,a ,,practical ,,enquiry ,,into ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,education4 ,,by ,,james ,,gall1 ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,triangul> ,,alphabet ,,= ,,! ,,bl9d2 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,end ,,& ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,sabba? ,,s*ool ,,tea*+1 c4 ,! ,works ( ! ,"l are great1 s\ght out ( all !m t h pleasure !re94--,,psal4 cxi4 #b4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,james ,,gall ,,son1 #bd1 ,,niddry ,,/reet4 ,,london3 ,,h\l/on ,,/oneman1 #fe1 ,,pat]no/]-,,r[4 ,,glasg[2 ,,george ,,gallie4 ,,belfa/3 ,,william ,m',,comb4 ,,mdcccxl ,pr9t$ by ,j4 ,gall ,son4 #bb1 ,niddry ,/reet4 ,,preface4 ,! ,au?or ( ! foll[+ pages is a pla9 man1 :o has endeav\r$ to write a pla9 book1 = ! purpose ( be+ popul>ly useful4 ,! philosophical =m :i* 8 enquiries h assum$1 is ! result r ( accid5tal circum/ances ?an ( free *oice4 ,! /rong desire :i* he felt 9 8 e>li] ye>s to b5efit ! ,"y1 induc$ him to pu% =w>d 9 ! pa?s :i* appe>$ to him mo/ likely to lead to 8 object2 & x 0 n till he _h advanc$ f> into ! fields ( philosophy1 t he fir/ began dimly to p]ceive ! importance ( ! gr\nd :i* he _h unwitt+ly occupi$4 ,! tru? is1 t he _h lab\r$ _m ye>s 9 ! ,sabba? ,s*ools ) :i* he _h connect$ himself1 be=e he 0 aw>e t1 9 8 combat ) ignorance1 he 0 wield+ weapons t 7 comp>atively new2 & x 0 /ill long]1 be=e he v cle>ly und]/ood ! pr9ciples ( ^? ,ex]cises :i* he f\nd s successful4 ,"o inve/igation l$ to ano!r2 light %one out z he proce$$2 & he n[ submits1 ) full confid5ce 9 ! tru? ( 8 g5]al pr9ciples & d$uctions1 ! results ( m ?an ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce & reflection 9 ! great cause ( ,education4 ,he has only fur!r to obs]ve1 t ! t]m ,,nature1 :i* occurs s frequ5tly1 has be5 adopt$ z a conv5i5t & popul> mode ( expression4 ,none ( 8 read]s ne$s to be in=m$1 t ?is is b ano!r mann] ( designat+ ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,nature1 ^: laws1 z e/abli%$ 9 ! "y m9d1 he has be5 endeav\r+ humbly1 & p]sev]+ly to imitate4 ,myrtle ,bank1 ,tr9ity1 ,ed9burgh1 #h? ,may1 #ahdj4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,objects ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,& ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,education4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,page ,on ! ,importance ( e/abli%+ ! ,sci5ce ( ,education on a solid ,f\ndation1 #ac ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,cultivation ( ,education z a ,sci5ce1 #af ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ,tea*+ z an ,art1 #be ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,on ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,s\nd ,pr9ciples 9 ,education1 #cb ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,design ,,( ,,nature',s ,,tea*+1 ,,& ,,! ,,me?ods ,,%e ,,employs ,,9 ,,c>ry+ ,,x ,,on4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,a ,compreh5sive ,view ( ! sev]al ,educational ,processes c>ri$ on by ,nature1 #cg ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,me?od employ$ by ,nature = cultivat+ ! ,p[]s ( ! ,m9d1 #de ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,means by :i* ,nature enables h] ,pupils to acquire ,k1 #eb ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,on ,nature's ,me?od ( communicat+ ,k to ! ,"y by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,reit]ation1 #ef ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,on ! ,acquisition ( ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 #fe ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,on ! ,acquisition ( ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,association1 or ,gr\p+1 #gb ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,acquisition ( ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,analysis1 or ,classification1 #hc ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,on ,nature's ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ h] ,pupils to make use ( _! ,k1 #ie ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,on ,nature's ,me?ods ( ,apply+ ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,animal1 or ,common ,s5se1 #aja ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,on ,nature's ,me?od ( apply+ ,k1 by means ( ! ,moral ,s5se1 or ,consci5ce1 #aaa ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,on ,nature's ,me?od ( ,tra9+ h] ,pupils to ,communicate _! ,k1 #abi ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,recapitulation ( ! ,philosophical ,pr9ciples develop$ 9 ! previ\s ,*apt]s1 #ada ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,educational ,,processes ,,( ,,nature ,,may ,,be ,,successfully ,,imitat$4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,on ! ,ex]cises by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 cultivat+ ! ,p[]s ( ! ,m9d1 #adh ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,me?ods by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ! ,pupil's ,acquisition ( ,k2 ) a ,review ( ! ,analogy betwe5 ! ,m5tal & ,physical ,appetites ( ! ,"y1 #agj ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,h[ ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,communicat+ ,k to ! ,pupil1 by ! ,reit]ation ( ,ideas1 #agg ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,on ! ,means by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,ex]cis+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 #aib ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,on ! ,means by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,apply+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,gr\p+1 or ,association1 #bjd ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,on ! ,me?ods by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,communicat+ ,k by ,classification1 or ,analysis1 #bah ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature 9 ,tea*+ ! ,practical ,use ( ,k1 #bcc ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature 9 ,tea*+ ! ,use ( ,k by ,means ( ! ,animal1 or ,common ,s5se1 #bde ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature 9 ,tea*+ ! ,practical ,use ( ,k by means ( ! ,moral ,s5se1 or ,consci5ce1 #beg ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,on ! ,application ( our ,k to ! ,common ,affairs ( ,life1 #bgd ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature1 9 tra9+ h] ,pupils flu5tly to communicate _! ,k1 #bhh ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,prop] ,,tru?s ,,& ,,subjects ,,to ,,be ,,taught ,,9 ,,s*ools ,,& ,,families4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,on ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples :i* ought to regulate our *oice ( ,tru?s & ,subjects to be taught to ! ,"y1 #cjf ,,*ap ,,ii4 ,on ! p>ticul> ,bran*es ( ,education requir$ = ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 #cag ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,easie/ ,me?ods ( ,introduc+ ^! ,pr9ciples1 = ! fir/ "t1 into ,s*ools already e/abli%$1 #cbf ,notes1 #cca ,,practical ,,enquiry1 c4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,objects ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,& ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,education4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,on ! ,importance ( e/abli%+ ! ,sci5ce ( ,education on a solid ,f\ndation4 ,education is at pres5t obvi\sly 9 a transition /ate4 ,! public m9d has ( late become alive to ! importance ( ! subject2 & all p]sons are beg9n+ to feel awake to ! tru?1 t some?+ is yet want+ to insure effici5cy & p]man5ce to ! lab\rs ( ! tea*]4 ,! public w n be satisfi$ till "s decid$ *ange has tak5 place2 & _m are endeav\r+ to grope _! way to some?+ bett]4 ,x is ) an e>ne/ desire to help =w>d ?is great movem5t1 t ! writ] ( ! foll[+ pages has be5 induc$ to publi% ! result ( mu* /udy1 & upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 9 ! hope t x may af=d at lea/ "s assi/ance 9 direct+ ! enquiries ( ^? :o are prosecut+ ! same object4 ,on ent]+ ^u ?is inve/igation1 x w be ( use to keep 9 m9d1 t all ! sci5ces h1 at p>ticul> p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 be5 9 ! same unc]ta9 & unsettl$ position1 z t :i* ,education at pres5t occupies2 & t ea* ( !m has 9 its turn1 _h to pass ?r\gh an ordeal1 simil> to t :i* education is ab\t to und]go4 ,!y h triumphantly succe$$2 & _! subsequ5t rapid advancem5t is ! be/ pro( t !y are n[ plac$ on a solid & p]man5t f\ndation4 ,x is ( importance1 !re=e1 9 attempt+ to =w>d ! sci5ce ( education1 t we %\ld pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h gone be=e u4 ,!y succe$$ by a /rict obs]vation ( facts1 & a /]n rejection ( e species ( m]e supposition & op9ion2--by an uncompromis+ ho/ility to prejudice & selfi%ness1 & a fe>less admission ( tru? :]ev] x 0 discov]$4 ,su* mu/ be ! conduct ( ! ,educationi/1 if he expects to succe$ 9 an equal degree4 ,! hi/ory ( a/ronomy z taught by a/rolog]s1 & ( *emi/ry 9 ! h&s ( ! al*ymi/1 %\ld tea* bo? ! lov]s & ! fe>]s ( *ange an important lesson4 ,^! pret5d$ sci5ces be+ m]e conjectures1 7 ( use to nobody2 & yet ! boldness ) :i* !y 7 promulgat$1 & ! confid5ce ) :i* !y 7 receiv$1 _h ! effect ( suppress+ enquiry1 & %utt+ out ! tru? = sev]al g5]ations4 ,simil> may be ! effects ( errors 9 education1 & simil> ! dang] ( too easily admitt+ !m4 ,! adoption ( plausible !ories1 or ( errone\s pr9ciples1 mu/ lead into innum]able difficulties2 & %\ld !y be ha/ily patroniz$1 & au?oritatively promulgat$1 ! improvem5t ( ?is fir/ & mo/ important ( ! sci5ces may be ret>d$ = a c5tury to come4 ,! o!r sci5ces1 dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 h advanc$ ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,?is has be5 ! result ( a /rict adh]5ce to well e/abli%$ facts1 & _! legitimate inf]5ces4--,a docile subjection ( ! m9d to ! results ( exp]im5t1 & a c&id confession & ab&onm5t ( fallacies1 h *>act]iz$ e b5efactor ( ! sci5ces2--& ! sci5ce ( education mu/ be advanc$ by an adh]5ce to ! same pr9ciples4 ,! ,educationi/ mu/ be will+ to ab&on error1 z well z to receive tru?2 & mu/ resolutely %ake (f all conjecture & op9ions n f\nd$ on fair & appropriate exp]im5t4 ,?is c\rse may appe> t$i\s2--b x is ! %orte/ & ! be/4 ,by ?is mode ( induction1 all ! facts :i* he is able to glean w assur$ly be f\nd to h>monize ) nature1 ) reason1 & ) ,scripture2 & ) ^! = 8 support]s1 ! ,re=m] 9 education has no?+ to fe>4 ,8 progress may be sl[1 b x w be sure2 = e pr9ciple :i* he ?us discov]s1 w enable him1 n only to outrun 8 neighb\rs1 b to conf] a p]man5t & valuable boon ^u po/]ity4 ,t any rational & acc\ntable be+ %\ld ev] h be5 f\nd to oppose ! progress ( tru?1 is truly humiliat+2 yet e page ( hi/ory1 :i* records ! developem5t ( new pr9ciples1 exhibits also ! outbreak+s ( prejudice & selfi%ness4 ,! d$uctions ( ,galileo1 ( ,newton1 ( ,h>vey1 & innum]able o!rs1 h be5 oppos$ & d5\nc$1 ea* 9 its turn2 :ile _! promot]s h be5 vilifi$ z empyrics or innovators4 ,nor has ?is be5 done by ^? only ^: self love or worldly int]e/s prompt$ !m to exclude ! tru?1 b by good & hon\rable m51 ^: prejudices 7 /rong1 & ^: zeal 0 n guid$ by discretion4 ,su* p]sons h frequ5tly be5 f\nd to %ut _! eyes aga9/ ! pla9e/ tru?s1 to wre/le ) _! own convictions1 & positively refuse ev5 to li/5 to evid5ce4 ,! same ?+ may happ5 ) reg>d to education2--& ?is is no pleas+ prospect to ! lov] ( peace1 :o sets himself =w>d z a re=m] 9 ?is noble "w4--,*ange is inevitable4 ,tea*+ is an art2 & x mu/1 l all ! o!r arts1 dep5d = its improvem5t ^u ! inve/igations ( sci5ce4 ,n[1 e "o kn[s1 t al?\gh ! cultivation ( *emi/ry1 & o!r bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 has1 ( late ye>s1 giv5 an extraord9>y /imulus to ! arts1 yet ! sci5ce ( education1 f :i* ! art ( tea*+ c alone d]ive its p[]1 is "o1 beyond ! ?re%old ( :i* mod]n philosophy has sc>cely ent]$4 ,*anges1 !re=e1 bo? 9 ! !ory & practice ( tea*+1 may be anticipat$2--& t ^! *anges w be inconv5i5t & annoy+ to _m1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,t individuals1 9 ^! circum/ances1 %\ld be incl9$ to deprecate & oppose ^! innovations & improvem5ts1 is no?+ m ?an might be expect$2 b t ! improvem5ts !mselves %\ld on t acc\nt be ei!r po/pon$ or ab&on$1 w\ld be highly injuri\s4 ,an enlight5$ sy/em ( education is peculi>ly ! prop]ty ( ! public1 on :i* bo? p]sonal1 family1 & national happ9ess 9 a great measure dep5ds4 ,^! int]e/s !re=e mu/ n be sacrific$ to ! wi%es or ! conv5i5ce ( private individuals4 ,! prosp]ity & happ9ess ( mank9d are at /ake2 & ! welf>e ( succe$+ g5]ations w1 9 no small degree1 be influ5c$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( s\nd pr9ciples 9 education at ! pres5t "t4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 %\ld be all[$ to my/ify or cripple t sci5ce1 ^u :i* ! spread & ! p]man5ce ( all useful k ma9ly re/4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,cultivation ( ,education z a ,sci5ce4 ,f num]\s consid]ations1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t education claims ! fir/ rank among ! sci5ces2 &1 9 t case1 ! art ( ,tea*+ ought to take prec$5ce among ! arts2--n p]haps 9 respect ( its difficulties1 b mo/ c]ta9ly 9 respect ( its importance4 ,! success ( ! tea*] 9 8 lab\rs1 w dep5d almo/ entirely on ! ext5t & ! accuracy ( ! inve/igations ( ! philosoph]4 ,! sci5ce mu/ guide ! art4 ,exp]i5ce %ews1 t :]e an arti/ 9 ord9>y life is n direct$ by sci5ce1--by ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples1--he c nev] make any /eady improvem5t4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! pr9ciples ( education are unkn[n1 no advancem5t 9 ! art c be expect$ f ! tea*]4 ,e attempt at *ange 9 su* circum/ances mu/ be unsatisfactory2 & ev5 :5 improvem5ts are by *ance accompli%$1 !y are b p>tial1 & mu/ be /ation>y4--,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! tea*] is direct$ by asc]ta9$ pr9ciples1 he nev] c deviate f> f ! pa? ( success2 & ev5 if he %\ld1 he has ! means 9 8 own p[] ( asc]ta9+ ! cause ( 8 failure1 & ( retrac+ 8 /eps4 ,he c1 !re=e1 at 8 pleasure1 add to or abridge1 v>y or transpose 8 ex]cises ) 8 pupils1 provid$ only t ! great pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce be kept /eadily 9 view1 & be nei!r outrag$1 nor greatly infr+$4 ,no tea*]1 !re=e1 %\ld pr(ess ! art1 )\t mak+ himself famili> ) ! philosophical pr9ciples ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,9 ! me*anical arts1 ?is practice is n[ g5]ally foll[$1 & ) ! happie/ effects4 ,! m5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation h pr(it$ by ! pa9ful exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s 9 =m] times2 :o1 tru/+ to m]e conjectures1 tri$1 fail$1 & ru9$ !mselves4 ,! me*anics ( our day1 in/ead ( indulg+ 9 bl9d !ories ( _! own1 & haz>d+ _! money & _! "t ^u speculation & *ance1 are will+ to borr[ light = _! guidance f ^? :o h provid$ x4 ,!y sl[ly1 b surely1 foll[ 9 ! pa? op5$ up to !m by ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1--& !y are nev] disappo9t$4 ,! unexampl$ success ( ! me*anical arts1 w\ld1 ^u ! above pr9ciples1 naturally lead u to conclude1 t ! sci5ces1 f :i* !y h d]iv$ all t !y possess1 mu/ h be5 cultivat$ ) correspond+ en]gy4 ,& su* is ! fact4 ,s9ce ! adoption ( ! inductive me?od ( philosophiz+1 ne>ly all ! sci5ces h be5 advanc+ rapidly & /eadily2 & ! cause ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 adh]+ to ! rules ( induction4 ,no sci5ce has be5 all[$ to re/ its claims ^u m]e !ory1 or au?ority ( any k9d1 b ^u evid5ce d]iv$ f facts4 ,m]e op9ions & suppositions h be5 rigidly exclud$2 & t alone :i* 0 acquir$ by accurate inve/igation1 has be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 sci5ce z hav+ ! /amp ( tru?4 ,! inductive philosophy takes no?+ = grant$4 ,e conclusion mu/ be legitimately drawn f asc]ta9$ facts1 or f pr9ciples e/abli%$ by exp]im5t2 & ! consequ5ce has be51 n only t :at has be5 atta9$ is p]man5t1 & w b5efit all future g5]ations1 b ! am\nt ( t atta9m5t1 9 ! %ort "t t has already elaps$1 is actually great] ?an all t _h be5 previ\sly ga9$ dur+ c5turies4 ,9 ?is g5]al improvem5t1 h[ev]1 ! sci5ce ( ,education has till lately =m$ an exception4 ,! pr9ciples ( true philosophy d n appe> to h be5 br\ght to be> ^u x1 z !y h ^u ! o!r sci5ces2 & ! consequ5ces ( ?is neglect h be5 lam5table4 ,9 e bran* ( natural philosophy1 !re are great lead+ pr9ciples already e/abli%$4 ,b :]e 7 !re any su* pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ! philosoph] = ! guidance ( ! tea*]8 ,by :at1 except _! own exp]i5ce1 & conjectures1 7 tea*]s direct$ 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y8--,?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 :at 0 call$ education 9 our ord9>y week-day s*ools1 0 little m ?an a me*anical r\nd ( b>r5 ex]cises4 ,! excitem5t ( religi\s p]secution1 :i* _h be5 ! means ( discipl9+ ! intellectual & moral p[]s ( ,scotsm5 = sev]al previ\s g5]ations1 _h by t "t gradually subsid$1 & _h left education to d its own "w1 by ! use ( its own res\rces4 ,b ^! 7 p]fectly inadequate to ! task4 ,! ex]cises almo/ univ]sally employ$ 9 ! education ( ! "y1 _h nei!r be5 d]iv$ f sci5ce1 nor f exp]i5ce ( _! own inh]5t p[]2 & !y w\ld1 f ! beg9n+1 h be5 f\nd p]fectly ineffici5t1 _h !y n be5 aid$1 z be=e notic$1 by ! /imulant ( religi\s p]secution4--,! /ate ( education1 at ! "t we speak (1 is /ill fre% on ! memory ( liv+ witnesses :o 7 its victims2 & "s ( ! absurdities :i* 7 !n univ]sal1 are n ev5 yet altoge!r ext9ct4 ,soon aft] ! p]iod above /at$1 an important *ange began to take place 9 ! art ( tea*+1--b /ill unaid$ & undirect$ by sci5ce4 ,"s ( ! m ?9k+ & judici\s ( its pr(essors1 r\s$ by ! flagrant failures ( _! own practice1 made sev]al noble & exempl>y ef=ts to place x on a bett] foot+4 ,_h ^! ef=ts be5 guid$ by sci5tific rese>*1 mu* m good w\ld h be5 done ?an has be5 accompli%$1 & an imm5se am\nt ( misdirect$ lab\r w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,b al?\gh _m ( ! attempts at a *ange fail$1 yet "s ( !m succe$$1 & h gradually produc$ ameliorations & improvem5ts 9 ! art ( tea*+4 ,/ill x mu/ be obs]v$1 t philosophy has _h little or no %>e 9 ! m]it4 ,h] lab\rs 9 ?is important field h yet to be begun4 ,valuable ex]cises h no d\bt be5 introduc$2 b ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! success ( ^! ex]cises dep5ds1 rema9 9 a great measure conceal$ f ! public g5]ally3--,& ! reason ( ?is is1 t ! public h be5 indebt$ = !m to ! art ( ! tea*]1 & n to ! sci5ce ( ! philosoph]4 ,t ?is is n ! position 9 :i* matt]s ( s mu* public importance %\ld cont9ue1 we ?9k no "o w d5y4 ,education mu/ be cultivat$ z a sci5ce1 be=e tea*+ c ev] fl\ri% z an art4 ,! philosoph] mu/ fir/ asc]ta9 & light up ! way1 be=e ! tea*] c1 ) security1 walk 9 x4 ,exp]im5t mu/ be employ$ to asc]ta9 facts1 inve/igate causes1 & trace ^! causes to _! effects4 ,by fair & legitimate d$uctions drawn f ! facts ?us asc]ta9$1 he w be enabl$ to e/abli% c]ta9 pr9ciples1 :i*1 :5 act$ ^u by ! tea*]1 w inv>iably succe$4 ,b )\t ?is1 ! hi/ory ( all ! o!r arts & sci5ces tea*es u1 t success is n to be expect$2--= al?\gh *ance may sometimes lead ! tea*] to a happy device1 !re c be no /eady progress4 ,ev5 ^? b5eficial ex]cises ^u :i* he may h /umbl$1 become ( little practical value2 because1 :5 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are bas$ are unkn[n1 !y c nei!r be foll[$ up ) c]ta9ty1 nor be v>i$ )\t dang]4 ,!re w no d\bt be a difficulty 9 ! inve/igation ( a sci5ce :i* is 9 itself s complicat$1 & :i* has hi!rto be5 s little und]/ood2 b ?is is only an additional reason :y x %\ld be begun 9 a prop] mann]1 & pursu$ ) en]gy4 ,! mode ( proc$ure is ! *ief object ( difficulty2 b ! exp]i5ce & success ( inve/igators 9 ! o!r sci5ces1 w be ( great advantage 9 direct+ u 9 ?is4 ,9 ! sci5ces ( anatomy & physiology1 = example1 ! inve/igations ( ! philosoph] are design$ to direct ! sev]al op]ations ( ! physician1 ! surgeon1 & ! d5ti/2 9 ! same way z ! inve/igations ( ! ,educationi/ are int5d$ to direct ! op]ations ( ! ,tea*]4 ,n[ ! mode ( proc$ure 9 ^? sci5ces = su* purposes is well kn[n1 & =ms an excell5t example = u 9 ! pres5t case4 ,! duty ( ! anatomi/1 or physiologi/1 is simply to exam9e ! op]ations ( ,nature 9 ! animal economy1 & ! plans :i* %e adopts = accompli%+ h] objects dur+ heal?1 & = ?r[+ (f imp$im5ts dur+ disease4 ,9 conduct+ 8 inve/igations1 ! enquir] beg9s by tak+ a g5]al view ( ! :ole subject1 & !n sep>at+ & def9+ its lead+ p>ts4 ,pulsation1 respiration1 dige/ion1 & ! v>i\s secretions & excretions ( ! body1 are def9$1 & _! g5]al connection ) ea* o!r correctly asc]ta9$4 ,^! =m 8 />t+ po9ts2 & !n1 tak+ ea* 9 its turn1 he sets himself to discov] ! pr9ciples1 or laws1 :i* regulate its work+ 9 a heal?y /ate2--:at x is t promotes ! circulation or /agnation ( ! blood1 ! brac+ or relax+ ( ! n]ves1 ! sev]al processes 9 dige/ion1 & ! v>i\s functions ( ! sk9 & visc]a4 ,^! are all fir/ asc]ta9$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & !n1 if necess>y1 e/abli%$ by exp]im5t4 ,^! pr9ciples1 hav+ ?us be5 e/abli%$ by sci5ce1 are available = direction 9 ! arts4 ,! physician acts "u _! guidance2 & 8 object is simply to regulate 8 treatm5t & advice 9 accordance ) !m4 ,9 o!r words1 he endeav\rs to imitate ,nature1 to remove ! ob/ructions :i* he f9ds int]f]+ ) h] op]ations1 or to l5d t aid :i* a k ( ^! pr9ciples po9ts out z necess>y4 ,! surgeon & ! d5ti/ foll[ ! same c\rse1 b m directly4 ,9 heal+ a w\nd1 = example1 ! surgeon has to asc]ta9 f sci5ce h[ ,nature 9 simil> cases proce$s :5 left to h]self2 & all 8 cutt+s1 & lanc+s1 & dress+s1 are no?+ m ?an attempts to imitate h] 9 h] heal+ op]ations4 ,s well is ?is n[ und]/ood1 t e op]ation :i* does n at lea/ recognise ! pr9ciple is d5\nc$--& ju/ly d5\nc$--z quack]y2 & ! reason is1 t uni=m exp]i5ce has conv9c$ pr(essional m51 t !y c only expect success :5 !y foll[ ) docility 9 ! pa? :i* ,nature has po9t$ out to !m4 ,precisely simil> %\ld be ! plan ( op]ation pursu$ by ! ,educationi/4 ,he %\ld1 9 ! fir/ place1 take a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole subject1 & endeav\r to map out to himself its great natural divisions2--9 o!r words1 he %\ld endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at are ! ?+s :i* ,nature tea*es1 t he may1 by means ( ?is great outl9e1 =m a g5]al programme = ! direction ( ! tea*]4 ,8 next object ought to be1 to asc]ta9 ! mode1 & ! means1 adopt$ by ,nature 9 =w>d+ ^! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( h] educational process2 ! p[]s ( m9d engross$ 9 ea*2 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are br\ght into ex]cise2 & ! comb9ations :i* %e employs 9 p]fect+ !m4 ,9 asc]ta9+ ^! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! op]ations ( ,nature 9 h] educational processes1 ! same adh]5ce to ! rules prescrib$ by ! inductive philosophy1 :i* has cr[n$ ! o!r sci5ces ) success1 mu/ be rigidly obs]v$4 ,!re mu/ be ! same disreg>d ( m]e antiquity2 !re mu/ be ! same scrupul\s sift+ ( evid5ce1 & /rict adh]5ce to facts2 !re mu/ be a disc>d+ ( all hypo!ses1 & a simple dep5d5ce ^u asc]ta9$ tru?s alone4 ,adh]5ce to ^! rules is z necess>y 9 cultivat+ ! sci5ce ( education1 z x has be5 9 ! o!r sci5ces2 & ! neglect ( any "o ( !m1 may introduce an elem5t ( error1 :i* may injure ! lab\rs ( a :ole lifetime4 ,we h "s reason to fe>1 t al?\gh all ?is w be readily admitt$ 9 !ory1 x w be f\nd some:at difficult to adopt x 9 practice4 ,! reason ( ?is w be obvi\s :5 we reflect on ! deep int]e/ :i* ! be/ & mo/ philan?ropic individuals 9 society take 9 ?is sci5ce4 ,! o!r sci5ces are 9 "s measure remov$ f ! busy pursuits ( life2 !y are ! conc]n ( c]ta9 p]sons1 :o are all[$ to inve/igate & to exp]im5t1 to judge & to decide z !y please1 )\t ! public 9 g5]al c>+ mu* ab\t ! matt]4--,b education is a sci5ce ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,its value is ackn[l$g$ by e "o1 & its int]e/s are de> to e b5evol5t he>t4 ,! individual :o und]takes to exam9e1 & m especially to promulgate1 any new pr9ciple ^u :i* education re/s1 w h a h>d] task to p]=m1 & a sev]] battle to fight1 ?an ! philosoph] :o attempts to ov]turn a false conclusion 9 *emi/ry1 or an errone\s pr9ciple 9 me*anics4 ,among ! le>n$ community1 n m ?an "o 9 a ?\s& p]haps is p]sonally int]e/$ ei!r 9 me*anics or 9 *emi/ry2 & few o!rs w ent] ! li/s to oppose t :i* appe>s legitimate & fair4 ,! enemies & oppon5ts ( ! *emical re=m] 9 t case may be zeal\s & ev5 fi]ce2 b !y are few1 & he enjoys ! sympa?y & ! c\nt5ance ( ! great majority ( ^? ^: c\nt5ance is wor?y ( 8 reg>d4 ,b :5 we calculate ! numb] ( ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! subject ( education1 & ^? :o d n1 ! above numb]s w be rev]s$4 ,n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e among ! educat$ public w be f\nd :o take a real int]e/ 9 ! progress ( education1 = "o :o c>es no?+ ab\t x4 ,?is is a fe>ful odds :]e !re is a likelihood ( opposition2--& opposition may be expect$4 ,= !re w be influ5ces 9 _m ( ! true fri5ds ( education1 d]iv$ f old prejudices )91 comb9$ ) ! pressure ( conflict+ s5tim5ts 9 _! fri5ds f )\t1 :i* w r5d] ! task ( e/abli%+ new & s\nd pr9ciples 9 ?is fir/ ( ! sci5ces an irksome1 & ev5 a haz>d\s employm5t4 ,coldness or opposition f ^? :om we hon\r & love is always pa9ful2 & yet x %\ld be endur$1 r ?an t ! be/ int]e/s bo? ( ! pres5t & future g5]ations %\ld be sacrific$4 ,! op9ions ( all good m5 des]ve consid]ation2--b :5 !y are m]ely op9ions1 & are n f\nd$ on reason1 !y are at be/ b speci\s2 & :5 !y are oppos$ to tru?1 & are contr>y to exp]i5ce1 a zeal\s adh]5ce to !m becomes s9ful & dang]\s4 ,su* p]sons ought to comm5d1 r ?an blame1 ! re=m] 9 education1 :5 he decl9es to adopt anci5t dogmas :i* he f9ds to be useless & hurtful3 ,& at all ev5ts1 if all h agre$ to disreg>d ! au?ority ( an ,ari/otle or a ,newton1 :5 oppos$ to new facts & additional evid5ce1 ! ,educationi/ mu/ n all[ himself to be driv5 f ! pa? ( fact & exp]i5ce by ei!r fri5ds or enemies4 ,no au?ority c make d>kness light2--& al?\gh he may be oppos$ = a "t1 & ! public m9d may be abus$ = a mom5t1 x w at la/ correct itself1 & tru? w prevail4 ,b ! fri5ds ( education ought 9 no case to put ! p]sev]ance ( ^? :o lab\r = its improvem5t to s sev]e a trial4 ,!y ought 9 ju/ice1 z well z *>ity1 to cultivate a =be>+ & a c&id _s2 & !y w h _m opportunities ( ex]cis+ ^! virtues dur+ ! progress ( ?is sci5ce4 ,education is confess$ly b 9 its infancy2 & !re=e x mu/ gr[ mu*1 & *ange mu*1 be=e x c arrive at maturity4 ,b if !re be an increas+ opposition to all advance1 & if a /umbl+-block be cont9ually ?r[n 9 ! way ( ^? :o lab\r to p]fect x1 ! lab\r]s may be disc\rag$1 & ! "w be indef9itely po/pon$4 ,let all su* !n gu>d aga9/ a bl9d opposition1 or an attempt to expla9 away palpable facts1 m]ely because !y lead to pr9ciples :i* are new1 or to conclusions :i* are at v>iance ) _! pre-conceiv$ op9ions4 ,if !y p]sev]e 9 a bl9d opposition1 !y may f9d at la/ t !y h be5 resi/+ tru?1 & defraud+ _! neighb\r4 ,tru? c nev] be ! enemy ( man1 al?\gh _m inadv]t5tly rank !mselves among its oppon5ts4 ,! resi/ance :i* has inv>iably be5 (f]$ to e important discov]y hi!rto1 %\ld be a beacon to w>n ! inconsid]ate & ! prejudic$ aga9/ be+ ov]-ha/y 9 reject+ discov]ies 9 education2 & ! obloquy t n[ re/s on ! memory ( su* p]sons1 %\ld be a w>n+ to !m1 n to plant ?orns 9 _! own pill[s1 or n[ to s[ ! w9d1 le/ !y at la/ %\ld reap ! :irlw9d4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ,tea*+ z an ,art4 ,z ,education on acc\nt ( its importance takes prec$5ce 9 ! sci5ces1 s ,tea*+ %\ld rank fir/ among ! arts4 ,! reasons = ?is arrangem5t are num]\s2 b ! consid]ation ( two w be suffici5t4--,! fir/ is1 t all ! o!r arts ref] *iefly to "t1 & ! conv5i5ces & com=ts ( ?is _w2 :ile ! art ( tea*+ n only includes all ^!1 b involves also _m ( ! int]e/s ( man ?r\gh et]nity4--,& ! second is1 t )\t ?is art all ! o!r arts w\ld produce sc>cely any advantage4 ,)\t education ( "s k9d1 m5 are1 & mu/ cont9ue to be savages1--x be+ ! only effectual in/rum5t ( civilization4 ,x is ! *ief1 if n ! only means = improv+ ! condition ( ! human family1 & = re/or+ man to ! dignity ( an intellig5t & virtu\s be+4 ,z ,sci5ce is ! inve/igation & k ( pr9ciples1 s an art may be def9$ z a sy/em ( means1 9 accordance ) ^! pr9ciples1 = atta9+ "s special end4 ,tea*+ is "o ( ! arts2 & x dep5ds z entirely = its success ^u a "r application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( education1 z ! art ( dy+ does ^u ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry4 ,z an art1 !re=e1 tea*+ mu/ be subject$ to all ^? laws :i* regulate ! improvem5t ( ! o!r arts1 & )\t :i* x c nev] be successfully c>ri$ on1 f> less p]fect$4 ,^! laws are n[ v g5]ally und]/ood2 & we %all briefly adv]t to a few ( !m1 :i* are necess>y = our pres5t purpose1 & endeav\r to po9t out _! relation to ! art ( tea*+4 #a4 ,"o ( ! fir/ rules connect$ ) ! improvem5t ( ! arts is1 t ! arti/ h a specific object 9 view1 = ! atta9m5t ( :i* all 8 successive op]ations are to be comb9$4--,! manufactur] has 8 clo? 9 prospect1 be=e he has ev5 pur*as$ ! wool ( :i* x is to be compos$2 & x is ! desire ( procur+ clo? ( ! mo/ suitable quality1 & by ! easie/ means1 t compels him to draw lib]ally & con/antly f ! facts asc]ta9$1 & ! pr9ciples develop$1 by ! sev]al sci5ces4 ,f ! sci5ce ( me*anics he d]ives ! v>i\s k9ds ( ma*9]y us$ 9 ! progressive /ages ( its production2 & f ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry he obta9s ! processes ( dy+1 & pr9t+1 & dress+4 ,b he nev] tr\bles himself ab\t ! sci5ce ( me*anics or ( *emi/ry 9 ! ab/ract2 he ?9ks only ( 8 clo?1 & ( ^! sci5ces z means to assi/ him 9 procur+ x4 ,he is c>eful ( 8 ma*9]y1 & is con/antly alive to ! mode ( its work+1 & is ?us prompt$ to adopt su* improvem5ts z obs]vation or exp]i5ce may sugge/2 b x is n ! ma*9]y ( itself t he ei!r c>es =1 or ?9ks ab\t4 ,no2 x is /ill ! clo? t he keeps 9 view2 & 8 ma*9]y is e/eem$ or slight$1 adopt$ or ab&on$1 exactly 9 proportion z x =w>ds 8 object4 ,! processes necess>y 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( 8 e/abli%m5t1 are complicat$ & v>i\s1 & to a /rang] !y are bo? curi\s & in/ructive2 b x is nei!r ! lab\r nor ! v>iety t he is seek+4 ,8 is a v diff]5t object2 & ( ?is object he nev] loses sight2 = ! v>i$ op]ations ( /apl+ & c>d+1 ( sp9n+ & weav+1 are no?+ m ?an means :i* he employs = accompli%+ 8 end4 ,he kn[s ! uses ( ! :ole complicat$ op]ations2 & he sees at a glance1 & c tell 9 a mom5t1 h[ ea* 9 its turn contributes to ! great object ( all1--! production ( a good & m>ketable clo?4 ,n[ ?is law ought to be appli$ ) ! utmo/ /rictness to ! art ( tea*+4 ,= if tea*+ be really an art1--t is1 a successive comb9ation ( means1--x %\ld und\bt$ly be a comb9ation ( means to "s specific end4 ,no?+ c be m obvi\s1 ?an t a man :o sits d[n to "w1 %\ld "k :at he int5ds to d1 & h[ he is to d x4 ,su* a l9e ( conduct %\ld be imp]atively dem&$ ( ! tea*]1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! importance ( 8 "w1 & ( ! imm5se value ( ! mat]ial ^u :i* he is to op]ate4 ,! end he has 9 view1 :atev] t end may be1 ought to be correctly def9$ be=e he beg9s2 & no ex]cise %\ld ^u any acc\nt be prescrib$ or dem&$ f 8 pupils1 :i* does n directly1 or indirectly at lea/1 conduce to its atta9m5t4 ,to d o!rwise is bo? injudici\s & unju/4 ,= if ! op]ations ( ! husb&man dur+ spr+ h to be select$ & curtail$ ) ! /ricte/ att5tion to "t & ! seasons1 h[ c>efully ought ! en]gies & ! "t ( y\? to be economiz$1 :5 !y h b "o %ort spr+ "t af=d$ !m1 dur+ :i* !y are to s[ ! se$ :i* %all produce good or evil fruit = et]nity8 ,z to :at ?is great end :i* ! tea*] ought /eadily to contemplate %\ld be1 we %all aft]w>ds enquire2 at pres5t we are desir\s only ( e/abli%+ ?is g5]al law 9 ! art ( tea*+1 t !re %\ld be an end accurately def9$1 & con/antly kept 9 view2 & = ! atta9m5t ( :i* e ex]cise prescrib$ 9 ! s*ool %\ld assi/4 ,! tea*] :o does o!rwise is travell+ 9 ! d>k1 & compell+ lab\r = lab\r's sake2--l ! manufactur] :o w\ld keep all 8 ma*9]y 9 motion1 n to make clo?1 b to appe> to be busy4 #b4 ,ano!r law adopt$ 9 ! successful prosecution ( ! arts is1 to use ! be/ kn[n means = atta9+ any p>ticul> end4--,?is law is well kn[n 9 all ! o!r arts1 & success inv>iably dep5ds ^u its adoption4 ,! fields are n n[ till$ by ! hoe1 nor is cotton spun by ! h&4 ,^! modes ( op]at+ h no d\bt ! recomm5dation ( antiquity2 b "h antiquity is always at a disc\nt1 & no "o d\bts ! propriety ( its be+ s4 ,! arts are advanc+2 & !y :o w\ld imp$e _! progress on ! plea ( n dep>t+ f ! usages ( antiquity1 w\ld be piti$ or laugh$ at4 ,! art ( tea*+1 l ! o!r arts1 dep5ds = its success on a /rict adh]5ce to ?is law2 & ! fe> ( dep>t+ 9 ?is case f ! p>ticul> usages ( our ance/ors is equally unreasonable4 ,s(t gr\nd 9 ! valleys compell$ !m to travel _! pack horses "r ov] ! hills1 & ! want ( ! ,j5ny made !m sp9 _! y>n by ! h&2 b /ill1 ! same pr9ciple :i* guid$ !m 9 ! adoption ( ^? me?ods1 0 /rictly ! "o :i* we are "h recomm5d+1 t ( us+ ! be/ kn[n means = accompli%+ ! p>ticul> end4 ,^? :o adopt ! pr9ciple d mo/ hon\r to _! sagacity2 :ile _! %all[ admir]s1 by ab&on+ ! pr9ciple1 & cl++ to _! necess>ily imp]fect mode ( apply+ x1 at once libel _! good s5se1 & di%on\r ^? :om !y pr(ess to rev]e4 ,z society is rapidly advanc+1 pat]nal affection w\ld und\bt$ly h prompt$ !m to advise _! desc5dants to take ! b5efits ( e advance2--& x w\ld be z reasonable = u to suppose1 t if !y 7 n[ alive1 !y w\ld advise u to travel ov] ! hills on _! old roads1 or make our clo? 9 ! old way1 z to ?9k !y w\ld be gratifi$ by our cont9u+ to use ex]cises 9 education1 :i* s\nd philosophy & exp]i5ce h %ewn to be fallaci\s & hurtful1 or t !y w\ld be displeas$ by ! use ( ^? :i* ext5sive exp]im5t has n[ prov$ to be natural1 easy1 & effici5t4 ,^! ance/ral trammels h all be5 %ak5 (f1 :]ev] ! acquisition ( money is conc]n$4 ,! me*anical processes ( 8 =efa!rs h no *>m = ! mod]n manufactur]1 :5 he c atta9 8 object m economically by a rec5t improvem5t4 ,nei!r does he g bl9dfold ^u a m]e *ance1--seldom ev5 ^u a sagaci\s conjecture1--unless !re be "s good gr\nds = its =mation4 ,9 e successive /age ( 8 op]ations1 he is awake to ! slighte/ appe>ance ( defect2 & he hesitates n a mom5t 9 ab&on+ a less] good = a great]1 :5ev] he p]ceives x4 ,he husb&s "t2--he husb&s exp5se2--he husb&s sup]vision & risk4 ,e /ep ) him is a /ep 9 advance2--e op]ation has a design2--e movem5t has a mean+2--& he makes all unite = ! atta9m5t ( "o common object4 ,c we d\bt t1 9 l mann]1 ! mo/ rigid economy ( "t & lab\r ought to be adopt$ 9 ! art ( tea*+8 ,:5 ! end has once be5 di/9ctly def9$1 x ought /eadily to be kept 9 view2 & no ex]cise %\ld be prescrib$ :i* does n contribute to its atta9m5t4 ,!re %\ld be no bu/l+ ab\t no?+2 no busy idl5ess2 no fight+ aga9/ "t2 no unnecess>y lab\r1 nor useless exhau/ion ( ! pupil's en]gies4 ,! "t ( y\? is s preci\s1 & !re is s mu* to be done dur+ x1 t economy "h is p]haps ( m importance ?an 9 any ?+ else4 ,e book or ex]cise1 !re=e1 :i* has n a palpable t5d5cy to =w>d ! great object design$ by education1 %\ld by ! tea*] be at once giv5 up4 #c4 ,ano!r law :i* exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ z necess>y = ! p]fect+ ( any ( ! arts is1 a fair & hone/ application ( ! successive discov]ies ( sci5ce to its improvem5t4--,?is has be5 ! uni=m practice 9 ^? arts :i* h ( late be5 mak+ su* rapid progress4 ,! arti/ & me*anic are nev] indiff]5t to ! v>i\s improvem5ts :i* are tak+ place ar\nd !m2 nor d !y ev] /& ap>t1 till !y are =c$ ^u _! notice by ?ird p>ties1 or public notoriety4 ,!re is1 9 ! case ( ! manufactur]1 no n]v\s timidity ab\t innovation2 nor does he ev] attempt to deceive himself by ignorantly suppos+ t ! *ange c be no improvem5t4--,nor w he suff] himself to be deceiv$ by o!rs4 ,8 workm5 are n all[$1 to save !mselves future tr\ble1 to be c>eless or s9i/] 9 _! trials ( ! improvem5t2 = he kn[s1 t h[ev] x may be ) !m1 yet if 8 neighb\r succe$s1 & he fails1 x may prove 8 ru94 ,su* also %\ld be ! conduct ( ! tea*]4 ,! "t has n[ gone by :5 p>5ts 7 ignorant1 ei!r ( :at 0 communicat$ at s*ool1 or ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 taught4 ,! improvem5t ( _! *ildr5 by education1 has become a prim>y object ) all s5sible p>5ts2 & !y w nev] aga9 be satisfi$ ) a s*ool or a tea*]1 :]e solid in/ruction1 & ! mo/ useful k9d ( k are n imp>t$4 ,ameliorations 9 8 art1 !re=e1 is n[ z necess>y to ! tea*]1 z improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y are to ! me*anic & ! manufactur]4 ,x w no long] d = him to say1 ,i c see no improvem5t 9 ! *ange1 if ! p>5ts ( 8 pupils h be5 able to discov] x2 & ! tea*] :o /&s /ill 9 ! pres5t =w>d m>* ( society1 w soon f9d himself left alone4 ,! practical ,educationi/1 l ! me*anician1 ought no d\bt to be cauti\s 9 adopt+ *anges ^u *ance2 b :]ev] an improvem5t 9 8 art has be5 suffici5tly prov$ by fair exp]im5t or long exp]i5ce1 & p>ticul>ly1 :5 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* its success dep5ds has be5 fully asc]ta9$1 8 reject+ ! *ange on ! plea ( inconv5i5ce1 or f ! fe> ( tr\ble1 is n only an act ( inju/ice to ! p>5ts ( 8 pupils1 b is a wrong :i* w v soon beg9 to re-act ^u 8 own int]e/s4 ,! effect ( indiff]5ce to improvem5t 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r arts1 may n be felt = a "t2 b z soon z o!rs h made !mselves ma/]s ( ! improvem5ts :i* he has reject$1 ! successive dep>ture ( 8 pupils1 & ! melt+ away ( 8 classes1 w at la/ awak5 him to a s5se ( 8 folly1 :5 x may be too late4 ,su* has usually be5 ! effect ( remissness 9 ! o!r arts2 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! public m9d 9 reg>d to education1 indicates a simil> result 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,9 connection ) ?is "p ( our subject1 x may "h be necess>y to rem>k1 t z ! exp]i5ce ( all tea*]s may n be alike 9 ! fir/ work+ ( a newly appli$ pr9ciple1--! pr9ciple itself1 :5 fully asc]ta9$1 is n on t acc\nt to be ei!r beli$ or ab&on$4 ,!re are _m concurr+ circum/ances1 :i* may make an ex]cise t succe$s well 9 ! h&s ( "o p]son1 fail 9 ! h&s ( ano!r2 b to refuse cr$5ce to ! pr9ciple itself1 because he _c z yet successfully apply x1 is nei!r prud5t nor wise4 ,!re are *emical exp]im5ts s exce$+ly nice1 & dep5d+ on s _m v>y+ circum/ances1 t !y frequ5tly fail 9 ! h&s ( ev5 good op]ators4 ,b ! *emical pr9ciples ^u :i* !y re/ rema9 un*ang$1 al?\gh individual /ud5ts may h n be5 able successfully to apply !m4 ,if _! pr(essor has b once fairly & und\bt$ly succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ ! facts on :i* ! pr9ciple is bas$1 _! failure = a ?\s& times is no pro( t ! asc]ta9$ pr9ciple is really a fallacy4 ,9 l mann]1 any important pr9ciple 9 education1 if once satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 is a tru? 9 ! sci5ce1 & w rema9 a tru?1 :oev] may believe or d5y x4 ,if x has be5 prov$ to produce c]ta9 effects 9 c]ta9 giv5 circum/ances1 x w 9 all future times d ! same1 :5 ! circum/ances are simil>4 ,! inability1 !re=e1 ( a p>5t or tea*]1 to produce equal effects by its means1 may be good en\gh pro( ( 8 want ( skill1 b x is no pro( ( ! want ( inh]5t p[] 9 ! pr9ciple itself4 ,! r+s ( ,saturn :i* my neighb\r's telescope has cle>ly br\ght to view1 are n blott$ f ! heav5s because my pocket glass has fail$ to detect !m4 ,x has be5 by att5tion to ^!1 & simil> rules1 t all ! secul> arts h advanc$ to _! pres5t /ate2 & ! art ( tea*+ mu/ be p]fect$ by simil> means4 ,!re ought !re=e to be a di/9ct object 9 view on ! "p ( ! tea*]1--a specific end :i* he is to endeav\r to arrive at 9 8 int]c\rse ) 8 pupil4 ,= ! atta9m5t ( ?is end1 he mu/ employ ! be/ & ! sure/ means t are 9 8 p[]2 = ! same purpose1 he ought hone/ly & fairly to apply ! successive discov]ies ( sci5ce z !y occur2 & %\ld nev] all[ himself to ab&on an ex]cise f\nd$ ^u asc]ta9$ pr9ciples1 m]ely because he at fir/ f9ds difficulty 9 putt+ x 9 op]ation4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,on ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,s\nd ,pr9ciples 9 ,education4 ,! application ( ! =ego+ rem>ks to our pres5t purpose1 is a matt] ( great practical importance4 ,x has inde$ be5 ow+ *iefly to _! hav+ be5 hi!rto ov]look$1 t education has be5 left 9 ! backw>d /ate 9 :i* we at pres5t f9d x4 ,b if1 z we h se51 education mu/ b5d to ! same rigid discipl9e to :i* ! o!r sci5ces h _h to submit1--& if tea*+ c be improv$ only by foll[+ ! laws :i* h det]m9$ ! success ( ! o!r arts--! "q naturally arises1 ,:at is to be done n[ = education8--,:]e are we to beg98--,h[ are we to proce$8--,9 :at mann] are ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce to be inve/igat$1 s t !y %all mo/ ext5sively promote ! success ( ! art8 & h[ is ! art to be cultivat$1 s t x may1 to ! fulle/ ext5t1 be b5efit$ by ! sci5ce8 ,to ^! enquiries we %all 9 ! pres5t *apt] direct our att5tion4 ,! me?od ( inve/igat+ ! op]ations ( ,nature 9 ! sev]al sci5ces is v ne>ly alike 9 all4 ,= example1 9 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 z we h =m]ly notic$1 ! fir/ object ( ! philosoph] w\ld be to take a compreh5sive view ( 8 :ole subject1 & endeav\r to sep>ate ! sub/ances 9 ,nature accord+ to _! great lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,he w\ld at once di/+ui% m9]al sub/ances z diff]+ f vegetables2--& vegetable sub/ances z diff]+ f animals2--?us =m+ ?ree di/9ct classes ( objects1 bl5d+ ) ea* o!r1 no d\bt1 b /ill suffici5tly di/9ct to =m :at h be5 call$ ! ?ree k+doms ( ,nature4 ,! v>i\s objects includ$ "u ea* ( ^! he w\ld aga9 subdivide accord+ to _! sev]al prop]ties2--& z he w5t =w>d1 he w\ld endeav\r1 by c>eful exam9ation & exp]im5t1 to asc]ta91 n only _! comb9ations1 b also ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( _! sev]al elem5ts4 ,! *emi/1 9 ?is me?od ( inve/igat+ ,nature1 almo/ always proce$s upw>ds1 analytically1 advanc+ f ! g5]al to ! special1 f ! aggregate to its p>ts1 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 z he proce$s ! laws :i* regulate _! composition & decomposition1 = ! purpose simply ( endeav\r+ to imitate !m4 ,by ?is means alone he expects to p]fect ! sci5ce1 & to b5efit ! arts4 ,9 ! sci5ce ( ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,anatomy1 ,physiology1 & almo/ all ! o!rs1 ! same plan has be5 adopt$ ) inv>iable success4 ,! subject1 :atev] x be1 is look$ ^u z a :ole1 & !n sep>at$ into its great divisions2--^! aga91 are subdivid$ into classes2 & ^! aga91 into ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties1 by :i* means ea* m9ute "p c be exam9$ by itself 9 connection ) ! :ole2 ! memory & ! judgm5t are assi/$ 9 _! ref]5ces & application2 & ord] reigns ?r\gh ! :ole subject1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 involv$ 9 inextricable confusion4 ,9 education1 z 9 ! o!r sci5ces1 ,nature is our only sure tea*]2 & ! ,educationi/1 !re=e1 :o desires success1 mu/ proce$ 9 ! inve/igation 9 a simil> way4 ,he mu/ fir/ take a compreh5sive view ( ,nature's educational processes2 divide !m into _! sev]al k9ds2 & subdivide ^! aga9 :5 necess>y1 t ea* may be view$ alone4 ,he mu/ !n asc]ta9 ! nature & ! object ( ^! processes1 & obs]ve ! means & ! me?ods employ$ = accompli%+ !m1 t he may1 if possible1 be enabl$ to imitate !m4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is way alone1 he is to p]fect ! sci5ce ( education1 & b5efit ! art ( tea*+4 ,t ?is is ! be/ way yet kn[n ( proce$+ 9 inve/igat+ & improv+ ! sci5ce ( education1 exp]i5ce has already prov$2 & t x mu/ !oretically be s1 we ?9k c admit ( little d\bt4 ,! op]ations ( ,nature exhibit ! s\nde/ philosophy1 & ! mo/ p]fect examples ( art4 ,! mat]ials %e selects are ! mo/ suitable = ! purpose2 ! means %e employs are always ! mo/ simple & effici5t2 & h] ends are inv>iably ga9$ at ! lea/ exp5se ( mat]ial1 lab\r1 & "t4 ,9 ! pursuit1 !re=e1 ( any object or end simil> to t 9 :i* we f9d ,nature engag$1 man's true/ wisdom is to di/ru/ 8 own speculations1 & to le>n f h] tea*+4 ,he %\ld1 ) a *ild-l docility1 foll[ h] lead+s & imitate h] op]ations1 bo? z x respects ! mat]ials he is to employ1 & ! mode & ord] 9 :i* he is to use !m4 ,7 an arti/ to f9d himself at a loss = ! want ( an in/rum5t to accompli% "s p>ticul> purpose1 or "s new mat]ial ^u :i* to op]ate1 or "s special1 b z yet unkn[n means = atta9+ "s new & important object1--we are w>rant$ by facts to say1 t ! natural philosoph] w\ld be 8 be/ in/ructor4 ,= if he c be direct$ to "s simil> op]ation ( ,nature1 or h po9t$ out to him "s "o or m ( ,nature's pupils1--"s animal or insect1 p]haps1--^: lab\r or object is simil> to 8 own1 he w mo/ probably f9d !re1 or h sugge/$ to him by _! mode ( proc$ure1 ! v ?+ he is 9 se>* (4 ,by /udy+ _! me?ods ( op]at+1 & ! means employ$ by !m = accompli%+ _! end1 "s pr9ciple or device w be exhibit$1 by ! imitation ( :i* 8 own special object w mo/ readily & mo/ successfully be atta9$4 ,e day's exp]i5ce gives u additional pro( ( ! importance & s\ndness ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,= x is a rem>kable fact1 t !re is sc>cely a useful me*anical inv5tion to :i* g5ius has laid claim1--& des]v$ly laid claim1--t has n its prototype some:]e 9 nature4 ,! same pr9ciples1 work+ p]haps 9 ! same mann]1 h be5 sil5tly 9 op]ation1 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e ! inv5tor 0 born2 b :i*1 f want ( obs]vation1 or ! neglect ( its practical application to useful purposes1 lay conceal$ & useless4 ,?is culpable neglect 9 practically apply+ ! works & ways ( ,god z he int5d$1 has c>ri$ ) x its own puni%m5t2 = ?\s&s ( ! conv5i5ces & arts1 :i* at pres5t smoo? & adorn ! pa?s ( civiliz$ life1 h all along be5 plac$ )9 ! rea* ( intellig5t man4 ,if he _h b employ$ 8 intellig5ce1 z he ought to h done1 9 se>*+ !m out1 & _h ask$ himself :5 he p]ceiv$ !m1 ,:at does ?is tea* me8 ! v "q w\ld h sugge/$ a use4 ,?is accord+ly w be f\nd to be ! true way ( /udy+ nature1 & "o especial design = :i* a b5efic5t ,creator has spread out 8 works = our inspection4 ,9 pro(1 & 9 illu/ration ( ?is fact1 we may ref] to ! telescope1 :i* has f ! beg9n+ _h its type 9 ! human eye2--to ! =mation ( pap]1 :i* has be5 manufactur$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s by ! wasp2--to ! lev]s1 jo9ts1 & pulleys ( ! human body1 ( :i* ! me*ani/ has z yet only made imp]fect imitations2--& to ! saw ( an insignificant insect1 7! saw-fly7 :i* has nev] yet be5 successfully imitat$ by man4 ,9 prosecut+ our inve/igations into ! sci5ce ( education1 !re=e1 our bus9ess is to /udy ,nature 9 all ! educational processes 9 :i* we f9d h] occupi$1 & ( :i* we %all f9d !re are _m2--to obs]ve & collect facts2--to detect pr9ciples1 & to discov] ! means employ$ 9 c>ry+ !m out1 & ! modes ( _! work+2--to trace effects back to _! causes1 & !n aga9 to foll[ ! effects ?r\gh _! v>i\s ramifications1 to "s ultimate end4 ,^! are ! ?+s :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,educationi/ to inve/igate1 & to record = ! b5efit ( ! tea*] & 8 art4 ,! duty ( ! tea*]1 on ! o!r h&1 is to apply to 8 own purposes1 & to turn to use 9 ! prosecution ( 8 objects1 ^? facts discov]$ by ! philosoph] 9 ! /udy ( ,nature4 ,he %\ld by all means und]/& ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ,nature works1 & ! means :i* %e employs = atta9+ h] ends4 ,he ought1 z f> z circum/ances w all[1 to arrive at 8 object by simil> means2 *us+ simil> mat]ials1 & endeav\r+ inv>iably to "w ^u ! same model4 ,by hone/ly foll[+ out su* a mode ( proc$ure1 he mu/ be successful2 = al?\gh he c nev] atta9 to ! p]fection ( ,nature1 yet ?is is obvi\sly ! be/1 if n ! only me?od by :i* he c ev] approximate t[>ds x4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,design ,,( ,,nature',s ,,tea*+1 ,,& ,,! ,,me?ods ,,%e ,,employs ,,9 ,,c>ry+ ,,x ,,on4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,a ,compreh5sive ,view ( ! sev]al ,educational ,processes c>ri$ on by ,nature4 ,we h se5 9 ! =m] *apt]s1 t ! mo/ probable me?od ( succe$+ 9 any difficult und]tak+ is to le>n f ,nature1 & to endeav\r to imitate h]4 ,! fir/ great "q ) ! ,educationi/ !n %\ld be1 ,does ,nature ev] tea*8 ,if he c f9d h] s employ$1 & if he be really will+ to le>n1 he may re/ assur$1 t by c>efully /udy+ h] op]ations1 he w be able to detect some?+ 9 ! ends :i* %e aims at1 & ! me?ods :i* %e adopts = atta9+ ^! ends1 t w lead him to ! selection ( simil> means1 & cr[n him ultimately ) simil> success4 ,n[ we f9d t ,nature does tea*2 & 9 s f> z rational be+s are conc]n$1 :e!r angelic or human1 x appe>s to be h] *ief & h] noble/ employm5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! human family1 %e no d\bt1 at a c]ta9 p]iod1 int5ds t ! task %\ld be tak5 up & c>ri$ on by p>5ts & tea*]s1 "u h] contr\l2 b :5 we comp>e ! nature & success ( _! op]ations ) h]s1 we p]ceive ! imm5se inf]iority ( _! be/ endeav\rs1 & are oblig$ to confess1 t 9 _m in/ances1 in/ead ( =w>d+ h] "w1 !y ei!r m> or de/roy x4 ,= 9 reg>d to ! matt] ( _! tea*+1 x may be obs]v$1 t !y c tea* _! pupils no?+1 except :at !y or _! pr$ecessors h le>n$ ( ,nature be=e2--& z to ! mann] 9 :i* x is taught1 x is g5]ally s v imp]fect1 t = _! success1 tea*]s are (t5 indebt$ 9 no small degree to ! con/ant int]f]5ce ( ,nature1 9 :at is ord9>ily t]m$ ! common s5se ( _! pupils1 = rectify+ _m ( _! errors1 & supply+ innum]able defici5cies4 ,( ?is we %all by & by h to adv]t m p>ticul>ly4 ,! educational op]ations ( ,nature are univ]sal2 & %e atta*es l>ge rew>ds to dilig5ce 9 att5d+ to !m4 ,%e evid5tly int5ds1 z we h said1 t ! p>5t & tea*] %\ld take up1 & foll[ out h] sugge/ions 9 ?is great "w2 b ev5 :5 ?is is delay$1 or altoge!r neglect$1 h] "p ( ! proce$+s is n ab&on$4 ,nature is s /rong )9 ! pupil1 & h] educational prompt+s are s p[]ful1 t ev5 )\t a tea*]1 he is able = a "t to tea* himself4 ,9 man1 & ev5 among _m ( ! m p]fect specim5s ( ! l[] creation1 ,nature has susp5d$ ! l>g] portion ( _! com=ts & _! security1 ^u att5tion to h] lessons1 & ! practical application ( t :i* %e tea*es4 ,! dog :i* %uns ! p]son :o _h previ\sly beat5 him2 ! infant t cl+s to its nurse1 & refuses to leave h]2 ! boy :o refuses to cross ! dit* he nev] tri$ be=e2 ! savage :o traces ! foot-pr9ts ( 8 game2 ! man :o %r9ks f a ruffian c\nt5ance2 & ,newton1 :5 ! fall ( an apple prompt$ him to pursue successively ! lessons :i* t simple ev5t sugge/$ to him1 are all examples ( ! tea*+s ( ,nature1--specim5s ( ! mann] 9 :i* %e enables h] pupils to collect & reta9 k1 & /imulates !m to apply x4 ,:]ev] ^! sugge/ions ( ,nature are individually neglect$1 !re mu/ be discom=t & dang]1 & wret*$ness to ! p]son do+ s2 & :]ev] !y are n tak5 up by communities1 & socially taught by education ( "s k9d or ano!r1 society mu/ necess>ily rema9 little bett] ?an savage4--,! opposite ( ?is is equally true2 = :]ev] !y are p]sonally att5d$ to1 ! individual promotes 8 own safety & com=t2 & :5 !y are socially tak5 up & foll[$ out by education1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 !n civilization1 & national security1 prosp]ity1 & happ9ess1 are ! inv>iable consequ5ces4 ,! in=mation :i* we are to d]ive f ! ,academy ( ,nature1 is to be f\nd *iefly 9 ^? in/ances :]e %e is lea/ int]f]$ ) by ! op]ations ( o!rs4 ,9 ^! we %all endeav\r to foll[ h]2 &1 by classify+ h] sev]al processes1 & inve/igat+ ea* ( !m 9 its ord]1 we %all assur$ly be able to arrive at "s fir/ pr9ciples1 to guide u 9 imitat+ ! modes ( h] work+1 & :i* w enable u1 9 "s measure1 to %>e 9 h] success4 ,:5 we take a compreh5sive view ( ! educational processes ( ,nature1 we f9d !m arrang+ !mselves "u f\r great divisions1 bl5d+ into ea* o!r1 no d\bt1 l ! k+doms ( ,nature & ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 b /ill p]fectly di/9ct 9 _! great *>act]i/ics4 ,! fir/ educational process :i* is obs]vable 9 ,nature's ,academy1 is ! /imulat+ ( h] pupil to su* an ex]cise ( m9d ^u ext]nal objects1 z t5ds p[]fully & rapidly to exp& & /r5g!n ! p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,?is op]ation beg9s ) ! fir/ dawn+ ( consci\sness1 & cont9ues "u diff]5t =ms dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! individual's life4 ,! second educational process1 :i* 9 its comm5cem5t is p]haps coeval ) ! fir/1 is ,nature's /imulat+ h] pupil to ! acquisition ( k1 = ! purpose ( reta9+ & us+ x4 ,! ?ird consi/s 9 ! discipl9+ ( h] pupil 9 ! practical use1 & prop] application ( ! k receiv$2 by :i* means ! k itself becomes bett] und]/ood1 bett] rememb]$1 & mu* m at ! comm& ( ! w ?an x 0 be=e3-- ,& h] f\r? educational process consi/s1 9 tra9+ h] pupil to acquire facility 9 communicat+ by language1 8 k & exp]i5ce to o!rs4 ,! fir/ ( ^! f\r g5]al dep>tm5ts 9 ,nature's educational process1 is ! developem5t & cultivation ( ! p[]s ( h] pupil's m9d4--,?is "p ( ,nature's "w beg9s at ! fir/ dawn ( intellig5ce2 & x cont9ues ?r\gh e o!r dep>tm5t ( h] educational process4 ,= sev]al mon?s dur+ infancy1 s5sation itself is b languid4 ,! fir/ indi/9ct p]ceptions ( exi/5ce gradually give place to a dreamy & unc]ta9 consci\sness ( p]sonal id5tity4--,pa9 is felt2 light is p]ceiv$2 objects beg9 to be def9$1 & di/+ui%$2 ideas are =m$2 & !n1 b n till !n1 reflection1 imag9ation1 & memory1 are gradually br\ght into ex]cise1 & cultivat$4 ,x is ! ext5t & /r5g? ( ^! faculties1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 t is to measure ! educational progress ( ! *ild2 & !re=e x is1 t ! fir/ object ( ,nature seems to be1 to secure _! prop] developem5t4 ,! *ild feels & ?9ks2 & x is ^! fir/ feel+s & ?\ghts1 frequ5tly repeat$1 t enable x gradually to ext5d its m5tal op]ations4 ,x is 9 ?is way only t ! p[]s1 ( ! m9d 9 infants are exp&$ & /r5g!n$1 z !re c be no m5tal culture )\t m5tal ex]cise4 ,:ile a *ild is awake1 !re=e1 ,nature prompts him to con/ant & unwe>i$ m5tal ex]tion2 by :i* means he becomes m & m famili> ) ext]nal objects2 acquires a bett] comm& ov] 8 own m9d 9 p]ceiv+ & rememb]+ !m2 & becomes m & m fitt$1 n only = receiv+ con/ant accessions ( k1 b also = putt+ t k to use4 ,! second "p ( ,nature's educational process1 we h said1 consi/s 9 h] p[]fully /imulat+ h] pupil to ! acquisition ( k4--,?is1 :i* we call ! second "p ( ,nature's op]ations1 has be5 go+ on f an e>ly p]iod ( ! *ild's hi/ory1 & x acts usually 9 conjunction ) ! fir/4 ,z soon z an infant c di/+ui% objects1 x beg9s to =m ideas reg>d+ !m4 ,x rememb]s _! %ape2 x gradually acquires a k ( _! qualities2 & ^! x rememb]s1 &1 z we %all imm$iately see1 is prompt$ to put to use ^u prop] occasions4--,x is 9 ! acquisition ( ?is k9d ( k t ! pr9ciple ( curiosity beg9s to be develop$4 ,! *ild's desire = in=mation is increas$ ) e new accession2 & = ?is reason1 its m5tal activity & re/lessness1 :ile awake1 h no cessation4 ,e glance ( ! eye1 e motion ( ! h&s or limbs made to gratify its curiosity1 z x is call$1 is only an indication ( its desire = in=mation3--,e sight or s\nd calls its att5tion2 e portable object is seiz$1 m\!d1 & exam9$1 = ! purpose ( le>n+ its qualities4 ,^! op]ations at ! in/igation ( ,nature are s common1 t !y are sc>cely obs]v$2 b :5 we exam9e m m9utely into _! effects1 !y become truly wond]ful4 ,= example1 7 we to he> ( an infant ( two or ?ree ye>s ( age1 hav+ le>n$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s to di/+ui% ea* soldi] 9 a regim5t ( ,negroes1 ^: features _! v p>5ts p]haps w\ld h "s difficulty 9 discrim9at+2 if he c\ld call ea* individual by 8 "n2 knew also ! names & ! uses ( _! sev]al acc\trem5ts2 &1 besides all ?is1 _h le>n$ to und]/& & to speak _! language2--we w\ld be surpris$ & incr$ul\s4 ,& yet ?is w\ld be an accumulation ( k1 n mu* great] ?an is atta9$ 9 ! same space ( "t by _m ( ! feeble unsophi/icat$ pupils ( ,nature4--,infants1 hav+ no temptation to dep>t f h] mode ( discipl9e1 become 9 a %ort p]iod acqua9t$ ) ! =ms1 & ! uses1 & ev5 ! names1 ( ?\s&s ( p]sons & objects1 n only )\t lab\r1 b ) va/ satisfaction & delight4 ,! tra9+ ( h] pupils to ! practical use ( _! k1 =ms ! ?ird dep>tm5t 9 ,nature's educational process4--,?is is ! great end :i* ! two previ\s dep>tm5ts 7 design$ to accompli%4 ,?is is ,nature's *ief object2--all ! o!rs are obvi\sly subord9ate4 ,! cultivation ( ! m9d1 & ! acquisition ( k 7 necess>y2--b t necessity arose f ! circum/ance ( _! be+ prep>atory to ?is4 ,nature1 9 fact1 appe>s to h /amp$ ?is dep>tm5t ( h] op]ations almo/ exclusively ) h] own seal2--repudiat+ all k t rema9s useless1 & 9 a %ort "t blott+ x entirely f ! memory ( h] pupils2 :ile t portion ( _! acquir$ k1 on ! contr>y1 :i* is useful & is put to use1 becomes 9 proportion m famili>1 & m p]man5t4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! k :i* is mo/ useful1 is always mo/ easily & pleasantly acquir$4 ,! sup]ior importance ( ?is dep>tm5t ( education is v obs]vable4 ,9 ! previ\s dep>tm5ts ( ,nature's educational process1 ! *ild 0 induc$ to acquire new ideas2--9 ?is he is prompt$ to make use ( !m4 ,9 ! =m] he 0 taught to "k2--9 ?is he is tra9$ to act4 ,= example1 if he has le>n$ t 8 nurse is k9d1 ,nature n[ prompts him to act ^u t k1 & he accord+ly /ra9s e n]ve to get to 8 nurse2--if he has le>n$ t comfits are sweet1 he acts ^u t k1 & endeav\rs to procure !m2--& if he has once exp]im5tally le>n$ t ! fire w burn1 he w ev] aft]w>ds keep f ! fire4 ,la/ ( all comes ! f\r?1 or supplem5t>y /ep 9 ?is beautiful educational process ( ,nature4 ,x consi/s 9 gradually tra9+ h] pupil to communicate ! k & exp]i5ce :i* he has atta9$4--,x is probable t ,nature beg9s ?is "p ( h] process be=e ! *ild has acquir$ ! use ( language2--b z x is by language *iefly t man holds fell[%ip ) man1 x is n till he has le>n$ to speak t ! m5tal ex]cise on :i* its success dep5ds1 becomes suffici5tly m>k$ & obvi\s4 ,x consi/s1 n 9 ! acquisition ( language s mu*1 z 9 ! use ( language aft] x has be5 ga9$4 ,! pupil is = ?is purpose prompt$ by ,nature to ?9k & to speak at ! same mom5t2--m5tally to prep>e "o s5t5ce1 :ile he is giv+ utt]ance to its pr$ecessor4 ,t ?is is n ! result ( in/9ct1 b is altoge!r an acquisition made "u ! tuition ( ,nature by ! m5tal ex]tions ( ! infant himself1 is obvi\s f ! fact1 t he is at fir/ incapable ( x1 & nev] pron\nces ?ree1 & v seldom two words consecutively )\t a pause betwe5 ea*4 ,?is ! *ild cont9ues to d aft] he is p]fectly famili> ) ! mean+ ( _m words1 & aft] he c also pron\nce ea* ( !m individually4 ,9 giv+ utt]ance to ! fir/ words :i* he uses1 !re is an evid5t susp5sion ( ! m9d 9 reg>d to e ?+ else4 ,8 :ole att5tion appe>s to be conc5trat$ ^u ! ^w & its pronunciation4 ,he _c ?9k ( any ?+ else & pron\nce ! ^w at ! same "t2 & x is n till aft] long practice t he c utt] two1 ?ree1 or m words 9 a s5t5ce1 )\t hesitation & a decid$ pause betwe5 !m4 ,x is only by degrees t he acquires ! ability to utt] a phrase1 & at la/ a %ort s5t5ce1 )\t int]ruption4 ,nature prompts ! *ild to ?is ex]cise1 :i* f ! fir/ attempt1 to ! full fl[ ( eloqu5ce 9 ! extemporane\s debat]1 consi/s simply 9 comm&+ & manag+ "o set ( ideas 9 ! m9d1 at ! mom5t ! p]son is giv+ utt]ance to o!rs4 ,?is _c be done by ! *ild1 b x is gradually acquir$ by ! man2 & we %all see 9 its prop] place1 t ?is acquisition is entirely ! result ( a m5tal ex]cise1 su* z we h "h describ$1 & to :i* v>i\s circum/ances 9 *ildhood & y\? are made directly subs]vi5t4 ,"h !n we h ! highway ( education1 m>k$ (f1 & wall$ 9 by ,nature h]self4 ,t ^! f\r great dep>tm5ts 9 h] educational process w be mu* bett] def9$1 & _! p>ts bett] und]/ood1 :5 exp]i5ce has giv5 m ample opportunities = _! obs]vation1 _c be d\bt$2 & x is n improbable1 t future inve/igations w sugge/ a diff]5t arrangem5t ( heads1 & a diff]5t modification ( _! p>ts also2 b /ill1 ! great outl9e ( ! :ole1 we ?9k1 is s di/9ctly m>k$1 t1 s f> z !y g1 !re c be little mi/ake2 & by foll[+ !m1 we are mo/ likely to obta9 a l>ge am\nt ( ^? b5efits :i* education is int5d$ to secure4--,to excel ,nature is impossible2 b by endeav\r+ to imitate h]1 we may at lea/ approa* ne>] to h] p]fections4 ,x is n en\gh1 h[ev]1 = u to p]ceive ! great outl9es ( ,nature's op]ations 9 education2 we mu/ endeav\r to foll[ h] into ! details1 & inve/igate ! means :i* %e employs = c>ry+ !m into practical effect4 ,we %all !re=e take up ! sev]al dep>tm5ts above enum]at$ 9 _! ord]1 & endeav\r to trace ! laws :i* regulate h] op]ations 9 ea*1 = ! purpose ( assi/+ ! tea*] 9 8 attempts to imitate !m4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,me?od employ$ by ,nature = cultivat+ ! ,p[]s ( ! ,m9d4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ,nature's educational process1 is ! cultivation ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d2 &1 )\t ent]+ into ! recesses ( metaphysics1 we w\ld "h only recall to ! recollection ( ! read]1 t ! m9d1 s f> z we yet "k1 c be cultivat$ 9 no o!r way ?an by volunt>y ex]cise3--n by m]e s5sation1 or p]ception1 nor by ! involunt>y fl[ ( ?\ght :i* is ev] pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d2 b by ! active m5tal op]ation call$ ?9k+1--! volunt>y ex]tion ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d ^u ! idea pres5t$ to x1 & :i* we h d5om9at$ reit]ation1#a z p]haps be/ descriptive ( t ?9k+ ( ! pres5t$ idea ov] aga91 by :i* alone1 z we %all see1 ! m9d is cultivat$1 & k increas$4 ,x is also "h wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! cultivation ( ! p[]s ( h] pupil's m9d1 z a prelim9>y to _! acquir+ & apply+ ( k1 appe>s to be a settl$ arrangem5t ( ,nature1 & "o :i* mu/ be rigidly foll[$ by ! tea*]1 :]ev] success is to be hop$ =4 ,analogy1 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ,nature's op]ations1 proves its necessity1 & po9ts out its wisdom2 = %e is nev] premature1 & nev] /imulates h] pupils to any "w1 till !y h be5 prop]ly prep>$ = accompli%+ x4 ,h5ce ! consi/5cy & importance ( comm5c+ ! process ( education1 by exp&+ & cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 prep>atory to ! future ex]tions ( ! pupil2 & h5ce also ! wisdom ( requir+ no m f ! *ild1 ?an ! /ate ( 8 m5tal p[]s at ! "t are capable ( p]=m+4 ,our object1 at pres5t1 is to discov] ! means employ$ by ,nature = accompli%+ ?is prelim9>y object1 t we may1 by imitat+ h] plans1 obta9 ! greate/ am\nt ( b5efit4 ,9 infancy1 & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( a *ild's life1 ea* ( ! ?\s&s ( objects & actions :i* are pres5t$ to its obs]vation1 falls equally on ! organs ( s5se1 & ea* ( !m might1 if ! *ild _h pleas$1 h become objects ( p]ception1 z well z objects ( s5sation4 ,b x is evid5t1 t till ! m9d occupy itself ^u "o or m ( ^! objects1 !re c be no m5tal ex]cise1 &1 ( c\rse1 no m5tal culture4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! m9d %all s+le out any "o object f ! mass t surr\nds x1--%all ent]ta9 ! idea sugge/$ by its impression on ! organs ( s5se1 & ?9k ( x--t is1 review x on ! m9d--!re is !n m5tal ex]cise1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 m5tal cultivation4 ,f ?is obvi\s tru? x necess>ily foll[s1 t ! cultivation ( ! m9d does n dep5d ^u ! multitude ( objects pres5t$ to ! obs]vation ( a *ild1 b only on ^? :i* x really does obs]ve1--:i* x looks at1 & ?9ks ^u1 by an active volunt>y ex]cise ( its own p[]s4 ,! *ild1 no d\bt1 might h smelt e od\r2 x might h li/5$ to e s\nd t ent]$ ! e>2 & x might h look$ ^u e image t ent]$ ! eye2 b we "k t x did n4 ,a few ( !m only 7 ?\ght (1--! ideas :i* !y sugge/$ 7 alone reit]at$ by ! m9d1--& !re=e !y1 & !y alone1 t5d$ to its cultivation4 ,z ?is act ( ! m9d lies at ! root ( all m5tal improvem5t1 dur+ e /age ( ! pupil's education1 x becomes a matt] ( consid]able importance1 t its nature1 & mode ( op]ation1 %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,let u = ?is purpose suppose t a light$ c&le is sudd5ly pres5t$ be=e a "y infant4 ,he looks at x2 he ?9ks ( x2 8 m9d is employ$ ) ! flame ( ! c&le 9 a mann] q diff]5t f :at x is ^u any ?+ else 9 ! room4 ,all ! o!r images :i* ent] ! eye fail to make an impression ^u ! m9d2 b ?is object :i* ! *ild looks at1--obs]ves1--does ?is2 & accord+ly1 :ile x is passive z to e ?+ else1 ! m9d is f\nd to be actively engag$ ) ! c&le4 ,he n only sees x1 b he looks at x4 ,?is1 & simil> reit]ations ( ideas by ! m9d1 frequ5tly repeat$ by ! infant1 gradually communicate to x a consci\sness ( m5tal p[]1 & enable him m & m easily to wield x4 ,e su* in/ance ( ! reit]ation ( an idea1--( ! volunt>ily ex]cise ( active ?\ght1--/r5g!ns ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 s t he is soon able to look at & foll[ ) 8 eyes o!r objects1 al?\gh !y are mu* less conspicu\s ?an ! gl>e ( a c&le4 ,:5 we exam9e ! matt] a little f>!r 9 reg>d to infants1 we p]ceive1 t all ! little arts us$ by ! "m or ! nurse1 to amuse ! *ild1 z x is call$1 are no?+ m ?an means employ$ to excite ?is reit]ation ( ideas by ! m9d4 ,a toy1 = example1 is pres5t$ to ! infant1 & 8 att5tion is fix$ ^u x4 ,he is n satisfi$ ) passively see+ ! toy1 z he sees all ! o!r objects 9 ! room1 b he actively looks at x4 ,nor is ?is en\gh2 ! toy is usually seiz$1 h&l$1 m\!d1 & turn$2 & ea* movem5t prompts ! m9d to active ?\ght1--to reit]ate ! idea :i* ea* ( ! s5sations sugge/s4 ,^! impressions are no d\bt rapid1 b !y are real2 & ea* ( !m has be5 reit]at$1--actively ?\ght (1--be=e !y c\ld ei!r be receiv$1 or rememb]$2 & x is only by ^! impressions frequ5tly repeat$1 9 :i* ! m9d is vigor\sly & delightfully engag$1 t x acquires t activity & /r5g? :i* we s frequ5tly witness 9 ! "y4 ,at a m advanc$ p]iod dur+ *ildhood & y\?1 we f9d ! cultivation ( ! m9d /ill dep5d+ ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,x is n en\gh t num]\s objects be pres5t$ to ! s5ses ( ! pupil2 or t num]\s words or s\nds be made to vibrate 9 8 e>s2 or ev5 t he himself be made me*anically to utt] !m4 ,?is may be done1 & yet ! m9d may rema9 p]fectly inactive ) respect to !m all3--,nay1 exp]i5ce %ews1 t dur+ su* me*anical ex]cises1 8 m9d may all ! "t be actively employ$ ^u some?+ else4 ,!re mu/ !re=e1 n only be a he>+1 or a read+ ( ! words :i* convey an idea1 b he mu/ make ! idea 8 own1 by ?9k+ x ov] aga9 = himself4 ,h5ce x is t m5tal vig\r is n acquir$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( pages t ! pupil is compell$ to read2 nor to ! l5g? ( ! disc\rses :i* are deliv]$ 9 8 he>+2 nor to ! multiplicity ( objects plac$ be=e him4 ,x is f\nd entirely to dep5d ^u 8 dilig5ce 9 ?9k+ = himself2--9 reit]at+ 9 8 own m9d ! ideas :i* he he>s1 or reads1 or :i* are sugge/$ to 8 m9d by outw>d objects4 ,?is is /ill ! same act ( ! m9d :i* we h describ$ 9 ! infant1 ) ?is v important diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t a l>ge portion ( 8 ideas is n[ sugge/$ by words1 in/ead ( ?+s2 b x is ! ideas1 & n ! words1 t ! m9d lays hold (1 & by :i* its p[]s are cultivat$4 ,:5 ?is act !re=e is successfully =c$ ^u a *ild 9 any ( 8 s*ool op]ations1 ! m9d w be discipl9$ & improv$2--b :]ev] x is n produc$1 h[ev] plausible or p[]ful ! ex]cise may appe> to be1 x w on scrut9y be f\nd to be totally wor?less 9 education1--a m]e me*anical op]ation1 9 :i*1 !re be+ no m5tal ex]tion1 !re c be no m5tal culture4 ,9 ! adult1 z well z 9 ! "y & ! infant1 ! culture ( ! m9d is c>ri$ on 9 e case by ! op]ation ( ! same pr9ciple4--,h[ev] v>i\s ! means employ$ = ?is purpose may be1 !y all dep5d = _! success ^u ?is k9d ( active ?\ght1--?is reit]ation ( ! ideas sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( read+1 he>+1 obs]vation1 or reason+4 ,a man may turn a :eel1 or po9t p9s1 or repeat words f infancy to old age1 )\t 8 m9d's be+ 9 ! lea/ p]ceptible degree b5efit$ by su* op]ations2 :ile ! mill-wright1 ! eng9e]1 or ! arti/1 ^: employm5ts require v>i$ & active ?\ght1 _c pursue 8 employm5t = a s+le day1 )\t m5tal culture1 & an acquisition ( m5tal /r5g?4--,! reason is1 t 9 m]e me*anical op]ations !re is no?+ to induce ?is act ( reit]ation1--?is active m5tal ex]cise ( :i* we are speak+4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! individual is left to ! tra9 ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d1 :i* appe>s to af=d no m5tal cultivation2--:]eas1 9 ! latt]1 ! m9d is1 by ! acts ( comp>+1 judg+1 try+1 & decid+1 :i* ! nature ( 8 occupation r5d]s necess>y1 con/antly excit$ to active ?\ght1--t is1 to ! reit]ation ( ! sev]al ideas pres5t$ to x4 ,^! rem>ks may be ?\ght by "s to be exce$+ly commonplace & self-evid5t4--,x may be s4 ,if !y be admitt$1 we ask no m4--,our purpose at pres5t is answ]$1 if we h detect$ a pr9ciple 9 education1 by ! op]ation ( :i* ! p[]s ( ! m9d are inv>iably exp&$ & /r5g!n$2--an effect :i*1 s f> z we yet "k1 9 its abs5ce nev] takes place4 ,x is by means ( ?is pr9ciple alone t ,nature accompli%es ?is important object1 bo? 9 "y & old2 b its effects are especially obs]vable 9 ! "y1 :]e1 h] op]ations n be+ s mu* int]f]$ )1 we f9d h] produc+ by its means ! mo/ extraord9>y effects1 & t ev5 dur+ ! mo/ imbecile p]iod ( h] pupil's exi/5ce4 ,9 conclud+ ?is "p ( our inve/igation1 we w\ld v briefly rem>k1 t ! exi/5ce ( ?is pr9ciple 9 connection ) ! cultivation ( ! m9d1 acc\nts 9 a v satisfactory mann] = ! b5eficial results :i* usually accompany ! /udy ( languages1 ma!matics1 & "s o!r bran*es ( education simil> 9 _! nature4--,^! objects ( /udy1 :5 once acquir$1 may nev] aft]w>ds be us$1 & w consequ5tly be lo/2 b 9 le>n+ !m ! pupil 0 compell$ to ?9k1--to ex]cise 8 own m9d on ! subjects taught1--to reflect1 & to reit]ate ! ideas communicat$ to him1 till !y _h be5 fully ma/]$4 ,! m5tal vig\r :i* 0 at fir/ =c$ ^u ! pupil1 by ^! b5eficial ex]cises1 rema9s ) him1 & is ex]cis$ ^u o!r objects1 z !y are pres5t$ to 8 obs]vation 9 ord9>y life4--,! m9d 9 comm5c+ ^! /udies gradually emancipates itself f ! me*anical t5d5cies :i* an improp] sy/em ( tea*+ _h previ\sly =m$1 & n[ ga!rs /r5g? daily by ?is natural mode ( ex]cis+ its p[]s4 ,x is ! effects ( ?is k9d ( discipl9e t con/itute ! *ief elem5t ( a cultivat$ m9d4 ,9 ?is pr9cipally consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 a man ( lib]al education1 & o!rs :o h be5 less highly fav\r$4--,8 sup]iority does n lie 9 8 ability to read ,lat9 & ,greek1--= ^! atta9m5ts may long ago h be5 =gott5 & lo/2--b 9 ! /ate ( 8 m9d1 & ! sup]ior cultivation ( ! m5tal p[]s4--,he possesses a cle>ness1 a vig\r1 & a grasp ( m9d above o!rs1 :i* enable him at a glance to compreh5d a /atem5t2--to judge ( its accuracy2--&1 )\t ef=t1 to arrange & communicate 8 ideas conc]n+ x4 ,?is ability1 z we h se51 c be acquir$ only by active m5tal ex]cise1 & is n necess>ily ! result ( ext5sive read+1 nor is x always accompani$ by ext5sive k4 ,x is ! natural & ! necess>y product ( m5tal discipl9e1 ?r\gh :i* ! above describ$ act ( reit]ation1 l a gold5 ?read1 runs f beg9n+ to end4 ,x is ! fire ( intellect1 k9dl$ at fir/ p]haps by classical1 & ma!matical /udies2 b :i* n[1 collect+ =ce & fuel f e circum/ance ( life1 gl[s & %9es1 long aft] ! mat]ials :i* fir/ excit$ ! flame h disappe>$4 ,if !n1 z we =m]ly expla9$1 ! arts are to d]ive b5efit f ! inve/igations ( sci5ce1 we are l$ to ! conclusion1 t ! wisdom ( ! ,tea*] w consi/ 9 tak+ advantage ( ! pr9ciple :i* has be5 "h exhibit$4 ,he %\ld n speculate nor !orize1 nor g =w>d inconsid]ately 9 us+ ex]cises1 ! b5efits ( :i* are at lea/ que/ionable2 b he ought implicitly to foll[ ,nature 9 ! pa? :i* %e has ?us po9t$ out to him4 ,"o *ief object ) him %\ld be1 ! cultivation ( ! m9ds ( 8 pupils2 & ! only me?od by :i* he c atta9 success 9 do+ s has n[ be5 /at$4 ,he mu/ inv5t1 or procure "s ex]cise1 or s]ies ( ex]cises1 by :i* ! act ( reit]ation 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils %all be regul>ly & sy/ematically c>ri$ on4--,he mu/ induce !m to ?9k = !mselves1 & to ex]cise ! p[]s ( _! own m9ds delib]ately & frequ5tly1--9 ! same mann] z we see ,nature op]at+ 9 ! m9d ( a lively & active *ild4 ,:5 he c accompli% ?is1 he w1 & he mu/ succe$2 :]eas1 if he all[ an ex]cise to be prep>$ :]e ?is act ( ! m9d is abs5t1 he may re/ assur$ t he is deceiv+ bo? himself & ! *ild4--,! laws ( ,nature are inflexible2 & :ile %e w und\bt$ly c\nt5ance & rew>d ^! :o act ^u ! pr9ciples :i* %e has e/abli%$1 %e w z c]ta9ly leave ^? :o neglect !m to eat ! fruit ( _! own do+s4--,b ! pupil1 m ?an ! ,tea*] is ! suff]]4 ,"u ! pure discipl9e ( ,nature 9 ! infant & ! *ild1 le>n+ is n only _! bus9ess1 b _! delight2 & x is only :5 h] pr9ciples are unkn[n1 or viol5tly outrag$1 t education becomes a burd51 & ! s*ool-h\se a prison4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,note ,a4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,on ! ,means by :i* ,nature enables h] ,pupils to acquire ,k4 ,! second /age ( ! pupil's advance "u ! tea*+ ( ,nature is t 9 :i* %e prompts & assi/s him 9 ! acquisition ( k4--,! importance ( ?is dep>tm5t ( a *ild's education has uni=mly be5 ackn[l$g$2--s mu* s1 inde$1 t x has too frequ5tly absorb$ ! :ole att5tion ( ! ,tea*]1 z if ! possession ( k 7 ! :ole ( education4--,t ?is is a mi/ake we %all aft]w>ds see2 because ! value ( k mu/ always be 9 proportion to ! use we c make ( x2 b x is equally true1 t z we _c use k till we h acquir$ x1 its acquisition z a prelim9>y /ep is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,our int5tion is at pres5t1 to enquire into ! means employ$ by ,nature1 = enabl+ h] pupils to acquire1 to reta91 & to classify _! k2 s t1 by asc]ta9+ & imitat+ h] me?ods1 we may 9 "s degree %>e 9 h] success4 ,= "s "t dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( *ildhood ,nature is ! *ief1 or ! only ,tea*]2 & ! contra/ betwe5 h] success at t "t1 & ! success ( ! p>5t or tea*] :o succe$s h]1 is v rem>kable1 & des]ves consid]ation4 ,:5 we exam9e ?is process 9 ! case ( infants1 we see ,nature act+ )\t int]f]5ce1 & !re=e ) undeviat+ success4 ,)9 a few mon?s aft] ! *ild has atta9$ "s degree ( consci\sness1 we f9d t ,nature1 "u e disadvantage ( body & m9d1 has succe$$ 9 communicat+ to ! infant an am\nt ( k1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ 9 detail appe>s v wond]ful4--,! *ild has be5 taught to "k 8 relations & fri5ds2 he has acquir$ ! ability to use 8 limbs1 & muscles1 & organs1 & ! k h[ to d s 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways4 ,he has become famili> ) ! =m1 ! col\r1 ! texture1 & ! names ( hundr$s ( articles ( dress1 ( furniture1 ( food1 & ( amusem5t1 n only )\t fatigue1 b 9 ! ex]cise ( ! pure/ delight1 & ) increas+ en]gy4 ,he has begun to contra/ objects1 & to comp>e !m2 & ?is capacity he ev9ces by an undeviat+ accuracy 9 *oos+ ^? ?+s :i* please him1 & 9 reject+ ^? ?+s :i* he dislikes4 ,b above all1 ! infant1 along ) all ?is sub/antial k1 has be5 taught to und]/& a language1 & ev5 to speak x4 ,! fact ( all ?is hav+ be5 accompli%$ by a *ild ( only two or ?ree ye>s ( age1 is s common1 t ! my/]i\s pr9ciples :i* x involves1 are too g5]ally ov]look$4 ,we ?\ghtlessly all[ !m to escape obs]vation1 z if !y 7 m]e matt]s ( in/9ct1 & 7 to be rank$ ) ! spid]'s cat*+ its prey1 or ! sp>r['s build+ its ne/4 ,b ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ^! diff]5t op]ations are p]fectly dissimil>4 ,9 ! case ( ! spid] & ! sp>r[ !re is no tea*+1 &1 ( c\rse1 no le>n+4 ,_! fir/ web1 & _! fir/ ne/1 are z p]fect z ! la/2 b 9 ! case ( ! infant1 ) only two or ?ree exceptions1 !re is no?+ t he does1 & no?+ t he kn[s1 :i* he has n really le>n$1--acquir$ by exp]i5ce "u ! tuition ( ,nature1 by ! actual use ( 8 own m5tal & physical p[]s4 ,! b5efits accru+ to education1 f successfully imitat+ ,nature 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( h] process1 w be incalculable2 n only 9 add+ to ! am\nt ( k communicat$1 b 9 ! ease & delight :i* ! "y w exp]i5ce 9 acquir+ x4 ,all mu/ admit t ! pleasure1 z well z ! rapidity1 ( ! educational process 9 ! "y1 cont9ues only dur+ ! "t t ,nature is _! tea*]2--& t h] op]ations are g5]ally *eck$1 or neutraliz$ by ! mismanagem5t ( ^? :o sup]s$e h] "w1 & beg9 to !orize = !mselves4 ,! pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t al?\gh a *ild is mu* less capable ( acquir+ k betwe5 "o & ?ree ye>s ( age1 ?an he is betwe5 eight & t52 yet1 g5]ally1 ! am\nt ( 8 intellectual atta9m5ts by 8 s*ool ex]cises1 dur+ ! two latt] ye>s1 be>s no proportion to ^? ( ! =m]1 :5 ,nature alone 0 8 tea*]4 ,9 ! "o case1 too1 8 k 0 acquir$ )\t ef=t or fatigue1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( ! mo/ delightful feel+s2--9 ! o!r1 q ! rev]se4 ,t we %all ev] be able to equal ,nature 9 ?is "p ( h] educational process1 is n to be expect$2 b t1 by foll[+ up ! pr9ciples :i* %e has develop$1 & imitat+ ! me?ods by :i* %e accompli%es h] ends1 we %all become m & m successful1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,! me?od1 !re=e1 to be adopt$ by u is1 to exam9e c>efully ! pr9ciples :i* %e employs ) ! "y1 ?r\gh ! sev]al /ages ( h] process1 & !n1 by adopt+ ex]cises :i* embody ^! pr9ciples1 to proce$ 9 a c\rse simil> to t :i* %e has po9t$ out4 ,9 prosecut+ ?is plan1 !n1 our object mu/ be1 fir/1 to exam9e g5]ally ! v>i\s means employ$ by ,nature1 9 ! acquisition ( k by ! "y1--& !n to att5d m 9 detail to ! mode by :i* %e applies ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ea*4 ,^! g5]al means appe> to consi/ ( f\r di/9ct pr9ciples1 :i*1 = want ( bett] def9itions1 we %all d5om9ate ,reit]ation1 ,individuation1 or ,ab/raction1 ,gr\p+1 or ,association1 & ,classification1 or ,analys+4#b ,! fir/ is ! act ( ,reit]ation1 ( :i* we h already spok51 z ! *ief in/rum5t 9 cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 & )\t :i*1 we %all also f9d1 !re c be no acquisition ( k4 ,! second is ! pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 by :i* ,nature communicates ! k ( s+le ideas1 or s+le objects1 by con/ra9+ ! *ild to conc5trate ! p[]s ( its m9d ^u "o object1 or idea1 till t object or idea is famili>1 or1 at lea/1 kn[n4 ,! ?ird is ! common pr9ciple ( ,gr\p+1 or ,association1 & appe>s to dep5d1 9 "s degree1 on ! imag9ative p[]s1 by :i* a *ild beg9s to associate objects or tru?s toge!r1 aft] !y h become individually famili>2 s t any "o ( !m1 :5 aft]w>ds pres5t$ to ! m9d1 enables ! pupil at a glance1 to comm& all ! o!rs :i* 7 orig9ally associat$ ) x4 ,! f\r? is ! pr9ciple ( ,classification1 or ,analys+1 by :i* ! m9d di/ributes objects or tru?s accord+ to _! nature1--puts e tru? or idea1 z x is receiv$1 into its prop] place1 & among objects or ideas ( a simil> k9d4 ,?is classification ( objects is n1 z 9 ! pr9ciple ( gr\p+1 regulat$ accord+ to _! accid5tal relation to ea* o!r1 by :i* ! can>y & ! cage 9 :i* x is conf9$ w\ld be class$ toge!r2 b accord+ to _! nature & "*1 by :i* ! can>y w\ld be classifi$ ) birds1 & ! cage among o!r articles ( h\sehold furniture4 ,all k1 s f> z we are aw>e1 appe>s to be communicat$ & reta9$ = use1 by means ( ^! f\r pr9ciples2 & we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e ! mode 9 :i* ea* ( !m is employ$ by ,nature = t purpose4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,note ,a4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,on ,nature's ,me?od ( communicat+ ,k to ! ,"y by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,reit]ation4 ,we h1 9 a =m] *apt]1 endeav\r$ to describe t p>ticul> act ( ! m9d :i* g5]ally foll[s simple p]ception1 & by :i* an idea1 :5 pres5t$ to x1 is made ! subject ( active ?\ght1 or is reit]at$ aga9 to itself4 ,we h f\nd ^u good evid5ce1 t x is by ?is process1 :e!r simple or complex1 t ! p[]s ( ! m9d are cultivat$2 & we n[ proce$ to %ew1 t x is by ! same act1 & by x alone1 t any portion ( k is ev] communicat$4#c ,no tru?1 or idea ( any k9d1 c make an effective entrance into ! m9d1 or c f9d a p]man5t lodgem5t 9 ! memory1 s z to become k1 until x has successfully und]gone ?is process4 ,!re are two ways by :i* we usually acquire k3--,! "o is by obs]vation1 )\t ! use ( language1 & :i* is common to u ) ^? :o are born deaf & dumb2 & ! o!r is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words1 ei!r he>d or read4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! k reta9$ consi/s entirely ( ! sev]al ideas :i* ! objects or ! words convey2 & :at we are n[ to %ew1 is1 t ^! ideas ?us convey$1 c nei!r be receiv$ by ! m9d1 nor reta9$ by ! memory1 till !y h und]gone ?is process ( reit]ation4 ,:ile1 on ! contr>y1 x w be se5 t1 :5ev] ?is process really takes place1 ! idea ?us reit]at$ does become "p ( our k1 & is1 accord+ to circum/ances1 m or less p]man5tly fix$ ^u ! memory4 ,we %all = ?is purpose endeav\r to trace ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple1 bo? 9 ! case ( ideas communicat$ by objects )\t language1 & 9 ^? convey$ to ! m9d by means ( words4 ,t ?is act ( reit]ation ( an idea by ! m9d1 mu/ take place1 be=e objects ( p]ception c become "p ( our k1 w1 we ?9k1 be obvi\s1 f a consid]ation ( ! foll[+ facts4--,:51 = example1 we are 9 a cr[d$ room1 or 9 ! fields1 num]\s s\nds ent] ! e>1--?\s&s ( images ent] into & impress ! eye1 yet n "o ( ^! becomes "p ( our k till x is ?\ght (2--t is1 till ! idea sugge/$ by ! s5sation1 has n only be5 p]ceiv$1 b reit]at$ by ! m9d4 ,?is w appe> to _m s pla91 t any f>!r illu/ration ( ! fact may be deem$ useless4 ,b exp]i5ce1 has %ewn1 t ! illu/ration ( ?is important process 9 education1 is n only exp$i5t1 b is really necess>y2 z ! ov]look+ ( ?is simple pr9ciple has (t5 be5 ! cause ( great inconsi/5cies on ! "p ( tea*]s4 ,we %all !re=e endeav\r to exhibit ! work+ ( ! pr9ciple 9 v>i\s =ms1 t x may be fully appreciat$ :5 we come to apply x4 ,let u !n suppose two *ildr5 tak5 sil5tly ?r\gh a museum ( curiosities1 ! "o active & lively1 ! o!r dull & li/less4 ,x w\ld be f\nd on retir+1 t ! =m] w\ld be able to give an acc\nt ( _m ?+s :i* he saw1 & t ! o!r w\ld rememb] little or no?+4 ,9 ?is case1 all ! objects 9 ! exhibition 7 se5 by bo?2 & ! "q arises1 ,:y does ! k ( ! "o1 s mu* exce$ t ( ! o!r8 ,! reason is1 t ! m9d ( ! "o 0 active1 :ile ! m9d ( ! o!r 0 9 a great measure inactive4 ,bo? saw ! objects2 b only "o look$ at !m4 ,! "o actively employ$ 8 m9d--fix$ 8 eye on an object1 & ?\ght ( x2 t is1 he reit]at$ ! ideas x sugge/$ to him1 :e!r z to =m1 or col\r1 or movem5t1 & by do+ s1 ! ideas ?us reit]at$1 7 effectively receiv$1 & giv5 ov] to ! keep+ ( ! memory4 ,! o!r *ild saw ! :ole2 !y 7 p]haps objects ( p]ception2 b he all[$ 8 s5sations to die away z !y 7 receiv$2 & 8 m9d 0 left to w&]1 or to rema9 "u ! dreamy influ5ce ( a m]e passive & evanesc5t tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,8 att5tion 0 n arre/$2--8 m9d 0 n actively engag$ on any ( ! articles he saw2 9 o!r words1 ! ideas :i* !y sugge/$ 7 n reit]at$4#d ,n[1 t x 0 ! want ( ?is m5tal reit]ation :i* 0 ! cause1 & ! only cause1 :y ?is v usual means ( acquir+ k fail$ to communicate x1 may be prov$ we ?9k by a v simple exp]im5t4 ,= if we %all suppose t ! *ild :o 0 obta9+ no k by means ( ! v>i\s curiosities ar\nd him1 _h be5 ask$ at ! "t a "q respect+ any ( !m1--a /uff$ dog1 = example1--8 att5tion w\ld h be5 arre/$1 & 8 m9d w\ld h be5 r\s$ to active ?\ght4 ,! words1 ,:at is t8 f 8 tea*]1 or companion1 w\ld h made him look at x1 & reit]ate ! ideas ( its =m & col\r1 s f> z to enable him to give an answ]4 ,& if he does s1 x w be f\nd aft]w>ds1 on leav+ ! place1 t al?\gh he might h rema9$ unconsci\s ( ! pres5ce ( all ! o!r objects 9 ! museum1 he w rememb] ! /uff$ dog1 m]ely because1 by ! "q1 ! idea x sugge/$ 0 tak5 up1 & reit]at$ by ! m9d2 :ile ! s5sations caus$ by all ! re/1 7 all[$ to pass away4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance ( daily occurr5ce1 :i* adds to ! evid5ce t x is ?is pr9ciple :i* we h call$ reit]ation1 :i* =ms ! *ief1 if n ! only av5ue1 by :i* ideas f9d access to ! m9d2 & x is ?is3--,t :5 at any "t we br+ to recollection "s =m] circum/ance ( life1 h[ev] remote1 or :5 we recall any "p ( our =m] k or exp]i5ce1 x comes up to ! m9d1 accompani$ ) ! p]fect consci\sness1 t1 at ! "t we are ?9k+ (1 ?is act ( reit]ation _h tak5 place ^u x2 t we mo/ assur$ly h ?\ght ( x be=e4 ,we are n m c]ta9 t x occupies our ?\ghts n[1 ?an we are t x did s :5 x occurr$2--t ! op]ation ( :i* we are at pres5t speak+1 did actually !n take place2 & t x 0 by our do+ s !n1 t x is rememb]$ n[4 ,?is circum/ance1 :5 duly consid]$1 is ( itself1 we ?9k1 a suffici5t pro(1 t no "p ( our k1--n a s+le idea1--c be acquir$1 or reta9$ on ! memory by any o!r process1 ?an by ?is act ( reit]ation4 ,h5ce !n x is pla91 t all ! k :i* we receive by obs]vation1 )\t ! use ( language1 is receiv$ & reta9$ on ! memory by ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple2 & we w n[ proce$ to %ew1 t ! same process mu/ also take place1 :5 our ideas are receiv$ by means ( words1 :e!r ^! be spok5 or read4 ,x is ( great importance = u to rememb]1 t ! only legitimate use ( words is to convey ideas2 & t ,nature rigidly refuses to ackn[l$ge any o!r use to :i* !y may be put4 ,h5ce x is1 t 9 conv]sation1 we are q unconsci\s ( ! words :i* our fri5d uses 9 communicat+ 8 ideas4 ,nature impels u to lay hold ( ! ideas alone2 & 9 pro( ( ?is we f9d1 t we h only to attempt to conc5trate our att5tion ^u ! words he uses1 & !n we are sure to lose sight ( ! ideas :i* ! words 7 int5d$ to convey4 ,h5ce x is1 t our op9ion ( ! /yle1 & ! language1 & ! mann] ( a speak]1 :5 ! subject itself is n famili>1 are =m$ m by indirect impressions1 ?an by direct att5tion to ^! ?+s :ile he speaks2 & (t5] by reflection aft]w>ds1 ?an by any critical obs]vation dur+ ! "t4 ,! reason ( ?is1 we may rem>k once = all1 is1 t :at ! m9d reit]ates x rememb]s1--b no?+ m4 ,if dur+ ! he>+1 x reit]ates ! ideas1 x w !n rememb] ! ideas2 b if x reit]ates ! words )\t ! ideas1 x w rememb] no?+ b words4 ,^? !re=e :o s[ words 9 ! m9ds ( ! "y1 hop+ aft]w>ds to reap ideas1 are z inconsi/5t z ^? :o seek to ga!r grapes ( ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les4#e ,k is receiv$ by ! use ( words 9 two ways1--ei!r by oral spee*1 or by writt5 language2 b 9 bo? cases1 ! reception ( ! ideas is /ill gov]n$ by reit]ation4 ,we %all endeav\r to exam9e ! op]ation 9 bo? cases4 ,let u suppose t a tea*] ann\nces to a class ( "y *ildr51 t ,ca9 kill$ 8 bro!r ,abel1--& !n exam9es ! /ate ( ea* *ild's m9d 9 reg>d to x4 ,all ( !m he>d ! words1 b "s only p]haps are n[ 9 possession ( ! tru? communicat$4 ,^? :o are s1 foll[$ ! tea*] 9 8 ann\ncem5t1 n s mu* 9 reit]at+ ! words1 z 9 reit]at+ ! idea1--! tru? itself2 & !re=e x is1 t !y are n[ acqua9t$ ) ! fact4 ,( ^? :o he>d1 b h fail$ to add ?is tru? to _! /ock ( k1 !re may be two classes2--^? :o att5d$ to :at 0 said1 b fail$ to int]pret ! words2 & ^? ^: att5tion 0 n excit$ at all4 ,^? :o fail$ to int]pret ! words1 or to extract ! idea f !m1 reit]at$ ! words to !mselves1 & w\ld p]haps be able to repeat ! words aga91 b !y d s 9 ! same mann] t a p]son reads or repeats words 9 an unkn[n tongue4 ,! idea1--! tru?1--is n yet p]ceiv$1 & !re=e _c be rememb]$4 ,! o!rs :o rememb] no?+1 h reit]at$ no?+2 _! m9ds rema9$ inactive4 ,!y also he>d ! words1 b !y fail$ to li/5 to !m2 9 ! same way z !y (t5 see objects1 b d n look at !m4 ,"h x is evid5t t e *ild :o reit]at$ ! idea 9 8 own m9d1 is 9 possession ( ! fact communicat$2 & all :o did n d s1 ev5 al?\gh !y reit]at$ ! words1 h no addition made to _! k2 :i* %ews t x is only by ?is act ( ! reit]ation ( ! ideas1 t any portion ( our k is ev] acquir$4 ,t ?is is a correct exhibition ( ! pr9ciple1 & a legitimate inf]5ce f ! ph5om5a1 may be /ill f>!r prov$ by an exp]im5t simil> to "o =m]ly recomm5d$4 ,let ! tea*]1 9 ! middle ( a /ory1 ask "s ( ! inatt5tive pupils a "q respect+ "s ( ! p]sons or ?+s he is speak+ ab\t1 & =ce ! reit]ation ( t "p ( ! n>rative 9 ! *ild's m9d by gett+ an answ]1 & x w be f\nd at ! close1 t al?\gh he may rememb] no?+ else ( all t he he>d1 yet he w mo/ p]fectly rememb] t "p ab\t :i* he 0 que/ion$1 & respect+ :i* he return$ an answ]4 ,! same ?+ may be asc]ta9$ by our own exp]i5ce1 9 he>+ a lecture or s]mon1 or ev5 9 conv]sation ) a fri5d4 ,9 ^! cases1 z long z our att5tion is kept up1--t is1 z long z we cont9ue to reit]ate ! ideas t we he>1--we may rememb] !m2 b :5 our m9ds flag1 or w&]2 9 o!r words1 :5 we cease to reit]ate ! ideas ( ! speak]1 ! s\nds ent] our e>1 b ! matt] is gone4 ,all t has be5 said dur+ t p]iod ( inatt5tion has be5 lo/2 x nev] has =m$1 & nev] c =m1 "p ( our k4 ,?us we see1 t 9 ! act ( he>+ oral communications1 ! pr9ciple ( reit]ation ( ! ideas is obvi\sly necess>y = ! acquir+ ( k2 & we %all n[ %ew1 t x is equally necess>y 9 ! act ( read+4 ,_m p]sons mu/ h witness$ *ildr5 read+ di/9ctly1 & flu5tly p]haps1 :o yet 7 n made "o :it wis] by :at !y read4 ,! act ( read+ 0 correctly p]=m$1 & yet !re 0 no accession to _! k4 ,! cause ( ?is is easily expla9$4 ,! ideas convey$ by ! words h n be5 reit]at$ by ! m9d1--p]haps !y 7 nev] p]ceiv$4 ,= z long z ! act ( read+ is difficult1 ! words und]go ?is process fir/1 & ! ideas mu/ be glean$ aft]w>ds4 ,h5ce x is1 t *ildr51 :5 hurri$ f lesson to lesson be=e !y c read !m s easily z to p]ceive & reit]ate ! ideas :ile read+1 acquire ! habit ( decyph]+ ! words alone1 & ! eye f practice reads me*anically1 :ile ! m9d at ! mom5t is usually w&]+1 or is engag$ 9 att5d+ to some?+ else4 ,nature1 z we h be=e %ew$ 9 ! act ( he>+1 does n int5d t ! m9d %\ld pay att5tion bo? to ! words & ! ideas at ! same "t2 & read+ be+ only an artificial sub/itute = he>+1 is made subject to ! same law4 ,x is ! ideas t ,nature induces u to grapple )2 & ! read+ ( words l ! he>+ ( language1 is m]ely ! means employ$ to get at !m4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( *ildr5 be+ taught to read flu5tly1 & ) p]fect ease1 be=e !y leave ! s*ool2 & ! neglect ( ?is is ! reason :y s _m aft] leav+ s*ool1 d]ive s little in/ruction f ! use ( books4 ,( ^! individuals1 exp]i5ce %ews1 t _m1 :o on leav+ s*ool c\ld n collect ideas by _! mode ( me*anical read+1 yet p]sev]e1 & at la/ tea* !mselves by long practice to und]/& :at !y read2 :ile !re are n a few :o1 9 simil> circum/ances1 become disc\rag$1 ab&on ! practice ( read+1 & soon =get ! art altoge!r4 ,( ! correctness ( ^! facts1 e "o may be conv9c$1 by recollect+ :at mu/ (t5 h tak5 place ) himself4 ,:5 at any "t ! m9d is exhau/$ :ile read+1 we cont9ue to read on1 page aft] page1 & :5 we h f9i%$1 we f9d1 t n a s+le tru? has made its way to ! memory4 ,n[ ?is did n arise f any difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ! ideas 9 ! book1 because x does n make mu* diff]5ce :e!r ! subject has be5 simple or o!rwise2 nei!r did x arise f ! want ( all m5tal activity1 = ! m9d 0 s mu* engag$ z to read e ^w & e lett] 9 ! pages ^u :i* we 7 occupi$4 ,b x arose entirely f ! want ( t pr9ciple ( :i* we are "h speak+4 ,! words 7 read me*anically1 & ! ideas 7 ei!r n ?\ght (1 or at lea/ !y 7 n reit]at$ by ! m9d1 & !re=e x is t !y are lo/1--& no ef=t c ev] aga9 recall !m4 ,! pro( ( ! accuracy ( ^! views w /ill be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance1 t if1 :ile ! p]son is read+1 ?is act ( ! reit]ation ( "s "o or m ( ! ideas be 9 any way =c$ ^u him1 ^! ideas ?us reit]at$ w aft]w>ds be rememb]$1 al?\gh all ! o!rs are lo/4 ,"h !n we h arriv$ at a pr9ciple connect$ ) ! acquisition ( k1 by att5d+ to :i* education may be made mo/ effici5t = t purpose2 b )\t :i*1 education mu/ rema9 a m]e me*anical r\t9e ( b>r5 ex]cises4 ,no idea1 no tru?1 we h se51 c ev] =m "p ( our k1 till x has und]gone ?is p>ticul> m5tal process1 :i* we h call$ reit]ation4 ,if ! idea1 or tru?1 int5d$ to be communicat$1 be reit]at$ by ! m9d1--?\ght ov] aga91--x w !n be rememb]$3--b if x be n reit]at$ by ! m9d1 x nev] c4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! t5acity ) :i* ! memory keeps hold ( any idea or tru?1 dep5ds greatly ^u ! vig\r ( ! m9d at ! "t1 & /ill m p]haps ^u ! frequ5cy ( its reit]ation4 ,if a *ild1 h[ev] languid1 is =c$ to ?is act ( reit]ation ( an idea b once1 x w be rememb]$ = a long] or a %ort] "t2 b if 8 m9d be vigor\s & lively1 & m especially if he c be made repeat$ly to reit]ate ! same idea 9 8 m9d at int]vals1 he w on t acc\nt1 reta9 x mu* m t5aci\sly1 & w h x at ! comm& ( ! w m readily4 ,h5ce ! vividness ) :i* ! sc5es & ! circum/ances ( y\? arise ^u ! m9d1 & ! t5acity ) :i* ! memory holds !m4 ,^! sc5es 7 ( daily occurr5ce2 & ! small numb] ( rem>kable circum/ances connect$ ) *ildhood & y\? hav+ few rivals to compete ) !m 9 attract+ ! att5tion1 7 witness$ frequ5tly ) all ! vig\r & livel9ess ( ! y\?ful m9d1 z yet unburd5$ ) c>e4 ,!y 7 ( c\rse frequ5tly subject$ to obs]vation1 & z frequ5tly reit]at$ by ! m9d1 & h on ^! acc\nts ev] s9ce be5 vividly pictur$ by ! imag9ation1 & cont9ue famili> to ! memory4 ,x also acc\nts = ano!r circum/ance ( common occurr5ce4 ,= :51 ev5 9 e>ly infancy1 any ev5t happ5$ :i* made a deep] impression ^u ! m9d ?an usual1 t simple circum/ance w g5]ally outlive all its neighb\rs1 & w take prec$5ce 9 po9t ( di/9ct recollection to ! close ( life4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 n only ! deep impression x made ^u ! m9d at ! mom5t1 b pr9cipally because x _h s /rongly excit$ ! feel+s1 t x 0 (t5] ?\ght ( !n & aft]w>ds2--9 o!r words1 ?is act ( reit]ation occurr$ m frequ5tly ) respect to x ?an ! o!rs1 & !re=e x is n[ bett] rememb]$4 ,?is is a pr9ciple !n ( :i* ! ,educationi/ %\ld take advantage4 ,= if ,nature inv>iably communicates k by induc+ h] pupils to ex]cise _! own m9ds on ! subject taught1 x is pla9 t ! tea*] %\ld foll[ ! same plan4 ,8 pupils _c rema9 m5tally inactive1 & yet le>n2 nei!r c ! m]e r\t9e ( v]bal ex]cises ei!r cultivate ! m9d or increase k4 ,^! are b ! husks ( education1 :i* may tantalize & weak51 b :i* c nev] satisfy ! crav+s ( ! "y m9d = in=mation4 ,_! m5tal food mu/ be ( a p]fectly diff]5t k9d1 consi/+ ( ideas1 & n ( words2 & ^! ideas !y mu/ receive & concoct by ! active use ( _! own p[]s4 ,! tea*] mu/ no d\bt select ! food = 8 pupils1 & prep>e x = _! reception1 by break+ x d[n into morsels1 suit$ to _! capacities4 ,b ?is is all4 ,!y mu/ eat & dige/ x = !mselves4 ,! pupil mu/ ?9k ov] 9 8 own m9d1 & = himself1 all t he is ei!r to "k or rememb]4 ,! ideas read or he>d mu/ be reit]at$ by himself1--?\ght ov] aga91--if he is ev] to pr(it by !m4 ,)\t ?is1 no c>e or pa9s on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 no ex]tion on ! "p ( ! pupil1 w be ( any avail4 ,all ! k t he seems to acquire 9 any o!r way is repudiat$ by ,nature2 & h[ev] plausible ! ex]cise may appe>1 x w ultimately be f\nd fruitless & va94 ,,footnotes3 #c ,note ,b4 #d ,note ,c4 #e ,note ,d4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,on ! ,acquisition ( ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuation4 ,nature1 z we h se51 has r5d]$ x imp]ative t ! act ( reit]ation %\ld be p]=m$ ^u e idea be=e x c h an entrance into ! m9d1 or be reta9$ by ! memory2 b z ! individual _c reit]ate1 or ?9k ov]1 all ! ideas sugge/$ to him by ! innum]able objects ( s5sation ) :i* he is surr\nd$1 x next becomes a matt] ( importance to asc]ta9 ! means employ$ by ,nature = enabl+ h] pupils to receive & reta9 ! greate/ numb] ( ideas1 s t !y %all ev] aft]w>ds rema9 at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,?is %e accompli%es by ! op]ation ( ! ?ree o!r pr9ciples to :i* we h adv]t$2 namely1 ,individuation1 or ,ab/raction1 ,gr\p+1 or ,association1 & ,classification1 or ,analysis4--,we %all 9 ?is *apt] att5d to ! pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 & endeav\r to trace its nature & uses 9 ! acquisition ( k by ! "y4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 an infant t w be rem>k$ by a close obs]v] ( ,nature is1 t :ile add+ to its k by obs]vation1 x always conf9es its att5tion to "o ?+ at a "t1 till x has exam9$ x4 ,be=e ! p]iod :5 ?is pr9ciple becomes conspicu\s 9 an infant1 ! eye1 & ! o!r s5ses are 9 a great measure inactive1 s f> z ! m9d is conc]n$2 & ! fir/ indication ( ! s5ses really m9i/]+ to ! m9d is ! eye *us+ an object1 & ! infant exam9+ t object by itself1 )\t all[+ its att5tion to be di/ract$ by any ?+ else4 ,?is op]ation takes place z soon z an infant is capable ( obs]vation4 ,x fixes its eye ^u an object1 g5]ally "o t is new to x1 & x cont9ues to look ^u x till x has collect$ all ! in=mation t ?is object c give1 or :i* ! limit$ capacity ( ! infant w enable x to receive4 ,h5ce ) /ation>y objects ?is in=mation is soon acquir$2 b ) moveable objects1 or toys1 or ?+s :i* are capable ( v>y+1 or multiply+ ! ideas receiv$ by ! *ild1 ! look is m int5se1 & ! att5tion is su/a9$ )\t fatigue = a long] "t4 ,till ?is in=mation has be5 receiv$1 ! *ild cont9ues to look on2 & if ! object be remov$1 ! eye /ill foll[s x ) int]e/1 & gives x up at la/ ) reluctance4 ,t by ?is conc5tration ( its m9d ^u "o object1 ! infant is add+ to its k1 appe>s evid5t f ! fact1 t objects :i* h already communicat$ _! /ock ( in=mation1 & h become famili>1 are less he$$ ?an ^? t are new or uncommon4 ,e new ?+ excites ! curiosity ( ! *ild1 :o is n cont5t till t curiosity be gratifi$4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! love ( novelty2--b x is n ! love ( novelty 9 ! v que/ionable s5se 9 :i* _m und]/& t t]m4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is obvi\sly a wise provision ( ,nature1 suit$ to ! capacity & circum/ances ( *ildr51 :i* is to be tak5 advantage (1 = convey+ su* crumbs & morsels ( k z _! limit$ p[]s are able to receive2 & :i* %\ld nev] be abus$1 by pres5t+ to !m an unceas+ :irl ( names & objects1--a process :i* fatigues ! m9d1 & leaves !m )\t any specific in=mation4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple1 & is to be consid]$ 9 ! same light1 z t :i* induces ! philosoph] to conf9e himself to ! inve/igation ( "o ph5om5on till he und]/&s x4 ,! in=mation :i* ! *ild is capable ( receiv+ f ea* ( ! impressions !n made is no d\bt small2 b x is /ill in=mation--k4--,?is is :at he is seek+2 &1 at ?is /age ( 8 progress1 x is only acquir$ by ! conc5tration ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d ^u "o ?+ at a "t4 ,! effect ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! infant is wor?y ( rem>k4--,:ile ! pupil rema9s "u ! tea*+ ( ,nature1 !re is no confusion1--no hurry1--no failure4 ,! tasks :i* %e prescribes = him are nev] oppressive1 & are con/antly p]=m$ ) ease & ) pleasure4--,al?\gh !re be no selection made by ! p>5t or tea*] = ! *ild to ex]cise 8 faculties ^u1 yet he in/9ctively selects = himself1 )\t hesitation1 & )\t mi/ake4 ,all ! objects 9 a room or 9 a l&scape are be=e him3 yet he is nev] oppress$ by _! numb]1 nor bewild]$ by _! v>iety4--,8 m9d is always at ease4--,he *ooses = himself2 b he nev] selects m = 8 special obs]vation at "o "t ?an he c conv5i5tly att5d to4 ,:5 ! objects are new1 8 att5tion is re/rict$ to "o till x be kn[n2 & !n1 b n till !n1 z we %all imm$iately see1 he is able1 & delights to employ himself 9 gr\p+ x ) o!rs4 ,9 e>ly infancy ?is att5tion to "o object is protract$ & sl[1 till he gradually acquires suffici5t en]gy ( m9d by practice4--,e "o mu/ h obs]v$ h[ sl[ly ! eye ( an infant ( two or ?ree mon?s old moves aft] an object1 9 comp>ison ) "o ( t54--,b ev5 9 ! latt] case1 :5 ! glance is lively & rapid1 ! same pr9ciple ( individuation cont9ues to op]ate4 ,! in=mation f an unkn[n object mu/ /ill be receiv$ alone1 & )\t di/raction1 al?\gh by t "t ! *ild is capable ( receiv+ x m quickly4 ,he is n n[ satisfi$ ) view+ an object on "o side1 b he mu/ view x on all sides4 ,he endeav\rs by v>i\s means to acquire e "o ( ! ideas :i* x is capable ( communicat+4 ,8 new toy is view$ ) delight & wond]2 & 8 eye by ex]cise c n[ scan 9 a mom5t its diff]5t p>ts4--,b ?is is n en\gh2 he has n[ le>n$ to make use ( 8 o!r s5ses1 & he employs !m also1 = ! purpose ( becom+ bett] acqua9t$ ) ! object :i* he is contemplat+4 ,8 toy is seiz$1 m\!d1 h&l$1 turn$1 look$ at on all sides1 till all ! in=mation x c communicate has be5 receiv$2--& !n only is x ca/ aside = some?+ else1 :i* is 9 its turn to add to 8 /ock ( k4 ,! circum/ance to :i* we w\ld especially call att5tion at pres5t is1 ! s+l5ess ( ?\ght ex]cis$ ^u ! object1 dur+ ! "t t ! *ild is amus$ by x4--,he att5ds to no?+ else1 & he w look at no?+ else2 & 7 8 att5tion =c$ f x = a mom5t1 ?is is evid5tly done unwill+ly2 &1 :5 all[$1 x imm$iately returns to ! object4 ,x is also wor?y ( notice1 t if1 :ile he is s engag$1 we attempt to tea* him some?+ else1 or 9 o!r words1 to induce him to divide 8 att5tion ^u "s o!r new object1 ! di/raction ( 8 m9d is at once app>5t2 we p]ceive t x is unnatural2 & we f9d by exp]i5ce t he does n pr(it by ei!r4 ,n[1 f ^! indications x mu/ be evid5t1 t any int]f]5ce ) ?is pr9ciple ( individuation 9 tea*+ any ?+ = ! fir/ "t1 mu/ always be hurtful3--on ! contr>y1 by att5d+ to ! pr9ciple1 & act+ ^u x 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 x mu/ be productive ( ! happie/ effects4--,:ile act$ ^u1 "u ! guidance ( ,nature1 its effici5cy & p[] are a/oni%+4 ,x is by means ( ?is pr9ciple1 t ! infant m9d1 ) all its imbecility & want ( developem5t1 acquires & reta9s m real k 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 ?an is sometimes receiv$ at s*ool aft]w>ds dur+ z _m ye>s4--,few ?+s are m *e]+ 9 prospect ?an ! k ( ?is fact2 = :at may we n expect f ! man1 :5 8 education :ile a *ild %all h be5 improv$1 & approximat$ to t ( ,nature6 ,! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 is n conf9$ to ! infant1 b cont9ues to ma9ta9 its place dur+ all ! aft] /ages ( life1 :5ev] any ?+ new & uncommon is pres5t$ z an object ( k4 ,e ?+ is new to ! infant1 & !re=e ?is pr9ciple is m conspicu\s dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( education4--,b x is /ill equally necess>y = ! *ild or ! y\? 9 simil> circum/ances2 & ,nature compels him1 z x 71 /ill to conc5trate ! p[]s ( 8 m9d ^u e new object1 till he has receiv$ & become famili> ) ! in=mation x is calculat$ to furni%4--,e "o mu/ h obs]v$ ! int5sity ) :i* a *ild exam9es an object :i* he has nev] se5 be=e1 & ! anxiety :i* he ev9ces to "k all ab\t x4--,x requires a consid]able ef=t on 8 own "p1 & /ill great] on ! "p ( o!rs1 to deta* 8 m9d f ! object1 till x has surr5d]$ ! full am\nt ( in=mation :i* ! "y enquir] is seek+4 ,! boy ) 8 new drum w att5d to no?+ else if he c help x1 z long z he has any ?+ to le>n conc]n+ x1 & ! noises x is capable ( produc+4--,& ev5 :5 he has tir$ himself ) beat+ x1 he is n satisfi$ till he has explor$ its cont5ts1 to f9d out ! cause :i* has creat$ ! s\nds4 ,! girl ) h] doll1 9 ! same way1 w volunt>ily ?9k ( no?+ else1 z long z x c provide h] ) m5tal ex]cise2 t is1 z long z x c add some?+ new to h] pres5t /ock ( k4 ,& x is "h wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! app>5t exception 9 ?is case1 aris+ f ! great] l5g? ( "t t a doll & a few o!r simil> toys w amuse a *ild1 is 9 reality a /rik+ confirmation1 & illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( :i* we are speak+4--,su* toys amuse long]1 because x is long] be=e ! v>iety ( :i* !y are capable is exhau/$4--,! doll is fondl$1 & scold$1 & cradl$1 & dress$1 & undress$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 t ! crav+ = new ideas cont9ues = a long p]iod to be amply gratifi$2--b ! effect w\ld be q diff]5t1 7 ! v same doll plac$ :]e x c\ld only be look$ at4 ,e new movem5t ) ! toy is employ$ by ,nature1 = ! cultivation ( ! m5tal p[]s1 by reit]at+ ! ideas ?us imp>t$1 & on :i* ! imag9ation delights to dwell2 & also 9 receiv+ a k ( individual objects & ideas1 :i*1 :5 once kn[n1 are to =m ! elem5ts ( future gr\p+s1 & ( an endless v>iety ( in=mation4 ,x is "h ( importance to recollect1 t almo/ all ! in=mation receiv$ by *ildr51 is ( a s5sible k9d4 ,!y c =m little or no idea ( ab/ract tru?s4 ,! m9d & ! memory mu/ be /or$ ) s5sible objects1--fir/ individually1 & !n by gr\p+1--be=e ! *ild c arrive at a capacity = ab/raction4 ,nature's fir/ object1 !re=e1 is to /ore ! memory & imag9ation ( ! "y ) ! names & images ( ?+s1 :i*1 z we h se51 are acquir$ individually1 &1 :5 once kn[n1 are rememb]$ = future use4 ,b ^? ?+s :i* !y h n yet se51 or felt1 or he>d1 or ta/$1 are totally beyond _! conception1 & _c be ( any s]vice1 ei!r 9 gr\p+1 or classification4--,h5ce ! great importance ( all[+ ! "y m9d to act freely 9 acquir+ new ideas by ?is pr9ciple ( individuation2 z )\t ?is1 all ! lessons into :i* su* ideas %all aft]w>d be introduc$1 mu/ be 9 a great measure lo/4 ,ev5 adults c =m no idea ( an unkn[n object1 except by comp\nd+ x ( some?+ t !y already "k4 ,& ?is is at lea/ equally ! case ) *ildr52 :o1 till !y c gr\p & comp>e objects :i* !y h se51 c realize no idea ( any ?+1 h[ev] simple1 t has n previ\sly be5 subject$ to ! s5ses4--,h5ce1 !re=e1 ! importance at ?is p]iod ( a *ild's education1 ( conf9+ ! att5tion *iefly to s5sible objects1 & ( n conf\nd+ 8 faculties1 by too e>ly an introduction ( ab/ract ideas4 ,"h !n we h be5 able to detect ! me?od by :i* ,nature selects1 & enables h] pupils to prep>e ! mat]ials ( :i* _! future k is to be comp\nd$4 ,^! mat]ials are ! ideas ( s5sible objects1 & _! prop]ties & uses2 :i* mu/ be ga!r$ & /or$ "o by "o4 ,by induc+ !m to attempt to seize ev5 two at a "t1 !y w mo/ probably lose bo?1 & _! p[]s ( collect+ & /or+ w1 by ! same attempt1 be injur$ & weak5$4 ,x is by means ( ?is pr9ciple ( individuation1 t1 ) ! mo/ int5se crav+ = in=mation1 & :ile plac$ among innum]able objects calculat$ to gratify x1 ! infant & ! *ild rema9 p]fectly collect$1 )\t ! slighte/ appe>ance ( di/raction ( m9d1 or confusion ( ideas4 ,) 8 ?ir/ ( k ard5t & con/ant1 x enables him ) ! greate/ delight to add h\rly to 8 /ores ( k1 )\t difficulty1 )\t irritation1 & )\t fatigue4 ,! application ( ^! tru?s to ! bus9ess ( education1 we %all att5d to 9 its prop] place2 9 ! meantime we may rem>k1 ( h[ mu* importance x is1 t all k communicat$ to ! "y be simple1 & t = "s "t x consi/ *iefly ( s5sible objects1 & _! qualities2--objects :i* !y ei!r "k1 or c h access to4 ,ab/ract subjects are n suit$ = *ildr51 till !y c gr\p1 & classify1 & comp>e ! s5sible objects ) :i* !y are already acqua9t$4 ,! aim ( ! tea*]1 !re=e1 ought to be1 /rictly to foll[ ,nature 9 ?is e>ly /age ( h] op]ations1 & to furni% food = 8 pupils1 ( ! prop] k9d1 & 9 prop] proportions2--keep+ ! ?9k+ p[]s con/antly 9 heal?ful ex]cise1 by giv+ z _m ideas z ! m9d c reit]ate )\t fatigue2 b c>efully avoid+ all hurry or =ce1 see+ t ! p[]s ( ! m9d are greatly weak5$ & injur$ by a multiplicity ( objects1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are pres5t$ s rapidly1 t ! ?\ghts h n "t to settle ^u !m1 nor ! m9d to reit]ate ! ideas :i* !y sugge/4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,on ! ,application ( ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,association1 or ,gr\p+4 ,ano!r pr9ciple :i* exhibits itself 9 ! acquisition ( k by ,nature's pupils1 is t ( gr\p+1 or associat+ objects toge!r1 aft] !y are individually kn[n4 ,a *ild1 or ev5 an infant1 :o is fright5$1 or al>m$1 or :o suff]s any sev]e injury1 rememb]s ! sev]al circum/ances1 & has ! place1 ! p]sons1 & ! ?+s connect$ ) ! ev5t1 all associat$ toge!r1 & gr\p$ into "o sc5e or picture on ! memory4 ,^! objects may h be5 num]\s2 b by ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 !y h all be5 appreh5d$1 & unit$ s p[]fully ) ea* o!r1 t no future ef=t ( ! *ild c ei!r sep>ate or oblit]ate any portion ( !m2 & s compreh5sive1 t ! recollection ( any "o ( ! circum/ances in/antly recalls all ! o!rs4 ,^! gr\p+s 9 ! m9d ( a *ild1 =m$ *iefly by means ( ! imag9ation1 are almo/ :olly comp\nd$ ( s5sible objects2 & ! only necess>y pr]equisite = _! =mation appe>s to be a k ( ! individual elem5ts ( :i* !y are to be compos$4 ,if an unkn[n object be pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 connection ) ! o!rs t are kn[n1 x is g5]ally exclud$1 & ! ?+s previ\sly kn[n reta9$4 ,= example1 9 ! case suppos$ above1 ( an accid5t occurr+ to a *ild1 !re w\ld be ?\s&s ( objects pres5t1 & all cognisable by ! s5ses2 b n "o ( all ^! t 7 unkn[n1 t is1 t _h n previ\sly und]gone ! process ( individuation1 is f\nd to =m "p ( ! rememb]$ gr\p4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! "y1 :i* is ( importance4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( a *ild's k is compos$ ( ^! gr\p+s4 ,be=e ! developem5t ( ! reason+ p[]s1 by :i* ! individual is enabl$ to classify ! elem5ts ( 8 k1 !re is no way ( rememb]+ ^! elem5ts 9 connection ) ea* o!r1 except by ?is pr9ciple4 ,if1 !re=e1 we *ange ! ord] or relative position ( ! elem5ts or objects :i* compose ! sc5e1 or gr\p1 we draw ! att5tion ( ! pupil altoge!r f ! =m]1 & create ano!r :i* is entirely new2--9 ! same way z ! transposition ( ! figures 9 any sum1 =ms ano!r ( an entirely diff]5t am\nt4 ,! draw+-room1 = example1 is se5 by ! *ildr5 ( ! family ) ! fire-place1 ! cab9et1 ! s(as1 ! tables1 & o!r /ation>y ornam5ts1 9 c]ta9 relative positions1 & ?is gr\p+ ( ^? objects is to !m 9 reality all t !y "k ( ! room4 ,any mat]ial *ange 9 %ift+ ^! objects to o!r places 9 ! ap>tm5t1 w\ld1 to ! p>5t1 ^: judgm5t is rip5$1 produce feel+s comp>atively slight2 b1 to ! y\ng] bran*es ( ! family :o gr\p1 b _c z yet classify1 x w\ld appe> l ! complete annihilation ( ! =m] ap>tm5t4 ,! diff]5t arrangem5t ( a few ( ! articles only1 w\ld to !m create ano!r1 & an entirely diff]5t room4 ,?is leads u to obs]ve ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 9 ! in/ruction ( ! "y1 :i* is ! rem>kable fact1 t1 by mak+ ! *ild famili> ) a v few primitive elem5ts1 a p>5t or tea*] may communicate an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( gr\p+s1 or /ories1 = cultivat+ ! m9d1 & increas+ ! k ( 8 pupil4 ,h5ce x is1 t hundr$s ( agreeable & useful little hi/ories h be5 compos$ = *ildr51 ) no o!r ma*9]y ?an a mamma & h] *ild1 & ! occasional introduction ( a doll or a dog1 a cat or a can>y bird4 ,to ! *ild1 !re is 9 ^! num]\s gr\p+s no appe>ance ( sam5ess1 nor want ( v>iety2 & al?\gh s mu* circumscrib$ 9 _! orig9al elem5ts1 !y nev] fail to amuse & delight4 ,! mo/ important circum/ance1 h[ev]1 connect$ ) ! work+ ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! education ( ! "y1 appe>s to be ! necessity ( a previ\s famili>ity ) ! individual objects1 be=e ! *ild is call$ ^u to gr\p !m4 ,if ?is has be5 att5d$ to1 ! gr\p+ ( ^! into any comb9ation w be easy & pleasant2--b if 8 att5tion be call$ f ! gr\p1 to exam9e exclusively ev5 b "o ( its elem5ts1 ! op]ation is *eck$1 ! m9d becomes confus$1 its p[]s are weak5$1 & ! gr\p+ has aga9 to comm5ce "u s]i\s disadvantages4 ,to illu/rate ?is po9t1 let u suppose a *ild introduc$ to ! bu/le & sports ( a common fair4 ,"h he sees ?\s&s bo? ( famili> & /range objects1 all ( :i* are calculat$ to excite 8 m9d to increas$ att5tion2 & yet ! *ild1 :ile greatly amus$1 is /ill p]fectly at 8 ease4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ indication ( 8 be+ incommod$ by ! num]\s objects ab\t him2 no confusion ( ideas1 no di/raction ( m9d1 no m5tal di/ress ( any k9d2 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! mid/ ( s mu* to see & to le>n1 ! "y look]-on is n only at 8 ease1 b appe>s to be delight$4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t he is n by any ext]nal =ce compell$ to att5d to all t he sees2 & ,nature )9 directs him to att5d to no m ?an he is able to gr\p1 or reit]ate 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,we %all endeav\r to exam9e ?is condition ( ! *ild's m9d 9 su* circum/ances a little m p>ticul>ly4 ,! *ild 9 ! circum/ances suppos$1 mu/ ei!r be a spectator 9 g5]al1 or an exam9] 9 p>ticul>2 9 o!r words1 he mu/ ei!r employ himself ) ! pr9ciple ( comb9ation or gr\p+1 or ) ! pr9ciple ( individuation1--b he nev] attempts to employ himself ) bo? at ! same "t4 ,if he amuses himself z an obs]v] 9 g5]al1 he is engag$ 9 gr\p+ objects :i* are already famili> to him2 b :ile he is s engag$1 he nev] directs 8 att5tion to any "o unkn[n object = ! purpose ( exam9+ x = ! fir/ "t by itself4 ,he passes ov] all ! m9ute & unkn[n objects ) a glance1 & att5ds only to ! gr\p+ or associat+ ( ^? :i* are already famili>4 ,nature induces him1 :ile ?us employ$1 to pass by all ^! m9ute & unkn[n objects2 because1 if he 7 to d o!rwise1 8 obs]vation 9 g5]al w\ld in/antly be recall$1 & 8 :ole att5tion w\ld be monopoliz$ by ! object :i* he _h resolv$ to exam9e1 to ! exclusion ( e o!r = ! "t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n :at he seeks2 & he employs himself entirely 9 ! gr\p+ ( ?+s :i* are already kn[n4 ,8 m9d is left at ease1 & 9 ! possession ( all its p[]s2 he looks only at ^? ?+s :i* please him2 & he passes ov] all ! o!rs )\t ef=t or difficulty4 ,b if ! boy %all come to some?+ /range & new1 :i* he is desir\s ( /udy+ m closely1 he imm$iately becomes an exam9] 9 p>ticul>2 b1 at ! same mom5t1 he ceases to be an obs]v] 9 g5]al4 ,! ext5d$ bus9ess ( ! fair1 & ! sev]al gr\p+s ( :i* x is compos$1 are lo/ sight ( = ! mom5t2--! pr9ciple ( individuation beg9s to act1 & ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple ( association1 or gr\p+1 is at ! same mom5t br\ght to a /&4 ,! two are incompatible1 & _c act toge!r2 & !re=e ,nature nev] all[s ! "o to int]f]e ) ! o!r4 ,to %ew ! evil effects ( ov]look+ ?is important law ( ,nature 9 ! education ( a *ild1 we h only to att5d to ! pa9ful results :i* w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( act+ contr>y to x1 ev5 9 ! vigor\s m9d ( an adult4 ,let u = ?is purpose suppose a p]son ( a p[]ful und]/&+1 & a capaci\s m9d1 u%]$ = ! fir/ "t1 & = only five m9utes into a cr[d$ ap>tm5t 9 "s ea/]n c>avans>y1 or ea/]n baza>1 9 :i* e ?+ to him 0 new & /range2 & let u also suppose t x 0 imp]atively dem&$ ( him1 t he %\ld1 9 t %ort space ( "t1 make himself acqua9t$ ) all t 0 go+ on1 & be able1 on 8 retir+1 m9utely to describe all t he saw4 ,! fir/ mom5t he ent]$1 & ! fir/ /range object t caught 8 eye1 w\ld conv9ce him t ! ?+ 0 impossible4 ,if1 )\t su* a dem&1 he _h be5 introduc$ into su* a place1 & _h se5 v>i\s gr\ps ( /range p]sons diff]5tly employ$1 ea* engag$ 9 a mann] altoge!r new to him1 & ! nature ( :i* 0 :olly unkn[n1 he might look on ) p]fect composure1 & consid]able amusem5t1 because he c\ld att5d1 l ! boy 9 ! fair1 ei!r to ! g5]al mass1 to isolat$ gr\ps1 or to individual ?+s4 ,he w\ld 9 t case att5d to no m ?an he 0 able to und]/&2 & w\ld placidly all[ ! o!r p>ts ( ! sc5e to pass )\t any p>ticul> att5tion4 ,b ! imp]ative injunction "h suppos$1--?is pressure f )\t1--?is artificial & unnatural dem& ^u him1--entirely alt]s ! case4 ,if he ev5 attempt$ to make himself ma/] ( all ! p>ticul>s ( ! sc5e 9 a circumscrib$ portion ( "t1 he w\ld f9d himself bewild]$ & conf\nd$4 ,! v attempt to individualize & to gr\p s _m v>i\s objects at ! same mom5t1 )9 su* a limit$ p]iod1 w\ld be en\gh to pro/rate all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,he might p]haps be able to obs]ve ! p]sons & _! co/ume1 because v>ieties ( p]sons & dresses are daily & con/antly objects ( obs]vation1 & are gr\p$ )\t difficulty2 b ( _! sev]al employm5ts1 ( :i* he 0 previ\sly ignorant1 he c\ld "k no?+1 & on retir+1 he w\ld nei!r be able to rememb] nor to describe !m4 ,9 su* an exp]im5t1 x w\ld be f\nd1 t ! m anxi\s he 0 to p]fect 8 task & to answ] ! dem&1 9 ! same proportion w\ld he f9d himself h>ass$ & di/ress$1 & ! p[]s ( 8 m9d ov]/ret*$ & weak5$4 ,& if ?is w\ld be ! result ( conf\nd+ ! pr9ciples ( individuation & gr\p+ 9 an adult1--a p]son ( good und]/&+1 & ( vigor\s m9d1--h[ mu* m hurtful mu/ su* a task be1 :5 dem&$ f *ildr5 or y\?s ( ord9>y capacity1 dur+ _! att5dance at s*ool6 ,few we believe w d\bt ! g5]al accuracy ( ! above results 9 ! cases suppos$2--b "s may p]haps "q1 :e!r !y really d arise f ! int]f]5ce ( ^! two antagoni/ pr9ciples dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,to %ew t ?is is ! real cause ( ! di/ress felt1 & ! weakness & pro/ration ( m9d produc$ dur+ x1 we h only to in/itute ano!r exp]im5t :i* is exactly p>allel4 ,let u suppose ! same p]son1 & = ! same limit$ p]iod1 u%]$ into ! travell]'s room 9 a well frequ5t$ hotel1 & let u also suppose1 t ! v same dem& is made imp]ative1 t he %all obs]ve1 & aga9 detail :5 he retires1 all t he sees4 ,let u also suppose1 t ! numb] ( p]sons "h is equally great1 & t _! employm5ts are all equally div]sifi$1 b t ea* is famili> to him2 & we w at once see t ! difficulty ( ! task is really z no?+4 ,a *ild c\ld accompli% x4 ,8 eye w\ld be able to gr\p ! :ole 9 an in/ant1 )\t ef=t1 & )\t fatigue4 ,if he saw "o p>ty at supp]1 ano!r at tea1 ano!r gr\p at c>ds1 & o!rs amus+ !mselves at draughts & backgammon2 "o m9ute in/ead ( five1 w\ld be q en\gh to make him ma/] ( ! :ole4 ,on retir+1 he w\ld be able to tell ! employm5t ( e gr\p 9 ! room2 & if any ( 8 acqua9tances _h made "p ( ! numb]1 he w\ld be able to tell :o !y 71 :]e !y 7 sitt+1 & h[ !y 7 occupi$4 ,9 do+ all ?is he w\ld f9d no difficulty2 & yet ! k he has receiv$ is entirely new1 & s ext5sive1 t x w\ld take at lea/ t5 fold m "t to rehe>se x1 ?an x took to acquire x4 ,! entire sc5e also w\ld be p]man5tly impr9t$ by ! imag9ation ^u ! memory2 & ! :ole1 or any "p ( x1 c\ld be recall$1 & review$1 & rehe>s$1 at any future p]iod4 ,"h !n are two cases1 precisely simil> 9 _! nature1 & und]tak5 by ! v same p]son1 :]e ! results are widely diff]5t2 & we n[ see1 t ! diff]5ce arises entirely f ! pr9ciple ( individuation hav+ prep>$ ! way 9 ! "o case1 :ile x 0 n all[$ to op]ate 9 ! o!r4 ,f ^! circum/ances tak5 toge!r1 we p]ceive1 t ! gr\p+ ( objects1 :5 once !y are individually famili>1 is nev] a difficult task1 b is r "o ( gratification & pleasure2--& we also are taught1 t ! am\nt ( k ?us pleasantly communicat$ to a *ild may be mo/ ext5sive & valuable1 :ile ! mat]ials necess>y = ! purpose1 be+ comp>atively few1 may be previ\sly r5d]$ famili> ) v little ex]tion4 ,x is ! conf\nd+ ( ^! two pr9ciples 9 ! communication ( k1 t makes le>n+ appe> s =bidd+ to ! "y1 & prev5ts t cultivation ( ! m5tal p[]s by _! ex]cises :i* ^! w\ld o!rwise infallibly produce4 ,by keep+ ea* 9 its prop] place1 a *ild w soon acquire a ?or\gh k ( ! few elem5ts necess>y = ! purpose2 & ^!1 :5 acquir$1 may be gr\p$ by ! tea*] into ?\s&s ( =ms1 = ext5d+ ! k1 & = invigorat+ ! m9d ( 8 delight$ pupil4 ,! b5evol5ce & wisdom ( ?is beautiful arrangem5t 9 ! educational process ( ,nature1 are truly wond]ful2 & 9 proportion z x is s1 e deviation f x on our p>ts w be att5d$ ) disappo9tm5t & evil4 ,if all our ideas 7 to be acquir$ & reta9$ by ! pr9ciple ( individuation alone1 ! memory be+ )\t help or re/+ place1 w\ld soon become s ov]p[]$ by _! numb]1 t our k w\ld be greatly circumscrib$1 & its use imp$$4 ,( ! b5efits aris+ f att5tion to ! pr9ciple we h _m apt illu/rations 9 ord9>y life1 among :i* ! v>i\s gr\p+s ( ! t5 num]al figures into sums ( any am\nt1 & ! =m+ ( s _m ?\s&s ( words by a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 are famili> examples4 ,:5 a *ild kn[s ! t5 num]als1 he requires no m tea*+ to asc]ta9 ! precise am\nt ( any "o numb] among all ! millions :i* ^! figures c repres5t4 ,! value ( su* an acquirem5t c only be appreciat$ by consid]+ ! lab\r x w\ld co/ a *ild to ga9 a k ( all ^! sums individually1 & ! ov]:elm+ burd5 laid ^u 8 memory if ea* ( ! millions ( sums _h to be rememb]$ by a sep>ate "*4 ,by ! k & v>i\s gr\p+s ( only t5 su* *>act]s1 ! :ole ( ?is mighty burd5 is remov$4 ,9 ! art ( writ+1 ! same pr9ciple is br\ght into op]ation ) complete success1 by ! comb9ation1 or v>i\s gr\p+s ( ! tw5ty-six lett]s ( ! common ,roman alphabet 9 ! =mation ( words4 ,! value ( ?is adaptation ( ! pr9ciple w be obvi\s1 if we %all suppose1 t a p]son :o is acqua9t$ ) all ! mod]n ,european languages1 _h be5 compell$ to discrim9ate1 & cont9ue to rememb]1 a di/9ct arbitr>y m>k or "* = ! _m ?\s&s ( words conta9$ 9 ea*4 ,we may n be w>rant$1 p]haps1 to say t su* a task w\ld be impossible2 b t x w\ld be inconceivably burd5some c admit ( no d\bt4 ,we h1 inde$1 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,*9ese1 al?\gh x is b "o language1 a liv+ monum5t ( ! evil effects ( ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple 9 lit]ature1 & ! unceas+ inconv5i5ces :i* daily arise f t empire cont9u+ to p]sev]e 9 x4 ,!re is comp>atively b little comb9ation ( *>act]s 9 _! words1 & ! consequ5ces are rem>kable4 ,9 t ext5sive empire1 ! highe/ rew>ds1 & ! *ief po/s ( hon\r & emolum5t1 are held out to ^? :o are mo/ le>n$1 :atev] be _! rank or _! /ation2 & yet1 amid/ a population imm]s$ 9 pov]ty & wret*$ness1 n "o p]son 9 a ?\s& c ma/] ev5 "o ( _! books2 & n "o 9 t5 ?\s& ( ^? :o pr(ess to read1 is able to p]use !m all4 ,! reason ( ?is simply is1 ! neglect ( ?is natural pr9ciple ( gr\p+ lett]s1 or ! signs ( s\nds1 9 _! writt5 language4 ,) u1 ! elem5ts ( all ! words 9 all ! ,european languages are only tw5ty-six2 & ! *ild :o has once ma/]$ ! comb9ation ( ^!1 9 any "o ( our books1 has ! :ole ( our lit]ature at 8 comm&4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! elem5ts ( g5]al k is equally necess>y1 z its application to writt5 language4 ,! difficulty ( rememb]+ ! _m ?\s&s ( unconnect$ *>act]s 9 ,*9ese lit]ature1 is an exact emblem ( :at w always be ! case ) *ildr5 9 respect to _! g5]al k1 :5 ?is pr9ciple ( association1 or gr\p+1 is neglect$4 ,adults acquire & reta9 a l>ge portion ( _! k1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 by ! pr9ciple ( classification & analysis2 b *ildr5 are n z yet capable ( ?is2 & !y mu/ receive _! k by ! gr\p+ ( a few simple elem5ts previ\sly kn[n1 or !y w n be able to receive & reta9 k at all4 ,! am\nt ( ?is k also1 x %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 is n at all 9 proportion to ! numb] or ! v>iety ( ! elem5ts ( :i* t k is compos$4 ,we h =m]ly allud$ to ?is1 & x may be f>!r illu/rat$ by a circum/ance ( daily occurr5ce4 ,a seaman :5 he obs]ves a vessel at a di/ance kn[s h] class & "* 9 an in/ant1 :e!r %e be a sloop or a brig1 a s*oon] or a %ip1 & he =ms an in/antane\s idea ( all h] p>ts gr\p$ into a :ole4 ,8 memory1 in/ead ( be+ h>ass$ 9 rememb]+ ! %ape1 & place1 & position ( ea* ( its sev]al p>ts1 is reliev$ ( ! :ole by ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple ( association4 ,! :ole rigg+1 ab\t :i* 8 m9d is occupi$1 is compos$ ( only ?ree elem5ts1--ropes1 & sp>s1 & sails1--) ea* ( :i* he has long ago made himself famili>4 ,all ! rema9+ p>ts ( ?is k9d ( k are a m]e matt] ( gr\p+4 ,by previ\sly obs]v+ ! v>i$ arrangem5t ( ! sp>s1 & ropes1 & sails1 on ! sev]al ma/s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( vessels1 he has already gr\p$ !m into "o :ole1 & ea* is rememb]$ by itself )\t ef=t1 & )\t mi/ake4 ,!y are reta9$1 z x 71 pa9t$ by ! imag9ation ^u ! memory1 & may at any aft] p]iod be recall$ & review$ at pleasure4 ,h5ce ! sight ( a vessel 9 ! di/ance calls up ! =m] pictures to ! m9d1 & enables ! practis$ eye ( ! m>9] to decide at once z to ! k9d & "* ( :at he s imp]fectly sees4--,?is helps also to expla9 ! reason :y *ildr5 are s gratifi$ ) pictures :5 pres5t$ to ! eye2 & :y !y are be/ pleas$ :5 ! figures are mo/ simple & di/9ct1 & p>ticul>ly1 :5 ! objects gr\p$ 9 ! picture h previ\sly be5 famili>4 ,pictures are inde$ a pretty close imitation ( ,nature 9 ?is "p ( h] "w2 & !y are defective *iefly on acc\nt ( _! want ( motion & cont9uity4 ,^! la/ are two great & inimitable *>act]i/ics 9 all ! gr\p+s pa9t$ ^u ! memory by ! imag9ation4 ,f all ?is x is obvi\s1 t !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a *ild's acquir+ ! k ( ?+s individually1 & acquir+ a k ( _! sev]al associations4 ,! two mu/ nev]1 if possible1 be conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 !y are kept di/9ct 9 ! education ( a *ild1 he has an evid5t pleasure 9 att5d+ to ei!r2 b z soon z !y are all[$ to int]f]e1 & m especially :5 !y are sy/ematically bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! same ex]cise1 he exp]i5ces confusion1 irritation1 & fatigue4 ,!re is no necessity1 h[ev]1 = ?is ev] be+ ! case4 ,all t is requir$ is1 t ! few individual elem5ts t are to be gr\p$ or associat$ 9 a lesson1 :e!r !y be objects or ideas1 %all previ\sly be made famili> to ! pupil4 ,^!1 :5 once kn[n1 may be br\ght be=e ! m9d ( ! *ild 9 any v>iety ( ord] or =m1 & w be receiv$ readily & pleasantly1 & w be reta9$ by ! memory )\t confusion1 & )\t ef=t4 ,by att5tion to ^! two pr9ciples1 keep+ ea* 9 its prop] place1 & br++ ea* to aid & uphold ! o!r 9 its prop] ord]1 x w be f\nd1 t a *ild may be taught m real k 9 "o week1 ?an is (t5 communicat$ 9 o!r circum/ances 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,acquisition ( ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,analysis1 or ,classification4 ,!re is yet ano!r pr9ciple br\ght into op]ation by ,nature to enable h] pupils to receive1 to reta91 & to make use ( _! k4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ,classification1 or ,analysis4#f ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! =m] pr9ciple describ$ we ?9k is suffici5tly m>k$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,association1 or ,gr\p+1 is c>ri$ on *iefly by means ( ! imag9ation1 & beg9s to op]ate z soon z ! m9d is capable ( imag9+ any ?+2 b ! pr9ciple ( ,classification1 or ,analysis1 is m intimately connect$ ) ! judgm5t4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t x is b v p>tially call$ into action dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( a *ild's education1 & is nev] able to op]ate ) vig\r1 till ! reason+ p[]s ( ! pupil beg9 to develope !mselves4 ,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! two pr9ciples1 & _! respective uses 9 education1 may be illu/rat$ by a circum/ance ( e-day occurr5ce4 ,= example1 a *ild :o f infancy has be5 br\ght up 9 a h\se ( sev]al ap>tm5ts1 gets acqua9t$ ) ea* ( ! rooms by means ( its cont5ts4 ,he has be5 9 ! habit ( see+ ! heavy pieces ( furniture 9 ea* ap>tm5t 9 a c]ta9 place & ord]1 & ! room & its furniture1 !re=e1 are id5tifi$ toge!r1 & rema9 pa9t$ ^u 8 imag9ation exactly z he has be5 9 ! habit ( see+ !m4 ,9 ?is case1 ! articles ( furniture 9 ! room are gr\p$1 & n classifi$2 & are rememb]$ toge!r1 n on acc\nt ( _! nature & uses1 b purely on acc\nt ( _! position1 & _! relative arrangem5t 9 ! room4 ,mo/ ( our read]s p]haps1 w rememb] ! /range feel+s produc$ 9 _! m9ds dur+ "s p]iod ( _! *ildhood1 :5 9 ! h\se ( _! infancy1 "s mat]ial alt]ation ( ?is k9d 0 effect$ 9 "o or m ( ! rooms4 ,a *ange 9 ! position ( a b$1 or ! ab/raction or introduction ( a *e/ ( draw]s1 a w>drobe1 or o!r bulky piece ( furniture1 causes 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild an effect mu* deep]1 & m ext5sive1 ?an 9 ! adult4 ,! =m] picture ( ! place nev] hav+ be5 obs]v$ or contemplat$ 9 any o!r aspect1 is pa9t$ by ! imag9ation1 & fix$ ^u 8 memory1 by long cont9u$ famili>ity4 ,b by ?is *ange x is sudd5ly defac$2 & ! new gr\p1 p>tak+ z x w d ( "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! old1 produces feel+s :i* are /range & unacc\ntable1 & entirely diff]5t f ^? ( 8 p>5ts1 :o h be5 9 ! habit ( contemplat+ ! room & its furniture m by ! ex]cise ( ! judgm5t1 ?an ( ! imag9ation2 t is1 m by _! uses1 ?an by _! appe>ance4 ,! cause ( ?is /rang5ess ( feel+ 9 a *ild1 arises f ! pr$om9ance ( ! pr9ciple ( gr\p+1 ov] t ( classification4 ,he has z yet no k ( any ( ! ap>tm5ts 9 ! h\se1 except :at he has receiv$ by gr\p+ _! cont5ts4 ,:51 !re=e1 _! arrangem5t is mat]ially alt]$1 ! reason+ p[]s n be+ z yet able to s(t5 d[n ! effect1 ! =m] ap>tm5t appe>s to ! *ild z if x _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,he c sc>cely believe x to be ! same4 ,he nev] ?9ks ( ! uses ( ! articles 9 ! ap>tm5t1 b only ( _! appe>ance2--! fir/ be+ an act ( ! judgm5t1--! latt] ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 a simil> mann] he ?9ks ( ! kit*5 & its furniture1 n z a "p ( ! h\sehold economy1 b only 9 connection ) ! articles x conta9s4 ,! dress]1 ! jack1 & ! t9 cov]s1 are nev] ?\ght ( 9 connection ) _! uses2 b are id5tifi$ ) ! kit*51 m]ely because !y h always be5 se5 !re1 & se5 toge!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ! seats1 ! tables1 & ! ornam5ts ( ! draw+-room1 are n connect$ 9 ! *ild's m9d because !y are :at are commonly call$ draw+-room furniture1 = t w\ld imply a degree ( reason+ ( :i* he is z yet unacqua9t$2 b !y are rememb]$ toge!r1 z !y h always be5 obs]v$ 9 t p>ticul> place1 & are n[ pictur$ on ! m9d1 9 ! position 9 :i* !y are usually beheld4 ,_! p>ticul> locality 9 ! room1 & _! relative position ) respect to ea* o!r1 are ( f> m importance 9 assi/+ ! memory ( ! *ild1 ?an any k :i* he has z yet acquir$ ( _! respective uses4 ,?\gh a *ild _h 9 ?is way ga9$ an exact k ( e ap>tm5t 9 a h\se1 x is obvi\s t !re may n h be51 dur+ ! :ole process1 a s+le act ( ! und]/&+4 ,_m ( ! l[] animals are capable ( collect+ all ! k he has receiv$2 & ev5 infants are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ! daily habit ( acquir+ x4 ,b ! classification ( objects1 accord+ to _! nature & uses1 is an op]ation ( a p]fectly diff]5t k9d4 ,h5ce x is1 t a *ange 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! furniture ( a room acts s slightly on ! feel+s ( ! adult1 & s p[]fully on ! "y4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! reason+ p[]s neutralize ! effect produc$2 to ! latt]1 ! *ange appe>s a complete revolution4 ,?is pr9ciple ( classification1 ?\gh peculi> to ! mature m9d1 is n re/rict$ to any p>ticul> class ( m54 ,x is f\nd to be univ]sal1 :]ev] ! reason+ p[]s are capable ( act+4 ,x is no d\bt conspicu\s 9 civiliz$ societies1 because !re x is m cultivat$2 b x is n conf9$ to !m4 ,! savage is prompt$ to its ex]cise "u ! tuition ( ,nature4 ,= example1 ! v>i\s articles & arts :i* he employs 9 hunt+1 are all regul>ly classifi$ 9 8 m9d1 & reta9$ ^u 8 memory1 z p]fectly di/9ct f ^? :i* he employs 9 fi%+2 & nei!r ( ^! classes ( articles are ev] conf\nd$ ) 8 implem5ts & weapons ( w>4 ,8 hooks & l9es1 are z naturally classifi$ 9 8 m9d ) 8 nets & 8 canoe1 z 8 club or 8 tomahawk is ) 8 o!r weapons us$ 9 battle4 ,x is by ?is means t ,nature aids ! memory 9 ! ret5tion ( k1 & keeps all ! successive accumulations ( ! individual at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,:5 cultivat$1 z ,nature designs t x %\ld be1 x =ms an ext5sive cab9et 9 ! m9d1 :]e e dep>tm5t ( k has its appropriate place2 & :i*1 :5 once sy/ematically =m$1 c be furni%$ at leisure4 ,:5 a new idea is acquir$1 x is imm$iately put 9 its place1 & associat$ ) o!rs ( ! same k9d2 & :5 any portion ( ! k :i* we h accumulat$ is requir$1 we "k at once ! p>ticul> place :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,! b5efits ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! above =m are ext5sively felt & act$ ^u 9 society1 ev5 :]e ! pr9ciple itself is nei!r obs]v$ nor kn[n2 = 9 ! family1 9 ! "w %op1 & 9 ! manufactory1 x is ( ! la/ importance4 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t a cl]gyman1 = ! help ( 8 own memory1 z well z = assi/+ ! memory ( 8 he>]s1 arranges ! subject ( 8 s]mons 9 a classifi$ =m2--8 text is ! root ( ! classification4 ,?is he divides into heads1 :i* =m ! fir/ bran* 9 ?is table2 & ^! aga9 he sometimes sub-divides into p>ticul>s1 :i* =m a second bran* dep5d+ on ! fir/1 & all proce$+ f ! root1--! orig9al text4 ,simil>1 b m ext5sive1 is ! plan adopt$ 9 ! divisions & subdivisions ( objects 9 ! ,sci5ces1 su* z ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,*emi/ry1 c4 9 all ( :i* ! exi/5ce ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ,nature's educational process is ackn[l$g$ & exemplifi$4 ,9 ^! sci5ces1 ! effici5cy ( ! pr9ciple 9 facilitat+ ! reception ( k1 & 9 assi/+ ! memory 9 reta9+ x1 & 9 putt+ x to use1 is univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,b !re is ano!r =m 9 :i* ! same pr9ciple appe>s1 n s obvi\s inde$1 b x is "o :i* is at lea/ equally important 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,nature always br+s x into op]ation :5 a tea*]1 :ile communicat+ any s]ies ( connect$ tru?s1 su* z a portion ( hi/ory or ( sci5ce1 gives m ( ! details ?an ! m9d ( 8 pupil c receive1 or 8 memory reta9 at "o "t4 ,x may be desirable t ! pupil %\ld be made ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! m9ute1 z well z ) ! g5]al circum/ances ( a hi/ory or a sci5ce2 b if s1 x mu/ be done1 n at once1 b by degrees1 or /eps4 ,x is usually done by repeat+ ! c\rse1--revis+1 z x is call$1--& t p]haps m ?an once2--go+ ov] all ! ex]cises aga9 & aga91 till ! sev]al p>ts are p]ceiv$ & rememb]$ 9 _! connection4 ,9 ^! revis+s1 ! m9d =ms an analytical table ( ! subject = itself1 consi/+ ( successive /eps1 =m$ by ! successive c\rses4 ,by ! fir/ c\rse1 or he>+1 x is *iefly ! great outl9es ( ! subject t are p]ceiv$2 & ^! =m ! fir/ bran* ( a regul> analytical table1 :i* e succe$+ c\rse ( read+ or he>+ t5ds to fill up4 ,?is w p]haps be be/ und]/ood by an example4 ,let u suppose t a "y p]son sits d[n to read a hi/ory = ! fir/ "t1 & t he reads x ) att5tion & c>e4 ,:5 we exam9e ! /ate ( 8 m9d aft] he has f9i%$ x1 we f9d t1 indep5d5tly ( :at1 by ! pr9ciple ( gr\p+1 he has got 9 ! =m ( episode1 he has be5 able to reta9 only ! great outl9es ( ! hi/ory1 & no m4 ,he rememb]s p]haps ( ^: reign he has be5 read+1 & ! pr9cipal ev5ts t took place dur+ x2 b ! int]m$iate & m9or ev5ts1 z connect$ ) ! hi/ory1 he has n be5 able to rememb]4 ,no?+ has be5 imp>t$ by ?is fir/ read+1 b ! great l&m>ks ( ! n>rative4 ,^! are de/9$ to =m ! fir/ bran* ( a regul> analytical table1 ( :i* ! reign ( ! p>ticul> mon>* is ! root4 ,?is is ! frame-"w ( ! :ole hi/ory ( t p]iod1 h[ev] num]\s ! m9or circum/ances may be2 & a second read+ w only enl>ge 8 k ( ! circum/ances "u ea* ( ! heads4 ,9 o!r words1 x w enable him to sub-divide !m into m m9ute details or p]iods1 & ?us =m a s]ies ( second bran*es f ea*4 ,n[ x is q obvi\s1 t :5 ?is analysis ( ! circum/ances ( t p]iod is once =m$ 9 ! m9d1 no new ev5t connect$ ) x c ev] come to 8 k )\t be+ class$ ) "s ( ! o!rs4 ,x w be dispos$ ( accord+ to ! relation :i* x be>s to ! p>ts already exi/+2 & ?us ! :ole texture w be regul>ly fram$1 & e ev5t w h its prop] place1 & be readily available = future use4 ,"o "p may be fill$ up & f9i%$ be=e ano!r2 b ! regul> proportions ( ! :ole rema9 undi/urb$4 ,! pupil has1 by ! orig9al outl9e & its sev]al bran*es1 got a date & a place = e new fact :i* he may aft]w>ds glean1 ei!r 9 8 read+ or 8 conv]sation2 & he has a place 9 :i* to put x1 :]e x c easily be f\nd4 ,:5 plac$ !re1 x is safe 9 ! keep+ ( ! memory1 & w always aft]w>ds be at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,! connection ( ^! circum/ances1 ) ! pr9ciple 9 education :i* we are at pres5t endeav\r+ to illu/rate1 may n to "s be v app>5t4 ,we %all !re=e take ano!r example f a circum/ance simil> to :at occurs e day 9 ord9>y life1 & 9 :i* ! pr9ciple1 9 ! h&s ( ,nature1 is abundantly conspicu\s4 ,9 ! example we are "h to give1 %e =ms ! sev]al /eps ( ! classification 9 a numb] ( he>]s by once read+ a subject1 v simil> to :at %e does successively 9 ! m9d ( "o individual by repeat$ read+s4 ,let u !n suppose a tea*] ) two or ?ree hundr$ pupils1 includ+ e degree ( m5tal capacity1 f ! y\nge/ *ild :o is able to und]/&1 up to 8 own classical assi/ant2 & t he reads to !m ! hi/ory ( ,joseph z giv5 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,let u also suppose1 t !y all give him _! be/ att5tion1 & t !y all he> ! n>rative = ! fir/ "t4 ,su* an exp]im5t1 let x be obs]v$1 has its p>allel e day1 9 ! *ur*1 9 ! class room1 & 9 ! sem9>y2 & simil> effects to ^? we are ab\t to describe inv>iably take place 9 ea* ( !m4 ,:5 ! tea*] has read & conclud$ ?is l5g!n$ ex]cise1 x w be f\nd1 t no two individuals among 8 he>]s h acquir$ ! same am\nt ( k4 ,"s w h receiv$ & reta9$ m ( ! circum/ances1 & "s less1 b no two1 /rictly speak+1 w be alike4 ,^? ^: m9ds 7 incapable ( connect+ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! n>rative into a :ole1 w reta9 :at !y h receiv$ 9 disjo9t$ gr\ps & pat*es1--episodes1 z x 71 9 ! n>rative1--)\t be+ able v cle>ly to p]ceive its g5]al design4 ,?is class1 ^u :om ! pr9ciple ( association *iefly has be5 at "w1 we leave out1 & conf9e ourselves to ! /ate ( k possess$ by ^? :o are 9 a great] or less degree capable ( classification1 & ( tak+ "s cognisance ( ! n>rative z a connect$ :ole4 ,among ?is latt] class1 "s w h reta9$ no m ?an ! b>e outl9e ( ! hi/ory1 int]sp]s$ ) gr\p+s1 z 9 ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,!y w rememb] little m ?an t ,joseph 0 at fir/ a boy 9 8 fa!r's h\se2--t he 0 aft]w>ds a slave1 & 9 prison2--& at la/1 a great man & a gov]nor4 ,"h ! :ole hi/ory is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct heads1 or eras1--! fir/ bran* ( an analytical table ( ! :ole /ory1 f "o or o!r ( :i* all ! o!r p>ticul>s1 ( :atev] k9d1 mu/ ( necessity take _! rise1 & bran* (f 9 _! natural ord]4 ,an advanc$ class ( ! auditors w h reta9$ "s ( ! m obvi\s circum/ances connect$ ) ea* ( ^! ?ree great divisions1 z well z ! divisions !mselves4 ,!y w n only rememb] t ,joseph 0 a boy 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 b !y w also be able to rememb] ! m prom95t subdivisions ( ! n>rative reg>d+ him :ile !re2 su* z 8 fa!r's p>tiality1 8 dreams1 & 8 bro!rs' hatr$4 ,! second great division w be recollect$ z includ+ ! p>ticul>s ( 8 be+ sold1 8 s]v+ 9 ,potiph>'s h\se1 & 8 conduct 9 prison2 & ! ?ird division w be rememb]$ z conta9+ 8 appe>ance be=e ,ph>oah1 8 lay+ up corn1 8 conduct to 8 bro!rs1 & 8 reception ( 8 fa!r & family4 ,^! subdivisions1 x w at once be p]ceiv$1 =m ! second bran* ( a regul> analytical table1 ea* ( :i* has sprung f1 & is intimately connect$ )1 "s "o or o!r ( ! ?ree great divisions =m+ ! fir/ bran*1 ( :i* ! ,hi/ory ( ,joseph is ! compreh5sive root4 ,9 l mann]1 a ?ird class ( ! pupils1 ^: m9ds h be5 bett] cultivat$1 & ^: memories are m ret5tive1 w n only rememb] all ?is1 b !y w also rememb]1 9 connection ) ea* ( ^! subdivisions1 _m ( ! m specific ev5ts includ$ 91 or spr++ f !m1 & :i* c>ry =w>d ?is regul> analytical table "o /ep f>!r4 ,z = example1 "u ! subdivision entitl$ ,joseph's conduct to 8 bre?r51 !y w rememb] ! det5tion ( ,simeon1--! fea/ 9 ! palace1--! sc5e ( ! cup 9 ! sack1 & ,joseph's mak+ himself kn[n4 ,ev5 ^! aga9 might be subdivid$ into _! m m9ute circum/ances1 z a f\r?1 or ev5 a fif? bran*1 if necess>y1 all ( :i* might be exactly del9eat$ ^u pap]1 z a regul> analytical table ( ! hi/ory ( ,joseph4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an example ( ,nature h]self divid+ an audi5ce into diff]5t classes1 & t by "o & ! same op]ation1--by "o read+1--=m+ 9 ea* class "p ( a regul> analytical table ( ! :ole hi/ory1 ea* class be+ "o /ep 9 advance ( ! o!r4 ,! fir/ has ! f\ndation ( ! :ole fabric broadly & solidly laid2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t !re is n "o ( ! ideas acquir$ by ! mo/ tal5t$ ( ! he>]s1 t is n /rictly & regul>ly d]iv$ f "s "o or o!r ( ! ?ree g5]al divisions possess$ by ! fir/ & ! lea/ advanc$2 & any "o ( ! ideas may be regul>ly trac$ back ?r\gh ! sev]al divisions to ! root itself4 ,! additional facts possess$ by ! second class1 are no?+ m ?an a m full developem5t ( ! circum/ances rememb]$ by ! fir/2 & ^? obta9$ by ! ?ird1 are b a m ext5sive developem5t ( ! facts rememb]$ by ! second4 ,?is be+ ! /ate ( ! sev]al classes into :i* ,nature divides e audi5ce1 x is ( importance to trace ! means :i* %e employs = ! purpose ( advanc+ ea*1 & ( ultimately complet+ ! analysis2 or1 9 o!r words1 p]fect+ ! k ( ! n>rative1 9 ea* individual m9d4 ,?is is equally beautiful1 & equally simple4 ,x is1 if we may be all[$ ! expression1 by a regul> sy/em ( build+4 ,! f\ndation be+ laid1 & ! frame-"w ( ! :ole be+ erect$1 9 ! k ( ! great g5]al outl9e1 confusion is ev] aft] completely prev5t$4 ,e piece ( in=mation connect$ ) ! hi/ory1 :i* may be aft]w>ds receiv$1 has a specific place provid$ = x4 ,x mu/ belong to "s "o or o!r ( ! ?ree great divisions2 & x is !re ins]t$ z a "p ( ! g5]al build+4 ,x is n[ rememb]$ 9 its connection1 till all ! circum/ances1--! :ole ( ! in=mation1--gradually1 & p]haps di/antly receiv$1 complete ! n>rative4 ,to foll[ out ?is plan ( ,nature regul>ly1 z 9 a s*ool education1 ! me?od mu/ be exce$+ly obvi\s2 = if ! fir/ class1 by once he>+ ! *apt]s read1 h receiv$ m]ely ! outl9e1--! frame-"w ( ! n>rative1--x mu/ be obvi\s1 t :5 ?is has by reflection become famili>1 a second read+ w\ld enable !m to fill up mu* ( ?is outl9e1 by :i* !y w\ld be on a p> ) ! second4 ,ano!r read+ w\ld1 9 l mann]1 add to ! second1 & =m a ?ird2 & s =? ( all ! o!rs4 ,ea* read+ w\ld add m & m to ! k ( ! pupil2 & yet1 e idea communicat$ w\ld be no?+ m ?an a full] developem5t ( ! orig9al outl9e1--! frame-"w1--! skeleton ( ! /ory :i* he _h acquir$ by ! fir/ read+4 ,by successive read+s1 !re=e1 ! fir/ class w take ! place ( ! second1 ! second ( ! ?ird1 & s on to ! end4 ,?is is ,nature's uni=m me?od ( p]fect+ h] pupils 9 any bran* ( connect$ k2--a me?od :i*1 !re=e1 x %\ld be ! object ( ! ,educationi/ to und]/&1 & closely to imitate4 ,f ! cases :i* we h 9 ?is *apt] suppos$ z examples1 !re are sev]al important practical inf]5ces to be d]iv$1 to :i* we %all "h v briefly adv]t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are l$ to inf]1 f all ! cases br\ght into notice1 t e k9d ( ext]nal =ce1 or precipitation 9 education1 is abhorr5t to ,nature4 ,9 ea* ( ! cases suppos$1 we h a rem>kable exhibition ( ! calm s]5ity ( ,nature's op]ations 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! la/ case suppos$1 ! *ildr5 all li/5$1--!y all he>d ! same words1--! m5tal food 0 ! same to ea*1 h[ev] div]sifi$ _! abilities might be2 & x 0 indiscrim9ately (f]$ 9 ! same =m to all1 al?\gh all 7 n equally prep>$ to receive & dige/ x4 ,! results accord+ly 71 9 fact1 z v>i\s z ! numb] ( ! p]sons pres5t4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ ( all ?is1 !re 0 no hurry1 no confusion1 no attempt to /ret* ! m9d beyond its /r5g?4 ,ea* individual1 accord+ to 8 capacity1 laid hold ( z mu* z 8 m9d c\ld receive1 & sil5tly ab&on$ ! rema9d]4--,b if !re _h be5 any ext]nal urg5cy or =ce employ$1 to compel ! *ild to accompli% m ?an 8 m9d 0 capable (1 ?is s]5ity & composure w\ld h be5 de/roy$2 irritation1 & confusion1 & m5tal weakness1 w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce2 & altoge!r1 matt]s w\ld n h be5 made bett]1 b worse1 by ! attempt4 ,ano!r inf]5ce1 :i* we ?9k may legitimately be drawn f ! above examples1 is ?is1 t al?\gh ,nature prompts ! *ild sil5tly to ?r[ (f or reject t :i* ! m9d at ! "t _c receive1 yet x w\ld be bett] = ! *ild if no m _h be5 press$ ^u him ?an he 0 capable ( receiv+4 ,! v rejection ( any portion ( ! m5tal food pres5t$ = acceptance1 mu/ 9 "s measure t5d to dissipate ! m9d1 & exhau/ its /r5g?4 ,?is we ?9k is demon/rat$ by ! fact1 t ! *ild _h to li/5 = an h\r1 & yet reta9$ on 8 memory no m ?an exp]i5ce %ews u c\ld h be5 mu* m successfully communicat$ 9 five m9utes4 ,?is leads u to ano!r rem>k1 almo/ equally important2 :i* is1 t ! want ( classification among ! *ildr51 w n only hurt !m1 b t5d to wa/e ! "t1 & unnecess>ily to exhau/ ! /r5g? ( ! tea*]4 ,! tea*]'s success ) any "o *ild1 is n to be e/imat$ by ! pa9s he takes1 or ! ext5t ( 8 lab\r1 b by ! am\nt ( k actually reta9$ by ! *ild4 ,to employ an h\r's lab\r1 !re=e1 to communicate t k :i* c\ld ) mu* bett] effect be giv5 9 five m9utes1 is bo? unreasonable & improp]2 & e "o :o w = a mom5t ?9k on ! subject mu/ see1 t a lesson1 :i* 9 t %ort space ( "t convey$ ! :ole ( ! k t ! pupils _h be5 able to pick up dur+ ! h\r's ex]cise1 w\ld leave ! tea*] elev5-twelf?s ( 8 "t to b5efit ! o!r classes4 ,! nurs]yman foll[s ?is plan ) 8 trees1 & ) evid5t success1 bo? 9 sav+ "t1 & room1 & lab\r4 ,:5 he s[s 8 acorns1 "o squ>e y>d w conta9 m plants ?an w ultimately occupy an acre4 ,x is only z !y increase 9 gr[?1 t !y are ?9n$ out & transplant$2 & su* %\ld be ! case 9 communicat+ k to *ildr54 ,to attempt to tea* ! :ole hi/ory at once1 is l s[+ ! :ole acre ) acorns1 & ?9n+ !m out dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! loss ( se$ 9 ?is case is ! lea/ ( ! evils2 = ! gr\nd w\ld be robb$ ( its /r5g?1 n9e-t5?s ( x w\ld be r5d]$ unnecess>ily useless dur+ a l>ge portion ( ! "t2 & mu* ( ! anxiety1 & c>e1 & lab\r ( ! nurs]yman w\ld be ?r[n away4 ,ultimately he w\ld f9d1 t ( ! _m ?\s&s ( oaks he _h s[$1 he _h be5 able to re> no m ?an ! acre c\ld c>ry4 ,by foll[+ out ?is pr9ciple 9 education1 & giv+ ! *ild z mu* z he c receive1 & no m1 ( ! :ole s]ies ( tru?s to be communicat$1 8 m9d1 at ! close ( ! ex]cise1 w be mu* m vigor\s1 ! ideas receiv$ w be mu* bett] und]/ood1 m firmly rivett$ ^u ! memory1 & mu* m at ! comm& ( ! w1 :ile ! quantity ( k really communicat$1 is at lea/ equal 9 am\nt4--,! only ?+ inde$ t r5d]s a contr>y plan ( proc$ure ev5 tol]able to a *ild1 is ! wise provision ( ,nature1 by :i* %e induces him to ?r[ (f1 ) "s degree ( ease1 ! sup]flu\s matt]2 b _h ! reception & ret5tion ( ! :ole by ea* *ild be5 dem&$ by ! tea*]1 ! v attempt to d s on ! "p ( ! pupil1 w\ld n only h be5 irritat+ & burd5some1 b x w\ld h be5 extremely hurtful to ! m9d1 by /ret*+ its p[]s beyond its /r5g?4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,note ,e4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,on ,nature's ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ h] ,pupils to make use ( _! ,k4 ,we come n[ to ano!r op]ation ( ,nature ) ! "y1 to :i* %e appe>s to atta* m importance ?an %e does to any ( h] previ\s educational processes1 & to :i* %e obvi\sly int5ds t a m ?an ord9>y att5tion %\ld be paid on our p>ts4 ,?is is ! tra9+ ( h] pupils to make use ( _! k1 & to apply ! in=mation !y possess to guide !m 9 ! common affairs ( life4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! great end :i* %e has all along _h 9 view2 & to :i* ! cultivation ( ! m9d1 & ! acquisition ( k are m]ely prep>atives4 ,we %all fir/ direct att5tion to a few ( ! indications ( ?is pr9ciple z !y actually appe> 9 ord9>y life2 & !n we %all endeav\r to po9t out "s ( ! laws by :i* %e appe>s to regulate !m4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iods ( infancy we c pla9ly di/+ui% betwe5 c]ta9 actions :i* dep5d ^u in/9ct1 & :i* are p]=m$ by ! infant p]fectly & at once1 )\t exp]i5ce1 & )\t tea*+2--& o!rs ( :i* ! infant at fir/ appe>s to be incapable1 b :i* x gradually acquires by exp]i5ce1 or m correctly1 :i* x le>ns by an application ( ! k :i* x is daily realiz+4 ,among ! =m]1 or in/9ctive class1 we may rank ! acts ( suck+1 swall[+1 & cry+1 :i* are purely acts ( in/9ct2 :ile among ! num]\s class belong+ to ! latt]1 we include all ^? actions :i* are progressively improv$1 & :i* are really ! result ( exp]i5ce1 d]iv$ f ! application ( _! acquir$ k4 ,z an example ( ^!1 we may in/ance ! acts ( w9k+ ) ! eyelids on ! approa* ( an object to ! eye2 ! avoid+ ( a bl[2 ! rejection ( :at is bitt] or unpalatable2 ! ef=ts made to possess t :i* has be5 f\nd pleasant2 & ! %unn+ ( ^? acts = :i* x has be5 reprov$ or puni%$4 ,all ^!1 & ?\s&s ( simil> acts1 are really ! result ( a direct application ( previ\s k1 & :i*1 )\t ! possession ( t k1 nev] are1 nor c\ld be p]=m$4 ,mank9d 9 infancy be+1 9 ! int5tion ( ,nature1 plac$ "u ! c>e ( t5d] & intellig5t p>5ts are n provid$ ) _m in/9ctive faculties4 ,_! physical welf>e is at fir/ left altoge!r to ! c>e ( ! nurse2 b1 f a v e>ly p]iod ( consci\sness1 !y intellectually become ! pupils ( ,nature4 ,almo/ all _! actions are ! results ( exp]i5ce2--( k acquir$1 & k appli$4 ,_! atta9m5ts at ! beg9n+ are no d\bt few2--b1 f ! fir/1 !y are well m>k$1 & g on ) increas+ rapidity4 ,! acquisition ( k by !m1 & especially ! application ( x1 are evid5t to ! mo/ cursory obs]v]4 ,= example1 we see a *ild cl+ to its keep]1 & refuse to g to a /rang]2--we see x :5 hungry /ret* out its arms1 & cry to get to its nurse2--& :5 x has fall5 9 its ef=ts to walk1 x w n = "s "t attempt x aga94 ,^!1 & _m m :i* w occur to ! read]1 are ! results ( ,nature's tea*+2--h] sugge/ions to h] pupil = ! "r application ( its k4 ,! *ild has be5 taught f exp]i5ce t x is safe & com=table ) its keep]1 & x applies ?is k by refus+ to leave h]4 ,x has le>n$ h[1 & by :om1 its hung] is to be satisfi$2 & x applies ?is k by seek+ to be ) its nurse4 ,x has le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! attempt to walk is dang]\s2 & x applies t k by avoid+ ! dang]4 ,"h ! *ild is :olly z yet 9 ! h&s ( ,nature2 & x is q evid5t1 t h] design 9 fir/ enabl+ ! pupil to acquire ^? portions ( k1 01 t %e might induce him to apply !m = 8 safety & com=t4 ,no d\bt ! m5tal p[]s ( ! *ild 7 cultivat$ & discipl9$ by ! acquisition ( ! k1 & /ill m by its application2 b ?is discipl9+ ( ! m9d1 & accumulation ( k1 7 evid5tly a second>y object1 & n ! prim>y "o4 ,heal? & *e]fulness are ga9$ by till+ ! gr\nd2 yet ! gr\nd is n till$ = ! purpose ( secur+ heal? & *e]fulness4 ,x is = ! produce ( ! h>ve/4 ,s1 9 l mann]1 ! cultivation ( ! *ild's m9d1 & ! reception ( ! se$s ( k1 are m]ely means employ$ = a fur!r end1--! h>ve/ ( com=t & usefulness to be aft]w>ds reap$4 ,f all ?is we are directly l$ to ! conclusion1 t x is ! int5tion ( ,nature1 t all ! k acquir$ %\ld be put to use2 & !re=e1 t no?+ %\ld be taught ! "y1 9 ! fir/ place at lea/1 except t :i* is really useful2 :ile ! prop] use ( all t !y le>n %\ld be dilig5tly po9t$ out4 ,x may appe> to "s1 t ?is tru? is s pla9 & obvi\s1 z to require no fur!r illu/ration or en=cem5t4--,we s9c]ely wi% t x 7 s4 ,b long exp]i5ce ju/ifies u 9 be+ sceptical on ! po9t4 ,& z ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is pr9ciple1 & a ?or\gh k ( its work+1 are p]haps ( m value ?an any o!r tru? 9 ! :ole range ( educational sci5ce1 we %all (f] a few rem>ks on its validity & importance1 be=e proce$+ to exam9e ! means by :i* ,nature c>ries x into op]ation4 ,t k1 :5 once acquir$1 is int5d$ by ,nature to be put to use1 is prov$ negatively by ! well kn[n fact1 t almo/ all our m5tal acquirem5ts1 :5 n us$1 are soon lo/4 ,!y gradually fade f ! m9d1 & are at la/ blott$ f ! memory4 ,h5ce ! disappe>ance 9 aft] life ( all ! academical & collegiate acquirem5ts ( ^? y\?s :o move 9 a sph]e :]e _! use is n requir$2 & ( ^? portions ( ! e>ly atta9m5ts ( ev5 pr(essional m51 :i* are n necess>y = _! p>ticul> pursuits4 ,by ! univ]sal op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple1 ,nature gives fair w>n+ ( ! folly ( useless le>n+2 & pla9ly indicates1 t :5ev] ! b5efits :i* %e conf]s are n put to use z %e design$1 !y w gradually1 b mo/ c]ta9ly1 be )drawn4 ,! same fact is also prov$ positively3--,= we f9d1 t ! prop] use ( any portion ( our k1 is inv>iably rew>d$ by its becom+ /ill m famili>4 ,! /ud5t :o puts a pr9ciple 9 *emi/ry to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 w und]/& x bett]1 rememb] x long]1 & be able to apply x to useful purposes1 mu* m readily ?an 8 companion :o m]ely reflects ^u x4 ,& ( two individuals1 :o by a lecture h be5 taught ! duty & ! delights ( m]cy1 t "o w le>n x be/1 & rememb] x longe/1 :o1 imm$iately on he>+ x1 is prompt$ to relieve a fell[ creature f di/ress1 or to save a family f ru94 ,?is pr9ciple ( mak+ e ?+ conduce to ! promotion ( practical good1 seems to p]vade all ! works ( ,god2 & !re is no dep>tm5t 9 ,nature1 m9]al1 vegetable1 or animal1 t does n af=d pro(s ( its exi/5ce4 ,e ?+ t ! ,almighty has =m$ is practically useful2 & is arrang$ 9 su* a mann] z to give ! cle>e/ indications1 t x 0 design$ to be turn$ to "s useful purpose by man4 ,! annual & diurnal motions ( ! e>? 9 its orbit2 ! obliquity ( its axis2 ! inequality ( its surface1 & ! disposition & disruption ( its /rata1 all %ew ! mo/ consummate wisdom1 & are sev]ally a call to intellig5t man to turn !m to use4 ,on ^!1 & on e o!r dep>tm5t ( ,nature's works1 !re is writt5 9 legible *>act]s1 t x is ! use ( k1 & n ! possession ( x m]ely1 t is recomm5d$4 ,?is %e tea*es by e op]ation ( h] h&1 bo? directly1 & by analogy4 ,= c\ld we suppose t ! vegetable creation 7 capable ( receiv+ k1 we might conclude f v>i\s facts1 t ?is pr9ciple 0 n conf9$ to ! animal k+dom alone1 b t x regulat$ ! op]ations ( all organic exi/5ces4 ,! liv+ vegetable has at lea/ ! appe>ance ( act+ "u its influ5ce2 =1 z if x knew t light 0 necess>y = its heal? & gr[?1 x inv>iably turns t[>ds ! light2--z if x knew t c]ta9 k9ds ( decay$ matt] 7 bett] fitt$ = its n\ri%m5t ?an o!rs1 x pu%es out new fibr\s roots 9 ! direction ( ! spot :]e !y are to be f\nd2--& ev5 :5 isolat$ on a rock1 or a wall1 at a di/ance f suffici5t soil & moi/ure1 x husb&s its scanty means1 & s5ds d[n f its elevation an extra root to ! gr\nd1 to collect additional n\ri%m5t :]e x is to be _h4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( animal life1 also1 ! pr9ciple appe>s to exi/1 & exhibits itself 9 ! conduct ( all free ag5ts1 f ! insect to ! elephant4 ,! dog t has be5 k9dly treat$ 9 a p>ticul> h\se1 seldom fails to visit x aga92 & :5 he is viol5tly driv5 f ano!r1 ! same pr9ciple indisposes him to return4 ,x is ^u record1 t a surgeon :o _h b&ag$ ! brok5 leg ( a dog1 0 aft]w>ds visit$ by 8 pati5t1 :o br\ght ano!r1 requir+ a simil> op]ation4 ,! horse1 9 l mann]1 is prov]bially sagaci\s 9 ! application ( 8 k4 ,mismanagem5t 9 a groom 9 "o in/ance1 may create a vice1 :i* may less5 8 value dur+ life4 ,?is vice1 :i* is confirm$ by practice1 is no?+ m ?an ! repeat$ application ( 8 k4 ,su* a vice1 accord+ly1 is be/ cur$ by avoid+ ! circum/ances :i* orig9ally gave rise to x1 till x dies f 8 memory4 ,_m o!r in/ances ( a simil> k9d 9 ! l[] animals w readily occur to ! read]1 all ( :i* lead directly to ! conclusion1 t1 ev5 9 ! brute creation1 ,nature n only prompts !m to collect in=mation f :at happ5s ar\nd !m1 & to act 9 correspond5ce to its indications2 b t1 9 fact1 all ! k !y receive1 or are capable ( acquir+ above in/9ct1 is reta9$ or lo/1 exactly 9 proportion z x is1 or is n1 put to use4 ,9 ! case ( rational creatures1 ?is great design ( ,nature is /ill m di/9ctly m>k$1--is int5d$ = m important purposes1--& is c>ri$ on by a sep>ate sy/em ( int]nal ma*9]y1 "p ( :i* at lea/ is peculi> to man4 ,?is sy/em ( m5tal ma*9]y consi/s ( two k9ds1 "o ( :i* may1 we ?9k1 ) propriety get ! popul> "n ( ! ,animal1 or ,common ,s5se1 & ! o!r has already receiv$ ! appropriate "n ( ,! ,moral ,s5se1 or consci5ce4 ,to ,nature's me?od ( us+ ^! pr9ciples1 = prompt+ & direct+ u 9 ! use ( our k1 we %all n[ %ortly adv]t4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,on ,nature's ,me?ods ( ,apply+ ,k by ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,animal1 or ,common ,s5se4 ,:5 an infant1 by lay+ hold ( a hot tea-pot burns its h&1 x refuses to t\* x aga92--:5 a *ild has be5 fright5$ f a p>k or field1 he w n will+ly ent] x a second "t2--& :5 any ?+ is ?r[n 9 ! direction ( ! head1 we in/antly /oop1 or b5d to "o side1 to evade x4 ,^! are in/ances ( ! application ( k1 by ! pr9ciple ( common s5se1 :i* d n belong to in/9ct2 &1 9 _m cases at lea/1 anticipate ! ex]cise ( reason4 ,our object at pres5t1 h[ev]1 is ) ! pr9ciple1 & n ) its "n4 ,:5 we analyze ^! op]ations1 toge!r ) _! causes1 we f9d1 t !re are c]ta9 portions ( k daily & h\rly acquir$ by ! s5ses1 :i* become s int]wov5 ) our s5tim5ts & feel+s1 t !y usually rema9 unobs]v$1 till "s special occasion calls = _! application4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple we speak (1 if x inde$ be a sep>ate pr9ciple1 is employ$ by ,nature to apply ?is lat5t k1 & to induce h] pupil in/antly1 & )\t wait+ = ! decisions ( reason1 to p]=m c]ta9 actions1 or to pursue a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct1 :i* we almo/ in/9ctively feel to be useful & safe4 ,no sane *ild1 = example1 w delib]ately /& 9 ! way ( a horse or a c>riage at full spe$1--or walk ov] a precipice1--or take burn+ coals f ! fire ) 8 f+]s2 7 he to d s1 we w\ld n dignify ! act s f> z to say t x 0 unreasonable1 = t w\ld be too mild an epi!t1--b we w\ld pron\nce x at once to be contr>y to common s5se4 ,9 l mann]1 7 an adult to bemire himself 9 cross+ a dit*1 in/ead ( mak+ use ( ! /epp+-/ones plac$ !re = ! purpose2 or if he 7 to /& till he 7 dr5*$ ) a ?und]-%[]1 in/ead ( tak+ %elt] = ! "t 9 ! neighb\r+ %$1 we w\ld n say t x 0 unreasonable1 b t x 0 contr>y to common s5se4 ,9 %ort1 :5ev] any ?+ is done :i* univ]sal exp]i5ce %ews to be hurtful to ourselves1 7n to o!rs7 x is inv>iably d5om9at$ an act contr>y to common s5se2 b :5ev] x involves hurt to o!rs1 x takes ano!r "*1 & becomes a brea* ( ! moral s5se4 ,x is n our design1 h[ev]1 to come out ( our way at pres5t1 to adapt ! "n to ! pr9ciple 9 ,nature ( :i* we are "h speak+1 & f> less %all we attempt to m\ld ! pr9ciple into a =m suitable to ! "n4 ,our bus9ess is ) ! pr9ciple itself1 z x appe>s 9 ourselves & o!rs2 & we use ! t]m common s5se1 m]ely because at pres5t we _c f9d "o m appropriate1 or :i* w\ld suit our purpose s well4 ,if ?is "n %all be f\nd prop] = x1 x is well2--b if n1 we leave x to o!rs to provide a bett]4 ,we h said1 t ,nature prompts to ! use ( k by means ( two di/9ct pr9ciples2 ! "o1 :i* may be d5om9at$ ! ,animal1 or ,common ,s5se1 ref]s to actions ( :i* we ourselves are ! subjects2 & ! o!r1 kn[n by ! t]m ( ! ,moral ,s5se1 or consci5ce1 ref]s to actions ( :i* o!rs are ! subjects4 ,x is ! =m] ( ^! t we are at pres5t to inve/igate4 ,we mu/ all h obs]v$ ! promptness ) :i* we avoid any sudd5 dang]1 or inconv5i5ce1 be=e we h "t to reason ab\t ! matt]4 ,z1 = example1 :5 we /umble1 we in/antly put =? ! prop] foot to prev5t our fall4 ,?is _c be said to be an act ( ! reason+ p[]s1 because !y h n _h "t to op]ate2 & x is equally cle> t x is n an act ( in/9ct1 because infants1 :o h only begun to walk h n ! capacity ( do+ x4 ,x is evid5tly ano!r pr9ciple :i*1 avail+ itself ( ! k :i* ! p]son has previ\sly acquir$ by exp]i5ce1 n[ uses x specially = ! occasion4 ,t ?is application ( our k arises nei!r f in/9ct nor f reason1 w be obvi\s f _m circum/ances ( ord9>y occurr5ce4--,= example1 :5 any object approa*es ! eye we in/antly %ut x2--:5 any missile is ?r[n at u1 we in/antly turn ! head aside to evade x2--or :5 9 walk+ some?+ de/roys our equilibrium & we /umble1 we in/antly b5d ! body 9 ! prop] direction1 & to ! precise po9t1 necess>y to re/ore our balance1 & to prev5t our fall4--,n[ x is obvi\s1 t all ^! cont+5cies are provid$ = by "o & ! same pr9ciple1 :atev] t pr9ciple may be2 & t !y are acts :i* d n dep5d ^u in/9ct1 prop]ly s call$1 is prov$ f ! circum/ance1 t infants1 be=e !y are taught by exp]i5ce t ! eye is s t5d]1 & ev5 adults :o h b newly acquir$ ! use ( _! sight1 nei!r %ut _! eyes at ! approa* ( objects1 nor turn away _! heads :5 a missile is ?r[n at !m4--,& we ?9k x is equally cle>1 t x _c be ! result ( reason+1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we g5]ally und]/& t t]m1 because ! m9d has no "t = consid]ation1 f> less = reason+1 dur+ ! %ort mom5t t occurs betwe5 ! cause & ! effect4 ,! object :i* we h *iefly 9 view at pres5t is1 to po9t out ! great end design$ by ,nature 9 all ^! actions1 :i* is simply ! application ( k4 ,!re is ! k t objects ent]+ ! eye w give pa91 & t ! %utt+ ( ! eye w def5d x4 ,?is we h %[n is n an in/9ctive op]ation1 b mu/ h be5 acquir$ by exp]i5ce2--& x is ?is pr9ciple1 into ! nature ( :i* we are n[ enquir+1 t prompt$ ! *ild 9 ! special case to apply its k by %utt+ ! eye4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! case ( ! missile ?r[n at ! head1 !re is a previ\s k ( ! effect :i* x w produce1 & a k also ( ! means by :i* x is to be avoid$1--& x is avoid$2--& 9 ! case ( los+ ! equilibrium1 !re is no?+ m ?an ! application ( a lat5t k1 n[ sudd5ly br\ght into use on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 t by ! movem5t ( ! foot ! body w be support$4 ,! pr9ciple1 :atev] x be1 :i* in/igates *ildr5 & adults to d all ?is1 is ! subject ( our pres5t enquiry1 & :i* = ! pres5t we h d5om9at$ ! ,animal1 or ,common s5se4 ,we %all !re=e a little m p>ticul>ly att5d to its v>i\s indications4 ,! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! infant has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,:5 x has le>n$ by exp]i5ce t its nurse is k9d1 x /ret*es =? its little h&s1 & desires to be ) ! nurse2--:5 9 its fir/ attempt at walk+ x exp]i5ces a fall1 x applies ?is k1 by refus+ aga9 = "s "t to walk2--& :5 x burns its f+] at ! flame ( ! c&le1 ! application ( t k induces x ev] aft] to avoid bo? fire & flame4 ,9 aft] life ! same pr9ciple cont9ues to op]ate bo? indep5d5tly ( reason1 & 9 conjunction ) x4 ,9 enc\nt]+ ! air ( a cold night1 we1 )\t reason+ on ! matt]1 wrap ourselves clos] 9 our cloak4 ,:5 we turn a corn]1 & meet a %>p fro/y w9d1 we l[] ! head to protect ! uncov]$ face4 ,:5 we em]ge f ! h\se1 & p]ceive t ! dulness ( ! day indicates ra91 we almo/ in/9ctively return = a cloak or an umbrella4 ,& ! m>9] at sunset1 :5 he sees an op5+ 9 ! sky indicat+ a /orm1 imm$iately takes 9 sail1 & makes all snug = ! night4 ,9 all ^! cases we p]ceive a pr9ciple )9 u1 frequ5tly op]at+ along ) reason1 b sometimes also )\t x1 :i* prompts u to apply our previ\s k = our pres5t com=t & advantage4#g ,! con/ant op]ation ( su* a pr9ciple 9 our nature1 no matt] by :at "n x is call$1 leads u1 z pla9ly z analogy & natural ph5om5a c d1 to conclude1 t x ought to be c>efully /udi$1 & assidu\sly cultivat$ 9 ! "y1 dur+ ! p]iod usually assign$ = _! education4 ,:5 we c>efully trace ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 common life1 x appe>s t1 9 fact1 ! great] portion ( our physical com=ts dep5ds ^u x4 ,exp]i5ce is b ano!r "n = x4 ,we f9d "s sub/ances w>m]1 s(t]1 h>d]1 or m workable ?an o!rs1 & we apply ?is k by sub/itut+ "o = ano!r4 ,! savage f9ds ! wigwam m conv5i5t1 or m easily come at1 ?an a cave or a crevice 9 a rock1 & he builds a wigwam2--he f9ds a hut m durable ?an a wigwam1 & he sub/itutes a hut2--he at la/ f9ds a cottage /ill m conv5i5t1 & he advances 9 8 desires & 8 abilities by 8 =m] exp]i5ce1 & he builds "o4--,9 e advance1 h[ev]1 x is ! application ( 8 previ\s k t increases 8 com=ts1 & t5ds to p]petuate !m2 & accord+ly1 z a prop] & a g5]al application ( ! moral s5se1 leads directly to national virtue2 s ! prop] & g5]al application ( ?is pr9ciple ( common s5se goes to promote e k9d ( p]sonal & family com=t1 z well z national prosp]ity4 ,its ramifications pi]ce ?r\gh e design & action ( indu/ry & g5ius4 ,x is ! ex]cise ( ?is pr9ciple alone :i*1 9 ! worldly s5se1 di/+ui%es ! wise man f ! fool2 & :i* gives all ! sup]iority :i* is possess$ by a civiliz$1 ov] a savage community4 ,x is ! *ief gu>dian ( our safety1 & ! p>5t ( e p]sonal & dome/ic com=t4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 famili>ity ) its ex]cise t imp>ts confid5ce to ! philosoph]1 decision to ! legislator1 dext]ity to ! artific]1 & p]fection to ! arti/4 ,9 ea* case x is ! accumulation ( k put to use1 :i* makes ! di/9ction betwe5 "o man & ano!r2 & x is by ! aggregation ( su* m5 t a nation becomes prosp]\s4 ,x mu/ nev] !re=e be =gott51 t x is n ! possession ( k1 b ! use :i* we make ( x1 t conf]s di/9ction4 ,= no truism is m incontrov]tible ?an ?is1 t k :i* we _c or d n use1 is really useless4 ,!re is no wond] !n t ,nature %\ld be at "s pa9s 9 tra9+ h] pupils to an ex]cise on :i* s mu* ( _! happ9ess & safety dep5ds2 & x is ( correspond+ importance1 t we %\ld inve/igate ! means1 & ! mode by :i* %e usually accompli%es h] end4 ,if we c successfully atta9 ?is k1 we may be enabl$ to pursue a simil> c\rse 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 & ) decid$ advantage4 ,:5 we take any "o ( ! num]\s examples ( ! work+ ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! adult1 & c>efully analyze x1 we c detect ?ree di/9ct /ages 9 ! op]ation1 be=e ! effect is produc$4 ,! fir/ is ! k ( "s useful tru?1 pres5t to ! m9d1 & at ! comm& ( ! w2--!re is1 secondly1 an inf]5ce drawn f t tru?1 or portion ( our k1 or ! impression ( an inf]5ce :i* 0 =m]ly drawn f x1 & :i*1 z we h se5 9 ! infant1 may rema9 long aft] ! circum/ance f :i* ! lesson 0 d]iv$ has be5 =gott52--& !re is1 ?irdly1 a special application ( t inf]5ce or impression to our pres5t circum/ances4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( ! p]son leav+ ! h\se1 & sudd5ly return+ to provide himself ) an umbrella1 !re is fir/ ! k ( a fact1 t ! sky is l[]+2 !n !re is an inf]5ce drawn f ?is fact1 t !re w mo/ probably be ra92 b ! com=t--! :ole b5efit aris+ f ?is k1 & f ?is reason+ ^u x1--dep5ds on ! ?ird /age ( ! op]ation1 :i* is !re=e ! mo/ important ( all1 namely1 ! application ( ! inf]5ce1 or lesson1 to 8 pres5t circum/ances4 ,a m]e k ( ! fact t ! sky l[]$1 w\ld h rema9$ a b>r5 & a useless tru? 9 ! m9d1 unless he _h proce$$ to draw ! prop] inf]5ce f x2 & ! inf]5ce itself1 aft] x 0 drawn1 w\ld h done him no good1 b mu/ r h add$ to 8 uneas9ess1 _h he n proce$$ to ! ?ird /ep ( ! op]ation1 & appli$ ! :ole to ! regulation ( 8 conduct1 9 provid+ himself ) an umbrella or a cloak4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! suppos$ case ( ! m>9] expect+ a /orm1 !re 0 fir/ ! k ( ! fact1 t ! sky 0 9 a c]ta9 /ate4 ,n[ ( ?is k e p]son on bo>d might h be5 9 possession z well z ! ma/] himself1 )\t ! slighte/ b5efit accru+ to !mselves or ! %ip1 unless !y _h be5 tra9$1 or enabl$ to draw ! prop] inf]5ce or lesson f x4 ,! m]e possession ( ! k1 !re=e1 w\ld h be5 ( no advantage4 ,b ! practis$ eye1 & ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! ma/]1 enabl$ him to draw ! inf]5ce1 t !re w be a /orm4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h sav$ ! %ip & crew1 )\t ! ?ird1 & ! mo/ important /ep ( all1--! application ( t inf]5ce or lesson to _! pres5t condition4 ,x 0 t :i* induc$ him to give ! necess>y ord]s to prep>e = ! /orm1 & ?us to secure ! safety bo? ( ! %ip & ( all on bo>d4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( ! infant burn+ its f+]1 !re appe>s to be some?+ l a simil> process1 :i* we c trace mu* bett] ?an ! *ild itself4 ,! *ild puts its f+] to ! flame ( ! c&le1 & x feels pa92 f :i* x le>ns1 = ! fir/ "t1 t flame burns4 ,?is is ! k :i* x has acquir$4 ,b !re is also an inf]5ce drawn f t k1 n by reason+1 b by ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation1 an inf]5ce ( :i* x is probable ! *ild itself at ! "t is unconsci\s1 b ! exi/5ce ( :i* is suffici5tly prov$ by its uni=m conduct aft]w>ds4 ,by ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ! *ild's m9d1 be=e he c reason1 he has inf]r$1 t if he %all aga9 t\* flame1 he w aga9 feel pa94 ,he w v probably =get ! p>ticul> circum/ance 9 :i* 8 f+] 0 burn$1 b ! inf]5ce !n drawn1--! impression made ^u ! m9d1 & :i* corresponds to an inf]5ce1--/ill rema9s1 & is made ! *ief in/rum5t :i* ,nature employs 9 ?is mo/ important "p ( all h] valuable educational processes4 ,! *ild accord+ly is f\nd ev] aft]1 n only pres]v+ ! p>ticul> f+] t 0 burn$1 b all its f+]s & memb]s1 f a burn+ c&le2 & n f a c&le only1 b f fire & flame ( e k9d4 ,?is appe>s to be ! natural ord] ( t process ( :i* we are "h speak+2 & be=e leav+ x1 !re are two or ?ree circum/ances connect$ ) x1 t we ought n to omit notic+1 m p>ticul>ly1 because ! :ole ( !m appe> to hold out additional evid5ce ( ! little value :i* ,nature atta*es to k = its own sake1 & ( h] decid$ approval ( its acquisition1 only1 or at lea/ *iefly1 :5 x is r$uc$ to practice4 ,! fir/ ( ^! circum/ances is1 t ,nature1 9 all cases1 tea*es popul>ly--n philosophically2 t is1 %e does n refuse to tea* "o "p ( a connect$ s]ies ( ph5om5a1 because ! :ole is n yet p]ceiv$2 nor does %e neglect ! use ( ! legitimate application ( an asc]ta9$ tru?1 because ! pr9ciple or law by :i* x acts rema9s z yet undiscov]$4 ,h] object evid5tly is1 ! atta9m5t ( ! mo/ useful "p ( ! k pres5t$ to h] pupil1 & ! practical use ( t "p2 leav+ ! inve/igation ( ! o!r p>ts to ! w or conv5i5ce ( ! p]son aft]w>ds4 ,! infant accord+ly made use ( its k1 al?\gh x knew no?+ ab\t ! nature ( flame2 & ! man & ! m>9] w\ld h done z !y did1 al?\gh !y _h kn[n no?+ at all ab\t ! sci5ce ( meteorology4 ,! second rem>k :i* we w\ld "h make is1 t ,nature1 9 mo/ cases1 appe>s to put mu* m value on ! inf]5ces1 or lessons1 drawn f ! k we h acquir$1 ?an %e does ^u ! k itself4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( ! infant burn+ its f+]1 ! circum/ance itself w soon be =gott52 b ! inf]5ce1 or ! impression acquir$ by its means1 w rema94 ,& :5 at any subsequ5t p]iod x avoids fire or flame1 its m9d is n s mu* occupi$ by ! ab/ract tru? t flame w burn1 z by ! lesson le>n$ f t tru?1 t x %\ld n m$dle ) x4 ,?is inf]5ce x n[ practically applies to its pres5t situation4 ,t ! ab/ract tru?1--! k orig9ally d]iv$ f ! fact1--is includ$ 9 ! lesson1 may be q true2 b :at we wi% at pres5t m p>ticul>ly to po9t out is1 t x is seldom adv]t$ to by ! infant4 ,! inf]5ce1--! lesson :i* ! tru? sugge/$1--is all t ! *ild ?\ght (4 ,t alone is ! fabric :i* ,nature has be5 employ$ 9 re>+2 & ! orig9al tru? has be5 us$ m]ely z scaffold+ = ! purpose4 ,! edifice itself1 accord+ly1 hav+ be5 complet$1 ! scaffold+ is all[$ to fall1 z hav+ answ]$ its design4 ,! same conclusion may be come to1 by att5d+ to ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple 9 adults4--,! p]son :o return$ = 8 great-coat or umbrella aft] hav+ drawn ! inf]5ce f ! appe>ance ( ! sky1 ?\ght only ( ! com+ %[]2 & we c\ld easily suppose a case1 :]e ! orig9al indication ( ! sky might be totally =gott51 :ile ! full impression t x w\ld ra9 might /ill cont9ue4 ,9 l mann]1 ! m>9]1 9 ! bu/le ( prep>ation1 ?9ks only ( ! dread$ /orm1 :ile ! orig9al circum/ance1--! k f :i* ! inf]5ce 0 drawn1--is n[ unhe$$1 or entirely =gott54 ,! o!r circum/ance to :i* we w\ld "h solicit att5tion1 z prov+ ! same ?+1 is "o to :i* we =m]ly allud$4 ,x is ! rem>kable fact1 t k1 ( :atev] k9d1 :5 x is practis$1 becomes m & m famili> & useful2 :ile t :i* is n act$ ^u1 is soon blott$ f ! memory & lo/4 ,writ+1 ari?metic1 & spell+1 n to speak ( gramm>1 geography1 & hi/ory1 :5 n ex]cis$ 9 aft] life1 are frequ5tly f\nd ( no avail1 ev5 at times :5 !y are specially requir$4--,:y is ?is8 ,!y 7 once kn[n4 ,! k 0 communicat$ at a "t :5 ! m9d & memory 7 be/ fitt$ = receiv+ & reta9+ !m4 ,b ,nature 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r in/ance1 has be5 true to h]self2 & ! k :i* is n us$ has be5 blight$1 & at la/ remov$ f ! memory & lo/4 ,f all ^! circum/ances tak5 toge!r1 we are l$ to conclude1 t ,nature nev] conveys k )\t int5d+ x to be us$2--t by a pr9ciple 9 our con/itution1 :i* we h d5om9at$ common s5se1 ,nature prompts ev5 infants to employ _! k = _! own special b5efit2--t ?is pr9ciple cont9ues inv>iably to act1 till x is assi/$ or sup]s$$ by reason2--& t ! process consi/s 9 draw+ inf]5ces1 or lessons1 f kn[n facts1 & 9 practically apply+ !m to pres5t circum/ances4 ,all :i* po9ts ! ,educationi/ directly to ! conclusion1 t ! communication ( k is "o ( ! means1 b n ! end1 ( education2--t ! lessons d]iv$ f ! k communicat$1 are inf9itely m valuable ?an ! k itself2--& t ! great design ( education is1 & ought to be1 to tra9 ! "y to "k h[ to use1 & to put to use1 n only ! k communicat$ at s*ool1 b all ! k :i* !y may acquire 9 _! future j\rney ?r\gh life4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,note ,f4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,on ,nature's ,me?od ( apply+ ,k by means ( ! ,moral ,s5se1 or ,consci5ce4 ,nature enables h] pupils to apply k by means ( ! moral s5se1 or consci5ce1 z well z by ! animal1 or common s5se4 ,!re is h[ev] ?is great diff]5ce 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y op]ate1--t :]eas e infr+em5t ( ! natural or physical laws :i* regulate ! application ( k by :at we h call$ ! common s5se1 is inv>iably foll[$ by its prop] puni%m5t1--! consequ5ces ( infr++ ! laws :i* regulate ! moral s5se1 are nei!r s imm$iate1 nor at ! "t s app>5t4 ,! *ild kn[s1 t by putt+ 8 f+] to ! c&le1 burn+ & pa9 w in/antly foll[2--b ! evil consequ5ces ( purlo9+ sweet-meats1 or tell+ a lie to avoid puni%m5t1 are n s obvi\s4 ,does ,nature !n put less value on moral integrity1 ?an on worldly prud5ce8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,b 9 ! latt] case %e deals ) man m z a physical & intellectual be+2 & 9 ! =m]1 z a moral1 a responsible1 & an immortal be+4 ,! l[] animals to a great ext5t p>ticipate ) u 9 ! b5efits aris+ f att5tion to ! laws :i* gov]n physical enjoym5ts2 b !y "k no?+ ( a moral s5se1 :i* is peculi> to intellig5t & acc\ntable creatures4 ,f ?is we may safely conclude1 t ! application ( k by means ( ! moral s5se1 or consci5ce1 is ( inf9itely m importance to man ?an ! application ( 8 k by ! animal1 or common s5se4 ,= ! purpose ( arriv+ at accurate conclusions on ?is subject1 9 ref]5ce to education & ! application ( k1 we %all endeav\r to inve/igate a few ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! moral s5se1 z ^! are exhibit$ 9 ! "y & 9 adults2 & %all1 9 do+ s1 attempt to trace ! laws by :i* ^! ph5om5a are sev]ally guid$4 #a4 ,! fir/ ?+ we w\ld "h rem>k1 is1 t ! op]ations ( ! moral s5se appe> to be resolvable into two classes1 :i* may be t]m$ its legislative & its executive p[]s4 ,:5 consci5ce leads u m]ely to judge & to decide ^u ! "* ( a feel+ or an action1 :e!r good or evil1 x acts 9 its legislative capacity2 b :5 x reproves & puni%es1 or approves & rew>ds1 = actions done1 x acts 9 its executive capacity4 ,^! two dep>tm5ts ( ! moral s5se seem q di/9ct 9 _! nature & op]ations2 &1 z we %all imm$iately see1 !y n only exi/ sep>ately1 b !y sometimes act indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 #b4 ,ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) consci5ce is1 t h] legislative p[]s d n develope !mselves1 nor appe> to act1 till ! reason+ p[]s ( ! p]son beg9 to exp&4 ,!n1 & !n only does ! pupil ( ,nature1 :o has n _h ! b5efit ( previ\s moral in/ruction1 beg9 to decide on ! m]it or dem]it ( actions4 ,infants1 & *ildr5 :o are left )\t in/ruction1 appe> to h no di/9ct p]ception t c]ta9 actions are "r1 & o!rs wrong4 ,9 infancy1 we frequ5tly p]ceive ! mo/ rebelli\s outbreak+s ( ungov]n$ passion1 ) te>+1 & scrat*+1 & beat+ ! p>5t1 )\t any indication ( compunction1 ei!r at ! "t1 or aft] x has tak5 place4 ,ev5 9 *ildr5 ( m advanc$ ye>s1 :ile !y rema9 )\t moral in/ruction1 & be=e ! reason+ p[]s are develop$1 ! injuries :i* !y occasion to ea* o!r1 or :i* !y inflict ^u ! old1 ! decrepit1 or ! helpless1 are matt]s ( unm+l$ glee & gratification1 )\t ! slighte/ sign ( consci5ce int]f]+ to prev5t !m1 or ( giv+ !m any uneas9ess aft] ! mis*ief is done4 ,in/ead ( sorr[1 su* *ildr5 are f\nd inv>iably delight$ ) ! recollection ( _! tricks2 & nev] fail to recapitulate !m to _! companions aft]w>ds1 ) triumph & satisfaction4--,b x is n s ) ! adult4 ,z soon z ! reason+ p[]s are develop$1 ! legislative functions ( consci5ce beg9 to act1 enabl+ & impell+ ! p]son to decide at once on actions1 :e!r !y are "r or wrong1 good or evil4 ,su* a p]son1 !re=e1 c\ld n /rike nor abuse 8 p>5ts1 )\t kn[+ t he 0 do+ wrong2 nor c\ld he tantalize or injure ! ag$ or ! helpless1 )\t consci5ce putt+ him ^u 8 gu>d1 z well z reprov+ & puni%+ ! crime by compuncti\s feel+s aft] x 0 committ$4 ,f ?is we p]ceive1 t ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce are usually dormant 9 ! *ild1 & d n1 :5 left to ,nature1 act till ! reason+ p[]s h exhibit$ !mselves2 f :i* we are l$ to conclude1 t x is by an e>ly education1--by moral in/ruction alone1--t ! "y are to be gu>d$ aga9/ crime1 & prep>$ & furni%$ to good works4 #c4 ,?is leads u to obs]ve ano!r rem>kable circum/ance1 corroborative also ( ! above rem>k1 :i* is1 t al?\gh ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce are b v imp]fectly1 if at all develop$ 9 *ildr51 yet ! executive p[]s are nev] abs5t1 :]e moral in/ruction has previ\sly be5 communicat$4--,a *ild ( v t5d] ye>s1 & ev5 an infant1 may be taught1 t c]ta9 actions are good & %\ld be p]=m$1 :ile o!rs are evil & mu/ be avoid$4 ,?is is matt] ( daily exp]i5ce2 & a little att5tion to ! subject w %ew1 t moral in/ruction 9 ! case ( ! "y1 acts ! same "p t ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce d 9 ! adult4 ,b :at we wi% at pres5t m p>ticul>ly to rem>k is1 t :5ev] su* moral in/ruction has be5 communicat$1 ,nature at once sanctions x1 & is ev] ready to use ! executive p[]s ( ! consci5ce = ! purpose ( r5d]+ x effective4 ,:5 !re=e good actions h be5 po9t$ out z praisewor?y & des]v+ ( approbation1 !re is a /rong inducem5t to practise !m1 & a delightful feel+ ( satisfaction & self-approval aft] !y h be5 p]=m$4 ,& :51 on ! contr>y1 c]ta9 o!r actions h be5 d5\nc$ z wick$1 & :i*1 if indulg$ 91 w be puni%$ ei!r by _! p>5ts or by ,god1 ! *ild feels all ! hesitation & fe> to commit !m1 t is obs]vable 9 simil> cases among old] p]sons2 &1 :5 committ$ he exp]i5ces ! same remorse1 & t]ror1 & self-reproa*1 :i* 9 ! adult foll[ ! p]petration ( an aggravat$ crime4 ,?is is a circum/ance :i* mu/ be obvi\s to e read]2 & x di/9ctly intimates1 t ! ,god ( ,nature int5ds t ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce %\ld 9 all cases be anticipat$ by ! p>5t & tea*]4 ,! moral in/ruction or ! "y is to be ! rule2 ! neglect ( x1 al?\gh 9 "s measure provid$ =1 is to be ! exception4 ,! lesson is z pla9 z analogy c tea* u1 t1 :ile !re is writt5 on ! he>t ( man su* an outl9e ( ! moral law z w leave him )\t excuse :5 call$ to judgm5t1 yet x is n ! design ( ! ,creator t1 9 a matt] ( su* va/ importance z ! moral p]fection ( a rational creature1 we %\ld tru/ to t1 &1 l savages1 leave our *ildr5 to ga!r in=mation respect+ moral good & evil solely f ! sl[ly develop$ & imp]fect dictates ( _! own nature4 ,! :ole ph5om5a ( ! natural consci5ce %ew1 t al?\gh ,god secures ! op]ation ( ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce to direct ! actions ( ! man :5 !y are really requir$1 yet he int5ds t !y %\ld be anticipat$ by moral in/ruction giv5 by ! p>5t4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! rem>kable fact1 t :5 ?is in/ruction is communicat$1 ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce imm$iately come into op]ation1 & homologate ?is in/ruction1 by approv+ ( x1 adopt+ x1 & act+ ^u x4 #d4 ,?is is /ill f>!r obvi\s f a f\r? consid]ation1 :i* is1 t :]ev] moral in/ruction has be5 communicat$ to ! "y1 ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce are ei!r altoge!r sup]s$$1 or left dormant4--,e p]son :o 9 y\? has receiv$ a regul> moral & religi\s education1 & :o reta9s ^u 8 m9d ! k !n communicat$1 is f\nd ?r\gh life to act ^u t k *iefly1 if n entirely4 ,he seldom ?9ks ( ! dictates ( 8 natural consci5ce1 & b r>ely p]ceives !m4 ,9 e decision to :i* he comes z to :at is "r or wrong1 ref]5ce is g5]ally made 9 8 m9d1 ei!r to ! decl>ations ( ,scripture1 or to ! moral in/ructions :i* he has =m]ly receiv$2 & ^u ^! he inv>iably falls back1 :5 any action ( a d\btful "* is pres5t$ = 8 approval or rejection4 ,f ?is v rem>kable circum/ance1 we at once asc]ta9 :at are ! int5tions ( ,nature4 ,%e v pla9ly requires ! e>ly moral in/ruction ( ! "y1 by ^? into ^: h&s %e has plac$ !m2 because %e is "h f\nd to enc\rage & ackn[l$ge ?is in/ruction at ! exp5se ( h] own legislative p[]s1 :i* n be+ n[ requir$1 are all[$ to lie idle4 #e4 ,ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is subject1 is ! well kn[n fact1 t *ildr5 are f\nd capable ( moral in/ruction long be=e ! "t t ,nature usually beg9s to develope ! legislative p[]s ( ! consci5ce4--,a *ild1 almo/ z soon z he c be made to "k t he has an e>?ly fa!r1 may be taught t he has ano!r ,fa!r 9 heav52 & :5 he c be induc$ to feel t a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct is necess>y to secure ! fav\r ( ! "o1 he may also be l$ to compreh5d t c]ta9 dispositions & actions w please ! o!r4 ,n[1 t a *ild c be taught & tra9$ to d all ?is ) respect to 8 p>5ts1 is matt] ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,z soon z he c und]/& any ?+1 & long be=e he c speak1 he may be enabl$ to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 z well z to d t :i* is good1 & to avoid t :i* is evil2 & 9 e case ( ?is k9d1 ,nature sanctions ! moral in/ruction communicat$1 by inv>iably foll[+ x up ) ! practical op]ation ( ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce1 :i* always approve t :i* ! *ild ?9ks is good1 & reprove t :i* he supposes to be wrong4 ,! triumphant gleam ( satisfaction :i* bright5s ! c\nt5ance ( a *ild1 & ! laugh+ look & pause = approval :5 he has done some?+ t he kn[s to be "r1 are abundant pro(s ( ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation2 :ile 8 c[]+ sc[l1 & fe> ( repro( or puni%m5t1 :5 he has done t :i* is wrong1 are equal indications ( ! same ?+4 ,nature1 !re=e1 t has giv5 ! capacity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & evil :5 ?us communicat$1 & t inv>iably approves ( ! op]ation1 & assi/s 9 x1 has mo/ c]ta9ly int5d$ t x %\ld be ex]cis$4 ,?is consid]ation1 tak5 9 connection ) its advantages to ! family1 to ! *ild1 to ! future man1 & to society1 pla9ly po9ts out ! value & ! importance ( e>ly religi\s in/ruction & moral tra9+4 #f4 ,ano!r circum/ance1 9 connection ) ! application ( k by means ( ! consci5ce1 %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,x is ! rem>kable fact1 t ,nature has implant$ 9 ! m9d ( ! "y a pr9ciple1 by :i* !y unhesitat+ly believe :atev] !y are told4--,a *ild :o has n be5 abus$ by frequ5t deceptions1 is a p]fect picture ( docility4 ,he nev] = a mom5t d\bts ei!r 8 p>5t or 8 tea*] :5 he tells him :at is "r & :at is wrong4 ,if he be taught t x is a s9 to eat fle% on ,fridays1 he nev] que/ions ! tru? ( x2 & if told t he may kill spid]s1 b %\ld n hurl flies1 he may wond] at ! diff]5ce1 b he nev] d\bts ! correctness ( ! /atem5t4 ,?is disposition 9 *ildr5 is applicable to e k9d ( in/ruction (f]$ to !m2--b ! sup]ior importance ( moral1 to e o!r k9d ( tru?1 & ! b5eficial effects ( ! pr9ciple :5 appli$ to moral & religi\s tra9+1 %ew t x is *iefly design$ by ,nature = aid+ ! p>5t & tea*] 9 ?is mo/ important "p ( _! lab\rs4 #g4 ,ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is subject is1 t ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce always act accord+ to ! belief ( ! p]son1 & n accord+ to :at w\ld h be5 ! dictates ( consci5ce 9 ! ex]cise ( h] legislative functions4--,?is ( itself is a suffici5t pro( ( ! sep>ate & indep5d5t ag5cy ( ^! two pr9ciples4 ,! legislative p[]s1 z at fir/ implant$ 9 ! he>t ( man1 !re is reason to believe1 w\ld1 if all[$ to act freely1 nev] h be5 9 error2 & ev5 /ill1 !y are g5]ally a witness = ! purity ( tru?2--b ! executive p[]s inv>iably act1 n accord+ to :at is really ! tru?1 b accord+ to :at ! p]son himself believes to be "r or wrong4 ,! *ild :o 0 told t x 0 a s9 to eat fle% on a ,friday1 w\ld be reprov$ by 8 consci5ce 7 he to indulge 8 appetite by do+ s2--& ! consci5ce ( ! zeal\s ,musselman1 :i* w\ld smite him = indulg+ 9 a sip ( w9e1 w\ld comm5d & rew>d him by its approval1 = indulg+ 9 cruelty & inju/ice to ! unbeliev] 9 8 fai?4 ,! executive functions ( consci5ce !n act indep5d5tly ( ! legislative1 & frequ5tly 9 opposition to !m4 ,!re mu/ be a feel+ ( wrong1 be=e ! executive p[]s w reprove2 & !re mu/ be a s5se ( m]it1 be=e !y w comm5d2--b a mi/ake 9 ei!r case makes no app>5t diff]5ce4 ,?is is ano!r1 & a p[]ful argum5t = ! e>ly moral in/ruction ( ! "y2 & x %ews u also1 ! great] value :i* ,nature puts ^u ! application & use ( k1 ?an ^u its possession4 ,%e n only enc\rages ?is application 9 all ord9>y cases2 b "h we f9d h]1 = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! g5]al pr9ciple1 l5d+ h] assi/ance 9 ! application & use ( ! k receiv$1 ev5 :5 ! k itself is errone\s1 & ! application mis*iev\s4 #h4 ,ano!r important circum/ance :i* is wor?y ( especial notice1 is1 t consci5ce is mu* m readily act$ ^u by examples1 ?an by precepts4--,9 communicat+ a k ( duty1 ?is pr9ciple 9 ,nature has become prov]bial2 b x is n less true ) respect to ! executive p[]s1 9 approv+ or reprov+ t :i* is "r or wrong4 ,x is ! pr]ogative ( consci5ce to excite u to approve or condemn ! conduct ( o!rs1 z well z our own2 & ?is is regulat$1 n by /rict tru?1 b by our belief at ! "t1 :e!r t belief be correct or ! contr>y4 ,n[ ! precept1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 w\ld be suffici5t to make ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce wat*ful1 9 det]r+ ! individual f ! crime1 or 9 reprov+ & puni%+ him if he committ$ x4 ,b ! m]e precept w\ld h b little effect 9 exhibit+ to him ! full atrocity ( ! s91 9 comp>ison ) an anecdote or a /ory :i* detail$ its commission4 ,b ev5 ?is w\ld n be s p[]ful z ! effect produc$ by a murd] committ$ 9 a neighb\r+ /reet1 & /ill m 7 x p]petrat$ 9 8 own pres5ce4 ,! necess>y inf]5ce to be drawn f ?is rem>kable fact is1 t moral tru? is mu* m effectively taught by example ?an by precept2 & accord+ly we f9d1 t at lea/ f\r-fif?s ( scripture1 :i* is altoge!r a moral in/rum5t1 consi/ ( n>rative1 & are giv5 specially1 t ! man ( ,god may be p]fect1 ?or\ghly furni%$ to e good "w4 #i4 ,ano!r circum/ance wor?y ( obs]vation is1 t ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce appe> to be exce$+ly p>tial :5 ex]cis$ ^u actions done by ourselves1 9 comp>ison ( its decisions ^u ! same actions :5 !y are committ$ by o!rs4--,:5 we ourselves p]=m a good action1 ! approval ( our consci5ce is m lively & m ext5sive1 ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ! good action be5 t ( ano!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be m ready to p]=m its functions1 & m p[]ful 9 impress+ ^u our m9ds ! dem]it or wick$ness ( an action committ$ by ano!r1 ?an if we ourselves _h committ$ x4 ,! reason ( ?is is obvi\sly self-love1 :i* p>tly ov]be>s ! natural op]ations ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,viol5ce ( passion & /rong desire1 :5 we are tempt$ to commit a crime1 are ho/ile movem5ts aga9/ ! dictates ( consci5ce2 & !y too frequ5tly1 by _! excess1 /ifle & dr[n ! /ill small voice :i* does speak out1 b :i*1 = ! mom5t1 is n he>d )9 u4--,b no?+ ( ?is k9d takes place :5 ! crime is committ$ by o!rs4 ,we are !n mu* m imp>tial2 & consci5ce is p]mitt$ to utt] h] voice1 & to make h] impressions )\t opposition4 ,?is imp>tial decision on ! conduct ( o!rs1 is f\nd to be a great means ( prev5t+ u f ! future commission ( a simil> crime2 & ?is af=ds u ano!r p[]ful argum5t 9 fav\r ( e>ly in/ruction & moral tra9+4 ,by att5d+ e>ly to ?is duty1 ! m9d ( ! *ild is made up1 & s5t5ce has be5 pron\nc$ on c]ta9 acts1 be=e selfi%ness or ! passions h _h an opportunity ( bl9d+ ! m9d1 or sil5c+ ! consci5ce4 ,by prop] moral tra9+ ! pupil is =tifi$ & prep>$ = combat+ 8 evil incl9ations :5 temptations occur2 b )\t ?is1 he w h to enc\nt] sudd5 temptations at a great disadvantage4 #aj4 ,ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is subject is1 t ! moral s5tim5ts & feel+s above all o!rs1 are improv$ & /r5g!n$ by ex]cise2 & are weak5$1 & (t5 de/roy$ by disreg>d or opposition4--,e in/ance ( moral ex]cise or moral discipl9e1 invigorates ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce1 & r5d]s ! moral p]ceptions ( ! p]son m acute & t5d]4 ,e successful /ruggle aga9/ a temptation1 implants 9 ! m9d ( a *ild a noble consci\sness ( dignity1 & conf]s a l>ge am\nt ( moral /r5g?1 & a firm] det]m9ation to resi/ o!rs4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! good d]iv$ f ! m]e k ( a duty & its actual p]=mance is imm5se4 ,a *ild :o is m]ely told t a c]ta9 action is praisewor?y1 is by no means s s5sible ( ! fact1 or ( its value1 z he is aft] he has actually p]=m$ x2 & :51 on ! contr>y1 he is told t a c]ta9 action is wrong1 he is no d\bt prep>$ to avoid x2 b x is n till he has be5 tempt$ to its commission1 & has successfully ov]come ! temptation1 t he is fully aw>e ( its enormity4 ,:5 he has successfully resi/$ ! fir/ temptation1 he is mu* bett] prep>$ ?an any exhortation or w>n+ c\ld make him = resi/+ & repell+ a second2--:ile e successive victory w give /r5g? to ! executive p[]s ( ! consci5ce1 & w r5d] future conflicts less haz>d\s1 & resi/ance m easy4 ,= ! same reason1 an amiable action frequ5tly p]=m$ does n pall by repetition1 b appe>s m & m amiable1 till ! do+ ( x gr[s into a habit2 & ! approval ( consci5ce becom+ e day m satisfactory1 ! p]son w be /imulat$ to its frequ5t & regul> obs]vance4 ,b ! opposite ( ?is is equally true4--,! cont9u$ habit ( suppress+ ! voice ( consci5ce w greatly weak51 & w at la/ de/roy its executive p[]s4 ,:5 a p]son kn[s t a c]ta9 action is wrong1 & is tempt$ to commit x1--consci5ce w speak out1 & = ! fir/ "t at lea/ x w be li/5$ to4 ,b if ?is w>n+ be neglect$1 & ! s9 be committ$1 ! consci5ce w be proportionally weak5$1 & ! self-w ( ! individual w acquire additional /r5g?4 ,:5 ! temptation aga9 pres5ts itself1 x is ) r$\bl$ p[]1 & x meets ) less resi/ance4 ,x w inv>iably be f\nd 9 su* cases1 t ! p]son felt mu* m difficulty 9 resi/+ ! admonitions ( consci5ce 9 ! case ( ! fir/ temptation1 ?an 9 t ( ! second2 & he w also feel m dur+ ! second ?an he w dur+ ! ?ird4 ,frequ5t resi/ance (f]$ to ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce w at la/ lay !m asleep4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is d[nw>d c>e] is always ! mo/ difficult2 b :5 once fairly begun1 x gr[s e day m easy1 till ! habit ( s9 becomes l a second nature4 #aa4 ,!re is yet ano!r feature 9 ! exhibition ( ! moral s5se 9 adults1 :i* ought n to be ov]look$ by ! ,educationi/ 9 8 treatm5t ( ! "y4 ,we "h allude to ! rem>kable fact1 t ! consci5ce sc>cely ev] ref]s to consequ5ces connect$ m]ely ) ?is _w & "t1 b compels ! man1 9 spite ( himself1 to fe>1 t 8 actions w1 9 "s way or o!r1 h an influ5ce ^u 8 happ9ess or 8 mis]y 9 ano!r _w1 & ?r\gh et]nity4--,! m]e uneas9ess aris+ f ! fe> ( detection & puni%m5t by m51 is a p]fectly diff]5t k9d ( feel+1 & nev] is1 & nev] ought to be1 dignifi$ ) ! "n ( consci5ce4 ,x is ! consequ5ce ( a m]e animal calculation ( *ances2--simil> to ! feel+s :i* give rise to ! cauti\s pr[l+ ( ! hungry lion1 or ! /eal?y advances ( ! timor\s fox4 ,b ! =ebod+s1 z well z ! gnaw+s ( consci5ce1 ext5d mu* f>!r1 & /rike mu* deep]1 ?an ^! sup]ficial & animal s5sations4 ,consci5ce 9 man1 z long z x is p]mitt$ to act freely1 has always a ref]5ce to ,god1 to a future judgm5t1 & to et]nity1 & is b r>ely affect$ by worldly consid]ations4 ,! valuable lesson to be drawn f ?is circum/ance obvi\sly is1 t ! p>5t & tea*] ought1 9 _! moral tra9+ ( ! "y1 to make use ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,! anticipat$ approbation or displeasure ( _! e>?ly p>5ts or tea*]s1 or ev5 ! fe> ( ! rod & correction1 is n en\gh4 ,*ildr5 are capable ( be+ re/ra9$ by mu* high] motives1 & /imulat$ to duty by nobl] & m g5]\s feel+s4 ,! greatness1 ! hol9ess1 ! unwe>i$ goodness1 & ! omnipres5ce ( _! heav5ly ,fa!r1 pres5t to ! rational & t5d] affections ( ! "y1 a con/antly increas+ /imulus to ob$i5ce & self-contr\l2--:ile ! fe> ( m]e physical suff]+ w be f\nd daily to decrease1 & may p]haps 9 "s p[]ful m9ds at la/ altoge!r disappe>4 ,! horse & ! dog 7 int5d$ to be tra9$ 9 ! "o way2--b rational & intellig5t m9ds 7 obvi\sly int5d$ to be tra9$ 9 ! o!r4 ,( ^! facts1 connect$ z !y are ) ! application ( k by means ( ! moral s5se1 ! ,educationi/ mu/ make use = ! p]fect+ ( 8 sci5ce4 ,!y are ! mo/ valuable1 & !re=e !y ought to =m ! mo/ important bran* ( 8 inve/igations4 ,all ! o!r p>ts ( ,nature's tea*+ 7 b means2--?is is obvi\sly ! great end %e design$ by us+ !m1 & !re=e x ought to be 8 also4 ,9 reg>d to ! practical work+ ( ?is important "p ( ,nature's educational process1 we ne$ only rem>k "h1 t ! application ( ! pupil's k connect$ ) ! moral s5se1 is precisely ! same 9 =m1 z 9 t connect$ ) ! common s5se4 ,!re is always "h fir/1 z 9 ! =m] case1 "s fundam5tal tru?1 g5]ally d]iv$ f ,scripture1 or f\nd$ on "s moral maxim1 & pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a precept1 a promise1 a ?reat5+1 or an example2--!re is next a lesson or inf]5ce drawn f ?is tru?2--& !re is1 la/ly1 a practical application ( t lesson or inf]5ce to pres5t circum/ances4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ?is1 let u suppose t a boy :o has be5 tra9$ 9 imitation ( ,nature1 is tempt$ by "s ungodly acqua9tances to jo9 ) !m 9 abs5t+ himself f public wor%ip1 & 9 break+ ! ,sabba?4 ,! mom5t t su* a temptation is sugge/$ to him1 a feel+ arises 9 8 m9d1 :i* w take some?+ l ! foll[+ =m3--,i ought n to abs5t myself f public wor%ip2--,i ought n to break ! ,sabba?2--,i ought n to keep bad company4 ,"h are ?ree di/9ct lessons suit$ to ! occasion1 obvi\sly d]iv$ f 8 previ\s k1 & :i* he has be5 tra9$ ei!r directly or indirectly to draw f ! only rule ( duty1 ! ,bible4 ,:51 accord+ly1 ! temptation is f>!r press$ ^u him1 & ! reasons ( 8 refusal are regul>ly put into =m1 !y appe> 9 some?+ l ! foll[+ %ape & ord]3--,i mu/ n abs5t myself f public wor%ip2 = ?us x is writt51 ',=get n ! assembl+ ( y\rselves toge!r2' &1 ',jesus1 z 8 cu/om 01 w5t to ! synagogue on ! ,sabba? day4'--,i mu/ n pr(ane ?is holy day2 = ?us x is writt51 ',rememb] ! ,sabba? day to keep x holy1'--,&1 ,i mu/ n g ) ^! boys2 = ?us x is writt51 ',g n 9 ! way ( ! ungodly2' & ',evil communications corrupt good mann]s4' ,:oev] w inve/igate ! subject closely1 w f9d1 t ! above is a pretty correct picture ( ! m5tal process1 :]ev] temptation is oppos$ & ov]come by means ( religi\s pr9ciple2--b x is also wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! =m is /ill ne>ly ! same by :omsoev] a temptation is resi/$1 & :e!r !y d or d n take ! ,scriptures = _! text-book & directory4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 su* a case is1 t _! lessons h be5 drawn f "s o!r s\rce4 ,= example1 ano!r boy expos$ to ! above temptation might successfully resi/ x ^u ! foll[+ gr\nds4 ,he might say1 ,i mu/ n abs5t myself f public wor%ip2 because ,i %all !n lose ! promis$ rew>d = tak+ home ! text2--,i d>e n pr(ane ! ,sabba?2 because1 if ,i did1 my fa!r w\ld puni% me2--,i w n g ) ^! boys2 because ,i w\ld be a%am$ to be se5 9 _! company4 ,9 ?is latt] example1 we h ! same lessons1 & ! same application1 al?\gh ^! lessons h be5 d]iv$ f a m que/ionable1 & a mu* m v>iable s\rce4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 x is ! same op]ation ( ,nature1 & :i* we ought always to imitate !re=e ^u scriptural & solid gr\nds4 ,^! examples might be multipli$ 9 v>i\s =ms1 & yet !y w\ld 9 e case be f\nd sub/antially alike4 ,! application ( k1 :e!r by ! common or ! moral s5se1 is c>ri$ =w>d only 9 "o way1 9 :i* ! tru?1 ! lesson1 & ! application1 foll[ ea* o!r 9 natural ord]1 :e!r !y be p]ceiv$ or n4 ,to ?is process1 !re=e1 e bran* & portion ( our k ought to be adapt$1 z x is obvi\sly ! great end design$ by ,nature 9 all h] previ\s endeav\rs4 ,! p>5t1 !re=e1 or ! tea*]1 :o wilfully passes ov]1 or b slightly att5ds to ^! pla9 indications1 is really betray+ 8 tru/1 & deeply injur+ ! future prospects ( 8 immortal *>ge4 ,! sev]al circum/ances enum]at$ 9 ! previ\s "p ( ?is *apt]1 z connect$ ) ! moral s5se1 are capable ( sugge/+ _m important h9ts = ! e/abli%m5t ( education2 b !re are "o or two connect$ ) ! subject z a :ole1 to :i* we mu/ v %ortly allude4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 f ! =ego+ facts we are p[]fully l$ to ! conclusion1 t all k9ds ( physical good1 su* z heal?1 /r5g?1 beauty1 ri*es1 & hon\rs1 & ev5 ! high] atta9m5ts ( intellectual sagacity & k1 are1 9 ! e/imation ( ,nature1 n once to be comp>$ ) ! v l[e/ ( ! moral acquirem5ts4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 man %>es !m1 ?\gh 9 a high] degree1 ) ! brute creation2--b morals are altoge!r peculi> to high] intellig5ces4 ,to man1 9 p>ticul>1 ! value ( moral discipl9e is beyond calculation3--,=1 h[ev] mu* ! pres5t ignorance & grossness ( m5's m9ds may deceive !m 9 weigh+ _! respective wor?1 yet x w\ld be easy to %ew1 t ! k & practice ( b "o additional tru? 9 morals1 are ( m real value to a *ild1 ?an a :ole lifetime ( physical enjoym5t4 ,nature has accord+ly implant$ 9 8 con/itution1 a complete sy/em ( moral ma*9]y1 to assi/ ! p>5t 9 ?is fir/ & mo/ important "p ( 8 duty1--t ( guid+ 8 *ildr5 9 ! pa?s ( religion & virtue4 ,! executive p[]s ( consci5ce are always alive & active1 /imulat+ or re/ra9+ bo? "y & old1 :]ev] ! action propos$ p>takes ( ! "* ( "r or wrong4 ,&1 ev5 :]e ! p>5tal duties 9 ?is respect h be5 neglect$1 ,nature has1 9 "p1 graci\sly provid$ a rem$y4 ,9 all su* cases1 dur+ ! ye>s ( advanc+ manhood1 ! law is gradually & vividly writt5 ^u ! he>t4 ,its dictates are g5]ally1 no d\bt1 dimm$ & defac$ by ! natural depravity & recklessness ( ! s9n]2 b ev5 !n1 !y are suffici5tly legible to leave him )\t excuse = 8 neglect ( _! dem&s4 ,! pref]5ce :i* ,nature gives to moral acquirem5ts1 is demon/rat$ also by ano!r feature 9 h] diff]5t modes ( apply+ k by ! common & ! moral s5ses4 ,9 ! atta9m5t ( physical good1 ,nature leaves m51 z %e does ! l[] animals1 9 a great measure to !mselves1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! common s5se2 b1 9 respect to actions t are morally good or evil1 %e deals ) !m 9 a mu* m solemn & dignifi$ mann]4 ,a transgression ( ! laws ( ! natural or common s5se1 is1 )\t discrim9ation & )\t m]cy1 visit$ ) pres5t & correspond+ puni%m5t2 pla9ly indicat+1 t ) respect to ^! !re is to be no future reckon+2--:ile ! trial & f9al judgm5t ( moral acts are usually res]v$ = a future1 a m solemn1 & a m compreh5sive inve/igation4 ,ano!r inf]5ce :i* legitimately arises out ( ! above consid]ations1 z well z f ! facts !mselves1 is1 t religion & morals are really int5d$ to be ! *ief object ( att5tion 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,?is is a circum/ance s cle>ly & s frequ5tly po9t$ out to u1 9 our obs]vation ( ,nature's educational processes1 t no p]son1 we ?9k1 ( a philosophic turn ( m9d1 c consi/5tly refuse 8 ass5t to x4 ,! facts are s num]\s1 & ! legitimate inf]5ces to be drawn f !m are s pla91 t pre-conceiv$ op9ions %\ld nev] induce u ei!r to bl9k !m f fe>1 or d5y !m f prejudice4 ,^! facts & inf]5ces too1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 pres5t !mselves to our notice 9 all _! own native p[] & simplicity1 invuln]able 9 _! own /r5g?1 &1 9 "o s5se1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( revelation4 ,!y are1 no d\bt1 effici5tly support$ 9 e page ( ! ,*ri/ian ,record2 b1 )\t revelation1 !y =ce !mselves ^u our conviction1 & _c be consi/5tly refut$4 ,we /ate ?is fe>lessly1 f a consid]ation ( num]\s facts1 to a few ( :i*1 select$ f among _m1 we %all1 be=e conclud+1 v %ortly adv]t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is obvi\s to ! mo/ cursory obs]v]1 t moral atta9m5ts & moral greatness are m hon\r$ by ,nature1 & are1 ( c\rse1 m valuable to man1 ?an ! possession ( ei!r intellectual or physical good4--,nature has1 to ! possessor1 made virtue its own rew>d1 9 t calm consci\sness ( dignity1 self-approval1 & peace1 :i* are its natural results2 :ile1 ev5 f ! m]e look]-on1 %e compels an approval4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d1 t ! highe/ intellectual or physical atta9m5ts1 :5 c\pl$ ) vice1 lead directly & inv>iably to correspond+ dep?s ( degradation & mis]y4 ,no "o1 we ?9k1 c d5y ?is z a g5]al pr9ciple2 & if x be admitt$1 ! "q is settl$2 = no p]son act+ rationally w\ld seek ! less] good = 8 *ild1 at ! exp5se ( ! great]4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! same fact is1 t ,nature has provid$ = ! physical & intellectual education ( ! "y1 by means ( ! animal or common s5se2 :ile morals are1 9 a great measure1 left to ! education ( ! p>5ts4 ,! pr9ciple ( common s5se1 z we h se51 beg9s its op]ations & discipl9e 9 e>ly infancy1 & cont9ues to act ?r\gh life2 b ! culture ( ! moral s5se1--by f> ! mo/ important ( ! two1--is left dur+ infancy & *ildhood v mu* to ! affections ( ! natural gu>dians ( ! *ild1 & to ! results ( _! education4 ,h5ce x is1 t :ile ,nature amply provides = ! neglect ( ?is duty1 by ! developem5t ( ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce t[>ds manhood1 !y are comp>atively feeble1 & 9 ord9>y cases are b little ?\ght ( or obs]v$1 :]ev] ?is duty has time\sly be5 att5d$ to4 ,f all ^! circum/ances we inf]1 t x is ! int5tion ( ,nature1 t ! e/abli%m5t & culture ( religion & morals %\ld 9 e case =m ! *ief objects ( education1--! ma9 bus9ess ( ! family & ! s*ool2--an int5tion :i* %e has po9t$ out & gu>d$ by valuable rew>ds on ! "o h&1 & sev]e p5alties on ! o!r4 ,:5 ! duty is fai?fully att5d$ to1 ,nature l5ds h] p[]ful assi/ance1 by ! e>ly developem5t ( ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce1 & ! virtue ( ! pupil is ! appropriate rew>d to bo? p>ties2 b1 :5 ?is is omitt$1 ! gr[+ depravity ( ! *ild becomes at once ! repro( & ! puni%m5t ( ! p>5ts1 = ?is wilful violation ( ,nature's designs4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be necess>y to rem>k1 t f ^! latt] circum/ances1 ano!r & a directly opposite inf]5ce may be drawn1 :i* we mu/ n all[ to pass )\t obs]vation4--,x may be said1 t ! v po/ponem5t ( ! legislative p[]s ( consci5ce till ! ye>s ( manhood1 %ews1 t religion & morals are n design$ to be taught till t p]iod arrive4 ,n[1 to ?is !re are two answ]s4--,fir/1 if x 7 correct1 x w\ld set aside1 & r5d] useless almo/ all ! o!r indications ( ,nature on ?is subject4 ,9 accordance ) ! view tak5 ( ! circum/ances z above1 ^! indications are p]fectly h>moni\s & effective2 b1 9 ! view ( ! case :i* ?is argum5t supposes1 !y are all inconsi/5t & useless4--,b1 secondly1 if ?is argum5t proves any ?+1 x proves too mu*1 & w\ld inf] ! absurd proposition1 t physical & intellectual qualities are sup]ior 9 value to moral atta9m5ts2--a proposition t is contradict$1 z we h %ewn1 by e op]ation & circum/ance 9 ,nature & provid5ce4 ,x is 9 direct opposition also to all ! unsophi/icat$ feel+s ( human ,nature4 ,no ?9k+ p]son w v5ture to affirm1 t ! beauty ( ! c\rtezan1 ! /r5g? ( ! robb]1 or ! intellig5ce & sagacity ( ! sw9dl]1 are m to be hon\r$ ?an ! g5]\s qualities ( a ,wilb]=ce or a ,h[>d4 ,& !re=e x is1 t f a calm & dispassionate consid]ation ( ^! facts1 & indep5d5tly altoge!r ( revelation1 we _c see h[ any imp>tial philosophic m9d c evade ! conclusion1 t ! *ief object to be att5d$ to 9 ! education ( ! "y1 & to :i* e ?+ else %\ld be /rictly subs]vi5t1 is _! regul> & e>ly tra9+ 9 religion & morals4 ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,on ,nature's ,me?od ( ,tra9+ h] ,pupils to ,communicate _! ,k4 ,!re is yet a ,f\r? process 9 ! educational sy/em ( ,nature1 :i* may be t]m$ supplem5t>y1 z x is n int5d$ solely1 nor ev5 *iefly1 = ! good ( ! pupil himself1 b = ! community4--,?is process ( ,nature consi/s 9 ! tra9+ ( h] pupil to communicate1 by language1 n only 8 own wi%es & wants1 b also1 & p]haps *iefly1 ! k & exp]i5ce :i* he himself has atta9$4 ,! ?ree previ\s processes ( ,nature 7 9 a great measure selfi%1--ref]r+ to ! pupil z an individual1 & are ( use al?\gh he %\ld be alone1 & isolat$ f all o!rs ( 8 species2 b ?is is *>act]i/ically social1 & to ! monk & ! h]mit is altoge!r useless4 ,t ?is ability to communicate our s5tim5ts is int5d$ by ,nature1 n = ! sole b5efit ( ! individual1 b *iefly z an in/rum5t ( do+ good to o!rs1 appe>s obvi\s f v>i\s circum/ances4 ,its importance 9 education1 & 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 w\ld ( itself1 we ?9k1 be a suffici5t pro( ( ?is2 b x is r5d]$ unque/ionable by ! inv>iable decision ( e unbiass$ m9d1 9 judg+ ( a p]son :o is con/antly speak+ ( & = himself2 & ( ano!r ^: sole object 9 conv]sation1 is to exalt & promote ! happ9ess ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,! "o p]son1 h[ev] m]itori\s o!rwise1 is piti$ or laugh$ at2--! o!r is admir$ & applaud$ 9 spite ( ourselves4 ,! b5evol5ce ( ?is arrangem5t 9 ! educational process ( ,nature is wor?y ( especial notice1 z x leads u directly to ! conclusion1 t le>n+1 ( :atev] k9d1 is n int5d$ to be a monki% & p]sonal ?+1 b is really design$ by ,nature = ! b5efit ( ! community at l>ge4 ,^? connect$ ) education1 !re=e1 are "h taught1 t ! tra9+ ( ! "y %\ld be s conduct$1 t :ile ! atta9m5ts ( ! pupil %all 9 e in/ance b5efit himself1 !y %all at ! same "t be ( su* a k9d1 & %all be communicat$ 9 su* a way1 z %all advantage ! p]sons ) :om he is to m+le1 & ! community ( :i* he is to =m a "p4 ,unless ?is lesson1 taught u by ,nature1 be att5d$ to1 h] plan is obvi\sly left incomplete4 ,9 ent]+ ^u ! consid]ation ( ?is "p ( our subject1 we _c b rem>k ! value & ! importance :i* ,nature has atta*$ to ! high] acquisitions ( ?is anti-selfi% portion ( h] tea*+4 ,language is p]v]t$ & abus$1 :5 x is g5]ally & *iefly employ$ = ! b5efit ( ! individual himself2 & ! decision ( e c&id & well-dispos$ m9d confirms ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 x is employ$ = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 or = ! good ( ! public 9 g5]al1 x comm&s att5tion1 & compels approval4 ,eloqu5ce1 !re=e1 is obvi\sly int5d$ by ,nature = ! b5efit ( communities2 & accord+ly1 %e has s dispos$ matt]s 9 ! con/itution ( m5's m9ds1 & ( society1 t communities %all 9 e in/ance d x homage4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we f9d1 9 e age & nation1 :]ev] ,nature is n totally debas$ by art or crime1 t ! mo/ p[]ful orator1 has almo/ always be5 f\nd to be ! mo/ influ5tial man4 ,e o!r qualification 9 society has be5 made to b5d to ?is1 & ev5 reason itself is (t5 = ! mom5t obscur$1 by means ( its fasc9ations4 ,le>n+ & intellect1 ri*es1 popul>ity1 & p[]1 h frequ5tly be5 made to quail be=e x2 & ev5 virtue itself has = a "t be5 depriv$ ( its influ5ce1 :5 assail$ by eloqu5ce4 ,nay1 ev5 9 m artificial communities1 :]e ,nature has be5 con/ra9$ & m\ld$ anew to suit ! ta/es & caprices ( selfi% m51 eloqu5ce has /ill ma9ta9$ its reputation1 & has g5]ally guid$ ! possessor to hon\r & to p[]4 ,among/ ! l[] & unsophi/icat$ classes ( society its influ5ce is almo/ univ]sal2 & 9 mo/ poli%$ communities1 x is /ill ackn[l$g$ z a high atta9m5t1 & "o ( ! be/ indications t has yet be5 af=d$ ( sup]ior m5tal culture4 ,t ?is is n an errone\s e/imate ( ! m5tal p[]s ( a f9i%$ debat]1 w be evid5t f a slight analysis ( :at he has to a*ieve 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 art4 ,he has1 :ile 8 adv]s>y is speak+1 to receive & reta9 ^u 8 m9d1 ! :ole ( 8 argum5t1--sep>ate its weak & /rong po9ts1--& call =? & arrange ^? views & illu/rations :i* are calculat$ to ov]?r[ & demoli% x4 ,?is itself1 ev5 :5 p]=m$ 9 sil5ce1 is a prodigi\s ef=t ( m5tal /r5g?2 b :5 he comm5ces to speak1 & to manage ^!1 ) o!r equally important op]ations ( 8 own m9d at ! same mom5t1 ! difficulty ( succe$+ is greatly increas$4 ,:5 he beg9s to p\r =? 8 refutation 9 an un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( lum9\s eloqu5ce2--meet+1 combat+1 & sett+ aside 8 oppon5t's /atem5ts & reason+s2--c>efully m>k+1 z he goes along1 ! effect produc$ ^u 8 he>]s1 & adapt+ 8 argum5ts to ! v>y+ emotions & circum/ances ( ! audi5ce2--)hold+1 transpos+1 or abridg+ ! mat]ials he _h previ\sly prep>$1 or seiz+ new illu/rations sugge/$ by pass+ incid5ts2--& all ?is n only )\t hesitation1 & )\t confusion1 b ) ! mo/ p]fect composure & self-contr\l2--su* a man gives evid5ce ( an en]gy1 a grasp1 a quickness ( ?\ght1 :i*1 z an exhibition ( godlike p[] 9 a creature1 has sc>cely a p>allel 9 ! :ole range ( ,nature's ef=ts4 ,all k9ds & degrees ( physical glory1 9 comp>ison ) ?is1 s9k into insignificance4 ,x is b r>e inde$ t any c\ntry or age produces a ,demo/h5es1 a ,pitt1 a ,?omson1 or a ,br\gham2 & su* p]sons h hi!rto be5 consid]$ z gifts ( ,nature1 r ?an ! legitimate production ( educational ex]cises4 ,b ?is we conceive to be a mi/ake4 ,!y may p]haps h be5 self-taught1 & self-ex]cis$1 z ,demo/h5es confess$ly 02 b t tea*+1 & especially m5tal & oral ex]cise1 are necess>y = ! production ( "o ( ,nature's *ief ornam5ts1 bo? analogy & exp]i5ce abundantly %ew4#h ,flu5cy 9 ! use ( words is n en\gh1--copi\sness ( ?\ght1 su* z may be ( use 9 ! /udy1 is n en\gh2--= ,nature's "w1 ( :i* we are at pres5t speak+1 consi/s *iefly 9 ! faculty ( =m+ "o tra9 ( ?\ghts 9 ! m9d1 at ! same "t t ! individual is giv+ expression to ano!r4 ,e *ild1 accord+ly1 :o holds conv]sation ) 8 companion1 is practis+ on a limit$ scale ! v ex]cise :i*1 if c>ri$ out by regul> gradations1 w\ld ultimately lead to t excell5ce :i* we h above describ$4 ,9 e case ( free uncon/ra9$ conv]sation1 ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple ( ,nature is app>5t2 = ! idea is pres5t to ! m9d "s "t be=e ! tongue gives x utt]ance1 & ! p]son is prep>+ a second idea1 at ! mom5t he is communicat+ ! fir/4 ,^u ?is simple pr9ciple ! :ole art ( eloqu5ce1 :5 analyz$1 appe>s to dep5d4 ,we %all !re=e endeav\r to trace its op]ation1 & ! me?ods :i* ,nature adopts = ! purpose ( p]fect+ x4 ,t ?is ability is altoge!r acquir$1 & dep5ds :olly ^u ex]cise = its cultivation1 is obvi\s 9 e /age ( its progress1 b especially t[>ds its comm5cem5t4 ,:5 ,nature fir/ beg9s to sugge/ to an infant ! use ( language1 we p]ceive t x _c ?9k & speak at ! same mom5t4 ,long aft] x has acquir$ ! k ( words & names1 & ev5 ! p[] ( articulat+ !m1 x utt]s b "o syllable1 or "o ^w at a "t4 ,its language1 = a :ile aft] x has acquir$ a pretty ext5sive acqua9tance ) n\ns & adjectives1 is made up ( s+le1 or at mo/ d\ble words1 ) an obs]vable pause betwe5 ea*1 z if1 aft] utt]+ "o1 x _h to collect its ?\ghts & aga9 prep>e = a new ef=t1 be=e x 0 able to pron\nce ! next4 ,?is is ! *ild's fir/ /ep1 or r ! *ild's fir/ attempt1 9 ?is important ex]cise2 & x is conspicu\s *iefly by ! want1 ev5 9 ! lea/ degree1 ( t p[] ( :i* we h spok54 ,by & bye1 h[ev]1 ! *ild is able to put two syllables1 or two words toge!r1 )\t ! pause2--b n ?ree4 ,t is a "w ( "t1 & t aga9 has to become famili>1 be=e f\r1 or m words be attempt$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are at la/ ma/]$2 & he sl[ly acquires by practice ! ability to utt] a %ort s5t5ce1 compos$ *iefly ( n\ns1 adjectives1 & v]bs1 )\t int]ruption1 & at la/ )\t difficulty4 ,9 ! process "h describ$1 we p]ceive ! comm5cem5t ( ,nature's ex]cises 9 tra9+ h] pupil to ! acquisition ( ?is valuable faculty4 ,x consi/s *iefly1 z we h said1 9 enabl+ ! *ild by regul> practice to arrive at su* a comm& ( ! m5tal faculties1 & ! p[]s ( articulation1 z qualifies him to ex]cise bo? app>5tly at ! same mom5t4 ,8 m9d is employ$ 9 prep>+ "o set ( ideas1 :ile ! organs ( spee* are engag$ 9 giv+ utt]ance to ano!r4 ,he ?9ks t :i* he is ab\t to speak1 at ! mom5t he is speak+ t :i* he previ\sly ?\ght2 & if1 z is g5]ally admitt$1 ! m9d _c be engag$ ^u two ?+s at ! same mom5t1 !re is "h an in/ance ( su* a rapid & successive transition f "o to ano!r1 z obvi\sly to elude p]ception4 ,! v>i\s means :i* ,nature employs 9 work+ out ?is great end 9 ! "y are v rem>kable4 ,we h se5 t a *ild at fir/ does n possess ! p[] ( utt]+ ev5 a ^w1 :ile 8 ?\ghts are engag$ on any ?+ else4 ,! p[]s ( ! m9d mu/ z x 7 be conc5trat$ ^u t "o ^w1 till by long practice he c at la/ ?9k on "o & utt] ano!r4 ,! same difficulty ( speak+ & ?9k+ on diff]5t ?+s is obs]vable 9 8 amusem5ts2 & ,nature appe>s to employ ! p[]ful auxili>y ( 8 play to assi/ him 9 ov]com+ x4 ,:5 a "y *ild is engag$ 9 any amusem5t :i* requires ?\ght1 ! inability ( ! m9d to d d\ble duty is v evid5t4 ,he _c he> a "q1 nor speak a s+le s5t5ce1 & g on ) 8 play at ! same "t4 ,if a "q be ask$1 he /ops1 looks up1 he>s1 answ]s1 & !n p]haps collects 8 ?\ghts1 & aga9 proce$s ) 8 game z be=e2 b = a long "t he _c ev5 he>1 f> less speak1 & play at ! same mom5t4 ,:5 a *ild is able to d ?is1 x is a good sign ( 8 hav+ acquir$ consid]able m5tal p[]s4 ,! excitem5t ( play1 we h said1 is "o *ief means :i* ,nature employs = ! cultivation ( ?is faculty1 & x is peculi>ly wor?y ( att5tion by ! ,educationi/4 ,e "o mu/ h obs]v$ ! /rong desire :i* *ildr5 h1 dur+ _! m exhil>at+ games1 to ex]cise _! lungs by %\t+1 & call+ out1 & giv+ direction1 enc\ragem5t1 or repro(1 to _! companions4 ,9 all ^! in/ances1 ! impetus ( _! play is n app>5tly /opt :ile !y speak1 & e "t t ?is takes place1 !y are promot+ _! m5tal1 z well z _! physical heal? & well-be+4 ,! accuracy ( ?is rem>k is p]haps m conspicu\s1 al?\gh n m real1 9 ! less boi/]\s & m placid employm5t ( ! "y4 ,! lively prattle ( ! girl1 :ile con/ruct+ h] baby-h\se2 h] playful arrogation ( au?ority & comm& ov] h] playmates1 & h] s]io-comic adm9i/]+ ( comm5dation or repro( 9 ! assum$ "* ( mi/ress or "m1 are all in/ances ( a simil> k9d4 ,a little att5tion to ! matt] w conv9ce any "o1 t e s5t5ce utt]$ by a *ild :ile dress+ a doll1 or rigg+ a %ip1 or cutt+ a /ick1 is really int5d$ & employ$ by ,nature 9 advanc+ ?is great object4 ,& we _c help rem>k+1 t ! irksome sil5ce s frequ5tly enjo9$ ^u *ildr5 dur+ _! play1 or dur+ any species ( active employm5t1 is n only h>% & unnecess>y1 b is positively hurtful4 ,x is 9 direct opposition bo? to ! design & ! practice ( ,nature4 ,x is ob/ruct+1 or at lea/ neglect+ ! cultivation & ! developem5t ( p[]s1 :i* are de/9$ to be a *ief ornam5t ( life2 a s\rce ( hon\r & enjoym5t to ! pupil himself1 & ultimately a great b5efit to society4 ,! cultivation ( ?is faculty 9 adults1 aft] !y h emancipat$ !mselves f ! discipl9e ( ,nature1 is advanc$ or ret>d$ by ! use or neglect ( simil> means4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t 9 e in/ance :]e ! p[]s ( ! m9d are actively1 7n me*anically7 employ$1 :ile ! individual is at ! same "t call$ on to ex]cise 8 p[]s ( spee* & he>+ on some?+ else1 ?is faculty ( extemporane\s speak+ is cultivat$1 & r5d]$ m easy & flu5t4 ,:]eas1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ ext5sive acqua9tance ) words1 ev5 :5 comb9$ ) mu* k1 has b little influ5ce 9 mak+ a ready speak]4 ,_m ( ! mo/ voluble ( our species h b a v scanty vocabul>y1 & /ill less k2 :ile m5 ( ext5sive & pr(\nd le>n+1 ^: habits h be5 =m$ 9 ! /udy1 are (t5 defective ev5 9 common conv]sation1 & utt]ly unable to und]take ) success ! task ( public extemporane\s speak+4 ,f ?is cause x is1 t "s ( our able/ m51 & our greate/ s*ol>s1 are necessitat$ to read t :i* !y d>e n tru/ !mselves to speak2 :ile o!rs1 by a diff]5t practice1 & p]haps ) few] real atta9m5ts1 feel no difficulty 9 arrang+ _! ideas1 & deliv]+ !m at ! same "t ) ease & flu5cy4 ,h5ce x is also1 t travell+1 frequ5t int]c\rse ) /rang]s1 debat+ societies1 & above all1 =5sic plead+s1 %>p5 ! faculties1 & give an ease & accuracy 9 ?9k+ & speak+1 :i* are b r>ely acquir$ 9 ! same degree 9 any o!r way4 ,!re is "o p>ticul> feature 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ,nature's tea*+1 :i* is ( s mu* importance bo? to ! "y & to adults1 t x ought n to be pass$ ov] )\t notice4 ,x is ! important fact1 t ! highe/ atta9m5ts 9 ?is valuable accompli%m5t are )9 ! rea* ( almo/ e individual pupil1 by a v mod]ate dilig5ce 9 ! use ( ! prop] means4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is is equally true2 = )\t culture1 ei!r regul> or accid5tal1 no portion ( x c ev] be acquir$4 ,?is is abundantly prov$ bo? by exp]i5ce & analogy4 ,exp]i5ce has %ewn1 t 9 e case1 p]sev]ance alone1 (t5 )\t sy/em1 has made great & p[]ful speak]s2 & ! analogy betwe5 ! expression ( our feel+s by words & by music1 %ews :at prop] tra9+ may d 9 bo? cases4 ,e "o w admit t x is easi] to give expression to our feel+s by ! natural organs ( spee*1 ?an by ! me*anical use ( a musical in/rum5t2 & if by mak+ use ( ! prop] means1 & ) a mod]ate degree ( dilig5ce & p]sev]ance1 e man c be tra9$ to play dext]\sly on ! viol91 or ! organ1 & at ! same mom5t ma9ta9 a p]fect comm& ov] ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1--we may reasonably conclude1 f analogy1 t ) an equal1 or ev5 a small] degree ( dilig5ce1 :5 ! means h be5 equally sy/ematiz$1 ! mo/ humble individual may be tra9$ to manage ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1 :ile he is o!rwise mak+ use ( 8 tongue1 z ! o!r is ( 8 f+]s4 ,b ! opposite ( ?is1 z we h /at$ above1 is equally true4 ,=1 al?\gh a man may1 by dilig5ce & p]sev]ance1 atta9 a high degree ( p]fection 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is faculty2 yet1 ev5 ! l[e/ mu/ be procur$ by ! use ( means4 ,! art ( ?9k+ & speak+ diff]5t ideas at ! same "t1 z we h prov$1 is n an in/9ctive1 b is :olly an acquir$ faculty1 & mu/ be atta9$ by ex]cise :]ev] x is possess$4 ,we h in/anc$ z examples ! case ( ! girl hav+ at fir/ to /op :ile dress+ h] doll1 & ! boy :ile rigg+ 8 %ip2 b :at we wi% to notice "h is1 t ! pr9ciple is n peculi> to *ildr51 ^: ideas are few1 & ^: language is imp]fect1 b applies equally to adults1 ev5 ( sup]ior atta9m5ts1 & well cultivat$ m9ds4 ,we h 9 "p prov$ ?is by ! frequ5t defects ( ev5 le>n$ m5 9 conv]sation2 b !re is good reason to conclude1 t ev5 ^! defects w\ld h be5 great]1 if ! few opportunities !y h improv$ _h be5 less num]\s4 ,9 %ort1 x appe>s1 t ! successful utt]+ ( b two consecutive words1 :ile ! m9d is o!rwise engag$1 mu/ be acquir$ ev5 9 ! adult1 by education or by discipl9e4 ,?is important fact 9 education1 might be demon/rat$ by num]\s pro(s1 d$uc$ f acts :i* are commonly und]/ood to dep5d altoge!r on habit1 & :]e ! m9d is obvi\sly b little engag$4 ,we %all take ! case already suppos$1 t ( ! f+]+ ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! f+]s 9 ?is ex]cise p]=m _! (fice1 w\ld lead u to pron\nce x to be purely me*anical1 & to suppose t ! m9d 0 at p]fect lib]ty to att5d to any ( ! o!r functions ( ! body1 dur+ ! p]=mance4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 = al?\gh by long practice1 ! op]ator has acquir$ ! art ( ?9k+ ^u v>i\s o!r subjects :ile play+1 he f9ds ^u a fir/ trial1 t he is !n totally unable to articulate two words 9 succession4 ,"h !n is a case exactly p>allel ) t ( ! *ildr5 :o _h to /op to speak dur+ _! play2 prov+ t x does n arise f ! lack ( ideas1 or a defici5cy 9 words1 b purely f want ( discipl9e & practice2 because _m musicians by practice1 & by practice alone1 ov]come ! difficulty1 & become able bo? to speak & to play at ! same "t4 ,!re is ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is "p ( our subject1 :i* is wor?y ( rem>k4 ,a p]son :o is play+ on an in/rum5t1 & :o is desir\s to speak1 f9ds himself1 )\t long practice1 totally unable to d s2 b he may1 if he pleases1 s+ :at he has to say1 provid$ only t he modulate 8 voice to ! tune he is play+4 ,! reason ( ?is appe>s to be two-fold2 fir/1 t ! m9d1 by foll[+ ! tune 9 ! articulation ( ! words1 is reliev$ 9 a great measure f do+ d\ble duty2 & secondly1 & *iefly1 because ! p]son has already acquir$1 by m or less practice1 ! faculty ( s++ & play+ at ! same "t4 ,f ?is illu/ration1 we p]ceive ! necessity t exi/s 9 education1 ( cultivat+ 9 ! "y1 by direct means & special ex]cises1 ?is important faculty ( manag+ ! ?\ghts & giv+ expression to !m at ! same mom5t4 ,x mu/ be acquir$ by a c\rse ( m5tal discipl9e1 :i* br+s all ! elem5ts ( ! pr9ciple into op]ation2 ! collect+ & manag+ ( ideas1 ! *us+ & arrang+ ( words1 & ! giv+ ( !m utt]ance1 at ! same "t4 ,t direct ex]cises ( ?is k9d are necess>y = ! purpose1 is obvi\s f ! illu/rations "h giv52 :]e we f9d1 t al?\gh a p]son1 :ile play+ on an in/rum5t1 may s+ 8 words1 he is yet unable to make ! slighte/ deviation f s++ to speak+1 )\t a long & labori\s practice4 ,"h !n we h be5 enabl$ to trace ?is supplem5t>y process ( ,nature 9 ! education ( h] pupils1 & to detect ! great lead+ pr9ciple or law1 by :i* x is gov]n$4 ,! atta9m5t itself is ! ready & flu5t communication ( our ideas to o!rs2 & ! mode employ$ by nature = arriv+ at x1 appe>s to be ! tra9+ ( h] pupils to ex]cise _! m9ds ^u "o set ( ideas1 :ile !y are giv+ expression to ano!r4 ,t ! m9d is actually engag$ 9 two diff]5t ways1 at ! same mom5t ( "t1 x is n necess>y = u to suppose4 ,x is suffici5t = our purpose1 t ! op]ations s rapidly succe$ ea* o!r1 z to appe> to d s4 ,! ability to accompli% ?is1 we h prov$ to be 9 e case an acquir$ habit1 & is nev] possess$1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 )\t ef=t4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! inv>iable result ( ex]cise & education4 ,! mo/ gift$ ( our species are frequ5tly de/itute ( x2 :ile v feeble m9ds h be5 f\nd to possess x1 :5 by *ance or design !y h employ$ ! prop] means = its atta9m5t4 ,:at is want$ by ! ,educationi/ !re=e1 is an ex]cise1 or s]ies ( ex]cises1 :i* w enable him to imitate ,nature1 by caus+ 8 pupil to employ 8 m9d 9 prep>+ "o set ( ideas1 :ile he is giv+ expression to ano!r4 ,su* an ex]cise1 ^u :atev] subject1 w always produce1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! effect :i* ,nature by ?is supplem5t>y process int5ds to accompli%2 t ( giv+ ! pupil ease & flu5cy 9 conv]sation1 & a ready faculty ( deliv]+ 8 s5tim5ts2 :ile we h se51 by num]\s illu/rations1 t x is at lea/ highly improbable t x ev] c be acquir$ 9 any o!r way4 ,we h also demon/rat$ ! impropriety ( all unnecess>y artificial re/rictions ^u *ildr5 :ile at _! play1 & ( prev5t+ _! speak+1 call+ out1 & giv+ ord]s1 enc\ragem5t1 or comm5dation to _! companions dur+ x4 ,^! illu/rations & examples h also po9t$ out to u ! importance ( enc\rag+ ! "y to speak or conv]se ) _! tea*]s or "o ano!r1 :ile !y are actively employ$ at "w1 9 _! amusem5ts1 or 9 any o!r way 9 :i* ! m9d is b p>tially engag$4 ,ex]cises ( ?is k9d 9 ! dome/ic circle1 :]e !y c\ld be m frequ5tly resort$ to1 w\ld be ( great value 9 =w>d+ ! m5tal capacities ( ! "y1 & might be at lea/ equally & ext5sively useful1 z simil> ex]cises employ$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,! consid]ation ( suitable ex]cises = advanc+ ^! ends1 by :i* ,nature may be successfully imitat$ 9 ?is important "p ( h] process1 belongs to ano!r dep>tm5t ( ?is ,treatise1 to :i* accord+ly we mu/ ref]4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,note ,g4 ,,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,recapitulation ( ! ,philosophical ,pr9ciples develop$ 9 ! previ\s ,*apt]s4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! ?ird & m practical "p ( ?is ,treatise1 x w be ( advantage "h1 %ortly to review ! progress we h made 9 e/abli%+ ! sev]al educational pr9ciples1 exhibit$ 9 ! op]ations ( ,nature1 z x is ^u ^! t ! foll[+ practical recomm5dations are to be entirely f\nd$4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we w\ld wi% to press ^u ! att5tion ( ! read] ! important consid]ation1 t h[ev] mu* we may fail 9 :at is to foll[1 ! pr9ciples :i* we h already asc]ta9$1 mu/ /ill rema9 z /ation>y l&m>ks 9 education1 at :i* all future advances1 by :omsoev] made1 mu/ infallibly set out4 ,! previ\s *apt]s1 !re=e1 9 s f> z !y h giv5 a correct exposition ( ,nature's modes ( tea*+1 mu/ con/itute some?+ l ! model ^u :i* all h] future imitators 9 education w h to "w4 ,!re may be a *ange ( ord]1 & a *ange ( names1 b ! pr9ciples !mselves1 9 s f> z !y h be5 discov]$1 w = ev] rema9 un*ang$ & un*angeable4--,x is v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) :at is to foll[1 9 :i* we are to make "s attempts at imitation4 ,! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! rapid movem5ts ( fi% ?r\gh wat] is "o ?+2 & ! attempt to imitate ^! pr9ciples by ! %ip-build] is q ano!r ?+4 ,! fir/1 :5 correctly asc]ta9$1 rema9 ! unalt]able /&>d = e future naval ar*itect2 b ! attempts at imitation w *ange & improve1 z long z ! m9ds ( m5 are direct$ to ! p]fect+ ( %ip-build+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! v>i\s facts 9 ! educational processes ( ,nature1 9 s f> z !y h be5 correctly asc]ta9$ 9 ! previ\s "p ( ?is ,treatise1 mu/ =m ! unalt]able basis = e future improvem5t 9 education4 ,^! facts1 or pr9ciples1 w v probably be f\nd to =m only a "p ( h] op]ations2--b z !y d really =m a "p1 !y w become a nucleus1 r\nd :i* all ! rema9+ pr9ciples :5 discov]$ w necess>ily congregate4 ,we %all "h !re=e endeav\r v %ortly to recapitulate ! sev]al pr9ciples or laws employ$ by ,nature 9 h] academy1 s f> z we h be5 able to detect !m2 z x mu/ be ^u ^! t n only we1 b all our successors 9 ! improvem5t ( education1 mu/ h]eaft] proce$4 ,we h se5 9 a =m] *apt]1 t ! educational processes ( ,nature divide !mselves di/9ctly into f\r diff]5t k9ds4 ,fir/1 ! cultivation ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d3--,second1 ! acquisition ( k3--,?ird1 ! uses or application ( t k to ! daily v>y+ circum/ances ( ! pupil3--& ,f\r?1 ! ability to communicate ?is k & exp]i5ce to o!rs4 ,! fir/ dep>tm5t ( ,nature's tea*+1 t ( cultivat+ ! p[]s ( h] pupil's m9d1 we f\nd to dep5d *iefly1 if n entirely1 ^u "o simple m5tal op]ation1 t ( reit]at+ ideas2 & f num]\s examples & exp]im5ts x has be5 %ewn1 t :]ev] ?is act ( ! m9d takes place1 !re is1 & !re mu/ be1 m5tal culture2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 :]ev] x does n take place1 !re is n1 s f> z we c yet p]ceive1 ! slighte/ indication t ! m9d has ei!r be5 ex]cis$ or b5efit$4 ,! second dep>tm5t ( ,nature's tea*+1 we h se51 consi/s 9 induc+ & assi/+ h] pupils to acquire k4--,?is object we f\nd h] accompli%+ by means ( f\r di/9ct pr9ciples1 :i* %e br+s into op]ation 9 regul> ord]1 accord+ to ! age & m5tal capacity ( ! pupil4 ,^! we h nam$ ! pr9ciple ( ,p]ception & ,reit]ation1 :i* is ! same z t employ$ 9 h] fir/ process2--! pr9ciple :i* we h nam$ ,individuation1 :i* always prec$es & prep>es = ! two foll[+2--!re is !n ! pr9ciple ( ,association1 or ,gr\p+1 by :i* ! imag9ation is cultivat$1 & ! memory is assi/$2--& !re is1 la/ly1 ! pr9ciple ( ,classification1 or ,analysis1 by :i* all k :5 receiv$ is regul>ly classifi$ accord+ to its nature2 by :i* means ! memory is reliev$1 ! :ole is kept 9 due ord]1 & rema9s con/antly at ! comm& ( ! w4--,^! f\r pr9ciples1 s f> z we h yet be5 able to inve/igate ! processes ( ,nature1 are ! *ief1 if n ! only1 means :i* %e employs 9 assi/+ & induc+ ! pupil to acquire k2 & :i* ( c\rse ought to be employ$ 9 a simil> way1 & 9 ! same ord]1 by ! tea*] 9 ! managem5t ( 8 classes4 ,! ?ird1 & by f> ! mo/ important s]ies ( ex]cises 9 ,nature's academy1 we h asc]ta9$1 by ext5sive evid5ce1 to be ! tra9+ ( h] pupils to a con/ant practical application ( _! k to ! ord9>y affairs ( life4--,^! ex]cises %e has sep>at$ into two di/9ct classes2 ! "o connect$ ) ! physical & intellectual ph5om5a ( our nature1 & :i* is regulat$ by :at we h t]m$ ! animal1 or common s5se2 & ! o!r connect$ ) our moral nature1 & regulat$ by our moral s5se1 or consci5ce4 ,9 bo? ( ^! dep>tm5ts1 h[ev]1 ! me?ods :i* ,nature employs 9 guid+ to ! practical application ( ! pupil's k are precisely ! same1 consi/+ ( a regul> gradation ( ?ree di/9ct /eps1 or /ages4 ,^! /eps we h f\nd to foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,!re is always fir/1 "s fundam5tal tru?1 or idea--"s def9ite "p ( our k ( :i* use is to be made2--!re is next an inf]5ce1 or lesson1 drawn f t idea1 or tru?2--& !re is1 la/ly1 a practical application ( t lesson1 or inf]5ce1 to ! pres5t circum/ances ( ! individual4 ,?is "p ( ,nature's educational process1--?is application1 or use ( k1 we h asc]ta9$ & prov$ to be ! great object :i* ,nature designs by all h] previ\s ef=ts4 ,?is "p ( h] "w1 :5 complet$1 =ms 9 fact ! great ,temple ( ,education1--all ! o!rs 7 b ! scaffold+ by :i* x 0 to be re>$4--,?is is ! end2 ^? 7 b means employ$ = atta9+ x4 ,9 pro( ( ?is important fact we h se51 t :5 ?is object is successfully ga9$1 all ! previ\s /eps h be5 homologat$ & confirm$2 :]eas1 :5ev] ?is cr[n+ op]ation is awant+1 all ! prec$+ lab\r ( ! pupil becomes useless & va91 8 k gradually melts f ! memory1 & is ultimately lo/4 ,! f\r?1 or supplem5t>y process 9 ?is educational c\rse z conduct$ by ,nature1 we f\nd to consi/ 9 ! tra9+ ( h] pupils to an ability to communicate ) ease & flu5cy to o!rs ! k & exp]i5ce :i* !y !mselves _h acquir$4--,?is ability1 z we h %ewn1 is n in/9ctive1 b is 9 e in/ance ! result ( education4 ,x is n always ! accompanim5t ( great m5tal capacity2 nor is x always at ! comm& ( ^? :o h acquir$ ext5sive k4 ,p]sons highly gift$ 9 bo? respects1 are (t5 greatly defici5t 9 read9ess ( utt]ance1 & fre$om ( spee*4 ,on c>eful inve/igation we h se51 t x is atta9$ only by practice1 & by "o simple ex]cise ( ! m5tal p[]s1 9 :i* ! ?\ghts are engag$ ) "o set ( ideas1 at ! same mom5t t ! voice is giv+ expression to o!rs4 ,?is faculty has be5 f\nd to be em95tly social & b5evol5t1 & int5d$1 n s mu* = ! b5efit ( ! individual himself z = ! b5efit ( society4 ,nature1 accord+ly1 con/ra9s mank9d to d homage to eloqu5ce :5 x is employ$ = o!rs1 or = ! public2--b /rongly induces !m to look ) pity or contempt on ! p]son :o is always speak+ ( or = himself4 ,^! facts accord+ly h l$ u to ! important conclusion1 t le>n+ & ! possession ( k are n int5d$ m]ely = ! p]son himself1 b = ! good ( society2 & !re=e1 t education 9 e community ought to be conduct$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! atta9m5ts ( ea* individual 9 x1 %all ei!r directly or indirectly b5efit ! :ole4 ,9 ^! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( our m5tal con/itution1 & 9 ! pr9ciples or laws by :i* !y are c>ri$ on1 we h ! great ?or\ghf>e1--! highway ( education1--m>k$ out1 inclos$1 & levell$ by ,nature h]self4 ,hi!rto1 9 our exam9ation ( ! sev]al processes 9 :i* we f9d h] engag$1 we h endeav\r$ /rictly to conf9e ourselves to ! great g5]al pr9ciples :i* %e exhibits 9 =w>d+ & p]fect+ !m4 ,we h n t\*$ z yet on ! me?ods by :i*1 9 our s*ools1 !y may be successfully imitat$2 nor h we made any enquiry into ! p>ticul> tru?s or subjects :i* ought !re to be taught4 ,^! matt]s belong to ano!r "p ( ?is ,treatise1 & w be consid]$ by !mselves4 ,& x is only necess>y "h to obs]ve1 t z x is ! use ( k *iefly :i* ,nature lab\rs to atta91 x is !re=e useful k :i* %e requires to be taught4 ,?is is a pr9ciple s prom95tly held =? by ,nature1 & s repeat$ly indicat$ & en=c$1 t 9 ! s*ool x ought nev] = an h\r to be lo/ sight (4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( ! sem9>y mu/ be practical2 & ! k communicat$ mu/ be useful1 & su* z c be put to use4 ,if ?is rule be att5d$ to1 ! k communicat$ w be valuable & p]man5t2--b if x be neglect$1 ! pret5d$ communications w soon melt f ! memory1 & ! previ\s lab\rs ( bo? tea*] & pupil w be 9 a great measure lo/4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! sev]al pr9ciples 9 education has be5 asc]ta9$ by long exp]i5ce & sl[ degrees2--& ! accuracy ( ! views :i* we h tak5 ( !m1 has be5 rigor\sly & repeat$ly te/$4 ,no pa9s has be5 sp>$ 9 project+ & conduct+ su* exp]im5ts z appe>$ necess>y = ! purpose2 & x has be5 by exp]i5ce & exp]im5t alone t _! effici5cy has be5 e/abli%$4 ,_m ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 public1--"s ( !m h = ye>s be5 9 circulation1--& ! decisiv5ess ( _! results has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,! sev]al pr9ciples 9 education :i* x 0 ! object ( ^! exp]im5ts to asc]ta91 are "h = ! fir/ "t1 collect$ & exhibit$ 9 _! natural ord]2 & !y are n[ pres5t$ to ! fri5ds ( education ) "s degree ( confid5ce4 ,judg+ hi/orically1 h[ev]1 f ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs 9 break+ up new gr\nd 9 ! sci5ces1 !re is good reason to believe1 t ! pres5t ,treatise goes b a %ort way 9 e/abli%+ ! sci5ce ( education4 ,!re is yet mu* to be done2 & o!rs1 no d\bt1 w foll[ to complete x4 ,b if confid5ce is to be plac$ 9 hi/ory1 x appe>s evid5t1 t !y mu/ foll[ 9 ! same c\rse1 if ev] !y are to succe$4 ,nature is our only in/ructress2 & h[ev] mu* %e may h hi!rto be5 neglect$1 x is only by foll[+ h] lead+s ) a *ild-l docility1 t improvem5t is ev] to be expect$4 ,by s foll[+1 h[ev]1 success is c]ta94 ,! prospects ( ! sci5ce at ! pres5t mom5t1 bo? z to its spread & its improvem5t1 are exce$+ly *e]+4 ,! field1 :i* is n[ be+ op5$ up = ! lab\rs ( ! ,educationi/1 is ext5sive & invit+2 & ! anticipations ( ! philan?ropi/ become ! m delightful1 on acc\nt ( ! improvem5ts likely to ensue = c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,! errors & fail+s ( =m] attempts w w>n1 :ile e new discov]y w direct 9 ! lab\r4 ,! virg9 soil has ev5 yet 9 a great measure to be brok5 up2 & if we %all be wise en\gh to employ ! implem5ts provid$ = u by ,nature h]self1 ! pres5t g5]ation may yet witness a rapid & abundant +a!r+ ( bless+s = ! _w4 ,?is is nei!r a ha/y nor a gr\ndless speculation4 ,!re are already abundant pro(s to w>rant u 9 *]i%+ x4 ,num]\s pat*es ( gr\nd h aga9 & aga91 "u s]i\s disadvantages1 be5 p>tially cultivat$2 & ea* & all h inv>iably succe$$1 & produc$ ! fir/ fruits ( a ripe1 a ri*1 & an increas+ h>ve/4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?ods ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,educational ,,processes ,,( ,,nature ,,may ,,be ,,successfully ,,imitat$4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,on ! ,ex]cises by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 cultivat+ ! ,p[]s ( ! ,m9d4 ,9 ! educational processes ( ,nature1 h] fir/ object appe>s to be ! cultivation ( h] pupil's m9d2 & ?is1 !re=e1 ought also to be ! fir/ conc]n ( ! p>5t & tea*]4--,! wisdom ( ?is arrangem5t is obvi\s4 ,= z success 9 a great measure dep5ds ^u ! vig\r & ext5t ( ^? p[]s1 _! e>ly cultivation w r5d] ! succe$+ ex]cises easy & pleasant1 & w greatly abridge ! anxiety & lab\r ( bo? tea*] & s*ol>4 ,!re is no d\bt a great div]sity 9 ! natural capacities ( *ildr52 & phr5ology1 z well z daily exp]i5ce %ews1 t *ildr5 :o are apt 9 le>n+ "o ?+1 may be exce$+ly dull & backw>d 9 acquir+ o!rs4 ,b aft] mak+ e all[ance = ?is v>iety 9 ! intellectual p[]s ( *ildr51 x is well e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce1 & repeat$ exp]im5ts h confirm$ ! fact1#i t ! v dulle/ & mo/ obtuse ( ! *ildr5 f\nd 9 any ( our s*ools1 are really capable ( rapid cultivation1 & may1 by ! use ( prop] means1 be v soon br\ght to be> _! "p 9 ! usual ex]cises fitt$ = ! ord9>y *ildr54 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! dulness s frequ5tly compla9$ ( by tea*]s arises1 n s mu* f any natural defect1 or inh]5t m5tal weakness 9 ! *ild1 z f ! want ( t e>ly m5tal ex]cise1--real m5tal culture1--( :i* we are "h speak+4 ,:5ev] ?is dulness 9 a sane s*ol> cont9ues = any l5g? ( "t1 !re is good reason to fe> t x is ow+ to "s palpable mismanagem5t on ! "p ( ! p>5t or tea*]4 ,on exam9ation x w mo/ likely be f\nd1 ei!r t ! pupil has _h ex]cises prescrib$ to him :i* ! p[]s ( 8 m9d 7 z yet incapable ( accompli%+2 or1 if ! ex]cises !mselves h be5 suitable1 !re has be5 m prescrib$ ?an he 0 able to ov]take4 ,9 ei!r case ! effect w be ! same4 ,! m9d has be5 unnaturally burd5$1 or ov]/ret*$2 confusion ( ideas & m5tal weakness h be5 ! consequ5ce2 & if s1 ! v attempt to keep up ) 8 companions 9 ! class only t5ds to aggravate ! evil4 ,h5ce arises ! propriety ( foll[+ ,nature 9 mak+ ! expansion & cultivation ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d our fir/ object2 & our design 9 ! pres5t *apt] is to exam9e into ! means by :i*1 9 ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool1 %e may be successfully imitat$ 9 ! op]ations :i* %e employs = ?is purpose4 ,we h 9 our previ\s inve/igations se51 t ! cultivation ( ! m5tal p[]s is a "w ( extraord9>y simplicity1 dep5d+ entirely ^u "o act ( ! m9d1--! reit]ation ( ideas4 ,we h prov$1 by a v>iety ( famili> in/ances1 t :]ev] ?is act takes place1 ! m9d is1 & mu/ be ex]cis$1 & s f> /r5g!n$2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 :]ev] x does n take place1 !re is nei!r m5tal ex]cise1 nor any p]ceptible accession ( m5tal /r5g?4 ,x does n dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> =m ( ! ex]cise1 :e!r x consi/s ( read+1 he>+1 writ+1 or speak+2 b simply & entirely ^u ! reality & ! frequ5cy ( ! reit]ation ( ! includ$ ideas dur+ x4 ,?is makes ! cultivation & /r5g!n+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d a v simple & a v c]ta9 op]ation4 ,= if ! tea*] c succe$ by any means 9 produc+ frequ5t & successive repetitions ( ?is act ( ! m9d 9 any ( 8 pupils1 ,nature w be true to h] own law1 & m5tal culture1 & m5tal /r5g? w assur$ly foll[2--b1 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] 9 a s*ool ex]cise ?is act is awant+1 !re c be no p]man5t progression 9 ! education ( ! pupil1 & no amelioration 9 ! /ate ( 8 m9d4 ,! me*anical read+ or repeat+ ( words1 = example1 l ! f+]+ ( musical in/rum5ts1 may be p]=m$ = mon?s or ye>s successively1 )\t ! p[]s ( ! m9d be+ actively engag$ 9 ! process at all2 leav+ ! *ild )\t m5tal ex]cise1 & consequ5tly )\t improvem5t4 ,9 foll[+ out ! only legitimate plan = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is fundam5tal object1 t ( imitat+ ,nature1 ! fir/ ?+ requir$ by ! tea*] is an ex]cise1 or s]ies ( ex]cises1 by :i* he %all be able at 8 own w to en=ce ^u 8 pupils ?is important act ( ! m9d4 ,if ?is object c be successfully atta9$1 !n ! prop] means = ! intellectual improvem5t ( ! *ild are secur$2 b z long z x is awant+1 8 m5tal cultivation is ei!r left to *ance1 or to ! caprici\s decision ( 8 own w2--= exp]i5ce %ews1 t al?\gh a *ild may be compell$ to read1 or to repeat ! words ( 8 ex]cises1 !y conta9 no p[] by :i* ! tea*] c ensure ! reit]ation ( ! ideas !y conta94 ,! words may correctly & flu5tly pass f ! tongue1 :ile ! m9d is actively engag$ ^u some?+ else1 & z mu* beyond ! rea* ( ! tea*] z ev]4 ,b if ! desid]at$ ex]cise c\ld be procur$1 ! p[] ( en=c+ m5tal activity ^u a prescrib$ subject w\ld !n rema91 n 9 ! possession ( ! *ild1 b w\ld be transf]r$ to ! tea*]1 at ^: pleasure ! m5tal cultivation ( ! pupil w\ld proce$1 :e!r he himself will$ x or no4 ,9 ! cate*etical ex]cise1 z x has be5 call$1 & :i* has ( late ye>s be5 ext5sively us$ by our be/ tea*]s1 ! desid]atum above describ$ has be5 mo/ happily & effectively suppli$ to ! ,educationi/4 ,?is valuable ex]cise may n p]haps be new2--b c]ta9ly its nature1 & its importance 9 education1 till ( late ye>s1 has be5 altoge!r ov]look$1 or unkn[n4 ,x diff]s f ! =m] mode ( cate*is+1 7or r ( us+ cate*isms7 9 ?is1 t :]eas a cate*ism provides an answ] = ! *ild 9 a set =m ( words1--! cate*etical ex]cise1 hav+ fir/ provid$ him ) ! means1 compels him to se>* =1 to select1 & to con/ruct an answ] = himself4 ,= example1 an ann\ncem5t is giv5 by 8 tea*]1 or x is read f 8 book4 ,?is is ! raw mat]ial ^u :i* bo? ! tea*] & ! *ild are to "w1 & )9 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* ! tea*] especially mu/ /rictly conf9e himself4 ,^u ?is ann\ncem5t a "q is f\nd$1#aj :i* obliges ! *ild1 be=e he c ev5 prep>e an answ]1 to reit]ate 9 8 own m9d1 n ! words1--= t w\ld n answ] 8 purpose1--b ! sev]al ideas conta9$ 9 ! s5t5ce or tru? ann\nc$4 ,all ^! ideas mu/ be p]ceiv$1--!y mu/ pass 9 review be=e ! m9d1--& f among !m he mu/ select ! "o requir$1 arrange x 9 8 own way1 & give x to ! tea*] entirely z 8 own idea1 & clo!d altoge!r 9 8 own words4 ,9 ! common me?od ( mak+ use ( cate*isms1 ! words ( ! answ] may be read1 or !y may be committ$ to memory1 & may be repeat$ ) ease & flu5cy2 :ile ! ideas1--! tru?s !y conta91--may nei!r be p]ceiv$ nor reit]at$4 ,9 ?is !re is nei!r m5tal ex]cise1 nor m5tal improvem5t2--&1 :at is worse1 )\t ! cate*etical ex]cise1 ! tea*] has no means ( kn[+ :e!r x be s or n4 ,by means ( ! cate*etical ex]cise1 on ! contr>y1 !re c be no evasion1--no d\bt z to ! m5tal activity ( ! pupil1 & 8 consequ5t m5tal improvem5t4 ,its b5efits are v ext5sive2 & 9 employ+ x ! tea*] is n only sure t ! ideas 9 ! ann\ncem5t h be5 p]ceiv$ & reit]at$1 b t a num]\s tra9 ( useful m5tal op]ations mu/ h tak5 place1 be=e 8 pupil c\ld by any possibility return him an answ] to 8 que/ions4 ,we %all1 be=e proce$+1 po9t out a few ( ^!4 ,let u !n suppose t a *ild ei!r reads1 or repeats z ! answ] to a "q1 ! words1 ,jesus di$ = s9n]s4--,at ?is po9t 9 ! =m] mode ( us+ a cate*ism1 ! ex]cise ( ! pupil /opp$2 & ! p>5t or tea*] und]/&+ ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce1 & cle>ly p]ceiv+ ! ideas himself1 usually took x = grant$ t ! *ild also did s1 or at lea/ at "s future "t w\ld d s4 ,?is 0 m]e conjecture2 & he _h no means ( asc]ta9+ its c]ta9ty1 h[ev] important4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! cate*etical ex]cise comm5ces its op]ations4 ,:5 ! *ild has repeat$ ! words1 or :5 ! tea*] = ! fir/ "t ann\nces !m1 ! m9d ( ! *ild may be 9 a /ate v unfav\rable to its improvem5t2 b z soon z ! tea*] asks him a "q f\nd$ ^u "o or m ( ! ideas :i* ! ann\ncem5t conta9s1 & :i* he mu/ answ] )\t f>!r help1 ! /ate ( 8 m9d is in/antly & mat]ially *ang$4 ,hi!rto he may h be5 altoge!r passive on ! subject2--nay1 8 m9d :ile read+ or repeat+ ! words1 may h be5 busily engag$ on some?+ else1 or altoge!r occupi$ ) 8 companions or 8 play2--b z soon z ! tea*] asks him ,:o di$8 !re is an in/ant )drawal ( ! m9d f e ?+ else1 & an exclusive conc5tration ( its p[]s ^u ! ideas 9 ! ann\ncem5t4 ,he mu/ ?9k1--& he mu/ ?9k 9 a c]ta9 way1 & ^u ! specific ideas pres5t$ to him by ! tea*]1--be=e x is possible = him to return an answ]4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ?is ex]cise is s effective an in/rum5t 9 cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d2--& x is to ! long s]ies ( ex]cises :i* take place 9 ?is op]ation1 t we are n[ call+ ! att5tion ( ! read]1 t he may p]ceive h[ closely ?is ex]cise foll[s 9 ! l9e prescrib$ by ,nature1 9 creat+ occasions = ! successive reit]ation ( diff]5t ideas sugge/$ by "o "q4 ,:51 9 pursu+ ! cate*etical ex]cise1 a "q is ask$ f an ann\ncem5t1 !re is fir/ a call ^u ! att5tion1 & an ex]cise ( m9d ^u ! "q ask$1 ! words ( :i* mu/ be translat$ by ! pupil into _! prop] ideas1 :i* accord+ly he mu/ bo? p]ceive & und]/&4 ,he has !n to rev]t to ! ideas 7n ! words7 conta9$ 9 ! orig9al ann\ncem5t1 ! words ( :i* are p]haps /ill r++ 9 8 e>s2 & ^! he mu/ also p]ceive & reit]ate 9 8 m9d1 be=e he c ei!r und]/& !m or prep>e to give an answ]4 ,at ?is po9t ! *ild is necess>ily 9 possession ( ! ideas--! tru?s--convey$ by ! ann\ncem5t2 & !re=e at ?is po9t "o great end ( ! tea*] has 9 s f> be5 ga9$4 ,b ! full b5efit ( ! ex]cise1 9 s f> z x is capable ( fix+ ^! tru?s /ill m p]man5tly on ! memory1 & ( discipl9+ ! m9d1 has n yet be5 exhau/$4 ,aft] ! pupil has reit]at$ 9 8 m9d ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! orig9al s5t5ce1 or passage ann\nc$1 he has aga9 to rev]t to ! "q ( ! tea*]1 & comp>e x ) ! sev]al ideas :i* ! ann\ncem5t conta9s4 ,he has !n to *use f among !m1--all ( !m be+ /ill held 9 review by ! m9d1--! p>ticul> idea to :i* 8 att5tion has be5 call$ by ! "q2--& la/ ( all1 & :i* is by no means ! lea/ z a m5tal ex]cise1 he has to clo! ?is p>ticul> idea 9 words1 & con/ruct 8 s5t5ce 9 su* a way z to make x bo? s5se & gramm>4 ,9 ?is la/ ef=t1 x is wor?y ( rem>k1 *ildr51 aft] hav+ be5 b a %ort :ile subject$ to ?is ex]cise1 almo/ inv>iably succe$1 al?\gh !y "k no?+ ab\t gramm>1 & may p]haps nev] h he>d ( ! "n4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,!re has z yet be5 only "o "q ask$1 & ! answ] to ?is "q ref]s to only "o idea conta9$ 9 ! ann\ncem5t4 ,b x embraces at lea/ ?ree sev]al ideas2 & ea* ( ^! ideas1 by ! cate*etical ex]cise1 is capable ( orig9at+ o!r que/ions1 p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & ea* ( :i* gives rise to a simil> m5tal process1 & ) equally b5eficial results1 9 ex]cis+ & /r5g!n+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,x is also "h ( importance to take notice ( ! additional b5efits t arise f ! multiply+ ( que/ions ^u "o ann\ncem5t4 ,! fir/ "q propos$ f ! ann\ncem5t1 br\ght ! m9d ( ! *ild into imm$iate contact ) all ! ideas :i* x conta9$4 ,!y are n[ !re=e famili> to him2 & he is p]fectly prep>$ = ! second1 & = e succe$+ "q =m$ ^u x2 & he fa%ions ! answ]s ) read9ess & ze/4 ,e su* answ] is a k9d ( triumph to ! *ild1 :i* he gives ) ease & pleasure1 & yet e "o ( !m1 z an ex]cise ( ! m9d1 is equally b5eficial z ! fir/4 ,:5 ! tea*] !re=e asks1 ,:at did ,jesus d8 & aft]w>ds1 ,= :om did ,jesus die8 a little reflection w at once %ew1 t a simil> m5tal ex]cise mu/ take place at ea* "q1 9 :i* ! *ild has n only to reit]ate ! sev]al orig9al ideas1 b mu/ aga9 & aga9 comp>e ! que/ions ask$1 ) ea* "o ( !m1 *oose out ! "o requir$1 clo! x 9 8 own language1 & 9 ?is =m repeat x audibly to 8 tea*]4 ,be=e leav+ ?is enquiry into ! nature & effects ( ! cate*etical ex]cise1 !re are two circum/ances connect$ ) x z a s*ool-eng9e1 :i* des]ve p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! fir/ is1 t ,nature has made ?is same reit]ation ( ideas1 = ! secur+ ( :i* ?is ex]cise is us$1 ! *ief means ( convey+ k to ! m9d2 & ! second is1 ! undissembl$ delight :i* *ildr5 exhibit :ile "u its influ5ce1 :]ev] x is naturally & judici\sly conduct$4 ,) respect to ! =m] ( ^! circum/ances1 x falls m p>ticul>ly to be consid]$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 & "u a foll[+ head2 b ) respect to ! latt]1--! delight felt 9 ! ex]cise by ! *ildr5 !mselves1--x des]ves "h a m close exam9ation4 ,e "o :o has paid any att5tion to ! subject mu/ h obs]v$ ! life1 ! en]gy1 ! enjoym5t1 :i* are obs]vable 9 a class ( *ildr51 :ile !y are "u ! influ5ce1 & subject$ to ! discipl9e ( ! cate*etical ex]cise4 ,?is w p]haps be /ill m rem>kable1 if ev] !y h _h an opportunity ( contra/+ ?is lively sc5e ) ! dea?-l monotony ( a s*ool :]e ! ex]cise is z yet unkn[n4 ,_m c yet rememb] in/ances :5 x 0 fir/ introduc$ into "s ( ! ,sabba? s*ools 9 ,scotl&1 & ! a/oni%m5t ( ! tea*]s at its in/antane\s effects ^u ! m9d & conduct ( _! *ildr54 ,! :ole aspect ( ! s*ool 0 *ang$2 & ! *ildr51 :o _h b a few m9utes be=e be5 conspicu\s only = _! apa?y1 re/lessness1 or inatt5tion1 7 in/antly ar\s$ to life1 & en]gy1 & delight4 ,simil> effects 9 "s *ildr5 are /ill witness$2 b1 happily = education1 ! fir/ exhibition ( x to a :ole s*ool is n s common4 ,"o /rik+ pro( ( ! novelty & ext5t ( its effects ^u ! pupils1 & ( ! vivid contra/ x produc$ ) t to :i* ! tea*]s _h at t "t be5 accu/om$1 is af=d$ by ! fact1 t s]i\s objections 7 sometimes made to its introduction1 by well-mean+ individuals1 on acc\nt ( its break+ 91 z !y said1 ^u ! prop] devotional solemnity ( ! *ildr52--z if ! apa?y ( languor & we>9ess 0 id5tical ) rev]5ce1 & m5tal en]gy & joy\s feel+s 7 incompatible ) ! livelie/ devotion4 ,^! op9ions h n[ happily disappe>$2 & ! cate*etical ex]cise is n n[1 on t acc\nt1 s frequ5tly oppos$4 ,*ri/ians n[ p]ceive1 t by mak+ ^! r\gh places smoo?1 & ! crook$ ways /raight = ! tott]+ feet ( ! lambs ( ! flock1 !y are foll[+ ! be/1 z x is ! appo9t$ means1 ( mak+ ready a p prep>$ = ! ,"l4 ,to ! tea*]1 especially1 x mu/ be a matt] ( great practical importance1 to p]ceive cle>ly ! cause :y ?is ex]cise is s fasc9at+ to ! "y1 z well z s b5eficial 9 education4 ,! cause1 :5 we analyze all ! circum/ances1 is simply ?is1 t x resembles1 9 all its lead+ *>act]i/ics1 ^? amusem5ts & pa/imes ( :i* *ildr5 are s fond4 ,9 o!r words1 ! prosecution ( ! cate*etical ex]cise ) ! "y1 produces 9 reality ! same effects z a game w\ld d if play$ ) _! tea*]4 ,x br+s into action1 & x keeps 9 lively op]ation1 all ^? m5tal elem5ts1 :i*1 9 ord9>y cases1 con/itute _! play2 & ! effects ( c\rse are ne>ly simil>4 ,we %all direct ! read]'s att5tion to ?is curi\s fact = a mom5t4 ,x is easy to p]ceive1 t ! pleasure & happ9ess exp]i5c$ by a *ild dur+ 8 play1 arise altoge!r f ! /ate ( 8 m9d1 to :i* ! physical ex]cises & amusem5ts only conduce4 ,:5 ?is m5tal satisfaction is exam9$1 we f9d x to consi/ *iefly ( two elem5ts1--t ( active ?\ght1 & t ( self-approbation4 ,! fir/1--t ( active ?\ght1 or ! reit]ation ( ideas1 we h be=e po9t$ out & expla9$1 z x is illu/rat$ 9 _! play1 & 9 ! pleasure !y take 9 he>+ /ories1 read+ riddles1 dress+ dolls1 & simil> acts2 & x is only "h necess>y to add1 t _! desire ( congregat+ toge!r = amusem5t has its orig9 9 a simil> cause4 ,new ideas /imulate m p[]fully to active ?\ght2 & *ildr5 soon f9d1 & ins5sibly draw ! lesson1 t ! aggregate ( new ideas is always enl>g$ by an increase ( ! numb] ( p]sons :o supply !m4 ,two *ildr5 w play ) ! same numb] ( toys = a long] "t1 )\t tir+1 ?an if !y 7 alone2--& ?ree or f\r w\ld1 9 ! same proportion1 increase ! int]e/ & prolong ! season ( activity4 ,b z soon z ! reit]ation ( ! ideas sugge/$ by _! game becomes languid or difficult1 _! play = ! "t loses its *>ms1 & ! fasc9ation is gone4 ,t x is ! cessation ( active ?\ght1 :i* is ! *ief cause ( _! play ceas+ to please1 is prov$ f ! circum/ance1 t if ano!r int]e/+ companion %all be add$ to _! numb]1 or if any ?+ %all occur to r5ew ?is op]ation1--! reit]ation ( ideas1--^u ! m9d1 ! same degree ( int]e/1 & to a correspond+ ext5t1 is imm$iately felt1 & ! play is resum$4 ,n[1 ! cate*etical ex]cise is 9 reality ! same op]ation 9 ano!r =m4 ,! que/ions ( ! tea*] excite ! pupil to ! same k9d ( active ?\ght z t :i* gives reli% to 8 play2 &1 :ile ! tea*] conf9es himself )9 ! limits ( ! ann\ncem5t1 ! m5tal excitem5t is active1 b mod]ate1 & always successful4 ,?is leads u to obs]ve ! influ5ce :i* ! cate*etical ex]cise ex]ts 9 af=d+ means = t self-approbation1 or s5se ( m]it1 :i* con/itutes ano!r elem5t ( delight to a *ild dur+ 8 play4 ,all mu/ h obs]v$ ! b5eficial effects ( ?is pr9ciple 9 *ildr51 z an incitem5t to emulation & good conduct4 ,x is n only p]ceptible 9 ! love ( approbation f _! sup]iors1 b 9 _! desire to excel at all times4 ,we see x 9 ! pleasure felt by ! *ild :5 he out/rips 8 fell[s 9 ! race1--:5 he cat*es 8 companion at hide & seek1--:5 he f9ds ! hidd5 article at seek & f9d1--9 w9n+ a game1 exp\nd+ a riddle1 or ga9+ a place 9 8 class4 ,9 all ^! in/ances !re is a feel+ ( pure satisfaction & delight2--a feel+ ( self-e/imation1 :i* is at once ! gu>dian & ! rew>d ( virtue4 ,n[1 :5 ! cate*etical ex]cise is conduct$ 9 its purity1--t is1 :5 ! tea*] keeps /rictly to ! ann\ncem5t1 )\t w&]+ :]e ! *ild _c foll[ him1--! answ]s are inv>iably )9 ! limits ( ! *ild's capacity2--!y are answ]$ successfully2 & e answ] is a subject ( triumph4 ,he has a delightful consci\sness ( hav+ ov]come a difficulty1 des]v$ approbation1 & made an advance 9 ! pa?way ( m]it4 ,:5 prop]ly conduct$1 !re=e1 ! cate*etical ex]cise becomes to ! pupils a succession ( victories2 & x imp>ts all t delight1 s(t5$ & purifi$1 :i* he exp]i5ces 9 excell+ 8 companion1 or 9 w9n+ a game4--,^! are ! reasons :y ! cate*etical ex]cise is s mu* reli%$ by ! "y1 & :y x has succe$$ s p[]fully1 n only 9 smoo?+ ! pa?way ( education1 b also 9 %ort5+ x4 ,f a c>eful consid]ation ( all ^! circum/ances1 we are l$ to conclude1 t ! cate*etical ex]cise does1 9 a sup]ior degree1 fulfil all ! /ipulations requir$ = imitat+ ,nature1 9 excit+ to ! reit]ation ( ideas by *ildr51 & ?us discipl9+ & cultivat+ ! p[]s ( _! m9ds4 ,we might also h rem>k$1 t ano!r advantage aris+ f p]sev]+ 9 ?is ex]cise1 is ! arre/+ ( ! att5tion ( ! *ildr51 & successfully tra9+ !m to he> & und]/& ?r\gh life ! oral communications ( o!rs2--b we ha/5 to consid] ! "t & ! ord] 9 :i* ?is ex]cise %\ld be made use ( 9 s*ools4 ,nature int5ds1 t ! cultivation & /r5g!n+ ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d %all 9 e case prec$e ^? ex]cises 9 :i* _! /r5g? is to be tri$4 ,9 infants & "y *ildr5 we p]ceive ?is cultivation & invigorat+ ( ! m9d go+ on1 long be=e ^! p[]s are to be tax$ ev5 = _! own pres]vation4 ,! *ild is no d\bt putt+ !m to use2 b 9 e su* case x is volunt>y1 & n compulsory1--a matt] ( *oice on ! "p ( ! *ild1 & n ( necessity4 ,! infant1 or ev5 ! *ild1 is nev] requir$ to take c>e ( itself1 to clo! itself1 to wa% itself1 or ev5 to fe$ itself4 ,to require x to d s be=e ! m9d c\ld compreh5d ! nature & ! design ( ! p>ticul> duty1 w\ld be bo? unreasonable & cruel4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! ex]cises ( ! nurs]y & ! s*ool mu/ be regulat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & foll[ ! same law4 ,! due cultivation ( ! m9d1 l ! due prep>ation ( ! soil1 mu/ always prec$e ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,if ?is pr9ciple 9 ,nature be duly att5d$ to1 ! se$s ( k aft]w>ds ca/ into ! soil ?us brok5 up & prep>$1 w be readily receiv$ & n\ri%$ to p]fection2 b if ! soil be neglect$1 bo? ! se$ & ! lab\r w be lo/1 ! anticipations ( ! spr+ & summ] w end 9 delusion1 & ! folly ( ! :ole proce$+ w be %ewn by a succession ( noxi\s we$s1 & at la/ by an unproductive h>ve/4 ,! evils :i* mu/ necess>ily result f ?us runn+ c\nt] to ,nature 9 ?is fir/ "p ( h] educational proce$+s1 may be aptly illu/rat$ by ! v common cu/om ( beg9n+ a *ild's education by tea*+ x to read4 ,x w\ld p]haps be difficult to conv9ce _m t ?is cu/om is ei!r unnatural or improp]4 ,we %all n attempt "h to argue ! matt]1 b %all m]ely /ate a fact :i* !y _c d5y1 & :i* w answ] ! purpose we ?9k mu* bett] ?an an argum5t4--,to tea* ! art ( read+ 0 wont to require ! lab\r ( sev]al mon?s1 sometimes ye>s1 be=e ! p]usal ( a book c\ld be manag$ by ! *ild ) any degree ( ease1--& ev5 !n1 )\t any ?+ approa*+ to satisfaction or pleasure4 ,& ev5 yet1 al?\gh ! error has 9 "s measure be5 p]ceiv$ ( late ye>s1 yet ! art ( read+ by ! "y1 /ill requires sev]al mon?s' att5dance at s*ool1 ) correspond+ lab\r to ! tea*]1 & great irritation & unhapp9ess to ! *ild4 ,b exp]i5ce has e/abli%$ ! fact1 t1 by act+ on ! pr9ciple ( previ\s prep>ation :i* we are "h en=c+1 & by call+ into op]ation ! pr9ciple ( individuation =m]ly expla9$1 ! :ole drudg]y ( tea*+ a *ild to read is got ov] 9 a week1--sometimes 9 a day2 & ?is ) mu* m ease & satisfaction1 ?an c\ld h be5 done by a ?\s& lessons :ile 8 m9d 0 unprep>$4#aa ,! accumulation ( lab\r1 & ! loss ( preci\s "t by ?is non-obs]vance ( ! dictates ( ,nature1 are 9 !mselves s]i\s evils2 b !y are n by any means s great z "s o!rs :i* almo/ inv>iably accompany ?is unnatural mode ( proce$+ ) ! "y4 ,_m :o h nom9ally be5 taught to read1 are /ill q unable to und]/& by read+4 ,^? :o h he>d *apt]s read by families 9 ! c\ntry1 v]se ab\t1 w at once und]/& :at we "h mean2 & ev5 9 t[ns & cities :]e newspap]s & l[-pric$ books are m num]\s & m tempt+1 x (t5 requires long practice be=e ! emancipat$ *ild c read ^! publications s readily & intellig5tly z !y are int5d$ to be4 ,x is ano!r1 & an entirely diff]5t c\rse ( le>n+ to :i* he subjects himself1 :5 he lab\rs to acquire ! capacity ( und]/&+ ! words t he reads1 z readily z ! words t he he>s4 ,:]e ! inducem5ts to ?is are suffici5tly p[]ful1 ! ability is no d\bt at la/ acquir$2--b :]e ^! /imulants are awant+1 ! difficulty ( und]/&+ by read+ has by ! previ\s habit become s great1 t read+ is gradually disus$1 & at la/ =gott54 ,_m are at a loss to acc\nt = ?is2 b x is easily expla9$ on ! above pr9ciples4 ,to tea* a *ild to read1 be=e 8 m9d is capable ( und]/&+1 or ( reit]at+ ! ideas convey$ by ! words he is read+1 is to tra9 him to ?is habit ( read+ me*anically2--t is1 ( read+ )\t und]/&+4 ,he gradually acquires ! habit ( pron\nc+ ! words :i* he traces ) ! eye1 :ile ! m9d is busily engag$ ^u some?+ else2 9 ! same mann] t a p]son acquires ! habit ( ?9k+1 & ev5 ( speak+1 :ile knitt+ a /ock+1 or sew+ a seam4 ,?is habit is confirm$ by con/ant practice2 & !n1 ! difficulty ( gett+ (f ! habit is all b insurm\ntable4 ,?is difficulty w be be/ und]/ood by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h be5 dur+ "s "t ( _! life compell$ to ab&on a habit aft] x 0 ?or\ghly confirm$2--or by ^? :o w b try ! difficulty ( p]sev]+ to d some?+ ) ! left h&1 :i* has hi!rto be5 done ) ! "r4 ,a v little consid]ation w %ew1 t :5 ?is habit ( read+ me*anically has once be5 e/abli%$1 x w require1 l an improp] mode ( hold+ ! p5 9 writ+1 t5-fold m lab\r & self-d5ial to rem$y ! evil1 ?an x w\ld h tak5 at fir/ to prev5t x1 by le>n+ to d ! ?+ prop]ly & p]fectly4 ,mu* !re=e dep5ds ^u ! e>ly & p]sev]+ use ( ! cate*etical ex]cise = cultivat+ a *ild's m9d1 be=e beg9n+ to tea* x ! art ( read+1 or requir+ x to make use ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d on subjects :i* ^! p[]s are z yet incapable ( compreh5d+4 ,by prop] prelim9>y ex]cises1 ! p[]s ( ! m9d w be gradually exp&$2 ideas ( e diff]5t k9d1 bo? individually & 9 connection ) ea* o!r1 w become famili>2 ! design ( language 9 receiv+ & communicat+ tru? w by degrees be practically und]/ood2 &1 by means ( ! cate*etical ex]cise1 x w be gradually & successfully practis$4 ,^! are obvi\sly ! means by :i* ! pres5t crook$ ways 9 ! *ild's e>ly progress 9 education are to be made /raight1 & ! r\gh & difficult pa?s :i* he has _h s long to tread1 may n[ be made bo? easy & smoo?4#ab ,! effects ( ! cate*etical ex]cise1 & its uni=m b5eficial results1 h giv5 suffici5t evid5ce ( its be+ a close imitation ( ,nature 9 ?is "p ( h] educational process4 ,its success inde$ has be5 inv>iable1 ev5 :5 employ$ by ^? :o rema9$ unconsci\s ( ! great pr9ciples by :i* t success 0 to be regulat$4 ,! obs]vations & exp]im5ts employ$ to asc]ta9 9 "s measure ! ext5t ( its effici5cy1 h uni=mly be5 satisfactory1 & to a few ( ^! we %all "h v %ortly adv]t4 ,! fir/ case ( importance1 :i* came "u our notice1 & to :i* we ?9k x advisable to allude1 is t ( ,m>y ,l4 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 resid$ 9 ,lady ,ye/]'s p>i% 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,?is girl1 :5 h] "n 0 tak5 up = ! ,local ,sabba? ,s*ools 9 t p>i%1 0 ab\t sev5 or eight ye>s ( age1 & 9 respect to m5tal capacity1 appe>$ to be little bett] ?an an idiot4 ,%e c\ld n compreh5d ! mo/ simple idea1 if x relat$ to any ?+ beyond ! h\sehold objects :i* 7 daily =c$ ^u h] obs]vation1 & :i* _h individually become famili> to ! s5ses2 & 0 unable to receive any in/ruction ) ! o!r *ildr51 h[ev] "y4 ,! cate*etical ex]cise 0 adopt$ ) h]1 z ) ! o!r s*ol>s2 & al?\gh1 = a long p]iod1 %e 0 unable to collect k1 yet ! con/ant discipl9e to :i* ! p[]s ( ! m9d 7 ?us subject$1 _h ! happie/ effect 9 br++ !m into tone1 & at la/ giv+ h] ! comm& ( !m4 ,! compreh5d+ ( a simple tru? :5 ann\nc$1 became m & m di/9ct1 & ! answ]+ ( ! correspond+ que/ions1 became gradually m correct & easy4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod %e began to reli% ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool2 & al?\gh ^! occurr$ only on ! ,sundays1 %e cont9u$ rapidly to improve2 till1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 %e 0 able to jo9 ! high] classes ( ! *ildr51 & made a respectable appe>ance among h] companions1 at ^? times :5 !y 7 submitt$ to exam9ation4--,:5 ^! s*ools 7 brok5 up1 no /rang] c\ld h rem>k$ any diff]5ce betwe5 ,m>y ,l4 & an ord9>y *ild ( ! same age4 ,a simil> in/ance occurr$ m rec5tly 9 ! case ( two si/]s1 7,m>g>et & ,m>y ,j47 ! condition ( ^: m9ds orig9ally 0 bett]1 al?\gh n mu*1 ?an t ( ,m>y ,l4 ,at ! respective ages ( six & eight ye>s1 ^! si/]s c\ld sc>cely receive or compreh5d ! simple/ idea n connect$ ) _! daily ord9>y affairs4 ,= "s ye>s !y _h no m tea*+1 or regul> m5tal ex]cise1 ?an two h\rs weekly on ! ,sundays1 & dur+ t p]iod !y 71 9 reg>d to m5tal capacity1 advanc+1 b /ill ne>ly alike4 ,! elde/ 7,m>g>et17 0 !n remov$ to ano!r class1 ! tea*] ( :i* d$icat$ ano!r ev5+ dur+ ! week = ! b5efit ( h] s*ol>s4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is app>5tly slight addition to ! m5tal ex]cise ( ?is girl soon became app>5t2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t1 ! p[]s ( ,m>g>et's m9d n only advanc$ beyond ^? ( h] si/]'s1 b equall$ at lea/ ^? ( *ildr5 ( ! same age1 :o _h n enjoy$ simil> opportunities ( improvem5t4 ,h] si/] ,m>y1 :o cont9u$ to enjoy only ! two h\rs on ,sunday1 advanc$ proportionally 9 m5tal /r5g?2--& be=e %e left ! di/rict 9 :i* ! s*ool 0 situat$1 h] orig9al incapacity c\ld sc>cely h be5 cr$it$ by a /rang]4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 x may be add$1 t long aft] %e _h left ! p>i%1 ! writ] f\nd h] by accid5t 9 ! s*ool :i* %e att5d$ aft] remov+1 exam9$ h] ) ! o!r *ildr51 & made "s /rict & se>*+ enquiries conc]n+ h]4 ,! report ( h] tea*] 0 exce$+ly satisfactory2 &1 )\t kn[+ ! reason ( ^! enquiries1 decl>$1 t ,m>y ,j4 0 "o ( h] be/ s*ol>s4 ,be=e leav+ ?is notice ( ^! two *ildr51 !re is a circum/ance :i* may p]haps be wor?y ( record+4 ,9 ,m>g>et's c\nt5ance !re _h gradually appe>$1 latt]ly1 t :i* to a /rang] gave all ! ord9>y indications ( intellect1 & r sup]ior intellig5ce2 :ile 9 ,m>y's case1 at ! same p]iod1 !re cont9u$ to be mu* ( t vacancy ( look1 & /upid />e1 indicative r ( :at %e 01 ?an ( :at %e _h become4 ,t also1 h[ev]1 0 gradually disappe>+4 ,we %all adv]t only to "o o!r in/ance1 less rem>kable p]haps1 & c]ta9ly n s decisive1 on acc\nt ( ! %ortness ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! hon\rable & v5]able exam9ators1 h[ev]1 x 0 consid]$ z suffici5tly decisive1 & ( mu* public importance4 ,its application to prison discipl9e may ultimately be ( value1 :]e prison]s are conf9$ b = %ort p]iods1 & :]e ! cultivation ( ! m9d1 & ! gr[+ capacity to receive & reta9 religi\s tru? are objects ( importance4 ,9 ! exp]im5t 9 #ahbh1 made be=e ! ,"l ,provo/1 ,pr9cipal1 ,pr(essors1 & ,cl]gym5 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 ! ,c\nty ,jail1 a class ( crim9als :i* _h be5 =m$ ?ree weeks be=e1 & ex]cis$ "o h\r daily1 7 ?or\ghly & individually exam9$ )\t int]mission dur+ ne>ly ?ree h\rs4 ,our pres5t extract f ! ,report ( t ,exp]im5t ref]s1 n to ! am\nt ( k acquir$ by ^! p]sons dur+ ^! ?ree weeks1 b to ! capacity :i*1 at ! end ( t "t1 !y 7 f\nd to possess ( acquir+ e sort ( k4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 s f> imp]fect1 z ! ,exam9ators _h no means ( asc]ta9+ ! true /ate ( _! m9ds1 previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( _! ex]cises4 ,b hav+1 ^u enquiry f\nd f ! gov]nor ( ! prison1 t !re _h be5 no selection1 t all ! individuals 9 ! w>d _h be5 tak51 & t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 !y =m$ a fair sample ( ! prison]s commonly "u 8 *>ge1--! progress ( ?is m5tal cultivation dur+ t %ort p]iod1 became a special object ( exam9ation by ! ,rev]5d & le>n$ individuals :o conduct$ x4 ,_! ,report ( ! ,exp]im5t be>s1 t ^! individuals _h be5 tak5 )\t any reg>d to _! abilities1 & =m] acquirem5ts1 & =m$ a fair av]age ( ! usual prison]s4 ,9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! grasp ( m9d :i* ^! individuals possess$1 & ! read9ess ) :i* !y receiv$ & reta9$ :atev] 01 ev5 = ! fir/ "t1 communicat$ to !m1 x 0 m5tion$1 t a g5tlem5 on ! previ\s day1 9 ord] to try ! capacity ( m9d :i* !y _h atta9$1 desir$ ,mr ,gall to cate*ise !m ^u a section1 consi/+ ( f\rte5 v]ses1 :i* !y _h n se5 be=e1 & t1 aft] j t5 m9utes' exam9ation1 "o woman1 :o c\ld n read1 repeat$ ! :ole di/9ctly 9 h] own words4 ,dr ,brunton propos$1 = a simil> exp]im5t1 ! p>able ( ! 'tal5ts1' ) :i* none 0 acqua9t$ except "o woman1 :o 0 consequ5tly n p]mitt$ to answ]4 ,) its be+ only read to !m1 & ) a few m9utes' cate*is+1 !y p]ceiv$ its v>i\s circum/ances1 & 7 able to enum]ate !m 9 detail4 ,?is ex]cise demon/rat$ ! capacity ( att5tion1 & ! p[] ( analyz+ & lay+ hold ( circum/ances1 :i* !y _h rea*$1 z well z ! indisputable sup]iority ( ?is ,sy/em1 9 unfold+ & /r5g!n+ ! m5tal faculties1 ev5 9 adults4 ,! writ] ( ! ,report1 x is add$1 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( _! acquirem5ts :5 ,mr ,gall comm5c$ 8 op]ations2 b judg+ f ! exam9ation1 & f 8 k ( ! cont5ts ( ! books taught1 he has no hesitation 9 av]r+1 t ! answ]s :i* !y gave1 arose entirely f in=mation communicat$ by !m4 ,& :5 he reflects t _! answ]s1 be+ clo!d 9 _! own words1 gu>ante$ ! fact1 t x 0 ! ideas ^u :i* !y _h seiz$1 & t _! k p>ticipat$ 9 no degree ( rote1 ! conviction to 8 m9d is irresi/ible1 t ! univ]sal application ( ! ,lesson ,sy/em to ,prison ,discipl9e1 & to adults ev]y:]e1 w\ld be foll[$ by effects1 incalculably preci\s to ! individuals !mselves1 & to ! improv+ ( society 9 g5]al4 ,num]\s o!r in/ances might be adduc$ 9 pro( ( ! effici5cy ( ?is me?od ( attempt+ to imitate ,nature 9 ?is fir/ "p ( h] educational process1 :o w always be fai?ful 9 adh]+ to h] own laws1 & c\nt5anc+ h] own "w4 ,^! h[ev] may suffice2--& x ought n to escape obs]vation1 t 9 two ( ! cases fir/ allud$ to1 ! "y p]sons enjoy$ only two h\rs' in/ruction 9 ! week1 & ^! n divid$1 b cont9u\sly giv5 at "o "t4 ,= ?is reason1 x might h be5 fe>$1 t ! b5efits !n receiv$ w\ld h be5 lo/1 or neutraliz$1 by ! v>iety ( objects or amusem5ts :i* mu/ h int]v5$ dur+ ! week betwe5 ! lessons4 ,b x 0 n s4 ,& we may "h rem>k1 t if ) all ^! disadvantages1 s mu* good 0 really done 9 cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d by ?is ex]cise1 :at may we n expect by ! enlight5$1 regul>1 & daily application ( ! same p[]ful pr9ciples 9 our ord9>y s*ools1 :5 ! tea*] %all "k :]e ! virtue ( ! weapon :i* he wields really lies1 & :5 ! nature ( ! mat]ial he is call$ to "w ^u is also bett] und]/ood4 ,e ex]cise & e op]ation 9 ! s*ool w !n be made to tell2 & e mom5t ( ! pupils' att5dance w be improv$4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 we are f> )9 ! limits ( ! tru? :5 we say1 t m real sub/antial education w !n be communicat$ 9 "o mon?1 ?an x has be5 usual to receive by ! lab\rs ( a :ole ye>4 ,f :at has be5 already asc]ta9$1 we are fully w>rant$ 9 mak+ ! foll[+ rem>ks4 #a4 ,f ! above facts we c readily asc]ta9 ! cause1 :y "s ex]cises employ$ 9 education are s mu* reli%$ by ! "y1 & s effici5t 9 giv+ /r5g? & ela/icity to ! m9d2 :ile o!rs1 on ! contr>y are s ineffici5t1 s irksome1 & sometimes s intol]able4 ,e ex]cise t t5ds to produce active ?\ght1--! reit]ation ( ideas1--is natural1 & !re=e1 n only promotes heal?ful m5tal vig\r1 b is also excit+ & delightful2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] ! m9d is fett]$ by ! m]e decyph]+ ( words1 or ! repeat+ ( s\nds1 )\t reit]at+ ideas1 ! ex]cise is altoge!r unnatural1 & mu/ ( c\rse be irritat+ to ! *ild1 & b>r5 ( good4 #b4 ,by a due consid]ation ( ! above pr9ciples1 we see ! reason :y m5tal ari?metic1 ?\gh x may n communicate any k1 is yet productive ( consid]able m5tal vig\r4 ,^! ex]cises compel ! "y to a species ( volunt>y ?\ght1 ! reit]ation 9 ! m9d ( ! p[]s ( numb]s2 & al?\gh ! result ( ! p>ticul> calculations :i* are !n made1 may nev] aga9 be ( any s]vice to ! pupil1 yet ! consequ5t ex]cise ( m9d is b5eficial4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ?is ex]cise ( m9d ^u numb]s is altoge!r an artificial op]ation1 & is on ?is acc\nt1 nei!r s effici5t nor s pleasant z ! reit]ation ( moral or physical tru?s4 ,! same degree ( m5tal ex]cise1 br\ght into op]ation ^u "s useful fact1 :]e ! imag9ation z well z ! und]/&+1 c take a "p1 w\ld at once be m natural1 m effici5t1 m pleasant1 & m useful4 #c4 ,f ! nature & op]ation ( ! above pr9ciple1 also1 we c p]ceive 9 :at ! effici5cy ( ,pe/alozzi's ,ex]cises on ,objects1 consi/s4--,:5 a *ild is requir$ to tell y ! col\r & ! consi/5ce ( milk1 qualities :i* h all along be5 famili> to him1 x conveys to him no k2 b x excites to obs]vation & active ?\ght1--to ! reit]ation ( ideas2--& = ?is reason x is salut>y4 ,b x is /ill equally true1 z 9 ! =m] case1 t ! same degree ( m5tal ex]cise1 br\ght into op]ation ^u "s useful practical tru?1 w\ld be at lea/ equally useful z a m5tal /imulant1 & mu* m b5eficial z an educational ex]cise4 #d4 ,f ! nature ( ?is great fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 m5tal cultivation1 z consi/+ 9 ! reit]ation ( ideas1 & n ( words1 we h a key by :i* we c satisfactorily expla9 ! rem>kable1 & hi!rto unacc\ntable fact1 t _m p]sons :o1 9 y\? & at s*ool1 h be5 rank$ among ! dulle/ s*ol>s1 h aft]w>ds become ! greate/ m54 ,an active m9d1 9 exact proportion to its vig\r1 w p[]fully /ruggle aga9/ ! unnatural ?raldom ( m]e me*anical v]bal ex]cises4 ,! m9d 9 a heal?ful /ate w n be satisfi$ ) words1 :i* are b ! m$ium ( ideas1 because ideas alone are ! natural food ( ! m9d4 ,till ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 !re=e1 are suffici5tly enfeebl$ by "t & p]sev]ance1 x w /ruggle ) its fett]s1 & x w be repress$ only by co]cion4 ,m9ds naturally weak1 or gradually subdu$1 may & d submit to ?is artificial bondage1--?is unnatural drudg]y2 b ! vigor\s & p[]ful m9d1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 spurns ! trammels1 & cont9ues to /ruggle on4 ,x may be a protract$ w>f>e1--b x mu/ at la/ come to a close2 & x is n till ! pupil has em]g$ f ?is m5tal dungeon1 & has _h ^! gall+ fett]s fairly knock$ (f1 t ! natural ela/icity & /r5g? ( 8 m9d f9d !mselves at fre$om1 ) suffici5t room & lib]ty to act4 ,! impetus !n receiv$1 & ! delight 9 ! m5tal indep5d5ce !n felt1 h frequ5tly l$ to ! brighte/ results4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! reput$ dunce ( ! s*ool1 has n unfrequ5tly become ! ornam5t ( ! s5ate4 ,la/ly1 we w\ld rem>k1 t f ! facts "h enum]at$1 we d]ive a good te/ by :i* to try e new ex]cise propos$ = tra9+ ! "y1 & = cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,if ! ex]cise recomm5d$ compels ! *ild to active ?\ght1--to ! volunt>y ex]cise ( 8 own m9d ^u useful ideas1--t ex]cise1 :atev] be its =m1 w1 to t ext5t at lea/1 be b5eficial4 ,& if1 at ! same "t1 x c be associat$ ) ! acquisition ( k1 ) ! application ( k1 or ) ! ready communication ( k1--all ( :i*1 z we h se51 are concomitants 9 ,nature's process1--x w1 9 an equal degree1 be valuable & wor?y ( adoption4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ex]cise may be p]=m$ )\t ! necessity ( volunt>y ?\ght1 or ! reit]ation ( ideas by ! m9d1 h[ev] plausible or impos+ x may appe>1 x is next to c]ta91 t al?\gh su* an ex]cise may be suffici5tly burd5some to ! *ild1 & cause mu* lab\r & anxiety to ! tea*]1 x w mo/ assur$ly be at lea/ useless1 if n injuri\s4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,see ! ,fif? ,public ,exp]im5t 9 ,education1 conduct$ be=e ,sir ,?omas ,kirkpatrick1 & ! cl]gy & tea*]s ( ,dumfries1 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] #ahcc4 #aj ,note ,k4 #aa ,note ,h4 #ab ,= ! me?ods ( employ+ ?is ex]cise & ! books be/ adapt$ = x1 see ,note ,i4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! ,me?ods by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ! ,pupil's ,acquisition ( ,k2 ) a ,review ( ! ,analogy betwe5 ! ,m5tal & ,physical ,appetites ( ! ,"y4 ,! second /ep 9 ! progress ( ,nature's pupil is ! acquisition ( k4--,?is has always be5 consid]$ a *ief object 9 e sy/em ( education2 & ! discov]y ( ! mo/ effici5t means by :i* x may be accompli%$1 mu/ be a matt] ( great importance4 ,9 our rem>ks ^u ?is subject 9 a previ\s *apt]1 we h %ewn1 t ,nature 9 h] op]ations employs f\r di/9ct pr9ciples = accumulat+ k1 = reta9+ x ^u ! memory1 & = keep+ x 9 read9ess = use at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,!re are1 ,fir/1 ! reit]ation ( ideas by ! m9d1 )\t :i* !re c be no k2 ,secondly1 ! pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 by :i* ! k ( objects & tru?s is acquir$ "o by "o2 ,?irdly1 ! pr9ciple ( ,gr\p+1 or ,association1 9 :i* ! m9d views z "o object1 :at is really compos$ ( _m2 &1 ,f\r?ly1 ! pr9ciple ( ,analysis1 or ,classification1 9 :i* ! judgm5t is br\ght into ex]cise1 ! diff]5t portions ( our k are arrang$ & classifi$ "u diff]5t heads & bran*es1 & ! :ole reta9$ 9 ord] at ! comm& ( ! w1 :5 any portion ( x is requir$4--,our object n[ is to consid]1 :at means are )9 ! rea* ( ! p>5t & ! tea*]1 by :i* ,nature 9 ^! sev]al processes may be successfully imitat$1 :ile !y endeav\r to communicate ! elem5ts ( k to ! "y4 ,ideas be+ ! only prop] food ( ! m9d1 ,nature has creat$ 9 ! "y an extraord9>y appetite & desire = _! possession4 ,!re is a /rik+ analogy 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! body by food1 & ! invigorat+ ( ! m9d by k2 & be=e proce$+ to detail ! me?ods by :i* ! p>5t or ! tea*] may successfully break d[n & prep>e ! bread ( k = _! pupils 9 imitation ( ,nature1 x w be ( advantage "h to consid] m p>ticul>ly "s ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ?is in/ructive analogy4 ,by trac+ ! lik5ess s conspicu\sly held out to u 9 ?is analogy by ,nature h]self1 we %all be greatly assi/$ 9 evad+ ! bewild]+ & my/ify+ influ5ce ( prejudice1 & ! read] w be mu* bett] prep>$ to judge ( ! value ( ^? means recomm5d$ = n\ri%+ & /r5g!n+ ! m9d by k1 :5 he f9ds !m to correspond s exactly ) simil> pr9ciples employ$ by ,nature = ! n\ri%+ & /r5g!n+ ( ! body by food4 ,we %all by ?is means1 we hope1 be able to detect "s ( ^? fallacies :i* h long t5d$ to trammel ! ex]tions1 & to prev5t ! success ( ! tea*] 9 8 int]e/+ lab\rs4 ,! fir/ po9t ( analogy to :i* we w\ld adv]t1 is ! vig\r & activity ( ! m5tal appetite 9 ! "y1 :i* corresponds s /rik+ly ) ! frequ5t & urg5t crav+ ( _! bodily appetite = food4--,! desire ( food = ! body1 & ! desire ( k = ! m9d1 are alike re/less & insatiable 9 *ildhood2 & a simil> am\nt ( satisfaction & pleasure is ! consequ5ce1 :5ev] ^! desires are prud5tly gratifi$4 ,t ! desire = k 9 ! "y is (t5 weak5$1 & sometimes de/roy$1 is b too true2 b ?is is ! "w ( man1 n ( ,nature4 ,x w accord+ly be f\nd on inve/igation1 ) b few exceptions1 t :]ev] ! g5]al appetite ( ! *ild1 ei!r = m5tal or bodily food1 becomes languid or weak1 x is ei!r ! effect = disease or ( "s griev\s abuse4 ,ano!r po9t ( analogy consi/s1 9 ! necessity ( ! p]sonal active co-op]ation ( ! *ild himself 9 receiv+ & dige/+ 8 food4--,!re is no su* ?+ 9 ,nature z a *ild be+ f$ & n\ri%$ by proxy4 ,8 food mu/ be receiv$1 dige/$1 & assimilat$ by 8 own p[]s1 & by ! use ( 8 own organs1 else he w nev] be f$4 ,9 ! same way1 ! food = 8 m9d c b5efit him only 9 s f> z he himself is ! active ag5t4 ,he mu/ himself receive1 reit]ate 9 8 own m9d1 & commit to ! keep+ ( 8 memory1 e idea pres5t$ to him by 8 tea*]4 ,no "o c d ?is = him2--he mu/ d x himself4 ,9 a family1 ! p>5t may provide1 dress1 & communicate ! food to ! *ild1--b he c d no m2 & simil> is ! case ) respect to ! m5tal food provid$ by ! tea*]4 ,he may no d\bt select ! mo/ appropriate k9ds1--he may simplify x1--he may break x d[n into morsels2--b 8 pupils1 if !y are to le>n1 mu/ le>n = !mselves4 ,:5 a pupil1 to save himself tr\ble1 tries to evade ! le>n+ ( a prelim9>y lesson1 or :5 ! tea*] w9ks at ! evasion by p]=m+ ! ex]cise = him1 x is z absurd z = a p>5t to eat ! *ild's food1 & expect at ! same "t t 8 boy is to be n\ri%$ by x4 ,if ! m5tal food be too /rong = ! *ild1 some?+ m simple mu/ be provid$ = him2 b to cont9ue to adm9i/] k :i* ! pupil does n compreh5d1 & =ce ! /rong m5tal food ( an adult ^u ! t5d] capacities ( a *ild1 is an error ( ! mo/ mis*iev\s k9d4 ,x prev5ts ! m9d f act+ at all1 )\t :i* !re c be no improvem5t4 ,! m9d mu/ wield its own weapons if ignorance is to be dislodg$2 & if ! *ild is to advance at all1 he mu/ ov]come ! difficulties t lie 9 8 way by ! ex]tion ( 8 own p[]s4 ,8 tea*] may no d\bt direct him z to ! be/ & ! easie/ way ( accompli%+ 8 object2 b t is all4 ,! pupil mu/ 9 e case p]=m ! ex]cise = himself4 ,?is leads u to notice ano!r po9t ( analogy 9 ?is case1 :i* is1 ! necessity ( adapt+ ! food to ! age & capacities ( ^? :o are to receive x4--,!re is 9 ! m5tal1 z well z 9 ! physical n\ri%m5t provid$ = our race1 milk = ! weak1 z well z meat = ! /rong2 & x is necess>y 9 bo? cases t ! k9d & ! quantity be c>efully att5d$ to4 ,9 ! case ( ! /rong1 !re is less dang]2 because1 ) reg>d bo? to ! m5tal & bodily food1 ,nature has s ord]$ matt]s1 t ! food :i* is be/ adapt$ = ! weak1 w also n\ri% ! /rong2 b ! food adapt$ = ! /rong is nev] suitable1 & is (t5 poison\s to ! weak4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be1 9 all cases :]e ! "y are conc]n$1 z c>eful a selection ( ! m5tal food1 z !re is ( ! food = ! body2 & ! p>5t or tea*] %\ld1 9 all cases1 pres5t only su* subjects1 & su* ideas to 8 pupils1 z ! /ate ( _! faculties1 or ! progress ( _! k1 enables !m to und]/& & apply4 ,ano!r /rik+ po9t ( analogy betwe5 m5tal & bodily n\ri%m5t1 is to be f\nd 9 ! effects ( repletion1 :5 too great a quantity ( food is communicat$ at "o "t4--,z ! increase ( a *ild's bodily /r5g? does n dep5d ^u ! m]e quantity ( food =c$ into 8 /oma*1 b ^u t portion only :i* is heal?fully dige/$ & assimilat$2 s 9 l mann]1 ! am\nt ( a *ild's k w n correspond to ! numb] ( ideas =c$ ^u 8 att5tion by ! tea*]1 b to ^? only :i* h be5 reit]at$ by ! m9d1 & committ$ by t process to ! keep+ ( ! memory4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! evil ( repletion is two-fold2 !re is ! wa/e ( food & ( lab\r1 :ile ! /r5g? & ! gr[? ( ! *ild1 in/ead ( be+ promot$1 are ret>d$ & dim9i%$4 ,! physical appetite ga9s /r5g?1 by mod]ate ex]cise2 b x is pall$ & weak5$ by e in/ance ( repletion4 ,! desire = food is nev] = any l5g? ( "t at re/1 s long z ! /oma* is kept 9 prop] tone by mod]ate & frequ5t fe$+2 & ! quantity ( food :i* a heal?y *ild w 9 ^! circum/ances consume1 is (t5 surpris+4 ,b :5ev] ! /oma* is gorg$1 !n re/lessness1 uneas9ess1 & n unfrequ5tly disease1 are ! consequ5ces4 ,! dige/ive p[]s are weak5$1 ! tone ( ! /oma* is relax$1 &1 in/ead ( ! heal?ful crav+ = food :i* %\ld occur at ! prop] int]val1 ! appetite is de/roy$1 & food ( e k9d is nauseat$4--,exactly simil> is ! case ) ! m5tal appetite4 ,! natural curiosity ( *ildr51 or1 9 o!r words1 _! desire ( in=mation1 be=e x is *eck$ or ov]load$ by mismanagem5t1 is almo/ insatiable2 & ! a/oni%+ am\nt ( k :i* !y usually acquire betwe5 ! ages ( "o & ?ree ye>s1 :ile "u ! guidance ( ,nature1 has be5 =m]ly allud$ to4 ,b ?is desire ( in=mation1 & ?is capacity = receiv+ x1 are by no means conf9$ to t e>ly p]iod ( _! lives4 ,! same appetite = k w\ld increase & acquire additional /r5g?1 7 x b prop]ly direct$1 or furni%$ ) mod]ate & suitable means ( gratification4 ,b :5 a p>5t or tea*] impati5tly attempts to =ce x ^u ! *ild m rapidly ?an he c receive x1--t is1 ?an he c reit]ate x 9 8 m9d = himself1--he n only irritates & h>asses ! *ild1 b 8 attempt neutralizes ! effect ( ! ideas :i* ! *ild w\ld o!rwise pleasantly & effici5tly h receiv$4 ,e su* attempt to d m ?an en\gh greatly weak5s ! p[]s ( ! pupil's m9d1 & disc\rages him f any aft] attempt to increase 8 k4 ,z a g5]al maxim 9 ! education ( ! "y1 x may "h be obs]v$1 t z long z ! und]/&+ ( a *ild rema9s cle>1 & he c di/9ctly p]ceive ! tru?s :i* are communicat$ to him1 he w f9d himself pleasantly & pr(itably employ$1 & w soon acquire a habit ( di/9ct m5tal vision2--! p[]s ( 8 m9d w be rapidly exp&$ & /r5g!n$1 & he w receive & reta9 ! k communicat$ to him ) ease & ) pleasure4 ,b :51 on ! contr>y1 he is ov]task$1 & m ideas are =c$ ^u 8 att5tion ?an 8 capacity c receive1 ! m9d becomes di/urb$ & confus$1 ! m5tal p]ception becomes cl\dy & indi/9ct1 & all t is communicat$ 9 ^! circum/ances is absolutely lo/4 ,if ! p>5t or tea*] insi/s on ! pupil p]sev]+ 9 8 m5tal meal1 9 ! hope t ?+s w get bett]1 we c easily1 f ! pres5t analogy1 p]ceive ! fallacy ( su* a hope4 ,p]sev]ance w only create additional p]plexity2 ! :ole p[]s ( ! *ild's m9d w become m & m enfeebl$1 or totally pro/rat$2 ! lab\r ( ! tea*] w be lo/2 & he w f9d 8 pupil n[1 & = "s "t aft]w>ds1 mu* less able to take a cle> & di/9ct view ( any subject ?an he 0 be=e4 ,!re is yet "o o!r po9t ( analogy betwe5 ! supply ( food = ! body & ! m9d1 to :i* we mu/ also allude4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! baneful1 & (t5 de/ructive1 effects ( unnatural /imulants appli$ to ! m5tal appetite1 :i* /rik+ly correspond 9 _! effects to ! p]nici\s habit ( supply+ /imulants to ! "y 9 _! ord9>y food4--,/imulants w no d\bt1 9 bo? cases1 produce = ! "t additional excitem5t2--b !y are nei!r natural nor necess>y4 ,9 all ord9>y cases1 ,nature has made ample provision = ! suppos$ want1 ( :i* ! crav+--! natural & heal?y crav+--( *ildr5 = k & = food1 gives ample te/imony4 ,to c\nt]act or to weak5 ?is natural desire w\ld be improp]2--b artificially to increase x is always dang]\s4 ,! reason is obvi\s2 = ! excitem5t ?us caus$ be+ unnatural1 x is always tempor>y2 b its p]nici\s effects v soon become ext5sive & p]man5t4 ,e physician kn[s1 t ! habitual use ( /imulants 9 ! food ( ! "y1 weak5s ! tone ( ! /oma*1 palls ! appetite1 creates a disreli% = pla9 & :olesome food1 & frequ5tly de/roys ! p[]s ( dige/ion = ev] aft]4 ,v simil> are ! effects ( unnatural /imulants to ! m5tal appetite 9 tra9+ & tea*+ ! "y1 :5 ^! /imulants are habitually1 or ev5 frequ5tly adm9i/]$4 ,_! curiosity1--_! appetite = k1--is naturally s vigor\s1 t ! repetition1 or ! read+ ( any /ory1 h[ev] commonplace or un9t]e/+ to u1 gives !m ! s9c]e/ pleasure1 provid$ only t !y und]/& & c foll[ x4 ,?is is a mo/ wise & b5efic5t provision ( ,nature1 ( :i* p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld be c>eful to take advantage4 ,x is because ( ?is disposition 9 *ildr51 t 9 all ord9>y cases1 ! simple/ n>rative or anecdote 9 ord9>y life1 may be successfully employ$ 9 giv+ !m m5tal /r5g?1 & 9 communicat+ p]man5t moral in/ruction4 ,b :5ev] unnatural & injudici\s excitem5ts are us$ 9 _! in/ruction1 & ! *ild's imag9ation has be5 /imulat$ & defil$ by ! ideas ( giants & ogres1 fairies & gho/s1 ! :ole natural tone ( ! m9d is de/roy$1 pla9 & ev5 int]e/+ /ories & n>ratives lose _! prop] attraction1 & a diseas$ & insatiable appetite = ! m>vell\s & ! horrible is g5]ally creat$4 ,ev5 to adults1 & mu* m to *ildr51 ^: m9ds h be5 ?us abus$1 ! pla9 pa?s ( probability & tru? h lo/ e *>m2 & ! /udy ( ab/ract b useful subjects becomes to !m a nause\s task--an intol]able burd54 ,! accuracy ( ?is analogy1 we ?9k1 w readily be admitt$ by all4 ,& if s1 x w at lea/ help to illu/rate1 if x does n prove1 "s ( ! important conclusions to :i* we %all f9d ourselves l$ ^u o!r1 & philosophical gr\nds4 ,b z ! prejudices :i*1 dur+ sev]al c5turies1 h be5 gradually congregat+ ar\nd ! sci5ce ( education are s _m & s p[]ful1 e legitimate means1 & ?is among o!rs1 %\ld be comb9$ = ! purpose ( remov+ !m4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,h[ ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,communicat+ ,k to ! ,pupil1 by ! ,reit]ation ( ,ideas4 ,! ph5om5on 9 me*anics & natural philosophy1 :i* is popul>ly t]m$ ,suction1 may be exhibit$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 & yet all are ! result ( b "o cause4 ,:5 we witness ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ! air & common pump1--! b>omet] & ! cupp+ glass1--! sipp+ ( our tea1 & ! trav]s+ ( an insect on ! mirror or ! ro(1--! op]ations appe> s v dissimil>1 t we are ready to attribute !m to ! action ( a v>iety ( ag5ts4 ,b x is n s2--= :5 we trace ea* ( !m back to its primitive cause1 we f9d t ea* & all ( ^! wond]s are produc$ by ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 & t alone4 ,9 precisely ! same mann]1 k may app>5tly be communicat$ to ! human m9d 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways2 & yet1 :5 we exam9e ea*1 & trace x to its primitive cause1 we f9d ! ph5om5on to be "o--& "o alone4 ,! tru? has be5 receiv$ & lodg$ ) ! memory1--made "p ( our k--by ! reit]ation ( its idea by ! m9d itself2--by an ex]cise ( active1 volunt>y ?\ght ^u ! k ?us communicat$4 ,! cause & ! effect inv>iably foll[ ea* o!r bo? 9 old & "y2 = :5ev] a new idea is p]ceiv$ & reit]at$ by ! pupil1--if x %\ld be b once1--! k ( ! *ild is to t ext5t increas$2 b :5ev] ?is act ( ! m9d is awant+1 !re c be no additional in=mation receiv$2--! increase ( k is f\nd to be impossible4 ,?is appe>s to be a law ( our ,nature1 to :i* we "k ( no exception4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k "h1 t ! ret5tion or p]man5ce ( ! ideas ?us committ$ to ! keep+ ( ! memory dep5ds ^u two circum/ances4 ,! fir/ is1 ! vig\r ( ! m5tal p[]s1 or ! int5sity ( ! impression made ^u !m at ! "t ( reit]ation2--& ! second1 & c]ta9ly ! pr9cipal circum/ance1 is ! frequ5cy ( _! reit]ation by ! m9d4 ,9 evid5ce ( ! fir/ we see1 t a fall1 a fright1 or a n>r[ escape f imm95t dang]1 al?\gh x occurr$ b once1 & p]haps 9 e>ly infancy1 w be rememb]$ ?r\gh life2 & 9 pro( ( ! second1 we f9d1 t ! sc5es & circum/ances ( *ildhood be+ frequ5tly & daily reit]at$ by ! m9d1 at a "t :5 x has little else to reit]ate1 rema9 p]man5tly on ! memory4 ,! object !re=e mo/ to be desir$ by ! tea*]1 is an ex]cise1 or a s]ies ( ex]cises1 by :i*1 9 8 attempts to communicate k to 8 pupil1 ?is act ( reit]ation may be secur$1 & if possible repeat$ at pleasure1 = m p]man5tly fix+ on ! memory ! k communicat$4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we %ew$1 t ?is act ( reit]ation is ! in/rum5t employ$ by ,nature = cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d z well z = communicat+ & impress+ k2--& we h also %ewn t ,nature 9 t process 0 successfully imitat$ by means ( ! cate*etical ex]cise4 ,?is ex]cise has accord+ly be5 f\nd z p[]ful & effici5t 9 promot+ ?is1 h] second object1 z x is 9 ! fir/4 ,! success ( ! cate*etical ex]cise 9 communicat+ k cle>ly to ! "y1 ev5 :5 x is b imp]fectly manag$1 has be5 ext5sive & uni=m2 b :]ev] its nature has be5 prop]ly und]/ood1 & x has be5 sci5tifically conduct$1 ! am\nt ( k communicat$ 9 a giv5 "t1 & ) a giv5 am\nt ( m5tal & physical lab\r1 /&s confess$ly )\t a p>allel 9 ! previ\s hi/ory ( education4 ,m9ds ! mo/ obtuse1 habits ( li/lessness ! mo/ invet]ate1 & m5tal imbecility1 bord]+ on idiotcy1 h be5 p[]fully assail$ & ov]come2 & k1 by means ( ?is ex]cise1 has =c$ its way1 & firmly secur$ a place = itself1 9 m9ds :i* previ\sly 7 little m ?an a blank4 ,! causes ( its success 9 cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d 7 =m]ly expla9$2 b its adaptation to ! communicat+ ( k is /ill m peculi>ly /rik+4 ,we %all endeav\r to po9t out a few ( ^! peculi>ities4 ,let u = t purpose suppose a tea*] desir\s ( communicat+ to a *ild ! important fact1 t ,god at fir/ made all ?+s ( no?+ to %ew 8 greatness2 x mu/ be done1 ei!r by ! *ild read+ or he>+ ! s5t5ce4 ,if x be read1 !re is at lea/ a *ance1 t ! words may be all decyph]$1 & audibly pron\nc$1 :ile ! ideas conta9$ 9 !m h n yet rea*$ ! m9d4 ,! *ild may h c>efully exam9$ ea* ^w z x occurr$1 & may h reit]at$ ea* ( !m on 8 m9d z he read !m1 & yet !re may n be ! slighte/ addition to 8 k4 ,! reit]ation ( words1 z we h be=e expla9$1 is n t :i* ,nature requires1 b ! reit]ation ( ideas2 & al?\gh we may1 by sub/itut+ ! "o = ! o!r1 deceive ourselves1 ,nature w n be deceiv$2 = unless ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! s5t5ce be reit]at$ by ! m9d1 !re c be no additional in=mation convey$4--,! same ?+ may happ51 if ! words1 in/ead ( be+ read by ! *ild1 are ann\nc$ by ! tea*]4 ,! pupil may 9 t case he> ! s\nds2 nay1 he may repeat ! words1 & ?us reit]ate !m 9 8 m9d aft] ! tea*]2 b if he has n translat$ ! words into _! prop] ideas z he proce$$1 exp]i5ce proves1 t 8 k rema9s z limit$ z be=e2--!re has be5 no additional in=mation4 ,^! cases are s common1 & s uni=m1 t no f>!r illu/ration we ?9k ne$s be giv5 ( !m4 ,! desid]atum 9 bo? ^! cases is1 "s ex]cise by :i* ! *ild %all be compell$ to translate ! words into _! sev]al ideas2 & by reit]at+ ! ideas !mselves1 n ! words :i* convey !m1 he %all be enabl$ at once to commit !m to ! keep+ ( ! memory1 & ?us make !m "p ( 8 k4 ,! cate*etical ex]cise supplies ?is want4 ,= if1 9 ei!r case1 aft] ! words h be5 read or repeat$1 ! *ild is ask$1 ,:at did ,god make8 ! translation ( ! words into ! ideas1 if previ\sly neglect$1 is n[ =c$ ^u him1 because )\t ?is x is impossible = him to prep>e ! answ]4 ,! ideas mu/ be drawn f ! words1 & reit]at$ by ! m9d1 indep5d5tly ( ! words1 be=e ! ex]cise c be complet$4 ,& n only mu/ ! p>ticul> idea :i* answ]s ! "q be extract$1 b ! :ole ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! s5t5ce mu/ be reit]at$ by ! m9d1 be=e ! selection c be begun1 & ! *oice made4 ,x is also specially wor?y ( rem>k1 t ev5 9 su* a case z ?is1 :]e1 on ! s5t5ce be+ read or he>d1 ! words alone 7 at fir/ p]ceiv$1 yet no soon] does ! m9d proce$ to its legitimate object1 ! reit]ation ( ! ideas :i* ! words convey1 ?an ! words !mselves are in/antly lo/ sight (1 & 9 "o s5se are nev] aga9 ?\ght (4 ,z soon z ! k]nel is extract$1 ! %ell has lo/ its value4 ,! pupil hav+ once got sight ( ! ideas1 t5aci\sly keeps hold ( !m1 & nev] once ?9ks aga9 ( ! words1 :i* 7 m]ely ! in/rum5t employ$ by ,nature to convey !m4 ,:5 ! "q is ask$1 & he answ]s x1 ! process consi/s 9 8 translat+ ! words ( ! :ole s5t5ce into _! sev]al ideas1 *us+ out ! idea :i* answ]s ! "q f all ! o!rs1 & !n 9 clo?+ t idea 9 words :i* are n[ entirely 8 own4 ,9 all ?is !re is a long & intricate s]ies ( m5tal ex]cises1 9 e "o ( :i* ! m9d is actively employ$1 & x is 9 ?is1 z be=e expla9$1 t ! value ( ?is ex]cise1 9 cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 really consi/s4 ,b our pres5t bus9ess is ) ! acquisition ( k by its means2 & we h to obs]ve1 t 9 ea* ( ! m5tal op]ations requir$ = ! answ] ( a s+le "q1 ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! orig9al s5t5ce h repeat$ly to und]go ! process ( reit]ation2 by :i* !y are m cle>ly p]ceiv$1 & m p]man5tly fix$ on ! memory1 ?an !y o!rwise c\ld h be54 ,h5ce ! value ( ?is ex]cise1 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ! orig9al s5t5ce has be5 at ! fir/ fully und]/ood4 ,?is w appe> obvi\s by trac+ ! m5tal op]ation ( ! pupil f ! beg9n+1 :5 he has to answ] ! "q4 ,!re is fir/ ! und]/&+ ( ! "q ask$ at him4 ,?is mu/ be he>d & reit]at$ by ! m9d be=e its purport c be p]ceiv$1 & all ?is be=e he c comm5ce ! prop] m5tal op]ation ^u ! orig9al s5t5ce f :i* 8 answ] is to be select$4 ,he has !n to review ! words ( ! orig9al s5t5ce1 /ill s\nd+ 9 8 e>s1 & to translate !m into _! sev]al ideas1 be=e he c beg9 to select ! "o requir$4 ,!n comes ! act ( selection1 hav+ to *use out f among all ! o!rs ! special idea requir$ z 8 answ]2 & la/ly1 !re is ! clo?+ ( t idea 9 words suitable = ! occasion1 & ! audibly pron\nc+ ( ^! words z ! answ] requir$4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! m9d passes f "o "p ( ?is ex]cise to ano!r1 may prev5t ^! sev]al op]ations f be+ p]ceiv$1 b x is n ! less true t !y mu/ h tak5 place4 ,& h5ce arises ! value ( ! cate*etical ex]cise1 n only 9 cultivat+ 9 an extraord9>y degree ! m5tal faculties ( ! pupil1 b 9 p[]fully =c+ in=mation ^u ! m9d1 & p]man5tly fix+ x ^u ! memory = aft] use4 ,b ev5 ?is does n exhau/ ! catalogue ( b5efits to be d]iv$ f ! use ( ! cate*etical ex]cise 9 communicat+ k to ! "y4 ,we h suppos$ only "o "q to h be5 ask$ by ! tea*] ^u ! orig9al s5t5ce1 & yet we h se5 t ?is "o "q has 9 fact 9 a great measure secur$ ! und]/&+ ( ! :ole ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 x4 ,b in/ead ( "o "q1 ! cate*etical ex]cise has ! p[] ( orig9at+ _m1 ea* produc+ successively simil> results1 b ) great] ease to ! *ild1 & ) mu* m effect 9 rivett+ ! sev]al ideas ^u ! memory4 ,! fir/ "q1 :5 prop]ly put1 gives ! pupil ! comm& ( ! :ole proposition2 b x requires consid]able m5tal ef=t 9 ! *ild to recall ! words1 & int]nally to translate ! ideas = ! fir/ "t4 ,b :5 ?is has once be5 done1 & a second "q is ask$ f ! same s5t5ce1 ! ideas be+ n[ m famili>1 !re is less m5tal lab\r requir$ 9 prep>+ ! answ]1 & !re be+ equal success1 !re is ( c\rse m satisfaction4 ,! ideas become mu* m cle> & di/9ct be=e ! m9d by a second review2 & ! effect1 9 fix+ ! :ole ^u ! memory1 is mu* m p[]ful ?an x c\ld be by means ( ! fir/4 ,:5 !re=e ! tea*] conf9es himself to ! orig9al s5t5ce1 & does n indulge 9 cate*etical w&]+s1 ! que/ions1 ,:5 did ,god make all ?+s8 ,h[ _m ?+s did ,god make8 ,( :at did ,god make all ?+s8 &1 ,:y did ,god make all ?+s8 produce ext5sive & p[]ful effects4 ,! pupil f9ds himself able to ma/] ea* "q 9 succession )\t difficulty1 & ! answ]+ ( ea* appe>s to him a triumph4 ,:oev] has be5 9 ! habit ( mak+ use ( ?is ex]cise 9 ! mann] expla9$ above1 mu/ h witness$ ) pleasure ! life1 & en]gy1 & delight1 :i* x inv>iably infuses into ! s*ol>1 giv+ education a p]fectly diff]5t aspect f :at x usually assumes 9 ! eyes ( ! "y1 & mak+ x ev5 9 ! e/imation ( ! pupil a =midable rival to 8 play4 ,9 ?is mann] has ,nature set h] seal ^u ?is ex]cise1 z a ne> approximation to h] own process = atta9+ ! two prep>atory objects %e has 9 view 9 ! education ( ! "y2 t ( cultivat+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 & t ( communicat+ to h] pupils ! elem5ts ( k4 ,?is ex]cise has be5 r$uc$ to a regul> sy/em1 :i* has plac$ x m directly at ! comm& ( all :o und]take ! in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,by a little att5tion on ! "p ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 to a few simple rules1 !y may cate*ise ^u any book1 & apply ! ex]cise to any species ( k :atev]4 ,we %all endeav\r to expla9 ! nature & uses ( ^! rules4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is ex]cise1 ! s*ool books ( ! pupil are suppos$ to consi/ ( s5t5ces1 ea* ( ! pr9cipal words 9 :i* conveys "s specific idea2--^! aga9 are comb9$ into clauses1 :i* also convey an idea2--& ! comb9ation ( ^! clauses 9 a s5t5ce1 or p>agraph1 usually =ms a complete tru?4 ,= example1 ! s5t5ce1 ,god at fir/ made all ?+s ( no?+ to %ew 8 greatness1 conta9s "o great tru?2 b ! s5t5ce :i* conveys x1 embodies at lea/ two clauses1 inclos$ 9 brackets1 :ile ! :ole is made up ( words1 ea* ( :i* is ! sign ( an idea :i* may readily be sep>at$ f all ! o!rs4 ,n[ x is evid5t1 t que/ions may be =m$ by ! tea*] relative to ea* ( ^! ?ree p>ts4 ,he may ask a "q1 :i* %all require ! :ole tru? = ! answ]2 or "o :i* w be answ]$ by a clause2 or ano!r :i* is answ]$ by a ^w4 ,9 revis+1 accord+ly1 :]e "t is an object1 ! tea*] conf9es himself to ^? g5]al que/ions :i* br+ out ! :ole tru? at once1 z is exemplifi$ 9 ! ,l>g] & ,%ort] ,cate*isms4 ,?is is call$ ! ,connect+ ,ex]cise1 because x is employ$ 9 unit+ sections toge!r1 :i* h previ\sly be5 taught to ! pupils sep>ately1 b :i* are necess>y to be p]ceiv$ also 9 connection4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be too limit$ an ex]cise = ! purpose ( direct+ ! m9d to ! sev]al p>ts ( a tru? = ! fir/ "t2 & !re=e ! tea*] 9 ^? cases =ms 8 que/ions *iefly ^u ! clauses 9 ! s5t5ce1 & ! o!r words :i* h "s mat]ial relation to !m1 & ?is is call$ ! ,g5]al ,ex]cise4 ,b ev5 ?is is n en\gh1 :]e ! *ild is dull1 or :]e heal?ful m5tal ex]cise is requir$2 & accord+ly 9 t case1 ! tea*] n only que/ions ^u ! clauses 9 connection ) ! o!r pr9cipal words1 b he takes ! words1 ( :i* ! clauses are compos$1 & cate*ises ! *ild ^u !m also4 ,?is is call$ ! ,v]bal ,ex]cise1 :i* has be5 f\nd ( great value 9 ! tea*]'s int]c\rse ) 8 y\ng] classes4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples ! ,initiatory ,cate*isms & _! ,keys h be5 =m$1 toge!r ) ! sev]al ,helps = communicat+ ,scriptural k4 ,! success ( ^! s*ool books1 al?\gh lab\r+ "u all ! disadvantages ( new in/rum5ts1 imp]fectly =m$ to "w out new pr9ciples1 is ma9ly to be attribut$ to ! close imitation ( ,nature aim$ at 9 all _! ex]cises4 ,! rule = ! p>5t or tea*] 9 ma/]+ ^! ex]cises is ! same 9 all2 x consi/s simply 9 =m+ ! "q 9 su* a mann]1 z t ! ^w1 ! clause1 or ! :ole proposition1 %all be requir$ to make ! answ]4 ,suffici5t explanation & examples ( all ?is w be f\nd 9 ! ,note4#ac ,! uni=m results ( _m exp]im5ts1 h e/abli%$ ! importance ( ?is ex]cise z an in/rum5t 9 communicat+ k to ! ignorant1 :e!r "y or old4 ,we %all %ortly adv]t to a few ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ^! exp]im5ts1 = ! purpose ( satisfactorily e/abli%+ ?is4 ,9 an exp]im5t made 9 ,may #ahbh1 "u ! direction ( ! ,v ,rev4 ,dr ,baird1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 be=e ! ,"l ,provo/1 & sev]al ( ! ,pr(essors & ,cl]gym5 ( t city1 n9e adult crim9als1 tak5 )\t reg>d to _! abilities1 & :o1 9 ! op9ion ( ,gov]nor ,rose1 =m$ a fair av]age ( ! usual prison]s1 71 9 ! space ( ?ree successive weeks1 ex]cis$ 9 :ole = eighte5 or tw5ty h\rs4 ,!y 7 at ! end ( t "t m9utely exam9$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,c\nty ,jail1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,"r ,hon\rable & ,rev]5d ,pr(essors & ,g5tlem51 :o =m$ ,pr9cipal ,baird's committee2 & _! ,report ( ! exp]im5t & its effects be>s1 t ! result ( ?is important exp]im5t 01 9 e po9t1 satisfactory4 ,n only _h mu* religi\s k be5 acquir$ by ! pupils1 & t ( ! mo/ sub/antial1 & c]ta9ly ! lea/ evanesc5t k9d2 b x appe>$ to h be5 acquir$ ) ease1 & ev5 ) satisfaction--a circum/ance ( mat]ial importance 9 e case1 b especially 9 t ( adult prison]s4 ,! exam9ation evid5tly br\ght out only a specim5 ( _! k1 & did by no means comprise all t _h be5 acquir$ by !m2 b1 ev5 ?\gh x _h con/itut$ ! :ole am\nt ( _! in=mation1 ! fact t su* a treasure _h be5 amass$ 9 ?ree weeks is 9 itself a/oni%+4 ,! writ] ( ?is ,m9ute 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! ext5t ( _! acquirem5ts :5 ,mr ,gall comm5c$ 8 op]ations2 b judg+ f ! exam9ation1 & f 8 k ( ! cont5ts ( ! books taught1 he has no hesitation 9 av]r+1 t ! answ]s :i* !y gave1 arose entirely f in=mation communicat$ by !m4 ,& :5 he reflects t _! answ]s1 be+ clo!d 9 _! own words1 gu>ante$ ! fact1 t x 0 ! ideas ^u :i* !y _h seiz$1 & t _! k p>ticipat$ 9 no degree ( rote1 ! conviction to 8 m9d is irresi/ible1 t ! univ]sal application ( ! ,lesson ,sy/em to ,prison ,discipl9e1 & to adults e :]e1 w\ld be foll[$ by effects incalculably preci\s to ! individuals !mselves1 & to ! improv+ ( society 9 g5]al4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is ex]cise 9 communicat+ k1 0 equally conspicu\s 9 ano!r exp]im5t1 conduct$ "u ! eye ( ! ,pr9cipal1 ,pr(essors1 & ,cl]gym5 ( ,ab]de51 9 ,july #ahbh4 ,! p]sons on :om ?is exp]im5t 0 made1 7 *ildr5 tak5 f ! l[] classes ( society1 c>efully select$ on two sev]al days1 by a committee ( cl]gym5 appo9t$ = ! purpose1 f ! v>i\s s*ools 9 ! city4 ,^! *ildr5 7 all c>efully & individually exam9$ 9 private by ! committee1 & 7 *os5 f among _! companions1 n on acc\nt ( _! natural abilities1 or educational acquirem5ts1 b specially & simply on acc\nt ( _! ignorance4 ,! precautions tak5 by ! ,rev4 & le>n$ exam9ators1 to secure accuracy 9 _! ultimate decision1 7 at once judici\s & complete2 & 7 int5d$ to enable !m to say ) confid5ce at ! close ( ! exp]im5t1 t ! results1 :atev] !y might be1 7 really ! effects ( ! ex]cise & discipl9e to :i* ! *ildr5 dur+ x _h be5 subject$1 & 7 9 no respect due to ! previ\s capacity or ! atta9m5ts ( ! *ildr54 ,to secure ?is important prelim9>y object1 !re=e1 ! sub-committee ( cl]gym5 above allud$ to 0 appo9t$1 z soon z ! exp]im5t 0 det]m9$ ^u1 ) in/ructions to collect a class ( ! mo/ ignorant *ildr5 !y c\ld f9d1 att5d+ ! sev]al s*ools1 & :o x 0 ?\ght w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 mo/ incapacitat$ = receiv+ in/ruction4 ,?is sub-committee1 consi/+ ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,murray1 ! ,rev4 ,ab]cromby ,l4 ,gordon1 & ! ,rev4 ,david ,simpson1 9 _! previ\s ,report1 say1 ,we1 on two sev]al days1 met ) ! *ildr5 :i* 7 collect$ f ! v>i\s s*ools1 & exam9$ !m individually1 & ap>t f ea* o!r2 avoid+ e appe>ance ( =mality1 & endeav\r+ to draw !m into famili> conv]sation1 t we might correctly asc]ta9 ! /ate ( _! religi\s k on ! ?ree foll[+ po9ts1 :i* we consid]$ to be ! be/ crit]ion by :i* to judge ( _! und]/&+ ( ! o!r less important po9ts 9 ! gospel s*eme ( salvation4--,^! po9ts 71 #a4 ,our connection1 z s9n]s1 ) ,adam2 #b4 ,our connection ) ,*ri/ z ! ,savi\r2 #c4 ,! means by :i* we become int]e/$ 9 ! salvation ( ,*ri/4 ,on m9utely exam9+ ea* *ild on ^! po9ts1 "o by "o1 & endeav\r+1 by v>i$ & famili> language & cross-que/ion+1 )\t confus+ _! ideas1 to asc]ta9 ! k :i* !y possess$ on ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 we accurately1 & at ! "t1 m9ut$ ! result1 di/+ui%+ ^? po9ts :i* !y und]/ood1 & ^? :i* !y did n4 ,f ?is li/ we aft]w>ds select$ tw5ty-two names1 ( *ildr5 :o appe>$ f ! li/1 to be ! mo/ ignorant1 by n hav+ any m>ks ( approval on any "o ( ^! po9ts on :i* !y 7 exam9$2--al?\gh delicacy to ! *ildr51 z well z to _! p>5ts & tea*]s1 prev5t$ u f /at+ to !m1 t ?is 0 ! pr9ciple by :i* we _h be5 regulat$ 9 our selection4 ,f ^! tw5ty-two *ildr51 ,mr ,gall has made up 8 class ( t51 = ?is exp]im5t1 :i* he proposes %all cont9ue = eight days1 occupy+ two h\rs ea* day2 & hav+ ?us *os5 t class ( pupils :i* appe>$ to u ! mo/ ignorant1 we h1 9 ju/ice to ,mr ,gall & ?is sy/em ( tea*+1 /at$ ! fact1 leav+ ! exam9ators to make :at all[ance !y may on ?is acc\nt ?9k prop]1 9 det]m9+ on ! failure or success ( ?is v important & int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ! *ildr5's k & capacity :5 ! exp]im5t began2 & ! foll[+ 0 f\nd to be ! /ate ( ^! same *ildr5's k :5 exam9$ publicly 9 ! ,ea/ ,*ur*1 be=e ! ,v ,rev4 ,pr9cipal1 ,pr(essors1 & ,cl]gym5 ( ! city1 & a l>ge congregation ( ! citiz5s1 eight days aft]w>ds4 ,! *ildr5 7 fir/ int]rogat$ m9utely on ! doctr9es ( ! gospel1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly arrang$ 9 a li/ "u sixte5 diff]5t heads1 embody+ all ! lead+ doctr9al po9ts 9 ! ,confession ( ,fai? & ,%ort] ,cate*ism1 a copy ( :i* 0 h&$ to ! ,v ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,jack1 :o presid$4 ,! ,report ( ! ,exp]im5t1 prep>$ by _! ,committee1 goes on to say1 t ,aft] be+ exam9$ g5]ally & satisfactorily on ea* ( ^! heads1 ! *airman1 by means ( a li/ ( ! names ) :i* he 0 furni%$1 call$ up "s ( !m individually1 :o 7 c>efully exam9$1 & %ew$1 by _! answ]s1 t !y sev]ally und]/ood ! nature ( ! above doctr9es1 & _! mutual relation to ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 !n exam9$ on ! ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 f ! acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,moses1 d[nw>ds1 to t ( ! revolt ( ! ,t5 ,tribes 9 ! reign ( ,rehoboam4 ,"h !y di/9ctly /at$ & describ$ all ! lead+ circum/ances ( ! n>rative compris$ 9 ! ',fir/ ,/ep1' ^: brief b compreh5sive outl9e !y appe>$1 9 v>i\s in/ances1 to h fill$ up at home1 by read+ 9 _! ,bibles ! correspond+ *apt]s4 ,!y 7 next exam9$ 9 ! same way1 on sev]al sections ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ) :i* !y _h also acquir$ an ext5sive practical k1 besides "s useful in=mation 9 ,civil ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 & ,natural ,philosophy1 on all :i* !y 7 closely & ext5sively exam9$4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 und]tak5 at ! reque/1 & "u ! sanction1 ( ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,union ( ,london1 ! effici5cy ( ?is ex]cise1 z a successful imitation ( ,nature 9 communicat+ k1 0 also satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,we %all at pres5t adv]t only to "o feature ( x1 z be+ m imm$iately connect$ ) ! pres5t bran* ( our subject1 t ( communicat+ k to ! mo/ ignorant & deprav$4 ,! ,report ( ?is ,exp]im5t1 drawn up by ! ,secret>ies ( t ,in/itution1 records1 t x _h be5 reque/$1 t1 if possible1 *ildr5 %\ld be procur$1 some:at resembl+ ! hea!n1 7or p]sons 9 a savage /ate17 ^: intellectual & moral atta9m5ts 7 b\nd$ only by _! k ( natural objects1 & ^: feel+s & obligations 7 ( c\rse regulat$ pr9cipally by co]cion & fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,two g5tlem5 ( ! ,committee1 accord+ly1 und]took ! se>*1 & at la/ procur$ f ! /reets ?ree *ildr51 a boy & two girls ( ! ages1 s f> z c\ld be asc]ta9$1 7= !y !mselves c\ld n tell17 ( sev51 n9e1 & elev5 ye>s1 :om we %all designate ,g1 ,h1 & ,i4 ,^! *ildr5 _h no k ( lett]s2 knew no m ?an ! "n ( ,god1 & t he 0 9 ! skies1 b c\ld n tell any ?+ ab\t him1 or :at he _h done4 ,!y knew n :o made ! sun1 nor ! _w1 nor !mselves4 ,!y _h no idea ( a s\l1 or t !y %\ld live aft] dea?4 ,"o _h a confus$ idea ( ! "n ( ,jesus1 z connect$ ) pray]s2 :i*1 h[ev]1 %e did n und]/&1 b _h nev] he>d ( ,adam1 ,noah1 or ,abraham4 ,:5 ask$ if !y knew any ?+ ( ,moses1 "o on !m 7viz4 ,i17 in/antly recollect$ ! "n2 b :5 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t %e only ref]r$ to a cant t]m usually be/[$ ^u ! old-clo!sm5 ( ,london4 ,!y _h no idea ( a ,savi\r2 knew no?+ ( heav5 or hell2 _h nev] he>d ( ,*ri/1 & knew n :e!r ! "n belong$ to a man or a woman4 ,! boy1 7,h17 :5 /rictly int]rogat$ on ?is po9t1 & ask$1 :e!r he inde$ knew no?+ at all ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?9k+ 8 v]acity call$ 9 "q1 repli$ ) mu* e>ne/ness1 & 9 a mann] t %[$ ! rude /ate ( 8 m9d1 ,no2 ^u my s\l1 ,i d n6 ,?is class1 aft] elev5 days' tea*+1 conduct$ 9 public1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( numb]s ( tea*]s1 dur+ "o h\r daily1 7 publicly exam9$ 9 ! ,p\ltry ,*apel1 by a numb] ( cl]gym51 be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,union1 & a num]\s congregation4 ,! ,report goes on to say1 t ! *ildr5 ( ?is class 7 exam9$1 m9utely & individually1 on ! great lead+ doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! enum]ation & illu/rations ( ! sev]al doctr9es 7 giv5 ) a simplicity1 & 9 a language1 peculi>ly _! own2 :i* cle>ly prov$ ! value ( t "p ( ! ,lesson ,sy/em :i* enjo9s ! deal+ ) ! ideas1 r ?an ) ! words2 & :i* %ew$1 t !y _h acquir$ a cle> k ( ! sev]al tru?s4 ,!y 7 also exam9$ on "s p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 ) :i*1 dur+ t %ort p]iod1 !y _h be5 made ?or\ghly acqua9t$4 ,^! facts ( !mselves1 & !y c\ld be enl>g$ to almo/ any ext5t1 cle>ly prove ! p[] & ! value ( ?is ex]cise 9 communicat+ k to ! "y4 ,&1 z we h se5 t its effici5cy consi/s entirely 9 its close imitation ( ! process ( ,nature 9 accompli%+ ! same object1 we are ! bett] w>rant$ to press ^u ! m9ds ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 education & ! art ( tea*+1 ! importance ( keep+ /rictly to ,nature1 s f> z we c trace h] op]ations2 z x is by do+ s alone t we are sure ( success4 ,x may no d\bt be said1 t !re are o!r ways ( communicat+ k to ! "y1 besides ! cate*etical ex]cise2 & !re=e ! necessity ( adopt+ x is nei!r s necess>y nor s urg5t4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 t !re h be5 o!r plans adopt$1 9 urg5t cases1 = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! body1 besides ! common mode ( eat+ & dige/+ food2 b all su* plans are unnatural1 & are ( c\rse b mom5t>y & inadequate2--?is1 !re=e1 w\ld =m no argum5t = depriv+ *ildr5 ( _! food4 ,b ev5 ?is argum5t is n p>allel2 =1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd t p>tial n\ri%m5t may be convey$ to ! blood o!rwise ?an by ! /oma*1 x has n yet be5 asc]ta9$ t any idea c ent] ! m9d1 except by ?is act ( reit]ation4 ,unless1 !re=e1 some?+ def9ite c be br\ght =w>d1 :i* w secure ! p]=mance ( ?is act1 diff]5t f ! cate*etical ex]cise1 or ! sev]al modifications ( x1 t ex]cise ought to be consid]$ z a necess>y ag5t 9 e attempt ( ! tea*] to communicate k4 ,b ?is admission 9 a philosophical "q is mu* m ?an is at all necess>y = our pres5t purpose4 ,x is 9 e view ( ! case suffici5t to %ew1 t k _c be imp>t$ )\t volunt>y active ?\ght ^u ! ideas communicat$1 or :at we h t]m$1 reit]ation2--& if ?is be once admitt$1 & if x c be %ewn t ! cate*etical ex]cise produces ?is result m c]ta9ly1 & m p[]fully1 ?an any o!r mode ( in/ruction yet kn[n1 !n no?+ b prejudice w lead to ! neglect ( ?is1 or w give ! pref]5ce to ano!r4 ,& x is a rem>kable fact1 t on inve/igation x w be f\nd1 t almo/ e useful ex]cise introduc$ into s*ools )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 owes its effici5cy to ! pres5ce1 m or less1 ( ! pr9ciples :i* we h be5 expla9+1 z embodi$ 9 ! cate*etical ex]cise4#ad ,,footnotes3 #ac ,note ,l4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,on ! ,means by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,ex]cis+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,individuation4 ,:ile x appe>s to be a law ( ,nature1 t !re c be no accumulation ( k )\t ! act ( reit]ation1 yet !re are o!r pr9ciples :i* %e br+s into op]ation 9 connection ) x1 by :i* ! am\nt ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( k receiv$ is greatly increas$1 & ! k itself m easily compreh5d$1 & m p]man5tly reta9$ ^u ! memory4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples1 :i* we h be=e allud$ to & describ$1 is t ( individuation2 t pr9ciple by :i* an infant or *ild is induc$ to conc5trate ! p[]s ( its m9d ^u a new object1 & t to ! exclusion = ! "t ( e o!r1 till x has become acqua9t$ ) x4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we f\nd1 t z long z a *ild rema9s solely "u ! guidance ( ,nature1 x w n all[ its att5tion to be di/ract$ by diff]5t unkn[n objects at ! same "t2 b :5ev] x selects "o = exam9ation1 x inv>iably = ! "t ab&ons ! consid]ation ( e o!r4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t infants1 ) all _! physical & m5tal imbecility1 acquire m real k "u ! tuition ( ,nature 9 "o ye>1 ?an *ildr5 :o are d\ble _! age usually ga9 by ! imp]fect & unnatural ex]cises ( unre=m$ s*ools 9 ?ree or f\r4 ,! cause ( ?is is easily detect$1 & may be illu/rat$ by ! analogy ( any "o ( ! s5ses4 ,! eye1 = example1 l ! m9d1 mu/ n only see ! object1 b x mu/ look ^u x--exam9e x--be=e ! *ild c ei!r become acqua9t$ ) x at ! "t1 or rememb] x aft]w>ds4 ,b if unkn[n objects are made rapidly to flit pa/ ! eye ( ! *ild1 s t ?is _c be done be=e !re is "t to fix ! att5tion ^u any ( !m1 ! lab\r ( ! exhibitor is n only lo/1 b ! sight ( ! *ild is impair$2--! eye itself is injur$1 & is less able1 = "s "t aft]w>ds1 to look /eadily ^u any o!r object1 ev5 :5 t object is /ation>y4 ,su* is ! injury & ! confusion creat$ 9 ! m9d ( a *ild :5 x is hurri$ =w>d f object to object1 or f tru? to tru?1 be=e ! m9d has _h leisure to lay hold ( !m1 or to conc5trate its p[]s ^u ! ideas !y sugge/4 ,! lab\r ( ! tea*] 9 t case is n only lo/1 & ! *ild h>ass$ & irritat$1 b ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 in/ead ( be+ bright5$ & /r5g!n$1 are bewild]$ & my/ifi$1 & mu/ !re=e be weak5$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,! me?od to be adopt$ !re=e = ! imitation ( ,nature 9 ! work+ ( ?is pr9ciple1 w consi/ 9 br++ =w>d1 = ! consid]ation ( ! *ild1 e new lett]1 or ^w1 or tru?1 or object1 by itself4 ,:5 pres5t$ sep>ately & alone1 !re is no di/raction ( m9d--no confusion ( ideas2 ! *ild is all[$ to consid] x well be=e le>n+ x1 s t he w "k some?+ ( its =m or its nature1 & w rememb] x aga9 :5 x is ei!r pres5t$ to 8 notice alone1 or :5 x is gr\p$ ) o!rs4 ,8 idea ( ! object or tru? may be indi/9ct & fa9t at fir/1 b x is correct s f> z x goes2 & ! ideas :i* he reta9s conc]n+ x1 are obvi\sly mu* m ext5sive1 ?an if ! m9d at its fir/ pres5tation _h be5 di/urb$ or bewild]$ by ! addition ( some?+ else4 ,8 idea ( ! object or ! tru?1 aft] be+ repeat$ly consid]$1 may /ill be v inadequate1 b x w n[ be di/9ct2 & x is ! want ( ?is precision 9 ! pupil's m9d t s frequ5tly deceives tea*]s1 & confuses & ob/ructs ! future advance ( ! s*ol>s4 ,:5 a *ild he>s1 or reads a passage1 ! tea*]1 :o und]/&s x himself1 too (t5 takes x = grant$ t ! *ild z he proce$s is reit]at+ ! ideas z well z himself1 & is ( c\rse ma/] ( ! subject4 ,b ?is is n always ! case2 & :]ev] ! *ild has n succe$$ 9 do+ s1 all t foll[s 9 t lesson is usually to ! *ild ! cause ( confusion & difficulty4 ,he f9ds himself at a /&2 & h[ev] f> he may 9 ^! circum/ances be dragg$ =w>d1 he has n advanc$ a /ep1 & he mu/ at "s future p]iod1--& ! soon] ! bett]1--return aga9 to ! same po9t1 & proce$ anew "u s]i\s disadvantages4 ,9 almo/ e /age ( a *ild's education1 ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple is s]i\sly & pa9fully felt4 ,x is ! cause ( acute m5tal suff]+ to well affect$ & zeal\s pupils2 & x is ! *ief orig9 ( all ! he>tlessness1 & idl5ess1 & apa?y1 :i* are f\nd to p]vade & regulate ! conduct ( ^? t are less active4 ,a c>eful appliance ( ?is pr9ciple ( individuation1 !re=e1 is always ( importance 9 education2 b x ought nev] to be =gott51 t x is m peculi>ly valuable & necess>y at ! comm5cem5t1 ?an at any o!r p]iod ( a *ild's progress 9 le>n+4 ,we %all adv]t to a few ( ! me?ods by :i* x may be appli$ 9 ord9>y s*ool education1 9 contra/ ) "s in/ances 9 :i* x is neglect$4 ,9 tea*+ ! alphabet to *ildr51 ! pr9ciple ( individuation is indisp5sable2 & its neglect has be5 productive ( s]i\s & p]man5t mis*ief4 ,a *ild ( good capacity1 by a prop] att5tion to ?is pr9ciple1 w1 ) pleasure & ease1 le>n ! names & =ms ( ! lett]s1 ) ! lab\r ( only a few h\rs2#ae :ile1 by neglect+ ! pr9ciple1 ! same *ild w\ld1 aft] ye>s ( irritation & we>9ess1 be /ill f\nd ignorant ( its alphabet4 ,! ov]look+ ( ! pr9ciple at ?is p]iod has done an imm5se deal ( injury to ! cause ( education4 ,x has1 at ! v />t+ po/ 9 ! race ( improvem5t1 qu5*$ & de/roy$ all ! real1 z well z ! imag9>y delights ( le>n+ & k4 ,x has giv5 ! tyro su* an errone\s b ov]:elm+ impression ( ! difficulties & mis]ies :i* he mu/ endure 9 8 future advance1 t ! disgu/ !n creat$ has (t5 s int]wov5 itself ) 8 e feel+1 t education has dur+ life appe>$ to him ! natural & necess>y enemy to e k9d ( enjoym5t4 ,x us$ to be common1 & ! practice may /ill we believe be f\nd l+]+ among "s ( ! lov]s ( antiquity1 to make a *ild comm5ce at ! lett] ,a1 & proce$ along ! alphabet )\t /opp+ till he arriv$ at ,z2 & ?is lesson n unfrequ5tly includ$ bo? ! alphabets ( capitals & small lett]s4 ,n[ ! cruelty ( su* an ex]cise ) a *ild w at once be app>5t1 if we %all only *ange its =m4 ,if a tea*] 7 to read ov] to an infant twice a-day a :ole page or p>agraph )\t /opp+ ( ,caes> or ,cic]o 9 ,lat91 & dem& t on he>+ x he %all le>n x1 we c\ld at once judge ( ! difficulty1 & ! feel+s ( a volatile m9d *a9$ to ! con/ant & daily repetition ( su* a task2 & if ?is ex]cise 7 t]m$ its education1 we c easily conceive ! am\nt ( affection t ! *ild w\ld le>n to *]i% t[>ds x4 ,n[ ?is is really no exagg]at$ illu/ration ( ! matt] 9 h&1 = 9 bo? cases ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 s c>efully gu>d$ & en=c$ by ,nature1 is equally outrag$2 & x is only :]e1 by "s means or o!r1 a rem$y = ! evil accid5tally occurs1 t ! result 9 ! case ( ! alphabet1 is n exactly ! same z x w\ld h be5 9 ! case ( ! classics above suppos$4 ,! writ] once saw 9 a ,sunday s*ool1 :]e ! *ildr5 7 taught twice ea* ,sabba?1 a class 9 :i* "s ( ! *ildr5 _h att5d$ = upw>ds ( two ye>s1 & 7 /ill 9 _! alphabet2 & if ! same mode _h be5 pursu$1 !re is little d\bt t !y w\ld h be5 9 x yet4 ,! rem$y = ?is evil is obvi\s4 ,in/ead ( conf\nd+ ! eye & ! m9d ( ! *ild1 by rapidly p>ad+ tw5ty-six1 or fifty-f\r =ms1 cont9u\sly & )\t int]mission be=e ! pupil1 ! lett]s ought to be pres5t$ to ! *ild s+ly1 or at mo/ by two at a "t2 & ^! two %\ld be r5d]$ famili>1 bo? 9 "n & 9 =m1 be=e ano!r "* is introduc$4 ,:5 a few ( ! m conspicu\s lett]s h become famili>1 ano!r is to be br\ght =w>d1 & ! *ild may be made to amuse himself1 by pick+ out f a page ( a book1 all ! lett]s he has le>n$1 nam+ !m1 & if necess>y describ+ !m to a companion or a sub-monitor z !y occur4 ,or he may be set d[n by himself1 ) a wa/e leaf f an old book1 or pamphlet1 or newspap]1 to prick ) a p9 ! new lett] or lett]s la/ taught him2 or1 z an introduction to 8 writ+1 he may be made to score !m g5tly ) ink f a f9e tipp$ p54 ,9 ^! ex]cises1 & all o!rs :i* are 9 _! nature simil>1 ! pr9ciple ( individuation is ackn[l$g$ & act$ ^u2 & !re=e x is1 t a *ild w1 by _! means1 acquire an acqua9tance ) ! lett]s 9 an exce$+ly %ort "t1 &1 :i* is ( /ill great] importance1 )\t irritation or tr\ble4 ,^! me?ods may sometimes be r5d]$ yet m effective1 by ! tea*] apply+ ! cate*etical ex]cise to ?is comp>atively dry & r =bidd+ "p ( a *ild's education4 ,x proce$s ^u ! pr9ciple ( describ+ ea* lett]1 & atta*+ its "n to ! description1 su* z r\nd o1 spectacle g1 top dott$ i1 c4 z 9 ! ,classifi$ ,alphabet4 ,! tea*] has ?us an opportunity ( ex]cis+ ! *ild's imag9ation1 z well z its memory1 & mak+ a monoton\s1 & comp>atively un9tellectual ex]cise1 "o ( consid]able v>iety & amusem5t4 ,9 tea*+ ! alphabet to adults1 ^: m9ds are capable ( appreciat+ & apply+ ! pr9ciple ( analysis1 ! ,classifi$ ,alphabet %\ld inv>iably be us$4 ,by ?is means _! memory1 9 endeav\r+ to recall ! =m & "n ( any p>ticul> lett]1 in/ead ( hav+ to se>* ?r\gh ! :ole tw5ty-six1 has nev] to ?9k ( m ?an ! f\r or five :i* compose its class1--a circum/ance :i* makes ! alphabet mu* m easily acquir$ by ! adult ?an by a *ild4 ,b ev5 "h1 ! pr9ciple ( individuation mu/ n be lo/ sight (2 ea* lett] 9 ! class mu/ be sep>ately le>n$1 & ea* class mu/ be famili>1 be=e ano!r is taught4 ,! pr9ciple ( individuation cont9ues to be equally necess>y 9 tea*+ *ildr5 to comb9e ! lett]s 9 ! =mation ( words2 & :5 x is att5d$ to1 & :5 ! only real use ( lett]s1 z ! m]e symbols ( s\nd1 is und]/ood by ! pupil1 a sm>t *ild may be taught to read 9 a few m9utes4 ,?is is n a !ory1 b a fact1--evid5c$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( _m1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s4 ,nor is x necess>y t ! words :i* are taught1 %\ld consi/ only ( two or ?ree lett]s2 if ! ^w be famili> to ! *ild 9 spee*1 x becomes in/antly kn[n1 :5 divid$ & taught 9 p>ts or syllables2 & :5 once x is le>n$ by ! s\nds ( ! lett]s1 ?\gh ^! s\nds m]ely approximate to ! pronunciation ( ! ^w1 x is suffici5t to give a h9t ( :at ! ^w is1 & :5 once x is kn[n1 x w n likely be aga9 =gott54 ,by ?is means1 ! *ild is nev] puzzl$ except by entirely new words2 & by kn[+ ! use ( ! lett]s 9 _! s\nds1 he receives a key by :i* at lea/ to guess at !m1 :i* ! s5se ( ! subject greatly assi/s2 s t "o day1 or ev5 "o h\r1 is sometimes1 & we h no d\bt w soon be g5]ally1 suffici5t to ov]come ! hi!rto =bidd+ & h>ass+ drudg]y ( le>n+ to read4 ,9 tea*+ *ildr5 _! fir/ lessons1 x is ( great importance t ! ma9 design ( read+ %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 & att5d$ to4 ,z writ+1 philosophically consid]$1 is no?+ m ?an an artificial sub/itute = speak+1 s read+ is no?+ m ?an an artificial sub/itute = he>+1 & is subject to all ! laws :i* regulate t act4 ,n[ "o ( ! *ief laws impress$ by ,nature on ! act ( he>+ ! spee* ( o!rs1 is ! v rem>kable "o =m]ly allud$ to1 namely1 ! exclusive occupation ( ! m9d ) ! ideas communicat$1 to ! entire exclusion ( ! words1 :i* are m]ely ! means by :i* ! ideas are convey$4 ,! words are no d\bt he>d1 b !y are nev] ?\ght (2--= if !y 71 ! m9d w\ld in/antly become di/ract$1 & ! ideas w\ld be lo/4 ,?is law equally applies to ! act ( read+2 & e "o feels1 t p]fection 9 ?is art is nev] atta9$1 till ! m9d is exclusively occupi$ ) ! ideas 9 ! book1 & nev] 9 any case ) ! words :i* convey !m4 ,b 9 le>n+ to read1 ! difficulty ( decyph]+ ! words1 t5ds to int]f]e ) ?is law1 & ?is mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! rem$y simply is1 to all[ ! *ild "t to ov]come ?is fir/ difficulty1 by repeat$ly1 if necess>y1 read+ ! s5t5ce till he c read x p]fectly2 & !n1 be=e leav+ x1 to discipl9e ! m9d to ! p]ception ( ! ideas x conta9s1 n[ t ! *ild c read x well4 ,! cate*etical ex]cise1 z 9 ! ,fir/ ,class ,book on ! ,lesson ,sy/em1 w almo/ always accompli% ! object "h po9t$ out2 & ! value ( ! ex]cise x recomm5ds w be be/ und]/ood & appreciat$1 by obs]v+ ! evils :i* inv>iably foll[ its neglect4 ,= if ! *ild be all[$ to read on & on1 :ile ! difficulty ( decyph]+ ! words 9 ! book rema9s1 ! ideas w be left beh9d1 ! att5tion w be fatigu$1 & at la/ exhau/$4 ,! *ild w cont9ue to read )\t und]/&+2 & ! habit ?us acquir$ ( read+ ! words1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! ideas at all1 w soon be e/abli%$ & confirm$4 ,cu/om has robb$ ?is relict ( a =m] age ( mu* ( its repulsiv5ess2 b x is n ! less hurtful on t acc\nt4 ,7 we to run a p>allel ) x 9 any o!r matt]1 its true nature & de=mity w\ld at once appe>4 ,= example1 7 we to suppose ourselves li/5+ to an imp]ative message f a sup]ior1 by a mess5g] ) ^: language we 7 b p>tially acqua9t$1 we w\ld n all[ him to proce$ ) 8 communication f beg9n+ to end1 :ile ! v fir/ s5t5ce he utt]$1 _h n be5 und]/ood1 & ! m9d 0 unprep>$ = t :i* 0 to foll[4 ,we w\ld /op him at ! close ( ! v fir/ s5t5ce1 & w\ld ma/] ! mean+ ( t1 be=e we w\ld advance ) him ano!r /ep2 & !n we w\ld make him proce$ at su* a pace z we c\ld keep up ) him4 ,if he left u aga9 beh9d1 !re w\ld be b "o rem$y4 ,he mu/ return & repeat ! s5t5ce :]e he left u1 till we _h compreh5d$ 8 ma/]'s mean+2 & if he refus$ to d ?is1 he c\ld n consci5ti\sly say to him on 8 return1 t he _h deliv]$ 8 message4 ,by foll[+ ?is plan1 & adopt+ ?is bran* ( ! natural pr9ciple ( individuation 9 su* a case1 two b5efits w\ld arise4 ,we w\ld fir/ become p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! w & message ( our sup]ior2 & next1 we w\ld1 at ! close ( ! ex]cise1 be s mu* m famili> ) ! language 9 :i* x 0 deliv]$1 z t x w\ld require less ef=t on a future occasion1 to compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! same speak]4 ,if ?is me?od _h n be5 adopt$1 & ! message _h be5 giv5 entire & )\t a pause1 x might h be5 rehe>s$ 9 our he>+ a hundr$ times1 b ! mean+ w\ld nei!r h be5 ma/]$1 nor w\ld our k ( ! language h be5 9 ! lea/ improv$4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple ( individuation 9 ! e>ly /ages ( a *ild's le>n+ to read1 sugge/s ! propriety also ( mak+ "s prep>ation = 8 read+ e new lesson 9 succession4 ,we h se5 t x is *iefly ! new words 9 a lesson t create difficulty1 & prev5t ! op]ation ( t important law 9 ,nature :i* induces ! m9d at once to lay hold ( ! ideas4 ,to obviate ?is di/raction ( m9d !re=e be=eh&1 ! new words :i* are to occur 9 ! lesson %\ld be select$1 & made famili> to ! *ild previ\sly1 & by !mselves2--he %\ld be taught to read !m easily by ! comb9ation ( _! lett]s1 & cle>ly to und]/& _! mean+1 9 precisely ! same %ade 9 :i* !y are us$ 9 ! lesson he is to read4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! lesson w be read ) ease & ) pr(it2--:ile1 )\t ?is1 ! difficulty w be mu* great]1 if n beyond 8 p[]s4 ,9 accordance ) ?is plan1 ! ,fir/ ,class ,book1 be=e ref]r$ to1 has be5 con/ruct$1 & its effici5cy on t acc\nt is greatly increas$4 ,! neglect ( ?is special application ( ! pr9ciple has be5 long & pa9fully felt 9 society1 & mo/ ( all :]e ! "y h be5 s5t e>lie/ to s*ool4 ,! habit ( read+ ! words )\t und]/&+ ! mean+ ( :at !y read1 hav+ once be5 acquir$1 ! weak p[]s ( *ildr5 are n suffici5t to ov]come ! difficulties ) :i* ?is habit has surr\nd$ !m4 ,!y feel !mselves burd5$ & h>ass$ ) unnatural & unmean+ ex]cises = ye>s1 be=e !y c acquire ! art ( read+ ! words ( ! simple/ s*ool book2 &1 :at is /ill worse1 aft] !y h left ! s*ool1 & h ent]$ ^u ! busy sc5es ( life1 !y f9d1 t !y h n[ to tea* !mselves an entirely new art1--! art ( und]/&+ by read+4 ,in/ead ( all ?is wa/e ( en]gy1 & pati5ce1 & "t1 exp]i5ce has fully prov$1 t by foll[+ ! pla9 & easy dictates ( ,nature1 z above expla9$1 all ! drudg]y ( le>n+ to read may be got ov] 9 a week1--x has be5 times )\t numb] accompli%$ 9 a s+le day1#af--;& ?is )\t any h>ass+ ex]tion1 & g5]ally ) delight4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is1 a few out ( _m in/ances may "h be enum]at$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahca1 ! writ] "o morn+ f\nd himself1 by m]e accid5t1 & a p]fect /rang]1 9 a ,sunday s*ool 9 ! bor\gh ( ,s\?w>k1 ,london4 ,he atta*$ himself fir/ to a class ( *ildr51 "s ( :om he f\nd on enquiry _h be5 two ye>s at ! s*ool1 & 7 yet only le>n+ ! alphabet4 ,9 ! same s*ool1 & on ! same morn+1 a "y man :o only knew 8 lett]s1 b _h nev] yet attempt$ to put !m toge!r1 0 classifi$ ) ! infants1 :om he _h will+ly jo9$ 9 8 anxiety to le>n4 ,he _h a lesson by himself4 ,by a rigid adh]5ce to ! above pr9ciple ( individuation1 ?is "y man1 to 8 own great a/oni%m5t1 0 able 9 a few m9utes to read a v]se4 ,! lesson w5t on1 & 9 some:at less ?an half an h\r he _h ma/]$ sev]al v]ses1 & n[ knew p]fectly h[ to make use ( ! lett]s 9 decyph]+ ! sev]al words4 ,by t "o lesson he f\nd himself q able to tea* himself4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 z 0 aft]w>ds asc]ta9$1 he read t same day on go+ home1 )\t help1 n9ete5 v]ses ( ! same *apt]2 & ^! v]ses1 on return+ to s*ool on ! same aft]noon1 he read correctly & )\t hesitation1 to 8 usual & a/oni%$ tea*]4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 f ?is circum/ance1 t if x _h be5 at all necess>y1 he c\ld1 )\t fur!r aid1 & ) /ill great] ease1 h read a second n9ete5 v]ses1 & p]fect$ himself by practice 9 ?is important1 & suppos$ difficult art ( read+1 by ?is "o lesson ( less ?an half an h\r4 ,9 a lat] exp]im5t1 made 9 ,dumfries1 9 ! pres5ce & "u ! sanction ( ,sir ,?omas ,kirkpatrick1 & ! cl]gym5 & tea*]s ( t t[n1 ! p[] ( ?is pr9ciple 0 put to a sev]e trial1 9 a v unexpect$ & extraord9>y mann]4 ,! week-day tea*]s ( t t[n hav+ he>d ( "s ( ! above circum/ances1 & ( ! p[]s ( ! ,lesson ,sy/em g5]ally1 9 enabl+ *ildr5 to read ) b little tr\ble1 7 desir\s ( hav+ its p[]s te/$ 9 t t[n1 :]e ! writ] happ5$ to be = a few days4 ,he agre$2 & ,sir ,?omas ,kirkpatrick1 ! ,%]iff ( ! c\nty1 ) ! cl]gym5 & tea*]s1 at 8 reque/1 =m$ !mselves into a committee = ! purposes ( ! inve/igation4 ,a sub-committee ( ! week-day tea*]s 7 appo9t$ to procure a boy to be taught1 :i* !y did1 & :o1 on be+ closely exam9$ at a prelim9>y public meet+ ( ! :ole exam9ators1 0 f\nd totally ignorant ( words1 & knew n "o lett] f ano!r1 ) ! exception1 ( ! r\nd o4 ,) ?is boy ! writ] retir$1 hav+ agre$ to call !m aga9 toge!r at a public meet+1 z soon z he 0 ready4 ,?is at ! "t he did n d\bt w\ld h be5 on ! v next day2--b he 0 disappo9t$4 ,he _h n be5 five m9utes ) 8 pupil1 till he f\nd1 to 8 great mortification1 t he _h little or no intellect to "w ^u4 ,! boy 0 twelve ye>s ( age1 & yet he 0 p]fectly ignorant ( all ! days ( ! week1 except "o1 ! m>ket day1 on :i* he 0 9 ! practice ( mak+ a few p5ce by hold+ ! f>m]s' horses4 ,he c\ld 9 no case tell :at day ( ! week w5t be=e or foll[$ ano!r4 ,he c\ld c\nt numb]s =w>d me*anically till among ! te5s2 b by no ef=t ( m9d c\ld he tell :at numb] came be=e n9e1 till he _h aga9 c\nt$ =w>d f "o4 ,! mo/ obvi\s d$uction f ! simple/ idea appe>$ to be q beyond ! grasp ( 8 m9d4 ,= example1 ?\gh repeat$ly told t ,john 0 ,zeb$ee's son1 yet1 aft] frequ5t trials1 he c\ld nev] make out1 nor compreh5d :o 0 ,john's fa!r4 ,yet ?is boy1--"o c]ta9ly among ! l[e/ 9 ! grade ( intellect ( our species1--by a rigid application ( ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 0 enabl$ to ov]come a great "p ( ! drudg]y ( le>n+ to read1 by exactly eight h\rs' tea*+4 ,?is boy1 :o at ! prelim9>y meet+ on ,w$nesday1 knew only ! r\nd o1 read correctly 9 ! ,c\rt-,h\se on ! foll[+ ,monday1 a section ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to ! ,rev4 ,dr ,duncan1 m9i/] ( ,ru?well1 be=e ! ,%]iff1 cl]gym51 tea*]s1 & a l>ge assembly ( ! inhabitants ( ,dumfries4 ,to asc]ta9 t he _h 9 t "t really le>n$ to read1 & t he did n repeat ! words ( ! section by rote1 he 0 made to read be=e ! audi5ce1 9 a *apt] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & !n f a newspap]1 ! same words t he _h read 9 8 lesson4 ,?is he did readily1 & )\t a mi/ake4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,= "s practical in=mation & directions connect$ ) ! subjects 9 ?is *apt]1 see ,note ,m4 #ae ,note ,n4 #af ,note ,h4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,on ! ,means by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,apply+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,gr\p+1 or ,association4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,gr\p+1 or ,association1 z employ$ by ,nature 9 h] educational process1 is obvi\sly int5d$ to enable ! pupil easily to receive k1 & to assi/ ! memory 9 reta9+ & keep+ x ev] aft] at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,x is employ$ to unite _m objects or tru?s into "o aggregate mass1 :i* is receiv$ z "o1--hav+ ! compon5t p>ts s l9k$1 or associat$ toge!r1 t :5 any "o "p is aft]w>ds br\ght be=e ! m9d1 x has ! p[] ( imm$iately conjur+ up1 & hold+ 9 review1 all ! o!rs4 ,= example1 :5 a *ild ent]s a room 9 :i* its p>5ts & relations are sev]ally employ$1 ! :ole sc5e is at a s+le glance compreh5d$ & und]/ood1 & w aft]w>ds be di/9ctly rememb]$ 9 all its p>ts4 ,! elem5ts ( ! sc5e are no d\bt all famili>1 b ! p>ticul> gr\p+ ( ^! elem5ts are entirely new1 & =m an addition to 8 k1 z we =m]ly expla9$1 z sub/antial1 & z di/9ct1 z ! gr\p+ ( any o!r k9d ( objects or circum/ances c\ld possibly d4 ,"h !n is a c]ta9 am\nt ( k acquir$ by ! *ild1 :i* c\ld be record$ 9 writ+1 or :i* might be communicat$ by words2 b :i*1 by ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple ( gr\p+1 has be5 acquir$ ) great] ease1 & 9 mu* less "t1 ?an he c\ld ei!r h read x1 or describ$ x4 ,x has be5 done 9 ?is in/ance by ,nature br++ ! ideas sugge/$ by ! gr\p directly be=e ! m9d ( ! *ild1 )\t ev5 ! int]v5tion ( words2 & we see by ?is example1 h[ mu* m labori\s x w\ld h be5 to communicate ! v same am\nt ( k to ! pupil1 by mak+ him read ! description ( x1 & h[ utt]ly prepo/]\s & unnatural x w\ld be to compel him1 = ! same purpose1 to commit ! words ( t description to memory4 ,! words are m]ely an artificial contrivance = ! convey+ ( ideas2--& ! m !y c be kept out ( view1 x w be bett] = ! tea*]1 & m natural & easy = ! *ild4 ,9 communicat+ k1 !re=e1 to ! "y1 ! m directly & simply ! ideas to be communicat$ are pres5t$ to ! m9d ! bett]4 ,!y mu/ usually be communicat$ by words2 b ^!1 z ! m]e in/rum5ts ( conveyance1 %\ld be kept z mu* z possible out ( view4 ,to br+ !m at all "u ! notice ( ! *ild is a defect2 b to make !m ! *ief object ( le>n+1 or to make ! pupil commit !m to memory1 is n only labori\s & unnecess>y1 b is unnatural & hurtful4 ,9 all ?is we ought simply to take our lessons f ,nature1 if we wi% to succe$ 9 convey+ k by ! comb9ation ( simple objects4 ,9 ! above example1 we h se5 t a s+le glance 0 suffici5t to give ! infant a di/9ct idea ( ! :ole sc5e2 & ! reason is1 t ! pr9ciple ( individuation _h previ\sly done its "w4 ,ea* ( ! elem5ts ( :i* ! sc5e 0 compos$1 _h und]gone an individual & sep>ate exam9ation1 & !re=e ea* 0 famili>4 ,?is is ,nature's me?od ( communicat+ k to ! "y2 & x is obvi\s1 t a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! objects or actions w\ld h made no diff]5ce 9 ! effects produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple4 ,:atev] ! circum/ances might h be51 ! new sc5e1 ) all its v>iety ( incid5ts1 p]sons1 & ?+s1 :i* x w\ld take t5-fold m "t to enum]ate ?an to le>n1 w\ld at once be impress$ on ! m9d1 & deliv]$ ov] to ! keep+ ( ! memory1 )\t lab\r1 or any p]ceptible ef=t4 ,! :ole gr\p+ =ms a *a9 ( circum/ances1 any "o l9k 9 :i*1 :5 aft]w>ds laid hold ( by ! m9d1 br+s up all ! o!rs 9 connection ) x4 ,! memory by ?is means is reliev$ f ! burd5 ( rememb]+ all ! individualities1 & ! innum]able details ( ! sc5e1 by ma9ta9+ a compreh5sive hold ( ! :ole unit$ gr\p1 z "o undivid$ object = remembrance4 ,f ?is x appe>s evid5t1 t ?is pr9ciple is int5d$ to succe$ t ( individuation1 & nev] to prec$e x4 ,objects & tru?s :i* =m ! elem5ts ( k mu/ be individually famili>1 be=e !y c be successfully gr\p$1 or associat$ toge!r 9 masses1 9 ! way 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts ( ! k ( ! "y are usually pres5t$2 b aft] ^! objects or tru?s h once become kn[n1 !y may be p]man5tly associat$ toge!r 9 any v>iety ( =m )\t fatigue1 & be reta9$ on ! memory = use )\t confusion or di/raction ( any k9d4 ,9 our inve/igations into ! nature & work+ ( ?is pr9ciple1 z detail$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 we f\nd sev]al causes :i* gave rise to c]ta9 uni=m effects1 :i*1 = ! purpose ( imitation or avoidance1 may be class$ "u ! foll[+ heads3--,we f\nd1 #a4 ,t :]ev] ! pr9ciple ( gr\p+ act$ ) effect1 x _h always be5 prec$$ by ! pr9ciple ( individuation4 #b4 ,t :]ev] ! pr9ciple ( individuation 0 made to int]f]e1 ! effect int5d$ by ! pr9ciple ( association 0 9 ! same degree ob/ruct$ or de/roy$4 #c4 ,t :5ev] ideas or objects1 :e!r kn[n or unkn[n1 7 pres5t$ to a *ild 9 great] numb] ?an ! m9d c\ld receive or reit]ate !m1 x sil5tly dropp$ ! surplus2--b if ^! 7 =c$ ^u ! m9d1 all ! mis*iefs aris+ f ! int]f]5ce ( ! two ho/ile pr9ciples imm$iately took place4 #d4 ,t *ildr51 9 gr\p+ "u ! tuition ( ,nature1 receiv$ & reta9$ ! impressions ( objects pres5t$ to _! notice1 9 a natural & regul> ord]2--=m+ 9 _! m9ds a cont9u\s mov+ sc5e1 :]e motion =m$ a "p ( x2 & t ?is movem5t ( ! objects1 actually 0 a portion ( ! gr\p+4 ,^! be+ ! facts connect$ ) ?is portion ( ,nature's educational process1 ! object ( ! tea*] %\ld be to endeav\r to imitate h] 9 all ^! circum/ances2 c>efully avoid+ :at %e has %ewn to be inop]ative & hurtful1 & copy+ z closely z possible all ^? t t5d to =w>d ! objects ( in/ruction4 ,! fir/ ?+ !n to be att5d$ to by ! tea*]1 is1 t 9 e attempt to communicate k to a *ild by ! gr\p+ ( objects1 he takes c>e t ! pr9ciple ( individuation has prec$$ x2--t is1 t ! v>i\s ideas or objects to be gr\p$1 be individually famili> to ! pupil4 ,9 communicat+ a /ory1 !re=e1 or an anecdote1 or 9 tea*+ a *ild to read1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! objects or individual tru?s1 ! words1 or ! lett]s1 be previ\sly taught by !mselves1 be=e he be call$ ^u to gr\p !m 9 masses1 :e!r great] or small]4 ,if ?is be neglect$1 an important law ( ,nature is violat$1 & ! lesson to ?is ext5t w be ineffective1 or worse4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ?is rule be att5d$ to1 ! pupil1 :5 he comes to ^! objects 9 ! act ( gr\p+1 is prep>$ = ! process2 he meets ) no?+ t he is n famili> )2 he has no?+ to le>n1 & has only to all[ ! objects to take _! prop] places1 z :5 he look$ into ! room1 & gr\p$ its cont5ts z be=e suppos$4 ,all ?is be+ p]fectly natural1 is accompli%$ )\t ef=t1 & ) ease & pleasure4--,?is precaution on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 w at once remove _m ( ! difficulties & emb>rassm5ts :i* h hi!rto press$ s heavily ^u ! pupil 9 almo/ e /age ( 8 advance1 b m especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( 8 le>n+ to read4#ag ,z an illu/ration ( our mean+1 we may notice "h1 t a *ild :o kn[s :at is meant by %eep1 & ! keep+ ( %eep1 ( till+ ! gr\nd1 & mak+ an (f]+ to ,god1 c4 is prep>$ to he> or to read an abridgem5t ( ! /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel4 ,we say an abridgem5t or fir/ /ep1 = reasons :i* %all aft]w>ds be expla9$4 ,)\t a previ\s k ( ^! sev]al elem5ts ( :i* ?is /ory is comp\nd$1 he c\ld nei!r h li/5$ to x ) pleasure1 nor read x ) any degree ( pr(it2 b z soon z ^! are individually famili>1 ! gr\p+1--! k ( ! :ole /ory1--is a matt] ( ease1 & g5]ally ( delight4 ,z ! /ory advances1 x causes a con/ant & regul> s]ies ( gr\p+s on ! m9d by ! imag9ation1 :i* are at once exquisitely pleas+ & p]man5t4 ,! *ild1 z 9 a liv+ & mov+ picture1 imag9es a man labori\sly digg+ ! gr\nd1 & ano!r man 9 a di/ant field placidly engag$ 9 att5d+ to ! wants & ! safety ( a flock ( %eep4 ,he imag9es ! =m] heap+ an alt> ) fruits & )\t fire2 & ! latt] kill+ a lamb1 lay+ its p>ts on an alt>1 :ile a /ream ( fire desc5ds f ! skies & consumes x4 ,8 imag9ation goes on ) increas+ int]e/ to picture ! qu>rel-sc5e 9 ! field2 & he 9 effect sees ! bl[ giv5 by ! club ( ,ca91 t de/roy$ ! life ( 8 bro!r4 ,all ?is liv+ & mov+ sc5e w be rememb]$ 9 gr\ps2 & ^! gr\ps w be m or less closely l9k$ toge!r1 & w be imag9$ m or less di/9ctly z a :ole1 9 proportion to ! m5tal advancem5t ( ! p>ticul> *ild4 ,! next ?+ to be att5d$ to 9 communicat+ k to a *ild by gr\p+1 is1 t no /range = unkn[n object or idea be introduc$ among ^? :i* he is call$ ^u to gr\p2 because 9 t case1 ! op]ation w be mat]ially int]f]$ )1 & ei!r m>r$ or de/roy$4 ,! complet5ess ( ?is op]ation 9 ! h&s ( ,nature1 dep5ds 9 a great measure1 z we h se51 ^u ! p]fect composure & self-possession ( ! m9d dur+ ! process4 ,if !re be no int]ruption1--no elem5t ( di/raction introduc$ into ! ex]cise1--all ! circum/ances1 z !y arise 9 ! gradual developem5t ( ! /ory1 are compreh5d$ & gr\p$4 ,! liv+ & mov+ picture is p]man5tly fix$ ^u ! memory1 s t x may be recall$ & review$ at any future "t4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! placidity ( ! m9d be int]rupt$1--if "s /range & unkn[n object be introduc$1 ^: ag5cy is really necess>y = connect+ ! sev]al p>ts ( ! /ory1--! v attempt ( ! *ild to become individually acqua9t$ ) x1 ?r[s ! :ole process into confusion2 & he has ei!r to drop ! contemplation ( ?is necess>y "p ( ! ma*9]y1 or to lose ! b5efit ( all t is detail$ dur+ ! "t he is engag$ ) x4 ,9 ei!r case ! end is n ga9$2 & ! great design aim$ at by ! tea*]1--! communication ( ! k connect$ ) ! n>rative1--is m or less fru/rat$4 ,l ! l&scape pictur$ on ! placid bosom ( ! lake1 ! =mation & contemplation ( 8 own undi/urb$ imag9+s are delightful to ! *ild2 b ! introduction ( an unkn[n object1 l ! dropp+ ( a /one 9 ! =m] case1 produces confusion & di/ortion1 :i* are always unpleasant & pa9ful4 ,"o g5]al reason :y ! introduction ( unkn[n objects into ^! gr\p+s ( ! *ild is s p]nici\s1 may also be "h adv]t$ to4 ,x arises f ! circum/ance1 t no p]son1 :e!r "y or old1 c =m1 ev5 9 8 imag9ation1 ! idea ( an entirely new ?+4 ,?is is commonly illu/rat$ by ! well kn[n fact1 t x is impossible to conceive ( a new s5se2--b x is equally applicable to ! conception ( a new object4 ,adults c no d\bt conceive & picture on _! imag9ations1 objects & sc5es :i* !y nev] saw2--b ?is m5tal act is n ! imag9+ ( an entirely new ?+4 ,all su* sc5es or ?+s are comp\nd$ ( objects1 or p>ts ( objects1 :i* !y h se51 & ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,!y c readily picture to !mselves a c5taur or a c]b]us1 a m]maid or a dragon1--creatures :i* h no exi/5ce1 & :i* nev] did exi/2 b a little reflection w %ew1 t no?+ :i* ! m9d conceives ( ^! suppos$ animals is really new1 b is m]ely a new comb9ation ( elem5ts1 or p>ts ( o!r animals1 already famili>4 ,*ildr5 accord+ly c easily conceive ! idea ( a giant or a dw>f1 a woman )\t a head1 or a man ) two1 because ! elem5ts ( :i* ^! anomalies are comp\nd$ are individually famili> to !m2--b 7 !y told ( a p]son sitt+ 9 a h[dah1 or be+ convey$ 9 a palanqu91 )\t hav+ ^! objects previ\sly expla9$ or describ$ to !m1 ! m9d w\ld ei!r be drawn f ! /ory to f9d out :at ^! meant1 & ?us !y w\ld lose x2 or !y w\ld1 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 sub/itute 9 _! m9ds some?+ else :i* p]haps _h no lik5ess to !m1 & :i* w\ld lead !m into s]i\s error4 ,= example1 !y might suppose t ! "o 0 a h\se1 & ! o!r a %ip2--a supposition :i* w\ld di/ort ! :ole n>rative1 & w\ld r5d] _m ( its p>ts inconsi/5t & incompreh5sible4 ,z adults !n1 9 e simil> case1 are "u ! necessity ( draw+ mat]ials f _! g5]al k1 = ! purpose ( comp\nd+ all su* unkn[n objects1 x mu/ be mu* m difficult = a *ild to d ?is1 n only because ( 8 want ( ability1 b 8 want ( mat]ials4 ,! rem$y !re=e 9 ?is case is1 to expla9 & describe ! objects t are to be gr\p$1 be=e ! pupil be call$ ^u to d s4 ,& :5 ! object has n be5 se5 by ! *ild1 & _c be exhibit$ by a picture1 or o!rwise1 ! tea*] mu/ ex]t 8 +5uity 9 enabl+ him to =m an idea ( ! ?+ t is unkn[n1 by a comb9ation ( p>ts ( objects :i* are4 ,?us a tig] may be describ$ z resembl+ a l>ge cat2 a wolf1 a fox1 or ev5 a lion1 z resembl+ c]ta9 k9ds ( dogs2 a h[dah z a small] s(a1 & a palanqu91 z a light crib4 ,9 all ^! cases1 x is wor?y ( notice1 t a m]e diff]5ce ( size nev] creates confusion2--simply because1 by a natural law 9 optics1 su* diff]5ces are ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 ! exp]i5ce bo? ( *ildr5 & adults4 ,a wat] neut w convey a suffici5tly correct idea ( a crocodile2 & ! picture ( an elephant1 only "o in* squ>e1 w create no difficulty1 if ! correct height be giv54 ,:5 ^! rules h be5 att5d$ to1 x w be f\nd1 t ?is pr9ciple 9 ,nature has be5 successfully imitat$2 & ! pupil1 by ! previ\s process ( individuation1 w be p]fectly prep>$ = ! delightful task ( gr\p+ ! objects :i* he n[ kn[s4 ,:5 he comes to ^! objects 9 ! n>rative1 he conceives ! idea ( !m accurately1 & he gr\ps !m )\t ef=t4 ,!re is no hesitation1 & no confusion 9 8 ideas4 ,! pa9t+ =m$ ^u ! m9d is correct2 ! :ole picture is unit$ into "o connect$ sc5e1 & is p]man5tly impr9t$ on ! memory = future use4 ,ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is pr9ciple ( gr\p+ 9 *ildr51 we f\nd to be1 t :51 at any "t a great] numb] ( objects 7 pres5t$ to ! m9d ?an x 0 able to reit]ate & gr\p1 x sil5tly dropt ! surplus1 & gr\p$ ^? only :i* came )9 ! rea* ( its p[]s2 b if 9 any in/ance an attempt 0 made to =ce ! *ild to receive & reit]ate ! ideas ( objects beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 ! m9d got confus$1 & its p[]s weak5$4--,! imitation ( ,nature 9 ?is po9t is also ( great importance 9 education1 p>ticul>ly 9 tea*+ & ex]cis+ *ildr5 9 read+4 ,to p]ceive ?is m cle>ly1 x w be necess>y to make a few rem>ks on ! nature ( ! art ( read+4 ,read+ is no?+ m ?an a me*anical inv5tion1 imitative ( ! act ( he>+2 z writ+ is a me*anical mode ( indicat+ s\nds1 & ?us becomes a sub/itute = ! art ( speak+1 & convey+ ideas4 ,b !re is ?is mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 read+ & he>+1 t 9 he>+ ! p]son giv+ att5tion is 9 a great measure passive1 & may1 or may n att5d z he pleases4 ,he may receive "p ( :at is said1 &1 z prompt$ by ,nature1 he may sil5tly drop all t he _c easily reit]ate4 ,b 9 ! act ( read+1 ! p]son has bo? ! active & ! passive op]ations to p]=m4 ,8 m9d1 :ile he reads1 mu/ be actively engag$ 9 decyph]+ ! words ( 8 book1 & ! ideas are1 or %\ld be1 by ?is act1 =c$ ^u ! obs]vation ( ! m9d at ! same "t4 ,z long1 !re=e1 z ! *ild is requir$ to read no?+ except t :i* he und]/&s1 & to read no m1 & no fa/]1 ?an 8 m9d c )\t di/raction receive & reit]ate ! ideas :i* he reads1 ! act ( gr\p+ w be p]=m$ ) ease1 & ) evid5t delight1 & ! p[]s ( ! m9d w be heal?fully & ext5sively ex]cis$ & /r5g!n$3--,b if ?is simple pr9ciple ( ,nature be violat$1 ! ex]cise becomes irritat+ to ! *ild1 & mo/ p]nici\s 9 its consequ5ces4 ,! neglect ( ?is application ( ! pr9ciple is s common 9 education1 t x usually escapes obs]vation2 b on ?is v acc\nt x dem&s f u "h a m ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,we say !n1 t ?is pr9ciple is violat$ :5 a *ild is requir$ to read t :i* x does n1 & p]haps _c und]/&2 & also :5 he is requir$ to read m1 or to read fa/]1 ?an he is able to reit]ate ! ideas 9 8 own m9d4 ,on ea* ( ^! cases we %all say a few words1 = ! purpose ( w>n+ & direct+ ! tea*] 9 apply+ ?is important pr9ciple 9 education4 ,let u !n suppose a *ild set to read a section :i* he does n1 & :i* !re is e probability he _c und]/&1 & !n let u c>efully m>k ! consequ5ces4 ,! *ild 9 su* a case reads ! words 9 8 book1 :i* ought to convey to 8 m9d ! ideas :i* ! words conta94 ,?is is ! sole purpose ( ei!r he>+ or read+4 ,b ?is is n accompli%$4 ,! words are read1 & ! ideas are n p]ceiv$2 b ! *ild is requir$ to read on4 ,he does s2 & ( c\rse :5 ! fir/ "p ( ! subject or s5t5ce has be5 beyond 8 rea*1 ! second1 :i* mo/ probably hangs ^u x1 mu/ be mu* m s4 ,9 ?is !re=e he also fails2 b he is /ill requir$ to read on4 ,"h is a practice begun1 :i* at once defeats ! v int5tion ( read+1 & all[s ! *ild's m9d to roam ^u any ?+ or e ?+1 :ile ! eye is me*anically engag$ ) 8 book4 ,! habit is soon =m$4 ,! *ild reads2 b 8 att5tion is gone4 ,he does n1 & at l5g? he _c1 und]/& by read+4 ,?is habit1 z we =m]ly expla9$1 :5 x is once =m$1 x requires great ef=ts on ! "p ( ! *ild to ov]come4 ,mo/ p :5 !y are actively engag$ 9 life1 d at la/ ov]come x2 :ile ?\s&s1 :o h nom9ally be5 taught to read1 nev] c surm\nt ! difficulties x involves4 ,_m on ?is acc\nt1 & = want ( practis+ an art :i* !y _c pr(itably use1 lose ! art altoge!r4 ,b aga91 let u suppose a *ild set to read t :i* he may und]/&1 b :i* he is requir$ to read m rapidly ?an all[s him to p]ceive & to reit]ate ! ideas :ile read+1 & let u m>k :at are ! necess>y consequ5ces 9 su* a case4 ,! *ild is call$ on to read a s5t5ce1 & he does s4 ,he und]/&s x too4 ,b ! art ( read+ is n yet famili>1 & he has to b5d "p ( 8 att5tion to ! decyph]+ ( ! words1 z well z to ! p]ception & reit]ation ( ! ideas4 ,?is requires m "t 9 a *ild to :om read+ is n yet famili>1 ?an to a *ild m advanc$4 ,b give him a little "t1 & ! matt] is accompli%$ ! ideas h be5 receiv$1 & !y w be reit]at$1 gr\p$1 & committ$ to ! keep+ ( ! memory1--& !n !y w =m "p ( 8 k4 ,b if ?is "t be n giv51--if ! *ild1 :ile engag$ 9 collect+ ! ideas f ! words ( "o s5t5ce1 be urg$ =w>d to ! read+ ( ano!r1 ! m5tal confusion =m]ly describ$ in/antly takes place4 ,m ideas are =c$ ^u ! m9d ?an x c reit]ate2 no gr\p c be =m$1 because ! elem5ts ( :i* x ought to be compos$1 h n yet be5 p]ceiv$2 ! imag9ation gets bewild]$2--! m9d is unnaturally burd5$2--its faculties are ov]/ret*$2--! *ild is disc\rag$ & irritat$2 ! p[]s ( 8 m9d fatigu$ & weak5$2 & ! :ole object ( ! tea*] is at once defeat$1 & r5d]$ worse ?an useless4--,9 e case1 !re=e1 :5 ! *ild is call$ on to read1 suffici5t "t %\ld be giv52--! tea*] tak+ c>e t ! ma9 design ( read+1 t ( collect+ & gr\p+ ideas1 be always accompli%$2 & t ! pupil reads no m at "o "t ?an he c ?or\ghly und]/& & reta94 ,!re is yet ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is process ( gr\p+1 :i* ought n to be ov]look$4 ,x ref]s to ! ord] 9 :i* ! objects to be gr\p$ by ! *ild are pres5t$ to 8 notice4 ,a *ild "u ! guidance ( ,nature1 receives & reta9s its impressions ( objects 9 a natural & simple ord]4 ,:5 x witnesses a sc5e1 ! gr\p ( objects1 or actions =m$ & pictur$ on ! m9d by ! imag9ation1 is exactly z !y 7 se51 ! "o circum/ance foll[+ ! o!r 9 natural & regul> ord]4 ,9 tell+ a /ory !re=e to a *ild1 & m especially 9 compos+ lessons = !m to read1 ?is "p ( ,nature's plan %\ld be c>efully /udi$ & act$ ^u4 ,! elem5ts ( :i* ! sev]al gr\p+s are compos$1 or ! circum/ances 9 ! n>rative to be relat$1 %\ld be pres5t$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! eye w\ld cat* !m 9 ,nature1 or ! ord] 9 :i* !y occurr$1 t !re may be no unnecess>y retrogression ( ! m9d1 no conf\nd+ ( ideas1 no fe> ( los+ ! l9ks t connect & b9d toge!r ! m9or gr\p+s ( ! /ory4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 = example1 ! *ild is n to be requir$ to pa9t ^u 8 imag9ation1 a deadly /ruggle betwe5 two p]sons ( :om z yet he kn[s no?+2 & !n1 retir+ backw>ds 9 ! /ory1 be made acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances connect$ ) _! sev]al (f]+s to ,god2 & la/ ( all1 _! p>5tage1 _! occupations1 & _! *>act]s4 ,! m9ds ( ! "y & inexp]i5c$ w\ld be p]plex$ & bewild]$ by su* a plan ( proce$+2 & ! irregul>ity w\ld mo/ probably be ! cause ( _! los+ ! :ole /ory4 ,! opposite ( ?is plan is no d\bt frequ5tly adopt$ 9 works ( fiction prep>$ = adults1 & = ! sake ( effect2 b e "o mu/ see t x is unnecess>y 9 simple hi/ory1 & is n at all adapt$ = ! in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,:5 ,nature's me?od is adopt$1 ! *ild collects & gr\ps ! incid5ts z he proce$s1 & pa9ts1 )\t ef=t1 ! :ole liv+ & mov+ sc5e on 8 imag9ation1 z if he himself _h /ood by1 & be5 an eye-witness ( ! orig9al ev5ts4 ,! asc]ta9$ b5efits ( ^! modes ( imitat+ ,nature1 are lit]ally innum]able2 & x is happily )9 ! p[] ( e p>5t or tea*]1 9 a s+le h\r1 to te/ !m = himself4 ,we %all m]ely adv]t to "o or two in/ances :i* occurr$ 9 ! record$ exp]im5ts1 :]e _! effects1 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r pr9ciples1 7 conspicu\s4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ^u ! prison]s 9 ! ,c\nty ,jail ( ,ed9burgh1 ! acquisition ( _! k ( ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 in/ead ( be+ a burd51 0 to !m a s\rce ( unm+l$ gratification4 ,!re 7 pa9t$ ^u _! m9ds ! lead+ incid5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! patri>*s1 n only 9 gr\ps1 b _! judgm5ts be+ rip5$1 !y 7 able to p]ceive !m 9 regul> connection4 ,^! pictures1 !n s pleasantly impress$ on _! imag9ations1 are likely to rema9 ) !m ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! lives4 ,! ,report says1 t !y 7 exam9$ on _! k ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 & gave a di/9ct acc\nt ( its prom95t facts f ,adam d[n to ! settlem5t 9 ,go%51 & %ew$ by _! answ]s t ^! circum/ances 7 und]/ood by !m 9 _! prop] nature & be>+s4 ,by ! same means1 b 9 less "t1 & to a great] ext5t1 ! same object 0 atta9$ ) ! *ildr5 9 ,ab]de51 :o1 ?\gh *os5 f ! s*ools specially on acc\nt ( _! want ( k1 71 by only a few h\rs tea*+1 enabl$1 besides _m o!r subjects ( k1 to receive & reta9 on _! m9ds ! great lead+ circum/ances t occurr$ f ! dea? ( ,moses d[nw>ds1 to t ( ! revolt ( ! t5 tribes 9 ! reign ( ,rehoboam4 ,9 ! exp]im5t 9 ,london also1 a l>ge portion ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 ) mu* o!r k1 0 acquir$ 9 a few h\rs by a boy ( ab\t n9e ye>s ( age1 :o1 previ\sly to ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 knew no m ( ,god ?an ! "n2--:o _h no idea ( a s\l1 or t he %\ld live aft] dea?2--:o _h nev] he>d ( ,adam1 ,noah1 or ,abraham2--_h no idea ( a ,savi\r2 knew no?+ ( heav5 or hell2 _h nev] he>d ( ,*ri/1 & knew n :e!r ! "n belong$ to a man or a woman4 ,yet ?is boy1 9 an exce$+ly %ort "t1 c\ld give an acc\nt ( _m gr\p+s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,we %all only rem>k1 9 conclusion1 t if1 by ! prop] application ( ?is pr9ciple1 s mu* k may be acquir$ by rude & ignorant *ildr51 n only )\t ef=t1 b 9 ! enjoym5t ( great satisfaction2 :at may n be expect$ 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 :5 ! pupils are regul>ly tra9$ & prep>$ = ! purpose1 & :5 all ! pr9ciples employ$ by ,nature 9 ?is great "w1 are made to unite _! aids1 & to "w 9 h>mony toge!r = produc+ an enlight5$ & virtu\s population8 ,?is may mo/ assur$ly be ga9$ 9 an exce$+ly %ort p]iod ( "t1 by a close & p]sev]+ imitation ( ,nature 9 ^! educational processes4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,note ,o4 ,,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,on ! ,me?ods by :i* ,nature may be imitat$ 9 ,communicat+ ,k by ,classification1 or ,analysis4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we _h occasion to notice a f\r? pr9ciple br\ght into op]ation by ,nature 9 ! acquisition ( k1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( ,classification1 or ,analysis2 & we %all n[ enquire h[ ?is pr9ciple may be successfully imitat$ by ! tea*] = ! fur!rance ( 8 art4 ,!re are two =ms1 :i* 9 a =m] *apt] we endeav\r$ to trace out & expla91 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple ( ,analysis appe>s 9 ! educational process ( ,nature4 ,we %all "h aga9 v %ortly adv]t to !m1 beg9n+ ) t :i* 9 education is p]haps ! mo/ important1 b :i* hi!rto has c]ta9ly be5 lea/ att5d$ to1--t ( tea*+ connect$ tru?s by progressive /eps4 ,:5 we read a connect$ section ( hi/ory = ! fir/ "t1 & !n exam9e ! /ate ( our k respect+ x1 we f9d t we h reta9$ "s ( ! ideas or tru?s :i* we read1 b t we h lo/ m4 ,:5 t portion :i* we h reta9$ is c>efully exam9$1 we f9d t x consi/s *iefly ( ! m prom95t features ( ! n>rative1 ) p]haps "h & !re occasional gr\p+s ( isolat$ circum/ances4 ,we h1 9 fact1 reta9$ ^u ! memory1 little m ?an ! g5]al outl9e1--! great frame-"w ( ! hi/ory4 ,!re w be ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end1 conta9+ p]haps few ( ! m9or details1 b :at is reta9$ is all 9 regul> ord]1 b\nd toge!r z a cont9u\s n>rative1 &1 h[ev] meagre1 ! :ole =ms 9 ! imag9ation ( ! read]1 a di/9ct & connect$ :ole4 ,!re is p]haps no m ( ! int5d$ fabric ( ! hi/ory erect$ 9 ! m9d ?an ! m]e skeleton ( ! build+2 b ?is frame-"w1 h[ev] defective 9 ! details1 is complete bo? z to %ape & size1 & is a correct model ( ! f9i%$ build+ f top to bottom4 ,?is is ! /ate ( e advanc$ pupil's m9d1 aft] he has = ! fir/ "t clos$ ! read+ ( any portion ( hi/ory or biography4 ,if ! n>rative itself has be5 correct1 ?is g5]al outl9e1--?is great frame-"w ( ! hi/ory1--rema9s on 8 m9d ?r\gh life1 )\t any mat]ial alt]ation4 ,additional in=mation aft]w>ds w assi/ 9 fill+ up ! empty spaces left betwe5 ! m massive mat]ials1 b x w nei!r %ake1 nor %ift !m2 & ev5 ! mo/ m9ute details ( individual or family incid5ts1 connect$ ) ! g5]al n>rative1 :ile !y add additional int]e/1 & fill up or ornam5t diff]5t & sep>ate p>ts1 w nev] alt] ! g5]al =m ( ! fabric1 nor displace any ( ! ma9 pill>s ^u :i* x is support$4 ,?is is "o way ( illu/rat+ ?is analytical process ( ,nature2 b = ! purposes ( imitat+ x 9 education x is n p]haps ! be/4 ,! idea ( a regul> analytical table ( ! hi/ory1 =m$ ( successive bran*es1 by successive read+s1 is by f> ! mo/ natural & applicable4 ,by a fir/ read+ ( a portion ( hi/ory1 !re are c]ta9 great lead+ po9ts e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d ( ! read]1 :i* =m ! fir/ bran*es ( a regul> analysis1 & to "s "o or o!r ( :i* p>ts or divisions e circum/ance ( a m m9ute k9d connect$ ) ! hi/ory1 w be f\nd to be relat$4 ,?is fir/ great division ( ! hi/ory atta9$ by ! fir/ read+1 if correct1 w1 & mu/1 rema9 ! same1 :atev] addition may aft]w>ds be made to x4 ,by a second read+1 our k ( ! lead+ po9ts w greatly assi/ u 9 collect+ & rememb]+ _m ( ! m m9ute circum/ances embodi$ 9 !m1 or intimately connect$ ) !m2 b ev5 !n1 an ord9>y m9d1 & m especially a "y p]son1 w n h made himself ma/] ( all ! details4 ,a ?ird1 & p]haps a f\r? read+1 w be f\nd necess>y to give him a full comm& ( all ! m9ut] circum/ances record$4#ah ,9 endeav\r+ to take advantage ( ?is pr9ciple1 s ext5sively employ$ by ,nature1 x is ( great importance to obs]ve1 t a c]ta9 def9ite effect is produc$ by ea* successive read+4 ,a fir/ read+ e/abli%es 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil a regul> frame-"w ( ! :ole hi/ory1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( e successive read+ to fill up & complete4 ,!re is by ! fir/ c\rse1 a sep>ation ( ! :ole subject into heads1 =m+ ! regul> divisions ( a fir/ bran* ( ! analysis2--! second c\rse t5ds to subdivide ^! aga9 into _! sev]al p>ts2 & to =m a second bran* 9 ?is analytical table2--& a ?ird c\rse1 w\ld enable ! pupil to p]ceive & to sep>ate ! p>ts ( ! n>rative includ$ 9 ^! sev]al divisions1 by :i* !re w\ld arise a ?ird bran*1 all includ$ 9 ! second1 & ev5 9 ! fir/4 ,we h "h suppos$1 t ! pupil has be5 engag$ ) ! v same *apt]s 9 ea* ( ^! sev]al c\rses2--& t he read ! same words 9 ! fir/ c\rse t he read 9 ^? :i* foll[$4 ,he _h to read ! :ole1 al?\gh he c\ld reta9 b little4 ,he _h to lab\r ! :ole field = ! sake ( procur+ plants1 :i* c\ld h be5 m c]ta9ly & m heal?fully rais$ ^u a squ>e y>d4 ,8 read+ = h\rs has produc$ no m k ?an is express$ by ! fir/ bran* ( ! suppos$ analysis2 & !re=e1 if ! tea*] w\ld b analyse ! subject = ! *ild1 :e!r x be a sci5ce or a hi/ory1--suppose = example1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,joseph1--& give 8 y\ng] pupils no m at fir/ ?an ! simple outl9e ( ! /ory1 "s v important advantages w\ld be ! result4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! v difficult task ( keep+ ! volatile m9d ( a *ild cont9u\sly fix$ to ! subject dur+ ! l5g!n$ read+ ( ! :ole n>rative w be unnecess>y2--! irritation & uneas9ess :i* su* a l5g!n$ ex]cise mu/ produce 9 a *ild w be avoid$2--"t w be economis$1 ! lab\r ( ! tea*] w be sp>$1 & ! m9d ( ! *ild at ! close ( ! ex]cise1 in/ead ( be+ fagg$ & pro/rat$1 w be f\nd vigor\s & lively4 ,& yet1 ) all ?is1 ! positive result w be ! same4 ,! *ild's k ( ! subject 9 ?is latt] case1 w 9 reality be z ext5sive1 & mu* m di/9ct & p]man5t1 ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,"h is ! fir/ /ep ga9$2 & to atta9 ! second1 a simil> c\rse mu/ be pursu$4 ,nature1 :o =m$ ?is fir/ bran* ( ! analytical table on ! m9ds ( ! fir/ class ( ! *ildr51 =m$ ano!r & m ext5d$ bran* 9 ! m9ds ( ! second class4 ,! tea*] !re=e has only to take ea* ( ! bran*es :i* =m ! fir/ /ep1 & sub-divide !m into _! natural heads1 s z to =m a second1--& to tea* ?is to 8 *ildr5 9 ! same mann] t he taught !m ! =m]4 ,by ?is means1 ! fir/ class w n[ possess an equal degree ( k ) ^? :o occupi$ ! second2--& by a simil> process1 ! o!rs w\ld advance to ! ?ird & ! f\r? classes accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! plan "h propos$ = imitat+ ,nature by progressive /eps1 has be5 tri$ ) undeviat+ success = _m ye>s4 ,its effici5cy1 z embrac+ ! pr9ciple employ$ by ,nature = ! communication ( k1 has be5 repeat$ly subject$ to ! mo/ delicate & at ! same "t ! mo/ se>*+ exp]im5ts4 ,by its means1 9 connection ( c\rse ) ! cate*etical ex]cise by :i* x is wr\ght1 v extraord9>y effects h be5 produc$ ev5 ^u individuals ^: m9ds & circum/ances 7 greatly bel[ ! av]age ( common *ildr54 ,9 ! exp]im5t made ^u ! adult crim9als 9 ! ,c\nty ,jail ( ,ed9burgh1 ! pupils acquir$ easily & p]man5tly a ?or\gh k ( ! hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,!y gave a di/9ct acc\nt ( its prom95t facts1 f ,adam1 d[n to ! settlem5t 9 ,go%51 & %ew$ by _! answ]s1 t ^! circum/ances 7 und]/ood by !m1 9 _! prop] nature & be>+s4 ,!y gave1 9 ! next place1 a connect$ view ( ! lead+ doctr9es ( revelation2 :5 _! answ]s ev9c$1 mo/ satisfactorily1 t !y appreh5d$1 n m]ely ea* sep>ate tru?1 b t !y p]ceiv$ its relation to o!rs1 & possess$ a consid]able k ( ! div9e sy/em z a :ole4 ,!y 7 also exam9$ ^u sev]al sections ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 :]e _! answ]s display$ an equally cle> & accurate k ( ! subject4 ,^! p]sons1 be x obs]v$1 belong$ to a class ( individuals1 :o are g5]ally consid]$ to be peculi>ly ho/ile to ! reception ( in=mation ( ?is k9d1 & c]ta9ly :o are lea/ able to compreh5d & reta9 x2 & all ?is1 besides o!r portions ( k1 on :i* !y 7 exam9$ dur+ ! exp]im5t1 0 communicat$ ) ease by ab\t tw5ty h\rs tea*+4 ,by ! exp]im5t made at ,ab]de51 ^u *ildr5 ! mo/ ignorant t ! ,committee ( ,cl]gym5 c\ld f9d among ! sev]al s*ools 9 ! city1 x 0 asc]ta9$1 t aft] only n9e or t5 h\rs tea*+1 !y _h n only receiv$ a ?or\gh k ( sev]al sections ( ,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 b t !y _h acquir$ a k ( all ! lead+ ev5ts includ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 f ! dea? ( ,moses1 d[nw>ds to t ( ! revolt ( ! ,t5 ,tribes 9 ! reign ( ,rehoboam4 ,"h !y di/9ctly /at$ & describ$ all ! lead+ circum/ances ( ! n>rative compris$ 9 ! ',fir/ ,/ep1' ^: brief b compreh5sive outl9e !y appe>$1 9 v>i\s in/ances1 to h fill$ up at home1 by read+ 9 _! ,bibles ! correspond+ *apt]s4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is =m ( analytical tea*+1 z exhibit$ 9 successive /eps1 :5 employ$ = ! purpose ( tea*+ a k ( civil hi/ory & biography1 0 also prov$ ) equal c]ta9ty2--= ^! same *ildr5 %[$ a ?or\gh k ( t portion ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& embrac$ by ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,commonweal?2 & 9 biography1 ! life ( ! late ,john ,newton hav+ be5 employ$ = ! purpose1 !y %ew$ su* an acqua9tance ) ! lead+ facts1 & ! uses to be made ( !m1 t ! rev]5d g5tlem5 9 ?is report ( ! exp]im5t say1 t ! *ildr5 _h to be re/ra9$1 z ! "t w\ld n p]mit4 ,9 tea*+ ! sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly ! sci5ce ( natural philosophy1 ?is me?od ( employ+ ! pr9ciple ( analysis has be5 f\nd equally successful4 ,nature inde$1 by ! regul> division ( h] sev]al works1 has obvi\sly po9t$ ?is out z ! prop] me?od ( proce$+1 especially ) ! "y2 & ! success t has inv>iably accompani$ ! attempt1 %ews t ! op9ion is well f\nd$4 ,9 ! exp]im5t at ,ab]de51 ! class ( *ildr51 :o 7 specially select$ f _! companions on acc\nt ( _! ignorance only a few days be=e1 7 int]rogat$1 sci5tifically1 z to ! production1 ! nature1 & ! prop]ties ( sev]al famili> objects1 ) ! view ( %ew+ h[ admirably calculat$ ! ,lesson ,sy/em is1 = furni%+ ! "y ) a k ( natural sci5ce & ( ! arts4 ,"o ( _! little companions be+ rais$ be=e !m on a b5*1 !y describ$ e "p ( 8 dress1 f ! bonnet d[nw>ds1 detail+ e process & /age ( ! manufacture4 ,! bonnet1 :i* 0 put on 8 head = ?is purpose1 ! coat1 ! silk-h&k]*ief1 ! cotton ve/1 7 all trac$ respectively f ! %eep1 ! egg ( ! silk-worm1 & ! cotton-pod4 ,! buttons1 :i* 7 ( brass1 7 /at$ to be a composition ( copp] & z9c1 :i* 7 sep>ately & sci5tifically describ$1 ) ! reasons assign$1 7z good z c\ld be giv517 = _! admixture1 9 ! composition ( brass4 ,a lady's p>asol1 & a g5tleman's wat* 7 describ$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! ivory knob1 ! brass crampet1 ! bamboo1 ! :alebone1 ! silk1 7 no soon] adv]t$ to1 ?an !y 7 sci5tifically describ$4 ,:5 _! att5tion 0 call$ to ! seals ( ! g5tleman's wat*1 !y imm$iately said1 ',^! are ( pure1 & ^? ( jewell]'s gold1' & describ$ ! diff]5ce4 ,! /eel r+ 0 trac$ to ! iron-/one 9 ! m9e1 ) a description ( ! mode ( sep>at+ ! metal f its comb9ations4 ,! processes requisite = ! prep>ation ( wr\ght-iron f ! ca/-iron1 & ( /eel f ! wr\ght-iron1 ) ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( ea* ( ^! metals1 7 accurately describ$1 & "s practical lessons drawn f ^! prop]ties2 su* z1 t a knife ought nev] to be put into ! fire1 & t a razor %\ld be dipp$ 9 w>m wat] previ\s to its be+ us$4 ,v>i\s articles 7 collect$ f individuals 9 ! meet+1 & successively pres5t$ to !m1 all ( :i* !y describ$4 ,india-rubb]1 cork1 sponge1 pocket combs1 c4 ,a small pocket !rmomet]1 ) its tube & its m]cury1 its pr9ciples & use1 & ev5 ! ,turkey-lea!r on ! cov]1 7 all fully describ$4 ,aft] expla9+ ! nature & prop]ties ( coal-gas1 "o ( ! boys /at$ to ! meet+1 t s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ?is exp]im5t1 he _h himself attempt$1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ gas-light by means ( a tobacco-pipe2--8 me?od ( do+ :i* he also describ$4 ,! o!r =m 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( ,analysis may1 9 imitation ( ,nature1 be successfully employ$ 9 communicat+ k to ! "y1 is n to be consid]$ z new1 al?\gh ! work+ ( ! pr9ciple may n h be5 v cle>ly p]ceiv$1 or sy/ematically regulat$4 ,x is se5 mo/ simply p]haps 9 ! division ( any subject1--a s]mon = example--into its great g5]al heads2 & !n endeav\r+ to illu/rate ^!1 by sub-divid+ ea* into its sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,by ?is means ! :ole subject is b\nd toge!r1 ! judgm5t is heal?fully ex]cis$1 & ! memory is greatly assi/$ 9 mak+ use ( ! in=mation communicat$4 ,x is ^u ?is plan t ! sev]al disc\rses & spee*es 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les h be5 analys$1 z an introduction to ! tea*+ ( ! epi/les to ! "y4#ai ,^u ! same pr9ciple dep5ds ! success ( ! ,analysis ( ,pray]1 ( :i* we %all aft]w>ds h to speak2 & x is by means ( ?is pr9ciple1 9 connection ) ! successive /eps1 t ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( natural philosophy are propos$ to be taught4 ,! effici5cy ( ! pr9ciple 9 ?is =m1 z appli$ to ! tea*+ ( natural philosophy to m]e s*ool boys1 has be5 asc]ta9$ by num]\s exp]im5ts1 ( :i* ! "o 9 ,ab]de51 already allud$ to1 has af=d$ good evid5ce4 ,b ! exp]im5t conduct$ 9 ,newry1 on acc\nt ( sev]al concurr5t circum/ances1 is /ill m rem>kable & appropriate1 & to x !re=e we propose briefly to ref]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcj1 ! writ]1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! t[n ( ,newry on 8 way to ,dubl91 0 wait$ ^u by sev]al ,sunday s*ool tea*]s1 & 0 reque/$ to af=d !m "s in=mation z to tea*+ _! s*ools1 & = t purpose to hold a meet+ ) !m & _! fell[ tea*]s1 be=e leav+ ! place4 ,to ?is he readily agre$2 b z he int5d$ to g to ,dubl9 by ! coa*1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ,newry 9 ! aft]noon1 ! meet+ _h to take place t same day at two o'clock4 ,at t meet+1 ! ,e>l ( ,kilmorey & a p>ty ( 8 fri5ds 7 v unexpect$ly pres5t2 & !y1 aft] ! bus9ess ( ! meet+ 0 ov]1 jo9$ ) ! o!rs 9 reque/+ him to po/pone 8 dep>ture1 & to hold a public meet+ on ! foll[+ ,tuesday1 ( :i* due intimation w\ld be giv51 & _m tea*]s 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :o mu/ o!rwise be greatly disappo9t$1 w\ld be able to att5d4 ,to ?is reque/1 accord+ly1 he at once acc$$4 ,9 visit+ ! s*ools next day1 ! propriety ( prep>+ a class or two ( *ildr5 = ! public meet+ 0 sugge/$ & approv$ (2 & ! day-tea*] be+ appli$ to1 gave ,mr ,gall a li/ ( six ( 8 boys = ! purpose4 ,) ^! *ildr5 he met on ,monday2 & aft] in/ruct+ !m 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,gospel1 & tea*+ !m h[ to draw lessons f ,scripture1 he began to tea* !m "s p>ts ( natural philosophy1 & to draw lessons also f ^!4 ,_! aptness1 & eag]ness to le>n1 sugge/$ ! idea ( select+ "o ( ! sci5ces1 & conf9+ _! att5tion pr9cipally to x1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ h[ mu* ( ! really useful p>ts ( x !y c\ld acquire & le>n to use1 9 ! %ort space ( "t :i* mu/ int]v5e betwe5 t p]iod & ! h\r ( meet+4 ,consid]+ :at w\ld be mo/ useful & int]e/+1 r ?an :at w\ld be mo/ easy1 he ha/ily fix$ on ! sci5ce ( anatomy & physiology1 & resolv$ to m>k ! "t dur+ :i* !y 7 engag$ ) him 9 le>n+ x4 ,^! lessons 7 altoge!r oral & cate*etical1--z nei!r he nor ! *ildr5 at t "t _h any books to assi/ !m 9 _! lab\rs4 ,! me?od adopt$ by ,mr ,gall 9 communicat+ a k ( ?is important & difficult sci5ce to ^! s*ool-boys1 0 /rictly analytical2--classify+ & connect+ e "p ( 8 subject1 & br++ out ! sev]al bran*es ( ! analysis 9 natural ord]1 s t ! connection ( all ! p>ts 0 easily se51 & ( c\rse well rememb]$4 ,an illu/ration ( 8 me?od may induce "s p>5ts to try x !mselves4 ,he fir/ direct$ _! att5tion to ! bones1 & taught !m 9 a few words _! nature & uses1 z ! pill>s & safegu>ds ( ! body2--! %ank1 ! jo9t1 & ! ligam5ts1 =m+ ! bran*es ( ?is "p ( ! analysis4 ,he !n l$ !m to imag9e ^! bones clo!d ) ! fle%y p>ts1 or muscles1 ( :i* ! mass1 ! ligam5ts1 & ! s9ews1 =m$ ! bran*es4 ,he expla9$ ! nature ( _! contraction2 & %ew$ !m1 t ! muscles be+ fa/5$ at "o end by ! ligam5t to a bone1 its contraction pull$ ! s9ew at ! o!r1 & ?us b5t ! jo9t :i* lay betwe5 !m4--,he !n taught !m ! nature & uses ( ! sev]al visc]a1 :i* occupy ! *e/ & belly1 & _! connection ) ea* o!r4 ,?is prep>$ ! way = consid]+ ! nature ( ! fluids ( ! body1 p>ticul>ly ! blood1 & its circulation f ! he>t & lungs by ! art]ies1 & to !m aga9 by ! ve9s1 ) ! pulsation ( ! "o1 & ! valves ( ! o!r4 ,! passage ( ! blood ?r\gh ! lungs1 & ! uses ( ! air-cells & blood-vessels 9 t organ 7 describ$2 :5 ! boys1 7hav+ previ\sly _h a lesson on ! nature ( wat]1 atmosph]ic air1 & ! gases17 readily und]/ood ! importance ( br++ ! oxyg5 into contact ) ! blood1 = its r5ovation f ! v5\s to ! art]ial /ate4 ,! nature ( ! /oma* & ( dige/ion1 ( ! inte/9es1 lacteals1 & absorb5ts1 0 next expla9$1 m 9 reg>d to _! nature ?an _! names1--:i* la/ 7 mo/ difficult to rememb]2--b ! k ( ! function1 inv>iably assi/$ ! memory 9 recall+ ! "n ( ! organ4 ,!y 7 next made acqua9t$ ) ! bra91 ! sp9al cord1 & ! n]v\s sy/em g5]ally1 z ! s\rce ( motion 9 ! muscles1 & ! m$ium ( s5sation 9 convey+ intellig5ce f ! sev]al organs ( s5se to ! bra91 by :i* alone ! s\l1 9 "s way unkn[n1 receives intellig5ce ( outw>d objects4 ,?is prep>$ ! way = an acc\nt ( ! organs ( s5se1 & ! me*anism ( _! p>ts2 & la/ly1 !y 7 made acqua9t$ ) ! integum5ts1 sk91 hair1 & nails1 ) ! mo/ obvi\s ( _! peculi>ities4--,on all ^! !y 7 assidu\sly & repeat$ly cate*is$1 till ! tru?s 7 n only und]/ood1 b 7 9 "s degree famili> to !m4 ,9 ?is !y 7 greatly assi/$ by a consid]ation ( _! own bodies2 :i* ,mr ,gall took c>e to make a k9d ( text-book1 n only = mak+ him bett] und]/ood1 b = enabl+ !m m easily & p]man5tly to rememb] :at he told !m4 ,:5 he %ew$ !m1 by _! h&s1 feet1 & face1 ! ramifications ( ! blood-vessels & n]ves1--! me*anism ( ! jo9ts1--! contraction ( ! v>i\s muscles1--! situation & p>ticul> uses ( :i* he himself did n ev5 "k1 b :i* 7 nev]!less mov$ at _! own w1 & :5ev] !y pleas$1--! "y anatomi/s 7 greatly pleas$ & a/oni%$2 & ?is add$ to _! eag]ness = f>!r in=mation1 & to _! zeal 9 %ew+ t !y und]/ood1 & 7 able aga9 to communicate x4 ,^! prep>atory meet+s 7 nev] protract$ to any great ext5t1 z ! :ole "t 0 divid$ into ?ree or f\r portions1--! boys be+ dismiss$ to ?9k ov] ! subject1 7= !y _h no?+ to read17 & to meet aga9 at a c]ta9 h\r4 ,! wat* 0 aga9 produc$1 & ! "t m>k$2 & :5 ! :ole p]iod occupi$ by ?is sci5ce & its connections 0 add$ toge!r1 x am\nt$ to two h\rs & a half exactly4 ,"o ( ^! lessons1 & ! longe/1 0 giv5 dur+ a /roll 9 ! fields4 ,! public meet+ ( p>5ts & tea*]s 0 held at ,newry on ! #e? ( ,octob] #ahcj1 :5 ! above class1 ) o!rs1 7 exam9$ on ! religi\s k :i* _h be5 communicat$ to !m on ! previ\s days1 ) its lessons & uses2 aft] :i* ! six boys 7 tak5 by !mselves1 & ?or\ghly & se>*+ly cate*is$ on _! k ( ! anatomy & physiology ( ! human body4 ,!y 7 exam9$ fir/ on ! nature & uses ( ! bones1 _! %apes1 sub/ance1 jo9ts1 & ligam5ts4 ,!n on ! nature & (fices ( ! muscles1 ) _! blood-vessels1 n]ves1 ligam5ts1 s9ews1 & motions2--! uses ( ! sev]al visc]a2--! he>t ) its pulsations1 its p[]1 its v5tricles & auricles1 & _! sev]al uses2--! lungs1 ) _! air-cells1 blood-vessels1 & _! use 9 art]ializ+ ! blood2--! /oma*1 inte/9es1 c4 ) _! p]i/altic motions1 lacteals1 c42--! bra91 sp9al cord1 & n]ves1 ) _! connections1 ramifications1 & uses2--! s5ses1 ) _! sev]al organs1 _! me*anism1 & _! mann] ( act+4 ,on all ^! !y 7 que/ion$1 & cross-que/ion$1 9 e v>iety ( =m3 ,& t ! audi5ce might be satisfi$ t ?is 0 n a m]e catalogue ( names1 b t 9 fact ! physiology ( ! sev]al p>ts 0 really kn[n1 & w\ld be rememb]$1 ev5 if ! names ( ! organs %\ld be =gott51 !y 7 made repeat$ly to trav]se ! connect+ l9ks ( ! analysis =w>d f ! root1 ?r\gh its sev]al bran*es1 to ! extreme limit 9 ! ultimate effect2 &1 at o!r times backw>d1 f ! ultimate effect to ! primitive organ1 or "p ( ! body f :i* x took its orig94 ,= example1 !y c\ld readily trace =w>d ! movem5t ( ! arm jo9t1 or any o!r jo9t1 f ! ligam5t ( ! muscle at its junction ) ! bone1 ?r\gh its contraction by ! n]ve at ! fiat ( ! w1 by :i* ! s9ew ( ! muscle1 fa/5$ at ! opposite side ( ! jo9t1 is pull$1 & ! jo9t b5t2--or !y c\ld trace backw>d any ( ! op]ations ( ! s5ses1--! sight1 = example1 f ! object se51 ?r\gh ! coats ( ! eye1 to ! inv]t$ picture ( x =m$ ^u ! ret9a1 :i* communicat$ ! s5sation to ! optic n]ve1 by :i* x 0 convey$ to ! bra94 ,9 all :i* !y inv>iably succe$$1 & %ew$ t ! :ole 0 cle>ly & connect$ly und]/ood4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 m9utely & ext5sively done on ! sev]al p>ts ( ! body1 "s m$ical g5tlem5 :o 7 pres5t 7 reque/$ to cate*ise !m on any ( ! topics !y _h le>nt1 = ! purpose ( assur+ !mselves & ! audi5ce t ! *ildr5 really & famili>ly und]/ood all t !y _h be5 cate*is$ ^u4 ,"o ( ! m$ical g5tlem51 = himself & ! o!rs pres5t1 !n /at$ publicly to ! meet+1 t ! ext5t ( ! *ildr5's k ( ?is difficult sci5ce 0 beyond any ?+ t !y c\ld h conceiv$4 ,& aft]w>ds affirm$1 t he _h se5 /ud5ts :o _h att5d$ ! m$ical classes = six mon?s1 :o did n "k s mu* ( ! human body z ^! *ildr5 n[ did4 ,?is exp]im5t became m rem>kable f a circum/ance :i* took place )9 a few days aft]w>ds1 & :i* t5d$ /ill m /rongly to prove ! p]man5ce & effici5cy ( ?is me?od ( imitat+ ,nature2 %ew+1 n only t tru? :5 communicat$ z ,nature directs1 is easily receiv$1 & p]man5tly reta9$ ^u ! memory1 b t all su* tru?s :5 ?us communicat$1 become m & m famili> to ! m9d1 & m decid$ly "u ! contr\l1 & at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,! circum/ance is ?us record$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t#bj f :i* we h already quot$4 ,at ! close ( ! meet+1 ,mr ,gall took f>ewell ( 8 "y fri5ds1 n expect+ to h ! pleasure ( see+ !m aga92 & 7aft] a promis$ visit to ,rav5/ile17 he proce$$ on ! foll[+ ,?ursday to ,ro/revor1 :]e he f\nd a num]\s audi5ce1 7publicly call$ toge!r by ,lady ,lif=d1 ! ,rev4 ,mr ,jacobs1 & o!rs1 to receive him17 already assembl$4 ,"h1 9 ! c\rse ( tea*+ a class ( *ildr5 br\ght to him = ! fir/ "t1 & expla9+ ! nature & capabilities ( ! sy/em1 ref]5ce 0 made to ! above exp]im5t only a few days be=e 9 _! neighb\rhood at ,newry4 ,two g5tlem51#ba (ficially & intimately connect$ ) ! ,kild>e ,place ,society ( ,dubl91 be+ accid5tally pres5t1 7 at _! own desire introduc$ to ,mr ,gall by a cl]ical fri5d aft] ! close ( ! ex]cises4 ,! circum/ances ( ! ,newry exp]im5t1 :i* _h be5 m5tion$ dur+ ! meet+1 7 /rongly d\bt$1 till affirm$ by ! cl]ical fri5d :o introduc$ !m2 :o1 hav+ be5 pres5t & witness$ x1 assur$ !m t ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! ev5t _h n be5 exagg]at$4 ,!y !n /at$1 t x mu/ ( necessity h be5 a m]e transi5t glimpse receiv$ ( ! sci5ce by ! *ildr52 :i*1 be+ easily got1 w\ld be z easily lo/2 & t its evanesc5t nature w\ld )\t all "q be f\nd1 by _! almo/ imm$iately hav+ =gott5 ! :ole ( :at _h be5 told !m4 ,mr ,gall1 h[ev]1 assur$ !m1 t s f> f t be+ ! case1 he 0 conv9c$1 f long exp]i5ce1 t ! in=mation communicat$ w\ld be mu* m la/+ ?an t receiv$ 9 any o!r way4 ,t ! impressions1 s repeat$ly made ^u _! m9ds by ! cate*etical ex]cises1 w\ld rema9 ) !m v likely ?r\gh life2 :ile ! effect ( ! analytical mode1 by :i* he _h l9k$ ! :ole toge!r1 w\ld prev5t any ( ! important bran*es f ev] be+ sep>at$ f ! re/4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y rememb]$ any ( ! tru?s1 !y w\ld mo/ probably rememb] all4 ,& besides1 he %ew$1 t ! daily use1 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life1 :i* !y w\ld f9d = ! lessons f ! tru?s taught1 w\ld revive "p1 & p]haps ! :ole1 ^u _! memories e day4 ,b z x 0 ( importance t !y %\ld be satisfi$1 & to set ! matt] at re/1 he agre$ to call ! boys unexpect$ly toge!r at ano!r public meet+ 9 ,newry1 :]e !y might be pres5t & judge = !mselves2 & )\t see+ or talk+ ) ! boys1 he w\ld exam9e !m aga9 publicly1 & z ext5sively z be=e2 :5 he 0 conv9c$ !y w\ld %ew1 t ! :ole 0 z fre% on _! memories z :5 !y at fir/ receiv$ x4 ,9 %ort1 t !y w\ld be able to und]go ! mo/ se>*+ ordeal1 ) equal1 if n great] ease1 ?an !y _h done =m]ly4 ,?is 0 accord+ly done4 ,a meet+ took place next day1 equally respectable1 & p]haps m num]\s ?an ! =m]1 to :i* ! boys 7 br\ght f _! s*ool1 )\t prep>ation1 or kn[+ :at !y 7 to be ask$4 ,!y 7 !n m fully & se>*+ly exam9$ ?an at fir/2 & !re be+ m "t1 !y 7 mu* long] "u ! ex]cise4 ,x 0 !n f\nd1 t ! in=mation =m]ly communicat$ 0 n only rememb]$1 b t ! sev]al tru?s 7 mu* m famili>1 9 !mselves & 9 _! connection ) ea* o!r1 ?an !y _h be5 at ! =m] meet+4 ,?is _h evid5tly aris5 f _! own frequ5t m$itations ^u !m s9ce t "t1 & _! application ( ! sev]al lessons1 ei!r ) "o ano!r1 _! p>5ts1 or !mselves4 ,! m$ical g5tlem5 7 aga9 pres5t1 & pr(ess$ !mselves equally pleas$4 ,f ! numb] & v>iety ( ^! facts1 :i* might be indef9itely ext5d$1 x is obvi\s1 t a new pa? lies op5 to ! ,educationi/1 :i*1 z yet1 has be5 sc>cely ent]$ ^u4 ,! same am\nt ( success is at ! comm& ( e tea*] :o w foll[ 9 ! same c\rse1 & keep rigidly 9 ! pa? po9t$ out to him by ,nature4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,note ,p4 #ai ,note ,q4 #bj ,complete ,directory = ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg1 & ,effects ( ! ,lesson ,sy/em1 p4 #cg4 #ba ,c\nsellor ,jackson1 ,m4 ,p4 ,secret>y to ! ,kild>e ,place ,society1 & ,mr ,hamilton1 bro!r-9-law to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 "o ( ! ,committee4 ,,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature 9 ,tea*+ ! ,practical ,use ( ,k4 ,! ?ird /ep 9 ! educational process ( ,nature we h f\nd to be1 ! tra9+ ( h] pupil to ! practical use ( 8 k4--,all h] o!r processes1 we h se5 f num]\s circum/ances1 are m]ely prep>atory & subs]vi5t to ?is2 & !re=e1 ! attempt at imitation "h by ! tea*] is ( correspond+ importance4 ,! practical application ( k mu/ be ! great end ( all ! pupil's le>n+2 & ! p>5t or tea*] %\ld conduct 8 ex]cises & lab\rs 9 su* a mann] z %all be mo/ likely to atta9 x4 ,! p[]s ( ! m9d are to be cultivat$2--b !y are to be cultivat$ *iefly t ! pupil may be able to collect & make use ( 8 k3--,& k is to be pursu$ & /or$ up2--b ?is is to be done t x may rema9 at 8 comm&1 & be readily put to use :5 x is requir$4 ,to suppose any ?+ else1 is to suppose some?+ directly oppos$ to all ! indications ( ,nature1 & to ! pla9e/ sugge/ions bo? ( reason & exp]i5ce4 ,if 9 ?is dep>tm5t !n1 ! tea*] is to imitate ,nature ) effect1 !re are two prelim9>y objects ( :i* he ought nev] to lose sight4 ,! fir/ is1 t he /udi\sly select f ! num]\s subjects :i* may =m ! /aple ( education1 ^? only1 or at lea/ *iefly1 :i* are to be mo/ useful1 & :i* may mo/ easily & mo/ frequ5tly be put to use by ! pupil2--& ! second is1 t :atev] be ! tru? or ! subject taught1 ! *ild %\ld1 at ! "t ( le>n+1 be in/ruct$ 9 ! me?ods & ! circum/ances 9 :i* x may be us$4 ,to neglect ^! prelim9>y po9ts1 is really to betray ! cause ( education1 &1 besides inflict+ a la/+ injury on ! "y1 to deceive ! public4 ,9 our enquiries into ,nature's me?od ( apply+ k1 we f\nd1 9 a =m] *apt]1 t %e employs two di/9ct ag5cies 9 ! "w4 ,! "o we d5om9at$ ! ,natural1 or ,common ,s5se2 & ! o!r is ! ,consci5ce1 or ,moral ,s5se3--! "o appe>+ to regulate our k 9 s f> z x ref]s to ! promotion ( our own p]sonal & physical com=ts2 & ! o!r1 9 s f> z x ref]s to ! rights & ! well-be+ ( o!rs1 & to our own moral good4 ,! me?od :i* %e employs 9 work+ out ^! two pr9ciples1 is1 z we be=e expla9$1 v ne>ly ! same2 consi/+ ( ! p]ception ( "s useful tru?1--! d$uction ( a lesson f t tru?1--& ! application ( t lesson to correspond+ circum/ances4 ,on t acc\nt1 our attempts to imitate h] op]ations z exhibit$ by ! "o1 w1 9 =m1 be ne>ly ! same z 9 ! o!r4 ,we %all "h1 !re=e1 att5d to ! me?ods by :i* ,nature may be successfully imitat$ "u bo? ag5cies1 & %all !n /ate a few illu/rations & facts :i* are m peculi>ly applicable to ea* 9 p>ticul>4 ,be=e do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we _c help once m press+ ^u ! m9d ( all connect$ ) education1 ! great importance--! necessity--( t "p ( ! subject ^u :i* we are n[ to ent]4 ,we h said1 & we aga9 repeat1 t ?is is education2 & e ?+ else taught to a *ild is1 or ought to be1 ei!r prelim9>y or supplem5t>y2--belong+ to education1 p]haps1 b n education itself4 ,x is practice1 & n !ory1 t con/itutes ! basis ( all improvem5t1 :e!r 9 ! arts1 or 9 morals & religion2 & x is to ?is practical application ( :at he le>ns1 t e *ild %\ld be tra9$1 by :atev] "n ! mode ( do+ s may be kn[n4 ,all our bless+s are de/9$ to come to u by ! use ( prop] means2 & ?is g5]al pr9ciple applies bo? to temporal & spiritual matt]s4 ,n[ ! use ( means1 is only ano!r mode ( express+ ! practical application ( k4 ,& if s1 :at are we to ?9k ( ! philosophy or ! c&\r ( ! p]son1 :o is app>5tly ! fri5d ( education1 b :o rema9s indiff]5t or ho/ile to ! ?+ itself1 m]ely because x is pres5t$ to him "u ano!r "n4 ,he may be a zeal\s advocate = ! spread ( k2--b t is n education4--,k is b ! means1--! application ( x is ! end2 & :5 !re=e he /ops %ort at ! communication ( k1 :ile he is indiff]5t to ! tea*+ ( its use1 he endang]s ! :ole ( 8 previ\s lab\r4 ,"o s+le tru? put to use1 is ( m real value to a *ild ?an a ?\s& are1 z long z !y rema9 unus$2 & ( ?is1 e fri5d ( ! "y ought to be conv9c$4 ,our heal?1 our food1 & our g5]al happ9ess dep5d1 n on k receiv$1 b on k appli$2 & !re=e1 to tea* k t is inapplicable or useless1 or to tea* useful k )\t tea*+ at ! same "t h[ x may be put to use by ! pupil1 is nei!r reasonable nor j4 ,h5ce ! importance ( our pres5t inve/igation2 & h5ce we h no hesitation 9 say+1 t ! enquiry1 ,h[ c ,nature be mo/ successfully imitat$ 9 h] application ( k8 is ! mo/ mom5t\s "q t c be put by ! tea*]2 & a successful answ] w con/itute ! mo/ preci\s boon t c be af=d$ to education4 ,to assi/ 9 ?is enquiry is ! design ( ! pres5t *apt]2 & we %all accord+ly exam9e a little m 9 detail ! circum/ances t take place 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! "y1 :5 !y are induc$ to apply _! k "u ! guidance ( ,nature1 & )\t ano!r tea*]4 ,= ?is purpose1 let u suppose two *ildr5 ab\t to cross a piece ( s(t gr\nd4 ,! "o goes =w>d1 & 8 foot s9ks 9 ! mud4 ,does ! o!r foll[ him8 ,no inde$4 ,! mo/ /upid *ild we c\ld f9d1 if )9 ! limits ( sanity1 w\ld imm$iately /& /ill1 or seek a passage at ano!r po9t4 ,"h !n is an example ( ! way 9 :i* *ildr51 :ile entirely "u ! guidance ( ,nature1 make use ( _! k1 by apply+ ! pr9ciple ( :i* we are "h speak+ 9 cases ( urg5cy & dang]2 & we %all n[ endeav\r to analyse ! process1 t we may ! m readily arrive at "s ex]cise1 by :i* x may be artificially imitat$1 :e!r ! application be urg5t & requir$ at ! mom5t or n4 ,we h suppos$ "o *ild go+ =w>d on ! s(t gr\nd1 :ile ! o!r is sl[ly foll[+ him4 ,:5 ! foot ( ! fir/ s9ks1 ! o!r in/antly /&s /ill2 & a spectator c p]ceive1 bett] p]haps ?an ! *ild himself1 t some?+ l ! foll[+ m5tal process takes place on ! occasion4 ,! *ild ?9ks ) himself1 ,tom's foot has sunk2 if ,i g =w>d1 ,i also w s9k2 ,i w !re=e /& /ill1 or cross at ano!r place4 ,?is is an exact p>allel to ?\s&s ( simil> in/ances :i* come "u ! notice ( p>5ts & o!rs e day2 & is a process q famili> to adults :o h paid any att5tion to ! op]ation ( _! own m9ds :5 simil>ly circum/anc$4 ,:5 x is analys$1 we f9d x to consi/1 z %ewn 9 a =m] *apt]1 ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 n "o ( :i* c be left out if ! effect is to be produc$4 ,!re is always1 at ! comm5cem5t ( su* an op]ation1 ! k ( "s fact2 ,tom's foot has sunk4 ,!re is1 secondly1 an inf]5ce or lesson drawn f ?is k1 ,if ,i g =w>d1 ,i also w s9k4 ,& !re is1 ?irdly1 ! practical application ( t lesson1 or inf]5ce1 to ! *ild's pres5t circum/ances3 ,i w /& /ill1 or cross at ano!r place4 ,x is ?is process1 or "o 9 e po9t simil>1 t takes place 9 ! m9d1 ei!r ( ! "y or ! old1 :5ev] !y apply ! facts glean$ by obs]vation or exp]i5ce = ! guidance ( _! conduct4 ,n[ :at we are at pres5t 9 se>* (1 is an ex]cise applicable to read+1 z well z to obs]vation2--to ! s*ool1 z well z to ! play gr\nd or ! p>l\r2--& to k ^: use may n be requir$ at ! in/ant1 z well z t to :i* we are driv5 by necessity4 ,! desid]atum "h desir$ is to be f\nd by ! tea*] 9 ! me?od1 n[ v ext5sively kn[n1 ( draw+ lessons f useful tru?s1 & !n apply+ !m to ! future probable circum/ances ( ! pupils4 ,= example1 :5 a *ild reads1 or is told t ,jacob 0 puni%$ by ,god = *eat+ 8 bro!r & tell+ a lie1 ! great object ( ! p>5t or tea*] is to r5d] ^! tru?s practical1--:i* ! "q1 ,:at does t tea* y8 nev] fails to d4 ,! *ild1 z soon z he kn[s ! design ( 8 tea*] 9 communicat+ practical tru?s1 & is ask$ ! above "q1 w tell him1 t he ought nev] to *eat 8 neighb\r1 or tell a lie4 ,! application ( ^! lessons1 :5 ?us e/abli%$ z a rule ( duty f\nd$ on ,scripture1 is z ext5sive z ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y may be requir$ are v>i\s2--& ! tea*] has only to suppose su* a case1 & to ask 8 pupil1 if he 7 plac$ 9 ^! circum/ances1 :at he %\ld d4 ,! dulle/ ( 8 *ildr5 w at once p]ceive ! duty1 & ! s\rce f :i* he d]ives confid5ce 9 p]=m+ x4 ,!re is no difficulty1 z we h se51 9 draw+ & apply+ practical lessons 9 cases ( urg5cy1 :]e exp]i5ce & ! common s5se ( ! individual prompt him to x2--& ?is attempt to imitate ,nature 9 less urg5t cases1 & especially 9 he>+1 or 9 ! m artificial op]ation ( read+1 has be5 f\nd 9 exp]i5ce to be completely successful4 ,we %all endeav\r to po9t ?is out by a few famili> examples4 ,let u = ?is purpose suppose1 t "o ( ! boys =m]ly m5tion$ is accompani$ by 8 tea*]1 in/ead ( 8 companion1 & is approa*+ ! s(t gr\nd :i* lies betwe5 !m & ! h\se4 ,be=e !y arrive at ! spot1 8 tea*] tells him1 t ! m>% be=e !m is s s(t t ev5 a *ild's foot w\ld s9k if he attempt$ to tread ^u x4 ,! boy might he>1 & p]fectly und]/& ! tru?1 & yet he might n at ! "t ?9k ( ! use to :i* x ought to be put4 ,b if ! tea*] %all imm$iately add1 ,:at does t tea* y8--8 att5tion w\ld in/antly be call$1 n s mu* to ! tru? itself1 z to ! uses :i* ought to be made ( x1 & 8 answ] 9 su* a pla9 case w\ld be ready1 ,we mu/ n cross !re1 b seek a road to ! h\se by "s o!r way4 ,n[ "h ! fact 0 v]bally communicat$2 & al?\gh ! object 0 9 sight1 & ! use ( ! fact might 9 "s measure h be5 anticipat$ s z to sugge/ ! answ]1 yet a little consid]ation w %ew1 t a simil> effect w\ld h be5 produc$ by ! "q1 _h ! p>ties be5 9 ! h\se1 or _h ! tru? be5 d]iv$ f read+1 & n f ! oral communication ( ! tea*]4 ,x is ! want ( some?+ l ?is 9 ! acquisition ( tru? by books1 :i* r5d]s t k9d ( k 9 g5]al ( s little practical b5efit4 ,! tru?s & facts le>n$ :ile att5d+ s*ool1 are too (t5 receiv$ z m]e ab/ractions1 )\t ref]5ce to _! uses1 or to ! p]sonal application ( ^? uses to ! circum/ances ( ! *ild or 8 companions4 ,ev5ts daily occur 9 :i* ! pupil's k might be ( important s]vice2--b ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f x n hav+ be5 taught1 & ! me?od ( apply+ ! facts :i* he has acquir$ by read+ n hav+ be5 expla9$1--! k & its uses are seldom se5 toge!r1 & ! practical b5efit ( ! tea*+ is accord+ly lo/4 ,?is at once acc\nts = ! v rem>kable circum/ance1 t *ildr51 & n unfrequ5tly adults also1 d]ive f> m b5efit f ! scanty k :i* !y h glean$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 ?an f ! _m ?\s&s ( highly useful facts :i* h aga9 & aga9 be5 press$ ^u _! notice by read+ & /udy4 ,9 almo/ e case ,nature prompts u1 z we h se51 to turn to our own b5efit ! k :i* %e has imp>t$2 b z ! mode ( tea*+ read+1 :i* is ! artificial me?od ( acquir+ in=mation1 (t5 ov]looks ! use we are to make ( x1 we rema9 satisfi$ ) ! k itself1 & d n ?9k ( its application4 ,to illu/rate ?is fact 9 "s measure1 let u suppose a basket ( filb]ts set d[n = ! use ( a company ( boys1 & t "o ( !m tries to crack ! %ells ) 8 front tee?4 ,he fails4 ,b he sees 8 companions put ! nuts f>!r back 9 ! m\?1 & succe$4 ,does he lose 8 %>e1 by cont9u+ to misapply ! lev]-p[] provid$ = him by ,nature8--,no inde$4 ,he1 by a s+le obs]vation1 at once draws & applies ! lesson2--he imm$iately cracks 8 nuts z readily z 8 companions1 & he cont9ues to d s all 8 lifetime aft]4 ,b ! same boy may h1 t v =5oon1 be5 read+ a treatise on ! p[] ( ! lev]1 & might read x aga9 & aga9 )\t consid]+ himself at all int]e/$ 9 ! matt]1 or ?9k+ x probable t he ev] w\ld4 ,8 read+1 )\t ! application we are "h recomm5d+1 w\ld nev] h l$ him to p]ceive ! slighte/ simil>ity betwe5 ! fulcrum ( ! lev]1 & ! ins]tion ( 8 jaw2 or any connection betwe5 ! lesson ( ! s*ool1 & ! employm5t ( ! p>l\r3--,b t w\ld4 ,?is is b "o ( a ?\s& examples t might be giv51 ( ! evils aris+ f ! non-application ( k 9 read+1 & :i* are applicable1 n to *ildr5 m]ely1 b also to adults4 ,! draw+ & apply+ ( lessons1 ! ex]cise :i* we are "h recomm5d+1 has be5 f\nd a valuable rem$y = ?is defect 9 ord9>y read+4 ,! object ( ! tea*] by its use1 is to accompli% 9 ! pupil by read+1 :at we h %ewn ,nature s frequ5tly does by obs]vation2--t is1 to tra9 ! *ild to apply = 8 own use1 or ! use ( o!rs1 ^? tru?s :i* he acquires f 8 book1 9 ! same way t he does ^? :i* he d]ives f exp]i5ce4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 we %all in/ance a few cases ( e day occurr5ce1 9 :i* ! "q1 ,:at does ?is tea* y8 :5 supplem5t$ to ! fact communicat$1 w almo/ inv>iably answ] ! purpose desir$1 :e!r ! tru? f :i* ! lesson is to be drawn1 has be5 receiv$ by obs]vation1 by oral in/ruction1 or by read+4 ,:5 an obs]v+ well-dispos$ *ild sees a s*ool-fell[ prais$ & rew>d$ = be+ oblig+ & k9d to ! ag$ or ! poor1 !re is =m$ 9 ! m9d ( t *ild1 m or less di/9ctly1 a resolution to foll[ ! example on ! fir/ opportunity4 ,"h is ! fact & ! lesson1 ) ! application 9 prospect4 ,?is :ole feel+ may be fa9t & evanesc5t1 b x is real2 & x only wants ! cultivat+ h& ( ! tea*] to arre/ x1 & to r5d] x p]man5t4 ,accord+ly1 if on ! *ild he>+ ! praise giv5 to 8 companion = be+ k9d & oblig+ to ! poor1 he _h at ! "t be5 ask$1 ,:at does t tea* y8 ! lesson sugge/$ by ,nature w\ld in/antly h assum$ a tangible =m2 & 9 communicat+ ! answ] to ! tea*]1 bo? ! tru? & ! lesson w\ld h be5 br\ght m di/9ctly be=e ! m9d1 & ! reply1 ,i %\ld be k9d & oblig+ to ! poor1 w\ld t5d to fix ! duty on ! memory1 & w\ld be a good prep>ation = putt+ x 9 practice :5 ! next occasion %\ld occur4 ,aga91 if ano!r ?\ghtful & well dispos$ *ild sees a companion sev]ely puni%$ = tell+ a lie1 ! "q1 ,:at does t tea* me8 is 9 "s %ape or degree =m$ 9 8 m9d1 & 8 resolution1 h[ev] fa9t1 is tak5 to avoid t s9 9 future4 ,?is1 x is obvi\s1 is no?+ m ?an a practical answ] to ! above "q1 =c$ ^u ! *ild by ! directness ( ! circum/ances1 b :i* w\ld n h s readily made its appe>ance1 or produc$ its effect1 9 cases ( a less obtrusive k9d1 or 9 "o ( m remote application2 & e p]son mu/ see1 t ! b5eficial effects desir$ w\ld h be5 m def9ite1 m effectual1 & mu* m p]man5t1 _h ?is fa9t indication ( ,nature's int5tion be5 foll[$ up by orally ask+ ! "q at ! *ild1 & requir+ him audibly to return an answ]4 ,let u once m suppose a *ild 9 ! act ( read+ ! hi/ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x is commonly read by ! "y1 & t ! *ild ?or\ghly und]/&s all ! circum/ances4 ,he may be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! /ory1 :ile ! uses to be made ( x may n be v cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,b if1 aft] read+ any "o ( ! moral circum/ances1 su* z ,ca9 hat$ 8 bro!r1 or aft] hav+ x ann\nc$ to him by ! tea*]1 he 0 ask$1 ,:at does t tea* y8 ! practical use ( ! tru? w\ld at once be =c$ ^u 8 m9d1 & he w\ld n[ v readily answ]1 ,x tea*es me t ,i %\ld n hate my bro!r4 ,9 ?is case also1 x is q obvi\s1 t )\t su* a "q hav+ be5 propos$1 & ! answ] to x giv51 ! practical uses ( ! tru? record$ might h be5 altoge!r ov]look$2 & ev5 al?\gh !y _h n1 /ill ! "q & its answ] w always h ! effect ( mak+ !m /& out mu* m prom95tly be=e ! m9d1 & w enable ! memory to hold !m m t5aci\sly1 & br+ !m =? m readily = practice1 ?an if su* an op]ation _h be5 neglect$4 ,h5ce ! great importance ( tra9+ ! "y by ?is ex]cise e>ly to p]ceive ! uses ( e k9d ( k1 p>ticul>ly ,scriptural k2 because ! habit =m$ 9 y\?1 w cont9ue to r5d] e useful tru? ( practical b5efit dur+ life4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t ! ex]cise is n limit$ 9 its application to ! "y4 ,= if an adult 7 fir/ told1 t ! squalid begg> be=e him1 ?\gh once respectable & ri*1 _h made himself wret*$ by a c\rse ( idl5ess & dissipation1 & 7 !n ask$1 ,:at does t tea* y8 he w\ld in/antly p]ceive ! lesson1 & w\ld be /imulat$ to apply x4 ,:51 9 l mann]1 ! f>m] is told t 8 neighb\r has ru9$ himself by ov]-cropp+ 8 gr\nd2 or ! iron ma/]1 t ! use ( ! hot-bla/ has d\bl$ ! pr(its ( 8 rival2 a simil> "q w\ld at once lead to ! legitimate conclusion1 & mo/ likely to ! prop] conduct4 ,9 all ^! examples1 ! op]ation ( m9d :i* we h endeav\r$ to describe1 is s exce$+ly simple1 t x is p]haps difficult to decide h[ mu* is ! "w ( ,nature1 & h[ mu* belongs to ! ex]cise "h recomm5d$4 ,?is at once proves its effici5cy1 z an imitation ( h] process1 9 foll[+ h] 9 ! pa? :i* %e has "h po9t$ out2 & x at ! same "t recomm5ds itself z /rictly accordant ) obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! tea*] !n1 9 ord] to r5d] ! k he communicates useful1 has only to d regul>ly & by sy/em1 t :i*1 "u ! direction ( ,nature1 e intellig5t & enquir+ m9d 9 its be/ mom5ts does = itself4 ,:]ev] a useful tru? has be5 communicat$ 9 ! s*ool or family1 or a moral act or precept has be5 read or ann\nc$1 ! "q by ! p>5t or ! tea*]1 ,:at does t tea* y8 w lead ! pupil to reflection1 n only on its nature1 b on its use2 & ! ability to d s1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 may be acquir$ by almo/ any individual ) ease4 ,regul> tra9+ 9 ?is way1 leads directly to habits ( reflection & obs]vation1 :i* are ( !mselves ( great value2 b :i*1 :5 f\nd act+ 9 connection ) ! desire & ability to turn e tru? obs]v$ into a practical *annel1 become d\bly e/imable1 & a public bless+4 ,! pupil !re=e ought e>ly to be tra9$ ( himself to supplem5t ! "q1 ,:at does ?is tea* me8 or1 ,:at c ,i le>n f ?is8 to e circum/ance or tru? to :i* 8 att5tion is call$2 because ! ability to answ] x =ms ! *ief1 if n ! only correct measure ( a well educat$ p]son4 ,9 pro( ( ?is x is only necess>y to rem>k1 t z x is n ! man :o has accumulat$ ! greate/ am\nt ( anatomical & surgical k1 b he :o c make ! be/ use ( x1 t is really ! be/ surgeon2 s x is n ! man :o has acquir$ ! l>ge/ portion ( k1 b he :o c make ! be/ use ( ! l>ge/ portion1 t is ! be/ s*ol>4 ,h5ce x is1 t all ! ex]cises 9 a *ild's education %\ld h 9 view ! practical use ( :at he le>ns1 & ( :at he is to cont9ue ?r\gh life to le>n1 z ! great end to :i* all 8 le>n+ %\ld be subs]vi5t4 ,! moral advantages likely to result f ! g5]al adoption ( ?is mode ( tea*+ useful k are exce$+ly *e]+1 & ! only surprise is1 t x has be5 s long ov]look$4 ,t ! pr9ciple1 ?\gh n directly appli$ to ! purposes ( education1 0 well kn[n1 & frequ5tly practis$ by our =efa!rs1 appe>s obvi\s f _m ( _! valuable writ+s4 ,"o beautiful example ( its application is famili> to ?\s&s1 ?\gh n always p]ceiv$1 9 ! illu/ration giv5 ( ! ,"l's pray] t[>ds ! close ( ! ,assembly's ,l>g] & ,%ort] ,cate*isms4 ,! /udy ( ! lessons !re drawn f ! tru?s /at$ or impli$ 9 t pray]1 w af=d a bett] idea ( ! value ( ?is mode ( tea*+1 ?an p]haps any f>!r explanation we c\ld give1 & to ^! !re=e we ref] ! read]4 ,be=e clos+ ^! g5]al obs]vations ^u ! value & necessity ( ?is me?od ( tra9+ ! "y to ! practical use ( k1 !re is a circum/ance :i* %\ld n be omitt$1 z x t5ds to d\ble all ! advantages ( ! ex]cise1 bo? to ! tea*] & ! pupil4 ,x w be f\nd 9 g5]al1 especially 9 morals1 t e practical lesson t is drawn f a tru? or passage1 actually embodies two1--bo? ( :i* are equally legitimate & connect$ ) ! subject4 ,!re is always a negative lesson impli$1 :5 ! positive lesson is express$2 & !re is 9 l mann] a positive impli$1 :5ev] x is ! negative t is express$4 ,z = example1 :5 ! *ild1 f ! hi/ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 draws ! negative lesson t he %\ld n hate 8 bro!r2 ! opposite ( t lesson is equally b9d+ 9 ! positive =m1 t he %\ld love 8 bro!r4 ,& :51 f ! hi/ory ( ,job1 ! positive lesson is drawn t we ought to be pati5t2 ! negative ( t lesson becomes equally b9d+1 & ! *ild may1 by ! v same fact1 be taught & enjo9$ n to be fretful1 discont5t$1 or impati5t1 dur+ sickness or tr\ble4 ,( ?is me?od ( multiply+ ! practical uses ( k1 we h a mo/ appropriate example 9 ! ,assembly's ,l>g] & ,%ort] ,cate*isms1 :]e ! illu/rations giv5 ( ! decalogue are conduct$ ^u ?is important pr9ciple1 & 9 a simil> way4 ,,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature 9 ,tea*+ ! ,use ( ,k by means ( ! ,animal or ,common ,s5se4 ,a l>ge portion ( :at has be5 advanc$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 has ref]5ce to ! practical application ( all k9ds ( k1 :e!r by ! ,animal or ,moral s5se2 & we %all "h (f] a few additional rem>ks on ! tea*+ ( ^? bran*es :i* are m imm$iately connect$ ) ! =m]4 ,:5 a p]son is s5t to le>n an art or trade1 su* z a c>p5t]1 he is n s5t to he> lectures1 or to get m]ely an ab/ract k ( ! sev]al tru?s connect$ ) x2 b he is s5t to practise ! little k t he is able ( himself to pick up4 ,8 is a practical le>n+2 n9ety-n9e p>ts 9 e hundr$ be+ employ$ 9 ! practice1 = "o t is employ$ 9 acquir+ ! ab/ract pr9ciples ( 8 occupation4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 a *ild is s5t to s*ool1 to prep>e him = ?is practical application ( 8 k1 ! =m] proportions are g5]ally rev]s$1 & n9ety-n9e p>ts ( 8 "t & lab\r are tak5 up 9 atta9+ ab/ract k1 = "o t is occupi$ 9 assi/+ him to r$uce x to practice4 ,bo? modes ( tea*+ ! boy are obvi\sly wrong4 ,he w\ld1 :5 s5t to x1 le>n 8 bus9ess 9 mu* less "t by a previ\s acqua9tance ) its pr9ciples2 & all ^! ought to h be5 furni%$ him z a "p ( 8 g5]al k :ile he att5d$ ! s*ool4 ,su* in=mation1 inde$1 ought to h =m$ a l>ge portion ( 8 education2--& x w be a matt] ( surprise to e "o :o closely consid]s ! subject1 h[ soon & h[ easily ! pr9ciples1 ev5 ( s complicat$ a trade z a c>p5t]1 may be acquir$ :5 !y are taught 9 ! "r way1 & at ! prop] "t4 ,a few ( ! simple/ pr9ciples 9 me*anics practically le>n$1--a k ( ! /r5g? & adhesion ( bodies1--( ! nature ( edge tools1--& ! importance ( accuracy & caution1 might h be5 made famili> to him :ile att5d+ 8 /udies2 & if c>efully & con/antly r$uc$ to practice1 ^! w\ld h be5 ( ! greate/ s]vice to him :5 call$ to ! "w-%op4 ,! me?ods by :i* natural philosophy ought to be taught 9 s*ools1 mu/ p>take ( all ! laws :i* ,nature employs 9 ! sev]al p>ts ( h] tea*+4 ,individuation1 ,gr\p+1 & especially ,analysis1 mu/ be rigidly att5d$ to4 ,by divid+ all ! subjects ( g5]al k into ! two gr& divisions ( ,t]re/rial & ,cele/ial1 & ^! aga9 into _! sev]al p>ts1 ! :ole field ( useful k w\ld be mapp$ out1 & connect$ toge!r1 s t ea* subject w\ld occupy a di/9ct place ( its own1 & be readily f\nd :5 x 0 requir$4 ,! facts1 or at lea/ ! mo/ useful facts connect$ ) ea* ( ^!1 w\ld v soon be communicat$2 & :5 turn$ into a popul> & useful =m1 by draw+ & apply+ ! correspond+ lessons1 ! ease & delight ( lay+ up ^! preci\s /ores ( useful k by *ildr51 w n be easily conceiv$ by ^? :o h n witness$ x4 ,) respect to ! ease ) :i* ?is me?od ( communicat+ k c be accompli%$1 we may rem>k 9 g5]al1 t :5 a pr9ciple has be5 expla9$1 & has become famili> to ! *ild1 all ! ph5om5a aris+ out ( x1 :5 po9t$ out1 are readily p]ceiv$ & reta9$ ^u ! memory 9 connection ) x4 ,= example1 by a k ( ! pr9ciple :i* tea*es t fluids press equally on all sides1 :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 a *ild1 ) v little tr\ble1 w\ld be put into ! full possession ( ! cause ( _m facts 9 natural philosophy1 exce$+ly dissimil> 9 _! appe>ance1 b :i* are all ma/]$ ) ease & intellig5ce by a k ( ?is law4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple & its mode ( work+ h be5 expla9$1 ! *ild is provid$ ) a key1 by :i* he may1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 own p[]s1 unlock "o by "o all ! my/]i\s ph5om5a ( ! air & common pump1 ! cupp+-glass1 ! b>omet]1 ! old /eam & fire eng9e1 ! toy suck] & pop-gun1 ! walk+ ( a fly on ! ceil+1 ! asc5t ( smoke 9 ! *imney1 ! sipp+ ( tea f a cup1 ! suck+ ( a w\nd1 & ! true cause ( ! inspiration & expiration ( ! air 9 brea?+4 ,to tea* ^! s+ly1 w\ld obvi\sly be exce$+ly tr\blesome to ! tea*]1 & labori\s = ! *ild2 b :5 ?us l9k$ toge!r1 z simil> effects f ! same cause1 !y are und]/ood at once1 & ea* ( !m helps to illu/rate & expla9 all ! o!rs4 ,!y are receiv$ )\t confusion1 & are rememb]$ )\t difficulty4 ,all ?is may 9 g5]al be done ev5 ) *ildr51 z we %all imm$iately prove1 by ! me?od recomm5d$ above1 ( requir+1 aft] ! illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple1 ! lessons :i* x is calculat$ to tea*4 ,! results ( ?is simple me?od ( imitat+ ,nature 9 "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( h] processes1 h be5 f\nd rem>kably uni=m & successful2 & :5 x %all be regul>ly br\ght into op]ation 9 connection ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em1 x promises to be /ill m valuable & ext5sive4 ,b ev5 already1 ) all ! disadvantages ( "t1 place1 & p]sons1 ! importance & effici5cy ( ! ex]cise h be5 highly satisfactory4 ,we %all %ortly adv]t to a few in/ances ( its success1 :i* h be5 publicly exhibit$ & record$4 ,! crim9als 9 ! jail ( ,ed9burgh1 aft] ?ree weeks tea*+1 _h acquir$ a consid]able degree ( exp]tness 9 p]ceiv+ & draw+ lessons f ! moral circum/ances :i* !y read f ,scripture4 ,9 ! report ( t exp]im5t1 ! exam9ators say1 ,!y gave a di/9ct acc\nt1 7f ! book ( ,g5esis17 ( ! prom95t facts1 f ,adam1 d[n to ! settlem5t 9 ,go%51 & %ew$ by _! answ]s1 t ! circum/ances 7 und]/ood by !m1 9 _! prop] nature & be>+s4 ,f ea* peculi> circum/ance1 !y d$uc$ an appropriate lesson1 calculat$ to guide _! conduct1 :5 plac$ 9 a l1 or analog\s situation4 ,x is )9 ! tru? to allege1 t 9 ?is "p ( _! exam9ation1 !y submitt$ upw>ds ( fifty palpable lessons1 t _c fail1 we w\ld conceive1 h]eaft] to h a p[]ful influ5ce ^u _! affections & deportm5t4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts bo? 9 ,newry & ,london1 ! *ildr5 7 f\nd q adequate to ! ex]cise2 & 9 ! latt] in/ance1 ?ree *ildr51 :o at _! fir/ lesson did n "k !y _h a s\l1 7 able to p]ceive & to draw lessons f almo/ any moral tru? or fact pres5t$ to !m4 ,?is !y did repeat$ly :5 publicly exam9$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,london ,sunday ,s*ool ,union1 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge body ( cl]gym51 & a num]\s congregation 9 ! ,p\ltry ,*apel4 ,b we %all at pres5t direct att5tion m p>ticul>ly to ! *ildr5 select$ f ! sev]al s*ools 9 ,ab]de51 z giv5 9 ! ,report by ,pr9cipal ,jack1 & ! ,pr(essors & ,cl]gym5 9 t place4 ,aft] m5tion+1 t ^! *ildr51 s v ignorant only eight days be=e1 _h acquir$ a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! lead+ facts 9 ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 !y say1 ,f ! v>i\s incid5ts 9 ! ,sacr$ ,record1 ) :i* !y _h ?us be5 br\ght s closely into contact1 !y drew1 z !y proce$$1 a v>iety ( practical lessons1 ev9c+1 t !y cle>ly p]ceiv$1 n only ! nature & qualities ( ! actions1 :e!r good or evil1 ( ! p]sons !re set be=e !m1 b ! use t ought to be made ( su* descriptions ( "*1 z examples or w>n+s1 int5d$ = application to ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life4 ,!y 7 next exam9$1 9 ! same way1 on sev]al sections ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 f :i* !y _h also le>n$ to po9t out ! practical lessons1 s important & necess>y = ! regulation ( ! he>t & life4 ,! ,meet+1 z well z ?is ,committee1 7 surpris$ at ! m9ute & accurate acqua9tance :i* !y display$ ) ! multiplicity ( objects pres5t$ to !m1--at ! great ext5t ( ! record ov] :i* !y _h travell$1--& at ! facility ) :i* !y seem$ to draw useful lessons f almo/ e occurr5ce m5tion$ 9 ! passages :i* !y _h read4 ,!y 7 able also to apply ?is same pr9ciple1--! practical application ( useful k1--to ! p]usal ( civil hi/ory1 & also biography4 ,! report /ates1 t !y 7 exam9$ on t portion ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 embrac$ by ! reign ( ,*>les ,i4 & ! ,commonweal?2 & f ! details ( ?is p]iod1 !y drew f ! same circum/ances1 or ann\ncem5ts1 political1 dome/ic1 & p]sonal lessons1 z ^! appli$ to a nation1 to a family1 & to individuals2--lessons :i* x ought be ! lead+ design ( hi/ory to furni%1 ?\gh1 bo? by ! writ]s & read]s ( hi/ory1 ?is ,committee are sorry to say1 !y are too g5]ally ov]look$4 ,!y 7 !n exam9$ on biography1--! ,life ( ! late ,rev4 ,john ,newton be+ *os5 = t purpose2 f ^: hi/ory !y also drew "s v useful practical lessons1 & seem$ v desir\s ( enl>g+1 b _h to be re/ra9$1 z ! "t w\ld n p]mit4 ,! practicability & ! importance ( tea*+ *ildr5 to apply ! same valuable pr9ciple to e bran* & portion ( natural philosophy 7 also asc]ta9$4 ,! same report1 aft] /at+ ! fact1 t ! *ildr5 sci5tifically describ$ to ! meet+ num]\s objects pres5t$ to !m f ! sev]al k+doms ( ,nature1 goes on to say1 t "h also !y f\nd no want ( capacity or ( mat]ials = practical lessons4 ,a boy1 aft] describ+ copp] z possess+ poison\s qualities1 & /at+1 t cook+ ut5sils1 z well z money1 7 made ( x1 0 ask$ :at practical lessons he c\ld draw f ^! circum/ances1 repli$1 ,t no p]son %\ld put halfp5ce 9 8 m\?2 & t p %\ld take c>e to keep clean pans & kettles4 ,! common s*ool boys 9 ,newry also f\nd no difficulty 9 ! ex]cise1 z appli$ to ! ab/ruse & difficult sci5ces ( anatomy & physiology4 ,! acc\nt ( t exp]im5t1 says1 t !y 7 exam9$ z to ! uses :i* !y ought to make ( all ?is in=mation1 by draw+ practical lessons f ! sev]al tru?s4 ,accord+ly1 ann\ncem5ts f ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! sci5ce 7 giv51 f :i* !y n[ v readily drew num]\s & valuable practical lessons1 sev]al ( :i* 7 giv5 at ?is "t ( !mselves1 & :i* _h n be5 previ\sly taught !m4 ,^! 7 drawn directly f ! ann\ncem5ts2 & all1 accord+ to _! nature1 calculat$ to be exce$+ly useful = promot+ ! heal?1 ! com=t1 & ! g5]al happ9ess ( !mselves1 _! fri5ds1 or _! companions4 ,b by f> ! mo/ ext5sive & satisfactory evid5ce ( ! value & effici5cy ( ?is ex]cise1 9 ! m5tal & moral tra9+ ( ! "y1 0 af=d$ by ! exp]im5t und]tak5 at ! reque/ ( ! ,lesson ,sy/em ,association ( ,lei?1 & conduct$ 9 ! ,assembly ,rooms !re1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,magi/rates & ,cl]gy ( t t[n1 ( ,bi%op ,russell1 ,"l ,murray1 7!n ,"l ,advocate17 & a num]\s meet+ ( ! fri5ds ( education4 ,! *ildr5 7 ^? connect$ ) a ,sabba? s*ool1 :o _h be5 regul>ly tra9$ by _! tea*]1 a pla9 b pi\s workman ( ! t[n1 to draw lessons e ,sabba? f ! sev]al subjects & passages ( ,scripture taught !m4 ,to give all ! specim5s :i* af=d evid5ce ( ! value & effici5cy ( ?is ex]cise 9 ! education ( *ildr51 w\ld be to transcribe ! report ( ! ,association2 we %all !re=e conf9e ourselves to a few ( ! circum/ances only1 :i* 7 tak5 9 %ort-h& by a public report] :o 0 pres5t4 ,aft] "s important & satisfactory ex]cises on ! be+ & attributes ( ,god1 f :i* ! *ildr5 drew _m valuable practical lessons1 x is said1 t ! exam9ator express$ 8 entire satisfaction ) ! result1 & rem>k$1 t he himself 0 a/oni%$1 n only at ! imm5se /ore ( biblical k possess$ by ^! *ildr51 b ! p[] :i* !y possess$ ov] x1 & ! facility ) :i* !y c\ld1 on any occasion1 use x 9 'giv+ a reason = ! hope t is 9 !m4' ,he !n proce$$ to ! next subject ( exam9ation :i* _h be5 prescrib$ to him1 :i* 01 to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( _! m5tal p[]s & lit]>y atta9m5ts1 :i* w\ld be mo/ satisfactorily %[n by _! ability to read ! ,bible pr(itably2 & = ?is purpose he reque/$ t "s ( ! cl]gym5 pres5t w\ld sugge/ any passage f ! ,new ,te/am5t on :i* to ex]cise !m4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr ,russell 7n[ ,bi%op ,russell17 sugge/$ ! p>able ( ! lab\r]s hir$ at diff]5t h\rs1 ,matt4 xx4 #a-af4 ,mr ,gall accord+ly read x di/9ctly1 v]se by v]se1 cate*is+ ! *ildr5 z he proce$$1 & !n made !m relate ! :ole 9 _! own words1 :i* !y did mo/ correctly4 ,mr ,gall !n select$ "s ( ! v]ses1 & call$ ^u !m to sep>ate ! circum/ances1 or p>ts ( ea* v]se1 & to /ate ea* z a sep>ate proposition4 ,?is also !y did ) ! greate/ ease2 & 9 "s cases a v>iety ( divisions 7 br\ght =w>d1 ?us prov+ ! high intellectual p[]s :i* !y _h acquir$1 & ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld analyse any passage1 h[ev] difficult4 ,x 0 next to be asc]ta9$ :at p[] ! *ildr5 _h acquir$ ( draw+ lessons f ,scripture2 & = ?is purpose1 ,mr ,gall1 9 ord] to husb& ! "t ( ! meet+1 conf9$ ! *ildr5's att5tion to "o v]se only1 & propos$ to submit ea* ( ! moral circum/ances conta9$ 9 t v]se1 "o by "o1 z !y !mselves _h divid$ x4 ,! foll[+ are ! lessons drawn by ! *ildr51 z tak5 d[n 9 %ort-h& by ! ,report]4 ,mr ,g4--,! h\sehold] invit$ lab\r]s at ! elev5? h\r2--:at does t tea* y8--,x tea*es u1 t ,god at v>i\s seasons calls p to 8 *ur*4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought nev] to despair1 b be> 9 m9d ! language ( ,jesus to ! rep5tant ?ief on ! cross1--',to-day %alt ?\ be ) me 9 p>adise4'--,x tea*es u1 t we ought n to boa/ ( to-morr[1 s9ce we "k n :at a day or an h\r may br+ =?4--,x tea*es u1 t "t is %ort1 & t life is ! only p]iod = prep>ation & hope4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to be prep>$1--h our lo9s girt1 & our lamps burn+2 = we "k nei!r ! day nor ! h\r :]e9 ! ,son ( ,man come?4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to numb] our days1 & apply our he>ts to heav5ly wisdom4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought n to put (f ! day ( rep5tance2 because = e day we put x (f1 we %all h "o m to rep5t (1 & "o less to rep5t 94--,x tea*es u1 ',t life is ! season ,god ha? giv5 ,to fly f hell1 & rise to heav52 ,t day ( grace fleets fa/ away1 ,& none its rapid c\rse c /ay4' ,mr ,gall "h reque/$ ! *ildr5 to pause = a mom5t1 t he might express ! high gratification he felt at ! flu5cy1 ! read9ess1 & ! appropriat5ess ( ! lessons :i* !y _h drawn4 ,he 0 only afraid t !y _h inadv]t5tly fall5 ^u a passage ) :i* ! *ildr5 7 famili>1 by hav+ _h x rec5tly "u _! notice2 & he !re=e reque/$ ,mr ,cam]on to /ate to ! meet+ :e!r ?is 0 really ! case or n4 ,mr ,cam]on rose & said1 t :at ! meet+ n[ saw 0 no m ?an c\ld be se5 any ,sunday 9 ! ,*>lotte ,/reet ,s*ool4 ,!y _h n _h any prep>ation = ?is meet+2 & he did n rememb] ( ev] hav+ _h ?is passage taught 9 ! s*ool4 ,he w\ld recomm5d t ! *ildr5 be all[$ a little fre$om2 & :5 !y 7 done ) t ann\ncem5t1 let any o!r be tak51 = x 0 ! same to !m :atev] subject might be *os54 ,mr ,gall accord+ly repeat$ ! ann\ncem5t aga91 & call$ on !m to proce$ ) any o!r lessons f x :i* occurr$ to !m4 ,!y accord+ly comm5c$ aga91 & answ]$ z foll[s3 ,x tea*es u1 t we ought to rememb] our ,creator 9 ! days ( our y\?1 :ile ! evil days come n1 nor ! ye>s draw nigh 9 :i* we %all say we h no pleasure 9 !m4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to prep>e = dea?2 to gird up our lo9s1 & trim our lamps1 le/ x be said unto u 9 ! great day ( ! ,"l1 :5 he make? up 8 jewels1 ',dep>t f me1 ye curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire1 prep>$ = ! devil & 8 angels4'--,x tea*es u s to conduct ourselves1 t :e!r we live we live unto ! ,"l1 & :e!r we die we die unto ! ,"l2 & t :e!r we live !re=e or die1 we may be ! ,"l's2 = to t end ,*ri/ bo? di$1 & rose1 & reviv$1 t he might be ,"l bo? ( ! dead & ! liv+4#bb--;,x tea*es u to improve our "t le/ we f9d t ! h>ve/ is pa/1 & ! summ] end$1 & u n sav$4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to /udy1 9 t :e!r we eat or dr9k1 or :atsoev] we d1 we d all to ! glory ( ,god4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to endeav\r to secure an int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ 9 "t4--,x tea*es u1 t delays are dang]\s4--,x tea*es u1 t ! day ( ! ,"l come? l a ?ief 9 ! night1 & t :5 s9n]s %all say1 ',peace & safety1' sudd5 de/ruction come? ^u !m4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to acqua9t ourselves e>ly ) ,god2 & t we ought to walk circumspectly1 n z fools1 b z wise1 r$eem+ ! "t1 because ! days are evil4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to seek ! ,"l :ile he may be f\nd1 & call ^u him :ile he is ne>2 t ! wick$ ought to =sake 8 way1 & ! unrighte\s man 8 ?\ghts1 & let him return unto ! ,"l1 :o w h m]cy ^u him1 & to our ,god1 :o w abundantly p>don4--,x tea*es u to improve our "t2 & to be> 9 m9d1 t ?\gh patri>*s liv$ long1 ! burd5 ( ! hi/orian's tale is always1 '& !y di$4'--,x tea*es u1 t we ought n to all[ pleasures & enjoym5ts to int]f]e )1 or ov]come1 our m important duty ( seek+ ,god4--,x tea*es u1 t we are nev] too "y to pray1 & to rememb] t ,god says1 ',n[2'--! devil1 ',to-morr[4' ,mr ,gall "h took advantage ( a %ort pause1 & said1 ',we %all n[ *ange ! ann\ncem5t4 ,give me a few lessons f ! fact /at$ 9 ?is p>able1 t :5 ! husb&man invit$ ! lab\r]s into ! v9ey>d at ! elev5? h\r1 !y accept$ ! invitation4--,:at does t tea* y8'--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to accept ! invitation ( ,jesus to come ) him1 ',ho6 e "o t ?ir/e?1 come ye to ! wat]s1 & he t ha? no money2 come ye buy & eat2 yea1 come1 buy w9e & milk )\t money1 & )\t price4 ,seek ye ! ,"l :ile he may be f\nd2 call ^u him :ile he is ne>4 ,let ! wick$ =sake 8 way1 & ! unrighte\s man 8 ?\ghts1 & let him return unto ! ,"l1 :o w h m]cy ^u him1 & to our ,god1 = he w abundantly p>don4'--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to %[ a will+ness to accept ! invitation ( ,*ri/1 s9ce 'he is n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld come unto him & live4'--,x tea*es u1 t we ought to accept ! invitation ( ,*ri/1 s9ce we are in=m$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 't :osoev] come? unto him he w 9 no ways ca/ out4' ,x tea*es u1 t we ought to accept ( ! invitation ( ,*ri/2 = ! ,bible in=ms u1 t ! invitation is held =? to all2 '= :osoev] w1 let him take ( ! wat]s ( life freely4'--',come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4'--,x tea*es u1 t we ought n to hesitate 9 accept+ ! invitation ( ,*ri/2 = ,god says he w n always /rive ) man4 ,mr ,gall "h aga9 express$ n only 8 satisfaction1 b 8 a/oni%m5t1 at ! success ) :i* ,mr ,cam]on _h taught ! ,scriptures to ^! *ildr54 ,?is exhibit$ itself 9 two ways2 fir/1 9 enabl+ !m to draw lessons f any passage ( ,scripture2 & second1 9 hav+ s dispos$ ( :at ,scripture !y _h already be5 taught1 t :5ev] a doctr9e or duty 0 to be br\ght be=e !m1 scriptural decl>ations cr[d$ ar\nd !m 'z a light to _! feet1 & a lamp to _! pa?4' ,he himself _h no d\bt t ! *ildr5 7 no m prep>$ ^u ?is passage ?an ^u any o!r2 b x w\ld exhibit ?is fact m satisfactorily1 if ano!r passage 7 select$1 :i* he reque/$ "s ( ! g5tlem5 pres5t to d4 ,! cl]gym5 pres5t accord+ly reque/$ ,mr ,gall to try ! conclud+ portion ( ! second *apt] ( ,luke1 :i* details ,*ri/'s visit to ,j]usalem at twelve ye>s ( age4 ,aft] hav+ read & cate*is$ ! *ildr5 on ?is passage1 z he _h done on ! =m]1 he proce$$ at once to call = lessons4 ,mr ,gall gave u ! ann\ncem5t t ',joseph & ,m>y wor%ipp$ ,god 9 public1' & ask$ = "o or two lessons f ?is8 ,x tea*es u1 t we ought to wor%ip ,god bo? 9 public & 9 private4--,x tea*es u1 t no trifles ought to h9d] u f wor%ipp+ ,god4--,"o *ild quot$ ! foll[+ v]se3-- ',come !n1 ,o h\se ( ,jacob1 come1 ,& wor%ip at 8 %r9e6 ,& walk+ 9 ! light ( ,god1 ,) holy beauties %9e4' ,mr ,gall !n said1 ,let u *ange ! ann\ncem5t3 ',joseph & ,m>y w5t regul>ly e ye> to ! fea/ ( ! passov]8'--,:at does t tea* y8--,t tea*es u1 t we ought to att5d ! h\se ( ,god regul>ly4--,x tea*es t we ought to att5d *ur* bo? times ( ! day4--,x tea*es u t we ought to wor%ip ,god regul>ly2 = ,god love? ord]1 & n confusion4 ,let u *ange ! ann\ncem5t aga94 ',jesus att5d$ ! passov] :5 he 0 twelve ye>s ( age4' ,:at does ?is tea* y8--,x tea*es u1 t p>5ts %\ld tra9 up _! *ildr5 9 ! way !y %\ld g4--,x tea*es u1 t le>n+ "y is le>n+ fair4--,x tea*es u1 t *ildr5 %\ld nev] be ?\ght too "y to be br\ght up 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l4--,x tea*es u1 t *ildr5 %\ld obey _! p>5ts4--,:at are we to le>n f _! 'fulfill+ ! days8'--,x tea*es u1 t we %\ld n leave ! *ur* until ! s]mon is ov]4--,x tea*es u1 t we ought n to di/urb o!rs by leav+ ! *ur*4 ,rem>kable z ?is exhibition 0 ( ! atta9m5t ( extraord9>y m5tal p[] by m]e *ildr51 yet x is b ju/ice to say1 t ! above is m]ely a specim5 ( ! ela/icity & grasp ( m9d :i* ^! *ildr5 _h acquir$4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( ?is may be =m$ :5 x is consid]$1 t all ^! passages &1 subjects 7 *os5 = !m at ! mom5t1 & by /rang]s4 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t if su* an am\nt ( m5tal p[]1 & su* an accumulation ( k1 ( ! be/ & mo/ practical k9d1 7 easily & pleasantly acquir$ by *ildr5 9 ! l[e/ ranks ( life1 ( _! own volunt>y *oice1 "u e disadvantage1 & ) no m ?an two h\rs tea*+ 9 ! week2 :at may we n expect1 :5 ! pr9ciples "h develop$1 are wield$ & appli$ by ^? :o ?or\ghly und]/& !m1 n = two h\rs1 ) an int]val ( six busy days1 b e day ( ! week8--,! prospect is *e]+4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,at ?is "p1 ! ,report ( ! ,exp]im5t conta9s ! foll[+ ,note3--,! read] w p]ceive t "s ( ! lessons div]ge at times f ! ann\ncem5t2 b x is ( great importance1 9 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 nei!r to omit nor am5d :at is wrong1 b to give exactly ! words t 7 spok54 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable circum/ance elicit$ by ?is exp]im5t is ! fact1 t ^! *ildr51 :o "k no?+ ( ! rules ( gramm>1 h obvi\sly1 by ! m5tal ex]cise induc$ by ! sy/em1 become pretty correct practical gramm>ians4 ,! v>iations made 9 _m ( ! passages ( ,scripture quot$ by !m %[ ?is4 ,,*ap4 ,,ix4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature 9 ,tea*+ ! ,practical ,use ( ,k by means ( ! ,moral ,s5se1 or ,consci5ce4 ,9 a =m] *apt] we endeav\r$ to collect a few facts specially connect$ ) ! moral s5se1 z exhibit$ 9 ! "y1 & ! me?ods :i* ,nature employs1 :5 consci5ce is made use ( = ! application ( _! k4#bc ,we %all 9 ?is *apt] (f] a few additional rem>ks on ! imitation ( ,nature 9 ?is important dep>tm5t2 b be=e do+ s1 x w be prop] to cle> our way by mak+ a few prelim9>y obs]vations4 ,no "o disputes ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t education is prop] = man2--& if s1 !n education mu/ be b5eficial 9 all circum/ances1 & at e p]iod ( 8 life4 ,9 p>ticul>1 7 we to ask :e!r education 7 necess>y 9 e>ly *ildhood1 & infancy1 univ]sal exp]i5ce w\ld at once answ] ! "q1 & w\ld demon/rate1 t x is mu* m necess>y & m valuable at t season1 ?an at any future p]iod ( ! individual's life4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we f9d1 t enlight5$ re/ra9t ^u ! temp]1 & a regulat+ c>e ) reg>d to ! conduct1 are productive ( ! mo/ b5eficial results2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ?is discipl9e is neglect$1 ! viol5ce ( self-w g5]ally becomes s /rong1 & ! *ecks ^u ! temp] s weak1 t ! "* ( ! *ild =m$ at ?is p]iod may be su* z to make him = life 8 own torm5tor1 & ! pe/ ( all ) :om he is to be associat$4--,no "o c reasonably d5y ?is2 & ! conclusion is pla91 t education ( "s k9d or o!r is really m necess>y = ! infant & ! *ild1 ?an x is ei!r = ! y\? or ! man4 ,if ?is g5]al pr9ciple be once admitt$1 & we set x d[n z an axiom t ! infant & ! *ild are to le>n some?+1--x naturally foll[s1 t we are requir$ to tea* !m ^? useful ?+s = :i* ,nature has m especially fitt$ !m2 :ile we are =bidd5 to =ce bran*es ( k ^u !m ( :i* !y are incapable4 ,our object !n1 ought to be to asc]ta9 bo? ! positive & ! negative ( ?is proposition2 endeav\r+ to f9d out :at ! infant & *ild are capable ( le>n+1 & :at !y are n4 ,n[ x is an important fact1 n only t infants & "y *ildr5 are peculi>ly fitt$1 by ! con/itution ( _! m9ds & affections1 = le>n+ & practis+ ! pr9ciples ( religion & morals2 b x is /ill m rem>kable1 t !y are1 = a long p]iod1 incapable ( le>n+ or practis+ any ?+ else4 ,if ?is c be e/abli%$1 !n no?+ c be m decisive z to ! int5tion ( ,nature1 t moral & religi\s tra9+1 is n only ! great end 9 view by a c\rse ( education g5]ally1 b t x is1 & ought always to be1 ! fir/ object ( ! p>5t & tea*]1 & ! only true & solid basis ^u :i* !y are to build all t is to foll[4 ,let u !re=e = a mom5t enquire a little m p>ticul>ly into ?is important subject4 ,:5 we c>efully exam9e ! conduct ( an enlight5$ & affectionate "m or nurse ) ! infant1 z soon z x c di/+ui% "r f wrong & good f evil1 we f9d x to consi/ ( two k9ds1 :i* are p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! "o reg>ds ! com=t & physical welf>e ( ! *ild2--! o!r reg>ds ! regulation ( its temp]1 its passions1 & its conduct4 ,x is ( ! latt] only t we are "h to speak4 ,:5 ?is moral tra9+ ( ! judici\s "m is exam9$1 we f9d x uni=mly & entirely to consi/ 9 an indefatigable wat*fulness 9 prev5t+ or *eck+ :atev] is evil 9 ! *ild1 & 9 enc\rag+1 & tea*+1 & tra9+ to ! practice ( :atev] is good4 ,%e is c>eful to en=ce ob$i5ce & submission 9 e case2--to w9 & enc\rage ! indications ( affection2 to *eck retaliation or rev5ge2 to subdue ! viol5ce ( passion or inord9ate desire2--to keep "u e manife/ation ( self-w2--& to soo! d[n & bani% e appe>ance ( fretfulness & bad temp]4 ,9 %ort1 %e tra9s h] "y *>ge to feel & to practise all ! amiable & k9dly affections ( our nature1 enc\rag+ & comm5d+ him 9 _! ex]cise2--:ile1 on ! contr>y1 %e prev5ts1 disc\rages1 reproves1 & if necess>y puni%es1 ! exhibition ( dispositions & conduct ( an opposite k9d4 ,?is1 z e "o :o has exam9$ ! subject kn[s1 is ! sum & sub/ance ( ! "m's educational ef=ts dur+ ?is e>ly p]iod ( h] *ild's progress2--& :at we wi% to press ^u ! obs]vation ( ! read] is1 t ! *ild at ?is p]iod is lit]ally incapable ( le>n+ any ?+ else :i* at all des]ves ! "n ( education4 ,he may be taught to be ob$i5t2 to be submissive2 to be k9d & oblig+2 to mod]ate1 & ev5 to suppress 8 passions2 to contr\l 8 wi%es & 8 w2--to be =be>+ & =giv+2--& to be g5tle1 peaceable1 ord]ly1 cleanly1 & p]haps mann]ly4 ,is !re any ?+ else8--,is !re any "o elem5t ( a diff]5t k9d1 t ev] does1 or ev] c ent] into ! c\rse ( an infant or "y *ild's education8 ,if !re be1 :at is x8--,let x be exam9$2--& we h no hesitation 9 say+1 t if x be education1 or any ?+ t des]ves ! "n1 x w be f\nd to resolve itself into "s "o or o!r ( ! moral qualities :i* we h above enum]at$4 ,if !re=e *ildr51 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( _! educational progress are to be taught at all1 religion & morals mu/ be1 ! subjects1 see+ t !y are = a long p]iod capable ( le>n+ no?+ else4 ,& x is "h wor?y ( especial notice1 t 9 tea*+ religion & morals1 !re is a negative z well z a positive scale2--& exp]i5ce has uni=mly demon/rat$1 t if ! p>5t or tea*] neglect to improve ! *ild by rais+ him 9 ! positive side1 he w1 by 8 own ef=ts1 s9k deep] 9 ! negative4 ,selfi%ness1 z exhibit$ 9 ! natural depravity ( human nature1 w 9 all su* cases /r5g!n daily2 & all ! evil passions :i* selfi%ness & self-w call into ex]cise1 w !n be /r5g!n$ & confirm$ p]haps = life4 ,b :ile we p]ceive t ! "y are incapable ( le>n+ any ?+ else ?an :at is prop]ly t]m$ religion & morals1 we f9d x to be equally true1 t !y are peculi>ly fitt$ & furni%$ by ,nature = mak+ rapid & p]man5t progress :5ev] religion & morals are made ! subjects ( regul> in/ruction & tra9+4 ,few :o h consid]$ c>efully ! facts /at$ above1 w "q ! accuracy ( ?is ass]tion 9 s f> z morals are conc]n$2 b !re are "s :o w d\bt ! capacity ( infants & *ildr5 to be influ5c$ by religion4 ,n[ ?is d\bt arises f n obs]v+ ! diff]5ce1--& ! only diff]5ce1--t exi/s betwe5 morality & religion4 ,a man or a *ild is moral :5 he is k9d & =giv+ = 8 own sake1 & to please himself or 8 p>5ts2--b he is religi\s :5 he does ! same ?+ = consci5ce sake1 & to please ,god4 ,n[ *ildr51 by ! v con/itution ( _! m9ds1 are well fitt$ = receiv+ all t k9d ( religi\s k :i* acts ^u ! feel+s1 & influ5ces ! conduct2 :ile ! he>t is peculi>ly s5sitive1 & is dispos$ to b5d "u ! influ5ce ( e expression ( affection & t5d]ness exhibit$ by o!rs t[>ds !m4 ,_! fai? 9 all t !y are told1 z we h se51 is unhesitat+ & entire2 & ! capacity ( _! lively imag9ations1 = compreh5d+ ?+s mighty & sublime1 :i* is too (t5 abus$ by ! ideas ( giants1 & ogres1 & gho/s1 is sanctifi$ & ref9$ by he>+ ( ! greatness1 & goodness1 & love ( ! great ,creator ( heav5 & ( e>?4 ,:5 !y are in=m$ ( 8 affection & t5d]ness to !m individually2--( 8 m]cy & grace 9 sav+ !m f ! awful consequ5ces ( s9 by ! sub/itution ( 8 own ,son = _! sakes2--( 8 num]\s b5efits1 & 8 unceas+ c>e2--( 8 con/ant pres5ce ) !m ?\gh unse52 & ( 8 hatr$ ( s91 & 8 love ( hol9ess2--!re is no mixture ( d\bt to neutralize ! effects ( ^! tru?s2 & !y mu* m will+ly & unres]v$ly give !mselves up to _! influ5ce1 ?an ^? :o are old]4 ,h5ce1 ! repeat$ decl>ations ( our ,"l1 t unless we become z little *ildr51 we %all 9 no case ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,a simple enum]ation !re=e ( ! b5efits !y h receiv$ f ?is k9d & condesc5d+ heav5ly ,fa!r1 is well fitt$ to fill ! he>t ( an unsophi/icat$ *ild ) affection & zeal1--& mo/ p[]fully to con/ra9 him to avoid e ?+ t he is told w grieve & (f5d him1 & to wat* = opportunities to d :at he n[ kn[s w hon\r & please him4 ,?is is religion2 & x is peculi>ly ! religion ( ! "y2--& t man or woman w be f\nd mo/ religi\s1 :o1 bo? 9 _s & 9 action1 %all approa* ne>e/ to x 9 its purity & simplicity4 ,f all ^! consid]ations we see1 t ,nature has int5d$ t ! fir/ "p ( ! *ild's education %all consi/ almo/ exclusively ( moral & religi\s tra9+2--& ?is we ?9k _c be disput$ by any "o :o consid]s ! above facts dispassionately1 or :o w all[ 8 m9d to act z x ought to d "u ! influ5ce ( asc]ta9$ tru?4 ,we %all n[ !re=e (f] a few rem>ks on ! mann] 9 :i* ?is may mo/ effectually be c>ri$ into effect2 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ ,nature may mo/ successfully be imitat$ 9 ! application ( k by means ( ! moral s5se4 #a4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be obs]v$ "h !n is1 t ! e>ly ef=ts ( ! p>5t or tea*] are to be employ$ = discipl9+ ! *ild "u ! influ5ce ( ! executive p[]s ( consci5ce4--,! *ild is to be tra9$ to ! p]fect gov]nm5t ( 8 incl9ations & temp]1 by a wat*ful att5tion on ! "p ( ! p>5t to e in/ance ( _! exhibition 9 8 daily conduct1 ! regulation ( ! desires1 ! s(t5+ d[n ( ! passions1 ! eradicat+ ( evil prop5sities1 ! re/ra9+ & ov]com+ ! ex]cise ( self-w1 ! conv]t+ ( selfi%ness into b5evol5ce1 & ! cultivat+ & /r5g!n+ ( self-contr\l )91 & ( sympa?y1 & =be>ance1 & k9dness to all )\t4 ,^! are ! great ends :i* ! p>5t & tea*] are to h 9 view 9 all _! deal+s ) ! *ild4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 to take c>e t _! pupil be r$uc$ to a /ate ( enlight5$ submission1 & uni=m ob$i5ce2 & = t purpose1 !y are to employ all ! means & ! ma*9]y provid$ by ,nature1 9 ! use ( :i* %e has af=d$ !m abundant examples4 ,9 ! accompli%m5t ( ^! ends1 ! ag5t employ$ has mu* 9 h] p[]4 ,x is a delicate1 z well z an important "w2 & "h1 m ?an p]haps 9 any aft] p]iod ( ! *ild's educational progress1 an affectionate & enlight5$ ag5cy is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,9 t con/ant wat*fulness & ex]tion1 necess>y to *eck or to contr\l ! unceas+ & (t5 unreasonable desires ( a fr[>d *ild1 !re is naturally creat$ 9 ! m9d ( a hirel+ or a /rang]1 a feel+ ( irritation & dislike1 :i* no?+ b enlight5$ philan?ropy1 or high moral pr9ciple1 w ev] be able ?or\ghly to ov]come2--& ^! qualifications are sc>cely to be expect$ 9 ^? :o are usually pick$ up to assi/ ! "m dur+ ?is important season4 ,9 families1 ,nature has graci\sly balanc$ ?is effect1 & amply provid$ = x1 9 ! deep-seat$ & unalt]able affection ( ! p>5t4 ,! "m !n is ! prop] ag5t1 select$ & duly qualifi$ by ,nature = sup]9t5d+ ?is important "w dur+ ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,! out-bur/s & irregul>ities ( natural depravity 9 ! "y1 mu/ be met by an unconqu]able affection1 exhibit$ 9 ! ex]cise ( g5tl5ess1 guid$ by firmness2--( k9dness & =be>ance1 comb9$ ) a /eady & an untir+ p]sev]ance4 ,irregul>ity or caprice 9 ! nurse1 may be ! ru9 ( ! morals ( ! *ild4 ,! selection ( assi/ance "h is (t5 requisite1 & yet h[ few comp>atively ( ^? into ^: h&s *ildr5 & infants are plac$1 possess ! high qualifications necess>y = ?is important occupation8#bd ,! p>5t :o f any cause is prev5t$ f tak+ *>ge ( ! sup]9t5d5ce ( h] (fspr+ at ?is p]iod1 incurs a s]i\s responsibility 9 ! *oice ( h] assi/ant2 = if ^! qualifications be awant+1 or1 if !y be n ex]cis$ by ! nurse or ! keep]1 ! happ9ess & moral welf>e ( ! *ild dur+ life are 9 imm95t dang]4 #b4 ,! *ild is n only to be tra9$ to ?9k & to act prop]ly1 b he mu/ be tra9$ to d s "u ! influ5ce ( motives4 ,if ?is be neglect$1 we are n imitat+ ,nature 9 h] mode ( apply+ k by means ( ! moral s5se4 ,we h se51 z =m]ly notic$1 t a *ild "u ! influ5ce ( consci5ce1 has always a pa9ful feel+ ( self-reproa*1 or remorse1 aft] x has done wrong2 & a delightful feel+ ( self-approval & joy1 :5 x has done some?+ t is praisewor?y4 ,^! are employ$ by ,nature z p[]ful motives to prev5t ! repetition ( ! "o1 & to w9 ! *ild to ! frequ5t or regul> p]=mance ( ! o!r2--& ?is is _! effect4 ,9 imitat+ h] 9 ?is "p ( h] educational process1 we mu/ 9 l mann] foll[ 9 ! _s ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,!re mu/ be motives ( action held out to ! *ild2 some?+ t w t5d to keep him f ! commission ( evil1 & some?+ t w /imulate & enc\rage him 9 do+ good4 ,bo? are necess>y1 & !re=e1 nei!r ( !m %\ld be neglect$4 ,:at ^! motives ought to be1 we %all imm$iately %ew2 b at pres5t1 we are anxi\s to e/abli% ! fact1 t motives to d good1 %\ld be inv>iably employ$ ) our pupils1 z well z motives to avoid evil4 ,9 ord9>y life1 we g5]ally f9d too mu* ( ! "o1 & too little ( ! o!r4 ,! fe> ( puni%m5t held out to prev5t mis*ief or evil1 is common en\gh2 b !re is seldom suffici5t att5tion paid to ! provid+ ( prop] incitem5ts to ! practice ( virtue4 ,"s1 inde$1 h gone ! l5g? ( affirm+ t !re ought to be no su* incitem5t held out to ! "y2 "u ! errone\s idea1 t actions p]=m$ = an equival5t1 or 9 ! hope ( a rew>d1 cease to be virtu\s4 ,b ! same reason+ w\ld apply ) almo/ equal =ce to ! fe> ( puni%m5t 9 /imulat+ to duty1 or 9 det]r+ f wick$ness2 & yet !y w\ld sc>cely affirm1 t ! *ild :o1 = fe> ( ! consequ5ces1 refus$ to break ! ,sabba? or to tell a lie1 0 equally guilty ) ! boy :o did bo?4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 "s motives to virtue t are high] & m noble ?an o!rs1 z !re are diff]5ces 9 ! degrad+ nature ( puni%m5t employ$ to det] m5 f vice4 ,b bo? k9ds may be necess>y = diff]5t p]sons4 ,! man :o =gives 8 enemy because he seeks ! approbation ( 8 ,mak] & ! rew>d promis$ by him1 & ! man :o does s1 because he wi%es to live 9 quiet1 & to consult 8 own ease2--! boy :o refra9s f s9 le/ he %\ld (f5d ,god1 & ano!r :o does ! same f ! fe> ( ! rod1--are ea* influ5c$ by motives1 al?\gh !y are ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,b x is pla91 t ! motives employ$ may be equally effici5t1 & t !y ought to be us$ accord+ to _! influ5ce ^u ! individual1 & 8 advancem5t 9 ! pa?s ( morality & religion4 ,:]e ! high] motive has n z yet acquir$ influ5ce1 ! l[] motive mu/ be employ$2 b to refuse ! employm5t ( ei!r w\ld be wrong1 & ! s5tim5t :i* w\ld totally exclude !m1 has no c\nt5ance 9 ,nature1 9 exp]i5ce1 nor 9 ,scripture4 ,9 ,nature1 we see ! directly opposite pr9ciple exhibit$2 & f9d t ! remorse ( consci5ce consequ5t ^u crime1 9 prev5t+ future transgressions1 is n m p[]ful 9 ^? ^: moral /atus is l[1 ?an is ! feel+ ( delight & joy aft] an act ( b5evol5ce1 :i* excites to new de$s ( *>ity1 9 ^? ^: religi\s atta9m5ts are great]4 ,scripture1 & ! hi/ory ( all ^? :om ,scripture holds out = imitation1 unite 9 tea*+ ! same s5tim5t4 ,!re are _m m promises 9 ! sacr$ record giv5 to virtue1 ?an !re are ?reat5+s aga9/ vice2 & ! highe/ altitudes ( hol9ess are n only repres5t$ z hav+ be5 atta9$ by ! influ5ce ( ^! promises2 b ! p]sons :o h already rea*$ !m1 are /ill urg$ to great] ex]tions1 & a f>!r advance1 by ! reit]ation ( _! numb] & _! value4 ,moses1 we are told1 _h an eye to ! recomp5se ( rew>d2 & our ,"l himself1 = ! joy t 0 set be=e him1 endur$ ! cross4 ,let u n !n attempt a bett] me?od ?an ,god has sanction$2 & 9 our int]c\rse ) ! "y1 let u n only det] !m f ! commission ( evil by ! fe> ( disfav\r or ! rod1 b let u also incite !m to virtue1 by ! hope ( approbation & ( a future rew>d4 #c4 ,9 our enquiry into ! practical work+ ( ! moral s5se1 we f\nd1 n only t !re 7 motives ( action employ$ = enc\rag+ ! pupil to virtue1 & = det]r+ him f vice2 b we f\nd also1 t ^! motives ref]r$ *iefly to ,god1 to a future judgm5t1 & to et]nity4 ,9 our attempts to imitate ,nature 9 ?is p>ticul> feature ( h] deal+ ) ! moral s5se1 we beg9 m di/9ctly to p]ceive ! high value ( ,religi\s ,in/ruction to ! "y1 & are l$ directly to ! conclusion1 t ! motives to be employ$ ) *ildr5 = enc\rag+ & rew>d+ good conduct1 mu/ be ^? *iefly ( a spiritual k9d1 ref]r+ to ,god1 & to 8 fav\r or disapprobation1 r ?an to ! rod1 or to any secul> rew>d4 ,! importance ( imitat+ ,nature 9 ?is matt]1 = giv+ a high tone bo? to ! s5tim5ts & to ! morals ( ! "y1 is v great4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$1 t secul>1 & especially corporal puni%m5ts1 are nev] requir$1 except 9 connection ) a v l[ & degrad$ /ate ( ! moral s5tim5ts2 b x is equally correct ) respect to secul> rew>ds = moral actions4 ,!y may bo? ( !m at times be necess>y1 b 9 t case !y are necess>y evils2 &1 z a class ( motives1 !y %\ld nev] be ! rule1 b inv>iably ! exception4--,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be misund]/ood4 ,we are no m = ab&on+ secul> rew>ds1 ?an we are = giv+ up corporal puni%m5ts4 ,we speak n "h ( _! ab&onm5t1 b ( _! enlight5$ regulation2--bo? ( !m may be ( s]vice4 ,b :at we wi% to po9t out z an important feature 9 moral tra9+ is1 t !y are1 or %\ld be1 b seldom necess>y2 & t !y ought nev] to be resort$ to except :5 !y really are s4 ,! diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! results aris+ f secul>1 & ^? f moral motives1 are v diff]5t1 bo? z reg>ds _! p[] 9 re/ra9+ f vice1 & _! influ5ce 9 /imulat+ to virtue4 ,:at1 = example1 w\ld we ?9k ( ! moral condition ( a *ild1 or ( ! virtue ( 8 actions1 if he _h to be hir$ by a comfit1 or a piece ( money1 to d e act ( k9dness :i* he p]=m$2 or if he refus$ to relieve a si/]1 or prev5t an injury to 8 companion1 unless simil>ly rew>d$8 ,?is secul> _s 9 morals1 :5 ?us expos$ 9 its de=mity1 is obnoxi\s to e s5tim5t ( virtue1 & %ews itself to be a m]e sy/em ( buy+ & sell+4 ,b h[ v diff]5t does ! rew>d appe>1 & ! feel+ :i* x excites1 :5 t rew>d assumes ! moral "*1 & is f\nd to be ! desire ( pleas+ ! p>5t1 & mu* m :5 x seeks ! approbation ( ! ,almighty8 ,e "o w see h[ b5eficial & elevat+ ! effects ( *]i%+ ! "o mu/ be1 & h[ debas+ comp>atively is ! influ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,t *ildr5 are capable ( be+ act$ ^u by ^! high] motives1 we h already se52 &1 :5 we aim at secur+ ! effects :i* !y are calculat$ to produce1 we are closely imitat+ ,nature 9 "o ( h] mo/ important op]ations1 & may !re=e calculate ^u a correspond+ degree ( success4#be #d4 ,9 ! op]ations ( ,nature by means ( ! moral s5se1 we f\nd1 t ! impressions made ^u ! m9d 9 ref]5ce to s9 or duty1 7 always mo/ effici5t1 & mo/ p]man5t1 :5 ! s9 or duty 0 pres5t$ to !m 9 ! =m ( example2--t ! example increas$ 9 effici5cy & int]e/ z x 0 famili> or ne>2--& t x became /ill m p[]ful :5 x 0 actually se5 or exp]i5c$4--,f ^! circum/ances we are l$ to conclude1 t ! lives & conduct ( m51 & especially ! n>rative p>ts ( ,scripture1 are ! prop] mat]ials to be employ$ 9 ! moral tra9+ ( ! "y2 & ! mode ( mak+ use ( !m is also v pla9ly indicat$4 ,! clos] we c br+ ! lesson taught to ! *ild's own exp]i5ce1 or to 8 own circum/ances1 ! m famili> w x become1 & ! deep] w be ! impression x w make4 ,an in/ance ( infant dis9t]e/$ness or h]oism1 9 ! p>l\r or ! play-gr\nd1 po9t$ out1 & plac$ 9 connection ) correspond+ circum/ances 9 ! lives or conduct ( ^? f :om !y h previ\sly drawn moral lessons1 w r5d] ! latt] mu* m famili> & practical1 & w create m en]getic desires1 & /rong] feel+s ( emulation ) respect to ! =m]4 ,or if ! conduct ( ! p]son ( :om ! *ild he>s or reads1 c be br\ght home & appli$ to 8 own case & circum/ances2 or if he c be made to p]ceive ! v same dispositions or conduct exhibit$ 9 8 companions2 or if he c be made to see h[ he himself c embody 9 8 own conduct ^? pr9ciples & actions :i* ,god has approv$1 & requires to be imitat$1--! end ( ! tea*] w be mu* m c]ta9ly ga9$1 ?an x c be 9 any o!r way4 ,?is is moral tra9+1 conduct$ by ! prop] moral means2 & to attempt to ga9 ! same end by means :i* d n ei!r m or less embody ^! pr9ciples1 w be f\nd to be mu* m difficult1 & mu* less effici5t4 ,:oev] w consid] :at is impli$ by our ,"l's address to ! ,ph>isees :o errone\sly blam$ 8 disciples = unlawfully1 z !y ?\ght1 pluck+ ! e>s ( corn on ! ,sabba?1 w see ?is me?od ( read+ & apply+ ,scripture di/9ctly po9t$ out4 ,h ye nev] read1 said our ,"l1 :at ,david did1 & ^? :o 7 ) him8 ,?is !y might h done frequ5tly2 b ! m]e read+ c\ld nev] answ] ! purpose = :i* x 0 record$4 ,! moral lesson mu/ be drawn1 & x mu/ also be appli$ to simil> cases ( m]e c]emonial obs]vance4 ,to apply ?is pr9ciple1 !n1 to ! moral tra9+ ( ! "y by means ( ,scripture ,hi/ory1 ! me?od is obvi\s4--,! ev5ts ( ! n>rative are to be us$ z examples or w>n+s to ! *ild 9 correspond+ circum/ances4 ,if1 = example1 ! tea*] wi%es to en=ce ! duty & ! b5efits ( pati5ce1 ! hi/ory ( ,job has be5 provid$ = ! purpose4 ,:5 t /ory is taught1 & ! lessons drawn & appli$ to ! ord9>y cont+5cies ( life1 su* z accid5t1 disease1 or di/ress 9 a companion2 or to circum/ances 9 :i* ! *ild himself may h]eaft] be plac$2 he w be bett] prep>$ = 8 duty 9 su* ev5ts1 or1 9 ! words ( ,scripture1 he w be ?or\ghly furni%$ to ?is good "w4 ,if !y are to be taught meekness1 ! hi/ory ( ,moses1 or ( o!r pi\s m5 :o h be5 tri$ & discipl9$ z he 01 w be f\nd be/ adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,& m especially1 ! life ( our ,"l1 9 :i* all ! virtues conc5trate1 has be5 giv5 z our example1 t we may foll[ 8 /eps1 & :i* ought especially to be employ$ 9 tra9+ ! "y to love & to good works4 ,! reason :y example is pref]able to precept 9 tea*+ *ildr51 w be obvi\s1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( ! pr9ciple ( gr\p+1 z ex]cis$ by ! "y1 & ! difficulty !y exp]i5ce 9 rememb]+ ab/ract or didactic subjects4 ,:5 a *ild receives in/ruction by a /ory1 ! imag9ation is enli/$ 9 ! ex]cise1 ! gr\p+ ( ! p]sons & circum/ances assi/s ! memory1 & ! moral & practical lessons :i* !y h drawn f ! n>rative1 are associat$ ) x1 & rema9 ready at ! comm& ( ! w :5ev] !y are requir$4--,x 0 = ?is reason among o!rs1 t our ,"l taught s frequ5tly by p>ables2 &1 9 do+ s1 has n only set ! p>5t & tea*] an important example1 b has1 9 8 tea*+1 illu/rat$ a pr9ciple 9 our nature :i* he himself _h long be=e implant$ = ?is v purpose4 #e4 ,9 our inve/igations into ! work+ ( ! moral s5se1 we f\nd1 t !re 0 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! decisions ( consci5ce :5 judg+ ( actions done by ourselves1 & ^? :i* 7 p]=m$ by o!rs4 ,z long z ! *ild is innoc5t ( any p>ticul> vice1 he c judge imp>tially ( its nature & dem]it2 b :5 ! temptation to commit x has really begun to d>k5 8 m9d1 & m p>ticul>ly :5 he has at la/ fall5 be=e x1 all ! selfi% pr9ciples ( 8 nature are employ$ to deceive 8 bett] judgm5t1 & to dr[n or ov]be> ! voice ( consci5ce )9 him4 ,f ?is we le>n ! importance ( prep>+ ! m9d be=eh&1 = enc\nt]+ ^? temptations to :i* ! pupil w mo/ likely be expos$2 n only by tea*+ him to draw ! prop] lessons f correspond+ subjects1 b by mak+ him apply ^! lessons to 8 own case & affairs4 ,! tea*] is to suppose circum/ances1 9 :i* he1 8 p>5ts1 & companions1 are mo/ likely to be plac$1 & 9 :i* ! lessons drawn f ! n>rative w be requir$ to weak5 or to prev5t ! influ5ces ( temptation4 ,z1 = example1 x might be ask$1 ,if y _h accid5tally brok5 a pane ( glass1 & y\r p>5ts ask$ y :o did x1 :at %\ld y d8 ,!re w\ld 9 ?is case1 :ile x 0 only suppos$1 be no temptation to /ifle consci5ce1 or to b5d to ! influ5ces ( selfi%ness or fe>1 & ! *ild w\ld accord+ly answ] readily1 t he ought to confess 8 fault1 & tell t he himself _h done x4 ,:5 aga9 ask$1 ,f :at d y get t lesson8 he w mo/ probably reply1 ,f ,jacob tell+ a lie to 8 p>5t2--f ,ananias & ,sapphira tell+ a lie2--f ! comm&1 ',lie n "o to ano!r1' & ',confess y\r faults "o to ano!r1' c4 ,by ?is means ! *ild is =ew>n$2--he is prep>$ & =tifi$ aga9/ ! s91 if ! temptation %\ld occur2 b :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case )\t ?is or "s simil> ex]cise4 #f4 ,we h also se51 9 our inve/igations into ! work+ ( ! moral s5se1 ! deplorable effects ( /ifl+ consci5ce1 & ( ! *ild's be+ p]mitt$ to repeat 8 transgressions2 :ile1 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 ! mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces result f ! *ild's frequ5tly practis+ self-d5ial1 self-contr\l1 & acts ( b5evol5ce4 ,9 ! "o case1 s9 & vice lose mu* ( _! de=mity1 & ga9 greatly 9 /r5g?2 :ile1 9 ! o!r1 e act ( virtue makes vice appe> m hide\s1 & excites to a m decid$ advance 9 ! pa?s ( rectitude4 ,f ^! circum/ances we are l$ to conclude1 t e act ( s9 9 ! pupil ought to be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ by ! p>5t or tea*]1 &1 if possible1 prev5t$2 :ile e ex]tion ought to be made to induce to ! p]=mance ( good & k9d actions1 h[ev] humble or unimportant ^! actions 9 !mselves may be4 ,if ,god does n despise ! day ( small ?+s1 nei!r %\ld we2 & "o act ( k9dness by a *ild1 h[ev] trifl+1 w mo/ assur$ly prep>e ! way = ano!r4 ,?is circum/ance also %ews ! impropriety ( attempt+ to magnify faults1 :5 p]haps no fault 0 design$2 & ! evil consequ5ces1 z well z ! inju/ice1 ( refra9+ to comm5d a *ild1 :5 comm5dation is due4 ,! timor\s fe>1 9 _m consci5ti\s p>5ts1 ( mak+ *ildr5 va91 is ! common excuse = ?is unnatural conduct4 ,su* p]sons seem to conf\nd ?+s va9 ) ?+s valuable1 ?\gh !y are p]fectly oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,approbation = any def9ite quality1 excites ! individual to excel 9 t quality1 :e!r x be wor?less or o!rwise4 ,b virtu\s de$s are n wor?less2 & by comm5d+1 z our ,"l repeat$ly did1 ^? :o h done well1 !y1 by t pr9ciple ( our nature ( :i* we are "h speak+1 are /rongly excit$ to d bett]4 ,to fe$ vanity1 is to comm5d vanities2 & !y :o prize & comm5d beauty1 or fa%ion1 or dress1 or frivol\s accompli%m5ts1 may be guilty ( ?is folly2 b n ! p>5t or ! p]son :o comm5ds 9 a *ild ^? ?+s :i* are really comm5dable1 & aft] :i* x is 8 greate/ glory to aspire4 #g4 ,we h already tak5 notice ( ,nature's mode ( employ+ motives = ! prev5tion ( evil1 & = ! enc\ragem5t ( ! *ild 9 virtue1 & h[ ?is is to be imitat$ 9 ! education ( ! "y2 b we h left = ?is la/ section1 & = sep>ate consid]ation1 ! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful motive ( all4 ,?is is a view ( ! inh]5t s9fulness & dang] ( s91 & ! means appo9t$ by ,god = man's r$emption f x4 ,all o!r motives to re/ra9 m5 f s91 & to induce !m to foll[ hol9ess1 :5 comp>$ ) an enlight5$ view ( ?is "o1 s9k into insignificance4 ,god's hatr$ ( s91 & 8 holy abhorr5ce ( x 9 e =m1 :5 contemplat$ 9 ! ab/ract1 may h a response f ! head ( him :o comp>es x ) 8 own dete/ation ( meanness1 & fraud1 & pr(ligacy2 b :5 ?is hatr$ ( vice 9 ! ,almighty is view$ 9 connection ) gospel tru?1 & is contemplat$ 9 its effects ^u ,"o to :om x 0 only imput$1 x beg9s to we> a v diff]5t complexion2 &1 z a motive to bew>e ( t :i* ,god is det]m9$ to puni%1 & :i* he w\ld n pass ov] ev5 9 8 own ,son1 x leaves all o!r motives at an immeasurable di/ance4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ,god's goodness & m]cy 9 ! gospel1 z a motive = u to love him1 & to glory 9 d5y+ ourselves to s]ve him4 ,! ext5t ( ! dang] f :i* he has sav$ u1 ! am\nt & ! p]man5ce ( ! glory :i* he has procur$ = u1 & ! price t 0 paid = bo?1 w p[]fully con/ra9 spiritual m9ds1 to live no long] to !mselves1 b to him :o ha? di$ = !m4 ,b ! "q :i* w be ask$ "h is1 ,are *ildr5 capable ( all ?is8--,we unhesitat+ly answ]1 f long exp]i5ce1 t !y are4 ,:oev] d\bts ! fact has only to try4 ,c a *ild n und]/& t a di/9ction ought to be made betwe5 ! p]son 9 a family :o endeav\rs to make all happy1 & ano!r ^: con/ant aim is to make !m all mis]able8--,c he n und]/&1 t ! p>5t :o refuses to puni% a wick$ *ild1 is 9 effect brib+ o!rs to jo9 him 9 8 wick$ness8--,c he n und]/& t a debt due by "o1 may be paid by ano!r8--& t a simple reliance on ! ^w ( 8 b5efactor1 foll[$ by submission to 8 w1 may be all t is requir$ to secure 8 dis*>ge8--,no "o w say t a *ild is incapable ( und]/&+ ^! simple tru?s2 & if he c compreh5d !m1 he c be made to und]/& & appreciate ! lead+ tru?s ( ! gospel4 ,! tea*] has only himself cle>ly to p]ceive !m2 & !n1 dive/+ ! tru?s ( ^? unnecess>y te*nicalities :i* are sometimes1 x is fe>$1 us$ v improp]ly & unnecess>ily1 he ought to convey !m to ! *ild1 ei!r orally1 or by "s simple cate*ism suit$ = ! purpose4 ,:]ev] ?is is done 9 effect1 !re education w prosp]2 & :5 x %all become g5]al among ! "y1 x w be f\nd to be z life f ! dead4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,see pages #aaa to #abi #bd ,note ,x4 #be ,note ,y4 ,,*ap4 ,x4 ,on ! ,application ( our ,k to ! ,common ,affairs ( ,life4 ,!re is ano!r po9t connect$ ) ! practical use ( our k1 :i* des]ves a sep>ate & c>eful consid]ation4 ,x is ! me?od ( apply+ our k1 or r ! lessons d]iv$ f our k1 to ! common & daily affairs ( life4 ,9 ?is ex]cise bo? old & "y are equally conc]n$2--b x is evid5t t y\? is ! prop] "t = tra9+ to its practice4 ,to acquire ?is valuable art1 ! pupils 9 e sem9>y ought to be regul>ly & frequ5tly ex]cis$ 9 ! application ( _! lessons2--fir/1 :5 !y h be5 drawn f a p>ticul> subject1 :i* has occupi$ _! att5tion = ! day2 & aft]w>ds g5]ally1 f any "p ( _! previ\s k4 ,to illu/rate :at we mean by ?is application ( our k1 let u suppose a p]son plac$ 9 difficult circum/ances1 & t he is desir\s ( kn[+ ! pa? ( duty1 & ! p>ticul> l9e ( conduct :i* he %\ld pursue4 ,if he is to tru/ to himself = ! in=mation requir$1 x is evid5t t he mu/ ei!r fall back ^u 8 previ\s k1 & ! in/ructions he has already receiv$2 or he mu/ g =w>d ^u a m]e conjecture1 or on *ance1 :i* is always dang]\s4 ,all k is giv5 expressly = su* cases1 & especially ,scripture k2 ! great design ( :i* is1 t ! man ( ,god may be ?or\ghly furni%$ to good works4 ,b if ! p]son has n be5 tra9$ to make use ( 8 k 9 ?is way & = ?is purpose1 he w be ne>ly z mu* at a loss z if 8 k _h nev] be5 receiv$4 ,h5ce ! great importance ( tra9+ ! "y e>ly & con/antly to draw ^u _! k = direction & guidance 9 e v>iety ( situation 9 :i* ! p>5t or tea*] c suppose !m to be plac$ 9 future life4 ,by ?is means !y w be prep>$ = enc\nt]+ temptation1 :i* is (t5 m ?an ! half ( ! battle2--!y w =m ! habit ( act+ by rule1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ =w>d by fa%ion1 by prejudice1 or by *ance2--& !y w soon acquire a manly confid5ce1 9 decid+ & act+1 bo? z to ! matt] & ! mann]1 ( p]=m+ all t !y are call$ ^u to d1 9 e juncture1 & :e!r ! duty be important 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( t t]m or o!rwise4 ,= ?is special mode ( apply+ k1 we h n only ! indications pla9ly giv5 9 ,nature1 :i* we h endeav\r$ to illu/rate1 b we h also ,scripture precept1 & ,scripture example4 ,leav+ ! num]\s in/ances 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we %all conf9e ourselves to a few giv5 by our ,"l himself1 & 8 apo/les4 ,= example1 he prep>$ 8 disciples = ! temptations :i* ! love ( worldly goods w\ld ?r[ 9 ! way ( _! escape f ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 by enjo9+ !m to ,rememb] ,lot's wife4 ,n[ let u obs]ve h[ a tea*]1 9 communicat+ ! hi/ory ( ,lot's wife = ! fir/ "t1 w\ld h prep>$ ^! disciples = su* a difficulty 9 ! same way4 ,:5 !y _h read1 t :ile flee+ = h] life1 ! love ( h] worldly goods made h] s9fully look back1 s t %e 0 turn$ into a pill> ( salt2 ! obvi\s lesson drawn f ?is w\ld be1 t we ought to be on our gu>d aga9/ worldly m9d$ness2--& ! application ( t lesson to ! com+ circum/ances w\ld h be5 some?+ l ?is4 ,:5 y are comm&$ to flee f ,j]usalem = y\r lives1 & rememb] t y\r worldly goods are left beh9d1 :at %\ld y d8--,we %\ld n turn back = !m4 ,f :at d y get t lesson8--,f ! conduct & fate ( ,lot's wife4 ,9 a simil> way1 ! apo/le ,james prep>$ ,*ri/ians = humble resignation & pati5t endurance "u com+ trials1 by call+ to _! remembrance ! pati5ce ( ,job4 ,he /at$ ! trials to :i* !y 7 to be expos$1 & !n he direct$ _! att5tion to ! ,scripture example :i* 0 to regulate !m 9 _! endurance ( !m4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t a tea*]1 9 communicat+ ! hi/ory ( ,job to ! "y1 %\ld foll[ ?is example1 & %\ld make ! same use ( x t ! apo/le did1 n only by draw+ ! lesson1 t he ought to be pati5t1 b 9 apply+ t lesson to temptations to :i* ! *ild is likely to be expos$1 z ,james did to ! circum/ances 9 :i* he knew ,*ri/ians 7 to be plac$4 ,z = example1 :5 ! *ild _h drawn ! lesson1 t we %\ld be pati5t "u suff]+1 ! tea*] might apply x 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 ea* ( :i* w\ld be a delightful ex]cise ( m9d to ! *ild1--w\ld impress ! lesson & its s\rce m firmly ^u ! memory1--& w\ld prep>e him = ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! lesson might be requir$4 ,7 ! tea*] accord+ly to ask1 ,if y 7 conf9$ by long cont9u$ sickness2--or if y 7 suff]+ "u great pa92--or if y 7 oppress$ by ! cruelty ( o!rs1 & c\ld n help y\rself2--or1 if y 7 griev$ by be+ sep>at$ f y\r fri5ds1--:at w\ld be y\r duty8 ,! answ] to ea* w\ld be1 ,we ought to be pati5t4--,f :at d y get t lesson8--,f ! conduct ( ,job1 :o 0 pati5t "u 8 suff]+s4 ,! apo/le ,paul foll[s a simil> plan1 9 apply+ ! practical lessons drawn f ! conduct ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 = =tify+ ! ,cor9?ians aga9/ temptations to :i* !y 7 likely to be expos$1#bf & tells !m t ?is is ! use to be made ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,^! lives are ensamples1 & are writt5 = our admonition ^u :om ! ends ( ! _w are come4--,9 l mann] he =ew>n$ ! ,hebrews aga9/ discont5t & covet\sness1#bg by draw+ a g5]al lesson f a special promise made to ,jo%ua2 & !n exhorts e ,*ri/ian to apply x to himself p]sonally1 by employ+ ! language :i* he puts into _! m\?s1 ,! ,"l is my help]1 & ,i w n fe> :at man c d unto me4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 our ,"l repeat$ly says1 ,h ye n read8 &1 ,?us x is writt51 he gives u obvi\s indications ( ! importance ( ! duty ( ?us prep>+ = temptation1 by ! application ( our lessons f ,scripture4 ,!y are ea* & all ( !m examples ( practical lessons d]iv$ f k =m]ly acquir$1 & n[ employ$ 9 ! way ( application1 to connect t k ) correspond+ circum/ances z !y occur 9 ord9>y life4 ,! lesson1 x w be obs]v$1 & z we =m]ly expla9$1 is always made ! connect+ l9k :i* unites ! two2 & )\t :i* !re is no su* ?+ z ! br++ ( k & its use toge!r1 :5 t k is requir$4 ,9 o!r words1 )\t ! lesson1 k is useless2 &1 )\t ! application ( ! lesson1 k is nev] us$4 ,bo? !re=e are necess>y1 & bo? %\ld be r5d]$ famili> to ! "y4 ,x is only necess>y "h to obs]ve1 t 9 tea*+ ! *ildr5 to draw ! lessons1 ! tea*] proce$s =w>ds f ! k communicat$1 &1 by d$uc+ ! lesson1 prep>es ! *ild = ! ev5ts 9 life :5 !y %all be necess>y2--b 9 apply+ ! lessons1 he proce$s backw>ds1 f ! ev5ts1 ?r\gh ! lesson to ! k f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,we h a beautiful example ( ?is 9 ! record$ temptations ( our ,"l4 ,he 0 tempt$ to turn /ones into bread2 "h 0 ! ev5t :i* requir$ a k ( ! correspond+ duty2 & he imm$iately appli$ ! lesson t we %\ld n di/ru/ ,god1 & ?r\gh ?is lesson1 ?\gh n express$1 he w5t directly back to ! s\rce f :i* x 0 drawn1 by say+1 ,?us x is writt51 ,man %all n live by bread alone1 b by e ^w ( ,god4 ,:5 9 l mann] he 0 tempt$ to ?r[ himself f ! temple1 he imm$iately1 ?r\gh ! lesson t we %\ld n unnecess>ily presume on ! goodness ( ,god1 w5t to ! passage ( ,scripture f :i* x 0 drawn2--&1 9 ! same way1 :5 tempt$ to wor%ip ,satan1 !re 0 precisely ! same process2--a lesson1 d]iv$ f previ\s k & applicable to ! circum/ances1 us$ z a unit+ l9k to make ! duty & ! ,scripture exactly to correspond4 ,( do+ all ?is :i* we h describ$ above2 ev5 *ildr5 are capable4 ,?is has be5 aga9 & aga9 prov$ by repeat$ exp]im5ts1 & n[ by ext5sive exp]i5ce 9 _m s*ools4 ,! difficulties ( introduc+ x1 ev5 = ! fir/ "t 9 any sem9>y1 d n lie ) ! *ildr51 :o 9 e case h %ewn !mselves q adequate to ! ex]cise2 & :]ev] x has be5 foll[$ up ) correspond+ en]gy1 !y h be5 rais$ mu* high] 9 ! grade ( intellig5ce & m5tal capacity by its means4 ,?is w be evid5t f ! foll[+1 tak5 f among _m examples4 ,! crim9als 9 ,ed9burgh ,jail dur+ ! %ort "t !y 7 "u in/ruction1 acquir$ consid]able facility 9 ?is valuable art4 ,! report /ates1 t "s ( !m 7 aft]w>ds ex]cis$ on ! application ( ! lessons4 ,?is "p consi/s 9 suppos+ c]ta9 circum/ances & temptations1 to :i* !y may be expos$ 9 ord9>y life1 & !n leav+ !m1 by a v pr(itable1 & usually a v pleasant op]ation ( _! own m9ds1 9 ref]5ce to ^!1 to call up to _! recollection1 & to hold 9 review1 ! :ole accumulat$ range ( _! previ\s k4 ,among ! v>i\s classes ( ?+s ?us br\ght 9 ord] be=e ! eye ( ! m9d1 !y are easily taught to discrim9ate all ^? precepts & examples :i* are analog\s to ! cases suppos$1 f :i* aga9 !y v readily select appropriate lessons to guide !m 9 ^! em]g5cies2 ?us l9k+ ! lessons to ! circum/ances1 :i* is done 9 ! previ\s ex]cise ( d$uc+ !m2 & !n ! circum/ances to ! lessons2 & 9 ?is mann]1 e/abli%+ a d\ble tie betwe5 ! und]/&+ & ! consci5ce4 ,= example1 a woman f ! ,lock-up ,h\se1 be+ ask$ h[ %e ought to conduct h]self :5 ! t]m ( h] conf9em5t 0 expir$8 answ]$1 ,t %e ought n to return to h] s9ful c\rses1 or wick$ companions1 le/ a worse fate %\ld befal h]4 ,:5 aga9 int]rogat$ :]e %e got ?is lesson1 %e imm$iately ref]r$ to ! case ( ,lot1 :o1 be+ once rescu$ f captivity by ,abraham1 return$ aga9 to wick$ ,sodom1 :]e he soon lo/ all 8 prop]ty1 & escap$ only ) 8 life4 ,ano!r be+ ask$ :at %e %\ld d1 :5 involv$ 9 a qu>rel ) tr\blesome companions8 repli$1 ,t %e %\ld endeav\r to be at peace1 ev5 ?\gh %e %\ld lose a little by x2 & produc$ z h] au?ority ! conduct ( ,abraham1 :o :5 ,lot's h]dsm5 & 8 c\ld n agree1 gave ,lot 8 *oice ( ! c\ntry1 9 ord] to secure peace4 ,! *ildr5 9 ,ab]de5 also f\nd no difficulty 9 p]ceiv+ ! use1 & 9 apply+ ! lessons to _! common affairs4 ,! report ( t ,exp]im5t /ates1 t ! mo/ important "p ( ! ex]cise1--t :i* %ew$ m p>ticul>ly ! great value ( ?is ,sy/em1 & ) :i* ! ,meet+ 7 especially /ruck1--0 ! appropriate application ( ! lessons f ,scripture1 :i* !y _h previ\sly drawn4 ,!y 7 desir$ to suppose !mselves plac$ 9 a great v>iety ( situations1 & 7 ask$ h[ !y ought to conduct !mselves 9 ea* ( ^!4 ,a few examples may be giv51 ?\gh x is q impossible to d ju/ice to ! subject4 ,a boy1 = in/ance1 0 ask$1 ',if y\r p>5ts %\ld become infirm & poor1 h[ ought y to act t[>ds !m8' ',i ought1' repli$ ! boy1 'to "w1 & help !m4' ,& be+ ask$1 ',:5ce he drew t lesson8' he ref]r$ to ! conduct ( ,ru?1 :o support$ ,naomi & h]self1 by glean+ 9 ! fields4--,a girl 0 ask$1 ',if y\r "m 7 busy1 & _h m to d 9 ! family ?an %e c\ld easily accompli%1 :at ought y to d8' ,h] answ] 01 ',i ought to give h] assi/ance2' & %e ref]r$ to ! conduct ( ,saul1 9 assi/+ 8 fa!r to recov] ! asses :i* 7 lo/2 & to t ( ,david1 9 fe$+ 8 fa!r's %eep :5 8 bro!rs 7 at ! w>s4--,a little boy 0 ask$1 ',if y\r p>5ts 7 too indulg5t1 & seem$ to give y all y\r own w1 :at ought y to d8' ',i ought n to take x1' repli$ ! boy v readily2 & add$1 t x 0 tak+ 8 own w t caus$ ! ru9 ( ! prodigal son4 ,ano!r boy be+ ask$1 ',if y %\ld become ri*1 :at w\ld be y\r duty to ! poor8' answ]$1 ',i ought to be good to ! poor2 b x w\ld be bett] to give !m "w ?an to give !m money2 = ,boaz did n give ,ru? gra91 b bade 8 %e>]s let "s fall1 t %e might get x by h] own indu/ry4' ,9 ! ,exp]im5t 9 ,london1 a *ild 0 ask$1 ,:5 y live ) bro!rs & si/]s :o are wick$1 :at %\ld y d8 & answ]$1 ,i %\ld n jo9 ) !m 9 _! s9s4 ,& :5 ask$ :]e %e got t lesson1 answ]$1 ,f ,joseph1 :o w\ld n jo9 ) 8 bro!rs 9 _! s94--,ano!r 0 ask$1 ,:5 y see o!rs go+ he$lessly on 9 ! commission ( s91 :at %\ld y d8 & answ]$1 ,i %\ld w>n !m ( _! dang]2 & ref]r$ to ,noah1 :o w>n$ ! wick$ :ile build+ ! ark4--,aga91 ,:5 p ab\t y are giv5 to qu>rel1 :at %\ld y d8 ,we %\ld endeav\r to make peace2 & ref]r$ to ,abram endeav\r+ to rema9 at peace ) ,lot's h]dsm54--,:5 y h gr[n up to be m5 & wom51 :at %\ld y d8 ,we %\ld g to a trade1 & be indu/ri\s2 & ref]r$ to ,ca9 & ,abel foll[+ _! diff]5t employm5ts4--,:5 two situations occur1 "o :]e y w get m money1 b :]e ! p are wick$ & ungodly2 & ! o!r1 :]e y w get less money1 b h bett] company1 :i* %\ld y *oose8 ,! good company1 ?\gh ) less money2 & ref]r$ to ,lot's desire = ri*es tak+ him to live 9 wick$ ,sodom1 :]e he lo/ all t he _h4--,:5 y\r p>5ts get old1 & are unable to support !mselves1 :at %\ld y d8 ,we %\ld "w = !m2 & ref]r$ to ,ru? glean+ = ! support ( h] old "m-9-law2 & ano!r ref]r$ to ,joseph br++ 8 fa!r to n\ri% him 9 ,go%54--,:5 y\r p>5ts or ma/]s give y any important "w or duty to p]=m1 :at %\ld y d8 ,we %\ld pray to ,god = success1 & = 8 direction & help 9 p]=m+ x2 & ref]r$ to ,abraham's s]vant pray+ at ! well4--,:5 we f9d p wi%+ to take advantage ( u & *eat u1 :at %\ld we d8 ,leave !m2 & ref]r$ to ,jacob ) 8 family leav+ ,laban4--,7 any "o to tempt y to lie or commit a s91 :at %\ld y d8 ,we ought n to be tempt$2 & ref]r$ to ,abraham mak+ ,s>ah tell a lie 9 ,egypt4--,h[ %\ld y behave to /rang]s8 ,we %\ld be k9d to !m2 & ref]r$ to ,lot lodg+ ! angels4--,7 a ma/] or mi/ress to h ! *oice ( two s]vants1 "o clev]1 b ungodly1 & ! o!r n s clev]1 b pi\s1 :i* "o %\ld be *os58 ,! pi\s s]vant2 & ref]r$ to ,potiph>1 :om ,god bless$ & prosp]$ = ,joseph's sake4--,:5 any "o has injur$ u1 :at %\ld we d8 ,=give !m2 & ref]r$ to ,joseph =giv+ & n\ri%+ 8 bre?r54--,:5 y h once escap$ ! sn>es & designs ( bad company1 :at %\ld y d8 ,we %\ld nev] g back aga92 & ref]r$ to ,lot go+ back aga9 to live 9 ,sodom f :i* he at la/ escap$ only ) 8 life4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! ,newry ,exp]im5t1 ! boys 7 equally ready 9 apply+ = _! own b5efit ! lessons !y _h drawn f _! k ( anatomy & physiology4 ,! acc\nt says1 t ! mo/ int]e/+1 z well z ! mo/ edify+ "p ( ! exam9ation1 & :i* exhibit$ ! great value ( ?is me?od ( tea*+ ! sci5ces to ! "y1 0 ! application ( ^! lessons to ! circum/ances ( ord9>y life4 ,circum/ances 7 suppos$1 9 :i* !y or o!rs might be plac$1 & !y 7 requir$ to apply ! lessons !y _h drawn = _! direction1 & = regulat+ _! conduct 9 e su* case4 ,?is !y did ) great sagacity1 & evid5t delight1 & 9 a mann] :i* conv9c$ ! audi5ce t ! few h\rs dur+ :i* !y _h be5 employ$ 9 mak+ ^! acquisitions1 in/ead ( be+ irksome & labori\s1 z education is too (t5 consid]$ by ! "y1 7 obvi\sly among ! happie/ & ! %orte/ !y _h ev] sp5t 9 almo/ any employm5t1--_! play n except$4 ,we %all give a specim5 ( ^!1 & ! answ]s giv51 z ne>ly z c be recollect$4 ,! case ( walk+ 9 a fro/y day 0 suppos$1 & !y 7 ask$ :at1 9 t case1 ought to be done8 ,! answ] 01 ,t we %\ld take c>e n to fall4 ,:y8 ,because ! bones are easily brok5 9 fro/y wea!r4--,:5 heat$ & fev]i% 9 a close room1 :at %\ld be done8 ,let 9 fre% air2 because x is ! want ( oxyg5 9 ! air we brea! t causes su* a feel+1 b :i* ! admission ( fre% air supplies4--,:5 tr\bl$ ) li/lessness1 & imp$$ circulation1 :at %\ld we d8 ,take ex]cise2 because ! contraction ( ! muscles by walk+1 work+1 or o!rwise1 =ces ! blood to ! he>t1 & ?r\gh ! lungs1 by :i* heal? & vig\r is promot$4--,:]e %\ld we take ex]cise8 ,9 ! c\ntry1 or 9 ! op5 air2 because !re ! air is pur] ?an 9 a h\se or a t[n1 :]e fires1 smoke1 frequ5t brea?+1 & o!r ?+s1 r5d] ! atmosph]e un:olesome4--,w\ld brea?+ rapidly1 )\t ex]cise1 n n\ri% ! blood equally well8 ,no2 because al?\gh m air be drawn into ! lungs1 !re w\ld be no m blood to comb9e ) its oxyg54--,:at %\ld be done1 :5 c&les 9 a cr[d$ *ur* burn dim1 al?\gh !y d n ne$ snuff+8 ,let 9 fre% air2 because ! air is !n un:olesome = want ( oxyg52 :i*1 c>ri$ to a great ext5t1 w\ld cause fa9t+ 9 ! p1 & w\ld ext+ui% ! c&les !mselves4--,:5 a fire is l to g out1 :at %\ld be done8 ,bl[ x up ) bell[s4 ,:y n by ! m\?8 ,because ! air bl[n f ! lungs has lo/ great "p ( its oxyg51 by :i* alone ! fire burns4 ,:y !n does a fire bl[n ) ! m\? burn at all8 ,because "p ( ! oxyg5 rema9s1 said "o boy2 & ano!r add$1 & because "p ( ! surr\nd+ air is bl[n 9 along ) x4 ,at ! second meet+ ) ^! boys1 occasion$ by ! unexpect$ circum/ances =m]ly allud$ to1 !y 7 summ>ily1 & )\t previ\s notice1 tak5 f _! s*ool to ano!r public meet+1 )\t kn[+ = :at purpose !y 7 br\ght1 & _h to und]go a /ill m se>*+ exam9ation on :at !y _h be5 previ\sly taught4 ,"h aga9 !y %ew$ _! dext]ity 9 mak+ use ( _! lessons1 by ! application ( !m1 & prov$ t !y _h be5 do+ s to !mselves 9 ! int]c\rse :i* !y _h _h ) _! relations at home4 ,! acc\nt goes on to say1 t !y 7 !n m fully & se>*+ly exam9$ ?an at fir/2 & !re be+ m "t1 !y 7 mu* long] "u ! ex]cise4 ,x 0 !n f\nd1 t ! in=mation =m]ly communicat$ 0 n only rememb]$1 b t ! sev]al tru?s 7 mu* m famili>1 9 !mselves & 9 _! connection ) ea* o!r1 ?an !y _h be5 at ! =m] meet+4 ,?is _h evid5tly aris5 f _! own frequ5t m$itations ^u !m s9ce t "t1 & _! application ( ! sev]al lessons1 ei!r ) "o ano!r1 _! p>5ts1 or !mselves4 ,! m$ical g5tlem5 7 aga9 pres5t1 & pr(ess$ !mselves equally pleas$4 ,! lessons1 ) consid]able additions1 7 also giv51 & ! applications especially 7 greatly ext5d$4 ,9 ^! la/ !y appe>$ to be p]fectly at home2 & relevant circum/ances might h be5 multipli$ = d\ble ! "t1 )\t _! hav+ any difficulty 9 apply+ ! lessons1 & giv+ a reason = _! application4 ,b ! mo/ satisfactory ( all ! exp]im5ts on ?is po9t1 z imply+ ! possession ( a well-cultivat$ m9d1 hold+ at comm& an ext5sive field ( useful k1 0 ! "o 9 ,lei?1 al?\gh f accid5t1 or inadv]t5ce on ! "p ( ! report]1 a l>ge portion ( x has be5 lo/ to ! public4 ,! foll[+ fragm5t1 h[ev]1 w be suffici5t to %ew its nature & its value4 ,! exam9ator wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! p[] :i* ! *ildr5 possess$ ( apply+ ! passage to _! own conduct2 & = ?is purpose1 he propos$ sev]al circum/ances 9 :i* !y might be plac$1 & ask$ !m to %[ h[ ?is portion ( ,scripture direct$ !m to act4--,suppos+1 said he1 t y\r fa!r & "m 7 to neglect to take y to *ur* next ,sunday1 w\ld t be wrong8--,yes4--,f :at d y get t lesson8 ,& :5 he 0 twelve ye>s old1 !y w5t up to ,j]usalem aft] ! cu/om ( ! fea/4--,is x "r t *ildr5 %\ld g to *ur* ) _! p>5ts8 ,yes4--,:y8 ,because ,jesus w5t ) 8 p>5ts4--,w\ld x be "r = y to g out ( *ur* dur+ ! "t ( ! s]vice8 ,no4--,:y8 ,joseph & ,m>y rema9$ till ! s]vice 0 ov]4 ,! next po9t to be asc]ta9$ 01 :e!r ! *ildr5 7 able1 n only to p]ceive :at passages ( ,scripture 7 applicable 9 p>ticul> circum/ances1 b also to f9d out :at circum/ances 9 life ^? passages might be appli$ to4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,mr ,gall ask$1 ',c\ld y tell me any circum/ances :i* may happ51 9 :i* y may be call$ on to rememb] t ,joseph & ,m>y att5d$ public wor%ip8'--,if a fri5d 7 to take d9n] or tea ) u1 t %\ld n deta9 u f att5d+ *ur*4--,idle amusem5ts %\ld n deta9 u f *ur*2 & no?+ %\ld keep u f x b sickness4 ,mr ,gall aga9 express$ 8 unabat$ satisfaction at ! results ( ! exam9ation1 9 prov+ ! intellectual acquirem5ts ( ! *ildr54 ,b s important did ! application ( ! lessons appe> to him1 t he mu/ trespass /ill fur!r ^u ! "t ( ! meet+ by a m sev]e te/ ( ! *ildr5's practical tra9+ on ?is p>ticul> po9t4 ,x 0 a te/ :i* he believ$ to be altoge!r new to !m2 b if !y %\ld succe$1 x w prove /ill m satisfactorily1 t _! k ( ,scripture has made x become1 9 reality1 a light to _! feet1 & a lamp to _! pa?4 ,mr ,gall !n produc$ a little n>rative tract1 :i* he read al\d to ! *ildr52 & aft] ! /atem5t ( ea* moral circum/ance detail$ 9 x1 he ask$ ! *ildr5 :e!r x 0 "r or wrong4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 answ]$ t x 0 "r1 he requir$ !m to prove t x 0 s1 by "s /atem5t 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 because ! ,bible %\ld to !m1 & to e ,*ri/ian1 be ! only /&>d ( :at is "r & wrong2 & s1 9 ! same mann]1 :5 !y said t x 0 wrong1 he requir$ !m also to prove x f ,scripture4 ,z soon z ! *ildr5 p]ceiv$ :at 0 want$1 passages ( ,scripture1 bo? ( precept & example1 7 br\ght =w>d ) z mu* read9ess & discrim9ation z be=e4 ,! only exception1 0 "o or two quotations f ! ,%ort] ,cate*ism 9 pro( ( _! positions1 :i* 7 ( c\rse reject$1 z defici5t ( ! requir$ au?ority4 ,! conclud+ rem>ks by ! ,"r ,hon\rable & ,rev]5d report]s ( ! ,exp]im5t 9 ,ed9burgh1 may ) propriety be "h giv51 z x is applicable1 n only to prison discipl9e1 b to education 9 g5]al4 ,! result ( ?is important exp]im5t1 !y say1 01 9 e po9t1 satisfactory4 ,n only _h mu* religi\s k be5 acquir$ by ! pupils1 & t ( ! mo/ sub/antial1 & c]ta9ly ! lea/ evanesc5t k9d2 b x appe>$ to h be5 acquir$ ) ease1 & ev5 ) satisfaction--a circum/ance ( mat]ial importance 9 e case1 b especially 9 t ( adult prison]s4 ,b ! mo/ uncommon & important feature ( x 01 ! read9ess :i* !y1 9 ?is %ort p]iod1 _h acquir$ ( d$uc+ ,practical ,lessons f :at !y _h read or he>d1 = ! regulation ( _! conduct4 ,e lead+ circum/ance 9 ,scripture1 by ?is peculi> feature ( ! ,sy/em1 0 made to reflect its light on ! v>i\s common occurr5ces ( ord9>y life1 by :i* ! pupils !mselves 7 enabl$ to judge ( ! real nature ( ea* p>ticul> act1 & to adopt1 or to %un x1 z ! consci5ce ?us enlight5$ %\ld dictate4 ,! act+ & re-act+1 inde$1 ( e bran* ( ! ,sy/em1 ^u ea* o!r1 int]weaves s ?or\ghly ! lessons ( ,scripture ) ! feel+s & ?\ghts ( _! m9ds1 & associates !m s closely ) ! common circum/ances ( life1 t x is almo/ impossible t ei!r ! portions ( ! ,bible :i* !y h ?us le>n$1 or ! practical lessons ?us drawn f !m1 %\ld1 at any future p]iod1 escape f _! remembrance4 ,! evolutions ( _! future life1 w disclose circum/ances :i* !y are prep>$ to meet1 by hav+ lessons laid up 9 /ore1 adapt$ to su* occurr5ces2 & especially1 :5 ! m5tal habit is =m$ ( apply+ ,scripture 9 ?is mann]1 !re is sc>cely an ev5t :i* c happ51 b aga9/ its tempt+ influ5ce !y w be =tifi$ by ! arm\r ( div9e tru?4--,_! compliance ) temptation1 %\ld t take place1 w n be done )\t a compunction ( consci5ce1 aris+ f "s po9t$ & w>n+ example t comes 9 all its urg5cy be=e _! m9ds2--& !y w1 :5 s$uc$ f rectitude1 h a light )9 !m1 & a clue ( div9e tru?1 to guide !m out ( ! d>k & mazy labyr9? ( error & crime1 into ! pa? ( duty & virtue4 ,x is ,god alone t c bless su* in/ruction1 & r5d] x sav+ly efficaci\s2 b surely ! inf]5ce is fair1 t ?is ,sy/em furni%es u ) an in/rum5t1 :i*1 if skilfully employ$1 w effect all t man c d = 8 err+ bro!r or si/]4 ,,footnotes3 #bf #a ,cor4 x4 #a-aa4 #bg ,heb4 xiii4 #e1 #f ,,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,on ! ,imitation ( ,nature1 9 tra9+ h] ,pupils flu5tly to communicate _! ,k4 ,!re is a f\r?1 or supplem5t>y process 9 ,nature's educational c\rse1 ! successful imitation ( :i* promises to be ( great g5]al b5efit1 z soon z x %all be univ]sally adopt$ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools4 ,x is1 z x 71 ! door-way ( intellect1--! break 9 ! cl\d1 ?r\gh :i* ! sun-light ( concoct$ k is to f9d its way1 to enlight5 & *e] ! g5]al community4--,we ref] to t acquirem5t1 by :i* p]sons are enabl$1 )\t di/raction ( m9d1 int]nally to prep>e & arrange _! ideas1 at ! mom5t !y are v]bally communicat+ !m to o!rs4 ,:5 ?is process is analys$1 we f9d1 z expla9$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 t x consi/s simply 9 an ability to ?9k1 & to arrange our ?\ghts at ! "t we are speak+2--to ex]cise ! m9d on "o set ( ideas1 at ! mom5t we are giv+ expression to ano!r4 ,simple z ?is at fir/ sight may appe>1 we h se5 t x is b v gradually arriv$ at2--t _m p]sons1 o!rwise possess+ great abilities1 nev] c comm& x2--t x is altoge!r an acquisition dep5d+ ^u ! use ( prop] means2--b t1 at ! same "t1 any p]son :atev]1 by submitt+ to ! appropriate discipl9e1 may atta9 almo/ any degree ( p]fection 9 its ex]cise4 ,! object requir$ by ! tea*]1 !re=e1 is a s]ies ( ex]cises1 by means ( :i* 8 pupils w be tra9$ to ?9k & to speak at ! same mom5t2 to h _! m9ds busily occupi$ ) "s object or idea1 :ile _! p[]s ( spee* are engag$ 9 giv+ utt]ance to some?+ else4 ,= ! purpose ( sugge/+ su* an ex]cise1 we %all aga9 att5d %ortly to ! exhibition ( ! process1 z we f9d x "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,nature4 ,an infant1 z we =m]ly expla9$1 c = a long p]iod utt] only "o or two words at a "t1--n because x is unacqua9t$ ) m1 b because x has n yet acquir$ ! p[] ( ?9k+ ! second ^w1 :ile x is giv+ utt]ance to ! fir/4 ,x has to atta91 by /eady practice1 & by sl[ degrees1 ! ability ( comm&+ ! ?\ghts1 :ile utt]+ two1 ?ree1 or m words consecutively1 )\t a pause4 ,a *ild also1 ^: m9d is engag$ ) its toys1 _c = "s "t1 dur+ its e>ly m5tal advances1 att5d to a speak]2 mu* less c x ?9k (1 & arrange an answ] to a "q1 :ile x cont9ues its play4 ,x has to /op1 & ?9k2 x !n gives ! in=mation requir$2 & aft] ?is x w p]haps resume its play1 b n soon]4 ,:5 a *ild c speak & cont9ue its amusem5ts1 x is an evid5ce ( consid]able m5tal p[]2 & z ,nature makes use ( its play1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ?is ability1 ! tea*]1 & especially ! p>5ts1 ought to excite & enc\rage e attempt at conv]sation :ile ! pupil is s employ$4 ,b our object at pres5t is to arrive at "o or m regul> ex]cises t %all embody ! pr9ciple2 ex]cises :i* may at all times be at ! comm&1 & "u ! contr\l ( ! tea*] & p>5t1 & :i* may =m "p ( ! daily useful arrangem5ts ( ! s*ool or ! family4 ,! foll[+ are a few1 among _m1 :i* we %all briefly notice1 be=e introduc+ "o :i* promises to be /ill m b5eficial1 & m g5]ally applicable to ! economy ( lit]>y pursuits1 & ! arrangem5ts ( ! academy4 ,"o ( ! ex]cises :i* assi/s 9 atta9+ ! end "h 9 view1 we h already allud$ to1 z be+ successfully employ$ by ,nature = ! purpose1--t is1 ! *ild's play4 ,any amusem5t :i* requires ?\ght or att5tion1 is well calculat$ to answ] ?is purpose1--& if ! *ild c be induc$ & tra9$ to speak & play at ! same "t1 8 ?9k+ p[]s be+ occupi$ by ! ext]nal use ( 8 toys1 ! end ( ! tea*] w 9 s f> be ga9$4 ,que/ions put to a *ild at t "t1 & answ]s giv5 by him :ile he cont9ues to ex]cise 8 m9d ^u 8 amusem5ts1 w prep>e ! way1 & greatly assi/ 9 giv+ him ! p[] ( ex]cis+ x ^u ideas1 )\t ! help ( ^! ext]nal & tangible objects4 ,! pr9ciple 9 bo? cases is ! same1 al?\gh 9 ! "o x is n c>ri$ out to ! same ext5t z x is 9 ! o!r4 ,& "h we _c help rem>k+1 h[ ext5sive & important a field ! work+ ( ?is pr9ciple op5s up to ! +5i\s toy-man4 ,if a game1 or games1 c be inv5t$1 :]e ! *ild mu/ h 8 att5tion occupi$ ) "o object1 :ile he is oblig$ to answ] que/ions1 or to make obs]vations1 or to detail facts1 or 9 any o!r way to employ 8 speak+ p[]s extemporane\sly1 7n repeat+ words by rote17 ! p]son :o does s w greatly edify ! "y1 & b5efit ! public4 ,ano!r me?od by :i* ! pr9ciple may be call$ into ex]cise1 is to tell a %ort /ory1 or simple anecdote1 & !n to require ! *ild to rehe>se x aga94 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! m9d ( ! *ild is employ$ 9 commun+ ) ! memory1 :ile he is engag$ 9 detail+ to ! tea*] or monitor1 ! special circum/ances 9 _! ord]4 ,^u ! pr9ciples ( individuation & gr\p+1 too1 7! two mo/ important pr9ciples1 be x obs]v$1 :i* ,nature employs ) "y *ildr517 we c p]ceive1 t x w be mu* easi] = ! *ild1 & at lea/ equally p[]ful 9 produc+ ! effect1 if ! tea*] or p>5t %all conf9e himself to "o or two /ories or anecdotes at a "t1 till1 by repeat$ attempts1 ! *ild c 9 its own words1 & 9 its own way1 readily & flu5tly detail ! :ole ( ! circum/ances to ! p>5t or tea*]1 :5ev] requir$4 ,a simil> mode ( accompli%+ ! same object1 :5 ! *ild is able to read1 is1 to require him at home to p]use a /ory ( "s l5g?1 & to rehe>se :at he c rememb] ( x next day4 ,?is ought1 h[ev]1 9 e case to be a n>rative1 or anecdote1 consi/+ ( gr\p+s :i* ! *ild c1 on read+1 picture on 8 m9d4 ,if ?is be neglect$1 !re is dang] ( ! *ild's be+ h>ass$ & burd5$1 )\t any correspond+ b5efit be+ produc$4 ,x is "h also wor?y ( rem>k1 t ,dr ,mayo's ,lessons on ,objects may be employ$ = ?is purpose ) consid]able effect4 ,if a li/ ( qualities1 su* z col\r1 consi/5ce1 texture1 c4 be put into ! *ild's h&1 & he be requir$ to elucidate & rehe>se ^? relat+ to "o p>ticul> object1 ei!r plac$ be=e him1 or1 :at is bett]1 "o ) :i* he is acqua9t$1 b :i* at ! "t he does n see1 ! eye & ! m9d w be engag$ ) 8 pap]1 & 9 recollect+ ! p>ticul> qualities ( ! object1 at ! same "t t he is employ$ 9 communicat+ 8 recollections4 ,ano!r me?od = produc+ ! same end1 consi/s 9 ! p>5t or tea*] repeat+ a s5t5ce to ! *ild1 & requir+ him to rememb] x1 & to spell ! sev]al words 9 _! ord]4 ,"h ! *ild has to rememb] ! :ole s5t5ce1 to obs]ve ! ord] ( ! sev]al words1 to *use !m "o aft] ano!r z he advances1 & to rememb] & rehe>se ! lett]s ( :i* ea* is compos$4 ,! m5tal ex]cise "h is exce$+ly useful1 besides ! advantages ( tra9+ *ildr5 to correct spell+4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is ex]cise ) a *ild1 ! s5t5ce mu/ be %ort1 & he may be p]mitt$ to repeat ea* ^w aft] he has spell$ x1 :i* w help him to rememb] ! ^w t foll[s2--b z he advances1 he may be made to spell ! :ole )\t pron\nc+ ! words2 & ! l5g? ( ! s5t5ce may be made to correspond ) 8 ability4 ,great c>e h[ev] %\ld be tak5 by ! tea*] t ?is ex]cise be correctly p]=m$4 ,_m o!r me?ods = ex]cis+ ! *ild's m9d & oral p[]s at ! same mom5t1 w be sugge/$ by ! +5uity ( tea*]s1 & by exp]i5ce2 & :]ev] a tea*] hits ^u "o :i* he f9ds effici5t1 & :i* works well ) 8 *ildr51 x is to be hop$ t he w n deprive o!rs ( its b5efit4 ,su* communications 9 education1 l m]cy1 are twice bless$4 ,b ! ex]cise :i*1 = its simplicity & p[]1 z well z = ! ext5t ( its application to ! bus9ess & arrangem5ts ( ! s*ool1 appe>s to answ] ! purpose be/1 & :i* embodies mo/ ext5sively ! /ipulations requir$ = ! successful imitation ( ,nature 9 ?is "p ( h] process1 is t :i* has be5 t]m$ ! ,p>aphra/ic ,ex]cise4 ,! ex]cise "h allud$ to has ?is important recomm5dation 9 its practical work+1 t :ile x c be employ$ ) ! *ild :o c read no m ?an a s5t5ce1 x may be s modifi$ & ext5d$1 z to ex]cise ! m5tal & oral p[]s ( ! be/ & clev]e/ ( ! s*ol>s to _! full ext5t4 ,x consi/s 9 mak+ a *ild read a s5t5ce or passage al\d2 &1 :ile he is do+ s1 9 requir+ him at ! same mom5t1 to be actively employ$ 9 detect+ & ?r[+ out c]ta9 specifi$ words 9 ! passage1 & 9 select+1 arrang+1 & sub/itut+ o!rs 9 _! place2 ! *ild /ill keep+ to ! precise mean+ ( ! au?or1 & /udy+ & practis+1 z f> z possible1 simplicity1 brevity1 elegance1 & grammatical accuracy4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:at *ild w ev] be able to d ?is8 ,we answ] ) confid5ce1 t e sane pupil1 by us+ ! prop] means1 may atta9 x4 ,?is is no hypo!sis1 b a fact1 ( :i* ! exp]im5t 9 ,lei? gives good collat]al pro(1 & ( :i* long & uni=m exp]i5ce has af=d$ direct & ample evid5ce4 ,any tea*]1 or p>5t inde$1 may by a s+le exp]im5t ^u ! v dulle/ ( 8 pupils :o c read1 be satisfi$ on ! po9t4 ,su* a *ild1 by leav+ out & p>aphras+ fir/ "o ^w 9 a s5t5ce1 !n two1 ?ree1 or m1 z he acquires ability1 w d]ive all ! advantages above describ$2 &1 by advanc+ 9 ! ex]cise1 he may h 8 tal5ts tax$ dur+ ! :ole progress ( 8 education to ! full ext5t ( _! p[]s4 ,x is 9 ?is t "o great recomm5dation lies to ?is ex]cise1--x be+ adapt$ to e grade ( intellect1 f ! *ild :o c only p>aphrase a s+le ^w at a "t1 to ! /ud5t :o1 :ile glanc+ 8 eye ov] ! passage1 c give ! scope ( ! :ole 9 a p]fectly new =m1 & 9 a language & /yle entirely 8 own4 ,( ! nature & v]satility ( ?is ex]cise we %all give a s+le example4 ,let u = ?is purpose suppose t a *ild sees 9 ! fir/ answ] ( ! ,fir/ ,initiatory ,cate*ism ! words1 ,god at fir/ creat$ all ?+s to %ew 8 greatness1 & t ! tea*] wi%es to ex]cise 8 m9d 9 ! way1 & ^u ! pr9ciple ( :i* we are "h speak+1 by mak+ him p>aphrase x4 ,he beg9s by asc]ta9+ t ! *ild kn[s ! exact mean+ ( "o or m ( ! sev]al t]ms us$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 & c give ! mean+ 9 o!r words4 ,z = example1 he %\ld be able to expla9 t ! fir/ ^w means1 ! ,almighty2--t ! words at fir/1 "h signifies1 at ! beg9n+ ( "t2--t creat$ means1 br\ght into exi/5ce2--t ! t]m all ?+s1 z "h us$1 indicates1 all ! worlds 9 ,nature1 ) _! inhabitants2--t ! phrase to %ew1 means to exhibit to 8 rational creatures2--& t 8 greatness1 at ! close implies1 8 inf9ite maje/y & p]fections4 ,n[ x mu/ be obvi\s1 t any "o ( ^! explanations may be made famili> to ! dulle/ *ild t c read2 & if ?is c be done1 ! pr9ciple may imm$iately be br\ght into ex]cise4 ,= example1 :5 ! *ild kn[s t ! fir/ ^w means ! ,almighty1 & t fir/ is ano!r way ( express+ ! beg9n+ ( "t1 he is requir$ to read ! :ole s5t5ce1 & 9 do+ s1 to ?r[ out ^! two words1 & to sub/itute _! mean+s4 ,he w !n at once read ! s5t5ce ?us3 ,! ,almighty1 at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 creat$ all ?+s to %ew 8 greatness4 ,! same ?+ may be done ) any "o or m ( ! o!rs2 & if ! *ild at fir/ feels any difficulty ) two1 ! tea*] has only1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( individuation1 to make "o ( !m famili>1 be=e he be requir$ to att5d to a second2 & to h two r5d]$ easy be=e he goes =w>d to ! ?ird4 ,ea* explanation c be ma/]$ 9 its turn1 & may !n be employ$ 9 =m+ ! p>aphrase2 by :i* means ! *ild's m9d is call$ to ! p]=mance ( d\ble duty1--read+ f 8 book1--?r[+ out ! requir$ words1--rememb]+ _! explanations1--ins]t+ !m regul>ly & grammatically1--& p]haps transpos+1 & re-con/ruct+ ! :ole s5t5ce1--at ! mom5t t he is giv+ utt]ance to t :i* ! m9d _h previ\sly arrang$4 ,! same ?+ may be done ) a s5t5ce f any book1 al?\gh n s sy/ematically prep>$ = ! purpose z ! ,initiatory ,cate*isms h be54 ,! explanations ( any ( ! words :i* may be po9t$ out1 or "u-scor$ by ! tea*]1 c easily be ma/]$ 9 ! usual way by any ( ! *ildr5 capable ( read+ !m2 & if he %all be gradually & regul>ly tra9$ to d ?is frequ5tly1 8 comm& ( words1 9 express+ 8 own ideas1 & 8 ability to use !m correctly1 w v soon become ext5sive & flu5t4 ,! importance ( ?is to ! "y is mu* m valuable & necess>y ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,nature evid5tly int5ds t *ildhood & y\? %\ld be ! se$-"t ( language2 & ! ex]cise "h recomm5d$1 :5 p]sev]$ 91 is well calculat$ to produce an abundant h>ve/ ( words1 suit$ = all k9ds ( oral communications4--,its importance 9 ?is respect1 z well z its effici5cy 9 fulfill+ all ! /ipulations necess>y = imitat+ ,nature 9 ! ex]cise ( ! pr9ciple :i* we are "h illu/rat+1 w be obvi\s to any read] by a v simple exp]im5t4 ,= ?is purpose ! s5t5ce :i* we h already employ$ may1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 be repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ =m4--,god at fir/ creat$ all ?+s to %ew 8 greatness4--,"h ea* ( ! words1 :i* we =m]ly suppos$ to be expla9$ by ! *ild1 is inclos$ 9 brackets4 ,n[ if ! read] w be at ! pa9s ( try+ ! exp]im5t ^u himself1 & %all endeav\r to obs]ve ! v>i\s op]ations ( 8 own m9d dur+ x1 he w at once p]ceive ! correctness ( ! above rem>ks4 ,t he may h ! full b5efit ( ?is exp]im5t1 he has only to fix ^u any "o--b only "o--( ! inclos$ words 9 ! above s5t5ce1 & hav+ asc]ta9$ its precise mean+ z be=e giv51 he mu/ read ! s5t5ce al\d f ! beg9n+1 foll[+ ! words ) 8 eye 9 ! ord9>y way1 till he arrives at ! ^w he has fix$ on4 ,?is he leaves out1 & 9 its /ead ins]ts ! explanation1 & !n goes on to read ! rema9d] ( ! s5t5ce4--,at ! fir/ trial he w p]haps be able to detect 9 8 own m9d "s ( ! difficulties1 :i* ! less matur$ intellect ( ! "y pupil has to enc\nt] 9 8 e>ly attempts to succe$ 9 ! ex]cise2 b he w also see1 t x is a difficulty easily ov]come :5 x is pres5t$ s+ly1 & :5 ! pupil is p]mitt$ to grapple ) ! p>aphras+ ( ea* ^w by itself4 ,! read] w also be able to trace ! op]ation ( ! "y m9d :ile engag$ ) ! explanations1 :i* diff] entirely f ! words :i* he is at ! mom5t look+ ^u & read+4 ,he w obs]ve1 t :5 ! eye ( ! *ild arrives at ! ^w fix$ ^u1 he has to pause 9 8 utt]ance = a mom5t1 till ! m9d goes 9 se>* ( :at x requires2 9 ! same way1 & ^u precisely ! same pr9ciple1 t an infant :o has manag$ to speak "o ^w1 has to /op1 & g 9 se>* ( ! next1 & !n to conc5trate ! p[]s ( its m9d ^u x1 be=e he c give x expression4 ,b if ! read] w repeat ! op]ation to himself ^u ! same ^w1 till he c read its explanation 9 ! s5t5ce )\t difficulty & )\t a pause2 & !n d ! same ) two1 !n ) ?ree1 & s on1 till he has complet$ ! :ole2 he w be able to appreciate 9 "s measure ! importance ( ?is ex]cise 9 tra9+ ! "y to su* a comm& ( language1 z w enable !m1 on all kn[n subjects1 to deliv] flu5tly1 & 9 any v>iety ( =m1 ! precise %ade ( mean+ :i* !y wi% to express4 ,?is ( itself w be a great atta9m5t by ! pupil2 b x is n all4 ,! read] w also p]ceive :at mu/ be ! necess>y result ( p]sev]+ 9 ?is ex]cise1 dur+ ! "t ( a *ild's att5dance at s*ool1 9 tra9+ him to t calm self-possession1--t p]fect comm& ( ! m9d & ! ?\ghts1--:ile engag$ 9 speak+1 :i* ! frequ5t & gradually ext5d$ use ( ?is ex]cise is s well calculat$ to af=d4 ,all ! *ildr5 ( a s*ool1 )\t exception1 may be ex]cis$ by its means1 & ^u ! same p>agraph2 = :ile1 by ! p>aphras+ ( b "o ^w 9 a clause1 x is )9 ! rea* ( ! humble/ intellect2 yet1 by ! *anges & transpositions necess>y 9 m difficult passages1 ei!r to smoo? asp]ities1 or to avoid grammatical errors1 x provides an extemporane\s ex]cise suit$ to ! tal5ts ( ! highe/ grade 9 any sem9>y4 ,! collat]al advantages also ( ?is ex]cise1 are bo? valuable & ext5sive4 ,! op]ation ( ! pr9ciple :i* supposes d\ble duty by ! m9d1 ent]s into ! nature ( num]\s acts 9 ord9>y life1 besides t ( ?9k+ & speak+1 & :i* a p]fect comm& ( ! ?\ghts 9 p>aphras+ w t5d greatly to facilitate4--,= example1 x w greatly assi/ ! pupil 9 mak+ obs]vations dur+ conv]sation1 9 att5d+ to ! weak & /rong po9ts ( an argum5t1 & 9 prep>+ 8 mat]ials = a reply1 :ile he is all ! "t he>+ & /or+ up ! ideas ( a speak]4--,x w enable him m ext5sively1 & m delib]ately to employ 8 m9d on useful subjects :ile engag$ ) 8 "w1 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e a consid]able degree ( ?\ght is requir$2--& x w greatly aid him 9 acquir+ ! art ( a ready writ]1 & w be available1 bo? :5 he himself writes 8 own ?\ghts1 or :5 he requires to dictate !m to o!rs4 ,_m p]sons :o c express _! ideas well en\gh by spee*1 f9d !mselves greatly at a loss :5 !y sit d[n to write !m2--& ?is arises entirely f ! want ( t comm& ( ! m9d :i* is necess>y :5ev] x is call$ on to d d\ble duty4 ,! p]son _c ?9k ( t :i* he wi%es to write1 & at ! same mom5t guide ! h& 9 writ+2 9 ! same way1 & = ! same reason1 t a *ild _c answ] a "q & yet cont9ue 8 play4 ,by ! use ( ! p>aphra/ic ex]cise1 h[ev]1 ! pupil w soon be enabl$ n only to concoct 9 8 own m9d :at he int5ds to write1 dur+ ! "t he is writ+2 b ! faculty may1 by ! same means1 be cultivat$ to su* an ext5t1 t he may at la/ be able to dictate to two cl]ks at a "t1 & sometimes p]haps1 7z x has be5 affirm$ "s h done7 ev5 to ?ree4 ,a simil> collat]al advantage1 :i* w arise f ! p]sev]+ use ( ! p>aphra/ic ex]cise1 des]ves a sep>ate consid]ation4--,x w gradually create a capacity to take writt5 notes ( a subject1 ei!r 9 ! *ur*1 ! s5ate1 or ! lecture room1 dur+ ! "t t ! speak] is engag$ 9 deliv]+ x4 ,x is 9 ! ability to he> & concoct 9 ! m9d "o set ( ideas1 :ile writ+ d[n an entirely diff]5t set1 t ! :ole art ( accurate report+ consi/s4 ,! writ+ "p ( ! process is purely me*anical2 ! p]fection ( ! art consi/s *iefly 9 ! comm& :i* ! report] acquires ov] ! p[]s ( 8 m9d4 ,! p]son :ile s employ$ has to he> & reit]ate ! ideas ( ! speak] z he proce$s2 ^! he mu/ rememb] & arrange1 select+1 abridg+1 cond5s+1 or ab&on+1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( 8 manual dext]ity 9 writ+4 ,b x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t if ! p]son be able to ?9k1--to ex]cise 8 m9d1--& to cont9ue to write )\t /opp+ :ile he does s1 ! am\nt ( :at he writes is a m]e accid5t1 & dep5ds1 n ^u ! /ate ( ! m9d1 b ^u ! me*anical "p ( ! op]ation1 :i* is aid$ by ! arts ( /5ography & abbreviation4 ,?is m5tal capacity is mo/ likely to be acquir$ by ! regul> & p]sev]+ use ( ! p>aphra/ic ex]cise4 ,x w tra9 ! pupil to t comm& ov] 8 ?\ghts1 :i*1 ) a little practice 9 ?is p>ticul> mode ( apply+ x1 w soon enable him1 ) p]fect self-possession1 to he> & to keep up ) a speak]1 :ile he cont9ues )\t a pause1 to write d[n z mu* ( :at has be5 said1 z 8 comm& ( ! p5 w all[4 ,)\t ?is m5tal ability1 he c\ld n :ile li/5+ write at all2 b :5 x has be5 suffici5tly acquir$1 !re is no limit to 8 tak+ d[n all t is spok51 except :at arises f ! imp]fection ( ! me*anical "p ( ! process1--8 manual dext]ity4 ,all ^! collat]al advantages w accrue to ! pupils by ! use ( ?is ex]cise2 & ?is latt] "o w be greatly promot$ 9 a s*ool by a piece ( hi/ory1 an anecdote1 or a p>agraph ( any k9d1 :i* none ( ! pupils "k1 be+ read sl[ly = only a few m9utes1 :ile ! :ole ( ! pupils :o c write are requir$ to take notes at ! "t1 & to /op & give !m 91 z soon z ! read+ is f9i%$4#bh ,x is also "h wor?y ( rem>k1--& x is p]haps ano!r pro( ( ! effici5cy ( ! sev]al ex]cises be=e enum]at$ z imitations ( ,nature1--t !y all1 m or less1 embody a portion ( ?is pr9ciple ( d\ble duty p]=m$ by ! m9d4 ,9 ea* ( !m1 :5 prop]ly conduct$1 ! pupil is compell$ to speak1 & to ?9k at ! same mom5t4 ,n a little ( _! effici5cy & value inde$1 may be attribut$ to ?is circum/ance4 ,9 ! cate*etical ex]cise1 = example1 x is n difficult to trace its op]ation4 ,= 9 ! attempt ( ! *ild to answ] a "q previ\sly put to him1 ! tea*] w be at no loss to p]ceive ! m9d gradually acquir+ an ability to ?9k ( ! orig9al "q & ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! subject f :i* he has select$ 8 answ]1 at ! v mom5t he is giv+ x utt]ance4 ,& a k ( ! fact %\ld excite tea*]s 9 g5]al1 s to employ ?is ex]cise z to produce ?is effect4--,! analytical ex]cise also1 9 its :ole ext5t1 calls into op]ation ! work+ ( ?is pr9ciple1 :e!r employ$ syn!tically or analytically4 ,:5 *ildr5 are employ$ ) ! analytical ex]cise prop]1--z 9 trac+ a practical lesson backw>ds to ! subject or circum/ance f :i* x has be5 drawn1 & 9 atta*+ t circum/ance to ! /ory or class ( tru?s to :i* x belongs2 or :51 z 9 ! ,analysis ( ,pray]1 a text ( ,scripture has to be classifi$ accord+ to its nature1 among ! sev]al p>ts into :i* pray] is divid$2--9 all ^! cases1 !re is ?is same d\ble op]ation ( ! m9d1 se>*+ & comp>+ "o set ( ideas1 :ile ! pupil is employ$ 9 giv+ expression to o!rs4 ,! exhibition ( ! pr9ciple w be easily trac$1 f :at took place 9 ! exp]im5t 9 ,london1 :]e ! report /ates1 t ! ?ird class 7 next exam9$ on ! nature & practice ( pray]4 ,!y %ew$ great skill 9 compreh5d+ & def9+ ! sev]al compon5t p>ts ( pray]1 z invocation1 adoration1 confession1 ?anksgiv+1 petition1 c4 ,!y fir/ gave examples ( ea* sep>ately2 & !n1 ) great facility1 made selections f ea* division 9 its ord]1 :i* !y gave consecutively2 %ew+1 t !y _h acquir$1 ) ease & aptitude1 by means ( ?is classification1 a mo/ desirable scriptural directory 9 ! important duty ( pray]4 ,!y !n turn$ sev]al lessons & passages ( scripture into pray]2 & ! ,*airman1 & sev]al ( ! g5tlem5 pres5t1 read to !m passages f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,bible1 :i* !y readily classifi$1 z taught 9 ! ',que/ions on ,pray]1' & turn$ !m into adoration1 petition1 confession1 or ?anksgiv+2 accord+ to _! nature1 & z !y appe>$ be/ suit$ = ea*4 ,"s ( ! texts 7 ( a mix$1 & ev5 ( a complicat$ nature2 b 9 e case1 ev5 :5 !y 7 n previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! passages1 !y divid$ !m into p>ts1 & ref]r$ ea* ( ^! to its prop] class1 z 9 ! m simple & unique v]ses4 ,b a simil> work+ ( ! same pr9ciple takes place :5 ! analytical ex]cise is employ$ syn!tically1 & :5 ! pupil is requir$ to g f ! root1 =w>d to ! extreme bran*es ( ! analysis1 z is done :5 he =ms an extemporane\s pray]1 f a previ\s acqua9tance ) its sev]al divisions & _! prop] ord]4 ,9 ?is v necess>y & important bran* ( a *ild's education1 ! ,analysis ( ,pray] is usually employ$1 & has1 9 ?\s&s ( in/ances1 be5 f\nd exce$+ly effective4 ,dur+ ?is ex]cise1 ! *ild has /eadily to keep 9 view ! precise =m & ord] ( ! ,analysis1 & at ! same mom5t he has to select ! matt] requir$ "u ea* ( ! p>ts f ! miscellane\s cont5ts ( 8 memory1 to put !m 9 ord]1 & to give !m expression4 ,9 do+ ?is !re is a v>iety ( m5tal op]ations go+ on at ! same mom5t1 dur+ all ( :i* ! pupil w soon be enabl$ cont9u\sly to give expression to 8 own ideas1 ) z mu* ease & self-possession z if he 7 do+ no?+ m ?an me*anically repeat+ words previ\sly committ$ to memory4 ,?is is a valuable atta9m5t2 & yet ! :ole ( ?is complicat$ op]ation ( att5d+ to ! sev]al bran*es ( ! analysis1 & ( select+1 =m+1 & giv+ utt]ance to 8 confessions1 8 ?anksgiv+s1 & 8 petitions1 ) p]fect composure & self-possession1 is )9 ! rea* ( e ,*ri/ian *ild4 ,x is accompli%$ by a p]sev]+ ex]cise ( ! pr9ciple :i* has be5 illu/rat$ above1 & :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! p>aphra/ic ex]cise4 ,_m adults1 x is believ$1 h be5 enabl$1 ) ease & com=t1 to comm5ce family wor%ip by its means2 & num]\s classes h be5 tra9$ to ! ex]cise 9 a few lessons4 ,we %all "h deta9 ! read] by only a s+le example4 ,! writ] hav+ be5 reque/$ to meet ) ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*]s ( ,gre5ock & its neighb\rhood1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbg or #ahbh1 paid a visit to t place1 & _h ! propos$ meet+ 9 a l>ge hall ( ! t[n1 :]e he endeav\r$ to expla9 to !m1 practically1 a few ( ! pr9ciples connect$ ) ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*+1 z m sci5tifically detail$ 9 ! pres5t ,treatise4 ,= ! purposes ( t meet+1 ?ree *ildr5 belong+ to "o ( ! ,sunday ,s*ools1 7 = a few h\rs previ\sly in/ruct$1 & prep>$ to exhibit ! work+ ( "s ( ^? pr9ciples :i*1 x 0 hop$1 w\ld less5 ! lab\r ( ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*]s1 & at ! same "t increase _! influ5ce & _! usefulness4 ,^! *ildr51 7two girls & a boy17 ab\t ! ages ( t5 or twelve ye>s1 7 regul>ly in/ruct$ by means ( ! cate*etical ex]cise1 9 ! doctr9es1 examples1 & duties ( ,*ri/ianity2 & among o!r subjects1 !y 7 made acqua9t$ ) ! ,analysis ( ,pray]1 & ex]cis$ by its means1 )\t its be+ h9t$ to !m1 h[ev]1 :at use 0 int5d$ to be made ( x4 ,! meet+ 0 a cr[d$ "o2 :]e1 besides ! ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*]s1 & ,p>5ts ( ! *ildr51 ne>ly all ! ,cl]gym5 ( ! place 7 pres5t4 ,:5 ! m o/5sible bus9ess ( ! meet+ _h be5 conclud$1 ! writ] consult$ privately ) two or ?ree ( ! cl]gym51 & ask$1 :e!r !y1 kn[+ ! g5]al s5tim5ts ( ! p]sons compos+ ! meet+1 w\ld ?9k x improp] t "o ( ! ?ree *ildr5 :o _h %ewn !mselves s intellig5t1 %\ld be call$ on solemnly to engage 9 pray] ) ! audi5ce be=e dismiss+4 ,to ?is !y repli$1 t !re c\ld be no objections to su* a ?+1 provid$ ! *ildr5 7 able2--b ( _! ability1 !y v s]i\sly d\bt$4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! writ] assur$ !m !re 0 no fe>2 & if t 7 ! only objection1 !y w\ld !mselves imm$iately see t x 0 gr\ndless4 ,! boy accord+ly1 )\t 8 ev5 conjectur+ su* a ?+ previ\sly1 01 be=e ! meet+ 0 dismiss$1 publicly call$ on to engage 9 pray]4 ,he 0 = a mom5t surpris$1 & hesitat$2 b almo/ imm$iately1 on ! reque/ be+ repeat$1 he %ut 8 eyes1 & comm5c$1 ) a solemn & falt]+ voice = "o or two s5t5ces2 :51 recov]+ f e appe>ance ( trepidation1 he proce$$ ) mu* propriety & solemnity ( mann]1 ) great latitude1 & yet p]fect regul>ity & self-possession1 ?r\gh all ! dep>tm5ts ( adoration1 confession1 ?anksgiv+1 & petition1 9 language entirely 8 own1 select+ = himself1 & arrang+ 8 s5t5ces agreeably to ! ,analysis1 :i* 0 evid5tly 8 guide f ! beg9n+ to ! end4 ,?is ,treatise w1 !re is little d\bt1 be read by "s :o 7 t ev5+ pres5t1 & :o w rememb] ! univ]sal feel+ ( surprise & delight1 at ! p]fect propriety ( expression1 ! s]5ity ( m9d1 & ! solemnity ( mann]1 :i* *>act]is$ ! :ole ( ?is uncommon ex]cise4 ,x did appe> to _m z a mo/ unacc\ntable ?+2 b :5 ! pr9ciple is p]ceiv$1 z expla9$ above1 ! wond] mu/ at once cease1 & we c di/9ctly see1 t by us+ ! prop] means1 ! same ability is )9 ! rea* ( all :o w be at ! pa9s to make ! trial4 ,?is same pr9ciple is also ex]cis$ to a v consid]able ext5t 9 draw+ & apply+ lessons f a previ\s ann\ncem5t4 ,a v little att5tion to ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 t ex]cise w be suffici5t to %ew ?is4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t an ann\ncem5t is made to a *ild1 f :i* he is requir$ to draw a practical lesson4 ,?is ann\ncem5t mu/ be di/9ctly pres5t to 8 m9d1 :ile he is engag$ 9 consid]+ its mean+1 its moral "*1 & its be>+ on 8 own s5tim5ts & conduct2--b m especially1 all ?is1 besides ! orig9al ann\ncem5t1 has /ill to be kept 9 view1 :ile he is engag$ 9 giv+ ! lesson to ! tea*] 9 8 own language z requir$4 ,b 9 ! application ( ! lessons1 ! pr9ciple is /ill m ext5sively call$ into op]ation4 ,! *ild is ask$1 h[ he %\ld act 9 c]ta9 giv5 circum/ances4 ,^! circum/ances mu/ accord+ly be kept /eadily be=e ! m9d1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! succe$+ m5tal op]ation4 ,he has to consid] ! lesson1 or ! conduct :i* he %\ld pursue 9 ^! circum/ances1 & !n1 by ! association ( 8 ideas1 he mu/ call up f ! :ole ( 8 accumulat$ k1 ! precepts1 ! examples1 ! w>n+s1 & ev5 ! implications1 :i* =m 8 au?ority = decid+ on ! conduct :i* he ought to pursue4 ,^! aga9 mu/ be kept be=e ! m9d1 :ile he is prep>+1 & giv+ 9 8 own language 8 conclusions to 8 tea*]4 ,all ?is 0 v obvi\s 9 ! sev]al public exp]im5ts1 :]e ! draw+ ( lessons1 & ! application ( !m by ! pupils1 7 introduc$4--,9 ! case ( ! adult prison]s 9 ,ed9burgh ,c\nty ,jail1 x 0 v obs]vable2 & ! roll+ ( ! eye1 & ! unconsci\s movem5t ( ! head1 z if deeply engag$ 9 "s m5tal rese>* :5 an application 0 requir$1 7 peculi>ly pleas+ & obvi\s to all ! spectators4 ,! reason 01 t !y _h to keep be=e _! m9d1 ! circum/ance1 or /atem5t involv$ 9 ! "q ask$1 :ile !y _h1 at ! same "t1 to review ! sev]al portions ( _! k1 *use out ! passage or example :i* 0 calculat$ to direct !m 9 ! duty2 & !n1 /ill keep+ ^! accumulat$ ideas pres5t be=e ! m9d1 !y _h to prep>e & give expression to _! answ]s4 ,! same ?+ _h to be done1 b to a mu* great] ext5t1 by ! *ildr5 9 ,ab]de51 9 ,london1 & 9 ,newry4 ,b ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce ( ! b5eficial work+ ( ?is pr9ciple1 9 ! draw+ & apply+ ( lessons1 & by ?is means 9 giv+ ev5 to *ildr5 a comm& ( language1 & a p[] ( extemporane\s spee* :i* is b r>ely atta9$ ev5 by adults1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,sev5? ,exp]im5t 9 ,lei?4 ,! writ] feels m at lib]ty 9 descant+ ^u ! extraord9>y results ( t inve/igation ) ! *ildr51 because he _h no %>e 9 _! previ\s in/ruction2 ! peculi> m]its ( :i* belong$ entirely to _! zeal\s & pi\s tea*]4 ,he 0 a pla9 unlett]$ man2 & yet he has tra9$ hundr$s ( *ildr5 9 8 ,sunday s*ool1 ^: intellectual atta9m5ts1 = _! age & rank 9 life1 ! writ] has seldom kn[n to be surpass$4 ,!re 7 exhibit$ by ! *ildr51 f ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t to ! end1 an am\nt ( k1 a degree ( m5tal culture1 a grasp ( m9d1 & a flu5cy ( expression1 :i* _h nev] be=e be5 witness$ 9 *ildr5 ( a simil> class1 or ( ! same age1 by any p]son !n pres5t4 ,! pupils 7 at ! "t q unprep>$ = any extraord9>y exhibition2--! subjects 7 *os5 indiscrim9ately by ! cl]gym5 pres5t1 & 7 repeat$ly *ang$2--& :at is /ill m extraord9>y1 x 0 f\nd1 ^u inve/igation1 t ! subjects 7 9 g5]al entirely new1 or at lea/ !y _h nev] be5 previ\sly us$ z ex]cises 9 ! s*ool4 ,! *ildr51 h[ev]1 ) all ^! disadvantages1 7 p]fectly at home 9 ea* "o ( !m4 ,!re appe>$ to be no exhau/+ ( _! res\rces2 & ! ease1 & copi\sness1 & flu5cy ( _! language1 7 rem>k$ by all pres5t1 z extraord9>y1 & by "s z almo/ incr$ible4 ,_m :o 7 pres5t1 c\ld sc>cely believe t ! *ildr5 spoke extemporane\sly4 ,all ^! ph5om5a 7 simply ! effects ( ! pr9ciple ( :i* we are "h speak+1 regul>ly br\ght into op]ation1 9 ! weekly acts ( draw+ & apply+ _! practical lessons4 ,! exhibition ( s mu* m5tal p[] possess$ by m]e *ildr51--& ^! *ildr5 collect$ f ! v humble/ & rude/ classes inhabit+ a sea-port t[n1--appe>$ to be a circum/ance altoge!r new4 ,! (ficial p]sons pres5t1 & ! v ,rev4 ,bi%op ,russell1 :o took an active "p 9 ! exam9ation1 express$ _! decid$ satisfaction at ! results ( ! :ole exp]im5t2 & ! effects ( ^! pr9ciples1 z illu/rat$ by su* *ildr51 made ! pres5t ,"l ,murray rem>k publicly at ! close ( ! meet+1 t x 0 obvi\sly a valuable discov]y1 calculat$ to be ext5sively useful to society4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,note ,z4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,prop] ,,tru?s ,,& ,,subjects ,,to ,,be ,,taught ,,9 ,,s*ools ,,& ,,families4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,on ! ,g5]al ,pr9ciples :i* ought to regulate our *oice ( ,tru?s & ,subjects to be taught to ! ,"y4 ,9 all cases :]e our temporal int]e/s are conc]n$1 a prop] discrim9ation 9 ! selection ( su* ex]cises & /udies z %all be/ suit our purpose1 is consid]$ z n only prud5t1 b necess>y4 ,! neglect ( ?is w\ld1 inde$1 by m5 ( ! _w1 be e/eem$ ! height ( folly4 ,no %ip-ma/] ?9ks ( p]fect+ 8 appr5tices by lectures on agriculture2 nor does ! f>m] tra9 8 son & successor to cultivate ! l&1 by en=c+ ^u him ! /udy ( navigation4 ,9 a public s*ool1 !re=e1 :5 all classes ( ! community are to be taught1 ! tru?s & ex]cises %\ld be select$ 9 su* a mann]1 t !y %all1 if possible1 be equally useful to all2 leav+ ! navigator & ! agriculturi/1 ! surgeon & ! lawy]1 to supplem5t _! g5]al education1 by ! /udy ( ^? special bran*es ( le>n+ :i* _! sev]al pr(essions require4 ,b ev5 ?is is n en\gh3--,among ^? subjects & ex]cises 9 :i* all ! *ildr5 9 a s*ool may be equally int]e/$1 !re are _m :i* are nei!r equally useful1 nor equally indisp5sable4 ,a ?or\gh consid]ation1 & a c>eful selection ( ^? :i* are mo/ valuable 9 !mselves1 & :i* are mo/ likely to be useful dur+ life1 become bo? prud5t & necess>y4 ,9 all ord9>y cases1 m5 act ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,heal?1 food1 & recreation1 are all good & useful ?+s2 b ev5 f among ^! we are sometimes compell$ to make a *oice1 & ! pr9ciple ( our decision is always ! same4 ,:5 we _c procure all1 we *use ^? :i* appe> to u ! mo/ necess>y1 & ab&on ! o!rs )\t regret4 ,a man readily d5ies himself to sports & amusem5t1 :5 he f9ds t he mu/ lab\r = a supply ( food & necess>ies2 & ev5 ! pleasures ( ! table are will+ly sacrific$1 = ! purpose ( secur+ or re/or+ ! bless+s ( heal?4 ,9 l mann]1 ^? bran*es ( education :i* are mo/ important = secur+ ! welf>e ( ! pupils1 & mo/ = ! b5efit ( society1 ought to be select$ & pref]r$ be=e all o!rs2 see+ t to neglect1 or wilfully to err 9 ?is matt]1 w\ld be injuri\s to ! *ild1 & unju/ to ! community4--,our object at pres5t !re=e is1 to enquire :at ^? g5]al pr9ciples are :i* ought to regulate u 9 our *oice ( subjects & ex]cises = ! education ( y\?4 #a4 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal rule :i* ought to guide ! ,educationi/ & ! ,p>5t 9 ! selection ( subjects = ! s*ool1 is to *use ^? :i* are to promote ! happ9ess & welf>e ( ! pupil himself2 )\t reg>d1 9 ! fir/ in/ance at lea/1 to ! int]e/s or ! ease ( 8 fri5ds1 ( ! tea*]1 or ( any ?ird p>ty :atev]4--,*ildr5 are n ! prop]ty ( _! p>5ts1 nor ev5 ( ! community4 ,!y are /rictly & unali5ably ! prop]ty ( ! ,almighty1 ^: s]vants & /ew>ds ! p>5ts & ! public are4 ,! *ild's happ9ess & welf>e are entirely 8 own2--! free gift ( 8 ,mak] & ,ma/]1 ( :i* no man1 )\t 8 full cons5t1 has a "r to deprive him4 ,?is happ9ess1 & ! full enjoym5t ( :at he receives1 bo? "h & h]eaft]1 h be5 made to dep5d on 8 allegiance & 8 fai?fulness1 n to 8 p>5ts1 nor ev5 to ! public1 b to ! great ,"l ( bo?4 ,?is allegiance !re=e1 is 8 fir/ & *ief conc]n1 ) :i* ! w & ! wi%es1 ! int]e/s or ! ease1 ( tea*]s & p>5ts1 h no?+ to d4 ,if ! directions ( 8 ,mak] & ,"l are att5d$ to1 he has no?+ to fe>4 ,!re is 9 t case secur$ = him an inh]itance t is incorruptible1 & f> beyond ! rea* or ! p[] ( any creature4 ,x is = ! enjoym5t ( ?is inh]itance t he has be5 born2--x is ) ! design ( atta9+ x1 & = increas+ its am\nt1 t 8 "t is prolong$ ^u e>?2--x is to secure x = him1 & to prep>e him = x1 t ! p>5t has be5 appo9t$ 8 gu>dian & guide2--& x is = ! purpose ( promot+ & ov]see+ all ?is among its memb]s1 t a visible *ur*1 & *ur* (fic]s1 h be5 e/abli%$ & p]petuat$ 9 ! _w4 ,9 s f> z ea* individual *ild is conc]n$1 ! p>5t is ! imm$iate ag5t appo9t$ by ! ,almighty = att5d+ to ^! objects2 & al?\gh1 9 a matt] ( s mu* importance1 he is p]mitt$ to avail himself ( ! assi/ance ( ! tea*]1 he1 & he only1 is responsible to ,god = ! due p]=mance ( ^? mom5t\s duties :i* he owes to 8 *ild4 ,:5 !re=e ! p>5ts1 = ! purpose ( =w>d+ "s trifl+ p]sonal advantage1 or ! tea*]1 = 8 own ease or caprice1 are f\nd indiff]5t to ! k9d ( ex]cises us$ 9 ! s*ool1 or to ! results ( :at is taught 9 x2--do+ any ?+1 or no?+1 provid$ ! "t is all[$ to pass1 ) at lea/ ! appe>ance ( tea*+2--!y are1 9 su* a case1 betray+ an important tru/2 !y are he$lessly fru/rat+ ! wi%es1 & resi/+ ! comm&s ( _! ,ma/] & ,"l2 !y are sapp+ ! f\ndations ( society2 & are ?\ghtlessly & basely defraud+ ! helpless & unconsci\s pupil ( a mo/ valuable patrimony4--,9 committ+ to p>5ts ! keep+ & adm9i/ration ( ?is sacr$ deposit1 reason1 consci5ce1 & ,scripture1 all unite 9 decl>+1 t x is giv5 !m1 n = ! promotion ( _! own p]sonal advantages1 b = ! *ild's b5efit2 & t1 :ile !y nev] c be p]man5tly bett]$ by its neglect1 _! good1 ev5 9 ?is _w1 w be be/ & mo/ surely advanc$ by a fai?ful dis*>ge ( _! duty to _! (fspr+4 ,^! rem>ks g to e/abli% ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t ! p>5t is n ! proprietor1 b m]ely ! gu>dian & ! adm9i/rator ( ! *ild's int]e/s4 ,^! int]e/s are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,& al?\gh ! above rem>ks ref] *iefly to ! spiritual & et]nal advantages ( ! "y1 t circum/ance arises m]ely f _! sup]ior value & importance4 ,! argum5t is equally conclusive 9 reg>d to e "o ( 8 temporal conc]ns4 ,= if bo? ! p>5t & ! *ild be ! special prop]ty ( ,god1 & if ! p>5t has be5 appo9t$ by him z ! cons]vator & gu>dian ( ! *ild's happ9ess1 he has no "r ei!r to less5 or to de/roy x = any selfi% purpose ( 8 own4 ,9 e case--ev5 ( discipl9e--he is b\nd to foll[ ! comm& & ! example giv5 him by 8 ,fa!r & ,ma/] 9 heav51 n to *a/ise 8 (fspr+ = 8 own pleasure1 b = ! *ild's pr(it4 ,! rule !re=e :i* ought to regulate ! p>5t1 & ( c\rse ! ,educationi/1 9 mak+ *oice ( ! subjects & ex]cises = ! s*ool1 is1 t !y %all really & p]man5tly conduce to ! pupil's welf>e & happ9ess1 irrespective ( ! conflict+ int]e/s or wi%es1 ei!r ( ! tea*]1 ! p>5t1 or ! public4 ,^! w usually be 9 h>mony2 b z a g5]al pr9ciple1 ! ex]cises are to be *os5 ) ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( ! *ild1--n ( ! community4 #b4 ,ano!r rule :i* ought to be att5d$ to 9 ! selection ( subjects & ex]cises = ! sem9>y1 is ne>ly alli$ to ! =m]1 b :i* we ?9k1 f its va/ importance1 %\ld h a sep>ate consid]ation4 ,x is ?is1 t a decid$ pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to e ?+ :i* advances ! conc]ns ( ! s\l1 above ^? ( ! body2--:i* pref]s heav5 to e>?1--& et]nity to "t4--,man is an acc\ntable & an immortal creature2--& !re=e !re is no m comp>ison betwe5 ! value ( ^? ?+s :i* ref] to 8 happ9ess 9 et]nity1 & ^? :i* ref] only to 8 enjoym5ts dur+ 8 lifetime1 ?an !re is betwe5 a drop ( wat] & ! cont5ts ( ! ocean2--nay1 betwe5 a gra9 ( s& & ! :ole physical univ]se4 ,! tru? ( ?is obs]vation1 :5 view$ 9 ! ab/ract1 is nev] que/ion$2 & yet ! educational pr9ciples :i* x naturally sugge/s are too (t5 jo/l$ aside1 & practically neglect$4 ,x pla9ly tea*es u1 t ! "y ought to be made aw>e ( ! comp>ative no?+ness ( temporal & s5sual objects1 :5 plac$ 9 competition ) ^? :i* ref] to _! s\ls & et]nity2 & t ! subjects :i* are to be taught !m 9 ! s*ool1 %\ld t5d to produce ^! feel+s4--,b ?is is n always ! case2 & ev5 :5 ! subjects are 9 !mselves unobjectionable1 ! me?ods tak5 = tea*+ !m frequ5tly neutralize _! effects4 ,! national evils :i* h aris5 f ?is neglect are ext5sive & lam5table1 consi/+ 9 an almo/ exclusive att5tion among all classes to temporal matt]s1 & to s5sual gratifications4 ,^! *>act]i/ic1 features 9 our p may all be trac$1 f _! exhibition 9 g5]al society1 to ! want ( a ?or\gh k ( ^? tru?s :i* t5d s p[]fully to dead5 ! influ5ce ( ! ?+s ( s5se & "t1 & to mod]ate our pursuit aft] !m4 ,x is 9 a p>ticul> mann] at ?is po9t t ! reckless cupidity1 & ! debas$ & %ort-sight$ selfi%ness ( ! l[] classes1 ought to be met & remov$1 by ! enlight5$ & k9dly in/ructions ( m capaci\s m9ds4 ,society1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 acts z if !re 7 no futurity4 ,"t is ! et]nity ( ?\s&s2 & !re=e !y ?9k only ( "t4 ,_h !y1 z rational creatures1 b a correct view1--h[ev] fa9t1--( _! de/9ation 9 et]nity1 _! conduct & pursuits w\ld v soon be *ang$1 & _! select$ enjoym5ts w\ld become1 n only m rational1 b mu* m exquisite4 ,education is ! in/rum5t by :i* alone ?is c be effect$1 :e!r 9 ! *ur* or 9 ! s*ool2 & to ?is po9t1 bo? p>5ts & *ildr5 %\ld be assidu\sly direct$ = _! own sakes1 & = ! sake ( ! community4 ,hi!rto !re has 9 education be5 too mu* ( ! m]e %ad[ ( rational k1 )\t ! sub/ance2 & ! consequ5ce has be51 t _m p>5ts 9 ! l[] classes h nev] be5 able to p]ceive _! own be/ int]e/s1 & !re=e x is t _! *ildr5 by !m h be5 equally neglect$4 ,nor is ?is only a p>tial evil1 or conf9$ to ! l[] classes4--,x is1 on ! contr>y1 :5 we exam9e ! matt] closely1 ne>ly univ]sal4 ,among ignorant & ?\ghtless p>5ts1 :o are ei!r unable or unwill+ to look any fur!r ?an ! few %ort ye>s ( life1 ! tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 to figure respectably & gracefully dur+ x1 may n p]haps excite mu* wond]2--b t su* conduct %\ld be foll[$ by ,*ri/ian p>5ts1 :o "k t bo? !y & _! *ildr5 h s\ls1 & t !re is su* a ?+ z et]nity be=e !m bo?1 is truly humbl+4 ,nor is x mu* = ! cr$it ( ! philosophy ( ! pres5t day1 t :ile its promot]s admit z an axiom ! sup]iority ( moral & religi\s atta9m5ts1 !y are f\nd 9 practice to be/[ _! *ief att5tion1 & to lavi% mo/ ( _! approbation on physical inve/igations & on intellectual pursuits4 ,e s\nd ?9k] mu/ see1 t by do+ s1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( philosophy are violat$2 & _m well mean+ p]sons are1 by ?is inv]t$ /ate ( public op9ion1 ins5sibly drawn away f ! m valuable food provid$ = !m z responsible & immortal be+s1 to fe$ on ! m]e *aff & g>bage ( temporal & s5sual enjoym5ts2 or ! m valuable1 b /ill tempor>y crumbs ( ! intellectual table4 ,t ?is practical abuse ( ackn[l$g$ tru?s %\ld be f\nd among ! ignorant & ! deprav$1 might p]haps be expect$2 b t x %\ld be witness$1 & yet w9k$ at1 by m5 ( le>n+ & /udy1 ^: compreh5sive m9ds1 al?\gh /ill inadequate to compreh5d ! full import ( an et]nity ( advanc+ k1 c yet appreciate ! comp>ative insignificance ( sev5ty--nay ( sev5ty ?\s&--ye>s' inve/igation into ! my/]ies ( ,nature1 is v pa9ful4 ,we d n1 9 say+ ?is1 depreciate 9 ! slighte/ degree ! sublime discov]ies :i* are daily be+ made ( ! ,almighty & 8 works2--b we say1 ^u ! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( philosophy1 t 7 all ^! discov]ies multipli$ t5 ?\s& times1 !y c\ld n = a mom5t compete ) :at yet rema9s to be communicat$ to ! successful aspirant aft] ! revelations ( et]nity4 ,religion & morals are ! only means by :i* success 9 t great competition c be ga9$2 & !re=e1 to a *ild1 a k ( all t man has yet discov]$1 or c ev] "k 9 ?is imp]fect /ate ( exi/5ce1 is really z no?+1 9 comp>ison ) ! k & practice ( b "o religi\s tru?1 or ) ! slighte/ advance 9 ! sci5ce ( morals4--,a *ild once possess$ ( a liv+ s\l is born = et]nity4 ,its happ9ess has be5 made to dep5d1 n on ! possession ( physical good1 or ( intellectual p[]1 b entirely on its moral condition2--& ! physical good x receives1 & ! intellectual p[] x atta9s2 are no?+ m ?an means int5d$ by ! ,almighty to be us$ = ! purpose ( p]fect+ 8 moral condition :ile he is /ill 9 ?is _w4 ,! :ole p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce "h1 is b ! mom5t ( 8 bir? = et]nity4 ,c>e & enlight5$ att5tion to 8 moral condition dur+ t %ort p]iod ( probation1 w u%] him spiritually alive & fully prep>$ = enjoy+ an et]nal weight ( intellig5ce & glory2--:ile inatt5tion1 or misdirect$ activity n[1 may no d\bt put him prematurely 9 possession ( a few intellectual morsels ( ?is et]nal fea/1 b x w assur$ly %ut him out f its ev]la/+ enjoym5t1 & w entail on him comp>ative ignorance1 & a liv+ dea? = ev]4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case !n1--& :at ,*ri/ian w d5y t x is ! correct "o1--!re _c be a m %ort-sight$ proposition sugge/$ 9 ! c\nsels ( m51 ?an t :i* w\ld sanction a sy/em ( education = an immortal be+1 t ei!r ov]look$1 or delib]ately set aside1 8 well-be+ 9 et]nity4 ,! v idea is mon/r\s4 ,x is a delib]ate levell+ ( man to ! rank ( m]e s5ti5t animals2 & is ano!r =m ( express+ ! anci5t advice ( ! s5suali/1 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die4 ,by e p]son ( le>n+1 !n1 & ev5 by individuals ( humbl] atta9m5ts1 9 ! ex]cise ( a pla9 common und]/&+1 ! importance ( ! rule 9 education :i* we are "h recomm5d+1 mu/ at once be admitt$2--,t 9 ! selection ( tru?s & ex]cises = educat+ & tra9+ ! "y1 a decid$ pref]5ce %\ld always be giv5 to ^? :i* h a ref]5ce to _! well-be+ & happ9ess1 n 9 "t s mu* z 9 et]nity4 #c4 ,9 select+ subjects & ex]cises = ! education ( ! "y1 ^? are to be pref]r$1 by :i* ! l>ge/ am\nt ( true & solid happ9ess is to be secur$ to ! pupil4--,a man's happ9ess is 8 only possession4 ,e ?+ else :i* he has1 is only ! means :i* he employs = ! purpose ( acquir+ or reta9+ x4 ,happ9ess accord+ly1 by ! v con/itution ( our nature1 is ! great object ( pursuit by e man4#bi ,! means ( happ9ess are no d\bt frequ5tly mi/ak51 & (t5 sub/itut$ = happ9ess itself4 ,b ev5 ^! conflict+ circum/ances1 :5 prop]ly consid]$1 all t5d to %ew1 t happ9ess is ! great object desir$1 & t x is univ]sally s\ght aft] by e intellig5t m9d4 ,by a wise & b5efic5t arrangem5t ( ! ,almighty1 x has be5 s ord]$1 t happ9ess is to be f\nd only 9 ! ex]cise ( ! affections2--& ! am\nt ( ! happ9ess :i* !y conf]1 is f\nd to be proportionate to ! excell5ce ( ! object belov$4 ,! love ( ,god himself1 accord+ly1 is ! fir/ ( duties1 & includes ! p]fection ( happ9ess4 ,! love ( all t are l him1 & 9 proportion z !y are s1 ranks next 9 ! scale2 & h5ce x is1 t all moral excell5ce1--! culture ( ! affections & ! he>t1--is to be pref]r$ to intellectual atta9m5ts1 z ^! aga9 are to take prec$5ce ( m]e physical good4 ,?is e/abli%$ ord] = ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess1 is 9 society mo/ /rangely inv]t$4 ,beauty1 /r5g?1 hon\r1 & ri*es1--m]e physical qualities1--are g5]ally pref]r$ to ! qualities ( ! m9d2--& m5tal atta9m5ts1 aga91 too (t5 comm& m consid]ation ?an moral wor?4 ,?is is altoge!r an unnatural /ate ( ?+s2 & ! consequ5ces ( its preval5ce 9 any community1 mu/ be proportionally disa/r\s4 ,h[ f> ! modes = conduct+ ! education ( ! "y hi!rto h t5d$ to ext5d or p]petuate ?is error1 x is n = u "h to say4 ,b if !y h1 ! soon] ! evil is rectifi$ ! bett]4 ,happ9ess1 z we h said1 is ! s+le aim ( man1--h[ev] he may mi/ake its nature1 or ! means by :i* x is to be atta9$4 ,& z x is to be f\nd1 n 9 intellectual p[]1 nor 9 ! possession ( physical good1 b only 9 moral culture1 x foll[s1 t ! atta9m5t ( ?is moral excell5ce %\ld be ! "o *ief design aim$ at 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,! b5evol5ce & wisdom ( ?is arrangem5t are obvi\s4 ,= _h happ9ess be5 made to dep5d on ! possession ( intellectual p[]1 few comp>atively c\ld h comm&$ ! "t & means :i* are necess>y = ! purpose2 & _h x be5 atta*$ to ! possession ( ri*es1 or hon\r1 or any o!r species ( physical good1 !re w\ld h be5 /ill few]4 ,b x is n necess>ily atta*$ to ! possession ( ei!r4 ,m5 may enjoy ri*es & hon\rs1 beauty & heal?1 & yet !y may be unhappy4 ,! highe/ m5tal atta9m5ts also1 :5 disjo9$ f moral excell5ce1 t5d only1 z 9 ! fall5 angels1 to /imulate _! pride1 & to aggravate _! mis]y4 ,b happ9ess is exclusively & unalt]ably atta*$ to ! cultivation ( ! affections1--to ! acquisition ( moral excell5ce2--s t x is equally )9 ! rea* ( e individual1 h[ev] obscure1 or h[ev] tal5t$4 ,few m5 c be intellectually great1--few] /ill c be ri* or p[]ful2 b e man may1 if he pleases1 be good1--& !re=e happy4 ,9 *oos+ ! subjects & ex]cises !n = ! education ( ! "y1 ^? :i* t5d to ! production & to ! cultivation ( ! moral affections1--love to ,god1 & love to m51--are always to be pref]r$ to ^? :i* h relation m]ely to ! atta9m5t ( intellectual acquirem5ts1 or ! possession ( m]e physical good4 #d4 ,9 *oos+ subjects & ex]cises = ! education ( ! "y1 ref]5ce %\ld be _h1 all o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to ! prosp]ity & welf>e ( ! community 9 g5]al4--,we h already %ewn t1 "u ,god1 ! happ9ess & welf>e ( e individual are 8 own special prop]ty1 & mu/ 9 all cases1 !re=e1 be at 8 special disposal4 ,no ord9>y comb9ation ( circum/ances w ev] w>rant an unju/ encroa*m5t on :at is s peculi>ly 8 own4 ,b ! happ9ess & welf>e ( an individual are almo/ uni=mly f\nd to be connect$ ) ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ^? ) :om he has to associate4 ,! ,educationi/1 !re=e1 ought to h ! welf>e ( ! community 9 view1 :ile he is select+ ^? ex]cises :i* are specially to b5efit 8 pupil2 & he w almo/ inv>iably f9d1 t by *oos+ ^? subjects & ex]cises = ! individual1 :i* w t5d mo/ surely to promote ! g5]al well-be+ ( society1 he w n only n require a sacrifice ( any ( ! p]sonal b5efits to :i* ! *ild has a claim1 b t he w greatly increase _! am\nt1 & add to _! value4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 to ov]look ! good ( ! community 9 select+ ex]cises & subjects = ! s*ool1 w\ld be ( no advantage to ! pupils1 & w\ld be an act ( positive inju/ice to ! public at l>ge4 ,^! g5]al pr9ciples1 we ?9k1 :5 consid]$ s+ly1 mu/ approve !mselves to e ?9k+ m9d2 & if s1 !y mu/ be /ill m b5eficial :5 !y are comb9$1 & act$ ^u sy/ematically 9 ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts ( any sem9>y4 ,! ne>]1 !re=e1 ! ,educationi/ c keep to !m 9 mak+ 8 selection ( subjects & ex]cises1 ! bett] w x be bo? = ! pupil & = ! community at l>ge1 :ile ! b5efits expect$ f an ex]cise :]e !re is any mat]ial deviation f !m1 w mo/ probably turn out to be delusive1 & ! ex]cise itself detect$ z ! m]e beque/ ( an antiquat$ prejudice1 or ! tempor>y idol ( fa%ion4 ,^! pr9ciples be+ admitt$ to be s\nd 9 ! ab/ract1 w greatly assi/ u 9 decid+ ^u ! relative value & appropriat5ess ( "s ( ! propositions :i* we %all imm$iately h to submit to ! read]2 & we w\ld "h only rem>k1 = 8 guidance1 t if1 9 ! foll[+ recomm5dations1 he f9ds an ex]cise correctly to accord ) ! above pr9ciples1 :ile he yet hesitates z to ! propriety ( its adoption 9 ! s*ool1 or feels incl9$ to acc$e to its exclusion1--he ought1 9 su* a case1 c>efully to review ! gr\nds ( 8 decision1 z ^! are mo/ likely to be errone\s4 ,he has good reason to suspect t he is lab\r+ "u prejudice1 or is unduly biass$ by long *]i%$ op9ions1 :5 he refuses ! legitimate application ( a g5]al law1--a law :i* he has previ\sly admitt$ to be s\nd1--& :i* is z likely to be applicable to ! case 9 h&1 z to any o!r ( a simil> k9d4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ,note ,r4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,on ! p>ticul> ,bran*es ( ,education requir$ = ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,9 mak+ *oice ( suitable subjects = ! education ( a community1 !re are two consid]ations :i* ought to regulate u 9 our selection4 ,! "o is1 ! indications ( ,nature respect+ any bran* ( education2 & ! o!r is1 ! peculi> usages ( ! place & p]sons ) :om ! pupil is de/9$ to associate4 ,z an example ( ! =m] class ( subjects1 we may in/ance read+ & writ+2 & ( ! latt]1 book-keep+ & ! classics4 ,! bran*es belong+ to ! =m] w be f\nd m or less useful to all )\t exception2 :ile ^? :i* rank "u ! second class1 al?\gh requisite = "s1 w be f\nd unnecess>y1 & g5]ally useless1 to _m4 ,f ! "* ( ! pres5t "w1 our bus9ess is *iefly ) ! =m] class2 & we %all !re=e adv]t v %ortly to a few ( !m1 po9t+ out ! intimations ( ,nature respect+ !m1 & giv+ a few h9ts z to ! be/ me?ods by :i* !y may be taught4 ,& fir/ ( all1 ,religion & ,morals are cle>ly po9t$ out by ,nature z a bran* ( education peculi>ly necess>y = ! "y4 ,on ?is we %all n "h aga9 enl>ge1 b %all m]ely ref] ! read] to "s ( our previ\s pages1 :]e x has be5 made suffici5tly cle>4#cj ,next 9 importance z a bran* ( education pla9ly indicat$ by ,nature1 we ought to rank ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,we say next 9 importance1 n 9 "t2 because !y are evid5tly n to be taught to ! *ild 9 ?is ord]1 al?\gh x w be f\nd 9 exp]i5ce t ^! pr9ciples may be communicat$ by successive /eps mu* soon] ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4#ca ,nature beg9s e>ly2 & s %\ld we4 ,! v infant becomes practically a natural philosoph]1 & cont9ues to act regul>ly ^u ! tru?s or pr9ciples :i* exp]i5ce enables him to detect4 ,he soon le>ns t flame burns1 t clo!s keep 8 body w>m1 t /umbl+ w cause a fall1 & t ! support ( a *air or /ool w prev5t x4 ,z he gr[s up he le>ns ! dang] ( h&l+ %>p knives1 hot irons1 & burn+ coals2 he le>ns to detect "s ( ! effects ( ! me*anical p[]s1 :i* he frequ5tly applies1 al?\gh he _c expla9 !m4 ,?is we p]ceive exemplifi$ 9 8 +5i\s contrivances 9 cutt+ 8 /icks1 wr5*+ ) =ks1 hamm]+ ) /ones1 kick+ ) 8 toes1 & aft]w>ds m p[]fully ) 8 heels2 9 trundl+ 8 hoop1 9 sail+ 8 mimic fleets by ! =ce ( 8 brea?1 & 9 adapt+ to ! requisite mov+ p[]s 8 w9d & wat] mills4 ,he ev5 le>ns to "k some?+ ( ! composition ( =ces1 z we p]ceive by 8 contrivances 9 ! fly+ ( 8 kite1 ! %oot+ ( 8 m>bles1 & ! reb\nd+ ( 8 ball4 ,n[1 z ^! adaptations are nev] to be rank$ "u ! class ( in/9ctive actions1 b h be5 9 e case acquir$ by actual exp]i5ce1 x %ews1 t !re is an outgo+ ( ! m9d 9 se>* ( pr9ciples1 & we ?9k x is probable1 t ^! pr9ciples are (t51 al?\gh p]haps b dimly p]ceiv$1 f ! v>i\s1 & frequ5tly successful contrivances ( ! *ild 9 difficulties1 & 9 circum/ances :5 he is desir\s ( procur+ relief4 ,?is at all ev5ts %ews u1 t *ildr5 are v e>ly prep>$1 & capable ( receiv+ in/ruction ( ?is k9d4 ,! importance atta*$ by ,nature to ?is bran* ( le>n+1 is n less rem>kable1 ?an is its univ]sality4 ,x is ! great h+e ^u :i* e temporal com=t ( ! individual is made to turn4 ,:at we h "h t]m$ natural philosophy1 is to ! body & to "t1 :at religion & morals are to ! s\l & et]nity2--! well-be+ ( bo? dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! prop] application ( _! sev]al pr9ciples4 ,x is no d\bt true1 t ! pr9ciples are n always v cle>ly p]ceiv$2 b x is equally true1 t ! application ( ^! pr9ciples w be m easy1 m frequ5t1 & mu* m effective1 :5 !y are made famili> by tea*+4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ?is bran* ( education = ! "y4 ,next 9 importance z bran*es ( education1 & prior p]haps 9 po9t ( "t1 come ! arts ( ,read+ & ,writ+4--,spee* is a valuable gift ( ,nature1 be/[$ ^u u = ! communication ( our ideas1 & writ+ is no?+ m ?an a successful imitation ( ,nature 9 do+ s4 ,! he>+ ( spee*1 9 l mann]1 is closely copi$ 9 ! art ( read+4 ,^! two arts1 !re=e1 z mo/ successful imitations ( ,nature1 recomm5d !mselves at once to ! notice ( ! tea*] z an important bran* ( education = ! "y4 ,! "o enabl+ him to speak ) ! h&1 & to communicate 8 ideas to 8 fri5d f any di/ance2 & ! o!r1 ! art ( he>+ by ! eye1 & by :i* he c make ! good & ! wise speak to him z (t5 & z long z he may feel incl9$4#cb ,( ,ari?metic1 we may only rem>k1 t ! necessity ( sometimes asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( objects1 ( add+ to _! numb]1 & at o!r times ( subtract+ f !m1 indicates suffici5tly t ?is is a bran* ( education recomm5d$ by ,nature4 ,x may only be necess>y "h to rem>k1 t1 f v>i\s concurr+ circum/ances1 x appe>s1 t :at is call$ ! ,d5>y ,scale is t :i* is mo/ conducive to g5]al utility4 ,z to ! nature ( ,ari?metic1 & ! be/ me?ods ( tea*+ x1 we mu/ ref] to ! ,note4#cc ,music is "o ( ,nature's be/ gifts4 ,! love ( x is almo/ univ]sal2 & few comp>atively are unable to reli% & practise x4 ,its effect 9 elevat+ & ref9+ ! s5tim5ts 9 civiliz$ society1 is matt] ( daily obs]vation2 & its p[] to soo! ! savage brea/1 has be5 (t5 v]ifi$4 ,to neglect ! cultivation ( music1 !re=e1 dur+ *ildhood & y\?1 :5 x c be be/ done1 n only )\t int]f]5ce ) o!r bran*es ( /udy1 b ) decid$ advantage 9 =w>d+ !m1 is bo? imprud5t & unju/4 ,we say t x is unju/2--= :ile mu* +5uity & l>ge sums ( money h be5 exp5d$ 9 produc+ musical in/rum5ts = ! gratification ( m51 ! *ild ( ! poore/ begg> is 9 possession ( an in/rum5t 9 ! human voice1 :i* = sweetness1 v>iety1 expression1 & above all1 = its adaptation to language1 has nev] be5 equall$1 & /&s q unapproa*able by all ! contrivances ( man4 ,h[ cruel !n 9 p>5ts or tea*]s to all[ an in/rum5t s noble & s valuable to fall to ru9 f ! want ( ex]cise6 ,x is to deprive _! pupil ( a con/ant solace 9 affliction1 & to dry up "o ( ! *eape/1 ! readie/1 & ! mo/ innoc5t & elevat+ s\rces bo? ( p]sonal & social enjoym5t4 ,( its uses1 & me?ods ( tea*+ 9 ! s*ool1 we mu/ aga9 ref] to ! ,notes4#cd ,danc+ is obvi\sly ! si/] ( music1 & is p]haps equally sanction$ by ,nature4 ,x is obvi\sly capable ( be+ consecrat$ & employ$ = high moral purposes2 & its abuse !re=e %\ld =m no argum5t aga9/ its regul> cultivation4 ,t x 0 s employ$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ,god himself1 is matt] ( hi/ory2 & t x is /ill capable ( be+ pres]v$ f abuse1 _c reasonably be d5i$4 ,! /& t has s frequ5tly be5 made aga9/ ev5 ! innoc5t enjoym5t ( ?is boon ( ,nature1 is n[ admitt$ to be a prejudice1 d]iv$ orig9ally f its flagrant & frequ5t abuse4 ,^! prejudices are gradually & sil5tly melt+ away2 & x is *e]+ to see ! bett] feel+s ( our nature effectively advanc+ ! art to its legitimate place 9 education1 "u ! guise ( gymna/ics & calli/h5ics4 ,t ^!1 h[ev]1 are b imp]fect sub/itutes = :at ,nature has int5d$ = ! "y1 is obvi\s1 :5 we contra/ !m ) ! gambols ( ! kitt51 ! frisk+s ( ! lamb1 & ! unre/ra9$ romps ( heal?y *ildr5 newly let loose f ! s*ool4 ,! tru? is1 t ! accumulation ( ! animal spirits mu/ be ?r[n (f by ex]cise1 :e!r ! p>5t or tea*] wills x or no2 & if ! *ildr5 are n taught to d ?is by rule1 z 9 danc+1 !y w d x )\t rule1 & p]haps beyond ! prop] limit1 bo? z to "t1 place1 & quantity4 ,education inde$ _c be expect$ to fl\ri% to ! ext5t desir$1 till ! m5tal lab\rs ( ! s*ool c be occasionally reliev$ by "s physical ex]cise1 ei!r )9 doors1 or 9 ! op5 air4#ce ,! love ( pictures & ( ,draw+ is also a boon be/[$ ^u u by ,nature1 & is a desirable acquisition = ! "y4 ,! art may g5]ally be acquir$ ) little tr\ble1 & (t5 ) great enjoym5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly nei!r s necess>y1 nor s valuable1 z "s ( ! bran*es ( :i* we h be5 speak+2 b z x may be easily atta9$1 & z its future ex]cise w always be a s\rce ( innoc5t & ref9$ enjoym5t1 x ought to occupy a place 9 e educational in/itution4 ,almo/ e p]son is gratifi$ by look+ ^u a good picture2 & few comp>atively are unable to acquire ! rudim5ts ( ! art :i* produces !m4 ,x requires b little tea*+1 provid$ good copies be procur$2--& ev5 ^! w be frequ5tly unnecess>y1 :]e ! pupils are enc\rag$ to copy f ,nature4 ,! prop] me?ods ( do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be left to ! circum/ances ( ! s*ool1 & to future exp]im5ts4 ,) respect to ! tea*+ ( ,hi/ory1 a little consid]ation w conv9ce u1 t x does n consi/ 9 ! m]e communication ( hi/orical facts4 ,hi/ory is1 or ought to be1 a sci5ce2 & ! succession ( ev5ts is no?+ m ?an ! implem5ts employ$ by ! ma/] 9 tea*+ x4 ,! facts ( hi/ory1 l ^? ( *emi/ry1 agriculture1 or me*anics1 are taught m]ely z means to an end4--,!y are ! elem5ts f :i* we d]ive pr9ciples1 :i* are to be practically appli$ by ! le>n]2 & x is ! ability to apply ^! t con/itutes ! le>n+4 ,! facts ^u :i* any sci5ce is bas$1 mu/ no d\bt be kn[n be=e x c be taught2--b !y may be kn[n )\t ! sci5ce hav+ ev] be5 ma/]$3 ,= x is n a k ( ! facts1 b ! capacity to make use ( !m1 t entitles a man to ! appellation ( a *emi/1 an agriculturi/1 a me*anic1 or a hi/orian4 ,view+ ! /udy ( hi/ory 9 ?is light1 we at once p]ceive1 t ! tea*+ :i* x requires is n a dry detail ( dates & circum/ances2--b ! practical uses :i* ought to be made ( !m4 ,! only legitimate use ( hi/ory is to direct u h[ we ought to conduct ourselves z citiz5s1 & h[ rul]s & gov]nors c mo/ safely & successfully manage ! affairs ( ! public1 9 all ! v>y+ ev5ts ( political *ange4 ,! tea*] !re=e is to communicate ! facts1 = ! purpose ( turn+ !m to use1 by draw+1 & tea*+ 8 pupils h[ to draw lessons ( prud5ce1 en]gy1 or caution1 z reg>ds ! nation2--9 ! same way t ,biography is taught = ! sake ( draw+ lessons ( a m p]sonal k9d1 z reg>ds a family or a neighb\rhood4 ,bo? 7 practically exhibit$ 9 ! exp]im5t 9 ,ab]de52 by :i* x 0 made obvi\s1 t *ildr51 z well z adults1 7 capable ( /udy+ x4 ,:]e ! circum/ances ( a sem9>y w admit1 x ought n to be neglect$4 ,! m]e inconv5i5ces :i* may = "s "t att5d ! introduction ( su* a mode ( tea*+ hi/ory is no good reason = its neglect2 & ! want ( practical elem5t>y books drawn up ^u ?is plan1 9 ! =m ( successive ,/eps1 is ! *ief desid]atum1 :i* we hope soon to see suppli$4 ,geography is ano!r bran* ( education po9t$ out to u by ,nature = ! b5efit ( man4 ,we speak "h1 h[ev]1 ( physical geography1 & n ( ! hi/orical & political dep>tm5ts ( x4 ,^! belong m prop]ly to hi/ory4 ,! *ief object 9 tea*+ ?is sci5ce1 is to convey to ! m9d ( ! pupil a correct idea ( ?is _w z a sph]e1 on ! top ( :i* he /&s1 & ( ! relative positions ( all ! k+doms & c\ntries on its surface4 ,?is w be1 & x ought to be1 a "w ( "t4 ,! m correctly & famili>ly ! pupil c =m ! idea ( ?is sph]e z a :ole1 ! soon] & ! bett] w he become acqua9t$ ) its p>ts4 ,act+ ^u ! pr9ciples ( reit]ation & analysis1 =m]ly describ$1 ! pupil ought to sket*1 h[ev] rudely1 ! great outl9es ( ! f\r divisions ( ! e>?1 ^u a blank1 or slate globe1 till he c d s ) "s degree ( correctness4 ,! sep>at$ divisions may !n be sket*$ on a common slate1 )\t c>+ z yet = ! details2 & :5 ?is c be accompli%$ readily1 ! same ?+ may be done ) ! diff]5t k+doms ( :i* !y are sev]ally compos$4 ,! *ild ought nev] to be h>ass$ by ! m9ute details1 till he comes to sket* ! c\ntries1 or ! c\nties4 ,:at is requir$ be=e ?is1 is _! relative position1 m ?an _! =m2 & ?is1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( analysis1 w be easie/ & mo/ p]man5tly acquir$ by ma/]+ 9 ! fir/ place ! great outl9es4 ,*ildr51 by m]e imitation1 w practically acquire ! art ( ,gramm>1 long be=e !y are capable ( le>n+ x z a sci5ce4 ,x ought inv>iably to be taught by ,/eps2 & ! *ild %\ld h a p]fect k ( ! etymological "p1 be=e he is all[$ to advance to syntax4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is conclud+ "p ( gramm>1 dep5ds entirely ^u 8 famili>ity ) ! =m]4 ,x w !re=e be f\nd "h1 z 9 ! practice ( ari?metic1 t ! prize w ultimately be aw>d$1 n to him :o exp5ds mo/ lab\r & /r5g? 9 runn+1 b to him :o has made ! be/ prep>ation = ! race4 ,! art ( ,composition1 or ! ability to express our ?\ghts 9 an ord]ly & natural =m1 is ! la/ bran* ( education to :i*1 z recomm5d$ by ,nature1 we %all "h allude4 ,! p]fection ( ?is art appe>s to dep5d on ?ree circum/ances4 ,!re mu/ be a cle> und]/&+ ( ! subject ^u :i* ! p]son is to write2--!re mu/1 9 ! second place1 be a di/9ct p]ception ( ! mo/ natural ord] 9 :i* x ought to be pres5t$ to ! m9d & imag9ation ( o!rs2--& ! ?ird is1 an ability to manage ^! mat]ials ) facility1 & )\t di/raction ( m9d1 :ile engag$ 9 writ+ !m4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree1 no?+ requires to be said "h1 z ! ex]cises recomm5d$ 9 ! previ\s "p ( ?is ,treatise w almo/ inv>iably accompli% x4 ,) respect to ! second1 t ( pres5t+ ! ideas connect$ ) ! subject 9 due & prop] ord]1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! h9ts =m]ly giv51 z to ! natural ord] ( gr\p+ objects to be pres5t$ to ! imag9ation1 w be ( great use "h1 & to !m we mu/ ref]2#cf--;& ! ?ird object "h requir$1 t ( manag+ ! ?\ghts at ! mom5t ( writ+ !m1 has be5 9 effect already describ$ & treat$ (1 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is ,treatise4#cg ,x is ! same k9d ( ability z t :i* is requir$ = acquir+ flu5cy & ease 9 extemporane\s speak+1 & is to be ga9$ by ! use ( ! same means4 ,x is "h only necess>y to obs]ve1 t ab/ract tea*+ & g5]al directions are n ! ?+s mo/ requir$ = =w>d+ a *ild 9 ?is bran* ( 8 education4 ,^!1 at an advanc$ /age ( 8 le>n+1 w no d\bt be ( s]vice2 b till ! pupil c write ) "s degree ( fre$om1 !y are 9 a great measure useless1 or worse4 ,:at is want$ mo/ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 is a successful beg9n+2--suitable ex]cises to assi/ ! pupil 9 writ+ 8 own ?\ghts prop]ly1 b 9 8 own way4 ,_m me?ods h be5 devis$ to effect ?is1 & ) m or less success2--b we believe ! mo/ effici5t1 because ! mo/ natural & simple1 is t :i* has be5 engraft$ ^u ! p>aphra/ic ex]cise4 ,9 reg>d to its ease1 x is only necess>y to say1 t a *ild :o c b write a s5t5ce1 may beg9 to practise x2--& its effici5cy may be argu$ f ! fact1 t :ile e /ep is progressive1 ! advanc$ ex]cises give ample scope = ! abilities ( ! clev]e/ 9 ! s*ool4#ch ,,footnotes3 #cj ,see ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 x4 p4 #aaa4 ,"p ,,iii4 *ap4 ix4 p4 #beg1 & p4 #caj-cac4 ,= ! me?ods ( tea*+1 see ,note ,s4 #ca ,note ,t4 #cb ,note ,u4 #cc ,note ,v4 #cd ,note ,w4 #ce ,note ,a a4 #cf ,see pages #bae1 #baf4 #cg ,see ,pages #big1 c4 ,,*ap ,,iii4 ,on ! ,easie/ ,me?ods ( ,introduc+ ^! ,pr9ciples1 = ! fir/ "t1 into ,s*ools already e/abli%$4 ,t ! educational pr9ciples attempt$ to be develop$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 %all ultimately p]vade ! great fields ( ,elem5t>y le>n+1 admits we ?9k ( b little d\bt2 & yet ! dim9utive ^w ,:58 9 relation to ?is *ange1 =ms a "q1 :i* x w\ld be extremely difficult to answ]4 ,e improvem5t ( ! k9d hi!rto has be5 gradual2 & exp]i5ce %ews1 t ! admission ( ! mo/ important pr9ciples 9 ,sci5ce1 has be5 (t5 ret>d$1 r ?an =w>d$1 by undue precipitation on ! "p ( _! fri5ds4 ,x is ) ?is hi/orical fact 9 view t ! foll[+ h9ts are n[ (f]$1 9 ord] to r5d] any sudd5 *ange unnecess>y1 & to enable tea*]s gradually to feel _! way to great] success by new me?ods1 )\t mak+ any mat]ial *ange = "s "t on ! old4 ,we speak advis$ly :5 we say1 t two half h\rs daily1 if regul>ly & hone/ly employ$ 9 work+ out ^! pr9ciples 9 a s*ool1 w d m real good 9 =w>d+ ! education ( ! pupils att5d+ x1 ?an all ! re/ ( ! day put toge!r4 ,?is portion ( "t1 divid$ betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! day1 w\ld n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! usual r\t9e ( any sem9>y1 :i* might /ill be proce$$ ) z be=e1 till ! tea*] saw 8 way m cle>ly 9 enl>g+ ! ex]cises1 & ext5d+ ! "t4 ,y\ng] ,classes4--,) respect to ! "y *ildr5 :o are z yet incapable ( und]/&+ by read+1 we w\ld advise t !y be repeat$ly ex]cis$ by a monitor 9 sections ( f\r or five1 dur+ n m ?an t5 or fifte5 m9utes at a "t1 by means ( ! ,scripture ,gr\p+s = *ildr54 ,! ,key to t little book w enable any monitor1 or ev5 s*ol>1 :o c read1 effici5tly to p]=m ?is duty4 ,! design "h is *iefly m5tal ex]cise2 b ) t m5tal ex]cise1 ! mo/ important & valuable in=mation may be communicat$4 ,! monitor is to ann\nce a s5t5ce1 & !n to cate*ise on x1 tak+ c>e to avoid all ,cate*etical ,w&]+s1#ci & conf9+ himself /rictly to ! s5t5ce ann\nc$1 f :i* ! *ild 9 t case w always be able to br+ 8 answ]4 ,:5 a section has be5 ma/]$1 ! *ildr5 may be enc\rag$ to tell ! /ory 9 _! own way1 ! monitor tak+ c>e t ! *ild is n reit]at+ ! words1 in/ead ( ! ideas4 ,a few ( ! moral circum/ances may also be pres5t$ to _! m9ds1 & ! lessons drawn & appli$ accord+ to _! capacity4 ,second ,classes4--,:]e ! *ildr5 are capable ( read+1 !y may get a section ( ! ,gr\p+s1 or ( any ( ! ,fir/ ,/eps1 to read at home4 ,on ?is !y ought to be cate*is$ 9 s*ool1 be=e read+ x !re1 to see :e!r x has be5 previ\sly read & und]/ood or n4 ,?is prep>ation ought to be /rictly en=c$4 ,!y may !n read x by s5t5ces 9 turn1 be cate*is$ ^u x1 h ! moral circum/ances sep>at$1 & ! lessons drawn & appli$4 ,"o section %\ld 9 g5]al be ?or\ghly kn[n & ma/]$1 be=e pass+ to ano!r2 & all ! previ\s sections %\ld be frequ5tly & ext5sively revis$1 *iefly by ! application ( _! sev]al lessons4 ,high] ,classes4--,! :ole s*ool1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ! v "y classes1 may be tak5 toge!r1 & cate*is$ on "s section ( "o ( ! ,/eps1 or on a passage ( ,scripture previ\sly prescrib$4 ,?is !y ought ea* to read & und]/& at home1 & be prep>$ to p>aphrase x1 to sep>ate ! moral circum/ances1 & to draw ! correspond+ lessons4#dj ,?is w 9 a %ort "t be easy = !m2 & to ensure ! prep>ation1 ! "n ( ea* pupil ought to be kept on a sep>ate c>d1 & ^! be+ %uffl$1 ! tea*]1 aft] ask+ ! "q at ! :ole1 may take ! upmo/ c>d1 & require t *ild to answ] x4 ,all mu/ 9 t case be prep>$1 z none c "k b he may be ! p]son :o %all be call$ on publicly to answ]4 ,! application ( ! lessons w be f\nd ! mo/ useful1 & to ! *ildr5 ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ?is ex]cise4 ,9 ?is ! tea*] supposes a circum/ance1 or situation1 correspond+ to ! lesson drawn1 9 :i* ! pupils may be plac$2 & he requires !m to say h[ !y ought to act 9 su* a case4 ,:5 !y give _! op9ion1 !y mu/ !n give _! au?ority2 t is1 !y mu/ ref] to ! lesson1 & ?r\gh ! lesson1 to ! ,scripture tru? f :i* x 0 drawn4 ,natural ,philosophy4--,9 tea*+ ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy1 a select class may be =m$1 m circumscrib$ z to numb]1 & f among ! m advanc$ s*ol>s4 ,to ^!1 a section1 or "p ( section1 ( ! ,fir/ ,/ep to ,natural ,philosophy1 is to be giv5 to prep>e at home1--to und]/&1 & to be ready to draw & apply ! lessons1--9 a mann] simil> to t prescrib$ above1 & z illu/rat$ 9 ! ,key to t "w4 ,writ+4--,9 tea*+ ! art ( ,writ+1 ^u ! prec$+ pr9ciples1 ! *ief object is to tra9 ! pupils easily & readily to write d[n _! own ?\ghts4 ,to accompli% ?is1 a c]ta9 portion ( _! "t may be occupi$ z foll[s4 ,! tea*] reads a s5t5ce1 or a p>agraph1 or1 :at w p]haps be bett]1 a %ort /ory1 or anecdote1 & requires ! :ole ( !m to write x d[n 9 _! books = aft] exam9ation4 ,^! ( c\rse are to be exam9$ & correct$1 ) any necess>y rem>ks by ! tea*] or assi/ant4--,9 ?is ex]cise1 !re is no necessity = circumscrib+ ! pupils z to "t1--x be+ requir$ t !y write accurately1 grammatically1 & neatly1 :e!r 9 l>ge or small text4 ,to all ^? :o are fir/ f9i%$1 "s o!r ex]cise ought to be provid$ t !y may 9 t mann] usefully occupy ! "t t may rema9 ( _! h\r4 ,ari?metic4--,! introduction ( ! ,ari?metic ,rod1 & its ,key1 into a s*ool1 w be productive ( _m advantages4#da ,! l9e ( figures ^u ! ,a side ( ! ,rod1 be+ pa9t$ on a bo>d 9 sight ( ! :ole s*ool1 & :i* is nev] requir$ to be alt]$1 ! tea*] has only to ann\nce a sum to be add$ to ea* ( ! figures2 ! fir/ pupil t is done1 deposits 8 slate on a table1 /ool1 or =m1 & goes to 8 place2 ! next places 8 slate above 81 & ! o!rs 9 ! same way z !y f9i%4 ,! answ] 9 ! ,key w %ew _! accuracy1 & ! ord] 9 :i* _! slates lie po9ts out _! respective m]its4 ,ano!r v important object is ga9$ by ?is ex]cise2 = ! tea*]1 by record+ ! "t tak5 by any "o ( ! pupils 9 add+ a p>ticul> sum to ! l9e1 c measure by ! wat* ! rate ( 8 improvem5t e mon?1 e week1 or ev5 e day4 ,! p>5ts ( any *ild1 by means ( ! ,rod & its ,key1 c also d ?is at home ) p]fect exactness4 ,^! h9ts = ! regulation ( tea*]s are ?r[n out ) great def]5ce1 z !y h n be5 suffici5tly te/$ by actual exp]im5ts4 ,tea*]s1 h[ev]1 w be able1 ea* = himself1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( 8 s*ool1 & ! capacities ( 8 *ildr51 to adopt su* p>ts z he f9ds mo/ effective2 & s to modify o!rs1 t ! end %all p]haps be m effici5tly ga9$1 ?an by /rictly adh]+ to any "o ( !m4--,education 9 all its p>ts is yet 9 its infancy2 & ^! crude h9ts c only be expect$ to help x =w>d to maturity4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,see ,key to ,second ,initiatory ,cate*ism1 pages xxi4 xxii4 #ci ,see ,complete ,directory = ,sunday ,s*ool ,tea*]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgh4 #dj ,= ^! ex]cises ! ,tea*] or monitor w f9d himself greatly assi/$ by means ( ! ,helps to ,g5esis1 ,luke1 ,acts1 c4 :]e1 besides ! lessons1 all ! explanations are giv5 9 ! =m ( a p>aphrase4 #da ,see ,note ,v4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,notes ,note ,a1 pages #de & #ee4--;,x may p]haps be reasonably object$ to ?is t]m ( ,reit]ation1 t x is a new t]m = an act ( ! m9d :i* has already receiv$ ano!r "n4 ,! ,au?or's excuse is two-fold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he ?9ks1 t any o!r t]m :i* he c\ld h employ$1 might h be5 misund]/ood1 z writ]s are n z yet at "o on ! subject4 ,b1 secondly1 no o!r t]m w\ld h includ$ s fully all t he int5ds to designate by ! act ( ,reit]ation4 ,9 ?is he may be mi/ak52 b z x is ( little consequ5ce by :at "n an object may be call$1 provid$ ! ?+ s nam$ be prop]ly def9$1 he ?\ght x safe/ to apply ! t]m he be/ und]/ood1 & :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 mo/ correctly describes ! act itself4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! t]ms1 ,individuation1 ,gr\p+1 & ,classification1 :i* may p]haps be no?+ m ?an ,ab/raction1 ,comb9ation1 & ,g5]alization4 ,8 misconception ( ^? latt] t]ms1 & ( :at is includ$ 9 !m1 may h l$ him to ?9k t ! m5tal op]ations :i* he has p]ceiv$ 9 ! "y are diff]5t4 ,if s1 !re c be little h>m 9 us+ ! t]ms "h adopt$2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 !y d really include m1 x w\ld h be5 hurtful to use a t]m :i* _h be5 previ\sly def9$1 & :i* did n include ! :ole t 0 int5d$4 ,note ,b1 p4 #ef4--;,x may be a "q1 b "o c]ta9ly ( little practical consequ5ce1 :e!r we ought to place ! pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 or ?is ( ,reit]ation1 fir/ 9 ord]4 ,! *ild1 no d\bt1 fixes ^u ! individual object be=e he c reit]ate x2 b x is /ill ?is act ( reit]ation t fir/ impresses ! idea on ! m9d1 & con/itutes x a "p ( 8 k4 ,note ,c1 p4 #eh4--;,x may be prop] "h to expla9 once = all1 t x is n ! int5tion ( ! ,au?or1 z inde$ he has n ! ability1 to def9e sci5tifically ! m5tal processes :i* he ?9ks he has obs]v$ 9 ! "y4 ,8 object is simply to po9t !m out1 s t !y may be successfully imitat$ by ! tea*] 9 ! ex]cises ( ! s*ool4 ,note ,d1 p4 #fj4--,! fact1 t *ildr5 :o le>n to repeat words )\t und]/&+ !m1 d sometimes acquire ! mean+ ( !m aft]w>ds1 is no valid objection to ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts1 9 v>i\s =ms1 & ) diff]5t p]sons1 h e/abli%$ ! important fact1 t :5 *ildr5 at any future p]iod ma/] ! ideas conta9$ 9 ! words :i* !y _h previ\sly committ$ to memory1 x is n because ( t ex]cise1 b 9 spite ( x4 ,!y h atta9$ !m by ano!r1 & a p]fectly diff]5t process4 ,x is g5]ally by read+ ! words f ! memory1--?9k+ !m ov]1--& 9 t way se>*+ =1 & reit]at+ ! ideas !y conta94 ,?is is mu* m difficult ?an :5 ! p]son reads = ! fir/ "t ! same words f a book2 & x has ?is s]i\s disadvantage1 t x has to be read f ! memory e "t ! ideas are requir$1 :i* is n ! case :5 ! ideas are reit]at$ 9 ! natural way by he>+1 or by read+4--,on ?is subject see ! ,exp]im5t made be=e ! ,cl]gy & ,tea*]s ( ,/irl+1 9 ,july #ahcc1 ) ,bl9d ,alick ( t place1 :o c\ld repeat ! :ole ,bible2--& ! ,supplem5t>y ,exp]im5t to asc]ta9 ! same pr9ciple1 made 9 ! ,h\se ( ,correction 9 ,belfa/1 be=e ! ,tea*]s & ,cl]gym5 ( t t[n1 9 ,decemb] #ahcg4 ,note ,e1 p4 #hc4--,p]haps x may be f\nd1 t ,gr\p+1 & ,classification1 are only diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,b ev5 if x 7 s1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y "h to treat ( !m sep>ately1 on acc\nt ( ! v diff]5t uses made ( !m by ,nature4 ,! pres5t1 be x obs]v$1 is n a metaphysical treatise1 b a humble attempt to be popul>ly useful4--,see ,note ,c4 ,note ,f1 p4 #aje4--,?is pr9ciple may by "s be consid]$ z in/9ct1 & o!rs may affirm t x is reason4 ,all t we require to d "h is to po9t out ! ph5om5on1--n to def9e x4 ,! "n is ( little consequ5ce4 ,x is ! pr9ciple itself1 z p]ceiv$ 9 its manife/ations1 t we h to d )1 = ! purpose ( successfully imitat+ x 9 our deal+s ) ! "y4 ,note ,g1 p4 #acb4--,!re ne$s sc>cely any f>!r pro( ( ?is ?an ! fact1 t b>ri/]s1 by con/ant practice1 are usually ! mo/ flu5t extemporane\s speak]s4 ,x is also /rongly corroborative ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text1 t cl]gym5 g5]ally1 & especially ^? :o are mo/ accu/om$ to ! use ( extemporane\s pray]s & s]mons1 f9d mo/ ease 9 reply+ to an oppon5t on any subject t is famili> to !m4 ,note ,h1 p4 #afj1 #bja4--;,x is a v rem>kable fact1 to :i* ! att5tion ( ! writ] 0 lately call$1 t ,mrs ,wesley1 ! "m ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,wesley1 f\nd] ( ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s1 appe>s to h act$ ^u ! pr9ciples "h develop$4 ,9 ,s\!y's ,life ( t great man1 !re occurs ! foll[+ ,note3 ,mrs ,wesley ?us describes h] peculi> me?od 7( tea*+ h] *ildr5 to read17 9 a lett] to h] son ,john1 7! f\nd] ( ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s47 ,none ( !m 7 taught to read till five ye>s old1 except ,kezzy1 9 ^: case ,i 0 ov]rul$2 & %e 0 m ye>s 9 le>n+ ?an any ( ! re/ _h be5 mon?s4 ,! way ( tea*+ 0 ?is3 ,! day be=e a *ild began to le>n1 ! h\se 0 set 9 ord]1 e "o's "w appo9t$ !m1 & a *>ge giv5 t none %\ld come into ! room f n9e till twelve1 or f two till five1 :i* 7 our s*ool h\rs4 ,"o day 0 all[$ ! *ild :]e9 to le>n its lett]s1 & ea* ( !m did 9 t "t "k all its lett]s1 great & small1 except ,molly & ,nancy1 :o 7 a day & a half be=e !y knew !m p]fectly1 = :i* ,i !n ?\ght !m v dull2 b ! reason :y ,i ?\ght !m s1 0 because ! re/ le>n$ !m s readily2 & y\r bro!r ,samuel1 :o 0 ! fir/ *ild ,i ev] taught1 le>nt ! alphabet 9 a few h\rs4 ,he 0 five ye>s old ! #aj? ( ,febru>y2 ! next day he began to le>n2 & z soon z he knew ! lett]s1 began at ! #a/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,he 0 taught to spell ! #a/ v]se1 !n to read x ov] & ov] till he c\ld read x (f h& )\t any hesitation2--s on to ! second1 c4 till he took t5 v]ses to a lesson1 :i* he quickly did4 ,ea/] fell l[ t ye>1 & by ,:itsuntide he c\ld read a *apt] v well2 = he read cont9ually1 & _h su* a prodigi\s memory1 t ,i _c rememb] ev] to h told him ! same ^w twice4 ,:at 0 yet /rang]1 any ^w he _h le>nt 9 8 lesson1 he knew :]ev] he saw x1 ei!r 9 8 ,bible or any o!r book1 by :i* means he le>nt v soon to read an ,engli% au?or well4 ,! same me?od 0 obs]v$ ) !m all4 ,z soon z !y knew ! lett]s1 !y 7 fir/ put to spell & read "o l9e1 !n a v]se1 nev] leav+ till p]fect 9 _! lesson1 7 x %ort] or long]4 ,s "o or o!r cont9u$ read+ at s*ool1 "t ab\t1 )\t any int]mission2 & be=e we left s*ool1 ea* *ild read :at he _h le>n$ t morn+1 & ere we p>t$ 9 ! aft]noon1 :at he _h le>n$ t day4--,s\!y's ,life ( ,wesley1 ,note1 p4 #dbi4 ,9 ! above simple n>rative1 !re is a di/9ct ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( ,reit]ation1 & ,individuation1 & h5ce ,mrs ,wesley's great success4 ,note ,i1 p4 #afb4--,:5 ! true nature ( ,education is bett] und]/ood1 x w be f\nd t a *ild may h advanc$ f> on its pa? by oral in/ruction1 be=e x be ei!r necess>y or desirable t he %\ld be compell$ to read = himself4 ,to assi/ ! p>5t & tea*] 9 ?is prelim9>y "p ( _! duty1 ! ,fir/ ,initiatory ,cate*ism1 or ! ,fir/ ,/eps to ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 ) _! respective ,keys1 may be us$ ) advantage1--!y hav+ be5 con/ruct$ ^u ! pr9ciples "h recomm5d$4 ,b ! be/ ,book to beg9 )1 w be ! ,gr\p+s f ,scripture1 ) its ,key = ! use ( monitors1 or old] *ildr51 :o c by its means greatly assi/ ! p>5t or tea*] 9 ! "w4 ,9 mak+ use ( t little book1 ! s5t5ces are to be ann\nc$ 9 :ole or 9 p>ts to ! pupils "o by "o2 & ^u :i* !y are to be ?or\ghly & ext5sively cate*is$4 ,z = example1 ! fir/ ann\ncem5t may be giv5 ?us3--,god made ! fir/ man1 f :i* ! foll[+ que/ions may be =m$--,:o made ! fir/ man8 ,:om did ,god make8 ,:at man did ,god make8 ,:at did ,god d to ! fir/ man8 ,! tea*] or monitor ought !n to add ! additional fact1 t ,god made ! fir/ man ( clay1 & cate*ise aga9 ^u ! :ole4 ,aft] ?is is well und]/ood1 he may complete ! s5t5ce1 ,god made ! fir/ man ( clay1 & call$ him ,adam4 ,! *ild w !n be able--n to repeat ! words only1 = t is n ! effect ( ?is ex]cise1--b to communicate ! ideas 9 8 own words2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w g5]ally be f\nd to be ! v same z 9 ! book4 ,?is di/9ction is mo/ important4 ,:5 ! :ole section has be5 completely ma/]$1 ! lessons & _! applications may also be taught2--by all ( :i* ! m5tal faculties w soon become vigor\s & lively1 & ! pupil w be well prep>$ = all ! ex]cises to :i* he may aft]w>ds be call$4 ,note ,k1 p4 #aea4--,! art ( cate*is+ f any lesson or book1 is a v simple "o :5 ! pr9ciple is und]/ood4 ,x consi/s simply 9 select+ ! mo/ important words conta9$ 9 ! ann\ncem5t1 & =m+ a "q ^u ea* ( !m1 9 su* a mann]1 z to require t p>ticul> ^w f ! pupil z ! answ] to ! "q rais$ ^u x4 ,= example1 :5 ! tea*] has 9 f\r words ann\nc$ ! fact1 t ,jesus di$ = s9n]s2 he w be able to =m a "q f ! ?ree *ief ones1 ,jesus1--di$1 & s9n]s4 ,^! que/ions w be1 ,:o di$8--,:at did ,jesus d = s9n]s8 & ,= :om did ,jesus die8 ,x is n necess>y t ! words %\ld be tak5 up 9 _! ord]1 :i* may be always left to ! discretion ( ! tea*]4 ,= ! sev]al p>ts ( ?is pr9ciple1 z employ$ ^u clauses1 or :ole s5t5ces or subjects1 see next ,note ,l4 ,note ,l1 p4 #ahe4--,! ,cate*etical ,ex]cise has = conv5i5ce be5 divid$ into ?ree k9ds ( ex]cises1 call$ ! ,connect+ ,ex]cise1 ! ,g5]al ,ex]cise1 & ! ,v]bal ,ex]cise4 ,! ,connect+ ,ex]cise1 includes ^? compreh5sive que/ions1 :i* require ! pupil to g ov] p]haps a :ole subject1 or sev]al s5t5ces1 to complete 8 answ]2 z if 9 tea*+ ! ,p>able ( ! ,s[]1 ! pupil 7 ask$1 ,:at 7 ! sev]al k9ds ( gr\nd on :i* ! se$ 0 s[n8 or1 ,:at is said ( ! se$ s[n by ! way side8 ,9 answ]+ ei!r ( ^! que/ions he w\ld h to comb9e _m ideas1 & ! tru?s conta9$ 9 sev]al di/9ct clauses4 ,?is ex]cise is us$ commonly 9 revis+ sev]al sections at a "t aft] !y h be5 taught4 ,! ,g5]al ,ex]cise1 is us$ 9 all ! advanc$ classes1 sometimes 9 connection ) ! ,v]bal ,ex]cise1 & includes ^? que/ions *iefly :i* are =m$ ^u clauses 9 ! book or section taught4 ,z1 = example1 :5 ! pupil is ask$1 ,:at became ( ! se$ s[n by ! way side8 or1 ,:at did ! birds ( ! air d8 he has to give "o or m clauses1 conta9+ sev]al ideas1 z 8 answ]4 ,! ,v]bal ,ex]cise has to d only ) ! words ( ! clauses1 & ! s+le idea :i* ! p>ticul> ^w is int5d$ to convey2 z :5 x is said1 ! birds ( ! air dev\r$ x up2 ! que/ions1 ,:at dev\r$ ! se$8 ,:at birds8 ,:at did ! birds d8 ,:at did ! birds dev\r8 ref] *iefly to ! words1 & ! s+le ideas :i* !y communicate4 ,x may be "h rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh ^! ex]cises are divid$ 9 !ory1 !y ought seldom to be altoge!r sep>at$ 9 practice4 ,9 us+ ! ,v]bal ,ex]cise ) ! y\ng] classes1 _m que/ions w be requir$ :i* prop]ly belong to ! ,g5]al2 & 9 us+ ! ,g5]al ,ex]cise ) ! advanc$ classes1 nei!r ! ,connect+1 nor ! ,v]bal ,ex]cise1 ought to be altoge!r exclud$4 ,note ,m1 p4 #aib4--;,9 communicat+ k to ! "y by means ( ! ,cate*etical ,ex]cise1 c>e ought to be tak5 t ! tru?s or ideas be communicat$ regul>ly1 & n too _m at a "t4 ,9 mak+ use ( ! ,gr\p+s1 or ,fir/ ,/eps1 ! cont5ts ( "o section ought to be well und]/ood1 & all ! circum/ances to be made famili>1 be=e ! *ild passes to ano!r4 ,to d o!rwise is n to =w>d1 b to ret>d 8 advance 9 ! atta9m5t ( k4 ,!re ought also to be frequ5t returns ^u ! sections =m]ly ma/]$1 s t ! tru?s be m & m firmly fix$ ^u ! memory4 ,?is w also be accompli%$ by means ( ! lessons f ! sev]al moral tru?s taught1 & by _! application to ! circum/ances ( ord9>y life4 ,x is also a matt] ( great practical importance1 9 tea*+ any subject1 t ! tea*] conf9e himself /rictly to x1 avoid+ all k9ds ( ,cate*etical ,w&]+1 by :i* ! m9ds ( 8 pupils w be di/ract$ & enfeebl$ if !y _c foll[ him1 & by :i* _! att5tion w be p[]fully drawn away f ! lesson1 if !y c4--,= example1 if ! subject to be taught be ! ,good ,sam>itan1 no?+ c be pla9] ?an t ! m9d ( ! pupil ought to be conc5trat$ ^u ! subject1 till x be gr\p$1 & fix$ ^u ! m9d & memory z "o comb9$ & mov+ sc5e1 s t "o circum/ance 9 ! /ory w conjure up all ! o!rs4--,?is is ,nature's plan4--,b if ! tea*]1 at ! v comm5cem5t1 :5 ! *ild has read t a c]ta9 man w5t d[n f ,j]usalem to ,j]i*o1 %all call 8 att5tion f ! /ory itself1 to ask :]e ,j]usalem 08 ,:at 0 ,judea8 ,:o dwelt !re8 ,:o 0 _! prog5itor8 ,f :at bondage 7 !y sav$8 ,:o conduct$ !m ?r\gh ! wild]ness8 ,:o br\ght !m into ,judea8 requir+ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 _! captivity1 & re/oration2 ! effect is mo/ p]nici\s1 & is fatal to ! great design int5d$ by ! tea*]4 ,x is de/ructive ( t habit ( conc5tration ( m9d ^u a p>ticul> subject1 :i* is always ! accompanim5t ( g5ius2 & :i* ought to be cultivat$ 9 ! "y ) ! greate/ assiduity & c>e4 ,b ?is habit ( ,cate*etical ,w&]+1 does n /op "h1 = ! tea*] has yet ano!r ^w 9 ?is fir/ s5t5ce :i* admits ( a simil> treatm5t2 & in/ead ( return+ to ! lesson1 he takes up ! ^w ,j]i*o1 by means ( :i* he foll[s a simil> c\rse2 rid+ (f f ! orig9al subject1 & leav+ ! *ild bewild]$ & confus$1 to comm5ce aga91 to be aga9 int]rupt$ & di/ract$ by o!r irrelevant que/ions4 ,_m evils result f ?is practice2 & ! cause is obvi\s4 ,= if ! *ild has be5 taught ^! irrelevant tru?s be=e1 ?is is obvi\sly n ! "t to introduce !m1 :5 he is 9 ! v act ( le>n+ a new subject2--& if he has n be5 taught !m previ\sly1 ! matt] becomes worse2 = by ?is attempt to tea* a v>iety ( new ?+s at ! same "t1 "s important pr9ciples ( ,nature are /ill m viol5tly outrag$4--,aft] ! subject has be5 taught1 & ! *ild is call$ on to revise 8 sev]al lessons1 !n is ! "t to comb9e !m1 & to po9t out _! v>i\s connections1--b n be=e4 ,note ,n1 p4 #aie4--;,x w always be f\nd advisable to tea* ! alphabet to *ildr5 long be=e !y beg9 to read2 & :ile !y are be+ v]bally ex]cis$ on ! ,gr\p+s f ,scripture1 & o!r books ( a simil> k9d4 ,to d s at home by way ( games1 w be f\nd easie/ = ! p>5t1 & mo/ pleasant = ! *ild4 ,by hav+ ! small lett]s on f\r dice1 7six on ea*17 & all[+ ! use ( only "o till ! six lett]s on its sides are famili>2--& n giv+ ! ?ird1 till ^? on ! two fir/ h be5 ma/]$2 & ! same ) ! f\r?1--w be f\nd useful1 provid$ !y be only occasionally made use (4 ,a too frequ5t repetition ( ! game w de/roy its effect2 & !re=e1 z !re is suffici5t "t1 x ought only to be all[$ on prop]1 & p]haps on great occasions4 ,o!r contrivances1 besides ^? giv5 9 ! text1 su* z mak+ ! *ild guess at lett]s1 draw+ lett]s f a bag1 & nam+ !m1 c4 w readily occur to +5i\s p>5ts or tea*]s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t z ?is acquirem5t is ne$$ b once 9 ! *ild's lifetime1 a little pa9s or tr\ble ought n to be grudg$ 9 =w>d+ x4 ,note ,o1 p4 #bjh4--;,9 us+ ! ,fir/ ,class ,book on ! ,lesson ,sy/em1 ! tea*] mu/ take c>e t ! lett]s & _! s\nds1 or p[]s1 be p]fectly famili> to ! *ild be=e he beg9s to read4 ,! fir/ lesson1 ( c\rse1 is compos$ altoge!r ( words new to ! *ild1 ea* ( :i* he mu/ be taught to read by comb9+ ! p[]s ( ! lett]s compos+ x2--& he mu/ nev] be all[$ to pass on to ! foll[+ ^w1 till all ! previ\s ones c be correctly & readily decyph]$4 ,be=e beg9n+ to ! second1 or succe$+ lessons1 ! new words occurr+ 9 x1 7:i* are prefix$17 mu/ be read & made famili> to him "o by "o1 & expla9$ if necess>y4 ,by ?is means he w soon be able to pick up ! ideas 9 8 lesson by ev5 a fir/ read+1 :i* is ! great end t ! tea*] ought to h 9 view4--,! capital lett]s ne$ n be taught till ! *ild comes to !m 9 8 read+4--,! lessons be+ consecutive1 none mu/ be omitt$4 ,note ,p1 p4 #bbj4--,! nature ( successive ,/eps w be bett] und]/ood by us+1 ?an by describ+ !m4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 w give "s idea ( _! design2 keep+ 9 m9d1 t ! cont5ts ( ! sev]al bran*es mu/ be writt5 out 9 su* a mann] z to convey ! ideas 9 ! common way4 ,! foll[+ is a rude sket* ( :at ! ,hi/ory ( ,joseph w\ld be l1 if ! ideas "u ea* bran* ( ! analysis 7 fairly writt5 out z ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,/eps4 ,,analytical ,,table4 ,,%ew+ ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,successive ,,/eps ,,9 ,,education4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,joseph4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sub/ance ( ,sub/ance ( a a ,fir/ ,/ep4 ,second ,/ep4 ,sub/ance ( a ,?ird ,/ep4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,joseph's fa!r ,jacob lov$ ,joseph be/ ( 8 family2 :o ,joseph 0 p>tial to ,br\ght him ! evil reports ( !m2 & 0 belov$ him4 ,got a coat ( _m col\rs4 by 8 fa!r1 ,& he dream$ ,joseph told 8 dream ( ! %eaves1 & t he 0 ,& 8 bro!rs hat$ him ! m4 hat$ to be great4 ,he told 8 dream ( ! sun & />s2 by 8 ,& 8 fa!r obs]v$ ! say+4 bro!rs2 ,^! ?+s ,8 bro!rs w\ld n speak peaceably to made ! family ,him2 & envi$ & hat$ him2 & uneasy4 ,8 fa!r expo/ulat$ ) him4 ,joseph s\ght 8 bro!rs at ,do?an2 ,joseph 0 ,0 ca/ into a pit1 & aft]w>ds cruelly us$ by ,sold = a slave4 8 bro!rs1 ,8 bro!rs conceal$ ! crime1 & ,8 fa!r m\rn$ him z dead4 ,& al?\gh he 0 ,joseph 0 c>ri$ to ,egypt1 & long 9 ,& 0 made ,0 a slave 9 ,potiph>'s h\se2 affliction1 a slave to ,:]e he 0 indu/ri\s & fai?ful2 ,potiph>2 ,& 0 tempt$ by 8 mi/ress4 ,joseph 0 unju/ly put into conf9em5t4 ,:o unju/ly ,he 0 useful 9 prison1 :]e ca/ him into ,a butl] & bak] 7 conf9$4 prison4 ,joseph int]pret$ _! dreams2 b 0 ,left 9 prison by ! butl] =gett+ him4 ,ph>oah 0 displeas$ ) ! magicians4 ,he 0 br\ght ,! butl] told him ( ,joseph2 out to ,ph>oah1 ,& ,joseph int]pret$ 8 dreams1 ,& 0 advanc$ to au?ority4 ,joseph m>ri$ & 0 made next to ,& made rul] ,ph>oah4 ,he collect$ corn = sev5 ov] all ,egypt2 ,ye>s2 ,di/ribut$ x to all nations2 & ,he rose ,sold x = ! cattle & l&s ( ,egypt4 at la/ to great ,joseph's bro!rs came to ,egypt = food2 prosp]ity4 ,dur+ :i* ,& he spake r\ghly to !m4 "t he behav$ ,he deta9$ ,simeon2 ) great ,br\ght & ent]ta9$ ,b5jam92 prud5ce to 8 ,& hid 8 cup 9 ,b5jam9's sack4 bro!rs2 ,he !n made himself kn[n to 8 bro!rs4 ,joseph br\ght 8 fa!r & family to ,& k9dly ,egypt4 ,he settl$1 support$1 & hon\r$ took c>e ( ! ,!m4 ,he buri$ 8 fa!r1 :ole family4 ,& left sev]al *>ges ) 8 bro!rs4 ,note ,q1 p4 #bbe4--;,9 giv+ a specim5 ( ?is mode ( illu/rat+ a connect$ subject1 we may only premise1 t ! me?od1 z a bran* ( ,education1 requires t all ! g5]al heads %\ld be p]ceiv$ fir/1 be=e any ( !m is sub-divid$4 ,= example1 ,paul's s]mon at ,antio*1 7,acts xiii47 mu/ be p]ceiv$ by ! pupil 9 its great outl9e1 or g5]al heads1 be=e he be call$ on to sep>ate ^! into _! sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,^! heads z giv5 9 ! ,analysis1 7,help to ,acts1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #ahg17 are to ! foll[+ purport3 ,! design ( ,paul 9 ?is disc\rse appe>s to be1 ,i4 ,to conciliate ! ,jews4 ,,ii4 ,to prove t ! ,messiah _h already come1 & t ,jesus 0 t ,messiah4 ,,iii4 ,to remove c]ta9 objections aga9/ ,jesus be+ ! ,messiah4 ,,iv4 ,to e/abli% ! claims ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah2 &1 ,v4 ,to press 8 salvation ^u _! notice & acceptance4 ,:5 ^! g5]al divisions1 or heads1 are und]/ood1 ei!r by read+ ! respective v]ses :i* !y occupy1 or by ! oral illu/ration ( ! tea*]1 ea* ( !m may !n be tak5 sep>ately1 & sub-divid$ into its p>ts4 ,= example1 ! fir/ head1 :i* 9 ! analysis is1 ,fir/1 ,paul endeav\rs to conciliate ! ,jews by giv+ a brief outl9e ( _! hi/ory1 till ! days ( ,david1 to :om ! ,messiah 0 specially promis$1 v]4 #ag-bc4 ,?is fir/ ( ! above five heads1 is sep>able into ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 #a4 ,! condition ( ! ,jews 91 & _! deliv]ance f1 ,egypt2--#b4 ,_! hi/ory 9 ! wild]ness2--#c4 ,! de/ruction ( _! enemies1 & _! settlem5t 9 ,canaan2--#d4 ,( ! ,judges till ! "t ( ,samuel2--#e4 ,! orig9 ( ! k+ly au?ority 9 ,israel2--& #f4 ,! hi/ory ( _! two fir/ k+s4 ,^! aga9 may be sub-divid$ into _! sev]al p>ts1 ( :i* ! la/ w =m a good example4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,analysis 9 ! foll[+ =m3 ,,vi4 ,hi/ory ( _! two fir/ k+s4 i4 ,( ,saul1 & ! "t ( 8 reign1 v]4 #ba4 ii4 ,( ,david1 & 8 "*4 #a4 ,saul 0 remov$ to make room = ,david1 v]4 #bb4 #b4 ,david 0 *os5 by ,god to be _! k+1 v]4 #bb4 #c4 ,an acc\nt ( ,david's "*1 & ,god's deal+ ) him4 #a4 ,god's te/imony conc]n+ ,david4 7#a47 ,:at ,david 01 v]4 #bb4 7#b47 ,:at ,david 0 to d1 v]4 #bb4 #b4 ,god's promise to ,david4 7#a47 ,a ,savi\r 0 to be rais$ up = ,israel1 v]4 #bc4 7#b47 ,?is ,savi\r 0 to be ( ,david's se$1 v]4 #bc4 ,note ,r1 p4 #cad4--,!re is n p]haps a subject 9 ! :ole range ( human inve/igation t is s mu* misund]/ood 9 practice1 z a p]son's own happ9ess4 ,:atev] causes uneas9ess1 or di/ress1 or anxiety ( m9d1 de/roys happ9ess2--:i* %ews t x is ?is pleasure1 or delight itself1--?is ex]cise ( ! he>t1 t we are seek+1 & n ! money1 or ! applause1 or ! s5sual indulg5ces1 :i* sometimes procure x4 ,! he>t ( man has be5 made = some?+ high] & m noble ?an ^! grovell+ objects ( s5se & "t4 ,hi/ory & exp]i5ce %ew1 t x c nev] be satisfi$ ) any f9ite good2 & especially1 ! possession ( all e>?ly enjoym5ts only leaves ! void m conspicu\s & m pa9ful4 ,! :ole _w1 if x 7 atta9$1 w\ld b m p[]fully illu/rate its own pov]ty2 = ev5 ,alex&] weeps because !re are no m worlds to conqu]4 ,scripture decl>es1 & ,nature1 s f> z we c trace h]1 confirms x1 t man--& man alone--0 made aft] ! image ( ,god1--& !re=e no?+ %ort ( ,god himself c ev] satisfy him4 ,heav5 itself w\ld be inadequate to fill ! s\l1 or to allay ! crav+s ( su* a be+4 ,! fell[%ip & love ( ! ,almighty1 & t alone1 by ! v con/itution ( our nature1 c fill & satisfy ! b\ndless desires ( ! human he>t4 ,!y :o /op %ort ( ?is1 c nev] be satisfi$2 :ile !y :o place _! happ9ess on ,,him1 w always be full1 because he alone is inf9ite4 ,! love ( ,god1 & ! desire = 8 glory !n1 are ! only true f\ndation ( human happ9ess4 ,& h5ce x is1 t ! p]fection ( enjoym5t1 & ! :ole sum ( duty1 meet 9 ?is "o po9t1--,,! ,,love ,,( ,,god4 ,note ,s1 p4 #cah4--,! writ] is aw>e t1 9 do+ ju/ice to ?is dep>tm5t ( a *ild's education1 x is impossible to avoid ! *>ge ( en?usiasm1 p]haps illib]ality1 or fanaticism4 ,9 :at we h urg$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 we h endeav\r$ calmly to /ate & illu/rate simple facts1--pla9 indications ( ,nature1--& to draw ! obvi\s d$uctions :i* !y sugge/4 ,we int5d to foll[ precisely ! same c\rse "h1 al?\gh q aw>e t we are mu* m liable to be misund]/ood1 or misrepres5t$4 ,we %all at lea/ endeav\r calmly to put :at we h to say ^u a true philosophical basis4 ,we all admire :at is t]m$ ,roman ,greatness1--t self-e/eem t w\ld n all[ ! possessor to degrade himself1 ev5 9 8 own e/imation1 by indulg+ 9 any ?+ t 0 mean1 or disreputable1 or contr>y to ! un*angeable rule ( "r4 ,cato's probity1 :o *ose to die r ?an appe> to connive at selfi%ness2 & ,brutus's love ( ju/ice1 :o c\ld1 ) a noble h]oism1 & )\t falt]+1 doom ev5 8 own sons to dea? 9 ! mid/ ( ! entreaties ( 8 fri5ds = _! p>don1 & ! concurr5ce ( ! p2--are b two out ( numb]less in/ances f anci5t hi/ory4 ,n[ we ask1 if we admire1 & approve ( m5 be+ s jeal\s ( _! hon\r1 is x to be imag9$ t ! ,god :o made !m1 & :o implant$ ^? high moral s5tim5ts 9 _! brea/s1 %\ld be less jeal\s ( 88--,e "o w ackn[l$ge t he is inf9itely m s4--,& x is 9 accordance ) ?is true philosophical s5tim5t1 t we come to ! conclusion1 t to tea* religion1--t is1 to tea* ! "* ( ,god1 & ! duty we owe him1--)\t :at is call$ ! peculi> doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 is to l[] ! "* ( ! ,almighty1 & to impugn 8 hol9ess1 8 fai?fulness1 8 ju/ice1 & ev5 8 goodness2--?+s "u ! imputation ( :i* ev5 a high-m9d$ ,roman w\ld h felt himself degrad$ & insult$4 ,9 tea*+ ,religion & ,morality to ! "y1 !re=e1 ! pupil mu/ "k1 t ,god is too holy to look ^u s91 or to connive at x2--too j to p]mit ! v lea/ transgression to pass ) impunity2--too fai?ful to all[ 8 intimations1 ei!r 9 ,nature1 or 9 ,provid5ce1 or 9 ,scripture1 ev] to fail1 or to be call$ 9 "q1 )\t dang]2--& too good to risk ! happ9ess ( 8 holy creatures1 by all[+ !m to suppose x ev5 possible t !y c ev] indulge 9 s91 & yet escape mis]y4 ,:]e a k ( ^! attributes ( ,deity is want+1 8 "* mu/ appe> griev\sly defective2 b :]ev] !y are d5i$1 x is mo/ blasphem\sly di%on\r$4--,h5ce ! importance ( ev5 a *ild kn[+ h[ x is t ,god c be j1 :ile he ju/ifies ! ungodly4 ,all ^! p]fections1 ) ! additional revelation ( 8 m]cy & grace1 are exhibit$1 & greatly magnifi$ & hon\r$1 by ! ,*ri/ian s*eme2 & x is to ! simplicity ( ?is1 z ! f\ndation ( ! *ild's education1 t we wi% at pres5t to direct ! att5tion ( ! p>5t & tea*]4 ,a *ild may be taught to "k t ,god hates s91 & t he mu/1 z a j ,god1 puni% ev5 ! lea/ transgression4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ?is simple tru?4 ,& x may be made equally cle>1 t man mu/ h suff]$ = himself1 & t = ev]1 if ,god _h n s5t 8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/ to endure 9 _! place ! puni%m5t :i* ! inflexible nature ( 8 ju/ice requir$4 ,to believe t ,god w p>don s9 )\t su* an atonem5t1 is1 z we h %ewn1 to sully ! "* ( ,god2 :ile to believe x1 & to act ^u ! belief1 is at once ! highe/ hon\r we c pay to 8 p]fections1 & becomes ! /ronge/ possible /imulant to a grateful he>t to avoid s91 & to /rive to love & to obey ,him4 ,?is accord+ly is ! sum ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 dive/$ ( its te*nicalities2 & ?is is ! f\ndation1--& ! only prop] f\ndation1 ^u :i* to re> ei!r morality or religion4 ,b x does =m a solid & ample f\ndation = t purpose4 ,& !re is p]haps no ,*ri/ian ( any sect :o w d5y1 t ei!r *ild or adult1 :o simply dep5ds = p>don & acceptance ) a holy ,god1 on ! sub/itution ( ! ,savi\r1 & :o1 9 evid5ce ( 8 s9c]ity1 /rives to hate & avoid s91 & to love & obey ,god1 is n 9 a safe /ate4 ,9 tea*+ ^! simple fundam5tal tru?s to ! "y1 ! p>5t or tea*] w f9d ! ,%ort] ,confession ( ,fai?1 ( great use4 ,its ,fir/ ,/ep ought to be taught fir/2 & ! second mu/ on no acc\nt be proce$$ )1 till ! tru?s 9 ! fir/ h become famili>4 ,! same rule ought also to be adopt$ ) ! second1 be=e pass+ to ! ?ird4 ,! ,fir/ ,initiatory ,cate*ism has also be5 f\nd ( great b5efit to ! "y2 & :i* is v easily & successfully taught by means ( its ,key4 ,! f\ndation be+ ?us laid1 ! great object ( ! tea*] !n is to tra9 ! *ild to duty2--tea*+1 9 a famili> way1 :at conduct ought to be avoid$1 & :at pursu$1--:at is displeas+ to ,god1 & :at he delights 94 ,?is c only be done1 or at lea/ is be/ done1 by draw+ lessons f ,scripture4 ,! v comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 is dealt ) by ,nature 9 ?is way2 = :5 we exam9e ! op]ation ( ! m9d1 :5 act+ ev5 ^u ! direct precept1 we f9d t x assumes ! =m ( a lesson1 :i* 9 t case is only an e*o ( ! comm&4 ,scripture example & n>rative1 h[ev]1 are always pref]able ) *ildr52 & p]haps ! be/ me?od ( initiat+ !m into ! ability to p]ceive & draw lessons g5]ally1 w be to beg9 & c>ry !m =w>d by means ( ! ,progressive ,ex]cises at ! end ( ! ,fir/ ,initiatory ,cate*ism4 ,v "y *ildr5 are able to comm5ce ?is important ex]cise2 & ! in=mation & directions giv5 9 ! ,key w enable any monitor to c>ry !m =w>d4 ,! application ( ! lessons ought to be ! pr9cipal conc]n ( ! tea*]4 ,on ?is mu* ( _! utility dep5ds1 & ( :i* ! foll[+ w af=d a suffici5t example4 ,9 ! #e? l9e ( ! ,progressive ,ex]cises1 above ref]r$ to1 ! ann\ncem5t is simply t ,rebekah 0 oblig+1--f :i* ! *ild w readily en\gh draw ! lesson1 t we also %\ld be oblig+4 ,b to apply ?is lesson1 ! tea*] is to suppose a correspond+ case1 & to ask ! *ild h[ x ought to behave on t occasion4 ,= example1 he may ask1 ,if a companion want$ a sight ( y\r book1 :at %\ld y d8 ,l5d x to him4--,f :at d y get t lesson8 ,f ,rebekah be+ oblig+4--,if y saw y\r companion drop 8 ball1 or 8 m>ble1 )\t p]ceiv+ x1 :at %\ld y d8 ,pick x up & give x to him4--,h[ d y "k t y ought to d t8 ,f ,god giv+ ,rebekah z our example1 :o 0 oblig+4 ,! field :i* "h op5s up = ! +5uity ( ! tea*] = ! moral improvem5t ( ! "y is almo/ b\ndless4 ,note ,t1 p4 #cah4--,! me?od :i* bo? ,nature & exp]i5ce h po9t$ out1 z ! be/ = giv+ a practical k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy to *ildr51 is to /ate & expla9 "s g5]al pr9ciple1 su* z1 t ,s(t & por\s bodies are bad conductors 7( heat27 & !n set !m to ?9k1 by ask+ :at special lessons t g5]al tru? tea*es !m4 ,?is leads ! pupil to a tra9 ( ?\ght1 :i* w at all ev5ts prep>e him = ! prop] lessons :5 sugge/$ by ! tea*]1 & :i* w enable him at once to p]ceive :y 8 "m has to make use ( a clo? :5 us+ ! smoo?+ iron2 :y a metal tea-pot mu/ h a wood5 h&le2--:y s(t clo?+ pres]ves ! heat ( 8 body1 & keeps him w>m2--& :y ! pok] by ! fire gets heat$ ?r\gh\t1 :ile a piece ( wood1 ! same l5g? & 9 ! same spot1 rema9s comp>atively cool4 ,to tea* ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 out ( _! mutual relations to ! g5]al pr9ciple1 w\ld be bo? labori\s & evanesc5t1 because ( ! want ( ! great connect+ l9k1 af=d$ by ! analytical me?od "h suppos$4 ,x 0 by ! above means t ! *ildr51 9 ! exp]im5t 9 ,ab]de51 & m especially ^? 9 t at ,newry1 appe>$ to ! exam9ators to be inexhau/ible2 !y hav+1 dur+ a space ( "t unprec$5t$ly %ort1 got hold ( pr9ciples :i* enabl$ !m1 )\t any great /ret* ( memory1 & by ! association ( ideas1 to acc\nt = hundr$s ( famili> objects & circum/ances1 ! nature & work+ ( :i* !y _h nev] p]haps ?\ght ( be=e4 ,! application ( ! lessons 9 ^! ex]cises is equally necess>y1 & equally b5eficial4 ,x may be directly f "s ( ! lessons drawn1 su* z1 ,:y is x inconv5i5t to h&le hot irons8 ,because h>d bodies readily conduct heat4 ,or x may be v>i$ by ask+ ! reason ( a ph5om5on n =m]ly p]ceiv$2--su* z1 ,:y does ! fire scor* ! foot :5 x is )\t a /ock+1 & n :5 we h a /ock+ on8 ,because s(t bodies1 su* z ! /ock+1 d n readily conduct heat4 ,^! are suffici5t z specim5s ( ! mode ( conduct+ classes ^u ^! pr9ciples2 ! ,/eps1 & _! ,keys1 con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 w assi/ bo? tea*] & pupil 9 _! prop] work+4 ,note ,u1 p4 #cbj4--;,9 tea*+ *ildr5 to read1 two ?+s are to be specially obs]v$4--,fir/1 t ! *ild %all "k t ! lett]s 9 a syllable are us$ m]ely z ! signs ( s\nd1 by ! comb9ation ( :i* he is to get a h9t only ( ! s\nd ( ! :ole ^w4 ,?is w v soon enable him to tea* himself4--,! second is1 t ! *ild %all "k t 8 read+ is only ano!r way ( gett+ at tru? by words se51 in/ead ( words he>d4 ,?is w make him se>* = ! ideas1 ev5 :ile le>n+ to read2 & ! habit be+ =m$1 he w nev] aft]w>ds be satisfi$ )\t und]/&+ all t he reads4 ,! lett]s ( ! ,alphabet1 ) _! p[]s1 hav+ be5 made famili>1 ! ,fir/ ,class ,book may be put into ! pupil's h&1 & ! fir/ ^w taught him by ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree lett]s1--,bob4 ,%ew him h[ ! lett]s pron\nc$ %ortly1 & rapidly "o aft] ano!r1 =m ! ^w4 ,he w !n be able to read ?is ^w :]ev] he f9ds x4 ,! ^w has1 is to be taught 9 ! same way1 & !n ! ^w dog4 ,he mu/ !n be ask$1 ,:o has a dog8 & ,:at has ,bob8 till he und]/&s t ^! ?ree words convey an idea4 ,! second & succe$+ l9es are to be taught ! same way2--! tea*] mak+ him read ! words 9 diff]5t p>ts out ( _! ord]1 to take c>e t he does n repeat by rote4 ,at e new lesson he mu/ le>n to read ! words :i* prec$e x1 & to read !m well be=e beg9n+4 ,! great design ( 8 read+ be+ to collect ! ideas convey$ by ! words1 8 do+ s is greatly facilitat$ by 8 le>n+ to read ! words be=e beg9n+ to ! lesson4 ,x is only necess>y to rem>k1 t ! homely nature ( ! lessons t5ds greatly to produce ! effect "h design$1 & :i* w\ld n p]haps be s successfully accompli%$ at ?is /age 9 any o!r way4 ,*ildr5 may be taught to write almo/ z soon z !y c read a few ( _! lessons4 ,c>e be+ tak5 t !y hold ! p5 prop]ly1 !y w soon le>n to =m ! lett]s z an amusem5t2--& :5 ^! are kn[n1 !y w soon be able to comb9e !m into words4 ,:5 !y beg9 to write s5t5ces1 x ought to be f _! own m9ds1 or memories1 b n f copies4 ,writ+ is m]ely an imitation ( ,nature 9 h] op]ation ( convey+ ideas by spee*2 & ! ne>] ! imitation c be made to correspond ) ! orig9al1 ! m p]fect w x be4 ,spee* is int5d$ solely = ! communication ( our ideas2--& s %\ld writ+4 ,we tea* *ildr5 words & ! names ( ?+s1 b we nev] tea* !m to express _! own ?\ghts1 by rehe>s+ aft] u ei!r long or %ort spee*es ( our own4 ,nei!r c we s readily tea* *ildr5 to express _! own ?\ghts by writ+1 if we attempt to d x by mak+ !m copy words :i* o!rs h ?\ght = !m1 & ! ideas ( :i* !y !mselves p]haps d n p]ceive4 ,copy-l9es are a great h9d]ance to ! "y2 & ev5 = tea*+ ! correct & elegant =mation ( ! lett]s !y d n appe> to be always necess>y4 ,note ,v1 p4 #cbj4--;,ari?metic1 & num]ical calculations ( e k9d1 are wr\ght by :at h be5 t]m$ ! f\r simple ,rules1 viz4 ,addition1 ,subtraction1 ,multiplication1 & ,division4 ,!y :o are exp]t & accurate 9 work+ ^!1 h only to le>n ! sev]al rules by :i* !y are appli$ to all ! v>i$ purposes ( life1 to be p]fect ari?meticians4 ,b :5 ! work+ ( ^! f\r rules is analys$1 we f9d t1 ) ! exception ( ! multiplication table1 ! :ole f\r are m]ely diff]5t applications ( ! rule ( addition4 ,subtraction is wr\ght by add+ a suppos$ sum to ! figure to be subtract$2--multiplication 7) ! exception m5tion$ above17 x wr\ght simply by add+ ! c>ry+s & ! aggregate ( ! sev]al l9es2--& division1 ) ! same exception1 is also 9 practice wr\ght by a s]ies ( additions4 ,if !n we %all suppose ! multiplication table fully ma/]$1 x foll[s1 t ! p]son :o has atta9$ greate/ exp]tness 9 addition1 w be ! mo/ exp]t 9 ! work+ ( any & e ari?metical ex]cise to :i* he may be call$4 ,b exp]tness 9 ari?metical calculations1 is by no means s valuable z accuracy2--& ^u ! above pr9ciple1 x also foll[s1 t ! p]son :o acquires ! greate/ degree ( accuracy & confid5ce 9 work+ addition1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be mo/ accurate 9 all 8 calculations4 ,! importance ( ?is pr9ciple w be mu* m priz$ by & bye ?an x c be at pres5t2--we %all h[ev] %ew "h h[ x may be tak5 advantage (4 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( ,individuation1 we h se51 t a *ild w le>n "o ?+ mu* bett] & soon] by itself1 ?an :5 x is mix$ up ) sev]al o!rs2 & !re=e we come to ! conclusion1 t a *ild1 :5 taught ! practice ( addition by itself1 till he is fully ma/] ( x1 bo? z respects rapidity & accuracy1 has aft]w>ds little m to d ?an to get a k ( rules4 ,"o mon?'s sy/ematic ex]cise 9 ?is way1 w d m 9 =m+ a desirable acc\ntant = a desk1 ?an a :ole ye>'s ex]cise o!rwise4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! pupil />ts to ! race )\t prep>ation1 & ) all 8 natural imp$im5ts cl++ to him1 :i* he has to dis5tangle & ?r[ (f "o by "o dur+ ! fatigues & turmoil ( ! conte/2 :ile ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 delays 8 />t till he has delib]ately se>*$ !m out & ca/ !m aside1 & ?us prep>$ himself = ! c\rse4 ,he !n />ts vigor\s & light1 to out/rip 8 lab\r+ & lumb]+ competitors1 n only 9 ?is1 b 9 e aft] trial ( /r5g? & skill ( a simil> k9d4 ,to foll[ out ?is plan ) success1 ! ,ari?metic ,rod1 conta9+ ?ree sides1 has be5 provid$4 ,on "o side !re is a s+le l9e ( figures1 on ! second two1 & on ! ?ird ?ree4 ,^! l9es ( figures = a s*ool1 ought to be pa9t$ on ?ree bo>ds suffici5tly l>ge = all to see !m di/9ctly4 ,! fir/ l9e is to be ma/]$ p]fectly1 be=e ! second or ! ?ird is to be taught4 ,! way to beg9 ) ! fir/ l9e1 is to make ! pupil m5tally add a c]ta9 sum to ea* figure on ! bo>d1 say two1 or sev51 or f\rte51 or any o!r sum1 beg9n+ always ) a small "o4 ,he is besides to add ! c>ry+s also to ea* figure1 & to write d[n ! sum z he goes on4 ,! beg9n] may be ex]cis$ ) ! sum ( two1 or ev5 "o1 & h ! sum increas$1 z he acquires a k ( ! me?od4 ,^! sums1 z ! pupils advance1 may be ext5d$ to any am\nt4 ,! ,key w %ew1 9 e case1 :e!r ! ex]cise has be5 accurately p]=m$2 & by m>k+ ! "t 9 any p>ticul> case1 ! tea*] c measure exactly1 e week or mon?1 ! advance ( ea* pupil4 ,! m5tal advantages ( ?is ex]cise are num]\s4 ,among o!r ?+s x tra9s to a great comm& ( ! m9d2 & br+s into ex]cise an important pr9ciple =m]ly illu/rat$1 7,"p ,,iii4 *4 xi4 p4 #bhh17 by :i* ! pupil acquires ! ability to ?9k "o ?+1 & to d ano!r4 ,:5 ! pupil is suffici5tly exp]t at "o l9e ( figures1 he %\ld be ex]cis$ ^u ! ,b side ( ! rod1 conta9+ ! d\ble l9e4 ,he is to practise add+ ea* pair ( ! figures at a glance1--till he c run !m ov] )\t difficulty1 z if !y 7 s+le figures4 ,he is !n to add a sum to !m1 z he did on ! s+le l9e1 till he c add ! sum & ! d\ble figure z readily z he did "o4 ,! ,c side ( ! rod is to be treat$ 9 ! same way2--fir/ by add+ all ! ?ree figures at a glance1 & nam+ ! sum ( ea*1 till he c d x z readily z if !re 0 b "o2 & !n he is to add any special sum to !m z be=e4 ,note ,w1 p4 #cba4--;,*ildr5 g5]ally delight 9 music1 & seldom we>y 9 its ex]cise4 ,x =ms !re=e1 :5 judici\sly manag$1 a mo/ useful ex]cise 9 a s*ool = ! purposes ( relaxation & v>iety1 & = invigorat+ _! m9ds aft] a l5g!n$ engagem5t 9 dri] /udies4 ,x ?us n only becomes desirable to tea* music 9 ! sem9>y z a bran* ( education = aft] life1 b = ! purposes ( pres5t exp$i5cy4 ,t music may be taught to ! "y 9 a mann] mu* m simple ?an x has yet g5]ally be5 done1 is n[ matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,! notes are only sev51 & ^! are ea* z precise & def9ite 9 proportion to ! key note z any lett] 9 ! alphabet4 ,!re is obvi\sly no difficulty 9 tea*+ a *ild sev5 figures1--& !re is 9 reality z little difficulty 9 tea*+ him sev5 notes2 s t1 hav+ ! key note1 he w1 9 read+ a tune1 s\nd ea* 9 its ord] :5 pres5t$ to him1 z readily & accurately z he w\ld read s _m figures4 ,to r5d] ?is ex]cise m simple to *ildr51 & m conv5i5t 9 a s*ool1 ! notes h be5 repres5t$ by figures1 #a be+ ! key note4 ,! o!r notes rise 9 ! common gradation f #a to #h1 :i* is ! key note 9 alt4 ,by ?is means1 ! tea*] by writ+ on ! common black bo>d a few figures1 gives ! *ildr5 ! tune1 :i* a v little practice enables !m to read z readily z !y w\ld ! words to :i* !y adapt x4 ,= p>ticul>s z to "t1 c4 see ,%ort] ,cate*ism ,hymn ,book1 p4 #bc & #bd4 ,note ,x1 p4 #bfd4--,!re is p]haps no dep>tm5t 9 ! family economy :i* ought to be s cauti\sly fill$ up z ! nurs]y maid2 & yet we g5]ally f9d1 t ! duties ( ?is (fice are frequ5tly h&$ ov] to any ?\ghtless giddy girl1 ^: appe>ance is %ewy1 al?\gh %e be )\t education1 )\t exp]i5ce1 & (t5 )\t pr9ciple4 ,:y !re has be5 z yet no regul> sem9>y = ! tra9+ ( "y p]sons ( good pr9ciples1 = ! responsible duties ( ! nurs]y1 is n a little rem>kable4 ,n "o ( ! _m valuable in/itutions = p>ticul> classes is s mu* want$1 & :i*1 if prop]ly conduct$1 w\ld be a great] bless+ to families & to society g5]ally4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful features 9 our infant s*ools is ! circum/ance1 t !y h t5d$ greatly to less5 ?is evil1 & 9 "s measure to supply ! desid]atum4 ,note ,y1 p4 #bfh4--,! "q ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 a public s*ool is a difficult "o2 & al?\gh !re has ( late be5 an obvi\s improvem5t 9 ?is respect1 we are afraid t ! pr9ciples :i* ought to regulate !m are n yet v cle>ly und]/ood4 ,h5ce ! contr>iety ( s5tim5ts on ! subject1 ) little m ?an m]e op9ions (f]$ to support !m4 ,! foll[+ few crude ?\ghts on ! subject1 may p]haps lead o!rs bett] qualifi$ to consid] x m ext5sively4 ,we c all readily en\gh di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 physical ef=ts1 intellectual ef=ts1 & moral ef=ts2 b we are v ready to conf\nd ! rew>ds :i*1 we ?9k1 ,nature has po9t$ out z mo/ appropriate to ea*4 ,= physical ex]tions1 su* z ! race1 or ! wre/l+ mat*1 physical returns appe> natural & appropriate en\gh2 & !re=e1 money1 decorations1 or o!r physical hon\rs1 are ! ord9>y rew>ds = excell+ 9 any ( !m4 ,b to desire money z a return = intellectual excell5ce1 appe>s to e well con/itut$ m9d z sordid & unseemly4 ,! rew>d = ! ex]tion ( intellect mu/ p>take ( intellectual dignity2 & h5ce x is1 t e/eem1 applause1 or admiration1--! inc5se ( ! m9d1--appe>s to be ! natural return = su* ex]tions4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we may in/ance ! s5sible degradation :i* is felt1 :5 ! rew>d pr(f]$ = m5tal ef=ts1 ev5 9 *ildr51 takes ! =m ( food1 or clo?+1 or money2--& ! k9d ( e/imation 9 :i* /ud5ts hold _! m$als1 books1 & o!r prizes1 acquir$ at _! sev]al sem9>ies4 ,^! are nev] valu$ = _! intr9sic wor?1 b only z p]man5t signs ( approbation1 or admiration1--feel+s :i* are purely intellectual 9 _! "*1 & p]fectly di/9ct f ! grossness ( physical rew>ds on ! "o h&1 & ! affections--! moral inc5se ( ! he>t1--on ! o!r4 ,all ?is appe>s pretty evid5t2 & x obvi\sly leads u to ! next & conclud+ /ep1 :i* is1 t ! natural & prop] rew>d = moral actions1 ought to p>take ( ! moral "*4 ,x is ! love & affection ( ^? we s]ve1 or :o are call$ on to e/imate1 or to decide on ! "* ( our actions1--t is ! prop]1 ! natural1 ! desirable return4 ,a little consid]ation1 we ?9k1 w %ew u1 t ?is1 z a g5]al pr9ciple1 is really correct2 & t applause1 admiration1 or wond]1 :5 !y are af=d$ )\t affection1 d n satisfy ! he>t1 t 9 ! ex]cise ( love1 seeks love 9 return4--,x is ! fri5d%ip1 ! fell[%ip1 ! affections ( ^? :om we aim at pleas+1 t alone c approve itself to our m9ds z ! appropriate returns = moral actions4 ,note ,z1 p4 #bii4--,! foll[+ are a few specim5s ( ! p>aphra/ic ex]cise1 z employ$ ^u diff]5t subjects3-- ,b ,m>?a 0 cumb]$ ab\t mu* s]v+1 & came to him1 & said1 ,"l1 do/ ?\ n c>e t my si/] ha? left me to s]ve alone8 bid h]1 !re=e1 t %e help me4 ,?is v]se is p>aphras$ 9 ! ,help to ,luke by sub/itut+ ! explanation ( ! words pr9t$ 9 ,italics1 & )9 brackets1 = ! words !mselves1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,b ,m>?a 0 mu* incommod$ & h>ass$ to get e ?+ 9 ord] = ! temporal accommodation ( ,jesus & 8 disciples1 & came to ,jesus1 & said1 ,"l1 art ?\ indiff]5t or c>eless ab\t ! circum/ance t my si/] ha? left me to prep>e ! victuals1 & d all ! "w ( ! h\se alone8 ,comm& h]1 !re=e1 t %e leave h] seat at ?y feet1 & come to assi/ me4 ,e ?+ 9 nature %ews =? ,god's wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness2 b ! ,bible1 :i* is ! ^w ( ,god1 & :i* 0 writt5 by holy m5 at diff]5t times1 "u 8 direction1 has mo/ cle>ly reveal$ :at ,god is1 :at he has done & :at we %\ld d4 ,?is is p>aphras$ 9 ! ,key to ! ,second ,initiatory ,cate*ism ?us3 ,e ?+ t has be5 made 9 ! _w & sky gives cle> & con/ant pro( ( ,god's *us+ ! be/ ends1 & accompli%+ ^! by ! be/ means1 8 be+ able to d any ?+1 & e ?+1 & nev] ceas+ to c>e =1 & to promote ! happ9ess ( all 8 creatures2--b ! ,bible1--:i* is ! only decl>ation ( ,god's m9d & w to man1 & :i* 0 compos$1 & put1 ) p5 & ink1 ^u p>*m5t or pap]1 by good & pi\s m51 at dates long di/ant f ea* o!r1 "u ! c>e ( ,god1 :o told !m :at !y 7 to write1--has mo/ di/9ctly & pla9ly1 br\ght into view1 & let u "k1 :at ,god's "* & p]fections are1 :at he has done1 & :at is our duty1 bo? to ,god & man4 ,! ^w ( ,god1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 is ! only rule to direct u h[ we may glorify & enjoy him4 ,?is is p>aphras$ 9 ! ,key to ! ,%ort] ,cate*ism 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! revelation ( ,god's w1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 is ! only guide to give u in=mation h[ we may glorify & enjoy him4 ,note ,a a1 p4 #cba4--,nature has obvi\sly int5d$ t all m5 %\ld be bo? physically & m5tally employ$2 & t1 = ! prop] ma9t5ance ( heal?1 ! "t occupi$ by physical ex]cise1 ought 9 g5]al to exce$ t :i* is employ$ exclusively 9 /udy4 ,! comb9ation ( bo? 9 ord9>y cases1 h[ev]1 is /ill m pla9ly indicat$4 ,9 ! circum/ances ( ! "y1 physical ex]cise is peculi>ly necess>y4 ,! writ] looks =w>d ) confid5ce to a "t1 :5 to e sem9>y ( em95ce w be atta*$ a suffici5t plot ( gr\nd = g>d5+ & agricultural purposes1 t ! physical en]gies ( ! pupils may n be all[$ irregul>ly to run to wa/e1 z at pres5t2 b :5 !y %all be sy/ematically direct$ to int]e/+1 & at ! same "t to useful purposes4 ,! h&-sw+1 al?\gh an excell5t sub/itute1 w nev] cope 9 int]e/1 ev5 to a *ild1 ) ! mod]ate use ( ! hoe1 ! rake1 or ! spade4 ,su* a sy/em w produce _m & valuable advantages to ! "y4 ,g>d5+1 by po/pon+ ! results ( lab\r1 excit+ hope1 & by its daily advances1 enc\rag+ to p]sev]ance1 w t5d to produce a mo/ b5eficial moral effect2 & w greatly assi/ ! tea*] 9 e/abli%+ & /r5g!n+ "s ( ^? valuable *ecks ^u ! volatility ( ! "y m9d1 :i* are exce$+ly necess>y = ! prop] conduct ( life1 b :i* !re is usually b small opportunity ( cultivat+ 9 y\?4 ,b ev5 !n1 = ! prop] conduct+ ( a s*ool1 !re w1 = 9-door ex]cise1 be some?+ m requir$ ?an has yet be5 provid$1 bo? z to k9d & degree4 ,:5 we exam9e a numb] ( *ildr5 at play1 we seldom f9d !m sitt+1 or ev5 /&+ = any l5g? ( "t1 :5 !y h space & opportunity to ex]cise _! limbs4 ,! h&-motions ( ! infant s*ools1 !re=e1 al?\gh excell5t s f> z !y g1 d n g f> en\gh2 & ev5 ! m>*+ ( ! *ildr5 is obvi\sly too monoton\s1 & n suffici5tly lively1 = ?r[+ (f ! accumulat$ mass ( animal spirits1 :i* is s spe$ily =m$ 9 "y p]sons :ile engag$ at _! lessons4 ,x 0 to supply ?is defect t ! writ]1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 made "s exp]im5ts ) a l>ge class ( *ildr51 & ) complete success4 ,! ex]cise 0 f\nd$ on ! s++ & m>*+ ( ! infant s*ools1 & consi/$ 9 :at is kn[n 9 c]ta9 sem9>ies1 z ,rights & ,lefts4 ,! *ildr5 7 taught to meet ea* o!r 9 b&s ( equal numb]1 & by giv+ ! "r & left h& alt]nately to ^? :o came 9 ! opposite direction1 !y undulat$1 z x 71 ?r\gh ea* o!rs ranks1 & pass$ on to _! own music1 till !y met aga9 on ! o!r side ( ! room1 & proce$$ z be=e4 ,! ex]cise ?us af=d$ to ! upp] & l[] extremities ( ea* *ild1 ! expansion caus$ to ! *e/1 & ! play giv5 to ! muscles ( ! back & body1 are exce$+ly b5eficial2 & ! :ole be+ regulat$ by _! own song1 gives heal?y1 & n excessive ex]cise to ! lungs & ! :ole circulation4 ,x 0 also f\nd1 t ?is amus+ employm5t = ! "y1 0 capable ( great v>iety4 ,in/ead ( two b&s meet+ ea* o!r 9 l9es 9 opposite directions1 & p>t+1 to meet aga9 at ! o!r side ( ! room1 !y 7 =m$ into a circle1 "o-half mov+ 9 "o direction1 & "o-half mov+ 9 ! opposite1 by :i* means ! circle 0 nev] brok54 ,x 0 also f\nd1 t "o ( ^! circles1 conta9+ six or eight *ildr5 only1 c\ld move )9 ! o!r :5 x conta9$ a l>g] numb]1 )\t ^? 9 ! "o int]f]+ 9 ! lea/ ) ^? ( ! o!r2 & ! effect became /ill m impos+ :5 betwe5 ^!1 & )\t !m1 two o!r b&s ( *ildr5 jo9$ h&s1 unit$ 9 ! song1 & mov$ r\nd 9 opposite directions4 ,^! details may appe> trifl+ to "s2 b exp]i5ce w soon conv9ce practical m51 t 9 education1 z 9 ,nature1 ! mo/ simple means (t5 produce ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ b5eficial results4 ,,! ,,end4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnotes li/$ z a ,note foll[$ by a lett] are ga!r$ toge!r at ! end ( ! book4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t has be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #bj he *ang$ to be ,page #bh vallies *ang$ to valleys ,page #cf pullies *ang$ to pulleys ,page #ch bye *ang$ to by ,page #de recal *ang$ to recall ,page #eg inconsi/5ces *ang$ to inconsi/5cies ,page #ei recal *ang$ to recall ,page #fa he *ang$ to be ,page #fg oppreseive *ang$ to oppressive ,page #fh ^w is add$ ,page #gc recals *ang$ to recalls ,page #gg h>rass$ *ang$ to h>ass$ ,page #ajc missle *ang$ to missile ,page #aac decrepid *ang$ to decrepit ,page #abj pron\n$ *ang$ to pron\nc$ ,page #adb slighe/ *ang$ to slighte/ ,page #add intance *ang$ to in/ance ,page #aej educa- *ang$ to education ,page #aeb ,jessus *ang$ to ,jesus ,page #aff f\rtee5 *ang$ to f\rte5 ,page #afh ,pe/alozzie's *ang$ to ,pe/alozzi's ,page #afi unnacc\ntable *ang$ to unacc\ntable ,page #ahc recal *ang$ to recall ,page #aib miss+ ^w be suppli$ ,page #aie indisp5sible *ang$ to indisp5sable ,page #aig excee$+ly *ang$ to exce$+ly ,page #aig recal *ang$ to recall ,page #baj comtemplation *ang$ to contemplation ,page #baa s(fa *ang$ to s(a ,page #bcd ?an *ang$ to !n ,page #bde ,t]re/ial *ang$ to ,t]re/rial ,page #bgg =w>n$ *ang$ to =ew>n$ ,page #bhj aplication *ang$ to application ,page #bhc specim5t *ang$ to specim5 ,page #cjb fault]+ *ang$ to falt]+ ,page #cbf ,pr9ciciples *ang$ to ,pr9ciples ,page #ccc desireable *ang$ to desirable ,page #cci fault]+ *ang$ to falt]+ ,page #cdj ungodily *ang$ to ungodly ---------------------------------------- -------------