file was produced from images produced by ,core ,historical ,literature in ,agriculture 7,,chla71 ,cornell ,university7 ,,the ,,cauliflower ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,crozier4 ,,the ,,rural ,,publishing ,,company1 ,,times ,,building1 ,,new ,,york4 ,copyright1 #ahia1 ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,crozier4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,alabaster4--7,,see ,,page #abg74 ,there has undoubtedly been more money made by the cultivation of the cauliflower per acre than by any other vegetable yet discovered4 ,,isaac ,f4 ,,tillinghast1 ,pennsylvania4 ,there is no vegetable1 the cultivation of which is more generally neglected than that of the cauliflower4 ,this is not because it is not considered a valuable addition to any garden1 but from a mistaken notion that it is a very difficult vegetable to raise4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,stringfellow1 ,texas4 ,i incline to think that there is a fortune in store for the energetic young man who finds a favorable locality for growing this vegetable near any one of our large cities and who makes a specialty of the work4 ,,prof4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,goff1 ,wisconsin4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,introduction4 #e ,,origin ,,and ,,history4 #i ,,the ,,cauliflower ,,industry4--,in ,europe4 ,in the ,united ,states4 ,importation of ,cauliflowers4 #ai ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,crop4--,soil4 ,fertilizers4 ,planting4 ,cultivating4 ,harvesting4 ,keeping4 ,marketing4 #be ,,the ,,early ,,crop4--,caution against ,planting it largely4 ,special ,directions4 ,buttoning4 #ec ,,cauliflower ,,regions ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4--,upper ,atlantic ,coast4 ,lake ,region4 ,prairie ,region4 ,cauliflowers in the ,south4 ,the ,pacific ,coast4 #fa ,,insect ,,and ,,fungus ,,enemies4--,flea ,beetle4 ,cut ,worms4 ,cabbage ,maggot4 ,cabbage ,worm4 ,stem ,rot4 ,damping ,off4 ,black ,leg4 #ic ,,cauliflower ,,seed4--,importance of ,careful ,selection4 ,where the ,seed is ,grown4 ,influence of ,climate4 ,american ,grown ,seed4 #ajg ,,varieties4--,descriptive ,catalogue4 ,order of ,earliness4 ,variety ,tests4 ,best ,varieties4 #abe ,,broccoli4--,differences between ,broccoli and ,cauliflower4 ,cultivation1 ,use1 and ,varieties of ,broccoli4 #ahi ,,cooking ,,cauliflower4--,digestibility4 ,nutritive ,value4 ,chemical ,composition4 ,receipts4 #aie ,,recapitulation4 #bba ,,glossary4 #bbc ,,references4 #bbf ,,introduction4 ,the cauliflower is one of the minor vegetables which is now attracting more than ordinary attention in this country1 and being grown with remarkable success and profit in a few localities which have been found to be particularly adapted to it4 ,with most of our gardeners1 however1 it is still considered a very uncertain and unprofitable crop4 ,this is due not only to the peculiar requirements of the cauliflower as to soil and climate1 but also to the want of familiarity on the part of most ,american gardeners with modern varieties and with methods of cultivation adapted to our climate4 ,for a number of years1 while engaged in market gardening and fruit growing in ,western ,michigan1 the writer made a specialty of raising cauliflowers for the ,grand ,rapids and ,chicago markets1 planting from three to five acres a year4 ,during this time most of the varieties offered by ,american seedsmen were tested1 and the best methods of cultivation sought4 ,on the whole1 the cauliflower crop was found more profitable than any other1 with the possible exception of peaches4 ,there were partial failures1 but these were due to causes which might have been foreseen and prevented4 ,the experience gained at that time1 and subsequent observation1 have convinced the author that there are many parts of the country in which the climate and soil are adapted to this vegetable1 but where its cultivation is yet practically unknown4 ,the requirements for success with cauliflower will be found to be simple but imperative4 ,a few direct experiments may be needed after one has gained the general information herein set forth1 to enable one to determine whether it is best to continue or abandon its cultivation in his own locality4 ,i have endeavored to treat the subject in a manner adapted to the diversity of conditions found within the limits of the ,united ,states4 ,with no vegetable is it more important to have fixed rules for one's guidance than with the cauliflower2 but these rules must of necessity be of the most restricted application2 in fact1 they require to be adjusted to almost each individual case4 ,so1 while ,i have not omitted to give minute1 practical directions where they seemed necessary1 ,i have endeavored to call attention to the circumstances under which they are to be employed1 and must here caution the grower against following them too implicitly under different circumstances4 ,this remark applies particularly to the selection of varieties and the dates of planting4 ,under the head of ,management of the ,crop will be found the most important information of general application1 while in the chapter on ,cauliflower ,regions are given numerous records of experience from growers in all parts of the country1 which will be found of special value for each locality4 ,those who desire direct information on particular points will consult the index and turn at once to the paragraphs which treat of soil1 culture1 enemies1 marketing1 best varieties1 etc4 ,it is unfortunate that confusion exists in regard to some of the varieties1 but it seemed best to make the list as complete as possible1 even at the risk of introducing a few errors4 ,the confusion 7which is more apparent than real71 arises1 in part1 from seeds of certain varieties having been sold at times for those of others1 and in part from the extreme liability of the varieties of the cauliflower to deteriorate or change4 ,errors from both these sources1 when reduced to a minimum by the accumulation of evidence1 reveal the fact that there are varieties and groups of varieties which have acquired well defined characters1 and that the differences between the varieties are increasing rather than otherwise as time goes on4 ,the selection of varieties for planting is a matter to be determined largely by the locality where they are to be grown4 ,the differences between them lie mainly in their adaptation to particular purposes4 ,there are almost none but what are good somewhere4 ,i cannot omit to emphasize here the fact that the fall crop should be mainly relied upon in this country4 ,it is a waste of time to attempt to have cauliflowers head in our hot summer months1 and until our markets are better supplied than they now are with this vegetable1 it will not often pay to do much with the spring crop4 ,the time may come when1 as in ,england1 we may expect to have cauliflower and broccoli the year round1 but it has not come yet4 ,the chapter on cooking cauliflower should not be overlooked4 ,one reason why there is such a limited demand for this vegetable in this country is that so few here know how to cook it4 ,the methods of cooking it are simple enough1 but there are many persons who always hesitate to try anything new1 and as cauliflowers do not appear regularly in the market these people never learn how to use them4 ,those interested in extending the market for this vegetable will do well to devise special means for introducing it into families not familiar with it4 ,the writer found that foreigners who had been accustomed to the use of cauliflower in the ,old ,country were his best customers4 ,,the ,,cauliflower4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,origin ,,and ,,history4 ,on the sea-coasts of ,great ,britain and other countries of western ,europe1 from ,norway around to the northern shores of the ,mediterranean 7where it is chiefly at home7 grows a small biennial plant1 looking somewhat like a mustard or half-grown cabbage4 ,this is the wild cabbage1 ,brassica oleracea1 from which our cultivated cabbages originated4 ,it is entirely destitute of a head1 but has rather succulent stems and leaves1 and has been used more or less for food from the earliest historic times4 ,the cultivated plants which most resemble this wild species1 are our different sorts of kale4 ,in fact this wild plant is the original1 not only of our headed cabbage in its different varieties1 but also of all forms of kale1 the kohl-rabi1 brussels-sprouts1 broccolis and cauliflowers4 ,no more wonderful example than this exists of the changes produced in a wild plant by cultivation4 ,just when the improvement of the wild cabbage began is unknown1 probably at least #djjj years ago4 ,of the cultivated forms of this species ,theophrastus distinguished three1 ,pliny1 six2 ,tournefort1 twenty2 and ,de ,candolle1 in #ahba1 more than thirty4 ,for a long time this plant was used for food in a slightly improved state before heads of any kind were developed4 ,sturtevant1 quotes ,oliver de ,serres1 as saying that1 ,white cabbages came from the north1 and the art of making them head was unknown in the time of ,charlemagne4 ,he adds that the first unmistakable reference to our headed cabbage that he finds is by ,rullius1 who in #aecf mentions globular heads1 a foot and a half in diameter4 ,it was probably about this time that the cauliflower1 and several other forms of the species made their appearance4 ,there is difference of opinion as to whether our cauliflowers or the broccolis were first to originate4 ,london believed that the broccolis1 which ,miller says first came to ,england from ,italy in #agai1 were derived from the cauliflower4 ,phillips1 in his ,history of ,cultivated ,vegetables1 said1 in #ahbb1 that the broccoli appears to be an accidental mixture of the common cabbage and the cauliflower1 but of this he gives no proof4 ,sturtevant says3 ,it is certainly very curious that the early botanists did not describe or figure the broccoli4 ,the omission is only explainable on the supposition that it was confounded with the cauliflower1 just as ,linnaeus brought the cauliflower and the broccoli into one botanical variety4 ,when broccolis came to ,england from ,italy1 they were at first known under the names sprout-cauliflower1 or ,italian asparagus4 ,this1 however1 is not sufficient reason for believing that the broccolis are derived from the cauliflowers1 as the word broccoli was1 and still is1 applied in ,italy to the tender shoots of various kinds of cabbages and turnips4 ,some recent authorities have believed1 since the broccoli is coarser than the cauliflower1 more variable in character1 more robust in habit1 and requires a longer season1 that it is the original form1 of which the cauliflower is only an improvement4 ,thus1 ,vilmorin says3 ,the sprouting or asparagus broccoli represents the first form exhibited by the new vegetable when it ceased to be the earliest cabbage1 and was grown with an especial view to its shoots2 after this1 by continued selection and successive improvements1 varieties were obtained which produced a compact white head1 and some of these varieties were still further improved into kinds which are sufficiently early to commence and complete their entire growth in the course of the same year2 these last named kinds are now known by the name of cauliflowers4 ,at the ,cirencester ,agricultural ,college1 ,england1 about #ahfj1 broccolis were produced1 with other variables1 directly from seeds of the wild cabbage4 ,these1 and other considerations1 make it seem doubtful that our broccolis have originated from our cauliflowers4 ,whatever the original form of the cauliflower may have been1 it seems more probable that the broccolis now grown had a separate origin1 either from the wild state or from some form of kale4 ,nearly all our present varieties of broccoli originated in ,england from a few sorts introduced from ,italy4 ,cauliflowers1 in name at least1 are older than the broccolis1 and were brought to a high state of development and widely distributed before the latter are mentioned in history4 ,they were grown in the ,mediterranean region long before they became known in other parts of ,europe4 ,sturtevant finds no mention of the cauliflower or broccoli in ancient authors1 the only indication of the kind being the use of the word cyma by ,pliny for a form of the cabbage tribe1 which he thinks may have been the broccoli4 ,heuze states that three varieties of cauliflower were known in ,spain in the twelfth century4 ,in #aefe the cauliflower is reported as being extensively grown in ,hayti in the ,new ,world4 ,in #aegc-e1 ,rauwolf1 while traveling in the ,east1 found the cauliflower cultivated at ,aleppo1 in ,turkey4 ,it seems to have been introduced into ,england from the ,island of ,cyprus1 and it is mentioned by ,lyte1 in #aehf1 under the name of ,cyprus coleworts4 ,alpinus1 in his work on the ,plants of ,egypt1 published in #aeia1 states that the only plants of the cabbage tribe which he saw in that country were the cauliflower and kohl-rabi4 ,cauliflower was also well known in ,greece at an early day4 ,gerard published a figure of it in ,england in #aeig4 ,in #afab it is reported as being cultivated in ,france1 and in #afai as being sold in the ,london market4 ,in #afid ,pompes1 a ,french author1 is quoted as saying that1 ,it comes to us in ,paris by way of ,marseilles from the ,isle of ,cyprus1 which is the only place ,i know of where it seeds4 ,from this time on1 its cultivation gradually extended throughout ,europe4 ,in ,england1 especially1 the cauliflower1 as well as the broccoli1 became a popular garden vegetable4 ,philip ,miller1 in his ,gardener's ,dictionary1 published in #agda1 gives a long description of the method of growing this vegetable1 though mentioning but one variety1 while several varieties of broccoli are described4 ,he says1 however1 that cauliflowers have of late years been so far improved in ,england as to far exceed in goodness and magnitude what are produced in most parts of ,europe4 ,prior to the ,french ,revolution1 7which began in #aggh7 cauliflower had1 in fact1 come to be largely exported from ,england into ,holland1 ,germany and ,france2 but soon after this it came to be more generally grown in those countries and was no longer imported1 though ,english seed was still used4 ,the numerous varieties of cauliflower now cultivated are of comparatively recent origin4 ,although some of the earliest writers on this vegetable mention two or more varieties1 these were in some cases merely different crops produced by sowing the seed at different periods4 ,in #agif1 ,marshall1 in his ,english work on gardening1 says that cauliflower is sometimes distinguished into an early and late sort2 though in fact there is no difference1 only as the seed of that called 'early' is saved from the foremost plants4 ,phillips1 in #ahbb1 said3 ,our gardeners furnish us with an early and a late variety1 both of which are much esteemed4 ,in #ahca1 ,don1 of ,england1 in his work on botany and gardening 7,history of ,dichlamydeous ,plants7 describes fifteen varieties of broccoli and three of cauliflower4 ,the latter were known as ,early1 ,later or ,large1 and ,red1 the last being the most hardy4 ,these three kinds differed but little in general character1 and were all inclined to sport into inferior varieties4 ,in #ahcb there was still a discussion in ,england as to whether the early and late cauliflowers were really distinct1 or differed only in time of sowing4 ,john ,rogers1 in his ,vegetable ,cultivator 7,london1 #ahdc71 said3 ,there are two varieties of the cauliflower1 the early and the late1 which are alike in their growth and size1 only that the early kind1 as the name implies1 comes in about a week before the other1 provided the true sort has been obtained4 ,there is1 however1 no certainty of knowing this1 unless by sowing the seed from the earliest sorts1 as is the practice of the ,london kitchen gardeners4 ,the early variety was grown for a number of years in the grounds called the ,meat-house ,gardens1 at ,millbank1 near ,chelsea1 and was of a superior quality1 and generally the first at market4 ,the late variety is supposed to have originated from a stock for many years cultivated on a piece of ground called the ,jamaica level1 near ,deptford1 and which produced uncommonly fine heads1 but later than those at ,millbank4 ,both soils are nearly similar1 being a deep rich loam1 on a moist subsoil1 and continually enriched with dung4 ,both the varieties are of a delicate nature1 being generally too tender to resist the cold of the winter season without the occasional aid of glasses or other means2 and the sight of many acres overspread with such glasses in the vicinity of ,london gives a stranger a forcible idea of the riches and luxury of the capital4 ,in ,france1 in #ahbd1 three varieties1 differing mainly in earliness1 were recognized1 le dur1 le demi-dur and le tendre4 ,these names are still applied to well known ,french sorts4 ,victor ,paquet1 in his ,plantes ,potagers1 published at ,paris in #ahdf1 says3 ,the greater number of varieties of cauliflower are white1 but some are green or reddish4 ,they are cooked in water1 and dressed with oil or white sauce4 ,we cultivate two distinct varieties1 tendre and demi-dur4 ,the sub-varieties gros and petit ,solomon are sorts of the tendre4 ,thus we see that early in the present century there were sorts differing at least in time of maturity which had originated by selection2 and1 although history does not show it1 we must infer that even then there were distinct differences in the cauliflowers cultivated in different parts of ,europe4 ,from this time on cauliflowers from various localities were brought more into public notice and greater efforts were made toward their improvement4 ,in #ahde1 ,c4 ,m4 ,hovey1 of ,boston1 said1 that the varieties of cauliflower have been greatly improved within a few years1 and now not less than a dozen kinds are found in the catalogues4 ,the most noted of those mentioned by him are ,walcheren and ,large ,asiatic--varieties still in cultivation4 ,burr described ten sorts in #ahfc1 and ,vilmorin sixteen sorts in #ahhc4 ,there are recorded in the present work the names of one hundred and forty varieties besides synonyms4 ,some of these varieties are no longer cultivated1 and a few are too near other sorts to be considered worthy of a separate name2 so that of the cauliflowers proper there may be said to be now in cultivation about one hundred distinct varieties4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,cauliflower ,,industry4 ,in the ,united ,states1 as already stated1 the cauliflower industry is but little developed4 ,this vegetable receives1 for example1 far less attention than is given to celery1 though it is more easily grown4 ,one may look over the recent files of some of our agricultural and horticultural papers for several years together and not find the cauliflower mentioned4 ,in fact1 more general attention was given the cauliflower in this country forty years ago than to-day4 ,the disappointments of those who attempted to grow cauliflower at an early day1 expecting to grow it1 as in ,europe1 with as little trouble as cabbage1 have led to an almost universal belief that the cauliflower is peculiarly unreliable in the ,united ,states4 ,this1 for a large portion of the country1 is true2 but it is beginning to be known that there are localities where1 with proper management1 it is almost as safe as any crop4 ,it is by no means true that in ,europe the cauliflower is everywhere grown with success4 ,there are comparatively small areas1 even in the most favorable portions of that continent1 where it can be profitably grown4 ,although the climate of ,europe1 as a whole1 is better for this vegetable than that of the ,united ,states1 the greater success with the cauliflower there is due largely to the greater care exercised in choosing proper soil1 in fertilization1 and in irrigation4 ,the area of cauliflower growing has largely increased in ,europe within the past few years4 ,in the vicinity of ,angiers1 ,france1 the growing of cauliflower for market began about #ahhj4 ,in a short time it reached an extent of several thousand hectares 7a hectare is two and one-half acres74 ,there is found in this region a loamy soil1 such as is especially suitable for this vegetable4 ,the land is thrown up into beds twenty-five or thirty feet wide1 with ditches between for irrigation4 ,the rows are placed two and one-half feet apart1 and the plants one and one-half feet apart in the rows4 ,on the approach of winter the plants which are still unheaded are ridged up with earth for protection in the same manner as celery4 ,the crop fails from too cold or too wet weather1 about one year in five4 ,the heads are mostly sent to ,paris1 and sell there at from forty cents to #a per dozen4 ,even at these rates the crop is a profitable one1 often bringing #cjj per acre after paying the cost of marketing4 ,land is worth from #bd to #dj per acre4 ,for three or four weeks in spring there are sent from ,angiers to ,paris1 on an average1 forty car-loads per day4 ,in the immediate vicinity of ,paris large quantities of cauliflower are grown for market4 ,in some parts of ,germany the cauliflower is a very popular crop4 ,around ,erfurt1 which is nearly in the center of the empire1 greater care is taken with its cultivation than probably anywhere else in the world1 and large quantities are grown for seed4 ,the late ,james ,vick has told 7,report ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc41 #ahgd1 p4 #bjf17 how the low swampy land around ,erfurt is thrown up into wide beds with ditches between1 from which1 every dry day1 the water is dipped upon the plants4 ,in ,austria1 also1 cauliflower is a well-known vegetable1 and several valuable varieties have originated in that country4 ,few seedsmen offer a more complete list of varieties than those of ,vienna4 ,in ,italy the cauliflower has long been known1 and in some places is a staple food of the poorer classes4 ,most of our standard late varieties are of ,italian origin4 ,in ,holland1 cauliflowers are grown not only for home use and for seed1 but also for the early ,london market4 ,around ,london the cauliflower has been extensively grown for a longer time than anywhere else1 and it is there regarded as one of the most important garden crops4 ,a recent ,english writer says3 ,with the exception of the potato1 ,i question whether there is another vegetable to be compared with the cauliflower for general usefulness4 ,hundreds of acres are devoted to it near ,london1 a large portion being under glass for the early crop4 ,formerly the cauliflower crop was all cut and sent to market1 with the exception of a small portion saved for seed2 but of late1 extensive fields are purchased entire by ,crosse and ,blackwell for pickling purposes4 ,in the ,united ,states there are a few points where the growing of cauliflower for market is assuming considerable importance4 ,on ,long ,island1 in #ahgi1 the crop was estimated by ,oemler at #ajj1jjj pounds1 besides what was used for pickling4 ,in #ahhe ,brill estimated the total crop of ,suffolk ,county at about #abe1jjj barrels4 ,in #ahhi1 the value of the crop sold from ,suffolk ,county was estimated at #bjj1jjj1 nine-tenths of all the cauliflowers sent to the ,new ,york market being grown in that county4 ,at ,farmingdale and ,central ,park1 in #ahhh1 two pickle factories used five hundred barrels of cauliflowers1 besides the usual proportion of other vegetables4 ,much of the crop from ,long ,island is now sent to markets beyond ,new ,york4 ,philadelphia receives but little good cauliflower except that which comes from ,long ,island4 ,the same is true of the city of ,washington4 ,the receipts in the latter city from ,long ,island for the three fall months of #ahij were about #bj1jjj barrels4 ,the ,chicago market is seldom fully supplied with cauliflowers and the price there averages fully as good as anywhere in the country4 ,considerable amounts are grown near the city1 and small quantities are shipped in from ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,central ,illinois1 and even from ,california4 ,one pickle factory at ,crystal ,lake1 near ,chicago1 contracted1 in #ahgd1 for #af acres of cauliflowers1 besides other produce4 ,the pickle factories always furnish a market for any surplus when the price is low1 or the heads have become disfigured in any way4 ,in fact1 the supply of home grown cauliflowers is always insufficient for pickling purposes1 and large amounts have to be annually imported1 notwithstanding the tariff1 which1 formerly ten per cent41 ad valorum1 is now forty-five per cent4 ,imported cauliflowers are brought mainly from ,germany and ,holland1 and come packed in brine in #fj gallon casks4 ,large quantities of mixed pickles containing cauliflower are also imported4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,management ,,of ,,the ,,crop4 ,,soil4 ,almost any soil will do for the cauliflower1 providing it is moist and fertile4 ,the requirements of this vegetable as to soil are practically the same as those for the cabbage1 except1 that as the cauliflower will stand less drouth1 it should generally have a heavier and richer soil1 and rather more room4 ,a soil which produces cabbages with large and rather soft heads is likely to be good for cauliflowers2 that is1 it contains more vegetable matter than the right amount for producing hard heads of cabbage4 ,muck will answer for cauliflowers if it is not too wet or too dry2 it should like any other soil be treated to a good coat of barn-yard manure--horse manure being preferable on such land1 as it promotes fermentation4 ,small quantities of lime may also be applied for the same reason4 ,the best soil is generally a strong sandy loam4 ,light sand or gravel is the poorest2 and unless made very rich and artificially watered1 it is useless to attempt to grow cauliflowers on such a soil in ordinary seasons4 ,heavy clay is less suitable for cauliflower than for cabbage1 chiefly because on such a soil the plants are apt to be small and late4 ,in a warm climate a heavier soil is required than in a cool one4 ,the ground should1 if possible1 be fresh sod-land 7preferably pasture7 or at most one year removed from the sod4 ,it is unsafe to plant cauliflowers after cauliflowers1 or any other plant of the cabbage tribe1 though it is sometimes successfully done4 ,newly cleared land1 or land fresh from the sod1 is even more desirable for cauliflowers than for cabbages4 ,on new land the crop is not only less subject to disease and the attacks of insects1 but its growth is likely to be more satisfactory1 even without manure1 or with only a moderate amount1 than it is on old land1 however well manured4 ,,fertilizers4 ,the cauliflower is a gross feeder1 and land intended for this crop can hardly be made too rich4 ,barn-yard manure is usually employed1 and there is nothing better for general use4 ,commercial fertilizers--potash1 soda and phosphates--are also good1 especially to promote heading4 ,the wild plant from which the cauliflower is derived being a native of the sea-shore1 common salt seems particularly adapted to it4 ,kelp1 or sea-weed1 is used with advantage where it can be obtained4 ,if barn-yard manure is not too coarse1 plowing it under in moderate amount will1 in addition to its fertilizing effect1 help to keep the land moist4 ,where the cabbage maggot is troublesome the use of fresh stable manure is thought to promote the attack of that insect1 and therefore only well rotted manure is recommended4 ,of course a larger amount of manure may be safely applied if it is well rotted than if it is coarse and strawy4 ,liquid manure is used by many growers1 being applied a few weeks before planting1 and from time to time during the season4 ,water-closet contents1 diluted or composted1 and applied either in the liquid or powdered form1 is one of the best of fertilizers for the cauliflower1 but it should not be used too freely1 or too late in the season4 ,all coarse or concentrated fertilizers should be applied at least two weeks before the time for transplanting1 and such as are applied on the surface should be well mixed with the soil4 ,,sowing ,,the ,,seed4 ,the preparation of the seed-bed will vary according to circumstances4 ,i formerly grew the plants for the fall crop in beds elevated two or three feet above the ground1 in order to escape the flea beetle1 but in later years ,i have grown a portion of the plants in the open ground4 ,this method requires less care1 and is now usually practiced by large growers1 though it sometimes fails1 for the reason stated4 ,remedies for the flea beetle will be found in another chapter4 ,the soil in which the plants are to be grown should be rich and fine1 rather light1 and improved1 if necessary1 with a little of the finest old rotted manure4 ,a small amount of lime or ashes raked into the soil is a benefit1 and is thought to prevent the attack of the cabbage maggot1 though its value1 if any1 for this purpose1 is slight4 ,an old brush-heap burnt off makes a favorite place for sowing cauliflower and cabbage seed1 but it is seldom that market gardeners care to go out of their way to get such a place4 ,the large cauliflower growers of ,long ,island usually sow the seed in drills across one end of the field in which the crop is to be grown1 raking into the soil before sowing1 a moderate dressing of some commercial fertilizer4 ,it is often recommended to sow the seed on the north side of a fence1 or in some other partially shaded place4 ,i have never seen any necessity for this1 and once spoiled a quantity of plants by growing them in the partial shade of some large trees4 ,at the ,south1 as elsewhere stated1 it is sometimes necessary to give the young plants shade during the middle of the day if they are started in the summer months4 ,the seed should always be sown thinly1 not only because it is expensive and none should be wasted1 but in order that all may have room to develop into healthy and stocky plants4 ,if the weather is at all dry it is well to lay boards1 or some other covering1 over the seed-bed until the plants begin to come up4 ,this will insure speedy and uniform germination4 ,if this is done the seed may be sown very shallow2 otherwise it should be sown at least half an inch deep 7or even deeper if the soil is light7 and the soil pressed firm after sowing4 ,transplanting the young plants in the seed-bed will render them stocky and vigorous1 and should always be practiced with the early crop1 but if the seed is sown sufficiently thin it is unnecessary with out-door plants intended for the late crop4 ,some growers1 including ,mr4 ,gregory of ,massachusetts1 practice sowing the seed in hills in the open ground where the plants are to remain4 ,several seeds are placed in a hill to insure against loss4 ,this method1 however1 will seldom be found desirable4 ,to the above may be added the following excellent directions given by ,mr4 ,francis ,brill1 of ,riverhead1 ,long ,island1 in his pamphlet on the cauliflower3 ,occasionally1 by reason of drouth1 and frequently by reason of the ravages of insects1 great difficulty has been experienced in growing plants in spring and early summer1 which seldom occurs in the fall--at which time1 however1 the same precautions may be used4 ,time was when we could circumvent the flea and louse on young plants by the use of lime1 tobacco1 ashes1 soot1 etc41 but of late years they seem to have been so very abundant1 and so materially aided in their work of destruction by the black grub below and the green grub above ground1 that many complete failures have occurred in endeavors to grow plants4 ,to avoid this ,i recommend that the ground intended for plants be plowed or spaded in the fall1 and if stable manure is to be used1 let it be well rotted and turned under at this time1 and again work the soil early in the spring1 at this time turning under a good dressing of potash salts2 keep the ground free from weeds by occasional stirring until the time for sowing the seed1 then lay out a bed six feet wide1 and as long as you please2 make the surface smooth1 and enclose it with common boards ten or twelve inches in width set edgewise perpendicularly1 one-half their width under ground and held in place by stakes driven at the joints and centres4 ,within this frame1 beginning at either end1 dig and thoroughly pulverize the soil by means of a spading fork1 potato fork1 or similar implement1 watching closely for any grub worms which may not have been eradicated by the previous workings and which we now propose to keep out by means of the partially sunken boards4 ,fertilizers may1 at this time1 be applied and forked under or raked in1 using judgment as to method and quantity1 which must be determined by the previous condition of the soil and the strength of the material used1 remembering that it is not well to have any chemicals in too close proximity to the tender rootlets of the young plants2 and while poor soil is no place in which to grow healthy plants1 yet they should not be over stimulated1 but the ground must be in proper condition to keep up a vigorous and healthy growth4 ,let this digging be done in the latter part of the afternoon when the sun has spent its force and the soil will not dry out too quickly2 rake the bed as you go1 and sow the seed while the surface soil is fresh and moist1 using a ten-inch board as long as your bed is wide1 which place five or six inches from the end or head of the frame1 crosswise1 and with a blunt stick1 say three-fourths of an inch in diameter1 draw a mark not more than one-half an inch deep along each edge of the board2 sow the seed thinly in these marks1 using the thumb and finger to guide it2 then turning the board twice1 sow two more rows1 and so proceed until you have sown several rows1 say #ab to #bj1 when they must be covered1 using the back of a spade1 drawing it with some pressure half way from each side of the bed4 ,a very important part of this operation which must not be overlooked is to get the seed in and covered while the ground is fresh and damp2 therefore complete the work in sections4 ,at the distance given the hoe can be used and the soil stirred between the rows1 which is quite essential to a proper growth of the plants1 as well as necessary to keep down the weeds4 ,the sowing completed1 the bed may be covered with old bags or cloth to retain the moisture1 which1 however1 must be removed upon the first signs of the seed germinating2 but what is better still1 a shade of muslin can be used1 supported by the upper edges of the frame and narrow strips laid across1 which can remain until the plants are well above ground1 when it should be removed1 the plants sprinkled with tobacco dust1 air slacked lime1 ashes or common plaster1 and a covering of mosquito netting be substituted for the muslin1 which will admit light1 air and sunshine1 yet be a partial shade1 and will help to protect the plants from insects4 ,this cover may be removed during rainy weather1 and1 if you please1 every night to give the plants the benefit of the dew4 ,i have decided objections to artificial watering of seed-beds1 especially when the seed is first sown or in the early stages of growth of the plants1 and this may generally be avoided by following the directions just given2 but when circumstances may seem to demand otherwise1 let the bed be prepared and in the afternoon thoroughly saturated1 and toward evening the seed may be sown and covered as above described1 but never water the bed after the seed has been sown until the plants are well up1 for this has a tendency to pack the surface and cause it to bake and prevent proper germinating of the seed4 ,after the plants are fairly above ground1 light waterings at evening may be given1 but must be avoided if possible4 ,i have not given these precautions for sowing seed in ,september for wintering over1 for the reason that at that season of the year we are comparatively free from insects and drouths4 ,,when ,,to ,,sow4 ,the time for sowing will depend of course on the locality and variety4 ,at the ,north1 half early varieties1 intended for the fall crop1 are usually sown and set out about the same time as late cabbage4 ,in ,western ,michigan1 in latitude #dc deg41 ,i have found that ,early ,paris sown about ,may #ab1 and set out about the #bjth of ,june1 begins to head in ,september1 and forms its main crop in ,october1 about the time desired4 ,in the latitude of ,new ,york ,city the time for setting out the main crop is from ,june #bj to the #ast of ,august4 ,plants set as late as the #ast of ,august are intended to head just before winter1 and must be of the earliest varieties4 ,the large late varieties1 like ,autumn ,giant1 if used at all1 must be started early and set out not later than the first of ,june1 as they require the entire season4 ,several kinds are often sown to form a succession1 but where one has tested a variety and found it adapted to his needs1 it is often quite as well to rely upon it almost entirely1 and make two or three sowings for a succession if desired4 ,even a single sowing1 well timed1 will generally furnish cuttings through the most favorable part of the season4 ,if the seed is of the best quality1 and the plants are of uniform size1 and all set at the same time1 neither too early nor too late1 on soil of uniform character1 they will in a good season form most of their heads within a short space of time1 sometimes within a week2 but generally in a given sowing1 a few heads will form very early1 then the bulk of the crop will come on during three or four weeks1 while the remainder will hang on until late1 perhaps until winter4 ,no other crop is so much affected in time of maturity by the character of the season as the cauliflower1 and even the most experienced growers sometimes fail in getting them to head at the time desired4 ,the time for starting the plants for the early crop in the ,north is in ,february1 and the method is described in full in another chapter4 ,they should be set out1 as stated1 as soon as heavy freezing is past1 say about the middle of ,april4 ,the most unfavorable time of any1 and yet the time when the inexperienced are most likely to set them1 is about the middle of ,may1 for early varieties set then usually head in ,august when it is seldom that heads can be obtained of good quality4 ,,preparing ,,the ,,ground4 ,land intended for cauliflowers should be plowed deeply1 as the cauliflower is a deep feeder and delights in a rich1 cool subsoil2 in fact1 with no other plant of the cabbage family is a deep soil so important4 ,the manure1 of whatever kind1 should be mainly spread upon the ground and plowed under1 a smaller amount1 in a finely divided state1 being harrowed in upon the surface4 ,the plowing should be done at least a month before the plants are to be set1 and the land kept well harrowed or cultivated until that time in order to retain the moisture in the soil1 and put it in the best condition for the growth of the plants4 ,,setting ,,the ,,plants4 ,when the time comes for setting the plants it is a good plan to go over the surface with a planker in order to smooth it off1 so the marking can be nicely done4 ,this also packs the ground somewhat1 so that the plants can be set more firmly4 ,the land may be then marked out1 crosswise first1 three feet apart1 then lengthwise three feet apart for ,dwarf ,erfurt and all small growing kinds1 and four feet apart for ,algiers and other large varieties4 ,these are suitable distances for the late crop in ordinary cases1 but where land is cheap1 and little manure used1 except sod turned under1 four by four feet is none too much room for the large varieties4 ,the early crop1 on the other hand1 which is always heavily manured1 is sometimes set with the rows as close as two feet apart1 and the plants twenty inches apart in the rows4 ,the small size of the heads resulting from close planting is no actual loss1 for small heads1 if of good quality1 are more popular than large ones1 and bring a higher price in proportion to their size4 ,the greatest danger from too close setting of the main crop is that the plants may fail to head at all4 ,it is for this reason that cauliflowers are usually set farther apart than cabbages4 ,the best time to set the plants is just before or after a rain1 but they may be set at any time if the soil has been kept damp by frequent cultivation4 ,in dry1 clear weather the planting should be done only toward the close of the day4 ,if it should be necessary to apply water at the time of setting1 it should be thoroughly done1 not less than a quart being placed in each hole which is to receive a plant4 ,water should never be applied after the plant is set unless loose earth is afterwards thrown over the place1 for the compact surface left after the water has been absorbed dries out more rapidly than before4 ,the plants to be set should not be too large or they will be liable to button1 especially if the conditions are in any way unfavorable for growth4 ,if large plants must be used extra pains should be taken in setting1 in order that there may be as little check in their growth as possible4 ,with cauliflowers1 as with cabbages1 large plants are the easiest to make live1 but1 for the reason stated1 it is less desirable to use them4 ,setting the plants in shallow trenches1 after the manner of celery1 is sometimes practised in garden culture4 ,this places the roots where the soil is cool and moist and enables the plants to be watered to good advantage4 ,this method is mainly used in early spring planting1 when1 besides its convenience in irrigation1 it also serves to protect the plants from cold winds4 ,planting between ridges1 as elsewhere described1 serves the same purpose of protection4 ,in either case the surface is gradually brought to a level as the plants are cultivated4 ,,cultivation4 ,in cultivation everything depends on keeping up a steady1 vigorous growth1 for if the plants are checked in their growth1 they are liable either to form small heads prematurely1 or to continue their growth so late as to fail to head at all4 ,level cultivation is usually practiced1 the same as in ordinary field crops4 ,drawing the earth to the stems1 as sometimes recommended and practiced abroad1 is unnecessary1 though with tall growing varieties it serves a useful purpose in preventing the plants being blown over by the wind4 ,cultivation should continue until the leaves are so large that they are liable to be broken off1 or until the plants are nearly ready to head4 ,the application of a mulch of manure or litter at the time cultivation ceases1 is an excellent practice1 though seldom resorted to4 ,it is important that deep cultivation should cease at the right time1 even if the hoe has to be used afterward4 ,the crop may be seriously injured1 or at least delayed1 by cultivation after the plants begin to head4 ,at this time the ground should be undisturbed so that the roots may occupy the entire soil4 ,dry weather1 and the compact nature of the soil after cultivation ceases1 check the growth of the plants1 and promote the formation of heads1 providing the plants have attained a proper age and size4 ,the influence of a firm soil in promoting heading is also seen in the success with which cauliflowers can frequently be grown after peas or other early crops4 ,in autumn the first sharp frosts appear to be particularly efficacious in starting the plants to heading4 ,,irrigation4 ,after heading has commenced is the time when irrigation is most needed4 ,an abundance of water at this time will add greatly1 both to the quantity and quality of the product1 particularly if some fertilizer is added at the same time4 ,irrigation is not often practiced in this country1 except in the arid districts of the ,west1 and occasionally1 with the early crop1 near a few of our large cities4 ,in ,europe1 where labor is cheap1 it is often resorted to1 even where the water has to be carried by hand4 ,early in the season1 if irrigation is needed1 once a week is frequent enough to apply the water1 but while the plants are heading it may be applied with advantage every day if the weather is dry4 ,,blanching ,,the ,,heads4 ,the value of cauliflowers for use or market depends almost entirely on their being white and tender4 ,to have them remain in this condition until fully matured1 they must be protected from the sun4 ,heads which are left exposed become yellow in color1 or even brownish purple if the sun is very hot4 ,such heads also acquire a strong1 disagreeable flavor4 ,there are various ways of covering the heads1 but it is nearly always done with the leaves of the plant4 ,early in the season1 when the weather is dry and warm1 the work may be done during the heat of the day by lapping the leaves1 one after another1 over the head until it is sufficiently covered1 tucking the last leaf under to hold all in place4 ,or the leaves may be fastened with a butcher's skewer1 or any sharp stick4 ,in ,florida1 orange thorns are employed for this purpose4 ,care must be taken not to confine the heads too closely1 or they will grow out of shape1 besides being liable to heat and become spotted4 ,later in the season1 when the weather is cool and damp1 the leaves will be too stiff to be bent down1 and the head must then be protected either by placing over it leaves broken from the outer part of the plant1 or from stumps from which the heads have already been cut1 or by tying the leaves together above the head4 ,the latter is the usual method1 rye straw or bast matting being generally used for the purpose4 ,merely breaking down the inner leaves upon the head is unsatisfactory1 as the growth1 both of the leaves and the head1 soon causes the head to become exposed4 ,the artificial blanching of the head is most important early in the season1 while the sun is hot1 and the field should then be gone over as often as every other day for this purpose1 taking two rows at a time4 ,later in the season1 during damp1 cloudy weather1 heads will sometimes reach full size and still be of good color though entirely exposed4 ,it is unsafe to leave them in this way1 however1 as a little change in color seriously affects their market value4 ,covering the heads appears also to cause them to grow larger and remain solid longer than they otherwise would1 particularly early in the season4 ,,protecting ,,from ,,frost4 ,another object1 late in the season1 in covering the heads1 is to protect them from frost4 ,a frosted cauliflower is practically worthless for market1 as it is nearly certain to turn black on the surface after one or two days' exposure4 ,freezing1 in fact1 is one of the most frequent sources of loss on cauliflowers late in the season1 and as this is the most favorable time of the year for them to head1 it is necessary to take particular care to guard against loss from this cause4 ,we frequently have a few hard frosts early in ,october1 which spoil such heads as are nearly mature1 unless they have been protected4 ,after this there may be a month or more of good weather1 during which the bulk of the crop may come to maturity4 ,the heads are protected from frost in the same manner as from the sun1 but it is best not to have the leaves lie directly on the head4 ,protection is particularly needed as the heads approach maturity1 as they are then more easily injured than while small4 ,heads which are well covered will usually stand eight or ten degrees of frost without injury1 depending on the amount of cloudiness and moisture present4 ,in cool1 moist1 cloudy weather1 frosted heads will sometimes recover and show no injury4 ,it is even possible for heads to become frozen solid and come out in good condition1 but this rarely occurs1 and requires that the thawing take place in the most favorable manner possible4 ,cutting the frozen heads with their leaves1 throwing them in shallow heaps upon the ground1 and covering with straw1 will sometimes bring them out in good condition2 also throwing them into water but little above the freezing point4 ,the safest way1 however1 if possible1 is to cook the heads at once1 putting the frozen heads directly into boiling water4 ,treated in this manner they exhibit little or no effect of the freezing4 ,the safest way1 in case heavy freezing is apprehended1 is to cut and remove to a place of safety all heads which have attained half their size or more4 ,,cutting ,,the ,,heads4 ,the frequency of cutting will depend on the season of the year4 ,in summer1 the heads will remain at the proper stage for cutting no more than a day or two1 while late in autumn they may often be left a week before becoming overgrown4 ,frequent cutting is at all times desirable1 however1 as it is best to let the heads get as large as they will before becoming loose and warty4 ,the gain in size not only increases their selling price1 but the flavor also appears to improve as the heads approach maturity4 ,immature heads1 though mild and tender1 have less flavor than those which are full grown4 ,it is better1 however1 to cut a head too soon than to leave it too long1 for a small solid head will sell for more than a large loose one4 ,to judge when a head has reached full size requires some experience4 ,the size of course1 will depend on that of the plant1 but its size in proportion to that of the plant is perhaps the most common point by which one judges when it is ready to cut4 ,the head1 when it approaches maturity1 rises within the leaves and bulges the latter outward1 so that one can often tell at some distance which heads are about ready4 ,the surface of the head1 as it approaches maturity loses its polished appearance and becomes more distinctly grained4 ,this change1 if it does not go too far1 does not detract from its appearance and value4 ,to examine a head1 do not untie the top1 but part the leaves at the side4 ,if there are signs of cracking or breaking it is ready to cut4 ,the heads should be cut with about an inch of stalk and two or three full circles of leaves4 ,a long thin-bladed knife is best to cut with4 ,the best time of the day in which to cut the heads1 if for home use1 or a near market1 is in the morning while the dew is on1 as they will then remain longer in a fresh state than if cut latter in the day4 ,if to pack for a distant market1 the heads will carry and keep better if cut when dry1 but on a cool day or toward evening4 ,,handling4 ,the heads must be handled with care to prevent the flower becoming bruised or soiled in any way4 ,a bruise will turn black in a short time1 the same as a frosted surface1 and thus injure the sale of the head4 ,the heads can be handled most safely if the leaves are left on1 and these had best be left entire until the plants are taken to the packing shed2 and for a near market they may even be left on to advantage until the plants are ready to be exposed for sale4 ,the main object of their removal is in order that the heads may be readily inspected4 ,,trimming4 ,this is often done in the field1 but1 as just stated1 it had better be delayed until the heads are carried to the place for packing4 ,to trim them1 take hold of a head near the butt with one hand1 holding it upright against you1 then with a turning motion1 cut clear around the head1 leaving the cut ends of the leaves projecting about an inch above the edge of the head4 ,this exposes as much of the head as can be seen at one view1 and the leaves as left protect the margin from bruises4 ,the butt should be cut off smooth1 and there should be left about two layers of leaves4 ,the heads at the time of packing should be free from moisture1 and if the leaves are a trifle wilted they will pack all the better4 ,flour barrels1 or barrels of that size1 are best to pack in1 as cauliflowers are now usually sold at wholesale by the barrel4 ,barrel-crates of the same size are also coming into use1 especially for the early crop1 as the heads are liable to heat in hot weather if packed in close barrels4 ,each cauliflower at the time of packing is now usually wrapped in strong soft white paper1 the edges of the paper being tucked between the leaves and head4 ,the heads are then placed in the barrels1 commencing at the outside1 laying them upon their sides facing in1 and filling the center with smaller heads4 ,continue each layer in this way until the barrel is a little more than full4 ,pack as solid as possible4 ,cover with canvass or bagging1 putting it under the top hoop and pressing it down by driving down and nailing the hoop4 ,tea-chest matting1 which usually costs nothing1 may be used for covers if desired4 ,it may be added that cauliflowers are sometimes packed in their own leaves1 just as they come from the field1 or all the leaves may be removed but one or two which are to be folded over the head4 ,it usually pays1 however1 to use paper1 but this must be white1 or else when bruised it will stain the heads4 ,sometimes1 when the cauliflowers are to be sold at retail1 sugar-barrels are used to pack in1 as they cost less than other barrels and are larger4 ,they are always clean and sweet1 and do not make too large a package1 as cauliflowers are not heavy4 ,small slatted crates are also a favorite package in which to ship cauliflowers1 particularly early in the season4 ,large crates1 such as are sometimes used for cabbages1 are entirely unsuitable4 ,a method of packing cauliflowers for shipment employed in ,denmark1 is described as follows3 ,the heads are to be cut off in a dry state1 but not wilted1 and with only an inch of stalk4 ,the leaves are to be removed1 with the exception of a couple of the inner courses1 which should be cut down to such a length as to meet when they are bent gently together over the head4 ,pack in clean1 open neat-looking crates or boxes1 in the bottom of which put a few leaves1 and on these the cauliflower heads1 which should be of a uniform size for each crate4 ,pack closely and firmly in layers1 taking care1 however1 not to bruise the tender heads4 ,all the heads in a layer should turn in the same direction1 being laid sidewise1 and the next layer in the opposite direction1 respectively1 with top and stem4 ,on the top of the heads fill in with leaves until the cover will press the whole contents so tight as to prevent the heads from moving during transportation4 ,the price of cauliflowers is less subject to fluctuation than that of most other vegetables4 ,there is comparatively little competition between different localities1 and about the only causes of low prices are temporary and local over-production1 and forced sales caused by damaged stock4 ,one year with another1 a dollar and a half a dozen may be realized on good heads1 which is more than double the average price of cabbages4 ,contracts are taken1 however1 at as low as fifty cents a dozen to supply pickle-factories4 ,under favorable conditions fully as large a percentage of cauliflowers will head as of cabbages1 so that in a good location1 with proper care1 the cauliflower crop is a profitable one4 ,it may be well to remind growers1 however1 that one should not attempt to sell a large quantity of cauliflowers in a small market1 for even at a low price people will not buy largely of what they are not accustomed to using4 ,but it is surprising to what an extent a market may be developed for this vegetable4 ,no one who has once used the cauliflower will thereafter do without it1 if it can be obtained at a reasonable price4 ,there is absolutely no necessary limit to the market for this vegetable1 providing reasonable care is exercised in creating and supplying the demand4 ,the price in this country ought always to be maintained if possible at at least double that of cabbages1 not only on account of the greater delicacy of the cauliflower1 but because of the greater care needed in its production1 and the uncertainty of the crop1 owing to unfavorable seasons and other causes4 ,i could easily quote examples of extraordinary profits made in growing the cauliflower1 as well as instances of repeated failure4 ,cases of both kinds of experience are given elsewhere in the present volume4 ,i have here only attempted to show what may be reasonably expected4 ,,keeping4 ,more attention is being paid of late years to the keeping of cauliflowers in winter1 and it is now customary with some to plant a small late crop for the purpose of winter heading4 ,most growers1 however1 will have more or less unheaded plants at the end of nearly every season which can be used for this purpose4 ,william ,falconer1 of ,long ,island1 sows ,extra ,early ,erfurt about ,july #a1 pots the young plants1 and sets them in the open field after early potatoes have come off4 ,in ,november the plants that show signs of heading are stripped of the larger outer leaves1 then taken up and set close together in beds and covered with hot-bed sash4 ,in cold weather straw or thatch is added4 ,in this way the plants continue to give heads until ,february4 ,plants which have begun to head may be taken up in the same way and set in a cellar4 ,just enough moisture should be given to keep them from wilting1 as1 if too much is given1 they are liable to rot4 ,fully headed cauliflowers are difficult to keep4 ,if hung up in a cellar in the way cabbages are frequently kept1 they wilt and become strong in flavor and dark in color4 ,this may be remedied with a few heads by cutting off the stem a few inches below the head before they are hung up1 hollowing out the stem and filling the hollow with water4 ,it is said that the heads will keep in good condition for a long time if packed in slightly damp muck4 ,a simple way of preserving partly headed plants out of doors is to take them up with as much earth as possible and set them close together in trenches1 after the manner of celery1 placing boards at the sides1 and in cold weather a covering of straw overhead4 ,in this way the heads are easily accessible and keep in good condition4 ,a method employed in ,scotland for preserving cauliflower is to bury them in a dry place1 heads downward and roots exposed1 in the ordinary manner of burying cabbages4 ,they are said to keep well by this method from ,november to ,january4 ,the leaves are folded over the heads to keep them from coming in contact with the soil4 ,another method1 employed in ,denmark1 is to make a bed of moist sand about four inches deep in a cool room protected against frost2 the floor had better be of asphalt1 cement or the like4 ,toward the end of autumn the heads are cut with a piece of the stem three or four inches in length1 which is stuck into the sand4 ,all the leaves are removed except the inner course1 which must be cut down pretty closely1 and the heads then covered with flower pots4 ,still another method1 employed where hard freezing is not anticipated1 is to take up the plants and set them out in a slanting position close together out of doors with the heads to the north1 as is done with cabbages4 ,pulling up the plants and throwing them on their sides will protect the heads from a moderate degree of cold1 and can be resorted to upon the sudden approach of cold weather4 ,cutting the heads with plenty of leaves and throwing them in long low heaps1 faces downward1 will preserve them in the cool1 damp weather of early winter for a considerable time1 and the heads1 even in this condition1 will increase somewhat in size4 ,it will sometimes happen1 early in the season1 that one desires to retard the development of the head until a convenient time for marketing4 ,for this purpose the plants may be lifted1 when the heads are nearly mature1 and set under a shed or elsewhere in the shade4 ,it may be well here to remind those who grow only a few plants in a garden1 and who wish to prolong the season1 that several cuttings may be taken from a single head if desired4 ,a portion of the head should be left each time4 ,occasionally1 but not often1 a stump will sprout and form a second crop4 ,a method of accelerating the formation of heads1 which is practiced in ,ireland1 may also be worth recording4 ,it consists in slitting the stalk from near the ground upward toward the heart1 and placing a stick in the slit to prevent the parts reuniting4 ,the soil is then drawn up around the cut1 and the plant staked to prevent its breaking off4 ,it is said that plants so treated will form their heads from six to eight days earlier than they otherwise would4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,early ,,crop4 ,i cannot do better in treating of this crop than to first quote the following1 by the late ,peter ,henderson1 of ,new ,york ,city1 from his work on ,gardening for ,pleasure3 ,there is quite an ambition among amateur gardeners to raise early cauliflower1 but as the conditions necessary to success with this are not quite so easy to command as with most other vegetables1 probably not one in three who try it succeed4 ,in ,england1 and most places on the ,continent of ,europe1 it is the most valued of all vegetables1 and is grown there nearly as easily as early cabbages4 ,but it must be remembered that the temperature there is on the average ten degrees lower at the time it matures 7,june7 than with us2 besides1 their atmosphere is much more humid1 two conditions essential to its proper development4 ,i will briefly state how early cauliflowers can be most successfully grown here4 ,first1 the soil must be well broken1 and pulverized by spading to at least a foot in depth1 mixing through it a layer of three or four inches of strong well-rotted stable manure4 ,the plants may be either those from seed sown last fall and wintered over in cold frames1 or else started from seeds sown in ,january or ,february in a hot-bed or green-house1 and planted in small pots or boxes1 so as to make plants strong enough to be set out as soon as the soil is fit to work1 which1 in this latitude1 is usually the first week in ,april4 ,we are often applied to for cauliflower plants as late as ,may1 but the chances of their forming heads when planted in ,may are slim indeed4 ,the surest way to secure the heading of cauliflowers is to use what are called hand-glasses4 ,these are usually made about two feet square1 which gives room enough for three or four plants of cauliflower until they are so far forwarded that the glass can be taken off4 ,when the hand-glass is used the cauliflowers may be planted out in any warm border early in ,march and covered by them4 ,this covering protects them from frost at night1 and gives the necessary increase of temperature for growth during the cold weeks of ,march and ,april2 so that by the first week in ,may1 if the cauliflower has been properly hardened off by ventilating 7by tilting up the hand-glasses on one side7 they may be taken off altogether and then used to forward tomatoes1 melons or cucumbers4 ,if the weather is dry the cauliflowers will be much benefitted by being thoroughly soaked with water twice or thrice a week4 99 99 99 ,the two best varieties of cauliflower we have found as yet #ahge are the ,dwarf ,erfurt and ,early ,paris4 ,notwithstanding the care required for the early crop1 the same writer states in his earlier work on ,gardening for ,profit1 7published in #ahfg1 during a period of high prices17 that for the past four or five years cauliflowers early have been one of my most profitable crops4 ,i have1 during that time1 grown about one acre each year1 which has certainly averaged #a1ejj4 ,on one occasion the crop proved almost an entire failure1 owing to unusual drought in ,may2 while1 on another occasion1 with an unusually favorable season1 it sold at nearly #c1jjj per acre4 ,the average price for all planted is about #ae per #ajj1 and as from #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj are grown to the acre1 it will result in nearly the average before named--#a1ejj per acre4 ,unlike cabbages1 however1 only a limited number is yet sold1 and ,i have found that an acre of them has been quite as much as could be profitably grown in one garden4 ,the above1 by the late well-known ,new ,york seedsman and market-gardener1 though written nearly forty years ago1 is true to-day1 so far as the general profitableness of the cauliflower is concerned1 and the extra care required with the early crop4 ,the chief condition of success with early cauliflowers is that they shall head before hot weather comes on4 ,to this end the earliest varieties are chosen1 and they are set as early as possible in the spring1 and pushed rapidly forward1 as stated1 by using protection if necessary1 and by high manuring4 ,it is an advantage to set the early plants between ridges1 as is done with early cabbage4 ,the ridges hold the sun and keep off the cold winds1 and the furrows between carry off the surface water4 ,the plants are best set upon the south or east side of the ridges1 near the base4 ,a good furrow with an ordinary plow forms a sufficient ridge4 ,formerly it was thought necessary to start the plants in the fall1 but since the newer early sorts have been produced1 this is being abandoned4 ,fall sowing has never been as successful in the ,northern ,united ,states as in ,england1 and the failures to grow cauliflowers successfully in this country have often resulted from adhering to the methods employed in the ,old ,world4 ,plants started in hot-beds in ,february1 and properly hardened off1 receive but little check when set out1 and make a better growth than those which have been wintered over4 ,in the latitude of ,virginia and ,maryland1 wintering over the young plants may be resorted to1 and for gardeners in that latitude the methods adopted in ,england will be well worth studying1 even if they can not be literally followed4 ,the time for sowing the seed should be so gauged that the plants shall be neither too large nor too small during the coldest months4 ,if too small they will not be sufficiently hardy to winter over2 if too large they will be likely to button instead of forming fully developed heads4 ,when the young plants are transplanted into their winter quarters they should be set deeply1 as the stem is the part most easily injured by cold2 the same rule of planting deeply should be followed in the first plantings in the open ground in spring4 ,wintering in the open air in a warm sheltered situation is preferable1 where it can be done1 to wintering under frames1 for plants so exposed will be most healthy and will continue their growth with least interruption in the spring4 ,plants wintered under glass require considerable room1 and as much air as can be safely given4 ,if pots are used1 care must be taken not to have them too small1 or to allow them to become entirely filled with the roots1 for this will have a tendency to cause the plants to button4 ,,buttoning4 ,i cannot perhaps do better than to mention here such other causes as have this same tendency4 ,anything which checks the growth of the plants when they are a few inches high is liable to produce this result--such as leaving them too long in the seed-bed1 withholding water1 poor soil1 too much crowding4 ,after the plants are set out1 a cold rainy time or badly drained land may have the same effect2 also a very hot time1 if the soil is dry and the plants are not growing well4 ,the check occasioned by the transplanting may also cause the plants to button1 if they have become large1 and the soil or weather is unfavorable4 ,on this account it is unsafe to let cauliflower plants get as large as cabbage plants sometimes are when transplanted4 ,i will close this topic by quoting two paragraphs from ,the ,garden1 an ,english journal from which ,i have already taken much valuable information4 ,the first is by a person who signs himself ,d4 ,t4 ,f41 who says3 ,cambrian a previous writer attributes this to over-manuring1 and no doubt this frequently causes buttoning1 but over-frosting is quite as injurious as over-manuring2 and the hard frost which we had here on the #ast of ,april seems to be sending all the exposed plants into buttons1 whilst those protected only with glass lights seem safe and sound and are spreading their leaves wide and looking extremely promising4 ,the next writer1 ,mr4 ,gilbert1 adds3 ,the whole of my ,early ,london cauliflowers have buttoned1 but not the ,walcheren1 at least at present4 ,i hear1 too1 this is the case in many parts of the country4 ,i have for years noted that after a cold severe winter and a warm spring both cauliflowers and cabbages 'bolt1' but this season having been quite the reverse ,i thought they might have escaped4 ,another writer calls attention to the fact that plants which have been nursed or protected too much during winter are more apt to button when set out in the spring than those which have been more exposed4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,cauliflower ,,regions ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,a comparatively small portion of the ,united ,states is well adapted to the growth of cauliflower4 ,the climate for the most part is too dry4 ,the districts suited to its cultivation are often of very limited area1 and are determined by local causes affecting the distribution of moisture and the character of the soil4 ,the manner of treating the crop1 and the degree of care necessary for successful results1 will therefore depend largely on the locality where it is grown4 ,for the purpose of giving more definite information on these points1 the country may be divided into the following cauliflower regions3 ,,the ,,upper ,,atlantic ,,coast4 ,this includes the greatest number of localities where cauliflower culture has thus far been successfully conducted in the ,united ,states4 ,the region is comparatively well watered1 and contains a great diversity of soil and situation4 ,more good markets are found here than elsewhere4 ,the heart of this cauliflower region is now found upon the north shore of ,long ,island1 where there is a strong soil1 in a damp climate1 within easy reach of the ,new ,york and other large markets4 ,two crops are grown here1 the spring and fall4 ,wm4 ,falconer1 of ,queen's ,county1 states that for the early crop he sows the seed in a hot-house in ,february1 and gradually gives the plants more room and cooler quarters until they are ready for the open ground4 ,the varieties he uses are ,henderson's ,snowball1 ,early ,erfurt1 ,stadtholder and ,lenormand4 ,he has repeatedly attempted to grow the spring crop from fall-sown plants1 but they have almost invariably buttoned1 however late the seed was sown1 or however slightly the plants were protected4 ,occasionally1 also1 the ,february-sown plants of ,henderson's ,snowball and ,erfurt will button4 ,for the main fall crop the same four varieties above mentioned are sown out of doors about ,may #ahth1 at the time of sowing late cabbage4 ,for a later crop he makes another sowing a month later4 ,these last usually begin to head about the last of ,november and are taken up and protected to furnish a supply during the winter4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,swezey1 of ,suffolk ,county1 says that more money is undoubtedly made to the acre on cauliflower than any other crop4 ,he finds the early crop the most profitable1 although the most expensive4 ,for this crop he uses seventy-five tons of the best horse manure per acre1 and for the late crop about half that amount4 ,the variety he prefers is ,henderson's ,snowball1 this with the ,early ,erfurt being the only kinds he uses4 ,francis ,brill1 in his book on ,farm ,gardening and ,seed ,growing1 said1 in #ahgb1 ,for the past two years the farmers of the east end of ,long ,island1 especially about the village of ,mattituck1 have planted largely of cauliflower1 being incited by the successful experiments of some who have removed here from the west end1 who were formerly engaged in growing vegetables for the ,new ,york markets4 ,the past season the crop has succeeded admirably1 and large profits have been realized by growers in this vicinity1 and this by men1 many of whom are inexperienced in the cultivation of this or any other vegetable for market2 and1 moreover1 the most of it was grown at the worst possible season of the year4 ,as a general rule1 cauliflowers do not succeed well on old land1 and much of the land hereabouts is new1 and but little of it indeed has ever been used for cabbages or anything of this nature4 ,but beyond a doubt it is the humid saline atmosphere of this section which makes the cultivation of this vegetable a success4 ,protracted drouths are here almost unknown1 and even during the temporary absence of rain in the summer months the air does not seem so dry and withering1 so to speak1 as in sections more remote from the ocean1 the ,sound and the great salt water bays by which we are surrounded4 ,the varieties he mentions are ,early ,erfurt and ,early ,paris for the first crop1 the ,nonpareil and or ,half ,early ,paris for a succession1 with ,lenormand and ,walcheren for late4 ,the same author1 in his work entitled ,cauliflowers and ,how to ,grow ,them1 published in #ahhf1 says3 ,the cultivation of cauliflower in the eastern towns of ,suffolk ,county1 ,n4 ,y41 familiarly known as the east end of ,long ,island1 was begun at ,mattituck about sixteen years ago1 upon a small scale1 as an experiment1 by one or two gardeners from the west end who were formerly engaged in growing vegetables for ,new ,york markets4 ,the success which attended these experiments1 and the subsequent efforts of some of our farmers1 who by reason of reported great profits1 were induced to take up the cultivation of this crop1 has been an incentive to others1 until at the present time an ,east ,end farm without an acre or more of cauliflower is an exception1 while in the towns of ,riverhead and ,southold many farmers grow from five to fifteen acres each1 and in the other towns of ,suffolk ,county the business is largely on the increase4 ,as a rule the crop has done well1 subject of course to the ravages of insects1 drouths1 etc41 which have at times been serious drawbacks2 especially was this the case in #ahhd1 when the crop was almost a total failure1 but never before had we experienced such a protracted drouth or such an abundance of insects of every known species1 and only those who were in advance of the drouth1 or who had sown seed very late1 succeeded in getting heads for market1 but the few who were thus situated received almost fabulous prices for their product4 ,the following year he says the crop was remarkably successful1 more than #ajj1jjj barrels being shipped from ,suffolk county to the ,new ,york markets during the mouths of ,october and ,november4 ,prices this year have ranged from ten dollars early in the season down to one dollar and twenty-five cents a barrel during the glut1 when large quantities were sold to picklers at one cent per pound for clean trimmed clear curd or flower4 ,as a rule early and very late cauliflowers bring the best prices4 99 99 99 99 99 ,experience has taught us that stable manure applied at the time of planting1 except for the earliest spring crop1 is often injurious1 and ,i advise applying stable manure plentifully to the crop of the preceding year1 or otherwise let it be turned under at the fall plowing1 or if well rotted at the first spring plowing1 and at the time of planting apply commercial fertilizers1 or1 as they are sometimes called1 patent manures1 using whatever brand you may have the most confidence in4 ,the competition between manufacturers has become so great that all are compelled to be at least partially honest1 and several prepare a special fertilizer for cauliflower and cabbage which works admirably4 ,our best growers all use ,german potash salts1 or ,kainit1 about #ac per cent4 actual potash1 one ton to the acre2 or sulphate of potash1 equal to #bg per cent4 actual potash2 or muriate of potash1 equal to #de per cent4 actual potash1 about one half a ton to the acre4 ,the relative cost per ton1 of these is #af4jj for ,kainit1 #ch4jj for sulphate and #de4jj for muriate--these are present prices1 but the market is subject to fluctuations4 ,these should be evenly applied broadcast and turned under at the spring plowing1 and from one half a ton to one ton of fertilizer to the acre should be applied in the same manner on the surface1 and harrowed in at the last preparation of the soil4 ,of late many have been using fish guano1 which is the scrap or flesh and bone refuse from the ,menhaden oil-rendering establishments1 in connection with potash salts1 with excellent results2 in fact ,captain ,edward ,hawkins1 of ,jamesport1 one of our most successful growers1 uses nothing else1 applying one ton of each to the acre4 ,very good cauliflowers have been grown by opening furrows1 placing the fertilizer therein1 and covering so as to form ridges2 but ,i advise broadcast manuring and flat cultivation for this crop1 as ,i am fully convinced that one acre in proper shape and condition will pay much better than two acres only half fertilized4 ,pure1 fine ground bone1 one ton to the acre1 plowed under will be found beneficial1 especially so in carrying the plants out at the time of heading1 but it is scarcely stimulating enough for the early requirements of the plants4 ,well rotted stable manure may be used to advantage1 freshly applied and plowed under1 for early spring planting of cold-frame or hot-bed plants which are expected to mature before extremely hot-dry weather1 but it has no special advantage except to warm up the soil4 99 99 99 ,the great crop with us is during the months of ,october and ,november1 for which seed is sown from ,may #ae to ,june #be1 and the plants set from the middle of ,june to the last of ,august according to the kind4 ,the varieties named for spring planting are1 ,erfurt ,extra ,dwarf ,earliest1 and ,small ,leaved ,erfurt1 both being also good for the fall crop1 the latter for this crop being sown as late as ,july #ast4 ,the ,algiers1 a standard sort for fall1 is sown from ,may #ae to ,june #a4 ,mr4 ,brill adds3 ,every known sort has been tested by our growers1 and ,i have had in one field eighty-six samples1 comprising every known variety and sub-variety often repeated1 grown from seed procured from every possible source1 and with the exception of one or two sorts1 which have done well under peculiarly favorable conditions and circumstances1 all have been positively condemned except those above named4 ,the varieties referred to are the ,dwarf ,erfurt strains 7including ,henderson's71 the ,algiers1 and the ,early and ,half ,early ,paris--the latter two being now superceded by the former4 ,c4 ,h4 ,allen1 in the ,american ,agriculturist for #ahhi1 page #big1 says3 ,no section of the ,united ,states seems so well adapted to the growing of the cauliflower as the northeastern part of ,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for the earliest crop a piece of heavy sod ground is plowed during the month of ,april4 ,it is then spread with fish scrap at the rate of one ton to the acre1 which is thoroughly harrowed in4 ,a strip is then prepared for sowing seed1 by raking the ground until it is in good condition2 the first sowing of seed is made ,may #ae4 ,the seed for the main crop is sown ten to twenty days later4 ,when the plants are ready to set the ground is again plowed in an opposite direction from the first plowing and then spread with muriate of potash at the rate of half a ton to the acre1 or if fish scrap cannot be procured1 some standard fertilizer is used after the second plowing without the addition of muriate of potash4 ,the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt and ,snowball are the most popular varieties4 ,the ,algiers has been largely used1 but for the past two or three seasons has done very poorly1 and will not be grown in the future4 ,the plants are set three feet apart each way4 ,this applies to ,erfurt and ,snowball2 ,algiers requires the rows four feet apart4 ,the ,american ,garden for #ahhi1 page #ei1 says3 ,almost nine-tenths of all the cauliflowers that come to the ,new ,york market are grown in ,suffolk ,county on ,long ,island1 and this industry is said to bring about #bjj1jjj a year to the county4 ,success with cauliflower culture has been very indifferent in other parts of ,long ,island and elsewhere where tried4 ,a ,new ,jersey market-gardener described his experience as follows a few years ago in the ,new ,york ,tribune3 ,among the many uncertain crops1 the cauliflower stands prominent1 for very often under the best culture1 it fails to produce a head on an acre1 although the usual outlay for preparing and manuring the ground preparatory to planting will be at least twice as much as for a crop of late cabbage4 ,but when a full crop of cauliflower is raised1 the profits will average three times that of the cabbage in the same market4 ,this being the case1 it is not strange that every means known to the profession should be resorted to with the hope of getting year after year maximum crops of this vegetable4 ,but1 as yet1 no plan has been discovered1 under our burning ,july and ,august sun1 that will make cauliflower head with certainty every season4 ,any practical man1 with strong ground well manured1 can every now and then raise a crop of cauliflower4 ,but this partial success one year does very often prove a decided loss in the long run1 for the reason that it often happens three times the amount realized from this crop will be spent in the attempt to raise another just like it1 with the determination not to give up4 ,this has been my experience1 although the experiments are made now on a much smaller scale than formerly4 ,last year ,i set out #b1ejj plants1 and only marketed #ejj from the patch2 the failure was owing to late planting4 ,to avoid any such mistake this year1 the ground was made ready for planting early in ,july1 and by the middle of the month some #a1hjj plants set out4 ,the ground in this case was richer and more mellow at the time of planting than last year1 and the cultivation was about the same4 ,at first these plants grew vigorously1 but late in ,august they were checked from some unknown cause1 and from this check they did not recover4 ,some of the lower leaves had turned yellow and dropped off1 leaving the stalks almost bare1 while others have made no new growth since4 ,judging from present appearances1 there will not be twenty-five sizeable heads out of the #a1hjj planted4 ,this is rather discouraging1 but one has to take the good with the bad in farming or gardening4 ,too late to remedy the error it was found that the variety planted was ,walcheren instead of the ,erfurt1 a variety that has given me more profitable returns for the last six years than any other1 unless it may be the ,half ,early ,paris4 ,in ,new ,england the crop is more uncertain than on ,long ,island4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bull1 of ,hampden ,county1 ,massachusetts1 finds the crop profitable about one year in three4 ,formerly1 he says1 when cauliflowers were a new thing1 any kind of a head would sell1 but now only the best will bring a paying price4 ,the loose1 leafy1 purple1 or otherwise discolored heads produced in hot1 dry weather1 are hardly worth hauling to market4 ,he finds the ,extra ,early ,erfurt about as good as ,henderson's ,snowball4 ,he sows the seed in ,april for a fall crop4 ,if sown after the first week in ,may the plants fail to head before frost4 ,around ,boston the cauliflower is grown quite successfully1 and1 as elsewhere stated1 seed is occasionally produced there4 ,the variety formerly grown for the main crop was an improved form of ,early ,paris1 called ,boston ,market1 but this is now displaced by the new ,extra ,early ,erfurt strains4 ,it may be mentioned here that around ,montreal the fall crop is very successfully grown4 ,,the ,,lake ,,region4 ,in the region of the ,great ,lakes there are many localities having a suitable soil in which cauliflower may be grown to good advantage4 ,the moist atmosphere1 which renders much of this region so well adapted to the cultivation of fruit1 favors the growth of the cauliflower4 ,in this region the fall crop is the one mainly grown1 and the half-early varieties1 such as ,early ,paris and ,early ,london have been chiefly used1 though the earlier ,erfurt varieties are now largely grown4 ,detroit1 ,grand ,rapids1 and other ,michigan cities are comparatively well supplied with home-grown cauliflower4 ,in ,western ,michigan there is considerable high1 rolling land1 of a deep loamy character1 covered originally with a heavy growth of hard-wood timber4 ,it was on such land as this1 in ,ottawa ,county1 that the writer grew cauliflower very successfully between the years #ahgj and #ahhd4 ,the land had but recently been cleared of its timber1 and it seldom received any other fertilizer than the heavy ,june-grass sod which was turned under4 ,the method of preparing the ground was the same as for any other farm crop1 and the plants1 mainly of the ,early ,paris variety1 were set out about the last of ,june1 usually four feet apart each way4 ,they were given good care1 and generally began to head in ,september1 at the time of the autumnal equinox1 when there is usually a week or two of cool1 rainy weather4 ,following this1 early in ,october1 there are generally a few hard frosts which injure some of the heads if they are not kept well covered and closely cut4 ,the main cauliflower season then comes on1 running through ,october and the first half of ,november4 ,in a warm1 late season nearly all the plants will have headed1 and the heads have been sold before cold weather1 but when winter comes on early1 a portion of the plants will be still undeveloped2 these are either gathered and stored1 as elsewhere described1 or used for feeding stock4 ,my crop was marketed at ,grand ,rapids and ,chicago1 and was considered the finest sent to either of those cities4 ,its excellence was attributed mainly to the deep new fertile soil1 which never suffered from drouth under proper cultivation1 and to the moist climate1 due to the surrounding forests and the proximity to ,lake ,michigan4 ,at ,south ,haven1 on the immediate shore of ,lake ,michigan1 the upland is mainly too heavy for the best growth of cauliflower4 ,mr4 ,sheffer says3 7,mich4 ,ag4 ,rep4 #ahhh1 p4 #bhg7 ,we have the advantage of cheap lands1 cheap transportation to a boundless market1 and a moist climate1 all making celery and cauliflower desirable crops4 ,for cauliflower1 the proper soil is the first essential4 ,if planted on uplands it will fail nine times out of ten1 unless set so late as to head up just before winter4 ,but it is better to grow it on low wet soils that can be ditched as far away as ,philadelphia4 ,in ,kent ,county1 with which ,i am familiar1 the cauliflower is successfully cultivated by many gardeners1 but1 as the air is drier1 more care is required there in selecting the soil1 the crop being usually grown on bottom lands favorably situated with regard to moisture1 and containing an abundance of vegetable matter4 ,it is occasionally grown on muck1 but such land is not as reliable as that of a heavier character4 ,on the light1 sandy1 and gravelly uplands1 which abound in this county1 the cultivation of the cauliflower is seldom attempted1 and always fails1 except in unusually wet seasons1 although when such land is heavily manured1 the cabbage may be grown successfully4 ,at ,duluth1 ,minnesota1 near the western end of ,lake ,superior1 ,i have seen as fine cauliflowers growing as ,i ever saw anywhere4 ,the soil was black loamy1 upland4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,brocklehurst1 of ,oneota1 in the same county1 considers his locality unsurpassed for the cauliflower4 ,in ,northern ,wisconsin there is considerable territory which is excellent for cauliflower4 ,in #ahij1 the first1 second and third prizes offered by ,james ,vick1 for the best heads of ,vick's ,ideal were all awarded to growers in ,eau ,clare ,county1 ,wisconsin4 ,the recent introduction of very early varieties is likely to have an important result in extending the cultivation of the cauliflower1 in the extreme ,northern ,states and ,canada1 where the soil and climate are in many places peculiarly adapted to it1 but where the seasons are so short that it has not heretofore been successfully grown4 ,around ,chicago much of the soil is unsurpassed for this vegetable1 and large quantities of it are grown1 but not enough to supply its local demand4 ,the most successful cultivators of this vegetable near ,chicago are the market gardeners in the ,holland settlement south of the city1 and the ,germans on the north4 ,all are more successful with the late crop than with the early4 ,one of the most successful of these growers sometimes sets his plants as late as the first of ,august1 using seed direct from friends in ,holland4 ,in ,mahoning ,county1 ,ohio1 which may be included1 for convenience1 in the ,lake ,region1 ,mr4 ,milton1 who makes a specialty of the cauliflower1 states that it is a good paying crop1 but requires high cultivation1 and if possible a moist soil4 ,he states that he has tried all the varieties in cultivation1 and finds a great difference in seed of the same variety from different growers4 ,for the early crop he one year planted ,henderson's ,snowball1 extra selected ,early ,erfurt1 and ,vick's ,ideal1 and found1 owing to a drouth which set in just as the heads began to form1 that the last variety was the only one which gave paying heads4 ,for a late crop he generally uses ,half-,early ,paris1 but has had good success with ,algiers in a warm season4 ,this variety must be started very early1 however1 in order to head before winter4 ,,the ,,prairie ,,region4 ,prairie soil is usually well adapted to the cauliflower1 and in favorable seasons a good crop is obtained1 but such seasons are so little to be depended on in this region that cauliflower culture on a large scale is only profitable here under irrigation1 or in restricted localities where the soil is naturally moist4 ,the gardeners around ,st4 ,louis have good success in growing cauliflower on the bottom land4 ,professor ,l4 ,r4 ,taft says1 ,during two of the years ,i lived in ,missouri it was very hot and dry and on the heavy clay soil of most of the state cauliflower1 as a field crop1 was a failure4 ,i had good success1 however1 by planting one foot apart in cold frames from which lettuce had been taken2 they were watered as required and during the hottest weather were protected to some extent by means of lath screens4 ,one disadvantage in this uncertainty of a crop in the ,west is its effect upon the market4 ,a product which is rarely seen in the market brings a low price when abundant and fails to bring a high price in times of scarcity4 ,few people use it1 and these do not become so accustomed to it as to be willing to pay a high price for it when it is scarce4 ,mr4 ,riche1 of ,iowa1 tells in a report of the ,iowa ,horticultural ,society1 how1 in #ahhd1 he overstocked the ,dubuque market with #hjjj heads4 ,a ,mr4 ,smith relates how1 a few years previous1 he was obliged to sell #djjj heads for a little over one cent per head2 yet in this same market more familiar products often bring high prices4 ,another ,iowa gardener grew a field of cauliflower by mistake1 having purchased the seed for cabbage1 and found himself unable to sell the crop at all6 ,in the irrigated districts of the ,west1 cauliflower is grown to great perfection4 ,one of the largest cauliflowers on record1 four feet three inches in circumference1 was grown in ,colorado under irrigation in #ahha4 ,a moist atmosphere is less important than plenty of water at the root1 especially at the time of heading1 when it should be supplied1 if possible1 in small amount every day4 ,the somewhat saline character of the soil in the dry regions also favors the growth of this crop whenever a sufficient supply of water is given4 ,at the ,colorado experiment station sixteen varieties were grown under irrigation in #ahhh 7see table under ,variety ,tests71 of which ,henderson's ,snowball and ,extra ,early ,erfurt gave the best results4 ,at the ,arkansas station1 the following year1 out of twelve varieties these two were the only ones that produced heads4 ,at the ,south ,dakota station1 ,henderson's ,snowball and ,haskell's ,favorite1 a variety apparently identical with it1 gave good results4 ,,cauliflower ,,in ,,the ,,south4 ,the cauliflower1 as a market crop1 is but little grown in the ,south1 but there is no good reason why it should not become extensively cultivated there4 ,the chief hindrances to its cultivation in the ,south have been the lack of high priced local markets1 and the liability of the heads to heat during transportation to the ,north4 ,the most favorable localities for growing this vegetable in the ,south are near the ,gulf and ,atlantic coasts1 especially near the mouths of rivers where there is an alluvial soil and a moist atmosphere4 ,the cauliflower is better adapted than the cabbage to a warm climate1 but heavier soil is required for it in the ,south than at the ,north4 ,w4 ,f4 ,massey1 of the ,north ,carolina experiment station1 says that fall-sown plants are the only ones worth growing in that latitude4 ,the seed should be sown in ,september4 ,the crop should head not later than ,march or ,april1 as the heat is too great after ,april for good heads4 ,by forcing1 the plants may be headed in the frames in winter4 ,more heat and protection are needed for this than in merely keeping over the plants4 ,when the plants are approaching full size a light dressing of nitrate of soda raked into the soil is used to push them along and check any tendency to button4 ,lettuce is usually grown in the frames between the plants while small4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,oemler1,a of ,savannah1 ,georgia1 says3 ,if this most delicate and most valuable member of the ,brassica family1 would 'carry' more safely at locations suitable for its cultivation1 it would be one of the most important crops for the truck farmer4 ,although so situated1 ,i have abandoned its culture1 notwithstanding ,i have netted as high as #bd4ge in ,new ,york per barrel for it1 and the heads or 'curds' have sold at a gross average of thirty-seven cents each4 ,sometimes1 however1 it would continue to arrive in such bad order as not to be worth shipping4 ,for the past two years its culture for the ,northern market has been mainly confined to ,florida4 ,coming so much earlier there1 it is not exposed to heating in transit4 ,the best varieties are ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 the ,snowball1 and the very large growing ,algiers4 ,it should be marketable in ,march and ,april4 ,the seed therefore should be sown in the latitude of ,savannah about ,december first1 under glass1 and the plants transplanted about ,january tenth4 ,dr4 ,charles ,mohr1 of ,mobile1 ,alabama1 writes3 ,from my own experience ,i judge that this vegetable does not succeed as well in the southern part of this state as in its central and more northern parts4 ,i have seen it raised of good quality in the gardens of ,montgomery1 and in the greatest perfection in the highlands of north ,alabama at an elevation of about #ejj feet above the ,gulf--at ,cullman1 in a somewhat light loamy soil1 well supplied with stable manure4 ,in that locality the seeds are sown by the end of ,february in a cold frame1 to allow protection of the young plants from frost1 and the plants are transferred to the open land by the middle of ,march4 ,they arrive at their perfection during the first half of the month of ,may4 ,another sowing is made during the first week of ,march to furnish a crop during the early part of ,june4 ,in that locality this vegetable is raised only to meet a very limited home demand4 ,my informant at ,montgomery1 who raises only a supply for his own use1 writes3 ',i have raised cauliflower here with success for a series of years1 some of the heads weighing six to seven pounds4 ,the soil of my garden is a light sandy loam1 requiring heavy manuring1 and frequent irrigation of the plants toward the time of heading2 it cannot be said to be exactly suited to this vegetable4 ,i get my seed 7the ,white ,snowball7 from ,peter ,henderson1 of ,new ,york1 sow in ,december in hot-bed1 transplant as soon as large enough to a cold frame1 and transplant as soon as danger of frost is over1 say about the first part or middle of ,march1 to the open ground1 which has been well prepared and manured with stable manure4 ,i cultivate the same as for cabbage1 and the crop matures about the first of ,may4' ,one of the most successful market gardeners and truck farmers in this vicinity ,mobile1 says3 ',we have cultivated cauliflower for a long series of years1 but find it much less profitable than the raising of cabbage2 first1 on account of its tenderness1 making it liable to be injured in transportation to distant markets1 and second1 by reason of repeated failure of the crop in consequence of the too early advent of spells of hot and dry weather at the opening of the warm season4 ,we sow in ,november in cold frame1 keep well thinned out under glass until about the #bjth of ,january1 then transplant to the open ground1 cultivating well with frequent watering if the weather should be dry4 ,if the months of ,april and ,may are dry and hot the crop results in a failure1 from which1 in our dry and thirsty soil1 no irrigation will save it4 ,in favorable seasons we have fine results1 raising heads from ten to sixteen inches in diameter4 ,in the perpetually damp and inexhaustibly fertile soil of the alluvial lands in the ,mobile ,river delta 7marshes drained by ditching7 the cauliflower is raised in the greatest perfection1 and is ready by ,christmas time for the home market1 bringing fancy prices4 ,in such localities the early varieties1 particularly the ,early ,paris1 are used1 the seed being sown in ,august4 ,outside of these marshes the early varieties are not grown1 as they produce only small and meagre heads4 ,among the later varieties we find ,algiers and ,lenormand the best1 buying the seed from ,vilmorin in ,paris4' ,mr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,whitner1 in his work on ,gardening in ,florida1 recommends ,early ,snowball1 ,extra ,early ,paris1 and ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,the seed is sown in boxes in autumn and protected from beating rains1 and if sown before the middle of ,october the plants are also protected from the direct sun during the middle of the day4 ,the main crop is planted out before the first of ,november1 and harvested the following spring4 ,in the northern portion of the state the plants are sometimes injured by the cold in winter4 ,the crop is not yet extensively grown in that state4 ,in regard to suitable soil1 ,mr4 ,whitner says3 ,in this state almost every truck farmer has some low rich spot of bottom1 lake or river margin suitable for the production of the cauliflower4 ,it must1 however1 be well drained land1 and no matter how fertile it may seem to be naturally1 a liberal supply of manure will more certainly insure handsome flower heads4 ,mr4 ,frotzer1 a ,new ,orleans seedsman1 says of the cauliflower3 ,this is one of the finest vegetables grown1 and succeeds well in the vicinity of ,new ,orleans4 ,large quantities are raised on the sea-coast in the neighborhood of ,barataria ,bay4 ,the two ,italian varieties are of excellent quality1 growing to large size1 and are considered hardier than the ,german and ,french varieties4 ,i have had specimens brought to my store1 raised from seed obtained from me1 weighing sixteen pounds4 ,the ground for planting cauliflower should be very rich4 ,they thrive best in rich1 sandy soil1 and require plenty of moisture during the formation of the head4 ,the ,italian varieties should be sown from ,april till ,july2 the latter month and ,june is the best time to sow the ,early ,giant4 ,during ,august1 ,september and ,october1 the ,lenormand1 ,half ,early ,paris and ,erfurt can be sown4 ,the ,half ,early ,paris is very popular1 but the other varieties are just as good4 ,for spring crop the ,italian kinds do not answer1 but the ,early ,french and ,german varieties can be sown at the end of ,december and during ,january1 in a bed protected from frost1 and may be transplanted into the open ground during ,february and as late as ,march4 ,if we have a favorable season1 and not too dry1 they will be very fine2 but if the heat sets in soon1 the flowers will not attain the same size as those obtained from seeds sown in fall1 and which head during ,december and ,january4 ,in the ,texas ,farm and ,ranch1 ,h4 ,m4 ,stringfellow1 of ,hitchcock1 ,galveston ,county1 gives an account of his success with ,american grown 7,puget ,sound7 seed of ,henderson's ,snowball cauliflower4 ,he says3 ,after two years careful trial1 ,i have found this seed every way superior to the original imported stock1 good as that was1 for our hot climate4 ,the plants are much more robust1 make equally as compact but larger heads1 and what is most remarkable1 they mature here fully two weeks or more ahead of the imported seed4 ,nearly every plant will make a marketable head1 and they always sell for fully double as much as cabbage4 ,these ,american seeds begin to head about the first of ,november1 and are nearly all gone by ,christmas1 which gives ample time to get the crop off in any part of ,texas4 ,the cauliflower is emphatically a fall vegetable and seems to require for its perfect development a gradually decreasing temperature4 ,the seed should be sowed from the first to the fifteenth of ,july1 in a frame4 ,make the ground very rich1 and if you use salt1 which ,i consider almost an essential for this crop1 turn it under deeply at the first plowing4 ,in fact1 salt and potash had better be deeply worked into the soil always1 as it will not do for either to come in contact with the roots of a newly set plant4 ,until recently ,i have always thought that it would injure a plant to set it in soil to which cottonseed meal had been lately applied4 ,but experiments made in the last few weeks prove that it is not only not injurious1 but that cabbage plants grow off with wonderful vigor when the meal was applied the day before the plants were set4 ,it will pay to subsoil for cauliflower1 in order to give them all the moisture possible1 though they will stand a drouth in the fall equally as well as a cabbage4 ,in this connection may be mentioned the following account of cauliflower growing at ,durango1 ,mexico1 sent to the ,gardener's ,chronicle in #ahec3 ,the writer says3 ,of the culinary vegetables1 none excel the cauliflower1 which attains such a size that a single head measures #ah inches to #b feet in diameter1 and makes a donkey load4 ,the gigantic cauliflower is not distinct from our ,european species1 but is solely produced by a cultivation which necessity has dictated4 ,being one of the ,northern vegetables that degenerate or bear no seed if not annually procured from ,europe1 it is propagated by cuttings4 ,after the heads are gathered the stubs are allowed to throw out new shoots1 which are again planted and have to grow two years1 producing the second1 the enormous heads4 ,the following from ,woodrow's ,gardening in ,india1 7#dth edition1 ,bombay1 #ahhh71 contains many interesting points of suggestive value for the extreme ,south3 ,cauliflower1 being a delicate plant1 always needs great care and attention in its cultivation1 but much less care is necessary in this country than in ,europe4 ,the soil most suitable is a rich friable loam1 such as occurs in the black soil of the ,duccan1 the alluvial tracts in the basin of the ,ganges or ,nerbudda4 ,thorough working of the soil is necessary1 and in stations where the market price of cauliflower is usually over four annas per head1 as is the case in many parts of ,southern ,india1 the crop is well worth extra care in the preparation of the soil4 ,this process should be begun shortly after the rains1 when the soil is easily plowed or dug4 ,it should then be turned up roughly to a depth of a foot or fifteen inches4 ,a month later the clods should be broken with the mallet or clod crusher1 and the plow put through the ground a second time4 ,when the soil has weathered a few weeks1 the scarifier or cultivator should be run over it once monthly until ,may4 ,at that time good decayed cow dung or poudrette should be spread one inch deep1 and any close growing crop which is not valuable1 such as sunn1 tag1 chanamoo1 or ,crotolaria juncea1 should be sown to keep down weeds and encourage the formation of nitric acid in the soil1 which has been proved to be effected to a greater extent under a crop than on bare soil4 ,during dry weather in ,august the crop should be pulled up and the ground plowed or dug and the crop buried in the trenches to act as green manure1 and the land prepared for irrigation4 ,the seed-bed should be prepared by thorough digging and mixing about an inch in depth of old manure2 wood ashes and decayed sweepings having a quantity of goat or sheep dung in it is well suited for the seed-bed at this season4 ,cow dung is apt to have the larva of the dung beetle in it--a very large caterpillar which destroys young plants by eating through the stem under ground4 ,the bed having been thoroughly watered1 the seed may be sown broadcast or in lines1 and covered with a quarter of an inch of fine1 dry1 sandy soil1 and shaded from bright sunshine4 ,when the seedlings appear1 gradually remove the shade4 ,the most convenient form of bed is not more than four feet in width1 the length being sufficient for the ground to be planted4 ,one ounce of seed is sufficient for a bed fifty feet square1 which will give sufficient plants for an acre if the seed is good4 ,sowing should be made once in ten days1 from the middle of ,august till the end of ,september4 ,if the garden has been neglected1 or the district remarkable for the quantity of grubs that yearly come out in ,august1 spread a considerable part of the garden with a thick coating of stable litter or dry leaves and burn it1 prepare the seed bed in the middle of the burnt space1 and soak two pounds of saltpetre in water for one hundred square feet1 and water the bed with it for at least two weeks before sowing the seed4 ,when the seedlings have acquired about five leaves1 and the ground to plant is ready1 lift the young plants gently on a cloudy day1 and plant them out two and one-half feet apart each way4 ,if bright sunshine comes out1 shade the newly moved plants with broad leaves1 and water them daily with the watering pot for a few days1 besides irrigating sufficiently to keep the soil moist4 ,afterwards1 hoeing1 picking grubs and replacing the losses from the seed-bed must be attended to4 ,the selection of sorts is a serious matter in cauliflower culture1 because many sorts grow only to leaves in some climates1 and great loss has been met with by some people in consequence of getting the wrong variety4 ,the variety known to ,english seedsmen as ,large ,asiatic1 has established itself in the ,northern ,provinces1 where a good head of cauliflower is procurable in ,december for one-half anna4 ,in ,bombay the same would cost ten times that sum4 ,the seed of this variety is remarkably cheap in the districts it bears seed in4 ,from ,shajehanpore ,i bought large quantities at ,rs4 #b per pound1 while the price of seed from ,england was ,rs4 #b per ounce4 ,this sort is perfectly reliable when properly cultivated1 but it is considered inferior in flavor and delicacy to ,english sorts1 and its season is very short4 ,it appears to run to seed when ,january comes1 at whatever time it may have been sown1 while ,english varieties come into use from the beginning of ,december to the end of ,february according to the date of sowing4 ,among ,european varieties1 success will generally be met with by sowing ,early ,london and ,walcheren4 ,the different ,giant and ,mammoth varieties advertised in seedsmen's catalogues should be grown as extras1 and if one is found to suit the soil and climate of a particular station1 it may be grown more extensively afterwards2 my experience with those varieties has not been happy4 ,,the ,,pacific ,,coast4 ,fine early cauliflowers are grown in ,california under irrigation1 and marketed as far east as ,chicago4 ,oregon and ,washington include a large area adapted to cauliflower growing1 and this favorable territory extends northward into ,alaska4 ,the cool1 moist climate of the ,upper ,pacific coast resembles that of ,england1 where cauliflowers are so extensively grown4 ,there are few good markets yet in this region1 but the rapid growth of the cities which exist affords promise of a large future demand for this vegetable1 which is likely to come into more general use as it becomes better known4 ,professor ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 of the ,oregon experiment station1 states that some parts of the ,oregon coast are well adapted to the cauliflower1 but that other interests and lack of transportation facilities have thus far prevented its cultivation for market1 the bulk of the crop sold there coming from ,california4 ,he adds that the ,chinese in the vicinity of ,portland cultivate this vegetable1 but that their peculiar methods are not yet understood4 ,some ten years ago experiments were begun by one of our seedsmen in raising cauliflower and cabbage seed on the alluvial tide lands on the shore of ,puget ,sound4 ,these lands1 after being diked and drained1 proved to be remarkably well adapted to the growth of the cauliflower and its seed4 ,others have since engaged in growing these seeds in the same region1 and the business is assuming large proportions4 ,an account of this enterprise may be found in the chapter on ,seed4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,dr4 ,oemler is the author of an excellent work entitled ,truck ,farming in the ,south4 ,his farm is on ,wilmington ,island1 in the mouth of the ,savannah ,river4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,insect ,,and ,,fungus ,,enemies4 ,the insect enemies of the cauliflower are the same as those which attack the cabbage and other related plants4 ,the four here mentioned require to be specially guarded against4 ,in preparing these notes ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,howard1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 at ,washington1 for essential aid4 ,,flea ,,beetle 7,phyllotrea striolata1 ,fabr74--,this insect1 also known as the ground flea or ,jack1 seldom attacks the plants except while growing in the open ground1 and is most troublesome in warm1 sheltered situations4 ,a safe preventive1 therefore1 is to grow the plants in beds or frames elevated about three feet from the ground4 ,the objection to this method1 aside from the extra labor involved1 is the necessity of almost daily attention to see that the soil does not dry out4 ,a supply of water must be conveniently at hand if this method is used1 and it is desirable also1 to prevent the beds drying out too quickly1 to have the earth at least eight inches deep4 ,in hot-beds this insect is seldom troublesome1 being probably repelled by the fumes from the manure used4 ,when the seed is sown in the open ground1 as practised by many large growers1 an extra quantity should be used to ensure against almost certain loss of some of the plants by the flea beetle4 ,the soil should be rich and fine1 so that the plants will pass the critical stage as quickly as possible4 ,sowing radish seeds with the cauliflower is practised by some1 as this seed costs but little1 and the radishes1 coming up first1 are attacked by the fleas1 which1 to some extent1 saves the cauliflowers4 ,when the fleas appear1 almost any kind of dust will keep them in check somewhat4 ,lime and ashes are used1 but plaster1 which adheres to the leaves better1 seems equally good4 ,i have had good success with rancid fish oil1 mixed as thoroughly as possible with water and sprayed upon the plants4 ,an emulsion made of the oil1 in the same manner as hereafter described for kerosene1 would enable it to be used to better advantage4 ,a decoction of tobacco1 or fine tobacco dust1 are standard remedies for this insect4 ,,cut ,,worms4--,cauliflower plants being fully twice as valuable as cabbage plants1 and it being of more importance to have them started at the proper time1 it is necessary to give greater care to protect them from cut worms4 ,absolutely clean land contains no cut worms1 but such land is seldom used on which to plant cauliflower4 ,sod land1 which is generally used1 is nearly always full of cut worms4 ,a multitude of remedies have been proposed for this pest1 but few of them are of much value4 ,the worms are most abundant and destructive in the latitude of ,new ,york during the month of ,may4 ,fortunately1 cauliflowers are usually set out either earlier than this1 for the early crop1 so that they become well established and out of reach before their depredations seriously begin1 or else1 for the late crop1 they are set toward the last of ,june1 after the worms have begun to pupate1 and are no longer troublesome4 ,until recently1 digging and killing the worms by hand seemed to be almost the only practical remedy4 ,of late years1 trapping the worms under bunches of grass or cabbage leaves1 scattered over the ground preparatory to setting the plants1 has been successfully resorted to4 ,an improvement upon this method1 recommended by the ,entomologist of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 is now in use1 and gives excellent satisfaction4 ,it consists in poisoning with ,paris green the leaves used to trap the worms1 so that there is no need to collect and kill the worms by hand4 ,a good way to do this is to spray with ,paris green1 in the usual way1 a patch of young clover1 then cut it and scatter it in small bunches over the cauliflower field a day or two before setting the plants4 ,for the protection of a few plants in the garden1 an effectual preventive against cut worms is to surround the stem with a cylinder of paper or tin4 ,this need not touch the plant4 ,one should expect to lose some plants1 however1 by cut worms1 and be prepared with good plants to fill the vacancies4 ,,cabbage ,,maggot 7,anthomya brassicae1 ,bouche7--,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,lintner1 ,state ,entomologist of ,new ,york1 says of this insect3 ,this is probably the most injurious species of the ,anthomyiidae1 as its distribution is very extensive1 both in ,europe and ,america1 and it has shown at times such capacity for multiplication as to cause the entire destruction of cabbage crops4 ,it commences its attack upon the young plants while yet in the seed-bed and continues to infest them1 in several successive broods1 until they are taken up in the autumn4 ,the larvae operate by consuming the rootlets of young plants1 and by excoriating the surface and eating into the rind of older ones1 or even penetrating into the interior of the root4 ,when they abound to the extent of seriously burrowing the stalk the decay of the root frequently follows in wet seasons1 and entire fields are thus destroyed4 ,the same insect attacks the turnip1 cauliflower1 and probably other plants4 ,a closely related species is very injurious to the radish4 ,the presence of the insect most frequently becomes manifest upon the cauliflower about two weeks after the plants are set out1 and is recognized by the plants ceasing to grow1 and wilting or assuming a bluish appearance4 ,such plants should be at once removed1 together with the earth immediately surrounding the root1 and fresh plants which have been held in reserve set in their places4 ,the only satisfactory remedies are preventive ones4 ,the seed-bed should be composed of soil taken from the woods1 or at least from some place where no cabbages or similar plants have been grown4 ,but the most important precaution is to avoid growing the crop year after year upon the same ground1 especially after the insect has made its appearance4 ,the following remedy1 given by ,francis ,brill1 in his pamphlet on ,cauliflowers1 is worthy of careful trial4 ,mr4 ,brill says3 ,the ravages of the root maggot have made the growing of early cauliflower1 and even early cabbages in many sections1 almost an impossibility1 but there is a remedy1 when the maggot has attacked the roots of the plants1 which may be known by a tendency of the leaves to wilt and droop in the heat of the day1 very much the same as when affected by club root4 ,dissolve ,muriate of ,potash 7analyzing #de per cent4 actual potash7 in water in the proportion of one tablespoonful to the gallon2 or double the quantity of ,kainit or common potash salts 7#ac per cent4 actual potash74 ,apply this directly to the roots1 about one gill to each plant1 whether seemingly affected or not1 for the maggot will have done much harm before the plant will show it1 repeating the application as occasion may seem to require4 ,in sections where these maggots have been prevalent it will be well to make a solution of half the above strength1 and when the plants are nicely started apply in the same manner as a preventive4 ,care and judgment must be used not to overdo the matter1 thereby killing the plants as well as the maggots4 ,experiment a little at first4 ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 of ,washington1 says3 ,the best thing that ,i have found for the maggot is a poor grade of sulphur1 sulphur before being purified1 that smells very strong4 ,sprinkled over the plants it seems to drive the fly away4 ,,cabbage ,,worm 7,pieris rapae1 ,koch74--,the imported cabbage worm1 now known all over the country1 is the most troublesome enemy which attacks either the cabbage or cauliflower1 and the most difficult one with which to deal4 ,it seldom wholly destroys the crop1 and is generally a little less destructive after a few years than it is at first1 being kept in check by its natural enemies4 ,it never disappears1 however1 and its numbers cannot be materially diminished for any length of time by artificial means4 ,among the partial remedies in use are the following3 #a4 ,catch the butterflies with a net when they first appear in spring1 before they have laid their eggs4 ,this may keep the insect in check for a year or two when it first makes its appearance1 as the butterflies are comparatively slow fliers1 and may be caught without much difficulty by a spry boy1 especially in the morning when the air is damp4 #b4 ,early in the season keep the young plants excluded from the butterflies1 and the whole place free from everything else of the cabbage tribe1 except one or more patches of rutabagas or rape1 on which the butterflies will lay their eggs4 ,this piece is to be then plowed under4 #c4 ,hand pick the worms from the plants after they are set out1 for the first one or two hoeings1 or until the worms become very numerous4 #d4 ,spray with kerosene emulsion1 made by using two gallons of kerosene1 one-half pound of common or whale oil soap1 and one gallon of water4 ,dissolve the soap in the water1 and add it1 boiling hot1 to the kerosene2 then churn1 while at least warm1 for five or ten minutes1 by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle1 until the mixture loses its oiliness and becomes like butter4 ,when used1 dilute one part of the emulsion with about fifteen of water1 and spray it upon the plants by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle4 ,this emulsion is also excellent for the cabbage louse and many other insects4 ,in the report of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture for #ahhc may be found a description and figure of a suitable spraying apparatus4 #e4 ,pyrethrum1 one ounce to four gallons of water2 or1 better still1 mixed one part with about twenty parts of flour and applied while the dew is on1 is an effectual remedy4 #f4 ,hot water1 at #acj deg4 ,fah41 will kill the cabbage worms and not injure the leaves4 ,boiling water1 placed in sprinkling cans and taken directly to the field1 will be about the right temperature by the time it can be applied4 ,experiments with a few plants may be needed to enable one to get just the right temperature to kill the worms and not injure the plants4 #g4 ,take half a pound of ,london purple to thirty pounds of finely pulverized dust of any kind1 the finer and drier the better2 mix thoroughly1 passing all through a meal sieve4 ,dash a small pinch into the heart of the plant1 so that it will settle as dust on all the leaves4 ,repeat after every rain4 ,half a pound will serve for one application over forty acres4 ,store any that remains in a very dry place until again wanted4 #h4 ,professor ,gillette1 of ,colorado1 finds the best remedy to be ,paris green1 thoroughly mixed1 one ounce with six pounds of flour1 and dusted lightly over the plants while the dew is on4 ,,fungus ,,diseases4 ,there are several parasitic fungi which are more or less destructive to the cauliflower at different stages of its growth4 ,the principal diseases of the cauliflower due to fungi are the following3 ,,stem ,,rot4--,this is an old disease1 which attacks the cauliflower1 cabbage and other vegetables in wet seasons4 ,it has received various other names1 such as consumption1 humid gangrene1 etc4 ,professor ,comes1,b who has studied this disease in ,italy1 believes it to be the same as the humid gangrene which occurs in ,germany1 and which is there attributed to the parasitic attack of the fungus known as ,pleospora ,napi4 ,he finds this and other fungi present1 but does not himself consider them the direct cause of the disease1 which he attributes solely to the abundance of manure and moisture in the soil1 and an excess of water in the plant1 at a time when it is subject to sudden changes of temperature4 ,beyond a doubt1 however1 the real cause of the disease is the presence of one or more fungi1 whose development is favored by the damp weather4 ,the subject requires further study4 ,in this country this disease has been reported from ,michigan1 ,new ,york1 ,maryland and ,florida4 ,on ,long ,island1 in #ahhi1;,c the cauliflower crop was almost entirely destroyed by this disease1 which was attributed to the heavy rains at the time the plants were heading4 ,some fields were a total loss1 and from the best fields many of the heads spoiled before they reached the market4 ,no satisfactory remedy is known for the disease4 ,the avoidance of damp soils and locations would be of some benefit1 but is hardly practicable with the cauliflower4 ,wide planting is practiced on ,long ,island in order to diminish the tendency to the disease4 ,it undoubtedly has this effect to some extent1 by permitting a more free circulation of the air1 thus drying up the moisture on the plants and thereby lessening the opportunity for the germination of the spores4 ,the increased distance may also diminish the chance of the spread of the spores from plant to plant4 ,when this disease appears upon the early crop in hot-beds or cold frames it may be kept somewhat in check by giving as much air as possible1 and taking care not to apply water to the leaves4 ,,damping ,,off4--,this is usually due to a species of ,pythium 7a fungus closely related to that which causes the potato rot71 which attacks the young plants soon after they germinate4 ,the remedy is1 to give the plants plenty of air until their stems become strong enough to resist its attacks4 ,an additional precaution sometimes employed is to grow the plants in pans or small boxes and water them only by setting these in a tank of water of nearly the same depth1 allowing the water to soak into the soil1 but not touch the plants4 ,the disease is seldom troublesome on plants grown thinly in the open air4 ,if it makes its appearance1 water thoroughly1 but not too often1 and sprinkle dry sand over the seed-bed among the plants4,d ,,black ,,leg ,,or ,,mildew4--,this is a disease which attacks the stems of young plants which are being wintered over4 ,it is undoubtedly due to one or more species of parasitic fungi1 but ,i do not find that the subject has been studied4 ,doubtless the rupture of the bark by alternate freezing and thawing gives the fungi an opportunity to attack the plant4 ,the disease is prevented and kept in check by keeping the seed-bed dry4 ,an occasional dressing of sand1 lime1 wood-ashes or rubbish of any kind1 is useful4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 #ahhf 7,rev4 ,bib41 p4 #abh74 ,la cancrena del ,cavolo ,fiore 7,la gangrene humide du ,chou-fleur7 par ,m4 le ,professor ,o4 ,comes 7,atti del ,r4 ,instituto del incorraggiamento alle ,scienzie naturali4--,estratta dal ,vol4 ,,iv1 #c;a serie1 degli ,atti ,academici1 #ahhe74 ,the ,humid ,gangrene of the ,cauliflower4 ,a disease which attacks the crops of cauliflower around ,resina and at ,torre del ,greco1 near ,naples4 ,the roots of the diseased plants remain sound1 or at least appear so1 but the subterranean parts of the stem are more or less seriously affected2 the bark is disorganized1 the wood situated beneath it more or less decomposed1 and the pith destroyed for a variable length4 ,upon microscopic examination the vessels are found filled with gum4 ,m4 ,comes recognizes in this disease all the symptoms of the affection which has been designated under the name humid gangrene4 ,he thinks that it is the same disease which1 by ,german authors1 is attributed to the parasitism of ,pleospora ,napi1 ,fuckel1 or to its conidiferous form1 sporidesmium excitosum1 ,kuehn4 ,but he considers the presence of these parasites as an accessory phenomenon1 as well as that of ,cladosporium and ,macrosporium ,brassicae4 ,in his opinion the true cause of the alteration of the cauliflower is the humid gangrene1 that is to say1 a gummy degeneration and putrid fermentation of the tissues1 caused by the abundance of manure in the soil and the excess of water in the plant at a time when it is subject to sudden changes of temperature4 ,this disease is not confined to cauliflowers2 it is common in all garden vegetables1 and is of the same nature as that which attacks tomatoes and which was described by this author in the same journal in #ahhd4 ,this disease is also mentioned by ,victor ,paquet1 in his ,plantes ,potagers 7,london1 #ahdf1 p4 #bdc71 where it is attributed to stagnant moisture4 ,c ,country ,gentleman1 #ahhi1 p4 #gfi1 7from the ,port ,jefferson ,times1 ,sept4 #bg73 ,close upon the heels of a partial failure of the potato crop through rotting comes the news from various points on ,eastern ,long ,island that the cauliflower crop has almost totally failed through the same cause4 ,in ,manorville the crop has not sufficiently developed in some of the fields to warrant picking1 and in ,mattituck and east of that place the rotting will result in an almost total loss4 ,in a few cases there is not yet any indication of rot1 but the farmers are afraid to tie the plants up lest rotting ensue4 ,in ,east ,moriches1 ,orient1 and the near vicinity1 the yield will not be of sufficient value to pay for plowing the ground1 not to speak of the other expenses which have been entailed4 ,through the ,hamptons careful observations failed to reveal scarcely a single successful crop4 ,last ,saturday ,henry ,t4 ,osborn1 of ,east ,moriches1 tied up #b1jjj heads and on ,monday he cut enough to fill #cj barrels4 ,he let them lie in his barn over night1 and the next day not a barrel of them was fit for shipment to market4 ,george ,cooper1 of ,mattituck1 planted seven acres of cauliflower which he thinks will prove a total loss4 ,and so on the reports come from many ,east ,end farmers4 ,the recent heavy rains are generally assigned as the cause of the failure4 ,d ,a series of articles upon damping off may be found in the ,american ,garden for #ahhi1 pp4 #cdg-i4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,cauliflower ,,seed4 ,with no vegetable is it more important to have good seed than with the cauliflower1 and in none is there a greater tendency to deteriorate4 ,on this account less dependence is to be placed upon named varieties than in some other cultivated plants1 and greater need is required to secure carefully selected strains4 ,owing to peculiarities of soil1 climate and season1 and the different degrees of care given by the different growers1 seeds of the same variety may be better from one source than from another4 ,on this account1 when a variety is found adapted to one's needs it is well to use the same variety1 and obtain it from the same source year after year4 ,cauliflower seed is mostly grown in ,europe1 chiefly in ,holland and ,germany1 to some extent in ,italy and ,france1 and less in ,england4 ,one variety1 the ,large ,asiatic1 seeds abundantly in ,northern ,india4 ,there are a few localities where the seed is successfully grown in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,europe the dwarf early varieties are chiefly grown in the north1 and the large late varieties at the south4 ,in the south the seed is most easily grown1 and southern seed brings the lowest price4 ,mc,intosh states that cauliflower seed seldom ripens in ,scotland4 ,in ,england1 as ,i have said1 it is grown to a limited extent1 but not so much as that of broccoli4 ,the seed plants are there selected in ,june1 at the time of heading1 and allowed to stand until the seed matures4 ,mr4 ,dean states that his ,early ,snowball produces in warm1 early seasons better seed in ,england than anywhere else4 ,loudon1 in his ,encyclopaedia of ,gardening 7#eth ,ed41 #ahbg7 quotes ,neill1 as saying that ,until the time of the ,french ,revolution1 quantities of ,english cauliflower were regularly sent to ,holland and the low countries1 and even ,france depended on us for cauliflower seed4 ,even now ,english seed is preferred to any other4 ,a later ,english writer states that the ,english prefer ,dutch seed and the ,dutch ,english seed4 ,most of the seed now used in ,england1 as well as nearly all of that sold in this country comes from ,holland1 ,france and ,germany4 ,the climate1 especially of ,holland and ,north ,germany1 is particularly favorable for the production of fine strains of seed1 especially of the dwarf early varieties4 ,mc,intosh 7,book of the ,garden1 #ahee1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaf7 says3 ,our best cauliflower seed is imported from ,holland1 and for its quality we have much greater reason to thank the better climate than the growers1 who are not over particular in the matter1 as ,dutch cauliflower seed is sure to sell4 ,the ,mediterranean varieties are generally large1 and require for the most part too long a season to be popular and successful in this country4 ,as dwarf varieties have been produced1 the cultivation of this vegetable in ,europe has extended farther north4 ,as already stated1 when the cauliflower was first cultivated in ,france the island of ,cyprus was the only place where it was known to seed1 and for a time the plant was known in ,england under the name of ,cyprus ,colewort4 ,although most of the seed used in the ,united ,states is still imported1 ,american grown seed appears to give good satisfaction and is moderate in price4 ,professor ,w4 ,j4 ,green1 of the ,ohio experiment station1 who tested ,puget ,sound seed in #ahhi1 reported as follows3 ,the most remarkable examples of the superiority of ,northern grown seed are found in the ,puget ,sound cabbage and cauliflower seed1 which show great vitality and consequent vigor in growth of plant4 ,we have received numerous samples grown in that region by ,h4 ,a4 ,march and ,a4 ,g4 ,tillinghast1 brother of ,isaac ,tillinghast1 the seedsman4 ,these seeds were very large1 full of vitality1 and the plants uncommonly vigorous4 ,at transplanting time the plants were nearly twice the height of others of the same variety1 while the difference in color was very marked4 ,this robust habit continued to manifest itself during a greater part of the season1 but as maturity approached1 the variation was less and less marked1 until at last the others had caught up1 and there was no perceptible difference4 ,no change in time of maturity or habit of growth was noticed4 ,mr4 ,brill1 of ,long ,island1 states that to secure seed there it is best to winter over the partially headed plants in a cold frame or cellar1 and set them out early in the spring4 ,the summers are so warm there1 however1 that except in particularly favorable seasons but little seed forms4 ,several excellent early varieties have originated on ,long ,island1 and there is reason to believe that hot1 changeable climates1 though unprofitable for the growing of seed1 are particularly favorable for the production and maintenance of early sorts able to head in hot weather4 ,it is perhaps for this reason that ,england1 ,denmark1 and ,central ,germany have produced more early varieties than ,holland1 ,france and ,italy4 ,the dry calcareous soil of some parts of ,england appears to be particularly favorable to the production of early varieties4 ,in the vicinity of ,boston1 cauliflower seed has been grown to some extent1 especially the variety known as ,boston ,market1 which was formerly very popular there4 ,james ,j4 ,h4 ,gregory writes me under date of ,march #c;d1 #ahia1 that he raised #fj pounds of seed of the ,boston ,market from #ejj plants1 where from the same number of plants of the ,snowball and ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 grown under precisely the same conditions1 he obtained less than a great spoonful4 ,the seed was raised on an island used expressly for that purpose4 ,it is a custom in ,england and ,holland1 where the season is too short for the seed to ripen perfectly1 to diminish the number of seed-stalks on a plant by cutting out the centre of the head4 ,the flower-stalks require to be supported by stakes1 and when the seed is nearly mature1 to be guarded from birds4 ,a plaster cat is recommended as a good scare-crow1 especially if its position is changed every few days1 so that the birds will continue to think that it is alive4 ,cauliflower seed1 as is well known1 is smaller and inferior in appearance to cabbage seed1 and always contains a considerable proportion1 which is shrunken and worthless4 ,this poor seed is removed from the crop as much as possible before it is sold4 ,this shrunken condition arises from the fact that a large share of the flowers fail to set1 and many of the pods only partly fill4 ,shrunken seed is no indication of inferiority of variety1 in fact rather otherwise1 for the most compact heads1 being the most deformed from a structural point of view1 give the least amount of good seed4 ,still1 it is not necessarily true that the highest priced seed is always the best and most economical to use4 ,a new variety1 until it becomes well established1 requires rigid selection1 and this so reduces the amount produced that a high price can be obtained for all that is grown4 ,an older variety1 on the other hand1 which has become so well established1 and comes so true that nearly every head is perfect and will furnish good seed1 can be supplied at a cheaper rate and may for a given purpose be equally good4 ,as a rule it may be said that the newest and highest priced seeds are too expensive to use on a large scale1 and the cheapest seeds are inferior in quality4 ,one should not judge of the value of a variety wholly by the price at which its seed is sold4 ,most of the high priced varieties are dwarf kinds1 which are becoming more and more popular in this country1 but which produce comparatively little seed4 ,our varieties of cauliflowers have all been developed by means of selection4 ,desirable features have either been acquired by gradual selection through successive generations in a given locality2 or some sudden variation has been preserved and perpetuated4 ,climate1 as already stated1 has had much to do in developing certain peculiarities4 ,the varieties of ,italy1 ,france1 ,holland and ,germany have in each case certain features common among themselves which can only be accounted for by the influence of the particular climate in which they are grown4 ,it is1 therefore1 useless to attempt to maintain these characters wholly unchanged in other climates4 ,hardiness1 earliness1 certainty of heading1 protection of the head by leaves1 and shortness of stem1 can all be increased by selection1 but1 as they are all likewise influenced by climate1 the selection is more effective in some climates than in others4 ,the varieties of the south of ,europe are as a whole characterized by a long period of growth1 tall stems1 great vigor and hardiness1 and by having the leaves inclined to grow upright and protect the head4 ,the cauliflower crosses readily with the cabbage and other varieties and species of the genus ,brassica4 ,it does not usually flower at the same time1 however1 as other members of the genus1 so the difficulty is not usually great in keeping it pure4 ,in ,france the cauliflower has been crossed artificially with cabbage1 turnip and rutabaga1 in the attempt to obtain varieties of greater hardiness4 ,numerous peculiar forms were the result of these crosses1 some of which were good cauliflowers1 said to be of increased hardiness1 but none of them have found their way into general cultivation4 ,one of these1 owing to a cross with the turnip1 acquired the flavor of that vegetable4 ,a full account of these crosses may be found in the ,revue ,horticole for #ahhj4 ,the following remarks1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,dean1 of ,england1 on a case of apparent crossing in the cabbage tribe will be read with interest3 ,a very pretty conical-headed plant of a ,colewort was allowed to run to seed1 but nothing else of the same family was known to be in flower for a distance of at least several hundred yards4 ,the produce was saved and sown1 and has been furnishing food for the table during the past winter1 but what a progeny6 ,some were reproductions of the seed parent1 but larger1 and proved very handsome early cabbages2 others were very fair ,coleworts2 others bad examples of ,cottager's ,purple ,kale1 others ,green ,kale1 while others resembled sprouting ,broccoli1 both green and purple4 ,one plant was an example of the once popular ,dalmany sprouts1 and there were many other plants that admitted of no classification4 ,it is probable that bees1 which travel long distances1 had somewhere found some sprouting in ,broccoli flower and had brought pollen from those to the ,colewort plant in question4 ,spontaneous variation has given a number of curious forms of cauliflower1 including one with several heads in the place of one1 and another in which the head is flattened sidewise1 like the garden cockscomb4 ,these forms have not been cultivated4 ,cauliflower seed contains on an average about #g1jjj seeds to the ounce1 of which about one-half usually germinate1 a much smaller per cent4 than in cabbage4 ,long ,island growers estimate two ounces of seed to the acre as a safe amount for the small varieties and an ounce and a half for the late varieties4 ,it was formerly a common belief1 especially in ,england1 that old seed would be most likely to produce good heads4 ,there is little evidence to support this belief1 and just as little ground for the more recent belief held by some that old seed is particularly liable to produce loose worthless heads4 ,like all other seed cauliflower seed ought to be as fresh as possible2 fresh seed always germinates best and gives the most vigorous plants4 ,seed two or three years old1 however1 is generally satisfactory1 and it will often grow successfully at double that age4 ,,cauliflower ,,seed ,,growing ,,on ,,puget ,,sound4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 ,fidalgo ,island1 ,puget ,sound1 ,washington1 in ,rural ,new ,yorker1 #ahhh4 ,i am told by very good authority that cauliflower seeds had never been grown in the ,united ,states as a field crop to any extent until we made a success of it here on ,puget ,sound4 ,in the first place a very cool1 moist climate is necessary to cure secure seeds at all4 ,that climate we have here on our low flat islands lying in the mouth of the ,gulf of ,georgia4 ,we often have heavy fogs in the night1 and always dews equal to a light shower every night all summer long4 ,the first expense attending the raising of cauliflower seed is quite heavy4 ,the soil must be a rich1 warm loam facing the south1 and it will be all the better for having a clay subsoil4 ,we must have the land underdrained once in twenty feet1 the drains being three feet deep1 to give us a chance to work early in the spring1 and also to take off the surplus water when we come to flood the land in ,july4 ,to prepare the land for the crop we start in ,september4 ,after the fall rains have softened the soil1 plow1 harrow1 roll1 harrow again1 then replow and work it again1 until the soil is as fine as an onion bed4 ,now we throw it into ridges1 six feet apart1 and it is ready for work in early spring4 ,for manure we sow #b1jjj pounds of superphosphate and ground ,sitka herring1 equal parts of each1 to the acre4 ,with two horses and a ,planet1 ,jr41 cultivator we work the ridges until they are nearly level4 ,by using two horses we straddle the ridge1 and save tramping it where our plants are to go4 ,to get the plants1 we sow the seeds about ,september #a1 in rather poor soil1 giving them plenty of room2 the rows being a foot apart and the seeds sown thinly in the rows4 ,this gives us stocky and hardy plants1 which1 we think1 are less liable to damp off when transplanted4 ,about ,november #a we transplant the plants into cold frames1 six inches apart each way1 as we wish to keep them growing a little all winter4 ,the glasses are kept on at night and through heavy rains4 ,in case of a cold snap1 we cover the glasses with mats2 but that is not often necessary1 for we seldom have a temperature colder than #af deg4 above zero4 ,everything depends on good plants and an early start in the spring1 for we raise two crops the same season1 and an early frost on our unripe seed is sure to ruin the crop4 ,now1 to set the plants out and make them grow from the start1 a line is stretched along one of these flat ridges1 a boy goes along1 and with a three-foot marker marks the spots for the plants2 a man follows with a hoe and makes a hole1 about the size of a quart dish1 to receive each plant4 ,during the winter we have gathered up #bjj or #cjj tomato and oyster cans1 melted off the tops and bottoms1 leaving tubes about five inches long by three or four across4 ,now1 armed with a light wheelbarrow with a wooden tray1 containing from #ej to #ge of these cans1 we go to the cold-frame 7having well soaked it with water the night before72 take a can1 set it right down over the plant2 press the can into the soil about two inches1 and1 with a light shove to one side1 lift the plant without disturbing the roots2 fill our tray and start for the field2 run the barrow between two rows and set a can and plant in each of the holes just made4 ,a boy follows with a watering pot containing warm water1 and pours a gill into each tube1 which softens the soil so that the tubes can be lifted right out1 leaving the plant standing in the hole4 ,we brush a little dirt around the plant1 and firm it with the blade of the hoe4 ,now we have our plants set1 and not one ever wilts in the hottest spring day4 ,in two or three days the cultivator is started and kept a going once a week until the heads begin to form4 ,we hand-hoe three or four times1 besides fighting insects4 ,the cabbage maggot is our worst enemy4 ,when the flowers commence to bloom out or form heads1 is the most particular time4 ,a man who thoroughly understands what a perfect cauliflower is1 must now go through the field every two or three days and examine every head1 and if there is any sign of its growing in quarters1 or if a leaf is growing through the head1 or if there is any looseness in its growth1 the heads are staked and cut for market4 ,for1 as like produces like1 it will never do to get seed from an inferior head1 especially in the case of cauliflowers2 for the seeds from these are more apt to run wild than any seed ,i ever grew4 ,we usually set a ,fottler cabbage in the place from which the poor plant has been cut1 and it makes a fine head by fall4 ,by the middle of ,june we have the field clear of all inferior heads1 and their places filled with late cabbages4 ,about this time all the heads saved for seed are 'sponging out' preparing to throw their seed-stalks4 ,now is our time to help them4 ,on the upper side of the field1 we have wooden water tanks1 each holding about #bj1jjj gallons of warm water4 ,the water is run into the tanks in the middle of the day through flat open troughs1 which heat it up to about #gj deg4 ,fah4 ,it is taken through canvas hose over the field1 and the soil is soaked to the subsoil4 ,now our underdrains come into play1 for all of the surplus water is drained off in about three days1 and we can start the cultivator4 ,we cultivate close up to the plants4 ,if we break the leaves off it doesn't matter1 for they fall off anyway as soon as the seed stalks start4 ,this watering gives the plants new life and they start off for a second crop1 or become biennials the first year4 ,the watering and cultivation are kept up once in #aj days until the seed-stalks are so large that they cannot be run through without breaking the plants4 ,the seed ripens from the middle of ,september to the last of ,october1 according to how good a start was made in the spring4 ,the expense and trouble are not over yet4 ,the seed is ripening about the time our rainy season sets in1 and we don't see the sun once a week on an average1 so that our seed must all be dried by fire heat4 ,our dry-houses are #cj x #bj feet1 and #ah feet high with #b x #f inch joists running across the houses in tiers1 on which we hang the seeds for drying4 ,a brick furnace is built in the middle of the house1 with the flue running through the roof4 ,we usually make three cuttings4 ,as soon as the pods on the center stalks begin to turn yellow1 and the seed a light brown1 we make our first cutting4 ,from one to three plants are put in a pile and tied with binding twine4 ,the bundles are taken to the dry-house on wheelbarrows1 made with racks on purpose for carrying the seeds4 ,a cloth is spread over the rack to catch any shelling seeds4 ,a man carries about #ajj bunches at a load and passes them up to a man in the house who hangs them on nails driven for the purpose4 ,the seed is allowed to hang a few days to thoroughly ripen before firing up4 ,we aim to keep the heat in the top of the house at about #hj deg4 until the seed and stalks are dry4 ,the bundles are now taken down and laid upon a cloth where they are crushed by walking on them4 ,grain sacks are then filled with the stalks and pods as full as they will tie up1 and the contents are thrashed in the sacks with a flail4 ,the seed is then sifted from the stalks and taken to the fanning-mill1 and after putting it through the mill two or three times1 we set the boys to rolling it4 ,for this purpose we have a board two and a half feet long by one foot wide1 with thin strips nailed on the sides to keep the seeds from rolling off4 ,a boy sits down on a cloth with a pan of seed by his side1 and holds one end of the board in his lap1 while the other end rests on the cloth4 ,he puts a handful of seed on the top end of the board and gently shakes it4 ,all of the sound plump seeds run off on to the cloth1 while the shriveled seeds1 bits of stalk1 dirt1 weed seeds1 etc41 remain on the board4 ,a smart ,indian boy will clean ten pounds a day1 at a cost of #ej cents and his board4 ,now the seed is sacked in double cotton sacks1 holding about ten pounds each1 and is ready for market4 ,in a subsequent paper the same writer said1 in answer to inquiries upon the subject1 that the cauliflower and cabbage readily mixed1 but that there was little danger of their doing so in his locality1 as the cabbage was nearly out of flower before the cauliflower began to blossom4 ,to make the matter certain1 however1 boys were sent to every neighboring cabbage patch to clip off all straggling late blossoms that remained4 ,only one variety of cauliflower1 or strains of one variety1 is grown by him for seed in any one year4 ,the following letter from the same writer explains itself3 ,,fidalgo1 ,washington1 ,april #c1 #ahia4 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,crozier1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mich4 ,dear ,sir3--,your letter of inquiry received4 ,in answer would say1 ,i am the original cauliflower raiser in the ,puget ,sound country4 ,in #ahhb ,i discovered that by wintering the plants over in cold-frame1 and keeping them growing all winter1 those that were transplanted without wilting would form heads1 and then throw seed-stalks in time to form seed before frost1 if they were continually wet with tepid water after heading4 ,the first seed that was put on the market was sold by ,francis ,brill1 ,riverhead1 ,l4 ,i4 ,since then ,i have furnished some of the largest firms in the country with seed1 and the seed has given perfect satisfaction4 ,there is a secret in raising good seed that ,i don't care to give away4 ,several of my neighbors have tried to raise the seed1 and ,i believe some of it has been put on the market1 but it has proved inferior for the want of skill in knowing which heads to seed from1 as all heads will not do to seed from1 even though they may appear perfect to an inexperienced eye4 ,it's skilled labor that produces ,no4 #a seed4 ,i enclose you my circular1 with reports from growers and dealers1 also quite a few from the experiment stations4 ,i have a large number that ,i have not printed1 as they came too late for this year4 ,the business has grown from a few pounds in #ahhb to nearly #cjj pounds in #ahij4 ,i think in the near future1 that ,puget ,sound will grow all of the cauliflower seed that will be grown in the country4 ,cabbage seed is also grown to a large extent4 ,i raised about two tons last year1 and there probably will be ten tons raised on ,puget ,sound the coming summer4 ,cabbage and cauliflower are grown to a considerable extent both in ,oregon and ,washington1 though ,california sends our first to this market4 ,you ask me for an account of my ,early ,perfection or ,no4 #i4 ,it was a sport or a stray seed1 found among some ,erfurt ,earliest ,dwarf imported seed1 and being the first in the field to form a head by over a week1 ,i naturally saved it for stock seed1 and as it propagated itself perfectly1 and was perfection itself1 ,i named it ,early ,perfection4 ,i am not aware of another by the name of ,perfection on the market--never saw it in the seedmen's catalogues4 ,early ,padilla and ,early ,long ,island ,beauty1 by ,brill1 are the same2 they originated with me1 are a selection from ,erfurt ,large1 and are early and large4 ,all of ,tillinghast's ,puget ,sound cauliflower seed has been grown by me4 ,i have also grown all that ,francis ,brill has put on the market4 ,d4 ,m4 ,ferry ,co4's ,early ,puritan originated with me1 from a sport of ,henderson's ,snowball4 ,i sold them the stock for two years4 ,yours ,truly1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,march4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,varieties4 ,the varieties of cauliflower differ among themselves less than those of most other vegetables1 and their characters are less firmly fixed4 ,their tendency to degenerate1 especially under unfavorable conditions1 and the readiness with which they may be improved by selection1 has given rise within recent years to numerous so called varieties1 some of them but slightly differing from those from which they originated4 ,these have frequently received the names of the seedsmen who first sent them out4 ,many of these seedmen's varieties have dropped out of cultivation1 as well as other varieties which have appeared from time to time1 but which have not possessed sufficient distinctive merit4 ,some varieties1 from not having been kept up to their original standard1 have reverted to those from which they sprang1 or become so like them that their names have come to be regarded as synonyms4 ,nevertheless1 all such names have been brought together in the following catalogue1 and all the obtainable information given concerning the varieties which they represent4 ,the testimony given is sometimes contradictory1 either from want of proper observation on the part of the writers quoted1 or from differences in the seeds sold under the same name4 ,this is necessarily somewhat confusing to one who is looking up the merits of a variety1 but it will form a better basis for judgment than would a mere descriptive list1 without reference to dates or authorities4 ,it is practically impossible to make a satisfactory classification which will include all the varieties1 and they have therefore been arranged here in alphabetical order1 as being most convenient for reference4 ,nearly all of the most popular varieties have1 however1 characters sufficiently distinct so that they can be easily recognized4 ,some have short stems1 others long2 some are early1 others late2 some have upright leaves1 others drooping2 their color varies from grassy to bluish green2 the heads vary from snow-white to cream-colored1 and in two or three varieties classed with the cauliflowers they are reddish or purple1 as in some of the broccolis4 ,the form of the head varies from flat to conical4 ,most of our varieties have come from a few stocks whose characters1 as well as those of their descendants1 seem to have been largely determined by the locality in which they originated or have long been grown4 ,the ,algiers1 ,paris and ,erfurt groups are examples4 ,in each of these groups there is a series of varieties1 differing mainly in size and earliness4 ,in the ,erfurt group the production of early varieties has been carried farthest1 owing doubtless to the character of the climate1 as well as the greater skill employed in their selection4 ,the early varieties1 particularly of this group1 are characterized by having comparatively small1 narrow and upright leaves1 and a rather short stem4 ,a partial list of varieties1 arranged in the order of earliness1 follows the catalogue4 ,,advance1 see ,laing's ,early ,advance4 ,,alabaster4--,introduced to the general public by ,johnson ,stokes in #ahij4 ,in their catalogue for that year these seedsmen say3 ,our ,early ,alabaster was originally a sport from the finest ,german strain of the selected ,dwarf ,erfurt1 one extra fine head appearing some ten days in advance of any other in the crop of one of the largest and most expert cauliflower growers on ,long ,island in #ahha4 ,the seed of this was carefully saved by him1 and from it our stock has been brought up4 ,the seed of this variety has all been grown on ,long ,island1 and it was all taken by ,long ,island gardeners until #ahhi1 at which time there were said to be hundreds of acres of it in cultivation in ,suffolk ,county1 where it originated4 ,see ,frontispiece4 ,,algiers1 7,probably includes ,large ,algiers and ,large ,late ,algiers74--,vilmorin1 in #ahhc1 described ,algiers as follows3 ,extremely vigorous1 stronger and better developed than the ,giant ,naples1 ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant2 leaves very large1 undulate1 almost curly1 of a very deep and reflective glaucous green2 stem large and strong1 rather tall2 head remarkably large1 fine and white4 ,in habit of growth it approaches the ,half ,early ,paris1 but in time of maturity it agrees with the varieties of ,holland and ,england4 ,it is especially adapted to open-air culture in a warm climate4 ,m4 ,may1 of ,france1 placed it in #ahhj just before ,giant ,naples in maturity1 with a little shorter stem and little less ample foliage4 ,he said3 ,late1 but of gigantic size2 leaves large1 long and numerous1 of a glaucous green1 and surrounding well the head1 which becomes as large as those of our native varieties1 and is snow-white and exceedingly fine4 ,specially suited to warm climates4 ,in our country it may be sown in ,september1 and gathered the following ,august4 ,rawson1 a seedsman of ,new ,york1 said in #ahhf3 ,a large and very popular late variety1 and one of the very best for the market4 ,this variety is largely grown for the ,new ,york market4 ,it is one of the largest in cultivation1 and always sure to head4 ,frotzer1 of ,new ,orleans1 describes it as a ,french variety of the same season as ,lenormand ,short-stem1 but a surer producer1 having taken the place there of other second-early kinds since its introduction4 ,at the ,ohio experiment station it proved unsuited to the climate4 ,a writer in the ,american ,agriculturist for #ahhi stated that this variety was formerly largely grown in ,suffolk ,county1 ,long ,island1 but that for the past two or three seasons it had done poorly1 and would not be grown in the future4 ,its large size required the plants to be set four feet apart4 ,,alleaume 7,early ,alleaume1 ,dwarf ,alleaume74--,this variety1 originated by an intelligent market gardener of ,paris2 was1 according to the originator1 one of the best for cultivation under frames4 ,cultivated there in the open ground1 that is to say1 sown in ,june and planted out in ,july1 it has given remarkably good results4 ,it is a little below medium height1 and has a very short stem4 ,its oblong leaves are of a light grayish green4 ,the head is of medium size1 very white1 fine grained1 of first quality1 and early4 ,it is a variety of great promise4 ,this is the statement of the editor of ,revue ,horticole in #ahhd4 ,in #ahhh1 ,mr4 ,sutton1 of ,england1 calls it a distinct1 dwarf1 compact1 ,french variety1 having creamy-white heads1 and coming in after ,sutton's ,favorite4 ,in #ahij1 ,vilmorin quotes it as a very early dwarf1 short-stemmed variety1 especially good for forcing4 ,in #ahhe1 ,w4 ,a4 ,burpee offered an ,extra ,early ,alleaume1 which he described as stem very short1 leaves long1 entire or very little lobated1 of a grayish-green color1 forming a close protection to the head1 which is large1 fine grained and pure white4 ,this is probably the same variety as above4 ,,alma 7,waite's ,alma74--,hackett sells this as a new ,english variety of large size1 firm1 and surpassing in excellence the ,walcheren4 ,there was1 however1 a variety named ,alma1 probably the same1 growing at ,paris in #aheg 7see ,jour4 ,cent4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,france1 #aheg1 p4 #dbb74 ,in #ahfe ,waite's ,alma was considered by some to be merely the ,early ,london1 and by others to be the same as ,walcheren2 at least1 seeds of these two varieties had been sent out for it4 ,,american4--,seed of a very early variety bearing this name was sent by ,william ,ingell1 of ,oswego ,county1 ,new ,york1 to the editor of the ,country ,gentleman1 in #ahfa4 ,mr4 ,ingell1 who named the variety1 does not state whether he grew the seed or not4 ,in #ahhi1 ,bailey's ,annals of ,horticulture contained the name ,american1 with ,american ,beauty as synonym4 ,,ancient ,,lenormand1 see ,lenormand4 ,,asiatic 7,early ,asiatic1 ,large ,asiatic1 ,large ,late ,asiatic1 ,dur d',angleterre74--,these seem to be substantially one variety1 the terms early and late being in this1 as in some other cases1 applied by different seedsmen to the same variety1 when1 as in this case1 it is of intermediate season4 ,since the introduction of such extremely early sorts as the ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 this and other mid-season varieties are more often called late4 ,the ,asiatic seems to have originated from the ,early ,london1 of which it is regarded as merely a stronger growing and later variety4 ,the first mention ,i find of it is in ,hovey's ,magazine1 in #ahde1 where ,large ,asiatic and ,walcheren are called the two most noted varieties4 ,in #ahdi the same magazine states that it was sent out by the ,london ,horticultural ,society4 ,in #ahej a writer in the ,gardener's ,chronicle mentions this and ,walcheren as his two favorite varieties4 ,in #ahed1 ,j4 ,d4 ,browne describes the ,large1 ,late ,asiatic in the report of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture as larger and taller than ,early ,london4 ,in #ahee this variety is mentioned in the ,american edition of ,neill's ,gardener's ,companion as having recently come much into use4 ,as this edition was taken from the fourth ,edinburgh edition1 the actual date here referred to was probably much earlier4 ,three other varieties1 scarcely differing in character1 are mentioned--the ,early1 ,late and ,reddish-stalked4 ,the ,large ,asiatic is now extensively grown in ,northern ,india1 where it seeds freely1 but has a short season1 and is not considered as delicate or fine in flavor as the ordinary ,english varieties4 ,,autumn ,,giant1 see ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant4 ,,baltic ,,giant4--,in ,burpee's ,how to ,grow ,cabbages and ,cauliflowers 7#ahhh71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,pedersen1 of ,denmark1 gives the following account of this variety3 ,a new variety of large1 late cauliflower1 originated in these northern regions1 and which ,i propose to name ,baltic ,giant1 is very hardy1 of robust growth1 and produces very large and solid dazzling white flower-heads4 ,a friend of mine writes from the ,baltic island of ,bornholm that in mild seasons he has left this splendid late variety in the open ground as late as ,christmas1 only protected by a leaf or two bent over the heads4 ,the variety is being tested in this country by ,w4 ,a4 ,burpee ,co4 ,,berlin ,,dwarf4--,rawson says3 ,in earliness1 size and quality it resembles the ,snowball4 ,gregory1 in #ahij1 makes the same statement4 ,,best ,,of ,,all4--,an early variety mentioned in ,gardening ,illustrated1 #ahhe1 p4 #dch4 ,,black ,,sicily 7,large ,black1 ,dwarf ,early ,violet ,broccoli74--,vilmorin says3 ,in growth and appearance this variety somewhat resembles ,algiers4 ,stem rather tall1 leaves very large1 broad and much crumpled1 almost curly2 differs from all other cauliflowers in the color of its head1 which is violet1 and with a grain much coarser than in other varieties1 while it is sufficiently close1 solid and large4 ,not very late2 always grown in the open air1 and ready to commence cutting in ,september4 ,mentioned in ,bon ,jardinier1 in #ahei1 as one of the three principal ,broccolis1 with which it is generally and properly classed4 ,,boston ,,market 7,improved ,early ,paris74--,this variety1 which has now gone out of existence1 was formerly extensively cultivated around ,boston1 where it originated by continued selection from the ,early ,paris4 ,in the ,american ,journal of ,horticulture1 for #ahfi1 p4 #ib1 is a figure and description4 ,,burpee',s ,,best ,,early4--,an improved type of ,dwarf ,erfurt1 named and introduced by ,w4 ,a4 ,burpee ,co4 in #ahhf1 after1 as they say1 sixteen years selection by one grower4 ,it is said to be of dwarf1 compact growth1 with a short stalk1 and large1 solid1 nearly globular heads1 very early and certain to head4 ,the ,dingee ,conrad ,company sell the same variety4 ,at the ,ohio experiment station in #ahhi1 this variety was regarded as probably the same as ,large ,erfurt1 rather large1 and a few days later than ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 but quite as good in other respects4 ,at the ,colorado station1 in #ahhh1 ,burpee's ,earliest was noted for its large leaves and white1 compact heads4 ,it headed ten days later than ,henderson's ,snowball4 ,,carrara ,,rock4--,an extra selected strain of ,erfurt1 said by ,wm4 ,elliott ,sons1 of ,new ,york1 to be the earliest and surest variety to head4 ,,carter',s ,,defiance 7,early ,defiance74--,gregory considers this a fine variety for forcing or very early use4 ,,carter',s ,,dwarf ,,mammoth4--,an early variety1 coming in just after ,carter's ,defiance4 ,plant dwarf1 head very large1 perfect in form and of fine color4 ,,carter',s ,,extra ,,early ,,autumn ,,giant4--,a variety said1 in #ahhi1 to have large1 close1 white heads1 both flower and leaf being less coarse than those of ,autumn ,giant4 ,,carter',s ,,mt4 ,,blanc1 see ,mt4 ,blanc4 ,,chalon ,,perfection4 ,a variety mentioned in ,gardener's ,monthly1 in #ahhf4 ,said to be as white as snow1 almost as smooth as ivory1 and to make good heads in soil of moderate fertility4 ,probably the same as ,early ,dwarf ,chalon1 which see4 ,,chapel 7,chapel's ,cream74--,catalogued in ,bailey's ,annals of ,horticulture1 in #ahhi4 ,,clark',s ,,champion4--,an imported ,english variety mentioned in ,vick's ,magazine for #ahhg1 p4 #eb1 as being a little later than ,snowball and ,vick's ,ideal4 ,,cyprus4--,said by ,wolfner and ,weisz1 of ,vienna1 in #ahhh1 to be a beautiful early sort4 ,it is an old ,holland variety4 ,,danish ,,snowball4--,offered by ,vaughn1 in #ahia1 who says he has tested it for two seasons1 and finds it a good1 extra early sort4 ,,dean',s ,,early ,,snowball4--,this1 the oldest1 and for a long time the most popular of the ,snowball varieties1 has now been displaced in this country by ,henderson's ,snowball and other early sorts4 ,it is often said to be earlier than ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 but at the ,chiswick trials1 in #ahgf1 it did not prove to be so4 ,a writer in the ,garden1 for #ahhj1 places it third on the list of early varieties1 placing ,carter's ,extra ,early ,defiance first1 and ,veitch's ,extra ,early second4 ,it appears to be fully as dwarf as the earliest ,erfurts1 and to have a little larger head4 ,it has been said1 even by the introducer1 to be the ,english duplicate of the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 but there is no doubt of its distinctness from that variety1 as was afterwards recognized4 ,there was another ,german variety1 however1 name not given1 at the ,chiswick trials referred to1 which was reported to be identical with ,dean's ,snowball4 ,mr4 ,dean says3 ,the ,snowball may be told by one unfailing test1 viz43 when the heads begin to burst into flower1 they become suffused with a pretty purple tint4 ,this variety was introduced into ,england in #ahga1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,dean1 from ,denmark1 where it was largely cultivated4 ,it is still one of the best early varieties1 especially for hot weather and light soils4 ,mr4 ,dean states that it is about the only variety of which seed can be grown in ,england1 and he considers ,english-grown seed of this variety the best4 ,,dickson',s ,,eclipse1 see ,eclipse4 ,,dreer',s ,,earliest ,,snowstorm4--,henry ,a4 ,dreer1 in #ahij1 says in his catalogue3 ,the earliest and best of all for forcing4 ,it is dwarf1 with short outer leaves1 and can be planted two feet apart each way2 always sure to make large1 fine heads earlier than any other1 and is the market-gardener's favorite4 ,this variety must be kept growing constantly1 as it will not stand a check at any period of its growth4 ,in #ahia1 he writes that this variety is a strain of ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 the seed of which is grown at ,erfurt1 ,germany4 ,at the ,new ,york experiment station1 in #ahhh1 it produced heads fit for use eighteen days later than ,henderson's ,early ,snowball1 and ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,,dwarf ,,erfurt 7,extra ,early ,erfurt1 ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt74--,these names all refer to practically the same variety1 which is usually sold in this country under the name of ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 and is now the most popular early variety grown4 ,it is similar in habit to its parent1 the ,early ,erfurt1 but more dwarf1 and the leaves smaller and more upright1 allowing the plants to be set closer together4 ,the heads are close and well formed1 but do not remain solid long1 owing largely to the hot weather in which they are generally formed4 ,the best seed comes from ,erfurt1 ,germany1 but as the variety rapidly deteriorates1 there is great difference between the selected and ordinary stocks4 ,johnson ,stokes say1 in their catalogue for #ahij1 that their extra selected ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt is distinct from the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,burpee calls his ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt the finest of all early cauliflowers4 ,he1 as well as some other seedsmen1 sell different qualities1 extra selected1 true1 numbers one and two1 etc4 ,french-grown seed sells for about half the price of ,german seed4 ,at the ,chiswick trials1 in #ahgf1 where all known varieties were grown1 the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt proved to be the earliest variety grown4 ,it is best grown as a summer variety1 being rather tender for a late crop1 though sometimes used4 ,m4 ,may1 in the ,revue ,horticole1 for #ahhj1 describes this variety as follows3 ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,very early1 with light-colored1 short1 upright1 spoon-shaped leaves1 which surround the head well1 but do not cover it4 ,the head is well rounded1 very regular1 of remarkable whiteness1 and very fine and close4 ,it readily attains a diameter of fifteen to twenty centimeters about five to seven inches4 ,this variety is especially adapted to forcing1 as its small size permits it to be readily cultivated under glass4 ,the best times for sowing it appear to be at the beginning of spring and the end of summer4 ,one may also sow it in ,september to obtain a crop in ,april and ,may4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,pedersen1 of ,denmark1 speaks as follows of this variety in ,burpee's work on ,cabbages and ,cauliflowers3 ,the success with cauliflowers depends greatly upon the right choice of varieties4 ,this year1 for instance1 we have in this country suffered from drouth to an extent not known of for the last score of years1 and yet ,i have seen a surprisingly grand field of cauliflowers1 of an improved strain of the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt variety1 grown in a stiff clayey soil1 very dry in the surface1 not in the best state of cultivation1 and without any artificial watering whatever4 ,the roots of the plants were 'puddled' when planted out2 that was all4 ,i do not believe that seven per cent41 perhaps not five1 of said field of thirty or forty thousand plants failed to make fine1 large1 solid1 beautifully white and typical heads4 ,other varieties have either utterly failed1 or made stunted1 imperfectly developed heads4 ,at the ,new ,york experiment station1 in #ahhb1 the ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt was slightly earlier than the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 and produced double the proportion of good heads4 ,the ,ohio experiment station1 in #ahhi1 reported as follows3 ,the varieties or strains most highly recommended are ,early ,puritan1 ,early ,padilla1 ,long ,island ,beauty1 ,early ,sea ,foam1 ,early ,snowball and ,vick's ,ideal4 ,these all appear to be nearly identical with ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 and may be considered as strains of that variety4 ,as the ,dwarf1 or ,extra ,early1 ,erfurt has furnished a large share of the varieties now popular in this country1 the following list of ,erfurt varieties will be useful for reference4 ,the first three are in the order of earliness2 the others 7descended from ,dwarf ,erfurt17 being alphabetical3 ,early ,erfurt ,mammoth4 ,,early ,,erfurt4 ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,alabaster 7,johnson ,stokes74 ,berlin ,dwarf4 ,best ,early 7,burpee74 ,carrara ,rock4 ,gilt ,edge 7,thorburn74 ,ideal 7,vick74 ,imperial4 ,lackawanna 7,tillinghast74 ,la ,crosse ,favorite 7,salzer74 ,landreth's ,first4 ,long ,island ,beauty 7,brill74 ,model 7,northrup74 ,padilla 7,tillinghast74 ,prize 7,maule78 ,puritan 7,ferry74 ,sea ,foam 7,rawson74 ,small-,leaved ,erfurt4 ,snowball 7,faust74 ,snowball 7,henderson74 ,snowball 7,thorburn74 ,snowstorm 7,dreer74 ,snowstorm 7,pearce78 ,,early4--,at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhh1 a variety called ,early1 from the ,english ,specialty ,novelty ,seed ,co41 was the only one among nine varieties which failed to head4 ,the ,early ,london ,white is sometimes known as ,early4 ,,early ,,alleaume1 see ,alleaume4 ,,early ,,defiance 7,sutton71 see ,carter's ,early ,defiance4 ,,early ,,duke4--,mentioned as one of the best four early varieties for ,central ,france in the ,annales de la ,societe d' ,horticulture de l' ,allier for #aheb4 ,see ,lefevre4 ,,early ,,dutch4--,an old variety1 described by ,vilmorin as follows3 ,a large hardy variety1 suitable for field cultivation4 ,stem long and rather slender2 leaves elongated1 but very large1 of a grayish green1 somewhat undulated4 ,this is one of the varieties in which the side of the leaf is bare at the base for a considerable distance4 ,the head is hard and solid1 yet very large4 ,it is a half-late variety4 ,in its original country it does better than the ,french varieties and it is cultivated on a grand scale around ,leyden4 ,large quantities are shipped to ,england1 where it is found in the ,london markets1 together with cauliflowers from the coasts of ,france1 and especially ,great ,britain4 ,the name ,dwarf ,holland1 which is given to this variety in ,germany1 can only be explained by comparison with other ,holland varieties4 ,in comparison with the ,french varieties it is tall4 ,,early ,,dwarf ,,chalon4--,vilmorin catalogues this as new in #ahhi1 and says3 ,stem very short1 head rather large1 grain white and very close4 ,specially recommended for open air culture4 ,see ,chalon ,perfection4 ,,early ,,dwarf ,,forcing 7,sutton74--,no description4 ,,early ,,dwarf ,,surprise4--,an early variety from ,vilmorin1 which headed well at the ,new ,york experiment station1 in #ahhd4 ,,early ,,dwarf ,,vienna4--,said by ,wolfner and ,weisz1 of ,vienna1 to be an old superior sort1 still grown for the first and second crop4 ,,early ,,erfurt 7,erfurt1 ,large ,erfurt1 ,large ,early ,white ,erfurt1 ,late ,erfurt74--,this is still a popular variety1 but less hardy and less valuable as a late sort than the improved varieties from the south of ,europe2 and as an early sort it has been displaced by its offspring1 the ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 and the newer varieties derived from that4 ,the heads of the ,early ,erfurt are large and fine-grained but more inclined to be open and leafy than those of ,early ,paris4 ,it is a little earlier than that variety4 ,vilmorin describes the ,early ,erfurt as follows3 ,very early1 distinct1 and valuable1 but difficult to keep pure4 ,below medium height2 stem rather short2 leaves oblong1 entire1 rounded1 and slightly undulated2 of a peculiar light grayish green1 which1 added to their form and their rather erect position1 gives to the plant an appearance somewhat resembling that of the ,sugar ,loaf4 ,head very white1 fine grained1 rapidly developed1 but not inclined to remain long solid4 ,the ,bon ,jardinier mentions the ,erfurt1 in #ahei1 among the novelties as the earliest variety then known1 being two weeks earlier than ,salomon 7,early ,paris7 and very suitable for forcing on account of its straight1 upright leaves and earliness4 ,,early ,,erfurt ,,mammoth 7,new ,erfurt ,dwarf ,mammoth ,burr1 etc74--,f4 ,burr1 in #ahhf1 said3 ,a recent sort with large1 clear white flowers1 of superior quality4 ,the plants are low and close1 and generally form a head1 even in protracted dry and warm weather4 ,it appears to be one of the few varieties adapted to the climate of this country4 ,this form of ,early ,erfurt has not been kept distinct4 ,,early ,,favorite4--,a variety without description is sold under this name by ,a4 ,b4 ,cleveland ,co4 ,see also ,haskell's ,favorite4 ,,early ,,german4--,a new variety advertised in ,english ,catalogues3--7,mag4 of ,hort41 #ahch1 p4 #ej74 ,,early ,,la ,,crosse ,,favorite4--,john ,a4 ,salzer offers this as earlier than ,henderson's ,early ,snowball1 and the earliest1 finest1 whitest and most compact grown4 ,at the ,ohio experiment station in #ahhi it was apparently the same as the ordinary large ,early ,erfurt4 ,mr4 ,salzer writes me that it is a distinct type of his own originating from the ,early ,erfurt4 ,,early ,,leyden1 see ,walcheren4 ,,early ,,london 7,london ,particular1 ,fitch's ,early ,london1 ,early ,english1 ,large ,late47--,an old sort1 still quite popular in both the ,united ,states and ,england4 ,vigorous and hardy1 with large1 abundant1 deep-green1 undulated foliage2 stem rather tall1 but shorter than that of ,early ,dutch2 head well formed and somewhat conical4 ,formerly the main variety grown as an early crop about ,london1 but there are now varieties much earlier4 ,vilmorin regards it the same as ,early ,dutch1 which is evidently an error4 ,,early ,,london ,,market 7,gregory71 see ,early ,london4 ,,early ,,london ,,white 7,sutton74--,an early form of ,early ,london1 cultivated some twenty years ago1 but now seldom heard of4 ,,early ,,padilla 7,long ,island ,beauty74--,the ,early ,padilla was named and sent out by ,tillinghast in #ahhh1 who says that it is a sport from ,henderson's ,snowball which originated on one of his seed farms on ,padilla ,bay1 ,puget ,sound1 in the ,state of ,washington4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 of ,fidalgo1 ,washington1 who states that he grows all of ,tillinghast's ,puget ,sound cauliflower seed1 says that ,early ,padilla originated with him from the ,large ,erfurt1 and was named by him the ,american4 ,it was published at first under this name in one of his circulars4 ,seed of the same was also supplied by him to ,francis ,brill1 of ,long ,island1 who named it and sold it as ,long ,island ,beauty4 ,at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhh1 the ,early ,padilla equaled in earliness ,henderson's ,snowball1 and was slightly surpassed by ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 while the variety obtained as ,long ,island ,beauty was the earliest of the nine early varieties on trial4 ,at the ,ohio experiment station in #ahhi1 ,long ,island ,beauty was called a very perfect strain of ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt4 ,gregory said in #ahij3 ,of the thirteen varieties of cauliflower raised in my experimental plot in #ahhh1 every specimen of the ,long ,island ,beauty made fine heads1 and the heads averaged larger than any other sort4 ,it is among the very earliest4444 ,mr4 ,brill calls it1 'absolutely and unequivocally the best cauliflower in the world4' ,,early ,,paris 7,tendre de ,paris1 ,salomon1 ,petit ,salomon74--,an excellent sort1 more largely grown for a fall crop in this country in the past than any other variety4 ,intermediate in season between half ,early ,paris and the new ,extra ,early ,paris4 ,as grown by the writer from seed obtained for several years of ,james ,vick1 the ,early ,paris was later than ,early ,erfurt1 but more certain to head1 the heads more globular1 a little smaller1 decidedly lighter in weight than those of that variety1 of better quality1 and almost entirely free from intermixed leaves4 ,sown about ,may #aj1 and set out the last of ,june1 most of the plants formed their heads during ,october4 ,as a summer variety it produces better heads than the ,early ,erfurt1 but is less inclined to head early in the season4 ,described by ,vilmorin as follows3 ,plant small1 rather tall2 leaves comparatively narrow1 nearly straight1 a little deflexed at the extremity1 and slightly wavy at the border2 head of medium size1 quickly formed1 but remaining firm but a short time4 ,this variety is particularly suitable for the summer crop2 sown in ,april or ,may it heads in ,august or ,september4 ,in this country1 when used as a fall crop1 no complaint is made of the heads not remaining firm4 ,sown in ,may in the latitude of ,new ,york it heads in ,september and ,october4 ,m4 ,may1 of ,france1 describes this variety as follows in the ,revue ,horticole for #ahhj3 ,an early variety grown by gardeners in the outskirts of ,paris4 ,it has nearly the appearance of the ,half ,early ,paris1 but is smaller1 with a little shorter leaves1 which are more narrow and upright4 ,it is sown in ,september1 and ,wintered over under hand glasses on a bank composed of manure from an old hot-bed and exposed to the south4 ,the crop is then gathered during ,may4 ,it may also be sown in ,march and gathered in ,july4 ,victor ,paquet1 in his work on ,vegetables 7,plantes ,potagers71 published at ,paris in #ahdf1 gives a full account of cauliflower culture and says3 ,we cultivate two distinct varieties1 tendre and demi-dur4 ,the sub-varieties gros and petit ,salomon are sorts of the tendre4 ,richard ,frotzer1 of ,new ,orleans1 catalogues the ,extra ,early and the ,half ,early1 but not the ,early ,paris4 ,mr4 ,gregory1 of ,massachusetts1 states that most of the seed sold in the ,united ,states as ,early ,paris is really the ,half ,early4 ,in a recent letter he says3 ,the ,early or ,half ,early ,paris is now about dead1 the various strains of ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 such as ,snowball1 ,sea ,foam1 etc41 having taking its place4 ,d4 ,m4 ,ferry ,co4 sell a variety called ,early ,paris or ,nonpareil1 the latter name having been first given by ,j4 ,m4 ,thorburn ,co4 to the ,half ,early ,paris4 ,there is no doubt1 however1 of the ,early and ,half ,early ,paris being two varieties4 ,the former1 which has so long been a favorite in the ,northern ,states may still be relied upon1 though in many cases1 as stated1 it is being displaced by the ,extra ,early ,paris1 and particularly by the ,extra ,early ,erfurt and varieties derived from it4 ,,early ,,picpus4--,catalogued by ,vilmorin in #ahhi as a new early variety with large white heads1 good for field culture4 ,,early ,,puritan4--,a little the earliest of four varieties at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhi1 the others being ,early ,erfurt1 ,snowball1 and ,vick's ,ideal4 ,at the ,ohio station the same year it was considered to be a strain of ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt and one of the best of its class4 ,d4 ,m4 ,ferry ,co41 the introducers of this variety write me as follows regarding its history3 ,the ,puritan cauliflower originated as the product of a particularly early1 large-headed1 and dwarf-growing plant found in a large crop of ,snowball during the summer of #ahhf4 ,the seed from this plant was saved1 and selections made from the product until a sufficient quantity was secured4 ,it was first noticed and selected by one of the largest cauliflower growers in this country1 and great care was taken in selecting and seeding the plant4 ,it is purely ,american1 both in origin and growth4 ,it appears from the letter of ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 on page #abb1 that this variety originated with him from ,henderson's ,snowball1 at ,fidalgo1 ,washington4 ,,early ,,snowball4--,under this name ,dean's ,early ,snowball is generally known in ,england1 and this is probably the variety often sold as ,snowball in the past in this country4 ,henderson's ,early ,snowball is1 however1 now sold under that name by many seedsmen1 and is the one sent out as ,early ,snowball by the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,seedsmen sometimes prefix their own name1 to the variety or strain of ,snowball which they sell4 ,all varieties bearing this or similar names are1 so far as known1 of the ,dwarf ,erfurt group4 ,,early ,,walcheren1 see ,walcheren4 ,,eclipse4--,the first notice ,i find of this variety is in the ,gardener's ,chronicle for #ahgg 7,vol4 ,,viii71 where it is mentioned as being sent out by ,dickson ,brown ,tait4 ,it is similar to ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant1 but about three weeks earlier4 ,it is said to be a fine variety1 with large heads1 well protected by the leaves1 and to stand drouth well4 ,at the ,ohio experiment station in #ahhi1 the heads were invariably loose and sprangled4 ,,erfurt1 see ,early ,erfurt4--,the ,erfurt varieties are characterized by light pea-green color1 and stiff1 more or less upright leaves4 ,,extra ,,early ,,alleaume1 see ,alleaume4 ,,extra ,,early ,,dwarf ,,forcing4--,probably the ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,,extra ,,early ,,erfurt1 see ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,,extra ,,early ,,paris4--,this variety is not described by ,vilmorin in his ,plantes ,potagers1 but it is probably the one given in his catalogue under the name of ,extra ,earliest ,paris 7forcing74 ,it is catalogued by the leading ,american seedsmen without description4 ,,faust',s ,,earliest ,,snowball4--,h4 ,g4 ,faust ,co41 say in their catalogue for #ahij3 ,our ,snowball cauliflower is undoubtedly the best in cultivation4 ,it is the earliest grown1 produces the finest snow-white heads1 and its compact habit enables it to be planted closer together than any other variety4 ,,favorite1 see ,early ,la ,crosse ,favorite1 ,haskel's ,favorite1 and ,early ,favorite4 ,,frankfort ,,giant1 see ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant4 ,,french1 see ,large ,white ,french and ,half ,early ,french4 ,,french ,,imperial 7,thorburn71 see ,imperial4 ,,frogmore ,,early ,,forcing4--,an old variety1 described by ,f4 ,burr1 in #ahff1 as follows3 ,stem quite short1 and plant of compact habit4 ,the heads are large and close1 and their color clear and delicate4 ,recommended as one of the best for forcing1 as well as an excellent sort for early culture4 ,in #ahgf1 a writer in the ,country ,gentleman's ,magazine mentions it as the earliest variety grown1 to be followed by ,early ,london4 ,it is now1 however1 but little used4 ,,gerry ,,island4--,a variety said by ,gregory to be a very reliable header1 closely resembling ,early ,paris4 ,at the ,colorado experiment station1 in #ahhh1 it failed to head4 ,,giant ,,malta4--,said to be a large1 fine variety1 with beautiful white heads of excellent flavor4 ,though dwarf1 it is late1 requiring six months in which to develop4 ,,giant ,,naples4--,described as synonymous with ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant1 by ,vilmorin1 in #ahhc1 but he now catalogues it as a separate variety1 similar to ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant1 but later4 ,it is doubtless the original1 of which the ,autumn ,giant is a slightly improved form4 ,m4 ,may said of ,giant ,naples1 in #ahhj3 ,very similar to ,algiers1 a little taller stem1 and more fully developed foliage4 ,highly esteemed in ,italy and ,algeria4 ,requires the same culture as ,algiers4 ,,gilt ,,edge ,,early ,,snowball 7,thorburn74--,this ,american variety was reported by the ,pennsylvania experiment station in #ahhh1 as having done well and formed good heads1 free from intermixed leaves1 where nearly all other sorts failed4 ,it is a superior selected strain of ,early ,snowball which originated on ,long ,island and is of the same type as the best strain of imported ,dwarf ,erfurt4--7,johnson ,stokes1 #ahia74 ,,grange',s ,,autumn4--,a variety mentioned in the ,gardener's ,chronicle1 in #ahgj1 as earlier and inferior to ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant4 ,,haage',s ,,early ,,german4--,said by ,wolfner and ,weisz1 of ,vienna1 to be an excellent short-stemmed variety for the open ground4 ,,haage',s ,,dwarf4--,said by ,wolfner and ,weisz1 of ,vienna1 to have large1 compact heads1 which keep long in good condition4 ,,haage',s ,,new ,,dwarf ,,early4--,the best for forcing4--7,frederick ,adolph ,a4 ,haage1 ,jr41 ,erfurt1 ,germany1 #ahij74 ,,half ,,early ,,french 7,landreth1 #ahhf74--,thorburn1 in #ahia1 catalogued ,half ,early ,large ,french1 and in previous years ,half ,early ,dwarf ,french4 ,,half ,,early ,,giant ,,italian4--,a new variety catalogued without description by ,vilmorin1 ,andrieux1 ,co41 in #ahhi4 ,,half ,,early ,,large ,,white ,,french 7,vilmorin1 ,andrieux ,co47--,no description4 ,,half ,,early ,,paris 7,demi-dur de ,paris1 ,gros ,salomon1 ,nonpareil74--,valuable for a late crop in this country1 and now the most popular variety in the ,new ,orleans market4 ,described by ,vilmorin1 of ,paris1 as follows3 ,plant medium2 leaves rather large1 of a deep1 slightly glaucous green1 surrounding the head well1 and gradually reflexed from the base to the apex2 border undulate and coarsely dentate1 stem rather short and stout2 head very white1 large1 and remaining solid a long time4 ,formerly the most extensively cultivated for the ,paris market1 but now giving place to ,lenormand ,short-stem1 and several new varieties4 ,in the ,revue ,horticole for #ahhj1 ,m4 ,may says3 ,this is the variety most cultivated around ,paris1 because it is suited to all seasons4 ,it may be sown3 7#a7 ,in ,september1 to be gathered in ,may and ,june1 being protected during winter like the ,early ,paris2 7#b7 in ,february1 in a hot-bed1 or under hand-glasses or frames1 to be gathered in ,june and ,july2 7#c7 at the first of ,march1 also in hot-bed1 to be set out in ,april and gathered in ,july2 7#d7 finally1 it may be sown in ,june on a border of rich mold1 and set out in ,july1 without having been transplanted4 ,this very simple method requires frequent waterings to yield good results4 ,the crop is gathered from ,september to ,november4 ,the name ,gros ,salomon1 now given by ,vilmorin and others as synonymous with ,half ,early ,paris1 was applied by ,ribaud1 in #aheb1 to a separate variety 7,annales de la ,societe d' ,horticulture de l' ,allier1 #aheb1 p4 #ei74 ,for remarks on the synonym ,nonpareil1 see that name4 ,mr4 ,gregory1 of ,massachusetts1 says of the ,half-,early ,paris or ,demi-dur3 ,this is the kind usually sold in this country as ,early ,paris1 the true variety making so small a head as to be comparatively worthless here4--7,gregory1 ,cabbages and ,how to ,grow ,them1 #ahgj1 p4 #fi74 ,,half ,,early ,,st4 ,,brieuc 7,demi-dur de ,st4 ,brieuc74--,plant large and strong2 leaves quite large1 elongated1 undulate and of a deep green2 stem long2 head close1 solid1 and remaining a long time in good condition4 ,this variety1 which is extensively cultivated around ,st4 ,brieuc1 on the north coast of ,france from which it is exported to ,paris1 and even to ,england1 is quite hardy1 and is well adapted to open-air culture4--7,vilmorin74 ,the ,st4 ,brieuc was described by ,m4 ,may1 in the ,revue ,horticole1 in #ahhj1 as a hardy1 but late variety1 inferior in its head to our ,paris varieties1 and not very generally cultivated4 ,at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhf1 this variety gave good results4 ,,haskell',s ,,favorite4--,as grown at the ,south ,dakota experiment station1 in #ahhh1 no difference was seen between this and ,henderson's ,snowball4 ,seed was sown in hot-bed ,april #aj1 the plants set out in well-manured soil1 ,may #bd1 and the first heads cut ,july #ac--;from which time the plants continued to head along through the season4 ,the introducer1 ,george ,s4 ,haskell1 of ,rockford1 ,ill41 writes3 ,the ,early ,favorite we sell is a variety ,i found in ,holland a number of years ago4 ,it has proved a very sure header in this section of the country1 and will yield more than other sorts4 ,it is not of the ',erfurt family1' but about half way between the ,early ,paris and ,erfurt4 ,,henderson',s ,,early ,,snowball4--,a ,german variety1 derived from the ,dwarf ,erfurt1 introduced by ,peter ,henderson ,co41 about #ahgh1 and which has become very popular4 ,gregory1 in #ahij1 said that it was not excelled by any other variety1 unless it was ,thorburn's ,gilt ,edge1 and that it combined the best characteristics of ,berlin ,dwarf1 ,extra ,early ,erfurt1 and ,sea ,foam4 ,henderson ,co4 state that it is now grown for forcing more largely than any other variety4 ,it is also considerably grown in field culture1 not only for the early crop1 for which it is especially suited1 but also for the late crop1 the plants being set out as late as the first of ,august4 ,its small size and reliability of heading are valuable features where suitable soil and culture are given4 ,the high price of the seed and the lack of vigor in much of the seed of this and other ,dwarf ,erfurt varieties1 have prevented their cultivation on as large a scale as they would otherwise be grown4 ,this variety was formerly sold by many seedsmen simply as ,early ,snowball1 and it is the one now usually referred to when the name ,early ,snowball is used1 7,see ,early ,snowball47 ,w4 ,j4 ,green1 of the ,ohio experiment station1 says of ,henderson's ,snowball3 ,this justly celebrated strain of ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt is probably better known than the parent variety4 ,the true ,henderson's ,early ,snowball is unexcelled1 but there are other strains1 and other varieties even1 that have been sent out under this name1 which are very inferior4 ,the stock of this variety is now all controlled ,peter ,henderson ,co41 and is grown in ,germany4 ,seed descended from ,henderson's stock has been grown at ,puget ,sound1 and is claimed to be as good as the original4 ,several other sorts1 including ,puritan1 ,padilla and ,gilt ,edge1 have been derived from ,henderson's ,snowball1 which sometimes mature quite as early as this variety4 ,,ideal1 see ,vick's ,ideal4 ,,imperial4--,may says1 in the ,revue ,horticole1 for #ahhj3 ,a variety which seems to have originated from the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 being a little more vigorous1 and producing a little larger heads1 which is without doubt a result of culture1 for in head and leaf it wholly resembles the ,erfurt4 ,it is an excellent variety1 employed in the same manner as the ,erfurt1 and deserves extended cultivation4 ,vilmorin says3 ,this fine variety resembles the ,dwarf ,early ,erfurt1 but it is of deeper green1 and every way larger4 ,it is an early variety with beautiful white head1 large and solid1 and remarkable for its regularity of growth and product4 ,when well grown it is certainly among the most desirable early varieties4 ,thorburn considers it one of the best for the main crop4 ,it originated about #ahgj4 ,it matured in one season eighteen days and in another thirty-two days before the ,lenormand4--7,the ,garden1 #ahgh1 p4 #b74 ,,imperial ,,novelty 7,landreth71 see ,imperial4 ,,improved ,,early ,,paris1 see ,boston ,market4 ,,italian ,,giant4--,there are two or more forms of this variety in the market4 ,for example3 ,vick sells ,italian ,giant2 ,gregory1 ,italian ,early ,giant2 the ,plant ,seed ,company1 ,italian ,early ,giant ,autumnal2 ,vilmorin1 ,half-,early ,italian ,giant 7new72 ,frotzer1 ,late ,italian ,giant2 and ,vilmorin1 ,late ,giant ,italian ,self-protecting4 ,the early form or variety seems to be the most generally sold by our seedsmen1 and is perhaps the one indicated when the simple name ,italian ,giant is used4 ,gregory calls the ,early ,italian ,giant a fine1 large white-headed early ,variety4 ,frotzer says it is not quite so late as the ,late ,italian1 almost as large1 and in every way satisfactory4 ,the ,late ,italian ,giant1 he says1 is grown to a considerable extent in the neighborhood of ,new ,orleans1 and is the largest of all the cauliflowers and should not be sown later than ,june1 as it requires from seven to nine months to head4 ,,johnson ,,stokes' ,,early ,,alabaster1 see ,alabaster4 ,,king1 see ,sutton's ,king4 ,,knickerbocker4--,an early ,variety with fine large compact snow-white heads of excellent flavor4--7,e4 ,w4 ,hackett1 ,adelaide1 ,australia1 #ahhi74 ,,lackawanna4--,all ,american variety sent out by ,tillinghast1 about #ahhd1 and said to be a little larger and later than ,henderson's ,snowball4 ,,landreth',s ,,first4--,as grown at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhe1 it was equal in earliness to the ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 and surpassed only by ,henderson's ,snowball4 ,,large ,,algiers1 see ,algiers4 ,,large ,,asiatic1 see ,asiatic4 ,,large ,,erfurt4--,a name sometimes applied to the ordinary ,early ,erfurt1 in distinction from the ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,,large ,,early ,,dwarf ,,erfurt 7,thorburn71 see ,early ,erfurt4 ,,large ,,early ,,london4--,failed to head at the ,new ,york experiment station1 in #ahhb4 ,in #ahhe a small proportion of the plants headed2 it was the latest among #ch varieties4 ,,large ,,early ,,white ,,erfurt4--,brill calls this the lowest grade of the ,erfurt type1 succeeding admirably at times1 but not to be depended on1 and apt to grow with small fine leaves through the heads4 ,see ,early ,erfurt4 ,,large ,,late ,,algiers1 see ,algiers4 ,,large ,,late ,,asiatic1 see ,asiatic4 ,,large ,,late ,,walcheren 7,dreer71 see ,walcheren4 ,,large ,,white ,,french4--,a fine large white variety1 catalogued by ,gregory and others in #ahij4 ,vilmorin calls it half-early4 ,,largest ,,asiatic4--,taller and larger than the common ,asiatic1 but apparently no longer grown4 ,the ,gardener's ,chronicle for #ahdh mentions its being sold by ,messrs4 ,schertzer1 of ,haarlem4 ,,laing',s ,,early ,,advance4--,a writer in the ,gardener's ,chronicle1 for #ahia1 p4 #aba1 states that he has grown it for the past three years and finds it a good variety1 with close white heads of moderate size1 protected by many well-incurved leaves1 and ready for use about five months from the time of sowing the seed4 ,,late ,,dutch 7,large ,late ,dutch74--,sold by several ,american seedmen4 ,probably distinct from ,early ,dutch4 ,,late ,,lenormand ,,short-,,stem1 see ,lenormand ,short-,stem4 ,,late ,,london 7,burpee and ,ferry74--,no description4 ,see ,asiatic and ,large ,early ,london4 ,,late ,,paris 7,dur de ,paris74--,this1 said ,vilmorin in #ahhc1 is the latest variety cultivated by the market gardeners around ,paris4 ,it differs from the ,half ,early ,paris1 especially in being a little later1 and in having its head remain hard and solid a long time2 but it is also distinguished by the appearance of its foliage1 which is quite abundant1 elongated1 very much undulated1 and of an intense green4 ,this variety is the least cultivated of the three generally grown at ,paris4 ,the gardeners use it only for the summer sowing to come at the end of the season4 ,it is now being supplanted by other late sorts4 ,,late ,,walcheren1 see ,walcheren4 ,,lefevre4--,said to have been one of the best four varieties for ,central ,france in #aheb1 the others being ,demi-dur de ,paris 7,half ,early ,paris71 ,early ,duke1 and ,gros ,salomon4 ,,le ,,maitre ,,pied ,,court4--,as grown at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhe1 it was rather early4 ,probably the same as the ,lemaitre or ,chambourcy ,short-,stemmed1 catalogued by ,vilmorin in #ahij4 ,,lenormand 7,ancient ,lenormand1 ,late ,lenormand1 ,lenormand ,extra ,large1 ,lenormand ,mammoth74--,vilmorin said1 in #ahhc3 ,it is now a score of years since the attention of the trade was called to this variety1 principally because of its beauty and its great hardiness against cold4 ,the ,lenormand is in appearance but little different from the ,half ,early ,paris 7,demi-dur74 ,the leaves are only a little larger4 ,it certainly requires a little less care than other varieties1 but its chief merit is having given birth to the ,lenormand ,short-stemmed1 which is to-day one of the most generally prized4 ,m4 ,may describes and figures this variety in the ,revue ,horticole for #ahhj4 ,in the ,journal of the ,central ,horticultural ,society of ,france for #aheg is a report of a committee of that society upon this variety as grown on the grounds of ,m4 ,lenormand near ,paris1 it having been introduced by that gentleman in #aheb from ,halle1 in ,central ,germany1 where it was then largely cultivated4 ,the committee made a very flattering report1 finding the ,lenormand much finer than the other varieties1 ,half ,early ,paris1 ,erfurt1 and ,alma1 growing in the same field4 ,in this country the ,lenormand was formerly a popular variety1 being frequently mentioned1 as long ago as #aheh1 with the ,early ,paris as one of the two best varieties4 ,since then it has been displaced by the following3 ,,lenormand ,,short-,,stem4--,this variety1 derived from the ,lenormand1 is described by ,vilmorin in #ahhc as follows3 ,the aspect of this variety is very characteristic1 and enables it to be distinguished easily from all others when it is well grown4 ,the stem1 extremely short1 strong and stocky1 is furnished down to the level of the earth with short1 large1 rounded leaves1 slightly undulated except on the borders1 very firm and stiff1 and more spreading than upright2 color deep green1 slightly glaucous2 head very large and solid1 beautifully white1 and keeping in condition a long time4 ,this variety is early1 productive1 hardy against cold and drouth1 and requires comparatively little room4 ,its rapid extention in cultivation within the last few years is not therefore surprising4 ,illustration ,to this it may be added that the variety is sold by nearly all our ,american seedmen and is a popular variety for a fall crop1 especially at the ,south4 ,its large1 solid1 cream-colored heads are not however as well protected by the leaves as those of most other medium early or late sorts4 ,,lenormand',s ,,short-,,stemmed ,,mammoth 7,lenormand's ,extra ,large ,short-,stemmed74--,this appears to be a selection from the ,lenormand ,short-stem4 ,it is offered under the second of the above names by ,vilmorin1 and under the first by ,gregory and other ,american seedsmen4 ,,long ,,island ,,beauty 7,brill71 see ,early ,padilla4 ,at the ,colorado station1 in #ahhh1 seeds of ,long ,island ,beauty obtained from ,low appeared to be an inferior stock1 and gave heads which were loose and yellowish4 ,for the origin of this variety see ,early ,padilla4 ,,malta ,,giant 7,burpee71 see ,giant ,malta4 ,,martin',s ,,president4--,as grown by ,mr4 ,r4 ,gilbert at ,burghley1 ,england1 in #ahhe1 this variety stood the exceptionally dry season better than ,best of ,all1 ,snowball1 ,early ,erfurt1 or ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant4--7,gardening ,illustrated1 #ahhe1 p4 #dch74 ,,maule',s ,,prize ,,earliest1 see ,prize4 ,,mitchell',s ,,hardy ,,early4--,said by ,f4 ,burr1 in #ahff1 to be a new variety1 bouquet not large1 but handsome and compact4 ,it is so firm that it remains an unusual length of time without running to seed or becoming pithy4 ,,model4--,the ,northrup1 ,braslan ,goodwin ,co41 of ,minneapolis1 ,minnesota1 the introducers of this variety1 say in #ahia3 ,the history of our ,model cauliflower we can give you in a few words3 ,we have for several years been testing cauliflower seed from as many growers as possible1 in order to secure a variety which we could identify with our name4 ,we have never been fully satisfied until two years ago1 when we received from a foreign grower a sample for trial4 ,upon testing this seed in our experimental grounds we found it so desirable that we arranged for the stock we are now selling1 and which gives excellent satisfaction wherever grown4 ,there are other varieties which produce as good heads and as early1 but in our growths of this sort we have found a larger proportion of large1 white1 perfect heads than in any other strains we have tested4 ,,mohawk ,,white ,,cap 7,nellis74--,rather larger and later than ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt and seems to be identical with ,snowball from the same firm4--7,ohio ,exp4 ,station1 #ahhi7 ,,mt4 ,,blanc4--,said by ,buist1 in #ahij1 to be one of the largest and finest for forcing1 or the general crop4 ,stem medium2 heads large1 snow-white1 well protected by the leaves1 and of delicate flavor4 ,at the ,oregon experiment station1 in #ahij1 ,carter's ,mt4 ,blanc resembled ,perfection in growth1 but had somewhat larger heads4 ,,naples1 ,,giant1 see ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant4 ,,narrow-,,leaved ,,erfurt1 see ,small-,leaved ,erfurt4 ,,ne ,,plus ,,ultra4--,a fine early variety1 derived from the ,giant ,naples1 having well-filled heads1 often nine inches in diameter4 ,highly recommended by ,wolfner and ,weisz of ,vienna1 but little grown in this country4 ,,nonpareil4--,in most ,american catalogues this is given as synonymous with ,half ,early ,paris4 ,buist and ,rawson catalogue it as a separate variety1 and ,brill mentioned it in #ahgb as a distinct variety4 ,at the ,new ,york experiment station1 in #ahhe1 a variety called ,thorburn's ,nonpareil matured among the half-early sorts at the same time as ,lenormand ,short-stem4 ,j4 ,m4 ,thorburn ,co4 write me in #ahia that ,nonpareil is a name which they gave to the ,half ,early ,paris when they first introduced that variety to the trade in this country4 ,,northrup1 ,,braslan ,,goodwin ,,co4',s ,,model1 see ,model4 ,,padilla1 see ,early ,padilla4 ,,palermo ,,violet4--,a variety catalogued by ,wolfner and ,weisz1 of ,vienna1 in #ahhh4 ,,paques4--,a variety with fine white heads1 usually classed with the ,broccolis4 ,catalogued by ,vilmorin1 in #ahij4 ,,paris1 see ,early ,paris4 ,,pearce',s ,,snow-,,storm 7,j4 ,s4 ,pearce ,co4's ,snow-,storm74--,this variety1 introduced by these seedsmen1 of ,london1 ,canada1 #ahhf1 appears from their description to be a selection from the ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,,pearl 7,veitch's ,pearl74--,a good second-early sort sent out about eight years ago2 said by some to be too near ,king in character4 ,it seems to be no longer grown4 ,,perfection 7,march's ,no4 #i74--,received from ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 of ,fidalgo1 ,washington1 and grown at the ,oregon experiment station in #ahij1 it was found to be equally good with ,snowball1 and similar in growth to ,mt4 ,blanc1 but with a little smaller head4 ,mr4 ,march writes me as follows1 under date of ,april #c1 #ahia3 ,my ,early ,perfection1 or ',no4 #i1' was a sport or1 'stray seed' found among some ,erfurt ,earliest ,dwarf1 imported seed2 and being the first in the field to form a head by over a week1 ,i naturally saved it for 'stock seed1' and as it propagated itself perfectly1 and as it was perfection itself1 ,i named it ,early ,perfection4 ,i am not aware of another by the name of ,perfection in the market4 ,,picpus ,,early ,,hardy4--,at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhe this proved to be a large1 rather early sort4 ,vilmorin includes it in his latest catalogue1 but it is not in the ,american catalogues4 ,,prize 7,maule's ,prize ,earliest74--,an ,erfurt variety sent out1 by ,wm4 ,h4 ,maule1 of ,philadelphia4 ,,puritan1 see ,early ,puritan4 ,,rawson',s ,,extra ,,early ,,sea ,,foam4--,said by ,rawson in #ahhf to be the best forcing variety2 dwarf1 very compact1 with large1 firm1 well-rounded heads1 pure white1 and of the best quality4 ,at the ,ohio experiment station in #ahhi it appeared to be the same as ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt4 ,,rice',s ,,giant ,,snowball4--,a late sort1 which failed to head well at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhc4 ,,st4 ,,brieuc1 see ,half ,early ,st4 ,brieuc4 ,,small-,,leaved ,,erfurt 7,earliest ,dwarf ,small-,leaved ,erfurt1 ,narrow-,leaved ,erfurt74--,this1 according to ,brill1 differs from ,erfurt ,extra ,dwarf ,earliest in having very narrow1 pointed leaves which grow perfectly upright1 thus adapting it for close cultivation or for forcing4 ,it grows rapidly1 which adapts it for spring cultivation2 and for a fall crop it may be sown later than any other variety--on ,long ,island usually as late as ,july #ast4 ,,snow',s ,,winter ,,white4--,a late variety usually classed with the ,broccolis4 ,,snowball1 see ,early ,snowball4 ,,stadtholder4--,burr1 in #ahff1 said1 ,a recent variety introduced from ,holland4444 ,in the vicinity of ,london1 where it is largely cultivated for the mediate between the ,early ,dutch and ,walcheren4 ,the stem is a little shorter than that of other ,holland cauliflowers which have rather tall stems1 and the leaves are more undulated on the border4 ,the ,stadtholder appears to be a good sort1 but hardly equal to ,autumn ,giant and some others which protect the head better1 and which have now largely displaced it in cultivation4 ,it has never been grown to any extent in the ,united ,states4 ,,surprise1 see ,early ,dwarf ,surprise4 ,,sutton',s ,,favorite4--,said by ,sutton ,sons1 of ,reading1 ,england1 to be seven to twelve days earlier than ,early ,london1 of level and compact habit1 and good to succeed ,sutton's ,magnum ,bonum4 ,,sutton',s ,,first ,,crop4--,said to be the earliest to head1 very dwarf and compact1 having snowy white heads1 and so few leaves that it may be planted closer than any other kind4 ,,sutton',s ,,king4--,said by ,sutton ,sons to be the best cauliflower for general use1 coming in immediately after ,sutton's ,favorite4 ,plant dwarf and compact1 with large1 firm1 beautifully white heads4 ,endures drouth well4 ,said to produce a greater weight on a given area than other market1 it is considered equal1 if not superior1 to the ,walcheren4 ,vilmorin describes it as follows3 ,very near ,early ,dutch1 being distinguished mainly by being a few days later1 being thus inter-variety4 ,heads have been grown weighing #bh pounds4 ,,sutton',s ,,magnum ,,bonum4--,sutton in #ahhh says3 ,we introduced this cauliflower to our customers last year as the finest and most delicately flavored variety we have grown4 ,heads large1 firm1 snowy white2 plant medium early1 of strong1 dwarf1 habit and broad leaves1 which are serviceable for shading the heads4 ,,sutton',s ,,snowball4--,a very early dwarf variety mentioned in the ,garden in #ahge4 ,,taranto4--,offered as new by ,j4 ,m4 ,thorburn1 in #ahia1 and said to be very large and to resemble ,autumn ,giant4 ,,thorburn',s ,,early ,,snowball 7,thorburn1 #ahij74--,no description4 ,,thorburn',s ,,gilt ,,edge4--,gregory says in #ahij3 ,this is undoubtedly the finest strain of the ,snowball variety4 ,it is a little later and larger than the common ,snowball1 and can be left longer in the field without decaying4 ,i considered it the best of all the dozen varieties raised in my experimental grounds this season4 ,,thorburn',s ,,nonpareil1 see ,nonpareil4 ,,thorburn',s ,,wonderful4--,at the ,new ,york experiment station in #ahhc this variety matured with ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant and ,walcheren1 and was larger than either of those4 ,at the same station in #ahhe a variety called ,wonderful1 probably the same1 was the latest of #cj sorts1 being sown ,march #cjth1 set out ,may #dth1 and gathered ,oct4 #bgth4 ,,vaughn',s ,,earliest ,,dwarf ,,erfurt4--,in his catalogue for #ahia1 ,vaughn says that this is the highest priced and finest strain of the ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt1 imported from ,erfurt ,germany4 ,this strain has been imported by him for several years4 ,he remarks that many strains of ,dwarf ,erfurt are given special names by other seedsmen4 ,,veitch',s ,,autumn ,,giant 7,autumn ,giant1 ,giant ,naples1 ,frankfort ,giant74--,no other new variety of cauliflower has attracted so much attention as this4 ,it was introduced into ,england about #ahfi1 since when it has become very popular there for a late crop and for summer4 ,it is rather too late for the ordinary fall crop in this country1 though a favorite with some growers on both the ,atlantic and ,pacific coasts4 ,it was described by ,vilmorin in #ahhc1 as follows1 under the name ,giant ,naples1 but is now sold by him as ,autumn ,giant3 ,plant large and vigorous1 stem rather tall1 leaves abundant1 somewhat undulated1 of a deep green4 ,the interior leaves turn in well over the head1 which is very large1 solid1 and white4 ,it is a late variety of the same period as ,walcheren1 but less hardy4 ,at the north it can be employed for the latest crop in open air culture by being sown in ,april or ,may4 ,in #ahhd ,vincent ,berthault gave the following account of this variety in the ,revue ,horticole3 ,this variety is still rare and little known in ,france4 ,i planted it last year for trial and obtained results which were the admiration of all who saw them4 ,it was from my small crop that ,i took the four which ,i had the honor to present to the ,central ,horticultural ,society of ,france at its meeting on ,august #be1 #ahhc4 ,some of these cauliflowers were #ce to #ch centimeters more than a foot in diameter1 and weighed1 including stem and leaves1 #ab to #ac kilograms nearly #cj pounds which is extraordinary for this time of the year1 when it is difficult to obtain cauliflowers of even ordinary size4 ,at one time ,i feared that their size was to the detriment of their quality1 but it has proved otherwise1 and in all respects they are excellent1 and as good as beautiful4 ,in fact they are perfect4 ,the general characters of the ,autumn ,giant differ materially from those of other varieties4 ,the young seedlings become at once very tall and upright1 and even after being set out and planted as deep as the first leaves they quickly assume their usual stellate appearance1 and for about six weeks they are simply furnished with eight or ten long narrow leaves borne on a long stem4 ,so up to this time the plants are not very promising1 and one is tempted to pull them up2 but after this the plants rapidly change in appearance2 a dozen new leaves are quickly developed1 and the plants take on a half-upright form which recalls that of the ,half ,early ,paris variety4 ,as to the head1 it is more conical than flat4 ,the leaves sometimes attain a length of #ij centimeters nearly three feet1 by #dj centimeters broad4 ,it is then that extra care should be given4 ,the waterings ought to be copious and frequent1 especially at the time of the formation of the heads1 when ,i apply about #aj to #ae litres of water to each head every other day4 ,this1 which certainly contributed to the good result1 is how ,i grew my plants4 ,i chose good soil1 which ,i prepared during the winter1 placing in the bottom of the furrow a good thickness of manure1 and a month before planting1 or even at the time of doing so1 ,i spread on the surface a covering of decomposed manure1 which ,i incorporated with the soil by means of ordinary tillage4 ,i visited the plantation every day1 not only to destroy the caterpillars1 but to cover the heads with leaves1 which it was necessary to look after at least every other day in order to preserve the whiteness of the heads4 ,these attentions are indispensable if one would secure a product of first quality1 free from insects4 ,as to sowing the seed1 it may be begun about the #aeth of ,september1 and the plants wintered over under hand-glasses1 or in frames1 to be set out in ,march1 when heads will be obtained in ,july4 ,the plants of this sowing may also be set in hot-beds in ,january and ,february1 but this only in default of other varieties1 for they will be too tall and spreading4 ,it is in ,february1 on a bed with mild heat and under glass1 that ,i make my sowing to obtain plants which are to head in ,august and ,september1 and which give my best returns4 ,a final sowing may be made at the end of ,march or beginning of ,april2 it matures its crop in ,october and ,november4 ,my opinion of the ,autumn ,giant is that it is destined to play an important part in the market-gardening of the country when1 probably in the near future1 there shall have been produced dwarf varieties analogous to those which we already possess from other sorts4 ,,veitch',s ,,early ,,forcing4--,this variety has small compact hearts1 very close and white4 ,the habit of the plant is dwarf and sturdy1 and it is well adapted for forcing4--7,gardening ,illustrated1 #ahhe1 p4 #dbg74 ,it is favorably mentioned by several writers in the ,gardener's ,chronicle for #ahhd and #ahhe4 ,in the ,garden for #ahhb ,veitch's ,early is said to be two weeks earlier than ,early ,london4 ,,veitch',s ,,pearl1 see ,pearl4 ,,veitch',s ,,self-,,protecting4--,said by the ,gardener's ,chronicle1 in #ahgd1 to be a new variety1 just tested by ,mr4 ,veitch1 much later than ,autumn ,giant1 hardy1 and very self-protecting4 ,,vick',s ,,ideal4--,james ,vick says in #ahij3 ,we introduced the ',ideal' to public notice in #ahhf1 and claimed for it superiority to any other variety in the following points3 ,reliability of heading1 size and solidity of heads1 earliness1 and protective habit of inner leaves4 ,further tests by himself and others he says substantiate these claims4 ,the plants are said to be very dwarf1 with erect outer leaves4 ,at the ,new ,york experiment station1 in #ahhi1 it was a few days later than the three other varieties on trial4 ,at the ,ohio station the same year it was considered one of the best strains of ,early ,extra ,early ,erfurt4 ,,vienna ,,child4--,catalogued by ,wolfner and ,weisz1 of ,vienna1 in #ahhh1 at the highest price1 as a fine new market-garden sort4 ,,vienna ,,early ,,dwarf1 see ,early ,dwarf ,vienna4 ,,waite',s ,,alma1 see ,alma4 ,,walcheren4--,this old ,german variety is intermediate in character between the true cauliflowers and the broccolis1 and it has1 from the first1 been frequently called ,walcheren ,broccoli4 ,there seems to have originally been two varieties1 ,early and ,late4 ,the earliest appearance of the name ,walcheren that ,i have seen is in an advertisement of ,walcheren cauliflower seed in the ,gardener's ,chronicle for #ahdd4 ,since that time it has remained one of the most reliable and popular varieties with ,english growers4 ,mc,intosh1 in his ,book of the ,garden1 in #ahee1 said that it was hard to get pure seed3 ,the true ,walcheren is distinguished from all others by its bluntly rounded and broad leaves1 and the closeness and almost snowy whiteness of its heads1 even when grown to a large size4 ,others1 before this1 state that it was sold on the ,continent under the name of ,early ,leyden4 ,burr1 in #ahff1 records it as synonymous with both ,early ,leyden1 and ,legge's ,walcheren broccoli or cauliflower4 ,he describes it as resisting both cold and drouth better than other varieties1 stem short1 leaves broad1 less pointed and more undulated than those of the cauliflower usually are4 ,vilmorin described it in #ahhc as synonymous with ,walcheren ,broccoli1 known in ,holland as ,late ,walcheren4 ,he said3 ,the latest and most hardy of the cauliflowers1 and therefore intermediate between the cauliflowers and the broccolis1 with which latter it is often classed4 ,stem high and strong1 leaves elongated1 rather stiff and upright1 abundant1 and of a slightly grayish green4 ,the head forms very late1 and is fine1 large1 and very white1 of fine close grain4 ,the seed requires to be sown at ,walcheren1 an island on the coast of ,holland in ,april1 in order to be certain of heading before frost4 ,if sown later it often passes the winter and heads early in the spring4 ,sibley1 in #ahhg1 sold this variety under the name of ,early ,walcheren1 though giving it the usual characters and season of the ordinary late sort4 ,buist1 in #ahij1 mentions it as a favorite1 very hardy1 late variety4 ,it is sold by most of our seedsmen1 but is less popular in this country than in ,england4 ,sutton1 the ,english seedsman1 describes it in his latest catalogue as an excellent mid-season cauliflower4 ,it is less liable to button in dry weather than most other varieties1 but sometimes forms imperfect heads4 ,,webb',s ,,early ,,mammoth4--,a variety advertised as follows by ,webb ,sons of ,wordsley1 ,stourbridge1 ,england1 in ,the ,garden1 ,feb4 #i1 #ahgh3 ,an excellent compact variety2 stands the drought remarkably well2 heads large1 firm1 and beautifully white4 ,the best of all for the main crop4 ,,wellington4--,introduced about #ahfj4 ,henderson ,co4 describe it as the finest kind in cultivation2 pure white2 size of head over two feet in circumference1 and as large as thirteen inches diameter2 very dwarf1 the stem not more than two or three inches from the soil1 but with ample foliage2 one of the hardiest varieties known1 and said to withstand well the variable climate of the ,united ,states4 ,c4 ,g4 ,anderson ,sons of ,england1 in #ahhj1 claimed it to be earlier1 white1 and closer than ,early ,london4 ,a writer in the ,new ,england ,farmer1 in #ahga1 speaks of it as larger than either ,early ,erfurt or ,early ,paris4 ,,wonderful1 see ,thorburn's ,wonderful4 ,,order ,,of ,,earliness4 ,the following varieties cover the season1 and are arranged in the order of earliness1 as near as can be determined4 ,many well known kinds are omitted1 and some little known sorts inserted1 the only attempt being to form a scale of maturity3 ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt4 ,extra ,early ,paris4 ,early ,london4 ,asiatic4 ,early ,erfurt4 ,early ,paris4 ,lenormand ,short-,stem4 ,late ,paris4 ,st4 ,brieuc4 ,algiers4 ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant4 ,giant ,naples4 ,veitch's ,self-,protecting4 ,late ,italian ,giant4 ,walcheren4 ,,variety ,,tests4 ,,new ,,york ,,experiment ,,station 7,geneva74--,in #ahhc the following twenty-two varieties were sown ,april #af1 and eleven plants of each variety set out ,may #ae4 ,one variety1 however1 ,rice's ,giant ,snowball1 was sown ,may #ac1 and set out ,june #bj4 ,treatment was the same as for cabbage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,diameter ,first of largest ,,variety4 head in ,no4 of ,no4 of head in days4 plants4 heads4 inches4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,algiers #aei #f #e #i ,algerian ,late #adb #i #a #f ,berlin ,dwarf #abd #h #b #e ,carter's ,defiance #abd #g #f -- ,carter's ,dwarf ,mammoth #abd #f #b #i ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt #abd #aj #d #g ,erfurt ,early ,dwarf #aca #f #c #e ,early ,dutch #adb #g #c #f ,early ,london #abi #f #d #i ,extra ,early ,paris #adb #c #b #i ,gerry ,island #acc #c #c #f ,imperial #aai #h #g #aj ,italian ,giant ,white #age #f #a #aj ,large ,late ,london #abh #f #e #g ,large ,white ,french #aje #h #h #f ,lenormand's ,short-,stemm'd #abh #e #e #h ,rice's ,giant ,snowball #aeb #g #a #d ,snowball #abh #e #d #f ,stadtholder #abh #f #e #i ,thorburn's ,wonderful #abh #d #d #f ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant #abh #f #c #f ,walcheren #abh #c #c #f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,in #ahhd1 the following twenty varieties were grown4 ,the seeds were sown in a green-house ,march #e and #f1 and the plants set out ,may #b4 ,it appears from the table that some of the varieties called late1 formed heads earlier than others called early4 ,the ,lenormand ,extra ,large was the earliest1 forming its first head in #adi days1 the ,lackawanna heading a day later4 ,none of the heads were extra large3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,first ,,variety4 head in ,plants ,number of days4 survived4 heads4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,dwarf ,erfurt #ahb #d #d ,early ,dutch or ,early ,london #ahj #e #d ,early ,dwarf ,surprise #age #f #f ,eclipse #afb #g #f ,half-,early ,large ,white ,french #aij #i #f ,half-,early ,paris #aig #h #g ,imperial #afj #h #h ,lackawanna #aej #i #h ,large ,algiers #ahi #f #c ,large ,late ,asiatic #aef #d #d ,large ,late ,stadtholder -- #h #c ,late ,giant ,italian #aed #h #h ,late ,paris #agj #d #c ,lenormand's ,extra ,large #adi #g #f ,lenormand's ,short-,stemmed #afa #h #f ,paris ,extra ,early #aed #f #f ,sea ,foam #ahb #c #b ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant #ahb #f #c ,very ,dwarf ,alleaume #ahi #h #f ,walcheren #ahb #f #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,in #ahhe the following varieties were planted in the green-house ,march #cj1 and sixteen plants of each1 with a few exceptions1 transplanted to the garden ,may #d4 ,the plants of ,algiers and ,le ,maitre ,pied ,court were transplanted ,may #bj1 and those of the ,wonderful ,may #ba4 ,the plants were set in rows three and one-half feet apart1 and eighteen inches apart in the rows4 ,many were destroyed by various causes1 and though the places were twice reset there were many vacancies4 ,as will be seen1 ,henderson's ,early ,snowball 7from ,henderson in #ahhe7 was the earliest1 forming the first head ,july #h1 or ninety-seven days from sowing the seed4 ,the heads also were rather above the average in size4 ,extra selected ,dwarf ,erfurt was the second in earliness and every plant headed4 ,a notable fact brought out by this table is the effect of the early planting on the late and half-early varieties4 ,it might be supposed1 as these varieties require a long season1 that this early planting would give the best results1 enabling them to attain their full development4 ,but it appears that it caused many of the plants to head prematurely when small1 while it greatly prolonged the season of the variety4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,average ,,variety4 ,first ,no4 of ,no4 of diameter head4 plants4 heads4 of head4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,algiers ,aug4 #ad #bb #ai #g-a_/b ,alleaume ,sept4 #bd #e #d #g ,autumn ,giant #bd #ag #ag #g ,d',alger #ae #ad #ab #g-a_/b ,demi dur de ,st4 ,brieuc #ae #aa #aa #g ,early ,dutch 7dur d' ,holland7 ,aug4 #be #ab #h #e ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt 7,thorburn7 ,july #ac #aa #aa #e-a_/b ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt 7,vilmorin7 #ac #e #d #e-a_/b ,early ,london ,aug4 #be #af #ab #g-a_/b ,early ,paris ,july #be #aa #f #e-a_/b ,early ,picpus ,aug4 #e #ab #aj #h ,early ,snowball ,july #ca #ag #ae #g ,extra ,e4 ,dw'f ,erfurt 7,hend'son7 ,sept4 #bg #ah #h #f ,extra ,e'ly ,dw'f ,erfurt 7,thorb'n7 ,july #ac #ab #aa #e-a_/b ,extra ,earliest ,paris 7,vilmorin7 ,aug4 #aj #g #f #g-a_/b ,extra ,early ,paris ,july #be #ac #f #f-a_/b ,extra ,selected ,e'ly ,dwarf ,erfurt #ba #ac #ac #e ,half ,early ,dwarf ,french #be #ab #g #g-a_/b ,half ,early ,paris 7,thorburn7 ,aug4 #bd #ab #aa #f-a_/b ,half ,early ,paris 7,vilmorin7 ,sept4 #ae #aa #aa #g ,henderson's ,early ,snowball ,july #h #ab #i #g-a_/b ,imperial ,aug4 #aj #aj #h #f-a_/b ,landreth's ,first ,july #ac #f #e #e-a_/b ,large ,early ,london ,oct4 #bg #ad #d #f ,large ,late ,asiatic ,aug4 #be #aa #g #h ,late ,giant ,naples ,oct4 #ag #e #c #d ,late ,paris ,aug4 #ab #aj #g #g-a_/b ,late ,stadtholder ,oct4 #g #aa #f #e-a_/b ,le ,maitre ,pied ,court ,aug4 #ad #ae #ac #g ,lenormand ,sept4 #ae #ab #aj #f-a_/b ,len'm'd ,short-stem'd 7,hend'son7 ,aug4 #ad #bj #aa #f ,len'm'd ,short-stem'd 7,vilmorin7 ,july #be #ab #g #g ,purple ,cape 7,noir de ,sicilie7 ,aug4 #aj #ab #h #f-a_/b ,thorburn's ,nonpareil #ad #g #f #h-a_/b ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant ,sept4 #bd #ac #aa #g-a_/b ,walcheren 7,henderson7 #a #d #d #g-a_/b ,walcheren 7,vilmorin7 ,aug4 #e #f #f #g ,wonderful ,oct4 #bg #g #f #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,the following early varieties were tested in #ahhh4 ,the seeds were all sown ,may #aj1 and the plants set out ,june #bc1 two by three and one-half feet4 ,all the varieties headed well1 except one called ,early1 from the ,english ,specialty and ,novelty ,seed ,co41 which formed no heads4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,seeds ,no4 of ,no4 of ,fit for ,,variety4 from4 plants4 heads4 table use4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dreer's ,e'st ,snowstorm ,dreer4 #aa #h ,sept4 #bd ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt ,vaughn4 #i #e #f ,extra ,e4 ,dwarf ,erfurt ,tillinghast4 #i #d #bi ,gilt-edge ,snowball ,thorburn4 #ab #aj ,aug4 #be ,henderson's ,e4 ,snowb'l ,henderson4 #ab #h ,sept4 #f ,long ,island ,beauty ,tillinghast4 #aa #h #ad ,long ,island ,beauty ,bragg4 #ab #aa ,aug4 #be ,new ,early ,padilla ,tillinghast4 #aa #h #bi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,at the same station1 in #ahhi1 the following varieties were tested4 ,the seed was sown in frames ,april #bc1 and the plants set out ,june #bb4 ,the ,early ,erfurt and ,early ,snowball were from seed grown by ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 of ,fidalgo1 ,washington4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,number ,fit for ,number ,seed of table of ,average ,,variety4 from ,plants use heads diameter ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,inches ,early ,puritan ,ferry4 #bj ,aug4 #ba #ac #e-a_/b ,early ,erfurt ,march4 #bj #bb #ai #h-a_/b ,snowball4 ,march4 #bj #bd #bj #g-a_/b ,vick's ,ideal ,vick4 #bj #cj #bj #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,the season of #ahhi was uncommonly favorable for the cauliflower1 and it will be seen from the above table that these varieties headed with greater uniformity and from two to four weeks earlier than the same or similar varieties the preceding year4 ,,colorado ,,experiment ,,station 7,fort ,collins74--,the following report1 slightly condensed1 from the report of the ,colorado experiment station for #ahhh1 will be useful for comparison3 ,seed of sixteen varieties of cauliflower was sown ,april #ab in hot-bed and transplanted to the open ground ,may #g4 ,they were irrigated at planting time1 and on ,may #ad and #bh1 ,june #aa1 ,july #e and #bj1 ,august #c and #ae and on ,september #e4 ,the area in crop was one-third of an acre and the stand nearly perfect4 ,the plants were hoed twice and cultivated six times4 ,the soil1 a clay loam1 was lacking in fertility for the best culture of the cabbage and the cauliflower4 ,of the varieties grown1 ,henderson's ,snowball was the best1 with the latter's ,erfurt a good second4 ,these two types1 when well selected1 are the only ones that can be relied upon to give profitable results in ,colorado4 ,it will be noticed in the table that ,early ,paris and ,early ,london1 two varieties which have long been popular at the ,east1 entirely failed to head4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,variety4 ,seed from ,mature ,,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,early ,snowball4 ,henderson4,july #bj4 ,heads compact1 very white1 leaves smaller1 very uniform4 ,extra ,e4 ,erfurt4 ,henderson4,aug4 #f4 ,heads fairly solid and white1 leaves large4 ,extra ,early ,paris4 ,landreth4 ,aug4 #bd4 ,heads solid and white1 leaves very large4 ,early ,paris4 ,ferry4 ,no heads formed4 ,early ,snowball4 ,landreth4 ,aug4 #f4 ,heads compact1 very white1 plant dwarf1 small leaves4 ,gerry ,island4 ,gregory4 ,no heads formed4 ,select ,dwarf ,erfurt ,landreth4 ,july #bd4;,heads large and compact1 very white and uniform4 ,burpee's ,earliest4 ,burpee4 ,july #cj4;,heads compact and white1 leaves large4 ,lenormand4 ,landreth4 ,sept4 #bj4;,heads solid and white1 plant vigorous and dwarf4 ,long ,isl'd ,beauty4 ,low4 ,aug4 #bd4;,heads loose1 yellowish white1 inferior stock4 ,algiers4 ,landreth4 ,oct4 #aj4;,heads solid and large1 plant vigorous1 leaves very large4 ,walcheren4 ,landreth4 ,no heads formed4 ,large ,l4 ,dutch4 ,landreth4 ,oct4 #aj4;,heads fairly compact1 plant vigorous large4 ,late ,london4 ,ferry4 ,no heads formed4 ,landreth's ,first4 ,landreth4 ,aug4 #bd4;,heads solid1 very white1 of superior quality4 ,vick's ,ideal4 ,low4 ,aug4 #f4;,heads solid1 yellowish white1 leaves large4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,michigan ,,experiment ,,station 7,lansing74--,the ,michigan experiment station is connected with the ,agricultural ,college1 located at ,lansing1 at the geographical centre of the ,lower ,peninsula4 ,it is1 therefore1 remote from any large body of water1 and although the soil in that portion of the state is mainly a strong loam suitable for cauliflower1 it is only in favorable seasons that good cauliflowers can be obtained4 ,in the exceptionally favorable season of #ahhi1 some of the sorts then prominently before the public1 were grown at the college1 all of which gave very good results1 with the exception of ,autumn ,giant1 which failed to germinate4 ,the ,american grown seeds1 from ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 of ,fidalgo1 ,washington1 were large and plump and gave strong vigorous plants1 and as good or better results than is usually obtained from imported seed4 ,the following varieties were sown ,march #ac1 and set out ,may #ad4 ,it was difficult to detect any difference between ,puritan1 ,gilt ,edge1 ,denmark1 ,prize ,earliest1 ,best ,early1 ,snowball1 and ,erfurt1 as they showed less variation than appeared between the same sorts from different seedsmen4 ,the title edible maturity in the table refers to the period at which the heads might be cut for one's own use1 that is when they had attained the size of one's two fists4 ,marketable maturity is when they had completed their growth and would remain solid no longer4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,appearance of ,per cent young plants1 ,edible ,mark't'bleforming ,varieties4 ,source4 ,march #bi4 ,maturity,maturity4 heads4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,burpee's ,best ,early ,burpee4 ,small2 even4 ,aug4 #e ,aug4 #aj #ajj ,denmark ,vaughn4 ,good2 even4 ,july #bf ,aug4 #aj #hc ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt,maule4 ,good2 even4 ,aug4 #bg ,sept4 #ad #fg ,erfurt ,earliest ,dwarf,march4 ,small2 even4 ,aug4 #aj ,aug4 #bg #ib ,early ,snowball ,henderson,very weak2 ,aug4 #e ,aug4 #aj #ajj uneven4 ,early ,puritan ,ferry4 ,small2 even4 ,aug4 #g ,aug4 #ac #ib ,gilt ,edge ,thorburn4,weak2 uneven4 ,july #bf ,aug4 #h #ic ,maule's ,prize ,maule4 ,small2 somewhat ,july #bd ,aug4 #h #hc ,earliest uneven4 ,snowball ,march4 ,good2 even4 ,july #bd ,aug4 #h #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,the ,,best ,,varieties4 ,the points to consider in selecting varieties are first1 earliness or time of maturity2 second1 the certainty of their forming good heads4 ,the importance of having well grown seed has already been mentioned4 ,this being secured1 the choice of varieties is largely a matter of circumstances4 ,a variety which is good for one climate1 or for one purpose1 may not be good for another4 ,for the early crop1 an account of which has already been given1 the earliest variety obtainable should be used1 as our springs at the ,north are short enough at best4 ,the ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt strains include nearly all the earliest varieties now grown1 and1 for this country1 at least1 are the best4 ,the typical variety is usually sold under the name ,extra ,early ,dwarf ,erfurt1 and if properly selected seed is secured1 this is nearly or quite as early as any of the strains which have received special names4 ,among the best of these latter are ,henderson's ,snowball1 ,thorburn's ,gilt ,edge1 and ,vick's ,ideal1 the latter a little the largest and latest4 ,for growing under glass the first two of these varieties are as good as any4 ,the earliest varieties are now often grown also for the fall crop1 particularly at the ,north1 by being sown late4 ,their greater certainty to head on time1 and the increased number that can be grown on an acre1 renders them especially valuable4 ,a variety which in the past has given the most general satisfaction for the fall crop is ,early ,paris4 ,of the later maturing varieties1 ,veitch's ,autumn ,giant and ,lenormand ,short-stem1 have been1 and are still1 popular1 especially at the ,south4 ,at present probably more than three-fourths of the cauliflowers grown in this country are of the new varieties of the ,dwarf ,erfurt group4 ,for the ,north1 especially1 these are now the most reliable and are increasing in popularity4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,broccoli4 ,the ,broccolis are so similar to the cauliflowers that some account of them may be expected in a treatise on the latter vegetable4 ,in fact1 no important structural difference between the two vegetables exists1 the broccolis being merely a more robust and hardy group of varieties1 requiring a longer period for development1 and adapted1 in mild climates1 to cultivation during the winter4 ,they are1 in fact1 often called winter cauliflowers4 ,they receive but little attention in the ,united ,states1 where the winters1 at least at the north1 in the vicinity of the leading markets1 are too severe for the out-door growth of vegetables of any kind4 ,for this reason cauliflowers1 which come to maturity in a single season1 are grown instead4 ,the supply of these two vegetables1 therefore1 which in western ,europe1 by means of successive sowings of varieties of both cauliflowers and broccolis1 may be maintained the year round1 is here1 owing to the conditions of our climate1 confined chiefly to the seasons of the year in which cauliflower can be obtained4 ,although no sharp distinctions can be drawn between broccolis and cauliflowers1 there are certain general differences which separate them4 ,as has been said1 the broccolis are all of them hardier than the cauliflowers1 and require a longer time in which to develop1 so that in climates having mild winters they are usually treated as biennials4 ,in ,france1 the seed which is sown about the first of ,may gives plants which head the following spring before the early cauliflowers come in4 ,the plants are sometimes enabled to pass the winter more safely by being taken up and planted again in a slanting position4 ,in the appearance of the heads no difference exists between cauliflowers and broccolis1 except that the latter are usually smaller1 less compact1 and sometimes purple or sulphur colored4 ,all cauliflowers 7with one or two exceptions71 have white compact heads4 ,the stems of the broccolis are usually taller than those of cauliflowers1 the leaves more numerous1 larger1 stiffer1 but more undulated1 more rounded at the apex1 and more frequently having a distinct stem or petiole4 ,the mid-ribs and principal veins are large and white1 except in varieties having colored heads1 when they have the same color as the head4 ,the color of the leaves is always more glaucous1 that is1 of a darker and more bluish green1 than is usual in the cauliflowers4 ,broccolis1 especially the colored varieties1 are sometimes said to be more tender in texture and finer in flavor than the cauliflowers4 ,this1 however1 is due only to the fact that they usually head in cool weather4 ,when grown under the same conditions the cauliflowers are milder than the broccolis1 and although to some tastes the more pronounced flavor of the latter may be preferred1 most persons use broccoli only because in the winter season fresh cauliflowers cannot be obtained4 ,nearly every one prefers cauliflower to broccoli1 and the mild white varieties to the colored varieties of the latter vegetable4 ,broccolis sometimes acquire a bitter taste1 the cause of which is not known4 ,the methods of using the two vegetables are the same1 except that the branching or sprouting broccolis are also cooked like asparagus4 ,the early history of the broccoli has already been treated in connection with that of the cauliflower4 ,the number of varieties of broccoli in cultivation is probably somewhat less than those of the cauliflower1 but the differences between the varieties themselves are greater4 ,messrs4 ,sutton ,sons1 of ,reading1 ,england1 catalogue thirty-six varieties of broccoli and only eleven of cauliflower4 ,most of these varieties originated in ,england1 where broccoli is more largely grown than anywhere else4 ,two groups of broccolis may be recognized1 the sprouting broccolis1 which do not form compact heads1 and the improved varieties with well formed heads1 known as cauliflower broccolis4 ,the latter differ but little in any way from true cauliflowers4 ,the requirements of cultivation for the broccolis are practically the same as those for cauliflowers4 ,their value depends mainly on their greater hardiness1 and on this account they are likely1 at the ,south where the winters are mild enough1 to become more extensively cultivated4 ,they do not1 however1 endure hot weather as well as cauliflowers1 and on this account it is doubtful if they ever become as largely grown anywhere in this country as they are in ,england4 ,the question of protecting them in winter1 and the amount and kind of protection needed1 depend of course on the severity of the winters4 ,in ,northern ,florida1 where cauliflowers are liable to be killed during winter1 broccolis will stand out without any protection4 ,in localities where but little protection is required1 it may be afforded by loosening the roots and turning the plants down upon their sides4 ,if more protection is needed they may be taken up and set in trenches and partly covered with straw and boards4 ,broccolis stand shipment better than cauliflowers4 ,this is not only because they are generally handled in colder weather1 but because they are somewhat coarser and firmer in texture4 ,they do not sell for quite so good a price as cauliflowers4 ,there are seven varieties catalogued by ,american seedsmen1 of which the ,early ,purple ,cape is the best adapted to our climate4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,cooking ,,cauliflower4 ,of all the flowers in the garden1 ,i like the ,cauliflower best4 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,dr4 ,johnson appreciated good living1 and therefore it is not surprising that he should have left on record this tribute to the most delicate and finely flavored of all the cabbage family4 ,cauliflower is so rarely seen in market in the ,united ,states1 except in large cities1 that comparatively few of our people are accustomed to using it4 ,on this account a variety of receipts for cooking cauliflower are here given1 in order to make the methods of using this excellent vegetable more widely known4 ,americans1 especially1 need to become familiar with its use2 for to the ,english1 ,french1 and ,germans1 who have known it in the ,old ,world1 it needs no introduction4 ,cauliflower lends itself readily to both plain and fancy methods of cooking4 ,it is easy of digestion1 and is an especial favorite with those who1 from any reason1 are unable to readily digest cabbage4 ,besides1 it is more nutritious than the cabbage1 and it is not exceeded in this particular by any other garden vegetable4 ,the following tables show the comparative composition of fresh cabbage and cauliflower1 and the composition of the ash of the latter4 ,it will be noticed that the percentage of ash and indigestible fibre is low in the cauliflower1 and the amount of nitrogenous and starchy matter high4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,cabbage ,,and ,,cauliflower4 7,koenig's ,nohrungsmittel1 pp4 #gae1 #gag74 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,cabbage4 ,cauliflower4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,water #hi4ig #ij4hg ,nitrogenous bodies #a4hi #b4dh ,fat #j4bj #j4cd ,sugar #b4bi #a4ba ,nitrogen free extract #b4eh #c4cd 7starch1 dextrine1 etc47 ,fiber #a4hd #j4ia ,ash #a4bc #j4hc ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,analysis ,,of ,,cauliflower ,,ash4 7,whitner's ,gardening in ,florida74 ,potassa #cd4ci ,soda #ad4gi ,lime #b4if ,magnesia #b4ch ,sulphuric ,acid #aa4af ,silicic ,acid #a4ib ,phosphoric ,acid #be4hg ,phosphate of ,iron #c4fg ,chloride of ,sodium #b4gh ,cauliflower is not wholly free from the odor which renders the cooking of cabbage so unpleasant1 but in this respect it is much less objectionable than cabbage4 ,as with cabbage1 this odor is in some cases more marked than in others1 depending on the character of the soil1 and the quantity and nature of the manure used4 ,a small piece of red pepper added to the water in which cauliflower or cabbage is boiled prevents to a large extent this unpleasant odor and improves their flavor4 ,to obviate the strong flavor which these vegetables acquire when large quantities of stable manure are used the heads should be parboiled in the morning of the day on which they are wanted4 ,they are then put on a hair sieve and placed in the larder4 ,twenty minutes before they are wanted for the table they are to be reboiled steadily until the strong taste is gone4 ,when cauliflowers are preserved in a shed or cellar they often become more or less wilted and strong in flavor1 and can then be rendered palatable only by cutting them off from the stalks on the previous day and throwing them into cold1 salted water1 frequently changing it until they are wanted2 in this way the heads become plumped up1 and the strong disagreeable smell and taste which they have acquired is in some degree removed2 but even under the most careful treatment they lose their fine1 white cauliflower color4 ,to remove any caterpillars or other insects which may have found lodgment in the cauliflower head it should be examined as carefully as possible1 opening it a little if necessary4 ,it should then be placed top down in cold salt water for an hour2 or1 better still1 in cold water and vinegar4 ,this is believed to be particularly effective in dislodging any insect life that may be present4 ,if the heads seem badly infested1 however1 which they seldom are1 the only safe way is to break them up before cooking4 ,in cooking the heads whole1 which is a favorite method1 care is needed not to boil too long1 so as to cause the head to come to pieces4 ,to prevent any danger of breaking the head in cooking1 it should be wrapped in cheese cloth or other similar material1 in which it is to be handled4 ,cauliflower is in season in this country from ,june until ,december1 but is most abundant during the month of ,october4 ,those found in market during the hottest summer months are apt to be dark in color1 somewhat strong in flavor1 and filled with small leaves4 ,broccoli is cooked in nearly all cases precisely as cauliflower4 ,porcelain lined or similarly guarded pots should be used in which to cook these vegetables1 as iron is liable to impart to them a dark color4 ,the use of earthenware vessels in which to cook vegetables of the cabbage tribe is recommended as follows by a writer in the ,american ,garden3 ,to have any of the ,brassicae in proper flavor we must go to the ,german housewives and learn of them to cook cabbage1 cauliflower1 etc41 in earthenware instead of metal4 ,the ,german potters make stout boilers1 like huge bean-pots1 that hold six or eight cabbages1 for restaurant cooking1 and they are quite a different vegetable treated in this way4 ,try the experiment2 put a cabbage in a stone jar with plenty of water1 cover tight and boil till tender4 ,i think it does not take as long to cook in this way as in ordinary kettles1 the steady mild heat softening the tissues more steadily than the open boiling4 ,and there is little or no smell to cabbage or onions cooked in a close stone pot in the oven4 ,a cabbage baked in its own steam in such a pot and served with hot vinegar and butter is a high-flavored dish4 ,a writer in the ,rural ,new ,yorker sums up the prime requirements in cooking cauliflower as follows3 ,four rules never to be deviated from may be laid down3 first1 that the cauliflower is to be soaked in salt and water for at least a half hour before cooking1 in order to drive out any insects or worms that may be lurking among the flowerets2 second1 7if to be boiled7 when ready for cooking the vegetable is to be plunged into salted1 thoroughly boiling water2 third1 it is not to be cooked a moment after it becomes tender2 fourth1 to be served as soon as done4 ,neglect of any of these points is sure to result in failure1 while a careful following of them will give a wholesome1 delicate dish1 and one that will be eaten with gusto and remembered with pleasure4 ,a very simple method of serving cauliflower is with milk and butter1 after the manner of cabbage1 but a more elaborate white sauce generally accompanies it4 ,this is the familiar drawn butter sauce1 to which may be added a little vinegar or lemon juice1 to give piquancy of flavor4 ,sometimes this sauce is varied by adding milk or cream to the flour and butter1 when it is called cream sauce4 ,the receipts given below are chiefly from the following four recent works on cookery3 ,good ,living1 by ,sara ,van ,buren ,brugiere2 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york and ,london1 #ahij4 ,the ,buckeye ,cook-,book2 ,buckeye ,publishing ,company1 ,minneapolis1 #ahhg4 ,our ,home ,cyclopedia1 by ,edgar ,s4 ,darling2 ,mercantile ,publishing ,company1 ,detroit1 #ahhi4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,marshall's ,cookery ,book2 ,marshall's ,school of ,cookery1 ,london1 #ahhh4 #a4 ,,boiled 7,gardener's ,text ,book74--,the head should be cut with most of the surrounding leaves attached1 which are to be trimmed off when the time comes for cooking4 ,let it lie half an hour in salt and water1 and then boil it in fresh water for fifteen or twenty minutes1 until a fork will easily enter the stem4 ,milk and water are better than water alone a little sweet milk tends to keep the heads white4 ,serve with sauce1 gravy or melted butter4 #b4 ,,boiled 7,american ,agriculturist74--,boil in water1 slightly salted--never with meat4 ,when tender1 which will usually be with twenty minutes cooking1 take up and drain and cover with drawn butter 7white sauce1 made with butter1 flour and water7 and serve hot4 ,they are usually eaten without other addition1 but some dress with pepper and vinegar--the same as they do cabbage4 #c4 ,,boiled 7,good ,living74--,trim off the outside leaves1 leaving one row around the flower4 ,cut an ,x in the stalk4 ,have a large pot of boiling water on the fire4 ,add enough milk to whiten the water2 also one level teaspoonful of salt4 ,the cauliflower should be left in vinegar and water for twenty to thirty minutes before boiling4 ,this system is supposed to draw out any insects that may lurk within4 ,drain it thoroughly2 tie it loosely in a piece of cheese-cloth large enough to cover it entirely4 ,put it into the boiling water1 which must cover it well4 ,let it boil until quite tender1 but be careful that it does not go to pieces4 ,as cauliflowers vary very much in size1 only a general idea of the time required can be given4 ,one of ordinary size will take about forty minutes1 perhaps more4 ,when cooked lift it out by the cheese-cloth1 drain very thoroughly1 and set in a round dish4 ,make a cream sauce 7,no4 #db71 pour it over the cauliflower1 cover1 and let it stand for a few minutes for the sauce to penetrate4 ,then serve4 ,or1 if a handsome specimen successfully boiled1 serve it in a round dish with a white sauce 7,no4 #da7 served separately in a sauce-boat4 ,add a squeeze of lemon juice to the sauce before serving4 ,small cauliflowers will not require more than thirty minutes to boil4 #d4 ,,boiled 7,buckeye ,cook ,book74--,to each two quarts of water allow a heaping teaspoon of salt2 choose close and white cauliflower2 trim off decayed outside leaves1 and cut stock off flat at bottom4 ,open flower a little in places to remove insects1 which are generally found around the stalk1 and let cauliflowers lie with head downward in salt and water for two hours previous to dressing them1 which will effectually draw out all vermin4 ,then put in boiling water1 adding salt in above proportion1 and boil briskly for fifteen or twenty minutes over a good fire1 keeping saucepan uncovered4 ,water should be well skimmed1 and when cauliflowers are tender1 take up1 drain1 and if large enough1 place upright in a dish2 serve with plain melted butter1 a little of which may be poured over the flowers2 or a white sauce may be used1 made as follows3 ,put butter size of an egg into saucepan1 and when it bubbles stir in a scant half teacup of flour2 stir well with an egg-whisk until cooked2 then add two teacups of thin cream1 some pepper and salt4 ,stir it over the fire until perfectly smooth4 ,pour the sauce over the cauliflower and serve4 ,many let the cauliflower simmer in the same sauce a few moments before serving4 ,cauliflower is delicious served as a garnish around spring chicken1 or with fried sweet-breads1 when the white sauce should be poured over both4 ,in this case it should be made by adding the cream1 flour and seasoning to the little grease 7half a teaspoon7 that is left after frying the chickens or sweet-breads4 #e4 ,,baked 7,buckeye ,cook ,book74--,prepare as for boiling1 and parboil five minutes2 cut into pieces and put into a pie dish2 add a little milk1 season with salt1 pepper and butter2 cover with dry1 grated cheese1 and bake4 #f4 ,,steamed 7,mrs4 ,m4 ,p4 ,a4 ,crozier74--,lay the nicely prepared cauliflower head in the deep dish from which it is to be served at table1 sprinkle salt over it1 place it in the steamer1 cover closely1 and steam till tender4 ,remove to the table1 and pour over it rich1 sweet cream1 slightly salted and heated4 #g4 ,,stewed 7,gardener's ,chronicle74--,cut up your cauliflower into sprigs of convenient size to serve with a tablespoon1 and throw them into cold water an hour before cooking4 ,to stew them1 have a stout1 iron stewpan1 white-enamelled inside--an ordinary tin saucepan or boiler will hardly do4 ,put a large lump of butter into your stewpan as you set it over a gentle fire2 instead of butter you may use the fat taken from the top of cold roast meat gravy--that of beef or veal is preferable to that of mutton4 ,as the grease melts1 stir into it an onion chopped very fine1 and a little flour and water2 continue stirring until the whole is nicely browned2 then put in your sprigged cauliflower1 adding only just enough water or broth to cook it2 season lightly with pepper and salt1 and a very light dust of grated nutmeg1 if not disapproved2 let it stew gently till perfectly tender2 when done the gravy should be so reduced as to be no more in quantity than is wanted to serve as sauce with the vegetable2 for this reason the salt must be used with great moderation1 otherwise1 by concentration1 the gravy would be converted into brine2 transfer the cauliflower from the stewpan to a hot dish1 and pour the reduced gravy over it4 ,note that by this method nothing is lost4 ,the natural and nutritive juices of the vegetable1 the sugar and albumen1 are retained instead of being drawn out and diluted by boiling in several pints of water1 and consequently wasted and thrown away4 ,note also that this receipt is founded 7like the directions for many other good dishes7 on the roux--flour browned in butter--which is one of the grand elements in ,french cookery4 #h4 ,,stewed 7,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer,e74--,cauliflower butter1 salt1 sugar1 two and one-third ounces of flour1 half a pint of cream1 one-eighth of the soup from the cauliflower4 ,the cauliflower is cut into pieces1 boiled slightly in salted water1 taken out of the soup and put on a colander to drain4 ,the butter and flour are baked together and thinned with the cream1 and about the quantity of the soup above stated4 ,the cauliflower is put into this sauce and again brought to a boil1 whereupon it is served warm4 #i4 ,,escalloped 7,rural ,new ,yorker74--,place a layer of the parboiled flowerets in a pudding dish1 and cover them with cream sauce enough to moisten1 with the addition of a little grated cheese1 usually ,parmesian2 this is to be followed by another layer of this vegetable1 and the whole covered with bread crumbs dotted with bits of butter4 #aj4 ,,escalloped 7,buckeye ,cook ,book74--,boil till tender1 drain well1 and cut in small pieces2 put in layers1 with fine chopped egg1 and this dressing3 ,half pint milk1 thickened over boiling water1 with two tablespoons flour and seasoned with two teaspoons salt1 one of white pepper and two tablespoons butter2 put grated bread over the top2 dot it with small bits of butter and place it in the oven to heat thoroughly and brown4 ,serve in same dish in which it was baked4 ,this is a good way to use common heads4 ,a nicer way is to boil them1 then place them whole in a buttered dish with stems down4 ,make sauce with a cup of bread crumbs beaten to froth with two tablespoons melted butter and three of cream or milk1 one well-beaten egg1 and salt and pepper to taste4 ,pour this over the cauliflower1 cover dish tightly1 and bake six minutes in a quick oven1 browning them nicely4 ,serve as above4 #aa4 ,,with ,,stuffing 7,home ,cyclopedia74--,take a saucepan1 the exact size of the dish intended to be used4 ,cleanse a large1 firm1 white cauliflower1 and cut into sprigs1 throw those into boiling salt water for two minutes2 then take them out1 drain1 and pack them tightly with the heads downward1 in the saucepan1 the bottom of which must have been previously covered with thin slices of bacon2 fill up the vacant spaces with a stuffing made of three tablespoonfuls of finely minced veal1 the same of beef suet1 four tablespoonfuls of bread crumbs1 a little pepper and salt1 a teaspoonful of chopped parsley1 a teaspoonful of minced chives and a dozen small mushrooms1 chopped fine4 ,strew these ingredients over the cauliflowers in alternate layers and pour over them three well-beaten eggs4 ,when these are well soaked add sufficient nicely-flavored stock to cover the whole2 simmer gently till the cauliflowers are tender1 and the sauce very much reduced2 then turn the contents of the saucepan upside down on a hot dish1 and the cauliflowers will be found standing in a savory mixture4 #ab4 ,,with ,,sauce 7,home ,cyclopedia74--,boil a large cauliflower--tied in netting--in hot salted water1 from twenty-five to thirty minutes2 drain1 serve in a deep dish with the flower upwards1 and pour over it a cup of drawn butter in which has been stirred the juice of a lemon and a half teaspoonful of ,french mustard1 mixed up well with the sauce4 #ac4 ,,with ,,curry ,,sauce 7,mrs4 ,marshall74--,blanch 7see note to ,no4 #ai7 and plain boil the cauliflower for fifteen to twenty minutes till tender1 then cut it up into nice long pieces1 each sufficient for one person2 place the pieces in a saute pan and pour the curry sauce 7as for curry a la simla7 over them2 let it boil up1 and then draw the pan to the side of the stove and let it stay there for ten or twelve minutes2 dish the pieces up in the form of cutlets1 pour the sauce over them1 and garnish round the cauliflower with little bunches of grated cocoanut which have been warmed between two plates over boiling water4 ,this is an excellent dish for luncheon or second course1 or it may be served in place of an entree4 #ad4 ,,with ,,tomato ,,sauce 7,good ,living74--,having boiled a medium-sized cauliflower1 very carefully as directed 7,no4 #c7 place it on a round dish1 after having thoroughly drained it4 ,have ready a rich tomato sauce 7,no4 #dj7 pour it around 7not over7 the cauliflower1 and serve as a separate course4 ,this is a very pretty dish4 #ae4 ,,with ,,tomato ,,sauce 7,good ,health74--,boil or steam the cauliflower until tender4 ,in another dish prepare a sauce by heating a pint of strained stewed tomatoes to boiling1 thickening with a tablespoonful of flour1 and salting to taste4 ,when the cauliflower is tender1 dish1 and pour over it the hot tomato sauce4 #af4 ,,with ,,mushrooms 7,buckeye ,cook ,book74--,put in a frying pan1 in hot fat1 a few small mushrooms and part of a cauliflower1 broken into sprigs4 ,sprinkle over them some grated cheese1 and baste the whole well from time to time with the hot fat4 #ag4 ,,with ,,brussels ,,sprouts 7,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer74--,cauliflower1 ,brussels sprouts1 dotter of egg1 butter1 a tablespoonful of cream1 half a pint of sauce for vegetables1 potato pure--that is1 bouillon thickened with mashed potatoes and strained4 ,both cauliflower and sprouts are to be well cleaned1 boiled separately in salt water and served on the pure1 the cauliflower in the centre and the sprouts around it for garnishing4 ,the sauce1 to which is added the egg dotters1 butter and cream1 is poured hot over the cauliflower and sprouts4 #ah4 ,,au ,,gratin 7,good ,living74--,boil the cauliflower as directed4 ,set it in a round baking dish which can be sent to the table4 ,for a moderate sized cauliflower make one pint of cream sauce 7,no4 #db74 ,add to the sauce two heaping tablespoons each or grated ,parmesian and ,gruyere cheese and a dash of cayenne4 ,mix the sauce and pour it over the cauliflower1 letting it penetrate all the crevices4 ,cover the top with fine grated bread crumbs1 dot with butter1 and bake twenty minutes4 ,serve in the same dish4 #ai4 ,,au ,,gratin 7,mrs4 ,marshall74--,trim the cauliflower and blanch it,f2 put it to boil in boiling water till it is tender2 then take up and drain4 ,butter the dish on which it is to be served and put on it about two tablespoonfuls of the sauce as below 7,no4 #ci72 put the cauliflower on the sauce1 then cover it over thickly with sauce1 and smooth it all over with a palette knife2 sprinkle it with browned bread crumbs2 stand the dish in an ordinary baking tin containing about a pint of boiling water2 place in the oven for about fifteen or twenty minutes1 and when a nice golden color take it from the oven and sprinkle over it a very little grated ,parmesian cheese4 ,stand the dish on another with a napkin1 and serve very hot as a second course or luncheon dish4 #bj4 ,,au ,,gratin 7,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer74--,three cauliflower heads1 salt1 pepper1 grated bread1 two eggs1 one-quarter pound grated ,parmesian cheese1 one-quarter pound grated ,swiss cheese1 one pint white sauce4 ,the cauliflowers are boiled rare1 taken out and drained off4 ,white sauce and spices are boiled thick and the egg dotters and cheese mixed with it4 ,the cauliflowers are cut to pieces and put in layers with sauce between1 on a dish or silver saucepan1 are sprinkled with grated bread and cheese1 put fifteen minutes into a hot oven to be browned with a salamander4 ,serve as an independent dish4 ,in place of white sauce butter and flour may be baked together and thinned with sweet milk4 #ba4 ,,cauliflower ,,au ,,naturel 7,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,soyer74--,the stem of the white1 solid cauliflower heads is cut off an inch from the head1 and with a penknife is cleaned of the hard outer membrane1 taking care to preserve the head as whole as possible2 the head is then well rinsed in cold water1 to which is added some vinegar to drive out larvae and the like2 it is then boiled in salt water until it is tender1 when it is taken up to drain off on a sieve or colander4 ,it is to be served high on a napkin1 with melted butter1 common sauce for vegetables1 ,dutch sauce1 veloute or maitre d'hotel sauce4 ,n4 ,b4--,for cauliflowers1 and vegetables generally1 the sauce ought to be rather thick1 as it is impossible to have the vegetables run perfectly dry when they are to be served warm4 #bb4 ,a ,,la ,,francaise 7,home ,cyclopedia74--,after trimming properly1 cut the cauliflower into quarters1 and put into a stewpan and boil until tender2 drain and arrange it neatly on a dish4 ,pour over it melted butter4 #bc4 ,a ,,la ,,louis ,,xiv 7,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer74--,cauliflower1 new-made butter1 grated nutmeg1 bouillon4 ,the cauliflower is to be repeatedly washed in lukewarm water1 boiled with bouillon and a little nutmeg1 drained and then shaken with butter over a fire4 ,to be served as soon as the butter is melted4 #bd4 ,a ,,la ,,varenne 7,mrs4 ,marshall74--,trim a cauliflower1 and place it in salt and water for about one hour2 then put it into cold water with a pinch of salt2 bring to the boil1 and then rinse the cauliflower and put it again into boiling water which is seasoned with salt1 to cook till tender4 ,when cooked1 cut it in pieces and dish up in a coil2 pour parsley sauce over1 and garnish it round with braised carrots or a macedoine of vegetables1 and place the cut up stalks of cauliflower in the centre4 ,serve for a luncheon or second course dish4 #be4 ,,en ,,mayonnaise 7,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer74--,two heads of cauliflower1 salt1 pepper1 sweet oil1 estragon1 chopped parsley1 vinegar1 oil-sauce4 ,the cauliflowers are to be plucked apart and the stemlets cut off at proper lengths4 ,boil in water1 and salt when nearly done4 ,drain off and let cool1 and then marinate for an hour with oil1 vinegar1 spices1 estragon and parsley4 ,drain on a sieve4 ,to be served high on a dish1 and oil sauce gradually to be poured over4 ,if desired1 the dish might be garnished with carrots or some other suitable vegetable4 #bf4 ,,souffle ,,of ,,cauliflower1 ,a ,,la ,,baronne 7,mrs4 ,marshall74--,trim a nice cauliflower1 put it to blanch 7note to ,no4 #ai71 then rinse it and put it into boiling water with a little salt1 and let it cook till tender2 take up again1 drain1 and cut it in neat pieces and place them in a buttered souffle dish with alternate layers of raw sliced tomatoes2 season with a very little salt and white pepper1 and fill up the dish with a souffle mixture prepared as below1 and sprinkle over with a few browned bread crumbs2 place a few pieces of butter here and there on the top1 and bake in a moderate oven for thirty minutes1 dish upon a paper with a napkin round1 sprinkle it with a little chopped parsley1 and serve for second course or luncheon4 ,mixture for ,cauliflower ,souffle4--,mix two ounces of butter1 one and a half ounces of fine flour1 one and a half raw yolks of eggs1 tiny dust of cayenne1 a saltspoonful of salt1 with not quite half a pint of cold milk2 stir over the fire till it boils1 then add three ounces of grated ,parmesian cheese and the whites of three eggs that have been whipped stiff1 with a pinch of salt1 and use4 #bg4 ,,cauliflower ,,salad 7,good ,living74--,one pint cold boiled cauliflower1 one teaspoon of chervil1 chopped as fine as powder1 one teaspoon of parsley1 chopped as fine as powder1 one teaspoon of tarragon or ,maille vinegar1 ,french dressing4 ,boil the cauliflower as directed 7,no4 #c74 ,separate the flowerets1 mix with the parsley1 chives and dressing4 ,set aside one hour4 ,serve very cold4 ,another 7,buckeye ,cook ,book74--,after boiling1 let cool and dress with ,mayonnaise1 or any dressing preferred4 #bh4 ,,cauliflower ,,omelette4--,take the white part of a boiled cauliflower after it is cold1 chop it very small1 and mix with it a sufficient quantity of well beaten egg to make a very thick batter2 then fry it in fresh butter1 in a small pan1 and send to the table hot4 ,,note3--,this omelette makes a fine dressing to pour hot over fried chicken when ready to send to the table4 #bi4 ,,cauliflower ,,soup 7,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer74 ,two and a half quarts bouillon1 one and a half pint milk1 two or three cauliflowers1 two and a half ounces butter1 one and a half ounce flour1 sugar1 salt4 ,the cauliflowers are cleaned1 and boiled almost ready1 taken out and put on a sieve1 and the soup preserved4 ,the butter and flour are baked together2 and with the milk1 bouillon1 sugar and salt added to the decoction from the cauliflowers4 ,these are then cut into proper pieces and put into the soup1 which is subjected to a quick boil and then served with bread dumplings3 crumbs of white bread moistened with milk1 melted butter1 dotter of eggs1 and the whites beaten to a stiff froth--the mass rolled into balls1 and boiled until they float4 #cj4 ,,cauliflower ,,cream ,,soup 7,rural ,new ,yorker74--,boil the cauliflower in salt water until nearly done4 ,for a small head1 bring another quart of water 7or milk and water7 to boil1 adding half an onion1 or a bit of spice if desired1 and thicken it as for drawn butter sauce1 with an ounce of butter and some flour4 ,boil the cauliflower in the liquid until soft1 then put the whole through a colander2 return to the fire1 and add a cup of cream2 simmer for five minutes1 and serve at once1 with squares of fried bread4 #ca4 ,,broccoli 7,american ,garden74--,broccoli is a pleasant change from cabbage and cauliflower1 either as a salad or a side dish4 ,to dress it1 strip off the little branches1 till the top one is left1 then with a sharp knife peel off all the hard skin on the stalks and branchlets and throw them into water4 ,when the water in the stewpan boils1 put in the broccoli and cook till tender1 salting in the last five minutes4 ,serve with toast dipped in the broccoli water1 laying the stalks over it1 and eat with vinegar and melted butter4 ,or1 let it get cold1 cut in small bits1 and serve as salad with oil and vinegar1 with lemon juice1 garnished with nasturtium buds4 ,or1 serve a large round of toast1 the size of a dinner plate1 moistened with broccoli water1 salted and buttered1 with nicely poached eggs laid on it1 and sprigs of hot broccoli set thickly between1 dusting with fine salt4 ,cauliflower and solid white cabbage may be served the same way4 #cb4 ,,egg ,,broccoli 7,home ,cyclopedia74--,take half a dozen heads of broccoli1 cut off the small shoots or blossoms and lay them aside for frying2 trim the stalks short and pare off the rough rind up to the head1 wash them well and lay them in salt water for an hour1 then put them into plenty of boiling water 7salted7 and let them boil fast till quite tender4 ,put two ounces of butter into a saucepan1 and stir it over a slow fire till it is melted2 then add gradually six or eight well-beaten eggs and stir the mixture until it is thick and smooth4 ,lay the broccoli in the center of a large dish1 pour the egg around it1 and1 having fried the broccoli blossoms1 arrange them in a circle near the edge of the dish4 #cc4 ,,pickled 7,mrs4 ,m4 ,p4 ,a4 ,crozier74--,break at the natural divisions1 steam till tender1 and place in a jar of cold vinegar with mustard and red peppers4 #cd4 ,,pickled 7,gardener's ,text ,book74--,place the heads in a keg1 and sprinkle them liberally with salt4 ,let them remain thus for about a week1 when you may turn over them scalding hot vinegar1 prepared with one ounce of mace1 one ounce of peppercorns1 and one ounce of cloves to every gallon4 ,draw off the vinegar1 and return it scalding hot several times until the heads become tender4 #ce4 ,,pickled 7,rural ,new ,yorker74--,break the heads into small sprays1 throw them into a kettle of scalding brine2 let them come to a boil1 and drain carefully1 so as not to break them2 pack in stone or glass jars1 and cover with scalding vinegar seasoned as follows3 ,to one gallon of vinegar allow one cup of white sugar1 half an ounce of mace1 one ounce of peppercorns1 two or three red pepper pods broken into bits1 and a tablespoonful each of coriander seed1 celery seed1 and white mustard4 ,pour this hot over the cauliflowers and seal at once4 ,glass jars are the most convenient1 as they may be examined frequently to see if their contents are keeping well4 ,if not1 repeat the scalding4 ,in all pickles the vinegar should be two inches or more above the vegetables1 as it is sure to shrink1 and if the vegetables are not thoroughly immersed in vinegar they will not keep4 #cf4 ,,pickled 7,home ,cyclopedia74--,choose such as are firm1 yet of their full size2 cut away all the leaves and pare the stalks2 pull away the flowers in bunches1 steep in brine two days1 then drain them1 wipe them dry1 and put them in hot pickle1 or merely infuse for three days three ounces of curry powder in every quart of vinegar4 ,another4 ,slice1 salt for two or three days1 drain1 spread upon a dry cloth before the fire twenty-four hours2 put in a jar and cover with spiced vinegar4 #cg4 ,,mixed ,,pickles 7,home ,cyclopedia74--,three hundred small cucumbers1 four green peppers1 sliced fine1 two large or three small heads of cauliflower1 three heads of white cabbage sliced fine1 nine large onions sliced1 one large horseradish1 one quart green beans cut one inch long1 one quart green tomatoes sliced2 put this mixture in a pretty strong brine twenty-four hours2 drain three hours2 then sprinkle in one-fourth pound black and one-fourth pound white mustard seed2 also one tablespoonful black ground pepper2 let it come to a boil in just vinegar enough to cover it1 adding a little alumn2 drain again1 and when cold put in one-half pint ground mustard2 cover the whole with good cider vinegar2 add turmeric enough to color if you like4 ,,accessory ,,receipts4 #ch4 ,,cauliflower ,,sauce 7,good ,living74--,use either white or cream sauce1 adding to it the flowerets of cauliflower previously boiled tender4 ,serve with boiled fowl1 veal saute1 etc4 #ci4 ,,cauliflower ,,sauce 7,to accompany ,no4 #ai74--,one pint of thick ,bechamel sauce1 a quarter of a pound of grated ,parmesian cheese1 two tablespoonfuls of grated ,gruyere cheese1 two tablespoonfuls of cream1 a little dust of cayenne pepper and a pinch of salt2 mix well together1 and use4 #dj4 ,,tomato ,,sauce 7,to accompany ,no4 #ad74-- #f large tomatoes1 or #a can1 ,butter1 size of an egg1 ,bunch of parsley or thyme1 #a tablespoonful of butter1 #b chopped onions1 ,salt and pepper1 ,pinch of sugar1 #b tablespoonfuls of flour4 ,peel the tomatoes1 and put into a sauce pan with butter1 thyme1 onions and parsley 7and #a clove of garlic chopped and fried in butter74 ,set over boiling water and stew very gently for three hours4 ,then press fruit and juice all through a sieve1 rejecting only the seeds and herbs4 ,meanwhile prepare a roux1 allowing #a quart of sauce1 #a tablespoonful of butter1 and #b of flour1 stirred together over the fire until light golden brown--no darker1 or the color of the sauce will be injured4 ,when the sauce is strained1 remove the roux from the fire2 stir in the sauce4 ,return it to the fire4 ,stir and boil #c to #e minutes1 until rich and thick4 ,should the sauce be already quite thick with the pulp of the tomatoes1 use less thickening4 ,if served with fricandeau1 veal saute1 or filet of beef1 add the juices of the meat to the sauce4 #da4 ,,white ,,sauce 7,to accompany ,no4 #c1 etc47-- #c ounces of butter1 #b gills of water1 #a ounce of flour1 ,pepper and salt4 ,put #b ounces of the butter in a stew pan2 when it melts1 add the flour4 ,stir for #a minute or more1 but do not brown4 ,then add by degrees the boiling water1 stirring until smooth2 pass it through a sieve2 then add the rest of the butter1 cut in pieces4 ,when the butter is melted1 serve immediately4 ,this makes about one pint of sauce4 ,you may add as a great improvement a little lemon juice or a few drops of vinegar4 ,n4 ,b4--,if the sauce is to have other ingredients added it is best to have it very thick to begin with4 #db4 ,,cream ,,sauce 7,to accompany ,nos4 #c and #ah74 #a tablespoon of flour1 #a very large tablespoon of butter1 #b gills of new milk1 #a_/b teaspoon of salt1 ,pepper to taste4 ,put #c_/d of the butter in a sauce pan over the fire4 ,as soon as it melts1 add the flour2 stir till blended4 ,be careful not to let it brown4 ,add the boiling milk1 by degrees1 to the flour and butter1 stirring without ceasing4 ,boil #c minutes4 ,remove from the fire2 add salt1 white pepper1 and the rest of the butter2 stir until the butter melts1 and serve immediately4 ,if it has to be kept1 set it over a kettle of boiling water2 leave the spoon in it2 and every now and again stir it down or the top will form a scum4 ,do not let it boil after the last butter is added4 ,cream may be used instead of new milk4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,chief ,cook at the ,court of ,denmark4 ,f ,blanching anything is placing it on the fire in cold water until it boils1 and after straining it off plunging it into cold water for the purpose of rendering it white4 ,,recapitulation4 ,the following recapitulation of the more important points connected with cauliflower culture will serve to fix them in mind3 #a4 ,the best localities for cauliflower growing are where the climate is cool and moist1 as near some large body of water4 #b4 ,the cauliflower will stand nearly as much dry weather as ordinary crops while growing1 providing it has a cool1 moist time in which to head4 #c4 ,the best soil is a sandy loam1 though any cool1 moist1 strong1 fertile soil will answer4 #d4 ,while a cool1 moist soil is desirable1 thorough drainage is quite as essential as with any other crop4 #e4 ,an abundance of strong barn-yard or other manure is necessary1 as the cauliflower is a gross feeder4 #f4 ,deep and frequent tillage1 that there may be no check in growth until the plants are nearly ready to head4 #g4 ,tie or pin the leaves over the heads as soon as they appear1 to keep them blanched and protect them from frost4 #h4 ,if any plants have failed to head on the approach of winter1 remove them to a shed or cellar1 and they will head there4 #i4 ,guard against the flea beetle1 cut worm1 cabbage worm and cabbage maggot in the same manner as with cabbage4 #aj4 ,with suitable varieties and proper care the cauliflower can generally be successfully grown wherever the cabbage thrives particularly well4 ,,glossary4 ,,blind4--,to go blind is to lose the centre or growing point1 and fail to head4 ,it is generally due to climatic or insect injury4 ,it is said to be frequently caused in the cauliflower by an insect resembling the turnip fly4 ,soot and lime are remedies4 ,,blues4--,a dark-bluish appearance1 accompanying arrested development1 generally due to unfavorable weather1 unsuitable soil or insects at the root4 ,cabbage and cauliflower plants which are set too early in the spring1 especially if they are not well hardened off and are placed in a cold soil1 are apt to assume this appearance4 ,if cauliflowers remain long in this condition1 they are liable either to fail to head1 or to form small heads prematurely4 ,,bolt4--,a familiar term in ,england1 applied to wheat when it heads out small and prematurely4 ,sometimes applied to cauliflowers when they head before they attain a proper age and size4 ,see ,button4 ,,break4--,to become loose or frothy preparatory to running up to seed4 ,said of a head of cauliflower2 also of other plants as they begin to throw up their seed stalks4 ,,button4--,,to form small heads prematurely1 as often occurs when plants are left too long in the seed-bed4 ,,curd4--,the material composing the head of a cauliflower4 ,sometimes the heads individually are called curds4 ,,drawn4--,having an abnormally long stem1 owing to crowding1 or too great heat1 or too little light in the seed-bed4 ,,flower ,,or ,,blossom4--,terms often applied to the head in the cauliflower1 either from its resemblance to a flower1 or from a mistaken idea that it really is a flower4 ,,floweret4--,a term sometimes applied to one of the sprays or sub-divisions of a cauliflower head4 ,,frothy1 see ,warty4 ,,glaucous4--,pale bluish-green2 sea-green4 ,,head4--,the edible part of a cauliflower1 consisting of a mass of thickened flower-stems at an early stage of growth1 before they have separated and elongated preparatory to forming flowers and seeds4 ,various other terms have been applied to it1 such as flower or blossom1 bouquet1 heart1 and1 by the ,french1 pomme 7apple71 but sometimes also tete 7head74 ,,heart1 see ,head4 ,,leafy4--,having the head interspersed with rather small leaves4 ,a tendency to this condition is found in some inferior varieties1 and in many good varieties when they head in hot weather4 ,,mossy4--,having numerous minute leaves distributed over the head1 giving it a mossy appearance4 ,it is a condition of the same nature as the leafy state above mentioned1 and produced by the same causes4 ,,rogue4--,an undesirable sport4 ,a cauliflower which1 unlike the others in the field1 runs immediately to seed without forming a head1 would be called a rogue4 ,,running4--,throwing up the flower-stalks preparatory to the production of seed4 ,see ,break4 ,,turning ,,in4--,commencing to head2 a term originally applied to cabbages1 but now extended to other plants which form heads of any kind4 ,,warty ,,or ,,frothy4--,a condition of the head in which the surface is covered with small prominences preparatory to running up to seed4 ,,weather-,,proud4--,an ,english term which signifies that plants are larger or more thrifty than proper for the time of year4 ,applied1 for example1 to wintered-over cauliflower plants during a warm1 early spring4 ,,references4 ,in the following works and articles certain points in connection with the cauliflower and its cultivation are more fully treated than in the present work4 ,,bon ,,jardinier1 7#ahei1 p4 #ddi74--;,a good article on the origin and varieties of the cauliflower1 and its cultivation in ,france4 ,,brill1 ,,francis4--,cauliflowers and ,how to ,grow ,them1 7#af pp41 price twenty cents4 ,published by the ,author1 ,riverhead1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhf74 ,a well written account of cauliflower growing on ,long ,island and the methods used4 ,,burpee1 ,w4 ,a4--,how to ,grow ,cabbages and ,cauliflowers1 7,w4 ,a4 ,burpee ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #ahij74 ,a pamphlet of eighty-five pages1 price thirty cents1 consisting of prize essays on the ,cabbage and ,cauliflower1 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,howard1 of ,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,pedersen1 of ,denmark2 together with directions for cooking these vegetables by ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,soyer1 chief cook at the ,court of ,denmark2 and a chapter on varieties by ,w4 ,a4 ,burpee4 ,,de ,,candolle1 ,,augustin ,,pyramus4--,memoir on the ,different ,species1 ,races and ,varieties of the ,genus ,brassica1 and of the ,genera ,allied with it which are ,cultivated in ,europe 7read in #ahba74--,transactions of the ,horticultural ,society of ,london1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #a4 ,,don1 ,,geo4--,general ,history of ,dichlamydeous ,plants1 7#d volumes1 ,london1 #ahca74 ,volume ,i1 pp4 #bcc-bda1 contains a good account of the culture and varieties of broccoli and cauliflower4 ,fifteen varieties of broccoli and three of cauliflower are described4 ,,journal ,,of ,,horticulture ,,and ,,cottage ,,gardener1 7#ahgh1 p4 #fa74--;,a good article on the cultivation of cauliflower in ,england4 ,,loudon1 ,j4 ,c4--,encyclopaedia of ,gardening 7#eth edition1 ,london1 #ahbg74 ,this standard work contains a very full account of the cauliflower and its allies1 including quotations from various ,english authorities4 ,,magazine ,,of ,,horticulture1 7#ahci1 p4 #ec74--;,a good article on the cultivation of the cauliflower in ,england4 ,,maher1 ,,john4--,hints relative to the ,culture of the ,early ,purple ,broccoli 7read in #ahjh74--,transactions of the ,horticultural ,society of ,london1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aaf-abj4 ,an account of the culture and varieties of broccoli1 with remarks on its improvement1 and on the liability of broccoli and cauliflower to mix with cabbage4 ,,mcintosh1 ,,charles4--,book of the ,garden 7#b volumes1 ,london1 #ahec74 ,the second volume contains the best account of cauliflower cultivation in ,england written up to that time4 ,,rogers1 ,,john4--,the ,vegetable ,cultivator 7,london1 #ahdc74 ,contains a good account of the cauliflower and the methods of growing it in ,england4 ,,sturtevant1 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,l4--,in his ,history of ,garden ,vegetables1 in the ,american ,naturalist1 this author gives the history of cauliflower and broccoli1 including the earliest recorded evidences of their cultivation1 and the names applied to these vegetables in different countries4 ,the broccoli is treated in the volume for #ahhg1 p4 #dch1 and the cauliflower in the same volume1 p4 #gja4 ,,sutton ,,sons1 ,reading1 ,england4--,these seedsmen publish a work on ,gardening1 price five shillings1 in which the subject of cauliflower culture in ,england is fully treated4 ,,vilmorin--,,andrieux1 ,,et ,,cie4--,plantes ,potagers 7,paris1 #ahhc74 ,this work by ,vilmorin1 ,andrieux ,co41 the ,paris seedsmen1 was translated into ,english1 and published under the title of ,the ,vegetable ,garden1 by ,murray1 of ,london1 in #ahhe4 ,it contains full descriptions of varieties of cauliflower1 based on trials at the experiment grounds of this firm at ,paris1 and also includes information on the cultivation of this vegetable in ,france4 ,,index4 ,page4 ,analysis1 #aif ,blackleg1 #aje ,blanching1 #ci ,broccoli1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ahi ,buttoning1 #eg ,cabbage1 history1 #i ,cabbage1 wild1 #i ,cabbage maggot1 #if ,cabbage worm1 #ih ,cauliflower in ,united ,states1 #ai1 #bb1 #fa ,mexico1 #he ,europe1 #ai ,india1 #hf ,austria1 #ba ,england1 #ba ,france1 #bj ,germany1 #ba ,holland1 #ba ,italy #ba ,long ,island1 #bb1 #fb ,puget ,sound1 #ia1 #aae ,alabama1 #hj ,california1 #ij ,colorado1 #gg ,florida1 #hb ,georgia1 #gi ,illinois1 #bc1 #ge ,iowa1 #gg ,louisiana1 #hc ,massachusetts1 #ga ,michigan1 #gb1 #ahe ,minnesota1 #gd ,missouri1 #gf ,new ,jersey1 #fi ,north ,carolina1 #gh ,ohio1 #ge ,oregon1 #ij ,south ,dakota1 #gh ,texas1 #hd ,washington1 #ia1 #aae ,wisconsin1 #gd ,cauliflower industry1 #ai ,climate1 #fc1 #gb1 #gc1 #gh1 #hi1 #ij1 #aab1 #aaf ,cooking1 #aie ,cross-fertilization1 #aac1 #aad1 #aba ,cultivation1 #cg ,cut worms1 #id ,damping off1 #ajd ,duty1 see ,tariff ,earliness1 order of1 #agg ,early cauliflower1 #ec ,failures1 #ai1 #ec1 #fi1 #ga ,fertilizers1 #bf1 #fe1 #fh1 #gi1 #he1 #hg1 #aaf ,flea beetle1 #bg1 #bi1 #ic ,frost1 effect of1 #da ,fungi1 #aja ,glossary1 #bbc ,harvesting1 #db ,history1 #i ,importation of cauliflower1 #bc ,insects1 #cj1 #ic1 #hg ,irrigation1 #bj1 #ch1 #gg ,keeping1 #dh ,large heads1 #gg1 #hc1 #hf1 #afi1 #aga ,louse1 #bi1 #ajj ,marketing1 #dg1 #ee1 #gi1 #ha ,mildew1 #aje ,origin1 #i ,packages1 #de ,packing1 #de ,pickles1 #bc1 #baf ,preparing the ground1 #ce1 #fh1 #hg1 #aaf ,price1 #dg1 #ee1 #fe1 #fi1 #gi ,puget ,sound seed1 #aji1 #aae1 #ahe ,recapitulation1 #bba ,references1 #bbg ,rot1 #aja ,scale of maturity1 #agg ,seed1 #ajg in ,cyprus1 #aji ,denmark1 #aaj ,england1 #ajh1 #aaj ,france1 #ajh ,germany1 #ajh ,holland1 #ajh ,scotland1 #ajh ,india1 #hi ,long ,island1 #aaj ,massachusetts1 #aaj ,mexico1 #hf ,puget ,sound1 #aji1 #aae1 #ahe ,seed1 amount needed1 #hh1 #aae ,seed1 duration of vitality1 #aae ,seed1 sowing1 #bg1 #cc1 #hb1 #hg ,selling1 see ,marketing ,soil1 #be1 #gb1 #hb1 #hf1 #aaf ,soil1 preparation of1 #ce1 #fh1 #hg1 #aaf ,sowing seed1 #bg1 #cc1 #hb1 #hg ,tariff on cauliflower1 #bc ,terms1 #bbc ,time to cut1 #db ,time to sow1 #cc ,transplanting1 #ce1 #aag ,trimming1 #dd ,varieties1 #ad1 #abe1 #ahg ,variety tests1 #agh ,,how ,,to ,,extend ,,the ,,market ,for ,cauliflower4 ,the market demand for any product is always a matter of growth4 ,peter ,henderson said in #ahfg that an acre of cauliflower was as much as could be profitably sold from one garden in the ,new ,york market4 ,now1 five to fifteen acres in a single field is not an uncommon sight on ,long ,island4 ,it is the business of the grower not only to supply the demand1 but to create it4 ,one way to increase the demand for cauliflower is to teach consumers the best methods of using it4 ,we believe that if cauliflower growers could distribute freely to their customers the information found in the chapter on cooking in this work on ,cauliflower it would result in largely increased sales4 ,accordingly we have reprinted this chapter as a separate pamphlet and offer it to market gardeners and others at the following very low rates3 ,single copies1 ten cents1 #e per hundred4 ,sample copy free upon request to any purchaser of this book4 ,please give these a trial4 ,,register ,,publishing ,,company1 ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,michigan ,henderson's ,early ,snowball ,,cauliflower4 ,illustration ,,early1 ,,large ,,and ,a ,,sure ,,header4 ,,the ,,standard ,,variety ,,everywhere4 ,sold by all ,dealers in ,our ,original ,packages1 ,,sealed ,,with ,,our ,,red ,,trade ,,mark ,,label4 ,,peter ,,henderson ,,co41 ,,seedsmen1 #ce #cg ,cortland ,st41--,,new ,,york4 ,,march',s ,,puget ,,sound ,,cauliflower ,,and ,,cabbage ,,seed4 ,,the ,,best ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,in every part of the country1 from ,maine to ,oregon1 it is pronounced good4 ,high ,testimony from ,high ,sources4 ,reports of the ,experiment ,stations3 ,prof4 ,w4 ,j4 ,green1 ,ohio4 ,ag4 ,ex4 ,sta41 says3 ,having tested your ,snowball and ,earliest ,dwarf ,erfurt1 ,i do not hesitate1 after careful trials1 to say that your ,cauliflower seed ranks with the very best4 ,not only does it show the effects of careful selection1 but the seeds were very large and full of vitality1 germinated quick1 and produced plants of uncommon vigor1 healthy in all stages of growth4 ,if the seed sent us is a fair sample you need not hesitate to claim that it is as good as any that can be produced1 as far as quality is concerned1 and in vitality and consequent vigor of plants excelling imported seed by #be per cent4 ,i shall not hesitate to recommend ,puget ,sound ,cauliflower seed1 for ,i believe it to be ,the ,best in the ,world4 ,prof4 ,l4 ,r4 ,taft1 ,mich4 ,ag4 ,col41 writes3 ,dear ,sir1--,the ,early ,perfection 7,novelty ,no4 #i7 and ,american grown ,snowball ,cauliflower seed sent here for trial by you1 as compared with nine other varieties1 the following is the report4 ,no4 #h is ,american ,snowball1 and ,no4 #aj is ,novelty ,no4 #i or ,early ,perfection3 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #if #ic #fe #eh #dc #gi #fc #if #hf #ii #hc ,germination4 #ij #fh #ff #dh #ag #eh #cc #hb #gf #ij #fj ,vegetation4 #hj #hj #gj #hj #ij #dj #fj #ij #ij #ajj #hj ,vigor and heading ,the ,early ,perfection 7,no4 #i7 was one of the first to form heads1 requiring fifty-three days from time of planting out4 ,it gave fully as good and large heads as any of the other early kinds4 ,i am particularly pleased with the high vegetative powers of your seeds1 and the vigor of the plants4 ,mich4 ,ag4 ,col41 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahij4 ,h4 ,a4 ,march1 ,fidalgo1 ,wash43 ,dear ,sir1--,your letter asking for a report of your ,cabbage and ,cauliflower ,seed1 is at hand4 ,the ,puget ,sound strain of ,early ,wakefield ,cabbage seed was so noticeably large that ,i weighed several samples of it and found that it averaged two and one-half times as large as the same variety from other seedsmen4 ,in the seed-box we obtained #ig plants from #ajj seeds4 ,the plants were much stronger than those of any other variety4 ,twenty-five plants were put out1 and every one formed a perfect head4 ,they were very even in size and shape1 averaging slightly larger than our other strains1 with three days difference in their favor in earliness4 ,very truly1 ,l4 ,r4 ,,taft4 ,prices half the price of imported seed of the ,,same ,,quality4 ,send for prices and testimonials to ,h4 ,a4 ,,march1 ,,fidalgo1 ,,skagit ,,co41 ,,wash4 ,try ,american ,grown ,cauliflower ,seed4 ,illustration ,,tillinghast',s ,p4 ,s4 ,,stock4 ,after many years costly of costly experimenting ,i believe ,i am now in position to supply a finer grade of ,cauliflower seeds for less money than can be procured from any dealer who imports his stock4 ,we have named ours ,,tillinghast',s ,,early ,,padilla4 ,by mail post paid1 #bj;cts4 per pkt4 #b4jj per oz4 net ,catalogue free on application ,,address ,,isaac ,f4 ,,tillinghast1 -- ,,la ,,plume1 ,,pa4 ,,the ,stecher ,lithographic ,co4 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,publish ,,and ,,have ,,now ,,in ,,stock ,,over #ejj ,,varieties ,,colored ,,lithograph ,,plates ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,nurserymen ,seedsmen 4 and 4 ,florists4 ,,new ,,varieties ,,being ,,constantly ,,added4 #ij ,varieties ,apples4 #f ,varieties ,crab ,apples4 #bh ,varieties ,pears4 #ah ,varieties ,cherries4 #cj ,varieties ,plums4 #ce ,varieties ,peaches4 #e ,varieties ,quinces4 #bc ,varieties ,grapes4 #de ,varieties ,berries4 #ce ,varieties ,ornamental ,trees4 #ae ,varieties ,evergreens4 #dj ,varieties ,roses4 #ec ,varieties ,ornamental ,shrubs4 #fj ,varieties ,miscellaneous4 ,writing of these plates a customer says3--,my experience of a number of years at canvassing with plates from other firms has brought me to the conclusion that your ,lithographed ,plates are the ,,best ,,in ,,use4 ,not simply because they are cheaper1 but because they do not become so ,,mussed ,,and ,,dauby ,,when ,,exposed ,,to ,,moisture4 ,another says3--,the plates are far the best ,i have ever seen4 ,accept my thanks for your promptness4 ,,publishers ,,of ,,horticultural ,,art ,,journal1 ,monthly1 #b4jj ,per ,year ,,tenth ,,year4 ,the ,wisconsin ,farmer4 ,a ,sixteen ,page1 ,sixty-,four ,column ,,agricultural ,,weekly4 ,,devoted ,,to ,,farm1 ,,horticulture1 ,,live ,,stock1 ,,dairying1 ,,poultry1 ,,bees1 ,,veterinary1 ,,home ,,fireside ,,and ,,markets4 ,,official ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,wisconsin ,,farm ,,institutes1 ,,and ,,state ,,agricultural ,,society4 ,containing full reports of the meetings and the best papers delivered4 ,,subscription ,,price1 #a4jj ,,per ,,year4 -- ,,specimen ,,copies ,,free4 ,,address ,the ,wisconsin ,farmer1 ,,madison1 ,,wis4 ,,it ,,pays to read ,the ,american ,farmer ,live ,stock and ,poultry ,raiser4 ,,it ,,pays to advertise in the ,american ,farmer ,live ,stock and ,poultry ,raiser4 ,,its #ab1jjj ,,circulation ,,gives ,,ample ,,evidence ,,of ,,its ,,popularity ,,and ,,guarantees ,,excellent 4 ,,returns 4 ,,to 4 ,,advertisers ,its ,premium offers are ,unexcelled4 ,,it ,,is ,,thoroughly ,,practical ,,and ,,espouses ,the ,farmer's ,cause ,,sample ,,copies ,,free4 ,,the ,,american ,,farmer ,,publishing ,,co41 ,,geo4 ,g4 ,,hill1 ,,manager4 #abe ,clark ,street1 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,do ,you ,grow ,flowers8 ,i always have in stock a large collection of ,roses1 ,geraniums1 ,fuchsias1 ,carnations1 ,chrysanthemums and ,summer ,bedding ,plants4 ,i can supply almost anything in the flower line at very reasonable prices4 ,don't buy until you see my ,descriptive ,price ,list4 ,,albert ,h4 ,,clark1 ,,box #aag1 ,,cambridge1 ,,md ,do ,you ,grow ,strawberries8 ,if you do1 don't forget that ,i carry an immense stock4 ,strawberries are my specialty1 as my entire time in summer is devoted to them4 ,my plants are of thrifty growth1 and true to name1 and will satisfy the most skeptical4 ,don't buy until you see my prices4 ,i have customers in every state4 ,can pack to go any distance4 ,,albert ,h4 ,,clark1 ,,box #aag1 ,,cambridge1 ,,md4 ,the ,national ,horticulturist4 ,this is a live ,horticultural ,journal and should be in the hands of every ,fruit ,grower1 especially if you grow strawberries4 ,our ,july issue will be worth dollars to every ,strawberry ,grower4 ,subscription price #be cts4 per year4 ,we will send the ,national ,horticulturist to any address for one year and #ej cts4 worth of plants1 your selection from my lists1 for #dj cts4 ,we make this liberal offer to induce you to try our paper and plants4 ,send for sample copies4 ,,albert ,h4 ,,clark1 ,box #aag1 ,cambridge4 ,md4 ,,the ,delaware ,farm and ,home ,is especially devoted to the fruit growing and trucking interests of the ,delaware and ,chesapeake ,peninsula1 a region of country1 which by its peculiar surroundings and climate1 is invested with special interest to all4 ,it is a large eight-page1 forty-column paper1 published weekly1 at #a4jj per year4 ,we could fill this page with testimonials as to its value but one or two will suffice3 ,dr4 ,erwin ,f4 ,smith1 who is investigating the peach yellows subject1 as the special agent of the ,agricultural ,department1 wrote a short time ago3 ,,the ,,farm ,,and ,,home is a good paper and is constantly improving4 ,i read it with great interest every week and every number has something of special value to me4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,lewis ,sturtevant1 late ,director of the ,new ,york ,experiment ,station1 at ,geneva1 wrote3 ,i read ,,the ,,delaware ,,farm ,,and ,,home with interest4 ,it gives evidence of being earnestly in favor of the farmer's improvement and progress4 ,we are prepared to offer especially attractive inducements to young men and young women who are willing to canvass for it regularly or during their leisure hours4 ,,address ,,wesley1 ,,webb ,,co41--,,wilmington1 ,,del4 ,,the ,,southern ,,cultivator ,,and ,,dixie ,,farmer4 #dith ,,year4 ,the ,great ,farm1 ,industrial and ,stock ,periodical of the ,south4 ,it embraces in its constituency the intelligent1 progressive and substantially successful farmers of this section1 and as an advertising medium for the ,merchant1 ,manufacturer1 ,stock-raiser and ,professional man is ,,absolutely ,,unequaled4 ,space judiciously employed in its columns is always remunerative4 ,by recent purchases it now combines3 ,the ,,dixie ,,farmer4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,the ,,plantation1 ,montgomery1 ,ala4 ,the ,,rural ,,sun1 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,the ,,southern ,,farmer',s ,,monthly1 ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,,southern ,,world1 ,atlanta1 ,the ,,phoenix ,,agriculturist1 ,marietta1 ,ga4 ,and unites the patrons of these with its own large list of subscribers4 ,the press and people all testify to its great merits as a medium for controlling ,southern trade4 ,subscription1 one year in advance1 postage paid1 #a4jj4 ,sample copies sent free4 ,advertisements1 per line1 #cj;c4 ,we go to press the #bjth of each month preceding our date4 ,,the ,,cultivator ,,publishing ,,company1 ,p4,o4 ,drawer #h4 ,,atlanta1 ,,ga4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,some inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,typographical errors corrected in the text3 ,page #bi exeprienced changed to experienced ,page #ca two changed to too ,page #cb y added to rain ,page #dc looses changed to loses ,page #dd towards changed to toward ,page #gb varities changed to varieties ,page #ge varities changed to varieties ,page #he plans changed to plants ,page #aje ,hamptnos changed to ,hamptons ,page #ajf successfuly changed to successfully ,page #ajh varities changed to varieties ,page #aji varities changed to varieties ,page #aaj varities changed to varieties ,page #aab aquired changed to acquired ,page #ada ,surpise changed to ,surprise ,page #add experimant changed to experiment ,page #aef ,thornburn changed to ,thorburn ,page #aei extraneous a removed ,page #afc boquet changed to bouquet ,page #agd varities changed to varieties ,page #agf varities changed to varieties ,page #ahj varities changed to varieties ,page #ahb varities changed to varieties ,page #ahc preceeding changed to preceding ,page #ahf ,varities changed to ,varieties ,page #bjf downwards changed to downward ,page #baa ,a changed to ,a ,page #bab rince changed to rinse ,page #bab mayonaise changed to mayonnaise ,page #bbd boquet changed to bouquet ,page #bbf ,jardenier changed to ,jardinier ,page #bbg ,it changed to it ,page #bcc noticably changed to noticeably ,page #bcf ,,horticultre changed to ,,horticulture ,page #bci ,deleware changed to ,delaware ,page #bci ,stutrevant changed to ,sturtevant ---------------------------------------- -------