,,outl9es ,,( ,,dairy ,,bact]iology ,a ,,concise ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,9 ,,dairy+ ,,by ,h4 ,l4 ,,russell ,,dean ,,( ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons9 ,,eigh? ,,edition ,,?or\ghly ,,revis$ ,,madison1 ,,wiscons9 ,h4 ,l4 ,,russell #aijg ,copyright$ #aije ,,by ,h4 ,l4 ,,russell ,,/ate ,,j\rnal ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 ,pr9t]s ,& ,/]eotyp]s1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,= ,text3 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by a c$illa su* z ?is signifies t ! ^w is bold$ 9 ! text4 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is signifies ! ^w is italics 9 ! text4 ,= numb]s & equations1 und]scores be=e bracket$ numb]s 9 equations d5ote a subscript4 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$4 ,,preface4 ,k 9 dairy+1 l all o!r te*nical indu/ries1 has gr[n ma9ly out ( exp]i5ce4 ,_m facts h be5 le>n$ by obs]vation1 b ! :y ( ea* is frequ5tly %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,mod]n dairy+ is attempt+ to build its m accurate k ^u a broad] & sur] f\ndation1 & 9 do+ ?is is seek+ to asc]ta9 ! cause ( well-e/abli%$ processes4 ,9 ?is1 bact]iology is play+ an important role4 ,inde$1 x may be safely pr$ict$ t future progress 9 dairy+ w1 to a l>ge ext5t1 dep5d ^u bact]iological rese>*4 ,z ,fleis*mann1 ! em95t ,g]man dairy sci5ti/1 says3 ,! gradual abolition ( unc]ta9ty surr\nd+ dairy manufacture is ! pres5t important duty :i* lies be=e u1 & its solution c only be effect$ by bact]iology4 ,x is !re=e natural t ! subject ( ,dairy ,bact]iology has come to occupy an important place 9 ! curriculum ( almo/ e ,dairy ,s*ool4 ,an exposition ( its pr9ciples is n[ recogniz$ z an integral "p ( dairy sci5ce1 = mod]n dairy practice is rapidly adopt+ ! me?ods t h be5 develop$ z ! result ( bact]iological /udy4 ,! rapid developm5t ( ! subject has necessitat$ a frequ5t revision ( ?is "w1 & x is gratify+ to ! writ] t ! attempt :i* has be5 made to keep ^! ,outl9es abrea/ ( bact]iological advance has be5 appreciat$ by /ud5ts ( dairy+4 ,:ile ! text is prep>$ m especially = ! practical dairy op]ator :o wi%es to und]/& ! pr9ciples & reasons und]ly+ 8 art1 num]\s ref]5ces to orig9al inve/igations h be5 add$ to aid ! dairy inve/igator :o wi%es to "w up ! subject m ?or\ghly4 ,my ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ! foll[+ = ! loan ( illu/rations3 ,wiscons9 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation2 ,cream]y ,package ,mfg4 ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill42 & ,a4 ,h4 ,reid1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,l4 ,russell4 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,/ructure ( ! bact]ia & conditions gov]n+ _! developm5t & di/ribution #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,me?ods ( /udy+ bact]ia #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,contam9ation ( milk #ai ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,f]m5tations 9 milk & _! treatm5t #fb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,relation ( disease-bact]ia to milk #hb ,diseases transmissible f animal to man ?r\gh diseas$ milk #hd ,diseases transmissible to man ?r\gh infection ( milk aft] )drawal #id ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,pres]vation ( milk = comm]cial purposes #ajb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,bact]ia & butt] mak+ #acd ,bact]ial defects 9 butt] #aef ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,bact]ia 9 *eese #afj ,influ5ce ,( bact]ia 9 normal *eese processes #afj ,influ5ce ( bact]ia 9 abnormal *eese processes #ahb ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,bact]ia ,,& ,,conditions ,,gov]n+ ,,_! ,,developm5t ,,& ,,di/ribution4 ,be=e "o c ga9 any intellig5t conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* bact]ia affect dairy+1 x is fir/ necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! life hi/ory ( ^! organisms 9 g5]al1 h[ !y live1 move & react t[>d _! environm5t4 ,nature ( ,bact]ia4 ,toad/ools1 smuts1 ru/s & mildews are kn[n to ev5 ! casual obs]v]1 because !y are ( evid5t size4 ,_! plant-l nature c be m readily und]/ood f _! g5]al /ructure & habits ( life4 ,! bact]ia1 h[ev]1 are s small1 t "u ord9>y conditions1 !y only become evid5t to our unaid$ s5ses by ! by-products ( _! activity4 ,:5 ,leeuw5hoek 7pron\nc$ ,lave-en-hake7 9 #afge fir/ discov]$ ^! t9y1 rapidly-mov+ organisms he ?\ght !y 7 animals4 ,inde$1 "u a microscope1 _m ( !m be> a close resemblance to ^? m9ute worms f\nd 9 v9eg> t are kn[n z v9eg>-eels4 ,! idea t !y belong$ to ! animal k+dom cont9u$ to hold gr\nd until aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b ) ! improvem5t 9 microscopes1 a m ?or\gh /udy ( ^! t9y /ructures 0 made possible1 & _! vegetable nature demon/rat$4 ,! bact]ia z a class are sep>at$ f ! fungi ma9ly by _! me?od ( gr[?2 f ! l[] algae by ! abs5ce ( *lorophyll1 ! gre5 color+ matt] ( vegetable organisms4 ,/ructure ( bact]ia4 ,s f> z /ructure is conc]n$ ! bact]ia /& on ! l[e/ plane ( vegetable life4 ,! s+le individual is compos$ ( b a s+le cell1 ! /ructure ( :i* does n diff] ess5tially f t ( _m ( ! high] types ( plant life4 ,x is compos$ ( a protoplasmic body :i* is surr\nd$ by a ?9 membrane t sep>ates x f neighbor+ cells t are alike 9 =m & size4 ,=m & size4 ,:5 a plant is compos$ ( a s+le cell b little diff]5ce 9 =m is to be expect$4 ,:ile !re are int]m$iate /ages t grade ins5sibly into ea* o!r1 ! bact]ia may be gr\p$ into ?ree ma9 types1 s f> z =m is conc]n$4 ,^! are sph]ical1 elongat$1 & spiral1 & to ^! diff]5t types are giv5 ! names1 respectively1 coccus1 bacillus & spirillum 7plural1 cocci1 bacilli1 spirilla7 7fig4 #a74 ,a ball1 a %ort rod1 & a corkscrew s]ve z conv5i5t models to illu/rate ^! diff]5t =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,diff]5t =ms ( bact]ia4 a1 b1 c1 repres5t diff]5t types z to =m3 a1 coccus1 b1 bacillus1 c1 spirillum2 d1 diplococcus or tw9 coccus2 e1 /aphylococcus or clu/] coccus2 f & g1 diff]5t =ms ( bacilli1 g %[s int]nal endospores )9 cell2 h & i1 bacilli ) motile organs 7cilia74 ,9 size1 ! bact]ia are ! smalle/ organisms t are kn[n to exi/4 ,relatively !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 size betwe5 ! diff]5t species1 yet 9 absolute am\nt ?is is s slight z to require ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope to detect x4 ,z an av]age diamet]1 "o ?irty-?\s&? ( an in* may be tak54 ,x is difficult to compreh5d su* m9ute measurem5ts1 b if a hundr$ individual g]ms c\ld be plac$ side by side1 _! total ?ickness w\ld n equal t ( a s+le %eet ( pap] ^u :i* ?is page is pr9t$4 ,mann] ( ,gr[?4 ,z ! cell increases 9 size z a result ( gr[?1 x elongates 9 "o direction1 & f9ally a new cell wall is =m$1 divid+ ! s-call$ "m-cell into two1 equal-siz$ daught]-cells4 ,?is process ( cell division1 kn[n z fission1 is cont9u$ until gr[? ceases & is especially *>act]i/ic ( bact]ia4 ,cell ,arrangem5t4 ,if fission goes on 9 ! same plane cont9ually1 x results 9 ! =mation ( a cell-r[4 ,a coccus =m+ su* a *a9 ( cells is call$ /repto-coccus 7*a9-coccus74 ,if only two cells coh]e1 x is call$ a diplo-coccus 7tw9-coccus74 ,if ! second cell division plane is =m$ at "r angles to ! fir/1 a cell surface or tetrad is =m$4 ,if gr[? takes place 9 ?ree dim5sions ( space1 a cell mass or s>c9a is produc$4 ,frequ5tly1 ^! cell aggregates coh]e s t5aci\sly t ?is arrangem5t is ( value 9 di/+ui%+ diff]5t species4 ,spores4 ,"s bact]ia possess ! prop]ty ( =m+ spores )9 ! "m cell 7call$ endospores1 fig4 #a;g7 t are analog\s 9 function to ! se$s ( high] plants & spores ( fungi4 ,by means ( ^! /ructures :i* are end[$ ) great] p[]s ( resi/ance ?an ! vegetat+ cell1 ! organism is able to protect itself f ! effect ( an unfavorable environm5t4 ,_m ( ! bacilli =m endospores b ! cocci d n4 ,x is ^! spore =ms t make x s difficult to ?or\ghly /]ilize milk4 ,movem5t4 ,_m bact]ia are unable to move f place to place4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a vibrat+ movem5t kn[n z ! ,br[nian motion t is purely physical4 ,_m o!r k9ds are end[$ ) p[]s ( locomotion4 ,motion is produc$ by means ( f9e ?read-l processes ( protoplasm kn[n z cilia 7s+4 cilium7 t are develop$ on ! out] surface ( ! cell4 ,by means ( ! rapid vibration ( ^! organs1 ! cell is propell$ ?r\gh ! m$ium4 ,ne>ly all cocci are immotile1 :ile ! bacilli may or may n be4 ,^! cilia are s delicate t x requires special treatm5t to demon/rate _! pres5ce4 ,classification4 ,9 classify+ or arrang+ ! diff]5t memb]s ( any gr\p ( liv+ objects1 c]ta9 simil>ities & dissimil>ities mu/ be consid]$4 ,^! are usually ^? t p]ta9 to ! /ructure & =m1 z su* are reg>d$ z mo/ con/ant4 ,) ! bact]ia ^! diff]5ces are s slight t !y alone d n suffice to di/+ui% di/9ctly "o species f ano!r4 ,z f> z ^! *>act]s c be us$1 !y are tak51 b 9 addition1 _m *>act]i/ics ( a physiological nature are add$4 ,! way t ! organism gr[s 9 diff]5t k9ds ( cultures1 ! by-products produc$ 9 diff]5t m$ia1 & effect on ! animal body :5 inject$ into ! same are also us$ z data 9 di/+ui%+ "o species f ano!r4 ,conditions favor+ bact]ial gr[?4 ,! bact]ia1 9 common ) all o!r liv+ organisms are affect$ by ext]nal conditions1 ei!r favorably or unfavorably4 ,c]ta9 conditions mu/ prevail be=e developm5t c occur4 ,?us1 ! organism mu/ be suppli$ ) an adequate & suitable food supply & ) moi/ure4 ,! temp]ature mu/ also range betwe5 c]ta9 limits1 & f9ally1 ! oxyg5 requirem5ts ( ! organism mu/ be consid]$4 ,food supply4 ,mo/ bact]ia are capable ( liv+ on dead1 in]t1 organic matt]1 su* z meats1 milk & vegetable mat]ial1 9 :i* case1 !y are kn[n z saprophytes4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ?is class is a small] gr\p kn[n z p>asites1 :i* d]ive _! n\ri%m5t f ! liv+ tissues ( animals or plants4 ,! fir/ gr\p comprise by f> ! l>g] numb] ( kn[n organisms :i* are conc]n$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! decomposition ( organic matt]4 ,! p>asitic gr\p includes ^? :i* are ! cause ( v>i\s communicable diseases4 ,betwe5 ^! two gr\ps !re is no %>p l9e ( division1 & 9 "s cases1 c]ta9 species possess ! faculty ( gr[+ ei!r z p>asites or saprophytes1 9 :i* case !y are kn[n z facultative p>asites or saprophytes4 ,! great majority ( bact]ia ( int]e/ 9 dairy+ belong to ! saprophytic class2 only ^? species capable ( infect+ milk ?r\gh ! developm5t ( disease 9 ! animal are p>asites 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,mo/ disease-produc+ species1 z diph!ria or typhoid fev]1 :ile p>asitic 9 man lead a saprophytic me?od ( life s f> z _! relation to milk is conc]n$4 ,bact]ia require = _! gr[?1 nitrog51 hydrog51 c>bon1 oxyg51 toge!r ) a limit$ am\nt ( m9]al matt]4 ,! nitrog5 & c>bon are mo/ available 9 ! =m ( organic comp\nds1 su* z album9\s mat]ial4 ,c>bon 9 ! =m ( c>bohydrates1 z sug> or />*1 is mo/ readily attack$ by bact]ia4 ,inasmu* z ! bact]ia are plant-cells1 !y mu/ imbibe _! food f mat]ial 9 solution4 ,!y are capable ( liv+ on solid sub/ances1 b 9 su* cases1 ! food elem5ts mu/ be r5d]$ soluble1 be=e !y c be appropriat$4 ,if nutritive liquids are too highly conc5trat$1 z 9 ! case ( syrups & cond5s$ milk1 bact]ia _c gr[ !re91 al?\gh all ! necess>y +r$i5ts may be pres5t4 ,g5]ally1 bact]ia pref] a neutral or slightly alkal9e m$ium1 r ?an "o ( acid reaction2 b !re are num]\s exceptions to ?is g5]al rule1 especially among ! bact]ia f\nd 9 milk4 ,temp]ature4 ,gr[? ( bact]ia c only occur )9 c]ta9 temp]ature limits1 ! extremes ( :i* are designat$ z ! m9imum & maximum4 ,bel[ & above ^! respective limits1 life may be reta9$ 9 ! cell = a "t1 b actual cell-multiplication is /opp$4 ,some:]e betwe5 ^! two c>d9al temp]ature po9ts1 & g5]ally ne>] ! maximum limit is ! mo/ favorable temp]ature = gr[?1 kn[n z ! optimum4 ,! temp]ature zone ( mo/ dairy bact]ia 9 :i* gr[? occurs ranges f #dj deg4-#de deg4 ,f4 to some:at above blood-heat1 #aje deg4-#aaj deg4 ,f41 ! optimum be+ f #hj deg4-#ie deg4 ,f4 ,_m p>asitic species1 because ( _! adaptation to ! bodies ( w>m-blood$ animals1 g5]ally h a n>r[] range1 & a high] optimum1 usually approximat+ ! blood heat 7#ih deg4-#ii deg4 ,f74 ,! broad] gr[? limits ( bact]ia 9 comp>ison ) o!r k9ds ( life expla9 :y ^! organisms are s widely di/ribut$ 9 nature4 ,air supply4 ,mo/ bact]ia require z d ! gre5 plants & animal life1 ! free oxyg5 ( ! air = _! respiration4 ,^! are call$ a]obic4 ,"s species1 h[ev]1 & "s yea/s z well possess ! peculi> prop]ty ( tak+ ! oxyg5 :i* !y ne$ f organic comp\nds su* z sug>1 etc41 & are !re=e able to live & gr[ "u conditions :]e ! atmosph]ic air is exclud$4 ,^! are kn[n z ana]obic4 ,:ile "s species gr[ /rictly "u "o condition or ! o!r1 & h5ce are obligate a]obes or ana]obes1 o!rs possess ! ability ( gr[+ "u ei!r condition & are kn[n z facultative or optional =ms4 ,! great majority ( milk bact]ia are ei!r obligate or facultative a]obes4 ,rate ( gr[?4 ,! rate ( bact]ial developm5t is naturally v mu* affect$ by ext]nal conditions1 food supply & temp]ature ex]t+ ! mo/ influ5ce4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! freez+ po9t b little gr[? occurs4 ,! rate increases ) a rise 9 temp]ature until at ! optimum po9t1 :i* is g5]ally ne> ! blood heat or slightly bel[ 7#ij deg4-#ih deg4 ,f471 a s+le cell w =m two cells 9 #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,if temp]ature rises mu* above blood heat rate ( gr[? is less5$ & f9ally ceases4 ,"u ideal conditions1 rapidity ( gr[? is a/\nd+1 b ?is initially rapid rate ( developm5t _c be ma9ta9$ indef9itely1 = gr[? is soon limit$ by ! accumulation ( by-products ( cell activity4 ,?us1 milk s\rs rapidly at ord9>y temp]atures until ! accumulation ( acid *ecks its developm5t4 ,detrim5tal effect ( ext]nal conditions4 ,environm5tal influ5ces ( a detrim5tal "* are con/antly at "w on bact]ia1 t5d+ to repress _! developm5t or de/roy !m4 ,^! act mu* m readily on ! vegetat+ cell ?an on ! m resi/ant spore4 ,a ?or\gh k ( ! effect ( ^! antagoni/ic =ces is ess5tial1 = x is (t5 by _! means t undesirable bact]ia may be kill$ out4 ,effect ( cold4 ,:ile x is true t *ill+ l>gely prev5ts f]m5tative action1 & actual freez+ /ops all gr[? processes1 /ill x does n foll[ t exposure to l[ temp]atures w effectually de/roy ! vitality ( bact]ia1 ev5 9 ! vegetative condition4 ,num]\s non-spore-be>+ species rema9 alive 9 ice = a prolong$ p]iod1 & rec5t exp]im5ts ) liquid air %[ t ev5 a temp]ature ( -#caj deg4 ,f4 = h\rs does n effectually kill all expos$ cells4 ,effect ( heat4 ,high temp]atures1 on ! o!r h&1 w de/roy any =m ( life1 :e!r 9 ! vegetative or lat5t /age4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! vitality ( ! cell is lo/ is kn[n z ! !rmal dea? po9t4 ,?is limit is n only dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! organism1 b v>ies ) ! "t ( exposure & ! condition 9 :i* ! heat is appli$4 ,9 a moi/ atmosph]e ! p5etrat+ p[] ( heat is great2 consequ5tly cell-dea? occurs at a l[] temp]ature ?an 9 a dry atmosph]e4 ,an increase 9 "t ( exposure l[]s ! temp]ature po9t at :i* dea? occurs4 ,= vegetat+ =ms ! !rmal dea? po9t ( mo/ bact]ia ranges f #acj deg4-#adj deg4 ,f4 :]e ! exposure is made = t5 m9utes :i* is ! /&>d arbitr>ily select$4 ,9 ! spore /age resi/ance is greatly increas$1 "s =ms be+ able to )/& /eam at #baj deg4-#bab deg4 ,f4 f "o to ?ree h\rs4 ,if dry heat is employ$1 #bfj deg4-#cjj deg4 ,f4 = an h\r is necess>y to kill spores4 ,:]e /eam is conf9$ "u pressure1 a temp]ature ( #bcj deg4-#bdj deg4 ,f4 = #ae-bj m9utes suffices to kill all spores4 ,dry+4 ,spore-be>+ bact]ia l an?rax )/& dry+ ) impunity2 ev5 tub]cul\s mat]ial1 al?\gh n possess+ spores reta9s its infecti\s prop]ties = _m mon?s4 ,mo/ ( ! dairy bact]ia d n produce spores1 & yet 9 a dry condition1 !y reta9 _! vitality unimpair$ = consid]able p]iods1 if !y are n subject$ to o!r detrim5tal influ5ces4 ,light4 ,bright sunlight ex]ts on _m species a p[]ful dis9fect+ action1 a few h\rs be+ suffici5t to de/roy all cells t are rea*$ by ! sun's rays4 ,ev5 diffus$ light has a simil> effect1 al?\gh naturally less m>k$4 ,! active rays 9 ?is dis9fect+ action are ^? ( ! *emical or violet end ( ! spectrum1 & n ! heat or r$ rays4 ,influ5ce ( *emical sub/ances4 ,a great _m *emical sub/ances ex]t a m or less p[]ful toxic action ( v>i\s k9ds ( life4 ,_m ( ^! are ( great s]vice 9 de/roy+ or hold+ bact]ial gr[? 9 *eck4 ,^? t are toxic & result 9 ! dea? ( ! cell are kn[n z dis9fectants2 ^? t m]ely inhibit1 or ret>d gr[? are kn[n z antiseptics4 ,all dis9fectants mu/ ( necessity be antiseptic 9 _! action1 b n all antiseptics are dis9fectants ev5 :5 us$ 9 /rong doses4 ,dis9fectants h no place 9 dairy "w1 except to de/roy disease bact]ia1 or pres]ve milk = analytical purposes4 ,corrosive sublimate or potassium bi*romate are mo/ frequ5tly us$ = ^! purposes4 ,! s-call$ *emical pres]vatives us$ to keep milk dep5d = _! effect on ! inhibition ( bact]ial gr[?4 ,) a sub/ance s viol5tly toxic z =maldehyde 7kn[n z =mal91 freez5e7 antiseptic doses are likely to be exce$$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry mo/ /ates prohibit ! use ( ^! sub/ances 9 milk4 ,_! only function 9 ! dairy %\ld be to *eck f]m5tative or putrefactive processes outside ( milk & s keep ! air free f ta9ts4 ,products ( gr[?4 ,all bact]ia 9 _! developm5t =m c]ta9 m or less *>act]i/ic by-products4 ,) mo/ dairy bact]ia1 ^! products are =m$ f ! decomposition ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! bact]ia may happ5 to live4 ,su* *anges are kn[n1 collectively1 z f]m5tations1 & are *>act]is$ by ! production ( a l>ge am\nt ( by-products1 z a result ( ! developm5t ( a relatively small am\nt ( cell-life4 ,! s\r+ ( milk1 ! =mation ( butyric acid1 ! mak+ ( v9eg> f cid]1 are all examples ( f]m5tative *anges4 ,) _m bact]ia1 especially ^? t affect proteid matt]1 f\l-smell+ gases are =m$4 ,^! are kn[n z putrefactive *anges4 ,all organic matt]1 "u ! action ( v>i\s organisms1 soon] or lat] und]goes decay1 & 9 diff]5t /ages ( ^! processes1 acids1 alkalies1 gases & num]\s o!r products are =m$4 ,_m ( ^! *anges 9 organic matt] occur only :5 su* mat]ial is br\ght 9 direct contact ) ! liv+ bact]ial cell4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 soluble1 non-vital f]m5ts kn[n z enzyms are produc$ by ! liv+ cell1 :i* are able to act on organic matt]1 9 a m$ium free f live cells1 or "u conditions :]e ! activity ( ! cell is :olly susp5d$4 ,^! enzyms are n conf9$ to bact]ia b are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! animal & plant _w1 especially 9 ^? processes t are conc]n$ 9 dige/ion4 ,among ! bett] kn[n ( ^! non-vital f]m5ts are r5net1 ! milk-curdl+ enzym2 dia/ase or ptyal9 ( ! saliva1 ! />*-conv]t+ enzym2 peps9 & tryps91 ! dige/ive f]m5ts ( ! animal body4 ,enzyms ( ^! types are frequ5tly f\nd among ! bact]ia & yea/s & x is by virtue ( ?is *>act]i/ic t ^! organisms are able to break d[n su* enorm\s quantities ( organic matt]4 ,mo/ ( ^! enzyms react t[>d heat1 cold & *emical poisons 9 a mann] q simil> to ! liv+ cells4 ,9 "o respect !y are readily diff]5tiat$1 & t is1 t practically all ( !m are capable ( produc+ _! *>act]i/ic *emical trans=mations "u anae/hetic conditions1 z 9 a saturat$ e!r or *lor(orm atmosph]e4 ,di/ribution ( bact]ia4 ,z bact]ia possess great] p[]s ( resi/ance ?an mo/ o!r =ms ( life1 !y are to be f\nd m widely di/ribut$ ?an any o!r type4 ,at ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e conditions p]mit ( _! gr[?1 !y are f\nd ev]y:]e1 except 9 ! heal?y tissues ( animals & plants4 ,9 ! sup]ficial soil lay]s1 !y exi/ 9 myriads1 z "h !y h abundance ( n\ri%m5t4 ,at ! dep? ( sev]al feet h[ev]1 !y dim9i% rapidly 9 numb]s1 & 9 ! deep] soil lay]s1 f six to t5 feet or m1 !y are n pres5t1 because ( ! unsuitable gr[? conditions4 ,! bact]ia are f\nd 9 ! air because ( _! developm5t 9 ! soil bel[4 ,!y are unable to gr[ ev5 9 a moi/ atmosph]e1 b are s readily dislodg$ by w9d curr5ts t ov] l& areas ! l[] /rata ( ! air always conta9 !m4 ,!y are m num]\s 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 city air conta9s l>g] numb]s ?an c\ntry air4 ,:]ev] dri$ fecal matt] is pres5t1 z 9 b>ns1 ! air conta9s _m =ms4 ,wat] conta9s g5]ally en\gh organic matt] 9 solution1 s t c]ta9 types ( bact]ial life f9d favorable gr[? conditions4 ,wat] 9 contact ) ! soil surface takes up _m impurities1 & is ( necessity ri* 9 microbes4 ,z ! ra9 wat] p]colates into ! soil1 x loses its g]m cont5t1 s t ! normal gr\nd wat]1 l ! deep] soil lay]s1 conta9s practically no bact]ial life4 ,spr+s !re=e are relatively defici5t 9 g]m life1 except z !y become infect$ ) soil organisms1 z ! wat] issues f ! soil4 ,wat] may s]ve to dissem9ate c]ta9 infecti\s diseases z typhoid fev] & *ol]a among human be+s1 & a numb] ( animal maladies4 ,:ile ! inn] tissues ( heal?y animals are free f bact]ia1 ! natural passages z ! respiratory & dige/ive tracts1 be+ 9 m direct contact ) ! ext]ior1 become m readily infect$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ) ref]5ce to ! inte/9al tract1 = 9 ! undige/$ residue1 bact]ial activity is at a maximum4 ,! result is t fecal matt] conta9s enorm\s numb]s ( organisms s t ! possibility ( pollution ( any food m$ium su* z milk ) su* mat]ial is sure to introduce elem5ts t s]i\sly affect ! quality ( ! product4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,bact]ia4 ,necessity ( bact]ial masses = /udy4 ,! bact]ia are s extremely small t x is impossible to /udy individual g]ms sep>ately )\t ! aid ( fir/-class microscopes4 ,= ?is reason1 b little advance 0 made 9 ! k ( ^! l[] =ms ( plant life1 until ! introduction ( culture me?ods1 :]eby a s+le organism c\ld be cultivat$ & ! prog5y ( ?is cell increas$ to su* an ext5t 9 a %ort c\rse ( "t1 t !y w\ld be visible to ! unaid$ eye4 ,?is is done by gr[+ ! bact]ia 9 masses on v>i\s k9ds ( food m$ia t are prep>$ = ! purpose1 b inasmu* z bact]ia are s univ]sally di/ribut$1 x becomes an impossibility to cultivate any special =m1 unless ! m$ium 9 :i* !y are gr[n is fir/ fre$ f all pre-exi/+ =ms ( g]m life4 ,to accompli% ?is1 x is necess>y to subject ! nutri5t m$ium to "s me?od ( /]ilization1 su* z heat or filtration1 :]eby all life is completely de/roy$ or elim9at$4 ,su* mat]ial aft] x has be5 r5d]$ g]m-free is kept 9 /]iliz$ glass tubes & flasks1 & is protect$ f infection by cotton /opp]s4 ,culture m$ia4 ,= culture m$ia1 _m diff]5t sub/ances are employ$4 ,9 fact1 bact]ia w gr[ on almo/ any organic sub/ance :e!r x is solid or fluid1 provid$ ! o!r ess5tial conditions ( gr[? are furni%$4 ,! food sub/ances t are us$ = culture purposes are divid$ into two classes2 solids & liquids4 ,solid m$ia may be ei!r p]man5tly solid l potatoes1 or !y may reta9 _! solid prop]ties only at c]ta9 temp]atures l gelat9 or ag>4 ,! latt] two are ( utmo/ importance 9 bact]iological rese>*1 = _! use1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,ko*1 p]mits ! sep>ation ( ! diff]5t =ms t may happ5 to be 9 any mixture4 ,gelat9 is us$ advantage\sly because ! majority ( bact]ia pres5t wid] diff]5ces due to gr[? ^u ?is m$ium ?an ^u any o!r4 ,x rema9s solid at ord9>y temp]atures1 becom+ liquid at ab\t #gj deg4 ,f4 ,ag>1 a gelat9\s product d]iv$ f a ,japanese sea-we$1 has a mu* high] melt+ po9t1 & c be successfully us$1 especially ) ^? organisms ^: optimum gr[? po9t is above ! melt+ po9t ( gelat94 ,besides ^! solid m$ia1 diff]5t liquid sub/ances are ext5sively us$1 su* z beef bro?1 milk1 & infusions ( v>i\s vegetable & animal tissues4 ,skim-milk is ( especial value 9 /udy+ ! milk bact]ia & may be us$ 9 its natural condition1 or a few drops ( litmus solution may be add$ 9 ord] to detect any *ange 9 its *emical reaction due to ! bact]ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a gelat9 plate culture %[+ appe>ance ( diff]5t organisms 9 a sample ( milk4 ,ea* mass repres5ts a bact]ial gr[? 7colony7 d]iv$ f a s+le cell4 ,diff]5t =ms react diff]5tly t[>d ! gelat91 "s liquefy+ ! same1 o!rs gr[+ 9 a re/rict$ mass4 a1 repres5ts a colony ( ! ord9>y bread mold2 b1 a liquefy+ bact]ium2 c1 & d1 solid =ms4 ,me?ods ( isolation4 ,suppose = in/ance "o wi%es to isolate ! diff]5t v>ieties ( bact]ia f\nd 9 milk4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,/]ile gelat9 9 glass tubes is melt$ & cool$ d[n s z to be b>ely w>m4 ,to ?is gelat9 :i* is g]m-free a drop ( milk is add$4 ,! gelat9 is !n g5tly %ak5 s z to ?or\ghly di/ribute ! milk p>ticles1 & p\r$ out into a /]ile flat glass di% & quickly cov]$4 ,?is is all[$ to /& on a cool surface until ! gelat9 h>d5s4 ,aft] ! culture plate has be5 left = tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs at ! prop] temp]ature1 t9y spots w beg9 to appe> on ! surface1 or 9 ! dep? ( ! culture m$ium4 ,^! pat*es are call$ colonies & are compos$ ( an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( individual g]ms1 ! result ( ! cont9u$ gr[? ( a s+le organism t 0 9 ! drop ( milk :i* 0 firmly held 9 place :5 ! gelat9 solidifi$4 ,! numb] ( ^! colonies repres5ts approximately ! numb] ( g]ms t 7 pres5t 9 ! milk drop4 ,if ! plate is n too ?ickly s[n ) ^! g]ms1 ! colonies w cont9ue to gr[ & increase 9 size1 & z !y d1 m9ute diff]5ces w beg9 to appe>4 ,^! diff]5ces may be 9 ! color1 ! cont\r & ! texture ( ! colony1 or ! mann] 9 :i* x acts t[>d gelat94 ,9 ord] to make sure t ! se$+ 9 n too copi\s s z to int]f]e ) cont9u$ /udy1 an att5uation is usually made4 ,?is consi/s 9 tak+ a drop ( ! infect$ gelat9 9 ! fir/ tube1 & transf]r+ x to ano!r tube ( /]ile m$ia4 ,usually ?is op]ation is repeat$ aga9 s t ^! culture plates are made ) diff]5t am\nts ( se$ ) ! expectation t 9 at lea/ "o plate ! se$+ w n be s ?ick z to prev5t fur!r /udy4 ,= transf]r+ ! culture a loop made ( plat9um wire is us$4 ,by pass+ ?is ?r\gh a gas flame1 x c be suffici5tly /]iliz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,pr(ile view ( gelat9 plate culture2 b1 a liquefy+ =m t dissolves ! gelat92 c & d1 surface colonies t d n liquefy ! gelat94 ,to fur!r /udy ! peculi>ities ( diff]5t g]ms1 ! sep>ate colonies are transf]r$ to o!r /]ile tubes ( culture mat]ial & ?us pure cultures ( ! v>i\s g]ms are secur$4 ,^! cultures !n s]ve z a basis = cont9u$ /udy & mu/ be plant$ & gr[n ^u all ! diff]5t k9ds ( m$ia t are obta9able4 ,9 ?is way ! slight v>iations 9 ! gr[? ( diff]5t =ms are detect$ & ! peculi> *>act]i/ics are det]m9$1 s t ! /ud5t is able to recognize ?is =m :5 he meets x aga94 ,^! culture me?ods are ( ess5tial importance 9 bact]iology1 z x is ! only way 9 :i* x is possible to secure a quantity ( g]ms ( ! same k9d4 ,! microscope 9 bact]ial inve/igation4 ,9 ord] to v]ify ! purity ( ! cultures1 ! microscope is 9 con/ant dem& ?r\gh\t all ! diff]5t /ages ( ! isolat+ process4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is ess5tial t ! in/rum5t us$ %all be "o ( /rong magnify+ p[]s 7#fjj-hjj diamet]s71 comb9$ ) %>p def9ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,pure cultures ( diff]5t k9ds ( bact]ia 9 gelat9 tubes4 a1 gr[? slight 9 ?is m$ium2 b1 gr[? copi\s at & ne> surface4 ,f9e p>allel filam5ts gr[+ out into m$ium liquefy+ at surface2 c1 a rapid liquefy+ =m2 d1 a gas-produc+ =m t gr[s equally well 9 l[] "p ( tube z at surface 7facultative ana]obe72 e1 an obligate ana]obe1 t develops only 9 abs5ce ( air4 ,! microscopical exam9ation ( any g]m is q z ess5tial z ! det]m9ation ( culture *>act]i/ics2 9 fact1 ! two mu/ g h& 9 h&4 ,! exam9ation reveals n only ! =m & size ( ! individual g]ms1 b ! mann] 9 :i* !y are unit$ ) ea* o!r1 z well z any peculi>ities ( movem5t t !y may possess4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! microscopical "p ( ! "w1 n only is ! organism exam9$ 9 a liv+ condition1 b prep>ations are made by us+ solutions ( anil9 dyes z /a9+ ag5ts4 ,^! are ( great s]vice 9 br++ out almo/ imp]ceptible diff]5ces4 ,! art ( /a9+ has be5 c>ri$ to ! highe/ degree ( p]fection 9 bact]iology1 especially 9 ! detection ( g]ms t are f\nd 9 diseas$ tissues 9 ! animal or human body4 ,9 /udy+ ! peculi>ities ( any special organism1 n only is x necess>y t ^! cultural & microscopical *>act]s %\ld be closely obs]v$1 b special exp]im5ts mu/ be c>ri$ out along diff]5t l9es1 9 ord] to det]m9e any special prop]ties t ! g]m may possess4 ,?us1 ! ability ( any =m to act z a f]m5tative organism c be te/$ by f]m5tation exp]im5ts2 ! prop]ty ( caus+ disease1 /udi$ by ! inoculation ( pure cultures into animals4 ,a great _m diff]5t me?ods h be5 devis$ = ! purpose ( /udy+ special *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t bact]ia1 b a full description ( ^! w\ld necess>ily be s l5g?y t 9 a "w ( ?is "* !y mu/ be omitt$4 ,= details ( ?is nature consult /&>d ref]5ce books on bact]iological te*nique4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,contam9ation ,,( ,,milk4 ,no m important lesson is to be le>n$ ?an t :i* relates to ! ways 9 :i* milk is contam9at$ ) g]m life ( v>i\s k9ds2 = if ^! s\rces ( infection are ?or\ghly recogniz$ !y c 9 l>ge measure be prev5t$1 & s ! tr\bles :i* !y eng5d] ov]come4 ,v>i\s organisms f9d 9 milk a cong5ial field = developm5t4 ,yea/s & "s fungi are capable ( gr[?1 b m p>ticul>ly ! bact]ia4 ,milk a suitable bact]ial food4 ,! read9ess ) :i* milk und]goes f]m5tative *anges indicates t x is well adapt$ to n\ri% bact]ial life4 ,n only does x conta9 all ! necess>y nutritive sub/ances b !y are dilut$ 9 prop] proportions s z to r5d] !m available = bact]ial z well z mammalian life4 ,( ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ! album5 is 9 readily assimilable =m4 ,! case91 be+ insoluble1 is n directly available1 until x is act$ ^u by proteid-dissolv+ enzyms l tryps9 :i* may be secret$ by bact]ia4 ,! fat is relatively resi/ant to *ange1 al?\gh a few =ms are capable ( decompos+ x4 ,milk sug>1 h[ev]1 is an admirable food = _m species1 acids & sometimes gases be+ g5]ally produc$4 ,condition :5 secret$4 ,:5 exam9$ "u normal conditions milk always reveals bact]ial life1 yet 9 ! secret+ cells ( ! udd] ( a heal?y c[ g]m life is n f\nd4 ,only :5 ! gl& is diseas$ are bact]ia f\nd 9 any abundance4 ,9 ! passage ( ! milk f ! secret+ cells to ! outside x receives its fir/ infection1 s t :5 drawn f ! animal x g5]ally conta9s a consid]able numb] ( organisms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,microscopic appe>ance ( milk %[+ relative size ( fat globules & bact]ia4 ,contam9ation ( milk4 ,f ?is "t until x is consum$ 9 "o =m or ano!r1 x is cont9ually subject$ to contam9ation4 ,! major "p ( ?is infection occurs :ile ! milk is on ! f>m & ! degree ( c>e :i* is ex]cis$ :ile ! product is 9 ! h&s ( ! milk produc] is ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! c\rse ( bact]ial *anges involv$4 ,?is ( c\rse does n exclude ! possibility ( contam9ation 9 ! factory1 b usually milk is s ?or\ghly se$$ by ! "t x rea*es ! factory t ! infection :i* occurs "h plays a relatively m9or role to t :i* happ5s e>li]4 ,! great majority ( ! organisms 9 milk are 9 no wise dang]\s to heal?1 b _m species are capable ( produc+ v>i\s f]m5tative *anges t injure ! quality ( ! product = butt] or *eese4 ,to be able to control abnormal *anges ( an undesirable "* "o mu/ "k ! s\rces ( infection :i* p]mit ( ! introduction ( ^! unwelcome intrud]s4 ,s\rces ( infection4 ,! bact]ial life t f9ds its way into milk :ile x is yet on ! f>m may be trac$ to sev]al s\rces1 :i* may be gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 unclean dairy ut5sils1 =e milk1 coat ( animal1 & g5]al atmosph]ic surr\nd+s4 ,! relative importance ( ^! v>i\s factors fluctuates 9 ea* individual in/ance4 ,dairy ut5sils4 ,( fir/ importance are ! vessels t are us$ dur+ milk+1 & also all /orage cans & o!r dairy ut5sils t come 9 contact ) ! milk aft] x is drawn4 ,by unclean ut5sils1 actually visible dirt ne$ n always be consid]$1 al?\gh su* mat]ial is (t5 pres5t 9 cracks & angles ( pails & cans4 ,unless cleans$ ) especial c>e1 ^! are apt to be fill$ ) f\l & decompos+ mat]ial t suffices to se$ ?or\ghly ! milk4 ,t9 ut5sils are be/4 ,:]e made ) jo9ts1 !y %\ld be well flu%$ ) sold] s z to be easily clean$ 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,9 mu* ( ! *eap] t9 w>e on ! m>ket1 ! sold]+ ( jo9ts & seams is v imp]fect1 af=d+ a place ( refuge = bact]ia & dirt4 ,cans are (t5 us$ :5 !y are 9 a condition :olly unsuitable = sanit>y h&l+ ( milk4 ,:5 ! t9 coat+ becomes brok5 & ! c is ru/y1 ! quality ( ! milk is (t5 pr(\ndly affect$4 ,olson#a ( ! ,wiscons9 ,/ation has %[n t ! action ( r5net is greatly impair$ :]e milk comes 9 contact ) a ru/y iron surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,) ! introduction ( ! =m or h& sep>ator a new milk ut5sil has be5 add$ to ^? previ\sly 9 use & "o :i* is v frequ5tly n well clean$4 ,:]e wat] is run ?r\gh ! ma*9e to r9se out ! milk p>ticles1 gross bact]ial contam9ation occurs & ! use ( ! ma*9e mu* increases ! g]m cont5t ( ! milk4 ,e "t ! sep>ator is us$ x %\ld be tak5 ap>t & ?or\ghly clean$ & dri$ be=e reassembl+4#b ,use ( milk-cans = transport+ factory by-products4 ,! g5]al cu/om ( us+ ! milk-cans to c>ry back to ! f>m ! factory by-products 7skim-milk or :ey7 has mu* 9 x t is to be deprecat$4 ,^! by-products are g5]ally ri* 9 bact]ial life1 m especially :]e ! close/ scrut9y is n giv5 to ! daily clean+ ( ! vats & tanks4 ,too frequ5tly ! cans are n clean$ imm$iately ^u arrival at ! f>m1 s t ! conditions are favorable = rapid f]m5tation4 ,_m ( ! ta9ts t bo!r factories are directly traceable to su* a cause4 ,a few dirty patrons w ?us s]i\sly infect ! :ole supply4 ,! responsibility = ?is defect %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be laid entirely ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! produc]4 ,! factory op]ator %\ld see t ! refuse mat]ial does n accumulate 9 ! wa/e vats f day to day & is n trans=m$ into a m or less putrid mass4 ,a dirty :ey tank is n an especially good object lesson to ! patron to keep 8 cans clean4 ,x is possible t abnormal f]m5tations or ev5 contagi\s diseases may ?us be dissem9at$4 ,suppose !re appe>s 9 a dairy an infecti\s milk tr\ble1 su* z bitt] milk4 ,?is milk is tak5 to ! factory & passes unnotic$ into ! g5]al milk-supply4 ,! skim-milk f ! sep>ator is ( c\rse infect$ ) ! g]m1 & if conditions favor its gr[?1 ! :ole lot soon becomes ta9t$4 ,if ?is wa/e product is return$ to ! diff]5t patrons 9 ! same cans t are us$ = ! fre% milk1 ! probabilities are /rongly 9 favor ( "s ( ! cans be+ contam9at$ & ?us infect+ ! milk supply ( ! patrons4 ,if ! organism is end[$ ) spores s t x c )/& unfavorable conditions1 ?is ta9t may be spread f patron to patron simply ?r\gh ! infection ( ! vessels t are us$ 9 ! transportation ( ! by-products4 ,connell has report$ j su* a case 9 a ,canadian *eese factory :]e an outbreak ( slimy milk 0 trac$ to infect$ :ey vats4 ,typhoid fev] among p1 foot & m\? disease & tub]culosis among /ock are n infrequ5tly spread 9 ?is way4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 portions ( ,g]many & "s /ates 9 ,am]ica1 compulsory heat+ ( factory by-products is practic$ to elim9ate ?is dang]4#c ,pollution ( cans f :ey tanks4 ,! dang] is great] 9 *eese factories ?an 9 cream]ies1 = :ey usually repres5ts a m advanc$ /age ( f]m5tation ?an skim-milk4 ,! high] temp]ature at :i* x is drawn facilitates m rapid bact]ial gr[?1 & ! conditions "u :i* x is /or$ 9 _m factories contribute to ! ease ) :i* f]m5tative *anges c g on 9 x4 ,(t5 ?is by-product is /or$ 9 wood5 ci/]ns or tanks1 situat$ bel[ gr\nd1 :]e x becomes impossible to clean !m out ?or\ghly4 ,a cu/om t is almo/ univ]sally foll[$ 9 ! ,swiss *eese factories1 "h 9 ?is c\ntry1 z 9 ,switz]l&1 is fully z repreh5sible z any dairy cu/om c\ld well be4 ,9 ,fig4 #g ! arrangem5t 9 vogue = ! disposal ( ! :ey is %[n4 ,! hot :ey is run out ?r\gh ! tr\gh f ! factory into ! l>ge tr\gh t is plac$ ov] ! r[ ( b>rels1 z se5 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,ea* patron ?us has allott$ to him 9 8 individual b>rel 8 portion ( ! :ey1 :i* he is suppos$ to remove day by day4 ,no attempt is made to clean out ^! receptacles1 & ! inevitable result is t !y become fill$ ) a f\l1 malodor\s liquid1 especially 9 summ]4 ,:5 su* mat]ial is tak5 home 9 ! same set ( cans t is us$ to br+ ! fre% milk 7twice a day z is ! usual cu/om 9 ,swiss factories71 x is no wond] t ?is indu/ry is s]i\sly h&icapp$ by gassy f]m5tations t injure mat]ially ! quality ( ! product4 ,n only is ! above dang] a v consid]able "o1 b ! quality ( ! factory by-product = fe$+ purposes1 :e!r x is skim-milk or :ey1 is impair$ ?r\gh ! developm5t ( f]m5tative *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,swiss *eese factory 7,wiscons971 %[+ c>eless way 9 :i* :ey is h&l$4 ,ea* patron's %>e is plac$ 9 a b>rel1 f :i* x is remov$ by him4 ,no attempt is made to cleanse ^! receptacles4 ,improv$ me?ods ( disposal ( by-products4 ,! difficulties :i* att5d ! di/ribution ( ^! factory by-products h l$ to diff]5t me?ods ( solution4 ,"o is to use ano!r sep>ate set ( receptacles to c>ry back ^! products to ! f>m4 ,?is me?od has be5 tri$1 & :ile x is deem$ impracticable by _m to h&le two sets ( vessels1 yet "s ( ! mo/ progressive factories report excell5t results :]e ?is me?od is 9 use4 ,l>ge b>rels c\ld be us$ = ?is purpose to economize 9 wagon space4 ,ano!r me?od t has met ) wid] acceptance1 especially 9 cream]ies1 is ! cu/om ( pa/euriz+ or scald+ ! skim-milk imm$iately aft] x is sep>at$1 s t x is return$ to ! f>m] 9 a hot condition4 ,9 factories :]e ! :ole milk is pa/euriz$1 fur!r treatm5t ( ! by-product is n necess>y4 ,9 mo/ factories /eam1 g5]ally exhau/1 is us$ directly 9 ! milk1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t su* milk1 )\t any cool+1 w keep sweet = a consid]able numb] ( h\rs long] ?an ! untreat$ product4 ,x is notewor?y t ! mo/ advanc$ & progressive factories are ! ones t appreciate ! value ( ?is "w1 & al?\gh x involves "s "t & exp5se1 exp]i5ce has %[n ! utility ( ! process 9 t a bett] grade ( milk is furni%$ by ! patrons ( factories :i* foll[ ?is practice4#d ,! exclusion ( all dang] ( animal or human disease is also possible 9 ?is way4 ,clean+ dairy ut5sils4 ,! ?or\gh clean+ ( all dairy app>atus t 9 any way comes 9 contact ) ! milk is "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal & important problems 9 dairy+4 ,all su* app>atus %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to p]mit ( easy clean+4 ,t9w>e1 pref]ably ( ! press$ v>iety1 gives ! be/ surface = ?is purpose & is be/ suit$ = ! h&l+ ( milk4 ,milk vessels %\ld nev] be all[$ to become dry :5 dirty1 = dri$ p>ticles ( milk residue are extremely difficult to remove4 ,9 clean+ dairy ut5sils !y %\ld fir/ be r9s$ 9 lukew>m in/ead ( hot wat]1 s z to remove organic matt] )\t coagulat+ ! milk4 ,!n wa% ?or\ghly 9 hot wat]1 us+ a good wa%+ p[d]4 ,! be/ wa%+ p[d]s possess consid]able dis9fect+ action4#e ,/rong alkalies %\ld n be us$4 ,aft] wa%+ r9se ?or\ghly 9 clean hot wat]4 ,if /eam is available1 z x always is 9 cream]ies1 cans & pails %\ld be turn$ ov] jet = a few mom5ts4 ,:ile a mom5t>y exposure w n suffice to completely /]ilize su* a vessel1 yet _m bact]ia are kill$ 9 ev5 a %ort exposure1 & ! cans dry m ?or\ghly & quickly :5 heat$ by /eam4 ,n only %\ld ! greate/ c>e be paid to ! condition ( ! cans & milk-pails1 b all dipp]s1 /ra9]s1 & o!r ut5sils t come 9 contact ) ! milk mu/ be kept equally clean4 ,clo? /ra9]s1 unless att5d$ to1 are objectionable1 = ! f9e me% ( ! clo? reta9s s mu* moi/ure t !y become a v]itable hot-b$ ( bact]ial life1 unless !y are daily boil$ or /eam$4 ,! inability to ?or\ghly r5d] vessels bact]ia-free ) ! conv5i5ces :i* are g5]ally to be f\nd on ! f>m has l$ 9 "s cases to ! cu/om ( wa%+ & /]iliz+ ! milk cans at ! factory4 ,g]m cont5t ( milk ut5sils4 ,naturally ! numb] ( bact]ia f\nd 9 diff]5t milk ut5sils aft] !y h receiv$ _! regul> clean+ w be subject to great fluctuations2 b1 nev]!less1 su* det]m9ations are ( value z giv+ a sci5tific f\ndation = practical me?ods ( improvem5t4 ,! foll[+ /udies may s]ve to indicate ! relative importance ( ! ut5sils z a factor 9 milk contam9ation4 ,two cans 7 tak51 "o ( :i* _h be5 clean$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 :ile ! o!r 0 /]iliz$ by /eam+4 ,be=e milk+1 ! udd] 0 ?or\ghly clean$ & special precautions tak5 to avoid rais+ ( du/2 ! =e milk 0 reject$4 ,milk drawn into ^! two cans %[$ ! foll[+ g]m cont5t3 ,no4 bact]ia ,h\rs be=e p] cc4 s\r+4 ,/eam$ pail #afe #bh-a_/b ,ord9>y pail #dbfe #bc ,h>rison#f has %[n h[ great a v>iation is 9 ! bact]ial cont5t 9 milk cans4 ,! ut5sils 7 r9s$ ) #ajj cc4 ( /]ile wat] & num]ical det]m9ations ( ?is r9s+ wat] made4 ,9 poorly clean$ cans1 ! av]age g]m cont5t 0 #ddb1jjj2 9 cans wa%$ 9 tepid wat] & !n scald$--! be/ f>m practice--#ed1jjj1 & 9 cans c>efully wa%$ & !n /eam$ = five m9utes1 #hhj4 ,ano!r me?od us$ by ! writ] is to wa% ! ut5sil ) #ajj cc4 /]ile wa% wat]1 us+ a /]ile swab to remove dirt4 ,!n repeat ! process twice or m ) fre% r9s+ wat]s1 mak+ plate cultures f ea*4 ,! foll[+ data 7 obta9$ f ?ree su* det]m9ations3 ,no4 bact]ia 9 diff]5t wa%+s4 ,total ,no4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 bact]ia4 #g1hjj1jjj #a1dej1jjj #di1jjj #i1bii1jjj #bhc1jjj #dc1djj #ce1jjj #cfa1djj #a1fhe1jjj #aje1jjj #fa1djj #a1hea1djj ,infection ( milk 9 udd] cavity4 ,a frequ5tly neglect$ b consid]able factor ( infection is t :i* is attributable to ! bact]ia :i* are pres5t 9 ! udd] & :i* are remov$ 9 l>ge numb]s dur+ ! milk+ process4 ,an exam9ation ( ! =e milk1 i4 e41 ! fir/ few /reams f ea* teat1 & t :i* is subsequ5tly )drawn1 g5]ally reveals a v mu* l>g] numb] ( organisms 9 ! =e milk4#g ,n infrequ5tly w ?is "p ( ! milk :5 drawn "u z c>eful conditions z possible1 conta9 sev]al score ?\s& organisms p] cc4 ,if successive bact]ial det]m9ations are made at diff]5t p]iods ( ! milk+1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 a m>k$ dim9ution is to be not$ aft] ! fir/ portion ( ! milk is remov$3 ,bact]ial cont5t at diff]5t p]iods ( milk+4 ,=e #bjj? #bjjj? #dcjj? #fejj? ,/ripp+s4 milk4 cc4 cc4 cc4 cc4 ,expt4 #a #f1ejj #a1gjj #dge #bbj #ge #e ,expt4 #b #h1ajj #a1fej #djj #bdj #ej #aj ,by "s obs]v]s x has be5 claim$ t x is possible to secure absolutely /]ile milk 9 ! /ripp+s b ?is is r>ely s4 ,x is q probable t su* report$ results are due to ! fact t too small quantities ( milk 7 us$ 9 ! exam9ations & s errone\s conclusions 7 drawn4 ,?is m>k$ dim9ution 9 numb]s indicates t ! l>g] proportion ( ! organisms f\nd 9 ! =e milk are pres5t 9 ! l[] portion ( ! udd] & milk ducts4 ,:5 consid]ation is giv5 to ! /ructure ( ! udd]1 x is readily app>5t t infection w be great] "h ?an above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,sectional view ( udd] %[+ teat ) milk duct connect+ ext]ior ) ! milk ci/]n4 ,milk s9uses are mo/ly %[n 9 cross section int]sp]s$ & bel[ ! secret+ tissue 7,moore & ,w>d74 ,! udd] is compos$ ( secret+ tissue 7gl& cells7 held 9 place by fibr\s connective tissue4 ,ramify+ ?r\gh\t ?is gl&ul> /ructure are num]\s *annels 7milk s9uses7 t s]ve to convey ! milk f ! cells :]e x is produc$ into ! milk ci/]n1 a common receptacle j above ! teats4 ,?is cavity is connect$ ) ! ext]ior ?r\gh ! milk duct 9 ! teat1 :i* is m or less tightly clos$ by ! circul> sph9ct] muscles1 ?us prev5t+ ! milk f fl[+ out4 ,! muc\s membranes ( ! milk duct & ci/]n are naturally moi/4 ,! habits ( ! animal r5d] x impossible to prev5t infection ( ! ext]nal op5+ at ! end ( ! teat & !re is no me*anical reason :y bact]ia _c readily f9d _! way along ! moi/ l9+ membrane = "s di/ance4 ,if organisms are adapt$ to ?is k9d ( an environm5t1 ideal conditions exi/ = _! multiplication1 z moi/ure1 w>m? & suitable food supply are pres5t4 ,! "q arises h[ f> up into ?is organ is p5etration possible8 ,)9 late ye>s num]\s obs]vations h be5 made on ! pres5ce ( organisms 9 ! upp] portion ( ! udd] 9 contact ) ! secret+ tissue4#h ,^! inve/igations prove t bact]ia are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! udd]1 al?\gh num]ically !y are mu* less abundant 9 ! region ( ! milk-secret+ tissue ?an 9 ! l[] portion4 ,w>d's conclusions are t milk :5 secret$ by ! gl&s ( a heal?y udd] is /]ile4 ,x may h[ev]1 imm$iately become contam9at$ by ! bact]ia :i* are normally pres5t 9 ! small] milk ducts ( ! udd]4 ,nature ( bact]ia 9 =e milk4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! numb] ( diff]5t species f\nd 9 ! =e milk is n l>ge1 & ( ^? :i* d appe> _m occur at only occasional int]vals4 ,moore#i 9 ! exam9ation ( #i udd]s f\nd #bj diff]5t =ms1 & ( ^! only #c species pr$om9at$1 all ( :i* prov$ to be micrococci4 ,/reptococci h also be5 q frequ5tly report$4 ,freud5rei*#aj f\nd ! mo/ common types to be cocci1 belong+ to bo? ! liquefy+ & non-liquefy+ class4 ,peptoniz+#aa & spore-be>+#ab species h also be5 report$ z well z gas-produc+#ac =ms alli$ to ! colon bacillus4 ,su* f9d+s are1 h[ev]1 due 9 all probability to accid5tal invasion4 ,mo/ inve/igators report ! abs5ce ( ! di/9ctively lactic-acid gr\p ( organisms4#ad ,orig9 ( bact]ia 9 udd]4 ,!re is no "q b t _m ( ! types ( bact]ia f\nd 9 ! udd] ga9 access f ! outside4 ,^? belong+ to ! spore-be>+1 dige/+ & inte/9al types h su* a favorable opportunity = introduction f outside & are s unlikely to h come directly f ! body ( ! animal1 t ! ext]nal s\rce ( infection is mu* m probable4 ,:e!r ?is explanation answ]s ! orig9 ( ! cocci t are s g5]ally f\nd 9 ! upp] portion ( ! udd] is que/ionable4 ,! /atem5t is ord9>ily made t ! inn] tissues ( heal?y organs are bact]ia-free1 b ! /udies ( ,=d#ae seem to indicate t #gj p] c5t4 ( su* organs1 remov$ "u aseptic conditions f gu9ea pigs1 rabbits1 dogs & cats conta9$ liv+ organisms4 ,o!rs h report$ simil> results 9 :i* cocci h be5 f\nd#af v simil> to ^? occurr+ 9 ! udd]4 ,^! f9d+s increase ! probability t ! orig9 ( ?is type is f ! blood4 ,! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 species 9 ! udd] = mon?s z not$ by ,w>d indicates possibility ( gr[? ( "s =ms at lea/4 ,/ock+#ag has %[n :]e c[s are n milk$ clean t ! g]m cont5t ( succe$+ milk+s is greatly increas$4 ,artificial introduction ( bact]ia into udd]4 ,if bact]ia are capable ( actually develop+ 9 ! udd] prop]1 x ought to be possible to easily demon/rate ?is by ! artificial introduction ( cultures4 ,9 a numb] ( cases#ah su* exp]im5ts h be5 made ) v>i\s saprophytic =ms1 su* z ,b4 prodigiosus1 lactic acid bacilli & o!rs4 ,9 no case has x appe>$ evid5t t actual gr[? has occurr$1 al?\gh ! introduc$ organism has be5 demon/rat$ 9 dim9i%+ numb]s = #e-f days4 ,ev5 ! common lactic acid g]m & a yell[ liquefy+ coccus isolat$ f ! =e milk fail$ to p]si/ = m ?an a few days :5 ?us artificially introduc$4 ,?is failure to colonize is inde$ curi\s & ne$s explanation4 ,is x due to unsuitable environm5tal conditions or attributable to ! g]micidal influ5ce ( ! milk8 ,v>i\s body fluids are kn[n to possess ! prop]ty ( de/roy+ bact]ia & x is claim$ by ,fokk]#ai t ?is same prop]ty 0 f\nd 9 fre%ly drawn milk4 ,?is peculi>ity has also be5 inve/igat$ by ,freud5rei*1#bj & ,hunzik]#ba :o f9d a simil> prop]ty4 ,no mat]ial increase 9 g]m cont5t takes place 9 milk = sev]al h\rs :5 *ill$ to #dj deg4-#gj deg4 ,f42 on ! o!r h& an actual1 b usually n a m>k$ decrease is obs]v$ = ab\t #f h\rs4 ,?is ph5om5on v>ies ) ! milk ( diff]5t c[s4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! cause ( ?is app>5t g]micidal action4 ,! "q is yet by no means satisfactorily settl$1 al?\gh ! facts on :i* ! hypo!sis is bas$ are n 9 controv]sy4 ,if su* a peculi>ity belongs to milk1 x is n at all improbable t x may s]ve to keep d[n ! g]m cont5t 9 ! udd]4 ,freud5rei*#bb f\nd t udd]s :i* 7 n exam9$ = "s "t aft] dea? %[$ abundant gr[?1 :i* fact he attribut$ to ! loss ( ?is g]micidal prop]ty4 ,! infection ( ! :ole milk c be mat]ially r$uc$ by reject+ ! =e milk1 b x is que/ionable :e!r su* rejection is wor? :ile1 except 9 ! case ( sanit>y dairies :]e milk is produc$ ) z l[ a g]m cont5t z possible4 ,! intr9sic loss 9 butt] fat 9 ! =e milk is inconsid]able z ! fir/ few /reams conta9 only ab\t "o-fif? ! normal fat cont5t4 ,infection ( milk aft] )drawal f animal4 ,! g]m cont5t ( ! milk1 :5 x is be+ drawn f ! animal is imm$iately increas$ ^u contact ) ! atmosph]e4 ,^! organisms are d]iv$ f ! surr\nd+ air & ! ut5sils 9 :i* ! milk is receiv$ & /or$4 ,! numb] ( organisms :i* f9d _! way into ! milk dep5ds l>gely ^u ! "* ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,bact]ia are s intimately associat$ ) dirt1 du/ & fil? ( all k9ds t :]ev] ! latt] are f\nd1 ! =m] are sure to be pres5t 9 abundance4 ,! mo/ important factors 9 ! infection ( ! milk aft] )drawal are ! pollution :i* is directly traceable to ! animal h]self & ! condition ( ! milk ut5sils4 ,=tunately bo? ( ^! s\rces ( contam9ation are capable ( be+ greatly m9imiz$ by m c>eful me?ods ( h&l+4 ,infection directly f ! c[4 ,x is a popul> belief t ! organisms f\nd 9 milk are d]iv$ f ! fe$ & wat] :i* ! c[ consumes1 ! same pass+ directly f ! inte/9al tract to ! milk by ! way ( ! blood circulation4 ,su* a view has no f\ndation 9 fact z bact]ia absorb$ into ! circulation are practically all de/roy$ 9 ! tissues by ! action ( ! body fluids & cells4#bc ,:ile organisms _c pass readily f ! inte/9e to ! udd]1 yet ?is mu/ n be int]pret$ z indicat+ t no att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! bact]ial "* ( ! mat]ial consum$4 ,! wat] supply giv5 %\ld be pure & :olesome & no decompos$ or spoil$ food %\ld be us$4 ,! infection traceable directly to ! c[ is modifi$ mat]ially by ! conditions "u :i* ! animal is kept & ! "* ( ! fe$ consum$4 ,! nature ( ! fecal matt] is 9 "p dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! food4 ,! m nitrog5\s rations ) :i* animals are n[ f$ leads to ! production ( s(t] fecal dis*>ges :i* is m likely to soil ! coat ( ! animal unless c>e is tak54 ,! same is true ) animals kept on pa/ure 9 comp>ison ) ^? f$ dry fodd]4 ,/all-f$ animals1 h[ev]1 are m likely to h _! flanks f\l$1 unless special att5tion is paid to ! removal ( ! manure4 ,all dairy /alls %\ld be provid$ ) a manure drop :i* %\ld be clean$ z frequ5tly z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,%[+ ! bact]ial contam9ation aris+ f hair4 ,^! hairs 7 all[$ to fall on a /]ile gelat9 surface4 ,! adh]5t bact]ia develop$ readily 9 ?is m$ium1 & ! numb] ( bact]ia ?us introduc$ into ! milk f ^! hairs c be e/imat$ by ! numb] ( develop+ colonies4 ,! animal h]self contributes mat]ially to ! quota ( g]m life f9d+ its way into ! milk ?r\gh ! dislodgm5t ( du/ & fil? p>ticles adh]+ to its hairy coat4 ,! nature ( ?is coat is su* z to favor ! ret5tion ( ^! p>ticles4 ,unless c>e is tak5 ! flanks & udd] become pollut$ ) fecal matt]1 :i* ^u dry+ is displac$ ) e movem5t ( ! animal4 ,e hair or dirt p>ticle s dislodg$ & f9d+ its way into ! milk-pail adds its quota ( organisms to ! liquid4 ,?is c be readily demon/rat$ by plac+ c['s hairs collect$ ) c>e on ! moi/ surface ( gelat9 culture plates4 ,almo/ inv>iably1 bact]ia w be f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s adh]+ to su* hairs z is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,dirt p>ticles are ev5 ri*] 9 g]m life4 ,n only is !re ! dislodgm5t ( hairs1 epi!lial scales & masses ( dirt & fil?1 b dur+ ! milk+ process1 z at all o!r times1 e motion ( ! animal is accompani$ by a %[] ( invisible p>ticles m or less teem+ ) bact]ial life4 ,! am\nt ( actual impurities f\nd 9 milk is (t5 consid]able & :5 x is rememb]$ t ab\t "o-half ( fre% manure dissolves 9 milk1#bd & ?us does n appe> z s$im5t1 ! pres5ce ( ?is undissolv$ residue bespeaks fil?y conditions z to milk+4 ,f actual te/s made1 x is comput$ t ! city ( ,b]l91 ,g]many consumes ab\t #cjj p\nds ( su* dirt & fil? daily4 ,r5k has laid d[n ! foll[+ rule ) ref]5ce to ?is insoluble dirt3 ,if a sample ( milk %[s any evid5ce ( impurity settl+ on a transp>5t bottom )9 two h\rs1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z too dirty = use4 ,:ile ! numb] ( organisms "h introduc$ is at all times l>ge1 ! "* ( ! species is ( ev5 great] import4 ,d]iv$ prim>ily f dirt & fecal matt]1 x is no wond] t su* =ms are able to produce v undesirable f]m5tative *anges4 ,influ5ce ( milk]4 ,! condition ( ! milk] is n to be ignor$ 9 det]m9+ all possible factors ( infection1 = :5 clo!d 9 ! du/-lad5 g>m5ts t h be5 worn all day1 a favorable opportunity = direct contam9ation is possible4 ,! fil?y practice ( wett+ ! h&s ) milk j be=e milk+ is to be condemn$4 ,! milk]'s h&s %\ld be wa%$ imm$iately be=e milk+ 9 clean wat] & dri$4 ,a p9* ( vasel9e on h&s is sometimes us$ to obta9 a firm] grasp & prev5ts ! ready dislodgm5t ( scales4#be ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! milk] may spread disease ?r\gh ! milk4 ,9 typhoid fev] & diph!ria1 ! g]ms (t5 rema9 9 ! sy/em = weeks & ?us make infection possible4 ,/ock+#bf has %[n t ! individual milk] ex]ts a pot5t influ5ce on ! total g]m cont5t ( milk1 ev5 :]e ! proc$ure is q ! same4 ,9 sanit>y dairies milk]s are usually clad 9 :ite duck suits4 ,milk+ by ma*9]y4 ,sev]al me*anical devices h be5 inv5t$ = milk+1 "s ( :i* h be5 te/$ bact]iologically z to _! effici5cy4 ,h>rison#bg has exam9$ ! ,?i/le ma*9e b f\nd a mu* high] g]m cont5t ?an ) h&-drawn milk4 ,! rec5t introduction ( ! ,burrel-,lawr5ce-,k5n$y ma*9e has l$ to num]\s te/s 9 :i* v satisfactory results h be5 obta9$4 ,if ! rubb] p>ts ( ! milk] are ?or\ghly clean$ & kept 9 lime wat] solution1 !y rema9 ne>ly /]ile4 ,:5 milk is prop]ly h&l$1 ! g]m cont5t may be greatly r$uc$4 ,r$uction 9 dirt & adh]5t bact]ia4 ,no factor ( contam9ation is s susceptible ( improvem5t z t :i* relates to ! r$uction 9 fil? & dirt :i* ga9s access dur+ & imm$iately subsequ5t to ! milk+4 ,! c>e :i* is tak5 to keep ! coat ( ! animal clean by groom+ less5s v mu* ! gross] portion ( su* contam9ation1 b ) a dry1 hairy coat1 f9e scales & du/ p>ticles mu/ ( necessity be dislodg$4#bh ,ord9>ily ! patron ?9ks all evid5ce ( su* dirt is remov$ if ! milk is /ra9$1 b ?is process only less5s ! difficulty2 x does n ov]come x4 ,v>i\s me?ods are 9 use1 ! effectiv5ess ( :i* is subject to consid]able v>iation4 ,"s ( ^! look to ! elim9ation ( ! bact]ia aft] !y are once introduc$ into ! milk2 o!rs to ! prev5tion ( infection 9 ! fir/ place4 #a4 ,/ra9+ ! milk4 ,mo/ ( ! visible1 solid p>ticles ( fil?1 su* z hairs1 dirt p>ticles1 etc41 c be remov$ by simple /ra9+1 ! "t-honor$ process ( purification4 ,z ord9>ily c>ri$ out1 ?is process (t5 contributes to in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! g]m life 9 milk4 ,! /ra9] clo?s unless wa%$ & ?or\ghly /]iliz$ by boil+ h>bor multitudes ( organisms f day to day & may ?us actually add to ! organisms pres5t4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 sugge/$ = ?is simple process1 b ! mo/ practical & effici5t /ra9] is t made ( f9e wire gauze to :i* is add$ #c-d lay]s ( *eese clo?1 ! :ole to set ov] ! /orage milk c4 #b4 ,filtration4 ,9 ,europe especially1 ! sy/em ( clean+ milk by filtration ?r\gh s&1 gravel & o!r sub/ances has be5 q ext5sively us$4 ,^! filt]s are built 9 sections & ! milk passes f bel[ upw>d4 ,! filt]+ sub/ance is wa%$ 9 hot wat] imm$iately aft] use & !n /eam$ & f9ally bak$4 ,:ile x is possible to remove ! solid impurities 9 ?is way1 ! g]m cont5t _c be greatly r$uc$4#bi ,cellulose filt]s h also be5 sugge/$#cj z an improvem5t ov] ! s& filt]s4 ,me?ods ( filtration ( ?is "* h n be5 us$ "u comm]cial conditions "h 9 ?is c\ntry4 #c4 ,cl>ification 9 sep>ator4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! cu/om has gr[n ( cl>ify+ milk or remov+ ! visible dirt by pass+ ! milk ?r\gh a c5trifugal sep>ator ! cream & skim milk be+ remix$ aft] sep>ation4 ,?is process naturally removes ! solid impurities z dirt1 hairs1 epi!lial scales & cells1 also "s ( ! case91 mak+ :at is kn[n z c5trifuge slime4 ,?is conglom]ate mass is incomp>ably ri* 9 g]m life & ! natural inf]5ce w\ld be t ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! milk w\ld be greatly r$uc$ by ?is proc$ure4 ,eckles & ,b>nes#ca not$ a r$uction ( #cg to #ef p] c5t4 ( ! bact]ia b o!rs h fail$ to obs]ve su* r$uctions4#cb ,?is condition is expla9$ by ! m ?or\gh break+ up ( ! bact]ial masses 9 ! process1 ?us app>5tly n r$uc+ !m 9 numb]s4 ,x is some:at surpris+ t 9 spite ( ! elim9ation ( mu* organic matt] & bact]ia1 su* cl>ifi$ milk s\rs z rapidly z ! untreat$ product4#cc ,! me*anical %ock ( sep>ation ruptures ! clu/]s ( fat globules & s delays cream+ & also less5s ! consi/5cy ( cream d]iv$ f su* milk4 ,?is practical disadvantage toge!r ) ! increas$ exp5se ( ! op]ation & ! failure to mat]ially enhance ! keep+ quality ( ! product outweigh ! advantage :i* might come f removal ( solid impurities :i* c be l>gely accompli%$ on ! f>m by effici5t /ra9+4 #d4 ,wa%+ ! udd]4 ,if a surface is moi/1 bact]ia adh]5t to x _c be dislodg$ by ord9>y movem5ts4 ,?us ! air ov] sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s or oceans is relatively devoid ( g]m life4 ,! me?od ( moi/5+ ! udd] is appli$ ) success to ! hairy coat ( ! animal ?us subs]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( clean+ ! animal & prev5t+ 9 l>ge measure ! cont9ual dislodgm5t ( du/ p>ticles4 ,aft] ^! p>ts h be5 well c>d$ to remove loose hairs & dirt p>ticles1 ! sk9 %\ld be ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) clean wat] & !n wip$4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ?is proc$ure less5s ! yield ( milk b ,eckles#cd concludes f exp]im5ts t :5 ! animal becomes accu/om$ to ?is treatm5t1 no noticeable *ange 9 am\nt ( milk or butt]-fat is produc$4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ?is me?od 9 r$uc+ ! actual am\nt ( dirt & fil? introduc$ into ! milk z well z ! great dim9ution 9 g]m life is %[n by ! in/ructive exp]im5ts ( ,fras]#ce :o f\nd t ! actual am\nt ( dirt dislodg$ f udd]s ( app>5tly clean animals dur+ ! milk+ process 0 ?ree & "o-half times z mu* z :5 ! c['s udd]s 7 wa%$4 ,f udd]s visibly pollut$ "o ounce ( su* fil? 0 remov$ 9 #bge p\nds ( milk1 :ile f c[s ^: udd]s _h be5 wa%$1 ! same am\nt ( dirt 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh #bd1jcj p\nds4 ,fras] obs]v$ z a result ( #dbj exam9ations t ! av]age g]m cont5t ( #d-;in* culture di%es "u clean b unwa%$ udd]s 0 #egh1 :ile "u wa%$ animals x 0 r$uc$ to #aib4 ,f num]\s te/s made 9 ! writ]'s laboratory1 x is evid5t t ! g]m cont5t ( ! milk 9 ! pail is increas$ f #bj1jjj-dj1jjj bact]ia p] m9ute dur+ ! milk+ p]iod4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( ?is pollution c be easily prev5t$ by clean+ & damp5+ ! udd]4 #e4 ,dim9i%+ expos$ surface ( pail4 ,! entrance ( organisms into ! milk c be greatly r$uc$ by less5+ ! area ( ! milk pail directly expos$ to ! du/ %[]4 ,a numb] ( s-call$ sanit>y or hygi5ic milk pails h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 "o case ! pail is small] at ! top ?an bottom1 b 9 mo/ ( !m ! common =m is kept & ! expos$ area is less5$ by means ( a cov]1 ! milk be+ receiv$ ?r\gh a n>r[] op5+4 ,9 "s cases1 /ra9]s are also int]pos$ s z to remove m effectually ! co>se p>ticles4 ,x is necess>y to h ^! cov]s & /ra9]s con/ruct$ 9 su* a way s !y c be easily remov$ & clean$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,sanit>y milk pails design$ to dim9i% ! introduction ( hairs1 scales1 dirt1 etc41 into milk4 ,/ock+ te/$ "o ( ^! pails 7,a1 ,fig4 #aj7 & f\nd t #fc p] c5t ( ! dirt & #bi p] c5t4 ( ! bact]ia 7 prev5t$ f pass+ into ! milk4 ,eckles exam9$ "o 9 :i* ! g]m cont5t 0 f\nd to be #cbjj p] cc4 z aga9/ #dcbjj p] cc4 9 a common op5 pail4 ,?is milk did n s\r until x 0 #fd h\rs old 9 ! fir/ case :ile 9 ! latt] x curdl$ 9 #dc h\rs4 ,air 9 b>n4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! b>n :]e ! milk+ is done may frequ5tly contribute consid]able infection4 ,g]m life is incapable ( developm5t 9 ! air1 b 9 a dri$ condition1 organisms may reta9 _! vitality = long p]iods4 ,any?+ :i* contributes to ! production ( du/ 9 ! /able & aids 9 ! /irr+ up ( ! same increases ! numb] ( organisms to be f\nd 9 ! air 7,fig4 #aa74 ,?us1 ! fe$+ ( dry fodd] & ! b$d+ ( animals ) /raw adds greatly to ! g]m life float+ 9 ! air4 ,du/ may v>y mu* 9 its g]m cont5t dep5d+ ^u its orig94 ,fras] f\nd ! du/ f corn meal to conta9 only ab\t "o-six? to "o-eigh? z mu* g]m life z t f hay or bran4#cf ,9 "t mo/ ( ^! du/ p>ticles settle to ! floor1 b :]e ! h]d is kept 9 ! b>n1 ! con/ant movem5t ( ! animals keeps ^! p>ticles m or less 9 motion4 ,mu* c be done by =e?\ght to less5 ! g]m cont5t ( /ables4 ,fe$+ dry fe$ %\ld n be done until aft] milk+4#cg ,9 "s ( ! bett] sanit>y dairies1 x is cu/om>y to h a special milk+ room t is arrang$ ) special ref]5ce to ! elim9ation ( all du/4 ,9 ?is way ?is s\rce ( infection may be q obviat$ z ! air ( a clean1 /ill room is relatively free f bact]ia1 especially if ! floor is moi/5$4 ,x has (t5 be5 not$ t ! milk ( /all-f$ animals does n keep z well z t milk$ out ( doors1 a condition 9 "p attributable to ! less5$ contam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,effect ( contam9at$ air4 ,! numb] ( spots indicate ! colonies t h develop$ f ! bact]ia :i* fell 9 #cj seconds on ! surface ( ! gelat9 plate 7#c in*es 9 diamet]74 ,?is exposure 0 made at "t ! c[s 7 f$4 ,relative importance ( diff]5t s\rces ( infection4 ,x is impossible to measure accurately ! influ5ce ( ! diff]5t s\rces ( infection z ^! are cont9ually subject to modification 9 ea* & e case4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 :]e milk is drawn & h&l$ )\t any special c>e1 ! ut5sils & ! animal contribute ! l>g] proportion ( dirt & bact]ia t f9d _! way into milk4 ,:]e ! mann] ( milk+ & h&l+ is design$ to exclude ! l>ge/ numb] ( organisms possible1 ! bact]ia appe>+ 9 ! =e milk make up ! major portion rema9+4 ,by putt+ into practice ! v>i\s sugge/ions t h be5 made ) ref]5ce to dim9i%+ ! bact]ial cont5t ( milk1 x is possible to greatly r$uce ! numb] ( organisms f\nd !re91 & at ! same "t mat]ially improve ! keep+ quality ( ! milk4 ,backhaus#ch e/imates t ! g]m life 9 milk c be easily r$uc$ to "o-two ?\s&? ( its orig9al numb] by us+ c>e 9 milk+4 ,he reports a s]ies ( exp]im5ts cov]+ two ye>s 9 :i* milk 0 secur$ t av]ag$ less ?an #aj1jjj bact]ia p] cc41 :ile t secur$ "u ord9>y conditions av]ag$ ov] #ejj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,bact]ial cont5t ( milk h&l$ 9 ord9>y way4 ,ea* spot repres5ts a colony gr[+ on gelat9 plate4 ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #ac1 :]e same quantity ( milk is us$ 9 mak+ culture4 ,ov] #ae1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 9 ?is milk4 ,fig4 #ac gives an illu/ration z to :at c>e 9 milk+ w d 9 ! way ( elim9at+ bact]ia4 ,fig4 #ab %[s a gelat9 plate se$$ ) ! same quantity ( milk t 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! culture indicat$ by ,fig4 #ac4 ,! fir/ plate 0 inoculat$ ) milk drawn "u good conditions1 ! g]m cont5t ( :i* 0 f\nd to be #ae1ejj bact]ia p] cc41 :ile ! sample secur$ "u z ne>ly aseptic conditions z possible 7,fig4 #ac7 conta9$ only #ccj organisms 9 ! same volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,bact]ial cont5t ( milk drawn ) c>e4 ,dim9i%$ g]m cont5t is %[n by small] numb] ( colonies 7#ccj bact]ia p] cc474 ,comp>e ?is culture ) t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,sanit>y or c]tifi$ milk4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s !re has be5 m or less g5]ally introduc$ into _m cities1 ! cu/om ( supply+ high grade milk t has be5 h&l$ 9 a way s z to dim9i% its g]m cont5t z mu* z possible4 ,milk ( ?is "* is frequ5tly kn[n z sanit>y1 hygi5ic or c]tifi$1 ! la/ t]m be+ us$ 9 connection ) a c]tification f vet]9>y au?orities or bo>ds ( heal? z to ! fre$om ( animals f contagi\s disease4 ,frequ5tly a num]ical bact]ial /&>d is exact$ z a pre-requisite to ! recomm5dation ( ! bo>d ( exam9+ physicians4 ,?us1 ! ,p$iatric ,society ( ,philadelphia requires all *ildr5's milk t receives its recomm5dation to h n m ?an #aj1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 ,su* a /&>d has its value 9 ! scrupul\s cleanl9ess t mu/ prevail 9 ord] to secure ^! results4 ,?is 9 itself is practically a gu>antee ( ! abs5ce ( ^? bact]ia liable to produce tr\ble 9 *ildr54 ,! numb] ( organisms f\nd 9 su* milks is surpris+ly l[ :5 comp>$ ) ord9>y milk4 ,naturally1 !re is consid]able fluctuation f day to day1 & occasionally ! g]m cont5t is increas$ to a high figure )\t any app>5t reason4 ,! av]age results ?\gh1 %[ a greatly r$uc$ numb] ( organisms4 ,de ,s*we9itz#ci f\nd 9 a ,wa%+ton dairy 9 #aac exam9ations ext5d+ ?r\gh\t a ye>1 an av]age ( #f1dhe bact]ia p] cc4 ,! daily analyses made ( ! ,walk]-,gordon supply sold 9 ,philadelphia = an entire ye>1 %[$ t ! milk almo/ always conta9$ less ?an #e1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 & on #abj days out ( ! ye> ! g]m cont5t 0 #a1jjj organisms p] cc4 or less4 ,f a practical po9t ( view1 ! improvem5t 9 quality ( sanit>y milk1 9 comp>ison ) ! ord9>y product is se5 9 ! enhanc$ keep+ quality4 ,dur+ ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #aijj1 milk & cream f sev]al su* dairies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 %ipp$ to ,p>is1 arriv+ 9 good condition aft] #ae to #ah days transit4 ,:5 milk has be5 h&l$ 9 su* a way1 x is evid5t t x is mu* bett] suit$ to s]ve z a food supply ?an :]e x has und]gone ! f]m5tative *anges incid5t to ! developm5t ( myriads ( organisms4 ,application ( =ego+ precautions to all milk produc]s4 ,milk is s susceptible to bact]ial *anges t x is necess>y to protect x f invasion1 if its orig9al purity is to be ma9ta9$1 & yet1 f a practical po9t ( view1 ! use to :i* x is de/9$ has mu* to d ) ! c>e necess>y to take 9 h&l+4 ,! effect ( ! bact]ial contam9ation ( milk dep5ds l>gely ^u ! way 9 :i* ! product is us$4 ,to ! milk-man engag$ 9 ! di/ribution ( milk = direct consumption1 all bact]ial life is m or less ( a detrim5t1 :ile to ! butt]-mak] & *eese-mak] "s =ms are a direct necessity4 ,x is unnecess>y & impracticable to require ! same degree ( c>e 9 h&l+ milk de/9$ to be work$ up into factory products z is done1 = in/ance1 9 sanit>y milk supplies1 b ?is fact %\ld n be int]pret$ to mean t ! c>e ( milk = factories is a matt] ( small consequ5ce4 ,9 fact no m important dairy problem exi/s1 & ! pur] & bett] ! quality ( ! raw mat]ial ! bett] ! product w be4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ) ref]5ce to *eese-mak+4 ,dairym5 h le>n$ _m lessons 9 ! sev]e s*ool ( exp]i5ce1 b x is e>ne/ly to be hop$ t future conditions w n be summ$ up 9 ! words ( ! em95t ,g]man dairy sci5ti/1 ,pr(4 ,fleis*mann1 :5 he says t all ! results ( sci5tific inve/igation :i* h f\nd su* great practical application 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 9 dis9fection1 & 9 ! pres]vation ( v>i\s products1 are almo/ entirely ignor$ 9 milk+4 ,gr[? ( bact]ia 9 milk4 ,milk is s well suit$ z a m$ium = ! developm5t ( g]m life t x might be expect$ t all microorganisms w\ld develop rapidly !re91 & yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 gr[? does n beg9 at once1 ev5 ?\gh ! milk may be ri*ly se$$4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures1 su* z #gj deg4 ,f41 no appreciable increase is to be not$ = a p]iod ( #f-i h\rs2 at l[] temp]atures 7#ed deg4 ,f47 ?is p]iod is prolong$ to #cj-dj h\rs or ev5 long]4 ,aft] ?is p]iod has elaps$1 active gr[? beg9s & cont9ues m or less rapidly until aft] curdl+4 ,! cause ( ?is susp5d$ developm5t is attribut$ to ! g]micidal prop]ties inh]5t to ! milk4#dj ,milk is ( c\rse se$$ ) a consid]able v>iety ( organisms at fir/4 ,! liquefy+ & in]t species are ! mo/ abundant1 ! di/9ctively lactic acid class occurr+ sp>sely1 if at all4 ,z milk increases 9 age1 g]m gr[? beg9s to occur4 ,m or less developm5t ( all types g on1 b soon ! lactic species ga9 ! asc5d5cy1 ow+ to _! be+ bett] suit$ to ?is environm5t2 !y soon out/rip all o!r species1 ) ! result t normal curdl+ g5]ally sup]v5es4 ,! gr[? ( ?is type is l>gely condition$ by ! pres5ce ( ! milk sug>4 ,if ! sug> is remov$ f milk by dialysis1 ! liquid und]goes putrefactive *anges due to ! fact t ! putrefactive bact]ia are able to gr[ if no acid is produc$4 ,relation ( temp]ature to gr[?4 ,:5 gr[? does once beg9 9 milk1 ! temp]ature at :i* x is /or$ ex]ts ! mo/ pr(\nd effect on ! rate ( developm5t4 ,:5 milk is n artificially cool$1 x reta9s its heat = "s h\rs1 & consequ5tly ! conditions become v favorable = ! rapid multiplication ( ! conta9$ organisms1 z is %[n 9 foll[+ results obta9$ by ,freud5rei*#da3 ,no4 ( bact]ia p] cc4 9 milk kept at diff]5t temp]atures4 #gg deg4 ,f4 #ie deg4 ,f4 #e hrs4 aft] milk+ #aj1jjj #cj1jjj #h #be1jjj #ab1jjj1jjj #ab #df1jjj #ce1bhj1jjj #bf #e1gjj1jjj #ej1jjj1jjj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,effect ( cool+ milk on ! gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,conn#db is incl9$ to reg>d temp]ature ( m significance 9 det]m9+ ! keep+ quality ?an ! orig9al infection ( ! milk itself4 ,milk :i* curdl$ 9 #ah h\rs at #ih deg4 ,f41 did n curdle 9 #dh h\rs at #gj deg41 & (t5 did n *ange 9 two weeks1 if ! temp]ature 0 kept at #ej deg4 ,f4 ,:]e kept = a consid]able p]iod at ?is l[ temp]ature1 ! milk becomes fill$ ) bact]ia ( ! undesirable putrefactive type1 ! lactic gr\p be+ unable to =m acid 9 any appreciable am\nts4 ,runn+ well wat] c be us$ = cool+1 if x is possible to secure x at a temp]ature ( #dh deg4-#ej deg4 ,f4 ,! use ( ice1 ( c\rse1 gives bett] results1 & 9 summ] is greatly to be desir$4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! l[]$ temp]atures makes x possible to %ip milk long di/ances#dc by rail = city supplies1 if ! temp]ature is kept l[ dur+ transit4 ,mix+ night & morn+ milk4 ,n infrequ5tly x happ5s :5 old milk is mix$ ) new1 t ! c\rse ( ! f]m5tative *anges is m rapid ?an w\ld h be5 ! case if ! two milks _h be5 kept ap>t4 ,?us1 add+ ! cool$ night milk to ! w>m morn+ milk sometimes produces m rapid *anges 9 bo?4 ,! explanation = ?is (t5 imp]fectly und]/ood ph5om5on is t g]m gr[? may h gone on 9 ! cool$ milk1 & :5 ?is mat]ial is add$ to ! w>m]1 b bact]ia-poor1 fre% milk1 ! temp]ature ( ! :ole mass is rais$ to a po9t suitable = ! m rapid gr[? ( all bact]ia ?an w\ld h occurr$ if ! old] milk _h be5 kept *ill$4 ,numb] ( bact]ia 9 milk4 ,! numb] ( organisms f\nd 9 milk dep5ds ^u 7#a7 ! orig9al am\nt ( contam9ation1 7#b7 ! age ( ! milk1 & 7#c7 ! temp]ature at :i* x has be5 held4 ,^! factors all fluctuate greatly 9 diff]5t cases2 consequ5tly1 ! g]m life is subject to exce$+ly wide v>iations4 ,"h 9 ,am]ica1 milk rea*es ! consum] ) less bact]ia ?an 9 ,europe1 al?\gh x may (t5 be old]4 ,?is is due l>gely to ! m wide-spread use ( ice = *ill+ ! milk en r\te to m>ket4 ,exam9ations h be5 made ( v>i\s supplies ) ! foll[+ results3 ,s$gwick & ,bat*eld] f\nd 9 #eg te/s ( ,bo/on milk f #cj1jjj-d1bbj1jjj p] cc4 ,jordan & ,he9eman f\nd #cj ( samples ( ,*icago milk to range f #ajj1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj :ile ne>ly "o half 7 f #a-bj1jjj1jjj p] cc4 ,! g]m cont5t ( city milks increase rapidly 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,p>k#dd f\nd #bej1jjj organisms p] cc4 9 w9t]1 ab\t #a1jjj1jjj 9 cool wea!r & #e1jjj1jjj p] cc4 9 hot summ] wea!r4 ,knox & ,bassett 9 ,baltimore report #a1ejj1jjj 9 spr+ & ne>ly #d1ejj1jjj 9 summ]4 ,eckles#de /udi$ milk "u factory conditions4 ,he f9ds f #a1jjj1jjj to #e1jjj1jjj p] cc4 9 w9t]1 & 9 summ] f #ae-cj millions4 ,bact]ial /&>ds = city supplies4 ,x w\ld be v desirable to h a hygi5ic /&>d = city milk supplies1 z !re is a butt] fat & milk-solid te/1 b ! wide spread v>iation 9 g]m cont5t & ! impracticability ( utiliz+ ord9>y bact]ial det]m9ations 7on acc\nt ( "t requir$7 makes ! selection ( su* a /&>d difficult4 ,"s hold1 z ,p>k1 t su* a /&>d is feasible4 ,! ,new ,york ,city ,milk commission has set a /&>d ( #cj1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 = _! c]tifi$ milk & #ajj1jjj p] cc4 = inspect$ milk4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 has attempt$ ! en=cem5t ( su* a /&>d 7limit1 #ajj1jjj p] cc47 ) good results x is claim$ :ile ,bo/on has plac$ ! legal limit at #ejj1jjj p] cc4 ,quantitative /&>ds w\ld seem m applicable to c]tifi$ or sanit>y supplies ?an to g5]al city supplies1 :]e ! wide range 9 conditions lead to su* enorm\s v>iations t ! bact]ial /&>d seems too ref9$ a me?od = practical r\t9e inspection4 ,o!r te/s4 ,any te/ to be ( mu* s]vice mu/ be capable ( be+ quickly appli$4 ,! writ] believes = city milk inspectors t ! acid te/ w\ld s]ve a v useful purpose4 ,?is te/ measures ! acidity ( ! milk4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no close & direct relation%ip betwe5 ! developm5t ( acidity & ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 yet 9 a g5]al way "o foll[s ! o!r at normal temp]atures4 ,:]e ! temp]ature is kept r l[1 bact]ial gr[? might g on )\t mu* acid developm5t1 b 9 ! great majority ( cases a high degree ( acidity means ei!r old milk1 9 :i* !re has be5 a long p]iod ( incubation1 or high temp]ature1 :]e rapid bact]ial gr[? has be5 possible4 ,ei!r ( ^! conditions enc\rages g]m gr[? & ?us impairs ! quality ( ! milk4 ,! rapid det]m9ation ( acidity may be made 9 an approximate mann] s z to s]ve z a te/ at ! weigh-c or intake4 ,! te/ is be/ made by ! use ( ! well kn[n alkal9e tablet :i* is compos$ ( a solid alkali1 & ! indicator1 ph5olph?ale94 ,! tablets are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 "o to ea* ounce us$4 ,a numb] ( :ite cups are fill$ ) ! prop] quantity ( ! solution necess>y to neutralize say1 #j4b p] c5t4 lactic acid4 ,!n1 z ! milk is deliv]$1 ! prop] quantity is tak5 f ea* c to :i* is add$ ! tablet solution4 ,a ret5tion ( ! p9k color %[s t !re is n suffici5t acid 9 ! milk to neutralize ! alkali us$2 a disappe>ance ( color indicates an excess ( acid4 ,! /&>d select$ is ( c\rse arbitr>ily *os54 ,9 our exp]i5ce1 #j4b p] c5t4 acidity 7figur$ z lactic71 has prov5 a satisfactory po9t4 ,) c>efully h&l$ milk ! acidity ought to be r$uc$ to ab\t #j4ae p] c5t4 ,! acidity ( ! milk may be abnormally r$uc$ if milk is kept 9 ru/y cans1 ow+ to action ( acid on ! metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,app>atus us$ 9 mak+ rapid acid te/4 ,a def9ite quantity ( ! alkali solution & indicator is plac$ 9 ! :ite tea cup4 ,to ?is is add$ ! quantity ( milk by means ( ! c>tridge measure :i* w\ld j be neutraliz$ if ! acidity 0 #j4b p] c5t4 ,a ret5tion ( ! p9k color %[s a l[ acid milk2 its disappe>ance1 a high acid milk4 ,k9ds ( bact]ia 9 milk4 ,! numb] ( bact]ia 9 milk is n ( s mu* consequ5ce z ! k9ds pres5t4 ,) ref]5ce to ! numb] ( diff]5t species1 ! m dirt & =eign matt] ! milk conta9s1 ! l>g] ! numb] ( v>ieties f\nd 9 ! same4 ,:ile milk may conta9 =ms t are injuri\s to man1 /ill ! great majority ( !m h no app>5t effect on human heal?4 ,9 _! effect on milk1 ! case is mu* diff]5t4 ,dep5d+ ^u _! action 9 milk1 !y may be gr\p$ into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,in]t gr\p1 ^? produc+ no visible *ange 9 ! milk4 #b4 ,s\r milk =ms1 ^? break+ up ! milk sug> ) or )\t ! =mation ( gas4 #c4 ,dige/+ or peptoniz+ gr\p1 ^? capable ( r5d]+ ! case9 ( milk soluble & m or less completely dige/$4 ,a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( bact]ia t are f\nd 9 milk belong to ! fir/ class4 ,und\bt$ly !y affect ! *emical *>act]i/ics ( ! milk some:at1 b n to ! ext5t t x becomes physically p]ceptible4 ,eckles#df reports 9 a cream]y supply f #bj to #ee p] c5t4 ( entire flora z includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,by f> ! mo/ important gr\p is t embrac$ "u ! second head4 ,x includes n only ! true lactic acid types 9 :i* no gas is =m$1 b ^? species capable ( produc+ gases & v>i\s k9ds ( acids4 ,^! organisms are ! di/9ctively milk bact]ia1 al?\gh !y d n pr$om9ate :5 ! milk is fir/ drawn4 ,_! adaptation to ?is m$ium is normally %[n1 h[ev]1 by ?is extremely rapid gr[?1 9 :i* !y soon ga9 ! asc5d5cy ov] all o!r species pres5t4 ,x is to ?is lactic acid class t ! favorable flavor-produc+ organisms belong :i* are conc]n$ 9 butt]-mak+4 ,!y are also indisp5sable 9 *eese-mak+4 ,! ?ird class repres5ts ^? capable ( produc+ a liquefi$ or dige/$ condition on gelat9 or 9 milk4 ,!y are usually ! spore-be>+ species :i* ga9 access f fil? & dirt4 ,_! high p[]s ( resi/ance due to spores makes x difficult to eradicate ?is type1 al?\gh !y are mat]ially held 9 subjection by ! lactic bact]ia4 ,! numb] ( diff]5t k9ds t h be5 f\nd 9 milk is q consid]able1 some?+ ov] #bjj species hav+ be5 describ$ m or less ?or\ghly4 ,9 all probability1 h[ev]1 _m ( ^! =ms w be f\nd to be id5tical :5 !y are subject$ to a m critical /udy4 ,direct absorption ( ta9ts4 ,a ta9t$ condition 9 milk may result f ! developm5t ( bact]ia1 act+ ^u v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! milk1 & trans=m+ ^! 9 su* a way z to produce by-products t impair ! flavor or appe>ance ( ! liquid2 or x may be produc$ by ! milk be+ br\ght 9 contact ) any odorif]\s or aromatic sub/ance1 "u conditions t p]mit ( ! direct absorption ( su* odors4 ,?is latt] class ( ta9ts is entirely indep5d5t ( bact]ial action1 & is l>gely attributable to ! physical prop]ty :i* milk possesses ( be+ able to absorb volatile odors1 ! fat 9 p>ticul>1 hav+ a great aff9ity = _m ( ^! sub/ances4 ,?is direct absorption may occur be=e ! milk is )drawn f ! animal1 or aft]w>ds if expos$ to /rong odors4 ,x is n uncommon = ! milk ( animals advanc$ 9 lactation to h a m or less /rongly m>k$ odor & ta/e2 sometimes ?is is apt to be bitt]1 at o!r times salty to ! ta/e4 ,x is a defect t is peculi> to individual animals & is liable to recur at approximately ! same p]iod 9 lactation4 ,! peculi> c[y or animal odor ( fre% milk is an inh]5t peculi>ity t is due to ! direct absorption ( volatile elem5ts f ! animal h]self4 ,?is condition is v mu* exagg]at$ :5 ! animal consumes /rong-flavor$ sub/ances z g>lic1 leeks1 turnips & cabbage4 ,! volatile sub/ances t give to ^! vegetables _! *>act]i/ic odor are quickly diffus$ ?r\gh ! sy/em1 & if su* foods are consum$ "s few h\rs be=e milk+1 ! odor 9 ! milk w be mo/ pron\nc$4 ,! int5sity ( su* ta9ts is dim9i%$ greatly & (t5 :olly disappe>s1 if ! milk+ is n done = "s h\rs 7#h-ab7 aft] su* foods are consum$4 ,?is same pr9ciple applies 9 less] degree to _m gre5 fodd]s t are m suitable z fe$ = animals1 z silage1 gre5 rye1 rape1 etc4 ,n infrequ5tly1 su* fodd]s z ^! produce s /rong a ta9t 9 milk z to r5d] x useless = human use4 ,tr\bles f su* s\rces c\ld be entirely obviat$ by fe$+ limit$ quantities ( su* mat]ial imm$iately aft] milk+4 ,"u su* conditions ! ta9t produc$ is usually elim9at$ be=e ! next milk+4 ,! milk ( swill-f$ c[s is said to possess a peculi> ta/e1 & ! ur9e ( animals f$ on ?is food is said to be abnormally acid4 ,brew]s' gra9s & di/ill]y slops :5 f$ 9 excess also induce a simil> condition 9 ! milk4 ,milk may also acquire o!r ?an volatile sub/ances directly f ! animal1 z 9 cases :]e drugs1 z belladonna1 ca/or oil1 sulfur1 turp5t9e1 jalap1 croton oil1 & _m o!rs h be5 us$ z m$ic9e4 ,su* m9]al poisons z ars5ic h be5 kn[n to appe> eight h\rs aft] +e/ion1 & p]si/ = a p]iod ( ?ree weeks be=e be+ elim9at$4 ,absorption ( odors aft] milk+4 ,if milk is br\ght 9 contact ) /rong odors aft] be+ drawn f ! animal1 x w absorb !m readily1 z 9 ! b>n1 :]e frequ5tly x is expos$ to ! odor ( manure & o!r f]m5t+ organic matt]4 ,x has long be5 a popul> belief t milk evolves odors & _c absorb !m s long z x is w>m] ?an ! surr\nd+ air1 b f exp]im5tal evid5ce1 ! writ]#dg has def9itely %[n t ! direct absorption ( odors takes place mu* m rapidly :5 ! milk is w>m ?an :5 cold1 al?\gh "u ei!r condition1 x absorbs volatile sub/ances ) consid]able avidity4 ,9 ?is te/ fre% milk 0 expos$ to an atmosph]e impregnat$ ) odors ( v>i\s ess5tial oils & o!r odor-be>+ sub/ances4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! cool] milk 0 ta9t$ v mu* less ?an ! milk at body temp]ature ev5 :]e ! p]iod ( exposure 0 brief4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t an exposure 9 ! c[ b>n :]e ! volatile emanations f ! animals !mselves & _! excreta ta9t ! air w (t5 result 9 ! absorption ( ^! odors by ! milk to su* an ext5t z to s]i\sly affect ! flavor4 ,! cu/om ( /ra9+ ! milk 9 ! b>n has long be5 deprecat$ z inconsi/5t ) prop] dairy practice1 & 9 ! light ( ! above exp]im5ts1 an additional reason is evid5t :y ?is %\ld n be done4 ,ev5 aft] milk is ?or\ghly cool$1 x may absorb odors z se5 :]e ! same is /or$ 9 a refrig]ator ) c]ta9 fruits1 meats1 fi%1 etc4 ,di/+ui%+ bact]ial f non-bact]ial ta9ts4 ,9 p]fectly fre% milk1 x is relatively easy to di/+ui% betwe5 ta9ts caus$ by ! gr[? ( bact]ia & ^? attributable to direct absorption4 ,if ! ta9t is evid5t at "t ( milk+1 x is 9 all probability due to "* ( fe$ consum$1 or possibly to m$ic9es4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! int5sity ( ! ta9t gr[s m pron\nc$ z ! milk becomes old]1 !n x is probably due to liv+ organisms1 :i* require a c]ta9 p]iod ( incubation be=e _! f]m5tative prop]ties are mo/ evid5t4 ,moreov]1 if ! difficulty is ( bact]ial orig91 x c be frequ5tly transf]r$ to ano!r lot ( milk 7heat$ or /]iliz$ is pref]able7 by inoculat+ same ) "s ( ! orig9al milk4 ,n all abnormal f]m5tations are able ?\gh to compete ) ! lactic acid bact]ia1 & h5ce outbreaks ( ?is sort soon die out by ! re-e/abli%m5t ( m normal conditions4 ,treatm5t ( directly absorb$ ta9ts4 ,mu* c be done to ov]come ta9ts ( ?is nature by ex]cis+ great] c>e 9 reg>d to ! fe$ ( animals1 & especially z to ! "t ( fe$+ & milk+4 ,b ) milk already ta9t$1 x is (t5 possible to mat]ially improve its condition4 ,?or\gh a]ation has be5 frequ5tly recomm5d$1 b mo/ satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ :]e a comb9$ process ( a]ation & pa/eurization 0 resort$ to4 ,:]e ! milk is us$ 9 mak+ butt]1 ! difficulty has be5 successfully met by wa%+ ! cream ) twice its volume ( hot wat] 9 :i* a little saltpet] has be5 dissolv$ 7"o teaspoonful p] gallon71 & !n sep>at+ x aga94#dh ,! treatm5t ( abnormal conditions due to bact]ia has be5 giv5 already "u ! respective s\rces ( infection1 & is also /ill fur!r amplifi$ 9 foll[+ *apt]4 ,a]ation4 ,x is a common belief t a]ation is ( great aid 9 improv+ ! quality ( milk1 yet1 :5 closely /udi$1 no mat]ial improvem5t c be det]m9$1 ei!r :]e ! milk is made into butt] or sold z milk4 ,dean 9 ,canada & ,/or* 9 ,d5m>k h bo? exp]im5t$ on ! influ5ce ( a]ation 9 butt] mak+1 b ) negative results4 ,m>%all & ,doane fail$ to obs]ve any mat]ial improvem5t 9 keep+ quality1 b x is true t odors are elim9at$ f ! milk dur+ a]ation4 ,! infection ( ! milk dur+ a]ation (t5 m ?an c\nt]balances ! reput$ advantage4 ,especially is ?is s if ! a]ation is c>ri$ out 9 an atmosph]e t is n p]fectly clean & pure4 ,9 practice a]ation diff]s greatly4 ,9 "s cases1 air is =c$ into ! milk2 9 o!rs1 ! milk is all[$ to di/ribute itself 9 a ?9 %eet ov] a broad surface & fall "s di/ance s t x is br\ght intimately 9 contact ) ! air4 ,?is latt] process is c]ta9ly mu* m effective if c>ri$ out "u conditions :i* preclude infection4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a]ation is frequ5tly comb9$ ) cool+1 9 :i* case ! reput$ advantages may n be entirely attributable to ! process ( a]ation4 ,infection ( milk 9 ! factory4 ,! problem ( prop] h&l+ ( milk is n entirely solv$ :5 ! milk is deliv]$ to ! factory or cream]y1 al?\gh x might be said t ! dang] ( infection is mu* great] :ile ! milk is on ! f>m4 ,9 ! factory1 infection c be m9imiz$ because effective measures ( cleanl9ess c be m easily appli$4 ,/eam is available 9 mo/ cases1 s t all vats1 cans1 *urns & pails c be ?or\ghly scald$4 ,special emphasis %\ld be giv5 to ! matt] ( clean+ pumps & pipes4 ,! difficulty ( keep+ ^! ut5sils clean (t5 leads to neglect & subsequ5t infection4 ,9 ,swiss *eese factories1 ! cu/om ( us+ home-made r5net solutions is responsible = consid]able factory infection4 ,natural r5nets are soak$ 9 :ey :i* is kept w>m 9 ord] to extract ! r5net f]m5t4 ,?is solution :5 us$ = curdl+ ! milk (t5 adds undesirable yea/s & o!r gas-g5]at+ organisms1 :i* are lat] ! cause ( abnormal f]m5t action 9 ! *eese 7,see page #ahf74 ,! influ5ce ( ! air on ! g]m cont5t ( ! milk is1 z a rule1 ov]e/imat$4 ,if ! air is quiet1 & free f du/1 ! am\nt ( g]m life 9 ! same is n relatively l>ge4 ,9 a cream]y or factory1 infection f ?is s\rce ought to be mu* r$uc$1 = ! reason t ! floors & wall are1 z a rule1 q damp1 & h5ce g]m life _c easily be dislodg$4 ,! majority ( organisms f\nd "u su* conditions come f ! p]son ( ! op]ators & att5dants4 ,any infection c easily be prev5t$ by hav+ ! rip5+ cream-vats cov]$ ) a canvas clo?4 ,! clo?+ ( ! op]ator %\ld be diff]5t f ! ord9>y we>+-app>el4 ,if made ( :ite duck1 ! pres5ce ( dirt is m quickly recogniz$1 & great] c>e w !re=e be tak5 ?an if ord9>y clo!s are worn4 ,! surr\nd+s ( ! factory h mu* to d ) ! dang] ( g]m infection4 ,_m factories are poorly con/ruct$ & ! dra9age is poor1 s t fil? & slime collect ab\t & especially "u ! factory4 ,! emanations f ^! give ! peculi> factory odor t indicates f]m5t+ matt]4 ,n only are ^! odors absorb$ directly1 b g]m life f ! same is apt to f9d its way into ! milk4 ,connell#di has rec5tly report$ a s]i\s defect 9 *eese t 0 trac$ to g]m infection f defective factory dra9s4 ,! wat] supply ( a factory is also a "q ( prime importance4 ,:5 tak5 f a %all[ well1 especially if surface dra9age f ! factory is possible1 ! wat] may be contam9at$ to su* an ext5t z to introduce undesirable bact]ia 9 su* numb]s t ! normal c\rse ( f]m5tation may be *ang$4 ,! quality ( ! wat]1 aside f flavor1 c be be/ det]m9$ by mak+ a curd te/ 7p4 #gf7 :i* is done by add+ "s ( ! wat] to boil$ milk & incubat+ ! same4 ,if gassy f]m5tations occur1 x signifies an abnormal condition4 ,9 deep wells1 pump$ z ?or\ghly z is g5]ally ! case ) factory wells1 ! g]m cont5t %\ld be v l[1 rang+ f a few score to a few hundr$ bact]ia p] cc4 at mo/4 ,h>rison#ej has rec5tly trac$ an (f-flavor 9 *eese 9 a ,canadian factory to an infection aris+ f ! wat]-supply4 ,he f\nd ! same g]m 9 bo? wat] & *eese & by inoculat+ a culture into pa/euriz$ milk succe$$ 9 produc+ ! undesirable flavor4 ,! dang] f ice is mu* less1 = ! reason t good dairy practice does n sanction us+ ice directly 9 contact ) milk or cream4 ,!n1 too1 ice is l>gely purifi$ 9 ! process ( freez+1 al?\gh if secur$ f a pollut$ s\rce1 reliance %\ld n be plac$ 9 ! me?od ( purification2 = ev5 freez+ does n de/roy all vegetat+ bact]ia4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,olson4 #bd ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aijg4 #b ,erf & ,melick ,bull4 #aca1 ,kan4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,apr4 #aije4 #c ,/or* 7#dj ,rept4 ,dani% ,expt4 ,/at41 ,cop5hag51 #ahih7 has devis$ a te/ :]eby x c be det]m9$ :e!r ?is treatm5t has be5 c>ri$ out or n3 ,milk conta9s a soluble enzym kn[n z galactase :i* has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ hydrog5 p]oxid4 ,if milk is heat$ to #agf deg4 ,f4 7#hj deg4 ,c47 or above1 ?is enzym is de/roy$ s t ! above reaction no long] takes place4 ,if potassium iodid & />* are add$ to unheat$ milk & ! same treat$ ) hydrog5 p]oxid1 ! decomposition ( ! latt] ag5t releases oxyg5 :i* acts on ! potassium salt1 :i* 9 turn gives (f free iod9e t turns ! />* blue4 #d ,mc,kay1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prod4 ,rev41 ,m*4 #bb1 #ahii4 #e ,doane1 ,bull4 #gi1 ,md4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,jan4 #aijb4 #f ,h>rison1 #bb ,rept4 ,ont4 ,agr'l ,coll41 #ahif1 p4 #aac4 #g ,moore & ,w>d1 ,bull4 #aeh1 ,cornell ,expt4 ,/at41 ,jan4 #ahii2 ,w>d1 ,bull4 #agh1 ,cornell ,expt4 ,/at41 ,jan4 #aijj4 #h ,h>rison1 #bb ,rept4 ,ont4 ,agr4 ,coll41 #ahif1 p4 #ajh2 ,moore1 #ab ,rept4 ,bur4 ,animal ,ind41 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,ag41 #ahie-f1 p4 #bfa4 #i ,moore1 ,bact]ia 9 ,milk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dept4 ,ag41 #aijb4 #aj ,freud5rei*1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #aj3 #dah1 #aijc4 #aa ,h>rison1 #bb ,rept4 ,ont4 ,agr4 ,coll41 #ahif1 p4 #ajh4 #ab ,m>%all1 ,bull4 #adg1 ,mi*4 ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #db4 #ac ,moore & ,w>d1 ,bull4 #aeh1 ,cornell ,expt4 ,/at41 ,jan4 #ahii4 #ad ,burr1 ,r4 ,h4 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #h3 #bcf1 #aijb4 ,freud5rei*1 l4 c4 p4 #dah4 ,w>d1 ,bull4 #agh1 ,cornell ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #bgg4 ,bolley 7,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #a3 #gie1 #ahie71 9 #cj exp]im5ts f\nd #ab out ( #af species to belong to lactic class4 ,h>rison 7,trans4 ,c4 ,in/41 #g3 #dgd1 #aijb-c7 records ! lactic type z mo/ commonly pres5t4 #ae ,=d1 ,j\rn4 ( ,hyg41 #aija1 #a3 #bgg4 #af ,freud5rei*1 l4 c4 p4 #dba4 #ag ,/ock+1 ,bull4 #db1 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 ,june1 #aijf4 #ah ,d9widdie1 ,bull1 #de ,ark4 ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #eg4 ,w>d1 ,j\rn4 ,appld4 ,mic4 #a3 #bje1 #ahih4 ,appel1 ,mil* ,zeit41 ,no4 #ag1 #aijj4 ,h>rison & ,cumm+1 ,j\rn4 ,appld4 ,mic4 #e3 #bjhg4 ,russell & ,ha/+s1 #ba ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aeh1 #aijd4 #ai ,fokk]1 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #i3 #da1 #ahij4 #bj ,freud5rei*1 ,ann4 de ,microg41 #c3 #aah1 #ahia4 #ba ,hunzik]1 ,bull4 #aig1 ,cornell ,expt4 ,/at41 ,dec4 #aija4 #bb ,freud5rei*1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #aj3 #dag1 #aijc4 #bc ,?is g5]al /atem5t is 9 ! ma9 correct1 al?\gh ,=d 7,j\rn4 ( ,hyg41 #a3 #bgg1 #aija7 claims to h f\nd organisms sp>+ly pres5t 9 heal?y tissues4 #bd ,backhaus1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #bf3 #ceg1 #ahig4 #be ,freud5rei*1 ,die ,bakt]iologie1 p4 #cj4 #bf ,/ock+1 ,bull4 #db1 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 ,june #aijf4 #bg ,h>rison1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #e3 #ahc1 #ahii4 #bh ,drysdale1 ,trans4 ,high4 & ,agr4 ,soc4 ,scotl&4 #e ,s]ies1 #aj3 #aff1 #ahih4 #bi ,s*uppan1 7,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 #ac3 #aee1 #ahic7 claims to h f\nd a r$uction ( #dh p] c5t4 9 ! ,cop5hag5 filt]s :ile 9 ! m ext5d$ "w ( ,dunb> & ,ki/] 7,mil* ,zeit41 pp4 #gec1 #ghg1 #ahii7 ! bact]ial cont5t 0 high] 9 ! filt]$ milk 9 #ag cases out ( #bb4 #cj ,backhaus & ,cronheim1 ,j\rn4 f4 ,l&w41 #de3 #bbb1 #ahig4 #ca ,eckles & ,b>nes1 ,bull4 #aei ,i[a ,expt4 ,/at41 ,aug4 #aija4 #cb ,dunb> & ,ki/]1 ,mil* ,zeit41 p4 #gec1 #ahii4 ,h>rison & ,/reit1 ,trans4 ,c4 ,in/41 #g3 #dhh1 #aijb-c4 #cc ,doane1 ,bull4 #hh ,md4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,may #aijc4 #cd ,eckles1 ,ho>d's ,dairyman1 ,july #h1 #ahih4 #ce ,fras]1 ,bull4 #ia1 ,ill4 ,expt4 ,/at4 #cf ,fras]1 ,bull4 #ia1 ,ill4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,dec4 #aijc4 #cg ,/ock+1 ,bull4 #db1 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 ,june1 #aijf4 #ch ,backhaus4 ,b]4 ,l&w4 ,in/4 ,univ4 ,ko5igsb]g #b3 #ab1 #ahig4 #ci ,de ,s*we9itz1 ,nat4 ,m$4 ,rev41 ,april1 #ahii4 #dj ,conn1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,am]4 ,bact]iologi/s1 #aijb4 #da ,freud5rei*1 ,ann4 de ,microg41 #b3aae1 #ahij4 #db ,conn1 ,bull4 #bf1 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at4 #dc ,new ,york ,city is suppli$ ) milk t is %ipp$ #cej miles4 #dd ,p>k1 ,n4 ,y4 ,univ4 ,bull41 #a3 #he1 #aija4 #de ,eckles1 ,bull4 #ei1 ,i[a ,expt4 ,/at41 ,aug4 #aija4 #df ,eckles1 ,bull4 #ei1 ,i[a ,expt4 ,/at41 ,aug4 #aija4 #dg ,russell1 #ae ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at4 #ahih1 p4 #ajd4 #dh ,alvord1 ,circ4 ,no4 #i1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 7,div4 ( ,bot474 #di ,connell1 ,rept4 ( ,commission] ( ,agr41 ,canada1 #ahig1 "p ,,xvi1 p4 #ae4 #ej ,h>rison1 ,ho>d's ,dairyman1 ,m>* #d1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,f]m5tations ,,9 ,,milk ,,& ,,_! ,,treatm5t4 ,"u ! conditions 9 :i* milk is drawn1 x is practically impossible to secure ! same )\t bact]ial contam9ation4 ,! result ( ! introduction ( ^! organisms (t5 *anges its "* mat]ially z mo/ bact]ia cause ! production ( m or less pron\nc$ f]m5tative processes4 ,"u normal conditions1 milk s\rs1 i4 e41 develops lactic acid1 b at times ?is m common f]m5tation may be replac$ by o!r *anges :i* are m>k$ by ! production ( "s o!r m or less undesirable flavor1 odor or *ange 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ref]r+ to ^! *anges1 x is usually cu/om>y to designate !m aft] ! mo/ prom95t by-product =m$1 b x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t g5]ally "s o!r decomposition products are usually produc$4 ,:e!r ! organisms produc+ ?is or t s]ies ( *anges prevail or n dep5ds ^u ! initial se$+1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! milk is kept4 ,ord9>ily1 ! lactic acid organisms gr[ s luxuriantly 9 ! milk t !y ov]p[] all competitors & s det]m9e ! nature ( ! f]m5tation2 b occasionally ! milk becomes infect$ ) o!r types ( bact]ia 9 relatively l>ge numb]s & ! conditions may be especially suitable to ! developm5t ( ^! =ms1 !reby modify+ ! c\rse ( ! normal *anges t occur4 ,! k9ds ( bact]ia t f9d x possible to develop 9 milk may be includ$ "u two heads3 #a4 ,^? :i* cause no appreciable *ange 9 ! milk1 ei!r 9 ta/e1 odor or appe>ance4 ,:ile ^! are frequ5tly designat$ z ! in]t bact]ia1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y h absolutely no effect on milk4 ,x is probably true 9 mo/ cases t slight *anges ( a *emical nature are produc$1 b ! nature ( ! *anges d n p]mit ( ready recognition4 #b4 ,?is class embraces all ^? organisms :i*1 z a result ( _! gr[?1 are capable ( produc+ evid5t *anges4 ,^! trans=mations may be su* z to affect ! ta/e1 z 9 ! s\r milk or 9 ! bitt] f]m5tations1 or ! odor1 z 9 "s ( ! fetid *anges1 or ! appe>ance ( ! milk1 z 9 ! slimy & color *anges lat] describ$4 ,s\r+ ( milk4 ,ord9>ily if milk is all[$ to /& = sev]al days at ord9>y temp]atures x turns s\r4 ,?is is due to ! =mation ( lactic acid1 :i* is produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! milk-sug>4 ,:ile ?is *ange is well nigh univ]sal1 x does n occur )\t a pre-exi/+ cause1 & t is ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 liv+ bact]ial =ms4 ,^! organisms develop 9 milk ) great rapidity1 & ! decomposition *anges t are not$ 9 s\r+ are due to ! by-products ( _! developm5t4 ,! milk-sug> und]goes f]m5tation1 ! *ief product be+ lactic acid1 al?\gh v>i\s o!r by-products1 z o!r organic acids 7acetic1 =mic & succ9ic71 diff]5t alcohols & gase\s products1 z ,,co#b1 ,h1 ,n & me?ane 7,,*#d7 are produc$ 9 small am\nts4 ,9 ?is f]m5tation1 ! acidity beg9s to be evid5t to ! ta/e :5 x rea*es ab\t #j4c p] c5t41 calculat$ z lactic acid4 ,z ! =mation ( acid goes on1 ! case9 is precipitat$ & incipi5t curdl+ or lobb]+ ( ! milk occurs4 ,?is beg9s to be app>5t :5 ! acidity is ab\t #j4d p] c5t41 b ! curd becomes m solid ) increas+ acidity4 ,! rapidity ( curdl+ is also dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature ( ! milk4 ,?us milk :i* at ord9>y temp]atures might rema9 fluid (t5 curdles :5 heat$4 ,! gr[? ( ! bact]ia is cont9u$ until ab\t #j4h to #a4j p] c5t4 acid is =m$1 al?\gh ! maximum am\nt fluctuates consid]ably ) diff]5t lactic acid species4 ,fur!r =mation !n ceases ev5 ?\gh all ( ! milk-sug> is n us$ up1 because ( ! inability ( ! lactic bact]ia to cont9ue _! gr[? 9 su* acid solutions4 ,z ?is acidity is really 9 ! milk s]um1 cream nev] develops s mu* acid z milk1 because a l>g] proportion ( its volume is made up ( butt]-fat globules4 ,?is fact mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! rip5+ ( cream 9 butt]-mak+ :]e ! p] c5t4 ( fat is subject to wide fluctuations4 ,! =mation ( lactic acid is a *>act]i/ic t is possess$ by a l>ge numb] ( bact]ia1 micrococci z well z bacilli be+ num]\sly repres5t$4 ,/ill ! prepond]ance ( evid5ce is 9 favor ( ! view t a few types are responsible = mo/ ( ^! *anges4 ,! mo/ common type f\nd 9 spontane\sly s\r$ milk *anges ! milk-sug> into lactic acid )\t ! production ( any gas4 ,?is type has be5 describ$ by v>i\s work]s on ,european z well z ,am]ican milks1 & is designat$ by ,conn z ! ,bact4 lactis acidi type4#ea ,x is subject to consid]able v>iation "u diff]5t conditions4 ,curi\sly en\gh if milk :i* has be5 drawn ) special c>e is exam9$ imm$iately aft] milk+1 ! lactic organisms are n usually f\nd4 ,!y are incapable ( developm5t 9 ! udd] itself1 z %[n by injections into ! milk ci/]n4 ,!y ab\nd1 h[ev]1 on hay1 9 du/1 9 ! b>n air1 on ! hairy coat ( ! animal1 & f ^! s\rces easily ga9 access to ! milk4 ,9 ?is m$ium !y f9d an exceptionally favorable environm5t & soon beg9 a v rapid gr[?1 s t by ! "t milk is consum$1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( milk or milk products1 !y make up num]ically ! l>g] portion ( ! bact]ia pres5t4 ,ano!r widely dissem9at$1 al?\gh num]ically less preval5t1 type is ,b4 lactis a]og5es4 ,?is type =ms gas 9 milk s t ! s\r$ milk is torn by ! pres5ce ( gas bubbles4 ,x also gr[s m luxuriantly 9 contact ) ! air4 ,o!r types occur m or less sporadically1 "s ( :i* are capable ( liquefy+ ! case9 ( milk :ile at ! same "t !y also develop lactic acid4 ,conn & ,aikman ref] to ! fact t ov] "o hundr$ species capable ( produc+ v>iable quantities ( lactic acid are already kn[n4 ,x is fair to presume1 h[ev]1 t a c>eful comp>ative /udy ( ^! w\ld %[ t simply racial diff]5ces exi/ 9 _m cases1 & !re=e1 t !y are n di/9ct species4 ,z a gr\p ^! bact]ia are *>act]iz$ by _! inability to liquefy gelat9 or develop spores4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is latt] *>act]i/ic !y are easily de/roy$ :5 milk is pa/euriz$4 ,!y live "u a]obic or ana]obic conditions1 _m ( !m be+ able to gr[ 9 ei!r environm5t1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,mc,donnell1#eb !y are m virul5t :5 air is n exclud$4 ,:ile gr[? ( ^! lactic =ms may g on 9 milk ?r\gh\t a relatively wide range 9 temp]ature1 appreciable quantities ( acid are n produc$ except v sl[ly at temp]atures bel[ #ej deg4 ,f4#ec ,f ! /&po9t ( frequ5cy ! mo/ common abnormal *anges t occur 9 milk are ^? 9 :i* gases ( v>y+ "* are develop$ 9 connection ) acids1 f ! milk sug>4 ,o!r volatile products imp>t+ bad flavors usually accompany gas production4 ,^! f]m5tations are ( mo/ s]i\s import 9 ! *eese indu/ry1 z !y are especially prone to develop 9 ! manufacture ( milk into c]ta9 types ( *eese4 ,n (t5 is _! developm5t s rapid t !y appe> 9 ! milk :ile x is yet 9 ! h&s ( ! milk produc]1 b almo/ inv>iably ! introduction ( ! causal organisms takes place :ile ! milk is on ! f>m4 ,num]\s v>ieties ( bact]ia possess ?is prop]ty ( produc+ gas 7,h & ,,co#b are mo/ common al?\gh ,n & me?ane 7,,*#d7 are sometimes produc$74 ,! m common =ms are ^? repres5t$ by ,b4 lactis a]og5es & ! common fecal type1 ,b4 coli commune4 ,! ord9>y habitat ( ?is type is dirt & inte/9al fil?4 ,h5ce c>eless me?ods ( milk h&l+ invite ?is type ( abnormal *ange 9 milk4 ,x is a wide-spread belief t ?und] /orms cause milk to s\r prematurely1 b ?is idea has no sci5tific f\ndation4 ,exp]im5ts#ed ) ! electric sp>k1 ozone & l\d detonations %[ no effect on acid developm5t1 b ! atmosph]ic conditions usually incid5t to a ?und] /orm are su* z p]mit ( a m rapid gr[? ( organisms4 ,!re is no reason to believe b t ! ph5om5on ( s\r+ is :olly relat$ to ! developm5t ( bact]ia4 ,/]ile milks are nev] affect$ by ! action ( electric /orms4 ,gassy milks4 ,:]e ^! gas bact]ia ab\nd1 ! am\nt ( lactic acid is g5]ally r$uc$1 due to ! splitt+ up ( "s ( ! sug> into gase\s products4 ,?is type ( g]m life does n seem to be able to develop well 9 ! pres5ce ( ! typical lactic acid non gas-=m+ bact]ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,*eese made f gassy milk4 ,sweet curdl+ & dige/+ f]m5tations4 ,n infrequ5tly milk1 in/ead ( und]go+ spontane\s s\r+1 curdles 9 a weakly acid or neutral condition1 9 :i* /ate x is said to h und]gone sweet curdl+4 ,! coagulation ( ! milk is caus$ by ! action ( enzyms ( a r5net type t are =m$ by ! gr[? ( v>i\s species ( bact]ia4 ,lat] ! :ey sep>ates m or less p]fectly f ! curd1 produc+ a :ey$ (f condition4 ,g5]ally ! coagulum 9 ^! cases is s(t & some:at slimy4 ,! curd usually dim9i%es 9 bulk1 due to ! gradual dige/ion or peptonization ( ! case9 by proteid-dissolv+ enzyms 7tryptic type7 t are also produc$ by ! bact]ia caus+ ! *ange4 ,a l>ge numb] ( bact]ia possess ! prop]ty ( affect+ milk 9 ?is way4 ,s f> z kn[n !y are able to liquefy gelat9 7also a peptoniz+ process7 & =m spores4 ,! ,tyro?rix type ( bact]ia 7s nam$ by ,duclaux on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ relation to *eese rip5+7 belongs to ?is class4 ,! hay & potato =ms are also dige/]s4 ,organisms ( ?is type are g5]ally associat$ ) fil? & manure1 & f9d _! way into ! milk f ! accumulations on ! coat ( ! animal4 ,conn#ee has sep>at$ ! r5net enzym f bact]ial cultures 9 a relatively pure condition1 :ile ,f]mi#ef has isolat$ ! dige/ive f]m5t f sev]al species4 ,duclaux#eg has giv5 to ?is dige/+ enzym ! "n casease or *eese f]m5t4 ,^! isolat$ f]m5ts :5 add$ to fre% milk possess ! p[] ( caus+ ! *>act]i/ic curdl+ & subsequ5t dige/ion q indep5d5t ( cell developm5t4 ,! quantity ( f]m5t produc$ by diff]5t species diff]s mat]ially 9 "s cases4 ,9 ^! dige/ive f]m5tations1 ! *emical trans=mations are pr(\nd1 ! complex proteid molecule be+ brok5 d[n into albumoses1 peptones1 amido-acids 7tyros9 & leuc97 & ammonia z well z fatty acids4 ,n infrequ5tly ^! f]m5tations ga9 ! asc5d5cy ov] ! normal s\r+ *ange1 b "u ord9>y conditions !y are held 9 abeyance1 al?\gh ?is type ( bact]ia is always pres5t to "s ext5t 9 milk4 ,:5 ! lactic acid bact]ia are de/roy$1 z 9 boil$1 /]iliz$ or pa/euriz$ milk1 ^! r5net-produc+1 dige/+ species develop4 ,butyric acid f]m5tations4 ,! =mation ( butyric acid 9 milk :i* may be recogniz$ by ! rancid butt] odor is n infrequ5tly se5 9 old1 s\r milk1 & = a long "t 0 ?\ght to be a cont9uation ( ! lactic f]m5tation1 b x is n[ believ$ t ^! organisms f9d m favorable conditions = gr[?1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! lactic acid =m$ z 9 ! abs5ce ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 ! milk :i* is consum$ by ! s\r-milk organisms4 ,mo/ ( ! butyric class ( bact]ia are spore-be>+1 & h5ce !y are frequ5tly pres5t 9 boil$ or /]iliz$ milk4 ,! by-products =m$ 9 ?is s]ies ( *anges are q num]\s4 ,9 mo/ cases1 butyric acid is prom95t1 b 9 addition to ?is1 o!r organic acids1 z lactic1 succ9ic1 & acetic1 are produc$1 likewise diff]5t alcohols4 ,conc]n+ ! *emical orig9 ( butyric acid !re is yet "s d\bt4 ,duclaux#eh affirms t ! fat1 sug> & case9 are all decompos$ by v>i\s =ms4 ,9 "s cases1 ! reaction ( ! milk is alkal9e1 ) o!r species x may be neutral or acid4 ,?is type ( f]m5tation has n receiv$ ! /udy x des]ves4 ,9 milk ^! organisms are n ( great importance1 z ?is f]m5tation does n readily ga9 ! asc5d5cy ov] ! lactic bact]ia4 ,ropy or slimy milk4 ,! viscosity ( milk is (t5 m>k$ly increas$ ov] t :i* x normally possesses4 ,! int5sity ( ?is abnormal condition may v>y mu*2 9 "s cases ! milk becom+ visc\s or slimy2 9 o!rs /r++ out into long ?reads1 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 z 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two sets ( conditions are responsible = ^! ropy or slimy milks4 ,! mo/ common is :]e ! milk is clott$ or /r+y :5 drawn1 z 9 "s =ms ( g>get4 ,?is is g5]ally due to ! pres5ce ( viscid pus1 & is (t5 accompani$ by a bloody dis*>ge1 su* a condition repres5t+ an inflam$ /ate ( ! udd]4 ,rop9ess ( ?is "* is n usually communicable f "o lot ( milk to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,ropy milk4 ,! communicable =m ( ropy milk only appe>s aft] ! milk has be5 drawn f ! udd] = a day or s1 & is caus$ by ! developm5t ( v>i\s species ( bact]ia :i* f9d _! way into ! milk aft] x is drawn4 ,^! defects are liable to occur at any season ( ! ye>4 ,_! pres5ce 9 a dairy is a s\rce ( mu* tr\ble1 z ! unsightly appe>ance ( ! milk precludes its use z food1 al?\gh !re is no evid5ce t ^! ropy f]m5tations are dang]\s to heal?4 ,!re are und\bt$ly a numb] ( diff]5t species ( bact]ia t are capable ( produc+ ^! viscid *anges1#ei b x is q probable t !y are n ( equal importance 9 infect+ milk "u natural conditions4 ,9 ! majority ( cases /udi$ 9 ?is c\ntry1#fj ! causal organism seems to be ,b4 lactis viscosus1 a =m fir/ f\nd by ,adametz 9 surface wat]s4#fa ,?is organism possesses ! prop]ty ( develop+ at l[ temp]atures 7#de deg4-#ej deg4 ,f471 & consequ5tly x is (t5 able 9 w9t] to supplant ! lactic-acid =ms4 ,w>d has f\nd ?is g]m repeat$ly 9 wat] tanks :]e milk cans are cool$2 & "u ^! conditions x is easy to see h[ infection ( ! milk might occur4 ,m>%all#fb reports an outbreak :i* he trac$ to an ext]nal infection ( ! udd]2 9 ano!r case1 ! slime-=m+ organism 0 abundant 9 ! b>n du/4 ,a defect ( ?is "* is (t5 p]petuat$ 9 a dairy = "s "t1 & may !re=e become exce$+ly tr\blesome4 ,9 "o in/ance 9 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 a milk deal] lo/ ov] #aej a mon? = sev]al mon?s f ropy cream4 ,failure to prop]ly /]ilize cans1 & p>ticul>ly /ra9] clo?s1 is frequ5tly responsible = a cont9uance ( tr\ble ( ?is sort4 ,! slimy sub/ance =m$ 9 milk comes f v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! milk1 & ! *emical "* ( ! slime produc$ also v>ies ) diff]5t g]ms4 ,9 "s cases ! slimy mat]ial is m]ely ! swoll5 out] cell membrane ( ! bact]ia !mselves z 9 ! case ( ,b4 lactis viscosus2 9 o!rs x is due to ! decomposition ( ! proteids1 b (t5 ! *ief decomposition product appe>s to come f a visc\s f]m5tation ( ! milk-sug>4 ,an int]e/+ case ( a f]m5tation ( ?is class be+ utiliz$ 9 dairy+ is se5 9 ! use ( lange wei 7long or /r+y :ey7 :i* is employ$ z a />t] 9 ,holl& to control ! gassy f]m5tations 9 ,edam *eese4 ,?is slimy *ange is due to ! gr[? ( ,/reptococcus ,holl&icus4#fc ,alcoholic f]m5tations4 ,al?\gh glucose or cane-sug> solutions are extremely prone to und]go alcoholic f]m5tation1 milk sug> does n readily und]go ?is *ange4 ,:]e su* *anges are produc$ x is due to yea/s4 ,sev]al outbreaks attributable to su* a cause h be5 report$4#fd ,russell & ,ha/+s#fe h f\nd ^! milk-sug> splitt+ yea/s p>ticul>ly abundant 9 regions :]e ,swiss *eese is made1 a condition made possible by ! use ( :ey-soak$ r5nets 9 mak+ su* *eese4 ,kephir & ,k\miss are liquors mu* us$ 9 ! ,ori5t :i* are made f milk t has und]gone alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,k\miss 0 orig9ally made f m>e's milk b is n[ (t5 made f c[s' milk by add+ cane sug> & yea/4 ,9 addition to ! ,,co#b develop$1 alcohol1 lactic acid1 & case9-dissolv+ f]m5ts are =m$4 ,kephir is made by add+ to milk ,kephir gra9s1 :i* are a mass ( yea/ & bact]ial cells4 ,! yea/s produce alcohol & ,,co#b :ile ! bact]ia *ange ! case9 ( milk1 r5d]+ x m dige/ible4 ,^! bev]ages are frequ5tly recomm5d$ to p]sons :o seem to be unable to dige/ raw milk readily4 ,! exact nature ( ! *anges produc$ are n yet well und]/ood4#ff ,bitt] milk4 ,! pres5ce ( bitt] sub/ances 9 milk may be ascrib$ to a v>iety ( causes4 ,a numb] ( plants1 su* z lup9es1 ragwe$ & *icory1 possess ! prop]ty ( affect+ milk :5 ! same are consum$ by animals4 ,at c]ta9 /ages 9 lactation1 a bitt] salty ta/e is occasionally to be not$ t is peculi> to individual animals4 ,a consid]able numb] ( cases ( bitt] milk h1 h[ev]1 be5 trac$ to bact]ial orig94 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! bitt] f]m5tation ( milk 0 ?\ght to be associat$ ) ! butyric f]m5tation1 b ,weigmann#fg %[$ t ! two conditions 7 n dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r4 ,he f\nd t ! organism :i* produc$ ! bitt] ta/e act$ ^u ! case94 ,conn#fh obs]v$ a coccus =m 9 bitt] cream t 0 able to imp>t a bitt] flavor to milk4 ,sometimes a bitt] condition does n develop 9 ! milk1 b may appe> lat] 9 ! milk products1 z 9 ! case ( a micrococcus :i* ,freud5rei*#fi f\nd 9 *eese4 ,h>rison#gj has trac$ a common bitt] condition 9 ,canadian milk to a milk-sug> splitt+ yea/1 ,torula am>a :i* n only gr[s rapidly 9 milk b produces an undesirable bitt]ness 9 *$d> *eese4 ,cream rip5$ at l[ temp]atures n infrequ5tly develops a bitt] flavor1 %[+ t ! optimum temp]ature = ?is type ( f]m5tation is bel[ ! typical lactic acid *ange4 ,milk t has be5 heat$ (t5 develops a bitt] condition4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t ! bact]ia produc+ ! bitt] sub/ances usually possess endospores1 & t :ile ! boil+ or /]iliz+ ( milk easily kills ! lactic acid g]ms1 ^! =ms on acc\nt ( _! great] resi/+ p[]s are n de/roy$ by ! heat4 ,soapy milk3 ,a soapy flavor 9 milk 0 trac$ by ,weigmann & ,zirn#ga to a specific bacillus1 ,b4 lactis saponacei1 t !y f\nd ga9$ access to ! milk 9 "o case f ! b$d+ & 9 ano!r in/ance f hay4 ,a simil> outbreak has be5 report$ 9 ?is c\ntry1#gb due to a g]m act+ on ! case9 & album54 ,r$ milk4 ,! mo/ common tr\ble ( ?is nature 9 milk is due to pres5ce ( blood1 :i* is mo/ frequ5tly caus$ by "s w\nd 9 ! udd]4 ,! +e/ion ( c]ta9 plants z s$ges & sc\r+ ru%es is also said to cause a bloody condition2 madd]s imp>t a r$di% t+e due to color+ matt] absorb$4 ,defects ( ?is class c be readily di/+ui%$ f ^? due to g]m gr[? because !y are app>5t at "t ( milk+4 ,:]e blood is actually pres5t1 ! corpuscles settle out 9 a %ort "t if left undi/urb$4 ,!re are a numb] ( *romog5ic or color-produc+ bact]ia t are able to gr[ 9 milk1 b _! action is s sl[ t g5]ally !y are n ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,moreov] _! developm5t is usually conf9$ to ! surface ( ! milk z x /&s 9 a vessel4 ,! mo/ important is ! well-kn[n ,b4 prodigiosus4 ,ano!r =m f\nd at times 9 milk possess+ l[ acidity#gc is ,b4 lactis ery?rog5es4 ,?is species only develops ! r$ color 9 ! d>k4 ,9 ! light1 x =ms a yell[ pigm5t4 ,v>i\s o!r organisms h be5 report$ at diff]5t times4#gd ,blue milk4 ,blue milk has be5 kn[n = _m ye>s1 its communicable nature be+ e/abli%$ z long ago z #ahch4 ,x appe>s on ! surface ( milk fir/ z isolat$ p>ticles ( blui% or grey color1 :i* lat] become conflu5t1 ! blue color increas+ 9 int5sity z ! acidity increases4 ,! causal organism1 ,b4 cyanog5es1 is v resi/ant t[>d dry+1#ge ?us acc\nt+ = its p]si/5ce4 ,9 ,meckl5b]g an outbreak ( ?is sort once cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ 9 ,europe 9 ! pa/1 b is n n[ s (t5 report$4 ,occasional outbreaks h be5 report$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,o!r k9ds ( color$ milk4 ,two or ?ree *romog5ic =ms produc+ /ill o!r colors h occasionally be5 f\nd 9 milk4 ,adametz#gf discov]$ 9 a sample ( cook$ milk a peculi> =m 7,bacillus synxan?us7 t produc$ a citron-yell[ appe>ance :i* precipitat$ & f9ally r5d]$ soluble ! case94 ,adametz1 ,conn1 & ,li/ h describ$ o!r species t conf] t9ts ( yell[ on milk4 ,"s ( ^! are bright lemon1 o!rs orange1 & "s amb] 9 color4 ,/ill o!r color-produc+ bact]ia1 su* z ^? t produce violet or gre5 *anges 9 ! milk1 h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 fact1 almo/ any ( ! *romog5ic bact]ia are able to produce _! color *anges 9 milk z x is su* an excell5t food m$ium4 ,"u ord9>y conditions1 ^! d n ga9 access to milk 9 suffici5t numb]s s t !y modify ! appe>ance ( x except 9 occasional in/ances4 ,treatm5t ( abnormal f]m5tations4 ,if ! ta9t is recogniz$ z ( bact]ial orig9 7see p4 #eg7 & is f\nd 9 ! mix$ milk ( ! h]d1 x is necess>y to asc]ta91 fir/1 :e!r x is a g5]al tr\ble1 or re/rict$ to "o or m animals4 ,?is c sometimes be done by sep>at+ ! milk ( ! diff]5t c[s & not+ :e!r any abnormal condition develops 9 ! respective samples4 ,f]m5tation te/s4 ,! mo/ satisfactory way to detect ! pres5ce ( ! ta9ts m (t5 pres5t is to make a f]m5tation te/ ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,^! te/s are mo/ frequ5tly us$ at ! factory1 to enable ! mak] to detect ! pres5ce ( milk t is likely to prove unfit = use1 especially 9 *eese mak+4 ,!y are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t if milk is held at a mod]ately high temp]ature1 ! bact]ia w develop rapidly4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t me?ods h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ,wal!r's lacto-f]m5tator samples ( milk are simply all[$ to /& 9 bottles or glass j>s until !y s\r4 ,!y are exam9$ at int]vals ( sev]al h\rs4 ,if ! curdl$ milk is homog5e\s & has a pure acid smell1 ! milk is reg>d$ z all "r4 ,if x floats 9 a turbid s]um1 is full ( gas or ragg$ holes1 x is abnormal4 ,z g5]ally c>ri$ out1 no attempt is made to h ^! vessels /]ile4 ,g]b]'s te/ is a simil> te/ t has be5 ext5sively employ$ 9 ,switz]l&4 ,sometimes a few drops ( r5net are add$ to ! milk s z to curdle ! same1 & ?us p]mit ( ! m ready detection ( ! gas t is evolv$4 ,wiscons9 curd te/4 ,! me?od ( te/+ milk describ$ bel[ 0 devis$ at ! ,wiscons9 ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 #ahie by ,babcock1 ,russell & ,deck]4#gg ,x 0 us$ fir/ 9 connection ) exp]im5tal "w on ! influ5ce ( gas-g5]at+ bact]ia 9 *eese mak+1 b its applicability to ! detection ( all ta9ts 9 milk produc$ by bact]ia makes x a valuable te/ = abnormal f]m5tations 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! curd te/ a small pat ( curd is made 9 a glass j> f ea* sample ( milk4 ,^! te/s may be made 9 any receptacle t has be5 clean$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & to keep ! temp]ature m ne>ly uni=m ^! j>s %\ld be imm]s$ 9 w>m wat]1 z 9 a wa% tub or "s o!r receptacle4 ,:5 ! milk is ab\t #ie deg4 ,f41 ab\t t5 drops ( r5net extract are add$ to ea* sample & mix$ ?or\ghly ) ! milk4 ,! j>s %\ld !n rema9 undi/urb$ until ! milk is completely curdl$2 !n ! curd is cut into small pieces ) a case knife & /irr$ to expel ! :ey4 ,! :ey %\ld be p\r$ (f at frequ5t int]vals until ! curd mats4 ,if ! sample be kept at blood heat 7#ih deg4 ,f47 = six to eight h\rs1 x w be ready to exam9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,improv$ bottles = mak+ curd te/4 ,a1 te/ bottle complete2 ,b1 bottle %[+ con/ruction ( cov]2 ,s1 sieve to hold back ! curd :5 bottle is inv]t$2 ,c1 out] cov] ) 7,d ,h7 dra9 holes to p]mit ( removal ( :ey4 ,m conv5i5t types ( ?is te/ ?an ! improvis$ app>atus j allud$ to h be5 devis$ by diff]5t dairy manufactur]s4 ,g5]ally1 !y consi/ ( a special bottle hav+ a full-siz$ top1 ?us p]mitt+ ! easy removal ( ! curd4 ,! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah is provid$ ) a sieve ( su* con/ruction t ! bottles w dra9 ?or\ghly if incl9$ 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,int]pretation ( results ( te/4 ,! curd f a good milk has a firm1 solid texture1 & %\ld conta9 at mo/ only a few small p9 holes4 ,x may h "s l>ge1 irregul>1 me*anical holes :]e ! curd p>ticles h fail$ to cem5t1 z is se5 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,if gas-produc+ bact]ia are v preval5t 9 ! milk1 ! conditions "u :i* ! te/ is made cause su* a rapid gr[? ( ! same t ! evid5ce ( ! abnormal f]m5tation may be readily se5 9 ! spongy texture ( ! curd 7,fig4 #bj74 ,if ! undesirable organisms are n v abundant & ! conditions n especially suit$ to _! gr[?1 ! p9 holes w be less frequ5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,curd f a good milk4 ,! l>ge irregul> holes are me*anical4 ,sometimes ! curds %[ no evid5ce ( gas1 b _! abnormal condition c be recogniz$ by ! mu%y texture & ! pres5ce ( (f flavors t are r5d]$ m app>5t by keep+ !m 9 clos$ bottles4 ,?is condition is abnormal & is apt to produce q z s]i\s results z if gas 0 =m$4 ,ov]com+ ta9ts by use ( />t]s4 ,ano!r me?od ( combatt+ abnormal f]m5tations t is (t5 fruitful1 is t :i* re/s ^u ! inability ( "o k9d ( bact]ia to gr[ 9 ! same m$ium 9 competition ) c]ta9 o!r species4 ,"s ( ! undesirable ta9ts 9 factories c be controll$ 9 l>ge "p by ! introduction ( />t]s made f c]ta9 organisms t are able to obta9 ! asc5d5cy ov] ! ta9t-produc+ g]m4 ,su* a me?od is commonly foll[$ :5 a lactic f]m5t1 ei!r a comm]cial pure culture1 or a home-made />t]1 is add$ to milk to ov]come ! effect ( gas-g5]at+ bact]ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,curd f a badly ta9t$ milk4 ,l>ge ragg$ holes are me*anical2 num]\s small holes due to gas4 ,?is curd 0 a float]4 ,a simil> illu/ration is se5 9 ! case ( ! lange wei 7slimy :ey71 t is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,edam *eese to control ! "* ( ! f]m5tation ( ! milk4 ,?is same me?od is sometimes appli$ 9 deal+ ) c]ta9 abnormal f]m5tations t are apt to occur on ! f>m4 ,x is p>ticul>ly useful ) ^? ta9t$ milks kn[n z sweet curdl+4 ,! f]m5t organisms conc]n$ 9 ?is *ange are unable to develop 9 ! pres5ce ( lactic acid bact]ia1 s ! addition ( a clean s\r milk z a />t] re/ores ! normal conditions by giv+ ! ord9>y milk bact]ia ! asc5d5cy4 ,*emical dis9fection4 ,9 exceptional in/ances x may be necess>y to employ *emical dis9fectants to re/ore ! normal conditions4 ,( c\rse ) su* diseases z tub]culosis1 v /r+5t measures are requir$1 z !y are su* a direct m5ace to human life1 b ) ^! abnormal or ta9t-produc+ f]m5tations1 c>e & cleanl9ess1 well direct$1 w usually ov]come ! tr\ble4 ,if x becomes necess>y to employ *emical sub/ances z dis9fect+ ag5ts1 _! use %\ld always be prec$$ by a ?or\gh cleans+ ) hot wat] s t ! g]micide may come 9 direct contact ) ! surface to be dis9fect$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t _m *emicals act z deodorants1 i4e41 de/roy ! (f5sive odor1 )\t de/roy+ ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,sulfur is (t5 recomm5d$ z a dis9fect+ ag5t1 b its use %\ld be c>efully controll$1 o!rwise ! vapors h b little g]micidal p[]4 ,! common practice ( burn+ a small quantity 9 a room or any clos$ space = a few mom5ts has little or no effect ^u g]m life4 ,! effect ( sulfur vapor 7,,s#b7 alone ^u g]m life is relatively slight1 b if ?is gas is produc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 sulfur\s acid 7,h#b,,s#c7 is =m$1 :i* is mu* m effici5t4 ,to use ?is ag5t effectively1 x mu/ be burn$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 a moi/ atmosph]e 7?ree lbs4 to e #a1jjj cubic feet ( space71 = at lea/ twelve h\rs4 ,aft] ?is op]ation1 ! space %\ld be ?or\ghly air$4 ,=mal91 a wat]y solution ( a gas kn[n z =maldehyde1 is a new dis9fectant t rec5t exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ to be v useful4 ,x may be us$ z a gas :]e rooms are to be dis9fect$1 or appli$ z a liquid :]e desir$4 ,x is mu* m p[]ful 9 its action ?an sulfur1 & x has a great advantage ov] m]cury & o!r /rong dis9fectants1 z x is n s poison\s to man z x is to ! l[] =ms ( life4 ,blea*+ p[d] or *loride ( lime is (t5 recomm5d$ :]e a *emical c be advantage\sly us$4 ,?is sub/ance is a good dis9fectant z well z a deodorant1 & if appli$ z a wa%1 9 ! proportion ( f\r to six ounces ( ! p[d] to "o gallon ( wat]1 x w de/roy mo/ =ms ( life4 ,9 _m cases ?is ag5t is inapplicable on acc\nt ( its odor4 ,corrosive sublimate 7,hg,cl#b7 = mo/ purposes is a good dis9fectant1 b x is su* an int5se poison t its use is dang]\s 9 places t are at all accessible to /ock4 ,= ! dis9fection ( walls 9 /ables & b>ns1 common ?9 :ite wa% ,ca7,,oh7#b is admirably adapt$ if made f fre%ly-burn$ quick lime4 ,x possesses /rong g]micidal p[]s1 increases ! am\nt ( light 9 ! b>n1 is a good absorb5t ( odors1 & is exce$+ly *eap4 ,c>bolic acid1 creosote1 & su* products1 :ile excell5t dis9fectants1 _c well be us$ on acc\nt ( _! odor1 especially 9 factories4 ,= gutt]s1 dra9s1 & wa/e pipes 9 factories1 vitriol salts 7sulfates ( copp]1 iron & z9c7 are sometimes us$4 ,^! are deodorants z well z dis9fectants1 & are n s objectionable to use on acc\nt ( _! odor4 ,^! sugge/ions z to ! use ( *emicals1 h[ev]1 only apply to extreme cases & %\ld n be br\ght into requisition until a ?or\gh application ( hot wat]1 soap1 a little soda1 & ! scrubb+ bru% h fail$ to d _! "w4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,gu5!r & ,?i]feld]1 ,ar*4 f4 ,hyg41 #be3afd1 #ahie2 ,lei*mann1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 #b3bha1 #ahif2 ,e/51 #i ,rept4 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #dd1 #ahif2 ,d9widdie1 ,bull4 #de1 ,ark4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,may1 #ahig2 ,kozai1 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #ch3chf1 #aija2 ,weigmann1 ,hyg4 ,milk ,congress1 ,hamburg1 #aijc1 p4 #cge4 #eb ,mc,donnell1 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,kiel4 #ahii1 p4 #ci4 #ec ,kays]1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt4 ,,ii4 ,abt4 #a3dcf4 #ed ,treadwell1 ,sci5ce1 #ahid1 #ag3agh4 #ee ,conn1 #e ,rept4 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahib1 p4 #cif4 #ef ,f]mi1 ,ar*4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahib1 #ad3a4 #eg ,duclaux1 ,le ,lait1 p4 #aba4 #eh ,duclaux1 ,pr9cipes de ,lait]ie1 p4 #fg4 #ei ,guillebeau 7,mil* ,zeit41 #ahib1 p4 #hjh7 has /udi$ ov] a doz5 diff]5t =ms t possess ?is prop]ty4 #fj ,w>d1 ,bull4 #afe1 ,cornell ,expt4 ,/at41 ,m*41 #ahii2 also ,bull4 #aie1 ,ibid41 ,nov41 #aija4 #fa ,adametz1 ,l&w4 ,jahr41 #ahia1 p4 #ahe4 #fb ,m>%all1 ,mi*4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,bull4 #adj4 #fc ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahii1 p4 #ihb4 #fd ,duclaux1 ,pr9cipes de ,lait]ie1 p4 #fj4 ,he9ze & ,cohn1 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #df3 #bhf1 #aijd4 #fe ,bull4 #abh1 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,sept4 #aije4 #ff ,freud5rei*1 ,l&w4 ,jahr4 d4 ,s*weiz1 #ahif1 #aj2 #a4 #fg ,weigmann1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahij1 p4 #hha4 #fh ,conn1 #c ,rept4 ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahij1 p4 #aeh4 #fi ,freud5rei*1 ,fuehl4 ,l&w4 ,ztg4 #dc3 #cfa4 #gj ,h>rison1 ,bull4 #abj ,ont4 ,agr'l4 ,coll41 ,may1 #aijb4 #ga ,mil* ,zeit4 #bb3efi4 #gb ,m>%all1 ,bull4 #adf1 ,mi*4 ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #af4 #gc ,grot5felt1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahhi1 p4 #bfc4 #gd ,m5ge1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 #f3eif2 ,kef]/e91 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 #ba3agg4 #ge ,heim1 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,gesundheitsamte1 #e3egh4 #gf ,adametz1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahij1 p4 #bbe4 #gg #ab ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahie1 p4 #adh2 also ,bull4 #fg1 ,ibid41 ,june1 #ahih4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,relation ,,( ,,disease-,,bact]ia ,,to ,,milk4 ,practical exp]i5ce ) epidemic disease has abundantly demon/rat$ ! fact t milk n infrequ5tly s]ves z a vehicle = ! dissem9ation ( contagion4 ,att5tion has be5 prom95tly call$ to ?is relation by ,erne/ ,h>t1#gh :o 9 #ahhj compil$ /ati/ical evid5ce %[+ ! num]\s outbreaks ( v>i\s contagi\s diseases t _h be5 associat$ ) milk infection up to t "t4 ,s9ce !n1 fur!r compilations h be5 made by ,freeman1#gi & also by ,busey & ,kob]1#hj :o h collect$ ! data ) ref]5ce to outbreaks f #ahhj to #ahii4 ,^! /ati/ics indicate ! relative importance ( milk z a factor 9 ! dissem9ation ( disease4 ,! dang] f ?is s\rce is mu* int5sifi$ = ! reason t milk1 g5]ally speak+1 is consum$ 9 a raw /ate2 & also because a consid]able numb] ( disease-produc+ bact]ia are able1 n m]ely to exi/1 b actually ?rive & gr[ 9 milk1 ev5 ?\gh ! normal milk bact]ia are also pres5t4 ,moreov] ! recognition ( ! pres5ce ( su* pa?og5ic =ms is complicat$ by ! fact t (t5 !y d n alt] ! appe>ance ( ! milk suffici5tly s t _! pres5ce c be detect$ by a physical exam9ation4 ,^! facts :i* h be5 exp]im5tally det]m9$1 c\pl$ ) ! num]\s cl9ical cases on record1 make a /rong case aga9/ milk s]v+ z an ag5t 9 ! dissem9ation ( disease4 ,orig9 ( pa?og5ic bact]ia 9 milk4 ,disease-produc+ bact]ia may be gr\p$ ) ref]5ce to _! relation t[>d milk into two classes1 dep5d+ ^u ! mann] 9 :i* infection occurs3 ,class ,i4 ,disease-produc+ bact]ia capable ( be+ transmitt$ directly f a diseas$ animal to man ?r\gh ! m$ium ( infect$ milk4 ,class ,,ii4 ,bact]ia pa?og5ic = man b n = cattle :i* are capable ( ?riv+ 9 milk aft] x is drawn f ! animal4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p ! disease produc$ by ! specific organism mu/ be common to bo? cattle & man4 ,! organism mu/ live a p>asitic life 9 ! animal1 develop+ 9 ! udd]1 & s infect ! milk supply4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 happ5 t diseases t[>d :i* dome/ic animals alone are susceptible may be spread f "o animal to ano!r 9 ?is way )\t affect+ human be+s4 ,9 ! second gr\p1 ! bact]ial species lives a saprophytic exi/5ce1 gr[+ 9 milk1 if x happ5s to f9d its way !re94 ,9 su* cases milk indirectly s]ves z an ag5t 9 ! dissem9ation ( disease1 by giv+ conditions favorable to ! gr[? ( ! disease g]m4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( diseases t may be transmitt$ directly f animal to man ?r\gh a diseas$ milk supply is tub]culosis1 b 9 addition to ?is1 foot & m\? disease 7aph?\s fev] 9 *ildr571 an?rax & acute ent]ic tr\bles h also be5 trac$ to a simil> s\rce ( infection4 ,! mo/ important specific diseases t h be5 dissem9at$ ?r\gh subsequ5t pollution ( ! milk are typhoid fev]1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev] & *ol]a1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! possibility exi/s t any disease g]m capable ( liv+ & ?riv+ 9 milk may be spread 9 ?is way4 ,9 addition to ^! diseases t are caus$ by ! introduction ( specific organisms 7! causal organism ( sc>let fev] has n yet be5 def9itely det]m9$71 !re are a l>ge numb] ( m or less illy-def9$ tr\bles ( an inte/9al "* t occur especially 9 infants & "y *ildr5 t are und\bt$ly attributable to ! activity ( microorganisms t ga9 access to milk dur+ & subsequ5t to ! milk+1 & :i* produce *anges 9 milk be=e or aft] its +e/ion t result 9 ! =mation ( toxic products4 ,,diseases ,,transmissible ,,f ,,animal ,,to ,,man ,,?r\gh ,,diseas$ ,,milk4 ,tub]culosis4 ,9 view ( ! wide-spread di/ribution ( ?is disease 9 bo? ! human & ! bov9e race1 ! relation ( ! same to milk supplies is a "q ( great importance4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ! diff]5t types ( tub]cul> disease f\nd 9 diff]5t k9ds ( animals & man are attributable to ! developm5t ( ! same organism1 ,bacillus tub]culosis1 al?\gh !re are v>ieties ( ?is organism f\nd 9 diff]5t species ( animals t are suffici5tly di/9ct to p]mit ( recognition4 ,! "q ( prime importance is1 :e!r ! bov9e type is transmissible to ! human or n4 ,artificial inoculation ( cattle ) tub]cul\s human sputum z well z pure cultures ( ?is v>iety %[ t ! human type is able to make b slight headway 9 cattle4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! dang] ( cattle acquir+ ! infection f man w\ld 9 all probability be v slight1 b ^! exp]im5ts (f] no answ] z to ! possibility ( transmission f ! bov9e to ! human4 ,manife/ly x is impossible to solve ?is problem by direct exp]im5t ^u man except by artificial inoculation1 b comp>ative exp]im5ts ^u animals ?r[ "s light on ! "q4 ,!o4 ,smi?#ha & o!rs#hb h made p>allel exp]im5ts ) animals su* z gu9ea pigs1 rabbits & pigeons1 inoculat$ ) bo? bov9e & human cultures ( ?is organism4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ! case ( all animals te/$ %[ t ! virul5ce ( ! two types 0 mu* diff]5t1 b t ! bov9e cultures 7 mu* m sev]e4 ,:ile ( c\rse ?is does n prove t transmission f bov9e to human is possible1 /ill ! importance ( ! fact mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,9 a numb] ( cases record ( accid5tal infection f cattle to man has be5 not$4#hc ,^! h occurr$ ) p]sons engag$ 9 mak+ po/-mortem exam9ations on tub]cul\s animals1 & ! tub]cul> nature ( ! w\nd 0 prov5 9 "s cases by excision & inoculation4 ,9 addition to data ( ?is sort t is practically exp]im5tal 9 "*1 !re are also /rong cl9ical reasons = consid]+ t infection ( human be+s may occur ?r\gh ! m$ium ( milk4 ,naturally su* infection %\ld produce inte/9al tub]culosis1 & x is notewor?y t ?is phase ( ! disease is q common 9 *ildr5 especially betwe5 ! ages ( two & five4#hd ,x is difficult to det]m9e1 ?\gh1 :e!r prim>y infection occurr$ ?r\gh ! inte/9e1 =1 usually1 o!r organs also become involv$4 ,9 a consid]able numb] ( cases 9 :i* tub]cul> infection by ! mo/ common *annel1 inhalation1 seems to be exclud$1 ! evid5ce is /rong t ! disease 0 contract$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! milk1 b x is always v difficult to exclude ! possibility ( pulmon>y infection4 ,tub]culosis z a bov9e disease has increas$ rapidly dur+ rec5t decades ?r\gh\t _m portions ( ! _w4 ,?is has be5 mo/ m>k$ 9 dairy regions4 ,its extremely insidi\s nature does n p]mit ( an e>ly recognition by physical means1 & x 0 n until ! introduction ( ! tub]cul9 te/#he 9 #ahib1 z a diagno/ic aid t accurate k ( its di/ribution 0 possible4 ,! q g5]al introduction ( ?is te/ 9 _m regions has reveal$ an al>m+ly l>ge p]c5tage ( animals z affect$4 ,9 ,d5m>k 9 #ahid ov] =ty p] c5t 7 diagnos$ z tub]cul>4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many almo/ z bad a condition has be5 reveal$4 ,slaught]-h\se /ati/ics also %[ t ! disease has increas$ rapidly s9ce #ahij4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! disease on ! av]age is mu* less ?an 9 ,europe & is also v irregul>ly di/ribut$4 ,9 h]ds :]e x ga9$ a foo?old "s ye>s ago1 (t5 ! majority ( animals are frequ5tly infect$2 _m h]ds1 9 fact ! great majority1 are :olly free f all ta9t4 ,! disease has und\bt$ly be5 mo/ frequ5tly introduc$ ?r\gh ! pur*ase ( app>5tly heal?y b incipi5tly affect$ animals4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! old] dairy regions :]e /ock has be5 improv$ ! mo/ by bre$+1 m ( ! disease exi/s ?an among ! we/]n & s\!rn cattle4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ba3 ,front view ( a tub]cul\s udd]1 %[+ ext5t ( swell+ 9 s+le qu>t]4 ,infecti\sness ( milk ( react+ animals4 ,:]e ! disease appe>s 9 ! udd] ! milk almo/ inv>iably conta9s ! tub]cle organism4 ,"u su* conditions ! appe>ance ( ! milk is n mat]ially alt]$ at fir/1 b z ! disease progresses ! p]c5tage ( fat g5]ally dim9i%es1 & at times 9 ! m advanc$ /ages :]e ! physical condition ( ! udd] is *ang$ 7,fig4 #ba71 ! milk may become wat]y2 b ! p]c5tage ( animals %[+ su* udd] lesions is n l>ge1 usually n m ?an a few p] c5t4 7#d p] c5t4 accord+ to ,o/]tag47 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! e>li] phases ( ! disease1 :]e its pres5ce has be5 recogniz$ solely by ! aid ( ! tub]cul9 te/1 be=e !re are any recognizable physical symptoms 9 any "p ( ! animal1 ! milk is g5]ally unaffect$4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes1 h[ev]1 is f\nd a l>ge proportion ( cases1 conc]n+ :i* s def9ite data are n available4 ,! results ( inve/igators on ?is po9t are conflict+ & fur!r in=mation is mu* desir$4 ,"s h ass]t$ s long z ! udd] itself %[s no lesions t no tub]cle bacilli w\ld be pres5t1#hf b ! f9d+s ( a consid]able numb] ( inve/igators#hg indicate t ev5 :5 ! udd] is app>5tly n diseas$ ! milk may conta9 ! specific organism z reveal$ by inoculation exp]im5ts ^u animals4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x has be5 demon/rat$ by po/-mortem exam9ation t discov]able udd] lesions exi/$ t 7 n recognizable be=e autopsy 0 made4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal evid5ce collect$1 a v>y+ p]c5tage ( react+ animals 7 f\nd t gave positive results2 & ?is numb] 0 g5]ally suffici5t to indicate t ! dang] ( us+ milk f react+ animals 0 consid]able1 ev5 ?\gh app>5tly no disease c\ld be f\nd 9 ! udd]4 ,! infecti\sness ( milk c also be prov5 by ! frequ5t contraction ( ! disease 9 o!r animals1 su* z calves & pigs :i* may be f$ on ! skim milk4 ,! v rapid increase ( ! disease among ! sw9e ( ,g]many & ,d5m>k1#hh & ! frequ5tly report$ cases ( inte/9al infection ( "y /ock also atte/ ! pres5ce ( ! organism 9 milk4 ,! tub]cle bacillus is s m>k$ly p>asitic 9 its habits1 t1 "u ord9>y conditions1 x is incapable ( gr[+ at normal air temp]atures4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no dang] ( ! g]m develop+ 9 milk aft] x is drawn f ! animal1 unless ! same is kept at practically blood heat4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! milk ( "s react+ animals may n conta9 ! dang]\s organism at ! "t ( mak+ ! te/1 x is q impossible to =etell h[ long x w rema9 free4 ,z ! disease becomes m g5]aliz$1 or if tub]cul\s lesions %\ld develop 9 ! udd]1 ! milk may pass f a heal?y to an infecti\s /ate4 ,?is fact makes x advisable to exclude f milk supplies int5d$ = human use1 all milk ( animals t respond to ! tub]cul9 te/2 or at lea/ to treat x 9 a mann] s z to r5d] x safe4 ,:e!r x is necess>y to d ?is or n if ! milk is made into butt] or *eese is a some:at diff]5t "q4 ,exclusion or treatm5t is r5d]$ m imp]ative 9 milk supplies1 because ! dang] is great] ) *ildr5 ) :om milk is (t5 a prom95t con/itu5t ( _! diet1 & also = ! reason t ! *ild is m susceptible to inte/9al infection ?an ! adult4 ,! dang] ( infection is mu* less5$ 9 butt] or *eese1 because ! processes ( manufacture t5d to dim9i% ! numb] ( organisms orig9ally pres5t 9 ! milk1 & inasmu* z no gr[? c ord9>ily take place 9 ^! products ! dang] is m9imiz$4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t ^! foods are consum$ by ! individual 9 small] am\nts ?an is g5]ally ! case :]e milk is us$1 & also to a great] ext5t by adults1 less5s /ill fur!r ! dang] ( infection4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 num]\s obs]v]s#hi especially 9 ,g]many h succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! tub]cle bacillus 9 m>ket butt]1 b ?is fact is n s surpris+ :5 x is rememb]$ t a v l>ge fraction ( _! cattle %[ ! pres5ce ( ! disease z indicat$ by ! tub]cul9 te/1 a condition t does n obta9 9 any l>ge section 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! obs]vations on ! pres5ce ( ! tub]cle bacillus 9 butt] h be5 que/ion$ some:at ( late#b by ! det]m9ation ( ! fact t butt] may conta9 an organism t possesses ! prop]ty ( be+ /a9$ 9 ! same way z ! tub]cle organism4 ,diff]5tiation betwe5 ! two =ms is r5d]$ m difficult by ! fact t ?is tub]cle-l organism is also capable ( produc+ 9 animals lesions t /imulate ^? ( tub]culosis1 al?\gh a c>eful exam9ation reveals def9ite diff]5ces4 ,petri#ij has rec5tly det]m9$ t bo? ! true tub]cle & ! acid-resi/+ butt] organism may be readily f\nd 9 m>ket butt]4 ,9 ! v>i\s milk products x has be5 exp]im5tally det]m9$ t ! true tub]cle bacillus is able to reta9 its vitality 9 butt] = a numb] ( mon?s & 9 *eese = ne>ly a ye>4 ,treatm5t ( milk f tub]culosis c[s4 ,:ile x has be5 %[n t x is practically impossible to =etell :e!r ! milk ( any react+ animal actually conta9s tub]cle bacilli or n1 /ill ! int]e/s ( public heal? dem& t no milk f su* /ock be us$ = human food until x has be5 r5d]$ safe by "s satisfactory treatm5t4 #a4 ,heat+4 ,by f> ! be/ treatm5t t c be giv5 su* milk is to heat x4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ?is %\ld be done dep5ds ^u ! !rmal dea? po9t ( ! tub]cle bacillus1 a "q conc]n+ :i* !re has be5 consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion until v rec5tly4 ,accord+ to ! "w ( "s ( ! e>li] inve/igators1 ! tub]cle bacillus 9 its vegetative /age is end[$ ) p[]s ( resi/ance great] ?an ^? possess$ by any o!r pa?og5ic organism4 ,?is "w has n be5 sub/antiat$ by ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations on ?is subject4 ,9 det]m9+ ! !rmal dea? po9t ( ?is organism1 z ( any o!r1 n only mu/ ! temp]ature be consid]$1 b ! p]iod ( exposure z well1 & :]e t exposure is made 9 milk1 ano!r factor mu/ be consid]$1 viz41 ! pres5ce ( conditions p]mitt+ ( ! =mation ( a scald$ lay]1 = z ,smi?#ia fir/ po9t$ out1 ! resi/ance ( ! tub]cle organism t[>d heat is greatly increas$ "u ^! conditions4 ,if tub]cul\s milk is heat$ 9 a clos$ receptacle :]e ?is scald$ membrane _c be produc$1 ! tub]cle bacillus is kill$ at #adj deg4 ,f4 9 #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,^! results :i* 7 fir/ det]m9$ by ,smi?1 "u laboratory conditions1 & confirm$ by ,russell & ,ha/+s1#ib :]e tub]cul\s milk 0 heat$ 9 comm]cial pa/euriz]s1 h also be5 v]ifi$ by ,hesse4#ic ,a great practical advantage :i* accrues f ! treatm5t ( milk at #adj deg4 ,f4 is t ! natural cream+ is practically unaffect$4 ,( c\rse1 :]e a high] temp]ature is employ$1 ! p]iod ( exposure may be mat]ially less5$4 ,if milk is mom5t>ily heat$ to #agf deg4 ,f41 x is c]ta9ly suffici5t to de/roy ! tub]cle bacillus4 ,?is is ! plan practic$ 9 ,d5m>k :]e all skim milk & :ey mu/ be heat$ to ?is temp]ature be=e x c be tak5 back to ! f>m1 a plan :i* is design$ to prev5t ! dissem9ation ( tub]culosis & foot & m\? disease by means ( ! mix$ cream]y by-products4 ,?is c\rse r5d]s x possible to utilize ) p]fect safety1 = milk supplies1 ! milk ( h]ds react+ to ! tub]cul9 te/1 & z butt] ( ! be/ quality c be made f cream or milk heat$ to ev5 high temp]atures1#id x ?us becomes possible to prev5t ) slight exp5se :at w\ld o!rwise entail a l>ge loss4 #b4 ,dilution4 ,ano!r me?od t has be5 sugge/$ = ! treatm5t ( ?is suspect$ milk is dilution ) a relatively l>ge volume ( p]fectly heal?y milk4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t to produce infection1 x requires ! simultane\s introduction ( a numb] ( organisms1 & 9 ! case ( tub]culosis1 especially t produc$ by +e/ion1 ?is numb] is ?\ght to be consid]able4 ,gebh>dt#ie f\nd t ! milk ( tub]cul\s c[s1 :i* 0 virul5t :5 inject$ by itself into animals1 0 innocu\s :5 dilut$ ) #dj to #ajj times its volume ( heal?y milk4 ,?is fact is h>dly to be reli$ ^u 9 practice1 unless ! proportion ( react+ to heal?y c[s is positively kn[n4 ,x has also be5 claim$ 9 ! c5trifugal sep>ation ( cream f milk#if t by f> ! l>g] numb] ( tub]cle bacilli 7 ?r[n out ) ! sep>ator slime4 ,moore#ig has %[n t ! tub]cle bacilli 9 an artificially infect$ milk might be r$uc$ 9 ?is way1 s z to be no long] microscopically demon/rable1 yet ! purification 0 n complete en\gh to prev5t ! infection ( animals inoculat$ ) ! milk4 ,ano!r way to exclude all possibility ( tub]cul> infection 9 milk supplies is to reject all milk f react+ animals4 ,?is me?od is (t5 foll[$ :]e pa/eurization or /]ilization is n desir$4 ,9 dairies :]e ! keep+ quality is dep5d5t ^u ! exclusion ( bact]ia by /r+5t conditions z to milk+ & h&l+ 7sanit>y or hygi5ic milk71 ! tub]cul9 te/ is frequ5tly us$ z a basis to insure heal?y milk4 ,foot & m\? disease4 ,! wide-spread ext5sion ( ?is disease ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 rec5t ye>s has giv5 abundant opportunity to %[ t :ile x is di/9ctively an animal malady1 x is also transmissible to man1 al?\gh ! disease is r>ely fatal4 ,! causal organism has n be5 det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 b x has be5 %[n t ! milk ( affect$ animals possesses infecti\s prop]ties#ih al?\gh appe>+ un*ang$ 9 e>li] phases ( ! disease4 ,h]twig %[$ ! direct transmissibility ( ! disease to man by exp]im5ts made on himself & o!rs4 ,by +e/+ milk f an affect$ animal1 he 0 able to produce ! symptoms ( ! disease1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? be+ cov]$ ) ! small vesicles t *>act]ize ! malady4 ,x has also be5 %[n t ! virus ( ! disease may be convey$ 9 butt]4#ii ,?is disease is practically unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh widely spread 9 ,europe4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r bov9e diseases su* z an?rax1#ajj lockjaw1#aja & hydrophobia#ajb 9 :i* x has be5 %[n t ! virus ( ! disease is at times to be f\nd 9 ! milk supply1 b (t5 ! milk becomes visibly affect$1 s t ! dang] ( us+ ! same is greatly m9imiz$4 ,!re are also a numb] ( inflammatory udd] tr\bles kn[n z g>get or mammitis4 ,9 mo/ ( ^!1 ! physical appe>ance ( ! milk is s *ang$1 & (t5 pus is pres5t to su* a degree z to give a v disagreeable appe>ance to ! milk4 ,pus-=m+ bact]ia 7/aphylococci & /reptococci7 are to be f\nd associat$ ) su* tr\bles4 ,a numb] ( cases ( ga/ric & inte/9al cat>rh h be5 report$ z caus$ by su* milks4#ajc ,,diseases ,,transmissible ,,to ,,man ,,?r\gh ,,infection ,,( ,,milk ,,aft] ,,)drawal4 ,milk is s well adapt$ to ! developm5t ( bact]ia 9 g5]al1 t x is n surpris+ to f9d x a suitable m$ium = ! gr[? ( _m pa?og5ic species ev5 at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,n infrequ5tly1 disease-produc+ bact]ia are able to gr[ 9 raw milk 9 competition ) ! normal milk bact]ia1 s t ev5 a slight contam9ation may suffice to produce infection4 ,! diseases t are mo/ frequ5tly dissem9at$ 9 ?is way are typhoid fev]1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev] & *ol]a1 toge!r ) ! v>i\s illy-def9$ inte/9al tr\bles ( a toxic "* t occur 9 *ildr51 especially "u ! "n ( *ol]a infantum1 summ] compla9t1 etc4 ,diseases ( ?is class are n d]iv$ directly f animals because cattle are n susceptible to ! same4 ,modes ( infection4 ,9 a v>iety ( ways1 h[ev]1 ! milk may be subject to contam9at+ influ5ces aft] x is drawn f ! animal1 & s give opportunity = ! developm5t ( disease-produc+ bact]ia4 ,! m important me?ods ( infection are z foll[s3 #a4 ,infection directly f a pre-exi/+ case ( disease on premises4 ,q frequ5tly a p]son 9 ! e>ly /age ( a diseas$ condition may cont9ue at 8 usual vocation z help] 9 ! b>n or dairy1 & s give opportunity = direct infection to occur4 ,9 ! s-call$ cases ( walk+ typhoid1 ?is dang] is emphasiz$4 ,x is notewor?y 9 typhoid fev] t ! bacilli frequ5tly p]si/ 9 ! ur9e & 9 diph!ria !y (t5 rema9 9 ! ?roat until aft] convalesc5ce4 ,9 "s cases infection has be5 trac$ to /orage ( ! milk 9 rooms 9 ! h\se :]e x became pollut$ directly by ! emanations ( ! pati5t4#ajd ,among ! dwell+s ( ! l[] classes :]e a s+le room has to be us$ 9 common ?is s\rce ( infection has be5 mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$4 #b4 ,infection ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ano!r p]son4 ,n infrequ5tly ano!r individual may s]ve 9 ! capacity ( nurse or att5dant to a sick p]son1 & also assi/ 9 ! h&l+ ( ! milk1 ei!r 9 milk+ ! animals or c>+ = ! milk aft] x has be5 drawn4 ,busey & ,kob] report tw5ty-"o outbreaks ( typhoid fev] 9 :i* dairy employees also act$ 9 ! capacity ( nurses4 #c4 ,pollution ( milk ut5sils4 ,! mo/ frequ5t me?od ( infection ( cans1 pails1 etc41 is 9 clean+ !m ) wat] t may be pollut$ ) disease organisms4 ,(t5 wells may be contam9at$ ) diseas$ matt] ( inte/9al orig91 z 9 typhoid fev]1 & ! use ( wat] at normal temp]atures1 or ev5 9 a lukew>m condition1 give conditions p]mitt+ ( infection4 ,int5tional adult]ation ( milk ) wat] inadv]t5tly tak5 f pollut$ s\rces has caus$ q a numb] ( typhoid outbreaks4#aje ,s$gwick & ,*ap9#ajf f\nd 9 ! ,spr+field1 ,mass41 epidemic ( typhoid t ! milk cans 7 plac$ 9 a well to cool ! milk1 & x 0 subsequ5tly %[n t ! well 0 pollut$ ) typhoid fecal matt]4 #d4 ,pollution ( udd] ( animal by wad+ 9 infect$ wat]1 or by wa%+ same ) contam9at$ wat]4 ,?is me?od ( infection w\ld only be likely to occur 9 case ( typhoid4 ,an outbreak at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia 9 #ahicajg 0 ascrib$ to ! latt] cause4 #e4 ,pollution ( cream]y by-products1 skim-milk1 etc4 ,:]e ! milk supply ( "o patron becomes infect$ ) pa?og5ic bact]ia1 x is possible t disease may be dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! cream]y1 ! infective ag5t rema9+ 9 ! skim milk aft] sep>ation & s pollut+ ! mix$ supply4 ,?is condition is m likely to prevail ) typhoid because ( ! great] tol]ance ( ?is organism = acids su* z w\ld be f\nd 9 raw milk4 ,! outbreaks at ,br&on1#ajh ,engl&1 9 #ahic1 ,ca/le ,isl&1#aji ,irel&1 & ,m>lboro1#aaj ,mass41 9 #ahid1 7 trac$ to su* an orig94 ,:ile mo/ outbreaks ( disease associat$ ) a pollut$ milk supply orig9ate 9 ! use ( ! milk itself1 yet infect$ milk may s]ve to cause disease ev5 :5 us$ 9 o!r ways4 ,sev]al outbreaks ( typhoid fev] h be5 trac$ to ! use ( ice cream :]e !re 7 /rong reasons = believ+ t ! milk us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! product 0 pollut$4#aaa ,hank9#aab details a case ( an ,indian confection made l>gely f milk t caus$ a typhoid outbreak 9 a ,briti% regim5t4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce t milk may n infrequ5tly s]ve z an ag5t 9 spread+ disease is conclusive en\gh to satisfactorily prove ! proposition1 yet x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! organism ( any specific disease 9 "q has r>ely ev] be5 f\nd4 ,! reasons = ?is are q ! same z ^? t gov]n ! situation 9 ! case ( pollut$ wat]s1 except t ! difficulties ( ! problem are mu* great] 9 ! case ( milk ?an ) wat]4 ,! inability to readily sep>ate ! typhoid g]m1 = in/ance1 f ! colon bacillus1 an organism frequ5tly f\nd 9 milk1 pres5ts te*nical difficulties n easily ov]come4 ,! mo/ pot5t reason ( failure to f9d disease bact]ia is ! fact t infection 9 any case mu/ occur sometime previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ! outbreak4 ,n only is !re ! usual p]iod ( incubation1 b x r>ely happ5s t an outbreak is inve/igat$ until a numb] ( cases h occurr$4 ,9 ?is int]im ! orig9al cause ( infection may h ceas$ to be op]ative4 ,typhoid fev]4 ,) ref]5ce to ! diseases likely to to be dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( milk1 infect$ aft] be+ drawn f ! animal1 typhoid fev] is ! mo/ important4 ,! reason = ?is is due 7#a7 to ! wide spread di/ribution ( ! disease2 7#b7 to ! fact t ! typhoid bacillus is "o t is capable ( )/&+ consid]able am\nts ( acid1 & consequ5tly f9ds ev5 9 raw milk conta9+ ! normal lactic acid bact]ia conditions favorable = its gr[?4#aac ,ability to gr[ "u ^! conditions c be %[n n only exp]im5tally1 b !re is abundant cl9ical evid5ce t ev5 a slight infection (t5 causes ext5sive outbreaks1 z 9 ! ,/am=d1 ,conn41 outbreak 9 #ahie :]e #chf cases develop$ 9 a few weeks1 #ig p] c5t4 ( :i* occurr$ on ! r\te ( "o milk-man4 ,9 ?is case ! milk cans 7 ?or\ghly & prop]ly clean$1 b 7 r9s$ out ) cold wat] f a %all[ well t 0 f\nd to be pollut$4 ,! mo/ common mode ( pollution ( milk ) typhoid organisms is :]e ! milk ut5sils are infect$ 9 "o way or ano!r4#aad ,second 9 importance is ! c>ry+ ( infection by p]sons s]v+ 9 ! dual capacity ( nurse & dairy att5dant4 ,*ol]a4 ,?is g]m does n f9d milk s favorable a nutri5t m$ium z ! typhoid organism1 because x is mu* m s5sitive t[>d ! action ( acids4 ,kitasato#aae f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x c\ld live 9 raw milk f "o to f\r days1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( acid pres5t4 ,9 boil$ or /]iliz$ milk x gr[s m freely1 z ! acid-produc+ =ms are !reby elim9at$4 ,9 butt] x dies out 9 a few days 7#d to #e74 ,on acc\nt ( ! above relation n a l>ge numb] ( *ol]a outbreaks h be5 trac$ to milk1 b ,simpson#aaf records a v /rik+ case 9 ,india :]e a numb] ( sailors1 ^u rea*+ port1 secur$ a quantity ( milk4 ,( ! crew :i* consum$ ?is1 e "o 0 tak5 ill1 & f\r out ( t5 di$1 :ile ^? :o did n p>take escap$ )\t any disease4 ,x 0 lat] %[n t ! milk 0 adult]at$ ) wat] tak5 f an op5 pool 9 a *ol]a infect$ di/rict4 ,diph!ria4 ,milk occasionally1 ?\gh n (t51 s]ves z a m$ium = ! dissem9ation ( diph!ria4 ,s)9bank & ,newman#aag cites f\r cases 9 :i* ! causal organism has be5 isolat$ f milk4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t gr[? occurs m rapidly 9 raw ?an 9 /]iliz$ milk4#aah ,infection 9 ?is disease is m frequ5tly attributable to direct infection f pati5t on acc\nt ( ! long p]si/5ce ( ?is g]m 9 ! ?roat1 or indirectly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an att5dant4 ,sc>let fev]4 ,al?\gh x is m difficult to /udy ! relation ( ?is disease to contam9at$ milk supplies1 because ! causal g]m ( sc>let fev] is n yet kn[n1 yet ! orig9 ( a consid]able numb] ( epidemics has be5 trac$ to pollut$ milk supplies4 ,milk d\btless is infect$ mo/ frequ5tly f p]sons 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! disease :5 ! infectivity ( ! disease is great]4 ,di>rhoeal diseases4 ,milk n infrequ5tly acquires ! prop]ty ( produc+ diseases ( ! dige/ive tract by reason ( ! developm5t ( v>i\s bact]ia t =m m or less poison\s by-products4 ,^! tr\bles occur mo/ frequ5tly dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 especially ) infants & *ildr51 z 9 *ol]a infantum & summ] compla9t4 ,! high] mortality ( bottle-f$ infants#aai 9 comp>ison ) ^? t are nurs$ directly is explicable on ! !ory t c[s' milk is ! c>ri] ( ! infection1 because 9 _m cases x is n consum$ until !re has be5 ample "t = ! developm5t ( organisms 9 x4 ,:]e milk is pa/euriz$ or boil$ x is f\nd t ! mortality among *ildr5 is greatly r$uc$4 ,z a cause ( sickness & dea? ^! diseases exce$ 9 importance all o!r specific diseases previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,^! tr\bles h g5]ally be5 expla9$ z produc$ by bact]ia ( ! putrefactive class :i* f9d _! way into ! milk ?r\gh ! introduction ( fil? & dirt at "t ( milk+4#abj ,fluegge#aba has demon/rat$ t c]ta9 peptoniz+ species possess toxic prop]ties = animals4 ,rec5t exp]im5tal inquiry#abb has demon/rat$ t ! dys5t]y bacillus 7,%iga7 probably be>s a causal relation to "s ( ^! summ] compla9ts4 ,ptoma9e poison+4 ,_m cases ( poison+ f food products are also report$ ) adults4 ,^! are due to ! =mation ( v>i\s toxic products1 g5]ally ptoma9es1 t are produc$ z a result ( infection ( foods by diff]5t bact]ia4 ,"o ( ^! sub/ances1 tyrotoxicon1 0 isolat$ by ,vaughan#abc f *eese & v>i\s o!r products ( milk1 & f\nd to possess ! prop]ty ( produc+ symptoms ( poison+ simil> to ^? t are not$ 9 su* cases4 ,he attributes ! production ( ?is toxic effect to ! decomposition ( ! elem5ts 9 ! milk induc$ by putrefactive =ms ( bact]ia t develop :]e milk is improp]ly kept4#abd ,(t5 outbreaks ( ?is "*#abe assume ! proportions ( an epidemic1 :]e a l>ge numb] ( p]sons use ! ta9t$ food4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,h>t1 ,trans4 ,int4 ,m$4 ,cong41 ,london1 #ahha1 #d3dia-edd4 #gi ,freeman1 ,m$4 ,rec41 ,m>* #bh1 #ahif4 #hj ,busey & ,kob]1 ,rept4 ,heal? ,(f4 ( ,di/4 ( ,col41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahie1 p4 #bii4 ,^! au?ors pres5t 9 ?is report an elaborate article on morbific & infecti\s milk1 giv+ a v complete bibliography ( #ahj numb]s4 ,!y app5d to ,h>t's li/ 7:i* is publi%$ 9 full7 additional outbreaks :i* h occurr$ s9ce1 toge!r ) full data z to ext5t ( epidemic1 circum/ances gov]n+ ! outbreak1 z well z "n ( orig9al report] & ref]5ce4 #ha ,smi?1 ,!o41 ,j\rn4 ( ,expt4 ,m$41 #ahih1 #c3dea4 #hb ,d9widdie1 ,bull4 #eg1 ,ark4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,june1 #ahii2 ,rav5el1 ,univ4 ( ,p5n4 ,m$4 ,bull41 ,sept4 #aija4 #hc ,rav5el1 ,j\rn4 ( ,comp4 ,m$4 ,vet4 ,ar*41 ,dec4 #ahig2 ,h>tzell1 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,ass'n1 ,april #af1 #ahih4 #hd ,/ille1 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,aug4 #ai1 #ahii4 #he ,?is te/ is made by inject+ into ! animal a small quantity ( tub]cul91 :i* is a /]iliz$ glyc]9 extract ( cultures ( ! tub]cle bacillus4 ,9 a tub]cul\s animal1 ev5 9 ! v e>lie/ phases ( ! disease1 tub]cul9 causes a tempor>y fev] t la/s = a few h\rs4 ,by tak+ ! temp]ature a numb] ( times be=e & aft] injection x is possible to readily recognize any febrile condition4 ,a positive diagnosis is made :]e ! temp]ature aft] inoculation is at lea/ #b4j deg4 ,f4 above ! av]age normal1 & :]e ! reaction fev] is cont9u$ = a p]iod ( "s h\rs4 #hf ,m>t91 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn4 #ahie1 #a3icg2 ,noc>d1 ,les ,tub]culoses animales1 #ahie4 #hg ,c4 ,o4 ,j5s51 ,mil* ,kunde und ,mil* hygi5e1 p4 #fi4 #hh ,o/]tag1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #bb3fgb4 #hi ,ob]muell]1 ,hyg4 ,rund41 #ahig1 p4 #gab2 ,petri1 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,ges4 ,amte1 #ahih1 #ad3 #a2 ,hormann und ,morg5ro?1 ,hyg4 ,rund41 #ahih1 p4 #bag4 #ij ,rab9[its*1 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahig1 #bf3 #ij4 #ia ,?4 ,smi?4 ,j\rn4 ( ,expt4 ,m$41 #ahii1 #d3bag4 #ib ,russell & ,ha/+s1 #ah ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aija4 #ic ,hesse1 ,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #aijj1 #cd3cdf4 #id ,practically all ( ! f9e/ butt] made 9 ,d5m>k is made f cream t has be5 pa/euriz$ at temp]atures v>y+ f #afj deg4-#ahe deg4 ,f4 #ie ,gebh>dt1 ,vir*4 ,ar*41 #ahij1 #aai3ab4 #if ,s*eurl51 ,arb4 a4 d4 k4 ,ges4 ,amte1 #ahia1 #g3bfi2 ,bang1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahic1 p4 #fgb4 #ig ,moore1 ,ye> ,book ( ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #ahie1 p4 #dcb4 #ih ,weigel & ,noack1 ,jahres4 d4 ,ges4 ,m$41 #ahij1 p4 #fdb2 ,weiss5b]g1 ,allg4 m$4 ,c5t4 ,zeit41 #ahij1 p4 #a2 ,baum1 ,ar*4 f4 ,?i]heilkunde1 #ahib1 #ah3af4 #ii ,s*neid]1 ,mu5*1 m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahic1 ,no4 #bg2 ,froehn]1 ,zeit f4 ,fleis* u4 ,mil*hygi5e1 #ahia1 p4 #ee4 #ajj ,fes]1 ,deuts*e ,zeit4 f4 ,?i]m$41 #ahhj1 #f3aff4 #aja ,noc>d1 ,bull4 ,g541 #ahhe1 p4 #ed4 #ajb ,deuts*e ,vi]telsjahr4 f4 (f5tl4 ,gesundheitspflege1 #ahij1 #bj3ddd4 #ajc ,zeit4 f4 ,fleis* und ,mil* hygi5e1 #aa3aad4 #ajd ,e4 ,ro?1 ,deuts*e ,vi]teljahress*r4 f4 (f5tl4 ,gesundheitspfl41 #ahij1 #bb3bch #aje ,s4 ,w4 ,nor?1 ,london ,practition]1 #ahhi1 #dc3cic4 #ajf ,s$gwick & ,*ap91 ,bo/on ,m$4 ,surg4 ,j\rn41 #ahic1 #abi3dhe4 #ajg ,dabney1 ,phila4 ,m$4 ,news1 #ahic1 #fc3fcj4 #ajh ,welphy1 ,london ,lancet1 #ahid1 #b3ajhe4 #aji ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahid1 #a3hae4 #aaj ,mass4 ,bd4 ,heal? ,rept41 #ahid1 p4 #gfe4 #aaa ,turn]1 ,london ,practition]1 #ahib1 #di3ada2 ,munro1 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahid1 #b3hbi4 #aab ,hank91 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahid1 #b3fac4 #aac ,heim 7,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,gesundheitsamte1 #ahhi1 #e3cjc7 f9ds x capable ( liv+ f #bj-cj days 9 milk4 #aad ,s*u$] 7,zeit4 f4 ,hyg41 #aijb1 #ch3cd7 exam9$ ! /ati/ics ( #fch typhoid epidemics4 ,he f\nd #ga p] c5t4 due to infect$ dr9k+ wat]1 #ag p] c5t4 to infect$ milk1 & #c4e p] c5t4 caus$ by o!r =ms ( food4 #aae ,kitasato4 ,arb4 a4 d4 ,kais4 ,gesundheitsamte1 #a3dgj4 #aaf ,simpson1 ,london ,practition]1 #ahhg1 #ci3add4 #aag ,s)9bank & ,newman1 ,bact]iology ( ,milk1 p4 #cda4 #aah ,s*ottelius & ,ell]hor/4 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahig1 pp4 #dj & #gc4 #aai ,bag9sky1 ,hyg4 ,rund41 #ahie1 p4 #agf4 #abj ,gaffky1 ,deuts*4 m$4 ,wo*541 #ah3ad4 #aba ,fluegge4 ,zeit41 f4 ,hyg41 #ag3bgb1 #ahid4 #abb ,duval & ,bassett1 ,/udies f ! ,rockefell] ,in/4 = ,m$4 ,rese>*1 #b3g1 #aijd4 #abc ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 #aj3adf2 #i ,int]n4 ,hyg4 ,cong4 7,london71 #ahia1 p4 #aah4 #abd ,vaughan & ,p]k9s1 ,ar*4 f4 ,hyg41 #bg3cjh4 #abe ,newton & ,wallace 7,phila4 ,m$4 ,news1 #ahhg1 #ej3egj7 report ?ree outbreaks at ,long ,bran*1 ,n4 ,j41 two ( :i* occurr$ 9 summ] hotels4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,bact]ia ,,& ,,milk ,,supplies ,,) ,,especial ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pres]vation4 ,to ! milk deal] or di/ributor1 bact]ia are m or less ( a detrim5t4 ,none ( ! organisms t f9d _! way into milk1 nor ! by-products =m$ by _! gr[?1 improve ! quality ( milk supplies4 ,x is !re=e especially desirable f ! milk-deal]'s po9t ( view t ^! *anges %\ld be held 9 abeyance z mu* z possible4 ,!n too1 ! possibility t milk may s]ve z a m$ium = ! dissem9ation ( disease-bre$+ bact]ia makes x advisable to protect ?is food supply f all possible infection f suspici\s s\rces4 ,9 consid]+1 !re=e1 ! relation ( bact]ia to g5]al milk supplies1 ! economic & ! hygi5ic /&po9ts mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,ord9>ily mu* m emphasis is laid ^u ! fir/ requirem5t4 ,if ! supply pres5ts no abnormal feature z to ta/e1 odor & appe>ance1 un=tunately b little att5tion is paid to ! possibility ( infection by disease g]ms4 ,! me?ods ( control :i* are applicable to g5]al milk supplies are bas$ on ! foll[+ f\ndations3 7#a7 ! exclusion ( all bact]ial life1 z f> z practicable1 at ! "t ! milk is drawn1 & ! subsequ5t /orage ( ! same at temp]atures unfavorable = ! gr[? ( ! organisms t d ga9 access2 7#b7 ! removal ( ! bact]ia1 :olly or 9 "p1 aft] !y h once ga9$ access4 ,until )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 practically no att5tion 0 giv5 to ! "* ( milk supplies1 except possibly z to ! p]c5tage ( butt] fat1 & sometimes ! milk solids :i* x conta9$4 ,s long z ! product c\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! consum] 9 su* %ape z n to be reject$ by him z unfit = food1 no fur!r att5tion 0 likely to be giv5 to its "*4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 mu* m emphasis is be+ giv5 to ! quality ( milk1 especially z to its g]m cont5t2 & ! milk deal] is beg9n+ to recognize ! necessity ( a great] degree ( control4 ,?is control mu/ n m]ely conc]n ! h&l+ ( ! product aft] x rea*es him1 b %\ld g back to ! milk produc] on ! f>m4 ,"h especially1 x is necess>y to inculcate ^? me?ods ( cleanl9ess :i* w prev5t 9 l>ge measure ! :olesale infection t ord9>ily occurs4 ,! two wat* words :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance to ! milk deal] are cleanl9ess & cold4 ,if ! milk is prop]ly drawn f ! animal 9 a clean mann] & is imm$iately & ?or\ghly *ill$1 ! deal] has little to fe> z to 8 product4 ,:5ev] s]i\s difficulties d arise1 attributable to bact]ial *anges1 x is because neglig5ce has be5 p]mitt$ 9 "o or bo? directions4 ,! influ5ce ( cleanl9ess 9 dim9i%+ ! bact]ial life 9 milk & t ( l[ temp]atures 9 repress+ ! gr[? ( ^? =ms :i* inevitably ga9 access has be5 fully dealt ) 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x is ( c\rse n practicable to take all ( ^! precautions to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ! secur+ ( l>ge supplies ( m>ket milk = city use1 b great improvem5t ov] exi/+ conditions c\ld be secur$ if ! public w\ld dem& a bett] sup]vision ( ?is important food article4 ,bo>ds ( heal? 9 our l>g] cities are awak5+ to ! importance ( ?is "q & are becom+ increas+ly active 9 ! matt] ( bett] regulations & ! en=cem5t ( ! same4 ,new ,york ,city ,bo>d ( ,heal? has tak5 an advanc$ position 9 requir+ t all milk sold 9 ! city %all be *ill$ d[n to #de deg4 ,f4 imm$iately aft] milk+ & %all be transport$ to ! city 9 refrig]ator c>s4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! application ( ! acid te/ 7page #eb7 9 ! inspection ( city milk supplies1 & x is ! op9ion ( ! writ] t ! curd te/ 7see page #gf7 c\ld also be us$ ) advantage 9 det]m9+ ! sanit>y "* ( milk4 ,?is te/ reveals ! pres5ce ( bact]ia usually associat$ ) dirt & p]mits ( ! recognition ( milks t h be5 c>elessly h&l$4 ,f p]sonal k ( exam9ations made ( ! milk supplies 9 a numb] ( ,wiscons9 cities x appe>s t ?is te/ c\ld be utiliz$ ) evid5t advantage4 ,sanit>y or c]tifi$ milk supplies4 ,9 a numb] ( ! l>g] cities1 ! attempt has be5 made to improve ! quality ( ! milk supplies by ! in/allation ( dairies 9 :i* is produc$ an especially high grade ( milk4 ,frequ5tly ! inspection ( ! dairy z well z ! exam9ation ( ! milk at /at$ int]vals is "u ! control ( milk commissions or m$ical societies & z x is cu/om>y to di/ribute ! c]tificate ( ! exam9+ bo>d ) ! product1 su* milks are frequ5tly kn[n z c]tifi$4 ,9 su* dairies ! tub]cul9 te/ is us$ at regul> int]vals1 & ! h]d inspect$ frequ5tly by compet5t vet]9>ians4 ,! me?ods ( control inaugurat$ z to clean milk+ & subsequ5t h&l+ are su* z to insure ! dim9ution ( ! bact]ia to ! l[e/ possible po9t4 ,! bact]ial limit set by ! ,p$iatric ,society ( ,philadelphia is #aj1jjj organisms p] cc4 ,(t5 x is possible to improve v mat]ially on ?is /&>d & n infrequ5tly is ! supply produc$ :]e x conta9s only a few ?\s& organisms p] cc4 ,:]e su* a degree ( c>e is ex]cis$1 naturally a consid]ably high] price mu/ be paid = ! product1#abf & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! developm5t ( su* a sy/em is only possible 9 relatively l>ge c5t]s :]e ! deal] c cat] to a select$ high-class trade4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t su* a me?od ( control is only feasible 9 dairies t are "u individual control4 ,! impossibility ( ex]cis+ adequate control ) ref]5ce to ! milk+ process & ! c>e :i* %\ld be giv5 ! milk imm$iately !reaft]1 :5 ! same is produc$ on diff]5t f>ms "u v>i\s auspices is evid5t4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,milk ,,supplies4 ,:ile mu* c be done to improve ! quality ( milk supplies by exclud+ a l>ge proportion ( ! bact]ia :i* normally ga9 access to ! milk1 & prev5t+ ! rapid gr[? ( ^? t d f9d _! way !re91 yet = g5]al municipal purposes1 any practical me?od ( pres]vation#abg t is applicable on a comm]cial scale mu/ re/ l>gely ^u ! de/ruction ( bact]ia t are pres5t 9 ! milk4 ,! two possible me?ods by :i* bact]ia c be de/roy$ aft] !y h once ga9$ access is 7#a7 by ! use ( *emical pres]vatives2 7#b7 by ! aid ( physical me?ods4 ,*emical pres]vatives4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to f9d "s *emical sub/ance t c\ld be add$ to milk :i* w\ld pres]ve x )\t int]f]+ ) its nutritive prop]ties1 b z a g5]al rule a sub/ance t is toxic en\gh to de/roy or inhibit ! gr[? ( bact]ial life ex]ts a prejudicial effect on ! tissues ( ! body4 ,! use ( *emicals1 su* z c>bolic acid1 m]cury salts & m9]al acids1 t are able to entirely de/roy all life1 is ( c\rse exclud$1 except :5 milk is pres]v$ = analytical purposes2 b a numb] ( mild] sub/ances are m or less ext5sively employ$1 al?\gh ! /atutes ( practically all /ates =bid _! use4 ,! sub/ances s us$ may be gr\p$ 9 two classes3 #a4 ,^? t unite *emically ) c]ta9 by-products ( bact]ial gr[? to =m in]t sub/ances4 ,?us bic>bonate ( soda neutralizes ! acid 9 s\r+ milk1 al?\gh x does n de/roy ! lactic acid bact]ia4 #b4 ,^? t act directly ^u ! bact]ia 9 milk1 re/ra9+ or inhibit+ _! developm5t4 ,! sub/ances mo/ frequ5tly utiliz$ are salicylic acid1 =maldehyde & boracic acid4 ,^! are ne>ly always sold to ! milk h&l]1 "u "s propriet>y "n1 at prices greatly 9 excess ( :at ! crude *emicals c\ld be b\ght = 9 ! op5 m>ket4 ,=maldehyde has be5 widely adv]tis$ ( late1 b its use is fraught ) ! greate/ dang]1 = x practically r5d]s insoluble all album9\s matt] & its toxic effect is greatly increas$ 9 l>g] doses4 ,^! sub/ances are g5]ally us$ by milk h&l]s :o "k no?+ ( _! poison\s action1 & al?\gh x may be possible = adults to )/& _! use 9 dilute =m1 )\t s]i\s results1 yet _! addition to g5]al milk supplies t may be us$ by *ildr5 is little %ort ( crim9al4 ,! sale ( ^! prep>ations = use 9 milk f9ds its only outlet ) ^? dairym5 :o are anxi\s to escape ! exactions t mu/ be met by all :o attempt to h&le milk 9 ! be/ possible mann]4 ,f>r+ton has sugge/$ a simple means = ! detection ( pres]val9 7boracic acid74#abh ,:5 ?is sub/ance is add$ to fre% milk1 x increases ! acidity ( milk )\t affect+ its ta/e4 ,z normal milk ta/es s\r :5 x conta9s ab\t #j4c p] c5t lactic acid1 a milk t te/s z mu* or m ?an ?is )\t ta/+ s\r has be5 probably treat$ ) ?is antiseptic ag5t4 ,physical me?ods ( pres]vation4 ,me?ods bas$ ^u ! application ( physical =ces are less likely to injure ! nutritive value ( milk1 & are consequ5tly m effective1 if ( any value :atev]4 ,a numb] ( me?ods h be5 tri$ m or less ?or\ghly 9 an exp]im5tal way t h n yet be5 r$uc$ to a practical basis1 z electricity1 use ( a vacuum1 & increas$ pressure4#abi ,cond5sation has long be5 us$ ) great success1 b 9 ?is process ! nature ( ! milk is mat]ially *ang$4 ,! keep+ quality 9 cond5s$ milk (t5 dep5ds ^u ! action ( ano!r pr9ciple1 viz41 ! inhibition ( bact]ial gr[? by reason ( ! conc5tration ( ! m$ium4 ,?is condition is rea*$ ei!r by add+ sug> & s increas+ ! soluble solids1 or by driv+ (f ! wat] by evaporation1 pref]ably 9 a vacuum pan4 ,temp]ature *anges are1 h[ev]1 ( ! mo/ value 9 pres]v+ milk1 = by a v>iation 9 temp]ature all bact]ial gr[? c be br\ght to a /&/ill1 & "u prop] conditions ?or\ghly de/roy$4 ,use ( l[ temp]atures4 ,! effect ( *ill+ or rapid cool+ on ! keep+ quality ( milk is well kn[n4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( milk is l[]$ to ! neighborhood ( #de deg4 ,f41 ! developm5t ( bact]ial life is s sl[ z to mat]ially increase ! p]iod t milk rema9s sweet4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s1 attempts h be5 made to pres]ve milk s t x c\ld be %ipp$ long di/ances by freez+ ! product1 :i* 9 ! =m ( milk-ice c\ld be held = an indef9ite p]iod )\t *ange4#acj ,a modification ( ?is process kn[n z ,casse's sy/em has be5 9 use m or less ext5sively 9 ,cop5hag5 & 9 sev]al places 9 ,g]many4 ,?is consi/s ( add+ a small block ( milk-ice 7froz5 milk7 to l>ge cans ( milk 7"o "p to ab\t fifty ( milk7 :i* may or may n be pa/euriz$4#aca ,?is r$uces ! temp]ature s t ! milk rema9s sweet consid]ably long]4 ,su* a process might p]mit ( ! %ipm5t ( milk = long di/ances ) safety b z a matt] ( fact1 ! sy/em has n met ) especial favor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,microscopic appe>ance ( normal milk %[+ ! fat-globules aggregat$ 9 clu/]s4 ,use ( high temp]atures4 ,heat has long be5 us$ z a pres]v+ ag5t4 ,milk has be5 scald$ or cook$ to keep x f "t immemorial4 ,heat may be us$ at diff]5t temp]atures1 & :5 s appli$ ex]ts a v>y+ effect1 dep5d+ ^u temp]ature employ$4 ,all me?ods ( pres]vation by heat re/1 h[ev]1 ^u ! application ( ! heat "u ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,a temp]ature above ! maximum gr[+-po9t 7#aje deg4-#aae deg4 ,f47 & bel[ ! !rmal dea?-po9t 7#acj deg4-#adj deg4 ,f47 w prev5t fur!r gr[?1 & consequ5tly f]m5tative action4 #b4 ,a temp]ature above ! !rmal dea?-po9t de/roys bact]ia1 & !reby /ops all *anges4 ,?is temp]ature v>ies1 h[ev]1 ) ! condition ( ! bact]ia1 & = spores is mu* high] ?an = vegetative =ms4 ,attempts h be5 made to employ ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 %ipp+ milk by rail1 viz41 prolong$ heat+ above gr[+ temp]ature1 b :5 milk is s heat$1 its physical appe>ance is *ang$4#acb ,! me?ods ( heat+ mo/ satisfactorily us$ are kn[n z /]ilization & pa/eurization1 9 :i* a degree ( temp]ature is us$ approximat+ ! boil+ & scald+ po9ts respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,microscopic appe>ance ( milk heat$ above #adj deg4 ,f41 %[+ ! homog5e\s di/ribution ( fat-globules4 ,! physical *ange not$ 9 comp>ison ) ,fig4 #bb causes ! dim9i%$ consi/5cy ( pa/euriz$ cream4 ,effect ( heat on milk4 ,:5 milk is subject$ to ! action ( heat1 a numb] ( *anges 9 its physical & *emical prop]ties are to be not$4 #a4 ,dim9i%$ body4 ,:5 milk1 b m especially cream1 is heat$ to #adj deg4 ,f4 or above1 x becomes ?9n] 9 consi/5cy or body1 a condition :i* is due to a *ange 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! fat globules4 ,9 normal milk1 ! butt] fat = ! mo/ "p is mass$ 9 microscopic clots z 7,fig4 #bb74 ,:5 expos$ to #adj deg4 ,f4 or above = t5 m9utes ^! fat-globule clots break d[n1 & ! globules become homog5e\sly di/ribut$ 7,fig4 #bc74 ,a mom5t>y exposure to heat z high z #aeh deg4-#afj deg4 may be made )\t s]i\s effect on ! cream lime2 b above ?is ! cream rises s poorly & sl[ly t x gives ! impression ( ?9n] milk4 #b4 ,cook$ ,ta/e4 ,if milk is heat$ = "s m9utes to #afj deg4 ,f41 x acquires a cook$ ta/e t becomes m pron\nc$ z ! temp]ature is fur!r rais$4 ,milk s heat$ develops on its surface a pellicle or sk94 ,! cause ( ?is *ange 9 ta/e is n well kn[n4 ,usually x has be5 expla9$ z be+ produc$ by *anges 9 ! nitrog5\s elem5ts 9 ! milk1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! album54 ,?o]n]#acc has po9t$ out ! co9cid5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! appe>ance ( a cook$ ta/e & ! loss ( c]ta9 gases t are expell$ by heat+4 ,he f9ds t ! milk heat$ 9 clos$ vessels f :i* ! gas _c escape has a mu* less pron\nc$ cook$ flavor ?an if heat$ 9 an op5 vessel4 ,! s-call$ sk9 on ! surface ( heat$ milk is n =m$ :5 ! milk is heat$ 9 a tightly-clos$ receptacle4 ,by "s#acd x is ass]t$ t ?is lay] is compos$ ( album51 b !re is evid5ce to %[ t x is modifi$ case9 due to ! rapid evaporation ( ! milk s]um at ! surface ( ! milk4 #c4 ,dige/ibility4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion has exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( m$ical m5 z to ! relative dige/ibility ( raw & heat$ milks4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w has be5 done by mak+ artificial dige/ion exp]im5ts ) enzyms1 also dige/ion exp]im5ts ) animals1 & 9 a few cases ) *ildr54 ,! results obta9$ by diff]5t inve/igators are q contradictory1 al?\gh ! prepond]ance ( evid5ce seems to be 9 favor ( ! view t heat+ does impair ! dige/ibility ( milk1 especially if ! temp]ature atta9s ! /]iliz+ po9t4#ace ,x has be5 obs]v$ t !re is a notewor?y increase 9 am\nt ( rickets1#acf scurvy & m>asmus 9 *ildr5 :]e highly-heat$ milks are employ$4 ,^! objections d n obta9 ) ref]5ce to milk heat$ to mod]ate temp]atures1 z 9 pa/eurization1 al?\gh ev5 ?is l[] temp]ature less5s slightly its dige/ibility4 ,! successful use ( pa/euriz$ milks 9 *ildr5's hospitals is evid5ce ( its usefulness4 #d4 ,f]m5tative *anges4 ,! normal s\r+ *ange 9 milk is due to ! pr$om9ance ( ! lactic acid bact]ia1 b z ^! organisms z a class d n possess spores1 !y are readily kill$ :5 heat$ above ! !rmal dea?-po9t ( ! develop+ cell4 ,! de/ruction ( ! lactic =ms leaves ! spore-be>+ types possessors ( ! field1 & consequ5tly ! f]m5tative *anges 9 heat$ milk are n ^? t usually occur1 b are *>act]iz$ by ! curdl+ ( ! milk f ! action ( r5net enzyms4 #e4 ,action ( r5net4 ,heat+ milk causes ! soluble lime salts to be precipitat$1 & z ! curdl+ ( milk by r5net 79 *eese-mak+7 is dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( ^! salts1 _! abs5ce 9 heat$ milks greatly ret>ds ! action ( r5net4 ,?is r5d]s x difficult to utilize heat$ milks 9 *eese-mak+ unless ! soluble lime salts are re/or$1 :i* c be done by add+ solutions ( calcium *lorid4 ,/]ilization4 ,z ord9>ily us$ 9 dairy+1 /]ilization means ! application ( heat at temp]atures approximat+1 if n exce$+1 #bab deg4 ,f4 ,x does n necess>ily imply t milk s treat$ is /]ile1 i4 e41 g]m-free2 =1 on acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( spores1 x is practically impossible to de/roy entirely all ^! h>dy =ms4 ,if milk is heat$ at temp]atures above ! boil+ po9t1 z is done :]e /eam pressure is utiliz$1 x c be r5d]$ practically g]m-free4 ,su* me?ods are employ$ :]e x is design$ to keep milk sweet = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,! treatm5t ( milk by /]ilization has n met ) any g5]al favor 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh x has be5 m widely introduc$ abroad4 ,9 mo/ cases ! process is c>ri$ out aft] ! milk is bottl$2 & consid]able +5uity has be5 ex]cis$ 9 ! con/ruction ( devices :i* w p]mit ( ! closure ( ! bottles aft] ! /]iliz+ process has be5 complet$4 ,milks heat$ to s high a temp]ature h a m or less pron\nc$ boil$ or cook$ ta/e1 a condition t does n meet ) g5]al favor 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! app>atus suitable = ?is purpose mu/1 ( necessity1 be s con/ruct$ z to )/& /eam pressure1 & consequ5tly is consid]ably m exp5sive ?an t requir$ = ! simpl] pa/euriz+ process4 ,pa/eurization4 ,9 ?is me?od ! degree ( heat us$ ranges f #adj deg4 to #ahe deg4 ,f4 & ! application is made = only a limit$ l5g? ( "t4 ,! process 0 fir/ ext5sively us$ by ,pa/eur 7f :om x d]ives its "n7 9 combat+ v>i\s maladies ( be] & w9e4 ,its importance z a means ( increas+ ! keep+ quality ( milk 0 n g5]ally recogniz$ until a few ye>s ago2 b ! me?od is n[ gr[+ rapidly 9 favor z a means ( pres]v+ milk = comm]cial purposes4 ,! me?od does n de/roy all g]m-life 9 milk2 x affects only ^? organisms t are 9 a gr[+1 vegetative condition2 b if ! milk is quickly cool$1 x enhances ! keep+ quality v mat]ially4 ,x is un=tunate t ?is same t]m is us$ 9 connection ) ! heat+ ( cream z a prep>atory /ep to ! use ( pure cultures 9 cream-rip5+ 9 butt]-mak+4 ,! objects to be accompli%$ v>y mat]ially & ! details ( ! two processes are also q diff]5t4 ,:ile pa/euriz+ c be p]=m$ on a small scale by ! individual1 ! process c also be adapt$ to ! comm]cial treatm5t ( l>ge quantities ( milk4 ,! app>atus necess>y = ?is purpose is n ne>ly s exp5sive z t us$ 9 /]iliz+1 a factor ( importance :5 o!r advantages are consid]$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry pa/eurization has made consid]able headway1 n only 9 supply+ a milk t is design$ to s]ve z *ildr5's food1 b ev5 = g5]al purposes4 ,requirem5ts ess5tial 9 pa/eurization4 ,:ile consid]able latitude ) ref]5ce to pa/euriz+ limits is p]mitt$1 yet !re are c]ta9 conditions :i* %\ld be obs]v$1 & ^!1 9 a s5se1 fix ! limits t %\ld be employ$4 ,^! may be designat$ z 7#a7 ! physical1 & 7#b7 ! biological requirem5ts4 ,physical requirem5ts4 #a4 ,avoidance ( scald$ or cook$ ta/e4 ,! ,engli% & ,am]ican p are s av]se to a scald$ or cook$ flavor 9 milk t x is practically impossible = a highly heat$ product to be sold 9 competition ) ord9>y raw milk4 ,9 pa/eurization !n1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to exce$ ! temp]ature at :i* a p]man5tly cook$ flavor is develop$4 ,z previ\sly obs]v$1 ?is po9t v>ies ) ! p]iod ( exposure4 ,a mom5t>y exposure to a temp]ature ( ab\t #agj deg4 ,f4 may be made )\t any mat]ial alt]ation1 b if ! heat is ma9ta9$ = a few m9utes 7t5 m9utes or ov]71 a temp]ature ( #aeh deg4 to #afj deg4 ,f4 is ab\t ! maximum t c be employ$ ) safety4 #b4 ,normal cream+ ( ! milk4 ,x is especially desirable t a %>p & def9ite cream l9e be evid5t on ! milk soon aft] pa/eurization4 ,if ?is fails to appe>1 ! natural inf]5ce ( ! consum] is t ! milk is skimm$4 ,if ! milk be heat$ to a temp]ature suffici5tly high to cause ! fat-globule clu/]s to dis9tegrate 7see ,figs4 #bb & #bc71 ! globules d n rise to ! surface z readily z be=e & ! cream l9e rema9s indi/9ct4 ,:]e ! exposure is made = a consid]able p]iod ( "t 7#aj m9utes or m71 ! maximum temp]ature :i* c be us$ )\t produc+ ?is *ange is ab\t #adj deg4 ,f42 if ! exposure is made = a v brief "t1 a m9ute or less1 ! milk may be heat$ to #aeh deg4-#afj ,f4 deg4 )\t injur+ ! cream+ prop]ty4 #c4 ,no dim9ution 9 cream body4 ,co9cid5t ) ?is *ange :i* takes place 9 ! cream+ ( ! milk is ! *ange 9 body or consi/5cy :i* is not$ :]e cream is pa/euriz$ at too high a temp]ature4 ,= ! same reason z giv5 "u 7#b7 cream heat$ above ^! temp]atures is r$uc$ 9 app>5t ?ickness & appe>s to conta9 less butt]-fat4 ,( c\rse ! pa/euriz+ process does n *ange ! fat cont5t1 b its body is app>5tly s affect$4 ,?us a #be p] c5t4 cream may seem to be no ?ick] or heavi] ?an an #ah p] c5t4 raw cream4 ,?is real r$uction 9 consi/5cy naturally affects ! read9ess ) :i* ! cream c be :ipp$4 ,biological requirem5ts4 #a4 ,enhanc$ keep+ quality4 ,9 comm]cial practice ! ess5tial biological requirem5t is express$ 9 ! enhanc$ keep+ quality ( ! pa/euriz$ milk4 ,?is expresses 9 a practical way ! r$uction 9 g]m life accompli%$ by ! pa/euriz+ process4 ,! improvem5t 9 keep+ quality dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature & "t ( exposure1 b fully z mu* also on ! way 9 :i* ! pa/euriz$ product is h&l$ aft] heat+4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature :i* c be us$ ) success to kill ! active1 vegetative bact]ia is ab\t #adj deg4 ,f41 at :i* po9t x requires ab\t t5 m9utes exposure4 ,if ?is p]iod is curtail$ ! temp]ature mu/ be rais$ accord+ly4 ,an exposure to a temp]ature ( #age deg4 ,f4 = a m9ute has approximately ! same effect z ! l[] degree ( heat = ! long] "t4 ,! foll[+ bact]iological /udies z to ! effect :i* a v>iation 9 temp]ature ex]ts on bact]ial life 9 milk are ( importance z indicat+ ! f\ndation = ! selection ( ! prop] limits4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! exposures 7 made = a uni=m p]iod 7#bj m9utes73 ,! bact]ial cont5t ( milk heat$ at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,numb] ( bact]ia p] cc4 9 milk4 #de deg4 ,c4 #ej deg4 ,c4 #ee deg4 ,c4 #fj deg4 ,c4 #fe deg4 ,c4 #gj deg4 ,c4 ,unheat$ #aac deg4 ,f4 #abb deg4 ,f4 #aca deg4 ,f4 #adj deg4 ,f4 #adi deg4 ,f4 #aeh deg4 ,f4 ,s]ies ,i4 #b1hie1jjj ---- #a1bfj1jjj #gih1jjj #cb1jjj #e1ggj #c1ijj ,s]ies ,,ii4 #gej1jjj #ffe1jjj #bfb1djj #bja1jjj #iej #gjj #gje ,s]ies ,,iii4 #a1cej1jjj #a1ajj1jjj #bfj1jjj #bae1jjj #ege #faj #fej ,s]ies ,,iv4 #a1gej1jjj ---- #hg1cfj ---- #d1jjj #c1ejj #c1fjj ,x appe>s f ^! results t ! mo/ m>k$ decrease 9 temp]ature occurs at #adj deg4 ,f4 7#fj deg4 ,c474 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t an increase 9 heat above ?is temp]ature did n mat]ially dim9i% ! numb] ( organisms pres5t1 indicat+ t ^? =ms rema9+ 7 9 a spore or resi/ant condition4 ,x 0 not$1 h[ev]1 t ! develop+ colonies grew m sl[ly 9 ! plates made f ! highly heat$ milk1 %[+ t _! vitality 0 injur$ to a great] ext5t ev5 ?\gh n kill$4 #b4 ,de/ruction ( disease bact]ia4 ,:ile milk %\ld be pa/euriz$ s z to de/roy all active1 multiply+ bact]ia1 x is p>ticul>ly important to de/roy any organisms ( a disease nature t might f9d _! way into ! same4 ,=tunately mo/ ( ! bact]ia capable ( ?riv+ 9 milk be=e or aft] x is drawn f ! animal are n able to =m spores & h5ce succumb to prop] pa/eurization4 ,su* is ! case ) ! diph!ria1 *ol]a & typhoid organisms4 ,! organism t is inve/$ ) mo/ int]e/ 9 ?is connection is ! tub]cle bacillus4 ,on acc\nt ( its m or less frequ5t occurr5ce 9 milk & its reput$ high p[]s ( resi/ance1 x may well be tak5 z a /&>d 9 pa/euriz+4 ,!rmal dea? limits ( tub]cle bacillus4 ,conc]n+ ! exact temp]ature at :i* ?is g]m is de/roy$ !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,"p ( ?is arises f ! inh]5t difficulty 9 det]m9+ exactly :5 ! organism is kill$ 7due to its failure to gr[ readily on artificial m$ia71 & "p f ! lack ( uni=m conditions ( exposure4 ,! /&>ds t previ\sly h be5 mo/ g5]ally accept$ are ^? ( ,de ,man1#acg :o f\nd t ?irty m9utes exposure at #adi deg4 ,f41 fifte5 m9utes at #aee deg4 ,f41 or t5 m9utes at #afg deg4 ,f41 suffic$ to de/roy ?is g]m4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 demon/rat$1#ach & ^! results confirm$1#aci t if tub]cul\s milk is heat$ 9 clos$ receptacles :]e ! surface pellicle does n =m1 ! vitality ( ?is disease g]m is de/roy$ at #adj deg4 ,f4 9 #aj-ae m9utes1 :ile an exposure at #afj deg4 ,f4 requires only ab\t "o m9ute4#adj ,if ! conditions ( heat+ are su* t ! surface ( ! milk is expos$ to ! air1 ! resi/ance ( bact]ia is greatly increas$4 ,:5 heat$ 9 op5 vessels ,smi? f\nd t ! tub]cle organism 0 n kill$ 9 "s cases :]e ! exposure 0 made = at lea/ an h\r4 ,russell & ,ha/+s#ada h %[n an in/ance :]e ! !rmal dea?-po9t ( a micrococcus isolat$ f pa/euriz$ milk 0 increas$ #ab4e deg4 ,f41 by heat+ x "u conditions t p]mitt$ ( ! =mation ( ! scald$ lay]4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t app>atus us$ = pa/eurization %\ld be con/ruct$ s z to avoid ?is defect4 ,me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,two diff]5t sy/ems ( pa/eurization h gr[n up 9 ! treatm5t ( milk4 ,"o ( ^! has be5 develop$ f ! hygi5ic or sanit>y aspect ( ! problem & is us$ m p>ticul>ly 9 ! treatm5t ( cream & relatively small milk supplies4 ,! o!r sy/em has be5 develop$ prim>ily f ! comm]cial po9t ( view :]e a l>ge am\nt ( milk mu/ be treat$ 9 ! m9imum "t4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od ! milk is heat$ = a long] p]iod ( "t1 ab\t fifte5 m9utes at a relatively l[ temp]ature f #adj deg4-#aee deg4 ,f42 9 ! o!r1 ! milk is expos$ to ! s\rce ( heat only :ile x is pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,naturally1 ! exposure "u su* conditions mu/ be made at a consid]ably high] temp]ature1 usually 9 ! neighborhood ( #afj deg4 ,f4 ,! types ( app>atus us$ 9 ^! respective processes naturally v>ies4 ,:]e ! heat+ is prolong$1 ! app>atus employ$ is built on ! pr9ciple ( a tank or res]voir 9 :i* a giv5 volume ( milk may be held at any giv5 temp]ature = any giv5 p]iod ( "t4 ,:5 ! heat is appli$ = a mu* %ort] p]iod ( "t1 ! milk is pass$ 9 a cont9u\s /ream ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,naturally ! capacity ( a cont9u\s-fl[ app>atus is mu* great] ?an a ma*9e t op]ates on ! int]mitt5t pr9ciple2 h5ce1 = l>ge supplies1 z 9 city di/ribution1 ?is sy/em has a great advantage4 ,! "q z to relative effici5cy is h[ev] "o :i* %\ld be giv5 mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,pa/euriz+ app>atus4 ,! problems to be solv$ 9 ! pa/eurization ( milk & cream design$ = direct consumption are s mat]ially diff]5t f :]e ! process is us$ 9 butt]-mak+ t ! type ( ma*9]y = ea* purpose is q diff]5t4 ,! equipm5t necess>y = ! fir/ purpose may be divid$ into two g5]al classes3 #a4 ,app>atus ( limit$ capacity design$ = family use4 #b4 ,app>atus ( suffici5t capacity to pa/eurize on a comm]cial scale4 ,dome/ic pa/euriz]s4 ,9 pa/euriz+ milk = individual use1 x is n desirable to treat at "o "t m ?an w be consum$ 9 "o day2 h5ce an app>atus hold+ a few bottles w suffice4 ,9 ?is case ! treatm5t c be/ be p]=m$ 9 ! bottle itself1 !reby less5+ ! dang] ( infection4 ,sev]al diff]5t types ( pa/euriz]s are on ! m>ket2 b special app>atus is by no means necess>y = ! purpose4 ,! process c be effici5tly p]=m$ by any "o ) ! addition ( an ord9>y dairy !rmomet] to ! common ut5sils f\nd 9 ! kit*54 ,fig4 #bd indicates a simple contrivance t c be readily arrang$ = ?is purpose4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions indicate ! diff]5t /eps ( ! process3 #a4 ,use only fre% milk4 #b4 ,place milk 9 clean bottles or fruit cans1 fill+ to a uni=m level1 clos+ bottles tightly ) a cork or cov]4 ,if p9t & qu>t cans are us$ at ! same "t1 an inv]t$ b[l w equalize ! level4 ,set ^! 9 a flat-bottom$ t9 pail & fill ) w>m wat] to same level z milk4 ,an inv]t$ pie t9 pun*$ ) holes w s]ve z a /& on :i* to place ! bottles dur+ ! heat+ process4 #c4 ,heat wat] 9 pail until ! temp]ature ( same rea*es #aee deg4 to #afj deg4 ,f42 !n remove f s\rce ( direct heat1 cov] ) a clo? or t9 cov]1 & all[ ! :ole to /& = half an h\r4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( milk = *ildr51 x is n advisable to use ! l[-temp]ature treatm5t 7#adj deg4 ,f47 t is recomm5d$ = comm]cial city deliv]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,a home-made pa/euriz]4 #d4 ,remove bottles ( milk & cool !m z rapidly z possible )\t dang] to bottles & /ore 9 a refrig]ator4 ,comm]cial pa/euriz]s4 ,! two me?ods ( pa/eurization practic$ comm]cially = ! pres]vation ( milk & cream h be5 develop$ because ( ! two types ( ma*9]y n[ 9 use4 ,app>atus con/ruct$ on ! res]voir or tank pr9ciple p]mits ( ! ret5tion ( ! milk = any desir$ p]iod ( "t4 ,!re=e1 a l[] temp]ature c be employ$ 9 ! treatm5t4 ,9 ^? ma*9es :]e ! milk fl[s ?r\gh ! heat] 9 a m or less cont9u\s /ream1 ! p]iod ( exposure is necess>ily curtail$1 !reby necessitat+ a high] temp]ature4 ,res]voir pa/euriz]s4 ,! simple/ type ( app>atus suitable = pa/euriz+ on ?is pr9ciple is :]e ! milk is plac$ 9 %otgun cans & imm]s$ 9 wat] heat$ by /eam4 ,ord9>y tanks surr\nd$ ) wat] spaces c also be us$ successfully4 ,! ,boyd cream rip5+ vat has also be5 tri$4 ,9 ?is ! milk is heat$ by a sw++ coil imm]s$ 9 ! vat ?r\gh :i* hot wat] circulates4 ,9 #ahid ! writ]#adb con/ruct$ a tank pa/euriz] :i* consi/$ ( a long1 n>r[ vat surr\nd$ by a /eam-heat$ wat] *amb]4 ,bo? ! milk & ! wat] *amb]s 7 provid$ ) me*anical agitators hav+ a to-&-fro movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,pott's pa/euriz]4 ,ano!r ma*9e :i* has be5 q g5]ally introduc$ is ! ,potts' rotat+ pa/euriz]4 ,?is app>atus has a c5tral milk *amb] t is surr\nd$ ) an out] %ell conta9+ hot wat]4 ,! :ole ma*9e revolves on a horizontal axis1 & ! cream or milk is ?us ?or\ghly agitat$ dur+ ! heat+ process4 ,cont9u\s-fl[ pa/euriz]s4 ,! dem& = great] capacity ?an c be secur$ 9 ! res]voir ma*9es has l$ to ! p]fection ( sev]al k9ds ( app>atus :]e ! milk is heat$ mom5t>ily z x fl[s ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 prim>ily introduc$ = ! treatm5t ( cream = butt]-mak+ purposes1 b !y are frequ5tly employ$ = ! treatm5t ( milk on a l>ge scale 9 city milk trade4 ,_m ( !m are ( ,european orig9 al?\gh ( late ye>s sev]al h be5 devis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( con/ruction is mu* ! same 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,! milk is spread out 9 a ?9 %eet1 & is treat$ by pass+ x ov] a surface1 heat$ ei!r ) /eam directly or pref]ably ) hot wat]4 ,:]e /eam is us$ directly1 x is impossible to prev5t ! scald+ on ( ! milk proteids to ! heat$ surface4 ,9 "s ( ^! ma*9es 7,?iel1 ,kuehne1 ,lawr5ce1 ,de ,laval1 & ,ho*mu?71 a ribb$ surface is employ$ ov] :i* ! milk fl[s1 :ile ! opposite surface is heat$ ) hot wat] or /eam4 ,monrad1 ,lefeldt & ,l5ts* employ a c5trifugal app>atus 9 :i* a ?9 lay] ( milk is heat$ 9 a revolv+ drum4 ,9 "s types ( app>atus1 z 9 ! ,mill] ma*9e1 an ,am]ican pa/euriz]1 ! milk is =c$ 9 a ?9 %eet betwe5 two heat$ surfaces1 !reby facilitat+ ! heat+ process4 ,9 ! ,f>r+ton ma*9e heat$ discs rotate 9 a res]voir ?r\gh :i* ! milk fl[s 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,"o ( ! mo/ economical types ( app>atus is ! reg5]ator type 7a ,g]man ma*9e71 9 :i* ! milk passes ov] ! heat+ surface 9 a ?9 /ream & !n is c>ri$ back ov] ! incom+ cold milk s t ! heat$ liquid is p>tially cool$ by ! infl[+ fre% milk4 ,9 ma*9es ( ?is class x requires v mu* less /eam to heat up ! milk ?an 9 ^? 9 :i* ! cold milk is heat$ :olly by ! hot wat]4 ,a numb] ( ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( a res]voir :i* is f$ by a con/antly fl[+ /ream4 ,9 "s k9ds ( app>atus ( ?is type no attempt is made to prev5t ! mix+ ( ! rec5tly introduc$ milk ) t :i* has be5 p>tially heat$4 ,! patt]n = ?is res]voir type is ,fjord's heat]1 9 :i* ! milk is /irr$ by a /irr]4 ,?is app>atus 0 orig9ally design$ z a heat] = milk be=e sep>ation1 b x has s9ce be5 mat]ially modifi$ s t x is bett] adapt$ to ! purposes ( pa/eurization4 ,reid 0 ! fir/ to introduce ?is type ( ma*9e into ,am]ica4 ,objections to cont9u\s fl[ pa/euriz]s4 ,9 all cont9u\s fl[ pa/euriz]s c]ta9 defects are m or less evid5t4 ,:ile !y fulfill ! important requirem5t ( l>ge capacity1 an absolute ess5tial :]e l>ge volumes ( milk are be+ h&l$1 x does n ( necessity foll[ t !y con=m to all ! hygi5ic & physical requirem5ts t %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,! greate/ difficulty is ! %ort5$ p]iod ( exposure4 ,! p]iod :i* ! milk is actually heat$ is (t5 n m ?an a m9ute or s4 ,ano!r s]i\s defect is ! inability to heat all ( ! milk = a uni=m p]iod ( "t4 ,at be/1 ! milk is expos$ = an extremely %ort "t1 b ev5 !n portions pass ?r\gh ! ma*9e mu* m quickly ?an d ! rema9d]4 ,^? portions 9 contact ) ! walls ( ! app>atus are ret>d$ by friction & are mat]ially delay$ 9 _! passage1 :ile ! p>ticles 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ream1 h[ev] ?91 fl[ ?r\gh 9 ! lea/ possible "t4 ,! foll[+ simple me?od enables ! factory op]ator to te/ ! p]iod ( exposure 9 ! ma*9e3 ,/>t ! ma*9e full ( wat]1 & aft] ! same has become heat$ to ! prop] temp]ature1 *ange ! infl[ to full-cream milk1 cont9u+ at ! same rate4 ,note ! exact "t ( *ange & also :5 fir/ evid5ce ( milk9ess beg9s to appe> at outfl[4 ,if samples are tak5 f fir/ appe>ance ( milky condition & !reaft] at diff]5t int]vals = sev]al m9utes1 x is possible1 by det]m9+ ! am\nt ( butt]-fat 9 ! same1 to calculate ) exactness h[ long x takes = ! milk to entirely replace ! wat]4 ,te/s made by ! writ]#adc on ! ,mill] pa/euriz] %[$1 :5 f$ at ! rate ( #a1gjj p\nds p] h\r1 ! m9imum p]iod ( exposure to be #ae seconds1 & ! maximum ab\t #fj-gj seconds1 :ile ab\t two-?irds ( ! milk pass$ ! ma*9e 9 #dj-ej seconds4 ,?is manife/ v>iation 9 ! rate ( fl[ ( ! milk ?r\gh ! ma*9e is und\bt$ly ! reason :y ! results ( ?is type ( treatm5t are subject to s mu* v>iation4 ,naturally1 ev5 a fatal temp]ature to bact]ial life c be r$uc$ to a po9t :]e actual de/ruction ( ev5 vegetat+ cells does n occur4 ,bact]ial effici5cy ( res]voir pa/euriz]s4 ,! bact]ial cont5t ( pa/euriz$ milk & cream w dep5d some:at on ! numb] ( organisms orig9ally pres5t 9 ! same4 ,naturally1 if mix$ milk br\ght to a cream]y is pa/euriz$1 ! numb] ( organisms rema9+ aft] treatm5t w\ld be great] ?an if ! raw mat]ial 0 fre% & produc$ on a s+le f>m4 ,an exam9ation ( milk & cream pa/euriz$ on a comm]cial scale 9 ! ,russell vat at ! ,wiscons9 ,dairy s*ool %[$ t ov] #ii4h p] c5t ( ! bact]ial life 9 raw milk or cream 0 de/roy$ by ! heat employ$1 i4 e41 #aee deg4 ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes duration4#add ,9 ne>ly "o-half ( ! samples ( milk1 ! g]m cont5t 9 ! pa/euriz$ sample fell bel[ #a1jjj bact]ia p] cc41 & ! av]age ( tw5ty-five samples conta9$ #f1adj bact]ia p] cc4 ,9 cream ! g]m cont5t 0 high]1 av]ag+ ab\t #be1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 ,?is milk 0 tak5 f ! g5]al cream]y supply1 :i* 0 high 9 organisms1 conta9+ on an av]age #c1fge1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 ,de ,s*we9itz#ade has report$ ! g]m cont5t ( a supply furni%$ 9 ,wa%+ton :i* 0 treat$ at #aeh deg4 to #afj deg4 ,f4 = fifte5 m9utes4 ,?is supply came f a s+le s\rce4 ,figures report$ 7 f #dh-;h\r-old ag> plates4 ,und\bt$ly ^! w\ld h be5 high] if a long] p]iod ( incubation _h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,! av]age ( #hb samples1 tak5 = ! p]iod ( "o ye>1 %[$ #cbe bact]ia p] cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,effect ( pa/euriz+ on g]m cont5t ( milk4 ,black squ>e repres5ts bact]ia ( raw milk2 small :ite squ>e1 ^? rema9+ aft] pa/eurization4 ,bact]ial effici5cy ( cont9u\s-fl[ pa/euriz]s4 ,a quantitative det]m9ation ( ! bact]ia f\nd 9 milk & cream :5 treat$ 9 ma*9]y ( ?is class almo/ always %[s a degree ( v>iation 9 results t is n to be not$ 9 ! discont9u\s app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,reid's ,cont9u\s ,pa/euriz]4 ,h>d+ & ,rog]s#adf h te/$ ! effici5cy ( "o ( ! ,dani% type ( cont9u\s pa/euriz]s4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made at #aeh deg41 #agf deg4 & #ahe deg4 ,f4 ,!y f\nd ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e n :olly satisfactory at ! l[] temp]atures4 ,at #aeh deg4 ,f4 ! av]age ( f\rte5 te/s gave #ae1cjj bact]ia p] cc41 ) a maximum to m9imum range f #fb1gij to #abj4 ,tw5ty-five exam9ations at #agf deg4 ,f4 %[$ an av]age ( only #aag1 ) a range f #cjj to #bj4 ,! results at #ahe deg4 ,f4 %[$ practically ! same results z not$ at #agf deg4 ,f4 ,consid]able tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ ) ! scald+ on ( ! milk to ! walls ( ! ma*9e :5 milk ( high acidity 0 us$4 ,j5s5#adg details ! results ( #aci te/s 9 #ahii1 made by ! ,cop5hag5 ,heal? ,commission4 ,9 #ff samples f "o hundr$ ?\s& to "o million organisms p] cc4 7 f\nd1 & 9 #bb cases f "o to five millions4 ,n9ete5 te/s %[$ less ?an #aj1jjj p] cc4 ,9 a s]ies ( te/s conduct$ by ! writ]#adh on a ,mill] pa/euriz] 9 comm]cial op]ation1 an av]age ( #ba te/s %[$ #ab1cej bact]ia rema9+ 9 ! milk :5 ! milk 0 pa/euriz$ f #aef deg4-#afd deg4 ,f4 ,! raw milk 9 ^! te/s ran f #aae1jjj to ab\t "o million organisms p] cc4 ,a rec5tly devis$ ma*9e ( ?is type 7,pa/eur7 has be5 te/$ by ,lehmann1 :o f\nd t x 0 necess>y to heat ! milk z high z #agf deg4 to #ahe deg4 ,f41 9 ord] to secure satisfactory results on ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! cream4 ,! writ] te/$ ,reid's pa/euriz] at #aee deg4 to #afe deg4 ,f4 ) ! foll[+ results3 9 "s cases z _m z #dj p] c5t4 ( ! bact]ia surviv$1 :i* numb] 9 "s cases exce$$ #b1jjj1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 ,pa/euriz+ details4 ,:ile ! pa/euriz+ process is exce$+ly simple1 yet1 9 ord] to secure ! be/ results1 c]ta9 conditions mu/ be rigidly obs]v$ 9 ! treatm5t be=e & aft] ! heat+ process4 ,x is important to select ! be/ possible milk = pa/euriz+1 = if ! milk has n be5 milk$ "u clean conditions1 x is likely to be ri* 9 ! spore-be>+ bact]ia4 ,old milk1 or milk t has n be5 kept at a l[ temp]ature1 is mu* ri*] 9 g]m-life ?an p]fectly fre% or ?or\ghly *ill$ milk4 ,! true /&>d = select+ milk = pa/eurization %\ld be to det]m9e ! actual numb] ( bact]ial spores t are able to resi/ ! heat+ process1 b ?is me?od is impracticable "u comm]cial conditions4 ,! foll[+ me?od1 :ile only approximate 9 its results1 w be f\nd helpful3 ,assum+ t ! age or treatm5t ( ! milk be>s a c]ta9 relation to ! pres5ce ( spores1 & t ! acid increases 9 a g5]al way ) an increase 9 age or temp]ature1 ! am\nt ( acid pres5t may be tak5 z an approximate index ( ! suitability ( ! milk = pa/euriz+ purposes4 ,biological te/s 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! au?or's laboratory#adi on milks hav+ a high & l[ acid cont5t1 & x 0 %[n t ! milk ) ! lea/ acid 01 z a rule1 ! free/ f spore-be>+ bact]ia4 ,?is acid det]m9ation c be made at ! weigh-c by employ+ ! ,f>r+ton alkal9e tablet :i* is us$ 9 cream-rip5+4 ,:]e milk is pa/euriz$ "u g5]al cream]y conditions1 none %\ld be us$ conta9+ m ?an #j4b p] c5t acidity4 ,if only p]fectly fre% milk is us$1 ! am\nt ( acid w g5]ally be ab\t #j4ae p] c5t ) ph5olph?ale9 z indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,diagram %[+ temp]ature *anges 9 pa/euriz+1 & ! relation ( same to bact]ial gr[?4 ,%ad$ zone repres5ts limits ( bact]ial gr[?1 #ej deg4-#aji deg4 ,f4 7#aj deg4-#dc deg4 ,c471 ! int5sity ( %ad+ indicat+ rapidity ( developm5t4 ,! solid black l9e %[s temp]ature ( milk dur+ ! process4 ,! necessity = rapid cool+ is evid5t z ! milk falls 9 temp]ature to t ( gr[+ zone4 ,emphasis has already be5 laid on ! selection ( a prop] limit ( pa/euriz+ 7p4 #aad74 ,x %\ld be kept con/antly 9 m9d t ! !rmal dea?-po9t ( any organism dep5ds n alone on ! temp]ature us$1 b on ! p]iod ( exposure4 ,) ! l[] limits giv51 #adj deg4 ,f41 x is necess>y to expose ! milk = n less ?an fifte5 m9utes4 ,if a high] heat is employ$ 7& ! cook$ flavor disreg>d$7 ! p]iod ( exposure may be curtail$4 ,*ill+ ! milk4 ,x is v ess5tial 9 pa/euriz+ t ! heat$ milk be imm$iately *ill$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! g]m9ation ( ! resi/ant spores1 = if g]m9ation once occurs1 gr[? c g on at relatively l[ temp]atures4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts by ,m>%all#aej are ( int]e/ z %[+ ! influ5ce ( refrig]ation on g]m9ation ( spores3 ,cultures ( organisms t _h be5 isolat$ f pa/euriz$ milk 7 inoculat$ into b\illon4 ,"o set 0 left to gr[ at room temp]ature1 ano!r 0 pa/euriz$ & all[$ to /& at same temp]ature1 :ile ano!r heat$ set 0 kept 9 a refrig]ator4 ,! unheat$ cultures at room temp]ature %[$ evid5ce ( gr[? 9 ?irty trials 9 an av]age ( #bf h\rs2 #bi heat$ cultures at room temp]ature all develop$ 9 an av]age ( #ej h\rs1 :ile ! heat$ cultures kept 9 refrig]ator %[$ no gr[? 9 #de days ) b f\r exceptions4 ,practically all ( ! rapid-process ma*9es are provid$ ) especially con/ruct$ cool+ devices4 ,9 "s ( !m1 z 9 ! ,mill] & ,f>r+ton1 ! cool+ is effect$ by pass+ ! milk ?r\gh two sep>ate cool]s t are con/ruct$ 9 ! same g5]al way z ! heat]4 ,) ! fir/ cool]1 cold runn+ wat] is employ$1 ! temp]ature (t5 be+ l[]$ 9 ?is way to #eh deg4 or #fj deg4 ,f4 ,fur!r less5+ ( ! temp]ature is secur$ by an additional ice wat] or br9e cool] :i* br+s ! temp]ature d[n to #dj deg4-#ej deg4 ,f4 ,9 ! economical use ( ice ! ice itself %\ld be appli$ z closely z possibly to ! milk to be cool$1 = ! l>g] "p ( ! *ill+ value ( ice comes f ! melt+ ( ! same4 ,to conv]t a p\nd ( ice at #cb deg4 ,f4 into a p\nd ( wat] at ! same temp]ature1 if we disreg>d radiation1 w\ld require z mu* heat z w\ld suffice to raise #adb p\nds ( wat] "o degree ,f41 or "o p\nd ( wat] #adb deg4 ,f4 ,! absorptive capacity ( milk = heat 7specific heat7 is n q ! same z x is ) wat]1 be+ 4#hdg = milk 9 comp>ison ) #a4j = wat]4#aea ,hot milk w\ld !re=e require some:at less ice to cool x ?an w\ld be requir$ by any equal volume ( wat] at ! same temp]ature4 ,bottl+ ! product4 ,if ! milk has be5 prop]ly pa/euriz$1 x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be disp5s$ 9 /]iliz$ bottles4 ,glass bottles ) pla9 pulp caps are be/1 & ^! %\ld be ?or\ghly /]iliz$ 9 /eam be=e us+4 ,! bottl+ c be/ be done 9 a comm]cial bottl+ ma*9e4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to ?or\ghly clean ?is app>atus aft] use ea* day4 ,rubb] valves 9 ^! ma*9es suff] det]ioration rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,relative consi/5cy ( pa/euriz$ cream be=e 7,a7 & aft] 7,b7 treatm5t ) viscog5 z %[n by rate ( fl[ d[n incl9$ glass plate4 ,re/oration ( body ( pa/euriz$ cream4 ,! action ( heat causes ! t9y gr\p+s ( fat globules 9 normal milk 7,fig4 #bb7 to break up1 & ) ?is *ange1 :i* occurs 9 ! neighborhood ( #adj deg4 ,f41 :]e ! milk is heat$ = ab\t #ae m9utes & at ab\t #afj-afe deg4 ,f4 :]e rapidly heat$ 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 ! consi/5cy ( ! liquid is dim9i%$1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! fat-cont5t rema9s un*ang$4 ,babcock & ! writ]#aeb devis$ ! foll[+ cure = ?is app>5t defect4 ,if a /rong solution ( cane sug> is add$ to fre%ly slack$ lime & ! mixture all[$ to /&1 a cle> fluid c be decant$ (f4 ,! addition ( ?is alkal9e liquid1 :i* is call$ viscog51 to pa/euriz$ cream 9 proportions ( ab\t "o "p ( sug>-lime solution to #ajj to #aej ( cream1 re/ores ! consi/5cy ( ! cream1 z x causes ! fat globules to clu/] toge!r 9 small gr\ps4 ,! relative viscosity ( creams c easily be det]m9$ by ! foll[+ me?od 7,fig4 #bi73 ,take a p]fectly clean piece ( glass 7plate or picture glass is pref]able1 z x is less liable to be wavy74 ,drop on "o edge two or ?ree drops ( cream at int]vals ( an in* or s4 ,!n incl9e piece ( glass at su* an angle z to cause ! cream to fl[ d[n surface ( glass4 ,! cream1 hav+ ! heavi] body or viscosity1 w move m sl[ly4 ,if sev]al samples ( ea* cream are tak51 !n ! aggregate l5g?s ( ! diff]5t cream pa?s may be tak51 !reby elim9at+ slight diff]5ces due to condition ( glass4 ,,footnotes3 #abf ,f #aj to #af c5ts p] qu>t is usually paid = su* milks4 #abg ,mu* improvem5t 9 quality c\ld be made by m c>eful control ( milk dur+ %ipm5t1 especially z to refrig]ation2 also z to ! c>e tak5 on ! f>ms4 ,! use ( ! ord9>y milk+ ma*9e 7see page #cg71 w\ld g f> to r$uce ! g]m cont5t ( milk4 #abh ,f>r+ton1 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,sept41 #ahif4 #abi ,hite1 ,bull4 #eh1 ,we/ ,va4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahii4 #acj ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahie1 ,no4 #i4 #aca ,ibid41 #ahig1 ,no4 #cc4 #acb ,b]n/e91 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahid1 pp4 #ahd1 #bjj4 #acc ,?o]n]1 ,*em4 ,zeit41 #ah3hde4 #acd ,snyd]1 ,*emi/ry ( ,dairy+1 p4 #ei4 #ace ,doane & ,price 7,bull4 #gg1 ,md4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,aug4 #aija7 give q a full resume ( ! "w on ?is subject 9 connection ) r ext5sive exp]im5ts made by !m on fe$+ animals ) raw1 pa/euriz$ & /]iliz$ milks4 #acf ,rickets is a disease 9 :i* ! bones lack suffici5t m9]al matt] to give !m prop] firmness4 ,m>asmus is a condition 9 :i* ! +e/$ food seems to fail to n\ri% ! body & gradual wa/+ away occurs4 #acg ,de ,man1 ,ar*4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahic1 #ah3acc4 #ach ,?4 ,smi?1 ,j\rn4 ( ,expt4 ,m$41 #ahii1 #d3bag4 #aci ,russell & ,ha/+s1 #ag ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aijj1 p4 #adg4 #adj ,russell & ,ha/+s1 #ba ,rept4 ,ibid41 #aijd4 #ada ,russell & ,ha/+s1 #ah ,rept4 ,ibid41 #aija4 #adb ,russell1 ,bull4 #dd1 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at4 #adc ,russell1 #bb ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at4 ,rept41 #aije1 p4 #bcb4 #add ,russell1 #ab ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at4 ,rept41 #ahie1 p4 #afj4 #ade ,de ,s*we9itz1 ,nat4 ,m$4 ,rev41 #ahii1 ,no4 #aa4 #adf ,h>d+ & ,rog]s4 ,bull4 #ahb1 ,n4 ,y4 7,g5eva7 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,dec41 #ahii4 #adg ,j5s51 ,mil*kunde und ,mil* ,hygi5e1 p4 #acb4 #adh #bb ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at4 ,rept41 #aije1 p4 #bcf4 #adi ,%ockley1 ,!sis1 ,univ4 ( ,wis41 #ahif4 #aej ,m>%all1 ,mi*4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,bull4 #adg1 p4 #dg4 #aea ,fleis*mann1 ,l&w4 ,v]su*ts ,/at41 #ag3bea4 #aeb ,babcock & ,russell1 ,bull4 #ed1 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,aug4 #ahif4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,bact]ia ,,& ,,butt]-,,mak+4 ,9 mak+ butt] f ! butt] fat 9 milk1 x is necess>y to conc5trate ! fat globules into cream1 prelim9>y to ! *urn+ process4 ,! cream may be rais$ by ! gravity process or sep>at$ f ! milk by c5trifugal action4 ,9 ei!r case ! bact]ia t are normally pres5t 9 ! milk diff]5tiate !mselves 9 v>y+ numb]s 9 ! cream & ! skim-milk4 ,! cream always conta9s p] cc4 a great _m m ?an ! skim-milk1 ! reason = ?is be+ t ! bact]ia are caught & held 9 ! masses ( fat globules1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! light] specific gravity1 move t[>d ! surface ( ! milk or t[>d ! int]ior ( ! sep>ator b[l4 ,?is filt]+ action ( ! fat globules is simil> to :at happ5s 9 muddy wat] ^u /&+4 ,z ! susp5d$ p>ticles fall to ! bottom !y c>ry ) !m a l>ge numb] ( ! organisms t are 9 ! liquid4 ,v>i\s cream+ me?ods4 ,! cream+ me?od has an important be>+ on ! k9d z well z ! numb] ( ! bact]ia t are to be f\nd 9 ! cream4 ,! diff]5ce 9 species is l>gely det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 rip5+ temp]ature1 :ile ! v>y+ numb] is gov]n$ m by ! age ( ! milk4 #a4 ,primitive gravity me?ods4 ,9 ! old %all[-pan process1 ! temp]ature ( ! milk is relatively high1 z ! milk is all[$ to cool naturally4 ,?is comp>atively high temp]ature favors especially ! developm5t ( ^? =ms ^: optimum gr[+-po9t is ne> ! air temp]ature4 ,by ?is me?od ! cream lay] is expos$ to ! air = a long] "t ?an ) any o!r1 & consequ5tly ! contam9ation f ?is s\rce is great]4 ,usually cream obta9$ by ! %all[-pan process w conta9 a l>g] numb] ( species & also h a high] acid cont5t4 #b4 ,mod]n gravity me?ods4 ,9 ! ,cooley process1 or any ( ! mod]n gravity me?ods :]e cold wat] or ice is us$ to l[] ! temp]ature1 ! conditions d n favor ! gr[? ( a l>ge v>iety ( species4 ,! numb] ( bact]ia 9 ! cream w dep5d l>gely ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! milk is h&l$ previ\s to sett+4 ,if c>e is us$ 9 milk+1 & ! milk is kept s z to exclude outside contam9ation1 ! cream w be fre] f bact]ia ?an if c>elessness prevails 9 h&l+ ! milk4 ,only ^? =ms w develop 9 abundance t are able to gr[ at ! l[ temp]ature at :i* ! milk is set4 ,cream rais$ by ?is me?od is less frequ5tly infect$ ) undesirable =ms ?an t :i* is cream$ at a high] temp]ature4 #c4 ,c5trifugal me?od4 ,sep>ator cream %\ld conta9 less g]m-life ?an t :i* is secur$ 9 ! old way4 ,x %\ld conta9 only ^? =ms t h f\nd _! way into ! milk dur+ & subsequ5t to ! milk+1 = ! cream is ord9>ily sep>at$ s soon t !re is b little opportunity ( infection1 if c>e is tak5 9 ! h&l+4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! numb] ( species f\nd !re9 is small]4 ,:]e milk is sep>at$1 x is always prud5t to cool ! cream s z to *eck gr[?1 z ! milk is g5]ally heat$ be=e sep>at+ 9 ord] to skim effici5tly4 ,al?\gh cream is num]ically mu* ri*] 9 bact]ia ?an milk1 yet ! *anges due to bact]ial action are sl[]2 h5ce milk s\rs m rapidly ?an cream4 ,= ?is same reason1 cream w s\r soon] :5 x rema9s on ! milk ?an x w if x is sep>at$ z soon z possible4 ,?is fact indicates ! necessity ( e>ly cream+1 s z to increase ! keep+ quality ( ! product1 & is ano!r argum5t 9 favor ( ! sep>ator process4 ,rip5+ ( cream4 ,if cream is all[$ to rema9 at ord9>y temp]atures1 x und]goes a s]ies ( f]m5tation *anges t are exce$+ly complex 9 "*1 ! result ( :i* is to produce 9 butt] made f ! same ! *>act]i/ic flavor & aroma t are s well kn[n 9 ?is article4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ! developm5t ( ^! flavors 9 butt] t !y are n g5]ally recogniz$ z be+ intimately associat$ ) bact]ial activity unless comp>$ ) butt] made f p]fectly fre% cream4 ,sweet-cream butt] lacks ! aromatic pr9ciple t is prom95t 9 ! rip5$ product1 & :ile ! flavor is delicate1 x is relatively unpron\nc$4 ,9 ! primitive me?od ( butt]-mak+1 :]e ! butt] 0 made on ! f>m1 ! rip5+ ( cream became a necessity 9 ord] t suffici5t mat]ial might be accumulat$ to make a *urn+4 ,! rip5+ *ange occurr$ spontane\sly )\t ! ex]cise ( any especial control4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! cream]y sy/em came ! necessity ( ex]cis+ a control ( ?is process1 & !re=e ! mod]n butt]-mak] mu/ und]/& ! pr9ciples :i* are involv$ 9 ?is s]ies ( complex *anges t l>gely give to 8 product its comm]cial value4 ,9 ^! rip5+ *anges ?ree diff]5t factors are to be tak5 into consid]ation3 ! developm5t ( acid1 flavor & aroma4 ,mu* confusion 9 ! pa/ has aris5 f a failure to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! qualities4 ,:ile all ?ree are produc$ simultane\sly 9 ord9>y rip5+1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t !y are produc$ by ! same cause4 ,if ! rip5+ *anges are all[$ to g too f>1 undesirable r ?an b5eficial decomposition products are produc$4 ,^! greatly impair ! value ( butt]1 s t x becomes necess>y to "k j to :at ext5t ?is process %\ld be c>ri$4 ,9 cream rip5+ !re is a v m>k$ bact]ial gr[?1 ! ext5t ( :i* is det]m9$ ma9ly by ! temp]ature ( ! cream4 ,conn & ,e/5#aec f9d t ! numb] ( organisms may v>y widely 9 unrip5$ cream1 b t ! g]m cont5t ( ! rip5$ product is m uni=m4 ,:5 cream is ready = ! *urn1 x (t5 conta9s #ejj1jjj1jjj organisms p] cc41 & frequ5tly ev5 a high] numb]4 ,?is repres5ts a g]m cont5t t has no p>allel 9 any natural mat]ial4 ,! l>g] proportion ( bact]ia 9 cream z x is f\nd 9 ! cream]y belong to ! acid-produc+ class1 b 9 ! process ( rip5+1 ^! =ms seem to ?rive /ill bett]1 s t :5 x is ready = *urn+ ! g]m cont5t ( ! cream is practically made up ( ?is type4 ,effect on *urn+4 ,9 fre% cream ! fat globules :i* are susp5d$ 9 ! milk s]um are surr\nd$ by a film ( album9\s mat]ial :i* prev5ts !m f coalesc+ readily4 ,dur+ ! rip5+ *anges1 ?is envelop+ sub/ance is modifi$1 probably by p>tial solution1 s t ! globules coh]e :5 agitat$1 z 9 *urn+4 ,! result is t rip5$ cream *urns m easily1 & z x is possible to cause a l>g] numb] ( ! small] fat-globules to coh]e to ! butt] granules1 ! yield is slightly l>g]--a po9t ( consid]able economic importance :]e l>ge quantities ( butt] are made4 ,developm5t ( acid4 ,! result ( ?is enorm\s bact]ial multiplication is t acid is produc$ 9 cream1 lactic be+ ! pr9cipal acid s =m$4 ,o!r organic acids are und\bt$ly =m$ z well z c]ta9 aromatic products4 ,:ile ! production ( acid z a result ( f]m5tative activity is usually accompani$ ) a developm5t ( flavor1 ! flavor is n directly produc$ by ! =mation ( acid4 ,if cream is treat$ 9 prop] proportions ) a comm]cial acid1 z hydro*loric1#aed x assumes ! same *urn+ prop]ties z f\nd 9 normally rip5$ cream1 b is devoid ( ! desir$ aromatic qualities4 ,lactic acid#aee has also be5 us$ 9 a simil> way b ) no bett] results4 ,! am\nt ( acidity t %\ld be develop$ "u natural conditions s z to secure ! optimum quality z to flavor & aroma is ! mo/ important "q 9 cream rip5+4 ,conc]n+ ?is !re h be5 two some:at div]g5t views z to :at is be/ 9 practice1 "s hold+ t bett] results 7 obta9$ ) cream rip5$ to a high degree ( acidity ?an :]e a less am\nt 0 develop$4#aef ,! pres5t t5d5cy seems to be to develop some:at m ?an =m]ly1 z x is ?\ght t ?is secures m ( ! high1 quick flavor want$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,on ! av]age1 cream is rip5$ to ab\t #j4e to #j4fe p] c5t4 acidity1 a high] p]c5tage ?an ?is giv+ a /rong-flavor$ butt]4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( acidity1 ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od is to employ ! ,f>r+ton alkal9e tablet1 :i* p]mits ( an accurate & rapid e/imation ( ! acidity 9 ! rip5+ cream4 ,! am\nt ( acidity to be produc$ mu/ ( necessity be gov]n$ by ! am\nt ( butt]-fat pres5t1 = ! =mation ( acid is conf9$ to ! s]um ( ! cream2 consequ5tly1 a ri* cream w\ld %[ less acid by titration ?an a ?9n] cream1 & /ill conta9 really z mu* acid z ! o!r4 ,! importance ( ?is factor is evid5t 9 ga!r$-cream factories4 ,! rate ( rip5+ is dep5d5t ^u ! conditions t affect ! rate ( gr[? ( bact]ial life1 su* z "t & temp]ature1 numb] ( organisms 9 cream & also ! p] c5t ( butt] fat 9 ! cream4 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 cu/om>y to rip5 cream at ab\t #ej deg4 to #fj deg4 ,f41 b m rec5tly bett] results h be5 obta9$1 x is claim$1 :]e ! rip5+ temp]ature is increas$ & ! p]iod ( rip5+ less5$4 ,z high a temp]ature z #gj deg4 to #ge deg4 ,f4 has be5 recomm5d$4 ,x %\ld be said t ?is v>iation 9 practice may h a valid sci5tific f\ndation1 = ! temp]ature ( ! rip5+ cream is und\bt$ly ! mo/ pot5t factor 9 det]m9+ :at k9d ( bact]ia w develop mo/ luxuriantly4 ,x is well kn[n t ^? =ms t are capable ( produc+ bitt] flavors are able to ?rive bett] at a l[] temp]ature ?an "s ( ! desirable rip5+ species4 ,! importance ( ?is factor w\ld be less5$ :]e a pure culture 0 us$ 9 pa/euriz$ cream1 because "h practically ! select$ organism alone controls ! field4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t bett] results are obta9$ by /irr+ ! cream & s expos+ x to ! air z mu* z possible4 ,exp]im5ts made at ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college1 h[ev]1 %[ practically no diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! butt] made by ^! two me?ods4 ,! great majority ( ! bact]ia 9 ! cream belong to ! facultative class1 & are able to gr[ "u conditions :]e !y are n 9 direct contact ) ! air4 ,flavor & aroma4 ,! basis = ! peculi> flavor or ta/e :i* rip5$ cream-butt] possesses is due1 9 l>ge "p1 to ! =mation ( c]ta9 decomposition products =m$ by v>i\s bact]ia4 ,aroma is a quality (t5 conf\nd$ ) flavor1 b ?is is produc$ by volatile products only1 :i* appeal to ! s5se ( smell r ?an ta/e4 ,g5]ally a good flavor is accompani$ by a desirable aroma1 b ! orig9 ( ! two qualities is n necess>ily dep5d5t on ! same organisms4 ,! quality ( flavor & aroma 9 butt] is1 ( c\rse1 also affect$ by o!r conditions1 z1 = in/ance1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( salt1 z well z ! inh]5t qualities ( ! milk1 t are controll$1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 by ! "* ( ! fe$ :i* is consum$ by ! animal4 ,! exact s\rce ( ^! desirable b evanesc5t qualities 9 butt] is n yet satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,accord+ to ,/or*1#aeg flavors are produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! milk sug> & ! absorption ( ! volatile flavors by ! butt] fat4 ,conn#aeh holds t ! nitrog5\s elem5ts 9 cream s]ve z food = bact]ia1 & 9 ! decomposition ( :i* ! desir$ aromatic sub/ance is produc$4 ,! *ange is unque/ionably a complex "o1 & _c be expla9$ z a s+le f]m5tation4 ,!re is no long] mu* d\bt b t bo? acid-=m+ & case9-dige/+ species c take "p 9 ! production ( prop] flavors z well z desirable aromas4 ,! rese>*es ( ,conn1#aei :o has /udi$ ?is "q mo/ exhau/ively1 indicate t bo? ( ^! types ( decomposition p>ticipate 9 ! production ( flavor & aroma4 ,he has %[n t bo? flavor & aroma production are indep5d5t ( acid2 t _m good flavor-produc+ =ms belong to t class :i* r5d]s milk alkal9e1 or d n *ange ! reaction at all4 ,"s ( ^! species liquefi$ gelat9 & w\ld !re=e belong to ! case9-dissolv+ class4 ,^? species t produc$ bad flavors are also includ$ 9 bo? f]m5tative types4 ,conn has f\nd a numb] ( organisms t are favorable flavor-produc]s2 9 fact !y 7 mu* m num]\s ?an desirable aroma-yield+ species4 ,none ( ! favorable aroma =ms accord+ to 8 inve/igations 7 lactic-acid species1--a view :i* is also %>$ by ,weigmann4#afj ,mc,donnell#afa has f\nd t ! production ( aroma 9 c]ta9 cases v>ies at diff]5t temp]atures1 ! mo/ pron\nc$ be+ evolv$ ne> ! optimum gr[+ temp]ature1 :i*1 z a g5]al rule1 is too high = cream rip5+4 ,! majority ( bact]ia 9 rip5+ cream d n seem to ex]t any m>k$ influ5ce 9 butt]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( species are positively b5eficial1 inasmu* z !y produce a good flavor or aroma4 ,a m limit$ numb] are conc]n$ 9 ! production ( undesirable rip5+ *anges4 ,?is condition be+ true1 x may seem /range t butt] is z good z x is1 because s frequ5tly ! requisite c>e is n giv5 to ! developm5t ( prop] rip5+4 ,9 all probability ! *ief reason :y ?is is s is t ^? bact]ia t f9d milk & cream pre-em95tly suit$ to _! developm5t1 e4 g4 ! lactic-acid class1 are ei!r neutral or b5eficial 9 _! effect on butt]4 ,use ( />t]s4 ,exp]i5ce has amply demon/rat$ t x is possible to control ! nature ( ! f]m5tative *anges t occur 9 rip5+ cream to su* an ext5t z to mat]ially improve ! quality ( ! butt]4 ,?is is frequ5tly done by ! addition ( a />t]4 ,:ile />t]s h be5 employ$ = _m ye>s = ! purpose m5tion$1 x is only rec5tly t _! nature has be5 und]/ood4 ,a />t] may be select$ f widely div]g5t s\rces1 b 9 all cases x is sure to conta9 a l>ge numb] ( bact]ia1 & ! presumption is t !y are ( su* a nature z to produce desirable f]m5tative *anges 9 ! cream4 ,9 ! selection ( ^! s-call$ natural />t]s1 x foll[s t !y mu/ be *os5 "u su* conditions z exp]i5ce has %[n to give favorable results4 ,= ?is purpose1 :ole milk f a s+le animal is (t5 us$ :]e ! same is obs]v$ to s\r ) ! production ( no gas or o!r undesirable ta9t4 ,a skim-milk />t] f a mix$ supply is recomm5d$ by _m4 ,butt] milk is frequ5tly employ$1 b 9 ! op9ion ( butt] exp]ts is n z suitable z ! o!rs m5tion$4 ,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t ! practical op]ator may be misl$ 9 select+ a />t] t is n desirable1 or by cont9u+ its use aft] x has become contam9at$4 ,9 #ahijafb a new sy/em ( cream rip5+ 0 introduc$ 9 ,d5m>k by ,/or* t possesses ! m]it ( be+ a truly sci5tific & at ! same "t practical me?od4 ,?is consi/$ 9 ! use ( pure cultures ( specific organisms t 7 select$ on acc\nt ( _! ability to produce a desirable rip5+ *ange 9 cream4 ,! introduction ( ^! s-call$ culture />t]s has become univ]sal 9 ,d5m>k1 & 9 p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,_! use is also rapidly ext5d+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,pr9ciples ( pure-culture cream-rip5+4 ,9 ! prop] use ( pure cultures = rip5+ cream1 x is necess>y fir/ to elim9ate z f> z possible ! bact]ia already pres5t 9 cream be=e ! culture />t] is add$4 ,?is result is accompli%$ by heat+ ! cream to a temp]ature suffici5tly high to de/roy ! vegetat+ organisms4 ,! addition ( a prop]ly select$ />t] w !n give ! *os5 organism su* an impetus z w g5]ally enable x to ga9 ! asc5d5cy ov] any o!r bact]ia & s control ! "* ( ! rip5+4 ,! pr9ciple employ$ is q l t practic$ 9 rais+ gra94 ,! f>m] prep>es 8 soil by pl[+1 9 ?is way kill+ ! we$s4 ,!n he s[s 8 select$ gra91 :i* is m]ely a pure culture1 & by ! rapid gr[? ( ?is1 o!r =ms are held 9 *eck4 ,! attempt has be5 made to use ^! culture />t]s 9 raw sweet cream1 b x c sc>cely be expect$ t ! mo/ b5eficial results w be atta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is me?od has be5 ju/ifi$ on ! basis ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,:]e cream is pa/euriz$ & no />t] is add$1 ! spore-be>+ =ms frequ5tly produce undesirable flavors4 ,^! c almo/ always be controll$ if a culture />t] is add$1 ! obnoxi\s =m be+ repress$ by ! pres5ce ( ! add$ />t]4 ,?is condition is int]pret$ z indicat+ t ! addition ( a />t] to cream :i* already conta9s develop+ bact]ia w prev5t ^? orig9ally pres5t 9 ! cream f gr[+4#afc ,?is repressive action ( "o species on ano!r is a well-kn[n bact]iological fact1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t su* an explanation is only applicable 9 ^? cases :]e ! culture organism is bett] able to develop ?an ^? =ms t already exi/ 9 ! cream4 ,if ! culture organism is add$ to raw milk or cream :i* already conta9s a flora t is well suit$ to develop 9 ?is m$ium1 x is q d\btful :e!r x w\ld ga9 ! supremacy 9 ! rip5+ cream4 ,! above me?od ( add+ a culture to raw cream r5d]s cream-rip5+ details less burd5some1 b at ! same "t ,dani% exp]i5ce1 :i* is entitl$ to mo/ cr$5ce on ?is "q1 is oppos$ to ?is me?od4 ,reput$ advantages ( culture />t]s4 #a4 ,flavor & aroma4 ,naturally ! flavor produc$ by pure-culture f]m5ts dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! organism us$4 ,^? :i* are mo/ ext5sively us$ are able to produce a p]fectly clean b mild flavor1 & a delicate b n pron\nc$ aroma4 ,! high1 quick flavor & aroma t is s mu* desir$ 9 ! ,am]ican m>ket is n readily obta9$ by ! use ( cultures4 ,x is q problematical :e!r ! use ( any s+le species w give any m m>k$ aroma ?an normally occurs 9 natural rip5+4 #b4 ,uni=mity ( product4 ,culture />t]s produce a m uni=m product because ! type ( f]m5tation is "u m complete control1 & h]e9 is ! greate/ advantage to be d]iv$ f _! use4 ,ev5 ! be/ butt]-mak] at times w fail to secure uni=m results if 8 />t] is n p]fectly satisfactory4 #c4 ,keep+ quality ( product4 ,butt] made f pa/euriz$ cream to :i* a pure-culture />t] has be5 add$ w keep mu* bett] ?an ! ord9>y product1 because ! div]sity ( ! bact]ial flora is less & ! milk is !re=e n s likely to conta9 ^? organisms t produce an (f condition4 #d4 ,elim9ation ( ta9ts4 ,_m defective conditions 9 butt] are attributable to ! gr[? ( undesirable bact]ia 9 ! cream t result 9 ! =mation ( (f flavors & ta9ts4 ,if cream is pa/euriz$1 !reby de/roy+ ^! organisms1 !n rip5$ ) pure f]m5ts1 x is g5]ally possible to elim9ate ! abnormal conditions4#afd ,ta9ts may also be pres5t 9 cream due to direct absorption f ! c[ or ?r\gh exposure to f\l odors4#afe ,tr\bles ( ?is sort may ?us be c>ri$ ov] to ! butt]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 regions :]e leeks & wild onions ab\nd1 z 9 "s ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,! heat+ ( ! cream t5ds to expel ^! volatile ta9ts1 s t a fairly good article ( butt] c be made f :at w\ld o!rwise be a relatively wor?less product4 ,*>act]i/ics desir$ 9 culture />t]s4 ,c]ta9 conditions z ! foll[+ are desirable 9 />t]s made f pure cultures3 #a4 ,vigor\s gr[? 9 milk at ord9>y rip5+ temp]atures4 #b4 ,ability to =m acid s z to facilitate *urn+ & increase ! yield ( butt]4 #c4 ,able to produce a clean flavor & desirable aroma4 #d4 ,imp>t a good keep+ quality to butt]4 #e4 ,n easily modifi$ 9 its flavor-produc+ qualities by artificial cultivation4 ,^! diff]5t conditions are difficult to atta91 = ! reason t "s ( !m seem to be 9 "p incompatible4 ,weigmann#aff f\nd t a good aroma 0 g5]ally an evanesc5t prop]ty1 & !re=e oppos$ to good keep+ quality4 ,conn has %[n t ! functions ( acid-=mation1 flavor & aroma production are n necess>ily relat$1 & !re=e ! *ances ( f9d+ a s+le organism t possesses all ! desirable attributes are n v good4 ,9 all probability no "o g]m possesses all ( ^! desirable qualities1 b natural rip5+ is ! resultant ( ! action ( sev]al =ms4#afg ,?is idea has l$ to ! attempt at mix+ select$ organisms t h be5 *os5 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 favorable *>act]i/ics :i* !y might possess4 ,! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ su* a composite culture 9 its correct proportions :5 x is propagat$ 9 ! cream]y is seem+ly well nigh insup]able1 z "o organism is v apt to develop m or less rapidly ?an ! o!r4 ,a v satisfactory way 9 :i* ^! cultures are m>ket$ is to mix ! bact]ial gr[? ) "s /]ile1 in]t1 dry sub/ance4 ,?is is ! me?od us$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,dani% cultures4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 "s ( ! m prom95t cultures employ$ are m>ket$ 9 a liquid =m4 ,culture vs4 home-made />t]s4 ,"o great advantage :i* has accru$ f ! use ( culture or comm]cial />t]s has be5 t 9 emphasiz+ ! ne$ ( clos] control ( ! rip5+ process1 great] att5tion has be5 paid to ! c>ry+ out ( ! details4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! bett] op]ators1 ! diff]5ces 9 flavor ( butt] made ) a culture or a natural />t] are n m>k$1#afh b 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o fail to make a good product "u ord9>y conditions1 an improvem5t is (t5 secur$ :]e a comm]cial culture is us$4 ,pa/eurization z appli$ to butt]-mak+4 ,?is process1 z appli$ to butt] mak+1 is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! treatm5t ( milk & cream = direct consumption4 ,x is un=tunate t ! same t]m is us$ 9 connection ) ! two me?ods1 = !y h b little 9 common except 9 ! use ( heat to de/roy ! g]m life ( ! milk4 ,9 pa/euriz+ cream = butt]-mak+1 x is n necess>y to obs]ve ! /r+5t precautions t are to be not$ 9 ! pres]vation ( milk2 = ! addition ( a rapidly develop+ />t] controls at once ! f]m5tative *anges t subsequ5tly occur4 ,!n aga91 ! physical requirem5t z to ! production ( a cook$ ta/e is n s /r+5t 9 butt]-mak+4 ,:ile a cook$ ta/e is imp>t$ to milk or ev5 cream at ab\t #aeh deg4 ,f41 x is possible to make butt] t %[s no p]man5t cook$ ta/e f cream t has be5 rais$ z high z #ahe deg4 or ev5 #aie deg4 ,f4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! fat does n readily take up ^? sub/ances t give to scald$ milk its peculi> flavor4 ,unless c>e is tak5 9 ! manipulation ( ! heat$ cream1 ! gra9 or body ( ! butt] may be injur$4 ,?is t5d5cy c be ov]come if ! rip5$ cream is *ill$ to #dh deg4 ,f4 = ab\t two h\rs be=e *urn+4 ,x is also ess5tial t ! heat$ cream %\ld be quickly & ?or\ghly *ill$ aft] be+ pa/euriz$4 ,! ,danes1 :o 7 ! fir/ to employ pa/eurization 9 butt]-mak+1 us$1 9 ! beg9n+1 a temp]ature rang+ f #aeh deg4 to #afg deg4 ,f41 b ow+ to ! preval5ce ( su* diseases z tub]culosis & foot-&-m\? disease1 x became necess>y to treat all ( ! skim milk t 0 return$ f ! cream]ies4 ,= ?is purpose ! skim milk is heat$ to a temp]ature ( #agf deg4 ,f41 x hav+ be5 m rec5tly det]m9$ t ?is degree ( heat is suffici5t to de/roy ! se$s ( disease4 ,) ! use ( ?is high] temp]ature ! capacity ( ! pa/euriz+ app>atus is consid]ably r$uc$1 b ! high] temp]ature is r5d]$ necess>y by ! prevail+ conditions z to disease4 ,:5 ! sy/em 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,d5m>k1 two me?ods ( proc$ure 7 foll[$3 ! :ole milk 0 heat$ to a suffici5tly high temp]ature to ?or\ghly pa/eurize x be=e x 0 sep>at$1 or x 0 sep>at$ fir/1 & ! cream pa/euriz$ aft]w>ds4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x is necess>y to heat ! skim milk aft] sep>ation to de/roy ! disease organisms1 b ?is c be quickly done by ! use ( /eam directly4 ,mu* m c>e mu/ be us$ 9 heat+ ! cream 9 ord] to prev5t injury to ! gra9 ( ! butt]4 ,9 spite ( ! extra tr\ble ( heat+ ! cream & skim milk sep>ately1 ?is me?od has practically supplant$ ! s+le heat+4 ,) ! cont9ual spread ( tub]culosis 9 ,am]ica ! heat+ ( skim milk sep>ately is beg9n+ to be introduc$4#afi ,use ( />t]s 9 pa/euriz$ & unpa/euriz$ cream4 ,9 ord] to secure ! b5eficial results presumably attributable to ! use ( a />t]1 natural z well z a pure culture1 x %\ld be employ$ 9 cream 9 :i* ! bact]ia h fir/ be5 kill$ out by pa/eurization4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ logical & sci5tific me?od & is ! way 9 :i* ! process has be5 develop$ 9 ,d5m>k4 ,"h 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! use ( pure cultures has be5 q rapidly ext5d$1 b ! sy/em ( heat+ ! cream has be5 us$ 9 only a slight measure4 ,! increas$ labor & exp5se incurr$ 9 pa/euriz+ ! cream has naturally militat$ some:at aga9/ ! wide-spread use ( ! process1 b d\btless ! ma9 factor has be5 ! inability to secure z high a flavor :]e ! cream 0 heat$ z 9 ! unheat$ product4 ,z ! dem&s ( ! m>ket *ange f a high1 quick flavor to "o t is some:at mild] b ( bett] keep+ quality1 d\btless pa/eurization ( ! cream w become m & m popul>4 ,t su* a *ange is gradually occurr+ is already evid5t1 al?\gh z yet only a small proportion ( butt] made 9 ?is c\ntry is n[ made 9 ?is way4 ,:]e ! cream is unheat$1 a consid]able numb] ( species w be f\nd1 & ev5 ! addition ( a pure culture1 if t culture is ( ! lactic acid-produc+ species1 w to "s ext5t control ! type ( f]m5tation t occurs4 ,su* w\ld n be ! case ) a culture compos$ ( ! case9-dige/+ type ( bact]ia4 ,only ^? =ms c\ld ?us be us$ :i* are especially well suit$ to developm5t 9 raw cream4 ,= ?is reason ! pure culture f]m5ts t are g5]ally employ$ 9 cream]y practice are organisms ( ! lactic acid type1 able to gr[ rapidly 9 cream & produce a pure cream flavor 9 ! butt]4 ,purity ( comm]cial />t]s4 ,naturally ! butt] mak] is =c$ to rely on ! laboratory = 8 comm]cial />t]1 & ! "q w (t5 arise z to ! purity & vigor ( ! v>i\s f]m5ts employ$4 ,z !re is no way = ! factory op]ator to asc]ta9 ! actual condition ( ! />t]1 except by us+ ! same1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 by ! manufactur] to insure ! absolute purity ( ! se$ us$4 ,a bact]iological exam9ation ( ! v>i\s cultures :i* h be5 plac$ on ! m>ket n infrequ5tly reveals an impure condition4 ,9 sev]al cases ! writ] has f\nd a n inconsid]able numb] ( liquefy+ bact]ia mix$ ) ! select$ organism4 ,molds n infrequ5tly are f\nd 9 cultures put up 9 ! dry =m4 ,d\btless ! effect ( ^! accid5tal contam9ations is consid]ably less 9 ! case ( a />t] compos$ ( a di/9ctively lactic acid-produc+ organism ?an ) a =m :i* is less capable ( ?riv+ vigor\sly 9 milk1 & x %\ld be said t ^! impurities c frequ5tly be elim9at$ by cont9u$ propagation4 ,! virility & vigor ( ! />t] is also a fluctuat+ factor1 dep5d5t 9 "p at lea/1 ^u ! conditions "u :i* ! organism is gr[n4 ,9 "s cases ! g]m is cultivat$ 9 solutions 9 :i* acid _c be =m$ 9 abundance4 ,:]e ! conditions p]mit ( ! =mation ( acid1 z w\ld be ! case if sug> 0 pres5t ) a lactic acid-produc+ species1 ! vitality ( ! culture is (t5 impair$ by ! action ( ! gradually accumulat+ acid4 ,"s manufactur]s attempt to m9imize ?is delet]i\s condition by add+ c>bonate ( lime :i* unites ) ! acid t is =m$4 ,propagation ( />t]s = cream-rip5+4 ,! prep>ation & propagation ( a />t] = cream-rip5+ is a process involv+ consid]able bact]iological k1 :e!r ! />t] is ( dome/ic orig9 or prep>$ f a pure-culture f]m5t4 ,9 any ev5t1 x is necess>y t ! />t] %\ld be h&l$ 9 a way s z to prev5t ! introduction ( =eign bact]ia z f> z possible4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ at all times t ! />t] is a live ?+ & mu/ be h&l$ ?r\gh\t its entire hi/ory 9 a way s z to reta9 its vitality & vigor unimpair$4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 gr[+ ! />t] & transf]r+ x f day to day3 #a4 ,if a comm]cial />t] is us$1 see t x is fre% & t ! seal has n be5 brok54 ,if ! culture is too old1 ! l>g] "p ( ! organisms may h di$ out be=e x is transf]r$1 9 :i* case ! effect ( its addition to ! /]iliz$ milk w\ld be ( little value4 ,:5 ! comm]cial f]m5t is receiv$1 x %\ld be /or$ 9 ! refrig]ator p5d+ its use s z to ret>d z mu* z possible ! *anges t naturally g on 9 ! culture liquid4 ,be c>eful t ! bottle is n expos$ to ! influ5ce ( direct sunlight = 9 a transp>5t m$ium ! organisms may be readily kill$ by ! dis9fect+ action ( ! sun's rays4 #b4 ,if a home-made />t] is employ$1 use ! greate/ possible c>e 9 select+ ! milk t is to be us$ z a basis = ! />t]4 #c4 ,= ! propagation & p]petuation ( ! />t] f day to day1 x is necess>y t ! same %\ld be gr[n 9 milk t is z g]m-free z x is possible to secure x4 ,= ?is purpose /]ilize "s fre% skim-milk 9 a cov]$ c t has previ\sly be5 well /eam$4 ,?is c be done easily by sett+ cans conta9+ skim-milk 9 a vat fill$ ) wat] & heat+ ! same to #ahj deg4 ,f4 or above = "o-half h\r or m4 ,/eam %\ld n be introduc$ directly4 ,?is process de/roys all b a few ( ! mo/ resi/ant spore-be>+ organisms4 ,?is w give a cook$ flavor to ! milk1 b w n affect ! cream to :i* ! />t] is add$4 ,dairy supply h\ses are n[ introduc+ ! use ( />t] cans t are specially made = ?is purpose4 #d4 ,aft] ! heat$ milk is cool$ d[n to ab\t #gj deg4 or #hj deg4 ,f41 x c be inoculat$ ) ! desir$ culture4 ,sometimes x is desirable to build up ! />t] by propagat+ x fir/ 9 a small] volume ( milk1 & !n aft] ?is has develop$1 add+ x to a l>g] am\nt4 ,?is me?od is ( p>ticul> value :]e a l>ge am\nt ( />t] is ne$$ = ! cream-rip5+4 #e4 ,aft] ! milk has be5 inoculat$1 x %\ld be kept at a temp]ature t is suitable = ! rapid developm5t ( ! conta9$ bact]ia1 #fe deg4-#ge deg4 ,f41 :i* temp]ature %\ld be kept z uni=m z possible4 ,?is c be/ be done by sett+ ! cov]$ c 9 a vat fill$ ) w>m wat]4 ,! />t] cans are (t5 arrang$ s t temp]ature c be controll$ by circulat+ wat]4 #f4 ,! />t] %\ld n be too ?or\ghly curdl$ :5 x is ne$$ = use1 b %\ld be well s\r$ & only p>tially curdl$ = x is difficult to break up ?or\ghly ! curd p>ticles if ! />t] is completely curdl$4 ,if ^! curd masses are add$ to rip5+ cream1 :ite specks may appe> 9 ! butt]4 #g4 ,! vigor ( ! />t] is 9 all probability /rong] :5 ! milk is on ! po9t ( curdl+ ?an x is aft] ! curd has be5 =m$ "s "t4 ,! cont9u$ =mation ( lactic acid kills _m ( ! bact]ia & ?us weak5s ! f]m5tative action4 ,x is !re=e highly important t ! acidity ( ! />t] %\ld be closely wat*$4 #h4 ,d n refrig]ate ! />t] :5 x has rea*$ ! prop] /age ( developm5t1 z ?is ret>ds ! bact]ial gr[? 9 ! same mann] z cold wea!r *ecks ! gr[? ( gra94 ,x is pref]able to dilute ! />t]1 if x _c be us$ :5 ready1 ) suffici5t fre%ly /]iliz$ sweet milk to hold ! acidity at ! prop] po9t & ?us keep ! bact]ia 9 ! />t] 9 a condition :i* w favor vigor\s gr[?4 #i4 ,! />t] %\ld be propagat$ f day to day by add+ a small quantity to a new lot ( fre%ly prep>$ milk4 ,= ?is purpose two propagat+ cans %\ld be provid$ s t "o />t] may be 9 use :ile ! o!r is be+ prep>$4 ,h[ long %\ld a />t] be propagat$8 ,no h>d-&-fa/ rule c be giv5 = ?is1 = x dep5ds l>gely ^u h[ c>efully ! />t] is h&l$ dur+ its propagation4 ,if ! />t] is gr[n 9 /]iliz$ milk kept 9 /eam$ vessels & is h&l$ ) /]ile dipp]s1 x is possible to ma9ta9 x 9 a /ate ( relative purity = a consid]able p]iod ( "t2 if1 h[ev]1 no especial c>e is giv51 x w soon become infect$ by ! air1 & ! ret5tion ( its purity w dep5d m ^u ! ability ( ! conta9$ organism to *oke out =eign gr[?s ?an ^u any o!r factor4 ,exp]i5ce seems to indicate t pure-culture />t]s run out soon] ?an dome/ic />t]s4 ,:ile x is possible1 by bact]iological me?ods1 to det]m9e ) accuracy ! actual condition ( a />t] z to its g]m cont5t1 /ill su* me?ods are inapplicable 9 cream]y practice4 ,"h ! mak] mu/ rely l>gely ^u ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! />t] z det]m9$ by ta/e & smell4 ,! supply h\ses t deal 9 cultures ( ?is class g5]ally expect to supply a new culture at lea/ e mon?4 ,bact]ia 9 butt]4 ,z rip5$ cream is necess>ily ri* 9 bact]ia1 x foll[s t butt] w also conta9 g]m life 9 v>y+ am\nts1 b z butt]-fat is n well adapt$ = bact]ial food1 ! numb] ( g]ms 9 butt] is usually less ?an 9 rip5$ cream4 ,sweet-cream butt] is naturally poor] 9 g]m life ?an t made f rip5$ cream4 ,grot5felt reports 9 sweet-cream butt]1 ! s-call$ ,p>is butt]1 only a few bact]ia :ile 9 acid cream butt] ! g]m cont5t runs f scores to hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,effect ( bact]ia 9 wa% wat]4 ,an important factor 9 contam9ation may be ! wa% wat] t is us$4 ,mu* c>elessness (t5 prevails reg>d+ ! location & dra9age ( ! cream]y well1 & if same becomes pollut$ ) organic matt]1 bact]ial gr[? goes on apace4 ,melick#agj has made "s int]e/+ /udies on us+ pa/euriz$ & /]iliz$ well wat]s = wa%+4 ,he f\nd a direct relation to exi/ betwe5 ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! wa% wat] & ! keep+ quality ( ! butt]4 ,"s cream]ies h tri$ filt]$ wat] b "u ord9>y conditions a filt]1 unless x is t5d$ to ) great regul>ity1 becomes a s\rce ( infection r ?an o!rwise4 ,*anges 9 g]m cont5t4 ,! bact]ia t are incorporat$ ) ! butt] z x fir/ comes und]go a slight increase = ! fir/ few days4 ,! duration ( ?is p]iod ( increase is dep5d5t l>gely ^u ! condition ( ! butt]4 ,if ! butt]milk is well work$ out ( ! butt]1 ! increase is slight & la/s = a few days only1 :ile ! pres5ce ( s nutriti\s a m$ium z butt]milk af=ds conditions mu* m favorable = ! cont9u$ gr[? ( ! organisms4 ,:ile !re may be _m v>ieties 9 butt] :5 x is fre%1 !y are v soon r$uc$ 9 k9d z well z numb]4 ,! lactic acid gr\p ( organisms disappe> q rapidly2 ! spore-be>+ species rema9+ = a some:at long] "t4 ,butt] exam9$ aft] x is sev]al mon?s old is (t5 f\nd to be almo/ free f g]ms4 ,9 ! manufacture ( butt] !re is mu* t is dep5d5t ^u ! me*anical processes ( *urn+1 wa%+1 salt+ & work+ ! product4 ,^! processes d n involve any bact]iological pr9ciples o!r ?an ^? t are incid5t to cleanl9ess4 ,! cream1 if rip5$ prop]ly1 w conta9 su* enorm\s numb]s ( favorable =ms t ! access ( ! few organisms t are d]iv$ f ! *urn1 ! air1 or ! wat] 9 wa%+ w h little effect1 unless ! conditions are abnormal4 ,,bact]ial ,,defects ,,9 ,,butt]4 ,rancid *ange 9 butt]4 ,fre% butt] has a peculi> aroma t is v desirable & "o t enhances ! m>ket price1 if x c be reta9$2 b ?is delicate flavor is m or less evanesc5t1 soon disappe>+1 ev5 9 ! be/ makes4 ,:ile a good butt] loses ) age "s ( ! peculi> aroma t x possesses :5 fir/ made1 yet a gilt-edg$ product %\ld reta9 its good keep+ qualities = "s l5g? ( "t4 ,all butt]s1 h[ev]1 soon] or lat] und]go a *ange t r5d]s !m wor?less = table use4 ,?is *ange is usually a rancidity t is obs]v$ 9 all /ale products ( ?is class4 ,! cause ( ?is rancid condition 9 butt] 0 at fir/ attribut$ to ! =mation ( butyric acid1 b x is n[ recogniz$ t o!r *anges also ent] 94#aga ,light & especially air also ex]t a m>k$ effect on ! flavor ( butt]4 ,:]e butt] is kept 9 small packages x is mu* m prone to develop (f flavors ?an :5 pack$ 9 l>ge tubs4 ,f ! c>efully execut$ exp]im5ts ( ,j5s5 x appe>s t "s ( ! molds z well z c]ta9 species ( bact]ia are able to incite ^! *anges4 ,^! organisms are common 9 ! air & wat] & x !re=e readily foll[s t inoculation occurs4 ,practically1 rancidity is held 9 *eck by /or+ butt] at l[ temp]atures :]e g]m gr[? is q susp5d$4 ,lack ( flavor4 ,(t5 ?is may be due to improp] h&l+ ( ! cream 9 n all[+ x to rip5 f> en\gh1 b sometimes x is impossible to produce a high flavor4 ,! lack ( flavor 9 ?is case is due to ! abs5ce ( ! prop] flavor-produc+ organisms4 ,?is condition c usually be ov]come by ! addition ( a prop] />t]4 ,putrid butt]4 ,?is specific butt] tr\ble has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e x has be5 /udi$ by ,j5s54#agb ,butt] affect$ by x rapidly acquires a peculi> putrid odor t ru9s x = table use4 ,sometimes1 ?is flavor may be develop$ 9 ! cream previ\s to *urn+4 ,j5s5 f\nd ! tr\ble to be due to sev]al diff]5t putrefactive bact]ia4 ,"o =m :i* he call$ ,bacillus foetidus lactis1 a close ally ( ! common feces bacillus1 produc$ ?is rott5 odor & ta/e 9 milk 9 a v %ort "t4 ,=tunately1 ?is organism 0 easily kill$ by a comp>atively l[ heat1 s t pa/eurization ( ! cream & use ( a culture />t] quickly elim9at$ ! tr\ble1 :]e x 0 tri$4 ,turnip-flavor$ butt]4 ,butt] sometimes acquires a peculi> flavor recall+ ! ord] ( turnips1 rutabagas1 & o!r root crops4 ,(t5 ?is tr\ble is due to fe$+1 !re be+ 9 sev]al ( ^! crops1 aromatic sub/ances t pass directly into ! milk1 b 9 "s in/ances ! tr\ble arises f bact]ia t are able to produce decomposition products1#agc ! odor & ta/e ( :i* /rongly recalls ^! vegetables4 ,c[y butt]4 ,frequ5tly !re is to be not$ 9 milk a peculi> odor t resembles t ( ! c[ /able4 ,usually ?is defect 9 milk has be5 ascrib$ to ! absorption ( impure gases by ! milk z x cools1 al?\gh ! gases & odors naturally pres5t 9 fre% milk h ?is peculi> prop]ty t is demon/rable by c]ta9 me?ods ( a]ation4 ,occasionally x is transmitt$ to butt]1 & rec5tly ,pammel#agd has isolat$ f butt] a bacillus t produc$ 9 milk ! same peculi> odor s commonly pres5t 9 /ables4 ,l>dy & tall[y butt]4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is unpleasant ta/e 9 butt] may be due to a v>iety ( causes4 ,9 "s in/ances1 improp] food seems to be ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble2 !n aga91 butt] expos$ to direct sunlight blea*es 9 color & develops a l>dy flavor4#age ,9 addition to ^!1 cases h be5 f\nd 9 :i* ! defect has be5 trac$ to ! action ( bact]ia4 ,/or*#agf has describ$ a lactic-acid =m 9 a sample ( tall[y butt] t 0 able to produce ?is disagreeable odor4 ,oily butt]4 ,j5s5 has isolat$ "o ( ! causes ( ! dread$ oily butt] t is report$ q frequ5tly 9 ,d5m>k4 ,! specific organism t he f\nd belongs to ! s\r-milk bact]ia4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs x curdles milk1 ! curd be+ solid l t ( ord9>y s\r milk4 ,!re is produc$1 h[ev]1 9 addition to ?is1 an unpleasant odor & ta/e resembl+ t ( ma*9e oil1 a peculi>ity t is transmitt$ directly to butt] made f affect$ cream4 ,bitt] butt]4 ,n[ & !n butt] develops a bitt] ta/e t may be due to a v>iety ( diff]5t bact]ial =ms4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! bitt] flavor 9 ! butt] is d]iv$ prim>ily f ! bact]ia pres5t 9 ! cream or milk4 ,sev]al ( ! f]m5tations ( ?is "* 9 milk are also to be f\nd 9 butt]4 ,9 addition to ^! defects produc$ by a biological cause1 bitt] flavors 9 butt] are sometimes produc$ by ! milk be+ impregnat$ ) volatile1 bitt] sub/ances d]iv$ f we$s4 ,moldy butt]4 ,?is defect is p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s because mo/ common4 ,x is produc$ by ! developm5t ( a numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties ( molds4 ,! tr\ble appe>s mo/ frequ5tly 9 pack$ butt] on ! outside ( ! mass ( butt] 9 contact ) ! tub4 ,mold spores are s widely dissem9at$ t if prop] conditions are giv5 = _! g]m9ation1 !y are almo/ sure to develop4 ,9 "s cases ! mold is due to ! gr[? ( ! ord9>y bread mold1 ,p5icillium glaucum2 9 o!r cases a black mold develops1 due (t5 to ,cladosporium butyri4 ,n infrequ5tly tr\ble ( ?is "* is associat$ ) ! use ( p>*m5t wrapp]s4 ,! difficulty c easily be held 9 *eck by soak+ ! p>*m5t l9+s & ! tubs 9 a /rong br9e1 or p>aff9+ ! inside ( ! tub4 ,fi%y butt]4 ,consid]able tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ,au/ralian butt] export$ to ,europe 9 :i* a fi%y flavor develop$4 ,x 0 not$ t ! production ( ?is defect seem$ to be dep5d5t ^u ! /orage temp]ature at :i* ! butt] 0 kept4 ,:5 ! butt] 0 refrig]at$ at #ae deg4 ,f4 no fur!r difficulty 0 exp]i5c$4 ,x is claim$ t ! cause ( ?is condition is due to ! =mation ( trime?ylam9e 7h]r+ br9e odor7 due to ! gr[? ( ! mold fungus ,oidium lactis1 develop+ 9 comb9ation ) ! lactic-acid bact]ia4 ,a fi%y ta/e is sometimes not$ 9 cann$ butt]4 ,rog]s#agg has det]m9$ t ?is flavor is caus$ by yea/s 7,torula7 :i* produce fat-splitt+ enzyms capable ( produc+ ?is undesirable *ange4 ,,footnotes3 #aec ,conn & ,e/51 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #aija1 #g3gdf4 #aed ,tiemann1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #bc3gja4 #aee ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahhi1 p4 #g2 #ahid1 p4 #fbd2 #ahie1 p4 #chc4 #aef ,dean1 ,ont4 ,agr4 ,coll41 #ahig1 p4 #ff4 #aeg ,/or*1 ,nogle1 ,und]s4 ov] ,flo$4 ,syrn+1 #ahij4 #aeh ,conn1 #f ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahic1 p4 #ff4 #aei ,conn1 #i ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahif1 p4 #ag4 #afj ,weigmann1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahia1 p4 #gic #afa ,mc,donnell1 ue4 ,mil*saeure ,bakt]i5 7,diss4 ,kiel1 #ahii71 p4 #dc4 #afb ,/or*1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahij1 p4 #cjd4 #afc ,conn1 #i ,/orrs ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahif1 p4 #be4 #afd ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahia1 p4 #abb2 #ahid1 p4 #bhd2 #ahie1 p4 #ef2 #ahif1 p4 #afc4 #afe ,mc,kay1 ,bull4 #cb1 ,i[a ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #dg #aff ,weigmann1 ,l&w4 ,wo*4 f4 ,s*l4 ,hol41 ,no4 #b1 #ahij4 #afg ,weigmann1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #c3dig1 #ahig4 #afh ,at ! ,national ,cream]y ,butt]mak]s' ,association = #aija1 #aic out ( #bdj exhibitors us$ />t]s4 ,( ^? t employ$ />t]s1 ne>ly "o-half us$ comm]cial cultures4 ,!re 0 practically no diff]5ce 9 ! av]age score ( ! two classes ( />t]s1 b ^? us+ />t]s rank$ ne>ly two po9ts high] 9 flavor ?an ^? t did n4 #afi ,russell1 ,bull4 #adc1 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,feb4 #aijg4 #agj ,melick1 ,bull4 #ach1 ,kansas ,expt4 ,/at41 ,june #aijf4 #aga ,re9mann1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijj1 #f3aca2 ,j5s51 ,l&w4 ,jahr4 d4 ,s*weiz1 #aija4 #agb ,j5s51 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 #ahia1 #aa3dji4 #agc ,j5s51 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahib1 #f1 ,nos4 #e & #f4 #agd ,pammel1 ,bull4 #ba1 ,i[a ,expt4 ,/at41 p4 #hjc4 #age ,fis*]1 ,hyg4 ,rund41 #e3egc4 #agf ,/or*1 #ah ,rept4 ,dani% ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahij4 #agg ,rog]s ,bull4 #eg1 ,b4 ,a4 ,i4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept ,agric41 #aijd4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,*eese4 ,! art ( *eese-mak+1 l all o!r phases ( dairy+1 has be5 develop$ ma9ly z a result ( empirical me?ods4 ,)9 ! la/ decade or s1 ! subject has receiv$ m att5tion f ! sci5tific po9t ( view & ! und]ly+ causes det]m9$ to "s ext5t4 ,s9ce ! subject has be5 inve/igat$ f ! bact]iological po9t ( view1 mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ! cause ( _m *anges t 7 h]et(ore inexplicable4 ,our k1 z yet1 is q meag]1 b en\gh has already be5 det]m9$ to indicate t ! :ole indu/ry is l>gely bas$ on ! ph5om5a ( f]m5t action1 & t ! application ( bact]iological pr9ciples & ideas is sure to yield m ?an ord9>y results1 9 expla9+1 9 a rational way1 ! reasons und]ly+ _m ( ! processes to be obs]v$ 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,! problem ( good milk is a vital "o 9 any phase ( dairy activity1 b x is pre-em95tly s 9 *eese-mak+1 = ! ability to make a fir/-class product dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on ! quality ( ! raw mat]ial4 ,*eese conta9s s l>ge a proportion ( nitrog5\s con/itu5ts t x is admirably suit$1 z a food m$ium1 to ! developm5t ( bact]ia2 mu* bett]1 9 fact1 ?an butt]4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,normal ,,*eese ,,processes4 ,9 ! manufacture ( *$d> *eese bact]ia ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce 9 ! initial /ages ( ! process4 ,to produce ! prop] texture t *>act]izes *$d> *eese1 x is necess>y to develop a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid :i* acts ^u ! case94 ,?is acidity is measur$ by ! developm5t ( ! lactic-acid bact]ia t normally ab\nd 9 ! milk2 or1 z ! *eese-mak] expresses x1 ! milk is rip5$ to ! prop] po9t4 ,! action ( ! r5net1 :i* is add$ to precipitate ! case9 ( ! milk1 is m>k$ly affect$ by ! am\nt ( acid pres5t1 z well z ! temp]ature4 ,h5ce x is desirable to h a /&>d am\nt ( acidity z well z a /&>d temp]ature = coagulation1 s z to unify conditions4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! milk is abnormal ) ref]5ce to its bact]ial cont5t1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ! prop] lactic bact]ia1 or ! pres5ce ( =ms capable ( produc+ f]m5tative *anges ( an undesirable "*4 ,9 su* cases ! mak] attempts to ov]come ! effect ( ! unwelcome bact]ia by add+ a />t]2 or he mu/ v>y 8 me?od ( manufacture to "s ext5t to meet ^! new conditions4 ,use ( />t]s4 ,a />t] may be employ$ to ha/5 ! rip5+ ( milk t is extremely sweet1 s z to curtail ! "t necess>y to get ! *eese to press2 or x may be us$ to ov]come ! effect ( abnormal conditions4 ,! />t] t is employ$ is g5]ally "o ( dome/ic orig91 & is usually tak5 f skim milk t has be5 all[$ to f]m5t & s\r "u c>efully controll$ conditions4 ,( c\rse mu* dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! />t]1 & 9 a natural />t] !re is always ! possibility t x may n be p]fectly pure4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! attempt has be5 made to control ! effect ( ! />t] m ?or\ghly by us+ pure cultures ( "s desirable lactic-acid =m4#agh ,?is has r5d]$ ! mak+ ( *eese n only m uni=m1 b has aid$ 9 repress+ abnormal f]m5tations p>ticul>ly ^? t are *>act]iz$ by ! production ( gas4 ,rec5tly1 pure cultures ( ,adametz's ,b4 nobilis1 a dige/+ organism t is claim$ to be ! cause ( ! break+ d[n ( ! case9 & also ( ! peculi> aroma ( ,emm5?al] *eese1 has be5 plac$ on ! m>ket "u ! "n ,tyrog54 ,x is claim$ t ! use ( ?is />t]1 :i* is add$ directly to ! milk & also rubb$ on ! surface ( ! *eese1 results 9 ! improvem5t ( ! curds1 assi/s 9 ! developm5t ( ! prop] holes1 imp>ts a favorable aroma & ha/5s rip5+4#agi ,campbell#ahj /ates t ! discoloration ( *eese 9 ,engl&1 :i* is due to ! =mation ( :ite spots t are produc$ by ! blea*+ ( ! color+ matt] 9 ! *eese1 may be ov]come by ! use ( lactic-acid />t]s4 ,! use ( /r+y or slimy :ey has be5 advocat$ 9 ,holl& = "s ye>s z a means ( ov]com+ ! t5d5cy t[>d gas =mation 9 ,edam *eese :i* is made f practically sweet milk4 ,?is f]m5tation1 ! ess5tial feature ( :i* is produc$ by a culture ( ,/reptococcus ,holl&icus1#aha develops acid 9 a m>k$ degree1 !reby inhibit+ ! production ( gas4 ,! use ( masses ( moldy bread 9 direct+ ! f]m5tation ( ,roque=t *eese is ano!r illu/ration ( ! empirical developm5t ( />t]s1 al?\gh 9 ?is in/ance x is add$ aft] ! curds h be5 prep>$ = ! press4 ,pa/euriz+ milk = *eese-mak+4 ,if x 7 possible to use prop]ly pa/euriz$ milk 9 *eese-mak+1 !n practically all abnormal conditions c\ld be controll$ by ! use ( prop]ly select$ />t]s4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to p]fect ?is sy/em ) ref]5ce to *$d> *eese1 b s f> !y h be5 att5d$ ) imp]fect success4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 pa/euriz+ milk1 ! soluble lime salts are precipitat$ by ! action ( heat1 & "u ^! conditions r5net extract does n curdle ! case9 9 a normal mann]4 ,?is condition c be re/or$1 9 "p at lea/1 by ! addition ( soluble lime salts1 su* z calcium *lorid2 b 9 our exp]i5ce1 desirable results 7 n obta9$ :]e heat$ milks to :i* ?is calcium solution _h be5 add$ 7 made into *$d> *eese4 ,consid]able exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ 9 ! use ( heat$ milks 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 types ( =eign *eese4 ,kle9#ahb f9ds t ,brick *eese c be successfully made ev5 :]e ! milk is heat$ z high z #ahe deg4 ,f4 ,an increas$ weight is secur$ by ! addition ( ! coagulat$ album9 & also increas$ moi/ure4 ,bact]ia 9 r5net4 ,9 ! use ( natural r5nets1 su* z are frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( ,swiss *eese1 consid]able numb]s ( bact]ia are add$ to ! milk4 ,al?\gh ^! r5nets are pres]v$ 9 salt1 alcohol or boric acid1 !y are nev] free f bact]ia4 ,adametz#ahc f\nd t5 diff]5t species & f #fdj1jjj to #ijj1jjj bact]ia p] cc4 9 natural r5nets4 ,freud5rei* has %[n t r5net extract solutions c be us$ 9 ,swiss *eese-mak+ q z well z natural r5nets2 b to secure ! be/ results1 a small quantity ( pure lactic f]m5t mu/ be add$ to simulate ! conditions t prevail :5 natural r5nets are soak$ 9 :ey1 :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is a fluid ri* 9 bact]ial life4 ,:]e r5net extract or tablets are us$1 z is g5]ally ! case 9 *$d> mak+1 ! numb] ( bact]ia add$ is s inf9itesimal z to be negligible4 ,developm5t ( acid4 ,9 ! manufacture ( *$d> *eese1 ! developm5t ( acid ex]ts an important influ5ce on ! "* ( ! product4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by hold+ ! curds at temp]atures favorable to ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia 9 ! same4 ,"u ^! conditions ! lactic-acid organisms1 :i* usually pr$om9ate1 develop v rapidly1 produc+ !reby consid]able quantities ( acid :i* *ange mat]ially ! texture ( ! curds4 ,! lactic acid acts ^u ! case9 9 solutions conta9+ salt1 caus+ x to dissolve to "s ext5t1 ?us =m+ ! initial comp\nds ( dige/ion4#ahd ,?is solution ( ! case9 is express$ physically by ! /r++ ( ! curds on a hot iron4 ,?is causes ! curds to mat1 produc+ a close1 solid body1 free f me*anical holes4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! developm5t ( ?is acid is necess>y = ! dige/ive activity ( ! peps9 9 ! r5net extract4 ,9 "s v>ieties ( *eese1 z ! ,swiss1 acid is n develop$ & ! "* ( ! *eese is mu* diff]5t f t ( *$d>4 ,9 all su* v>ieties1 a great deal m tr\ble is exp]i5c$ f ! production ( gassy curds1 because ! developm5t ( ! gas-produc+ bact]ia is held 9 *eck by ! rapid gr[? ( ! lactic acid-produc+ species4 ,bact]ia 9 gre5 *eese4 ,! conditions "u :i* *eese is made p]mit ( ! developm5t ( bact]ia ?r\gh\t ! entire process4 ,! cook+ or heat+ ( curds to expel ! excessive moi/ure is nev] s high z to be fatal to g]m life2 on ! contr>y1 ! acidity ( ! curd & :ey is cont9ually increas$ by ! developm5t ( bact]ia 9 ! same4 ,! body ( gre5 *eese fre% f ! press is1 to a consid]able ext5t1 dep5d5t ^u ! acid produc$ 9 ! curds4 ,if ! curds are put to press 9 a relatively sweet condition ! texture is op5 & por\s4 ,! curd p>ticles d n mat closely toge!r & me*anical holes1 r\gh & irregul> 9 outl9e1 occur4 ,v (t51 at relatively high temp]atures1 su* *eese beg9 to huff1 soon aft] be+ tak5 f ! press1 a condition due to ! developm5t ( gas1 produc$ by gas-g5]at+ bact]ia act+ on ! sug> 9 ! curd4 ,?is gas f9ds its way readily into ^! ragg$ holes1 greatly di/5d+ !m1 z 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,l1 a sweet curd *eese direct f ! press4 ,me*anical holes due to lack ( acid developm5t2 ,p1 same *eese f\r days lat]1 me*anical holes di/5d$ by developm5t ( gas4 ,physical *anges 9 rip5+ *eese4 ,:5 a gre5 *eese is tak5 f ! press1 ! curd is t\gh1 firm1 b ela/ic4 ,x has no value z a food product = imm$iate use1 because x lacks a desirable flavor & is n readily dige/ible4 ,x is no?+ b precipitat$ case9 & fat4 ,9 a %ort "t1 a deep-seat$ *ange occurs4 ,physically ?is *ange is demon/rat$ 9 ! modification t ! curd und]goes4 ,gradually x breaks d[n & becomes pla/ic1 ! ela/ic1 t\gh curd be+ *ang$ into a s(t5$ mass4 ,?is *ange 9 texture ( ! *eese is also accompani$ by a m>k$ *ange 9 flavor4 ,! gre5 *eese has no di/9ctively *eese flavor1 b 9 c\rse ( "t1 ) ! gradual *ange ( texture1 ! peculi> flavor incid5t to ripe *eese is develop$4 ,! *>act]i/ic texture & flavor are susceptible ( consid]able modification t is induc$ n only by v>iation 9 me?ods ( manufacture1 b by ! conditions "u :i* ! *eese are cur$4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure incorporat$ ) ! curd mat]ially affects ! physical appe>ance ( ! *eese1 & ! rate ( *ange 9 ! same4 ,! rip5+ temp]ature1 likewise ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! surr\nd+ air1 also ex]ts a m>k$ influ5ce on ! physical prop]ties ( ! *eese4 ,to "s ext5t ! action ( ^! =ces is purely physical1 z 9 ! gradual loss by dry+1 b 9 o!r respects !y are associat$ ) *emical trans=mations4 ,*emical *anges 9 rip5+ *eese4 ,co9cid5t ) ! physical break+ d[n ( ! curd comes a *ange 9 ! *emical nature ( ! case94 ,! hi!rto insoluble case9 is gradually trans=m$ into soluble nitrog5\s sub/ances 7caseone ( ,duclaux1 or caseoglut5 ( ,weigmann74 ,?is *emical ph5om5on is a break+-d[n process t is analog\s to ! peptonization ( proteids1 al?\gh 9 addition to ! peptones & albumoses *>act]i/ic ( peptic dige/ion1 amido-acids & ammonia are to be f\nd4 ,! quantity ( ^! l[] products increases ) ! age ( ! *eese4 ,! *emical reaction ( *eese is normally acid to ph5olph?ale91 al?\gh !re is g5]ally no free acid1 z %[n by ,congo r$1 ! lactic acid be+ conv]t$ into salts z fa/ z =m$4 ,9 v old *eese1 und]go+ putrefactive *anges1 especially on ! outside1 an alkal9e reaction may be pres5t1 due to ! =mation ( free ammonia4 ,! *anges t occur 9 a rip5+ *eese are = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to ! proteids4 ,accord+ to mo/ inve/igators ! fat rema9s practically un*ang$1 al?\gh ! rese>*es ( ,weigmann & ,backe#ahe %[ t fatty acids are =m$ f ! fat4 ,9 ! gre5 *eese consid]able milk-sug> is pres5t1 b1 z a result ( ! f]m5tation t occurs1 ?is is rapidly conv]t$ into acid products4 ,bact]ial flora ( *eese4 ,x might naturally be expect$ t ! gre5 *eese1 fre% f ! press1 w\ld conta9 practically ! same k9d ( bact]ia t are 9 ! milk1 b a /udy ( *eese %[s a peculi> *ange 9 ! "* ( ! flora4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 fre% cottage *eese1 made by ! coagulation ( ! case9 ?r\gh ! action ( acid1 has a m div]sifi$ flora ?an *eese made ) r5net1 = ! reason1 z giv5 by ,laf>1#ahf t ! f]m5tative process is f>!r advanc$4 ,:5 diff]5t v>ieties ( *eese are made f milk 9 ! same locality1 ! g]m cont5t ( ev5 ! rip5$ product has a m>k$ simil>ity1 z is illu/rat$ by ,adametz's "w#ahg on ,emm5?al] or ,swiss h>d *eese1 & ,s*weitz] ,hauskaese1 a s(t v>iety4 ,( ! n9e species ( bacilli & cocci f\nd 9 mature ,emm5?al]1 eight ( !m 7 also pres5t 9 rip5$ ,hauskaese4 ,diff]5t inve/igators h /udi$ ! bact]ial flora ( v>i\s k9ds ( *eese1 b z yet little comp>ative sy/ematic "w has be5 done4 ,freud5rei*#ahh has det]m9$ ! "* & numb] ( bact]ia 9 ,emm5?al] *eese1 & ,russell#ahi ! same = *$d> *eese4 ,! same g5]al law has also be5 not$ 9 ,canadian#aij & ,engli%#aia *eese4 ,at fir/ a m>k$ decrease 9 numb]s is usually not$1 la/+ = a day or two4 ,?is is foll[$ by an enorm\s increase1 caus$ by ! rapid gr[? ( ! lactic-acid type4 ,! developm5t may rea* scores ( millions & (t5 ov] a hundr$ million organisms p] gram4 ,syn*ron\s ) ?is increase1 ! peptoniz+ & gas-produc+ bact]ia gradually disappe>4 ,?is rapid developm5t1 :i* la/s only = a few weeks1 is foll[$ by a g5]al decl9e4 ,9 ! rip5+ ( *eese a "q arises z to :e!r ! process goes on ?r\gh\t ! entire mass ( *eese1 or :e!r x is m active at or ne> ! surface4 ,9 ! case ( _m ( ! s(t *eese1 su* z ,brie & limburg]1 bact]ial & mold developm5t is exce$+ly active on ! ext]ior1 & ! enzyms secret$ by ^! organisms diffuse t[>d ! int]ior4 ,t su* a condition occurs 9 ! h>d type ( *eese made ) r5net is extremely improbable4 ,mo/ obs]v]s agree t 9 ?is type ( *eese ! rip5+ progresses ?r\gh\t ! entire mass1 al?\gh ,adametz opposes ?is view & consid]s t 9 ,emm5?al] *eese ! developm5t ( ! specific aroma-produc+ organism occurs 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s4 ,j5s5 has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! greate/ am\nt ( soluble nitrog5\s products are to be f\nd 9 ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! *eese1 a condition t is n reconcilable ) ! view t ! mo/ active rip5+ is on ! ext]ior4#aib ,! c\rse ( developm5t ( bact]ia 9 *$d> *eese is mat]ially influ5c$ by ! rip5+ temp]ature4 ,9 *eese rip5$ at relatively l[ temp]atures 7#ej deg4-#ee deg4 ,f471#aic a high g]m cont5t is ma9ta9$ = a mu* long] p]iod ( "t ?an at high] temp]atures4 ,"u ^! conditions ! lactic-acid type cont9ues 9 ! asc5dancy z usual4 ,9 *eese cur$ at high temp]atures 7#hj deg4-#hf deg4 ,f47 ! numb] ( organisms is greatly dim9i%$1 & !y fail to p]si/ 9 appreciable numb]s = z long a "t z 9 *eese cur$ at temp]atures m frequ5tly employ$4 ,influ5ce ( temp]ature on cur+4 ,temp]ature ex]ts a mo/ pot5t influ5ce on ! quality ( ! *eese1 z det]m9$ n only by ! rate ( rip5+ b ! nature ( ! process itself4 ,mu* ( ! poor quality ( *eese is attributable to ! effect ( improp] cur+ conditions4 ,probably 9 ! initial /age ( ?is indu/ry *eese 7 all[$ to rip5 )\t any sort ( control1 ) ! inevitable result t dur+ ! summ] mon?s ! temp]ature g5]ally fluctuat$ s mu* z to impair s]i\sly ! quality4 ,! effect ( high temp]atures 7#gj deg4 ,f4 & above7 is to produce a rapid cur+1 &1 !re=e1 a %ort liv$ *eese2 also a %>p1 /rong flavor1 & g5]ally a m or less op5 texture4 ,unless ! *eese is made f ! be/ quality ( milk1 x is v apt to und]go abnormal f]m5tations1 m especially ^? ( a gassy "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,influ5ce ( cur+ temp]ature on texture ( *eese4 ,upp] r[ rip5$ eight mon?s at #fj deg4 ,f42 l[] r[ at #dj deg4 ,f4 ,:]e *eese is rip5$ at l[ temp]atures1 rang+ f #ej deg4 ,f4 d[n to ne>ly ! freez+ temp]atures1 x is f\nd t ! quality is greatly improv$4#aid ,su* *eese are ?or\ghly brok5 d[n f a physical po9t ( view ev5 ?\gh !y may n %[ su* a high p] c5t ( soluble nitrog5\s products4 ,!y h an excell5t texture1 g5]ally solid & firm1 free f all t5d5cy to op5ness2 &1 moreov]1 _! flavor is clean & entirely devoid ( ! %>p1 undesirable tang t s frequ5tly appe>s 9 old *eese4 ,! keep+ quality ( su* *eese is mu* sup]ior to ! ord9>y product4 ,! introduction ( ?is new sy/em ( *eese-cur+ promises mu* f a practical po9t ( view1 & und\bt$ly a m complete /udy ( ! subject f a sci5tific po9t ( view w aid mat]ially 9 unravel+ "s ( ! problems z to flavor production4 ,!ories ( *eese cur+4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s consid]able /udy has be5 giv5 ! subject ( *eese cur+ or rip5+1 9 ord] to expla9 h[ ?is physical & *emical trans=mation is br\ght ab\t4 ,mu* ( ! misconception t has aris5 relative to ! cause ( *eese rip5+ comes f a confusion ( t]ms4 ,9 ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 rip5+ or cur+ ( *eese is int5d$ to signify ! sum total ( all ! *anges t result 9 conv]t+ ! gre5 product z x comes f ! press into ! edible sub/ance t is kn[n z cur$ *eese4 ,z previ\sly %[n1 ! mo/ m>k$ *emical trans=mation t occurs is t :i* has to d ) ! peptonization or break+ d[n ( ! case94 ,x is true t "u ord9>y conditions ?is decomposition process is also accompani$ ) ! =mation ( c]ta9 flavor-produc+ sub/ances1 m or less aromatic 9 "*2 b x by no means foll[s t ^! two processes are necess>ily due to ! same cause4 ,! majority ( inve/igators h fail$ to consid] ^! two que/ions ( case9 decomposition & flavor z indep5d5t1 or at lea/ z n necess>ily relat$4 ,!y are und\bt$ly closely b\nd toge!r1 b x w be %[n lat] t ! problems are q diff]5t & possibly susceptible ( m ?or\gh und]/&+ :5 consid]$ sep>ately4 ,9 ! e>li] !ories ( *eese rip5+ x 0 ?\ght to be purely a *emical *ange1 b1 ) ! gr[? ( bact]iological sci5ce1 evid5ce 0 =?com+ t seem$ to indicate t ! activity ( organisms ent]$ into ! problem4 ,s*aff]#aie %[$ t if milk 0 boil$ & made into *eese1 ! case9 fail$ to break d[n4 ,adametz#aif add$ to gre5 *eese v>i\s dis9fectants1 z creol9 & ?ymol1 & f\nd t ?is practically /opp$ ! cur+ process4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts he drew ! conclusion t bact]ia mu/ be ! cause ( ! *ange1 because ^! organisms 7 kill$2 b :5 x is consid]$ t su* treatm5t w\ld also de/roy ! activity ( enzyms z well z vital f]m5ts1 x is evid5t t ^! exp]im5ts 7 q indecisive4 ,a det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ! by-products f\nd 9 matur+ *eese indicates t ! g5]al "* ( ! rip5+ *ange is a peptonization or dige/ion ( ! case94 ,until rec5tly ! mo/ widely accept$ views relat+ to ! cause ( ?is *ange h be5 ^? :i* ascrib$ ! trans=mation to ! activity ( micro-organisms1 al?\gh conc]n+ ! nature ( ^! organisms !re has be5 no unanimity ( op9ion4 ,! ov]:elm+ developm5t ( bact]ia 9 all *eeses naturally gave support to ?is view2 & su* exp]im5ts z detail$ above /r5g!n$ ! idea t ! case9 trans=mation c\ld n occur :]e ^! f]m5t organisms 7 de/roy$4 ,! v nature ( ! *anges produc$ 9 ! case9 signifi$ t to take "p 9 ?is process any organism mu/ possess ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ ! proteid molecule1 case91 & =m+ !refrom by-products t are mo/ g5]ally f\nd 9 o!r dige/ive or peptoniz+ *anges ( ?is class4 ,dige/ive bact]ial !ory4 ,! fir/ !ory prop\nd$ 0 t ( ,duclaux1#aig :o 9 #ahhg advanc$ ! idea t ?is *ange 0 due to t type ( bact]ia :i* is able to liquefy gelat91 peptonize milk1 & cause a hydrolytic *ange 9 proteids4 ,to ?is widely-spread gr\p t he f\nd 9 *eese1 he gave ! g5]ic "n ,tyro?rix 7*eese hairs74 ,accord+ to him1 ^! organisms d n function directly z rip5+ ag5ts1 b !y secrete an enzym or unorganiz$ f]m5t to :i* he applies ! "n casease4 ,?is f]m5t acts ^u ! case9 ( milk1 conv]t+ x into a soluble product kn[n z caseone4 ,^! organisms are f\nd 9 normal milk1 & if !y function z case9 trans=m]s1 "o w\ld naturally expect !m to be pres5t1 at lea/ frequ5tly1 if n pr$om9at+ 9 ! rip5+ *eese2 b su* is n ! case4 ,9 typical *$d> or ,swiss *eese1 !y rapidly disappe> 7p4 #afh71 al?\gh 9 ! moi/]1 s(t] v>ieties1 !y p]si/ = consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,accord+ to ,freud5rei*1 ev5 :]e ^! organisms are add$ 9 l>ge numb]s to ! curd1 !y soon p]i%1 an obs]vation t is n reg>d$ z correct by ! lat] adh]5ts to ! dige/ive bact]ial !ory1 z ,adametz & ,w9kl]4 ,duclaux's exp]im5ts 7 made ) liquid m$ia = isolation purposes1 & 8 "w1 !re=e1 _c be reg>d$ z satisfactory z t c>ri$ out ) m mod]n te*nical me?ods4 ,rec5tly ?is !ory has be5 reviv$ by ,adametz1#aih :o claims to h f\nd 9 ,emm5?al] *eese a dige/+ species1 "o ( ! ,tyro?rix type1 :i* is capable ( peptoniz+ ! case9 & at ! same "t produc+ ! *>act]i/ic flavor ( ?is class ( *eese4 ,?is organism1 call$ by him ,bacillus nobilis1 ! ,edelpilz ( ,emm5?al] *eese1 has be5 subject$ to comp>ative exp]im5ts1 & 9 ! *eese made ) pure cultures ( ?is g]m bett] results are claim$ to h be5 secur$4 ,suffici5t exp]im5ts h n z yet be5 report$ by o!r inve/igators to w>rant ! acceptance ( ! claims made relative to ! effect ( ?is organism4 ,lactic-acid bact]ial !ory4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! lactic-acid bact]ia seems to f9d 9 ! gre5 *eese ! optimum conditions ( developm5t2 t !y increase enorm\sly 9 numb]s = a %ort p]iod1 & !n f9ally decl9e4 ,?is m>k$ developm5t1 co9cid5t ) ! break+ d[n ( ! case91 has l$ to ! view :i* has be5 s ably exp\nd$ by ,freud5rei*#aii t ?is type ( bact]ial action is conc]n$ 9 ! rip5+ ( *eese4 ,?is gr\p ( bact]ia is1 "u ord9>y conditions1 unable to liquefy gelat91 or dige/ milk1 or1 9 fact1 to ex]t1 "u ord9>y conditions1 any proteolytic or peptoniz+ prop]ties4 ,?is has be5 ! /umbl+-block to ! acceptance ( ?is hypo!sis1 z an explanation ( ! break+ d[n ( ! case94 ,freud5rei* has rec5tly c>ri$ on exp]im5ts :i* he believes solve ! problem4 ,by gr[+ cultures ( ^! organisms 9 milk1 to :i* /]ile1 fre%ly precipitat$ *alk _h be5 add$1 he 0 able to prolong ! developm5t ( bact]ia = a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 & z a result f9ds t an appreciable "p ( ! case9 is dige/$2 b ?is action is s sl[ comp>$ ) :at normally occurs 9 a *eese1 t exception may well be tak5 to ?is type ( exp]im5t alone4 ,weigmann#bjj incl9es to ! view t ! lactic-acid bact]ia are n ! true cause ( ! peptoniz+ process1 b t _! developm5t prep>es ! soil1 z x 71 = ^? =ms t are m directly conc]n$ 9 ! peptoniz+ process4 ,?is !y d by develop+ an acid sub/ratum t r5d]s possible ! m luxuriant gr[? ( ! aroma-produc+ species4 ,accord+ to ,gor9i1#bja c]ta9 ( ! ,tyro?rix =ms function at high temp]atures z lactic acid produc+ bact]ia1 :ile at l[] temp]atures !y act z peptoniz]s4 ,on ?is basis he seeks to reconcile ! discrepancies t appe> 9 ! exp]im5ts ( o!r inve/igators4 ,dige/ive milk enzym !ory4 ,9 #ahig ,babcock & ! writ]#bjb %[$ t milk und]w5t dige/ive *anges spontane\sly :5 bact]ial activity 0 susp5d$ by ! addition ( su* anae/hetics z e!r1 *lor(orm & b5zol4 ,! *emical nature ( ! by-products produc$ by ?is auto-dige/ion ( milk resembles q closely ^? f\nd 9 rip5$ *eese1 except t ammonia is n produc$ z is ! case 9 old *eese4 ,! cause ( ! decomposition ( ! case91 !y f\nd to be due to ! action ( a milk enzym :i* is inh]5t to ! milk itself4 ,?is dige/ive f]m5t may be sep>at$ f fre% milk by conc5trat+ c5trifuge slime extracts by ! usual physiological reag5ts4 ,?is f]m5t1 call$ by !m galactase1 on acc\nt ( its orig9 9 milk1 is a proteolytic enzym ( ! tryptic type4 ,its activity is de/roy$ by /rong *emicals su* z =maldehyde1 corrosive sublimate1 also :5 heat$ to #age deg4 ,f4 or above4 ,:5 su* extracts are add$ to boil$ milk1 ! dige/ive process is />t$ anew1 & ! by-products produc$ are v simil> to ^? not$ 9 a normal *eese4 ,j5s5#bjc has also %[n t ! addition ( pancreatic extracts to *eese accel]at$ ! =mation ( soluble nitrog5\s products4 ,! action ( galactase 9 milk & *eese has be5 confirm$ by ,freud5rei*#bjd & ,j5s51#bje z well z by ,am]ican inve/igators1 & ?is enzym is n[ g5]ally accept$ z "o ( ! factors conc]n$ 9 ! decomposition ( ! case94 ,freud5rei* believes x is able to *ange case9 into albumose & peptones1 b t ! lactic-acid bact]ia are *iefly responsible = ! fur!r decomposition ( ! nitrog5 to amid =m4 ,failure be=e to recognize ! pres5ce ( galactase 9 milk is attributable to ! fact t all attempts to secure /]ile milk _h be5 made by heat+ ! same1 9 :i* case galactase 0 necess>ily de/roy$4 ,a brief exposure at #agf deg4 ,f4 is suffici5t to de/roy its activity1 & ev5 an exposure at l[] temp]atures weak5s its action consid]ably1 especially if ! reaction ( ! m$ium is acid4 ,?is und\bt$ly expla9s ! contradictory results obta9$ 9 ! rip5+ ( *eese f pa/euriz$ milk1 su* *eese occasionally break+ d[n 9 an abnormal mann]4 ,! results m5tion$ on page #agb1 9 :i* *eese fail$ to rip5 :5 treat$ ) dis9fectants1--exp]im5ts :i* 7 suppos$ at t "t to be ! f\ndation ( ! bact]ial !ory ( case9 dige/ion--are n[ explicable on an entirely diff]5t basis4 ,9 ^! cases ! case9 0 n peptoniz$1 because ^! /rong dis9fectants de/roy$ ! activity ( ! enzyms z well z ! bact]ia4 ,ano!r important factor 9 ! break+ d[n ( ! case9 is ! peps9 9 ! r5net extract4 ,! dige/ive influ5ce ( ?is ag5t 0 fir/ demon/rat$ = *$d> *eese by ,babcock1 ,russell & ,vivian1#bjf & simultane\sly1 al?\gh indep5d5tly1 by ,j5s5#bjg 9 ,emm5?al] *eese4 ,9 ?is dige/ive action1 only albumoses & high] peptones are produc$4 ,! activity ( peps9 does n become manife/ until !re is ab\t #j4c p] c5t4 acid :i* is approximately ! am\nt develop$ 9 ! *$d> process4 ,^! two factors und\bt$ly acc\nt = by f> ! l>g] proportion ( ! *anges 9 ! case92 & yet1 ! =mation ( ammonia 9 well rip5$ *eese is n acc\nt$ = by ^! factors4 ,?is by-product is ! ma9 end product ( proteid dige/ion by ! liquefy+ bact]ia b _! app>5t infrequ5cy 9 *eese makes x difficult to und]/& h[ !y c function prom95tly 9 ! *ange1 unless ! small quantity ( dige/ive enzyms excret$ by !m 9 _! gr[? 9 milk is capable ( cont9u+ its action until a cumulative effect is obta9$4 ,al?\gh mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ?is "q by ! rese>*es ( ! la/ few ye>s1 ! matt] is f> f be+ satisfactorily settl$ at ! pres5t "t & ! subject ne$s mu* m critical "w4 ,if liquefy+ bact]ia ab\nd 9 ! milk1 d\btless !y ex]t "s action1 b ! role ( bact]ia is d\btless mu* great] 9 ! production ( flavor ?an 9 ! decomposition ( ! curd4 ,conditions det]m9+ quality4 ,9 det]m9+ ! quality ( *eese1 sev]al factors are to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,fir/ & =emo/ is ! flavor1 :i* det]m9es m ?an any?+ else ! value ( ! product4 ,?is %\ld be mild & pleasant1 al?\gh ) age ! int5sity ( ! same g5]ally increases b at no "t %\ld x h any bitt]1 s\r1 or o!rwise undesirable ta/e or aroma4 ,texture regi/]s m accurately ! physical nature ( ! rip5+4 ,! *eese %\ld n be curdy & h>%1 b %\ld yield q readily to pressure "u ! ?umb1 becom+ on manipulation waxy & pla/ic in/ead ( crumbly or mealy4 ,body ref]s to ! op5ness or clos5ess ( ! curd p>ticles1 a close1 compact mass be+ mo/ desirable4 ,! color ( *eese %\ld be ev51 n wavy1 /reak$ or blea*$4 ,= a *eese to possess all ( ^! *>act]i/ics 9 an optimum degree is to be p]fect 9 e respect--a condition t is r>ely rea*$4 ,s _m factors influ5ce ?is condition t ! problem ( mak+ a p]fect *eese becomes exce$+ly difficult4 ,n only mu/ ! quality ( ! milk--! raw mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! manufacture--be p]fectly satisfactory1 b ! factory managem5t :ile ! curds are 9 ! vat dem&s great skill & c>eful att5tion2 & f9ally1 ! long p]iod ( cur+ 9 :i* v>iation 9 temp]ature or moi/ure conditions may s]i\sly affect ! quality1--all ( ^! /ages1 m or less critical1 mu/ be successfully gone ?r\gh1 be=e ! product rea*es its highe/ /ate ( developm5t4 ,x is ( c\rse true t _m phases ( ?is complex s]ies ( processes h no direct relation to bact]ia1 yet x frequ5tly happ5s t ! result atta9$ is influ5c$ at "s prec$+ /age by ! action ( bact]ia 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,?us ! influ5ce ( ! acidity develop$ 9 ! curds is felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole life ( ! *eese1 an ov]-developm5t ( lactic-acid bact]ia produc+ a s\r condition t leaves its impress n only on flavor b texture4 ,an insuffici5t developm5t ( acid fails to s(t5 ! curd-p>ticles s z to p]mit ( close matt+1 ! consequ5ce be+ t ! body ( ! *eese rema9s loose & op51 a condition favorable to ! developm5t ( gas-g5]at+ organisms4 ,production ( flavor4 ,! importance ( flavor z det]m9+ ! quality ( *eese makes x imp]ative t ! nature ( ! sub/ances t conf] on *eese its peculi> aromatic qualities & ta/e be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! results obta9$ s f> are n m satisfactory1 = improvem5t 9 te*nique is h>dly to be expect$ until ! reason = ! process is ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! view t is mo/ g5]ally accept$ is t ?is mo/ important phase ( *eese cur+ is dep5d5t ^u bact]ial activity1 b ! organisms t are conc]n$ 9 ?is process h n z yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,9 a numb] ( cases1 diff]5t species ( bact]ia h be5 sep>at$ f milk & *eese t h ! p[] ( produc+ aromatic comp\nds t resemble1 9 "s cases1 ! peculi> flavors & odors t *>act]ize "s ( ! =eign k9ds ( *eese2 b an introduction ( ^! into curd has n result$ 9 ! production ( ! peculi> v>iety1 ev5 ?\gh ! me?ods ( manufacture & cur+ 7 closely foll[$4 ,! simil>ity 9 g]m cont5t 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( *eese made 9 ! same locality has p]haps a be>+ on ?is "q ( flavor z relat$ to bact]ia4 ,( ! n9e diff]5t species ( bact]ia f\nd 9 ,emm5?al] *eese by ,adametz1 eight ( !m 7 also pres5t 9 rip5$ ,hauskaese4 ,if specific flavors are solely ! result ( specific bact]ial action1 x might naturally be expect$ t ! "* ( ! flora w\ld diff]4 ,"s sugge/ive exp]im5ts 7 made by ,babcock & ,russell on ! "q ( flavor z relat$ to bact]ial gr[?1 by *ang+ ! nature ( ! environm5t 9 *eese by wa%+ ! curds on ! racks ) w>m wat]4 ,9 ?is way ! sug> & mo/ ( ! a% 7 remov$4 ,"u su* conditions ! "* ( ! bact]ial flora 0 mat]ially modifi$4 ,:ile ! liquefy+ type ( bact]ia 0 v sp>se 9 normal *$d>1 !y develop$ luxuriantly 9 ! wa%$ *eese4 ,! flavor at ! same "t 0 m>k$ly affect$4 ,! control *$d> 0 ( good quality1 :ile t made f ! wa%$ curds 0 decid$ly (f1 & 9 ! c\rse ( rip5+ became vile4 ,x may be ^! two results are simply co9cid5ces1 b o!r data#bjh be> out ! view t ! flavor 0 to "s ext5t relat$ to ! nature ( ! bact]ia develop+ 9 ! *eese4 ,?is 0 /r5g!n$ mat]ially by add+ diff]5t sug>s to wa%$ curds1 9 :i* case x 0 f\nd t ! flavor 0 mu* improv$1 :ile ! m normal lactic-acid type ( bact]ia aga9 became pr$om9ant4 ,rip5+ ( moldy *eese4 ,9 a numb] ( =eign *eeses1 ! peculi> flavor obta9$ is 9 "p due to ! action ( v>i\s fungi :i* gr[ 9 ! *eese1 & !re produce c]ta9 by-products t flavor ! *eese4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ^! are ! ,roque=t *eese ( ,france1 ,/ilton ( ,engl&1 & ,gorgonzola ( ,italy4 ,roque=t *eese is made f goat's or c['s milk1 & 9 ord] to introduce ! desir$ mold1 :i* is ! ord9>y bread-mold1 ,p5icillium glaucum1 c>efully-prep>$ moldy bread-crumbs are add$ to ! curd4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures ?is organism develops too rapidly1 s t ! *eese to rip5 prop]ly mu/ be kept at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! t[n ( ,roque=t is situat$ 9 a lime/one c\ntry1 9 a region full ( caves1 & x is 9 ^! natural caves t mo/ ( ! rip5+ is done4 ,^! cav]ns are always v moi/ & h a temp]ature rang+ f #ce deg4 to #dd deg4 ,f41 s t ! gr[? ( ! fungus is ret>d$ consid]ably4 ,! spread ( ! mold ?r\gh\t ! rip5+ mass is also assi/$ 9 a me*anical way4 ,! p>tially-matur$ *eese are run ?r\gh a ma*9e t pricks !m full ( small holes4 ,^! sl5d] canals all[ ! mold organism to p5etrate ! :ole mass m ?or\ghly1 ! moldy /raw matt+ ^u :i* ! rip5+ *eese are plac$ help+ to furni% an abundant se$+ ( ! desir$ g]m4 ,:5 new factories are con/ruct$ x is ( advantage to introduce ?is necess>y g]m 9 quantities1 & ! practice is sometimes foll[$ ( rubb+ ! walls & cell>s ( ! new location ) mat]ial tak5 f ! old e/abli%$ factory4 ,9 ?is cu/om1 develop$ 9 purely an empirical mann]1 is to be se5 a /rik+ illu/ration ( a bact]iological process crudely c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! ,/ilton *eese1 "o ( ! highly priz$ moldy *eeses ( ,engl&1 ! desir$ mold fungus is introduc$ into ! gre5 *eese by ex*ang+ plugs tak5 ) a *eese tri] f a ripe ,/ilton4 ,rip5+ ( s(t *eese4 ,! type ( rip5+ :i* takes place 9 ! s(t *eeses is mat]ially diff]5t f t :i* occurs 9 ! h>d type4 ,! peptoniz+ action does n g on uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! *eese1 b is ha/5$ by ! developm5t ( molds & bact]ia on ! outside t ex]t a solv5t action on ! case94 ,= ?is reason1 s(t *eeses are usually made up 9 small sizes1 s t ?is action may be ha/5$4 ,! organisms t take "p 9 ?is process are ^? t are able to =m enzyms 7simil> 9 _! action to tryps91 galactase1 etc471 & ^! soluble f]m5ts gradually diffuse f ! outside ?r\gh ! *eese4 ,mo/ ( ^! peptoniz+ bact]ia are h9d]$ 9 _! gr[? by ! pres5ce ( lactic acid1 s t 9 _m cases ! appe>ance ( ! dige/+ organisms on ! surface is delay$ until ! acidity ( ! mass is r$uc$ to ! prop] po9t by ! developm5t ( o!r organisms1 pr9cipally molds1 :i* pref] an acid sub/ratum = _! gr[?4 ,9 ,brie *eese a blue coat+ ( mold develops on ! surface4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 a :ite felt+ appe>s :i* lat] *anges to r$4 ,?is slimy coat bel[ ! mold lay] is made up ( div]se species ( bact]ia & fungi t are able to gr[ aft] ! acid is r$uc$ by ! blue mold4 ,! organisms 9 ! r$ slimy coat act ^u ! case91 produc+ an alkal9e reaction t is unfavorable to ! gr[? ( ! blue mold4 ,two sets ( organisms are1 !re=e ess5tial 9 ! rip5+ process1 "o prep>+ ! soil = ! f]m5t t lat] produces ! requisite rip5+ *anges4 ,z ord9>ily c>ri$ on1 ! process is an empirical "o1 & if ! r$ coat does n develop z expect$1 ! mak] resorts to all k9ds ( devices to br+ out ! desir$ f]m5t4 ,! appe>ance ( ! "r =m is dep5d5t1 h[ev]1 ^u ! prop] reaction ( ! *eese1 & if ?is is n suitable1 ! wi%$-= gr[? w n appe>4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,abnormal ,,*eese ,,processes4 ,! reason :y *eese is m subject to abnormal f]m5tation ?an butt] is because its high nitrog5 cont5t favors ! cont9u$ developm5t ( bact]ia = "s "t aft] x is made4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 9 consid]+ ! m important ( ^! *anges1 t n all defective conditions 9 *eese are attributable to ! influ5ce ( liv+ organisms4 ,tr\bles frequ5tly arise f errors 9 manufactur+ details1 z too prolong$ cook+ ( curds1 too high heat+1 or ! developm5t ( insuffici5t or too mu* acid4 ,!n aga91 ! production ( undesirable flavors or impairm5t 9 texture may arise f imp]fect cur+ conditions4 ,our k reg>d+ ! exact nature ( ^! indef9ite faults is z yet too inadequate to enable _m ( ^! undesirable conditions to be trac$ to _! prop] s\rce2 b 9 _m cases ! ta9ts obs]v$ 9 a factory are due to ! abnormal developm5t ( c]ta9 bact]ia1 capable ( evolv+ unpleasant or ev5 putrid odors4 ,mo/ ( !m are se$$ 9 ! milk be=e x comes to ! factory & are due to c>eless manipulation ( ! milk :ile x is /ill on ! f>m4 ,o!rs ga9 access to ! milk 9 ! factory1 ow+ to unclean conditions ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,sometimes ! *eese-mak] is able to ov]come ^! ta9ts by vigor\s treatm5t1 b (t5 !y pass on into ! *eese1 only to detract f ! m>ket value ( ! product4 ,mo/ frequ5tly ^! (f flavors appe> 9 *eese t are cur$ at too high temp]atures1 say above #fe deg4 ,f4 ,gassy f]m5tations 9 *eese4 ,"o ( ! wor/ & at ! same "t mo/ common tr\bles 9 *eese-mak+ is :]e ! *eese und]goes a f]m5tation m>k$ by ! evolution ( gas4 ,! pres5ce ( gas is recogniz$ by ! appe>ance ei!r ( sph]ical or l5s-%ap$ holes ( v>i\s sizes 9 ! gre5 *eese2 (t5 !y appe> 9 ! curd be=e x is put to press4 ,usually 9 ?is condition ! curds look z if !y _h be5 punctur$ ) a p91 & are kn[n z p9 holey curds4 ,:]e ! gas holes are l>g]1 !y are kn[n z ,swiss holes f _! resemblance to ! normal holes 9 ! ,swiss product4 ,if ! developm5t ( gas is abundant1 ^! holes are re/rict$ 9 size4 ,(t5 ! =mation ( gas may be s int5se z to cause ! curds to float on ! surface ( ! :ey be=e !y are remov$4 ,su* curds are kn[n z float]s or bloat]s4 ,if gassy curds are put to press1 ! abnormal f]m5tation may cont9ue4 ,! fur!r production ( gas causes ! gre5 *eese to huff or swell1 until x may be consid]ably di/ort$ z 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,9 su* cases ! texture ( ! *eese is greatly injur$1 & ! flavor is g5]ally impair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,*eese made f gassy milk4 ,su* abnormal *anges may occur at any season ( ! ye>1 b ! tr\ble is mo/ common 9 summ]1 especially 9 ! latt] "p4 ,?is defect is less likely to occur 9 *eese t is well *$d>$ ?an 9 sweet curd *eese4 ,:5 acidity is produc$1 ^! gassy f]m5tations are *eck$1 & 9 good *$d> ! body is s close & firm z n readily to p]mit ( gase\s *anges4 ,9 ,swiss *eese1 :i* is ess5tially a sweet curd *eese1 ^! f]m5tations are v tr\blesome4 ,:]e l>ge holes are =m$ 9 abundance 7blaeh571 ! tr\ble rea*es its maximum4 ,if ! gas holes are v num]\s & !re=e small x is call$ a nissl]4 ,sometimes ! normal eyes are ev5 want+ :5 x is said to be bl9d or a glaesl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,block ,swiss *eese %[+ gassy f]m5tation4 ,"o me?od ( proc$ure :i* is likely to cause tr\ble 9 ,swiss factories is (t5 produc$ by ! use ( s\r1 f]m5t$ :ey 9 :i* to soak ! natural r5nets4 ,freud5rei* & ,/e9egg]#bji h %[n t a mu* m uni=m quality ( *eese c be made ) r5net extract if x is prep>$ ) a />t] made f a pure lactic f]m5t4 ,! cause ( ! difficulty has long be5 *>g$ to v>i\s s\rces1 su* z a lack ( a]ation1 improp] fe$+1 ret5tion ( animal gases1 etc41 b 9 all ^! cases x 0 no?+ m ?an a surmise4 ,v (t5 ! milk does n betray any visible symptom ( f]m5tation :5 receiv$1 & ! tr\ble is n to be recogniz$ until ! process ( *eese-mak+ is well advanc$4 ,/udies f a biological /&po9t h1 h[ev]1 ?r[n mu* light on ?is tr\blesome problem2 & x is n[ kn[n t ! =mation ( gas1 ei!r 9 ! curd or aft] x has be5 put to press1 is due entirely to ! break+ d[n ( c]ta9 elem5ts1 su* z ! sug> ( milk1 due to ! influ5ce ( v>i\s liv+ g]ms4 ,?is tr\ble is1 !n1 a type f]m5tation1 & is1 !re=e1 mu* m widely di/ribut$ ?an x w\ld be if x 0 caus$ by a s+le specific organism4 ,^! gas-produc+ organisms are to be f\nd1 sp>+ly at lea/1 9 almo/ all milks1 b are normally held 9 *eck by ! ord9>y lactic species4 ,among !m are a l>ge numb] ( ! bact]ia1 al?\gh yea/s & alli$ g]ms are (t5 pres5t & are likewise able to set up f]m5tative *anges ( ?is sort4 ,9 ^! cases ! milk-sug> is decompos$ 9 su* a way z to give (f ,,co#b & ,h1 & 9 "s cases1 alcohol4 ,russell & ,ha/+s#baj f\nd a lactose-splitt+ yea/ 9 a sev]e outbreak ( gassy *eese 9 a ,swiss factory4 ,9 ?is case ! gas did n develop until ! *eese 7 a few weeks old4 ,9 sev]e cases ! *eese actually crack$ to pieces4 ,accord+ to ,guillebeau1 a close relation exi/s betwe5 ^? g]ms t are able to produce an infecti\s inflammation 7ma/itis7 9 ! udd] ( ! c[ & "s =ms capable ( gas evolution4 ,if pure cultures ( ^! gas-produc+ bact]ia are add$ to p]fectly sweet milk1 x is possible to artificially produce ! conditions 9 *eese t s frequ5tly appe> 9 practice4 ,treatm5t ( p9-holey curds4 ,:5 ?is type ( f]m5tation appe>s dur+ ! manufacture ( ! *eese1 ! mak] c control x 9 "p )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,^! me?ods ( treatm5t are1 z a rule1 purely me*anical1 z :5 ! curds are pil$ & turn$1 & subsequ5tly gr\nd 9 a curd mill4 ,aft] ! gas has be5 =c$ out1 ! curds are !n put to press & ! :ole mats into a compact mass4 ,ano!r me?od ( treatm5t bas$ ^u bact]iological pr9ciples is ! addition ( a />t] to induce ! =mation ( acid4 ,:]e acid is develop$ z a result ( ! gr[? ( ! lactic-acid bact]ia1 ! gas-produc+ species d n readily ?rive4 ,ano!r reason :y acid aids 9 repress+ ! developm5t ( gas is t ! curd p>ticles are p>tially s(t5$ or dige/$ by ! action ( ! acid4 ,?is causes !m to mat toge!r m closely1 & !re is n left 9 ! *eese ! irregul> me*anical op5+s 9 :i* ! develop+ gas may f9d lodgm5t4 ,ano!r me?od t is also useful ) ^! curds is to employ salt4 ,?is represses gase\s f]m5tations1 & ! use ( m salt ?an usual 9 mak+ ! *eese w v (t5 re/ra9 ! production ( gas4 ,t5d5cy to =m gas 9 ,edam *eese is controll$ by ! addition ( a />t] prep>$ f slimy :ey 7lange wei7 :i* is caus$ by ! developm5t ( an acid-=m+ organism4 ,"s h recomm5d$ ! cu/om ( wa%+ ! curds to remove ! :ey & ! gas-produc+ bact]ia conta9$ !re94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to c>ry ?is too f>1 = ! removal ( ! sug> p]mits ta9t-produc+ organisms to ?rive4#baa ,! temp]ature at :i* ! *eese is cur$ also mat]ially affects ! developm5t ( gas4 ,at high cur+ temp]atures1 gas-produc+ organisms develop rapidly2 !re=e m tr\ble is exp]i5c$ 9 summ] ?an at o!r seasons4 ,if milks :i* are prone to und]go gassy developm5t are exclud$ f ! g5]al supply1 x w\ld be possible to elim9ate ! s\rce ( ! entire tr\ble4 ,to aid 9 ! e>ly recognition ( su* milks t are n app>5tly affect$ :5 br\ght to ! factory1 f]m5tation or curd te/s 7p4 #gf7 are ( great value4 ,! use ( ?is te/ 9 ! h&s ( ! factory op]ator (t5 enables him to detect ! exact s\rce ( ! tr\ble1 :i* may frequ5tly be conf9$ to ! milk deliv]$ by a s+le patron4 ,fruity or sweet flavor4 ,n infrequ5tly ! product ( a factory may acquire dur+ ! process ( rip5+ :at is kn[n z a sweet or fruity flavor4 ,?is flavor resembles ! odor ( f]m5t$ fruit or ! b\quet ( c]ta9 k9ds ( w9e4 ,x has be5 not$ 9 widely diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry & its pres5ce be>s no relation to ! o!r qualities ( ! *eese4 ,! cause ( ?is tr\ble has rec5tly be5 trac$#bab to ! pres5ce ( v>i\s k9ds ( yea/s4 ,ord9>ily yea/s are r>ely pres5t 9 good *eese1 b 9 *eese affect$ ) ?is tr\ble !y ab\nd4 ,! addition ( />t]s made f yea/ cultures result$ 9 ! production ( ! undesirable condition4 ,mottl$ *eese4 ,! color ( *eese is sometimes cut to t ext5t t ! *eese pres5ts a wavy or mottl$ appe>ance4 ,?is condition is apt to appe> if ! rip5+ temp]ature is some:at high1 or l>g] quantities ( r5net us$ ?an usual4 ,! cause ( ! defect is obscure1 b x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! same is communicable if a />t] is made by grat+ "s ( ?is mottl$ *eese into milk4 ,! bact]iology ( ! tr\ble has n yet be5 work$ out1 b ! defect is und\bt$ly due to an organism t is able to gr[ 9 ! rip5+ *eese4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! use ( a pure lactic f]m5t z a />t] enables "o to ov]come ?is defect4 ,bitt] *eese4 ,bitt] flavors are sometimes develop$ 9 *eese especially :]e ! rip5+ process is c>ri$ on at a l[ temp]ature 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( moi/ure = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,guillebeau#bac isolat$ sev]al =ms f ,emm5?al] *eese :i* he connect$ ) udd] inflammation t 7 able to produce a bitt] sub/ance 9 *eese4 ,von ,freud5rei*#bad has describ$ a new =m ,micrococcus casei am>i 7micrococcus ( bitt] *eese7 t 0 f\nd 9 a sample ( bitt] *eese4 ,?is g]m is closely relat$ to ,conn's micrococcus ( bitt] milk4 ,x develops lactic acid rapidly1 coagulat+ ! milk & produc+ an int5sely bitt] ta/e 9 ! c\rse ( "o to ?ree days4 ,:5 milk infect$ ) ?is organism is made into *eese1 !re is =m$ 9 a few days a decomposition product t imp>ts a m>k$ bitt] flavor to ! *eese4 ,h>rison#bae has rec5tly f\nd a yea/ t gr[s 9 ! milk & also 9 ! *eese :i* produces an undesirable bitt] *ange4 ,x is peculi> t "s ( ! organisms t are able to produce bitt] products 9 milk d n reta9 ?is prop]ty :5 ! milk is work$ up into *eese4 ,putrid or rott5 *eese4 ,sometimes *eese und]goes a putrefactive decomposition 9 :i* ! texture is pr(\ndly modifi$ & v>i\s f\l smell+ gases are evolv$4 ,^! (t5 beg9 on ! ext]ior z small circumscrib$ spots t sl[ly ext5d into ! *eese1 *ang+ ! case9 into a s(t slimy mass4 ,!n1 aga91 ! int]ior ( ! *eese und]goes ?is slimy decomposition4 ,! s(t v>ieties are m prone t[>d ?is f]m5tation ?an ! h>d1 al?\gh ! firm *eeses are by no means exempt f ! tr\ble4 ,! ,v]lauf5 or runn+ ( limburg] *eese is a f]m5tation alli$ to ?is4 ,x is :]e ! inside ( ! *eese breaks d[n into a s(t semi-fluid mass4 ,9 sev]e cases1 ! r9d may ev5 be ruptur$1 9 :i* case ! :ole int]ior ( ! *eese fl[s out z a ?ick slimy mass1 hav+ sometimes a putrid odor4 ,! conditions favor+ ?is putrid decomposition are usually associat$ ) an excess ( moi/ure1 & an abnormally l[ rip5+ temp]ature4 ,ru/y spot4 ,?is "n is appli$ to ! developm5t ( small yell[i%-r$ or orange spots t are =m$ sometimes ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass ( *$d> *eese4 ,a close inspection %[s ! color$ po9ts to be locat$ along ! edges ( ! curd p>ticles4 ,accord+ to ,h>d+1#baf ?is tr\ble is mo/ common 9 spr+ & fall4 ,! cause ( ! difficulty has be5 trac$ by ,connell#bag to ! developm5t ( a *romog5ic bact]ium1 ,bacillus rud5sis4 ,! organism c be mo/ readily isolat$ on a potato surface r ?an ) ! usual isolat+ m$ia1 ag> or gelat94 ,o!r pigm5t *anges4 ,occasionally1 ) ! h>d type ( *eese1 b m frequ5tly ) ! s(t] =eign v>ieties1 v>i\s abnormal conditions arise t are m>k$ by ! production ( diff]5t pigm5ts 9 or on ! *eese4 ,m frequ5tly ^! are m]ely sup]ficial & affect only ! out] lay]s ( ! *eese4 ,g5]ally !y are attributable to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 *romog5ic organisms 7bact]ia1 molds & yea/s71 al?\gh occasionally due to o!r causes1 z 9 ! case ( a blue discoloration sometimes not$ 9 =eign *eese made 9 copp] kettles4#bah ,de ,vries#bai has describ$ a blue condition t is f\nd 9 ,edam *eese4 ,x appe>s fir/ z a small blue spot on ! inside1 increas+ rapidly 9 size until ! :ole mass is affect$4 ,?is defect he 0 able to %[ 0 produc$ by a pigm5t-=m+ organism1 ,b4 cyaneo-fuscus4 ,by ! use ( slimy :ey 7lange wei7 ?is abnormal *ange 0 controll$4 ,moldy *eese4 ,) _m v>ieties ( *eese1 especially "s ( ! =eign types1 ! pres5ce ( mold on ! ext]ior is n reg>d$ z detrim5tal2 9 fact a limit$ developm5t is mu* desir$4 ,9 h>d r5net *eese z *$d> or ,swiss1 ! m>ket dem&s a product free f mold1 al?\gh x %\ld be said t ?is condition is impos$ by ! desire to secure a good-look+ *eese r ?an any injury 9 flavor t ! mold causes4 ,mold spores are s widely di/ribut$ t1 if prop] temp]ature & moi/ure conditions prevail1 ^! spores w always develop4 ,at temp]atures 9 ! neighborhood ( #dj deg4 ,f4 & bel[1 mold gr[? is exce$+ly sl[1 & (t5 fructification does n occur1 ! only evid5ce ( ! mold be+ ! :ite1 felt-l cov]+ t is made up ( ! vegetat+ filam5ts4 ,! use ( p>aff9 has be5 sugge/$ z a means ( ov]com+ ?is gr[?1 ! *eese be+ dipp$ at an e>ly /age into melt$ p>aff94 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h %[n t (f flavors sometimes develop :]e *eese are p>aff9$ directly f ! press4 ,if p>aff9 is too h>d1 x has a t5d5cy to crack & sep>ate f ! r9d1 ?us all[+ molds to develop b5ea? ! p>aff9 coat1 :]e ! conditions are ideal z to moi/ure1 = evaporation is exclud$ & ! air consequ5tly saturat$4 ,! use ( =mal9 7#b solution7 has be5 sugge/$ z a wa% = ! outside ( ! *eese4 ,?is sub/ance or sulfur is also appli$ 9 a gase\s =m4 ,d\ble b&ag+ is also resort$ to z a means ( mak+ ! *eese m pres5table ?r\gh ! removal ( ! out] b&age4 ,! nature ( ^! molds has n be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ z yet4 ,! ord9>y blue-gre5 bread mold1 ,p5icillium glaucum1 is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd1 b !re are num]\s o!r =ms t appe>1 especially at l[ temp]atures4 ,poison\s *eese4 ,cases ( acute poison+ aris+ f ! +e/ion ( *eese are report$ f "t to "t4 ,vaughan has succe$$ 9 %[+ t ?is condition is due to ! =mation ( a highly poison\s alkaloid :i* he has isolat$1 & :i* he calls tyrotoxicon4#bbj ,?is poison\s ptoma9e has also be5 demon/rat$ 9 milk & o!r milk products1 & is und\bt$ly due to ! developm5t ( v>i\s putrefactive bact]ia t f9d _! way into ! milk4 ,x seems q probable t ! developm5t ( ^! toxic organisms c also g on 9 ! *eese aft] x is tak5 f ! press4 ,prev5tion or *eese defects4 ,! defective conditions previ\sly ref]r$ to c r>ely be ov]come 9 *eese s z to improve ! affect$ product1 = !y only become manife/ 9 mo/ cases dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! cur+ process4 ,! only rem$y aga9/ future loss is to recognize ! conditions t are apt to prevail dur+ ! occurr5ce ( an outbreak & see t ! *eese are h&l$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! difficulty4 ,_m abnormal & undesirable results are incid5t to ! manufacture ( ! product1 su* z s\r or mealy *eese1 conditions due to ! developm5t ( too mu* acid 9 ! milk or too high a cook4 ,^! are "u ! direct control ( ! mak] & = !m he alone is responsible4 ,! developm5t ( ta9ts due to ! gr[? ( unwelcome bact]ia t h ga9$ access to ! milk :ile x is yet on ! f>m are g5]ally beyond ! control ( ! *eese mak]1 unless !y are s pron\nc$ z to appe> dur+ ! h&l+ ( ! curds4 ,if ?is does occur he is sometimes able1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a />t] or by v>y+ "s detail 9 mak+1 to h&le ! milk 9 su* a way z to m9imize ! tr\ble1 b r>ely is he able to elim9ate x entirely4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /r5u\s duties :i* ! mak] mu/ p]=m at all times is to po9t out to 8 patrons ! absolute necessity ( _! h&l+ ! milk 9 su* a way z to prev5t ! introduction ( organisms ( a baleful type4 ,,footnotes3 #agh ,russell1 #ac ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahif1 p4 #aab2 ,campbell1 ,trans4 ,high4 ,agr4 ,soc4 ,scotl&1 #e s]41 #ahih1 #aj3aha4 #agi ,w9kl]1 ,mil* ,zeit4 7,hilde%eim71 ,nov4 #bd1 #aijj4 #ahj ,campbell1 ,no4 ,brit41 ,agric41 ,may #ab1 #ahig4 #aha ,weigmann1 ,mil* ,zeit41 ,no4 #ej1 #ahhi4 #ahb ,kle91 ,mil* ,zeit4 7,hilde%eim71 ,no4 #ag1 #aijj4 #ahc ,adametz1 ,l&w4 ,jahr41 #ah3bef4 #ahd ,van ,slyke & ,h>t1 ,bull4 #bad1 ,n4 ,y4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,july #aijb4 #ahe ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahih1 ,no4 #di4 #ahf ,laf>1 ,te*nical ,mycology1 p4 #baf4 #ahg ,adametz1 ,l&w4 ,jahr41 #ah3bbh4 #ahh ,freud5rei*1 ,l&w4 ,jahr4 d4 ,s*weiz1 #d3ag2 #e3af4 #ahi ,russell1 #ac ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahif1 p4 #ie4 #aij ,h>rison & ,connell1 ,rev4 g54 du ,lait1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g & #h1 #aijc-jd4 #aia ,lloyd1 ,ba? & ,we/ ( ,eng4 ,soc4 ,rept41 #ahib1 #b3ahj4 #aib ,freud5rei*1 ,l&w4 ,jahr4 d4 ,s*weiz1 #aijj2 ,adametz1 ,oe/4 ,molk4 ,zeit41 #ahii1 ,no4 #g4 #aic ,russell1 #ad ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahig1 p4 #bjc4 ,h>rison & ,connell1 ,rev4 g54 du ,lait ,nos4 #d1 etc41 #aijc-jd4 #aid ,babcock & ,russell1 #ah ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aija4 ,dean1 ,h>rison & ,h>c\rt1 ,bull4 #aba1 ,ont4 ,agr'l4 ,coll41 ,june #aijb4 #aie ,s*aff]1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahhi1 p4 #adf4 #aif ,adametz1 ,l&w4 ,jahr41 #ah3bfa4 #aig ,duclaux1 ,le ,lait1 p4 #bac4 #aih ,adametz1 ,oe/4 ,molk4 ,zeit41 #aijj1 ,nos4 #af-ah4 #aii ,freud5rei*1 ,l&w4 ,jahr4 d4 ,s*weiz1 #ahig1 p4 #he4 #bjj ,weigmann1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #ahih1 #d3eic2 also #ahii1 #e3fcj4 #bja ,gor9i1 ,abs4 9 ,expt4 ,/at4 ,rec41 #aa3chh4 #bjb ,babcock & ,russell1 #ad ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #ahig1 p4 #afa4 #bjc ,j5s51 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #c3geb4 #bjd ,freud5rei*1 ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii ,abt41 #aijj1 #f3ccb4 #bje ,j5s51 ,ibid41 #aijj1 #f3gcd4 #bjf #ag ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aijj1 p4 #ajb4 #bjg ,j5s51 ,l&w4 ,jahr4 d4 ,s*weiz1 #aijj4 #bjh ,babcock & ,russell1 #ah ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aija4 #bji ,c5t4 f4 ,bakt4 #ahii1 p4 #ad4 #baj ,bull4 #abh1 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,sept4 #aije4 #baa ,babcock & ,russell1 #ah ,rept4 ,wis4 ,expt4 ,/at41 #aija4 #bab ,h>d+1 ,rog]s & ,smi?1 ,bull4 #ahc1 ,n4 ,y4 7,g5eva7 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,dec41 #aijj4 #bac ,guillebeau1 ,l&w4 ,jahr41 #ahij1 p4 #bg4 #bad ,freud5rei*1 ,fueehl4 ,l&w4 ,ztg41 #dc3cfa4 #bae ,h>rison1 ,bull4 #abc ,ont4 ,agr'l4 ,coll41 ,may1 #aijb4 #baf ,bull4 #ahc1 ,n4 ,y4 7,g5eva7 ,expt4 ,/at41 ,dec4 #aijj4 #bag ,connell1 ,bull4 ,canadian ,dept4 ( ,agr41 #ahig4 #bah ,s*moeg]1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahhc1 p4 #dhc4 #bai ,de ,vries1 ,mil* ,zeit41 #ahhh1 pp4 #hfa1 #hhe4 #bbj ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 #aj3adf4 ,,index4 ,acid1 effect (1 on *urn+1 #acg2 9 butt]-mak+1 #ach4 ,acid te/1 #eb4 ,a]ation ( milk1 #ei4 ,a]obic bact]ia1 #g4 ,alcoholic f]m5tation 9 milk1 #gb4 ,ana]obic bact]ia1 #g4 ,animal1 influ5ce (1 on milk infection1 #cd4 ,animal odor1 #ef4 ,an?rax1 #id4 ,antiseptics1 #i1 #hh4 ,aroma1 ( butt]1 #adj4 ,bacillus3 def9ition (1 #b4 acidi lactici1 #fd2 cyaneo-fuscus1 #ahh2 cyanog5us1 #gd2 foetidus lactis1 #aeg2 lactis a]og5es1 #fe2 lactis ery?rog5es1 #gd2 lactis saponacei1 #fg2 lactis viscosus1 #ga2 nobilis1 #afb1 #agd2 prodigiosus1 #gd2 rud5sis1 #ahh2 synxan?us1 #ge2 tub]culosis1 #hd4 ,bact]ia3 on hairs1 #ce2 k9ds 9 milk1 #fc2 9 b>n air1 #db2 9 milk pails1 #bg2 9 butt]1 #aed2 classification (1 #d2 9 *eese1 #afj2 culture (1 #ag2 9 cream1 #abh2 discov]y (1 #a2 ext]nal conditions affect+1 #h2 =m (1 #b2 9 butt]1 #adb2 9 butt]-mak+1 #abg2 9 c5trifuge slime1 #ci2 ,9 =e milk1 #bh2 9 r5net1 #afc2 ,9 sep>ator slime1 #ci2 manure1 #cg2 numb] (1 9 milk1 #ej4 ,di/ribution (3 milk ( ,am]ican cities1 #ej2 ,european cities1 #ej2 9 relation to *eese1 #afh4 ,( disease3 an?rax1 #id2 *ol]a1 #ih2 diph!ria1 #ii2 lockjaw1 #id2 toxic1 #ajj2 tub]culosis1 #hd2 typhoid fev]1 #ih4 ,me?ods ( /udy (3 culture1 #ae2 culture m$ia1 #ac2 isolation1 #ad4 ,bitt] butt]1 #aeh2 *eese1 #ahi2 milk1 #gb4 ,bloody milk1 #gd4 ,blue *eese1 #aia2 milk1 #gd4 ,bov9e tub]culosis1 #hd4 ,brie *eese1 #ahb4 ,butt]3 bact]ia 91 #aed2 bitt]1 #aeh2 c[y1 #aeg2 fi%y1 #aei2 l>dy1 #aeg2 moldy1 #aeh2 mottl$1 #aef2 oily1 #aeh2 putrid1 #aef2 rancid1 #aee2 tall[y1 #aeg2 turnip flavor 91 #aeg4 ,mak+3 aroma1 #adj2 flavor 91 #adj2 pure culture1 #adc2 9 rip5+ ( cream1 #acf4 ,butyric acid f]m5tation1 #fi4 ,by-products ( factory1 me?ods ( pres]v+1 #be4 ,casease1 #fh4 ,caseone1 #fh4 ,c5trifugal =ce1 clean+ milk by1 #ch4 ,*eese3 bact]ial flora (1 #afh2 bitt]1 #ahi2 blue1 #ahg2 ,brie1 #ahb2 ,edam1 #gb1 #afb2 ,emm5?al]1 #ahe2 flavor (1 #agi2 gassy f]m5tations 91 #ahc2 ,gorgonzola1 #ahj2 molds on1 #aia2 mottl$1 #ahi2 nissl]1 #ahe2 poison\s1 #aib2 putrid1 #aij2 rip5+ ( moldy1 #ahj2 rip5+ ( s(t1 #aha2 ,roque=t1 #ahj2 ru/y spot 91 #ahh2 ,/ilton1 #ahj2 ,swiss1 #ahe4 ,mak+ & cur+3 *emical *anges 9 cur+1 #aff2 influ5ce ( temp]ature on cur+1 #afi2 influ5ce ( r5net1 #agg2 physical *anges 9 cur+1 #afe2 prev5tion ( defects1 #aic2 />t]s 91 #afa2 temp]ature 9 relation to bact]ial influ5ce1 #afi4 ,!ories ( cur+3 dige/ive1 #agc2 galactase1 #age1 #agg2 lactic acid1 #agd4 ,*emical *anges 9 *eese-rip5+1 #aff4 ,*emical dis9fectants 9 milk3 blea*+ p[d]1 #ha2 corrosive sublimate1 #ha2 =mal91 #hj2 sulfur1 #hj2 :itewa%1 #ha2 vitriol1 #ha4 ,*emical pres]vatives1 #hj4 ,*ildr51 milk =1 #de4 ,*ol]a 9 milk1 #ih4 ,classification by sep>ator1 #ch4 ,coccus1 def9ition (1 #b4 ,cold1 influ5ce on bact]ia1 #h1 #dh4 ,contam9ation ( milk ?r\gh disease g]ms1 #ie1 #aia4 ,cov]$ milk pails1 #da4 ,cream1 bact]ial *anges 91 #ace2 me*anical causes = bact]ia 91 #ace2 pa/euriz$1 #aac2 re/oration ( consi/5cy ( pa/euriz$1 #acb4 ,rip5+ (1 #acf2 advantage ( pure cultures 91 #add2 by natural />t]s1 #adb2 *>act]i/ics ( pure cultures 91 #ade2 objections to pure cultures 91 #adf2 pr9ciples ( pure cultures 91 #adc2 propagation ( pure cultures1 #aea2 purity ( comm]cial />t]s1 #aej2 home-made />t]s 91 #adf4 ,cream+ me?ods1 #acd4 ,curd te/1 #gf4 ,dairy ut5sils a s\rce ( contam9ation1 #ba4 ,di>rhoeal diseases1 #ajj4 ,dige/+ bact]ia1 #fg4 ,dige/ibility ( heat$ milk1 #aaa4 ,diph!ria1 #ii4 ,dirt 9 milk1 #cd4 ,dirt1 exclusion (1 #cf4 ,disease g]ms 9 milk1 #ie2 effect ( heat on1 #ia2 orig9 (1 #hc4 ,dis9fectants1 #i3 c>bolic acid1 #ha2 *loride ( lime1 #ha2 corrosive sublimate1 #ha2 =mal91 #hj2 sulfur1 #hj2 vitriol salts1 #ha2 :itewa%1 #gi4 ,dis9fectants 9 milk3 alkal9e salts1 #ajf2 boracic acid1 #ajf2 =mal91 #ajf2 pres]val9e1 #ajg2 salicylic acid1 #ajf4 ,dome/ic pa/euriz+ app>atus1 #aai4 ,drugs1 ta9ts 9 milk due to1 #ef4 ,dry+1 effect (1 #h4 ,edam *eese1 #gb1 #afb4 ,emm5?al] *eese1 #ahe4 ,endospores1 #c4 ,enzyms1 #aj4 ,factory by-products1 #bb2 treatm5t (1 #be4 ,f>r+ton alkal9e tablet1 #eb4 ,fecal bact]ia1 effect (1 on butt]1 #ce4 ,f]m5tation3 ,9 *eese3 gassy1 #ahc4 ,9 milk3 alcoholic1 #gb2 bitt]1 #gb2 blue1 #gd2 butyric1 #fi2 dige/+1 #fg2 gassy1 #ff2 kephir1 #gb2 k\miss1 #gb2 lactic acid1 #fc2 lange-wei1 #gb2 r$1 #gd2 ropy1 #fi2 slimy1 #fi2 soapy1 #gc2 s\r+1 #fc2 sweet curdl+1 #fg2 treatm5t (1 #ge4 ,te/s1 #gf2 ,g]b]'s1 #gf2 ,wal!r's1 #gf2 ,wiscons9 curd1 #gf4 ,filtration ( milk1 #ch4 ,fi%y butt]1 #aei4 ,flavor3 ( butt]1 #adj2 ( *eese1 #agi4 ,foot & m\? disease1 #ic4 ,=e milk1 #bh4 ,=maldehyde1 #hj4 ,=mal91 #hj4 ,fruity flavor 9 *eese1 #ahh4 ,galactase 9 *eese1 #age4 ,gassy f]m5tations3 9 *eese1 #ahc2 9 milk1 #fg2 9 ,swiss *eese1 #afg4 ,glaesl]1 #ahe4 ,gorgonzola *eese1 #ahj4 ,gr[? ( bact]ia1 ess5tial conditions =1 #d2 9 milk1 #df4 ,hair1 bact]ia on1 #ce4 ,heat1 influ5ce on bact]ial gr[?1 #h4 ,heat$ milk3 *>act]i/ics (1 #aji2 action t[>d r5net1 #aab2 body1 #aaj2 dige/ibility1 #aaa2 f]m5tative *anges1 #aaa2 flavor1 #aaj2 hydrog5 p]oxid te/ 91 #bc2 ,/or*'s te/1 #bc4 ,hygi5ic milk1 bact]ia 91 #de4 ,infection ( milk3 animal1 #cd2 dairy ut5sils1 #ba2 =e milk1 #bh2 milk]1 #cf4 ,isolation ( bact]ia1 me?ods (1 #ad4 ,kephir1 #gb4 ,k\miss1 #gb4 ,lactic acid3 f]m5tation 9 milk1 #fc2 !ory 9 *eese-cur+1 #agd4 ,lange-wei1 #gb4 ,l>dy butt]1 #aeg4 ,light1 action on bact]ia1 #i4 ,manure1 bact]ia 91 #cc4 ,me?ods3 ( isolation1 #ad2 culture1 #ae4 ,micrococcus casei am>i1 #ahi4 ,microscope1 use (1 #ag4 ,milk3 a bact]ial food m$ium1 #ai2 bact]ia 91 #dh4 ,disease organisms 93 an?rax1 #id2 *ol]a1 #ih2 diph!ria1 #ii2 foot & m\? disease1 #ic2 poison\s1 #aja2 ptoma9es1 #aja2 sc>let fev]1 #ii2 tub]culosis1 #hd2 typhoid fev]1 #ih4 ,contam9ation1 #bj3 f air1 #db2 f animal odors1 #ee2 dirt1 #cd2 di/9ction betwe5 bact]ial & non-bact]ial1 #eg2 =e milk1 #bh2 infection 9 factory1 #ei2 milk]1 #cf2 relative importance ( v>i\s k9ds1 #dc2 ut5sils1 #ba4 ,milk f]m5tations3 alcoholic1 #gb2 bitt]1 #gb2 bloody1 #gd2 blue1 #gd2 butyric acid1 #fi2 gassy1 #ff1 #afg2 kephir1 #gb2 k\miss1 #gb2 lactic acid1 #fc2 r$1 #gb2 ropy1 #fi2 slimy1 #fi2 soapy1 #gd2 s\r+1 #fc2 sweet curdl+1 #fg2 te/s =1 #gf2 treatm5t (1 #ge2 yell[1 #ge4 ,milk1 heat$3 action t[>ds r5net1 #aab2 dige/ibility1 #aaa2 flavor (1 #aaj2 f]m5tative *anges 91 #aaa2 hydrog5 p]oxid te/1 #aaj4 ,milk+ ma*9es1 influ5ce (1 on g]m cont5t1 #cg4 ,milk pres]vation3 *emical ag5ts 91 #ajf2 cond5sation1 #ajg2 freez+1 #ajh2 heat1 #ajh2 pa/eurization1 #aac2 /]ilization1 #aab4 ,milk-sug> z bact]ial food1 #ai4 ,mold1 9 butt]1 #aeh2 9 *eese1 #aia4 ,mottl$ *eese1 #ahi4 ,nissl] *eese1 #ahe4 ,odors1 direct absorption (1 9 milk1 #ee4 ,oidium lactis1 #aei4 ,oily butt]1 #aeh4 ,pa/eurization ( milk2 acid te/ 91 #abh2 bact]iological /udy (1 #abd1 #abf1 #adi2 = butt]1 #adg2 = *eese1 #afb2 = direct use1 #aac2 ( skim milk1 #be2 details (1 #abh2 temp]ature & "t limit 91 #aah4 ,pa/euriz+ app>atus3 cont9u\s fl[1 #abb2 cool]s1 #aca2 ,dani%1 #abc2 dome/ic1 #aai2 ,f>r+ton1 #abb2 int]mittant fl[1 #aba2 ,mill]1 #abb2 ,potts1 #aba2 reg5]ator1 #abb2 ,reid1 #abf2 ,russell1 #aba2 te/+ rate ( fl[1 #abd4 ,p5icillium glaucum1 #aei1 #ahj1 #aij4 ,peps91 #aj4 ,physical *anges 9 *eese-rip5+1 #afe4 ,poison\s bact]ia3 9 *eese1 #aib2 9 milk1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,pres]val9e1 #afg4 ,pres]vation ( milk3 by exclusion1 #ajc2 *emical ag5ts1 #ajf2 cond5s+1 #ajg2 filtration1 #ch2 freez+1 #ajh2 pa/eurization1 #aab2 physical ag5ts1 #ajg2 /]ilization1 #aab4 ,ptoma9e poison+1 #aja4 ,pure cultures1 #ae4 ,pure culture />t]s3 advantages (1 #add2 *>act]i/ics (1 #ade2 home-made cultures comp>$ )1 #adf2 propagation (1 #aea4 ,putrid *eese1 #aij2 butt]1 #aef4 ,rancidity 9 butt]1 #aee4 ,r$ milk1 #gd4 ,r5net3 action 9 heat$ milk1 #aab2 bact]ia 91 #afc2 influ5ce (1 on *eese-rip5+1 #agg4 ,re/oration ( consi/5cy 9 pa/euriz$ cream1 #acb4 ,rip5+ ( *eese3 moldy *eese1 #ahj2 s(t *eese1 #aha4 ,( cream1 #acf2 artificial />t]s1 #adc2 natural />t]s1 #adb2 pr9ciples ( pure culture />t]s 91 #adc4 ,ropy milk1 #fi4 ,roque=t *eese1 #ahj4 ,ru/y spot 9 *eese1 #aij4 ,ru/y cans3 effect (1 on acidity1 #ec4 ,sanit>y milk1 #de1 #ajd4 ,sanit>y pails1 #da4 ,sc>let fev] 9 milk1 #ii4 ,sep>ator slime3 bact]ia 91 #ci2 tub]cle bacillus 91 #ic4 ,scald$ lay]1 resi/ance ( bact]ia 91 #ia4 ,skim-milk1 a di/ributor ( disease1 #if4 ,slimy milk1 #fi4 ,soapy milk1 #gd4 ,s(t *eese1 rip5+ (1 #ahf4 ,s\rces ( contam9ation 9 milk3 b>n air1 #db2 dairy ut5sils1 #ba2 dirt f animals1 #cd2 factory cans1 #be2 =e-milk1 #bh2 milk]1 #cf4 ,s\r+ ( milk1 #fc4 ,spirillum1 def9ition (1 #b4 ,spores1 #c4 ,/>t]s3 9 *eese-mak+1 #afa2 9 butt]-mak+1 #adb2 propagation (1 #aea2 pure cultures 9 cream-rip5+1 #adc4 ,/]ilization ( milk1 #aab4 ,/reptococcus ,holl&icus1 #gb1 #afb4 ,/ilton *eese1 #aha4 ,/or*'s te/1 #bc4 ,sulfur z a dis9fectant1 #ha4 ,sweet curdl+ milk1 #fh4 ,sweet flavor 9 *eese1 #ahh4 ,swiss *eese1 #agg2 gassy f]m5tations 91 #bd1 #ahe4 ,ta9ts1 absorption (1 #ee4 ,ta9ts1 bact]ial vs4 physical1 #eh4 ,ta9ts 9 milk1 absorption (1 #ee4 ,ta9ts1 use ( />t]s 9 ov]com+1 #gi4 ,ta9ts 9 butt]3 putrid1 #aef2 rancidity1 #aee2 turnip flavor1 #aeg4 ,tall[y butt]1 #aeg4 ,temp]ature3 effect on bact]ial developm5t1 #f1 #dh2 effect ( l[1 #ajh2 effect ( high1 #ajh2 & "t limit 9 milk pa/eurization1 #aac4 ,te/s = milk3 f]m5tation1 #gf2 ,/or*'s1 #bc2 acid1 #eb4 ,!ories 9 *eese-cur+3 dige/ive1 #aga2 galactase1 #age1 #agg2 lactic acid1 #agd4 ,tryps91 #aj4 ,tub]cle bacillus3 9 milk1 #hh2 9 sep>ator slime1 #ic2 !rmal dea? limits1 #aag4 ,tub]cul9 te/1 #hf4 ,tub]culosis1 bov9e1 #hd4 ,turnip flavor 9 butt]1 #aeg4 ,typhoid fev]1 #ih4 ,tyrog51 #afb4 ,tyrotoxicon1 #aja1 #aij4 ,udd]3 artificial introduction ( bact]ia into1 #cb2 milk g]m-free 91 #ai2 infection (1 #bh2 wa%+1 #hi2 tub]culosis 91 #hg4 ,viscog51 #acb4 ,wat]3 z a s\rce ( infection1 #fa4 ,:ey1 pollution ( vats1 #bc2 me?od ( pres]v+1 #be2 treatm5t (1 9 vats1 #be4 ,:itewa%1 #ha4 ,wiscons9 curd te/1 #gf4 ,yea/s3 alcoholic f]m5ts 9 milk1 #gc2 fruity flavor 9 *eese1 #ahf2 gassy due to yea/s1 #ahf2 9 bitt] *eese1 #ahi2 9 cann$ butt]1 #aei2 kephir1 #gb4