,illustration3 ,issue ,title ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,scientific ,,american ,a ,,weekly ,,journal ,,of ,,practical ,,information1 ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,september #bf1 #ahdf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scientific ,,american ,published ,weekly at #abh ,fulton ,street1 7,sun ,building17 ,new ,york4 ,,by ,,munn ,,company4 ,,rufus ,,porter1 ,,editor4 ,,terms4--#b a year--#a in advance1 and the remainder in #f months4 ,symbol3 right ,index ,see ,advertisement on last page4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents4 ,nature's ,image of ,washington #a ,the ,viol ,seraphine99 #a ,an ,eclipse in ,arabia #a ,giving ,credit #a ,the ,bowie ,knife and its ,inventor #a ,forests and ,streams #a ,prussian ,music #a ,philosophy #a ,polite ,preaching #a ,pure ,air #b ,the ,deerfield 7,n4 ,h47 ,phenomena #b ,extraordinary ,instance of ,gambling #b ,gen4 ,taylor's ,patriotism #b ,the ,columbian ,magazine #b ,a ,mountain ,in ,labor #b ,the ,pope's ,will #b ,improved ,railroad #b ,sageisms #b ,as ,good as ,cash #b ,how ,very ,hot ,it ,is #b ,california ,farming #b ,diversification of ,language #b ,keep that ,testament ,in your vest pocket1 over your heart4 #b ,temperance in the ,army #b ,modes of ,raising ,ponderous ,articles #c ,information to persons having business to transact at the ,patent ,office #c ,the ,regulator78799 #c ,a ,remarkable ,mineral ,spring #c ,cool ,forethought #c ,it ,may ,be ,so #c ,howe's ,sewing ,machine #d ,steering ,apparatus #d ,electro-,magnetic ,boat #d ,improvement in ,boats #d ,casting ,iron ,cannon by a galvanic ,process #d ,new ,shingle ,machine #d ,improvement in ,blacksmiths ,forges #d ,improved ,fire ,engine #d ,a simple ,cheese-,press99 #d ,cast ,iron ,roofing #d ,the ,new and ,wonderful ,pavement #d ,to render ,shingles ,durable #d ,best ,plan of a ,barn #d ,robert ,fulton #d ,introduction to ,volume ,,ii #e ,advantage of ,low ,fares #e ,avalon ,railroad ,iron #e ,the ,magnetic ,telegraph #e ,advertising ,in ,london #e ,deerfield ,bridge #e ,information ,wanted #e ,railroad ,intelligence #e ,arrival of the ,cambria #e ,the ,mexican ,war #e ,trade to ,santa ,fe #e ,,the ,,scientific ,,american--subscriptions #e ,the ,harbor of ,havana99 #f ,a ,very ,long ,nose #f ,sol4 ,smith #f ,a ,profitable ,hoax #f ,reforming #f ,wrong ,side ,up99 #f ,importance of ,humility #f ,the ,eureka3 or ,journal of the ,national ,association of ,inventors #g ,,advertisements #g ,the ,ball of the ,bears #g ,all is not ,gold that ,glitters #g ,painting ,in ,imitation of ,rose-,wood #h ,india ,rubber #h ,communication on ,atmospheric ,resistance #h ,the ,conical ,windlass99 #h ,requisite ,strength of ,steam ,boilers #h ,bagley's ,gold ,pens #h ,the ,humming ,bird #h 7,illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk47 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,poetry ,,nature',s ,,image ,,of ,,washington4 ,,by ,,marshall ,s4 ,,pike1 ,,of ,,the ,,harmoneons ,,descriptive3 ,opposite ,harper's ,ferry1--which is situated on a pleasant elevation at the junction of the ,potomac and ,shenandoah rivers--a few rods north of ,pinnacle ,bluff1 a flighty eminence on the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 stands a most singular formation of rock1 known as ',washington's ,face'2 and which1 to a casualist void of imaginative powers1 is easily recognized if pointed out by a guide2 but to a close observer1 however1 with common discernable perception1 it presents at first sight a most striking and correct resemblance of the great original4 ,from midway the bridge which crosses the ,potomac1 the countenance and contour of the face to me1 appeared discriminatingly perfect1 and constrained me to look upon it as one of the most wonderful1 and the noblest work of revealed nature4 ,in the high barren cliffs of the ,blue ,mountain ,ridge1 ,that frightfully hang o'er the trestle-built bridge1 ,juts out into space a huge rocky bluff1 ,which the elements rudely left broken and rough4 ,near this1 stands a bust so exquisitely fair1 ,that the chisel of art would be uselessness there6 ,for nature wrought well till the model was done-- ,an impress on stone of our ,,great ,,washington4 ,the ,earth born from chaos at some mighty shock1 ,left the image to rest on the high mountain rock1 ,on a turret-like peak1 in the heavens above1 ,as a sentinel over the country we love3 ,where the sunbeam could linger till daylight had fled1 ,where the bright stars of night1 form a crown o'er its head2 ,and where1 through the greenwood1 the faintest breeze creeps1 ,to sigh for the ,hero1 who deathlessly sleeps4 ,there it stands like a giant in storm and in calm1 ,like the ,hero in battle1 no foeman could harm6 ,and commandingly looks with a ,patriot's pride1 ,on the wild mountain stream of ,potomac's fast tide1 ,whose waters swell on in the valley between1 ,through the vast hilly regions and forests of green2 ,o'er a rock-bottomed track1 to the blue-bosomed sea1 ,from its struggles to rest1 like our sire of the free4 ,stand up there in might1 till the bright sun shall die1 ,till the stars glimmer out their light in the sky1 ,and the moon shall no longer lend beauty or light1 ,but all shall again be dark chaos and night1-- ,till then1 let its base be the tall craggy steep1 ,where rocks are o'er moss-grown1 and ivy-vines creep2 ,with the ,heaven's wide canopy over its head1 ,an immortal image of greatness that's dead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,viol ,,seraphine ,,introduction4--,the clear tones of a viol or bass viol are generally admitted to be more melodious than those produced by other kinds of instruments1 and many have expressed a desire to see an instrument so constructed as to be played with keys1 like the organ or piano forte1 and give the tones of the violin4 ,this is the character of the instrument here introduced4 ,it is elegant in appearance2 occupies less than half the space of a piano forte1 and is so light and portable that a lady-performer may readily place it before her1 and thus avoid the necessity1--unpleasant to all parties1--of turning her back on the company4 ,we do not say that an instrument of this kind has been as yet constructed complete3 but the principle has been proved1 and it may1 and probably will be soon1 offered to the public1 at a cost not exceeding sixty dollars4 ,,explanation4--,in the engraving1 a side view elevation only is represented1 showing only one string and one key of a series of twenty or more of each4 ,the body of the machine ,a ,b1 is a light hollow chest about three feet square and six inches deep1 supported by four posts or legs with castors4 ,two bridges1 ,c and ,d1 extend across the breadth of the chest4 ,the bridge ,d is supported by a cleat1 ,e1 in which is inserted the pin ,f1 to which is attached one end of the string ,c ,d ,f4 ,the other end of the string is simply attached to the bridge ,c4 ,a key-lever1 ,g ,h1 passes through the bridge1 and is mounted on a pivot therein4 ,the front end of the key 7,g7 is held in its ordinary position by a small spring thereunder1 and may be easily depressed by the finger of the performer3 the other end of the key serves as the bearing of the pivot of a delicate arbor1 the opposite pivot of which has its bearing in the bridge ,d4 ,on the front end of this arbor is a wheel three-fourths of an inch in diameter1 with its periphery smooth1 and polished with rosin1 or rosin varnish2 and so adjusted1 that by the depression of the key1 this wheel is brought up in contact with the string1 whereby1 if in motion rotarily1 a full sound is produced1 as if a violin bow was drawn across the string4 ,on the other end of the arbor is a grooved pulley1 over which passes a silken cord1 which also passes round a delicate band-wheel1 ,i1 below1 and by which1 motion is communicated to the arbor and sounding wheel4 ,the band-wheel is mounted on a shaft1 ,i ,j1 which has its bearings in two small head blocks which project from two crossbars3 and from the block ,j is suspended a vertical rod1 to the bottom of which is attached a treadle1 ,k ,l1 and from which a curved ratch1 ,l ,m1 extends upward and takes to a small ratchet on the shaft ,i ,j2 so that1 by the horizontal motion of the treadle1 the motion is communicated to the wheel1 c4 ,the teeth of the ratch and ratchet have so gentle an inclination on one side of each1 that although the ratch applies force to the ratchet in the upward direction1 they slide freely over in their return4 ,it may be understood that the machine is to have two treadles and two ratches1 which move forward alternately3 and that twenty or more arbors1 pulleys1 strings and keys are arranged in series1 although only one of each is represented in the engraving4 ,the cord applies to each pulley in the series1 by passing over the first1 under the second1 and over the third1 and so on1 descending from the last of the series to the band-wheel4 ,each arbor is placed directly under its respective string1 and it is also proposed to place moveable stops under the strings1 at equal distances from the key bridge1 and to regulate the tones by adjusting the stops1 without depending on the pins at the ends for that purpose4 ,we shall employ a competent mechanic to construct one or more of these instruments as soon as convenient1 and give due notice accordingly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,eclipse ,,in ,,arabia4 ,casting my eyes over the bright1 full moon1 ,i perceived that an eclipse was just coming upon it4 ,what astronomer had calculated this eclipse for ,arabia8 ,it was indeed a privilege to witness one in the bright sky that over-spread the lonely mountains of ,seir4 ,soon we were seated in a circle1 with our ,arabs round their watch-fire1 enquiring of them their views of an eclipse1 and explaining to them ours4 ,they appeared to have no idea of its real cause1 regarding it as a judgment from ,god1 a sign of a bad season1 and little camel feed4 ,when we undertook to explain to them the theory of the earth being round1 turning over every day1 sometimes getting between the sun and moon1 they seemed to look upon us as telling very strange tales4 ,the eclipse was nearly total4 ,i gazed upon it with interest1 and then eyed the strange scene around me4 ,the wild1 lonely landscape of rock and sand--the camels kneeling round the bivouac--the wild faces of the ,arabs1 reflecting the red light of the fire round which they were seated--their wild voices and strange guttural language1 all combined to produce an effect so startling1 that ,i felt till then ,i had never been thoroughly sensible of our complete separation from the civilized world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,giving ,,credit4 ,one of our exchange says one of our exchanges1 came to us this week with four of our editorials not credited4 ,a frivolous complaint4 ,not a week passes but we find in some of our exchanges from ten to twenty of our editorials2 and instead of complaining1 we are thankful for being thus complimented4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,bowie ,,knife ,,and ,,its ,,inventor4 ,this instrument was devised by ,col4 ,james ,bowie1 an ,american1 and a man of desperate valor4 ,he considered1 and apparently with justice1 too1 that1 in close fighting1 a much shorter weapon than the sword ordinarily in use1 but still heavy enough to give it sufficient force1 and1 at the same time1 contrive to cut and thrust1 would be far preferable1 and more advantageous to the wearer4 ,he accordingly invented the short sword1 or knife1 which has since gone under his name4 ,it is made of various sizes2 but the best1 ,i may say1 is about the length of a carving knife--case perfectly straight in the first instance1 but greatly rounded at the end on the edge side2 the upper edge at the end1 for the length of about two inches1 is ground into the small segment of a circle and rendered sharp2 thus leaving an apparent curve of the knife1 although in reality the upturned point is not higher than the line of the back4 ,the back itself gradually increases in weight of metal as it approaches the hilt1 on which a small guard is placed4 ,the ,bowie knife1 therefore1 has a curved1 keen point2 is double edged for the space of about a couple of inches of its length2 and when in use1 falls with the weight of a bill hook4--,bowie went to ,texas during the troubles which preceded the independence of that country1--and was lying sick in bed at the fortress of the ,alamo1 when1 on the #fth of ,march1 #ahcf1 it was stormed by ,santa ,anna and taken4 ,bowie was murdered there upon his pillow4 ,the hand that formed the dreadful knife could no longer wield it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,forests ,,and ,,streams4 ,that remarkable man1 ,humbolt1 has reduced it almost to a demonstration1 that the streams of our country1 fail in proportion to the destruction of its timber4 ,and of course1 if the streams fail1 our seasons will be worse2 it must get drier and drier in proportion4 ,humbolt1 speaking of the ,valley of ,araguay in ,venezuela1 says that the lake receded as agriculture advanced1 until the beautiful plantations of sugar-cane1 banana and cotton-trees1 were established on its banks1 which 7banks7 year after year were farther from them4 ,after the separation of that ,province from ,spain1 and the decline of agriculture amid the desolating wars which swept over this beautiful region1 the process of clearing was arrested1 and old lands grew up in trees with that rapidity common to the tropics1 and in a few years the inhabitants were alarmed by a rise of the waters1 and an inundation of their choice plantations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prussian ,,music4 ,the ,boston ,brigade ,band has been presented with a copy of the collection of the celebrated martial music of the ,prussian army4 ,prussia has long been famous for the excellence of its military bands1 and the music which they have produced is of the highest order4 ,we hope this attempt to introduce it into our city will improve the style of martial music here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,philosophy4 ,uncle ,jo1 said an observing little boy1 our folks always put up the window when the room is filled with smoke1 and the wind always blows in so as to prevent the smoke from going out that way3 now where does the smoke go8 ,it goes into the people's eyes1 was uncle ,jo's philosophic answer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,polite ,,preaching4 ,a certain preacher1 when treating on the subject of repentance1 said1 ,my dear hearers1 you must repent2 if you do not1 you will go to a place which it would be improper to mention in this polite assembly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,h4 ,longfellow of ,cincinnati1 has about one hundred acres under culture of grapes1 strawberries1 peaches and raspberries4 ,illustration3 ,,variety4 ,,pure ,,air4 ,throw open the window and fasten it there6 ,fling the curtain aside and the blind1 ,and give a free entrance to heaven's pure air1 ',tis the life and health of mankind4 ,behold that dull concourse in yonder closed space1 ,with visages sluggish and red2 ,how calmly they sit1 each one in his place1 ,while their lungs with poison are fed4 ,what makes the grave deacon so drowsy at church8 ,the scholar so dull in his class8 ,dry sermons6--dry studies6--the brain's in the lurch1 ,for want of pure oxygen gas4 ,come1 'rouse1 from your stupor1 before it's too late1 ,and do not yourself so abuse-- ,to sit all day with your feet on the grate2 ,no wonder you're getting the blues6 ,are you fond of coughs1 colds1 dyspepsia and rheums8 ,of headaches1 and fevers and chills8 ,of bitters1 hot-drops1 and medicine fumes1 ,and bleeding1 and blisters and pills8 ,then shut yourself up like a monk in his cave1 ,till nature grows weary and sad1 ,and imagine yourself on the brink of the grave4 ,where nothing is cheerful and glad4 ,be sure when you sleep1 that all is shut out3 ,place1 too1 a warm brick to your feet-- ,wrap a bandage of flannel your neck quite about ,and cover your head with the sheet4 ,but would you avoid the dark gloom of disease8 ,then haste to the fresh open air1 ,where your cheek may kindly be tanned by its breeze2 ',twill make you well1 happy and fair4 ,o1 prize not this lightly1 so precious a thing2 ',tis laden with gladness and wealth-- ,the richest of blessings that heaven can bring1 ,the bright panacea of health4 ,then open the window1 and fasten it there6 ,fling the curtain aside and the blind4 ,and give a free entrance to heaven's pure air1 ',tis light1 life1 and joy to mankind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,deerfield 7,n4 ,h47 ,,phenomena4 ,we have frequently heard of singular and unaccountable reports1 as of explosion1 in ,deerfield1 but nothing so definite as the following statement by a correspondent of the ,portsmouth ,journal4 ,mr ,editor1--,during the last twelve years1 certain curious1 not to say alarming phenomena in the town of ,deerfield1 ,n4 ,h41 have excited the fears of the inhabitants1 and we think should1 ere this1 have attracted the attention of the scientific4 ,these are reports of explosions in the ground1 apparently of a volcanic or gaseous nature4 ,when first heard they were attributed to the blasting of rocks in ,manchester1 a new town some ten miles distant2 but from the frequency of the reports at all hours in the night as well as the day1 from the consideration that they were so loud1 and were heard in all seasons1 winter as well as summer1 it was soon concluded that they had some other origin4 ,the explosions1 if they may be so called1 commenced on a ridge of land running ,s4 ,e4 and ,n1 ,w1 some five miles in length1 and principally on that portion called the ,south ,road4 ,they have1 however1 extended1 and arc now heard in a northerly direction4 ,the sounds have become louder1 and during the last fall and the present spring or summer1 as many as twenty have been heard in one night4 ,many of them jar the houses and ground perceptibly1 so much so1 that a child whose balance is not steady1 will roll from one side to the other4 ,they are as loud as a heavy cannon fired near the house1 with no reverberation1 and little roll4 ,last fall some of the inhabitants were riding in a wagon when an explosion was heard1 and they saw the stone wall1 which was apparently quite compact1 fall over on one side of the way1 and a second after upon the other4 ,the stone wall of an unfinished cellar also fell in4 ,this can be attested by many witnesses4 ,there is no regularity in these reports1 as they are heard at intervals of a day1 a week1 and sometimes of months3 but for the last year they have become very common1 and are heard almost every week more or less4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,extraordinary ,,instance ,,of ,,gambling4 ,it is well known upon the western waters1 that the firemen and other hands employed upon the boats spend much of their idle time in playing cards4 ,of the passion for gaming1 thus excited1 an instance has been narrated to us upon the most credible authority1 which surpasses the highest wrought fictions of the gambler's fate4 ,a colored fireman1 on board a steamboat running between ,saint ,louis and ,new-,orleans1 had lost all his money at poker with his companions4 ,he then staked his clothing1 and being still unfortunate1 pledged his own freedom for a small amount4 ,losing this1 the bets were doubled1 and he finally at one desperate hazard1 ventured his full value as a slave1 and laid down his free papers to represent the stake4 ,he lost1 suffered his certificates to be destroyed1 and was actually sold by the winner to a slave dealer1 who hesitated not to take him at a small discount upon his assessed value4 ,when last heard of by one who knows him1 and informed us of the fact1 he was still paying in servitude the penalty of his criminal folly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gen4 ,,taylor',s ,,patriotism4 ,in answer to the complimentary resolutions passed at a meeting in this city some weeks since1 ,gen4 ,taylor says1 ,it is a source of gratulation to me that the meeting refrained from the meditated nomination for the presidency4 ,for the high office in question ,i have no aspirations4 ,the government has assigned to me an arduous and responsible duty in the prosecution of the existing war3 in conducting it with honor to the country lie all my real aspirations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,columbian ,,magazine4 ,the ,october number of this splendid work will be found to be equal1 if not superior1 to anything and everything of the kind in the literary region4 ,it presents three superb embellishments--,a ,cure for ,love1 mezzotint1 by ,sadd2 ,view on the ,st4 ,lawrence1 fine steel engraving1 by ,c4 ,f1 ,giles1 and a plate of fashions2 in a new style1 besides a piece of first rate music4 ,this work is published monthly by ,isreal ,post1 #adj ,nassau st4 ,terms1 only #c per annum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,mountain ,,in ,,labor4 ,the workmen1 says a ,paris paper1 are still busily engaged in excavating ,montmartre in quest of holy vases and other riches said to have been deposited there in early days of the ,french revolution by the orders of ,lady ,superior of the ,abbey of ,montmartre4 ,two workmen1 who were at the time charged with transporting the wealth to the place designated were never seen1 and it is supposed that they were sacrificed to the necessity of the secret4 ,the ,superior1 at her death1 bequeathed the secret to a lady friend1 who in turn1 on her death bed1 divulged it to her daughter1 then #ac years of age4 ,the child1 now a sexagenary1 disclosed it to the municipiality4 ,her statements have thus far been found scrupulously correct4 ,the cesarian operation is actively going on1 an excavation of fifty feet having been made1 and the mountain's speedy deliverance of a mine of wealth is anticipated4 ,may it not prove a mouse6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,pope',s ,,will4 ,the late ,pope has left a fortune of eleven millions of francs1 which1 after some religious bequests2 is to be divided among his relations6 upon the singular condition that they never contest the will1 and that they never take up their residence in ,rome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improved ,,railroad4 ,the ,harlem ,railroad ,company have laid down a section of their road with cast iron rails of a new construction1 invented by ,mr4 ,imley4 ,these rails are highly approved1 and are expected to supersede the common wrought rails to a considerable extent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is reported that ,mr4 ,isaac ,fisk of ,massachusetts1 spells his name ,eyzurk ,physque4 ,well1 what if he does8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sageisms4 ,he who is passionate and hasty is generally honest4 ,it's your cool1 dissembling1 smiling hypocrite1 of whom you should beware4 ,there is no deceit about a bull dog4 ,it's only the cur that sneaks up and bites you when your back's turned4 ,again1 we say1 beware of a man who has psalmody in his looks4 ,if a person is bent on quarrelling with you1 leave the whole of it to himself1 and he will soon become weary of his unencouraged occupation4 ,even the most malicious ram will soon cease to butt against a disregarding object1 and will usually find his own head more injured than the object of his blind animosity4 ,so let them kick4 ,an easy flow of words is no sign of an abundance of ideas4 ,swift made a wise comparison when he likened a well stored mind to a crowded church1 where the people elbow each other1 and cannot get out4 ,if a civil word or two will render a man happy1 said a ,french king1 he must be a wretch indeed who will not give them to him4 ,such a disposition is like lighting another man's candle by one's own1 which loses none of its brilliancy by what the other gains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in ,,preparation4 ,we have in course of preparation for future numbers1 some large and elegant engravings1 illustrative of some of the most interest and deeply scientific new inventions1 together with illustrations of architecture1 geometry and magnetism4 ,also a variety of intelligence in arts and trades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,strong ,,position4 ,gentlemen of the jury1 said an eminent lawyer1 there are four points in this case4 ,in the first place1 we contend that we never had the plaintiff's horse2 second1 that we paid him for the use of the horse2 third1 he agreed to let us use the horse for his keeping1 without any charge2 and fourth1 that his horse is a jackass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,as ,,good ,,as ,,cash4 ,an editor out west having asked the consent of a father to his daughter's hand in marriage1 the provident old gentleman inquired how much money he could bring the bride4 ,the editor said he hadn't got any money1 but he would give her a puff in his paper4 ,the father was satisfied4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,how ,,very ,,hot ,,it ,,is4 ,the following lines would have been inserted earlier1 but the weather was so hot we could not attend to it4 ,did you ever know such weather8 ,seven bright burning days together6 ,swelt'ring nights and broiling days1 ,sultry moonbeams1 sun's hot rays3 ,no one knows which way to turn him1 ,all things either melt or burn him2 ,half the weight of all the nation1 ,is flying off in perspiration1 ,and every man1 and woman too1 ,as languidly they look at you1 ,exclaims1 with moist and mournful phiz1 ,dear me6 how very hot it is6 ,ladies all languid in muslin array1 ,loll upon couches the live long day1 ,looking more lovely than we can say-- ,though1 alas6 they are rapidly melting away ,bring me an ice6 they languidly cry1 ,but alas and alack6 it is all in my eye-- ,for before it reaches the top of the stairs1 ,it's turned into water quite unawares1 ,while ,john with his salver1 looks red and stares1 ,and the moist confectioner inwardly swears1 ,as he wipes with his apron his long1 pale phiz1 ,oh--pooh6 how infernally hot it is6 ,oh1 what a treat 'twould be to wade ,chin deep in fresh ice and lemonade6 ,or to sit a deep marble bowl within1 ,and camphor gurgling around your chin-- ,hissing and sparkling round your nose1 ,till you open your mouth and down it goes1 ,gulp by gulp1 and sup by sup1 ,as you catawumpishly chew it up4 ,refreshing your heart and cooling your faces-- ,burnt down as they've been with all sorts of sauces ,oh1 the fellow who thus could lave his phiz ,needn't care how hot the weather is6 99 99 99 99 99 ,a son of the ,emperor ,nicholas1 of ,russia1 is now travelling in the ,united ,states4 ,he is said to be an intelligent looking man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,california ,,farming4 ,a gentleman1 writing from ,california to the editors of the ,saint ,louis ,reveille1 says his stock consists of about four thousand head of oxen1 one thousand seven hundred horses and mules1 three thousand sheep1 and as many hogs4 ,they all pasture6 themselves without difficulty in the rich prairies and bottoms of the ,sacremento1 and only require to be attended4 ,this is dune by the ,indians1 of whom he employs four hundred4 ,his annual crop of wheat is about twelve thousand bushels1 with barley1 peas1 beans1 etc1 in proportion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,diversification ,,of ,,language4 ,a poetic line from ,gray admits of the following twenty-eight variations without changing the accent3 ,the weary ploughman plods his homeward way1 ,the ploughman1 weary1 plods his homeward way1 ,his homeward way the weary ploughman plods1 ,his homeward way the ploughman weary plods1 ,the weary ploughman homeward plods his way1 ,the ploughman1 weary1 homeward plods his way1 ,his way1 the weary ploughman homeward plods1 ,his way1 the ploughman1 weary1 homeward plods1 ,the ploughman1 homeward1 plods his weary way1 ,his way the ploughman1 homeward1 weary plods1 ,his homeward weary way the ploughman plods1 ,weary1 the ploughman homeward plods his way1 ,weary1 the ploughman plods his homeward way1 ,homeward1 his way the weary ploughman plods1 ,homeward1 his way the ploughman1 weary1 plods1 ,homeward1 his weary way1 the ploughman plods1 ,the ploughman1 homeward1 weary plods his way1 ,the ploughman1 weary1 homeward plods his way1 ,his weary way1 the ploughman homeward plods1 ,his weary way1 the homeward ploughman plods1 ,homeward the plowman plods his weary way1 ,homeward the weary ploughman plods his way1 ,the weary ploughman1 his way1 homeward plods1 ,the ploughman1 weary1 his way homeward plods1 ,the ploughman plods his weary1 homeward way1 ,weary1 the ploughman1 his way homeward plods1 ,weary1 his homeward way the ploughman plods4 ,from the ,gem of the ,prairie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,keep ,,that ,,testament ,,in ,,your ,,vest ,,pocket1 ,,over ,,your ,,heart4 ,we have been forcibly reminded of an interesting anecdote of the ,revolution1 while witnessing so many young men in the ranks of the volunteer companies1 in connection with the highly praiseworthy resolution of the ,nashville ,young ,men's ,bible ,society1 to present a copy of the ,new ,testament to each officer and private constituting the regiment quartered here4 ,the fond-hearted mother had assisted in adjusting upon her son the tow frock and trowsers1 had tightly secured the knapsack1 canteen and cartridge box in the strings twisted with her own fingers from the same material as his clothes2 as he turned1 on opening the door1 to speak the manly good-bye1 she suppressed the parting tear1 lest it might damp the flame of freedom which fired his noble soul1 and echoed the good-bye with a forced smile4 ,as she went to the window to take another look1 she discovered the ,testament had been forgotten2 she caught it in her hand1 ran to the door--called him loudly1 holding the book in her uplifted hand1 in order to show him why she stopped1 and soon stood by his side4 ,without uttering a word she put the book in its place1 grasped his hand1 looked him full in the face1 and with quivering lips1 heart big with emotion1 checks bedewed with tears of maternal affection1 she spoke3 ,my son1 ,i would not have you stay2 your country has the ,,first claim upon you2 be true to that as you have been dutiful to me1 and ,heaven will protect you--,,keep ,,that ,,testament ,,in ,,your ,,vest ,,pocket1 ,,over ,,your ,,heart6 ,after faithfully serving the term of his enlistment1 he returned to his home4 ,before he uttered a word1 he took from his vest pocket the old ,testament1 and there lay ,british bullet1 snugly imbedded where the force of the powder had driven it1 and this was the only shot he had received while fighting for his country4--,nashville ,union4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,temperance ,,in ,,the ,,army4 ,we are gratified to learn that ,gen4 ,taylor has totally prohibited the traffic in intoxicating liquors in the vicinity of the army4 ,one fellow1 persisting in the trade1 was put in the guard house by ,capt4 ,miles3 and when liberated1 on going to ,gen4 ,taylor's tent with a complaint1 was kicked out4 ,he finally took marching orders t'other way4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,modes ,,of ,,raising ,,ponderous ,,articles4 ,a wedge is considered to be the most simple of mechanical powers1 and is often used in cases where no other apparatus can be made to apply2 as in splitting logs and other adhesive articles4 ,if a massive rock is to be elevated from the ground1 a wedge must first be driven between that and its foundation1 preparatory to the application of levers4 ,yet the wedge is in most cases objectionable on account of the friction with which its use is attended4 ,the next1 and most common power applied for elevating buildings on large rocks1 is the simple lever1 commonly called a pry4 ,this usually consists of a long straight beam or pole1 one end of which is placed under the object to be raised1 while a fulcrum consisting of a stone or block of wood1 is placed under the lever1 at a short distance from the object to be raised4 ,the opposite extremity then being forced down by the weight of one or more of the workmen1 a force is applied to the object to be raised1 bearing the same proportion to that applied to the lever1 that the distance between the fulcrum and the extreme end of the lever does to that between the fulcrum and the object4 ,levers made of iron1 and simply denominated iron bars1 are commonly used in raising and removing rocks4 ,a machine called a bed-screw is frequently used for elevating buildings4 ,it originally consisted principally of a large vertical screw1 which was placed on a foundation called the bed1 and was turned by levers2 but many improvements and variations have been added1 till1 in some instances1 the screw has been dispensed with1 and a rack and pinion have been substituted4 ,some of the best in use consist of a vertical iron rack1 which is occasionally forced upward by the teeth of a pinion3 a geer wheel on the same axle with the pinion being driven by the thread of a horizontal screw1 to the head of which is attached a crank4 ,by a machine of this construction1 properly proportioned1 one man may raise about twenty tons weight4 ,vertical screws1 turned by levers1 have been frequently used for the purpose of raising vessels to repair4 ,but in these cases a large portion of the power applied is lost in the friction of the screw1 and the process is laborious and tedious4 ,this is probably the most awkward and injudicious method that has been applied to that purpose4 ,another method which has been applied to the purpose of elevating vessels1 is decidedly ridiculous1 although less laborious than the former4 ,it is called the hydraulic power1 and consists in forcing water into large cylinders1 by forcing pumps which are operated by steam power2 while the water thus forced into the cylinder moves a piston and piston-rod1 to which is connected several stout chains1 which passing over corresponding pulleys1 descend to a platform1 on which rests the vessel to be raised4 ,an expensive apparatus1 called the ,marine ,railway1 constructed on the principle of the inclined plane1 with a huge and complicated carriage to travel thereon1 has been extensively used for taking vessels out of the water to repair4 ,this plan is objectionable1 however1 on several accounts4 ,it requires the application of a great quantity of power to overcome the friction of its many axles and machinery1 in addition to what is requisite to overcome the gravity of the vessel4 ,it is1 moreover1 injurious to the vessels which are taken up thereby1 on account of its elevating the forward part1 before the centre and stern become seated on the carriage4 ,the most judicious mode in present use1 for raising vessels to repair1 and which must be preferred to all others1 where there is a supply of water from an elevated reservoir1 is on the principle of locks2 the vessel being floated into one apartment1 is elevated by the induction of water from above1 till it can be floated over an elevated platform1 where it is left at rest1 while the water is allowed to pass off below4 ,the sides of this upper box or apartment1 are moveable1 being attached to the bottom or platform by hinge joints1 so that they may be let down to a horizontal position1 thus giving the workmen the advantage of light and convenience4 ,the dry dock in the ,navy ,yard at ,charlestown1 ,mass41 is constructed awkwardly enough2 but as the vessels at that place are not raised1 it does not come under this head4 ,the massive stones which were used in the construction of some of the ancient edifices1 were evidently raised by inclined planes4 ,a huge mound of earth was built up round the building1 completely enclosing it2 and the elevation of the mound kept pace with that of the edifice3 thus giving the laborers a chance to roll up the stones to their places4 ,they used no other mechanical power than the simple windlass and lever2 and no other carriage than a drag1 under which was placed rollers4 ,when the building was completed1 the earth was taken away1 and levelled about the vicinity4 ,the modern method of raising stones for building1 and which is now used in the building of heavy stone edifices1 is by the use of a set of stout tackle blocks1 the fall rope of which is taken up by a geered windlass1 operated by a steam engine2 the upper block being of course attached to an elevated shears or derick4 ,vessels1 and other bodies1 which have been sunk in the ocean1 have been sometimes raised by means of airtight sacks1 attached to different parts of the object by means of diving bells1 been inflated with air1 forced down through hollow tubes by pumps1 till they thus acquired a buoyancy sufficient for the purpose4 ,the power of buoyancy has also been applied for elevating vessels above water1 by placing hollow trunks1 filled with water1 under the keel of the vessel1 and then pumping them out4 ,one of the best methods that has ever yet been proposed for raising vessels to repair1 is to place under the keel a horizontal platform1 to which is attached four large hollow trunks under its four corners3 the trunks to be filled with water1 and to have open apertures in the bottom of each4 ,then by allowing a stream of atmospheric air1 to rush by its own expansive force from the reservoirs in which it had been previously compressed1 through suitable pipes or hose1 into each trunk1 the water is expelled through the apertures in the bottom1 and the vessel is elevated immediately1 and without loss of time4 ,in this case1 the reservoirs 7iron cylinders7 of compressed air1 may be recharged by steam or other power1 during the process of repairing one vessel1 and be thus in readiness for another4 ,a patent has been granted for this invention1 but it has not yet been put in operation on a scale of practical use1 though the patentee would willingly give the right of the patent to any person or company who should be disposed to construct the apparatus on a large scale4 ,we have recently given a description of ,mr4 ,spencer's plan for elevating vessels1 and some other modes have been recently projected1 which we may describe in a future number4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,information ,,to ,,persons ,,having ,,business ,,to ,,transact ,,at ,,the ,,patent ,,office4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,the existing laws relating to patents are those approved ,july #d1 #ahcf1 ,march #c1 #ahcg1 and ,march #c1 #ahci2 all former acts having been repealed by the act of #ahcf4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,patents are granted for any new and useful art1 machine1 manufacture1 or composition of matter1 or any new and useful improvement on any art1 machine1 manufacture1 or composition of matter1 not known or used by others before his or their discovery or invention thereof1 and not1 at the time of his application for a patent1 in public use1 or on sale1 with his or their consent1 or allowance1 as the inventor or discoverer4 ,act of #ahcf1 section #f4 ,no patent shall be held to be invalid by reason of the purchase1 sale1 or use of the invention1 prior to the application for a patent as aforesaid1 except on proof of abandonment of such invention to the public1 or that such purchase1 sale or public use1 has been for more than two years prior to such application for a patent4--,act of ,march #c1 #ahci4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the term for which a patent is granted1 is fourteen years2 but it may1 under certain circumstances1 be renewed for seven years1 as hereinafter mentioned4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,patents are granted to citizens of the ,united ,states1 to aliens who shall have been resident in the ,united ,states one year preceding1 and shall have made oath of their intention to become citizens thereof1 and also to foreigners who are inventors or discoverers4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,a patent may be taken out by the inventor in a foreign country1 without affecting his right to a patent in the ,united ,states1 provided the invention has not been introduced into public and common use in the ,united ,states prior to the application for such patent4 ,in every such case the patent is limited to fourteen years from the date of the foreign letter patent4 ,a patent is not granted upon introduction of a new invention from a foreign country1 unless the person who introduced it be the inventor or discoverer4 ,if an alien neglects to put and continue on sale the invention in the ,united ,states1 to the public1 on reasonable terms1 for eighteen months1 the patentee ,uses all benefit of the patent4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent1 but neither can claim one separately4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,an invention can assign his right before a patent is obtained1 so as to enable the assignee to take out a patent in his own name2 but the assignment must be first entered on record2 and the application therefor must be duly made1 and the specification signed1 and sworn to by the inventor4 ,and in the case of an assignment by a foreigner1 the same fee will be required as if the patent issued to the inventor4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,the assignment of a patent may be to the whole or to an undivided part1 by any instrument in writing4 ,all assignments1 and also the grant or conveyance of the use of the patent in any town1 comity1 ,state1 or specified district1 must be recorded in the ,patent ,office1 within three months from date of the same4--,but assignments1 if recorded after three months have expired1 will be on record as notice to protect against subsequent purchases4 ,no fee is now charged for recording assignments4 ,patents1 grants1 and assignments1 recorded prior to the #aeth of ,december1 #ahcf1 must be recorded anew before they can be valid as evidence of any title4 ,this is also free of expense4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,in case of the decease of an inventor1 before he had obtained a patent for his invention1 the right of applying for and obtaining such patent shall devolve on the administrator or executor of such person1 in trust for the heirs of law of the deceased1 if he shall have died intestate2 but if otherwise1 then in trust for his devisees1 in as full and ample manner1 and under the same conditions1 limitations1 and restrictions1 as the same was held1 or might have been claimed or enjoyed1 by such person in his or her lifetime2 and when application for a patent shall be made by such legal representatives1 the oath or affirmation shall be so varied as to be applicable to them4--,act of #ahcf1 sec4 #aj4 ,,sec4 #aj1 ,the ,patent ,office will be open for examination during office hours1 and applicants can personally1 or by attorney1 satisfy themselves on inspection of models and specifications1 of the expediency of filing an application for a patent4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,all fees received are paid into the ,treasury1 and the law has required the payment of the patent fee before the application is considered2 two-thirds of which fee is refunded on withdrawing the application4 ,but no money is refunded on the withdrawal of an application1 after an appeal has been taken from the decision of the ,commissioner of ,patents4 ,and no part of the fee paid for caveats1 and on applications for the addition of improvements re-issues1 and appeals1 can be withdrawn4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,it is a frequent practice for inventors to send a description of their inventions to the office1 and inquire whether there exists any thing like it1 and whether a patent can be had therefor4 ,as the law does not provide for the examination of descriptions of new inventions1 except upon application for a ,patent1 no answer can be given to such inquiries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a sentimental writer says it is astonishing how much light a man may radiate upon the world around him1 especially when the body he admires is beside him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among the persons who recently laid in the ,boston jail over ,sunday1 and were fined ,monday morning for intemperance or rowdyism1 were a member of the bar and a clergy man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,said a bishop to a rough wagoner1 you seem better fed than taught4 ,of course1 replied the fellow1 for we feed ourselves1 but for teaching we depend on you4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,the ,reg7ulator87 ,the use of a pair of conical drums in reversed position1 and connected by a band1 as shown in the cut1 has been known for several years to a few1 but yet are not extensively known1 and but a few of them have been seen in operation in this country4 ,it will be seen that if the band be removed laterally1 either to the right or left1 the relative motion of drums will be materially varied4 ,these drums being arranged to constitute a connection of motion between the driving power and driven machine1 may be made to render the motion of the latter either regular or irregular at the option of the operator4 ,if the band connecting the drums1 is governed by a shifting lever connected with a governor1 it may be so adjusted as to keep the motion of the machine regular1 although the driving power should be irregular in its motion1 as is the case with a wind-wheel4 ,but if the operator is engaged1 requires a move rapid motion at one time than at another1 he can accommodate himself by shifting the position of the cone-band1 to the right or left1 as occasion may require4 ,this is very convenient for turners1 whose business requires at some times a rapid speed of the mandrill1 and at other times a slow or gentle motion4 ,these drums1 as represented1 must be swelled in the centre1 that the band may be kept uniformly straight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,remarkable ,,mineral ,,spring4 ,it may not perhaps be generally known even to our own citizens that there is in the town of ,riga1 ,n4,y41 one mile east of ,churchville1 on the farm of ,linus ,pierson1 a ,mineral ,spring1 the gases from which are sufficiently combustible to burn as clear and brightly as a lamp1 at all times of the day and night1 and which is never exhausted4 ,the spring is located near the bathing-house on the farm1 and a tube has been constructed1 leading from the spring to the rooms1 by means of which the house is made sufficiently light without the use of lamps4 ,some time ago the ,state ,geological ,surveyors paid this spring a visit1 and analyzed the gas1 which was found to be composed of sulphurated and carbonated hydrogen4 ,the water is strongly impregnated with iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cool ,,forethought4 ,one of the most admirable instances of prudential forethought we have ever heard of1 occurred in ,boston a few days since4 ,three ,irishmen were engaged in taking down a wall in ,mount ,vernon street4 ,the wall fell upon and buried them4 ,a lady from the opposite side of the street rushed out1 and calling to those who were rescuing the poor fellows1 said1 ,bring them in here4 ,bring them in here4 ,i have been expecting this all day4 ,the men were carried into her house1 and1 true enough1 she had every thing ready1 bandages1 lint1 laudanum1 and all4 ,if this be not an instance of cool forethought1 we know not what is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,it ,,may ,,be ,,so4 ,it is stated in a ,cincinnati paper1 that the body of a drowned child has been discovered by means of a loaf of bread in which was deposited a quantity of quicksilver4 ,the loaf was sent afloat in the canal1 and after floating some distance1 remained stationary1 and beneath the spot thus indicated1 the child was found4 ,that mercury may have a natural attraction towards a human body1 is possible2 but the use of the loaf of bread in combination1 indicate a superstitious faith rather than real science4 99 99 99 99 99 ,several rich lead mines have recently been discovered on the ,mississippi ,river1 a few miles above ,bellevue4 ,the unusual low state of the river lead to the discovery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,inventions4 ,,howe',s ,,sewing ,,machine4 ,we have heretofore noticed the extraordinary invention by ,mr4 ,elias ,howe1 ,jr41 of ,cambridge1 ,mass4--a machine that sews beautiful and strong seams in cloth as rapid as nine tailors4 ,we are not yet prepared to furnish a full description of this machine1 but the following claims1 in the words of the patentee1 may give some idea of the various parts in combination4 ,this machine was patented ,september #ajth4 ,i claim the lifting of the thread that passes through the needle eye by the lifting rod1 for the purpose of forming a loop of loose thread that is to be subsequently drawn in by the passage of the shuttle2 said lifting rod being furnished with a lifting pin1 and governed in its motions by the guide pieces and other devices4 ,i claim the holding of the thread that is given out by the shuttle1 so as to prevent its unwinding from the shuttle bobbin1 after the shuttle has passed through the loop1 said thread being held by means of the lever1 or clipping piece4 ,i claim the manner of arranging and combining the small lever1 with the sliding box in combination with the spring piece1 for the purpose of tightening the stitch as the needle is retracted4 ,i claim the holding of the cloth to be sewn1 by the use of a baster plate1 furnished with points for that purpose1 and with holes enabling it to operate as a rack1 thereby carrying the cloth forward1 and dispensing altogether with the necessity of basting the parts together4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,steering ,,apparatus4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,holmes1 says the ,united ,states ,gazette1 has invented a new application of the tiller rope to the wheel for steering vessels1 and has prepared a model of the whole application1 tiller-frame1 wheel1 and rope1 so that the properties of the invention can be easily discovered4 ,the advantages are that there is no slack made2 and1 consequently1 there is no chafing1 and a single hand at the wheel will do the ordinary work of two men4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,boat4 ,it is stated in some of our exchanges1 that ,dr4 ,page1 of ,washington1 has perfected a boat to be propelled by the electro-magnetic power4 ,we know of no man better qualified to produce and introduce successfully such an invention1 and we feel assured that whatever enterprise ,dr4 ,page undertakes in that line1 will be very apt to go ahead4 ,we hope soon to obtain further intelligence on the subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is reported that the ,british government has granted #ajj1jjj per annum to the royal company of ,atlantic steamers1 for the establishment of a post route to the ,pacific1 across the ,isthmus of ,panama4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvement ,,in ,,boats4 ,there is a model of a steamboat to be seen on the ,chesapeake1 invented and constructed by ,cyrus ,williams1 ,esq41 which is exciting considerable interest among steamboat men4 ,it is in the usual form of a boat1 but more flat-bottomed1 and much longer in proportion to its width1 than the boats now in use1 giving it a greater surface to the water1 and of course a lighter draught4 ,the improvement is in applying the bridge principle of bearers in supporting length of boats4 ,it looks perfectly feasible4 ,mr4 ,williams thinks it will be a great saving of expense1 as it takes much less timber1 and all of it can be sawed in a mill1 being straight stuff4 ,he offers to build a boat on this model1 furnishing one third of the stock1 and if it does not make #be miles to the hour1 he will forfeit his share4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,casting ,,iron ,,cannon ,,by ,a ,,galvanic ,,process4 ,a hoaxical looking article1 under the above caption1 is going the rounds1 and represents that successful experiments on this subject have been recently made at ,berlin4 ,as no description or illustration of the process or principle is given1 we leave the subject for those who are ever ready to swallow whatever appears in a newspaper1 without regard to probability4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,shingle ,,machine4 ,among the patents particularly noticed in the ,commissioner's report1 is one for a shingle machine1 which cuts the shingles in a peculiar form4 ,the shingles cut by this machine does not taper from one extremity to the other1 but the taper is confined to about half the length of it at one end1 the faces of the remaining half being parallel to each other4 ,this shape of the shingle avoids the bending which is incidental to those of the ordinary form1 when nailed upon the roof--an object well worthy of attainment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvement ,,in ,,blacksmiths ,,forges4 ,this invention was entered at the ,patent ,office on the #aeth instant1 by ,james ,k4 ,hobbs4 ,the improvement consists in the placing of grate-bars at the bottom of the fire chamber1 below which is an open air chamber into which the cinders and ashes fall through the grate1 instead of accumulating and clogging the fire chamber4 ,the cinders may be drawn out of the air chamber by an opening at the side of the forge4 ,the blast is admitted above the grate1 and the mouth of the air chamber being ordinarily closed1 the blast is not affected by the grate4 ,we think it must prove a useful invention4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improved ,,fire ,,engine4 ,this improvement consists in part1 in the arrangement of two sets of levers and hand poles on each side1 in such a manner that when force is applied to the hand-poles of the outside levers1 in a reverse direction to that which is applied to the hand poles of the inside levers1 both powers will agree in forcing the pistons of the pumps in one and the same direction1 while the reverse motion of the levers will prevent the engine from rocking4 ,entered at the ,patent ,office1 on the #ajth instant1 by ,barton ,button4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,simple ,,cheese-,,press4 ,illustration ,an ingenious mechanic1 not long since1 hearing some persons conversing on the ordinary cost of cheese-presses1 which is generally from three to six dollars1 boldly averred that he could build a cheese-press in one hour1 which would answer a good purpose as such1 and which might be afforded for fifty cents4 ,being bantered on the subject1 he went to work1 and by means of a good lathe and boring machine1 he actually produced his cheese-press within the hour2 though not very smoothly finished4 ,we give a sketch of it at the head of this article1--too plain to require explanation4 ,subsequently1 several others were made on the same plan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cast ,,iron ,,roofing4 ,a specimen of cast-iron plates for roofing of buildings1 says the ,philadelphia ,ledger1 has been exhibited at the ,exchange1 in ,philadelphia1 by the inventor and patentee1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,beach4 ,the plates are about a foot square1 and are made to fit one into another so as to render the roof perfectly water-tight1 with the application of white lead to the joints4 ,in every respect this material for roofing is preferable to any other description now in use4 ,as to its durability1 there can be no doubt that it would remain perfectly whole for ages1 if covered occasionally with a coat of paint1 and even without that preservative1 rust would not affect it materially for a period of fifty years at least4 ,as compared with copper1 the cost would be nearly one half1 as it is expected the iron can be furnished at #af cents per square foot1 while copper would at the most moderate estimate cost #bh cents4 ,as regards the weight of an iron roof1 which at first sight would appear an objection1 it is far less than one formed of slate1 and does not much exceed one of copper4 ,the iron plates weigh three and a half pounds per square foot4 ,a slate roof would cost about eight cents per square foot1 but for durability1 and the ease with which it can be put on and made water tight1 the iron roofing would appear to be far preferable4 ,the plates exhibited were cast at ,troy1 ,new ,york1 and are of the very best quality4 ,the patent for the eastern ,states is now owned by ,mr4 ,hiram ,hemmistone1 of ,troy1 in which neighborhood the adaptation of such a durable material for roofing is rapidly attracting public attention there4 ,starbuck's machine shop and foundry at ,troy has been covered on this plan1 and it has also been adopted for the roofing of an arsenal at ,west ,point4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,new ,,and ,,wonderful ,,pavement4 ,we presented in a late number1 a brief extract from an article on this subject from the ,eureka1 and should have thought no more of it1 had we not observed the following notice editorial in the ,n1 ,y4 ,farmer and ,mechanic4 ,we copy the article entire1 that our readers may judge for themselves whether the style and statements savor most of reality or humbug4 ,,new ,,pavements4--,a new system of making streets has been made known to us2--but as it will be the subject of ,patents1 here and in ,europe1 we can only give some of its most prominent features4 ,a material or composition1 of a very cheap character1 has been invented1 as hard1 strong and compact as flint4 ,it is formed into any desirable shape in the course of manufacture4 ,from this1 streets of any grade may be formed1 and in such a way as to entirely secure a permanent and level surface to its proper arch2 it can be taken up in five minutes1 so as to get at the water pipes1 and on being replaced will1 from necessity1 resume its first position4 ,in durability1 it will last ten times as long as granite1 and twenty times as long as the common paving1 without liability to require repair4 ,it is so laid that frost and storms cannot affect it4 ,but we shall have occasion to refer to it again4--,persons wishing information may inquire of ,kingsley ,pirsson1 ,no4 #e ,wall street4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,render ,,shingles ,,durable4 ,one of our exchanges mentions an experiment which was made twenty-seven years ago1 of dipping shingles into hot linseed oil prior to nailing them on the roof3 and although they have not been painted1 they are said to continue perfectly sound as when first put on4 ,they were of the common pine1 and as much exposed as roofs in general4 ,this instance may be sufficient to establish the fact that shingles thus prepared1 will last longer without painting than they could possibly be preserved by painting in the usual way4 ,as a security against fire1 however1 we should recommend that they be first dipped in a hot solution of common salt2 and afterward1 when dry1 be dipped in the hot oil4 ,the expense will be trifling1 and there can be no doubt of their durability1 and there will be no danger of their taking fire from sparks or cinders4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,best ,,plan ,,of ,a ,,barn4 ,perhaps no building on the farm in the ,northern ,states is of more importance than the barn4 ,those who have had the charge of cattle during our long winters1 can at once see that much time and hard labor could be saved by a judicious arrangement of stalls1 and bay or bay lots1 granaries1 c1 so that every creature could be fed by taking as few steps as possible4 ,one very important thing to be considered1 is the best mode of preserving as well as collecting manure1 so that it shall retain all its valuable properties in the spring1 and be easily got out4 ,we like the plan of having a barn on the side of a hill1 and so arranged that you may drive your cart load in pretty near the ridge pole1 and thus pitch most of your hay down instead of up4 ,having your stalls under the hay1 you can continue to pitch the hay down1 and if you have a cellar beneath1 you can throw the manure down also1 and thus make the attraction of gravitation perform much of the labor of transportation from the mow to the manure cart4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,westfield1 ,mass41 ,news-,letter states that there are between #be and #cj manufacturers of whips in that town1 who employ not less than #ajjj braiders1 beside their shop hands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,robert ,,fulton4 ,robert ,fulton1 a celebrated engineer1 whose name is connected with steamboat navigation1 was born in the town of ,little ,britain1 in the state of ,pennsylvania1 in #agfe4 ,his genius disclosed itself at an early period4 ,he was attracted to the shops of mechanics2 and at the age of seven he painted landscapes and portraits in ,philadelphia4 ,thus he was enabled in part to purchase a small farm for his widowed mother4 ,at the age of twenty-one1 he by the advice of his friends repaired to ,london1 to place himself under guidance of ,mr4 ,west1 the painter1 and by him was kindly received1 and admitted as an inmate of his house for several years4 ,prosecuting his business as painter1 he spent two years in ,devonshire1 where he became acquainted with the duke of ,bridgewater and with lord ,stanhope1 well known for his attachment to the mechanic arts4 ,in #agic1 he engaged in the project of improving inland navigation1 and in #agif1 obtained patents for a double inclined plane1 and for machines for spinning flax and making ropes4 ,the subject of canals now chiefly occupied his attention1 and at this period1 in #agif1 his work on canals was published4 ,in his profession of civil engineer he was greatly benefitted by his skill in drawing and painting4 ,he went to ,paris in #agig1 and being received into the family of ,joel ,barlow1 he there spent seven years1 studying chemistry1 physics and mathematics1 and acquiring a knowledge of the ,french1 ,italian1 and ,german languages4 ,in ,dec4 #agig1 he made his first experiment on sub-marine explosion in the ,seine1 but without success4 ,his plan for a sub-marine boat was afterwards perfected4--,in #ahja1 while he was residing with his friend1 ,mr4 ,barlow1 he met in ,paris ,chancellor ,livingston1 the ,american minister1 who explained to him the importance in ,america of navigating boats by steam4 ,mr4 ,fulton had already conceived the project as early as #agic1 as appears by his letter to lord ,stanhope4 ,he now engaged anew in the affair1 and at the common expense of himself and ,mr4 ,livingston built a boat on the ,seine1 in #ahjc1 and successfully navigated the river4 ,the principles of the steam engine he did not invent2 he claimed only the application of that machine to water wheel1 for propelling vessels4 ,in #ahjf he returned to ,america2 he and ,mr4 ,livingston built1 in #ahjg1 the first boat1 the ,clermont1 #acj feet in length1 which navigated the ,hudson at the rate of five miles an hour4 ,nothing could exceed the surprise and admiration of all who witnessed the experiment4 ,the minds of the most incredulous were1 changed in a few minutes4 ,before the boat had made the progress of a quarter of a mile1 the greatest unbeliever must have been converted4 ,the man who1 while he looked on the expensive machine1 thanked his stars that he had more wisdom than to waste his money on such idle schemes1 changed the expression of his features as the boat moved from the wharf and gained her speed1 and his complacent expression gradually softened into one of wonder4 ,the jeers of the ignorant1 who had neither sense nor feeling to suppress their contemptuous ridicule and rude jokes1 were silenced for a moment by a vulgar astonishment1 which deprived them of the power of utterance1 till the triumph of genius extorted from the incredulous multitude which crowded the shores1 shouts and acclamations of congratulation and applause4 ,in ,february1 #ahji1 he took out his first patent4 ,in #ahaa and #ahab1 he built two steam ferry boats for crossing the ,hudson2 he contrived also a very ingenious floating dock for the reception of those boats4 ,in #ahac1 he obtained a patent for a sub-marine battery4 ,conceiving the plan of a steam man-of-war1 the government1 in ,march #ahad1 appropriated #cbj1jjj for constructing it1 and appointed him the engineer4 ,in about four months1 she was launched with the name of ,fulton the ,first2 but before this frigate was finished1 ,fulton had paid the debt of nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the population of ,great ,britain for the last ten years shows an average annual increase of #bcj1jjj4 ,the population of ,london has increased #bg per cent4 within fifteen years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,within the last #af years1 #fab steamboats have been built in ,pittsburg--besides #ca the present year4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction ,,to ,,volume ,,ii4 ,with our best bow1 we present ourselves before our friends and the public1 in a new dress1 from head to foot1 and though conscious of appearing rather plain and quaker-like1 we can assure our friends that in this1 we conform to the newest fashion1 and have no doubt of being treated civilly by as large a portion of the public1 as if we had appeared with more gay feathers in our cap1 with starched ruffles and gilt buttons and trimmings4 ,in this1 however1 we would not be understood to boast1 of any peculiar evidence of taste of our own1 as we have been induced in this instance1 to submit wholly to that of our tailors1 who it must be conceded1 understand these things much better2 while we have only to regard alertness and independence of movement1 with a little vivacity1 and intelligence of conversation4--,our general principles1 and rules of self-government will continue according to our original pledge1 and the policy pursued in our first volume3 we shall endeavor to encourage and excite a spirit of enterprise and emulation in artists1 manufactures and mechanics1 while we present such instruction and useful intelligence in arts and trades1 practical science and new discoveries1 inventions and improvements1 as will add to the facilities of enterprise1 and conduce to the prosperity and independence of the working class in particular4 ,and that we may furnish an acceptable family newspaper1 we shall continue to give in a brief and condensed form1 the most useful and interesting intelligence of passing events1--not omitting a small portion of serious matter1 suitable for ,sunday reading1 but avoiding the disgusting and pernicious details of crime1 with which too many of our public journals abound1 and which evidently produces a deleterious effect on the morals of the community4 ,with regard to political and sectarian subjects1 however1 we feel much inclined to change our style of neutrality so far as to advocate all parties1 sects and denominations1 each in its turn1 which course may be more in accordance with our own maxim of enlightening and pleasing1 than either growling policy1 or the affected indifference and cold inattention which tends to produce a reciprocity of coldness1 and pleases none4 ,on the subject of policy and rules1 we might say more2 but having already said twice as much as we at first intended1 and finding ourselves near the bottom of the scrap on which we scribble1 we have only to find some suitable form of sentence wherewith to round off this subject2 and for this purpose1 without wishing to be suspected of any motives of interest1 we would gently and respectfully suggest to our readers the propriety of advancing the intelligence1 enterprise and consequent prosperity of the community1 by introducing and recommending to the patronage of all1 this same ,,scientific ,,american4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advantage ,,of ,,low ,,fares4 ,during the month of ,july1 #ahde1 when the fare between ,new ,york and ,boston was reduced to the ruinous rates of only two dollars1 the receipts on the different routes were #de1bjh2 but during the corresponding month of the present year1 with the fare up to four dollars1 the receipts have been only #ce1ifc3 being nine thousand two hundred and forty-five dollars less for a single month1 than when the fares were at half-price4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,avalon ,,railroad ,,iron4 ,the ,covington ,manufacturing ,co4 at their ,avalon works1 near ,baltimore1 are now delivering1 under their contract1 the iron for the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad4 ,this iron is made exclusively of the best quality of ,baltimore charcoal pig iron4 ,the fixtures by which it is manufactured are of the most approved description1 and embrace several original improvements1 by means of which nearly every bar is made perfect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,magnetic ,,telegraph4 ,,line ,,to ,,burlington1 ,,vt4--,a movement appears to be in progress in ,vermont for establishing a line of telegraphic communication from ,springfield or ,albany to ,burlington4 ,much confidence is expressed by some of the ,vermont papers that the enterprise will be carried through4 ,it is stated that the ,magnetic ,telegraph will extended from ,washington city to ,richmond1 and completed before the middle of ,december next4 ,,telegraph ,,to ,,canada4--,it affords us great satisfaction1 says the ,montreal ,herald1 to learn that there is a great probability of the lightning lines--the ,electric ,telegraph--being extended from the great cities of the ,united ,states to ,montreal and ,quebec4 ,a gentleman is now in town1 and has submitted proposals to the ,board of ,trade for making an immediate commencement with this most1 important public work4 ,this line is expected to be extended to ,montreal from ,saratoga1 to which place a line is already in operation4 ,the line between ,new ,york and ,buffalo having been recently completed1 the following is reported to have been the first telegraphic conversation on the occasion4 ,,general ,,chat ,,by ,,lightning4--,at one o'clock1 ,p4 ,m41 precisely1 the ,telegraph ,line connected through the whole distance from ,new ,york to ,buffalo1 #ejg miles4 ,upon turning the adjusting screw of the magnet by ,prof4 ,morse1 all things were found right1 and ,prof4 ,morse sent his compliments to all the operators on the line4 ,the first to answer was ,albany4 ,the compliments of the ,albany ,office to ,prof4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,wood4 ,utica ,office wishes to be remembered to ,prof4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,wood4 ,auburn ,office sends compliments to ,prof4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,wood4 ,buffalo sends compliments to ,prof4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,wood1 and presents ,lake ,erie to ,old ,ocean4 ,rochester ,office sends compliments to ,prof4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,wood1 and presents ,erie ,canal to ,croton ,aqueduct4 ,auburn presents ,state ,prison to the ,tombs4 ,syracuse sends compliments to ,prof4 ,morse1 and asks how are the ,yorkers4 ,troy says1 ,now give me a chance4 ,compliments to ,prof4 ,morse and ,mr4 ,wood2 and now for business1 if there is any4 ,utica asks1 ,need we keep dark any longer8 ,troy answers1 ,no4 ,announce it to the four winds that ,buffalo and ,new ,york are no longer separated--they talk to each other by lightning4 ,this entire dialogue occupied somewhat less than five minutes6 99 99 99 99 99 ,setts of thirty-six numbers of the last volume of this paper1 may be had for one dollar--very cheap4 ,any one desiring them may enclose the amount to the publishers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertising ,,in ,,london4 ,a new and improved mode of advertising has been introduced in ,london2 which is to furnish laborers1 carmen1 e4 with while frocks or jackets1 on the backs of which are printed in large characters1 the advertisements of hotels1 tradesmen1 c4 ,the wearers of the bills are generally allowed a small compensation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,deerfield ,,bridge4 ,the railroad bridge at ,deerfield1 ,mass41 is said to be a splendid affair4 ,it is fifty feet above the traveled stage road bridge1 and nearly eighty feet above the waters of the river4 ,the piers are already erected1 and nearly ready for the superstructure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,artesian well at ,south ,boston has been sunk to the depth of nearly #djj feet4 ,the boring machine is worked by steam power1 and progresses about #ab feet per day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some impudent doctor says that tight lacing is a public benefit2 for it kills off the foolish girls1 and leaves the wise ones for good wives and mothers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an exchange remarks--,when we see a man kick a horse1 we say at once1 that he never need come to court our daughter1 for he should not have her if he was worth a million4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,information ,,wanted4 ,mr4 ,editor1--,i have a saw-mill which draws thirty-six square inches of water1 under thirty feet head4 ,i wish to build another below with only twenty feet head of water4 ,how many square inches aperture will be required to discharge the same quantity in the same time8 ,if some of your correspondents will give me an answer1 they will much oblige me4 ,r4 ,c4 ,navarino1 ,sept4 #g1 #ahdf4 ,we shall have no occasion to depend on correspondents for the intelligence above required4 ,thirty-six inches of aperture under thirty feet head1 will admit the discharge of #ffj cubic feet of water per minute2 the velocity of the water being forty-four feet per second4 ,under twenty feet head the velocity is only thirty-six feet per second1 and consequently forty-four inches aperture is required to discharge an equal quantity4 ,rule in ,hydraulics3 7never before published47 ,to ascertain the velocity of water issuing through an aperture under a given head3 ,multiply the head in feet by #fb1 and the square root of the product will show the velocity in feet per second4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railroad ,,intelligence4 ,old ,colony ,railroad1 from ,boston to ,plymouth1 ,mass41 has for some time past been in full operation1 and is doing a fair business4 ,the whole amount of the stock of the ,michigan ,central ,railroad--#b1jjj1jjj--;has been taken up1 and of course the enterprise will go forward4 ,on the first day of the opening of the subscription books for the stock of the ,new ,york and ,boston ,railroad1 the people of ,middletown took shares to the amount of #cej1jjj2 and they expect to go up to half a million4 ,the ,cheshire ,n4 ,h4 ,railroad is going ahead rapidly1 the grading and bridging on every part of the line being in progress4 ,this road is to be carried over the ,connecticut ,river at or near ,bellows' ,falls4 ,the stock of the ,wilton ,n4 ,h4 ,branch ,railroad is said to be all taken up4 ,a ,general ,meeting of the proprietors of the ,st4 ,lawrence and ,atlantic ,railway was recently held at ,montreal4 ,it appears by the report of the board of directors1 that #e1cfd shares had been taken up1 amounting to about #a1bjj1jjj4 ,all parties appear to be confident that this road will be constructed and in operation at an early day4 ,the ,little ,miami ,railroad having been opened to ,springfield1 is doing a fair business1 and adds important facilities to trade in that section4 ,the directors of the ,new ,york and ,erie ,railroad are said to be going on with it in the right way to accomplish the great object of the undertaking4 ,contracts are already made for the construction of the road as far as the valley of the ,delaware4 ,proposals for grading #acc miles more are advertised for1 which will carry the road to ,binghampton1 #bgj miles from ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is asserted that of all single marriageable ladies who reached ,oregon last season1 two-thirds were married before the first of ,march4 99 99 99 99 99 ,alexandria has decided on re-annexation to ,virginia1 by a vote of #fcc to #aig4 ,probably some of her citizens want to be ,governors and ,representatives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the arrival of the new steamship ,southerner in ,charleston1 #eg hours from ,new ,york1 excited much admiration4 ,she brought #abe passengers2 and was pronounced decidedly the handsomest vessel seen in those waters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the price of flour at ,buffalo1 on the #ahth inst41 was #c4gj per barrel4 ,corn1 #di cents per bushel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,gough1 who has been for some time seriously indisposed1 has nearly recovered his health1 and returned north4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gold is imported from ,st4 ,petersburgh to ,london1 at the rate of #ejj1jjj per month4--,the mining business in ,russia is increasing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,boston ,common ,council charge #fjj per annum for the licenses of the ,howard and ,national ,theatres1 with the condition that spirituous liquors shall not be sold1 and no female admitted unless in company with a male4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,latest ,,news3 ,illustration3 ,latest ,news ,,arrival ,,of ,,the ,,cambria4 ,the steamship ,cambria arrived at ,boston on ,friday1 the #ahth inst41 thirteen days from ,liverpool4 ,from the news by this arrival1 we select the following brief items3--not very interesting1 but better than none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the man ,henry1 who lately attempted to shoot the ,king of ,france1 has been tried and condemned to work in the galleys for life4--,during his trial1 he expressed a wish to be condemned to death1 but the request was not granted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,bank of ,england has reduced its rate of interest to #c per cent41 whereby greater facilities are given to trade to counteract the depression likely to proceed from other causes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,british ship ,america recently arrived from the coast of ,mexico and ,peru1 liberally laden with specie1 the amount whereof is stated at six millions of dollars1 which1 in silver1 would make nearly two hundred and fifty tons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,queen of ,spain1 ,isabella1 has decided to marry her cousin1 the ,duke de ,cadiz2 thus putting to rest a subject which has long agitated the circles of royalty in ,europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,late news from the east furnishes the report that robberies and piracies are of hourly occurrence in the immediate vicinity of ,hong ,kong4 ,an ordinance had been promulgated in ,china for the relief of debtors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,cambria brought #acc passengers1 among whom were ,hon4 ,washington ,irving1 our late minister to ,spain1 and the celebrated ,cruikshanks1 the caricaturist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,mexican ,,war4 ,the latest news from ,mexico1 and from our army1 represent affairs in a most quaint and ludicrous light1 with regard to the policy and movements of all parties4 ,the average progress of the army of invasion appears to be about three miles a day1 with no opposition1 nor prospect of any2 while the ,mexicans are tame as bullfrogs1 showing no disposition to either fight or run4 ,gen4 ,parades having got sick of his job1 has suffered himself to be imprisoned at the approach of ,santa ,anna1 who has returned and resumed the government without opposition4 ,mr4 ,polk having sent an embassy1 virtually asking permission to give it up1 has been refused a hearing1 unless he will first withdraw our troops from the ,mexican territory2 while the ,mexican army appointed to combat and conquer ,gen4 ,taylor1 remains at ease and content at ,mexico1 calculating1 probably1 that the longer they wait1 the less distance they will have to travel to encounter the ,yankees4 ,whether our ,president will call off ,gen4 ,taylor with the ,american troops1 before they reach anywhere in particular1 remains to be decided4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trade ,,to ,,santa ,,fe4 ,the trade to ,santa ,fe is said to be much greater this year than ever before4 ,thirty-nine companies of traders have gone out this season1 taking with them four hundred and thirteen wagons1 which are in the charge of about eighteen hundred men4 ,the value of the goods carried out by these traders1 is estimated at nearly a million of dollars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a large mastiff dog picked up a favorite lap dog in the upper part of the city last week1 and ran off with it4 ,he was pursued by a mob1 and after a severe chase1 the terrified pet was recovered and brought back rejoicing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,persons wishing to subscribe for this paper1 have only to enclose the amount in a letter directed 7post paid7 to ,,munn ,,company1 ,publishers of the ,scientific ,american1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,terms4--#b a year2 ,,one ,,dollar ,,in ,,advance--the remainder in #f months4 ,postmasters are respectfully requested to receive subscriptions for this paper1 to whom a discount of #be per cent will be allowed4 ,any person sending us #d subscribers for #f months1 shall receive a copy of the paper for the same length of time1 gratis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,harbor ,,of ,,havana ,illustration3 ,havana ,harbor ,our engraving represents a view of the harbor of ,havana1 which is one of the most commodious in the world1 communicating with the sea by a channel little more than half a mile in length1 and from #cjj to #cej yards wide2 its depth varying from eight to ten fathoms4 ,the harbor itself is an oblong basin1 surrounded by heights which usually shelter it from the wind4 ,havana is a place of considerable strength1 and1 besides the walls and ditches which surround it1 the city is defended by six strongholds1 called the ,moro1 the ,cobanas1 ,no4 #d1 the ,atares1 the ,principie and the ,putna4 ,the first and last serve to protect the entrance of the harbor1 the second is a sort of citadel and the others are so placed as to cover the approaches by land4 ,the line of fortification1 embraces a sort of irregular polygon of an eliptical form1 the greatest diameter of which is #b1ajj yards1 and the smallest #a1bjj yards in extent4 ,the entrance between the ,moro and ,putna1 castles is about #a1ejj yards long1 and in its narrowest part #cej yards wide4 ,in the arsenal of the ,havana1 there have been built #di ships of the line1 #bb frigates1 #g packet ships1 #i brigs of war1 and #ae schooners of war4 ,the town is built on the western side of the basin1 near the channel1 on a kind of promontory4 ,the suburbs1 or barrios esta muros1 cover more ground and contain a larger population than the city itself1 and yet they are so intimately connected with it1 that the first of the houses in the suburban street1 stands on the very edge of the glacis4 ,the streets are narrow1 crooked1 and generally unpaved1 but they contain some well-built houses4 ,there are1 too1 several good buildings among the churches1 one of which contains the remains of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,the other large edifices1 as the ,palace of the ,government 7shown to the right of the engraving17 that of the commandant of the marine1 the arsenal1 the post-office1 and the building used for the manufacture of tobacco1 are less remarkable for their architecture than for their solidity4 ,besides these1 the city contains nine parish churches2 six other churches1 connected with hospitals and military orders2 five chapels or hermitages2 the ,caza ,cuna1 a foundling hospital2 and eleven convents1 four for women1 and seven for men4 ,the other public establishments are the ,university1 the colleges of ,san ,carlos and ,san ,francisco de ,soles1 the ,botanic ,garden1 the ,anatomical ,museum and lecture rooms1 the ,academy of ,painting and ,design1 a school of ,navigation1 and seventy-eight common schools for both sexes4 ,these places of education are all under the protection of the ,patriotic ,society and the municipal authorities4 ,the charitable institutions consist of the ,caza de ,beneficiencia1 for both sexes1 a penitentiary1 a ,magdalen ,asylum1 and seven hospitals--one of them contains a lunatic asylum4 ,there are1 besides1 three theatres1 an amphitheatre for bull fights1 plaza de toros1 and several public promenades1 such as the ,alameda and the ,paseo ,nuevo2 ,in ,turnbull's ,travels in ,cuba1 published by ,longman ,co41 ,london1 #ahdj1 the city is said to contain #c1fga houses within the walls1 all built of stone2 and in the suburbs1 #g1ifh1 of various materials4 ,the number of private carriages for hire amounted1 in #ahbg1 to #b1fea1 and they are certainly now more numerous4 ,in the same year1 the population was #abb1jbc--the whites were #df1fba2 the free negroes1 #ae1cdg2 the free mulattoes1 #h1bae2 the negro slaves1 #bb1hcj1 and the mulatto slaves #a1jaj4 ,turnbull1 speaking of the ,real ,caza de ,beneficencia1 says3 ,girls are not admitted to the institution after #aj years of age2 and1 being entirely supported there1 they are completely separated from their parents and their families1 until the time of their final removal from the establishment has arrived4 ,they are taught the various branches of needle-work and dress-making1 and receive such other instruction as may sufficiently qualify them for becoming domestic servants1 housemaids1 cooks or washerwomen4 ,they are not suffered1 by the regulations1 to remain in the house after the age of twenty-one3 but1 before that time1 it is the duty of the junta1 or committee of management1 to endeavor to procure employment for them earlier in a private family or in some house of business4 ,should the circumstances of the parents have improved during the stay of their daughter at the institution1 they are not suffered to take her away until they have paid her previous board and education at the rate of fifteen dollars a month2 but if the girl herself has acquired property by inheritance1 or is able to improve her condition by marriage or otherwise1 independent of her parents1 she is suffered to leave the house without any payment2 and1 in the event of her marriage to the satisfaction of the junta1 a little dowry is provided for her1 amounting to #ejj1 from a fund created from prizes in the lottery1 the produce of tickets presented to the institution4 ,six such marriages had taken place1 and dowries bestowed from this fond in the course of a single year4 ,this lottery business shows the spirit of gambling so largely developed in nations of ,spanish descent4 ,the ,mexicans are noted for it1 and ,santa ,ana1 who spent his exile in ,cuba1 and recently sailed from ,havana for ,vera ,cruz1 indulged in the propensity to a great extent4 ,but he had two strings to his bow1 and whilst playing his fighting cocks was also playing for an empire1 and has won the game4 ,how long he will hold it remains to be seen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,humourous ,,humorous4 ,a ,,very ,,long ,,nose4 ,a gentleman having put out a candle by accident one night1 ordered his waiting man 7who was a simple being7 to light it again in the kitchen1 adding--,but take care1 ,james1 that you do not hit yourself against anything in the dark4 ,mindful of the caution1 ,james stretched out both arms at length before him1 but unluckily1 a door that stood half open1 passed between his hands and struck him a woful blow upon the nose4 ,golly gracious6 muttered he1 when he recovered his senses a little1 ,i always heard that ,i had a very long nose1 but ,i never thought it was longer than my arm6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sol4 ,,smith4 ,the ,american ,sentinel1 speaking of ,sol4 ,smith1 the ,lawyer1 ,actor1 ,preacher1 c14 remarks--,we want a few more of such men1 ,to which a ,dayton 7,ala47 paper replies--,you'll not get them4 ,there are none others like him4 ,he is the first and last of his genus1 a solitary specimen of a strange combination of character4 ,even in the physical way ,sol4 will be hard to match1 for he is tall as a ,may-pole1 and crooked as a pump-handle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,true ,american says that when ,john ,c4 ,calhoun takes snuff1 every man in ,south ,carolina sneezes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,profitable ,,hoax4 ,recently at the ,copper ,mines on ,lake ,superior1 a greenhorn asked some miners to show him where to dig2 they offered to do it1 provided he would treat to a quart of prairie dew1 which he did1 and they set him to work under a shady tree1 in mere sport4 ,before night he struck a ,lead1 and the next sold out for #djjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reforming4 ,well1 how are you this morning8 said one old rowdy to another4 ,well1 sir1 quite well--never was better2 ,i'm another man1 sir4 ,ah6 ,then who pays those old accounts of yourself that was8 ,don't remind me of my sins1 ,i'm reformed man4 ,i was sinful in contracting such debts1 and ,i must now atone for my error by not paying for them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,yankee ,hill is most outrageously puffed by some of the ,albany papers4 ,it is even insinuated that he is employed in part by a combination of tailors to cause the citizens to split their coats and other garments with laughing1--for the benefit of the trade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,isaac ,hill of the ,n4 ,h4 ,patriot1 concludes that the new tariff law is not seriously affecting the manufacturing interests1 because he lately saw two loads of machinery going into the country4 ,he must be a sage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some scoundrel has run away with the wife1 children and furniture of a ,mr4 ,reynold1 residing in ,allegany county1 leaving nothing but an empty house with the rent unpaid4 ,really too bad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,wrong ,side ,up ,the appearance of many things and circumstances1 like the above cut1 depends on the view we take of them3 and be it remembered that when a man's head is inverted1 to him all appear wrong side up4 ,hence arises most of the complaints1 grumbling and murmurings1 about the times1 the weather1 the government1 the people1 c4 ,to one who possesses1 or is possessed of a malignant1 peevish disposition himself1 most of the conduct of others1 and the times and circumstances in general1 will to him appear wrong side up1 and he will not infrequently find his own calculations up side down4 ,could we at once1 view each circumstance in all its different bearings1 we should generally see some things that would paliate others1 and thus render the whole at least tolerable3 and most of the jarring and clashing in the world would thus be avoided4 ,but by far the better way is to take of each and every thing a view the most favorable4 ,this course is evidently peaceable1 else politicians and sectarians could not so uniformly applaud every act of their favorite sect or party1 and as uniformly oppose and deprecate those of their opponents4 ,every man who habituates himself to viewing things in the most favourable light1 will find this course the most conducive to his own happiness1 while it contributes much to that of his neighbors and associates4 ,look at the bright side of every thing1 and hold every picture right side up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,importance ,,of ,,humility4 ,dr4 ,franklin once received a very useful lesson from the excellent ,dr4 ,cotton ,mather1 which he thus relates in a letter to his son3--,the last time ,i saw your father was in #agbd4 ,on taking my leave1 he showed me a shorter way out of the house1 by a narrow passage1 which was crossed by a beam over head4 ,we were still talking1 and as ,i withdrew1 he accompanying me behind1 and ,i turning towards him1 he said hastily1 ,stoop1 stoop6 ,i did not understand him till ,i felt my head hit against the beam4 ,he was a man who never missed an opportunity of giving instruction2 and upon this he said to me3 ',you are young and have the world before you4 ,learn to stoop as you go through it1 and you will miss many hard thumps4' ,this advice1 thus beat into my head1 has frequently been of use to me4 ,and ,i often think of it when ,i see pride mortified1 and misfortune brought upon people by their carrying their heads too high4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ambassador is defined as a man sent abroad to lie for the good of his country4 ,to compensate them for the wear and tear of conscience1 the country allows him a larger salary than any other subordinate they employ4 99 99 99 99 99 ,communicated ,,the ,,eureka3 ,,or ,,journal ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,association ,,of ,,inventors4 7,we had not intended to say any thing on the subject of the ,eureka in this number1 nor until the second number of the work should have been issued3 but finding that a great degree of dissatisfaction exists in the minds even of those who are represented in that paper to be the supporters and conductors thereof2 and having received an implied request for the insertion of the following communication1 we would not refuse it1 although we doubt whether the ,eureka will ever reach its third number1 whether its contents are subjected to public criticism or not47 ,mr4 ,editor3 ,i had a little curiosity to hear what the press said of this periodical2 but as yet ,i have not seen any notice1 except the brief one in your columns4 ,as a general rule1 it is inexpedient for an association to publish a periodical4 ,instead of being an expression of the society1 it almost unavoidably becomes the organ of a clique1 and renders the patronage of an otherwise liberal organization subservient to private interest4 ,in the columns of the ,n4 ,york ,farmer was first advocated the formation of the ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,among the first acts of this society was the issuing of an agricultural paper at twenty-five cents per annum4 ,this was scattered over the whole country to the injury of those who had been pioneers in publishing agricultural papers4 ,the ,society could not sustain it without loss4 ,it was sold to an individual on condition that he would publish the proceedings of the ,society4 ,the price was quadrupled4 ,it was soon found that a periodical having a general circulation1 could not devote much space to a local society1 however noble and prosperous4 ,necessity led to the columns of the daily press1 and to the issuing of a yearly volume of ,transactions4 ,this will be the result of every prosperous association4 ,if the proceedings are worth publishing1 the press will spread them over the whole face of the civilized world4 ,a collection of the most important and well-digested papers in a yearly volume1 is more in accordance with the dignity and usefulness of a national association4 ,besides the injustice done to other periodicals previously in existence1 the association adds nothing to its reputation by the undertaking4 ,there are three or four individuals at the ,american ,institute who have a hankering for the control of a paper4 ,it is very easy to see that the publishing of a weekly paper by the ,institute would be a suicidal act4 ,all the ,institute has to do is to make its proceedings interesting1 and the widest publicity will be given as a matter of course4 ,it was natural to suppose that with such an array of editors1 editorial committee1 and of associate professors1 the ,eureka would have done credit to the age1 and claimed a rank1 in point of literature1 with other monthlies4 ,but candor leads me to say1 ,i do not recollect of having read a select journal with so many violations of correct writing4 ,with the exception of two or three articles1 the whole number abounds with school-boy violations of the ,english language4 ,redundancy and the want of appropriateness in the use of words are the most common errors4 ,circumlocution and want of precision are common2 and in many sentences all these and other violations occur1 rendering it almost impossible to guess at the meaning4 ,independent of inflexibly in advance on the cover1 the first sentence in the announcement on the first page is an instance of ambiguity and careless construction4 ,in the first article1 on the same page1 are several sentences indicating the same carelessness4 ,the article describing ,hoe's cylinder press is a collection of badly-constructed sentences4 ,if your limits permitted ,i would give a whole column of illustrations4 ,the following sentences have so many faults ,i cannot ,italicise4 ,they may serve to exercise your juvenile readers4 ,we intend to pursue the publication of the list hereafter1 future and past2 that is in our next number will appear those of ,august #bj1 and follow for one month2 also the list for one month prior to the #bast of ,june4 ,a material or composition1 of a very cheap character1 has been invented1 and hard1 strong and compact as flint4 ,from this1 streets of any grade may be formed1 and in such a way as to entirely to secure a permanent and level surface to its proper grade and arch4 ,three fourths of the sentences forming the article on ,dr4 ,lewis' ,railroad are very faulty4 ,hutching's ,propeller4 ,it consists of forming a set of oars1 and by cams upon themselves1 and a foundation-plate with cams to match1 cause the oars to revolve of themselves1 when the main wheel1 composed of these oars1 revolves4 ,a patent is pending for the invention of a wheel1 in which ,mr4 ,wm4 ,hulme1 of ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j1 has made an invention4 ,russ's ,pavement1 ,there is no doubt it will make a good road in comparison with our present streets1 as far as surface goes2 but we must confess our incredulity of the entire success of this plan4 ,we do not like the ideal method of getting at the water-pipes1 c4 of the city4 ,the ,report on ,rider's ,iron ,bridge is by another and different pen4 ,i will pass by protracted from beneath upwards1 c41 and give a few more quotations4 ,inventors scarcely ever receive the compensation due their however distinguished merit1 either pecuniary or laudatory4 ,the originators or first conceivers of the most momentous plans of utility and comfort are oftenest the most grossly neglected and overlooked4 ,shortly after these details reached the ,u4 ,states1 by ,professor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 of ,new ,york1 who was at the time of the discovery residing in ,paris4 ,this committee give their services for the promotion of good to the cause of ,invention and ,science1 without any consideration other than this4 ,almost all other branches of knowledge have their magazines and journals1 and other means of diffusing information1 so that in their departments hardly a desideratum is left to be supplied2 while the ,inventor1 as such1 has almost no channel through which he may legitimately appear before the public4 ,an editorial committee was accordingly appointed for the supervision of this department1 and to whose inspection all matter of the journal1 previous to publication1 will be submitted4 ,all the previous articles have been descriptive4 ,we now come to our argumentative1 on ,novelty in ,inventions4 ,the reasoning powers of the writer may be learned from the following3 ,thus we conclude that the novelty of an invention consists in making something 'useful to society1' and that in an original and novel way1 so as to embody the great principle of invention4 ,or1 as far as the writer has informed us1 the novelty is the useful1 the useful is the original and novel1 and the original and novel are the great principle1 and the great principle is the novelty or something else4 ,we offer an explanation1 not an apology for the want of a more full variety of scientific matter4 ,fisher's ,magazine publishes a complete list1 comprising the ,railroads of the ,u4 ,states1 as far as they are completed1 and as far as particulars are known4 ,the ,french government has patronized an exploration of the island of ,cyprus1 for the purpose of exploring its architectural remains4 ,under the head of ,editors' ,table1 ,i subjoin the principal and most important sentence3 ,in this department we have but little room1 and in this case it is1 perhaps1 well we have little1 as it is seldom much in the way of articles for notice1 are placed before an editorial corps before the appearance of the first number4 ,with the exception of three or four articles1 the whole number is discreditable to ,the ,national ,association of ,inventors4 ,a second number should not appear until the editors have had the benefit of at least one term in the preparatory school of ,columbia ,college4 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahdf4 ,s4 ,f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a heron measuring over six feet from tip to tip of his wings1 and nearly four feet from beak to toe1 was lately captured in ,whately1 ,mass4 ,his beak was six inches in length4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the print works of ,east ,greenwich1 ,r4 ,i4 engaged in printing mousseline-de-laines1 are preparing to close business and shut up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,worthy ,,of ,,attention4--,we wonder at the foolish practice of the ,chinese1 in the uncomfortable form and pressure of their shoes1 while at the time1 the construction of our own is often but little better4 ,if shoes were made in the shape of our feet so as to exert an equal pressure on every part1 corns and bunions would never exist4--,n4 ,y4 ,organ1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahdf4 ,symbol3 right ,index ,the above truthful and judicious remarks emanating from the able editors of the above valuable ,journal1 should strongly present itself to the minds of every person having an eye to the comforts of life4 ,to those who have given a trial of the ,superior ,boots and ,shoes manufactured with ,,dick',s ,patent ,elastic ,metallic ,shanks1 information would be needless2 for they could not be induced to purchase elsewhere4 ,but we would respectfully ask attention of the entire ,boot and ,shoe wearing community1 to call at #aji ,nassau street1 being assured that it gives the proprietors great pleasure to impart every information for the ease and comfort of the ,,understanding1 and also with regard to their entirely new mode of taking the measurement of the foot1 to give an equal pressure on every part4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements4 ,symbol3 right ,index ,,this paper circulates in every ,state in the ,union1 and is seen principally by mechanics and manufacturers4 ,hence1 it may be considered the best medium of advertising1 for those who import or manufacture machinery1 mechanics tools1 or such wares and materials as are generally used by those classes4 ,the few advertisements in this paper are regarded with much more attention than those in closely printed dailies4 ,advertisements are inserted in this paper at the following rates3 ,one square1 of eight lines one insertion1 #j4ej two do41 4#ge three do41 #a4jj one month1 #a4be three do41 #c4ge six do41 #g4ej twelve do41 #ae4jj ,,terms3--,,cash ,,in ,,advance4 ,,general ,,agents ,,for ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,new ,york ,city1 ,,geo4 ,,dexter4 ,,wm4 ,,taylor ,,co4 ,boston1 ,messrs4 ,,hotchkiss ,,co4 ,philadelphia1 ,messrs4 ,,colon ,,adriance4 ,,local ,,agents ,albany1 ,,peter ,,cook4 ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,s4 ,,sands4 ,cabotville1 ,mass41 ,e4 ,f4 ,,brown4 ,hartford1 ,ct41 ,,wm4 ,,woodward4 ,lynn1 ,mass41 ,j4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,marsh4 ,middletown1 ,ct41 ,,wm4 ,,woodward4 ,norwich1 ,ct41 ,,safford ,,parks4 ,new ,haven1 ,ct41 ,e4 ,,downes4 ,new ,bedford1 ,mass41 ,,wm4 ,,robinson ,,co4 ,newark1 ,n4,j41 ,j4 ,l4 ,,agens4 ,patterson1 ,n4,j41 ,l4 ,,garside4 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 ,h4 ,j4,s4 ,,rowe4 ,springfield1 ,mass41 ,,wm4 ,b4 ,,brocket4 ,salem1 ,mass41 ,s4 ,,chandler4 ,troy1 ,n4,y41 ,w4 ,,smith4 ,taunton1 ,mass41 ,w4 ,p4 ,,seaver4 ,worcester1 ,mass41 ,s4 ,,thompson4 ,,travelling ,,agents ,v4 ,d4 ,,david1 ,,john ,,stoughton1 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,sylvester ,,dierfenorf4 ,,city ,,carriers ,,clark ,,selleck1 ,,squire ,,selleck1 ,,nathan ,,selleck4 ,persons residing in the city or ,brooklyn1 can have the paper left at their residences regularly1 by sending their address to the office1 #abh ,fulton st41 #bnd floor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gold ,,pens66--,in consequence of the increased facility afforded by machinery for the manufacture of my ,,gold ,,pens1 ,i am enabled to furnish them to the ,trade1 at a much less price than they have heretofore obtained them through my ,agent4 ,those purchasing direct of the manufacturer will have the double advantage of the lowest market price1 and the privilege of returning those that are imperfect4 ,in connection with the above1 ,i am manufacturing the usual style of ,,penholder1 together with ,,pencil4 ,all orders thankfully received1 and punctually attended to4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,bagley4 sept #be4 #a99 #ahi ,broadway4 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sherwood',s ,,magnetic ,,machine1--,is warranted to be greatly superior to every other manufactured1 by whatever imitations or pretensions foisted upon the public4 ,no premium has ever been obtained over this machine at the ,american or any other ,institute1 as has been falsely represented4 ,it imparts the magnetic forces more continuously1 with less violence to the sensations of the patient1 and with more permanent efficacy1 than any other invented1 while the cures it has actually effected are incomparably more numerous4 ,it is compactly fitted1 together withs it batteries1 wires and other appliances in neat cases1 of several sizes1 and powers1 at #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 and #af each4 ,each case is accompanied with a ,manual1 7eighth edition1 pp4 #bcd1 #hvo47 in the ,english or ,french language1 according to order1 containing specific direction for the new method of using the instrument1 and which alone can render it effectual4 ,h4 ,h4 ,,sherwood1 ,m4,d4 #ajb ,chambers st4 sept4 #h to#b99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,general ,,patent ,,agency4--,the subscriber has established an agency at his warehouse1 #ab ,platt street1 ,new ,york1 for the protection and general advancement of the rights and interests of ,inventors and ,patentees4 ,the objects of this agency are more particularly to aid and assist ,inventors and ,patentees in effecting sales of their inventions and of goods and wares made therewith--and also for the sale and transfer of ,patent ,rights4 ,arrangements have been made with a lawyer familiar with the ,patent ,laws1 who will attend to the legal branch of the business upon reasonable terms4 ,satisfactory references will be given4 ,applications may be made to the undersigned personally1 or by letter1 post paid4 ,,samuel ,c4 ,,hills #de-b;dv#f99 ,general ,patent ,agent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engraving ,,on ,,wood4 ,,neatly ,,and ,,promptly ,,executed ,,at the ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american1 #abh ,fulton st1 three doors from the ,sun ,office4 ,designs1 ,,drawings of all kinds for ,,patents1 c41 also made1 as above1 at very low charges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,copper ,,smith6--,the subscriber takes this method of informing the public that he is manufacturing ,copper ,work of every description4 ,particular attention is given to making and repairing ,,locomotive tubes4 ,those at a distance1 can have any kind of work made to drawings1 and may ascertain costs1 c41 by addressing ,l4 ,r4 ,bailey cor4 of ,west and ,franklin sts41 ,n4 ,y4 ,n4 ,b4--,work shipped to any part of the country4 #deto#b;dv#ah99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,black ,,lead ,,pots6--,the subscriber offers for sale1 in lots to suit purchasers1 a superior article of ,,black ,,lead ,,pots1 that can be used without annealing4 ,the price is low1 and founders are requested to make a trial4 ,,samuel ,c4 ,,hills1 #deto#bndv#f ,patent ,agent1 #ab ,platt street4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity4 ,,smith',s ,,celebrated ,,torpedo1 ,,or ,,vibrating ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,machine--,this instrument differs from those in ordinary use1 by having a third connection with the battery1 rendering them much more powerful and beneficial4 ,as a ,,curious ,,electrical ,,machine1 they should be in the possession of every one1 while their wonderful efficacy as a medical agent1 renders them invaluable4 ,they are used with extraordinary success1 for the following maladies4 ,,rheumatism--,palsy1 curvature of the ,spine1 ,chronic ,diseases1 ,tic-doloureaux1 ,paralysis1 ,tubercula of the brain1 heart1 liver1 spleen1 kidneys1 sick-headache4 ,,toothache--,st ,vitus dance1 ,epilepsy1 ,fevers1 diseases of the eye1 nose1 antrum1 throat1 muscles1 cholera1 all diseases of the skin1 face1 c4 ,,deafness--,loss of voice1 ,bronchitis1 ,hooping cough4 ,these machines are perfectly simple and conveniently managed4 ,the whole apparatus is contained in a little box #h inches long1 by #d wide and deep4 ,they may easily be sent to any part of the ,united ,states4 ,to be had at the office of the ,scientific ,americcan1 #abh ,fulton st1 #bnd floor1 7,sun building7 where they may be seen ,,in ,,operation1 at all times of the day and evening4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,ball ,,of ,,the ,,bears4 ,as ,stanilaus ,augustus1 the last king of ,poland1 was a tool of ,russia1 and did not enjoy any consideration1 the ,polish grandees played him many tricks4 ,prince ,radziwill came to court in a carriage drawn by six wild bears2--the horses of course1 were extremely frightened2 in consequence of which1 some accidents happened4 ,the king pointed out to the prince the impropriety of his conduct4 ,radziwill added1 that the bears were not cross1 as whip1 gold1 and patience can put in order every thing2 ,he added also1 that1 sometimes the ace beats the king at cards1 and paid liberally the damages4 ,after some time1 he gave a splendid party1 to which he invited all the ambassadors1 and all the leading personages in ,poland1 and displayed extraordinary luxury4 ,the dancing was kept up in several drawing rooms4 ,after the supper1 he conducted a select parly to a separate apartment--where1 to their astonishment1 they found four girls of uncommon beauty1 richly dressed1 in company not with four gentlemen1 but with four enormous bears6--which1 after the first outbreak of music1 began to dance with the girls all the figures of ,french quadrilles1 with the utmost accuracy1 and with as much ease as if they were highly educated gentlemen4 ,at first the guests were alarmed2 but1 seeing the extra ordinary tameness of the beasts1 struck with amazement1 they seemed to have been pleased with this extraordinary sight4 ,after the dance was over1 their bear-ships conducted themselves with the utmost propriety1 and1 at a sign from the keeper1 each of them made a bow to his lady1 and withdrew to another room4 ,for some time1 nothing was talked of at ,warsaw but that singular ball4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all ,,is ,,not ,,gold ,,that ,,glitters4 ,a lady1 at a ball lately given in ,calcutta1 attracted the attention of all1 and excited the jealousy of many1 in consequence of the splendor and brilliancy which her diamonds shed upon her person and all around her4 ,at length that curiosity which is the moving spring of woman's actions1 could be no longer resisted by her female admirers1 who at the close of the ball1 instituted a rigid examination of the nature of those incomparable brilliants1 when1 to their astonishment1 they found that they were no more or less than so many fire flies1 which the envy of the ball-room had secured in gauze bags1 and which as she moved about1 fluttered1 and thus threw out their varied brilliant hues4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,odd ,fellows procession to the dedication of their new ,hall at ,philadelphia1 says our exchanges came off on ,thursday4 ,we suppose the procession came off this way1 as we saw a part of it passing through this city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a young lady by the name of ,emma ,d4 ,tower1 sixteen years of age1 has been missing from her parents and home in ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 since the #aath4 ,her parents are distressed with anxiety to find or hear of her4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,curious ,arts ,,painting ,,in ,,imitation ,,of ,,rose-,,wood4 7,by the particular request of a ,mechanic in ,cherryfield1 ,me47--,in this art the process is various according to the circumstances1 and the ground on subjects to which it is applied4 ,in painting common chairs1 the ground is prepared by a coat of paint composed of ivory black and rose-pink1--equal quantities1 ground in a mixture of equal parts of linseed oil1 drying japan and spirits of turpentine4--,when this is dry1 the graining color1 consisting of three parts of rose-pink with one of vermillion1 ground in a mixture of oil1 japan and spirits of turpentine1 is applied with a common flat graining brush4 ,fancy boxes and cabinet furniture are painted by a different process1 by which a better imitation is produced4 ,the ground is prepared by one or more coats of white lead changed two or three shades with yellow ochre4 ,when dry1 a thin staining of burnt terra-de-sienna ground in water1 containing a very little sugar or gumarabic is laid on the work1 and while this continues moist and flowing1 the graining is applied4 ,the graining should consist of a mixture of black and rose pink1 ground in the staining compound4 ,this must be varnished when dry1 with copal varnish4 ,some prefer1 however1 to grind the staining and graining in oil1 diluted with spirits of turpentine4 ,the learner must have some sample pieces of varnished rosewood before him when graining4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,india ,,rubber4 ,the substance called ,india ,rubber1 or ,caoutchouc1 was not known in ,europe until the beginning of the eighteenth century4 ,it was originally brought as a great curiosity from ,south ,america4 ,europeans continued ignorant of its origin until a deputation of the ,french ,academicians undertook a voyage to ,south ,america in #agce1 for the purpose of obtaining the correct admeasurement of a degree of the meridian4 ,these philosophers did not confine their attention to the one great object of their pursuit1 but among other interesting discoveries made themselves acquainted with that peculiar substance--caoutchouc4 ,these ,academicians discovered at ,emeralds1 in ,brazil1 trees called by the natives heve1 whence flowed a juice1 which1 when dried1 proved to be what is called ,india ,rubber4 ,the heve was also found growing in ,cayenne1 and on the banks of the ,amazon river4 ,it has since been discovered that caoutchouc may be obtained from another species of tree growing in ,south ,america1 called jatropha elastica4 ,if these trees are punctured1 a milky juice flows out1 which1 on exposure to the air1 thickens into a substance of a pure white color1 having neither taste nor smell4 ,the hue of the caoutchouc of commerce is black in consequence of the method employed in drying it4 ,the usual manner of performing this operation is to spread a thin coating of the milky juice upon the moulds made of clay1 and fashioned into a variety of figures4 ,these are then dried by exposure to the heat of a smoke-fire3 another layer is then spread over the first1 and dried by the same means2 and thus layer after layer is put on1 until the whole is of the required thickness4 ,while yet soft it will receive and retain any impression that may be given to if on the outside4 ,when perfectly dry the clay within is broken into small fragments by percussion1 and the pieces are drawn out through the aperture which is always left fur the purpose4 ,the common bottle of ,india ,rubber1 therefore1 consists of numerous layers of pure caoutchouc1 alternating with as many layers of soot4 ,the natives of those parts of ,south ,america to which these trees are indigenous1 convert the juice to a variety of purposes4 ,they collect it chiefly in the rainy season1 because1 though it will exude at all times1 it flows then most abundantly4 ,boots are made of it by the ,indians1 through which water cannot penetrate2 and the inhabitants of ,quito prepare a kind of cloth with it1 which they apply to the same purposes as those for which oil-cloth or tarpaulin1 it used here4 ,this1 no doubt1 is similar to the cloth now prepared with this substance in ,america1 the use of which yields so many important advantages4--,youths' ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,communication ,,on ,,atmospheric ,,resistance4 ,the following letter has been on hand several weeks1 but deferred on account of a constant press of matter by which the limited space in our former small sheet was crowded4 ,our respected correspondent has consented to excuse the delay4 ,providence1 ---- #ahdf4 ,friend ,porter3 ,in ,january last1 ,i addressed a few lines to you1 asking information in regard to an article entitled ,atmospheric ,resistance1 in the ,new ,york ,mechanic1 of ,december #aa1 #ahda4 ,in your answer1 you say if the full surface is #cj1jjj square feet to each wing1 7which makes #fj1jjj square feet17 only about half of one horse power would be required to sustain this weight1 and ,i understand you1 virtually to say1 that they must be ten times as large1 in order that the strength of one man be sufficient to work this and elevate himself together with the apparatus1 if it were not too heavy4 ,now1 this makes #fjj1jjj square feet4 ,this is rather more than #ggd feet square3 rather large sized wings4 ,one would suppose that they might lift rather heavy1 if they were very light1 being #chg by #ggd feet each4 ,now1 to me this is entirely incomprehensible1 and ,i should like an explanation1 if this calculation is correct1 how it is that an eagle which sometimes weighs nearly thirty pounds1 can elevate himself1 with so much ease1 and even carry with him nearly his own weight1 using a pair of wings1 which if they were five feet long and two feet wide each1 would make but twenty feet of surface4 ,thus1 you will see1 is no where in proportion to the weight even of the eagle alone1 7which we will suppose to weigh twenty pounds17 that the wings bears to the #aej pounds1 while on the other hand1 it is near in proportion to the surface of the wings of a pidgeon and its weight4 ,nor can ,i comprehend why it would require so much power1 the eagle though he exerts himself considerable in rising1 no doubt1 does not seem to use power any where in the proportion that you have thought would be required supposing the wings to be made in the same proportion to the #aej pounds that his wings are to his weight1 his beats are not so quick but what they can be very easily counted4 ,by answering1 you will much oblige1 your friend1 ,,yankee4 ,in answer to the foregoing1 we would remind our correspondent1 that in his former communication1 he proposed a limited weight of apparatus1 and in our answer1 it was far from our intention to allow an additional weight on account of the requisite extent of surface4 ,with regard to the philosophy of the flight of the eagle1 it must be borne in mind that atmospheric resistance is as the square of the velocity downward and the only way in which the phenomenon of the flight of the eagle can be reconciled with the laws of mechanical science as established by experiment1 is by supposing the velocity of the wing downward to be equal to #gj feet per second1 whereby a resistance would be encountered equal to #ab pounds per square foot of surface to the wings4 ,it is a fact1 however1 that kites1 and hawks are often seen to continue suspended in the air several minutes without any apparent motion of the wings2 but by what law or theory the feat is accomplished1 natural philosophy has ventured no other conjecture than that the bird is endowed with the faculty of suspending occasionally its ordinary subjection to the laws of gravity4 ,if any observing theorist will give any more rational conjecture on the subject1 we should be glad to have him examine it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is proposed and urged by the papers in several ,states1 to have a thanksgiving day throughout the ,union1 on the #bfth of ,november4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as dull as a hoe1 is a very common phrase1 and implies that hoes are necessarily or ordinarily dull4 ,but it is advisible for farmers to keep their hoes sharp1 as they regard a saving of labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 the conical windlass ,,the ,,conical ,,windlass4 ,various methods have been heretofore described1 for raising heavy bodies1 or producing for other purposes1 a great force1--usually miscalled power--by the application of a comparatively small force3 but no method is known1 more unlimited in its effect1 or more simple in construction2 than the conical windlass4 ,it consists of a simple horizontal windlass1 with a crank at one end1 as shown in the engraving4 ,the windlass is made in a conical form1 being a little larger at one end1 than at the other2 and if the friction of its bearings be relieved by the ordinary friction rollers1 it will so far multiply the force applied1 as to break a double inch-rope1 by the power of one man at the crank4 ,an endless rope1 or one of which the two ends are spliced together1 is passed five or six times round the small end of the windlass1 and down under a single pulley below3 then1 as the windlass is turned by the crank1 the rope is constantly given off from one part1 while the circumference is greater4 ,now it is plain1 that if the windlass is one-fifth of an inch larger in circumference1 at the point at which the rope is taken up1 than at the place where it is given off to the pulley1 that whatever may be appended thereto1 will be raised one tenth of an inch by each revolution ,then1 if we suppose the crank lever to be fifteen inches1 the handle will travel about #ajj inches1 in each revolution1 which gives a power1 or increase of force1 of #ajjj to one4 ,therefore1 if #ajj pounds of power be applied to the crank handle1 it will be sufficient--minus friction--to raise a weight of #ajj1jjj lbs4 ,the only inconvenience in this apparatus1 and which prevents its coming into more general use1 is1 that it is too limited in the extent of its motion1 in consequence of the travelling of the rope from one end of the windlass to the other4 ,thus1 if the windlass be but twenty-five inches long1 and the rope one inch in diameter1 it will admit only twenty revolutions1 without renewing4 ,yet1 in many cases1 in which an article in required to be raised1 or moved but a few inches1 the conical windlass will be found preferable to any other method4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,requisite ,,strength ,,of ,,steam ,,boilers4 ,our correspondent ,s4 ,b4 cannot comprehend that the strength of iron for a cylindrical boiler should ,be in direct proportion to the diameter thereof1 in order to sustain an equal pressure per square inch2 wherefore1 we must reason with him on the long scale4 ,the cohesive strength of good iron is #fd1jjj lbs4 per square inch2 and of course1 a strip of boiler-iron plate #a_/hth inch thick will sustain #hjjj lbs4 ,if a boiler made of thin iron is #ad inches in diameter1 or #dd inches in circumference1 each inch of its length will contain #dd square inches1 and either half thereof will contain #bb inches1 and as the pressure on this portion is sustained by at least two inches of width of plate1--one inch on each side1--it follows that it will sustain a pressure of at least #gjj lbs4 per square inch1 in the direction of circumference4 ,if the diameter is double1 the number of square inches will be double1 and will require double the thickness to sustain equal pressure4 ,with regard to the pressure endwise1 the area of a cylinder head #ad inches in diameter is #aed inches1 and the strength of the #dd inches of circumference would be sufficient to sustain #ceb1jjj lbs41 which1 divided by the area1 is #b1bge lbs4 per square inch4 ,if the diameter is #ef inches1 the circumference being #agb1 would sustain a pressure endwise of #eee lbs4 per inch4 ,thus it will be seen that if the cylinder were even #bj feet in diameter1 the iron would better sustain the pressure on the head that on the periphery4 ,with regard to the requisite strength of the cylinder's head1 if they are made in a semi-spherical convex form1 they will require no more thickness of plate than the cylinder3 but if they consist of plane disks1 the thickness thereof should bear the same proportion to that of the periphery that the area in square inches does to three times the circumference4 ,but in general1 no other rule is observed for the thickness of the heads1 than to make them extravagantly heavy1 without much regard to theoretic calculation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bagley',s ,,gold ,,pens4 ,do our readers wish to hear any thing more about them8 ,if so1 they have only to inquire of any one of the many thousands of writers who have used these pens six months or more1 and can hear the fact attested1 that these are decidedly the cheapest pens 7at #d7 that can be any where found4 ,mr4 ,bagley has recently patented a neat1 elegant1 and excellent improvement in the pen-holder1 which takes the shine off all precedents4 ,should our readers find a real good article in this paper1 they may know it was written with one of ,bagley's pens4 ,nuf ced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,humming ,,bird4 ,a gentleman who resided some time on one of the ,west ,india ,islands informs us that while he was once travelling along the bed of a deep ravine overhung with thick vines1 he was actually startled by the immense numbers of humming birds which hovered over and about him4 ,they hovered about him as if actuated by curiosity alone4 ,they were of various kinds and colors1 some of them being nearly as large as sparrows1 while others were but little larger than a bee4 ,some were of a dingy green1 or a light brown1 while others seemed gaudily arrayed in plumage as brilliant and variegated as the rainbow4 ,they would approach within arms length of his face1 and pausing in their flight1 with their little wings1 in rapid motion1 would stare at him as if they wondered what possible business he could have in those remote wilds2 but they exhibited no symptoms of terror1 not having been taught by experience to fear the cruelty of man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,scientific ,,american3 ,published ,weekly at #abh ,fulton ,street41 7,sun ,building17 ,new ,york4 ,,by ,,munn ,,company4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american is the ,advocate of ,industry and ,journal of ,mechanical and other ,improvements3 as such its contents are probably more varied and interesting1 than those of any other weekly newspaper in the ,united ,states1 and certainly more useful4 ,it contains as much interesting ,intelligence as six ordinary daily papers1 while for real benefit1 it is unequalled by any thing yet published4 ,each number regularly contains from ,,three to ,,six ,,original ,,engravings1 illustrated by ,,new ,,inventions1 ,american and ,foreign1--,,scientific ,,principles and ,,curiosities1--,notices of the progress of ,mechanical and other ,scientific ,improvements1 ,scientific ,essays on the principles of the ,sciences of ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry and ,,architecture1--,catalogues of ,american ,patents1--,,instruction in various ,,arts and ,,trades1 with engravings1--,curious ,philosophical ,experiments1--the latest ,,rail ,,road ,,intelligence in ,,europe and ,,america1--,valuable information on the ,art of ,,gardening1 c4 c4 ,this paper is especially entitled to the patronage of ,,mechanics and ,,manufacturers1 being devoted to the interests of those classes4 ,it is particularly useful to ,,farmers1 as it will not only apprise them of ,,improvements in ,,agricultural ,,implements1 but ,,instruct them in various ,,mechanical ,,trades1 and guard against impositions4 ,as a ,,family ,,newspaper1 it will convey more ,,useful ,intelligence to children and young people1 than five times its cost in school instruction4 ,being published in ,,quarto ,,form1 it is conveniently adapted to ,,preservation and ,,binding4 ,,terms4--,the ,scientific ,american is sent to subscribers in the country at the rate of #b a year1 ,,one ,,dollar ,,in ,,advance1 the remainder in #f months4 ,persons desiring to subscribe1 have only to enclose the amount in a letter1 directed to ,,munn ,,company1 ,publishers of the ,scientific ,american1 ,new ,york4 ,symbol3 right ,index ,specimen copies sent when desired4 ,all letters must be ,,post ,,paid4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,symbol3 right ,index is used where the text had a picture of a hand with the index finger pointing right4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected without comment1 except in those articles where they were intentionally presented4