,,buchanan',s ,,journal ,,of ,,man4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,december1 #ahhg4 ,,no4 #aa4 ,,contents ,,of ,,journal ,,of ,,man4 ,the ,world's ,neglected or ,forgotten ,leaders and ,pioneers ,social ,conditions--,expenses at ,harvard2 ,european ,wages2 ,india as a ,wheat ,producer2 ,increase of ,insanity2 ,temperance2 ,flamboyant ,animalism ,transcendental ,hash ,just ,criticism ,progress of discovery and ,improvement--,autotelegraphy2 ,edison's ,phonograph2 ,type-setting ,eclipsed2 ,printing in ,colors2 ,steam ,wagon2 ,fruit ,preserving2 ,napoleon's ,manuscript2 ,peace2 ,capital ,punishment2 ,antarctic ,explorations2 ,the ,desert shall ,blossom as the ,rose ,life and ,death--,marvellous ,examples ,outlines of ,anthropology 7continued7 ,chapter ,x4--,the ,law of ,location in ,organology ,,the ,,world',s ,,neglected ,,or ,,forgotten ,,leaders ,,and ,,pioneers4 ,leif ,ericson1 the long-forgotten ,scandinavian discoverer of ,north ,america1 nearly five hundred years before ,columbus1 has at last received ,american justice1 and a statue in his honor has been erected1 which was unveiled in ,boston1 on ,commonwealth ,avenue1 before a distinguished assemblage1 on the #bith of ,october4 ,the history of the ,scandinavian discovery and settlement was related on this occasion by ,prof4 ,e4 ,horsford1 from whose address the following passages are extracted3 ,what is the great fact that is sustained by such an array of authority8 ,it is this3 that somewhere to the southwest of ,greenland1 at least a fortnight's sail1 there were1 for #cjj years after the beginning of the #aath century1 ,norse colonies on the coast of ,america1 with which colonies the home country maintained commercial intercourse4 ,the country to which the merchant vessels sailed was ,vinland4 ,the fact next in importance that this history establishes is1 that the first of the ,northmen to set foot on the shores of ,vinland was ,leif ,ericson4 ,the story is a simple one1 and most happily told by ,prof4 ,mitchell1 who for forty years was connected with the coast survey of the ,united ,states in the latitudes which include the region between ,hatteras and ,cape ,ann4 ,leif1 says ,prof4 ,mitchell1 never passed to the south of the peninsula of ,cape ,cod4 ,he was succeeded by ,thorwald1 ,leif's brother4 ,he came in ,leif's ship in #ajjb to ,leif's headquarters in ,massachusetts ,bay and passed the winter4 ,in the spring1 he manned his ship and sailed eastward from ,leif's house1 and1 unluckily running against a neck of land1 broke the stem of the ship4 ,he grounded the ship in high water at a place where the tide receded with the ebb to a great distance1 and permitted the men to careen her in the intervals of the tide1 to repair her4 ,when she was ready to sail again1 the old stem or nose of the ship was set up in the sand4 ,thorwald remained a couple of years in the neighboring bay1 examining sandy shores and islands1 but not going around the point on or near which he had set up his ship's nose4 ,in a battle with the ,indians he was wounded and died1 and was buried in ,vinland1 and his crew returned to ,greenland4 ,a few years later1 ,thorfinn and his wife1 ,gudrid1 set out with a fleet of three ships and #afj persons1 of whom seven were women1 to go to ,vinland1 and in two days' sail beyond ,markland they came to the ship's nose set upon the shore1 and1 keeping that upon the starboard1 they sailed along a sandy shore1 which they called ,wunderstrandir1 and also ,furderstrandir4 ,one of the captains1 evidently satisfied that they were not in the region visited by ,leif and ,thorwald1 turned his vessel to the north to find ,vinland4 ,thorfinn and ,gudrid went further south and trafficked1 and gathered great wealth of furs and woods1 and then returned to ,greenland and ,norway4 ,prof4 ,horsford refers next to various geographic names on the ,new ,england coast which are of ,scandinavian origin4 ,what do all these names mean8 ,they are certainly not ,algonquin or ,iroquois names4 ,they are not names bestowed by the ,plymouth or ,massachusetts ,bay colonies4 ,of most of them is there any conceivable source other than the memories lingering among a people whose ancestors were familiar with them8 ,are they1 for the most part1 relics of names imposed by ,northmen once residing here8 ,i have told you something of the evidence that ,leif ,ericson was the first ,european to tread the great land southwest of ,greenland4 ,his ancestry was of the early ,pilgrims1 or ,puritans1 who1 to escape oppression1 emigrated1 #ej1jjj of them in sixty years1 from ,norway to ,iceland1 as the early ,pilgrims came to ,plymouth4 ,they established and maintained a republican form of government1 which exists to this day1 with nominal sovereignty in the ,king of ,denmark1 and the flag1 like our own1 bears an eagle in its fold4 ,toward the close of the #ajth century a colony1 of whom ,leif's father and family were members1 went out from ,iceland to ,greenland4 ,in about #iii1 ,leif1 a lad at the time of his father's immigration1 went to ,norway1 and ,king ,olaf1 impressed with his grand elements of character1 gave him a commission to carry the ,christianity to which1 he had become a convert to ,greenland4 ,he set out at once1 and1 with his soul on fire with the grandeur of his message1 within a year accomplished the conversion and baptism of the whole colony1 including his father4 ,to ,leif a monument has been erected4 ,in thus fulfilling the duty we owe to the first ,european navigator who trod our shores1 we do no injustice to the mighty achievement of the ,genoese discoverer under the flags of ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 who1 inspired by the idea of the rotundity of the earth1 and with the certainty of reaching ,asia by sailing westward sufficiently long1 set out on a new and entirely distinct enterprise1 having a daring and a conception and an intellectual train of research and deduction as its foundation quite his own4 ,how welcome to ,boston will be the proposition to set up in #ahib1 a fit statue to ,columbus4 ,we unveil to-day the statue in which ,anne ,whitney has expressed so vividly her conception of this leader1 who1 almost nine centuries ago1 first trod our shores4 ,the statue1 however1 is purely fanciful1 and gives no idea either of the personal appearance or costume of the great sailor1 who has waited for this justice to his memory much longer than ,bruno and many other heroes of human progress4 ,columbus may have been original in his ideas1 but it was the ,northmen who led in exploration4 ,it was they who changed the old flat-bottomed ships of the ,roman ,empire to the deep keels which made the exploration of the ,atlantic ocean possible4 ,this act of justice has been prompted by the appreciative sentiments of the late ,ole ,bull1 and the efforts of ,miss ,marie ,brown1 who has lectured on the subject4 ,miss ,brown says that ,columbus learned of the discovery of ,america at ,rome1 and also at ,iceland1 which he visited in #adgg4 ,indeed1 ,columbus was not seeking the ,america of the ,norsemen1 but was sailing to find the ,indies4 ,but now that historic justice is done1 we realize that as ,bryant expressed it of ,truth1 the eternal years of ,god are hers1 and she needs a good many centuries to recover her stolen sceptre4 ,the triumph of truth follows battles in which there are many defeats that seem almost fatal4 ,what is the loss of five centuries in geographic truth to the loss of a thousand years in astronomic science8 ,it was for more than a thousand years that the heliocentric theory of the universe1 developed by the genius of ,,pythagoras1 was ignored1 denied1 and forgotten1 until the honest scholar1 ,,copernicus1 revived it by a mathematical demonstration1 which he did not live long enough to see trampled on2 for the great astronomer that next appeared1 ,tycho ,brahe1 denied it1 and the ,catholic ,church attempted to suppress it in the person of ,galileo1 who is said to have been forced by imprisonment and torture to succumb to authority 7the torture may not be positively known1 but is believed with good reason74 ,even ,luther joined in the theological warfare against science1 saying1 ,i am now advised that a new astrologer is risen1 who presumeth to prove that the earth moveth and goeth about1 not the firmament1 the sun and moon--not the stars--like as when one sitteth on a coach1 or in a ship that is moved1 thinketh he sitteth still and resteth1 but the earth and trees do move and run themselves4 ,thus it goeth2 we give ourselves up to our own foolish fancies and conceits4 ,this fool 7,copernicus7 will turn the whole art of astronomy upside down2 but the ,scripture showeth and teacheth another lesson1 when ,joshua commandeth the sun to stand still1 and not the earth4 ,the attitude of ,luther in this matter was the attitude of the ,church generally1 in opposition to science1 for it assumed its position in an age of dense ignorance1 and claimed too much infallibility to admit of enlightenment4 ,nevertheless1 the ,church feels the spirit of the age and slowly moves4 ,at the present time it is being slowly permeated by the modern spirit of agnostic scepticism1 which is another form of ignorance4 ,mankind generally occupy the intrenched camp of ignorance within which they know all its walls embrace2 outside of which they look upon all that exists with feelings of suspicion and hostility1 and alas1 this is as true of the educated as of the uneducated classes4 ,it was the ,french ,academy that laughed at ,harvey's discovery and at ,fulton's plan of propelling steamboats1 and even at ,arago's suggestion of the electric telegraph1 as the ,royal ,society laughed at ,franklin's proposed lightning rods4 ,it was ,bonaparte who treated both ,fulton and ,dr4 ,gall with contempt4 ,it was the medical ,faculty that arrayed itself against the introduction of ,peruvian bark1 which they have since made their hobby2 and it was the same ,edinburgh ,review which poured its ridicule upon ,gall1 that advised the public to put ,thomas ,gray in a straight-jacket for advocating the introduction of railroads4 ,equally great was the stupidity of the ,french4 ,the first railroad was constructed in ,france fifty years ago4 ,emil ,periere had to make the line at his own expense1 and it took three years to obtain the consent of the authorities4 ,their leading statesman1 ,thiers1 contended that railroads could be nothing more than toys4 ,we remember that a committee of the ,new ,york ,legislature was equally stupid1 and endeavored to prove in their report that railways were entirely impracticable4 ,english opposition was still more stupidly absurd4 ,both ,lords and ,commons in ,parliament were entirely opposed4 ,the engineers and surveyors as they went about their work were molested by mobs4 ,george ,stephenson was ridiculed and denounced as a maniac1 and all those who supported him as lunatics and fools4 ,george ,stephenson although bantered and wearied on all sides stood steadfastly by his project1 in spite of the declarations that the smoke from the engine would kill the birds and destroy the cattle along the route1 that the fields would be ruined1 and people be driven mad by noise and excitement4 ,nothing is better established in history than the hostility of colleges and the professional classes to all great innovations4 ,truly 7says ,dr4 ,stille in his ,materia ,medica7 nearly every medicine has become a popular remedy before being adopted or even tried by physicians1 and the famous author ,dr4 ,pereira declares that nux vomica is one of the few remedies the discovery of which is not the effect of mere chance4 ,the spirit of bigotry1 in former times1 jealously watched every innovation4 ,telescopes and microscopes were denounced as atheistic1 winnowing machines were denounced in ,scotland as impious1 and even forks when first introduced were denounced by preachers as an insult on ,providence not to eat our meat with our fingers4 ,it is not strange that the last fifty years have sufficed to cover with a cloud of collegiate ignorance and bigotry the discoveries of the illustrious ,gall1 for whom ,i am doing a similar service1 to that of ,copernicus for ,pythagoras4 ,this is nothing unusual in the progress of ,science4 ,there was no brighter genius in physical science at the beginning of this century than ,dr4 ,thomas ,young1 who died in #ahbi1 whose discoveries fell into obscurity until they were revived by more recent investigation4 ,he had that intuitive genius which is most rare among scientists4 ,he was a great thinker and discoverer1 who knew how to utilize in philosophy discovered facts1 and was not busy like many modern scientists in the monotonous repetition of experiments which had already been performed4 ,at no period of his life was he fond of repeating experiments or even of originating new ones4 ,he considered that however necessary to the advancement of science1 they demanded a great sacrifice of time1 and that when a fact was once established1 time was better employed in considering the purposes to which it might be applied1 or the principles which it might tend to elucidate4 ,he says1 in his ,bakerian lecture1 ,nor is it absolutely necessary in this instance to produce a single new experiment2 for of experiments there is already an ample store4 ,in a letter to his sister-in-law1 ,mrs4 ,earle1 he says1 ,acute suggestion was then1 and indeed always1 more in the line of my ambition than experimental illustration1 and on another occasion1 referring to the ,wollaston fund for experimental inquiries1 he said1 ,for my part1 it is my pride and pleasure1 as far as ,i am able1 to supersede the necessity of experiments1 and more especially of expensive ones4 ,the famous ,prof4 ,helmholtz said of ,young3 ,the theory of colors with all their marvellous and complicated relations1 was a riddle which ,goethe in vain attempted to solve1 nor were we physicists and physiologists more successful4 ,i include myself in the number1 for ,i long toiled at the task without getting any nearer my object1 until ,i at last discovered that a wonderfully simple solution had been discovered at the beginning of this century1 and had been in print ever since for any one to read who chose4 ,this solution was found and published by the same ,thomas ,young1 who first showed the right method of arriving at the interpretation of ,egyptian hieroglyphics4 ,he was one of the most acute men who ever lived1 but had the misfortune to be too far in advance of his contemporaries4 ,they looked on him with astonishment1 but could not follow his bold speculations1 and thus a mass of his most important thoughts remained buried and forgotten in the ',transactions of the ,royal ,society1' until a later generation by slow degrees arrived at the re-discovery of his discoveries1 and came to appreciate the force of his argument and the accuracy of his conclusions4 ,this half century of passive resistance to science1 in the case of ,dr4 ,young and ,dr4 ,gall1 is nothing unusual4 ,it was #bhf years from the day when ,bruno1 the eloquent philosopher1 was burned at the stake by the ,catholic ,church1 before a statue was prepared to honor his memory in ,italy4 ,what was the reception of the illustrious surgeon1 physiologist1 and physician1 ,john ,hunter8 ,while he lived1 most of his contemporaries looked upon him as little better than an enthusiast and an innovator1 according to his biographer2 and when1 in #ahei1 it was decided to inter his remains in ,westminster ,abbey1 it was hard to find his body1 which was at last discovered in a vault along with #bjjj others piled upon it4 ,harvey's discoveries were generally ignored during his life1 and ,meibomius of ,lubeck rejected his discovery in a book published after ,harvey's death4 ,when ,newton's investigations of light and colors were first published1 ,a host of enemies appeared 7says ,playfair71 each eager to obtain the unfortunate pre-eminence of being the first to attack conclusions which the unanimous voice of posterity was to confirm4 ,some1 like ,mariotte1 professed to repeat his experiments1 and succeeded in making a failure1 which was published2 like certain professors who at different times have undertaken to make unsuccessful experiments in mesmerism and spiritualism1 and have always succeeded in making the failure they desired4 ,voltaire remarks1 and ,playfair confirms it as a fact1 that though the author of the ,principia survived the publication of that great work nearly forty years1 he had not at the time of his death1 twenty followers out of ,england4 ,if educated bigotry could thus resist the mathematical demonstrations of ,newton1 and the physical demonstrations of ,harvey1 has human nature sufficiently advanced to induce us to expect much better results from the colleges of to-day--from ,harvard1 ,yale1 ,princeton1 and the rest8 ,if such a change has occurred1 ,i have not discovered it4 ,neglect and opposition has ever been the lot of the original explorer of nature4 ,kepler1 the greatest astronomical genius of his time1 continually struggled with poverty1 and earned a scanty subsistence by casting astrological nativities4 ,eustachius1 who in the #afth century discovered the ,eustachian tube and the valves of the heart1 was about #bjj years in advance of his time1 but was unable1 from poverty1 to publish his anatomical tables1 which were published by ,lancisi #adj years later1 in #agad4 ,not only in science do we find this stolid indifference or active hostility to new ideas1 but in matters of the simplest character and most obvious utility4 ,for example1 this country is now enjoying the benefits of fish culture1 but why did we not enjoy it a hundred years ago8 ,the process was discovered by the ,count ,de ,goldstein in the last century1 and was published by the ,academy of ,sciences1 and also fully illustrated by a ,german named ,jacobi1 who applied it to breeding trout and salmon4 ,this seems to have been forgotten until in #ahdb two obscure and illiterate fishermen rediscovered and practised this process4 ,the ,french government was attracted by the success of these fisherman1 ,gehin and ,remy1 and thus the lost art was revived4 ,even so simple an invention as the percussion cap1 invented in #ahjg1 was not introduced in the ,british army until after the lapse of thirty years4 ,the founder of the kindergarten system1 ,friedrich ,,froebel1 is one of the benefactors of humanity4 ,how narrowly did he escape from total failure and oblivion4 ,the ,reminiscences of ,frederich ,froebel1 translated from the ,german of the late ,mrs4 ,mary ,mann1 gives an interesting account of his life and labors1 upon which the following notice is based3 ,froebel died in #aheb1 and it is possible that his system of education would have died with him--to be resurrected and reapplied by somebody else centuries later--only for a friend and interpreter who remained to give his teachings to the world4 ,this friend1 disciple1 and interpreter was ,madame ,von ,marenholz4 ,his system of education had this peculiarity which made it different from any other plan of teaching ever given to the world--it was first grasped in its full significance by women4 ,they1 sooner than men1 saw its truth to nature1 and its grand1 far-reaching meaning1 and became at once its enthusiastic disciples4 ,but the ,german women are in a bondage almost unknown to their sisters of the other civilized races1 therefore ,froebel's reform progressed only slowly4 ,had his principles been given to the world in the midst of ,american or ,english women1 they would most likely have been popularly known and adopted long ago4 ,froebel did not see any very magnificent practical results flow from the new education in his time4 ,while he lived the ungrateful tribe of humanity abused1 misrepresented1 and laughed him to scorn1 as it has done everybody who ever conferred any great and lasting benefit on it4 ,a touching illustration of this is given in the anecdote narrating ,frau ,von ,marenholz's first meeting with the founder of kindergartens4 ,the anecdote begins the book1 and it is the key-note of the sorrowful undertone throughout4 ,in #ahdi ,frau ,von ,marenholz went to the baths of ,liebenstein4 ,she happened to ask her landlady what was going on in the place1 and in answer the landlady said that a few weeks before a man had settled down near the springs who danced and played with the village children1 and was called by people the old fool4 ,a few days afterwards ,madame ,von ,m4 was walking out1 and met the old fool4 ,he was an old man1 with long gray hair1 who was marching a troop of village children two and two up a hill4 ,he was teaching them a play1 and was singing with them a song belonging to it4 ,there was something about the gray-haired old man1 as he played with the children1 which brought tears into the eyes of both ,madame ,von ,m4 and her companion4 ,she watched him awhile1 and said to her companion3 ',this man is called 'old fool' by these people4 ,perhaps he is one of those men who are ridiculed or stoned by contemporaries1 and to whom future generations build monuments4' ,i knew1 says ,madame ,von ,m41 that ,i had to do with a true man--with an original and unfalsified nature4 ,when one of his pupils called him ,mr4 ,froebel1 ,i remembered having once heard of a man of that name who wished to educate children by play1 and that it had seemed to me a very perverted view1 for ,i had only thought of empty play1 without any serious purpose4 ,froebel met with violent opposition and ridicule all his life1 and just when at last he thought he had successfully planted his ideas1 there came a sudden death-blow to his hopes1 which was also a death-blow to the good and great man4 ,the ,prussian ,government was and is as tyrannical as ,william the ,conqueror1 who made the ,english people put their lights out at dark1 and suddenly1 in ,august1 #ahea1 the ,prussian ,government immortalized itself by passing a decree forbidding the establishment of any kindergartens within the ,prussian dominions4 ,in unguarded moments1 ,froebel had used the expression education for freedom1 in referring to his beloved plans1 and that was enough for ,prussia1 in the ferment of fear in which she has been ever since #ahdh4 ,kindergartens in ,germany have not yet recovered from this blow1 and ,froebel himself sunk under it and died4 ,but a little time before he died1 he said3 ,if #cjj years after my death1 my method of education shall be completely established according to its idea1 ,i shall rejoice in heaven4 ,froebel's life was full of strange vicissitudes and disappointments4 ,the few friends who understood him1 and the children whom he taught1 and who1 perhaps1 understood him better than anybody else1 reverenced him1 and loved him as father1 prophet1 and teacher4 ,on his seventieth birthday1 two months before his death1 his beloved pupils gave him a festival1 which is beautiful to read about4 ,it must have gladdened the pure-hearted old man immeasurably4 ,froebel was wakened at sun-rise by the festal song of the children1 and as he stepped out of his chamber to the lecture-room1 he saw that it had been splendidly adorned with flowers1 festoons1 and wreaths of all kinds4 ,the day was celebrated with songs and rejoicing1 and gifts were received from pupils and friends in various parts of the world1 and in the evening1 after a song1 a pupil placed a green wreath upon the master's head4 ,two months after this he died peacefully4 ,one of his strongest peculiarities was his passionate love for flowers1 and during his illness he repeatedly commended the care of his flowers to his friends4 ,he had the window opened frequently1 so he could gaze once more on the out-door scenes he loved so well4 ,almost his last words were3 ',nature1 pure1 vigorous ,nature6' ,,john ,,fitch1 the inventor of steamboats1 was even less fortunate than ,froebel4 ,no patron took him by the hand1 and although his invention was successfully demonstrated at ,philadelphia in #aghg1 by a small steamboat1 the trial being witnessed by the members of the convention that formed the ,federal constitution1 he could not obtain sufficient co-operation to introduce the invention1 and finally left his boat to rot on the shores of the ,hudson and returned to his home at ,bardstown1 ,ky41 where he died in #agih4 ,the unsuccessful struggles of ,fitch make a melancholy history4 ,in his last appeal he used this language3 ,but why those earnest solicitations to disturb my nightly repose1 and fill me with the most excruciating anxieties2 and why not act the part for myself1 and retire under the shady elms on the fair banks of the ,ohio1 and eat my coarse but sweet bread of industry and content1 and when ,i have done1 to have my body laid in the soft1 warm1 and loamy soil of the banks1 with my name inscribed on a neighboring poplar1 that future generations when traversing the mighty waters of the ,west1 in the manner that ,i have pointed out1 may find my grassy turf4 ,,in the lives of ,pythagoras1 ,copernicus1 ,galileo1 ,ericson1 ,bruno1 ,harvey1 ,kepler1 ,newton1 ,hunter1 ,gall1 ,young1 ,froebel1 ,gray1 ,fitch1 ,stephenson1 and many others1 we learn that he who assails the ,gibraltar of conservative and authoritative ignorance must expect to conduct a very long siege1 to maintain a resolute battle1 and perhaps to die in his camp1 leaving to his posterity to receive the predestined surrender of the citadels of ,falsehood and ,darkness1 for the eternal law of the universe declares that all darkness shall disappear1 and ,light and ,peace shall cover the earth1 as they already fill the souls of the lovers of wisdom4 ,,social ,,conditions4 ,,undergraduate ,,expenses ,,at ,,harvard4--,a physician has written me to know what the annual expense is for an undergraduate at ,harvard ,college4 ,the inquiry is made that he 7the querist7 may know somewhere near what it will cost to send his son to that institution4 ,thinking that others of the ,journal's readers might like to know what a literary 7or liberal7 education costs at a first-class college1 ,i have looked up the present cost1 and by comparing it with my own1 thirty-five years ago1 ,i find that expense has increased from year to year1 until now it requires about #eej to #fjj annually to cover tuition1 room-rent1 board1 and common running expenses4 ,a boy might squeeze through for #djj a year1 but he would have to pinch and be niggardly1 if not mean4 ,the #eej or #fjj would not cover vacation expenses and society dues1 therefore the larger sum ought to be reckoned as the cost annually for a ,harvard undergraduate at the present time4 ,and upon inquiry1 ,i find that about the same amount of money is required by an undergraduate of ,yale4 ,board in ,new ,haven is the same in price as in ,cambridge4 ,for the four years' course1 then1 there should be provision for #b1ejj4 ,rich students spend a #ajjj or more each year1 but they do not embrace ten per cent4 of the classes4 ,the average student when ,i was in ,harvard expended #cej to #djj a year--a cost which did not cover vacation expenses and society matters4 ,i will venture the remark that as high an order of scholarship can be obtained at ,western colleges as in ,harvard or ,yale2 and that the expense of student life would not be two-thirds as much4 ,why1 then1 take the extravagant course8 ,the name and fame of an institution count for something4 ,a recently founded college may not live long2 it has to be tested by time before prestige can be attained4 ,universities have to be endowed before they can command the best talent of the world in teachers4 ,the fees obtained from students will not pay the expenses of a first-class literary institution4 ,lastly1 an education of a high order does not insure success in life1 but1 other things being equal1 the man of learning has the best chance to win in the race we are running4--,eclectic ,medical ,journal4 ,,european ,,wages4--,senator ,frye said in a public address in ,boston3 ,i say from all my observations made there1 and they were made as carefully as ,i could make them1 and in all honesty of purpose1 there is only one country in ,europe that comes within half of our wages1 and that is ,england1 and the rest are not one-third1 and some not within one-quarter1 of our wages4 ,,india ,,as ,a ,,wheat ,,producer4--,consul-,general ,bonham says she is a dangerous competitor of the ,united ,states4 ,the report of ,consul-,general ,bonham at ,calcutta1 ,british ,india1 treats at length of the wheat interests of that country4 ,the area devoted to wheat in #ahhf was about #bg1ejj1jjj acres1 and the total yield #bhi1jjj1jjj bushels4 ,as compared with the wheat of the ,pacific coast1 the ,indian wheat is inferior1 but when exported to ,europe it is mixed and ground with wheat of a superior quality1 by which process a fair marketable grade of flour is obtained4 ,the method of cultivating the soil is in the main the same as it was centuries ago1 and there seems to be great difficulty in inducing the farmer to invest in modern agricultural implements1 and yet1 with all the simple and primitive methods1 the ,indian farmers can1 in the opinion of the ,consul-,general1 successfully compete with those of the ,united ,states in the production of wheat4 ,this is due to the fact that the ,indian farmer's outfit represents a capital of not more than #dj or #ej1 and his hired help works1 feeds1 and clothes himself on about #b4ej a month4 ,the export of wheat from ,british ,india has increased from #cjj1jjj cwt4 in #ahfh1 to #ba1jjj1jjj cwt4 in #ahhf1 and the increase of #ahhf over #ahhe amounts to about #e1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,the ,consul-,general says that some of his predecessors have claimed that the ,united ,states has nothing to fear from ,india as a competitor in the production of wheat4 ,in this view he does not concur1 and believes that to-day ,india is second only to the ,united ,states in wheat-growing4 ,furthermore1 wheat-growing in ,india is yet in its infancy1 and its further development depends principally upon the means of transportation to the sea-board4 ,he fears that with the cheap native labor of ,india and the constantly growing facilities for transportation1 the ,united ,states will find her a formidable competitor as a producer of wheat4 ,,increase ,,of ,,insanity4--,i have repeatedly referred to the increase of insanity and crime under our heartless system of education4 ,it is illustrated by every collection of statistics4 ,the increase between #ahgb and #ahhe was1 in ,maine1 with five per cent4 increase in population1 in ten years1 #bc per cent4 increase in insanity4 ,in ,new ,hampshire1 #ac per cent4 in population1 #ee in insanity4 ,in these two ,states insanity increases four times as fast as population4 ,in ,massachusetts1 population #cc per cent41 insanity #ia per cent4 ,in ,rhode ,island1 population #dj per cent41 insanity #id per cent4 ,in ,connecticut1 population #bc per cent41 insanity #aid per cent4 ,the total number of insane in ,new ,england has increased from #d1jcc1 in #ahgb1 to #g1bcb1 in #ahhe1--;an increase of #c1aii in #ac years4 ,such are the estimates prepared from official reports by ,e4 ,p4 ,augur1 of ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,is it possible by the repetition of such statements as these to rouse the torpid conscience of the leaders of public opinion to the necessity of a ,,new ,,education8 ,,temperance4--,according to the ,national ,bureau of ,statistics1 the annual consumption of liquors per capita in the ,united ,states1 from #ahdj to #ahhf1 shows a reduction in the consumption of distilled spirits to less than one-half of the average between #ahdj and #ahgj4 ,the most marked decrease was between #ahgj and #ahgb4 ,the consumption of wine has averaged1 from #ahdj to #ahgj1 about one-eighth as much--since #ahgj1 from #cj to #dj per cent4 as much1 but the consumption of malt liquors1 which in #ahdj and #ahej was little over half that of spirits1 has rapidly risen until1 in #ahhf1 it was nine times as great1 the number of gallons per capita being of spirits1 #a4bd2 wines1 #j4ch2 malt liquors1 #aa4ah4 ,the total consumption of liquors of all sorts has risen from #d4ag gallons per capita in #ahdj1 to #ab4fb in #ahhf4 ,the consumption of malt liquors per capita has increased fifty per cent4 in the last seven years4 ,the tax collected on whiskey for #ahhf-hg was #c1bfb1ide less than for the previous year1 and the tax on beer was #b1bde1def more than for the previous year4 ,chevalier ,max ,proskowetz de ,proskow ,marstorn states that in ,austria inebriety is increasing everywhere on a dangerous scale4 ,the consumption of alcohol 7taken as at #aj per cent47 was #f4g litres a head in a population of #ci1jjj1jjj2 but in some districts #ae-a_/b litres was the average 7#d-a_/b litres go to a gallon74 ,in all ,austro-,hungary there was an increase of nearly #d1jjj1jjj florins in the cost of alcohol in #ahhd-he over #ahhc-hd4 ,in #ahhe there were #aie1ffe different places 7stations1 gin-shops1 and subordinate retails7 where liquors were sold4 ,in districts where the most spirits are used there were fewer fit recruits4 ,,flamboyant ,,animalism4--,in ,boston1 which sometimes calls itself our ,american ,athens1 the highest truths of psychic science are daily neglected by the more influential classes1 while races1 games1 and pugilism occupy the largest space in the daily papers1 and a leading daily boasts of its more perfect descriptive and statistical record of all base-ballism as a strong claim to public support4 ,the pugilist ,sullivan is the hero of ,boston2 he received a splendid ovation in the ,boston ,theatre1 with the mayor and other dignitaries to honor him1 and a belt covered with gold and diamonds1 worth #h1jjj1 was presented1 besides a large cash benefit4 ,his departure for ,england was honored like that of a prince by accompanying boats1 booming cannon1 and tooting whistles1 and he is said to swing a #bjjj cane presented by his admirers4 ,how far have we risen in eighteen centuries above the barbarism of ,rome8 ,there is no heathen country to-day that worships pugilism4 ,perhaps when the saloon is abolished1 we may take another step forward in civilization4 ,london has rivalled ,boston1 giving ,sullivan a popular reception by crowds which blocked up the principal streets4 ,,transcendental ,,hash ,the ,winsted 7,conn47 ,press published an article on ,buddhism in ,america which is interesting as a specimen of the rosy-tinted fog of some intellectual atmospheres1 and the singular jumble of crude thought in this country4 ,as an intellectual hash it may interest the curious4 ,the following is the article3 ,,buddhism ,,in ,,america4 ,while sectarian ,christianity is1 at great expense1 with much ado1 making a few hundred converts in ,asia among the ignorant1 ,buddhism is spreading rapidly in the ,united ,states1 and is reaching our most intelligent people1 without any propaganda of missionaries or force4 ,there are already thousands of ,buddhists in this country1 and their number is augmenting more rapidly perhaps than that of any other faith1 but of these probably comparatively few know that they are following the ,buddhistic lines of thought and have adopted the principles of ,buddhistic faith4 ,theosophy1 mental science 7sometimes called ,christian science71 esoteric ,christianity and ,buddhistic metaphysics are1 we believe1 substantially one and the same thing1 and we may also include their intimate relative1 known here as ,modern ,spiritualism1 the difference between them being no greater than that which invariably arises from different interpretations of the same idea by different individuals under differing environment4 ,to compare these differences with the differences of the ,protestant sects would be exalting the sects1 for sectarian ,christianity is hardly worthy of association with the exalted teachings of ,buddha1 the theosophists1 and the finer conceptions of our modern metaphysicians and ,spiritualists1 yet we make the comparison for the sake of illustration4 ,counting the philosophical modern ,spiritualists we may say that the number of people in this country who1 without knowing it1 perhaps1 are reasoning themselves into acceptance of ,buddhistic teachings1 may be placed in the hundreds of thousands4 ,a modified1 spiritualized1 and improved form of ,buddhism is1 we suppose1 likely to unite the liberalized minds of this country 7normal ,christians and ,infidels alike7 into a common and highly intellectual and spiritual faith1 opposed to which will be the less advanced people under the leadership of the ,roman ,catholic church1 representing the temporal power of ,christian priestcraft and the mythological superstitions which have attached themselves to the precepts and teachings of the ,christ man of #ahjj years ago4 ,certainly no intelligent observer can look out upon the tremendous upheaval of religious thought which is now taking place in this country1 without seeing that a new era has dawned in the spiritual life of the ,american people and foreseeing a readjustment of religious lines on a more elevated1 less dogmatic and less antagonistic plane4 ,we have been passing through the very same experiences that preceded a downfall of the polytheistic mythology1 followed by the new era of ,christian mythology in one part of the world and ,buddhistic mythology in another4 ,jesus and ,buddha both came to deliver exalted teachings which would lift the world out of bondage to an older faith and its more cruel superstitions and the corruptions of priestcraft and gross ceremonials2 both were reformers of substantially the same abuses2 both suffered for humanity1 both lived humble and inspired lives1 both were interpreters of the same truths to different peoples1 both were good men1 and both have come down to us with their greatness exaggerated by their followers beyond anything they claimed for themselves1 while the personal existence of each is shrouded in the same mystery and covered with the same doubt4 ,that these two men did exist as men we may well believe1 but that as personages they were incarnated on earth is a matter of small importance compared with the consequences which have followed their supposed embodiment4 ,the decline of faith in the old theology and the silent acceptance of new ideas by the church people of ,america1 the rapid spread of infidelity and aggressive agnosticism1 and the hold which ,modern ,spiritualism under various disguises now has upon the people1 premise tremendous changes1 and indicate a new era of spiritual thought--an era of better and sweeter life for mankind we trust4 ,men and women who think alike will act together when prejudices born of old names1 partisan rivalries and personal animosities are outgrown4 ,a new philosophy with a new name1 made up of the old truths with new refinements and elaborations1 will unite the liberal-minded in a fraternity of thought based on a better understanding of spiritual truths1 and clearer comprehension of the importance to humanity1 of liberty1 justice and love4 ,this new religion1 if we mistake not the signs of the times1 will or does partake largely of theosophic and ,buddhistic metaphysics and is not1 therefore1 to be despised by our best thinkers4 ,buddhism corrupted by ,brahmic theocracy--as ,christianity by ,mosaic rites1 by papistic theology and sectarian piety--has come to us as a morbid asceticism or worse1 delighting in self-inflicted individual tortures and revelling in unthinkable contradictions4 ,this conception of it is probably false and due more to deficiencies of language and unreceptive habit of metaphysical thought than to perversity of ideas4 ,a system of highest ethics1 and a religion without a personal ,god1 ,buddhism deifies the soul of man and exalts the individual through countless experiences of physical embodiment into a position of apparently infinite wisdom--a condition beyond phenomenal existence and of course indescribable4 ,it neither annihilates life in nirvana nor admits immortal existence as we understand existence--i4e41 in a perpetually objective form of some sort4 ,it is better in some respects1 though older1 than ,christism4 ,buddhas and ,christs alike1 we are taught1 are only men sent from celestial congress to direct their fellow men into higher paths leading to incomprehensible perfections1 and they are not more gods than other men1 save in their greater experience4 ,theosophy is to ,buddhism what ,modern ,spiritualism is to ,christianity--an acceptance of fundamental truths and rejection of priestly ceremonials2 an adoption of the spirit and denial of the letter2 an application of principles and ideas to real life and claiming not only to have new light but to be ever progressive4 ,it is highly and intensely spiritual1 and develops in some most marvellous powers over natural forces4 ,its spirituality1 however1 does not leave the earth untouched and mortal needs unrecognized4 ,it is an advance movement in the ,east1 bringing substance and actuality to much that in ,buddhism is but vaporous ideality and bewildering prefiguration4 ,it claims that intervening land or water is no barrier to close personal association of its brotherhood1 and that they are confined to no land or clime4 ,here in ,america it has followers who walk by its light1 we are told1 without knowing it1 and many students trying to encompass the mysteries of the occult science1 which claims only to be like other science1 the fruit of study and discovery1 giving mastery over subtle forces of nature which physical scientists fail to recognize4 ,its ethics are the highest conceivable1 and the individual existence of the soul apart from the body a matter of commonest demonstration among the adepts4 ,mental science so closely resembles theosophy1 as we understand it1 that we hardly know the difference1 save that of immaturity4 ,it is theosophy in its infancy1 adapted to the status of ,american thought in the psychological direction4 ,confined though it is at present chiefly to the curing of the sick it is by no means admitted that this is the limit or more than the beginning of its adaptation to human needs4 ,it is spending in this country with amazing rapidity1 and though yet a child is certain to bring about a great change in the ideas of many regarding mind1 its power over and priority to matter4 ,so far as its students devote their attention to other than such comprehension of its postulates as is necessary to become healers1 they are ,buddhistic in thought and expression1 and some even accept a modified theory of metempsychosis known as reincarnation4 ,still they reject the philosophy of ,spiritualism respecting spirit life1 and appear to be all at sea as regards the immediate future of the individual4 ,in their utterances on this they are more ,buddhist than ,christian1 as in other respects4 ,they doubt or deny individual existence of the soul4 ,the ,spiritualist believes that his soul will have for all time a body of some sort1 spiritual or physical1 and his spirit-world and life are filled with very human occupations1 thoughts and desires1 carried on amid familiar scenery in a very substantial and earth-like manner4 ,he believes in progress eternal1 and the possibility of final mergement of his individual self into the ,all-,self is so remote as to give him no concern4 ,but the mental scientist1 as near as we can express his notion1 rejects the idea of spiritual embodiment1 regards his personality as purely mortal and his soul one with indivisible ,god1 now and forever4 ,personality is not an attribute of his soul2 spirit or astral body he does not understand as ever existing to preserve individuality after physical dissolution--in this differing as much from the theosophist as from the ,spiritualist4 ,when these modernized ,buddhists1 ,spiritualists and ,christians1 and liberal thinkers1 generally1 unite--as they easily may1 for they have now no irreconcilable disagreement--they will form a powerful body of thinking and progressive religionists4 ,and their religion will be a better ,buddhism than ,buddha taught1 a broader ,christianity than ,christ revealed1 a deeper ,spiritual philosophy than ,swedenborg or ,davis heralded4 ,of course we welcome the opening day and its new light and promise1 for the old theologies are wearisome emptiness and humbug1 and the new isms cold and repellant or insufficient in their testimony4 ,we do not expect that a new church will arise and a new sectarianism follow4 ,but a new conception of life1 its origin1 purpose and destiny may come to lift the people of ,america out of the old religious rut4 ,and in consequence the old depressing question1 ,is life worth living8 answered once by ,buddha's ,no1 may be answered anew by ,humanity's ,yes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the observations of this writer refer more to certain progressive and restless classes in this ,northeastern region than to the ,united ,states generally4 ,the churches are not diminishing in the number of their members1 but steadily gaining in numbers and also in liberality4 ,the new religion and philosophy of the future will be luminous1 scientific and philanthropic--not a conglomeration of vague speculations4 ,true1 reverential religion is not a dreamy or speculative impulse1 but an earnest love of mankind and of duty1 which does not waste itself in unprofitable speculations1 but eagerly pursues the positive knowledge of this life and the next1 which gives practical wisdom and diffuses happiness4 ,all systems of religion talk about love and recommend it1 but their followers seldom realize it in their lives4 ,the religion of the future will realize it4 ,apropos to this subject1 ,col4 ,van ,horn1 of the ,kansas ,city ,journal1 says3 ,and as another result of missionary work1 there are now in the ,united ,states1 in ,england and on the continent1 missionaries of ,buddhism sent by the schools of the ,east1 to convert us to the philosophy of ,gautama4 ,this may sound startling to the general reader1 but it is not only a fact1 but they have made converts and are making them with a rapidity that is remarkable1 making more from us than we are from them4 ,and they are from the very best and brightest intellects among us--not the illiterate1 but the most cultured of the educated classes4 ,it will not do to suppress this fact in the discussion--for this is an age when facts must be looked in the face4 ,,just ,,criticism4 ,the intellectual editor of the ,kansas ,city ,journal has made some very philosophic remarks on the materialistic philosophy of fashionable ,scientists1 which with some abridgment are here presented3 ,as an illustration of its methods of dealing with so subtle a thing as human intelligence1 we have a recent singular example in ,paris1 by the eminent physician ,charcot1 and others1 which illustrates how great men in special departments walk blindfold over things that afford no mystery to common minds4 ,we allude to certain experiments in hypnotism--the professional name for mesmerism4 ,the medical profession for more than half a century sneered at the discoveries of ,mesmer1 until now compelled to recognize them1 they have not the manliness to acknowledge the fact1 but invent a new and inaccurate nomenclature to conceal their change of front4 ,to make a long story short these gentlemen have put a subject under the influence one day1 enjoined him to commit a theft or a murder at a given hour the next day1 and despite every effort of will on the part of the subject1 the crimes have been attempted1 and the victim only saved from himself by the interposition of the operator1 who was present to remove the influence--or through the understanding of the party against whom the offence was to be committed1 in the form of the robbery actually carried out4 ,but what does science do with this fact8 ,nothing but announce it1 and then proceed to dig among molecules and their related agitations for the solution of the mystery4 ,this is what certain scientists do1 but their follies are not chargeable to ,science1 nor to the whole body of ,scientists4 ,the ablest thinkers to-day1 the deepest inquirers1 look to the powers of the soul1 and the new anthropology traces these powers to their localities in the brain4--,,ed4 ,,of ,,journal4 ,how old is this fact8 ,as old as the race4 ,at one time it was called necromancy1 at another witchcraft1 at another the inspiration of ,god1 at a subsequent time animal magnetism1 at another called after one of its more modern discoverers1--mesmerism--now hypnotism--which is only another name for magnetic sleep--if anybody knows what that is--or for somnambulism4 ,common sense tells common people that it is only an abnormal manifestation of the power that gives one person control over another1 or enables one person to influence another4 ,the simple every-day habit of exacting a promise from your neighbor to do a certain thing1 or for you to make a like promise1 and execute it4 ,sickness is a partial compliance with the conditions of mortality--death being the complete process4 ,so the hypnotic experiences are the completed illustrations of the common power which we call personal influence4 ,that is all4 ,but that is not mysterious enough for learned people--it is not scientific enough--as everybody can understand it4 ,then1 too1 it suggests another thing that is fatal to it in the estimation of the teacher--it suggests that what we call the human mind or soul is a potential thing1 that acts through the every-day machinery of our bodies1 and may be more or less within the grasp of the common mind4 ,there is a higher plane of knowledge than that of mere physical science1 and if the theologian mistook its teaching1 it is no reason why the pursuit of that knowledge on this higher plane should be ignored4 ,hence it is that this discovery by ,charcot and others1 to which we allude1 has as yet been barren of fruit1 because the methods of science to which the discoverers are wedded forbid the admission of the psychic problem that underlies the remarkable phenomena4 ,and just here1 it may as well be said first as last1--that the profession to which these eminent men belong1 nor any one school of applied science1 will ever read the lesson of these experiments1 nor will any of the so-called regular schools of learning4 ,the riddle will be read by some thinker outside1 and when the bread-and-butter purveyors of theology1 science and the schools have become indoctrinated1 and prefer to pay their money for the new instead of the old--then these self-constituted teachers of humanity will all know that the cow was to eat the grindstone--and teach the fact4 ,we simply state a fact1 known to history1 that the progress of the world is due to the inventor and discoverer1 and not to the schools4 ,every single thing1 from the advent of modern astronomy to the electric light1 has been from the ranks of the people by discovery or invention1 and had to fight its way against the teaching class1 from time immemorial4 ,the circulation of the blood1 which every pig-sticker knew since knives were invented1 had to be forced upon medical science by a quack4 ,and now1 although the phenomena we refer to have been before the teaching class since history records anything1 and although ,mesmer taught it experimentally eighty years ago1 science has now only got so far as to admit the existence of the phenomena4 ,why have not the professions given these things more attention1 and why have they in these modern days for three quarters of a century practically denied their existence8 ,that question is a legitimate one4 ,and at the risk of being charged with unfriendliness1 it must be said that it was either from an inability to think or from a narrow creedism that will not accept a truth from outside discovery4 ,the effect of this1 and what constitutes a crime in the teaching class1 is1 that it has for all these long years shut out this now accepted knowledge from the masses of humanity who look to this teaching class as authority1--and to use a business form of speech1--pay them for finding and teaching the truth4 ,and so the learning of the world and the common mass of mind has1 after nearly a century1 to begin where the ostracised ,mesmer left off--a long1 dark1 weary denial of the truth by the simple refusal to investigate4 ,this is a serious arraignment1 but it is admitted to-day by the scientific world to be but the simple truth4 ,and what do we find now8 ,why1 these same men who1 for more than eighty years1 have been denying this truth1 now whistle down the wind as fanatics1 dreamers and cranks1 those who all the time have recognized the truth1 and been seeking the law underlying its remarkable phenomena4 ,this strictly just arraignment applies to the entire body of the old-fashioned and so-called regular medical and clerical professions1 all of whom have been educated into ignorance on these subjects by the colleges1 which are the chief criminals in this warfare against science and progress4 ,it was impossible to teach the true science of man in any college but the one of which ,i was one of the founders and the presiding officer2 to obtain the necessary freedom in teaching the highest forms of science1 ,i have been compelled to establish the ,college of ,therapeutics in ,boston4--,,ed4 ,,of ,,journal4 ,and this class holds simply that the human being is a living soul1 that1 for the time being1 acts through the organism we call the human body1 and that these living beings have an affinity of conditions by which they act and react one upon another1 the manifestation of which we call society or social life4 ,that is all there is to this seeming mystery when reduced to simple terms4 ,it is a question that chemistry cannot deal with because analysis is not the method4 ,molecules1 to use a homely phrase1 are a good thing1 but molecules don't think1 and this thing we are considering does think4 ,molecules are amenable to chemical affinities1 and their condition one instant is not and cannot be their condition the next instant4 ,so1 if to-day at twelve o'clock the molecules are in combination1 chemically1 to suggest a theft1 they may undergo1 and we see do undergo1 billions of changes before the hour of meridian arrives to-morrow--and not at all likely at that exact moment to be in the stealing combination again4 ,or1 if so1 it is not likely to be for stealing exactly the same article it was combined on the day previous4 ,yet this infinite series of impossibilities must be possible to have the experiments we refer to come true--on the theory of molecular action4 ,this is one of those absurdities that men call the marvellous discoveries of science4 ,no crank in ,christendom ever conceived anything so utterly absurd4 ,common sense comes to our help here1 and tells us that this power is from an intelligence that controls molecules1 and that this molecular activity is but the motor force which this intelligence uses to execute its purpose2 that this purpose is1 or may be1 continuous1 because this intelligence is continuous4 ,and as it is thus paramount1 and controlling as to this motor force1 which to us is the phenomena of what we call life1 it must be thus paramount1 be persistent--or in other words1 immortal4 ,and it must be immortal because it has been the agent of conception and growth--or antecedent4 ,and if it had the antecedent potency1 its potentiality cannot cease when it becomes consequent--or when the machinery which is propelled by this motor force is worn out1 or broken1 and its use destroyed4 ,,progress ,,of ,,discovery ,,and ,,improvement4 ,,wonderful ,,inventions4--,prof4 ,elisha ,gray's new discovery is called autotelegraphy1 and it is claimed that it will be possible with its use to write upon a sheet of paper and have an autographic facsimile of the writing reproduced by telegraph #cjj miles away1 and probably a much greater distance4--,phil4 ,press4 ,a ,washington special in the ,new ,york ,news says3 ,the company owning the type-setting machine has arranged to put up fifty of these machines for the transaction of business4 ,they will be put up at once in ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,washington1 ,cincinnati1 ,chicago and other leading cities4 ,the company claims that the machine is now perfect1 and that each machine will perform as much work in setting type as ten average compositors4 ,,edison',s ,,phonograph4--,new ,york1 ,october #ba4 ,edison gives additional particulars concerning his perfected phonograph4 ,he finished his first phonograph about ten years ago4 ,that1 he says1 was more or less a toy4 ,the germ of something wonderful was perfectly distinct1 but ,i tried the impossible with it1 and when the electric light business assumed commercial importance1 ,i threw everything overboard for that4 ,nevertheless1 the phonograph has been more or less constantly in mind ever since4 ,when resting from prolonged work upon light1 my brain was found to revert almost automatically to the old idea4 ,since the light has been finished1 ,i have taken up the phonograph1 and after eight months of steady work have made it a commercial invention4 ,my phonograph ,i expect to see in every business office4 ,the first #ejj will1 ,i hope1 be ready for distribution about the end of ,january4 ,their operation is simplicity itself1 and cannot fail4 ,the merchant or clerk who wishes to send a letter has only to set the machine in motion1 and to talk in his natural voice1 and at the usual rate of speed1 into a receiver4 ,when he has finished the sheet1 or ',phonogram1' as ,i call it1 it is ready for putting into a little box made on purpose for mails4 ,we are making sheets in three sizes--one for letters of from #hjj to #a1jjj words1 another size for #b1jjj words1 and another size for #d1jjj words4 ,i expect that an agreement may be made with the post-office authorities enabling phonogram boxes to be sent at the same rate as a letter4 ,the receiver of the phonogram will put it into his apparatus and the message will be given out more clearly and distinctly than the best telephone message ever sent4 ,the tones of the voice in the two phonographs which ,i have finished are so perfectly rendered that one can distinguish between twenty different persons1 each one of whom has said a few words4 ,one tremendous advantage is that the letter may be repeated a thousand times4 ,the phonogram does not wear out by use4 ,moreover1 it may be filed away for a hundred years and be ready for the instant it is needed4 ,if a man dictates his will to a phonograph1 there will be no disputing the authenticity of the document with those who knew the tones of his voice in life4 ,the cost of making the phonograph will be scarcely more than the cost of ordinary letter paper4 ,the machine will read out a letter or message at the same speed with which it was dictated4 ,edison also has experimented with a device to enable printers to set type directly from the dictation of the phonograph4 ,he claims great precision in repeating orchestral performances1 so that the characteristic tones of all the instruments may be distinguished4 ,type-setting ,eclipsed4--,a new machine has been invented at ,minneapolis which supersedes type-setting4 ,by this machine1 which is no larger than a small type-writer and operates on the same plan1 a plate or matrix is produced1 which is easily stereotyped1 thus attaining the same result which is ordinarily reached by preparing a form of type for the foundry which has to be stereotyped and then distributed4 ,the speed of the new machine will be from five to ten times as great as that of type-setting1 and if successful it will enable an author to send his work to the stereotyper more easily than he can write it with the pen4 ,when all ambitious would-be authors are let loose upon the world in this manner1 what a flood of superfluous literature we shall have and what will become of the superfluous printers8 ,printing in ,colors has taken a potent move forward4 ,by the new process a thousand shades can be printed at once4 ,instead of using engraved rollers or stones1 as in the case of colored advertisements1 the designs or pictures are 'built up' in a case of solid colors specially prepared1 somewhat after the style of mosaic work4 ,a portion is then cut or sliced off1 about an inch in thickness1 and this is wrapped round a cylinder1 and the composition has only to be kept moist1 and any number of impressions can be printed4 ,this will cause an extraordinary revolution in art work1 also in manufactures4 ,mr4 ,edwin ,f4 ,field1 of ,lewiston1 ,me41 has invented a substantial steam wagon for common roads4 ,there is no reason why such wagons should not come into use4 ,when first proposed in ,england they were put down by jealousy and opposition1 but ,i have always contended that the steam engine should have superseded the horse fifty years ago4 ,,fruit ,,preserving4--,about ,christmas time in #ahhe people in ,san ,francisco were astonished to see fresh peaches1 pears1 and grapes1 with all their natural bloom1 and looking plump and juicy1 on exhibition in the windows of confectionery stores on ,kearny and ,sutter streets4 ,these fruits attracted great attention1 and remained on exhibition several weeks1 showing the preservative agent employed1 whatever it might be1 was singularly powerful in resisting the natural decay4 ,when tasted or smelled of1 the fruit showed no peculiarity that could lead to a discovery of the secret of the mysterious process4 ,it appears now that the invention is at last to be made a practical success on a large scale4 ,the ,allegretti ,green ,fruit ,treatment and ,storage ,system ,company1 with the main storehouse at ,west ,berkeley1 announce that they are now ready to store and treat all kinds of green articles1 by the week or month1 and for shipment ,east4 ,i4 ,allegretti1 the inventor of this system1 stated that he had been experimenting with various processes for preserving green fruit for twenty-six years1 and had succeeded in discovering this system1 whose success has been demonstrated to the fruit-growers of this ,state4 ,the building in use at present is a frame structure1 capable of storing some fifty tons of fruit4 ,the inner lining of the walls is galvanized iron4 ,there is no machinery used1 and the only thing visible is a large tank1 supposed to contain the chemical preparation4 ,the arrangements are so made as to give an even temperature of #ce degrees4--,oakland ,enquirer4 ,,napoleon',s ,,manuscript4--,a manuscript by ,napoleon ,i4 has been sold in ,paris for five thousand five hundred francs4 ,it was written by ,napoleon at ,ajaccio in #agij1 and the language and orthography are said to be those of an uneducated person4 ,in this manuscript he speaks with enthusiasm of ,robespierre4 ,,peace4--,long and impatiently have ,i waited for the dawning of true civilization and practical religion4 ,it is coming now in the form of an international movement in favor of peace by arbitration4 ,the ,british deputation which has visited this country to urge the necessity of a treaty for arbitration1 was entertained1 ,nov4 #ajth1 just before their return1 by the ,commercial ,club at the ,vendome ,hotel1 in ,boston1 and many appropriate remarks were made by the distinguished gentlemen present1 including ,gov4 ,ames1 and ,mayor ,o',brien4 ,the deputation consisted of ,w4 ,r4 ,cremer1 ,m4,p41 the most persistent advocate of arbitration1 ,sir ,george ,campbell1 ,m4,p41 ,andrew ,provard1 ,m4,p41 ,halley ,stewart1 ,m4,p41 ,benj4 ,pickard and ,john ,wilson1 who represent the workingmen of ,great ,britain4 ,william ,whitman of the ,club1 who presided at the entertainment1 remarked1 ,it is an inspiring fact1 as well as indisputable evidence of social growth1 that this appeal for arbitration as a permanent policy has come1 not so much from kings1 from rulers1 or from statesmen1 as from workingmen4444 ,it would create an epoch in human history second only in influence to the birth of ,christ1 and be such a practical exemplification of religion as would awake the conscience and touch the heart of all peoples4 ,,capital ,,punishment is a relic of barbarism which society has not yet outgrown4 ,it tends to cultivate vindictive sentiments1 and1 at the same time1 to generate a morbid sympathy for criminals4 ,the execution of the ,chicago ,anarchists1 as they are called1 has had these effects4 ,they were not properly ,anarchists in any philosophic sense1 but rather revolutionists1 bent on destroying government and the republican rule of the majority by dynamite and assassination4 ,their death gives satisfaction to the vast majority of the people1 but their incendiary language has done incalculable mischief1 and greatly interfered with all rational and practicable measures of reform1 as carried on by the ,knights of ,labor1 co-operative banks and building societies1 co-operative associations and schools of industrial education for both sexes4 ,just as we have a prospect of getting rid of international war1 this revolutionary communism proposes to introduce a social war that has no definite purpose1 but the indulgence of the angry passions which have been generated abroad by tyranny and poverty4 ,,antarctic ,,exploration4--,the ,australian colony of ,victoria has appropriated #ej1jjj for two ships to make a voyage of scientific exploration in the ,antarctic circle4 ,,the ,,desert ,,shall ,,blossom ,,as ,,the ,,rose4--,the ',great ,american ,desert' was long ago found out to be a myth2 and now some of the remotest corners which were once supposed to be included in it are proving to offer the largest promises of value for agricultural and grazing purposes4 ,in ,new ,mexico1 for example1 it has long been thought that certain immense areas must always be comparatively useless because of their natural aridity4 ,but engineers have just completed plans for tapping the ,rio ,grande with a canal and thus bringing under irrigation a tract some ten miles wide and a hundred and fifty long1 containing nearly a million acres4 ,the addition of so vast an area to the arable land of the ,territory means1 of course1 a large increase in the productive resources of that section4 ,other canals may possibly do as much4 ,the work of sinking artesian wells is also going on there extensively1 while the project of constructing great storage reservoirs1 in which the rainfall of the wet season may be collected and from thence gradually distributed through the dry season1 is already in serious contemplation by private enterprise4 ,modern scientific irrigation has already accomplished wonders for the agriculture of ,utah2 it seems likely to do even more for ,new ,mexico4 ,,life ,,and ,,death4 #abb ,,years4--,the great-grandfather of the dramatist ,steele ,mackaye1 named ,john ,morrison1 was an old ,covenanter and preached in the same parish a hundred years4 ,he lived to be #abb4 ,his name1 written in the old ,bible after he was a centenarian1 looks like a copperplate4 #aed ,,years4--,the ,cincinnati ,evening ,telegram recently published a special from ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 which says3 ,news has just reached here1 from a most reliable source1 of the recent death in the ,state of ,vera ,cruz1 ,mex41 of ,jesus ,valdonado1 a farmer and ranchman of considerable possessions4 ,this man's age at the time of death was indisputably #aed years4 ,at ,valdonado's funeral the pall-bearers were his three sons1 aged respectively #adj1 #abj1 and #aji years4 ,they were white-haired1 but strong and hearty1 and in full possession of all their faculties4 ,,americus1 ,ga41 ,sept4 #be4--;,edmond ,montgomery died on ,nick ,jordan's place1 near the county line of ,schley1 aged #ajb years4 ,he was an ,african chief of the ,askari tribe1 and was taken to ,virginia from ,africa in #ahjg1 when he was a young man4 ,he had a large family in ,virginia1 and when he died he left his third wife and #be children in ,georgia4 ,his grandchildren and great-grandchildren are unknown and unnumbered4 ,he had remarkably good eyesight and health1 and never took a dose of medicine in his life4 ,,thirty-,,three ,,children4--,a ,west ,virginian named ,brown recently visited ,washington to furnish evidence in a pension claim4 ,inquiry showed that his mother had borne thirty-three children in all4 ,twenty of this number were boys1 sixteen of whom had served in the ,union army4 ,two were killed4 ,the others survived4 ,the death of the two boys entitles the mother to a pension4 ,general ,black says the files of the office fail to show another record where the sixteen sons of one father and mother served as soldiers in the late war4 ,,effect ,,of ,,poverty4--,m4 ,delerme1 a distinguished ,parisian physician1 found that in ,france the death rate of persons between the ages of forty and forty-five1 when in easy circumstances1 was only #h4c per one thousand per annum1 while the poorer classes of similar age died at the rate of #ah4g4 ,that was two and one-half times as many of the poor as the rich died in ,france at these ages out of a given number living4 ,,jenny ,,lind ,,goldschmidt1 the famous ,swedish singer1 died at ,london ,nov4 #ast at the age of #fi4 ,she was born of poor parents and made her first appearance on the stage at nine years of age4 ,,mrs4 ,,rachel ,,stillwagon1 of ,flushing1 claims to be the oldest woman on ,long ,island4 ,she has just celebrated her #ajb;d birthday1 surrounded by descendants to even the fifth generation4 ,three-quarters of a century ago the fame of ,mrs4 ,stillwagon's beauty extended as far south as ,baltimore4 ,,chap4 ,x4--,,the ,,law ,,of ,,location ,,in ,,organology4 ,the primal laws applied to the brain--,the four directions--,the elements of good and evil--,the horizontal line of division--,frontal and occipital organs and vertical dividing line--,preponderance of the front in certain heads--,gall1 ,spurzheim1 and ,powell--,contrast of frontal and occipital--,latitude1 longitude1 and antagonism--,location of ,health and ,disease1 of ,benevolence1 ,conscientiousness1 ,acquisitiveness and ,baseness1 ,energy and ,relaxation or ,indolence1 ,patience and ,irritability--,duality of the brain and its important consequences--,errors of old system--,self-respect and ,humility--,modesty and ,ostentation--,combativeness and ,harmony--,love and ,hate--,adhesiveness and ,intellect1 median and lateral--,religion and ,profligacy--,laws of arrangement and ,pathognomy--,physiological influences of basilar and coronal regions--,insanity--beneficial influence of coronal region4 ,to feeble minds1 that excel only in memory1 an arbitrary statement of facts to be recollected may be satisfactory1 but to those who are capable of fully understanding such a science as ,anthropology1 arbitrary details1 void of principle and reason1 are repulsive4 ,a chart of the human brain1 without explanation of its philosophic basis and relations1 embarrasses even the memory1 for the memory of a philosophic mind retains principles rather than details4 ,after many years of experimental investigation1 ,i have long since fully demonstrated that the human constitution is developed in accordance with the universal plan of animal life1 and the human brain is organized functionally in accordance with those higher laws of life1 which control all the relations of the spiritual and material worlds1--all interaction between mind and matter4 ,these primal laws are easily comprehended1 and their application to the brain removes all the perplexing complexity of organology4 ,their application to the brain may be stated as follows3 ,the upper legions of the brain1 pointing upwards1 relate to that which is above1--to the spiritual realm1 to love1 religion1 duty1 hope1 firmness1 and all that lifts us to a higher life4 ,the lower regions point downwards1 and expend their energy upon the body1 rousing the heart and all the muscles and viscera1 developing the excitements1 passions1 and appetites4 ,the maximum upward tendency is at the middle of the superior region1 and the maximum downward tendency at the middle of the basilar region1 while organs half-way between them are neutral between these opposite tendencies4 ,hence every faculty or impulse has a location in the brain1 higher or lower1 as it has a more spiritual or material tendency1 and as its influence on the character inclines to virtue or vice4 ,the better the faculty1 the higher its location1--the more capable of evil results1 the lower it is placed4 ,the higher position given to the nobler faculties accords with their right to rule the inferior nature1 the predominance of which is evidently abnormal1 and the effects of which1 in this abnormal predominance1 are expressed by terms full of evil1 although their functions in due subordination are useful and absolutely necessary4 ,in applying this principle1 we realize that such a faculty as ,conscientiousness must be near the very summit1 and that propensities to theft and murder must belong to the base4 ,that such propensities exist in many1 we know1 and it is an absurd optimism which would ignore such facts because they are abnormal4 ,the world is full of human abnormality1 because it is not yet above the juvenile age of its growth1 which is the age of feebleness and folly1 disease and crime4 ,the imperfect organism of childhood is incapable of resisting either temptation or disease4 ,the twenty-five millions destroyed by the black death1 in the fourteenth century1 and the countless millions destroyed by war in all centuries1 including the present1 show how little we have advanced beyond the spirit of savage life4 ,the ferocity of nations is as much the product of their cerebral organization1 as the ferocity of the tiger1 and springs from the same region of the brain1--lying on the ridge of the temporal bone1--a region that delights in fierce destruction1 and is large in all the carnivora4 ,it would be contrary to the spirit of science to ignore the fact that man has an element of ferocity similar to that of the tiger1 because in the fully developed man that fierce element is overruled by the higher powers and confined to the destruction of that which does not suffer4 ,the unwillingness to recognize anything evil comes not from the spirit of science1 but from the a priori assumptions of sentimental theology1 which presumes that it thoroughly comprehends the ,deity 7who is beyond all human comprehension71 and1 out of its imaginative ignorance1 fabricates a priori philosophies and doctrines that everything in man is good1 or that everything in man is evil4 ,anthropology has not thus been evolved from a priori speculation1 but presents its systematic doctrines as generalizations of the facts and experiments which have been carefully acquired and studied through the last half-century4 ,the facts and experiments are too numerous to be recorded and published now1 and had no channel for publication when they occurred4 ,everything in the lower half of the brain has a tendency to evil1 in proportion to its over-ruling power1 and everything in the upper half operates in proportion to its elevation with that controlling influence against evil1 which uplifts him toward angelic or divine superiority4 ,the brain may be divided by a horizontal line from the center of the forehead into its coronal and basilar halves1 and by a vertical line from the cavity of the ear1 into its frontal and occipital halves4 ,the vertical line separates the more passive and the more active faculties4 ,the posterior half of the brain is the source of the backward forces by which the body is advanced1 as the anterior half is the source of the forward movements by which our progress is checked4 ,the posterior half would make blind1 unceasing1 irrepressible action--the anterior half would produce a state of relaxed and feeble tranquillity and sensibility--the condition of a helpless victim4 ,the concurrence of the two is indispensable to human life1 and the necessity of their more or less symmetrical balance is so great that nature balances the head upon the condyles of the occipital bone1 at the summit of the neck1 which are so located as to correspond very nearly with the opening of the ear4 ,the contour of the head is very nearly that of a semicircle1 with its center an inch or more above the cavity of the ear4 ,thus wisely has nature arranged in well-balanced individuals the symmetrical proportion between the active and passive elements of life4 ,in the head of the writer there is a preponderance of the passive over the active elements1 which gives him the attraction to a studious1 rather than active or ambitious life4#a ,in nations or races of ambitious character1 the head is long1 or ,dolico-cephalic1 and the occipital measurement is larger than the frontal1 but in those of peaceful1 unambitious character1 like the ancient ,peruvian and the ,choctaws of the ,united ,states1 the occipital measurement is less than the frontal4 #a ,the head of ,dr4 ,gall shows the same frontal preponderance1 which led him to the pursuits of intellect instead of ambition1 but also shows an immense force of character derived from its extreme breadth and basilar depth4 ,the head of ,spurzheim1 whose skull ,i have often examined1 shows even a greater preponderance of the front1 and a predominance of the coronal over the basilar region1 producing his marked amiability1 with sufficient basilar breadth to give him physical force4 ,each had a large brain4 ,in ,dr4 ,wm4 ,byrd ,powell1 who had a long head1 and who was a man of restless ambition and fiery energy1 the occipital predominated over the frontal development decidedly1 producing1 although the frontal development was not large1 much activity and force1 or brilliancy of mind1 but not the calm temperament most favorable to philosophy4 ,his opinions were more bold and striking than accurate4 ,dr4 ,p4 made a valuable collection of crania1 and was almost the only ,american scientist who gave much attention to the cultivation of phrenology4 ,from these remarks the reader will understand that force belongs to the occiput and gentleness to the front4 ,the occipital region is associated with the spinal column and the limbs1 in which regions the vital forces reside4 ,hence the occipital action of the brain generates vital force and diffuses it in the body1 while the frontal region1 in its aggregate tendency1 expends the vital force--the greatest tendency to expenditure being in the most extreme frontal region4 ,both the front lobe and the anterior extremity of the middle lobe tend to the expenditure of vital force and destruction of health1 and it is absolutely necessary to life that the action of the front lobe should be suspended one-third of our time by sleep1 without which it would exhaust vitality4 ,we shall therefore find that organs are located farther backward in proportion to the energy and impelling power of the faculty1 and farther forward in proportion to their delicacy and intellectuality--the extreme front being the region of maximum intelligence4 ,with these two rules1 giving the latitude by the ethical quality and the longitude by the active energy1 ,i have been accustomed to require my pupils to determine the location of the various elements of human nature1 bearing in mind that organs of analogous functions are located near together1 and organs of opposite or antagonistic functions occupy opposite locations in the brain2 and thus in proportion as one is above the horizontal line the other is below it1 and in proportion as one is forward the other is backward1--in proportion as one is interior or near the median line1 the other is exterior or toward the lateral surface4 ,with this introductory explanation1 ,i begin by asking1 ,where should we locate the faculty which has the maximum degree of healthy influence1 and is therefore called ,health8 ,they will readily decide that it belongs to the posterior half of the head1 but not the most posterior1 as it is not of restless or impulsive character4 ,then as to its latitude they readily decide that it must be considerably above the middle zone and in the upper posterior region where1 after comparing locations1 they generally agree that its position corresponds to the spot marked by the letters ,he4 ,illustration ,we then inquire where the faculties should be located which give us the least capacity to resist disease1 the least buoyant health1 and the greatest liability to succumb to injuries4 ,this being opposite to the last faculty must be located diametrically opposite1 in a position anterior and inferior1 which would bring it to the anterior end of the middle lobe4 ,as this organ gives so great a sensitive liability to disease1 it is not improper to call it the organ of ,disease1 if we recollect that that is its abnormal action1 as murder is the abnormal action of ,destructiveness4 ,its normal action gives a very acute interior sensibility by means of which we understand our physical condition and are warned of every departure from health4 ,the pupils generally locate this organ very nearly as is shown by the letters ,di4 ,we have now gained an additional rule for guiding the location1 viz41 that in proportion as a faculty is of healthy tendency it is located nearer to ,health1 and in proportion as it is of morbid tendency it must be located nearer to ,disease4 ,let us now take two such faculties as ,benevolence or good will and ,integrity or ,conscientiousness4 ,they will readily decide that ,benevolence must be in the superior anterior region1 as it is a virtue of the weak or yielding class1 and that ,conscientiousness1 which makes us just and honest1 must be among the highest organs1 much farther back than ,benevolence but not so far back as ,health4 ,there is no difficulty in agreeing upon the locations1 shown by the letters ,be4 and ,con4 ,if now we seek for the opposite faculties1 which lead to selfish and dishonorable action1 the antagonist of ,benevolence will be unanimously located below and behind the centre1 where it is represented by the letters ,ac41 as ,avarice or ,acquisitiveness is the leading manifestation of the selfish faculty4 ,as the faculty of ,conscientiousness gives us the control of our impulses and selfish or sensual inclinations to qualify for the performance of duty1 its antagonist gives the vigor to the sensual1 violent and selfish passions1 and prompts to the utter disregard of duty4 ,the one being vertically above the centre of the brain1 the other must be vertically below it2 one being on the upper the other must be on the basilar surface4 ,this brings it below the margin of the middle lobe1 which is above the cavity of the ear4 ,hence through the cavity of the ear we reach underneath the basis of the middle lobe1 where it rests on the petrous ridge of the temporal bone1 and the external marking would correspond to the cavity of the ear or meatus auditorius4 ,for this organ and faculty1 the name which would express its unrestrained action is ,baseness1 as it would lead to the commission of many crimes and the violation of all honesty and justice4 ,for its moderate and restrained activity1 the term ,selfishness would be sufficient as it induces us to heed our selfish appetites1 interests1 and passions1 in opposition to the voice of duty4 ,its more normal activity is to invigorate our animal life generally and prevent us from going too far in the line of duty1 patience1 forbearance and benevolence4 ,let it be marked ,ba4 ,its position will be recognized on the vertical line between the frontal and occipital1 as it is not an element of energy and success1 nor of debility1 but simply an element of debasing animalism1 which is not destitute of force4 ,there are in the human constitution the opposite elements of untiring energy or industry1 and of indolent relaxation4 ,to the former we must give an exalted position1 as it is the sustaining power of all the virtues2 and it must evidently be farther back than conscientiousness as it is of a more vigorous character4 ,it is favorable to health and therefore near that organ1 and being free from selfishness it is not far behind ,conscientiousness4 ,the letters ,en4 show its location4 ,energy being thus behind ,conscientiousness1 its antagonist ,relaxation1 the source of indolence1 must be anterior to ,baseness1 where we locate the letters ,re4 ,the opposite elements of ,serenity or ,patience1 and ,irritability are easily located2 the former is obviously entitled to a high position4 ,from its quiet nature it cannot be assigned to the occiput1 and from its steady1 unyielding and supporting strength1 it cannot be assigned to the frontal region4 ,it must1 therefore1 be in the middle superior region1 where the letters ,pa4 locate it4 ,irritability must be on the median line of the basilar range 7and antagonizes ,patience on the middle line above71 but not as low as ,baseness1 for one may be honorable though irritable and high-tempered1 but such temper is not compatible with very strict conscientiousness4 ,in locating organs we are to remember that the brain is not a single but a double apparatus--a right and a left brain1 each complete in all the organs2 consequently1 we are in this instance locating our organs in the left hemisphere alone1 in which the median line where it meets the other hemisphere is on its right side1 and the exterior surface is on its left4 ,an organ located at the median line1 or inner surface1 as ,patience1 must have its antagonist at the external or lateral surface1 as ,irritability4 ,the right hemisphere has the organs of the left side along the median line1 and the organs of its right side on the exterior surface4 ,the left hemisphere has the reverse arrangement4 ,consequently1 the right side of each hemisphere and the left side of the other are identical in function4 ,how then does the right side of one compare with the right side of the other1 and the left side with the left8 ,dr4 ,gall and his followers have overlooked these questions1 and fallen into very great errors in consequence4 ,gall1 for this reason1 was mistaken in the natural language of the organs1 as will be hereafter shown1 having spoken of it as if we had a single brain1 and also mistaken in many of the organs concerning which a knowledge of the relations of the two hemispheres to each other would have corrected the errors4 ,there is a striking analogy1 or coincidence of function between the two right sides and between the two left sides never suspected prior to my investigations and experiments4 ,let us next look for the sentiment of ,pride1 or ,self-respect1 which has been called ,self-esteem4 ,it is a sentiment of conscious ability4 ,its character is dignity1 rather than selfishness4 ,we readily perceive that it must be in the upper region1 but considerably behind the vertical line1 where we place the letters ,s4,r4 ,the question may now arise whether it should be nearer to the right or the left side of the hemisphere1 its inner or outer surface4 ,the law governing this matter is that organs of external manifestation are at the median line1 but those of more interior and spiritual character are generally at the lateral or exterior surface4 ,self-respect1 or ,pride1 is an organ of strong exterior manifestation1 and is1 therefore1 at the median line between the hemispheres4 ,its antagonist must1 therefore1 be sought at the external or lateral surface1 as far below the horizontal division1 as ,self-respect is above it1 and as far forward as ,self-respect is backward4 ,hence we find ,humility where the letters ,hu4 are located4 ,the idea of a specific antagonist to ,self-esteem was never entertained in the phrenological school1 but it is obviously indispensable1 for ,humility1 which gives an humble or servile character1 and disqualifies for any high position1 is as positive an element as the opposite1 and is very common in the dependent and humble classes of society4 ,this organ diminishes our psychic energy in proportion to its distance in front of the ear and qualifies for submission instead of command4 ,if we look for the seat of ,modesty1 we should look in front of the ear1 but not so far forward as for ,intellect4 ,we would look near the horizontal line1 not to the upper surface1 and would see the propriety of locating it in the temples at the letters ,mo4 ,for its antagonism in ,ostentation we should look to the occiput4 ,that species of modesty which produces a bashful and yielding character will be found just below the horizontal line1 while that form of modest sentiment which produces the highest refinement rises into connection with love at the upper surface4 ,the organ thus runs obliquely upward1 corresponding to the position of the convolutions4 ,the antagonist1 ,ostentation1 extends above and below the letters ,ost4 on the occiput4 ,if we seek the organs that impel to contention and combat1 we would naturally look to the lower posterior region1 but not the lowest4 ,we find ,combativeness behind the ear1 marked ,com4 ,its antagonist1 which shuns strife and seeks harmony1 must evidently be in the superior anterior region1 and near the intellectual organs which it resembles in function by facilitating a mutual understanding1 and giving a spirit of concession4 ,the location is marked ,har4 for ,harmony4 ,it embraces a group of organs of harmonious tendency1 such as ,friendship1 ,politeness1 ,imitation1 ,humor1 ,pliability and ,admiration1 as the ,combative group is hostile1 stubborn1 morose and censorious4 ,for the sentiment of ,love we look to the upper surface of the brain as the seat of the nobler sentiments4 ,being a stronger sentiment than ,harmony1 it should be located farther back where we place the letters ,love4 ,its antagonism must be on the basilar surface1 and a little behind the vertical line1 as ,love is before it4 ,this antagonistic faculty would domineer and crush4 ,its extremest action would result in ,hatred4 ,its location is marked by the letters ,ha4 and ,do4 ,upon the principles already stated1 the intellect occupies the extreme front of the brain--the anterior surface of the front lobe4 ,its general character will be represented by its middle--the region of ,consciousness and of ,memory 7,memory74 ,the faculties that relate to physical objects1 the intellect common to animals1 would necessarily occupy the lower stratum along the brow 7,perception71 while the higher species of intellect would occupy a higher position at the summit of the forehead4 ,sagacity1 ,reason1 and other similar forms of intellect1 marked ,understanding1 are above--physical conceptions below--,memory1 which retains both1 lying between them4 ,the perceptive power1 with the widest exterior range1 is at the median line1 where we find clairvoyance2 and the interior meditative power1 such as ,invention1 ,composition1 ,calculation1 and ,planning1 belongs to the lateral or exterior surface of the forehead1 according to the principles just stated4 ,adhesiveness 7,adh47 is the centre of the antagonism to the intellect4 ,religion1 which relates to the infinite exterior1 to the universe and its loftiest power1 must evidently be upon the median line and in the higher portion of the brain1 farther back than ,benevolence1 as it is a stronger sentiment1 but not so far back as ,patience and ,firmness4 ,its antagonism must be at the lower external surface1 behind ,irritability1 7as ,religion is before ,patience17 but before ,acquisitiveness4 ,the tendency of such a faculty must be toward a lawless defiance of everything sacred1 a passionate1 impulsive self-will and selfishness1 resulting in lawless profligacy4 ,profligacy would1 therefore1 be the name for its predominance 7,pr471 while executive independence and energy for selfish purposes would be its more normal manifestation4 ,thus we might go over the entire brain1 showing that all the locations of functions which have been learned from comparison of crania with character1 and which have been absolutely demonstrated by experiments upon intelligent persons1 are arranged in accordance with general laws which are easily understood4 ,the perfection of divine wisdom is made fully apparent when we see the vast complexity of the psychic phenomena of man4 ,a ,,mighty ,,maze ,,but ,,not ,,without ,a ,,plan1 subjected to laws of arrangement and harmony that make it so clearly intelligible4 ,far more do we realize this when we master the science of ,,pathognomy1 and discover that all the attributes or faculties of the human soul1 and all its complex relations with the body1 are demonstrably subject to mathematical laws4 ,i do not propose in this sketch to go through all the details of the localities as ,i might with the anatomical models before a class1 but would refer1 in conclusion1 to the location of the physiological functions of the brain4 ,its basilar surfaces1 pointing downwards1 have their normal influence upon the body4 ,behind the ear they act upon the spinal cord and muscular system4 ,hence basilar depth produces vital force and muscular power4 ,but as the basilar functions1 which use the body1 are opposite to the coronal functions which sustain our higher nature1 it follows that excessive use of the body1 either for exertion or for sensual pleasure1 is destructive to our higher faculties1 operating in many respects like the indulgence of the lower passions4 ,hence mankind are imbruted by excessive toil as well as by excessive sensuality and violence4 ,while the basilar region behind the ear operates upon the posterior part of the trunk1 that portion in front of the ear operates more anteriorly1 affecting the viscera1 in which there is no muscular vigor1 and the tendency of which is toward indolence4 ,thus the vertical line separates the indolent from the energetic basilar functions1 and all the enfeebling1 sensitive1 morbid faculties that impair our energies are in the anterior basilar region4 ,the normal action of these organs1 however1 is necessary to life1 and sustains the visceral system in the reception of food and expulsion of waste4 ,but as it is the region of sensibility to all influences1 it renders us liable to all derangements of body and mind1 unless we are strongly fortified by our occipital strength4 ,the tendency to bodily disorder has been explained by reference to the organs of ,disease and ,health4 ,insanity1 or derangement of the mind and nervous system1 belongs to a basilar and anterior location1 which we reach through the junction of the neck and jaw 7marked ,ins474 ,it is more interior1 but not lower than ,disease1 in the brain4 ,its antagonism is above on the temporal arch1 between the lateral and upper surfaces of the brain1 marked ,san4 for ,sanity4 ,it gives a mental firmness which resists disturbing influences4 ,the coronal region or upper surface of the brain has the opposite influence to that of the basilar organs in all respects1 withdrawing the nervous energy from the body1 tranquillizing its excitements1 and attracting all vital energy to the brain1 especially in its upper region4 ,by sustaining the brain1 which is the chief seat of life1 and by restraining the passions1 the coronal region is more beneficial to health and longevity than any other portion4 ,in the posterior part it not only has this happy effect1 but by sustaining the occipital half of the brain1 gives a normal and healthy energy to all the powers of life4 ,such is the influence of the group of organs in which ,health is the centre4 ,illustration ,it is obvious1 therefore1 that the study of the brain reveals laws which give us the strongest inducement to an honorable life as the only road to success and happiness4 ,to show the facility with which organs may be located upon general principles1 ,i present herewith the locations actually made by a small class of pupils when ,i first proposed to have them determine locations according to the general laws of organology4 ,none of these locations would be called erroneous1 the most incorrect of all being ,adhesiveness1 located a little too high4 ,they are ,be4 ,benevolence1 ,ac4 ,acquisitiveness1 ,phi4 ,philanthropy1 ,des4 ,destructiveness1 ,lo4 ,love1 ,ha4 ,hate1 ,hu4 ,humor1 ,mod4 ,modesty1 ,os4 ,ostentation1 ,con4 ,conscientiousness1 ,ba4 ,baseness1 ,pa4 ,patience1 ,irr4 ,irritability1 ,for4 ,fortitude1 ,al4 ,alimentiveness1 ,her4 ,heroism1 ,sen4 ,sensibility1 ,hea4 ,health1 ,dis4 ,disease1 ,ad4 ,adhesiveness1 ,co4 ,combativeness1 ,ar4 ,arrogance1 ,rev4 ,reverence1 ,ca4 ,cautiousness1 ,ra4 ,rashness4 ,the suggestion cannot be too often repeated that the nomenclature of cerebral organology can never adequately express the functions of the organs4 ,the brain has in all its organs physiological and psychic powers1 which no one word can ever express fully4 ,sometimes a good psychic term1 such as ,firmness1 suggests to the intelligent mind a corresponding influence on the physiological constitution1 but in the present state of mental science the conception of such a correspondence is very vague4 ,moreover1 even the psychic functions are not adequately represented by the words already coined in the ,english language for other purposes1 and ,i do not think it expedient at present to coin new terms which would embarrass the student4 ,the word ,sanity1 for example1 answers its purpose by signifying a mental condition so firm and substantial as to defy the depressing and disturbing influences that derange the mind4 ,it produces not the mere negative state1 or absence of insanity1 but a positive firmness1 and self-control1 which is the interior expression of firmness4 ,the cheerful1 stable1 manly1 and well-regulated character which it produces1 disciplines alike the intellect and the emotions1 and shows itself in children by an early maturity of character and deportment1 and freedom from childish folly and passion4 ,if a new word should be introduced to express this function1 the ,greek word ,,sophrosyne would be a very good one1 as it signifies a self-controlled and reasonable nature4 ,the verb ,,andriso1 signifying to render hardy1 manly1 strong1 to display vigor1 and make a manly effort of self-control1 would be equally appropriate in the adjective form1 ,,andrikos1 and still more in the noun ,,andria1 which signifies manhood or manly sentiments and conduct4 ,it would not1 however1 be preferable to the ,english word1 ,,manliness1 which is as appropriate a term as ,sanity or ,,andria4 ,,to ,,you ,,personally4 ,the ,,journal ,,of ,,man acknowledges with pleasure your co-operation during the past year1 its trial trip4 ,it presumes from your co-operation1 that you are one of the very few truly progressive and large-minded mortals who really wish to lift mankind into a better condition1 and who have that practical sagacity 7which is rare among the educated7 by which you recognize great truths in their first presentation before they have the support of the leaders of society4 ,if among our readers there are any of a different class1 they are not expected to continue4 ,the sincere friends of the ,,journal have shown by many expressions in their friendly letters1 that they are permanent friends1 and as the present size of the ,,journal is entirely inadequate to its purposes1 they desire its enlargement to twice its present size and price4 ,they perceive that it is the organ of the most important and comprehensive movement of intellectual progress ever undertaken by man1 and they desire to see its mission fulfilled and the benefit realized by the world1 in a redeeming and uplifting education1 a reliable system of therapeutics1 a scientific and beneficent religion1 a satisfactory spiritual science1 and the uplifting of all sciences by ,psychometry4 ,but it is important to know in advance that all the ,,journal',s present readers desire to go on in an enlarged and improved issue4 ,you are1 therefore1 requested to signify by postal card your intentions and wishes as to the enlarged ,,journal4 ,will your support be continued or withdrawn for the next volume1 and can you do anything to extend its circulation8 ,an immediate reply will oblige the editor4 ,,responses ,,of ,,our ,,readers4 ,the generous appreciation of the ,,journal ,,of ,,man by the liberal press was shown in the ,may number1 as well as the enthusiastic appreciation of its readers4 ,the proposition for its enlargement has called forth a kind and warm response from its readers1 from which the few quotations following will show how well the ,,journal has realized their hopes and desires4 ,i will try to get one or two more subscribers to what ,i regard as the best journal ,i have ever known1 going as it does to the root of the most vital and most important interests of man1 and dealing with great principles so vigorously and fairly4--,g4 ,h4 ,c4 7a ,southern author74 ,the intensely interesting subjects treated in the ,,journal ,,of ,,man demand more space4--,h4 ,f4 ,j4 ,the ,,journal ,,of ,,man is certainly the most valuable truth-giver ,i ever saw4--,j4 ,t4 ,j4 ,it is the only journal of the kind1 and the most needed of any kind4--,o4 ,k4 ,k4 ,i will sustain the ,journal of ,man as long as ,i have a dollar4--,p4 ,c4 ,m4 ,i do not see how ,i could get along without it4--,g4 ,b4 ,n4 ,enlarge the ,,journal five-fold4--,g4 ,b4 ,r4 ,i shall want it as long as ,i remain in this life4--,mrs4 ,m4 ,j4 ,r4 ,among progressive minds and deep thinkers1 it is considered solid gold4--,w4 ,e4 ,s4 ,count on me as a life subscriber4--,n4 ,j4 ,s4 ,i hope you will keep your pen moving1 as the world has need of your thoughts4--,s4 ,c4 ,w4 ,i wish you could make it a four-dollar publication4--,a4 ,w4 ,i think it the most advanced publication extant4--,h4 ,w4 ,w4 ,the rectification of cerebral science is to me a demonstration4--,l4 ,w4 ,h4 ,it accords with my views of man1 and leads by going beyond me4--,j4 ,w4 ,i4 ,the most scientific publication that ,i have ever read1 and far in advance of all others4--,s4 ,j4 ,w4 ,the ,,journal ,,of ,,man is just what ,i want4--,c4 ,l4 ,a4 ,to say ,i like the ,,journal1 and am much interested in it1 is a meagre way of expressing myself4--,h4 ,f4 ,b4 ,i hope you will be able to extend it broadcast over the land4--,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,b4 ,it has filled a long-felt want in my mind4--,e4 ,c4 ,b41 ,m4 ,d4 ,i wish that every editor in the world was actuated by the same spirit that seems to actuate you4 ,as long as ,i can see to read1 ,i shall endeavor to make it my companion4--,w4 ,b4 ,more than pleased4--,a4 ,e4 ,c4 ,i know of nothing printed that equals it4--,j4 ,e4 ,p4 ,c4 ,i regard the ,,journal as important to mankind the world over4--,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,i am in receipt of several medical journals and several newspapers2 ,i think your ,,journal ,,of ,,man contains more common sense than all the others4--,s4 ,f4 ,d41 ,m4,d4 ,i bid you ,god speed in your dissemination of truth4--,rev4 ,d4 ,d4 ,the more it is enlarged the better ,i am pleased4--,a4 ,f41 ,m4,d4 ,i perceive fully its important mission4--,m4 ,f4 ,i admire your thought and expression4--,l4 ,g4 ,i will take the ,,journal under all circumstances1 and at any price4--,l4 ,i4 ,g4 ,i admired the manner in which you bombarded military unchristianity4--,a4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,publication ,,of ,,the ,,journal4 ,it is not yet decided that the ,,journal shall be enlarged4 ,the flattering responses already received are not sufficient in number to justify enlargement4 ,unless the remainder of the readers of the ,,journal shall express themselves in favor of enlargement it will not be attempted4 ,the editor is willing to toil without reward1 but not to take up a pecuniary burden in addition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,psychometric ,,practice4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,buchanan continues to apply her skill in the description of character and disease1 with general impressions as to past and future4 ,her numerous correspondents express much gratification and surprise at the correctness of her delineations4 ,the fee for a personal interview is #b2 for a written description #c2 for a more comprehensive review and statement of life periods1 with directions for the cultivation of ,psychometry1 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mayo',s ,,anaesthetic4 ,the suspension of pain1 under dangerous surgical operations1 is the greatest triumph of ,therapeutic ,science in the present century4 ,it came first by mesmeric hypnotism1 which was applicable only to a few1 and was restricted by the jealous hostility of the old medical profession4 ,then came the nitrous oxide1 introduced by ,dr4 ,wells1 of ,hartford1 and promptly discountenanced by the enlightened 787 medical profession of ,boston1 and set aside for the next candidate1 ether1 discovered in the ,united ,states also1 but far inferior to the nitrous oxide as a safe and pleasant agent4 ,this was largely superseded by chloroform1 discovered much earlier by ,liebig and others1 but introduced as an anaesthetic in #ahdg1 by ,prof4 ,simpson4 ,this proved to be the most powerful and dangerous of all4 ,thus the whole policy of the medical profession was to discourage the safe1 and encourage the more dangerous agents4 ,the magnetic sleep1 the most perfect of all anaesthetic agents1 was expelled from the realm of college authority2 ether was substituted for nitrous oxide1 and chloroform preferred to ether1 until frequent deaths gave warning4 ,nitrous oxide1 much the safest of the three1 has not been the favorite1 but has held its ground1 especially with dentists4 ,but even nitrous oxide is not perfect4 ,it is not equal to the magnetic sleep1 when the latter is practicable1 but fortunately it is applicable to all4 ,to perfect the nitrous oxide1 making it universally safe and pleasant1 ,dr4 ,u4 ,k4 ,mayo1 of ,boston1 has combined it with certain harmless vegetable nervines1 which appear to control the fatal tendency which belongs to all anaesthetics when carried too far4 ,the success of ,dr4 ,mayo1 in perfecting our best anaesthetic1 is amply attested by those who have used it4 ,dr4 ,thorndike1 than whom ,boston had no better surgeon1 pronounced it the safest the world has yet seen4 ,it has been administered to children and to patients in extreme debility4 ,drs4 ,frizzell and ,williams say they have given it repeatedly in heart disease1 severe lung diseases1 ,bright's disease1 etc41 where the patients were so feeble as to require assistance in walking1 many of them under medical treatment1 and the results have been all that we could ask--no irritation1 suffocation1 nor depression4 ,we heartily commend it to all as the anaesthetic of the age4 ,dr4 ,morrill1 of ,boston1 administered ,mayo's anaesthetic to his wife with delightful results when her lungs were so badly disorganized1 that the administration of ether or gas would be entirely unsafe4 ,the reputation of this anaesthetic is now well established2 in fact1 it is not only safe and harmless1 but has great medical virtue for daily use in many diseases1 and is coming into use for such purposes4 ,in a paper before the ,georgia ,state ,dental ,society1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,parsons testified strongly to its superiority4 ,the nitrous oxide 7says ,dr4 ,p47 causes the patient when fully under its influence to have very like the appearance of a corpse1 but under this new anaesthetic the patient appears like one in a natural sleep4 ,the language of the press generally has been highly commendatory1 and if ,dr4 ,mayo had occupied so conspicuous a rank as ,prof4 ,simpson1 of ,edinburgh1 his new anaesthetic would have been adopted at once in every college of ,america and ,europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,open ,,court4 ,,published ,,by ,the ,open ,court ,publishing ,company1 ,rooms #da and #db1 #afi-age ,,la ,,salle ,,street1 ,,chicago4 ,b4 ,f4 ,,underwood1 ,,sara ,a4 ,,underwood1 ,editor and ,manager4 ,associate ,editor4 ,the ,open ,court is a high-class1 radical free-thought ,journal1 devoted to the work of exposing religious superstition1 and establishing religion upon the basis of science4 ,it is opposed to all forms of sectarianism1 and discusses all subjects of interest in the light of the fullest knowledge and the most matured thought of the age4 ,it has for contributors the leading thinkers and writers of the old and new world4 ,among those who contribute to its columns are the following writers3-- ,prof4 ,max ,muller1 of ,oxford4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,potter4 ,richard ,a4 ,proctor4 ,elizabeth ,cady ,stanton4 ,albert ,revielle4 ,frederick ,may ,holland4 ,edmund ,montgomery1 ,m4,d4 ,anna ,garlin ,spencer4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,d4 ,cope4 ,b4 ,w4 ,ball4 ,col4 ,t4 ,w4 ,higginson4 ,felix ,l4 ,oswald1 ,m4,d4 ,prof4 ,leslie ,f4 ,ward4 ,theodore ,stanton4 ,prof4 ,henry ,c4 ,adams4 ,mrs4 ,celia ,p4 ,wooley4 ,jas4 ,parton4 ,e4 ,c4 ,hegeler4 ,geo4 ,jacob ,holyoake4 ,dr4 ,paul ,carus4 ,john ,burroughs4 ,lewis ,g4 ,james4 ,s4 ,v4 ,clevenger1 ,m4,d4 ,mrs4 ,hypatia ,b4 ,bonner4 ,john ,w4 ,chadwick4 ,wm4 ,lloyd ,garrison1 ,jr4 ,m4 ,j4 ,savage4 ,m4 ,c4 ,o',byrne4 ,moncure ,d4 ,conway4 ,samuel ,kneeland1 ,m4,d4 ,daniel ,greenleaf ,thompson4 ,prof4 ,van ,buren ,denslow4 ,prof4 ,thomas ,davidson4 ,mrs4 ,edna ,d4 ,cheney4 ,gen4 ,j4 ,g4 ,r4 ,forlong4 ,wm4 ,clark1 ,a4,m4 ,prof4 ,w4 ,d4 ,gunning4 ,clara ,lanza4 ,gen4 ,m4 ,m4 ,trumbull4 ,c4 ,d4 ,b4 ,mills4 ,w4 ,m4 ,salter4 ,alfred ,h4 ,peters4 ,those who wish a first-class journal1 devoted to the discussion of scientific1 religious1 social and economic questions1 should send at once for a sample copy of this great journal4 ,terms1 #c per year4 ,single copies1 #ae cents4 ,make all remittances payable to the order of ,b4 ,f4 ,,underwood1 ,treasurer2 and address all letters to ,open ,court1 ,p4 ,o4 ,drawer ,f41 ,chicago1 ,ills4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,forty ,,patients ,a ,,day is the name of a pamphlet ,helen ,wilmans has written on her practical experience in healing4 ,no one seems to have had better opportunity of demonstrating the truth of mental science than ,mrs4 ,wilmans has had in her ,southern home1 where the report of her skill was carried from mouth to mouth1 until patients swarmed to her from far and near4 ,send #ae cents for the pamphlet4 ,address3 ,mrs4 ,,helen ,,wilmans1 ,douglasville1 ,georgia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,send description of yourself1 with #ae;c1 for complete written prediction of your future life1 etc4--,n4 ,m4 ,,geer1 ,port ,homer1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the ,table of ,contents came from the first issue of the volume4