is admission1 !y 7 n necess>y1 & consequ5tly n consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,aga93 by di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! adm9i/rative & ! retributive ju/ice ( ,god1 & %[+ t ! vic>i\s suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7 a satisfaction to ! fir/1 & n to ! la/1 we annihilate ! objections ( ! ,soc9ian4 ,by means ( ?is view ( ! satisfaction r5d]$ to ! div9e ju/ice1 we ?9k we h plac$ ! great doctr9e ( ! atonem5t 9 a cle>] & m satisfactory light ?an usual4 ,we h %[n t ! vic>i\s suff]+s ( ! ,,innoc5t are s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) ! div9e ju/ice1 t !y are1 9 fact1 free f ! lea/ %ad[ or appe>ance ( h>d%ip ei!r to him or to ! _w4 ,nay1 t !y are a bright manife/ation ( ! div9e goodness bo? to himself & to ^? = :om he suff]$2 ! brighte/ manife/ation !re(1 inde$1 :i* ! univ]se has ev] beheld4 ,section ,,iv4 ,! et]nity ( future puni%m5t consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,! g5u9e ,calv9i/1 if he reason consecutively f "s ( ! pr9ciples ( 8 sy/em1 c nev] escape ! conclusion t all m5 w be sav$3 = s long z he d5ies ! ability ( m5 to obey )\t ! efficaci\s grace ( ,god1 & affirms t ?is grace is n giv5 to su* z %all f9ally p]i%1 x mu/ foll[ t _! puni%m5t is unju/1 & t _! et]nal puni%m5t 7 an act ( cruelty & oppression great] ?an x is possible = ! imag9ation ( man to conceive4 ,x 0 precisely f su* premises1 z we h se51 t ,john ,fo/] d5i$ ! et]nal duration ( future puni%m5t4 ,8 logic is good2 b ev5 an illogical escape f su* a conclusion 7 bett] ?an ! rejection ( "o ( ! great fundam5tal doctr9es ( reveal$ religion4 ,by hav+ %[n 8 premises to be false1 we demoli%$ ! v f\ndation ( 8 argum5ts4 ,b1 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 we pursu$ ^? argum5ts into all _! bran*es & ramifications1 & expos$ _! futility4 ,by ^! means we h remov$ ! objections & solv$ ! difficulties p]ta9+ to ?is doctr9e ( reveal$ religion4 ,9 "o ^w1 we h %[n t x is n inconsi/5t ) ! dictates ( reason1 or ) ! pr9ciple ( ! div9e goodness4 ,we h %[n t ! et]nal puni%m5t ( ! wick$ is des]v$1 & !re=e dem&$ by ! div9e ju/ice2 t !y s]ve to promote ! highe/ moral int]e/s ( ! univ]se1 & are consequ5tly impos$ by ! div9e goodness itself4 ,we h %[n1 t 9 ! adm9i/ration ( 8 et]nal gov]nm5t1 ! infliction ( an endless puni%m5t is ev5 m consi/5t ) goodness ?an ! use ( temporal puni%m5t 9 ! managem5t ( a temporal gov]nm5t2 = ! fir/1 besides be+ et]nal 9 duration1 is unb\nd$ 9 ext5t4 ,?us reason itself1 :5 dis5*ant$ ( its /rong ,calv9i/ic prejudices & its weak ,soc9ian s5tim5talities1 utt]s no o!r voice ?an t :i* proce$s f revelation2 & ?is x e*oes r ?an utt]s4 ,9 pla9] words1 ?\gh reason does n prove or e/abli% ! et]nity ( future puni%m5t1 x has n "o syllable to say aga9/ its wisdom1 its ju/ice1 or its goodness4 ,section ,v4 ,! true doctr9e ( election & pr$e/9ation consi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god4 ,! ,calv9i/s endeav\r to support _! s*eme ( election & pr$e/9ation by means ( analogies drawn f ! unequal di/ribution ( ! div9e fav\rs1 :i* is obs]vable 9 ! natural economy & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,b ! two cases are n p>allel4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 ?\gh ! div9e fav\rs are unequally di/ribut$1 no man is ev] requir$ to r5d] an acc\nt ( m ?an he receives4 ,:]eas1 accord+ to ! o!r1 c\ntless millions ( human-be+s are doom$ to et]nal mis]y = ! non-obs]vance ( a law :i* !y nev] _h x 9 _! p[] to obey4 ,?is is to judge !m1 n accord+ to :at !y receive1 b accord+ to :at !y receive n1 & _c obta94 ,x is to call !m to give an acc\nt ( tal5ts nev] committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases is1 inde$1 precisely t betwe5 ! conduct ( a munific5t pr9ce :o be/[s 8 fav\rs unequally1 b )\t mak+ unreasonable dem&s1 & ! proce$+ ( a caprici\s tyrant :o1 :ile he conf]s ! mo/ exalt$ privileges & hon\rs on "o portion ( 8 subjects1 consigns all ! re/1 n m undes]v+ ?an !y1 to hopeless & rem$iless de/ruction2 & t1 too1 = ! non-p]=mance ( an impossible condition4 ,is x n wond]ful t two cases s widely & s gl>+ly diff]5t1 %\ld h be5 s long & s ob/9ately conf\nd$ by s]i\s inquir]s aft] tru?8 ,! ,calv9i/ic s*eme ( pr$e/9ation1 x is pret5d$1 d]ives support f revelation4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ,romans :i*1 f ! "t ( ,augu/9e d[n to ! pres5t day1 has be5 s confid5tly appeal$ to 9 its support1 has1 z we h se51 no relation to ! subject4 ,x relates1 n to ! election ( individuals to et]nal life1 b ( a nation to ! enjoym5t ( ext]nal privileges & advantages4 ,?is is s pla91 t ,dr4 ,macknight1 ?\gh an advocate ( ! ,calv9i/ic dogma ( pr$e/9ation1 refuses to employ t portion ( ,scripture 9 support ( 8 doctr9e4 ,nor does ! celebrat$ passage ( ! eigh? *apt] ( ! same epi/le t\* ! po9t 9 controv]sy4 ,we might well call 9 "q ! ,calv9i/ic int]pretation ( t passage1 if ?is 7 necess>y2 b we take x 9 _! own s5se1 & %[ t x l5ds no support to _! views4 ,! ,calv9i/s !mselves be+ ! int]pret]s1 t passage tea*es t ,god1 accord+ to 8 et]nal purpose1 *ose or select$ a c]ta9 portion out ( ! great mass ( mank9d z ! heirs ( et]nal life4 ,grant$1 !n1 t a c]ta9 portion ( ! human race 7 ?us made ! objects ( a peculi> fav\r1 & prospectively end[$ ) ! greate/ ( all conceivable bless+s4 ,b :o 7 ?us *os51 or select$8 & on :at pr9ciple 0 ! election made8 ,9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 x is n pret5d$ by !m t ! passage 9 "q utt]s a s+le syllable4 ,!y !mselves be+ ! judges1 ?is ,scripture m]ely affirms t a c]ta9 portion ( mank9d are *os5 or elect$ to et]nal life2 :ile 9 reg>d to ! gr\nd1 or ! reason1 ( _! election1 x is mo/ p]fectly & pr(\ndly sil5t4 ,h5ce x leaves u free to assume ! position1 t ^? p]sons 7 elect$ or *os5 :o ,god =esaw w\ld1 by a cop]ation ) 8 ,_s1 make _! call+ & election sure4 ,& be+ ?us left free1 ?is is precisely ! position 9 :i* we *oose to plant ourselves1 9 ord] to v9dicate ! div9e glory aga9/ ! awful misrepres5tations ( ,calv9ism3 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is view h>monizes ! passage 9 "q ) o!r portions ( ! div9e record1 & all[s u1 )\t ! lea/ feel+ ( self-contradiction1 to embrace ! sublime ^w1 t ,god 8w h all m5 to be sav$20 & t if any are n made ! heirs ( 8 great salvation1 x is because 8 grace w\ld h prov$ unavail+ to !m4 ,secondly1 ?is view n only h>monizes two classes ( seem+ly oppos$ texts ( ,scripture1 b x also s]ves to v9dicate ! unb\nd$ glory ( ! div9e goodness4 ,x %[s t ! goodness ( ,god is n p>tial 9 its op]ation2 nei!r tak+ su* z x leaves1 nor leav+ su* z x takes2 b embrac+ all ( ! same class1 & t class consi/+ ( all :o1 by wick$ works1 d n place !mselves beyond ! possibility ( be+ sav$4 ,unlike ,calv9ism1 x pres5ts u1 n ) ! spectacle ( a m]cy :i* might easily save all1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 cont5t+ itself ) a few only1 ab&ons ! re/ to ! ravages ( ! nev]-dy+ worm4 ,?irdly1 at ! same "t t x v9dicates ! glory ( ! div9e m]cy1 x rectifies ! frightful di/ortion ( ! div9e ju/ice1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! s*eme ( ,calv9ism4 ,accord+ to ?is s*eme1 all ^? :o are n elect$ to et]nal life are set ap>t z ! objects on :i* ! ,almighty int5ds to manife/ ! glory ( 8 ju/ice4 ,b h[ is ?is glory1 or 8 ju/ice1 manife/$8 ,display$1 we are told1 by doom+ its helpless objects to et]nal mis]y = ! non-p]=mance ( an impossible condition6 ,a display ( ju/ice ?is1 :i*1 to ! human m9d1 be>s e m>k ( ! mo/ appall+ cruelty & oppression4 ,a display ( ju/ice /amp$ ) ! mo/ t]rific features ( its opposite2 s t no human m9d c see ! glory ( ! "o1 = ! inevitable manife/ation ( ! o!r6 ,no wond] t ,calv9i/s !mselves s (t5 fly f ! def5ce ( su* a display ( ! div9e ju/ice1 & hide !mselves 9 ! unse>*able cl\ds & d>kness ( ! div9e wisdom4 ,?is be+ ( c\rse a display = et]nity1 & n = "t1 !y may !re await ! light ( ano!r _w to cle> away ^! cl\ds1 & reveal to !m ! great my/]y ( su* a manife/ation ( ! div9e ju/ice4 ,b :e!r t light w br+ to view ! great my/]y ( ! div9e wisdom !re9 display$1 or ! great secret ( human folly !re9 conceal$1 we c h>dly say rema9s to be se54 ,! view we take pres5ts a glori\s display ( ! div9e ju/ice = "t z well z = et]nity4 ,f\r?ly1 ?is view n only %[s ! ju/ice & ! m]cy ( ,god1 sep>ately consid]$1 9 ! mo/ advantage\s light1 b x exhibits ! sublime h>mony :i* subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,x pres5ts n1 l ,calv9ism1 a m]cy limit$ by ju/ice1 & a ju/ice limit$ by m]cy2 b x exhibits ea* 9 its absolute p]fection1 & 9 its agreem5t ) ! o!r3 =1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! claim ( m]cy ext5ds to all :o may be sav$1 & t ( ju/ice to ^? :o may *oose to rema9 incorrigibly wick$4 ,h5ce1 ! claim ( ! "o does n int]f]e ) t ( ! o!r2 nor c we conceive h[ ei!r c\ld be m glori\sly display$4 ,we behold ! inf9ite amplitude1 z well z ! ineffable1 uncl\d$ spl5d\r ( ea* div9e p]fection1 )\t ! lea/ di/urbance or collision betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! v act ( puni%m5t1 ! t5d] m]cy ( ,god1 :i* is ov] all 8 works1 concurs1 & inflicts t suff]+ :i* is dem&$ by ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,! torm5t ( ! lo/1 is 8! wra? ( ! ,lamb40 ,! glory ( ! r$eem$1 is ! pity ( ! ,judge4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( t frightful conflict :i* ! s*eme ( ,calv9ism pres5ts1 we behold a reconciliation & agreem5t among ! div9e attributes1 wor?y ! great pr9ciple ( ord]1 & h>mony1 & beauty 9 ! univ]se4 ,section ,,vi4 ,! "q submitt$4 ,we mu/ n[ take leave ( ! read]4 ,we h hone/ly endeav\r$ to con/ruct a ,!odicy1 or to v9dicate ! div9e glory z manife/$ 9 ! con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w4 ,we h endeav\r$ to reconcile ! great fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,god & man ) ea* o!r1 z well z ) ! et]nal pr9ciples ( tru?4 ,x has likewise be5 our e>ne/ aim1 to ev9ce ! h>mony ( ! div9e attributes among !mselves1 z well z _! agreem5t ) ! condition ( ! univ]se4 ,9 "o ^w1 we h aim$ to repel ! objections1 & solve ! difficulties :i* h be5 p]mitt$ to obscure ! glory ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 :e!r ^? difficulties & objections h seem$ to proce$ f ! false philosophy ( 8 enemies1 or ! mi/ak5 views & misguid$ zeal ( 8 fri5ds4 ,h[ f> we h succe$$ 9 ?is attempt1 no less ardu\s ?an laudable1 x is n = u to det]m9e4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 respectfully submit ! det]m9ation ( ?is po9t to ! calm & imp>tial judgm5t ( ^? :o may possess bo? ! desire & ! capacity to ?9k = !mselves4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes #a ,johnson's ,works1 vol4 iv1 p4 #bhf4 #b ,in/itutes1 b4 ii1 c4 iii4 #c ,scott's ,lu!r & ,ref41 vol4 i1 pp4 #gj1 #ga4 #d ,in/itutes1 b4 i1 c4 xv4 #e ,ibid41 b4 ii1 c4 ii4 #f ,ibid4 #g ,dick's ,!ology4 #h ,bondage ( ! ,w1 sec4 xxvi4 #i ,ibid4 #aj ,progress ( ,e?ical ,philosophy1 note ,o4 ,inde$1 ?is di/9ction appe>s q z cle>ly 9 ! writ+s ( ,augu/9e1 z x does 9 ^? ( ,lu!r1 or ,calv91 or ,hobbes4 ,he repeat$ly places our lib]ty & ability 9 ?is1 t we c 8keep ! comm&m5ts if we w10 :i* is obvi\sly a m]e fre$om f ext]nal co-action4 ,see ,"p ii1 *4 iv1 sec4 #b4 #aa ,lit]>y ,rema9s1 p4 #fe4 #ab ,e?ique1 premi]e p>tie1 prop4 xxvi4 #ac ,ibid41 prop4 xxxiv4 #ad ,e?ique1 ,des ,passions1 prop4 ii & ,s*olium4 #ae uvres de ,sp9oza1 tome ii1 #cej4 #af ,introduction to ! 8uvres de ,sp9oza10 by ,m4 ,saisset4 #ag ,book ii1 *apt]s #ba1 #bg4 #ah ,disquisitions & ,introduction1 p4 #e4 #ai ,helvetius on ! ,m9d1 p4 #dd4 #bj ,mr4 ,/ew>t says3 8,dr4 ,h>tley 01 ,i believe1 "o ( ! fir/ 7if n ! fir/7 :o d5i$ t our consci\sness is 9 fav\r ( our free-ag5cy40--,/ew>t's ,works1 vol4 v1 ,app5dix4 ,?is is evid5tly a mi/ake4 ,9 ! above passage1 ,leibnitz1 ) ev5 m po9t ?an ,h>tley1 d5ies t our consci\sness is 9 fav\r ( free-ag5cy4 #ba ,essais de ,!odicee1 p4 #ii4 #bb 8,hobbes def9es a free-ag5t10 says ,/ew>t1 8to be #8he t c d if he w1 & =be> if he w4' ,! same def9ition has be5 adopt$ by ,leibnitz1 by ,coll9s1 by ,gravez5de1 by ,edw>ds1 by ,bonnet1 & by all lat] necessit>ians40 ,! tru? is1 z we h se51 t in/ead ( adopt+1 ,leibnitz has v cle>ly refut$1 ! def9ition ( ,hobbes4 ,mr4 ,h>ris1 9 8 "w entitl$ 8,! ,primeval ,man10 has also fall5 into ! error ( ascrib+ ?is def9ition ( lib]ty to ,leibnitz4 ,surely1 ^! v le>n$ au?ors mu/ h =gott51 t ,leibnitz wrote a reply to ,hobbes1 9 :i* he expressly combats 8 views ( lib]ty4 #bc ,essais de ,!odicee1 pp4 #e1 #f4 #bd ,id41 p4 #h4 #be ,inquiry1 "p ii1 sec4 viii4 #bf ,day's ,exam9ation ( ,edw>ds on ! ,w1 sec4 v1 pp4 #hj1 #ha4 #bg ,inquiry1 "p iv1 sec4 #i4 #bh ,ibid4 #bi ,ibid41 sec4 #g4 #cj ,in/itutes ( ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 "p iii1 *ap4 i4 #ca ,lectures on ,!ology1 by ! late ,rev4 ,john ,dick1 ,d4 ,d4 #cb ,diss]tation1 p4 #da4 #cc ,dick's ,lectures1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aeg4 #cd ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 b4 v4 #ce ,hill's ,div9ity1 *4 ix1 sec4 iii4 #cf ,! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 ,physical & ,moral1 b4 iii1 *4 i1 sec4 iii4 #cg ,id41 b4 iii1 *4 i1 sec4 ii4 #ch ,ibid4 #ci ,! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 ,physical & ,moral1 b4 iii1 *4 i1 sec4 ii4 #dj ,ibid4 #da ,ibid4 #db ,ibid4 #dc ,! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 ,physical & ,moral1 b4 iii1 *4 i1 sec4 ii4 #dd ,hume's ,works1 ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 #de ,bacon4 #df ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 #dg ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,hume gives precisely ! same def9ition ( lib]ty z t advanc$ by ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,edw>ds1 he _h ! sagacity to p]ceive t ?is relat$ n to ! fre$om ( ! w1 b only ( ! body4 ,h5ce he says1 8,9 %ort1 if motives are n "u our p[] or direction1 :i* is confess$ly ! fact1 we c at bottom h ,,no ,,lib]ty40 ,we are n at all surpris$1 !re=e1 at ! reception :i* ,hume gave to ! great "w ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 z set =? 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 conc]n+ ! app5dix to ! 8,inquiry40 8,! hi/ory ( ?is app5dix10 says he1 8is curi\s4 ,x has only be5 subjo9$ to ! lat] editions ( 8 "w1 & did n accompany ! fir/ impression ( x4 ,sev]al copies ( ?is impression f\nd _! way into ?is c\ntry1 & creat$ a prodigi\s s5sation among ! memb]s ( a s*ool !n 9 all its glory4 ,i mean ! metaphysical s*ool ( our nor!rn metropolis1 :]e( ,hume1 & ,smi?1 & ,"l ,kames1 & sev]al o!rs among ! m conspicu\s infidels & semi-infidels ( t day1 7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s4 ,!y triumph$ 9 ! book ( ,edw>ds1 z t :i* set a conclusive seal on _! pr9ciples10 c4--,in/itutes ( ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 *4 ii4 #dh ,( ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 #di ,ibid4 #ej ,mill's ,logic1 pp4 #ebb1 #ebc4 #ea ,mill's ,logic1 book ii1 *ap4 v1 sec4 #d4 #eb ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics4 #ec ,knapp's ,!ology1 p4 #ebj4 #ed ,reid's ,works1 note1 p4 #faa4 #ee ,id41 p4 #eii1 note4 #ef ,progress ( ,e?ical ,philosophy1 p4 #bge4 #eg ,mhl]'s ,symbolism1 p4 #aag #eh ,novum ,organum1 book i1 aph4 #fi4 #ei ,in/itutes1 book i1 *ap4 xviii4 #fj ,in/itutes1 book i1 *ap4 xvi4 #fa ,id41 book ii1 *ap4 iv4 #fb ,id41 book i1 *ap4 xviii4 #fc ,id41 book iii1 *ap4 xxiii4 #fd ,id41 book iii1 *ap4 xxiii1 sec4 #d1 #g4 #fe ,in/itutes1 book i1 *ap4 xiv1 sec4 #af4 #ff ,!odice1 p4 #cfe4 #fg ,in/itutes1 book i1 *ap4 xiv4 #fh ,in/itutes1 book iii1 *4 xxiii4 #fi ,id41 book i1 *4 xviii4 #gj ,see ,mhl]'s ,symbolism4 #ga ,?odice1 p4 #he4 #gb ,id41 p4 #bfd4 #gc ,?odice1 pp4 #hi1 #ij4 #gd ,progress ( ,e?ical ,philosophy1 p4 #aad4 #ge ,inquiry1 p4 #bdf #gf ,inquiry1 "p iv1 sec4 ix4 #gg ,lett] vii4 #gh ,inquiry1 "p iv1 sec4 ix4 #gi ,edw>ds's ,works1 vol4 vii1 p4 #djf4 #hj ,?odice1 p4 #cbg4 #ha ,h[e's ,works1 p4 #aadb4 #hb ,on ! ,w1 "p iv1 sec4 ix4 #hc ,emmons's ,works1 vol4 iv1 p4 #cgb4 #hd ,ibid41 p4 #chh4 #he ,ibid41 p4 #cbg4 #hf ,in/itutes ( ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 *ap4 iii4 #hg ,emphatically z ?is conclusion is /at$ by ,sp9oza1 & h>%ly z x is ?ru/ by him aga9/ ! moral s5se ( ! read]1 he c\ld n himself f9d a p]fect re/ !re94 ,no?+ c imp>t ?is to ! reflective & inquir+ m9d b tru?4 ,h5ce1 ev5 ,sp9oza f9ds himself con/ra9$ to speak ( ! duty ( love to ,god1 & s =?2 all ( :i*1 accord+ to 8 own conclusion1 is irrelative nons5se4 #hh ,orig9al ,s91 "p ii1 *ap4 i1 sec4 i4 #hi ,orig9al ,s91 "p ii1 *4 i1 sec4 i4 #ij ,inquiry1 "p iv1 sec4 i4 #ia ,!y are accu/om$ to boa/1 t no man ev] excell$ ,edw>ds 9 ! r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,b we believe no "o has produc$ a m /rik+ illu/ration ( 8 ability 9 ! use ( ?is weapon1 ?an t :i* we h j adduc$4 ,= if we cont5d1 t e act is to be judg$ accord+ to its own nature1 :e!r x be good or evil1 he w demon/rate1 t we r5d] virtue impossible1 & exclude x entirely f ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we %ift our position1 & cont5d t no act is to be judg$ accord+ to its own nature1 b accord+ to ! goodness or badness ( its orig9 or cause1 he w also r$uce ?is position1 diametrically opposite ?\gh x be to ! =m]1 to precisely ! same absurdity2 namely1 t x excludes all virtue out ( ! _w1 & bani%es x f ! univ]sality ( ?+s6 ,surely1 ?is r$uctio ad absurdum is a mo/ =midable weapon 9 8 h&s2 s9ce he wields x ) su* de/ructive fury aga9/ ! mo/ opposite pr9ciples1 & seems himself sc>cely less expos$ ?an o!rs to its =ce4 #ib ,inquiry1 "p iv1 sec4 x4 #ic ,religi\s ,affections1 "p iii1 sec4 ii4 #id ,ibid4 #ie ,dr4 ,woods4 #if ,ibid4 #ig ,inquiry ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 "p iv1 sec4 #a4 #ih ,in/itutes ( ,!ology1 "p iii1 *ap4 i4 #ii ,presid5t ,edw>ds4 #ajj ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 #aja ,psy*ology1 p4 #bdg4 #ajb ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,philosophy1 vol4 iii1 p4 #eee4 #ajc ,ibid4 #ajd ,presid5t ,edw>ds's ,works1 vol4 ii1 p4 #af4 #aje ,id41 vol4 v1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #ajf ,id41 vol4 iv1 p4 #hb4 #ajg ,ibid4 #ajh ,inquiry1 p4 #ag4 #aji ,inquiry1 "p i1 sec4 iii4 #aaj ,id41 "p i1 sec4 iv4 #aaa ,inquiry1 pp4 #ed1 #ee4 #aab ,inquiry1 p4 #ee4 #aac ,id41 p4 #ej4 #aad ,inquiry1 p4 #ed4 #aae ,id41 p4 #ee4 #aaf ,inquiry1 p4 #gg4 #aag ,ibid4 #aah ,ibid4 #aai ,id41 p4 #gh4 #abj ,id41 p4 #gi4 #aba ,?odice4 #abb ,inquiry1 p4 #bgg4 #abc ,id41 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 #abd ,rem>ks ^u ,coll9s's ,philosophical ,inquiry4 #abe ,inquiry1 p4 #aih4 #abf ,edw>ds's ,inquiry1 p4 #agh4 #abg ,see ,exam9ation ( ,edw>ds on ! ,w4 #abh ,disc\rs de la ,con=mit de la ,foi avec la ,raison4 #abi ,see ,exam9ation ( ,edw>ds on ! ,w1 sec4 ix4 #acj ,presid5t ,day on ! ,w1 p4 #afj4 #aca ,inquiry1 p4 #bjc4 #acb ,diss]tation1 p4 #aha4 #acc ,inquiry ( ,edw>ds1 p4 #bbb4 #acd ,edw>ds's ,inquiry1 p4 #bbb4 #ace ,a diff]5t view ( ! ,pelagian doctr9e on ?is po9t is giv5 by ,wigg]s1 & yet we suppose t bo? au?ors are 9 ! "r4 ,! tru? seems to me1 t ,pelagius1 z usually happ5s to ^? :o take "o-sid$ views ( ! tru?1 has ass]t$ contradictory positions4 #acf ,! way ( ,life1 *ap4 iii1 sec4 ii4 #acg ,knapp's ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dga4 ,note by ! translator4 #ach ,in/itutes1 b4 iii1 *4 xxiv4 #aci ,ibid4 #adj ,essais de ,?odice4 #ada ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em4 #adb ,/>kie on ,evid5ce4 #adc ,?odice4 #add ,see ,*apt] ,,iii4 #ade ,comp>e ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #adf ,intellectual ,sy/em1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cbh4 #adg ,id41 vol4 ii1 p4 #adi4 #adh ,cudwor?'s ,intellectual ,sy/em1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cch4 #adi ,dwight's ,s]mons1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bed-dab4 ,dick's ,lec41 p4 #bdh4 #aej ,)]spoon1 z quot$ 9 8,new & ,old ,!ology10 issu$ by ! ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d ( ,publication4 #aea ,d',aubigne's ,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 book xiii4 #aeb ,old & ,new ,!ology1 p4 #ch4 #aec ,! writ] "h speaks f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 #aed ,old & ,new ,!ology1 p4 #dj4 #aee ,p5ses1 ,i4 ,p>tie1 art4 iv1 sec4 vii4 #aef ,old & ,new ,!ology4 #aeg ,exam9ation ( ,edw>ds on ! ,w4 #aeh ,!ology1 vol4 i1 p4 #ceh4 #aei ,ibid4 #afj ,butl]'s ,analogy1 "p i1 *ap4 ii4 #afa ,rob]t ,hall1 a pr(\nd admir] ( ,h[e1 has pron\nc$ 8 attempt to reconcile ! s9c]ity ( ,god ) ! univ]sal (f] ( salvation1 to be "o ( 8 great ma/]-pieces ( ?\ght & reason+4 #afb ,hag5ba*'s ,hi/ory ( ,doctr9es1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bei4 #afc ,in/itutes1 book iii1 *ap4 xxiv1 sec4 xvii4 #afd ,in/itutes1 book iii1 *ap4 xxiv1 sec4 xvi4 #afe ,id41 sec4 xiii4 #aff ,we d n int5d to inve/igate ! subject ( a limit$ atonem5t 9 ! pres5t "w1 because x is m]ely a metaphysical (f-%oot f ! doctr9e ( election & reprobation1 & mu/ /& or fall ) ! p>5t trunk4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is we purpose to try 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 #afg ,lectures on ,!ology1 vol4 i1 p4 #deh4 #afh ,lectures on ,!ology1 p4 #deh4 #afi ,edw>ds's ,works1 vol4 ii1 p4 #edh4 #agj ,edw>ds on ,orig9al ,s91 "p iv1 *ap4 iii1 p4 #edc4 #aga ,en*eir41 c4 #df1 #dg4 ,see also rem>ks by ! ,am]ican editor & translator4 #agb ,see p4 #bhd4 #agc ,if ,god1 out ( ! abundance ( 8 compassion1 imputes ! s9s ( p>5ts only to ! ?ird or f\r? g5]ation1 h[ has x happ5$ t ,adam's transgression is imput$ to all 8 po/]ity1 & puni%$ ?r\gh\t all g5]ations8 ,is !re any consi/5cy1 or h>mony1 9 su* views respect+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w8 #agd ,wigg]s's ,pres5tation1 note by translator1 p4 #bhe4 #age ,edw>ds on ,orig9al ,s91 "p iv1 *4 iii4 #agf ,in/itutes1 book ii1 *4 i4 #agg ,div9e ,attributes4 #agh ,s]mon on ,orig9al ,s94 #agi ,orig9al ,s91 "p i1 *4 ii4 #ahj ,orig9al ,s91 "p i1 *4 ii4 #aha ,exposition ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 article ix4 #ahb ,ibid4 #ahc ,edw>ds on ,orig9al ,s91 "p iv1 *4 iii4 #ahd ,see ,knapp's ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 art4 ix1 sec4 #gf2 also ,wigg]s's ,pres5tation ( ,augu/9ism & ,pelagianism1 *ap4 xix1 p4 #bfh4 #ahe ,h>monie de la ,raison et de la ,religion4 #ahf ,ibid41 ,almeyda4 #ahg ,wigg]s's ,pres5tation ( ,augu/9ism & ,pelagianism1 *ap4 iv4 #ahh ,s]mon on ,compassion4 #ahi ,butl]'s ,analogy1 "p i1 *ap4 iii4 #aij ,analogy1 *ap4 v4 #aia ,id41 *ap4 v1 p4 #agh4 #aib ,"p i1 *ap4 vi4 #aic ,"p i1 *ap4 ii4 #aid ,?is language ( ,bacon is appli$ by him to ! empirical & rational faculties ( ! human m9d4 #aie ,butl]'s ,analogy1 "p ii1 *ap4 v4 #aif ,analogy4 #aig ,ibid4 #aih ,lett] on ! ,duration ( ,future ,puni%m5t1 pp4 #ai1 #bj4 #aii ,lett]1 c41 pp4 #ae-ah4 #bjj ,rob]t ,hall supposes t ,edw>ds mu/ h f\nd x 9 ,ow54 ,he might h f\nd x 9 a hundr$ e>li] writ]s4 #bja ,wigg]s's ,pres5tation1 p4 #baj--,note by ,translator4 #bjb ,wigg]s's ,pres5tation1 p4 #baj--,note by ,trans4 #bjc ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 p4 #ch4 #bjd ,lett]1 pp4 #ba1 #bb4 #bje ,j]emy ,b5?am4 #bjf ,on "o po9t we fully concur ) ,mr4 ,fo/]1 7see ,lett]1 p4 #bg37 8,z to religi\s tea*]s1 if ?is trem5d\s doctr9e be true1 surely x ought to be almo/ cont9ually proclaim$ z ) ! bla/ ( a trumpet1 inculcat$ & reit]at$1 ) ard5t passion1 9 e possible =m ( t]rible illu/ration2 no remission ( ! al>m to ?\ghtless spirits40 ,b if x be s incumb5t on religi\s tea*]s1 :o believe ?is awful t5et1 ?us to proclaim x to a p]i%+ _w1 is x n equally incumb5t on !m n to speak on su* a subject at all until !y h tak5 ! utmo/ pa9s to =m a correct op9ion conc]n+ x8 ,if ! man :o m]ely proclaims ?is doctr9e 9 ! usual quiet way ( prea*]s1 :ile he sees 8 fell[-m5 p]i%+ ar\nd1 is guilty ( crim9al neglect1 :at %all we say ( ! religi\s tea*] :o1 )\t hav+ devot$ mu* "t to ! inve/igation ( ! subject1 ex]ts 8 p[]s & 8 influ5ce to p]suade 8 fell[-m5 t x is all a delusion1 & t ! idea ( endless mis]y is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! goodness ( ,god8 ,h[ _m feeble outcries & w>n+s ( ^? :o are s t]ribly rebuk$ by ,mr4 ,fo/]1 may be sil5c$ & =ev] laid to re/ by 8 eloqu5t declamation aga9/ ! doctr9e 9 "q1 & h[ _m s\ls may be !reby betray$ & l$ on to _! own et]nal ru96 ,yet1 wond]ful z x may seem1 ,mr4 ,fo/] tells u t 8 op9ion on ?is awful subject has n be5 ! result ( 8a protract$ inquiry40 ,9 ! v lett] f :i* we h s frequ5tly quot$1 he says3 8,i h p]haps be5 too cont5t to let an op9ion 7or impression7 admitt$ 9 e>ly life disp5se ) protract$ inquiry & v>i\s read+40 ,n[1 is ?is ! way 9 :i* a "q ( ?is k9d %\ld be decid$1--a "q :i* involves ! et]nal de/9y ( millions ( human be+s8 ,is x to be decid$1 n by protract$ inquiry1 b "u ! influ5ce ( an 8impression admitt$ 9 e>ly life80 #bjg ,surely a v s+ul> doctr9e to be f\nd 9 a prophecy4 #bjh ,in/itutes1 book iii1 *4 xxi4 #bji ,ibid4 #baj ,wigg]s1 *4 xvi4 #baa ,wigg]s's ,pres5tation1 *4 xvi4 #bab ,in/itutes1 book iii1 *4 xxi4 #bac ,hill's ,div9ity1 p4 #ebe4 #bad ,id41 p4 #ebf4 #bae ,hill's ,div9ity1 p4 #efb4 #baf ,in/itutes ( ,!ology4 #bag ,in/itutes ( ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 *4 vii4 #bah ,in/itutes ( ,!ology1 vol4 ii1 *4 vii4 #bai ,:ewell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4 #bbj ,intellectual ,sy/em1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cdi4 #bba ,?odice1 ,abrg de la ,controv]se4 #bbb ,ibid4 #bbc ,abrg de la ,controv]se4 #bbd ,reflexions sur le ,livre de ,hobbes4 #bbe ,analogy1 "p i1 *ap4 vii4 #bbf ,rem>ques sur ,le ,livre de ,m4 ,k+1 sec4 xvi4 #bbg ,orig9 ( ,evil1 vol4 ii1 *4 v1 sec4 v4 #bbh ,diction>y1 ,article ,paulicians4 #bbi ,x is n exactly j to rank ,hall among ! ,arm9ians4 ,8 s*eme ( doctr9e1 if s*eme x may be call$1 is1 l t ( s _m o!rs1 a het]og5e\s mixture ( ,calv9ism & ,arm9ianism--a mixture1 & n an organic comp\nd1 ( ! conflict+ elem5ts ( ! two sy/ems4