,,*ips ,,f ,a ,,g]man ,,work%op ,,by ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll]1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,=eign ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,in/itute1 ,,etc4 ,,volume ,v4 ,,miscellane\s ,,lat] ,,essays4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons4 #ahha4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,on ,fre$om ,,ii4 ,on ,! ,philosophy ,( ,my?ology4 ,,iii4 ,on ,false ,analogies ,9 ,comp>ative ,!ology4 ,,iv4 ,on ,spell+4 ,v4 ,on ,sanskrit ,texts ,discov]$ ,9 ,japan4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,i4 ,,on ,,fre$om4 ,presid5tial ,address ,deliv]$ ,be=e ,! ,birm+ham ,midl& ,in/itute1 ,octob] #bj1 #ahgi4 ,n m ?an tw5ty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,john ,/u>t ,mill s5t =? 8 plea = ,lib]ty47#a7 ,if !re is "o among ! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ,engl& :o1 by ! elevation ( 8 "* & ! calm composure ( 8 m9d1 des]v$ ! s (t5 misplac$ title ( ,s]5e ,highness1 x 01 ,i ?9k1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,b 9 8 ,essay 8,on ,lib]ty10 ,mill = once becomes passionate4 ,9 pres5t+ 8 ,bill ( ,rights1 9 /epp+ =w>d z ! *ampion ( individual lib]ty1 he seems to be possess$ by a new _s4 ,he speaks l a m>tyr1 or ! def5d] ( m>tyrs4 ,! individual human s\l1 ) its unfa?omable end[m5ts1 & its capacity ( gr[+ to some?+ undreamt ( 9 our philosophy1 becomes 9 8 eyes a sacr$ ?+1 & e encroa*m5t on its _w-wide doma9 is treat$ z sacrilege4 ,society1 ! ar*-enemy ( ! rights ( individuality1 is repres5t$ l an evil _s1 :om x behooves e true man to resi/ ) might & ma91 & ^: dem&s1 z !y _c be altoge!r ignor$1 mu/ be r$uc$ at all haz>ds to ! l[e/ level4 ,i d\bt :e!r any ( ! pr9ciples = :i* ,mill plead$ s w>mly & /r5u\sly 9 8 ,essay 8,on ,lib]ty0 w\ld at ! pres5t day be *all5g$ or resi/$1 ev5 by ! mo/ illib]al ( philosoph]s1 or ! mo/ cons]vative ( politicians4 ,mill's dem&s s\nd v humble to our e>s4 ,!y am\nt to no m ?an ?is1 8t ! individual is n acc\ntable to society = 8 actions s f> z !y conc]n ! int]e/s ( no p]son b himself1 & t he may be subject$ to social or legal puni%m5ts = su* actions only z are prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( o!rs40 ,is !re any "o "h pres5t :o d\bts ! ju/ice ( t pr9ciple1 or :o w\ld wi% to r$uce ! fre$om ( ! individual to a small] measure8 ,:atev] social tyranny may h exi/$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 x wrung t fi]y prote/ f ! lips ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 c we imag9e a /ate ( society1 n totally ,utopian1 9 :i* ! individual man ne$ be less a%am$ ( 8 social fett]s1 9 :i* he c\ld m freely utt] all 8 hone/ convictions1 m boldly prop\nd all 8 !ories1 m fe>lessly agitate = _! spe$y realization2 9 :i*1 9 fact1 ea* man c be s entirely himself z ! society ( ,engl&1 su* z x n[ is1 su* z g5]ations ( h>d-?9k+ & h>d-work+ ,engli%m5 h made x1 & left x z ! mo/ sacr$ inh]itance to _! sons & daught]s8 ,look ?r\gh ! :ole ( hi/ory1 n except+ ! brighte/ days ( republican fre$om at ,a!ns & ,rome1 & y w n f9d "o s+le p]iod 9 :i* ! measure ( lib]ty accord$ to ea* individual 0 l>g] ?an x is at pres5t1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&4 ,& if y wi% to realize ! full bless+s ( ! "t 9 :i* we live1 comp>e ,mill's plea = ,lib]ty ) ano!r writt5 n mu* m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & by a ?9k] n inf]ior ei!r 9 p[] or boldness to ,mill himself4 ,accord+ to ,hobbes1 ! only fre$om :i* an individual 9 8 ideal /ate has a "r to claim is :at he calls 8fre$om ( ?\ght10 & t fre$om ( ?\ght consi/s 9 our be+ able to ?9k :at we l--s long z we keep x to ourselves4 ,surely1 su* fre$om ( ?\ght exi/$ ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,inquisition1 & we %\ld nev] call ?\ght free1 if x _h to be kept a prison] 9 solit>y & sil5t conf9em5t4 ,by fre$om ( ?\ght we mean fre$om ( spee*1 fre$om ( ! press1 fre$om ( action1 :e!r individual or associat$1 & ( t fre$om ! pres5t g5]ation1 z comp>$ ) all =m] g5]ations1 ! ,engli% nation1 z comp>$ ) all o!r nations1 enjoys1 !re c be no d\bt1 a good measure1 press$ d[n1 & %ak5 toge!r1 & sometimes runn+ ov]4 ,x may be said t "s dogmas /ill rema9 9 politics1 9 religion1 & 9 morality2 b ^? :o def5d !m claim no long] any infallibility1 & ^? :o attack !m1 h[ev] small _! m9ority1 ne$ fe> no viol5ce1 nay1 may reckon on an imp>tial & ev5 sympa!tic he>+1 z soon z p discov] 9 _! plead+s ! true r+ ( hone/ conviction & ! w>m? inspir$ by an unselfi% love ( tru?4 ,x has seem$ /range1 !re=e1 to _m read]s ( ,mill1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,cont95t1 t ?is plea = lib]ty1 ?is dem& = fre$om = e individual to be :at he is1 & to develop all ! g]ms ( 8 nature1 %\ld h come f :at is kn[n z ! free/ ( all c\ntries1 ,engl&4 ,we might well und]/& su* a cry ( indignation if x _h rea*$ u f ,russia2 b :y %\ld ,engli% philosoph]s1 ( all o!rs1 h to prote/ aga9/ ! tyranny ( society8 ,x is true1 nev]!less1 t 9 c\ntries gov]n$ despotically1 ! individual1 unless he is obnoxi\s to ! ,gov]nm5t1 enjoys f> great] fre$om1 or r lic5se1 ?an 9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 :i* gov]ns itself4 ,russian society1 = in/ance1 is extremely indulg5t4 ,x tol]ates 9 its rul]s & /atesm5 a haughty defiance ( ! simple/ rules ( social propriety1 & x seems amus$ r ?an a/oni%$ or indignant at ! vag>ies1 ! fr5zies1 & outrages ( ^? :o 9 brilliant draw+-rooms or lecture-rooms prea* ! doctr9es ( :at is call$ ,nihilism or ,individualism17#b7--viz41 8t society mu/ be reg5]at$ by a /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! /ronge/1 processes :i* ,nature has sanction$1 & :i* h prov$ successful among wild animals40 ,if !re is dang] 9 ^! doctr9es ! ,gov]nm5t is expect$ to see to x4 ,x may place wat*m5 at ! doors ( e h\se & at ! corn] ( e /reet1 b x mu/ n c\nt on ! bett] classes com+ =w>d to enrol !mselves z special con/ables1 or ev5 on ! cop]ation ( public op9ion :i* 9 ,engl& w\ld annihilate t k9d ( ,nihilism ) "o glance ( scorn & pity4 ,9 a self-gov]n$ c\ntry l ,engl&1 ! resi/ance :i* society1 if x likes1 c oppose to ! individual 9 ! ass]tion ( 8 rights1 is f> m compact & p[]ful ?an 9 ,russia1 or ev5 9 ,g]many4 ,ev5 :]e x does n employ ! arm ( ! law1 society kn[s h[ to use t quiet]1 b m cru%+ pressure1 t calm1 ,gorgon-l look :i* only ! brave/ & /\te/ he>ts "k h[ to resi/4 ,x is aga9/ t indirect repression :i* a well-organiz$ society ex]cises1 bo? ?r\gh its male & female repres5tatives1 t ,mill's dem& = lib]ty seems direct$4 ,he does n /& up = unlimit$ individualism2 on ! contr>y1 he w\ld h be5 ! mo/ /r5u\s def5d] ( t balance ( p[] betwe5 ! weak & ! /rong on :i* all social life dep5ds4 ,b he res5ts ^? small] p5alties :i* society w always inflict on ^? :o di/urb its dignifi$ peace & com=t3--avoidance1 exclusion1 a cold look1 a /++ rem>k4 ,_h ,mill any "r to compla9 ( ^! social p5alties8 ,w\ld x n r am\nt to an int]f]5ce ) individual lib]ty to deprive any individual or any numb] ( individuals ( ^? weapons ( self-def5ce8 ,^? :o !mselves ?9k & speak freely1 h h>dly a "r to compla91 if o!rs claim ! same privilege4 ,mill himself call$ ! ,cons]vative p>ty ! /upid p>ty p> excell5ce1 & he took great pa9s to expla9 t x 0 s n by accid5t1 b by necessity4 ,ne$ he wond] if ^? :om he :ipp$ & sc\rg$ us$ _! own :ips & sc\rges aga9/ s m]ciless a critic8 ,free?9k]s--& ,i use t "n z a title ( honor = all :o1 l ,mill1 claim = e individual ! fulle/ fre$om 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$1 compatible ) ! fre$om ( o!rs--are apt to make "o mi/ake4 ,consci\s ( _! own hone/ int5tions1 !y _c be> to be misjudg$ or slight$4 ,!y expect society to submit to _! (t5 v pa9ful op]ations z a pati5t submits to ! knife ( ! surgeon4 ,?is is n 9 human nature4 ,! enemy ( abuses is always abus$ by 8 enemies4 ,society w nev] yield "o in* )\t resi/ance1 & few re=m]s live long en\gh to receive ! ?anks ( ^? :om !y h re=m$4 ,mill's unsolicit$ election to ,p>liam5t 0 a triumph n (t5 %>$ by social re=m]s2 x 0 z exceptional z ,bright's admission to a seat 9 ! ,cab9et1 or ,/anley's appo9tm5t z ,dean ( ,we/m9/]4 ,su* anomalies w happ5 9 a c\ntry =tunately s full ( anomalies z ,engl&2 b1 z a rule1 a political re=m] mu/ n be angry if he passes ?r\gh life )\t ! title ( ,"r ,honorable2 nor %\ld a man1 if he w always speak ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 be disappo9t$ if he dies a m>tyr r ?an a ,bi%op4 ,b ev5 grant+ t 9 ,mill's "t !re exi/$ "s traces ( social tyranny1 :]e are !y n[8 ,look at ! newspap]s & ! j\rnals4 ,is !re any !ory too wild1 any re=m too viol5t1 to be op5ly def5d$8 ,look at ! draw+-rooms or ! meet+s ( le>n$ societies4 ,are n ! mo/ ecc5tric talk]s ! spoil$ *ildr5 ( ! fa%ionable _w8 ,:5 "y lords beg9 to discuss ! propriety ( limit+ ! rights ( inh]itance1 & "y tutors are n afraid to propose curtail+ ! long vacation1 surely we ne$ n compla9 ( ! intol]ance ( ,engli% society4 ,:5ev] ,i /ate ^! facts to my ,g]man & ,fr5* & ,italian fri5ds1 :o f read+ ,mill's ,essay 8,on ,lib]ty0 h d]iv$ ! impression t1 h[ev] l>ge an am\nt ( political lib]ty ,engl& may enjoy1 x enjoys b little ( intellectual fre$om1 !y are g5]ally will+ to be conv]t$ s f> z ,london1 or o!r great cities are conc]n$4 ,b look at y\r ,univ]sities1 !y say1 ! nurs]ies ( ,engli% ?\ght6 ,comp>e _! m$ival _s1 _! mona/ic in/itutions1 _! s*ola/ic philosophy1 ) ! fre%ness & fre$om ( ! ,cont95tal ,univ]sities6 ,/rong z ^! prejudices ab\t ,ox=d & ,cambridge h long be51 !y h become /ill m int5se s9ce ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 9 an inaugural address :i* he deliv]$ at 8 in/allation z ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 l5t to !m ! au?ority ( 8 great "n4 8,! tutors10 he says17#c7 89 ! ,engli% ,univ]sities _c deviate by a hair's-bread? f ! dogmatic sy/em ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 )\t expos+ !mselves to ! c5sure ( _! ,ar*bi%ops & los+ _! pupils40 ,9 ,g]man ,univ]sities1 on ! contr>y1 we are told t ! extreme conclusions ( mat]iali/ic metaphysics1 ! bolde/ speculations )9 ! sph]e ( ,d>w9's !ory ( evolution1 may be prop\nd$ )\t let or h9drance1 q z mu* z ! highe/ apo!osis ( ,papal infallibility4 ,"h ! facts on :i* ,pr(essor ,helmholtz relies are entirely wrong1 & ! writ+s ( "s ( our mo/ em95t tutors supply a m ?an suffici5t refutation ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,ar*bi%ops h no (ficial position :atsoev] 9 ,engli% ,univ]sities1 & _! c5sure ( an ,ox=d tutor w\ld be res5t$ z imp]t95t by ! :ole ,univ]sity4 ,nor does ! ,univ]sity1 z su*1 ex]cise any v /rict control ov] ! tutors1 ev5 :5 !y lecture n to _! own ,college only4 ,ea* ,ma/] ( ,arts at ,ox=d claims n[ ! "r to lecture 7v5ia doc5di71 & ,i d\bt :e!r !y w\ld submit to ^? re/rictions :i*1 9 ,g]many1 ! ,faculty imposes on e ,privat-doc5t4 ,privat-doc5ts 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities h be5 reject$ by ! ,faculty = incompet5ce1 & sil5c$ = insubord9ation4 ,i "k ( no su* cases at ,ox=d dur+ my resid5ce ( m ?an ?irty ye>s1 nor c ,i ?9k x likely t !y %\ld ev] occur4 ,z to ! extreme conclusions ( mat]iali/ic metaphysics1 !re are ,ox=d tutors :o h grappl$ ) ! sy/ems ( su* giants z ,hobbes1 ,locke1 or ,hume1 & :o are n likely to be fright5$ by ,b*n] & ,vogt4 ,i "k comp>isons are odi\s1 & ,i %\ld be ! la/ man to draw comp>isons betwe5 ,engli% & ,g]man ,univ]sities unfavorable to ! latt]4 ,b ) reg>d to fre$om ( ?\ght1 ( spee*1 & action1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 if he w\ld sp5d b a few weeks at ,ox=d1 w\ld f9d t we enjoy x 9 full] measure "h ?an ! ,pr(essors & ,privat-doc5ts 9 any ,cont95tal ,univ]sity4 ,! publications ( "s ( our pr(essors & tutors ought at lea/ to h conv9c$ him t if !re is less ( brave words & turbul5t talk 9 _! writ+s1 !y display ?r\gh\t a det]m9ation to speak ! tru?1 :i* may be mat*$1 b c\ld n easily be excell$1 by ! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 or ,italy4 ,! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & ,cont95tal ,univ]sities is t ! =m] gov]n !mselves1 ! latt] are gov]n$4 ,self-gov]nm5t entails responsibilities1 sometimes re/ra9ts & retic5ces4 ,i may "h be all[$ to quote ! words ( ano!r em95t ,pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ,du ,bois ,reymond1 :o1 9 address+ 8 colleagues1 v5tur$ to tell !m17#d7 8,we h /ill to le>n f ! ,engli% h[ ! greate/ indep5d5ce ( ! individual is compatible ) will+ submission to salut>y1 ?\gh irksome1 /atutes40 ,t is p>ticul>ly true :5 ! /atutes are self-impos$4 ,9 ,g]many1 z ,pr(essor ,helmholtz tells u himself1 ! la/ decision 9 almo/ all ! m important affairs ( ! ,univ]sities re/s ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 & he does n d5y t 9 times ( political & ecclesia/ical t5sion1 a mo/ ill-advis$ use has be5 made ( t p[]4 ,!re are1 besides1 ! less important matt]s1 su* z rais+ ( sal>ies1 leave ( abs5ce1 sci5tific missions1 ev5 titles & decorations1 all ( :i* enable a clev] ,m9i/] ( ,in/ruction to ass]t 8 p]sonal influ5ce among ! less indep5d5t memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 ,ox=d ! ,univ]sity does n "k ! ,m9i/ry1 nor ! ,m9i/ry ! ,univ]sity4 ,! acts ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 be x ,lib]al or ,cons]vative1 are freely discuss$1 & (t5 p[]fully resi/$ by ! academic con/itu5cies1 & ! p]sonal dislike ( a ,m9i/] or ,m9i/]ial ,c\ncillor c\ld z little injure a pr(essor or tutor z 8 favor c\ld add "o p5ny to 8 sal>y4 ,b ^! are m9or matt]s4 ,:at gives _! own peculi> "* to ! ,engli% ,univ]sities is a s5se ( p[] & responsibility3 p[]1 because !y are ! mo/ respect$ among ! num]\s corporations 9 ! c\ntry2 responsibility1 because ! high] education ( ! :ole c\ntry has be5 committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,_! only ma/] is public op9ion z repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 _! only inc5tive _! own s5se ( duty4 ,!re is no c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e ,univ]sities hold s exalt$ a position1 & :]e ^? :o h ! hon\r to belong to !m may say ) great] tru? ,noblesse oblige4 ,i "k ! dang]s ( self-gov]nm5t1 p>ticul>ly :]e high] & m ideal int]e/s are conc]n$1 & !re are probably few :o wi% = a real re=m 9 s*ools & ,univ]sities :o h n occasionally yield$ to ! desire = a ,dictator1 ( a ,bism>ck or a ,falk4 ,b su* a desire spr+s only f a mom5t>y weakness & despond5cy2 & no "o :o kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ gov]n$ & gov]n+ "o's self1 w\ld ev] wi% to desc5d f t high] ?\gh dang]\s position to a l[] "o1 h[ev] safe & com=table x might seem4 ,no "o :o has ta/$ ! old w9e ( fre$om w\ld ev] really wi% to ex*ange x = ! new w9e ( ext]nal rule4 ,public op9ion is sometimes a h>d ma/]1 & majorities c be great tyrants to ^? :o want to be hone/ to _! own convictions4 ,b 9 ! /ruggle ( all aga9/ all1 ea* individual feels t he has 8 rightful place1 & t he may ex]cise 8 rightful influ5ce4 ,if he is beat51 he is beat5 9 fair fight2 if he conqu]s1 he has no "o else to ?ank4 ,no d\bt1 despotic ,gov]nm5ts h (t5 ex]cis$ ! mo/ b5eficial patronage 9 enc\rag+ & rew>d+ poets1 arti/s1 & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,b m5 ( g5ius :o h conqu]$ ! love & admiration ( a :ole nation are great] ?an ^? :o h ga9$ ! favor ( ! mo/ brilliant ,c\rts2 & we "k h[ "s ( ! faire/ reputations h be5 wreck$ on ! patronage :i* !y _h to accept at ! h&s ( p[]ful ,m9i/]s or ambiti\s ,sov]eigns4 ,b to return to ,mill & 8 plea = ,lib]ty4 ,?\gh ,i c h>dly believe t1 7 he /ill among u1 he w\ld claim a l>g] measure ( fre$om = ! individual ?an is n[ accord$ to e "o ( u 9 ! society 9 :i* we move1 yet ! *ief cause on :i* he f\nd$ 8 plea = ,lib]ty1 ! *ief evil :i* he ?\ght c\ld be rem$i$ only if society w\ld all[ m elb[-room to individual g5ius1 exi/s 9 ! same degree z 9 8 "t--aye1 ev5 9 a high] degree4 ,! pr9ciple ( individuality has suff]$ m at pres5t ?an p]haps at any =m] p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! _w is becom+ m & m greg>i\s1 & :at ! ,fr5* call our nature m\tonnire1 our t5d5cy to leap :]e ! %eep 9 front ( u has leapt1 becomes m & m preval5t 9 politics1 9 religion1 9 art1 & ev5 9 sci5ce4 ,m4 de ,tocqueville express$ 8 surprise h[ mu* m ,fr5*m5 ( ! pres5t day resemble "o ano!r ?an did ^? ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,! same rem>k1 adds ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 might be made ( ,engl& 9 a great] degree4 8,! mod]n rgime ( public op9ion10 he writes1 8is 9 an unorganiz$ =m :at ! ,*9ese educational & political sy/ems are 9 an organiz$2 & unless individuality %all be able successfully to ass]t itself aga9/ ?is yoke1 ,europe1 not)/&+ its noble antec$5ts & its pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity1 w t5d to become ano!r ,*9a40 ,i fully agree ) ,mill 9 recogniz+ ! dang]s ( uni=mity1 b ,i d\bt :e!r :at he calls ! rgime ( public op9ion is alone1 or ev5 *iefly1 answ]able = x4 ,no d\bt !re are "s p 9 ^: eyes uni=mity seems an advantage r ?an a disadvantage4 ,if all 7 equally /rong1 equally educat$1 equally hone/1 equally ri*1 equally tall1 or equally small1 society w\ld seem to !m to h rea*$ ! highe/ ideal4 ,! same p admire an old ,fr5* g>d51 ) its clipp$ yew-trees1 =m+ artificial walls & t[]s & pyramids1 f> m ?an ! giant yews :i*1 l l>ge s]p5ts1 clasp ! soil ) _! coil+ ro(s1 & ov]%ad[ ) _! d>k gre5 bran*es ! :ite *alk cliffs ( ! ,?ames4 ,b ^? ,fr5* g>d5s1 unless !y are con/antly clipp$ & prev5t$ f gr[+1 soon fall into decay4 ,z 9 nature1 s 9 society1 uni=mity means b too (t5 /agnation1 :ile v>iety is ! sure/ sign ( heal? & vigor4 ,! deepe/ secret ( nature is its love ( cont9u$ novelty4 ,its t5d5cy1 if unre/ra9$1 is t[>ds con/antly creat+ new v>ieties1 :i*1 if !y fulfil _! purpose1 become fix$ = a "t1 or1 x may be1 =ev]2 :ile o!rs1 aft] !y h fulfill$ _! purpose1 vani% to make room = new & /rong] types4 ,! same is ! secret ( human society4 ,x consi/s & lives 9 individuals1 ea* meant to be diff]5t f all ! o!rs1 & to contribute 8 own peculi> %>e to ! common weal?4 ,z no tree is l any o!r tree1 & no leaf on ! same tree l any o!r leaf1 no human be+ is1 or is meant to be1 exactly l any o!r human be+4 ,x is 9 ?is endless1 & to u inconceivable1 v>iety ( human s\ls t ! deepe/ purpose ( human life is to be realiz$2 & ! m society fulfils t purpose1 ! m its all[s free scope = ! developm5t ( e individual g]m1 ! ri*] w be ! h>ve/ 9 no di/ant future4 ,su* is ! my/]y ( individuality t ,i d n wond] if ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o1 l ,mill1 conf9e ! use ( ! ^w sacr$ )9 ! v smalle/ compass1 see 9 ea* individual s\l some?+ sacr$1 some?+ to be rev]$1 ev5 :]e we _c und]/& x1 some?+ to be protect$ aga9/ all vulg> viol5ce4 ,:]e ,i diff] f ,mill & 8 s*ool is on ! "q z to ! qu>t] f :5ce ! epidemic ( uni=mity spr+s :i* ?reat5s ! free developm5t ( mod]n society4 ,mill po9ts to ! society 9 :i* we move2 to ^? :o are 9 front ( u1 to our contempor>ies4 ,i feel conv9c$ t our real enemies are at our back1 & t ! heavie/ *a9s :i* are fa/5$ on u are ^? made1 n by ! pres5t1 b by pa/ g5]ations--by our ance/ors1 n by our contempor>ies4 ,x is on ?is po9t1 on ! trammels ( individual fre$om ) :i* we may almo/ be said to be born into ! _w1 & on ! means by :i* we may %ake (f ^! old *a9s1 or at all ev5ts le>n to c>ry !m m lightly & gracefully1 t ,i wi% to speak to y ?is ev5+4 ,y ne$ n be afraid t ,i am go+ to ent] ^u ! mu* discuss$ subject ( h]$ity1 :e!r 9 its physiological or psy*ological aspects4 ,x is a favorite subject j n[1 & ! mo/ curi\s facts h be5 br\ght toge!r ( late to illu/rate ! work+ ( :at is call$ h]$ity4 ,b ! m we "k ( ^! facts1 ! less we seem able to compreh5d ! und]ly+ pr9ciple4 ,inh]itance is "o ( ^? num]\s words :i* by _! v simplicity & cle>ness are s apt to d>k5 our c\nsel4 ,if a fa!r has blue eyes & ! son has blue eyes1 :at c be cle>] ?an t he inh]it$ !m8 ,if ! fa!r /amm]s & ! son /amm]s1 :o c d\bt b t x came by inh]itance8 ,if ! fa!r is a musician & ! son a musician1 we say v glibly t ! tal5t 0 inh]it$4 ,b :at does inh]it$ mean8 ,9 no case does x mean :at inh]it$ usually means--some?+ ext]nal1 l money1 collect$ by a fa!r1 &1 aft] 8 dea?1 secur$ by law to 8 son4 ,:atev] else inh]it$ may mean1 x does n mean t4 ,b un=tunately ! ^w is !re1 x seems almo/ p$antic to *all5ge its mean+1 & p are always grateful if an easy ^w saves !m ! tr\ble ( h>d ?\ght4 ,ano!r app>5t advantage ( ! !ory ( h]$ity is t x nev] fails4 ,if ! son has blue1 & ! fa!r black1 eyes1 all is "r aga91 = ei!r ! "m1 or ! gr&mo!r1 or "s hi/oric or prehi/oric ance/or1 may h _h blue eyes1 & atavism1 we "k1 w ass]t itself aft] hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,d n suppose t ,i d5y ! broad facts ( :at is call$ by ! "n ( h]$ity4 ,:at ,i d5y is t ! "n ( h]$ity (f]s any sci5tific solution ( a mo/ difficult problem4 ,x is a "n1 a metaphor1 q z bad z ! old metaphor ( innate ideas2 = !re is h>dly a s+le po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 ! process by :i* a son may %>e ! black eyes1 ! /amm]+1 or ! musical tal5t ( 8 fa!r1 & t by :i*1 aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 ! law secures to ! son ! possession ( ! p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce :i* 8 fa!r held 9 ! ,funds4 ,b :atev] ! true mean+ ( h]$ity may be1 c]ta9 x is t e individual comes into ! _w heavy-lad54 ,n[h]e has ! consci\sness ( ! burd5 :i* re/s on ea* g5]ation z x ent]s on its j\rney ?r\gh life f\nd /rong] expression ?an among ! ,buddhi/s4 ,:at o!r p call by v>i\s names1 8fate or provid5ce10 8tradition or inh]itance10 8circum/ances or environm5t10 !y call ,k>man1 de$--:at has be5 done1 :e!r by ourselves or by o!rs1 ! accumulat$ "w ( all :o h come be=e u1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* we h to be>1 bo? = good & = evil4 ,orig9ally ?is ,k>man seems to h be5 conceiv$ z p]sonal1 z ! "w :i* we ourselves h done 9 our =m] exi/5ces4 ,b1 z p]sonally we are n consci\s ( hav+ done su* "w 9 =m] ages1 t k9d ( ,k>man1 too1 might be said to be imp]sonal4 ,to ! "q h[ ,k>man began1 :at 0 ! nucleus ( t accumulation :i* =ms ! condition ( pres5t exi/5ce1 ,buddhism has no answ] to give1 any m ?an any o!r sy/em ( religion or philosophy4 ,! ,buddhi/s say x began ) avidy1 & avidy means ignorance47#e7 ,!y are mu* m deeply int]e/$ 9 ! "q h[ ,k>man may be annihilat$1 h[ ea* man may free himself f ! influ5ce ( ,k>man1 & ,nirvna1 ! highe/ object ( all _! dreams1 is (t5 def9$ by ,buddhi/ philosoph]s z 8fre$om f ,k>man407#f7 ,:at ! ,buddhi/s call by ! g5]al "n ( ,k>man1 compreh5ds all influ5ces :i* ! pa/ ex]cises on ! pres5t1 :e!r physical or m5tal47#g7 ,x is n my object to exam9e or ev5 to "n all ^! influ5ces1 ?\gh ,i confess no?+ is m int]e/+ ?an to look ^u ! surface ( our mod]n life z we look on a geological map1 & to see ! mo/ anci5t =mations cropp+ out ev]y:]e "u our feet4 ,difficult z x is to color a geological map ( ,engl&1 x w\ld be /ill m difficult to f9d a suffici5t v>iety ( colors to m>k ! diff]5t +r$i5ts ( ! intellectual condition ( h] p4 ,t all ( u1 :e!r we speak ,engli% or ,g]man1 or ,fr5* or ,russian1 are really speak+ an anci5t ,ori5tal tongue1 incr$ible z x w\ld h s\nd$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 is n[ recogniz$ by ev]ybody4 ,?\gh ! v>i\s dialects n[ spok5 9 ,europe h be5 sep>at$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s f ! ,sanskrit1 ! anci5t classical language ( ,india1 yet s close is ! bond t holds ! ,we/ & ,ea/ toge!r1 t 9 _m cases an intellig5t ,engli%man might /ill guess ! mean+ ( a ,sanskrit ^w4 ,h[ little diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ,sanskrit snu & ,engli% son1 betwe5 ,sanskrit duhit> & ,engli% daught]1 betwe5 ,sanskrit vid1 to "k1 & ,engli% to wit1 betwe5 ,sanskrit vak%1 to gr[1 & ,engli% to wax6 ,?9k h[ we value a ,saxon urn1 or a ,roman co91 or a ,keltic weapon6 h[ we dig = !m1 clean !m1 label !m1 & c>efully deposit !m 9 our museums6 ,yet :at is _! antiquity comp>$ ) ! antiquity ( su* words z son or daught]1 fa!r & "m8 ,!re are no monum5ts old] ?an ^? collect$ 9 ! h&y volumes :i* we call ,diction>ies1 & ^? :o "k h[ to int]pret ^? ,engli% antiquities--z y may see !m int]pret$1 = in/ance1 9 ,grimm's ,diction>y ( ! ,g]man1 9 ,littr's ,diction>y ( ! ,fr5*1 or 9 ,pr(essor ,skeats' ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language--w le>n m ( ! real gr[? ( ! human m9d ?an by /udy+ _m volumes on logic & psy*ology4 ,& z by our language we belong to ! ,aryan /ratum1 we belong ?r\gh our lett]s to ! ,hamitic4 ,we /ill write ,engli% 9 hi]oglyphics2 & 9 spite ( all ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* ! anci5t hi]oglyphics h pass$ 9 _! j\rney f ,egypt to ,phnicia1 f ,phnicia to ,greece1 f ,greece to ,italy1 & f ,italy to ,engl&1 :5 we write a capital ,f ,cursive ,f1 :5 we draw ! top l9e & ! small] l9e ?r\gh ! middle ( ! lett]1 we really draw ! two horns ( ! c]a/es1 ! horn$ s]p5t1 :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians us$ = repres5t+ ! s\nd ( f4 ,!y write ! "n ( ! k+ :om ! ,greeks call$ ,*eops1 & !y !mselves ,*u-fu1 l ?is37#h7-- ,?ree ,egyptian signs4 ,"h ! fir/ sign1 ! sieve1 is to be pron\nc$ *u2 ! second1 ! horn$ s]p5t1 fu1 & ! little bird1 aga91 u4 ,9 ! m cursive or ,hi]atic writ+ ! horn$ s]p5t appe>s z ,egyptian "*2 9 ! lat] ,demotic z ,egyptian "* & ,egyptian "*4 ,! ,phnicians1 :o borr[$ _! lett]s f ! ,hi]atic ,egyptian1 wrote ,pho5ician "* & ,pho5ician "*4 ,! ,greeks1 :o took _! lett]s f ! ,phnicians1 wrote ,greek "*4 ,:5 ! ,greeks1 in/ead ( writ+1 l ! ,phnicians1 f "r to left1 began to write f left to "r1 !y turn$ ea* lett]1 & z ,pho5ician "* became ,greek "*1 our k1 s ,pho5ician "*1 vau1 became ,f1 ! ,greek s-call$ ,digamma1 ,greek "*1 ! ,lat9 ,f4 ,! fir/ lett] 9 ,*u-fu1 too1 /ill exi/s 9 our alphabet1 & 9 ! transv]se l9e ( our ,h we may recognize ! la/ remnant ( ! l9es :i* divide ! sieve4 ,! sieve appe>s 9 ,hi]atic z ,egyptian "*1 9 ,phnician z ,pho5ician "*1 9 anci5t ,greek z ,greek "*1 :i* occurs on an inscription f\nd at ,myc5 & else:]e z ! sign ( ! spiritus asp]1 :ile 9 ,lat9 x is kn[n to u z ! lett] ,h47#i7 ,9 ! same mann] ! undulat+ l9e ( our capital ,l ,cursive ,l /ill recalls v /rik+ly ! b5t back ( ! cr\*+ lion1 ,egyptian "*1 :i* 9 ! lat] hi]oglyphic inscriptions repres5ts ! s\nd ( ,l4 ,if ?us 9 our language we are ,aryan1 9 our lett]s ,egyptian1 we h only to look at our wat*es to see t we are ,babylonian4 ,:y is our h\r divid$ into sixty m9utes1 our m9ute into sixty seconds8 ,w\ld n a division ( ! h\r into t51 or fifty1 or a hundr$ m9utes h be5 m natural8 ,we h sixty divisions on ! dials ( our wat*es simply because ! ,greek a/ronom] ,hipp>*us1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4 ,c41 accept$ ! ,babylonian sy/em ( reckon+ "t1 t sy/em be+ sexagesimal4 ,! ,babylonians knew ! decimal sy/em1 b = practical purposes !y c\nt$ by sossi & s>i1 ! sossos repres5t+ #fj1 ! s>os #fj #fj1 or #c1fjj4 ,f ,hipp>*us t sy/em f\nd its way into ! works ( ,ptolemy1 ab\t #aej ,a4 ,d41 & !nce x 0 c>ri$ d[n ! /ream ( civilization1 f9d+ its la/ re/+-place on ! dial-plates ( our clocks4 ,& :y are !re tw5ty %ill+s to our sov]eign8 ,aga9 ! real reason lies 9 ,babylon4 ,! ,greeks le>nt f ! ,babylonians ! art ( divid+ gold & silv] = ! purpose ( trade4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! curr5t gold piece ( ,we/]n ,asia 0 exactly ! sixtie? "p ( a ,babylonian mn1 or m9a4 ,x 0 ne>ly equal to our sov]eign4 ,! difficult problem ( ! relative value ( gold & silv] 9 a bi-metallic curr5cy _h be5 solv$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! anci5t ,mesopotamian k+dom1 ! proportion betwe5 gold & silv] be+ fix$ at #a to #ac-a_/c4 ,! silv] %ekel curr5t 9 ,babylon 0 heavi] ?an ! gold %ekel 9 ! proportion ( #ac-a_/c to #aj1 & _h !re=e ! value ( "o t5? ( a gold %ekel2 & ! half silv] %ekel1 call$ by ! ,greeks a dra*ma1 0 wor? "o tw5tie? ( a gold %ekel4 ,! dra*ma1 or half silv] %ekel1 may !re=e be look$ ^u z ! mo/ anci5t type ( our own silv] %ill+ 9 its relation ( "o tw5tie? ( our gold sov]eign47#aj7 ,i %all m5tion only "o m ( ! mo/ ess5tial tools ( our m5tal life--namely1 our figures1 :i* we call ,arabic1 because we receiv$ !m f ! ,arabs1 b :i* ! ,arabs call$ ,indian1 because !y receiv$ !m f ! ,indians--9 ord] to %[ y h[ ?is n9ete5? c5tury ( ours is "u ! sway ( c5turies long pa/ & =gott52 h[ we are :at we are1 n by ourselves1 b by ^? :o came be=e u1 & h[ ! intellectual gr\nd on :i* we /& is made up ( ! detritus ( ?\ghts :i* 7 fir/ ?\ght1 n on ^! isles nor 9 ,europe1 b on ! %ores ( ! ,oxus1 ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,indus4 ,n[ y may well ask1 ,quorsum hc omnia8 ,:at has all ?is to d ) fre$om & ) ! free developm5t ( individuality8 ,because a man is born ! heir ( all ! ages1 c x be said t he is n free to gr[ & to exp&1 & to develop all ! faculties ( 8 m9d8 ,are ^? :o came be=e him1 & :o left him ?is goodly inh]itance1 to be call$ 8 enemies8 ,is t *a9 ( tradition :i* connects him ) ! pa/ really a gall+ fett]1 & n r ! lead+-/r+s )\t :i* he w\ld nev] le>n to walk /raight8 ,let u look at ! matt] m closely4 ,no "o w\ld v5ture to say t e individual %\ld beg9 life z a "y savage1 & be left to =m 8 own language1 & inv5t 8 own lett]s1 num]als1 & co9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we compreh5d all ?is & a great deal m1 su* z religion1 morality1 & secul> k1 "u ! g5]al "n ( education1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ def5d]s ( individualism w\ld hold t no *ild %\ld ent] society )\t submitt+1 or r )\t be+ submitt$1 to education4 ,mo/ ( u w\ld ev5 g f>!r1 & make x crim9al = p>5ts or ev5 = communities to all[ *ildr5 to gr[ up un$ucat$4 ,! excuse ( wor?less p>5ts t !y are at lib]ty to d ) _! *ildr5 z !y l1 has at la/ be5 bl[n to ! w9ds1 & among ! pr9cipal advocates ( compulsory education1 & ( ! necessity ( curtail+ ! fre$om ( savage p>5ts ( savage *ildr51 h be5 ,mill & 8 fri5ds1 ! apo/les ( lib]ty & individualism47#aa7 ,i rememb] ! "t :5 pseudo-,lib]als 7 n a%am$ to say t1 :atev] o!r nations1 su* z ! ,g]mans1 might d1 ,engl& w\ld nev] submit to compulsory education2 b t fa9t-he>t$ & mis*iev\s cry has at la/ be5 sil5c$4 ,a new era may be said to date 9 ! hi/ory ( e nation f ! day on :i* 8compulsory education0 becomes "p ( its /atute-book2 & ,i may congratulate ! mo/ ,lib]al t[n 9 ,engl& on hav+ prov$ itself ! mo/ inexorable tyrant 9 c>ry+ x into effect4 ,b d n let u imag9e t compulsory education is )\t its dang]s4 ,l a p[]ful eng9e1 x mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 if x is n to produce1 :at all compulsion w produce1 a slavi% receptivity1 &1 :at all ma*9es d produce1 monoton\s uni=mity4 ,we "k t all education mu/ 9 ! beg9n+ be purely dogmatic4 ,*ildr5 are taught language1 religion1 morality1 patriotism1 & aft]w>ds1 at s*ool1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 ma!matics1 & all ! re/1 long be=e !y are able to "q1 to judge1 or *oose = !mselves1 & !re is h>dly any?+ t a *ild w n believe1 if x comes f ^? 9 :om ! *ild believes4 ,read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 no d\bt1 mu/ be taught dogmatically1 & !y take up an enorm\s am\nt ( "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engli% s*ools4 ,engli% spell+ is a national mis=tune1 & 9 ! ke5 int]national race among all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 x h&icaps ! ,engli% *ild to a degree t seems incr$ible till we look at /ati/ics4 ,i "k ! difficulties ( a ,spell+ ,re=m1 ,i "k :at p mean :5 !y call x impossible2 b ,i also "k t p]sonal & national virtue consi/s 9 do+ s-call$ impossible ?+s1 & t no nation has done1 & has /ill to d1 s _m impossible ?+s z ! ,engli%4 ,b1 grant$ t read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic occupy ne>ly ! :ole s*ool "t & absorb ! be/ p[]s ( ! pupils1 _c some?+ be done 9 play-h\rs8 ,is !re n "s "w t c be turn$ into play1 & "s play t c be turn$ into "w8 ,_c ! p[]s ( obs]vation be call$ out 9 a *ild :ile collect+ fl[]s1 or /ones1 or butt]flies8 ,_c 8 judgm5t be /r5g!n$ ei!r 9 gymna/ic ex]cises1 or 9 measur+ ! area ( a field or ! height ( a t[]8 ,might n all ?is be done )\t a view to exam9ations or paym5t by results1 simply = ! sake ( fill+ ! little dull m9ds ) "o sunbeam ( joy1 su* sunbeams be+ m likely h]eaft] to call hidd5 preci\s g]ms into life ?an ! dead5+ weight ( su* lessons z1 = in/ance1 t ?-ough is ?\gh1 ?r-ough is ?r\gh1 en-ough is en\gh4 ,a *ild :o believes t w h]eaft] believe any?+4 ,^? :o wi% to see ,natural ,sci5ce introduc$ into elem5t>y s*ools fright5 s*ool-ma/]s by ! v "n ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,b surely e s*ool-ma/] :o is wor? 8 salt %\ld be able to tea* *ildr5 a love ( ,nature1 a wond]+ at ,nature1 a curiosity to pry into ! secrets ( ,nature1 an acquisitiv5ess = "s ( ! treasures ( ,nature1 & all ?is acquir$ 9 ! fre% air ( ! field & ! =e/1 :]e1 bett] ?an 9 fr[zy lecture-rooms1 ! edge ( ! s5ses c be %>p5$1 ! *e/ wid5$1 & t fre$om ( ?\ght fo/]$ :i* made ,engl& :at x 0 ev5 be=e ! days ( compulsory education4 ,b 9 address+ y "h to-night1 x 0 my int5tion to speak ( high] r ?an ( elem5t>y education4 ,all education--z x n[ exi/s 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe--may be divid$ into ?ree /ages--elem5t>y1 s*ola/ic1 & academical2 or call x prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y4 ,elem5t>y education has at la/ be5 made compulsory 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x seems impossible to include "u compulsory education any?+ beyond ! v elem5ts ( k--at lea/ = ! pres5t2 ?\gh ,i "k f exp]i5ce t1 ) prop] managem5t1 a well-conduct$ elem5t>y s*ool c af=d to provide in/ruction 9 extra subjects--su* z natural sci5ce1 mod]n languages1 & political economy--& yet1 ) ! pres5t sy/em ( gov]nm5t grants1 be self-support+47#ab7 ,! next /age above ! elem5t>y is s*ola/ic education1 z x is suppli$ 9 gramm> s*ools1 :e!r public or private4 ,accord+ z ! pupils are int5d$ ei!r to g on to a univ]sity1 or to ent] at once on leav+ s*ool on ! practical "w ( life1 ^! s*ools are divid$ into two classes4 ,9 ! "o class1 :i* 9 ,g]many are call$ ,reals*ul51 less ,lat9 is taught1 & no ,greek1 b m ( ma!matics1 mod]n languages1 & physical sci5ce2 9 ! o!r1 call$ ,gymnasia on ! ,cont95t1 classics =m ! *ief /aple ( in/ruction4 ,x is dur+ ?is /age t education1 :e!r at private or public s*ools1 ex]cises its /ronge/ levell+ influ5ce4 ,little att5tion c be paid at l>ge s*ools to individual ta/es or tal5ts4 ,9 ,g]many--ev5 m1 p]haps1 ?an 9 ,engl&--x is ! *ief object ( a good & consci5ti\s ma/] to h 8 class z uni=m z possible at ! end ( ! ye>2 & he receives f> m cr$it f ! (ficial exam9] if 8 :ole class m>*es well & keeps pace toge!r1 ?an if he c p>ade a few brilliant & =w>d boys1 foll[$ by a numb] ( /raggl+ lagg>ds4 ,& z to ! "* ( ! tea*+ at s*ool1 h[ c x be o!rwise ?an au?oritative or dogmatic8 ,! ,sokratic me?od is v good if we c f9d ! viri ,socratici & leisure = discussion4 ,b at s*ool1 :i* n[ may seem to be call$ almo/ 9 mock]y 1 or leisure1 ! true me?od is1 aft] all1 t patroniz$ by ! great educators ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,boys at s*ool mu/ turn _! m9d into a r[ ( pigeon-holes1 fill+ z _m z !y c ) useful notes1 & nev] =gett+ h[ _m are empty4 ,!re is an imm5se am\nt ( positive k to be acquir$ betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & eighte5--rules ( gramm>1 /r+s ( vocables1 dates1 names ( t[ns1 riv]s1 & m\nta9s1 ma!matical =mulas1 etc4 ,all dep5ds "h on ! receptive & ret5tive p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,! memory has to be /r5g!n$1 )\t be+ ov]tax$1 till x acts almo/ me*anically4 ,le>n+ by he>t1 ,i believe1 _c be too assidu\sly practis$ dur+ ! ye>s sp5t at s*ool4 ,!re may h be5 too mu* ( x :51 z ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,adams in=ms u 9 8 8,wykehamica0 7p4 #ceg71 boys us$ to say by he>t #ac1jjj & #ad1jjj l9es1 :5 "o repeat$ ! :ole ( ,virgil1 nay1 :5 ano!r 0 able to say ! :ole ( ! ,engli% ,bible by rote3 8,put him on :]e y w\ld1 he w\ld g flu5tly on1 z long z any "o w\ld li/540 ,no intellectual inve/m5t1 ,i feel c]ta91 be>s su* ample & su* regul> int]e/ z gems ( ,engli%1 ,lat91 or ,greek lit]ature deposit$ 9 ! memory dur+ *ildhood & y\?1 & tak5 up f "t to "t 9 ! happy h\rs ( solitude4 ,"o fault ,i h to f9d ) mo/ s*ools1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,boys d n read en\gh ( ! ,greek & ,roman classics4 ,! majority ( our ma/]s are s*ol>s by pr(ession1 & !y are apt to lay undue /ress on :at !y call accurate & m9ute s*ol>%ip1 & to neglect wide & cursory read+4 ,i "k ! argum5ts = m9ute accuracy1 b ,i also "k ! mis*ief t is done by an exclusive devotion to critical s*ol>%ip be=e we h acquir$ a real famili>ity ) ! pr9cipal works ( classical lit]ature4 ,! "t sp5t 9 our s*ools 9 le>n+ ! rules ( gramm> & syntax1 writ+ ex]cises1 & compos+ v]ses1 is too l>ge4 ,look only at our ,greek & ,lat9 gramm>s1 ) all _! rules & exceptions1 & exceptions on exceptions6 ,x is too heavy a weight = any boy to c>ry2 & no wond] t :5 "o ( ! ?\s& small rules :i* !y h le>nt by he>t is really want$1 x is seldom =?com+4 ,! end ( classical tea*+ at s*ool %\ld be to make our boys acqua9t$1 n only ) ! language1 b ) ! lit]ature & hi/ory1 ! anci5t ?\ght ( ! anci5t _w4 ,rules ( gramm>1 syntax1 or metre1 are b means t[>ds t end2 !y mu/ nev] be mi/ak5 = ! end itself4 ,a "y man ( eighte51 :o has probably sp5t on an av]age t5 ye>s 9 le>n+ ,greek & ,lat91 ought to be able to read any ( ! ord9>y ,greek or ,lat9 classics )\t mu* difficulty2 nay1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( pleasure4 ,he might h to consult 8 diction>y n[ & !n1 or guess ! mean+ ( c]ta9 words2 he might also feel d\btful sometime :e!r c]ta9 =ms came f 1 ,i s5d1 or 1 ,i g1 or 1 ,i am1 p>ticul>ly if prec$$ by prepositions4 ,9 ^! matt]s ! be/ s*ol>s are lea/ incl9$ to be ph>isaical2 & :5ev] ,i meet 9 ! controv]sies ( classical s*ol>s ! favorite phrase1 8,e s*ool-boy kn[s1 or ought to "k1 ?is10 ,i g5]ally say to myself1 8,no1 he ought n40 ,anyh[1 ^? :o wi% to see ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 reta9$ 9 our public s*ools ought to feel conv9c$ t x w c]ta9ly n be reta9$ mu* long]1 if x c be said ) any tru? t "y m5 :o leave s*ool at eighte5 are 9 _m cases unable to read or to enjoy a classical text1 unless !y h se5 x be=e4 ,classical tea*+1 & all purely s*ola/ic tea*+1 ought to be f9i%$ at s*ool4 ,:5 a "y man goes to a ,univ]sity1 unless he means to make s*ol>%ip 8 pr(ession1 he ought to be free to ent] ^u a new c>e]4 ,if he has n le>nt by t "t s mu* ( ,greek & ,lat9 z is absolutely necess>y 9 aft]-life = a lawy]1 or a /ud5t ( physical sci5ce1 or ev5 a cl]gyman1 ei!r he or 8 s*ool is to blame4 ,i d n mean to say t x w\ld n be mo/ desirable = e "o dur+ 8 ,univ]sity c>e] to att5d "s lectures on classical lit]ature1 on anci5t hi/ory1 philosophy1 or art4 ,:at is to be deprecat$ is1 t ! ,univ]sity %\ld h to d ! "w :i* belongs prop]ly to ! s*ool4 ,! be/ colleges at ,ox=d & ,cambridge h %[n by _! matriculation exam9ations :at ! /&>d ( classical k ought to be at eighte5 or n9ete54 ,t /&>d c be rea*$ by boys :ile /ill at s*ool1 z has be5 prov$ bo? by ! s-call$ local exam9ations1 & by ! exam9ations ( s*ools held "u ! ,delegates appo9t$ by ! ,univ]sities4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,univ]sity w\ld reass]t h] old "r1 & make ! fir/ exam9ation1 call$ at ,ox=d ,responsions1 a g5]al matriculation exam9ation = admission to ! ,univ]sity1 n only w\ld ! public s*ools be /imulat$ to great] ef=ts1 b ! tea*+ ( ! ,univ]sity might assume1 f ! v beg9n+1 t academic "* :i* ought to di/+ui% x f m]e s*ool-boy "w4 ,academic tea*+ ought to be n m]ely a cont9uation1 b 9 "o s5se a correction ( s*ola/ic tea*+4 ,:ile at s*ool in/ruction mu/ be *iefly dogmatic1 at ! ,univ]sity is x to be ,sokratic8 = ,i f9d no bett] "n = t me?od :i* is to set a man free f ! burd5 ( purely traditional k2 to make him feel t ! words :i* he uses are (t5 empty1 t ! concepts he employs are1 = ! mo/ "p1 m]e bundles pick$ up at r&om2 t ev5 :]e he kn[s facts he does n "k ! evid5ce = !m2 & :]e he expresses op9ions1 !y are mo/ly m]e dogmas1 adopt$ by him )\t exam9ation4 ,b = ! ,univ]sities1 ,i %\ld inde$ fe> t ,mill's prophecies might come true1 & t ! intellect ( ,europe might drift into dre>y monotony4 ,! ,univ]sities always h be51 &1 unless !y are div]t$ f _! orig9al purpose1 always w be1 ! gu>dians ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght1 ! protectors ( individual spontaneity2 & x 0 ow+1 ,i believe1 to ,mill's want ( acqua9tance ) true academic tea*+ t he took s despond+ a view ( ! g5]ation gr[+ up "u 8 eyes4 ,:5 we leave s*ool1 our heads are naturally brimful ( dogma--t is1 ( k & op9ions at second-h&4 ,su* dead k is extremely dang]\s1 unless x is soon] or lat] reviv$ by ! _s ( free inquiry4 ,x does n matt] :e!r our s*ola/ic dogmas be true or false4 ,! dang] is ! same4 ,& :y8 ,because to place ei!r tru? or error above ! rea* ( argum5t is c]ta9 to weak5 tru? & to /r5g!n error4 ,secondly1 because to hold z true on ! au?ority ( o!rs any?+ :i* conc]ns u deeply1 & :i* we c\ld prove ourselves1 produces feebl5ess1 if n di%one/y4 ,&1 ?irdly1 because to feel unwill+ or unable to meet objections by argum5t is g5]ally ! fir/ /ep t[>ds viol5ce & p]secution4 ,i d n ?9k ( religi\s dogmas only4 ,!y are g5]ally ! fir/ to r\se inquiry1 ev5 dur+ our s*ool-boy days1 & !y are by no means ! mo/ difficult to deal )4 ,dogma (t5 rages :]e we lea/ expect x4 ,among sci5tific m5 ! !ory ( evolution is at pres5t becom+1 or has become1 a dogma4 ,:at is ! result8 ,no objections are li/5$ to1 no difficulties recogniz$1 & a man l ,vir*[1 himself ! /ronge/ support] ( evolution1 :o has ! moral c\rage to say t ! desc5t ( man f any ape :atsoev] is1 z yet1 be=e ! tribunal ( sci5tific zology1 8n prov510 is h[l$ d[n 9 ,g]many 9 a mann] wor?y ( ,ephesians & ,galatians4 ,b at pres5t ,i am ?9k+ n s mu* ( any special dogmas1 b r ( t dogmatic /ate ( m9d :i* is ! almo/ inevitable result ( ! tea*+ at s*ool4 ,i ?9k ( ! :ole intellect1 :at has be5 call$ ! intellectus sibi p]missus1 & ,i ma9ta9 x is ! object ( academic tea*+ to r\se t intellect out ( its slumb] by que/ions n less />tl+ ?an :5 ,galileo ask$ ! _w :e!r ! sun 0 really mov+ & ! e>? /ood /ill2 or :5 ,kant ask$ :e!r "t & space 7 objects1 or necess>y =ms ( our s5su\s intuition4 ,till our op9ions h ?us be5 te/$ & /ood ! te/1 we c h>dly call !m our own4 ,h[ true ?is is ) reg>d to religion has be5 boldly express$ by ,bi%op ,bev]idge4 8,be+ consci\s to myself10 he writes 9 8 8,private ,?\ghts on ,religion10 8h[ great an asc5dant ,*ri/ianity holds ov] me beyond ! re/1 z be+ t religion :]e9to ,i 0 born & baptiz$2 t :i* ! supreme au?ority has enjo9$ & my p>5ts educat$ me 92 t :i* e "o ,i meet )al highly approves (1 & :i* ,i myself h1 by a long-cont9u$ pr(ession1 made almo/ natural to me3 ,i am resolv$ to be m jeal\s & suspici\s ( ?is religion ?an ( ! re/1 & be sure n to ent]ta9 x any long] )\t be+ conv9c$1 by solid & sub/antial argum5ts1 ( ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( x40 ,?is is bold & manly language f a ,bi%op1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t ! "t has come :5 "s ( ! div9ity lectur]s at ,ox=d & ,cambridge might well be employ$ 9 plac+ a k ( ! sacr$ books ( o!r religions )9 ! rea* ( und]graduates4 ,_m ( ! difficulties--mo/ ( !m ( our own mak+--) reg>d to ! orig91 ! h&+ d[n1 ! lat] corruptions & mis9t]pretations ( sacr$ texts1 w\ld f9d _! natural solution1 if x 0 %[n h[ exactly ! same difficulties arose & _h to be dealt ) by !ologians ( o!r cre$s4 ,if "s--aye1 if _m--( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity 7 met ) 9 o!r religions also1 surely t w\ld n affect _! value1 or dim9i% _! tru?2 :ile no?+1 ,i feel c]ta91 w\ld m effectually secure to ! pure & simple tea*+ ( ,*ri/ its true place 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! human m9d ?an to place x side by side ) ! o!r religions ( ! _w4 ,9 ! s]ies ( translations ( ! 8,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/10 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree volumes h j appe>$17#ac7 ,i wi%$ myself to include a new translation ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts2 & :5 t s]ies is f9i%$ x w1 ,i believe1 be admitt$ t n[h]e w\ld ^! two books h _h a gr&] sett+1 or h %one ) a bright] light1 ?an surr\nd$ by ! ,v$a1 ! ,z5dave/a1 ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 & ! ,qurn4 ,b z ,i said be=e1 ,i 0 n ?9k+ ( religi\s dogmas only1 or ev5 *iefly1 :5 ,i ma9ta9$ t ! "* ( academic tea*+ mu/ be ,sokratic1 n dogmatic4 ,! evil ( dogmatic tea*+ lies mu* deep]1 & spreads mu* f>!r4 ,?9k only ( language1 ! "w ( o!r p1 n ( ourselves1 :i* we pick up at r&om 9 our race ?r\gh life4 ,does n e ^w we use require c>eful exam9ation & revision8 ,x is n en\gh to say t language assi/s our ?\ghts or colors !m1 or possibly obscures !m4 ,no language & ?\ght are indivisible4 ,x 0 n f pov]ty ( expression t ! ,greeks call$ reason & language by ! same ^w1 4 ,x 0 because !y knew t1 ?\gh we may di/+ui% betwe5 ?\ght & spee*1 z we di/+ui% betwe5 =ce & function1 x is z impossible to te> ! "o by viol5ce away f ! o!r z x is to sep>ate ! concave side ( a l5s f its convex side4 ,?is is some?+ to le>n & to und]/&1 =1 if1 prop]ly und]/ood1 w x supply ! key to mo/ ( our intellectual puzzles1 & s]ve z ! safe/ ?read ?r\gh ! :ole labyr9? ( philosophy4 8,x is evid5t10 z ,hobbes rem>ks17#ad7 8t tru? & falsity h no place b among/ su* liv+ creatures z use spee*4 ,= ?\gh "s brute creatures1 look+ ^u ! image ( a man 9 a glass1 may be affect$ ) x1 z if x 7 ! man himself1 & = ?is reason fe> x or fawn ^u x 9 va92 yet !y d n appreh5d x z true or false1 b only z l2 & 9 ?is !y are n deceiv$4 ,:]e=e1 z m5 owe all _! true ratioc9ation to ! "r und]/&+ ( spee*1 s also !y owe _! errors to ! misund]/&+ ( ! same2 & z all ! ornam5ts ( philosophy proce$ only f man1 s f man also is d]iv$ ! ugly absurdity ( false op9ion4 ,= spee* has some?+ 9 x l to a spid]'s web 7z x 0 said ( old ( ,solon's laws71 = by contexture ( words t5d] & delicate wits are ensn>$ or /opp$1 b /rong wits break easily ?r\gh !m40 ,let me illu/rate my mean+ by at lea/ "o in/ance4 ,among ! words :i* h prov$ spid]'s webs1 ensn>+ ev5 ! greate/ intellects ( ! _w f ,ari/otle d[n to ,leibniz1 ! t]ms g5us1 species1 & individual occupy a v prom95t place4 ,! opposition ( ,ari/otle to ,plato1 ( ! ,nom9ali/s to ! ,reali/s1 ( ,leibniz to ,locke1 ( ,h]b>t to ,hegel1 turns on ! true mean+ ( ^! words4 ,at s*ool1 ( c\rse1 all we c d is to tea* ! receiv$ mean+ ( g5us & species2 & if a boy c trace ^! t]ms back to ,ari/otle's & 1 & %[ 9 :at s5se t philosoph] us$ !m1 e exam9] w\ld be satisfi$4 ,b ! "t comes :5 we h to act z our own exam9]s1 & :5 we h to give an acc\nt to ourselves ( su* words z g5us & species4 ,"s p write1 inde$1 z if !y _h se5 a species & a g5us walk+ ab\t 9 broad daylight2 b a little consid]ation w %[ u t ^! words express subjective concepts1 & t1 if ! :ole _w 7 sil5t1 !re w\ld nev] h be5 a ?\ght ( a g5us or a species4 ,!re are languages 9 :i* we look 9 va9 = correspond+ words2 & if we _h be5 born 9 ! atmosph]e ( su* a language1 ^! t]ms & ?\ghts w\ld n exi/ = u4 ,!y came to u1 directly or indirectly1 f ,ari/otle4 ,b ,ari/otle did n inv5t !m1 he only def9$ !m 9 8 own way1 s t1 = in/ance1 accord+ to him1 all liv+ be+s w\ld con/itute a g5us1 m5 a species1 & ,sokrates an individual4 ,no "o w\ld say t ,ari/otle _h n a p]fect "r to def9e ^! t]ms1 if ^? :o use !m 9 8 s5se w\ld only always rememb] t !y are ?9k+ ! ?\ghts ( ,ari/otle1 & n _! own4 ,! true way to %ake (f ! fett]s ( old words1 & to le>n to ?9k our own ?\ghts1 is to foll[ !m up f c5tury to c5tury1 to wat* _! developm5t1 & 9 ! end to br+ ourselves face to face ) ^? :o fir/ f\nd & fram$ bo? words & ?\ghts4 ,if we d ?is ) g5us & species1 we %all f9d t ! words :i* ,ari/otle def9$--viz41 & --_h orig9ally a v diff]5t & f> m useful application ?an t :i* he gave to !m4 1 g5us1 meant g5]ation1 & compreh5d$ su* liv+ be+s only z 7 believ$ to h a common orig91 h[ev] !y might diff] 9 outw>d appe>ance1 z1 = in/ance1 ! spaniel & ! bloodh\nd1 or1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ! ape & ! man4 1 or species1 on ! contr>y1 meant appe>ance1 & compreh5d$ all su* ?+s z _h ! same =m or appe>ance1 :e!r !y _h a common orig9 or n1 z if we 7 to speak ( a species ( f\r-foot$1 two-foot$1 horn$1 w+$1 or blue animals4 ,t two su* concepts1 z we h "h expla9$1 _h a natural ju/ification we may be/ le>n f ! fact t exactly ! same ?\ghts f\nd expression 9 ,sanskrit4 ,!re1 too1 we f9d gti1 g5]ation1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( g5us1 & oppos$ to kriti1 appe>ance1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( species4 ,s long z ^! two words or ?\ghts 7 us$ indep5d5tly 7mu* z we n[ speak ( a g5ealogical z indep5d5t ( a morphological classification7 no h>m c\ld accrue4 ,a family1 = in/ance1 might be call$ a 1 ! g5s or clan 0 a 1 ! nation 7gnatio7 0 a 1 ! :ole human ki? & k9 0 a 2 9 fact1 all t 0 desc5d$ f common ance/ors 0 a true 4 ,!re is no obscurity ( ?\ght 9 ?is4 ,on ! o!r side1 tak+ or species 9 its orig9al s5se1 "o man might be said to be l ano!r 9 8 or appe>ance4 ,an ape1 too1 might q truly be said to h ! same or species or appe>ance z a man1 )\t any prejudice z to _! common orig94 ,p might also speak ( diff]5t or =ms or classes ( ?+s1 su* z diff]5t k9ds ( metals1 or tools1 or armor1 )\t committ+ !mselves 9 ! lea/ to any op9ion z to _! common desc5t4 ,(t5 x w\ld happ5 t ?+s belong+ to ! same 1 su* z ! :ite man & ! negro1 diff]$ 9 _! or appe>ance2 (t5 also t ?+s belong$ to ! same 1 su* z eatables1 diff]$ 9 _! 1 z1 = in/ance1 meat & vegetables4 ,all ?is is cle> & simple4 ,! confusion began :5 ^! two t]ms1 in/ead ( be+ cord9ate1 7 subord9at$ to ea* o!r by ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 s t :at f "o po9t ( view 0 call$ a g5us1 might f ano!r be call$ a species1 & vice v]s4 ,human be+s1 = in/ance1 7 n[ call$ a species1 all liv+ be+s a g5us1 :i* may be true 9 logic1 b is utt]ly false 9 :at is old] ?an logic--viz41 language1 ?\ght1 or fact4 ,accord+ to language1 accord+ to reason1 & accord+ to nature1 all human be+s con/itute a 1 or g5]ation1 s long z !y are suppos$ to h common ance/ors2 b ) reg>d to all liv+ be+s we c only say t !y =m an --t is1 agree 9 c]ta9 appe>ances1 until x has be5 prov$ t ev5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 too mode/ 9 admitt+ at lea/ f\r or five diff]5t ance/ors = ! :ole animal _w47#ae7 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ^! two words1 & 1 y may see pass+ be=e y\r eyes almo/ ! :ole panorama ( philosophy1 f ,plato's ideas d[n to ,hegel's ,idee4 ,! "q ( g5]a1 _! orig9 & subdivision1 occupi$ *iefly ! att5tion ( natural philosoph]s1 :o1 aft] long controv]sies ab\t ! orig9 & classification ( g5]a & species1 seem at la/1 ?anks to ! cle> sight ( ,d>w91 to h arriv$ at ! old tru? :i* 0 prefigur$ 9 language--namely1 t ,nature kn[s no?+ b g5]a1 or g5]ations1 to be trac$ back to a limit$ numb] ( ance/ors1 & t ! s-call$ species are only g5]a1 ^: g5ealogical desc5t is z yet m or less obscure4 ,b ! "q z to ! nature ( ! became a vital "q 9 e sy/em ( philosophy4 ,grant+1 = in/ance1 t wom5 9 e clime & c\ntry =m$ "o species1 x 0 soon ask$ :at con/itut$ a species8 ,if all wom5 %>$ a common =m1 :at 0 t =m8 ,:]e 0 x8 ,s long z x 0 suppos$ t all wom5 desc5d$ f ,eve1 ! difficulty might be slurr$ ov] by ! "n ( h]$ity4 ,b ! m ?\ghtful w\ld ask ev5 !n h[ x 0 t1 :ile all individual wom5 came & w5t & vani%$1 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 ca/ rema9$ ! same8 ,"h y see h[ philosophical my?ology spr+s up4 ,! v "q :at or species or =m 01 & :]e ^! ?+s 7 kept1 *ang$ ^? words f pr$icates into subjects4 0 conceiv$ z some?+ indep5d5t & sub/antial1 some?+ )9 or above ! individuals p>ticipat+ 9 x1 some?+ un*angeable & et]nal4 ,soon !re arose z _m or =ms or types z !re 7 g5]al concepts4 ,!y 7 consid]$ ! only true realities ( :i* ! ph5om5al _w is only z a %ad[ t soon passe? away4 ,"h we h1 9 fact1 ! orig9 ( ,plato's ideas1 & ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( idealism :i* foll[$ 8 lead1 :ile ! opposite op9ion t ideas h no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & t ! "o is n[h]e f\nd except 9 ! _m 7 71 0 /r5u\sly def5d$ by ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s47#af7 ,! same r$ ?read runs ?r\gh ! :ole philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,m5 7 cit$ be=e c\ncils & condemn$ z h]etics because !y decl>$ t animal1 man1 or woman 7 m]e names1 & t !y c\ld n br+ !mselves to believe 9 an ideal animal1 an ideal man1 an ideal woman z ! invisible1 sup]natural1 or metaphysical types ( ! ord9>y animal1 ! individual man1 ! s+le woman4 ,^? philosoph]s1 call$ ,nom9ali/s1 9 opposition to ! ,reali/s1 decl>$ t all g5]al t]ms 7 names only1 & t no?+ c\ld claim reality b ! individual4 ,we _c foll[ ?is controv]sy f>!r1 z x turns up aga9 betwe5 ,locke & ,leibniz1 betwe5 ,h]b>t & ,hegel4 ,suffice x to say t ! knot1 z x 0 ti$ by language1 c be unti$ by ! sci5ce ( language alone1 :i* tea*es u t !re is & c be no su* ?+ z 8a "n only40 ,t phrase ought to be bani%$ f all works on philosophy4 ,a "n is & always has be5 ! subjective side ( our k1 b t subjective side is z impossible )\t an objective side z a key is )\t a lock4 ,x is useless to ask :i* ( ! two is ! m real1 = !y are real only by be+1 n two1 b "o4 ,realism is z "o-sid$ z ,nom9alism4 ,b !re is a high] ,nom9alism1 :i* might bett] be call$ ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 & :i* tea*es u t1 ap>t f s5su\s p]ception1 all human k is by names & by names only1 & t ! object ( names is always ! g5]al4 ,?is is b "o out ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( cases to %[ h[ names & concepts :i* come to u by tradition mu/ be submitt$ to v c>eful snuff+ be=e !y w yield a pure light4 ,:at ,i mean by academic tea*+ & academic /udy is exactly ?is process ( snuff+1 ?is *ang+ ( traditional words into liv+ words1 ?is trac+ ( mod]n ?\ght back to anci5t primitive ?\ght1 ?is liv+1 z x 71 once m1 s f> z x conc]ns u1 ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?\ght ourselves1 till we are z little afraid to diff] f ,plato or ,ari/otle z f ,comte or ,d>w94 ,plato & ,ari/otle are1 no d\bt1 great names2 e s*ool-boy is aw$ by !m1 ev5 ?\gh he may h read v little ( _! writ+s4 ,?is1 too1 is a k9d ( dogmatism t requires correction4 ,n[1 at 8 ,univ]sity1 a "y /ud5t might *ance to he> ! foll[+1 by no means respectful1 rem>ks ab\t ,ari/otle1 :i* ,i copy f "o ( ! greate/ ,engli% s*ol>s & philosoph]s3 8,!re is no?+ s absurd t ! old philosoph]s1 z ,cic]o sai?1 :o 0 "o ( !m1 h n "s ( !m ma9ta9$2 & ,i believe t sc>ce any?+ c be m absurdly said 9 natural philosophy ?an t :i* n[ is call$ ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics2 or m repugnant to gov]nm5t ?an mu* ( t he ha? said 9 8 ,politics2 nor m ignorantly ?an a great "p ( 8 ,e?ics40 ,i am f> f approv+ ?is judgm5t1 b ,i ?9k t ! %ock :i* a "y s*ol> receives on see+ 8 idols s m]cilessly brok5 is salut>y4 ,x ?r[s him back on 8 own res\rces2 x makes him hone/ to himself4 ,if he ?9ks ! criticism ?us pass$ on ,ari/otle unfair1 he w beg9 to read 8 works ) new eyes4 ,he w n only con/rue 8 words1 b try to recon/ruct 9 8 own m9d ! ?\ghts s c>efully elaborat$ by t anci5t philosoph]4 ,he w judge ( _! tru? )\t be+ sway$ by ! au?ority ( a great "n1 & probably 9 ! end value :at is valuable 9 ,ari/otle1 or ,plato1 or any o!r great philosoph] f> m highly & hone/ly ?an if he _h nev] se5 !m trodd5 "u foot4 ,d n suppose t ,i look ^u ! ,univ]sities z purely iconocla/ic1 z *iefly int5d$ to tea* u h[ to break ! idols ( ! s*ools4 ,f> f x6 ,b ,i d look ^u !m z meant to supply a fre%] atmosph]e ?an we brea!d at s*ool1 & to %ake our m9d to its v roots1 z a /orm %akes ! "y oaks1 n to ?r[ !m d[n1 b to make !m grasp all ! m firmly ! h>d soil ( fact & tru?6 8,/& upright on ?y feet0 ought to be writt5 ov] ! gate ( e college1 if ! epidemic ( uni=mity & sequacity :i* ,mill saw approa*+ f ,*9a1 & :i* s9ce 8 "t has made su* rapid progress ,we/w>d1 is ev] to be /ay$4 ,academic fre$om is n )\t its dang]s2 b !re are dang]s :i* x is saf] to face ?an to avoid4 ,9 ,g]many--s f> z my own exp]i5ce goes--/ud5ts are (t5 left too mu* to !mselves1 & x is only ! clev]e/ among !m1 or ^? :o are p]sonally recomm5d$1 :o receive f ! pr(essors t individual guidance & enc\ragem5t :i* %\ld & c\ld be easily ext5d$ to all4 ,!re is too mu* "t sp5t 9 ! ,g]man ,univ]sities 9 m]e lectur+1 & (t5 9 simply retail+ to a class :at ea* /ud5t might read 9 books 9 a f> m p]fect =m4 ,lectures are useful if !y tea* u h[ to tea* ourselves2 if !y /imulate2 if !y excite sympa?y & curiosity2 if !y give advice t spr+s f p]sonal exp]i5ce2 if !y w>n aga9/ wrong roads2 if1 9 fact1 !y h less ! "* ( a %[-w9d[ ?an ( a work%op4 ,half an h\r's conv]sation ) a tutor or a pr(essor (t5 does m ?an a :ole c\rse ( lectures 9 giv+ ! "r direction & ! "r _s to a "y man's /udies4 ,"h ,i may quote ! words ( ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 9 full agreem5t ) him4 8,:5 ,i recall ! memory ( my own ,univ]sity life10 he writes1 8& ! impression :i* a man l ,johannes ,mll]1 ! pr(essor ( physiology1 made on u1 ,i mu/ set ! highe/ value on ! p]sonal int]c\rse ) tea*]s f :om "o le>ns h[ ?\ght works 9 indep5d5t heads4 ,:oev] has come 9 contact b once ) "o or sev]al fir/-class m5 w f9d 8 intellectual /&>d *ang$ = life40 ,9 ,engli% ,univ]sities1 on ! contr>y1 !re is too little ( academic fre$om4 ,!re is n only guidance1 b f> too mu* ( con/ant p]sonal control4 ,x is (t5 ?\ght t ,engli% und]graduates c\ld n be tru/$ ) t am\nt ( academic fre$om :i* is grant$ to ,g]man /ud5ts1 & t mo/ ( !m1 if left to *oose _! own "w1 _! own "t1 _! own books1 & _! own tea*]s1 w\ld simply d no?+4 ,?is seems to me unfair & untrue4 ,mo/ horses1 if y take !m to ! wat]1 w dr9k2 & ! be/ way to make !m dr9k is to leave !m alone4 ,i h liv$ long en\gh 9 ,engli% & 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities to "k t ! intellectual fibre is z /rong & s\nd 9 ! ,engli% z 9 ! ,g]man y\?4 ,b if y supply a man1 :o wi%es to le>n swimm+1 ) bladd]s--nay1 if y insi/ on 8 us+ !m--he w use !m1 b he w probably nev] le>n to swim4 ,take !m away1 on ! contr>y1 & dep5d on x1 aft] a few aimless /rokes & a few pa9ful gulps1 he w use 8 arms & 8 legs1 & he w swim4 ,if "y m5 d n le>n to use _! arms1 _! legs1 _! muscles1 _! s5ses1 _! bra91 & _! he>t too1 dur+ ! bright ye>s ( _! ,univ]sity life1 :5 are !y to le>n x8 ,true1 !re are ?\s&s :o nev] le>n x1 & :o float happily on ?r\gh life buoy$ up on m]e bladd]s4 ,! wor/ t c happ5 to !m is t "s day ! bladd]s may bur/1 & !y may be left /r&$ or dr[n$4 ,b ^! are n ! m5 :om ,engl& wants to fight h] battles4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out ( late t _m ( ^? :o dur+ ?is c5tury h borne ! brunt ( ! battle 9 ! intellectual w>f>e 9 ,engl&1 h n be5 tra9$ at our ,univ]sities1 :ile o!rs :o h be5 at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 aft] life1 h op5ly decl>$ t !y att5d$ h>dly any lectures 9 college1 or t !y d]iv$ no b5efit f !m4 ,:at c be ! gr\nd ( t8 ,n t !re is less "w done at ,ox=d ?an at ,leipzig1 b t ! "w is done 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,x is free 9 ,g]many2 x has n[ become almo/ compulsory 9 ,engl&4 ,?\gh an old pr(essor myself1 ,i l to att5d1 :5 ,i c1 "s ( ! pr(essorial lectures 9 ,g]many2 = x is a real pleasure to see hundr$s ( "y faces li/5+ to a tea*] on ! hi/ory ( art1 on mod]n hi/ory1 on ! sci5ce ( language1 or on philosophy1 )\t any view to exam9ations1 simply f love ( ! subject or ( ! tea*]4 ,no "o :o kn[s :at ! real joy ( le>n+ is1 h[ x light5s all drudg]y & draws away ! m9d f mean pursuits1 c see )\t indignation t :at ought to be ! free/ & happie/ ye>s 9 a man's life %\ld (t5 be sp5t betwe5 cramm+ & exam9ations4 ,& "h ,i h at la/ m5tion$ ! ^w1 :i* to _m fri5ds ( academic fre$om1 to _m :o dread ! baneful increase ( uni=mity1 may seem ! cause ( all mis*ief1 ! mo/ p[]ful eng9e = intellectual levell+--,exam9ation4 ,!re is a /rong feel+ spr++ up ev]y:]e aga9/ ! tyranny ( exam9ations1 aga9/ ! cramp+ & )]+ influ5ce :i* !y are suppos$ to ex]cise on ! y\? ( ,engl&4 ,i _c jo9 9 t outcry4 ,i well rememb] t ! fir/ lett]s :i* ,i v5tur$ to address to ! ,times1 9 v imp]fect ,engli%1 7 9 favor ( exam9ations4 ,!y 7 sign$ ,la ,c>rire ouv]te1 & 7 writt5 be=e ! days ( ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission6 ,i well rememb]1 too1 t ! fir/ "t ,i v5tur$ to speak1 or r to /amm]1 9 public1 0 9 favor ( exam9ations4 ,t 0 9 #aheg1 at ,exet]1 :5 ! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made1 "u ! auspices ( ,sir ,t4 ,acl&1 9 ! direction ( :at has s9ce develop$ into ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,local ,exam9ations4 ,i h be5 an exam9] myself = _m ye>s1 ,i h wat*$ ! gr[? ( t sy/em 9 ,engl& f ye> to ye>1 &1 9 spite ( all t has be5 said & writt5 ( late aga9/ x1 ,i confess ,i d n see h[ x w\ld be possible to aboli% x1 & return to ! old sy/em ( appo9tm5t by patronage4 ,b ?\gh ,i h n lo/ my fai? 9 exam9ations1 ,i _c conceal ! fact t ,i am fright5$ by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are conduct$1 & by ! results :i* !y produce4 ,z y are int]e/$ y\rselves at ?is ,midl& ,in/itute 9 ! successful work+ ( exam9ations1 y w p]haps all[ me 9 conclusion to add a few rem>ks on ! safegu>ds necess>y = ! effici5t work+ ( exam9ations4 ,all exam9ations are a means to asc]ta9 h[ pupils h be5 taught2 !y ought nev] to be all[$ to become ! end = :i* pupils are taught4 ,tea*+ ) a view to !m l[]s ! tea*] 9 ! eyes ( 8 pupils2 le>n+ ) a view to !m is apt to produce %all[ness & di%one/y4 ,:atev] attractions le>n+ possesses 9 itself1 & :atev] ef=ts 7 =m]ly made by boys at s*ool f a s5se ( duty1 all ?is is lo/ if !y once imag9e t ! highe/ object ( all le>n+ is to ga9 m>ks 9 a competition4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! prop] relation betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 all pupils %\ld be made to look to _! tea*]s z _! natural exam9]s & faire/ judges1 & !re=e 9 e exam9ation ! report ( ! tea*] ought to c>ry ! greate/ weight4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple foll[$ abroad 9 exam9+ c&idates at public s*ools2 & ev5 9 _! exam9ation on leav+ s*ool1 :i* gives !m ! "r to ent] ! ,univ]sity1 !y "k t _! success dep5ds f> m on ! "w :i* !y h done dur+ ! ye>s at s*ool1 ?an on ! "w done on ! few days ( _! exam9ation4 ,!re are outside exam9]s appo9t$ by ,gov]nm5t to *eck ! "w done at s*ools & dur+ ! exam9ations2 b ! cases 9 :i* !y h to modify or rev]se ! aw>d ( ! ma/] are extremely r>e1 & !y are felt to reflect s]i\sly on ! compet5cy or imp>tiality ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,to leave exam9ations entirely to /rang]s r$uces !m to ! level ( lott]ies1 & fo/]s a clev]ness 9 tea*]s & taught (t5 ak9 to di%one/y4 ,an exam9] may f9d out :at a c&idate kn[s n1 he c h>dly ev] f9d out all he kn[s2 & ev5 if he succe$s 9 f9d+ out h[ mu* a c&idate kn[s1 he c seldom f9d out h[ he kn[s x4 ,on ^! po9ts ! op9ion ( ! ma/]s :o h wat*$ _! pupils = ye>s is indisp5sable = ! sake ( ! exam9]1 = ! sake ( ! pupils1 & = ! sake ( _! tea*]s4 ,i "k ,i %all be told t x w\ld be impossible to tru/ ! ma/]s1 & to be guid$ by _! op9ion1 because !y are int]e/$ p>ties4 ,n[1 fir/ ( all1 !re are f> m hone/ m5 9 ! _w ?an di%one/1 & x does n answ] to legislate z if all s*ool-ma/]s 7 rogues4 ,x is en\gh t !y %\ld "k t _! reports w\ld be scrut9iz$1 to keep ev5 ! mo/ reprobate ( tea*]s f be>+ false witness 9 favor ( _! pupils4 ,secondly1 ,i believe t unnecess>y temptation is n[ be+ plac$ be=e all p>ties conc]n$ 9 exam9ations4 ,! prop] rew>d = a good exam9ation %\ld be honor1 n p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce4 ,! mis*ief done by pecuni>y rew>ds (f]$ 9 ! %ape ( s*ol>%ips & exhibitions at s*ool & ,univ]sity1 beg9s to be recogniz$ v widely4 ,to tra9 a boy ( twelve = a race aga9/ all ,engl& is g5]ally to ov]/ra9 8 faculties1 & (t5 to impair 8 usefulness 9 lat] life2 b to make him feel t by 8 failure he w entail on 8 fa!r ! loss ( a hundr$ a ye>1 & on 8 tea*] ! loss ( pupils1 is simply cruel at t e>ly age4 ,x is said t ^! s*ol>%ips & exhibitions enable ! sons ( poor p>5ts to enjoy ! privilege ( ! be/ education 9 ,engl&1 f :i* !y w\ld o!rwise be deb>r$ by ! excessive co/l9ess ( our public s*ools4 ,b ev5 ?is argum5t1 /rong z x seems1 c h>dly /&1 = ,i believe x c\ld be %[n t ! majority ( ^? :o are successful 9 obta9+ s*ol>%ips & exhibitions at s*ool or at ! ,univ]sity are boys ^: p>5ts h be5 able to pay ! highe/ price = _! *ildr5's previ\s education4 ,if all ^! prizes 7 aboli%$1 & ! funds ?us set free us$ to less5 ! price ( education at s*ool & 9 college1 ,i believe t ! sons ( poor p>5ts w\ld be f> m b5efit$ ?an by ! pres5t sy/em4 ,x might also be desirable to l[] ! s*ool fees 9 ! case ( ! sons ( poor p>5ts1 :o 7 do+ well at s*ool f ye> to ye>2 &1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ favoritism1 an exam9ation1 p>ticul>ly viv voce1 be=e all ! ma/]s ( a s*ool1 possibly ev5 ) "s outside exam9]1 might be useful4 ,b ! pres5t sy/em bids fair to deg5]ate into m]e horse-rac+1 & ,i %all n wond] if1 soon] or lat]1 ! two-ye> olds ent]$ = ! race h to be wat*$ by _! tra9] t !y may n be ov]f$ or drugg$ aga9/ ! day ( ! race4 ,x has come to ?is1 t s*ools are bidd+ = clev] boys 9 ord] to run !m 9 ! races1 & 9 ,france1 ,i read1 t p>5ts actually extort money f s*ools by ?reat5+ to take away ! "y rac]s t are likely to w9 ! ,d]by47#ag7 ,if we turn f ! s*ools to ! ,univ]sities we f9d "h1 too1 ! same compla9ts aga9/ ov]-exam9ation4 ,n[ x seems to me t e ,univ]sity1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its position1 has a p]fect "r to dem& two exam9ations1 b no m3 "o = admission1 ! o!r = a degree4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made 9 ,g]many1 9 ,russia1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl& to *ange & improve ! old academic tradition1 b 9 ! end ! orig9al1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 ! natural sy/em1 has g5]ally prov$ its wisdom & reass]t$ its "r4 ,if a ,univ]sity surr5d]s ! "r ( exam9+ ^? :o wi% to be admitt$1 ! tutors w (t5 h to d ! "w ( s*ool-ma/]s1 & ! pr(essors c nev] "k h[ high or h[ l[ !y %\ld aim 9 _! public lectures2 & ! result w be a l[]+ ( ! /&>d at ! ,univ]sities1 & consequ5tly at ! public s*ools4 ,"s ,univ]sities1 on ! contr>y1 l ov]-anxi\s mo!rs1 h multipli$ exam9ations s z to make q sure1 at ! end ( ea* t]m or ea* ye>1 t ! pupils confid$ to !m h done at lea/ "s "w4 ,?is k9d ( =c$ labor may d "s good to ! incorrigibly idle1 b x does ! greate/ h>m to all ! re/4 ,if !re is an exam9ation at ! end ( ea* ye>1 !re c be no fre$om left = any indep5d5t "w4 ,bo? tea*]s & taught w be guid$ by ! same pole-/>--exam9ations2 no deviation f ! beat5 track w be consid]$ safe1 & all ! pleasure d]iv$ f "w done = its own sake1 & all ! j pride & joy1 :i* ^? only "k :o h ev] v5tur$ out by !mselves on ! op5 sea ( k1 mu/ be lo/4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be deceiv$ by ! brilliant %[ ( exam9ation pap]s4 ,x is c]ta9ly m>vell\s :at an am\nt ( k c&idates w produce be=e _! exam9]s2 b ^? :o h be5 bo? exam9$ & exam9]s "k be/ h[ fleet+ t k (t5 is1 & h[ diff]5t f t o!r k :i* has be5 acquir$ sl[ly & quietly1 = its own sake1 = our own sake1 )\t a ?\ght z to :e!r x w\ld ev] pay at exam9ations or n4 ,a c&idate1 aft] giv+ mo/ glibly ! dates & ! titles ( ! pr9cipal works ( ,cobbett1 ,gibbon1 ,burke1 ,adam ,smi?1 & ,david ,hume1 0 ask$ :e!r he _h ev] se5 any ( _! writ+s1 & he _h to answ]1 ,no4 ,ano!r :o 0 ask$ :i* ( ! works ( ,pheidias he _h se51 repli$ t he _h only read ! fir/ two books4 ,?is is ! k9d ( di%one/ k :i* is fo/]$ by too frequ5t exam9ations4 ,!re are two k9ds ( k1 ! "o t ent]s into our v blood1 ! o!r :i* we c>ry ab\t 9 our pockets4 ,^? :o read = exam9ations h g5]ally _! pockets cram full2 ^? :o "w on quietly & h _! :ole he>t 9 _! "w are (t5 disc\rag$ at ! small am\nt ( _! k1 at ! little life-blood !y h made4 ,b :at !y h le>nt has really become _! own1 has invigorat$ _! :ole frame1 & 9 ! end !y h (t5 prov$ ! /ronge/ & happie/ m5 9 ! battle ( life4 ,omnisci5ce is at pres5t ! bane ( all our k4 ,f ! day he leaves s*ool & ent]s ! ,univ]sity a man ought to make up 8 m9d t 9 _m ?+s he mu/ ei!r rema9 altoge!r ignorant1 or be satisfi$ ) k at second-h&4 ,?us only c he cle> ! decks = action4 ,& ! soon] he f9ds out :at 8 own "w is to be1 ! m useful & delightful w be 8 life at ! ,univ]sity & lat]4 ,!re are few m5 :o h a passion = all k2 !re is h>dly "o :o has n a hobby ( 8 own4 ,^? s-call$ hobbies ought to be utiliz$1 & n1 z !y are n[1 disc\rag$1 if we wi% our ,univ]sities to produce m m5 l ,f>aday1 ,c>lyle1 ,grote1 or ,d>w94 ,i d n say t 9 an exam9ation = a ,univ]sity degree a m9imum ( :at is n[ call$ g5]al culture %\ld n be insi/$ on2 b 9 addition to t1 f> m fre$om ought to be giv5 to ! exam9] to let ea* c&idate produce 8 own individual "w4 ,?is is done to a f> great] ext5t 9 ,cont95tal ?an 9 ,engli% ,univ]sities1 & ! exam9ations are !re=e mo/ly confid$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,s5atus ,academicus1 consi/+ ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 & ! mo/ em95t repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( k 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,_! object is n to f9d out h[ _m m>ks ea* c&idate may ga9 by answ]+ a l>g] or small] numb] ( que/ions1 & !n to place !m 9 ord] be=e ! _w l s _m organ pipes4 ,!y want to f9d out :e!r a man1 by ! "w he has done dur+ 8 ?ree or f\r ,univ]sity ye>s1 has acquir$ t vigor ( ?\ght1 t maturity ( judgm5t1 & t special k1 :i* fairly entitle him to an academic degree1 ) or )\t special honors4 ,su* a degree conf]s no mat]ial advantages27#ah7 x does n entitle its hold] to any employm5t 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate2 x does n v\* ev5 = 8 be+ a fit p]son to be made an ,ar*bi%op or ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,all ?is is left to ! lat] /ruggle = life2 & 9 t /ruggle x seems z if ^? :o1 aft] hav+ survey$ ! va/ field ( human k1 h settl$ on a few acres ( _! own & cultivat$ !m z !y 7 nev] cultivat$ be=e1 :o h work$ h>d & h ta/$ ! true joy & happ9ess ( h>d "w1 :o h gladly li/5$ to o!rs1 b always dep5d$ on !mselves1 71 aft] all1 ! m5 :om great nations delight$ to foll[ z _! royal lead]s 9 ! onw>d m>* t[>ds great] enlight5m5t1 great] happ9ess1 & great] fre$om4 ,to sum up1 no "o c read ,mill's ,essay 8,on ,lib]ty0 at ! pres5t mom5t )\t feel+ t ev5 dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! cause :i* he advocat$ s /rongly & passionately1 ! cause ( individual fre$om1 has made rapid progress--aye1 has c>ri$ ! day4 ,9 no c\ntry may a man be s entirely himself1 s true to himself1 & yet loyal to society1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,b1 al?\gh ! enemy ^: encroa*m5ts ,mill fe>$ mo/ & res5t$ mo/ has be5 driv5 back & =c$ to keep )9 8 own b\nds--?\gh su* names z ,diss5t] & ,noncon=mi/1 :i* 7 =m]ly us$ 9 society z fatal d>ts1 seem to h lo/ all ! poison :i* !y once conta9$--,mill's pr9cipal fe>s h nev]!less n be5 beli$1 & ! blight ( uni=mity :i* he saw approa*+ ) its att5dant evils ( feebl5ess1 indiff]5ce1 & sequacity1 has be5 spread+ m widely ?an ev]4 ,x has ev] be5 ma9ta9$ t ! v fre$om :i* e individual n[ enjoys has be5 detrim5tal to ! gr[? ( individuality2 t y mu/ h an ,inquisition if y want to see m>tyrs1 t y mu/ h despotism & tyranny to call =? h]oes4 ,! v measures :i* ! fri5ds ( individual developm5t advocat$ s w>mly1 compulsory education & competitive exam9ations1 are po9t$ out z hav+ *iefly contribut$ to produce t l>ge array ( pass-m51 t dead level ( un9t]e/+ excell5ce1 :i* is ! beau idal ( a ,*9ese ,m&>91 :ile x fright5$ & di%e>t5$ su* m5 z ,humboldt1 ,tocqueville1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill himself4 ,!re may be "s tru? 9 all ?is1 b x is c]ta9ly n ! :ole tru?4 ,education1 z x has to be c>ri$ on1 :e!r 9 elem5t>y or 9 public s*ools1 is no d\bt a heavy weight :i* might well press d[n ! mo/ indep5d5t _s2 x is1 9 fact1 nei!r m nor less ?an plac+1 9 a sy/ematiz$ =m1 on ! %\ld]s ( e g5]ation ! ev]-increas+ mass ( k1 exp]i5ce1 cu/om1 & tradition t has be5 accumulat$ by =m] g5]ations4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 if 9 "s s*ools all spr+1 all vigor1 all joy\sness ( "w is cru%$ out "u t load ( names & dates1 ( anomal\s v]bs & syntactic rules1 ( ma!matical =mulas & geometrical !ories :i* boys are expect$ to br+ up = competitive exam9ations4 ,b a rem$y has be5 provid$1 & we are ourselves to blame if we d n avail ourselves ( x to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,europe erect$ its ,univ]sities1 & call$ !m ! homes ( ! ,lib]al ,arts1 & det]m9$ t betwe5 ! m5tal slav]y ( ! s*ool & ! physical slav]y ( busy life e man %\ld h at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( fre$om4 ,:at ,sokrates & 8 great pupil ,plato _h done = ! y\? ( ,greece17#ai7 ^! new academies 7 to d = ! y\? ( ,italy1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,g]many2 &1 ?\gh ) v>y+ success1 !y h done x4 ,! m$ival & mod]n ,univ]sities h be5 f c5tury to c5tury ! homes ( free ?\ght4 ,"h ! mo/ em95t m5 h sp5t _! lives1 n 9 retail+ traditional k1 z at s*ool1 b 9 ext5d+ ! fronti]s ( sci5ce 9 all directions4 ,"h1 9 close int]c\rse ) _! tea*]s1 or "u _! imm$iate guidance1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( boys fre% f s*ool h gr[n up into m5 dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ( _! academic life4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ea* man has be5 enc\rag$ to d>e to be himself1 to foll[ 8 own ta/es1 to dep5d on 8 own judgm5t1 to try ! w+s ( 8 m9d1 &1 lo1 l "y eagles ?r[n out ( _! ne/1 !y c\ld fly4 ,"h ! old k accumulat$ at s*ool 0 te/$1 & new k acquir$ /raight f ! f\nta9-head4 ,"h k ceas$ to be a m]e burd51 & became a p[] invigorat+ ! :ole m9d1 l sn[ :i* dur+ w9t] lies cold & heavy on ! mead[s1 b :5 x is t\*$ by ! sun ( spr+ melts away1 & f]tilizes ! gr\nd = a ri* h>ve/4 ,t 0 ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,univ]sities2 & ! m !y cont9ue to fulfil t purpose1 ! m w !y secure to u t real fre$om f tradition1 f cu/om1 f m]e op9ion & sup]/ition1 :i* c be ga9$ by indep5d5t /udy only2 ! m w !y fo/] t 8human developm5t 9 its ri*e/ div]sity0 :i* ,mill1 l ,humboldt1 consid]$ z ! highe/ object ( all society4 ,su* academic tea*+ ne$ n be conf9$ to ! old ,univ]sities4 ,!re is _m a great ,univ]sity t sprang f small] beg9n+s ?an y\r ,midl& ,in/itute4 ,nor is x necess>y1 9 ord] to secure ! real b5efits ( academic tea*+1 to h all ! p>aph]nalia ( a ,univ]sity1 its colleges & fell[%ips1 its caps & g[ns4 ,:at is really want$ is ! pres5ce ( m5 :o1 hav+ done good "w 9 _! life1 are will+ to tea* o!rs h[ to "w = !mselves1 h[ to ?9k = !mselves1 h[ to judge = !mselves4 ,t is ! true academic /age 9 e man's life1 :5 he le>ns to "w1 n to please o!rs1 be !y s*oolma/]s or exam9]s1 b to please himself1 :5 he works f %e] love ( "w1 & = ! highe/ ( all purposes1 ! que/ ( tru?4 ,^? only :o h pass$ ?r\gh t /age "k ! real bless+s ( "w4 ,to ! _w at l>ge !y may seem m]e drudges--b ! _w does n "k ! triumphant joy ) :i* ! true m\nta9e]1 high above cl\ds & m\nta9 walls t once seem$ unsurpassable1 dr9ks 9 ! fre% air ( ! ,high ,alps1 & away f ! fumes1 ! du/1 & ! noises ( ! city1 revels alone1 9 fre$om ( ?\ght1 9 fre$om ( feel+1 & 9 ! fre$om ( ! highe/ fai?4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,my?ology4 ,a ,lecture ,deliv]$ ,at ,! ,royal ,in/itution ,9 #ahga4 ,:at c be 9 our days ! int]e/ ( my?ology8 ,:at is x to u t ,kronos 0 ! son ( ,uranos & ,gaia1 & t he swall[$ 8 *ildr51 ,he/ia1 ,demet]1 ,h]a1 ,pluton1 & ,poseidon1 z soon z !y 7 born8 ,:at h we to d ) ! /ories ( ,rhea1 ! wife ( ,kronos1 :o1 9 ord] to save h] y\nge/ son f be+ swall[$ by 8 fa!r1 gave h] husb& a /one to swall[ in/ead8 ,& :y %\ld we be ask$ to admire ! exploits ( ?is y\nge/ son1 :o1 :5 he _h gr[n up1 made 8 fa!r dr9k a draught1 & ?us help$ to deliv] ! /one & 8 five bro!rs & si/]s f _! pat]nal prison8 ,:at %all we ?9k if we read 9 ! mo/ admir$ ( classic poets t ^! escap$ prison]s became aft]w>ds ! great gods ( ,greece1 gods believ$ 9 by ,hom]1 wor%ipp$ by ,sokrates1 immortaliz$ by ,pheidias8 ,:y %\ld we li/5 to su* horrors z t ,tantalos kill$ 8 own son1 boil$ him1 & plac$ him be=e ! gods to eat8 or t ! gods collect$ 8 limbs1 ?rew !m into a cauldron1 & ?us re/or$ ,pelops to life1 m9us1 h[ev]1 8 %\ld]1 :i* ,demet] _h eat5 9 a fit ( abs5ce1 & :i* _h !re=e to be replac$ by a %\ld] made ( ivory8 ,c we imag9e any?+ m silly1 m savage1 m s5seless1 any?+ m unwor?y to engage our ?\ghts1 ev5 = a s+le mom5t8 ,we may pity our *ildr5 t1 9 ord] to "k h[ to con/rue & und]/& ! ma/]-works ( ,hom] & ,virgil1 !y h to fill _! memory ) su* idle tales2 b we might ju/ly suppose t m5 :o h s]i\s "w to d 9 ?is _w w\ld bani% su* subjects =ev] f _! ?\ghts4 ,& yet1 h[ /range1 f ! v *ildhood ( philosophy1 f ! fir/ fa9tly-:isp]$ ,:y8 to our own "t ( matur$ ?\ght & fe>less inquiry1 my?ology has be5 ! ev]-recurr5t subject ( anxi\s wond] & c>eful /udy4 ,! anci5t philosoph]s1 :o c\ld pass by ! petrifi$ %ells on m\nta9-tops & ! fossil trees buri$ 9 _! qu>ries )\t ev] ask+ ! "q h[ !y came to be !re1 or :at !y signifi$1 7 ev] ready ) d\bts & surmises :5 !y came to li/5 to anci5t /ories ( _! gods & h]oes4 ,&1 m curi\s /ill1 ev5 mod]n philosoph]s _c resi/ ! attraction ( ^! anci5t problems4 ,t /ream ( philosophic ?\ght :i*1 spr++ f ,desc>tes 7#aeif-afej71 roll$ on ?r\gh ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 9 two b$s--! ideali/ic1 m>k$ by ! names ( ,malebran*e 7#afch-agae71 ,sp9oza 7#afcb-afgg71 & ,leibniz 7#afdf-agaf72 & ! s5suali/ic1 m>k$ by ! names ( ,locke 7#afcb-agjd71 ,david ,hume 7#agaa-aggf71 & ,condillac 7#agae-aghj71 till ! two arms unit$ aga9 9 ,kant 7#agbd-ahjd71 & ! full /ream 0 c>ri$ on by ,s*ell+ 7#agge-ahed71 & ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca71--?is /ream ( mod]n philosophic ?\ght has end$ :]e anci5t philosophy began--9 a ,philosophy ( ,my?ology1 :i*1 z y "k1 =ms ! mo/ important "p ( ,s*ell+'s f9al sy/em1 ( :at he call$ himself 8 ,positive ,philosophy1 giv5 to ! _w aft] ! dea? ( t great ?9k] & poet1 9 ! ye> #ahed4 ,i d n mean to say t ,s*ell+ & ,ari/otle look$ ^u my?ology 9 ! same light1 or t !y f\nd 9 x exactly ! same problems2 yet !re is ?is common feature 9 all :o h ?\ght or writt5 on my?ology1 t !y look ^u x z some?+ :i*1 :atev] x may mean1 does c]ta9ly n mean :at x seems to mean2 z some?+ t requires an explanation1 :e!r x be a sy/em ( religion1 or a phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 or an inevitable cata/rophe 9 ! life ( language4 ,accord+ to "s1 my?ology is hi/ory *ang$ into fable2 accord+ to o!rs1 fable *ang$ into hi/ory4 ,"s discov] 9 x ! precepts ( moral philosophy enunciat$ 9 ! poetical language ( antiquity2 o!rs see 9 x a picture ( ! great =ms & =ces ( nature1 p>ticul>ly ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1 ! *anges ( day & night1 ! succession ( ! seasons1 ! return ( ! ye>s--all ?is reflect$ by ! vivid imag9ation ( anci5t poets & sages4 ,epi*>mos1 = in/ance1 ! pupil ( ,py?agoras1 decl>$ t ! gods ( ,greece 7 n :at1 f ! poems ( ,hom]1 we might suppose !m to be--p]sonal be+s1 end[$ ) sup]human p[]s1 b liable to _m ( ! passions & frailties ( human nature4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ^! gods 7 really ! ,w9d1 ! ,wat]1 ! ,e>?1 ! ,sun1 ! ,fire1 & ! ,/>s4 ,n long aft] 8 "t1 ano!r philosoph]1 ,emp$okles1 hold+ t ! :ole ( nature consi/$ 9 ! mixture & sep>ation ( ! f\r elem5ts1 decl>$ t ,zeus 0 ! elem5t ( ,fire1 ,"h ! elem5t ( ,air1 ,aidoneus or ,pluton ! elem5t ( ,e>?1 & ,ne/is ! elem5t ( ,wat]4 ,9 fact1 :atev] ! free ?9k]s ( ,greece discov]$ successively z ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,be+ & ,?\ght1 :e!r ! air ( ,anaxim5es1 or ! fire ( ,h]akleitos1 or ! ,n\s or ,m9d ( ,anaxagoras1 0 readily id5tifi$ ) ,zeus & ! o!r div9e p]sons ( ,olympian my?ology4 ,metrodoros1 ! contempor>y ( ,anaxagoras1 w5t ev5 f>!r4 ,:ile ,anaxagoras w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) look+ ^u ,zeus z b ano!r "n ( 8 ,n\s1 ! highe/ intellect1 ! mov]1 ! dispos]1 ! gov]nor ( all ?+s1 ,metrodoros resolv$ n only ! p]sons ( ,zeus1 ,"h1 & ,a!ne1 b likewise ^? ( human k+s & h]oes--su* z ,agamemnon1 ,a*illes1 & ,hektor--into v>i\s comb9ations & physical ag5cies1 & treat$ ! adv5tures ascrib$ to !m z natural facts hidd5 "u a ?9 veil ( allegory4 ,sokrates1 x is well kn[n1 look$ ^u su* attempts at expla9+ all fables allegorically z too ardu\s & unpr(itable3 yet he1 too1 z well z ,plato1 po9t$ frequ5tly to :at !y call$ ! hypnoia1 ! "u-curr5t1 or1 if ,i may say s1 ! "u-mean+ ( anci5t my?ology4 ,ari/otle speaks m explicitly3-- 8,x has be5 h&$ d[n10 he says1 8by e>ly & v anci5t p1 & left to ^? :o came aft]1 9 ! =m ( my?s1 t ^! 7! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! _w7 are ! gods1 & t ! div9e embraces ! :ole ( nature4 ,! re/ has be5 add$ my?ically1 9 ord] to p]suade ! _m1 & 9 ord] to be us$ 9 support ( laws & o!r int]e/s4 ,?us !y say t ! gods h a human =m1 & t !y are l to "s ( ! o!r liv+ be+s1 & o!r ?+s consequ5t on ?is1 & simil> to :at has be5 said4 ,if "o sep>at$ out ( ^! fables1 & took only t fir/ po9t1 namely1 t !y believ$ ! fir/ ess5ces to be gods1 "o w\ld ?9k t x _h be5 div9ely said1 & t :ile e art & e philosophy 0 probably inv5t$ ev] s _m times & lo/ aga91 ^! op9ions _h1 l fragm5ts ( !m1 be5 pres]v$ until n[4 ,s f> only is ! op9ion ( our fa!rs1 & t receiv$ f our fir/ ance/ors1 cle> to u40 ,i h quot$ ! op9ions ( ^! ,greek philosoph]s1 to :i* _m m might h be5 add$1 p>tly 9 ord] to %[ h[ _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m9ds ( anci5t ,greece agre$ 9 dem&+ an int]pretation1 :e!r physical or metaphysical1 ( ,greek my?ology1 p>tly 9 ord] to satisfy ^? classical s*ol>s1 :o1 =getful ( _! own classics1 =getful ( _! own ,plato & ,ari/otle1 seem to imag9e t ! idea ( see+ 9 ! gods & h]oes ( ,greece any?+ beyond :at !y appe> to be 9 ! songs ( ,hom]1 0 a m]e fancy & inv5tion ( ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 ,greeks1 & em95t ,greeks too1 :o took ! leg5ds ( _! gods & h]oes 9 _! lit]al s5se4 ,b :at d ^! say ( ,hom] & ,hesiod8 ,x5ophanes1 ! contempor>y ( ,py?agoras1 holds ,hom] & ,hesiod responsible = ! popul> sup]/itions ( ,greece4 ,9 ?is he agrees ) ,h]odotus1 :5 he decl>es t ^! two poets made ! !ogony = ! ,greeks1 & gave to ! gods _! names1 & assign$ to !m _! honors & _! arts1 & describ$ _! appe>ances4 ,b he !n cont9ues 9 a v diff]5t /ra9 f ! pi\s hi/orian47#bj7 8,hom]10 he says17#ba7 8& ,hesiod ascrib$ to ! gods :atev] is disgraceful & sc&al\s among m51 yea1 !y decl>$ t ! gods _h committ$ ne>ly all unlawful acts1 su* z !ft1 adult]y1 & fraud40 8,m5 seem to h creat$ _! gods1 & to h giv5 to !m _! own m9d1 voice1 & figure4 ,! ,e?iopians made _! gods black & flat-nos$2 ! ,?racians r$-hair$ & blue-ey$40 ,?is 0 spok5 ab\t #ejj ,b4 ,c4 ,h]akleitos1 ab\t #dfj ,b4 ,c41 "o ( ! bolde/ ?9k]s ( anci5t ,greece1 decl>$ t ,hom] des]v$ to be eject$ f public assemblies & flogg$2 & a /ory is told t ,py?agoras 7ab\t #edj ,b4 ,c47 saw ! s\l ( ,hom] 9 ,hades1 hang+ on a tree & surr\nd$ by s]p5ts1 z a puni%m5t = :at he _h said ( ! gods4 ,& :at c be /rong] ?an ! condemnation pass$ on ,hom] by ,plato8 ,i %all read an extract f ! 8,republic10 f ! excell5t translation lately publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,j[ett3-- 8,b :at fault d y f9d ) ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & ! o!r great /ory-tell]s ( mank9d80 8,a fault :i* is mo/ s]i\s10 ,i said3 8! fault ( tell+ a lie1 & a bad lie40 8,b :5 is ?is fault committ$80 8,:5ev] an errone\s repres5tation is made ( ! nature ( gods & h]oes--l ! draw+ ( a limn] :i* has n ! %ad[ ( a lik5ess to ! tru?40 8 #8,yes1' he said1 #8t sort ( ?+ is c]ta9ly v blamable2 b :at are ! /ories :i* y mean8' 0 8 #8,fir/ ( all1' ,i said1 #8!re 0 t greate/ ( all lies 9 high places1 :i* ! poet told ab\t ,uranos1 & :i* 0 an immoral lie too--,i mean :at ,hesiod says t ,uranos did1 & :at ,kronos did to him4 ,! fact is t ! do+s ( ,kronos1 & ! suff]+s :i* 8 son inflict$ ^u him1 ev5 if !y 7 true1 ought n to be lightly told to "y & simple p]sons2 if possible1 !y _h bett] be buri$ 9 sil5ce4 ,b if !re is an absolute necessity = _! m5tion1 a v few might he> !m 9 a my/]y1 & !n let !m sacrifice n a common 7,eleus9ian7 pig1 b "s huge & unprocurable victim2 ?is w\ld h ! effect ( v greatly r$uc+ ! numb] ( ! he>]s4' 0 8 #8,:y1 yes1' said he1 #8^! /ories are c]ta9ly objectionable4' 0 8 #8,yes1 ,adeimantos1 !y are /ories n to be n>rat$ 9 our /ate2 ! "y man %\ld n be told t 9 committ+ ! wor/ ( crimes he is f> f do+ any?+ outrage\s1 & t he may *a/ise 8 fa!r :5 he does wrong 9 any mann] t he likes1 & 9 ?is w only be foll[+ ! example ( ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! gods4' 0 8 #8,i q agree ) y1' he said2 #89 my op9ion ^? /ories are n fit to be repeat$4' #8,nei!r1 if we mean our future gu>dians to reg>d ! habit ( qu>rell+ z di%onorable1 %\ld any?+ be said ( ! w>s 9 heav51 & ( ! plots & fight+s ( ! gods aga9/ "o ano!r1 :i* are q untrue4 ,f> be x f u to tell !m ( ! battles ( ! giants1 & embroid] !m on g>m5ts2 or ( all ! innum]able o!r qu>rels ( gods & h]oes ) _! fri5ds & relations4 ,if !y w\ld only believe u1 we w\ld tell !m t qu>rell+ is unholy1 & t nev] up to ?is "t has !re be5 any qu>rel betwe5 citiz5s2 ?is is :at old m5 & old wom5 %\ld beg9 by tell+ *ildr51 & ! same :5 !y gr[ up4 ,& ^! are ! sort ( fictions :i* ! poets %\ld be requir$ to compose4 ,b ! n>rative ( ,hephae/os b9d+ ,"h 8 "m1 or h[1 on ano!r occasion1 ,zeus s5t him fly+ = tak+ h] "p :5 %e 0 be+ beat5--su* tales mu/ n be admitt$ 9 our /ate1 :e!r !y are suppos$ to h an allegorical mean+ or n4 ,= ! "y man _c judge :at is allegorical & :at is lit]al1 & any?+ t he receives into 8 m9d at t age is apt to become indelible & unalt]able2 & !re=e ! tales :i* !y fir/ he> %\ld be models ( virtu\s ?\ghts4' 0 ,to ^? :o look ^u my?ology z an anci5t =m ( religion1 su* fre$om ( language z is "h us$ by ,x5ophanes & ,plato1 mu/ seem />tl+4 ,if ! ,iliad 7 really ! ,bible ( ! ,greeks1 z x has n infrequ5tly be5 call$1 su* viol5t invectives w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,= let u be> 9 m9d t ,x5ophanes1 ?\gh he boldly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( all ! my?ological deities1 & decl>$ 8 belief 9 ,"o ,god1 8nei!r 9 =m nor 9 ?\ght l unto mortals107#bb7 0 n !re=e consid]$ a h]etic4 ,he nev] suff]$ = utt]+ 8 hone/ convictions3 on ! contr>y1 z f> z we "k1 he 0 honor$ by ! p among :om he liv$ & taught4 ,nor 0 ,plato ev] puni%$ on acc\nt ( 8 unbelief1 & ?\gh he1 z well z 8 ma/]1 ,sokrates1 became obnoxi\s to ! dom9ant p>ty at ,a!ns1 ?is 0 due to political f> m ?an to !ological motives4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,plato1 ! pupil1 ! fri5d1 ! apologi/ ( ,sokrates1 0 all[$ to tea* at ,a!ns to ! end ( 8 life1 & few m5 comm&$ great] respect 9 ! be/ ranks ( ,greek society4 ,b1 al?\gh my?ology 0 n religion 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 & al?\gh ! ,iliad c]ta9ly nev] enjoy$ among ,greeks ! au?ority ei!r ( ! ,bible1 or ev5 ( ! ,v$a among ! ,brahmans1 or ! ,z5d ,ave/a among ! ,p>sis1 yet ,i w\ld n d5y altoge!r t 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! my?ology ( ! ,greeks belong$ to _! religion4 ,we mu/ only be on our gu>d1 "h z ev]y:]e else1 aga9/ ! mislead+ influ5ce ( words4 ,! ^w ,religion has1 l mo/ words1 _h its hi/ory2 x has gr[n & *ang$ ) ea* c5tury1 & x _c1 !re=e1 h meant ) ! ,greeks & ,brahmans :at x means ) u4 ,religions h sometimes be5 divid$ into national or traditional1 z di/+ui%$ f individual or /atutable religion4 ,! =m] are1 l languages1 home-gr[n1 auto*?onic1 )\t an hi/orical beg9n+1 g5]ally )\t any recogniz$ f\nd]1 or ev5 an au?oriz$ code2 ! latt] h be5 f\nd$ by hi/orical p]sons1 g5]ally 9 antagonism to traditional sy/ems1 & !y always re/ on ! au?ority ( a writt5 code4 ,i d n consid] ?is division z v useful7#bc7 = a sci5tific /udy ( religion1 because 9 _m cases x is extremely difficult1 & sometimes impossible1 to draw a %>p l9e ( dem>cation1 & to det]m9e :e!r a giv5 religion %\ld be consid]$ z ! "w ( "o man1 or z ! comb9$ "w ( ^? :o came be=e him1 :o liv$ ) him1 nay1 ev5 ( ^? :o came aft] him4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 = %[+ at once ! sali5t diff]5ce betwe5 :at ! ,greeks & :at we ourselves %\ld mean by ,religion1 ?is division is v s]viceable4 ,! ,greek religion 0 cle>ly a national & traditional religion1 &1 z su*1 x %>$ bo? ! advantages & disadvantages ( ?is =m ( religi\s belief2 ! ,*ri/ian religion is an hi/orical &1 to a great ext5t1 an individual religion1 & x possesses ! advantage ( an au?oriz$ code & ( a settl$ sy/em ( fai?4 ,let x n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t betwe5 traditional & individual religions ! advantages are all on "o1 ! disadvantages on ! o!r side4 ,z long z ! immemorial religions ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! human race rema9$ 9 _! natural /ate1 & 7 n press$ into ! s]vice ( political p>ties or an ambiti\s prie/hood1 !y all[$ great fre$om ( ?\ght & a heal?y gr[? ( real piety1 & !y 7 seldom disgrac$ by an intol]ant or p]secut+ _s4 ,!y 7 g5]ally ei!r hone/ly believ$1 or1 z we h j se51 hone/ly attack$1 & a high tone ( intellectual morality 0 pres]v$1 unta9t$ by hypocrisy1 equivocation1 or unreason+ dogmatism4 ,! m>vell\s developm5t ( philosophy 9 ,greece1 p>ticul>ly 9 anci5t ,greece1 0 *iefly due1 ,i believe1 to ! abs5ce ( an e/abli%$ religion & an influ5tial prie/hood2 & x is impossible to ov]rate ! bless+ :i* ! fre%1 pure1 invigorat+1 & elevat+ air ( t anci5t ,greek philosophy has conf]r$ on all ages1 n except+ our own4 ,i %udd] at ! ?\ght ( :at ! _w w\ld h be5 )\t ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ,i tremble at ! idea t ! y\? ( ! future %\ld ev] be depriv$ ( ! tea*+ & ! example ( ^! true prophets ( ! absolute fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,un=tunately1 we "k b little ( ! e>lie/ fa!rs ( ,greek philosophy2 we h b fragm5ts1 & ^? n always tru/wor?y1 nor easily intelligible1 ( :at !y taught on ! highe/ que/ions t c /ir ! he>t ( man4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ to call ! oracul> say+s ( m5 l ,?ales1 ,py?agoros1 ,x5ophanes1 or ,h]akleitos1 philosophy1 b !re 0 9 !m z mu* ( religion z 9 ! songs ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,hom] & ,hesiod 7 great p[]s1 b _! poems 7 n ! only fe$]s ( ! religi\s life ( ,greece4 ,! /ream ( anci5t wisdom & philosophy fl[$ p>allel ) ! /ream ( leg5d & poetry2 & bo? 7 meant to support ! religi\s crav+s ( ! s\l4 ,we h only to att5d )\t prejudice to ! utt]ances ( ^! anci5t prophets1 su* z ,x5ophanes & ,h]akleitos1 9 ord] to conv9ce ourselves t ^! m5 spoke ) au?ority to ! p17#bd7 t !y consid]$ !mselves ! equals ( ,hom] & ,hesiod1 nay1 _! bett]s1 & 9 no way fett]$ by ! popul> leg5ds ab\t gods & goddesses4 ,:ile mod]n religions assume 9 g5]al a ho/ile attitude t[>ds philosophy1 anci5t religions h ei!r includ$ philosophy z an integral "p1 or !y h at lea/ tol]at$ its gr[? 9 ! v prec9cts ( _! temples4 ,aft] we h ?us se5 :at limitations we mu/ place on ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,religion1 if we call my?ology ! religion ( ! anci5t _w1 we may n[ advance ano!r /ep4 ,we h glanc$ at ! pr9cipal int]pretations :i* h be5 propos$ by ! anci5ts !mselves ( ! orig9al purpose & mean+ ( my?ology4 ,b !re is "o "q :i* none1 ei!r ( ! anci5t or ( ! mod]n int]pret]s ( my?ology1 has answ]$1 or ev5 ask$1 & on :i*1 nev]!less1 ! :ole problem ( my?ology seems to turn4 ,if my?ology is hi/ory *ang$ into fable1 :y 0 x s *ang$8 ,if x is fable repres5t$ z hi/ory1 :y 7 su* fables inv5t$8 ,if x conta9s precepts ( moral philosophy1 :5ce _! immoral disguise8 ,if x is a picture ( ! great =ms & =ces ( nature1 ! same "q /ill returns1 :y 7 ^! =ms & =ces repres5t$ z h]oes & h]o9es1 z nymphs & %eph]ds1 z gods & goddesses8 ,x is easy en\gh to call ! sun a god1 or ! dawn a goddess1 aft] ^! pr$icates h once be5 fram$4 ,b h[ 7 ^! pr$icates fram$8 ,h[ did p come to "k ( gods & goddesses1 h]oes & nymphs1 & :at mean+ did !y orig9ally connect ) ^! t]ms8 ,9 fact1 ! real "q :i* a philosophy ( my?ology has to answ] is ?is--,is ! :ole ( my?ology an inv5tion1 ! fanciful poetry ( a ,hom] or ,hesiod1 or is x a gr[?8 ,or1 to speak m def9itely1 ,0 my?ology a m]e accid5t1 or 0 x inevitable8 ,0 x only a false /ep1 or 0 x a /ep t c\ld n h be5 left out 9 ! hi/orical progress ( ! human m9d8 ,! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( language1 :i* is only a "p ( ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 has enabl$ u to give a decisive answ] to ?is "q4 ,my?ology is inevitable1 x is natural1 x is an inh]5t necessity ( language1 if we recognize 9 language ! outw>d =m & manife/ation ( ?\ght3 x is1 9 fact1 ! d>k %ad[ :i* language ?r[s on ?\ght1 & :i* c nev] disappe> till language becomes altoge!r comm5surate ) ?\ght1 :i* x nev] w4 ,my?ology1 no d\bt1 breaks out m fi]cely dur+ ! e>ly p]iods ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 b x nev] disappe>s altoge!r4 ,dep5d ^u x1 !re is my?ology n[ z !re 0 9 ! "t ( ,hom]1 only we d n p]ceive x1 because we ourselves live 9 ! v %ad[ ( x1 & because we all %r9k f ! full m]idian light ( tru?4 ,we are ready en\gh to see t if ! anci5ts call$ _! k+s & h]oes 1 sprung ( ,zeus1 t expression1 int5d$ orig9ally to convey ! highe/ praise :i* man c be/[ on man1 0 apt to lapse into my?ology4 ,we easily p]ceive h[ su* a conception1 compatible 9 its orig9 ) ! highe/ rev]5ce = ! gods1 l$ almo/ inevitably to ! gr[? ( fables1 :i* transf]r$ to div9e be+s ! incid5ts ( human pat]nity & son%ip4 ,b we are n s ready to see t x is our fate1 too1 to move 9 allegories :i* illu/rate ?+s intellectual by visions exhibit$ to ! fancy4 ,9 our religion1 too1 ! conceptions ( pat]nity & son%ip h n always be5 free f all t is human1 nor are we always aw>e t ne>ly e note t belongs to human pat]nity & son%ip mu/ be tak5 out ( ^! t]ms1 be=e !y c be pron\nc$ safe aga9/ my?ological infection4 ,papal decisions on immaculate conception are ( no avail aga9/ t my?ology4 ,! m9d mu/ become immaculate & rise sup]ior to itself2 or x mu/ close its eyes & %ut its lips 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,div9e4 ,if !n we want to und]/& my?ology1 9 ! ord9>y & re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w1 we mu/ discov] ! l>g] circle ( m5tal ph5om5a to :i* x belongs4 ,greek my?ology1 is b a small segm5t ( my?ology2 ! religi\s my?ologies ( all ! races ( mank9d are aga9 b a small segm5t ( my?ology4 ,my?ology1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 is ! p[] ex]cis$ by language on ?\ght 9 e possible sph]e ( m5tal activity2 & ,i d n hesitate to call ! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy1 f ,?ales d[n to ,hegel1 an un9t]rupt$ battle aga9/ my?ology1 a con/ant prote/ ( ?\ght aga9/ language4 ,?is w require "s explanation4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 all :o h s]i\sly grappl$ ) ! highe/ problems ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language h come to ! conviction t ?\ght & language are insep>able1 t language is z impossible )\t ?\ght z ?\ght is )\t language2 t !y /& to ea* o!r some:at l s\l & body1 l p[] & function1 l sub/ance & =m4 ,! objections :i* h be5 rais$ aga9/ ?is view arise g5]ally f a m]e misund]/&+4 ,if we speak ( language z ! outw>d realization ( ?\ght1 we d n mean language z deposit$ 9 a diction>y1 or sket*$ 9 a gramm>2 we mean language z an act1 language z be+ spok51 language z liv+ & dy+ ) e ^w t is utt]$4 ,we might p]haps call ?is spee*1 z di/+ui%$ f language4 ,secondly1 ?\gh if we speak ( language1 we mean *iefly phonetic articulate language1 we d n exclude ! less p]fect symbols ( ?\ght1 su* z ge/ures1 signs1 or pictures4 ,!y1 too1 are language 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 & !y mu/ be includ$ 9 language be=e we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t discursive ?\ght c be realiz$ 9 language only4 ,"o in/ance w make ?is cle>4 ,we hold t we _c ?9k )\t language4 ,b c we n c\nt )\t language8 ,we c]ta9ly c4 ,we c =m ! conception ( ?ree )\t any spok5 ^w1 by simply hold+ up ?ree f+]s4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! h& might /& = five1 bo? h&s = t51 h&s & feet = tw5ty47#be7 ,?is is h[ p :o possess$ no organs ( spee* w\ld speak2 ?is is h[ ! deaf & dumb d speak4 ,?ree f+]s are z good z ?ree /rokes1 ?ree /rokes are z good z ?ree clicks ( ! tongue1 ?ree clicks ( ! tongue are z good z ! s\nd ?ree1 or trois1 or drei1 or %alo% 9 ,hebrew1 or san 9 ,*9ese4 ,all ^! are signs1 m or less p]fect1 b be+ signs1 !y fall "u ! category ( language2 & all we ma9ta9 is1 t )\t "s k9d ( sign1 discursive ?\ght is impossible1 & t 9 t s5se1 language1 or 1 is ! only possible realization ( human ?\ght4 ,ano!r v common misund]/&+ is ?is3 p imag9e t1 if x be impossible to ?9k1 except 9 language1 language & ?\ght mu/ be "o & ! same ?+4 ,b a true philosophy ( language leads to ! v opposite result4 ,e philosoph] w\ld say t matt] _c exi/ )\t =m1 nor =m )\t matt]1 b no philosoph] w\ld say t !re=e x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 =m & matt]4 ,9 ! same way1 ?\gh we ma9ta9 t ?\ght _c exi/ )\t language nor language )\t ?\ght1 we d di/+ui% betwe5 ?\ght & language1 betwe5 ! inw>d & ! outw>d 1 betwe5 ! sub/ance & ! =m4 ,nay1 we g a /ep beyond4 ,we admit t language necess>ily reacts on ?\ght1 & we see 9 ?is reaction1 9 ?is refraction ( ! rays ( language1 ! real solution ( ! old riddle ( my?ology4 ,y w n[ see :y ^! some:at ab/ruse disquisitions 7 necess>y = our imm$iate purpose1 & ,i c promise ^? :o h hi!rto foll[$ me on ?is r b>r5 & rugg$ track1 t !y w n[ be able to re/1 & comm&1 f ! po9t ( view :i* we h rea*$1 ! :ole panorama ( ! my?ology ( ! human m9d4 ,we saw j n[ t ! names ( numb]s may mo/ easily be replac$ by signs4 ,numb]s are simple analytical conceptions1 & = t v reason !y are n liable to my?ology3 "n & conception be+ "h comm5surate1 no misund]/&+ is possible4 ,b z soon z we leave ?is dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 my?ology beg9s4 ,i %all try by at lea/ "o example to %[ h[ my?ology n only p]vades ! sph]e ( religion or religi\s tradition1 b infects m or less ! :ole realm ( ?\ght4 ,:5 man wi%$ = ! fir/ "t to grasp & express a di/9ction betwe5 ! body & some?+ else )9 him di/9ct f ! body1 an easy "n t sugge/$ itself 0 brea?4 ,! brea? seem$ some?+ immat]ial & almo/ invisible1 & x 0 connect$ ) ! life t p]vad$ ! body1 = z soon z ! brea? ceas$1 ! life ( ! body became ext9ct4 ,h5ce ! ,greek "n 17#bf7 :i* orig9ally meant brea?1 0 *os5 to express at fir/ ! pr9ciple ( life1 z di/+ui%$ f ! decay+ body1 aft]w>ds ! incorporeal1 ! immat]ial1 ! undecay+1 ! immortal "p ( man--8 s\l1 8 m9d1 8 ,self4 ,all ?is 0 v natural4 ,:5 a p]son dies1 we too say t he has giv5 up ! gho/1 & gho/1 too1 meant orig9ally _s1 & _s meant brea?4 ,a v in/ructive analog\s case is quot$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor f a comp5dium ( ! !ology ( ! ,indians ( ,nic>agua1 ! record ( "q & answ] 9 an inque/ held by ,fa!r ,francisco de ,bobadilla 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,spani% conque/4 ,ask$1 among o!r ?+s1 conc]n+ dea?1 ! ,indians said3 8,^? :o die 9 _! h\ses g und]gr\nd1 b ^? :o are kill$ 9 w> g to s]ve ! gods 7teotes74 ,:5 m5 die1 !re comes =? f _! m\? some?+ :i* resembles a p]son1 & is call$ julio 7,aztec yuli1 #8to live'74 ,?is be+ is l a p]son1 b does n die1 & ! corpse rema9s "h40 ,! ,spani% ecclesia/ics inquir$ :e!r ^? :o g on high keep ! same body1 features1 & limbs z "h bel[2 to :i* ! ,indians answ]$1 8,no1 !re is only ! he>t40 8,b10 said ! ,spani>ds1 8z ! he>ts are torn out0 7!y meant 9 ! case ( w>riors :o fell into ! h&s ( ! enemy71 8:at happ5s !n80 ,h]eupon ! ,indians repli$3 8,x is n precisely ! he>t1 b t :i* is 9 !m1 & makes !m live1 & :i* quits ! body :5 !y die20 & aga9 !y said1 8,x is n _! he>t :i* goes up on high1 b t :i* makes !m live1 t is1 ! brea? com+ out f _! m\?1 :i* is call$ julio40 8,!n10 ask$ ! ,spani>ds1 8does ?is he>t1 julio1 or s\l1 die ) ! body80 8,:5 ! deceas$ has liv$ well10 repli$ ! ,indians1 8! julio goes up on high ) our gods2 b :5 he has liv$ ill1 ! julio p]i%es ) ! body1 & !re is an end ( x40 ,! ,greeks express$ ! same idea by say+ t ! _h left ! body17#bg7 _h fl$ ?r\gh ! m\?1 or ev5 ?r\gh a ble$+ w\nd17#bh7 & _h gone into ,hades1 :i* meant lit]ally no m ?an ! place ( ! ,invisible 774 ,t ! brea? _h become invisible 0 matt] ( fact2 t x _h gone to ! h\se ( ,hades1 0 my?ology spr++ spontane\sly f ! f]tile soil ( language4 ,! primitive my?ology 0 by no means necess>ily religi\s4 ,9 ! v case :i* we h *os51 philosophical my?ology sprang up by ! side ( religi\s my?ology4 ,! religi\s my?ology consi/$ 9 speak+ ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ z gho/s1 z m]e brea? & air1 z flutt]+ ab\t ! gates ( ,hades1 or f]ri$ across ! ,/yx 9 ! boat ( ,*>on47#bi7 ,! philosophical my?ology1 h[ev]1 t sprang f ?is "n 0 mu* m important4 ,we saw t ,psy*e1 mean+ orig9ally ! brea?+ ( ! body1 0 gradually us$ 9 ! s5se ( vital brea?1 & z some?+ indep5d5t ( ! body2 & t at la/1 :5 x _h assum$ ! mean+ ( ! immortal "p ( man1 x reta9$ t "* ( some?+ indep5d5t ( ! body1 ?us giv+ rise to ! conception ( a s\l1 n only z a be+ )\t a body1 b 9 its v nature oppos$ to body4 ,z soon z t opposition _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 language & ?\ght1 philosophy began its "w 9 ord] to expla9 h[ two su* het]og5e\s p[]s c\ld act on ea* o!r--h[ ! s\l c\ld influ5ce ! body1 & h[ ! body c\ld det]m9e ! s\l4 ,spirituali/ic & mat]iali/ic sy/ems ( philosophy arose1 & all ?is 9 ord] to remove a self-creat$ difficulty1 9 ord] to jo9 toge!r aga9 :at language _h sev]$1 ! liv+ body & ! liv+ s\l4 ,! "q :e!r !re is a s\l or _s1 :e!r !re is 9 man some?+ diff]5t f ! m]e body1 is n at all affect$ by ?is my?ological phraseology4 ,we c]ta9ly c di/+ui% betwe5 body & s\l1 b z long z we keep )9 ! limits ( human k1 we h no "r to speak ( ! liv+ s\l z a brea?1 or ( spirits & gho/s z flutt]+ ab\t l birds or fairies4 ,! poet ( ! n9ete5? c5tury says3-- 8,! _s does b mean ! brea?1 ,i "k no m40 ,& ! same ?\ght 0 express$ by ,cic]o two ?\s& ye>s ago3 8,:e!r ! s\l is air or fire1 ,i d n "k40 ,z m51 we only "k ( embodi$ spirits1 h[ev] e!real _! bodies may be conceiv$ to be1 b ( spirits1 sep>ate f body1 )\t =m or frame1 we "k z little z we "k ( ?\ght )\t language1 or ( ! ,dawn z a goddess1 or ( ! ,night z ! "m ( ! ,day4 ,?\gh brea?1 or _s1 or gho/ are ! mo/ common names t 7 assign$ ?r\gh ! metaphorical nature ( language to ! vital1 & aft]w>ds to ! intellectual1 pr9ciple 9 man1 !y 7 by no means ! only possible names4 ,we speak1 = in/ance1 ( ! %ades ( ! dep>t$1 :i* meant orig9ally _! %ad[s4 ,^? :o fir/ introduc$ ?is expression--& we f9d x 9 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! _w7#cj7--;evid5tly took ! %ad[ z ! ne>e/ approa* to :at !y wi%$ to express2 some?+ t %\ld be incorporeal1 yet closely connect$ ) ! body4 ,! ,greek 1 too1 is n mu* m ?an ! %ad[1 :ile ! ,lat9 manes meant probably 9 ! beg9n+ no m ?an ! ,little ,ones1 ! ,small ,folk47#ca7 ,b ! curi\s "p1 z %[+ aga9 ! influ5ce ( language on ?\ght1 an influ5ce m p[]ful ev5 ?an ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 is ?is1 t p :o speak ( ! life or s\l z ! %ad[ ( ! body1 h br\ght !mselves to believe t a dead body ca/s no %ad[1 because ! %ad[ has dep>t$ f x2 t x becomes1 9 fact1 a k9d ( ,pet] ,s*lemihl47#cb7 ,let u n[ return to my?ology 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ objects t w\ld /rike & /ir ! m9d ( man1 & = :i* a sign or a "n w\ld soon be want$1 is surely ! ,sun4 ,x is v h>d = u to realize ! feel+s ) :i* ! fir/ dwell]s on ! e>? look$ ^u ! sun1 or to und]/& fully :at !y meant by a morn+ pray]1 or a morn+ sacrifice4 ,p]haps !re are few p "h pres5t :o h wat*$ a sunrise m ?an once or twice 9 _! lives2 few p :o h ev] kn[n ! true mean+ ( a morn+ pray]1 or a morn+ sacrifice4 ,b ?9k ( man at ! v dawn ( "t3 =get = a mom5t1 if y c1 aft] hav+ read ! fasc9at+ pages ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 =get :at man is suppos$ to h be5 be=e he 0 man2 =get x1 because x does n conc]n u "h :e!r 8 bodily =m & frame 7 develop$ once = all 9 ! m9d ( a ,creator1 or gradually 9 ! creation itself1 :i* f ! fir/ monad or protoplasm to ! la/ ( ! primates1 or man1 is n1 ,i suppose1 to be look$ on z altoge!r causeless1 mean+less1 purposeless2 ?9k ( him only z man 7& man means ! ?9k]71 ) 8 m9d yet ly+ fall[1 ?\gh full ( g]ms--g]ms ( :i* ,i hold z /rongly z ev] no trace has ev]1 no trace w ev]1 be discov]$ any:]e b 9 man2 ?9k ( ! ,sun awak5+ ! eyes ( man f sleep1 & 8 m9d f slumb]6 ,0 n ! ,sunrise to him ! fir/ wond]1 ! fir/ beg9n+ ( all reflection1 all ?\ght1 all philosophy8 0 x n to him ! fir/ revelation1 ! fir/ beg9n+ ( all tru/1 ( all religion8 ,to u t wond] ( wond]s has ceas$ to exi/1 & few m5 n[ w\ld ev5 v5ture to speak ( ! sun z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has spok51 call+ him 8! ,almon] ( ! ,almighty1 ! delegat$ disp5s] to u ( light & w>m?1 z well z ! c5tre ( attraction1 & z su*1 ! imm$iate s\rce ( all our com=ts1 &1 inde$1 ( ! v possibility ( our exi/5ce on e>?407#cc7 ,man is a creature ( habit1 & :]ev] we c wat* him1 we f9d t be=e a few g5]ations h pass$ he has lo/ ! p[] ( admir+ :at is regul>1 & t he c see signs & wond]s only 9 :at is irregul>4 ,few nations only h pres]v$ 9 _! anci5t poetry "s remnants ( ! natural awe ) :i* ! e>lie/ dwell]s on ! e>? saw t brilliant be+ sl[ly ris+ f out ! d>kness ( ! night1 rais+ itself by its own might high] & high]1 till x /ood triumphant on ! ar* ( heav51 & !n desc5d$ & sank d[n 9 its fi]y glory into ! d>k abyss ( ! heav+ & hiss+ sea4 ,9 ! hymns ( ! ,v$a ! poet /ill wond]s :e!r ! sun w rise aga92 he asks h[ he c climb ! vault ( heav58 :y he does n fall back8 :y !re is no du/ on 8 pa?8 ,& :5 ! rays ( ! morn+ r\se him f sleep & call him back to new life2 :5 he sees ! sun1 z he says1 /ret*+ out 8 gold5 arms to bless ! _w & rescue x f ! t]rors ( d>kness1 he exclaims1 8,arise1 our life1 our _s has come back6 ! d>kness is gone1 ! light approa*es60 ,= s prom95t an object 9 ! primeval picture-gall]y ( ! human m9d1 a sign or a "n mu/ h be5 want$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,b h[ 0 ?is to be a*iev$8 ,z a m]e sign1 a circle w\ld h be5 suffici5t1 su* z we f9d 9 ! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt1 9 ! graphic sy/em ( ,*9a1 or ev5 9 our own a/ronomical tables4 ,if su* a sign 0 fix$ ^u1 we h a beg9n+ ( language 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 = we h br\ght ! ,sun "u ! g5]al concept ( r\ndness1 & we h f\nd a sign = ?is concept :i* is made up ( a l>ge numb] ( s+le s5su\s impressions4 ,) su* def9ite signs my?ology has little *ance2 yet ! m]e fact t ! sun 0 repres5t$ z a circle w\ld favor ! idea t ! sun 0 r\nd2 or1 z anci5t p1 :o _h no adjective z yet = r\nd or rotundus17#cd7 w\ld say1 t ! sun 0 a :eel1 a rota4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! r\nd sign rem9d$ ! p ( an eye1 !n ! sign ( ! sun w\ld soon become ! eye ( heav51 & g]ms ( my?ology w\ld spr+ up ev5 f ! b>r5 soil ( su* hi]oglyphic language4 ,b n[1 suppose t a real "n 0 want$ = ! sun1 h[ c\ld t be a*iev$8 ,we "k t all words are d]iv$ f roots1 t ^! roots express g5]al concepts1 & t1 ) few exceptions1 e "n is f\nd$ on a g5]al concept "u :i* ! object t has to be nam$ c be rang$4 ,h[ ^! roots came to be1 is a "q into :i* we ne$ n ent] at pres5t4 ,_! orig9 & gr[? =m a problem ( psy*ology r ?an ( philology1 & ea* sci5ce mu/ keep )9 its prop] b\nds4 ,if a "n 0 want$ = sn[1 ! e>ly fram]s ( language s+l$ out "o ( ! g5]al pr$icates ( sn[1 its :it5ess1 its coldness1 or its liquidity1 & call$ ! sn[ ! :ite1 ! cold1 or ! liquid1 by means ( roots convey+ ! g5]al idea ( :it5ess1 coldness1 or liquidity4 ,n only ,nix1 nivis1 b ,niobe7#ce7 too1 0 a "n ( ! sn[1 & meant ! melt+2 ! dea? ( h] beautiful *ildr5 by ! arr[s ( ,apollon & ,artemis repres5ts ! de/ruction ( w9t] by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,if ! sun itself 0 to be nam$1 x might be call$ ! brilliant1 ! awak5]1 ! runn]1 ! rul]1 ! fa!r1 ! giv] ( w>m?1 ( f]tility1 ( life1 ! scor*]1 ! de/roy]1 ! mess5g] ( dea?1 & _m o!r names2 b !re 0 no possibility ( nam+ x1 except by lay+ hold ( "o ( its *>act]i/ic features1 & express+ t feature by means ( "o ( ! conceptual or pr$icative roots4 ,let u trace ! hi/ory ( at lea/ "o ( ^! names4 ,be=e ! ,aryan nations sep>at$1 be=e !re 0 a ,lat91 a ,greek1 or a ,sanskrit language1 !re exi/$ a root sv> or sval1 :i* meant to beam1 to glitt]1 to w>m4 ,x exi/s 9 ,greek1 1 spl5dor2 1 moon2 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 z swlan1 to burn1 to sweal2 9 mod]n ,g]man1 s*wl1 oppressively hot4 ,f x we h 9 ,sanskrit ! n\n sv>1 mean+ sometimes ! sky1 sometimes ! sun2 & exactly ! same ^w has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,lat91 z sol2 9 ,go?ic z sauil2 9 ,anglo-,saxon1 z sol4 ,a second>y =m ( sv> is ! ,sanskrit srya = svrya1 ! sun1 :i* is ! same ^w z ! ,greek 4 ,all ^! names 7 orig9ally m]e pr$icates2 !y meant bright1 brilliant1 w>m4 ,b z soon z ! "n sv> or srya 0 =m$1 x became1 ?r\gh ! irresi/ible influ5ce ( language1 ! "n1 n only ( a liv+1 b ( a male be+4 ,e n\n 9 ,sanskrit mu/ be ei!r a mascul9e or a fem99e 7= ! neut] g5d] 0 orig9ally conf9$ to ! nom9ative case71 & z srya _h be5 =m$ z a mascul9e1 language /amp$ x once = all z ! sign ( a male be+1 z mu* z if x _h be5 ! "n ( a w>rior or a k+4 ,9 o!r languages :]e ! "n = sun is a fem99e1 & ! sun is accord+ly conceiv$ z a woman1 z a que51 z ! bride ( ! moon1 ! :ole my?ology ( ! love-mak+ ( ! heav5ly bodies is *ang$4 ,y may say t all ?is %[s1 n s mu* ! influ5ce ( language on ?\ght1 z ( ?\ght on language2 & t ! sexual "* ( all words reflects only ! peculi>ities ( a *ild's m9d1 :i* c conceive ( no?+ except z liv+1 z male or female4 ,if a *ild hurts itself aga9/ a *air1 x beats & scolds ! *air4 ,! *air is look$ ^u n z x1 b z he2 x is ! naughty *air1 q z mu* z a boy is a naughty boy4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is1 b x only s]ves to confirm ! "r view ( ! influ5ce ( language on ?\ght2 = ?is t5d5cy1 ?\gh 9 its orig9 int5tional1 & !re=e ! result ( ?\ght1 became soon a m]e rule ( tradition 9 language1 & x !n react$ on ! m9d ) irresi/ible p[]4 ,z soon1 9 fact1 z sryas or appe>s z a mascul9e1 we are 9 ! v ?ick ( my?ology4 ,we h n yet arriv$ at ,helios z a god--t is a mu* lat] /age ( ?\ght1 :i* we might describe almo/ 9 ! words ( ,plato at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? book ( ! 8,republic10 8,& aft] ?is1 he w reason t ! sun is he :o gives ! seasons & ! ye>s1 & is ! gu>dian ( all t is 9 ! visible _w1 & 9 a c]ta9 way ! cause ( all ?+s :i* he & 8 fell[s h be5 accu/om$ to behold40 ,we h n yet advanc$ s f>1 b we h rea*$ at lea/ ! fir/ g]ms ( a my?4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,helios1 ,helios is n yet call$ an immortal1 b only 1 l unto immortals1 yet he is call$ ! *ild ( ,euryphaessa1 ! son ( ,hyp]ion1 ! gr&son ( ,uranos & ,ga47#cf7 ,all ?is is my?ology2 x is anci5t language go+ beyond its fir/ int5tion4 ,nor is !re mu* difficulty 9 int]pret+ ?is my?4 ,helios1 ! sun1 is call$ ! son ( ,hyp]on1 sometimes ,hyp]on himself4 ,?is "n ,hyp]on is d]iv$ f ! preposition 1 ! ,lat9 sup]1 :i* means above4 ,x is d]iv$ by means ( ! suffix -1 :i* orig9ally 0 n a patronymic1 b simply express$ belong+ to4 ,s if ,helios 0 call$ ,hyp]ion1 ?is simply meant he :o dwells on high1 & corresponds to ,lat9 ,summanus or ,sup]ior1 or ,excelsior4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,helios is call$ ,hyp]ionides1 ?is1 too1 :i* meant orig9ally no m ?an he :o comes f1 or belongs to ^? :o dwell on high17#cg7 l$ to ! my? t he 0 ! desc5dant ( ,hyp]ion2 s t 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( ,zeus ,kronon1 ! son really l$ to ! conception ( 8 fa!r4 ,zeus ,kronon meant orig9ally no m ?an ,zeus ! et]nal1 ! god ( ages1 ! anci5t ( days2 b - becom+ usual z a patronymic suffix1 ,kronion 0 suppos$ to mean ! son ( ,kronos4 ,kronos1 ! fa!r1 0 creat$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! "n ,kronion4 ,if ,hyp]on is call$ ! son ( ,euryphaessa1 ! wide-%9+1 ?is requires no comm5t>y2 = ev5 at pres5t a poet might say t ! sun is born ( ! wide-%9+ dawn4 ,y see ! spontane\s g5]ation ( my?ology ) e new "n t is =m$4 ,z n only ! sun1 b also ! moon & ! dawn c\ld be call$ dwell]s on high1 !y1 too1 took ! "n ( ,hyp]ionis or ,hyp]ionides2 & h5ce ,hom] call$ ,sel5e1 ! ,moon1 & ,eos1 ! ,dawn1 si/]s ( ,helios1 & daught]s ( ,hyp]ion & ,euryphaessa1 ! ,dawn do+ s]vice twice1 bo? z "m1 ,euryphaessa1 & z daught]1 ,eos4 ,nay1 accord+ to ,hom]1 ,euryphaessa1 ! ,dawn1 is n only ! wife1 b also ! si/] ( ,helios4 ,all ?is is p]fectly intelligible1 if we wat* ! gr[? ( language & my?ology2 b x leads1 ( c\rse1 to ! mo/ tragic cata/rophes z soon z x is all tak5 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,helios is call$ 1 ! nev]-tir+2 1 ! all-see+2 1 ! %9+2 & also 1 ! brilliant4 ,?is la/ epi!t has gr[n into an indep5d5t deity ,phbus1 & x is p>ticul>ly kn[n z a "n ( ,apollon1 ,phoibos ,apollon2 ?us %[+ :at is also kn[n f o!r s\rces1 t 9 ,apollo1 too1 we h "o ( ! _m my?ic disguises ( ! sun4 ,s f> all is cle>1 because all ! names :i* we h to deal ) are intelligible1 or1 at all ev5ts1 yield to ! s(te/ etymological pressure4 ,b n[ if we he> ! /ory ( ,phoibos ,apollon fall+ 9 love ) ,daphne1 & ,daphne pray+ to h] "m1 ! ,e>?1 to save h] f ,phoibos2 & if we read h[ ei!r ! e>? receiv$ h] 9 h] lap1 & !n a laurel tree sprang up :]e %e _h disappe>$1 or h[ %e h]self 0 *ang$ into a laurel tree1 :at %all we ?9k ( ?is8 ,x is a m]e /ory1 x might be said1 & :y %\ld !re be any mean+ 9 x8 ,my answ] is1 because p d n tell su* /ories ( _! gods & h]oes1 unless !re is "s s5se 9 !m4 ,besides1 if ,phoibos means ! sun1 :y %\ld n ,daphne h a mean+ too8 ,be=e1 !re=e1 we c decide :e!r ! /ory ( ,phoibos & ,daphne is a m]e inv5tion1 we mu/ try to f9d out :at c h be5 ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,daphne4 ,9 ,greek x means a laurel17#ch7 & ?is w\ld expla9 ! purely ,greek leg5d t ,daphne 0 *ang$ into a laurel tree4 ,b :o 0 ,daphne8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we mu/ h rec\rse to etymology1 or1 9 o!r words1 we mu/ exam9e ! hi/ory ( ! ^w4 ,etymology1 z y "k1 is no long] :at x us$ to be2 & ?\gh !re may /ill be a classical s*ol> "h & !re :o crosses himself at ! idea ( a ,greek ^w be+ expla9$ by a ref]5ce to ,sanskrit1 we naturally look to ,sanskrit z ! ma/]-key to _m a lock :i* no ,greek key w op54 ,n[ ,daphne1 z ,i h %[n1 c be trac$ back to ,sanskrit ,ahan1 & ,ahan 9 ,sanskrit means ! dawn4 ,z soon z we "k ?is1 ev]y?+ becomes cle>4 ,! /ory ( ,phoibos & ,daphne is no m ?an a description ( :at e "o may see e day2 fir/1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,dawn 9 ! ea/]n sky1 !n ! ris+ ( ! ,sun z if hurry+ aft] 8 bride1 !n ! gradual fad+ away ( ! bright ,dawn at ! t\* ( ! fi]y rays ( ! sun1 & at la/ h] dea? or disappe>ance 9 ! lap ( h] "m1 ! ,e>?4 ,all ?is seems to me z cle> z daylight1 & ! only objection t c\ld be rais$ aga9/ ?is read+ ( ! anci5t my? w\ld be1 if x c\ld be prov$1 t ,ahan does n mean ,dawn1 & t ,daphne _c be trac$ back to ,ahan1 or t ,helios does n mean ! ,sun4 ,i "k !re is ano!r objection1 b x seems to me s gr\ndless z h>dly to des]ve an answ]4 ,:y1 x is ask$1 %\ld ! anci5t nations h told ^! endless /ories ab\t ! ,sun & ! ,dawn1 & :y %\ld !y h pres]v$ !m 9 _! my?ology8 ,we might z well ask :y ! anci5t nations %\ld h inv5t$ s _m irregul> v]bs1 & :y !y %\ld h pres]v$ !m 9 _! gramm>4 ,a fact does n cease to be a fact1 because we _c at once expla9 x4 ,z f> z our k goes at pres5t1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t ! ,aryan nations pres]v$ n only _! grammatical /ructure1 & a l>ge portion ( _! diction>y1 f ! "t :i* prec$$ _! sep>ation1 b t !y likewise reta9$ ! names ( "s ( _! deities1 "s leg5ds ab\t _! gods1 "s popul> say+s & prov]bs1 & 9 ^!1 x may be1 ! se$s ( p>ables1 z "p ( _! common ,aryan heirloom4 ,_! my?ological lore fills1 9 fact1 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,aryan ?\ght1 half-way betwe5 ! p]iod ( language & ! p]iod ( lit]ature1 & x is ?is discov]y :i* gives to my?ology its importance 9 ! eyes ( ! /ud5t ( ! mo/ anci5t hi/ory & psy*ology ( mank9d4 ,& d n suppose t ! ,greeks1 or ! ,h9dus1 or ! ,aryan nations 9 g5]al1 7 ! only p :o possess$ su* tales4 ,:]ev] we look1 9 e "p ( ! _w1 among unciviliz$ z well z a civiliz$ p1 we f9d ! same k9d ( /ories1 ! same traditions1 ! same my?s4 ,i %all give "o /ory f ! extreme ,nor?1 ano!r f ! extreme ,s\?4 ,among ! ,esquimaux ( ,repulse ,bay1 on ! we/ side ( ,hudson's ,bay1 on ! ,arctic ,circle1 ,mr4 ,john ,rae pick$ up ! foll[+ /ory3-- 8,_m ye>s ago1 a great ,esquimaux ,conqu]or ga9$ s mu* p[] t he 0 able to rise unto ! heav5s1 tak+ ) him on "o occasion a si/]1 a v beautiful girl1 & "s fire4 ,he add$ mu* fuel to ! fire1 & ?us =m$ ! ,sun4 ,= "s "t he & 8 si/] liv$ 9 great h>mony1 b aft] a "t he became v cruel1 & ill-treat$ 8 si/] 9 _m ways4 ,%e bore x at fir/ ) great pati5ce1 until at la/ he ?rew fire at h]1 & scor*$ "o side ( h] face4 ,?is spoil+ ( h] beauty 0 beyond endurance2 %e !re=e ran away f him1 & =m$ ! ,moon4 ,h] bro!r !n began1 & /ill cont9ues to *ase h]2 b al?\gh he sometimes got ne>1 he has n yet ov]tak5 h]1 nor ev] w4 8,:5 x is ,new ,moon1 ! burnt side ( ! face is t[>ds u2 at ,full ,moon x is ! rev]se40 ,!re are dialectic v>ieties 9 ! ,my?ology ( ! ,esquimaux z ( ! ,greeks & ,h9dus1 &1 ) a *ange ( g5d] betwe5 ,sun & ,moon1 ! same /ory occurs among o!r tribes 9 ! foll[+ =m3-- 8,!re 0 a girl at a p>ty1 & "s "o told 8 love = h] by %ak+ h] %\ld]s1 aft] ! mann] ( ! c\ntry4 ,%e c\ld n see :o x 0 9 ! d>k hut1 s %e sme>$ h] h&s ) soot1 & :5 he came back %e black5$ 8 *eek ) h] h&4 ,:5 a light 0 br\ght %e saw t x 0 h] bro!r & fl$4 ,he ran aft] h]1 foll[$ h]1 & z %e came to ! end ( ! e>?1 he sprang out into ! sky4 ,!n %e became ! sun1 & he ! moon1 & ?is is :y ! moon is always *as+ ! sun ?r\gh ! heav5s1 & :y ! moon is sometimes d>k z he turns 8 black5$ *eek t[>ds ! e>?407#ci7 ,we n[ turn to ! ,s\?1 & "h1 among ! l[e/ ( ! l[1 among ! ,hott5tots1 :o are despis$ ev5 by _! black neighbors1 ! ,zulus1 we f9d ! foll[+ gem ( a fable1 beam+ ) m+l$ rays ( religion & philosophy3-- 8,! ,moon1 x is said1 s5t once an insect to m51 say+1 #8,g ?\ to m51 & tell !m1 ,z ,i die1 & dy+ live1 s ye %all also die1 & dy+ live4' ,! insect />t$ ) ! message1 b :il/ on 8 way 0 ov]tak5 by ! h>e1 :o ask$3 #8,on :at err& art ?\ b\nd8' ,! insect answ]$1 #8,i am s5t by ! ,moon to m51 to tell !m t z %e dies & dy+ lives1 !y also %all die & dy+ live4' ,! h>e said1 #8,z ?\ art an awkw>d runn]1 let me g' 7to take ! message74 ,) ^! words he ran (f1 & :5 he rea*$ m51 he said1 #8,i am s5t by ! ,moon to tell y1 ,z ,i die1 & dy+ p]i%1 9 ! same mann] ye also %all die & come :olly to an end4' ,!n ! h>e return$ to ! ,moon1 & told h] :at he _h said to m54 ,! ,moon reproa*$ him angrily1 say+1 #8,d>e/ ?\ tell ! p a ?+ :i* ,i h n said8' ,) ^! words %e took up a piece ( wood1 & /ruck him on ! nose4 ,s9ce t day ! h>e's nose is slit40 ,( ?is /ory1 too1 !re are v>i\s v]sions & 9 "o ( !m ! end is z foll[s3-- 8,! h>e1 hav+ return$ to ! ,moon1 0 que/ion$ z to ! message deliv]$1 & ! ,moon1 hav+ he>d ! true /ate ( ! case1 became s enrag$ ) him t %e took up a hat*et to split 8 head2 fall+ %ort1 h[ev]1 ( t1 ! hat*et fell ^u ! upp] lip ( ! h>e1 & cut x sev]ely4 ,h5ce x is t we see ! #8h>e-lip4' ,! h>e1 be+ duly inc5s$ at hav+ receiv$ su* treatm5t1 rais$ 8 claws1 & scrat*$ ! ,moon's face2 & ! d>k p>ts :i* we n[ see on ! surface ( ! ,moon are ! sc>s :i* %e receiv$ on t occasion407#dj7 ,! ,f9ns1 ,lapps1 & ,e/honians d n seem a v poetical race1 yet !re is poetry ev5 9 _! smoky huts1 poetry surr\nd$ ) all ! spl5dor ( an arctic night1 & fragrant ) ! p]fume ( moss & wild fl[]s4 ,"h is "o ( _! leg5ds3-- 8,wanna ,issi _h two s]vants1 ,koit & mm>ik1 & he gave !m a tor* :i* ,koit %\ld light e morn+1 & mm>ik %\ld ext+ui% 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 ord] to rew>d _! fai?ful s]vices1 ,wanna ,issi told !m !y might be man & wife1 b !y ask$ ,wanna ,issi t he w\ld all[ !m to rema9 =ev] bride & bridegroom4 ,wanna ,issi ass5t$1 & h5ce=? ,koit h&$ ! tor* e ev5+ to mm>ik1 & mm>ik took x & ext+ui%$ x4 ,only dur+ f\r weeks 9 summ] !y rema9 toge!r at midnight2 ,koit h&s ! dy+ tor* to mm>ik1 b mm>ik does n let x die1 b lights x aga9 ) h] brea?4 ,!n _! h&s are /ret*$ out1 & _! lips meet1 & ! blu% ( ! face ( mm>ik colors ! midnight sky40 ,?is my? requires h>dly any comm5t>y2 yet z long z x is impossible to expla9 ! names1 ,wanna ,issi1 ,koit1 & mm>ik1 x might be said t ! /ory 0 b a love /ory1 inv5t$ by an idle ,lapp1 or ,f9n1 or ,e/honian4 ,b :at if ,wanna ,issi 9 ,e/honian means ! ,old ,fa!r1 & if ,koit means ! ,dawn8 ,c we !n d\bt any long] t mm>ik7#da7 mu/ be ! ,gloam+ & t _! meet+ 9 ! summ] reflects ^? summ] ev5+s :51 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,nor?1 ! tor* ( ! sun seems nev] to die1 & :5 ! ,gloam+ is se5 kiss+ ! ,dawn8 ,i wi% ,i c\ld tell y "s m ( ^! /ories :i* h be5 ga!r$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & :i*1 ?\gh !y may be pron\nc$ *ildi% & t$i\s by "s critics1 seem to me to glitt] ) ! brighte/ dew ( nature's own poetry1 & to conta9 ^? v t\*es t make u feel ak91 n only ) ,hom] or ,%akespe>e1 b ev5 ) ,lapps1 & ,f9ns1 & ,kaffirs4 ,i _c resi/1 h[ev]1 ! temptation ( ins]t+ "h a poetical r5d]+ ( ! /ory ( ,koit & mm>ik1 s5t to me f ! ,new ,_w1 rem>k+ only t in/ead ( ,lapl&1 ,e/honia is really ! c\ntry t may claim ! orig9al /ory4 ,a ,,leg5d ,,( ,,lapl&4 8,two s]vants 7 9 ,wanna ,issi's pay2 ,a blaz+ tor* _! c>e2 ,ea* morn+ ,koit mu/ light x till its ray ,flam$ ?r\gh ! air2 8,& e ev5+ mm>ik's fair h& ,mu/ qu5* ! wan+ light2 ,!n ov] all ! we>y1 wait+ l& ,fell ! /ill night4 8,s pass$ ! "t2 !n ,wanna ,issi said1 8,= fai?ful s]vice done1 ,lo1 "h rew>d6 ,to-morr[ %all ye w$1 ,& s be "o40 8 #8,n s1' said ,koit2 #8= sweet] f> to me ,! joy t ne>e? /ill2 ,!n grant u ev] fa/ betro!d to be40 ,!y _h _! w4 8,& n[ ! blaz+ lu/re to transf] ,himself1 is all 8 claim2 ,w>m f h] lov]'s h& x comes to h]1 ,to qu5* ! flame4 8,only = f\r times sev5 l5g!n+ days1 ,at midnight1 d !y /& ,toge!r1 :ile ,koit gives ! dy+ blaze ,to mm>ik's h&4 8,o wond] !n6 ,%e lets x n expire1 ,b lights x ) h] brea?-- ,! brea? ( love1 t1 w>m ) quick5+ fire1 ,wakes life f dea?4 8,!n h&s /ret* out1 & t\*1 & clasp on high1 ,!n lip to lip is press$1 ,& mm>ik's blu%es t+e ! midnight sky ,f ea/ to we/40 ,,anna ,c4 ,,brackett4 ,if p _c br+ !mselves to believe 9 sol> & cele/ial my?s among ! ,h9dus & ,greeks1 let !m /udy ! folk-lore ( ! ,semitic & ,turanian races4 ,i "k !re is1 on ! "p ( "s ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 ! same objection aga9/ comp>+ ,aryan to non-,aryan my?s1 z !re is aga9/ any attempt to expla9 ! features ( ,sanskrit or ,greek by a ref]5ce to ,f9ni% or ,bask4 ,9 "o s5se t objection is well f\nd$1 = no?+ w\ld create great] confusion ?an to ignore ! g5ealogical pr9ciple z ! only safe "o 9 a sci5tific classification ( languages1 ( my?s1 & ev5 ( cu/oms4 ,we mu/ fir/ classify our my?s & leg5ds1 z we classify our languages & dialects4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all endeavor to expla9 :at wants explanation 9 "o memb] ( a family by a ref]5ce to o!r memb]s ( ! same family1 be=e we all[ ourselves to glance beyond4 ,b !re is 9 a comp>ative /udy ( languages & my?s n only a philological1 b also a philosophical1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 a psy*ological int]e/1 & ?\gh ev5 9 ?is m g5]al /udy ( mank9d ! fronti]s ( language & race ought nev] to disappe>1 yet !y c no long] be all[$ to n>r[ or int]cept our view4 ,h[ mu* ! /ud5t ( ,aryan my?ology & e?nology may ga9 = 8 own progress by all[+ himself a wid] survey ov] ! traditions & cu/oms ( ! :ole human race1 is be/ kn[n to ^? :o h /udi$ ! works ( ,klemm1 ,waitz1 ,ba/ian1 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,mr4 ,tylor1 & ,dr4 ,callaway4 ,:at is prehi/oric 9 language among ! ,aryan nations1 is frequ5tly f\nd z /ill hi/oric among ,turanian races4 ,! same applies ) reg>d to religions1 my?s1 leg5ds1 & cu/oms4 ,among ,f9ns & ,lapps1 among ,zulus & ,maoris1 among ,khonds & ,k>5s1 we sometimes f9d ! mo/ />tl+ analogies to ,aryan traditions1 & we c]ta9ly le>n1 aga9 & aga91 ?is "o important lesson1 t z 9 language1 s 9 my?ology1 !re is no?+ :i* _h n orig9ally a mean+1 t e "n ( ! gods & h]oes _h a beg9n+1 a purpose1 & a hi/ory4 ,jupit] 0 no m call$ ,jupit] by accid5t1 ?an ! ,polynesian ,maui1 ! ,samoy$e ,num1 or ! ,*9ese ,ti547#db7 ,if we c discov] ! orig9al mean+ ( ^! names1 we h rea*$ ! fir/ gr\nd ( _! lat] gr[?4 ,i d n say t1 if we c expla9 ! fir/ purpose ( ! my?ological names1 we h solv$ ! :ole riddle ( my?ology1 b ,i ma9ta9 t we h ga9$ firm gr\nd4 ,i ma9ta9 t e true etymology gives u an hi/orical fact1 because ! fir/ giv+ ( a "n 0 an hi/orical fact1 & an hi/orical fact ( ! greate/ importance = ! lat] developm5t ( anci5t ideas4 ,?9k only ( ?is "o fact1 :i* no "o w\ld n[ v5ture to d\bt1 t ! supreme deity ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,g]mans1 is call$ by ! same "n z ! supreme deity ( ! e>lie/ ,aryan settl]s 9 ,india4 ,does n ?is "o fact draw away ! curta9 f ! d>k ages ( antiquity1 & op5 be=e our eyes an horizon :i* we c h>dly measure by ye>s8 ,! ,greek ,zeus is ! same ^w z ! ,lat9 ,ju 9 ,jupit]1 z ! ,g]man ,tiu2 & all ^! 7 m]ely dialectic v>ieties ( ! ,v$ic ,dyaus47#dc7 ,n[ dyaus 9 ,sanskrit is ! "n ( ! sky1 if us$ z a fem99e2 if us$ z a mascul9e1 z x is /ill 9 ! ,v$a1 x is ! sky z a man or z a god--x is ,zeus1 ! fa!r ( gods & m54 ,y "k1 ( c\rse1 t ! :ole language ( anci5t ,india is b a si/] dialect ( ,greek1 ,lat91 ( ,g]man1 ,keltic1 & ,slavonic1 & t if ! ,greek says es-ti1 he is1 if ! ,roman says e/1 ! ,g]man i/1 ! ,slave ye/1 ! ,h9du1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 said z-ti1 he is4 ,?is z-ti is a comp\nd ( a root z1 to be1 & ! pron\n ti4 ,! root meant orig9ally to brea!1 & dw9dl$ d[n aft] a "t to ! mean+ ( to be4 ,all ?is mu/ h happ5$ be=e a s+le ,greek or ,g]man rea*$ ! %ores ( ,europe1 & be=e a s+le ,brahman desc5d$ into ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,at t di/ant "t we mu/ place ! gradual gr[? ( language & ideas1 ( a language :i* we are /ill speak+1 ( ideas :i* we are /ill ?9k+2 & at ! same "t only c we expla9 ! fram+ ( ^? names :i* 7 ! fir/ attempts at grasp+ sup]natural p[]s1 :i* became 9 "t ! names ( ! deities ( ! anci5t _w1 ! h]oes ( my?ology1 ! *ief actors 9 _m a leg5d1 nay1 "s ( :i* h surviv$ 9 ! nurs]y tales ( our own "t47#dd7 ,my "t1 ,i see1 is ne>ly ov]1 b be=e ,i f9i%1 ,i feel t ,i h a duty to p]=m f :i* ,i ought n to %r9k4 ,"s ( ^? :o h honor$ me ) _! pres5ce to-night may recollect t ab\t a ye> ago a lecture 0 deliv]$ 9 ?is v room by ,pr(essor ,blackie1 9 :i* he tri$ to ?r[ discr$it on ! sci5tific me?od ( ! int]pretation ( popul> my?s1 or on :at ,i call ,comp>ative ,my?ology4 ,_h he conf9$ 8 rem>ks to ! subject itself1 ,i %\ld h felt mo/ grateful = 8 criticisms1 little m9d+ ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 convey$--= a /ud5t ( language kn[s :at words are made (4 ,nor1 _h 8 p]sonal reflections conc]n$ myself alone1 %\ld ,i h felt call$ ^u to reply to !m ?us publicly1 = x has always seem$ to me t unless we prote/ aga9/ unm]it$ praise1 we h no "r to prote/ aga9/ unm]it$ abuse4 ,i believe ,i c appeal to all "h pres5t1 t dur+ ! _m ye>s ,i h _h ! honor to lecture 9 ?is ,in/itution1 ,i h n once all[$ myself to indulge 9 any p]sonal rem>ks1 or attack$ ^? :o1 be+ abs5t1 _c def5d !mselves4 ,ev5 :5 ,i _h to answ] objections1 or to refute false !ories1 ,i h always mo/ c>efully avoid$ m5tion+ ! names ( liv+ writ]s4 ,b z ,pr(essor ,blackie has direct$ 8 r&om bl[s1 n aga9/ myself1 b aga9/ a fri5d ( m9e1 ,mr4 ,cox1 ! au?or ( a "w on ,aryan ,my?ology1 ,i feel t ,i mu/ = once try to get angry1 & return bl[ = bl[4 ,pr(essor ,blackie speaks ( ,mr4 ,cox z if he _h done no?+ beyond repeat+ :at ,i _h said be=e4 ,no?+ c be m unfair4 ,my own "w 9 ,comp>ative ,my?ology has consi/$ *iefly 9 lay+ d[n "s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( t sci5ce1 & 9 ! etymological int]pretation ( "s ( ! anci5t names ( gods1 goddesses1 & h]oes4 ,9 fact1 ,i h made x a rule nev] to int]pret or to comp>e ! leg5ds ( ,india1 ,greece1 ,italy1 or ,g]many1 except 9 cases :]e x 0 possible1 fir/ ( all1 to %[ an id5tity or simil>ity 9 ! ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 ,lat91 or ,g]man names ( ! pr9cipal actors4 ,mr4 ,cox hav+ conv9c$ himself t ! me?od :i* ,i h foll[$ 9 my?ology re/s on s\nd & truly sci5tific pr9ciples1 has adopt$ mo/1 ?\gh by no means all1 ( my etymological int]pretations4 ,pr(essor ,blackie1 on ! contr>y1 )\t attempt+ any explanation ( ! id5tity ( my?ological names 9 ,greek & ,sanskrit :i* mu/ be ei!r disprov$ or expla9$1 ?und]s =? ! foll[+ s5t5ce ( condemnation3 8,ev5 "u ! sci5tific guidance ( a ,bopp1 a ,bott1 a ,grimm1 & a ,mll]1 a sob] man may sometimes1 ev5 9 ! full blaze ( ! new sun ( comp>ative philology1 all[ himself to dr9k deep draughts1 if n ( maund]+ madness1 at lea/ ( manife/ halluc9ation40 ,if su* words are ?r[n at my head1 ,i pick !m up *iefly z etymological curiosities1 & z /rik+ illu/rations ( :at ,mr4 ,tylor calls 8survivals 9 culture10 %[+ h[ ! mo/ primitive implem5ts ( w>f>e1 rude /ones & unpoli%$ fl9ts1 :i* an e?nologi/ w\ld suppose to be conf9$ to prehi/oric races1 to ! r$ ,indians ( ,am]ica or ! wild ,picts ( ,cal$onia1 turn up aga9 mo/ unexpect$ly at ! pres5t day 9 ! v c5tre ( civiliz$ life4 ,all ,i c say is1 t if1 z a /ud5t ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology1 ,i h be5 dr9k+ deep draughts ( maund]+ madness1 ,i h be5 dr9k+ 9 good company4 ,9 ?is respect ,mr4 ,cox has c]ta9ly giv5 me f> m cr$it ?an ,i des]ve4 ,i am b "o out ( _m labor]s 9 ?is ri* field ( sci5tific rese>*1 & he ought to h giv5 f> great] prom95ce to ! labors ( ,grimm1 ,burn\f1 ,bopp1 &1 be=e all1 ( my le>n$ fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,kuhn4 ,b :ile1 ) reg>d to etymology1 ,mr4 ,cox cont5ts himself ) report+ ! results ( o!r s*ol>s1 he /&s q indep5d5t 9 8 own treatm5t ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology4 ,( ?is ,pr(essor ,blackie seems to h no suspicion :atev]4 ,! plan :i* ,mr4 ,cox foll[s is to collect ! co9cid5ces 9 ! leg5ds !mselves1 & to %[ h[ 9 diff]5t my?s ! same /ory ) slight v>iations is told aga9 & aga9 ( diff]5t gods & h]oes4 ,9 ?is respect 8 "w is entirely orig9al & v useful2 = al?\gh ^! co9cid5ces may be expla9$ 9 diff]5t ways1 & d n af=d a pro( ( a common hi/orical orig9 ( ! my?ologies ( ,india1 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,g]many1 !y are all ! m int]e/+ f a purely psy*ological po9t ( view1 & supply important mat]ial = fur!r rese>*es4 ,mr4 ,tylor has lately work$ ) great success 9 ! same ri* m9e2 ext5d+ ! limits ( my?ological rese>* f> beyond ! prec9cts ( ! ,aryan _w1 & %[+ t !re are sol> my?s :]ev] ! sun %9es4 ,i diff] f ,mr4 ,cox on _m po9ts1 z he diff]s f me4 ,i %all c]ta9ly keep to my own me?od ( nev] attempt+ an int]pretation or a comp>ison1 except :]e ! gr\nd has fir/ be5 cle>$ ( all unc]ta9ty by etymological rese>*1 & :]e ! names ( diff]5t gods & h]oes h be5 trac$ back to a common s\rce4 ,i call ?is ! nom9ali/ic z oppos$ to ! reali/ic me?od ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology1 & x is ! =m] only t conc]ns ! /ud5t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 ! help :i* ,i h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,cox's "w1 p>ticul>ly z sugge/+ new clu/]s ( my?s t might be dis5tangl$ by etymological analysis4 ,b n only has ,pr(essor ,blackie fail$ to p]ceive ! real "* ( ,mr4 ,cox's rese>*es1 b he has actually *>g$ him ) hold+ op9ions :i* bo? ,mr4 ,cox & myself h repeat$ly disav[$1 & mo/ /r5u\sly oppos$4 ,aga9 & aga9 h we w>n$ ! /ud5ts ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology t !y mu/ n expect to be able to expla9 ev]y?+4 ,aga9 & aga9 h we po9t$ out t !re are irrational elem5ts 9 my?ology1 & t we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d gra9s ( local hi/ory on :i*1 z ,i said17#de7 ! %>pe/ tools ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology mu/ b5d or break4 ,aga9 & aga9 h we %[n t hi/orical p]sons7#df7--n only ,cyrus & ,*>lemagne1 b ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa & ev5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great--h be5 drawn into ! vortex ( popul> my?ology4 ,yet ^! are ! words ( ,pr(essor ,blackie3 8,! cool way 9 :i* ,max ,mll] & 8 ,engli% disciple1 ,mr4 ,cox1 assume t !re are no human figures & hi/orical *>act]s 9 ! :ole gall]y ( h]oes & demi-gods 9 ! ,greek ,my?ology1 is some?+ v rem>kable40 ,i readily admit t "s ( ! etymologies :i* ,i h propos$ ( my?ological names are op5 to criticism2 & if1 l o!r s*ol>s1 ,pr(essor ,blackie _h po9t$ out to me any cases :]e ,i might seem to him to h (f5d$ aga9/ ,grimm's law or o!r phonetic rules1 ,i %\ld h felt mo/ grateful2 b if he tells me t ! ,greek ,er9ys %\ld n be d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ,s>any1 b f ! ,greek v]b 1 to be angry1 he might z well d]ive critic f to criticise27#dg7 & if he ma9ta9s t a "n may h two or ?ree legitimate etymologies1 ,i c only answ] t we might z well say t a *ild c\ld h two or ?ree legitimate mo!rs4 ,i h mo/ reluctantly ent]$ ^u ^! some:at p]sonal explanations1 & ,i %\ld n h done s if ,i alone _h be5 conc]n$ 9 ,pr(essor ,blackie's onslaught4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t ,i h avoid$ any?+ t c\ld give j (f5ce to ,pr(essor ,blackie1 ev5 if he %\ld be pres5t "h tonight4 ,?\gh he abuses me z a ,g]man1 & laughs at ! in/9ctive av]sion to ext]nal facts & ! extravagant passion = self-evolv$ ideas z national fail+s ( all ,g]mans 7,i only wond] t ! /ory ( ! camel & ! inn] consci\sness did n come 971 yet ,i "k t = _m ye>s ,g]man poetry & ,g]man s*ol>%ip h _h few m ard5t admir]s1 & ,g]man s*ol>s few m tru/y fri5ds1 ?an ,pr(essor ,blackie4 ,nationality1 x seems to me1 has z little to d ) s*ol>%ip z ) logic4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 e nation he t w "w h>d & reason hone/ly may be sure to discov] "s gra9s ( tru?4 ,national jeal\sies & animosities h no place 9 ! republic ( lett]s1 :i* is1 & ,i tru/ always w be1 ! true int]national republic ( all fri5ds ( "w1 ( ord]1 & ( tru?4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,false ,,analogies ,,9 ,,comp>ative ,,!ology4 ,v diff]5t f ! real simil>ities t c be discov]$ 9 ne>ly all ! religions ( ! _w1 & :i*1 ow+ to _! deeply human "*1 9 no way necessitate ! admission t "o religion borr[$ f ! o!r1 are ^? m9ute co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ! ,pagan religions :i* h s (t5 be5 discuss$ by le>n$ !ologians1 & :i* 7 int5d$ by !m z pro( positive1 ei!r t ! ,pagans borr[$ _! religi\s ideas direct f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 or t "s fragm5ts ( a primeval revelation1 grant$ to ! ance/ors ( ! :ole race ( mank9d1 _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! temples ( ,greece & ,italy4 ,bo*>t1 9 8 8,geographia ,sacra10 consid]$ ! id5tity ( ,noah & ,saturn s firmly e/abli%$ z h>dly to admit ( ! possibility ( a d\bt4 ,! ?ree sons ( ,saturn--,jupit]1 ,neptune1 & ,pluto--he repres5t$ z hav+ be5 orig9ally ! ?ree sons ( ,noah3 ,jupit] be+ ,ham2 ,neptune1 ,japhet2 & ,%em1 ,pluto4 ,ev5 9 ! ?ird g5]ation ! two families 7 prov$ to h be5 "o1 = ,phut1 ! son ( ,ham1 or ( ,jupit] ,hammon1 c\ld be no o!r ?an ,apollo ,py?ius2 ,canaan no o!r ?an ,m]cury2 & ,nimrod no o!r ?an ,bac*us1 ^: orig9al "n 0 suppos$ to h be5 ,b>-*us1 ! son ( ,cu%4 ,g4 ,j4 ,vossius1 9 8 le>n$ "w1 8,de ,orig9e et ,progressu ,idolatri0 7#afhh71 id5tifi$ ,saturn ) ,adam1 ,janus ) ,noah1 ,pluto ) ,ham1 ,neptune ) ,japhet1 ,m9]va ) ,naamah1 ,vulcan ) ,tubal ,ca91 ,typhon ) ,og4 ,huet1 ! fri5d ( ,bo*>t1 & ! colleague ( ,bossuet1 w5t /ill f>!r2 & 9 8 classical "w1 ! 8,demon/ratio ,evangelica10 he attempt$ to prove t ! :ole !ology ( ! hea!n nations 0 borr[$ f ,moses1 :om he id5tifi$ n only ) anci5t law-giv]s1 l ,zoroa/] & ,orpheus1 b ) gods & demi-gods1 su* z ,apollo1 ,vulcan1 ,faunus1 & ,priapus4 ,all ?is happ5$ n m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ev5 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 nay1 ev5 aft] ! discov]y ( ,sanskrit & ! rise ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 ! tr\blesome gho/ ( ,huet 0 by no means laid at once4 ,on ! contr>y1 z soon z ! anci5t language & religion ( ,india became kn[n 9 ,europe1 !y 7 receiv$ by _m p 9 ! same _s4 ,sanskrit1 l all o!r languages1 0 to be d]iv$ f ,hebrew1 ! anci5t religion ( ! ,brahmans f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re 0 at t "t an en?usiasm among ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 p>ticul>ly at ,calcutta1 & an int]e/ = ,ori5tal antiquities 9 ! public at l>ge1 ( :i* we 9 ^! days ( apa?y = ,ea/]n lit]ature c h>dly =m an adequate idea4 ,ev]ybody wi%$ to be fir/ 9 ! field1 & to br+ to light "s ( ! treasures :i* 7 suppos$ to be hidd5 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans4 ,sir ,william ,jones1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,asiatic ,society at ,calcutta1 publi%$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es0 8 fam\s essay1 8,on ! ,gods ( ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,india20 & he took p>ticul> c>e to /ate t 8 essay1 ?\gh publi%$ only 9 #aghh1 _h be5 writt5 9 #aghd4 ,9 t essay he endeavor$ to %[ t !re exi/$ an intimate connection1 n only betwe5 ! my?ology ( ,india & t ( ,greece & ,italy1 b likewise betwe5 ! leg5d>y /ories ( ! ,brahmans & ! acc\nts ( c]ta9 hi/orical ev5ts z record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,no d\bt1 ! temptation 0 great4 ,no "o c\ld look d[n = a mom5t into ! ri* m9e ( religi\s & my?ological lore t 0 sudd5ly op5$ be=e ! eyes ( s*ol>s & !ologians1 )\t be+ /ruck by a ho/ ( simil>ities1 n only 9 ! languages1 b also 9 ! anci5t traditions ( ! ,h9dus1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans2 & if at t "t ! ,greeks & ,romans 7 /ill suppos$ to h borr[$ _! language & _! religion f ,jewi% qu>t]s1 ! same conclusion c\ld h>dly be avoid$ ) reg>d to ! language & ! religion ( ! ,brahmans ( ,india4 ,! fir/ impulse to look 9 ! anci5t religion ( ,india = rem9isc5ces ( reveal$ tru? seems to h come f mission>ies r ?an f s*ol>s4 ,x arose f a motive1 9 itself mo/ excell5t1 ( f9d+ "s common gr\nd = ^? :o wi%$ to conv]t & ^? :o 7 to be conv]t$4 ,only1 in/ead ( look+ = t common gr\nd :]e x really 0 to be f\nd--namely1 9 ! broad f\ndations on :i* all religions are built up3 ! belief 9 a div9e p[]1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( s91 ! habit ( pray]1 ! desire to (f] sacrifice1 & ! hope ( a future life--! /ud5ts ( ,pagan religion z well z ,*ri/ian mission>ies 7 b5t on discov]+ m /rik+ & m />tl+ co9cid5ces1 9 ord] to use !m 9 confirmation ( _! favorite !ory t "s rays ( a primeval revelation1 or "s reflection ( ! ,jewi% religion1 _h rea*$ ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! _w4 ,?is 0 a dang]\s proce$+--dang]\s because sup]ficial1 dang]\s because und]tak5 ) a =egone conclusion2 & v soon ! same argum5ts t _h be5 us$ on "o side 9 ord] to prove t all religi\s tru? _h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 turn$ aga9/ ,*ri/ian s*ol>s & ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 9 ord] to %[ t x 0 n ,brahmanism & ,buddhism :i* _h borr[$ f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 b t ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t _h borr[$ f ! m anci5t religions ( ! ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s4 ,?is argum5t 0 c>ri$ out1 = in/ance1 9 ,holwell's 8,orig9al ,pr9ciples ( ! ,anci5t ,brahmans10 publi%$ 9 ,london z e>ly z #aggi1 9 :i* ! au?or ma9ta9s t 8! ,brahmanic religion is ! fir/ & pure/ product ( sup]natural revelation10 & 8t ! ,h9du scriptures conta9 to a moral c]ta9ty ! orig9al doctr9es & t]ms ( re/oration deliv]$ f ,god himself1 by ! m\? ( 8 fir/ creat$ ,birmah1 to mank9d1 at 8 fir/ creation 9 ! =m ( man40 ,sir ,william ,jones7#dh7 tells u t "o or two mission>ies 9 ,india _h be5 absurd en\gh1 9 _! zeal = ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles1 to urge 8t ! ,h9dus 7 ev5 n[ almo/ ,*ri/ians1 because _! ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,mahesa 7 no o!r ?an ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity20 a s5t5ce 9 :i*1 he adds1 we c only d\bt :e!r folly1 ignorance1 or impiety pr$om9ates4 ,sir ,william ,jones himself 0 n likely to fall into t error4 ,he speaks aga9/ x mo/ emphatically4 8,ei!r10 he says1 8! fir/ elev5 *apt]s ( ,g5esis--all due all[ance be+ made = a figurative ,ea/]n /yle--are true1 or ! :ole fabric ( our national religion is false2 a conclusion :i* none ( u1 ,i tru/1 w\ld wi% to be drawn4 ,b x is n ! tru? ( our national religion z su* t ,i h at he>t2 x is tru? itself2 & if any cool1 unbiass$ reason] w cle>ly conv9ce me t ,moses drew 8 n>rative ?r\gh ,egyptian conduits f ! primeval f\nta9s ( ,indian lit]ature1 ,i %all e/eem him z a fri5d = hav+ we$$ my m9d f a capital error1 & promise to /& among/ ! =emo/ 9 assi/+ to circulate ! tru? :i* he has asc]ta9$40 ,b ?\gh he speaks s /rongly aga9/ ! uncritical proce$+s ( ^? :o w\ld d]ive any?+ t is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t f ,indian s\rces1 ,sir ,william ,jones himself 0 really guilty ( ! same want ( critical caution 9 8 own attempts to id5tify ! gods & h]oes ( ,greece & ,rome ) ! gods & h]oes ( ,india4 ,he beg9s 8 essay17#di7 8,on ! ,gods ( ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,india10 ) ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- 8,we _c ju/ly conclude1 by argum5ts prec$+ ! pro( ( facts1 t "o idolatr\s p mu/ h borr[$ _! deities1 rites1 & t5ets f ano!r1 s9ce gods ( all %apes & dim5sions may be fram$ by ! b\ndless p[]s ( imag9ation1 or by ! frauds & follies ( m51 9 c\ntries nev] connect$2 b :5 features ( resemblance1 too /rong to h be5 accid5tal1 are obs]vable 9 diff]5t sy/ems ( poly!ism1 )\t fancy or prejudice to color !m & improve ! lik5ess1 we c sc>ce help believ+ t "s connection has immemorially subsi/$ betwe5 ! sev]al nations :o h adopt$ !m4 ,x is my design 9 ?is essay to po9t out su* a resemblance betwe5 ! popul> wor%ip ( ! old ,greeks & ,italians & t ( ! ,h9dus2 nor c !re be any room to d\bt ( a great simil>ity betwe5 _! /range religions & t ( ,egypt1 ,*9a1 ,p]sia1 ,phrygia1 ,phnice1 & ,syria2 to :i*1 p]haps1 we may safely add "s ( ! s\!rn k+doms1 & ev5 isl&s ( ,am]ica2 :ile ! ,go?ic sy/em :i* prevail$ 9 ! nor!rn regions ( ,europe 0 n m]ely simil> to ^? ( ,greece & ,italy1 b almo/ ! same 9 ano!r dress1 ) an embroid]y ( images app>5tly ,asiatic4 ,f all ?is1 if x be satisfactorily prov$1 we may inf] a g5]al union or aff9ity betwe5 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ inhabitants ( ! primitive _w at ! "t :5 !y deviat$1 z !y did too e>ly deviate1 f ! rational adoration ( ! only true ,god40 ,"h1 !n1 9 an essay writt5 ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ago by ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,ori5tal s*ol>s 9 ,engl&1 x might seem z if we %\ld f9d ! fir/ outl9es ( t sci5ce :i* is look$ ^u z b ( to-day or ye/]day--! outl9es ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology4 ,b 9 su* an expectation we are disappo9t$4 ,:at we f9d is m]ely a sup]ficial comp>ison ( ! my?ology ( ,india & t ( o!r nations1 bo? ,aryan & ,semitic1 )\t any sci5tific value1 because c>ri$ out )\t any ( ^? critical te/s :i* alone keep ,comp>ative ,my?ology f runn+ riot4 ,?is is n int5d$ z ca/+ a slur on ,sir ,w4 ,jones4 ,at 8 "t ! pr9ciples :i* h n[ be5 e/abli%$ by ! /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce ( language 7 n yet kn[n1 & z ) words1 s ) ! names ( deities1 simil>ity ( s\nd1 ! mo/ trea*]\s ( all sir5s1 0 ! only guide 9 su* rese>*es4 ,x is n pleasant to h to f9d fault ) a man possess$ ( su* g5ius1 ta/e1 & le>n+ z ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 b no "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ^! rese>*es w be surpris$ at my words4 ,x is ! fate ( all pione]s1 n only to be left beh9d 9 ! assault :i* !y _h plann$1 b to f9d t _m ( _! approa*es 7 made 9 a false direction1 & _h to be ab&on$4 ,b z ! au?ority ( _! names cont9ues to sway ! public at l>ge1 & is apt to mislead ev5 pa9/ak+ /ud5ts & to entail ^u !m repeat$ disappo9tm5ts1 x is necess>y t ^? :o "k %\ld speak out1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ consid]$ h>% or presumptu\s4 ,a few in/ances w suffice to %[ h[ utt]ly baseless ! comp>isons are :i* ,sir ,w4 ,jones in/itut$ betwe5 ! gods ( ,india1 ,greece1 & ,italy4 ,he comp>es ! ,lat9 ,janus ) ! ,sanskrit deity ,ganesa4 ,x is well kn[n t ,janus is connect$ ) ! same root t has yield$ ! names ( ,jupit]1 ,zeus1 & ,dyaus1 :ile ,ganesa is a comp\nd1 mean+ "l ( ho/s1 "l ( ! companies ( gods4 ,saturnus is suppos$ to h be5 ! same z ,noah1 & is !n id5tifi$ by ,sir ,w4 ,jones ) ! ,indian ,manu ,satyavrata1 :o escap$ f ! flood4 ,c]es is comp>$ ) ! goddess ,sri1 ,jupit] or ,diespit] ) ,indra or ,divaspati2 & ?\gh etymology is call$ a weak basis = hi/orical inquiries1 ! ?ree syllables ,jov 9 ,jovis1 ,zeu 9 ,zeus1 & ,siv 9 ,siva are plac$ side by side1 z possibly conta9+ ! same root1 only diff]5tly pron\nc$4 ,n[ ! s ( ,siva is a palatal s1 & no s*ol> :o has once look$ into a book on ,comp>ative ,philology ne$ be told t su* an s c\ld nev] correspond to a ,greek ,zeta or a ,lat9 ,j4 ,9 ,kri%na1 ! lovely %eph]d-god1 ,sir ,w4 ,jones recognizes ! features ( ,apollo ,nomius1 :o f$ ! h]ds ( ,admetus1 & slew ! dragon ,py?on2 & he leaves x to etymologi/s to det]m9e :e!r ,gopla--i4 e41 ! c[-h]d--may n be ! same ^w z ,apollo4 ,we are also assur$1 on ! au?ority ( ,colonel ,vallancey1 t ,kri%na 9 ,iri% means ! sun1 & t ! goddess ,kl1 to :om human sacrifices 7 (f]$1 z enjo9$ 9 ! ,v$as 787 0 ! same z ,hekate4 ,9 conclusion1 ,sir ,w4 ,jones rem>ks1 8,i /rongly incl9e to believe t ,egyptian prie/s h actually come f ! ,nile to ! ,gang & ,yamun1 & t !y visit$ ! ,s>mans ( ,india1 z ! sages ( ,greece visit$ !m1 r to acquire ?an to imp>t k40 ,! int]e/ t _h be5 excit$ by ,sir ,william ,jones's rese>*es did n subside1 ?\gh he himself did n return to ! subject1 b devot$ 8 great p[]s to m useful labors4 ,s*ol>s1 bo? 9 ,india & 9 ,europe1 want$ to "k m ( ! anci5t religion ( ,india4 ,if ,jupit]1 ,apollo1 & ,janus _h once be5 f\nd 9 ! anci5t pan!on ( ! ,brahmans2 if ! acc\nt ( ,noah & ! deluge c\ld be trac$ back to ! /ory ( ,manu ,satyavrata1 :o escap$ f ! flood1 m discov]ies might be expect$ 9 ?is newly-op5$ m9e1 & p ru%$ to x ) all ! eag]ness ( gold-digg]s4 ,! idea t ev]y?+ 9 ,india 0 ( extreme antiquity _h at t "t tak5 a firm hold on ! m9ds ( all /ud5ts ( ,sanskrit2 &1 z !re 0 no "o to *eck _! en?usiasm1 ev]y?+ t came to light 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature 0 readily accept$ z m anci5t ?an ,hom]1 or ev5 ?an ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 "u ^! influ5ces t ,lieut5ant ,wil=d1 a contempor>y ( ,sir ,william ,jones at ,calcutta1 took up ! ?read :i* ,sir ,william ,jones _h dropp$1 & det]m9$ at all haz>ds to solve ! "q :i* at t "t _h excit$ a worldwide int]e/4 ,conv9c$ t ! ,brahmans possess$ 9 _! anci5t lit]ature ! orig9als1 n only ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology1 b likewise ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 he tri$ e possible means to ov]come _! res]ve & retic5ce4 ,he relat$ to !m1 z well z he c\ld1 ! pr9cipal /ories ( classical my?ology1 & ! lead+ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 he assur$ !m t !y w\ld f9d ! same ?+s 9 _! anci5t books1 if !y w\ld b look = !m2 he held out ! hopes ( ample rew>ds = any extracts f _! sacr$ lit]ature conta9+ ! hi/ories ( ,adam & ,eve1 ( ,deukalion & ,prome!us2 & at la/ he succe$$4 ,! coyness ( ! ,p&its yield$2 ! incessant dem& creat$ a supply2 & = sev]al ye>s essay aft] essay appe>$ 9 ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 ) extracts f ,sanskrit ,,mss41 conta9+ n only ! names ( ,deukalion1 ,prome!us1 & o!r h]oes & deities ( ,greece1 b likewise ! names ( ,adam & ,eve1 ( ,abraham & ,s>ah1 & all ! re/4 ,great 0 ! surprise1 /ill great] ! joy1 n only 9 ,calcutta1 b 9 ,london1 at ,p>is1 & all ! univ]sities ( ,g]many4 ,! ,sanskrit ,,mss4 f :i* ,lieut5ant ,wil=d quot$1 & on :i* 8 !ories 7 bas$1 _h be5 submitt$ to ,sir ,w4 ,jones & o!r s*ol>s2 & ?\gh _m p]sons 7 surpris$1 & = a "t ev5 incr$ul\s1 yet ! fact c\ld n be d5i$ t all 0 f\nd 9 ^! ,sanskrit ,,mss4 z /at$ by ,lieut5ant ,wil=d4 ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 pr9t$ ! foll[+ decl>ation at ! end ( ! ?ird volume ( ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es03-- 8,s9ce ,i am p]suad$ t ! le>n$ essay on ,egypt & ! ,nile has af=d$ y equal delight ) t :i* ,i h myself receiv$ f x1 ,i _c refra9 f endeavor+ to increase y\r satisfaction by confess+ op5ly t ,i h at l5g? ab&on$ ! greate/ "p ( ! natural di/ru/1 & incr$ulity :i* _h tak5 possession ( my m9d be=e ,i _h exam9$ ! s\rces f :i* our excell5t associate1 ,lieut5ant ,wil=d1 has drawn s great a v>iety ( new & int]e/+ op9ions4 ,hav+ lately read aga9 & aga91 bo? alone & ) a ,p&it1 ! num]\s orig9al passages 9 ! ,purnas1 & o!r ,sanskrit books1 :i* ! writ] ( ! diss]tation adduces 9 support ( 8 ass]tions1 ,i am happy 9 be>+ te/imony to 8 p]fect good fai? & g5]al accuracy1 bo? 9 8 extracts & 9 ! translation ( !m40 ,sir ,w4 ,jones !n proce$s himself to give a translation ( "s ( ^! passages4 8,! foll[+ translation10 he writes1 8( an extract f ! ,padma-purna is m9utely exact03-- 8#a4 ,to ,satyav>man1 ! sov]eign ( ! :ole e>?1 7 born ?ree sons2 ! elde/1 ,%]ma2 !n ,*>ma2 & ?irdly1 ,jyapeti4 8#b4 ,!y 7 all m5 ( good morals1 excell5t 9 virtue & virtu\s de$s1 skill$ 9 ! use ( weapons to /rike )1 or to be ?r[n1 brave m51 eag] = victory 9 battle4 8#c4 ,b ,satyav>man1 be+ cont9ually delight$ ) dev\t m$itation1 & see+ 8 sons fit = dom9ion1 laid ^u !m ! burd5 ( gov]nm5t1 8#d4 ,:il/ he rema9$ honor+ & satisfy+ ! gods1 & prie/s1 & k9e4 ,"o day1 by ! act ( de/9y1 ! k+1 hav+ drunk mead1 8#e4 ,became s5seless1 & lay asleep nak$2 !n 0 he se5 by ,*>ma1 & by him 7 8 two bro!rs call$4 8#f4 ,to :om he said3 ,:at n[ has befall58 ,9 :at /ate is ?is our sire8 ,by ^? two 0 he hidd5 ) clo!s1 & call$ to 8 s5ses aga9 & aga94 8#g4 ,hav+ recov]$ 8 intellect1 & p]fectly kn[+ :at _h pass$1 he curs$ ,*>ma1 say+1 ,?\ %alt be ! s]vant ( s]vants3 8#h4 ,& s9ce ?\ wa/ a laugh] 9 _! pres5ce1 f laught] %alt ?\ acquire a "n4 ,!n he gave to ,%]ma ! wide doma9 on ! s\? ( ! sn[y m\nta9s4 8#i4 ,& to ,jyapeti he gave all on ! nor? ( ! sn[y m\nta9s2 b he1 by ! p[] ( religi\s contemplation1 obta9$ supreme bliss40 ,aft] ?is te/imony f ,sir ,w4 ,jones--wrung f him1 z x w\ld seem1 aga9/ 8 own wi% & w--,lieut5ant ,wil=d's essays became m num]\s & m />tl+ e ye>4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! co9cid5ces became too great4 ,! ,,mss4 7 aga9 c>efully exam9$2 & !n x 0 f\nd t a clev] =g]y _h be5 committ$1 t leaves _h be5 ins]t$ 9 anci5t ,,mss41 & t on ^! leaves ! ,p&its1 urg$ by ,lieut5ant ,wil=d to disclose _! anci5t my/]ies & traditions1 _h r5d]$ 9 correct ,sanskrit v]se all t !y _h he>d ab\t ,adam & ,abraham f _! inquisitive ma/]4 ,lieut5ant 7!n ,colonel7 ,wil=d did n hesitate = "o mom5t to confess publicly t he _h be5 impos$ ^u2 b 9 ! meantime ! mis*ief _h be5 done1 8 essays _h be5 read all ov] ,europe1 !y reta9$ _! place 9 ! volumes ( ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 & to ! pres5t day "s ( 8 /atem5ts & !ories cont9ue to be quot$ au?oritatively by writ]s on anci5t religion4 ,su* accid5ts1 &1 "o might almo/ say1 su* mis=tunes1 w happ51 & x w\ld be extremely unfair 7 we to use unnecess>ily h>% language ) reg>d to ^? to :om !y h happ5$4 ,x is p]fectly true t at pres5t1 aft] ! progress t has be5 made 9 an accurate & critical /udy ( ,sanskrit1 x w\ld be unp>donable if any ,sanskrit s*ol> accept$ su* passages z ^? translat$ by ,sir ,w4 ,jones z g5u9e4 ,yet x is by no means c]ta9 t a fur!r /udy ( ,sanskrit w n lead to simil> dis5*antm5ts1 & deprive _m a book 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature :i* n[ is consid]$ z v anci5t ( its claims to any high antiquity4 ,c]ta9 portions ( ! ,v$a ev51 :i*1 z f> z our k goes at pres5t1 we are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 ref]r+ to ! t5? or twelf? c5tury be=e our era1 may "s day or o!r dw9dle d[n f _! high e/ate1 & ^? :o h believ$ 9 _! extreme antiquity w !n be held up to blame or ridicule1 l ,sir ,w4 ,jones or ,colonel ,wil=d4 ,?is _c be avoid$1 = sci5ce is progressive1 & does n ackn[l$ge1 ev5 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 any claims to infallibility4 ,"o lesson only may we le>n f ! disappo9tm5t t befell ,colonel ,wil=d1 & t is to be on our gu>d aga9/ any?+ :i* 9 ord9>y language w\ld be call$ 8too good to be true40 ,comp>ative ,philology has taught u aga9 & aga9 t :5 we f9d a ^w exactly ! same 9 ,greek & ,sanskrit1 we may be c]ta9 t x _c be ! same ^w2 & ! same applies to ,comp>ative ,my?ology4 ,! same god or ! same h]o _c h exactly ! same "n 9 ,sanskrit & ,greek1 = ! simple reason t ,sanskrit & ,greek h deviat$ f ea* o!r1 h bo? foll[$ _! own way1 h bo? suff]$ _! own phonetic corruptions2 & h5ce1 if !y d possess ! same ^w1 !y c only possess x ei!r 9 its ,greek or its ,sanskrit disguise4 ,& if t caution applies to ,sanskrit & ,greek1 memb]s ( ! same family ( language1 h[ mu* m /rongly mu/ x apply to ,sanskrit & ,hebrew6 ,if ! fir/ man 7 call$ 9 ,sanskrit dima1 & 9 ,hebrew ,adam1 & if ! two 7 really ! same ^w1 !n ,hebrew & ,sanskrit c\ld n be memb]s ( two diff]5t families ( spee*1 or we %\ld be driv5 to admit t ,adam 0 borr[$ by ! ,jews f ! ,h9dus = x is 9 ,sanskrit only t dima means ! fir/1 :]eas 9 ,hebrew x has no su* mean+4 ,! same rem>k applies to a curi\s co9cid5ce po9t$ out _m ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,ellis 9 8 8,polynesian ,rese>*es0 7,london1 #ahbi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ch74 ,we !re read3-- 8,a v g5]ally receiv$ ,tahitian tradition is t ! fir/ human pair 7 made by ,ta>oa1 ! pr9cipal deity =m]ly ackn[l$g$ by ! nation4 ,on m ?an "o occasion ,i h li/5$ to ! details ( ! p respect+ 8 "w ( creation4 ,!y say t1 aft] ,ta>oa _h =m$ ! _w1 he creat$ man out ( araea1 r$ e>?1 :i* 0 also ! food ( man until bread fir/ 0 made4 ,9 connection ) ?is "s relate t ,ta>oa "o day call$ = ! man by "n4 ,:5 he came1 he caus$ him to fall asleep1 &1 :ile he slept1 he took out "o ( 8 ivi1 or bones1 & ) x made a woman1 :om he gave to ! man z 8 wife1 & !y became ! prog5itors ( mank9d4 ,?is10 ,mr4 ,ellis cont9ues1 8always appe>$ to me a m]e recital ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation1 :i* !y _h he>d f "s ,european1 & ,i nev] plac$ any reliance on x1 al?\gh !y h repeat$ly told me x 0 a tradition among !m be=e any =eign]s arriv$4 ,"s h also /at$ t ! woman's "n 0 ,ivi1 :i* w\ld be by !m pron\nc$ z if writt5 ,eve4 ,ivi is an aborig9al ^w1 & n only signifies a bone1 b also a wid[1 & a victim sla9 9 w>4 ,not)/&+ ! ass]tion ( ! natives1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ,ivi1 or ,eve1 is ! only aborig9al "p ( ! /ory1 z f> z x respects ! "m ( ! human race4 ,%\ld m c>eful & m9ute inquiry confirm ! tru? ( ?is decl>ation1 & prove t _! acc\nt 0 9 exi/5ce among !m prior to _! int]c\rse ) ,europeans1 x w be ! mo/ rem>kable & valuable oral tradition ( ! orig9 ( ! human race yet kn[n40 ,9 ?is case1 ,i believe ! probability is t ! /ory ( ! creation ( ! fir/ woman f ! bone ( a man7#ej7 exi/$ among ! ,tahitians be=e _! int]c\rse ) ,*ri/ians1 b ,i ne$ h>dly add t ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,polynesian "n = bone1 ivi1 ev5 :5 x 0 us$ z ! "n ( ! fir/ woman1 & ! ,engli% corruption ( ! ,hebrew 1 ,*vah1 ,eve1 c\ld be ! result ( accid5t only4 ,:atev] ,*vah meant 9 ,hebrew1 :e!r life or liv+ or any?+ else1 x nev] meant bone1 :ile ! ,tahitian ivi1 ! ,maori :eva17#ea7 meant bone1 & bone only4 ,^! pr9ciples & ^! cautions 7 h>dly ?\ght ( 9 ! days ( ,sir ,william ,jones & ,colonel ,wil=d1 b !y ought to be ?\ght ( at pres5t4 ,?us1 be=e ,bopp _h laid d[n 8 code ( phonetic laws1 & be=e ,burn\f _h writt5 8 works on ,buddhism1 "o _c be v mu* surpris$ t ,buddha %\ld h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,m9os & ,lame*2 nay1 t ev5 ! ,babylonian deity ,belus1 & ! ,teutonic deity ,wodan or ,od91 %\ld h be5 suppos$ to be connect$ ) ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism 9 ,india4 ,z ,burn\f said 9 8 8,introduction a l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme10 p4 #gj3 8,on avait mme fait du ,buddha une plante2 et je ne sais pas si quelques savants ne se plais5t pas encore auj\rd'hui retr\v] ce sage paisible s\s les traits du belliqueux ,od940 ,b we did n expect t we %\ld h to read aga91 9 a book publi%$ 9 #ahfi1 su* /atem5ts z ^!37#eb7-- 8,!re is c]ta9ly a mu* great] simil>ity betwe5 ! ,buddhism ( ! ,topes & ! ,sc&9avian my?ology ?an betwe5 x & ! ,buddhism ( ! books2 b /ill ! gulf betwe5 ! two is imm5se2 & if any traces ( ! doctr9es ( ! g5tle ascetic 7,buddha7 ev] exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( ,od9 or 8 foll[]s1 :ile dwell+ ne> ! roots ( ! ,caucasus1 all t c be said is1 t !y suff]$ fe>ful %ipwreck among ! rocks ( ! savage sup]/itions ( ! ,nor?1 & sank1 nev] aga9 to appe> on ! surface ( ,sc&9avian my?ology4 ,if ! two religions come any:]e 9 contact1 x is at _! base1 = und]ly+ bo? !re exi/$ a /range sub/ratum ( ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip2 on ?is ! two /ructures seem to h be5 rais$1 ?\gh !y aft]w>ds div]g$ into =ms s /rangely dissimil>0 7p4 #cd74 ,or aga9 7p4 #cb73-- 8,we %all probably n err f> if we reg>d ^! traces ( s]p5t wor%ip z indicat+ ! pres5ce 9 ! ,nor!a/ ( ,scotl& ( ! head ( t column ( migration1 or ( propag&ism1 :i*1 "u ! my? ( ,wod5ism1 we endeavor$ 9 a previ\s *apt] to trace f ! ,caucasus to ,sc&9avia40 8,! arbors "u :i* two ( ! c\ples are seat$ are curi\s in/ances ( t sort ( summ]-h\se :i* may be f\nd adorn+ tea-g>d5s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,london to ! pres5t day4 ,x is sc5es l ^! t make u hesitate be=e ass]t+ t !re c\ld n possibly be any connection betwe5 ,buddhism & ,wod5ism0 7p4 #adj74 8,"o ( ! mo/ tempt+ nom9al simil>ities connect$ ) ?is subject is sugge/$ by ! "n ( ,my4 ,! "m ( ,buddha 0 call$ ,my4 ,! "m ( ,m]cury 0 also ,maia1 ! daught] ( ,atlas4 ,! ,romans always call$ ,wod91 ,m]cury1 & dies ,m]curii & ,wod5sday alike designat$ ! f\r? day ( ! week4444 ,^! & o!r simil>ities h be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out & insi/$ ^u1 & !y are too num]\s & too di/9ct n to h "s f\ndation 9 reality0 7p4 #ahf1 note74 ,/atem5ts l ^! _c be all[$ to pass unnotic$ or uncontradict$1 p>ticul>ly if support$ by ! au?ority ( a great "n2 & aft] hav+ spok5 s freely ( ! unsci5tific "* ( ! my?ological comp>isons in/itut$ by s*ol>s l ,sir ,william ,jones & ,lieut5ant ,wil=d1 :o c no long] def5d !mselves1 x w\ld be m]e c[>dice to %r9k f p]=m+ ! same unpleasant duty 9 ! case ( a liv+ writ]1 :o has %[n t he kn[s h[ to wield ! weapons bo? ( def5ce & attack4 ,x is p]fectly true t ! "m ( ,buddha 0 call$ ,my1 b x is equally true t ! ,sanskrit ,my _c be ! ,greek ,mai4 ,x is q true1 also1 t ! f\r? day ( ! week is call$ dies ,m]curii 9 ,lat91 & ,w$nesday 9 ,engli%2 nay1 t 9 ,sanskrit ! same day is call$ ,budha-d9a or ,budha-vra4 ,b ! orig9 ( all ^! names falls )9 p]fectly hi/orical times1 & c ?r[ no light :atev] on ! e>ly gr[? ( my?ology & religion4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h to di/+ui% betwe5 ,budha & ,buddha4 ,! two names1 ?\gh s l ea* o!r1 & !re=e con/antly mi/ak5 "o = ! o!r1 h no?+ 9 common b _! root4 ,buddha ) two d's1 is ! p>ticiple ( budh1 & means awak5$1 enlight5$47#ec7 ,x is ! "n giv5 to ^? :o h rea*$ ! highe/ /age ( human wisdom1 & x is kn[n mo/ g5]ally z ! title ( ,gotama1 ,skya-muni1 ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 ^: traditional era dates f #edc ,b4 ,c4 ,budha1 on ! contr>y1 ) "o d1 means simply kn[+1 & x became 9 lat] times1 :5 ! ,h9dus receiv$ f ! ,greeks a k ( ! planets1 ! "n ( ! planet ,m]cury4 ,x is well kn[n t ! names ( ! sev5 days ( ! week are d]iv$ f ! names ( ! planets17#ed7 & x is equally well kn[n t 9 ,europe ! sy/em ( weeks & week-days is comp>atively ( v mod]n orig94 ,x 0 n a ,greek1 nor a ,roman1 nor a ,h9du1 b a ,jewi% or ,babylonian inv5tion4 ,! ,sabba? 7,sabbata7 0 kn[n & kept at ,rome 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ) _m sup]/iti\s practices4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,horace1 ,ovid1 ,tibullus 7dies ,saturni71 ,p]sius1 ,juv5al4 ,ovid calls x a day 8rebus m9us apta g]5dis40 ,augu/us 7,suet4 8,aug40 c4 #gf7 evid5tly imag9$ t ! ,jews fa/$ on _! ,sabba?1 = he said1 8,n ev5 a ,jew keeps ! fa/ ( ! ,sabba? s /rictly z ,i h kept ?is day40 ,9 fact1 ,josephus 78,contra ,apion40 ii4 #ci7 0 able to say t !re 0 no t[n1 ,greek or n ,greek1 :]e ! cu/om obs]v+ ! sev5? day _h n spread47#ee7 ,x is curi\s t we f9d ! sev5? day1 ! ,sabba?1 ev5 "u its new ,pagan "n1 z dies ,saturni or ,kronike1 m5tion$ by ,roman & ,greek writ]s1 be=e ! names ( ! o!r days ( ! week made _! appe>ance4 ,tibullus speaks ( ! day ( ,saturn1 dies ,saturni2 ,julius ,front9us 7"u ,n]va1 #if-ih7 says t ,vespasian attack$ ! ,jews on ! day ( ,saturn1 dies ,saturni2 & ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7di$ #afe7 /ates t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ ! day be=e ! day ( ,kronos1 & appe>$ to 8 disciples ! day aft] ! day ( ,kronos4 ,he does n use ! names ( ,friday & ,sunday4 ,sunday1 z dies ,solis1 is m5tion$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 78,apolog40 i4 #fg71 & by ,t]tullian 7di$ #bbj71 ! usual "n ( t day among/ ,*ri/ians be+ ! ,"l's-day1 1 dom9ica or dom9icus4 ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria 7di$ #bbj7 seems to h be5 ! fir/ :o us$ ! names ( ,w$nesday & ,friday1 4 ,x is g5]ally /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,cassius ,dio1 t ! sy/em ( c\nt+ by weeks & weekdays 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,egypt1 & t at 8 "t1 e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 ! ,romans _h adopt$ x1 ?\gh b rec5tly4 ,be ?is z x may1 x w\ld seem t1 if ,tibullus c\ld use ! "n ( dies ,saturni = ,saturday1 ! :ole sy/em ( weekdays mu/ h be5 settl$ & kn[n at ,rome 9 8 "t4 ,cassius ,dio tells u t ! names 7 assign$ to ea* day 1 by f\rs2 or by giv+ ! fir/ h\r ( ! week to ,saturn1 !n giv+ "o h\r to ea* planet 9 succession1 till ! tw5ty-fif? h\r became aga9 ! fir/ ( ! next day4 ,bo? sy/ems lead to ! same result1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ table3-- ,planets4 ,lat94 ,fr5*4 ,sanskrit4 #a ,saturn #a ,dies ,saturni ,sam$i 7dies ,saui-vra sabbati7 #b ,jupit] #f ,dies ,solis ,diman*e ,ravi-vra 7dom9icus7 #c ,m>s #d ,dies ,lun ,lundi ,soma-vra #d ,sun #b ,dies ,m>tis ,m>di ,bhauma-vra #e ,v5us #g ,dies ,m]curii ,m]cr$i ,brihaspati-vra #g ,moon #c ,dies ,v5]is ,v5dr$i ,sukra-vra ,planets4 ,old ,norse4 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,engli%4 #a ,saturn #a laug>dagr stres dg ,saturday 7wa%+ day7 #b ,jupit] #f sunnadagr sunnan dg ,sunday #c ,m>s #d mnadagr monan dg ,monday #d ,sun #b tysdagr tives dg ,tuesday #e ,v5us #g odh9sdagr vd5es dg ,w$nesday #f ,m]cury #e ?rsdagr ?unores dg ,?ursday #g ,moon #c friadagr frige dg ,friday ,planets4 ,old-,high ,middle-,high ,g]man4 ,g]man4 ,g]man4 #a ,saturn #a sambaztag 7sunnn samztac 7sunn5 ,sam/ag b&7 b5t7 7,sonnab5d7 #b ,jupit] #f sunnn dag sunn5 tac ,sonntag #c ,m>s #c mn9 tac 787 mn tac ,montag #d ,sun #b ziuwes tac 7cies zies tac 7zies ,di5/ag dac7 tac7 #e ,v5us #g wuotanes tac 787 mittwo* ,mittwo* 7mittawe*a7 #f ,m]cury #e don>es tac donres tac ,donn]/ag #g ,moon #c fria dag frtac ,freitag ,aft] ! names ( ! week-days _h once be5 settl$1 we h no difficulty 9 trac+ _! migration t[>ds ! ,ea/ & t[>ds ! ,we/4 ,! ,h9dus _h _! own peculi> sy/em ( reckon+ days & mon?s1 b !y adopt$ at a lat] "t ! =eign sy/em ( c\nt+ by weeks ( sev5 days1 & assign+ a presid+ planet>y deity to ea* ( ! sev5 days1 accord+ to ! sy/em describ$ above4 ,z ! ,indian "n ( ! planet ,m]cury 0 ,budha1 ! dies ,m]curii 0 naturally call$ ,budha-vra b nev] ,buddha-vra2 & ! fact t ! "m ( ,m]cury 0 call$ ,maia1 & ! "m ( ,buddha ,my1 c\ld1 !re=e1 h _h no be>+ :atev] on ! "n assign$ to ! ,indian ,w$nesday47#ef7 ,! v ,buddhi/s1 9 ,ceylon1 di/+ui% betwe5 buddha1 ! enlight5$1 & budha1 wise1 & call ,w$nesday ! day ( ,budha1 n ( ,buddha47#eg7 ,:e!r ! names ( ! planets 7 =m$ 9 ,india indep5d5tly1 or aft] ,greek models1 is difficult to settle4 ,! "n ( ,budha1 ! kn[+ or ! clev]1 giv5 to ! planet ,m]cury1 seems1 h[ev]1 inexplicable except on ! latt] hypo!sis4 ,hav+ trac$ ! orig9 ( ! ,sanskrit "n ( ! dies ,m]curii1 ,budha-vra1 let u n[ see :y ! ,teutonic nations1 ?\gh p]fectly ignorant ( ,buddhism1 call$ ! same day ! day ( ,wodan4 ,t ! ,teutonic nations receiv$ ! names ( ! week-days f _! ,greek & ,roman neighbors admits ( no d\bt4 ,= comm]cial & milit>y arrangem5ts betwe5 ,romans & ,g]mans "s k9d ( l+ua franca mu/ soon h sprung up1 & 9 x ! names ( ! week-days mu/ h f\nd _! place4 ,!re w\ld h be5 little difficulty 9 expla9+ ! mean+ ( ,sun-day & ,mon-day to ! ,g]mans1 b 9 ord] to make !m und]/& ! mean+ ( ! o!r names1 "s explanations mu/ h be5 giv5 on ! nature ( ! diff]5t deities1 9 ord] to enable ! ,g]mans to f9d correspond+ names 9 _! own language4 ,a ,roman w\ld tell 8 ,g]man fri5d t dies ,v5]is meant ! day ( a goddess :o repres5t$ beauty & love1 & on he>+ ?is ! ,g]man w\ld at once h ?\ght ( 8 own goddess ( love1 ,freyja1 & h call$ ! dies ,v5]is ! day ( ,freyja or ,friday47#eh7 ,if ,jupit] 0 describ$ z ! god :o wields ! ?und]bolt1 8 natural repres5tative 9 ,g]man w\ld be ,don>17#ei7 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,?un>1 ! ,old ,norse ,?or2 & h5ce ! dies ,jovis w\ld be call$ ! day ( ,?or1 or ,?ursday4 ,if ! fact t ,jupit] 0 ! k+ ( ! gods _h be5 m5tion$1 8 prop] repres5tative 9 ,g]man w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 ,wuotan or ,od947#fj7 ,z x 01 ,wuotan or ,od9 0 *os5 z ! ne>e/ approa* to ,m]cury1 ! "* :i* !y %>e 9 common1 & :i* l$ to _! id5tification1 be+ mo/ likely _! love ( travell+ ?r\gh ! air17#fa7 also _! grant+ weal? & fulfill+ ! wi%es ( _! wor%ipp]s1 9 :i* capacity ,wuotan is kn[n by ! "n ( ,wuns*7#fb7 or ,wi%4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ x happ5$ t fa!r & son *ang$ places1 = :ile ,m]curius is ! son ( ,jupit]1 ,wuotan is ! fa!r ( ,don>4 ,m>s1 ! god ( w>1 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,g]man ,tiu or ,ziu1 a "n :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally ! same z ,zeus 9 ,greek or ,dyaus 9 ,sanskrit1 took a peculi>ly national "* among ! ,g]mans1 & became _! god ( w>47#fc7 ,!re rema9$ ?us only ! dies ,saturni1 ! day ( ,saturn1 & :e!r ?is 0 call$ s 9 imitation ( ! ,lat9 "n1 or aft] an old ,g]man deity ( a simil> "n & "*1 is a po9t :i* = ! pres5t we mu/ leave unsettl$4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is n unsettl$ is ?is1 t if ! ,g]mans1 9 int]pret+ ^! names ( ,roman deities z well z !y c\ld1 call$ ! dies ,m]curii1 ! same day :i* ! ,h9dus _h call$ ! day ( ,budha 7) "o d71 _! day ( ,wuotan1 ?is 0 n because 8! doctr9es ( ! g5tle ascetic exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( ,od9 or 8 foll[]s1 :ile dwell+ ne> ! roots ( ! ,caucasus10 b = v diff]5t & mu* m tangible reasons4 ,b1 ap>t f all ?is1 by :at possible process c\ld ,buddha & ,od9 h ev] be5 br\ght toge!r 9 ! fle%8 ,9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t religions1 ,od9 belongs to ! same /ratum ( my?ological ?\ght z ,dyaus 9 ,india1 ,zeus 9 ,greece1 ,jupit] 9 ,italy4 ,he 0 wor%ipp$ z ! supreme deity dur+ a p]iod long ant]ior to ! age ( ! ,v$a & ( ,hom]4 ,8 travels 9 ,greece1 & ev5 9 ,tyrkl&17#fd7 & 8 half-hi/orical "* z a m]e h]o & a lead] ( 8 p1 are ! result ( ! late/ ,euhem]ism4 ,buddha1 on ! contr>y1 is n a my?ological1 b a p]sonal & hi/orical "*1 & to ?9k ( a meet+ ( ,buddha & ,od91 or ev5 ( _! respective desc5dants1 at ! roots ( ,m\nt ,caucasus1 w\ld be l imag9+ an int]view betwe5 ,cyrus & ,od91 betwe5 ,mohamm$ & ,aphrodite4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( anci5t religions & my?ologies1 z w be se5 f ^! in/ances1 is n a subject to be tak5 up lightly4 ,x requires n only an accurate acqua9tance ) ! m9ute/ details ( comp>ative philology1 b a k ( ! hi/ory ( religions :i* c h>dly be ga9$ )\t a /udy ( orig9al docum5ts4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z rese>*es ( ?is k9d are c>ri$ on = _! own sake1 & f a m]e desire ( discov]+ tru?1 )\t any ult]ior objects1 !y des]ve no blame1 ?\gh1 = a "t1 !y may lead to errone\s results4 ,b :5 co9cid5ces betwe5 diff]5t religions & my?ologies are se>*$ out simply 9 support ( preconceiv$ !ories1 :e!r by ! fri5ds or enemies ( religion1 ! s5se ( tru?1 ! v life ( all sci5ce1 is sacrific$1 & s]i\s mis*ief w foll[ )\t fail4 ,"h we h a "r1 n only to prote/1 b to blame4 ,!re is on ?is acc\nt a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! books we h hi!rto exam9$1 & a "w lately publi%$ 9 ,p>is by ,m4 ,jacolliot1 "u ! s5sational title ( 8,la ,bible dans l',inde1 ,vie de ,jeseus ,*ri/na40 ,if ?is book _h be5 writt5 ) ! pure en?usiasm ( ,lieut5ant ,wil=d1 x might h be5 pass$ by z a m]e ana*ronism4 ,b :5 "o sees h[ its au?or %uts 8 eyes aga9/ all evid5ce t w\ld tell aga9/ him1 & br+s toge!r1 )\t any critical scruples1 :atev] seems to support 8 !ory t ,*ri/ianity is a m]e copy ( ! anci5t religion ( ,india1 m]e sil5ce w\ld n be a suffici5t answ]4 ,besides1 ! book has lately be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 & w be read1 no d\bt1 by _m p :o _c te/ ! evid5ce on :i* x pr(esses to be f\nd$4 ,we le>n t ,m4 ,jacolliot 0 "s ye>s ago appo9t$ ,presid5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice at ,*&]nagore1 & t he devot$ ! leisure left him f ! duties ( 8 position to /udy+ ,sanskrit & ! holy books ( ! ,h9dus4 ,he is said to h put himself 9 communication ) ! ,brahmans1 :o _h obta9$ access to a great numb] ( ,,mss4 c>efully /or$ up 9 ! dep?s ( ! pagodas4 8,! purport ( 8 book is0 7,i quote f a fri5dly critic71 8t our civilization1 our religion1 our leg5ds1 our gods1 h come to u f ,india1 aft] pass+ 9 succession ?r\gh ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,judea1 ,greece1 & ,italy40 ,?is /atem5t1 we are told1 is n conf9$ to ,m4 ,jacolliot1 b has be5 admitt$ by almo/ all ,ori5tal s*ol>s4 ,! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are f\nd aga9 9 ! ,v$as1 & ! texts quot$ by ,m4 ,jacolliot 9 support ( 8 !ory are said to leave x )\t d\bt4 ,brahma creat$ ,adima 79 ,sanskrit1 ! fir/ man7 & gave him = companion ,heva 79 ,sanskrit1 t :i* completes life74 ,he appo9t$ ! isl& ( ,ceylon = _! resid5ce4 ,:at foll[s aft]w>ds is s beautifully describ$ t ,i may be p>don$ = quot+ x4 ,only ,i mu/ w>n my read]s1 le/ ! extract %\ld leave too deep an impression on _! memory1 t :at ,m4 ,jacolliot calls a simple translation f ,sanskrit is1 z f> z ,i c judge1 a simple inv5tion ( "s slightly mis*iev\s ,brahman1 :o1 l ! ,p&its ( ,lieut5ant ,wil=d1 took advantage ( ! zeal & cr$ulity ( a ,fr5* judge3-- 8,hav+ creat$ ! ,man & ! ,woman 7simultane\sly1 n "o aft] ! o!r71 & animat$ !m ) ! div9e afflatus--! ,"l said unto !m3 #8,behold1 y\r mission is to p ?is beautiful ,isl& ,ceylon1 :]e ,i h ga!r$ toge!r ev]y?+ pleasant & ne$ful = y\r subsi/5ce--! re/ ( ! ,e>? is z yet un9habitable1 b %\ld y\r prog5y s increase z to r5d] ! b\nds ( p>adise too n>r[ a habitation1 let !m inquire ( me by sacrifice & ,i w make kn[n my w4' 8,& ?us say+1 ! ,"l disappe>$4444 8,!n ,adam & ,eve dwelt toge!r = a "t 9 p]fect happ9ess2 b ere long a vague disquietude began to creep ^u !m4444 ,! ,_s ( ,evil1 jeal\s ( _! felicity & ( ! "w ( ,brahma1 inspir$ !m ) di/urb+ ?\ghts2--#8,let u w&] ?r\gh ! ,isl&1' said ,adam to 8 companion1 #8& see if we may n f9d "s "p ev5 m beautiful ?an ?is4' 444 8,& ,eve foll[$ h] husb& 444 w&]+ = days & = mon?s2 444 b z !y advanc$ ! woman 0 seiz$ ) /range & inexplicable t]rors3 #8,adam1' said %e1 #8let u g no f>!r3 x seems to me t we are disobey+ ! ,"l2 h we n already quitt$ ! place :i* he assign$ u = a dwell+ & =bade u to leave8' 8 #8,fe> n1' repli$ ,adam2 #8?is is n t fe>ful wild]ness ( :i* he spake to u4' 4444 8,& !y w&]$ on4444 8,arriv+ at la/ at ! extremity ( ! ,isl&1 !y beheld a smoo? & n>r[ arm ( ! sea1 & beyond x a va/ & app>5tly b\ndless c\ntry1 connect$ ) _! ,isl& only by a n>r[ & rocky pa?way aris+ f ! bosom ( ! wat]s4 8,! w&]]s /ood amaz$3 ! c\ntry be=e !m 0 cov]$ ) /ately trees1 birds ( a ?\s& colors flitt+ amid/ _! foliage4 8444 #8,behold1 :at beautiful ?+s6' cri$ ,adam1 #8& :at good fruit su* trees mu/ produce2 444 let u g & ta/e !m1 & if t c\ntry is bett] ?an ?is1 we w dwell !re4' 8,eve1 trembl+1 bes\ght ,adam to d no?+ t might irritate ! ,"l aga9/ !m4 #8,are we n well "h8 ,h we n pure wat] & delici\s fruits8 ,:]e=e seek o!r ?+s8' 8 #8,true1' repli$ ,adam1 #8b we w return2 :at h>m c x be to visit ?is unkn[n c\ntry t pres5ts itself to our view8' 4444 ,& z he approa*$ ! rocks1 ,eve1 trembl+1 foll[$4 8,plac+ 8 wife ^u 8 %\ld]s1 he proce$$ to cross ! space t sep>at$ him f ! object ( 8 desires1 b no soon] did he t\* ! %ore ?an trees1 fl[]s1 fruits1 birds1 all t !y _h p]ceiv$ f ! opposite side1 9 an in/ant vani%$ amid/ t]rific clamor2 444 ! rocks by :i* !y _h cross$ sunk b5ea? ! wat]s1 a few %>p peaks alone rema9+ above ! surface1 to indicate ! place ( ! bridge :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by ,div9e displeasure4 8,! vegetation :i* !y _h se5 f ! opposite %ore 0 b a delusive mirage rais$ by ! ,_s ( ,evil to tempt !m to disob$i5ce4 8,adam fell1 weep+1 ^u ! nak$ s&s1 444 b ,eve ?r[+ h]self into 8 arms1 bes\ght him n to despair2 444 #8let u r pray to ! ,au?or ( all ?+s to p>don u4' 4444 8,& z %e spake !re came a voice f ! cl\ds1 say+1 8 #8,woman6 ?\ ha/ only s9n$ f love to ?y husb&1 :om ,i comm&$ !e to love1 & ?\ ha/ hop$ 9 me4 8 #8,i !re=e p>don !e--& ,i p>don him also = ?y sake3 444 b ye may no m return to p>adise1 :i* ,i _h creat$ = y\r happ9ess2 444 ?r\gh y\r disob$i5ce to my comm&s ! ,_s ( ,evil has obta9$ possession ( ! ,e>?4444 ,y\r *ildr5 r$uc$ to labor & to suff] by y\r fault w become corrupt & =get me4444 8 #8,b ,i w s5d ,vi%nu1 :o w be born ( a woman1 & :o w br+ to all ! hope ( a rew>d 9 ano!r life1 & ! means by pray] ( s(t5+ _! suff]+s4' 0 ,! translator f :om ,i h quot$ exclaims at ! end1 z well he might3-- 8,:at gr&eur & :at simplicity is ?is ,h9du leg5d6 & at ! same "t h[ simply logical6444 ,behold "h ! v]itable ,eve--! true woman40 ,b mu* m extraord9>y ?+s are quot$ by ,m4 ,jacolliot1 f ! ,v$as & ! comm5t>ies4 ,on p4 #fc we read t ,manu1 ,m9os1 & ,manes1 _h ! same "n z ,moses2 on p4 #gc1 ! ,brahmans :o invad$ ,india are repres5t$ z ! successors ( a great re=m] call$ ,*ri/na4 ,! "n ( ,zoroa/] is d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ,srya/>a 7p4 #aaj71 mean+ 8he :o spreads ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun40 ,aft] x has be5 laid d[n 7p4 #aaf7 t ,hebrew 0 d]iv$ f ,sanskrit1 we are assur$ t !re is little difficulty 9 d]iv+ ,jehovah f ,zeus47#fe7 ,zeus1 ,jezeus1 ,jesus1 & ,isis are all decl>$ to be ! same "n1 & lat] on 7p4 #acj7 we le>n t 8at pres5t ! ,brahmans :o (ficiate 9 ! pagodas & temples give ?is title ( ,jeseus--i4 e4 ! pure ess5ce1 ! div9e emanation--to ,*ri/na only1 :o alone is recogniz$ z ! ,^w1 ! truly inc>nat$1 by ! wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu & ! free?9k]s among ! ,brahmans40 ,we are assur$ t ! ,apo/les1 ! poor fi%]m5 ( ,galilee1 7 able to read ! ,v$a 7p4 #cef72 & x 0 _! greate/ m]it t !y did n reject ! miracul\s acc\nts ( ! ,v$ic p]iod1 because ! _w 0 n yet ripe = fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,kri/na1 or ,*ri/na1 we read on p4 #cfj1 signifi$ 9 ,sanskrit1 s5t by ,god1 promis$ by ,god1 holy2 & z ! "n ( ,*ri/ or ,*ri/os is n ,hebrew1 :5ce c\ld x h be5 tak5 except f ,kri%na1 ! son ( ,devak1 or1 z ,m4 ,jacolliot writes1 ,devanaguy8 ,x is difficult1 nay1 almo/ impossible1 to criticise or refute su* /atem5ts1 & yet x is necess>y to d s2 = su* is ! int]e/1 or ,i %\ld r say ! fev]i% curiosity1 excit$ by any?+ t be>s on anci5t religion1 t ,m4 ,jacolliot's book has produc$ a v wide & v deep impression4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ ) "s surprise t ,v$ic s*ol>s 9 ,europe _h fail$ to discov] ^! important passages 9 ! ,v$a :i* he has po9t$ out1 or1 /ill worse1 t !y _h nev] br\ght !m to ! k ( ! public4 ,9 fact1 if any?+ 0 want+ to %[ t a g5]al k ( ! hi/ory ( anci5t religion ought to =m "p ( our education1 x 0 ! panic creat$ by ,m4 ,jacolliot's book4 ,x is simply ! /ory ( ,lieut5ant ,wil=d ov] aga91 only f> less excusable n[ ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,_m ( ! words :i* ,m4 ,jacolliot quotes z ,sanskrit are n ,sanskrit at all2 o!rs nev] h ! mean+ :i* he assigns to !m2 & z to ! passages f ! ,v$as 7includ+ our old fri5d ! ,bhagav$a-gta71 !y are n f ! ,v$a1 !y are n f any old ,sanskrit writ]--!y simply belong to ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:at happ5$ to ,lieut5ant ,wil=d has happ5$ aga9 to ,m4 ,jacolliot4 ,he tells u ! secret himself3-- 8,"o day10 he says 7p4 #bhj71 8:5 we 7 read+ ! translation ( ,manu1 by ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 a note l$ u to consult ! ,indian comm5tator1 ,kullka ,bhatta1 :5 we f\nd an allusion to ! sacrifice ( a son by 8 fa!r prev5t$ by ,god himself aft] he _h comm&$ x4 ,we !n _h only "o ide fixe--namely1 to f9d aga9 9 ! d>k mass ( ! religi\s books ( ! ,h9du1 ! orig9al acc\nt ( t ev5t4 ,we %\ld nev] h succe$$ b = #8! complaisance' ( a ,brahman ) :om we 7 read+ ,sanskrit1 & :o1 yield+ to our reque/1 br\ght u f ! libr>y ( 8 pagoda ! works ( ! !ologian ,ramats>i>1 :i* h yield$ u su* preci\s assi/ance 9 ?is volume40 ,z to ! /ory ( ! son (f]$ z a sacrifice by 8 fa!r1 & releas$ at ! comm& ( ! gods1 ,m4 ,jacolliot might h f\nd ! orig9al acc\nt ( x f ! ,v$a1 bo? text & translation1 9 my 8,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature40 ,he w\ld soon h se5 t ! /ory ( ,sunahsepa be+ sold by 8 fa!r 9 ord] to be sacrific$ 9 ! place ( an ,indian pr9ce1 has v little 9 common ) ! int5d$ sacrifice ( ,isaac by ,abraham4 ,m4 ,jacolliot has1 no d\bt1 f\nd out by ?is "t t he has be5 impos$ ^u2 & if s1 he ought to foll[ ! example ( ,colonel ,wil=d1 & publicly /ate :at has happ5$4 ,ev5 !n1 ,i d\bt n t 8 /atem5ts w cont9ue to be quot$ = a long "t1 & t ,adima & ,heva1 ?us br\ght to life aga91 w make _! appe>ance 9 _m a book & _m a lecture-room4 ,le/ x be suppos$ t su* accid5ts happ5 to ,sanskrit s*ol>s only1 or t ?is fev] is br$ only 9 ! jungles ( ,indian my?ology1 ,i %all m5tion at lea/ "o o!r case :i* w %[ t ?is disease is ( a m g5]al "*1 & t want ( caution w produce x 9 e climate4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ,sanskrit1 ,*9a _h /ood = a long "t 9 ! place :i* 0 aft]w>ds occupi$ by ,india4 ,:5 ! anci5t lit]ature & civilization ( ,*9a became fir/ kn[n to ! s*ol>s ( ,europe1 ! ,cele/ial ,empire _h its admir]s & prophets z full ( en?usiasm z ,sir ,w4 ,jones & ,lieut5ant ,wil=d1 & !re 0 no?+1 :e!r ,greek philosophy or ,*ri/ian morality1 t 0 n suppos$ to h _h its fir/ orig9 among ! sages ( ,*9a4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies 9 ,*9a 7 mo/ extraord9>y4 ,!y _h !mselves admitt$ ! antiquity ( ! writ+s ( ,confucius & ,lao-tse1 bo? ( :om liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c47#ff7 ,b 9 _! zeal to %[ t ! sacr$ books ( ! ,*9ese conta9$ num]\s passages borr[$ f ! ,bible1 nay1 ev5 "s ( ! dogmas ( ! lat] ,*ur*1 !y h>dly p]ceiv$ t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! respective dates ( ^! books1 !y 7 really prov+ t a k9d ( anticipat$ ,*ri/ianity _h be5 accord$ to ! anci5t sages ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,! mo/ le>n$ advocate ( ?is s*ool 0 ,fa!r ,prm>e4 ,ano!r support] ( ! same view1 ,montucci17#fg7 speak+ ( ,lao-tse's ,tao-te-k+1 says3-- 8,we f9d 9 x s _m say+s cle>ly ref]r+ to ! triune ,god1 t no "o :o has read ?is book c d\bt t ! my/]y ( ! mo/ holy ,tr9ity 0 reveal$ to ! ,*9ese m ?an five c5turies be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4 ,ev]ybody1 !re=e1 :o kn[s ! /rong feel+ ( ! ,*9ese = _! own tea*]s1 w admit t no?+ m effici5t c\ld be f\nd 9 ord] to fix ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ! m9d ( ! ,*9ese ?an ! demon/ration t ^! dogmas agree ) _! own books4 ,! /udy1 !re=e1 & ! translation ( ?is s+ul> book 7! ,tao-te-k+7 w\ld prove mo/ useful to ! mission>ies1 9 ord] to br+ to a happy issue ! desir$ ga!r+ 9 ( ! ,apo/olic h>ve/40 ,:at foll[$ is s extraord9>y t1 ?\gh x has (t5 be5 relat$1 x des]ves to be relat$ aga91 m p>ticul>ly z ! :ole problem :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 solv$ once = all by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 has ( late be5 op5$ aga9 by ,dr4 von ,/rauss1 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society10 #ahfi4 ,!re is a passage at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! ,tao-te-k+ 9 :i* ,fa!r ,amyot felt c]ta9 t ! ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity c\ld be recogniz$4 ,he translat$ x3-- 8,he :o is z x 7 visible b _c be se5 is call$ ,khi4 8,he :om we _c he>1 & :o does n speak to our e>1 is call$ ,hi4 8,he :o is z x 7 tangible1 b _c be t\*$1 is call$ ,wei40 ,few read]s1 ,i believe1 w\ld h be5 mu* />tl$ by ?is passage1 or w\ld h se5 9 x :at ,fa!r ,amyot saw4 ,b m />tl+ revelations 7 9 /ore4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ,*9ese s*ol> ( 8 "t1 ,abel ,rmusat1 took up ! subject2 & aft] %[+ t ! fir/ ( ! ?ree names _h to be pron\nc$1 n ,khi1 b ,i1 he ma9ta9$ t ! ?ree syllables ,i ,hi ,wei1 7 meant = ,je-ho-vah4 ,accord+ to him1 ! ?ree *>act]s employ$ 9 ?is "n h no mean+ 9 ,*9ese2 !y are only signs ( s\nds =eign to ! ,*9ese language2 & !y 7 int5d$ to r5d] ! ,greek 1 ! "n :i*1 accord+ to ,diodorus ,siculus1 ! ,jews gave to _! ,god4 ,rmusat goes on to rem>k t ,lao-tse _h really r5d]$ ?is ,hebrew "n m accurately ?an ! ,greeks1 because he _h pres]v$ ! aspiration ( ! second syllable1 :i* 0 lo/ 9 ,greek4 ,9 fact1 he ent]ta9$ no d\bt t ?is ^w1 occurr+ 9 ! "w ( ,lao-tse1 proves an intellectual communication betwe5 ! ,we/ & ,*9a1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,=tunately1 ! panic creat$ by ?is discov]y did n la/ long4 ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 publi%$ 9 #ahdb a complete translation ( ?is difficult book2 & "h all traces ( ! "n ( ,jehovah h disappe>$4 8,! ?ree syllables1 he writes1 8:i* ,abel ,rmusat consid]$ z purely phonetic & =eign to ! ,*9ese language1 h a v cle> & intelligible mean+1 & h be5 fully expla9$ by ,*9ese comm5tators4 ,! fir/ syllable1 ,i1 means )\t color2 ! second1 ,hi1 )\t s\nd or voice2 ! ?ird1 ,wei1 )\t body4 ,! prop] translation !re=e is3--0 8,y look 7= ! ,tao1 ! law7 & y see x n3 x is colorless4 8,y li/5 & y he> x n3 x is voiceless4 8,y wi% to t\* x & y rea* x n3 x is )\t body40 ,until1 !re=e1 "s o!r traces c be discov]$ 9 ,*9ese lit]ature prov+ an int]c\rse betwe5 ,*9a & ,juda 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 we c h>dly be call$ ^u to believe t ! ,jews %\ld h communicat$ ?is "o "n1 :i* !y h>dly tru/$ !mselves to pron\nce at home1 to a ,*9ese philosoph]2 & we mu/ treat ! app>5t simil>ity betwe5 ,i-,hi-,wei & ,jehovah z an accid5t1 :i* ought to s]ve z a useful w>n+1 ?\gh x ne$ 9 no way disc\rage a c>eful & hone/ /udy ( ,comp>ative ,!ology4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,spell+4 ,! rem>ks :i* ,i v5ture to (f] 9 ^! pages on ! corrupt /ate ( ! pres5t spell+ ( ,engli%1 & on ! advantages & disadvantages connect$ ) a re=m ( ,engli% or?ography1 7 writt5 9 fulfillm5t ( a promise ( v long /&+4 ,ev] s9ce ! publication ( ! ,second ,volume ( my 8,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language10 9 #ahfc1 :]e ,i _h express$ my s9c]e admiration = ! c\rage & p]sev]ance ) :i* ,mr4 ,isaac ,pitman & "s ( 8 fri5ds 7p>ticul>ly ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis1 = six ye>s 8 mo/ active associate7 _h f\ght ! battle ( a re=m 9 ,engli% spell+1 ,mr4 ,pitman _h be5 reque/+ me to /ate m explicitly ?an ,i _h done 9 my 8,lectures0 my g5]al approval ( 8 life-long endeavors4 ,he wi%$ m p>ticul>ly t ,i %\ld expla9 :y ,i1 ?\gh by pr(ession an etymologi/1 0 n fright5$ by ! spect] ( phonetic spell+1 :ile su* high au?orities z ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* & ,dean ,al=d _h decl>$ t phonetic spell+ w\ld necess>ily de/roy ! hi/orical & etymological "* ( ! ,engli% language4 ,if ,i ask myself :y ,i put (f ! fulfillm5t ( my promise f ye> to ye>1 ! pr9cipal reason ,i f9d is1 t really ,i _h no?+ m to say ?an :at1 ?\gh 9 few words1 ,i _h said be=e4 ,e ?+ t c be said on ?is subject has be5 said1 & well said1 n only by ,mr4 ,pitman1 b by a ho/ ( writ]s & lectur]s1 among :om ,i might m5tion ,mr4 ,alex&] ,j4 ,ellis1 ,dr4 ,la?am1 ,pr(essors ,haldeman1 ,:itney1 & ,hadley1 ,mr4 ,)]s1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,glad/one1 & _m o!rs4 ,! :ole matt] is no long] a matt] = argum5t2 & ! old] ,i gr[1 ! m ,i feel conv9c$ t no?+ vexes p s mu*1 & h>d5s !m 9 _! unbelief & 9 _! dogg$ resi/ance to re=ms1 z und5iable facts & unansw]able argum5ts4 ,re=ms are c>ri$ by ,"t1 & :at g5]ally prevails 9 ! end1 are n logical d$uctions1 b "s haphaz>d & frequ5tly irrational motives4 ,i d n say1 !re=e1 ) ,dean ,swift1 t 8!re is a degree ( corruption :]e9 "s nations1 z bad z ! _w is1 w proce$ to an am5dm5t2 till :i* "t p>ticul> m5 %\ld be quiet40 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i feel conv9c$ t practical re=m]s1 l ,mr4 ,pitman1 %\ld nev] slumb] nor sleep4 ,!y %\ld keep _! grievances be=e ! public 9 season & out ( season4 ,!y %\ld h _! lamps burn+1 to be ready :5ev] ! "r "t comes4 ,!y %\ld repeat ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga91 undismay$ by indiff]5ce1 ridicule1 contempt1 & all ! o!r weapons :i* ! lazy _w kn[s s well h[ to employ aga9/ ^? :o v5ture to di/urb its peace4 ,i myself1 h[ev]1 am n a practical re=m]2 lea/ ( all 9 a matt] :i* conc]ns ,engli%m5 only--namely1 ! spell+ ( ! ,engli% language4 ,i %\ld mu* r1 !re=e1 h left ! fight to o!rs1 cont5t ) be+ m]ely a look]-on4 ,b :5 ,i 0 on ! po9t ( leav+ ,engl& my consci5ce smote me4 ,?\gh ,i _h n actually giv5 a pl$ge1 ,i rememb]$ h[1 aga9 & aga91 ,i _h said to ,mr4 ,pitman t ,i w\ld mu* r keep ?an make a promise2 & ?\gh ov]:elm$ ) o!r "w at ! "t1 ,i felt t be=e my dep>ture ,i ought1 if possible1 to satisfy ,mr4 ,pitman's dem&s4 ,! article 0 writt52 & ?\gh my own plans h s9ce be5 *ang$1 & ,i rema9 at ,ox=d1 x may z well be publi%$ 9 dis*>ge ( a debt :i* has be5 = "s "t heavy on my consci5ce4 ,:at ,i wi% mo/ /rongly to impress on my read]s is t ,i d n write z an advocate4 ,i am n an agitator = phonetic re=m 9 ,engl&4 ,my int]e/ 9 ! matt] is1 & always has be51 purely !oretical & sci5tific4 ,spell+ & ! re=m ( spell+ are problems :i* conc]n e /ud5t ( ! sci5ce ( language4 ,x does n matt] :e!r ! language be ,engli%1 ,g]man1 or ,dut*4 ,9 e writt5 language ! problem ( re=m+ its antiquat$ spell+ mu/ soon] or lat] arise2 & we mu/ =m "s cle> notion :e!r any ?+ c be done to remove or alleviate a compla9t inh]5t 9 ! v life ( language4 ,if my fri5ds tell me t ! idea ( a re=m ( spell+ is entirely ,quixotic1 t x is a m]e wa/e ( "t to try to influ5ce a :ole nation to surr5d] its hi/orical or?ography & to write phonetically1 ,i b[ to _! sup]ior wisdom z m5 ( ! _w4 ,b z ,i am n a man ( ! _w1 b r an obs]v] ( ! _w1 my int]e/ 9 ! subject1 my convictions z to :at is "r & wrong1 rema9 j ! same4 ,x is ! duty ( s*ol>s & philosoph]s n to %r9k f hold+ & express+ :at m5 ( ! _w call ,quixotic op9ions2 =1 if ,i read ! hi/ory ( ! _w rightly1 ! victory ( reason ov] unreason1 & ! :ole progress ( our race1 h g5]ally be5 a*iev$ by su* fools z ourselves 8ru%+ 9 :]e angels fe> to tread10 till1 aft] a "t1 ! track becomes beat51 & ev5 angels are no long] afraid4 ,i hold1 & h confess$1 mu* m ,quixotic !ories on language ?an ?is belief--t :at has be5 done be=e by ,spani>ds & ,dut*m5--:at is at ?is v mom5t be+ done by ,g]mans1 namely1 to re=m _! corrupt spell+--may be a*iev$ ev5 by ,engli%m5 & ,am]icans4 ,i h express$ my belief t ! "t w come :5 n only ! v>i\s alphabets & sy/ems ( spell+1 b _m ( ! languages !mselves :i* are n[ spok5 9 ,europe1 to say no?+ ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 w h to be improv$ away f ! face ( ! e>? & aboli%$4 ,kn[+ t no?+ r\ses ! ire ( a ,wel%man or a ,gael s mu* z to ass]t ! exp$i5cy1 nay1 necessity1 ( suppress+ ! tea*+ ( _! languages at s*ool1 x seems madness to h9t t x w\ld be a bless+ to e *ild born 9 ,holl&1 9 ,portugal1 or 9 ,d5m>k--nay1 9 ,sw$5 & ev5 9 ,russia--if1 in/ead ( le>n+ a language :i* is = life a b>ri] betwe5 !m & ! re/ ( mank9d1 !y 7 at once to le>n "o ( ! great hi/orical languages :i* conf] intellectual & social fell[%ip ) ! :ole _w4 ,if1 z a fir/ /ep 9 ! "r direction1 f\r languages only1 namely1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian 7or possibly ,spani%7 7 taught at s*ool1 ! sav+ ( "t--& :at is m preci\s ?an "t8--w\ld be inf9itely great] ?an :at has be5 effect$ by railways & telegraphs4 ,b ,i "k t no "n 9 any ( ! doom$ languages w\ld be too /rong to /igmatize su* folly4 ,we %\ld be told t a ,japanese only c\ld conceive su* an idea2 t = a p delib]ately to give up its language 0 a ?+ nev] he>d ( be=e2 t a nation w\ld cease to be a nation if x *ang$ its language2 t x w\ld1 9 fact1 commit 8! happy despat*10 la ,japonaise4 ,all ?is may be true1 b ,i hold t language is meant to be an in/rum5t ( communication1 & t 9 ! /ruggle = life1 ! mo/ effici5t in/rum5t ( communication mu/ c]ta9ly c>ry ! day1 z long z natural selection1 or1 z we =m]ly call$ x1 reason1 rules ! _w4 ,! foll[+ figures may be ( use 9 =m+ an op9ion z to ! fates ( ! great languages ( ,europe37#fh7-- ,portuguese is spok5 9 ,portugal1 by #c1ihj1jjj ,brazil1 by #aj1jjj1jjj ,total3 #ac1ihj1jjj ,italian1 by #bg1ebd1bch ,fr5*1 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,switz]l&1 etc41 by #dj1ahh1jjj ,spani%1 9 ,spa91 by #af1cja1jjj ,s\? ,am]ica1 by #bg1djh1jhb ,total3 #dc1gji1jhb ,russian1 by #ea1cgj1jjj ,g]man1 by #ee1ghi1jjj ,engli%1 9 ,europe1 by #ca1jjj1jjj ,am]ica1 by #de1jjj1jjj ,au/ralia1 etc41 by #b1jjj1jjj ! ,colonies1 by #a1jej1jjj ,total3 #gi1jej1jjj ,accord+ to ,de ,c&olle1 ! population d\bles 9 ,engl&1 9 #ef ye>s ,am]ica1 among ! ,g]man races1 9 #be ye>s ,italy1 9 #ace ye>s ,russia1 9 #ajj ye>s ,spa91 9 #aab ye>s ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 #bg- ye>s ,g]many1 9 #ajj ye>s ,france1 9 #adj ye>s ,!re=e1 9 #bjj ye>s 7b>r+ accid5ts7 ,italian w be spok5 by #ec1cgj1jjj ,fr5* w be spok5 by #gb1ega1jjj ,g]man w be spok5 by #aeg1dhj1jjj ,spani% w be spok5 9 ,europe1 by #cf1ich1cch ,s\? ,am]ica1 by #dfh1cdg1ijd ,total3 #eje1bhf1bdb ,engli% w be spok5 9 ,europe1 by #agh1hdf1aec ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,briti% ,dep5d5cies1 by #a1feh1ddj1jjj ,total3 #a1hcg1bhf1aec ,b ,i %all say no m on ?is1 = z x is1 ,i "k ,i %all nev] he> ! end ( x1 & %all g d[n to po/]ity1 if = no?+ else1 at lea/ = ?is ! mo/ suicidal folly 9 a /ud5t ( languages2 a folly comp>able only to t ( ,leibniz1 :o actually conceiv$ ! possibility ( "o univ]sal language4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! problem to ! solution ( :i* ,mr4 ,pitman has devot$ ! :ole ( 8 active life1 let me say aga9 t my int]e/ 9 x is purely philological2 or1 if y l1 hi/orical4 ,! problem :i* has to be solv$ 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is n a new "o1 nor an isolat$ "o4 ,x occurs aga9 & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( language2 9 fact1 x mu/ occur4 ,:5 languages are r$uc$ to writ+1 !y are at fir/ writt5 phonetically1 ?\gh always 9 a v r\gh-&-ready mann]4 ,"o dialect1 t ( ! dom9ant1 ! lit]>y1 or prie/ly "*1 is g5]ally select$2 & ! spell+1 once adopt$1 becomes 9 a v %ort "t traditional & au?oritative4 ,:at took place ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 we c see tak+ place1 if we l1 at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,a mission>y f ! isl& ( ,mangaia1 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,gill1 fir/ introduc$ ! art ( writ+ among 8 conv]ts4 ,he le>n$ _! language1 at lea/ "o dialect ( x1 he translat$ "p ( ! ,bible into x1 & adopt$1 ( necessity1 a phonetic spell+4 ,t dialect is gradually becom+ ! recogniz$ lit]>y language ( ! :ole isl&1 & 8 spell+ is taught at s*ool4 ,o!r dialects1 h[ev]1 cont9ue to be spok51 & !y may 9 "t influ5ce ! lit]>y dialect4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! mission>y dialect1 z x is call$ by ! natives !mselves1 & ! mission>y spell+1 rule supreme1 & x w be "s "t be=e a spell+ re=m is want$ out !re4 ,among ! m anci5t nations ( ,europe1 n only does ! pronunciation ( language ma9ta9 its inh]5t dialectic v>iety1 & fluctuate ?r\gh ! preval5ce ( prov9cial speak]s1 b ! :ole body ( a language *anges1 :ile yet ! spell+1 once adopt$ 9 public docum5ts1 & taught to *ildr51 rema9s = a long "t ! same4 ,9 e>ly times1 :5 lit]ature 0 9 its infancy1 :5 copies ( books c\ld easily be c\nt$1 & :5 ! norma scrib5di 0 9 ! h&s ( a few p]sons1 ! difficulty ( adapt+ ! writ+ to ! ev]-v>y+ pronunciation ( a language 0 comp>atively small4 ,we see x :5 we comp>e ! ,lat9 ( e>ly ,roman inscriptions ) ! ,lat9 ( ,cic]o4 ,we "k f ,cic]o himself t :5 he settl$ among ! patricians ( ,rome1 he _h on "s small po9ts to *ange bo? 8 pronunciation & 8 spell+ ( ,lat94 ,! re=m ( spell+ 0 a favorite subject ) ,roman s*ol>s1 & ev5 emp]ors 7 n too pr\d to dabble 9 inv5t+ new lett]s & diacritical signs4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 nev] assumes s]i\s proportions4 ,! small m9ority ( p :o 7 able to read & write1 pleas$ !mselves z be/ !y c\ld2 &1 by timely concessions1 prev5t$ a complete e/rangem5t betwe5 ! writt5 & ! spok5 language4 ,!n came ! "t :5 ,lat9 ceas$ to be ,lat91 & ! vulg> dialects1 su* z ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,spani% took its place4 ,at t "t ! spell+ 0 aga9 phonetic1 ?\gh "h & !re t+$ by rem9isc5ces ( ,lat9 spell+4 ,!re 0 mu* v>iety1 b consid]+ h[ limit$ ! lit]>y int]c\rse mu/ h be5 betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ,france1 ,spa91 or ,italy1 x is surpris+ t on ! :ole !re %\ld h be5 s mu* uni=mity 9 ! spell+ ( ^! mod]n dialects4 ,a c]ta9 local & individual fre$om ( spell+1 h[ev]1 0 reta9$2 & we c easily detect 9 m$ival ,,mss4 ! spell+ ( lit]ate & illit]ate writ]s1 ! h& ( ! le>n$ cl]ic1 ! pr(essional cl]k1 & ! layman4 ,a /yle ( spell+ w n[ be introduc$ :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( ,semiphonotypy4 ,x requires no new lett]3 8,d p0 = ! v[el 9 b1 son1 are made f 8,d p0 by a p5-knife4 ,! %ort v[els1 diph?ongs1 & consonants are all writt5 phonetically1 except an occasional 8n0 8n0 be=e k & g1 & 8?0 bo? 8t0 & 8dh0 leav+ only ! long v[els 9 ! old spell+4 ,six syllables out ( sev5 are ?us writt5 z 9 full phonotypy4 ,! italic & script =ms ( 8,p italic =m 0 are 8p italic =m 0 7a turn$ italic 8a07 & ,p p script =m 4 ,! great ev5t hwi* =mz a deseisiv epok 9 ! hi/ori ov spel+ iz ! introdpk%on ov pr9t+4 ,) pr9t$ buks1 & p>tikiul>li ) pr9t$ ,beibelz1 skat]d ov] ! kpntri1 ! spel+ ( wprdz bekame rijid1 & univ]sali be9d+4 ,spm langwejez1 sp* az ,italian1 w] m =tiunate ?an p!rz 9 hav+ a m ra%onal si/em ov spel+ tu />t )4 ,spm1 ag51 leik ,j]man1 w] abel tu make teimli konse%onz1 hweil p!rz1 sp* az ,spani%1 ,dp*1 & ,fr5*1 _h ,akademiz tu help !m at kritikal p]iodz ov _! hi/ori4 ,! mo/ pn=tiunate 9 all !ze respekts woz ,+li%4 ,x />t$ ) a ,lat9 alfabet1 ! pronpnsia%on ov hwi* woz pnseteld1 & hwi* _h tu be apleid tu a ,tiutonik langwej4 ,aft] ?is f]/ fonetik kompromeiz x _h tu pas ?r\gh a konfizd si/em ov spel+1 half ,sakson1 half ,norman2 half fonetik1 half tradi%onal4 ,! hi/ori ov ! spel+1 & ev5 ov ! pronpnsia%on1 ov ,+li%1 9 its pasej f ,anglo-,sakson tu midel & mod]n ,+li%1 haz lateli be5 /pdid ) great spkses bei ,mr4 ,ellis & ,mr4 ,sweet4 ,ei mp/ ref] tu _! buks 8,on ,erli ,+li% ,pronpnsia%on10 & 8,on ! ,hi/ori ov ,+li% ,s\ndz10 hwi* konta9 a wel? ov ilp/ra%on1 almo/ bewild]+4 ,& ev5 aft] ,+li% rea*ez ! p]iod ov pr9t+1 ! konfiuzhon iz bei no meanz t]m9at$2 on ! kontr>i1 = a teim x iz great] ?an ev]4 ,h\ ?is kame tu pas haz be5 wel ilp/rat$ bei ,mr4 ,m>% 9 hiz eksel5t 8,lektiurz on ! ,+li% ,langwej10 p4 #fhg1 seq47#fi7 ,hwot we n\ kall ! e/abli%t si/em ov ,+li% or?ografi may1 9 ! ma91 be tra/ bak tu ,jonson'z ,dik%on>i1 & tu ! /il m kapri%us sway eks]seizd bei l>j pr9t+ (isez & ppbli%]z4 ,x iz true t ! evil ov pr9t+ k>id tu a s]t5 ek/5t its own rem$i4 ,if ! spel+ bekame pn*anjabel1 ! langwej itself1 too1 woz1 bei meanz ov a pr9t$ lit]atiur1 *ekt konsid]abli 9 its natiural gr[? & its dealektik v>eieti4 ,nev]!les ,+li% haz *anj$ s9s ! inv5%on ov pr9t+2 ,+li% iz *anj+1 ?\gh bei imp]septibel degreez1 ev5 n\2 & if we komp>e ,+li% az spok5 ) ,+li% az rit51 !y seem almo/ leik two dif]5t langwejez2 az dif]5t az ,lat9 iz f ,italian4 ,?is1 no d\t1 iz a na%onal mis=tiun1 b x iz inevitabel4 ,litel az we p]seive x1 langwej iz1 & alwayz mp/ be1 9 a /ate ov f]m5ta%on2 & hwe!r )9 hundr$z or ?\z&z ov ye>z1 all liv+ langwejez mp/ be prep>$ tu enk\nt] ! difikplti hwi* 9 ,+l& />ez u 9 ! fase at prez5t4 8,hwot %al we d80 ask our fr5dz4 8,!r iz our hole na%onal lit]atiur10 !y say1 8our leibr>iz aktiuali bpr/+ ) buks & nuizpap]z4 ,ar all !ze tu be ?r[n away8 ,ar all valiuabel buks tu be repr9t$8 ,ar we ourselvz tu pnl]n hwot we hav l]nd ) s mu* trpbel1 & hwot we hav taught tu our *ildr5 ) great] trpbel /il8 ,ar we tu sakrifeiz all t iz hi/orikal 9 our langwej1 & s9k d\n tu ! l[ level ov ! ,fonetik ,nuz80 ,ei kud g on mpltiplei+ !ze kwe/ionz til ev5 ?oze m5 ov ! wprld :o n\ hav onli a %rug ov ! %\ld] = ! re=m]z ov spel+ %ud say1 8,we _h no eidea h\ /rong our pozi%on reali iz40 ,b ) all t1 ! problem rema9z pnsolvd4 ,hwot ar peopel tu d hw5 langwej & pronpnsia%on *anje1 hweil _! spel+ iz dekl>$ tu be pn*anjabel8 ,x iz1 ei believ1 h>dli neses>i t ei %ud prove h\ korppt1 efete1 & pt]li irra%onal ! prez5t si/em ov spel+ iz1 = n[pn seemz inkle9d tu d5ei all ?t4 ,ei %al onli kwote1 !re=1 ! jpjm5t ov wpn man1 ! late ,bi%op ,?irlwall1 a man :o nev] uz$ ekzaj]at$ langwej4 8,ei luk10 he sez 8ppon ! e/abli%t si/em1 if an aksid5tal kp/om may be s kalld1 az a mas ov anomaliz1 ! gr[? ov ignorans & *ans1 ekwali reppgnant tu gud ta/e & tu komon s5s4 ,bpt ei am aw>e t ! ppblik kl+ tu !ze anomaliz ) a t5asiti propor%ond tu _! absprditi1 & ar jelps ov all enkroa*m5t on gr\nd konsekrat$ tu ! free play ov ble9d kaprise40 ,x may be useful1 h\ev]1 tu kwote ! te/imonialz ov a fiu praktikal m5 9 ord] tu %[ t ?is si/em ov spel+ haz reali bekpm wpn ov ! greate/ na%onal mis=tiunz1 swol[+ pp milionz ov mpni ev]i ye> & bleit+ all atempts at na%onal ediuka%on4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,jones1 a skoolma/] ov great eksp]i5s1 hav+ !n siup]9t5d5s ov ! ,heib]nian ,skoolz1 ,liv]pool1 rote1 9 ! ye> #ahfh3 8,! ,gpv]nm5t haz = ! la/ tw5ti ye>z tak5 ediuka%on pnd] its k>e4 ,!y diveid$ ! subjekts ov in/rpk%on intu siks gradez4 ,! heie/ po9t t woz atempt$ 9 ! ,gpv]nm5t ,skoolz woz t a piupil %ud be abel tu read ) tol]abel eaze & ekspre%on a pasej f a niuzpap]1 & tu spel ! same ) a tol]abel am\nt ov akiurasi40 ,let ps luk at ! rezplts az !y ape> 9 ! report ov ! ,komti ov ,k\nsil on ,ediuka%on = #ahgj-ga3 ,skoolz or ,dep>tm5ts pnd] sep>ate h$ tea*]z 9 ,+l& & ,walez inspekt$ diur+ ! ye> #ca/ ,augu/1 #ahgj1 #ae1bhg ,s]tifikat$ asi/ant1 & piupil tea*]z emploid 9 !ze skoolz1 #bh1jcc ,skol>z 9 daili av]ej at5dans ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 #a1afh1iha ,skol>z prez5t on ! day ov inspek%on1 #a1dgc1hhc ,skol>z prez5t$ = ekzam9a%on3 ,pnd] t5 ye>z ov aje1 #dgc1ddd ,ov] t5 ye>z ov aje1 #bib1add ,total3 #gfe1ehh ,skol>z prez5t$ = ,/&>d ,,vi43 ,pnd] t5 ye>z ov aje1 #bbg ,ov] t5 ye>z ov aje1 #cb1iec ,total3 #cc1ahj ,skol>z :o pa/ 9 ,/&>d ,,vi43 #a4 ,read+ a %ort p>agraf f a niuzpap]1 #cj1ihe #b4 ,reit+ ! same f dikta%on1 #bg1ihi #c4 ,ari?metik1 #bb1hci ,!r=1 les ?an wpn skol> = ea* tea*]1 & les ?an two skol>z = ea* skool inspekt$1 rea*t ,/&>d ,,vi4 ,9 #ahgc ! /ate ov ?+z1 akord+ tu ! (i%al retprnz ov ! ,ediuka%on ,dep>tm5t1 woz mp* ! same4 ,f]/ ov all1 !r ought tu hav be5 at skool #d1fjj1jjj *ildr5 betwe5 ! ajez ov ?ree & !rte54 ,! numb] ov *ildr5 on ! reji/] ov inspekt$ skoolz woz #b1bah1eih4 ,out ov ?t numb]1 ab\t #bjj1jjj leav skool aniuali1 _! ediuka%on beng supoz$ tu be f9i%t4 ,out ov !ze #bjj1jjj1 ne9ti p] s5t4 leav )\t rea*+ ! #f? ,/&>d1 eighti p] s5t4 )\t rea*+ ! #e?1 & sik/i p] s5t4 )\t rea*+ ! #d? ,/&>d4 ,! report = #ahgd-ge %[z an inkreas ov *ildr5 on ! buks1 bpt ! propor%on ov *ildr5 pas+ 9 ! v>ips /&>dz iz spb/an%ali ! same4 7,see 8,popiul> ,ediuka%on10 bei ,e4 ,jones1 ,b4,a41 an eks-skoolma/]1 #ahge47 ,x iz kalkiulat$ t = su* rezults az !ze ! kpntri1 hwe!r bei taksa%on or bei volunt>i kontribiu%onz1 payz ne>li #c1ejj1jjj aniuali4 ,akord+ tu ! same au?oriti1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,jones1 x n\ takes f siks tu sev5 ye>z tu l]n ! arts ov read+ & spel+ ) a fair degree ov intelij5s--?t iz1 ab\t #b1jjj ourz2 & tu m5i me9dz ! difikpltiz ov or?ografi ar insprm\ntabel4 ,! bulk ov ! *ildr5 pas ?r\gh ! ,gpv]nm5t skoolz )\t hav+ akweird ! abiliti tu read ) eaze & intelij5s4 8,an av]ej *eild10 sez anu?cr skoolma/]1 8beg9+ skool at sev51 ought tu be abel tu read ! ,niu ,te/am5t flu5tli at elev5 or twelv ye>z ov aje1 & at !rte5 or f\rte5 ought tu be abel tu read a gud lead+ artikel ) eaze & ekspre%on40 ,t iz1 ) sev5 ourz a week = =ti weeks = feiv ye>z1 a *eild rekweirz #a1djj ourz' wprk1 tu be abel tu read ! ,niu ,te/am5t4 ,aft] a k>eful ekzam9a%on ov ypng m5 & wim5 f !rte5 tu tw5ti ye>z ov aje 9 ! faktoriz ov ,birm+ham1 x woz prov$ t onli #d- p] s5t4 w] abel tu read a simpel s5t5s f an ord9>i skool-buk ) intelij5s & akiurasi4 ,?is apleiz tu ! l[] klasez4 ,bpt ) reg>d tu ! hei] klasez ! kase seemz almo/ wprs2 = ,dr4 ,morell1 9 hiz 8,maniual ov ,spel+10 as]ts t out ov #a1igb failiurz 9 ! ,sivil ,s]vis ,ekzam9a%onz #a1hff k&idates w] plpkt = spel+4 ,s mu* = ! piupilz4 ,ampng ! tea*]z !mselvz x woz f\nd 9 ,am]ika t out ov wpn hpndr$ komon wprdz ! be/ spel] ampng ! eighti or ne9ti tea*]z ekzam9d faild 9 wpn1 spm preiz-tak]z faild 9 f\r or feiv1 & spm p!rz mi/ ov] =ti4 ,! ,depiuti ,/ate ,siup]9t5d5t dekl>$ t on an av]ej ! tea*]z ov ! ,/ate wud fail 9 spel+ tu ! ek/5t ov #be p] s5t4 ,hwot1 h\ev]1 iz ev5 m s]ips ?an all ?is iz n ! great wa/e ov teim 9 l]n+ tu read1 & ! almo/ komplete failiur 9 na%onal ediuka%on1 b ! aktiual mis*ef dpn bei spbjekt+ ypng me9dz tu ! illojikal & t$ips drpj]i ov l]n+ tu read ,+li% az speld at prez5t4 ,ev]i?+ !y hav tu l]n 9 read+ 7or pronpnsia%on7 & spel+ iz irra%onal2 wpn rule kontradikts ! p!r1 & ea* /atem5t haz tu be aksept$ simpli on au?oriti1 & ) a komplete disreg>d ov all ?oze ra%onal in/9kts :i* lei dormant 9 ! *eild1 & ought tu be awak5d bei ev]i ke9d ov hel?i eks]seiz4 ,ei n !r ar p]sonz :o kan def5d eni?+1 & :o hold t x iz diu tu ?is v]i disipl9 t ! ,+li% k>akt] iz hwot x iz2 t x reta9z respekt = au?oriti2 t x dpz n rekweir a reazon = ev]i?+2 & t x duz n admit t hwot iz inkonseivabel iz !re= imposibel4 ,ev5 ,+li% or?odoksi haz be5 tra/ bak tu ?t hid5 s\rse1 bekauz a *eild aku/omd tu believe t t-h-o-u-g-h iz ?o1 & t t-h-r-o-u-g-h iz ?roo1 wpd aft]w>dz believe eni?+4 ,x may be s2 /il ei d\t hwe!r ev5 su* objekts wud ju/ifei sp* meanz4 ,"l ,lytton sez1 8,a m lei+1 r\nd-ab\t1 ppzel-h$$ deluzhon ?an ?t bei hwi* we konfiz ! kle> in/9kts ov tru? 9 our akprs$ si/em ov spel+ woz nev] konkokt$ bei ! fa!r ov fol%ud4444 ,h\ kan a si/em ov ediuka%on flpri% t beg9z bei s mon/rps a folshud1 hwi* ! s5s ov he>+ spfeisez tu kontradikt80 ,?\gh x may seem a wprk ov siup]]oga%on tu br+ =w>d /il m fakts 9 spport ov ! j5]al kondemna%on pa/ on ,+li% spel+1 a fiu ek/rakts f a pamflet bei ,mr4 ,meiklejohn1 late ,asi/ant-,komi%on] ov ! ,end\d ,skoolz ,komi%on = ,skotl&1 may "h fe9d a plase4 8,!r ar !rte5 dif]5t wayz ov reprez5t+ ! s\nd ov long o3--note1 boat1 toe1 yeoman1 s\l1 r[1 sew1 hautboy1 beau1 owe1 floor1 oh61 ,o60 ,& ag5 7p4 #af71 8,d\ble-y-ait*-eye-see-ait* is :i* ,tea-are-y-tea-ait* is tru? ,bee-o-y-gee-ait* is b\gh ,see-are-eh-bee is crab ,bee-ee-eh-see-ait* is bea* ,oh-y-gee-ait*-tee is ought ,oh-enn-see-ee is once 8,or1 tu sum up ! hole indeitm5t ag5/ ! kulprit3 #a4 ,out ov ! tw5ti-siks let]z1 onli eight ar true1 fik/1 & p]man5t kwolitiz--?t iz1 are true bo? tu e & e>4 #b4 ,!r ar !rti-eight di/9kt s\ndz 9 our spok5 langwej2 & !r ar ab\t #djj di/9kt simbolz 7simpel & komp\nd7 tu reprez5t !ze !rti-eight s\ndz4 ,9 p!r wurdz1 !r ar #djj s]vants tu d ! wprk ov !rti-eight4 #c4 ,ov ! tw5ti-siks let]z1 fifte5 hav akweird a habit ov heid+ !mselvz4 ,!y ar rit5 & pr9t$2 bpt ! e> haz no ak\nt ov !m2 su* ar w 9 wrong1 & gh 9 "r4 #d4 ,! v\el s\ndz ar pr9t$ 9 dif]5t wayz2 a long o1 = ekzampel1 haz !rte5 pr9t$ simbolz tu reprez5t x4 #e4 ,f\rte5 v\el s\ndz hav #aij pr9t$ simbolz at*t tu _! s]vis4 #f4 ,! s+el v\el e haz feiv dif]5t funk%onz2 x ought onli tu hav wpn4 #g4 ,!r ar at lea/ #a1cjj wprdz 9 hwi* ! simbol & ! s\nd ar at v>ians--9 hwi* ! wprd iz n s\nd$ az x iz pr9t$4 #h4 ,ov !ze #a1cjj1 #hjj ar monosilabelz--! komone/ wprdz1 & sppoz$ tu be eazi] = *ildr54 #i4 ,! hole langwej ov kpntri *ildr5 leiz )9 !ze wprdz2 & m5i agrikultiural labor]z g f ! kradel tu ! grave ) a /ok ov no m ?an #ejj wprdz40 ,! kwe/ion1 !n1 t wil hav tu be ans]d soon] or lat] iz ?is3--,kan ?is unsi/ematik si/em ov spel+ ,+li% be al\d tu g on = ev]8 ,iz ev]i ,+li% *eild1 az komp>$ ) p!r *ildr51 tu be mplkt$ 9 two or ?ree ye>z ov hiz leif 9 ord] tu l]n x8 ,ar ! l[] klasez tu g ?r\gh skool )\t l]n+ tu read & reit _! own langwej intelij5tli8 ,& iz ! kuntri tu pay milionz ev]i ye> = ?is pt] failiur ov na%onal ediuka%on8 ,ei d n believ t sp* a /ate ov ?+z wil be al\d tu kont9iu = ev]1 p>tikiul>li az a rem$i iz at h&--a remidi t haz n\ be5 te/$ = tw5ti or !rti ye>z1 & t haz ans]d ek/remli wel4 ,ei mean ,mr4 ,pitman'z si/em ov fonetik reit+1 az apleid tu ,+li%4 ,ei %al n ent] "h intu eni m9it diskp%on ov fonetiks1 or re-op5 ! kontrov]si hwi* haz ariz5 betwe5 ! advokets ov dif]5t si/emz ov fonetik reit+4 ,ov k\rse1 !r ar dif]5t degreez ov eksel5s 9 dif]5t si/emz ov fonetik spel+2 b ev5 ! wpr/ ov !ze si/emz iz inf9itli siup]ior tu ! tradi%onal spel+4 ,ei giv ,mr4 ,pitman'z alfabet1 hwi* kompreh5dz ! !rti-siks broad tipikal s\ndz ov ! ,+li% langwej1 & ase9z tu ea* a def9it se94 ,) !ze !rti-siks se9z1 ,+li% kan be rit5 ra%onali & r$ eazili2 &1 hwot iz mo/ important1 x haz be5 prov$ bei an eksp]i5s ov m5i ye>z1 bei nium]ps ppblika%onz1 & bei praktikal eksp]im5ts 9 tea*+ bo? *ildr5 & adplts1 t su* a si/em az ,mr4 ,pitman'z iz p]fektli praktikal4 ,,! ,,phonetic ,,alphabet4 ,! phonetic lett]s 9 ! fir/ column are pron\nc$ l ! italic lett]s 9 ! words t foll[4 ,! la/ column conta9s ! names ( ! lett]s4 ,,consonants4 ,mutes4 ,p p rope pi ,b b robe bi ,t t fate ti ,d d fade di ,* * et* *e ,j j edge je ,k k leek ke ,g g league ge ,cont9uants4 ,f f safe ef ,v v save vi ,t t wrea? it ,dh dh wrea?e dhi ,s s hiss es ,z z his zi ,% % vicious i% ,z ,z vision zi ,nasals4 ,m m seem em ,n n seen en ,n n sing in ,liquids4 ,l l fall el ,r r rare ar ,coalesc5ts4 ,w w wet we ,y y yet ye ,aspirate4 ,h h hay e* ,,v[els4 ,guttural4 ,a a am at ,a a alms a ,e e ell et ,e e ale e ,i i ill x ,i i eel i ,labial4 ,o o on ot ,w w all w ,u u up ut ,o o ope o ,u u full ut ,ue ue food ue ,,diph?ongs3 ,ei ei1 ,,iu iu1 ,,ou ou1 ,,ai ai1 ,,oi oi1 z he>d 9 by1 new1 now1 ,kais]1 boy4 ,9 ! next f\rte5 pages1 five ( ! new lett]s w be employ$1 viz41 a1 u1 t1 z1 n1 = ! s\nds repres5t$ by ! italic lett]s 9 fa!r1 son1 but1 ?91 vision1 sing4 ,n\ ei ask eni intelij5t read] :o duz n tink t ev]itin niu & /ranje iz1 ipso facto1 ridikiulus & absurd1 hwe!r aft] a fiu dayz' praktis1 he or %e wud n read & reit ,ingli%1 akordin tu ,mr4 ,pitman'z si/em1 ) p]fekt eaze8 ,ov k\rse x takes m ?an feiv m9its tu ma/] x1 & m ?an feiv m9its tu =m an op9ion ov its m]its4 ,but admitin ev5 t peopel ov a s]t5 aje %ud fe9d ?is niu alfabet trubelsum1 we mu/ n =get t no re=m kan be k>id out )\t a j5]a%on or two ov m>t]z2 & hwot true re=m]z hav tu tink ov iz n !mselvz1 but ?oze :o kum aft] !m--?oze1 9 fakt1 :o ar n\ gr[in up tu inh]it h]eaft]1 hwe!r !y leik x or n1 all ! gud & all ! evil hwi* we *ooz tu leav tu !m4 ,x meit be s$1 h\ev]1 t ,mr4 ,pitman'z si/em1 bein enteirli fonetik1 iz too radikal a re=m1 & t m5i & ! wur/ irregiul>itiz 9 ,ingli% spelin kud be remov$ )\t gn kweit s f>4 ,! pr9sipel t haf a loaf iz bet] ?an no br$ iz n )\t sum trut1 & 9 m5i kasez we n t a polisi ov kompromeiz haz be5 produktiv ov v]i gud rezults4 ,but1 on ! u!r h&1 ?is haf-h>t$ polisi haz (t5 ret>d$ a real & komplete re=m ov ekzi/in abisez2 & 9 ! kase ov a re=m ov spelin1 ei almo/ d\t hwe!r ! difikultiz inh]5t 9 haf-mezurz ar n az great az ! difikultiz ov k>iin a komplete re=m4 ,if ! wurld iz n r$i = re=m1 let us wait4 ,x seemz f> bet]1 & at all ev5ts f> m one/1 tu wait til x iz r$i ?an tu k>i ! reluktant wurld ) y a litel way1 & !n tu fe9d t all ! impulsiv =se iz sp5t1 & ! great] "p ov ! abisez e/abli%t on f]m] gr\nd ?an ev]4 ,mr4 ,jones17#gj7 :o reprez5ts ! konsiliatori re=m]z ov spelin1 wud be satisfeid ) a mod]et skeme ov spelin re=m1 9 hwi*1 bei obz]vin analoji & fol[in pres$5t 9 olt]in a komp>ativli small numb] ov wurdz1 x wud be posibel tu simplifei ortografi tu a konsid]abel ek/5t )\t apleiin eni niu pr9sipel1 or introdisin niu let]z1 & yet tu r$is ! teim & labor 9 tea*in readin & spelin bei at lea/ wun-haf4 ,x meit at all ev5ts be posibel tu setel ! spelin ov ?oze two or ?ree t\z& wurdz hwi* at prez5t ar speld dif]5tli bei dif]5t autoritiz4 ,?is skeme1 advokat$ bei ,mr4 ,jones1 iz s]t5li v]i klev]2 & if x _h a *ans ov sukses1 ei meiself %ud konsid] x a great /ep 9 advns4 ,mei onli d\t iz hwe!r1 9 a kase leik ?is1 a small mezur ov re=m wud be k>id m eazili ?an a komplete re=m4 ,x iz dif]5t 9 ,j]man1 hw]e ! diseaz haz n spr$ s f>4 ,"h ! ,komti apo9t$ bei ,guv]nm5t tu konsid] ! kwe/ion ov a re=m ov spelin haz dekl>$ 9 favor ov sum su* mod]et pr9sipelz az ,mr4 ,jones advokates = ,ingli%4 ,9 ,ingli%1 h\ev]1 ! difikuti leiz 9 *anjin enitin2 & if ! pr9sipel ov eni *anje iz wuns admit$1 x wud reali be eazi]1 ei believ1 tu beg9 de novo ?an tu *anje sumtin1 & leav ! re/ un*anj$4 ,let us n\ see h\ ,mr4 ,pitman'z or eni simil> si/em ov fonetik reitin haz wurkt hw]e x haz be5 put tu ! te/4 ,mr4 ,william ,:ite reits3 8,ei speak f eksp]i5s4 ,ei hav taught poor *ildr5 9 ,glasg[ tu read ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt aft] a k\rse ov eks]seizez ek/5din ov] no m ?an siks ourz40 ,! fol[in iz an ek/rakt f a let] rit5 sum teim ago bei ! late ,mr4 ,william ,colb\rne1 manaj] ov ! ,dorset ,bank at ,/urm9/]1 tu a fr5d ov hiz a skoolma/]4 ,he sez3-- 8,mei litel ,sidney1 :o iz n\ a fiu munts m ?an f\r ye>z old1 wil read eni fonetik buk )\t ! sleite/ hezita%on2 ! h>de/ namez or ! longe/ wurdz 9 ! ,old or ,niu ,te/am5t =m no ob/akel tu him4 ,& h\ lon d y tink x tuk me 7= ei am hiz tea*]7 tu imp>t tu him ?is p\]8 ,hwei sumtin les ?an eight ourz6 ,y may believ x or n1 az y leik1 but ei am konfid5t t n m ?an t am\nt ov teim woz sp5t on him1 & t woz 9 sna*ez ov feiv m9its at a teim1 hweil tea woz getin r$i4 ,ei no y wil be inkle9d tu say1 #8,all t iz v]i wel1 but hwot iz ! use ov readin fonetik buks8 he iz /il az f> (1 & may be f>!r1 f readin romanik buks4' ,but 9 ?is y ar mi/ak54 ,take anu!r ekzampel4 ,hiz nek/ eld] bru!r1 a boi ov siks ye>z1 haz _h a fonetik ediuka%on s f>4 ,hwot iz ! konsekw5s8 ,hwei1 read9 9 ! f]/ /aje woz s deleitful & eazi a tin tu him t he taught himself tu read romanikali1 & x wud be a difikult mat] tu fe9d wun boi 9 tw5ti1 ov a korespondin aje1 t kud read haf s wel az he kan 9 eni buk4 ,ag51 mei olde/ boi haz rit5 m fonetik %or?& & lonh&1 p]haps1 ?an eni boi ov hiz aje 7elev5 ye>z7 9 ! kindom2 & n[un ei d>esay haz _h les tu d ) t absurditi ov absurditiz1 ! spelin-buk6 ,he iz n\ at a f]/-rate skool 9 ,wilt%ire1 & 9 ! haf-ye> pres$in ,kri/mas1 he k>id ( ! preiz = ortografi 9 a konte/ ) boiz sum ov !m hiz s5iorz bei ye>z60 ,bei ! adop%on ov ! fonetik alfabet1 ! difikultiz t lei 9 ! way ov =5]z l]nin ,ingli%1 also wud be dun away )4 ,! ,rev4 ,newman ,hall reits1 8,ei met ) a ,dani% j5telman ! u!r day :o heili preizd ! ,ingli% fonotipik ,niu ,te/am5t4 ,x _h be5 ov great use tu him1 & enabeld him tu read buks 9 ! komon spelin )\t an in/rukt]1 removin ! greate/ ob/akel 9 akweirin ,ingli%1 ! mon/rus anomaliz ov pronunsia%on40 ,ekzampelz leik !ze g a lon way4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis1 ?an :om n[un haz labord m devotidli = a re=m ov spelin1 az a f]/ /ep 9 a re=m ov na%onal ediuka%on1 & :o haz himself elaborat$ sev]al mo/ inj5ius si/emz ov fonetik reitin1 givz us ! fol[in az ! rezultz ov hiz praktikal eksp]i5s3 8,) ! fonetik si/em ov spelin1 ! ,prim] iz ma/]d )9 tree munts at mo/4 ,! *ildr5 !n prose$ tu praktis ?is fonetik readin = sum teim1 til !y kan read ) flu5si f ! j5]al luk ov ! wurd1 & n f konsid]in ! p\]z ov its let]z4 ,tree munts m1 at mo/1 ar rekweird = ?is /aje4 8,hw5 ?is p\] ov flu5t readin 9 fonetik pr9t iz akweird1 buks 9 ! ord9>i pr9t1 suit$ tu _! kapasitiz1 ar tu be put intu ! *ildr5'z h&z & !y ar told tu read !m4 ,ea* wurd hwi* !y fail tu ges iz told !m imm$ietli2 b x iz f\nd t *ildr5 ar mo/li abel tu read ! ord9>i pr9t )\t eni fur!r in/ruk%on4 ,! teim neses>i = kompletin ?is /ep may be tak51 at ! longe/1 az two munts1 s t ! hole teim ov l]nin tu read 9 ! ord9>i pr9t1 on ! ,readin ,re=m si/em1 may be rekond az feiv ourz a week = eight munts4 ,! hole task haz1 9 m5i kasez1 be5 akompli%t 9 les teim1 ev5 9 tree munts4 ,on ! u!r h&1 9 wun skool hw]e x iz uz$1 elev5 munts ar okupeid1 az ! ma/] fe9dz x advantajus 9 u!r respekts tu keep ! piupil long] at fonetik readin ,but onli wun our a day iz rekweir$40 ,mr4 ,ellis sumz up az fol[z3 8,k>eful eksp]im5ts 9 tea*in *ildr5 ov v>ius ajez & ranks1 & ev5 paup]z & krim9al adults1 hav e/abli%t-- 8#a4 ,t piupilz may be taught tu read buks 9 fonetik pr9t1 sl[li but %ureli1 9 f t5 tu =ti ourz1 & w ata9 konsid]abel flu5si aft] a fiu weeks' praktis4 8#b4 ,t hw5 ! piupilz hav ata9d flu5si 9 readin f fonetik pr9t1 a v]i fiu ourz wil sufeis tu giv !m ! same flu5si 9 readin ord9>i pr9t4 8#c4 ,t ! hole teim neses>i = imp>tin a nolej ov bot fonetik & ord9>i readin duz n ekse$ eight munts = *ildr5 ov av]aj intelij5s1 betwe5 f\r & feiv ye>z ov aje1 taught 9 klas1 at skool1 n m ?an haf-an-our tu an our ea* day2 & t 9 ?is teim an abiliti tu read iz akweird siup]ior tu t uzuali ata9d 9 two or tree teimz ! p]iod on ! old plan2 hweil ! pronunsia%ion ov ! piupil iz mu* improv$1 hiz int]e/ 9 hiz /udiz iz kept aleiv1 & a lojikal tra9in ov endiurin valiu iz giv5 tu hiz me9d bei ! habitual analisis & s9tensis ov spok5 s\ndz4 8#d4 ,t ?oze taught tu read 9 ?is man] akweir ! art ov ord9>i spelin m r$ili ?an ?oze in/rukt$ on ! old metod40 ,tu all :o no ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis1 ?is evid5s wil be be sufi%5t az tu ! praktikal usefulnes ov ! ,fonetik ,si/em ov spelin4 ,tu ?oze :o wi% = m evid5s ei rekom5d a pamflet bei ,mr4 ,g4 ,)]s1 8,! ,ingli% ,langwej ,speld az ,pron\n/10 #ahgd2 & wun bei ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,m>t91 8,! ,gordian ,n ,kut10 #ahge1 hw]e !y wil fe9d ! konkur5t te/imoni ov praktikal tea*]z 9 ,ingl&1 ,skotl&1 ,eirl&1 & ,am]ika1 all agreein t1 bot az a praktikal & a lojikal tra9in1 ! ,fonetik ,si/em haz prov$ ! greate/ sukses4 ,!r rema9z1 !re=1 ?is wun objek%on onli1 t hwotev] ! praktikal1 & hwotev] ! teoretikal advantejez ov ! fonetik si/em may be1 x wud ut]li de/roi ! hi/orikal or etimolojikal k>akt] ov ! ,ingli% langwej4 ,supoze x did2 hwot !n8 ,! ,re=ma%on iz supoz$ tu hav de/roid ! hi/orikal k>akt] ov ! ,ingli% ,*ur*1 & t s5tim5tal grievans iz /il felt bei sum /iud5ts ov eklezia/ikal antikwitiz4 ,but did ,ingl&1 did all ! reali progresiv na%onz ov ,europe1 al\ ?is s5tim5tal grievans tu outweigh ! praktikal & teoretikal advantejez ov ,prote/ant ,re=m8 ,langwej iz n made = skol>z & etimoloji/s2 & if ! hole rase ov ,ingli% etimoloji/s w] reali tu be swept away bei ! introduk%on ov a ,spelin ,re=m1 ei hope !y wud be ! f]/ tu rejois 9 sakrifeizin !mselvz 9 s gud a kauz4 ,but iz x reali ! kase t ! hi/orikal kont9iiti ov ! ,ingli% langwej wud bei brok5 bei ! adop%on ov fonetik spelin1 & t ! pr(e%on ov ! etimoloji/ wud be gon = ev]8 ,ei say ,no1 mo/ emfatikali1 tu bot propozi%onz4 ,if ! sei5s ov langwej haz prov$ enitin1 x haz prov$ t all langwejez *anje akordin tu law1 & ) konsid]abel uni=miti4 ,if1 !re=1 ! reitin fol[d p>i passu1 on ! *anjez 9 pronunsia%on1 hwot iz kalld ! etimolojikal kon%usnes ov ! speak]z & ! read]z--ei speak1 ov k\rse1 ov ediukat$ peopel onli--wud n suf] 9 ! lea/4 ,if we reta9 ! feelin ov an etimolojikal konek%on betwe5 g5tlemanly & g5tlemanlike1 we %ud %ureli reta9 x hwe!r we reit g5tlemanly or g5telmanli4 ,if we feel t ?9k & ?\ght1 br+ & br\ght1 buy & b\ght1 freight & fraught1 belon tuge!r1 %ud we feel x les if we rote twt1 brwt1 bwt1 frwt8 ,if1 9 speakin1 ?oze :o no ,lat9 reta9 ! feelin t wurdz end9 9 -ation korespond tu ,lat9 wurdz 9 -atio1 wud !y looz ! feelin if !y saw ! same wurdz speld ) e%on1 or ev5 8-e%un80 ,d !y n rekogneiz ,lat9 -itia1 9 -ice2 or -ilis 9 -le1 az 9 -able 7,lat9 abilis78 ,if ! skol> noz1 at wuns1 t su* wurdz az b>b>\s1 anxi\s1 circus1 g5ius1 ar ov ,lat9 orijin1 wud he hezitate if ! la/ silabel 9 all ov !m w] uni=mli rit5 8us80 ,nay1 iz n ! prez5t spelin ov b>b>\s & anxi\s enteirli misleadin1 bei konf\ndin wurdz endin 9 -osus1 su* az fam\s 7famosus7 ) wurdz endin 9 -u1 leik b>b>\s1 anxi\s1 ets48 ,bekauz ! ,italianz reit filos(o1 ar !y les aw>e ?an ! ,ingli%1 :o reit philosoph]1 & ! ,fr5*1 :o reit philosophe1 t !y hav be=e !m ! ,lat9 philosophus1 ! ,greek 8 ,if we reit f 9 fansi1 hwei n 9 phantom8 ,if 9 fr5zy & frantic1 hwei n 9 phr5ology8 ,a langwej hwi* tol]ates vial = phial1 ne$ n %iv] at filos(]4 ,ev]i eidiukat$ speak] nz t su* wurdz az hon\r1 ard\r1 col\r1 od\r1 lab\r1 vig\r1 error1 emp]or1 hav pa/ f ,lat9 tu ,fr5*1 & f ,fr5* tu ,ingli%4 ,wud he n x les if all w] speld aleik1 su* az onor 7onorable71 ardor1 vigor 7vigor\s71 labor 7labori\s71 or ev5 8onur1 ardur1 vigur80 ,! old spelin ov emp]or1 doctor1 gov]nor1 & error1 woz emp]\r1 doct\r1 gov]n\r1 & err\r4 ,if !ze kud be *anj$1 hwei n ! re/8 ,sp5s] haz neibor = neighbor1 & x iz difikult tu say hwot woz ga9d bei *anjin -bor intu -b\r 9 su* piurli ,sakson wurdz az neighbor1 h>bor4 ,no d\t if we see laugh rit5 ) gh at ! end1 ?oze :o n ,j]man ar at wuns reme9d$ ov its etimolojikal konek%on ) ! ,j]man la*52 but we %ud soon n ! same bei analoji1 if we f\nd n onli 8laf10 but 8k(0 = c\gh 7,j]man1 keu*571 enuf = en\gh 7,j]man1 g5ug71 ets4 ,9 8draft10 fonetik spelin haz ne>li suplant$ ! s-kalld hi/orikal spelin draught2 9 8dw>f0 7dw]gh1 ?weorh7 & 9 8ruff0 7r\gh71 altuge!r4 ,hwot peopel kall ! etimolojikal kon%usnes ov ! speak] iz /riktli a mat] ov oratorikal s5tim5t onli1 & x wud rema9 ne>li az /ron az x iz n\1 hwotev] spelin be adopt$4 ,but ev5 if x %ud suf] "h & !re1 we ought tu be> 9 me9d t1 eksept = oratorikal purposez1 t kon%usnes1 konfe9d az x iz tu a v]i fiu ediukat$ peopel1 iz ov v]i small importans1 unles x haz f]/ be5 korekt$ bei a /rikt etimolojikal disipl94 ,)\t t1 x (t5 dej5]ates intu hwot iz kalld 8popiul> etimoloji10 & aktiuali t5dz1 9 sum kasez1 tu vi%iate ! korekt spelin ov wurdz4 ,ei hav frekw5tli dwelt on ?is be=e1 9 ord] tu %[ h\1 hwot iz n\ kalld ! etimolojikal or hi/orikal spelin ov wurdz iz1 9 m5i kasez1 ut]li unetimolojikal & unhi/orikal4 ,we spel to delight1 & ?us indis m5i peopel tu believ t ?is wurd iz sumh\ konekt$ ) light lux1 or light levis2 hw]eaz ! old spelin woz to delyt or to delite 7,tyndale71 reprez5tin ! old ,fr5* deleit]4 ,on ! u!r h&1 we fe9d = q & smite1 ! old spelin quight1 smight1 hwi* may be old & hi/orikal1 but iz deseid$li unetimolojikal4 ,sov]eign & =eign ar speld az if !y w] konekt$ ) reign1 regnum2 ! true etimoloji ov ! =m] ben sup]anus1 ,old ,fr5*1 sovra91 ,old ,ingli%1 sov]a9e2 hweil =eign iz ! late ,lat9 =aneus2 ,old ,fr5* =a92 ,old ,ingli% =e94 ,& hwei du we reit to feign8 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* 78,ingli% ,pa/ & ,prez5t10 p4 #bch7 tinks ! g 9 feign iz elokw5t tu ! e2 but its elokw5s iz misleadin4 ,feign iz n tak5 f ,lat9 f+o1 az litel az hon\r iz tak5 f ,lat9 honor4 ,feign kumz f ! ,old ,fr5* fa9dre2 x woz 9 ,old ,ingli% fayn5 & feyn51 & x woz !re= a m]e etimolojikal fe9t tu ins]t ! g ov ! ,lat9 f+o1 & ! ,fr5* feignant4 ,! ,old ,ingli% %ammfas/ 7,orm471 =md leik /$efas/ 7/$fa/71 iz n\ speld %amefac$1 az if x _h sumtin tu d ) a blu%in fase4 ,agha/1 in/$ ov ,old ,ingli% aga/1 iz supoz$ tu luk m freitful bekauz x reme9dz us ov gho/4 ,! ,fr5* lant]ne woz rit5 lant-horn1 az if x _h be5 s kalld f ! transp>5t %eets ov horn t enkloz$ ! leit4 ,! s 9 isl& owez its orij9 tu a mi/ak5 belief t ! wurd iz konekt$ ) isle 7insula71 hw]eaz x iz ! ,anglo-,sakson el& 7,j]man eil&71 t iz1 wat]-l&4 ,! spelin il& woz /il kur5t 9 ,%aksp]e'z teim4 ,9 aisle1 too1 ! s iz unetimolojikal1 ?\gh x iz hi/orikal1 az havin be5 tak5 ov] f ! ,old ,fr5* aisle4 ,?is t5d5si tu olt] ! spelin 9 ord] tu imp>t tu a wurd1 at all haz>dz1 an etimolojikal k>akt]1 beg9z ev5 9 ,lat91 hw]e po/umus1 a siup]lativ ov po/1 woz sumteimz rit5 po/humus1 az if1 hw5 apleid tu a late-born sun1 x woz d]eivd f humus4 ,9 ,ingli%1 ?is fols spelin iz reta9d 9 po/hum\s4 ,c5a woz speld bei peopel :o wont$ tu %[ _! nolej ov ,greek cna1 az if konekt$ ) 1 hwi* x iz n4 ,but n\ let us luk m k>efuli intu ! f> m important /atem5t1 t ! ,ingli% langwej1 if rit5 fonetikali1 wud reali looz its hi/orikal & etimolojikal k>akt]4 ,! f]/ kwe/ion iz1 9 hwot s5s kan ! prez5t spelin ov ,ingli% be kalld hi/orikal8 ,we hav onli tu g bak a v]i %ort way 9 ord] tu see ! mod]n up/>t k>akt] ov hwot iz kalld hi/orikal spelin4 ,we n\ reit pleasure1 measure1 & fea!r1 but n v]i lon ago1 9 ,sp5s]'z teim1 !ze wurdz w] speld plesure1 mesure1 fe!r4 ,tyndale rote frute2 ! i 9 fruit iz a m]e re/ora%on ov ! ,fr5* spelin4 ,= debt1 on ! kontr>i1 we fe9d1 but tree or f\r hundr$ ye>z ago1 dett4 ,?is iz m hi/orikal !re= ?an debt1 bekauz 9 ,fr5*1 f hwi* ! wurd woz bor[d1 ! b _h disape>d1 & x woz a piurli etimolojikal fansi tu re/ore x4 ,! b woz leikweiz re-introdi/ 9 d\bt1 but ! p woz n re/or$ 9 tu k\nt 7,fr5* compt]1 ,lat9 comput>e71 hw]e p _h at lea/ ! same reit az b 9 d\te4 ,?us receipt rezimz ! ,lat9 p1 but deceit duz )\t x4 ,tu deign keeps ! g1 tu disda9 duz )\t x4 ,!r iz anu!r b hwi* haz a s]t5 hi/orikal air 9 sum ,ingli% wurdz1 but hwi* woz orij9ali piurli fonetik1 & iz n\ simpli siuprfluus4 ,! old wurd = memb] woz lim4 ,9 su* komp\ndz az lim-lama1 lim7b7-lame2 lim-leas1 lim7b7-less2 x woz imposibel tu avoid ! int]kala%on ov a b 9 pronunsia%on4 ,9 ?is man] ! b krept 91 & we hav n\ tu tea* t 9 limb1 crumb 7crume71 ?umb 7?uma71 ! b mu/ be rit51 but n pronon/4 ,ag51 tung 7,j]man zunge71 yung 7,j]man jung71 az speld bei ,sp5s]1 hav a f> m hi/orikal aspekt ?an tongue & "y4 ,if we wi%t tu reit hi/orikali1 we ought tu reit salm in/$ ov psalm1 = ! ini%al p1 ben lo/ 9 pronunsia%on1 woz dropt 9 reitin at a v]i erli teim 7,anglo-,sakson sealm71 & woz re-introdi/ simpli tu pleaz sum eklezia/ikal etimoloji/s2 also nevew 7,fr5* neveu7 in/$ ov nephew1 hwi* iz bo? unetimolojikal & unfonetik4 ,9 hwot s5s kan x be kalld hi/orikal spelin if ! old pluralz ov m\se & l\se1 hwi* w] mys & lys1 ar n\ speld mice & lice8 ,! plural ov goose iz n speld geece but geese1 yet ev]ibodi nz h\ tu pronons x4 ,! same mi/ak5 atempt at an okazhonal fonetik spelin haz sep>at$ dice f die1 & p5ce f p5s1 ?t iz1 p5yes2 hweil 9 nurse1 hw]e ! spelin nurce wud hav be5 useful az reme9din us ov its true etimon n\rrice1 ! c haz be5 repla/ bei s4 ,!r ar1 9 fakt1 m5i spelinz hwi* wud be at ! same teim m hi/orikal & m fonetik4 ,hwei reit little1 hw5 n[un prononsez little1 & hw5 ! old spelin woz lytel8 ,hwei girdle1 hw5 ! old spelin woz girdel8 ,! same rule apleiz tu ne>li all wurdz endin 9 le1 su* az sickle1 ladle1 apple1 ets41 hw]e ! etimoloji iz kompleteli obskird bei ! prez5t ortografi4 ,hwei sc5t1 but diss5t1 hw5 ev5 ,milton /il rote s5t8 ,hwei a*e1 in/$ ov ! ,%aksp]ian ake8 ,hwei cat1 but kitt52 hwei c[1 but k9e8 ,hwei acc$e1 prec$e1 sec$e1 but exce$1 proce$1 succe$8 ,hwei1 inde$1 eksept tu wa/e ! pre%us teim ov *ildr58 ,& if x iz difikult tu say hwot kon/itiuts hi/orikal spelin1 x iz ekwali p]pleksin tu defe9 ! real meanin ov etimolojikal spelin4 ,= hw]e ar we tu /op8 ,x wud be konsid]d v]i unetimolojikal w] we tu reit nee in/$ ov knee1 n[ in/$ ov "k1 night in/$ ov knight2 yet n[un kompla9z ab\t ! los ov ! ini%al h1 ! reprez5tativ ov an orij9al k1 9 loaf1 ,a4 ,s4 hlf 7cf4 71 9 r+ 7,a4 ,s4 hr+72 9 lade1 ladd]1 neck1 ets4 ,if we ar tu reit etimolojikali1 !n hwei n return tu lov]d1 or hla=d1 in/$ ov "l8 tu nose?rill1 or nose?irle in/$ ov no/ril2 tu swi/] in/$ ov si/]2 hwi* wud n be m trubelsum ?an sword4 ,wifmann %ureli wud be bet] ?an woman2 meadwife bet] ?an midwife2 godspel bet] ?an gospel1 orty>d bet] ?an or*>d1 puisne bet] ?an puny4 ,frekw5tli ! prez5t rekogneizd spelin luks etimolojikal1 but iz ut]li unetimolojikal4 ,righte\s luks leik an ajektiv 9 -e\s1 su* az pl5te\s1 but x iz reali a ,sakson wurd1 rightwis1 ?t iz rightwise1 =md leik o!rwise1 ets4 ,c\ld iz rit5 ) an l 9 analoji tu w\ld1 but hweil ! l iz ju/ifeid 9 w\ld f w1 & %\ld f %all we fe9d ! ,old ,ingli% imp]fekt ov c rit5 cu!1 !n c\!1 c\de4 ,! l1 !re=1 iz nei!r fonetik nor etimolojikal4 ,nutin1 ag51 kan be m misleadin tu an etimoloji/ ?an ! prez5t spelin ov :ole & hale4 ,bo? kum f ! same s\rse1 ! ,gtik hail-s1 ,sanskrit kalya-s1 meanin orij9ali1 fit1 r$i2 !n s\nd1 complete1 :ole4 ,9 ,anglo-,sakson we hav hl1 hole2 & hal1 helti1 )\t eni trase ov a w1 ei!r be=e or aft]4 ,! ,old ,ingli% halsum1 holesum1 iz ! ,j]man hailsam4 ,:ole1 !re=1 iz a m]e mis-spelin ! w havin probabli be5 ad$ 9 analoji tu :o1 :i*1 ets4 ,f a piurli etimolojikal po9t ov viu1 ! w iz ronli left out be=e h 9 h\2 = az ,anglo-,sakson hwy bekame :y1 ,anglo-,sakson hwa %ud hav bekum :[4 ,if we reali atempt$ tu reit etimolojikali1 we %ud hav tu reit bridegroom )\t ! r1 bekauz groom iz a m]e korup%on ov guma1 man1 ,anglo-,sakson bryd-guma4 ,we %ud hav tu reit burse in/$ ov purse1 az 9 disburse4 ,9 fakt1 x iz difikult tu say hw]e we %ud /op4 ,hwei d we n reit metal in/$ ov mettle1 wor?%ip in/$ ov wor%ip1 *irurgeon in/$ ov surgeon1 furhlong 7?t iz1 fur[ lon7 in/$ ov furlong1 feordh+ 7?t iz f\rt "p7 in/$ ( f>?+8 ,if we reit piuni puisne1 we meit az wel reit po/-natus4 ,we meit spel koi1 quietus2 p]t1 ap]tus2 prie/1 presbyt]2 ma/]1 magi/]2 sek/on1 sacri/an2 alms1 eleemosyne1 ets4 ,if enibodi wil tel me at hwot date etimolojikal spelin iz tu beg91 hwe!r at #a1ejj ,a4 ,d4 or at #a1jjj ,a4 ,d41 or #ejj ,a4 ,d41 ei am wilin tu disks ! kwe/ion4 ,til !n1 ei beg leav tu say t etimolojikal spelin wud play great] havok 9 ,ingli% ?an fonetik spelin1 ev5 if we w] tu draw a le9 n m ?an feiv hundr$ ye>z ago4 ,! two /ronge/ argium5ts1 !re=1 ag5/ fonetik spelin1 nameli1 t x wud de/roi ! hi/orikal & etimolojikal k>akt] ov ! ,ingli% langwej1 ar1 aft] all1 but v]i p>%ali true4 ,"h & !re1 no d\t1 ! etimoloji & hi/ori ov an ,ingli% wurd meit be obskird bei fonetik spelin2 az if1 = in/ans1 we rote 8,yueop0 in/$ ov ,europe4 ,but ev5 !n analoji wud help us1 & tea* ?oze :o n ,greek1 ov :om !r ar n m5i1 t 8,yuer0 9 su* wurdz az ,europe1 ,eurydice1 reprez5t$ ! ,greek 4 ,! real ans]1 h\ev]1 iz1 t n[un kud one/li kall ! prez5t si/em ov spelin ei!r hi/orikal or etimolojikal2 &1 ei believ1 t1 tak5 az a hole1 ! los okazond bei konsi/5t fonetik spelin wud n be great] ?an ! ga94 ,anu!r objek%on urjd ag5/ fonetik spelin1 nameli1 t ) x x wud be imposibel tu di/ingwi% homonimz1 mu/ be met 9 ! same way4 ,no d\t x iz a s]t5 advantej if 9 reitin we kan di/ingwi% "r1 rite1 write1 & wright4 ,but if1 9 ! huri ov konv]sa%on1 !r iz h>dli ev] a d\t hwi* wurd iz m5t1 %ureli !r wud be mu* les danj] 9 ! sl[ proses ov readin a kont9iuus s5t5s4 ,if v>ius spelinz ov ! same wurd ar neses>i tu po9t out dif]5t meaninz1 we %ud rekweir eight spelinz = box1 tu signifei a *e/1 a ,kri/mas gift1 a huntin seat1 a tree1 a slap1 tu sail r\nd1 seats 9 a teat]1 & ! frunt seat on a koa*2 & ?is pr9sipel wud hav tu be apleid tu abuv #djj wurdz4 ,:o wud und]take tu proveid all !ze v>ia%onz ov ! prez5t uni=m spelin ov !ze wurdz8 ,& we mu/ n =get t1 aft] all1 9 readin a paje we ar seldom 9 d\t hwe!r sole meanz a fi%1 or ! sole ov a fut1 or iz uz$ az an ajektiv4 ,if !r iz at eni teim eni real difikulti1 langwej proveidz its own rem$i4 ,x ei!r drops su* wurdz az rite & sole1 replasin !m bei s]emony & only1 or x uzez a p]ifra/ik ekspre%on1 su* az ! sole ov ! fut1 or ! sole & onli gr\nd1 ets4 ,five o!r new lett]s1 repres5t+ ! long v[els1 w n[ be introduc$1 namely e1 i1 w1 o1 ue1 = ! s\nds he>d 9 ?ey1 field1 saw1 no1 do1 mate1 see1 call1 core1 true1 mare1 police1 ought1 coal1 poor4 ,?us f> ei hav treid tu ans] ! riali important argium5ts hwi* hav bin brwt =w>d ag5/ fonetik spelin4 ,ei hav dun so ) spe%al ref]5s tu ! p\]ful remon/ransez ov ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 & hiz mo/ ebel plidin 9 fevor ov ! e/abli%t si/em ov ortografi4 ,az a mir skol>1 ei fuli %er hiz filinz1 & ei s9sirli admeir hiz elokw5t advokasi4 ,ei dif] f him bekwz ei due n t9k1 az hi duz1 t ! los enteld bei fonetik spelin wud bi so gret az wi imaj92 or t x wud bi wl on wun seid4 ,beseidz1 unles hi kan %o h\ a re=m ov spelin iz n onli = ! prez5t tu bi avoid$1 but wltuge!r tu bi r5d]d unneses>i1 ei konsid] t ! suen] x iz tek5 9 h& ! bet]4 ,x simz tu mi t ! ,ar*bi%op luks on ! introduk%on ov fonetik spelin az a mir kro*et ov a fiu skol>z1 or az an atempt on ! "p ov sum haf-ediuket$ p]sonz1 wi%in tu avoid ! trubel ov l]nin h\ tu spel korektli4 ,if t w] so1 ei kweit agri ) him t publik op9ion wud nev] asim sufi%5t =s = k>iin ?er skim4 ,but !r iz a motiv p\] behe9d ?iz f5etik re=m]z hwi* ! ,ar*bi%op haz h>dli tek5 intu ak\nt4 ,ei min ! miz]i endird bei milionz ov *ildr5 at skiuel1 hue meit l]n 9 wun yir1 & ) rial advantej tu !mselvz1 hwot ?e n\ rekweir for or feiv yirz tu l]n1 & seldom suksid 9 l]nin aft] wl4 ,if ! evid5s ov su* m5 az ,mr4 ,ellis iz tu bi dep5d$ on1 & ei beliv hi iz wilin tu submit tu eni te/1 !n %uerli ! los ov sun hi/orikal & etimolojikal s\v5irs wud be litel ag5/ ! hap9es ov milionz ov *ildr51 & ! /il hei] hap9es ov milionz ov ,ingli%m5 & ,inglisewim51 groin up az ! erz tu wl ! welt & /rent ov ,ingli% lit]atiur1 or unebel tu rid iv5 ?er ,beibel4 ,hir x iz hw] ei v5tiur tu dif] f ! ,ar*bi%op1 n az biin sangw9 az tu eni immidiet sukses1 but simpli az filin x a diuti tu help 9 a kwz hwi* at prez5t iz mo/ unpopiul>4 ,! ivil de me bi put ( = a lon teim1 p>tikiul>li if ! wet ov su* m5 az ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* iz tr5 intu ! u!r skel4 ,but unles langwei sisez tu bi langwei1 & reitin sisez tu bi reitin1 ! de wil %uerli kum hw5 pis wil hav tu bi med betwin ! te4 ,j]mani haz apo9t$ a ,guv]nm5t ,komi%on tu konsid] hwot iz tu bi dun ) ,j]man spelin ,9 ,am]ika1 tue1 sum lidin /etsm5 sim inkle9d tu tek up ! re=m ov spelin on na%onal gr\ndz4 ,iz !r no /etsman 9 ,ingl& sufi%5tli pruef ag5/ ridikiul tu kwl ! at5%on ov ,p>lim5t tu hwot iz a groin mis=tiun8 ,mu*1 h\ev]1 az ei dif] f ! ,ar*bi%op on ?iz gr\ndz1 ei kanot but depreket ! ton 9 hwi* hiz p\]ful opozi%on hz bin met bei m5i ov ! uphold]z ov fonetik spelin4 ,ne1 ei mu/ go /il fur!r1 & frankli konfs t tu wun ov hiz argium5ts ei fe9d x difikult1 at prez5t1 tu giv a satisfaktori ans]4 8,x iz a mir zump%on10 ! ,ar*bi%op rem>ks1 8t wl m5 pronons wl wurdz aleik2 or t hw5ev] ?e kum tu spel a wurd ?e wil ekzaktli agri az tu hwot ! outle9 ov its s\nd iz4 ,n\ wi ar %uer m5 wil n due ?is1 f ! fakt t1 befor !r woz eni fik/ & seteld ortografi 9 our langwej1 hw51 ?er=1 ev]ibodi woz mor or les a a fonograf]1 sikin tu reit d\n ! wurd az x s\nd$ tu him1--= hi _h no u!r lw tu geid him1--! verie%onz ov spelin ar inf9it4 ,tek1 = in/ans1 ! wurd sudd51 hwi* duz n sim tu promis eni gret skop = v>eieti4 ,ei hav meiself met ) ?is wurd speld 9 no les ?an frtin wez amun our erli reit]z4 ,ag51 9 h\ m5i wez woz ,raleigh'z nem speld1 or ,%aksp]e'z8 ,! sem iz evid5t f ! spelin ov un$iukat$ p]sonz 9 our on d4e4 ,?,e hav no u!r ruel but ! s\nd tu geid !m4 ,h\ iz x t ?e due n wl spel aleik80 ,ingli%1 ,pa/ & ,prez5t1 p4 #bjc4 ,leik mo/ m5 hue plid ) ?er h>t az wel az ) ?er h$1 ! ,ar*bi%op haz hir ov]lukt wun obvius ans] tu hiz kwe/ion4 ,?e due n spel aleik bekwz ?e hav bin brwt up ) a si/em ov spelin 9 hwi* ! sem s\nd kan bi reprez5t$ 9 t5 dif]5t wez1 & 9 hwi* h>dli eni wun let] iz re/rikt$ tu wun fonetik p\] onli4 ,if *ildr5 w] brwt up ) an alfabet 9 hwi* i* let] _h but wun s\nd1 & 9 hwi* ! sem s\nd woz wlwez reprez5t$ bei ! sem se9--& ?is iz ! v]i es5s ov fonetik reitin--!n x wud bi simpli imposibel t ?e %ud drim ov reitin sudd5 9 fortin1 or ,woburn 9 #adj1 dif]5t wez4 ,but = wl ?t !r iz sum truet 9 ! ,ar*bi%op's rem>k2 & if wi komper ! dif]5t wez 9 hwi* ! advokets ov fonetik spelin--m5 leik ,pitman1 ,bell1 ,ellis1 ,)]s1 ,jones--reit ! sem wurdz1 iv5 hw5 yuezin ! sem fonetik alfabet1 wi %al si t ! difikulti po9t$ out bei ! ,ar*bi%op iz a rial wun4 ,ev]iwun noz h\ dif]5tli ! sem wurdz wlwez hav bin & /il ar pronon/ 9 dif]5t p>ts ov ,ingl&4 ,& x iz n onli 9 t\nz & k\ntiz t ?iz pekiuli>itiz prevel2 !r ar s]t5 wurdz hwi* wun famili prononsez dif]5tli f anu!r2 & !r ar beseidz ! /udid & un/udid pekiuli>itiz ov individiual spik]z4 ,tu konvns pipel t wun pronunsie%on iz reit & ! u!r ron1 simz ut]li hoples4 ,ei hav h]d a heili kultivet$ man def5din hiz dropin ! h at ! beg9in ov s]t5 wurdz1 bei ! unans]abel argium5t t 9 ! ples hw] hi woz brwt up1 nowun pronon/ ?iz ini%al hz4 ,hwot ,sko*man wud admit t hiz pronunsie%on woz fwlti8 ,hwot ,eiri%man wud submit tu lwz ov spelin pa/ 9 ,lundon8 ,& hwot r5d]z argium5t on eni neisetiz ov pronunsie%on /il mor difikult iz1 t bot ! ir & ! tun ar mo/ tre*]us witnesez4 ,ei hav h]d ,am]ikanz menten 9 gud erne/ t !r woz mu* les ( nezal twan 9 ,am]ika ?an 9 ,ingl&4 ,pipel ar n aw] h\ ?e pronons1 & h\ dif]5tli ?e pronons wun & ! sem wurd4 ,az a =5] ei hav _h ampel oportiunitiz = obz]ve%on on ?is po9t4 ,sum fr5dz wud tel mi1 = in/ans1 t _w woz pronon/ leik :irl'd1 fa!r leik f>!r1 nor 7befor konsonants7 leik gnaw1 bud leik bird1 bur/ leik bu/1 = leik fur1 bir? leik b]?2 t ! v\elz _h ! sem s\nd 9 :]e & 71 9 n & w>1 9 ,god & gaudy2 hweil u!rz a%uerd mi t nowun but a =5] kud tink so4 ,& ! wur/ iz t iv5 ! sem p]son duz n wlwez pronons ! sem wurd 9 ekzaktli ! sem man]4 ,kon/antli1 hw5 ei askt a fr5d tu repit a wurd hwi* hi _h ju/ pronon/1 hi wud pronons x ag51 but ) a sleit dif]5s4 ,! mir fakt ov hiz treiin tu pronons wel wud give tu hiz pronunsie%on a kon%us & emfatik k>akt]4 ,! prepozi%on ( iz pronon/ bei mo/ pipel or1 but if kros-ekzam9d1 m5i wil se t ?e pronons ov1 but ! o n ekzaktli leik (f4 ,! konfiuzon bekumz grete/ hw5 x iz atempt$ tu eid5tifei ! pronunsie%on1 se ov a v\el 9 ,j]man ) a v\el 9 ,ingli%4 ,no te ,ingli%m5 & no te ,j]manz simd tu bi ebel tu agri on hwot ?e h]d ) ?er irz1 or hwot ?e s$ ) ?er tunz2 & ! rezult 9 ! end iz t no v\el 9 ,j]nran woz riali ! sem az eni u!r v\el 9 ,ingli%4 ,tu tek wun or t in/ansez1 f ,mr4 ,ellis'z ki tu ,palioteip 7,paltype71 ei kan hir no dif]5s betwin ! a 9 ,italian mano1 ,ingli% fa!r1 & ,j]man mahn51 unles ei re/rikt mei obz]ve%onz tu ! ut]ans ov s]t5 individiualz2 hweraz ei due hir a v]i deseid$1 & j5]ali adopt$1 dif]5s betwin ! v\elz 9 ,j]man bcke & ,fr5* jeune4 ,mr4 ,ellis1 tu*in on ! sem difikulti1 rem>ks1 8,mr4 ,bell's pronunsie%on1 9 m5i in/ansez1 dif]z f ?t hwi* ei am aku/omd tu giv1 espe%ali 9 =5 wurdz4 ,bot ov us me bi ron40 ,mr4 ,sweet rem>ks1 p4 #aj1 8,mr4 ,ellis insi/s /ronli on ! mon(tongal k>akt] ov hiz on eez & ooz4 ,ei hir hiz ee & oo az di/inkt diftonz1 n onli 9 hiz ,ingli% pronunsie%on1 but wlso 9 hiz pronunsie%on ov ,fr5*1 ,j]man1 & ,lat940 ,if fonetik reitin m5t ?is m9it fotografi ov spok5 s\ndz1 9 hwi* ,mes4 ,bell & ,ellis eksl2 if eni atempt _h ev] bin med tu emploi ?is her-splitin ma%in]i = a praktikal re=m ov ,ingli% spelin1 ! objek%onz rezd bei ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* wud bi kweit unans]abel4 ,!r wud bi fifti dif]5t wez ov spelin ,ingli%1 & ! konfiuzon wud bi gret] ?an x iz n\4 ,n iv5 ,mr4 ,bell'z terti-siks kategoriz ov v\el s\nd wud bi sufi%5t tu r5d] ev]i pekiuli>iti ov v\el kwoliti1 pi* & kwontiti1 ) p]fekt akiurasi4 7,si ,h4 ,sweet1 8,hi/ori ov ,ingli% ,s\ndz10 pp4 #eh1 #fh47 ,but ?is woz nev] int5d$1 & hweil konsidin mu* tu ! ,ar*bi%op's argium5ts1 ei mu/ n konsid tue mu*4 ,hwot ei leik 9 ,mr4 ,pitman'z si/em ov spelin iz ekzaktli hwot ei n haz bin f\nd fwlt ) bei u!rz nemli t hi duz n atempt tu refe9 tue mu*1 & tu ekspres 9 reitin ?oz endles %edz ov pronunsie%on1 hwi* me bi ov ! grete/ int]e/ tu ! /iud5t ov ak\/iks1 or ov fonetiks1 az apleid tu ! /udi ov livin deialekts1 but hwi*1 = praktikal az well az = sei5tifik filolojikal purposez1 mu/ bi enteirli ignord4 ,reitin woz nev] int5d$ tu fotograf spok5 langwejez3 x woz m5t tu indiket1 n tu pent s\ndz4 ,if ,voltaire sez1 8,l'criture c'e/ la pe9ture de la voix10 hi iz reit2 but hw5 hi goz on tu se1 8plus elle e/ ressemblante1 meilleur elle e/10 ei am n s]t5 t1 az 9 a piktiur ov a l&skep1 so 9 a piktiur ov ! vois1 pri-,reifeleit m9itnes me n de/roi ! v]i objekt ov ! piktiur4 ,langwej dilz 9 brwd kulorz1 & reitin wt tu folo ! ekzampel ov langwej1 hwi* ?o x al\z an endles v>eiti ov pronunsie%on1 re/rikts itself = its on purpos1 = ! purpos ov ekspresin twt 9 wl its modifike%onz1 tu a v]i limit$ numb] ov tipikal v\elz & konsonants4 ,out ov ! l>j numb] ov s\ndz1 = in/ans1 hwi* hav bin katalogd f ! verius ,ingli% deialekts1 ?oz onli kan bi rekogneizd az kon/itiu5t elem5ts ov ! langwej hwi* 91 & bei1 ?er dif]5s f i* u!r1 konve a dif]5s ov minin4 ,ov su* pregnant & twt-konvein v\elz1 ,ingli% pozsez no mor ?an twelv4 ,hwotev] ! me9or %edz ov v\el s\ndz 9 ,ingli% deialekts me bi1 ?e due n enri* ! langwej1 az su*1 ?t iz1 ?e due n enebel ! spik] tu konve mor m9it %edz ov twt ?an ! twelv tipikal singel v\elz4 ,beseidz1 !r j5]ali iz hwot ! ,fr5* meit kwl a fonetik solid>iti 9 i* deialekt4 ,if wun v\el *enjez1 ! u!rz ar apt tu folo1 & ! men objekt ov langwej remenz ! sem trueout1 nemli1 tu prev5t wun wurd f runin intu anu!r1 & yet tu ab/en f tue1 m9it fonetik di/ink%onz1 hwi* an ord9>i ir meit fe9d x difikult tu grasp4 ,?is pr9sipel ov fonetik solid>iti iz ov gret importans1 n onli 9 eksplenin ! gradiual *enjez ov v\elz1 but wlso su* j5]al *enjez ov konsonants az wi si1 = in/ans1 9 ! ,j]man ,lautv]s*iebung4 ,az suem az wun ples iz left vekant1 !r iz pre%ur tu fil x1 or so mu* ov x az iz left vekant1 but no mor4 ,!r ar1 9 fakt1 te bran*ez1 or at wl ev5ts1 te kweit di/inkt praktikal aplike%onz ov ! sei5s ov ,fonetiks1 hwi* = wont ov bet] nemz1 ei designet az filolojikal & deialektikal4 ,!r iz hwot me bi kwld a filolojikal /udi ov ,fonetiks1 hwi* iz an es5%al "p ov ! ,sei5s ov ,langwej1 & haz = its objekt tu giv a klir eidia ov ! alfabet1 n az rit51 but az spok54 ,x trits ov ! matirialz out ov hwi*1 ! in/rum5ts ) hwi*1 & ! proses bei hwi*1 v\elz & konsonants ar =md2 & aft] eksplenin h\ s]t5 let]z agri1 & dif]1 9 ?er matirial1 9 ! in/rum5ts ) hwi*1 & ! proses bei hwi* ?e ar prodi/1 x enebelz us tu und]/& ! kwzez & rezults ov hwot iz kwld ,fonetik ,*enj4 ,9 m5i respekts ! mo/ in/ruktiv tritm5t ov ! j5]al tiori ov ,fonetiks iz tu bi f\nd 9 ! ,prtiskhyas2 p>tikiul>li 9 ! olde/ 7#djj ,b4,k471 ?t ata*t tu ! ,rig ,veda47#ga7 ,?o ! numb] ov posibel s\ndz me sim inf9it ! numb] ov rial s\ndz yuezd 9 ,sanskrit or eni u!r giv5 langwej = ! purpos ov ekspresin dif]5t %edz ov minin1 iz v]i limit$4 ,x iz ) ?iz brwd kategoriz ov s\nd alon t ! ,prtiskhyas dil2 & x iz = a prop] und]/&in ov ?iz ! ,sei5s ov ,lanjgwej haz tu inklued )9 its sfir a kerful /udi ov ,fonetiks4 ,! deialektikal /udi ov ,fonetiks haz l>j] objekts4 ,x wi%ez tu ekzw/ wl posibel s\ndz hwi* kan bi prodi/ bei ! vokal organz1 litel kons]nd az tu hwe!r ?iz s\ndz okur 9 eni rial langwej or n4 ,x iz p>tikiul>li yuesful = ! purpos ov pentin1 ) ! utmo/ akiurasi1 ! aktiual pronunsie%on ov individiualz1 & ov fiksin ! fente/ %edz ov deialektik v>eieti4 ,! mo/ m>velus a*ivm5t 9 ?is bran* ov apleid fonetiks me bi sin 9 ,mr4 ,bell'z 8,vizibel ,spi*40 ,?iz te bran*ez ov fonetik sei5s1 h\ev]1 %ud bi kept kerfuli di/inkt4 ,az ! f\nde%on ov a praktikal alfabet1 leikweiz az ! onli sef f\nde%on = ! ,sei5s ov ,langwej1 wi wont filolojikal or tioretik ,fonetiks4 ,wi wont an und]/&in ov !z j5]al pr9sipelz & !z brwd kategoriz ov s\nd hwi* ar trit$ 9 ! ,prtiskhyas2 wi due n wont eni ov ! m9it deialektikal di/ink%onz hwi* hav no gramatikal purpos & ar ?er= outseid ! pel ov gramatikal sei5s4 ,tue1 m9it di/ink%on prodiuesez konfiuzon1 & hwer x kan bi avoid$1 )\t a sakrifeiz ov akiurasi1 x wt tu bi avoid$4 ,hwer vegnes ekzi/s 9 rialiti1 & hw] netiur al\z a brwd m>j9 on ei!r seid1 x wud bi ron tu ignor ?t latitiud4 ,akiurasi itself wud hir bekum inakiurasi4 ,but hw5 wi wont tu ekzw/ wl posibel %edz ov s\nd1 hw5 wi wont tu fotograf ! pekiuli>itiz ov s]t5 deialekts1 or mezur ! divie%onz 9 ! pronunsie%on ov individiualz bei ! mo/ m9it degriz1 wi !n mu/ avel ourselvz ov ?t ekskwizit arti/ik ma%in]i kon/rukt$ bei ,mr4 ,bell1 & h&eld ) so mu* skil bei ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ellis1 ! fiu onli wil bi ebel tu yuez x ) rial sukses4 ,sum pipel sim tu imaj9 t ! p\] ov di/ingwi%in m9it dif]5sez ov s\ndz iz a natiural gift1 & kanot bi akweird4 ,x me bi s 9 kweit eksep%onal kesez1 but ei no az a fakt t a *eild t _h1 az pipel se1 no ir = miuzik1 & kud n sin 8,god sev ! ,kwin10 gradiuali akweird ! p\] ov di/ingwi%in ! ord9>i nots1 & ov sinin a tiun4 ,spikin f mei on ekspiri5s ei %ud se t a gud ir kumz bei inh]itans1 =1 az lon az ei kan rememb]1 a fols n1 or1 az wi yue/ tu kwl x1 an impiur 7unre97 not1 woz tu mi fizikali penful4 ,but ?is apleiz tu miuzik onli1 & x iz bei no minz j5]ali true1 t pipel hue hav a gud miuzikal ir1 hav wlso a gud ir = langwej4 ,ei hav non pipel kweit unmiuzikal1 poz/ ov a v]i gud ir = langwej1 & vice v]s4 ,! tue natiural gifts1 ?er=1 if natiural gifts ?e ar1 ov di/ingwi%in m9it degriz ov pi* & kwoliti ov s\nd du n sim tu bi ! sem4 ,! rial difikulti1 h\ev]1 hwi* meks itself felt 9 disksin m9it %edz ov s\nd1 areizez f ! insufi%5si ov our nom5klatiur1 f ! wlmo/ irrezi/ibel influ5s ov imaj9e%on1 & 9 ! end1 f ! wont ov a fonomet]4 ,a gud miuzi%an kan di/ingwi% betwin ,c %>p & ,d flat1 a gud foneti%an betwin a 8lo-bak-n>o0 & a 8lo-mik/-n>o0 v\el4 ,but ?e kanot wlwez translet ?er s5tim5ts intu def9it langwej1 & if ?e trei bei aktiual eksp]im5t tu imitet ?iz t s\ndz or v\elz1 ! imp]fek%onz ov ! ir & tun1 bot 9 ! spik] & ! lis5]1 frikw5tli r5d] wl atempts at a miutiual und]/&in imposibel4 ,wi %al nev] areiv at sei5tifik presizon til wi hav a fonomet] = kwoliti ov s\nd1 nor due ei si hwei su* an in/rum5t %ud bi imposibel4 ,ei wel rememb] ,:eat/one telin mi1 t hi wud und]tek tu riprodis bei minz ov an in/rum5t ev]i %ed ov v\el 9 eni langwej ov ! wurld1 & ei %ud tink t ,willis'z & ,helmholtz'z eksp]im5ts wud suplei ! elem5ts f hwi* su* a fonomet] meit bi kon/itiut$4 ,az surn az wi kan mezur1 defe91 & riprodis1 at plezur1 hwot at prez5t wi kan onli deskreib 9 aproksimrt t]mz1 ! sei5s ov fonetiks wil bekum mo/ fruetful1 & asim its lejitimet ples az a s9e qu non tu ! /iud5t ov langwej4 ,ei hav sumteimz bin blemd = havin insi/$ on ,fonetiks biin rekogneizd az ! f\nde%on ov ! ,sei5s ov ,langwej4 ,pr(4 ,b5fey & u!r skol>z prote/$ ag5/ ! *apt] ei hav devot$ tu ,fonetiks 9 ! ,sekond ,siriz ov mei 8,lektiurz10 az an unneses>i inove%on1 & ?oz prote/s hav bekum /il /rong] ov let4 ,but hir1 tue1 wi mu/ di/ingwi% betwin tue tinz4 ,filolojikal or j5]al ,fonetiks1 ar1 ei hold1 az /ronli az ev]1 an integral "p ov ! ,sei5s ov ,langwej2 deialektik ,fonetiks me bi yuesful hir & ?er1 but ?e %ud bi kept )9 ?er prop] sfir2 u!rweiz1 ei admit az r$ili az eniwun els1 ?e obskir r ?an revil ! brwd & masiv kulorz ov s\nd hwi* langwej yuezez = its ord9>i wurk4 ,if wi reflekt a litel1 wi %al si t ! filolojikal konsep%on ov a v\el iz sumtin totali dif]5t f its piurli ak\/ik or deialektik konsep%on4 ,! =m] iz *ifli kons]nd ) ! sfir ov posibel verie%on1 & ! lat] ) ! piurli f5om5al individiualiti ov i* v\el4 ,tu ! filoloji/1 ! trji v\elz 9 septimus1 = in/ans1 hwotev] ?er ekzakt pronunsie%onz me hav bin at dif]5t teimz1 & 9 dif]5t prov9sez ov ! ,roman ,empeir1 ar pot5%ali wun & ! sem4 ,wi luk on septimus & az on ,sanskrit saptamas1 & onli bei noin t e1 i1 & u 9 septimus ar wl reprez5tativz ov a %ort a1 or t optimus /&z = ! mor en%5t optumus & optomos1 due wi tek 9 at wun glans ! hol hi/ori & posibel verie%on ov ?iz v\elz 9 dif]5t langwejez & deialekts4 ,iv5 hwer a v\el disapirz komplitli1 az 9 gigno = gig5o1 9 = ! m5tl ei ov ! filoloji/ disrnz & wez hwot no ir kan hir4 ,& hweil 9 ?iz kesez ! etimoloji/1 disreg>din ! klire/ v>eieti ov pronunsie%on1 trits su* v\elz az a1 e1 i1 o1 u az wun & ! sem1 9 u!rz hwer te v\elz sim tu hav ekzaktli ! sem s\nd tu ! deialekti%an1 ! filoloji/ on hiz "p p]sivz dif]5sez ov ! grete/ importans4 ,! i 9 fides & cli5s me hav ! sem s\nd az ! i 9 gigno or septimus1 ! u ov luo me n dif] f ! u 9 optumus or lub5s1 but ?er intr9sik valiu1 ?er kepabilitiz ov grot & dek1 ar to totali dif]5t 9 i*4 ,wi %al nev] bi ebel tu spik ) enitin leik rial sei5tifik akiurasi ov ! pronunsie%on ov en%5t langwejez1 but iv5 if wi luk tu ?er rit5 apirans onli1 wi si agn & agn h\ v\elz1 rit5 aleik1 ar hi/orikali totali di/inkt4 ,grimm introdi/ ! di/ink%on betwin i & a1 betwin u & a1 n bekwz x iz bei eni minz s]t5 t ! pronunsie%on ov ?iz diftonz verid1 but bekwz hi wi%t tu indiket t ! antesid5ts ov i & u w] dif]5t f ?oz ov a & a4 ,9 ,gtik fahu1 7,sk4 pasu1 pecu71 a iz a %ort5d tu i1 & brok5 befor h tu i2 9 ,gtik vx 7,sk4 v$a1 71 ai1 iz radikal i /rentend tu i4 ,9 ,gtik daht> 7,sk4 duhit> 71 a iz radikal u brok5 tu a2 9 ahna uv5 7,sk4 asna1 71 ! au iz a1 d>k5d tu u1 & brok5 tu u2 hweil 9 ,gtik bug 771 u iz orij9al u /rentend tu u4 ,hw5 wi hir & 9 ,gtik wi si 1 ju/ az wi si ,dorik behe9d ,eionik 4 ,hw5 wi hir c 9 canis1 wi si ,sanskrit s2 hw5 wi hir c 9 cruor1 wi si ,sanskrit k4 ,hw5 wi hir 9 1 wi si ,arian g2 hw5 wi hir 9 wi si ,arian z4 ,?iz fiu ilu/re%onz wil eksplen1 ei hop ! es5%al dif]5s 9 ! aplike%on ov fonetiks tu filoloji & deialektoloji1 & wil %o t 9 ! =m] our bru% mu/ ov nesesiti be brwd1 hweil 9 ! lat] x mu/ bi fe94 ,x iz bei miksin up te sep>et le9z ov res]*1 i* heili important 9 itself1 t so mu* konfiuzon haz ov let bin okezond4 ,! valiu ov piurli fonetik obz]ve%onz %ud on no ak\nt bi und]ret$2 but x iz neses>i1 = ?t v]i rizon1 t deialektikal az wel az filolojikal fonetiks %ud bi konfe9d tu ?er prop] sfir4 ,! filoloji/ haz mu* tu l]n f ! foneti%an1 but hi %ud nev] =get t hir1 az el%wer1 hwot iz brwd & tipikal iz az important & az sei5tifikali akiuret az hwot iz m9it & spe%al4 ,hwot iz brwd & tipikal iz (t5 mor akiuret iv5 ?an hwot iz m9it & spe%al4 ,x meit bi posibel1 = in/ans1 bei a fotografik proses1 tu reprez5t ! ekzakt pozi%on ov ! tun & ! inseid wwlz ov ! m\t hweil wi pronons ! ,italian v\el i4 ,but x wud bi ! grete/ mi/ek tu supoz t ?is imej givz us ! onli we 9 hwi* ?t v\el iz1 & kan bi1 pronon/4 ,?o i* individiual me hav hiz on we ov plesin ! tun 9 prononsin i1 wi hav onli tu trei ! exp]im5t 9 ord] tu konv9s ourselvz t1 ) sum e=t1 wi me veri t pozi%on 9 m5i wez & yet prodis ! s\nd ov4 i4 ,hw51 ?er=1 9 mei 8,lektiurz on ! ,sei5s ov ,langwej10 ei gev piktiurz ov ! pozi%onz ov ! vokal organz rekweird = pron\nsin ! tipikal let]z ov ! alfabet1 ei tuk gret ker tu mek !m tipikal1 ?t iz1 tu liv !m ruf ske*ez r ?an m9it fotografs4 ,ei kanot bet] ekspres hwot ei fil on ?is po9t ?an bei kwotin ! wurdz ov ,hckel3-- 8,= didaktik purposez1 simpel skimatik figiurz ar f> mor yuesful ?an piktiurz prez]vin ! grete/ fetfulnes tu netiur & k>id out ) ! grete/ akiurasi40 78,ziele und ,wege10 p4 #cg47 ,! foll[+ ?ree lett]s1 n[ introduc$1 w complete ! ,phonetic ,alphabet-- dh * % = ! s\nds he>d 9--!n1 *eap1 %e4 ,tu return1 aft] dhis digre%en1 tu ,mr4 ,pitman'z alfabet1 ei repit dhat x rekom5dz itself tu mei me9d bei hwot udherz kwl its inakiurasi4 ,x %ez its rial & praktikal wizdom bei n atemptin tu fiks eni di/ink%onz hwi* ar n absoluetli neses>i4 ,if1 = in/ans1 wi tek dhe gutural t5iuis1 wi fe9d t ,ingli% rekogneizez wun k onli1 wldhe its pronunsie%on veriz konsid]abli4 ,x iz sumteimz pronon/ so az tu prodis wlmo/ a %arp krak2 sumteimz x haz a dip1 holo s\nd2 & sumteimz a s(t1 lezi1 m\ill k>akt]4 ,x veriz konsid]abli akordin tu dhe v\elz hwi* folo x1 az enibodi me hir1 ne fil1 if hi prononsez 9 sukse%on1 kot1 kuel1 k>1 kat1 kit4 ,but az ,ingli% duz n yuez dhiz dif]5t kz = ! purpos ov di/ingwi%in wurdz or gramatikal =mz1 wun brwd kategori onli ov voisles gutural *eks haz tu bi admit$ 9 reitin ,ingli%4 ,9 dhe ,semitik langwejez dhe kes iz dif]5t2 n onli ar kaf & k( dif]5t 9 s\nd1 but dhis di=5s iz yuezd tu di/ingwi% dif]5t mininz4 ,or if wi tek dhe v\el a 9 its orij9al1 piur pronunsie%on1 leik ,italian a1 wi kan izili p]siv dhat x haz dif]5t kulorz 9 dif]5t k\ntiz ov ,ingl&4 ,yet 9 reitin x me bi trit$ az wun1 bekwz x haz but wun & dhe sem gramatikal int5%on1 & duz n konv a niu minin til x eksidz its weide/ limits4 ,gud spik]z 9 ,ingl& pronons dhe a 9 la/ leik dhe piur ,italian a2 widh udherz x bekumz brwd1 widh udherz t94 ,but dhe x me dhus osilet konsid]abli1 x mu/ n enkro*2 on dhe prov9s ov e1 hwi* wud *enj its minin tu le/2 nor on dhe prov9s ov o1 hwk* wud *enj x tu lo/2 nor on dhe prov9s ov u1 hwi* wud *enj x tu lu/4 ,dhe difikulti1 dher=1 hwi* ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* haz po9t$ out iz riali re/rikt$ tu dhoz kesez hw] dhe pronunsie%on ov v\elz--= x iz widh v\elz *ifli dhat wi ar trubeld--veriz so mu* az tu ov]/ep dhe brwde/ limits ov wun ov dhe rekogneizd kategoriz ov s\nd1 & tu enkro* on anudher4 ,if wi tek dhe wurd fa/1 hwi* iz pronon/ v]i dif]5tli iv5 bei ediuket$ pipel1 dher wud bi no nesesiti = indiketin 9 reitin dhe dif]5t %edz ov pronunsie%on hwi* lei betwin dhe s\nd ov dhe %ort ,italian a & dhe lon a h]d 9 fa!r4 ,but hw5 dhe a 9 fa/ iz pronon/ leik dhe a 9 fat1 dhen dhe nesesiti ov a niu grafik ekspon5t wud areiz1 & ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* wud bi reit 9 twitin fonetik re=m]z widh sank%onin te spelinz = dhe sem wurd4 ,ei kud m5%on dhe nemz ov tri bi%ops1 wun ov huem pronon/ dhe v\el 9 ,god leik ,gwd1 anudher leik rod1 a terd leik gad4 ,dhe la/ pronunsie%on wud probabli bi kondemd bei ev]ibodi1 but dhe udher t wud remen sank%ond bei dhe heie/ wtoriti1 & dher= retend 9 fonetik reitin4 ,so f>1 dhen1 ei admit dhat ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* haz po9t$ out a rial difikulti inhir5t 9 fonetik reitin2 but hwot iz dhat wun difikulti komperd widh dhe difikultiz ov dhe prez5t si/em ov ,ingli% spelin8 ,x wud n bi one/ tu trei tu eved hiz *arj1 bei sein dhat dher iz but wun pronunsie%on rekogneizd bei dhe yuezej ov ediuket$ pipel4 ,dht iz n s1 & dhoz hue no be/ dhe beioloji ov langwej1 no dhat x kanot bi so4 ,dhe v]i leif ov langwej konsi/s 9 a kon/ant fri%on betwin dhe s5tripetal fors ov ku/om & dhe s5trifiugal =s ov individiual fridom4 ,ag5/ dhat difikulti dher=1 dher iz no rem$i4 ,onli hir ag5 dhe ,ar*bi%op simz tu hav ov]lukt dhe fakt dhat dhe difikulti belonz tu dhe prez5t si/em ov spelin nirli az mu* az tu dhe fonetik si/em4 ,dher iz but wun rekogneizd we ov spelin1 but ev]ibodi prononsez akordin tu hiz on idios9krasiz4 ,x wud bi dhe sem widh fonetik spelin4 ,wun pronunsie%on1 dhe be/ rekogneizd1 wud hav tu bi adopt$ az a /&>d 9 fonetik reitin1 livin tu ev]i ,+li%man hiz fridom tu pronons az simet gud tu him4 ,wi %ud luez nutin ov hwot wi n\ pozs1 & wl dhe advantejez ov fonetik reitin wud remen unimperd4 ,dhe rial /et ov dhe kes iz1 dher=1 dhis--,nowun def5dz dhe prez5t si/em ov spelin2 ev]iwun admits dhe sirius injuri hwi* x inflikts on na%onal ediuke%on4 ,ev]ibodi admits dhe praktikal advantejez ov fonetik spelin1 but aft] dht1 wl eksklem dhat a re=m ov spelin1 hwod] p>%al or komplit1 iz imposibel4 ,hwedher x iz imposibel or n1 ei gladli liv tu m5 ov de wurld tu deseid4 ,az a skol>1 az a /iud5t ov dhe hi/ori ov langwej1 ei simpli ment5 dhat 9 ev]i rit5 langwej a re=m ov spelin iz1 suenl] or let]1 inevitabel4 ,no d\t dhe ivil de me bi put (4 ,ei hav litel d\t dhat x wil bi put ( = m5i j5]e%onz1 & dhat a rial re=m wil probabli n bi k>id eksept konkur5tli widh a veiol5t s%al konvul%on4 ,onli let dhe kwe/ion bi argiud ferli4 ,let fakts hav sum wet1 & let x n bi supozd bei m5 ov dhe wurld dhat dhoz hue def5d dhe pr9sipelz ov dhe ,fonetik ,niuz ar onli titotal]z & vejeterianz1 hue hav nev] l]nd h\ tu spel4 ,if ei hav spok5 /ronli 9 suport ov ,mr4 ,pitman'z si/em1 x iz n bekwz on wl po9ts ei konsid] x siupirior tu dhe si/emz preperd bei udher re=m]z1 hue ar deli inkrisin 9 numb]1 but *ifli bekwz x haz bin te/$ s l>jli1 & haz /ud dhe te/ wel4 ,mr4 ,pitman'z ,fonetik ,jurnal haz n\ #ahhj bin publi%t terti-et yirz1 & if x iz non dhat x iz publi%t wikli 9 #ab1jjj kopiz1 i* kopi reprez5tin at li/ = or feiv rid]z1 x me n sim s v]i fueli%1 aft] wl1 if wi imaj9 dhat dher iz sum veital p\] 9 dht insiguifikant j]m4 ,v4 ,,on ,,sanskrit ,,texts ,,discov]$ ,,9 ,,japan4 ,read ,at ,! ,meet+ ,( ,! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahhj4 ,x is probably 9 ! recollection ( "s ( ! s5ior memb]s ( ?is ,society h[ wide & deep an int]e/ 0 excit$ 9 ! ye> #ahec by ! publication ( ,/anislas ,juli5's translation ( ! 8,life & ,travels ( ,hi\5-?sang40 ,! acc\nt giv5 by an eye-witness ( ! religi\s1 social1 political1 & lit]>y /ate ( ,india at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury ( our era 0 l a rocket1 c>ry+ a rope to a :ole crew ( /ruggl+ s*ol>s1 on ! po9t ( be+ dr[n$ 9 ! sea ( ,indian *ronology2 & ! rope 0 eag]ly grasp$ by all1 :e!r _! special object 0 ! hi/ory ( ,indian religion1 or ! hi/ory ( ,indian lit]ature1 ar*itecture1 or politics4 ,:ile _m books on ,indian lit]ature1 publi%$ five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 are n[ put aside & =gott51 ,juli5's ?ree volumes ( ,hi\5-?sang /ill ma9ta9 a fre% int]e/1 & supply new subjects = discussion1 z may be se5 ev5 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,j\rnal ( y\r ,society4 ,i _h ! honor & pleasure ( work+ ) ,/anislas ,juli51 :5 he 0 compil+ ^? l>ge li/s ( ,sanskrit & ,*9ese words :i* =m$ ! f\ndation ( 8 translation ( ,hi\5-?sang1 & enabl$ him 9 8 classical "w1 ! 8,m?ode p\r d*iffr] et transcrire les noms ,sanskrits0 7#ahfa71 to solve a riddle :i* _h puzzl$ ,ori5tal s*ol>s = a long "t--viz41 h[ x happ5$ t ! orig9al ,sanskrit names _h be5 s completely disguis$ & r5d]$ almo/ unrecognizable 9 ! ,*9ese translations ( ,sanskrit texts1 & h[ !y c\ld be re/or$ to _! orig9al =m4 ,i _h likewise ! honor & pleasure ( work+ ) y\r late ,presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 :51 aft] read+ ,juli5's works1 he conceiv$ ! idea t "s ( ! orig9al ,sanskrit texts ( :i* ! ,*9ese translations _h be5 recov]$ might /ill be f\nd 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,*9a4 ,8 influ5tial position z ,presid5t ( y\r ,society1 & 8 p]sonal relations ) ,sir ,john ,b[r+1 !n ,engli% ,resid5t 9 ,*9a1 enabl$ him to set 9 motion a p[]ful ma*9]y = atta9+ 8 object2 & if y look back "s five-&-tw5ty ye>s1 y w f9d 9 y\r ,j\rnal a full acc\nt ( ! correspond5ce t pass$ betwe5 ,pr(essor ,wilson1 ,sir ,j4 ,b[r+1 & ,dr4 ,edk9s1 on ! se>* aft] ,sanskrit ,,mss4 9 ! temples or mona/]ies ( ,*9a4 ,on ,febru>y #ae1 #ahed1 ,pr(essor ,wilson writes f ,ox=d to ,sir ,john ,b[r+3-- 8,i s5d y h]e) a li/ ( ! ,sanskrit works c>ri$ to ,*9a by ,hw5 ,tsang 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & 9 great "p translat$ by him1 or "u 8 sup]vision1 into ,*9ese4 ,if any ( !m1 especially ! orig9als1 %\ld be /ill 9 exi/5ce1 y w\ld d good s]vice to ,sanskrit lit]ature & to ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism by procur+ copies40 ,*9ese ,translators ( ,sanskrit ,texts4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t1 ev5 long be=e ! "t ( ,hi\5-?sang--t is1 long be=e ! sev5? c5tury ( our era--l>ge numb]s ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 _h be5 export$ to ,*9a4 ,^! lit]>y exportations began z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,:5 we read = ! fir/ "t ( commission]s be+ s5t to ,india by ,m+-ti1 ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 ! second sov]eign ( ! ,ea/]n ,han dyna/y1 ab\t #fb or #fe ,a4 ,d41 we are told t !y return$ to ,*9a ) a :ite horse1 c>ry+ books & images47#gb7 ,& ! acc\nt proce$s to /ate t 8^! books /ill rema91 & are rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$40 ,f t "t1 :5 ,buddhism 0 fir/ (ficially recogniz$ 9 ,*9a17#gc7 !re is an almo/ unbrok5 succession ( import]s & translators ( ,buddhi/1 9 "s cases ( ,brahmanic texts also1 till we come to ! two fam\s exp$itions1 ! "o und]tak5 by ,fa-hian 9 #djj-dae1 ! o!r by ,hi\5-?sang1 #fbi-fde ,a4 ,d4 ,fa-hian's ,travels 7 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,abel ,rmusat 7#ahcf71 into ,engli% by ,mr4 ,beal 7#ahfi74 ,hi\5-?sang's ,travels are well kn[n ?r\gh ,/anislas ,juli5's admirable translation4 ,( ,hi\5-?sang we are told t he br\ght back f ,india no less ?an #ebj fasciculi1 or #feg sep>ate works1 :i* _h to be c>ri$ by tw5ty-two horses47#gd7 ,he translat$1 or _h translat$1 #gdj works1 =m+ #a1cce fasciculi4 ,i say no?+ ( e>li] traces ( ,buddhism :i* are suppos$ to occur 9 ,*9ese books4 ,:atev] !y may am\nt to1 we look 9 va9 9 !m = evid5ce ( any ,*9ese translations ( ,buddhi/ books be=e ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti2 & :at conc]ns u at pres5t is1 n ! exi/5ce or ! spread+ ( ,buddhism t[>ds ! nor? & ea/ long be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 b ! exi/5ce ( ,buddhi/ books1 s f> z x c be prov$ at t "t by ! exi/5ce ( ,*9ese translations ! date ( :i* c be fix$ ) suffici5t c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! hi/ory ( ^! translations ,i h _h ! great advantage ( be+ able to use ! ,annals ( ! ,sui ,dyna/y 7#ehi-fah71 k9dly translat$ = me by ,pr(essor ,legge4 ,9 ,*9a ! hi/ory ( ea* dyna/y 0 writt5 "u ! succe$+ dyna/y f docum5ts :i* may be suppos$ to be contemporane\s ) ! ev5ts !y relate4 ,! acc\nt giv5 9 ! ,sui ,*ronicles ( ! introduction ( ,buddhism & ,buddhi/ works into ,*9a is said to be ! be/ g5]al acc\nt to be f\nd 9 e>ly ,*9ese lit]ature1 & ! facts "h /at$ may be look$ ^u z f> m tru/wor?y ?an ! notices hi!rto reli$ ^u1 & collect$ f ,*9ese writ]s ( diff]5t dates & diff]5t localities4 ,i h also _h ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 :o comp>$ ! names ( ! translators m5tion$ 9 ! ,sui ,annals ) ! names z giv5 9 ! ,k'ai-yu5-%ih-kiao-mu-lu 7,catalogue ( ! ,buddhi/ books compil$ 9 ! p]iod ,k'ai-yu5 ,a4 ,d4 #gac-gda72 & ?\gh !re /ill rema9 "s d\btful po9ts1 we may re/ assur$ t ! dates assign$ to ! pr9cipal ,*9ese translators & _! works c be dep5d$ on z hi/orically tru/wor?y4 ,) reg>d to ! p]iod ant]ior to ,m+-ti1 ! ,sui ,*ronicles tell u t aft] an inve/igation ( ! records1 x 0 kn[n t ,buddhism _h n be5 br\ght to ,*9a previ\sly to ! ,han dyna/y 7began #bjf ,b4 ,c471 ?\gh "s say t x _h long be5 spread abroad1 b _h disappe>$ aga9 9 ! "t ( ! ,kh97#ge7 7#bba-bjf ,b4 ,c474 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 :5 ,kang-khi5 0 s5t on a mission to ! regions ( ! ,we/ 7ab\t #acj ,b4 ,c471 he is suppos$ to h become acqua9t$ ) ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,he 0 made prison] by ! ,hiungnu 7,huns717#gf7 &1 be+ kept by !m = t5 ye>s1 he may well h acquir$ dur+ 8 captivity "s k ( ,buddhism1 :i* at a v e>ly "t _h spread f ,cabul7#gg7 t[>ds ! nor? & ! ea/4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]or i 7,b4 ,c4 #f-b7 we read t ,kh9-k+ caus$ ,i-tsun to tea* ! ,buddhi/ ,stras orally1 b t ! p gave no cr$5ce to !m4 ,all ?is seems to re/ on semi-hi/orical evid5ce only4 ,! fir/ (ficial recognition ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a dates f ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti1 & ! foll[+ acc\nt1 ?\gh n altoge!r free f a leg5d>y color+1 is g5]ally accept$ z au!ntic by ,*9ese s*ol>s3 8,! ,emp]or ,m+-ti1 ( ! ,aft] ,han dyna/y 7#eh-ge ,a4 ,d471 dreamt t a man ( metal 7or gold5 color7 0 fly+ & walk+ 9 a c\rty>d ( ! palace4 ,:5 he told 8 dream 9 ! ,c\rt1 ,fu- said t ! figure 0 t ( ,buddha4 ,on ?is ! ,emp]or s5t ! g5tleman-u%] ,tsi-y9 & ,kh9-k+ 7:o mu/ !n h be5 gr[+ old7 bo? to ! c\ntry ( ! great ,yueh-ki7#gh7 & to ,india1 9 ord] to seek = su* an image40 ,an e>li] acc\nt ( ! same ev5t is to be f\nd 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,aft] 7or ,ea/]n7 ,han dyna/y 7#be-abj ,a4 ,d474 ,^! annals 7 compil$ by ,fan-yeh1 :o 0 aft]w>ds condemn$ to dea? z a rebel 7#dde ,a4 ,d474 ,"h we read7#gi7 7vol4 #hh1 fol4 #h a seq473 8,!re is a tradition t ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti 7#eh-ge ,a4 ,d47 dreamt t !re 0 a giant-l man ( gold5 color17#hj7 ^: head 0 refulg5t4 ,! ,emp]or want$ 8 reta9]s to int]pret x4 ,!n "s said1 #8,!re is a god 7or _s7 9 ! ,we/ :o is call$ ,fo1 ^: height is sixte5 feet1 & ( gold5 color4' ,hav+ he>d ?is1 ! ,emp]or at once s5t mess5g]s to ,ti5-ku 7i4 e4 ,india71 to inquire aft] ! doctr9e ( ,buddha4 ,subsequ5tly1 copies ( ! image ( ,buddha 7 drawn 9 ! middle c\ntry 7i4 e4 ,*9a740 ,! emiss>ies :om ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti _h s5t to ,india obta9$ a ,buddhi/ ,stra 9 =ty-two sections1 & an image ( ,buddha1 ) :i* & ! ,%mans ,ksyapa ,mtaga & ,k-fa-lan1 !y return$ to ! ,ea/4 ,:5 ,tsi-y9 approa*$ 7! capital71 he caus$ ! book to be borne on a :ite horse1 & on ?is acc\nt ! mona/]y ( ! ,:ite ,horse 0 built on ! we/ ( ! ,yung gate ( ! city ( ,lo to lodge x4 ,! classic 0 ti$ up & plac$ 9 ! /one h\se ( ! ,lan t[]1 &1 moreov]1 pictures ( ! image 7 drawn & kept 9 ! ,kh+-yan t[]1 & at ! top ( ! ,hsi5-kieh hill4 ,"h we seem to be on t]ra firma1 = "s ( ! lit]>y works by ,ksyapa ,mtaga & ,k-fa-lan are /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,ksyapa ,mtaga 7or1 x may be1 ,ksya ,mtaga7#ha77 is cle>ly a ,sanskrit "n4 ,mtaga1 ?\gh ! "n ( a ,k&la or l[-ca/e man1 might well be borne by a ,buddhi/ prie/47#hb7 ,! "n ( ,k-fa-lan1 h[ev]1 is m difficult4 ,*9ese s*ol>s decl>e t x c only be a ,*9ese "n17#hc7 yet if ,k-fa-lan came f ,india ) ,ksyapa1 we %\ld expect t he too bore a ,sanskrit "n4 ,9 t case1 ,k might be tak5 z ! la/ "* ( ,ti5-k1 ,india1 :i* "* is prefix$ to ! names ( o!r ,indian prie/s liv+ 9 ,*9a4 ,8 "n w\ld be ,f-lan1 i4 e4 ,dh>ma x1 :atev] lan may signify1 p]haps padma1 lotus47#hd7 ,m4 ,fe]17#he7 calls him ,gobh>ana1 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ 8 au?ority = su* a "n4 ,! ,sutra ( ! =ty-two sections exi/s 9 ,*9ese1 b nei!r 9 ,sanskrit nor 9 ,pli1 & _m difficulties w\ld be remov$ if we admitt$1 ) ,m4 ,fe]1 t ?is s-call$ ,stra ( ! =ty-two sections 0 really ! "w ( ,ksyapa & ,k-fa-lan1 :o consid]$ su* an epitome ( ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 bas$ *iefly on orig9al texts1 useful = _! new conv]ts 9 ,*9a4 ,x is curi\s t ! ,sui ,annals speak "h ( no o!r lit]>y "w due to ,ksyapa & ,k-fa-lan1 ?\gh !y aft]w>ds m5tion ! ,%ih-ku ,stra by ,k-fa-lan z a "w almo/ un9telligible4 ,9 ! ,fan-i-m+-i-tsi 7vol4 iii4 fol4 #d b71 m5tion is made ( five ,stras1 translat$ by ,k-fa-lan alone1 aft] ,ksyapa's dea?4 ,9 ! ,k'ai-yu5-%ih-kiao-mu-lu catalogue ( ! ,buddhi/ books1 compil$ 9 ! p]iod ,k'ai-yu5 7#gac-gda ,a4 ,d471 vol4 i4 fol4 #f1 f\r ,stras only are ascrib$ to ,k-fa-lan3-- #a4 ,! ,dasabhmi1 call$ ! ,stra on ! de/ruction ( ! causes ( p]plexity 9 ! t5 /ations2 #gj ,a4 ,d4 ,?is is ! ,%i-k ,stra4 #b4 ,! ,stra ( ! treasure ( ! sea ( ! law 7,dh>ma-samudra-ko%a874 #c4 ,! ,stra ( ! orig9al conduct ( ,buddha 7,fo-p5-h+-k+72 #fh ,a4 ,d4 7tak5 by ,juli5 = a translation ( ! ,lalita-vi/>a74 #d4 ,! ,stra ( ! orig9al bir? ( ,buddha 7,gtaka74 ,! compil] ( ! catalogue adds t ^! translations h long be5 lo/4 ,! next patron ( ,buddhism 0 ,y+1 ! ,k+ ( ,kh1 at ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,kang1 8 fa!r 7#gf-hh74 ,_m ,%mans1 x is said1 came to ,*9a !n f ! ,we/]n regions1 br++ ,buddhi/ ,stras4 ,"s ( ^! translations1 h[ev]1 prov$ un9telligible4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,hwan 7#adg-afg71 ,an-%i-kao 7usually call$ ,an-%+71 a ,%man ( ,an-hsi17#hf7 br\ght classical books to ,lo1 & translat$ !m4 ,?is is evid5tly ! same translator ( :om ,mr4 ,beal 78,j4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s40 #ahef1 pp4 #cbg1 #ccb7 speaks z a native ( ,ea/]n ,p]sia or ,p>?ia1 & ^: "n ,mr4 ,wylie wi%$ to id5tify ) ,arsak4 ,z ,an-%i-kao is report$ to h be5 a royal pr9ce1 :o made himself a m5dicant & travell$ z f> z ,*9a1 ,mr4 ,wylie supposes t he 0 ! son ( "o ( ! ,arsacid1 ,k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,mr4 ,beal on ! contr>y1 takes ! "n to be a corruption ( ,asvaka or ,assaka--i4 e4 47#hg7 ,"u ! ,emp]or ,l+1 #afh-ahi ,a4 ,d41 ,ki-khan 7or ,ki-ts971 a ,%man f ! ,yueh-ki 7call$ ,ki-lau-kia-kuai by ,beal71 ,k-fo-soh 7,ta-fo-sa71 an ,indian ,%man1 & o!rs1 work$ toge!r to produce a translation ( ! ,nirvna-stra1 9 two sections4 ,! ,k'ai-yu5-lu ascribes tw5ty-?ree works to ,ki-khan1 & two ,stras to ,k-fo-soh4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ,han dyna/y1 ,ku-yung1 ! gr& gu>dian1 0 a foll[] ( ,buddha4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms 7#bbj-bfd7 ,khang-sang-hui1 a ,%man ( ! ,we/]n regions1 came to ,w7#hh7 ) ,stras & translat$ !m4 ,sun-khan1 ! sov]eign1 believ$ 9 ,buddhism4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,khang-sang-khai translat$ ! long] text ( ! ,sukhavatvyha4 ,9 ,wei17#hi7 dur+ ! p]iod ,hwang-khu 7#bbj-bbf7 ! ,*9ese fir/ obs]v$ ! ,buddhi/ precepts1 %av$ _! heads1 & became ,sang--i4 e4 monks4 ,ev5 be=e ?is1 a ,%man ( ! ,we/]n regions _h come "h & translat$ ! ,hsio-p9 ,stra--i4 e4 ! ,stra ( ,small] ,matt]s 7,khudda-kanikya87--b ! head & tail ( x 7 contradictory1 s t x c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,9 ! p]iod ,kan-l 7#bef-bei71 ,k-%i-hs+ 7,*u-%uh-lan1 9 ,beal's 8,catalogue07 w5t to ! ,we/ z f> z ,khot51 & obta9$ a ,stra 9 n9ety sections1 ) :i* he came back to ,yh1 9 ! ,ts9 p]iod ( ,yen-khang 7#bia-bii71 & translat$ x 7) ,dh>m>ak%a7 "u ! title ( 8,light-emitt+ ,pragn-pramit ,stra407#ij7 ,9 ! p]iod ,?ai-%i 7#bfe-bgd71 "u ! ,we/]n ,ts9 7#bfe-caf71 ,k-f-hu7#ia7 7,dh>m>ak%a71 a ,%man ( ! ,yeh-ki1 travell$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s k+doms ( ! ,we/1 & br\ght a l>ge collection ( books home to ,lo1 :]e he translat$ !m4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,great ,kau1 an int]lude 9 ! dyna/y ( ,?ang 7#fij-gje ,a4 ,d471 t 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! p]iod ,?ai-khang 7#bhf7 he translat$ ,k+-fa-hwa--i4 e4 ! ,saddh>ma-pundarka 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #ad747ib7 ,ab\t #cjj ,a4 ,d4 ,ki-kung-m+ translat$ ! ,wei-ma 7,vimala-krtti7 & ,fa-hwa 7,saddh>ma-pundarka747#ic7 ,9 #cce ! pr9ce ( ! ,khau k+dom 7dur+ ! ,ts9 dyna/y7 p]mitt$ 8 subjects to become ,%mans1 influ5c$ *iefly by ,buddhasimha47#id7 ,9 ! "t ( ! rebel ,%ih-leh1 #ccj-ccc1 dur+ ! ,ts9 dyna/y1 a ,%man ,wei-tao-an1 or ,tao-an1 ( ,khang-%an1 /udi$ ,buddhi/ lit]ature "u ,buddhasimha4 ,he produc$ a m correct translation ( ! ,vimala-krtti-stra 7& ,saddh>ma-pundarka71 & taught x widely2 b z he 0 n an orig9al translator1 8 "n is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,k'ai-yu5-lu4 ,on acc\nt ( political tr\bles1 ,to-an l$ 8 disciples s\?w>d1 to ,hs9-ye1 & dispat*$ !m to diff]5t qu>t]s--,f-%ang to ,yang-ku1 ,f-hwa to ,%--:ile he himself1 ) ,wei-yan1 w5t to ,hsiang-yang & ,khang-an4 ,"h ,fu-khi51 ! sov]eign ( ! ,fs1 :o ab\t #cej _h got possession ( ,khang-an1 resi/+ ! au?ority ( ! ,ts91 & e/abli%+ ! dyna/y ( ! ,=m] ,kh91 receiv$ him ) di/9ction4 ,x 0 at ! wi% ( ,to-an t ,fu-khi5 invit$ ,kumragva to ,khang-an2 b :51 aft] a long delay1 ,kumragva arriv$ !re1 9 ! second ye> ( ! p]iod ,hung-%i 7#djj ,a4 ,d471 "u ,yo-hs+1 :o1 9 #cid1 _h succe$$ ,yo-khang17#ie7 ! f\nd] ( ! ,aft] ,kh9 dyna/y1 ,to-an _h be5 dead already tw5ty ye>s4 ,8 correct$ translations1 h[ev]1 7 approv$ by ,kumragva4 ,?is ,kumragva m>ks a new p]iod ( great activity 9 ! translation ( ,buddhi/ texts4 ,he is said to h come f ,ku-tsi1 9 ,tibet1 :]e ! ,emp]or ,yo-hs+ 7#cig-dae7 s5t = him4 ,among 8 translations are m5tion$ ! ,wei-ma or ,vima-la-krtti-stra 7,beal's 8,catalogue10 p4 #ag72 ! ,saddh>ma-pundarka 7,beal's 8,catalogue10 p4 #ae72 ! ,satyasiddha-vyk>ana s/ra 7,beal's 8,catalogue10 p4 #hj74 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ! great travell]1 ,fa-hian1 :o w5t f ,khang-an to ,india1 travell$ ?r\gh m ?an ?irty /ates1 & came back to ,nank+ 9 #dad1 to f9d ! ,emp]or ,yo-hs+ ov]turn$ by ! ,ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y4 ,he 0 accompani$ by ! ,indian contemplationi/1 ,buddha-bhadra47#if7 ,buddhabhadra translat$ ! ,fa-yan-k+1 ! ,buddhvatamsaka-vaipulya-stra 7,beal's 8,catalogue10 p4 #i71 & he & ,fa-hian toge!r1 ! ,mo-ho-sang-ki-liu--i4 e4 ! ,v9aya ( ! ,mahsaghika s*ool 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #fh74 ,ano!r ,%man :o travell$ to ,india ab\t ! same "t 0 ,ki-mang1 ( ,hs9-fang1 a di/rict city ( ,ko-khang4 ,9 #dai1 9 ! p]iod ,yan-hsi1 he w5t z f> z ,ptali-putra1 :]e he obta9$ ! ,nirvana-stra1 & ! ,saghika1 a book ( discipl9e47#ig7 ,aft] 8 return to ,ko-khang he translat$ ! ,nirvna-stra 9 tw5ty sections4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,indian ,%man ,dh>m>ak%a ,,ii47#ih7 br\ght o!r copies ( ! =eign ,,mss4 to ! ,we/ ( ! ,ho4 ,& ,ts-kh ,mung-sun1 ! k+ ( ,nor? ,liang1 s5t mess5g]s to ,ko-khang = ! copy :i* ,ki-mang _h br\ght1 wi%+ to comp>e ! two47#ii7 ,:5 ,ki-mang's copy arriv$17#ajj7 a translation 0 made ( x 9 ?irty sections4 ,dh>m>ak%a ,,ii4 translat$ ! ,suv>na-prabhsa & ! ,nirvna-,sutr1 #daf-dbc ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,k'ai-yu5-lu ascribes n9ete5 works to ,dh>malats9 9 #aca fascicles4 ,buddhism f t "t spread v rapidly 9 ,*9a1 & ! translations became too num]\s to be all m5tion$4 ,! ,mahyna s*ool 0 repres5t$ at t "t *iefly by ! foll[+ translations3-- ,translat$ by ,kumragva3 ,! ,vimalakrtti-stra 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #ag4 ,! ,saddh>mapunndarika-stra 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #ae7 ,! ,satyasiddhavyk>ana-s/ra 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #hj7 ,translat$ by ,dh>malats91 or ,dh>m>ak%a ,,ii43 ,! ,suv>naprabhsa-stra 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #ae7 ,! ,nirvna-stra 7,beal1 8,catalogue40 p4 #ab7 ,! ,hnayna s*ool 0 repres5t$ by-- ,! ,s>v/ivda-v9aya by ,kumragva 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 pp4 #fg1 #fh74 ,! ,drghgama-stra1 by ,buddhayasz1 #daj ,a4 ,d4 7,beal1 8,catalogue10 p4 #cf74 ,! ,v9aya ( ! f\r ,p>ts1 by ,buddhayasz47#aja7 ,! ,ekott>gama-stra 7,agutt>a71 translat$ by ,dh>man&91 ( ,tukhra 7,fa-hsi74 ,! ,abhidh>ma disquisitions1 by ,dh>mayasas17#ajb7 ( ,koph5e4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,lung-an 7#cig-dja7 ! ,ekott>gama 7,angutt>a7 & ,madhyamgama-stras7#ajc7 7 translat$ by ,saghadeva ( ,koph5e4 ,?is is probably ! ,magghima ,nikya1 translat$ by ,gotama ,saghadeva1 "u ! ,ea/]n ,ts9 dyna/y1 #cag-dai4 ,9 ! p]iod -hsi 7#dje-dah7 ! ,%man ,ki-f-l+ br\ght f ,khot5 to ,nank+1 ! s\!rn capital1 ! ,hw-y5 ,stra 9 #cf1jjj g?s1 & translat$ x4 ,?is may be ! ,buddhvatamsaka-stra1 call$ ! ,ta-fang-kwang-fo-fa-yan-k+ 7,beal's 8,catalogue10 pp4 #i1 #aj74 ,?is translator is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,k'ai-yu5-lu4 ,9 #dbj ! ,ts9 dyna/y came to an end4 ,! ,emp]or ,?ai-wu 7#dbd-deb71 ( ! ,n4 ,wei dyna/y1 p]secut$ ! ,buddhi/s1 #ddf2 b f ! ye> #deb !y 7 tol]at$4 ,?is dyna/y la/$ f #chf to #ece1 :5 x 0 divid$ into two4 ,9 #deh !re 0 a conspiracy "u ,buddhi/ influ5ces1 & m /r+5t laws 7 en=c$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 #dfj five ,buddhi/s arriv$ 9 ,*9a f ,ceylon1 vi ,tibet4 ,two ( !m1 ,ya%aita1 & ,vudan&i1 br\ght images47#ajd7 ,9 #ejb a ,h9du translat$ ,mahyna books1 call$ ,fix$ ,positions & ,t5 ,positions47#aje7 ,dur+ ! dyna/ies ( ,kh 7#dgi-ejb71 ,liang 7#ejb-eeg71 & ,kh9 7#eeg-ehi71 _m fam\s ,%mans came to ,*9a1 & translat$ books4 ,! ,emp]or ,w ( ,liang 7#ejb-edi7 paid great honor to ,buddhism4 ,he made a l>ge collection ( ! ,buddhi/ canonical books1 am\nt+ to #e1djj volumes1 9 ! ,hw-l9 g>d54 ,! ,%man ,pao-khang compil$ ! catalogue 9 fifty-f\r fascicles4 ,9 ! p]iod ,yung-p+1 #ejh-eaa1 !re 0 an ,indian ,%man ,bodhiruki1 :o translat$ _m books1 z ,kumragva _h done4 ,among !m 7 ! ,e>?-hold+ s/ra 7bhmdh>a s/ra87 & ! ,%i-ti-k+-lun1 ! ,dasabhmika s/ra1 greatly valu$ by ! foll[]s ( ! ,mahyna47#ajf7 ,9 #eaf1 dur+ ! p]iod ,hs-ph+1 ! ,*9ese ,%man ,wei-%ang 0 s5t to ! ,we/ to collect ,stras & ,v9ayas1 & br\ght back a collection ( #agj books4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 m5tion$ z a translator 9 ! ,k'ai-yu5-lu4 ,9 #eah ,sung-yun1 s5t by ! que5 ( ! ,wei c\ntry f ,lo-yang to ,india1 return$ aft] ?ree ye>s1 ) #age volumes4 ,he liv$ to see ,bodhidh>ma 9 8 c(f94 ,?is ,bodhidh>ma1 ! tw5ty-eigh? patri>*1 _h arriv$ 9 ,canton by sea 9 #ebh1 9 ! "t ( ,wu-ti1 ! fir/ ,emp]or ( ! ,liang dyna/y4 ,"s ,sanskrit ,,mss4 t _h belong$ to him1 & o!r relics1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,japan47#ajg7 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,w1 ( ! ,nor!rn ,ku dyna/y 7#efa-egg71 a ,%man1 ,wei-yan-sung1 accus$ ! ,buddhi/ prie/s1 & ! ,emp]or p]secut$ !m4 ,b 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,kao-tsu1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sui dyna/y1 9 #ehi1 tol]ation 0 aga9 proclaim$4 ,he ord]$ ! p to pay a c]ta9 sum ( money1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! memb]s ( ea* family1 = ! purpose ( prep>+ ,stras 7! ,buddhi/ canon7 & images4 ,& ! ,gov]nm5t caus$ copies ( ! :ole ,buddhi/ canon to be made1 & plac$ !m 9 c]ta9 temples or mona/]ies 9 ! capital1 & 9 sev]al o!r l>ge cities1 9 su* prov9ces z ,p+-ku1 ,hsiang-ku1 ,lo-ku1 etc4 ,& ! ,gov]nm5t caus$ also ano!r copy to be made & to be deposit$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 ,! ,buddhi/ sacr$ books among ! p 7 f\nd to be sev]al hundr$ times m num]\s ?an ^? on ! six ,k+s ( ,confucius4 ,!re 7 #a1iej di/9ct ,buddhi/ books translat$4 ,9 ! p]iod ,t-yeh 7#fje-faf7 ! ,emp]or ord]$ ! ,%man ,ki-kwo to compose a catalogue ( ! ,buddhi/ books at ! ,imp]ial ,buddhi/ *apel )9 ! gate ( ! palace4 ,he !n made "s divisions & classifications1 :i* 7 z foll[s3-- ,! ,stras :i* conta9$ :at ,buddha _h spok5 7 arrang$ "u ?ree divisions3-- #a4 ,! ,mahyna4 #b4 ,! ,hnayna4 #c4 ,! ,mix$ ,stras4 ,o!r books1 t seem$ to be ! productions ( lat] m51 :o falsely ascrib$ _! works to great] names1 7 class$ z ,d\btful ,books4 ,!re 7 o!r works 9 :i* ,bodhisattvas & o!rs w5t deeply into ! explanation ( ! mean+1 & illu/rat$ ! pr9ciples ( ,buddha4 ,^! 7 call$ ,disquisitions1 or ,s/ras4 ,!n !re 7 ,v9aya1 or compilations ( precepts1 "u ea* division z be=e1 ,mahyna1 ,hnayna1 ,mix$4 ,!re 7 also ,records1 or acc\nts ( ! do+s 9 _! times ( ^? :o _h be5 /ud5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,altoge!r !re 7 elev5 classes "u :i* ! books 7 arrang$3-- #a4 ,stra4 ,mahyna #fag 9 #b1jgf *apt]s4 ,mix$ #dhg 9 #heb *apt]s4 ,mix$ & d\btful #agb 9 #ccf *apt]s4 #b4 ,v9aya4 ,mahyna #eb 9 #ia *apt]s4 ,hnayna #hj 9 #dgb *apt]s4 ,mix$ #bg 9 #df *apt]s4 #c4 ,s/ra4 ,mahyna #ce 9 #ada *apt]s4 ,hnayna #da 9 #efg *apt]s4 ,mix$ #ea 9 #dcg *apt]s4 ,total #aifb 9 #f1aih *apt]s4 ,se>* = ,sanskrit ,,mss4 9 ,*9a4 ,x 0 ! publication ( ,hi\5-?sang's ,travels :i* r\s$ ! hopes ( ,pr(essor ,wilson t "s ( ! old ,sanskrit ,,mss4 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ away f ,india might /ill be discov]$ 9 ,*9a47#ajh7 ,b ?\gh no pa9s 7 sp>$ by ,sir ,john ,b[r+ to c>ry out ,pr(essor ,wilson's wi%es1 ?\gh he _h catalogues s5t to him f ,buddhi/ libr>ies1 & f cities :]e ,buddhi/ compositions might be expect$ to exi/1 ! results 7 disappo9t+1 at lea/ s f> z ,sanskrit texts 7 conc]n$4 ,a numb] ( int]e/+ ,*9ese books1 translat$ f ,sanskrit by ,hi\5-?sang & o!rs1 works also by native ,*9ese ,buddhi/s1 7 s5t to ! libr>y ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se2 b :at ,pr(essor ,wilson & all ,sanskrit s*ol>s ) him mo/ desir$1 ,sanskrit ,,mss41 or copies ( ,sanskrit ,,mss41 7 n =?com+4 ,pr(essor ,wilson %[$ me1 inde$1 "o copy ( a ,sanskrit ,,ms4 t 0 s5t to him f ,*9a1 &1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 x 0 ! ,kla-,kakra17#aji7 :i* we "k z "o ( ! books translat$ f ,sanskrit into ,*9ese4 ,t ,,ms41 h[ev]1 is no long] to be f\nd 9 ! ,india ,(fice ,libr>y1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly exi/$ 9 ! old ,ea/ ,india ,h\se4 ,! disappo9tm5t at ! failure ( ,pr(essor ,wilson's & ,sir ,j4 ,b[r+'s unit$ ef=ts 0 felt all ! m ke5ly because nei!r ,sanskrit nor ,*9ese s*ol>s c\ld surr5d] ! conviction t1 until a v %ort "t ago1 ,indian ,,mss4 _h exi/$ 9 ,*9a4 ,!y _h be5 se5 by ,europeans1 su* z ,dr4 ,gutzlaff1 ! h>d-work+ mission>y 9 ,*9a1 :o 9 a pap]1 writt5 %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 & address$ to ,colonel ,sykes 78,j\rnal ,r4 ,a4 ,s40 #ahef1 p4 #gc71 /at$ t he himself _h se5 ,pli ,,mss4 pres]v$ by ,buddhi/ prie/s 9 ,*9a4 ,:e!r ^! ,,mss4 7 9 ,pli or ,sanskrit w\ld matt] little1 suppos+ ev5 t ,dr4 ,gutzlaff c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,he speaks ) great contempt ( ! :ole ,buddhi/ lit]ature4 ,!re 0 n a s+le prie/1 he says1 capable ( expla9+ ! mean+ ( ! ,pli texts1 ?\gh "s 7 int]l9$ ) ,*9ese4 8,a few works10 he writes1 8are f\nd 9 a "* orig9ally us$ = writ+ ! ,pli1 & may be consid]$ z fai?ful transcripts ( ! e>lie/ writ+s ( ,buddhism4 ,!y are look$ ^u z v sacr$1 full ( my/]ies & deep significations1 & !re=e z ! mo/ preci\s relics ( ! f\nd] ( _! cre$4 ,) ! lett]s ( ?is alphabet ! prie/s p]=m incantations7#aaj7 to expel demons1 rescue s\ls f hell1 br+ d[n ra9 on ! e>?1 remove calamities1 etc4 ,!y turn & twi/ !m 9 e %ape1 & ma9ta9 t ! v demons tremble at ! recitation ( !m40 ,ano!r cle> pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 9 ,*9a is f\nd 9 ! acc\nt ( a 8,trip to ,n+-po & ,t'hen-t'hae10 by ,dr4 ,edk9s4 ,aft] he _h arriv$ at ,fang-kwang1 he asc5d$ ! ,hwa-l+ hill1 & at ! top ( ! hill he describes a small temple ) a prie/ resid+ 9 x4 8,scatt]$ ov] ! hill10 he adds1 8!re are v>i\s little temples :]e prie/s reside1 b ! "o at ! top is ! mo/ celebrat$1 z be+ ! place :]e ,*e-k'hae sp5t a portion ( 8 "t1 wor%ipp+ a ,sanskrit manuscript ( a ,buddhi/ classic40 ,on 8 return he arriv$ at ! pagoda erect$ to ! memory ( ,*e-k'hae1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,?en-t'hae sy/em ( ,buddhism1 9 ! ,*9 dyna/y 7ab\t #ehj ,a4 ,d474 ,& a little f>!r on1 situat$ 9 a deep dell on ! left1 0 ! mona/]y ( ,kaon-m+-sze4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly celebrat$ = its possession ( a ,sanskrit ,,ms41 writt5 on ! palm leaf1 once read & expla9$ by ,*e-k'hae1 b n[ un9telligible to any ( ! foll[]s ( ,buddhism 9 ^! p>ts4 ,! prie/s seem$ to pay uncommon rev]5ce to ?is ,,ms41 :i* is ! only "o ( ! k9d to be f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ ( ,*9a1 & ?us ( great importance 9 a lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,x is m ?an #a1cjj ye>s old1 b is 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! palm leaves1 :i* are writt5 on bo? sides1 hav+ be5 c>efully let into slips ( wood1 :i* are fitt$ on ! same c5tral p91 & ! :ole1 am\nt+ to fifty leaves1 inclos$ 9 a rosewood box4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! unwill+ness ( ! prie/s to "p ) _! old ,,mss41 :e!r ,sanskrit or ,pli1 b x proves at ! same "t t !y /ill exi/1 & naturally keeps up ! hope t "s day or o!r we may /ill get a sight ( !m4 ,mat]ials on :i* ,sanskrit ,,mss4 7 writt54 ,( c\rse1 x might be said t if ,,mss4 did n la/ v long 9 ,india1 nei!r w\ld !y d s 9 ,*9a4 ,b ev5 !n1 we might expect at lea/ t z 9 ,india ! old ,,mss4 7 copi$ :5ev] !y %[$ signs ( decay1 s !y w\ld h be5 9 ,*9a4 ,besides1 ! climate ( ,*9a is n s de/ructive z ! heat & moi/ure ( ! climate ( ,india4 ,9 ,india1 ,,mss4 seldom la/ ov] a ?\s& ye>s4 ,long be=e t "t pap] made ( vegetable sub/ances decays1 palm-leaves & bir*-b>k become brittle1 & :ite ants (t5 de/roy :at might h escap$ ! ravages ( ! climate4 ,x 0 ! duty1 !re=e1 ( ,indian ,rajahs to keep a /aff ( libr>ians1 :o _h to copy ! old ,,mss4 :5ev] !y began to seem unsafe1 a fact :i* acc\nts bo? = ! mod]n date ( mo/ ( our ,sanskrit ,,mss4 & = ! l>ge numb] ( copies ( ! same text (t5 met ) 9 ! same libr>y4 ,! ,,mss4 c>ri$ (f to ,*9a 7 9 all likelihood n writt5 on pap]1 or :atev] we l to call ! mat]ial :i* ,ne>*us describes 8z cotton well beat5 toge!r107#aaa7 b on ! b>k ( ! bir* tree or on palm leaves4 ,! b>k ( trees is m5tion$ z a writ+ mat]ial us$ 9 ,india by ,curtius27#aab7 & 9 ,buddhi/ ,stras1 su* z ! ,k>anda-vyha 7p4 #fi71 we actually read ( bhrga1 bir*1 msi1 ink1 & k>ama 7kalam71 z ! common requisites = writ+4 ,,mss4 writt5 on t mat]ial h long be5 kn[n 9 ,europe1 *iefly z curiosities 7,i _h to write _m ye>s ago ab\t "o ( !m1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y at ,all ,s\ls' ,college74 ,( late17#aac7 h[ev]1 !y h attract$ m s]i\s att5tion1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ,dr4 ,bhl] discov]$ 9 ,ka%mir old ,,mss4 conta9+ indep5d5t resc5sions ( ,v$ic texts1 writt5 on bir* b>k4 ,"o ( ^!1 conta9+ ! :ole text ( ! ,rig-,v$a ,samhit7#aad7 ) acc5ts1 0 s5t to me1 & ?\gh x _h suff]$ a good deal1 p>ticul>ly on ! m>g9s1 x %[s t !re 0 no difficulty 9 produc+ f ! b>k ( ! bir* tree ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( pages ( ! l>ge/ qu>to or ev5 folio size1 p]fectly smoo? & pure1 except = ! small d>k l9es peculi> to ! b>k ( t tree47#aae7 ,at ! "t ( ,hi\5-?sang1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 palm leaves seem to h be5 ! *ief mat]ial = writ+4 ,he m5tions a =e/ ( palm-trees 7,borassus flabelli=mis7 ne> ,konkanapura 7! ,we/]n coa/ ( ! ,dekhan717#aaf7 :i* 0 mu* priz$ on acc\nt ( its supply+ mat]ial = writ+ 7vol4 i4 p4 #bjb1 & vol4 iii4 p4 #adh74 ,at a lat] "t1 too1 9 #ife1 we read ( ,buddhi/ prie/s return+ to ,*9a ) ,sanskrit copies ( ,buddhi/ books writt5 on palm leaves 7peito747#aag7 ,if we c\ld believe ,hi\5-?sang1 ! palm leaf w\ld h be5 us$ ev5 s e>ly z ! fir/ ,buddhi/ ,c\ncil17#aah7 = he says t ,ksyapa !n wrote ! ,pitakas on palm leaves 7tla71 & spread !m ov] ! :ole ( ,india4 ,9 ! ,pli ,gtakas1 panna is us$ 9 ! s5se ( lett]1 b orig9ally p>na meant a w+1 !n a leaf ( a tree1 !n a leaf = writ+4 ,patta1 also1 :i* is us$ 9 ! s5se ( a %eet1 0 orig9ally pattra1 a w+1 a leaf ( a tree4 ,suvanna-patta1 a gold5 leaf to write on1 /ill %[s t ! orig9al writ+ mat]ial _h be5 ! leaves ( trees1 mo/ likely ( palm-trees47#aai7 ,pot?aka1 i4 e4 pu/aka1 book1 likewise occurs 9 ! ,pli ,gtakas47#abj7 ,su* ,,mss41 writt5 on palm leaves1 if pres]v$ c>efully & almo/ wor%ipp$1 z !y seem to h be5 9 ,*9a1 might well h surviv$ to ! pres5t day1 & !y w\ld c]ta9ly prove ( imm5se value to ! /ud5ts ( ,buddhism1 if !y c\ld /ill be recov]$1 :e!r 9 ! orig9al or ev5 9 lat] copies4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t1 l all o!r religions1 ,buddhism too _h its p]iods ( trial & p]secution 9 ,*9a4 ,we "k t dur+ su* p]iods--z1 = in/ance1 9 #hde1 "u ! ,emp]or ,wu-tsung--mona/]ies 7 de/roy$1 images brok51 & books burnt4 ,b ^! p]secutions seem nev] to h la/$ long1 & :5 !y 7 ov]1 mona/]ies1 temples1 & pagodas soon sprang up aga91 images 7 re/or$1 & books collect$ 9 great] abundance ?an ev]4 ,dr4 ,edk9s tells u t 89 an acc\nt ( ! ,ko-t's+ mona/]y 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,t'ian-t'ai-%an x is said t a s+le "w 0 sav$ f a fire !re sev]al c5turies ago1 :i* 0 writt5 on ! ,pei-to 7,pe-ta7 or palm leaf ( ,india40 ,he also /ates t great pagodas 7 built on purpose z safe repositories ( ,sanskrit ,,mss41 "o be+ erect$ by ! ,emp]or = ! pres]vation ( ! newly arriv$ ,sanskrit books at ! reque/ ( ,hi\5-?sang1 le/ !y %\ld be injur$ = want ( c>e4 ,x 0 #ahj feet high1 _h five /ories ) gra9s ( ,%e-li 7relics7 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 & conta9$ monum5ts inscrib$ ) ! prefaces writt5 by ! ,emp]or or ,pr9ce ,royal to ,hi\5-?sang's translations4 ,se>* = ,sanskrit ,,mss4 9 ,japan4 ,be+ myself conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( old ,indian ,,mss4 9 ,*9a1 ,i lo/ no opportunity1 dur+ ! la/ five-&-tw5ty ye>s1 ( ask+ any fri5ds ( m9e :o w5t to ,*9a to look out = ^! treasures1 b--) no result6 ,"s ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,edk9s1 :o _h tak5 an active "p 9 ! se>* in/itut$ by ,pr(essor ,wilson & ,sir ,j4 ,b[r+1 %[$ me a book :i* he _h br\ght f ,japan1 & :i* conta9$ a ,*9ese vocabul>y ) ,sanskrit equival5ts & a translit]ation 9 ,japanese4 ,! ,sanskrit is writt5 9 t peculi> alphabet :i* we f9d 9 ! old ,,mss4 ( ,nepl1 & :i* 9 ,*9a has be5 fur!r modifi$1 s z to give x an almo/ ,*9ese appe>ance4 ,t ,,ms4 reviv$ my hopes4 ,if su* a book 0 publi%$ 9 ,japan1 ,i conclud$ t !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 su* a book 0 useful !re--t is to say1 :5 ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,japan /udi$ ,sanskrit4 ,dr4 ,edk9s k9dly left ! book ) me1 & ?\gh ! ,sanskrit portion 0 full ( blund]s1 yet x enabl$ me to become accu/om$ to t peculi> alphabet 9 :i* ! ,sanskrit words are writt54 ,:ile ,i 0 look+ =w>d to m in=mation f ,japan1 good luck w\ld h x t a "y ,buddhi/ prie/1 ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 came to me f ,japan1 9 ord] to le>n ,sanskrit & ,pli1 & ?us to be able 9 "t to read ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/s 9 _! orig9al language1 & to comp>e !m ) ! ,*9ese & ,japanese translations n[ curr5t 9 8 c\ntry4 ,aft] a "t1 ano!r ,buddhi/ prie/1 ,mr4 ,kasaw>a1 came to me = ! same purpose1 & bo? are n[ work+ v h>d at le>n+ ,sanskrit4 ,japan is suppos$ to conta9 #cd1chh1ejd inhabitants1 all ( :om1 ) ! exception ( ab\t #a or #bjj1jjj foll[]s ( ! ,%9t religion17#aba7 are ,buddhi/s1 divid$ into t5 pr9cipal sects1 ! sect to :i* ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio belongs be+ t ( ! ,%9%iu4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions :i* ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 :5 he came to read ,sanskrit ) me1 0 ab\t ,sanskrit ,,mss4 9 ,japan4 ,i %[$ him ! ,*9ese-,sanskrit-,japanese ,vocabul>y :i* ,dr4 ,edk9s _h left ) me1 & he soon admitt$ t ,sanskrit texts 9 ! same alphabet might be f\nd 9 ,japan1 or at all ev5ts 9 ,*9a4 ,he wrote home to 8 fri5ds1 & aft] wait+ = "s "t1 he br\ght me 9 ,decemb] la/ a book :i* a ,japanese s*ol>1 ,%untai ,i%ikawa1 _h s5t to me1 & :i* he wi%$ me to correct1 & !n to s5d back to him to ,japan4 ,i did n see at once ! importance ( ! book4 ,b :5 ,i came to read ! introductory =mula1 ,evam may srutam1 8,?us by me x has be5 he>d10 ! typical beg9n+ ( ! ,buddhi/ ,stras1 my eyes 7 op5$4 ,"h1 !n1 0 :at ,i _h s long be5 look+ =w>d to--a ,sanskrit text1 c>ri$ f ,india to ,*9a1 f ,*9a to ,japan1 writt5 9 ! peculi> ,nepalese alphabet1 ) a ,*9ese translation1 & a translit]ation 9 ,japanese4 ,( c\rse1 x is a copy only1 n an orig9al ,,ms42 b copies presuppose orig9als at "s "t or o!r1 &1 su* z x is1 x is a fir/ in/alm5t1 :i* tells u t we ought n to despair1 = :]e "o ( ! long-s\ght-= lit]>y treasures t 7 tak5 f ,india to ,*9a1 & aft]w>ds f ,*9a to ,japan1 has be5 discov]$1 o!rs are sure to come to light4 ,we d n possess yet v au!ntic in=mation on ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,japan1 & on ! introduction ( ,buddhism into t isl&4 ,m4 ,lon de ,rosny7#abb7 & ! ,m>quis ,d',h]vey de ,sa9t-,d5ys7#abc7 h giv5 u "s in=mation on ! subject1 & ,i hope t ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio w soon give u a tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 drawn f native au?orities4 ,:at is told u ab\t ! conv]sion ( ,japan to ,buddhism has a some:at leg5d>y aspect1 & ,i %all only select a few ( ! m important facts1 z !y h be5 communicat$ to me by my ,sanskrit pupil4 ,buddhism fir/ rea*$ ,japan1 n directly f ,*9a1 b f ,corea1 :i* _h be5 conv]t$ to ,buddhism 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,9 ! ye> #bjj ,a4 ,d4 ,corea _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,japanese ,empress ,z+u1 & ! int]c\rse ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries l$ to ! importation ( ,buddhi/ doctr9es f ,corea to ,japan4 ,9 ! ye> #eeb ,a4 ,d4 "o ( ! ,corean k+s s5t a bronze /atue ( ,buddha & _m sacr$ books to ! ,c\rt ( ,japan1 & aft] v>i\s vicissitudes1 ,buddhism became ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! isl& ab\t #fjj ,a4 ,d4 ,japanese /ud5ts 7 s5t to ,*9a to /udy ,buddhism1 & !y br\ght back ) !m l>ge numb]s ( ,buddhi/ books1 *iefly translations f ,sanskrit4 ,9 ! ye> #fdj ,a4 ,d4 we he> ( a translation ( ! ,sukhavatvyhama-hyna-stra be+ read 9 ,japan4 ,?is is ! title ( ! ,sanskrit text n[ s5t to me f ,japan4 ,! translation _h be5 made by ,k-s-gai 79 ,*9ese1 ,khang-sang-khai71 a native ( ,tibet1 ?\gh liv+ 9 ,india1 #beb ,a4 ,d41 & we are told t !re _h be5 elev5 o!r translations ( ! same text47#abd7 ,among ! tea*]s ( ^! ,japanese /ud5ts we f9d our old fri5d ,hi\5-?sang1 :om ! ,japanese call ,g5zi4 ,9 ! ye> #fec a ,japanese prie/1 ,do%o by "n1 /udi$ "u ,g5zi1 adopt$ ! views ( ! sect f\nd$ by him1--! ,hoss sect1--& br\ght back ) him to ,japan a compilation ( comm5t>ies on ! ?irty v]ses ( ,vasub&hu1 writt5 by ,dh>mapla1 & translat$ by ,g5zi4 ,two o!r prie/s1 ,*its & ,*itatsu1 likewise became 8 pupils1 & introduc$ ! fam\s ,abhidh>ma-ko%a-s/ra into ,japan1 :i* _h be5 compos$ by ,vasub&hu1 & translat$ by ,g5zi4 ,!y seem to h favor$ ! ,hnayna1 or ! views ( ! ,small ,vehicle 7,ku%a%iu74 ,9 ! ye> #gcf we he> ( a translation ( ! ,buddhvatamsaka-vaipulya-stra1 by ,buddhabhadra & o!rs7#abe7 7#cag-dai ,a4 ,d471 be+ receiv$ 9 ,japan1 likewise ( a translation ( ! ,saddh>ma-pundarka by ,kum>agva47#abf7 ,&1 :at is m important /ill1 9 ! n9? c5tury we are told t ,kukai 7di$ #hce71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,%+on sect 9 ,japan1 0 n only a good ,*9ese1 b a good ,sanskrit s*ol> also4 ,nay1 "o ( 8 disciples1 ,%9nyo1 9 ord] to p]fect 8 k ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 und]took a j\rney1 n only to ,*9a1 b to ,india1 b di$ be=e he rea*$ t c\ntry4 ,^! %ort notices1 :i* ,i owe *iefly to ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 make x q cle> t we h e "r to expect ,sanskrit ,,mss41 or1 at all ev5ts1 ,sanskrit texts1 9 ,japan1 & ! specim5 :i* ,i h receiv$ enc\rages me to hope t "s ( ^! ,sanskrit texts may be old] ?an any :i* exi/ at pres5t 9 any "p ( ,india4 ,! ,sukhavat-vyha4 ,! text :i* 0 s5t to me be>s ! title ( ,sukhvat-vyha-mahyna-stra47#abg7 ,?is is a title well kn[n to all /ud5ts ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature4 ,burn\f1 9 8 8,introduction l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme0 7pp4 #ii-ajb717abh7 gave a %ort acc\nt ( ?is ,stra1 :i* enables u to see t ! sc5e ( ! dialogue 0 laid at ,rgagriha1 & t ! two speak]s 7 ,bhagavat & n&a4 ,we saw be=e1 9 ! hi/orical acc\nt ( ,buddhism 9 ,japan1 t no less ?an twelve ,*9ese translations ( a "w be>+ ! same title 7 m5tion$4 ,! ,*9ese tell u at lea/ ( five translations :i* are /ill 9 exi/5ce47#abi7 ,^? ( ! ,han & ,wu dyna/ies 7#be-bhj ,a4 ,d471 we are told1 7 too diffuse1 & ^? ( ! lat] p]iods1 ! ,t'ang & ,sung dyna/ies1 too lit]al4 ,! be/ is said to be t by ,k-s-gai1 a prie/ ( ,tibetan desc5t1 :i* 0 made dur+ ! e>ly ,wei dyna/y1 ab\t #beb ,a4 ,d4 ,?is may be ! same :i* 0 read 9 ,japan 9 #fdj ,a4 ,d4 ,! same ,stra exi/s also 9 a ,tibetan translation1 = !re c be little d\bt t ! ,stra quot$ by ,csoma ,krsi 78,z4 ,res40 vol4 xx4 p4 #djh7 "u ! "n ( ,amitbha-vyha is ! same "w4 ,x occupies1 z ,m4 ,lon ,fe] in=ms me1 fifty-f\r leaves1 places ! sc5e ( ! dialogue at ,rgagriha1 on ! m\nta9 ,gridhra-kta1 & introduces ,bhagavat & n&a z ! pr9cipal speak]s4 ,!re are ,sanskrit ,,mss4 ( ! ,sukhavat-vyha 9 y\r own ,libr>y1 9 ,p>is1 at ,cambridge1 & at ,ox=d4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,sukhavat-vyha1 hi!rto kn[n3-- #a4 ,,ms4 ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,london 7,hodgson ,collection71 ,no4 #bj4 ,sukhavatvyha-mahynastra1 sixty-five leaves4 ,dat$ ,samvat #icd ,a4 ,d4 #ahad4 ,x beg9s3 ,namo dasadiganantp>yantalokadhtuprati%titebhy ah1 etc4 ,evam may srutam ekasmim samaye ,bhagavn ,rgagrihe vih>ati sma4 ,x ends3 ,sukhvatvyha-mahynastram samptam4 ,samvat #icd1 krttikasudi #d1 samprnam abht4 ,srsuv>napanrimabnag>e ,maitrprimahvihre ,srvkvagradsa vagrkryasya ,gayn&asya ka s>vr?asiddheh4 7,nepalese alphabet47 #b4 ,,ms4 ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is 7,collection ,burn\f71 ,no4 #he2 sixty-f\r leaves4 ,x beg9s1 aft] a preamble ( five l9es1 ,evam may srutammekasmi samaya ,bhagavn ,rgagrihe vih>ati sma ,gridhrakute p>vvate mahat ,bhik%usangh5a srddham4 ,dvtrimsrat ,bhik%usahasraih4 ,x ends3 ,bhagavato mitbhasya gunap>ikrttanam ,bodhisattvmavaiv>tyabhmipravesah4 ,amitbhavyuhap>iv>ttah4 ,sukhvatvyhah sampurnah4 ,iti ,sr ,amitbhasya ,sukhvatvyuha nma mahyna/ram samptam47#acj7 7,devang> alphabet47 #c4 ,,ms4 ( ! ,socit ,asiatique at ,p>is 7,collection ,hodgson71 ,no4 #ag2 eighty-two leaves4 7,nepalese alphabet477#aca7 #d4 ,,ms4 ( ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,cambridge1 ,no4 #acfh2 ?irty-five leaves4 ,x beg9s ) "s l9es ( prose & v]se 9 praise ( ,amitbha & ,sukhavat1 & !n proce$s3 ,evam may srutam ekasmim samaye ,bhagavn ,rgagrihe nag>e vih>ati sma1 ,gridhraktap>vate mahat ,bhik%usangh5a srddha1 etc4 ,x ends3 iti srmad amitbhasya ta?gatasya ,sukhvatvyha-mahynastram samptam4 7,nepalese alphabet1 mod]n47 #e4 ,,ms4 giv5 by ,mr4 ,hodgson to ! ,bodleian ,libr>y ,ox=d 7,hodgson #c74 ,x beg9s )3 ,om namo ratnatrayya4 ,om namah s>vabuddhabodhisattvebhyah1 etc4 ,!n ,evam may srutam1 etc4 ,x ends ) sukhavtvyhamahynastram samptam4 7,nepalese alphabet1 mod]n47 ,b :5 ,i came to comp>e ^! ,sanskrit ,,mss4 ) ! text s5t to me f ,japan1 ?\gh ! title 0 ! same1 ,i soon p]ceiv$ t _! cont5ts 7 diff]5t4 ,:ile ! text1 z giv5 9 ! ord9>y ,devang>i or ,nepalese ,,mss41 fills ab\t fifty to sixty leaves1 ! text ( ! ,stra t rea*$ me f ,japan w\ld h>dly occupy m ?an eight or t5 leaves4 ,i soon conv9c$ myself t ?is ,,ms4 0 n a text abbreviat$ 9 ,japan1 = ?is %ort] text1 s5t to me f ,japan1 correspond 9 e respect ) ! ,*9ese ,stra translat$ by ,mr4 ,beal 9 8 8,cat5a10 pp4 #cgh-chc1 & publi%$ 9 y\r ,j\rnal1 #ahff1 p4 #acf4 ,no d\bt ! ,*9ese translation1 on :i* ,mr4 ,beal's translation is bas$1 is n only free1 b displays ! misappreh5sions peculi> to _m ,*9ese r5d]+s ( ,sanskrit texts1 due to a defici5t k ei!r ( ,sanskrit or ( ,*9ese on ! "p ( ! translators1 p]haps also to ! diff]5t g5ius ( ^? two languages4 ,yet1 su* z x is1 !re c be no d\bt t x 0 meant to be a translation ( ! text n[ 9 my possession4 ,mr4 ,beal tells u t ! translation he foll[$ is t by ,kumragva1 ! contempor>y ( ,fa-hian 7#djj ,a4 ,d471 & t ?is translator omitt$ repetitions & sup]fluities 9 ! text47#acb7 ,mr4 ,edk9s kn[s a translation1 s4 t4 ,w\-liang-%eu-k+1 made "u ! ,han dyna/y47#acc7 ,:at is important is t 9 ! ,*9ese translation ( ! %ort] text ! sc5e is laid1 z 9 ! ,japanese ,sanskrit text1 at ,srva/1 & ! pr9cipal speak]s are ,bhagavat & ,sriputra4 ,!re is also a ,tibetan translation ( ! %ort text1 describ$ by ,csoma ,krsi 78,z4 ,res40 vol4 xx4 p4 #dci74 ,"h1 ?\gh ! "n ( ! sc5e is n m5tion$1 ! speak]s are ,bhagavat & ,sriputra4 ,! :ole "w occupies sev5 leaves only1 & ! names ( ! sixte5 pr9cipal disciples agree ) ! ,japanese text4 ,! translators 7 ,pragnv>man1 ,sr5dra1 & ! ,tibetan ,lotsava ,ya-%es-sde4 ,m4 ,fe] in=ms me t !re is at ! ,national ,libr>y a ,*9ese text call$ ,o-mi-to-k+1 i4 e4 ,amitbha-stra47#acd7 ,! sc5e is at ,srva/2 ! speak]s are ,bhagavat ,sriputra4 ,ano!r text at ! ,national ,libr>y is call$ ,ta-o-mi-to-k+1 i4 e4 ,mah ,amitbha-stra1 & "h ! sc5e is at ,rgagriha4 ,!re is1 besides1 a ?ird "w1 call$ ,kwan-w\-liang-%eu-k+ by ,kiang-l+-ye-%e1 i4 e4 ,klayasz1 a =eign] ( ! ,we/1 :o liv$ 9 ,*9a ab\t #dbd ,a4 ,d4 ,we h1 !re=e1 hi/orical evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ?ree ,stras1 describ+ ,sukhavat1 or ! ,p>adise ( ,amitbha4 ,we "k two ( !m 9 ,sanskrit1 ,*9ese1 & ,tibetan--"o long1 ! o!r %ort4 ,! ?ird is kn[n z yet 9 ,*9ese only4 ,( ! two ,sanskrit texts1 ! "o f ,nepal1 ! o!r f ,japan1 ! latt] seems c]ta9ly ! e>li]4 ,b ev5 ! full] text mu/ h exi/$ at a v e>ly "t1 because x 0 translat$ by ,ki-lau-kia-khai1 "u ! ,ea/]n ,han dyna/y 7#be-bbj ,a4 ,d47--i4 e4 at all ev5ts be=e #bbj ,a4 ,d4 ,! %ort] text is fir/ au!nticat$ ?r\gh ! translation ( ,kumragva1 ab\t #djj ,a4 ,d42 b if ! views g5]ally ent]ta9$ z to ! relative position ( ! long] & %ort] ,stras be correct1 we may safely claim = our %ort ,stra a date )9 ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,:at ,japan has s5t u is1 !re=e1 a ,sanskrit text1 ( :i* we _h no trace be=e1 :i* mu/ h left ,india at lea/ be=e #djj ,a4 ,d41 b probably be=e #bjj ,a4 ,d41 & :i* gives u ! orig9al ( t description ( ,amitbha's ,p>adise1 :i* =m]ly we knew 9 a ,*9ese translation only1 :i* 0 nei!r complete nor correct4 ,! book s5t to me 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,japan 9 #aggc1 by ,zimi1 a ,buddhi/ prie/4 ,! ,sanskrit text is intelligible1 b full ( inaccuracies1 %[+ cle>ly t ! editor did n und]/& ,sanskrit1 b simply copi$ :at he saw be=e him4 ,! same words occurr+ 9 ! same l9e are writt5 diff]5tly1 & ! ,japanese translit]ation simply repeats ! blund]s ( ! ,sanskrit transcript4 ,!re are two o!r editions ( ! same text1 publi%$ 9 #agid ,a4 ,d4 by ano!r ,japanese prie/1 nam$ ,hg4 ,^! are 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 & (f]$ "s help 9 correct+ ! text4 ,"o ( !m conta9s ! text & ?ree ,*9ese translations1 "o be+ m]ely a lit]al r5d]+1 :ile ! o!r two h m ( a lit]>y "* & are ascrib$ to ,kumragva 7#djj ,a4 ,d471 & ,hi\5-?sang 7#fdh ,a4 ,d474 ,la/ly1 !re is ano!r book by ! same ,hg1 9 f\r volumes1 9 :i* an attempt is made to give a grammatical analysis ( ! text4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio in=ms me1 is v imp]fect4 ,i h to-day br\ght ) me ! ,japanese ,sanskrit text1 critically re/or$1 & a lit]al translation into ,engli%1 to :i* ,i h add$ a few notes4 ,,translation4 ,adoration to ! ,omnisci5t4 ,?is is :at ,i h he>d4 ,at "o "t ! ,bless$ 7,bhagavat1 i4 e4 ,buddha7 dwelt at ,srva/17#ace7 9 ! ,geta-grove1 9 ! g>d5 ( ,an?apindaka1 toge!r )7#acf7 a l>ge company ( ,bhik%us 7m5dicant fri>s71 viz4 ) ?irte5 hundr$ ,bhik%us1 all ( !m acqua9t$ ) ! five k9ds ( k17#acg7 eld]s1 great disciples17#ach7 & ,arhats17#aci7 su* z ,sriputra1 ! eld]1 ,mahmaudgalyyana1 ,mahksyapa1 ,mahkapphina1 ,mahktyyana1 ,mahkau%?ila1 ,revata1 ,suddhipan?aka1 ,n&a1 n&a1 ,rhula1 ,gavmpati1 ,bh>advga1 ,kloday91 ,vakkula1 & ,aniruddha4 ,he dwelt toge!r ) ^! & _m o!r great disciples1 & toge!r ) _m noble-m9d$ ,bodhisattvas1 su* z ,magusr1 ! pr9ce1 ! ,bodhisattva ,agita1 ! ,bodhisattva ,g&haha/91 ! ,bodhisattva ,nityodyukta1 ! ,bodhisattva ,anik%iptadhura4 ,he dwelt toge!r ) !m & _m o!r noble-m9d$ ,bodhisattvas1 & ) ,sakra1 ! ,indra or ,k+7#adj7 ( ! ,devas1 & ) ,brahman ,sahmpati4 ,) ^! & _m o!r hundr$ ?\s&s ( ,nayutas7#ada7 ( sons ( ! gods1 ,bhagavat dwelt at ,srva/4 ,!n ,bhagavat address$ ! honor$ ,sriputra & said3 ,o ,sriputra1 aft] y h pass$ f "h ov] a hundr$ ?\s& ,kotis ( ,buddha-c\ntries !re is 9 ! ,we/]n "p ( a ,buddha-c\ntry1 a _w call$ ,sukhavat 7! happy c\ntry74 ,& !re a ,ta?gata1 call$ ,amityus1 an ,arhat1 fully enlight5$1 dwells n[1 & rema9s1 & supports himself1 & tea*es ! ,law47#adb7 ,n[ :at d y ?9k1 ,sriputra1 = :at reason is t _w call$ ,sukhavat 7! happy78 ,9 t _w ,sukhavat1 ,o ,sriputra1 !re is nei!r bodily nor m5tal pa9 = liv+ be+s4 ,! s\rces ( happ9ess are innum]able !re4 ,= t reason is t _w call$ ,sukhavat 7! happy74 ,& aga91 ,o ,sriputra1 t _w ,sukhavat is adorn$ ) sev5 t]races1 ) sev5 r[s ( palm-trees1 & ) /r+s ( bells47#adc7 ,x is inclos$ on e side17#add7 beautiful1 brilliant ) ! f\r gems1 viz4 gold1 silv]1 b]yl1 & cry/al4 ,) su* arrays ( excell5ces peculi> to a ,buddha-c\ntry is t ,buddha-c\ntry adorn$4 ,& aga91 ,o ,sriputra1 9 t _w ,sukhavat !re are lotus lakes1 adorn$ ) ! sev5 gems1 viz4 gold1 silv]1 b]yl1 cry/al1 r$ pe>ls1 diamonds1 & corals z ! sev5?4 ,!y are full ( wat] :i* possesses ! eight good qualities17#ade7 _! wat]s rise z high z ! =ds & ba?+-places1 s t ev5 cr[s7#adf7 may dr9k !re2 !y are full ( gold5 s&1 & ( va/ ext5t4 ,& 9 ^! lotus lakes !re are all ar\nd on ! f\r sides f\r /airs1 beautiful & brilliant ) ! f\r gems1 viz4 gold1 silv]1 b]yl1 cry/al4 ,& on e side ( ^! lotus lakes gem trees are gr[+1 beautiful & brilliant ) ! sev5 gems1 viz4 gold1 silv]1 b]yl1 cry/al1 r$ pe>ls1 diamonds1 & corals z ! sev5?4 ,& 9 ^? lotus lakes lotus fl[]s are gr[+1 blue1 blue-color$1 ( blue spl5dor1 blue to behold2 yell[1 yell[-color$1 ( yell[ spl5dor1 yell[ to behold2 r$1 r$-color$1 ( r$ spl5dor1 r$ to behold2 :ite1 :ite-color$1 ( :ite spl5dor1 :ite to behold2 beautiful1 beautifully-color$1 ( beautiful spl5dor1 beautiful to behold1 & 9 circumf]5ce z l>ge z ! :eel ( a *>iot4 ,& aga91 ,o ,sriputra1 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry !re are heav5ly musical in/rum5ts always play$ on & ! e>? is lovely & ( gold5 color4 ,& 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry a fl[]-ra9 ( heav5ly ,mndrava blossoms p\rs d[n ?ree times e day1 & ?ree times e night4 ,& ! be+s :o are born !re wor%ip be=e _! morn+ meal7#adg7 a hundr$ ?\s& ,kotis ( ,buddhas by go+ to o!r worlds2 & hav+ %[]$ a hundr$ ?\s& ( ,kotis ( fl[]s ^u ea* ,ta?gata1 !y return to _! own _w 9 "t = ! aft]noon re/47#adh7 ,) su* arrays ( excell5ces peculi> to a ,buddha-c\ntry is t ,buddha-c\ntry adorn$4 ,& aga91 ,o ,sriputra1 !re are 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry swans1 curlews17#adi7 & peacocks4 ,?ree times e night1 & ?ree times e day1 !y come toge!r & p]=m a conc]t1 ea* utt]+ 8 own note4 ,& f !m ?us utt]+ proce$s a s\nd proclaim+ ! five virtues1 ! five p[]s1 & ! sev5 /eps lead+ t[>ds ! highe/ k47#aej7 ,:5 ! m5 !re he> t s\nd1 remembrance ( ,buddha1 remembrance ( ! ,law1 remembrance ( ! ,assembly1 rises 9 _! m9d4 ,n[1 d y ?9k1 ,o ,sriputra1 t ^! are be+s :o h ent]$ into ! nature ( animals 7birds1 etc478 ,?is is n to be ?\ght (4 ,! v "n ( hells is unkn[n 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry1 & likewise t ( 7desc5t into7 animal natures & ( ! realm ( ,yama 7! f\r apyas747#aea7 ,no1 ^! tribes ( birds h be5 made on purpose by ! ,ta?gata ,amityus1 & !y utt] ! s\nd ( ! ,law4 ,) su* arrays ( excell5ces1 etc4 ,& aga91 ,o ,sriputra1 :5 ^? r[s ( palm-trees & /r+s ( bells 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry are mov$ by ! w9d1 a sweet & enraptur+ s\nd proce$s f !m4 ,yes1 ,o ,sriputra1 z f a heav5ly musical in/rum5t consi/+ ( a hundr$ ?\s& ,kotis ( s\nds1 :5 play$ by ryas1 a sweet & enraptur+ s\nd proce$s1 a sweet & enraptur+ s\nd proce$s f ^? r[s ( palm-trees & /r+s ( bells mov$ by ! w9d4 ,& :5 ! m5 he> t s\nd1 reflection on ,buddha arises 9 _! body1 reflection on ! ,law1 reflection on ! ,assembly4 ,) su* arrays ( excell5ces1 etc4 ,n[ :at d y ?9k1 ,o ,sriputra1 = :at reason is t ,ta?gata call$ ,amityus8 ,! l5g? ( life 7yus71 ,o ,sriputra1 ( t ,ta?gata & ( ^? m5 !re is immeasurable 7amita74 ,!re=e is t ,ta?gata call$ ,amityus4 ,& t5 ,kalpas h pass$1 ,o ,sriputra1 s9ce t ,ta?gata awoke to p]fect k4 ,& :at d y ?9k1 ,o ,sriputra1 = :at reason is t ,ta?gata call$ ,amitbhs8 ,! spl5dor 7bhs71 ,o ,sriputra1 ( t ,ta?gata is unimp$$ ov] all ,buddha-c\ntries4 ,!re=e is t ,ta?gata call$ ,amitbhs4 ,& !re is1 ,o ,sriputra1 an innum]able assembly ( disciples ) t ,ta?gata1 purifi$ & v5]able p]sons1 ^: numb] x is n easy to c\nt4 ,) su* arrays ( excell5ces1 etc4 ,& aga91 ,o ,sriputra1 ( ^? be+s also :o are born 9 ! ,buddha-c\ntry ( ! ,ta?gata ,amityus z purifi$ ,bodhisattvas1 nev] to return aga9 & b\nd by "o bir? only1 ( ^? ,bodhisattvas also1 ,o ,sriputra1 ! numb] is n easy to c\nt1 except !y are reckon$ z inf9ite 9 numb]47#aeb7 ,!n aga9 all be+s1 ,o ,sriputra1 ought to make f]v5t pray] = t ,buddha-c\ntry4 ,& :y8 ,because !y come toge!r !re ) su* excell5t m54 ,be+s are n born 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry ( ! ,ta?gata ,amityus z a rew>d & result ( good works p]=m$ 9 ?is pres5t life47#aec7 ,no1 :atev] son or daught] ( a family %all he> ! "n ( ! bless$ ,amityus1 ! ,ta?gata1 & hav+ he>d x1 %all keep x 9 m9d1 & ) ?\ghts undi/urb$ %all keep x 9 m9d = "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six1 or sev5 nights1 t son or daught] ( a family1 :5 he or %e comes to die1 !n t ,amityus1 ! ,ta?gata1 surr\nd$ by an assembly ( disciples & foll[$ by a ho/ ( ,bodhisattvas1 w /& be=e !m at _! h\r ( dea?1 & !y w dep>t ?is life ) tranquil m9ds4 ,aft] _! dea? !y w be born 9 ! _w ,sukhavat1 9 ! ,buddha-c\ntry ( ! same ,amityus1 ! ,ta?gata4 ,!re=e1 !n1 ,o ,sriputra1 hav+ p]ceiv$ ?is cause & effect17#aed7 ,i ) rev]5ce say ?us1 ,e son & e daught] ( a family ought to make ) _! :ole m9d f]v5t pray] = t ,buddha-c\ntry4 ,& n[1 ,o ,sriputra1 z ,i "h at pres5t glorify t _w1 ?us 9 ! ,ea/1 ,o ,sriputra1 o!r bless$ ,buddhas1 l$ by ! ,ta?gata ,ak%obhya1 ! ,ta?gata ,m]udhvaga1 ! ,ta?gata ,mahm]u1 ! ,ta?gata ,m]uprabhsa1 & ! ,ta?gata ,magudhvaga1 equal 9 numb] to ! s& ( ! riv] ,gang1 compreh5d _! own ,buddha-c\ntries 9 _! spee*1 & !n reveal !m47#aee7 ,accept ?is repetition ( ! ,law1 call$ ! 8,favor ( all ,buddhas10 :i* magnifies _! inconceivable excell5ces4 ,?us also 9 ! ,s\?1 d o!r bless$ ,buddhas1 l$ by ! ,ta?gata ,k&rasryapradpa1 ! ,ta?gata ,yasahprabha1 ! ,ta?gata ,mahrkisk&ha1 ! ,ta?gata ,m]upradpa1 ! ,ta?gata ,anantavrya1 equal 9 numb] to ! s& ( ! riv] ,gang1 compreh5d _! own ,buddha-c\ntries 9 _! spee*1 & !n reveal !m4 ,accept1 etc4 ,?us also 9 ! ,we/ d o!r bless$ ,buddhas1 l$ by ! ,ta?gata ,amityus1 ! ,ta?gata ,amitask&ha1 ! ,ta?gata ,amitadhvaga1 ! ,ta?gata ,mahprabha1 ! ,ta?gata ,mahratnaketu1 ! ,ta?agata ,suddh>asmiprabha1 equal 9 numb] to ! s& ( ! riv] ,gang1 compreh5d1 etc4 ,?us also 9 ! ,nor? d o!r bless$ ,buddhas1 l$ by ! ,ta?gata ,mahrkisk&ha1 ! ,ta?gata ,vaisvn>anirgho%a1 ! ,ta?gata ,dundubhisv>anirgho%a1 ! ,ta?gata ,du%pradh>%a1 ! ,ta?gata dityasambhava1 ! ,ta?gata ,gal5iprabha 7,gvalanaprabha871 ! ,ta?gata ,prabhk>a1 equal 9 numb] to ! s&1 etc4 ,?us also 9 ! ,nadir d o!r bless$ ,buddhas1 l$ by ! ,ta?gata ,simha1 ! ,ta?gata ,yasz1 ! ,ta?gata ,yasahprabhva1 ! ,ta?gata ,dh>ma1 ! ,ta?gata ,dh>madh>a1 ! ,ta?gata ,dh>madhvaga1 equal 9 numb] to ! s&1 etc4 ,?us also 9 ! ,z5i? d o!r bless$ ,buddhas1 l$ by ! ,ta?gata ,brahmagho%a1 ! ,ta?gata ,nak%atr>ga1 ! ,ta?gata ,indraketudhvagarga1 ! ,ta?gata ,g&hottama1 ! ,ta?gata ,g&haprabhsa1 ! ,ta?gata ,mahrkisk&ha1 ! ,ta?gata ,ratnakusumasampu%pitagtra1 ! ,ta?gata ,sl5dr>ga1 ! ,ta?gata ,ratnotpalasri1 ! ,ta?gata ,s>vd>sa1 ! ,ta?gata ,sum]ukalpa1 equal 9 numb] to ! s&1 etc47#aef7 ,n[ :at d y ?9k1 ,o ,sriputra1 = :at reason is t repetition ( ! ,law call$ ! ,favor ( all ,buddhas8 ,e son or daught] ( a family :o %all he> ! "n ( t repetition ( ! ,law & reta9 9 _! memory ! names ( ^? bless$ ,buddhas1 w all be favor$ by ! ,buddhas1 & w nev] return aga91 be+ once 9 possession ( ! transc5d5t true k4 ,!re=e1 !n1 ,o ,sriputra1 believe17#aeg7 accept1 & long = me & ^? bless$ ,buddhas6 ,:atev] sons or daught]s ( a family %all make m5tal pray] = ! ,buddha-c\ntry ( t bless$ ,amityus1 ! ,ta?gata1 or are mak+ x n[ or h made x =m]ly1 all ^! w nev] return aga91 be+ once 9 possession ( ! transc5d5t true k4 ,!y w be born 9 t ,buddha-c\ntry1 h be5 born1 or are be+ born n[4 ,!re=e1 !n1 ,o ,sriputra1 m5tal pray] is to be made = t ,buddha-c\ntry by fai?ful sons & daught]s ( a family4 ,& z ,i at pres5t magnify "h ! inconceivable excell5ces ( ^? bless$ ,buddhas1 ?us1 ,o ,sriputra1 d ^? bless$ ,buddhas magnify my own inconceivable excell5ces4 ,a v difficult "w has be5 done by ,skyamuni1 ! sov]eign ( ! ,skyas4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! transc5d5t true k 9 ?is _w ,saha1 he taught ! ,law :i* all ! _w is reluctant to accept1 dur+ ?is corruption ( ! pres5t ,kalpa1 dur+ ?is corruption ( mank9d1 dur+ ?is corruption ( belief1 dur+ ?is corruption ( life1 dur+ ?is corruption ( passions4 ,?is is ev5 = me1 ,o ,sriputra1 an extremely difficult "w t1 hav+ obta9$ ! transc5d5t true k 9 ?is _w ,saha1 ,i taught ! ,law :i* all ! _w is reluctant to accept1 dur+ ?is corruption ( mank9d1 ( belief1 ( passion1 ( life1 & ( ?is pres5t ,kalpa4 ,?us spoke ,bhagavat joyful 9 8 m9d4 ,& ! honorable ,sriputra1 & ! ,bhik%us & ,bodhisattvas1 & ! :ole _w ) ! gods1 m51 evil spirits1 & g5ii1 applaud$ ! spee* ( ,bhagavat47#aeh7 ,?is is ! ,mahynastra call$ ,sukhavatvyha4 ,?is ,stra s\nds to u1 no d\bt1 v diff]5t f ! orig9al tea*+ ( ,buddha4 ,& s x is4 ,nev]!less x is ! mo/ popul> & mo/ widely read ,stra 9 ,japan1 & ! :ole religion ( ! great mass ( ! p may be said to be f\nd$ on x4 8,repeat ! "n ( ,amitbha z (t5 z y c1 repeat x p>ticul>ly 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 & y w g /raight to ,sukhavat & be happy =ev]20 ?is is :at ,japanese ,buddhi/s are ask$ to believe3 ?is is :at !y are told 0 ! tea*+ ( ,buddha4 ,!re is "o passage 9 our ,stra :i* seems ev5 to be po9t$ly direct$ aga9/ ! orig9al tea*+ ( ,buddha4 ,buddha taught t z a man s[e? s %all he reap1 & t by a /ock ( good works accumulat$ on e>? ! way is op5$ to high] k & high] bliss4 ,our ,stra says ,no2 n by good works done on e>?1 b by a m]e repetition ( ! "n ( ,amitbha is an entrance ga9$ into ! l& ( bliss4 ,?is is no bett] ?an :at lat] ,brahmanism tea*es1 viz4 8,repeat ! "n ( ,h>i or ( ,kri%na1 & y w be sav$40 ,x is no bett] ?an :at ev5 "s ,*ri/ian tea*]s are report$ to tea*4 ,x may be t 9 a l[] /age ( civilization ev5 su* tea*+ has produc$ "s k9d ( good47#aei7 ,b ,japan is surely ripe = bett] ?+s4 ,:at ! wor%ip ( ,amitbha may lead to we c le>n f a description giv5 by ,dr4 ,edk9s 9 8 8,trip to ,n+-po & ,t'hen-t'hae40 8,! next ?+10 he writes1 8%[n to u 0 ! prison1 9 :i* ab\t a doz5 prie/s _h all[$ !mselves to be %ut up = a numb] ( mon?s or ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y 7 to occupy !mselves 9 repeat+ ! "n ( ,amida ,buddha17#afj7 day & night1 )\t int]mission4 ,dur+ ! day ! :ole numb] 7 to be ?us engag$2 & dur+ ! night !y took x by turns1 & divid$ !mselves into wat*es1 s z to insure ! keep+ up ( ! "w till morn+4 ,we ask$ :5 !y 7 to be let out4 ,to :i* x 0 repli$1 t !y might be lib]at$ at _! own reque/1 b n be=e !y _h sp5t sev]al mon?s 9 seclusion4 ,we inquir$ :at c\ld be ! use ( su* an endless repetition ( ! "n ( ,buddha4 ,to :i* x 0 answ]$1 t ! con/ant repetition ( ! sacr$ "n _h a t5d5cy to purify ! he>t1 to dead5 ! affections t[>ds ! pres5t _w1 & to prep>e !m = ! /ate ( ,nirvna4 ,x 0 fur!r ask$ :e!r ,buddha 0 likely to be pleas$ ) su* an endless repetition ( 8 "n4 ,to :i* x 0 answ]$1 t 9 ! ,we/]n _w x 0 consid]$ a m>k ( respect to repeat ! "n ( any "o :om we delight$ to honor4 ,! recluses seem$ mo/ ( !m "y m52 "s ( :om came out to ! b>s ( _! cage to look at ! /rang]s1 b kept on repeat+ ! "n ( ,buddha z !y /ood !re4 ,x appe>$ to u t no?+ 0 m calculat$ to produce idiocy ?an su* a p]petual repetition ( a s+le "n1 & ! /upid appe>ance ( _m ( ! prie/s :om we h se5 seems to h be5 induc$ by "s su* process40 ,is x n high "t t ! millions :o live 9 ,japan1 & pr(ess a fai? 9 ,buddha1 %\ld be told t ?is doctr9e ( ,amitbha & all ! ,mahyna doctr9e is a second>y =m ( ,buddhism1 a corruption ( ! pure doctr9e ( ! ,royal ,pr9ce1 & t if !y really mean to be ,buddhi/s1 !y %\ld return to ! words ( ,buddha1 z !y are pres]v$ to u 9 ! old ,stras8 ,in/ead ( dep5d+1 z !y n[ d1 on ,*9ese translations1 n always accurate1 ( degrad$ & degrad+ ,mahyna tracts1 :y %\ld !y n h ,japanese translations ( ! be/ portions ( ,buddha's real doctr9e1 :i* w\ld elevate _! "*1 & give !m a religion ( :i* !y ne$ n be a%am$8 ,!re are ,*9ese translations ( "s ( ! bett] portions ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s ( ,buddhism4 ,!y exi/ 9 ,japan too1 z may be se5 9 t magnific5t collection ( ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka :i* 0 s5t f ,japan z a pres5t to ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 & ( :i* ,mr4 ,beal has giv5 u a v useful ,catalogue4 ,b !y are evid5tly f> less consid]$ 9 ,japan ?an ! silly & ! mis*iev\s /ories ( ,amitbha & 8 ,p>adise1 & ^? :i* ,i "k f translations are f> f correct4 ,i hope t ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio & ,mr4 ,kasaw>a1 if !y dilig5tly cont9ue _! /udy ( ,sanskrit & ,pli1 w be able to d a really great & good "w1 aft] _! return to ,japan4 ,& if m "y ,buddhi/ prie/s are com+ ov]1 ,i %all always1 s f> z my o!r occupations all[ x1 be glad to tea* !m1 & to help !m 9 _! unselfi% "w4 ,!re is a great future 9 /ore1 ,i believe1 = ^? ,ea/]n ,isl&s1 :i* h be5 call$ prophetically 8! ,engl& ( ! ,ea/10 & to purify & re=m _! religion--t is1 to br+ x back to its orig9al =m--is a "w t mu/ be done be=e any?+ else c be attempt$4 ,9 return1 ,i hope t !y & _! fri5ds 9 ,japan1 & 9 ,corea & ,*9a too1 w d all !y c to discov]1 if possible1 "s m ( ! anci5t ,sanskrit texts1 & s5d !m ov] to u4 ,a beg9n+1 at all ev5ts1 has be5 made1 & if ! memb]s ( ?is ,society :o h fri5ds 9 ,*9a or 9 ,japan w help1 if ,h4 ,e4 ! ,japanese ,m9i/]1 ,mori ,ar9ori1 :o has honor$ u by 8 pres5ce today1 w l5d u 8 p[]ful assi/ance1 ,i h little d\bt t ! dream :i* pass$ be=e ! m9d ( y\r late ,presid5t may /ill become a reality1 & t "s ( ! ,,mss4 :i*1 beg9n+ ) ! beg9n+ ( our era1 7 c>ri$ f ,india to ,*9a1 ,corea1 & ,japan1 may return to u1 :e!r 9 ! orig9al or 9 copies1 l ! "o s5t to me by ,mr4 ,%untai ,i%ikawa4 ,) ! help ( su* ,,mss4 we %all be able all ! bett] to %[ to ^? devot$ /ud5ts :o f ! extreme ,ea/ h come to ! extreme ,we/ 9 ord] to le>n to read _! sacr$ writ+s 9 ! orig9al ,sanskrit or ,pli1 :at diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! simple tea*+ ( ,buddha & ! lat] developm5ts & corruptions ( ,buddhism4 ,buddha himself1 ,i feel conv9c$1 nev] knew ev5 ! names ( ,amitbha1 ,avalokitesv>a1 or ,sukhavat4 ,!n1 h[ c a nation call itself ,buddhi/ ^: religion consi/s *iefly 9 a belief 9 a div9e ,amitbha & 8 son ,avalokitesv>a1 & 9 a hope ( et]nal life 9 ! p>adise ( ,sukhavat8 ,,po/script3 ,ox=d1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahhj4 ,! hope :i* ,i express$ 9 my pap] on 8,sanskrit ,texts discov]$ 9 ,japan10 viz4 t o!r ,sanskrit texts might /ill come to light 9 ,japan or ,*9a1 has be5 fulfill$ soon] ?an ,i expect$4 ,mr4 ,a ,wylie wrote to me on ,m>* #c t he _h br\ght a numb] ( ,sanskrit-,*9ese books f ,japan1 & he aft]w>ds k9dly s5t !m to me to exam9e4 ,!y 7 ( ! same appe>ance & "* z ! diction>y :i* ,dr4 ,edk9s _h l5t me1 & ! ,sukhavat-vyha :i* ,i _h receiv$ f ,japan4 ,b ) ! exception ( a collection ( invocations1 call$ ! ,vagra-stra1 & ! %ort ,prag-hridaya-stra1 !y conta9$ no cont9u\s texts4 ,! books 7 int5d$ to tea* ! ,sanskrit alphabet1 & e possible & impossible comb9ation ( ! ,devang> lett]s1 & t 0 all4 ,/ill1 s l>ge a numb] ( books writt5 to tea* ! ,sanskrit alphabet augurs well = ! exi/5ce ( ,sanskrit texts4 ,!re 0 among ,mr4 ,wylie's books a second ,*9ese-,sanskrit-,japanese vocabul>y1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,kasaw>a has giv5 me ! foll[+ acc\nt3 8,?is vocabul>y is call$ #8,a ,?\s& ,sanskrit & ,*9ese ,words' & x is said to h be5 arrang$ by ,i-ts+1 :o left ,*9a = ,india 9 #fga1 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft] ,hi\5-?sang's return to ,*9a1 & :o is be/ kn[n z ! au?or ( a book call$ ,nanhae-ki-kwei-kou'en1 on ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,indian ,buddhi/s at t "t4 8,?is vocabul>y 0 br\ght f ,*9a to ,japan by ,zikaku1 a ,japanese prie/1 :o w5t to ,*9a 9 #hch & return$ 9 #hdg4 ,x is /at$ at ! end ( ! book1 t 9 ! ye> #hhd a ,japanese prie/ ( ! "n ( ,rioyiu copi$ t vocabul>y f a text belong+ to ano!r prie/1 ,ykai4 ,! edition br\ght f ,japan by ,mr4 ,wylie 0 publi%$ !re 9 ! ye> #agbg by a prie/ call$ ,jakumio40 ,! foll[+ curi\s passage occurs 9 ! preface ( ,jakumio's edition3 8,?is vocabul>y is g5]ally call$ #8,"o ,?\s& ,sanskrit & ,*9ese ,words4' ,x is /at$ 9 ,ann5's "w1 t ?is 0 fir/ br\ght 7f ,*9a7 by ,zikaku4 ,i h correct$ sev]al mi/akes 9 ?is vocabul>y1 comp>+ _m copies2 yet ! pres5t edition is n free f blund]s2 ,i hope ! read]s w correct !m1 if !y h bett] copies4 8,9 ! temple ,hriuji1 9 ,yamato1 !re are treasur$ ,pragpramithridayastram1 & ,son-%io-dhrani1 writt5 on two palm leaves1 h&$ d[n f ,c5tral ,india2 &1 at ! end ( ^!1 f\rte5 lett]s ( ! #8siddha' are writt54 ,9 ! pres5t edition ( ! vocabul>y ! alphabet is 9 imitation ( t ( ! palm leaves1 except su* =ms ( lett]s z _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? preval5t among ! scriv5]s at ! pres5t day4 8,hriuji is "o ( elev5 temples f\nd$ by ! pr9ce ,umayado 7:o di$ ,a4 ,d4 #fba74 ,?is temple is at a t[n nam$ ,tatsuta1 9 ! prov9ce ,yamato1 ne> ,kioto1 ! we/]n capital40 ,"h1 !n1 we h cle> evid5ce t 9 ! ye> #agbg palm leaves conta9+ ! text ( ,sanskrit ,stras 7 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,hriuji4 ,if t temple is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 might n "s ,buddhi/ prie/ ( ,kioto1 ! we/]n capital ( ,japan1 be induc$ to g !re to see :e!r ! palm leaves are /ill !re1 &1 if !y are1 to make a copy & s5d x to ,ox=d8 ,f4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,second ,,po/script3 ,ox=d1 ,augu/ #b1 #ahhj4 ,at ! end ( my pap] on 8,sanskrit ,texts 9 ,japan0 ,i m5tion$ 9 a po/script 7,m>* #aj7 t ,i _h receiv$ f ,mr4 ,wylie a copy ( a vocabul>y call$ 8,a ,?\s& ,sanskrit & ,*9ese ,words10 compil$ by ,i-ts+1 ab\t #gjj ,a4 ,d41 & br\ght to ,japan by ,zikaku1 a ,japanese prie/1 9 #hdg ,a4 ,d4 ,! edition ( ?is vocabul>y :i* ,mr4 ,wylie b\ght 9 ,japan 0 publi%$ by ,jakumio 9 #agbg1 & 9 ! preface ! editor says3 8,9 ! temple ,hriuji1 9 ,yamato1 !re are treasur$ ,pragpramithridaya-stram & ,son%io-dhran1 writt5 on two palm leaves1 h&$ d[n1 f ,c5tral ,india40 ,hriuji is "o ( elev5 temples f\nd$ by ,pr9ce ,umayado1 :o di$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fba4 ,?is temple is 9 a t[n nam$ ,tatsuta1 9 ! prov9ce ,yamato1 ne> ,kioto1 ! we/]n capital4 ,i end$ my article ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,"h1 !n1 we h cle> evid5ce t 9 ! ye> #agbg palm leaves conta9+ ! text ( ,sanskrit ,stras 7 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,hriuji4 ,if t temple is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 might n "s ,buddhi/ prie/ ( ,kioto1 ! we/]n capital ( ,japan1 be induc$ to g !re to see :e!r ! palm leaves are /ill !re1 &1 if !y are1 to make a copy & s5d x to ,ox=d80 ,soon] ?an expect$ ?is wi% ( m9e has be5 fulfill$4 ,on ,april #bh ,mr4 ,%igefuyu ,kurih>a1 ( ,kioto1 a fri5d ( "o ( my ,sanskrit pupils1 ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio1 :o = "s ye>s _h himself tak5 an int]e/ 9 ,sanskrit1 w5t to ! temple or mona/]y ( ,hriuji to inquire :e!r any old ,sanskrit ,,mss4 7 /ill pres]v$ !re4 ,he 0 told t ! prie/s ( ! mona/]y _h rec5tly surr5d]$ _! valuables to ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 & t ! anci5t palm leaves _h be5 pres5t$ to ! emp]or4 ,9 a *ronicle kept at ! mona/]y ( ,hriuji x is /at$ t ^! palm leaves & o!r valuables 7 br\ght by ,ono ,imoko1 a reta9] ( ! ,mikado 7! ,empress ,suiko71 f ,*9a 7dur+ ! ,sui dyna/y1 #ehi-fah7 to ,japan1 9 ! ?irty-sev5? ye> ( ! age ( ,pr9ce ,umayado--i4 e41 ,a4 ,d4 #fji4 ,! o!r valuable articles 73 #a4 ,ni1 i4 e41 a cymbal us$ 9 ,buddhi/ temples2 #b4 ,midzu-game1 a wat] vessel2 #c4 ,%aku-jio1 a /aff1 ! top ( :i* is arm$ ) metal r+s1 z c>ri$ by ,buddhi/ prie/s2 #d4 ,kesa 7,ka%ya71 a sc>f1 worn by ,buddhi/ prie/s across ! %\ld]1 :i* belong$ to ! fam\s ,bodhidh>ma2 #e4 ,haki1 a b[l1 giv5 by ! same ,bodhidh>ma4 ,^! ?+s & ! ,sanskrit ,,mss4 are said to h belong$ to "s ,*9ese prie/s1 nam$ ,hwui-sz' 7,ye%i7 & ,ni5-%an 7,n5z571 & to f\r o!rs successively1 :o liv$ 9 a mona/]y on ! m\nta9 call$ ,nan-yo 7,nangak71 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hng 7,k7 9 ,*9a4 ,^! palm-leaf ,,mss4 may1 !re=e1 be suppos$ to date f at lea/ ! six? c5tury ,a4 ,d41 & be1 9 fact1 ! olde/ ,sanskrit ,,mss4 n[ 9 exi/5ce47#afa7 ,may we n hope t ,8 ,excell5cy ,mori ,ar9ori1 :o express$ s w>m an int]e/ 9 ?is matt] :5 he 0 pres5t at ! meet+ ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 w n[ l5d u 8 p[]ful aid1 & reque/ ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\sehold to all[ ^! ,,mss4 to be c>efully copi$ or photograph$8 ,,index4 ,academic fre$om n )\t dang]s1 #ci4 ,adams1 ,h4 ,c41 quot$1 #be4 ,alphabet1 phonetic1 table (1 #aej2 read+ accord+ to1 #aea sq4 ,amyot1 quot$1 #aca4 ,analogies1 false1 9 comp>ative !ology1 #ih sq4 ,anaxagoras1 quot$1 #ef4 ,anglo-,saxon names = ! days ( ! week1 #aah4 ,apo/les1 ,!1 read ! ,v$a1 #abg4 ,ar*bi%ops h no (ficial position 9 ,engli% univ]sities1 #h4 ,ari/otle1 disrespectful rem>ks ab\t1 #ch2 quot$1 #ef4 ,babylonian sy/em ( divid+ gold & silv] /ill f\nd 9 ! ,engli% sov]eign1 #ai2 ( reckon+ "t f\nd on ! dial-plates ( our clocks1 #ai4 ,bev]idge1 ,bi%op1 quot$1 #cj4 ,bo*>t1 quot$1 #ih4 ,brackett1 ,a4 ,c41 quot$1 #hh4 ,budha1 day (1 #aba4 -- & ,buddha1 di/9ction betwe51 #aae1 #aai4 ,buddha1 a p]sonal & hi/orical "*1 #abb2 repetition ( 8 "n m]itori\s1 #bce4 ,buddhism1 :5 recogniz$ 9 ,*9a1 #aia sq42 ,japan conv]t$ to1 #bac2 & ,sc&9avian my?ology1 connection betwe51 #aac sq41 #abb4 ,buhl]1 ,dr41 quot$1 #bjh4 ,burn\f1 quot$1 #aab4 ,cassius1 ,dio1 quot$1 #aah4 ,*9ese translators ( ,sanskrit texts1 #ahi4 ,*ri/ian religion1 hi/orical & individual1 #fb4 ,cic]o1 quot$1 #gb4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 quot$1 #eh1 #fa4 ,clodd1 ,e41 quot$1 #hd4 ,co9cid5ces betwe5 ,jewi% & ,pagan religi\s1 #ih sq4 ,colb\rne1 ,wm41 quot$1 #aec4 ,c\nt+ possible )\t language1 #fg4 ,daphne1 mean+ (1 #hb4 ,davids ,rhys1 quot$1 #af4 ,diction>ies1 value (1 #ag4 ,dogmatic tea*+1 evil (1 #ca4 ,don>1 #abj4 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 quot$1 #i4 ,duhit>1 a ,sanskrit ^w = daught]1 #ag4 ,dyaus1 #aba4 ,edk9s1 ,dr41 quot$1 #bje4 ,education1 academic1 #bh2 elem5t>y1 #bc2 s*ola/ic1 #bd2 9 ! beg9n+ purely dogmatic1 #bb2 compulsory1 m>k ( a new era1 #ba2 dang]s ( compulsory1 #bb4 ,ellis1 quot$1 #aaa sq4 ,ellis1 ,a4 ,j41 quot$1 #aee sq4 ,emp$okles1 quot$1 #ef1 #fe4 ,engli%1 society1 intol]ance (1 #g4 -- univ]sities describ$1 #aj2 too little ( academic fre$om 91 #dj4 -- names = ! days ( ! week1 #aah4 -- writt5 9 hi]oglyphics1 #ag sq4 -- spell+1 a national mis=tune1 #bb4 -- pres5t numb] ( speak+1 #ach2 future numb] ( speak+1 #ach4 ,epi*>mos1 quot$1 #ee4 ,esquimaux1 tale among !1 quot$1 #hc sq4 ,e/honian tale1 quot$1 #hf sq4 ,exam9ations1 good1 to be rew>d$ by honor1 #dd2 a means to asc]ta9 h[ pupils h be5 taught1 #dc2 /rong feel+ aga9/1 #db sq4 ,f]gusson1 ,jas41 quot$1 #aac sq4 ,figures1 our1 receiv$ f ! ,arabs1 #bj4 ,=g]ies 9 ,sanskrit ,,mss41 #aji4 ,fre$om1 address on1 #a sq42 ( ?\ght1 mean+ (1 #c4 ,free?9k]s1 a title ( honor1 #f4 ,fr5*1 names = ! days ( ! week1 #aah2 pres5t numb] ( speak+1 #acg2 future numb] ( speak+1 #ach4 ,freyja1 day (1 #abj4 ,friday1 #abj4 ,g5us & ,species1 mean+ (1 #cb sq4 ,g]man names = ! days ( ! week1 #aai4 -- ,middle-,high1 names = ! days ( ! week1 #aai4 -- ,old-,high1 names = ! days ( ! week1 #aai4 -- pres5t numb] ( speak+1 #ach2 future numb] ( speak+1 #ach4 -- ,univ]sities1 h[ mu* "t sp5t 9 lectur+ 91 #ci4 ,gramm>s1 ,lat9 & ,greek1 defici5cies (1 #bf4 ,greek & ,roman classics n read en\gh1 #be4 ,greek philosophy1 its developm5t *iefly due to ! abs5ce ( an e/abli%$ religion & influ5tial prie/hood1 #fc2 religion1 national & traditional1 #fb4 ,gutzlaff1 quot$1 #bje4 ,haekel1 quot$1 #ahb4 ,hall1 ,newman1 quot$1 #aed4 ,helios1 mean+ (1 #hj4 ,helmholtz1 quot$1 #g1 #dj4 ,h]akleitos1 quot$1 #eh4 ,h]$ity1 mean+ (1 #ad sq4 ,h]odotus1 quot$1 #eh4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 quot$1 #gd sq4 ,h]z51 quot$1 #d4 ,hillebr&1 quot$1 #i4 ,hipp>*us1 a ,greek a/ronom]1 #ai4 ,hobbes1 ref]r$ to1 #c1 #cb4 ,holwell1 quot$1 #ajb4 ,hom]1 quot$1 #ga1 #gi2 condemn$ by ,plato1 #ei2 8 s\l hang+ 9 ,hades on a tree1 #eh4 ,hott5tot fables quot$1 #he sq4 ,huet1 quot$1 #ii4 ,indians ( ,nic>agua1 quotation f a comp5dium ( ! !ology (1 #gj4 ,individualism1 :at8 #d4 ,individuality1 pr9ciple (1 suff]+ m n[ ?an be=e1 #aa4 ,italian1 pres5t numb] ( speak+1 #acg2 future numb] ( speak+1 #ach4 ,jacolliott1 quot$ & criticis$1 #abc sq4 ,japan conv]t$ to ,buddhism1 leg5d ab\t1 #bac4 ,jehovah1 "n (1 f\nd 9 ,*9ese lit]ature1 #aca1 #acb4 ,jones1 ,sir4 ,w41 quot$1 #ajj1 #aja sq41 #ajg sq4 -- ,edu>d1 quot$1 #add sq4 ,josephus1 quot$1 #aaf sq4 ,jovis dies1 #abj4 ,juli51 ,/41 quot$1 #acb4 ,jupit]1 ! "n1 no m]e accid5t1 #ij sq42 ! ?und]]1 #abj4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 quot$1 #aag4 ,k>man1 mean+ (1 #ae sq4 ,k1 dead1 dang]\s1 #bh4 ,k-fa-lan1 works ascrib$ to him1 #aid4 ,kukai1 f\nd] ( a sect 9 ,japan1 #bad4 ,language & ?\ght insep>able1 #fg2 its influ5ce on ?\ght1 #gi4 ,lapl&1 leg5d (1 quot$1 #hh4 ,lat9 names = ! days ( ! week1 #aah4 ,m>s1 ! god ( w>1 #aba4 ,meiklejohn1 quot$1 #adg4 ,m]curii dies1 #aai1 #aba4 ,metrodorus1 quot$1 #ef4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 quot$1 #a1 #ab1 #ba2 8 plea = lib]ty decri$1 #d1 )\t reason1 #e2 8 election to ,p>liam5t a triumph1 #f4 ,milligan1 quot$1 #gf4 ,montucci1 quot$1 #acj4 ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation f\nd among ! ,tahitians1 #aaa4 ,mll]'s1 ,m41 rejo9d] to ,pr(4 ,blackie1 #ia sq4 ,my?ology1 mean+ (1 #ee1 #fd sq41 #ff2 int]e/ (1 9 our days1 #ec2 religion ( ! ,greeks1 #fa2 n[ z !re 0 9 "t ( ,hom]1 #fe2 p]vades ! sph]e ( religion & ( ?\ght1 #fi2 philosophy (1 lecture on1 #ec sq4 ,names to be submitt$ to v c>eful snuff+1 #cg4 ,nihilism1 def9$1 #d2 dang]s (1 #e4 ,nirvana1 def9ition (1 #af4 ,nom9alism1 high]1 or ,sci5ce ( ,language1 #cg4 ,od91 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,old-,norse names = ! days ( ! week1 #aah4 ,omnisci5ce to be avoid$1 #dg4 ,ori5tal tongue1 n[ spok5 9 ,europe1 #af sq4 ,ov]-exam9ations1 compla9ts aga9/1 #df4 ,p>adise4 ,see ,sukhavati4 ,phoibos1 mean+ (1 #ha2 & ,daphne1 /ory (1 #ha sq4 ,phonetic alphabet1 table (1 #aej2 read+ accord+ to1 #aea sq4 ,pione] 7an ,indian pap]71 quot$1 #aac4 ,planets1 _! names1 #aah2 us$ = ! names ( ! days ( ! week1 #aaf4 ,plato1 quot$1 #ei sq41 #gi4 ,population1 table ( suppos$ numb] ( ye>s requir$ = d\bl+ !1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 #ach4 ,portuguese1 numb] ( speak+1 #acg4 ,p[] & ,responsibility ( ,engli% ,univ]sities1 #aj4 ,psy*e1 mean+ (1 #fi1 #gb4 ,public op9ion1 #aa1 #ab4 ,religions1 division (1 #fb4 ,remusat quot$1 #aca4 ,russian1 numb] ( speak+1 #ach2 society describ$1 #d4 ,sabba? m5tion$ by ,roman & ,greek writ]s1 #aag sq4 ,sanskrit names = ! days ( ! week1 #aah4 -- ,,mss41 mat]ials on :i* !y 7 writt51 #bjf sq42 se>*$ = 9 ,*9a1 #bjc sq42 9 ,japan1 #baj2 texts discov]$ 9 ,japan1 #aha sq42 translat$ by ,*9ese1 #ahi sq4 ,saturni dies1 #aaf sq41 #aba4 ,sc&9avian my?ology & ,buddhism1 connection betwe51 #aac sq41 #abb4 ,s*ools 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1 %ortcom+s (1 #be sq4 ,self-gov]nm5t1 dang]s (1 #aj4 ,semiphonotopy1 "n = a /yle ( spell+1 #ada2 read+ accord+ to1 #aia sq4 ,sextus ,empiricus1 quot$1 #eh4 ,sn[1 "n =1 #gg4 ,society1 human1 secret (1 #ac4 ,sokrates1 quot$1 #ef4 ,sokratic me?od1 #bd4 ,spani%1 pres5t numb] ( speak+1 #acg2 future numb] ( speak+1 #ach4 ,species & ,g5us1 mean+ (1 #cb sq4 ,spell+1 re=m (1 #acc sq41 #ace sq42 favorite subject ) ,roman s*ol>s1 #adj4 ,/ahl1 quot$1 #fi4 ,sueton1 quot$1 #aaf4 ,sukhavati-vyha1 a title ( a ,buddhi/ ,sutra1 #bad2 li/ ( ,,mss4 (1 n[ extant1 #baf sq42 translation (1 #bbj sq4 ,sukhavati1 or ,p>adise1 describ$1 #bbc sq4 ,sun1 sign or "n =1 #ge sq41 #gh4 ,sunrise1 feel+s at !1 #gd4 ,swift1 ,dean1 quot$1 #acd4 ,table ( ! names ( ! days ( ! week 9-- ,anglo-,saxon1 #aah4 ,engli%1 #aah4 ,fr5*1 #aah4 ,g]man1 #aai4 -- ,middle-,high1 #aai4 -- ,old-,high1 #aai4 ,lat91 #aah4 ,old ,norse1 #aah4 ,sanskrit1 #aah4 ,table ( ! names ( ! ,planets1 #aah1 #aai4 ,tacitus1 quot$1 #aba4 ,tea*]s to be natural exam9]s1 #dc4 ,te/am5t1 ! ,old1 acc\nts (1 f\nd 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans1 #ajj1 #ajf4 -- ,old & ,new1 f\nd 9 ! ,v$as41 #abc2 borr[$ f ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s1 #aja sq4 ,!ology1 on false analogies 9 comp>ative1 #ih sq4 ,?irlwall1 ,bi%op1 quot$1 #adc4 ,?\ght & language insep>able1 #fg4 ,?or1 #abj4 ,?un>1 #abj4 ,?ursday1 #abj4 ,tiu1 #abj4 ,tocqueville1 ,de1 ref]r$ to1 #ab4 ,tr5*1 quot$1 #afi sq4 ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 quot$1 #gj4 ,uni=mity1 dang]s (1 #ab sq4 ,univ]sities1 ,engli% & ,g]man1 comp>$1 #g sq42 diff]5ces betwe51 #i sq42 gu>dians ( fre$om ( ?\ght1 #bh2 m$ival & mod]n1 home ( free ?\ght1 #ea4 ,vak%1 ,sanskrit ^w = to gr[1 l ! ,engli% to wax1 #ag4 ,v5]is dies1 #abj4 ,vid1 ,sanskrit ^w = to "k1 l ! ,engli% to wit1 #ag4 ,virgil quot$1 #ga4 ,vosisus1 ,s4 ,j41 quot$1 #ii4 ,week1 names ( ! sev5 days ( !1 receiv$ f ! names ( ! planets1 #aaf4 ,weeks & week-days1 sy/em ( c\nt+1 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,egypt1 #aah4 ,wil=d1 quot$1 #ajf4 ,wilson1 quot$1 #ahh4 ,wodan1 day (1 #abj1 #aba4 ,wuns* or ,wi%1 "n ( ,wuotan1 #aba4 ,wuotan1 #abj4 ,x5ophanes1 on ,hom] & ,hesiod1 #eg sq4 ,zeus ,kronon1 mean+ (1 #hj1 #aba4 ,ziu1 #aba4 ,,footnotes #a ,mill tells u t 8 ,essay ,on ,lib]ty 0 plann$ & writt5 d[n 9 #ahed4 ,x 0 9 m\nt+ ! /eps ( ! ,capitol 9 ,janu>y1 #ahee1 t ! ?\ght fir/ arose ( conv]t+ x into a volume1 & x 0 n publi%$ till #ahei4 ,! au?or1 :o 9 8 ,autobiography speaks ) exquisite mode/y ( all 8 lit]>y p]=mances1 all[s himself "o s+le exception :5 speak+ ( 8 ,essay ,on ,lib]ty4 8,none ( my writ+s10 he says1 8h be5 ei!r s c>efully compos$ or s s$ul\sly correct$ z ?is40 ,its f9al revision 0 to h be5 ! "w ( ! w9t] ( #aheh to #ahei1 :i* he & 8 wife _h arrang$ to pass 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 a hope :i* 0 fru/rat$ by 8 wife's dea?4 8,! ,lib]ty10 he writes1 8is likely to survive long] ?an any?+ else t ,i h writt5 7) ! possible exception ( ! ,logic71 because ! conjunction ( h] m9d ) m9e has r5d]$ x a k9d ( philosophic text-book ( a s+le tru?1 :i* ! *anges progressively tak+ place 9 mod]n society t5d to br+ out into /rong relief3 ! importance to man & society1 ( a l>ge v>iety ( "*1 & ( giv+ full fre$om to human nature to exp& itself 9 innum]able & conflict+ directions40 #b ,h]z5 def9$ ,nihilism z 8! mo/ p]fect fre$om f all settl$ concepts1 f all inh]it$ re/ra9ts & imp$im5ts :i* hamp] ! progress ( ! ,occid5tal intellect ) ! hi/orical drag ti$ to its foot40 #c ,ueb] die ,akademis*e ,freiheit d] ,deuts*5 ,univ]sitt51 ,r$e beim ,antritt des ,rectorats an d] ,fri$ri*-,wilhelms-,univ]sitt 9 ,b]l91 am ,octob] #ae1 #ahgg1 gehalt5 von ,dr4 ,h4 ,helmholtz4 #d ,ueb] e9e ,akademie d] ,deuts*5 ,spra*e1 p4 #cd4 ,ano!r ke5 obs]v] ( ,engli% life1 ,dr4 ,k4 ,hillebr&1 9 an article 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 rem>ks3 8,n[h]e is !re great] individual lib]ty ?an 9 ,engl&1 & n[h]e d p r5\nce x m readily ( _! own accord40 #e ,sp5c] ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #cia4 #f ,sp5c] ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #ci4 #g 8,z "o g5]ation dies & gives way to ano!r1 ! heir ( ! consequ5ces ( all its virtues & all its vices1 ! exact result ( prexi/5t causes1 s ea* individual1 9 ! long *a9 ( life1 inh]its all1 ( good or evil1 :i* all its pr$ecessors h done or be51 & takes up ! /ruggle t[>ds enlight5m5t precisely :]e !y left x40 ,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 p4 #ajd4 #h ,buns51 ,egypt1 ii4 pp4 #gg1 #aej4 #i ,mmoire sur l',orig9e ,egypti5ne de l',alphabet ,phnici51 p> ,e4 de ,r\g1 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 #aj ,see ,br&is1 ,das ,mnzwes54 #aa 8,is x n almo/ a self-evid5t axiom1 t ! ,/ate %\ld require & compel ! education1 up to a c]ta9 /&>d1 ( e human be+ :o is born its citiz58 ,yet :o is !re t is n afraid to recognize & ass]t ?is tru?80 ,on ,lib]ty1 p4 #ahh4 #ab ,times1 ,janu>y #be1 #ahgi4 #ac ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 edit$ by ,m4 ,m41 vols4 i4 to ix42 ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d1 #ahgi & #ahhj4 #ad ,computation or ,logic1 t4 iii41 viii41 p4 #cf4 #ae ,lectures on ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,philosophy ( ,language10 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahgc1 p4 #bf4 #af ,prantl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,logik1 vol4 i4 p4 #aba4 #ag ,l4 ,noir1 ,pdagogis*es ,skizz5bu*1 p4 #aeg2 8,todtes ,wiss540 #ah ,mill ,on ,lib]ty1 p4 #aic4 #ai ,zell]1 ,ueb] d5 wiss5s*aftli*5 ,unt]ri*t bei d5 ,grie*51 #ahgh1 p4 #i4 #bj ,h]4 ii4 #ec1 1 1 4 #ba 4 1 4 ,sext4 ,emp4 adv4 ,ma?4 #abhi2 ix4 #aic4 4-- 1 1 1 4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 v4 p4 #fja1 c4 1 4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vii4 p4 #gaa1 ,b4 ,hi/oria ,philosophies1 ed4 ,ritt] et ,prell]1 cap4 iii4 #bb 1 4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 v4 p4 #fja1 c4 #bc ,see ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #aci4 #bd ,emp$okles1 ,c>m9a1 v4 #daa 7,fragm4 ,philos4 ,grc4 vol4 i4 p4 #ab73-- 1 2 4 #be ,daily ,life & ,orig9 ( ! ,tasmanians1 by ,j4 ,bonwick1 #ahgj1 p4 #adc4 #bf ,! ^w is cle>ly connect$ 9 ,greek ) 1 :i* meant orig9ally bl[+1 & 0 us$ ei!r 9 ! s5se ( cool+ by bl[+1 or brea?+ by bl[+4 ,9 ! =m] acceptation x produc$ 1 coldness2 1 cold2 1 ,i cool2 9 ! latt] 1 brea?1 !n life1 !n s\l4 ,s f> ! purely ,greek gr[? ( words d]iv$ f is cle>4 ,b itself is difficult4 ,x seems to po9t to a root spu1 mean+ to bl[ out1 to spit2 ,lat4 spuo1 & spuma1 foam2 ,go?1 speivan2 ,gr4 1 suppos$ to /& = 4 ,hesy*ius m5tions 1 4 7,pott1 ,etym4 ,=s*4 ,no4 #cee47 ,curtius connects ?is root ) ,gr4 1 9 1 bl[+1 bell[s1 1 to bl[1 1 to snort1 -1 to bl[1 & ) ,lat4 spir>e 7i4e4 spois>e74 ,see ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 8,! ,religion ( ,savages10 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahff1 p4 #gc4 ,/ahl1 :o reject$ ! division ( life & m9d adopt$ by ,bacon1 & return$ to ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e1 falls back on ,plato's etymology ( z 1 f or 1 ,crat4 #djj ,b4 ,9 a passage ( 8 ,!oria ,m$ica ,v]a 7,hal1 #agjh71 po9t$ out to me by ,dr4 ,rolle/on1 ,/ahl says3 8,inv5io 9 lexico grco antiquiore po/ alios1 et ,budum imprimis1 it]um it]umque reviso1 nom5claturam nimis quam fugitive allegatam2 1 poetice1 pro 4 ,incidit animo suspic>i1 an non v]um primum nom5 anim antiquissimis ,grcis fu]it hoc 1 quasi 1 e cuius vocis pronunciatione deflect5te1 uti v]e famili>it] solet vocalium1 inprimis sub acc5tibus1 fugitiva enunciatione1 s5sim natum sit - 1 d5ique ad faciliorem pronunciationem 9 locum 1 4 ,quam suspicionem fov]e mihi videtur illud1 quod vocabuli 1 pro anima1 nulla idonea analogia 9 l+ua grca occurrat2 nam qu a ducitur1 cum v]us huius et directus significatus notorie sit refrig]o1 indirectus autem magis1 spiro1 nihil c]te hc ad animam puto40 7,p4 #dd47 #bg 1 1 4 ,il4 ix4 #djh4 #bh 2 4 ,il4 xiv4 #eag4 #bi 8,t] fru/ra compressa manu effugit imago1 ,p> levibus v5tis volucrique simillima somno40 ,virg4 n4 ii4 #gib4 #cj ,see ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahff1 p4 #gd4 #ca ,im-manis1 orig9ally 8n small10 came to mean enorm\s or mon/r\s4 ,see ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1 p4 #gb seq4 #cb ,unkulunkulu2 or ! ,tradition ( ,creation z exi/+ among ! ,amazulu & o!r ,tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,callaway1 ,m4 ,d4 ,natal1 #ahfh4 ,"p ,i4 p4 #ia4 #cc ,see ,j4 ,samuelson1 ,views ( ! ,deity1 ,traditional & ,sci5tific1 p4 #add4 ,williams ,norgate1 #ahga4 #cd 8,x has already be5 impli$ t ! ,aborig9es ( ,tasmania _h acquir$ v limit$ p[]s ( ab/raction or g5]alization4 ,!y possess$ no words repres5t+ ab/ract ideas2 = ea* v>iety ( gum-tree & wattle-tree1 etc41 etc41 !y _h a "n1 b !y _h no equival5t = ! expression1 #8a tree2' nei!r c\ld !y express ab/ract qualities1 su* z h>d1 s(t1 w>m1 cold1 long1 %ort1 r\nd1 etc42 = #8h>d' !y w\ld say #8l a /one2' = #8tall' !y w\ld say #8long legs1' etc42 = #8r\nd' !y said #8l a ball1' #8l ! moon1' & s on1 usually suit+ ! action to ! ^w1 & confirm+ by "s sign ! mean+ to be und]/ood40 ,milligan1 ,vocabul>y ( ! ,dialects ( "s ( ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,tasmania1 p4 #cd4 ,hob>t ,t[n1 #ahff4 #ce ,if ,sign] ,ascoli blames me = d]iv+ ,niobe ) o!r names = sn[ f ! root snu1 in/ead ( f ! root snigh1 ?is c only be due to an ov]sight4 ,i am responsible = ! d]ivation ( ,niobe1 & = ! admission ( a second>y root snyu or nyu1 & s f> ,i may be ei!r "r or wrong4 ,b ,sign] ,ascoli ought to h kn[n t ! d]ivation ( ,go?ic sniv-s1 ,old ,high-,g]man sno1 or sn1 g54 snw-s1 ,li?uanian snga-s1 ,slav1 snjeg1 ,hib4 snea*d1 f ! root snu1 re/s on ! au?ority ( ,bopp 7,gloss>ium1 #ahdg1 s4 v4 snu2 see also ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,grammatik1 ii4 p4 #gjj74 ,he ought likewise to h kn[n t 9 #aheb ,pr(essor ,s*weiz]-,si$l]1 9 8 review ( ,btti*]'s ,arica 7,kuhn's ,zeits*rift1 i4 p4 #dgi71 _h po9t$ out t snigh may be consid]$ z a second>y root by ! side ( snu & sn 7cf4 1 2 1 2 1 74 ,! real relation ( snu to snigh _h be5 expla9$ z e>ly z #ahdb by ,b5fey1 ,wurzellexicon1 ii4 p4 #ed2 & ,signor ,ascoli 0 no d\bt aw>e ( :at ,pr(essor ,curtius _h writt5 on ! relation ( snigh to snu 7,grundzge d] ,grei*is*5 ,etymologie1 p4 #big74 ,signor ,ascoli has c]ta9ly %[n ) great] m9ut5ess ?an 8 pr$ecessors t n only ,z5d snizh & ,li?uanian snga-s1 b likewise ,go?ic snaiv-s1 ,greek 1 ,lat9 nix1 nv-is1 & n+uis1 may be d]iv$ f snigh2 b if f snigh1 a second>y developm5t ( ! root snu1 we c arrive at - & at 1 ! o!r /eps t lead on to ,niobe w rema9 j ! same4 #cf ,at ! end ( ! hymn ! poet says3-- 1 1 2 1 4 ,?is w\ld seem to imply t ! poet look$ ^u ,helios z a half-god1 almo/ z a h]o1 :o _h once liv$ on e>?4 #cg ,corss51 ,ueb] ,/eig]ungs5dung51 ,kuhn's ,zeits*rift1 iii4 p4 #bii4 #ch ,see ,select$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #cii4 #ci ,! ,*ildhood ( ! ,_w1 by ,e4 ,clodd1 p4 #fb4 #dj ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,s\? ,africa1 or ,hott5tot ,fables & ,tales1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,i4 ,bleek1 #ahfd1 p4 #fi4 ,dr4 ,!ophilus ,hahn1 ,die ,spra*e d] ,nama1 #ahgj1 p4 #ei4 ,z a curi\s co9cid5ce1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 ,sanskrit1 too1 ! ,moon is call$ sasanka1 i4 e4 8hav+ ! m>ks ( a h>e10 ! black m>ks 9 ! moon be+ tak5 = ! lik5ess ( ! h>e4 ,ano!r co9cid5ce is t ! ,namaqua ,hott5tots w n t\* h>e's fle% 7see ,sir ,james ,e4 ,alex&]'s ,exp$ition ( ,discov]y into ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfi71 because ! h>e deceiv$ m51 :ile ! ,jews ab/a9 f x1 because ! h>e is suppos$ to *ew ! cud 7,lev4 xi4 #f74 ,a simil> tradition on ! mean+ ( dea? occurs among ! ,zulus1 b z !y d n "k ( ! ,moon z a deity1 ! message t m5 are n to die1 or t !y are to die1 is s5t !re by ,unkulunkulu1 ! ance/or ( ! human race1 & ?us ! :ole /ory loses its po9t4 ,see ,dr4 ,callaway1 ,unkulunkulu1 p4 #d2 & ,gray1 ,polynesian ,my?ology1 pp4 #af-eh4 #da ,accord+ to a lett] j receiv$ f an ,e/honian lady1 mm>ik does mean ! gloam+ 9 ! language ( ! common p ( ,e/honia4 ,b]tram 7,ilmat>1 ,dorpat1 #ahgj1 p4 #bfe7 rem>ks t ,koit is ! dawn1 ,koido tht1 ! morn+-/>1 also call$ eha tht4 m>ik1 ! ord9>y "n = ! dawn1 is us$ z ! "n = ! ev5+ twilight1 or ! gloam+ 9 ! well-kn[n /ory1 publi%$ by ,fhlmann 7,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vol4 i47 ,9 ,f9ni% hmra is twilight 9 g5]al4 #db ,see ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 pp4 #aid1 #bjj4 #dc ,see my ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language 7#aj? ed471 vol4 ii4 p #dfh4 #dd ,see a mo/ int]e/+ essay1 ,le ,petit ,p\cet 7,tom ,?umb71 by ,ga/on ,p>is4 #de ,select$ ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgh3 8,"h !n we see t my?ology does n always create its own h]oes1 b t x lays hold ( real hi/ory1 & coils itself r\nd x s closely t x is difficult1 nay1 almo/ impossible1 to sep>ate ! ivy f ! oak1 ! li*5 f ! granite to :i* x cl+s4 ,& "h is a lesson :i* comp>ative my?ologi/s ought n to neglect4 ,!y are naturally b5t on expla9+ ev]y?+ t c be expla9$2 b !y %\ld be> 9 m9d t !re may be elem5ts 9 e my?ological riddle :i* resi/ etymological analysis1 = ! simple reason t _! orig9 0 n etymological1 b hi/orical40 #df ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eha4 #dg ,pr(essor ,blackie quotes ,pausanias 9 support ( ?is etymology4 ,he says3 8,! acc\nt ( ,pausanias 7viii4 #be1 #bf71 accord+ to :i* ! t]rible imp]sonation ( consci5ce1 or ! violat$ moral law1 is d]iv$ f 1 an old ,greek v]b orig9ally signify+ to be angry1 has suffici5t probability1 n to m5tion ! obvi\s analogy ( 1 ano!r "n sometimes giv5 to ! awful maids 771 f 1 an imprecation40 ,if ,pr(essor ,blackie w ref] to ,pausanias himself1 he w f9d t ! ,arcadians assign$ a v diff]5t cause to ! ang] ( ,demet]1 :i* is suppos$ to h l$ to ! =mation ( h] new "n ,er9ys4 #dh ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 i4 p4 #bgb2 ,life ( ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdj seq4 #di ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 i4 p4 #bba4 #ej ,see ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 p4 #dh4 #ea ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gill tells me t ! ,maori ^w = bone is iwi1 b he suspects a =eign orig9 = ! fable f\nd$ on x4 #eb ,tree & ,s]p5t ,wor%ip1 by ,james ,f]gusson4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,v simil> op9ions _h be5 advocat$ by ,raj5dralal ,mitra1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 #aheh 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 8,buddhism & ,od9ism1 illu/rat$ by extracts f ,pr(essor ,holmboe's ,memoir on ! ,traces du ,buddhisme en ,norvge40 ,h[ mu* mis*ief is done by op9ions ( ?is k9d :5 !y once f9d _! way into ! g5]al public1 & are support$ by names :i* c>ry weight1 may be se5 by ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,pione] 7,july #cj1 #ahgh71 a native pap] publi%$ 9 ,india4 ,"h we read t ! views ( ,holmboe1 ,raj5dralal ,mitra1 & ,f]gusson1 z to a possible connection betwe5 ,buddha & ,wodan1 betwe5 ,buddhism & ,wod5ism1 h be5 adopt$ & prea*$ by an ,engli% bi%op1 9 ord] to conv9ce 8 he>]s1 :o 7 *iefly ,buddhi/s1 t ! religion ( ! g5tle ascetic came orig9ally1 if n f ! ,nor!a/ ( ,scotl&1 at all ev5ts f ! ,saxons4 8,gotama ,buddha10 he ma9ta9$1 80 a ,saxon10 com+ f 8a ,saxon family :i* _h p5etrat$ into ,india40 ,& aga93 8,! mo/ conv9c+ pro( to u ,anglo-,indians lies 9 ! fact t ! ,purnas nam$ ,v>ada & ,matsy di/9ctly ass]t t ! ,:ite ,isl& 9 ! ,we/--mean+ ,engl&--0 kn[n 9 ,india z ,sacana1 hav+ be5 conqu]$ at a v e>ly p]iod by ! ,sacas or ,saks40 ,aft] ?is ! bi%op takes c\rage1 & says3 8,let me call y\r att5tion to ! ,pli ^w ,nibban1 call$ 9 ,sanskirt ,nirvna4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon y h ! id5tical ^w--,nabban1 mean+ #8n to h1' or #8to be )\t a ?+4' 0 #ec ,see ,buddhagho%a's ,p>ables1 translat$ by ,capta9 ,rog]s1 ) an ,introduction conta9+ ,buddha's ,dhammapada1 translat$ f ,pli1 by ,m4 ,m41 #ahgj1 p4 #aaj1 note4 #ed ,h>e1 8,on ! ,names ( ! ,days ( ! ,week0 7,philol4 ,museum1 ,nov4 #ahca72 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ,*ronologie1 p4 #agg2 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 p4 #aaa4 #ee ,a writ] 9 ! ,index objects to my repres5tation ( :at ,josephus said ) reg>d to ! obs]vance ( ! sev5? day 9 ,greek & b>b>ian t[ns4 ,he writes3-- ,,wa%+ton1 ,nov4 #i1 #ahgb4 8,! article by ,max ,mll] 9 ! ,index ( ?is week conta9s1 ,i ?9k1 "o error1 caus$ d\btless by 8 tak+ a false translation ( a passage f ,josephus in/ead ( ! orig9al4 #8,9 fact1' says ,pr(essor ,mll]1 #8,josephus 7,contra ,apion4 ii4 #ci7 0 able to say t !re 0 no t[n1 ,greek or n ,greek1 :]e ! cu/om ( obs]v+ ! sev5? day _h n spread4' ,mr4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,taylor1 9 a discussion ( ! ,sabba? "q ) ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,br[n1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahec 7,obligation ( ! ,sabba?1 p4 #abj71 gives ?is r5d]+ ( ! passage3 #8,nor is !re any:]e any city ( ! ,greeks1 nor a s+le b>b>ian nation1 :i!r ! in/itution ( ! ,hebdomade 7:i* we m>k by re/+7 has n travell$2' !n 9 a note ,mr4 ,taylor gives ! orig9al ,greek ( "p ( ! passage1 & adds3 #8,josephus does n say t ! ,greek & b>b>ian re/$1 b t we ! ,jews obs]ve x by re/4' 8,! correct$ translation only adds /r5g? to ,max ,mll]'s position 9 reg>d to ! v limit$ ext5t ( ,sabba? obs]vance 9 anci5t times2 & ,mr4 ,taylor br+s v /rong hi/orical pro( to ma9ta9 ! ass]tion 7p4 #bd7 t #8?r\gh\t all hi/ory we discov] no trace ( a ,sabba? among ! nations ( antiquity4' 0 ,x seems to me t if we read ! :ole ( ,josephus's "w1 ,on ! ,antiquity ( ! ,jews1 we _c fail to p]ceive t :at ,josephus wi%$ to %[ t[>ds ! end ( ! second book 0 t o!r nations _h copi$ or 7 try+ to copy ! ,jewi% cu/oms4 ,he says3 1 4 ,he !n says t ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s1 ?\gh app>5tly orig9al 9 _! !oretic speculations1 foll[$ ! ,jewi% laws ) reg>d to practical & moral precepts4 ,!n foll[s ?is s5t5ce3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 444 ,/&+ :]e x /&s1 ! s5t5ce ab\t ! c only mean t 8!re is no t[n ( ,greeks nor ( b>b>ians1 nor "o s+le p1 :]e ! cu/om ( ! sev5? day1 on :i* we re/1 has n spread1 & :]e fa/+s1 & light+ ( lamps1 & mu* ( :at is =bidd5 to u ) reg>d to food are n obs]v$4 ,!y try to imitate our mutual concord also1 etc40 ,hebdomas1 :i* orig9ally meant ! week1 is "h cle>ly us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! sev5? day1 & ?\gh ,josephus may exagg]ate1 :at he says is c]ta9ty 8t !re 0 no t[n1 ,greek or n ,greek1 :]e ! cu/om ( obs]v+ ! sev5? day _h n spread40 #ef ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 p4 #aah1 note4 #eg ,9 ,s+alese ,w$nesday is ,bad1 9 ,tamil ,budau4 ,see ,k5net1 9 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahgd1 p4 #ij2 ,d',alwis1 ,j\rnal ( ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahgj1 p4 #ag4 #eh ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 p4 #bgf4 #ei ,ibid4 p4 #aea4 #fj ,ibid4 p4 #abj4 #fa ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1 pp4 #acg-adh4 #fb ,ibid4 p4 #abf4 ,oski 9 ,icel&ic1 ! god ,wi%1 "o ( ! names ( ! highe/ god4 #fc ,tacit4 ,hi/4 iv4 #fd3 8,communibus ,diis et prcipuo ,deorum ,m>ti grates agimus40 #fd ,grimm1 l4 c4 p4 #adh4 #fe ,p4 #abe4 8,p\r quiconque s'e/ occup d'tudes philologiques1 ,jhova driv de ,zeus e/ facile admettre40 #ff ,/anislas ,juli51 ,le ,livre de la ,voie et de la ,v]tu4 ,p>is1 #ahdb1 p4 iv4 #fg ,montucci1 ,de /udiis s9icis4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahjh4 #fh ,see ,w4 ,e4 ,a4 ,axon's 8,! ,future ( ! ,engli% ,language10 ! 8,almana* de ,go?a10 & ,de ,c&olle's 8,hi/oire des ,sci5ces10 #ahgc4 #fi ,! pron\n x woz speld 9 eight dif]5t wayz bei ,tyndale ?ps1 hyt1 hytt1 hit1 hitt1 x1 itt1 yt1 ytt4 ,ano!r au?or speld tongue 9 ! fol[+ wayz3 tung1 tong1 tunge1 tonge1 t\nge4 ,! wprd head woz v>iopsli speld h$1 he$e1 h$e1 hefode4 ,! spel+z obay1 survay1 pray1 vail1 va91 ar (t5 uz$ = obey1 survey1 prey1 veil1 ve94 #gj ,popul> ,education--,a ,revision ( ,engli% ,spell+ a ,national ,necessity4 ,by ,e4 ,jones1 ,b4,a4 ,london1 #ahge4 #ga 8,rig-,v$a-,prtiskhya1 ,das lte/e ,lehrbu* d] ,v$is*5 ,phonetik1 ,sanskrit ,text1 mit b]setzung und ,anm]kung51 h]ausgegeb510 von ,f4 ,max ,mll]1 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 #gb ,beal1 ,travels ( ,buddhi/ ,pilgrims1 ,introd4 p4 xxi42 ,*9ese ,repository1 vol4 x4 ,no4 #c1 ,m>*1 #ahda4 #gc ,see an acc\nt ( ! ,introduction ( ,buddhism into ,*9a1 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahef1 ,augu/1 p4 #aje4 ,re*]*es sur l'orig9e des ordres religieux dans l'empire *9ois1 p> ,baz94 #gd ,/an4 ,juli51 ,pl]9s ,b\ddhi/es1 vol4 i4 p4 #bif4 #ge ,dr4 ,edk9s 9 8 ,notices ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a 7:i* un=tunately are n pag$7 says t ,indians arriv$ at ! capital ( ,*9a 9 ,%5si 9 #bag ,b4 ,c4 to propagate _! religion4 #gf ,dr4 ,edk9s1 l4 c41 /ates t ,kang-khi51 on 8 return f ! c\ntry ( ! ,get1 in=m$ ! ,emp]or ,wu-ti t he _h se5 articles ( traffic f ,%9do4 ,! comm5tator adds t ! "n is pron\nc$ ,k&o & ,t9do1 & t x is ! c\ntry ( ! b>b>ians call$ ,buddha 7sic74 #gg ,kabul or ,ko-fu is1 9 ! ,ea/]n ,han annals1 call$ a /ate ( ! ,yeh-ki4 #gh ,g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ! ,get1 b )\t suffici5t pro(4 #gi ,translat$ by ,mr4 ,bunyiu ,nanjio4 #hj ,! gold5 color or suv>nav>nat is "o ( ! ?irty-two m>ks ( a ,buddha1 recogniz$ bo? 9 ! ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn s*ools 7,burn\f1 ,lotus1 #egi74 #ha ,?is "n is writt5 9 v>i\s ways1 ,ka-%io-ma-t-giya1 ,ka-%io-ma-t1 ,%io-ma-t1 ,ka-t1 ,ma-t4 ,9 ! ,fan-i-m+-i-tsi 7vol4 iii4 fol4 #d a71 x is said 8t ,k4 0 a native ( ,c5tral ,india1 & a ,brhman by ca/e4 ,hav+ be5 invit$ by ! ,*9ese envoy1 ,tsi-y91 he came to ,*9a1 saw ! ,emp]or1 & di$ 9 ,lo-yang1 ! capital40 ,( ,k-fa-lan x is said 7l4 c4 vol4 iii4 fol4 #d7 t he 0 a native ( ,c5tral ,india1 well v]s$ 9 ,v9aya4 ,:5 invit$ to g to ,*9a1 ! ,k+ w\ld n let him dep>t4 ,he left secretly1 & arriv$ 9 ,*9a aft] ,ksyapa4 ,!y translat$ ! ,stra 9 =ty-two sections toge!r4 ,aft] ,ksyapa di$1 ,k-fa-lan translat$ five ,stras4 #hb ,see ,vasala-sutta 79 ,nipta-sutta71 v4 #bb4 #hc ,fa is ! ,buddhi/ equival5t = fri>4 #hd ,mr4 ,b4 ,nanjio in=ms me t bo? 9 ,*9a & ,japan ,buddhi/ prie/s adopt ei!r ,k1 ! la/ "* ( ,ti5-k1 ,india1 or ,%ih1 ! fir/ "* ( ,%ih-kia--i4 e4 ,skya--z _! surname4 #he ,l4 ,fe]1 ,sutra en #db articles1 p4 xxvii4 ,le ,dhammapada p> ,f4 ,h1 suivi du ,sutra en #db articles1 p> ,lon ,fe]1 #ahgh1 p4 xxiv4 #hf ,9 ,beal's ,catalogue ?is "n is spelt ,an-%i-ko1 ,an-%i-kao1 & ,ngan-%ai-ko4 #hg ,8 translations occur 9 ,beal's ,catalogue1 pp4 #ca1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj 7bis71 #da 7bis71 #db 7bis71 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #ea 7t]71 #eb 7bis71 #ed1 #gj1 #hh1 #ie 7bis74 ,9 ! ,k'ai-yu5-lu x is /at$ t he translat$ #ii works 9 #aae fascicles4 #hh ,w1 compris+ ,keh-kiang & o!r p>ts1 ) its capital 9 :at is n[ ,s-kau1 0 ! s\!rn "o ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms4 ,sun-khan 0 its fir/ sov]eign4 #hi ,! nor!rn ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms1 ) its capital latt]ly 9 ,lo-yang4 #ij ,see ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #e4 #ia ,?is "n1 ,k-f-hu1 is g5]ally re-translat$ z ,dh>m>ak%a4 ,k is ! second "* 9 ,ti5-k1 ! "n ( ,india1 & ?is "* 0 us$ z _! surname by _m ,indian prie/s :ile liv+ 9 ,*9a4 ,9 t case _! ,sanskrit names 7 mo/ly translat$ into two ,*9ese *>act]s3 z ,f1 7law dh>ma71 hu 7protection rak%a74--,b4 ,n4 #ib ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,beal 7,fahian1 p4 xxiii471 ?is ,k-f-hu1 ) ! help ( o!r ,%mans1 translat$ no less ?an #afe texts1 & among !m ! ,lalita-vi/>a 7,p\-yao-k+71 ! ,nirvna ,stra1 & ! ,suv>na-prabhsa-,stra 7#bfe-cjh74 ,! ,k'ai-yu5-lu assigns to him #bge works1 9 #ced fascicles4 #ic ,edk9s1 l4 c4 ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #ag2 #ad4 #id ,edk9s1 l4 c4 #ie ,! ,yos subdu$ ! ,fs1 & rul$ z ! dyna/y ( ! ,aft] ,kh94 #if ,see p4 #bjh4 ,he is sometimes call$ ,balasan1 or1 accord+ to ,edk9s1 ,palat'sanga1 ,baddala1 or ,dabad>a4 ,9 ! ,fan-i-m+-i-tsi 7vol4 iii4 fol4 #f7 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,buddhabhadra is giv53 8,buddhabhadra met ,kumragiva 9 ,*9a1 & :5ev] ! latt] f\nd any d\bts1 ! =m] 0 always ask$ = an explanation4 ,9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( -hsi 7#dah ,a4 ,d47 ,buddhabhadra translat$ ! ,fa-yan-k+ 9 sixty volumes40 ,?is ,stra is ! ,ta-fang-kwang-fo-fa-yan-k+1 ,buddhvatamsaka-vai-pulya-stra 7,beal's ,catalogue1 p4 #i74 ,?is translation 0 br\ght to ,japan 9 #gcf4 #ig ,! ,sang-ki-liu1 rules ( prie/hood2 i4 e4 ! ,v9aya ( ! ,mahsaghika s*ool4 #ih ,i call him ,dh>m>ak%a ,,ii41 9 ord] to prev5t a confusion :i* has be5 produc$ by id5tify+ two ,%mans :o liv$ at a di/ance ( ne>ly #bjj ye>s--! "o #bej ,a4 ,d41 ! o!r #dbj ,a4 ,d4 ,! fir/ is call$ ,k-f-hu1 :i* c be r5d]$ ,dh>m>ak%a2 ! second is call$ ,f-fng 7law-prosp]ity71 b1 if translit]at$1 he is be/ kn[n by ! names ,t#8on-mo-la-ts91 ,t#8an-mo-ts91 or ,dh>malats94 ,he 0 a native ( ,c5tral ,india1 & arriv$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! p]iod ,hi\5-%i ( ! ,ts-khu family ( ! ,nor!rn ,liang1 #dad ,a4 ,d4 ,he 0 ! contempor>y ( ,ki-mang1 :om ,mr4 ,beal places ab\t #bej ,a4 ,d41 9 ord] to make him a contempor>y ( ,dh>m>ak%a ,i4 #ii ,mung-sun di$ #dcb1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 heir1 :o lo/ 8 k+dom 9 #dci4 ,yo-khang's k+dom1 h[ev]1 0 de/roy$ by ! ,ea/]n ,ts91 at ! "t ( 8 second successor1 #dag1 n by ,mung-sun4 #ajj ,x is said 9 ! t5? ye> ( ! p]iod ,hung-%i ( ,yo-khang 7bett] hs+71 ! copy arriv$ at ,khang-an4 ,b ?is _c be1 if ,ki-mang w5t to ,india 9 #dai4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ wrong 9 ^! dates4 #aja ,! f\r ,nikyas or gamas2 cf4 ,v9ayapitaka1 vol4 i4 p4 xl4 #ajb ,sriputrbhidh>ma-s/ra2 cf4 ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #hj4 #ajc ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #cf4 #ajd ,edk9s1 l4 c4 #aje ,ibid4 #ajf ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #gg2 on p4 #bj a translation ( ! ,lankvatra is m5tion$4 #ajg ,see ,a!num1 ,augu/ #g1 #ahhj2 & infra1 p4 #cgj4 #ajh ,a long li/ ( ,sanskrit texts translat$ into ,*9ese may be f\nd 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahdi1 p4 #cec seq41 s4 t4 8,concordance ,s9ico-,samskrite d'un nombre considrable de titres d'ouvrages ,b\ddhiques1 recueillie dans un ,catalogue ,*9ois de l'an #acjf1 p> ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli540 #aji ,csoma ,krsi1 ,z4 ,res4 vol4 xx4 p4 #dah4 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahdi1 p4 #cef4 #aaj ,cf4 ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #ff4 #aaa ,! mod]n pap] 9 ,nepal is said to date f #ejj ye>s ago 7,hodgson1 ,essays74 #aab ,m4 ,m41 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #eaf4 #aac ,burnell1 ,s\? ,indian ,palography1 #b;d ed4 p4 #hd seq4 #aad ,see ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 i41 ,upani%ads1 ,introduction1 p4 lxxviii4 #aae ,dr4 ,bhl] 7,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,bombay1 #ahgg1 p4 #bi7 has ! foll[+ int]e/+ rem>ks3 8,! ,bhrga ,,mss4 are writt5 on specially-prep>$ ?9 %eets ( ! inn] b>k ( ! ,himalayan bir* 7,btula ,bhojpatr4 ,walli*71 & inv>iably 9 ,srad *>act]s4 ,! l9es run always p>allel to ! n>r[ side ( ! leaf1 & ! ,,mss4 pres5t1 !re=e1 ! appe>ance ( ,european books1 n ( ,indian ,,mss41 :i* owe _! =m to an imitation ( ! ,tlapatras4 ,! ,himlaya seems to conta9 an inexhau/ible supply ( bir* b>k1 :i* 9 ,kasmr & o!r hill c\ntries is us$ bo? in/ead ( pap] by ! %opkeep]s 9 ! baza>s1 & = l9+ ! ro(s ( h\ses 9 ord] to make !m wat]-tight4 ,x is also export$ to ,india1 :]e 9 _m places x is likewise us$ = wrapp+ up p>cels1 & plays an important "p 9 ! manufacture ( ! flexible pipe-/ems us$ by huk smok]s4 ,to give an idea ( ! quantities :i* are br\ght into ,srnag>1 ,i may m5tion t on "o s+le day ,i c\nt$ f\rte5 l>ge b>ges ) bir* b>k on ! riv]4444 ,! use ( bir* b>k = lit]>y purposes is atte/$ by ! e>lie/ classical ,sanskrit writ]s4 ,klidsa m5tions x 9 8 dramas & epics2 ,su/uta1 ,v>hamihira 7circa #ejj-eej ,a4 ,d47 "k x likewise4 ,z is ! case ) ne>ly all old cu/oms1 ! use ( bir* b>k = writ+ /ill survives 9 ,india1 ?\gh ! fact is little kn[n4 ,mantras1 :i* are worn z amulets1 are writt5 on pieces ( ,bhrga ) a%tau g&bh1 a mixture ( eight odorif]\s sub/ances--e4 g4 camphor1 s&al1 tum]ic--:i* v>y accord+ to ! deity to :i* ! writ+ is d$icat$4 ,! cu/om prevails 9 ,b5gal z well z 9 ,guj>t4 ,bir*-b>k ,,mss4 occur 9 ,orissa4 ,! ,pet]sburg ,diction>y ref]s to a passage 9 ! ,k?aka1 ! r$action ( ! ,yajurv$a =m]ly curr5t 9 ,kasmr1 :]e ! ^w ,bhrga occurs1 ?\gh x is n cle> if x is m5tion$ !re too z mat]ial = writ+ on4 ,! ,kasmirian ,p&its ass]t1 & app>5tly ) good reason1 t 9 ,kasmr all books 7 writt5 on bhrgapattras f ! e>lie/ times until aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,valley by ,akb>1 ab\t #bjj-bej ye>s ago4 ,akb> introduc$ ! manufacture ( pap]1 & ?us creat$ an indu/ry = :i* ,kasmr is n[ fam\s 9 ,india40 #aaf ,dr4 ,burnell1 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 #ahhj1 p4 #bcd1 %[s t ,kokanapura is ,kokanahlli 9 ! ,mysore t]ritory4 #aag ,beal's ,travels ( ,buddhi/ ,pilgrims1 ,introd4 p4 xlvi4 #aah ,pt]9s ,buuddhi/es1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeh4 #aai ,fausbll1 ,das>a?a-jtaka1 p4 #be4 #abj ,see1 also1 ,albiruni1 z quot$ by ,re9aud1 ,memoir sur l',inde1 p4 #cje4 #aba ,see ,lett] to ! ,times1 8,on ! ,religions ( ,japan10 ,oct4 #bj1 #ahhj4 #abb 8,le ,b\ddhisme dans l'extrme ,ori5t10 ,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,dcembre1 #ahgi4 #abc ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahga1 p4 #chf seq4 #abd ,five ( ^! translations 7 introduc$ into ,japan2 ! o!rs seem to h be5 lo/ 9 ,*9a4 ,! translations are spok5 ( z 8! five 9 exi/5ce & ! sev5 miss+40 #abe ,see p4 #aib4 #abf ,see p4 #aib4 #abg ,! ,,mss4 v>y betwe5 ,sukhavat & ,sukhvat4 #abh ,see1 also1 ,lotus de la bonne ,loi1 p4 #bfg4 #abi ,j\rnal ( ! ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahef1 p4 #cai4 #acj ,i owe ?is in=mation to ! k9dness ( ,m4 ,lon ,fe] at ,p>is4 #aca ,see ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #c;d s]ies1 vol4 iii4 p4 #caf2 vol4 iv4 p4 #bif-bih4 #acb ,j4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahff1 p4 #acf4 #acc ,j4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahff1 p4 #acf4 #acd ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #bc4 ,j4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahef1 p4 #cai4 ,beal1 ,catalogue1 p4 #gg1 m5tions also an ,amitbha-stra-upadesa-s/ra1 by ,vasub&hu1 translat$ by ,bodhiruki 7,w\-liang-%eu-k+-ye\-po-ti-%e74 ,!re is an ,amitbha-stra1 translat$ by ,*i-hi5 ( ! ,wu p]iod--i4 e4 #bbb-bhj ,a4 ,d4--m5tion$ 9 ,mr4 ,beal's ,catalogue ( ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 p4 #f4 ,! next ,stra1 :i* he calls ! ,stra ( measureless ye>s1 is no d\bt ! ,amityus-stra1 ,amityus be+ ano!r "n = ,amitbha 7,fu-%wo-w\-liang-%eu-k+1 p4 #f74 ,see1 also1 ,catalogue1 pp4 #ii1 #ajb4 ,dr4 ,edk9s also1 9 8 ,notices ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 speaks ( a translation ( 8! ,stra ( b\ndless age10 by ,fa-t'ian-pun1 a native ( ,magadha1 :o 0 assi/$ 9 8 translation by a native ( ,*9a famili> ) ,sanskrit1 ab\t #ajjj ,a4 ,d4 #ace ,srva/1 capital ( ! ,nor!rn ,kosalas1 resid5ce ( ,k+ ,pras5agx4 ,x 0 9 ru9s :5 visit$ by ,fa-hian 7init4 ,v4 ,sc472 n f> f ! mod]n ,fizabad4 ,cf4 ,burn\f1 ,introduction1 p4 #bb4 #acf ,srdha1 )1 ! ,pli saddhim4 ,did n ! frequ5t m5tion ( #a1bjj & a half 7i4 e4 #a1bej71 #a1cjj & a half 7i4 e4 #a1cej71 p]sons accompany+ ,buddha arise f a misund]/&+ ( srdha1 mean+ orig9ally 8) a half08 #acg ,abhignbhigtaih4 ,! ,japanese text reads abhigtbhgtaih--i4 e4 abhigtbhigtaih4 ,if ?is 7 kn[n to be ! correct read+1 we %\ld translate x by 8kn[n by kn[n p10 notus a viris notis--i4 e4 well-kn[n1 fam\s4 ,abhigta 9 ! s5se ( kn[n1 fam\s1 occurs 9 ,lalita-,vi/>a1 p4 #be1 & ! ,*9ese translators adopt$ t mean+ "h4 ,aga91 if we pref]r$ ! read+ abhignbhigtaih1 ?is1 too1 w\ld admit ( an intelligible r5d]+--viz4 kn[n or di/+ui%$ by ! m>ks or *>act]i/ics1 ! good qualities1 t ought to belong to a ,bhik%u4 ,b ! te*nical mean+ is 8possess$ ( a k ( ! five abhigs40 ,x w\ld be bett] 9 t case to write abhigtbhignaih1 b no ,,mss4 seem to support t read+4 ,! five abhigs or abhignas :i* an ,arhat ought to possess are ! div9e sight1 ! div9e he>+1 ! k ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 ! remembrance ( =m] exi/5ces1 & magic p[]4 ,see ,burn\f1 ,lotus1 ,app5dice1 ,no4 xiv4 ,! l>g] text ( ! ,sukhavatvyha has abhignbhigaih1 & aft]w>ds abhigtbhigaih4 ,! position ( ! p>ticiple z ! utt>a-pada 9 su* comp\nds z abhignbhigtaih is common 9 ,buddhi/ ,sanskrit4 ,mr4 ,b5dall has call$ my att5tion to ! ,pli abhita-abhita 7,v9aya-pitaka1 ed4 ,old5b]g1 vol4 i4 p4 #dc71 :i* favors ! ,*9ese acceptation ( ! t]m4 #ach ,mahsrvaka1 ! great disciples2 sometimes ! eighty pr9cipal disciples4 #aci ,arhadbhih4 ,i h left ! correct ,sanskrit =m1 because ! ,japanese text gives ! t]m9ation adbhih4 ,hg's text has ! m usual =m arhantaih4 ,! *ange ( ! old classical arhat into ! ,pli arahan1 & !n back into ,sanskrit arhanta1 arahanta1 & at la/ arihanta1 ) ! mean+ ( 8de/roy] ( ! enemies0--i4 e4 ! passions--%[s v cle>ly ! diff]5t /ages ?r\gh :i* ,sanskrit words pass$ 9 ! diff]5t phases ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature4 ,9 ,tibet1 9 ,mongolia1 & 9 ,*9a1 ,arhat is translat$ by 8de/roy] ( ! enemy40 ,see ,burn\f1 ,lotus1 p4 #bhg2 ,introduction1 p4 #bie4 ,arhat is ! title ( ! ,bhik%u on rea*+ ! f\r? degree ( p]fection4 ,cf4 ,stra ( ! #db ,sections1 cap4 #b4 ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria 7d4 #bbj7 speaks ( ! :o wor%ipp$ a pyramid erect$ ov] ! relics ( a god4 ,is ?is a translation ( ,arhat1 z ,lass5 78,de nom4 ,ind4 philosoph40 9 ,rhe94 ,museum1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg7 & ,burn\f 7,introduction1 p4 #bie7 suppos$1 or a translit]ation ( ,samana8 ,clem5s also speaks ( 7,/romat4 p4 #eci1 ,pott]74 #adj ,indra1 ! old ,v$ic god1 has come to mean simply "l1 & 9 ! ,k&a ,p>itta 7,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahga1 p4 #bbj7 we actually f9d ,asur9da1 ! ,indra or ,"l ( ! ,asuras4 #ada ,! numb]s 9 ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 if !y once exce$ a ,koti or ,kot--i4 e4 t5 millions--become v vague1 nor is _! value always ! same4 ,ayuta1 i4 e4 a hundr$ ,kotis2 ,niyuta1 i4 e4 a hundr$ ,ayutas2 & ,nayuta1 i4 e4 #a ) #bb z]os1 are (t5 conf\nd$2 nor does x matt] mu* s f> z any def9ite idea is conc]n$ :i* su* num]als convey to our m9d4 #adb ,ti%?ati dhriyate ypayati dh>mam ka desayati4 ,?is is evid5tly an idiomatic phrase1 = x occurs aga9 & aga9 9 ! ,nepalese text ( ! ,sukhavatvyha 7,,ms4 #bf b1 l4 #a4 #b2 #ee a1 l4 #b1 etc474 ,x seems to mean1 he /&s !re1 holds himself1 supports himself1 & tea*es ! law4 ,burn\f translates ! same phrase by1 8ils se tr\v5t1 viv5t exi/5t0 7,lotus1 p4 #ced74 ,on ypeti 9 ,pli1 see ,fausbll1 ,das>a?a-jtaka1 pp4 #bf1 #bh2 & ypana 9 ,sanskrit4 #adc ,kikingla4 ,! texts read kakangalais ka & kakangalais ka1 & aga9 lat] kakangalunm 7also l7 & kakangalnm4 ,mr4 ,beal translates f ,*9ese 8sev5 r[s ( exquisite curta9s10 & aga9 8gemm\s curta9s40 ,fir/ ( all1 x seems cle> t we mu/ read gla1 net1 web1 in/ead ( gala4 ,secondly1 kakana1 bracelet1 gives no s5se1 = :at c\ld be ! mean+ ( nets or /r+ ( bracelets8 ,i pref] to read kikingla1 nets or /r+s or r[s ( bells4 ,su* r[s ( bells s]v$ = ornam5t+ a g>d51 & x may be said ( !m t1 if mov$ by ! w9d1 !y give =? c]ta9 s\nds4 ,9 ! comm5t>y on ,dhammapada #cj1 p4 #aia1 we meet ) kik9ikagla1 f :i* likewise ! music proce$s2 see ,*ild]s1 s4 v4 gla4 ,9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,nepalese ,sukhavatvyha 7,r4 ,a4 ,s471 p4 #ci a1 l4 #d1 ,i likewise f9d sv>n>atnakikinglni1 :i* settles ! matt]1 & %[s h[ little confid5ce we c place 9 ! ,japanese texts4 #add ,anup>ik%ipta1 inclos$2 see p>ikkhepo 9 ,*ild]s' ,dict4 #ade ,! eight good qualities ( wat] are limpidity & purity1 refre%+ coolness1 sweetness1 s(tness1 f]tiliz+ qualities1 calmness1 p[] ( prev5t+ fam9e1 productiv5ess4 ,see ,beal1 ,cat5a1 p4 #cgi4 #adf ,kkpeya4 ,"o text reads ,kkapeya1 ! o!r ,kkpeya4 ,x is difficult to *oose4 ,! m usual ^w is kkapeya1 :i* is expla9$ by ,pnini1 ii4 #a1 #cc4 ,x is unc]ta91 h[ev]1 :e!r kkapeya is meant z a laudatory or z a depreciatory t]m4 ,boehtl+k takes x 9 ! latt] s5se1 & translates nad kkapey1 by a %all[ riv] t c\ld be drunk up by a cr[4 ,trn?a takes x 9 ! =m] s5se1 & translates nad kkapey1 z a riv] s full ( wat] t a cr[ c dr9k x )\t b5d+ its neck 7kkair anatak&h>aih pyate2 prnodakatv5a prasasye kkaih peye nadydau74 ,9 our passage kkapeya mu/ be a t]m ( praise1 & we !re=e c\ld only r5d] x by 8ponds s full ( wat] t cr[s c\ld dr9k f !m40 ,b :y %\ld s well kn[n a ^w z kkapeya h be5 spelt kkpeya1 unless x 0 done int5tionally8 ,& if int5tionally1 :at 0 x int5d$ =8 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,pnini1 ii4 #a1 #db s*ol41 tea*es u h[ to =m ! ^w tr?akka1 a cr[ at a tr?a1 :i* means a p]son 9 a wrong place4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t cr[s 7 consid]$ out ( place at a tr?a or ba?+-place1 ei!r because !y 7 birds ( ill om51 or because !y defil$ ! wat]4 ,f t po9t ( view1 kkpeya w\ld mean a pond n visit$ by cr[s1 free f cr[s4 ,pr(essor ,pis*el has call$ my att5tion to ,mahp>9ibbna ,sutta 7,j4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahge1 p4 #fg1 p4 #ba71 :]e kkapey cle>ly ref]s to a full riv]4 ,samatiika1 if ?is is ! "r read+1 occurs 9 ! same place z an epi!t ( a riv]1 by ! side ( kkapeya1 & ,i ?9k x mo/ likely t x means ris+ to a level ) ! tr?as1 ! =ds or ba?+-places4 ,mr4 ,rhys ,davids in=ms me t ! comm5t>y expla9s ! two words by samatittik ti samah>it1 kkapeyy ti yat?atat?aki tre ?it5a kk5a sakk patum ti4 #adg ,purobhakt5a4 ,! text is difficult to read1 b x c h>dly be d\btful t purobhakt5a corresponds to ,pli purebhattam 7i4 e4 be=e ! morn+ meal71 oppos$ to pakkhbhattam1 aft] ! noonday meal 7i4 e4 9 ! aft]noon74 ,see ,*ild]s1 s4 v4 ,prvabhaktik w\ld be ! fir/ repa/1 z ,pr(essor ,c[ell in=ms me4 #adh ,div vihrya1 = ! noonday re/1 ! sie/a4 ,see ,*ild]s1 s4 v4 vihra4 #adi ,kraukh4 ,snipe1 curlew4 ,is x meant = ,kuravka1 or ,k>avka1 a f9e-voic$ bird 7accord+ to ,k]n1 ! ,sk4 k>yik71 or = ,kalavika-,pli ,kalavka8 ,see ,*ild]s1 s4 v4 opaptiko2 ,burn\f1 ,lotus1 p4 #eff4 ,i see1 h[ev]1 ! same birds m5tion$ toge!r else:]e1 z hamsakraukamayrasukaslikakokila1 etc4 ,on mayra see ,mahv4 ,introd4 p4 xxxix42 ,rv4 ,i4 #aia1 #ad4 #aej ,indriyabalabodhyagasabda4 ,^! are te*nical t]ms1 b _! mean+ is n q cle>4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 9 8 ,manual1 p4 #dih1 enum]ates ! five indrayas1 viz4 7#a7 s>dhwa1 purity 7probably sraddh1 fai?71 7#b7 wiraya1 p]sev]+ ex]tion 7vrya71 7#c7 sati or smirti1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru? 7smriti71 7#d7 samdhi1 tranquillity1 7#e7 pragnwa1 wisdom 7prag74 ,! five balayas 7bala71 he adds1 are ! same z ! five indrayas4 ,! sev5 b[dynga 7bodhyaga7 are1 accord+ to him3 7#a7 sihi or smirti1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! tru? by m5tal application1 7#b7 dh>mmawi*a1 ! inve/igation ( causes4 7#c7 wraya1 p]sev]+ ex]tion1 7#d7 prti1 joy1 7#e7 passadhi1 or prasrabdhi1 tranquillity1 7#f7 samdhi1 tranquillity 9 a high] degree1 includ+ fre$om f all t di/urbs ei!r body or m9d1 7#g7 upek%1 equanimity4 ,x w be se5 f ?is t "s ( ^! qualities or excell5ces occur bo? z indriyas & bodhyagas1 :ile balas are ?r\gh\t id5tical ) indriyas4 ,burn\f1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,lotus1 gives a li/ ( five balas 7f ! ,vocabulaire ,p5taglotte7 :i* correspond ) ! five indriyas ( ,sp5ce ,h>dy3 viz4 sraddh-bala1 p[] ( fai?1 vrya-bala1 p[] ( vigor1 smriti-bala1 p[] ( memory1 samdhi-bala1 p[] ( m$itation1 prag-bala1 p[] ( k4 ,!y prec$e ! sev5 bodhyagas bo? 9 ! ,lotus1 ! ,vocabulaire ,p5taglotte1 & ! ,lalita-,vi/>a4 ,to ^! sev5 bodhyagas ,burn\f has assign$ a special treatise 7,app5dix xii4 p4 #gif74 ,!y occur bo? 9 ,sanskrit & ,pli4 #aea ,niraya1 ! hells1 also call$ ,n>aka4 ,yamaloka1 ! realm ( ,yama1 ! judge ( ! dead1 is expla9$ z ! f\r ,apyas--i4 e4 ,n>aka1 hell1 ,tiryagyoni1 bir? z animals1 ,pretaloka1 realm ( ! dead1 ,asuraloka1 realm ( evil spirits4 ,! ?ree t]ms :i* are "h us$ toge!r occur likewise 9 a passage translat$ by ,burn\f1 ,introduction1 p4 #edd4 #aeb ,iti sankhym gakkhanti1 !y are call$2 cf4 ,*ild]s1 s4 v4 sankhy4 ,asankhyeya1 ev5 m ?an aprameya1 is ! recogniz$ t]m = inf9ity4 ,burn\f1 ,lotus1 p4 #heb4 #aec ,av>amtraka4 ,?is is ! ,pli oramattako1 8belong+ m]ely to ! pres5t life10 & ! int5tion ( ! writ] seems to be to inculcate ! doctr9e ( ! ,mahyna1 t salvation c be obta9$ by m]e repetitions ( ! "n ( ,amitbha1 9 direct opposition to ! orig9al doctr9e ( ,buddha1 t z a man s[e?1 s he reape?4 ,buddha w\ld h taught t ! kusalamla1 ! root or ! /ock ( good works p]=m$ 9 ?is _w 7av>amtraka71 w be> fruit 9 ! next1 :ile "h 8va9 repetitions0 seems all t is enjo9$4 ,! ,*9ese translators take a diff]5t view ( ?is passage1 & ,i am n myself q c]ta9 t ,i h und]/ood x rightly4 ,b f ! end ( ?is section1 :]e we read kulaputrena v kuladuhitr v tatra buddhak%etre kittaprnidhnam k>tavyam1 x seems cle> t ! locative 7buddhak%etre7 =ms ! object ( ! pranidhna1 ! f]v5t pray] or long+4 ,! ,satpuru%as already 9 ! ,buddhak%etra w\ld be ! innum]able m5 7manu%ys7 & ,boddhisattvas m5tion$ be=e4 #aed ,ar?avasa1 lit4 ! p[] ( ! ?+2 cf4 ,dhammapada1 p4 #chh1 v4 #bhi4 #aee ,i am n q c]ta9 z to ! mean+ ( ?is passage1 b if we ent] into ! bold metaphor ( ! text1 viz41 t ! ,buddhas cov] ! ,buddha-c\ntries ) ! organ ( _! tongue & !n unroll x1 :at is int5d$ c h>dly be any?+ b t !y fir/ try to f9d words = ! excell5ces ( ^? c\ntries1 & !n reveal or proclaim !m4 ,burn\f1 h[ev] 7,lotus1 p4 #dag71 takes ! expression 9 a lit]al s5se1 ?\gh he is %ock$ by its grotesqu5ess4 ,on ^! ,buddhas & _! c\ntries1 see ,burn\f1 ,lotus1 p4 #aac4 #aef ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! ,ta?gatas "h assign$ to ! t5 qu>t]s diff] entirely f ^? assign$ to !m 9 ! ,lalita-vi/>a1 book xx4 ,n ev5 ,amitbha is m5tion$ !re4 #aeg ,pratya?a4 ,! texts give aga9 & aga9 pattya?a1 evid5tly ! ,pli =m1 in/ead ( pratyata4 ,i h left ?a1 ! ,pli t]m9ation ( ! #b p4 pl4 9 ! imp]ative1 in/ead ( ta1 because t =m 0 cle>ly int5d$1 :ile pa = pra may be an accid5t4 ,yet ,i h little d\bt t patya?a 0 9 ! orig9al text4 ,t x is meant = ! imp]ative1 we see f sraddadhdhvam1 etc41 f>!r on4 ,o!r traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,pli or ,prakrit on ! ,sanskrit ( our ,stra appe> 9 arhantaih1 ! v>i\s read+ = arhadbhih1 :i* ,i pref]r$2 sambahula = bahula2 dhriyate ypayati2 purobhakt5a2 anyatra2 sakhym gakkhanti2 av>amtraka2 ve?ana in/ead ( ve%tana1 9 nirve?ana2 dh>map>yya 7,corp4 ,inscript4 plate ,,xv471 etc4 #aeh ,! ,sukhavatvyha1 ev5 9 its %orte/ text1 is call$ a ,mahyna-stra1 nor is !re any reason :y a ,mahyna-stra %\ld n be %ort4 ,! mean+ ( ,mahyna-stra is simply a ,stra belong+ to ! ,mahyna s*ool1 ! s*ool ( ! ,great ,boat4 ,x 0 ,burn\f :o1 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 tri$ v h>d to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,vaipulya or develop$ ,stras1 & :at he calls ! simple ,stras4 ,n[1 ! ,vaipulya ,stras may all belong to ! ,mahyna s*ool1 b t w\ld n prove t all ! ,stras ( ! ,mahyna s*ool are ,vaipulya or develop$ ,stras4 ,! "n ( simple ,stra1 9 opposition to ! ,vaipulya or develop$ ,stras1 is n recogniz$ by ! ,buddhi/s !mselves2 x is really an inv5tion ( ,burn\f's4 ,no d\bt !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a ,vaipulya ,stra1 su* z ! ,lotus ( ! ,good ,law1 translat$ by ,burn\f1 & ! ,stras :i* ,burn\f translat$ f ! ,divyvadna4 ,b :at ,burn\f consid]s z ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( a ,vaipulya ,stra1 viz4 ! occurr5ce ( ,bodhisattvas1 z foll[]s ( ! ,buddha ,skyamuni1 w\ld no long] seem to be t5able 78,les prs5ce des ,bodhisattvas ou leur abs5ce intresse done le fonds mme des livres o on la rem>que1 et il e/ bi5 vid5t que ce seul po9t trace une ligno de dm>cation pr(onde entre les ,stras ord9aires et les ,stras dvelopps40 ,burn\f4 ,introduction1 p4 #aab471 unless we class$ our %ort ,sukhavat-vyha z a ,vaipulya or develop$ ,stra4 ,= ?is !re is no au?ority4 ,our ,stra is call$ a ,mahyna ,sutra1 nev] a ,vaipulya ,stra1 & yet among ! foll[]s ( ,buddha1 ! ,bodhisattvas con/itute a v consid]able portion4 ,b m ?an t1 ,amitbha1 ! ,buddha ( ,sukhavat1 ano!r p]sonage :om ,burn\f looks ^u z peculi> to ! ,vaipulya ,stras1 :o is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! ,dhyni-buddhas1 ?\gh n call$ by t "n 9 our ,stra1 =ms ! *ief object ( its tea*+1 & is repres5t$ z coeval ) ,buddha ,skyamuni4 78,l'ide d'un ou de plusieurs ,buddhas surhuma9s1 celle de ,bodhisattvas crs p> eux1 sont des conceptions aussi trangres ces livres 7les ,stras simples7 que celle d'un ,adibuddha ou d'un ,dieu40--,burn\f1 ,introduction1 p4 #abj47 ,! l>g] text ( ! ,sukhavatvyha w\ld c]ta9ly1 accord+ to ,burn\f's def9ition1 seem to fall into ! category ( ! ,vaipulya ,stras4 ,b x is n s call$ 9 ! ,,mss4 :i* ,i h se51 & ,burn\f himself gives an analysis ( t ,stra 7,introduction1 p4 #ii7 z a specim5 ( a ,mahyna1 b n ( a ,vaipulya ,stra4 #aei ,see ,h4 ,yule1 ,m>co ,polo1 #b;d ed4 vol4 i4 pp4 #dda-ddc4 #afj ,9 ,*9a1 z ,dr4 ,edk9s /ates1 ! doctr9e ( ,amitbha is repres5t$ by ! s-call$ ,lotus s*ool 7,lian-tsung7 or ,pure ,l& 7,ts+-tu74 ,! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool 9 ,*9a 0 ,hwei-yuan ( ! ,ts9 dyna/y 7f\r? c5tury74 ,! second patri>* 7tsu7 ( ?is s*ool 0 ,kwang-m+ 7sev5? c5tury74 #afa ,see page #aia4