----------------------------------------
---------- ,transcrib]'s note3          
,obvi\s typographical errors h be5      
correct$4                               
----------------------------------------
----------   ,,feu]ba*  ,,! ,,roots ,,( 
,,! ,,sociali/ ,,philosophy  ,,by       
,,fr$]ick ,,engels  ,,translat$ ,,)     
,,critical ,,introduction ,,by ,,au/9   
,,lewis  ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r     
,,company   ,copyright1 #aijc  ,by      
,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r  ,,company            
,,introduction4   ,?is "w takes u back  
ne>ly sixty ye>s1 to a "t :5 :at is n[ a
 movem5t ( univ]sal significance 0 9 its
 infancy4 ,hegel & ! ,revolution (      
#ahdh2 ^! are ! po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,to ! 
=m]1 we owe ! philosophic =m ( !        
sociali/ doctr9e1 to ! latt]1 its       
practical activity z a movem5t4  ,9 !   
mid/ ( ! turmoil & /rife & app>5t defeat
 ( ^? days two m51 ,m>x & ,engels1 exil$
 & )\t influ5ce1 betook !mselves to _!  
books & began labori\sly to fa%ion ! =m 
& doctr9e ( ! mo/ p[]ful intellectual & 

political movem5t ( all "t4 ,to ! task  
!y br\ght g5ius1 s*ol>%ip1 & a capacity 
= h>d "w & pati5t rese>*4 ,9 ea* ( ^!   
qualities !y 7 supreme4 ,m>x possess$ a 
colossal m9d2 no ?9k] ^u social         
subjects1 n ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 has be5 8
 sup]ior1 = ! lonely sociali/ c\ld claim
 a compreh5siv5ess1 a grasp ( relations 
& a p[] ( g5]alization1 toge!r ) a      
boldness ( conception1 :i* place him 9 a
 class by himself4 ,engels 0 ! able     
co-adjutor & co-work] ) ,m>x4 ,he 0 a   
deep & acute ?9k]1 a mo/ pati5t         
inve/igator1 a c>eful writ]4 ,m         
practical ?an 8 fri5d1 he 0 bett] able  
to cope ) mat]ial problems1 & 8 advice &
 8 purse 7 always at ! disposal ( ,m>x4 
,! latt] c\ld h>dly h work$ "u m        
disc\rag+ conditions4 ,pov]ty1          
inadequate opportunities1 lack (        
/imulat+ companion%ip1 & ! complete     
abs5ce ( any k9d ( enc\ragem5t & su*    
sympa?y z a man ( 8 affectionate        
temp]am5t crav$ fell to 8 lot4 ,8 mo/   
le>n$ works 7 writt5 = gr\ps ( work+m51 

8 mo/ labori\s ef=ts 7 made )\t !       
slighte/ hope ( recognition f ! le>n$ & 
! p[]ful4  ,all ?r\gh ^! ye>s ,engels   
rema9$ 8 fai?ful fri5d1 & help$ him ov] 
_m h>d places :5 family tr\bles &       
/rait5$ circum/ances press$ ^u ! old    
revolutioni/4  ,?is "w is ,engels'      
te/imony ) reg>d to ! me?od employ$ by  
!m 9 arriv+ at _! philosophical         
conclusions4 ,x is ! /atem5t ( !        
philosophical f\ndations ( mod]n        
socialism by "o :o help$ to lay !m2 x is
 an old man's acc\nt ( ! case ^u !      
prep>ation ( :i* he has sp5t 8 entire   
life1 =1 ?is "w1 %ort z x is1 repres5ts 
! results ( =ty ye>s ( toil & p]sev]+   
ef=t4  ,z ! ,communi/ ,manife/o 0 a gage
 flung ) all ! impetuosity ( y\?ful     
impati5ce into ! face ( con/itut$       
au?ority1 s ?is is ! delib]ate /atem5t (
 ! vet]an1 :o has le>n$ ! game too well 
to leave any op5+s1 & proce$s to !      
demolition ( pet op9ions 9 a quiet1     
deadly & delib]ate fa%ion4  ,/ep by /ep1
 ! argum5t is built up4 ,! gho/s ( old  

controv]sies long s9ce buri$ are rais$1 
to %[ h[ ! doctr9e imp]i%ably associat$ 
) ! names ( ,m>x & ,engels came into    
exi/5ce2 ! ,"y ,hegelians1 ! ,tueb+5    
,s*ool1 & f9ally ,feu]ba* himself are   
summon$ f ! grave to :i* ! ,revolution (
 #ahdh _h consign$ !m4 ,/ill1 anci5t    
hi/ory z ^! controv]sies are f ! ,g]man 
/&po9t1 su* is ! backw>dness (          
philosophy among ,engli%-speak+ peoples1
 t we f9d ,engels expos+ aga9 & aga9    
fallacies :i* p]si/ ev5 9 our "t1 &     
ridicul+ s5tim5ts :i* we receive )      
approbation 9 our political assemblies1 
& ) mute approval 9 our *ur*es &        
conv5ticles4  ,! anti-religi\s note is  
noticeable ?r\gh\t1 9 itself an e*o (   
controv]sies long pa/1 :5 ! argum5ts ( !
 critics ( ! ,bible 7 creat+ n[ fury1 n[
 dismay1 ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 be=e !      
,high] ,criticism _h become respect$1 & 
be=e soi-disant sceptics c\ld cont9ue to
 g solemnly to *ur*4  ,moreov]1 ! "w 0  
writt5 9 ,g]man = ,g]man workm5 = :om   
religion has n ! same significance z x  

app>5tly /ill cont9ues to possess = !   
,engli%-speak+ p1 ^: s5sitiv5ess ^u !   
subject appe>s to h outliv$ _! fai?4    
,h[ev] t may be1 religi\s bodies possess
 a curi\s & p]haps satisfactory faculty 
( absorb+ ! tru?s ( sci5ce1 & /ill      
cont9u+ to exi/1 & ev5 to ?rive1 ^u :at 
! inexp]i5c$ might easily mi/ake = a    
deadly diet4  ,"u ! circum/ances !re is 
no reason :y ,engels' rem>ks %\ld affect
 ev5 ! timor\s1 al?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$
 t a v able ,engli% sociali/ philosoph] 
is reput$ to h damag$ 8 *ances          
irretrievably by an ill-judg$ quotation 
f ,mr4 ,sw9burne4  ,x mu/ be confess$ t 
! occasional bitt]ness 9 :i* ,engels    
indulges is to be deplor$1 9 a "w ( s   
ess5tially intellectual a "*1 b x is    
little to be wond]$ at4 ,8 contempt =   
univ]sity pr(essors & ! pret5ti\s       
cultivat$ classes1 :o claim s mu* ^u su*
 slight gr\nds1 is n /range1 :5 we      
consid] ! hone/ labors ( himself & 8    
colleagues & ! sup]ficial place-hunt+ ( 
! recogniz$ savants4 ,he loves le>n+ =  

its own sake1 = ! sake ( tru? &         
sci5tific accuracy1 & he _c feel any?+ b
 scorn = ^? :o use x z a means to lull !
 consci5ces ( ! ri*1 & to ga9 place &   
p[] = !mselves4 ,! degradation ( ,g]man 
philosophy affects him ) a real sorr[2 !
 s*ol> is outrag$ at ! mock]y4 ,/]ility1
 eclecticism1 ^! are ! t]ms 9 :i* he    
sums up ! tea*+s ( ! (ficial pr(essors1 
& !y are almo/ too g5tle to be appli$ to
 ! dispirit+ & di%e>t5+ doctr9es :i* are
 taught to ! ,engli%-speak+ /ud5t (     
to-day "u ! "n ( economics or           
philosophy4   ,9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 pamphlet1
 = x is little m 9 size1 ,engels gives a
 %ort & concise acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,hegel &
 ! lat] ,hegelian ,s*ool4 ,he %[s h[ !  
philosophy ( ,hegel has bo? a           
cons]vative & a radical side & h[       
cons]vatives & radicals alike might1 7z 
a matt] ( fact !y did71 ea* d]ive       
support f 8 tea*+s1 accord+ to ! am\nt (
 /ress laid respectively ^u ! great     
divisions ( 8 "w1 ! ,sy/em & !          
,dialectic4  ,! ,extreme ,left develop$ 

?r\gh ! application ( ! dialectic1 &    
appli$ ! philosophic doctr9e ?us d]iv$  
to ! criticism ( exi/+ political &      
religi\s in/itutions4 ,?is result$ 9 !  
gradual ?r[+ away ( ! ab/ract "p ( !    
,hegelian philosophy1 & 9 ! /udy ( facts
 & ph5om5a to an ev]-increas+ degree4   
,m>x _h1 9 8 y\?1 alli$ himself ) ! ,"y 
,hegelians1 z ?is s*ool 0 call$1 & ?is  
fact _h no slight influ5ce ^u 8         
subsequ5t c>e]4 ,8 critics lay ! blame =
 mu* ( ! obscurity ( language f :i*     
,capital 9 p>ticul> suff]s1 at ! door ( 
?is tra9+4 ,8 pa9ful elaboration ( !sis1
 anti!sis1 & syn!sis1 8 insi/5ce ^u !   
dialectic1 & 8 cont9ual use ( !         
,hegelian philosophical expressions are 
due to 8 e>li] controv]sial exp]i5ces4  
,/ill1 on ! o!r h&1 8 pati5t            
inve/igation ( actual facts1 8 insi/5ce 
on ! value ( positive k z comp>$ )      
ab/ract !ory1 & 8 dilig5t & p]si/5t use 
( blue-books & /ati/ics1 7 9 a great    
measure results ( ! same tra9+4  ,n[ &  
aga91 we f9d ,engels 9 ?is "w display+  

rem>kable controv]sial acum51 z 9 8     
discussion ( ! phrase1 ,all t is real is
 reasonable1 & all t is reasonable is   
real 7,alles 0 wirkli* i/1 i/ v]nu5ftig1
 und alles 0 v]nu5ftig i/1 i/ wirkli*74 
,f ?is expression1 by ! developm5t ( !  
,hegelian argum5t1 he arrives at !      
conclusion involv$ 9 ! /atem5t t ! value
 ( a social or political ph5om5on is its
 transitor9ess1 ! necessity ( its       
disappe>ance4 ,h5ce ! abolition (       
dogmatic /atem5t & m]e subjective       
reason+ 9 ! realm ( philosophy1 !       
de/ruction ( ! old s*ool ( :i* ,kant 0 !
 *ief expon5t1 & ! creation ( a new     
s*ool ! mo/ advanc$ tea*]s ( :i* 71 z !y
 /ill are1 ! mat]iali/ic sociali/s1 (   
:om ,engels & ,m>x are ! *ief4  ,!      
object ( ?is hi/orical sket* is to %[ ! 
orig9 ( ,feu]ba*'s philosophy z well z (
 t ( ,m>x & ,engels4 ,z ! fight betwe5 !
 ,"y ,hegelians & ! cons]vatives grew   
hott]1 ! radicals 7 driv5 back ^u !     
,engli%-,fr5* mat]ialism ( ! prec$+     
c5tury4 ,?is 0 emb>rass+ = foll[]s (    

,hegel1 :o _h be5 taught to reg>d !     
mat]ial z ! m]e expression ( ! ,idea4   
,feu]ba* reliev$ !m f ! contradiction4  
,he grasp$ ! "q boldly & ?rew !         
,hegelian ab/raction completely to "o   
side4 ,8 book1 ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums1 9  
:i* 8 ideas 7 set =?1 became imm$iately 
popul>1 & an ,engli% translation1 :i* 0 
widely read1 0 made ( x by ,george      
,eliot "u ! title ( ,ess5ce (           
,*ri/ianity4  ,engels is by no means    
grudg+ ( expressions ( appreciation )   
reg>d to ?is "w1 & its effects bo? ^u   
himself & ! educat$ _w 9 g5]al4 ,?is    
un5durable debt ( honor paid1 h[ev]1 he 
proce$s to attack ! ideali/ic           
humanit>ianism :i* ,feu]ba* _h made !   
basis & sanction ( 8 e?ical !ories4     
,al?\gh ,feu]ba* _h arriv$ at !         
mat]iali/ic conclusion1 he express$     
himself z unable to accept mat]ialism z 
a doctr9e4 ,he says t z f> z ! pa/ is   
conc]n$ he is a mat]iali/1 b1 = !       
future1 he is n s--,backw>d ,i am 9     
agreem5t ) ! mat]iali/s1 =w>d n--a      

/atem5t :i* impels ,engels to exam9e !  
mat]ialism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* he  
f9ds purely me*anical1 )\t any          
conception ( ! univ]se z a process1 &   
!re=e utt]ly inadequate = ! philosophic 
ne$s ( ! p]iod at :i* ,feu]ba* wrote2 = 
by t "t ! advance ( sci5ce1 & ! great]  
p[]s ( g5]alization1 aris+ f pati5t     
exp]im5tation1 & ! developm5t ( !       
evolution>y !ory1 _h r5d]$ ! eighte5?   
c5tury views evid5tly absurd4  ,!       
vulg>is+ p$dl]s 7vulg>isir5d5 ,hausir]7 
come 9 = a great deal ( contempt at !   
h&s ( ,engels4 ,^! 7 ! popul>           
mat]iali/s--! blatant a!i/s1 :o1 )\t    
sci5tific k & gift$ ) m]e oratory or a  
popul> /yle ( writ+1 us$ e advance (    
sci5ce z a weapon ( attack ^u ! ,creator
 & popul> religion4 ,engels sne]s at ^! 
z n be+ sci5ti/s at all1 b m]e tradesm5 
deal+ 9 pseudo-sci5tific w>es4 ,he calls
 _! occupation a trade1 a bus9ess       
7,ges*aeft74 ,( ! same class 0 t ho/ (  
secul>i/ lectur]s :o at "o "t ?rong$ !  
lecture plat=ms ( ! ,engli%-speak+      

c\ntries & ( :om ,bradlaugh & ,+]soll 7 
9 e way ! be/ repres5tatives4 ,^!       
secul>i/s h n[ ceas$ to ex]cise any     
influ5ce1 & ! ,free?\ght societies1 at  
"o "t s num]\s1 h n[ practically        
disappe>$4 ,9 accordance ) ! !ories z   
set =? by ,engels !y 7 b\nd to disappe>2
 _! tea*+s _h no real be>+ ^u social    
progress1 !y contribut$ no?+ ( any      
sci5tific value to mod]n ?\ght1 & z     
,engels c>efully %[s1 ! read+ ( hi/ory  
by ^! lectur]s 0 vitiat$ by a lack (    
sci5tific grasp1 & inability to take a  
rational view ( ! great pr9ciples (     
hi/orical developm5t4  ,9 ! ?ird "p (   
?is little book ,engels deals ) a v     
int]e/+ "q :i* /ill di/urbs ! m9ds (    
philosoph]s1 & conc]n+ :i* mu*          
discussion goes on ev5 among !          
mat]iali/s2 t is ! "q z to ! effect (   
religion ^u social progress4 ,feu]ba* _h
 made ! /atem5t t p]iods ( social       
progress are m>k$ by religi\s *anges4   
,he uses religion z a synonym = human   
love1 =c+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w religion f !   

,lat9 relig>e1 to tie1 9 ord] to give x 
an etymological & d]ivative mean+ 9     
support ( 8 /atem5t1 a controv]sial     
trick = :i* he is rebuk$ by ,engels4 ,! 
decl>ation t great hi/orical revolutions
 are accompani$ by religi\s *anges is   
decl>$ by ,engels n to be true1 except 9
 a limit$ degree z reg>ds ! ?ree great  
_w-religions--,*ri/ianity1 ,mahomm$anism
 & ,buddhism4  ,engels decl>$ t ! *ange 
9 religion simultane\s ) economic &     
political revolution /opp$ %ort ) !     
b\rgeois revolt :i* 0 made )\t any      
appeal to religion :atsoev]4 ,x is      
evid5t t ?is is n entirely true1 = 9 !  
,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 at all ev5ts1 n
 only ! b\rgeois b frequ5tly also !     
prolet>ian movem5ts attempt to ju/ify   
!mselves f ,scripture4 ,! tea*+s ( !    
,bible & ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt are        
frequ5tly call$ to ! aid ( !            
revolution>y p>ty2 ,*ri/ian ,sociali/s1 
9 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican1 n ! cont95tal   
s5se ( ! t]m1 z su* are admitt$ to !    
,int]national ,congresses2 & o!r        

evid5ces ( ! compatibility ( religion ) 
! prolet>ian movem5t c be trac$4  ,b 9 !
 broad] s5se ( 8 /atem5t ,engels is     
und\bt$ly correct4 ,! prolet>ian        
movem5t1 unlike t ( ! b\rgeois1 has     
produc$ no def9ite religi\s s*ool1 x has
 n claim$ any p>ticul> set ( religi\s   
doctr9es z its own4 ,z a matt] ( fact1  
!re appe>s to be an ev]-wid5+ *asm      
betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! labor]1 a condition (
 affairs :i* is frequ5tly deplor$ 9     
religi\s pap]s4 ,! fam\s ,papal         
,encyclical on ,labor 0 c]ta9ly int5d$  
to reta9 ! masses 9 ! ,*ur*1 & ! =mation
 ( trades unions "u ! influ5ce ( !      
prie/s 0 a logical conclusion f ! tea*+s
 ( ! ,papal ,encyclical4 ,b su* religi\s
 movem5ts are 9 no s5se repres5tative ( 
! work+-class movem5t2 9 fact !y are    
res5t$ & antagoniz$ by ! regul>         
prolet>ian movem5t :i* proce$s "u !     
lead]%ip ( ! ,sociali/s4  ,feu]ba*'s    
exaltation ( humanit>ianism1 z a        
religion1 is d]id$ by ,engels 9 a       
semi-jocul>1 semi-s]i\s mann]1 = 8      

/atem5t t ,feu]ba*'s ideals c be        
completely realiz$ on ! ,b\rse1 _c be   
tak5 s]i\sly4 ,engels' cle>-sight$ness )
 reg>d to ! ineffectiv5ess ( a purely   
humanit>ian religion is v rem>kable1    
al?\gh ! =ty ye>s' additional exp]i5ce  
:i* he _h ov] ,feu]ba* 0 a great        
advantage to him 9 e/imat+ ! actual     
value ( humanit>ian religion z an       
influ5ce 9 human affairs4 ,s9ce ! "t (  
,feu]ba* v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 ! direction (
 a religion bas$ entirely on ,love h be5
 tri$1 & none ( !m has succe$$4         
,positivism or its religi\s side has be5
 a failure4 ,x has appeal$ to a small   
set ( m51 "s ( :om are possess$ ( great 
ability & h accompli%$ mu*1 b z a       
religion 9 any adequate s5se ( ! ^w     
positivism w be admitt$ a failure by its
 mo/ s9c]e adh]5ts4 ,bro!rhood ,*ur*es1 
! ,*ur* ( ,humanity1 ! ,p's ,*ur*1 & o!r
 l organizations h be5 =m$ hav+ ! same  
humanit>ian basis1 pr(ess+ to cultivate 
a maximum ( love ) a m9imum ( fai?1 & h 
fail$ to impress ord9>y m5 & wom54      

,!osophy1 a sy/em ( ori5tal my/icism    
bas$ on an ab/ract conception ( !       
bro!rhood ( man1 has also put =? its    
claims to notice1 on ! gr\nds ( its     
broad humanit>ianism4 ,none ( ^!        
humanit>ian religions1 h[ev]1 appe> to  
satisfy ! ne$s ( ! times1 :i* d n seem  
to dem& any humanit>ian tea*+s4 ,! only 
religions :i* evid5tly p]si/ are !      
dogmatic1 ^? appeal+ undisguis$ly to    
fai?1 & ev5 ^! d n ma9ta9 _! prolet>ian 
foll[+4  ,engels' rem>ks appe> to be m  
?an ju/ifi$ by ! facts ( to-day1 = s f> 
f ! prolet>ian =m+ a new religion       
repres5t+ 8 ne$s on ! ideological field1
 he appe>s to be increas+ly desir\s (   
releas+ himself f ! b&s ( any religion  
:atev]1 & sub/itut+ 9 place ( x         
practical e?ics & ! tea*+s ( sci5ce4    
,?us we are in=m$ t five out ( six ( !  
work+ classes ( ,b]l91 :o att5d any     
,sunday meet+s :atev]1 are to be f\nd 9 
! halls ( ! ,social ,democratic ,p>ty1  
li/5+ to ! lectures provid$ by t        
organization4  ,! revolution>y "* (     

,feu]ba*'s philosophy is n ma9ta9$ 9 8  
e?ic1 :i* ,engels decl>es ) mu* tru? to 
be no bett] ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 z !  
basis on :i* x /&s is no m sub/antial4  
,feu]ba* fails z a tea*] ( practical    
e?ics2 he is smo!r$ 9 ab/raction & _c   
atta9 to any reality4  ,) ! la/ "p ( !  
"w ,engels ab&ons ! task ( criticis+    
,feu]ba*1 & proce$s to exp\nd 8 own     
philosophy4  ,) absolute c&or & mode/y  
he gives ,m>x cr$it = ! !ory ( !        
mat]iali/ic conception ( hi/ory1 ^u !   
enunciation & pro( ( :i* he _h himself  
work$ almo/ incessantly ev] s9ce ! fir/ 
idea ( ! !ory _h occurr$ to !m1 =ty ye>s
 prior to ! "t :5 he wrote ?is "w4 ,!   
footnote to ! fir/ page ( ! f\r? "p is !
 te/imony ( a collaborator to ! g5ius ( 
8 fell[-workman1 an example (           
appreciation & mode/ self-effacem5t :i* 
x w\ld n be easy to mat*1 & to :i*      
lit]>y m5 :o "w toge!r are n ov]-prone4 
,no?+ else c\ld be> m eloqu5t te/imony  
to ! l(t9ess ( "* & s9c]ity ( purpose ( 
^! two exiles4  ,! ,m>xian philosophy ( 

hi/ory is cle>ly /at$1 & s fully expla9$
 by ,engels t !re is no ne$ to g ov] !  
gr\nd aga91 & !re only rema9s to call   
att5tion to "s ( ! mod]n developm5ts 9 !
 direction ( rigidity ( int]pretation1 &
 to ! exagg]ation ( ! broad !ory ( !    
pr$om9ance ( ! economic factor into a   
h>d & fa/ doctr9e ( economic det]m9ism4 
,:5 we exam9e ! claims ( ,engels on     
behalf ( ! mat]iali/ic doctr9e x w be   
f\nd t !y are n by any means ( su* a    
nature z to w>rant ! extreme conclusions
 ( subsequ5t sociali/ publici/s &       
lead]s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! subject (
 ! influ5ce ( economic conditions on    
religi\s & political ph5om5a has be5    
closely exam9$ ( late ye>s & cont9ual & 
accumulat+ evid5ce has be5 =?com+       
respect+ ! rem>kable influ5ce ( economic
 facts ^u all o!r manife/ations ( social
 activity4 ,x is v probable t !         
successful inve/igations 9 ?is new field
 h l$1 tempor>ily1 to ! =mation (       
exagg]at$ ideas z to ! actual value ( ! 
economic factor4  ,m>x1 9 "o ( 8 %ort   

critical notes on ,feu]ba*1 says3 ,!    
mat]iali/ic doctr9e t m5 are products ( 
conditions & education1 diff]5t m5 !re=e
 products ( o!r conditions1 & a diff]5t 
k9d ( education1 =gets t circum/ances   
may be alt]$ by man & t ! educator has  
himself to be educat$4 ,9 o!r words1 !  
problem1 l all problems1 possesses at   
lea/ two quantities2 x is n a "q solely 
( conditions1 economic or o!rwise2 x is 
a "q ( man & conditions1 = ! man is nev]
 dissolv$ 9 ! conditions1 b exi/s z a   
sep>ate entity1 & ^! two elem5ts1 man & 
conditions1 act & react ! "o ^u ! o!r4  
,?is is q a diff]5t position f t tak5 by
 ,laf>gue 9 8 fight ) ,jaures4 ,laf>gue 
!re argu$ t economic developm5t is !    
sole det]m9ant ( progress1 & pron\nces 9
 favor ( economic det]m9ism1 ?us r$uc+ !
 :ole ( hi/ory &1 consequ5tly1 ! dom9at+
 human motives to b "o elem5t>y motive4 
,bel=t ,bax1 ! well-kn[n ,engli%        
sociali/ writ]1 makes a v clev] argum5t 
aga9/ ! det]m9i/ position by comp>+ x ) 
! attempts ( ! pre-,socratic ,greek     

philosoph]s to r$uce nature to "o       
elem5t4 ,8 rem>ks are s p]t95t t a brief
 ab/ract ( 8 argum5t is "h quot$ 9 8 own
 language4 ,he says 9 ,outlooks f a ,new
 ,/&po9t3  ,! endeavor to r$uce ! :ole (
 ,human life to "o elem5t alone1 to     
recon/ruct all hi/ory on ! basis (      
,economics1 z already said1 ignores !   
fact t e concrete reality mu/ h a       
mat]ial & a =mal side1--t is1 x mu/ h at
 lea/ two ultimate elem5ts--all reality 
z oppos$ to ab/raction consi/+ 9 a      
syn!sis4 ,! attempt to evolve !         
_m-sid$ness ( ,human life out ( "o ( its
 factors1 no matt] h[ important t factor
 may be1 rem9ds "o ( ! attempts ( ! e>ly
 pre-,socratic ,greeks to r$uce nature  
to "o elem5t1 su* z wat]1 air1 fire1    
etc4  ,& aga93  ,! precise =m a movem5t 
takes1 be x intellectual1 e?ical or     
arti/ic1 ,i fully admit1 is det]m9$ by !
 mat]ial circum/ances ( ! society 9 :i* 
x acquires =m & %ape1 b x is also       
det]m9$ by ^? fundam5tal psy*ological   
t5d5cies :i* h giv5 x bir?4  ,enrico    

,f]ri1 ! fam\s ,italian memb] ( ! ,*amb]
 ( ,deputies & crim9ologi/1 appe>s to be
 at "o ) ,bax 9 ?is matt]4 ,he says1    
quot+ f a rec5t translation ( 8         
,socialism & ,mod]n ,sci5ce3 ,x is      
p]fectly true t e ph5om5on z well z e   
in/itution--moral1 juridicial or        
political--is simply ! result ( !       
economic ph5om5a & ! conditions ( !     
transitory1 physical & hi/orical        
environm5ts4 ,b z a consequ5ce ( t law (
 natural causality :i* tells u t e      
effect is always ! resultant ( num]\s   
concurr5t causes1 & n ( "o cause alone1 
& t e effect becomes 9 its turn a cause 
( o!r ph5om5a1 x is necess>y to am5d &  
complete ! too rigid =m t has be5 giv5  
to ?is true idea4  ,j z all psy*ical    
manife/ations ( ! individual are !      
result ( ! organic conditions           
7temp]am5t7 & ( ! environm5t 9 :i* he   
lives1 9 ! same way1 all ! social       
manife/ations ( a p are ! resultant ( _!
 organic conditions 7race7 & ( !        
environm5t1 z ^! are ! det]m9+ causes ( 

! giv5 economic organization :i* is !   
physical basis ( life4  ,^! may be said 
to be fairly repres5tative ( ! views ( !
 opposition to ! extreme ( economic     
det]m9ism4  ,! :ole controv]sy has      
spread ov] a trem5d\s am\nt ( gr\nd &   
involves mu* read+4 ,"s ( ! *ief results
 h lately be5 summ>iz$ by ,pr(essor     
,seligman 9 8 ,economic ,int]pretation (
 ,hi/ory4 7,macmillan1 #aijb47 ,8 writt5
 views %[ a clos] approximation to &    
und]/&+ ( ! tea*+s ( ! sociali/         
philosophy on ?is subject ?an we h be5  
accu/om$ to receive at ! h&s ( (ficial  
savants1 s t x w\ld seem z if ! value ( 
,m>x's "w 0 at la/ beg9n+ to be         
appreciat$ ev5 9 ! foggy /udies ( !     
pr(essors4 ,two extracts f ! writ+s (   
,engels are quot$ by ,pr(essor          
,seligman4 ,^! extracts app>5tly g to   
prove t ,engels by no means contemplat$ 
! extreme con/ruction :i* has be5 plac$ 
^u ! doctr9e1 & t he w\ld f9d su* a     
con/ruction inconsi/5t ) 8 g5]al views4 
,^! extracts are quot$ "h = ! purpose ( 

fur!r elucidat+ ! views ( ,engels & z   
fur!r explanatory ( ! position assum$ by
 him 9 ! la/ "p ( ! "w "u consid]ation4 
,!y =m "p ( a s]ies ( articles writt5 = 
! ,soziali/is*e ,akademik] 9 #ahij1 &   
are z foll[s3  ,m>x & ,i are p>tly      
responsible = ! fact t ! y\ng] m5 h     
sometimes laid m /ress on ! economic    
side ?an x des]ves4 ,9 meet+ ! attacks (
 our oppon5ts x 0 necess>y = u to       
emphasize ! dom9ant pr9ciple d5i$ by !m1
 & we did n always h ! "t1 place1 or    
opportunity to let ! o!r factors :i* 7  
conc]n$ 9 ! mutual action & reaction get
 _! des]ts4  ,& 9 ano!r lett] to ! same 
magaz9e he says3 ,accord+ to !          
mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory1 ! factor :i* 
is1 9 la/ in/ance1 decisive 9 hi/ory is 
! production & reproduction ( actual    
life4 ,m ?an ?is nei!r ,m>x nor ,i h ev]
 ass]t$4 ,b :5 anyone di/orts ?is s z to
 read t ! economic factor is ! sole     
elem5t he conv]ts ! /atem5t into a      
mean+less1 ab/ract1 absurd phrase4 ,!   
economic condition is ! basis1 b ! v>i\s

 elem5ts ( ! sup]/ructure--! political  
=ms ( ! class-conte/s1 & _! results1 !  
con/itutions--! legal =ms & also all !  
reflexes ( ^! actual conte/s 9 ! bra9s (
 ! p>ticipants1 ! political1 legal1     
philosophical !ories1 ! religions       
views--all ^! ex]t an influ5ce on !     
developm5t ( ! hi/orical /ruggles1 & 9  
_m in/ances det]m9e _! =m4  ,"h we may  
leave ?is mu* disput$ matt] = ! pres5t1 
z any involv$ discussion ( controv]sial 
que/ions w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,! "q 9
 its ultimate =m is m]ely s*ola/ic1 = n 
ev5 ! mo/ extreme det]m9i/ w\ld hold t  
only ! economic argum5t mu/ be reli$ ^u 
by ! orators & ! press ( ! prolet>ian   
movem5t4 ,any "o1 h[ev]1 :o wi%es to    
pursue ! subject f>!r c f9d abundant    
mat]ial 9 ! already great & gr[+ am\nt (
 lit]ature 9 connection ) x4  ,!re is no
 d\bt t ! ideas ( ,m>x respect+ ! basis 
( hi/orical progress h already          
revolutioniz$ ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 !      
univ]sities1 al?\gh b few pr(essors h   
be5 hone/ en\gh to give him cr$it = x4  

,! economic factor cont9ually acquires  
great] importance 9 ! eyes ( ! /ud5t (  
hi/ory1 b ! practical discov]] ( ?is    
factor is /ill slight$ & ! results ( 8  
labors are assimilat$ ) a self-satisfi$ 
hypocrisy :i* is1 un=tunately1          
*>act]i/ic ( ! colleges ( !             
,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4  ,! b\rgeois   
writ]s ^u socialism g5]ally cont5t      
!mselves ) ! bold /atem5t t ,m>x employs
 ! dialectic me?od ( inve/igation &     
/atem5t4 ,?is is s mu* ,greek to !      
ord9>y read]1 & ! subject ( ! dialectic 
z us$ by sociali/ writ]s requires a few 
words ( explanation4  ,! fir/ "p ( ?is  
"w is v valuable1 !re=e1 z %[+ :at ,m>x 
& ,engels meant :5 !y us$ ! expression1 
& z decl>+ _! e/imation ( t me?od comp>$
 ) t 9 g5]al use 9 _! day1 & always1    
prior to _! "t1 employ$ 9 philosophy1   
hi/ory & economics4  ,a full] & m       
detail$ def9ition ( ! dialectic z appli$
 by ,engels is giv5 by t philosoph] 9 8 
fam\s reply to ,eug5e ,duhr+ kn[n z !   
,umwaelzung d] ,wiss5s*aft4 ,9 t "w a m 

?or\gh & pati5t inve/igation is made    
into ! s\rces ( mat]iali/ic philosophy (
 ! sociali/ movem5t1 = ! reputation ( 8 
antagoni/ appe>s to h act$ z a spur to  
,engels' faculties :i* c]ta9ly nev] %[$ 
to bett] advantage ?an 9 t "w4 ,a       
portion ( ! argum5t1 9 fact an ab/ract (
 ! g5]al tra9 ( reason+1 ) ! omission ( 
! m obvi\sly controv]sial p>ts1 has be5 
repr9t$ "u ! title ( ,socialism f       
,utopia to ,sci5ce4 ,! foll[+ quotation 
is tak5 f ! translation prep>$ = ! ,p 9 
#ahib3  ,we also f9d1 ^u a clos]        
enquiry1 t ! two poles ( an anti!sis1   
su* z positive & negative1 are z        
insep>able f z !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r1
 & t1 despite _! antagonism1 !y mutually
 p]vade ea* o!r2 & 9 ! same way we f9d  
cause & effect to be conceptions ^: =ce 
exi/s only :5 appli$ to a s+le in/ance1 
b :i*1 soon z we consid] t in/ance 9 its
 connection ) ! cosmos1 run into ea* o!r
 & dissolve 9 ! contemplation ( t       
univ]sal action & reaction :]e cause &  
effect con/antly *ange places--t :i* is 

effect1 n[ & "h1 becom+1 !n & yond]1    
cause1 & vice v]sa4  ,none ( ^!         
processes & me?ods ( reason+ fits 9 !   
metaphysical framework ( ?\ght4 ,to     
dialectics1 h[ev]1 :i* takes 9 ! objects
 & _! conceivable images above all 9 _! 
connections1 _! sequ5ce1 _! motion1 _!  
rise & decl9e1 processes l ! above are s
 _m atte/ations ( its own me?od (       
proc$ure4 ,nature furni%es ! te/ to     
dialectics1 & ?is mu* we mu/ say = mod]n
 natural sci5ce1 t x has contribut$     
t[>ds ?is te/ an extremely ri* & daily  
increas+ mat]ial1 :]eby x has demon/rat$
 t1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 nature proce$s ^u  
dialectical1 n ^u metaphysical me?ods1 t
 x does n move ^u ! et]nal sam5ess ( a  
p]petually recurr+ circle1 b t x goes   
?r\gh an actual hi/oric evolution4  ,?is
 new ,g]man philosophy culm9at$ 9 !     
sy/em ( ,hegel4 ,!re = ! fir/ "t--& h]e9
 consi/s its m]it--! :ole natural1      
hi/oric1 & intellectual _w 0 pres5t$ z a
 process1 i4 e41 engag$ 9 p]petual      
motion1 *ange1 trans=mation &           

developm5t4 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t1 !      
hi/ory ( mank9d no long] appe>$ z a wild
 tangle ( s5seless de$s ( viol5ce1 all  
equally to be reject$ by a rip5$        
philosophic judgm5t1 & :i* x 7 be/ to   
=get z soon z possible1 b z ! process ( 
! developm5t ( mank9d itself--a         
developm5t ^: gradual m>*1 ?r\gh all its
 /ray pa?s1 & its et]nal law1 ?r\gh all 
its seem+ =tuit\sness1 x n[ became !    
task ( ! intellect to trace & to        
discov]4  ,kirkup1 9 8 ,hi/ory (        
,socialism1 has ?is to say ^u !         
dialectic me?od ( inve/igation z us$ by 
,m>x3 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,m>x1 x means t !    
bus9ess ( enquiry is to trace !         
connection & concat5ation 9 ! l9ks t    
make up ! process ( hi/oric evolution1  
to inve/igate h[ "o /age succe$s ano!r 9
 ! developm5t ( society1 ! facts & =ms (
 human life & hi/ory n be+ /able &      
/]eotyp$ ?+s1 b ! ev]-*ang+             
manife/ations ( ! flu5t & unre/+ real1 !
 c\rse ( :i* x is ! duty ( sci5ce to    
reveal4  ,! translator has endeavor$ to 

r5d] ! mean+ ( ! orig9al 9 z simple an  
,engli% =m z possible1 & to1 g5]ally    
speak+1 avoid te*nical t]ms4  ,,au/9    
,,lewis4     ,,au?or',s ,,preface4   ,9 
! preface ( ! ,critique ( ,political    
,economy1 publi%$ at ,b]l91 9 #ahei1    
,m>x expla9$ h[ we two1 9 #ahde1 9      
,brussels1 int5d$ to "w out toge!r !    
antagonism ( our views--t is1 !         
mat]iali/ic philosophy ( hi/ory1 z      
develop$ by ,m>x--to ! ideological      
,g]man philosophy1 &1 9 fact1 to comp>e 
x ) our pres5t philosophic k4 ,! design 
0 c>ri$ out 9 ! =m ( a criticism (      
po/-,hegelian philosophy4 ,! manuscript1
 two big octavo volumes1 _h long be5 at 
its int5d$ place ( publication 9        
,we/phalia1 :5 we receiv$ ! news t alt]$
 circum/ances did n p]mit ( its be+     
pr9t$4 ,we po/pon$ ! publication ( !    
manuscript indef9itely1 all ! m will+ly1
 z we _h atta9$ our ma9 object1 an      
und]/&+ ( our own position4  ,s9ce !n m 
?an =ty ye>s h elaps$1 & ,m>x has di$   
)\t ei!r ( u hav+ _h an opportunity (   

com+ back to ! anti!sis4 ,z reg>ds our  
position ) ref]5ce to ,hegel1 we h      
expla9$ t1 z occasion has aris51 b1     
n[h]e1 z a :ole4 ,we nev] came back to  
,feu]ba*1 :o occupies an int]m$iate     
position betwe5 ! philosophy ( ,hegel & 
our own4  ,9 ! meantime ! ,m>xian       
philosophy has f\nd *ampions beyond !   
b\nd>ies ( ,g]many & ( ,europe1 & 9 all 
! languages ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ! classic ,g]man philosophy has _h a
 sort ( new-bir? abroad1 p>ticul>ly 9   
,engl& & ,sc&9avia1 & ev5 9 ,g]many !y  
appe> to be sub/itut+ ! ?9 s\p (        
eclecticism :i* seems to fl[ f !        
univ]sities "u ! "n ( philosophy4  ,"u  
^! circum/ances a %ort1 compact         
explanation ( our relations to !        
,hegelian philosophy1 ( our go+ =? &    
dep>ture f x1 appe>s to me to be m & m  
requir$4 ,& j 9 ! same way a full       
recognition ( ! influ5ce :i* ,feu]ba*1 m
 ?an all ! o!r po/-,hegelian            
philosoph]s1 _h ov] u1 dur+ ! p]iod (   
our y\?ful en?usiasm1 pres5ts itself to 

me z an un5durable debt ( honor4 ,i also
 seize ! opportunity ! m readily s9ce ! 
editor ( ! ,neue ,zeit has ask$ me = a  
critical discussion ( ,/>cke's book on  
,feu]ba*4 ,my "w 0 publi%$ 9 ! f\r? &   
fif? volumes ( #ahhf ( t publication &  
"h appe>s 9 a revis$ special edition4   
,be=e s5d+ ?is manuscript to press ,i   
once aga9 hunt$ up & exam9$ ! old       
manuscript ( #ahde-f4 ,! "p ( x deal+ ) 
,feu]ba* is n complete4 ,! portion      
complet$ consi/s 9 an exposition ( !    
mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory & only proves 
h[ incomplete at t "t 0 our k ( economic
 hi/ory4 ,! criticism ( ,feu]ba*'s      
doctr9e is n giv5 9 x4 ,x 0 !re=e       
unsuitable = our purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
,i h f\nd 9 an old volume ( ,m>x ! elev5
 essays on ,feu]ba* pr9t$ "h z an       
app5dix4 ,^! are notes hurri$ly scribbl$
 9 = lat] elaboration1 n 9 ! lea/ degree
 prep>$ = ! press1 b invaluable1 z !    
fir/ writt5 =m1 9 :i* is plant$ ! g5ial 
g]m ( ! new philosophy4  ,,fri$ri*      
,,engels4  ,london1 #ba ,febru>y1 #ahhh4

     ,,feu]ba*     ,i4   ,! volume be=e 
u br+s u at once to a p]iod :i*1 9 !    
matt] ( "t1 lies a full g5]ation beh9d  
u1 b :i* is z =eign to ! pres5t g5]ation
 9 ,g]many z if x 7 q a c5tury old4 ,&1 
/ill1 x 0 ! p]iod ( ! prep>ation (      
,g]many = ! revolution ( #ahdh1 & all t 
has happ5$ to u s9ce is only a          
cont9uation ( #ahdh1 only a c>ry+ out ( 
! la/ w & te/am5t ( ! revolution4  ,j z 
9 ,france 9 ! eighte5?1 s 9 ,g]many 9 ! 
n9ete5? c5tury1 revolution>y philosophic
 conceptions introduc$ a break+ up (    
exi/+ political conditions4 ,b h[       
diff]5t ! two appe>6 ,! ,fr5* 7 engag$ 9
 op5 fight ) all recogniz$ sci5ce1 ) !  
,*ur*1 frequ5tly also ) ! ,/ate1 _!     
writ+s 7 publi%$ beyond ! fronti]s 9    
,holl& or 9 ,engl&1 & !y !mselves 7     
frequ5tly imprison$ 9 ! ,ba/ile4 ,!     
,g]mans1 on ! contr>y1 7 pr(essors1     
appo9t$ in/ructors ( y\? by ! ,/ate1 _! 
writ+s1 recogniz$ text-books1 & _!      
def9ite sy/em ( univ]sal progress1 !    
,hegelian1 rais$1 z x 71 to ! rank ( a  

royal ,prussian philosophy ( gov]nm5t4  
,& beh9d ^! pr(essors1 beh9d _!         
p$antically obscure utt]ances1 9 _!     
heavy we>isome p]iods1 0 x possible t ! 
revolution c\ld conceal itself8 ,7 n j !
 p :o 7 look$ ^u at t "t z ! lead]s ( ! 
revolution1 ! ,lib]als1 ! bitt]e/       
oppon5ts ( ! bra9-turn+ philosophy8 ,b  
:at nei!r ! ,gov]nm5tali/s nor !        
,lib]als saw1 t saw1 at lea/ "o man1 & t
 man 0 ,he9ri* ,he9e4  ,let u take an   
example4 ,no philosophic /atem5t has s  
invit$ ! ?anks ( n>r[-m9d$ gov]nm5ts & !
 ang] ( ! equally n>r[ ,lib]als z !     
fam\s /atem5t ( ,hegel3 ,all t is real  
is reasonable1 & all t is reasonable is 
real4 ,?is 0 ess5tially ! bless+ ( all t
 is1 ! philosophical b5$iction (        
despotism1 police-gov]nm5t1 />-*amb]    
ju/ice & ! c5sor%ip4 ,s ,fr$]ick        
,william ,,iii & 8 subjects und]/ood x2 
b1 accord+ to ,hegel1 n ev]y?+ :i* exi/s
 is1 )\t exception1 real4 ,! attribute (
 reality belongs only to t :i* is at !  
same "t necess>y4 ,reality proves itself

 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t z necessity4
 ,any gov]nm5tal act--,hegel himself    
in/ances ! example ( a c]ta9 tax law--by
 no means /rikes him z real 9 ! abs5ce (
 o!r qualities4 ,b :at is necess>y      
proves itself 9 ! la/ in/ance z         
reasonable also1 & appli$ to ! ,prussian
 gov]nm5t1 ! ,hegel doctr9e1 !re=e1 only
 means1 ?is /ate is reasonable1         
correspond+ ) reason1 z long z x is     
necess>y1 & if x appe> to u an evil1 b 9
 spite ( ! evil /ill cont9ues to exi/1 !
 evil ( ! gov]nm5t f9ds its ju/ification
 & its explanation 9 ! correspond+ evil 
( ! subjects4 ,! ,prussians ( t day _h !
 gov]nm5t :i* !y des]v$4  ,b reality1   
accord+ to ,hegel1 is by no means an    
attribute :i* belongs to a giv5 social  
or political condition1 "u all          
circum/ances & at all times4 ,q !       
contr>y4 ,! ,roman ,republic 0 real1 b !
 ,roman ,empire :i* replac$ x 0 also    
real4 ,! ,fr5* ,mon>*y _h become unreal 
9 #aghi1 t is1 x _h lo/ all ! quality ( 
necessity1 & 0 s contr>y to reason t x  

_h to be de/roy$ by ! ,great            
,revolution1 ( :i* ,hegel always speaks 
) ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !    
mon>*y 0 ! unreal1 ! revolution ! real4 
,s 9 ! c\rse ( progress all e>li]       
reality becomes unreality1 loses its    
necessity1 its "r ( exi/5ce1 its        
rationality2 9 place ( ! dy+ reality    
comes a new vital reality1 peaceable :5 
! old is suffici5tly s5sible to g to its
 dea? )\t a /ruggle1 =cible :5 x /rives 
aga9/ ?is necessity4 ,& s ! ,hegelian   
/atem5t ?r\gh ! ,hegelian dialectic     
turns to its opposite--all t is real 9 !
 c\rse ( human hi/ory becomes 9 !       
process ( "t irrational & is1 !re=e1    
accord+ to its de/9y1 irrational1 & has 
f ! beg9n+ inh]it$ want ( rationality1 &
 ev]y?+ :i* is reasonable 9 ! m9ds ( m5 
is de/9$ to become real1 h[ev] mu* x may
 contradict ! app>5t reality ( exi/+    
conditions4 ,! /atem5t ( ! rationality (
 ev]y?+ real dissolves itself1 accord+  
to ! ,hegelian mode ( ?\ght1 9 ! o!r1   
,all t /&s has ultimately only s mu*    

wor? t x mu/ fall4  ,b j !re lay ! true 
significance & ! revolution>y "* ( !    
,hegelian philosophy 7to :i*1 z !       
conclusion ( all progress s9ce ,kant1 we
 mu/ "h limit ourselves7 9 t x1 once & =
 all1 gave ! c\p de grace to f9it5ess ( 
results ( human ?\ght & action4 ,tru?1  
:i* x is ! prov9ce ( philosophy to      
recognize1 0 no long]1 accord+ to       
,hegel1 a collection ( ready-made       
dogmatic /atem5ts1 :i* once discov]$ mu/
 only be ?or\ghly le>n$2 tru? lay n[ 9 !
 process ( k itself1 9 ! long hi/orical 
developm5t ( le>n+1 :i* climbs f l[] to 
ev] high] heights ( k1 )\t ev] rea*+ !  
po9t ( s-call$ absolute tru?1 :]e x c g 
no fur!r1 :]e x has no?+ m to look =w>d 
to1 except to fold its h&s 9 its lap &  
contemplate ! absolute tru? already     
ga9$4 ,& j z x is 9 ! realm (           
philosophic k1 s is x ) e o!r k9d ( k1  
ev5 ) t ( practical comm]ce4 ,& j z     
little z k c hi/ory f9d a conclusion1   
complete 9 "o complet$ ideal condition (
 humanity1 a complet$ society1 a p]fect 

/ate1 are ?+s :i* c only exi/ z         
phantasies1 on ! contr>y1 all successive
 hi/orical conditions are only places ( 
pilgrimage 9 ! endless evolution>y      
progress ( human society f ! l[] to !   
high]4 ,e /ep is necess>y & useful = !  
"t & circum/ances to :i* x owes its     
orig91 b x becomes weak & )\t           
ju/ification "u ! new] & high]          
conditions :i* develop little by little 
9 its own womb1 x mu/ give way to !     
high] =m1 :i* 9 turn comes to decay &   
defeat4 ,z ! b\rgeoisie ?r\gh ! great]  
indu/ry1 competition1 & ! _w m>ket      
de/roy$ ! practical value ( all /able & 
anci5tly honor$ in/itutions1 s ?is      
dialectic philosophy de/roy$ all !ories 
( absolute tru?1 & ( an absolute /ate ( 
humanity correspond+ ) !m4 ,9 face ( x  
no?+ f9al1 absolute or sacr$ exi/s1 x   
assigns mortality indiscrim9ately1 &    
no?+ c exi/ be=e x save ! unbrok5       
process ( com+ into exi/5ce & pass+     
away1 ! endless pass+ f ! l[] to !      
high]1 ! m]e reflection ( :i* 9 ! bra9 (

 ! ?9k] x is itself4 ,x has inde$ also a
 cons]vative side1 x recognizes !       
suitability ( a giv5 condition ( k &    
society = its "t & conditions1 b only s 
f>4 ,?is cons]vatism ( ?is philosophical
 view is relative1 its revolution>y "*  
is absolute1 ! only absolute :i* x all[s
 to exi/4  ,we d n1 at ?is po9t1 ne$ to 
g into ! "q :e!r ?is philosophy is      
consi/5t ?r\gh\t ) ! pres5t position (  
natural sci5ce :i* pr$icts = ! e>? a    
possible end & = its inhabitability1 a  
fairly c]ta9 "o2 :i*1 !re=e1 also       
recognizes t 9 human hi/ory !re is n    
only an up%oot+ b also a d[n-gr[+ bran*4
 ,we f9d ourselves1 at any rate1 /ill a 
consid]able di/ance f ! turn+ po9t1 :]e 
! hi/ory ( society beg9s to desc5d1 & we
 _c expect ! ,hegelian philosophy to    
m$dle ) a subject :i* at t "t sci5ce _h 
n yet plac$ ^u ! ord] ( ! day4  ,:at    
mu/1 inde$1 be said is ?is1 t !         
,hegelian developm5t does n1 accord+ to 
,hegel1 %[ itself s cle>ly4 ,x is a     
necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 me?od :i* he    

himself has nev] drawn ) ?is            
explicitness4 ,& = ?is simple reason1   
because he 0 compell$ to make a sy/em1 &
 a sy/em ( philosophy mu/1 9 accordance 
) all its und]/ood pret5sions1 close    
some:]e ) a def9ition ( absolute tru?4  
,s ,hegel1 !re=e1 9 8 logic1 urg$ t ?is 
et]nal tru? is no?+ else b ! logical1 t 
is1 ! hi/orical process itself2 yet 9   
spite ( ?is he f9ds himself compell$ to 
place an end to ?is process1 s9ce he mu/
 come to an end ) 8 sy/em some:]e or    
o!r4 ,he c make ?is end a beg9n+ aga9 9 
logic1 s9ce "h ! po9t ( conclusion--!   
absolute idea1 :i* is only absolute 9 s 
f> z he has no?+ cle> to say ab\t       
x--dive/s itself 9 nature1 t is1 becomes
 trans=m$1 & lat] on1 9 _s1 t is1 9     
?\ght & 9 hi/ory1 comes to itself aga94 
,b 9 ! la/ philosophical analysis1 a    
return to ! beg9n+ is only possible 9 "o
 way1 namely1 if "o place ! end ( hi/ory
 9 ?is fact1 t mank9d comes to a k ( !  
absolute idea1 & expla9 t ?is k ( !     
absolute idea is obta9$ 9 ! ,hegelian   

philosophy4 ,b 9 ?is way ! :ole dogmatic
 cont5t ( ! ,hegelian philosophy 9 !    
matt] ( absolute tru? is expla9$ 9      
contradiction to 8 dialectic1 ! cutt+   
loose f all dogmatic me?ods1 & !reby !  
revolution>y side becomes smo!r$ "u !   
dom9at+ cons]vative4 ,& :at c be said ( 
philosophical k c also be said (        
hi/orical practice4 ,mank9d1 t is1 9 !  
p]son ( ,hegel1 has arriv$ at ! po9t (  
work+ out ! absolute idea1 & mu/ also   
practically h arriv$ s f> z to make !   
absolute idea a reality4 ,! practical   
political dem&s ( ! ab/ract idea ^u 8   
contempor>ies _c1 !re=e1 be /ret*$ too  
f>4 ,& s we f9d z ! conclusion ( !      
philosophy ( ,rights t ! absolute idea  
%all realize itself 9 t limit$ mon>*y   
:i* ,william ,,iii4 s p]si/5tly1 va9ly  
promis$ to 8 subjects2 !re=e1 9 a       
limit$1 mod]ate1 indirect control ( !   
possess+ classes1 suitable to ! dom9at+ 
small b\rgeois class 9 ,g]many :]eby1 9 
addition1 ! necessity to u ( ! exi/5ce (
 ! nobility is %[n 9 a speculative      

fa%ion4  ,! ess5tial usefulness ( !     
sy/em is suffici5t to expla9 !          
manufacture ( a v tame political        
conclusion by means ( a ?or\ghly        
revolution>y me?od ( reason+4 ,! special
 =m ( ?is conclusion spr+s f ?is1 z a   
matt] ( fact1 t ,hegel 0 a ,g]man1 &1 z 
9 ! case ( 8 contempor>y ,goe!1 he 0    
some:at ( a phili/9e4 ,goe! & ,hegel1   
ea* ( !m 0 an ,olympian ,zeus 9 8 own   
sph]e1 b !y 7 nei!r ( !m q free f ,g]man
 phili/9ism4  ,b all ?is does n h9d] !  
,hegelian sy/em f play+ an incomp>ably  
great] role ?an any e>li] sy/em & by    
virtue ( ?is role develop+ ri*es ( ?\ght
 :i* are a/\nd+ ev5 to-day4 ,ph5om5ology
 ( ! m9d 7:i* "o may p>allel )          
embryology & palaeontology ( ! m9d71 an 
evolution ( ! individual consci\sness1  
?r\gh its diff]5t /eps1 express$ z a    
brief reproduction ( ! /eps ?r\gh :i* ! 
consci\sness ( man has hi/orically      
pass$1 logic1 natural philosophy1 m5tal 
philosophy1 & ! latt] work$ out         
sep>ately 9 its detail$ hi/orical       

subdivisions1 philosophy ( hi/ory1 (    
jurisprud5ce1 ( religion1 hi/ory (      
philosophy1 e/hetics1 etc4 ,hegel labor$
 9 all ^! diff]5t hi/orical fields to   
discov] & prove ! ?read ( evolution1 & z
 he 0 n only a creative g5ius1 b also a 
man ( encyclop$ic le>n+1 he 0 ?us1 f e  
po9t ( view1 ! mak] ( an epo*4 ,x is    
self-evid5t t by virtue ( ! necessities 
( ! ,sy/em he mu/ v (t5 take refuge 9   
c]ta9 =c$ con/ructions1 ab\t :i* 8 pigmy
 oppon5ts make su* an ado ev5 at !      
pres5t "t4 ,b ^! con/ructions are only !
 frames & scaffold+s ( 8 "w2 if "o does 
n /op unnecess>ily at ^! b presses on   
fur!r into ! build+ "o w f9d unc\nt$    
treasures :i* hold _! full value to-day4
 ,z reg>ds all philosoph]s1 _! sy/em is 
doom$ to p]i% & = ?is reason1 because x 
emanates f an imp]i%able desire ( !     
human s\l1 ! desire to aboli% all       
contradictions4 ,b if all contradictions
 are once & = all dispos$ (1 we h arriv$
 at ! s-call$ absolute tru?1 hi/ory is  
at an end1 & yet x w cont9ue to g on1   

al?\gh !re is no?+ fur!r left = x to    
d--?us a new] & m insoluble             
contradiction4 ,s soon z we h once      
p]ceiv$--& to ?is p]ception no "o has   
help$ u m ?an ,hegel himself--t ! task  
?us impos$ ^u philosophy signifies no?+ 
diff]5t ?an ! task t a s+le philosoph]  
%all accompli% :at x is only possible = 
! entire human race to accompli%1 9 !   
c\rse ( its progressive developm5t--z   
soon z we und]/& t1 x is all ov] )      
philosophy 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9   
?is way "o disc>ds ! absolute tru?1     
unatta9able = ! individual1 & foll[s    
in/ead ! relative tru?s atta9able by way
 ( ! positive sci5ces1 & ! collection ( 
_! results by means ( ! dialectic mode (
 ?\ght4 ,) ,hegel univ]sal philosophy   
comes to an end1 on ! "o h&1 because he 
compreh5d$ 9 8 sy/em its entire         
developm5t on ! greate/ possible scale2 
on ! o!r h&1 because he %[$ u ! way1 ev5
 if he did n "k x himself1 out ( ?is    
labyr9? ( sy/ems1 to a real positive k (
 ! _w4  ,"o may imag9e :at an imm5se    

effect ! ,hegelian philosophy produc$ 9 
! philosophy-dy$ atmosph]e ( ,g]many4 ,!
 triumph la/$ = t5 ye>s & by no means   
subsid$ ) ! dea? ( ,hegel4 ,on !        
contr>y1 f #ahcj to #ahdj ,hegelianism 0
 exclusively supreme & _h fa/5$ itself  
^u its oppon5ts to a great] or less     
degree4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,hegel's views1 
consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 p5etrat$ !  
diff]5t sci5ces1 & saturat$ popul>      
lit]ature & ! daily press f :i* ! ord9>y
 s-call$ cultur$ classes d]ive _! m5tal 
pabulum4 ,b ?is victory d[n ! :ole l9e 0
 only prelim9>y to a conflict )9 its own
 ranks4  ,! entire doctr9e ( ,hegel     
left1 z we h se51 pl5ty ( room = ! br++ 
"u x ! mo/ div]se practical op9ions1 & !
 practical1 9 ! !n !oretic ,g]many1     
consi/$ 9 only two ?+s--religion &      
politics4 ,he :o laid ! greate/ /ress ^u
 ! ,hegelian sy/em1 might be mod]ately  
cons]vative 9 bo? ^! respects1 :ile he  
:o consid]$ ! dialectic me?od ( !       
greate/ importance c\ld belong to !     
extreme left 9 religi\s & political     

affairs4 ,hegel himself1 9 spite ( !    
frequ5t outbur/s ( revolution>y wra? 9 8
 books1 0 incl9$1 on ! :ole1 to !       
cons]vative side4 ,8 sy/em1 r ?an 8     
me?od1 _h co/ him ! h>d ?9k+4 ,at ! end 
( ! ?irties1 ! division 9 ! s*ool grew  
great] & great]4 ,! left w+1 ! s-call$  
,"y ,hegelians1 9 _! fight ) ! pi\s     
or?odox1 ab&on$ little by little1 t m>k$
 philosophical res]ve reg>d+ ! burn+    
que/ions ( ! day1 :i* _h up to t "t     
secur$ = _! tea*+s ,/ate tol]ation & ev5
 protection1 & z 9 #ahdj or?odox pietism
 & absoluti/ feudal reaction asc5d$ !   
?rone ) ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 op5    
p>tisan%ip became unavoidable4 ,! fight 
0 /ill ma9ta9$ ) philosophical weapons1 
b no long] along ab/ract philosophical  
l9es2 !y w5t /raight to d5y ! dom9ant   
religion & ! exi/+ /ate1 & al?\gh 9 !   
,deuts*5 ,jahrbue*]n ! practical aims 7 
/ill put =w>d clo!d 9 philosophical     
phraseology1 ! y\ng] ,hegelian s*ool    
?rew (f disguise 9 ! ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung1
 z ! expon5ts ( ! philosophy ( ! /ruggl+

 radicals1 & us$ ! cloak ( philosophy   
only to deceive ! c5sor%ip4  ,b politics
 7 at t "t a v ?orny field1 & s ! ma9   
fight 0 direct$ aga9/ religion4 ,b ?is 0
 also1 p>ticul>ly s9ce #ahdj1 indirectly
 a political fight4 ,/rauss' ,leb5      
,jesu1 publi%$ 9 #ahce1 _h giv5 ! fir/  
cause ( (f5se4 ,! !ory !re9 develop$    
reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! gospel my?s ,bruno   
,bau] lat] dealt )1 add+ ! additional   
pro( t a :ole s]ies ( evangelical /ories
 _h be5 inv5t$ by _! au?ors4 ,! fight   
betwe5 ^! two 0 c>ri$ on "u a           
philosophical disguise1 z a battle ( m9d
 ) matt]2 ! "q :e!r ! m>vell\s /ories ( 
! gospel came into be+ ?r\gh an         
unconsci\s my?-creation 9 ! womb (      
society1 or :e!r !y 7 individually      
inv5t$ by ! evangeli/s broad5$ into ! "q
 :e!r 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 m9d or matt] 
c>ri$ ! real weight1 & la/ly came       
,/irn]1 ! prophet ( mod]n               
an>*ism--,bakun9e has tak5 v mu* f      
him--& ov]topp$ ! sov]eign p[] (        
consci\sness ) 8 sov]eign p[] ( !       

individual4  ,we d n foll[ !            
decomposition ( ! ,hegelian s*ool on ?is
 side any fur!r4 ,:at is m important = u
 is ?is3 ,! mass ( ! mo/ decid$ "y      
,hegelians 7 driv5 back ^u ,engli%-,fr5*
 mat]ialism ?r\gh ! necessities ( _!    
fight aga9/ positive religion4 ,"h !y   
came into conflict ) _! s*ool sy/em4    
,accord+ to mat]ialism1 nature exi/s z !
 sole reality1 x exi/s 9 ! ,hegelian    
sy/em only z ! ali5ation ( ! absolute   
,idea1 z x 7 a degradation ( ! ,idea2 "u
 all circum/ances1 ?\ght1 & its         
?\ght-product1 ! ,idea1 accord+ to ?is  
view1 appe>s z ! orig9al1 nature1 :i*   
only exi/s ?r\gh ! condesc5sion ( !     
,idea z ! d]iv$1 & 9 ?is contradiction  
!y got along z well or z ill z !y might4
  ,!n came ,feu]ba*'s ,wes5 des         
,*ri/5?ums4 ,) "o bl[ x cut !           
contradiction1 9 t x plac$ mat]ialism on
 ! ?rone aga9 )\t any circumlocution4   
,nature exi/s indep5d5tly ( all         
philosophies4 ,x is ! f\ndation ^u :i*  
we1 ourselves products ( nature1 are    

built4 ,outside man & nature no?+ exi/s1
 & ! high] be+s :i* our religi\s        
phantasies h creat$ are only ! fanta/ic 
reflections ( our individuality4 ,! cord
 0 brok51 ! sy/em 0 scatt]$ & de/roy$1 !
 contradiction1 s9ce x only exi/$ 9 !   
imag9ation1 0 solv$4 ,"o mu/ himself h  
exp]i5c$ ! deliv]+ p[] ( ?is book to get
 a cle> idea ( x4 ,! en?usiasm 0        
univ]sal1 we 7 all = ! mom5t foll[]s (  
,feu]ba*4 ,h[ en?usia/ically ,m>x greet$
 ! new idea & h[ mu* he 0 influ5c$ by x1
 9 spite ( all 8 critical res]vations1  
"o may read 9 ! ,holy ,family4  ,! v    
faults ( ! book contribut$ to its       
mom5t>y effect4 ,! lit]>y1 impressive1  
ev5 bomba/ic /yle secur$ = x a v l>ge   
public & 0 a con/ant relief aft] ! long 
ye>s ( ab/ract & ab/ruse ,hegelianism4  
,! same result also proce$$ f !         
extravagant glorification ( love1 :i* 9 
comp>ison ) ! insuff]able sov]eignty (  
pure reason1 f\nd an excuse1 if n a     
ju/ification4 ,:at we mu/ n =get is1 t j
 on ^! two weaknesses ( ,feu]ba* true   

,socialism 9 educat$ ,g]many fa/5$      
itself l a spread+ plague s9ce #ahdd1 & 
set lit]>y phrases 9 ! place ( sci5tific
 k1 ! free+ ( mank9d by means ( love 9  
place ( ! emancipation ( ! prolet>iat1  
?r\gh ! economic trans=mation (         
production1 9 %ort lo/ itself 9 nause\s 
f9e writ+ & 9 sickly s5tim5tality1 ( !  
type ( :i* class ( writ]s 0 ,h]r ,k>l   
,gru54  ,we mu/ fur!rmore n =get t ?\gh 
! ,hegelian s*ool 0 de/roy$ ! ,hegelian 
philosophy 0 n critically vanqui%$4     
,/rauss & ,bau] took ea* a side & engag$
 9 polemics4 ,feu]ba* broke ?r\gh !     
sy/em & ?rew x z a :ole aside4 ,b "o has
 n f9i%$ ) a philosophy by simply decl>+
 x to be false1 & s enorm\s a "w z !    
,hegelian philosophy :i* has _h s       
trem5d\s an influ5ce ^u ! m5tal         
developm5t ( ! nation did n all[ itself 
to be put aside p]emptorily4 ,x _h to be
 de/roy$ 9 its own way1 :i* means 9 !   
way t critically de/roys its =m b saves 
! new acquisitions to k won by x4 ,h[   
?is 0 br\ght ab\t we %all see bel[4  ,b 

= ! mom5t1 ! ,revolution ( #ahdh put    
aside all philosophical discussion j z  
unc]emoni\sly z ,feu]ba* laid aside     
,hegel4 ,& !n ,feu]ba* 0 himself cr[d$  
out4     ,,ii4   ,! great f\ndation "q (
 all1 especially new1 philosophies is   
connect$ ) ! relation betwe5 ?9k+ & be+4
 ,s9ce v e>ly times :5 m51 be+ 9        
complete ignorance respect+ _! own      
bodies1 & /irr$ by app>itions1#a arriv$ 
at ! idea t ?\ght & s5sation 7 n acts ( 
_! own bodies1 b ( a special s\l dwell+ 
9 ! body & des]t+ x at dea?1 ev] s9ce !n
 !y h be5 oblig$ to give ?\ght to !     
relations ( ?is s\l to ! outside _w4 ,if
 x betook itself f ! body & liv$ on1 !re
 0 no reason to inv5t ano!r dea? = x2   
?us arose ! conception ( _! immortality1
 :i*1 at t evolution>y /age1 did n appe>
 z a consolation1 b z fate1 aga9/ :i* a 
man _c /rive1 & (t5 en\gh1 z among !    
,greeks1 z a positive mis=tune4 ,n      
religi\s desire = consolation b         
unc]ta9ty aris+ f a simil> univ]sal     
ignorance ( :at to associate ) ! s\l :5 

once x 0 ackn[l$g$1 aft] ! dea? ( !     
body1 l$ univ]sally to ! t$i\s idea (   
p]sonal immortality4 ,j 9 a simil>      
fa%ion ! fir/ gods arose1 ?r\gh !       
p]sonification ( ! =ces ( nature1 & ^! 9
 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! religions       
acquir$ great] & great] sup]natural =ce1
 until by a natural process (           
ab/raction1 ,i might say ( di/illation1 
f ! _m m or less limit$ & mutually      
limit+ gods1 9 ! c\rse ( spiritual      
developm5t1 at la/ ! idea ( ! "o all    
embrac+ god ( ! mono!i/ic religions took
 its place 9 ! m9ds ( m54  ,! "q ( !    
relation ( ?9k+ to be+1 ( ! relation ( !
 _s to nature1 ! highe/ "q ( univ]sal   
philosophy1 has !re=e1 no less ?an all  
religion1 its roots 9 ! limit$ &        
ignorant ideas ( ! condition ( savag]y4 
,x c\ld fir/ be und]/ood1 & its full    
significance c\ld fir/ be grasp$1 :5    
mank9d awoke f ! long w9t] sleep (      
,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages4 ,! "q ( !       
relation ( ?\ght to exi/5ce1 a "q :i* _h
 also play$ a great role 9 ! s*ola/icism

 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! "q :at is at !    
beg9n+ _s or nature1 ?is "q 0 9 spite ( 
! *ur* n[ cut d[n to ?is3 ,has ,god made
 ! _w or is ! _w f et]nity8  ,z ?is "q 0
 answ]$ ?is way or t ! philosoph]s 7    
divid$ into two great camps4 ,! "o p>ty 
:i* plac$ ! orig9 ( ! _s be=e t (       
nature1 & !re=e 9 ! la/ in/ance accept$ 
creation1 9 "s =m or o!r--& ?is         
creation1 is (t5 accord+ to !           
philosoph]s1 accord+ to ,hegel =        
example1 /ill m odd & impossible ?an 9  
,*ri/ianity--made ! camp ( idealism4 ,! 
o!rs1 :o recogniz$ nature z ! s\rce1    
belong to ! v>i\s s*ools ( mat]ialism4  
,! two expressions signify some?+       
diff]5t f ?is4 ,idealism & mat]ialism1  
orig9ally n us$ 9 any o!r s5se1 are n "h
 employ$ 9 any o!r s5se4 ,we %all see   
:at confusion arises :5 "o tries to =ce 
ano!r signification into !m4  ,! "q ( ! 
relation%ip ( ?9k+ & be+ has ano!r side2
 9 :at relation d our ?\ghts ) reg>d to 
! _w surr\nd+ u /& to ?is _w itself8 ,is
 our ?\ght 9 a position to recognize !  

real _w8 ,c we1 9 our ideas & notion ( !
 real _w1 produce a correct reflection (
 ! reality8 ,?is "q is call$ 9          
philosophical language ! "q ( ! id5tity 
( ?9k+ & be+1 & is affirm$ by ! great   
majority ( philosoph]s4 ,accord+ to     
,hegel1 = example1 its affirmation is   
self-evid5t1 = t :i* we "k 9 ! actual _w
 is its cont5t1 accord+ to our ?\ght1 t 
:i* compels ! _w to a progressive       
realization z x 7 ( ! absolute ,idea1   
:i* absolute idea has exi/$ some:]e1    
unatta*$ f ! _w & be=e ! _w2 & t ?\ght c
 recognize a cont5t :i* is already a    
?\ght cont5t h]e91 f ! beg9n+1 appe>s   
self-evid5t4 ,x is also evid5t t :at is 
"h to be prov$ is already hidd5 9 !     
hypo!sis4 ,b t does n h9d] ,hegel1 by   
any means1 f draw+ ! fur!r conclusion f 
8 pro( ( ! id5tity ( ?\ght & exi/5ce t 8
 philosophy1 because correct = 8 ?\ght1 
is1 !re=e1 ! only correct "o1 & t !     
id5tity ( ?\ght & exi/5ce mu/ %[ itself 
9 ?is1 t mank9d %\ld =?) translate 8    
philosophy f !ory to practice & ! :ole  

_w %ift itself to a ,hegelian base4 ,?is
 is an illusion :i* he %>es alike ) all 
philosoph]s4  ,9 addition !re is /ill   
ano!r class ( philosoph]s1 ^? :o dispute
 ! possibility ( a p]ception ( ! univ]se
 or at lea/ ( an exhau/ive p]ception4   
,to !m belong1 among ! mod]ns1 ,hume &  
,kant1 & !y h play$ a v di/+ui%$ role 9 
! evolution ( philosophy4 ,?is po9t (   
view has be5 n[ refut$ by ,hegel1 z f> z
 possible1 f ! ideali/ic /&po9t4 ,!     
mat]iali/ic additions made by ,feu]ba*  
are m +5i\s ?an deep4 ,! mo/ de/ructive 
refutation ( ?is z ( all o!r fix$       
philosophic ideas is actual result1     
namely exp]im5t & indu/ry4 ,if we c     
prove ! correctness ( our idea ( an     
actual occurr5ce by exp]i5c+ x ourselves
 & produc+ x f its con/itu5t elem5ts1 & 
us+ x = our own purposes into ! b>ga91 !
 ,kantian phrase ,d+ an ,si* 7?+ 9      
itself7 ceases to h any mean+4 ,!       
*emical sub/ances :i* g to =m ! bodies (
 plants & animals rema9$ j su* ,d+e an  
,si* until organic *emi/ry und]took to  

%[ !m "o aft] ! o!r1 :]eupon ! ?+ 9     
itself became a ?+ = u1 z ! color+ matt]
 9 ! roots ( madd]1 aliz>91 :i* we no   
long] all[ to gr[ 9 ! roots ( ! madd] 9 
! field1 b make mu* m *eaply & simply f 
coal t>4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em 0 = ?ree   
hundr$ ye>s a hypo!sis1 ) a hundr$1 a   
?\s&1 or t5 ?\s& *ances 9 its favor1 b  
/ill a hypo!sis4 ,b :5 ,lev]ri] by means
 ( ! data ( ?is sy/em n only discov]$ ! 
exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 unkn[n planet1 b ev5  
calculat$ ! position 9 ! heav5s :i* ?is 
planet mu/ necess>ily occupy1 & :5      
,galles really f\nd ?is planet1 !n !    
,cop]nican sy/em 0 prov$4 ,if1          
nev]!less1 ! resurrection ( ! ,kantian  
idea 9 ,g]many is be+ tri$ by !         
,neo-,kantians1 & ( t ( ,hume 9 ,engl&  
7:]e !y nev] di$71 by ! agno/ics1 t is1 
9 ! face ( ! long pa/ !oretical &       
practical refutation ( ^! doctr9es1     
sci5tifically1 a /ep backw>ds1 &        
practically1 m]ely ! acceptance (       
mat]ialism 9 a %ame-fac$ way1 cl&e/9ely1
 & ! d5ial ( x be=e ! _w4  ,b !         

philosoph]s 7 dur+ ?is long p]iod f     
,desc>tes to ,hegel & f ,hobbes to      
,feu]ba* by no means1 z !y ?\ght1       
impell$ solely by ! =ce ( pure reason4  
,on ! contr>y1 :at really impell$ !m 01 
9 p>ticul>1 ! /rong & ev] quick] conqu]+
 /ep ( natural sci5ce & indu/ry4 ,among 
! mat]iali/s ?is v quickly %[$ itself on
 ! surface1 b ! ideali/ic sy/ems fill$  
!mselves m & m ) mat]iali/ic cont5t &   
s\ght to reconcile ! antagonism betwe5  
_s & matt] by means ( pan!ism1 s t      
f9ally ! ,hegelian sy/em repres5t$ m]ely
 a mat]ialism turn$ upside d[n1 accord+ 
to ideali/ic me?od & cont5t4  ,( c\rse  
,/>cke 9 8 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,feu]ba*      
enquir$ into ! fundam5tal "q ( !        
relations ( ?9k+ & be+4 ,aft] a %ort    
introduction 9 :i* ! ideas ( prec$+     
philosoph]s1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ,kant1 are 
portray$ 9 unnecess>ily heavy           
philosophical language & 9 :i* ,hegel1  
ow+ to a too =mal insi/5ce on c]ta9 p>ts
 ( 8 "w does n receive due cr$it1 !re   
foll[s a copi\s description ( !         

developm5t ( ! metaphysics ( ,feu]ba*1 z
 %[n 9 ! c\rse ( ! recogniz$ writ+s (   
?is philosoph]4 ,?is description is     
indu/ri\sly & c>efully elaborat$1 &1 l !
 :ole book1 is ov]balla/$ )1 n always   
unavoidable1 philosophical expressions1 
:i* is all ! m annoy+ 9 t ! writ] does n
 hold to ! vocabul>y ( "o & ! same s*ool
 nor ev5 ( ,feu]ba* himself1 b mixes up 
expressions ( v diff]5t s*ools1 &       
especially ( ! pres5t epidemic ( s*ools 
call+ !mselves philosophical4  ,!       
evolution ( ,feu]ba* is t ( a ,hegelian 
to mat]ialism--n ( an or?odox ,hegelian1
 inde$--an evolution :i* f a def9ite    
po9t makes a complete brea* ) !         
ideali/ic sy/em ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,)      
irresi/ible =ce he br+s himself to !    
view t ! ,hegelian idea ( ! exi/5ce ( ! 
absolute idea be=e ! _w1 ! pre-exi/5ce (
 ! logical categories be=e ! univ]se    
came into be+1 is no?+ else ?an !       
fanta/ical survival ( ! belief 9 !      
exi/5ce ( an extra-mundane creator2 t ! 
mat]ial1 s5sible1 actual _w1 to :i* we  

ourselves belong1 is ! only reality1 & t
 our consci\sness & ?\ght1 h[ev]        
sup]natural !y may seem1 are only       
evid5ces ( a mat]ial bodily organ1 !    
bra94 ,matt] is n a product ( m9d1 b m9d
 itself is only ! highe/ product (      
matt]4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 pure           
mat]ialism4 ,:5 he rea*$ ?is po9t       
,feu]ba* came to a /&/ill4 ,he _c       
ov]come ord9>y philosophical prejudice1 
prejudice n aga9/ ! ?+1 b aga9/ ! "n    
mat]ialism4 ,he says ,mat]ialism is = me
 ! f\ndation ( ! build+ ( ! be+ & k (   
man1 b x is n = me :at x is = !         
physiologi/s 9 ! n>r[ s5se1 z           
,moles*ott1 = example1 s9ce necess>ily f
 _! /&po9t x is ! build+ itself4        
,backw>ds1 ,i am 9 accord ) ! mat]iali/s
 b n =w>ds4  ,feu]ba* "h confuses       
mat]ialism1 :i* is a philosophy ( !     
univ]se dep5d5t ^u a c]ta9 compreh5sion 
( ! relations betwe5 matt] & _s1 ) !    
special =ms 9 :i* ?is philosophy appe>$ 
at a c]ta9 hi/orical /age--namely 9 !   
eighte5? c5tury4 ,m ?an t he confuses x 

) ! %all[ & vulg>iz$ =m 9 :i* !         
mat]ialism ( ! eighte5? c5tury exi/s    
today1 9 ! m9ds ( naturali/s &          
physicians1 & 0 popul>iz$ dur+ a p]iod (
 fifty ye>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,bue*n]1 ,vogt 
& ,moles*ott4 ,b z idealism has pass$   
?r\gh a s]ies ( evolution>y developm5ts1
 s also has mat]ialism--) ea* epo*-mak+ 
discov]y 9 ! dep>tm5t ( natural sci5ce x
 has be5 oblig$ to *ange its =m2 s9ce   
!n1 hi/ory also1 be+ subject$ to !      
mat]iali/ic me?od ( treatm5t1 %[s itself
 z a new road ( progress4  ,! mat]ialism
 ( ! prec$+ c5tury 0 ov]:elm+ly         
me*anical1 because at t "t ( all !      
natural sci5ces1 me*anics1 & inde$1 only
 ! me*anics ( ! cele/ial & t]re/rial    
fix$ bodies1 ! me*anics ( gravity1 9    
%ort1 _h rea*$ any def9ite conclusions4 
,*emi/ry exi/$ at fir/ only 9 a *ildi%1 
phlogi/ic =m4 ,biology /ill lay 9       
swaddl+ clo!s2 ! organism ( plants &    
animals 0 exam9$ only 9 a v cursory     
mann]1 & 0 expla9$ ^u purely me*anical  
gr\nds2 j z an animal 0 to ,desc>tes    

no?+ b a ma*9e1 s 0 man to ! mat]iali/s 
( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! exclusive       
application ( ! measure ( me*anics to   
processes :i* are ( *emical & organic   
nature & by :i*1 x is true1 ! laws (    
me*anics are also manife/$1 b are pu%$  
into ! backgr\nd by o!r high] laws1 ?is 
application is ! cause ( ! peculi>1 b1  
consid]+ ! times1 unavoidable1          
n>r[m9d$ness ( ! ,fr5* mat]ialism4  ,!  
second special limitation ( ?is         
mat]ialism lies 9 its incapacity to     
repres5t ! univ]se z a process1 z "o =m 
( matt] assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution>y  
developm5t4 ,?is limitation correspond$ 
) ! natural sci5ce ( ! "t & ! metaphysic
 co9cid5t !re)1 t is ! anti-dialectic   
me?ods ( ! philosoph]s4 ,nature1 z 0    
kn[n1 0 9 con/ant motion1 b ?is motion1 
accord+ to ! univ]sally accept$ ideas1  
turn$ et]nally 9 a circle1 & !re=e nev] 
mov$ f ! spot1 & produc$ ! same results 
ov] & ov] aga94 ,?is idea 0 at t "t     
inevitable4 ,! ,kantian !ory ( ! orig9 (
 ! sol> sy/em 0 at fir/ exhibit$ &      

consid]$ z a m]e curiosity4 ,! hi/ory ( 
! developm5t ( ! e>?-geology 0 /ill     
unkn[n1 & ! idea t ! liv+ natural       
objects ( to-day are ! result ( a long  
process ( developm5t f ! simple to !    
complex c\ld n be sci5tifically e/abli%$
 at t "t4 ,?is anti-hi/orical           
compreh5sion ( nature 01 !re=e1         
inevitable4 ,we _c reproa* ! philosoph]s
 ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) ?is1 z ! same ?+ 
is also f\nd 9 ,hegel4 ,accord+ to him1 
nature is ! m]e outw>d =m ( ! ,idea1    
capable ( no progress z reg>ds "t1 b    
m]ely ( an ext5sion ( its manifoldness 9
 space1 s t x displays all ! /ages (    
developm5t compris$ 9 x at "o & ! same  
"t toge!r1 & is condemn$ to a repetition
 ( ! same processes4 ,& ?is absurdity ( 
a progress 9 space b outside ( "t--!    
fundam5tal condition ( all              
progress--,hegel loads ^u nature1 j at !
 v "t :5 geology1 embryology1 !         
physiology ( plants & animals1 &        
inorganic *emi/ry1 7 be+ built up1 & :5 
above all g5ial prophecies ( ! lat]     

evolution !ory appe>$ at ! v ?re%old (  
^! new sci5ces 7e4 g41 ,goe! & ,lam>k71 
b ! sy/em s requir$ x1 & ! me?od1 = love
 ( ! sy/em1 _h to prove untrue to       
itself4  ,?is unhi/oric conception _h   
its effects also 9 ! doma9 ( hi/ory4 ,"h
 ! fight aga9/ ! remnants ( ! ,middle   
,ages kept ! outlook limit$4 ,! ,middle 
,ages 7 reckon$ z a m]e int]ruption (   
hi/ory by a ?\s& ye>s ( b>b>ism4 ,!     
great advances ( ! ,middle ,ages--!     
broad5+ ( ,european le>n+1 ! br++ into  
exi/5ce ( great nations1 :i* arose1 "o  
aft] ! o!r1 & f9ally ! enorm\s te*nical 
advances ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5?          
c5turies--all ?is no "o saw4            
,consequ5tly a rational view ( ! great  
hi/oric developm5t 0 r5d]$ impossible1 &
 hi/ory s]v$ pr9cipally z a collection (
 examples & illu/rations = ! use (      
philosoph]s4  ,! vulg>iz+ p$dl]s :o dur+
 ! fifties occupi$ !mselves ) mat]ialism
 9 ,g]many did n by any means escape !  
limitations ( _! doctr9e4 ,all !        
advances made 9 sci5ce s]v$ !m only z   

new gr\nds ( pro( aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( !   
,creator1 & inde$ x 0 f> beyond _! trade
 to develop ! !ory any fur!r4 ,idealism 
0 at ! end ( its te!r & 0 smitt5 ) dea? 
by ! ,revolution ( #ahdh4 ,yet x _h !   
satisfaction t mat]ialism sank /ill l[]4
 ,feu]ba* 0 decid$ly "r :5 he refus$ to 
take ! responsibility ( ?is mat]ialism1 
only he _h no bus9ess to conf\nd !      
tea*+s ( ! it9]ant sp\t]s ) mat]ialism 9
 g5]al4  ,h[ev]1 we mu/ "h rem>k two    
diff]5t ?+s4 ,dur+ ! life ( ,feu]ba*    
sci5ce 0 /ill 9 t /ate ( viol5t         
f]m5tation :i* has only comp>atively    
cle>$ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s2 new       
mat]ial ( k 0 furni%$ 9 a hi!rto unhe>d 
( measure b ! fix+ ( int]relations1 &   
!re) ( ord]1 9 ! *aos ( ov]:elm+        
discov]ies 0 r5d]$ possible q lately = !
 fir/ "t4 ,true1 ,feu]ba* _h liv$ to see
 ! ?ree di/9ctive discov]ies--t ( !     
cell1 ! trans=mation ( en]gy & !        
evolution !ory ackn[l$g$ s9ce ! "t (    
,d>w94 ,b h[ c\ld ! solit>y             
c\ntry-dwell+ philosoph] appreciate at  

_! full value discov]ies :i* naturali/s 
!mselves at t "t 9 "p conte/$ & p>tly   
did n und]/& h[ to avail !mselves (     
suffici5tly8 ,! disgrace falls solely ^u
 ! mis]able conditions 9 ,g]many ow+ to 
:i* ! *airs ( philosophy 7 fill$ by     
pettifogg+ eclectic p$ants1 :ile        
,feu]ba*1 :o t[]$ high above !m all1 _h 
to ru/icate & gr[ s\r 9 a little        
village4 ,x is !re=e no %ame to ,feu]ba*
 t he nev] grasp$ ! natural evolution>y 
philosophy :i* became possible ) ! pass+
 away ( ! p>tial views ( ,fr5*          
mat]ialism4  ,9 ! second place1 ,feu]ba*
 held q correctly t sci5tific mat]ialism
 is ! f\ndation ( ! build+ ( human k b x
 is n ! build+ itself4 ,= we live n only
 9 nature b 9 human society1 & ?is has  
its !ory ( developm5t & its sci5ce no   
less ?an nature4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1  
to br+ ! sci5ce ( society1 t is !       
s-call$ hi/orical & philosophical       
sci5ces1 into h>mony ) ! mat]iali/ic    
f\ndations & to rebuild ^u !m4 ,b ?is 0 
n grant$ to ,feu]ba*4 ,"h he /uck1 9    

spite ( ! f\ndations1 held 9 ! conf9+   
bonds ( idealism1 & to ?is he te/ifi$ 9 
! words ,backw>ds ,i am ) ! mat]iali/s1 
b n =w>ds4 ,b ,feu]ba* himself did n g  
=w>d 9 8 views ( human society f 8      
/&po9t ( #ahdj & #ahdd1 *iefly ow+ to t 
lonel9ess :i* compell$ him to ?9k ev]y?+
 out by himself1 in/ead ( 9 fri5dly &   
ho/ile conflict ) o!r m5 ( 8 calibre1   
al?\gh ( all philosoph]s he 0 ! fonde/ (
 int]c\rse ) 8 fell[s4 ,we %all see lat]
 on h[ he ?us rema9$ an ideali/4 ,"h we 
c only call att5tion to ! fact t ,/>cke 
s\ght ! idealism ( ,feu]ba* 9 ! wrong   
place4 ,feu]ba* is an ideali/2 he       
believes 9 ! advance ( mank9d 7p4 #ai74 
,! f\ndations1 ! und]p9n+ ( ! :ole1 is  
!re=e no?+ less ?an idealism4 ,realism  
is = u no?+ m ?an a protection aga9/    
error :ile we foll[ our own ideali/ic   
t5d5cies4 ,are n compassion1 love &     
en?usiasm = tru? & ju/ice ideal =ces8   
,9 ! fir/ place1 idealism is "h def9$ z 
no?+ b ! foll[+ ( ideal aims4 ,b ^! h   
necess>ily to d pr9cipally ) ! idealism 

( ,kant & 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative4 ,b 
,kant himself call$ 8 philosophy        
transc5d5tal idealism1 by no means      
because he deals !re9 ) moral ideals1 b 
on q o!r gr\nds1 z ,/>cke w rememb]4  ,!
 sup]/ition t philosophical idealism    
pivots ar\nd a belief 9 moral1 t is 9   
social ideals1 arose ) ! ,g]man         
non-philosophical ,phili/9e1 :o commits 
to memory ! few philosophical morsels   
:i* he f9ds 9 ,s*ill]'s poems4 ,nobody  
has criticis$ m sev]ely ! feeble        
,categorical ,imp]ative ( ,kant--feeble 
because x dem&s ! impossible & !re=e    
nev] atta9s to any reality--nobody has  
ridicul$ m cruelly ! ,phili/9e          
s5tim5tality imp>t$ by ,s*ill]1 because 
( its unrealizable ideals1 ?an j !      
ideali/ p> excell5ce1 ,hegel4 7,see e4  
g4 ,ph5om5ology47  ,9 ! second place1 x 
_c be avoid$ t all human s5sations pass 
?r\gh ! bra9--ev5 eat+ & dr9k+ :i* are  
comm5c$ consequ5t ^u hung] & ?ir/ felt  
by ! bra9 & end$ 9 consequ5ce (         
s5sations ( satisfaction simil>ly       

exp]i5c$ by ! bra94 ,! realities ( !    
out] _w impress !mselves ^u ! bra9 (    
man1 reflect !mselves !re1 z feel+s1    
?\ghts1 impulses1 volitions1 9 %ort1 z  
ideal t5d5cies1 & 9 ?is =m become ideal 
=ces4 ,if ! circum/ance t ?is man foll[s
 ideal t5d5cies at all1 & admits t ideal
 =ces ex]cise an influ5ce ov] him1 if   
?is makes an ideali/ ( him1 e normally  
develop$ man is 9 "s s5se a born        
ideali/1 & "u su* circum/ances h[ c     
mat]iali/s exi/8  ,9 ! ?ird place1 !    
conviction t humanity1 at lea/ at       
pres5t1 z a :ole1 progresses1 has       
absolutely no?+ to d ) ! antagonism     
betwe5 mat]ialism & idealism4 ,! ,fr5*  
mat]iali/s _h ?is conviction1 to a      
fanatical degree1 no less ?an ! dei/s1  
,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 & made ! greate/  
p]sonal sacrifices = x4 ,if anybody ev] 
conc5trat$ 8 :ole life to ! en?usiasm = 
tru? & ju/ice1 tak+ ! words 9 a moral   
s5se1 x 0 ,did]ot1 = example4 ,!re=e1   
s9ce ,/>cke has expla9$ all ?is z       
idealism1 x simply proves t ! ^w        

mat]ialism has lo/ all significance =   
him1 z has also ! antagonism betwe5 !   
aims ( ! two4  ,! fact is t ,/>cke "h   
makes an unp>donable concession to !    
prejudices ( ! ,phili/9es caus$ by !    
long cont9u$ sl&]s ( ! cl]gy aga9/ ! ^w 
mat]ialism1 ev5 if )\t consci\sly do+ s4
 ,! ,phili/9e und]/&s by ! ^w           
mat]ialism1 gluttony1 drunk5ness1 c>nal 
lu/1 & fraudul5t speculation1 9 %ort all
 ! enorm\s vices to :i* he himself is   
secretly addict$1 & by ! ^w idealism he 
und]/&s ! belief 9 virtue1 univ]sal     
humanit>ianism1 & a bett] _w z a :ole1 (
 :i* he boa/s be=e o!rs1 & 9 :i* he     
himself at ! v mo/ believes1 only z long
 z he mu/ endure ! blues :i* foll[      
necess>ily f 8 cu/om>y mat]iali/ic      
excesses1 & s s+s 8 favorite song--,:at 
is man8--,half bea/1 half angel4  ,z = !
 re/1 ,/>cke takes great pa9s to def5d  
,feu]ba* aga9/ ! attacks & doctr9es ( ^?
 collegians :o plume !mselves 9 ,g]many 
z philosoph]s n[-a-days4 ,x is true t   
?is is a matt] ( importance to ^? p :o  

take an int]e/ 9 ! aft]bir? ( ! ,g]man  
classic philosophy1 to ,/>cke himself   
?is might appe> necess>y4 ,we sp>e !    
read] ?is1 h[ev]4  ,,footnote3  #a ,to  
?is v day ! idea is preval5t among      
savages & b>b>ians t ! human =ms appe>+ 
9 our dreams are s\ls :i* tempor>ily    
leave ! body1 & t1 !re=e1 ! real man    
becomes liable = ! de$s done to ! dream]
 by 8 dream appe>ance4 ,s ,im?urm1 =    
example1 f\nd x 9 #ahhd among ! ,indians
 9 ,guiana4     ,,iii4   ,! di/9ct      
idealism ( ,feu]ba* is evid5t directly  
we come to 8 philosophy ( religion &    
e?ics4 ,he does n wi% to aboli% religion
 by any means2 he wants to p]fect x4    
,philosophy itself w be absorb$ 9       
religion4 ,! p]iods ( human progress are
 only di/+ui%able by religi\s *anges4   
,!re is only a real hi/orical progress  
:]e x ent]s ! he>ts ( m54 ,! he>t is n a
 place = religion1 s t x %\ld be 9 !    
he>t1 x is ! v be+ ( religion4 ,religion
 is1 accord+ to ,feu]ba*1 a matt] ( !   
feel+s--! feel+s ( love betwe5 man & man

 :i* up to n[ s\ght its realization 9 ! 
fanta/ic reflect$ image ( ! reality--9 !
 int]position ?r\gh "o or m gods ( !    
fanta/ic reflections ( human            
qualities--b n[ by means ( love betwe5  
ego & tu f9ds itself directly & )\t any 
int]m$i>y4 ,accord+ to ,feu]ba* love    
betwe5 ! sexes is1 if n ! highe/ =m1 at 
lea/ "o ( ! highe/ =ms1 ( ! practice ( 8
 new religion4  ,n[1 feel+s ( affection 
betwe5 man & man1 & p>ticul>ly betwe5   
memb]s ( ! two sexes1 h exi/$ z long z  
mank9d has4 ,love betwe5 ! sexes has be5
 cultivat$ especially dur+ ! la/ eighte5
 hundr$ ye>s & has won a place :i* has  
made x1 9 ?is p]iod1 a compulsory motive
 = all poetry4 ,! exi/+ positive        
religions h limit$ !mselves 9 ?is matt] 
to ! be/[al ( complete consecration ^u !
 ,/ate regulation ( sexual love1 & might
 completely disappe> tomorr[ )\t ! lea/ 
diff]5ce tak+ place 9 ! matt] ( love &  
fri5d%ip4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ian religion 9    
,france 01 z a matt] ( fact1 s          
completely ov]?r[n betwe5 ! ye>s #agic &

 #agih1 t ,napoleon himself c\ld n      
re-introduce x )\t opposition &         
difficulty1 )\t1 9 ! int]val1 any desire
 = a sub/itute1 9 ,feu]ba*'s s5se1 mak+ 
itself felt4  ,feu]ba*'s idealism       
consi/s 9 ?is1 t he does n simply take =
 grant$ ! mutual & reciprocal feel+s (  
m5 = "o ano!r su* z sexual love1        
fri5d%ip1 compassion1 self-sacrifice1   
etc41 b decl>es t !y w\ld come to _!    
full realization = ! fir/ "t z soon z !y
 7 consecrat$ "u ! "n ( religion4 ,! ma9
 fact = him is n t ^! purely human      
relations exi/1 b t !y w be conceiv$ ( z
 ! new true religion4 ,!y w be fully    
realiz$ = ! fir/ "t if !y are /amp$ z   
religions4 ,religion is d]iv$ f relig>e 
& means orig9ally fa/5+4 ,!re=e1 e bond 
betwe5 m5 is religion4 ,su* etymological
 artifices are ! la/ resort ( !         
ideali/ic philosophy4 ,n :at ! ^w means 
accord+ to ! hi/orical developm5t ( its 
true significance1 b :at x %\ld mean    
accord+ to its d]ivation is :at c\nts1 &
 s sex-love & ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes

 is consecrat$ z a religion only s t !  
^w religion1 :i* is de> to ! m9d ( !    
ideali/1 %all n vani% f ! language4 ,!  
,p>isian re=m] ( ! /ripe ( ,l\is ,blanc 
us$ to speak j 9 ! same way 9 ! =ties1 =
 !y c\ld only conceive ( a man )\t      
religion z a mon/]1 & us$ to say to u   
,a!ism1 !n1 is y\r religion4  ,if       
,feu]ba* wants to place true religion ^u
 ! basis ( real mat]iali/ic philosophy1 
t w\ld be j ! same z conceiv+ ( mod]n   
*emi/ry z true al*emy4 ,if religion c   
exi/ )\t its ,god !n al*emy c exi/ )\t  
its philosoph]'s /one4 ,!re exi/s1 by ! 
way1 a v close connection betwe5 al*emy 
& religion4 ,! philosoph]'s /one has _m 
prop]ties ( ! old gods1 & !             
,egyptian-,greek al*emi/s ( ! fir/ two  
c5turies ( our era h _h _! h&s 9 !      
developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 z ,kopp 
& ,b]!lot prove4  ,feu]ba*'s decl>ation 
t ! p]iods ( man's developm5t are only  
diff]5tiat$ ?r\gh *anges 9 religion is  
false4 ,great hi/orical po9ts ( dep>ture
 are co9cid5t ) religi\s *anges only z  

f> z ! ?ree _w-religions :i* exi/ up to 
! pres5t are conc]n$--,buddhism1        
,*ri/ianity & ,islam4 ,! old tribal &   
national religions orig9at+ 9 nature 7 n
 propag&i/ & lo/ all p[] ( resi/ance z  
soon z ! indep5d5ce ( ! tribe & p 0     
de/roy$4 ,among ! ,g]mans simple contact
 ) ! decay+ ,roman ,empire & ! ,*ri/ian 
_w-religion spr++ f x & suitable to its 
economic1 political & ideal             
circum/ances1 0 suffici5t4 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 z reg>ds ^! m or less artificial 
_w-religions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! cases (    
,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 we f9d t ! 
m univ]sal hi/orical movem5ts w take on 
a religi\s /amp1 & z f> z conc]ns       
,*ri/ianity 9 p>ticul>1 ! /amp ( !      
religion affect+ revolution>y movem5ts (
 univ]sal significance /opp$ %ort at !  
comm5cem5t ( ! fight ( ! b\rgeois =     
emancipation f ! ?irte5? to ! sev5te5?  
c5tury1 & %[$ itself n z ,feu]ba*       
decl>es 9 ! he>ts ( m5 & ! ?ir/ =       
religion1 b 9 ! entire e>li] hi/ory ( ! 
,middle ,ages :i* knew no o!r =m (      

idealism ?an religion & !ology4 ,b z !  
b\rgeoisie 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0        
suffici5tly /rong to h its own ideology 
suitable to its own /&po9t1 x =?) made  
its great & f9al revolution1 ! ,fr5*1 by
 means ( an appeal exclusively to       
juri/ic & political ideals1 & tr\bl$    
itself ) religion only s f> z x /ood 9  
its way4 ,x nev] occurr$ to x to e/abli%
 a new religion 9 place ( ! old "o2     
ev]ybody kn[s :at a mess ,robespi]re    
made ( ! attempt4  ,! possibility ( a   
purely humane s5tim5t 9 int]c\rse ) o!r 
m5 is ) u today exce$+ly imp$$ ?r\gh !  
society f\nd$ on class antagonism &     
class supremacy 9 :i* we mu/ move4 ,we h
 no ne$ to tr\ble ourselves ab\t        
sanctify+ ^! s5tim5ts by means ( a new  
religion4 ,& j z ! circum/ances ( !     
great hi/orical class-fight h be5       
obscur$ by ! curr5t hi/orians1          
p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many1 s 9 ! same way !  
und]/&+ ( ! great hi/orical             
class-conflicts is suffici5tly obscur$  
by ! pres5t-day mann] ( writ+ hi/ory1   

)\t our ne$+ to *ange ^! conflicts into 
a m]e app5dix ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory4   
,"h x is evid5t h[ f> we 9 our day are  
away f ,feu]ba*4 ,8 mo/ beautiful       
passages 9 praise ( ! new religion (    
love are today unreadable4  ,! only     
religion :i* ,feu]ba* exam9$ closely is 
,*ri/ianity1 ! univ]sal religion ( !    
we/]n _w :i* is f\nd$ ^u mono!ism4 ,he  
proves t ! ,*ri/ian ,god is only !      
fanta/ic reflection1 ! reflect$ image ( 
man4 ,b t ,god is himself ! product ( a 
l5g?y process ( ab/raction1 ! conc5trat$
 qu9tess5ce ( ! e>li] tribal & national 
gods4 ,& man also ^: reflection t ,god  
is1 is n a real man1 b is likewise !    
qu9tess5ce ( _m real m51 ! ab/ract      
human1 & !re=e himself aga9 ! creature (
 ?\ght4 ,! same ,feu]ba* :o on ea* page 
prea*es s5sation1 div+ into ! concrete1 
! real1 becomes ?or\ghly ab/ract z soon 
z he beg9s to talk ( m ?an m]e s5sual   
int]c\rse betwe5 human be+s4  ,( ?is    
relation%ip only "o side appeals to him1
 ! moral1 & ,feu]ba*'s a/oni%+ lack (   

res\rces z comp>$ ) ,hegel is /rik+4 ,! 
e?ic or r moral doctr9e ( ! latt]1 is ! 
,philosophy ( ,"r & embraces3 #a1       
,ab/ract ,"r2 #b1 ,morality2 #c1 ,moral 
,conduct1 "u :i* are aga9 compris$3 !   
family1 b\rgeois1 society1 & ! ,/ate4 ,z
 ! =m is "h ideali/ic1 ! cont5t is      
reali/ic4 ,! entire scope ( law1        
economy1 politics1 is !re91 besides     
e?ics4 ,) ,feu]ba*1 x is j ! rev]se4 ,he
 is reali/ic 9 =m2 he beg9s ) man1 b !  
discussion has absolutely no?+ to d ) ! 
_w 9 :i* ?is man lives1 & s1 in/ead ( ! 
man1 /&s an ab/ract man1 :o prea*es     
s]mons conc]n+ ! philosophy ( religion4 
,?is man is n ev5 ! son ( a "m2 he has  
develop$ f ! ,god ( ! mono!i/ic         
religions4 ,he does n live 9 real       
hi/oric conditions & ! _w ( hi/ory4 ,he 
comes into relation%ip ) o!r m51 b ea* (
 ! o!rs is j z mu* an ab/raction z he   
himself is4 ,9 ! philosophy ( religion  
we _h /ill m5 & wom51 b 9 ! e?ic ?is    
f9al di/9ction vani%es4 ,at long        
int]vals ,feu]ba* makes su* /atem5ts z3 

,a man ?9ks diff]5tly 9 a palace ?an 9 a
 hut4 ,:5 y h no?+ 9 y\r body to w>d (f 
hung] & mis]y1 y h no?+ 9 y\r head1 m9d 
& he>t = morality4 ,politics mu/ be our 
religion1 etc4 ,b ,feu]ba* 0 absolutely 
incapable ( extract+ any mean+ f ^!     
rem>ks2 !y rema9 purely lit]>y          
expressions1 & ,/>cke himself is oblig$ 
to admit t ! sci5ce ( politics 0 an     
insup]able ob/acle to ,feu]ba* & !      
sci5ce ( society1 sociology1 = him a    
t]ra incognita4  ,he appe>s j z un9spir$
 9 comp>ison ) ,hegel 9 8 treatm5t ( !  
anti!sis ( good & evil4 ,"o ?9ks he is  
say+ some?+ great1 ,hegel rem>ks if "o  
says t mank9d is by nature good1 b x is 
=gott5 t "o says some?+ f> great] 9 !   
words 'man is by nature evil4' ,accord+ 
to ,hegel1 evil is ! =m 9 :i* !         
me*anical p[] ( evolution %[s itself1 & 
inde$ 9 ?is lies ! d\ble idea t ea* new 
/ep =w>d appe>s z an outrage aga9/ a    
sacr$ ?+1 z rebellion aga9/ ! old1 dy+1 
b ?r\gh cu/om1 sanctifi$1 circum/ances1 
& on ! o!r h& t s9ce ! ris+ ( class     

antagonism1 ! evil passions ( m51 gre$ &
 imp]i\sness s]ve z ! lev]s ( hi/orical 
progress1 ( :i*1 = example1 ! hi/ory (  
feudalism & ! b\rgeoisie af=ds a        
conspicu\s pro(4 ,b ,feu]ba* does n     
tr\ble himself to exam9e ! role ( moral 
evil4 ,hi/ory is to him a p>ticul>ly    
b>r5 & unwont$ field4 ,ev5 8 /atem5t1   
,man z he sprang f nature orig9ally 0   
only a m]e creature1 n a man4 ,man is a 
product ( human society1 ( education1 & 
( hi/ory4 ,ev5 ?is /atem5t rema9s f 8   
/&po9t absolutely unproductive4  ,:at   
,feu]ba* communicates to u respect+     
morals mu/ !re=e be exce$+ly n>r[4 ,!   
desire = happ9ess is born )9 man & mu/  
h5ce be ! f\ndation ( all morality4 ,b !
 desire = happ9ess is limit$ 9 two ways2
 fir/1 ?r\gh ! natural results ( our    
acts2 aft] ! dissipation comes !        
heada*e1 z a result ( habitual excess1  
sickness2 9 ! second place1 ?r\gh its   
results ^u society1 if we d n respect ! 
simil> desire = happ9ess on ! "p ( o!r  
p1 !y resi/ u & spoil our pursuit (     

happ9ess4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t 9 ord] to 
enjoy our pursuit ( happ9ess1 ! result (
 our acts mu/ be rightly appreciat$1 &1 
on ! o!r h&1 mu/ all[ ( ! c>ry+ out ( ! 
same acts on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,practical    
self-control ) reg>d to ourselves &     
love1 always love1 9 our int]c\rse )    
o!rs are !re=e ! f\ndation rules (      
,feu]ba*'s morality1 f :i* all o!rs     
lead1 & nei!r ! en?usia/ic p]iods (     
,feu]ba* nor ! l\d praises ( ,/>cke c   
set (f ! ?9ness & flatness ( ?is pair ( 
utt]ances4  ,! desire = happ9ess cont5ts
 itself only v exceptionally1 & by no   
means to ! pr(it ( "o's self or o!r p ) 
self4 ,b x requires ! outside _w--means 
( satisfy+ itself--!re=e means (        
subsi/5ce1 an individual ( ! o!r sex1   
books1 conv5tion1 argum5t1 activity1 ^! 
means & matt]s ( satisfaction are matt]s
 ( utility & labor4 ,feu]ba*'s sy/em (  
morality ei!r pr$icates t ^! means &    
matt]s ( satisfaction are giv5 to e man 
p] se1 or1 s9ce x gives him only        
unpractical advice1 is n wor? a jot to !

 p :o are )\t ^! means4 ,& ?is ,feu]ba* 
himself %[s cle>ly 9 =cible words1 ,"o  
?9ks diff]5tly 9 a palace ?an 9 a hut4  
,:]e ow+ to mis]y & hung] y h no mat]ial
 9 y\r body1 y h also no mat]ial 9 y\r  
head1 m9d & he>t = morals4  ,are matt]s 
any bett] ) ! equal "r ( ano!r to !     
pursuit ( happ9ess8 ,feu]ba* set ?is    
/atem5t out z absolute1 z applicable to 
all times & circum/ances4 ,b s9ce :5 has
 x be5 true8 ,0 !re 9 ! old5 "t betwe5  
slave & ma/] or 9 ! ,middle ,ages betwe5
 s]f & b>on any talk ab\t equal rights  
to ! pursuit ( happ9ess8 ,0 n ! "r to ! 
pursuit ( happ9ess ( ! subject class    
sacrific$ to ! dom9ant class reg>dlessly
 & by means ( law8--nay1 t 0 immoral1 b 
/ill equality ( rights is recogniz$     
n[-a-days--recogniz$ 9 words m]ely s9ce 
! b\rgeoisie 9 its fight aga9/ feudalism
 & 9 ! in/itution ( capitali/ic         
production1 0 compell$ to aboli% all    
exi/+ exclusive1 t is1 p]sonal1         
privileges1 & = ! fir/ "t to introduce !
 "r ( ! private individual1 !n also     

gradually ! "r ( ! ,/ate1 & equality    
be=e law4 ,b ! pursuit ( happ9ess       
consi/s = ! lea/ "p only 9 ideal rights1
 & lies1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 means ( mat]ial  
satisfaction takes c>e t only en\gh =   
b>e subsi/5ce falls to ! great majority 
( ^? p]sons ) equal rights1 & !re=e     
reg>ds ! equality ( "r to ! pursuit (   
happ9ess h>dly bett] ?an slav]y or      
s]fdom did4 ,& are we bett] (f z reg>ds 
m5tal means ( happ9ess--means (         
education8 ,is n ! s*oolma/] ( ,sad[a a 
my?ical p]son8  ,fur!r1 accord+ to !    
e?ical !ory ( ,feu]ba*1 ! ,b\rse is !   
highe/ temple ( morality1 only provid$ t
 "o speculate rightly4 ,if my pursuit ( 
happ9ess leads me to ! ,b\rse1 & ,i1 9  
foll[+ my bus9ess1 manage s well t only 
:at is agreeable & no?+ detrim5tal comes
 to me1 t is t ,i w9 /eadily1 ,feu]ba*'s
 precept is c>ri$ out4 ,9 ?is way ,i d n
 int]f]e ) ! simil> pursuit ( happ9ess (
 anyone else1 s9ce ! o!r man goes on !  
,b\rse j z volunt>ily z ,i d1 & at !    
conclusion ( 8 affairs a s5tim5tal      

expression1 = ea* f9ds 9 ! o!r !        
satisfaction ( 8 pursuit ( happ9ess :i* 
x is j ! bus9ess ( love to br+ ab\t1 &  
:i* x "h practically accompli%es4 ,&    
s9ce ,i c>ry on my op]ations ) m exact  
prud5ce & !re=e ) great] success ,i     
fulfill ! /ronge/ maxims ( ! ,feu]ba*   
moral philosophy & become a ri* man into
 ! b>ga94 ,9 o!r words1 ,feu]ba*'s      
morality is hewn out ( ! capitali/ic    
sy/em ( today1 little z he might wi% or 
?9k x to be4  ,b love1 yes love1 is     
p>ticul>ly & et]nally ! magical god :o1 
accord+ to ,feu]ba*1 surm\nts all !     
difficulties ( practical life & t 9 a   
society :i* is divid$ into classes )    
diametrically oppos+ int]e/s4 ,! la/    
remnant ( its revolution>y "* is ?us    
tak5 f 8 philosophy1 & !re rema9s ! old 
cant--love "o ano!r--fall into ea* o!r's
 arms )\t reg>d to any imp$im5t ( sex or
 position--univ]sal intoxication (      
reconciliation4  ,9 a ^w1 ! moral !ories
 ( ,feu]ba* turn out to be ! same z ^? (
 all ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x is a           

hodge-podge ( all times1 all p1 & all   
conditions1 & = ?is occasion is         
applicable to no "t & place1 & z reg>ds 
! actual _w is z p[]less z ,kant's      
,categorical ,imp]ative4 ,z a matt] (   
fact1 e class1 z well z e pr(ession1 has
 its own sy/em ( morals & breaks ev5 ?is
 :5 x c d x )\t puni%m5t1 & love1 :i* is
 to unite all1 appe>s today 9 w>s1      
controv]sies1 lawsuits1 dome/ic broils &
 z f> z possible mutual plund]4  ,b h[ 0
 x possible t ! p[]ful impetus giv5 by  
,feu]ba* turn$ out s unpr(itable to     
,feu]ba* himself4 ,simply 9 ?is way1    
because ,feu]ba* c\ld n f9d 8 way out ( 
! ab/raction1 :i* he hat$ ) a deadly    
hatr$1 to liv+ reality4 ,he clut*es h>d 
at ,nature & ,humanity1 b ,nature &     
,humanity rema9 empty words ) him4 ,he  
does n "k h[ to tell u any?+ positive   
ab\t real nature & real m54 ,we c only  
rea* liv+ m5 f ! ab/ract m5 ( ,feu]ba*  
if we reg>d !m z active hi/orical ag5ts4
 ,feu]ba* /rove aga9/ t1 h5ce ! ye>     
#ahdh1 :i*1 he did n und]/&1 signifi$ = 

him m]ely ! f9al break ) ! real _w1     
retirem5t into solitude4 ,g]man         
conditions mu/ = ! mo/ "p be> ! guilt ( 
all[+ him to />ve mis]ably4  ,b ! /ep   
:i* ,feu]ba* did n make _h n yet be5    
made4 ,! cultus ( man 9 ! ab/ract :i* 0 
! k]nel ( ,feu]ba*'s religion mu/ be    
replac$ by ! k ( real m5 & _! hi/orical 
developm5t4 ,?is advance ( ,feu]ba*'s   
view beyond ,feu]ba* himself 0 publi%$ 9
 #ahde by ,m>x 9 ! ,holy ,family4       
,,iv4   ,/rauss1 ,bau]1 ,/irn]1         
,feu]ba*1 ^! 7 ! m9or repres5tatives ( !
 ,hegelian philosophy1 s f> z !y did n  
ab&on ! field ( philosophy4 ,/rauss has1
 9 addition to ! ,life ( ,jesus &       
,dogmatics1 only produc$ philosophical &
 ecclesia/ical hi/orical "w ( a lit]>y  
"*1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,r5an2 ,bau] has    
m]ely done some?+ 9 ! dep>tm5t (        
primitive ,*ri/ianity1 b t significant2 
,/irn] rema9$ a freak ev5 aft] ,bakun9e 
_h mix$ him ) ,pr\dhon & designat$ 8    
amalgamation ,an>*ism4 ,feu]ba* alone   
possess$ any significance z a           

philosoph]2 b n only did philosophy     
rema9 = him ! vaunt$ sup]ior ( all o!r  
sci5ces1 ! qu9tess5ce ( all sci5ce1 an  
impassable limitation1 ! unt\*able holy 
?+1 he /ood z a composite philosoph]2 ! 
"u half ( him 0 mat]iali/1 ! upp] half  
ideali/4 ,he 0 n an apt critic ( ,hegel 
b simply put him aside z ( no acc\nt1   
:ile he himself1 9 comp>ison ) !        
encyclop$ic weal? ( ! ,hegelian sy/em1  
contribut$ no?+ ( any positive value1   
except a bomba/ic religion ( love & a   
?91 impot5t sy/em ( e?ics4  ,b f !      
break+ up ( ! ,hegelian s*ool !re       
proce$$ ano!r1 ! only "o :i* has borne  
real fruit1 & ?is t5d5cy is c\pl$ ) ! "n
 ( ,m>x4#b  ,9 ?is case ! sep>ation f ! 
,hegelian philosophy occurr$ by means ( 
a return to ! mat]iali/ic /&po9t1 t is  
to say1 a det]m9ation to compreh5d !    
actual _w--nature & hi/ory--z x pres5ts 
itself to ea* "o ( u1 )\t any           
preconceiv$ ideali/ic bald]da% int]f]+2 
x 0 resolv$ to pitilessly sacrifice any 
ideali/ic preconceiv$ notion :i* c\ld n 

be br\ght into h>mony ) facts actually  
discov]$ 9 _! mutual relations1 & )\t   
any vision>y notions4 ,& mat]ialism 9   
g5]al claims no m4 ,only "h1 = ! fir/ "t
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! mat]iali/ic philosophy1 
0 an e>ne/ endeavor made to c>ry its    
results to all que/ions aris+ 9 ! realm 
( k1 at lea/ 9 its *>act]i/ic features4 
,hegel 0 n m]ely put on "o side1 ! s*ool
 atta*$ itself on ! contr>y to 8 op5ly  
revolution>y side1 ! dialectic me?od4 ,b
 ?is me?od 0 ( no s]vice 9 its ,hegelian
 =m4 ,accord+ to ,hegel ! dialectic is !
 self-developm5t ( ! ,idea4 ,! ,absolute
 ,idea does n only exi/ f et]nity1 b x  
is also ! actual liv+ s\l ( ! :ole exi/+
 _w4 ,x develops f itself to itself     
?r\gh all ! prelim9>y /ages :i* are     
treat$ ( at l>ge 9 ,logic1 & :i* are all
 includ$ 9 x4 ,!n x /eps outside (      
itself1 *ang+ ) nature itself1 :]e x1   
)\t self-consci\sness1 is disguis$ z a  
necessity ( nature1 goes ?r\gh a new    
developm5t1 &1 f9ally1 9 man himself1   
becomes self-consci\sness4 ,?is         

self-consci\sness n[ works itself out   
into ! high] /ages f ! l[] =ms ( matt]1 
until f9ally ! ,absolute ,idea is aga9  
realiz$ 9 ! ,hegelian philosophy4       
,accord+ to ,hegel1 ! dialectic         
developm5t app>5t 9 nature & hi/ory1 t  
is a causative1 connect$ progression f !
 l[] to ! high]1 9 spite ( all zig-zag  
movem5ts & mom5t>y setbacks1 is only !  
/]eotype ( ! self-progression ( ! ,idea 
f et]nity1 :i!r "o does n "k1 b         
indep5d5t at all ev5ts ( ! ?\ght ( any  
human bra94 ,?is topsy-turvy ideology _h
 to be put aside4 ,we conceiv$ ( ideas z
 mat]iali/ic1 z pictures ( real ?+s1    
in/ead ( real ?+s z pictures ( ?is or t 
/age ( ! ,absolute ,idea4 ,!reupon1 !   
dialectic became r$uc$ to k ( ! univ]sal
 laws ( motion--z well ( ! out] _w z ( !
 ?\ght ( man--two sets ( laws :i* are   
id5tical z f> z matt] is conc]n$ b :i*  
diff] z reg>ds expression1 9 s f> z !   
m9d ( man c employ !m consci\sly1 :ile1 
9 nature1 & up to n[1 9 human hi/ory1 = 
! mo/ "p !y accompli% !mselves1         

unconsci\sly 9 ! =m ( ext]nal necessity1
 ?r\gh an endless succession ( app>5t   
accid5ts4 ,h]eupon ! dialectic ( ! ,idea
 became itself m]ely ! consci\s reflex (
 ! dialectic evolution ( ! real _w1 &   
!re=e1 ! dialectic ( ,hegel 0 turn$     
upside d[n or r x 0 plac$ ^u its feet   
in/ead ( on its head1 :]e x 0 /&+ be=e4 
,& ?is mat]iali/ic dialectic :i* s9ce t 
"t has be5 our be/ tool & our %>pe/     
weapon 0 discov]$1 n by u alone1 b by a 
,g]man workman1 ,joseph ,dietzg51 9 a   
rem>kable mann] & utt]ly indep5d5t ( u4 
,b j "h ! revolution>y side ( ,hegel's  
philosophy 0 aga9 tak5 up1 & at ! same  
"t fre$ f ! ideali/ic fripp]y :i* _h 9  
,hegel's h&s int]f]$ ) its necess>y     
conclusions4 ,! great fundam5tal ?\ght1 
namely1 t ! _w is n to be consid]$ z a  
complexity ( ready-made ?+s1 b z a      
complexity made up ( processes 9 :i* !  
app>5tly /able ?+s1 no less ?an ! ?\ght 
pictures 9 ! bra9--! idea1 cause an     
unbrok5 *a9 ( com+ into be+ & pass+     
away1 9 :i*1 by means ( all sorts (     

seem+ accid5ts1 & 9 spite ( all mom5t>y 
setbacks1 !re is c>ri$ out 9 ! end a    
progressive developm5t--?is great       
f\ndation ?\ght has1 p>ticul>ly s9ce !  
"t ( ,hegel1 s dom9at$ ! ?\ghts ( ! mass
 ( m5 t1 g5]ally speak+1 x is n[ h>dly  
d5i$4 ,b to ackn[l$ge x 9 phrases1 & to 
apply x 9 reality to ea* p>ticul> set ( 
conditions :i* come up = exam9ation1 are
 two diff]5t matt]s4 ,b if "o proce$s   
/eadily 9 8 inve/igations f ?is hi/oric 
po9t1 !n a /op is put1 once & = all1 to 
! dem& = f9al solutions & = et]nal      
tru?s2 "o is firmly consci\s ( !        
necess>y limitations ( all acquir$ k1 ( 
its hypo!tical nature1 ow+ to !         
circum/ances "u :i* x has be5 ga9$4 ,"o 
_c be impos$ ^u any long] by ! inflat$  
insub/antial anti!ses ( ! old]          
metaphysics ( true & false1 good & evil1
 id5tical & diff]5tiat$1 necess>y &     
accid5tal2 "o kn[s t ^! anti!ses h only 
a relative significance1 t t :i* is     
recogniz$ z true n[1 has its conceal$ & 
lat]-develop+ false side1 j z t :i* is  

recogniz$ z false1 its true side1 by    
virtue ( :i* x c lat] on prevail z !    
tru?2 t s-call$ necessity is made up ( !
 m]ely accid5tal1 & t ! ackn[l$g$       
accid5tal is ! =m beh9d :i* necessity   
conceals itself & s on4  ,! old me?ods (
 enquiry & ?\ght :i* ,hegel t]ms        
metaphysics1 :i* by pref]5ce busi$      
!mselves by enquir+ into ?+s z giv5 &   
e/abli%$ quantities1 & ! ve/iges ( :i*  
/ill buzz 9 ! heads ( p1 _h at t "t     
great hi/orical ju/ification4 ,?+s _h   
fir/ to be exam9$1 be=e x 0 possible to 
exam9e processes2 man mu/ fir/ "k :at a 
?+ 0 be=e he c\ld exam9e ! prec$+ *anges
 9 x4 ,& s x 0 ) natural sci5ce4 ,! old 
metaphysic :i* compreh5d$ ?+s z /able   
came f a philosophy :i* enquir$ into    
dead & liv+ ?+s z ?+s compreh5d$ z      
/able4 ,b :5 ?is enquiry _h s f>        
progress$ t ! decisive /ep 0 possible1  
namely1 ! sy/ematic exam9ation ( !      
prec$+ *anges 9 ^? ?+s go+ on 9 nature  
itself1 !n occurr$ ! dea?-bl[ ( ! old   
metaphysics 9 ! realm ( philosophy4 ,&1 

9 fact1 if sci5ce to ! end ( ! la/      
c5tury 0 *iefly a collect+ ( k1 ! sci5ce
 ( actual ?+s1 s is sci5ce 9 our day    
pre-em95tly an arrang+ ( k1 ! sci5ce (  
*anges1 ( ! orig9 & progress ( ?+s1 & ! 
mutual connection :i* b9ds ^! *anges 9  
nature into "o great :ole4 ,physiology1 
:i* exam9es ! e>li] =ms ( plant & animal
 organisms2 embryology1 :i* deals ) !   
developm5t ( ! elem5t>y organism f g]m  
to maturity2 geology1 :i* inve/igates ! 
gradual =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 are all 
! products ( our c5tury4  ,b1 fir/ (    
all1 !re are ?ree great discov]ies :i* h
 caus$ our k ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( !       
processes ( nature to progress by leaps 
& b\nds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! discov]y ( !
 cell1 z ! unit1 f ! multiplication &   
diff]5tiation ( :i*1 ! :ole ( plant &   
animal sub/ance develop s t n only !    
gr[? & developm5t ( all high] classes ( 
all high] organisms is recogniz$ z      
foll[+ a univ]sal law1 b ! v pa? is %[n 
9 ! capacity = diff]5tiation 9 ! cell1  
by :i* organisms are enabl$ to *ange _! 

=ms & make !reby a m individual         
developm5t4 ,secondly1 ! metamorphosis (
 en]gy :i* has %[n u t all ! s-call$    
real =ces 9 inorganic nature1 !         
me*anical =ces & _! complem5ts1 !       
s-call$ pot5tial en]gies1 heat1         
radiation 7light1 radiat+ heat71        
electricity1 magnetism1 *emical en]gy1  
are diff]5t =ms ( univ]sal motion1 :i*  
pass1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! "o into !  
o!r1 s t 9 place ( ^? ( ! "o :i*        
disappe>1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! o!r appe>1 s
 t ! :ole movem5t ( nature is r$uc$ to  
?is p]petual process ( trans=mation f "o
 into ! o!r4 ,f9ally1 ! pro( fir/       
develop$ logically by ,d>w91 t ! organic
 products ( nature ab\t u1 includ+ man1 
are ! result ( a long process (         
evolution1 f a few orig9al s+le cells1 &
 ^! aga91 by virtue ( *emical processes1
 h proce$$ f protoplasm or :ite ( egg4  
,?anks to ^! ?ree great discov]ies & !  
resultant p[]ful advance ( sci5ce1 we h 
n[ arriv$ at a po9t :]e we c %[ !       
connection betwe5 *anges 9 nature1 n    

only 9 specific cases1 b also 9 !       
relation ( ! specific cases to ! :ole & 
s give a bird's eye view ( !            
int]relation ( nature 9 an approximately
 sci5tific =m by means ( ! facts %[n by 
empirical sci5ce itself4 ,to furni% ?is 
complete picture 0 =m]ly ! task ( !     
s-call$ philosophy ( nature4 ,x c\ld !n 
only d ?is by sub/itut+ ideal & imag9>y 
hypo!ses = ! unkn[n real int]connection1
 by fill+ out ! miss+ facts )           
m9d-pictures & by bridg+ ! *asms by     
empty imag9+s4 ,x _h _m happy ?\ghts 9  
^! transports 7( imag9ation71 x         
anticipat$ _m lat] discov]ies1 b x also 
caus$ ! survival ( consid]able nons5se  
up to ! pres5t "t :i* c\ld n o!rwise h  
be5 possible4 ,at pres5t1 :5 ! results (
 ! inve/igation ( nature ne$ only be    
conceiv$ ( dialectically1 t is 9 ! s5se 
( _! mutual int]connection1 to arrive at
 a sy/em ( nature suffici5t = our "t1 :5
 ! dialectical "* ( ?is int]connection  
=ces itself into ! metaphysically tra9$ 
m9ds ( exp]im5tal sci5ti/s1 aga9/ _! w1 

today a philosophy ( nature is f9ally   
dispos$ (1 e attempt at its resurrection
 w\ld n only be sup]flu\s1 x w\ld ev5 be
 a /ep backw>ds4  ,b :at is true (      
nature1 :i* is h]eby recogniz$ z an     
hi/orical process1 is true also ( !     
hi/ory ( society 9 all its bran*es1 & ( 
! totality ( all sci5ces :i* occupy     
!mselves ) ?+s human & div9e4 ,"h also !
 philosophy ( jurisprud5ce1 ( hi/ory1 ( 
religion1 etc41 consi/$ 9 ?is1 t 9 place
 ( ! true int]connection ( ev5ts1 "o    
orig9at+ 9 ! m9d ( ! philosoph] 0       
sub/itut$2 t hi/ory1 9 its totality z 9 
its p>ts1 0 compreh5d$ z ! gradual      
realization ( ideas1 b1 ( c\rse1 always 
( ! pet idea ( ! philosoph] himself4    
,hi/ory work$ up to n[1 unconsci\sly b  
necess>ily1 t[>ds a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$1    
fix$1 ideal goal1 z = example 9 ! case (
 ,hegel1 t[>ds ! realization ( 8        
,absolute ,idea1 & ! unalt]able tr5d    
t[>ds ?is ,absolute ,idea con/itut$ !   
inw>d connection ( hi/oric facts4 ,9 !  
place ( ! real1 & up to ?is "t unkn[n1  

int]relation1 man set a new my/]i\s     
de/9y1 unconsci\s or gradually com+ into
 consci\sness4 ,x 0 necess>y 9 ?is case1
 !re=e1 j z 9 ! realm ( nature1 to set  
aside ^! artificial int]relations by !  
discov]y ( ! real1 a task :i* f9ally    
culm9at$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! univ]sal laws 
( progress1 :i* e/abli%$ !mselves z !   
dom9at+ ones 9 ! hi/ory ( human society4
  ,! hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( society appe>s1  
h[ev]1 9 "o respect entirely diff]5t f t
 ( nature4 ,9 nature are to be f\nd z f>
 z we leave ! reaction ( man ^u nature  
out ( sight--m]e unconsci\s bl9d ag5ts  
:i* act "o ^u ano!r1 & 9 _! int]play !  
univ]sal law realizes itself4 ,f all t  
happ5s1 :e!r f ! innum]able app>5t      
accid5ts :i* appe> ^u ! surface1 or f ! 
f9al results fl[+ f ^! accid5tal        
occurr5ces1 no?+ occurs z a desir$      
consci\s end4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! hi/ory 
( society ! m]e actors are all end[$ )  
consci\sness2 !y are ag5ts imbu$ )      
delib]ation or passion1 m5 work+ t[>ds  
an appo9t$ end2 no?+ appe>s )\t an      

int5tional purpose1 )\t an end desir$4  
,b ?is di/9ction1 important z x is =    
hi/orical exam9ation1 p>ticul>ly ( s+le 
epo*s & ev5ts1 c make no diff]5ce to !  
fact t ! c\rse ( hi/ory is gov]n$ by    
inn] univ]sal laws4 ,"h also1 9 spite ( 
! wi%$ = aims ( all ! sep>ate           
individuals1 accid5t = ! mo/ "p is      
app>5t on ! surface4 ,t :i* is will$ b  
r>ely happ5s4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances !
 num]\s desir$ ends cross & int]f]e )   
ea* o!r1 & ei!r ^! ends are utt]ly      
incapable ( realization1 or ! means are 
ineffectual4 ,s1 ! innum]able conflicts 
( individual wills & individual ag5ts 9 
! realm ( hi/ory rea* a conclusion :i*  
is on ! :ole analog\s to t 9 ! realm (  
nature1 :i* is )\t def9ite purpose4 ,!  
ends ( ! actions are int5d$1 b ! results
 :i* foll[ f ! actions are n int5d$1 or 
9 s f> z !y appe> to correspond ) ! end 
desir$1 9 _! f9al results are q diff]5t 
f ! conclusion wi%$4 ,hi/orical ev5ts 9 
_! entirety !re=e appe> to be likewise  
controll$ by *ance4 ,b ev5 :]e accord+  

to sup]ficial obs]vation1 accid5t plays 
a "p1 x is1 z a matt] ( fact1 consi/5tly
 gov]n$ by unse51 int]nal laws1 & ! only
 "q rema9+1 !re=e1 is to discov] ^!     
laws4  ,m5 make _! own hi/ory 9 t ea*   
foll[s 8 own desir$ ends indep5d5t (    
results1 & ! results ( ^! _m wills act+ 
9 diff]5t directions & _! manifold      
effects ^u ! _w con/itute hi/ory4 ,x    
dep5ds1 !re=e1 ^u :at ! great majority (
 individuals int5d4 ,! w is det]m9$ by  
passion or reflection1 b ! lev]s :i*    
passion or reflection imm$iately apply  
are ( v diff]5t k9ds4 ,sometimes x may  
be ext]nal circum/ances1 sometimes ideal
 motives1 zeal = honor1 en?usiasm = tru?
 & ju/ice1 p]sonal hate1 or ev5 purely  
individual peculi> ideas ( all k9ds4 ,b 
on ! "o h&1 we h se5 9 hi/ory t !       
results ( _m individual wills produce   
effects1 = ! mo/ "p q o!r ?an :at is    
wi%$--(t51 9 fact1 ! v opposite--_!     
motives ( action1 likewise1 are only (  
subord9ate significance ) reg>d to !    
univ]sal result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "q     

arises3 ,:at driv+ =ces /& 9 turn beh9d 
^! motives ( action2 :at are ! hi/orical
 causes :i* trans=m !mselves into       
motives ( action 9 ! bra9s ( ! ag5ts8   
,! old mat]ialism nev] set ?is "q be=e  
itself4 ,its philosophy ( hi/ory1 z f> z
 x ev] _h "o 9 p>ticul>1 is h5ce        
ess5tially pragmatic2 x judges ev]y?+ f 
! /&po9t ( ! imm$iate motive2 x divides 
hi/orical ag5ts into good & bad & f9ds z
 a :ole t ! good are defraud$ & ! bad   
are victori\s1 :5ce x foll[s t1 z f> z !
 old mat]ialism is conc]n$1 !re is no?+ 
edify+ t c be obta9$ f a /udy ( hi/ory1 
& = u1 t 9 ! realm ( hi/ory ! old       
mat]ialism is prov$ to be false1 s9ce x 
fixes active ideal impulses z f9al      
causes in/ead ( seek+ t :i* lies beh9d  
!m1 t :i* is ! impulse ( ^! impulses4 ,!
 lack ( logical conclusion does n lie 9 
! fact t ideal impulses are recogniz$1 b
 9 ?is1 t !re is no fur!r exam9ation    
into ! m remote causes ( _! activity4 ,!
 philosophy ( hi/ory1 on ! contr>y1     
p>ticul>ly z x 0 treat$ by ,hegel1      

recognizes t ! o/5sible & ev5 ! real    
motives ( ! m5 :o figure 9 hi/ory1 are  
by no means ! f9al causes ( hi/orical   
ev5ts1 t beh9d ^! ev5ts /& o!r mov+ =ces
 :i* mu/ be discov]$2 b x seeks ^! =ces 
n 9 hi/ory itself1 x imports !m mo/ly f 
! outside1 f philosophical ideology1    
into hi/ory4 ,in/ead ( expla9+ ! hi/ory 
( anci5t ,greece f its own inn]         
connection1 ,hegel1 = example1 expla9s x
 solely z if x 7 no?+ b ! work+ out ( a 
beautiful individuality1 ! realization (
 art1 z su*4 ,he says mu* ab\t ! old    
,greeks t is f9e & pr(\nd1 b ?is does n 
prev5t our dissatisfaction1 n[-a-days1 )
 su* an explanation1 :i* is m]e         
phraseology4  ,if1 !re=e1 we set out to 
discov] ! impell+ =ces1 :i*1 ackn[l$g$1 
or unackn[l$g$1 & = ! mo/ "p            
unackn[l$g$1 /& beh9d hi/orical figures1
 & con/itute ! true f9al impulses (     
hi/ory1 we _c consid] s mu* ! motives ( 
s+le individuals1 h[ev] pre-em95t1 z ^? 
:i* set 9 motion great masses1 entire   
nations1 & aga91 :ole classes ( p 9 ea* 

nation1 & ?is1 too1 n 9 a mom5t>ily fl>+
 & quickly dy+ flame1 b to endur+ action
 culm9at+ 9 a great hi/orical *ange4 ,to
 e/abli% ! great impell+ =ces :i* play  
^u ! bra9s ( ! act+ masses & _! lead]s1 
! s-call$ great m51 z consci\s motives1 
cle> or uncle>1 directly or             
ideologically or ev5 9 a sup]natural =m1
 t is ! only me?od :i* c place u on !   
track ( ! law controll+ hi/ory z a :ole1
 z well z at p>ticul> p]iods & 9        
individual l&s4 ,all t sets m5 9 motion 
mu/ act ^u _! m9ds1 b ! =ce :i* acts ^u 
! bra9 dep5ds v l>gely ^u circum/ances4 
,! work]s h by no means become reconcil$
 to ! ma*9e p[] ( ! capitali/s al?\gh !y
 no long] break ! ma*9es to pieces z !y 
did on ! ,rh9e 9 #ahdh4  ,b :ile !      
discov]y ( ^! impell+ =ces ( hi/ory 0   
entirely impossible 9 all o!r p]iods1 on
 acc\nt ( ! complicat$ & hidd5          
int]relations ) _! effects1 our pres5t  
p]iod has s f> simplifi$ ^! relations t 
! problem c be solv$4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t
 ( ! great indu/ry1 at lea/ s9ce ! peace

 ( ,europe 9 #ahae1 x has be5 no long] a
 secret to anyone 9 ,engl& t ! :ole     
political fight has be5 = supremacy     
betwe5 two classes1 ! l&$ ari/ocracy & !
 middle-class4 ,9 ,france1 ) ! return ( 
! ,b\rbons1 ! same fact 0 p]ceiv$2 !    
writ]s ( hi/ory1 f ,?i]ry to ,guizot1   
,mignet1 & ,?i]s 9 p>ticul>1 pron\nce x 
z a key to an und]/&+ ( ,fr5* hi/ory1   
especially s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& s9ce
 #ahcj ! work+ class1 ! prolet>iat1 has 
be5 recogniz$ z ! ?ird competitor =     
ma/]y 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,circum/ances _h  
become s simplifi$ t "o w\ld h _h to    
close 8 eyes n to see 9 ! fight ( ^!    
?ree classes & 9 ! conflict ( _!        
int]e/s1 ! mov+ =ces ( mod]n hi/ory1 at 
lea/ 9 ! two mo/ advanc$ c\ntries4  ,b  
h[ came ^! classes into exi/5ce8 ,if !  
great feudal anci5t prop]ty 9 l& c h its
 orig9 ascrib$ to political causes ?r\gh
 =cible seizure ( t]ritories1 ?is c\ld n
 be done z reg>ds ! b\rgeoisie & !      
prolet>iat4 ,!re are 9 ?is case cle>ly  
expos$ ! orig9 & progress ( two great   

economic classes f pla9 & evid5t        
economic causes4 ,& x 0 j z cle> t 9 !  
fight betwe5 ! l&hold+ class & !        
b\rgeoisie1 no less ?an 9 t betwe5 !    
b\rgeoisie & ! prolet>iat1 economic     
int]e/s 7 ! mo/ important1 & t political
 =ce s]v$ only z a m]e means ( fur!r+   
^!4  ,! b\rgeoisie & ! prolet>iat bo?   
arose z results ( a *ange 9 economic    
conditions1 or1 /rictly speak+1 9 me?ods
 ( production4 ,! transition1 fir/ f h& 
labor1 controll$ by ! gilds1 to         
manufacture & !nce f manufacture to !   
great] indu/ry1 ) /eam & ma*9e =ce1 has 
develop$ ^! two classes4 ,at a c]ta9    
/age new =ces ( production 7 set 9      
motion by ! b\rgeoisie1 foll[+ ^u !     
division ( labor & ! union ( _m diff]5t 
k9ds ( labor 9 "o unit$ manufacture1 & !
 me?ods ( ex*ange & requirem5ts (       
ex*ange develop$ by _! means1 7         
incompatible ) ! exi/+ hi/orical surviv+
 me?ods ( production consecrat$ by !    
law1 t is to say ! gilds & ! innum]able 
p]sonal & o!r privileges 7:i* = !       

unprivileg$ 7 only s _m fett]s7 ( !     
feudal social organization4 ,! =ces (   
production br\ght into be+ by !         
b\rgeoisie rebell$ aga9/ ! me?ods (     
production orig9at$ by ! gildma/]s & !  
feudal l&lords2 ! result is kn[n2 !     
feudal fett]s 7 /ruck (f1 9 ,engl&      
gradually1 9 ,france at "o bl[2 9       
,g]many ! process is n yet q complete4  
,z manufacture came into conflict at a  
c]ta9 /age ( progress ) feudal me?ods ( 
production1 s has ! great] indu/ry n[   
jo9$ battle ) ! b\rgeois organization ( 
indu/ry e/abli%$ 9 _! place4 ,b\nd by   
?is sy/em1 ow+ to ! n>r[ limits ( !     
capitali/ic me?ods ( production1 !re    
occurs on ! "o h& an ev] increas+       
conv]sion ( ! mass ( ! p into           
prolet>ians1 & on ! o!r h& an ev]       
increas+ am\nt ( products :i* _c be     
dispos$ (4 ,ov]-production1 & suff]+ on 
! "p ( ! masses1 ! "o ! cause ( ! o!r1 t
 is ! absurd contradiction 9 :i* x runs 
its c\rse1 & :i* ( necessity requires a 
control ( ! =ces ( production1 ?r\gh a  

*ange 9 ! me?ods ( production4  ,9 mod]n
 hi/ory1 at lea/1 x is !re=e prov$ t all
 political conte/s are class conte/s & t
 all fights ( classes = emancipation1 9 
spite ( _! necess>ily political =m 7= e 
class /ruggle is a political /ruggle71  
f9ally1 are direct$ t[>ds economic      
emancipation4 ,"h1 at lea/1 !re=e1 !    
,/ate1 ! political arrangem5t is !      
subord9ate1 b\rgeois society1 ! rule (  
economic relations1 ! decid+ elem5t4 ,! 
old fa%ion$ philosophy :i* ev5 ,hegel   
respect$ saw 9 ! ,/ate ! det]m9+ elem5t 
& 9 b\rgeois society ! elem5t det]m9$ by
 x4 ,appe>ances correspond$ ) ?is idea4 
,z all ! impulses ( ea* s+le ag5t pass  
?r\gh 8 individual bra9 & mu/ trans=m   
!mselves into motives ( 8 w 9 ord] to   
set him to "w1 s mu/ also ! desires (   
b\rgeois society1 no matt] :i* class    
happ5s to be dom9ant1 p5etrate ! w ( !  
/ate 9 ord] to secure univ]sal validity 
9 ! =m ( laws4 ,t is ! =mal side ( !    
matt] :i* is self evid5t1 ! "q only is  
:at cont5t has ?is m]ely =mal w--( !    

individual z well z ( ! ,/ate--& :5ce   
comes ?is cont5t--:y is j ?is desir$ &  
no?+ else8 ,& if we enquire into ?is we 
discov] t 9 mod]n hi/ory ! w ( ! ,/ate1 
z a :ole1 is decl>$ ?r\gh ! *ang+ ne$s (
 b\rgeois society1 ?r\gh ! dom9ation (  
?is or t class1 9 ! la/ in/ance ?r\gh ! 
developm5t ( ! =ces ( production & !    
conditions ( ex*ange4  ,b if 9 our mod]n
 times1 ) _! gigantic me?ods (          
production & comm]ce1 ! ,/ate is n an   
indep5d5t affair ) an indep5d5t         
developm5t1 b its exi/5ce z well z its  
evolution is to be expla9$ 9 ! la/      
resort f ! economic conditions ( ! life 
( society1 s mu* ! m mu/ ! same ?+ be   
true ( all e>li] times :5 ! production (
 ! necessities ( exi/5ce 0 n fur!r$ by  
^! ext5sive aids1 :]e1 !re=e1 !         
necessities ( ?is production mu/ ex]cise
 a great] control ov] m54 ,if ! ,/ate is
 today1 at ! "t ( ! great indu/ries &   
/eam railways1 m]ely1 z a :ole1 !       
summ>iz$1 reflect$ =m ( ! economic      
desires ( ! class :i* controls          

production1 x mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 /ill m s
 at a p]iod :5 a g5]ation ( m5 mu/ sp5d 
! great] portion ( _! unit$ life-"t 9 ! 
satisfaction ( _! mat]ial ne$s1 & man 01
 !re=e1 mu* m dep5d5t on !m ?an we are  
today4 ,! exam9ation ( ! e>li] epo*s (  
hi/ory1 z f> z x is e>ne/ly conduct$ 9  
?is direction1 e/abli%es ?is abundantly1
 b manife/ly ?is _c "h be tak5 9 h&4    
,if ! ,/ate & public law are ! creatures
 ( economic conditions1 s1 obvi\sly1 is 
private law1 :i* only sanctions         
relations betwe5 individuals "u giv5    
normal economic circum/ances4 ,! =m 9   
:i* ?is appe>s may1 h[ev]1 v>y          
consid]ably4 ,"o c1 z happ5$ 9 ,engl& 9 
accordance ) ! :ole national developm5t1
 reta91 = ! mo/ "p1 ! =ms ( ! old feudal
 law1 & give !m a middle-class cont5t1  
ev5 read a middle-class mean+ into !    
feudal names1 b "o may also1 z 9 ! we/]n
 "p ( ! ,european cont95t1 use z a      
f\ndation ! fir/ g5]al law ( a society  
produc+ commodities1 ! ,roman1 ) its    
unsurpassably ke5 elaboration1 ( all !  

legal relations ( possessions (         
commodities 7sell]s & buy]s1 cr$itors & 
debtors1 contracts1 obligations1 etc471 
by :i* we c br+ x d[n z common-law to ! 
use & b5efit ( a /ill small b\rgeois &  
half feudal society2 or1 ) ! help (     
pseudo-enlight5$ & moraliz+ juri/s1 a   
code 7:i* is bad f a legal po9t ( view7 
c be work$ out suitable to ! conditions 
( ! p>ticul> society 7z ! ,prussian l&  
law74 ,&1 /ill aga91 aft] a great       
b\rgeois revolution1 a classical code = 
b\rgeois society1 su* z ! ,fr5* ,code   
,civil1 may be work$ out4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! 
b\rgeois laws only decl>e ! economic    
circum/ances ( society1 ^! may be good  
or bad accord+ to conditions4  ,9 !     
,/ate appe>s ! fir/ ideological =ce ov] 
m54 ,society %apes = itself an organ = !
 protection ( its g5]al int]e/s aga9/   
attack f ! outside or inside4 ,?is organ
 is ! =ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,h>dly did x come  
into be+ be=e ?is organ dom9at$ society1
 & z a matt] ( fact1 9 proportion z x   
becomes ! organ ( a p>ticul> class1 x   

br+s into exi/5ce ! supremacy ( t class4
 ,! fight ( ! subject aga9/ ! dom9ant   
class becomes ( necessity political1 a  
fight 9 ! next place aga9/ ! political  
control ( ?is latt] class4 ,?is         
consci\sness ( ! connection ( !         
political fight ) its und]ly+ economic  
causes becomes m & m obscure & may be   
altoge!r lo/4 ,:]e ?is is n altoge!r !  
case ) ! combatants x becomes ne>ly     
altoge!r s ) ! hi/orians4 ,( ! anci5t   
s\rces ( hi/ory ) reg>d to ! conte/ )9 !
 ,roman ,republic1 ,appian alone gives u
 pla9 & cle> in=mation respect+ its f9al
 cause1 :i* 0 prop]ty 9 l&4 ,b ! ,/ate1 
once become an indep5d5t p[] ov]        
society1 =?) display$ a fur!r ideology4 
,among ! practical politicians & !      
!ori/s 9 jurisprud5ce1 & among ! juri/s 
9 p>ticul>1 ?is fact is fir/ completely 
lo/ sight (4 ,s9ce 9 ea* s+le in/ance ! 
economic facts mu/ take ! =m ( juri/ic  
motives s z to be sanction$ 9 ! =m (    
law1 & s9ce1 !re=e1 a backw>d view mu/  
be tak5 ov] ! :ole exi/+ sy/em ( law1 x 

foll[s !refrom t ! juri/ic =m appe>s to 
be ! :ole & ! economic cont5t no?+ at   
all4 ,public & private law are consid]$ 
z indep5d5t realms :i* h _! own         
indep5d5t hi/oric evolution1 :i* are    
consid]$ capable ( a sy/ematic          
repres5tation1 & /& 9 ne$ ( x ?r\gh     
p]si/5t elim9ation ( all inn]           
contradictions4  ,/ill high] ideological
 conceptions1 i4 e41 /ill fur!r remov$ f
 ! economic f\ndations1 take ! =m (     
philosophy & religion4 ,"h1 ! connection
 ( ! ideas ) ! mat]ial conditions (     
exi/5ce become m & m complicat$ &       
obscur$ by reason ( ! increas+ numb] (  
l9ks betwe5 !m1 b x exi/s4 ,z ! :ole    
,r5naissance f ! middle ( ! fifte5?     
c5tury 0 an actual product ( ! city1 &  
!re=e ( ! b\rgeois dom9ation1 s 0 also !
 philosophy1 s9ce t "t newly awak5$4    
,its cont5t 0 actually only !           
philosophical expression ( ! ?\ghts     
correspond+ ) ! developm5t ( ! small &  
middle b\rgeois into ! great b\rgeois4  
,among ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ( ! prec$+     

c5tury1 :o 7 = ! mo/ "p z good political
 economi/s z !y 7 philosoph]s1 ?is is q 
evid5t1 & we h pro(s on its v face1 z   
reg>ds ! ,hegelian s*ool4  ,let u n[    
give a slight glance at religion s9ce x 
appe>s to /& fur!/ away f & to be mo/   
=eign to mat]ial life4 ,religion arose  
at a v remote p]iod ( human developm5t1 
9 ! savage /ate1 f c]ta9 errone\s &     
b>b>ic conceptions ( m5 ) reg>d to      
!mselves & ! outside _w ( nature ar\nd  
!m4 ,e ideological notion develops1     
h[ev]1 :5 once x has aris52 x gr[s by   
additions to ! giv5 idea1 & develops x  
fur!r1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no ideology1 
t is1 no occupation ) ?\ghts z )        
indep5d5t ?\ght-exi/5ce1 develop+       
indep5d5tly & subject only to its own   
laws4 ,t ! mat]ial conditions ( life ( !
 m5 )9 ^: heads ?is ?\ght =ce is at "w  
f9ally det]m9e ! c\rse ( ?is            
?\ght-process necess>ily rema9s /ill    
unkn[n to ^! m51 o!rwise !re w\ld be an 
entire end ( ! ideology4 ,^! orig9al    
religi\s notions1 !re=e1 :i* are = ! mo/

 "p common to ea* k9dr$ gr\p ( peoples1 
develop aft] ! sep>ation ( ! gr\p 9 a   
special mann] peculi> to ea* tribe1     
accord+ to its p>ticul> conditions (    
exi/5ce1 & ?is process is = a class (   
gr\ps ( p1 & p>ticul>ly = ! ,aryans     
7,indo-,europeans7 %[n individually by  
comp>ative my?ology4 ,! gods develop$ by
 ea* tribe 7 national gods1 ^: p[]      
ext5d$ no fur!r ?an to protect !        
national t]ritory2 beyond ! fronti] o!r 
gods held undisput$ sway4 ,!y c\ld only 
be conceiv$ ( z exi/+ z long z ! nation 
exi/$4 ,!y fell ) its decl9e4 ,?is      
doctr9e ( ! old nationalities br\ght    
ab\t ! ,roman ,empire1 ^: economic      
conditions we d n ne$ to exam9e j n[4 ,!
 old national gods fell1 z ^? ( !       
,romans did also1 :i* 7 only atta*$ to !
 n>r[ limits ( ! city ( ,rome4 ,! desire
 to make ! empire a _w-empire1 by means 
( a _w-wide religion1 is cle>ly %[n 9 ! 
attempts to provide recognition & alt>s 
9 ,rome = all ! respectable =eign gods1 
next to ! indig5\s ones4 ,b a new       

_w-religion 0 n to be made 9 ?is fa%ion 
by imp]ial decrees4 ,! new _w-religion1 
,*ri/ianity1 _h already aris5 9 secret  
by a mixture ( comb9$ ori5tal religions1
 ,jewi% !ology & popul>iz$ ,greek       
philosophy & p>ticul>ly ,/oic           
philosophy4 ,we mu/ fir/ be at ! pa9s to
 discov] h[ x orig9ally made its        
appe>ance1 s9ce its (ficial =m z x has  
come to u is m]ely t ( a ,/ate religion1
 & ?is end 0 a*iev$ ?r\gh ! ,c\ncil (   
,nice4 ,en\gh1 ! fact t aft] two hundr$ 
& fifty ye>s x 0 a /ate religion %[s t x
 0 a religion answ]+ to ! circum/ances (
 ! times4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x %[$      
itself cle>ly4 ,9 proportion z feudalism
 develop$ x grew into a religion        
correspond+ ) x1 ) a hi]>*y correspond+ 
to ! feudal4 ,& :5 ! rule ( ! b\rgeois  
came 91 x develop$ into ,prote/ant h]esy
 9 antagonism to feudal ,ca?olicism1 at 
fir/ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 among !        
,albig5ses at ! "t ( ! highe/ gr[? ( !  
free cities4 ,! ,middle ,ages _h annex$ 
all ! surviv+ =ms ( ideology1           

philosophy1 politics & jurisprud5ce1 to 
!ology z subord9ate p>ts ( !ology4 ,x   
con/ra9$1 !re=e1 all social & political 
movem5t to assume a !ological =m2       
f9ally1 to ! m9ds ( ! masses /uff$ )    
religion x 0 necess>y to %[ _! int]e/s 9
 religi\s guise1 9 ord] to raise a      
trem5d\s /orm4 ,& z ! rule ( ! b\rgeois 
f ! beg9n+ br\ght into be+ an app5dage (
 prop]tyless plebeians1 ) day labor]s & 
s]vants ( all sorts1 )\t any recogniz$  
position 9 _! cities1 ! =]unn]s ( ! lat]
 prolet>ians1 s ! h]esy 0 v e>ly        
subdivid$ into a mod]ate "o1 on ! "p ( !
 citiz5s1 & a plebeian revolution>y "o1 
:i* 0 an abom9ation to ! b\rgeois       
h]etics4  ,! failure to ext]m9ate !     
prote/ant h]esy correspond$ ) !         
inv9cibility ( ! ris+ p[] ( ! b\rgeois (
 t "t2 z ?is p[] grew1 ! fight ) !      
feudal nobles1 at fir/ pre-em95tly      
local1 began to assume national         
proportions4 ,! fir/ great conflict     
occurr$ 9 ,g]many1 ! s-call$ ,re=mation4
 ,! p[] ( ! b\rgeois 0 nei!r suffici5tly

 /rong nor suffici5tly develop$ = an op5
 rebelli\s /&1 by unit+ "u ! /&>d (     
revolt ! city plebeians1 ! small]       
nobility1 & ! peasants ( ! c\ntry       
di/ricts4 ,! nobility 0 /ruck fir/1 !   
peasants took up a position :i* 0 !     
high-wat] m>k ( ! entire revolution1 !  
cities left !m 9 ! lur*1 & s !          
revolution 0 left to ! lead]s ( ! c\ntry
 g5try :o ga!r$ ! :ole victory to       
!mselves4 ,!nce=? = ?ree hundr$ ye>s    
,g]many disappe>$ f ! ranks ( indep5d5t1
 en]getic progressive c\ntries4 ,b aft] 
! ,g]man ,lu!r1 arose ! ,fr5* ,calv94 ,)
 natural ,fr5* acut5ess he %[$ !        
b\rgeois "* ( ! revolution 9 ! ,*ur*1   
republicanis$ & democratis$4 ,:ile !    
,lu!ran ,re=mation fell 9 ,g]many &     
,g]many decl9$1 ! ,calv9i/ic s]v$ z a   
/&>d to ! republicans 9 ,g5eva1 9       
,holl&1 9 ,scotl&1 fre$ ,holl& f ,g]man 
& ,spani% dom9ation1 & gave an          
ideological dress to ! second act ( !   
b\rgeois revolution :i* proce$$ 9       
,engl&4 ,"h ,calv9ism prov$ itself to be

 ! natural religi\s g>b ( ! int]e/s ( ! 
exi/+ rule ( ! b\rgeois & 0 n realis$   
any fur!r ?an t ! revolution ( #afhi 0  
complet$ by a compromise betwe5 a       
portion ( ! nobility & ! middle-class4  
,! ,engli% ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* 0 re/or$1 b n
 9 its e>li] =m ) ! k+ = ,pope1 b 0     
/rongly infus$ ) ,calv9ism4 ,!          
old-e/abli%$ ,*ur* _h kept up ! m]ry    
,ca?olic ,sunday & f\ght aga9/ ! t$i\s  
,calv9i/ic "o1 ! new b\rgeois ,*ur*     
introduc$ ! latt] & add$ !reby to ! *>ms
 ( ,engl&4  ,9 ,france ! ,calv9i/ic     
m9ority 0 subdu$ 9 #afhe1 ei!r made     
,ca?olic or hunt$ out ( ! c\ntry4 ,b :at
 0 ! good8 ,directly aft] t ! free ?9k] 
,pi]re ,bayle 0 at "w1 & 9 #afid        
,voltaire 0 born4 ,! tyrannical rule (  
,l\is ,,xiv4 only made x easi] = ! ,fr5*
 b\rgeoisie to be able to make its      
revolution 9 ! political =m f9ally      
suitable to ! progressive a!i/ic        
b\rgeoisie4 ,in/ead ( ,prote/ants1      
free-?9k]s took _! seats 9 ! ,national  
,assembly4 ,!reby ,*ri/ianity ent]$ ^u !

 la/ lap ( ! race4 ,x _h become         
incapable ( s]v+ a progressive class any
 fur!r z ! ideological clo?+ ( its      
ef=ts1 x became m & m ! exclusive       
possession ( ! dom9ant classes1 & ^! us$
 x m]ely z a simple means ( gov]nm5t to 
keep ! l[] classes 9 subjection4 ,s !n  
ea* "o ( ! diff]5t classes employ$ its  
own suitable religion1 ! l&hold+ squires
 ca?olic jesuitism or prote/ant         
or?odoxy1 ! lib]al & radical b\rgeois   
rationalism1 & x makes no diff]5ce !re=e
 :e!r p !mselves believe 9 _! respective
 religions or n4  ,?us we see religion  
once aris5 conta9s mat]ial ( tradition1 
h5ce 9 all ideological matt]s religion  
is a great cons]vative =ce4 ,b ! *anges 
:i* take place 9 ?is mat]ial spr+ f     
class-conditions1 t is f ! economic     
circum/ances ( ! m5 :o take ^! *anges 9 
h&4 ,& t is en\gh on ?is "p ( ! subject4
  ,x is only possible at ?is "t to give 
a g5]al sket* ( ! ,m>xian philosophy (  
hi/ory1 & p>ticul>ly z reg>ds           
illu/rations ( x4 ,! pro( is to be      

discov]$ 9 hi/ory itself1 & 9 ?is reg>d 
,i may say pla9ly t x has be5           
suffici5tly furni%$ 9 o!r writ+s4 ,?is  
philosophy1 h[ev]1 makes an end (       
philosophy 9 ! realm ( hi/ory1 j z !    
dialectic philosophy ( nature r5d]s e   
philosophy ( nature useless or          
impossible4 ,practically !re is no fur!r
 ne$ to devise int]relations b to       
discov] !m 9 facts r4 ,in/ead ( a       
philosophy =c$ f nature & hi/ory !re    
rema9s !n only ! realm ( pure ?\ght--z  
f> z any is left--! tea*+ ( ! laws ( !  
?9k+ process itself1 logic & !          
dialectic4  ,) ! ,revolution ( #ahdh    
educat$ ,g]many deliv]$ ! *all5ge to    
!ory & proce$$ to action4 ,h&-labor     
dep5d5t ^u small production &           
manufacture 0 done away ) by ! great    
indu/ry--,g]many aga9 appe>$ 9 !        
_w-m>ket4 ,! new p>ticul>i/ic ,g]many1  
at all ev5ts did away ) ! mo/ cry+      
anomalies1 :i* ! rule ( ! petty /ates1 !
 remnants ( feudalism & ! bureaucratic  
economy1 _h plac$ 9 ! way ( _!          

developm5t1 b j 9 proportion z          
speculation ab&on$ ! /udies (           
philosoph]s to atta9 its temple 9 !     
,b\rse1 t great !oretic ?\ght :i* _h be5
 ! glory ( ,g]many 9 ! p]iod ( its      
deepe/ political humiliation1 ! zeal =  
pure sci5tific progress1 irrespective ( 
practical1 pr(itable results1 & ( !     
disapproval ( ! police1 became lo/ 9    
educat$ ,g]many4 ,x is true t ! ,g]man  
(ficial natural sci5ce ma9ta9$ its      
position1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! field (        
individual discov]y1 at ! head ( its "t1
 b n[ ! ,am]ican j\rnal ,sci5ce ju/ly   
rem>ks t ! decisive advances 9 ! matt] (
 ! broade/ inclusive /atem5t ( !        
relations betwe5 s+le facts1 & !        
h>monis+ ( !m ) law1 are mak+ ! great]  
headway 9 ,engl&1 in/ead (1 z e>li]1 9  
,g]many4 ,& ) reg>d to ! sci5ces (      
hi/ory1 philosophy includ$1 ) !         
classical philosophy1 ! old !oretical   
_s1 ) its c>elessness ( p]sonal results1
 fir/ completely disappe>$4 ,?\ghtless  
eclecticism1 eag] backw>d glances at a  

c>e]1 & income d[n to ! meane/          
sycophancy occupy _! places4 ,! (ficial 
repres5tatives ( ?is sort ( sci5ce h    
become ! op5 ideologi/s ( ! b\rgeoisie &
 ! exi/+ /ate1 b at a "t :5 !y bo? /& 9 
op5 antagonism to ! work+ classes4      
,only among ! work+ classes does !      
,g]man devotion to ab/ract ?\ght /eadily
 cont9ue to exi/4 ,"h x _c be got rid (4
 ,"h we f9d no backw>d glances at a     
c>e]1 at pr(it mak+1 at k9dly protection
 f ! upp] classes1 b on ! contr>y ! m   
indep5d5t & unre/rict$ ! pa? ( sci5ce1 j
 s mu* ! m does x f9d itself 9 accord ) 
! int]e/s & endeavors ( ! work+ class4  
,! new t5d5cy1 :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( !       
developm5t ( labor made kn[n ! key to ! 
und]/&+ ( ! univ]sal hi/ory ( society   
address$ itself 9 ! fir/ place to !     
work+ class & f\nd 9 !m ! ready         
acceptance :i* x nei!r s\ght nor expect$
 f (ficial sci5ce4 ,! ,g]man work+-class
 movem5t is ! heir ( ! ,g]man classical 
philosophy4  ,,footnote3  #b ,x is      
incumb5t ^u me to make a p]sonal        

explanation at ?is place4 ,p h lately   
ref]r$ to my %>e 9 ?is !ory1 & s ,i c   
h>dly refra9 f say+ a few words "h 9    
settlem5t ( t p>ticul> matt]4 ,i _c d5y 
t ,i _h be=e & dur+ my =ty ye>s'        
collaboration ) ,m>x a c]ta9 indep5d5t  
%>e n only 9 lay+ out ! f\ndations1 b m 
p>ticul>ly 9 work+ out ! !ory4 ,b !     
greate/ "p ( ! lead+ ess5tial ?9k+1     
p>ticul>ly 9 ! realm ( economics1 &     
especially its f9al %>p /atem5t1 belongs
 to ,m>x alone4 ,:at ,i contribut$ ,m>x 
c\ld q readily h c>ri$ out )\t me ) !   
exception ( a pair ( special            
applications4 ,:at ,m>x suppli$1 ,i c\ld
 n h readily br\ght4 ,m>x /ood high]1   
saw fur!r1 took a wid]1 cle>]1 quick]   
survey ?an all ( u4 ,m>x 0 a g5ius1 we  
o!rs1 at ! be/1 tal5t$4 ,)\t him ! !ory 
w\ld n be :at x is today1 by a long way4
 ,x !re=e rightly be>s 8 "n4            
,,app5dix4  ,,m>x ,,on ,,feu]ba*4       
7,jott$ d[n 9 ,brussels 9 ! spr+ (      
#ahde47   ,i4  ,! *ief lack ( all       
mat]iali/ic philosophy up to ! pres5t1  

includ+ t ( ,feu]ba*1 is t ! ?+1 !      
reality1 s5sation is only conceiv$ ( "u 
! =m ( ! object :i* is pres5t$ to ! eye1
 b n z human s5se-activity1 praxis1 n   
subjectively4 ,x !re=e came ab\t t !    
active side 9 opposition to mat]ialism 0
 develop$ f idealism1 b only ab/ractly2 
?is 0 natural1 s9ce idealism does n     
recognize real tangible facts z su*4    
,feu]ba* is will+1 x is true1 to di/+ui%
 objects ( s5sation f objects exi/+ 9   
?\ght1 b he conceives ( human activity  
itself n z objective activity4 ,he1     
!re=e1 9 ! ,wes5 des ,*ri/5?ums1 reg>ds 
only !oretical activity z g5]ally human1
 :ile ! praxis is conceiv$ & fix$ only 9
 its disgu/+ =m4   ,,ii4  ,! "q if      
objective tru? is possible to human     
?\ght is n a !oretical b a practical "q4
 ,9 practice man mu/ prove ! tru?1 t is 
! reality & =ce 9 8 actual ?\ghts4 ,!   
dispute z to ! reality or non-reality ( 
?\ght :i* sep>ates itself1 ! praxis1 is 
a purely s*ola/ic "q4   ,,iii4  ,!      
mat]iali/ic doctr9e t m5 are ! products 

( conditions & education1 diff]5t m5    
!re=e ! products ( o!r conditions &     
*ang$ education1 =gets t circum/ances   
may be alt]$ by m5 & t ! educator has   
himself to be educat$4 ,x necess>ily    
happ5s !re=e t society is divid$ into   
two p>ts1 ( :i* "o is elevat$ above     
society 7,rob]t ,ow5 = example74  ,!    
occurr5ce simultane\sly ( a *ange 9     
conditions & human activity c only be   
compreh5d$ & rationally und]/ood z a    
revolution>y fact4   ,,iv4  ,feu]ba*    
proce$s f a religi\s self-ali5ation1 !  
duplication ( ! _w into a religi\s1     
imag9>y1 & a real _w4 ,8 "w consi/s 9 ! 
discov]y ( ! mat]ial f\ndations ( !     
religi\s _w4 ,he ov]look$ ! fact t aft] 
c>ry+ ?is to completion ! important     
matt] /ill rema9s unaccompli%$4 ,! fact 
t ! mat]ial f\ndation annuls itself &   
e/abli%es = itself a realm 9 ! cl\ds c  
only be expla9$ f ! het]og5eity &       
self-contradiction ( ! mat]ial          
f\ndation4 ,?is itself mu/ fir/ become  
und]/ood 9 its contradictions & s become

 ?or\ghly revolutioniz$ by ! elim9ation 
( ! contradiction4 ,aft] ! e>?ly family 
has be5 discov]$ z ! secret ( ! ,holy   
,family1 "o mu/ h !oretically criticis$ 
& !oretically revolutionis$ x be=eh&4   
,v4  ,feu]ba*1 n satisfi$ ) ab/ract     
?\ght1 invokes impressions produc$ by ! 
s5ses1 b does n compreh5d s5sation z    
practical s5sory activities4   ,,vi4    
,feu]ba* dissolves religion 9 humanity4 
,b humanity is n an ab/raction dwell+ 9 
ea* individual4 ,9 its reality x is !   
ensemble ( ! conditions ( society4      
,feu]ba*1 :o does n enquire into ?is    
fact1 is !re=e compell$3  #a4 ,to       
ab/ract religi\s s5tim5t f ! c\rse (    
hi/ory1 to place x by itself1 & to      
pre-suppose an ab/ract1 isolat$1 human  
individual4  #b4 ,humanity is !re=e only
 compreh5d$ by him z a species1 z a     
hidd5 sort ( m]ely natural id5tity (    
qualities 9 :i* _m individuals are      
embrac$4   ,,vii4  ,!re=e ,feu]ba* does 
n see t religi\s feel+ is itself a      
product ( society1 & t ! ab/ract        

individual :i* he analyses belongs 9    
reality to a c]ta9 =m ( society4        
,,viii4  ,! life ( society is ess5tially
 practical4 ,all ! my/]ies :i* s$uce    
speculative ?\ght into my/icism f9d _!  
solution 9 human practice & 9 concepts (
 ?is practice4   ,,ix4  ,! highe/ po9t  
to :i* mat]ialism atta9s1 t is !        
mat]ialism :i* compreh5ds s5sation1 n z 
a practical fact1 is ! po9t ( view ( !  
s+le individual 9 b\rgeois society4     
,x4  ,! /&po9t ( ! old mat]ialism is    
b\rgeois society2 ! /&po9t ( ! new1     
human society1 or associat$ humanity4   
,,xi4  ,philosoph]s h only int]pret$ !  
_w diff]5tly1 b ! po9t is to *ange x4