,,/eam ,,turb9es ,a ,,book ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,= ,,! ,,adju/m5t ,,& ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,types ,,( ,,?is ,,class ,,( ,,prime ,,mov]s ,,compil$ ,,& ,,writt5 ,,by ,,hub]t ,e4 ,,coll9s ,,fir/ ,,edition ,second ,impression ,mc,g,r,a,w-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,inc4 #bci ,,we/ #ci,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york #f ,,b\v]ie ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,e4 ,c4 ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ! ,hill ,publi%+ ,company ,all rights res]v$ ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,! au?ors ( ?is book us$ ! spell+s al9e1 gage1 & hight = ! conv5tional spell+s align1 gauge1 & height4 ,z !y are us$ consi/5tly & d n affect ! s5se1 !y h be5 left un*ang$4 ,obvi\s typos & misspell+s t did n affect ! s5se h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! foll[+ sub/antive typographical errors h also be5 correct$3 be+ to be>+ 7p4 #fh72 ,,fig4 #ej to ,,fig4 #ef 7p4 #ia71 & ,fig4 #b to ,fig4 #gc 7p4 #aei74 ,two o!r likely errors h be5 left z transcrib] qu]ies3 lead_/load on p4 #adb & beat+_/heat+ on p4 #agg4 ,sup]script numb]s are indicat$ ) c>ets3 ,b#a4 ,subscript numb]s are indicat$ ) curly braces3 ,p#a = ,p-sub-#a4 ,,introduction ,?is issue ( ! ,p[] ,h&book attempts to give a compact manual = ! eng9e] :o feels ! ne$ ( acqua9t+ himself ) /eam turb9es4 ,to accompli% ?is )9 ! limits ( space all[$1 x has be5 necess>y to conf9e ! "w to ! description ( a few /&>d types1 prep>$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! build]s4 ,foll[+ ?is ! practical exp]i5ce ( successful eng9e]s1 ga!r$ f ! columns ( ,p[]1 is giv54 ,x is hop$ t ! book w prove ( value to all eng9e]s h&l+ turb9es1 :e!r ( ! describ$ types or n4 ,hub]t ,e4 ,coll9s4 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i ,! ,curtis ,/eam ,turb9e 9 ,practice #a ,,ii ,sett+ ! ,valves ( ! ,curtis ,turb9e #ca ,,iii ,allis-,*alm]s ,/eam ,turb9e #da ,,iv ,we/+h\se-,p>sons ,turb9e #eh ,v ,prop] ,me?od ( ,te/+ a ,/eam ,turb9e #aab ,,vi ,te/+ a ,/eam ,turb9e #acg ,,vii ,auxili>ies = ,/eam ,turb9es #aed ,,viii ,tr\ble ) ,/eam ,turb9e ,auxili>ies #agb ,i4 ,,! ,,curtis ,,/eam ,,turb9e ,,9 ,,practice#a #a ,contribut$ to ,p[] by ,fr$ ,l4 ,johnson4 ,( ! mak+ ( books !re is no end4 ,?is seems especially true ( /eam-turb9e books1 b ! book :i* really appeals to ! op]at+ eng9e]1 ! man :o may h a turb9e unload$1 set up1 put 9 op]ation1 & ! build]s' repres5tative out ( rea* be=e ! man :o is to op]ate x fully realizes t he has a new type ( prime mov] on 8 h&s1 ) :i* he has little or no acqua9tance1 has n be5 writt54 ,!re has be5 mu* publi%$1 bo? descriptive & !oretical1 ab\t ! turb9e1 b s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 !re is no?+ 9 pr9t t tells ! man on ! job ab\t ! details ( ! turb9e 9 pla9 language1 & h[ to h&le ^! details :5 !y ne$ h&l+4 ,! op]at+ eng9e] does n c>e :y ! mov+ buckets are made ( a c]ta9 curvature1 b he does c>e ab\t ! di/ance betwe5 ! mov+ bucket & ! /ation>y "o1 & he wants to "k h[ to measure t di/ance1 h[ to alt] ! cle>ance1 if necess>y1 to prev5t rubb+4 ,he doesn't c>e any?+ ab\t ! area ( ! /ep-be>+1 b he does want to "k ! way to get at ! be>+ to take x d[n & put x up aga91 etc4 ,! lack ( lit]ature along ?is l9e is ! writ]'s apology = :at foll[s4 ,! ,curtis #aejj-kil[att /eam turb9e w be tak5 fir/ & treat$ f ! gr\nd up4 ,on ent]+ a turb9e plant on ! gr\nd floor1 ! att5tion is at once attract$ by a multiplicity ( pumps1 accumulators & pip+4 ,^! are call$ auxili>ies & w be pass$ = ! pres5t to be tak5 up lat]1 = ?\gh ( /&>d types _! use is comp>atively new 9 p[]-plant practice1 & ! eng9e] w f9d t m int]ruptions ( s]vice w come f ! auxili>ies ?an f ! turb9e itself4 ,build]s' ,f\ndation ,plans ,incomplete ,x is impractical = ! manufactur]s to make complete f\ndation draw+s1 z !y are n famili> ) ! lay-out ( pipes & ! relative position ( o!r app>atus 9 ! /ation4 ,all t ! manufactur]s' draw+ is int5d$ to d is to %[ ! cu/om] :]e x w be necess>y = him to locate 8 f\ndation bolts & op5+ = access to ! /ep-be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,fig4 #a %[s ! build]s' f\ndation draw+1 ) ! addition ( sev]al horizontal & radial tubes introduc$ to give passage = ! v>i\s pipes :i* mu/ g to ! middle ( ! f\ndation4 ,ent]+ ?r\gh ! sides ( ! masonry !y d n block ! passage1 :i* mu/ be z free z possible :5 any "w is to be done on ! /ep-be>+1 or l[] guide-be>+4 ,ent]+ ! passage 9 ! f\ndation1 a l>ge screw is se5 pass+ up ?r\gh a circul> block ( ca/ iron ) a #c_/d-;in* pipe pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,?is is ! /ep-support+ screw4 ,x supports ! l[] half ( ! /ep-be>+1 :i* 9 turn supports ! entire revolv+ "p ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is us$ to hold ! :eels at a prop] hight 9 ! cas+1 & adju/ ! cle>ance betwe5 ! mov+ & /ation>y buckets4 ,! l>ge block :i* ) its ?read$ bronze bu%+ =ms ! nut = ! screw is call$ ! cov]-plate1 & is held to ! base ( ! ma*9e by eight #a-a_/b-;in* cap-screws4 ,on ! upp] side are two d[el-p9s :i* ent] ! l[] /ep & keep x f turn+4 7,see ,figs4 #b & #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,! /ep-blocks are v common-look+ *unks ( ca/ iron1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #d4 ,! block ) /raight sides 7! l[] "o 9 ! illu/ration7 has ! two d[el holes to mat* ! p9s spok5 (1 ) a hole ?r\gh ! c5t] ?read$ = #c_/d-;in* pipe4 ,! /ep-lubricant is =c$ up ?r\gh ?is hole & out betwe5 ! rais$ edges 9 a film1 float+ ! rotat+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e on a frictionless disk ( oil or wat]4 ,! upp] /ep-block has two d[el-p9s1 also a key :i* fits into a slot across ! bottom end ( ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! upp] side ( ! top block is c\nt]bor$ to fit ! end ( ! %aft4 ,! c\nt]bore c5t]s ! block4 ,! d[el-p9s /e] ! key into ! key-way across ! end ( ! %aft1 & ! key compels ! block to turn ) ! %aft4 ,!re is also a ?read$ hole 9 ! "u side ( ! top block4 ,?is is = ! introduction ( a screw :i* is us$ to pull ! top block (f ! end ( ! %aft4 ,if tak5 (f at all x mu/ be pull$1 = ! d[el-p9s1 key & c\nt]bore are close fits4 ,two long bolts ) ?reads ! :ole l5g? are us$ if x becomes necess>y to take d[n ! /ep or o!r p>ts ( ! bottom ( ! ma*9e4 ,two ( ! bolts hold+ ! cov]-plate 9 place are remov$1 ^! long bolts put 9 _! places & ! nuts screw$ up aga9/ ! plate to hold x :ile ! rema9+ bolts are remov$4 ,h[ to ,l[] ,/ep-,be>+s to ,exam9e ,!m ,n[1 suppose x is int5d$ to take d[n ! /ep-be>+s = exam9ation4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to provide "s way ( hold+ ! %aft up 9 its place :ile we take its regul> support f "u x4 ,9 "s ma*9es1 inside ! base1 !re is :at is call$ a jack+ r+4 ,x is simply a loose coll> on ! %aft1 :i* cov]s ! holes into :i* f\r plugs are screw$4 ,^! are tak5 out & 9 _! places are put f\r hexagonal-head$ screws provid$ = ! purpose1 :i* are screw$ up4 ,?is br+s ! r+ aga9/ a %\ld] on ! %aft & !n ! cov]-plate & /ep may be tak5 d[n4 ,:ile all ! ma*9es h ! same g5]al appe>ance1 !re are "s diff]5ces 9 detail :i* may be int]e/+4 ,"o diff]5ce is due to ! sub-base :i* is us$ ) ! oil-lubricat$ /ep-be>+s4 ,?is /yle ( ma*9e has ! jack+ r+ spok5 (1 :ile o!rs h nei!r sub-base nor jack+ r+1 & :5 necess>y to take d[n ! /ep a diff]5t arrangem5t is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,a piece ( iron t looks l a big horse%oe 7,fig4 #e7 is us$ to hold ! %aft up4 ,! flange t cov]s ! entrance to ! exhau/ base is tak5 (f & a man goes 9 ) ! horse%oe-%ap$ %im & an electric light4 ,o!r m5 take a long-h&l$ wr5* & turn up ! /ep-screw until ! man inside ! base c pu% ! horse%oe %im betwe5 ! %\ld] on ! %aft & ! guide-be>+ cas+4 ,! m5 on ! wr5* !n back (f & ! horse%oe %im supports ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ! %im is 9 place1 or ! jack+ r+ set up1 :i*ev] ! case may be1 ! cov]-plate bolts may be tak5 out1 ! nuts on ! long screws hold+ ! cov] 9 place4 ,! #c_/d-;in* pipe :i* passes up ?r\gh ! /ep-screw is tak5 d[n &1 by means ( ! nuts on ! long screws1 ! cov]-plate is l[]$ ab\t #b in*es4 ,!n ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! /ep-screw a #c_/d-;in* rod ) ?reads on bo? ends is pass$ & screw$ into ! top /ep2 !n ! cov]-plate is block$ s x _c rise &1 ) a nut on ! l[] end ( ! #c_/d-;in* rod1 ! top /ep is pull$ d[n z f> z x w come4 ,! cov]-plate is let d[n by means ( ! two nuts1 & ! top /ep-block foll[s4 ,:5 x is l[]$ to a conv5i5t hight x c be exam9$1 & ! l[] end ( ! %aft & guide-be>+ w be expos$ to view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,! l[] guide-be>+ 7,fig4 #f7 is simply a sleeve flang$ at "o end1 babbitt$ on ! inside1 & slightly tap]$ on ! outside :]e x fits into ! base4 ,! flange is held securely 9 ! base by eight #c_/d-;in* cap-screws4 ,betwe5 ! cap-screw holes are eight holes tapp$ to #c_/d-;in*1 & :5 x is desir$ to take ! be>+ d[n ! cap-screws are tak5 out ( ! base & screw$ into ! ?read$ holes & us$ z jacks to =ce ! guide-be>+ d[nw>d4 ,"s provision %\ld be made to prev5t ! be>+ f com+ d[n on ! run1 = be+ a tap] fit x has only to be mov$ ab\t "o-half in* to be free4 ,two bolts1 ab\t #h in*es long1 screw$ into ! holes t ! cap-screws are tak5 f1 answ] nicely1 z a drop t di/ance w n d any h>m1 & ! be>+ c be l[]$ by h&1 al?\gh x weighs ab\t #bjj p\nds4 ,! l[] end ( ! %aft is cov]$ by a removable bu%+ :i* is easily inspect$ aft] ! guide-be>+ has be5 tak5 d[n4 ,if x is necess>y to take (f ?is bu%+ x is easily done by screw+ f\r #e_/h-;in* bolts1 ea* ab\t #b feet long1 into ! tapp$ holes 9 ! l[] end ( ! bu%+1 & !n pull+ x (f ) a jack4 7,see ,fig4 #g47 ,ea* pipe t ent]s ! passage 9 ! f\ndation %\ld be connect$ by two unions1 "o z close to ! ma*9e z possible & ! o!r close to ! f\ndation4 ,?is all[s ! tak+ d[n ( all pip+ 9 ! passage completely & quickly )\t di/urb+ ei!r ?reads or l5g?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,/udy+ ! ,bluepr9ts ,fig4 #h %[s an elevation & "p-sectional view ( a #aejj-kil[att ,curtis /eam turb9e4 ,if "o %\ld g into ! exhau/ base ( "o ( ^! turb9es1 all t c\ld be se5 w\ld be ! "u side ( ! l[] or f\r?-/age :eel1 ) a few ?read$ holes = ! balanc+ plugs :i* are sometimes us$4 ,! int]nal arrangem5t is cle>ly indicat$ by ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #h4 ,x w be notic$ t ea* ( ! f\r :eels has an upp] & a l[] r[ ( buckets & t !re is a set ( /ation>y buckets = ea* :eel betwe5 ! two r[s ( mov+ buckets4 ,^! /ation>y buckets are call$ int]m$iates1 & are c\nt]p>ts ( ! mov+ buckets4 ,_! sole (fice is to r$irect ! /eam :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! upp] buckets into ! l[] ones at ! prop] angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,elevation ,,& ,,"p-,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,a #aejj-,,kil[att ,,curtis ,,turb9e ,! :eels are kept ! prop] di/ance ap>t by ! l5g? ( hub1 & all are held toge!r by ! l>ge nut on ! %aft above ! upp] :eel4 ,ea* :eel is 9 a sep>ate *amb] =m$ by ! diaphragms :i* re/ on l$ges on ! inside ( ! :eel-case1 _! weight & /eam pressure on ! upp] side hold+ !m firmly 9 place & mak+ a /eam-tight jo9t :]e !y re/4 ,at ! c5t]1 :]e ! hubs pass ?r\gh !m1 !re is provid$ a self-c5t]+ pack+ r+ 7,fig4 #i71 :i* is free to move sidewise1 b is prev5t$ f turn+1 by suitable lugs4 ,?is pack+ is a close runn+ fit on ! hubs ( ! :eel & is provid$ ) grooves 7pla9ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #i7 :i* break up & dim9i% ! leakage ( /eam ar\nd ea* hub f "o /age to ! next l[]4 ,ea* diaphragm1 ) ! exception ( ! top "o1 c>ries ! exp&+ nozzles = ! :eel imm$iately bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,! exp&+ nozzles & mov+ buckets con/antly increase 9 size & numb] f ! top t[>d ! bottom4 ,?is is because ! /eam volume increases progressively f ! admission to ! exhau/ & ! entire expansion is c>ri$ out 9 ! sep>ate sets ( nozzles1 v mu* z if x 7 "o cont9u\s nozzle2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 n all ( ! en]gy is tak5 out ( ! /eam 9 any "o set ( nozzles4 ,! idea is to keep ! velocity ( ! /eam 9 ea* /age z ne>ly con/ant z possible4 ,! nozzles 9 ! diaphragms & ! int]m$iates d n1 except 9 ! l[e/ /age1 take up ! entire circumf]5ce1 b are proportion$ to ! progressive expansion ( /eam z x desc5ds t[>d ! cond5s]4 ,cle>ance ,:ile ! ma*9e is runn+ x is imp]ative t !re be no rubb+ contact betwe5 ! revolv+ & /ation>y p>ts1 & ?is is provid$ = by ! cle>ance betwe5 ! r[s ( mov+ buckets & ! int]m$iates4 ,into ea* /age ( ! ma*9e a #b-;in* pipe hole is drill$ & tapp$4 ,sometimes ?is op5+ is made directly opposite a r[ ( mov+ buckets z 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & sometimes x is made opposite ! int]m$iate4 ,:5 opposite a r[ ( buckets1 x w all[ "o to see ! am\nt ( cle>ance betwe5 ! buckets & ! int]m$iates1 & betwe5 ! buckets & ! nozzles4 ,:5 drill$ opposite ! int]m$iates1 ! cle>ance is %[n top & bottom betwe5 ! buckets & int]m$iates4 7,see ,fig4 #aa47 ,?is cle>ance is n ! same 9 all /ages1 b is greate/ 9 ! f\r? /age & lea/ 9 ! fir/4 ,! cle>ances 9 ea* /age are ne>ly z foll[s3 ,fir/ /age1 #j4jfj to #j4jhj2 second /age1 #j4jhj to #j4ajj2 ?ird /age1 #j4jhj to #j4ajj2 f\r? /age1 #j4jhj to #j4bjj4 ,^! cle>ances are measur$ by :at are call$ cle>ance gages1 :i* are simply tap] slips ( /eel ab\t #a_/b-;in* wide accurately gr\nd & graduat$1 l a jewel]'s r+ gage1 by m>ks ab\t #a_/b-;in* ap>t2 ! diff]5ce 9 ?ickness ( ! gage is "o-?\s&? ( an in* f "o m>k to ! next4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,to det]m9e :e!r ! cle>ance is "r1 "o ( ! #b-;in* plugs is tak5 out & "s m>k+ mat]ial1 su* z r$ lead or any?+ t w\ld be us$ on a surface plate or be>+ to m>k ! high spots is rubb$ on ! tap] gage1 & x is pu%$ into ! gap betwe5 ! buckets & int]m$iates z f> z x w g1 & !n pull$ out1 ! m>k+ on ! gage %[+ j h[ f> 9 x w5t1 & ! ne>e/ m>k giv+ 9 ?\s&?s ( an in* ! cle>ance4 ,?is is not$1 ! m>k+ spread aga91 & ! gage tri$ on ! o!r side1 ! diff]5ce on ! gage %[+ :e!r ! :eel is high or l[4 ,:i*ev] may be ! case ! hight is correct$ by ! /ep-be>+ screw4 ,! :eels %\ld be plac$ z ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! cle>ance space z possible4 ,by "s op]ators ! cle>ance is adju/$ :ile runn+1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,) ! ma*9e runn+ at full spe$ ! /ep-be>+ screw is turn$ until ! :eels are felt or he>d to rub lightly4 ,! screw is m>k$ & !n turn$ 9 ! opposite direction until ! :eel rubs aga94 ,ano!r m>k is made on ! screw & x is !n turn$ back midway betwe5 ! two m>ks4 ,ei!r me?od is safe if practic$ by a skilful eng9e]4 ,9 measur+ ! cle>ance by ! fir/ me?od1 ! gage %\ld be us$ ) c>e1 z x is possible by us+ too mu* pressure to sw+ ! buckets & get read+s :i* c\ld be mislead+4 ,to an inexp]i5c$ man ! tap] gages w\ld seem pref]able4 ,9 ! h&s ( a man :o kn[s :at he is do+ & h[ to d x1 a tap]$ p9e /ick w give z satisfactory results z ! mo/ elaborate set ( h>d5$ & gr\nd cle>ance gages4 ,ref]r+ back to ,fig4 #aa1 at ,a is %[n "o ( ! peep-holes opposite ! int]m$iate 9 ! ?ird /age :eel = ! inspection ( cle>ance4 ,! tap] cle>ance gage is ins]t$ ?r\gh ?is hole bo? above & bel[ ! int]m$iate1 & ! di/ance :i* x ent]s regi/]s ! cle>ance on t side4 ,?is sket* also %[s pla9ly h[ ! %r\d+ on ! buckets & ! int]m$iates ext5ds beyond ! %>p edges ( ! buckets1 protect+ !m f damage 9 case ( slight rubb+4 ,9 a v few cases :eels h be5 kn[n to w>p to su* an ext5t f causes t 7 n discov]$ until too late1 t adju/m5t w\ld n /op ! rubb+4 ,9 su* cases ! %r\d+ has be5 turn$ or fac$ (f by a cutt+-(f tool us$ ?r\gh ! peep-hole4 ,c>bon ,pack+ ,us$ ,:]e ! %aft passes ?r\gh ! upp] head ( ! :eel-case "s provision mu/ be made to prev5t /eam f ! fir/ /age escap+4 ,?is is provid$ = by c>bon pack+ 7,fig4 #ab71 :i* consi/s ( blocks ( c>bon 9 sets 9 a pack+ case bolt$ to ! top head ( ! :eel-case4 ,!re are ?ree sets ( ^! blocks1 & ea* set is made ( two r+s ( ?ree segm5ts ea*4 ,"o r+ ( segm5ts breaks jo9ts ) its mate 9 ! case1 & ea* set is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a flange 9 ! case 9 :i* x is held4 ,9 "s cases ! pack+ is kept f turn+ by means ( a l9k1 "o end ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! case & ! o!r to ! pack+ hold]4 ,sometimes light spr+s are us$ to hold ! pack+ aga9/ ! %aft & 9 "s ! pressure ( /eam 9 ! case does ?is4 ,!re is a pipe1 also %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 lead+ f ! ma9 l9e to ! pack+ case1 ! pressure 9 ! pipe be+ r$uc$4 ,! space betwe5 ! two upp] sets ( r+s is dra9$ to ! ?ird /age by means ( a ?ree-way cock1 :i* keeps ! balance betwe5 ! atmosph]e & pack+-case pressure4 ,! c>bon r+s are fitt$ to ! %aft ) a slight cle>ance to />t )1 & v soon get a smoo? f9i%1 :i* is n only practically /eam-tight b frictionless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,! c>bon r+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab is ! old] design4 ,! segm5ts are held aga9/ ! flat be>+ surface ( ! case by spiral spr+s set 9 brass f]rules4 ,! circle is held toge!r by a bronze /rap screw$ & drawn toge!r at ! ends by spr+s4 ,/ill o!r spr+s press ! /raps aga9/ ! surface ^u :i* ! c>bon be>s1 cutt+ (f leaks ?r\gh jo9ts & across horizontal surfaces ( ! c>bon4 ,! :ole r+ is prev5t$ f turn+ by a connect+-rod :i* engages a p9 9 ! hole1 l ^? provid$ = ! spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,! ,safety-/op ,!re are sev]al designs ( safety-/op or spe$-limit devices us$ ) ^! turb9es1 ! simple/ be+ ( ! r+ type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is consi/s ( a flat r+ plac$ ar\nd ! %aft betwe5 ! turb9e & g5]ator4 ,! r+-type em]g5cies are n[ all adju/$ s t !y normally run conc5tric ) ! %aft1 b weight$ s t ! c5t] ( gravity is slightly displac$ f ! c5t]4 ,! c5trifugal /ra9 due to ?is is balanc$ by helical spr+s4 ,b :5 ! spe$ increases ! c5trifugal =ce moves ! r+ into an ecc5tric position1 :5 x /rikes a trigg] & releases a weight :i*1 fall+1 closes ! ?rottle & %uts (f ! /eam supply4 ,! basic pr9ciple ^u :i* all ^! /ops are design$ is ! same--! c5trifugal =ce ( a weight balanc$ by a spr+ at normal spe$4 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 & #af %[ ?ree o!r types4 ,! ,me*anical ,valve-,ge> ,fig4 #ag %[s pla9ly ! op]ation ( ! me*anical valve-ge>4 ,! valves are locat$ 9 ! /eam *e/s1 :i* are bolt$ to ! top ( ! cas+ directly ov] ! fir/ sets ( expansion nozzles4 ,! *e/s1 two 9 numb]1 are on opposite sides ( ! ma*9e4 ,! valve-/ems ext5d upw>d ?r\gh ord9>y /uff+-boxes1 & are atta*$ to ! not*$ cross-heads by means ( a ?read$ end :i* is prev5t$ f screw+ 9 or out by a compression nut on ! l[] end ( ! cross-head4 ,ea* cross-head is actuat$ by a pair ( reciprocat+ pawls1 or dogs 7%[n m pla9ly 9 ! enl>g$ view1 ,fig4 #ah71 "o ( :i* op5s ! valve & ! o!r closes x4 ,! sev]al pairs ( pawls are hung on a common %aft :i* receives a rock+ motion f a crank driv5 f a worm & worm-:eel by ! turb9e %aft4 ,! cross-heads h not*es mill$ 9 ! side 9 :i* ! pawls engage to op5 or close ! valve1 ?is engagem5t be+ det]m9$ by :at are call$ %ield-plates1 ,a 7,fig4 #ah71 :i* are controll$ by ! gov]nor4 ,^! plates are set1 "o a little ahead ( ! o!r1 to obta9 successive op5+ or clos+ ( ! valves4 ,:5 m /eam is requir$ ! %ield plate all[s ! prop] pawl to fall into its not* 9 ! cross-head & lift ! valve f its seat4 ,if less /eam is want$ ! %ield-plate rises & all[s ! l[] pawl to close ! valve on ! d[n /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,! valves1 z c easily be se51 are v simple affairs1 ! /eam pressure 9 ! /eam *e/ hold+ ! valve ei!r op5 or %ut until x is mov$ by ! pawl on ! rock-%aft4 ,! am\nt ( travel on ! rock-%aft is fix$ by ! design1 b ! proportionate travel above & bel[ ! horizontal is controll$ by ! l5g? ( ! connect+-rods f ! crank to ! rock-%aft4 ,!re are besides ! me*anical valve-ge> ! electric & hydraulic1 b ^! w be left = a future article4 ,! ,gov]nor ,! spe$ ( ! ma*9e is controll$ by ! automatic op5+ & clos+ ( ! admission valves "u ! control ( a gov]nor 7,fig4 #ai71 ( ! spr+-weight$ type atta*$ directly to ! top end ( ! turb9e %aft4 ,! action ( ! gov]nor dep5ds on ! balance ( =ce ex]t$ by ! spr+1 & ! c5trifugal ef=t ( ! rectangul>-%ap$ weights at ! l[] end2 ! mov+ weights act+ ?r\gh ! knife-edge susp5sion t5d to pull d[n ! lev] aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! heavy helical spr+4 ,! gov]nor is provid$ ) an auxili>y spr+ on ! outside ( ! gov]nor dome = v>y+ ! spe$ :ile syn*roniz+4 ,! t5sion ( ! auxili>y spr+ is regulat$ by a small motor wir$ to ! swit*bo>d4 ,?is spr+ %\ld be us$ only to correct slight *anges 9 spe$4 ,any m>k$ *ange %\ld be correct$ by ! use ( ! l>ge hexagonal nut 9 ! upp] plate ( ! gov]nor frame4 ,?is nut is screw$ d[n to increase ! spe$1 & upw>d to decrease x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,! ,/age ,valves ,fig4 #bj repres5ts "o ( ! sev]al designs ( /age valve1 sometimes call$ ! ov]load valve1 ! (fice ( :i* is to prev5t too high pressure 9 ! fir/ /age 9 case ( a sudd5 ov]load1 & to transf] a "p ( ! /eam to a special set ( exp&+ nozzles ov] ! second-/age :eel4 ,?is valve is balanc$ by a spr+ ( adju/able t5sion1 & is1 or c be1 set to op5 & close )9 a v small pr$et]m9$ range ( fir/-/age pressure4 ,! valve is int5d$ to op5 & close in/antly1 & to supply or cut (f /eam f ! second /age1 )\t affect+ ! spe$ regulation or economy ( op]ation4 ,if any leak+ occurs pa/ ! valve x is tak5 c>e ( by a drip-pipe to ! ?ird /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,! /eam :i* passes ?r\gh ! automatic /age valves & is admitt$ to ! extra set ( nozzles above ! second-/age :eel acts ^u ?is :eel j ! same z ! /eam :i* passes ?r\gh ! regul> second-/age nozzles2 i4e41 all ! /eam :i* goes ?r\gh ! ma*9e t5ds to ha/5 its spe$1 or1 m accurately1 does "w & ma9ta9s ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,,ii4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,valves ,,( ,,! ,,curtis ,,turb9e#b #b ,contribut$ to ,p[] by ,f4 ,l4 ,johnson4 ,"u "s conditions ( s]vice ! /age valve 9 ! ,curtis turb9e w n d :at x is design$ to d4 ,x is usually atta*$ to ! ma*9e 9 su* mann] t x w op]ate )1 or a little beh9d1 9 ! matt] ( "t1 ! six? valve4 ,! ma*9e is int5d$ to c>ry full load ) only ! fir/ bank ( five valves 9 op]ation1 ) prop] /eam pressure & vacuum4 ,if ! /eam pressure is "u #aej p\nds1 or ! vacuum is less ?an #bh in*es1 ! six? valve may op]ate at or ne> full load1 & also op5 ! /age valve & all[ /eam to pass to ! second-/age nozzles at a mu* high] rate ( spe$ ?an ! /eam :i* has already done "s "w 9 ! fir/-/age :eel4 ,! t5d5cy is to accel]ate unduly ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is is correct$ by ! gov]nor1 b ! correction is usually c>ri$ too f> & ! ma*9e sl[s d[n4 ,) ! /age valve 9 op]ation1 at a critical po9t ! regulation is unc]ta9 & irregul>1 & its use has to be ab&on$4 ,! excess fir/-/age pressure w !n be tak5 c>e ( by ! relief valve1 :i* is an ord9>y spr+ safety valve 7n pop7 :i* all[s ! /eam to bl[ into ! atmosph]e4 ,! me*anical valve-ge> does n (t5 get out ( ord]1 b sometimes ! unexpect$ happ5s4 ,! %op man may n h prop]ly set up ! nuts on ! valve-/ems2 or may h fitt$ ! di/ance bu%+s betwe5 ! %ield plates too closely2 ! sup]heat ( ! /eam may di/ort ! /eam *e/ slightly & produce friction t w int]f]e ) ! regulation4 ,if any ( ! valve-/ems %\ld become loose 9 ! cross-heads !y may screw !mselves ei!r 9 or out4 ,if screw$ out too f>1 ! valve-/em becomes too long & ! pawl 9 desc5d+ w1 aft] ! valve is seat$1 cont9ue d[nw>d until x has brok5 some?+4 ,if screw$ 91 ! cross-head w be too l[ = ! upp] pawl to engage & ! valve w n be op5$4 ,?is second condition is n dang]\s1 b %\ld be correct$4 ,! valve-/ems %\ld be made ! "r l5g?1 & all *eck-nuts set up firmly4 ,if = any purpose x becomes necess>y to set ! valves on a #aejj-kil[att me*anical ge>1 ! op]ator %\ld proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,sett+ ! ,valves ( a #aejj-,kil[att ,curtis ,turb9e ,we w consid] :at is kn[n z ! me*anical valve-ge>1 ) two sets ( valves1 "o set ( five valves be+ locat$ on ea* side ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,9 sett+ ! valves we %\ld fir/ ?r[ out all pawls to avoid breakage 9 case ! rods are n already ( prop] l5g?1 hold+ ! pawls out by slipp+ ! ends ( ! pawl spr+s ov] ! po9ts ( ! pawls1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,!n turn ! ma*9e sl[ly by h& until ! pawls on "o set ( valves are at _! highe/ po9t ( travel1 !n ) ! valves wide op5 adju/ ! drive-rods1 i4e41 ! rods ext5d+ f ! crank to ! rock-%aft1 s t !re is #a_/cb ( an in* cle>ance 7%[n dott$ 9 ,fig4 #ag1 ,*ap4 ,i7 at ! po9t ( op5+ ( ! pawls :5 !y are 94 7,see ,fig4 #bb47 ,!n set up ! *eck-nuts on ! drive-rod4 ,turn ! ma*9e sl[ly1 until ! pawls are at _! l[e/ po9t ( travel4 ,!n1 ) ! valves clos$1 adju/ ea* valve-/em to give #a_/cb ( an in* cle>ance at ! po9t ( clos+ ( ! pawls :5 !y are 91 securely lock+ ! *eck-nut z ea* valve is set4 ,repeat ?is op]ation on ! o!r side ( ! ma*9e & we are ready to adju/ ! gov]nor-rods4 7,valves _c be set on bo? sides ( ! ma*9e at ! same "t1 z ! pawls w n be 9 ! same relative position1 due to ! angul>ity ( ! drive-rods47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,next1 ) ! turb9e runn+1 & ! syn*roniz+ spr+ 9 mid-position1 adju/ ! gov]nor-rods s t ! turb9e w run at ! normal spe$ ( #ijj revolutions p] m9ute :5 work+ on ! fif? valve1 & c>ry+ full load4 ,! gov]nor-rods = ! o!r side ( ! turb9e 7controll+ valves ,nos4 #f to #aj7 %\ld be s adju/$ t ! spe$ *ange betwe5 ! fif? & six? valves w n be m ?an ?ree or f\r revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! valves ( ^! turb9es are all set dur+ ! %op te/ & ! rods tramm$ ) an #h-;in* tram4 ,gov]nors are adju/$ = a spe$ range ( #b p] c5t4 betwe5 no load & full load 7#aejj kil[att71 or #d p] c5t4 betwe5 ! mean spe$s ( ! fir/ & t5? valves 7no load to full ov]load capacity74 ,! rods :i* connect ! gov]nor ) ! valve-ge> h ord9>y brass ends or heads & are adju/$ by "r-&-left ?reads & secur$ by lock-nuts4 ,!y are free fits on ! p9s :i* pass ?r\gh ! heads1 & no friction is likely to occur :i* w int]f]e ) ! regulation1 b too close "w on ! %ield-plate bu%+s1 or a slight w>p+ ( ! /eam *e/1 w (t5 produce friction :i* w s]i\sly impair ! regulation4 ,if x is notic$ t ! %ield-plate %aft has any t5d5cy to oscillate 9 unison ) ! rock-%aft :i* c>ries ! pawls1 x is a sure indication t ! %ield-plates are n z free z !y %\ld be1 & %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,! gov]nor-rod %\ld be disconnect$1 ! pawls ?r[n out & ! pawl /r+s hook$ ov] ! ends4 ,! plates %\ld !n be rock$ up & d[n by h& & ! friction at diff]5t po9ts not$4 ,! horizontal rod at ! back ( ! valve-ge> may be loos5$ & ! am\nt ( end play ( ea* individual %ield-plate notic$ & comp>$ ) ! bu%+s on ! horizontal rod at ! back :i* b9ds ! %ield-plates toge!r4 ,if ! plates sep>ately are f\nd to be p]fectly free !y may be ea* "o pu%$ h>d ov] to ! "r or left & w$g$2 !n ea* bu%+ tri$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! tail-pieces ( ! plates4 ,x w probably be f\nd t ! bu%+s are n ( ! "r l5g?1 due to ! alt]ation ( ! =m ( ! /eam *e/ by heat4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd also t ! bu%+s are too %ort1 & t ! l5g? c be correct$ by v ?9 wa%]s ( %eet metal4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 "s in/ances t ! ?9 b&s com+ ) sectional pipe cov]+ 7 ( ! "r ?ickness4 ,aft] ! l5g? ( ! bu%+s is correct$ ! %ield-plates may be assembl$1 made fa/ & te/$ by rock+ !m up & d[n1 se>*+ = signs ( /ick+4 ,if none occurs1 ! "w has be5 correctly done1 & !re w be no tr\ble f poor regulation due to friction ( ! %ield-plates4 ,! ,baffl] ,! wat] :i* goes to ! /ep-be>+ passes ?r\gh a baffl]1 ! late/ type ( :i* is %[n by ,fig4 #bc4 ,x is a device = re/rict+ ! fl[ ( wat] or oil to ! /ep- & guide-be>+4 ,! am\nt ( wat] necess>y to float ! ma*9e & lubricate ! guide-be>+ hav+ be5 det]m9$ by calculation & exp]im5t1 ! plug is set at t po9t :i* w give ! desir$ fl[4 ,! plug is a squ>e-?read$ worm1 ! l5g? ( :i* & ! di/ance :i* x ent]s ! b>rel ( ! baffl] det]m9+ ! am\nt ( fl[4 ,! great] ! numb] ( turns :i* ! wat] mu/ pass ?r\gh 9 ! worm ! less w fl[ aga9/ ! /ep-pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,! eng9e]s :o h settl$ ^u ! fl[ & ! pressure decid$ t a fl[ ( f #d-a_/b to #e-a_/b gallons p] m9ute & a /ep-pressure ( f #dbe to #dej p\nds is correct4 ,^! factors are s dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r & ^u ! conditions ( ! /ep-be>+ itself t !y are sometimes difficult to realize 9 e-day "w2 nor is x necess>y4 ,if ! ma*9e turns freely ) a l[] pressure ?an t prescrib$ by ! eng9e]s1 !re is no reason = rais+ ?is pressure2 & !re is only "o way ( do+ x )\t r$uc+ ! area ( ! /ep-be>+1 & t is by ob/ruct+ ! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! /ep-be>+ itself4 ,a v common me?od us$ is t ( gr9d+4 ,! ma*9e is run at ab\t "o-?ird spe$ & ! /ep-wat] %ut (f = #ae or #bj seconds4 ,?is causes grooves & ridges on ! faces ( ! /ep-be>+ blocks1 due to _! gr9d+ on ea* o!r1 :i* ob/ruct ! fl[ ( wat] betwe5 ! faces & ?us raises ! pressure4 ,x seems a brutal way ( gett+ a sci5tific result1 if ! result desir$ c be call$ sci5tific4 ,! groov+ & cutt+ ( ! /ep-blocks w n d any h>m1 & 9 fact !y w aid 9 keep+ ! revolv+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e turn+ ab\t its me*anical c5t]4 ,! op]at+ eng9e] w be v sl[ to see ! utility ( ! baffl]1 & :5 he le>ns1 z he w sometime1 t ! turb9e w op]ate equally well ) a plug out z ) x 9 ! baffl]1 he w be incl9$ to remove ! baffl]4 ,x is true t ) "o ma*9e op]at+ on its own pump x is possible to run )\t ! baffl]1 & x is also possible t 9 "s p>ticul> case two ma*9es hav+ id5tical /ep-be>+ pressures might be s op]at$4 ,! baffl]1 h[ev]1 s]ves a v important function1 z describ$ m fully z foll[s3 ,x t5ds to /eady ! fl[ f ! pump1 to ma9ta9 a con/ant oil film z ! pressure v>ies ) ! load1 & :5 sev]al ma*9es are op]at+ on ! same /ep-be>+ sy/em x is ! only means :i* fixes ! fl[ to ! diff]5t ma*9es & prev5ts "o ma*9e f robb+ ! o!rs4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if an eng9e] felt incl9$ to remove ! baffl] he w\ld be mo/ liable to regret tak+ su* a /ep4 ,if ! wat] supply %\ld fail f any cause & ! /ep-be>+ blocks rub toge!r1 no great am\nt ( damage w result4 ,! ma*9e w /op if op]at$ long "u ^! conditions1 = if /eam pressure is ma9ta9$ ! ma*9e w cont9ue 9 op]ation until ! buckets come into contact1 & if ! /ep-blocks are n weld$ toge!r ! ma*9e may be />t$ z soon z ! wat] is obta9$4 ,if vibration occurs x w probably be due to ! r\gh treatm5t ( ! /ep-blocks1 & may be cur$ by homeopa?ic repeat-doses ( gr9d+1 say ab\t #ae seconds ea*4 ,if ! /ep-blocks are weld$ a new pair %\ld be sub/itut$ & ! damag$ ones refac$4 ,"s few exp]im5tal /eps ( sph]ical =m1 call$ sauc] /eps1 h be5 in/all$ ) success 7see ,fig4 #bd74 ,!y seem to aid ! l[] guide-be>+ 9 keep+ ! ma*9e rotat+ ab\t ! me*anical c5t] & r$uce ! we> on ! guide-be>+4 ,9 "s in/ances1 too1 ca/-iron bu%+s h be5 sub/itut$ = bronze1 ) m>k$ success4 ,!re seems to be mu* less we> betwe5 ca/-iron & babbitt metal ?an betwe5 bronze & babbitt metal4 ,! matt] is really wor? a ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,,iii4 ,,allis-,,*alm]s ,,company ,,/eam ,,turb9e ,9 ,fig4 #be may be se5 ! int]ior con/ruction ( ! /eam turb9e built by ,allis-,*alm]s ,co41 ( ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 :i* is1 9 g5]al1 ! same z ! well-kn[n ,p>sons type4 ,?is is a plan view %[+ ! rotor re/+ 9 position 9 ! l[] half ( its cas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf is a longitud9al cross-section cut ( rotor & bo? l[] & upp] cas+4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bf ! /eam comes 9 f ! /eam-pipe at ,c & passes ?r\gh ! ma9 ?rottle or regulat+ valve ,d1 :i* is a balanc$ valve op]at$ by ! gov]nor4 ,/eam ent]s ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! passage ,e4 ,turn+ 9 ! direction ( ! be>+ ,a1 x passes ?r\gh alt]nate /ation>y & revolv+ r[s ( blades1 f9ally em]g+ at ,f & go+ out by way ( ,g to ! cond5s] or to atmosph]e4 ,h1 ,j1 & ,k repres5t ?ree /ages ( blad+4 ,l1 ,m1 & ,z are ! balance pi/ons :i* c\nt]balance ! ?ru/ on ! /ages ,h1 ,j1 & ,k4 ,o & ,q are equaliz+ pipes1 & = ! l[-pressure balance pi/on simil> provision is made by means ( passages 7n %[n7 ?r\gh ! body ( ! sp9dle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,r indicates a small adju/able coll> plac$ inside ! h\s+ ( ! ma9 be>+ ,b to hold ! sp9dle 9 a position :]e !re w be su* a cle>ance betwe5 ! r+s ( ! balance pi/ons & ^? ( ! cyl9d] z to r$uce ! leakage ( /eam to a m9imum & at ! same "t prev5t actual contact "u v>y+ temp]ature4 ,at ,s & ,t are gl&s :i* provide a wat] seal aga9/ ! inleakage ( air & ! outleakage ( /eam4 ,u repres5ts ! flexible c\pl+ to ! g5]ator4 ,v is ! ov]load or by-pass valve us$ = admitt+ /eam to int]m$iate /age ( ! turb9e4 ,w is ! supplem5t>y cyl9d] to conta9 ! l[-pressure balance pi/on4 ,x & ,y are ref]5ce lett]s us$ 9 text ( ?is *apt] to ref] to equaliz+ ( /eam pressure on ! l[-pressure /age ( ! turb9e4 ,! fir/ po9t to /udy 9 ?is con/ruction is ! arrangem5t ( dummies ,l1 ,m1 & ,z4 ,^! dummy r+s s]ve z baffles to prev5t /eam leakage pa/ ! pi/ons1 & _! contact at high velocity means n only _! own de/ruction1 b also damage to or ! wreck+ ( surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,a simple b effective me?od ( elim9at+ ?is difficulty is f\nd 9 ! arrangem5t illu/rat$ 9 ?is figure4 ,! two small] balance pi/ons1 ,l & ,m1 are all[$ to rema9 on ! high-pressure end2 b ! l>ge/ pi/on1 ,z1 is plac$ ^u ! l[-pressure end ( ! rotor imm$iately beh9d ! la/ r+ ( blades1 & work+ inside ( ! supplem5t>y cyl9d] ,w4 ,be+ back$ up by ! body ( ! sp9dle1 !re is ample /iffness to prev5t w>p+4 ,?is balance pi/on1 :i* may also be pla9ly se5 9 ,fig4 #be1 receives its /eam pressure f ! same po9t z ! pi/on ,m1 b ! /eam pressure1 equaliz$ ) t on ! ?ird /age ( ! blad+1 ,x1 is ?r\gh holes 9 ! webs ( ! blade-c>ry+ r+s4 ,entrance to ^! holes is ?r\gh ! small annul> op5+ 9 ! rotor1 visible 9 ,fig4 #be betwe5 ! second & ?ird b>rels4 ,z1 9 consequ5ce ( v>y+ temp]atures1 !re is an appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! endwise expansion ( ! sp9dle & cyl9d]1 ! baffl+ r+s 9 ! l[-pressure balance pi/on are s made z to all[ = ?is diff]5ce4 ,! high-pressure end ( ! sp9dle be+ held by ! coll> be>+1 ! diff]5ce 9 expansion manife/s itself at ! l[-pressure end4 ,! labyr9? pack+ ( ! high-pressure & int]m$iate pi/ons has a small axial & l>ge radial cle>ance1 :]eas ! labyr9? pack+ ( ! pi/on ,z has1 vice v]sa1 a small radial & l>ge axial cle>ance4 ,elim9ation ( causes ( tr\ble ) ! l[-pressure balance pi/on n only makes x possible to r$uce ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & prev5t di/ortion1 b enables ! entire sp9dle to be run ) suffici5tly small cle>ance to obviate any excessive leakage ( /eam4 ,detail ( ,blade ,con/ruction ,9 ?is con/ruction ! blades are cut f drawn /ock1 s t at its root x is ( angul> dovetail %ape1 :ile at its tip !re is a projection4 ,to hold ! roots ( ! blades firmly1 a f\ndation r+ is provid$1 z %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,?is f\ndation r+ is fir/ =m$ to a circle ( ! prop] diamet]1 & !n slots are cut 9 x4 ,^! slots are accurately spac$ & incl9$ to give ! "r pit* & angle to ! blades 7,fig4 #bh71 & are ( dovetail %ape to receive ! roots ( ! blades4 ,! tips ( ! blades are sub/antially b\nd toge!r & protect$ by means ( a *annel-%ap$ %r\d r+1 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ca & at ,b 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #ca %[s ! cyl9d] blad+ sep>ate1 & ,fig4 #bg %[s bo? ) ! %r\d+4 ,9 ^!1 holes are pun*$ to receive ! projections on ! tips ( ! blades1 :i* are rivett$ ov] pneumatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,! f\ndation r+s !mselves are ( dovetail %ape 9 cross-section1 &1 aft] receiv+ ! roots ( ! blades1 are ins]t$ 9 dovetail$ grooves 9 ! cyl9d] & rotor1 :]e !y are firmly held 9 place by keypieces1 z may be se5 at ,c 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,ea* keypiece1 :5 driv5 9 place1 is upset into an und]cut groove1 indicat$ by ,d 9 ,fig4 #bg1 !reby positively lock+ ! :ole /ructure toge!r4 ,ea* sep>ate blade is firmly secur$ by ! dovetail %ape ( ! root1 :i* is held betwe5 ! correspond+ dovetail$ slot 9 ! f\ndation r+ & ! und]cut side ( ! groove4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,fig4 #bi1 f a photograph ( blad+ fitt$ 9 a turb9e1 illu/rates ! con/ruction1 besides %[+ ! uni=m spac+ & angles ( ! blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,! obvi\sly ?9 flanges ( ! %r\d r+s are purposely made 9 t way1 s t1 9 case ( accid5tal contact betwe5 revolv+ & /ation>y p>ts1 !y w we> away en\gh to prev5t ! blades f be+ ripp$ out4 ,?is protection1 h[ev]1 is su* t to rip !m out a :ole half r+ ( blades mu/ be %e>$ (f at ! roots4 ,! /r5g? ( ! blad+1 !re=e1 dep5ds n ^u ! /r5g? ( an individual blade1 b ^u ! comb9$ %e>+ /r5g? ( an entire r+ ( blades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,! blad+ is made up & ins]t$ 9 half r+s1 & ,fig4 #cj %[s two r+s ( diff]5t sizes ready to be put 9 place4 ,fig4 #ca %[s a numb] ( r[s ( blad+ ins]t$ 9 ! cyl9d] ( an ,allis-,*alm]s /eam turb9e1 & ,fig4 #cb gives view ( blad+ 9 ! same turb9e aft] ne>ly ?ree ye>s' runn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,! ,gov]nor ,next 9 importance to ! diff]5ce 9 blad+ & balance pi/on con/ruction1 is ! gov]n+ me*anism us$ ) ^! ma*9es4 ,?is foll[s ! well-kn[n ,h>tung type1 :i* has be5 br\ght into prom95ce1 h]et(ore l>gely 9 connection ) hydraulic turb9es2 & ! gov]nor1 driv5 directly f ! turb9e %aft by means ( cut ge>s work+ 9 an oil ba?1 is requir$ to op]ate ! small1 balanc$ oil relay-valve only1 :ile ! two /eam valves1 ma9 & by-pass 7or ov]load71 are controll$ by an oil pressure ( ab\t #bj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 act+ ^u a pi/on ( suitable size4 ,9 view ( ! fact t a turb9e by-pass valve op5s only :5 ! unit is requir$ to develop ov]load1 or ! vacuum fails1 a good feature ( ?is gov]n+ me*anism is t ! valve ref]r$ to c be kept con/antly 9 motion1 !reby prev5t+ /ick+ 9 an em]g5cy1 ev5 ?\gh x be actually call$ into action only at long int]vals4 ,ano!r feature ( importance is t ! oil supply to ! be>+s1 z well z t to ! gov]nor1 c be int]connect$ s t ! gov]nor w automatically %ut (f ! /eam if ! oil supply fails & endang]s ! be>+s4 ,?is me*anism is also s proportion$ t1 :ile respond+ quickly to v>iations 9 load1 its s5sitiv5ess is kept )9 su* b\nds z to secure ! be/ results 9 ! p>allel op]ation ( alt]nators4 ,! gov]nor c be adju/$ = spe$ :ile ! turb9e is 9 op]ation1 !reby facilitat+ ! syn*roniz+ ( alt]nators & divid+ ! load z may be desir$4 ,9 ord] to provide = any possible accid5tal d]angem5t ( ! ma9 gov]n+ me*anism1 an entirely sep>ate safety or ov]-spe$ gov]nor is furni%$4 ,?is gov]nor is driv5 directly by ! turb9e %aft )\t ! int]v5tion ( ge>+1 & is s arrang$ & adju/$ t1 if ! turb9e %\ld rea* a pr$et]m9$ spe$ above t = :i* ! ma9 gov]nor is set1 ! safety gov]nor w come into action & trip a valve :i* entirely %uts (f ! /eam supply1 br++ ! turb9e to a /op4 ,lubrication ,lubrication ( ! f\r be>+s1 :i* are ( ! self-adju/+1 ball & socket patt]n1 is effect$ by supply+ an abundance ( oil to ! middle ( ea* be>+ & all[+ x to fl[ out at ! ends4 ,! oil is pass$ ?r\gh a tubul> cool]1 hav+ wat] circulation1 & pump$ back to ! be>+s4 ,fig4 #cc %[s ! entire arrangem5t graphically & mu* m cle>ly ?an c be expla9$ 9 words4 ,! oil is circulat$ by a pump directly op]at$ f ! turb9e1 except :]e ! p[]-h\se is provid$ ) a c5tral oil+ sy/em4 ,p>ticul> /ress is laid by ! build]s ^u ! fact t x is n necess>y to supply ! be>+s ) oil "u pressure1 b only at a head suffici5t to enable x to run to & ?r\gh ! be>+s2 ?is head nev] exce$+ a few feet4 ,) ea* turb9e is in/all$ a sep>ate direct-act+ /eam pump = circulat+ oil = />t+ up4 ,?is w be ref]r$ to aga9 "u ! head ( op]at+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,g5]ator ,! turbo-g5]ator1 :i* con/itutes ! electrical end ( ?is unit1 is totally enclos$ to provide = noiseless op]ation1 & =c$ v5tilation is secur$ by means ( a small fan c>ri$ by ! %aft on ea* end ( ! rotor4 ,! air is tak5 9 at ! ends ( ! g5]ator1 passes ?r\gh ! fans & is dis*>g$ ov] ! end connections ( ! armature coils into ! bottom ( ! ma*9e1 :5ce x passes ?r\gh ! v5tilat+ ducts ( ! core to an op5+ at ! top4 ,! field core is1 accord+ to size1 built up ei!r ( /eel disks1 ea* 9 "o piece1 or ( /eel =g+s1 s z to give high magnetic p]meability & great /r5g?4 ,! coils are plac$ 9 radial slots1 !reby avoid+ side pressure on ! slot insulation & ! complex /resses result+ f c5trifugal =ce1 :i*1 9 ^! rotors1 acts normal to ! flat surface ( ! /rip w9d+s4 ,op]ation ,z practically no adju/m5ts are necess>y :5 ^! units are 9 op]ation1 ! great] "p ( ! att5tion requir$ by !m is involv$ 9 />t+ up & %utt+ d[n1 :i* may be describ$ 9 detail z foll[s3 ,to ,/>t ,up ,fir/1 ! auxili>y oil pump is set go+1 & ?is is spe$$ up until ! oil pressure %[s a hight suffici5t to lift ! inlet valve & oil is fl[+ /eadily at ! v5ts on all be>+s4 ,! oil pressure !n %[s ab\t #bj to #be p\nds on ! ,relay ,oil gage1 & #b to #d p\nds on ! ,be>+ ,oil gage4 ,next ! ?rottle is op5$1 )\t admitt+ suffici5t /eam to ! turb9e to cause ! sp9dle to turn1 & x is se5 t ! /eam exhau/s freely into ! atmosph]e1 also t ! high-pressure end ( ! turb9e exp&s freely 9 its guides4 ,wat] hav+ be5 all[$ to bl[ out ?r\gh ! /eam-*e/ dra9s1 ! dra9s are clos$ & /eam is p]mitt$ to cont9ue fl[+ ?r\gh ! turb9e n less ?an a half an h\r 7unless ! turb9e is w>m to />t )1 :5 ?is p]iod may be r$uc$7 /ill )\t turn+ ! sp9dle4 ,aft] ?is x is advisable to %ut (f /eam & let ! turb9e /& t5 m9utes1 s z to w>m ?or\ghly1 dur+ :i* "t ! gov]nor p>ts may be oil$ & any air :i* may h accumulat$ 9 ! oil cyl9d] above ! inlet valve bl[n (f4 ,!n ! ?rottle %\ld be op5$ suffici5tly to />t ! turb9e sp9dle to revolv+ v sl[ly & ! ma*9e all[$ to run 9 ?is way = five m9utes4 ,successive op]ations may be m5tion$ briefly z admitt+ wat] to ! oil cool]2 br++ ! turb9e up to spe$1 at ! same "t sl[+ d[n ! auxili>y oil pump & wat*+ t ! oil pressures are kept up by ! rot>y oil pump on ! turb9e2 turn+ ! wat] on to ! gl&s v gradually &1 be=e putt+ on vacuum1 mak+ sure t !re is j en\gh wat] to seal ^! gl&s prop]ly2 & />t+ ! vacuum gradually j be=e putt+ on ! load4 ,^! conditions hav+ be5 compli$ )1 ! op]ator next turns 8 att5tion to ! g5]ator1 putt+ on ! field curr5t1 syn*roniz+ c>efully & build+ up ! load on ! unit gradually4 ,! pr9cipal precautions to be obs]v$ are n to />t )\t w>m+ up prop]ly1 to make sure t oil is fl[+ freely ?r\gh ! be>+s1 t vacuum is n put on until ! wat] gl&s seal1 & to avoid runn+ on vacuum )\t load on ! turb9e4 ,9 ,op]ation ,9 op]ation all t is necess>y is to wat* ! /eam pressure at ! ,?rottle & ,inlet gages1 to see t nei!r ?is pressure nor ! /eam temp]ature v>ies mu*2 to keep ! vacuum con/ant1 z well z pressures on ! wat] gl&s & ^? indicat$ by ! ,relay ,oil & ,be>+ ,oil gages2 to take c>e t ! temp]atures ( ! oil fl[+ to & f ! be>+s does n exce$ #ace degrees ,fahr4 7at :i* temp]ature ! h& c com=tably grasp ! copp] oil-return pipes72 to see t oil fl[s freely at all v5ts on ! be>+s1 & t ! gov]nor p>ts are p]iodically oil$4 ,s f> z ! g5]ator is conc]n$1 x is only ess5tial to foll[ ! practice common 9 all electric p[] plant op]ation1 :i* ne$ n be review$ "h4 ,/opp+ ! turb9e is practically ! rev]se ( />t+1 ! successive /eps be+ z foll[s3 />t+ ! auxili>y oil pump1 free+ x ( wat] & all[+ x to run sl[ly2 remov+ ! load gradually2 break+ ! vacuum :5 ! load is almo/ z]o1 %utt+ (f ! cond5s] injection & tak+ c>e t ! /eam exhau/s freely into ! atmosph]e2 %utt+ (f ! gl& wat] :5 ! load & vacuum are (f2 pull+ ! automatic /op to trip ! valve & %ut (f /eam &1 z ! spe$ ( ! turb9e decreases1 spe$+ up ! auxili>y oil pump to ma9ta9 pressure on ! be>+s2 !n1 :5 ! turb9e has /opp$1 %utt+ d[n ! auxili>y oil pump1 turn+ (f ! cool+ wat]1 op5+ ! /eam *e/ dra9s & slightly oil+ ! oil inlet valve-/em4 ,dur+ ^! op]ations ! *ief p>ticul>s to be he$$ are3 n to %ut (f ! /eam be=e />t+ ! auxili>y oil pump nor be=e ! vacuum is brok51 & n to %ut (f ! gl& wat] ) vacuum on ! turb9e4 ,! automatic /op %\ld also rema9 unhook$ until ! turb9e is ab\t to be />t$ up aga94 ,g5]al ,wat] us$ 9 ! gl&s ( ! turb9e mu/ be free f scale-=m+ impurities & %\ld be deliv]$ at ! turb9e "u a /eady pressure ( n less ?an #ae p\nds4 ,! pressure 9 ! gl&s w v>y f #d to #aj p\nds4 ,?is wat] may be w>m4 ,9 ! use ( wat] = ! cool+ coils & ( oil = ! lubricat+ sy/em1 no?+ m is requir$ ?an ord9>y good s5se dictates4 ,an absolutely pure m9]al oil mu/ be suppli$1 ( a non-foam+ "*1 & x %\ld be kept free ?r\gh filt]+ f any impurities4 ,! above ref]s p>ticul>ly to ,allis-,*alm]s turb9es ( ! type ord9>ily us$ = p[] s]vice4 ,= turb9es built to be run non-cond5s+1 ! "p relat+ to vacuum does n1 ( c\rse1 apply4 ,,iv4 ,,we/+h\se-,,p>sons ,,/eam ,,turb9e ,:ile ! /eam turb9e is simple 9 design & con/ruction & does n require con/ant t9k]+ & adju/m5t ( valve ge>s or tak+ up ( we> 9 ! runn+ p>ts1 x is l any o!r piece ( f9e ma*9]y 9 t x %\ld receive intellig5t & c>eful att5tion f ! op]ator by inspection ( ! work+ p>ts t are n at all times 9 pla9 view4 ,any piece ( ma*9]y1 no matt] h[ simple & durable1 if neglect$ or abus$ w 9 "t come to grief1 & ! high] ! class ( ! ma*9e ! m is ?is true4 ,any eng9e] :o is capable ( runn+ & intellig5tly tak+ c>e ( a reciprocat+ eng9e c run & take c>e ( a turb9e1 b if he is to be any?+ m ?an a />t] & /opp]1 x is necess>y t he %\ld "k :at is inside ( ! cas+1 :at mu/ be done & avoid$ to prev5t d]angem5t1 & to keep ! ma*9e 9 cont9u$ & effici5t op]ation4 ,9 ! /eam turb9e ! /eam in/ead ( be+ exp&$ aga9/ a pi/on is made to exp& aga9/ & to get up velocity 9 itself4 ,! jet ( /eam is !n made to imp+e aga9/ vanes or to react aga9/ ! mov+ orifice f :i* x issues1 9 ei!r ( :i* cases its velocity & en]gy are m or less completely ab/ract$ & appropriat$ by ! revolv+ memb]4 ,! ,p>sons turb9e utilizes a comb9ation ( ^! two me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,fig4 #cd is a sectional view ( ! /&>d ,we/+h\se-,p>sons s+le-fl[ turb9e4 ,a photograph ( ! rotor ,r ,r ,r is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #ce1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #cf a section ( ! blad+ is %[n ^u a l>g] scale4 ,betwe5 ! r[s ( ! blad+ ^u ! rotor ext5d simil> r[s ( /ation>y blades atta*$ to ! cas+ or /ator4 ,! /eam ent]+ at ,a 7,fig4 #cd71 fills ! circul> space surr\nd+ ! rotor & passes fir/ ?r\gh a r[ ( /ation>y blades1 #a 7,fig4 #cg71 exp&+ f ! initial pressure ,p to ! slightly l[] pressure ,p#a1 & atta9+ by t expansion a velocity ) :i* x is direct$ ^u ! mov+ blade #b4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ?is r[ ( blades x is fur!r exp&$ f pressure ,p#a to ,p#b & helps to pu% ! mov+ blades along by ! reaction ( ! =ce ) :i* x issues !refrom4 ,imp++ ^u ! second r[ ( /ation>y blades #c1 ! direction ( fl[ is div]t$ s z to make x imp+e at a favorable angle ^u ! second r[ ( revolv+ blades #d1 & ! action is cont9u$ until ! /eam is exp&$ to ! pressure ( ! cond5s] or ( ! m$ium into :i* ! turb9e f9ally exhau/s4 ,z ! expansion proce$s1 ! passages are made l>g] by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! blades & ! diamet] ( ! drums ^u :i* !y are c>ri$ 9 ord] to accommodate ! increas+ volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,x is n necess>y t ! blades %all run close toge!r1 & ! axial cle>ance1 t is ! space l5g?wise ( ! turb9e betwe5 ! revolv+ & ! /ation>y blades1 v>ies f #a_/h to #a_/b in*2 b 9 ord] t !re may n be excessive leakage ov] ! tops ( ! blades1 z %[n1 v mu* exagg]at$1 9 ,fig4 #ch1 ! radial cle>ance1 t is1 ! cle>ance betwe5 ! tops ( ! mov+ blades & ! cas+1 & betwe5 ! ends ( ! /ation>y blades & ! %ell ( ! rotor1 mu/ be kept d[n to ! l[e/ practical am\nt1 & v>ies1 accord+ to ! size ( ! ma*9e & l5g? ( blade1 f ab\t #j4jbe to #j4abe ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,9 ! passage ,a 7,fig4 #cd7 exi/s ! initial pressure2 9 ! passage ,b ! pressure aft] ! /eam has pass$ ! fir/ section or diamet] ( ! rotor2 9 ! passage ,c aft] x has pass$ ! second section4 ,! pressure act+ ^u ! expos$ faces ( ! r[s ( vanes w\ld cr[d ! rotor to ! left4 ,!y are !re=e balanc$ by pi/ons or dummies ,p ,p ,p revolv+ ) ! %aft & expos+ 9 ! annul> spaces ,b#a & ,c#a ! same areas z ^? ( ! blade sections :i* !y are design$ to balance4 ,! same pressure is ma9ta9$ 9 ,b#a z 9 ,b1 & 9 ,c#a z 9 ,c by connect+ !m ) equaliz+ pipes ,e ,e4 ,! ?ird equaliz+ pipe connects ! back or "r-h& side ( ! l>ge/ dummy ) ! exhau/ passage s t ! same pressure exi/s ^u x z exi/s ^u ! exhau/ end ( ! rotor4 ,^! dummy pi/ons are %[n at ! ne> end ( ! rotor 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,!y are groov$ s z to =m a labyr9? pack+1 ! face ( ! cas+ aga9/ :i* !y run be+ groov$ & brass /rips ins]t$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,! dummy pi/ons prev5t leakage f ,a1 ,b#a & ,c#a to ! cond5s]1 & mu/1 ( c\rse1 run z closely z practicable to ! r+s 9 ! cas+1 ! actual cle>ance be+ f ab\t #j4jje to #j4jae ( an in*1 aga9 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,! axial adju/m5t is controll$ by ! device %[n at ,t 9 ,fig4 #cd & on a l>g] scale 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! ?ru/ be>+ consi/s ( two p>ts1 ,t#a ,t#b4 ,ea* consi/s ( a ca/-iron body 9 :i* are plac$ brass coll>s4 ,^! coll>s fit into grooves ,c1 turn$ 9 ! %aft z %[n4 ,! halves ( ! block are br\ght into position by means ( screws ,s#a ,s#b act+ on lev]s ,l#a ,l#b & m\nt$ 9 ! be>+ p$e/al & cov]4 ,! screws are provid$ ) graduat$ heads :i* p]mit ! respective halves ( ! ?ru/ be>+ to be set )9 "o "o-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,! upp] screw ,s#b is set s t :5 ! rotor ex]ts a light pressure aga9/ x ?r\gh ! ?ru/ block & lev] ! grooves 9 ! balance pi/ons are j unable to come 9 contact ) ! dummy /rips 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! l[] screw ,s#a is !n adju/$ to p]mit ab\t #j4jjh to #j4jaj ( an in* fre$om = ! coll> betwe5 ! grooves ( ! ?ru/ be>+4 ,^! be>+s are c>efully adju/$ be=e ! ma*9e leaves ! %op1 & to prev5t ei!r accid5tal or unau?oriz$ *anges ( _! adju/m5t ! adju/+ screw heads are lock$ by ! me?od %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! screw _c be revolv$ )\t slid+ back ! lat* ,l#c4 ,to d ?is ! p9 ,p#d mu/ be )drawn1 = :i* purpose ! be>+ cov] mu/ be remov$4 ,9 g5]al ?is adju/m5t %\ld n be *ang$ except :5 !re has be5 "s we> ( ! coll>s 9 ! ?ru/ be>+2 nev]!less1 x is a wise precaution to g ov] ! adju/m5t at int]vals4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is is z foll[s3 ,! ma*9e %\ld h be5 9 op]ation = "s "t s z to be well & ev5ly heat$ & %\ld be run at a r$uc$ spe$1 say #aj p] c5t4 ( ! normal1 dur+ ! actual op]ation ( mak+ ! adju/m5t4 ,adju/ ! upp] screw :i*1 if tight5$1 w\ld pu% ! sp9dle away f ! ?ru/ be>+ t[>d ! exhau/4 ,f9d a position = ?is s t :5 ! o!r screw is tight5$ ! balance pi/ons c j be he>d to t\*1 & s ! lea/ *ange ( position inw>d ( ! upp] screw w cause ! contact to cease4 ,to he> if ! balance pi/ons are t\*+1 a %ort piece ( h>dwood %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! cyl9d] cas+ ne> ! balance pi/on4 ,if ! e> is appli$ to ! o!r end ( ! piece ( wood ! contact ( ! balance pi/ons c be v easily detect$4 ,! l[] screw %\ld !n be loos5$ & ! upp] screw advanc$ f five to fifte5 "o-?\s&?s1 accord+ to ! ma*9e1 at :i* position ! latt] may be consid]$ to be set4 ,! l[] screw %\ld !n be advanc$ until ! "u half ( ! ?ru/ be>+ pu%es ! rotor aga9/ ! o!r half ( ! ?ru/ be>+1 & f ?is position x %\ld be pu%$ back t5 or m "o-?\s&?s1 to give fre$om = ! rotor betwe5 ! ?ru/s1 & lock$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 sett+ ! dummies1 to avoid /ra9+ ! p>ts & ?us obta9 a false sett+4 ,! object 9 view is to h ! grooves ( ! balance pi/ons runn+ z close z possible to ! coll>s 9 ! cyl9d]1 b )\t dang] ( _! com+ 9 actual contact1 & to all[ z little fre$om z possible 9 ! ?ru/ be>+ itself1 b en\gh to be sure t x w n heat4 ,! turb9e rotor itself has sc>cely any end ?ru/1 s t all ! ?ru/ be>+ has to d is to ma9ta9 ! above-prescrib$ adju/m5t4 ,! blades are s gag$ t at all loads ! rotor has a v light b positive ?ru/ t[>d ! runn+ face ( ! dummy /rips1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! prop] cle>ance at ! dummies z det]m9$ by ! sett+ ( ! prop] screw adju/m5t4 ,ma9 ,be>+s ,! be>+s :i* support ! rotor are %[n at ,f ,f 9 ,fig4 #cd & 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,! be>+ prop] consi/s ( a brass tube ,b ) prop] oil grooves4 ,x has a d[el arm ,l :i* fits into a correspond+ recess 9 ! be>+ cov] & :i* prev5ts ! be>+ f turn+4 ,on ?is tube are ?ree conc5tric tubes1 ,c ,d ,e1 ea* fitt+ ov] ! o!r ) "s cle>ance s t ! %aft is free to move slightly 9 any direction4 ,^! tubes are held 9 place by ! nut ,f1 & ?is nut1 9 turn1 is held by ! small set-screw ,g4 ,! be>+ ) ! surr\nd+ tubes is plac$ inside ( ! ca/-iron %ell ,a1 :i* re/s 9 ! be>+ p$e/al on ! block & l9] ,h4 ,! pack+ r+ ,m prev5ts ! leakage ( oil pa/ ! be>+4 ,oil ent]s ! *amb] at "o end ( ! be>+ at ! top & passes ?r\gh ! oil grooves1 lubricat+ ! j\rnal1 & !n out into ! res]voir "u ! be>+4 ,! oil also fills ! cle>ance betwe5 ! tubes & =ms a cu%ion1 :i* damp5s any t5d5cy to vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,! be>+s1 be+ support$ by ! blocks or pads ,h1 are self-al9+4 ,"u ^! pads are l9]s #e1 #aj1 #bj1 & #ej ?\s&?s 9 ?ickness4 ,by means ( ^! l9]s ! rotor may be set 9 its prop] runn+ position relative to ! /ator4 ,?is op]ation is q simple4 ,remove ! l9]s f "u "o be>+ pad & place !m "u ! opposite pad until a blade t\* is obta9$ by turn+ ! rotor ov] by h&4 ,aft] a t\* has be5 obta9$ on ! top1 bottom1 & bo? sides1 ! total radial blade cle>ance w be kn[n to equal ! ?ickness ( ! l9]s transf]r$4 ,! position ( ! rotor is !n s adju/$ t ! radial blade cle>ance is equaliz$ :5 ! turb9e is at op]at+ temp]ature4 ,on turb9es runn+ at #ahjj revolutions p] m9ute or "u1 a split babbitt$ be>+ is us$1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #db;a & #db;b4 ,^! be>+s are self-al9+ & h ! same l9] adju/m5t z ! conc5tric-sleeve be>+s j describ$4 ,oil is suppli$ ?r\gh a hole ,d 9 ! l[] l9] pad1 & is c>ri$ to ! oil groove ,f ?r\gh ! tubes ,e ,e4 ,! oil fl[s f ! middle ( ?is be>+ to bo? ends in/ead ( f "o end to ! o!r1 z 9 ! o!r type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db;,a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db;,b ,pack+ ,gl&s ,:]e ! %aft passes ?r\gh ! cas+ at ei!r end x issues f a *amb] 9 :i* !re exi/s a vacuum4 ,x is necess>y to pack ! %aft at ^! po9ts1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! atmosph]ic pressure1 & ?is is done by means ( a wat]-gl& pack+ ,w ,w 7,fig4 #cd74 ,^u ! %aft 9 ,fig4 #ce1 j 9 front ( ! dummy pi/ons1 w be se5 a runn] ( ?is pack+ gl&1 :i* runn] is %[n ^u a l>g] scale & f a diff]5t direction 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,to get into ! cas+ ! air w\ld h to ent] ! gu>d at ,a 7,fig4 #dd71 pass ov] ! project+ r+s ,b1 ! function ( :i* is to ?r[ (f any wat] :i* may be creep+ along ! %aft by c5trifugal =ce into ! surr\nd+ space ,c1 :5ce x escapes by ! drip pipe ,d1 h5ce ov] ! five r+s ( ! labyr9? pack+ ,e & !nce ov] ! top ( ! revolv+ blade :eel1 x be+ app>5t f ,fig4 #dc t !re is no way = ! air to pass by )\t go+ up ov] ! top ( ! blades2 b wat] is admitt$ to ! c5trally groov$ space ?r\gh ! pipe %[n1 & is revolv$ ) ! :eel at su* velocity t ! pressure due to c5trifugal =ce exce$s t ( ! atmosph]e1 s t x is impossible = ! air to =ce ! wat] aside & leak 9 ov] ! tips ( ! blades1 :ile ! action ( ! runn] 9 ?r[+ ! wat] out w\ld relieve ! pressure at ! %afts & avoid ! t5d5cy ( ! wat] to leak outw>d ?r\gh ! labyr9? pack+ ei!r into ! vacuum or ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd ,! wat] %\ld come to ! gl&s "u a head ( ab\t #aj feet1 or a pressure ( ab\t #e p\nds1 & be connect$ 9 su* a way t ?is pressure may be un9t]rupt$ly ma9ta9$4 ,its temp]ature mu/ be l[] ?an ! temp]ature due to ! vacuum )9 ! turb9e1 or x w evaporate readily & f9d its way into ! turb9e 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,9 any case a small am\nt ( ! /eam+ wat] w pass by ! gl& coll>s into ! turb9e1 s t if ! cond5s$ /eam is to be return$ to ! boil]s ! wat] us$ 9 ! gl&s mu/ be ( su* "* t x may be safely us$ = fe$ wat]4 ,b :e!r ! wat] s us$ is to be return$ to ! boil]s or n x %\ld nev] conta9 an excessive am\nt ( lime or solid matt]1 z a c]ta9 am\nt ( evaporation is cont9ually go+ on 9 ! gl&s :i* w result 9 ! deposit ( scale & require frequ5t tak+ ap>t = clean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,:5 !re is an ample supply ( good1 clean wat] ! gl&s may be pack$ z 9 ,fig4 #de1 ! /&pipe supply+ ! necess>y head & ! supply valve be+ op5$ suffici5tly to ma9ta9 a small /ream at ! ov]fl[4 ,:5 wat] is exp5sive & ! ov]fl[ mu/ be avoid$1 a small float may be us$ z 9 ,fig4 #df1 ! ord9>y tank us$ by plumb]s = closets1 etc41 s]v+ ! purpose admirably4 ,:5 ! same wat] t is suppli$ to ! gl&s is us$ = ! oil-cool+ coils1 :i* w be describ$ 9 detail lat]1 ! coils may be atta*$ to ei!r ( ! above arrangem5ts z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,:5 ! only available supply ( pure wat] is t = ! boil] fe$1 & ! cond5s$ /eam is pump$ directly back to ! boil]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh1 ! deliv]y f ! cond5s$-wat] pumps may be c>ri$ to an elevation #aj feet above ! axis ( ! gl&s1 :]e a tank %\ld be provid$ ( suffici5t capacity t ! wat] may h "t to cool consid]ably be=e be+ us$4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases1 if s desir$1 ! oil-cool+ wat] may come f ! circulat+ pumps ( ! cond5s]1 provid$ !re is suffici5t pressure to produce circulation1 z is also %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,:5 ! turb9e is requir$ to exhau/ aga9/ a back pressure ( "o or two p\nds a slightly diff]5t arrangem5t ( pip+ mu/ be made4 ,! wat] 9 ?is case mu/ be all[$ to circulate ?r\gh ! gl&s 9 ord] to keep ! temp]ature bel[ #bab degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,if ?is is n done ! wat] 9 ! gl&s w absorb heat f ! ma9 ca/+s ( ! ma*9e & w evaporate4 ,?is evaporation w make ! gl&s appe> z ?\gh !y 7 leak+ badly4 ,9 reality x is no?+ m ?an ! wat] 9 ! gl&s boil+1 b x is nev]!less equally objectionable4 ,?is may be ov]come by ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 :]e two connections & valves are furni%$ at ,m & ,n1 :i* dra9 away to any suitable tank or sew]4 ,^! valves are op5 j en\gh to keep suffici5t circulation s t !re is no evaporation go+ on1 :i* is evid5c$ by /eam com+ out z ?\gh ! gl&s 7 leak+4 ,^! circulat+ valves may be us$ ) any ( ! arrangem5ts above describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,! ,gov]nor ,on ! "r-h& end ( ! ma9 %aft 9 ,fig4 #cd !re w be se5 a worm ge> driv+ ! gov]nor4 ,?is is %[n on a l>g] scale at ,a 7,fig4 #ej74 ,at ! left ( ! worm ge> is a bevel ge> driv+ ! sp9dle ,d ( ! gov]nor1 & at ! "r an ecc5tric :i* gives a vibratory motion to ! lev] ,f4 ,! crank ,c ^u ! end ( ! %aft op]ates ! oil pump4 ,! spe$ ( ! turb9e is controll$ by admitt+ ! /eam 9 puffs ( great] or less duration accord+ to ! load4 ,! lev] ,f1 hav+ its fulcrum 9 ! coll> surr\nd+ ! %aft1 op]ates ) ea* vibration ( ! ecc5tric ! pilot valve4 ,! valve is expla9$ 9 detail lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,?is =m ( gov]nor has be5 sup]s$$ by an improv$ type1 b s _m h be5 made t x w be well to describe its con/ruction & adju/m5t4 ,! two balls ,w ,w 7,fig4 #ej7 are m\nt$ on ! ends ( bell cranks ,n1 :i* re/ on knife edges4 ,! o!r end ( ! bell cranks c>ry roll]s ^u :i* re/ a plate ,p1 :i* s]ves z a support = ! gov]nor spr+ ,s4 ,!y are also atta*$ by l9ks to a yoke & sleeve ,e :i* acts z a fulcrum = ! lev] ,f4 ,! gov]nor is regulat$ by means ( ! spr+ ,s re/+ on ! plate ,p & compress$ by a l>ge nut ,g on ! upp] end ( ! gov]nor sp9dle1 :i* nut turns on a ?read$ quill ,j1 held 9 place by ! nut ,h on ! end ( ! gov]nor sp9dle & is held tight by ! lock-nut ,k4 ,to *ange ! compression ( ! spr+ & !reby ! spe$ ( ! turb9e ! lock-nut mu/ fir/ be loos5$ & ! h&-nut rais$ to l[] ! spe$ or l[]$ to raise ! spe$ z ! case may be4 ,?is op]ation may be accompli%$ :ile ! ma*9e is ei!r runn+ or at re/4 ,! plate ,p re/s ^u ball be>+s s t by simply br++ pressure to be> ^u ! h&-:eel1 :i* is a "p ( ! quill ,j1 ! spr+ & lock-nut may be held at re/ & adju/$ :ile ! re/ ( ! turb9e rema9s unaffect$4 ,ano!r lev] is m\nt$ ^u ! yoke ,e on ! p9 %[n at ,i1 ! o!r end ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! pi/on ( a da%-pot s z to damp5 ! gov]nor aga9/ vibration4 ,"u ! yoke ,e w be notic$ a small trigg] ,m :i* is us$ to hold ! gov]nor 9 ! full-load position :5 ! turb9e is at re/4 ,! ?r[+ out ( ! weights elevates ! sleeve ,e1 c>ry+ ) x ! coll> ,c1 :i* is spann$ by ! lev] ,f ^u ! %aft ,h4 ,! lat] turb9es are provid$ ) an improv$ =m ( gov]nor op]at+ on ! same pr9ciple1 b embody+ sev]al important features4 ,fir/1 ! sp9dle sleeve is integral ) ! gov]nor yoke1 & ! :ole rotates ab\t a v]tical /ation>y sp9dle1 s t two motions are enc\nt]$--a rot>y motion & an up & d[n motion1 accord+ to ! position tak5 by ! gov]nor4 ,?is spiral motion almo/ entirely elim9ates ! effect ( friction ( re/1 & !reby enhances ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! gov]nor4 ,second1 ! gov]nor weights move outw>d on a p>allel motion oppos$ directly by spr+ ?ru/1 ?us reliev+ ! fulcrum entirely ( spr+ ?ru/4 ,?ird1 ! lay %aft driv+ ! gov]nor oil pump & reciprocator is locat$ und]nea? ! ma9 turb9e %aft1 s t ! rotor may be readily remov$ )\t 9 ! lea/ di/urb+ ! gov]nor adju/m5t4 ,! ,valve-,ge> ,! valve-ge> is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ! ma9 admission be+ %[n at ,v#a at ! "r1 & ! second>y ,v#b at ! left ( ! /eam inlet4 ,! pilot valve ,f receives a con/ant reciprocat+ motion f ! ecc5tric ^u ! lay%aft ( ! turb9e ?r\gh ! lev] ,f 7,fig4 #ej74 ,^! reciprocations run f #aej to #ahj p] m9ute4 ,! space b5ea? ! pi/on ,c is 9 communication ) ! l>ge /eam *e/1 :]e exi/s ! initial pressure ?r\gh ! port ,a2 ! admission ( /eam to ! pi/on ,c be+ controll$ by a ne$le valve ,b4 ,! pilot valve connects ! port ,e1 lead+ f ! space b5ea? ! pi/on to an exhau/ port ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea ,:5 ! pilot valve is clos$1 ! pressures c accumulate b5ea? ! pi/on ,c & raise ! ma9 admission valve f its seat4 ,:5 ! pilot valve op5s1 ! pressure b5ea? ! pi/on is reliev$ & x is seat$ by ! helical spr+ above4 ,if ! fulcrum ,e 7,fig4 #ej7 ( ! lev] ,f 7 fix$ ! admission w\ld be ( an equal & fix$ duration4 ,b if ! gov]nor raises ! fulcrum ,e1 ! pilot valve ,f 7,fig4 #ea7 w be l[]$1 *ang+ ! relations ( ! op5+s ) ! work+ edges ( ! ports4 ,! seat+ ( ! ma9 admission valve is cu%ion$ by ! da%pot1 ! pi/on ( :i* is %[n 9 section at ,g 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! valve may be op5$ by h& by means ( ! lev] ,k1 to see if x is p]fectly free4 ,! second>y valve is some:at diff]5t 9 its action4 ,/eam is admitt$ to bo? sides ( its actuat+ pi/on ?r\gh ! ne$le valves ,m ,m1 & ! *amb] f :i* ?is /eam is tak5 is connect$ ) ! "u side ( ! ma9 admission valve1 s t no /eam c rea* ! actuat+ pi/on ( ! second>y valve until x has pass$ ?r\gh ! prim>y valve4 ,:5 ! pilot valve is clos$1 ! pressures equalize above & bel[ ! pi/on ,n & ! valve rema9s ^u its seat4 ,:5 ! load ^u ! turb9e exce$s its rat$ capacity1 ! pilot valve moves upw>d s z to connect ! space above ! pi/on ) ! exhau/ ,l1 reliev+ ! pressure ^u ! upp] side & all[+ ! great] pressure bel[ to =ce ! valve op51 :i* admits /eam to ! second>y /age ( ! turb9e4 ,x w\ld d no good to admit m /eam to ! fir/ /age1 = at ! rat$ capacity t /age is tak+ all ! /eam = :i* ! blade area w af=d a passage4 ,! port connect+ ! upp] side ( ! pi/on ,n ) ! exhau/ may be p]man5tly clos$ by means ( ! h& valve ,q1 to be f\nd on ! side ( ! second>y pilot valve *e/1 ?us cutt+ ! second>y valve entirely out ( action4 ,no da%pot is necess>y on ?is valve1 ! compression ( ! /eam 9 ! *amb] ,w by ! fall ( ! pi/on be+ suffici5t to avoid %ock4 ,! tim+ ( ! second>y valve is adju/$ by rais+ or l[]+ ! pilot valve by means ( ! adju/m5t provid$4 ,x %\ld op5 soon en\gh s t !re w n be an appreciable drop 9 spe$ be=e ! valve comes into play4 ,! economy ( ! ma*9e w be impair$ if ! valve is all[$ to op5 too soon4 ,safety ,/op ,gov]nor ,?is device is m\nt$ on ! gov]nor end ( ! turb9e %aft1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #eb & #ec4 ,:5 ! spe$ rea*es a pr$et]m9$ limit1 ! plung] ,a1 hav+ its c5t] ( gravity slightly displac$ f ! c5t] ( rotation ( ! %aft1 is ?r[n radially outw>d & /rikes ! lev] ,b4 ,x w easily be und]/ood t :5 ! plung] />ts outw>d1 ! resi/ance ( spr+ ,c is rapidly ov]come1 s9ce ! c5trifugal =ce increases z ! squ>e ( ! radius1 or 9 ?is case ! ecc5tricity ( ! c5t] ( gravity relative to ! c5t] ( rotation4 ,h5ce1 ! lev] is /ruck a %>p bl[4 ,?is releases ! trip ,e on ! outside ( ! gov]nor cas+1 & s op5s ! /eam valve ,f1 :i* releases /eam f b5ea? ! actuat+ pi/on ( a quick-clos+ ?rottle valve1 locat$ 9 ! /eam l9e4 ,?us1 )9 a p]iod ( usually less ?an "o second1 ! /eam is entirely %ut (f f ! turb9e :5 ! spe$ has exce$$ #g or #h p] c5t ( ! normal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec ,! ,oil+ ,sy/em ,m\nt$ on ! end ( ! b$plate is ! oil pump1 op]at$ f ! ma9 %aft ( ! turb9e z previ\sly /at$4 ,?is may be ( ! plung] type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed1 or ^u ! late/ turb9e1 ! rot>y type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,ar\nd ! b$plate are locat$ ! oil-cool+ coils1 ! oil /ra9]1 ! oil res]voir & ! oil pip+s to ! be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,! oil res]voir1 cool]1 & pip+ are all outside ! ma*9e & easily accessible = clean+4 ,usually a corrugat$-/eel floor plate cov]s all ?is app>atus1 s t x w n be unsightly & accumulate dirt1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! turb9e is in/all$1 s t all ?is app>atus is bel[ ! floor level2 i4e41 :5 ! top ( ! b$plate comes flu% ) ! floor l9e4 ,9 cases :]e ! turb9e is set high]1 a cas+ is usually built ar\nd ?is mat]ial s t x c be easily remov$1 & =ms a plat=m alongside ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee ,! oil cool]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ef1 is ( ! c\nt]-curr5t type1 ! wat] ent]+ at ,a & leav+ at ,b1 oil ent]+ at ,c 7op5+ n %[n7 & leav+ at ,d4 ,! coils are ( seamless drawn copp]1 & atta*$ to ! cov] by c\pl+ ! nut4 ,! wat] manifold ,f is divid$ into comp>tm5ts by transv]se ribs1 ea* comp>tm5t connect+ ! inlet ( ea* coil ) ! outlet ( ! prec$+ coil1 ?us plac+ all coils 9 s]ies4 ,^! coils are removable 9 "o piece ) ! cov]plate )\t di/urb+ ! re/ ( ! oil pip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef ,blad+ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg ,! blades are drawn f a rod consi/+ ( a /eel core coat$ ) copp] s intimately connect$ ) ! o!r metal t :5 ! b> is drawn to ! section requir$ = ! blad+1 ! ext]ior coat+ drawn ) ! re/ ( ! b> =ms a cov]+ ( uni=m ?ickness z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! b> aft] be+ drawn ?r\gh ! correct section is cut into suitable l5g?s pun*$ z at ,a 7,fig4 #eh71 ne> ! top ( ! blade1 & has a groove %[n at ,b 7,fig4 #ei71 ne> ! root1 /amp$ 9 its concave face1 :ile ! blade is be+ cut to l5g? & pun*$4 ,! blades are !n set into grooves cut into ! rotor drum or ! concave surface ( ! cas+1 & spac+ or pack+ pieces ,c 7,fig4 #ei7 plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,^! spac+ pieces are ( s(t iron & ( ! =m :i* is desir$ t ! passage betwe5 ! blades %all take4 ,! groove made ^u ! inn] face ( ! blade is suffici5tly ne> to ! root to be cov]$ by ?is spac+ piece4 ,:5 ! groove has be5 fill$ ! s(t-iron pieces are calk$ or spread s z to hold ! blades firmly 9 place4 ,a wire ( comma section1 z %[n at ,a 7,fig4 #ei71 is !n /rung ?r\gh ! pun*es ne> ! out] ends ( ! blades & upset or turn$ ov] z %[n at ! "r 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,?is upsett+ is done by a tool :i* %e>s ! tail ( ! comma at ! prop] wid? betwe5 ! blades4 ,! b5t-d[n portion on ei!r side ( ! blade holds x rigidly 9 position & ! portion reta9$ )9 ! wid? ( ! blade w\ld reta9 ! blade 9 its radial position %\ld x become loos5$ or brok5 (f at ! root4 ,?is comma la%+1 z x is call$1 takes up a small proportion only ( ! blade l5g? or projection & makes a job :i* is surpris+ly /iff & rigid1 & yet :i* yields 9 case ( s]i\s di/urbance r ?an to ma9ta9 a contact :i* w\ld result 9 its own fus+ or ! de/ruction ( "s m important memb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei ,/>t+ ,up ! ,turb9e ,:5 />t+ up ! turb9e = ! fir/ "t1 or aft] any ext5d$ p]iod ( idl5ess1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ev]y?+ is 9 good condition & t all p>ts ( ! ma*9e are clean & free f injury4 ,! oil pip+ %\ld be ?or\ghly inspect$ & clean$ out if !re is any accumulation ( dirt4 ,! oil res]voirs mu/ be v c>efully wip$ out & m9utely exam9$ = ! pres5ce ( any grit4 7,avoid us+ cotton wa/e = ?is1 z a consid]able quantity ( l9t is almo/ sure to be left beh9d & ?is w clog up ! oil passages 9 ! be>+s & /ra9]47 ,! pilot valves %\ld be remov$ f ! b>rel & wip$ (f1 & ! b>rels !mselves clean$ out by pu%+ a s(t clo? ?r\gh !m ) a piece ( wood4 ,9 no case %\ld any metal be us$4 ,if ! turb9e has be5 9 a place :]e !re 0 dirt or :]e !re has be5 mu* du/ bl[+ ar\nd1 ! be>+s %\ld be remov$ f ! sp9dle & tak5 ap>t & ?or\ghly clean$4 ,) c>e ?is c be done )\t remov+ ! sp9dle f ! cyl9d]1 by tak+ (f ! be>+ cov]s & v c>efully lift+ ! weight ( ! sp9dle (f ! be>+s1 !n slid+ back ! be>+s4 ,x is be/ to lift ! sp9dle by means ( jacks & a rope sl+1 z1 if a crane is us$1 !re is great dang] ( lift+ ! sp9dle too high & !reby /ra9+ x or injur+ ! blades4 ,aft] all ! p>ts h be5 c>efully gone ov] & clean$1 ! oil = ! be>+ lubrication %\ld be put into ! res]voirs by p\r+ x into ! gov]nor ge> case ,g 7,fig4 #cd74 ,en\gh oil %\ld be put 9 s t :5 ! gov]nor1 ge> case1 & all ! be>+-supply pipes are full1 ! supply to ! oil pump is well cov]$4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 s t no grit gets into ! oil :5 p\r+ x into ! ma*9e4 ,consid]able tr\ble may be sav$ 9 ?is respect by p\r+ ! oil ?r\gh clo?4 ,a v c>eful inspection ( ! /eam pip+ is necess>y be=e ! turb9e is run4 ,if possible x %\ld be bl[n out by /eam f ! boil]s be=e x is f9ally connect$ to ! turb9e4 ,consid]able annoyance may result by neglect+ ?is precaution1 f p>ticles ( scale1 r$ lead1 gasket1 etc41 out ( ! /eam pipe1 clos+ up ! passages ( ! guide blades4 ,:5 />t+ up1 always beg9 to revolve ! sp9dle )\t vacuum be+ on ! turb9e4 ,aft] ! sp9dle is turn+ sl[ly1 br+ ! vacuum up4 ,! reason = ?is is1 t :5 ! turb9e is /&+ /ill1 ! gl&s d n pack & air 9 consid]able quantity w ru% ?r\gh ! gl&s & d[n ?r\gh ! exhau/ pipe4 ,?is sometimes has ! effect ( unequal cool+4 ,9 case ! turb9e is us$ 9 conjunction ) its own sep>ate cond5s]1 ! circulat+ pump may be />t$ up1 !n ! turb9e revolv$1 & aft]w>d ! air pump put 9 op]ation2 !n1 la/1 put ! turb9e up to spe$4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! turb9e exhau/s into ! same cond5s] ) o!r ma*9]y & ! cond5s] is !re=e already 9 op]ation1 ! valve betwe5 ! turb9e & ! cond5s] sy/em %\ld be kept clos$ until aft] ! turb9e is revolv$1 ! turb9e 9 ! meantime exhau/+ ?r\gh ! relief valve to atmosph]e4 ,c>e mu/ always be tak5 to see t ! turb9e is prop]ly w>m$ up be=e be+ caus$ to revolve1 b 9 cases :]e high sup]heat is employ$ always revolve ! turb9e j z soon z x is mod]ately hot1 & be=e x has "t to become expos$ to sup]heat4 ,9 ! case ( highly sup]heat$ /eam1 x is n undesirable to provide a connection 9 ! /eam l9e by means ( :i* ! turb9e may be />t$ up ) saturat$ /eam & ! sup]heat gradually appli$ aft] ! %aft has be5 p]mitt$ to revolve4 ,= w>m+ up1 x is usual practice to set ! gov]nor on ! trigg] 7see ,fig4 #ej7 & op5 ! ?rottle valve to all[ ! entrance ( a small am\nt ( /eam4 ,x is always well to let ! turb9e op]ate at a r$uc$ spe$ = a "t1 until !re is assurance t ! cond5s] & auxili>ies are 9 prop] work+ ord]1 t ! oil pump is work+ prop]ly1 & t !re is no /ick+ 9 ! gov]nor or ! valve ge>4 ,aft] ! turb9e is up to spe$ & on ! gov]nor1 x is well to c\nt ! spe$ by c\nt+ ! /rokes ( ! pump rod1 z x is possible t ! adju/m5t ( ! gov]nor may h become *ang$ :ile ! ma*9e has be5 idle4 ,x is well at ?is "t1 :ile !re is no load on ! turb9e1 to be sure t ! gov]nor controls ! ma*9e ) ! ?rottle wide op54 ,x might be t ! ma9 poppet valve has su/a9$ "s injury n evid5t on inspection1 or 0 leak+ badly4 ,%\ld !re be "s su* defect1 /eps %\ld be tak5 to regr9d ! valve to its seat at ! fir/ opportunity4 ,on ! l>g] ma*9es an auxili>y oil pump is always furni%$4 ,?is %\ld be us$ be=e />t+ up1 s z to e/abli% ! oil circulation be=e ! turb9e is revolv$4 ,aft] ! turb9e has rea*$ spe$1 & ! ma9 oil pump is f\nd to be work+ prop]ly1 x %\ld be possible to take ?is pump out ( s]vice1 & />t x aga9 only :5 ! turb9e is ab\t to be %ut d[n4 ,if possible1 ! load %\ld be ?r[n on gradually to obviate a sudd51 heavy dem& ^u ! boil]1 ) its sometimes att5dant prim+ & ru% ( wat] into ! /eam pipe1 :i* is v apt to take place if ! load is ?r[n on too sudd5ly4 ,a slug ( wat] w h ! effect ( sl[+ d[n ! turb9e to a consid]able ext5t1 caus+ "s annoyance4 ,!re is n likely to be ! dang] ( ! damage t is almo/ sure to occur 9 ! reciprocat+ eng9e1 b at ! same "t x is well to avoid ?is z mu* z possible4 ,a slug ( wat] is obvi\sly m dang]\s :5 sup]heat$ /eam is be+ employ$1 ow+ to ! extreme temp]ature *anges possible4 ,runn+ ,:ile ! turb9e is runn+1 x %\ld h a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>eful att5tion4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n mean t ! eng9e] mu/ /& ov] x e m9ute ( ! day1 b he mu/ frequ5tly inspect su* p>ts z ! lubricators1 ! oil+ sy/em1 ! wat] supply to ! gl&s & ! oil-cool+ coil1 ! pilot valve1 etc4 ,he mu/ see t ! oil is up 9 ! res]voir & %[+ 9 ! gage glass provid$ = t purpose1 & t ! oil is fl[+ freely ?r\gh ! be>+s1 by op5+ ! pet cocks 9 ! top ( ! be>+ cov]s4 ,an ample supply ( oil %\ld always be 9 ! ma*9e to keep ! suction 9 ! tank cov]$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! pump does n draw too mu* air4 ,?is c usually be discov]$ by ! bubbl+ up ( ! air 9 ! gov]nor case1 :5 m oil %\ld be add$4 ,x is well to note f "t to "t ! temp]ature ( ! be>+s1 b no al>m ne$ be occasion$ because !y feel w>m to ! t\*2 9 fact1 a be>+ is all "r z long z ! h& c be borne ^u x ev5 mom5t>ily4 ,! oil com+ f ! be>+s %\ld be pref]ably ab\t #abj degrees ,fahr5heit & nev] exce$ #afj degrees4 ,x %\ld g5]ally be se5 t ! oil-cool+ coil is effective 9 keep+ ! oil cool4 ,sometimes ! cool+ wat] deposits mud on ! cool+ surface1 z well z ! oil deposit+ a vasel9e-l sub/ance1 :i* int]f]es ) ! cool+ effect4 ,! be>+ may become unduly heat$ because ( ?is1 :5 ! coil %\ld be tak5 out at ! fir/ opportunity & clean$ on ! outside & bl[n out by /eam on ! inside1 if ?is latt] is possible4 ,if ?is does n r$uce ! temp]ature1 ei!r ! oil has be5 9 use too long )\t be+ filt]$1 or ! quality ( ! oil is n good4 ,%\ld a be>+ give tr\ble1 ! fir/ symptom w be burn+ oil :i* w smoke & give (f d5se :ite fumes :i* c be v readily se5 & smell$4 ,h[ev]1 tr\ble ) ! be>+s is "o ( ! mo/ unlikely ?+s to be enc\nt]$1 &1 if x occurs1 x is due to "s radical cause1 su* z ! be>+s be+ p9*$ by _! caps1 or grit & =eign matt] be+ all[$ to get into ! oil4 ,if a be>+ gets hot1 be assur$ t !re is "s v radical cause = x :i* %\ld be imm$iately discov]$ & remov$4 ,nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 imag9e t y c nurse a be>+1 t has heat$1 into good behavior4 ,turb9e be>+s are ei!r all "r or all wrong4 ,!re are no halfway measures4 ,! oil /ra9] %\ld also be occasionally tak5 ap>t & ?or\ghly clean$1 :i* op]ation may be p]=m$1 if necess>y1 :ile ! turb9e is 9 op]ation4 ,! scre5s %\ld be clean$ by be+ remov$ f _! case & ?or\ghly bl[n out ) /eam4 ,9 ! case ( a new ma*9e1 ?is may h to be done e two or ?ree h\rs4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ?is ne$ only be repeat$ p]haps once a week4 ,! am\nt ( dirt f\nd w be an indication ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* ?is clean+ is necess>y4 ,! prop] wat] pressure1 ab\t five p\nds p] squ>e in*1 mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ! gl&s4 ,any failure ( ?is w mean t !re is "s big leak 9 ! pip+1 or t ! wat] is n fl[+ prop]ly4 ,! pilot valve mu/ be work+ freely1 caus+ b little kick on ! gov]nor1 & %\ld be lubricat$ f "t to "t ) good oil4 ,%\ld x become necess>y1 :ile op]at+1 to %ut d[n ! cond5s] & *ange ov] to non-cond5s+ op]ation1 p>ticul> c>e %\ld be obs]v$ t ! *ange is n made too sudd5ly to non-cond5s+1 z all ! l[-pressure sections ( ! turb9e mu/ be rais$ to a mu* high] temp]ature4 ,:ile ?is may n cause an accid5t1 x is well to avoid ! /resses :i* necess>ily result f ! sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! same reasons1 ( c\rse1 d n hold good 9 *ang+ f non-cond5s+ to cond5s+4 ,%utt+ ,d[n ,:5 %utt+ d[n ! turb9e ! load may be tak5 (f be=e clos+ ! ?rottle2 or1 z 9 ! case ( a g5]ator op]at+ on an indep5d5t load1 ! ?rottle may be clos$ fir/1 all[+ ! load to act z a brake1 br++ ! turb9e to re/ quickly4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! =m] me?od w h to be us$1 z ! turb9e g5]ally w h be5 op]at+ 9 p>allel ) "o or m o!r g5]ators4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 p>tially close ! ?rottle j be=e ! load is to be ?r[n (f1 & if ! turb9e is to run )\t load = "s "t1 %ut (f ! /eam almo/ entirely 9 ord] to prev5t any *ance ( ! turb9e runn+ away4 ,!re is no dang] ( ?is unless ! ma9 valve has be5 damag$ by ! wat] :5 wet /eam has be5 us$1 or held op5 by "s =eign sub/ance1 :51 9 ei!r case1 !re may be suffici5t leakage to run ! turb9e above spe$1 :ile runn+ light4 ,at ! same "t1 dang] is well gu>d$ aga9/ by ! automatic /op valve1 b x is always well to avoid a possible dang]4 ,z soon z ! ?rottle is %ut1 /op ! cond5s]1 or1 9 ! case :]e "o cond5s] is us$ = two or m turb9es1 close ! valve betwe5 ! turb9e & ! cond5s]4 ,also op5 ! dra9s f ! /eam /ra9]1 etc4 ,?is w consid]ably r$uce ! "t ! turb9e requires to come to re/4 ,/ill m "t may be sav$ by leav+ ! field curr5t on ! g5]ator4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 :5 ! vacuum falls & ! turb9e sl[s d[n1 to see t ! wat] is %ut (f f ! gl&s = fe> x may leak out to su* an ext5t z to let ! wat] into ! be>+s & impair ! lubricat+ qualities ( ! oil4 ,inspection ,at regul> int]vals ?or\gh inspection %\ld be made ( all p>ts ( ! turb9e4 ,z (t5 z x appe>s necess>y f ! temp]ature ( ! oil1 dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! oil & ! use ( ! turb9e1 remove ! oil-cool+ coil & clean x bo? on ! inside & outside z previ\sly direct$2 also clean out ! *amb] 9 :i* x is kept4 ,put 9 a fre% supply ( oil4 ,?is ne$ n necess>ily be new1 b may be oil t has be5 9 use be=e b has be5 filt]$4 ,we recomm5d t an oil filt] be kept = ?is purpose4 ,entirely new oil ne$ only be put into ! turb9e :5 ! old oil %[s m>k$ det]ioration4 ,) a fir/-class oil ?is w probably be a v infrequ5t necessity1 z "s new oil has to be put 9 f "t to "t to make up ! losses f leakage & wa/e4 ,clean out ! oil /ra9]1 bl[+ /eam ?r\gh ! wire gauze to remove any accumulation ( dirt4 ,e six mon?s to a ye> take (f ! be>+ cov]s1 remove ! be>+s1 & take !m ap>t & clean out ?or\ghly4 ,ev5 ! be/ oil w deposit m or less solid matt] ^u hot surfaces 9 "t1 :i* w t5d to prev5t ! free circulation ( ! oil ?r\gh ! be>+s & effectively /op ! cu%ion+ effect on ! be>+s4 ,take ap>t ! ma9 & second>y valves & clean ?or\ghly1 see+ t all p>ts are 9 good work+ ord]4 ,clean & inspect ! gov]nor & ! valve-ge>1 wip+ out any accumulation ( oil & dirt t may appe>4 ,be sure to clean out ! dra9s f ! gl&s s t any wat] t may pass out ( !m w run (f freely & w n get into ! be>+s4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ ?ree mon?s1 & aft] t ab\t once a ye>1 take (f ! cyl9d] cov] & remove ! sp9dle4 ,:5 ! turb9e is fir/ />t$ up1 !re is v apt to be consid]able =eign matt] come ov] 9 ! /eam1 su* z balls ( r$ lead or small pieces ( gasket too small to be /opp$ by ! /ra9]4 ,^! get into ! guide blades 9 ! cyl9d] & q effectively /op !m up4 ,!re=e1 ! blades %\ld be gone ov] v c>efully1 & any su* additional accumulation remov$4 ,exam9e ! gl&s & equilibrium ports = any dirt or brok5 p>ts4 ,p>ticul>ly exam9e ! gl&s = any deposit ( scale4 ,all ! scale %\ld be *ipp$ (f ! gl& p>ts1 z1 besides prev5t+ ! gl&s f prop]ly pack+1 ?is accumulation w cause me*anical contact & p]haps cause vibration ( ! ma*9e due to lack ( fre$om ( ! p>ts4 ,! am\nt ( scale f\nd aft] ! fir/ few inspections w be an indication ( h[ frequ5tly ! clean+ %\ld be done4 ,z is discuss$ lat]1 any wat] t is unsuitable = boil] fe$ %\ld n be us$ 9 ! gl&s4 ,9 reassembl+ ! sp9dle & cov]1 v great c>e mu/ be tak5 t no blades are damag$ & t no?+ gets into ! blades4 ,ne>ly all ! damage t has be5 done to blades has result$ f c>elessness 9 ?is respect2 9 fact1 x is impossible to be too c>eful4 ,p>ticul> c>e is also to be tak5 9 assembl+ all ! p>ts & 9 h&l+ !m1 z slight injury may cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,9 no case %\ld a damag$ "p be put back until ! injury has be5 repair$4 ,if = any reason damag$ blades _c be repair$ at ! "t1 !y c be easily remov$ & ! turb9e run aga9 )\t !m until x is conv5i5t to put 9 new ones2 9 fact1 ma*9es h be5 run at full load ) only ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! total numb] ( blades4 ,9 su* an ev5t remove ! correspond+ /ation>y blades z well z ! mov+ blades1 s z n to di/urb ! balance ( ! end ?ru/4 ,conditions ,conducive to ,successful ,op]ation ,9 ! op]ation ( ! turb9e & ! conditions ( ! /eam1 bo? live & exhau/ play a v important "p4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp5sive exp]im5t+ t moi/ure 9 ! /eam has a v decid$ effect on ! economy ( op]ation2 or consid]ably m s ?an 9 ! case ( ! reciprocat+ eng9e4 ,9 ! latt] eng9e1 #b p] c5t4 ( moi/ure w mean v close to #b p] c5t4 increase 9 ! am\nt ( wat] suppli$ to ! eng9e = a giv5 p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! turb9e #b p] c5t4 moi/ure w cause an addition ( m ne>ly #d p] c5t4 ,x is !re=e readily se5 t ! dri] ! ent]+ /eam1 ! bett] w be ! appe>ance ( ! coal bill4 ,by judici\s use ( fir/-class sep>ators 9 connection ) a suitable dra9+ sy/em1 su* z ! ,holly sy/em :i* returns ! moi/ure sep>at$ f ! /eam1 back to ! boil]s1 a high degree ( quality may be obta9$ at ! turb9e ) practically no extra exp5se dur+ op]ation4 ,frequ5t att5tion %\ld be giv5 ! sep>ators & traps to insure _! prop] op]ation4 ,! quality ( ! /eam may be det]m9$ f "t to "t by ! use ( a ?rottl+ calorimet]4 ,dry /eam1 to a great ext5t1 dep5ds ^u ! good & judici\s design ( /eam pip+4 ,sup]heat$ /eam is ( great value :]e x c be produc$ economically1 z ev5 a slight degree insures ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f ! use ( dry /eam4 ,! high] sup]heats h be5 f\nd to increase ! economy to a consid]able ext5t4 ,:5 sup]heat ( a high degree 7#ajj degrees ,fahr5heit or above7 is us$ special c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to prev5t a sudd5 rise ( ! sup]heat ( any am\nt4 ,! greate/ s\rce ( tr\ble 9 ?is respect is :5 a sudd5 dem& is made = a l>ge increase 9 ! am\nt ( /eam us$ by ! eng9e1 z :5 ! turb9e is />t$ up & ! sup]heat] has be5 9 op]ation = "s "t be=e1 ! full load is sudd5ly ?r[n on4 ,x w be readily se5 t ) ! turb9e runn+ light & ! sup]heat] op]at+1 !re is a v small am\nt ( /eam pass+ ?r\gh2 9 fact1 practically none1 & ?is may become v highly heat$ 9 ! sup]heat]1 b loses ne>ly all its sup]heat 9 pass+ sl[ly to ! turb9e2 !n1 :5 a sudd5 dem& is made1 ?is v high temp]ature /eam is drawn into ! turb9e4 ,?is may usually be gu>d$ aga9/ :]e a sep>ately fir$ sup]heat] is us$1 by keep+ ! fire l[ until ! load comes on1 or1 9 ! case :]e ! sup]heat] is "p ( ! boil]1 by ei!r n />t+ up ! sup]heat] until aft] load comes on1 or else keep+ ! sup]heat d[n by mix+ saturat$ /eam ) t :i* has be5 sup]heat$4 ,aft] ! plant has be5 />t$ up !re is little dang] f ?is s\rce1 b su* precautions %\ld be tak5 z seem be/ 9 ! p>ticul> cases4 ,tak+ up ! exhau/ end ( ! turb9e1 we h a mu* m /rik+ dep>ture f ! conditions famili> 9 ! reciprocat+ eng9e4 ,due to ! limits impos$ ^u ! volume ( ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e1 any increase 9 ! vacuum ov] #bc or #bd in*es1 9 ! case1 = in/ance1 ( a comp\nd-cond5s+ eng9e1 has v little1 if any1 effect on ! economy ( ! eng9e4 ,) ! turb9e1 on ! o!r h&1 any increase ( vacuum1 ev5 up to ! highe/ limits1 increases ! economy to a v consid]able ext5t &1 moreov]1 ! high] ! vacuum ! great] w be ! increase 9 ! economy = a giv5 addition to ! vacuum4 ,?us1 rais+ ! vacuum f #bg to #bh in*es has a great] effect ?an f #bc to #bd in*es4 ,= ?is reason ! eng9e] w readily p]ceive ! great desirability ( ma9ta9+ ! vacuum at ! highe/ possible po9t consi/5t ) ! satisfactory & economical op]ation ( ! cond5s]4 ,! exhau/ pipe %\ld always be c>ri$ d[nw>d to ! cond5s] :5 possible1 to keep ! wat] f back+ up f ! cond5s] into ! turb9e4 ,if ! cond5s] mu/ be locat$ above ! turb9e1 !n ! pipe %\ld be c>ri$ fir/ d[nw>d & !n upw>d 9 ! ,u =m1 9 ! mann] ( ! famili> entra9]1 :i* w be f\nd effectively to prev5t wat] gett+ back :5 ! turb9e is op]at+4 ,cond5s]s ,z has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out1 ! successful & satisfactory op]ation ( ! turb9e dep5ds v l>gely on ! cond5s]4 ,) ! reciprocat+ eng9e1 if ! cond5s] w give #be in*es vacuum1 x is consid]$ fairly good1 & x is all[$ to run along by itself until ! vacuum drops to some:]e bel[ #bj in*es1 :5 x is completely gone ov]1 & 9 _m cases practically rebuilt & ! vacuum br\ght back to ! orig9al #be in*es4 ,x has be5 se5 t ?is sort ( practice w nev] d 9 ! case ( ! turb9e cond5s] &1 unless ! vacuum c be regul>ly ma9ta9$ at #bg or #bh in*es1 ! cond5s] is n do+ z well z x ought to d1 or x is n ( ! prop] type1 unless p]haps ! temp]ature & ! quantity ( cool+ wat] available r5d] a high] vacuum unatta9able4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great purity ( ! cond5s$ /eam f ! turb9e & its peculi> availability = boil] fe$ 7!re be+ no oil ( any k9d mix$ ) x to injure ! boil]s71 ! surface cond5s] is v desirable 9 connection ) ! turb9e4 ,x fur!r recomm5ds itself by reason ( ! high vacuum obta9able4 ,:]e a cond5s] sy/em capable ( ! highe/ vacuum is in/all$1 ! ne$ ( utiliz+ x to its utmo/ capacity c h>dly be emphasiz$ too /rongly4 ,a high vacuum w1 ( c\rse1 mean special c>e & att5tion1 & cont9ual vigilance = air leaks 9 ! exhau/ pip+1 :i* w1 h[ev]1 be fully paid = by ! great increase 9 economy4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ t a high vacuum is ess5tial to successful op]ation ( ?is type ( turb9e1 = excell5t p]=mance bo? 9 ! matt] ( /eam consumption & op]ation is obta9$ ) inf]ior vacuum4 ,! *oice ( a cond5s]1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( special eng9e]+1 & is h>dly )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is article4 ,oils ,!re are sev]al oils on ! m>ket t are suitable = ! purpose ( ! turb9e oil+ sy/em1 b great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 _! selection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! oil mu/ be pure m9]al1 unadult]at$ ) ei!r animal or vegetable oils1 & mu/ h be5 wa%$ free f acid4 ,c]ta9 br&s ( oil require ! use ( sulphuric acid 9 _! manufacture & are v apt to conta9 v>y+ degrees ( free acid 9 ! f9i%$ product4 ,a sample f "o lot may h almo/ no acid1 :ile t f ano!r lot may conta9 a dang]\s am\nt4 ,m9]al oils t h be5 adult]at$1 :5 heat$ up1 w p>tially decompose1 =m+ acid4 ,^! oils may be v good lubricants :5 fir/ put into use1 b aft] a:ile !y lose all _! good qualities & become v h>mful to ! ma*9e by eat+ ! j\rnals 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,^! oils mu/ be v c>efully avoid$ 9 ! turb9e1 z ! *eapness ( _! fir/ co/ w 9 no way pay = ! damage !y may d4 ,a v good & simple way to te/ = su* adult]ations is to take up a quantity ( ! oil 9 a te/ tube ) a solution ( borax & wat]4 ,if !re is any animal or vegetable adult]ant pres5t x w appe> z a :ite milk-l emulsion :i* w sep>ate out :5 all[$ to /&4 ,! pure m9]al oil w appe> at ! top z a cle> liquid & ! excess ( ! borax solution at ! bottom1 ! emulsion be+ 9 betwe54 ,a numb] ( oils also conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( p>aff9 :i* is deposit$ 9 ! oil-cool+ coil1 prev5t+ ! oil f be+ cool$ prop]ly1 & 9 ! pipes & be>+s1 *ok+ ! oil passages & prev5t+ ! prop] circulation ( ! oil & cu%ion+ effect 9 ! be>+ tubes4 ,?is is n entirely a prohibitive drawback1 ! *ief objection be+ t x necessitates q frequ5tly clean+ ! cool+ coil1 & ! oil pip+ & be>+s4 ,"s high-class m9]al oils ( high viscosity are incl9$ to emulsify ) wat]1 :i* emulsion appe>s z a jelly-l sub/ance4 ,x might be add$ t high-grade oils hav+ a high viscosity might n be ! mo/ suitable = turb9e use4 ,s9ce ! consumption ( oil 9 a turb9e is s v small1 be+ practically due only to leakage or spill+1 ! price paid = x %\ld !re=e be ( second>y importance1 ! prime consid]ation be+ its suitability = ! purpose4 ,9 "s cases a c5tral gravity sy/em w be employ$1 in/ead ( ! oil sy/em furni%$ ) ! turb9e1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 w be a special consid]ation4 ,= l>ge in/allations a c5tral gravity oil+ sy/em has mu* to recomm5d x1 b z x p]=ms su* an important function 9 ! p[] plant1 & its failure w\ld be ! cause ( s mu* damage1 e detail 9 connection ) x %\ld be mo/ c>efully ?\ght out1 & design$ ) a view t "u no comb9ation ( circum/ances w\ld x be possible = ! sy/em to become inop]ative4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( su* a sy/em is t x c be design$ to conta9 v l>ge quantities ( oil 9 ! settl+ tanks2 ?us ! oil w h q a long re/ betwe5 ! times ( its be+ us$ 9 ! turb9e1 :i* seems to be v helpful 9 ext5d+ ! life ( ! oil4 ,:]e ! oil c h a long re/ = settl+1 an inf]ior grade ( oil may be us$1 provid+1 h[ev]1 t x is absolutely free ( acid4 ,v4 ,,prop] ,,me?od ,,( ,,te/+ ,a ,,/eam ,,turb9e#c #c ,contribut$ to ,p[] by ,?omas ,frankl94 ,! cond5s+ arrangem5ts ( a turb9e are p]haps ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ ! me?od ( te/4 ,! cond5s$ /eam alone1 issu+ f a turb9e hav+1 = example1 a b>ometric or jet cond5s]1 _c be directly measur$ or weigh$1 unless by met]1 & ^! at pres5t are n suffici5tly accurate to w>rant _! use = te/ purposes1 if any?+ m ?an approximate results are desir$4 ,! /eam consum$ c1 9 su* a case1 only be arriv$ at by measur+ ! am\nt ( cond5s+ wat] 7:i* ultimately m+les ) ! cond5s$ /eam71 & subtract+ ?is quantity f ! cond5s]'s total outfl[4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! case ( turb9es equipp$ ) b>ometric or jet cond5s]s1 x is (t5 ?\ght suffici5t to rely ^u ! measurem5t tak5 ( ! boil] fe$1 & ! boil]'s initial & f9al cont5ts4 ,turb9es equipp$ ) surface-cond5s+ plants (f] bett] facilities = accurate /eam-consumption calculations ?an ^? plants 9 :i* ! cond5s$ exhau/ /eam & ! circulat+ wat] come into actual contact1 x be+ necess>y ) ?is type simply to pump ! cond5s$ /eam into a weigh+ or measur+ tank4 ,9 ! case ( a s+le-fl[ turb9e ( ! ,p>sons type1 ! cov]s %\ld be tak5 (f & e r[ ( blades c>efully exam9$ = deposits1 me*anical irregul>ities1 deflection f ! true radial & v]tical positions1 etc4 ,! blade cle>ances also %\ld be gag$ all ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 to insure ?is cle>ance be+ an av]age work+ m9imum4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld a te/ be proce$$ ) :5 any d\bt exi/s z to ! cle>ance dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj ,! dummy r+s ( a turb9e1 namely1 ^? r+s :i* prev5t excessive leakage pa/ ! balanc+ pi/ons at ! high-pressure end1 %\ld h especial att5tion be=e a te/4 ,a diagrammatic sket* ( a turb9e cyl9d] & sp9dle is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 = ! b5efit ( ^? unfamili> ) ! subject4 ,9 ?is ,a is ! cyl9d] or cas+1 ,b ! sp9dle or rotor1 & ,c ! blades4 ,! balanc+ pi/ons1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 ! pressure ^u :i* c\nt]balances ! axial ?ru/ ^u ! ?ree-blad$ /ages1 are groov$1 ! brass dummy r+s ,g ,g 9 ! cyl9d] be+ al9$ )9 a few ?\s&?s ( an in* ( ! groov$ walls1 z indicat$4 ,aft] ^! r+s h be5 turn$ 7! turn+ be+ done aft] ! r+s h be5 calk$ 9 ! cyl9d]71 x is necess>y to insure t ea* r+ is p]fectly b$d$ to its respective groov$ wall s t :5 runn+ ! sev]al small cle>ances betwe5 ! groove walls & r+s are equal4 ,a capital me?od ( ?us b$d+ ! dummy r+s is to gr9d !m d[n ) a fl\r ( em]y or c>borundum1 :ile ! turb9e sp9dle is sl[ly revolv+ "u /eam4 ,"u ^! conditions ! op]ation is p]=m$ "u a high temp]ature1 & any slight p]man5t w>p ! r+s may take is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,! turb9e ?ru/-block1 :i* ma9ta9s ! sp9dle 9 correct position relatively to ! sp9dle1 may also be gr\nd ) advantage 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! dummy r+s are %[n on a l>ge scale 9 ,fig4 #fa1 & _! prelim9>y inspection may be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! sp9dle has be5 set & ! dummy r+s ,c are consequ5tly )9 a few ?\s&?s ( an in* ( ! walls d ( ! sp9dle dummy grooves ,d4 ,! cle>ances all[$ c be gag$ by a feel] plac$ betwe5 a r+ & ! groove wall4 ,be=e a te/ ! sp9dle %\ld be turn$ sl[ly ar\nd1 ! feel]s be+ kept 9 position4 ,by ?is means any me*anical flaws or irregul>ities 9 ! groove walls may be detect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa ,x has sometimes be5 f\nd t ! groove walls1 "u ! comb9$ action ( sup]heat$ /eam & friction1 9 cases :]e actual runn+ contact has occurr$1 h worn v consid]ably1 ! we> tak+ ! =m ( a rapid crumbl+ away4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t su* det]ioration may be due solely to ! quality ( ! /eel f :i* ! sp9dle is =g$4 ,good l[-p]c5tage c>bon-anneal$ /eel ought to )/& consid]able friction2 at all ev5ts ! we> "u any conditions %\ld be uni=m4 ,if ! surfaces ( bo? r+s & grooves be f\nd 9 bad condition1 !y %\ld be re-gr\nd1 if n suffici5tly worn to w>rant skimm+ up ) a tool4 ,z ! "q ( dummy leakage is ( v consid]able importance dur+ a te/1 x may n be inadvisable to describe ! mann] ( sett+ ! sp9dle & cyl9d] relatively to "o ano!r to insure m9imum leakage1 & ! me?ods ( not+ _! conduct dur+ a prolong$ run4 ,9 ,fig4 #fb1 %[+ ! sp9dle1 ,b is ! ?ru/ 7made 9 halves71 ! r+s ,o ( :i* fit into ! groov$ ?ru/-r+s ,c 9 ! sp9dle4 ,two lugs ,d are ca/ on ea* half ( ! ?ru/-block4 ,! inside faces ( ^! lugs are ma*9$1 & 9 !m fit ! ball ends ( ! lev]s ,e1 ! latt] be+ fulcrum$ at ,f 9 ! ?ru/-be>+ cov]4 ,! screws ,g1 work+ 9 bu%es1 also fit into ! ?ru/-be>+ cov]1 & are capable ( pu%+ aga9/ ! ends ( ! lev]s ,e & ?us adju/+ ! sep>ate halves ( ! block 9 opposite directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb ,! top half ( ! turb9e cyl9d] hav+ be5 lift$ (f1 ! sp9dle is set relatively to ! bottom half by means ( ! l[] ?ru/-block screw ,g4 ,?is screw is !n lock$ 9 position & ! top half ( ! cov] !n l[]$ into place4 ,) ?is me?od great c>e mu/ necess>ily be ex]cis$ :5 l[]+ ! top cov]2 o!rwise ! brass dummy r+s may be damag$4 ,a saf] me?od is to set ! dummy r+s 9 ! c5t] ( ! grooves ( ! sp9dle1 & !n to l[] ! cov]1 ) less possibility ( contact4 ,!re be+ usually pl5ty ( side cle>ance betwe5 ! blades ( a turb9e1 x may be deem$ q safe to lock ! ?ru/-block 9 its position1 by screw+ ! screws ,g up lightly1 & !n to turn on /eam & beg9 runn+ sl[ly4 ,next1 ! sp9dle may be v c>efully & gradually work$ 9 ! requir$ direction1 namely1 9 t direction :i* w t5d to br+ ! dummy r+s & groove walls into contact1 until actual b v light contact takes place4 ,! slighte/ noise made by ! rubb+ p>ts inside ! turb9e c be detect$ by plac+ "o end ( a metal rod onto ! cas+ 9 vic9ity ( ! dummy pi/ons1 & lett+ ! o!r end press h>d aga9/ ! e>4 ,contact betwe5 ! dummy r+s & sp9dle be+ ?us demon/rat$1 ! sp9dle mu/ be mov$ back by ! screws1 b only by ! slighte/ am\nt possible4 ,! m]e/ fraction ( a turn is en\gh to break ! contact1 :i* is all t is requir$4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is op]ation x is important1 dur+ ! axial movem5ts ( ! sp9dle1 to adju/ ! halves ( ! ?ru/-block s t !re c exi/ no possible play :i* w\ld leave ! sp9dle free to move axially & probably vibrate badly4 ,aft] asc]ta9+ ! condition ( ! dummy r+s1 att5tion might next be turn$ to ! ?ru/-block1 :i* mu/ n on any acc\nt be tight5$ up too mu*4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! actual requirem5ts are su* z w enable a v ?9 film ( oil to circulate betwe5 ea* wall ( ! sp9dle ?ru/-grooves & ! brass ?ru/-blocks r+4 ,9 o!r words1 !re %\ld be no actual pressure1 irrespective ( t ex]t$ by ! sp9dle :5 runn+1 ^u ! ?ru/-block r+s1 due to ! sep>ate halves hav+ be5 nipp$ too tightly4 ,! results ^u a te/ ( consid]able friction betwe5 ! sp9dle & ?ru/-r+s are obvi\s4 ,! consid]ations outl9$ reg>d+ balanc+ pi/ons & dummy r+s c be disp5s$ ) 9 connection ) impulse turb9es ( ! ,de ,laval & ,rateau types1 & also ) d\ble-fl[ turb9es ( a type :i* does n possess any dummies4 ,! same g5]al consid]ations respect+ blade conditions & ?ru/-blocks are applicable1 especially to ! latt] type4 ,) pure s-call$ impulse turb9es1 :]e ! blade cle>ances are comp>atively l>ge1 ! prelim9>y blade inspection %\ld be devot$ to ! me*anical condition ( ! blade edges & passages4 ,z ! /eam velocities ( ^! types are usually high]1 ! importance ( m9imiz+ ! sk9 friction & elim9at+ ! possibility ( eddies is great4 ,al?\gh /eam leakage ?r\gh ! valves ( a turb9e may n mat]ially affect its /eam consumption1 unless x be ! leakage ?r\gh ! ov]load valve dur+ a run on normal full load1 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( all valves is advocat$ = _m reasons4 ,9 a turb9e ! ma9 /eam-inlet valve is usually op]at$ automatically f ! gov]nor2 & :e!r x be ( ! pulsat+ type1 admitt+ ! /eam 9 bla/s1 or ( ! non-pulsat+ ?rottl+ type1 x is equally ess5tial to obta9 ! lea/ possible friction betwe5 all mov+ & /ation>y p>ts4 ,simil> rem>ks apply to ! ma9 gov]nor1 & any s5sitive transmitt+ me*anism connect+ x ) any ( ! turb9e valves4 ,if a safety or runaway gov]nor is possess$ by ! ma*9e to be te/$1 ?is %\ld inv>iably be tri$ "u ! requisite conditions be=e proce$+ f>!r4 ,! object ( ?is gov]nor be+ automatically to %ut (f all /eam f ! turb9e1 %\ld ! latt] ?r\gh any cause rise above ! normal spe$1 x is (t5 set to op]ate at ab\t #ab to #ae p] c5t4 above ! normal4 ,?us1 a turb9e revolv+ at ab\t #cjjj revolutions p] m9ute w\ld be clos$ d[n at1 say1 #cejj1 :i* w\ld be )9 ! limit ( safe spe$4 ,importance ( ,oil+ ,sy/em & ,wat] ,s]vice ,! oil "q1 be+ important1 %\ld be solv$ 9 ! e>ly /ages previ\sly1 if possible1 to any (ficial or un(ficial consumption te/s4 ,:e!r ! oil be suppli$ to ! turb9e be>+s by a self-conta9$ sy/em hav+ ! oil /or$ 9 ! turb9e b$plate or by gravity f a sep>ate oil s\rce1 does n affect ! "q 9 its pres5t aspect4 ,! necess>y po9ts to inve/igate are f\r 9 numb]1 & may be head$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,exam9ation ( pipes & p>titions = oil leakage4 7b7 ,det]m9ation ( volume ( oil fl[+ ?r\gh ea* be>+ p] unit ( "t4 7c7 ,exam9ation = signs ( wat] 9 oil4 7d7 ,det]m9ation ( temp]ature rise betwe5 inlet & outlet ( oil be>+s4 ,! turb9e suppli$ ) oil by ! gravity or any o!r sep>ate sy/em holds an advantage ov] ! ord9>y self-conta9$ ma*9e1 inasmu* z ! oil pipes convey+ oil into & f ! be>+s c be easily approa*$ &1 if necess>y1 repair$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ma*9e possess+ its own oil tank1 cool+ *amb] & pump is some:at at a disadvantage 9 ?is respect1 z a "p ( ! sy/em is necess>ily hidd5 f view1 &1 fur!r1 x is n easily accessible4 ,! leakage tak+ place 9 any sy/em1 if !re be any1 mu/1 h[ev]1 be detect$ & /opp$4 ,fig4 #fc is giv5 to illu/rate a dang] peculi> to ! self-conta9$ oil sy/em1 9 :i* ! oil & oil-cool+ *amb]s are situat$ adjac5tly 9 ! turb9e b$plate4 ,"o end ( ! b$plate only is %[n2 ,b is a ca/-iron p>tition divid+ ! oil *amb] ,c f ! oil-cool+ *amb] ,d4 ,ca/+s ( ?is k9d h sometimes a t5d5cy to spong9ess & ! tr\ble consequ5t ^u ?is weakness w\ld take ! =m ( leakage betwe5 ! two *amb]s4 ,( c\rse ?is is only a special case1 & ! conditions nam$ are h>dly likely to exi/ 9 e simil>ly design$ plant4 ,! capacity ( oil1 & especially ( hot oil1 to p]colate ?r\gh ! mo/ m9ute pores is well kn[n4 ,consequ5tly1 9 advocat+ extreme caution :5 deal+ ) oil leakage1 no apology is ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc ,x may be /at$ )\t fe> ( contradiction t ! oil 9 a self-conta9$ sy/em1 namely1 a sy/em 9 :i* ! oil1 /or$ 9 a res]voir ne> or und]nea? ! turb9e1 passes only ?r\gh t "o turb9e's be>+s1 & imm$iately back to ! /orage comp>tm5t1 det]iorates m rapidly ?an :5 circulat+ ar\nd an entire sy/em1 su* z ! gravity or o!r analog\s sy/em4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! oil tanks are usually plac$ a consid]able di/ance f ! turb9e or turb9es1 ) ! oil-cool+ arrangem5ts 9 fairly close proximity4 ,! total l5g? ( ! oil circuit is ?us consid]ably increas$1 incid5tally increas+ ! relative cool+ capacity ( ! :ole plant1 & !reby r$uc+ ! loss ( oil by vaporization4 ,! am\nt ( oil pass+ ?r\gh ! be>+s c be asc]ta9$ accurately by measurem5t4 ,) a sy/em su* z ! gravity x is only necess>y to run ! turb9e up to spe$1 turn on ! oil1 & !n1 ov] a p]iod1 calculate ! volume ( oil us$ by measur+ ! fall ( level 9 ! /orage tank & multiply+ by its kn[n cross-sectional area4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! return oil1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! be>+s1 is deliv]$ back into ! same tank f :i* x is extract$1 x is ( c\rse necess>y1 dur+ ! p]iod ( te/1 to div]t ?is return into a sep>ate tempor>y receptacle4 ,:]e ! sy/em possesses two tanks1 "o deliv]y & "o return 7a sup]ior arrangem5t71 ?is additional "w is unnecess>y4 ,! same me?od c be appli$ to individual turb9es pump+ _! own oil f a tank 9 ! b$plate2 ! return oil1 z previ\sly describ$1 be+ tempor>ily prev5t$ f runn+ back to ! supply4 ,! causes ( excessive oil consumption by be>+s are _m4 ,!re is an economical mean velocity at :i* ! oil mu/ fl[ along ! revolv+ sp9dle2 also an economical mean pressure1 ! latt] dim9i%+ f ! c5t] ( ! be>+ t[>d ! ends4 ,! aim ( ! economi/ mu/ !re=e be 9 ! direction ( adju/+ ^! quantities correctly 9 relation to a m9imum supply ( oil p] be>+2 & ! pr9cipal factors capable ( v>iation to atta9 c]ta9 requirem5ts are ! sev]al be>+ cle>ances measur$ z annul> orifices1 & ! be>+ diamet]s4 ,x is n always an easy matt] to detect ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 an oil sy/em1 & ?is difficulty is increas$ 9 l>ge circuits1 z ! wat]1 :5 ! oil is n fl[+1 g5]ally filt]s to ! l[e/ memb]s & pipes ( ! sy/em1 :]e x _c usually be se54 ,a consid]able quantity ( wat] 9 any sy/em1 h[ev]1 indicates its pres5ce by small globul> deposits on be>+s & sp9dles1 & 9 ! wor/ cases ! wat] c cle>ly be se5 9 a small sample tapp$ f ! oil ma9s4 ,!re is only "o effective me?od ( ridd+ ! oil ( ?is wat]1 & ?is is by all[+ ! :ole mass ( oil 9 ! sy/em to rema9 quiesc5t = a few days1 aft] :i* ! wat]1 :i* falls to ! l[e/ p>ts1 c be dra9$ (f4 ,a simple me?od ( cle>+ out ! sy/em is to pump all ! oil ! :ole circuit conta9s ?r\gh ! filt]s1 & !nce to a tank f :i* all wat] c be tak5 (f4 ,"o ( ! ord9>y supply tanks us$ 9 ! gravity sy/em w s]ve ?is purpose1 %\ld a tempor>y tank n be at h&4 ,if necess>y1 ! head]s & auxili>y pipes ( ! sy/em c be clean$ out be=e circulat+ ! oil aga91 b z ?is is r a l>ge und]tak+1 x ne$ only be resort$ to 9 s]i\s cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,x is seldom possible to discov] ! correct & p]man5t temp]ature rise ( ! circulat+ oil 9 a turb9e )9 ! limit$ "t usually allot$ = a te/4 ,aft] a cont9u\s run ( "o hundr$ h\rs x is possible t ! temp]ature at ! be>+ outlets may be l[] ?an x 0 aft] ! ma*9e _h run =1 say1 only tw5ty h\rs4 ,z a matt] ( fact an oil-temp]ature curve plott$ f p]iodical read+s tak5 ov] a cont9u\s run ( consid]able l5g? usually rea*es a maximum e>ly1 aft]w>d fall+ to a temp]ature ab\t :i* ! fluctuations are only slight dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! run4 ,fig4 #fd illu/rates an oil-temp]ature curve plott$ f read+s tak5 ov] a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ?is case ! oil sy/em 0 ( ! gravity description1 ! capacity ( ! turb9e be+ ab\t #fjjj kil[atts4 ,! be>+s 7 ( ! ord9>y :ite-metal sph]ical type4 ,ov] ext5d$ runs ( hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( h\rs1 ! above d$uctions may be sc>cely applicable4 ,runn+ )\t break = s long1 a small turb9e circulat+ its own lubricant w\ld possibly require a r5ewal ( ! oil be=e ! run 0 complet$1 9 ! ma9 ow+ to excessive temp]ature rise & consequ5t det]ioration ( ! quality ( ! oil4 ,"u ^! conditions ! probabilities are t sev]al temp]ature fluctuations might occur be=e ! f9al maximum1 & m or less con/ant1 temp]ature 0 rea*$4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 ! results obta9$ are to a v l>ge ext5t det]m9$ by ! g5]al me*anical design & con/ruction ( ! oil+ sy/em & turb9e4 ,a ref]5ce to ,fig4 #fc aga9 reveals at once a weakness 9 t design1 namely1 ! unnecess>ily close proximity 9 :i* ! oil & wat] tanks are plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe ,a design ( !rmomet] cup suitable = oil !rmomet]s is giv5 9 ,fig4 #fe 9 :i* ,a is an end view ( ! turb9e b$plate1 ,b is a turb9e be>+ & ,c & ,d are ! inlet & outlet pipes1 respectively4 ,! !rmomet] fitt+s1 :i* are plac$ z ne> ! be>+ z is practicable1 are made 9 ! =m ( an angul> tee fitt+1 ! oil pipes be+ screw$ into its ends4 ,! con/ruction ( ! oil cup & tee piece is %[n 9 ! detail at ! left :]e ,a is ! /eel tee piece1 into :i* is screw$ ! brass !rmomet] cup ,b4 ,! holl[ bottom portion ( ?is cup is less ?an #a_/af ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! top portion ( ! bor$ hole is enl>g$ z %[n1 & into ?is1 ar\nd ! !rmomet]1 is plac$ a non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,! cup itself is g5]ally fill$ ) a ?9 oil ( good conductance4 ,alli$ to ! oil sy/em ( a turb9e plant is ! wat] s]vice1 ( comp>atively little importance 9 connection ) s+le self-conta9$ units ( small capacity1 :]e ! entire s]vice simply consi/s ( a few coils & pipes1 b ( ! fir/ consid]ation 9 l>ge in/allations hav+ num]\s sep>ate units suppli$ by oil & wat] f an ext]ior s\rce4 ,! l>ge/ turb9e units are (t5 suppli$ ) wat] = cool+ ! be>+s & o!r p>ts liable to atta9 high temp]ature4 ,al?\gh ! wat] us$ = cool+ ! be>+s indirectly supplem5ts ! action tak+ place 9 ! sep>ate oil cool]s1 x is ( necessity a sep>ate auxili>y s]vice 9 itself1 & ! complexity ( ! sy/em is ?us add$ to4 ,a c>efully con/ruct$ wat] s]vice1 h[ev]1 is h>dly likely to give tr\ble ( a me*anical nature4 ,! m s]i\s defici5cies usually arise f conditions inh]5t to ! design1 & z su* mu/ be approa*$4 ,special ,turb9e ,features to be ,inquir$ into ,be=e leav+ ! prime mov] itself1 & proce$+ to ! auxili>y plant inspection1 x may be well to in/ance a few special features relat+ to ! g5]al conduct ( a turb9e1 :i* x is ! duty ( a te/] to inquire into4 ,!re are c]ta9 specifi$ qualifications :i* a ma*9e mu/ hold :5 runn+ "u its comm]cial conditions1 among ^! be+ lack ( vibration ( bo? turb9e & ma*9]y driv51 be x g5]ator or fan1 ! satisfactory runn+ ( auxili>y turb9e p>ts directly driv5 f ! turb9e sp9dle1 m9imum friction betwe5 ! driv+ m$iums1 su* z worm-:eels1 pumps1 fans1 etc41 slight irregul>ities ( con/ruction1 (t5 result+ 9 heat$ p>ts & excessive friction & we>1 & mu/ !re=e be detect$ & right$ be=e ! f9al te/4 ,fur!rmore1 ^? features ( design--& !y are n infrequ5t 9 _m ma*9es ( rec5t developm5t--:i*1 9 practice1 d n fulfil !oretical expectations1 mu/ be re-design$ ^u l9es ( practical consi/5cy4 ,! exp]i5c$ te/]'s op9ion is (t5 at ?is po9t invaluable4 ,to illu/rate ! =ego+1 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 & #fh are giv51 repres5t+1 respectively1 ?ree di/9ct phases 9 ! evolution ( a turb9e "p1 namely1 ! c\pl+4 ,briefly1 an ord9>y c\pl+ connect+ a driv+ & a driv5 %aft becomes ob/9ate :5 ! two sep>ate sp9dles :i* x connects are n truly al9$4 ,! desire ( turb9e manufactur]s has consequ5tly be5 to design a flexible c\pl+1 capable ( accommodat+ a c]ta9 want ( al9em5t betwe5 ! two sp9dles )\t 9 any way affect+ ! smoo? runn+ ( ! :ole unit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg ,9 ,fig4 #ff ,a is ! turb9e sp9dle end & ,b ! g5]ator sp9dle end1 :i* x is requir$ to drive4 ,x w be se5 f ! cross-sectional end view t bo? sp9dle ends are squ>$1 ! c\pl+ ,c1 ) a squ>e hole runn+ ?r\gh x1 fitt+ accurately ov] bo? sp9dle ends z %[n4 ,obvi\sly ! fit betwe5 ! c\pl+ & sp9dle 9 ?is case mu/ be close1 o!rwise consid]able we> w\ld take place2 & equally obvi\s is ! fact ?an any want ( al9em5t betwe5 ! two sp9dles ,a & ,b w be accompani$ by a sev]e /ra9 ^u ! c\pl+1 & incid5tally by _m o!r tr\bles ( op]ation ( :i* ?is inability ( ! c\pl+ to accommodate itself to a little want ( al9em5t is ! inh]5t cause4 ,look+ at ! c\pl+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fg1 x w be se5 t some?+ "h is mu* bett] adapt$ to deal+ ) tr\bles ( al9em5t4 ,! turb9e & g5]ator sp9dles ,a & ,b1 respectively1 are con$ at ! ends1 & ^u ^! tap]$ portions are %runk circul> heads ,c & ,d hav+ tee? ^u _! out] circumf]5ces4 ,made 9 halves1 & fitt+ ov] ! heads1 is a sleeve-piece1 ) tee? cut into its inn] bor$ face4 ,! tee? ( ! heads & sleeve are proportion$ correctly to )/&1 )\t /ra91 ! greate/ pressure liable to be ?r[n ^u !m4 ,!re is practically no play betwe5 ! tee?1 b !re exi/s a small annul> cle>ance betwe5 ! p]iph]y ( ! heads & ! inside bore ( ! sleeve1 :i* all[s a slight lack ( al9em5t to exi/ betwe5 ! two sp9dles1 )\t any /ra9 :atev] be+ felt by ! c\pl+ sleeve ,e4 ,! nuts ,f & ,g prev5t any lat]al movem5t ( ! c\pl+ heads ,c & ,d4 ,= all practical requirem5ts ?is type ( c\pl+ is satisfactory1 z ! cle>ances all[$ betwe5 slid+ sleeve & c\pl+ heads c always be made suffici5t to accommodate a consid]able want ( al9em5t1 f> beyond any?+ :i* is likely to occur 9 actual practice4 ,p]haps ! only feature aga9/ x is its lack ( simplicity ( con/ruction & correspond+ co/l9ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh ,! type illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fh is a di/9ct advance ^u ei!r ( ! two previ\s examples1 because1 !oretically at lea/1 x is capable ( successfully accommodat+ almo/ any am\nt ( sp9dle movem5t4 ,! turb9e & g5]ator sp9dle ends1 ,a & ,b1 h too!d heads ,c & ,d %runk ^u !m1 ! heads be+ secur$ by ! nuts ,e & ,f4 ,! tee? 9 ?is case are cut 9 ! enl>g$ ends z %[n4 ,a sleeve ,g1 made 9 halves1 fits ov] ! heads1 & ! tee? cut 9 ea* half engage ) ^? ( _! respective heads4 ,all ! tee? & tee? faces are cut radially1 & a little side play is all[$4 ,! ,cond5s] ,to "s ext5t1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 ! cond5s] & cond5s+ arrangem5ts are in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ ! l9es ^u :i* a te/ ought to be c>ri$ out4 ,9 g5]al1 ! local features ( a plant re/rict ! te/] m or less 9 ! application ( 8 g5]al me?ods4 ,a ?or\gh inspection1 includ+ "s prelim9>y te/s if necess>y1 is z ess5tial to ! good conduct ( ! cond5s+ plant z to ! turb9e above x4 ,x may be int]e/+ to outl9e ! usual c\rse ?is inspection takes1 & to draw att5tion to a few ( ! special features ( diff]5t plants4 ,= ?is purpose a type ( v]tical cond5s] is depict$ 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,its g5]al pr9ciple w be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ description3 ,exhau/ /eam f ! turb9e fl[s d[n ! pipe ,t & ent]s ! cond5s] at ! top z %[n1 :]e x at once comes into contact ) ! wat] tubes 9 ,w4 ,^! tubes fill an annul> area1 ! c5tral un-tub$ portion bel[ ! baffle cap ,b =m+ ! vapor *amb]4 ,! cond5s$ /eam falls ^u ! bottom tube-plate ,p & is c>ri$ away by ! pipe ,s lead+ to ! wat] pump ,h4 ,! ,y pipe ,e t]m9at+ above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! cond5s] ent]s ! dry-air pump section pipe ,a4 ,cold circulat+ wat] ent]s ! cond5s] at ! bottom1 ?r\gh ! pipe ,i1 & ent]+ ! wat] *amb] ,x proce$s upw>d ?r\gh ! tubes into ! top-wat] *amb] ,y1 & f !re out ( ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! exit pipe4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! vapor extract$ ?r\gh ! plate ,p passes on its j\rney out ( ! cond5s] ?r\gh ! cool+ *amb] ,d surr\nd$ by ! cold circulat+ wat]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a v advantage\s feature4 ,at ,r is ! cond5s] relief1 at ,u ! relief valve = ! wat] *amb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi ,a new cond5s]1 especially if x embody new & untri$ features1 g5]ally requires a little "t & pati5ce ere ! be/ results c be obta9$ f x4 ,p]haps ! quicke/ & mo/ satisfactory me?od ( gett+ at ! weak po9ts ( ?is portion ( a plant is to te/ ! v>i\s elem5ts individually be=e apply+ a /rict load te/4 ,?us1 9 deal+ ) a cond5s] simil> to t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fi1 ! c>eful te/] w\ld probably make1 9 addition to a ?or\gh me*anical exam9ation1 ?ree or f\r individual vacuum & wat] te/s4 ,a brief description ( ^! w be giv54 ,! wat] te/1 ! purpose ( :i* is to discov] any leakage f ! tubes1 tube-plates1 wat] pipes1 etc41 into portions ( ! /eam or air *amb]s1 %\ld be made fir/4 ,wat] ,te/s ( ,cond5s] ,! cond5s] is fir/ ?or\ghly dri$ out1 p>ticul> c>e be+ giv5 to ! outside ( ! tubes & ! bottom tube-plate ,p4 ,wat] is !n circulat$ ?r\gh ! tubes & *amb]s = an h\r or two1 aft] :i* ! pumps are /opp$1 all wat] is all[$ to dra9 out & a c>eful exam9ation is made inside4 ,any wat] leak+ f ! tubes above ! bottom baffle-plate w ultimately be deposit$ ^u t plate4 ,x is ess5tial to /op ?is leakage if !re be any1 o!rwise ! cond5s$ /eam measur$ dur+ ! consumption te/ w be increas$ to ! ext5t ( ! leakage4 ,a slight leakage 9 a l>ge cond5s] w obvi\sly n affect ! results to any s]i\s ext5t4 ,! safe/ c\rse to adopt :5 a leak is discov]$ & x is f\nd inopportune to effect imm$iate repair is to measure ! actual volume ( leakage ov] a specifi$ p]iod1 & ! quantity !n be+ kn[n x c be subtract$ f ! volume ( ! cond5s$ /eam at ! end ( ! consumption te/4 ,x is equally ess5tial t no leakage %all occur betwe5 ! bottom tube-plate ,p & ! tube ends4 ,! s\ndness ( ! tube jo9ts1 & ! jo9t at ! p]iph]y ( ! tube-plate c be te/$ by well cov]+ ! plate ) wat]1 ! wat] *amb] ,w & cool+ *amb] hav+ be5 previ\sly empti$1 & obs]v+ ! "u side ( ! plate4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! practice ( measur+ ! ext5t ( a wat] leak ov] a p]iod1 & aft]w>d ) ?is k adju/+ ! obta9$ quantities1 is n always satisfactory4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld any te/ be made ) consid]able wat] leakage inside ! cond5s]4 ,! above me?od1 h[ev]1 is p]haps ! mo/ reliable to be foll[$1 if dur+ its conduct ! conditions ( temp]ature 9 ! cond5s] are made z ne> to ! normal te/ temp]ature z possible4 ,!re are _m cond5s]s us+ salt wat] 9 _! tubes1 & 9 ^! cases x w\ld seem natural to turn to "s analytical me?od ( detect+ ! am\nt ( sal9e & =eign matt] leak+ into ! cond5s$ /eam4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 only approximate results are requir$1 su* me?ods are n advocat$4 ,!re are _m reasons :y !y _c be reli$ ^u = accurate results1 among ^! be+ ! v>iation 9 ! p]c5tage ( sal9e matt] 9 ! sea-wat]1 ! v>y+ temp]ature ( ! cond5s] tubes ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( su* analysis1 especially :]e ! p]c5tage leakage ( pure sal9e matt] is comp>atively small4 ,! ,vacuum ,te/ ,hav+ conv9c$ himself ( ! satisfactory conduct ( ! cond5s] "u ! =ego+ simple prep>atory wat] te/s1 ! te/] may safely pass to consid]ations ( vacuum4 ,!re exi/s a good old-fa%ion$ me?od ( discov]+ ! po9ts ( leakage 9 a vacuum *amb]1 namely1 t ( apply+ ! flame ( a c&le to all seams & o!r vuln]able spots1 :i* 9 ! location ( big leaks is extremely valuable4 ,assum+ t ! turb9e jo9ts & gl&s h be5 f\nd capable ( prev5t+ any inleak ( air1 ) only a small absolute pressure ( /eam or air inside x1 &1 fur!r1 an extremely important condition1 ) ! turb9e cas+ at high & l[ temp]atures1 sep>ately1 a vacuum te/ c be conduct$ on ! cond5s] alone4 ,?is te/ consi/s ( ?ree op]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place a high vacuum is obta9$ by means ( ! air pump1 ^u ! atta9m5t ( :i* communication ) ev]y?+ else is clos$1 & results not$4 ,! second op]ation consi/s 9 repeat+ ! above ) ! wat] circulat+ ?r\gh ! cond5s] tubes1 ! results 9 ?is case also be+ c>efully tabulat$4 ,be=e conduct+ ! ?ird te/1 ! cond5s]s mu/ be ?or\ghly w>m$ ?r\gh\t1 by runn+ ! turb9e = a %ort "t if necess>y1 & aft] clos+ communication ) ev]y?+1 all[+ ! vacuum to sl[ly fall4 ,a c>eful consid]ation & comp>ison ( ! =ego+ te/s w reveal ! capabilities ( ! cond5s] 9 ! aspect 9 :i* x is be+ consid]$1 & w sugge/ :]e necess>y ! desirable /eps to be tak54 ,,vi4 ,,te/+ ,a ,,/eam ,,turb9e#d #d ,contribut$ to ,p[] by ,?omas ,frankl94 ,special ,auxili>y ,plant = ,consumption ,te/ ,!re are "o or two po9ts ( importance 9 ! conduct ( a te/ on a turb9e & ^! w be briefly t\*$ ^u4 ,fig4 #gj illu/rates ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! special auxili>y plant necess>y = c>ry+ ?r\gh a consumption te/1 :5 ! turb9e exhau/ passes ?r\gh a surface cond5s]4 ,! cond5s$ /eam1 aft] leav+ ! cond5s]1 passes along ! pipe ,a to ! pump1 & is !n =c$ along ! pipe ,b 7lead+ "u ord9>y circum/ances to ! hot-well71 ?r\gh ! ma9 wat] valve ,c directly to ! measur+ tanks4 ,to ent] ^! ! wat] has to pass ?r\gh ! valves ,d & ,e1 :ile ! valves ,f & ,g are = quickly empty+ ! tanks :5 necess>y1 be+ ( a l>g] bore ?an ! inlet valves4 ,! inlet pipes ,h ,i are plac$ directly above ! outlet valves1 & ?us1 :5 requir$1 be=e any measurem5ts are tak51 ! wat] c fl[ directly ?r\gh ! outlet valves1 ! pipes t]m9at+ only a %ort di/ance above !m1 away to an auxili>y tank or directly to ! hot-well4 ,lev]s ,k & ,l fulcrum$ at ,j & ,j are connect$ to ! valve sp9dles by auxili>y lev]s4 ,! valve arrangem5t is su* t by pull+ d[n ! lev] ,k ! inlet valve ,d is op5$ & ! inlet valve ,e is clos$4 ,aga91 by pull+ d[n ! lev] ,l ! outlet valve ,f is clos$1 :ile ! outlet valve ,g is also simultane\sly clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj ,dur+ a consumption te/ ! valves are op]at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! lev] ,k is pull$ d[n1 :i* op5s ! inlet valve to ! fir/ tank & closes t to ! second4 ,! bottom lev] ,l1 h[ev]1 is lift$1 :i* = ! "t be+ op5s ! outlet valve ,f1 & incid5tally op5s ! valve ,g2 ! latt] valve c2 h[ev]1 = ! mom5t be neglect$4 ,:5 ! turb9e is />t$1 & ! cond5s$ /eam beg9s to accumulate 9 ! cond5s]1 ! wat] is pump$ along ! pipes &1 bo? ! inlet & outlet valves on ! fir/ tank be+ op51 passes ?r\gh1 )\t any be+ deposit$ 9 ! tank1 to ! dra94 ,?is may be cont9u$ until all conditions are "r = a consumption te/ &1 ! "t be+ c>efully not$1 lev] ,l is quickly pull$ d[n & ! valves ,f & ,g clos$4 ,! fir/ tank n[ gradually fills1 & aft] a def9ite p]iod1 say fifte5 m9utes1 ! lev] ,k is pu%$ up1 ?us div]t+ ! fl[ into ! second tank4 ,:ile ! latt] is fill+1 ! wat] 9 ! fir/ tank is measur$1 & ! tank empti$ by a l>ge sluice valve1 n %[n4 ,! op]ation ( alt]nately fill+1 measur+1 & empty+ ! two measur+ tanks is ?us c>ri$ on until ! pr$et]m9$ "t ( duration ( te/ has expir$1 :5 ! total wat] z measur$ 9 ! tanks1 & repres5t+ ! am\nt ( /eam cond5s$ dur+ t "t1 is easily f\nd by add+ toge!r ! quantities giv5 at ea* individual measurem5t4 ,all t are necess>y to insure successful results f a plant simil> to ?is are c>e & accuracy 9 its op]ation & con/ruction4 ,und\bt$ly 9 mo/ cases x is pref]able to weigh ! cond5s$ /eam in/ead ( measur+ ! volume pass$1 & f t to calculate ! weight4 ,if dep5d5ce is be+ plac$ ^u ! volumetric me?od1 x is advisable to l5g!n ! duration ( ! te/ consid]ably1 & if possible to measure ! fe$-wat] evaporat$ at ! same "t4 ,su* a c\rse1 h[ev]1 w\ld necessitate little *ange1 & none ( a radical nature1 f ! arrangem5t describ$4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! measur+ me?od is adopt$1 ! all-important feature1 requir+ on ! te/]'s "p c>eful p]sonal inve/igation1 is ! graduation ( ! tanks4 ,x facilitates ?is op]ation v consid]ably :5 ! receptacles are graduat$ ^u a weight scale4 ,t is to say1 :e!r or n a v]tical scale %[+ ! actual hight ( wat] be plac$ inside ! tank1 x is advisable to h a sep>ate scale indicat+ at once to ! att5dant ! actual cont5ts1 by weight1 ( ! tank at any "t4 ,x is ! te/]'s duty to himself to *eck ! graduation ( ?is latt] scale by weigh+ ! wat] ) :i* he p]=ms ! op]ation ( *eck+4 ,ap>t f ! =ego+1 !re is little to be said ab\t ! measur+ app>atus4 ,z has be5 /at$1 accuracy ( result dep5ds 9 ?is connection1 z 9 all o!rs1 ^u c>eful sup]vision & s\nd & accurate con/ruction1 & ?is ! te/] c only positively insure by exhau/ive inspection 9 ! "o case & c>eful delib]ation 9 ! conduct ( ! o!r4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! proc$ure--& ?is implies "s limitations--( a te/ is to an ext5t controll$ by ! conditions1 or p>ticul> environm5t ( ! mom5t4 ,?is is /rictly true1 & z a consequ5ce x is (t5 impossible1 9 a mak]'s works1 = example1 to obta9 e condition1 co9cid+ ) ^? specifi$1 :i* are to be _h on ! site ( f9al op]ation only4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld appe> be/ to res]ve ! f9al & crucial te/ ( a ma*9e1 :i* te/ usually 9 ! op]at+ s5se re/ricts a prime mov] 9 c]ta9 directions ) reg>d to its auxili>y plant1 etc41 until ! ma*9e has be5 f9ally erect$ on its site4 ,obvi\sly1 unless a ma*9e _h become m or less /&>diz$1 a prelim9>y consumption te/ w\ld be necess>y1 b once ?is prim>y qualification respect+ consumption _h be5 satisfactorily settl$1 !re appe>s to be no reason :y exhau/ive te/s 9 o!r directions %\ld n all be c>ri$ out ^u ! site1 :]e ! conditions = !m are s mu* m favorable4 ,:5 ! /eam consumption ( a /eam turb9e is s mu* high] ?an ! gu>ante$ quantity1 x usually takes little less ?an a recon/ruction to put ?+s "r4 ,! m9or qualifications ( a ma*9e1 h[ev]1 :i* c be exam9$ into & te/$ ) great] ease1 & usually at consid]ably less exp5se1 ^u ! site1 & consequ5tly "u specifi$ conditions1 may be advantage\sly left ov] until t site is rea*$1 :]e x is obvi\s t any %ortcom+s & g5]al defici5cy 9 p]=mance w be m quickly detect$ & diagnos$4 ,te/ ,loads f ! ,te/]'s ,view-po9t ,be=e proce$+ to describe ! po9ts ( actual int]e/ 9 ! consumption te/1 a few consid]ations respect+ te/ loads w be dealt ) f ! te/]'s po9t ( view4 ,"h aga9 we (t5 f9d ourselves re/rict$1 to an ext5t1 by ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! v fir/ consid]ations1 :5 und]tak+ to c>ry out a consumption te/1 %\ld be devot$ to obta9+ ! /eadie/ possible lead ,transcrib]3 load84 ,x may be1 & is 9 _m cases1 t circum/ances are su* z to all[ a /eady electrical load to be obta9$ at almo/ any "t4 ,on ! o!r h& an electrical load ( any description is sometimes n procurable at all1 )\t ! in/allation ( a special plant = ! purpose4 ,9 su* cases a me*anical friction load1 z1 = example1 t obta9$ by ! wat] brake1 is sometimes available1 or c easily be procur$4 ,:]eas1 h[ev]1 ?is type ( load may be satisfactory = small ma*9es1 x is usually q impossible = use ) l>ge units1 (1 say1 #ejjj kil[atts & upw>d4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 t turb9es are made 9 l>ge sizes = directly driv+ any?+ b electrical plants1 al?\gh !re is e possibility ( direct me*anical driv+ betwe5 l>ge /eam turb9es & plants ( v>i\s descriptions1 %ortly com+ into vogue1 s t usually !re exi/ "s facilities = obta9+ an electrical load at bo? ! mak]'s works & ^u ! site ( op]ation4 ,"o consid]ation ( importance is wor? inquir+ into1 & ?is has relation to ! l>ge/ turbo-g5]ators suppli$ = p[]-/ation & l purposes4 ,obvi\sly1 ! te/+ (1 say1 a #gjjj-kil[att alt]nator by any /&>d electrical-te/+ me?od mu/ entail consid]able exp5se1 if su* a te/ is to be c>ri$ out 9 ! mak]'s works4 ,nor w\ld ?is exp5se be mat]ially decreas$ by transf]r+ ! op]ations to ! p[]-/ation1 & !re erect+ ! necess>y electrical plant = obta9+ a wat] load1 or any o!r in/allation ( suffici5t capacity to c>ry ! requir$ load accord+ to ! rat$ full capacity ( ! ma*9e4 ,assum+1 !n1 t !re exi/ no p]man5t facilities at ei!r end1 namely ! mak]'s works & ! p[] /ation1 = adequately procur+ a /eady electrical-te/+ load ( suffici5t capacity1 !re /ill rema9s1 9 ?is in/ance1 an alt]native s\rce ( p[] :i* is usually suffici5tly ela/ic to s]ve all purposes1 & ?is is ( c\rse ! total v>iable load procurable f ! /ation bus-b>s4 ,x is conceivable t "o out ( a numb] ( ma*9es runn+ 9 p>allel might c>ry a p]fectly /eady load1 ! latt] be+ a fraction ( a total v>y+ quantity1 leav+ ! rema9+ ma*9es to receive & deal ) all fluctuations :i* might occur4 ,ev5 9 ! ev5t ( !re be+ only two ma*9es1 x is possible to ma9ta9 ! load on "o ( !m comp>atively /eady1 ?\gh ! p]c5tage v>iation 9 load on ei!r side ( ! normal w\ld 9 ! latt] case be great] ?an 9 ! previ\s "o4 ,?is is accompli%$ by gov]nor regulation aft] ! ma*9es h be5 p>allel$4 ,= example1 assum+ ?ree turbo-alt]nators ( simil> make & capacity to be runn+ 9 p>allel1 ea* ma*9e c>ry+ exactly "o-?ird ( ! total di/ribut$ load1 x is fair to reg>d ! gov]nor condition1 all[+ = slight me*anical disp>ities ( con/ruction1 ( all ?ree ma*9es z be+ simil>2 & ev5 9 ! case ( ?ree ma*9es ( diff]5t capacity & con/ruction1 ! gov]nor conditions :5 ! ma*9es are p>allel$ are m or less relatively & p]man5tly fix$ 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! v>iation 9 load on ea* ma*9e is ! same1 ! relative v>iation 9 ! gov]nor condition mu/ be con/ant4 ,by a previ\sly m5tion$ sy/em ( gov]nor regulation1 h[ev]1 x is possible1 consid]+ aga9 = a mom5t ! case ( ?ree ma*9es 9 p>allel1 by decreas+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( "o gov]nor only1 to accommodate ne>ly all ! total v>iation 9 load by means ( ! two rema9+ ma*9es1 ! unresponsiv5ess ( ! "o gov]nor to *ange 9 spe$ ma9ta9+ ! load on t ma*9e fairly con/ant4 ,by ?is me?od1 at any rate1 ! v>iation 9 load on any "o ma*9e c be m9imiz$ d[n to1 say1 #c p] c5t1 ei!r side ( ! normal full load4 ,!re is ano!r & m positive me?od by :i* a p]fectly /eady load c be ma9ta9$ ^u "o ma*9e ( sev]al runn+ 9 p>allel4 ,?is may be c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,suppose1 9 a /ation hav+ a total capacity ( #bj1jjj kil[atts1 !re are ?ree ma*9es1 two ( #fjjj kil[atts ea*1 & "o ( #hjjj kil[atts1 & x is desir$ to c>ry out a /eady full-load te/ ^u "o ( ! #fjjj kil[atts units4 ,assum+ t ! te/ is to be ( six h\rs' duration1 & t ! conditions ( load fluctuations ^u ! /ation are well kn[n1 ! fir/ /ep to take is to select a p]iod = ! te/ dur+ :i* ! total load ^u all ma*9es is n likely to fall bel[1 say1 #hjjj kil[atts4 ,! t5sion ^u ! gov]nor spr+ ( ! turb9e to be te/$ mu/ !n be adju/$ s t ! ma*9e on ea* peak load is tax$ to its utmo/ normal capacity2 & ev5 :5 ! /ation load falls to its m9imum1 ! load f ! p>ticul> ma*9e %all n be releas$ suffici5tly to all[ x to fall bel[ #fjjj kil[atts4 ,"u ^! conditions1 !n1 x may be assum$ t al?\gh ! load on ! te/ ma*9e w v>y1 x _c fall bel[ #fjjj kil[atts4 ,!re=e1 all t rema9s to be done to insure a p]fectly /eady load equal to ! normal full load ( ! ma*9e1 or #fjjj kil[atts1 is to fix ! ma9 ?rottle or gov]n+ valve 9 su* a position t ! /eam pass+ ?r\gh at con/ant pressure is j capable ( su/a9+ full spe$ "u ! load requir$4 ,:5 ?is me?od is adopt$1 x is desirable to fix a simple hight-adju/+ & lock+ me*anism to ! gov]n+-valve sp9dle4 ,! load z read on ! indicat+ wattmet] c !n be v accurately v>i$ until correct1 & f>!r v>i$1 if necess>y1 %\ld any *ange occur 9 ! g5]al conditions :i* might ei!r directly or indirectly br+ ab\t a *ange ( load4 ,prep>+ ! ,turb9e = ,te/+ ,all prelim9>y labors connect$ ) a te/ be+ satisfactorily dispos$ (1 x only rema9s to place ! turb9es "u ! requir$ conditions1 & to !n proce$ ) ! te/4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? inexp]i5c$ 9 ! op]ation ( l>ge turb9es1 we w assume t su* a ma*9e is ab\t to be />t$ = ! purpose outl9$4 ,x is always advisable to make a /rict practice ( gett+ all ! auxili>y plant "u way be=e />t+ up ! turb9e4 ,9 h&l+ a turb9e plant ! sev]al op]ations might be c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7 ,circulat+ oil ?r\gh all be>+s & oil *amb]s4#e 7#b7 ,/>t+ ( cond5s] circulat+-wat] pumps1 & cont9u\s circulation ( circulat+ wat] ?r\gh ! tubes ( cond5s]4 7#c7 ,/>t+ ( pump deliv]+ cond5s$ /eam f ! cond5s] hot-well to weigh+ tanks4 7#d7 ,/>t+ ( air pump1 vacuum be+ rais$ z high z possible )9 cond5s]4 7#e7 ,seal+ ( turb9e gl&s1 :e!r ( liquid or /eam type1 no adju/m5t ( ! quantity ( seal+ fluid be+ necess>y1 h[ev]1 at ?is po9t4 7#f7 ,adju/m5t ( valves on & lead+ to ! wat]-weigh+ tanks4 7#g7 ,op5+ ( ma9 exhau/ valve or valves betwe5 turb9e & cond5s]4 7#h7 ,/>t+ up ( turb9e & sl[ly runn+ to spe$4 7#i7 ,application ( load1 & adju/m5t ( gl&-seal+ /eam4 #e ,9 a self-conta9$ sy/em1 :]e ! oil pump is usually driv5 f ! turb9e sp9dle1 ?is w\ld ( c\rse be impossible4 ,9 ! gravity & alli$ sy/ems1 h[ev]1 x %\ld always be ! fir/ op]ation p]=m$4 ,! te/s = oil consumption1 describ$ previ\sly1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ out1 x is assum$ t suitable means h be5 adopt$ to re/rict ! total oil fl[ ?r\gh ! be>+s to a m9imum quantity4 ,! runn+ to spe$ ( l>ge turbo-alt]nators requires consid]able c>e1 & %\ld always be done sl[ly2 t is to say ! rate ( accel]ation %\ld be sl[4 ,x is well kn[n t ! vibration ( a heavy unit is accompani$ by a syn*ron\s or non-syn*ron\s vibration ( ! f\ndation ^u :i* x re/s4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to p]fect syn*ronism betwe5 unit & f\ndation is obta9$ by a gradual rise 9 spe$4 ,a ma*9e run up to spe$ too quickly might1 aft] pass+ ! critical spe$1 settle d[n ) little visible vibration1 b at a lat] "t1 ev5 h\rs aft]1 sudd5ly beg9 vibrat+ viol5tly f no app>5t cause4 ,! *ances ( ?is occurr+ are m9imiz$ by sl[ & c>eful runn+ to spe$4 ,:e!r ! ma*9e be+ te/$ is "o ( a numb] runn+ 9 p>allel1 or a s+le unit runn+ on a /eady wat] load1 ! latt] %\ld 9 all cases be ?r[n on gradually until full load is rea*$4 ,a prelim9>y run ( two or ?ree h\rs--:5ev] possible--%\ld !n be made1 dur+ :i* ample opportunity is af=d$ = regulat+ ! conditions 9 accordance ) te/ requirem5ts4 ,! te/] w d well dur+ ! la/ h\r ( ?is trial run to /ation 8 record]s at _! sev]al po/s &1 = a %ort "t at lea/1 to h a complete set ( read+s tak5 at ! correct te/ int]vals4 ,?is m p>ticul>ly applies to ! electrical wat]1 sup]heat & vacuum read+s4 ,9 ! case ( a turbo-alt]nator ! /ead9ess obta9able 9 ! electrical load may det]m9e ! frequ5cy ( read+s tak51 bo? electrical & o!rwise4 ,on a p]fectly /eady wat]-tank load1 = example1 x may be suffici5tly adequate to read all wattmet]s1 voltmet]s1 & ammet]s f /&>d in/rum5ts at f "o- to two-m9ute int]vals4 ,read+s at half-m9ute int]vals1 h[ev]1 %\ld be tak5 ) a v>y+ load1 ev5 :5 ! v>iation is only slight4 ,! wat]-measurem5t read+s may ( c\rse be tak5 at any suitable int]vals1 ! "t be+ to an ext5t det]m9$ by ! size ( ! measur+ tanks or ! capacity ( ! weigh+ ma*9e or ma*9es4 ,:5 design+ ! measur+ app>atus1 ! object %\ld be to m9imize1 )9 economical & practical range1 ! total numb] ( weigh+s or measurem5ts necess>y4 ,consequ5tly1 no /rict "t ( int]val betwe5 individual weigh+s or measurem5ts c be giv5 9 ?is case4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t x is n desirable to take ^! at any?+ less ?an five-m9ute int]vals4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances a ?ree- to five-m9ute int]val is suffici5t 9 ! case ( all /eam-pressure1 vacuum--includ+ m]curial columns & b>omet]--sup]heat & temp]ature read+s4 ,gl& & ,hot-,well ,regulation ,!re are two highly important features requir+ m or less con/ant att5tion ?r\gh\t a te/1 namely ! gl& & hot-well regulation4 ,= ! pres5t purpose we may assume t ! gl&s are suppli$ ) ei!r /eam or wat] = seal+ !m4 ,all /eam suppli$ to ! turb9e obvi\sly goes to swell ! hot-well cont5ts1 & to ?us increase ! total /eam consumption4 ,! ord9>y /eam gl& is 9 reality a pressure gl&4 ,at bo? ends ( ! turb9e cas+ is an annul> *amb]1 surr\nd+ ! turb9e sp9dle at ! po9t :]e x projects ?r\gh ! cas+4 ,a numb] ( brass r+s on ei!r side ( ?is *amb] encircle ! sp9dle1 ) only a v f9e runn+ cle>ance betwe5 ! latt] & !mselves4 ,/eam ent]s ! gl& *amb] at a slight pressure1 &1 :5 a vacuum exi/s inside ! turb9e cas+1 t5ds to fl[ inw>d4 ,! pressure1 h[ev]1 inside ! gl& is increas$ until x exce$s t ( ! atmosph]e outside1 & by ma9ta9+ x at ?is pressure x is obvi\s t no air c possibly ent] ! turb9e ?r\gh ! gl&s1 to de/roy ! vacuum4 ,! above pr9ciple mu/ be borne 9 m9d dur+ a te/ ^u a turb9e hav+ /eam-f$ gl&s4 ,p]haps ! be/ c\rse to foll[--9 view ( ! economy ( gl& /eam consumption necess>y--is z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! prelim9>y non-te/ run1 full /eam is turn$ into bo? gl&s :ile ! vacuum is be+ rais$1 & ma9ta9$ until full load has be5 on ! turb9e = "s little "t4 ,! vacuum w by ?is "t h probably rea*$ its maximum1 & p]haps fall5 to a po9t slightly l[]1 at :i* hight x may be expect$ to rema91 o!r conditions also rema9+ con/ant4 ,! gl& /eam mu/ n[ be gradually turn$ (f until ! am\nt ( /eam vapor issu+ f ! gl&s is almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,?is %\ld n l[] ! vacuum 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,by gradual degrees ! gl& /eam c be /ill f>!r cut d[n1 until no /eam vapor at all c be disc]n$ issu+ f ! gl& boxes4 ,?is r$uction %\ld be cont9u$ until a po9t is rea*$ at :i* ! vacuum is affect$1 :5 x mu/ be /opp$ & ! am\nt ( /eam fl[+ to ! gl& aga9 increas$ v slightly1 j en\gh to br+ ! vacuum aga9 to its orig9al hight4 ,! /eam n[ pass+ into ! gl&s is ! m9imum requir$ "u ! conditions1 & %\ld be ma9ta9$ z ne>ly con/ant z possible ?r\gh\t ! te/4 ,practically all /eam ent]+ ! gl&s is drawn into ! turb9e1 & !nce to ! cond5s]1 & "u ! circum/ances x may be assum$ ! increase 9 /eam consumption aris+ f ?is s\rce is also a m9imum4 ,!re is "o me*anical feature :i* has an important be>+ ^u ! =ego+ "q1 & :i* x is "o ( ! te/]'s duties to inve/igate4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ga1 :i* %[s a turb9e sp9dle project+ ?r\gh ! cas+4 ,! gl& box is let into ! cas+ z %[n4 ,brass r+s ,a calk$ into ! gl& box encircle ! %aft on ei!r side ( ! annul> /eam space ,s4 ,z ! cle>ance betwe5 ! turb9e sp9dle & ! r+s ,a is 9 a measure in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ ! am\nt ( /eam requir$ to ma9ta9 a requir$ pressure inside ! *amb]1 x is obvi\s t ?is cle>ance %\ld be m9imum4 ,an unnecess>ily l>ge cle>ance means a proportionally l>ge increase 9 gl& /eam consumption & vice v]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga ,:5 ! turb9e gl&s are seal$ ) wat]1 all wat] leakage :i* takes place into ! turb9e1 & ultimately to ! cond5s] hot-well1 mu/ be measur$ & subtract$ f ! hot-well cont5ts at ! end ( a te/4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks w\ld n apply to ^? cases 9 :i* ! gl& supply is drawn f & return$ to ! hot-well1 or a pipe lead+ f ! hot-well4 ,!n no correction w\ld be necess>y1 z all wat] us$ = gl& purposes might be assum$ z be+ tak5 f ! measur+ tanks & return$ aga9 9 "t = same or next weigh+ or measurem5t4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations ,!re are a few pr9cipal elem5t>y po9ts :i* x is necess>y always to keep 9 m9d dur+ ! conduct ( a te/4 ,among ^! are ! effects ( v>iation 9 vacuum1 sup]heat1 initial /eam pressure1 &1 z already indicat$1 9 load4 ,!re exi/ _m rules = det]m9+ ! corrections necessitat$ by ?is v>iation4 ,= example1 x is (t5 assum$ t #i degrees ,fahr5heit1 excess or o!rwise1 above or bel[ t specifi$1 repres5ts an increase or r$uction 9 effici5cy ( ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,x is probable t ! p]c5tage increase or decrease 9 /eam consumption1 9 ! case ( sup]heat1 c be m reliably calculat$ ?an 9 o!r cases1 z1 = example1 vacuum2 b ! increase _c be said to be due solely to ! v>iation 9 sup]heat4 ,9 o!r words1 ! individuality ( ! p>ticul> turb9e be+ te/$ always contributes some?+1 h[ev] small ?is some?+ may be1 to ! results obta9$4 ,^! rem>ks are p>ticul>ly applicable :]e vacuum is conc]n$4 ,"h aga9 rules exi/1 "o ( ^! be+ t e additional in* ( vacuum increases ! economy ( ! turb9e by some?+ slightly "u half a p\nd ( /eam p] kil[att-h\r4 ,b a mom5t's consid]ation conv9ces "o ( ! utt] unreliability ( su* rules = g5]al application4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 well kn[n t _m ma*9es1 :5 "u te/1 h demon/rat$ t ! total increase 9 ! wat] rate is v f> f con/ant4 ,a ma*9e te/$1 = example1 gave approximately ! foll[+ results1 ! object ( ! te/ be+ to discov] ! total increase 9 ! wat] rate p] in* decrease 9 vacuum3 ,f #bg in*es to #bf in*es1 #d4e p] c5t4 ,f #bf4b in*es to #bd4e in*es1 #b4e p] c5t4 ,?is illu/rates to :at an ext5t ! ratio ( increase c v>y1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is v probable t ! v>iation is diff]5t 9 diff]5t types & sizes ( ma*9es4 ,!re c exi/1 !re=e1 no empirical rules ( a reliable nature ^u :i* ! te/] c base 8 d$uctions4 ,! only way calculat$ to give satisfaction is to conduct a s]ies ( prelim9>y te/s ^u ! turb9e und]go+ obs]vation1 & f ^! to d$uce all in=mation ( ! nature requir$1 :i* c be p]man5tly record$ 9 a set ( curves = ref]5ce dur+ ! f9al (ficial te/s4 ,9 conclusion1 x mu/ be admitt$ t _m publi%$ te/s outl9+ ! p]=mances ( c]ta9 makes ( turb9e are unreliable4 ,to det]m9e hone/ly ! capabilities ( any ma*9e 9 ! direction ( /eam economy is an op]ation requir+ "t1 & unbias$ & accurate sup]vision4 ,by means ( su* assets z float+ quantities1 %ort te/s dur+ exceptionally favorable conditions1 & disreg>d ( ! vital necessity ( runn+ a te/ "u ! prop] specifi$ conditions1 x is comp>atively easy to obta9 results app>5tly highly satisfactory1 b :i* "u o!r conditions might be j ! rev]se4 ,^! consid]ations are1 h[ev]1 unwor?y ( ! te/] prop]4 ,,vii4 ,,auxili>ies ,,= ,,/eam ,,turb9es#f #f ,contribut$ to ,p[] by ,?omas ,frankl94 ,! ,jet ,cond5s] ,! jet cond5s] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gb is s+ul>ly well adapt$ = ! turb9e in/allation4 ,z ! type has n be5 s widely adopt$ z ! m common =ms ( jet cond5s] & ! surface types1 x may prove ( int]e/ to describe briefly its g5]al con/ruction & a few ( its special features 9 relation to te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb ,ref]r+ to ! figure1 ,c is ! ma9 cond5s] body4 ,exhau/ /eam ent]s at ! left-h& side ?r\gh ! pipe ,e1 cond5s+ wat] issu+ ?r\gh ! pipe ,d at ! opposite side4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! %ort conical pipe ,p1 ! cond5s+ wat] ent]s ! cyl9drical *amb] ,w & falls directly ^u ! spray+ cone ,s4 ,! hight ( ?is spray+ cone is det]m9$ by ! t5sion ^u ! spr+ ,t1 bel[ ! pi/on ,r1 ! latt] be+ connect$ to ! cone by a sp9dle ,l4 ,an increase ( ! wat] pressure inside ! *amb] ,w w ?us compress ! spr+1 & ! spray+ cone be+ consequ5tly l[]$ increases ! ap]ture betwe5 x & ! slop+ l[] wall ( ! *amb] ,w1 all[+ a great] volume ( wat] to be spray$4 ,! pi/on ,r incid5tally prev5ts wat] ent]+ ! top vapor *amb] ,v4 ,f ! =ego+ x c be se5 t ?is cond5s] is ( ! contra-fl[ type1 ! ent]+ /eam com+ imm$iately into contact ) ! spray$ wat]4 ,! p]=at$ diaphragm plate ,f all[s ! vapor to rise into ! *amb] ,v1 f :i* x is drawn ?r\gh ! pipe ,a to ! air pump4 ,a relief valve ,u prev5ts an excessive accumulation ( pressure 9 ! vapor *amb]1 ?is valve be+ obvi\sly ( delicate con/ruction1 capable ( op5+ ^u a v slight increase ( ! int]nal pressure ov] t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,cond5s$ /eam & circulat+ wat] are toge!r c>ri$ d[n ! pipe ,b to ! well ,z1 f :i* a portion may be c>ri$ (f z fe$ wat]1 & ! rema9d] cool$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! cond5s] aga94 ,"u any circum/ances1 :e!r ! air pump is work+ or n1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! vapor 9 ! cond5s] is always c>ri$ d[n ! pipe ,b1 & ?is action alone creates a p>tial vacuum1 ?us r5d]+ ! "w ( ! air pump easi]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a fairly high vacuum c be ma9ta9$ ) ! air pump clos$ d[n1 & only ! indirect pump+ action ( ! fall+ wat] op]at+ to r>ify ! cont5ts ( ! cond5s] body4 ,x is cu/om>y to place ! cond5s] =ty or m feet above ! circulat+-wat] pump1 ! latt] usually be+ a few feet bel[ ! turb9e4 ,features ,dem&+ ,att5tion ,:5 op]at+ a cond5s] ( ?is type1 ! mo/ important features requir+ prelim9>y inspection & regulation :ile runn+ are3 7a7 ,circulat+-wat] regulation4 7b7 ,fre$om ( all me*anical p>ts ( spray+ me*anism4 7c7 ,relief-valve regulation4 7d7 ,wat]-cool+ arrangem5ts4 ,! te/] w1 h[ev]1 devote 8 att5tion to a practical survey ( ! cond5s] & its auxili>ies1 be=e runn+ op]ations comm5ce4 ,a prelim9>y vacuum te/ ought to be conduct$ ^u ! cond5s] body1 & ! exhau/ pip+ betwe5 ! cond5s] & turb9e4 ,to accompli% ?is ! circulat+-wat] pipe ,d c be fill$ ) wat] to ! cond5s] level4 ,! relief valve %\ld also be wat]-seal$4 ,any exi/+ leakage c ?us be locat$ & /opp$4 ,hav+ made ! cond5s] z tight z possible )9 practical limits1 vacuum might be aga9 rais$ &1 ) ! same p>ts seal$1 all[$ to fall sl[ly =1 say1 t5 m9utes4 ,a simil> te/ ov] an equal p]iod may !n be conduct$ ) ! relief valve n wat]-seal$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! times tak5 = an equal fall ( vacuum 9 in*es1 "u ! diff]5t conditions1 dur+ ! above two te/s1 w reveal ! ext5t ( ! leakage tak+ place ?r\gh ! relief valve4 ,x seems sup]flu\s to add t ! fall ( vacuum 9 bo? ! =ego+ te/s mu/ n be accel]at$ 9 any way1 b mu/ be a result simply ( ! slight inevitable leakage :i* is to be f\nd 9 e sy/em4 ,on a comp>atively /eady load1 & ) consequ5tly only small fluctuation 9 ! volume ( /eam to be cond5s$1 ! conditions are mo/ favorable = regulat+ ! am\nt ( circulat+ wat] necess>y4 ,naturally1 an excess ( wat] above ! requir$ m9imum w n affect ! pressure conditions inside ! cond5s]4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 increase ! quantity ( wat] to be h&l$ f ! hot-well1 & incid5tally l[]s ! temp]ature !re1 :i*1 :e!r ! fe$-wat] pass ?r\gh economiz]s or o!rwise1 is n advisable f an economical /&po9t4 ,?us !re is an economical m9imum ( circulat+ wat] to be aim$ at1 &1 z previ\sly /at$1 x c be/ be arriv$ at by runn+ ! turb9e "u normal load & adju/+ ! fl[ ( ! circulat+ wat] by regulat+ ! ma9 valve & ! t5sion ^u ! spr+ ,t4 ,"u abnormal conditions1 ! breakd[n ( an air pump1 or ! sudd5 spr++ ( a bad leak1 = in/ance1 ! am\nt ( circulat+ wat] c be increas$ by a f>!r op5+ ( ! ma9 valve if necess>y1 & a relaxation ( ! spr+ t5sion by h&2 or1 ! spr+ t5sion might be automatically *ang$ imm$iately ^u ! vacuum fall+4 ,! absolute fre$om ( all mov+ p>ts ( ! spray+ me*anism %\ld be "o ( ! te/]'s fir/ assurances4 ,to facilitate ?is1 x is cu/om>y to con/ruct ! p>ts1 ) ! exception ( ! spr+s1 ( brass or "s o!r non-corrosive metal4 ,! spray+ cone mu/ be ?or\ghly clean 9 e *annel1 to insure a well-di/ribut$ /ream ( wat]4 ,nor is x less important t c>eful att5tion be giv5 to ! sett+ & op]ation ( ! relief valve1 z w be se5 lat]4 ,! obvi\s object ( su* a valve is to prev5t ! int]nal cond5s] pressure ev] be+ ma9ta9$ mu* high] ?an ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,a numb] ( c>efully design$ rubb] flap valves1 or "o l>ge "o1 h be5 f\nd to act successfully = ?is purpose1 al?\gh a balanc$ valve ( m sub/antial con/ruction w\ld appe> to be m desirable4 ,importance ( ,relief ,valves ,! "q ( relief valves 9 turb9e in/allations is an important "o1 & x seems desirable at ?is po9t to draw att5tion to ano!r necess>y relief valve & its function1 namely ! turb9e atmosph]ic valve4 ,z g5]ally und]/ood1 ?is is plac$ betwe5 ! turb9e & cond5s]1 &1 %\ld ! pressure 9 ! latt]1 ow+ to any cause1 rise above t ( ! atmosph]e1 x op5s automatically & all[s ! exhau/ /eam to fl[ ?r\gh x into ! atmosph]e1 or into ano!r cond5s]4 ,a g5]al diagrammatic arrangem5t ( a /eam turb9e1 cond5s]1 & exhau/ pip+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,connect$ to ! exhau/ pipe ,b1 ne> to ! cond5s]1 is ! automatic atmosph]ic valve ,d1 f :i* leads ! exhau/ pip+ ,e to ! atmosph]e4 ,! turb9e relief valve is %[n at ,f1 & ! cond5s] relief valve at ,g4 ,! ma9 exhau/ valve betwe5 turb9e & cond5s] is se5 at ,h4 ,we h "h ?ree sep>ate relief valves3 "o1 ,f1 to prev5t excessive pressure 9 ! turb9e3 ! second1 ,d1 an atmosph]ic valve op5+ a pa? to ! air1 &1 9 addition to prev5t+ excessive pressure accumulat+1 also help+ to keep ! temp]ature ( ! cond5s] body & tubes l[2 ! ?ird1 ! cond5s] relief valve ,g1 :i* 9 itself ought to be capable ( exhau/+ all /eam f ! turb9e1 %\ld occasion dem& x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc ,assum+ a plant ( ?is description to be op]at+ favorably1 ! conditions w\ld ( necessity be z foll[s3 ,! valves ,f1 ,d1 & ,g1 all clos$2 ! valve ,h op54 ,suppose t1 ow+ to sudd5 loss ( circulat+ wat]1 ! vacuum fell to z]o4 ,! cond5s] w\ld at once fill ) /eam1 a slight pressure w\ld be set up1 & :i*ev] ( ! ?ree valves happ5$ to be set to bl[ (f at ! l[e/ pressure w\ld d s4 ,n[ x is desirable t ! fir/ valve to op5 "u su* circum/ances %\ld be ! atmosph]ic valve ,d4 ,?is be+ s1 ! cond5s] w\ld rema9 full ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure until ! att5dant _h _h "t to close ! ma9 h&-or motor-op]at$ exhau/ valve ,h1 :i* he w\ld naturally d be=e attempt+ to rega9 ! circulation ( ! cond5s+ wat]4 ,aga91 assume ! in/allation to be runn+ "u ! initial conditions1 ) ! atmosph]ic valve ,d & all rema9+ valves except ,h clos$4 ,suppose ! vacuum aga9 fell to z]o f a simil> cause1 &1 fur!r1 suppose ! atmosph]ic valve ,d fail$ to op]ate automatically4 ,! only valves n[ capable ( pass+ ! exhau/ /eam are ! turb9e & cond5s] relief valves ,f & ,g4 ,inasmu* z ! pressures at exhau/ 9 ! turb9e prop]1 on v>y+ load1 v>y ov] a consid]ably great] range ?an ! small fairly con/ant absolute pressures inside ! cond5s]1 x is obvi\sly necess>y to all[ = ?is factor 9 ! respective sett+ ( ^! two relief valves4 ,9 o!r words1 ! obvi\s d$uction is to set ! turb9e relief valve to bl[ (f at a high] pressure ?an ! cond5s] relief valve1 ev5 :5 consid]+ ! "q ) respect to cond5s+ conditions only4 ,9 ?is second hypo!tical case1 !n1 ) a clos$ & disabl$ atmosph]ic valve1 ! exhau/ mu/ take place ?r\gh ! cond5s]1 until ! turb9e c be %ut d[n1 or ! circulat+ wat] rega9$ )\t ! =m] c\rse be+ f\nd necess>y4 ,!re is "o o!r remote case :i* may be assum$1 namely1 ! simultane\s refusal ( bo? atmosph]ic & cond5s] relief valves to op51 ^u ! vacuum inside ! cond5s] be+ entirely lo/4 ,! exhau/ w\ld !n be bl[n ?r\gh ! turb9e relief valve ,f1 until ! plant c\ld be clos$ d[n4 ,al?\gh ! conditions j cit$ are highly improbable 9 actual practice1 x c at once be se5 t to insure ! safety ( ! cond5s]1 absolutely1 ! turb9e relief valve mu/ be set to op5 at a comp>atively l[ pressure1 say #dj p\nds by gage1 or !reab\ts4 ,to set x mu* l[] ?an ?is w\ld create a possibility ( its leak+ :5 ! turb9e 0 mak+ a non-cond5s+ run1 & :5 ! pressure at ! turb9e exhau/ end is (t5 above t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,f e po9t ( view1 !re=e1 x is advisable to make a m9ute exam9ation ( all relief valves 9 a sy/em1 & be=e a te/ to insure t ^! valves are all set to op5 at _! correct relative pressures4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! practice ( plac+ a l>ge relief valve ^u a cond5s] 9 addition to ! atmosph]ic exhau/+ valve is by no means common4 ,! latt] valve1 :]e surface cond5s+ is adopt$1 is (t5 ?\ght suffici5t1 work+ 9 conjunction ) a quickly op]at$ ma9 exhau/ valve4 ,simil>ly1 ) a b>ometric cond5s] z t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gb1 ! atmosph]ic exhau/ valve ,d 7se5 9 ,fig4 #gc7 is sometimes disp5s$ )4 ,?is c\rse is1 h[ev]1 objectionable1 = ^u a loss ( vacuum 9 ! turb9e1 all exhau/ /eam mu/ pass ?r\gh ! cond5s] body1 or ! entire plant be clos$ d[n until ! vacuum is rega9$4 ,! simple con/ruction ( ! b>ometric cond5s]1 h[ev]1 is 9 su* an ev5t mu* to its advantage1 & ! passage ( ! hot /eam "r ?r\gh x is n likely to s]i\sly w>p or /ra9 any ( its p>ts1 z might probably happ5 9 ! case ( a surface cond5s]4 ,! "q ( ! advisability ( ?us add+ to a plant c only be fairly decid$ :5 all conditions1 op]at+ & o!rwise1 are fully kn[n4 ,= example1 if we assume a l>ge turb9e to be op]at+ on a greatly v>y+ load1 & exhau/+ into a cond5s]1 z t 9 ,fig4 #gb1 &1 fur!r1 hav+ an adequate /&-by to back x up1 "o's obvi\s recomm5dation w\ld be to equip ! in/allation ) bo? a cond5s] relief valve & an atmosph]ic valve1 9 addition1 ( c\rse1 to ! ma9 exhau/ valve1 :i* is always plac$ betwe5 ! atmosph]ic valve & cond5s]4 ,!re are /ill o!r consid]ations1 su* z wat] supply1 condition ( circulat+ wat]1 /yle ( pump1 etc41 :i* mu/ all necess>ily h an obvi\s be>+ ^u ! settlem5t ( ?is "q2 s t g5]alization is some:at out ( place1 ! f9al design 9 all cases dep5d+ solely ^u g5]al pr9ciples & local conditions4 ,o!r ,necess>y ,features ( a ,te/ ,9 connection ) ! cond5s]1 ( any type1 & its auxili>ies1 !re rema9 a few necess>y exam9ations & op]ations to be conduct$1 if x is desir$ to obta9 ! v be/ results dur+ ! te/4 ,x w be suffici5t to j outl9e !m1 ! me?od ( proc$ure be+ well kn[n1 & ! requirem5t ( any /rict r\t9e be+ unnecess>y4 ,^! include3 7#a7 ,a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! air-pump1 &1 if possible1 an equally c>eful exam9ation ( diagrams tak5 f x :5 runn+ on full load4 ,also c>eful exam9ation ( ! pip+1 & ( any o!r connections betwe5 ! air pump & cond5s]1 or o!r auxili>ies4 ,x w be well 9 ?is exam9ation to note ! g5]al lay ( ! air pipes1 l5g?1 hight to :i* !y rise above cond5s] & air pump1 facilities = dra9age1 etc41 z ?is in=mation may prove valuable 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse necess>y to rectify defici5cies :i* may lat] be f\nd to exi/4 7#b7 ,9 a surface cond5s]1 inspection ( ! pumps deliv]+ cond5s$ /eam to ! measur+ tanks or hot-well2 inspection ( pip+ betwe5 ! cond5s] & ! pump1 & also betwe5 ! pump & measur+ tanks4 ,if ^! pumps are ( ! c5trifugal type x is ess5tial to insure1 = ! purposes ( a /eam-consumption te/1 z mu* regul>ity ( deliv]y z possible4 7#c7 ,9 ! case ( a consumption te/ ^u a turb9e exhau/+ into a b>ometric cond5s]1 & :]e ! /eam consum$ is be+ measur$ by ! evaporation 9 ! boil] ov] ! te/ p]iod1 "t mu/ be devot$ to ! fe$-pipes betwe5 ! fe$-wat] measur+ met] or tank & ! boil]s4 ,"u conditions simil> to ^? op]at+ 9 a plant su* z t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gb1 ! necess>y boil] fe$ might be drawn f ! hot-well1 ! rema9d] ( ! hot-well cont5ts probably be+ pump$ ?r\gh wat] cool]s1 or t[]s1 = circulat+ ?r\gh ! cond5s]4 ,) ! v be/ sy/em1 x is possible = a slight quantity ( oil to leak into ! exhau/ /eam1 & !nce to ! hot-well4 ,9 its passage1 say along wood5 conduits1 to ! measur+ tank or met]1 ?is wat] w\ld probably pass ?r\gh a numb] ( filt]s4 ,! effici5cy ( ^! mu/ be ?or\ghly insur$4 ,x is unusual1 9 ^? cases :]e a simple turb9e /eam-consumption te/ is be+ c>ri$ out1 & n an effici5cy te/ ( a complete plant1 to pass ! measur$ fe$-wat] ?r\gh economiz]s4 ,%\ld ! latt] c\rse1 ow+ to special conditions1 become necess>y1 a c>eful exam9ation ( all economiz] pipes w\ld be necess>y4 7#d7 ,! v c>eful exam9ation ( all !rmomet] pockets1 /eam- & temp]ature-gage holes1 etc41 z to cleanl9ess1 non-accumulation ( scale1 etc4 ,special ,auxili>ies ,necess>y ,hav+ outl9$ ! po9ts ( int]e/ & importance 9 connection ) ! m p]man5t features ( a plant1 we arrive at ! prep>ation & fitt+ ( ^? special auxili>ies necess>y to c>ry on ! te/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd ,x is cu/om>y1 :5 c>ry+ out a fir/ te/1 ^u bo? prime mov] & auxili>ies1 to place e important /age 9 ! expansion 9 communication ) a gage1 s t ! v>i\s pressures may be record$ & lat] comp>$ ) ! figures ( actual requirem5t4 ,to d ?is1 9 ! case ( ! turb9e1 x is necess>y to bore holes 9 ! cov] lead+ to ! v>i\s expansion *amb]s1 & into ea* ( ^! holes to screw a %ort l5g? ( /eam pipe1 hav+ pref]ably a loop 9 its l5g?1 to ! o!r end ( :i* ! gage is atta*$4 ,fig4 #gd illu/rates1 diagrammatically1 a complete turb9e in/allation1 & %[s ! v>i\s po9ts along ! c\rse tak5 by ! /eam at :i* x is desirable to place pressure gages4 ,! figure does n %[ ! high-pressure /eam pipe1 nor any ( ! turb9e valves4 ,) reg>d to ^!1 x w be desirable to place a /eam gage 9 ! pipe1 imm$iately be=e ! ma9 /op-valve1 & ano!r imm$iately aft] x4 ,any fall ( pressure betwe5 ! two sides ( ! valve c ?us be detect$4 ,to illu/rate ?is cle>ly1 ,fig4 #ge is giv51 %[+ ! valves ( a turb9e1 & ! position ( ! gages connect$ to !m4 ,! two gages ,e & ,f on ei!r side ( ! ma9 /op-valve ,a are also %[n4 ,! /eam aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! valve1 :i*1 9 ! case ( small turb9es1 is h&-op]at$1 goes 9 turn ?r\gh ! automatic /op-valve ,b1 ! function ( :i* is to automatically %ut /eam (f %\ld ! turb9e atta9 a pr$et]m9$ spe$ above ! normal1 ! /eam /ra9] ,c1 & f9ally ?r\gh ! gov]n+ valve ,d into ! turb9e4 ,z %[n1 gages ,g & ,h are also fitt$ on ei!r side ( ! /ra9]1 & ^!1 9 conjunction ) gages ,e & ,f1 w enable any fall 9 pressure betwe5 ! fir/ two valves & ! gov]n+ valve to be f\nd4 ,up to ! gov]n+-valve inlet no ?rottl+ ( ! /eam ought to take place "u normal conditions1 i4e41 ) all valves op51 & consequ5tly any fall 9 pressure betwe5 ! /eam inlet & ?is po9t mu/ be ! result ( int]nal wire-draw+4 ,by plac+ ! gages z %[n1 ! ext5t to :i* ?is wire-draw+ affects ! pressures obta9able c be discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge ,on v>y+ & ev5 on normal & /eady full load1 ! /eam is m or less r$uc$ 9 pressure aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! gov]n+ valve ,d2 a gage ,i mu/ consequ5tly be plac$ betwe5 ! valve1 pref]ably on ! valve itself1 & ! turb9e4 ,return+ to ,fig4 #gd1 ! gages %[n are ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e1 connect$ to ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? expansions2 also ,f 9 ! turb9e & exhau/ space1 :]e !re are no blades1 ,g 9 ! exhau/ pipe imm$iately be=e ! ma9 exhau/ valve ,e 7see ,fig4 #gc71 & ,h connect$ to ! cond5s]4 ,on cond5s+ full load x is probable t ,a1 ,b1 & ,c w all regi/] pressures above ! atmosph]e1 :ile gages ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g w regi/] pressures bel[ ! atmosph]e1 be+ = ?is purpose vacuum gages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) a v>y+ load1 & consequ5tly v>y+ initial pressures1 "o or two ( ! gages may regi/] pressure at "o mom5t & vacuum at ano!r4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to place at ^! po9ts comp\nd gages capable ( regi/]+ bo? pressure & vacuum4 ,) ! pressures 9 ! v>i\s /ages con/antly v>y+1 h[ev]1 a gage is n by any means ! mo/ reliable in/rum5t = record+ su* v>iations4 ,! con/ant sw++ ( ! f+] n only r5d]s accurate read+ at any p>ticul> mom5t bo? difficult &1 to an ext5t1 unreliable1 b1 9 addition1 ! accompany+ sudd5 *anges ( condition1 bo? ( temp]ature & pressure1 occurr+ inside ! gage tube1 9 a comp>atively %ort "t p]man5tly w>p ?is "p1 & ?us altoge!r de/roy ! accuracy ( ! gage4 ,x is well kn[n t ev5 ) ! be/ /eel-tube gages1 regi/]+ comp>atively /eady pressures1 ?is w>p+ ( ! tube inevitably takes place4 ,! quick] det]ioration ( su* gage tubes1 :5 ! gage is regi/]+ quickly *ang+ pressures1 c !re=e readily be conceiv$1 & = ?is reason alone x is desirable to h all gages1 :atev] ! conditions "u :i* !y "w1 c>efully te/$ & adju/$ at %ort int]vals4 ,if x is desir$ to obta9 reliable regi/ration ( ! sev]al pressures 9 ! diff]5t expansions ( a turb9e runn+ on a v>y+ load1 x w\ld !re=e seem advisable to obta9 ^! by "s type ( ext]nal spr+ gage 7an ord9>y indicator has be5 f\nd to s]ve well = ?is purpose7 :i* ! sudd5 int]nal v>iations 9 pressure & temp]ature _c delet]i\sly affect4 ,9 view ( ! great importance he mu/ atta* to 8 gage read+s1 ! te/] w\ld d well to te/ & calibrate & adju/ :]e necess>y all ! gages he int5ds us+ dur+ a te/4 ,?is he c d ) a /&>d gage-te/+ outfit4 ,by ?is means only c he h full confid5ce 9 ! accuracy ( 8 results4 ,9 l mann] x is 8 duty p]sonally to sup]vise ! connect+ & arrangem5t ( ! gages1 & ! prelim9>y te/+ = leakage :i* c be c>ri$ out simultane\sly ) ! vacuum te/ made ^u ! turb9e cas+4 ,:]e ,!rmomet]s are ,requir$ ,equally important ) ! =ego+ is ! necessity ( calibrat+ & te/+ ( all !rmomet]s us$ dur+ a te/4 ,:]e possible x is advisable to place new !rmomet]s :i* h be5 previ\sly te/$ at all po9ts ( high temp]ature4 ,briefly runn+ !m ov]1 ! po9ts at :i* x is necess>y to place !rmomet]s 9 ! entire sy/em ( ! /eam & cond5s+ plant are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a !rmomet] 9 ! /eam pipe on ! boil]1 :]e ! pipe leaves ! sup]heat]4 7#b7 ,9 ! /eam pipe imm$iately 9 front ( ! ma9 /op-valve1 ne> po9t ,e 9 ,fig4 #ge4 7#c7 ,9 ! ma9 gov]n+ valve body 7see ,i1 ,fig4 #ge7 on ! inlet side4 7#d7 ,9 ! ma9 gov]n+ valve body on ! turb9e side1 :i* w regi/] temp]atures ( /eam aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! valve4 7#e7 ,9 ! /eam-turb9e high-pressure *amb]1 giv+ ! temp]ature ( ! /eam be=e x has pass$ ?r\gh any blades4 7#f7 ,9 ! exhau/ *amb]1 giv+ ! temp]ature ( /eam on leav+ ! la/ r[ ( blades4 7#g7 ,9 ! exhau/ pipe ne> ! cond5s]4 7#h7 ,9 ! cond5s] body4 7#i7 ,9 ! circulat+-wat] inlet pipe close to ! cond5s]4 7#aj7 ,9 ! circulat+-wat] outlet pipe close to ! cond5s]4 7#aa7 ,9 ! air-pump suction pipe close to ! cond5s]4 7#ab7 ,9 ! air-pump suction pipe close to ! air pump4 ,x is n advisable to place at ^? vital po9ts1 ! read+s at :i* directly or indirectly affect ! consumption1 two !rmomet]s1 say "o ord9>y *emical !rmomet] & "o !rmomet] ( ! gage type1 ?us elim9at+ ! possibility ( any d\bt :i* might exi/ 7 only "o !rmomet] plac$ !re4 ,!re is no app>5t reason :y "o %\ld attempt to take a s]ies ( temp]ature read+s dur+ a consumption te/ on v>y+ load4 ,! temp]atures regi/]$ "u a /eady load te/ c be obta9$ ) great reliability1 b on a v>y+ load1 ) con/antly *ang+ temp]atures at all po9ts1 ?is is impossible4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ow+ to ! natural sluggi%ness ( ! temp]ature-record+ in/rum5ts1 ( :atev] class !y belong to1 9 respond+ to *anges ( condition4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! possibility ( obta9+ correctly ! entire conditions 9 a sy/em runn+ "u greatly v>y+ loads is v d\btful inde$1 & consequ5tly great reliance _c be plac$ ^u figures obta9$ "u su* conditions4 ,a few simple calculations w reveal to ! te/] 8 special requirem5ts 9 ! direction ( measur+ tanks1 pip+1 etc41 = 8 /eam consumption te/4 ,?us1 assum+ ! turb9e to be te/$ to be ( #cjjj kil[att capacity normal load1 ) a gu>ante$ /eam consumption (1 say1 #ad4e p\nds p] kil[att-h\r1 he calculates ! total wat] rate p] h\r1 :i* 9 ?is case w\ld be #dc1ejj p\nds1 & designs 8 weigh+ or measur+ tanks to cope ) t am\nt1 all[+1 ( c\rse1 a m>g9al tank volume = ov]load requirem5ts4 ,,viii4 ,,tr\bles ,,) ,,/eam ,,turb9e ,,auxili>ies#g #g ,contribut$ to ,p[] by ,walt] ,b4 ,gump4 ,! case ab\t to be describ$ conc]ns a /eam plant 9 :i* !re 7 sev5 cross-comp\nd cond5s+ ,corliss eng9es1 & two ,curtis /eam turb9es4 ,! latt] 7 ea* ( #aejj-kil[att capacity1 & 7 connect$ to surface cond5s]s1 dry-vacuum pumps1 c5trifugal1 hot-well & circulat+ pumps1 respectively4 ,9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #gf71 ! orig9al lay-out ( pip+ is %[n 9 full l9es4 ,be+ orig9ally a reciprocat+ plant x 0 difficult to make ! allott$ space = ! turb9es suitable = _! prop] in/allation4 ,! tr\ble :i* foll[$ 0 a p]fectly natural result ( ! failure to meet ! requirem5ts ( a turb9e plant1 & ! description h]e9 giv5 is b "o example ( a great _m :]e ! executive head ( a conc]n insi/s ^u controll+ ! situation )\t reg>d to eng9e]+ advice or common s5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,turb9e ,,auxili>ies ,,& ,,pip+ ,circulat+ ,pump ,fails to ,meet ,gu>antee ,obs]v+ ! plan view1 x w be se5 t ! cond5s]s = bo? turb9es receive _! supply ( cool+ wat] f ! same supply pipe2 t is1 ! pipes1 bo? suction & dis*>ge1 lead+ to ,no4 #a cond5s] are simply bran*es f ,no4 #b1 :i* 0 in/all$ fir/ )\t consid]ation = a second unit4 ,:5 ,no4 #a 0 in/all$ !re 0 a r[ ( columns f ! basem5t floor to ! ma9 floor ext5d+ 9 a plane :i* came directly 9 front ( ! cond5s]4 ,! column ,p %[n 9 ! plan 0 s locat$ z to prev5t a direct connection betwe5 ! c5trifugal circulat+ pump & ! cond5s] inlet4 ,! c5trifugal pump 0 direct-connect$ to a v]tical high-spe$ eng9e1 & ! c\pl+ is %[n at ,e 9 ! elevation4 ,e possible plan 0 contemplat$ to accommodate ! eng9e & pump )\t remov+ any ( ! columns1 & ! arrangem5t %[n 0 f9ally adopt$1 leav+ ! column ,p 9 its =m] place by employ+ an ,s-connection f ! pump to ! cond5s]4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ! pump 0 pur*as$ "u a gu>antee to deliv] #fjjj gallons p] m9ute "u a head ( #ej feet1 ) an impell] velocity ( #bhe revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! v]tical eng9e to :i* ! pump 0 connect$ prov$ to be utt]ly unfit = runn+ at a spe$ beyond #bbe to #bcj revolutions p] m9ute1 & 9 addition ! ,s-b5d w\ld obvi\sly r$uce ! capacity1 ev5 at ! prop] spe$ ( ! impell]4 ,besides ^! factors !re 0 ano!r feature ev5 m s]i\s4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ,no4 #b unit 0 op]at+ ,no4 #a c\ld n get z great a quantity ( circulat+ wat] z :5 ,no4 #b 0 %ut d[n4 ,?is 0 because ,no4 #b 0 draw+ mo/ ( ! wat]1 & ,no4 #a receiv$ only t :i* ,no4 #b c\ld n pull f ! suction pipe ,a4 ,?is w be cle> f ! fact t ! suction & dis*>ge pipes = ,no4 #a 7 only #af in*es1 :ile ^? ( ,no4 #b 7 #bj in*es & #af in*es1 respectively4 ,! cond5s] = ,no4 #b _h #ajjj squ>e feet less cool+ surface ?an ,no4 #a1 :i* _h #fjjj squ>e feet & 0 suppli$ ) cool+ wat] by means ( two c5trifugal pumps ( small] capacity ?an = ,no4 #a & arrang$ 9 p>allel4 ,^! 7 ea* driv5 by an electric motor1 & 7 t]m$ ,! ,siamese ,tw9s1 due to ! way 9 :i* !y 7 connect$4 ,! load factor ( ! plant rang$ f #j4bb to #j4cj1 ! load be+ almo/ entirely light+1 s t = ! w9t] season ! load factor rea*$ ! latt] figure4 ,! day load 01 !re=e1 light & n suffici5t to give "o turb9e m ?an f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird its rat$ capacity4 ,"u ^! conditions ,no4 #a unit 0 able to op]ate mu* m satisfactorily ?an :5 fully load$1 because ( ! fact t ! cool+ wat] 0 m effective4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 all us$ by ,no4 #a unit :5 ,no4 #b 0 n op]at+4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! vacuum c\ld n be made to exce$ #bd in*es1 & dur+ ! peak1 ) ! two turb9es runn+1 ! vacuum w\ld (t5 drop to #ab in*es4 ,a vacuum ( #af in*es or #ah in*es on ! peak 0 consid]$ good4 ,an ,inve/igation ,sev]e criticism ra9$ heavily ^u ! eng9e] 9 *>ge1 & compla9ts 7 made 9 ref]5ce to ! high oil consumption4 ,an inve/igation on ! company's "p foll[$1 & ! firm :i* furni%$ ! c5trifugal pump & eng9e 0 next 9 ord] to receive compla9ts4 ,repeat$ ef=ts 7 made to increase ! spe$ ( ! v]tical eng9e to #bhe revolutions p] m9ute1 b su* a spe$ prov$ detrim5tal to ! eng9e1 & a l[] spe$ ( ab\t #bbe revolutions p] m9ute _h to be adopt$4 ,a ?or\gh te/ on ! pump to asc]ta9 its deliv]y at v>i\s spe$s 0 ! next move1 & a not*$ weir1 su* z is %[n 9 ! elevation1 0 employ$4 ,! te/ 0 made on ,no4 #b cool+ t[]1 n %[n 9 ! sket*1 & %[$ t b>ely #cjjj gallons p] m9ute 7 be+ deliv]$ to ! cool+ t[]4 ,:ile ! firm furni%+ ! pump 0 will+ to conc$e t ! pump might n be do+ all x %\ld1 att5tion 0 call$ to ! fact t !re might be "s o!r conditions 9 connection ) ! sy/em :i* 7 responsible = ! losses4 ,notable among ^! 0 ! hydraulic friction1 & :5 ?is feature ( ! case 0 pres5t$1 ! company did n seem at all anxi\s to inve/igate ! matt] fur!r2 obvi\sly on acc\nt ( fac+ a possible necessity = new pip+ or o!r app>atus :i* might co/ some?+4 ,approximately #cd feet 0 ! /atic head ( wat] to be pump$ ov] ,no4 #b cool+ t[]4 ,pressure gages 7 connect$ to ! suction1 dis*>ge1 & cond5s] inlet1 z %[n at ,g1 ,g' & ,g'' respectively4 ,:5 ,no4 #a unit 0 op]at+ alone ! gage ,g %[$ practically z]o1 indicat+ no vacuum 9 ! suction pipe4 ,obs]v+ ! same gage :5 ,no4 #b unit 0 runn+1 a vacuum z high z #b p\nds 0 indicat$1 %[+ t ,no4 #b 0 draw+ m ?an its %>e ( cool+ wat] f ! ma9 ,a & h5ce ! circulat+ pump = ,no4 #a 0 fight+ = all x receiv$4 ,gage ,g' indicat$ a pressure ( #ba p\nds1 :ile ,g'' indicat$ #ah4e p\nds1 %[+ a diff]5ce ( #b4e p\nds pressure lo/ 9 ! ,s-b5d4 ,?is is equival5t to a loss ( head ( ne>ly #f feet1 #j4dc p\nd p] foot head be+ ! con/ant employ$4 ,! total head aga9/ :i* ! pump work$ 0 !re=e ,g' ,g #ba #b1 or #bc ---- #ec #j4dc feet approximately4 ,s9ce ! /atic head 0 #cd feet1 ! head lo/ 9 friction 0 evid5tly #ec-cd #ai feet1 or #aijj ---- #cf #ec p] c5t41 approximately4 ,supply ( ,cool+ ,wat] ,limit$ ,9 addition to ?is ! supply ( cool+ wat] 0 limit$1 ! vacuum be+ extremely l[ at j ! "t :5 effici5t op]ation %\ld be _h4 ,! natural result occurr$1 :i* 0 ?is3 ,z ! load on ! turb9e increas$1 ! am\nt ( /eam issu+ into ! cond5s] increas$1 beat+ ,transcrib]3 heat+8 ! circulat+ wat] to a temp]ature :i* ! cool+ t[] 7n 9 ! be/ condition7 0 unable to decrease to any great ext5t4 ,! vacuum gradually dropp$ (f1 :i* indicat$ t ! cond5s] 0 be+ fill$ ) vapor1 & 9 a %ort "t ! small c5trifugal tail-pump lo/ its prime1 becom+ vapor b\nd1 & ! vacuum fur!r decreas$4 ,! /eam :i* _h cond5s$ w\ld n g into ! tail-pump because ( ! t5d5cy ( ! dry-pump to ma9ta9 a vacuum4 ,:5 a c]ta9 po9t 0 rea*$ ! dry-vacuum pump />t$ to draw wat] 9 its cyl9d]1 & ! unit _h to be %ut d[n imm$iately4 ,vapor-b\nd ,pumps ,z ! circulat+ wat] gradually rose 9 temp]ature ! circulat+ pump also became vapor b\nd1 s t ! unit w\ld be ti$ up = ! re/ ( ! night1 z ?is pump c\ld n be made to draw hot wat]4 ,! reason = ?is condition may be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,:5 ! circulat+ pump 0 op]at+ & !re 0 a suction ( #b p\nds indicat$ at ,g1 ! wat] 0 n fl[+ to ! pump ( its own accord1 b 0 be+ pull$ ?r\gh by =ce4 ,?is wat] w\ld fl[ ?r\gh ! pump until a po9t 0 rea*$ :5 ! wat] became hot en\gh to be conv]t$ into vapor1 ?is occurr+ at a po9t :]e ! pressure 0 suffici5tly r$uc$ to cause ! wat] to boil4 ,naturally ?is po9t 0 9 ! suction pipe & vapor 0 ?us ma9ta9$ beh9d ! pump z long z x 0 op]at+4 ,9 ?is case ! pump 0 m]ely ma9ta9+ a p>tial vacuum1 b n draw+ wat]4 ,aft] ! vacuum 0 once lo/1 by reason ( ! facts giv51 x c\ld n be rega9$1 z ! circulat+ wat]1 pip+ & cond5s] requir$ a consid]able p]iod ( "t 9 :i* to cool4 ,be=e any radical *anges 7 made x 0 decid$ t a man %\ld crawl 9 ! suction pipe ,a1 & remove su* s&1 dirt1 or any o!r ob/acles z 7 believ$ to cause ! friction4 ,aft] ?is _h be5 done & consid]able s& _h be5 remov$1 te/s 7 resum$ ) practically ! same results z be=e4 ,! inve/igation 0 cont9u$ & ! dry-vacuum pumps 7 ov]haul$1 z !y _h be5 damag$ by wat] 9 ! cyl9d]s1 & fur!rmore ne$$ re-bor+4 ,9 %ort1 ! auxili>ies 7 re/or$ to ! be/ condition t c\ld be br\ght ab\t by ! individual improvem5t ( ea* piece ( app>atus4 ,z ?is 0 n ! seat ( ! tr\ble1 h[ev]1 ! rem$y fail$ to effect a cure4 ,x 0 demon/rat$ t ! /eam consumption ( ! turb9es 0 greatly increas$ due to prim+ ( ! boil]s1 z well z cond5sation 9 ! turb9e cas+2 h5ce1 ! ills above m5tion$ 7 aggravat$4 ,*anges 9 ,pip+ ,aft] a great deal ( argum5t f ! *ief eng9e]1 & ! firm :i* furni%$ ! pump1 bo? mak+ a /rong plea = a *ange 9 ! pip+1 ! company accept$ ! inevitable1 & ! dott$ portion %[s ! pres5t lay\t4 ,! elb[ ,m 0 remov$1 & a tee put 9 its place to :i* ! pip+ ,d 0 connect$4 ,! circulat+ pump 0 remov$ to ! position %[n1 & a direct connection sub/itut$ = ! ,s-b5d4 ,! dis*>ge pipe ,c 0 c>ri$ f ,no4 #a unit sep>ately1 z %[n 9 ! elevation1 & t]m9at$ at ,no4 #a cool+ t[] in/ead ( ,no4 #b1 :i* %ort5$ ! di/ance ab\t #fj feet1 ! total l5g? ( pipe 7"o way7 f ,no4 #a unit be+ orig9ally #bej feet4 ,9 ?is way ! cond5s+ equipm5t 0 made practically sep>ate = ea* turb9e1 z x %\ld h be5 9 ! fir/ place4 ,) ! new pip+ a vacuum ( #bd in*es on ! peak c\ld be rea*$4 ,:ile ?is is f> f an effici5t value1 yet x is bett] ?an ! =m] figure4 ,! failure to rea* a vacuum ( #bh in*es or bett] is due prim>ily to a lack ( cool+ wat]1 b an improvem5t 9 ?is reg>d c\ld be made by recon/ruct+ ! cool+ t[]s1 :i* at pres5t d n (f] ! prop] am\nt ( cool+ surface4 ,! scre5s us$ 7 heavy galvaniz$ wire ( ab\t #c_/af-;in* me%1 :i* became coat$ 9 a %ort "t1 & mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ to p]mit ! wat] to drop ?r\gh !m4 ,! supply ( cool+ wat] 0 tak5 f a #cj-;in* pipe l9e sev]al miles long & f$ f a spr+4 ,! am\nt ( wat] v>i$ consid]ably & 0 at times q insuffici5t = ! load on ! plant4 ,in/ead ( meet+ ?is condition ) ! be/ app>atus possible1 a *a9 ( difficulties 7 add$ to x1 ) ! results giv54 ,,index ,accel]ation1 rate (1 #adg ,adju/m5t1 axial1 #fe mak+1 #ff ,air-pump1 exam9+1 #afc ,allis-,*alm]s ,co4 /eam turb9e1 #da ,auxili>ies1 #b1 #aed special1 #afe ,auxili>y plant = consumption te/1 #acg spr+ on gov]nor dome1 #bh ,axial adju/m5t1 #fe ,baffl]1 #cf functions1 #ci ,be>+s1 ma91 #fi ,blades1 con/ruction details1 #dd inspect+1 #ajd ,blad+1 ,allis-,*alm]s turb9e1 #dh ,we/+h\se-,p>sons turb9e1 #ei1 #ib ,bluepr9ts1 /udy+1 #aa ,buckets1 mov+1 #ad /ation>y1 #ad ,bu%+s1 #cf ,c>bon pack+1 #ai r+1 #bj ,c5tral gravity oil+ sy/em1 #aaa ,circulat+ pump fails to meet gu>antee1 #agb ,cle>ance1 #ae1 #aej adju/+1 #ah betwe5 mov+ & /ation>y buckets1 #d gages1 #ag measur+1 #ah radial1 #fc ,comma la%+1 #ie ,cond5s]s1 #ajh1 #aca jet1 #aed ,conditions = successful op]ation1 #aje ,cool+ wat] supply limit$1 #agg ,c\pl+1 #abg ,cov]-plate1 #d -plate1 l[]+1 #i ,curtis turb9e1 #aa turb9e 9 practice1 #a sett+ valves1 #ca1 #cb ,de ,laval turb9es1 #aah ,dra9+ sy/em1 #aje ,dummy leakage1 #aae pi/ons1 #fc1 #fe r+s1 #dc1 #aac1 #aad ,equaliz+ pipes1 #fd ,exhau/ end ( turb9e1 #ajg pipe1 #ajg ,exp&+ nozzles1 #ad ,fe$-pipes1 #afd ,fl[1 rate1 #ch ,f\ndation draw+s1 #b r+s1 #dd1 #df ,f\r?-/age :eel1 #ad ,frankl91 ,?omas1 #aab1 #acg1 #aed ,gages1 calibrat+ & adju/+1 #afi cle>ance1 #ag = te/ "w1 #afe ,g5]ator1 #ec ,gl&s1 exam9ation = scale1 #ajd pack+1 #ga1 #gg regulation1 #adh ,gov]nor1 ,allis-,*alm]s turb9e1 #dh ,curtis turb9e1 #bg1 #ca improv$1 ,we/+h\se-,p>sons turb9e1 #hc -rods1 adju/+1 #ce safety-/op1 #hf ,we/+h\se-,p>sons turb9e1 #hj ,gr9d+1 #ch ,guide-be>+1 l[]1 #i ,gump1 ,walt] ,b41 #agb ,holly dra9+ sy/em1 #ajf ,horse%oe %im1 #h ,hot-well regulation1 #adh ,inspection1 #ajc ,int]m$iate1 #ad ,jack+ r+1 #h ,jet cond5s]1 #aed ,johnson1 ,fr$ ,l41 #a1 #ca ,leakage1 #aah ,load v>iation1 #add ,l[] guide-be>+1 #i ,lubrication1 #ea ,measur+ tanks1 #aga ,me*anical valve-ge>1 #cb ,nozzles1 exp&+1 #ad ,oil1 #eg1 #ajc1 #aji am\nt pass+ ?r\gh be>+s1 #abb consumption1 high1 #age detect+ wat] 91 #abb pressure1 #abb -temp]ature curve1 #abc ,oil1 te/+1 #aaj velocity ( fl[1 #abb ,oil+1 #hg sy/em1 importance1 #aai ,op]ation1 ,allis-,*alm]s turb9e1 #ed1 #ee successful1 #aje ,op]ations 9 h&l+ turb9e plant1 #adf ,ov]load valve1 #bh ,pack+1 c>bon1 #ai gl&s1 #ga r+1 self-c5t]+1 #ad ,p>sons type ( turb9e1 #da ,passage 9 f\ndation1 #b ,peep-holes1 #ae1 #ah ,pip+1 #aga *ang+1 #agi inspection1 #afd ,pressure1 #fc gages1 #aff 9 gl&s1 #eg ,pump1 circulat+1 fails to meet gu>antee1 #agb inspection1 #afd ,radial cle>ance1 #fc ,rateau turb9es1 #aah ,relief valves1 #ca valves1 importance1 #aei ,r+1 c>bon1 #bj ,rotor1 ,we/+h\se-,p>sons turb9e1 #ei ,runn+1 #ii ,safety-/op1 #bb -/op gov]nor1 #hf ,sauc] /eps1 #ci ,screw1 /ep-be>+1 #ah /ep-support+1 #d ,sep>ators1 #aje ,sett+ sp9dle & cyl9d] = m9imum leakage1 #aae valves 9 ,curtis turb9e1 #ca1 #cb ,%aft1 hold+ up :ile remov+ support1 #h ,%ield-plate1 #bf1 #cf ,%im1 horse%oe1 #h ,%r\d r+s1 #dd1 #df ,%r\d+ on buckets & int]m$iates1 #ah ,%utt+ d[n1 #aja ,special turb9e features1 #abg ,sp9dle1 lift+1 #if remov+1 #ajd ,spray+ me*anism1 #aeh ,/age valves1 #bh1 #ca ,/>t+ up1 #ed1 #ie ,/ep-be>+1 l[]+ to exam9e1 #h -be>+ screw1 #ah -blocks1 #d -lubricant1 #d -pressure1 #ch -support+ screw1 #d -wat]1 fl[1 #ch ,/opp+ turb9e1 #ef ,sub-base1 #h ,sup]heat$ /eam1 #aje ,te/ loads1 #ada necess>y features1 #afc ,te/+ oil1 #aaj prep>+ turb9e =1 #ade /eam turb9e1 #aab1 #acg1 #aeb ,!rmomet]1 calibrat+ & te/+1 #afi oil1 #abe ,?ru/-block1 #aah ,top block1 #d ,tr\bles ) /eam turb9e auxili>ies1 #agb ,turb9e features1 special1 #abg ,vacuum1 #aeb rais+1 #ajg te/1 #ace ,valve-ge>1 #hc -ge>1 me*anical1 #bb1 #cb op]ation dur+ consumption te/1 #ach ov]load1 #bh relief1 #ca importance1 #aei sett+ 9 ,curtis turb9e1 #ca1 #cb /age1 #bh1ca ,vapor b\nd pumps1 #agh ,wat]1 cool+1 limit$1 #agg 9 oil1 detect+1 #abb -measurem5t read+s1 #adh pressure1 #aja s]vice1 #abf importance1 #aai te/s ( cond5s]1 #acc us$ 9 gl&s1 #eg1 #gf ,we/+h\se-,p>sons /eam turb9e1 #eh ,:eels1 #ad l[] or f\r?-/age1 #ad position1 #ah