,! ,legacy ( ,ignorantism               
7,ignorantismo7                  ,an    
address deliv]$ be=e ! ,tea*]s          
,assembly1 ,baguio1 ,april #bc1 #aibj   
,by                         ,dr4 ,t4 ,h4
 ,p>do de ,tav]a                        
,engli% & ,spani%                       
,manila                                 
,bureau ( ,pr9t+                        
#aiba       ,,! ,,legacy ,,(            
,,ignorantism #a 7,,ignorantismo7  ,by  
,dr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,p>do de ,tav]a  ,an       
address #b deliv]$ be=e ! ,tea*]s1      
,assembly1 ,baguio1 ,april #bc1 #aibj   
,woe unto y1 lawy]s6 = ye h tak5        
away ! key ( k2 ye ent]$ n 9            
y\rselves1 & !m t 7 ent]+ 9             
ye h9d]$--,luke #aa3eb4   ,i h ! honor  
to appe> be=e y accept+ ) great pleasure
 an invitation :i* ! ,assi/ant          
,director1 ,mr4 ,osias1 k9dly ext5d$ to 
me4 ,hav+ left ! *oice ( ! subject to my
 discretion1 ,i deem$ x wor? :ile to    
speak on ! ,lay ,education :i* has be5 9
 op]ation 9 our public s*ools s9ce !    

implantation ( ! new regime :i* rules ! 
de/9y ( ! ,filip9o p4 ,i am go+ to      
conf9e myself to facts1 & %all speak z  
frankly & z fai?fully z ! case requires1
 al?o 9 s do+ ,i may hurt ! feel+s ( "s4
    ,satisfy+ ,movem5t  ,= "s "t 9 our  
society !re has be5 a gr[+ conc]n aga9/ 
immorality1 aga9/ vice1 aga9/ idl5ess2 9
 %ort aga9/ ^? :i* c rightly be call$   
social ills4 ,su* a t5d5cy is c]ta9ly   
good & satisfy+2 a sign ( a notable     
social progress al?o = ! majority x is a
 cause ( al>m & regret because ( ! seem+
 increase ( su* ills4 ,is !re a positive
 increase ( immorality8 ,is !re real    
cause = al>m because ( a moral          
retrogression ( our society8  ,aft] hav+
 ask$ myself ^! que/ions & aft] hav+    
consid]$ ! bases = ! public clamor & = !
 excit$ op9ion be=e ! sight ( gr[+ vice 
& immorality1 ,i c say t ?is t5d5cy (   
public op9ion is satisfy+--a sign (     
bett]m5t1 ( progress ( g5]al morals4 ,9 
o!r words1 x is n immorality :i* is     
gr[+4 ,r1 x is ! moral consci\sness :i* 

is ga9+ gr\nd 9 individual consci5ces1  
?us =m+ a public op9ion :i* =m]ly did n 
exi/1 completely awake to exi/+ social  
evils & :i* are combatt$4 ,n t social   
morals has be5 decad5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 a
 moral consci\sness has be5 rapidly =m$ 
9 our society1 a consci\sness :i* =m]ly 
0 f\nd only among an inconsid]able      
m9ority1 & :i* result$ 9 ! new movem5t  
aga9/ vice & immorality4    ,public     
,op9ion 9 ,favor ( ,hygi5e  ,to bett]   
und]/& ?is ph5om5on & to expla9 x z x   
really is & n z x app>5tly exi/s1 x is  
wor? :ile to comp>e x ) ! appe>ance ( a 
new s5tim5t :i* 0 =m$ s9ce !            
implantation ( ! ,am]ican regime3 !     
hygi5ic consci\sness4 ,=m]ly1 h>dly     
anybody spoke ( ! unsanit>y conditions (
 ,manila1 & only a few 9 our society _h 
a true idea ( its deplorable /ate4 ,n[ t
 our individual education has enabl$ u  
to und]/& :at hygi5e is & its importance
 has be5 demon/rat$1 we h n only improv$
 our sanit>y condition b a collective   
s5tim5t equal to ! sum total ( !        

individual s5tim5ts has be5 =m$1 & a    
public op9ion 9 favor ( hygi5e has be5  
e/abli%$4 ,s9ce ?is op9ion gr[s m       
rapidly ?an sanitation itself 9 ,manila1
 we see t e once 9 a :ile ! ,bureau (   
,heal? is c5sur$ to ! po9t ( attribut+  
to its fault ! increase ( anti-hygi5ic  
conditions1 :5 9 reality :at increases  
is ! clamor = hygi5e by virtue ( !      
increase ( ! individuals :o und]/&      
hygi5e & dem& /rict application ( its   
laws & pr9ciples4  ,n[ public op9ion    
d5\nces hygi5ic %ortcom+s :i* are       
incomp>ably less h>mful ?an =m]ly1 b :i*
 we view n 9 a relative b absolute      
mann]4 ,an unsanit>y condition is d5\nc$
 absolutely z an intol]able evil2       
relatively speak+ our c5sure w\ld be    
less sev]e if we bore 9 m9d t a simil>  
ill is n close at h&2 we suff]$ 9 sil5ce
 :5 we 7 ignorant n ( its exi/5ce b (   
its effects ^u heal?1 s !n = u x exi/$ 9
 a lat5t /ate & we did n see1 feel1 or  
notice x because ( lack ( prep>ation4 ,x
 is id5tical to :at happ5s :5 at ! foot 

( a po/ *>g$ ) electric curr5t is plac$ 
! sign3 ,dang] to life4 ,su* a sign is  
practically useless & is no means (     
safety to ! individual :o does n "k h[  
to read4 ,! "o :o c read kn[s ! dang]2  
he :o does n read does n avail himself (
 ! hygi5ic value ( ! dang] signal4      
,anti-,cockpit ,campaign  ,aga9/ !      
cockpit !re is n[ a widespread campaign4
 ,?is did n gr[ out ( increas$ passion =
 ! vice b out ( ! increas$ numb] ( its  
enemies4 ,none c say t cockfight+ has   
increas$2 x is easy to prove t x has    
decreas$2 ! numb] ( days p]mitt$ by law 
is n[ insignificant comp>$ ) :at x 0 a  
few ye>s ago4 ,nev]!less1 ! campaign    
aga9/ cockfight+ has increas$ precisely 
because ! numb] ( cockfight]s has       
decreas$4 ,exactly ! same ?+ happ5$ 9   
c>d play+ & horse-rac+4  ,no?+ 9        
p>ticul> w\ld be said ab\t ?is g5]al    
movem5t 9 favor ( social morality if !  
attitude ( public op9ion w\ld n h t     
mi/ak5 & dang]\s bias :i* is giv5 x by  
c]ta9 elem5ts :i* at all times h be5 an 

ob/acle to ! in/ruction ( ! ,filip9o p4 
,^! elem5ts1 tak+ advantage ( !         
preoccupation ( public op9ion to combat 
vice & purify public morals1 in/ead (   
simply support+ ?is movem5t & /r5g!n+ x 
ju/ify+ its usefulness by ! good itself 
:i* x seeks to accompli%1 laun*es a     
political campaign :i* consi/s 9 al>m+ !
 p mak+ !m believe t immorality         
increases1 t ! social ills are gr[+1 t  
national life itself is endang]$ ?ru !  
fault ( ! re=m]s z a result ( ! new     
regime 9 vogue 9 ! ,philipp9es s9ce !   
loss ( ! pa/ sov]eignty4 ,!y take       
advantage ( ! curr5t ( public op9ion 9  
favor ( public morals1 to make x appe> t
 ! democratic =m ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 !       
,engli% language1 ! lay s*ools1         
co$ucation1 & ,anglo-,saxon civilization
 are ! causes ( ! suppos$ gr[? (        
immorality3 ,su* is ! program ( c]ta9 p6
    ,our ,enemies  ,^? :o 9 a great     
measure are guilty to _! nation = !     
mis=tunes t befell ! ,filip9o p t       
resort$ to revolution & rebellion to    

free !mselves f a regime oppos$ to _!   
progress & happ9ess1 =gett+ _!          
incapacity to fulfill ! obligations :i*1
 9 ! "n ( _! c\ntry1 !y assum$ "h & :i* 
7 ! causes ( ! political failure ( ! pa/
 colonization1 !y to-day wi% to def5d _!
 int]e/s 9 our c\ntry pursu+ _! policy  
:i* w\ld only produce diss5sion among ! 
,filip9os4 ,"u ! pretext ( int]e/+      
!mselves m ?an we d 9 our own welf>e1   
consid]+ u to be bl9d & incapable to "k 
& di/+ui% ! good f ! bad1 deem+ u et]nal
 indios ( inf]ior m5tality1 !y seek to  
take u :i!rsoev] !y w1 :]e x suits !m1  
?ru ! d>k pa? :]e none see b !y1 !y :o  
guide or wi% to guide ! indio1 ! et]nal 
*ild :o ought to all[ himself to be l$6 
,9 a =eign weekly publi%$ 9 ,manila1 we 
read ! foll[+3 ,d$icat$ to ! se>* ( !   
enemies ( ! progress ( ! ,filip9os1 we  
f9d !m 9 e bucket1 9 e cab>et2 9 !      
peaceful invasion ( ,japanese 9 !       
,philipp9es2 9 pangu+ue1 9 billi>d      
games1 9 ! prevail+ immorality 9 !      
!at]s1 9 ! novel1 9 ! c9ematograph & 9 !

 po/al c>d2 & above all & ov] all1 9 !  
lay s*ool4 ,he :o ?us expresses himself 
seek+ to ar\se ,filip9o hatr$ aga9/ !   
,japanese1 to create suspicion fir/ &   
tr\ble aft]w>ds1 is a /rang]1 & 9 !     
language 9 :i* he himself writes are    
writt5 ! !atrical works & ! immoral     
novels t come to ! ,philipp9es4 #c ,9 8 
language1 too1 7 promulgat$ ^? laws &   
regulations 9 our c\ntry in/itut+       
cockfight+1 lott]y1 billi>d1 creat$ z   
s\rces ( rev5ue = ! ,/ate--?+s :i* we ! 
,filip9os c\ld n oppose 9 ! old         
political regime )\t at ! same "t oppos+
 ! gov]nm5t itself :i* made vice a s\rce
 ( rev5ue & :i*1 to increase its funds1 
_h to enc\rage su* vices1 simil> to     
opium 9 (ficial smok+-rooms4 ,( ! lay   
s*ool we %all n[ speak pres5tly4    ,!  
,"w ( ,calumny & ,hatr$  ,consid]+ !    
nature ( ?is campaign aga9/ our pres5t  
day in/itutions1 & pa9fully impress$ by 
! great h>m :i* ?is disa/r\s "w (       
calumny1 hatr$1 di/ru/ & pessimism mu/ h
 ^u ! progress & tranquillity ( u1 !    

,filip9os1 ,i deem x my duty to speak :5
 ,i am l$ to ?9k t ! limit has be5 rea*$
 by a docum5t :i* came to my h&s4 ,x is 
no less ?an a circul> :i* a high prelate
 directs to ! curates ( ! p>i%es ( 8    
diocese1 & :i* deals ) public           
in/ruction4 #d    ,hell ,?reat  ,! :ole 
docum5t is an attack aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t  
s*ools1 simply because 9 !m ! ,ca?olic  
religion is n taught1 ?reat5+ ) hell ^? 
p>5ts :o s5d _! *ildr5 to su* s*ools4   
,at ! close x says z foll[s3       ,z a 
fir/ /ep1 aft] y h let ! p>5ts see !    
social evils :i* result f a ,godless    
s*ool1 su* z     crime aga9/ purity1    
murd]1 suicide1 rap9e & robb]y1         
disob$i5ce aga9/ civil & ecclesia/ical  
au?orities1     9 %ort1 ! corruption (  
cu/oms1 all ! season$ fruit     ( ^? lay
 s*ools1 y\r rev]5ces %\ld influ5ce !m  
to decl>e1 9 writ+ or communications :i*
 !y %\ld     address to u1 to ! gov]nm5t
 )\t euphemisms _!     irrevocable &    
decid$ w t ,*ri/ian education be        
giv5 !m 9 ! s*ools4 ,we1 = our "p1 w    

look aft]     ! s5d+ ( ^! petitions to !
 ,legislature4    ,ma*iavelic           
,accusation  ,all ! season$ fruit ( ^?  
lay s*ools said ! prelate ref]r+ to !   
crimes & ! corruption ( cu/oms :i* he   
m5tions6 ,an accusation ( su* nature mu/
 be prov5 by him :o accuses4 ,! wor/ "p 
( x is t su* accusations are made & lat]
 ) ! recomm5dation t !y be made to s9k  
into heads ( p>5ts or heads ( families4 
,! fai?ful w consid] z true !           
affirmations t come f ! lips ( _!       
prie/s1 s t su* propag&a promotes 9 !   
wor/ mann] a feel+ aga9/ a gov]nm5t     
accus$ ( fom5t+ crim9ality 9 its s*ools4
 ,! prelate does n enjo9 viol5ce2 b at  
su* times z ^!1 viol5ce naturally       
results f an adequate prep>ation ( !    
popul> consci5ce2 & :5 a p believes t ! 
,gov]nm5t1 ! educator no less1 is !     
cause ( ! ?ieves1 ! murd]]s1 !          
corruptors1 a p is truly dead :o does n 
seek to wipe out by any means su* a     
gov]nm5t1 especially if x is =eign1 :i* 
corrupts its citiz5s4    ,colossal      

,trans=mation  ,=tunately1 x c be said  
)\t fe> ( err+ t su* accusations are    
altoge!r false2 & if !re is any?+ 9 !   
,philipp9es :i* des]ves ! approval ( all
 wor?y consci5ce1 some?+ :i* m]its n    
only ! gratitude b ! admiration ( !     
,filip9o p1 x is ! organization ( public
 education implant$ by ! ,am]ican p4    
,!re is n a s+le ,filip9o capable (     
reason+ :o does n see & und]/& !        
colossal trans=mation :i* our entire p  
exp]i5c$ by virtue ( t lay education4 ,n
 only did ! ,gov]nm5t organize an       
effici5t educational sy/em1 b x ext5d$ x
 ?r\gh\t ! ,ar*ipelago 9 su* a g5]al way
 t "s ,european nations :i* cont9ually  
cite ! annals ( hi/ory1 w\ld v mu* l x =
 !mselves2 n only d we ! ,filip9os f9d 9
 our lay s*ools ^? elem5ts necess>y =   
our in/ruction & our education s t we c 
be useful individuals to ourselves1 &   
cooep]ate 9 ! adm9i/ration ( our public 
affairs1 b ! private s*ools ( ! old     
regime h *ang$1 h improv$1 h be5        
trans=m$1 h be5 plac$ to ! level :]e !y 

%\ld1 foll[+ ! /&>d ma9ta9$ by !        
,gov]nm5t4 ,to d5y ?is is %e] bl9dness4 
,a ,dom9ican ,s*ool 9 ,=mosa  ,only he  
:o is bl9d$ by passion is capable ( mak+
 accusation aga9/ ! lay s*ool su* z we h
 "h reproduc$1 & aga9/ :i* ! fir/ to    
prote/ w likely be ! ,dom9ican fri>s 9 !
 ,philipp9es ^: mission 9 ,=mosa1 has a 
girl's s*ool = ! ,*9ese & ,japanese 9 ! 
,capitol1 ,taihoku1 :i* ,i visit$ on my 
trip to t isl&4 ,rev]5d ,fa!r ,clem5te  
,f]n&ez1 a ,dom9ican & ! ,apo/olic ,vic>
 ( ,=mosa1 did me ! honor ( accompany+  
me 9 visit+ su* a s*ool1 call$ ,beata   
,imelda1 situat$ 9 ! b>rio ( ,daitelei1 
9 ,taihoku4 ,x is a beautiful s*ool (   
:i* ! ,dom9icans c ju/ly be pr\d4 ,b x 0
 n ! mat]ial or educational organization
 ( ! in/itution t impress$ me s mu* z ! 
abs5ce ( all religi\s images 9 ! rooms1 
classes1 halls1 & o!r rooms us$ = & by !
 girls4  ,on my notic+ ! exi/5ce ( s    
s+ul> a case1 ,rev]5d ,clem5te ,f]n&ez  
made x kn[n to me t1 among ! conditions 
/ipulat$ by ! law ( public in/ruction ( 

,=mosa1 bo? = ! gov]nm5t z well z !     
private s*ools1 is ! absolute           
prohibition ( religi\s education & !    
pres5tation ( images & objects ( wor%ip4
 ,?is is !re=e a lay s*ool1 a godless   
s*ool1 ^u :i* %\ld also fall ! surpris+ 
accusation ( a prelate :o makes use ( ! 
lib]ty af=d$ him by our gov]nm5t to tea*
 8 religion 9 our s*ools1 b abus+ su* "r
 & attempt+ fur!rmore to impose 8 w ^u !
 ,gov]nm5t1 accus+ x ( tea*+ homicide1  
!ft1 immorality1 & corruption ( cu/oms 9
 our s*ools4    ,7 ,we ,to ,use ! ,same 
,proc$ure  ,!re is no d\bt t ev5 "u !   
,spani% regime we already knew ( !      
exi/5ce 9 ! ,philipp9es ( crim9als      
condemn$ to dea? & imprisonm5t = murd]1 
!ft1 rape1 sacrilege1 & all k9ds (      
crimes1 & t ! corruption ( cu/oms 0     
nei!r unkn[n nor r>e4 ,s9ce "u ! entire 
p]iod ( ,spani% dom9ation1 in/ruction 0 
"u ! exclusive c>e ( ! fri>s ( ! ,roman 
,*ur*1 if we utilize ! same proc$ure ( !
 above-m5tion$ prelate1 we c\ld also    
accuse all ! prie/s ( hav+ in/ruct$ !   

,filip9os1 ?ru _! education1 9 murd] & 9
 !ft1 & t ! corruption ( cu/oms 0 all ! 
season$ fruit ( ! ,ca?olic s*ools4 ,i d 
n propose su* an accusation2 ,i only    
cont5t myself ) pres5t+ x z a logical   
consequ5ce :i* c\ld be d$uc$ foll[+ !   
me?od us$ by ! prelate 9 speak+ to no   
less ?an 8 prie/s 9 a circul> design$ to
 ori5t ! m5tality ( 8 cl]gy & ( 8       
p>i%ion]s4 ,pond]+ ov] ! accusation ( ! 
,bi%op1 x occurr$ to me t x w\ld be     
b5eficial to recall ! public in/ruction 
t 0 =m]ly giv5 9 ! ,philipp9es by !     
godly s*ools & consid] ! results obta9$4
 ,confid5t 9 ! respectable "*1 &1 to _m1
 ! sacr$ "* ( ! prie/s1 ,i mu/ resort to
 _! te/imony to "k :at t education 0 &  
:at results x gave to ! ,filip9o p4  ,we
 %\ld n conceal ! tru? :5 ! tru?        
portrays ?+s t may n be pleas+ to u4    
,none l ^? :o are d$icat$ to in/ruction 
h su* an int]e/ 9 kn[+ ! m5tality ( !   
society 9 :i* !y live & :i* x is _! duty
 to educate4 ,an exact k ( ! moral1     
intellectual1 & physical defects ( a p  

is ! mo/ important factor to ori5t its  
education1 & x w\ld be absurd to close  
"o's eyes to :at is bad1 because !      
pr9ciple ( correct+ a c]ta9 ?+ is to "k 
if x is a mi/ake or n4 ,"o _c correct an
 evil ( :i* he is ignorant4    ,!       
,education ( ! ,filip9o ,p "u ,religi\s 
,direction  ,be=e attack+ or def5d+ !   
lay education ( ! public s*ools x w\ld  
seem useful to "k :at ! education ( !   
,filip9o p 0 "u religi\s direction1 & !n
 "k :at results 7 obta9$2 t is to say1  
h[ a man subject$ to su* a sy/em 0      
trans=m$ aft] m ?an ?ree c5turies ( su* 
a practice4  ,i mu/ secure ! data :i* ,i
 "h pres5t f ecclesia/ical s\rces       
because1 al?o !y conta9 a c]ta9         
exagg]ation1 9 speak+ ( its own "w :i*1 
z x is natural1 !y def5d1 magnify1 &    
praise1 !y are aft] all ! mo/ useful 9  
kn[+ ! defects !mselves :i*1 "u !       
circum/ances1 con/itute real            
confessions4  ,fa!r ,santiago ,paya1    
,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,santo ,tomas1 
said among o!r ?+s ! foll[+ to !        

,philipp9e ,commission on ,july #a1     
#ahii3       ,all second>y in/ruction 9 
! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 0 "u     !          
,univ]sity ( ,santo ,tomas4 ,besides !  
private s*ools     9 ,manila !re 7 also 
"s 9 ! prov9ces1 b all !     colleges ( 
second>y in/ruction 7 subject to ,santo 
,tomas4      ,!re 7 prim>y s*ools 9     
almo/ all ! t[ns support$ by     !      
,gov]nm5t 9 :i* a v elem5t>y in/ruction 
0 giv5     99 99 99 read+1 writ+1       
cate*ism1 & a little ari?metic4      ,! 
,filip9os1 z a g5]al rule1 h good memory
 b )\t     great tal5t2 !y h no good    
tal5t4      ,almo/ all education 9 !    
,philipp9es 0 giv5 by !     religi\s    
ord]s1 t is to say1 ! second>y &        
univ]sity     in/ruction 0 ma9ta9$ by ! 
religi\s ord]s1 &     prim>y in/ruction 
by ! curates ( ! t[ns4      ,among !    
,filip9os all is imitation4 ,!y lack    
orig9ality4 ,!y 7 taught h[ to read &   
write ,spani% b     ! majority ( !m     
le>n$ x 9 a purely me*anical mann]4     
,! ,indios 7 v av]se to ! ,ca/ilian     

language2 ^?     :o knew h[ to speak x  
did n l to speak x4 ,?is 0     true 9   
,manila z well z 9 its suburbs4 ,^? :o  
"k     ,spani% pref] to speak _! own    
language 9 _! homes4   ,f ,fray ,jose   
,m4 ,ruiz 9 8 ,memoria pres5t$ to !     
,philipp9e ,exposition 9 ,madrid 9      
#ahhg1 we take ! foll[+3       ,! curate
 is a local inspector ( public          
in/ruction1 advis]     ( !              
gob]nadorcillos1 & presid5t ( ! v>i\s   
local     bo>ds4 ,! ,indios see 9 !m a  
fa!r1 a pa/or1 & a     protector1 & z   
su* !y h always be5 recogniz$ by     !  
,gov]nm5t ( ^! ,isl&s 7p4 #bci74      ,a
 great "p ( ! ,philipp9e inhabitants1 t 
is to say1     t :i* lives 9 ! b>rios & 
places m or less     isolat$ &          
inaccessible1 is ab\t to be civiliz$    
7e/a     casi por civiliz>7 7p4 #bdg74  
,ref]r+ to ! mass ( ! p ! same fa!r     
says3       ,! ma/]s devot$ z !y are1   
save 9 a few honorable     exceptions1  
to _! prop] int]e/s1 h ignor$ completely
     ! in/ruction ( ^! unhappy ones 9 _!

 religi\s duties     99 99 99 & _!      
*ildr51 giv5 ov] to ! pa/ure ( "w       
animals1 are re>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ /upid
 ignorance     7p4 #bed74   ,lat] !     
au?or adds3       ,to give ! ,indio     
means ( in/ruction & to place him 9     
condition to b5efit f x1 & :ile ?is is n
 done1     & until n[ ?is has n be5 done
 z we %all lat] %[1     is to conc$e    
rights to him :o does n "k h[ to        
appreciate     :at he des]ves to !      
disgrace ( ! ,spani% "n & to     ! %ame 
( ! ,spani>ds 9 ^! ,isl&s 7p4 #bhh74    
,says ! same ,fri> ,ruiz3       ,& al?o 
!y are inimical to go+ to s*ools 7!     
,indios7     & to s5d+ _! *ildr51 x is  
because x is no?+ b     = wa/+ "t s9ce  
!y le>n no?+ 99 99 994 ,fur!rmore1     !
 t[ns are s cr[d$ ) ignorant tea*]s t   
)\t     consult+ anybody !y e/abli%     
private s*ools paid =     by ! p>5ts ( !
 *ildr54 ,?us !y le>n :at little        
good & a great deal ( bad :i* !y        
possess1 to :om     !y tea* ,c>tilla1 & 
some?+ ( read+ & writ+1     utiliz+ z   

texts = bo? ! books call$ ,corridos1 :i*
     are full ( ana*ronisms1 errors1 &  
absurdities ( all k9ds     99 99 994 ,!y
 also le>n some?+ ( ! ,cate*ism 7p4     
#ccg74      ,! places = ! s*ools besides
 be+ bad are completely     ab&on$1 & _m
 are 9 ru9s 7p4 #cci74      ,!re is no  
ord] 9 ! s*ool1 & ea* "o goes 9 &       
out )\t p]mission :5ev] he pleases 7p4  
#ddj74    ,recognition ( a ,dom9ican    
,fray ,jose ,m4 ,ruiz v fai?fully       
recognizes ! lam5table /ate 9 :i* !     
s-call$ public in/ruction 9 !           
,philipp9es 0 f\nd outside ( ,manila :]e
 ?+s 7 n s bad4 ,f 8 /&po9t x 0 necess>y
 to tea* ,spani% & at lea/ to give to ! 
,filip9os books 9 ! dialects1 f :i* !y  
w\ld le>n ! mo/ elem5t>y ?+s ( :i* !y 7 
ignorant1 & ,religion & ,moral4 ,! ,ru$a
 #e translation w\ld be bett] add+      
some?+ ab\t ! ,philipp9es & ! gramm> ( 8
 dialect 9 ,spani%4 ,und\bt$ly he want$ 
to say t ! ,spani% gramm> %\ld be       
translat$ into ! dialects4       ,if ?is
 is n done we believe t we w\ld only    

lose     "t4 ,) su* measures 9 ?irty    
ye>s ! ,spani% language     w\ld be     
diffus$ among ! *ildr5 7pp4 #ddj-dda74  
,= ! same reason 7di/ance & lack (      
roads7 ! boys &     girls d n att5d     
s*ools1 & :at little !y "k !y     le>n f
 "s ignorant tea*]s 7mae/rillos74 ,p1   
ord9>ily ( bad life1 escap$ f o!r t[ns1 
"s (     :om are also quack doctors &   
bone-sett]s :o at ! same     "t t !y are
 tea*+ ! ,c>tilla & a little bit     ( !
 ,cate*ism imbue ! *ildr5 ) a ?\s& & "o 
sup]/itions & all k9ds ( vices4 ,! prie/
 :o at times     goes1 out ( necessity1 
to att5d to "s "o :o is s]i\sly     ill1
 & v seldom visits !m 7! ,indios7       
ex-pr(eso1     ! p>o*ial di/ricts be+   
g5]ally v l>ge & _!     duties s num]\s 
& urg5t1 c only 9 "p rem$y "s     ( ^!  
evils4    ,! ,filip9o ,p  ,n[ let u see 
:at k9d ( p ! ,filip9os 74 ,x is        
ess5tial to "k ! psy*ology ( !          
community4 ,no op9ion is s valuable = ! 
pres5t case ?an t ( ! mission>y above   
cit$1 :o says ! foll[+ ab\t ! psy*ology 

( ! ,filip9o4       ,z a p :o are       
ignorant & ) b little culture1 !        
,indios are b\nd to h consid]able       
sup]/iti\s beliefs     :i* !y practice1 
unconsci\sly deceiv$ by m$ic9e m51      
:o are ! ones :o keep alive ^! ridicul\s
 traditions (     _! ance/ors1 )\t kn[+ 
! reasons = :at !y d     7p4 #bfa74     
,!y 7! ,indios7 are deeply sup]/iti\s1 a
 ?+ :i* is     reveal$ 9 all _! acts4   
,cit+ ! words ( ,dr4 ,lacalle1 ,fa!r    
,ruiz says3       ,to pret5d t a p tak+ 
! fir/ /eps on ! road     (             
civilization1 & t 9 _! religi\s acts    
manife/     !mselves 9 _! acts z        
religi\s1 sev]e1 cultur$ &     real     
?9k]s1 is absurd 9 ! extreme 7p4 #cdh74 
,& he adds :at foll[s3       ,we %\ld n 
lose sight ( ! fact t ! ,indio is a     
*ild badly educat$1 b a big *ild        
completely develop$     9 8 passions4   
,he acts n f consci5ce b f fe>2     he  
is mov$ n by reasons b by impressions2 a
 fri5d (     novelties & spectacles1 he 
acts to ! tune ( ! v>i\s     impressions

 :i* he receives4 ,naturally he is      
incon/ant &     flighty1 desir+ "o ?+ & 
ano!r1 n[ lik+ :at he     =m]ly dislik$1
 )\t firmness nor /ability 9 any?+1     
)\t kn[+ _m times :at to l1 nor :at     
befits     him4 ,su* is ! ,indio briefly
 sket*$4    ,! ,filip9o ,spani>ds       
,! ,filip9o ,spani>ds 7espanoles        
filip9os7 are ( two     classes3 "s are 
imm$iate desc5dants ( ,spani>ds1        
desc5dants ( ,filip9o ,spani>ds1 or also
 *ildr5 ( a     ,filip9a "m & a p59sul> 
fa!r 7p4 #bhh74      ,un=tunately1 !y h 
all ! bad qualities ( ! ,spani>d     & !
 ,indio1 & lack t docility ( "* obs]v$  
9 ! latt] & ! nobility & greatness      
*>act]i/ic (     ! =m]4 ,!y are ( little
 he>t1 c[>d & mean besides     be+      
arrogant & *ol]ic & are v rude ) !      
,indios1     :om !y usually despise &   
maltreat 9 words & 9 de$1     &         
frequ5tly are /upid & tr\blesome4       
,f ! ,indios !y le>n$ all ! sup]/itions1
 num]\s1     untrue1 absurd fables :i*  
are traditional among !m1 &     9 a ^w1 

all _! habits & cu/oms4 ,?us !y eat rice
     ) _! f+]s & h m>k$ fondness = !    
sweets     & dirty food/uffs ( !        
,indios4      ,s9ce !y are br\ght up )  
mu* pett+ & are n     /rictly puni%$1 !y
 make bad s]vants1 disob$i5t1           
caprici\s1 insol5t1 & f\l-m\!d4 ,! wom5 
are s     lack+ 9 mode/y1 &1 s9ce !y h  
be5 re>$ 9 !     atmosph]e ( ab&on &    
laz9ess1 !y are useless = !             
managem5t ( ! home & ! family 7pp4      
#bhi-bij74      99 99 99 ,?us ! m5 z    
well z ! wom51 al?o religi\s1     are   
cr$ul\s & sup]/iti\s z ! ,indios        
!mselves4      ,su* is ! idea t c be    
giv5 ab\t ! ,filip9os     7p4 #bij74    
,! ,*9ese half-bre$ is describ$ 9 ! same
 mann]4    ,lit]ature = ! ,filip9os  ,! 
only lit]ature accessible to ! ,filip9os
 ( little culture & also to ^? ( ! bett]
 class consi/$ ( ,corridos :i* con/itute
 ! pr(ane lit]ature1 & ! ,pasion & !    
,nov5as :i* =m$ ! religi\s read+4       
,corridos1 ,pasiones1 & ,nov5as 7 pr9t$ 
9 abundance1 9 *eap editions1 9 ,spani% 

z well z 9 ! dialects ( ! c\ntry4  ,!   
,corridos are /ories 9 v]se ab\t hi/oric
 ev5ts1 falsifi$ & fanciful1 & love     
trag$ies full ( wond]ful ev5ts mix$ )   
div9e prodigies & diabolical magics--all
 l5g?y1 exagg]at$1 pu]ile1 & absurd 9 ! 
extreme4 ,none ( ! *>act]s is native4   
,all are ,turks1 ,arabs1 knights1       
errants1 ambassadors1 dukes1 w>riors 9  
armor provid$ ) magic arms & ) balsams l
 ! fam\s "o ( ,fi]abras1 good ,ca/ilians
 & bad /rang]s4 ,all ! *>act]s are      
antipodal to ,philipp9e realities & ) ! 
semblance ( ! real & true be+ f unkn[n  
l&s & prodigi\s races4 ,! same is true )
 ! sc5e ( activities2 wond]ful l&s1     
,pale/9e1 ! k+dom ( ,nav>ra1 ! ,empire (
 ,great ,kahn1 ! ,palace ( ,mac$onia1 & 
n only are !y ignorant (1 & d !y        
falsify1 ! face ( ! e>?1 b ! planet>y   
sy/em itself suff]s a radical *ange4    
,palms & tam>9d gr[ 9 ! vic9ities (     
,mosc[2 ,pale/9e & ,mac$onia are cov]$ )
 prairies l ,norway & ,switz]l&1 & :ales
 appe> 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,ev5ts :i* beg9

 9 ! morn+ 9 ,mac$onia & 9 ! mo/ natural
 mann] 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day 9 a    
palace ( ,babylonia1 & a pr9cess (      
,aragon captur$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ 9 ,sicily
 discusses at midnight & )\t an         
int]pret] ) a ,moro ( ,sam>c&a4  ,!     
,pasion1 a "w 9 v]se 9 ! diff]5t        
,filip9o dialects1 is n only ! passion (
 ,*ri/1 b x consi/s ( a sort ( abridg$  
edition ( sacr$ hi/ory4  ,! ,nov5as are 
religi\s booklets d$icat$ to a sa9t ^:  
favor is invok$ 9 ord] to obta9 f ,god  
su* & su* favors4 ,!y consi/ ( a sy/em (
 pray]s 9 relation to c]ta9 miracles )  
reflections ab\t ! sa9t1 :i* are said e 
day = a p]iod ( n9e consecutive days4   
,to ,virg9 ,m>y is attribut$ ! orig9 ( !
 ,nov5as because %e v5]at$ ! numb] #i 9 
memory ( ! fact t n9e days x 0 :5 %e 0  
appris$ ( ! inc>nation ( ! div9e        
,messiah1 & also because ( ! n9e mon?s 9
 :i* %e c>ri$ ,him 9 h] virg9 womb4     
7,nov5a to ,jesus1 ,m>ia1 & ,jose1      
,manila1 #aijc1 9 ! ,exordium47  ,!     
,nov5as (f] a v simple way ( obta9+ f   

heav5 :at is ask$ 9 !m f a protector    
sa9t4 ,if ! sympa?y & aid ( a patron or 
a patroness ^: m$iation is implor$ is   
won1 "o c obta9 ev]y?+1 be x app]ta9+ to
 e>?ly life or future life4 ,x is a v   
easy means4 ,x is l a magic c]emony )   
its ritual compos$ ( praises & acts (   
humiliation1 devotion1 submission1      
admiration1 & o!r propitiatory          
manife/ations look+ t[>d ga9+ ! sympa?y 
& ! protection ( ! sa9t4 ,?is foll[s an 
enum]ation ( favors :i* may be reque/$ &
 :i* are always att5d$ to by ,god z     
demon/rat$ by ! num]\s examples :i* are 
m5tion$ ) scrupul\s c>e 9 ! ,nov5a4 ,all
 ! ,nov5as are publi%$ ) ecclesia/ical  
p]mit aft] ! c5sor%ip ( ! prelate :o    
exam9es scrupul\sly ! writ+s to see if  
!re is any?+ t is contr>y to morals1    
good cu/oms1 & absolute or?odoxy4 ,9 a  
^w1 all are pr9t$ ) ! necess>y lic5ses4 
,! prodigies m5tion$ 9 ^! ,nov5as comp>e
 v well ) ! en*antm5ts1 magics1 &       
sorc]ies ( ! primitive ,filip9os :o     
invok$ ! propitiation ( _! div9e spirits

 by means ( c]emonies1 sacrifices1 *>ms1
 & incantations p]=m$ by _! mangkukulam 
7wit*71 babailanas1 & o!r               
pre/idigitators1 prie/s1 m$ic9e m51     
*>m]s1 & =tune-tell]s1 :i* are ref]r$ to
 & are enum]at$ 9 ! old *ronicles writt5
 by ! mission>ies 9 ! ,philipp9es4      
,sub/itution ( ,unse5 ,p[]s  ,all ! fe> 
( ! my/]i\s z well z ! belief ( !       
,filip9os 9 unse5 p[]s :i* took away    
life1 attract$ mis=tunes1 gave victory1 
or conduc$ to disa/] 0 cons]v$1 *ang+   
only ! concepts t !y _h ab\t ! spirits t
 gov]n$ ! affairs ( life & ! ph5om5a (  
nature4 ,! patron sa9ts recomm5d$ by !  
mission>ies came to take ! place ( !    
anci5t anitos repres5tative ( _! pa/ :i*
 !y gave int]v5tion 9 _! idolatry 9 all 
! affairs ( life4  ,:5 ! mission>ies    
prea*$ _! religion1 !y condemn$ ! old   
,pagan sup]/itions b !y taught new      
sup]/itions m p[]ful ?an ! orig9al1 n   
only because ( ! pre/ige ( ! new patrons
 :o are all memb]s ( a ,cele/ial ,c\rt  
organiz$ z an e>?ly ari/ocracy & head$  

by ! same ,god1 ,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 b
 by communicat+ ) ,god 9 ! same tongue1 
:i* ! ord9>y man suppos$ 0 spok5 by     
,him1 :i* is ! ,lat9 tongue1 9 :i* !    
prie/s said _! pray]s & sang _! hymns4  
,ensalmos  ,! ,oremus1 ! ,laus ,deo1    
,agnus ,dei1 ,deo ,gracias1 ,nos cum    
prole pia1 ,b5$icat ,virgo ,m>ia1 ,p]   
omnia secula seculorum1 ,kyrie eleyson1 
,*ri/e eleyson1 came "u ! category (    
en*antm5ts 7ensalmos7 kn[n by ! t]ms    
bolong & mantala ( ! primitive          
mangkukulam1 manghihikup1 mananangisama1
 etc4 etc41 ( ,philipp9e paganism4 ,all 
( ^! ,lat9 phrases acquir$ s great a    
pre/ige t !y 7 look$ ^u z a =m (        
irresi/ible invocation = conqu]+ ! div9e
 w1 & a c]ta9 ridicul\s sect came to be 
kn[n z ! ,colorum1 :i* t]m orig9at$ f ! 
wrong pronunciation ( secula seculorum )
 :i* _m ,lat9 pray]s end$1 pray]s :i* 7 
incompreh5sible b us$ due to ! ignorance
 ( _m4  ,! phrase agnus dei qui tolis   
pecata mundi is us$ z an incantation 9  
:i* e ^w m or less incompreh5sible has a

 sacr$ "* s t if "o %\ld say t he       
despises qui tolis1 x w\ld be consid]$ a
 blasphemy because ! ,qui ,tolis is     
some?+ sacr$ or div9e4 ,a *ild aft] say+
 ! trisagio said by way ( prote/3 ,i am 
tir$ ( say+ kirileson 7,kyrie eleyson74 
,8 "m !n puni%$ him = play+ ) ! "n (    
,god4 ,ano!r *ild :o happ5$ to "n a dog 
,qui ,tolis 0 correct$ by 8 aunt1 say+3 
,! "n ( ,god is nev] us$ = nam+ an      
animal4    ,magic ,invocations  ,all ?is
 con/itutes a real array ( magic        
invocation 9 ! efficacy ( :i* !re is    
great confid5ce to avoid evil1 ridd+ (  
dang]1 secur+ m good1 & atta9+ "s grace4
 ,z an example ( ! p[] ( ! invocations &
 :at c be obta9$ by m]ely say+ frequ5tly
 ,jesus1 ,m>ia1 y ,jose 7,jesus1 ,m>y1 &
 ,joseph71 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ div9e   
tr9ity on e>?1 ! foll[+ cases are       
relat$3 7,nov5a a ,jesus1 ,m>ia y ,jose1
 ,manila1 #aijc74  ,a bad man walk+ 9 ! 
middle ( ! night 9 front ( ! *ur* ( ,san
 ,francisco 9 ,cuzco1 ,p]u1 saw lights 9
 ! cemet]y1 & kn[+ x to be a fun]al1 w5t

 to ! place to witness x4 ,pres5tly he  
not$ t !re 0 a ?rone :]e ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 
f\nd seat$ betwe5 ,m>y & ,joseph4 ,!n   
sev]al demons appe>$1 ea* "o ) a book 9 
8 h&4 ,"o ( !m began accus+ a bad woman 
f ,bu5os ,aires4 ,jesus1 says ! ,nov5a1 
pron\nc$ a s5t5ce aga9/ h] ( in/ant dea?
 & ) x et]nal p]dition 7p4 #g74 ,! demon
 disappe>$ 9 ord] to execute ! s5t5ce4  
,ano!r devil read f 8 book t 9 ,*ile !re
 0 ano!r bad woman4 ,jesus s5t5c$ h] to 
dea? & condemnation 7p4 #h74 ,! devil   
ran to c>ry out ! s5t5ce4 ,ano!r "o     
appe>$ accus+ a bad man ( ,cuzco1 & ?is 
man 0 precisely ! same :o t>ri$ to      
witness ! sc5e at ! cemet]y4 ,:5 ! j    
judge 0 ab\t to s5t5ce him to dea? &    
condemnation1 ,bless$ ,m>y & ,joseph    
knelt be=e ! div9e ,ma/]1 ask+ m]cy on  
behalf ( ! accus$1 alleg+ t _m times he 
invok$ ! holy names 7,jesus1 ,m>ia y    
,jose74 ,jesus hav+ d5i$ p>don1 8 p>5ts 
begg$ him anew1 & see+ t !y 7 n mak+    
headway t[>d secur+ p>don1 ! ,bless$    
,virg9 %[$ to h] ,bless$ ,son ! brea/ f 

:i* ,he suck$1 & ! ,patri>* ,sa9t %[$   
him ! h&s t ma9ta9$ him ?ru 8 labors 7p4
 #h74 ,!n ,jesus conc$$ ! p>don z a     
matt] ( grace :i* c only be *>act]iz$ z 
mat]ial gratefulness 7e/omago           
agradecido74    ,great ,inc5tive to     
,crime  ,! invocation ,jesus1 ,m>ia y   
,jose work+ z a magic =mula sav$ t man  
:o _h no m m]it ?an 8 ability to m5tion 
! names ( ! tr9ity on e>?4 ,9 ! same    
nov5a !re is a consid]ation ( ?is mo/   
m>vel\s favor1 & t is1 t 9 ord] to obta9
 "s re=m 9 our lives 9 view ( ! favor   
conc$$ by ,jesus1 ,m>y1 & ,joseph to _! 
devotee1 ?o he be a confirm$ s9n]1 x 0  
only necess>y to imitate an invocation s
 frequ5tly repeat$ 9 all 8 days (       
malice1 ! words ,jesus1 ,m>ia y ,jose   
7p4 #aj74 ,! man 9 "q _h no o!r m]it nor
 is he enjo9$ to h "o4 ,x is en\gh t he 
utt]s ! magic invocation & t he does z  
he pleases 9 ! belief ( be+ free f      
puni%m5t4 ,:at a great inc5tive ?is is  
to crime6    ,ano!r ,notable ,case      
,ano!r notable case ( ! effect ( ! same 

invocation is t ( a ,dom9ican fri> call$
 ,fray ,juan ,masias1 :o = m ?an twelve 
ye>s /ay$ 9 8 d>k cell 9 pray]4 ,he 0   
visit$ by _m devils :o pull$ & pu%$ him1
 treat+ him v badly 9 words & 9 de$4 ,b 
he 0 fre$ f !m by say+ ,jesus ,savior1  
,m>y1 & ,joseph1 be ) me4 ,on o!r       
occasions ! devils ent]$ hurri$ly &     
noisily cat*+ him by ! legs & dragg$ him
 f 8 room to ! cloi/]4 ,"s hit him &    
slapp$ him1 o!rs /epp$ on 8 /oma* & on 8
 head1 /ill o!rs scrat*$ 8 face & s\ght 
to pluck 8 eyes1 b invok+ ! names (     
,jesus1 ,m>y1 & ,joseph1 !y 7! devils7  
vani%$ & left him 7p4 #ad74 ,& ! /range/
 "p ( x is t ! fri> made ! invocation   
aft] suff]+ ! consequ5ces ( ! puni%m5t  
above m5tion$2 s t1 9 o!r words1 he     
condesc5d$ to all[ ! devils to h "s fun 
= a :ile at 8 exp5se4    ,an ,economical
 ,div]sion  ,! same fri> at o!r times   
:ile go+ to *ur* 9 pray]1 0 caught by ! 
devils & 0 tak52 & !y ?rew him up 9 !   
air s high t1 pass+ above ! ro(s ( !    
capitul> hall :i* divides ! fir/ cloi/] 

f ! next1 he fell 9 ! latt]4 ,!re o!r   
devils 7 await+ him & receiv+ him !y    
?rew him anew 9 ! same mann] s t he l&$ 
aga9 9 ! pr9cipal cloi/] )\t he>+ f him 
a ^w ( prote/ or suff]+ until invok+ !  
sacr$ names ( ,jesus1 ,m>y1 & ,joseph1  
!y left him 7p4 #ae74 ,:o on read+ ?is  
w\ld n envy a fri> hav+ a div]sion s    
ent]ta9+ & s sane & economical8 ,h[ c "o
 help be+ grateful to ! demons :o       
receiv$ him 9 ! o!r hall in/ead ( lett+ 
him fall on ! floor8 ,) ref]5ce to ^!   
prodigies m5tion$ "o reads 9 ! same     
,nov5a ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,:at     
tr\ble is !re = u to habituate ourselves
 9 repeat+ 9 our invocations ! sweete/  
names ( ,jesus1 ,m>y1 & ,joseph8 7p4    
#bg74    ,! ,inf]nal ,p[]  ,at e /ep ?is
 inf]nal p[] is amplifi$ & magnifi$ 9 ^!
 ,nov5as4 ,n only is ! devil deem$ among
 ! enemies ( ! s\l1 toge!r ) our body & 
! entire humanity1 b at e mom5t we      
tremble at 8 sn>es1 we consid] ourselves
 weak to resi/ him & ev5 at times       
seem+ly fe>+ t ! self same ,god w n "k  

h[ to def5d ,himself f ! devil because  
at e /ep x is s\ght to awak5 ,god &     
place him z a sort ( gu>d aga9/ ?is     
inf]nal p[]4 ,help u ,"l f heav51 our   
/rong lib]ator 9 ?is /ruggle ) ! p[]s ( 
d>kness2 & z o!r times ?\ ha/ fre$ ?y   
son1 ,jesus1 f imm95t p]il ( life1 s n[ 
def5d ! ,holy ,*ur* ( ,god f ! sn>es (  
_! enemies & f all adv]sity1 & keep ea* 
"o ( u "u ?y et]nal protection4 7,page  
#ed1 ,(recimi5to al ,santisimo ,ros>io1 
,manila1 #aije47    ,ano!r ,miracle  ,! 
foll[+ miracle %[s cle>ly ! "w ( ! devil
 & %[s at ! same "t t s\ls _c be        
condemn$ s easily :5 a mortal besee*es !
 protection ( a p[]ful patron4 ,a c]ta9 
man1 x is said 9 ! ,nov5a ( ,san ,vic5te
 7p4 #ae71 gave 8 s\l to ! devil ) a    
c]tificate 7c$ula7 sign$ by 8 own h&1 & 
he>+ ! ,sa9t prea*1 implor$ him to ask t
 ! demon return x4 ,! ,sa9t fell to     
pray+1 & made ! devil come & ord]$ him  
to return ! c]tificate to ! man1 hav+ z 
witnesses ( ?is miracle _m ?\s&s (      
p]sons4    ,sill9ess ( ,"s ,sa9ts  ,?is 

fooli% fe> ( ! devil is a cause ( _m    
errors su* z ! "o m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+    
miracle3 ,9 ,traygu]ra1 a simple lad    
he>+ ,san ,vic5te prea* on ! ugl9ess ( !
 demon1 pray$ ,god t a devil be %[n him 
9 ord] to fight4 ,x happ5$ t a poor1 old
 woman 0 pass+ :o 0 dumb f bir?1 0 v    
ugly & poorly dress$1 & _h sickle 9 h]  
h&4 ,! lad1 ?9k+ t %e 0 ! devil1        
furi\sly assail$ h]1 & tak+ away h]     
sickle1 cut (f h] h&s1 h] e>s1 & h]     
nose4 ,! afflict$ woman %\t$ b z %e 0   
dumb %e c\ld n make h]self und]/ood &   
only h[l$1 & !n ! simpleton cut h] up1  
say+3 ,let !m come & !y w see :at ,i d )
 ! devils6 7p4 #ah1 ,nov5a de ,san      
,vic5te74 ,to believe t ,god p]mitt$ a  
simil> infamy is a gross insult to ,god4
 ,true1 ! act is committ$ by a silly    
lad1 b silli] /ill is ! "w ( ! sa9t 9   
speak+ ( ! physical ugl9ess ( ! demon1  
:5 accord+ to ! und]/&+ ( all1 ! demon  
is a _s4  ,9 ,taulada1 says ! ,nov5a 7p4
 #ba71 two ,moros pass$ 9 front ( an    
image ( ,san ,vic5te1 "o ( :om took (f 8

 hat & ! o!r did n4 ,! latt] paid de>ly 
= x = 9 t in/ant1 )\t kn[+ f :om1 he 0  
slapp$1 fell to ! gr\nd1 & _h fev] f :i*
 he di$4 ,x 0 wond]ful h[ x 0 kn[n t x 0
 a slap1 & ! miracle c\ld n h be5 m     
cruel1 n especially because ( !         
insignificance ( ! fault committ$1      
inasmu* z x dealt ) a ,moro :o did n    
believe nor did he und]/& ?is ,*ri/ian  
sup]/ition4  ,a dev\t "o :o 0 wont to g 
to ,sa9t ,filom5a asks protection aga9/ 
! devil 7,nov5a1 p4 #bb7 & says3 ,satan 
l a hungry lion makes a r\nd ab\t turn2 
8 m9i/]s vie ) "o ano!r to put me d[n4  
,i ) my frailty am also ! enemy ( my own
 s\l 99 99 994  ,z ,i said ! ,nov5as are
 us$ to implore a div9e m]cy1 utiliz+ ! 
int]v5tion ( a sa9t or a virg9 to secure
 "s necessity or a simple affair 9 life4
  ,!re is no?+ m inspir+ ?an to "k !    
news ab\t ! orig9 ( ! ,nov5a de ,san    
,antonio de ,padua :i* is said to be    
reveal$ by ! same sa9t 99 99 99 & !     
dev\t ones c foll[ x confid5t ( obta9+  
?ru 8 int]m$iation :atev] !y desire     

7,nov5a de ,san ,antonio1 p4 #e74 ,!    
same ,san ,antonio reveal$ to a dev\t   
woman ! way ( do+ x 7p4 #f74    ,he ,:o 
,asks ,%all ,receive  ,! ,nov5a ( ,m>ia 
de los ,dolores1 ,manila1 #aije1 is =   
obta9+ :at is desir$ 9 any affair ( !   
s\l or = ! good ( ! body4  ,! ,nov5a (  
,san ,vic5te de ,f]r] al?o x c be made 9
 ! home1 x is mu* bett] to d x 9 ! *ur* 
because !re he :o asks %all receive & he
 :o looks %all f9d1 z ! ,"l himself said
 7p4 #e ( ! ,nov5a1 ,manila1 #aiag74    
,san ,ramon ,nonato is3 ,patron ( ! "w (
 ! labor]s & _! live/ock2 wond]ful      
antidote aga9/ pe/il5ce2 univ]sal refuge
 = ! cure ( all diseases & pa9s2 s+ul>  
protector ( ! wom5 :o invoke him 9 _!   
dang]\s h\rs ( giv+ bir?1 & ( ! /]ile   
ones :o seek ! com=t ( 8 protection4    
,?is is :at is said 9 ! frontispiece ( 8
 nov5a1 ,manila #aiah4 ,by m]ely invok+ 
8 "n or by ador+ 8 sa9tly relic1 & by   
dr9k+ ! wat] :]e x is pass$1 ! sa9t c   
accompli% ?\s&s ( wond]s 7p4 #f74  ,i1  
says "o dev\t woman1 h su* fai? 9 &     

exp]i5ce )1 ,san ,ramon t :atsoev] ,i   
ask ,god ?ru him 0 always secur$ or     
obta9$1 & = ! sake ( tru?1 ,i swe> &    
confirm ! same 7,nov5a1 p4 #ae74  ,a =m 
( great p]suasive virtue to obta9 !     
div9e w & to w9 f x :at is desir$ is to 
pray ! ,trisagio4 ,x seems t dur+ a     
p]iod ( great geologic & meteorologic   
commotions exp]i5c$ 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ! 
ye> #ddg 7,trisagio ,s]afico1 ,manila1  
#ahhi1 p4 #g71 x happ5$ t a *ild ( t5d] 
age 0 c>ri$ to ! w9ds1 all ^? encamp$   
be+ eye witnesses1 until he c\ld be se5 
no m4 ,aft] a long "t he return$ to e>? 
9 ! same mann] t he w5t up & /at$ 9 !   
pres5ce ( ! ,patri>*1 ( ! ,emp]or1 & ( !
 wond]+ multitude1 t he he>d ! angels s+
 ?is conc]t3 ',holy ,god1 ,holy ,/rong1 
,holy ,immortal1 h m]cy ^u u4' 7,santo  
,dios1 santo fu]te1 santo inmortal1 t5$ 
mis]icordia de nosotros47 ,! *ild       
imm$iately !reaft] di$4 ,! ,emp]or ord]$
 t all %\ld repeat ?is sacr$ canticle & 
t mom5t ! e>?quakes ceas$ & !           
meteorological di/urbances /opp$4 ,h5ce1

 ! use ( ! ,trisagio z a =m = invok+ !  
,holy ,tr9ity 9 dang]\s fatal times 7p4 
#gh74 ,among o!r ?+s ! foll[+ is tacitly
 ask$ 9 ! ,trisagio3 ,( ?y ire & ang]1  
,"l & triune free u4 ,( ! sn>es1 ne>ness
 ( ! demon2 ( all ire1 hate & bad w2 (  
all plagues or epidemics1 hung]1 /orms2 
( our enemies & _! ma*9ations free u    
7pp4 #bj-ba74    ,rem9d]s ( ,cannibalism
  ,al?o ! ,tr9ity is compos$1 z ev]ybody
 kn[s1 ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 &
 9 ! ,trisagio ! ?ree p]sons are invok$ 
& ask$ at ! same "t1 nev]!less !re are  
o!r =ms ( secur+ ! div9e favor1 invok+  
sep>ately only "o ( ! p]sons ( !        
,tr9ity4 ,?us 9 ! ,nov5a ( ,jesus       
,sacram5tado1 ! ,fa!r is ask$ by means (
 ! int]cession ( ! ,son1 or 9 o!r words1
 by only a visc]a ( ! ,son or an organ (
 8 body1 ! he>t1 or m prop]ly ! ,sacr$  
,he>t ( ,jesus4 ,! et]nal ,fa!r has     
complac5cy1 says ! ,nov5a 7p4 #f71 9 t x
 is ask$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,he>t ( 8 belov$    
,son 99 99 994 ,! ,fa!r ,et]nal said s  
directly to ! v5]able ,m>y ( !          

inc>nation 7pp4 #f-g74 ,ask me ?ru !    
he>t ( my only begott5 ,son1 & ?ru x ,i 
%all he> !e & ?\ %alt obta9 all t ?\    
w\ld/ ask 99 99 994 ,jesus said to 8    
wife ,m>g>et 7esposa ,m>g>ita73 ,i ask y
 t on ,friday imm$iately be=e ! ,corpus 
fe/ivity1 y p>ticul>ly devote y\rself to
 ! wor%ip ( my he>t 7p4 #g74  ,!        
adoration ( ! he>t is n symbolic2 x is !
 real he>t t is ador$3 !y %all adore )  
great] frequ5cy1 to ,jesus              
transsubtantiat$1 & 9 him1 to 8 ,div9e  
,he>t 7p4 #g74 ,8 ,nov5a w be made be=e 
an image ( ,jesus or to ,8 ,sacr$ ,he>t 
7p4 #aj74 ,! dev\t "o1 c>ry+ 8 adoration
 almo/ to a po9t ( ! revival ( atavic   
cannibalism1 says to ,jesus3 ,o1 ?\ own]
 ( m9e6 ,give me ?9e body & ) x ?9e he>t
 t ,i may eat x6 7p>a que le coma7 7p4  
#ab74  ,!re is a ,nov5a d$icat$ to ,sa9t
 ,angel ,cu/odio 7,manila1 #ahig71 :o is
 ! ,angel delegat$ by ,god to be at our 
side1 & ex]cise ) u ! lov+ (fices ( a   
c>eful tutor1 a lov+ gov]nor1 a lov+    
preceptor1 a fai?ful conductor1 & an    

intimate & true fri5d 99 99 99 7p4 #f74 
,no sa9t 9 heav5 int]e/s himself m 9 our
 s\l & 9 our bus9ess ?an ! holy ,gu>dian
 ,angel 7p4 #f74 ,8 int]v5tion is s     
useful & he n only transmits :at is ask$
 b modifies our petitions :5 he kn[s t  
"s ( our petitions might br+ u "s       
spiritual or corporal evil 7p4 #g74 ,x  
is !re=e ! be/ gu>antee aga9/ any error 
( ours1 & naturally x makes a s5se (    
responsibility absolutely useless4      
,second ,*ri/  ,sa9t ,dom+o de ,guzman  
is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful lawy]s 9 heav54 ,9 
8 ,nov5a 7,manila1 #aiac71 he is call$ !
 precursor ( ,*ri/1 al?o 9 reality he   
came to ! _w twelve c5turies aft] ,*ri/ 
7p4 #e74 ,9 ! *a/ity1 color1 & figure ( 
8 body1 & 9 ! eloqu5ce ( 8 _s1 he 0 ! "o
 mo/ l ,*ri/ 7p4 #g74 ,he 0 v celebrat$ 
9 all mann]s ( prodigies & miracles1 bo?
 on e>? & 9 heav51 among m5 z well z    
among bea/s1 among ! liv+ z well z !    
dead 7p4 #i74 ,"o day ,virg9 ,m>y appe>$
 to him & hold+ him by ! h& said to him 
t %e lov$ him s t5d]ly1 t if ! ,div9e   

,lady 7 a mortal1 %e w\ld n be able to  
live except 9 8 pres5ce1 & w\ld h di$ by
 ! viol5ce ( ! great love t %e _h = him 
99 99 99 7p4 #aj74 ,lat] ,virg9 ,m>y1 n 
satisfi$ ) su* erotic manife/ations1    
m>ri$ him 7le desposo consigo7 9 !      
pres5ce ( h] husb& ,*ri/ 7esposo de     
,cri/o71 & ( _m bless$ ones 9 heav5 7pp4
 #aa-ab71 result+ t ,jesus1 besides be+ 
! son ( ,m>y1 is also h] husb&1 s t )   
,sa9t ,joseph1 ,sa9t ,dom+o 0 ! ?ird    
husb& ( ,m>y4 ,! ,et]nal ,fa!r          
communicat$ to ,sa9t ,catal9a de ,s5a t 
,*ri/ & ,dom+o 7 8 two special sons 99  
99 994 ,*ri/ proce$$ f ! m\? ( ! ,et]nal
 ,fa!r1 /ay+ at 8 "r1 & ,sa9t ,dom+o    
proce$$ f ! brea/ ( ! same ,et]nal      
,fa!r1 at 8 "r on 8 feet 9 glory 7p4    
#ae74 ,) su* antec$5ts "o c readily     
und]/& h[ ,*ri/ promis$ to conc$e to him
 all t he w\ld ask on behalf ( 8        
devotees 7p4 #ae71 s t ! p[] ( ! ,sa9ts 
is unlimit$4 ,9 v]se x is said ( him3-- 
,y c d ev]y?+ 9 heav5                   
be+ husb& ( ,m>y2             ,:o s     

confides 9 !e 7,dom+o7                  
give him heal? & com=t4             ,y h
 fai?fully & unceas+ly                  
def5d$ ! *ur* 7p4 #ce74                 
,pues podeis tanto en el ,cielo1        
,si5do esposo de ,m>ia2                 
,dom+o1 al que en vos confia1           
,dadle salud y consuelo 7p4 #ce74       
,fue/eis c que con desvelo              
a la ,iglesia def5dida 99 99 99 7p4     
#ce74   ,! c is ref]r$ to "h because    
:ile ! "m 0 pregnant x 7! foetus1 el    
feto7 0 manife/$ to h] 9 ! =m ( a dream 
& 9 ! figure ( a dog ) a light$ ax 9 8  
m\? 7p4 #f74    ,promises ( ! ,virg9  ,!
 ,nov5a to ! ,virg9 ( ! ,ros>y beg9s )  
an enum]ation ( ! ,fifte5 ,promises ( ! 
,virg9 to ! devotees ( ! ,ros>y4 ,9 !   
fir/ %e promises to grant :atev] special
 grace is ask$ ( h]4 ,he :o prays !     
ros>y w be conv]t$ if he is a s9n]1 & 9 
any ev5t w be admitt$ to life et]nal4   
,all t is ask$ ( h] w be secur$ quickly 
7p4 #d74  ,! li/ ( miracles p]=m$ by !  
image ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,ros>y is endless &

 occupies all ! pages f #cg to #ij ( !  
,nov5a4 ,n only does ! image p]=m       
miracles b h] skirt z well z ! oil t    
burns 9 h] lamp1 & ! wat] :]e h] h&s are
 wa%$1 or any ros>y or object t\*$ by h]
 skirt or h] image also accompli%       
miracles 7p4 #i74  ,9 ! ,nov5a ( ,sa9t  
,joseph 7,manila1 #aiaj71 aft] rem9d+   
him ( 8 relation ) ,god1 x is affirm$ t 
!re is no protection m efficaci\s =     
secur+ all t is ask$ ?an 8 7p4 #g74     
,necessitat+ ev]y?+ f ! div9e favor x is
 sure t none %all fail :o confid5t w    
seek ! protection ( ,sa9t ,joseph 7p4   
#bi74 ,sa9t ,joseph assi/s ! ne$y1 gives
 heal? to ! sick1 consoles ! afflict$1  
s5ds ra9s1 freezes ice1 multiplies      
fruits1 favors 9 /orms1 on ! roads1 &   
among ! dr[n+ 99 99 994 ,f9ally !re %all
 be none :o tru/+ 9 ! same w n receive t
 :i* is ask$4  ,to ! ,holy ,*ild (      
,cebu1 an image :i* 0 left 9 t city by !
 companions ( ,magellan1 w5t ! ,cebuanos
 be=e _! conv]sion to ,ca?olicism to ask
 ra9 c>ry+ him 9 a procession to !      

sea%ore & subm]g+ x 9 ! wat] & ?us      
secure ! ra9 t !y ne$$ s mu*4 7,nov5a al
 ,santisimo ,nombre1 ,malabon1 #ahie1 p4
 #e74 ,nev]!less1 ! imm]sion 9 ! sea    
wat] is a rec\rse :i* may be said to be 
resort$ to only 9 extreme cases because 
a v]se 9 t nov5a says3           ,si    
acaso no conseguian         las aguas   
porque os rogaban1         al m>1 ,oh   
,n9o1 os llevaban1         y en las     
aguas os metian2         y asi el agua  
que p$ian1         otorgaba vue/ro amor 
7p4 #bi74          ,if !y fail$ to get !
 wat]s !y pray$ =1 to !         sea1 ,oh
 ,*ild1 !y c>ri$ !e & put !e 9 ! wat]1  
s t ?y love conc$$ ! wat] !y ask$4   ,! 
bett] kn[n miracles by ! ,holy ,*ild    
took place f #afah to #afge4 ,s9ce !n   
no?+ 9 ! ,nov5a t is memorable is       
regi/]$4 ,nev]!less1 ! nov5a confirms t 
! ,holy ,*ild p]=ms cont9ually miracles 
7p4 #ae71 & to him g all ! citiz5s (    
,cebu1 ,bohol1 ,leyte1 ,sam>1 & ,m9danao
 to kiss 8 sacr$ feet & v5]ate him &    
comm5d to him _! necessities &          

mis=tunes1 ask+ relief 9 _! sickness1   
assi/ance 9 _! voyages1 & protections 9 
all ! ev5ts ( life 7pp4 #ae-af74  ,!    
c]ta9ty ( f9d+ :at is s\ght 9 ! nov5as  
is assur$ 9 ref]5ce to ,sa9t ,roque4 ,! 
ex]cise ( ?is nov5a1 x is said 7p4 #c1  
,nov5a1 ,manila1 #aiaj71 (f]s u a means 
( compell+ 7oblig>7 ?is glori\s sa9t to 
secure ( ,god :at we ask4 ,to be rid (  
epidemics--:i* has its orig9 9 !        
corruption ( ! air--we mu/ h rec\rse to 
,san ,roque ) f]v5t pray]s 7p4 #c74 ,by 
! side ( ! corpse ( ! sa9t a lett] 0    
f\nd :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by   
,god1 :i* reads3 ,^? afflict$ ) plague  
:o implore ! favor ( ,roque w f9d heal? 
7p4 #e74 ,! int]v5tion ( ,sa9t ,roque is
 exclusively 9 favor ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,:o 
s makes 8 nov5a says ! foll[+3  ,i      
implore !e t by ! m]its ( ?is glori\s   
,sa9t1 ?\ free/ u all :o assi/ to ?is   
cult & to all ! ,ca?olics ( ! ,k+dom (  
,spa9 & ( ^! ,isl&s ( all pe/il5tial    
diseases :i* might take away our lives  
7p4 #ac74 ,s9ce ! ,ca?olics ( ! ,unit$  

,/ates are n includ$ "h1 ! ,bureau (    
,heal? ought to rememb] t su* citiz5s   
toge!r ) ^? :o are n ,ca?olics :o       
inhabit ! ,philipp9es d n enjoy !       
anti-pe/il5tial protection ( ,sa9t      
,roque4    ,sup]/ition & ,crime  ,9 8   
notable /udy on ,crim9al ,an?ropology ( 
! ,philipp9es1 ,dr4 ,sixto de los       
,angeles 7p4 #aai7 says3       ,! easy  
cr$ulity fom5t$ by ! ov]-developm5t (   
religi\s fanaticism1 has con/itut$ f !  
beg9n+ to     ?is day "o ( ! defects    
un=tunately s widespread /ill     among 
! native inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 99 99   
994 ,devot$     to _! inh]it$ traditions
 & cu/oms & lack+ 9     adequate        
opportunities to acquire prop] k1 ! mass
     ( ! p h to adh]e z x is logical &  
natural1     to _! beliefs1 :i* by _! n 
requir+ any ef=t to     und]/& are      
imb$d$ & deeply root$ 9 a spontane\s    
mann] 9 _! m9ds4 ,z x is %[n 9 our      
annals ( !     judici>y1 sup]/ition     
occupies a notable place among !        
factors ( crim9ality 9 ?is c\ntry4   ,! 

sup]/itions to :i* ,doctor de los       
,angeles alludes are n only ^? ( ! old  
paganism ( ! ,filip9os :i* ! mission>ies
 aft] m ?an ?ree c5turies h n succe$$ 9 
completely eradicat+4 ,! sup]/itions    
ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w are ^? br\ght "h by !
 same mission>ies1 & :i* !y h easily    
succe$$ 9 implant+ 9 ! consci5ce ( !    
,filip9os naturally dispos$ to cr$ulity 
by means ( ! effici5t & g5]\s           
di/ribution ( ! nov5as & o!r booklets ( 
devotion4  ,s9ce until ! com+ ( !       
,am]icans ! in/ruction 9 ! ,philipp9es 0
 always & exclusively religi\s1 & 0     
direct$ by ! ,roman prie/s1 ! p]si/5ce (
 ^! old sup]/itions are evid5t pro(s ( !
 failure ( religi\s education4 ,z an    
excuse mission>ies w p]haps attribute   
?is to ! inv9cible rud5ess ( !          
,filip9os1 :i* we %all admit = c\rtesy's
 sake & to avoid discussions4 ,b :at is 
all-important is n t !y 7 unable to take
 out some?+ 7( ! sup]/itions71 out ( !  
suppos$ h>dhead$ness ( ! ,indio1 b !    
trem5d\s weal? ( sup]/ition :i* = m ?an 

?ree c5turies ^! mission>ies inculcat$  
7han he*o p5etr>7 9 t same head to !    
detrim5t ( 8 m5tality & 8 morality4     
,lack ( ,w  ,! s9n] lack+ 9 w to control
 8 evil de$s says to ,jesus1 wa%+ 8 h&s 
9 ! div9e int]v5tion & giv+ pro( ( 8    
lack ( due s5se ( responsibility3 ,is x 
possible1 sweet ,savi\r ( s\ls1 t1      
conv]t+ s _m e day1 alone 9 my p]dition1
 ?\ maye/ %[ ?yself indiff]5t8 7p4 #ac74
 ,?is is a "p ( a pray] made by no less 
a p]son ?an ,8 ,hol9ess1 ,pope ,gregory 
,,vii1 9 8 ,dev\t ,ex]cise ( ! ,passion 
( ,*ri/1 ,manila1 #aije4  ,x is said    
also to ! ,virg93 ,cleanse1 ?\          
,immaculate ,virg91 my he>t ( all s9 &  
take away f me all t may be unpleasant 9
 ?y pure/ eyes6 ,purge my s\l ( all     
e>?ly love & affections 7pp4 #aj-aa1    
,corona ,franciscana de la ,virg5 ,m>ia1
 ,manila1 #aijb74  ,by ! int]cession (  
,sa9t ,francis1 ! dev\t "o asks ( ,god t
 ,i completely subdue my disord]ly      
passions1 p[]s1 & s5ses1 s t ,i may     
subject my ?\ghts1 measure my words1 &  

direct my "w to ! greate/ p]fection1 & t
 ?\ maye/ s(t5 ! h>dness ( my he>t 7pp4 
#ah1 #bj1 & #ba ( ! ,nov5a ( ,sa9t      
,francis de ,asis1 ,manila1 #aije74     
,fright5$ by ! ma*9ations ( ,satan !    
dev\t "o to ,sa9t ,filom5a asks 7p4 #bc1
 ,nov5a73 ,%e obta9s f ! ,"l t :i*      
de/roys m & m ! p[]s ( my enemies1 !    
devils1 & t ,i be sav$ 9 spite ( myself4
  ,! guidance ( ,sa9t ,filom5a is invok$
 by say+ 7p4 #be1 ,nov5a73 ,see to x t  
,i also be *a/e accord+ to my /ation1 & 
t my m\? w n utt] ^? words :i* accord+  
to ,/4 ,paul1 %\ld n be said among !    
fai?ful4  ,to ,sa9t ,anna1 "m ( ,m>y1 ! 
dev\t "o says3 ,int]e/ ?yself !re=e1 my 
,sa9t1 t ,i may be grant$ pati5ce 9 my  
adv]sities1 tol]ance ( wrongs1 &1 9     
ev]y?+1 a tranquil m9d 7,nov5a1 ,manila1
 #ahic1 p4 #aj74 ,also ! foll[+ pray] is
 direct$3 ,put =? !re=e y\r ef=t1 my    
,sa9t1 ) ?y sacr$ gr&son1 ,jesus1 t e   
imp]fection & bad desire may be tak5 f  
our he>ts1 t we may p>don = love ( ,god 
all wrongs4  ,x is n possible to        

cultivate a s5se ( dignity or           
self-respect itself :5 doctr9es are     
dissem9at$ su* z ^!1 :i* result f !     
foll[+ examples 9 ! ,nov5a ( ,santa     
,rosa de ,lima4  ,c>ri$ by h] humility1 
%e made a m]e s]vant /ep on h] lips 7p4 
#aj74 ,%e lov$ ridicules m ?an worldly  
honors 7p4 #ajb74 99 99  99 & %e desir$ 
s mu* t all o!rs consid]$ h] ! wor/ 9 ! 
_w1 t %e m]it$ be+ 9 hell1 & t x 0 h]   
prop] place because ( h] s9s4 ,if any   
body happ5$ n to "k h] & t %e 0 consid]$
 innoc5t1 %e w\ld say nobody kn[s me1 ,i
 alone "k :at ,i am 7p4 #aa74 ,he>+ once
 t !y prais$ h] z be+ virtu\s %e felt s 
bad t %e fa9t$ 7p4 #aa74  ,9 a pray] to 
,sa9t ,filom5a 7,nov5a1 p4 #af71 x is   
said to ! sa9t ask+ h] protection3 ,my  
s9s made me less ?an angels1 v inf]ior  
to ! bea/s1 s9ce ^! d n =get ! mang] (  
_! ma/]1 & 9 _! own way !y are grateful 
= _! food1 & ,i h =gott5 ! h\se ( ,god  
99 99 994 ,n only self ridicule comes   
out ( ^! ?+s1 b lack ( logic 9 attribut+
 to ! gratitude ( ! bea/s _! return to  

_! mang]1 :5 x is cle> t ! motive t     
prompts !m is simply hung]4    ,! ,ire (
 ,god  ,! natural ph5om5a are look$ ^u  
?ru ignorance z manife/ations ( ! div9e 
wra? :i* w\ld n h tak5 place if no "o   
among humanity _h n provok$ !m by _!    
conduct4 ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o )     
reason is consid]$ z ! mo/ sci5tific man
 ( 8 p]iod1 believ$ firmly t ! ?und]1   
lightn+1 & ! /orms 7 punitive           
manife/ations ( ,god enrag$ aga9/ m54 ,f
 8 fe> ( ,god1 ! sa9tly doctor _h an    
une>?ly fe> ( ?und] & tempe/s1 :o z a   
rev]5t *ild fe>$ to see wra? 9 ! face ( 
! ,fa!r1 hop+ only t ^? tempe/s 7 n     
provok$ by 8 s9s 7,milicia ,angelica1   
,manila1 #aijg1 p4 #ba74  ,! bl9d fe> ( 
,sa9t ,?omas l$ him to conceive a bl9d  
ju/ice ( ! div9ity1 because ( 8 s9s ,god
 releas$ ! tempe/s & gave lightn+ :i*   
naturally hurt & mole/$ a great numb] ( 
p]sons :o suff]$ by reason ( ! s9s ( !  
sa9t4 ,to ! simple believ]1 :5 ! wise   
sa9t ?\ght & believ$ 9 t mann]1 !re 0 no
 reason = reject+ ! explanation1 mu*    

less to suspect t to puni% ju/ly ! s9n]s
 0 n an act ( ju/ice nor ( common s5se4 
,lack ( ,logic  ,logical m5tality _c be 
develop$ :5 ! absurd is fom5t$ &        
cultivat$1 especially :5 x is pres5t$ "u
 ! false v5e] ( religion1 :5 x is f\nd$ 
on a purely pu]ile & simple sup]/ition4 
,9 ! life ( ,sa9t ,vic5te ,f]r]1 accord+
 to 8 nov5as1 ! foll[+ miracles are     
ref]r$ to1 & !re is no d\bt t he :o     
believes 9 !m _c really cultivate !     
faculties ( 8 intellig5ce4       ,9     
,val5cia a s]vant ( ,c\nt de ,faura1 :o 
0 born deaf &     )\t tongue1 0 t way = 
_m ye>s1 & ador+ "o     day ! miracle ( 
,sa9t ,vic5te1 0 cur$ ( 8 deafness1     
8 tongue grew1 & !nce=w>d spoke 7p4     
#ag74      ,a woman gave bir? to a piece
 ( meat 7p$azo de c>ne7 )\t     a human 
aspect4 ,x 0 (f]$ to ,sa9t ,vic5te giv+ 
a mass1     & at ! ,epi/le1 x already _h
 head2 at ! ,gospel1 x     _h arms2 & at
 ! ,consecration1 x _h legs1 & f9ally   
a beautiful *ild 0 evolv$4 ,! same      
happ5$ ) ano!r     woman ( ,tol$o 7p4   

#cd74      ,9 ,lisbon !re liv$ a woman  
well-kn[n = be+ q     ugly & 0 ! object 
( ridicule on ! "p ( all :o     saw h]4 
,%e w5t to ,san ,vic5te & "o morn+ %e   
became     v =tunate & beautiful1 f :i* 
! wom5 ( ,lisbon     became s dev\t to  
,san ,vic5te t ^? 9 ,val5cia did     n  
excel !m 7p4 #bg74      ,a m]*ant left  
once = a fair & mean:ile ! wife         
committ$ an indiscretion 7una           
fragilidad7 = :i* %e     rema9$ 99 99   
994 ,%e came & appe>$ rep5tant to ,san  
,vic5te     & ! same w5t to ! road :]eon
 ! husb& return$     ) "s horses1 &     
/>tl$ !m by means ( a cloak &     ?us   
disp]s$ !m4 ,!n ! husb& lo/ "t to ga!r 8
     horses s t :5 he return$ to 8 h\se 
8 wife _h "t     to flee f him1 ?us sav+
 h]self f ! consequ5ces     ( h] fault4 
,?us ) ! greate/ fre$om an immoral &    
grotesque act is relat$ 9 :i* ! innoc5t 
husb& is left out & takes no /ep to h j 
puni%m5t met$1 & ! sa9t ) 8 cloak       
commits a deviltry only fit = ur*9s ( ! 
brook4  ,x is said t ,san ,ramon takes  

su* a deep int]e/ 9 ! mis=tunes & pa9s (
 8 devotees1 & is s extremely           
compassionate t 8 images p]spire ?ru !  
affliction ( 8 devotees 7p4 #ab74 ,an   
image ( ! ,sa9t p]spir$ s copi\sly at "o
 "t t a dev\t woman suff]$ & ! veil )   
:i* %e cov]$ h]self 0 /a9$2 & "s        
h&k]*iefs wet 9 8 p]spiration reliev$   
heada*es m>vel\sly 7p4 #ba74  ,sa9t     
,roque has ! p[] ( /opp+ ! spread (     
epidemics4 ,8 protection is :at pres]ves
 u f plague & o!r suff]+s or diseases1  
:i*1 hav+ _! orig9 9 ! corruptions ( !  
air1 :i* %\ld cons]ve our life1 causes  
dea? 7p4 #c74    ,! ,height ( ,absurdity
  ,is x possible to inv5t or suppose    
great] absurdities ?an ^? "h m5tion$8   
,nev]!less1 9 ord] n to prolong ?is     
address1 ,i %all only pres5t a few ( !  
cases :i* are cit$ 9 abundance 9 ^!     
little booklets 7opusculos71 di/ribut$ 9
 great pr(usion among our p4 ,:at logic1
 :at reason+ c we expect ( m9ds nurtur$ 
) su* absurdities1 f$ up ) fakes ( su*  
pu]ile nature t "o c h>dly believe !m to

 h be5 n>rat$ by m5 ( simple common     
s5se8       ,! mattress :]e ,san ,vic5te
 di$ has become possess$     ( ! virtue 
( mak+ miracles2 by m]ely ly+ on x on   
diff]5t occasions ov] #djj sick p]sons  
afflict$ )     v>i\s diseases became    
well 7p4 #cb74   ,"o "t :5 ,san ,antonio
 de ,padua prea*$ on ! sea%ore x happ5$ 
t ! fi%es to :om he prea*$ came out ( ! 
wat] & he>d him ) all att5tion4 ,no     
devotee ev] d\bts ! com+ out ( fi%es1   
nor does he int]e/s himself 9 ! solution
 ( ! physical1 physiological1 l+ui/ic1 &
 especially logical aspects ( su* an    
ev5t1 b ! ,nov5a to ! ,sa9t confirms x s
 7p4 #bj74  ,?is lecture w\ld be unduly 
prolong$ if ,i 7 to m5tion all !        
absurdities t appe> 9 ! ,nov5as ( :i* ,i
 h q a collection1 :i* con/itute a real 
array ( docum5ts ( positive usefulness =
 ! hi/ory ( ! sup]/ition :i* ,i h       
sc>cely t\*$ ^u "h4 ,) :at has be5 said 
!re is en\gh to expla9 ! orig9 ( !      
immorality1 ! real cause ( !            
pr$isposition to vice1 ! abs5ce ( a s5se

 ( responsibility1 ! natural explanation
 ( :at incompreh5sible "* =m$ ( a       
mixture ( s5tim5ts :i* ! mission>ies h  
contribut$ to ! ,filip9o1 ,indio1       
,spani>d1 & ,*9ese1 all influ5c$ by !   
injuri\s _s :i* p]vades all t lit]ature 
:i* is completely antagonical to reason4
 ,su*1 & n ! lay education1 is          
responsible = ?is evil4  ,i am n "h to  
=mulate !ories or to speak ( a caprici\s
 hypo!sis4 ,be=e an audi5ce su* z ?is   
:i* ,i h ! honor to address1 ,i ne$ to  
weigh ! value ( my words & ( my judgm5t4
 ,= ?is reason ,i h cit$ facts1 repeat+ 
! exact words1 n ( ! pr(ane lit]ature   
compos$ ( ! anonym\s ,corridos ^:       
detrim5tal influ5ce is well kn[n1 b !   
au!ntic texts ( ,nov5as au?oriz$ by !   
ecclesia/ical c5sor%ip = n conta9+ any?+
 contr>y to sane morals1 z x is said 9 !
 p]mits grant$ = _! pr9t+4  ,nor h ,i   
?\ght = a mom5t ( mix+ religion 9 my    
criticism2 nor is x 9 my p[] to v>y !   
results or consequ5ces t may result f ! 
facts m5tion$ 9 ! ,nov5as1 :i* are !    

lit]ature responsible = ?is /ate (      
pu]ile m5tality1 absolutely inadequate =
 an und]/&+ ( morals1 compos$ ( matt] t 
p>alyzes1 r ?an br+ out1 progress4      
,morals is no?+ b ! triumph ov] "o's    
self1 ?ru :i* man does :at he %\ld & n  
:at he wi%es4 ,9 ! immoral man !re is no
 /ruggle betwe5 two t5d5cies1 "o aga9/  
evil & ! o!r aga9/ good4 ,!re is only ! 
in/9ctive t5d5cy2 !re is no rational    
control 9 opposition4 ,:at ma/]y ov]    
self does a man h :o = ! purpose (      
controll+ 8 habit ( dirty & obsc5e spee*
 seeks ! int]v5tion ( a sa9t8 ,lack+ 9  
w1 dispossess$ ( any idea ( /ruggle )   
himself1 h[ c he triumph ov] himself8   
,slave to 8 own passions x might h seem$
 t ! only ?+ t might control him 0 !    
puni%m5t 9 /ore 9 future life2 b ?is fe>
 does n preoccupy him 9 ! lea/ s9ce at !
 same "t t he is ?reat5$ ) et]nal fire  
he is told ! mann] ( evad+ x )\t ceas+  
to d evil4    ,immorality ( ! ,nov5as   
,^! ,nov5as conta9 p]nici\s tea*+s =    
society ^: moral f\ndation consi/s 9 !  

developm5t ( ! individual qualities su* 
z indu/ry1 fulfillm5t ( duty1 respect ( 
law1 /ruggle ) "o's own in/9cts &       
passions :i* require above all else !   
ma/]y ov] "o's self4 ,n only are ^!     
social obligations n taught nor m5tion$ 
b !re is a real /imulus t[>d all t is   
bad1 assur+ to ! crim9al1 to ! s9n]1 t  
he w be p>don$1 t he w be free f        
puni%m5t1 t h[ev] badly he may act &    
h[ev] s9ful he may be1 )\t ! lea/ ef=t1 
) ! greate/ ease & naturalness1 he w    
obta9 :at he wi%es & w triumph on e>? z 
well z 9 ! o!r life4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !   
individual is t]roriz$ by ! influ5ce (  
evil1 always t5d+ to pu% him on to !    
road ( vice & ignom9y2 he is inspir$ )  
bl9d confid5ce by plac+ on 8 side a     
,gu>dian ,angel :o nev] leaves night &  
day1 :o supports him1 :o guides him 8 7!
 ,gu>dian ,angel's7 int]v5tion be+ s    
useful t he modifies t :i* we ask$ (    
,god :5 he kn[s t our petitions might   
br+ u "s spiritual or bodily ill4  ,:at 
idea ( ju/ice c "o conceive :5 he       

rememb]s ! spectacle t 0 witness$ by t  
g5tleman 9 ! cemet]y ( ,cuzco8 ,n only  
are ,m>y & ,joseph pres5t$ z int]c$+ )  
all en]gy = ! salvation ( ! crim9al = ! 
m]e reason t he invok$ _! names1 b !y   
rema9 unmov$ & d no?+ to s(t5 ! cruelty 
( ,jesus ,*ri/ :5 ,he condemns to sudd5 
dea? & et]nal condemnation ! two        
un=tunate s9ful wom54 ,!y did n invoke !
 "n ( ,m>y & ,joseph :o only seem to h  
pity on _! cli5ts & "w ) ! same         
p>tiality ( a ,nacionali/a or ,democrata
 demagogue4  ,& :at significance does a 
law h :i* does n admit nor prosecute    
polygamy :5 s _m virg9s are wives (     
,jesus :o expect ! o!r life 9 ord] t !y 
may deliv] !mselves to ,him z _! husb&8 
,:at ab\t ,m>y1 wife ( ! ,fa!r1 ( h] own
 son1 ( ,joseph1 & ,sa9t ,dom+o8  ,mr4  
,ignacio ,villamor 9 8 report to !      
,committee on ,infant mortality1 writt5 
:5 he 0 ,attorney-,g5]al1 ref]s to v>i\s
 cases ( murd] ( p]sons consid]$ z      
bewit*$ & z su* 7 sacrific$ = be+       
fanatics4  ,! lad ( ,traygu]ra :o       

assail$ ! ugly woman = mi/ak+ h] = !    
devil himself aft] he>+ a s]mon ( ,san  
,vic5te1 is absolutely ( ! same nature z
 ^? possess$ ( ! asuang ref]r$ to by    
,mr4 ,villamor4  ,& :at %all be said ( !
 protection ( ,san ,isidro invok$ by !  
agriculturi/s8 ,he gave an example (    
neglect ( 8 duties z a f>m]1 because    
in/ead ( pl[+ ! l&1 do+ ! "w = :i* he 0 
paid by 8 ma/]1 he sp5t ! day pray+4    
,?ru a miracle1 an angel took hold ( !  
pl[1 guid$ ! bulls :ile ! sa9t pray$ &  
did n "w4 ,& "r "h 9 our mid/1 confid5t 
9 ,san ,isidro1 ! p ( ! field sleep1    
hop+ t ! angels %all d ! "w = !m6 ,h[ c 
y condemn laz9ess :5 ! angels protect x8
 ,& h[ c y prea* ! doctr9e ( e>n+ bread 
by ! sweat ( y\r br[ :5 ! labor t sweat 
presupposes is unnecess>y8  ,)\t        
connection :atsoev] ) ! ,bureau (       
,education ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,philipp9e 
,isl&s1 ,i h spok5 9 ! mann] t ,i h j   
done1 n to def5d ! lay s*ools ( an unju/
 & unju/ifiable accusation2 n to attack 
any p]sons or any religi\s or political 

ideals1 b to contribute to ! eradication
 ( "o ( ! bases1 "o ( ! /ronge/ causes (
 crim9ality1 ( corruption1 ( =mation (  
individuals :o are useless & detrim5tal 
to society3 sup]/ition4 ,&1 g5tlem51 x  
is n a sup]/ition t is only to be laugh$
 at4 ,n by any means4 ,x is a ridicul\s 
& ev5 absurd sup]/ition1 x is true1 b x 
is a tragic & dang]\s because x (f]s to 
! wick$1 ! crim9al1 ! imbecile1 ! means 
( triumph+ 9 life1 ( obta9+ :at !y want1
 giv+ !m ! means ( avoid+ puni%m5t1 mak+
 fun "h on e>? ( ! ju/ice ( m51 & secur+
 f ,god ! p>don f et]nal condemnation   
?ru ! simple means ( invok+ ! "n ( a    
sa9t1 or ?ru ! m$ium ( a ,lat9 ^w :i*1  
act+ z a sort ( op5 sesame op5s wide to 
! devotee ! gates ( heav54    ,!        
,lam5table ,error ( ! ,bi%op ( ,cebu  ,!
 prelate :o accus$ ! public s*ools 9 !  
=m above m5tion$ has committ$ a         
lam5table error4 ,= my "p1 ,i c say t ! 
accusations awak5$ 9 me a desire to     
inve/igate ! causes ( immorality & ( !  
p]v]sion ( cu/oms :i* ! said prelate1 & 

we ) him1 all regret4 ,accord+ to ^? :o 
h /udi$ ! m5tality ( ! majority ( our p1
 x is evid5t t sup]/ition is ! enemy :i*
 we all h to combat & t is ! cause ( _m 
( ! moral errors :i* we obs]ve4 ,!      
regul> fri>s z well z ! secul> cl]gy    
confess t ! mass ( ! p /ill f9ds itself 
subject to ! sup]/ition inh]it$ f our   
pr$ecessors--! sup]/ition :i* c\ld be   
call$ g5u9ely ,philipp9e1 t :i* comes f 
! old belief 9 ! nunu1 9 ! asuang1 !    
anito & all ! spirits ( ! old idolatry  
prea*$ be=e ! implantation ( ,ca?olicism
 by ! ,spani% mission>ies4    ,failure (
 ! ,mission>ies  ,accord+ to _! own     
confessions1 ^! mission>ies1 aft] ?ree  
c5turies ( prea*+1 h fail$ to eradicate 
^? sup]/itions incru/at$ 9 ! consci5ce (
 ! p4 ,we mu/ accept _! decl>ation z a  
fai?ful recognition ( ! failure ( _!    
religi\s mission4 ,i am n int]e/$ 91 nor
 d ,i discuss1 ! religi\s po9t ( view1 b
 ! importance ( sup]/ition 9 social     
life1 its p]nici\s influ5ce ^u !        
evolution ( morality4 ,:at und\bt$ly    

results f ! n>ratives conta9$ 9 t       
lit]ature :i* con/itut$ ! only read+ ( !
 p is ! promotion ( ignorance spread+ 9 
a v effective mann] all ! sup]/itions   
a=em5tion$ & add+ to !m a weal? ( errors
 :i* un=tunately gov]ns ! m5tality ( !  
mass ( ! p4  ,n only ! s-call$ ,indios !
 ones conc]n$2 ! sons ( ! ,spani>ds (   
pure blood or ^? mix$ ) ,indios z well z
 ! ,*9ese me/izos are also accus$ ( ^!  
sup]/itions4 ,all ^!1 all ( u ,filip9os1
 are includ$ among ! individuals infect$
 ) ! leprosy ( sup]/ition fom5t$ by !   
absurd miracles ( ! ,nov5as & x _c be   
said t x is an evil p>ticul>ly ( !      
,filip9o race b also ! inhabitants ( !  
,philipp9es 9 g5]al4  ,9 ord] t         
education be useful x has to =m 9 !     
individual ! s5se ( responsibility ?ru !
 free ex]cise ( reason4 ,! fulfillm5t ( 
duty %all be its objective & 9 ord] to  
obta9 ?is goal1 x is highly necess>y to 
develop ! w 9 man ) :i* he %all fight ! 
animal in/9cts1 ! s5tim5tal impulses1   
all t is contr>y to ! dictates ( reason4

  ,logical m5tality 7m5talidad logica71 
to "k :at we %\ld d & to enable u to    
plan out a j r\te t we %\ld foll[2 w    
7voluntad7 to enable u to exalt !       
dictates ( reason above ! impulses ( our
 own desires3 su* is ! object ( lay     
education1 ! education 9 ! s-call$      
godless s*ools1 "h 9 ! s*ools ( !       
,gov]nm5t z 9 ! college ( ,beata ,imelda
 direct$ by ! ,dom9ican fa!rs "u ! norm 
( ,japanese ideas translat$ 9 imp]ative 
laws1 situat$ 9 ,taihoku1 capital (     
,=mosa4  ,! read+ ( ! s-call$ miracles (
 ! type t ,i h be=e cit$ makes !        
impossible appe> possible1 ?anks to     
my/]i\s influ5ces :i* are easy to       
secure1 n ?ru indu/ry1 b simply ?ru     
unwor?y & l[ means & reprov$ by good    
morals su* z humiliation1 adulation1 &  
propitiation4 ,a b5efit is n ask$ or    
expect$ ?ru "s positive good t we d1 ?ru
 fulfillm5t ( duty out ( :i* results a  
positive good :i* is a "r2 resort is _h 
by means ( favor1 by ga9+ ! b5evol5ce ( 
a sa9t1 mak+ him believe t he is lik$1  

ador$1 & admir$1 seek+ to exalt 8 vanity
 &1 ?ru 8 m$iation1 ga9 ! good w ( ,god1
 n z a b5efit conf]r$ directly to him :o
 asks1 b 9 consid]ation ( ! m]its ( !   
m$iator4 ,no?+ c be imag9$ t is m       
immoral1 m primitive1 m contemptible4 ,!
 cele/ial c\rt turns out to be a c\rt m 
corrupt ?an ^? ( ! autocrats condemn$ by
 hi/ory3 ! c\rt ( ! ,khans1 ! ,sultans1 
! ,bysant9e ,emp]ors1 ,mungols1         
,p]sians1 ,t>t>s1 all ! b>b>ians :o h   
abus$ humanity & :o h p]sonifi$ inju/ice
 & ju/ifi$ revolution & massacres4  ,a  
society ^: memb]s expect ev]y?+ ?ru     
favoritism does n "k :at emulation is2  
:5 an individual f9ds a means z simple z
 t (f]$ 9 ! ,nov5as to secure :at he    
desires foll[+ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1  
does n resort to ! ex]cise ( any noble  
activity1 &1 consequ5tly1 _c p]fect 8   
faculties nor use !m2 an individual :o  
expects to atta9 ! absurd & improbable  
_c "k ! exi/5ce ( immutable laws :i*    
rule ! univ]se2 ! individual :o expects 
to secure :at he wants ?ru ! m$ium ( a  

cele/ial patron _c conceive ! ,god (    
,ju/ice nor c he really be a useful     
memb] ( society4  ,favor1 propitiation1 
exception1 protection1 grace1 pref]5ce1 
pr$ilection1 are incompatible ) :at a   
,god %\ld be1 ) ! ,ideal ( civilization1
 ) ! supreme aspiration ( humanity :i*  
is ,ju/ice4    ,disa/r\s ,results  ,^?  
:o believe 9 ! absurd miracle 7milagr]ia
 absurda71 protector ( ! fools1         
accomplice ( ! lazy1 ( ! gambl]s1 (     
?ieves1 ( all :o1 ?ru its means1 seek to
 secure :at !y desire--^? are ! crim9als
 t fill our jails & :o die 9 ! gall[s2  
^? are ! ones1 :o1 arm$ ) _! ant+-ant+1 
talisman1 ros>y1 scapul>y1 bones (      
sa9ts1 or %>k's tee?1 fight ) ! police1 
commit outrages1 upset ord]1 confid5t 9 
_! triumph because ( ! protection ( _!  
cele/ial p9takasi4 ,su* is ! product n (
 ! s*ools )\t god b ( god )\t s*ools1   
impossible & p>adoxical1 ^: p[] manife/s
 itself 9 caprici\s me?ods & 9 ! ex]cise
 ( pre/idigitation4 ,^? individuals are 
9 tru? ! natural products ( t sup]/ition

 prea*$1 diffus$1 & pres5t$ to !        
ignorance ( p :o h come to ! po9t ( fe>+
 nei!r ,god nor devil & :o "k t !       
inf]nal puni%m5t only is met$ to him :o 
does n we> a ros>y ar\nd 8 neck or does 
n confide 9 a p9takasi1 :o gu>antees    
et]nal salvation because ,god does n    
p]mit t ! wor%ip] ( "o ( ,8 devotees be 
condemn$4  ,:at k9d ( citiz5 c an       
individual be 9 society :o laughs at    
puni%m5t us+ ! easy means ( a cele/ial  
lawy]4 ,h[ c t]rors ( hell infuse fe> 9 
him :5 he kn[s t ?ru ! m$ium ( a p[]ful 
lawy]1 ,god f9ds himself oblig$ 7=zado7 
to p>don him4 ,& :5 a man kn[s ! way (  
evad+ div9e ju/ice1 x is cle> t1 9 ord] 
= him to escape human ju/ice1 he w      
resort to appeal+ to ! m]cy ( ! judge1  
to evade compliance ) ! law1 to !       
non-fulfillm5t ( any duty1 & to live    
only to enjoy 8 rights2 he w resort1 9  
deal+ ) human au?orities1 to ! use ( !  
same me?ods ( propitiation1 adulation1  
prev>ication1 humiliation1 & deception  
:i* dom9at$ ! same ,god & triumph$ ov] !

 p[] ( ! devil6  ,nev] w x be possible =
 a sup]/iti\s man1 especially if he is (
 ! type t we h j analyz$1 become a      
useful citiz54 ,su* is ! type :i*       
un=tunately is ! product ( an education 
( ?ree c5turies4446  ,! p>o*ial s*ools  
7escuelas religiosas7 h giv5 _! fruit2 !
 lay s*ools 7laicas7 h also borne       
fruitage4 ,! y\?s :o graduate f ! latt] 
are und\bt$ly n )\t defects2 b !y are n 
poison$ or =ev] l$ a/ray by t brutaliz+ 
sup]/ition s[n by native & =eign        
impo/ors4 ,none ( ^? y\?s w assail      
ru?lessly an ugly old woman mi/ak+ h] = 
a devil2 he w n dream ( fly+ 9 ! air    
laun*$ l a balloon by an army ( devils4 
,none %all believe t a piece ( meat %all
 be trans=m$ into arms1 legs1 & heads z 
a mass (f]$ to a p9takasi progresses2   
mu* less c su* y\? conceive a ,jesus    
,*ri/ t w\ld weak5 at ! sight ( a *e/ t 
8 "m ,virg9 ,m>y w\ld %[ to rem9d him ( 
8 weak memory ( ,god w\ld =get2 nor w he
 excuse himself ( a wrong committ$ aga9/
 a companion ( ! o!r sex on ! pretext t 

he does n h ) him ! girdle ( ! ,angelic 
,militia2 mu* less w he believe t1 9    
spite ( a crim9al life1 he w be able to 
secure et]nal salvation provid$ only he 
has tak5 ! precaution ( repeat+ at e    
turn ! invocation ( ! s-call$ ,tr9ity on
 ,e>?4  ,t lay education w n produce    
individuals :o tru/ 9 protection or     
recomm5dation to progress & triumph on  
e>?4 ,! lay education is :olly          
democratic & w n be capable ( committ+ !
 same faults ( ^? :o1 by n foll[+ _!    
education1 seek to employ 9 ! affairs ( 
life ^? means recomm5d$ 9 ! ,nov5as 9   
ord] to obta9 :at is desir$ by means ( !
 help ( ! p[]ful1 secur$ by means (     
reque/s1 prote/ations ( love1 & promise 
( et]nal devotion4  ,t m5tal con=mation 
creat$ by ! diffusion ( ?is sup]/iti\s  
_s is an ob/acle1 an insup]able b>ri]   
set up aga9/ ! developm5t ( ! moral     
s5se4 ,we %all s[ pr9ciples ( morality z
 ! f>m] :o s[s 9 ! fields ! se$s prop]ly
 select$ :i* w n gr[ unless ! soil is   
adequate4 ,sane morals is f\nd$ ^u !    

basis ( reason2 :5 ?is f\ndation is     
lack+1 ! moral taught w be l a tree t is
 rootless & lifeless4 ,x is n possible t
 a s*ool )\t god 7escuela s9 ,dios7 or !
 "o ) god c make ! se$ ( morals gr[ ^u a
 soil prep>$ by ! s*ool ( sup]/ition1 ( 
magic1 & ( sorc]y4 ,we h to prep>e !    
soil cultivat+ reason & creat+ ! logical
 s5se4  ,i w only insi/ on ?+s :i* only 
ne$ to be pres5t$ be=e our common s5se  
to be judg$ z !y m]it4    ,! ,public    
,s*ool  ,p]mit me n[ to express fir/ (  
all my gratitude to ! ,assi/ant         
,director1 ,mr4 ,osias1 :o _h ! k9dness 
to honor me ) an invitation to speak at 
?is conf]5ce4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to express to 
y my ?anks = y\r k9d att5tion4 ,la/ly1  
,i desire to make "o decl>ation3 ,e "t  
,i ref]r$ to ! new g5]ation1 ,i did n   
want to m5tion only ! y\? educat$ 9 !   
lay s*ools ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 b all ! y\?   
educat$ 9 mod]n ideas1 all ! m5 & wom5 (
 :atev] age :o1 ?r[+ aside ! weighty    
burd5 ( ! ,legacy ( ,ignorantism 7,le   
gado del ,ignorantismo71 h accept$ mod]n

 ideas1 h modifi$ _! m5tality1 h be5    
mod]niz$1 ?anks to ! example (1 & !     
contact )1 ! repres5tatives ( ,am]ican  
democracy4 ,all ! *ange1 all ! economic1
 moral1 social1 & political trans=mation
 effect$ 9 ! ,filip9o p1 & :i* none     
d5ies nor anyone c d5y1 reveals         
progress1 & t progress is n ! result ( !
 ,legacy ( ,ignorantism b ! natural     
consequ5ce ( ! regime ( lib]ty1 indu/ry1
 "w & logical m5tality :i* gov]ns our   
public s*ools & ori5ts our social life4 
,to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 to all !  
tea*]s ( bo? sexes--,am]icans &         
,filip9os--,i express my pr(\nd         
gratitude = ! spl5did mann] 9 :i* !y are
 comply+ ) ! duty entru/$ to !m by      
,am]ica & by ! ,philipp9es4             
,,notes   #a ,ignorantism1 ! _s ( ^? :o 
extol ! advantage ( ignorance2          
obscurantism4  #b ,translat$ f ,spani%4 
#c ,( ! "o hundr$ fifty-six books :i* ! 
c5sor%ip ( ! ,manila ,cu/oms refus$     
entrance because !y are obsc5e1 five 7  
pr9t$ 9 ,fr5* & "o hundr$ fifty-"o 9    

,spani%4 ,9 ,engli%1 x is kn[n1 no      
obsc5e lit]ature is f\nd4  #d ,f !      
,bi%op ( ,cebu1 dat$ ,novemb] #ai1      
#aiai4  #e ,?is book 0 pr9t$ 9 #ahdd4   
,today1 9 ! ye> #aibj1 ! sev5? edition (
 ! ,ru$a is sold 9 ,manila & is us$ 9 "s
 ( ! private s*ools4 ,?is edition is a  
repr9t ( ! orig9al edition )\t any      
correction s t 9 hi/ory ,japan is n ev5 
m5tion$1 ,france is a k+dom1 ,prussian  
is sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ,g]many2 & 9 ,spa91
 ,isabela ,,ii is ! "o :o /ill happily  
reigns4 ,?is is ! fam\s book recomm5d$  
by ! prie/ :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ext5d+        
in/ruction 9 ! ,philipp9es4