,,! ,,engli% ,,utilit>ians ,by ,,leslie ,,/eph5 ,illu/ration ,,london ,,duckwor? & ,,co4 #c ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 #aijj ,,preface ,?is book is a sequel to my ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,! title :i* ,i !n v5tur$ to use 0 m compreh5sive ?an ! "w itself des]v$3 ,i felt my inability to write a cont9uation :i* %\ld at all correspond to a simil> title = ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,i ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t by writ+ an acc\nt ( ! compact & en]getic s*ool ( ,engli% ,utilit>ians ,i c\ld ?r[ "s light bo? ^u !m & _! contempor>ies4 ,i _h ! advantage = ?is purpose ( hav+ be5 myself a disciple ( ! s*ool dur+ its la/ p]iod4 ,_m accid5ts h delay$ my completion ( ! task2 & delay$ also its publication aft] x 0 writt54 ,two books h be5 publi%$ s9ce t "t1 :i* p>tly cov] ! same gr\nd2 & ,i mu/ be cont5t ) ref]r+ my read]s to !m = fur!r in=mation4 ,!y are ,! ,engli% ,radicals1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,roylance ,k5t2 & ,engli% ,political ,philosophy f ,hobbes to ,ma9e1 by ,pr(essor ,graham4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,i ,,political ,,conditions ,i4 ,! ,briti% ,con/itution #ab ,,ii4 ,! ,rul+ ,class #ah ,,iii4 ,legislation & ,adm9i/ration #bb ,,iv4 ,! ,army & ,navy #cj ,v4 ,! ,*ur* #ce ,,vi4 ,! ,univ]sities #dc ,,vii4 ,!ory #ea ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,_s ,i4 ,! ,manufactur]s #eg ,,ii4 ,! ,agriculturi/s #fi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,social ,,problems ,i4 ,paup]ism #hg ,,ii4 ,! ,police #ii ,,iii4 ,education #ajh ,,iv4 ,! ,slave-,trade #aac ,v4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution #aba ,,vi4 ,individualism #acj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,philosophy ,i4 ,john ,horne ,tooke #acg ,,ii4 ,dugald ,/ew>t #adb ,,*apt] ,v ,,b5?am',s ,,life ,i4 ,e>ly ,life #afi ,,ii4 ,fir/ ,writ+s #age ,,iii4 ,! ,panopticon #aic ,,iv4 ,utilit>ian ,propag&a #bjf ,v4 ,codification #bbb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,b5?am',s ,,doctr9e ,i4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples #bce ,,ii4 ,spr+s ( ,action #bdi ,,iii4 ,! ,sanctions #bee ,,iv4 ,crim9al ,law #bfc ,v4 ,engli% ,law #bga ,,vi4 ,radicalism #bhb ,,vii4 ,individualism #cjg ,,note ,,on ,,b5?am',s ,,writ+s #cai ,,introductory ,! ,engli% ,utilit>ians ( :om ,i am ab\t to give "s acc\nt 7 a gr\p ( m5 :o = ?ree g5]ations _h a conspicu\s influ5ce ^u ,engli% ?\ght & political action4 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ,james ,mill1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7 successively _! lead]s2 & ,i %all speak ( ea* 9 turn4 ,x may be well to premise a brief indication ( ! me?od :i* ,i h adopt$4 ,i h devot$ a mu* great] proportion ( my "w to biography & to consid]ation ( political & social conditions ?an w\ld be appropriate to ! hi/ory ( a philosophy4 ,! reasons = su* a c\rse are v obvi\s 9 ?is case1 inasmu* z ! ,utilit>ian doctr9es 7 work$ out ) a con/ant ref]5ce to practical applications4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 t su* a ref]5ce is (t5 equally pres5t1 ?\gh n equally conspicu\s1 9 o!r philosophical s*ools4 ,b 9 any case ,i wi% to %[ h[ ,i conceive ! relation ( my s*eme to ! s*eme m g5]ally adopt$ by hi/orians ( ab/ract speculation4 ,i am prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( a s*ool or sect1 n ) ! hi/ory ( ! argum5ts by :i* x ju/ifies itself 9 ! c\rt ( pure reason4 ,i mu/ !re=e consid] ! cre$ z x 0 actually embodi$ 9 ! dom9ant beliefs ( ! adh]5ts ( ! s*ool1 n z x 0 exp\nd$ 9 lecture-rooms or treatises on fir/ pr9ciples4 ,i deal n ) philosoph]s m$itat+ ^u ,be+ & n-,be+1 b ) m5 actively engag$ 9 fram+ political plat=ms & c>ry+ on popul> agitations4 ,! great majority ev5 ( intellig5t p>tisans are ei!r indiff]5t to ! philosophic cre$ ( _! lead]s or take x = grant$4 ,its po/ulates are m or less impli$ 9 ! doctr9es :i* guide !m 9 practice1 b are n explicitly /at$ or delib]ately reason$ out4 ,n ! less ! doctr9es ( a sect1 political or religi\s1 may be dep5d5t ^u !ories :i* = ! great] numb] rema9 lat5t or are recognis$ only 9 _! concrete application4 ,contempor>y memb]s ( any society1 h[ev] widely !y diff] z to results1 are employ$ ^u ! same problems &1 to "s ext5t1 use ! same me?ods & make ! same assumptions 9 attempt+ solutions4 ,!re is a c]ta9 unity ev5 9 ! g5]al ?\ght ( any giv5 p]iod4 ,contradictory views imply "s common gr\nd4 ,b )9 ?is wid] unity we f9d a v>iety ( sects1 ea* ( :i* may be consid]$ z m or less repres5t+ a p>ticul> me?od ( treat+ ! g5]al problem3 & !re=e pr9ciples :i*1 :e!r cle>ly recognis$ or n1 are virtually impli$ 9 _! p>ty cre$ & give a c]ta9 unity to _! tea*+4 ,"o obvi\s pr9ciple ( unity1 or tacit bond ( sympa?y :i* holds a sect toge!r dep5ds ^u ! intellectual idiosyncrasy ( ! individuals4 ,col]idge 0 aim+ at an important tru? :5 he said t e man 0 born an ,ari/otelian or a ,platoni/4#a ,nom9ali/s & reali/s1 intuitioni/s & empirici/s1 ideali/s & mat]iali/s1 repres5t diff]5t =ms ( a fundam5tal anti!sis :i* appe>s to run ?r\gh all philosophy4 ,ea* ?9k] is apt to take ! po/ulates cong5ial to 8 own m9d z ! pla9 dictates ( reason4 ,controv]sies betwe5 su* opposites appe> to be hopeless4 ,!y h be5 aptly comp>$ by ,dr4 ,v5n to ! erection ( a sn[-bank to dam a riv]4 ,! sn[ melts & swells ! torr5t :i* x 0 int5d$ to arre/4 ,ea* side reads admitt$ tru?s into its own dialect1 & inf]s t its own dialect af=ds ! only valid expression4 ,to reg>d su* anti!ses z f9al & insoluble w\ld be to admit complete scepticism4 ,:at is true = "o man w\ld n !re=e be true--or at lea/ its tru? w\ld n be demon/rable--to ano!r4 ,we mu/ tru/ t reconciliation is a*ievable by %[+ t ! diff]5ce is really less vital & corresponds to a diff]5ce ( me?ods or ( ! sph]es )9 :i* ea* mode ( ?\ght may be valid4 ,to obta9 ! po9t ( view f :i* su* a conciliation is possible %\ld be1 ,i hold1 "o ma9 end ( mod]n philosophis+4 ,! effect ( ?is pr(\nd intellectual diff]5ce is complicat$ by o!r obvi\s influ5ces4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! diff]5ce ( intellectual horizon4 ,ea* man has a _w ( 8 own & sees a diff]5t set ( facts4 ,:e!r 8 horizon is t :i* is visible f 8 p>i% /eeple or f ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 x is /ill /rictly limit$3 & ! outside univ]se1 kn[n vaguely & indirectly1 does n affect him l ! facts actually pres5t to 8 p]ception4 ,! mo/ c&id ?9k]s w come to diff]5t conclusions :5 !y are really provid$ ) diff]5t sets ( fact4 ,9 political & social problems e man's op9ions are m\ld$ by 8 social /ation4 ,! artisan's view ( ! capitali/1 & ! capitali/'s view ( ! artisan1 are bo? imp]fect1 because ea* has a fir/-h& k ( 8 own class alone3 &1 h[ev] anxi\s to be fair1 ea* w take a v diff]5t view ( ! work+ ( political in/itutions4 ,an app>5t concord (t5 cov]s ! wide/ div]g5ce "u ! veil ( a common =mula1 because ea* man has 8 private mode ( int]pret+ g5]al phrases 9 t]ms ( concrete fact4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 implies ! fur!r diff]5ce aris+ f ! passions :i*1 h[ev] illogically1 g s f> to det]m9e op9ions4 ,"h we h ! mo/ g5]al s\rce ( difficulty 9 consid]+ ! actual hi/ory ( a cre$4 ,we _c limit ourselves to ! purely logical factor4 ,all ?\ght has to />t f po/ulates4 ,m5 h to act be=e !y ?9k3 be=e1 at any rate1 reason+ becomes di/9ct f imag9+ or guess+4 ,to expla9 9 e>ly p]iods is to fancy & to take a fancy = a p]ception4 ,! _w ( ! primitive man is con/ruct$ n only f vague conjectures & ha/y analogies b f 8 hopes & fe>s1 & be>s ! impress ( 8 emotional nature4 ,:5 progress takes place "s ( 8 beliefs are confirm$1 "s disappe>1 & o!rs are trans=m$3 & ! :ole hi/ory ( ?\ght is a hi/ory ( ?is gradual process ( v]ification4 ,we beg91 x is said1 by assum+3 we proce$ by v]ify+1 & we only end by demon/rat+4 ,! process is comp>atively simple 9 t "p ( k :i* ultimately corresponds to ! physical sci5ces4 ,!re mu/ be a c]ta9 h>mony betwe5 beliefs & realities 9 reg>d to k ( ord9>y matt]s ( fact1 if only because su* h>mony is ess5tial to ! life ( ! race4 ,ev5 an ape mu/ di/+ui% poison\s f :olesome food4 ,beliefs z to physical facts require to be made articulate & di/9ct2 b we h only to recognise z logical pr9ciples ! laws ( nature :i* we h unconsci\sly obey$ & illu/rat$--to =mulate dynamics long aft] we h appli$ ! sci5ce 9 ?r[+ /ones or us+ b[s & arr[s4 ,b :at corresponds to ?is 9 ! case ( ! moral & religi\s beliefs8 ,:at is ! process ( v]ification8 ,m5 practically are satisfi$ ) _! cre$ s long z !y are satisfi$ ) ! correspond+ social ord]4 ,! te/ ( tru? s sugge/$ is obvi\sly inadequate3 = all great religions1 h[ev] contradictory to ea* o!r1 h be5 able to satisfy x = long p]iods4 ,p>ticul> doctr9es might be te/$ by exp]im5t4 ,! efficacy ( wit*craft might be inve/igat$ l ! efficacy ( vacc9ation4 ,b fai? c always make z _m miracles z x wants3 & errors :i* orig9ate 9 ! fancy _c be at once extirpat$ by ! reason4 ,_! =m may be *ang$ b n _! sub/ance4 ,to remove !m requires n dispro( ( ?is or t fact1 b an intellectual discipl9e :i* is r>e ev5 among ! educat$ classes4 ,a religi\s cre$ survives1 z poetry or art survives1--n s long z x conta9s app>5tly true /atem5ts ( fact b--s long z x is cong5ial to ! :ole social /ate4 ,a philosophy inde$ is a poetry /at$ 9 t]ms ( logic4 ,consid]+ ! natural cons]vatism ( mank9d1 ! difficulty is to acc\nt = progress1 n = ! p]si/5ce ( error4 ,:5 ! exi/+ ord] ceases to be satisfactory2 :5 conque/ or comm]ce has weld$ nations toge!r & br\ght conflict+ cre$s into cohesion2 :5 indu/rial developm5t has modifi$ ! old class relations2 or :5 ! gov]n+ classes h ceas$ to dis*>ge _! functions1 new pr9ciples are dem&$ & new prophets arise4 ,! philosoph] may !n become ! m\?piece ( ! new ord]1 & innoc5tly take himself to be its orig9ator4 ,8 doctr9es 7 fruitless s long z ! soil 0 n prep>$ = ! se$4 ,a premature discov]y if n /amp$ out by fire & sword is /ifl$ by indiff]5ce4 ,if ,francis ,bacon succe$$ :]e ,rog] ,bacon fail$1 ! diff]5ce 0 due to ! social conditions1 n to ! m54 ,! cause ( ! great religi\s z well z ( ! great political revolutions mu/ be s\ght ma9ly 9 ! social hi/ory4 ,new cre$s spread :5 !y satisfy ! in/9cts or ! passions r\s$ to activity by o!r causes4 ,! sy/em has to be s f> true z to be cr$ible at ! "t2 b its vitality dep5ds ^u its cong5iality z a :ole to ! aspirations ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,! purely intellectual movem5t no d\bt repres5ts ! decisive factor4 ,! love ( tru? 9 ! ab/ract is probably ! weake/ ( human passions2 b tru? :5 atta9$ ultimately gives ! fulcrum = a recon/ruction ( ! _w4 ,:5 a solid core ( asc]ta9$ & v]ifiable tru? has once be5 =m$ & appli$ to practical results x becomes ! fix$ pivot ^u :i* all beliefs mu/ ultimately turn4 ,! influ5ce1 h[ev]1 is (t5 obscure & /ill indirect4 ,! m cultivat$ recognise ! necessity ( br++ _! :ole doctr9e into con=mity ) ! def9itely organis$ & e/abli%$ sy/em2 &1 at ! pres5t day1 ev5 ! un$ucat$ beg9 to h an inkl+ ( possible results4 ,yet ! desire = logical consi/5cy is n "o :i* presses =cibly ^u ! less cultivat$ intellects4 ,!y d n feel ! necessity ( unify+ k or br++ _! v>i\s op9ions into consi/5cy & into h>mony ) facts4 ,!re are easy me?ods ( avoid+ any tr\blesome conflict ( belief4 ,! philosoph] is ready to %[ !m ! way4 ,he1 l o!r p1 has to />t f po/ulates1 & to see h[ !y w "w4 ,:5 he meets ) a difficulty x is p]fectly legitimate t he %\ld try h[ f> ! old =mula c be appli$ to cov] ! new applications4 ,he may be l$ to a process ( 'rationalis+' or 'spiritualis+' :i* is dang]\s to intellectual hone/y4 ,! vagu5ess ( ! g5]al conceptions ) :i* he is conc]n$ facilitates ! adaptation2 & 8 words slide into new mean+s by imp]ceptible gradations4 ,8 error is 9 tak+ a legitimate t5tative process = a conclusive te/2 & inf]r+ t op9ions are confirm$ because a non-natural int]pretation c be =c$ ^u !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only ! vici\s application ( ! normal process ?r\gh :i* new ideas are diffus$ or sl[ly infiltrate ! old sy/ems till ! necessity ( a ?or\ghgo+ recon/ruction =ces itself ^u our att5tion4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t an opposite fallacy is equally possible1 especially 9 times ( revolution>y passion4 ,! app>5t irreconcilability ( "s new doctr9e ) ! old may lead to ! summ>y rejection ( ! implicit tru?1 toge!r ) ! error involv$ 9 its imp]fect recognition4 ,h5ce arises ! necessity = fak+ into acc\nt n only a man's intellectual idiosyncrasies & ! special intellectual horizon1 b all ! prepossessions due to 8 p]sonal "*1 8 social environm5t1 & 8 consequ5t sympa?ies & antipa?ies4 ,! philosoph] has 8 passions l o!r m54 ,he does n really live 9 ! ?9 air ( ab/ract speculation4 ,on ! contr>y1 he />ts g5]ally1 & surely is "r 9 />t+1 ) ke5 int]e/ 9 ! great religi\s1 e?ical1 & social problems ( ! "t4 ,he wi%es--hone/ly & eag]ly--to try !m by ! sev]e/ te/s1 & to hold fa/ only :at is cle>ly valid4 ,! desire to apply 8 pr9ciples 9 fact ju/ifies 8 pursuit1 & r$eems him f ! *>ge t he is delight+ 9 b>r5 intellectual subtleties4 ,b to an outsid] 8 proc$ure may appe> 9 a diff]5t light4 ,8 real problem comes to be3 h[ ! conclusions :i* are agreeable to 8 emotions c be connect$ ) ! po/ulates :i* are cong5ial to 8 intellect8 ,he may be absolutely hone/ & q unconsci\s t 8 conclusions 7 pre>rang$ by 8 sympa?ies4 ,no philosophic cre$ ( any importance has ev] be5 con/ruct$1 we may well believe1 )\t su* s9c]ity & )\t su* plausibility z results f its correspond5ce to at lea/ "s aspects ( ! tru?4 ,b ! result is suffici5tly %[n by ! p]plex$ controv]sies :i* arise4 ,m5 agree 9 _! conclusions1 ?\gh />t+ f opposite premises2 or f ! same premises rea* ! mo/ div]g+ conclusions4 ,! same code ( practical morality1 x is (t5 said1 is accept$ by ?9k]s :o d5y ea* o!r's fir/ pr9ciples2 dogmatism (t5 appe>s to its oppon5ts to be ?or\ghgo+ scepticism 9 disguise1 & m5 e/abli% victori\sly results :i* turn out 9 ! end to be really a /ronghold = _! antagoni/s4 ,h5ce !re is a di/9ction betwe5 su* a hi/ory ( a sect z ,i contemplate & a hi/ory ( sci5tific inquiry or ( pure philosophy4 ,a hi/ory ( ma!matical or physical sci5ce w\ld diff] f a direct exposition ( ! sci5ce1 b only 9 s f> z x w\ld /ate tru?s 9 ! ord] ( discov]y1 n 9 ! ord] mo/ conv5i5t = display+ !m z a sy/em4 ,x w\ld %[ :at 7 ! processes by :i* !y 7 orig9ally f\nd out1 & h[ !y h be5 aft]w>ds annex$ or absorb$ 9 "s wid] g5]alisation4 ,^! facts might be /at$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! discov]]s or ( ! society to :i* !y belong$4 ,!y w\ld inde$ sugge/ v int]e/+ topics to ! g5]al hi/orian or 'sociologi/4' ,he might be l$ to inquire "u :at conditions m5 came to inquire sci5tifically at all2 :y !y ceas$ = c5turies to c>e = sci5ce2 :y !y took up special dep>tm5ts ( inve/igation2 & :at 0 ! effect ( sci5tific discov]ies ^u social relations 9 g5]al4 ,b ! two inquiries w\ld be di/9ct = obvi\s reasons4 ,if m5 /udy ma!matics !y c only come to "o conclusion4 ,!y w f9d out ! same propositions ( geometry if !y only ?9k cle>ly en\gh & long en\gh1 z c]ta9ly z ,columbus w\ld discov] ,am]ica if he only sail$ f> en\gh4 ,am]ica 0 !re1 & s 9 a s5se are ! propositions4 ,we may !re=e 9 ?is case entirely sep>ate ! two que/ions3 :at leads m5 to ?9k8 & :at conclusions w !y rea*8 ,! reasons :i* guid$ ! fir/ discov]]s are j z valid n[1 ?\gh !y c be m sy/ematically /at$4 ,b 9 ! 'moral sci5ces' ?is di/9ction is n equally possible4 ,! intellectual & ! social evolution are closely & intricately connect$1 & ea* reacts ^u ! o!r4 ,9 ! la/ resort no d\bt a def9itive sy/em ( belief once elaborat$ w\ld repose ^u univ]sally valid tru?s & det]m9e1 in/ead ( be+ det]m9$ by1 ! correspond+ social ord]4 ,b 9 ! concrete evolution :i*1 we may hope1 is approximat+ t[>ds ?is result1 ! cre$s curr5t among mank9d h be5 det]m9$ by ! social conditions z well z help$ to det]m9e !m4 ,to give an acc\nt ( t process x is necess>y to specify ! v>i\s circum/ances :i* may lead to ! survival ( error1 & to ! p>tial views ( tru? tak5 by m5 ( diff]5t idiosyncrasies work+ ^u diff]5t data & mov$ by diff]5t passions & prepossessions4 ,a hi/ory writt5 ^u ^! t]ms w\ld %[ prim>ily :at1 z a fact1 7 ! dom9ant beliefs dur+ a giv5 p]iod1 & /ate :i* surviv$1 :i* disappe>$1 & :i* 7 trans=m$ or engraft$ ^u o!r sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,?is w\ld ( c\rse raise ! "q ( ! tru? or falsehood ( ! doctr9es z well z ( _! vitality3 = ! tru? is at lea/ "o ess5tial condition ( p]man5t vitality4 ,! diff]5ce w\ld be t ! problem w\ld be approa*$ f a diff]5t side4 ,we %\ld ask fir/ :at beliefs h fl\ri%$1 & aft]w>ds ask :y !y fl\ri%$1 & h[ f> _! vitality 0 due to _! p>tial or complete tru?4 ,to write su* a hi/ory w\ld p]haps require an imp>tiality :i* few p possess & :i* ,i d n v5ture to claim4 ,i h my own op9ions = :i* o!r p may acc\nt by prejudice1 assumption1 or d[nright incapacity4 ,i am q aw>e t ,i %all be implicitly criticis+ myself 9 criticis+ o!rs4 ,all t ,i c pr(ess is t by tak+ ! que/ions 9 ?is ord]1 ,i %all hope to fix att5tion ^u "o set ( consid]ations :i* are apt1 z ,i fancy1 to be unduly neglect$4 ,! result ( read+ "s hi/ories is to raise ! "q3 h[ p on ! o!r side came to be su* unmitigat$ fools8 ,:y 7 !y impos$ ^u by su* obvi\s fallacies8 ,t may be answ]$ by consid]+ m fully ! conditions "u :i* ! op9ions 7 actually adopt$1 & "o result may be to %[ t ^? op9ions _h a consid]able elem5t ( tru?1 & 7 held by m5 :o 7 ! v opposite ( fools4 ,at any rate ,i %all d :at ,i c to write an acc\nt ( ?is phase ( ?\ght1 s z to br+ out :at 7 its real t5ets2 to :at intellectual type !y 7 naturally cong5ial2 :at 7 ! limitations ( view :i* affect$ ! ,utilit>ians' conception ( ! problems to be solv$2 & :at 7 ! passions & prepossessions due to ! contempor>y /ate ( society & to _! own class position1 :i* to "s degree unconsci\sly dictat$ _! conclusions4 ,s f> z ,i c d ?is satisfactorily1 ,i hope t ,i may ?r[ "s light ^u ! intr9sic value ( ! cre$1 & ! place :i* x %\ld occupy 9 a def9itive sy/em4 ,,notes3 #a ,table-,talk1 #c ,july #ahcj4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,political ,,conditions ,i4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,con/itution ,! ,engli% ,utilit>ians repres5t "o outcome ( ! speculations curr5t 9 ,engl& dur+ ! lat] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,= ! reasons j assign$ ,i %all beg9 by briefly recall+ "s ( ! social conditions :i* set ! problems = ! com+ g5]ation & det]m9$ ! mode ( answ]+ !m4 ,i mu/ put ! ma9 facts 9 evid5ce1 ?\gh !y are ev5 pa9fully famili>4 ,! mo/ obvi\s />t+-po9t is giv5 by ! political situation4 ,! supremacy ( p>liam5t _h be5 def9itively e/abli%$ by ! revolution ( #afhh1 & _h be5 foll[$ by ! elaboration ( ! sy/em ( p>ty gov]nm5t4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! political _w lay 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,no m9i/] c\ld hold p[] unless he c\ld comm& a majority 9 ?is h\se4 ,jeal\sy ( ! royal p[]1 h[ev]1 0 /ill a rul+ passion4 ,! p>ty l9e betwe5 ,:ig & ,tory turn$ o/5sibly ^u ?is issue4 ,! ess5tial ,:ig doctr9e is indicat$ by ,dunn+'s fam\s resolution 7#f ,april #aghj7 t '! p[] ( ! cr[n _h increas$1 0 increas+1 & ought to be dim9i%$4' ,! resolution 0 9 "o s5se an ana*ronism4 ,z 9 _m o!r cases1 politicians seem to be elaborately slay+ ! sla9 & gu>d+ aga9/ ! attacks ( ext9ct mon/]s4 ,!re 0 sc>cely m probability "u ,george ,,iii4 ?an !re is "u ,victoria t ! k+ w\ld try to raise taxes )\t cons5t ( p>liam5t4 ,george ,,iii41 h[ev]1 desir$ to be m ?an a contrivance = fix+ ! great seal to (ficial docum5ts4 ,he _h good reason = ?9k+ t ! weakness ( ! executive 0 an evil4 ,! k+ c\ld ga9 p[] n by attack+ ! au?ority ( p>liam5t b by ga9+ influ5ce )9 its walls4 ,he might =m a p>ty ( 'k+'s fri5ds' able to hold ! balance betwe5 ! connections =m$ by ! great families & s break up ! sy/em ( p>ty gov]nm5t4 ,burke's great spee* 7#aa ,feb4 #aghj7 ^u introduc+ 8 plan '= ! bett] security ( ! indep5d5ce ( p>liam5t & ! economical re=mation ( ! civil & o!r e/abli%m5ts' expla9s ! secret & reveals ! /ate ( ?+s :i* = ! next half c5tury 0 to supply "o ma9 !me = ! eloqu5ce ( re=m]s4 ,! k+ _h at 8 disposal a va/ am\nt ( patronage4 ,!re 7 relics ( anci5t in/itutions3 ! pr9cipality ( ,wales1 ! du*ies ( ,lanca/] & ,cornwall1 & ! e>ldom ( ,*e/]2 ea* ) its rev5ue & e/abli%m5t ( sup]flu\s (ficials4 ,! royal h\sehold 0 a complex 'body corporate' f\nd$ 9 ! old days ( 'purveyance4' ,!re 0 ! my/]i\s ',bo>d ( ,gre5 ,clo?' =m$ by ! great (fic]s & suppos$ to h judicial z well z adm9i/rative functions4 ,cumbr\s m$iaeval ma*9]y ?us rema9$ :i* _h be5 =m$ 9 ! "t :5 ! di/9ction betwe5 a public tru/ & private prop]ty 0 n def9itely drawn or :i* _h be5 all[$ to rema9 = ! sake ( patronage1 :5 its functions _h be5 transf]r$ to (ficials ( m mod]n type4 ,re=m 0 foil$1 z ,burke put x1 because ! turnspit 9 ! k+'s kit*5 0 a memb] ( p>liam5t4 ,su* s9ecures & ! p5sions on ! civil li/ or ! ,iri% e/abli%m5t provid$ ! funds by :i* ! k+ c\ld build up a p]sonal influ5ce1 :i* 0 yet occult1 irresponsible1 & corrupt4 ,! measure pass$ by ,burke 9 #aghbb made a beg9n+ 9 ! removal ( su* abuses4 ,mean:ile ! ,:igs 7 conv5i5tly bl9d to ano!r side ( ! "q4 ,if ! k+ c\ld buy1 x 0 because !re 7 pl5ty ( p bo? able & will+ to sell4 ,bubb ,dod+ton1 a typical example ( ! old sy/em1 _h five or six seats at 8 disposal3 subject only to ! necessity ( ?r[+ a few p\nds to ! 'v5al wret*es' :o w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( vot+1 & by deal+ 9 :at he calls ?is 'm]*antable w>e' he manag$ by lifelong ef=ts to wriggle into a pe]age4 ,! ,dod+tons1 t is1 sold because !y b\ght4 ,! 'v5al wret*es' 7 ! lucky fran*ise-hold]s 9 rott5 bor\ghs4 ,! ',fri5ds ( ! ,p'#c 9 #agic made ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t t #aed individuals return$ #cjg memb]s1 t is1 a majority ( ! h\se4 ,9 ,cornwall1 aga91 #ba bor\ghs ) #dec electors controll$ by ab\t #ae individuals return$ #db memb]s1#d or1 ) ! two c\nty memb]s1 only "o memb] less ?an ,scotl&2 & ! ,scotti% memb]s 7 elect$ by close corporations 9 bor\ghs & by ! great families 9 c\nties4 ,no wond] if ! ,h\se ( ,commons seem$ at times to be little m ?an an ex*ange = ! traffic betwe5 ! proprietors ( votes & ! proprietors ( (fices & p5sions4 ,! dem& = ! re=ms advocat$ by ,burke & ,dunn+ 0 due to ! cata/rophe ( ! ,am]ican ,w>4 ,! sc&al caus$ by ! fam\s coalition ( #aghc %[$ t a dim9ution ( ! royal influ5ce might only make room = selfi% b>ga9s among ! proprietors ( p>liam5t>y influ5ce4 ,! dem& = re=m 0 tak5 up by ,pitt4 ,8 plan 0 significant4 ,he propos$ to disfran*ise a few rott5 bor\ghs2 b to s(t5 ?is measure he aft]w>ds sugge/$ t a million %\ld be set aside to buy su* bor\ghs z %\ld volunt>ily apply = disfran*isem5t4 ,! seats obta9$ 7 to be ma9ly add$ to c\nty repres5tation2 b ! fran*ise 0 to be ext5d$ s z to add ab\t #ii1jjj vot]s 9 bor\ghs1 & additional seats 7 to be giv5 to ,london & ,we/m9/] & to ,man*e/]1 ,le$s1 ,birm+ham1 & ,%effield4 ,! ,york%ire re=m]s1 :o l$ ! movem5t1 7 satisfi$ ) ?is mode/ s*eme4 ,! bor\gh proprietors 7 obvi\sly too /rong to be directly attack$1 ?\gh !y might be induc$ to sell "s ( _! p[]4 ,"h 0 a mass ( anomalies1 suffici5t to supply topics ( d5unciation = two g5]ations ( re=m]s1 &1 9 "t1 to excite fe>s ( viol5t revolution4 ,)\t und]tak+ ! easy task ( d5\nc+ explod$ sy/ems1 we may ask :at /ate ( m9d !y impli$4 ,our ance/ors 7 p]fectly conv9c$ t _! political sy/em 0 ( almo/ unrivall$ excell5ce3 !y held t !y 7 freem5 entitl$ to look d[n ^u =eign]s z ! slaves ( despots4 ,nor c we say t _! satisfaction 0 )\t solid gr\nds4 ,! boa/+ ab\t ,engli% fre$om impli$ "s misund]/&+4 ,b x 0 at lea/ ! boa/ ( a vigor\s race4 ,n only 7 !re individuals capable ( patriotism & public _s1 b ! body politic 0 capable ( cont9u\s en]gy4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,briti% empire spread r\nd ! _w4 ,"u ,*a?am x _h be5 f9ally decid$ t ! ,engli% race %\ld be ! dom9ant elem5t 9 ! new _w2 if ! political connection _h be5 sev]$ by ! bungl+ ( 8 successors1 ! unbrok5 _s ( ! nation _h /ill be5 %[n 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ,france1 ,spa91 & ! revolt$ colonies2 & :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! motives :i* produc$ ! great revolution>y w>s1 no "o c d5y ! qualities ( indomitable self-reliance & high c\rage to ! m5 :o l$ ! c\ntry ?r\gh ! tw5ty ye>s ( /ruggle aga9/ ,france1 & = a "t aga9/ ,france ) ! cont95t at its feet4 ,if morali/s or political !ori/s f9d mu* to condemn 9 ! ends to :i* ,briti% policy 0 direct$1 !y mu/ admit t ! qualities display$ 7 n su* z c belong to a simply corrupt & mean-spirit$ gov]nm5t4 ,"o obvi\s rem>k is t1 on ! :ole1 ! sy/em 0 a v good "o--z sy/ems g4 ,x all[$ free play to ! effective political =ces4 ,d[n to ! revolution>y p]iod1 ! nation z a :ole 0 cont5t$ ) its in/itutions4 ,! political ma*9]y provid$ a suffici5t *annel = ! really effici5t =ce ( public op9ion4 ,!re 0 z yet no l>ge class :i* at once _h political aspirations & 0 unable to ga9 a he>+4 ,engl& 0 /ill 9 ! ma9 an agricultural c\ntry3 & ! agricultural lab\r] 0 fairly prosp]\s till ! end ( ! c5tury1 :ile 8 ignorance & isolation made him indiff]5t to politics4 ,!re might be a bad squire or p>son1 z !re might be a bad season2 b squire & p>son 7 z mu* p>ts ( ! natural ord] ( ?+s z ! wea!r4 ,! f>m] or yeoman 0 n mu* less /olid2 & 8 politics meant at mo/ a *oice betwe5 allegiance to "o or o!r ( ! c\nty families4 ,if 9 ! t[ns :i* 7 rapidly develop+ !re 0 gr[+ up a discont5t$ population1 its discont5t 0 n yet direct$ into political *annels4 ,an ext5d$ fran*ise meant a l>g] exp5diture on be]1 n ! readi] acceptance ( popul> aspirations4 ,to possess a vote 0 to h a claim to an occasional bonus r ?an a "r to influ5ce legislation4 ,practically1 !re=e1 p>liam5t might be tak5 to repres5t :at might be call$ 'public op9ion1' = any?+ t des]v$ to be call$ public op9ion 0 limit$ to ! op9ions ( ! g5try & ! m intellig5t "p ( ! middle classes4 ,!re 0 no want ( compla9ts ( corruption1 proposals to exclude placem5 f p>liam5t & ! l2 & 9 ! days ( ,wilkes1 ,*a?am1 & ,junius1 :5 ! fir/ symptoms ( democratic activity began to affect ! political movem5t1 ! discont5t made itself audible & al>m+4 ,b a ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,engli% re=m]s 0 ! con/ant appeal to prec$5t1 ev5 9 _! mo/ excit$ moods4 ,!y d n m5tion ! rights ( man2 !y invoke ! 'revolution pr9ciples' ( #afhh2 !y insi/ ^u ! ',bill ( ,rights' or ,magna ,*>ta4 ,:5 ke5ly r\s$ !y recall ! fate ( ,*>les ,i42 & _! fav\rite toa/ is ! cause = :i* ,hampd5 di$ on ! field & ,sidney on ! scaffold4 ,!y believe 9 ! jury z ! 'palladium ( our lib]ties'2 & are conv9c$ t ! ,briti% ,con/itution repres5ts an unsurpassable ?\gh un=tunately an ideal ord] ( ?+s1 :i* mu/ h exi/$ at "s indef9ite p]iod4 ,*a?am 9 "o ( 8 mo/ fam\s spee*es1 appeals1 = example1 to ! 'iron b>ons' :o resi/$ ,k+ ,john1 & contra/s !m ) ! silk5 c\rti]s :i* n[ compete = place & p5sions4 ,! political re=m]s ( ! "t1 l religi\s re=m]s 9 mo/ times1 conceive ( !mselves only z dem&+ ! re/oration ( ! sy/em to its orig9al purity1 n z dem&+ its abrogation4 ,9 o!r words1 !y propose to rem$y abuses b d n z yet ev5 contemplate a really revolution>y *ange4 ,wilkes 0 n a ',wilkite1' nor 0 any ( 8 p>ty1 if ,wilkite meant any?+ l ,jacob94 ,,notes3 #b #bb ,george ,,iii4 c4 #hb4 #c ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxx4 #ghg4 #d ,/ate ,trials1 xxiv4 #chb4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,rul+ ,,class ,?us1 h[ev] anomal\s ! con/itution ( p>liam5t1 !re 0 no ?\ght ( any f>-rea*+ revolution4 ,! great mass ( ! population 0 too ignorant1 too scatt]$ & too poor to h any real political op9ions4 ,s long z c]ta9 prejudices 7 n ar\s$1 x 0 cont5t to leave ! managem5t ( ! /ate to ! dom9ant class1 :i* alone 0 intellig5t en\gh to take an int]e/ 9 public affairs & /rong en\gh to make its int]e/ felt4 ,?is class consi/$ 9 ! fir/ place ( ! great l&$ int]e/4 ,:5 ,"l ,nor? oppos$ ,pitt's re=m 9 #aghe he said#e t ! ,con/itution 0 '! "w ( inf9ite wisdom 444 ! mo/ beautiful fabric t _h ev] exi/$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( "t4' ,he add$ t '! bulk & weight' ( ! h\se ought to be 9 '! h&s ( ! c\ntry-g5tlem51 ! be/ & mo/ respectable objects ( ! confid5ce ( ! p1' ,! spee*1 ?\gh int5d$ to please an audi5ce ( c\ntry-g5tlem51 repres5t$ a g5u9e belief4#f ,! c\ntry-g5tlem5 =m$ ! class to :i* n only ! con/itutional laws b ! prevail+ s5tim5t ( ! c\ntry gave ! lead 9 politics z 9 ! :ole social sy/em4 ,ev5 re=m]s propos$ to improve ! ,h\se ( ,commons *iefly by increas+ ! numb] ( c\nty-memb]s1 & a c\nty-memb] 0 almo/ necess>ily a c\ntry-g5tleman ( an exalt$ k9d4 ,al?\gh ! c\ntry-g5tleman 0 v f> f hav+ all ?+s 8 own way1 8 ideals & prejudices 7 9 a great degree ! m\ld to :i* ! o!r politically important class con=m$4 ,!re 0 inde$ a gr[+ jeal\sy betwe5 ! l&hold]s & ! 'moni$-m54' ,bol+broke _h express$ ?is di/ru/ at an e>li] "p ( ! c5tury4 ,b ! true repres5tative ( ! p]iod 0 8 successful rival1 ,walpole1 a ?or\gh c\ntry-g5tleman :o _h le>n$ to und]/& ! my/]ies ( f9ance & acquir$ ! confid5ce ( ! city4 ,! great m]*ants ( ,london & ! ris+ manufactur]s 9 ! c\ntry 7 rapidly gr[+ 9 weal? & influ5ce4 ,! moni$-m5 repres5t$ ! mo/ active1 en]getic1 & gr[+ "p ( ! body politic4 ,_! int]e/s det]m9$ ! direction ( ! national policy4 ,! great w>s ( ! c5tury 7 und]tak5 9 ! int]e/s ( ,briti% trade4 ,! ext5sion ( ! empire 9 ,india 0 c>ri$ on ?r\gh a great comm]cial company4 ,! gr[? ( comm]ce support$ ! sea-p[] :i* 0 ! ma9 factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! empire4 ,! new indu/rial organisation :i* 0 aris+ 0 9 lat] ye>s to repres5t a class di/9ctly oppos$ to ! old ari/ocratic ord]4 ,at pres5t x 0 9 a comp>atively subord9ate position4 ,! squire 0 int]e/$ 9 ! l& & ! *ur*2 ! m]*ant ?\ght m ( comm]ce & 0 apt to be a diss5t]4 ,b ! m]*ant1 9 spite ( "s little jeal\sies1 admitt$ ! claims ( ! c\ntry-g5tleman to be 8 social sup]ior & political lead]4 ,8 highe/ ambition 0 to be himself admitt$ to ! class or to secure ! admission ( 8 family4 ,z he became ri* he b\ght a solid mansion at ,clapham or ,wimbl$on1 &1 if he made a =tune1 might become "l ( manors 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he c\ld n z yet aspire to become himself a pe]1 b he might be ! ance/or ( pe]s4 ,! son ( ,josiah ,*ild1 ! great m]*ant ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 became ,e>l ,tylney1 & built at ,wan/ead "o ( ! noble/ mansions 9 ,engl&4 ,8 contempor>y ,sir ,francis ,*ild1 ,"l ,mayor1 & a f\nd] ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 built ,o/]ley ,h\se1 & 0 ance/or ( ! e>ls ( ,j]sey & ,we/morel&4 ,! daught] ( ,sir ,john ,b>n>d1 ! typical m]*ant ( ,walpole's "t1 m>ri$ ! second ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,beck=d1 ! fam\s ,"l ,mayor ( ,*a?am's day1 0 fa!r ( ! au?or ( ,va!k1 :o m>ri$ an e>l's daught] & became ! fa!r ( a du*ess4 ,! ,b>+s1 desc5dants ( a ,g]man pa/or1 settl$ 9 ,engl& e>ly 9 ! c5tury & became c\ntry-g5tlem51 b>onets1 & pe]s4 ,cobbett1 :o saw !m rise1 revil$ ! /ockjobb]s :o 7 buy+ out ! old families4 ,b ! process _h begun long be=e 8 days1 & meant t ! heads ( ! new indu/rial sy/em 7 be+ absorb$ into ! class ( t]ritorial magnates4 ,t class repres5t$ ! framework ^u :i* bo? political & social p[] 0 m\ld$4 ,?is implies an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,a famili> topic ( ! admir]s ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution 0 ! abs5ce ( ! %>p l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 classes & ( ! exclusive ari/ocratic privileges :i*1 9 ,france1 provok$ ! revolution4 ,9 ,engl& ! rul+ class 0 n a 'survival'3 x _h n reta9$ privileges )\t dis*>g+ correspond+ functions4 ,! ess5ce ( 'self-gov]nm5t1' says its mo/ le>n$ comm5tator1#g is ! organic connection 'betwe5 ,/ate & society4' ,on ! ,cont95t1 t is1 p[]s 7 intru/$ to a c5tralis$ adm9i/rative & judicial hi]>*y1 :i* 9 ,engl& 7 left to ! class indep5d5tly /rong by its social position4 ,! l&hold] 0 p[]ful z a product ( ! :ole sy/em ( indu/rial & agricultural developm5t2 & he 0 b\nd 9 return to p]=m ardu\s & complicat$ duties4 ,h[ f> he p]=m$ !m well is ano!r "q4 ,at lea/1 he did :atev] 0 done 9 ! way ( gov]n+1 & !re=e did n s9k into a m]e excresc5ce or sup]fluity4 ,i mu/ try to po9t out c]ta9 results :i* _h a mat]ial effect ^u ,engli% op9ion 9 g5]al &1 9 p>ticul>1 ^u ! ,utilit>ians4 ,,notes3 #e ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxv4 #dgb4 #f ,! c\ntry-g5tlem51 said ,wilb]=ce 9 #ahjj1 are ! 'v n]ves & ligatures ( ! body politic4'--,correspond5ce1 i4 #bai4 #g ,gnei/'s ,self-,gov]nm5t 7#crd edition1 #ahga71 p4 #hgi4 ,,iii4 ,,legislation ,,& ,,adm9i/ration ,! c\ntry-g5tlem5 =m$ ! bulk ( ! law-mak+ body1 & ! laws gave ! fir/ po9t ( assault ( ! ,utilit>ian movem5t4 ,"o explanation is sugge/$ by a phrase attribut$ to ,sir ,josiah ,*ild4#h ,! laws1 he said1 7 a heap ( nons5se1 compil$ by a few ignorant c\ntry-g5tlem51 :o h>dly knew h[ to make good laws = ! gov]nm5t ( _! own families1 mu* less = ! regulation ( companies & =eign comm]ce4 ,he meant t ! p>liam5t>y legislation ( ! c5tury 0 ! "w ( amateurs1 n ( speciali/s2 ( an assembly ( m5 m int]e/$ 9 imm$iate que/ions ( policy or p]sonal intrigue ?an 9 g5]al pr9ciples1 & n ( su* a c5tralis$ body z w\ld set a value ^u symmetry & sci5tific precision4 ,! c\ntry-g5tleman _h /rong prejudices & en\gh common s5se to recognise 8 own ignorance4 ,! product ( a traditional ord]1 he clung to traditions1 & reg>d$ ! old maxims z sacr$ because no obvi\s reason c\ld be assign$ = !m4 ,he 0 suspici\s ( ab/ract !ories1 & x did n ev5 occur to him t any su* process z codification or radical alt]ation ( ! laws 0 conceivable4 ,= ! law itself he _h ! pr(\nd v5]ation :i* is express$ by ,black/one4 ,x repres5t$ ! 'wisdom ( our ance/ors'2 ! sy/em ( fir/ pr9ciples1 on :i* ! :ole ord] ( ?+s repos$1 & :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z an embodim5t ( "r reason4 ,! common law 0 a tradition1 n made by express legislation1 b someh[ exi/+ ap>t f any def9ite embodim5t1 & reveal$ to c]ta9 le>n$ hi]ophants4 ,any *anges1 requir$ by ! gr[? ( new social conditions1 _h to be made "u pret5ce ( apply+ ! old rules suppos$ to be already 9 exi/5ce4 ,?us grew up ! sy/em ( 'judge-made law1' :i* 0 to become a special object ( ! d5unciations ( ,b5?am4 ,*ild _h notic$ ! incompet5ce ( ! c\ntry-g5tlem5 to und]/& ! regulation ( comm]cial affairs4 ,! gap 0 be+ fill$ up1 )\t express legislation1 by judicial int]pretations ( ,mansfield & 8 fell[s4 ,?is1 inde$1 m>ks a *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole sy/em4 ',our con/itution1' says ,pr(essor ,dicey1#i 'is a judge-made con/itution1 & x be>s on its face all ! features1 good & bad1 ( judge-made law4' ,! law ( l&$ prop]ty1 mean:ile1 0 ( vital & imm$iate int]e/ to ! c\ntry-g5tleman4 ,b1 feel+ 8 own incompet5ce1 he _h call$ 9 ! aid ( ! exp]t4 ,! law _h be5 develop$ 9 m$iaeval times1 & bore 9 all its details ! m>ks ( ! long s]ies ( /ruggles betwe5 k+ & nobles & p>liam5ts4 ,"o result _h be5 ! elaborate s]ies ( legal fictions work$ out 9 ! conflict betwe5 private int]e/s & public policy1 by :i* lawy]s _h be5 able to adapt ! rules fitt$ = an anci5t /ate ( society to ano!r 9 :i* ! v fundam5tal conceptions 7 alt]$4 ,a my/]i\s sy/em _h ?us gr[n up1 :i* det]r$ any b ! mo/ resolute /ud5ts4 ,( ,fe>ne's essay ^u ',cont+5t rema9d]s'7publi%$ 9 #aggb7 x 0 said t no "w '9 any bran* ( sci5ce c\ld af=d a m beautiful in/ance ( analysis4' ,fe>ne _h %[n ! acut5ess ( 'a ,newton or a ,pascal4' ,o!r critics dispute ?is proposition2 b 9 any case ! law 0 s p]plex+ t x c\ld only be fully und]/ood by "o :o unit$ antiqu>ian k to ! subtlety ( a great logician4 ,! 'va/ & intricate ma*9e1' z ,black/one calls x1 '( a volum9\s family settlem5t' requir$ = its explanation ! dialectical skill ( an accompli%$ s*oolman4 ,! poor c\ntry-g5tleman c\ld n und]/& ! t]ms on :i* he held 8 own e/ate )\t call+ 9 an exp]t equal to su* a task4 ,! man :o has acquir$ skill s ess5tial to 8 employ]'s int]e/s is n likely to und]value x or to be ov] anxi\s to simplify ! labyr9? 9 :i* he %one z a compet5t guide4 ,! lawy]s :o play$ s important a "p by _! famili>ity ) ! my/]ies ( comm]cial law & l&$ prop]ty1 naturally enjoy$ ! respect ( _! cli5ts1 & 7 rew>d$ by adoption into ! class4 ,! ,engli% b>ri/] aspir$ to success by himself tak+ "p 9 politics & legislation4 ,! only pa? to ! highe/ positions really op5 to a man ( ability1 n connect$ by blood ) ! great families1 0 ! pa? :i* l$ to ! woolsack or to ! judge's b5*4 ,a great m]*ant might be ! fa!r or fa!r-9-law ( pe]s2 a successful soldi] or sailor might himself become a pe]1 b g5]ally he began life z a memb] ( ! rul+ classes1 & 8 promotion 0 affect$ by p>liam5t>y influ5ce4 ,b a successful lawy] might fight 8 way f a humble position to ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,?url[1 son ( a c\ntry-g5tleman2 ,dunn+1 son ( a c\ntry attorney2 ,ell5bor\gh1 son ( a bi%op & desc5dant ( a long l9e ( ,nor?-c\ntry '/atesm5'2 ,k5yon1 son ( a f>m]2 ,eldon1 son ( a ,newca/le coal m]*ant1 repres5t ! av]age c>e] ( a successful b>ri/]4 ,"s ( !m rose to be m5 ( political importance1 & ,?url[ & ,eldon _h ! advantage ( keep+ ,george ,,iii's consci5ce--an unruly faculty :i* _h an un=tunately /rong influ5ce ^u affairs4 ,! lead]s ( ! legal pr(ession1 !re=e1 & ^? :o hop$ to be lead]s1 %>$ ! prejudices1 took a "p 9 ! /ruggles1 & 7 rew>d$ by ! hon\rs ( ! dom9ant class4 ,! crim9al law became a ma9 topic ( re=m]s4 ,!re1 z else:]e1 we h a /rik+ example ( traditional modes ( ?\ght surviv+ ) s+ul> p]si/5ce4 ,! r\gh classification ( crimes into felony & misdemean\r1 & ! /range te*nical rules ab\t 'b5efit ( cl]gy' dat+ back to ! /ruggles ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 & ,becket1 rema9$ l ultimate categories ( ?\ght4 ,:5 ! gr[? ( social conditions l$ to new temptations or ! appe>ance ( a new crim9al class1 & p>ticul> v>ieties ( crime became conspicu\s1 ! only rem$y 0 to decl>e t "s (f5ce %\ld be 'felony )\t b5efit ( cl]gy1' & !re=e puni%able by dea?4 ,by unsy/ematic & spasmodic legislation ! crim9al law became s savage z to %ock e man ( common humanity4 ,x 0 temp]$ by ! gr[? ( te*nical rules1 :i* gave _m *ances ( escape to ! crim9al2 & by practical revolt aga9/ its excesses1 :i* l$ to ! remission ( ! great majority ( capital s5t5ces4#aj ,! legislators 7 clumsy1 n int5tionally cruel2 & ! laws1 ?\gh sangu9>y 9 reality1 7 m sangu9>y 9 !ory ?an 9 practice4 ,no?+1 on ! o!r h&1 is m conspicu\s ?an ! _s ( fair play to ! crim9al1 :i* /ruck =eign obs]v]s4#aa ,x 0 deeply root$ 9 ! :ole sy/em4 ,! ,engli% judge 0 n an (ficial ag5t ( an inquisitorial sy/em1 b an imp>tial arbitrator betwe5 ! prison] & ! prosecutor4 ,9 political cases especially a m>k$ *ange 0 br\ght ab\t by ! revolution ( #afhh4 ,if our ance/ors talk$ "s nons5se ab\t trial by jury1 ! sy/em c]ta9ly insur$ t ! p]sons accus$ ( libel or s$ition %\ld h a fair trial1 & v (t5 some?+ m4 ,judges ( ! ,jeffreys type _h become inconceivable1 ?\gh imp>tiality might disappe> 9 cases :]e ! prejudices ( juries 7 actively ar\s$4 ,engli%m5 might fairly boa/ ( _! immunity f ! arbitr>y me?ods ( cont95tal rul]s2 & _! unhesitat+ confid5ce 9 ! fairness ( ! sy/em became s +ra9$ z to be tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & sc>cely receiv$ due cr$it f lat] critics ( ! sy/em4 ,! c\ntry-g5tleman1 aga91 0 n only ! legislator b a mo/ important figure 9 ! judicial & adm9i/rative sy/em4 ,z ju/ice ( ! peace1 he 0 ! repres5tative ( law & ord] to 8 c\ntry neighb\rs4 ,! preface ( #aghe to ! fifte5? edition ( ,burn's ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace1 publi%$ orig9ally 9 #agee1 m5tions t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ^! dates1 "s ?ree hundr$ /atutes _h be5 pass$ affect+ ! duties ( ju/ices1 :ile half z _m _h be5 repeal$ or modifi$4 ,! ju/ice 0 ( c\rse1 z a rule1 a sup]ficial lawy]1 & _h to be prompt$ by 8 cl]k1 ! two repres5t+ on a small scale ! g5]al relation betwe5 ! lawy]s & ! rul+ class4 ,burn tells ! ju/ice = 8 com=t t ! judges w take a l5i5t view ( any errors into :i* 8 ignorance may h l$ him4 ,! dis*>ge ( su* duties by an indep5d5t g5tleman 0 ?\ght to be s desirable & s cr$itable to him t 8 want ( effici5cy mu/ be reg>d$ ) consid]ation4 ,nor1 ?\gh ! ju/ices h be5 a fav\rite butt = satiri/s1 does x appe> t ! sy/em work$ badly4 ,:5 x became necess>y to appo9t paid magi/rates 9 ,london1 & ! pay1 accord+ to ! preval5t sy/em1 0 provid$ by fees1 ! new (ficials became kn[n z 'trad+ ju/ices1' & _! sal>ies1 z ,field+ tells u1 7 "s ( ! 'dirtie/ money ^u e>?4' ,! ju/ices might p]haps be h>d ^u a poa*] 7z1 inde$1 ! game laws became "o ( ! great sc&als ( ! sy/em71 or liable to be misl$ by a %rewd attorney2 b !y 7 on ! :ole reg>d$ z ! natural & cr$itable repres5tatives ( legal au?ority 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ju/ices1 aga91 dis*>g$ functions :i* w\ld else:]e belong to an adm9i/rative hi]>*y1 ,gnei/ obs]ves t ! p[] ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace repres5ts ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole adm9i/rative sy/em4#ab ,_! duties _h become s multif>i\s & p]plex$ t ,burn c\ld only arrange !m "u alphabetical heads4 ,gnei/ works out a sy/ematic acc\nt1 fill+ _m pages ( elaborate detail1 & %[+ h[ l>ge a "p !y play$ 9 ! :ole social /ructure4 ,an int5se jeal\sy ( c5tral p[] 0 "o correlative *>act]i/ic4 ,black/one rem>ks 9 8 m lib]al hum\r t ! numb] ( new (fices held at pleasure _h greatly ext5d$ ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n4 ,?is ref]s to ! cu/om-h\se (fic]s1 excise (fic]s1 /amp di/ributors & po/ma/]s4 ,b if ! tax-ga!r] repres5t$ ! /ate1 he repres5t$ also "p ( ! patronage at ! disposal ( politicians4 ,a vot] 0 (t5 9 se>* ( ! place ( a 'tidewait]'2 &1 z we "k1 ! greate/ poet ( ! day c\ld only be rew>d$ by mak+ him an exciseman4 ,any ext5sion ( a sy/em :i* multipli$ public (fices 0 reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,walpole1 ! /ronge/ m9i/] ( ! c5tury1 _h be5 =c$ to an ignom9i\s retreat :5 he propos$ to ext5d ! excise4 ,! cry arose t he meant to enslave ! c\ntry & ext5d ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n ov] all ! corporations 9 ,engl&4 ,! c\ntry-g5tleman _h little reason to fe> t gov]nm5t w\ld dim9i% 8 importance by tamp]+ ) 8 functions4 ,! ju/ices ( ! peace 7 call$ ^u to take a great & increas+ %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! poor-law4 ,!y 7 conc]n$ 9 all mann] ( f9ancial details2 !y regulat$ su* police z exi/$2 !y look$ aft] ! old laws by :i* ! trades 7 /ill re/rict$2 &1 9 !ory at lea/1 c\ld fix ! rate ( wages4 ,p>liam5t did n ov]ride1 b only gave ! necess>y sanction to _! activity4 ,if we look$ ?r\gh ! j\rnals ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons dur+ ! ,am]ican ,w>1 = example1 we %\ld get ! impression t ! :ole bus9ess ( ! legislature 0 to arrange adm9i/rative details4 ,if a wa/e 0 to be enclos$1 a canal or a highroad to be con/ruct$1 !re 0 no public dep>tm5t to be consult$4 ,! g5try ( ! neighb\rhood jo9$ to obta9 a private act ( p>liam5t :i* gave ! necess>y p[]s to ! p]sons int]e/$4 ,no g5]al enclosure act c\ld be pass$1 ?\gh (t5 sugge/$4 ,x w\ld imply a c5tral commission1 :i* w\ld only1 z 0 sugge/$1 give rise to jobb]y & take p[] out ( ! natural h&s4 ,p>liam5t 0 omnipot5t2 x c\ld regulate ! affairs ( ! empire or ( a p>i%2 alt] ! mo/ ess5tial laws or act z a c\rt ( ju/ice2 settle ! cr[n or arrange = a divorce or = ! alt]ation ( a private e/ate4 ,b x object$ to delegate au?ority ev5 to a subord9ate body1 :i* might t5d to become indep5d5t4 ,?us1 if x 0 ! c5tral p[] & s\rce ( all legal au?ority1 x might also be reg>d$ z a k9d ( f$]al league1 repres5t+ ! wills ( a numb] ( p>tially indep5d5t p]sons4 ,! g5try c\ld meet !re & obta9 ! sanction ( _! allies = any measure requir$ 9 _! own little sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,b !y _h an in/9ctive av]sion to ! =mation ( any organis$ body repres5t+ ! /ate4 ,! neighb\rhood :i* want$ a road got p[]s to make x1 & w\ld concur 9 giv+ p[]s to o!rs4 ,b if ! /ate 7 to be intru/$ to make roads1 m9i/]s w\ld h m places to give1 & roads might be made :i* !y did n want4 ,! ,engli% roads _h long be5 infam\s1 b nei!r 0 money wa/$1 z 9 ,france1 on roads :]e !re 0 no traffic4#ac ,?us we h ! comb9ation ( an absolute c5tralisation ( legislative p[] ) an utt] abs5ce ( adm9i/rative c5tralisation4 ,! units meet+ 9 p>liam5t =m$ a supreme assembly2 b !y did n s9k _! own individuality4 ,!y only met to di/ribute ! v>i\s functions among !mselves4 ,! ,engli% p>i% ) its squire1 its p>son1 its lawy] & its lab\r+ population 0 a m9iature ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution 9 g5]al4 ,! squire's elde/ son c\ld succe$ to 8 position2 a second son might become a g5]al or an admiral2 a ?ird w\ld take ! family liv+2 a f\r?1 p]haps1 seek 8 =tune at ! b>4 ,?is implies a conception ( o!r political conditions :i* curi\sly illu/rate "s contempor>y conceptions4 ,,notes3 #h ,see ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 #i ,! ,law ( ! ,con/itution1 p4 #bji4 #aj ,see ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,/eph5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law 7#ahhc71 i4 #dgj4 ,he quotes ,black/one's fam\s /atem5t t !re 7 #afj felonies )\t b5efit ( cl]gy1 & %[s t ?is gives a v unc]ta9 measure ( ! sev]ity ( ! law4 ,a s+le act mak+ l>c5y 9 g5]al puni%able by dea? w\ld be m sev]e ?an fifty sep>ate acts1 mak+ fifty diff]5t v>ieties ( l>c5y puni%able by dea?4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t ! s*eme ( puni%m5t 0 'sev]e to ! highe/ degree1 & de/itute ( e sort ( pr9ciple or sy/em4' ,! numb] ( executions 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury v>i$ app>5tly f a fif? to a n9? ( ! capital s5t5ces pass$4 ,see ,table 9 ,port]'s ,progress ( ! ,nation 7#ahea71 p4 #fce4 #aa ,see ! ref]5ces to ,cottu's report ( #ahbb 9 ,/eph5's ,hi/ory1 i4 #dbi1 #dci1 #dea4 ,cottu's book 0 translat$ by ,blanco ,:ite4 #ab ,gnei/'s ,self-,gov]nm5t 7#ahga71 p4 #aid4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 8 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 rem>ks t ! ',qu>t] ,sessions' are =m$ 9 ! 'mo/ anomal\s' way2 t !y repres5t ! old feudal pr9ciple1 & are at v>iance ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( repres5tative gov]nm5t 7,rep4 ,gov4 7#ahfg71 p4 #aac74 ,! ma9spr+ ( ! old sy/em _h become a simple anomaly to ! new radicalism4 #ac ,see ,ar?ur ,"y1 passim4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 an improvem5t ev5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,see ,cunn+ham's ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry1 etc4 7,mod]n ,times71 p4 #cgh4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,army ,,& ,,navy ,we are (t5 amus$ by ! p]si/5cy ( ! cry aga9/ a '/&+ army' 9 ,engl&4 ,x did n fairly die out until ! revolution>y w>s4 ,black/one reg>ds x z a s+ul>ly =tunate circum/ance 't any bran* ( ! legislature might annually put an end to ! legal exi/5ce ( ! army by refus+ to concur 9 ! cont9uance' ( ! mut9y act4 ,a /&+ army 0 obvi\sly necess>y2 b by mak+ believe v h>d1 we c\ld %ut our eyes to ! facts1 & pret5d t x 0 a m]ely tempor>y arrangem5t4#ad ,! doctr9e _h once _h a v intelligible mean+4 ,if ,james ,,ii4 _h possess$ a discipl9$ army ( ! cont95tal patt]n1 ) ,m>lbor\gh at its head1 ,m>lbor\gh w\ld h>dly h be5 conv]t$ by ! pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,b loyal z ! g5try _h be5 at ! re/oration1 !y _h tak5 v good c>e t ! ,/u>ts %\ld n h 9 _! h& su* a weapon z _h be5 possess$ by ,cromwell4 ,:5 ! ,puritan army 0 disb&$1 !y _h proce$$ to regulate ! militia4 ,! (fic]s 7 appo9t$ by ! lords-lieut5ants ( c\nties1 & _h to possess a prop]ty qualification2 ! m5 rais$ by ballot 9 _! own di/ricts2 & _! numb]s & l5g? ( tra9+ regulat$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! old 'tra9-b&s' 7 suppress$1 except 9 ! city ( ,london1 & ?us ! recognis$ milit>y =ce ( ! c\ntry 0 a body ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! c\ntry g5try4 ,! militia 0 reg>d$ ) fav\r z ! 'old con/itutional =ce' :i* c\ld n be us$ to ?reat5 our lib]ties4 ,x 0 remodell$ dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> & embodi$ dur+ t & all our lat] w>s4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ineffective by its v nature4 ,an ari/ocracy :i* *ose to c>ry on w>s mu/ h a pr(essional army 9 fact1 h[ev] c>eful x might be to pret5d t x 0 a provision = a pass+ necessity4 ,! pret5ce _h s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,s9ce ! army 0 n to h int]e/s sep>ate f ! p1 !re 0 no reason = build+ b>racks4 ,! m5 might be billet$ on publicans1 or plac$ "u canvas1 :ile !y 7 want$4 ,:5 ! great w> came ^u u1 l>ge sums _h to be sp5t to make up = ! previ\s neglect4 ,fox1 on #bbnd ,febru>y #agic1 prote/$ dur+ a lively debate ^u ?is subject t s\nd con/itutional pr9ciples condemn$ b>racks1 because to mix ! army ) ! p 0 ! 'be/ security aga9/ ! dang] ( a /&+ army4'#ae ,9 fact a l>ge "p ( ! army 0 a m]e tempor>y =ce4 ,9 #agfb1 t[>ds ! end ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 we _h ab\t #ajj1jjj m5 9 pay2 & aft] ! peace1 ! =ce 0 r$uc$ to "u #bj1jjj4 ,simil> *anges took place 9 e w>4 ,! rul+ class took advantage ( ! position4 ,an army might be hir$ f ,g]many = ! occasion4 ,new regim5ts 7 g5]ally rais$ by "s great man :o gave commissions to 8 own relations & dep5dants4 ,:5 ! ,pret5d] 0 9 ,scotl&1 = example1 fifte5 regim5ts 7 rais$ by patriotic nobles1 :o gave ! commissions1 & /ipulat$ t al?\gh !y 7 to be employ$ only 9 suppress+ ! ris+1 ! (fic]s %\ld h p]man5t rank4#af ,s1 z 0 %[n 9 ,mrs4 ,cl>ke's case1 a pat5t = rais+ a regim5t might be a s\rce ( pr(it to ! und]tak]1 :o aga9 might get x by brib+ ! mi/ress ( a royal duke4 ,! (fic]s _h1 accord+ to ! g5]ally preval5t sy/em1 a modifi$ prop]ty 9 _! commissions2 & ! sy/em ( sale 0 n aboli%$ till our own days4 ,we may !re=e say t ! rul+ class1 on ! "o h&1 object$ to a /&+ army1 &1 on ! o!r1 s9ce su* an army 0 a necessity1 f>m$ x f ! c\ntry & 7 admitt$ to h a c]ta9 degree ( private prop]ty 9 ! conc]n4 ,! prejudice aga9/ any p]man5t e/abli%m5t made x necess>y to fill ! ranks on occasion by all mann] ( que/ionable exp$i5ts4 ,b\nties 7 (f]$ to attract ! vagrants :o hung loose ^u society4 ,smuggl]s1 poa*]s1 & ! l 7 all[$ to *oose betwe5 milit>y s]vice & transportation4 ,! g5]al effect 0 to provide an army ( blackgu>ds comm&$ by g5tlem54 ,! army no d\bt _h its m]its z well z its defects4 ,! cont95tal armies :i* x met 7 collect$ by equally demoralis+ me?ods until ! ,fr5* revolution l$ to a sy/ematic conscription4 ,! bad side is sugge/$ by ,napi]'s fam\s phrase1 ! 'cold %ade ( our ari/ocracy'2 :ile ,napi] gives facts en\gh to prove bo? ! brutality too (t5 %[n by ! private soldi] & ! dogg$ c\rage :i* is tak5 to be *>act]i/ic ev5 ( ! ,engli% blackgu>d4 ,by o!rs1--by su* m5 z ! duke ( ,well+ton & ,"l ,palm]/on1 = example1 types ( ! true ari/ocrat--! sy/em 0 def5d$#ag z br++ m5 ( good family into ! army & s provid+ x1 z ! duke ?\ght1 ) ! be/ set ( (fic]s 9 ,europe4 ,no d\bt !y & ! royal dukes :o comm&$ !m 7 apt to be grossly ignorant ( _! bus9ess2 b x may be admitt$ by a hi/orian t !y (t5 %[$ ! qualities ( :i* ,well+ton 0 himself a type4 ,! ,engli% (fic] 0 a g5tleman be=e he 0 a soldi]1 & consid]$ ! milit>y virtues to be a "p ( 8 natural end[m5t4 ,b x 0 und\bt$ly a "p ( 8 traditional code ( hon\r to d 8 duty manfully & to d x r z a manife/ation ( 8 own _s ?an f any desire = rew>ds or decorations4 ,! same quality is repres5t$ m /rik+ly by ! navy4 ,! ,engli% admiral repres5ts ! mo/ attractive & /irr+ type ( h]oism 9 our hi/ory4 ,nelson & ! 'b& ( bro!rs' :o s]v$ ) him1 ! simple & high-m9d$ sailors :o summ$ up ! :ole duty ( man 9 do+ _! be/ to cru% ! enemies ( _! c\ntry1 are among ! f9e/ examples ( s+le-s\l$ devotion to ! calls ( patriotism4 ,! navy1 inde$1 _h its ugly side no less ?an ! army4 ,!re 0 corruption at ,gre5wi*#ah & 9 ! docky>ds1 & p>liam5t>y intrigue 0 a road to pr(essional success4 ,voltaire notes ! que] contra/ betwe5 ! ,engli% boa/ ( p]sonal lib]ty & ! practice ( fill+ up ! crews by pressgangs4 ,! discipl9e 0 (t5 b>b>\s1 & ! wrongs ( ! common sailor f\nd suffici5t expression 9 ! mut9y at ! ,nore4 ,a grievance1 h[ev]1 :i* press$ ^u a s+le class 0 ma9ta9$ f ! necessity ( ! case & ! in]tness ( ! adm9i/rative sy/em4 ,! navy did n excite ! same jeal\sy z ! army2 & ! (fic]s 7 m pr(essionally skilful ?an _! bre?r54 ,! national qualities come out1 (t5 9 _! highe/ =m1 9 ! race ( great seam5 ^u :om ! security ( ! isl& p[] ess5tially dep5d$4 ,,notes3 #ad ,see ,milit>y ,=ces ( ! ,cr[n1 by ,*>les ,m4 ,clode 7#ahfi71 = a full acc\nt ( ! facts4 #ae ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxx4 #dij4 ,clode /ates 7i4 #bbb7 t ,l#i1jjj1jjj 0 sp5t ^u b>racks by #ahjd1 &1 x seems1 )\t prop] au?ority4 #af ,debate 9 ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xiii4 #achb1 etc41 & see ,walpole's ,correspond5ce1 i4 #djj1 = "s *>act]i/ic comm5ts4 #ag ,clode1 ii4 #hf4 #ah ,see ! fam\s case 9 #aggh 9 :i* ,ersk9e made 8 fir/ appe>ance1 9 ,/ate ,trials1 xxi4 ,"l ,/4 ,v9c5t's /ruggle aga9/ ! corruption ( 8 "t is describ$ by ,pr(4 ,laughton 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 7s4v4 ,sir ,john ,j]vis74 ,9 #ahja half a million a ye> 0 /ol51 besides all ! wa/e due to corruption & g5]al muddl+4 ,v4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,i turn1 h[ev]1 to ! pr(ession :i* 0 m directly connect$ ) ! intellectual developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! nature ( ! *ur* e/abli%m5t gives ! mo/ obvi\s illu/ration ( ! connection betwe5 ! intellectual position on ! "o h& & ! social & political ord] on ! o!r1 ?\gh ,i d n presume to decide h[ f> ei!r %\ld be reg>d$ z effect & ! o!r z cause4 ,:at is ! *ur* ( ,engl&8 ,"s p app>5tly believe t x is a body possess+ & transmitt+ c]ta9 sup]natural p[]s4 ,?is view 0 9 abeyance = ! "t = excell5t reasons1 &1 true or false1 is no answ] to ! con/itutional "q4 ,x does n enable u to def9e :at 0 ! actual body ) :i* lawy]s & politicians h to deal4 ,! be/ answ] to su* que/ions 9 ord9>y case w\ld be giv5 by describ+ ! organisation ( ! body conc]n$4 ,we c\ld !n say :at is ! au?ority :i* speaks 9 its "n2 & :at is ! legislature :i* makes its laws1 alt]s its arrangem5ts1 & def9es ! t]ms ( memb]%ip4 ,! supreme legislature ( ! *ur* ( ,engl& might appe> to be p>liam5t4 ,x is ! ,act ( ,uni=mity :i* def9es ! pr(ession ( belief exact$ f ! cl]gy2 & no alt]ation c\ld be made 9 reg>d to ! rights & duties ( ! cl]gy except by p>liam5t>y au?ority4 ,! *ur* might !re=e be reg>d$ z simply ! religi\s dep>tm5t ( ! /ate4 ,s9ce #afhh1 h[ev]1 ! !ory & ! practice ( tol]ation _h introduc$ difficulties4 ,noncon=mity 0 n by itself puni%able ?\gh x expos$ a man to c]ta9 disqualifications4 ,! /ate1 !re=e1 recognis$ t _m ( its memb]s might legally belong to o!r *ur*es1 al?\gh x _h1 z ,w>burton argu$1 =m$ an 'alliance' ) ! dom9ant *ur*4 ,! _s ( tol]ation 0 spread+ ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,! old p5al laws1 due to ! /ruggles ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 becom+ obsolete 9 practice & 7 gradually be+ repeal$4 ,! ,gordon riots ( #aghj %[$ t a fanatical _s might /ill be ar\s$ 9 a mob :i* want$ an excuse = plund]2 b ! laws 7 n explicitly def5d$ by reasonable p]sons & 7 be+ gradually remov$ by legislation t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 p>liam5t 0 kept free f papi/s1 x c\ld h>dly reg>d *ur* & /ate z id5tical1 or consid] itself z entitl$ to act z ! repres5tative body ( ! *ur*4 ,no o!r body1 inde$1 c\ld *ange ! laws ( ! *ur*2 b p>liam5t recognis$ its own incompet5ce to deal ) !m4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 v>i\s attempts 7 made to relax ! t]ms ( subscription4 ,x 0 propos$1 = example1 to sub/itute a pr(ession ( belief 9 ! ,bible = a subscription to ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles4 ,b ! ,h\se ( ,commons s5sibly refus$ to expose itself by v5tur+ ^u any !ological innovations4 ,a body m ludicr\sly incompet5t c\ld h>dly h be5 inv5t$4 ,h5ce we mu/ say t ! *ur* _h ei!r no supreme body :i* c\ld speak 9 its "n & modify its cre$1 its ritual1 its discipl9e1 or ! details ( its organisation2 or else1 t ! only body :i* _h 9 !ory a "r to int]f]e 0 doom$1 by suffici5t consid]ations1 to absolute inaction4 ,! *ur*1 f a secul> po9t ( view1 0 n s mu* a dep>tm5t ( ! /ate z an aggregate ( (fices1 ! functions ( :i* 7 prescrib$ by unalt]able tradition4 ,x consi/$ ( a numb] ( bi%ops1 deans & *apt]s1 rectors1 vic>s1 curates1 & s =?1 _m ( :om _h c]ta9 propriet>y rights 9 _! position1 & :o 7 b\nd by law to dis*>ge c]ta9 functions4 ,b ! *ur*1 consid]$ z a :ole1 c\ld h>dly be call$ an organism at all1 or1 if an organism1 x 0 an organism ) its c5tral organ 9 a p]man5t /ate ( p>alysis4 ,! *ur*1 aga91 9 ?is /ate 0 ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! rul+ classes4 ,a glance at ! position ( ! cl]gy %[s _! pr(essional position4 ,at _! head 7 ! bi%ops1 "s ( !m enjoy+ pr9cely rev5ues1 :ile o!rs 7 s poor z to require t _! incomes %\ld be ek$ out by dean]ies or liv+s held 9 comm5dam4 ,! great sees1 su* z ,cant]bury1 ,durham1 ,ely1 & ,w9*e/]1 7 valu$ at betwe51 ,l#bj1jjj & ,l#cj1jjj a ye>2 :ile ! small]1 ,ll&aff1 ,bangor1 ,bri/ol1 & ,gl\ce/]1 7 wor? less ?an ,l#bjjj4 ,! bi%ops _h patronage :i* enabl$ !m to provide = relatives or = des]v+ cl]gym54 ,! av]age incomes ( ! p>o*ial cl]gy1 mean:ile1 7 small4 ,9 #ahji !y 7 calculat$ to be wor? ,l#bee1 :ile ne>ly f\r ?\s& liv+s 7 wor? "u ,l#aej2 & !re 7 f\r or five ?\s& curates ) v small pay4 ,! pr(ession1 !re=e1 (f]$ a great _m blanks ) a few enorm\s prizes4 ,h[ 7 ^? prizes g5]ally obta9$8 ,:5 ! re=m]s publi%$ ! ,black ,book 9 #ahbj1 !y gave a li/ ( ! bi%ops hold+ sees 9 ! la/ ye> ( ,george ,,iii42 &1 z mo/ ( ^! g5tlem5 7 on _! promotion at ! end ( ! previ\s c5tury4 ,i give ! li/ 9 a note4#ai ,!re 7 tw5ty-sev5 bi%oprics includ+ ,sodor & ,man4 ,( ^! elev5 7 held by memb]s ( noble families2 f\rte5 7 held by m5 :o _h be5 tutors 91 or 9 o!r ways p]sonally connect$ ) ! royal family or ! families ( m9i/]s & great m52 & ( ! rema9+ two1 "o re/$ 8 claim ^u political writ+ 9 def5ce ( ,pitt1 :ile ! o!r seems to h _h ! support ( a great city company4 ,! sy/em ( translation enabl$ ! gov]nm5t to keep a h& ^u ! bi%ops4 ,_! elevation to ! m valuable places or leave to hold subsidi>y pref]m5ts dep5d$ ^u _! votes 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,s f>1 !n1 z secul> motives op]at$1 ! t5d5cy ( ! sy/em 0 cle>4 ,if ,provid5ce _h assign$ to y a duke = a fa!r or an uncle1 pref]m5t w\ld fall to y z ( "r4 ,a man ( rank :o takes ord]s %\ld be rew>d$ = 8 condesc5sion4 ,if t qualification be n secur$1 y %\ld aim at be+ tutor 9 a great family1 accompany a lad on ! gr& t\r1 or write "s pamphlet on a great man's behalf4 ,paley ga9$ cr$it = indep5d5ce at ,cambridge1 & spoke ) contempt ( ! practice ( 'root+1' ! cant phrase = patronage hunt+4 ,! text :i* he faceti\sly sugge/$ = a s]mon :5 ,pitt visit$ ,cambridge1 ',!re is a "y man "h :o has six loaves & two fi%es1 b :at are !y among s _m8' hit (f ! _s 9 :i* a m9i/] 0 reg>d$ at ! univ]sities4 ,! memoirs ( ,bi%op ,watson illu/rate ! same s5tim5t4 ,he liv$ 9 8 pleasant c\ntry h\se at ,w9d]m]e1 nev] visit+ 8 diocese1 & accord+ to ,de ,qu9cey1 talk+ ,soc9ianism at 8 table4 ,he felt himself to be a deeply injur$ man1 because m9i/]s _h nev] f\nd an opportunity = translat+ him to a ri*] diocese1 al?\gh he _h writt5 aga9/ ,pa9e & ,gibbon4 ,if !y w\ld n rew>d _! fri5ds1 he argu$1 :y %\ld he take up _! cause by def5d+ ,*ri/ianity8 ,! bi%ops 7 em95tly respectable4 ,!y did n lead immoral lives1 & if !y gave a l>ge %>e ( pref]m5t to _! families1 t at lea/ 0 a dome/ic virtue4 ,"s ( !m1 ,bi%op ,b>r+ton ( ,durham1 = example1 took a lead 9 philan?ropic movem5ts2 &1 if consid]$ simply z prosp]\s c\ntry-g5tlem51 little fault c\ld be f\nd ) !m4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 e commonplace motive po9t$ s directly t[>ds a c>e] ( subs]vi5cy to ! rul+ class among ! laity1 x c\ld n be expect$ t !y %\ld take a l(ty view ( _! pr(ession4 ,! ,anglican cl]gy 7 n l ! ,iri% prie/hood1 9 close sympa?y ) ! peasantry1 or l ! ,scotti% m9i/]s1 ! organs ( /rong convictions spread+ ?r\gh ! great mass ( ! middle & l[] classes4 ,a man ( en]gy1 :o took 8 fai? s]i\sly1 01 l ! ,evangelical cl]gy1 out ( ! road to pref]m5t1 or1 l ,wesley1 might f9d no room )9 ! *ur* at all4 ,8 colleagues call$ him an 'en?usia/1' & dislik$ him z a busybody if n a fanatic4 ,!y 7 by bir? & adoption !mselves memb]s ( ! rul+ class2 _m ( !m 7 ! y\ng] sons ( squires1 & held _! liv+s 9 virtue ( _! bir?4 ,adv[sons are ! la/ (fices to reta9 a propriet>y "*4 ,! *ur* ( t day ow$ su* a repres5tative z ,horne ,tooke to ! sy/em :i* enabl$ 8 fa!r to provide = him by buy+ a liv+4 ,f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ ranks ( cl]gy1 ! *ur* 0 z ,mat!w ,arnold c\ld /ill call x1 an 'app5dage ( ! b>b>ians4' ,! cl]gy1 t is1 z a :ole1 7 an integral b a subsidi>y "p ( ! ari/ocracy or ! great l&$ int]e/4 ,_! admir]s urg$ t ! sy/em plant$ a cultivat$ g5tleman 9 e p>i% 9 ! c\ntry4 ,_! oppon5ts repli$1 l ,john ,/]l+1 t he 0 a 'black dragoon ) horse meat & man's meat'--"p ( ! g>rison di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry to support ! cause ( prop]ty & ord]4 ,9 any case ! in/9ctive prepossessions1 ! ta/es & fav\rite pursuits ( ! pr(ession 7 ess5tially ^? ( ! class ) :i* x 0 s intimately connect$4 ,ar?ur ,"y1#bj speak+ ( ! ,fr5* cl]gy1 obs]ves t at lea/ !y are n poa*]s & foxhunt]s1 :o divide _! "t betwe5 hunt+1 dr9k+1 & prea*+4 ,y d n 9 ,france f9d su* adv]tisem5ts z he _h he>d ( 9 ,engl&1 ',want$ a curacy 9 a good sport+ c\ntry1 :]e ! duty is light & ! neighb\rhood convivial4' ,! prop] ex]cise = a c\ntry cl]gyman1 he r qua9tly obs]ves1 is agriculture4 ,! ideal p>son1 t is1 %\ld be a squire 9 canonical dress4 ,! cl]gy ( ! eighte5? c5tury probably v>i$ betwe5 ! extremes repres5t$ by ,trullib] & ! ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,_m ( !m 7 excell5t p1 ) a mild ta/e = lit]ature1 contribut+ to ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 inve/igat+ ! antiquities ( _! c\nty1 occasionally confut+ a dei/1 ex]t+ a s\nd judgm5t 9 cultivat+ _! glebes or improv+ ! bre$ ( cattle1 & respect$ bo? by squire & f>m]s4 ,! ',squ>son1' 9 ,sydney ,smi?'s faceti\s phrase1 0 ! ideal cl]gyman4 ,! purely sac]dotal qualities1 good or bad1 7 at a m9imum4 ,crabbe1 himself a type ( ! class1 has left admirable portraits ( 8 fell[s4 ,pr(\nd v5]ation = 8 noble patrons & he>ty dislike = intrusive diss5t]s 7 comb9$ 9 8 own case ) a pure dome/ic life1 a ke5 insight into ! ugli] realities ( c\ntry life & a good s\nd work+ morality4 ,miss ,au/51 :o said t %e c\ld h be5 ,crabbe's wife1 has giv5 m delicate pictures ( ! cl]gyman z he appe>$ at ! tea-tables ( ! "t4 ,he v>ies accord+ to h] f ! squire's excell5t y\ng] bro!r1 :o is simply a squire 9 a :ite neck-clo?1 to ! silly b /ill respectable sycophant1 :o firmly believes 8 lady patroness to be a k9d ( local deity4 ,_m ( ! real memoirs ( ! day give pleasant examples ( ! quiet & amiable lives ( ! less ambiti\s cl]gy4 ,!re is ! *>m+ ,gilb]t ,:ite 7#agbj-agic7 placidly /udy+ ! ways ( tortoises1 & unconsci\sly compos+ a book :i* brea!s an undy+ *>m f its atmosph]e ( peaceful repose2 ,william ,gilp9 7#agbd-ahjd7 f\nd+ & end[+ p>i% s*ools1 tea*+ ! cate*ism1 & describ+ 8 vacation t\rs 9 n>ratives :i* help$ to spread a love ( natural sc5]y2 & ,?omas ,gisborne 7#ageh-ahdf71 squire & cl]gyman1 a fam\s prea*] among ! evangelicals & a poet aft] ! fa%ion ( ,c[p]1 :o lov$ 8 native ,ne$wood ,=e/ z ,:ite lov$ ,selborne & ,gilp9 lov$ ! woods ( ,boldre2 & ,c[p] himself 7#agca-ahjj7 :o1 ?\gh n a cl]gyman1 liv$ 9 a cl]ical atmosph]e1 & ^: g5tle & playful enjoym5t ( quiet c\ntry life relieves ! pa9fully deep pa?os ( 8 disord]$ imag9ation2 & ! excell5t ,w4 ,l4 ,b[les 7#agfb-ahej71 ^: sonnets fir/ woke ,col]idge's imag9ation1 :o sp5t eighty-eight ye>s 9 an amiable & blameless life1 & 0 c\ntry-g5tleman1 magi/rate1 antiqu>y1 cl]gyman1 & poet4#ba ,su* names are en\gh to recall a type :i* has n q vani%$1 & :i* has ga!r$ a new *>m 9 m /irr+ & fretful times4 ,^! mo/ excell5t p1 h[ev]1 7 n likely to be prom95t 9 movem5ts de/9$ to break up ! placid environm5t ( _! lives nor1 9 tru?1 to be s\rces ( any great intellectual /ir4 ,,notes3 #ai ,! li/1 *eck$ f o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 is z foll[s3--,mann]s ,sutton1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 gr&son ( ! ?ird duke ( ,rutl&2 ,edw>d ,v]non1 ar*bi%op ( ,york1 0 son ( ! fir/ ,"l ,v]non & c\s9 ( ! ?ird ,"l ,h>c\rt1 ^: e/ates he inh]it$2 ,%ute ,b>r+ton1 bi%op ( ,durham1 0 son ( ! fir/ & bro!r ( ! second ,visc\nt ,b>r+ton2 ,br[nl[ ,nor?1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 0 uncle to ! e>l ( ,guild=d2 ,james ,cornwallis1 bi%op ( ,li*field1 0 uncle to ! second m>quis1 ^: pe]age he inh]it$2 ,george ,pelham1 bi%op ( ,exet]1 0 bro!r ( ! e>l ( ,*i*e/]2 ,h5ry ,ba?ur/1 bi%op ( ,norwi*1 0 nephew ( ! fir/ e>l2 ,george ,h5ry ,law1 bi%op ( ,*e/]1 0 bro!r ( ! fir/ ,"l ,ell5bor\gh2 ,edw>d ,legge1 bi%op ( ,ox=d1 0 son ( ! second e>l ( ,d>tm\?2 ,h5ry ,ryd]1 bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]1 0 bro!r to ! e>l ( ,h>r[by2 ,george ,murray1 bi%op ( ,sodor & ,man1 0 nephew-9-law to ! duke ( ,a?ol & bro!r-9-law to ! e>l ( ,k9n\l4 ,( ! f\rte5 tutors1 etc41 m5tion$ above1 ,william ,h[ley1 bi%op ( ,london1 _h be5 tutor to ! pr9ce ( ,orange at ,ox=d2 ,george ,pretyman ,toml9e1 bi%op ( ,l9coln1 _h be5 ,pitt's tutor at ,cambridge2 ,ri*>d ,beadon1 bi%op ( ,ba? & ,wells1 _h be5 tutor to ! duke ( ,gl\ce/] at ,cambridge2 ,folliott ,cornewall1 bi%op ( ,worce/]1 _h be5 made *apla9 to ! ,h\se ( ,commons by ! influ5ce ( 8 c\s91 ! ,speak]2 ,john ,buckn]1 bi%op ( ,*i*e/]1 _h be5 tutor to ! duke ( ,ri*mond2 ,h5ry ,william ,maj5die1 bi%op ( ,bangor1 0 ! son ( ,que5 ,*>lotte's ,engli% ma/]1 & _h be5 tutor to ,william ,,iv42 ,george ,isaac ,hunt+=d1 bi%op ( ,h]e=d1 _h be5 tutor to ,add+ton1 prime m9i/]2 ,?omas ,burgess1 bi%op ( ,/4 ,david's1 0 a p]sonal fri5d ( ,add+ton2 ,john ,fi%]1 bi%op ( ,salisbury1 _h be5 tutor to ! duke ( ,k5t2 ,john ,luxmoore1 bi%op ( ,/4 ,asaph1 _h be5 tutor to ! duke ( ,buccleugh2 ,samuel ,good5\gh1 bi%op ( ,c>lisle1 _h be5 tutor to ! sons ( ! ?ird duke ( ,portl& & 0 connect$ ) ,add+ton2 ,william ,lort ,mansel1 bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 _h be5 tutor to ,p]ceval at ,cambridge1 & ow$ to ,p]ceval ! ma/]%ip ( ,tr9ity2 ,walt] ,k+1 bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 _h be5 secret>y to ! duke ( ,portl&2 & ,b[y] ,edw>d ,sp>ke1 bi%op ( ,ely1 _h be5 tutor to ! duke ( ,rutl&4 ,! two rema9+ bi%ops 7 ,h]b]t ,m>%1 bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh1 :o _h e/abli%$ a claim by def5d+ ,pitt's f9ancial measures 9 an important pamphlet2 & ,william ,van ,mild]t1 bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 :o _h be5 *apla9 to ! ,groc]s' ,company & became kn[n z a prea*] 9 ,london4 #bj ,travels 9 ,france 7#ahib71 p4 #cbg4 #ba ,see ,a ,c\ntry ,cl]gyman ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7,?omas ,tw9+71 #ahhb1 = a pleasant picture ( ! class4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,univ]sities ,! effect ( ^! conditions is p]haps be/ m>k$ 9 ! /ate ( ! univ]sities4 ,univ]sities h at diff]5t p]iods be5 great c5tres ( intellectual life4 ,! ,engli% univ]sities ( ! eighte5? c5tury are g5]ally not$ only z embodim5ts ( slo? & prejudice4 ,! judgm5ts ( ,wesley & ,gibbon & ,adam ,smi? & ,b5?am co9cide 9 reg>d to ,ox=d2 & ,johnson's love ( 8 univ]sity is an equivocal te/imony to its intellectual m]its4 ,we g5]ally ?9k ( x z ( a sleepy holl[1 9 :i* portly fell[s ( colleges1 l ! convivial ,w>ton1 imbib$ port w9e & sne]$ at ,me?odi/s1 ?\gh few inde$ rivall$ ,w>ton's s]vices to lit]ature4 ,! univ]sities 9 fact _h become1 z !y long cont9u$ to be1 high s*ools *iefly = ! use ( ! cl]gy1 & if !y /ill aim$ at "s wid] intellectual tra9+1 7 s9k+ to be in/itutions :]e ! pupils ( ! public s*ools might1 if !y pleas$1 put a little extra poli% ^u _! classical & ma!matical k4 ,! colleges pres]v$ _! m$iaeval con/itution2 & no s]i\s *anges ( _! /atutes 7 made until ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! cl]gy _h an almo/ exclusive "p 9 ! managem5t1 & diss5t]s 7 exclud$ ev5 f ent]+ ,ox=d z /ud5ts4#bb ,b ! cl]gyman did n z a rule devote himself to a life ( /udy4 ,he c\ld n m>ry z a fell[1 b he made no v[s ( celibacy4 ,! college1 !re=e1 0 m]ely a /epp+-/one on ! way to ! usual c\rse ( pref]m5t4 ,a fell[ look$ =w>ds to settl+ 9 a college liv+1 or if he _h ! luck to act z tutor to a nobleman1 he might so> to a dean]y or a bi%opric4 ,! fell[s :o /ay$ 9 _! colleges 7 probably ^? :o _h lea/ ambition1 or :o _h a ta/e = an easy ba*elor's life4 ,! univ]sities1 !re=e1 did n =m bodies ( le>n$ m5 int]e/$ 9 intellectual pursuits2 b at mo/1 help$ su* m5 9 _! />t ^u a m prosp]\s c>e]4 ,! /udies flagg$ 9 sympa?y4 ,gray's lett]s suffici5tly reveal ! dulness :i* 0 felt by a man ( cultivation conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ society ( college dons ( ! day4 ,! s*ola/ic philosophy :i* _h once f\nd en?usia/ic cultivators 9 ! great univ]sities _h m or less held its own ?r\gh ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh repudiat$ by all ! ris+ ?9k]s4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,locke & ,b]keley1 x _h fall5 utt]ly out ( cr$it4 ,! bright common s5se ( ! poli%$ society ( ! day look$ ^u ! old doctr9e ) a contempt1 :i*1 if n ju/ifi$ by famili>ity1 0 an implicit judgm5t ( ! tree by its fruits4 ,nobody c\ld suppose ! div9es ( ! day to be ! deposit>ies ( an esot]ic wisdom :i* ! vulg> 7 n wor?y to criticise4 ,!y 7 !mselves *iefly anxi\s to prove t _! sacr$ my/]ies 7 really n at all my/]i\s1 b m]ely "o way ( express+ pla9 common s5se4 ,at ,ox=d1 inde$1 ! lads 7 /ill cramm$ ) ,aldri*1 & le>n$ ! te*nical t]ms ( a philosophy :i* _h ceas$ to h any real life 9 x4 ,at ,cambridge1 ard5t "y radicals spoke ) contempt ( ?is 'horrid j>gon--fit only to be *att]$ by monkies 9 a wild]ness4'#bc ,ev5 at ,cambridge1 !y /ill _h disputations on ! old =m1 b !y argu$ !ses f ,locke's essay1 & ?\ght t _! ma!matical /udies 7 a *eck ^u metaphysical 'j>gon4' ,x is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( ! respect = tradition t at ,cambridge ev5 ma!matics long suff]$ f a mi/ak5 patriotism :i* res5t$ any improvem5t ^u ! me?ods ( ,newton4 ,!re 7 "s signs ( reviv+ activity4 ,! fell[%ips 7 be+ di/ribut$ ) less reg>d to private int]e/4 ,! ma!matical tripos f\nd$ at ,cambridge 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury became ! prototype ( all competitive exam9ations2 & half a c5tury lat] ,ox=d foll[$ ! prec$5t by ! ,exam9ation ,/atute ( #ahjj4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( pr(essor%ips ( su* mod]n /udies z anatomy1 hi/ory1 botany1 & geology 7 f\nd$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 & %[ a c]ta9 s5se ( a ne$ ( broad] views4 ,! lectures ^u :i* ,black/one f\nd$ 8 comm5t>ies 7 ! product ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,v9]ian pr(essor%ip 9 #agea2 & ! mo/ rec5t ( ! ,cambridge colleges1 ,d[n+ ,college1 %[s by its con/itution t a pr(essoriate 0 n[ consid]$ to be desirable4 ,cambridge 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury might h _h a body ( v em95t pr(essors4 ,watson1 second wrangl] ( #agei1 _h deliv]$ lectures ^u *emi/ry1 ( :i* x 0 said by ,davy t h>dly any conceivable *ange 9 ! sci5ce c\ld make !m obsolete4#bd ,paley1 s5ior wrangl] 9 #agfc1 0 an almo/ unrivall$ ma/] ( lucid exposition1 & "o ( 8 works is /ill a textbook at ,cambridge4 ,isaac ,miln]1 s5ior wrangl] 9 #aggd1 aft]w>ds held ! pr(essor%ips ( ma!matics & natural philosophy1 & 0 fam\s z a sort ( ecclesia/ical ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,gilb]t ,wakefield1 second wrangl] 9 #aggf1 publi%$ an edition ( ,lucretius1 & 0 a man ( great ability & en]gy4 ,h]b]t ,m>%1 second wrangl] 9 #aggi1 0 div9ity pr(essor f #ahjg1 & 0 ! fir/ ,engli% writ] to introduce "s k ( ! e>ly /ages ( ,g]man criticism4 ,porson1 ! greate/ ,greek s*ol> ( 8 "t1 became pr(essor 9 #agij2 ,mal?us1 n9? wrangl] 9 #aghh1 :o 0 to make a p]man5t m>k ^u political economy1 became fell[ ( ,jesus ,college 9 #agic4 ,w>+1 s5ior wrangl] 9 #ageg1 ,v9ce1 s5ior wrangl] 9 #agge1 & ,wolla/on1 s5ior wrangl] 9 #aghc1 7 also pr(essors & ma!maticians ( reputation4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury t5 pr(essors 7 lectur+4#be ,a l>ge numb] 7 n lectur+1 ?\gh ,miln] 0 good en\gh to be 'accessible to /ud5ts4' ,paley & ,watson _h be5 l$ (f into ! pa? ( ecclesia/ical pref]m5t4 ,m>% too became a bi%op 9 #ahaf4 ,!re 0 no place = su* tal5ts z ^? ( ,mal?us1 :o ultimately became pr(essor at ,haileybury4 ,wakefield _h ! mis=tune ( n be+ able to cov] 8 het]odoxy ) ! conv5tional =mula4 ,porson suff]$ f ! same cause1 & f less respectable weaknesses2 b x seems t ! univ]sity _h no dem& = s]vices ( ! great s*ol>1 & he did no?+ = 8 ,l#dj a ye>4 ,miln] 0 occupi$ 9 manag+ ! univ]sity 9 ! int]e/s ( ,pitt & ,prote/antism1 & 9 wag+ w> aga9/ ,jacob9s & intrud]s4 ,!re 0 no lack ( ability2 b !re 0 no inducem5t to any intellectual activity = its own sake2 & !re 7 abundant temptations = any man ( en]gy to div]ge to ! c>e] :i* (f]$ m intelligible rew>ds4 ,! univ]sities 9 fact suppli$ ! dem& :i* 0 actually op]ative4 ,!y provid$ ! av]age cl]gyman ) a degree2 !y expect$ ! son ( ! c\ntry-g5tleman or successful lawy] to acquire ! traditional culture ( 8 class1 & to sp5d ?ree or f\r ye>s pleasantly1 or ev51 if he *ose1 indu/ri\sly4 ,b !re 0 no su* ?+ z a le>n$ society1 int]e/$ 9 ! cultivation ( k = its own sake1 & applaud+ ! devotion ( life to its ext5sion or discussion4 ,! m5 ( ! "t :o contribut$ to ! progress ( sci5ce ow$ little or no?+ to ! univ]sities1 & 7 r volunte]s f )\t1 impell$ by _! own idiosyncrasies4 ,among ! sci5tific lead]s1 = example1 ,joseph ,black 7#agbh-agii7 0 a ,scotti% pr(essor2 ,prie/ley 7#agcc-ahjd7 a diss5t+ m9i/]2 ,cav5di% 7#agca-ahaj7 an ari/ocratic recluse1 :o1 ?\gh he /udi$ at ,cambridge1 nev] graduat$2 ,watt 7#agcf-ahai7 a practical me*anician2 & ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd7 a ,quak] s*oolma/]4 ,john ,hunt] 7#agbh-agic7 0 "o ( ! en]getic ,scots :o =c$ _! way to fame )\t help f ,engli% univ]sities4 ,! cultivation ( ! natural sci5ces 0 only beg9n+ to take root2 & ! soil1 :i* x f\nd cong5ial1 0 n t ( ! great le>n$ in/itutions1 :i* held to _! old traditional /udies4 ,i may1 !n1 sum up ! result 9 a few words4 ,! *ur* _h once claim$ to be an entirely indep5d5t body1 possess+ a sup]natural au?ority1 ) an organisation sanction$ by sup]natural p[]s1 & entitl$ to lay d[n ! doctr9es :i* gave ! f9al !ory ( life4 ,!ology 0 ! que5 ( ! sci5ces & !ologians ! int]pret]s ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( all k & conduct4 ,! *ur* ( ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 at our p]iod _h entirely ceas$ to be indep5d5t3 x 0 b\nd h& & foot by acts ( p>liam5t3 !re 0 no ecclesia/ical organ capable ( speak+ 9 its "n1 alt]+ its laws or def9+ its t5ets3 x 0 an aggregate ( (fices ! appo9tm5t to :i* 0 9 ! h&s ei!r ( ! political m9i/]s or ( ! lay memb]s ( ! rul+ class4 ,x 0 9 reality simply a "p ( ! rul+ class told (f to p]=m div9e s]vices3 to ma9ta9 ord] & respectability & ! traditional morality4 ,x _h no di/9ctive philosophy or !ology1 = ! articles ( belief repres5t$ simply a compromise2 an attempt to reta9 z mu* ( ! old z 0 practicable & yet to admit z mu* ( ! new z 0 made desirable by political consid]ations4 ,x 0 ! boa/ ( its m lib]al memb]s t !y 7 n ti$ d[n to any def9ite dogmatic sy/em2 b c\ld h a free h& s long z !y did n wantonly come into conflict ) "s ( ! legal =mulae laid d[n 9 a previ\s g5]ation4 ,! actual tea*+ %[$ ! effects ( ! sy/em4 ,x _h be5 easy to introduce a consid]able leav5 ( ! rationalism :i* suit$ ! lay m9d2 to expla9 away ! my/]i\s doctr9es ^u :i* an indep5d5t *ur* _h insi/$ z manife/ations ( its spiritual privileges1 b :i* 7 reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce or contempt by ! educat$ laity n[ become indep5d5t4 ,! prie/ _h be5 dis>m$ & _h to suit 8 tea*+ to ! ta/e ( 8 patrons & congregations4 ,! div9es ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h1 z !y boa/$1 confut$ ! dei/s2 b x 0 ma9ly by %[+ t !y c\ld be dei/s 9 all b ! "n4 ,! diss5t]s1 less hamp]$ by legal =mulae1 _h drift$ t[>ds ,unit>ianism4 ,! position ( su* div9es z ,paley1 ,watson1 & ,hey 0 n s mu* t ! ,unit>ians 7 wrong1 z t ! my/]i\s doctr9es 7 m]e sets ( words1 ov] :i* x 0 sup]flu\s to qu>rel4 ,! doctr9e 0 ess5tially traditional2 = x 0 impossible to repres5t ! doctr9es ( ! *ur* ( ,engl& z d$uctions f any ab/ract philosophy4 ,b ! traditions 7 n reg>d$ z hav+ any my/]i\s au?ority4 ,ab/ract philosophy might lead to deism or infidelity4 ,paley & 8 l reject$ su* philosophy 9 ! _s ( ,locke or ev5 ,hume4 ,b x 0 always possible to treat a tradition l any o!r /atem5t ( fact4 ,x c\ld be prov$ by appropriate evid5ce4 ,! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity 0 !re=e m]ely a "q ( facts l ! tru? ( any o!r passages ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 easy en\gh to make out a case = ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 & !n ! my/]ies1 aft] x _h be5 suffici5tly expla9$ t !y really meant next to no?+1 c\ld be re/$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! miracles4 ,9 o!r words1 ! accept$ doctr9es1 l ! :ole con/itution ( ! *ur*1 c\ld be s modifi$ z to suit ! prejudices & modes ( ?\ght ( ! laity4 ,! *ur*1 x may be said1 0 ?or\ghly secul>is$4 ,! prie/ 0 no long] a wield] ( ?reats & an int]pret] ( oracles1 b an entirely respectable g5tleman1 :o fully sympa?is$ ) ! prejudices ( 8 patron & practically admitt$ t he _h v little to reveal1 beyond expla9+ t 8 dogmas 7 p]fectly h>mless & em95tly conv5i5t4 ,he prea*$1 h[ev]1 a s\nd common s5se morality1 & 0 n divid$ f 8 neighb\rs by sett+ up ! claims *>act]i/ic ( a sac]dotal ca/e4 ,:e!r he has become on ! :ole bett] or worse by subsequ5t *anges is a "q n to be ask$ "h2 b p]haps n q s easily answ]$ z is sometimes suppos$4 ,! condition ( ! ,engli% *ur* & univ]sities may be contra/$ ) t ( _! ,scotti% rivals4 ,! ,scotti% *ur* & univ]sities _h no great prizes to (f] & no elaborate hi]>*y4 ,b ! *ur* 0 a national in/itution 9 a s5se diff]5t f ! ,engli%4 ,! ,g5]al ,assembly 0 a p[]ful body1 n ov]%ad[$ by a great political rival4 ,to rise to be a m9i/] 0 ! great ambition ( poor sons ( f>m]s & tradesm54 ,!y _h to /udy at ! univ]sities 9 ! int]vals1 p]haps1 ( agricultural lab\r2 & if ! le>n+ 0 slight & ! s*ol>%ip bel[ ! ,engli% /&>d1 ! "y aspirant _h at lea/ to le>n to prea* & to acquire su* philosophy z w\ld enable him to argue ^u grace & freewill ) "s h>d-head$ ,davie ,deans4 ,x 0 d\btless ow+ 9 "p to ^! conditions t ! ,scotti% univ]sities produc$ _m di/+ui%$ tea*]s ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,pr(essors _h to tea* some?+ :i* might at lea/ pass = philosophy1 ?\gh !y 7 m or less re/ra9$ by ! necessity ( respect+ or?odox prejudices4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! only s*ools ( philosophy 9 ! isl& 7 to be f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 :]e ,reid 7#agaj-agif7 & ,adam ,smi? 7#agbc-agij7 _h f\nd intellig5t disciples1 & :]e ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ( :om ,i %all speak pres5tly1 _h become ! recognis$ philosophical au?ority4 ,,notes3 #bb ,at ,cambridge subscription 0 aboli%$ = und]graduates 9 #agge2 & ba*elors ( arts _h only to decl>e !mselves 'bona-fide memb]s ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&4' #bc ,gilb]t ,wakefield's ,memoirs1 ii4 #adi4 #bd ,de ,qu9cey1 ,works 7#ahfc71 ii4 #ajf4 #be ,wordswor?'s ,univ]sity ,life1 etc4 7#ahgd71 #hc-hg4 ,,vii4 ,,!ory ,:at !ory corresponds to ?is practical ord]8 ,x implies1 9 ! fir/ place1 a con/ant ref]5ce to tradition4 ,! sy/em has gr[n up )\t any ref]5ce to ab/ract pr9ciples or symmetrical plan4 ,! legal ord] supposes a traditional common law1 z ! ecclesia/ical ord] a traditional cre$1 & ! organisation is explicable only by hi/orical causes4 ,! sy/em repres5ts a s]ies ( compromises1 n ! elaboration ( a !ory4 ,if ! squire und]took by way ( sup]]ogation to ju/ify 8 position he appeal$ to tradition & exp]i5ce4 ,he invok$ ! 'wisdom ( our ance/ors1' ! sy/em ( '*ecks & balances' :i* made our ,con/itution an unrivall$ mixture ( mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy des]v+ ! 'dread & envy ( ! _w4' ,! prescription = comp\nd+ t mixture c\ld obvi\sly be le>n$ by no?+ b exp]im5t4 ,traditional means empirical4 ,by in/9ct1 r ?an consci\s reason+1 ,engli%m5 _h felt _! way to e/abli%+ ! 'palladia ( our lib]ties'3 trial by jury1 ! ',habeas ,corpus' ,act1 & ! sub/itution ( a militia = a /&+ army4 ,! in/itutions 7 *]i%$ because !y _h be5 develop$ by long /ruggles & 7 (t5 *]i%$ :5 _! real ju/ification _h disappe>$4 ,! ,con/itution _h n be5 'made' b _h 'gr[n'2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! "o rule _h be5 ! rule ( ?umb4 ,t is an excell5t rule 9 its way1 & v sup]ior to an ab/ract rule :i* neglects or ov]rides exp]i5ce4 ,! 'logic ( facts1' moreov]1 may be tru/$ to produce a c]ta9 h>mony3 & g5]al pr9ciples1 ?\gh n consci\sly invok$1 tacitly gov]n ! developm5t ( in/itutions work$ out "u uni=m conditions4 ,! simple reluctance to pay money )\t gett+ money's wor? might g5]ate ! important pr9ciple t repres5tation %\ld g ) taxation1 )\t embody+ any !ory ( a 'social contract' su* z 0 (f]$ by an aft]?\ght to give a philosophical sanction4 ,engli%m51 x is said1 _h b\ght _! lib]ties /ep by /ep1 because at ea* /ep !y 7 9 a position to b>ga9 ) _! rul]s4 ,:at !y _h b\ght !y 7 det]m9$ to keep & consid]$ to be _! inali5able prop]ty4 ,"o result is conspicu\s4 ,9 ,engl& ! rul+ classes did n s mu* consid] _! privileges to be some?+ grant$ by ! /ate1 z ! p[] ( ! /ate to be some?+ d]iv$ f _! concessions4 ,?\gh ! "l-lieut5ant & ! ju/ices ( ! peace 7 nom9at$ by ! cr[n1 _! au?ority came 9 fact z an almo/ spontane\s consequ5ce ( _! bir?right or _! acquir$ position 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y %one by _! own light & 7 really ! ultimate s\rces ( au?ority4 ,seats 9 p>liam5t1 pref]m5ts 9 ! *ur*1 commissions 9 ! army belong$ to !m l _! e/ates2 & !y seem$ to be qualifi$ by nature1 r ?an by appo9tm5t1 to act 9 judicial & adm9i/rative capacities4 ,! sy/em ( 'self-gov]nm5t' embodies ?is view4 ,! functions ( gov]nm5t 7 assign$ to m5 already p[]ful by _! social position4 ,! abs5ce ( ! c5tralis$ hi]>*y ( (ficials gave to ,engli%m5 ! s5se ( p]sonal lib]ty :i* compell$ ! admiration ( ,voltaire & 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,engl& 7 no lettres de ca*et1 & no ,ba/ille4 ,a man c\ld say :at he ?\ght & act )\t fe> ( arbitr>y rule4 ,!re 0 no su* sy/em z t :i*1 9 ,france1 puts ! ag5ts ( ! c5tral p[] above ! ord9>y law ( ! l&4 ,?is implies :at has be5 call$ ! 'rule ( ! law' 9 ,engl&4 ',) u e (ficial f ! prime m9i/] d[n to a con/able or a collector ( taxes' 7z ,pr(essor ,dicey expla9s ! pr9ciple7 'is "u ! same responsibility = e act done )\t legal ju/ification z any o!r citiz54'#bf ,! e>ly c5tralisation ( ! ,engli% mon>*y _h made ! law supreme1 & in/ead ( g5]at+ a new /ructure _h comb9$ & regulat$ ! exi/+ social =ces4 ,! sov]eign p[] 0 ?us f>m$ to ! ari/ocracy in/ead ( =m+ an organ ( its own4 ,in/ead ( resign+ p[] !y 7 =c$ to ex]cise x on condition ( ?or\gh responsibility to ! c5tral judici>y4 ,_! privileges 7 n de/roy$ b 7 comb9$ ) ! dis*>ge ( correspond+ duties4 ,:atev] _! %ortcom+s1 !y 7 pres]v$ f ! decay :i* is ! inevitable consequ5ce ( a divorce ( duties f privileges4 ,ano!r aspect ( ! case is equally cle>4 ,if ! privilege is associat$ ) a duty1 ! duty may also be reg>d$ z a privilege4 ,! doctr9e seems to m>k a natural /age 9 ! evolution ( ! conception ( duty to ! /ate4 ,! p[] :i* is left to a memb] ( ! rul+ class is also "p ( 8 dignity4 ,?us we h an amalgamation betwe5 ! conceptions ( private prop]ty & public tru/4 ',9 s f> z ! ideal ( feudalism is p]fectly realis$1' x has be5 said1#bg 'all t we c call public law is m]g$ 9 private law2 jurisdiction is prop]ty2 (fice is prop]ty2 ! k+%ip itself is prop]ty4' ,?is feudal ideal 0 /ill pres]v$ ) _m ( ! in/itutions desc5d$ f feudalism4 ,! k+'s "r to 8 ?rone 0 reg>d$ z ( ! same k9d z ! "r to a private e/ate4 ,8 rights z k+ 7 also 8 rights z ! own] ( ! l&4#bh ,subord9ate l&[n]s _h simil> rights1 & z ! royal p[] dim9i%$ great] p[]s fell to ! aggregate ( con/itutional k+lets :o gov]n$ ! c\ntry4 ,ea* ( !m 0 f "o po9t ( view an (ficial1 b ea* also reg>d$ 8 (fice z "p ( 8 prop]ty4 ,! c\ntry belong$ to him & 8 class r ?an he to ! c\ntry4 ,we occasionally f9d ! qua9t !ory :i* d$uc$ political rights f prop]ty 9 l&4 ,! freehold]s 7 ! own]s ( ! soil & might give notice to quit to ! re/ ( ! population4#bi ,!y _h !re=e a natural "r to c>ry on gov]nm5t 9 _! own int]e/s4 ,! rul+ classes1 h[ev]1 7 n m>k$ (f f o!rs by any deep l9e ( dem>cation2 !y c\ld sell _! own %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t to anybody :o 0 ri* en\gh to buy x1 & !re 0 a con/ant influx ( new blood4 ,moreov]1 !y did 9 fact improve _! e/ate ) v great en]gy1 & dis*>g$ r\ghly1 b 9 _m ways effici5tly1 ! duties :i* 7 also "p ( _! prop]ty4 ,! nobleman or ev5 ! squire 0 m ?an an individual2 z head ( a family he 0 a life t5ant ( e/ates :i* he desir$ to transmit to 8 desc5dants4 ,he 0 a 'corporation sole' & _h "s ( ! _s ( a corporation4 ,a college or a hospital is f\nd$ to dis*>ge a p>ticul> function2 its memb]s cont9ue p]haps to recognise _! duty2 b !y res5t any int]f]5ce f outside z sacrilege or confiscation4 ,x is = !m alone to judge h[ !y c be/ c>ry out1 & :e!r !y are actually c>ry+ out1 ! aims ( ! corporate life4 ,9 ! same way ! great noble took 8 "p 9 legislation1 *ur* pref]m5t1 ! comm& ( ! army1 & s =?1 & fully admitt$ t he 0 b\nd 9 hon\r to play 8 "p effectively2 b he 0 equally conv9c$ t he 0 subject to no?+ outside ( 8 s5se ( hon\r4 ,8 duties 7 also 8 rights4 ,! naif expression ( ?is doctr9e by a great bor\gh proprietor1 ',may ,i n d :at ,i l ) my own8' 0 to become prov]bial4#cj ,?is1 f9ally1 sugge/s t a doctr9e ( 'individualism' is impli$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! individual rights are ! antec$5t & ! rights ( ! /ate a consequ5t or coroll>y4 ,e man has c]ta9 sacr$ rights accru+ to him 9 virtue ( 'prescription' or tradition1 ?r\gh 8 inh]it$ position 9 ! social organism4 ,! 'rule ( law' secures t he %all ex]cise !m )\t infr++ ! privileges ( 8 neighb\r4 ,he may moreov] be compell$ by ! law to dis*>ge !m on due occasion4 ,b1 z !re is no supreme body :i* c suffici5tly sup]9t5d1 /imulate1 promote1 or dismiss1 ! active impulse mu/ come *iefly f 8 own s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,! effici5cy !re=e dep5ds ^u 8 be+ 9 su* a position t 8 duty may co9cide ) 8 p]sonal int]e/4 ,! political ma*9]y c only "w effici5tly on ! assumption ( a spontane\s activity ( ! rul+ classes1 prompt$ by public _s or a s5se ( p]sonal dignity4 ,mean:ile1 'individualism' 9 a diff]5t s5se 0 repres5t$ by ! =ces :i* made = progress r ?an ord]1 & to !m ,i mu/ n[ turn4 ,,notes3 #bf ,pr(essor ,dicey's ,lectures on ! ,law ( ! ,con/itution 7#ahhe71 p4 #agh4 ,pr(essor ,dicey gives an admirable exposition ( ! 'rule ( law4' #bg ,pollock & ,maitl&'s ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law1 i4 #bjh4 #bh ,a *>act]i/ic consequ5ce is t ,hale & ,black/one make no di/9ction betwe5 public & private law4 ,au/9 7,jurisprud5ce 7#ahfi71 #ggc-gf7 applauds !m = ?is peculi>ity1 :i* he reg>ds z a pro( ( orig9ality1 ?\gh x w\ld r seem to be an acceptance ( ! traditional view4 ,au/91 h[ev]1 retorts ! *>ge ( ,v]wirrung ^u ,g]man critics4 #bi ,?is is ! !ory ( ,defoe 9 8 ,orig9al ,p[] ( ! ,p ( ,engl& 7,works by ,hazlitt1 vol iii4 ,see especially p4 #eg74 #cj ,! f\r? duke ( ,newca/le 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 #c ,dec4 #ahcj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,_s ,i4 ,,! ,,manufactur]s ,! hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury %[s a curi\s contra/ betwe5 ! political /agnancy & ! great indu/rial activity4 ,! great con/itutional que/ions seem$ to be settl$2 & ! /atesm51 occupi$ ma9ly 9 %>+ p[] & place1 took a v %ortsight$ view 7n = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory7 ( ! great problems t 7 beg9n+ to pres5t !mselves4 ,! ,briti% empire 9 ! ,ea/ 0 n won by a t[]+ ambition s mu* z =c$ ^u a reluctant comm]cial company by ! necessities ( its position4 ,! ,engli% race became dom9ant 9 ,am]ica2 b ! political connection 0 brok5 (f ma9ly because ,engli% /atesm5 c\ld only reg>d x f ! %opkeep+ po9t ( view4 ,:5 a new _w began to arise at ! ,antipodes1 our rul]s saw an opportunity n = plant+ new (f%oots ( ,european civilisation1 b = ridd+ !mselves ( ! social rubbi% no long] accept$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,) purbl9d en]gy1 & eyes dogg$ly fix$ ^u ! gr\nd at _! feet1 ! race _h someh[ press$ =w>ds to illu/rate ! old doctr9e t a man nev] goes s f> z :5 he does n "k :i!r he is go+4 ,:ile ?9k+ ( e>n+ an hone/ p5ny by ext5d+ ! trade1 our 'moni$-m5' 7 lay+ ! f\ndation ( va/ /ructures to be develop$ by _! desc5dants4 ,politicians1 aga91 _h little to d ) ! great 'indu/rial revolution' :i* m>k$ ! la/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,! ma9 facts are n[ a famili> topic ( economic hi/orians2 nor ne$ ,i speak ( !m 9 detail4 ,?\gh agriculture 0 /ill ! ma9 indu/ry1 & ! l&[n]s almo/ monopolis$ political p[]1 an ev] gr[+ proportion ( ! p 0 be+ collect$ 9 t[ns2 ! artisans 7 congregat+ 9 l>ge factories2 & ! great cl\d ( coal-smoke1 :i* has nev] dw9dl$1 0 already beg9n+ to d>k5 our skies4 ,! *ange corresponds to ! diff]5ce betwe5 a fully develop$ organism possess$ ( a c5tral bra91 ) an elaborate n]v\s sy/em1 & "s l[] =m 9 :i* ! vital processes are /ill c>ri$ on by a numb] ( sep>ate ganglia4 ,! conc5tration ( ! population 9 ! great indu/rial c5tres impli$ ! improvem5t ( ! means ( comm]ce2 new organisation ( indu/ry provid$ ) a correspond+ app>atus ( ma*9]y2 & ! sy/ematic exploitation ( ! /or$-up =ces ( nature4 ,ea* set ( *anges 0 at once cause & effect1 & ea* 0 c>ri$ on sep>ately1 al?\gh 9 relation to ! o!r4 ,br9dley1 ,arkwright1 & ,watt may be tak5 z typical repres5tatives ( ! ?ree op]ations4 ,canals1 sp9n+-j5nies1 & /eam-eng9es 7 *ang+ ! :ole social ord]4 ,! developm5t ( means ( communication _h be5 sl[ till ! la/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,! roads _h be5 little *ang$ s9ce !y _h be5 fir/ laid d[n z "p ( ! great network :i* b\nd ! ,roman empire toge!r4 ,turnpike acts1 sanction+ ! con/ruction ( new roads1 became num]\s4 ,palm]'s application ( ! /age-coa*es to ! c>riage ( ! mails m>k$ an epo* 9 #aghd2 & ,de ,qu9cey's prose poem1 ',! ,mail-coa*1' %[s h[ ! unprec$5t$ spe$ ( ,palm]'s coa*es1 !n spread+ ! news ( ! fir/ battles 9 ! ,p59sula1 _h caus$ !m to tyrannise ov] ! opium-eat]'s dreams4 ,!y 7 dis*>g+ at once a political & an indu/rial function4 ,mean:ile ! ,bridgewat] canal1 con/ruct$ betwe5 #agei & #agfa1 0 ! fir/ l9k 9 a great network :i*1 by ! "t ( ! ,fr5* revolution1 connect$ ! seaports & ! great c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,! great inv5tions ( ma*9]y 7 simultane\sly enabl+ manufactur]s to take advantage ( ! new means ( communication4 ,! cotton manufacture sprang up soon aft] #aghj ) enorm\s rapidity4 ,aid$ by ! application ( /eam 7fir/ appli$ to a cotton mill 9 #aghe7 x pass$ ! wooll5 trade1 ! traditional fav\rite ( legislators1 & became ! mo/ important bran* ( ,briti% trade4 ,! iron trade _h made a correspond+ />t4 ,:ile ! /eam-eng9e1 on :i* ,watt _h made ! fir/ great improvem5t 9 #agfe1 0 trans=m+ ! manufactur+ sy/em1 & prep>+ ! adv5t ( ! /eam%ip & railroad1 ,great ,brita9 _h become ! lead+ manufactur+ & comm]cial c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! agricultural int]e/ 0 los+ its pre-em95ce2 & huge t[ns ) va/ aggregations ( artisan population 7 beg9n+ to spr+ up ) unprec$5t$ rapidity4 ,! *ange 0 an illu/ration ^u a gigantic scale ( ! doctr9es exp\nd$ 9 ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,division ( lab\r 0 be+ appli$ to ?+s m important ?an p9-mak+1 involv+ a r$i/ribution ( functions n z betwe5 m5 cov]$ by ! same ro(1 b betwe5 :ole classes ( society2 betwe5 ! mak]s ( new means ( communication & ! manufactur]s ( e k9d ( mat]ial4 ,! :ole indu/rial community might be reg>d$ z "o great organism4 ,yet ! organisation 0 =m$ by a multitude ( indep5d5t ag5cies )\t any conc]t$ plan4 ,x 0 ?us a va/ illu/ration ( ! doctr9e t ea* man by pursu+ 8 own int]e/s promot$ ! int]e/s ( ! :ole1 & t gov]nm5t int]f]5ce 0 simply a h9drance4 ,! progress ( improvem5t1 says ,adam ,smi?1 dep5ds ^u '! uni=m1 con/ant1 & un9t]rupt$ ef=t ( e man to bett] 8 condition1' :i* (t5 succe$s 9 spite ( ! errors ( gov]nm5t1 z nature (t5 ov]comes ! blund]s ( doctors4 ,x is1 z he inf]s1 '! highe/ imp]t95ce & presumption = k+s & m9i/]s to pret5d to wat* ov] ! economy ( private p' by sumptu>y laws & taxes ^u imports4#ca ,to ! ,engli% manufactur] or eng9e] gov]nm5t appe>$ z a necess>y evil4 ,x all[$ ! eng9e] to make roads & canals1 aft] a tr\blesome & exp5sive process ( application4 ,x grant$ pat5ts to ! manufactur]1 b ! pat5ts 7 a s\rce ( p]petual worry & litigation4 ,! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] might look ) complac5cy ^u ! developm5t ( a new bran* ( trade2 b x 0 because he 0 ly+ 9 wait to come d[n ^u x ) a new tax or sy/em ( duties4 ,! m5 :o 7 ! *ief in/rum5ts ( ! process 7 'self-made'2 !y 7 ! typical examples ( ,mr4 ,smiles's virtue ( self-help2 !y ow$ no?+ to gov]nm5t or to ! univ]sities :i* pass$ = ! organs ( national culture4 ,! lead+ eng9e]s began z ord9>y me*anics4 ,john ,metcalf 7#agag-ahaj71 o!rwise 'bl9d ,jack ( ,kn>esbor\gh1' 0 a son ( poor p>5ts4 ,he _h lo/ 8 sight by smallpox at ! age ( six1 &1 9 spite ( 8 mis=tune1 became a d>+ rid]1 wre/l]1 soldi]1 & c>ri]1 & made _m roads 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 execut+ surveys & con/ruct+ ! works himself4 ,james ,br9dley 7#agaf-aggb71 son ( a midl& colli]1 b>ely able to read or write1 work+ out plans by processes :i* he c\ld n expla91 & ly+ 9 b$ till !y took %ape 9 8 bra91 a r\gh me*anic1 lab\r+ = trifl+ weekly wages1 creat$ ! canals :i* ma9ly enabl$ ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool to make an unprec$5t$ leap 9 prosp]ity4 ,! two great eng9e]s1 ,?omas ,tel=d 7#ageg-ahcd71 fam\s = ! ,cal$onian canal & ! ,m5ai bridge2 & ,john ,r5nie 7#agfa-ahba71 dra9] ( ,l9coln%ire f5s1 & build] ( ,wat]loo bridge & ! ,plym\? breakwat]1 rose f ! ranks4 ,tel=d inh]it$ & display$ 9 a diff]5t direction ! en]gies ( ,eskdale bord]]s1 ^: a*ievem5ts 9 ! days ( cattle-/eal+ 7 to be made fam\s by ,scott3 ,r5nie 0 ! son ( an ,ea/ ,lo?ian f>m]4 ,bo? ( !m le>n$ _! trade by actual employm5t z me*anics4 ,! inv5tors ( ma*9]y belong$ ma9ly to ! l[] middle classes4 ,kay 0 a small manufactur]2 ,h>greaves a h&-loom weav]2 ,crompton ! son ( a small f>m]2 & ,arkwright a c\ntry b>b]4 ,watt1 son ( a ,gre5ock c>p5t]1 came f ! /urdy ,scotti% /ock1 ultimately ( cov5ant+ ance/ry1 f :i* s _m em95t m5 h sprung4 ,! new social class1 9 :i* su* m5 7 ! lead]s1 held correspond+ pr9ciples4 ,!y ow$ :atev] success !y won to _! own "r h&s4 ,!y 7 /urdy work]s1 ) eyes fix$ ^u success 9 life1 & success g5]ally ( c\rse measur$ by a money crit]ion4 ,_m ( !m %[$ intellectual ta/es1 & took an hon\rable view ( _! social functions4 ,watt %[$ 8 ability 9 sci5tific inquiries outside ( ! purely indu/rial application2 ,josiah ,w$gwood1 9 ^: e>ly days ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s _h l$ a k9d ( gipsy life1 settl+ d[n "h & !re to c>ry on _! trade1 _h n only f\nd$ a great indu/ry1 b 0 a man ( arti/ic ta/e1 a patron ( art1 & a lov] ( sci5ce4 ,tel=d1 ! ,eskdale %eph]d1 0 a man ( lit]>y ta/e1 & 0 especially fri5dly ) ! typical man ( lett]s1 ,s\!y4 ,o!rs1 ( c\rse1 7 ( a l[] type4 ,arkwright comb9$ ! tal5ts ( an inv5tor ) ^? ( a man ( bus9ess4 ,he 0 a man1 says ,ba9es 7! hi/orian ( ! cotton trade71 :o 0 sure to come out ( an ent]prise ) pr(it1 :atev] ! result to 8 p>tn]s4 ,he made a great =tune1 & f\nd$ a c\nty family4 ,o!rs rose 9 ! same direction4 ,! ,peels1 = example1 repres5t$ a l9e ( yeom54 ,"o ,peel f\nd$ a cotton bus9ess2 8 son became a b>onet & an influ5tial memb] ( p>liam5t2 & 8 gr&son w5t to ,ox=d1 & became ! great lead] ( ! ,cons]vative p>ty1 al?\gh l ,walpole1 he ow$ 8 p[] to a k9d ( k 9 :i* 8 adopt$ class 7 g5]ally defici5t4 ,! class :i* ow$ its gr[+ importance to ! a*ievem5ts ( su* m5 0 naturally imbu$ ) _! _s4 ,its gr[? meant ! developm5t ( a class :i* "u ! old ord] _h be5 /rictly subord9ate to ! rul+ class1 & naturally reg>d$ x ) a m+l$ feel+ ( respect & jeal\sy4 ,! ,briti% m]*ant felt 8 sup]iority 9 bus9ess to ! av]age c\ntry-g5tleman2 he got no direct %>e ( ! p5sions & s9ecures :i* s pr(\ndly affect$ ! work+ ( ! political ma*9]y1 & yet 8 highe/ ambition 0 to rise to be himself a memb] ( ! class1 & to f\nd a family :i* might fl\ri% 9 ! upp] atmosph]e4 ,! indu/rial classes 7 incl9$ to fav\r political progress )9 limits4 ,!y 7 diss5t]s because ! *ur* 0 ess5tially "p ( ! ari/ocracy2 & !y 7 readie/ to d5\nce ! abuses f :i* !y did n pr(it4 ,! agitators :o support$ ,wilkes1 solid ald]m5 & ri* m]*ants1 repres5t$ ! view :i* 0 popul> 9 ,london & o!r great cities4 ,!y 7 ! backbone ( ! ,:ig p>ty :5 x began to dem& a s]i\s re=m4 ,_! radicalism1 h[ev]1 0 n ?or\ghly democratic4 ,_m ( !m aspir$ to become memb]s ( ! rul+ class1 & a %opkeep] does n qu>rel too ?or\ghly ) 8 cu/om]s4 ,! politics ( individuals 7 ( c\rse det]m9$ by accid5ts4 ,"s ( !m might reta9 ! sympa?y ( ! class f :i* !y sprang1 & o!rs might adopt an ev5 extreme v]sion ( ! op9ions ( ! class to :i* !y desir$ to rise4 ,b1 9 any case1 ! div]g5ce ( int]e/ betwe5 ! capitali/s & ! lab\r]s 0 already mak+ itself felt4 ,! self-made man1 x is said1 is g5]ally ! h>de/ ma/]4 ,he approves ( ! /r+5t sy/em ( competition1 ( :i* he is himself a product4 ,x cle>ly enables ! be/ man to w91 = is he n himself ! be/ man8 ,! class :i* 0 ! great seat ( movem5t _h naturally to meet all ! prejudices :i* are r\s$ by *ange4 ,! f>m]s ne> ,london1 z ,adam ,smi? tells u1#cb petition$ aga9/ an ext5sion ( turnpike roads1 :i* w\ld enable m di/ant f>m]s to compete 9 _! m>ket4 ,b ! f>m]s 7 n ! only prejudic$ p]sons4 ,all ! great inv5tors ( ma*9]y1 ,kay & ,arkwright & ,watt1 _h con/antly to /ruggle aga9/ ! old workm5 :o 7 displac$ by _! inv5tions4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! class might be ,:iggi%1 x did n %>e ! /ronge/ revolution>y passions4 ,! g5u9e revolutioni/s 7 r ! m5 :o de/roy$ ! manufactur]'s ma*9es1 & 7 le>n+ to reg>d him z a natural enemy4 ,! manufactur] _h 8 own reasons = support+ gov]nm5t4 ,our =eign policy dur+ ! c5tury 0 9 ! long run *iefly det]m9$ by ! int]e/s ( our trade1 h[ev] mu* ! trade might at times be hamp]$ by ill-conceiv$ regulations4 ,x is rem>kable t ,adam ,smi?#cc argues t1 al?\gh ! capitali/ is acut] t ! c\ntry-g5tleman1 8 acut5ess is *iefly display$ by kn[+ 8 own int]e/s bett]4 ,^? int]e/s1 he ?9ks1 d n co9cide s mu* z ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry-g5tleman ) ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,consequ5tly ! c\ntry-g5tleman1 ?\gh less intellig5t1 is m likely to fav\r a national & lib]al policy4 ,! m]*ant1 9 fact1 0 n a free-trad] because he _h read ,adam ,smi? or consci\sly adopt$ ,smi?'s pr9ciples1 b because or 9 s f> z p>ticul> re/rictions int]f]$ ) him4 ,ar?ur ,"y compla9s bitt]ly ( ! manufactur]s :o support$ ! prohibition to export ,engli% wool1 & s protect$ _! own class at ! exp5se ( agriculturi/s4 ,w$gwood1 ?\gh a good lib]al & a support] ( ,pitt's ,fr5* treaty 9 #aghf1 jo9$ 9 prote/+ aga9/ ! proposal = free-trade ) ,irel&4 ,! ,iri%1 he ?\ght1 might rival 8 pott]ies4 ,?us1 ?\gh z a matt] ( fact ! gr[+ class ( manufactur]s & m]*ants 7 incl9$ 9 ! ma9 to lib]al pr9ciples1 x 0 less f adhesion to any g5]al doctr9e ?an f ! fact t ! exi/+ re/rictions & prejudices g5]ally conflict$ ) _! pla9 int]e/s4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is rem>kable4 ,?\gh ! gr[? ( manufactures & comm]ce meant ! gr[? ( great t[ns1 x did n mean ! gr[? ( municipal in/itutions4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,i %all pres5tly h to notice1 ! municipalities 7 s9k+ to _! l[e/ ebb4 ,manufactures1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 spread along ! /reams into c\ntry di/ricts3 & to ! great manufactur]1 work+ = 8 own h&1 8 neighb\rs 7 competitors z mu* z allies4 ,! great t[ns1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 gr[+ up1 %[$ ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! class4 ,!y 7 c5tres n only ( manufactur+ b ( intellectual progress4 ,! population ( ,birm+ham1 conta9+ ! fam\s ,soho works ( ,b\lton & ,watt1 _h increas$ betwe5 #agdj & #aghj f #bd1jjj to #gd1jjj inhabitants4 ,watt's p>tn] ,b\lton />t$ ! ',lun> ,society' at ,birm+ham4#cd ,its mo/ prom95t memb] 0 ,erasmus ,d>w91 fam\s !n = poetry :i* is *iefly rememb]$ by ! p>ody 9 ! ,anti-,jacob92 & n[ m fam\s z ! advocate ( a !ory ( evolution eclips$ by ! tea*+ ( 8 m fam\s gr&son1 &1 9 any case1 a man ( rem>kable intellectual p[]4 ,among ^? :o jo9$ 9 ! proce$+s 0 ,edgewor?1 :o 9 #agfh 0 speculat+ ^u mov+ c>riages by /eam1 & ,?omas ,day1 ^: ,s&=d & ,m]ton help$ to spread 9 ,engl& ! educational !ories ( ,r\sseau4 ,prie/ley1 :o settl$ at ,birm+ham 9 #aghj1 became a memb]1 & 0 help$ 9 8 inve/igations by ,watt's c\nsels & ,w$gwood's pecuni>y help4 ,among occasional visitors 7 ,smeaton1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,sol&]1 & ,h]s*el ( sci5tific celebrity2 :ile ! lit]>y magnate1 ,dr4 ,p>r1 :o liv$ betwe5 ,w>wick & ,birm+ham1 occasionally jo9$ ! circle4 ,w$gwood1 ?\gh too f> (f to be a memb]1 0 intimate ) ,d>w9 & associat$ 9 v>i\s ent]prises ) ,b\lton4 ,w$gwood's cong5ial p>tn]1 ,?omas ,b5tley 7#agca-aghj71 _h be5 9 bus9ess at ,man*e/] & at ,liv]pool4 ,he _h tak5 "p 9 f\nd+ ! ,w>r+ton ',academy1' ! diss5t+ sem9>y 7aft]w>ds mov$ to ,man*e/]7 ( :i* ,prie/ley 0 tutor 7#agfa-agfg71 & _h lectur$ ^u art at ! academy f\nd$ at ,liv]pool 9 #aggc4 ,ano!r memb] ( ! academy 0 ,william ,roscoe 7#agec-ahca71 ^: lit]>y ta/e 0 %[n by 8 lives ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici & ,leo ,x41 & :o di/+ui%$ himself by oppos+ ! slave-trade1 !n ! infamy ( 8 native t[n4 ,alli$ ) him 9 ?is movem5t 7 ,william ,ra?bone & ,james ,currie 7#agef-ahje7 ! biograph] ( ,burns1 a fri5d ( ,d>w9 & an intellig5t physician4 ,at ,man*e/] ,?omas ,p]ceval 7#agdj-ahjd7 f\nd$ ! ',lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society' 9 #aghj4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ! ,w>r+ton ,academy1 :i* he aft]w>ds jo9$ on remov+ to ,man*e/]1 & he =m$ ! s*eme aft]w>ds realis$ by ,ow5s ,college4 ,he 0 an e>ly advocate ( sanit>y measures & factory legislation1 & a man ( sci5tific reputation4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! society 73 ,john ,f]ri> 7#agfa-ahae71 be/ kn[n by 8 ,illu/rations ( ,/]ne1 b also a man ( lit]>y & sci5tific reputation2 ! great *emi/1 ,john ,dalton 7#agff-ahdd71 :o contribut$ _m pap]s to its transactions2 &1 = a %ort "t1 ! ,sociali/ ,rob]t ,ow51 !n a ris+ manufactur]4 ,at ,norwi*1 !n important z a manufactur+ c5tre1 0 a simil> circle4 ,william ,taylor1 an em95t ,unit>ian div9e1 :o di$ at ! ,w>r+ton ,academy 9 #agfa1 _h liv$ at ,norwi*4 ,"o ( 8 daught]s m>ri$ ,david ,m>t9eau & became ! "m ( ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 :o has describ$ ! ,norwi* ( h] e>ly ye>s4 ,john ,taylor1 gr&son ( ,william1 0 fa!r ( ,mrs4 ,au/91 wife ( ! juri/4 ,he 0 a man ( lit]>y ta/es1 & 8 wife 0 kn[n z ! ,madame ,rol& ( ,norwi*4 ,mrs4 ,opie 7#agfe-ahec7 0 daught] ( ,james ,ald]son1 a physician ( ,norwi*1 & pass$ mo/ ( h] life !re4 ,william ,taylor 7#agfa-ahcf71 ano!r ,norwi* manufactur]1 0 among ! e>lie/ ,engli% /ud5ts ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,norwi* _h aft]w>ds ! unique di/9ction ( be+ ! home ( a prov9cial s*ool ( arti/s4 ,john ,crome 7#aghh-ahba71 son ( a poor weav]1 & ,john ,sell ,cotman 7#aghb-ahdb7 7 its lead]s2 !y =m$ a k9d ( prov9cial academy1 & exhibit$ pictures :i* h be5 m appreciat$ s9ce _! dea?4 ,at ,bri/ol1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 7 simil> indications ( intellectual activity4 ,col]idge & ,s\!y f\nd !re a society ready to li/5 to _! e>ly lectures1 & bo? admir$ ,?omas ,b$does 7#agfj-ahjh71 a physician1 a *emi/1 a /ud5t ( ,g]man1 an imitator ( ,d>w9 9 poetry1 & an assailant ( ,pitt 9 pamphlets4 ,he _h m>ri$ "o ( ,edgewor?'s daught]s4 ,) ! help & advice ( ,w$gwood & ,watt1 he f\nd$ ! ',pneumatic ,in/itute' at ,clifton 9 #agih1 & obta9$ ! help ( ,humphry ,davy1 :o !re made "s ( 8 fir/ discov]ies4 ,davy 0 soon transport$ to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 f\nd$ at ! sugge/ion ( ,c\nt ,rum=d 9 #agii1 :i* repres5t$ ! gr[? ( a popul> int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific discov]ies4 ,! g5]al tone ( ^! little societies repres5ts1 ( c\rse1 ! t5d5cy ( ! upp] /ratum ( ! indu/rial classes4 ,9 _! own eyes !y naturally repres5t$ ! progressive elem5t ( society4 ,!y 7 ,:igs--= 'radicalism' 0 n yet inv5t$--b ,:igs ( ! left w+2 accept+ ! ari/ocratic prec$5cy1 b look+ askance at ! ari/ocratic prejudices4 ,!y 7 rationali/s1 too1 9 pr9ciple1 b aga9 )9 limits3 op5ly av[+ ! doctr9es :i* 9 ! ,e/abli%$ *ur* _h /ill to be %elt]$ by o/5sible con=mity to ! traditional dogmas4 ,_m ( !m pr(ess$ ! ,unit>ianism to :i* ! old diss5t+ bodies incl9$4 ',unit>ianism1' said %rewd old ,erasmus ,d>w91 'is a fea!r-b$ = a dy+ ,*ri/ian4' ,b at pres5t su* m5 z ,prie/ley & ,price 7 only s f> on ! road to a ?or\gh rationalism z to d5\nce ! corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity1 z !y d5\nc$ abuses 9 politics1 )\t anticipat+ a revolution>y *ange 9 *ur* & /ate4 ,prie/ley1 = example1 comb9$ 'mat]ialism' & 'det]m9ism' ) ,*ri/ianity & a belief 9 miracles1 & controv]t$ ,horsley ^u "o side & ,pa9e on ! o!r4 ,,notes3 #ca ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 ii4 *4 iii4 #cb ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 i4 *4 xi4 ,sec4 #a4 #cc ,ibid4 bk4 i4 *4 xi4 conclusion4 #cd ,smiles's ,watt & ,b\lton1 p4 #bib4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,agriculturi/s ,! g5]al _s repres5t$ by su* movem5ts 0 by no means conf9$ to ! comm]cial or manufactur+ classes2 & its mo/ *>act]i/ic embodim5t is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( a lead+ agriculturi/4 ,ar?ur ,"y1#ce born 9 #agda1 0 ! son ( a cl]gyman1 :o _h also a small ance/ral prop]ty at ,bradfield1 ne> ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds4 ,accid5ts l$ to 8 becom+ a f>m] at an e>ly age4 ,he %[$ m zeal ?an discretion1 & aft] try+ ?ree ?\s& exp]im5ts on 8 f>m1 he 0 glad to pay ,l#ajj to ano!r t5ant to take 8 f>m (f 8 h&s4 ,?is exp]i5ce z a practical agriculturi/1 f> f disc\rag+ him1 qualifi$ him 9 8 own op9ion to speak ) au?ority1 & he became a devot$ mission>y ( ! gospel ( agricultural improvem5t4 ,! en?usiasm ) :i* he admir$ m successful lab\r]s 9 ! cause1 & ! indignation ) :i* he reg>ds ! sluggi% & retrograde1 are *>m+4 ,8 k9dl9ess1 8 ke5 int]e/ 9 ! prosp]ity ( all m51 ri* or poor1 8 ard5t belief 9 progress1 comb9$ ) 8 quickness ( obs]vation1 give a *>m to ! writ+s :i* embody 8 exp]i5ce4 ,t\rs 9 ,engl& & a tempor>y l&-ag5cy 9 ,irel& suppli$ him ) mat]ials = books :i* made him kn[n bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,9 #aggi he return$ to ,bradfield1 :]e he soon aft]w>ds came into possession ( 8 pat]nal e/ate1 :i* became 8 p]man5t home4 ,9 #aghd he tri$ to ext5d 8 propag&a by br++ out ! ,annals ( ,agriculture--a mon?ly publication1 ( :i* =ty-five half-ye>ly volumes appe>$4 ,he _h _m able contributors & himself wrote _m int]e/+ articles1 b ! pecuni>y results 7 ma9ly negative4 ,9 #agia 8 circulation 0 only #cej copies4#cf ,mean:ile 8 acqua9tance ) ! duc de ,lianc\rt l$ to t\rs 9 ,france f #aghh to #agij4 ,8 ,travels 9 ,france1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agib1 has become a classic4 ,9 #agic ,"y 0 made secret>y to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly4 ,he became kn[n 9 ,london society z well z 9 agricultural circles4 ,he 0 a h&some & attractive man1 a *>m+ companion1 & widely recognis$ z an agricultural au?ority4 ,! empress ( ,russia s5t him a snuff-box2 ',f>m] ,george' pres5t$ a m]9o ram2 he 0 elect$ memb] ( le>n$ societies2 he visit$ ,burke at ,beaconsfield1 ,pitt at ,holmwood1 & 0 a fri5d ( ,wilb]=ce & ( ,j]emy ,b5?am4 ,"y _h _m dome/ic tr\bles4 ,8 m>riage 0 n cong5ial2 ! loss ( a t5d]ly lov$ daught] 9 #agig p]man5tly sadd5$ him2 he became bl9d1 & 9 8 lat] ye>s s\ght com=t 9 religi\s m$itation & 9 prea*+ to 8 poor] neighb\rs4 ,he di$ #bj? ,april #ahbj4 ,he left beh9d him a gigantic hi/ory ( agriculture1 fill+ t5 folio volumes ( manuscript1 :i*1 ?\gh r$uc$ to six by an en?usia/ic disciple aft] 8 dea?1 h nev] f\nd _! way to publication4 ,! ,travels 9 ,france1 ,"y's be/ book1 owes "o m]it to ! advice ( a judici\s fri5d1 :o rem>k$ t ! previ\s t\rs _h suff]$ f ! abs5ce ( ! p]sonal details :i* int]e/ ! common read]4 ,! ins]tion ( ^! makes ,"y's acc\nt ( 8 ,fr5* t\rs "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ z well z mo/ in/ructive books ( ! k9d4 ,x gives ! vivid impression made ^u a ke5 & k9dly obs]v] 9 all _! fre%ness4 ,he s5sibly reta9$ ! expressions ( op9ion made at ! "t4 ',i may rem>k at pres5t1' he says1#cg 't al?\gh ,i 0 totally mi/ak5 9 my pr$iction1 yet1 on a revision1 ,i ?9k ,i 0 "r 9 x4' ,x 0 "r1 he means1 ^u ! data !n kn[n to him1 & he leaves ! unfulfill$ pr$iction z x 04 ,! book is frequ5tly cit$ 9 ju/ification ( ! revolution1 & x may be fairly urg$ t 8 au?ority is ( ! m weight1 because he does n />t f any sympa?y ) revolution>y pr9ciples4 ,"y 0 9 ,p>is :5 ! oa? 0 tak5 at ! t5nis-c\rt2 & makes 8 reflections ^u ! beauty ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 & ! folly ( vision>y re=ms1 9 a _s :i* might h satisfi$ ,burke4 ,he 0 !re=e n altoge!r inconsi/5t :51 aft] ! outrages1 he condemn$ ! revolution1 h[ev] mu* ! facts :i* he describes may t5d to expla9 ! inevitabl5ess ( ! cata/rophe4 ,at any rate1 8 views are wor? notice by ! indications :i* !y give ( ! m5tal attitude ( a typical ,engli% obs]v]4 ,"y 9 8 vivaci\s way /ruck out "s ( ! phrases :i* became prov]bial ) lat] economi/s4 ',give a man ! secure possession ( a bleak rock & he w turn x into a g>d54 ,give him a n9e ye>s' lease ( a g>d51 & he w conv]t x into a des]t4'#ch ',! magic ( ,,prop]ty turns s& to gold4'#ci ,he is delight$ ) ! com=t ( ! small proprietors ne> ,pau1 :i* rem9ds him ( ,engli% di/ricts /ill inhabit$ by small yeom54#dj ,pass+ to a less =tunate region1 he expla9s t ! pr9ce de ,s\bise has a va/ prop]ty !re4 ,! prop]ty ( a gr& 'seigneur' is sure to be a des]t4#da ,! signs :i* indicate su* prop]ties are 'wa/es1 l&es1 des]ts1 f]n1 l+4' ,! neighb\rhood ( ! great resid5ces is well peopl$--') de]1 wild bo>s1 & wolves1' ',oh1' he exclaims1 'if ,i 0 ! legislator ( ,france = a day1 ,i w\ld make su* great lords skip aga96' ',:y1' he ask$1 '7 ! p mis]able 9 l[] ,savoy8' ',because'1 0 ! reply1 '!re are seigneurs ev]y:]e'4#db ,mis]y 9 ,brittany 0 due 'to ! execrable maxims ( despotism or ! equally dete/able prejudices ( a feudal nobility4'#dc ,!re 0 no?+1 he said1 9 ! prov9ce b 'privileges & pov]ty1'#dd privileges ( ! nobles & pov]ty ( ! peasants4 ,"y 0 pr(\ndly conv9c$1 moreov]1 t1 z he says m ?an once#de 'ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w dep5ds on gov]nm5t4' ,he is a/oni%$ at ! /upidity & ignorance ( ! prov9cial population1 & ascribes x to ! le?>gy produc$ by despotism4#df ,he contra/s x ) '! en]getic & rapid circulation ( weal?1 animation1 & intellig5ce ( ,engl&1' :]e 'blacksmi?s & c>p5t]s' w\ld discuss e political ev5t4 ,& yet he he>tily admires "s ( ! results ( a c5tralis$ mon>*y4 ,he comp>es ! mis]able roads 9 ,catalonia on ! ,spani% side ( ! fronti] ) ! magnific5t causeways & bridges on ! ,fr5* side4 ,! diff]5ce is due to ! '"o all-p[]ful cause t in/igates mank9d 444 gov]nm5t4'#dg ,he admires ! noble public works1 ! canal ( ,langu$oc1 ! h>b\rs at ,*]b\rg & ,havre1 & ! ecole vet]9aire :]e agriculture is taught ^u sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,he is /ruck by ! curi\s contra/ betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ,france ! spl5did roads are us$ by few travell]s1 & ! inns are fil?y po?\ses2 9 ,engl& !re are dete/able roads1 b a comp>atively enorm\s traffic4 ,:5 he wi%$ to make ! great nobles 'skip' he does n g5]ally mean confiscation4 ,he sees inde$ "o place :]e 9 #agij ! poor _h seiz$ a piece ( wa/e l&1 decl>+ t ! poor 7 ! nation1 & t ! wa/e belong$ to ! nation4 ,he decl>es#dh t he consid]s _! action 'wise1 rational1 & philosophical1' & wi%es t !re 7 a law to make su* conduct legal 9 ,engl&4 ,b 8 m g5]al desire is t ! l&[n]s %\ld be compell$ to d _! duty4 ,he compla9s t ! nobles live 9 'wret*$ holes' 9 ! c\ntry 9 ord] to save ! means ( exp5diture ^u !atres1 ent]ta9m5ts1 & gambl+ 9 ! t[ns4#di ',bani%m5t alone w =ce ! ,fr5* nobility to d :at ! ,engli% d = pleasure--to reside ^u & adorn _! e/ates4'#ej ,he expla9s to a ,fr5* fri5d t ,engli% agriculture has fl\ri%$ '9 spite ( ! tee? ( our m9i/]s'2 we h _h _m ,colb]ts1 b n "o ,sully#ea2 & we %\ld h done mu* bett]1 he ?9ks1 _h agriculture receiv$ ! same att5tion z comm]ce4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( ,adam ,smi?'s rem>k ^u ! sup]ior lib]ality ( ! ,engli% c\ntry-g5tleman1 :o did n1 l ! manufactur]s1 invoke protection & int]f]5ce4 ,9 tru?1 ,"y desir$ bo? advantages1 ! vig\r ( a c5tralis$ gov]nm5t & ! en]gy ( an indep5d5t ari/ocracy4 ,8 abs5ce ( any g5]al !ory enables him to d ju/ice 9 detail at ! co/ ( consi/5cy 9 g5]al !ory4 ,9 ,france1 z he saw1 ! nobility _h become 9 ! ma9 an encumbrance1 a m]e dead weight ^u ! en]gies ( ! agriculturi/4 ,b he did n inf] t l>ge prop]ties 9 l& 7 bad 9 !mselves2 = 9 ,engl& he saw t ! l&[n]s 7 ! really en]getic & improv+ class4 ,he naturally look$ at ! problem f ! po9t ( view ( an intellig5t l&-ag5t4 ,he is full ( b5evol5t wi%es = ! lab\r]1 & sympa?ises ) ! attempt to /imulate _! indu/ry & improve _! dwell+s1 & d5\nces oppression :e!r 9 ,france or ,irel& ) ! he>tie/ goodwill4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ! position t su* a man--an en?usia/ic advocate ( indu/rial progress--0 a he>ty admir] ( ! ,engli% l&[n]4 ,he sets out ^u 8 fir/ t\r1 ann\nc+ t he does n write = f>m]s1 ( :om n "o 9 five ?\s& reads any?+1 b = ! c\ntry-g5tlem51 :o are ! great improv]s4 ,tull1 :o introduc$ turnips2 ,we/on1 :o introduc$ clov]2 ,"l ,t[n%5d & ,all51 :o introduc$ 'm>l+' 9 ,norfolk1 7 all c\ntry-g5tlem51 & x is f !m t he expects improvem5t4 ,he travels ev]y:]e1 delight+ 9 _! new h\ses & p>ks1 _! picture gall]ies1 & _! g>d5s laid out by ,k5t or ',capability ,br[n'2 he admires sc5]y1 climbs ,skiddaw1 & is raptur\s ov] views ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees2 b he is ?r[n into a rage by ! sight ( wa/es1 :]ev] improvem5t is possible4 ,:at delights him is an e/ate ) a f9e c\ntry-h\se ( ,palladian ar*itecture 7',go?ic' is ) him /ill a t]m ( abuse71#eb ) gr\nds well laid out & a good home-f>m1 :]e exp]im5ts are be+ tri$1 & surr\nd$ by an e/ate 9 :i* ! f>m-build+s %[ ! effects ( ! l&lord's good example & judici\s treatm5t ( 8 t5antry4 ,!re 0 no want ( su* examples4 ,he admires ! m>quis ( ,rock+ham1 at once ! mo/ hon\rable ( /atesm5 & mo/ judici\s ( improv]s4 ,he s+s ! praises ( ! duke ( ,portl&1 ! e>l ( ,d>l+ton1 & ! duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,an incauti\s ann\ncem5t ( ! dea? ( ! duke ( ,grafton1 rememb]$ *iefly z "o ( ! victims ( ,junius1 b kn[n to ,"y = 8 c>eful exp]im5ts 9 %eep-bre$+1 produc$ a bur/ ( te>s1 :i*1 z he believ$1 co/ him 8 eyesight4 ,8 fri5d1 ! fif? duke ( ,b$=d 7di$ #ahjb71 0 "o ( ! greate/ improv]s = ! ,s\?1 & 0 succe$$ by ano!r fri5d1 ! fam\s ,coke ( ,holkham1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,leice/]1 :o is said to h sp5t half a million ^u ! improvem5t ( 8 prop]ty4 ,"y appeals to ! class 9 :i* su* m5 7 lead]s1 & urges !m1 n aga9/ _! wi%es1 we may suppose1 &1 no d\bt1 ) mu* good s5se1 to take to _! task 9 ! true _s ( bus9ess4 ,no?+1 he decl>es1 is m out ( place ?an ! boa/ ( "s great l&[n]s t !y nev] raise _! r5ts4#ec ,high r5ts produce indu/ry4 ,! man :o d\bles 8 r5ts b5efits ! c\ntry m ?an he b5efits himself4 ,ev5 9 ,irel&1#ed a rise ( r5ts is "o great cause ( improvem5t1 ?\gh ! r5t %\ld n be excessive1 & ! sy/em ( middlem5 is altoge!r dete/able4 ,"o odd sugge/ion is *>act]i/ic4#ee ,he he>s t wages are high] 9 ,london ?an else:]e4 ,n[1 he says1 9 a trad+ c\ntry l[ wages are ess5tial4 ,he wond]s1 !re=e1 t ! legislature does n limit ! gr[? ( ,london4 ,?is1 we may guess1 is "o ( ! petulant utt]ances ( e>ly ye>s :i* he w\ld h disav[$ or qualifi$ ^u matur] reflection4 ,b ,"y is ess5tially an apo/le ( ! 'glori\s _s ( improvem5t1'#ef :i* has conv]t$ ,norfolk %eep-walks into arable fields1 & 0 spread+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & ev5 into ,irel&4 ,8 h]o is ! en]getic l&[n]1 :o makes two blades ( grass gr[ :]e "o grew be=e2 :o introduces new bre$s ( cattle & new c\rses ( husb&ry4 ,he is s f> 9 sympa?y ) ! ,weal? ( ,nations1 al?\gh he says ( t book t1 :ile he kn[s ( 'no abl] "w1' he kn[s ( none 'full] ( poison\s errors4'#eg ,"y1 t is1 sympa?is$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! physiocrats t agriculture 0 ! "o s\rce ( real weal?1 & took ,smi? to be too mu* on ! side ( comm]ce4 ,"y1 h[ev]1 0 z en?usia/ic a free-trad] z ,smi?4 ,he naturally d5\nces ! selfi%ness ( ! manufactur]s :o1 9 #aghh1 object$ to ! free export ( ,engli% wool1#eh b he also assails monopoly 9 g5]al4 ,! :ole sy/em1 he says 7on occasion ( ,pitt's ,fr5* treaty71 is rott5 to ! core4 ,! 'vital spr+ & animat+ s\l ( comm]ce is ,,lib]ty4'#ei ,?\gh he talks ( ! balance ( trade1 he argues 9 ! _s ( ,smi? or ,cobd5 t we are b5efit$ by ! weal? ( our cu/om]s4 ,if we h to import m silk1 we %all export m clo?4 ,"y1 inde$1 0 ev]y?+ b a believ] 9 any dogmatic or consi/5t sy/em ( ,political ,economy1 or1 z he /ill calls x1 ,political ,ari?metic4 ,8 op9ions 7 n ( ! k9d :i* c be b\nd to any rigid =mulae4 ,aft] inve/igat+ ! re/rictions ( r5t & wages 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 he quietly accepts ! conclusion t ! diff]5ce is due to accid5t4#fj ,he has z yet no fe> ( ,mal?us be=e 8 eyes4 ,he is r\s$ to indignation by ! pessimi/ !ory !n common1 t population 0 decay+4#fa ,ev]y:]e he sees signs ( progress2 build+s1 plantations1 woods1 & canals4 ,employm5t1 he says1 creates population1 /imulates indu/ry1 & attracts lab\r f backw>d di/ricts4 ,! increase ( numb]s is an unqualifi$ b5efit4 ,he has no dread ( excess4 ,9 ,irel&1 he obs]ves1 no "o is fool en\gh to d5y t population is increas+1 ?\gh p d5y x 9 ,engl&1 'ev5 9 ! mo/ productive p]iod ( h] indu/ry & weal?4'#fb ,"o cause ( ?is bless+ is ! abs5ce or ! poor-law4 ,! ,engli% poor-law is dete/able to him = a reason :i* contra/s significantly ) ! lat] op9ion4 ,! laws 7 made '9 ! v _s ( depopulation'2 !y are 'monum5ts ( b>b>ity & mis*ief'2 = !y give to e p>i% an int]e/ 9 keep+ d[n ! population4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 9 ! eyes ( ! lat] economi/ a r$eem+ feature 9 ! old sy/em2 ?\gh x _h be5 !n s modifi$ z to /imulate :at !y took to be ! curse1 z ,"y held x to be ! bless+1 ( a rapid increase ( population4 ,) su* views ,"y 0 a ke5 advocate ( ! process ( enclosure :i* 0 go+ on ) increas+ rapidity4 ,he f\nd a colleague1 :o may be briefly notic$ z a rem>kable repres5tative ( ! same movem5t4 ,sir ,john ,s9clair 7#aged-ahce7fc 0 heir to an e/ate ( sixty ?\s& acres 9 ,cai?ness :i* produc$ only ,l#bcjj a ye>1 subject to _m encumbrances4 ,! region 0 /ill 9 a primitive /ate4 ,!re 7 no roads3 agriculture 0 ( ! crude/ k9d2 "p ( ! r5t 0 /ill paid 9 feudal s]vices2 ! natives 7 too ignorant or lazy to fi%1 & !re 7 no h>b\rs4 ,trees 7 sc>ce en\gh to ju/ify ,johnson1 & a li/ ( all ! trees 9 ! c\ntry includ$ currant-bu%es4#fd ,s9clair 0 a pupil ( ! poet ,logan3 /udi$ "u ,blair at ,ed9burgh & ,mill> at ,glasg[2 became kn[n to ,adam ,smi?1 &1 aft] a %ort "t at ,ox=d1 0 call$ to ! ,engli% b>4 ,s9clair 0 a man ( enorm\s en]gy1 ?\gh n ( vivaci\s intellect4 ,he belong$ to ! prosaic bre$1 :i* creat$ ! 'dismal sci5ce1' & seems to h be5 reg>d$ z a /up5d\s bore4 ,bores1 h[ev]1 repres5t a social =ce n to be despis$1 & ,s9clair 0 no exception4 ,8 fa!r di$ :5 he 0 sixte54 ,:5 tw5ty ye>s old he collect$ 8 t5ants1 & 9 "o night made a road across a hill :i* _h be5 pron\nc$ impracticable4 ,he 0 an en?usia/ic admir] ( ,gaelic traditions2 def5d$ ! au!nticity ( ,ossian2 support$ ,highl& games1 & br\ght ,italian travell]s to li/5 to ! music ( ! bagpipes4 ,:5 he pres5t$ himself to 8 t5ants 9 ! ,highl& co/ume1 on ! )drawal ( its prohibition1 !y expect$ him to lead !m 9 a =ay ^u ! l[l&s 9 ! "n ( ,*>les ,edw>d4 ,he aft]w>ds rais$ a regim5t ( 'f5cibles' :i* s]v$ 9 ,irel& 9 #agih1 &1 :5 disb&$1 s5t a l>ge cont+5t to ! ,egyptian exp$ition4 ,b he r5d]$ m peaceful s]vices to 8 c\ntry4 ,he =m$ new f>ms2 he enclos$ sev]al ?\s& acres2 z head ( ! ',briti% ,wool ,society1' he introduc$ ! ,*eviots or 'long %eep' to ! ,nor?--an improvem5t :i* is said to h d\bl$ ! r5ts ( _m e/ates2 he introduc$ agricultural %[s2 he p]suad$ gov]nm5t 9 #ahja to devote ! proce$s ( ! confiscat$ e/ates ( ,jacobites to ! improvem5t ( ,scotti% communications2 he help$ to introduce fi%]ies & ev5 manufactures2 & 0 a ma9 ag5t 9 ! *ange :i* made ,cai?ness "o ( ! mo/ rapidly improv+ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 son assures u t he took e means to obviate ! incid5tal evils :i* h be5 ! pretexts ( d5unciators ( simil> improvem5ts4 ,s9clair ga9$ a c]ta9 reputation by a ,hi/ory ( ! ,rev5ue 7#aghe-ij71 &1 l ,mal?us1 travell$ on ! ,cont95t to improve 8 k4 ,8 fir/ book f9i%$1 he began ! great /ati/ical "w by :i* he is be/ rememb]$4 ,he is said to h introduc$ into ,engli% ! "n ( '/ati/ics1' = ! rese>*es ( :i* all economical writ]s 7 beg9n+ to feel ! necessity4 ,he c]ta9ly did mu* to introduce ! reality4 ,s9clair circulat$ a numb] ( qu]ies 7^u 'natural hi/ory1' 'population1' 'productions1' & 'miscellane\s' in=mations7 to e p>i% m9i/] 9 ,scotl&4 ,he surm\nt$ v>i\s jeal\sies naturally excit$1 & ! ultimate result 0 ! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 :i* appe>$ 9 tw5ty-"o volumes betwe5 #agia & #agii4fe ,x gives an acc\nt ( e p>i% 9 ,scotl&1 & 0 ( great value z supply+ a basis = all social inve/igations4 ,s9clair bore ! exp5se1 & gave ! pr(its to ! ',sons ( ! ,cl]gy4' ,9 #agic ,s9clair1 :o _h be5 9 p>liam5t s9ce #aghj1 made himself useful to ,pitt 9 connection ) ! issue ( ex*equ] bills to meet ! comm]cial crisis4 ,he begg$ 9 return = ! f\ndation ( a ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,he became ! presid5t & ,ar?ur ,"y ! secret>y2#ff & ! bo>d repres5t$ _! common aspirations4 ,x 0 a r anomal\s body1 some?+ betwe5 a gov]nm5t (fice & su* an in/itution z ! ,royal ,society2 & 0 support$ by an annual grant ( ,l#cjjj4 ,! fir/ aim ( ! bo>d 0 to produce a /ati/ical acc\nt ( ,engl& on ! plan ( ! ,scotti% acc\nt4 ,! ,engli% cl]gy1 h[ev]1 7 suspici\s2 !y ?\ght1 x seems1 t ! collection ( /ati/ics meant an attack ^u ti!s2 & ,"y's frequ5t d5unciation ( ti!s z disc\rag+ agricultural improvem5t sugge/s "s excuse = ! belief4 ,! plan _h to be dropp$2 a less ?or\ghgo+ description ( ! c\nties 0 sub/itut$2 & a good _m ',views' ( ! agriculture ( diff]5t c\nties 7 publi%$ 9 #agid & succe$+ ye>s4 ,! bo>d did its be/ to be active ) n>r[ means4 ,x circulat$ in=mation1 di/ribut$ m$als1 & br\ght agricultural improv]s toge!r4 ,x enc\rag$ ! publication ( ,erasmus ,d>w9's ,phytologia 7#agii71 & procur$ a s]ies ( lectures f ,humphry ,davy1 aft]w>ds publi%$ z ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry 7#ahac74 ,s9clair also claims to h enc\rag$ ,macadam 7#agef-ahcf71 ! road-mak]1 & ,meikle1 ! inv5tor ( ! ?ra%+-ma*9e4 ,"o great aim ( ! bo>d 0 to promote enclosures4 ,"y obs]ves 9 ! introductory pap] to ! ,annals t )9 =ty ye>s n9e hundr$ bills _h be5 pass$ affect+ ab\t a million acres4 ,?is includ$ wa/es1 b ! great] "p 0 already cultivat$ "u ! 'con/ra9t & imp]fection ( ! op5 field sy/em1' a relic ( ! 'b>b>ity ( our ance/ors4' ,enclosures involv$ procur+ acts ( p>liam5t--a consequ5t exp5diture1 z ,"y e/imates1 ( "s ,l#bjjj 9 ea* case2#fg & z !y 7 g5]ally obta9$ by ! great l&[n]s1 !re 0 a frequ5t neglect ( ! rights ( ! poor & ( ! small] hold]s4 ,! rem$y propos$ 0 a g5]al enclosure act2 & su* an act pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agih1 b 0 ?r[n out by ! ,lords4 ,an act 0 n obta9$ till aft] ! ,re=m ,bill4 ,s9clair1 h[ev]1 obta9$ "s modification ( ! proc$ure2 :i*1 x is said1 facilitat$ ! passage ( private bills4 ,!y became m num]\s 9 lat] ye>s1 ?\gh o!r causes obvi\sly co-op]at$4 ,mean:ile1 x is *>act]i/ic t ,s9clair & ,"y reg>d$ wa/es z a backwoodsman reg>d$ a =e/4 ,! incid5tal injury to poor common]s 0 n unnotic$1 & became "o ( ! topics ( ,cobbett's eloqu5ce4 ,b to ! ard5t agriculturi/ ! exi/5ce ( a bit ( wa/e l& 0 a simple pro( ( b>b>ism4 ,s9clair's fav\rite toa/1 we are told1 0 ',may commons become uncommon'--8 "o attempt at a joke4 ,he pray$ t ,epp+ ,=e/ & ,f9*ley ,common might pass "u ! yoke z well z our =eign enemies4 ,"y is driv5 out ( all pati5ce by ! sight ( 'f]n1 l+1 & o!r trump]y' usurp+ ! place ( possible arable fields4#fh ,he groans 9 _s ^u ,salisbury ,pla91 :i* might be made to produce all ! corn we import4#fi ,enfield ,*ase1 he decl>es1 is a 'real nuisance to ! public4'#gj ,we may be glad t ! zeal = enclosure 0 n successful 9 all its aims2 b ?is view ( philan?ropic & en]getic improv]s is *>act]i/ic4 ,x is said#ga t ,"y & ,s9clair ru9$ ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture by mak+ x a k9d ( political debat+ club4 ,x di$ 9 #ahbb4 ,s9clair obta9$ an appo9tm5t 9 ,scotl&1 & cont9u$ to lab\r unremitt+ly4 ,he c>ri$ on a correspond5ce ) all mann] ( p1 includ+ ,wa%+ton1 ,eldon1 ,ca?olic bi%ops 9 ,irel&1 f9anci]s & agriculturi/s on ! ,cont95t1 & ! mo/ active economi/s 9 ,engl&4 ,he sugge/$ a subject = a poem to ,scott4#gb ,he wrote pamphlets ab\t ca%-paym5ts1 ,ca?olic ,emancipation1 & ! ,re=m ,bill1 always disagree+ ) all p>ties4 ,he project$ f\r codes :i* 7 to summ>ise all human k ^u heal?1 agriculture1 political economy1 & religion4 ,! ,code ( ,heal? 7#d vols41 #ahjg7 w5t ?r\gh six editions2 ,! ,code ( ,agriculture appe>$ 9 #ahbi2 b ! _w has n be5 enri*$ by ! o!rs4 ,he di$ at ,ed9burgh on ! #ba/ ,septemb] #ahce4 ,i h dwelt s f> ^u ,"y because he is ! be/ repres5tative ( t 'glori\s _s ( improvem5t' :i* 0 trans=m+ ! :ole social /ructure4 ,"y's view ( ! ,fr5* revolution indicates "o m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( t _s4 ,he d5\nces ! ,fr5* seigneur because he is le?>gic4 ,he admires ! ,engli% nobleman because he is en]getic4 ,! ,fr5* noble may ev5 des]ve confiscation2 b he has n ! slighte/ int5tion ( apply+ ! same rem$y 9 ,engl&1 :]e squires & noblem5 are ! v s\rce ( all improvem5t4 ,he holds t gov]nm5t is ev]y?+1 & admires ! great works ( ! ,fr5* despotism3 & yet he is a ?or\gh admir] ( ! lib]ties enjoy$ "u ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 ! ess5tial nature ( :i* makes simil> works impossible4 ,i ne$ n ask :e!r ,"y's logic c\ld be ju/ifi$2 ?\gh x w\ld obvi\sly require = ju/ification a ?or\ghly 'empirical' view1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! admission t diff]5t circum/ances may require totally diff]5t in/itutions4 ,! view1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 cong5ial to ! preval5t _s ( improvem5t mu/ be not$4 ,x might be /at$ z a p>adox t1 :]eas 9 ,france ! mo/ palpable evils arose f ! excessive p[] ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 & 9 ,engl& ! mo/ palpable evils arose f ! feebl5ess ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 ! ,fr5* re=m]s dem&$ m gov]nm5t & ! ,engli% re=m]s dem&$ less gov]nm5t4 ',ev]y?+ = ! p1 no?+ by ! p1' 01 z ,mr4 ,morley rem>ks1#gc ! maxim ( ! ,fr5* economi/s4 ,! solution seems to be easy4 ,9 ,france1 re=m]s su* z ,turgot & ! economi/s 7 9 fav\r ( an enlight5$ despotism1 because ! /ate meant a c5tralis$ p[] :i* might be turn$ aga9/ ! ari/ocracy4 ,once 'enlight5$' x w\ld suppress ! exclusive privileges ( a class :i*1 do+ no?+ 9 return1 _h become a m]e bur!n or dead weight encumb]+ all social developm5t4 ,b 9 ,engl& ! privileg$ class 0 id5tical ) ! gov]n+ class4 ,! political lib]ty ( :i* ,engli%m5 7 rightfully pr\d1 ! 'rule ( law' :i* made e (ficial responsible to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ju/ice1 & ! actual dis*>ge ( _! duties by ! gov]n+ ord]1 sav$ x f be+ ! objects ( a jeal\s class hatr$4 ,:ile 9 ,france gov]nm5t 0 /agg]+ "u an ev]-accumulat+ res5tm5t aga9/ ! ari/ocracy1 ! contempor>y position 9 ,engl& 01 on ! :ole1 "o ( political apa?y4 ,! c\ntry1 ?\gh x _h lo/ its colonies1 0 mak+ unprec$5t$ progress 9 weal?2 comm]ce1 manufactures1 & agriculture 7 be+ develop$ by ! en]gy ( individuals2 & ,pitt 0 beg9n+ to apply ,adam ,smi?'s pr9ciples to f9ance4 ,! cry = p>liam5t>y re=m di$ out3 nei!r ,:igs nor ,tories really c>$ = x2 & ! 'glori\s _s ( improvem5t' %[$ itself 9 an en]gy :i* _h little political application4 ,! nobility 0 n an incubus suppress+ individual en]gy & confront$ by ! /ate1 b 0 itself ! /ate2 & its individual memb]s 7 (t5 lead]s 9 indu/rial improvem5t4 ,discont5t1 !re=e1 took 9 ! ma9 a diff]5t =m4 ,"s gov]nm5t 01 ( c\rse1 necess>y1 & ! exi/+ sy/em 0 too mu* 9 h>mony1 ev5 9 its defects1 ) ! social ord] to provoke any di/9ct revolution>y s5tim5t4 ,engli%m5 7 n only satisfi$ ) _! ma9 in/itutions1 b reg>d$ !m ) exagg]at$ complac5cy4 ,b1 ?\gh !re 0 no organic disord]1 !re 7 pl5ty ( abuses to be rem$i$4 ,! rul+ class1 x seem$1 did its duties 9 ! ma91 b took unconscionable p]quisites 9 return4 ,if x 'f>m$' !m1 x 0 "r t x %\ld h a b5eficial int]e/ 9 ! conc]n2 b t int]e/ might be excessive4 ,9 _m directions abuses 7 gr[+ up :i* requir$ rem$y1 ?\gh n a subv]sion ( ! sy/em "u :i* !y _h be5 g5]at$4 ,x 0 n desir$--unless by a v few !ori/s--to make any sweep+ r$i/ribution ( p[]2 b x 0 em95tly desirable to f9d "s means ( bett] regulat+ _m evil practices4 ,! attack ^u su* practices might ultimately sugge/--z1 9 fact1 x did sugge/--! necessity ( f> m ?or\ghgo+ re=ms4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,engli% re=m]s 0 ?is limitation ( _! s*emes1 & a m>k :i* is especially evid5t 9 ,b5?am & 8 foll[]s4 ,i w speak1 !re=e1 ( ! _m que/ions :i* 7 aris+1 p>tly = ^! reasons & p>tly because ! ,utilit>ian !ory 0 9 great "p m\ld$ by ! p>ticul> problems :i* !y _h to argue4 ,,notes3 #ce ,"y's ,travels 9 ,france 0 republi%$ 9 #ahib1 ) a preface & %ort life by ,miss ,be?am ,edw>ds4 ,%e has s9ce 7#ahih7 publi%$ 8 autobiography4 ,see also ! autobiographical sket* 9 ! ,annals ( ,agriculture1 xv4 #aeb-ig4 ,"y's ,f>m]'s ,lett]s fir/ appe>$ 9 #agfg2 8 ,t\rs 9 ! ,s\!rn1 ,nor!rn1 & ,ea/]n ,c\nties 9 #agfh1 #aggj1 & #agga2 8 ,t\r 9 ,irel& 9 #aghj2 & 8 ,travels 9 ,france 9 #agib4 ,a useful bibliography1 conta9+ a li/ ( 8 _m publications1 is app5d$ to ! edition ( ! ,t\r 9 ,irel& edit$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,hutton 9 #ahib4 #cf ,annals1 xv4 #aff4 #cg ,travels 9 ,france 7#ahib71 p4 #ahd n4 #ch ,travels 9 ,france1 p4 #ed4 #ci ,ibid4 p4 #aji4 #dj ,ibid4 p4 #fa4 #da ,ibid4 p4 #gj4 #db ,ibid4 p4 #bgi4 #dc ,travels 9 ,france1 p4 #abe4 #dd ,ibid4 p4 #aca4 #de ,ibid4 pp4 #aih1 #bih4 #df ,ibid4 pp4 #ee1 #aic1 #aii1 #bcg4 #dg ,ibid4 p4 #dc4 #dh ,travels 9 ,france1 pp4 #bia-ib4 #di ,ibid4 p4 #acb4 #ej ,ibid4 p4 #ff4 #ea ,ibid4 p4 #aca4 #eb e4g4 ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #ajc2 ,nor!rn ,t\r1 p4 #ahj 7,york ,ca!dral74 #ec ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iv4 #cdd1 #cgg4 #ed ,iri% ,t\r1 ii4 #aad4 #ee ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #cbf4 #ef ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #bb4 #eg ,annals1 i4 #chj4 #eh ,ibid4 vol1 x4 #ei ,ibid4 iv4 #ag4 #fj ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #bfb2 ,nor!rn ,t\r1 ii4 #dab4 #fa ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iv4 #daj1 etc4 #fb ,iri% ,t\r1 ii4 #aah-ai4 #fc ,memoirs ( ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 by 8 son4 #b vols41 #ahcg4 #fd ,memoirs1 i4 #cch4 #fe ,a ,new ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt1 replac+ ?is1 appe>$ 9 tw5ty-f\r volumes f #ahcd to #ahdd4 #ff ,he 0 presid5t = ! fir/ five ye>s1 & aga91 f #ahjf till #ahac4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is1 see ,sir ,erne/ ,cl>ke's ,hi/ory ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #ahih4 #fg ,nor!rn ,t\r1 i4 #bbb-cb4 #fh ,nor!rn ,t\r1 ii4 #ahf4 #fi ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #bj4 #gj ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iii4 #cfe4 #ga ,ar?ur ,"y _h a l[ op9ion ( ,s9clair1 :om he took to be a pu%+ & consequ5tial busybody1 m anxi\s to make a noise ?an to be useful4 ,see ,"y's ,autobiography 7#ahih71 pp4 #bdc1 #cae1 #dcg4 ,sir ,erne/ ,cl>ke po9ts out ! injury done by ,s9clair's ha/y & blund]+ extravagance2 b also %[s t ! bo>d did great s]vice 9 /imulat+ agricultural improvem5t4 #gb ,scott's ,lett]s1 i4 #bjb4 #gc ,essay on ',turgot4' ,see1 9 ,daire's ,collection ( ! ,economi/es1 ! argum5ts ( ,quesnay 7p4 #ha71 ,dupont de ,nem\rs 7p4 #cfj71 & ,m]ci] de la ,rivi]e 9 fav\r ( a legal 7z di/+ui%$ f an 'arbitr>y'7 despotism4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,social ,,problems ,i4 ,,paup]ism ,p]haps ! grave/ ( all ! problems :i* 7 to occupy ! com+ g5]ation 0 ! problem ( paup]ism4 ,! view tak5 by ! ,utilit>ians 0 highly *>act]i/ic & important4 ,i w try to indicate ! g5]al position ( intellig5t obs]v]s at ! end ( ! c5tury by ref]r+ to ! rem>kable book ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,morton ,ed54 ,its purport is expla9$ by ! title3 ',! ,/ate ( ! ,poor2 or1 an ,hi/ory ( ! ,lab\r+ ,classes ( ,engl& f ! ,norman ,conque/ to ! pres5t p]iod2 9 :i* are p>ticul>ly consid]$ _! dome/ic economy1 ) respect to diet1 dress1 fuel1 & habitation2 & ! v>i\s plans :i* h f "t to "t be5 propos$ & adopt$ = ! relief ( ! poor' 7#c vols4 #dto1 #agig74 ,ed5#gd 7#agff-ahji7 0 a man ( good family & nephew ( ! fir/ ,"l ,auckl&1 :o negotiat$ ,pitt's comm]cial treaty4 ,he graduat$ z ,b4,a4 f ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 9 #aghg2 m>ri$ 9 #agib1 & at 8 dea? 7#ad? ,nov4 #ahji7 0 *airman ( ! ,globe ,insurance ,company4 ,he wrote v>i\s pamphlets ^u economical topics2 contribut$ lett]s sign$ ',philanglus' to ,cobbett's ,porcup9e1 ! anti-jacob9 pap] ( ! day2 & is describ$ by ,b5?am#ge z a 'decl>$ disciple' & a 'highly valu$ fri5d4' ,he may be reckon$1 !re=e1 z a ,utilit>ian1 ?\gh politically he 0 a ,cons]vative4 ,he seems to h be5 a man ( lit]>y ta/es z well z a man ( bus9ess1 & 8 book is a cle> & able /atem5t ( ! po9ts at issue4 ,ed5's att5tion _h be5 drawn to ! subject by ! di/ress :i* foll[$ ! outbreak ( ! revolution>y w>4 ,he employ$ an ag5t :o travell$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry = a ye> ) a set ( qu]ies drawn up aft] ! model ( ^? prep>$ by ,s9clair = 8 ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&4 ,he ?us anticipat$ ! rem>kable inve/igation made 9 our own "t by ,mr4 ,*>les ,boo?4 ,ed5 made p]sonal inquiries & /udi$ ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,he _h a precursor 9 ,ri*>d ,burn 7#agji-aghe71 ^: ,hi/ory ( ! ,poor-laws appe>$ 9 #agfd1 & a competitor 9 ,john ,ruggles1 ^: ,hi/ory ( ! ,poor fir/ appe>$ 9 ,ar?ur ,"y's ,annals1 & 0 publi%$ z a book 9 #agic 7second edition1 #agig74 ,ed5's "w eclips$ ,ruggles's4 ,x has a p]man5t value z a collection ( facts2 & 0 a sign ( ! gr[+ s5se ( ! importance ( accurate /ati/ical rese>*4 ,! hi/orian ( ! social condition ( ! p %\ld be grateful to "o :o broke gr\nd at a "t :5 ! difficulty ( obta9+ a s\nd base = social inquiries began to make itself g5]ally felt4 ,! value ( ! book = hi/orical purposes lies beyond my sph]e4 ,8 fir/ volume1 ,i may say1 gives a hi/ory ( legislation f ! e>lie/ p]iod2 & conta9s also a valuable acc\nt ( ! volum9\s lit]ature :i* _h gr[n up dur+ ! two prec$+ c5turies4 ,! o!r two summ>ise ! reports :i* he _h receiv$4 ,i w only say en\gh to indicate c]ta9 critical po9ts4 ,ed5's book un=tunately 0 to m>k1 n a solution ( ! difficulty b1 ! em]g5ce ( a s]ies ( problems :i* 7 to increase 9 complexity & om9\s significance ?r\gh ! next g5]ation4 ,! g5]al hi/ory ( ! poor-law is suffici5tly famili>4#gf ,! m$iaeval /atutes take u to a p]iod at :i* ! lab\r] 0 /ill reg>d$ z a s]f2 & a man :o _h left 8 village 0 treat$ l a fugitive slave4 ,a long s]ies ( /atutes regulat$ ! treatm5t ( ! 'vagabond4' ,! vagabond1 h[ev]1 _h become diff]5tiat$ f ! paup]4 ,! decay ( ! anci5t ord] ( society & its correspond+ in/itutions _h l$ to a new set ( problems2 & ! fam\s /atute ( ,elizabe? 7#afja7 _h laid d[n ! ma9 l9es ( ! sy/em :i* is /ill 9 op]ation4 ,:5 ! lab\r] 0 reg>d$ z 9 a s]vile condition1 he might be support$ f ! motives :i* lead an own] to support 8 slaves1 or by ! *>itable en]gies organis$ by ecclesia/ical in/itutions4 ,he _h n[ ceas$ to be a s]f1 & ! in/itutions :i* help$ ! poor man or ma9ta9$ ! begg> 7 wreck$4 ,! ,elizabe?an /atute gave him1 !re=e1 a legal claim to be support$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 direct$ t he %\ld be made to "w = 8 liv+4 ,! assumption is /ill t e man is a memb] ( a little social circle4 ,he belongs to 8 p>i%1 & x is 8 fell[-p>i%ion]s :o are b\nd to support him4 ,s long z ?is correspond$ to facts1 ! sy/em c\ld "w satisfactorily4 ,) ! spread ( comm]ce1 & ! gr[? ( a less settl$ population1 difficulties necess>ily arose4 ,! paup] & ! vagabond repres5t a k9d ( social extravasation2 ! 'ma/]less man' :o has /ray$ f 8 legitimate place or has become a sup]fluity 9 8 own circle4 ,! vagabond c\ld be flogg$1 s5t to prison1 or if necess>y hang$1 b x 0 m difficult to settle :at to d ) a man :o 0 n a crim9al1 b simply a product 9 excess ( dem&4 ,all mann] ( solutions _h be5 sugge/$ by philan?ropi/s & p>tly adopt$ by ! legislature4 ,"o po9t :i* especially conc]ns u is ! awkw>dness or abs5ce ( an appropriate adm9i/rative ma*9]y4 ,! p>i%1 ! unit on :i* ! paup] _h claims1 meant ! p]sons ^u :om ! poor-rate 0 assess$4 ,^! 7 ma9ly f>m]s & small tradesm5 :o =m$ ! r vague body call$ ! ve/ry4 ',ov]se]s' 7 appo9t$ by ! ratepay]s !mselves2 !y 7 n paid1 & ! disagreeable (fice 0 tak5 9 turn = %ort p]iods4 ,! mo/ obvi\s motive ) ! av]age ratepay] 0 ( c\rse to keep d[n ! rates & to get ! bur!n ( ! poor z mu* z possible out ( 8 own p>i%4 ,ea* p>i% _h at lea/ an int]e/ 9 economy4 ,b ! economical int]e/ also produc$ flagrant evils4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 ! w> betwe5 p>i%es4 ,! law ( settlem5t--:i* 0 to decide to :at p>i% a paup] belong$--orig9at$ 9 an act ( #affb4 ,ed5 obs]ves t ! %ort clause 9 ?is %ort act _h br\ght m pr(it to ! lawy]s ?an 'any o!r po9t 9 ! ,engli% jurisprud5ce4'#gg ,x is said t ! exp5se ( su* a litigation be=e ! act ( #ahcd av]ag$ f ,l#cjj1jjj to ,l#cej1jjj a ye>4#gh ,ea* p>i% naturally endeav\r$ to %ift ! bur!n ^u its neighb\rs2 & 0 protect$ by laws :i* enabl$ x to resi/ ! immigration ( lab\r]s or actually to expel !m :5 likely to become *>geable4 ,?is law is d5\nc$ by ,adam ,smi?#gi z a 'violation ( natural lib]ty & ju/ice4' ,x 0 (t5 h>d]1 he decl>$1 = a poor man to cross ! artificial b\nd>ies ( 8 p>i% ?an to cross a m\nta9 ridge or an arm ( ! sea4 ,!re 01 he decl>$1 h>dly a poor man 9 ,engl& ov] =ty :o _h n be5 at "s "t 'cruelly oppress$' by ! work+ ( ?is law4 ,ed5 ?9ks t ,smi? _h exagg]at$ ! evil3 b a law :i* op]at$ by prev5t+ a free circulation ( lab\r1 & made x h>d = a poor man to seek ! be/ price = 8 only saleable commodity1 01 s f>1 oppos$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples common to ,smi? & ,ed54 ,! law1 too1 might be us$ oppressively by ! nigg>dly & n>r[-m9d$4 ,! ov]se]1 z ,burn compla9$1#hj 0 (t5 a petty tyrant3 8 aim 0 to depopulate 8 p>i%2 to prev5t ! poor f obta9+ a settlem5t2 to make ! workh\se a t]ror by plac+ x "u ! managem5t ( a bully2 & by all k9ds ( *ican]y to keep d[n ! rates at :atev] co/ to ! com=t & morality ( ! poor4 ,?is expla9s ! view tak5 by ,ar?ur ,"y1 & g5]ally accept$ at ! p]iod1 t ! poor-law meant depopulation4 ,workh\ses _h be5 />t$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury#ha ) ! amiable int5tion ( provid+ ! indu/ri\s poor ) "w4 ,*ildr5 might be tra9$ to indu/ry & ! paup] might be made self-support+4 ,workh\ses 7 expect$ t is1 to provide n only "w b wages4 ,defoe1 9 8 ,giv+ ,alms no ,*>ity1 po9t$ out ! obvi\s objections to ! workh\se consid]$ z an in/itution capable ( compet+ ) ! ord9>y indu/ries4 ,workh\ses1 9 fact1 soon ceas$ to be pr(itable4 ,_! value1 h[ev]1 9 supply+ a te/ = de/itution 0 recognis$2 & by an act ( #agbb1 p>i%es 7 all[$ to set up workh\ses1 sep>ately or 9 comb9ation1 & to /rike (f ! li/s ( ! poor ^? :o refus$ to ent] !m4 ,?is 0 ! g]m ( ! lat] 'workh\se te/4'#hb ,:5 grievances arose1 ! inv>iable plan1 z ,ni*olls obs]ves1#hc 0 to increase ! p[] ( ! ju/ices4 ,_! discretion 0 reg>d$ 'z a c]ta9 cure = e %ortcom+ ( ! law & e evil aris+ out ( x4' ,! great report ( #ahcd traces ?is t5d5cy#hd to a clause 9 an act pass$ 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iii41 :i* 0 int5d$ to all[ ! ju/ices to *eck ! extravagance ( p>i% (fic]s4 ,!y 7 emp[]$ to /rike (f p]sons improp]ly reliev$4 ,?is incid5tal regulation1 wid5$ by subsequ5t int]pretations1 all[$ ! magi/rates to ord] relief1 & !reby introduc$ an incr$ible am\nt ( demoralisation4 ,! c\rse 0 natural en\gh1 & inde$ app>5tly inevitable4 ,! ju/ices ( ! peace repres5t$ ! only au?ority :i* c\ld be call$ 9 to regulate abuses aris+ f ! incapacity & n>r[ local int]e/s ( ! multitud9\s ve/ries4 ,! s*emes ( improvem5t g5]ally involv$ "s plan = a l>g] area4 ,if a hundr$ or a c\nty 7 tak5 = ! unit1 ! devices :i* depopulat$ a p>i% w\ld no long] be applicable4#he ,! only s*eme actually c>ri$ 0 embodi$ 9 ',gilb]t's act' 7#aghb71 obta9$ by ,?omas ,gilb]t 7#agbj-agih71 an ag5t ( ! duke ( ,bridgewat]1 & an active advocate ( poor-law re=m 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,?is s*eme 0 int5d$ z a tempor>y exp$i5t dur+ ! di/ress caus$ by ! ,am]ican ,w>2 & a l>g] & m p]man5t s*eme :i* x 0 to introduce fail$ to become law4 ,x enabl$ p>i%es to comb9e if !y *ose to provide common workh\ses1 & to appo9t 'gu>dians4' ,! ju/ices1 z usual1 receiv$ m p[]s 9 ord] to suppress ! h>% deal+ ( ! old p>o*ial au?orities4 ,! gu>dians1 x 0 assum$1 c\ld always f9d '"w1' & !y 7 to relieve ! able-bodi$ )\t apply+ ! workh\se te/4 ,! act1 readily adopt$1 ?us became a l&m>k 9 ! gr[? ( laxity4#hf ,at ! end ( ! c5tury a rapid developm5t ( paup]ism _h tak5 place4 ,! exp5se1 z ,ed5 _h to compla91 _h d\bl$ 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is took place simultane\sly ) ! great developm5t ( manufactures4 ,x is n p]haps surpris+1 ?\gh x may be melan*oly1 t increase ( weal? %all be accompani$ by increase ( paup]ism4 ,:]e !re are _m ri* m51 !re w be a bett] field = ?ieves & begg>s4 ,a life ( dep5d5ce becomes easi] ?\gh x ne$ n necess>ily be adopt$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! relation ( ! two ph5om5a1 ! social revolution made ! old social arrangem5ts m inadequate4 ,great aggregations ( workm5 7 =m$ 9 t[ns1 :i* 7 /ill only villages 9 a legal s5se4 ,fluctuations ( trade1 due to w> or speculation1 br\ght di/ress to ! improvid5t2 & ! old assumption t e man _h a prop] place 9 a small circle1 :]e 8 neighb\rs knew all ab\t him1 0 fur!r ?an ev] f be+ v]ifi$4 ,"o pa9ful result 0 already beg9n+ to %[ itself4 ,neglect$ *ildr5 9 great t[ns _h already excit$ compassion4 ,?omas ,coram 7#affh8-agea7 _h be5 %ock$ by ! sight ( dy+ *ildr5 expos$ 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 & succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,f\ndl+ ,hospital 7f\nd$ 9 #agdb74 ,9 #agfb1 ,jonas ,hanway 7#agab-aghf7 obta9$ a law = bo>d+ out *ildr5 born )9 ! bills ( mortality4 ,! dem& = *ildr5's lab\r1 produc$ by ! factories1 seem$ naturally en\gh to (f] a bett] *ance = ext5d+ su* *>ities4 ,un=tunately among ! p :o took advantage ( x 7 p>i% (ficials1 eag] to get *ildr5 (f _! h&s1 & manufactur]s conc]n$ only to make money out ( *ildi% lab\r4 ,h5ce arose ! %ameful sy/em = :i* rem$ies 7z ,i %all h to notice7 _h to be s\ght 9 a lat] g5]ation4 ,mean:ile ! outbreak ( ! revolution>y w> _h made ! "q urg5t4 ,:5 ,man*e/] trade suff]$1 z ,ed5 tells u 9 8 reports1 _m workm5 enli/$ 9 ! army1 & left _! *ildr5 to be support$ by ! p>i%4 ,bad seasons foll[$ 9 #agid & #agie1 & !re 0 great di/ress 9 ! agricultural di/ricts4 ,! gov]n+ classes became al>m$4 ,9 ,decemb] #agie ,:itbread introduc$ a bill provid+ t ! ju/ices ( ! peace %\ld fix a m9imum rate ( wages4 ,^u a motion = ! second read+1 ,pitt made ! fam\s spee* 7#ab? ,decemb]7 includ+ ! (t5-quot$ /atem5t t :5 a man _h a family1 relief %\ld be 'a matt] ( "r & hon\r1 in/ead ( a gr\nd ( opprobrium & contempt4'#hg ,pitt _h 9 ! same spee* %[n 8 read+ ( ,adam ,smi? by dwell+ ^u ! g5]al objections to /ate int]f]5ce ) wages1 & _h argu$ t m 0 to be ga9$ by remov+ ! re/rictions ^u ! free movem5t ( lab\r4 ,he und]took to produce a compreh5sive measure2 & an elaborate bill ( #acj clauses 0 prep>$ 9 #agif4hh ,! rates 7 to be us$ to supplem5t inadequate wages2 's*ools ( indu/ry' 7 to be =m$ = ! support ( sup]abundant *ildr52 loans might be made to ! poor = ! pur*ase ( a c[2#hi & ! possession ( prop]ty 0 n to disqualify = ! receiv+ relief4 ,9 %ort1 ! bill seems to h be5 a model ( misappli$ b5evol5ce4 ,! details 7 ke5ly criticis$ by ,b5?am1 & ! bill nev] came to ! bir?4 ,o!r topics 7 press+ en\gh at ?is "t to acc\nt = ! failure ( a measure s va/ 9 its scope4 ,mean:ile some?+ _h to be done4 ,on #f? ,may #agie ! ,b]k%ire magi/rates _h pass$ c]ta9 resolutions call$ f _! place ( meet+1 ! ',spe5haml& ,act ( ,p>liam5t4' ,!y provid$ t ! rate ( wages ( a lab\r] %\ld be increas$ 9 proportion to ! price ( corn & to ! numb] ( 8 family--a rule :i*1 z ,ed5 obs]ves1 t5d$ to disc\rage economy ( food 9 times ( sc>city4 ,!y also sanction$ ! disa/r\s pr9ciple ( pay+ "p ( ! wages out ( rates4 ,an act pass$ 9 #agif repeal$ ! old re/rictions ^u out-door relief2 & ?us1 dur+ ! h>d times t 7 to foll[1 ! poor-laws 7 adapt$ to produce ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i*1 z ,cobbett says 79 #ahba7 'e lab\r] :o has *ildr5 is n[ regul>ly & con/antly a paup]4'#ij ,! result repres5ts a curi\s compromise4 ,! l&[n]s1 :e!r f b5evol5ce or fe> ( revolution1 desir$ to meet ! t]rible di/ress ( ! times4 ,un=tunately _! spasmodic int]f]5ce 0 guid$ by no fix$ pr9ciples1 & act$ ^u a class ( in/itutions n organis$ ^u any def9ite sy/em4 ,! g5]al effect seems to h be5 t ! ratepay]s1 no long] all[$ to 'depopulate1' s\ght to turn ! compulsory /ream ( *>ity p>tly into _! own pockets4 ,if !y 7 =c$ to support paup]s1 !y c\ld contrive to save ! paym5t ( wages4 ,!y c\ld use ! lab\r ( ! rate-support$ paup] in/ead ( employ+ indep5d5t workm54 ,! evils ?us produc$ l$ be=e long to mo/ important discussions4#ia ,! ord9>y view ( ! poor-law 0 inv]t$4 ,! prom95t evil 0 ! reckless increase ( a degrad$ population in/ead ( ! re/riction ( population4 ,ed5's own view is suffici5tly indicative ( ! light 9 :i* ! facts %[$ !mselves to intellig5t economi/s4 ,z a disciple ( ,adam ,smi?1 he accepts ! r vague doctr9e ( 8 ma/] ab\t ! 'balance' betwe5 lab\r & capital4 ,if lab\r exce$s capital1 he says1 ! lab\r] mu/ />ve '9 spite ( all political regulations4'#ib ,he !re=e looks ) disfav\r ^u ! :ole poor-law sy/em4 ,x is too deeply root$ to be aboli%$1 b he ?9ks t ! am\nt to be rais$ %\ld n be p]mitt$ to exce$ ! sum levi$ on an av]age ( previ\s ye>s4 ,! only c]ta9 result ( ,pitt's measure w\ld be a va/ exp5diture ^u a d\btful exp]im5t3 & "o ma9 purpose ( 8 publication 0 to po9t out ! objections to ! plan4 ,he desires :at seem$ at t "t to be almo/ hopeless1 a national sy/em ( education2 b 8 ma9 doctr9e is ! wisdom ( reliance ^u individual ef=t4 ,! tru? ( ! maxim 'pas trop g\v]n]1' he says1#ic has nev] be5 bett] illu/rat$ ?an by ! contra/ betwe5 fri5dly societies & ! poor-laws4 ,fri5dly societies _h be5 kn[n1 ?\gh !y 7 /ill on a humble scale1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & _h t5d$ to dim9i% paup]ism 9 spite ( ! poor-laws4 ,ed5 gives _m acc\nts ( !m4 ,!y seem to h sugge/$ a s*eme propos$ by ! wor?y ,francis ,mas]es#id 7#agca-ahbd7 9 #aggb = ! e/abli%m5t ( life annuities4 ,a bill to give effect to ?is s*eme pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #aggc ) ! support ( ,burke & ,savile1 b 0 ?r[n out 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,9 #aghf ,john ,acl& 7di$ #agif71 a ,devon%ire cl]gyman & ju/ice ( ! peace1 propos$ a s*eme = unit+ ! :ole nation into a k9d ( fri5dly society = ! support ( ! poor :5 out ( "w & 9 old age4 ,x 0 criticis$ by ,john ,h[lett 7#agca-ahjd71 a cl]gyman :o wrote mu* ^u ! poor-laws4 ,he attributes ! gr[? ( paup]ism to ! rise ( prices1 & calculates t out ( an increas$ exp5diture ( ,l#gjj1jjj1 ,l#bai1jjj _h be5 rais$ by ! ri*1 & ! rema9d] 'squeez$ out ( ! fle%1 blood1 & bones ( ! poor1' ,an act = e/abli%+ ,acl&'s crude s*eme fail$ next ye> 9 p>liam5t4#ie ,! m]it ( ! societies1 accord+ to ,ed51 0 _! t5d5cy to /imulate self-help2 & h[ to pres]ve t m]it1 :ile mak+ !m compulsory1 0 a difficult problem4 ,i h said en\gh to m>k a critical & *>act]i/ic *ange ( op9ion4 ,"o s\rce ( evil po9t$ out by contempor>ies _h be5 ! abs5ce ( any c5tral p[] :i* c\ld regulate & sy/ematise ! action ( ! petty local bodies4 ,! v possibility ( su* organisation1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 simply inconceivable4 ,:5 ! local bodies became lavi% in/ead ( ov]-frugal1 ! "o rem$y sugge/$ 0 to aboli% ! sy/em altoge!r4 ,,notes3 #gd ,see ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 #ge ,works1 i4 #bee4 #gf ,see ,sir ,g4 ,ni*olls's ,hi/ory ( ! ,poor-law1 #ahed4 ,a new edition1 ) life by ,h4 ,g4 ,will9k1 appe>$ 9 #ahih4 #gg ,hi/ory1 i4 #age4 #gh ,m',cullo*'s note to ,weal? ( ,nations1 p4 #fe4 ,m',cullo* 9 8 app5dix makes "s s5sible rem>ks ^u ! abs5ce ( any prop]ly con/itut$ p>o*ial 'tribunal4' #gi ,weal? ( ,nations1 bk4 i4 *4 x4 #hj ,see passage quot$ 9 ,ed5's ,hi/ory1 i4 #cdg4 #ha ,?omas ,firm9 7#afcb-afgg71 a philan?ropi/1 ^: ,soc9ianism did n exclude him f ! fri5d%ip ( su* lib]al bi%ops z ,tillotson & ,f[l]1 />t$ a workh\se 9 #afgf4 #hb ,ni*olls 7#ahih71 ii4 #ad4 #hc ,ibid4 7#ahih71 ii4 #abc4 #hd ,report1 p4 #fg4 #he ,william ,hay1 = example1 c>ri$ resolutions 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agce1 b fail$ to c>ry a bill :i* _h ?is object4 ,see ,ed5's ,hi/ory1 i4 #cif4 ,coop] 9 #agfc propos$ to make ! hundr$ ! unit4--,ni*olls's ,hi/ory1 i4 #eh4 ,field+ proposes a simil> *ange 9 ,london4 ,dean ,tuck] speaks ( ! evil ( ! limit$ area 9 8 ,manifold ,causes ( ! ,increase ( ! ,poor 7#agfj74 #hf ,ni*olls1 ii4 #hh4 #hg ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxxii4 #gaj4 #hh ,a full ab/ract is giv5 9 ,ed5s ,hi/ory1 iii4 ccclxiii4 etc4 #hi ,b5?am obs]ves 7,works1 viii4 #ddh7 t ! c[ w require ! ?ree acres to keep x4 #ij ,cobbett's ,political ,works1 vi4 #fd #ia ,i ne$ only note "h t ! fir/ edition ( ,mal?us's ,essay appe>$ 9 #agih1 ! ye> aft] ,ed5's publication4 #ib ,ed5's ,hi/ory1 i4 #ehc4 #ic ,ibid4 i4 #ehg4 #id ,mas]es1 an excell5t ,:ig1 a good ma!matician1 & a respect$ lawy]1 is p]haps be/ kn[n at pres5t f 8 portrait 9 ,*>les ,lamb's ,old ,b5*]s4 #ie ,x maybe notic$ z an anticipation ( mod]n s*emes t 9 #agib ,pa9e propos$ a sy/em ( 'old age p5sions1' = :i* ! necess>y funds 7 to be easily obta9$ :5 univ]sal peace _h aboli%$ all milit>y *>ges4 ,see ,/ate ,trials1 xxv4 #age4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,police ,! sy/em ( 'self-gov]nm5t' %[$ its weak side 9 ?is direction4 ,x meant t an important function 0 intru/$ to small bodies1 q incompet5t ( act+ ^u g5]al pr9ciples1 & p]fectly capable ( petty jobb+1 :5 unre/ra9$ by any effective sup]vision4 ,9 ano!r direction ! same t5d5cy 0 ev5 m /rik+ly illu/rat$4 ,municipal in/itutions 7 almo/ at _! l[e/ po9t ( decay4 ,man*e/] & ,birm+ham 7 two ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ rapidly gr[+ t[ns4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury ,man*e/] _h a population ( #ij1jjj & ,birm+ham ( #gj1jjj4 ,bo? 7 rul$1 z f> z !y 7 rul$1 by ! remnants ( old manorial in/itutions4 ,aik9#if obs]ves t ',man*e/] 79 #agie7 rema9s an op5 t[n2 de/itute 7probably to its advantage7 ( a corporation1 & unrepres5t$ 9 p>liam5t4' ,x 0 gov]n$ by a 'bor\ghreeve' & two con/ables elect$ annually at ! c\rt-leet4 ,william ,hutton1 ! qua9t hi/orian ( ,birm+ham1 tells u 9 #aghc t ! t[n 0 /ill legally a village1 ) a high & l[ bailiff1 a 'high & l[ ta/]1' two 'affe]]s1' & two 'lea!r-seal]s1' ,9 #ageb x _h be5 provid$ ) a 'c\rt ( reque/s' = ! recov]y ( small debts1 & 9 #agfi ) a body ( commission]s to provide = light+ ! t[n4 ,?is 0 ! sy/em by :i*1 ) "s modifications1 ,birm+ham 0 gov]n$ till aft] ! ,re=m ,bill4#ig ,hutton boa/s#ih t no t[n 0 bett] gov]n$ or _h few] (fic]s4 ',a t[n )\t a *>t]1' he says1 'is a t[n )\t a %ackle4' ,p]haps he *ang$ 8 op9ions :5 8 w>eh\ses 7 burnt 9 #agia1 & ! t[n 0 at ! m]cy ( ! mob till a regim5t ( 'light horse' c\ld be call$ 94 ,aik9 & ,hutton1 h[ev]1 reflect ! g5]al op9ion at a "t :5 ! t[n corporations _h become close & corrupt bodies1 & 7 *iefly '%ackles' ^u ! en]gy ( active memb]s ( ! community4 ,i mu/ leave ! explanation ( ?is decay to hi/orians4 ,i w only obs]ve t :at w\ld ne$ explanation w\ld seem to be r ! abs5ce ?an ! pres5ce ( corruption4 ,! ,engli% bor\gh 0 n /imulat$ by any pressure f a c5tral gov]nm5t2 nor 0 x a semi-indep5d5t body 9 :i* e citiz5 _h ! /ronge/ motives = comb9+ to support its indep5d5ce aga9/ neighb\r+ t[ns or invad+ nobles4 ,! l[] classes 7 ignorant1 & probably w\ld be r ho/ile ?an fav\rable to any su* mode/ int]f]5ce ) dirt & disord] z w\ld comm5d !mselves to ! (ficials4 ,naturally1 p[] 0 left to ! little cliques ( prosp]\s tradesm51 :o =m$ close corporations1 & sp5t ! rev5ues ^u fea/s or squ&]$ !m by corrupt practices4 ,"h1 z 9 ! poor-law1 ! insuffici5cy ( ! adm9i/rative body sugge/s to contempor>ies1 n its re=m1 b its sup]fluity4 ,! mo/ /rik+ acc\nt ( "s ( ! natural results is 9 ,colquh\n's#ii ,treatise on ! ,police ( ! ,metropolis4 ,patrick ,colquh\n 7#agde-ahbj71 an en]getic ,scot1 0 born at ,dumb>ton 9 #agde1 _h be5 9 bus9ess at ,glasg[1 :]e he 0 provo/ 9 #aghb & #aghc1 & 9 #aghi settl$ 9 ,london4 ,9 #agib he obta9$ ?r\gh ,dundas an appo9tm5t to "o ( ! new police magi/racies creat$ by an act ( t ye>4 ,he took an active "p 9 _m s*emes ( social re=m2 & 8 book gives an acc\nt ( ! inve/igations by :i* 8 s*emes 7 sugge/$ & ju/ifi$4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 p>5!tically1 t 8 /ati/ics sc>cely *all5ge implicit confid5ce4 ,l ,s9clair & ,ed51 he saw ! importance ( obta9+ facts & figures1 b 8 /atem5ts are suspici\sly precise & elaborate4#ajj ,! broad facts are cle> en\gh4 ,london 01 he says1 ?ree miles broad & tw5ty-five 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! population 9 #ahja 0 #fda1jjj4 ,x 0 ! l>ge/ t[n1 & app>5tly ! mo/ *aotic collection ( dwell+s 9 ! civilis$ _w4 ,!re 71 z ,colquh\n ass]ts#aja 9 an (t5-quot$ passage1 #bj1jjj p 9 x1 :o got up e morn+ )\t kn[+ h[ !y w\ld get ?r\gh ! day4 ,!re 7 #ejjj public-h\ses1 & #ej1jjj wom5 support$1 :olly or p>tly1 by pro/itution4 ,! rev5ues rais$ by crime am\nt$1 z he calculates1 to an annual sum (1 ,l#b1jjj1jjj4 ,!re 7 :ole classes ( pr(essional ?ieves1 m or less organis$ 9 gangs1 :i* act$ 9 support ( ea* o!r4 ,!re 7 gangs on ! riv]1 :o bo>d$ %ips at night1 or lay 9 wait r\nd ! w>eh\ses4 ,! gov]nm5t docky>ds 7 sy/ematically plund]$1 & ! same article (t5 sold f\r times ov] to ! (ficials4 ,! abs5ce ( patrols gave ample *ance to ! highwaym5 !n peculi> to ,engl&4 ,_! c>e]s1 commemorat$ 9 ! ,newgate ,cal5d>1 _h a c]ta9 flav\r ( ,rob9 ,hood romance1 & _! ranks 7 recruit$ f dissipat$ appr5tices & tradesm5 9 difficulty4 ,! fields r\nd ,london 7 s con/antly plund]$ t ! r5t 0 mat]ially l[]$4 ,half ! hackney coa*m51 he says1#ajb 7 9 league ) ?ieves4 ,! numb] ( receiv+ h\ses = /ol5 goods _h increas$ 9 tw5ty ye>s f #cjj to #cjjj4ajc ,co9+ 0 a fl\ri%+ trade1 & accord+ to ,colquh\n employ$ sev]al ?\s& p]sons4#ajd ,gambl+ _h tak5 a fre% />t ab\t #aggg & #agghaje2 & ! keep]s ( tables _h always money en\gh at comm& to make convictions almo/ impossible4 ,fr5* refugees at ! revolution _h introduc$ r\ge et noir2 & ,colquh\n e/imates ! sums ye>ly lo/ 9 gambl+-h\ses at ov] ,l#g1jjj1jjj4 ,! gambl]s might p]haps appeal n only to ! practices ( _! bett]s 9 ! days ( ,fox1 b to ! public lott]ies4 ,colquh\n _h v>i\s correspond5ts1 :o d n v5ture to propose ! abolition ( a sy/em :i* sanction$ ! practice1 b :o hope to dim9i% ! facility = supplem5t>y bett+ on ! results ( ! (ficial draw+4 ,! w> _h t5d$ to increase ! numb] ( loose & desp]ate m>aud]s :o sw>m$ 9 ! va/ labyr9? ( ,london /reets4 ,:5 we consid] ! nature ( ! police by :i* ^! evils 7 to be *eck$1 & ! crim9al law :i* !y adm9i/]$1 ! wond] is less t !re 7 sometimes desp]ate riots 7z 9 #aghj7 ?an t ,london %\ld h be5 ev] able to resi/ a mob4 ,colquh\n1 ?\gh a patriotic ,briton1 has to admit t ! ,fr5* despots _h at la/ creat$ an effici5t police4 ,! emp]or1 ,joseph ,,ii41 he says1 inquir$ = an ,au/rian crim9al suppos$ to h escap$ to ,p>is4 ,y w f9d him1 repli$ ! head ( ! ,fr5* police1 at ,no4 #ic ( su* a /reet 9 ,vi5na on ! second-floor room look+ ^u su* a *ur*2 & !re he 04 ,9 ,engl& a crim9al c\ld hide himself 9 a h]d ( 8 l1 occasionally di/urb$ by ! inroad ( a ',b[ ,/reet runn]1' ! emiss>y ( ! 'trad+ ju/ices1' =m]ly repres5t$ by ! two ,field+s4 ,an act ( #agib creat$ sev5 new (fices1 to "o ( :i* ,colquh\n _h be5 appo9t$4 ,!y _h "o hundr$ & eighty-n9e paid (fic]s "u !m4 ,!re 7 also ab\t "o ?\s& con/ables4 ,^! 7 small tradesm5 or artisans ^u :om ! duty 0 impos$ )\t remun]ation = a ye> by _! p>i%1 t is1 by "o ( sev5ty indep5d5t bodies4 ,a ',tyburn ticket1' giv5 9 rew>d = obta9+ ! conviction ( a crim9al exempt$ a man f ! dis*>ge ( su* (fices1 & c\ld be b\ght = f ,l#ae to ,l#be4 ,!re 7 also two ?\s& wat*m5 receiv+ f #h-a_/b;d4 up to #bs4 a night4 ,^! 7 ! true successors ( ,dogb]ry2 (t5 infirm or ag$ p]sons appo9t$ to keep !m out ( ! workh\se4 ,! managem5t ( ?is di/ract$ =ce ?us dep5d$ ^u a miscellane\s set ( bodies2 ! paid magi/rates1 ! (ficials ( ! city1 ! ju/ices ( ! peace = ,middlesex1 & ! sev5ty indep5d5t p>i%es4 ,! law 0 z defective z ! adm9i/ration4 ,colquh\n repres5ts ! philan?ropic impulse ( ! day1 & notices#ajf t 9 #aghg ,joseph ,,ii4 _h aboli%$ capital puni%m5t4 ,8 *ief au?ority = m m]ciful me?ods is ,becc>ia2 & x is wor? rem>k+1 = reasons :i* w appe> h]eaft]1 t he does n 9 ?is connection ref] to ,b5?am1 al?\gh he speaks en?usia/ically#ajg ( ,b5?am's model prison1 ! ,panopticon4 ,colquh\n %[s h[ /rangely ! sev]ity ( ! law 0 comb9$ ) its extreme capaci\sness4 ,he quotes ,bacon#ajh = ! /atem5t t ! law 0 a 'het]og5e\s mass concoct$ too (t5 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1' & gives suffici5t pro(s ( its tru?4 ,he desires1 = example1 a law to puni% receiv]s ( /ol5 goods1 & says t !re 7 excell5t laws 9 exi/5ce4 ,un=tunately "o law appli$ exclusively to ! case ( pewt]-pots1 & ano!r exclusively to ! preci\s metals2 nei!r c\ld be us$ z aga9/ receiv]s ( horses or bank notes4#aji ,s a man indict$ "u an act aga9/ /eal+ f %ips on navigable riv]s escap$1 because ! b>ge f :i* he /ole happ5$ to be agr\nd4 ,gangs c\ld af=d to corrupt witnesses or to pay knavi% lawy]s skill$ 9 apply+ ^! vag>ies ( legislation4 ,juries also dislik$ convict+ :5 ! p5alty = co9+ sixp5ce 0 ! same z ! p5alty = kill+ a "m4 ,x foll[$1 z he %[s by /ati/ics1 t half ! p]sons committ$ = trial escap$ by petty *ican]y or corruption1 or ! reluctance ( juries to convict = capital (f5ces4 ,only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! capital s5t5ces 7 execut$2 & _m 7 p>don$ on condition ( enli/+ to improve ! morals ( ! army4 ,! crim9als1 :o 7 nei!r hang$ nor all[$ to escape1 7 s5t to prisons1 :i* 7 s*ools ( vice4 ,aft] ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,am]ican colonies1 ! sy/em ( transportation to ,au/ralia _h begun 79 #aghg72 b ! exp5se 0 enorm\s1 & prison]s 7 huddl$ toge!r 9 ! hulks at ,woolwi* & ,portsm\?1 :i* _h be5 us$ z a tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,!nce !y 7 con/antly dis*>g$1 to return to _! old practices4 ,a man1 says ,colquh\n1#aaj w\ld des]ve a /atue :o %\ld c>ry out a plan = help+ dis*>g$ prison]s4 ,to meet ^! evils1 ,colquh\n proposes v>i\s rem$ies1 su* z a metropolitan police1 a public prosecutor1 or ev5 a codification or revision ( ! ,crim9al ,code1 :i* he sees is likely to be delay$4 ,he also sugge/$1 9 a pamphlet ( #agii1 a k9d ( *>ity organisation society to prev5t ! wa/e ( funds4 ,_m o!r pamphlets ( simil> t5d5cies %[ 8 active zeal 9 promot+ v>i\s re=ms4 ,colquh\n 0 9 close correspond5ce ) ,b5?am f ! ye> #agih1aaa & ,b5?am help$ him by draw+ ! ,?ames ,police ,act1 pass$ 9 #ahjj1 to give effect to "s ( ! sugge/ions 9 ! ,treatise4#aab ,ano!r set ( abuses has a special connection ) ,b5?am's activity4 ,b5?am _h be5 l$ 9 #aggh to att5d to ! prison "q by read+ ,h[>d's book on ,prisons2 & he ref]s to ! 'v5]able fri5d :o _h liv$ an apo/le & di$ a m>tyr4'#aac ,! c>e] ( ,john ,h[>d 7#agbf-agij7 is famili>4 ,! son ( a ,london tradesman1 he _h inh]it$ an e/ate 9 ,b$=d%ire4 ,!re he erect$ model cottages & village s*ools2 &1 on becom+ %]iff ( ! c\nty 9 #aggc1 0 l$ to att5d to abuses 9 ! prisons4 ,two acts ( p>liam5t 7 pass$ 9 #aggd to rem$y "s ( ! evils expos$1 & he pursu$ ! inquiry at home & abroad4 ,8 results are giv5 9 8 ,/ate ( ! ,prisons 9 ,engl& & ,wales 7#aggi1 f\r? edition1 #agib71 & 8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,pr9cipal ,laz>ettos 9 ,europe 7#aghi74 ,! prison]s1 he says1 _h little food1 sometimes a p5ny loaf a day1 & sometimes no?+2 no wat]1 no fre% air1 no sew]s1 & no b$d+4 ,! /5* 0 appall+1 & gaol fev] kill$ m ?an di$ on ! gall[s4 ,debtors & felons1 m51 wom5 & *ildr51 7 huddl$ toge!r2 (t5 ) lunatics1 :o 7 %[n by ! gaol]s = money4 ',g>ni%' 0 extort$2 ! gaol]s kept dr9k+-taps2 gambl+ fl\ri%$3 & prison]s 7 (t5 cruelly iron$1 & kept = long p]iods be=e trial4 ,at ,hull ! assizes _h only be5 held once 9 sev5 ye>s1 & aft]w>ds once 9 ?ree4 ,x is a com=t to f9d t ! :ole numb] ( prison]s 9 ,engl& & ,wales am\nt$1 9 #aghj1 to ab\t #ddjj1 #bjgh ( :om 7 debtors1 #gih felons1 & #iag petty (f5d]s4 ,an act pass$ 9 #aggi provid$ = ! erection ( two p5it5ti>ies4 ,h[>d 0 to be a sup]visor4 ,! failure to c>ry out ?is act l$1 z we %all see1 to "o ( ,b5?am's mo/ *>act]i/ic und]tak+s4 ,"o peculi>ity mu/ be not$4 ,h[>d f\nd prisons on ! cont95t :]e ! treatm5t 0 bad & torture /ill occasionally practis$2 b he n[h]e f\nd ?+s s bad z 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,holl& ! prisons 7 s neat & clean z to make x difficult to believe t !y 7 prisons3 & !y 7 us$ z models = ! legislation ( #aggi4 ,"o cause ( ?is un5viable di/9ction ( ,engli% prisons _h be5 indicat$ by an e>li] inve/igation4 ,g5]al ,ogle?orpe 7#afif-aghe7 _h be5 />t$ 9 8 philan?ropic c>e] by obta9+ a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #agbi to inquire into ! /ate ( ! gaols4 ,! f\ndation ( ! colony ( ,georgia z an outlet = ! population 0 "o result ( ! inquiry4 ,x l$1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 to a trial ( p]sons accus$ ( atroci\s cruelties at ! ,fleet prison4#aad ,! trial 0 abortive4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s t ! ,fleet prison 0 a 'freehold1' ,a pat5t = rebuild+ x _h be5 grant$ to ,sir ,j]emy ,:i*cot "u ,*>les ,,ii41 & _h be5 sold to "o ,higg9s1 :o resold x to o!r p]sons = ,l#ejjj4 ,! proprietors made _! inve/m5t pay by cruel ill-treatm5t ( ! prison]s1 oppress+ ! poor & lett+ (f p>ts ( ! prison to deal]s 9 dr9k4 ,?is 0 ! g5]al plan 9 ! prisons exam9$ by ,h[>d1 & helps to acc\nt = ! gross abuses4 ,x is "o m application ( ! g5]al sy/em4 ,z ! patron 0 own] ( a liv+1 & ! (fic] ( 8 commission1 ! keep] ( a prison 0 own] ( 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,! p>alysis ( adm9i/ration :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry made x natural to f>m out paup]s to ! ma/] ( a workh\se1 & prison]s to ! proprietor ( a gaol4 ,! /ate ( prison]s may be inf]r$ n only f ,h[>d's au!ntic record b f ! fictions ( ,field+1 ,smollett & ,goldsmi?2 & ! la/ e*oes ( ! same compla9ts may be f\nd 9 ,pickwick & ,little ,dorrit4 ,! ,m>%alsea describ$ 9 ! la/ 0 also a propriet>y conc]n4 ,we %all h]eaft] see h[ ,b5?am propos$ to treat ! evils reveal$ by ,ogle?orpe & ,h[>d4 ,,notes3 #if ,aik9's ,c\ntry ,r\nd ,man*e/]4 #ig ,bunce's ,hi/ory ( ! ,corporation ( ,birm+ham 7#ahgh74 #ih ,hi/ory ( ,birm+ham 7#bnd edition71 p4 #cbg4 #ii ,! fir/ edition1 #agie1 ! six?1 f :i* ,i quote1 9 #ahjj4 ,9 ,b5?ams ,works1 x4 #ccj1 x is said t 9 #agih1 #gejj copies ( ?is book _h be5 sold4 #ajj ,9 #ahad ,colquh\n publi%$ an elaborate acc\nt ( ! ,res\rces ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 %[+ simil> qualities4 #aja ,police1 p4 #caj4 #ajb ,police1 p4 #aje4 #ajc ,ibid4 p4 #ac4 #ajd ,ibid4 p4 #baa4 #aje ,ibid4 p4 #acf4 #ajf ,police1 p4 #fj4 #ajg ,ibid4 p4 #dha4 #ajh ,ibid4 p4 #g4 #aji ,ibid4 p4 #bih4 #aaj ,police1 p4 #ii4 #aaa ,b5?am's ,works1 x4 #cbi seq4 #aab ,ibid4 v4 #cce4 #aac ,b5?am's ,works1 iv4 #c1 #aba4 #aad ,cobbett's ,/ate ,trials1 xvii4 #big-fbf4 ,,iii4 ,,education ,ano!r topic treat$ by ,colquh\n m>ks ! initial /age ( controv]sies :i* 7 soon to gr[ w>m4 ,colquh\n boa/s ( ! numb] ( *>ities = :i* ,london 0 already conspicu\s4 ,a gr[+ facility = =m+ associations ( all k9ds1 political1 religi\s1 sci5tific1 & *>itable1 is an obvi\s *>act]i/ic ( mod]n progress4 ,:]e 9 e>li] times a college or a hospital _h to be end[$ by a f\nd] & inve/$ by *>t] ) corporate p]sonality1 x is n[ necess>y only to call a meet+1 =m a committee1 & appeal = subscriptions4 ,societies ( v>i\s k9ds _h sprung up dur+ ! c5tury4 ,arti/s1 m5 ( sci5ce1 agriculturi/s1 & m5 ( lit]>y ta/es1 _h f\nd$ innum]able academies & 'philosophical in/itutes4' ,! great ,london hospitals1 dep5d5t ^u volunt>y subscriptions1 _h be5 f\nd$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,colquh\n c\nts ! annual rev5ue ( v>i\s *>itable in/itutions at ,l#dde1jjj1 besides :i* ! end[m5ts produc$ ,l#aej1jjj1 & ! poor-rates ,l#bee1jjj4aae ,among ^! a consid]able numb] 7 int5d$ to promote education4 ,"h1 z 9 "s o!r cases1 x seems t p at ! end ( ! c5tury 7 (t5 tak+ up an impulse giv5 a c5tury be=e4 ,s ! ,society = promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k1 f\nd$ 9 #afii1 & ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel1 f\nd$ 9 #agja1 7 supplem5t$ by ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society & ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society1 bo? f\nd$ 9 #agii4 ,! societies = ! re=mation ( mann]s1 preval5t at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 tak5 z a model by ,wilb]=ce & 8 fri5ds at ! end ( ! eighte5?4#aaf ,9 ! same way1 ! fir/ attempts at provid+ a g5]al education = ! poor _h be5 made by ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison1 :o f\nd$ a p>o*ial s*ool ab\t #afhj 9 ord] 'to *eck ! gr[? ( pop]y4' ,*>ity s*ools became common dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & receiv$ v>i\s end[m5ts4 ,!y 7 attack$ z t5d+ to tea* ! poor too mu*--a v ne$less al>m--& also by free ?9k]s1 su* z ,m&eville1 z int5d$ outworks ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*4 ,?is la/ objection 0 a =eta/e ( ! bitt] religi\s controv]sies :i* 7 to accompany ! gr[? ( an educational sy/em4 ,colquh\n says t !re 7 #fb end[$ s*ools 9 ,london1 f ,*ri/'s ,hospital d[nw>ds1 educat+ ab\t #ejjj *ildr52 #bcg p>i% s*ools ) ab\t #ijjj *ildr51 & #cgcj 'private s*ools4' ,! tea*+ 01 ( c\rse1 v imp]fect1 & 9 a report ( a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahah1 x is calculat$ t ab\t half ! *ildr5 9 a l>ge di/rict 7 entirely un$ucat$4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 no?+ 9 ,engl& des]v+ ! "n ( a sy/em 9 educational m ?an 9 any o!r matt]s4 ,! gramm> s*ools ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry provid$ m or less = ! classes :i* c\ld n aspire to ! public s*ools & univ]sities4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( ! boys at ,*ri/'s ,hospital 71 z ,col]idge tells u1 sons ( cl]gym54#aag ,! *ildr5 ( ! poor 7 ei!r n educat$1 or pick$ up _! lett]s at "s *>ity s*ool or su* a c\ntry dame's s*ool z is describ$ by ,%5/one4 ,a curi\s pro(1 h[ev]1 ( ris+ int]e/ 9 ! "q is giv5 by ! ,sunday ,s*ools movem5t at ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,rob]t ,raikes 7#agce-ahaa71 a pr9t] 9 ,gl\ce/] & proprietor ( a newspap]1 jo9$ ) a cl]gyman to set up a s*ool 9 #aghj at a total co/ ( #as4 #f;d4 a week4 ,)9 ?ree or f\r ye>s ! plan 0 tak5 up ev]y:]e1 & ! wor?y ,raikes1 ^: newspap] _h spread ! news1 f\nd himself rev]$ z a great pione] ( philan?ropy4 ,wesley took up ! s*eme w>mly2 bi%ops condesc5d$ to approve2 ! k+ & que5 7 int]e/$1 & )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s ! numb] ( le>n]s 0 reckon$ at two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s&4 ,a ,sunday ,s*ool ,association 0 =m$ 9 #aghe ) well kn[n m5 ( bus9ess at its head4 ,que5 ,*>lotte's fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,trimm] 7#agda-ahaj71 took up ! "w ne> ,london1 & ,hannah ,m 7#agde-ahcc7 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,hannah ,m gives a /range acc\nt ( ! utt] abs5ce ( any civilis+ ag5cies 9 ! di/rict ar\nd ,*$d> :]e %e & h] si/]s lab\r$4 ,%e 0 accus$ ( 'me?odism' & a lean+ to ,jacob9ism1 al?\gh h] views 7 ( ! mo/ mod]ate k9d4 ,%e wi%$ ! poor to be able to read _! ,bibles & to be qualifi$ = dome/ic duties1 b n to write or to be enabl$ to read ,tom ,pa9e or be enc\rag$ to rise above _! position4 ,! lit]>y light ( ! ,:igs1 ,dr4 ,p>r 7#agdg-ahbe71 %[$ 8 lib]ality by argu+ t ! poor ought to be taught1 b admitt$ t ! ent]prise _h its limits4 ,! ',deity ,himself _h fix$ a great gulph betwe5 !m & ! poor4' ,a scanty in/ruction giv5 on ,sundays alone 0 n calculat$ to facilitate ! passage ( t gulf4 ,by ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 signs ( a m sy/ematic movem5t 7 %[+ !mselves4 ,bell & ,lanca/]1 ( :om ,i %all h to speak1 7 rival claimants = ! hon\r ( initiat+ a new dep>ture 9 education4 ,! controv]sy :i* aft]w>ds rag$ betwe5 ! support]s ( ! two sy/ems m>k$ a complete revolution ( op9ion4 ,mean:ile1 al?\gh ! ne$ ( s*ools 0 beg9n+ to be felt1 ! appliances = education 9 ,engl& 7 a /rik+ in/ance ( ! g5]al ineffici5cy 9 e dep>tm5t :i* ne$$ comb9$ action4 ,9 ,scotl& ! sy/em ( p>i% s*ools 0 "o obvi\s cause ( ! success ( s _m ( ! ,scotsm5 :i* excit$ ! jeal\sy ( s\!rn competitors4 ,ev5 9 ,irel& !re appe>s to h be5 a m effici5t set ( s*ools4 ,& yet1 "o rem>k mu/ be sugge/$4 ,!re is probably no p]iod 9 ,engli% hi/ory at :i* a great] numb] ( poor m5 h ris5 to di/9ction4 ,! greate/ beyond comp>ison ( self-taught poets 0 ,burns 7#agei-agif74 ,! political writ] :o 0 at ! "t produc+ ! mo/ m>k$ effect 0 ,?omas ,pa9e 7#agcg-ahji71 son ( a small tradesman4 ,8 successor 9 influ5ce 0 ,william ,cobbett 7#agfb-ahce71 son ( an agricultural lab\r]1 & "o ( ! pi?ie/ ( all ,engli% writ]s4 ,william ,gif=d 7#agef-ahbf71 son ( a small tradesman 9 ,devon%ire1 0 already kn[n z a satiri/ & 0 to lead ,cons]vatives z editor ( ! ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,john ,dalton 7#agff-ahdb71 son ( a poor weav]1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce4 ,porson 7#agei-ahjh71 ! greate/ ,greek s*ol> ( 8 "t1 0 son ( a ,norfolk p>i% cl]k1 ?\gh sagaci\s patrons _h s5t him to ,eton 9 8 fifte5? ye>4 ,! ,ox=d pr(essor ( ,arabic1 ,joseph ,:ite 7#agdf-ahad71 0 son ( a poor weav] 9 ! c\ntry & a man ( reputation = le>n+1 al?\gh n[ rememb]$ only = a r disreputable lit]>y squabble4 ,rob]t ,ow5 & ,joseph ,lanca/]1 bo? sprung f ! ranks1 7 lead]s 9 social movem5ts4 ,i h already spok5 ( su* m5 z ,watt1 ,tel=d1 & ,r5nie2 & small] names might be add$ 9 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art4 ,! individuali/ virtue ( 'self-help' 0 n conf9$ to successful money-mak+ or to ! weal?i] classes4 ,"o cause ( ! lit]>y excell5ce ( ,burns1 ,pa9e1 & ,cobbett may be t1 :5 lit]ature 0 less c5tralis$1 a writ] 0 less tempt$ to des]t 8 natural dialect4 ,i m5tion ! fact1 h[ev]1 m]ely to sugge/ t1 :atev] 7 !n ! difficulties ( gett+ su* s*ool+ z is n[ common1 an en]getic lad ev5 9 ! mo/ neglect$ regions might =ce 8 way to ! front4 ,,notes3 #aae ,police1 p4 #cdj4 #aaf ,wilb]=ce />t$ on ?is plan a 'society = en=c+ ! k+'s proclamation' 9 #aghf1 :i* 0 supplem5t$ by ! society = '! ,suppression ( ,vice' 9 #ahjb4 ,i don't suppose t vice 0 mu* suppress$4 ,sydney ,smi? ridicul$ its p]=mances 9 ! ,ed9burgh = #ahji4 ,! article is 9 8 works4 ,a m int]e/+ society 0 t = 'bett]+ ! condition ( ! poor1' />t$ by ,sir ,?omas ,b]n>d & ,wilb]=ce 9 #agif4 #aag ,biographia ,lit]>ia 7#ahdg71 ii4 #cbg4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,slave-,,trade ,i h ?us notic$ ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! contempor>y problems :i*1 z we %all see1 provid$ ! ma9 tasks ( ,b5?am & 8 foll[]s4 ,"o o!r topic mu/ be m5tion$ z 9 m ways ?an "o *>act]i/ic ( ! _s ( ! "t4 ,! p>liam5t>y attack ^u ! slave-trade began j be=e ! outbreak ( ! revolution4 ,x is g5]ally describ$ z an almo/ sudd5 awak5+ ( ! national consci5ce4 ,t x appeal$ to t faculty is und5iable1 &1 moreov]1 x is at lea/ a rem>kable in/ance ( legislative action ^u purely moral gr\nds4 ,x is true t 9 ?is case ! consci5ce 0 ! less imp$$ because x 0 r\s$ *iefly by ! s9s ( m5's neighb\rs4 ,! slave-trad+ class 0 a comp>ative excresc5ce4 ,_! trade c\ld be attack$ )\t su* widespread int]f]5ce ) ! social ord] z 0 impli$1 = example1 9 rem$y+ ! grievances ( paup]s or ( *ildr5 9 factories4 ,! conflict ) morality1 aga91 0 s pla9 z to ne$ no demon/ration4 ,x seems to be a que/ionable logic :i* assumes ! m]it ( a re=m] to be 9 proportion to ! flagrancy ( ! evil assail$4 ,! m obvi\s ! case1 surely ! less ! virtue ne$$ 9 ! assailant4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 no "o c d5y ! moral excell5ce ( su* m5 z ,wilb]=ce & ,cl>kson1 nor ! real *ange 9 ! moral /&>d impli$ by ! success ( _! agitation4 ,b ano!r "q rema9s1 :i* is indicat$ by a lat] controv]sy4 ,! foll[]s ( ,wilb]=ce & ( ,cl>kson 7 jeal\s ( ea* o!r4 ,ea* p>ty tri$ to claim ! *ief m]it = its h]o4 ,ea* 01 ,i ?9k1 unju/ to ! o!r4 ,! und]ly+ motive 0 ! desire to obta9 cr$it = ! ',evangelicals' or _! rivals z ! orig9ators ( a great movem5t4 ,)\t t\*+ ! p]sonal details x is necess>y to say some?+ ( ! g5]al s5tim5ts impli$4 ,9 8 hi/ory ( ! agitation1#aah ,cl>kson gives a qua9t *>t1 %[+ h[ ! impulse spread f v>i\s c5tres till x conv]g$ ^u a s+le area1 & 8 facts are significant4 ,t a great *ange _h tak5 place is und5iable4 ,prote/ant ,engl& _h b>ga9$ ) ,ca?olic ,spa9 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury = ! "r ( supply+ slaves to ,am]ica1 :ile at ! peace ( #ahad ,engli% /atesm5 7 endeav\r+ to secure a comb9ation ( all civilis$ p[]s aga9/ ! trade4 ,smollett1 9 #agdh1 makes ! =tune ( 8 h]o1 ,rod]ick ,r&om1 by plac+ him z mate ( a slave-%ip "u ! ideal sailor1 ,b[l+4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,john ,newton 7#agbe-ahjg71 aft]w>ds ! v5]at$ tea*] ( ,c[p] & ! ,evangelicals1 0 9 comm& ( a slav]1 & enjoy+ 'sweet] & m frequ5t h\rs ( div9e communion' ?an he _h else:]e kn[n4 ,he _h no scruples1 ?\gh he _h ! grace to pray 'to be fix$ 9 a m humane call+4' ,9 lat] ye>s he gave ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ce to ! abolitioni/s4#aai ,a new s5tim5t1 h[ev]1 0 already %[+ itself4 ,cl>kson collects v>i\s in/ances4 ,s\!rn's ,oroonoco1 f\nd$ on a /ory by ,mrs4 ,behn1 & ,/eele's /ory ( ,inkle & ,y>ico 9 an e>ly ,spectator1 ,pope's poor ,indian 9 ! ,essay on ,man1 & allusions by ,?omson1 ,%5/one1 & ,savage1 %[ t poets & noveli/s c\ld occasionally turn ! !me to acc\nt4 ,hut*eson1 ! morali/1 incid5tally condemns slav]y2 & div9es su* z ,bi%ops ,hayt] & ,w>burton took ! same view 9 s]mons be=e ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ,*ri/ian ,k4 ,johnson1 'la/ ( ! ,tories' ?\gh he 01 _h a righte\s hatr$ = ! sy/em4#abj ,he toa/$ ! next insurrection ( negroes 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ask$ :y we always he>d ! 'l\de/ yelps = lib]ty among ! driv]s ( negroes'8 ,?omas ,day 7#agdh-aghi71 z an ard5t foll[] ( ,r\sseau1 wrote ! ,dy+ ,negro 9 #aggc1 &1 9 ! same _s1 d5\nc$ ! inconsi/5cies ( slave-hold+ *ampions ( ,am]ican lib]ty4 ,su* isolat$ utt]ances %[$ a spread+ s5tim5t4 ,! hon\r ( ! fir/ victory 9 ! practical application mu/ be giv5 to ,granville ,%>p#aba 7#agce-ahac71 "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ &1 9 ! be/ s5se1 ',quixotic' ( m54 ,9 #aggb 8 ex]tions _h l$ to ! fam\s decision by ,"l ,mansfield 9 ! case ( ! negro ,som]set4#abb ,%>p 9 #aghg became *airman ( ! committee =m$ to attack ! slave-trade by collect+ ! evid5ce ( :i* ,wilb]=ce made use 9 p>liam5t4 ,! committee 0 *iefly compos$ ( ,quak]s2 z inde$1 ,quak]s are pretty sure to be f\nd 9 e philan?ropic movem5t ( ! p]iod4 ,i mu/ leave ! explanation to ! hi/orian ( religi\s movem5ts2 b ! fact is *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,quak]s _h tak5 ! lead 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,quak] 0 bo? practical & a my/ic4 ,8 pr9ciples put him outside ( ! ord9>y political int]e/s1 & ( ! milit>y _w4 ,he direct$ 8 activities to help+ ! poor1 ! prison]1 & ! oppress$4 ,among ! ,quak]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 ,john ,woolman 7#agbj-aggb71 a writ] belov$ by ! cong5ial ,*>les ,lamb & ,anto9e ,b5ezet 7#agac-aghd71 born 9 ,france1 & son ( a ,fr5* refugee :o settl$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,:5 ,cl>kson wrote ! prize essay ^u ! slave-trade 7#aghe71 :i* />t$ 8 c>e]1 x 0 f ,b5ezet's writ+s t he obta9$ 8 in=mation4 ,by _! influ5ce ! ,p5nsylvanian ,quak]s 7 gradually l$ to pron\nce aga9/ slav]y#abc2 & ! fir/ anti-slav]y society 0 f\nd$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #agge1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! skirmi% at ,lex+ton began ! w> ( indep5d5ce4 ,t sugge/s ano!r influ5ce4 ,! ,rationali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 nev] tir$ ( prais+ ! ,quak]s4 ,! ,quak]s 71 by _! ess5tial pr9ciples1 9 fav\r ( absolute tol]ation1 & _! attitude t[>ds dogma 0 n dissimil>4 ',rationalisation' & ',spiritualisation' are 9 "s directions simil>4 ,! g5]al spread ( philan?ropic s5tim5t1 :i* f\nd its =mula 9 ! ,rights ( ,man1 fell 9 ) ! ,quak] hatr$ ( w> & slav]y4 ,voltaire he>tily admires ,b>clay1 ! ,quak] apologi/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ to f9d ! names ( ! dei/s1 ,frankl9 & ,pa9e1 associat$ ) ,quak]s 9 ?is movem5t4 ,frankl9 0 an e>ly presid5t ( ! new association1 & ,pa9e wrote an article to support ! e>ly agitation4#abd ,pa9e himself 0 a ,quak] by bir?1 :o _h dropp$ 8 e>ly cre$ :ile reta9+ a respect = its adh]5ts4 ,:5 ! agitation began x 0 9 fact g5]ally approv$ by all except ! slave-trad]s4 ,s\nd ,:ig div9es1 ,watson & ,paley & ,p>r2 ,unit>ians su* z ,prie/ley & ,gilb]t ,wakefield & ,william ,smi?2 & ! great me?odi/1 ,john ,wesley1 7 unit$ on ?is po9t4 ,fox & ,burke & ,pitt rivall$ ea* o!r 9 condemn+ ! sy/em4 ,! actual delay 0 caus$ p>tly by ! /r5g? ( ! comm]cial int]e/s 9 p>liam5t1 & p>tly by ! gr[? ( ! anti-,jacob9 s5tim5t4 ,! attempt to monopolise ! cr$it ( ! movem5t by any p>ticul> sect is absurd4 ,wilb]=ce & 8 fri5ds might fairly claim ! glory ( hav+ be5 wor?y repres5tatives ( a new _s ( philan?ropy2 b mo/ c]ta9ly !y did n create or orig9ate x4 ,! g5]al gr[? ( t _s ?r\gh\t ! c5tury mu/ be expla9$1 s f> z 'explanation' is possible1 by wid] causes4 ,x 01 z ,i mu/ v5ture to assume1 a product ( complex social *anges :i* 7 br++ classes & nations into clos] contact1 b9d+ !m toge!r by new ties1 & break+ up ! old in/itutions :i* _h be5 =m$ "u obsolete conditions4 ,! true mov+ =ces 7 ! same :e!r ^! repres5tatives ann\nc$ ! new gospel ( ! 'rights ( man'2 or appeal$ to ! traditional rights ( ,engli%m52 or ralli$ support]s ( ! old ord] s f> z x /ill provid$ ! mo/ effici5t ma*9]y = ! purpose4 ,! revival ( religion "u ,wesley & ! ,evangelicals meant ! direction ( ! /ream into "o *annel4 ,! p>alytic condition ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& disqualifi$ x = appropriat+ ! new en]gy4 ,! m5 :o direct$ ! movem5ts 7 ma9ly /imulat$ by moral indignation at ! gross abuses1 & ! indol5ce ( ! e/abli%$ prie/hood naturally gave !m an anti-sac]dotal turn4 ,!y simply accept$ ! old ,prote/ant tradition4 ,!y took no int]e/ 9 ! intellectual que/ions involv$4 ,rationalism1 accord+ to !m1 meant simply an attack ^u ! traditional sanctions ( morality2 & x sc>cely occurr$ to !m to ask = any philosophical f\ndation ( _! cre$4 ,wilb]=ce's book1 ,a ,practical ,view1 atta9$ an imm5se popul>ity1 & is *>act]i/ic ( ! position4 ,wilb]=ce turns ov] ! infidel to be confut$ by ,paley1 :om he takes to be a conclusive reason]4 ,= himself he is cont5t to %[ :at ne$$ little pro(1 t ! s-call$ ,*ri/ians ( ! day c\ld act z if !y _h nev] he>d ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,evangelical movem5t _h 9 %ort no di/9ct relation to speculative movem5ts4 ,x took ! old tradition = grant$1 & x ne$ n "h be fur!r consid]$4 ,"o o!r rem>k is sugge/$ by ! agitation aga9/ ! slave-trade4 ,x set a prec$5t = agitation ( a k9d aft]w>ds famili>4 ,! committee appeal$ to ! c\ntry1 & got up petitions4 ,s\nd ,tories compla9$ ( !m 9 ! e>ly slave-trade debates1 z attempts to dictate to p>liam5t by democratic me?ods4 ,political agitators _h =m$ associations1 & f\nd a conv5i5t in/rum5t 9 ! 'c\nty meet+s1' :i* seems to h possess$ a k9d ( indef9ite legal "*4#abe ,su* associations ( c\rse dep5d = ! great "p ( _! influ5ce ^u ! press4 ,! circulation ( lit]ature 0 "o great object4 ,pa9e's ,rights ( ,man 0 di/ribut$ by ! revolution>y p>ty1 & ,hannah ,m wrote popul> tracts to p]suade ! poor t !y _h no grievances4 ,x is said t two millions ( h] little tracts1 ',village ,politics by ,w ,*ip1' ! ',%eph]d ( ,salisbury ,pla91' & s =? 7 circulat$4 ,! dem&1 inde$1 %[$ r ! eag]ness ( ! ri* to get !m read ?an ! eag]ness ( ! poor to read !m4 ,!y fail$ to de/roy ,pa9e's influ5ce1 b !y 7 successful en\gh to lead to ! f\ndation ( ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 ,! attempt to influ5ce ! poor by *eap lit]ature %[s t ^! op9ions 7 beg9n+ to dem& consid]ation4 ,cobbett & _m o!rs 7 soon to use ! new weapon4 ,mean:ile ! newspap]s circulat$ among ! high] ranks 7 pass+ ?r\gh a new phase1 :i* mu/ be not$4 ,! great newspap]s 7 ga9+ p[]4 ,! ,morn+ ,*ronicle 0 />t$ by ,woodfall 9 #agfi1 ! ,morn+ ,po/ & ,morn+ ,h]ald by ,dudley ,bate 9 #aggb & #aghj1 & ! ,times by ,walt] 9 #aghh4 ,! mod]n editor 0 to appe> dur+ ! w>4 ,/odd>t & ,b>nes ( ! ,times1 ,p]ry & ,black ( ! ,morn+ ,*ronicle1 7 to become important politically4 ,! revolution>y p]iod m>ks ! transition f ! old-fa%ion$ newspap]1 c>ri$ on by a publi%] & an au?or1 to ! mod]n newspap]1 :i* repres5ts a k9d ( sep>ate organism1 elaborately 'diff]5tiat$' & work$ by a :ole army ( co-op]at+ editors1 correspond5ts1 report]s1 & contributors4 ,f9ally1 "o rem>k may be made4 ,! lit]>y class 9 ,engl& 0 n g5]ally oppos$ to ! gov]n+ classes4 ,! tone ( ,johnson's :ole circle 0 cons]vative4 ,9 fact1 s9ce ,h>ley's "t1 gov]nm5t _h felt ! ne$ ( support 9 ! press1 & politicians on bo? sides _h _! regul> organs4 ,! opposition might at any "t become ! gov]nm5t2 & _! support]s 9 ! press1 poor m5 :o 7 only too dep5d5t1 _h no motive = go+ beyond ! doctr9es ( _! pr9cipals4 ,!y might be b\ght by oppon5ts1 or !y might be fai?ful to a patron4 ,!y did n =m a b& ( outca/s1 ^: h& w\ld be aga9/ e "o4 ,! libel law 0 sev]e en\gh1 b !re _h be5 no lic5s+ sy/em s9ce ! e>ly days ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,a man c\ld publi% :at he *ose at 8 own p]il4 ,:5 ! curr5t ( popul> feel+ 0 anti-revolution>y1 gov]nm5t might obta9 a conviction1 b ev5 9 ! wor/ times !re 0 a *ance t juries might be re/ive4 ,editors _h at times to g to prison1 b ev5 !n ! pap] 0 n suppress$4 ,cobbett1 = example1 cont9u$ to publi% 8 ,regi/r> dur+ an imprisonm5t ( two ye>s 7#ahaj-ab74 ,editors _h v s]i\s anxieties1 b !y c\ld express ) fre$om any op9ion :i* _h ! support ( a p>ty4 ,engli% lib]ty 0 s f> a reality t a v free discussion ( ! political problems ( ! day 0 p]mitt$ & practis$4 ,! ,engli% au?or1 !re=e1 z su*1 _h n ! bitt]ness ( a ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 unless1 inde$1 he _h ! mis=tune to be an uncompromis+ revolutioni/4 ,,notes3 #aah ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,accompli%m5t ( ! ,abolition ( ! ,slave-trade by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t 7#ahjh74 ,second enl>g$ edition #ahci4 ,! *>t 0 "o cause ( ! (f5ce tak5 by ,wilb]=ce's sons4 #aai ,cf4 ,sir ,j4 ,/eph5's ,ecclesia/ical ,biography 7,! ,evangelical ,succession74 #abj ,see passages collect$ 9 ,birkbeck ,hill's ,boswell1 ii4 #dgh-hj1 & cf4 iii4 #bjj-bjd4 ,boswell 0 attract$ by ,cl>kson1 b f9ally made up 8 m9d t ! abolition ( ! slave-trade w\ld '%ut ! gates ( m]cy on mank9d4' #aba ,see ! acc\nt ( ,g4 ,%>p 9 ,sir ,j4 ,/eph5's ,ecclesia/ical ,biography 7,clapham ,sect74 #abb ,cobbett's ,/ate ,trials1 xx4 #a-hb4 #abc ,! ,society det]m9$ 9 #agfj 'to dis[n' any ,fri5d conc]n$ 9 ! slave-trade4 #abd ,mr4 ,conway1 9 8 ,life ( ,pa9e1 attributes1 ,i ?9k1 a little m to 8 h]o ?an is consi/5t ) due reg>d to 8 pr$ecessors2 b1 9 any case1 he took an e>ly "p 9 ! movem5t4 #abe ,see ^u ?is subject ,mr4 ,jephson's int]e/+ book on ,! ,plat=m4 ,v4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,! ,engli% society :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to *>act]ise 0 n[ to be ?r[n into ! vortex ( ! revolution>y w>s4 ,! surpass+ dramatic int]e/ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution has t5d$ to obscure our p]ception ( ! cont9uity ( ev5 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,x has be5 easy to ascribe to ! contagion ( ,fr5* example political movem5ts :i* 7 already beg9n+ 9 ,engl& & :i* 7 modifi$ r ?an mat]ially alt]$ by our %>e 9 ! great ,european convulsion4 ,! impression made ^u ,engli%m5 by ! ,fr5* ,revolution is1 h[ev]1 9 ! highe/ degree *>act]i/ic4 ,! mo/ vehem5t sympa?ies & antipa?ies 7 ar\s$1 & %[$ at lea/ :at pr9ciples 7 cong5ial to ! v>i\s ,engli% p>ties4 ,to praise or blame ! revolution1 z if x c\ld be call$ simply good or bad1 is = ! hi/orian z absurd z to praise or blame an e>?quake4 ,x 0 simply inevitable "u ! conditions4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1 take x z an ess5tial /age 9 a social evolution1 :i* if describ$ z progress is !re=e to be bless$1 or if z deg5]ation may provoke lam5tation4 ,we may1 if we please1 ask :e!r sup]ior /atesman%ip might h atta9$ ! good results )\t ! viol5t cata/rophes1 or :e!r a wise & good man :o c\ld appreciate ! real position w\ld h approv$ or condemn$ ! actual policy4 ,b to answ] su* problems ) any confid5ce w\ld imply a claim to a quasi-omnisci5ce4 ,p>tisans at ! "t1 h[ev]1 answ]$ !m )\t hesitation1 & saw 9 ! ,revolution ! dawn ( a new era ( reason & ju/ice1 or ! outbur/ ( ! fires ( hell4 ,_! view is at any rate indicative ( _! own position4 ,! extreme op9ions ne$ no exposition4 ,!y are repres5t$ by ! controv]sy betwe5 ,burke & ,pa9e4 ,! g5]al doctr9e ( ! ',rights ( ,m5'--t all m5 are by nature free & equal--cov]$ at lea/ ! doctr9e t ! inequality & despotism ( ! exi/+ ord] 0 hateful1 & p ) a ta/e = ab/ract pr9ciples accept$ ?is %ort cut to political wisdom4 ,! 'm9or' premise be+ obvi\sly true1 !y took ! major = grant$4 ,to ,burke1 :o idealis$ ! traditional elem5t 9 ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 & s atta*$ an excessive importance to hi/orical cont9uity1 ! new doctr9e seem$ to imply ! break+ up ( ! v f\ndations ( ord] & ! pulv]isation ( society4 ,burke & ,pa9e bo? assum$ too easily t ! dogmas :i* !y def5d$ express$ ! real & ultimate beliefs1 & t ! belief 0 ! cause1 n ! consequ5ce1 ( ! political condition4 ,)\t t\*+ ^u ! logic ( ei!r position1 ,i may notice h[ ! problem pres5t$ itself to ! av]age ,engli% politician ^: position impli$ acceptance ( traditional compromises & :o yet prid$ himself on possess+ ! lib]ties :i* 7 n[ be+ claim$ by ,fr5*m54 ,! ,:ig c\ld he>tily sympa?ise ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution s long z x appe>$ to be an attempt to assimilate ,briti% pr9ciples4 ,:5 ,fox hail$ ! fall ( ! ,ba/ille z ! greate/ & be/ ev5t t _h ev] happ5$1 he 0 express+ a g5]\s en?usiasm %>$ by all ! ard5t & enlight5$ y\? ( ! "t4 ,! ,fr5*1 x seem$1 7 aboli%+ an arbitr>y despotism & adopt+ ! pr9ciples ( ,magna ,*>ta & ! ',habeas ,corpus' ,act4 ,difficulties1 h[ev]1 already sugge/$ !mselves to ! true ,:ig4 ,w\ld ! ,fr5*1 z ,"y ask$ j aft] ! same ev5t1 'copy ! con/itution ( ,engl&1 fre$ f its faults1 or attempt1 f !ory1 to frame some?+ absolutely speculative'8#abf ,on t issue dep5d$ ! future ( ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 soon decid$ 9 ! s5se oppos$ to ,"y's wi%es4 ,! reign ( t]ror ali5at$ ! av]age ,:ig4 ,b ?\gh ! argum5t f atrocities is ! popul> "o1 ! opposition 0 really m fundam5tal4 ,burke put ! case1 savagely & co>sely en\gh1 9 8 ',lett] to a noble ,"l4' ,h[ w\ld ! duke ( ,b$=d l to be treat$ z ! revolutioni/s 7 treat+ ! nobility 9 ,france8 ,! duke might be a s9c]e lov] ( political lib]ty1 b he c]ta9ly w\ld n be prep>$ to approve ! confiscation ( 8 e/ates4 ,! ari/ocratic ,:igs1 dep5d5t = _! :ole prop]ty & = e privilege :i* !y priz$ ^u anci5t tradition & prescription1 c\ld n really be 9 fav\r ( sweep+ away ! :ole complex social /ructure1 levell+ ,w9dsor ,ca/le z ,burke put x 9 8 fam\s metaphor1 & mak+ a ',b$=d level' ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! ,:igs _h to disav[ any approval ( ! ,jacob9s2 ,mack9to%1 :o _h giv5 8 answ] to ,burke's diatribes1 met ,burke himself on fri5dly t]ms 7#i? ,july #agig71 & 9 #ahjj took an opportunity ( public recantation4 ,he only express$ ! natural awak5+ ( ! g5u9e ,:ig to ! aspects ( ! case :i* he _h hi!rto ignor$4 ,! effect ^u ! middle-class ,:igs is1 h[ev]1 m to my purpose4 ,x may be illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ,john ,horne ,tooke#abg 7#agcf-ahab71 :o at ?is "t repres5t$ :at may be call$ ! home-br$ ,briti% radicalism4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,london tradesman1 :o _h di/+ui%$ himself by e/abli%+1 & aft]w>ds decl9+ to en=ce1 c]ta9 legal rights aga9/ ,fr$]ick ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! pr9ce recognis$ ! tradesman's g5]osity by mak+ 8 antagoni/ purveyor to 8 h\sehold4 ,a debt ( "s ?\s& p\nds 0 ?us run up be=e ! pr9ce's dea? :i* 0 nev] dis*>g$4 ,possibly ! son's ho/ility to ! royal family 0 edg$ by ?is circum/ance4 ,john ,horne1 =c$ to take ord]s 9 ord] to hold a liv+1 soon %[$ himself to h be5 int5d$ by nature = ! law4 ,he took up ! cause ( ,wilkes 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign2 def5d$ him en]getically 9 lat] ye>s2 & 9 #agfi help$ to />t ! ',society = support+ ! ,bill ( ,rights4' ,he !n attack$ ,wilkes1 :o1 z he ma9ta9$1 misappli$ = 8 own private use ! funds subscrib$ = public purposes to ?is society2 & set up a rival ',con/itutional ,society4' ,9 #agge1 z spokesman ( ?is body1 he d5\nc$ ! 'k+'s troops' = 'inhumanly murd]+' _! fell[-subjects at ,lex+ton = ! sole crime ( 'pref]r+ dea? to slav]y4' ,he 0 imprison$ = ! libel1 & ?us became a m>tyr to ! cause4 ,:5 ! c\ntry associations 7 =m$ 9 #aghj to prote/ aga9/ ! abuses reveal$ by ! w>1 ,horne became a memb] ( ! ',society = ,con/itutional ,in=mation1' ( :i* ,major ,c>twright--aft]w>ds ! rev]$1 b r tiresome1 patri>* ( ! ,radicals--0 call$ ! 'fa!r4' ,horne ,tooke 7z he 0 n[ nam$71 by ^! & o!r exhibitions ( b\ndless pugnacity1 became a lead] among ! middle-class ,:igs1 :o f\nd _! ma9 support among ,london citiz5s1 su* z ,beck=d1 ,tr\tbeck & ,oliv]2 support$ !m 9 8 lat] days2 & aft] ! ,am]ican w>1 pref]r$ ,pitt1 z an advocate ( p>liam5t>y re=m1 to ,fox1 ! fav\rite ( ! ari/ocratic ,:igs4 ,he d5\nc$ ! ,fox coalition m9i/ry1 & 9 lat] ye>s oppos$ ,fox at ,we/m9/]4 ,! ',society = ,con/itutional ,in=mation' 0 /ill extant 9 ! revolution>y p]iod1 & ,tooke1 a bluff1 jovial companion1 :o _h by ?is "t got rid ( 8 cl]ical "*1 (t5 took ! *air at ! tav]ns :]e !y met to talk s\nd politics ov] _! port4 ,! revolution infus$ new _s into politics4 ,9 ,m>* #agiaabh ,tooke's society pass$ a vote ( ?anks to ,pa9e = ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,rights ( ,man4 ,next ye> ,?omas ,h>dy1 a radical %oemak]1 />t$ a ',correspond+ ,society4' ,o!rs sprang up ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 especially 9 ! manufactur+ t[ns4#abi ,^! societies took ,pa9e = _! oracle1 & circulat$ 8 writ+s z _! manife/o4 ,!y communicat$ occasionally ) ,horne ,tooke's society1 :i* m or less sympa?is$ ) !m4 ,! ,:igs ( ! upp] sph]e />t$ ! ',fri5ds ( ! ,p' 9 ,april #agib1 9 ord] to direct ! discont5t into saf] *annels4 ,grey1 ,%]idan & ,ersk9e 7 memb]s2 ,fox sympa?is$ b decl9$ to jo92 ,mack9to% 0 secret>y2 & ,sir ,philip ,francis drew up ! op5+ address1 cit+ ! au?ority ( ,pitt & ,black/one1 & decl>+ t ! society wi%$ 'n to *ange b to re/ore4'#acj ,x remon/rat$ cauti\sly ) ! o!r societies1 & only excit$ _! di/ru/4 ,grey1 z its repres5tative1 made a motion = p>liam5t>y re=m :i* 0 reject$ 7,may #agic7 by two hundr$ & eighty-two to =ty-"o4 ,lat] motions 9 ,may #agig & ,april #ahjj %[$ t1 = ! pres5t1 p>liam5t>y re=m 0 out ( ! "q4 ,mean:ile ! ,engli% ,jacob9s got up a 'conv5tion' :i* met at ,ed9burgh at ! end ( #agic4 ,! v "n 0 al>m+3 ! lead]s 7 tri$ & transport$2 ! cruelty ( ! s5t5ces & ! sev]ity ( ! judges1 especially ,braxfield1 %ock$ su* m5 z ,p>r & ,jeffrey1 & unsuccessful appeals = m]cy 7 made 9 p>liam5t4 ,! ,habeas ,corpus ,act 0 susp5d$ 9 #agid3 ,horne ,tooke & ,h>dy 7 bo? arre/$ & tri$ = high treason 9 ,novemb]4 ,an ,engli% jury =tunately %[$ itself less subs]vi5t ?an ! ,scotti%2 ! judge 0 scrupul\sly fair3 & bo? ,h>dy & ,horne ,tooke 7 acquitt$4 ,! societies1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y 7 enc\rag$ = a "t1 7 attack$ by sev]e measures pass$ by ,pitt 9 #agie4 ,! ',fri5ds ( ! ,p' ceas$ to exi/ ,! seizure ( ! committee ( ! ,correspond+ ,societies 9 #agih put an end to _! activity4 ,a report pres5t$ to p>liam5t 9 #agiiaca decl>es t ! societies _h gone to dang]\s l5g?s3 !y _h communicat$ ) ! ,fr5* revolutioni/s & ) ! ',unit$ ,iri%m5' 7f\nd$ #agia72 & societies ( ',unit$ ,engli%m5' & ',unit$ ,scotsm5' _h _h "s conc]n 9 ! mut9ies ( ! fleet 9 #agig & 9 ! ,iri% rebellion ( #agih4 ,place says1 probably ) tru?1 t ! dang] 0 mu* exagg]at$3 b 9 any case1 an act = ! suppression ( ! ,correspond+ ,societies 0 pass$ 9 #agii1 & put an end to ! movem5t4 ,?is summ>y is significant ( ! /ate ( op9ion4 ,! g5u9e old-fa%ion$ ,:ig dread$ revolution1 & gu>d$ himself c>efully aga9/ any appe>ance ( complicity4 ,jacob9ism1 on ! o!r h&1 0 always an exotic4 ,su* m5 z ! lead+ ,noncon=mi/s ,prie/ley & ,price 7 famili> ) ! speculative movem5t on ! cont95t1 & sympa?is$ ) ! enlight5m5t4 ,"y m5 ( g5ius1 l ,wordswor? & ,col]idge1 imbib$ ! same doctr9es m or less ?or\ghly1 & took ,godw9 = _! ,engli% repres5tative4 ,! same cre$ 0 accept$ by ! artisans 9 ! gr[+ t[ns1 f :om ! ,correspond+ ,societies drew _! recruits4 ,b ! revolution>y s5tim5t 0 n s widely spread z its adh]5ts hop$ or its enemies fe>$4 ,! ,birm+ham mob ( #agia act$1 ) a c]ta9 unconsci\s hum\r1 on ! side ( *ur* & k+4 ,!y _h p]haps an in/9ctive p]ception t x 0 an advantage to plund] on ! side ( ! con/able4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al feel+ 9 all classes 0 anti-,jacob94 ,place1 an excell5t witness1 himself a memb] ( ! ,correspond+ ,societies1 decl>es t ! repressive measures 7 g5]ally popul> ev5 among ! workm54#acb ,!y 7 c]ta9ly n p5etrat$ ) revolution>y f]v\r4 ,_h x be5 o!rwise1 ! repressive measures1 sev]e z !y 71 w\ld h /imulat$ r ?an suppress$ ! societies1 &1 in/ead ( sil5c+ ! revolutioni/s1 h provok$ a ris+4 ,at ! e>ly p]iod ! ,jacob9 & ! home-br$ ,radical might comb9e aga9/ gov]nm5t4 ,a manife/o ( ! ,correspond+ ,societies beg9s by decl>+ t 'all m5 are by nature free & equal & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1' & argues also t ^! are ! 'orig9al pr9ciples ( ,engli% gov]nm5t4'#acc ,magna ,*>ta is an e>ly expression ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,rights1 & ?us pure reason confirms ,briti% tradition4 ,! adoption ( a common plat=m1 h[ev]1 cov]$ a pr(\nd diff]5ce ( s5tim5t4 ,horne ,tooke repres5ts ! old type ( re=m]4 ,he 0 fully resolv$ n to be c>ri$ away by ! en?usiasm ( 8 allies4 ',my companions 9 a /age1' he said to ,c>twright1 'may be go+ to ,w9dsor3 ,i w g ) !m to ,h\nsl[4 ,b !re ,i w get out3 no fur!r w ,i g1 by ,god6'#acd ,:5 ,%]idan support$ a vote ( sympa?y = ! ,fr5* revolutioni/s1 ,tooke insi/$ ^u add+ a rid] decl>+ ! cont5t ( ,engli%m5 ) _! own con/itution4#ace ,he (f5d$ "s ( 8 allies by ass]t+ t ! 'ma9 timb]s' ( ! con/itution 7 s\nd ?\gh ! dry-rot _h got into ! sup]/ructure4 ,he ma9ta9$1 accord+ to ,godw91#acf t ! be/ ( all gov]nm5ts _h be5 t ( ,engl& "u ,george ,i4 ,?\gh ,c>twright said at ! trial t ,horne ,tooke 0 tak5 to 'h no religion :atev]1' he 01 accord+ to ,/eph5s1 'a great /ickl] = ! *ur* ( ,engl&'3 & /ood up = ! ,h\se ( ,lords z well z ! *ur* on gr\nds ( utility4#acg ,he always ridicul$ ,pa9e & ! doctr9e ( ab/ract rights1#ach & told ,c>twright t ?\gh all m5 _h an equal "r to a %>e ( prop]ty1 !y _h n a "r to an equal %>e4 ,horne ,tooke's ,radicalism 7,i use ! ^w by anticipation7 0 t ( ! /urdy tradesman4 ,he oppos$ ! gov]nm5t because he hat$ w>1 taxation & s9ecures4 ,he argu$ aga9/ univ]sal suffrage ) equal p]t9acity4 ,a com=table old g5tleman1 ) a good cell> ( ,madeira1 & pr\d ( 8 wall-fruit 9 a well-till$ g>d51 _h no desire to see ,george ,,iii4 at ! guillot9e1 & /ill less to see a mob supreme 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet or banknotes sup]s$$ by assignats4 ,he might be jeal\s ( ! great nobles1 b he dread$ mob-rule4 ,he c\ld d5\nce abuses1 b he c\ld n desire an>*y4 ,he is said to h retort$ ^u "s "o :o _h boa/$ t ,engli% c\rts ( ju/ice 7 op5 to all classes3 ',s is ! ,london tav]n--to all :o c pay4'#aci ,t is 9 ! _s ( ,b5?am2 & yet ,b5?am compla9s t ,horne ,tooke's disciple1 ,burdett1 believ$ 9 ! common law1 & rev]$ ! au?ority ( ,coke4#adj ,9 brief1 ! cre$ ( ,horne ,tooke meant 'lib]ty' f\nd$ ^u tradition4 ,i %all pres5tly notice ! consi/5cy ( ?is ) :at may be call$ 8 philosophy4 ,mean:ile x 0 only natural t radicals ( ?is v>iety %\ld retire f active politics1 hav+ suffici5tly burnt _! f+]s by flirtation ) ! m ?or\ghgo+ p>ty4 ,h[ !y came to life aga9 w appe> h]eaft]4 ,horne ,tooke himself took w>n+ f 8 n>r[ escape4 ,he /ay$ quietly 9 8 h\se at ,wimbl$on4#ada ,!re he divid$ 8 "t betwe5 8 books & 8 g>d51 & receiv$ 8 fri5ds to ,sunday d9n]s4 ,b5?am1 ,mack9to%1 ,col]idge1 & ,godw9 7 among 8 visitors4 ,col]idge calls him a 'ke5 iron man1' & reports t he made a butt ( ,godw9 z he _h done ( ,pa9e4#adb ,porson & ,boswell enc\nt]$ him 9 dr9k+ mat*es & 7 bo? left "u ! table4#adc ,! h\se 0 ?us a small c5tre ( intellectual life1 ?\gh ! symposia 7 n altoge!r su* z became philosoph]s4 ,horne ,tooke 0 a ke5 & %rewd disputant1 well able to impress weak] natures4 ,8 neighb\r1 ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 became 8 political disciple1 & 9 lat] ye>s 0 accept$ z ! radical lead]4 ,tooke di$ at ,wimbl$on #ah? ,m>* #ahab4 ,,notes3 #abf ,france1 p4 #bjf 7#bj? ,july #aghi74 #abg ,see ! ,life ( ,horne ,tooke1 by ,alex&] ,/eph5s 7#b vols4 #hvo1 #ahac74 ,john ,horne add$ ! "n ,tooke 9 #aghb4 #abh ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxxi4 #gea4 #abi ,! hi/ory ( ^! societies may be f\nd 9 ! trials report$ 9 ! tw5ty-?ird1 tw5ty-f\r?1 & tw5ty-fif? volumes ( ,cobbett's ,/ate ,trials1 & 9 ! reports ( ! secret committees 9 ! ?irty-fir/ & ?irty-f\r? volumes ( ! ,p>l4 ,hi/ory4 ,!re are mat]ials 9 ,place's pap]s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* h be5 us$ 9 ,e4 ,smi?'s ,engli% ,jacob9s4 #acj ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxix4 #acjj-acda4 #aca ,p>l4 ,hi/4 xxxiv4 #egd-fee4 #acb ,mr4 ,wallas's ,life ( ,place1 p4 #be n4 #acc ,/ate ,trials1 xxiv4 #ege4 #acd ,ibid4 xxv4 #ccj4 #ace ,ibid4 xxv4 #cij4 #acf ,paul's ,godw91 i4 #adg4 #acg ,/eph5s1 ii4 #dh1 #dgg4 #ach ,ibid4 ii4 #cd-da1 #cbc1 #dgh-dha4 #aci ,ibid4 ii4 #dhc4 #adj ,b5?am's ,works1 x4 #djd4 #ada ,he 0 memb] = ,old ,s>um #ahja-b2 b 8 c>e] end$ by a decl>atory act disqualify+ = a seat m5 :o _h receiv$ holy ord]s4 #adb ,b5?am's ,works1 x4 #djd2 ,life ( ,mack9to%1 i4 #eb2 ,paul's ,godw91 i4 #ga2 ,col]idge's ,table-,talk1 #h? ,may #ahcj & #af? ,augu/ #ahcc4 #adc ,/eph5s1 ii4 #caf1 #ccd1 #dch4 ,,vi4 ,,individualism ,! g5]al t5d5cies :i* ,i h s f> tri$ to indicate w h to be frequ5tly notic$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,"o po9t may be emphasis$ be=e proce$+3 a ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole social & political ord] is :at is n[ call$ its 'individualism4' ,t phrase is g5]ally suppos$ to convey "s c5sure4 ,x may connote1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial virtues t a race c possess4 ,en]gy1 self-reliance1 & indep5d5ce1 a /rong conviction t a man's fate %\ld dep5d ^u 8 own "* & conduct1 are qualities )\t :i* no nation c be great4 ,!y are ! conditions ( its vital p[]4 ,!y 7 manife/$ 9 a high degree by ! ,engli%m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,h[ f> !y 7 due to ! inh]it$ qualities ( ! race1 to ! political or social hi/ory1 or to ext]nal circum/ances1 ,i ne$ n ask4 ,!y 7 ! qualities :i* _h especially impress$ =eign obs]v]s4 ,! fi]ce1 pr\d1 intractable ,briton 0 elb[+ 8 way to a high place 9 ! _w1 & %[+ a vig\r n always amiable1 b de/9$ to br+ him successfully ?r\gh trem5d\s /ruggles4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury1 ,voltaire & ,fr5* philosoph]s admir$ ,engli% fre$om ( ?\ght & free spee*1 ev5 :5 x l$ to ecc5tricity & brutality ( mann]s1 & to b>b>ism 9 matt]s ( ta/e4 ,engli%m51 consci\s & pr\d ( _! 'lib]ty1' 7 ! models ( all :o desir$ lib]ty = !mselves4 ,lib]ty1 z !y und]/ood x1 involv$1 among o!r ?+s1 an assault ^u ! old re/rictive sy/em1 :i* at e turn hamp]$ ! ris+ indu/rial en]gy4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* ',individualism1' or ! gospel accord+ to ,adam ,smi?--laissez faire1 & s =?--has be5 specially d5\nc$ 9 rec5t times4 ,)\t ask+ at pres5t h[ f> su* attacks are ju/ifiable1 ,i mu/ be cont5t to assume t ! old re/rictive sy/em 0 9 its actual =m mis*iev\s1 guid$ by entirely false !ories1 & ! great b>ri] to ! developm5t ( indu/ry4 ,! same _s appe>$ 9 purely political que/ions4 ',lib]ty1' z is (t5 rem>k$1 may be int]pret$ 9 two ways2 n necess>ily consi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,x means sometimes simply ! dim9ution ( ! sph]e ( law & ! p[] ( legislators1 or1 aga91 ! transf]5ce to subjects ( ! p[] ( legislat+1 &1 !re=e1 n less control1 b control by self-made laws alone4 ,! ,engli%man1 :o 0 9 pres5ce ( no c5tralis$ adm9i/rative p[]1 :o reg>d$ ! ,gov]nm5t r z receiv+ p[] f individuals ?an z delegat+ ! p[] ( a c5tral body1 took lib]ty ma9ly 9 ! s5se ( re/rict+ law4 ,gov]nm5t 9 g5]al 0 a nuisance1 ?\gh a necessity2 & prop]ly employ$ only 9 m$iat+ betwe5 conflict+ int]e/s1 & re/ra9+ ! viol5ce ( individuals =c$ into contact by outw>d circum/ances4 ,:5 he dem&$ t a great] %>e ( influ5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! p1 he always took = grant$ t _! p[] w\ld be us$ to dim9i% ! activity ( ! sov]eign p[]2 t !re w\ld be less gov]nm5t & !re=e less jobb]y1 less int]f]5ce ) free spee* & free action1 & small] p]quisites to be be/[$ 9 return = ! necess>y s]vices4 ,! p w\ld use _! au?ority to tie ! h&s ( ! rul]s1 & limit !m /rictly to _! prop] & n>r[ functions4 ,! abs5ce1 aga91 ( ! idea ( a /ate 9 any o!r s5se implies ano!r t5d5cy4 ,! 'idea' 0 n requir$4 ,engli%m5 7 conc]n$ r ) details ?an ) fir/ pr9ciples4 ,satisfi$1 9 a g5]al way1 ) _! con/itution1 !y did n want to be bo!r$ ) !ories4 ,ab/ract & absolute doctr9es ( "r1 :5 import$ f ,france1 fell flat ^u ! av]age ,engli%man4 ,he 0 eag] en\gh to discuss ! utility ( ?is or t "p ( ! ma*9]y1 b )\t inquir+ into fir/ pr9ciples ( me*anism4 ,! argum5t f 'utility' deals ) concrete facts1 & presupposes an acceptance ( "s common crit]ion ( ! useful4 ,! con/ant discussion ( political matt]s 9 p>liam5t & ! press impli$ a tacit acceptance on all h&s ( con/itutional me?ods4 ,practical m51 ask+ :e!r ?is or t policy %all be adopt$ 9 view ( actual ev5ts1 no m want to g back to "r reason & 'laws ( nature' ?an a surveyor to inve/igate ! nature ( geometrical demon/ration4 ,v important que/ions 7 rais$ z to ! rights ( ! press1 = example1 or ! sy/em ( repres5tation4 ,b ev]ybody agre$ t ! repres5tative sy/em & fre$om ( spee* 7 good ?+s2 & argu$ ! imm$iate que/ions ( fact4 ,! ord]1 only e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce & tradition1 0 accept$1 subject to criticism ( detail1 & m5 turn$ impati5tly f ab/ract argum5t1 & left ! inquiry into 'social contracts' to philosoph]s1 t is1 to silly p 9 libr>ies4 ,politics 7 prop]ly a matt] ( bus9ess1 to be discuss$ 9 a bus9ess-l _s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 'individualism' is cong5ial to 'empiricism1' because x />ts f facts & p>ticul> int]e/s1 & res5ts ! intrusion ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! *>act]i/ic individualism1 aga91 sugge/s "o o!r rem>k4 ,individual en]gy & s5se ( responsibility are good--z ev5 extreme sociali/s may admit--if !y d n exclude a s5se ( duties to o!rs4 ,x may be a "q h[ f> ! /imulation ( individual ent]prise & ! vigor\s _s ( indu/rial competition really l$ to a disreg>d ( ! int]e/s ( ! weak]4 ,b x w\ld be a complete misund]/&+ ( ! "t if we inf]r$ t x meant a decl9e ( humane feel+4 ,und\bt$ly great evils _h gr[n up1 & "s cont9u$ to gr[ :i* 7 tol]at$ by ! indiff]5ce1 or ev5 /imulat$ by ! selfi% aims1 ( ! dom9ant classes4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 _m ( ! mo/ active prophets ( ! individuali/ _s 7 act+1 & act+ s9c]ely1 9 ! "n ( humanity4 ,!y 7 attack+ a sy/em :i* !y held1 & to a great ext5t1 ,i believe1 held rightly1 to be especially injuri\s to ! weake/ classes4 ,possibly !y expect$ too mu* f ! simple removal ( re/rictions2 b c]ta9ly !y d5\nc$ ! re/rictions z unju/ to all1 n simply z h9drances to ! weal? ( ! ri*4 ,adam ,smi?'s position is intelligible3 x 01 he ?\ght1 a pro( ( a provid5tial ord] t ea* man1 by help+ himself1 un9t5tionally help$ 8 neighb\rs4 ,! moral s5se bas$ ^u sympa?y 0 !re=e n oppos$ to1 b ju/ifi$1 ! economic pr9ciples t ea* man %\ld fir/ att5d to 8 own int]e/4 ,! un9t5tional co-op]ation w\ld ?us become consci\s & compatible ) ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,&1 9 ! next place1 s f> f !re be+ a want ( humane feel+1 ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 precisely ! gr[? ( humanity4 ,9 ! next g5]ation1 ! eighte5? c5tury came to be d5\nc$ z cold1 he>tless1 fai?less1 & s =?4 ,! e/abli%$ mode ( writ+ hi/ory is p>tly responsible = ?is p]v]sion4 ,m5 speak z ?\gh "s great man1 :o fir/ call$ att5tion to an evil1 0 a sup]natural be+ :o _h sudd5ly dropp$ into ! _w f ano!r sph]e4 ,8 condemnation ( evil is !re=e tak5 to be a pro( t ! "t mu/ be evil4 ,any c5tury is bad if we assume all ! good m5 to be exceptions4 ,b ! great man is really also ! product ( 8 "t4 ,he is ! m\?piece ( its prevail+ s5tim5ts1 & only ! fir/ to see cle>ly :at _m are beg9n+ to p]ceive obscurely4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! prophet is a pro( ( ! gr[+ dem& ( 8 he>]s = s\nd tea*+4 ,because he is 9 advance ( m5 g5]ally1 he sees exi/+ abuses m cle>ly1 & we take 8 evid5ce aga9/ 8 contempor>ies z conclusive4 ,b ! fact t !y li/5$ %[s h[ widely ! same s5sibility to evil 0 already diffus$4 ,9 fact1 z ,i ?9k1 ! humane _s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 due to ! va/ v>iety ( causes :i* we call social progress or evolution--n to ! tea*+ ( any individual--0 p]meat+ ! :ole civilis$ _w1 & %[$ itself 9 ! philosophic movem5t z well z 9 ! tea*+ ( ! religi\s lead]s1 :o took ! philosoph]s to be _! enemies4 ,i h briefly notic$ ! v>i\s philan?ropic movem5ts :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,"s ( !m may indicate ! gr[? ( new evils2 o!rs1 t evils :i* _h once be5 reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce 7 n[ attract+ att5tion & excit+ indignation4 ,b ev5 ! gr[? ( new evils does n %[ g5]al indiff]5ce s mu* z ! incapacity ( ! exi/+ sy/em to deal ) new conditions4 ,x may1 ,i ?9k1 be safely said t a gr[+ philan?ropy 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole p]iod1 & 9 p>ticul> animat$ ! ,utilit>ian movem5t1 z ,i %all h to %[ 9 detail4 ,mod]n writ]s h (t5 spok5 ( ! ,wesleyan propag&a & ! contempor>y 'evangelical revival' z ! mo/ important movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,!y are apt to speak1 9 con=mity ) ! view j describ$1 z ?\gh ,wesley or "s ( 8 contempor>ies _h orig9at$ or creat$ ! bett] _s4 ,)\t ask+ :at 0 good or bad 9 "s aspects ( ^! movem5ts1 ,i fully believe t ,wesley 0 ess5tially a moral re=m]1 & t he des]ves correspond+ respect4 ,b in/ead ( hold+ t 8 contempor>ies 7 bad p1 awak5$ by a /imulus f )\t1 ,i hold t ! movem5t1 s f> z really indicat+ moral improvem5t1 mu/ be set d[n to ! cr$it ( ! c5tury itself4 ,x 0 "o manife/ation ( a g5]al progress1 ( :i* ,b5?am 0 ano!r outcome4 ,?\gh ,b5?am might h ?\ght ,wesley a fanatic or p]haps a hypocrite1 & ,wesley w\ld c]ta9ly h consid]$ t ,b5?am's he>t 0 mu* 9 ne$ ( a *ange1 !y 7 really allies z mu* z antagoni/s1 & bo? m>k a great & b5eficial *ange4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,philosophy ,i4 ,,john ,,horne ,,tooke ,i h s f> dwelt ^u ! social & political environm5t ( ! e>ly ,utilit>ian movem5t2 & h tri$ also to po9t out "s ( ! speculative t5d5cies fo/]$ by ! position4 ,if x be ask$ :at philosophical doctr9es 7 explicitly taught1 ! answ] mu/ be a v %ort "o4 ,engli% philosophy b>ely exi/$4 ,p>r 0 suppos$ to "k some?+ ab\t metaphysics--app>5tly because he c\ld write good ,lat94 ,b ! inf]5ce 0 ha/y4 ,( "o book1 h[ev]1 :i* _h a real influ5ce1 ,i mu/ say some?+1 = ?\gh x conta9$ little def9ite philosophy1 x %[$ :at k9d ( philosophy 0 cong5ial to ! common s5se ( ! "t4 ,! /urdy radical1 ,horne ,tooke1 _h be5 l$ to ! /udy ( philology by a *>act]i/ic incid5t4 ,! legal "q _h aris5 :e!r ! words1 ',%e1 kn[+ t ,crooke _h be5 indict$ = =g]y1' did s & s1 conta9$ an av]m5t t ,crooke _h be5 indict$4 ,tooke argu$ 9 a lett] to ,dunn+#add t !y did2 because !y 7 equival5t to ! phrase1 ',crooke _h be5 indict$ = =g]y3 %e1 kn[+ t1' did s & s4 ,?is raises ! "q3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( 't'8 ,tooke took up ! /udy1 ?9k+1 z he says1 t x w\ld ?r[ light ^u "s philosophical que/ions4 ,he le>n$ "s ,anglo-,saxon & ,go?ic to te/ 8 !ory &1 ( c\rse1 confirm$ x4#ade ,! book %[s +5uity1 %rewdness1 & indu/ry1 & ,tooke des]ves cr$it = see+ ! necessity ( apply+ a really hi/orical me?od to 8 problem1 ?\gh 8 results 7 necess>ily crude 9 ! pre-sci5tific /age ( philology4 ,! book is ma9ly a long /r+ ( etymologies1 :i* read]s ( diff]5t ta/es h f\nd intol]ably dull or an amus+ collection ( curiosities4 ,tooke held1 & surely ) reason1 t an inve/igation ( language1 ! great in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 may help to ?r[ light ^u ! process ( ?9k+4 ,he pr(esses to be a disciple ( ,locke 9 philosophy z 9 politics4 ,locke1 he said1#adf made a lucky mi/ake 9 call+ 8 book an essay ^u human und]/&+2 = he ?us attract$ _m :o w\ld h be5 repell$ _h he call$ x :at x really 01 'a treatise ^u words & language4' ,accord+ to ,tooke1 9 fact1#adg :at we call 'op]ations ( m9d' are only 'op]ations ( language4' ,! m9d contemplates no?+ b 'impressions1' t is1 's5sations or feel+s1' :i* ,locke call$ 'ideas1' ,locke mi/ook composition ( t]ms = composition ( ideas4 ,to comp\nd ideas is impossible4 ,we c only use "o t]m z a sign ( _m ideas4 ,locke1 aga91 suppos$ t affirm+ & d5y+ 7 op]ations ( ! m9d1 :]eas !y are only artifices ( language4#adh ,! m9d1 !n1 c only contemplate1 sep>ately or toge!r1 aggregates ( 'ideas1' ultimate atoms1 incapable ( be+ p>t$ or dissolv$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 only two classes ( words1 n\ns & v]bs2 all o!rs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & s =?1 be+ abbreviations1 a k9d ( m5tal %or?& to save ! tr\ble ( enum]at+ ! sep>ate items4 ,tooke1 9 %ort1 is a ?or\ghgo+ nom9ali/4 ,! realities1 accord+ to him1 are /icks1 /ones1 & mat]ial objects1 or ! 'ideas' :i* 'repres5t' !m4 ,!y c be /uck toge!r or tak5 ap>t1 b all ! words :i* express relations1 categories1 & ! l1 are 9 !mselves mean+less4 ,! special objects ( 8 scorn are ',h]mes' ,h>ris1 & ,monboddo1 :o _h tri$ to def5d ,ari/otle aga9/ ,locke4 ,monboddo _h ass]t$ t 'e k9d ( relation' is a pure 'idea ( ! intellect' n to be appreh5d$ by s5se4#adi ,if s1 accord+ to ,tooke1 x w\ld be a non5tity4 ,?is doctr9e gives a %ort cut to ! abolition ( metaphysics4 ,! ^w 'metaphysics1' says ,tooke1#aej is nons5se4 ,all metaphysical controv]sies are 'f\nd$ on ! grosse/ ignorance ( words & ! nature ( spee*4' ,! greate/ "p ( 8 second volume is conc]n$ ) etymologies int5d$ to prove t an 'ab/ract idea' is a m]e ^w4 ,ab/ract words1 he says1#aea are g5]ally 'p>ticiples )\t a sub/antive & !re=e 9 con/ruction us$ z sub/antives4' ,f a misund]/&+ ( ?is has aris5 'metaphysical j>gon' & 'false morality4' ,9 illu/ration he gives a s+ul> li/ ( words1 includ+ 'fate1 *ance1 heav51 hell1 provid5ce1 prud5ce1 innoc5ce1 sub/ance1 fi5d1 angel1 apo/le1 _s1 true1 false1 des]t1 m]it1 fai?1 etc41 all ( :i* are m]e p>ticiples poetically embodi$ & sub/antiat$ by ^? :o use !m4' ,a c\ple ( specific applications1 (t5 quot$ by lat] writ]s1 w suffici5tly indicate 8 drift4 ,su* words1 he rem>ks1#aeb z '"r' & 'j' mean simply t :i* is ord]$ or comm&$4 ,! *apt] is head$ 'rights ( man1' & ,tooke's int]locutor naturally obs]ves t ?is is a s+ul> result = a democrat4 ,man1 x w\ld seem1 has no rights except ! rights creat$ by ! law4 ,tooke admits ! inf]5ce to be correct1 b replies t ! democrat 9 disobey+ human law may be obey+ ! law ( ,god1 & is obey+ ! law ( ,god :5 he obeys ! law ( nature4 ,! int]locutor does n inquire :at ,tooke c\ld mean by ! 'law ( nature4' ,we c guess :at ,tooke w\ld h said to ,pa9e 9 ! ,wimbl$on g>d54 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 ,tooke is "h1 z else:]e1 foll[+ ,hobbes1 ?\gh1 x seems1 unconsci\sly4 ,ano!r fam\s etymology is t ( 'tru?' f 'tr[e?4'#aec ,tru? is :at ea* man ?9ks4 ,!re is no su* ?+1 !re=e1 z 'et]nal1 immutable1 ev]la/+ tru?1 unless mank9d1 su* z !y are at pres5t1 be et]nal1 immutable1 ev]la/+4' ,two p]sons may contradict ea* o!r & yet ea* may be speak+ :at is true = him4 ,tru? may be a vice z well z a virtue2 = on _m occasions x is wrong to speak ! tru?4 ,^! phrases may possibly be int]pret$ 9 a s5se less p>adoxical ?an ! obvi\s "o4 ,tooke's philosophy1 if s x is to be call$1 0 nev] fully exp\nd$4 ,he burn$ 8 pap]s be=e 8 dea?1 & we d n "k :at he w\ld h said ab\t 'v]bs1' :i* mu/ h l$1 "o w\ld suppose1 to "s fur!r treatm5t ( relations1 nor ^u ! subject1 :i* z ,/eph5s tells u1 0 mo/ fully treat$ 9 8 cont9uation1 ! value ( human te/imony4 ,if ,tooke 0 n a philosoph] he 0 a man ( rem>kably %rewd cynical common s5se1 :o ?\ght philosophy idle fopp]y4 ,8 book made a great success4 ,/eph5s tells u#aed t x br\ght him ,l#djjj or ,l#ejjj4 ,hazlitt 9 #ahaj publi%$ a gramm> pr(ess+ to incorporate = ! fir/ "t ,horne ,tooke's 'discov]ies4' ,! book 0 admir$ by ,mack9to%1#aee :o1 ( c\rse1 did n accept ! pr9ciples1 & _h a w>m disciple 9 ,*>les ,ri*>dson 7#agge-ahfe71 :o wrote 9 its def5ce aga9/ ,dugald ,/ew>t & accept$ its au?ority 9 8 elaborate diction>y ( ! ,engli% language4#aef ,b its *ief int]e/ = u is t x 0 a great au?ority ) ,james ,mill4 ,mill accepts ! etymologies1 & !re is mu* 9 common betwe5 ! two writ]s1 ?\gh ,mill _h le>n$ 8 ma9 doctr9es else:]e1 especially f ,hobbes4 ,:at ! agreem5t really %[s is h[ ! intellectual idiosyncrasy :i* is cong5ial to 'nom9alism' 9 philosophy 0 also cong5ial to ,tooke's matt] ( fact radicalism & to ! ,utilit>ian position ( ,b5?am & 8 foll[]s4 ,,notes3 #add ,publi%$ orig9ally 9 #aggh2 repr9t$ 9 edition ( ,,epea ,,pt]o5ta or ,div]sions ( ,purley1 by ,ri*>d ,taylor 7#ahbi71 to :i* ,i ref]4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,div]sions ( ,purley appe>$ 9 #aghf2 & ! second "p 7) a new edition ( ! fir/7 9 #agih4 #ade ,div]sions ( ,purley 7#ahbi71 i4 #ab1 #aca4 #adf ,ibid4 ii4 #cfb4 ,locke's "w1 says ,pr(4 ,max ,muell] 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #bie1 'is1 z ,lange 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism rightly p]ceiv$1 a critique ( language :i*1 toge!r ) ,kant's ,critique ( ! ,pure ,reason1 =ms ! />t+-po9t ( mod]n philosophy4' ,see ,lange's ,mat]ialism1 7#ahgc71 i4 #bga4 #adg ,ibid4 i4 #di4 #adh ,div]sions ( ,purley1 i4 #cf1 #db4 #adi ,ibid4 i4 #cgc4 #aej ,ibid4 i4 #cgd4 #aea ,div]sions ( ,purley1 ii4 #ah4 ,cf4 ,mill's /atem5t 9 ,analysis1 i4 #cjd1 t 'ab/ract t]ms are concrete t]ms ) ! connotation dropp$4' #aeb ,ibid4 ii4 #i1 etc4 #aec ,ibid4 ii4 #cii4 #aed ,/eph5s1 ii4 #dig4 #aee ,life ( ,mack9to%1 ii4 #bce-cg4 #aef ,begun = ! ,encyclopa$ia ,metropolitana 9 #ahah2 & publi%$ 9 #ahce-cg4 ,dugald ,/ew>t's *ief criticism is 9 8 ,essays 7,works1 v4 #adi-ahh74 ,john ,fe>n publi%$ 8 ,anti-,tooke 9 #ahbj4 ,,ii4 ,,dugald ,,/ew>t ,if ,engli% philosophy 0 a blank1 !re 0 /ill a lead] ( high reputation 9 ,scotl&4 ,dugald ,/ew>t 7#agec-ahbh7 _h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! ,utilit>ians4 ,he repres5t$1 on ! "o h&1 ! doctr9es :i* !y ?\ght !mselves specially b\nd to attack1 & x may p]haps be held t 9 "s ways he betray$ to !m ! key ( ! position4 ,/ew>t#aeg 0 son ( a pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,ed9burgh4 ,he /udi$ at ,glasg[ 7#agga-gb7 :]e he became ,reid's fav\rite pupil & devot$ fri5d4 ,9 #aggb he became ! assi/ant1 & 9 #agge ! colleague1 ( 8 fa!r1 & he appe>s to h _h a consid]able k ( ma!matics4 ,9 #aghe he succe$$ ,adam ,f]guson z pr(essor ( moral philosophy & lectur$ cont9u\sly until #ahaj4 ,he !n gave up 8 active duties to ,?omas ,br[n1 devot+ himself to ! completion & publication ( ! sub/ance ( 8 lectures4 ,^u ,br[n's dea? 9 #ahbj1 he resign$ a po/ to :i* he 0 no long] equal4 ,a p>alytic /roke 9 #ahbb weak5$ him1 ?\gh he 0 /ill able to write4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbh4 ,if ,/ew>t n[ makes no great m>k 9 hi/ories ( philosophy1 8 p]sonal influ5ce 0 conspicu\s4 ,cockburn describes him z ( delicate appe>ance1 ) a massive head1 bu%y eyebr[s1 gray intellig5t eyes1 flexible m\? & expressive c\nt5ance4 ,8 voice 0 sweet & 8 e> exquisite4 ,cockburn nev] he>d a bett] read]1 & 8 mann]s1 ?\gh r =mal1 7 graceful & dignifi$4 ,james ,mill1 aft] he>+ ,pitt & ,fox1 decl>$ t ,/ew>t 0 _! sup]ior 9 eloqu5ce4 ,at ,ed9burgh1 !n at ! height ( its intellectual activity1 he held 8 own among ! able/ m5 & attract$ ! loyalty ( ! y\ng]4 ,/ud5ts came n only f ,scotl& b f ,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france & ,g]many4#aeh ,scott won ! pr(essor's approval by an essay on ! ',cu/oms ( ! ,nor!rn ,nations4' ,jeffrey1 ,horn]1 ,cockburn & ,mack9to% 7 among 8 disciples4 ,8 lectures ^u ,political ,economy 7 att5d$ by ,sydney ,smi?1 ,jeffrey & ,br\gham1 & "o ( 8 la/ he>]s 0 ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,p>r look$ up to him z a great philosoph]1 & contribut$ to 8 works an essay ^u ! etymology ( ! ^w 'sublime1' too va/ to be pr9t$ :ole4 ,/ew>t 0 an uphold] ( ,:ig pr9ciples1 :5 ! ,scotti% gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( ! /aun*e/ ,tories4 ,! irrev]5t "y ,ed9burgh ,review]s treat$ him ) respect1 & to "s ext5t appli$ 8 !ory to politics4 ,/ew>t 0 ! philosophical heir ( ,reid2 &1 "o may say1 0 a ,:ig bo? 9 philosophy & 9 politics4 ,he 0 a rationali/1 b )9 ! limits fix$ by respectability2 & he dread$ ! revolution 9 politics1 & believ$ 9 ! surpass+ m]its ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution z int]pret$ by ! respectable ,:igs4 ,/ew>t repres5ts ! 'common s5se' doctr9e4 ,t "n1 z he obs]ves1 l5ds itself to an equivocation4 ,common s5se is g5]ally us$ z ne>ly synonym\s ) '"m wit1' ! av]age op9ion ( fairly intellig5t m52 & he w\ld pref] to speak ( ! 'fundam5tal laws ( belief4'#aei ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t ! doctr9e d]iv$ mu* ( its /r5g? f ! app>5t confirmation ( ! 'av]age op9ion' by ! 'fundam5tal laws4' ,on "o side1 said ,reid1 are all ! vulg>2 on ! o!r all ! philosoph]s4 ',9 ?is division1 to my great humiliation1 ,i f9d myself class$ ) ! vulg>4'#afj ,reid1 9 fact1 _h oppos$ ! !ories ( ,hume & ,b]keley because !y l$ to a p>adoxical scepticism4 ,if x be1 z ,reid held1 a legitimate inf]5ce f ,b]keley t a man may z well run 8 head aga9/ a po/1 !re c be no d\bt t x is %ock+ to common s5se 9 e acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,! reasons1 h[ev]1 :i* ,reid & ,/ew>t alleg$ = n p]=m+ t feat took a special =m1 :i* ,i am compell$ to notice briefly because !y set up ! m>k = ! :ole intellectual artill]y ( ! ,utilit>ians4 ,reid1 9 fact1 inv5t$ :at ,j4 ,s4 ,mill call$ 'intuitions4' ,to confute intuitioni/s & get rid ( intuitions 0 "o ma9 purpose ( all ,mill's speculations4 ,:at1 !n1 is an 'intuition'8 ,to expla9 t fully x w\ld be necess>y to write once m t hi/ory ( ! philosophical movem5t f ,desc>tes to ,hume1 :i* has be5 summ>is$ & elucidat$ by s _m writ]s t x %\ld be z pla9 z ! road f ,/4 ,paul's to ,temple ,b>4 ,i am =c$ to glance at ! position tak5 by ,reid & ,/ew>t because x has a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! :ole ,utilit>ian s*eme4 ,reid's ma9 s]vice to philosophy 01 9 8 own op9ion1#afa t he refut$ ! 'ideal sy/em' ( ,desc>tes & 8 foll[]s4 ,t sy/em1 he says1 c>ri$ 9 its womb ! mon/]1 scepticism1 :i* came to ! bir? 9 #agci1afb ! date ( ,hume's e>ly ,treatise4 ,to confute ,hume1 !re=e1 :i* 0 ,reid's prim>y object1 x 0 necess>y to g back to ,desc>tes1 & to %[ :]e he deviat$ f ! "r track4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ trace ! g5ealogy ( 'ideas4' ,desc>tes1 z ,reid admitt$1 _h r5d]$ imm5se s]vices to philosophy4 ,he _h explod$ ! s*ola/ic sy/em1 :i* _h become a m]e mass ( logoma*ies & an incubus ^u sci5tific progress4 ,he _h aga9 be5 ! fir/ to 'draw a di/9ct l9e betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! intellectual _w'#afc2 & ,reid app>5tly assumes t he _h drawn x correctly4 ,"o *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>tesian s*ool is obvi\s4 ,desc>tes1 a great ma!matician at ! p]iod :5 ma!matical inve/igations 7 %[+ _! enorm\s p[]1 inv5t$ a ma!matical univ]se4 ,ma!matics pres5t$ ! true type ( sci5tific reason+ & det]m9$ 8 canons ( inquiry4 ,! 'ess5ce' ( matt]1 he said1 0 space4 ,! objective _w1 z we h le>n$ to call x1 is simply space solidifi$ or inc>nate geometry4 ,its prop]ties !re=e c\ld be giv5 z a sy/em ( d$uctions f fir/ pr9ciples1 & x =ms a coh]5t & self-subsi/5t :ole4 ,mean:ile ! ess5ce ( ! s\l is ?\ght4 ,?\ght & matt] are absolutely oppos$4 ,!y are contr>ies1 hav+ no?+ 9 common4 ,reality1 h[ev]1 seems to belong to ! _w ( space4 ,! bra91 too1 belongs to t _w1 & motions 9 ! bra9 mu/ be det]m9$ z a "p ( ! mat]ial me*anism4 ,9 "s way or o!r 'ideas' correspond to ^! motions2 ?\gh to def9e ! way tri$ all ! +5uity ( ,desc>tes' successors4 ,9 any case an idea is 'subjective'3 x is a ?\ght1 n a ?+4 ,x is a %ift+1 ephem]al entity n to be fix$ or grasp$4 ,yet1 someh[ or o!r1 x exi/s1 & x 'repres5ts' realities2 ?\gh ! div9e p[] has to be call$ 9 to gu>antee ! accuracy ( ! repres5tation4 ,! objective _w1 aga91 does n reveal itself to u z simply made up ( 'prim>y qualities'2 we "k ( x only z someh[ end[$ ) 'second>y' or s5se-giv5 qualities3 z visible1 tangible1 audible1 & s =?4 ,^! qualities are pla9ly 'subjective'2 !y v>y f man to man1 & f mom5t to mom5t3 !y _c be measur$ or fix$2 & mu/ be reg>d$ z a product 9 "s inexplicable way ( ! action ( matt] ^u m9d2 unreal or1 at any rate1 n indep5d5t entities4 ,9 ,locke's philosophy1 ! 'ideas1' legitimate or illegitimate desc5dants ( ! ,c>tesian !ories1 play a mo/ prom95t "p4 ,locke's admirable common s5se made him ! lead] :o embodi$ a gr[+ t5d5cy4 ,! empirical sci5ces 7 gr[+2 & ,locke1 a /ud5t ( m$ic9e1 c\ld note ! fallacies :i* arise f neglect+ obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & attempt+ to p5etrate to ! absolute ess5ces & entities4 ,newton's great success 0 due to neglect+ impossible problems ab\t ! nature ( =ce 9 itself--'action at a di/ance' & s =?--& att5tion to ! sph]e ( visible ph5om5a4 ,! excessive pret5sions ( ! fram]s ( metaphysical sy/ems _h l$ to hopeless puzzles & m]ely v]bal solutions4 ,locke1 !re=e1 insi/$ ^u ! necessity ( asc]ta9+ ! necess>y limits ( human k4 ,all our k ( mat]ial facts is obvi\sly dep5d5t 9 "s way ^u our s5sations--h[ev] fleet+ or unreal !y may be4 ,!re=e1 ! mat]ial sci5ces mu/ dep5d ^u s5se-giv5 data or ^u obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,hume gives ! ultimate purpose1 already impli$ 9 ,locke's essay1 :5 he describes 8 fir/ treatise 7on ! title page7 z an 'attempt to introduce ! exp]im5tal mode ( reason+ into moral subjects4' ,n[1 z ,reid ?9ks1 ! effect ( ?is 0 to con/ruct our :ole k out ( ! repres5tative ideas4 ,! empirical factor is s emphasis$ t we lose all grasp ( ! real _w4 ,locke1 inde$1 ?\gh he insi/s ^u ! d]ivation ( our :ole k f 'ideas1' leaves reality to ! 'prim>y qualities' )\t cle>ly exp\nd+ _! relation to ! second>y4 ,b ,b]keley1 al>m$ by ! t5d5cy ( ! ,c>tesian doctr9es to mat]ialism & me*anical necessity1 r$uces ! 'prim>y' to ! level ( ! 'second>y1' & proce$s to aboli% ! :ole _w ( matt]4 ,we are ?us left ) no?+ b 'ideas1' & ! ideas are naturally 'subjective' & !re=e 9 "s s5se unreal4 ,f9ally ,hume gets rid ( ! s\l z well z ! outside _w2 & !n1 by 8 !ory ( 'causation1' %[s t ! ideas !mselves are indep5d5t atoms1 coh]+ b n rationally connect$1 & capable ( be+ arbitr>ily jo9$ or sep>at$ 9 any way :atev]4 ,?us ! ideas h ou/$ ! facts4 ,we _c get beyond ideas1 & yet ideas are /ill purely subjective4 ,! 'real' is sep>at$ f ! ph5om5al1 & tru? divorc$ f fact4 ,! s5se-giv5 _w is ! :ole _w1 & yet is a _w ( m]e accid5tal conjunctions & sep>ation4 ,t is ,hume's scepticism1 & yet accord+ to ,reid is ! legitimate developm5t ( ,desc>tes' 'ideal sy/em4' ,reid1 ,i take x1 0 "r 9 see+ t !re 0 a great dilemma4 ,:at 0 requir$ to escape f x8 ,accord+ to ,kant1 no?+ less ?an a revision ( ,desc>tes' mode ( dem>cation betwe5 object & subject4 ,! 'prim>y qualities' d n correspond 9 ?is way to an objective _w radically oppos$ to ! subjective4 ,space is n a =m ( ?+s1 b a =m impos$ ^u ! data ( exp]i5ce by ! m9d itself4 ,?is1 z ,kant says1 supposes a revolution 9 philosophy comp>able to ! revolution made by ,cop]nicus 9 a/ronomy4 ,we h completely to inv]t our :ole sy/em ( conceiv+ ! _w4 ,:atev] ! value ( ,kant's doctr9e1 ( :i* ,i ne$ "h say no?+1 x 0 und\bt$ly m prolific ?an ,reid's4 ,reid's 0 f> less ?or\ghgo+4 ,he does n draw a new l9e betwe5 object & subject1 b simply endeav\rs to %[ t ! dilemma 0 due to c]ta9 assumptions ab\t ! nature ( 'ideas4' ,! real _h be5 altoge!r sep>at$ f ! ph5om5al1 or tru? divorc$ f fact4 ,y c only h demon/rations by gett+ into a region beyond ! s5sible _w2 :ile )9 t _w--t is1 ! region ( ord9>y k & conduct--y are doom$ to hopeless unc]ta9ty4 ,an escape1 !re=e1 mu/ be s\ght by "s ?or\gh revision ( ! assum$ relation1 b n by fall+ back ^u ! explod$ philosophy ( ! s*ools4 ,reid & 8 successors 7 q z mu* alive z ,locke to ! dang] ( fall+ into m]e s*ola/ic logoma*y4 ,!y1 too1 w 9 "s s5se base all k ^u exp]i5ce4 ,reid con/antly appeals to ! au?ority ( ,bacon1 :om he reg>ds z ! true f\nd] ( inductive sci5ce4 ,! great success ( ,bacon's me?od 9 ! physical sci5ces1 enc\rag$ ! hope1 already express$ by ,newton1 t a simil> result might be a*iev$ 9 'moral philosophy4'#afd ,hume _h done some?+ to cle> ! way1 b ,reid 01 z ,/ew>t ?9ks1 ! fir/ to p]ceive cle>ly & ju/ly ! 'analogy betwe5 ^! two diff]5t bran*es ( human k4' ,! m9d & matt] are two co-ord9ate ?+s1 ^: prop]ties are to be inve/igat$ by simil> me?ods4 ,philosophy ?us means ess5tially psy*ology4 ,! two inquiries are two 'bran*es' ( inductive sci5ce1 & ! problem is to discov] by a p]fectly imp>tial exam9ation :at are ! 'fundam5tal laws ( m9d' reveal$ by an accurate analysis ( ! v>i\s processes ( ?\ght4 ,! ma9 result ( ,reid's inve/igations is giv5 mo/ po9t$ly 9 8 e>ly ,inquiry1 & 0 fully accept$ by ,/ew>t4 ,briefly x comes to ?is4 ,no "o c d\bt t we believe1 z a fact1 9 an ext]nal _w4 ,we believe t !re are sun & moon1 /ones1 /icks1 & human bodies4 ,?is belief is accept$ by ! sceptic z well z by ! dogmati/1 al?\gh ! sceptic r$uces x to a m]e bl9d cu/om or 'association ( ideas4' ,n[ ,reid argues t ! belief1 :atev] its nature1 is n & _c be d]iv$ f ! s5sations4 ,we d n con/ruct ! visible & tangible _w1 = example1 simply out ( impressions made ^u ! s5ses ( sight & t\*4 ,to prove ?is1 he exam9es :at are ! actual data provid$ by ^! s5ses1 & %[s1 or tries to %[1 t we _c f !m alone con/ruct ! _w ( space & geometry4 ,h5ce1 if we consid] exp]i5ce imp>tially & )\t preconception1 we f9d t x tells u some?+ :i* is n giv5 by ! s5ses4 ,! s5ses are n ! mat]ial ( our p]ceptions1 b simply give ! occasions ^u :i* our belief is call$ into activity4 ,! s5sation is no m l ! reality 9 :i* we believe ?an ! pa9 ( a w\nd is l ! edge ( ! knife4 ,p]ception tells u directly & imm$iately1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ideas1 t !re is1 z we all believe1 a real ext]nal _w4 ,reid 0 a vigor\s reason]1 & cr$it has be5 giv5 to him by "s disciples ( ,kant's doctr9e ( "t & space4 ,s*op5hau]#afe says t ,reid's 'excell5t "w' gives a complete 'negative pro( ( ! ,kantian tru?s'2 t is to say1 t ,reid proves satisfactorily t we _c con/ruct ! _w out ( ! s5se-giv5 data alone4 ,b1 :]eas ,kant reg>ds ! s5ses z supply+ ! mat]ials m\ld$ by ! p]ceiv+ m9d1 ,reid reg>ds !m z m]e /imuli excit+ c]ta9 inevitable beliefs4 ,z a result ( ,reid's me?od1 !n1 we h 'intuitions4' ,reid's ess5tial cont5tion is t a fair exam9ation ( exp]i5ce w reveal c]ta9 fundam5tal beliefs1 :i* _c be expla9$ z m]e manife/ations ( ! s5sations1 & :i*1 by ! v fact t !y are inexplicable1 mu/ be accept$ z an 'inspiration4'#aff ,reid pr(esses to discov] ^! beliefs by accurately describ+ facts4 ,he f9ds !m !re z a *emi/ f9ds an elem5t4 ,! 'intuition' is made by sub/itut+ = 'ideas' a my/]i\s & inexplicable connection betwe5 ! m9d & matt]4#afg ,! *asm exi/s /ill1 b x is someh[ bridg$ by a quasi-miracle4 ,admitt+1 !re=e1 t ,reid %[s a gap to exi/ 9 ! !ory1 8 result rema9s 'negative4' ,! philosoph] w say t x is n en\gh to ass]t a pr9ciple dogmatically )\t %[+ its place 9 a reason$ sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! psy*ologi/1 on ! o!r h&1 :o takes ,reid's own gr\nd1 may reg>d ! /atem5t only z a useful *all5ge to fur!r inquiry4 ,! analysis hi!rto giv5 may be insuffici5t1 b :]e ,reid has fail$1 o!r inquir]s may be m successful4 ,z soon1 9 fact1 z we apply ! psy*ological me?od1 & reg>d ! 'philosophy ( m9d' z an 'inductive sci5ce1' x is p]il\s1 if n absolutely inconsi/5t1 to discov] 'intuitions' :i* w take u beyond exp]i5ce4 ,! l9e ( def5ce aga9/ empiricism c only be provisional & tempor>y4 ,9 8 ma9 results1 inde$1 ,reid _h ! advantage ( be+ on ! side ( 'common s5se4' ,ev]ybody 0 already conv9c$ t !re 7 /icks & /ones1 & ev]ybody is prep>$ to he> t _! belief is approv$ by philosophy4 ,b a difficulty arises :5 a simil> me?od is appli$ to a doctr9e s9c]ely disput$4 ,to ! /atem5t1 '?is is a necess>y belief1' x is a suffici5t answ] to reply1 ',i don't believe x1' ,9 t case1 an intuition m]ely am\nts to a dogmatic assumption t ,i am infallible1 & mu/ be support$ by %[+ its connection ) beliefs really univ]sal & admitt$ly necess>y4 ,dugald ,/ew>t foll[$ ,reid ^u ?is ma9 "q1 & ) less =ce & orig9ality repres5ts ! same po9t ( view4 ,he accepts ,reid's view ( ! two co-ord9ate dep>tm5ts ( k2 ! sci5ce ( :i* m9d1 & ! sci5ce ( :i* body1 is ! object4 ,philosophy is n a '!ory ( k' or ( ! univ]se2 b1 z x 0 !n call$1 'a philosophy ( ! human m9d4' ',philosophy' is f\nd$ ^u inductive psy*ology2 & x only becomes philosophy 9 a wid] s5se 9 s f> z we discov] t z a fact we h c]ta9 fundam5tal beliefs1 :i* are ?us giv5 by exp]i5ce1 ?\gh !y take u 9 a s5se beyond exp]i5ce4 ,jeffrey1 review+ ,/ew>t's life ( ,reid1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review ( #ahjd1 makes a significant inf]5ce f ?is4 ,bacon's me?od1 he said1 _h succe$$ 9 ! physical sci5ces1 because !re we c\ld apply exp]im5t4 ,b exp]im5t is impossible 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d2 & !re=e philosophy w nev] be any?+ b a play?+ or a useful v>iety ( gymna/ic4 ,/ew>t repli$ at "s l5g? 9 8 ,essays1#afh fully accept+ ! g5]al conception1 b argu+ t ! exp]im5tal me?od 0 applicable to ! sci5ce ( m9d4 ,jeffrey obs]ves t x 0 n[ admitt$ t ! 'pr(\nde/ reason+s' _h br\ght u back to ! view ( ! vulg>1 & ?is1 too1 is admitt$ by ,/ew>t s f> z ! c>d9al doctr9e ( '! common s5se' philosophy1 ! !ory ( p]ception1 is admitt$4 ,f ?is1 aga91 x foll[s t ! 'notions we annex to ! words ,matt] & ,m9d are m]ely relative4'#afi ,we "k t m9d exi/s z we "k t matt] exi/s2 or1 if any?+1 we "k ! exi/5ce ( m9d m c]ta9ly because m directly4 ,! m9d is sugge/$ by '! subjects ( our consci\sness'2 ! body by ! objects '( our p]ception4' ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we are totally 'ignorant ( ! ess5ce ( ei!r4'#agj ,we c discov] ! laws ei!r ( m5tal or moral ph5om5a2 b a law1 z he expla9s1 means 9 /rictness no?+ b a 'g5]al fact4'#aga ,x is idle1 !re=e1 to expla9 ! nature ( ! union betwe5 ! two unkn[able sub/ances2 we c only discov] t !y are unit$ & obs]ve ! laws accord+ to :i* "o set ( ph5om5a corresponds to ! o!r4 ,f a misund]/&+ ( ?is arise all ! fallacies ( s*ola/ic ontology1 '! mo/ idle & absurd speculation t ev] employ$ ! human faculties4'#agb ,! de/ruction ( t pseudo-sci5ce 0 ! great glory ( ,bacon & ,locke2 & ,reid has n[ discov]$ ! me?od by :i* we may advance to ! e/abli%m5t ( a truly inductive 'philosophy ( m9d4' ,x is n surpris+ t ,/ew>t approximates 9 v>i\s directions to ! doctr9es ( ! empirical s*ool4 ,he leans t[>ds !m :5ev] he does n see ! results to :i* he is t5d+4 ,?us1 = example1 he is a ?or\ghgo+ nom9ali/2#agc & on ?is po9t he des]ts ! tea*+ ( ,reid4 ,he def5ds aga9/ ,reid ! attack made by ,b]keley & ,hume ^u 'ab/ract ideas4' ,rosm9i1#agd 9 an elaborate criticism1 compla9s t ,/ew>t did n p]ceive ! inevitable t5d5cy ( nom9alism to mat]ialism4#age ,/ew>t1 9 fact1 accepts a good deal ( ,horne ,tooke's doctr9e1#agf ?\gh call+ ,tooke an '+5i\s gramm>ian1 n a v pr(\nd philosoph]1' b holds1 z we %all see1 t ! mat]iali/ic t5d5cy c be avoid$4 ,z becomes a nom9ali/1 he attacks ! syllogism ^u gr\nds m fully br\ght out by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,^u ano!r ess5tial po9t1 he agrees ) ! pure empirici/s4 ,he accepts ,hume's view ( causation 9 all que/ions ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 natural philosophy1 he decl>es causation means only conjunction4 ,! s5ses c nev] give u ! 'effici5t' cause ( any ph5om5on4 ,9 o!r words1 we c nev] see a 'necess>y connection' betwe5 any two ev5ts4 ,he collects passages f e>li] writ]s to %[ h[ ,hume _h be5 anticipat$2 & holds t ,bacon's inadequate view ( ?is tru? 0 a ma9 defect 9 8 !ories4#agg ,h5ce we h a *>act]i/ic conclusion4 ,he says1 :5 discuss+ ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1#agh t we h an 'irresi/ible conviction ( ! necessity ( a cause' = e *ange4 ,hume1 h[ev]1 has %[n t ?is c nev] be a logical necessity4 ,x mu/ !n1 argues ,/ew>t1 be ei!r a 'prejudice' or an 'intuitive judgm5t4' ,s9ce x is %[n by 'univ]sal cons5t' n to be a prejudice1 x mu/ be an intuitive judgm5t4 ,?us ,hume's facts are accept$2 b 8 inf]5ce d5i$4 ,! actual causal nexus is inscrutable4 ,! conviction t !re mu/ be a connection betwe5 ev5ts attribut$ by ,hume to 'cu/om' is attribut$ by ,/ew>t to intuitive belief4 ,/ew>t inf]s t ,hume's doctr9e is really fav\rable to !ology4 ,x implies t ,god gives u ! conviction1 & p]haps1 z ,malebran*e held1 t ,god is '! con/antly op]at+ effici5t ,cause 9 ! mat]ial _w4'#agi ,/ew>t's successor1 ,?omas ,br[n1 took up ?is argum5t on occasion ( ! once fam\s ',leslie controv]sy'2 & ,br[n's tea*+ 0 endors$ by ,james ,mill & by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,james ,mill & ,/ew>t repres5t$ opposite poles ( philosophic ?\ght4 ,i %all h to consid] ?is dictum h]eaft]4 ,on ! po9ts already notic$ ,/ew>t mu/ be reg>d$ z an ally r ?an an oppon5t ( ! ,locke & ,hume tradition4 ,l !m he appeals unhesitat+ly to exp]i5ce1 & _c f9d words /rong en\gh to express 8 contempt = 'ontological' & s*ola/ic me?ods4 ,8 'intuitions' are s f> v h>mless ?+s1 :i* fall 9 ) common s5se1 & enable him to hold )\t fur!r tr\ble ! beliefs :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 are held by ev]ybody4 ,!y are an excuse = n seek+ any ultimate explanation 9 reason4 ,he is1 inde$1 oppos$ to ! s*ool :i* claim$ to be ! legitimate successor to ,locke1 b :i* evad$ ,hume's scepticism by div]g+ t[>ds mat]ialism4 ,! great repres5tative ( ?is doctr9e 9 ,engl& _h be5 ,h>tley1 & 9 ,/ew>t's day ,h>tley's lead _h be5 foll[$ by ,prie/ley1 :o attack$ ,reid f a mat]iali/ po9t ( view1 by ,prie/ley's successor1 ,?omas ,bel%am1 & by ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,we f9d ,/ew>t1 9 language :i* rem9ds u ( lat] controv]sy1 d5\nc+ ! ',d>w9ian ,s*ool'#ahj = !ories ab\t in/9ct incompatible ) ! doctr9e ( f9al causes4 ,x might appe> t a philosoph] :o has re-e/abli%$ ! objective exi/5ce ( space 9 opposition to ,b]keley1 0 9 dang] ( t mat]ialism :i* _h be5 ,b]keley's bugbe>4 ,b ,/ew>t escapes ! dang] by 8 ass]tion t our k ( matt] is 'relative' or conf9$ to ph5om5a4 ,mat]ialism is = him a v>iety ( ontology1 involv+ ! assumption t we "k ! ess5ce ( matt]4 ,to speak ) ,h>tley ( 'vibrations1' animal spirits1 & s =?1 is to be l$ a/ray by a false analogy4 ,we c discov] ! laws ( correspond5ce ( m9d & body1 b n ! ultimate nature ( ei!r4#aha ,?us he reg>ds ! 'physiological metaphysics ( ! pres5t day' z an 'idle wa/e ( lab\r & +5uity on que/ions to :i* ! human m9d is altoge!r incompet5t4'#ahb ,! pr9ciples f\nd by inductive obs]vation are z indep5d5t ( ^! speculations z ,newton's !ory ( gravitation ( an ultimate me*anical cause ( gravitation4 ,h>tley's foll[]s1 h[ev]1 c\ld drop ! 'vibration' !ory2 & _! doctr9e !n became "o ( 'association ( ideas4' ,to ?is fam\s !ory1 :i* became ! %eet-an*or ( ! empirical s*ool1 ,/ew>t is n altoge!r oppos$4 ,we f9d him speak+ ( 'indissoluble association' 9 language :i* rem9ds u ( ! ,mills4#ahc ,hume _h spok5 ( association z comp>able to gravitation--! sole pr9ciple by :i* our 'ideas' & 'impressions' are comb9$ into a :ole2 a !ory1 ( c\rse1 correspond+ to 8 doctr9e ( 'belief' z a m]e cu/om ( associat+4 ,/ew>t uses ! pr9ciple r z ,locke _h done1 z expla9+ fallacies due to 'casual associations4' ,x supposes1 z he says1 ! previ\s exi/5ce ( c]ta9 pr9ciples1 & _c be an ultimate explanation4 ,! only "q c be at :at po9t we h rea*$ an 'orig9al pr9ciple1' & are !re=e b\nd to /op our analysis4#ahd ,ov] ?is "q he glides r too lightly1 z is 8 cu/om2 b f 8 po9t ( view ! belief1 = example1 9 an ext]nal _w1 _c be expla9$ by association1 inasmu* z x reveals itself z an ultimate datum4 ,9 reg>d to ! physical sci5ces1 !n1 ,/ew>t's position approximates v closely to ! purely 'empirical' view4 ,:5 we come to a diff]5t application ( 8 pr9ciples1 we f9d him tak+ a curi\sly balanc$ position betwe5 diff]5t s*ools4 ',common s5se' naturally wi%es to adapt itself to g5]ally accept$ beliefs2 & ) s flexible a doctr9e z t ( 'intuitions' x is n difficult to discov] me?ods ( prov+ ! ord9>y dogmas4 ,/ew>t's !ology is *>act]i/ic ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,he describes ! s-call$ a priori pro(1 z =mulat$ by ,cl>ke4 ,b )\t d5y+ its =ce1 he does n l to lay /ress ^u x4 ,he dreads 'ontology' too mu*4 ,he !re=e consid]s t ! argum5t at once mo/ satisfactory to ! philosoph] & mo/ conv9c+ to ord9>y m5 is ! argum5t f design4 ,! belief 9 ,god is n 'intuitive1' b foll[s imm$iately f two fir/ pr9ciples3 ! pr9ciple t :atev] exi/s has a cause1 & ! pr9ciple t a 'comb9ation ( means implies a design]4'#ahe ,! belief 9 a cause arises on our p]ception ( *ange z our belief 9 ! ext]nal _w arises ^u our s5sations4 ,! belief 9 design mu/ be a 'fir/ pr9ciple' because x includes a belief 9 'necessity' :i* _c arise f m]e obs]vation ( 'cont+5t tru?s4'#ahf ,h5ce ,/ew>t accepts ! !ory ( f9al causes z /at$ by ,paley4 ,?\gh ,paley's e?ics (f5d$ him1 he has no?+ b praise = ! "w ^u ,natural ,!ology4#ahg ,?us1 al?\gh 'common s5se' does n enable u to lay d[n ! c5tral doctr9e ( !ology z a prim>y tru?1 x does enable u to int]pret exp]i5ce 9 !ological t]ms4 ,9 o!r words1 8 !ology is ( ! purely empirical k9d1 :i* 01 z we %all see1 ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ! "t4 ,9 ,/ew>t's discussion ( e?ical problems ! same doctr9e ( 'f9al causes' assumes a special importance4 ,/ew>t1 z else:]e1 tries to hold an int]m$iate position2 to ma9ta9 ! indep5d5ce ( morality )\t committ+ himself to ! 'ontological' or purely logical view2 & to %[ t virtue conduces to happ9ess )\t all[+ t its dictates are to be d$uc$ f its t5d5cy to produce happ9ess4 ,8 doctr9e is to a great ext5t d]iv$ f ! tea*+ ( ,hut*eson & ,bi%op ,butl]4 ,he really approximates mo/ closely to ,hut*eson1 :o takes a simil> view ( ,utilit>ianism1 b he pr(esses ! w>me/ admiration ( ,butl]4 ,he explicitly accepts ,butl]'s doctr9e ( ! 'supremacy ( ! consci5ce'--a doctr9e :i* z he says1 ! bi%op1 'has plac$ 9 ! /ronge/ & happie/ light4'#ahh ,he endeav\rs1 aga91 to approximate to ! 'intellectual s*ool1' ( :i* ,ri*>d ,price 7#agbc-agia7 0 ! *ief ,engli% repres5tative at ! "t4 ,l ,kant1 ,price d$uces ! moral law f pr9ciples ( pure reason4 ,! tru? ( ! moral law1 ',?\ %alt d to o!rs z y wi% t !y %\ld d to y1' is z evid5t z ! tru? ( ! law 9 geometry1 '?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* o!r4' ,/ew>t s f> approves t he wi%es to give to ! moral law :at is n[ call$ all possible 'objectivity1' :ile ! 'moral s5se' ( ,hut*eson app>5tly introduc$ a 'subjective' elem5t4 ,he holds1 h[ev]1 t our moral p]ceptions 'involve a feel+ ( ! he>t1' z well z a 'judgm5t ( ! und]/&+1'#ahi & ascribes ! same view to ,butl]4 ,b !n1 by us+ ! ^w 'reason' s z to include ! :ole nature ( a rational be+1 we may ascribe to x ! 'orig9 ( ^? simple ideas :i* are n excit$ 9 ! m9d by ! op]ation ( ! s5ses1 b :i* arise 9 consequ5ce ( ! op]ation ( ! intellectual p[]s among ! v>i\s objects4'#aij ,hut*eson1 he says1 made 8 'moral s5se' unsatisfactory by tak+ 8 illu/rations f ! 'second>y' in/ead ( ! 'prim>y qualities1'#aia & ?us ) ! help ( intuitive fir/ pr9ciples1 ,/ew>t succe$s 9 believ+ t x w\ld be z h>d = a man to believe t he ought to sacrifice ano!r man's happ9ess to 8 own z to believe t ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to "o "r angle4#aib ,x is true t a feel+ & a judgm5t are bo? involv$2 b ! 'intellectual judgm5t' is ! gr\ndwork ( ! feel+1 n ! feel+ ( ! judgm5t4#aic ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is attempt to assimilate 8 pr9ciples to ^? ( ! intellectual s*ool1 ! sub/ance ( ,/ew>t's e?ics is ess5tially psy*ological4 ,x re/s1 9 fact1 ^u 8 view t philosophy dep5ds ^u inductive psy*ology1 &1 !re=e1 ess5tially ^u exp]i5ce subject to ! cropp+ up ( conv5i5t 'intuitions4' ,?is appe>s f ! nature ( 8 argum5t aga9/ ! ,utilit>ians4 ,9 8 "t1 ?is doctr9e 0 associat$ ) ! names ( ,h>tley1 ,tuck]1 ,godw91 & especially ,paley4 ,he sc>cely ref]s to ,b5?am4#aid ,paley is ! recognis$ anvil = ! opposite s*ool4 ,n[ he agrees1 z ,i h said1 ) ,paley's view ( natural !ology & entirely accepts !re=e ! !ory ( 'f9al causes4' ,! same !ory becomes prom95t 9 8 e?ical tea*+4 ,we may p]haps say t ,/ew>t's view is 9 sub/ance an inv]t$ ,utilit>ianism4 ,x may be be/ illu/rat$ by an argum5t famili> 9 ano!r application4 ,paley & 8 oppon5ts might agree t ! v>i\s in/9cts ( an animal are s con/itut$ t 9 po9t ( fact !y contribute to 8 pres]vation & 8 happ9ess4 ,b f "o po9t ( view ?is appe>s to be simply to say t ! conditions ( exi/5ce necessitate a c]ta9 h>mony1 & t ! h>mony is !re=e to be a consequ5ce ( 8 self-pres]vation4 ,f ! opposite po9t ( view1 :i* ,/ew>t accepts1 x appe>s t ! self-pres]vation is ! consequ5ce ( a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 :i* has be5 div9ely appo9t$ 9 ord] t he may live4 ,/ew>t1 9 %ort1 is a 'teleologi/' ( ! ,paley v>iety4 ,psy*ology proves ! exi/5ce ( design 9 ! moral _w1 z anatomy or physiology proves x 9 ! physical4 ,/ew>t !re=e fully agrees t virtue g5]ally produces happ9ess4 ,if x be true 7a doctr9e1 he ?9ks1 beyond our compet5ce to decide7 t '! sole pr9ciple ( action 9 ! ,deity' is b5evol5ce1 x may be t he has comm&$ u to be virtu\s because he sees virtue to be useful4 ,9 ?is case utility may be ! f9al cause ( morality2 & ! fact t virtue has ?is t5d5cy gives ! plausibility to utilit>ian sy/ems4#aie ,b ! key to ! difficulty is ! di/9ction betwe5 'f9al' & 'effici5t' causes2 = ! effici5t cause ( morality is n ! desire = happ9ess1 b a primitive & simple in/9ct1 namely1 ! moral faculty4 ,?us he rejects ,paley's notori\s doctr9e t virtue diff]s f prud5ce only 9 reg>d+ ! consequ5ces 9 ano!r _w in/ead ( consequ5ces 9 ?is4#aif ,rew>d & puni%m5t 'presuppose ! notions ( "r & wrong' & _c be ! s\rce ( ^? notions4 ,! fav\rite doctr9e ( association1 by :i* ! ,utilit>ians expla9$ unselfi%ness1 is only admissible z acc\nt+ = modifications1 su* z are due to education & example1 b 'presupposes ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* are common to all mank9d4' ,! evid5ce ( su* pr9ciples is e/abli%$ by a long & discursive psy*ological discussion4 ,x is en\gh to say t he admits two rational pr9ciples1 'self-love' & ! 'moral faculty1' ! co9cid5ce ( :i* is le>n$ only by exp]i5ce4 ,! moral faculty reveals simple 'ideas' ( "r & wrong1 :i* are incapable ( any fur!r analysis4 ,b besides ^!1 !re is a hi]>*y ( o!r in/9cts or desires1 :i* he calls 'implant$' because '= aught we "k' !y may be ( 'arbitr>y appo9tm5t4'#aig ,res5tm5t1 = example1 is an implant$ in/9ct1 ( :i* ! 'f9al cause' is to def5d u aga9/ 'sudd5 viol5ce4'#aih ,/ew>t's analysis is easygo+ & sugge/s m problems ?an x solves4 ,! g5]al position1 h[ev]1 is cle> en\gh1 & n1 ,i ?9k1 )\t mu* real =ce z aga9/ ! ,paley =m ( utilit>ianism4 ,! acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( 'f9al causes' 0 ! inevitable c\rse = a philosoph] :o wi%es to reta9 ! old cre$s & yet to appeal unequivocally to exp]i5ce4 ,x suits ! amiable optimism = :i* ,/ew>t is noticeable4 ,to prove ! exi/5ce ( a p]fect deity f ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! _w1 y mu/ ( c\rse take a fav\rable view ( ! obs]vable ord]4 ,/ew>t %[s ! same t5d5cy 9 8 ,political ,economy1 :]e he is ,adam ,smi?'s disciple1 & fully %>es ,smi?'s beliefs t ! h>mony betwe5 ! int]e/s ( ! individual & ! int]e/s ( ! society is an evid5ce ( design 9 ! ,creator ( mank9d4 ,9 ?is respect ,/ew>t diff]s notably f ,butl]1 to ^: reason+s he o!rwise ow$ a good deal4 ,) ,butl] ! consci5ce implies a dread ( div9e wra? & ju/ifies ! conception ( a _w ali5at$ f its mak]4 ,/ew>t's 'moral faculty' simply recognises or reveals ! moral law2 b c>ries no sugge/ion ( sup]natural p5alties4 ,! doctr9es by :i* ,butl] attract$ "s read]s & revolt$ o!rs ?r[ no %ad[ ov] 8 writ+s4 ,he is a placid enlight5$ pr(essor1 ^: real good feel+ & frequ5t %rewdness %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! r desultory & (t5 sup]ficial mode ( reason+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 sugge/s a f9al rem>k ^u ,/ew>t's position4 ,9 ! preface#aii to 8 ,active & ,moral ,p[]s 7#ahbh7 ,/ew>t apologises = ! l>ge space giv5 to ! treatm5t ( ,natural ,religion4 ,! lectures1 he says1 :i* =m ! sub/ance ( ! book1 7 giv5 at a "t :5 'enlight5$ zeal = lib]ty' 0 associat$ ) ! 'reckless boldness ( ! uncompromis+ free?9k]4' ,he wi%$1 !re=e1 to %[ t a man c\ld be a lib]al )\t be+ an a!i/4 ,?is gives ! position *>act]i/ic ( ,/ew>t & 8 fri5ds4 ,! gr\p ( em95t m5 :o made ,ed9burgh a philosophical c5tre 0 ?or\ghly 9 sympa?y ) ! rationali/ movem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! old dogmatic sy/em ( belief c\ld be held v lightly ev5 by ! m educat$ cl]gy4 ,hume's position is significant4 ,he c\ld lay d[n ! mo/ unqualifi$ scepticism 9 8 writ+s2 b he always reg>d$ 8 !ories z int5d$ = ! enlight5$2 he _h no wi% to di/urb popul> beliefs 9 !ology1 & 0 a /rong ,tory 9 politics4 ,8 fri5ds 7 q ready to take him ^u t foot+4 ,! polit5ess ) :i* ',mr4 ,hume's' speculations are notic$ by m5 l ,/ew>t & ,reid is 9 *>act]i/ic contra/ to ! reception g5]ally accord$ to m popul> sceptics4 ,!y 7 intellectual curiosities n meant = imm$iate application4 ,! real op9ion ( su* m5 z ,adam ,smi? & ,/ew>t 0 probably a r vague & optimi/ic !ism4 ,9 ! pr(essor's *air !y c\ld talk to lads int5d$ = ! m9i/ry )\t insult+ su* old ,scotti% prejudice 7!re 0 a good deal ( x7 z surviv$3 & c\ld cov] rationalis+ op9ions "u language :i* p]haps might h a diff]5t mean+ = _! he>]s4 ,! position 0 necess>ily "o ( tacit compromise4 ,/ew>t consid]s himself to be an inductive philosoph] appeal+ frankly to exp]i5ce & reason2 & 0 9 practice a man ( ?or\ghly lib]al & g5]\s feel+s4 ,he 0 he>tily 9 fav\r ( progress z he und]/ood x4 ,only he w n sacrifice common s5se2 t is to say1 ! beliefs :i* are 9 fact preval5t & cong5ial to exi/+ in/itutions4 ,common s5se1 ( c\rse1 condemns extremes3 & if logic seems to be pu%+ a man t[>ds scepticism 9 philosophy or revolution 9 practice1 he c always prote/ by ! conv5i5t device ( intuitions4 ,i h gone s f> 9 ord] to illu/rate ! nature ( ! sy/em :i* ! ,utilit>ians took to be ! anti!sis ( _! own4 ,x may be f9ally rem>k$ t at pres5t bo? sides 7 equally ignorant ( contempor>y developm5ts ( ,g]man ?\ght4 ,:5 ,/ew>t became aw>e t !re 0 su* a ?+ z ,kant's philosophy1 he tri$ to read x 9 a ,lat9 v]sion4 ,p>r1 ,i may obs]ve1 app>5tly did n "k ( ?is v]sion1 & gave up ! task ( read+ ,g]man4 ,/ew>t's example 0 n enc\rag+4 ,he _h ab&on$ ! 'und]tak+ 9 despair' p>tly f ! s*ola/ic b>b>ism ( ! /yle1 p>tly 'my utt] inability to compreh5d ! au?or's mean+4' ,he recognises simil>ity betwe5 ,kant & ,reid1 b ?9ks ,reid's simple /atem5t ( ! fact t space _c be d]iv$ f ! s5ses m philosophical ?an ,kant's 'sup]/ructure ( te*nical my/]y4'#bjj ,i h dwelt ^u ! side 9 :i* ,/ew>t's philosophy approximates to ! empirical s*ool1 because ! ,utilit>ians 7 apt to misconceive ! position4 ,!y took ,/ew>t to be ! adequate repres5tative ( all :o accept$ "o bran* ( an inevitable dilemma4 ,! acceptance ( 'intuitions1' t is1 0 ! only alt]native to ?or\ghgo+ acceptance ( 'exp]i5ce4' ,!y suppos$1 too1 t p]sons vaguely describ$ z ',kant & ! ,g]mans' taught simply a modification ( ! 'intuitioni/' view4 ,i h notic$ h[ emphatically ,/ew>t claim$ to rely ^u exp]i5ce & to base 8 philosophy ^u inductive psy*ology1 & 0 s f> admitt+ ! fir/ pr9ciples & ! g5]al me?ods ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,! ,scotti% philosophy1 h[ev]1 naturally pres5t$ itself z an antagoni/ic =ce to ! ,utilit>ians4 ,! 'intuitions' repres5t$ ! ultimate gr\nd tak51 especially 9 religi\s & e?ical que/ions1 by m5 :o wi%$ to be at once lib]al philosoph]s & yet to avoid revolution>y extremes4 ',intuitions' _h 9 any case a negative value1 z prote/s aga9/ ! suffici5cy ( ! empirical analysis4 ,x might be q true1 = example1 t ,hume's analysis ( c]ta9 prim>y m5tal ph5om5a--( our belief 9 ! ext]nal _w or ( ! relation ( cause & effect--0 radically insuffici5t4 ,he _h n giv5 an adequate explanation ( ! facts4 ,! recognition ( ! insuffici5cy ( 8 reason+ 0 highly important if only z a /imulus to inquiry4 ,x 0 a w>n+ to 8 & to ,h>tley's foll[]s t !y _h n ?or\ghly unravell$ ! p]plexity b only cut ! knot4 ,b :5 ! insuffici5cy ( ! explanation 0 int]pret$ z a demon/ration t all explanation 0 impossible1 & ! 'intuition' an ultimate 'self-evid5t' tru?1 x became a refusal to inquire j :]e inquiry 0 want$2 a positive comm& to /op analysis at an arbitr>y po9t2 & a r\nd ass]tion t ! adv]s>y c\ld n help believ+ precisely ! doctr9e :i* he altoge!r decl9$ to believe4 ,naturally ! empirici/s refus$ to b[ to an au?ority :i* 0 simply say+1 ',don't inquire fur!r1' )\t any gr\nd = ! prohibition except ! 'ipse dixitism' :i* decl>$ t inquiry mu/ be fruitless4 ,/ew>t1 9 fact1 really illu/rat$ ! equivocation betwe5 ! two mean+s ( 'common s5se4' ,if by t "n he und]/ood1 z he pr(ess$ to und]/&1 ultimate 'laws ( ?\ght1' 8 position 0 ju/ifiable z soon z he c\ld specify ! laws & prove t !y 7 ultimate4 ,b s f> z he virtually took = grant$ t ! av]age beliefs ( intellig5t p 7 su* laws1 & on t gr\nd refus$ to exam9e ! evid5ce ( _! validity1 he 0 inconsi/5t1 & 8 position only invit$ assault4 ,z a fact1 ,i believe t 8 'intuitions' cov]$ _m mo/ disputable propositions2 & t ! m cle>ly !y 7 /at$1 ! m !y fail$ to ju/ify 8 int]pretations4 ,he 0 n really answ]+ ! mo/ vital & critical que/ions1 b implicitly res]v+ !m1 & putt+ an arbitr>y /op to inve/igations desirable on 8 own pr9ciples4 ,! ,scotti% philosophy 01 h[ev]1 accept$ 9 ,engl&1 & made a consid]able impression 9 ,france1 z af=d+ a t5able b>ri] aga9/ scepticism4 ,x 01 z ,i h said1 9 philosophy :at ,:iggism 0 9 politics4 ,l political ,:iggism x includ$ a l>ge elem5t ( enlight5$ & lib]al rationalism2 b l ,:iggism x cov]$ an av]sion to ?or\ghgo+ logic4 ,! ,engli% politician 0 suspici\s ( ab/ract pr9ciples1 b c\ld cov] 8 acceptance ( tradition & rule ( ?umb by g5]al phrases ab\t lib]ty & tol]ation4 ,! ,:ig 9 philosophy equally accept$ ! traditional cre$1 suffici5tly purifi$ f crud] elem5ts1 & %elt]$ 8 doctr9e by speak+ ( 'intuitions & laws ( ?\ght4' ,9 bo? positions !re 0 really1 ,i take x1 a great deal ( s\nd practical wisdom2 b !y also impli$ a m>k$ reluctance to pu% inquiry too f>1 & a tacit agreem5t to be cont5t ) :at ! ,utilit>ians d5\nc$ z 'vague g5]alities'--phrases1 t is1 :i* might be us$ ei!r to conceal an und]ly+ scepticism1 or really to /op %ort 9 ! pa? :i* l$ to scepticism4 ,9 philosophy z 9 politics1 ! ,utilit>ians boa/$ ( be+ ?or\ghgo+ ,radicals1 & hat$ compromises :i* to !m appe>$ to be simply ob/ructive4 ,i ne$ n elaborate a po9t :i* w meet u aga94 ,if ,i 7 writ+ a hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 g5]al ,i %\ld h to notice o!r writ]s1 ?\gh !re 7 none ( mu* di/9ction1 :o foll[$ ! tea*+ ( ,/ew>t or ( 8 oppon5ts ( ! ,h>tley & ,d>w9 s*ool4 ,x w\ld be necess>y also to insi/ ^u ! gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! physical sci5ces1 :i* 7 beg9n+ n only to make enorm\s advances1 b to attract popul> att5tion4 ,= my purpose1 h[ev]1 x is ,i ?9k suffici5t to m5tion ^! writ]s1 ea* ( :om _h a v special relation to ! ,utilit>ians4 ,i turn1 !re=e1 to ,b5?am4 ,,notes3 #aeg ,n9e volumes ( ,dugald ,/ew>t's works1 edit$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 appe>$ f #ahed to #ahef2 a t5?1 includ+ a life ( ,/ew>t by ,j4 ,veit*1 appe>$ 9 #aheh1 & an elev5?1 ) an index to ! :ole1 9 #ahfj4 ,! *ief books are ! ,elem5ts ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d 79 vols4 ii41 iii4 & iv41 orig9ally 9 #agib1 #ahad1 #ahbg72 ,philosophical ,essays 79 vol4 v41 orig9ally #ahaj72 ,philosophy ( ! ,active & ,moral ,p[]s ( ,man 7vols4 vi4 & vii41 orig9ally 9 #ahbh72 ,diss]tation on ! ,progress ( ,philosophy 79 vol4 i42 orig9ally 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 9 #ahae & #ahba74 ,! lectures on ,political ,economy fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,works1 vols4 viii4 & ix4 #aeh ,works1 vi4 7',preface'74 #aei ,works 7,life ( ,reid71 x4 #cjd-h4 #afj ,reid's ,works 7,hamilton71 p4 #cjb4 #afa ,reid's ,works 7,hamilton71 p4 #hh4 #afb ,ibid4 #bjf4 #afc ,ibid4 #bfg4 #afd ,/ew>t's rem>ks on 8 life ( ,reid3 ,reid's ,works1 p4 #ab1 etc4 #afe ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea 7,haldane ,kemp71 ii4 #ahf4 ,reid's ',inquiry1' he adds1 is t5 times bett] wor? read+ ?an all ! philosophy toge!r :i* has be5 writt5 s9ce ,kant4 #aff ',we are inspir$ ) ! s5sation1 z we are inspir$ ) ! correspond+ p]ception1 by means unkn[n4'--,reid's ,works1 #ahh4 ',?is1' says ,/ew>t1 'is a pla9 /atem5t ( fact4'--,/ew>t's ,works1 ii4 #aaa-ab4 #afg ,see ,rosm9i's ,orig9 ( ,ideas 7,engli% translation71 i4 p4 #ia1 :]e1 ?\gh sympa?is+ ) ,reid's aim1 he admits a 'great blund]4' #afh ,/ew>t's ,works1 v4 #bd-ec4 ,hamilton says 9 a note 7p4 #da7 t ,jeffrey c&idly confess$ ,/ew>t's reply to be satisfactory4 #afi ,ibid4 ii4 #df4 #agj ,ibid4 ii4 #de-fg4 #aga ,ibid4 ii4 #aei4 #agb ,ibid4 v4 #ba4 #agc ,/ew>t's ,works1 ii4 #afe-ic2 iii4 #ha-ig4 ,s*op5hau] 7,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 ii4 #bdj7 admires ,reid's tea*+ ^u ?is po9t1 & recomm5ds u n 'to wa/e an h\r ov] ! scribbl+s ( ?is %all[ writ]' 7,/ew>t74 #agd ,rosm9i's ,orig9 ( ,ideas 7,engli% translation71 i4 #if-agf4 #age ,ibid4 i4 #adg n4 #agf ,/ew>t's ,works1 iv4 #bi1 #ce1 #ch1 & v4 #adi-hh4 #agg ,ibid4 ii4 #ig1 etc41 & iii4 #bce1 #chi1 #dag4 #agh ,works1 vii4 #ac-cd4 #agi ,ibid4 vii4 #bf1 etc4 #ahj ,works1 iv4 #bfe4 #aha ,ibid4 ii4 #eb4 #ahb ,ibid4 v4 #aj4 #ahc ,works1 ii4 #aee4 #ahd ,ibid4 ii4 #ccg4 #ahe ,works1 vi4 #df2 vii4 #aa4 #ahf ,ibid4 vii4 #df4 #ahg ,ibid4 i4 #ceg4 #ahh ,works1 vi4 #cbj4 #ahi ,ibid4 vi4 #bgi4 #aij ,ibid4 vi4 #big4 #aia ,works1 vi4 #bie4 ,cf4 v4 #hc4 #aib ,ibid4 vi4 #bih-ii4 #aic ,ibid4 v4 #hd4 #aid ,9 ,works1 vi4 #bje-f1 he quotes ,dumont's ,b5?am2 b 8 g5]al sil5ce is ! m significant1 z 9 ! lectures on ,political ,economy he makes frequ5t & approv+ ref]5ce to ,b5?am's tract ^u usury4 #aie ,works1 vii4 #bcf-ch4 #aif ,ibid4 vi4 #bba4 #aig ,works1 vi4 #bac4 #aih ,ibid4 vi4 #aii4 #aii ,works1 vi4 #aaa4 #bjj ,works1 v4 #aag #ah4 ,i h giv5 "s details z to ,/ew>t's suff]+ "u an ,engli% proselyte ( ,kant 9 my ,/udies ( a ,biograph]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,b5?am',s ,,life ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life ,j]emy ,b5?am1#bja ! patri>* ( ! ,engli% ,utilit>ians1 sprang f ! class imbu$ mo/ ?or\ghly ) ! typical ,engli% prejudices4 ,8 fir/ record$ ance/or1 ,brian ,b5?am1 0 a pawnbrok]1 :o lo/ money by ! /op ( ! ,ex*equ] 9 #afgb1 b 0 nei!r ru9$1 nor1 x w\ld seem1 ali5at$ by ! k+'s di%one/y4 ,he left "s ?\s&s to 8 son1 ,j]emiah1 an attorney & a /rong ,jacobite4 ,a second ,j]emiah1 born #bnd ,decemb] #agab1 c>ri$ on 8 fa!r's bus9ess1 & ?\gh 8 cli5ts 7 n num]\s1 increas$ 8 =tune by judici\s inve/m5ts 9 h\ses & l&s4 ,al?\gh br\ght up 9 ,jacobite pr9ciples1 he transf]r$ 8 atta*m5t to ! ,hanov]ian dyna/y :5 a relation ( 8 wife m>ri$ a valet ( ,george ,,ii4 ,! wife1 ,alicia ,grove1 0 daught] ( a tradesman :o _h made a small compet5ce at ,&ov]4 ,j]emiah ,b5?am _h fall5 9 love ) h] at fir/ sight1 & wisely gave up = h] sake a mat* ) a =tune ( ,l#aj1jjj4 ,! c\ple 7 fondly atta*$ to ea* o!r & to _! *ildr54 ,! m>riage took place t[>ds ! end ( #agdd1 & ! elde/ son1 ,j]emy1 0 born 9 ,r$ ,lion ,/reet1 ,h\ndsdit*1 #d? ,febru>y #agdg-dh 7o4s47 ,! only o!r *ild :o grew up 0 ,samuel1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 born #aa? ,janu>y #ageg4 ,:5 eighty ye>s old1 ,j]emy gave anecdotes ( 8 infancy to 8 biograph]1 ,b[r+1 :o says t _! accuracy 0 confirm$ by contempor>y docum5ts1 & prov$ 8 memory to be z wond]ful z 8 precocity4 ,al?\gh ! *ild 0 physically puny1 8 intellectual developm5t 0 amaz+4 ,be=e he 0 two he bur/ into te>s at ! sight ( 8 "m's *agr9 ^u 8 refusal ( "s (f]$ da9ty4 ,be=e he 0 'bree*$1' an ev5t :i* happ5$ :5 he 0 ?ree & a qu>t]1 he ran home f a dull walk1 ord]$ a footman to br+ lights & place a folio ,rap9 ^u ! table1 & 0 f\nd plung$ 9 hi/orical /udies :5 8 p>5ts return$ to ! h\se4 ,9 8 f\r? ye> he 0 imbib+ ! ,lat9 gramm>1 & at ! age ( five ye>s n9e mon?s & n9ete5 days1 z 8 fa!r notes1 he wrote a scrap ( ,lat91 c>efully pa/$ among ! p>5tal memor&a4 ,! *ild 0 n always immur$ 9 ,london4 ,8 p>5ts sp5t _! ,sundays ) ! gr&fa!r ,b5?am at ,b>k+1 & made occasional excursions to ! h\se ( ,mrs4 ,b5?am's "m at ,br[n+ ,hill1 ne> ,read+4 ,b5?am rememb]$ ! la/ z a 'p>adise1' & a love ( fl[]s & g>d5s became "o ( 8 p]man5t passions4 ,j]emy *]i%$ ! memory ( 8 "m's t5d]ness4 ,! fa!r1 ?\gh less sympa!tic1 0 pr\d ( 8 son's precocity1 & app>5tly injudici\s 9 /imulat+ ! un=m$ intellect4 ,! boy 0 almo/ a dw>f 9 size4 ,:5 sixte5 he grew ahead1#bjb & 0 s feeble t he c\ld sc>cely drag himself up/airs4 ,attempts to tea* him danc+ fail$ f ! extreme weakness ( 8 knees4#bjc ,he %[$ a ta/e = music1 & c\ld scrape a m9uet on ! fiddle at six ye>s ( age4 ,he read all su* books z came 9 8 way4 ,8 p>5ts object$ to light lit]ature1 & he 0 cramm$ ) su* solid works z ,rap91 ,burnet's ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 & ,cave's ,lives ( ! ,apo/les4 ,v>i\s accid5ts1 h[ev]1 furni%$ him ) bett] food = ! imag9ation4 ,he wept = h\rs ov] ,cl>issa ,h>l[e1 /udi$ ,gulliv]'s ,travels z an au!ntic docum5t1 & dipp$ into a v>iety ( su* books z !n drift$ into middle-class libr>ies4 ,a ,fr5* tea*] introduc$ him to "s rem>kable books4 ,he read ,telemaque1 :i* deeply impress$ him1 &1 z he ?\ght1 implant$ 9 8 m9d ! se$s ( lat] moralis+4 ,he attack$ unsuccessfully "s ( ,voltaire's hi/orical works1 & ev5 read ,c&ide1 ) :at emotions we are n told4 ,! s]vants mean:ile fill$ 8 fancy ) gho/s & hobgobl9s4 ,to ! end ( 8 days he 0 /ill haunt$ by ! imag9>y horrors 9 ! d>k1#bjd & he says#bje t !y _h be5 among ! torm5ts ( 8 life4 ,he _h few companions ( 8 own age1 & ?\gh he 0 'n unhappy' & 0 nev] subject$ to corporal puni%m5t1 he felt m awe ?an affection = 8 fa!r4 ,8 "m1 to :om he 0 /rongly atta*$1 di$ on #f? ,janu>y #agei4 ,b5?am 0 ?us a /rangely precoci\s1 & a morbidly s5sitive *ild1 :5 x 0 decid$ 9 #agee to s5d him to ,we/m9/]4 ,! headma/]1 ,dr4 ,m>kham1 0 a fri5d ( 8 fa!r's4 ,we/m9/]1 he says1 repres5t$ 'hell' = him :5 ,br[n+ ,hill /ood = p>adise4 ,! in/ruction '0 wret*$1' ,! fagg+ sy/em 0 a 'horrid despotism4' ,! games 7 too mu* = 8 /r5g?4 ,8 indu/ry1 h[ev]1 enabl$ him to escape ! bir*1 no small a*ievem5t 9 ^? days1#bjf & he became di/+ui%$ 9 ! /udies su* z !y 74 ,he le>n$ ! cate*ism by he>t1 & 0 good at ,greek & ,lat9 v]ses1 :i* he manufactur$ = 8 companions z well z himself4 ,he _h also ! r>] accompli%m5t1 acquir$ f 8 e>ly tutor1 ( writ+ m easily 9 ,fr5* ?an ,engli%4 ,"s ( 8 writ+s 7 orig9ally compos$ 9 ,fr5*4 ,he 01 accord+ to ,b[r+1 elect$ to "o ( ! ,k+'s s*ol>%ips :5 betwe5 n9e & t51 b z 'ill-usage 0 appreh5d$' ! appo9tm5t 0 decl9$4#bjg ,he 0 at a bo>d+-h\se1 & ! life ( ! boys on ! f\ndation 0 probably r\gh]4 ,9 ,june #agfj 8 fa!r took him to ,ox=d1 & ent]$ him z a common] at ,que5's ,college4 ,he came into resid5ce 9 ! foll[+ ,octob]1 :5 only twelve ye>s old4 ,ox=d 0 n m cong5ial ?an ,we/m9/]4 ,he _h to sign ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles 9 spite ( scruples suppress$ by au?ority4 ,! impression made ^u him by ?is *ildi% compliance nev] left him to ! end ( 8 life4#bjh ,8 exp]i5ce resembl$ t ( ,adam ,smi? & ,gibbon4 ,laz9ess & vice 7 preval5t4 ,a g5tleman common] ( ,que5's 0 presid5t ( a 'hellfire club1' & brutal horseplay 0 /ill practis$ ^u ! weak] lads4 ,b5?am1 /ill a s*oolboy 9 age1 cont9u$ 8 s*oolboy c\rse4 ,he wrote ,lat9 v]ses1 & "o ( 8 exp]im5ts1 an ode ^u ! dea? ( ,george ,,ii41 0 s5t to ,johnson1 :o call$ x 'a v pretty p]=mance = a "y man4' ,he also _h to g ?r\gh ! =m ( disputation 9 ! s*ools4 ,que5's ,college _h "s reputation at ?is "t = tea*+ logic4#bji ,b5?am 0 set to read ,watt's ,logic 7#agbe71 ,s&]son's ,comp5dium artis ,logicae 7#afae71 & ,r[n+'s ,comp5di\s ,sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy 7#agce-db74 ,"s traces ( ^! /udies rema9$ 9 8 m9d4 ,9 #agfc ,b5?am took 8 ,b4,a4 degree1 & return$ to 8 home4 ,x is significant t :5 robb$ ( all 8 money at ,ox=d he did n confide 9 8 fa!r4 ,he 0 pay+ by a morbid res]ve = ! attempts made to =ce him into premature activity4 ,he accept$ ! c>e] impos$ by 8 fa!r's wi%es1 & 9 ,novemb] #agfc began to eat 8 d9n]s 9 ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,he return$1 h[ev]1 to ,ox=d 9 ,decemb] to he> ,black/one's lectures4 ,^! lectures 7 !n a novelty at an ,engli% univ]sity4 ,! ,v9]ian pr(essor%ip _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #ageh 9 consequ5ce ( ! success ( a c\rse volunt>ily giv5 by ,black/one2 & 8 lectures conta9$ ! sub/ance ( ! fam\s ,comm5t>ies1 fir/ publi%$ #agfe-agfi4 ,!y _h a great effect ^u ,b5?am4 ,he says t he 'imm$iately detect$ ,black/one's fallacy respect+ natural rights1' ?\ght o!r doctr9es illogical1 & 0 s mu* occupi$ by ^! reflections z to be unable to take notes4 ,b5?am's dissatisfaction ) ,black/one _h n yet made him an oppon5t ( ! con/itut$ ord]4 ,he 0 pres5t at "s ( ! proce$+s aga9/ ,wilkes1 & 0 p]fectly bewit*$ by ,"l ,mansfield's ',grim-gibb]1' t is1 tak5 9 by 8 pomp\s v]biage4#baj ,9 #agfe 8 fa!r m>ri$ ,mrs4 ,abbot1 ! "m ( ,*>les ,abbot1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,col*e/]4 ,b5?am's dislike ( 8 /ep-"m increas$ ! di/ance betwe5 him & 8 fa!r4 ,he took 8 ,m4,a4 degree 9 #agff & 9 #agfg f9ally left ,ox=d = ,london to beg91 z 8 fa!r fondly hop$1 a flight t[>ds ! woolsack4 ,! lad's diffid5ce & extreme y\? _h inde$ prev5t$ him f =m+ ! usual connections :i* 8 fa!r anticipat$ z ! result ( a college life4 ,8 c>e] z a b>ri/] 0 %ort & griev\sly disappo9t+ to ! p>5tal hopes4 ,8 fa!r1 l ! ,eld] ,fair=d 9 ,r$gauntlet1 _h 'a cause or two at nurse' = ! son4 ,! son's fir/ ?\ght 0 to 'put !m to dea?1' ,a brief 0 giv5 to him 9 a suit1 ^u :i* ,l#ej dep5d$4 ,he advis$ t ! suit %\ld be dropp$ & ! money sav$4 ,o!r exp]i5ces only increas$ 8 repugnance to 8 pr(ession4#baa ,a s+ul>ly /rong impression _h be5 made ^u him by ! ,memoirs ( ,t]esa ,con/antia ,phipps1 9 :i* !re is an acc\nt ( vexati\s legal proce$+s z to ! h]o9e's m>riage4 ,he appe>s to h fir/ read ?is book 9 #agei4 ,!n1 he says1 ! ',demon ( ,*icane appe>$ to me 9 all 8 hide\sness4 ,i v[$ w> aga9/ him4 ,my v[ has be5 accompli%$6'#bab ,b5?am ?us w5t to ! b> z a 'be> to ! /ake4' ,he div]g$ 9 m ?an "o direction4 ,he /udi$ *emi/ry "u ,=dyce 7#agcf-ahjb71 & hank]$ aft] physical sci5ce4 ,he 0 long aft]w>ds 7#aghh7 memb] ( a club to :i* ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,john ,hunt]1 ,r4 ,l4 ,edgewor?1 & o!r m5 ( sci5tific reputation belong$4#bac ,b he _h drift$ into a c\rse ( speculation1 :i*1 ?\gh m g]mane to legal /udies1 0 equally fatal to pr(essional success4 ,! fa!r despair$1 & he 0 consid]$ to be a 'lo/ *ild4' ,,notes3 #bja ,! ma9 au?ority = ,b5?am's ,life is ,b[r+'s acc\nt 9 ! two la/ volumes ( ! ,works4 ,ba9's ,life ( ,james ,mill gives "s useful facts z to ! lat] p]iod4 ,!re is comp>atively little m5tion ( ,b5?am 9 contempor>y memoirs4 ,little is said ( him 9 ,romilly's ,life4 ,p>r's ,works1 i4 & viii41 conta9s "s lett]s4 ,see also ,r4 ,dale ,ow5's ,?read+ my ,way pp4 #age-gh4 ,a little book call$ ,utilit>ianism ,unmask$1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,colls1 ,d4,d4 7#ahdd71 gives "s rem9isc5ces by ,colls1 :o _h be5 ,b5?am's amanu5sis = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,colls1 :o took ord]s1 dislik$ ,b5?am's religi\s levity1 & d5\nces 8 vanity1 b admits 8 e>ly k9dness4 ,volum9\s collections ( ! pap]s us$ by ,b[r+ are at ,univ]sity ,college1 & at ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bjb ,works1 x4 #cc4 #bjc ,ibid4 x4 #ca4 #bjd ,ibid4 ix4 #hd4 #bje ,ibid4 x4 #ah4 #bjf ,s\!y 0 expell$ f ,we/m9/] 9 #agib = attack+ ! bir* 9 a s*oolboy pap]4 #bjg ,works1 x4 #ch4 ,b[r+'s confus$ /atem5t1 ,i take x1 means ?is4 ,b5?am1 9 any case1 0 n on ! f\ndation4 ,see ,wel%'s ,alumni ,we/4 #bjh ,works1 x4 #cg4 #bji ,ibid4 viii4 #aac1 #bag4 #baj ,works1 x4 #de4 #baa ,ibid4 x4 #ea1 #gh1 #hc4 #bab ,works1 x4 #ce1 #gg4 ,ref]5ces are giv5 to ?is book 9 ,works1 vii4 #bai-bj 7',rationale ( ,evid5ce'74 ,sev]al editions appe>$ f #agbe to #agfa4 ,see ,works1 vi4 #dfe1 = a recollection ( simil> exp]i5ces4 #bac ,ibid4 viii4 #adh n42 x4 #ahc4 ,,ii4 ,,fir/ ,,writ+s ,?\gh lo/ to ! b>1 he _h really f\nd himself4 ,he _h tak5 ! l9e prescrib$ by 8 idiosyncrasy4 ,8 fa!r's injudici\s =c+ _h increas$ 8 %yness at ! b>1 & he 0 l an owl 9 daylight4 ,b no "o1 z we %all see1 0 less diffid5t 9 speculation4 ,self-confid5ce 9 a philosoph] is (t5 ! private cr$it :i* he op5s ) 8 imag9ation to comp5sate = 8 incapacity 9 ! r\gh /ruggles ( active life4 ,b5?am %rank f ! _w 9 :i* he 0 easily br[beat5 to ! /udy 9 :i* he c\ld reign supreme4 ,he _h n ! /rong passions :i* prompt commonplace ambition1 & c>$ little = ! prizes = :i* mo/ m5 w sacrifice _! lives4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c he be cr$it$ ) t ard5t philan?ropy or vehem5t indignation :i* prompts to an int]nec9e /ruggle ) actual wrongdo]s4 ,he _h n ! ard\r :i* l$ ,h[>d to devote a life to de/roy abuses1 or t :i* turn$ ,swift's blood to gall 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ triumphant corruption4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly amiable1 b ( k9dly r ?an en]getic affections4 ,he1 !re=e1 desir$ re=m1 b s f> f reg>d+ ! rul+ classes ) ranc\r1 took _! "p aga9/ ! democrats4 ',i 0 a great re=mi/1' he says1 'b nev] suspect$ t ! p 9 p[] 7 aga9/ re=m4 ,i suppos$ !y only want$ to "k :at 0 good 9 ord] to embrace x4'#bad ,! mo/ real ( pleasures = him lay 9 speculat+ ^u ! g5]al pr9ciples by :i* ! 'p 9 p[]' %\ld be guid$4 ,to con/ruct a g5]al *>t = legislation1 to hunt d[n sophi/ries1 to explode m]e noisy rhetoric1 to classify & arrange & re-classify until 8 :ole intellectual weal? 0 neatly arrang$ 9 prop] pigeon-holes1 0 a delight = its own sake4 ,he wi%$ well to mank9d2 he dete/$ abuses1 b he hat$ nei!r ! corrupt$ nor ! corruptors2 & x might almo/ seem t he r valu$ ! b5evol5t end1 because x gave employm5t to 8 faculties1 ?an valu$ ! employm5t because x l$ to ! end4 ,?is is impli$ 9 8 rem>k made at ! end ( 8 life4 ,he 01 he said1 z selfi% z a man c\ld be2 b 'someh[ or o!r' selfi%ness _h 9 him tak5 ! =m ( b5evol5ce4#bae ,he 0 at any rate 9 ! position ( a man ) ! agreeable conviction t he has only to prove ! wisdom ( a giv5 c\rse 9 ord] to secure its adoption4 ,l _m me*anical inv5tors1 he took = grant$ t a process :i* 0 %[n to be useful w\ld !re=e be at once adopt$1 & fail$ to anticipate ! det]m9$ opposition ( ! great mass ( 've/$ int]e/s' already 9 possession4 ,at ?is p]iod he made ! discov]y1 or :at he held to be ! discov]y1 :i* gov]n$ 8 :ole future c>e]4 ,he laid d[n ! pr9ciple :i* 0 to give ! clue to all 8 inve/igations2 &1 z he ?\ght1 requir$ only to be ann\nc$ to secure univ]sal acceptance4 ,:5 ,b5?am revolt$ aga9/ ! intellectual food provid$ at s*ool & college1 he naturally took up ! philosophy :i* at t p]iod repres5t$ ! really liv+ /ream ( ?\ght4 ,to be a man ( enlight5m5t 9 ^? days 0 to belong to ! s*ool ( ,locke4 ,locke repres5t$ reason1 free ?\ght1 & ! ab&onm5t ( prejudice4 ,besides ,locke1 he m5tions ,hume1 ,montesquieu1 ,helvetius1 ,becc>ia1 & ,b>r+ton4 ,helvetius especially did mu* to sugge/ to him 8 lead+ pr9ciple1 & ^u c\ntry trips :i* he took ) 8 fa!r & /ep-"m1 he us$ to lag beh9d /udy+ ,helvetius' ,de l',esprit4#baf ,locke1 he says 9 an e>ly note 7#aggc-aggd71 %\ld give ! pr9ciples1 ,helvetius ! matt]1 ( a complete dige/ ( ! law4 ,he m5tions ) especial int]e/ ! ?ird volume ( ,hume's ,treatise on ,human ,nature = its e?ical views3 'he felt z if scales fell f 8 eyes' :5 he read x4#bag ,da9es ,b>r+ton's ,obs]vations on ! ,/atutes 7#agff7 int]e/$ him by miscellane\s sugge/ions4 ,! book1 he says1#bah 0 a 'great treasure4' ',x is ev]y?+1 a propos ( ev]y?+2 ,i wrote volumes ^u ?is volume4' ,becc>ia's treatise ^u crimes & puni%m5ts _h appe>$ 9 #agfd1 & _h excit$ ! applause ( ,europe4 ,! _w 0 cle>ly ready = a fundam5tal recon/ruction ( legislative !ories4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* /udies ,b5?am =mulat$ 8 fam\s pr9ciple--a pr9ciple :i* to "s seem$ a b>r5 truism1 to o!rs a m]e epigram1 & to "s a dang]\s falsehood4 ,b5?am accept$ x n only z true1 b z express+ a tru? ( extraord9>y fecundity1 capable ( guid+ him ?r\gh ! :ole labyr9? ( political & legislative speculation4 ,8 'fundam5tal axiom' is t '! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] is ! measure ( "r & wrong4'#bai ,b5?am himself#bbj attributes ! au?or%ip ( ! phrase to ,becc>ia or ,prie/ley4 ,! g5]al ord] ( ?\ght to :i* ?is !ory belongs 0 ( c\rse n ! prop]ty ( any special writ] or any p>ticul> p]iod4 ,"h ,i ne$ only obs]ve t ?is embodim5t ( ! g5]al doctr9e ( utility or morality _h be5 /ruck out by ,hut*eson 9 ! attempt 7z 8 title says7 'to introduce a ma!matical calculation on subjects ( morality4' ,?is def9es ! exact reason :i* made x acceptable to ,b5?am4 ,= ! vague ref]5ce to utility :i* appe>s 9 ,hume & o!r writ]s ( 8 s*ool1 he sub/itut$ a =mula1 ! t]ms ( :i* sugge/ ! possibility ( an accurate quantitative comp>ison ( diff]5t sums ( happ9ess4 ,9 ,b5?am's m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! m g5]al =mula 0 l ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /atem5t t ! planets gravitate t[>ds ! sun1 & ! m precise /atem5t t ! law ( gravitation v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,b5?am hop$ = no less an a*ievem5t ?an to become ! ,newton ( ! moral _w4 ,b5?am1 aft] leav+ ,ox=d1 took *amb]s 9 ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,8 fa!r on 8 second m>riage _h settl$ "s prop]ty ^u him1 :i* br\ght 9 "s ,l#ij a ye>4 ,he _h to live l a g5tleman ^u ?is1 & to give f\r gu9eas a ye> to ! laundress1 f\r to 8 b>b]1 & two to 8 %oeblack4 ,9 spite ( ,j]emy's deviation f ! pa? ( pref]m5t1 ! two 7 on fri5dly t]ms1 & :5 ! hopes ( ! son's pr(essional success grew fa9t1 ! fa!r %[$ sympa?y ) 8 lit]>y und]tak+s4 ,j]emy visit$ ,p>is 9 #aggj1 b made few acqua9tances1 ?\gh he 0 already reg>d$ z a 'philosoph]4' ,9 #aggh he 0 9 correspond5ce ) d',alemb]t1 ! abbe ,morellet1 & o!r philan?ropic philosoph]s1 b x does n appe> at :at "t ?is connection began4#bba ,he translat$ ,voltaire's ,taureau ,blanc#bbb--;a /ory :i* us$ to 'convulse him ) laught]4' ,a ref]5ce to x w %[ t ,b5?am by ?is "t took ! ,voltairean view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b5?am1 h[ev]1 0 /ill on ! side ( ! ,tories4 ,8 fir/ publication 0 a def5ce ( ,"l ,mansfield 9 #aggj aga9/ attacks aris+ out ( ! prosecution ( ,woodfall = publi%+ ,junius's lett] to ! k+4 ,?is def5ce1 conta9$ 9 two lett]s1 sign$ ,ir5aeus1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,gazette]4 ,b5?am's next p]=mance 0 rem>kable 9 ! same s5se4 ,among ! few fri5ds :o drift$ to 8 *amb]s 0 ,john ,l9d 7#agcg-agha71 :o _h be5 a cl]gyman1 & aft] act+ z tutor to a pr9ce 9 ,pol&1 _h return$ to ,london & become a writ] = ! press4 ,he _h bus9ess relations ) ! eld] ,b5?am1 & ! y\ng] ,b5?am 0 to "s ext5t 8 collaborator 9 a pamphlet#bbc :i* def5d$ ! conduct ( m9i/]s to ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,b5?am obs]ves t he 0 prejudic$ aga9/ ! ,am]icans by ! badness ( _! argum5ts1 & ?\ght f ! fir/1 z he cont9u$ to ?9k1 t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 a hodge-podge ( confusion & absurdity1 9 :i* ! ?+ to be prov$ is all along tak5 = grant$4#bbd ,two o!r fri5d%ips 7 =m$ by ,b5?am ab\t ?is "t3 "o ) ,james ,trail1 an unsuccessful b>ri/]1 :o ow$ a seat 9 ,p>liam5t & "s m9or (fices to ,"l ,h]t=d1 & is said by ,romilly to h be5 a man ( great tal5t2 & "o ) ,george ,wilson1 aft]w>ds a lead] ( ! ,norfolk circuit1 :o _h become kn[n to him ?r\gh a common int]e/ 9 ,dr4 ,=dyce's lectures ^u *emi/ry4 ,wilson became a bosom fri5d1 & 0 "o ( ,b5?am's fir/ disciples1 ?\gh !y 7 ultimately ali5at$4#bbe ,at ?is "t1 ,b5?am says1 t 8 0 'truly a mis]able life4'#bbf ,yet he 0 gett+ to "w ^u 8 gr& project4 ,he tells 8 fa!r on #a/ ,octob] #aggf t he is writ+ 8 ,critical ,elem5ts ( ,jurisprud5ce1 ! book ( :i* a "p 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ z ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation4#bbg ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ 8 fir/ important "w1 ! ,fragm5t on ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ye> 0 9 _m ways memorable4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce m>k$ ! op5+ ( a new political era4 ,adam ,smi?'s ,weal? ( ,nations & ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall =m$ l&m>ks 9 speculation & 9 hi/ory2 & ,b5?am's volume1 ?\gh x made no su* impression1 ann\nc$ a s]i\s attempt to apply sci5tific me?ods to problems ( legislation4 ,! preface conta9$ ! fir/ decl>ation ( 8 fam\s =mula :i* 0 appli$ to ! confutation ( ,black/one4 ,b5?am 0 app>5tly r\s$ to ?is ef=t by recollections ( ! ,ox=d lectures4 ,! ,comm5t>ies conta9$ a c]ta9 quantity ( philosophical rhetoric2 & z ,black/one 0 mu* great] 9 a lit]>y ?an 9 a philosophical s5se1 ! result 0 naturally unsatisfactory f a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,he _h vaguely appeal$ to ! s\nd ,:ig doctr9e ( social compact1 & :ile disav[+ any /rict hi/orical basis _h n inquir$ too curi\sly :at 0 left ( 8 suppos$ f\ndation4 ,b5?am p\nc$ ^u ! un=tunate bit ( v]biage2 insi/$ ^u ask+ = a mean+ :5 !re 0 no?+ b a rhetorical fl\ri%1 & tore ! :ole flimsy fabric to rags & tatt]s4 ,a m bitt] attack ^u ,black/one1 *iefly1 z ,b[r+ says1 ^u 8 def5ce ( ! ,jewi% law1 0 suppress$ = fe> ( ! law ( libel4#bbh ,! ,fragm5t 0 publi%$ anonym\sly1 b ,b5?am _h confid$ ! secret to 8 fa!r by way ( sugge/+ "s slight set-(f aga9/ 8 app>5t unwill+ness to em]ge f obscurity4 ,! book 0 at fir/ attribut$ to ,"l ,mansfield1 ,"l ,camd51 & to ,dunn+4 ,x 0 pirat$ 9 ,dubl92 & mo/ ( ! five hundr$ copies pr9t$ appe> to h be5 sold1 ?\gh )\t pr(it to ! au?or4 ,! fa!r's indiscretion let out ! secret2 & ! sale1 :5 ! book 0 kn[n to be writt5 by a nobody1 fell (f at once1 or s ,b5?am believ$4 ,! anonym\s writ]1 h[ev]1 0 d5\nc$ & accus$ ( be+ ! au?or ( mu* ribaldry1 & among o!r accusations 0 said to be n only ! translator b ! writ] ( ! ,:ite ,bull4#bbi ,b5?am _h fanci$ t all mann] ( 'tor*es f ! highe/ regions' w\ld come to light !mselves at 8 'f>?+ c&le4' ,none ( !m came1 & he 0 left = "s ye>s 9 obscurity1 ?\gh /ill lab\r+ at ! great "w :i* 0 "o day to enlight5 ! _w4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 p>tial recognition came to him 9 a %ape :i* greatly influ5c$ 8 c>e]4 ,"l ,%elburne1 aft]w>ds m>quis ( ,lansd[ne1 _h be5 impress$ by ! ,fragm5t1 & 9 #agha s\ght out ,b5?am at 8 *amb]s4 ,%elburne's c>e] 0 to culm9ate 9 ! foll[+ ye> ) 8 brief t5ure ( ! premi]%ip 7#crd ,july #aghb to #bd? ,febru>y #aghc74 ,rightly or wrongly 8 contempor>ies felt ! di/ru/ indicat$ by 8 nickname ',malagrida1' :i* appe>s to h be5 p>tly sugge/$ by a habit ( ov]/ra9$ complim5t4 ,he incurr$ ! dislike n unfrequ5tly excit$ by m5 :o claim sup]iority ( intellect )\t possess+ ! =ce ( "* :i* gives a correspond+ weight 9 political affairs4 ,al?\gh 8 education _h be5 bad1 he _h some?+ ( t cosmopolitan tra9+ :i* enabl$ _m memb]s ( ! ari/ocracy to look beyond ! n>r[ middle-class prejudices & %>e 9 "s degree ! wid] philosophical movem5ts ( ! day4 ,he _h enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,frankl91 & _h be5 ! patron ( ,prie/ley1 :o made "s ( 8 *emical discov]ies at ,b[ood1 & to :om he all[$ an annuity4 ,he belong$ to t section ( ! ,:igs :i* _h mo/ sympa?y ) ! revolution>y movem5t4 ,8 *ief political lieut5ants 7 ,dunn+ & ,b>re1 :o at ! "t sat = 8 bor\gh ,calne4 ,he n[ rapidly =m$ an intimacy ) ,b5?am1 :o w5t to /ay at ,b[ood 9 ! autumn ( #agha4 ,b5?am n[ & !n 9 lat] ye>s made "s r disp>ag+ rem>ks ^u ,%elburne1 :om he app>5tly consid]$ to be r an amateur ?an a s]i\s philosoph]1 & :o 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords talk$ 'vague g5]alities'--! sacr$ phrase by :i* ! ,utilit>ians d5\nc$ all prea*+ b _! own--9 a way to impose ^u ! ?\ghtless4 ,he respect$ ,%elburne1 h[ev]1 z "o :o tru/$ ! p1 & 0 di/ru/$ by ! ,:ig ari/ocracy4 ,he felt1 too1 a real affection & gratitude = ! patron to :om he ow$ s mu*4 ,%elburne _h done him a great s]vice4#bcj ',he rais$ me f ! bottomless pit ( humiliation4 ,he made me feel ,i 0 some?+4' ,! eld] ,b5?am 0 impress$ by 8 son's acqua9tance ) a man 9 s em95t a position1 & hop$ t x might lead by a diff]5t pa? to ! success :i* _h be5 miss$ at ! b>4 ,at ,b[ood ,b5?am /ay$ ov] a mon? ^u 8 fir/ visit1 & 0 treat$ 9 ! mann] appropriate to a philosoph]4 ,! m5 %[$ him fri5dl9ess1 da%$ ) occasional contempt1 & ! ladies pett$ him4 ,he met ,"l ,camd5 & ,dunn+ & "y ,william ,pitt1 & "s m9or adh]5ts ( ! great man4 ,pitt 0 'v good-natur$ & a little raw4' ,i 0 mon/r\sly 'fright5$ at him1' b1 :5 ,i came to talk ) him1 he seem$ 'fright5$ at me4'#bca ,b5?am1 h[ev]1 did n see :at ideas !y 7 likely to h 9 common4 ,9 fact !re 0 ! usual gulf betwe5 ! speculative ?9k] & ! practical man4 ',all ! /atesm51' s ?\ght ! philosoph]1 '7 want+ 9 ! great elem5ts ( /atesman%ip'3 !y 7 always talk+ ab\t ':at 0' & seldom or nev] ab\t ':at ought to be4'#bcb ,occasionally1 x w\ld seem1 !y desc5d$ l[]1 & made a little fun ( ! %y & ov]-s5sitive intrud]4#bcc ,! ladies1 h[ev]1 made x up to him4 ,%elburne made him read 8 'dry metaphysics' to !m1#bcd & !y receiv$ x ) fem99e docility4 ,"l ,%elburne _h lately 7#aggi7 m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,l\isa1 daught] ( ! fir/ e>l ( ,upp] ,ossory4 ,h] si/]1 ,lady ,m>y ,fitz-,patrick1 m>ri$ 9 #agff to ,/eph5 ,fox1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,holl&1 0 ! "m ( ! ,"l ,holl& ( lat] days & ( ,miss ,c>ol9e ,fox1 :o surviv$ till #ahde1 & 0 at ?is "t a pleasant girl ( ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,lady ,%elburne _h also two half-si/]s1 daught]s ( h] "m's second m>riage to ,ri*>d ,v]non4 ,lady ,%elburne took a fancy to ,b5?am1 & gave him ! 'prodigi\s privilege' ( admission to h] dress+-room4 ,?\gh haughty 9 mann]1 %e 0 mild 9 reality1 & aft] a "t %e & h] si/] indulg$ 9 'innoc5t gambols4' ,9 h] la/ illness1 ,b5?am 0 "o ( ! only two m5 :om %e w\ld see1 & ^u h] dea? 9 #aghi1 he 0 ! only male fri5d to :om h] husb& turn$ = consolation4 ,miss ,fox seems to h be5 ! only woman :o inspir$ ,b5?am ) a s5tim5t approa*+ to passion4 ,he wrote occasional lett]s to ! ladies 9 ! tone ( elephant9e pleasantry natural to "o :o 0 all 8 life bo? a philosoph] & a *ild4#bce ,he made an (f] ( m>riage to ,miss ,fox 9 #ahje1 :5 he 0 ne>] sixty ?an fifty1 & :5 !y _h n met = sixte5 ye>s4 ,! imm$iate occasion 0 presumably ! dea? ( ,"l ,lansd[ne4 ,%e repli$ 9 a fri5dly lett]1 regrett+ ! pa9 :i* h] refusal w\ld inflict4 ,9 #ahbg ,b5?am1 !n 9 8 eightie? ye>1 wrote once m1 speak+ ( ! fl[] %e _h giv5 him '9 ! gre5 lane1' & ask+ = a k9d answ]4 ,he 0 'indescribably hurt & disappo9t$' by a cold & di/ant reply4 ,! te>s w\ld come into ! old man's eyes z he dealt ^u ! *]i%$ memories ( ,b[ood4#bcf ,x is pleasant to "k t ,b5?am 0 once 9 love2 ?\gh 8 love seems to h be5 *iefly = a memory associat$ ) :at he call$ ! happie/ "t ( 8 life4 ,%elburne _h a project = a m>riage betwe5 ,b5?am & ! wid[ ( ,"l ,a%burton 7,dunn+71 :o di$ 9 #aghc4bcg ,he also made "s ov]tures ( patronage4 ',he ask$ me1' says ,b5?am1#bch ':at he c\ld d = me8 ,i told him1 no?+1' & ?is conduct--s diff]5t f t ( o!rs1 'ende>$ me to him4' ,b5?am decl9$ "o (f] 9 #aghh2 b 9 #agij he sudd5ly took x into 8 head t ,lansd[ne _h promis$ him a seat 9 p>liam5t2 & imm$iately set =? 8 claims 9 a va/ argum5tative lett] ( sixty-"o pages4#bci ,lansd[ne repli$ conclusively t he _h n made ! suppos$ promise1 & _h _h e reason to suppose t ,b5?am pref]r$ retirem5t to politics4 ,b5?am accept$ ! /atem5t frankly1 ?\gh a %ort coolness app>5tly foll[$4 ,! claim1 9 fact1 only repres5t$ "o ( ^? pass+ moods to :i* ,b5?am 0 always giv+ way at odd mom5ts4 ,b5?am's intimacy at ,b[ood l$ to m important results4 ,9 #aghh he met ,romilly & ,dumont at ,"l ,lansd[ne's table4#bdj ,he _h already met ,romilly 9 #aghd ?r\gh ,wilson1 b aft] ?is ! intimacy became close4 ,romilly _h fall5 9 love ) ! ,fragm5t1 & 9 lat] life he became ,b5?am's advis] 9 practical matt]s1 & ! *ief if n ! sole exp\nd] ( ,b5?am's !ories 9 p>liam5t4#bda ,! alliance ) ,dumont 0 ( ev5 great] importance4 ,dumont1 born at ,g5eva 9 #agei1 _h become a ,prote/ant m9i/]2 he 0 aft]w>ds tutor to ,%elburne's son1 & 9 #aghh visit$ ,p>is ) ,romilly & made acqua9tance ) ,mirabeau4 ,romilly %[$ ,dumont "s ( ,b5?am's pap]s writt5 9 ,fr5*4 ,dumont (f]$ to rewrite & to sup]9t5d _! publication4 ,he aft]w>ds receiv$ o!r pap]s f ,b5?am himself1 ) :om he became p]sonally acqua9t$ aft] 8 return f ,p>is4#bdb ,dumont became ,b5?am's mo/ devot$ disciple1 & lab\r$ unwe>i$ly ^u ! translation & cond5sation ( 8 ma/]'s treatise4 ,"o result is odd en\gh4 ,dumont1 x is said1 provid$ mat]ials = "s ( ,mirabeau's 'mo/ spl5did' spee*es2 & "s ( ^! mat]ials came f ,b5?am4#bdc ,"o w\ld l to see h[ ,b5?am's prose 0 transmut$ into an oratory by ,mirabeau4 ,9 any case1 ,dumont's s]vices to ,b5?am 7 invaluable4 ,x is pa9ful to add t accord+ to ,b[r+ ! two became s mu* ali5at$ 9 ! end1 t 9 #ahbg ,b5?am refus$ to see ,dumont1 & decl>$ t 8 *ief int]pret] did 'n und]/& a ^w ( 8 mean+4' ,b[r+ attributes ?is sep>ation to a rem>k made by ,dumont ab\t ! %abb9ess ( ,b5?am's d9n]s z comp>$ ) ^? at ,lansd[ne ,h\se--a comp>ison :i* he calls '(f5sive1 uncall$-=1 & gr\ndless4'#bdd ,b5?am app>5tly argu$ t a man :o did n l 8 d9n]s c\ld n appreciate 8 !ories3 a fallacy excusable only by ! petti%ness ( old age4 ,b[r+1 h[ev]1 _h a natural dulness :i* di/ort$ _m anecdotes transmitt$ ?r\gh him2 & we may hope t 9 ?is case !re 0 "s exagg]ation4 ,b5?am's em]g5ce 01 mean:ile1 v sl[4 ,! great m5 :om he met at ,"l ,lansd[ne's 7 n specially impress$ by ! %y philosoph]4 ,w$d]burn1 s he he>d1 pron\nc$ ! fatal ^w 'dang]\s' 9 reg>d to ! ,fragm5t4#bde ,h[1 ?\ght ,b5?am1 c utility be dang]\s8 ,is ?is n self-contradictory8 ,lat] reflection expla9$ ! puzzle4 ,:at is useful to ! gov]n$ ne$ n be !re=e useful to ! gov]nors4 ,mansfield1 :o 0 kn[n to ,l9d1 said t 9 "s p>ts ! au?or ( ! ,fragm5t 0 awake & 9 o!rs 0 asleep4 ,9 :at p>ts8 ,b5?am wond]$4 ,awake1 he aft]w>ds consid]$1 9 ! p>ts :]e ,black/one1 ! object ( ,mansfield's p]sonal 'he>t-burn+1' 0 attack$2 asleep :]e ,mansfield's own despotism 0 ?reat5$4 ,camd5 0 contemptu\s2 ,dunn+ only 'sc[l$' at him2 & ,b>re1 aft] tak+ 9 8 book1 gave x back ) ! my/]i\s in=mation t he _h 'got into a scrape4'#bdf ,! great book1 !re=e1 ?\gh pr9t$ 9 #agha1bdg '/uck = eight ye>s1'#bdh & ! writ] cont9u$ 8 obscure exi/5ce 9 ,l9coln's ,inn4#bdi ,an op9ion :i* he gave 9 "s "q z to ! evid5ce 9 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s's trial made1 he says1 an impression 9 8 fav\r4 ,be=e publication 0 a*iev$1 h[ev]1 a curi\s episode alt]$ ,b5?am's :ole outlook4 ,8 bro!r ,samuel 7#ageg-ahca71 ^: education he _h p>tly sup]9t5d$1#bej _h be5 appr5tic$ to a %ipwright at ,woolwi*1 & 9 #aghj _h gone to ,russia 9 se>* ( employm5t4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he 0 s5t by ,pr9ce ,potemk9 to sup]9t5d a great indu/rial e/abli%m5t at ,krit*ev on a tribut>y ( ! ,dniep]4 ,!re he 0 to be ',jack-(-all-trades--build+ %ips1 l ,h>lequ91 ( odds & ends--a rope-mak]1 a sail-mak]1 a di/ill]1 brew]1 mal/]1 tann]1 glass-man1 glass-gr9d]1 pott]1 hemp-sp9n]1 smi?1 & copp]smi?4'#bea ,he 01 t is1 to transplant a fragm5t ( ready-made ,we/]n civilisation into ,russia4 ,b5?am resolv$ to pay a visit to 8 bro!r1 to :om he 0 /rongly atta*$4 ,he left ,engl& 9 ,augu/ #aghe1 & /ay$ "s "t at ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he met ,m>ia ,james 7#aggj-ahcf71 ! wife successively ( ,w4 ,reveley & ( ,john ,gisborne1 & ! fri5d ( ,%elley4 ,!nce he travell$ by l& to ,krit*ev1 & settl$ ) 8 bro!r at ! neighb\r+ e/ate ( ,zadobras4 ,b5?am "h pass$ a seclud$ life1 int]e/$ 9 8 bro!r's occupations & me*anical inv5tions1 & at ! same "t keep+ up 8 own intellectual lab\rs4 ,! mo/ rem>kable result 0 ! ,def5ce ( ,usury1 writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aghg4 ,b5?am app5ds to x a respectful lett] to ,adam ,smi?1 :o _h support$ ! laws aga9/ usury inconsi/5tly ) 8 own g5]al pr9ciples4 ,! disciple 0 simply c>ry+ out ^? pr9ciples to ! logical application f :i* ! ma/] _h %runk4 ,! manuscript 0 s5t to ,wilson1 :o wi%$ to suppress x4#beb ,! eld] ,b5?am obta9$ x1 & s5t x to ! press4 ,! book met ,b5?am z he 0 return+4 ,x 0 highly prais$ by ,?omas ,reid1#bec & by ! ,mon?ly ,review2 x 0 translat$ into v>i\s languages1 & became "o ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,economi/s4 ,wilson is describ$ z 'cold & cauti\s1' & he suppress$ ano!r pamphlet ^u prison discipl9e4#bed ,9 a lett] to ,b5?am1 dat$ #bf? ,febru>y #aghg1 h[ev]1 ,wilson disav[s any responsibility = ! delay 9 ! publication ( ! great book4 ',! cause1' he says1 'lies 9 y\r con/itution4 ,) "o-t5? "p ( y\r g5ius1 & a common degree ( /ead9ess1 bo? ,sam & y w\ld long s9ce h ris5 to great em95ce4 ,b y\r hi/ory1 s9ce ,i h kn[n y1 has be5 to be always runn+ f a good s*eme to a bett]4 ,9 ! meantime life passes away & no?+ is complet$4' ,he entreat$ ,b5?am to return1 & 8 entreaties 7 second$ by ,trail1 :o po9t$ out v>i\s s*emes ( re=m1 especially ( ! poor-laws1 9 :i* ,b5?am might be useful4 ,wilson _h m5tion$ already ano!r inducem5t to publication4 ',!re is1' he says1 on #bd? ,septemb] #aghf1 'a ,mr4 ,paley1 a p>son & ar*deacon ( ,c>lisle1 :o has writt5 a book call$ ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 9 qu>to1 & x has gone ?r\gh two editions ) prodigi\s applause4' ,he fe>s t ,b5?am w be *>g$ ) /eal+ f ,paley1 & exhorts him to come home & 'e/abli% a great lit]>y reputation 9 y\r own language1 & 9 ?is c\ntry :i* y despise4'#bee ,b5?am at la/ />t$ homew>ds4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ,pol&1 ,g]many1 & ,holl&1 & rea*$ ,london at ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y #aghh4 ,he settl$ at a little f>mh\se at ,h5don1 b\ght a 'sup]b h>psi*ord1' resum$ 8 occupations1 & saw a small circle ( fri5ds4 ,wilson urg$ him to publi% 8 ,introduction )\t wait+ to complete ! va/ s*eme to :i* x 0 to be a prologue4 ,copies ( ! pr9t$ book 7 already abroad1 & !re 0 a dang] ( plagi>ism4 ,?us urg$1 ,b5?am at la/ yield$1 & ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation appe>$ 9 #aghi4 ,! preface apologis$ = imp]fections due to ! plan ( 8 "w4 ,! book1 he expla9$1 laid d[n ! pr9ciples ( all 8 future lab\rs1 & 0 to /& to him 9 ! relation ( a treatise ^u pure ma!matics to a treatise ^u ! appli$ sci5ces4 ,he indicat$ t5 sep>ate dep>tm5ts ( legislation1 ea* ( :i* w\ld require a treatise 9 ord] to ! complete execution ( 8 s*eme4 ,! book gives ! ess5ce ( ,b5?am's !ories1 & is ! "o l>ge treatise publi%$ by himself4 ,! o!r works 7 only br\ght to bir? by ! help ( disciples4 ,dumont1 9 ! disc\rse prefix$ to ! ,traites1 expla9s ! reason4 ,b5?am1 he says1 w\ld susp5d a :ole "w & beg9 a new "o because a s+le proposition /ruck him z d\btful4 ,a problem ( f9ance w\ld s5d him to a /udy ( ,political ,economy 9 g5]al4 ,a "q ( proc$ure w\ld make him pause until he _h inve/igat$ ! :ole subject ( judicial organisation4 ,:ile at "w1 he felt only ! pleasure ( composition4 ,:5 8 mat]ials requir$ =m & f9i%1 he felt only ! fatigue4 ,disgu/ succe$$ to *>m2 & he c\ld sc>cely be induc$ to int]rupt 8 lab\rs ^u fre% matt] 9 ord] to give to 8 int]pret] ! explanations necess>y = ! elucidation ( 8 previ\s writ+s4 ,he 0 )\t ! lit]>y vanity or ! desire = completion :i* may prompt to premature publication1 b may at lea/ prev5t ! absolute wa/e ( :at has be5 already a*iev$4 ,8 me?od ( writ+ 0 *>act]i/ic4 ,he began by =m+ a complete logical s*eme = ! treatm5t ( any subject1 divid+ & subdivid+ s z to secure an exhau/ive classification ( ! :ole matt] ( discussion4 ,!n tak+ up any subdivision1 he wrote 8 rem>ks ^u %eets1 :i* 7 put aside aft] be+ m>k$ ) ref]5ces indicat+ _! place 9 ! f9al treatise4 ,he nev] turn$ to ^! aga94 ,9 "t he w\ld exhau/ ! :ole subject1 & x w\ld !n be ! duty ( 8 disciples simply to put toge!r ! bricks accord+ to ! indications plac$ ^u ea* 9 ord] to con/ruct ! :ole edifice4#bef ,z1 h[ev]1 ! plan w\ld frequ5tly und]go a *ange1 & z ea* fragm5t _h be5 writt5 )\t ref]5ce to ! o!rs1 ! task ( ultimate comb9ation & adaptation ( ! ultimate atoms 0 (t5 v p]plex+4 ,b5?am1 z we %all see1 =m$ disciples ard5t en\gh to put toge!r ^! scatt]$ docum5ts z ! disciples ( ,mahomet put toge!r ! ,koran4 ,b5?am's revelation 0 possibly less influ5tial ?an ,mahomet's2 b ! logical framework 0 f> m coh]5t4 ,b5?am's m9d 0 = ! pres5t di/ract$4 ,he _h naturally return$ full ( in=mation ab\t ,russia4 ,! ,engli% m9i/ry 7 involv$ 9 v>i\s negotiations ) ,russia1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to ?w>t ! designs ( ,russia 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b5?am wrote ?ree lett]s to ! ,public ,adv]tis]1 sign$ ,anti-,ma*iavel1#beg prote/+ aga9/ ! w>like policy4 ,b5?am himself believ$ t ! effect 0 decisive1 & t ! 'w> 0 giv5 up' 9 consequ5ce ( 8 argum5ts4 ,hi/orians#beh sc>cely sanction ?is belief1 :i* is only wor? notice because x l$ to ano!r belief1 oddly *>act]i/ic ( ,b5?am4 ,a lett] sign$ ',p>tizan' 9 ! ,public ,adv]tis] repli$ to 8 fir/ two lett]s4 ,:o 0 ',p>tizan'8 ,"l ,lansd[ne amus$ himself by in=m+ ,b5?am t he 0 no less a p]sonage ?an ,george ,,iii4 ,b5?am1 ) ev5 m ?an 8 usual simplicity1 accept$ ?is hoax z a s]i\s /atem5t4 ,he d]iv$ no little com=t f ! ?\ght2 = to ! antipa?y ?us eng5d]$ 9 ! 'be/ ( k+s' he attribut$ ! subsequ5t failure ( 8 ,panopticon s*eme4#bei ,,notes3 #bad ,works1 x4 #ff4 #bae ,ibid4 xi4 #ie4 #baf ,works1 x4 #ed4 #bag ,ibid4 i4 #bfh n4 #bah ,works1 x4 #aba4 #bai ,ibid4 i4 #bbg4 #bbj ,ibid4 x4 #gi1 #adb4 ,see also ,deontology1 i4 #bih-cjb1 :]e ,b5?am speaks ( discov]+ ! phrase 9 ,prie/ley's ,essay on ,gov]nm5t 9 #agfh4 ,prie/ley says 7p4 #ag7 t '! good & happ9ess ( ! memb]s1 t is ( ! majority ( ! memb]s1 ( any /ate is ! great /&>d by :i* ev]y?+ relat+ to t /ate mu/ be f9ally det]m9$4' ,s ,le ,m]ci] de la ,rivi]e says1 9 #agfg1 t ! ultimate end ( society is assur] le plus gr& bonheur possible a la plus gr&e population possible 7,daire's ,economi/es1 p4 #dgj74 ,hut*eson's ,enquiry conc]n+ ,moral ,good & ,evil1 #agbe1 see iii4 ,sec4 #h1 says 't action is be/ :i* secures ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4' ,becc>ia1 9 ! preface to 8 essay1 speaks ( la massima felicita divisa nel maggior num]o4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill says t he f\nd ! ^w ',utilit>ian' 9 ,galt's ,annals ( ! ,p>i%1 & gave ! "n to ! society f\nd$ by him 9 #ahbb-ahbc 7,autobiography1 p4 #gi74 ,! ^w _h be5 us$ by ,b5?am himself 9 #agha1 & he sugge/$ x to ,dumont 9 #ahjb z ! prop] "n ( ! p>ty1 in/ead ( ',b5?amite' 7,works1 x4 #ib1 #cij74 ,he aft]w>ds ?\ght x a bad "n1 because x gave a 'vague idea' 7,works1 x4 #ehb71 & sub/itut$ 'greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple' = 'pr9ciple ( utility' 7,works1 i4 ',morals & ,legislation'74 #bba ,a lett] 9 ! ,additional ,,mss4 #cc1 #ecg1 %[s t ,b5?am s5t 8 ',fragm5t' & 8 ',h>d ,lab\r' pamphlet to d',alemb]t 9 #aggh1 app>5tly introduc+ himself = ! fir/ "t4 ,cf4 ,works1 x4 #hg-hh1 #aic-id4 #bbb ,! translation ( #aggd4 ,see ,l[ndes' ,manual "u ,voltaire1 ,works1 x4 #hc n4 #bbc ,review ( ! ,acts ( ! ,?irte5? ,p>liam5t1 etc4 7#agge74 #bbd ,works1 x4 #eg1 #fc4 #bbe ,works1 x4 #acc-ce4 #bbf ,ibid4 x4 #hd4 #bbg ,ibid4 x4 #gg4 #bbh ,works1 x4 #hb4 #bbi ,works1 x4 #gg-hb4 ,black/one took no notice ( ! "w1 except by "s allusions 9 ! preface to 8 next edition4 ,b5?am criticis$ ,black/one respectfully 9 ! pamphlet ^u ! ,h>d ,lab\r ,bill 7#aggh74 ,black/one s5t a c\rte\s b 'frigidly cauti\s' reply to ! au?or4--,works1 i4 #bee4 #bcj ,works1 x4 #aae-ag1 #ahf #bca ,ibid4 x4 #ajj4 #bcb ,ibid4 x4 #abb4 #bcc ,ibid4 x4 #aah2 i4 #bec4 #bcd ,works1 x4 #ig2 i4 #beb4 #bce ,ibid4 x4 #bai1 #bfe4 #bcf ,works1 x4 #aah1 #dai1 #eeh4 #bcg ,ibid4 i4 #bec4 #bch ,ibid4 x4 #aaf1 #ahb4 #bci ,ibid4 x4 #bbh-db4 #bdj ,ibid4 x4 #ahf4 #bda ,works1 v4 #cgj4 #bdb ,s\v5irs sur ,mirabeau 7preface74 #bdc ,works1 x4 #ahe4 #bdd ,works1 x4 #ahe4 ,colls 7p4 #da7 tells ! same /ory4 #bde ,works 7',fragm5t1 etc4'71 i4 #bde1 & ,ibid4 ii4 #dfc n4 #bdf ,ibid4 i4 #bdf1 #bej1 #bea4 #bdg ,ibid4 i4 #beb4 #bdh ,ibid4 x4 #ahe4 #bdi ,b5?am says 7,works1 i4 #bdj7 t he 0 a memb] ( a club ( :i* ,johnson 0 ! despot4 ,! only club possible seems to be ! ,essex ,/reet ,club1 ( :i* ,da9es ,b>r+ton 0 a memb]4 ,if s1 x 0 9 #aghc1 ?\gh ,b5?am seems to imply an e>li] date4 #bej ,works1 x4 #gg4 #bea ,ibid4 x4 #adg4 #beb ,works1 x4 #agf4 #bec ,reid's ,works 7,hamilton71 p4 #gc4 #bed ,works1 x4 #aga4 #bee ,works1 x4 #afc-fd4 ,cf4 ,ibid4 x4 #aie1 :]e ,wilson is (t5 'tempt$ to ?9k'--errone\sly1 ( c\rse--t ,paley mu/ h kn[n some?+ ( ,b5?am's "w4 ,paley's *ief s\rce 0 ,abraham ,tuck]4 #bef ,see ,j4 ,h4 ,burton 9 ,works1 i4 #aa4 #beg ,giv5 9 ,works1 x4 #bja-ab4 #beh ,see ,lecky's ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 x4 #baj-ig1 = an acc\nt ( ^! transactions4 #bei ,b[r+ tells ?is gravely1 & decl>es t ,george ,,iii4 also wrote lett]s to ! ,gazette de ,leyde4 ,george ,,iii4 c]ta9ly contribut$ "s lett]s to ,ar?ur ,"y's ,annals ( ,agriculture1 & is "o ( ! sugge/$ au?ors ( ,junius4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,panopticon ,! cra% ( ! ,fr5* revolution 0 n[ to *ange ! :ole c\rse ( ,european politics1 & to br+ philosophical juri/s face to face ) a long s]ies ( pr(\ndly important problems4 ,b5?am's attitude dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! revolution & ! fir/ w> p]iod is significant1 & may help to elucidate "s *>act]i/ics ( ! ,utilit>ian movem5t4 ,revolutions are ! "w ( passion3 ! product ( a social & political condition 9 :i* ! masses are p]meat$ ) discont5t1 because ! social organs h ceas$ to dis*>ge _! functions4 ,!y are n ascribable to ! purely intellectual movem5t alone1 ?\gh x is no d\bt an ess5tial factor4 ,! revolution came 9 any case because ! social ord] 0 out ( jo9t1 n simply because ,voltaire or ,r\sseau or ,did]ot _h prea*$ de/ructive doctr9es4 ,! doctr9es ( ! 'rights ( man' are obvi\s en\gh to h pres5t$ !mselves to _m m9ds at _m p]iods4 ,! doctr9es became de/ructive because ! old traditions 7 %ak51 & ! traditions 7 %ak5 because ! /ate ( ?+s to :i* !y correspond$ _h become intol]able4 ,! ,fr5* revolution meant 7among o!r ?+s7 t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,fr5* peasant !re _h accumulat$ a va/ deposit ( bitt] enmity aga9/ ! noble :o _h become a m]e p>asite ^u ! lab\r+ population1 reta9+1 z ,ar?ur ,"y said1 privileges = himself1 & leav+ pov]ty to ! l[] classes4 ,! peasant _h n read ,r\sseau2 he _h read no?+4 ,b :5 8 discont5t began to affect ! educat$ classes1 m5 :o _h read ,r\sseau f\nd 9 8 works ! dialect mo/ fitt$ to express ! gr[+ indignation4 ,r\sseau's g5ius _h devis$ ! appropriate =mula2 = ,r\sseau's s5sibility _h made him presci5t ( ! ris+ /orm4 ,:at might be a m]e commonplace = speculative /ud5ts sudd5ly became ! w>cry 9 a social upheaval4 ,9 ,engl&1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 !re 0 no su* popul> s5tim5t beh9d ! political !ories3 & re=m]s 7 cont5t ) measures :i* requir$ no appeal to absolute rights & g5]al pr9ciples4 ,b5?am 0 no ,r\sseau2 & ! la/ ( m5 to raise a w>cry4 ,passion & s5tim5talism 7 to him a nuisance4 ,8 !ories 7 nei!r sugge/$ nor modifi$ by ! revolution4 ,he look$ on ) curi\s calmness1 z ?\gh ! revolution>y di/urbances 7 r a transitory int]ruption to ! progress ( re=m ?an indicative ( a g5]al convulsion4 ,8 own position 0 isolat$4 ,he _h no /rong re=m+ p>ty beh9d him4 ,! ,:igs1 8 ma9 fri5ds1 7 p[]less1 discr$it$1 & !mselves really afraid to support any vigor\s policy4 ,!y _h 9 ! ma9 to cont5t !mselves ) criticis+ ! w>like policy :i*1 = ! "t1 repres5t$ ! ma9 curr5t ( national s5tim5t4 ,b5?am %>$ _m ( _! sympa?ies4 ,he hat$ ! ab/ract 'rights ( man' !ory z he>tily z ,burke4 ,x 0 to him a 'hodge-podge' ( fallacies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 absolutely indiff]5t to ! apo!osis ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution con/ruct$ by ,burke's imag9ation4 ,he c>$ no?+ = hi/ory 9 g5]al1 or reg>d$ x1 f a ,voltairean po9t ( view1 z a record ( ! follies & crimes ( mank9d4 ,he wi%$ to deal ) political1 & especially ) legal1 que/ions 9 a sci5tific _s--b 'sci5tific' w\ld mean n pure ma!matics b pure empiricism4 ,he 0 q z f> f ,pa9e's ab/ract me?ods z f ,burke's romantic me?ods4 ,bo? ( !m1 accord+ to him1 7 sophi/s3 ?\gh "o might pref] logical & ! o!r s5tim5tal sophi/ries4 ,dumont1 :5 he publi%$ 7#ahjb7 8 v]sions ( ,b5?am1 insi/$ ^u ?is po9t4 ,no?+1 he says1 0 m oppos$ to ! tr5*ant dogmatism ( ! ab/ract !ori/s ab\t 'rights ( man' & 'equality' ?an ,b5?am's ?or\ghly sci5tific proc$ure 7,disc\rs ,prelim9aire74 ,b5?am's intellectual position 9 ?is respect w require fur!r consid]ation h]eaft]4 ,all 8 prejudices & sympa?ies 7 ^? ( ! middle class f :i* he sprang4 ,he 0 no democrat3 he _h no p>ticul> objection to ! nobility1 ?\gh he pref]r$ ,%elburne to ! k+'s fri5ds or to ! ,:ig ari/ocracy4 ,! re=ms :i* he advocat$ 7 su* z might be adopt$ by any enlight5$ legislator1 n only by ,%elburne b ev5 by ,black/one4 ,he _h only1 he ?\ght1 to conv]t a few memb]s ( p>liam5t to ga9 ! acceptance = a rational crim9al code4 ,x _h h>dly ev5 occurr$ to him t !re 0 any?+ wrong 9 ! g5]al political ord]1 ?\gh he 0 beg9n+ to f9d out t x 0 n s modifiable z he c\ld h wi%$ by ! new ideas :i* he prop\nd$4 ,b5?am's activity dur+ ! fir/ revolution>y w> correspond$ to ?is position4 ,! revolution1 :atev] else x might d1 obvi\sly gave a *ance to amateur legislators4 ,!re 0 any am\nt ( "w to be done 9 ! way ( codify+ & re=m+ legislative sy/ems4 ,! devis] ( ,utopias _h su* an op5+ z _h nev] occurr$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,"l ,lansd[ne1 on ! #crd ,janu>y #aghi1 expresses 8 pleasure at he>+ t ,b5?am int5ds to 'take up ! cause ( ! p 9 ,france4'#bfj ,b5?am1 z we h se51 0 already kn[n to "s ( ! ,fr5* lead]s1 & he 0 n[ tak+ "t by ! =elock4 ,he s5t to ! abbe ,morellet a "p ( 8 treatise on ,political ,tactics1 hop+ to h x f9i%$ by ! "t ( ! meet+ ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al4#bfa ,?is treatise1 civilly accept$ by ,morellet1 & approv$ ) "s qualifications by ,b5?am's c\nsellors1 ,romilly1 ,wilson1 & ,trail1 0 an elaborate acc\nt ( ! organisation & proc$ure ( a legislative assembly1 f\nd$ *iefly on ! practice ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaf by ,dumont 9 company ) ,an>*ic ,fallacies1 a vigor\s exposure ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,rights1 :i* ,b5?am _h judici\sly kept on 8 %elf4 ,_h ! ,fr5* kn[n ( x1 he rem>ks aft]w>ds1 !y w\ld h be5 little dispos$ to welcome him4#bfb ,an elaborate s*eme = ! organisation ( ! ,fr5* judici>y 0 sugge/$ by a report to ! ,national ,assembly1 & publi%$ 9 ,m>* #agij4 ,9 #agia1 ,b5?am (f]$ to g to ,france himself 9 ord] to e/abli% a prison on 8 new s*eme 7to be m5tion$ directly71 & become 'gratuit\sly ! gaol] !re(4'#bfc ,! ,assembly ackn[l$g$ 8 'ard5t love ( humanity1' & ord]$ an extract f 8 s*eme to be pr9t$ = _! in/ruction4 ,! tactics actually adopt$ by ! ,fr5* revolutioni/s = manag+ assemblies & _! me?ods ( execut+ ju/ice =m a que] comm5t>y on ! philosoph] :o1 l ,voltaire's ,mamres 9 ! ,:ite ,bull1 cont9u$ to 'm$itate pr(\ndly' 9 placid disreg>d ( facts4 ,he 0 9 fact propos+ t ! lava boil+ up 9 a volcanic eruption %\ld arrange itself entirely accord+ to 8 ar*itectural designs4 ,b 8 proposal to become a gaol] dur+ ! revolution rea*es ! pa!tic by its amiable innoc5ce4 ,on #bf? ,augu/ #agib1 ,b5?am 0 "o ( ! m5 ^u :om ! expir+ ,assembly1 anxi\s to %[ its desire ( univ]sal frat]nity1 conf]r$ ! title ( citiz54 ,) ,b5?am 7 jo9$ ,prie/ley1 ,pa9e1 ,wilb]=ce1 ,cl>kson1 ,wa%+ton1 & o!rs4 ,! ,septemb] massacres foll[$4 ,on #ah? ,octob] ! hon\r 0 communicat$ to ,b5?am4 ,he repli$ 9 a polite lett]1 po9t+ out t he 0 a royali/ 9 ,london = ! same reason :i* w\ld make him a republican 9 ,france4 ,he end$ by a calm argum5t aga9/ ! proscription ( refugees4#bfd ,! ,conv5tion1 if x read ! lett]1 & _h any s5se ( hum\r1 mu/ h be5 amus$4 ,! w> & ! ,reign ( ,t]ror foll[$4 ,b5?am turn$ ! occasion to acc\nt by writ+ a pamphlet 7n !n publi%$7 exhort+ ! ,fr5* to 'emancipate _! colonies4' ,colonies 7 an aimless bur!n1 & to get rid ( !m w\ld d m ?an conque/ to relieve _! f9ances4 ,briti% fleets & ! insurrection ( ,/4 ,dom+o 7 emancipat+ by v diff]5t me?ods4 ,b5?am 01 ( c\rse1 disgu/$ by ! div]g5ce ( 8 cli5ts f ! l9es *alk$ out by prop] respect = law & ord]4 ,on #ca/ ,octob] #agic he writes to a fri5d1 express+ 8 wi% t ,jacob9ism c\ld be extirpat$2 no price c\ld be too heavy to pay = su* a result3 b he d\bts :e!r w> or peace w\ld be ! be/ means to ! end1 & prote/s aga9/ ! policy ( appropriat+ useless & exp5sive colonies in/ead ( 'driv+ at ! he>t ( ! mon/]4'#bfe ,nev] 0 an advis] m at cross-purposes ) ! advis$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to draw a m /rik+ portrait ( ! ab/ract reason]1 ^: calculations z to human motives omit all ref]5ce to passion1 & :o fanci$ t all prejudice c be dispell$ by a few bits ( logic4 ,mean:ile a v>iety ( sugge/ions m or less important & connect$ ) pass+ ev5ts 7 see?+ 9 8 f]tile bra94 ,he wrote "o ( 8 mo/ /++ pamphlets1 ',tru? v]sus ,a%hur/' 9 ,decemb] #agib1 direct$ aga9/ a judge :o1 9 ! panic sugge/$ by ! ,septemb] massacres1 _h eulogis$ ! ,engli% laws4 ,b5?am's av]sion to ,jacob9 measures by no means s(t5$ 8 antipa?y to ,engli% sup]/itions2 & 8 attack 0 s %>p t ,romilly advis$ & obta9$ its suppression = ! "t4 ,projects z to w>-taxes sugge/$ a c\ple ( int]e/+ pamphlets writt5 9 #agic1 & publi%$ 9 #agie4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 s*emes sugge/$ !mselves to him = improv$ sy/ems ( pat5ts1 = limit$ liability companies & o!r plans4#bff ,8 great "w /ill occupi$ him at int]vals4 ,9 #agic he (f]s to ,dundas to employ himself 9 draft+ ,/atutes1 & rem>ks incid5tally t he c\ld legislate = ,h9do/an1 %\ld legislation be want$ !re1 z easily z = 8 own p>i%4#bfg ,9 #agid1 ,dumont is begg+ him to 'conqu] 8 repugnance' to be/[+ a few h9ts ^u 8 int]pret]4#bfh ,9 #agif1 ,b5?am writes long lett]s sugge/+ t he %\ld be s5t to ,france ) ,wilb]=ce1 9 ord] to re-e/abli% fri5dly relations4#bfi ,9 #agih he is correspond+ at great l5g? ) ,patrick ,colquh\n ^u plans = improv+ ! ,metropolitan police4#bgj ,9 #ahja he says#bga t = two ye>s & a half 'he has ?\ght ( sc>ce any?+ else' ?an a plan = int]e/-be>+ notes1 :i* he c>efully elaborat$ & discuss$ ) ,ni*olas ,vansitt>t & ,dr4 ,beeke4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahjj1 h[ev]1 he _h f\nd "t to occupy himself ) a propos$ frigid>ium or ice-h\se = ! pres]vation ( fi%1 fruits1 & vegetables2 & invit$ ,dr4 ,roget1 a nephew ( ,romilly1 to come to 8 h\se & c>ry out ! necess>y exp]im5ts4#bgb ,9 ,janu>y #ahjb he writes to ,dumont#bgc propos+ to s5d him a trifl+ specim5 ( ! ,panopticon1 a set ( holl[ fire-irons inv5t$ by 8 bro!r1 :i* may attract ! att5tion ( ,buonap>te & ,talleyr&4 ,he proce$s to exp\nd ! m]its ( ,samuel's inv5tion = mak+ :eels by ma*9]y4 ,dumont replies1 t fire-irons are 'sup]fluities'--7fire-arms might h be5 m to ,buonap>te's ta/e7--& t ! ,panopticon itself 0 coldly receiv$4 ,?is ,panopticon 0 to be ,b5?am's ma/]piece4 ,x occupi$ 8 *ief att5tion f 8 return to ,engl& until ! peace ( ,ami5s4 ,8 bro!r _h return$ f ,russia 9 #agia4 ,_! fa!r di$ #bh? ,m>* #agib1 divid+ 8 prop]ty equally betwe5 8 sons4 ,j]emy's %>e consi/$ ( ! e/ate at ,que5's ,squ>e ,place1 ,we/m9/]1 & ( l&$ prop]ty produc+ ,l#ejj or ,l#fjj a ye>4 ,! fa!r1 spite ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 _h treat$ 8 son ) sub/antial k9dness1 & _h le>n$ to take a pride 9 a*ievem5ts v unlike ^? :i* he _h at fir/ desir$4#bgd ,b5?am's position1 h[ev]1 0 improv$ by ! fa!r's dea?4 ,! ,we/m9/] e/ate includ$ ! h\se 9 :i* he liv$ = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,!re 0 a g>d5 9 :i* he took great delight1 ?\gh ,london smoke gradually de/roy$ ! plants3 & 9 ! g>d5 0 ! small h\se :]e ,milton _h once liv$4#bge ,"h1 ) ! co-op]ation ( 8 bro!r & 8 increas$ income1 he _h all ! means necess>y = laun*+ 8 gr& s*eme4 ,! ,panopticon1 z def9$ by its inv5tor to ,brissot1 0 a 'mill = gr9d+ rogues hone/1 & idle m5 indu/ri\s4'#bgf ,x 0 sugge/$ by a plan design$ by 8 bro!r 9 ,russia = a l>ge h\se to be occupi$ by workm51 & to be s arrang$ t !y c\ld be "u con/ant inspection4 ,b5?am 0 work+ on ! old l9es ( philan?ropic re=m4 ,he _h long be5 int]e/$ 9 ! s*emes ( prison re=m1 to :i* ,h[>d's lab\rs _h giv5 ! impetus4 ,black/one1 ) ! help ( ,william ,ed51 aft]w>ds ,"l ,auckl&1 _h prep>$ ! ',h>d ,lab\r ,bill1' :i* ,b5?am _h c>efully criticis$ 9 #aggh4 ,! measure 0 pass$ 9 #aggi1 & provid$ = ! managem5t ( convicts1 :o 7 becom+ tr\blesome1 z transportation to ,am]ica _h ceas$ to be possible4 ,h[>d1 ^: relation to ,b5?am ,i h already notic$1 0 appo9t$ z "o ( ! commission]s to c>ry out ! provisions ( ! ,act4 ,! commission]s disagre$2 ,h[>d resign$2 & ?\gh at la/ an ar*itect 7,william ,blackburn7 0 appo9t$ :o possess$ ,h[>d's confid5ce1 & :o con/ruct$ v>i\s prisons 9 ! c\ntry1 ! s*eme 0 all[$ to drop4 ,b5?am n[ hop$ to solve ! problem ) 8 ,panopticon4 ,he pr9t$ an acc\nt ( x 9 #agia4 ,he wrote to 8 old antagoni/1 ,george ,,iii41 describ+ x1 toge!r ) ano!r inv5tion ( ,samuel's = enabl+ armies to cross riv]s1 :i* might be m to 8 ,maje/y's ta/e4#bgg ,9 ,m>* #agib he made a proposal to ! gov]nm5t (f]+ to und]take ! *>ge ( a ?\s& convicts ^u ! ,panopticon sy/em4#bgh ,aft] delays suspici\s 9 ! eyes ( ,b5?am1 b h>dly surpris+ at su* a p]iod1 an act ( p>liam5t 0 obta9$ 9 #agid to adopt 8 s*emes4 ,b5?am _h already be5 mak+ prep>ations4 ,he says#bgi 7#ad? ,septemb] #agid7 t he has already sp5t ,l#fjjj1 & is sp5d+ at ! rate ( ,l#bjjj a ye>1 :ile 8 income 0 "u ,l#fjj a ye>4 ,he obta9$1 h[ev]1 ,l#bjjj f ! gov]nm5t4 ,he _h made models & ar*itectural plans1 9 :i* he 0 help$ by ,reveley1 already kn[n to him at ,con/ant9ople4 ,?is sum1 x appe>s1 0 requir$ 9 ord] to keep toge!r ! m5 :om he employ$4 ,! nature ( _! employm5t is rem>kable4#bhj ,samuel1 a man ( s+ul> me*anical skill1 :i* 0 ( great use to ! navy dur+ ! w>1 _h devis$ ma*9]y = "w 9 wood & metal4 ,b5?am _h jo9$ 8 bro!r1 & !y 7 look+ out = a /eam-eng9e4 ,x _h n[ occurr$ to !m to employ convicts in/ead ( /eam1 & ?us to comb9e philan?ropy ) bus9ess4 ,difficulties ( ! usual k9d arose z to ! procurem5t ( a suitable site4 ,! site secur$ "u ! provisions ( ! ',h>d ,lab\r ,bill' 0 = "s reason reject$2 & ,b5?am 0 almo/ 9 despair4 ,x 0 n until #agii t he at la/ acquir$ = ,l#ab1jjj an e/ate at ,millbank1 :i* seem$ to be suitable4 ,mean:ile ,b5?am _h f\nd ano!r application = 8 pr9ciple4 ,! gr[? ( paup]ism 0 al>m+ /atesm54 ,:itbread propos$ 9 ,febru>y #agif to fix a m9imum rate ( wages4 ,! wise/ ?+ t gov]nm5t c\ld d1 he said1 0 to '(f] a lib]al premium = ! enc\ragem5t ( l>ge families4' ,pitt proce$$ to prep>e ! abortive ,poor-law ,bill1#bha ^u :i* ,b5?am 79 ,febru>y #agig7 s5t 9 "s v %rewd criticisms4 ,!y 7 n publi%$1 b are said to h 'p[]fully contribut$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! measure4'#bhb ,!y %[ ,b5?am's p[] ( incisive criticism1 ?\gh !y sc>cely deal ) ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,9 ! foll[+ autumn ,b5?am contribut$ to ,ar?ur ,"y's ,annals ( ,agriculture ^u ! same topic4 ,x _h /ruck him t an application ( 8 ,panopticon w\ld give ! requir$ panacea4 ,he work$ out details ) 8 usual zeal1 & ! s*eme attract$ notice among ! philan?ropi/s ( ! "t4 ,x 0 to be a 'succ$aneum' to ,pitt's proposal4 ,mean:ile ! f9ance committee1 appo9t$ 9 #agig1 he>d evid5ce f ,b5?am's fri5d1 ,patrick ,colquh\n1 ^u ! ,panopticon1 & a report recomm5d+ x 0 propos$ by ,r4 ,pole ,c>ew1 a fri5d ( ,samuel ,b5?am4 ,al?\gh ?is report 0 suppress$1 ! s*eme app>5tly receiv$ an impetus4 ,! ,millbank e/ate 0 b\ght 9 consequ5ce ( ^! proce$+s1 & a sum ( only ,l#ajjj 0 want$ to buy out ! t5ant ( "o piece ( l&4 ,b5?am 0 con/antly 9 att5dance at a public (fice1 expect+ a f9al w>rant = ! money4 ,x nev] came1 &1 z ,b5?am believ$1 ! delay 0 due to ! malice ( ,george ,,iii4 ,_h any o!r k+ be5 on ! ?rone1 ,panopticon 9 bo? '! prison] bran* & ! paup] bran*' w\ld h be5 set at "w4#bhc ,su* are ! consequ5ces ( newspap] controv]sies ) mon>*s6 ,aft] ?is1 9 any case1 ! poor ,panopticon1 z ! old lawy]s said1 'langui%+ did live1' & at la/ 'langui%+ did die4' ,poor ,b5?am seems to h /ruggl$ va9ly = a "t4 ,he appeal$ to ,pitt's fri5d1 ,wilb]=ce2 he appeal$ to 8 /ep-bro!r ,abbot2 he wrote to memb]s ( p>liam5t1 b all 0 9 va94 ,romilly induc$ him 9 #ahjb to suppress a /atem5t ( 8 grievances :i* c\ld only h r5d]$ m9i/]s implacable4#bhd ,b he f\nd out :at w\ld h>dly h be5 a discov]y to mo/ p1 t (ficials c be dilatory & evasive2 & c]ta9 discov]ies ab\t ! treatm5t ( convicts 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales conv9c$ him t !y c\ld ev5 defy ! laws & ! ,con/itution :5 !y 7 beyond inspection4 ,he publi%$ 7#ahjc7 a ,plea = ! ,con/itution1 %[+ ! enormities committ$ 9 ! colony1 '9 brea* ( ,magna ,*>ta1 ! ,petition ( ,"r1 ! ,habeas ,corpus ,act1 & ! ,bill ( ,rights4' ,romilly 9 va9 told him t ! attorney-g5]al c\ld n recomm5d ! au?or ( su* an effusion to be keep] ( a ,panopticon4#bhe ,! actual end did n come till #ahaa4 ,a committee !n report$ aga9/ ! s*eme4 ,!y notic$ "o ess5tial & v *>act]i/ic weakness4 ,! :ole sy/em turn$ ^u ! pr(it to be made f ! crim9als' lab\r by ,b5?am & 8 bro!r4 ,! committee obs]v$ t1 h[ev] unimpea*able might be ! *>act]s ( ! f\nd]s1 ! s*eme might lead to abuses 9 ! h&s ( _! successors4 ,! adoption ( ?is pr9ciple ( 'f>m+' _h 9 fact l$ to gross abuses bo? 9 gaols & 9 workh\ses2 b x 01 z ,i h said1 9 h>mony ) ! :ole 'individuali/' !ory4 ,! committee recomm5d$ a diff]5t plan2 & ! result 0 ! f\ndation ( ,millbank p5it5ti>y1 op5$ 9 #ahaf4bhf ,b5?am ultimately receiv$ ,l#bc1jjj by way ( comp5sation 9 #ahac4bhg ,! objections ( ! committee w\ld n[ be a commonplace1 b ,b5?am saw 9 !m ano!r pro( ( ! desire to increase gov]nm5t patronage4 ,he 0 well out ( ! plan4 ,!re 7 probably few m5 9 ,engl& less capable ( manag+ a ?\s& convicts1 9 spite ( 8 !ories ab\t 'spr+s ( action4' ,if any?+ else _h be5 requir$ to ensure failure1 x w\ld h be5 association ) a sangu9e inv5tor ( brilliant abilities4 ,b5?am's agitation _h n be5 altoge!r fruitless4 ,8 plan _h be5 p>tly adopt$ at ,ed9burgh by "o ( ! ,adams1#bhh & 8 "w =m$ an important /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! p5al sy/em4 ,b5?am1 ?\gh he c\ld n see t 8 failure 0 a bless+ 9 disguise1 _h le>n$ "o lesson wor? le>n+4 ,he 0 ill-treat$1 accord+ to imp>tial obs]v]s4 ',nev]1' says ,wilb]=ce1#bhi '0 any "o worse us$4 ,i h se5 ! te>s run d[n ! *eeks ( t /rong-m9d$ man ?r\gh vexation at ! press+ importunity ( 8 cr$itors1 & ! indol5ce ( (ficial und]l+s :5 day aft] day he 0 begg+ at ! ,treasury = :at 0 inde$ a m]e matt] ( "r4' ,wilb]=ce adds t ,b5?am 0 'q s\r$1' & attributes 8 lat] op9ions to ?is cause4 ,:5 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review long aft]w>ds taunt$ him z a disappo9t$ man1 ,b5?am decl>$ himself to be 9 'a /ate ( p]petual & unruffl$ gaiety1' & ! 'ma9spr+' ( ! gaiety ( 8 own circle4#bij ,no "o1 inde$1 c\ld be less 's\r$' s f> z 8 habitual temp] 0 conc]n$4 ,b ,wilb]=ce's rem>k conta9$ a s]i\s tru?4 ,b5?am _h made a discov]y4 ,he _h v[$ w> 9 8 y\? aga9/ ! 'demon ( *icane4' ,he _h n[ le>n$ t ! "n ( ! demon 0 ',legion4' ,to ca/ him out1 x w\ld be necess>y to ca/ out ! demon ( (ficialism2 & we %all see :at ?is bit ( k pres5tly impli$4 ,,notes3 #bfj ,works1 x4 #aie4 #bfa ,ibid4 x4 #aih-ii4 #bfb ,ibid4 x4 #cag4 #bfc ,ibid4 x4 #bgj4 #bfd ,works1 x4 #bhb4 #bfe ,works1 x4 #bif4 #bff ,ibid4 x4 #cjd4 #bfg ,ibid4 x4 #bib4 #bfh ,ibid4 x4 #cjj4 #bfi ,works1 x4 #cae4 #bgj ,ibid4 x4 #cbi4 #bga ,ibid4 x4 #cff4 #bgb ,ibid4 x4 #cdf4 #bgc ,ibid4 x4 #cha4 #bgd ,see 8 lett] to ,lansd[ne1 s5d+ a portrait to ,j]emy4--,works1 x4 #bbd4 #bge ,works1 xi4 #ha4 #bgf ,ibid4 x4 #bbf4 #bgg ,works1 x4 #bfj4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! lett] 0 s5t4 #bgh ,! ,panopticon /ory is confus$ly told 9 ,b[r+'s life4 ,! ,panopticon ,correspond5ce1 9 ! elev5? volume1 gives fragm5ts f a 'hi/ory ( ! w> betwe5 ,j]emy ,b5?am & ,george ,,iii41' writt5 by ,b5?am 9 #ahcj-ca1 & selections f a volum9\s correspond5ce4 #bgi ,works1 x4 #cja4 #bhj ,ibid4 xi4 #afg4 #bha ,! plan1 accord+ to ,b5?am 7,works1 xi4 #ajb71 0 sugge/$ by ,ruggles1 au?or ( ! "w ^u ! poor-laws1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,"y's ,annals4 #bhb ,works1 viii4 #ddj4 #bhc ,works1 xi4 #ajb-c4 #bhd ,ibid4 x4 #djj4 #bhe ,works1 xi4 #add4 #bhf ,= its lat] hi/ory see ,memorials ( ,millbank1 by ,ar?ur ,griffi?s4 #b vols41 #ahge4 #bhg ,works1 xi4 #ajf4 #bhh ,ibid4 x4 #bid4 #bhi ,wilb]=ce's ,life1 ii4 #ga4 #bij ,works1 x4 #eda4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,utilit>ian ,,propag&a ,b5?am 9 #ahjb _h rea*$ ! respectable age ( fifty-f\r4 ,he _h publi%$ 8 fir/ "w tw5ty-six ye>s1 & 8 mo/ elaborate treatise ?irte5 ye>s1 previ\sly4 ,he _h be5 br\ght into contact ) _m ( ! em95t politicians & philan?ropi/s ( ! day4 ,lansd[ne _h be5 a fri5dly patron3 8 advice _h be5 treat$ ) respect by ,pitt1 ,dundas1 & ev5 by ,black/one2 he 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,colquh\n1 ,sir ,f4 ,ed51 ,ar?ur ,"y1 ,wilb]=ce1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 philan?ropic movem5ts1 & 8 "n at lea/ 0 kn[n to "s ,fr5* politicians4 ,b 8 reputation 0 /ill obscure2 & 8 connections did n develop into intimacies4 ,he liv$ z a recluse & avoid$ society4 ,8 introduction to great p at ,b[ood _h app>5tly r increas$ ?an s(t5$ 8 %yness4 ,! little circle ( intimates1 ,romilly & ,wilson & 8 own bro!r1 mu/ h satisfi$ 8 ne$s = social int]c\rse4 ,x requir$ an elaborate negotiation to br+ ab\t a meet+ betwe5 him & ,dr4 ,p>r1 ! great ,:ig prophet1 al?\gh !y _h be5 previ\sly acqua9t$1 & ,p>r 01 z ,romilly said by way ( introduction1 a pr(\nd admir] & univ]sal panegyri/4#bia ,he refus$ to be introduc$ by ,p>r to ,fox1 because he _h 'no?+ p>ticul> to say' to ! /atesman1 & consid]$ t to be 'always a suffici5t reason = decl9+ acqua9tance4'#bib ,b1 at la/1 ,b5?am's fame 0 to take a />t4 ,b5?am1 ,i said1 _h long be=e f\nd himself4 ,dumont _h n[ f\nd ,b5?am4 ,aft] long & t$i\s lab\rs & multipli$ communications betwe5 ! ma/] & ! disciple1 ,dumont 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjb br\ght out 8 ,traites de ,legislation de ,m4 ,j]emie ,b5?am4 ,! book 0 p>tly a translation f ,b5?am's publi%$ & unpubli%$ works1#bic & p>tly a /atem5t ( ! pi? ( ! new doctr9e 9 ,dumont's own language4 ,x _h ! great m]it ( putt+ ,b5?am's mean+ vigor\sly & compactly1 & free f _m ( ! digressions1 m9ute discussions ( m9or po9ts & argum5ts requir+ a special k ( ,engli% law1 :i* _h imp$$ ! popul>ity ( ,b5?am's previ\s works4 ,! ,jacob9 controv]sies 7 pass+ into ! backgr\nd3 & ,b5?am began to atta9 a he>+ z a re=m] ^u diff]5t l9es4 ,9 #ahjc ,dumont visit$ ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & s5t home gl[+ reports ( ,b5?am's ris+ fame4 ,z _m copies ( ! ,traites _h be5 sold !re z 9 ,london4 ,codes 7 want$2 laws 7 be+ dige/$2 & ,b5?am's "w w\ld supply ! pr9ciples & ! classification4 ,a magnific5t translation 0 ord]$1 & ,russian (ficials wrote gl[+ lett]s 9 :i* ,b5?am 0 plac$ 9 a l9e ) ,bacon1 ,newton1 & ,adam ,smi?--ea* ! f\nd] ( a new sci5ce4#bid ,at home ! new book 0 "o ( ! objects ( :at ,dumont calls ! 'sc&al\s irrev]5ce' ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review4#bie ,?is ref]s to a review ( ! ,traites 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review ( ,april #ahjd4 ,al?\gh patronis+ 9 tone1 & ridicul+ "s ( ,b5?am's doctr9es z commonplace & condemn+ o!rs z crim9al1 x paid "s high complim5ts to 8 ability4 ,! irrev]5ce meant at lea/ t ,b5?am _h become "o ( ! p]sons wor? talk+ ab\t1 & t he 0 h5ce=? to influ5ce ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahjg ! ,ed9burgh itself 7probably ,jeffrey7 sugge/$ t ,b5?am %\ld be employ$ 9 a propos$ re=m ( ! ,scotti% judicial sy/em4 ,8 old fri5d1 ,lansd[ne1 di$ on #g? ,may #ahje1 & 9 "o ( 8 la/ lett]s expresses a hope t ,b5?am's pr9ciples are at la/ beg9n+ to spread4#bif ,! hope 0 fulfill$4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ,b5?amism _h gone ?r\gh its p]iod ( incubation4 ,x 0 n[ to become an active ag5cy1 to ga!r proselytes1 & to h a m>k$ influ5ce n only ^u legislative b ^u political movem5ts4 ,! imm$iate effect ^u ,b5?am ( ! decl9e ( ! ,panopticon1 & 8 consequ5t emancipation f imm$iately practical "w1 0 app>5tly 8 return to 8 m legitimate employm5t ( speculative lab\r4 ,he s5t to ,dumont at ,/4 ,pet]sburg#big "p ( ! treatise ^u ,political ,economy1 :i* _h be5 naturally sugge/$ by 8 lat] "w3 & he appli$ himself to ! ,scotti% judici>y "q1 to :i* _m ( 8 speculations _h a close application4 ,he publi%$ a "w ^u ?is subject 9 #ahjh4 ,to ! p]iod betwe5 #ahjb & #ahab belongs also ! book1 or r ! collection ( pap]s1 aft]w>ds trans=m$ into ! book1 ^u ,evid5ce1 :i* is "o ( 8 mo/ valuable p]=mances4 ,a lett]1 dat$ #a/ ,novemb] #ahaj1 gives a *>act]i/ic acc\nt ( 8 position4 ,he ref]s to hopes ( ! acceptance ( "s ( 8 pr9ciples 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,spa9 ,spani>ds are prep>$ to receive 8 laws 'z oracles4' ',n[ at l5g?1 :5 ,i am j ready to drop into ! grave' 7he _h /ill tw5ty ye>s ( en]getic "w be=e him71 'my fame has spread itself all ov] ! civilis$ _w4' ,dumont's publication ( #ahjb is consid]$ to h sup]s$$ all previ\s writ+s on legislation4 ,9 ,g]many & ,france codes h be5 prep>$ by au?oris$ lawy]s1 :o h 's\ght to d !mselves cr$it by ref]5ces to t "w4'#bih ,x has be5 translat$ into ,russian4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& he is (t5 m5tion$ 9 books & 9 p>liam5t4 ',meantime ,i am "h scribbl+ on 9 my h]mitage1 nev] see+ anybody b = "s special reason1 always be>+ relation to ! s]vice ( mank9d4'#bii ,mak+ all due all[ance = ! deceptive views ( ! out] _w :i* haunt e 'h]mitage1' x rema9s true t ,b5?am's fame 0 em]g+ f obscurity4 ,! end ( ?is p]iod1 moreov]1 0 br++ him into clos] contact ) ,engli% political life4 ,b5?am1 z we h se51 reject$ ! :ole ,jacob9 doctr9e ( ab/ract rights4 ,s long z ,engli% politics meant ei!r ! acceptance ( a !ory :i*1 = :atev] reason1 ga!r$ r\nd x no solid body ( support1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! acceptance ( an ob/ructive & purely cons]vative pr9ciple1 to :i* all re=m 0 radically oppos$1 ,b5?am 0 necess>ily 9 an isolat$ position4 ,he _h 'no?+ p>ticul> to say' to ,fox4 ,he 0 nei!r a ,tory nor a ,jacob91 & c>$ little = ! p>alys$ ,:igs4 ,he alli$ himself !re=e1 s f> z he 0 alli$ ) any "o1 ) ! philan?ropic agitators :o /ood1 l him1 outside ! l9es ( p>ty4 ,! improvem5t ( prisons 0 n a p>ty "q4 ,a m>k$ *ange--n always1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly emphasis$ by hi/orians--_h foll[$ ! second w>4 ,! p>ty-divisions began to take ! =m :i* 0 to become m m>k$ z "t w5t on4 ,! old issues betwe5 ,jacob9 & ,anti-,jacob9 no long] exi/$4 ,napoleon _h become ! heir ( ! revolution4 ,! great /ruggle 0 beg9n+ 9 :i* ,engl& comm&$ ! ocean1 :ile ! ,cont95t 0 at ! feet ( ! empire4 ,= a "t ! "q 0 :e!r ,engl&1 too1 %\ld be invad$4 ,aft] ,trafalg> invasion became hopeless4 ,! ,napoleonic victories ?reat5$ to exclude ,engli% trade f ! ,cont95t3 :ile ,engl& retort$ by decl>+ t ! ,cont95t %\ld trade ) nobody else4 ,^u "o side ! w> 0 n[ appeal+ to high] feel+s4 ,x 0 no long] a crusade aga9/ !ories1 b a /ruggle = national exi/5ce & = ! exi/5ce ( o!r nations ?reat5$ by a gigantic despotism4 ,m5 l ,wordswor? & ,col]idge1 :o c\ld n be ,anti-,jacob9s1 _h be5 fir/ %ock$ by ! ,jacob9 treatm5t ( ,switz]l&1 & n[ ?rew !mselves en?usia/ically into ! cause :i* meant ! rescue ( ,spa9 & ,g]many f =eign oppression4 ,! g5]\s feel+ :i* _h res5t$ ! attempt to =bid ,fr5*m5 to break _! own bonds1 n[ res5t$ ! attempts ( ,fr5*m5 to impose bonds ^u o!rs4 ,! patriotism :i* prompt$ to a crusade _h seem$ unwor?y1 b ! patriotism :i* 0 n[ alli$ ) ! patriotism ( ,spa9 & ,g]many involv$ no sacrifice ( o!r s5tim5t4 ,_m m5 _h sympa?is$ ) ! e>ly revolution1 n s mu* f any /rong s5tim5t ( evils at home z f a belief t ! ,fr5* movem5t 0 b a full] developm5t ( ! v pr9ciples :i* 7 p>tially embodi$ 9 ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,!y _h no long] to *oose betwe5 sympa?is+ ) ! enemies ( ,engl& & sympa?is+ ) ! suppressors ( ! old ,engli% lib]ties4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 an opposite *ange took place4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! ,jacob9 movem5t all[$ ! ,radicalism ( home gr[? to display itself m fully4 ,engli% ,:igs ( all %ades _h oppos$ ! w> ) c]ta9 misgiv+s4 ,!y _h be5 n]v\sly anxi\s n to id5tify !mselves ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,jacob9s4 ,!y desir$ peace ) ! ,fr5*1 b _h to prote/ t x 0 n = love ( ,fr5* pr9ciples4 ,t difficulty 0 remov$4 ,!re 0 no long] a vision--su* z ,gillray _h embodi$ 9 8 c>icatures--( a guillot9e 9 ,/4 ,james's ,/reet3 or ( a ,committee ( ,public ,safety =m$ by ,fox1 ,pa9e1 & ,horne ,tooke4 ,mean:ile ,:ig prophecies ( ! failure ( ! w> 7 n disprov$ by its results4 ,?\gh ! ,engli% navy _h be5 victori\s1 ,engli% int]f]5ce on ! ,cont95t _h be5 futile4 ,millions ( money _h be5 wa/$3 & millions 7 fl[+ freely4 ,ev5 n[ we /& a/oni%$ at ! reckless pr(usion ( ! f9anci]s ( ! "t4 ,& :at 0 !re to %[ = x8 ,! ,fr5* empire1 s f> f be+ de/roy$1 _h be5 consolidat$4 ,if we escap$ = ! "t1 c\ld we p]man5tly resi/ ! :ole p[] ( ,europe8 ,:5 ! ,p59sul> ,w> began we _h be5 fight+1 except = ! %ort truce ( ,ami5s1 = sixte5 ye>s2 & !re seem$ no reason to believe t ! exp$ition to ,portugal 9 #ahjh w\ld succe$ bett] ?an previ\s ef=ts4 ,! ,wal*]5 exp$ition ( #ahji 0 a fre% pro( ( our capacity = blund]+4 ,paup]ism 0 /ill increas+ rapidly1 & =ebod+s ( a w> ) ,am]ica beg9n+ to tr\ble m5 int]e/$ 9 comm]ce4 ,! ,engli% ,opposition _h ample texts = disc\rses2 & a dem& = *ange began to spr+ up :i* 0 no long] a reflection ( =eign sympa?ies4 ,an article 9 ! ,ed9burgh ( ,janu>y #ahjh1 :i* pr(ess$ to demon/rate ! hopelessness ( ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 r\s$ ! wra? ( ! ,tories4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review 0 />t$ by ,cann+ & ,scott1 & ! ,ed9burgh1 9 return1 took a m decid$ly ,:ig col\r4 ,! ,radicals n[ %[$ !mselves beh9d ! ,:igs4 ,cobbett1 :o _h be5 ! mo/ vigor\s ( ,john ,bull ,anti-,jacob9s1 0 driv5 by 8 hatr$ ( ! tax-ga!r] & ! mis]y ( ! agricultural lab\r]s into ! opposite camp1 & 8 ,regi/] became ! mo/ effective organ ( ,radicalism4 ,dem&s = re=m began aga9 to make !mselves he>d 9 p>liam5t4 ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 :o _h sat at ! feet ( ,horne ,tooke1 & ^: return ) ,co*rane = ,we/m9/] 9 #ahjg 0 ! fir/ p>liam5t>y triumph ( ! re=m]s1 propos$ a motion on #ae? ,june #ahji1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 reject$1 b :i* 0 ! fir/ ( a s]ies1 & m>k$ ! revival ( a s]i\s agitation n to cease till ! triumph ( #ahcb4 ,mean:ile ,b5?am1 m$itat+ pr(\ndly ^u ! ,panopticon1 _h at la/ f\nd out t he _h begun at ! wrong end4 ,8 reason+ _h be5 ?r[n away ^u ! huge dead weight ( (ficial indiff]5ce1 or worse ?an indiff]5ce4 ,:y did !y n accept ! means = produc+ ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]8 ,because /atesm5 did n desire ! end4 ,& :y n8 ,to answ] t "q1 & to %[ h[ a gov]nm5t c\ld be con/ruct$ :i* %\ld desire x1 became a ma9 occupation ( ,b5?am's life4 ,h5ce=w>d1 !re=e1 in/ead ( m]ely treat+ ( p5al codes & o!r special re=ms1 8 att5tion is direct$ to ! previ\s "q ( political organisation2 :ile at times he div]ges to illu/rate incid5tally ! abuses ( :at he ironically calls ! 'mat*less con/itution4' ,b5?am's pr9cipal occupation1 9 a ^w1 0 to provide political philosophy = radical re=m]s4#cjj ,b5?am rema9$ z mu* a recluse z ev]4 ,he seldom left ,que5's ,squ>e ,place except = c]ta9 summ] out+s4 ,9 #ahjg he took a h\se at ,b>r[ ,gre51 ne> ,oxt$1 9 ,surrey1 ly+ 9 a picturesque holl[ at ! foot ( ! *alk hills4#cja ,x 0 an old-fa%ion$ h\se1 /&+ 9 :at _h be5 a p>k1 ) a lake & a com=table kit*5 g>d54 ,b5?am pott]$ ab\t 9 ! gr\nds & "u ! old *e/nut-trees1 codify+1 g>d5+1 & talk+ to occasional disciples4 ,he return$ ?i!r 9 foll[+ ye>s2 b 9 #ahad1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( 8 comp5sation = ! ,panopticon1 took a l>g] place1 ,=d ,abbey1 ne> ,*>d 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,x 0 a sup]b resid5ce1#cjb ) *apel1 cloi/]s1 & corridors1 a hall eighty feet long by ?irty high1 & a great d9+ p>l\r4 ,p>ts ( ! build+ dat$ f ! twelf? c5tury or ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 or _h und]gone alt]ations attribut$ to ,inigo ,jones4 ,no ,squire ,we/]n c\ld h c>$ less = antiqu>ian associations1 b ,b5?am made a v fair monk4 ,! place1 = :i* he paid ,l#cae a ye>1 0 cong5ial4 ,he rode 8 fav\rite hobby ( g>d5+1 & took 8 regul> 'ante-j5tacul>' & 'po/-pr&ial' walks1 & play$ battl$ore & %uttlecock 9 ! int]vals ( codification4 ,he lik$ x s well t he w\ld h tak5 x = life1 b = ! loss ( ,l#hjjj or ,l#aj1jjj 9 a ,devon%ire m>ble-qu>ry4#cjc ,9 #ahah he gave x up1 & !nce=w>d r>ely quitt$ ,que5's ,squ>e ,place4 ,8 life 0 v>i$ by few incid5ts1 al?\gh 8 influ5ce ^u public affairs 0 = ! fir/ "t becom+ important4 ,! busi] j\rnali/s & plat=m orators did n tr\ble !mselves mu* ab\t philosophy4 ,b !y 7 9 communication ) m5 ( a high] /amp1 ,romilly1 ,james ,mill1 & o!rs1 :o =m$ ,b5?am's inn]mo/ c\ncil4 ,?us ! movem5ts 9 ! outside _w set up an agitation 9 ,b5?am's /udy2 & ! recluse 0 prompt$ to set himself to "w ^u elaborat+ 8 own !ories 9 v>i\s directions1 9 ord] to supply ! necess>y sub/ratum ( philosophical doctr9e4 ,if he _h n ! p[] ( ga9+ ! public e>1 8 oracles 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! disciples :o also conv]t$ "s ( 8 raw mat]ials into coh]5t books4 ,! mo/ important ( ,b5?am's disciples = _m ye>s 0 ,james ,mill1 & ,i %all h to say :at m is necess>y 9 reg>d to ! active agitation :5 ,i speak ( ,mill himself4 ,= ! pres5t1 x is en\gh to say t ,mill fir/ became ,b5?am's proselyte ab\t #ahjh4 ,mill /ay$ ) ,b5?am at ,b>r[ ,gre5 & at ,=d ,abbey4 ,?\gh "s diff]5ces caus$ sup]ficial di/urbances ( _! h>mony1 no prophet c\ld h _h a m zeal\s1 uncompromis+1 & vigor\s disciple4 ,mill's =ce ( "* qualifi$ him to become ! lead] ( ! s*ool2 b 8 doctr9e 0 always ess5tially ! doctr9e ( ,b5?am1 & = ! pres5t he 0 cont5t to be ! transmitt] ( 8 ma/]'s message to mank9d4 ,he 0 at ?is p]iod a contributor to ! ,ed9burgh ,review2 & 9 ,octob] #ahji he ins]t$ "s praises ( ,b5?am 9 a review ( a book ^u legislation by ,s4 ,scipion ,bexon4 ,! article 0 cruelly mangl$ by ,jeffrey1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 & ,jeffrey's mo/ p[]ful vassal1 ,br\gham1 ?\ght t ! praises :i* rema9$ 7 excessive4#cjd ,obvi\sly ! or?odox ,:igs 7 n prep>$ to swe> allegiance to ,b5?am4 ,he 0 draw+ into clos] connection ) ! ,radicals4 ,9 #ahji ,cobbett 0 d5\nc+ ! duke ( ,york 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,mrs4 ,cl>ke sc&al4 ,b5?am wrote to him1 b anonym\sly & cauti\sly1 to obta9 docum5ts 9 reg>d to a previ\s libel case1#cje & proce$$ to write a pamphlet on ! ,elem5ts ( ! ,art ( ,pack+ 7z appli$ to ,special ,juries71 s %>p t 8 fai?ful advis]1 ,romilly1 procur$ its suppression = ! "t4#cjf ,copies1 h[ev]1 7 pr9t$ & privately giv5 to a few :o c\ld be tru/$4 ,b5?am next wrote 7#ahji7 a ',cate*ism ( ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m1' :i* he communicat$ to ,cobbett 7#af? ,novemb] #ahaj71 ) a reque/ = its publication 9 ! ,regi/]4#cjg ,cobbett 0 at ?is "t 9 prison = 8 attack ^u flogg+ militia m52 &1 ?\gh /ill m ho/ile to gov]nm5t1 0 b\nd to be m cauti\s 9 8 l9e ( assault4 ,! plan 0 n publi%$1 :e!r because too d>+ or too dull2 b x 0 app>5tly pr9t$4 ,b5?am's op9ion ( ,cobbett 0 any?+ b flatt]+4 ,cobbett1 he ?\ght 9 #ahab1 0 a 'vile rascal1' & 0 aft]w>ds pron\nc$ to be 'fill$ ) ! odium humani g5]is--8 malevol5ce & ly+ beyond ev]y?+4'#cjh ,cobbett's radicalism1 9 fact1 0 ( ! type mo/ ho/ile to ! ,utilit>ians4 ,john ,hunt1 9 ! ,exam9]1 0 'trumpet+' ,b5?am & ,romilly 9 #ahab1 & 0 prais$ accord+ly4#cji ,b5?am =m$ an alliance ) ano!r lead+ ,radical4 ,he _h made acqua9tance by #ahaa ) ,sir ,f4 ,burdett1 to :om he !n appeal$ = help 9 an attack ^u ! delays ( ,*anc]y4#caj ,burdett1 inde$1 appe>$ to him to be f> inf]ior to ,romilly & ,br\gham1 b he ?\ght t s p[]ful a 'h]o ( ! mob' ought to be turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! good cause4#caa ,burdett seems to h c\rt$ ! old philosoph]2 & a few ye>s lat] a clos] alliance 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,! peace ( #ahae 0 succe$$ by a p]iod ( di/ress1 ! m acutely felt f ! disappo9tm5t ( natural hopes ( prosp]ity2 & a p]iod ( agitation1 met by h>% repression1 foll[$4 ,applications 7 made1 to ,b5?am = p]mission to use 8 ',cate*ism1' :i* 0 ultimately publi%$ 7#ahah7 9 a *eap =m by ,wool]1 well kn[n z ! editor ( ! democratic ,black ,dw>f4#cab ,burdett appli$ = a plan ( p>liam5t>y re=m4 ,h5ry ,bick]/e? 7#aghc-ahea71 aft]w>ds ,"l ,langdale & ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls1 at ?is "t a ris+ b>ri/] ( high "*1 wrote an appeal to ,b5?am & ,burdett to comb9e 9 sett+ =? a s*eme :i*1 ) su* au?ority1 mu/ comm& g5]al acceptance4 ,! result 0 a s]ies ( resolutions mov$ by ,burdett 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on #bnd ,june #ahah1cac dem&+ univ]sal suffrage1 annual p>liam5ts1 & vote by ballot4 ,b5?am _h ?us accept$ ! conclusions rea*$ 9 a diff]5t way by ! believ]s 9 t 'hodge-podge' ( absurdities1 ! decl>ation ( ! rights ( man4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 8 assault ^u t docum5t appe>$ 9 ,dumont's ,fr5* v]sion 9 ! ye> #ahaf1 at ! v "t :5 he 0 accept+ its practical conclusions4 ,! s*emes 9 :i* ,mill 0 int]e/$ at ?is "t drew ,b5?am's att5tion 9 o!r directions4 ,9 #ahac ! ,quak]1 ,william ,all51 :o _h be5 a close ally ( ,mill1 induc$ ,b5?am to inve/ money 9 ! ,new ,lan>k e/abli%m5t4 ,ow51 ^: b5evol5t s*emes _h be5 hamp]$ by 8 p>tn]s1 b\ght !m out1 ! new capital be+ p>tly provid$ by ,all51 ,b5?am1 & o!rs4 ,b5?am aft]w>ds spoke contemptu\sly ( ,ow51 :o1 z he said1 'began 9 vap\r & end$ 9 smoke1'#cad & ^: disciples came 9 aft] ye>s into %>p conflict ) ! ,utilit>ians4 ,b5?am1 h[ev]1 took pleasure1 x seems1 9 ,ow5's b5evol5t s*emes = infant education1 & made money by 8 inve/m5t1 = once comb9+ bus9ess ) philan?ropy successfully4#cae ,probably he reg>d$ ,new ,lan>k z a k9d ( ,panopticon4 ,ow5 _h n z yet become a prophet ( ,socialism4 ,ano!r set ( controv]sies 9 :i* ,mill & 8 fri5ds took an active "p1 />t$ ,b5?am 9 a :ole s]ies ( speculations4 ,a plan 7:i* ,i %all h to m5tion 9 connection ) ,mill71 0 devis$ 9 #ahae = a ',*re/oma?ic s*ool1' :i* 0 to give a s\nd education ( prop] ,utilit>ian t5d5cies to ! upp] & middle classes4 ,br\gham1 ,mack9to%1 ,ric>do1 ,william ,all51 & ,place 7 all int]e/$ 9 ?is und]tak+4#caf ,b5?am (f]$ a site at ,que5's ,squ>e ,place1 & ?\gh ! s*eme nev] came to ! bir?1 x set him actively at "w4 ,he wrote a s]ies ( pap]s dur+ 8 fir/ ye> at ,=d ,abbey#cag ^u ! !ory ( education1 publi%$ 9 #ahaf z ,*re/oma?ia2 & to ?is 0 app>5tly due a fur!r excursion beyond ! limits ( jurisprud5ce4 ,educational controv]sy 9 t ignorant day 0 complicat$ by religi\s animosity2 ! ,national ,society & ! ',briti% & ,=eign' ,society 7 fight+ "u ! bann]s ( ,bell & ,lanca/]1 & ! w> r\s$ excessive bitt]ness4 ,b5?am f9d+ ! *ur* 9 8 way1 _h little difficulty 9 discov]+ t ! :ole ecclesia/ical sy/em 0 "p ( ! g5]al complex ( abuse aga9/ :i* he 0 w>r+4 ,he fell f\l ( ! ,cate*ism2 he expos$ ! abuses ( non-resid5ce & episcopal weal?2 he discov]$ t ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles conta9$ gross fallacies2 he w5t on to make an onslaught ^u ! ,apo/le ,/ ,paul1 ^: evid5ce z to 8 conv]sion 0 expos$ to a sev]e cross-exam9ation2 &1 f9ally1 he wrote1 or suppli$ ! mat]ials =1 a rem>kable ,analysis ( ,natural ,religion1 :i* 0 ultimately publi%$ by ,grote "u ! pseudonym ',philip ,beau*amp1' 9 #ahbb4 ,?is proc$ure f ! p>ticul> case ( ! ,cate*ism 9 s*ools up to ! g5]al problem ( ! utility ( religion 9 g5]al1 is curi\sly *>act]i/ic ( ,b5?am4 ,b5?am's m9d 0 attract$ to v>i\s o!r s*emes by ! disciples :o came to sit at 8 feet1 & pr(ess$1 ) m or less s9c]ity1 to reg>d him z a ,solon4 ,=eign]s _h be5 resort+ to him f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & gave him hopes ( new fields = codify+4 ,z e>ly z #ahjh he _h be5 visit$ at ,b>r[ ,gre5 by ! /range adv5tur]1 politician1 lawy]1 & filibu/]1 ,a>on ,burr1 fam\s = ! duel 9 :i* he kill$ ,alex&] ,hamilton1 & n[ fram+ wild s*emes = an empire 9 ,mexico4 ,unscrupul\s1 re/lessly active & cynical1 he 0 a s+ul> contra/ to ! placid philosoph]1 ^u :om 8 confid5ces seem to h made an impression ( n unpleas+ horror4 ,burr's conv]sation sugge/$ to ,b5?am a s+ul> s*eme = emigrat+ to ,mexico4 ,he appli$ s]i\sly = introductions to ,"l ,holl&1 :o _h pass$ "s "t 9 ,spa91 & to ,holl&'s fri5d1 ,jovellanos 7#agdi-ahab71 a memb] ( ! ,spani% ,junta1 :o _h writt5 treatises ^u legislation 7#aghe71 ( :i* ,b5?am approv$4#cah ,! dream ( ,mexico 0 succe$$ by a dream ( ,v5ezuela4 ,g5]al ,mir&a sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,engl&1 & _h become well kn[n to ,james ,mill4 ,he 0 n[ ab\t to />t ^u an un=tunate exp$ition to ,v5ezuela1 8 native c\ntry4 ,he took ) him a draft ( a law = ! fre$om ( ! press1 :i* ,b5?am drew up1 & he propos$ t :5 8 new /ate 0 f\nd$1 ,b5?am %\ld be its legislator4#cai ,mir&a 0 betray$ to ! ,spani% gov]nm5t 9 #ahab1 & di$ 7#ahaf7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,inquisition4 ,boliv>1 :o 0 also 9 ,london 9 #ahaj & took "s notice ( ,joseph ,lanca/]1 appli$ 9 flatt]+ t]ms to ,b5?am4 ,long aft]w>ds1 :5 dictator ( ,columbia1 he =bade ! use ( ,b5?am's works 9 ! s*ools1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 ! privilege ( read+ him 0 re/or$1 &1 let u hope1 duly valu$1 9 #ahce4cbj ,sant&]1 ano!r ,s\? ,am]ican h]o1 0 also a disciple1 & enc\rag$ ! /udy ( ,b5?am4 ,b5?am says 9 #ahcj t =ty ?\s& copies ( ,dumont's ,traites _h be5 sold 9 ,p>is = ! ,s\? ,am]ican trade4#cba ,:at %>e ,b5?am may h _h 9 modify+ ,s\? ,am]ican ideas is unkn[n to me4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates he _h _m disciples ( a m cr$itable k9d ?an ,burr4 ,he appeal$ 9 #ahaa to ,madison1 !n ,presid5t1 = p]mission to con/ruct a ',pannomion' or complete body ( law1 = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & urg$ 8 claims bo? ^u ,madison & ! ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahag1 :5 peace _h be5 re/or$4 ,he _h _m conv]sations ^u ?is project ) ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 :o 0 !n ,am]ican m9i/] 9 ,engl&4#cbb ,?is1 ( c\rse1 came to no?+1 b an em95t ,am]ican disciple1 ,edw>d ,liv+/on 7#agfd-ahcf71 betwe5 #ahbj & #ahcj prep>$ codes = ! ,/ate ( ,l\isiana1 & w>mly ackn[l$g$ 8 obligations to ,b5?am4#cbc ,9 #ahcj ,b5?am also ackn[l$ges a notice ( 8 lab\rs1 probably result+ f ?is1 :i* _h be5 made 9 "o ( ,g5]al ,jackson's presid5tial messages4#cbd ,9 8 lat] ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates became 8 ideal1 & he nev] tir$ ( comp>+ its *eap & hone/ enactm5t ) ! corruption & extravagance at home4 ,,notes3 #bia ,works1 x4 #djc4 #bib ,ibid4 x4 #fb4 #bic ,b5?am _h himself writt5 "s ( 8 pap]s 9 ,fr5*4 #bid ,works1 x4 #djg1 #daj1 #dac1 #dai4 #bie ,ibid4 x4 #dae4 #bif ,"l ,e4 ,fitzmaurice's ,life ( ,%elburne4 #big ,works1 x4 #dac4 #bih ,?is /atem5t1 ,i believe1 ref]s to a complim5t>y ref]5ce to ,b5?am 9 ! preface to ! ,fr5* ,code4 #bii ,works1 x4 #deh4 #cjj ,b5?am says t he rea*$ ^! conclusions "s "t be=e #ahji3 ,works1 iii4 #dce4 ,cf4 ,ibid4 v4 #bgh4 #cja ,works1 x4 #dbe4 #cjb ,see description 9 ,ba9's ,james ,mill1 #abi-cf4 #cjc ,works1 x4 #dgi1 #egc4 #cjd ,works1 x4 #deb-ed42 ,ba9's ,james ,mill1 #ajd4 #cje ,! case ( ! ',k+ v4 ,cobbett1' 7#ahjd71 :i* l$ to ! proce$+s aga9/ ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,johnson 9 #ahje4--;,cobbett's ,/ate ,trials1 xxix4 #cjf ,works1 x4 #ddh-di4 #cjg ,ibid4 x4 #deh4 #cjh ,works1 x4 #dga1 #egj4 #cji ,ibid4 x4 #dga4 #caj ,ibid4 x4 #dfa4 #caa ,ibid4 x4 #dga4 #cab ,ibid4 x4 #dij4 #cac ,pr9t$ 9 ,works1 x4 #die-ig4 #cad ,ibid4 x4 #egj4 #cae ,ibid4 x4 #dgf4 #caf ,works1 x4 #dhe4 #cag ,ba9's ,james ,mill1 #acf4 ,*ur* ( ,engl&ism & ,n ,paul b ,jesus 7 also writt5 at ,=d ,abbey4 #cah ,works1 x4 #dcc1 #ddh4 #cai ,ibid4 x4 #deg-eh2 ,ba9's ,james ,mill1 #gi4 #cbj ,works1 #eec-ed1 #efe4 #cba ,ibid4 xi4 #ec4 #cbb ,see ,memoirs ( ,j4 ,q4 ,adams 7#ahgd71 iii4 #eaa1 #ebj1 #ecb1 #ece-ci1 #edj1 #edd1 #efj1 #efb-fc4 & ,b5?am's lett] to ,adams 9 ,works1 x4 #eed4 #cbc ,works1 xi4 #bc4 #cbd ,ibid4 xi4 #dj4 ,v4 ,,codification ,! unsettl$ conditions :i* foll[$ ! peace 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries f\nd ,b5?am o!r employm5t4 ,9 #ahji ,dumont did "s codify+ = ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 & 9 #ahag 0 engag$ to d ! same s]vice = ,g5eva4 ,he 0 employ$ = "s ye>s1 & is said to h introduc$ a ,b5?amite ,p5al ,code & ,panopticon1 & an application ( ! ,tactics4#cbe ,9 #ahbj & #ahba ,b5?am 0 consult$ by ! ,con/itutional p>ty 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & wrote elaborate tracts = _! enlight5m5t4 ,he made an impression ^u at lea/ "o ,spani>d4 ,borr[1 :5 travell+ 9 ,spa9 "s t5 ye>s aft] ,b5?am's dea?1 0 welcom$ by an ,alcalde on ,cape ,f9i/]re1 :o _h ^u 8 %elves all ! works ( ! 'gr& ,ba9?am1' & comp>$ him to ,solon1 ,plato1 & ev5 ,lope de ,vega4#cbf ,! la/ comp>ison appe>$ to ,borr[ to be ov]/ra9$4 ,b5?am ev5 endeav\r$ 9 #ahbb-bc to adm9i/] "s s\nd advice to ! gov]nm5t ( ,tripoli1 b 8 sugge/ions = 'rem$ies aga9/ misrule' seem nev] to h be5 communicat$4#cbg ,9 #ahbc & #ahbd he 0 a memb] ( ! ,greek ,committee2 he correspond$ ) ,mavrocordato & o!r lead]s2 & he begg$ ,p>r to turn "s ( 8 admonitions into ',p>rian' ,greek = ! b5efit ( ! mod]ns4#cbh ,blaqui]e & ,/anhope1 two ard5t memb]s ( ! committee1 7 disciples2 & ,/anhope c>ri$ ) him to ,greece ,b5?am's ,table ( ! ,spr+s ( ,action1 ) :i* he tri$ to indoctr9ate ,byron4 ,! poet1 h[ev]1 ?\ght ) "s plausibility t he 0 a bett] judge ( human passions ?an ! philosoph]4 ,p>ry1 ! eng9e]1 :o jo9$ ,byron at ! same "t1 gives a que] acc\nt ( ! old philosoph] trott+ ab\t ,london 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,greeks4#cbi ,! co>se & ?\ghtless might laugh1 & p]haps "s nei!r co>se nor ?\ghtless might smile4 ,b ,b[r+ tells u t ^! 7 days ( b\ndless happ9ess = ,b5?am4#ccj ,tributes ( admiration 7 p\r+ 9 f all sides1 & ! true ,gospel 0 spread+ across ! ,atlantic & along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,at home ! ,utilit>ian p>ty 0 consolidat+ itself2 & ! /ruggle :i* result$ 9 ! ,re=m ,bill 0 sl[ly beg9n+4 ,! vet]an ,c>twright1 ,b5?am's s5ior by eight ye>s1 tri$ 9 #ahba to p]suade him to come out z "o ( a committee ( ',gu>dians ( ,con/itutional ,re=m1' elect$ at a public meet+4#cca ,b5?am wisely refus$ to be drawn f 8 privacy4 ,he left x to 8 fri5ds to agitate1 :ile he return$ to lab\r 9 8 /udy4 ,! dem& = legislation :i* _h sprung up 9 s _m p>ts ( ! _w enc\rag$ ,b5?am to und]take ! la/ ( 8 great lab\rs4 ,! ,portuguese ,cortes vot$ 9 ,decemb] #ahba t he %\ld be invit$ to prep>e an 'all-compreh5sive code'2 & 9 #ahbb he put out a curi\s ',codification proposal1' (f]+ to d ! "w = any nation 9 ne$ ( a legislator1 & app5d+ te/imonials to 8 compet5ce = ! "w4 ,he set to "w ^u a ',con/itutional ,code1' :i* occupi$ him at int]vals dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 & embodi$ ! f9al outcome ( 8 speculations4 ,he div]g$ f ?is ma9 purpose to write v>i\s pamphlets ^u topics ( imm$iate int]e/2 & 0 ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! v>i\s activities ( 8 disciples4 ,! ,utilit>ians n[ ?\ght !mselves entitl$ to ent] ! field ( politics z a di/9ct body4 ,an organ to def5d _! cause 0 desirable1 & ,b5?am suppli$ ! funds = ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ( :i* ! fir/ numb] appe>$ 9 ,april #ahbd4 ,! editor%ip fell *iefly into ! h&s ( ,b[r+ 7#agib-ahgb74 ,b[r+ _h travell$ mu* ^u ! ,cont95t = a comm]cial h\se1 & 8 k ( ,spani% politics _h br\ght him into connection ) ,b5?am1 to :om ,blaqui]e recomm5d$ him 9 #ahbj4ccb ,a /rong atta*m5t sprang up betwe5 ! two4 ,b5?am confid$ all 8 ?\ghts & feel+s to ! "y man1 & ,b[r+ look$ up to 8 tea*] ) affectionate rev]5ce4 ,9 #ahbh ,b5?am says t ,b[r+ is '! mo/ intimate fri5d he has4'#ccc ,b[r+ compla9s ( calumnies1 by :i* he 0 assail$1 ?\gh !y fail$ to ali5ate ,b5?am4 ,:at !y may h be5 matt]s little2 b x is cle> t a c]ta9 jeal\sy arose betwe5 ?is la/ disciple & 8 old] rivals4 ,james ,mill's /]n & rigid "* _h evid5tly produc$ "s irritation at int]vals2 & to him x w\ld naturally appe> t ,b[r+ 0 ! object ( a s5ile fav\ritism4 ,9 any case x is to be regrett$ t ,b5?am ?us became p>tly ali5at$ f 8 old] fri5ds#ccd4 ,mill 0 too pr\d to compla92 & nev] wav]$ 9 8 allegiance to ! ma/]'s pr9ciples4 ,b "o result1 & to u ! mo/ important1 0 t ! new atta*m5t l$ to ! composition ( "o ( ! wor/ biographies 9 ! language1 out ( mat]ials :i* might h s]v$ = a ma/]piece4 ,b[r+ 0 a great l+ui/1 & an en]getic man ( bus9ess4 ,he wrote hymns1 & "o ( !m1 ',9 ! cross ( ,*ri/ ,i glory1' is said to h 'univ]sal fame4' ,a ,b5?amite capable ( s s+ul> an ecc5tricity judici\sly agre$ to avoid discussions ^u religi\s topics ) 8 ma/]4 ,to ,b[r+ we also owe ! ,deontology1 :i* pr(esses to repres5t ,b5?am's dictation4 ,! ,mills repudiat$ ?is v]sion1 c]ta9ly a v poor "o1 ( _! tea*]'s morality1 & held t x repres5t$ less ,b5?am ?an su* an impression ( ,b5?am z c\ld be /amp$ ^u a muddle-head$ disciple4#cce ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life br\ght ,b5?am into clos] connection ) m rem>kable m54 ,! ,radicals _h despis$ ! ,:igs z trimm]s & half-he>t$ re=m]s1 & ,james ,mill express$ ?is feel+ v frankly 9 ! fir/ numb]s ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,re=m1 h[ev]1 0 n[ becom+ respectable1 & ! ,:igs 7 ga9+ ! c\rage to take x up s]i\sly4 ,=emo/ among ! ,ed9burgh ,review]s 0 ! great ,h5ry ,br\gham1 ^: fame 0 at ?is "t almo/ z great z 8 ambition c\ld desire1 & :o consid]$ himself to be ! natural lead] ( all re=m4 ,he _h %[n eag]ness to di/+ui% himself 9 l9es fully approv$ by ,b5?am4 ,8 admir]s reg>d$ him z a giant2 & 8 oppon5ts1 if !y saw 9 him a da% ( ! *>latan1 c\ld n d5y 8 amaz+ en]gy & 8 capacity z an orator4 ,! insatiable vanity :i* aft]w>ds ru9$ 8 c>e] already made x d\btful :e!r he f\ght = ! cause or ! glory4 ,b he 0 at lea/ an in/rum5t wor? hav+4 ,he 0 a k9d ( half-disciple4 ,if 9 #ahji he _h *eck$ ,mill's praise ( ,b5?am1 he 0 soon aft]w>ds 9 frequ5t communication ) ! ma/]4 ,9 ,july #ahab ,b5?am ann\nces t ,br\gham is at la/ to be admitt$ to a d9n]1 = :i* he _h be5 'intrigu+ any "t ?is six mon?s1' & expects t 8 proselyte w soon be ! fir/ man 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & eclipse ev5 ,romilly4#ccf ,9 lat] ye>s !y _h frequ5t communications2 & :5 9 #ahbg ,br\gham 0 kn[n to be prep>+ an utt]ance ^u law re=m1 ,b5?am's hopes rose high4 ,he (f]$ to 8 disciple '"s nice little sweet pap ( my own mak+1' s\nd tea*+ t is1 ^u evid5ce1 judicial e/abli%m5ts & codification4 ,br\gham ?anks 8 'de> gr&papa1' & ,b5?am (f]s fur!r supplies to 8 'de>1 sweet little poppet4'#ccg ,b :5 ! orator _h spok5 ,b5?am decl>es 7#i? ,febru>y #ahbh7 t ! m\nta9 has be5 deliv]$ ( a m\se4 ,br\gham 0 'n ! man to set up' simple & rational pr9ciples4 ,he 0 ! %am adv]s>y b ! real accomplice ( ,peel1 pull+ up lies by ! root to plant o!rs equally noxi\s4#cch ,9 #ahcj ,b5?am _h ev5 to hold up ',ma/] ,peel' z a 'model good boy' to ! self-/yl$ re=m]4 ,br\gham ne$s a dose ( jalap in/ead ( pap1 = he _c ev5 spell ! 'greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple' prop]ly4#cci ,b5?am w5t s f> z to write :at he fondly took to be an epigram ^u ,br\gham3 ',s fooli% & s wise1 s great1 s small1 ,ev]y?+ n[1 to-morr[ n\ght at all4'#cdj ,9 ,septemb] #ahca ,br\gham z ,*ancellor ann\nc$ a s*eme = c]ta9 *anges 9 ! con/itution ( ! c\rts4 ,! proposal call$ =? ,b5?am's la/ pamphlet1 ,"l ,br\gham display$4#cda ,b5?am lam5ts t 8 disciple has '/ret*$ out ! "r h& ( fell[%ip to jobb]s ( all sorts4'#cdb ,9 va9 _h ,br\gham 9 8 spee* call$ ,b5?am '"o ( ! great sages ( ! law4' ,b5?am ackn[l$ges 8 amiability & 8 g5ius2 b lam5ts ov] ! untru/wor?y "* ( a man :o c\ld only adopt pr9ciples s f> z !y 7 subs]vi5t to 8 own vanity4 ,ano!r light ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 :o at ?is "t took ,br\gham at 8 own valuation1 did an incid5tal s]vice to ,b5?am4 ,^u ! publication ( ! ,book ( ,fallacies 9 #ahbe1 ,sydney ,smi? review$ or r cond5s$ x 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 & gave ! pi? ( ! :ole 9 8 fam\s ,noodle's ,oration4 ,! noodle utt]s all ! commonplaces by :i* ! /upid cons]vatives1 ) ,eldon at _! head1 met ! dem&s ( re=m]s4 ,no?+ c\ld be witti] ?an ,smi?'s brilliant summ>y4 ,:igs & ,radicals = ! "t agre$ 9 ridicul+ bl9d prejudice4 ,! day 0 to come :5 ! ,:igs at lea/ w\ld see t "s pr9ciples might be worse ?an prejudice4 ,all ! fools1 said ,"l ,melb\rne1 '7 aga9/ ,ca?olic ,emancipation1 & ! wor/ ( x is1 ! fools 7 9 ! "r4' ,sydney ,smi? 0 glad to be ,b5?am's m\?piece = ! mom5t3 ?\gh1 :5 ,b5?amism 0 appli$ to *ur* re=m1 ,smi? began to p]ceive t ,noodle 0 n s silly z he seem$4 ,"o o!r ally ( ,b5?am des]ves notice4 ,o',connell _h 9 #ahbh1 9 speak+ ( legal abuses1 call$ himself 'an humble disciple ( ! immortal ,b5?am4'#cdc ,b5?am wrote to ackn[l$ge ! complim5t4 ,he invit$ ,o',connell to become an inmate ( 8 h]mitage at ,que5's ,squ>e ,place1 & ,o',connell respond$ w>mly to ! lett]s ( 8 'rev]$ ma/]4' ,b5?am's av]sion to ,ca?olicism 0 z /rong z 8 objection to ,ca?olic disqualifications1 & he took "s tr\ble to smoo? d[n ! difficulties :i* ?reat5$ an alliance betwe5 ard5t believ]s & ?or\ghgo+ sceptics4 ,o',connell _h attack$ "s :o 7 politically ^u 8 side4 ',dan1 de> *ild1' says ,b5?am1 ':om 9 imag9ation ,i am at ?is mom5t press+ to my fond bosom1 put (f1 if x be possible1 y\r intol]ance4'#cdd ,_! fri5d%ip1 h[ev]1 did n suff] f ?is discord1 & _! correspond5ce is 9 ! same tone till ! end4 ,9 "o ( ,b5?am's lett]s he speaks ( a contempor>y correspond5ce ) ano!r great man1 :om he does n appe> to h met p]sonally4 ,he 0 writ+ long lett]s1 entreat+ ! duke ( ,well+ton to eclipse ,cromwell by successfully attack+ ! lawy]s4 ,! duke wrote 'imm$iate answ]s 9 8 own h&1' & took good-hum\r$ly a remon/rance f ,b5?am ^u ! duel ) ,"l ,w9*ilsea 9 #ahbi4cde ,b5?am 0 ready to ! end to seek allies 9 any qu>t]4 ,:5 ,"l ,sidm\? took (fice 9 #ahab1 ,b5?am _h an int]view ) him1 & _h "s hopes ( be+ employ$ to prep>e a p5al code4#cdf ,al?\gh exp]i5ce _h conv9c$ him ( ! futility ( expectations f ! ,sidm\?s & ,eldons1 he 0 always on ! look out = sympa?y2 & ! v5]able old man 0 naturally treat$ ) respect by p :o _h little en\gh ( real int]e/ 9 8 doctr9es4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life1 ,b5?am 0 *e]$ by symptoms ( ! triumph ( 8 cre$4 ,! approa* ( ! mill5nium seem$ to be indicat$ by ! ga!r+ ( ! v>i\s =ces :i* c>ri$ ,roman ,ca?olic ,emancipation & ! ,re=m ,bill4 ,b5?am /ill receiv$ te/imonies ( 8 fame abroad4 ,9 #ahbe he visit$ ,p>is to consult "s physicians4 ,he 0 receiv$ ) ! respect :i* ! ,fr5* c always pay to intellectual em95ce4#cdg ,all ! lawy]s 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice rose to receive him1 & he 0 plac$ at ! presid5t's "r h&4 ,on ! revolution ( #ahcj1 he address$ "s good advice to ! c\ntry ( :i* he _h be5 made a citiz5 ne>ly =ty ye>s be=e4 ,9 #ahcb1 ,talleyr&1 to :om he _h talk$ ab\t ! ,panopticon 9 #agib1 d9$ ) him alone 9 8 h]mitage4#cdh ,:5 ,b[r+ obs]v$ to ! pr9ce t ,b5?am's works _h be5 plund]$1 ! polite diplomati/ repli$1 et pille de t\t le monde1 il e/ t\j\rs ri*e4 ,b5?am 0 by ?is "t fail+4 ,at eighty-two he 0 /ill1 z he put x1 'codify+ l any dragon4'#cdi ,on #ah? ,may #ahcb he did 8 la/ bit ( 8 lifelong lab\r1 ^u ! ',con/itutional ,code4' ,! great re=m agitation 0 rea*+ ! l& ( promise1 b ,b5?am 0 to die 9 ! wild]ness4 ,he sank )\t a /ruggle on #f? ,june #ahcb1 8 head re/+ on ,b[r+'s bosom4 ,he left ! *>act]i/ic direction t 8 body %\ld be dissect$ = ! b5efit ( sci5ce4 ,an incision 0 =mally made2 & ! old g5tleman1 9 8 clo!s z he liv$1 8 face cov]$ by a wax mask1 is /ill to be se5 at ,univ]sity ,college 9 ,g[] ,/reet4 ,b5?am1 z we are told1 _h a /rong p]sonal resemblance to ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,sagacity1 b5evol5ce1 & playfulness 7 express$ 9 bo? physiognomies4 ,b5?am1 h[ev]1 diff]$ f ! man ^: intellect pres5ts _m po9ts ( lik5ess1 9 t he 0 n a man ( ! m>ket-place or ! (fice4 ,b5?am 0 9 _m respects a *ild ?r\gh life3#cej a *ild 9 simplicity1 good hum\r1 & vivacity2 8 heal? 0 unbrok52 he knew no great sorr[2 & aft] em]g+ f ! disc\ragem5t ( 8 y\?1 he 0 placidly contemplat+ a cont9u\s gr[? ( fame & influ5ce4 ,he is said to h express$ ! wi% t he c\ld awake once 9 a c5tury to contemplate ! prospect ( a _w gradually adopt+ 8 pr9ciples & s mak+ /eady progress 9 happ9ess & wisdom4 ,no man c\ld lead a simpl] life4 ,8 *ief luxuries at table 7 fruit1 bread1 & tea4 ,he _h a 'sacr$ teapot' call$ ,dick1 ) associations ( its own1 & c>efully regulat$ its functions4 ,he refra9$ f w9e dur+ ! greate/ "p ( 8 life1 & 0 nev] guilty ( a s+le act ( intemp]ance4 ,9 lat] life he took a daily half-glass ( ,madeira4 ,he 0 scrupul\sly neat 9 p]son1 & wore a ,quak]-l br[n coat1 br[n cassim]e bree*es1 :ite wor/$ /ock+s & a /raw hat4 ,he walk$ or 'r trott$' ) 8 /ick ,dapple1 & took 8 'ante-pr&ial' & o!r 'circumgyrations' ) absolute punctuality4 ,he lov$ pets2 he _h a s]ies ( atta*$ cats2 & *]i%$ ! memory ( a 'beautiful pig' at ,h5don1 & ( a donkey at ,=d ,abbey4 ,he enc\rag$ mice to play 9 8 /udy--a ta/e :i* involv$ "s tr\ble ) 8 cats1 & sugge/s problems z to ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,k9dness to animals 0 an ess5tial po9t ( 8 moral cre$4 ',i love ev]y?+1' he said1 't has f\r legs4' ,he _h a passion = fl[]s1 & tri$ to introduce useful plants4 ,he lov$ music--especially ,h&el--& _h an organ 9 8 h\se4 ,he c>$ no?+ = poetry3 ',prose1' he said1#cea 'is :5 all ! l9es except ! la/ g on to ! m>g94 ,poetry is :5 "s ( !m fall %ort ( x4' ,he 0 c\rte\s & att5tive to 8 gue/s1 ?\gh occasionally irritable :5 8 fav\rite crot*ets 7 transgress$1 or especially if 8 fix$ h\rs ( "w 7 d]ang$4 ,8 regul>ity 9 lit]>y "w 0 absolute4 ,he liv$ by a "t-table1 work+ 9 ! morn+ & turn+ out f t5 to fifte5 folio pages daily4 ,he read ! newspap]s regul>ly1 b few books1 & c>$ no?+ = criticisms on 8 own writ+s4 ,8 only sub/antial meal 0 a d9n] at six or half-pa/1 to :i* he occasionally admitt$ a few fri5ds z a high privilege4 ,he lik$ to discuss ! topics ( :i* 8 m9d 0 full1 & made notes be=eh& ( p>ticul> po9ts to be introduc$ 9 conv]sation4 ,he 0 inv>iably inaccessible to visitors1 ev5 fam\s ones1 likely to di/ract 8 ?\ghts4 ',tell ,mr4 ,b5?am t ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,lovell ,edgewor? desires to see him4' ',tell ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,lovell ,edgewor? t ,mr4 ,b5?am does n desire to see him' 0 ! reply4 ,:5 ,mme4 de ,/ael came to ,engl&1 %e said to ,dumont3 ',tell ,b5?am ,i %all see nobody till ,i h se5 him4' ',i am sorry = x1' said ,b5?am1 '= !n %e w nev] see anybody4' ,& he summ$ up 8 op9ion ( ! fam\s au?or ( ,cor9ne by call+ h] 'a trump]y magpie4'#ceb ,!re is a simplicity & vivacity ab\t "s ( ! say+s report$ by ,b[r+1 :i* prove t ,b5?am c\ld talk well1 & increase our regret = ! abs5ce ( a m effici5t ,boswell4 ,at t5 ,b5?am _h 8 tea1 at elev5 8 nightcap1 & by twelve all 8 gue/s 7 ignom9i\sly expell$4 ,he 0 left to sleep on a h>d b$4 ,8 sleep 0 light1 & mu* di/urb$ by dreams4 ,b5?am 0 c]ta9ly amiable4 ,! 'sure/ way to ga9 m51' he said1 'is to appe> to love !m1 & ! sure/ way to appe> to love !m is to love !m 9 reality4' ,! lea/ pleas+ "p ( 8 "*1 h[ev]1 is ! app>5t levity ( 8 atta*m5ts4 ,he 01 z we h se51 p>tly ali5at$ f ,dumont1 ?\gh "s fri5dly communications are record$ 9 lat] ye>s1 & ,dumont spoke w>mly ( ,b5?am only a few days be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahbi4cec ,he n only cool$ t[>ds ,james ,mill1 b1 if ,b[r+ is to be tru/$1 spoke ( him ) great h>%ness4#ced ,b[r+ 0 n a judici\s report]1 inde$1 & capable ( tak+ ha/y phrases too s]i\sly4 ,:at ,b5?am's rem>ks ^u ^! & o!r fri5ds sugge/ is n malice or res5tm5t1 b ! flippant utt]ance ( a man ^: feel+s are want+ 9 dep? r ?an k9dl9ess4 ,x is noticeable t1 aft] 8 e>ly visit at ,b[ood1 no woman seems to h c\nt$ = any?+ 9 ,b5?am's life4 ,he 0 n only nev] 9 love1 b x looks z if he nev] ev5 talk$ to any woman except 8 cook or h\semaid4 ,! "o conclusion t ,i ne$ draw conc]ns a "q n1 ,i ?9k1 h>d to be solv$4 ,x w\ld be easy to make a p>adox by call+ ,b5?am at once ! mo/ practical & mo/ unpractical ( m54 ,?is is to po9t out ! "o-sid$ nature ( ,b5?am's developm5t4 ,b5?am's habits rem9d u 9 "s ways ( ,kant2 & ! ?\ght may be sugge/$ t he w\ld h be5 m 9 8 elem5t z a ,g]man pr(essor ( philosophies4 ,9 su* a position he might h devot$ himself to ! delight ( classify+ & co-ord9at+ !ories1 & h f\nd suffici5t enjoym5t 9 purely intellectual activity4 ,aft] a fa%ion t 0 ! actual result4 ,h[ f>1 inde$1 ,b5?am c\ld h a*iev$ mu* 9 ! sph]e ( pure philosophy1 & :at k9d ( philosophy he w\ld h turn$ out1 mu/ be left to conjecture4 ,! circum/ances ( 8 "t & c\ntry1 & possibly 8 own temp]am5t g5]ally1 turn$ 8 ?\ghts to problems ( legislation & politics1 t is to say1 ( direct practical int]e/4 ,he 0 !re=e always deal+ ) concrete facts1 & a great "p ( 8 writ+s may be consid]$ z raw mat]ial = acts ( p>liam5t4 ,b5?am rema9$1 h[ev]1 unpractical1 9 ! s5se t he _h n t k :i* we ascribe ei!r to ! poet or to ! man ( ! _w4 ,he _h nei!r ! passion nor ! sympa!tic imag9ation4 ,! spr+s ( active conduct :i* ,byron knew f exp]i5ce 7 to ,b5?am no?+ m ?an names 9 a c>eful classification4 ,any %rewd attorney or ,b[ ,/reet runn] w\ld h be5 a bett] judge ( ! managem5t ( convicts2 & "h 7 doz5s ( p>ty politicians1 su* z ,rigby & ,b>re1 :o c\ld h expla9$ to him be=eh& ^? my/]ies 9 ! work+ ( ! political ma*9]y1 :i* x took him half a lifetime to discov]4 ,9 ?is s5se ,b5?am 0 unpractical 9 ! highe/ degree1 = at eighty he _h n f\nd out ( :at m5 are really made4 ,& yet by 8 extraord9>y intellectual activity & ! conc5tration ( all 8 faculties ^u c]ta9 problems1 he succe$$ 9 pres]v+ an example1 & ?\gh n a unique yet an almo/ unsurpassable example1 ( ! p[] :i* belongs to ! man ( "o idea4 ,,notes3 #cbe ,see correspond5ce ^u 8 codification plans 9 ,russia1 ,am]ica1 & ,g5eva 9 ,works1 iv4 #dea-eid4 #cbf ,borr['s ,bible 9 ,spa91 *4 xxx4 #cbg ,works1 viii4 #eee-fjj4 #cbh ,ibid4 x4 #ecd4 ,see ,blaqui]e's en?usia/ic lett] to ,b5?am4--,works1 x4 #dge4 #cbi ,see1 h[ev]1 ,b5?am's ref]5ce to ?is /ory4--,works1 xi4 #ff4 #ccj ,works1 x4 #eci4 #cca ,ibid4 x4 #ebb4 #ccb ,works1 x4 #eaf4 #ccc ,ibid4 x4 #eia4 #ccd ,a lett] f ,mill 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college ,,mss4 describes a misund]/&+ ab\t borr[$ books1 a f]tile1 b h>dly adequate1 cause ( qu>rel4 #cce ,b[r+'s religi\s pr9ciples prev5t$ him f admitt+ "s ( ,b5?am's works to ! collective edition4 #ccf ,works1 x4 #dga-gb4 #ccg ,ibid4 x4 #egf4 #cch ,ibid4 x4 #ehh4 #cci ,works1 xi4 #cg4 ,pap]s pres]v$ at ,univ]sity ,college %[ t dur+ ,peel's law re=ms at ?is "t ,b5?am frequ5tly communicat$ ) him4 #cdj ,ibid4 xi4 #ej4 #cda ,ibid4 v4 #edi4 #cdb ,ibid4 v4 #fji4 #cdc ,works1 x4 #eid4 #cdd ,ibid4 xi4 #bf4 #cde ,ibid4 xi4 #ac1 #bh4 #cdf ,works1 x4 #dfh4 #cdg ,ibid4 x4 #eea4 #cdh ,ibid4 xi4 #ge4 #cdi ,ibid4 xi4 #cc4 #cej ,mill's ,diss]tations1 i4 #ced & #cib n4 #cea ,works1 x4 #ddb4 #ceb ,works1 x4 #dfg2 xi4 #gi4 #cec ,ibid4 xi4 #bc-bd4 #ced ,ibid4 x4 #dej4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,b5?am',s ,,doctr9e ,i4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,b5?am's position is 9 "o respect unique4 ,!re h be5 _m great] ?9k]s2 b !re has be5 h>dly any "o ^: ab/ract !ory has become 9 ! same degree ! plat=m ( an active political p>ty4 ,to accept ! philosophy 0 to be also pl$g$ to practical applications ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! revelation made to ! ,b5?amites1 & to :at did x owe its influ5ce8 ,! c5tral doctr9e is express$ 9 ,b5?am's fam\s =mula3 ! te/ ( "r & wrong is ! 'greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4' ,!re 0 no?+ new 9 ?is ass]tion4 ,x only expresses ! fact t ,b5?am accept$ "o ( ! two alt]natives :i* h comm5d$ !mselves to conflict+ s*ools ev] s9ce e?ical speculation 0 erect$ into a sep>ate dep>tm5t ( ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 ! side :i* ,b5?am took 01 we may say1 ! w9n+ side4 ,! ord9>y morality ( ! "t 0 ,utilit>ian 9 sub/ance4 ,hut*eson _h inv5t$ ! sacr$ phrase3 & ,hume _h bas$ 8 moral sy/em ^u 'utility4'#cee ,b5?am _h le>n$ mu* f ,helvetius ! ,fr5* free?9k]1 & _h be5 anticipat$ by ,paley ! ,engli% div9e4 ,! writ+s 9 :i* ,b5?am deals explicitly ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,e?ics w\ld h>dly entitle him to a high] position ?an t ( a disciple ( ,hume )\t ,hume's subtlety2 or ( ,paley )\t ,paley's s+ul> gift ( exposition4 ,:y1 !n1 did ,b5?am's message come ^u 8 disciples ) ! =ce & fre%ness ( a new revelation8 ,our answ] mu/ be 9 g5]al t]ms t ,b5?am f\nd$ n a doctr9e b a me?od3 & t ! doctr9e :i* came to him simply z a g5]al pr9ciple 0 9 8 h&s a pot5t in/rum5t appli$ ) mo/ fruitful results to que/ions ( imm$iate practical int]e/4 ,beyond ! g5]al pr9ciple ( utility1 !re=e1 we h to consid] ! 'organon' con/ruct$ by him to give effect to a g5]al pr9ciple too vague to be appli$ 9 detail4 ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ?is is conta9$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation4 ,?is "w un=tunately is a fragm5t1 b x gives 8 doctr9e vigor\sly & decisively1 )\t los+ itself 9 ! m9ute details :i* become we>isome 9 8 lat] writ+s4 ,b5?am int5d$ x z an introduction to a p5al code2 & 8 inve/igation s5t him back to m g5]al problems4 ,he f\nd x necess>y to settle ! relations ( ! p5al code to ! :ole body ( law2 & to settle ^! he _h to consid] ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie legislation 9 g5]al4 ,he _h ?us1 he says1 to 'create a new sci5ce1' & !n to elaborate "o dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,! 'introduction' w\ld conta9 prolegom5a n only = ! p5al code b = ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( inquiry :i* he int5d$ to exhau/4#cef ,he _h to lay d[n prim>y tru?s :i* %\ld be to ?is sci5ce :at ! axioms are to ma!matical sci5ces4#ceg ,^! tru?s !re=e belong to ! sph]e ( conduct 9 g5]al1 & include 8 e?ical !ory4 ',nature has plac$ mank9d' 7t is 8 op5+ phrase7 '"u ! gov]nance ( two sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure4 ,x is = !m alone to po9t out :at we ought to d1 z well z to det]m9e :at we %all d4' ,!re is ! unassailable basis4 ,x _h be5 laid d[n z unequivocally by ,locke1#ceh & _h be5 embodi$ 9 ! brilliant c\plets ( ,pope's ,essay on ,man4#cei ,at ! head ( ! curi\s table ( univ]sal k1 giv5 9 ! ,*re/oma?ia1 we h ,eudaemonics z an all-compreh5sive "n ( :i* e art is a bran*4#cfj ,eudaemonics1 z an art1 corresponds to ! sci5ce 'ontology4' ,x cov]s ! :ole sph]e ( human ?\ght4 ,x means k 9 g5]al z relat$ to conduct4 ,its fir/ pr9ciple1 aga91 requires no m pro( ?an ! prim>y axioms ( ari?metic or geometry4 ,once und]/ood1 x is by ! same act ( ! m9d se5 to be true4 ,"s p1 inde$1 d n see x4 ,b5?am r ignores ?an answ]s "s ( _! argum5ts4 ,b 8 mode ( treat+ oppon5ts indicates 8 own position4 ',happ9ess1' x is (t5 said1 is too vague a ^w to be ! key/one ( an e?ical sy/em2 x v>ies f man to man3 or x is 'subjective1' & !re=e gives no absolute or indep5d5t gr\nd = morality4 ,a morality ( 'eudaemonism' mu/ be an 'empirical' morality1 & we c nev] extort f x t 'categorical imp]ative1' )\t :i* we h in/ead ( a true morality a simple sy/em ( 'exp$i5cy4' ,f ,b5?am's po9t ( view ! criticism mu/ be retort$4 ,he reg>ds 'happ9ess' z precisely ! lea/ equivocal ( words2 & 'happ9ess' itself z !re=e af=d+ ! "o safe clue to all ! intricate problems ( human conduct4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,f$]ali/1 = example1 _h said t ju/ice 0 ! 'end ( gov]nm5t4' ',:y n happ9ess8' asks ,b5?am4 ',:at happ9ess is e man kn[s1 because :at pleasure is1 e man kn[s1 & :at pa9 is1 e man kn[s4 ,b :at ju/ice is--?is is :at on e occasion is ! subject-matt] ( dispute4'#cfa ,t phrase gives 8 view 9 a nut%ell4 ,ju/ice is ! means1 n ! end4 ,t is j :i* produces a maximum ( happ9ess4 ,omit all ref]5ce to ,happ9ess1 & ,ju/ice becomes a mean+less ^w prescrib+ equality1 b n tell+ u equality ( :at4 ,happ9ess1 on ! o!r h&1 has a sub/antial & indep5d5t mean+ f :i* ! mean+ ( ju/ice c be d$uc$4 ,x has !re=e a logical priority3 & to attempt to ignore ?is is ! way to all ! labyr9?s ( hopeless confusion by :i* legislation has be5 made a *aos4 ,b5?am's position is indicat$ by 8 e>ly conflict ) ,black/one1 n a v p[]ful repres5tative ( ! opposite pr9ciple4 ,black/one1 9 fact1 _h tri$ to base 8 def5ce ( t em95tly empirical product1 ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 ^u "s %[ ( a philosophical gr\ndwork4 ,he _h us$ ! vague conception ( a 'social contract1' frequ5tly invok$ = ! same purpose at ! revolution ( #afhh1 & to eke out 8 argum5ts appli$ ! anci5t commonplaces ab\t mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy4 ,he ?us tri$ to inve/ ! con/itution ) ! sanctity d]iv$ f ?is my/]i\s 'contract1' :ile appeal+ also to tradition or ! inc>nate 'wisdom ( our ance/ors1' z %[n by _! judici\s mixture ( ! ?ree =ms4 ,b5?am _h an easy task1 ?\gh he p]=m$ x ) rem>kable vig\r1 9 expos+ ! weakness ( ?is het]og5e\s aggregate4 ,look closely1 & ?is fictiti\s contract c impose no new obligation3 = ! obligation itself re/s ^u ,utility4 ,:y n appeal to ,utility at once8 ,i am b\nd to obey1 n because my great-gr&fa!r may be reg>d$ z hav+ made a b>ga91 :i* he did n really make1 ) ! great-gr&fa!r ( ,george ,,iii42 b simply because rebellion does m h>m ?an good4 ,! =ms ( gov]nm5t are ab/ractions1 n names ( realities1 & _! 'mixture' is a pure figm5t4 ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons are n really inc>nations ( p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness4 ,_! comb9ation =ms a sy/em ! m]its ( :i* mu/ 9 ! la/ resort be judg$ by its work+4 ',x is ! pr9ciple ( utility1 accurately appreh5d$ & /eadily appli$1 t af=ds ! only clew to guide a man ?r\gh ^! /reights4'#cfb ,s mu* 9 fact ,b5?am might le>n f ,hume2 & to def5d ^u any o!r gr\nd ! cong]ies ( traditional arrangem5ts :i* pass$ = ! ,briti% ,con/itution 0 obvi\sly absurd4 ,x 0 9 ?is w>f>e aga9/ ! %ift+ & ambigu\s doctr9es ( ,black/one t ,b5?am fir/ %[$ ! sup]iority ( 8 own me?od3 =1 z betwe5 ! two1 ,b5?am's position is at lea/ ! mo/ coh]5t & intelligible4 ,black/one1 h[ev]1 repres5ts little m ?an a bit ( rhetoric embody+ fragm5ts ( inconsi/5t !ories4 ,! ,morals & ,legislation op5s by briefly & contemptu\sly sett+ aside m philosophical oppon5ts ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,! 'ascetic' pr9ciple1 = example1 is ! =mal contradiction ( ! pr9ciple ( ,utility1 = x pr(ess$ly decl>es pleasure to be evil4 ,c\ld x be consi/5tly c>ri$ out x w\ld turn e>? into hell4 ,b 9 fact x is at bottom an illegitimate coroll>y f ! v pr9ciple :i* x o/5sibly d5ies4 ,x pr(esses to condemn pleasure 9 g5]al2 x really means t c]ta9 pleasures c only be b\ght at an excessive co/ ( pa94 ,o!r !ories are contrivances = avoid+ ! appeal 'to any ext]nal /&>d'2 & 9 sub/ance1 !re=e1 !y make ! op9ion ( ! individual !ori/ an ultimate & suffici5t reason4 ,adam ,smi? by 8 doctr9e ( 'sympa?y' makes ! s5tim5t ( approval itself ! ultimate /&>d4 ,my feel+ e*oes y\rs1 & reciprocally2 ea* _c d]ive au?ority f ! o!r4 ,ano!r man 7,hut*eson7 inv5ts a ?+ made on purpose to tell him :at is "r & :at is wrong & calls x a 'moral s5se4' ,beattie sub/itutes 'common' = 'moral' s5se1 & 8 doctr9e is attractive because e man supposes himself to possess common s5se4 ,o!rs1 l ,price1 appeal to ! ,und]/&+1 or1 l ,cl>ke1 to ! ',fitness ( ,?+s1' or !y inv5t su* phrases z ',law ( ,nature1' or ',"r ,reason' or ',natural ,ju/ice1' or :at y please4 ,ea* really means t :atev] he says is infallibly true & self-evid5t4 ,wolla/on discov]s t ! only wrong ?+ is tell+ a lie2 or t :5 y kill y\r fa!r1 x is a way ( say+ t he is n y\r fa!r1 & ! same me?od is applicable to any conduct :i* he happ5s to dislike4 ,! 'faire/ & op5e/ ( !m all' is ! man :o says1 ',i am ( ! numb] ( ! ,elect'2 ,god tells ! ,elect :at is "r3 !re=e if y want to "k :at is "r1 y h only to come to me4#cfc ,b5?am is writ+ "h 9 8 pi?ie/ /yle4 ,8 criticism is ( c\rse ( ! r\gh & ready ord]2 b ,i ?9k t 9 a fa%ion he manages to hit ! nail pretty well on ! head4 ,8 ma9 po9t1 at any rate1 is cle>4 ,he argues briefly t ! alt]native sy/ems are illusory because !y ref] to no 'ext]nal /&>d4' ,8 oppon5ts1 n he1 really make morality arbitr>y4 ,?is1 :atev] ! ultimate tru?1 is 9 fact ! ess5tial core ( all ! ,utilit>ian doctr9e desc5d$ f or relat$ to ,b5?amism4 ,b5?amism aims at conv]t+ morality into a sci5ce4 ,sci5ce1 accord+ to him1 mu/ re/ ^u facts4 ,x mu/ apply to real ?+s1 & to ?+s :i* h def9ite relations & a common measure4 ,n[1 if any?+ be real1 pa9s & pleasures are real4 ,! expectation ( pa9 or pleasure det]m9es conduct2 &1 if s1 x mu/ be ! sole det]m9ant ( conduct4 ,! attempt to conceal or evade ?is tru? is ! fatal s\rce ( all equivocation & confusion4 ,try ! exp]im5t4 ,introduce a 'moral s5se4' ,:at is its relation to ! desire = happ9ess8 ,if ! dictates ( ! moral s5se be treat$ z ultimate1 an absolutely arbitr>y elem5t is introduc$2 & we h "o ( ! 'innate ideas' explod$ by ,locke1 a belief summ>ily intrud$ into ! sy/em )\t def9ite relations to any o!r beliefs3 a dogmatic ass]tion :i* refuses to be te/$ or to be correlat$ ) o!r dogmas2 a r$uction !re=e ( ! :ole sy/em to *aos4 ,x is at be/ an in/9ctive belief :i* requires to be ju/ifi$ & correct$ by ref]5ce to "s o!r crit]ion4 ,or resolve morality into 'reason1' t is1 into "s purely logical tru?1 & x !n rema9s 9 ! air--a m]e non5tity until exp]i5ce has suppli$ "s mat]ial ^u :i* x c "w4 ,d5y ! pr9ciple ( utility1 9 %ort1 z he says 9 a vigor\s passage1#cfd & y are involv$ 9 a hopeless circle4 ,soon] or lat] y appeal to an arbitr>y & despotic pr9ciple & f9d t y h sub/itut$ words = ?\ghts4 ,! only escape f ?is circle is ! frank admission t happ9ess is1 9 fact1 ! sole aim ( man4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 diff]5t k9ds ( happ9ess z !re are diff]5t k9ds ( physical =ces4 ,b ! motives to action are1 l ! physical =ces1 comm5surable4 ,two c\rses ( conduct c always be comp>$ 9 respect ( ! happ9ess produc$1 z two motions ( a body c be comp>$ 9 respect ( ! en]gy exp5d$4 ,if1 !n1 we take ! moral judgm5t to be simply a judgm5t ( am\nts ( happ9ess1 ! :ole !ory c be sy/ematis$1 & its v>i\s !orems rang$ "u a s+le axiom or consi/5t set ( axioms4 ,pa9 & pleasure give ! real value ( actions2 !y are ! curr5cy ) a def9ite /&>d into :i* e g5]al rule may be translat$4 ,!re is always a common measure applicable 9 e =mula = ! e/imation ( conduct4 ,if y admit y\r ,moral ,s5se1 y pr(ess to settle values by "s /&>d :i* has no def9ite relation to ! /&>d :i* 9 fact gov]ns ! normal transactions4 ,b any su* d\ble /&>d1 9 :i* ! two measures are absolutely incomm5surable1 leads /raight to *aos4 ,or1 if aga9 y appeal to reason 9 ! ab/ract1 y are attempt+ to settle an acc\nt by pure ari?metic )\t ref]5ce to ! units ^u :i* y\r op]ation is p]=m$4 ,two p\nds & two p\nds w make f\r p\nds :atev] a p\nd may be2 b till ,i "k :at x is1 ! result is nugatory4 ,some:]e ,i mu/ come ^u a basis ( fact1 if my :ole con/ruction is to /&4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal position impli$ 9 ,b5?am's doctr9e4 ,! moral judgm5t is simply "o case ( ! judgm5t ( happ9ess4 ,b5?am is s mu* conv9c$ ( ?is t to him !re appe>$ to be 9 reality no o!r !ory4 ,:at pass$ = !ories 7 m]e comb9ations ( words4 ,hav+ said ?is1 we "k :]e to lay ! f\ndations ( ! new sci5ce4 ,x deals ) a va/ complicity ( facts3 x requires 'inve/igations z sev]e z ma!matical ones1 b beyond all comp>ison m intricate & ext5sive4'#cfe ,/ill x deals ) facts1 & ) facts :i* h a common measure1 & c1 !re=e1 be pres5t$ z a coh]5t sy/em4 ,to pres5t ?is sy/em1 or s mu* ( x z is requir$ = purposes ( legislation1 is !re=e 8 next task4 ,! p>tial execution is ! *ief sub/ance ( ! ,introduction4 ,"r & wrong conduct1 we may n[ take = grant$1 mean simply ^? classes ( conduct :i* are conducive to or oppos$ to happ9ess2 or1 9 ! sacr$ =mula1 to act rightly means to promote ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,! legislator1 l e "o else1 acts rightly 9 s f> z he is guid$ by ! pr9ciple 7to use "o ( ! phrases co9$ by ,b5?am7 ( 'maximis+' happ9ess4 ,he seeks to affect conduct2 & conduct c be affect$ only by annex+ pa9s or pleasures to giv5 classes ( actions4 ,h5ce we h a vitally important "p ( 8 doctr9e--! !ory ( 'sanctions4' ,pa9s & pleasures z annex$ to action are call$ 'sanctions4' ,!re are 'physical or natural1' 'political1 'moral or popul>1' & 'religi\s' sanctions4 ,! 'physical' sanctions are su* pleasures & pa9s z foll[ a giv5 c\rse ( conduct indep5d5tly ( ! int]f]5ce ( any o!r human or sup]natural be+2 ! 'political' ^? :i* are annex$ by ! action ( ! legislator2 ! 'moral or popul>' ^? :i* are annex$ by o!r individuals n act+ 9 a corporate capacity2 & ! 'religi\s' ^? :i* are annex$ by a 'sup]ior invisible be+1' or1 z he says else:]e1#cff 'su* z are capable ( be+ expect$ at ! h&s ( an invisible ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4' ,! ?ree la/ sanctions1 he rem>ks1 'op]ate ?r\gh ! fir/4' ,! 'magi/rate' or 'm5 at l>ge' c only op]ate1 & ,god is suppos$ only to op]ate1 '?r\gh ! p[]s ( nature1' t is1 by apply+ "s ( ! pa9s & pleasures :i* may also be natural sanctions4 ,a man is burnt3 if by 8 own imprud5ce1 t is a 'physical' sanction2 if by ! magi/rate1 x is a 'political' sanction2 if by "s neglect ( 8 neighb\rs1 due to _! dislike ( 8 'moral "*1' a 'moral' sanction2 if by ! imm$iate act ( ,god or by di/raction caus$ by dread ( ,god's displeasure1 x is a 'religi\s' sanction4 ,( ^!1 z ,b5?am *>act]i/ically obs]ves#cfg 9 a lat] writ+ ! political is mu* /rong] ?an ! 'moral' or 'religi\s4' ,_m m5 fe> ! loss ( "* or ! 'wra? ( ,heav51' b all m5 fe> ! sc\rge & ! gall[s4#cfh ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t ! religi\s sanction & ! additional sanction ( 'b5evol5ce' h ! advantage ( n requir+ t ! (f5d] %\ld be f\nd out4#cfi ,b 9 any case1 ! 'natural' & religi\s sanctions are beyond ! legislator's p[]4 ,8 problem1 !re=e1 is simply ?is3 :at sanctions ought he to annex to conduct1 or rememb]+ t 'ought' means simply 'conducive to happ9ess1' :at political sanctions w increase happ9ess8 ,to answ] ?is fully w be to give a complete sy/em ( legislation2 b 9 ord] to answ] x we require a :ole logical & psy*ological app>atus4 ,b5?am %[s ?is app>atus at "w1 b does n exp\nd its orig9 9 any sep>ate treatise4 ,en\gh in=mation1 h[ev]1 is giv5 z to 8 me?od 9 ! curi\s collection ( ! fragm5ts connect$ ) ! ,*re/oma?ia4 ,a logical me?od ^u :i* he con/antly insi/$ is t ( 'bip>tition1'#cgj call$ also ! 'di*otom\s' or 'bifurcate' me?od1 & exemplifi$ by ! s-call$ ',porphyrian ,tree4' ,! pr9ciple is1 ( c\rse1 simple4 ,take any g5us3 divide x into two classes1 "o ( :i* has & ! o!r has n a c]ta9 m>k4 ,! two classes mu/ be mutually exclusive & toge!r exhau/ive4 ,repeat ! op]ation ^u ea* ( ! classes & cont9ue ! process z long z desir$4#cga ,at e /ep y ?us h a complete enum]ation ( all ! species1 v>ieties1 & s on1 ea* ( :i* excludes all ! o!rs4 ,no m]e logic1 inde$1 c secure ! accuracy & /ill less ! utility ( ! proc$ure4 ,! diff]5ces may be 9 !mselves ambigu\s or irrelevant4 ,if ,i classify plants z 'trees' & 'n trees1' ! logical =m is satisfi$3 b ,i h /ill to ask :e!r 'tree' conveys a det]m9ate mean+1 & :e!r ! di/9ction corresponds to a diff]5ce ( any importance4 ,a p]fect classification1 h[ev]1 c\ld always be /at$ 9 ?is =m4 ,ea* species1 t is1 c be m>k$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a giv5 diff]5ce1 :e!r we are deal+ ) classes ( plants or actions3 & ,b5?am aims at t consummation ?\gh he admits t c5turies may be requir$ = ! con/ruction ( an accurate classification 9 e?ical speculations4#cgb ,he exagg]ates ! effici5cy ( 8 me?od1 & ov]looks ! t5d5cy ( tacit assumptions to smuggle !mselves into :at affects to be a m]e enum]ation ( classes4 ,b 9 any case1 no "o c\ld lab\r m indu/ri\sly to get e object ( 8 ?\ght arrang$ & labell$ & put into ! "r pigeon-hole ( 8 m5tal museum4 ,to codify#cgc is to classify1 & ,b5?am might be def9$ z a codify+ animal4 ,?+s ?us pres5t !mselves to ,b5?am's m9d z already prep>$ to fit into pigeon-holes4 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic po9t1 & x appe>s 9 :at we mu/ call 8 metaphysical sy/em4 ',metaphysics1' inde$1 accord+ to him1 is simply 'a sprig1' & t a small "o1 ( ! 'bran* t]m$ ,logic4'#cgd ,x is m]ely ! explanation ( c]ta9 g5]al t]ms su* z 'exi/5ce1' 'necessity1' & s =?4#cge ,"u ?is w\ld app>5tly fall ! explanation ( 'reality' :i* leads to a doctr9e ^u :i* he (t5 insi/s1 & :i* is mo/ implicitly giv5 9 ! fragm5t call$ ,ontology4 ,he !re di/+ui%es 'real' f 'fictiti\s entities1' a di/9ction :i*1 z he tells u1#cgf he fir/ le>n$ f d',alemb]t's phrase ,etres fictifs & :i* he applies 9 8 ,morals & ,legislation4 ',real entities1' accord+ to him1#cgg are 'individual p]ceptions1' 'impressions1' & 'ideas4' ,9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 he is foll[+ ,hume1 ?\gh he applies ! ,johnsonian argum5t to ,b]keley's immat]ialism4#cgh ,a 'fictiti\s entity' is a "n :i* does note 'raise up 9 ! m9d any correspond5t images4'#cgi ,su* names owe _! exi/5ce to ! necessities ( language4 ,)\t employ+ su* fictions1 h[ev]1 '! language ( man c\ld n h ris5 above ! language ( brutes'2#chj & he emphatically di/+ui%es !m f 'unreal' or 'fabul\s entities4' ,a 'fictiti\s entity' is n a 'non5tity4'#cha ,he includes among su* entities all ,ari/otle's 'pr$icam5ts' except ! fir/3 'sub/ance4'#chb ,quantity1 quality1 relation1 "t1 place are all 'physical fictiti\s entities4' ,?is is app>5tly equival5t to say+ t ! only 'physical entities' are concrete ?+s--/icks1 /ones1 bodies1 & s =?--! 'reality' ( :i* he takes = grant$ 9 ! ord9>y common s5se mean+4 ,x is also p]fectly true t ?+s are really relat$1 h quantity & quality1 & are 9 "t & space4 ,b we _c really conceive ! quality or relation ap>t f ! concrete ?+s s qualifi$ & relat$4 ,we are =c$ by language to use sub/antives :i* 9 _! nature h only ! s5se ( adjectives4 ,he does n suppose t a body is n really squ>e or r\nd2 b he ?9ks x a fiction to speak ( squ>5ess or r\ndness or space 9 g5]al z some?+ exi/+ ap>t f matt] &1 9 "s s5se1 alongside ( matt]4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* br+s u )9 sight ( metaphysical problems beyond our imm$iate purpose1 becomes important to 8 moral speculation4 ,8 special example ( a 'fictiti\s entity' 9 politics is 'obligation4'#chc ,obligations1 rights1 & simil> words are 'fictiti\s entities4' ,obligation 9 p>ticul> implies a metaphor4 ,! /atem5t t a man is 'oblig$' to p]=m an act means simply t he w suff] pa9 if he does n p]=m x4 ,! use ( ! ^w obligation1 z a n\n sub/antive1 introduces ! 'fictiti\s entity' :i* repres5ts no?+ really sep>able f ! pa9 or pleasure4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h ! gr\nd ( ! doctr9e already notic$4 ',pa9s & pleasures' are real4#chd ',_! exi/5ce1' he says1#che 'is matt] ( univ]sal & con/ant exp]i5ce4' ,b o!r v>i\s names ref]r+ to ^!3 emotion1 incl9ation1 vice1 virtue1 etc41 are only 'psy*ological entities4' ',take away pleasures & pa9s1 n only happ9ess b ju/ice & duty & obligation & virtue--all ( :i* h be5 s elaborately held up to view z indep5d5t ( !m--are s _m empty s\nds4'#chf ,! ultimate facts1 !n1 are pa9s & pleasures4 ,!y are ! sub/antives ( :i* ^! o!r words are prop]ly ! adjectives4 ,a pa9 or a pleasure may exi/ by itself1 t is )\t be+ virtu\s or vici\s3 b virtue & vice c only exi/ 9 s f> z pa9 & pleasure exi/s4 ,?is analysis ( 'obligation' is a *>act]i/ic doctr9e ( ! ,utilit>ian s*ool4 ,we are "u an 'obligation' s f> z we are affect$ by a 'sanction4' ,x appe>$ to ,b5?am s obvi\s z to ne$ no demon/ration1 only an exposition ( ! empt9ess ( any v]bal contradiction4 ,su* metaphysical basis z he ne$$ is simply ! attempt to express ! correspond+ conception ( reality :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 only requires to be express$ to c>ry conviction4 ,,notes3 #cee ,see note "u ,b5?am's life1 ante1 p4 #agh4 #cef ,preface to ,morals & ,legislation4 #ceg ,works1 i4 7',morals & ,legislation'71 ii4 n4 #ceh ,essay1 bk4 ii4 *4 xxi4 ,sec4 #ci-,sec4 #dd4 ,! w1 says ,locke1 is det]m9$ by ! 'uneas9ess ( desire4' ,:at moves desire8 ,happ9ess1 & t alone4 ,happ9ess is pleasure1 & mis]y pa94 ,:at produces pleasure we call good2 & :at produces pa9 we call evil4 ,locke1 h[ev]1 0 n a consi/5t ,utilit>ian4 #cei ,epi/le iv41 op5+ l9es4 #cfj ,works1 vii4 #hb4 #cfa ,works 7',con/itutional ,code'71 ix4 #abc4 #cfb ,works 7',fragm5t'71 i4 #bhg4 #cfc ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #h-aj4 ,mill quotes ?is passage 9 8 essay on ,b5?am 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,diss]tations4 ,?is essay1 excell5t 9 itself mu/ be specially notic$ z an exposition by an au?oritative disciple4 #cfd ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #ac4 #cfe ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 v4 #cff ,works 7',evid5ce'71 vi4 #bfa4 #cfg ,works 7',evid5ce'71 vii4 #aaf4 #cfh ,ibid4 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #ad1 etc42 ,ibid4 vi4 #bfj4 ,9 ,ibid4 7',evid5ce'7 vii4 #aaf1 'humanity1' & 9 ',logical ,arrangem5ts1' ,ibid4 ii4 #bij1 'sympa?y' appe>s z a fif? sanction4 ,ano!r modification is sugge/$ 9 ,ibid4 i4 #ad n4 #cfi ,ibid4 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #fg4 #cgj ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #if n4 #cga ,see especially ,ibid4 viii4 #ajd1 etc42 #bec1 etc42 #bhi1 etc4 #cgb ,ibid4 viii4 #ajf4 #cgc ',codify' 0 "o ( ,b5?am's successful neologisms4 #cgd ,works 7',logic'71 viii4 #bbj4 #cge ,"h ,b5?am co9cides ) ,horne ,tooke1 to ^: 'discov]ies' he ref]s 9 ! ,*re/oma?ia 7,works1 viii4 #abj1 #ahe1 #ahh74 #cgf ,works1 iii4 #bhf2 viii4 #aai4 #cgg ,ibid4 7',ontology'7 viii4 #aif n4 #cgh ,ibid4 viii1 #aig n4 #cgi ,ibid4 viii4 #bfc4 #chj ,works 7',ontology'71 viii4 #aai4 #cha ,ibid4 viii4 #aih4 #chb ,ibid4 viii4 #aii4 #chc ,ibid4 viii4 #bjf1 #bdg4 #chd ,helvetius adds to ?is t ! only real pa9s & pleasures are ! physical1 b ,b5?am does n foll[ him "h4 ,see ,helvetius1 ,o,euvres 7#agha71 ii4 #aba1 etc4 #che ,works1 i4 #baa 7',spr+s ( ,action'74 #chf ,ibid4 i4 #bjf4 ,,ii4 ,,spr+s ,,( ,,action ,our pa? is n[ cle>4 ,pa9s & pleasures give u :at ma!maticians call ! 'indep5d5t v>iable4' ,our units are 79 ,b5?am's phrase7 'lots' ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,we h to int]pret all ! facts 9 t]ms ( pa9 or pleasure1 & we %all h ! mat]ials = :at has s9ce be5 call$ a 'felicific calculus4' ,to con/ruct ?is ) a view to legislation is 8 imm$iate purpose4 ,! !ory w fall into two p>ts3 ! 'pa?ological1' or an acc\nt ( all ! pa9s & pleasures :i* are ! prim>y data2 & ! 'dynamical1' or an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s modes ( conduct det]m9$ by expectations ( pa9 & pleasure4 ,?is gives ! !ory ( 'spr+s ( action1' consid]$ 9 !mselves1 & ( 'motives1' t is1 ( ! spr+s z influ5c+ conduct4#chg ,! 'pa?ology' conta9s1 9 ! fir/ place1 a discussion ( ! measure ( pa9 & pleasure 9 g5]al2 secondly1 a discussion ( ! v>i\s species ( pa9 & pleasure2 & ?irdly1 a discussion ( ! v>y+ s5sibilities ( diff]5t individuals to pa9 & pleasure4#chh ,?us "u ! fir/ head1 we are told t ! value ( a pleasure1 consid]$ by itself1 dep5ds ^u its int5sity1 duration1 c]ta9ty1 & prop9quity2 &1 consid]$ ) reg>d to modes ( obta9+ x1 ^u its fecundity 7or t5d5cy to produce o!r pa9s & pleasures7 & its purity 7or fre$om f admixture ( o!r pa9s & pleasures74 ,! pa9 or pleasure is ?us reg>d$ z an entity :i* is capable ( be+ 9 "s s5se weigh$ & measur$4#chi ,! next /ep is to classify pa9s & pleasures1 :i* ?\gh comm5surable z psy*ological =ces1 h obvi\sly v diff]5t qualities4 ,b5?am gives ! result ( 8 classification )\t ! analysis ^u :i* x dep5ds4 ,he assures u t he has obta9$ an 'exhau/ive' li/ ( 'simple pleasures4' ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! li/ does n comm5d itself ei!r z exhau/ive or z compos$ ( 'simple pleasures4' ,he does n expla9 ! pr9ciple ( 8 analysis because he says1 x 0 ( 'too metaphysical a ca/1'#cij b he ?\ght x s important t he publi%$ x1 edit$ ) consid]able modifications by ,james ,mill1 9 #ahag1 z a ,table ( ! ,spr+s ( ,action4#cia ,j4 ,s4 ,mill rem>ks t ?is table %\ld be /udi$ by any "o :o w\ld und]/& ,b5?am's philosophy4 ,su* a /udy w\ld sugge/ "s unfav\rable conclusions4 ,b5?am seems to h made out 8 table )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to any previ\s psy*ologi/4 ,x is simply con/ruct$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( 8 legislative !ories4 ,z psy*ology x w\ld be cle>ly absurd1 especially if tak5 z giv+ ! elem5t>y or 'simple' feel+s4 ,no "o c suppose1 = example1 t ! pleasures ( 'weal?' or 'p[]' are 'simple' pleasures4 ,! classes !re=e are n really di/9ct1 & !y are z f> f be+ exhau/ive4 ,all t c be said = ! li/ is t x gives a suffici5tly long enum]ation to call att5tion f 8 own po9t ( view to mo/ ( ! ord9>y pleasures & pa9s2 & conta9s z mu* psy*ology z he c\ld really turn to acc\nt = 8 purpose4 ,! omissions ) :i* 8 greate/ disciple *>ges him are c]ta9ly significant4 ,we f9d1 says ,mill1 no ref]5ce to ',consci5ce1' ',pr9ciple1' ',moral ,rectitude1' or ',moral ,duty' among ! 'spr+s ( action1' unless among ! synonyms ( a 'love ( reputation1' or 9 s f> z ',consci5ce' & ',pr9ciple' are sometimes synonym\s ) ! 'religi\s' motive or ! motive ( 'sympa?y4' ,s ! s5se ( 'hon\r1' ! love ( beauty1 & ( ord]1 ( p[] 7except 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( p[] ov] our fell[s7 & ( action 9 g5]al are all omitt$4 ,we may conjecture :at reply ,b5?am w\ld h made to ?is criticism4 ,! omission ( ! love ( beauty & ae/hetic pleasures may surprise u :5 we rememb] t ,b5?am lov$ music1 if he c>$ no?+ = poetry4 ,b he app>5tly reg>d$ ^! z 'complex pleasures1'#cib & !re=e n admissible into 8 table1 if x be und]/ood z an analysis into ! simple pleasures alone4 ,! pleasures ( action are delib]ately omitt$1 = ,b5?am po9t$ly gives ! 'pa9s' ( lab\r z a class )\t correspond+ pleasure2 & ?is1 ?\gh indicative1 ,i ?9k1 ( a v s]i\s error1 is *>act]i/ic r ( 8 me?od ( analysis ?an ( 8 real e/imate ( pleasure4 ,nobody c\ld h f\nd m pleasure ?an ,b5?am 9 intellectual lab\r1 b he sep>at$ ! pleasure f ! lab\r4 ,he !re=e ?\ght 'lab\r1' z su*1 a pure evil1 & classifi$ ! pleasure z a pleasure ( 'curiosity4' ,b ! ma9 criticism is m rem>kable4 ,mill c]ta9ly held himself to be a s\nd ,utilit>ian2 & yet he seems to be condemn+ ,b5?am = consi/5t ,utilit>ianism4 ,b5?am1 by admitt+ ! 'consci5ce' into 8 simple spr+s ( action1 w\ld h fall5 into ! v circle f :i* he 0 /ruggl+ to em]ge4 ,if1 9 fact1 ! pleasures ( consci5ce are simple pleasures1 we h ! objectionable 'moral s5se' intrud$ z an ultimate factor ( human nature4 ,to get rid ( t 'fictiti\s entity' is precisely ,b5?am's aim4 ,! moral judgm5t is to be precisely equival5t to ! judgm5t3 '?is or t k9d ( conduct increases or dim9i%es ! sum ( human pa9s or pleasures4' ,once all[ t among ! pa9s & pleasures !mselves is an ultimate consci5ce--a faculty n con/ruct$ out ( indep5d5t pa9s & pleasures--& ! sy/em becomes a vici\s circle4 ,consci5ce on any really ,utilit>ian s*eme mu/ be a d]ivative1 n an ultimate1 faculty4 ,if1 z ,mill seems to say1 ! omission is a blund]1 ,b5?am's ,utilit>ianism at lea/ mu/ be an errone\s sy/em4 ,we h n[ our li/ bo? ( pa9s & pleasures & ( ! g5]al modes ( v>iation by :i* _! value is to be measur$4 ,we mu/ also all[ = ! v>y+ s5sibilities ( diff]5t p]sons4 ,b5?am accord+ly gives a li/ ( ?irty-two 'circum/ances influ5c+ s5sibility4'#cic ,human be+s diff] 9 con/itution1 "*1 education1 sex1 race1 & s =?1 & 9 _! degrees ( s5sibility to all ! v>i\s classes ( pa9s & pleasures2 ! consid]ation ( ^! v>ieties is ( ! highe/ utility = ! purposes ( ! judge & ! legislator4#cid ,! 'sanctions' w op]ate diff]5tly 9 diff]5t cases4 ,a bl[ w h diff]5t effects ^u ! sick & ^u ! heal?y2 ! same f9e impos$ ^u ! ri* & ! poor w cause v diff]5t pa9s2 & a law :i* is b5efic5t 9 ,europe may be a sc\rge 9 ,am]ica4 ,we h ?us our 'pa?ology' or !ory ( ! passive s5sibilities ( man4 ,we "k :at are ! 'spr+s ( action1' h[ !y v>y 9 g5]al1 & h[ !y v>y f "o man to ano!r4 ,we c !re=e pass to ! dynamics4#cie ,we h describ$ ! ma*9]y 9 re/1 & c n[ consid] x 9 motion4 ,we proce$ z be=e by fir/ consid]+ action 9 g5]al3 :i* leads to consid]ation ( ! 'int5tion' & ! 'motive' impli$ by any consci\s action3 & h5ce ( ! relation ( ^! to ! 'spr+s ( action' z already describ$4 ,! discussion is m9ute & elaborate2 & ,b5?am improves z he comes ne>] to ! actual problems ( legislation & fur!r f ! o/5sible bases ( psy*ology4 ,! analysis ( conduct1 & ( ! sanctions by :i* conduct is modifi$1 involves a view ( morals & ( ! relations betwe5 ! sph]es ( morality & legislation :i* is ( critical importance = ! :ole ,utilit>ian cre$4 ',moral laws' & a ',positive law' bo? affect human action4 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,b5?am's treatm5t ( ! problem %[s1 ,i ?9k1 a cle>] appreciation ( "s difficulties ?an might be inf]r$ f 8 lat] utt]ances4 ,9 any case1 x br+s into cle> relief a moral doctr9e :i* deeply affect$ 8 successors4 ,,notes3 #chg ,works1 i4 #bje2 & ,dumont's ,traites 7#ahbj71 i4 xxv1 xxvi4 ,! ^w 'spr+s ( action' p]haps comes f ! m>g9al note to ! above-m5tion$ passage ( ,locke 7bk4 ii4 *ap4 xxvi1 ,sec4 #da1 #db74 #chh ,morals & ,legislation1 *aps4 iv41 v41 vi4 #chi ,see ',codification ,proposal' 7,works1 iv4 #edj71 :]e ,b5?am takes money z repres5t+ pleasure1 & %[s h[ ! pres5t value may be calculat$ l t ( a sum put out to int]e/4 ,! same assumption is (t5 made by ,political ,economi/s 9 reg>d to 'utilities4' #cij ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #ag n4 #cia ,x is n wor? :ile to consid] ?is at l5g?2 b ,i give ! foll[+ conjectural acc\nt ( ! li/ z x appe>s 9 ! ,morals & ,legislation above4 ,9 classify+ pa9 or pleasures1 ,b5?am is1 ,i ?9k1 foll[+ ! clue sugge/$ by 8 'sanctions4' ,he is really classify+ accord+ to _! causes or ! way 9 :i* !y are 'annex$4' ,?us pleasures may or may n be dep5d5t ^u o!r p]sons1 or if ^u o!r p]sons1 may be indirectly or directly caus$ by _! pleasures or pa9s4 ,pleasures n caus$ by p]sons correspond to ! 'physical sanction1' & are ^? 7#a7 ( ! 's5ses1' 7#b7 ( weal?1 i4e4 caus$ by ! possession ( ?+s1 & 7#c7 ( 'skill1' i4e4 caus$ by our ability to use ?+s4 ,pleasures caus$ by p]sons indirectly correspond fir/ to ! 'popul> or moral sanction1' & are pleasures 7#d7 ( 'amity1' caus$ by ! goodwill ( individuals1 & 7#e7 ( a 'good "n1' caus$ by ! goodwill ( p 9 g5]al2 secondly1 to 'political sanction1' namely 7#f7 pleasures ( 'p[]'2 & ?irdly1 to ! 'religi\s sanction1' or 7#g7 pleasures ( 'piety4' ,all ^! are 'self-reg>d+ pleasures4' ,! pleasures caus$ directly by ! pleasure ( o!rs are ^? 7#h7 ( 'b5evol5ce1' & 7#i7 ( malevol5ce4 ,we !n h :at is really a cross division by classes ( 'd]ivative' pleasures2 ^! be+ due to 7#aj7 memory1 7#aa7 imag9ation1 7#ab7 expectation1 7#ac7 association4 ,to ea* class ( pleasures corresponds a class ( pa9s1 except t !re are no pa9s correspond+ to ! pleasures ( weal? or p[]4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a g5]al class ( pa9s ( 'privation1' :i* might include pa9s ( pov]ty or weakness3 & to ^! are oppos$ 7#ad7 pleasures ( 'relief1' i4e4 ( ! privation ( pa9s4 ,9 ! ,table1 z sep>ately publi%$1 ,b5?am modifi$ ?is by divid+ pleasures ( s5se into ?ree classes1 ! la/ ( :i* includes ! two fir/2 by sub/itut+ pleasures ( 'curiosity' = pleasures ( 'skill' by suppress+ pleasures ( relief & pa9s ( privation2 & by add+1 z a class ( 'pa9s' )\t correspond+ pleasures1 pa9s 7#a7 ( lab\r1 7#b7 ( 'dea?1 & bodily pa9s 9 g5]al4' ,^! *anges seem to h be5 introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( writ+ 8 ,introduction1 :]e !y are p>tly assum$4 ,ano!r class is add$ to include all classes ( 'self-reg>d+ pleasures or pa9s4' ,he is try+ to give a li/ ( all 'synonyms' = v>i\s pa9s & pleasures1 & has !re=e to admit classes correspond+ to g5]al names :i* include o!r classes4 #cib ,works i4 #baj1 :]e he speaks ( pleasures ( ! 'ball-room1' ! '!atre1' & ! 'f9e arts' z d]ivable f ! 'simple & elem5t>y' pleasures4 #cic ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #bb etc4 #cid ,ibid4 i4 #cc4 #cie ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 vii4 to xi4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sanctions ,let u fir/ take 8 def9itions ( ! fundam5tal conceptions4 ,all action ( reasonable be+s implies ! expectation ( consequ5ces4 ,! ag5t's 'int5tion' is def9$ by ! consequ5ces actually contemplat$4 ,! cause ( action is ! hope ( ! consequ5t pleasures or ! dread ( ! consequ5t pa9s4 ,?is anticipat$ pleasure or pa9 con/itutes ! 'int]nal motive' 7a phrase us$ by ,b5?am to exclude ! 'ext]nal motive' or ev5t :i* causes ! anticipation74#cif ,! motive1 or 'int]nal motive1' is ! anticipation ( pa9 to be avoid$ or pleasure to be ga9$4 ,actions are good or bad simply & solely z !y are on ! :ole 'productive ( a balance ( pleasure or pa94' ,! problem ( ! legislator is h[ to regulate actions s z to incl9e ! balance to ! "r side4 ,8 weapons are 'sanctions' :i* modify 'motives4' ,:at motives1 !n1 %\ld be /r5g!n$ or *eck$8 ,"h we mu/ be guid$ by a pr9ciple :i* is1 9 fact1 ! logical result ( ! doctr9es already laid d[n4 ,we are b\nd to apply our 'felicific calculus' ) absolute imp>tiality4 ,we mu/ !re=e assign equal value to all motives4 ',no motives1' he says1#cig are 'con/antly good or con/antly bad4' ,pleasure is itself a good2 pa9 itself an evil3 nay1 !y are '! only good & ! only evil4' ,?is is true ( e sort ( pa9 & pleasure1 ev5 ( ! pa9s & pleasures ( illwill4 ,! pleasures ( 'malevol5ce' are plac$ 9 8 'table' by ! side ( pleasures ( 'b5evol5ce4' ,h5ce x 'foll[s imm$iately & inconte/ably1 t !re is no su* ?+ z any sort ( motive t is 9 itself a bad "o4' ,! doctr9e is no d\bt a logical d$uction f ,b5?am's assumptions1 & he proce$s to illu/rate its mean+4 ,a 'motive' corresponds to "o ( 8 'spr+s ( action4' ,he %[s h[ e "o ( ! motives includ$ 9 8 table may lead ei!r to good or to bad consequ5ces4 ,! desire ( weal? may lead me to kill a man's enemy or to pl\gh 8 field = him2 ! fe> ( ,god may prompt to fanaticism or to *>ity2 illwill may lead to malici\s conduct or may take ! =m ( prop] 'res5tm5t1' z1 = example1 :5 ,i secure ! puni%m5t ( my fa!r's murd]]4 ,?\gh "o act1 he says1 is approv$ & ! o!r condemn$1 !y spr+ f ! same motive1 namely1 illwill4#cih ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t "s motives are m likely ?an o!rs to lead to 'useful' conduct2 & ?us arranges !m 9 a c]ta9 'ord] ( pre-em95ce4'#cii ,x is obvi\s t 'goodwill1' 'love ( reputation1' & ! 'desire ( amity' are m likely ?an o!rs to promote g5]al happ9ess4 ',! dictates ( utility1' z he obs]ves1 are simply ! 'dictates ( ! mo/ ext5sive & enlight5$ 7t is1 well advis$7 b5evol5ce4' ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem m appropriate to call ! 'motive' good2 ?\gh no "o d\bts t :5 direct$ by an errone\s judgm5t x may incid5tally be mis*iev\s4 ,! doctr9e t morality dep5ds ^u 'consequ5ces' & n ^u 'motives' became a *>act]i/ic ,utilit>ian dogma1 & ,i %all h to return to ! "q4 ,mean:ile1 x 0 bo? a natural &1 ,i ?9k1 9 "s s5ses1 a correct view1 :5 /rictly conf9$ to ! prov9ce ( legislation4 ,= reasons too obvi\s to exp&1 ! legislator mu/ (t5 be indiff]5t to ! "q ( motives4 ,he _c "k ) c]ta9ty :at are a man's motives4 ,he mu/ en=ce ! law :atev] may be ! motives = break+ x2 & puni% rebellion1 = example1 ev5 if he attributes x to misguid$ philan?ropy4 ,he c1 9 any case1 puni% only su* crimes z are f\nd out2 & mu/ def9e crimes by palpable 'ext]nal' m>ks4 ,he mu/ puni% by su* co>se means z ! gall[s & ! gaol3 = 8 ?reats mu/ appeal to ! good & ! bad alike4 ,he dep5ds1 !re=e1 ^u 'ext]nal' sanctions1 sanctions1 t is1 :i* "w ma9ly ^u ! fe>s ( physical pa92 & ev5 if 8 puni%m5ts affect ! wick$ alone1 !y cle>ly _c rea* ! wick$ z wick$1 nor 9 proportion to _! wick$ness4 ,t is q en\gh to %[ :y 9 positive law motives are notic$ indirectly or n at all4 ,x %[s also t ! analogy betwe5 ! positive & ! moral law is trea*]\s4 ,! exclusion ( motive ju/ifiable 9 law may take all mean+ out ( morality4 ,! ,utilit>ians1 z we %all see1 7 too mu* dispos$ to ov]look ! diff]5ce1 & attempt to apply purely legal doctr9e 9 ! totally uncong5ial sph]e ( e?ical speculation4 ,to accept ! legal classification ( actions by _! ext]nal *>act]i/ics is1 9 fact1 to beg ! "q 9 advance4 ,any outw>d crit]ion mu/ gr\p toge!r actions spr++ f diff]5t 'motives' & !re=e1 z o!r morali/s w\ld say1 e?ically diff]5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r mean+ 9 ?is doctr9e :i* is m to ! purpose "h4 ,b5?am 0 aim+ at a pr9ciple :i*1 true or false1 is impli$ 9 all e?ical sy/ems bas$ ^u exp]i5ce in/ead ( pure logic or a priori 'intuitions4' ,su* sy/ems mu/ accept human nature z a fact1 & z ! basis ( a sci5tific !ory4 ,!y d n aim at creat+ angels b at develop+ ! exi/+ con/itution ( mank9d4 ,s f> z an action spr+s f "o ( ! primitive or ess5tial in/9cts ( mank9d1 x simply proves ! ag5t to be human1 n to be vici\s or virtu\s1 & !re=e is no gr\nd = any moral judgm5t4 ,if ,b5?am's analysis c\ld be accept$1 ?is w\ld be true ( 8 'spr+s ( action4' ,! natural appetites h n 9 !mselves a moral quality3 !y are simply necess>y & orig9al data 9 ! problem4 ,! p]plexity is introduc$ by ,b5?am's assumption t conduct c be analys$ s t ! 'motive' is a sep>ate entity :i* c be reg>d$ z ! sole cause ( a correspond+ action4 ,t involves an irrelevant ab/raction4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a s+le 'motive4' ,"o ( 8 cases is a "m :o lets h] *ild die = love ( 'ease4' ,we d n condemn h] because %e loves ease1 :i* is a motive common to all m5 & !re=e unmoral1 n immoral4 ,b nei!r d we condemn h] m]ely = ! bad consequ5ces ( a p>ticul> action4 ,we condemn h] because %e loves ease bett] ?an %e loves h] *ild3 t is1 because h] :ole "* is 'unnatural' or ill-balanc$1 n on acc\nt ( a p>ticul> elem5t tak5 by itself4 ,morality is conc]n$ ) concrete human be+s1 & n ) 'motives' runn+ ab\t by !mselves4 ,b5?am's mean+1 if we make ! necess>y correction1 w\ld ?us be express$ by say+ t we don't blame a man because he has ! 'natural' passions1 b because !y are someh[ wrongly proportion$ or ! man himself wrongly con/itut$4 ,passions :i* may make a man vici\s may also be ess5tial to ! highe/ virtue4 ,t is q true2 b ! passion is n a sep>ate ag5t1 only "o con/itu5t ( ! "*4 ,b5?am admits ?is 9 8 own fa%ion4 ,if 'motives' _c be prop]ly call$ good or bad1 is !re1 he asks1 no?+ good or bad 9 ! man :o on a giv5 occasion obeys a c]ta9 motive8 ',yes1 c]ta9ly1' he replies1 '8 disposition4'#djj ,! disposition1 he adds1 is a 'fictiti\s entity1 & design$ = ! conv5i5ce ( disc\rse 9 ord] to express :at !re is suppos$ to be p]man5t 9 a man's frame ( m9d4' ,by 'fictiti\s1' z we h se51 he means n 'unreal' b simply n tangible1 weighable1 or measurable--l /icks & /ones1 or l pa9s & pleasures4 ',fictiti\s' z !y may be1 !re=e1 ! fiction enables u to express real tru?s1 & to /ate facts :i* are ( ! highe/ importance to ! morali/ & ! legislator4 ,b5?am discusses "s cases ( casui/ry 9 ord] to %[ ! relation betwe5 ! t5d5cy ( an action & ! int5tion & motives ( ! ag5t4 ,ravaillac murd]s a good k+2 ,ravaillac's son enables 8 fa!r to escape puni%m5t1 or conveys poison to 8 fa!r to enable him to avoid torture by suicide4#dja ,:at is ! inf]5ce z to ! son's disposition 9 ei!r case8 ,! solution 7z he sub/antially &1 ,i ?9k1 rightly sugge/s7 w h to be rea*$ by consid]+ :e!r ! facts indicate t ! son's disposition 0 mis*iev\s or o!rwise2 :e!r x indicates political disloyalty or filial affection1 & s =?1 & 9 :at proportions4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ case p]haps is t ( religi\s p]secution1 :]e ! religi\s motive is tak5 to be good1 & ! action to :i* x leads is yet admitt$ to be mis*iev\s4 ,! problem is (t5 puzzl+1 b we are virtually mak+ an inf]5ce z to ! goodness or badness ( ! 'disposition' impli$ by ! giv5 action "u all ! suppos$ circum/ances4 ,?is gives :at ,b5?am calls ! 'm]itori\sness'#djb ( ! disposition4 ,! 'int5tion' is caus$ by ! 'motive4' ,! 'disposition' is ! 'sum ( ! int5tions'2 t is to say1 x expresses ! ag5t's s5sibility to v>i\s classes ( motives2 & ! m]it !re=e w be 9 proportion to ! total goodness or badness ( ! disposition ?us indicat$4 ,! "q ( m]it leads to int]e/+ moral problems4 ,b5?am1 h[ev]1 obs]ves t he is n "h speak+ f ! po9t ( view ( ! morali/ b ( ! legislator4 ,/ill1 z a legislator he has to consid] :at is ! 'depravity' ( disposition indicat$ by diff]5t k9ds ( conduct4 ,?is consid]ation is ( great importance4 ,! 'disposition' includes s5sibility to :at he calls 'tutel>y motives'--motives1 t is1 :i* det] a man f su* conduct z g5]ally produces mis*iev\s consequ5ces4 ,no motive c be inv>iably1 ?\gh "s1 especially ! motive ( goodwill1 & 9 a m9or degree ^? ( 'amity' & a 'love ( reputation1' are g5]ally1 on ! "r side4 ,! legislator has to re9=ce ^! 'tutel>y motives' by 'artificial tutel>y motives1' & ma9ly by appeal+ to ! 'love ( ease1' t is1 by mak+ mis*iev\s conduct m difficult1 & to 'self-pres]vation1' t is1 by mak+ x m dang]\s4#djc ,he has !re=e to measure ! =ce by :i* ^! motives w be oppos$2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! '/r5g? ( ! temptation4' ,n[ ! m deprav$ a man's disposition1 ! weak] ! temptation :i* w s$uce him to crime4 ,consequ5tly if an act %[s depravity1 x w require a /rong] c\nt]-motive or a m sev]e puni%m5t1 z ! disposition indicat$ is m mis*iev\s4 ,an act1 = example1 :i* implies delib]ation proves a great] ins5sibility to ^! social motives :i*1 z ,b5?am rem>ks1#djd det]m9e ! 'g5]al t5or ( a man's life1' h[ev] deprav$ he may be4 ,! legislator is guid$ solely by 'utility1' or aims at maximis+ happ9ess )\t ref]5ce to its quality4 ,/ill1 s f> z action implies disposition1 he has to consid] ! depravity z a s\rce ( mis*ief4 ,! legislator :o looks solely at ! moral quality impli$ is wrong2 &1 if guid$ solely by 8 sympa?ies1 has no measure = ! am\nt ( puni%m5t to be inflict$4 ,^! consid]ations w enable u to see :at is ! prop] measure ( res5tm5t4#dje ,! doctr9e ( ! neutrality or 'unmorality' ( motive is ?us suffici5tly cle>4 ,b5?am's :ole aim is to urge t ! crit]ion ( morality is giv5 by ! consequ5ces ( actions4 ,to say ! conduct is good or bad is to say 9 o!r words t x produces a balance ( pleasure or pa94 ,to make ! crit]ion indep5d5t1 or escape ! vici\s circle1 we mu/ admit ! pleasures & pa9s to be 9 !mselves neutral2 to h1 t is1 ! same value1 if equally /rong1 :atev] _! s\rce4 ,9 our f9al balance-%eet we mu/ set d[n pa9s ( illwill & ( goodwill1 ( s5se & ( intellect ) absolute imp>tiality1 & comp>e !m simply 9 respect ( int5sity4 ,we mu/ n admit a 'consci5ce' or 'moral s5se' :i* w\ld be autocratic2 nor1 inde$1 all[ moral to h any mean+ z appli$ to ! sep>ate passions4 ,b x is q consi/5t ) ?is to admit t "s motives1 goodwill 9 p>ticul>1 g5]ally t5d to br+ out ! desirable result1 t is1 a balance ( pleasure = ! greate/ numb]4 ,! pa9s & pleasures are ! ultimate facts1 & ! 'disposition' is a 'fictiti\s entity' or a "n = ! sum ( s5sibilities4 ,x repres5ts ! fact t "s m5 are m incl9$ ?an o!rs to increase ! total ( good or bad4 ,,notes3 #cif ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #df4 #cig ,ibid4 i4 #dh4 #cih ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #ef4 #cii ,ibid4 i4 #ef4 #djj ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #fj4 #dja ,ibid4 i4 #fb4 #djb ,ibid4 i4 #fe4 #djc ,^! are ! two classes ( 'spr+s ( action' omitt$ 9 ! ,table4 #djd ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #fh4 #dje ,"h ,b5?am lays d[n ! rule t puni%m5t %\ld rise ) ! /r5g? ( ! temptation1 a !ory :i* leads to "s curi\s casui/ical problems4 ,he does n fully discuss1 & ,i _c "h consid]1 !m4 ,i w only note t x may conceivably be necess>y to increase ! sev]ity ( puni%m5t1 in/ead ( remov+ ! temptation or /r5g!n+ ! prev5tive action4 ,if s1 ! law becomes immoral 9 ! s5se ( puni%+ m sev]ely z ! crime has m moral excuse4 ,?is 0 (t5 true ( ! old crim9al law1 :i* puni%$ (f5ces cruelly because x _h no effective sy/em ( police4 ,b5?am w\ld ( c\rse h agre$ t ! pr9ciple 9 ?is case 0 a bad "o4 ,,iv4 ,,crim9al ,,law ,we h n[1 aft] a long analysis1 rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! pr9ciples c be appli$ to p5al law4 ,! legislator has to disc\rage c]ta9 classes ( conduct by annex+ 'tutel>y motives4' ,! classes to be suppress$ are ( c\rse ^? :i* dim9i% happ9ess4 ,pursu+ ! same me?od1 & apply+ results already rea*$1 we mu/ 9 ! fir/ place consid] h[ ! 'mis*ief ( an act' is to be measur$4#djf ,acts are mis*iev\s z _! 'consequ5ces' are mis*iev\s2 & ! consequ5ces may be 'prim>y' or 'second>y4' ,robb]y causes pa9 to ! los] ( ! money4 ,t is a prim>y evil4 ,x al>ms ! hold]s ( money2 x sugge/s ! facility ( robb]y to o!rs2 & x weak5s ! 'tutel>y motive' ( respect = prop]ty4 ,^! are second>y evils4 ,! 'second>y' evil may be at times ! mo/ important4 ,! non-paym5t ( a tax may d no appreciable h>m 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,b its second>y effects 9 injur+ ! :ole political fabric may be disa/r\s & fruitful beyond calculation4 ,b5?am proce$s to %[ c>efully h[ ! 'int5tions' & 'motives' ( ! evildo] are ( ! greate/ importance1 especially 9 det]m9+ ^! second>y consequ5ces1 & mu/ !re=e be tak5 into acc\nt by ! legislator4 ,a homicide may cause ! same prim>y evil1 :e!r accid5tal or malignant2 b accid5tal homicide may cause no al>m1 :]eas ! int5tional & malignant homicide may cause any quantity ( al>m & %ock to ! g5]al s5se ( security4 ,9 ?is way1 !re=e1 ! legislator has aga9 indirectly to take into acc\nt ! moral quality :i* is itself dep5d5t ^u utility4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 pass lightly ov] a v cle> & int]e/+ discussion to rea* a fur!r po9t ( prim>y importance to ! ,utilit>ian !ory1 z to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! moral & legal sph]es4#djg ,b5?am has n[ 'made an analysis ( evil4' ,he has1 t is1 classifi$ ! mis*iefs produc$ by conduct1 measur$ simply by _! effect ^u pleasures or pa9s1 indep5d5tly ( any consid]ation z to virtue & vice4 ,! next problem is3 :at conduct %\ld be crim9al8--a subject :i* is virtually discuss$ 9 two *apt]s 7xv4 & xix47 'on cases unmeet = puni%m5t' & on '! limits betwe5 ,private ,e?ics & ! act ( legislation4' ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 foll[ ! "o clue to ! labyr9?4 ,we mu/ c\nt all ! 'lots' ( pa9 & pleasure indiff]5tly4 ,x is cle>1 on ! "o h&1 t ! pa9s suff]$ by crim9als are f> less ?an ! pa9s :i* w\ld be suff]$ 7 no su* sanctions appli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all puni%m5t is an evil1 because puni%m5t means pa91 & x is !re=e only to be inflict$ :5 x excludes great] pa94 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 n be inflict$ :5 x is 'gr\ndless1' 'inefficaci\s1' 'unpr(itable1' or 'ne$less4' ',ne$less' includes all ! cases 9 :i* ! end may be atta9$ 'z effectually at a *eap] rate4'#djh ,?is applies to all 'dissem9ation ( p]nici\s pr9ciples'2 = 9 ?is case reason & n =ce is ! appropriate rem$y4 ,! sword inflicts m pa91 & is less effici5t ?an ! p54 ,! argum5t raises ! wid] "q1 ,:at are ! true limits ( legislative int]f]5ce8 ,b5?am1 9 8 la/ *apt]1 endeav\rs to answ] ?is problem4 ',private e?ics1' he says1 & 'legislation' aim at ! same end1 namely1 happ9ess1 & ! 'acts ) :i* !y are conv]sant are 9 great measure ! same4' ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !y h diff]5t sph]es8 ,simply because ! acts 'are n p]fectly & ?r\gh\t ! same4'#dji ,h[1 !n1 are we to draw ! l9e8 ,by foll[+ ! inv>iable clue ( 'utility4' ,we simply h to apply an analysis to det]m9e ! cases 9 :i* puni%m5t does m h>m ?an good4 ,he insi/s especially ^u ! cases 9 :i* puni%m5t is 'unpr(itable'2 ^u su* (f5ces z drunk5ness & sexual immorality1 :]e ! law c\ld only be en=c$ by a mis*iev\s or impossible sy/em ( m9ute sup]vision1 & su* (f5ces z +ratitude or rud5ess1 :]e ! def9ition is s vague t ! judge c\ld n safely be entru/$ ) ! p[] to puni%4'#daj ,he endeav\rs to give a r m precise di/9ction by subdivid+ 'e?ics 9 g5]al' into ?ree classes4 ,duty may be to oneself1 t is 'prud5ce'2 or to "o's neighb\r negatively1 t is 'probity'2 or to "o's neighb\r positively1 t is 'b5evol5ce4'#daa ,duties ( ! fir/ class mu/ be left *iefly to ! individual1 because he is ! be/ judge ( 8 own int]e/4 ,duties ( ! ?ird class aga9 are g5]ally too vague to be en=c$ by ! legislator1 ?\gh a man ought p]haps to be puni%$ = fail+ to help z well z = actually injur+4 ,! second dep>tm5t ( e?ics1 t ( 'probity1' is ! ma9 field = legislative activity4#dab ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 'private e?ics' tea* a man h[ to pursue 8 own happ9ess1 & ! art ( legislation h[ to pursue ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! community4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 = ! po9t is "o ( importance1 t ,b5?am's purely empirical me?od draws no def9ite l9e4 ,x implies t no def9ite l9e c be drawn4 ,x does n sugge/ t any k9d ( conduct :atev] is outside ! prop] prov9ce ( legislator except 9 s f> z ! legislative ma*9]y may happ5 to be inadequate or inappropriate4 ,our analysis has n[ be5 c>ri$ s f> t we c proce$ to consid] ! pr9ciples by :i* we %\ld be guid$ 9 puni%+4 ,:at are ! desirable prop]ties ( a 'lot ( puni%m5t'8 ,?is occupies two int]e/+ *apt]s4 ,*apt] xvi41 'on ! proportion betwe5 puni%m5ts & (f5ces1' gives twelve rules4 ,! puni%m5t1 he urges1 mu/ outweigh ! pr(it ( ! (f5ce2 x mu/ be su* z to make a man pref] a less (f5ce to a great]--simple !ft1 = example1 to viol5t robb]y2 x mu/ be su* t ! puni%m5t mu/ be adaptable to ! v>y+ s5sibility ( ! (f5d]2 x mu/ be great] 9 'value' z x falls %ort ( c]ta9ty2 &1 :5 ! (f5ce indicates a habit1 x mu/ outweigh n only ! pr(it ( ! p>ticul> (f5ce1 b ( ! undetect$ (f5ces4 ,9 *apt] xvii4 ,b5?am consid]s ! prop]ties :i* fit a puni%m5t to fulfil ^! conditions4 ,elev5 prop]ties are giv54 ,! puni%m5t mu/ be 7#a7 'v>iable1' t is1 capable ( adju/m5t to p>ticul> cases2 & 7#b7 equable1 or inflict+ equal pa9 by equal s5t5ces4 ,?us ! 'proportion' betwe5 puni%m5t & crimes ( a giv5 class c be secur$4 ,9 ord] t ! puni%m5ts ( diff]5t classes ( crime may be proportional1 ! puni%m5ts %\ld 7#c7 be comm5surable4 ,to make puni%m5ts efficaci\s !y %\ld be 7#d7 '*>act]i/ical' or impressive to ! imag9ation2 & t !y may n be excessive !y %\ld be 7#e7 exempl>y or likely to impress o!rs1 & 7#f7 frugal4 ,to secure m9or ends !y %\ld be 7#g7 re=matory2 7#h7 disabl+1 i4e4 f future (f5ces2 & 7#i7 comp5satory to ! suff]]4 ,f9ally1 to avoid collat]al disadvantages !y %\ld be 7#aj7 popul>1 & 7#aa7 remittable4 ,a twelf? prop]ty1 simplicity1 0 add$ 9 ,dumont's r$action4 ,dumont calls att5tion "h to ! value ( ,b5?am's me?od4#dac ,montesquieu & ,becc>ia _h spok5 9 g5]al t]ms ( ! desirable qualities ( puni%m5t4 ,!y _h spok5 ( 'proportionality1' = example1 b )\t t precise or def9ite mean+ :i* appe>s 9 ,b5?am's ,calculus4 ,9 fact1 ,b5?am's /atem5t1 comp>$ to ! vagu] utt]ances ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b /ill m :5 comp>$ to ! haphaz>d brutalities & inconsi/5cies ( ,engli% crim9al law1 gives ! be/ impression ( ! value ( 8 me?od4 ,b5?am's next /ep is an elaborate classification ( (f5ces1 work$ out by a fur!r application ( 8 bifurcatory me?od4#dad ,?is w\ld =m ! gr\ndwork ( ! project$ code4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 speak ( ?is classification1 or ( _m int]e/+ rem>ks conta9$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law1 :]e "s fur!r details are consid]$4 ,an analysis sc>cely does ju/ice to ,b5?am1 = x has to omit 8 illu/rations & 8 fla%es ( real vivacity4 ,! m]e dry logical framework is n appetis+4 ,i h gone s f> 9 ord] to illu/rate ! *>act]i/ic ( ,b5?am's tea*+4 ,x 0 n ! b>e appeal to utility1 b ! attempt to foll[ ! clue ( utility sy/ematically & unfl9*+ly into e "p ( ! subject4 ,?is "o doctr9e gives ! t\*/one by :i* e propos$ measure is to be te/$2 & :i* w give to 8 sy/em n su* unity z arises f ! developm5t ( an ab/ract logical pr9ciple1 b su* z is introduc$ into ! physical sci5ces :5 we are able to range all ! indef9itely complex ph5om5a :i* arise "u "s simple law ( =ce4 ,if ,b5?am's aim c\ld h be5 a*iev$1 'utility' w\ld h be5 9 legislative !ories :at gravitation is 9 a/ronomical !ories4 ,all human conduct be+ rul$ by pa9 & pleasure1 we c\ld comp>e all motives & actions1 & trace out ! consequ5ces ( any giv5 law4 ,i %all h h]eaft] to consid] h[ ?is conception work$ 9 diff]5t m9ds & 0 appli$ to diff]5t problems3 :at 7 ! t5able results to :i* x l$1 & :at 7 ! errors caus$ by ! impli$ ov]sight ( "s ess5tial consid]ations4 ,c]ta9 weaknesses are almo/ too obvi\s to be specifi$4 ,he claim$ to be con/ruct+ a sci5ce1 comp>able to ! physical sci5ces4 ,! attempt 0 obvi\sly *im]ical if we are to take x s]i\sly4 ,! make%ift doctr9e :i* he sub/itutes = psy*ology w\ld be a suffici5t pro( ( ! incapacity = 8 task4 ,he _h probably n read su* writ]s z ,h>tley or ,condillac1 :o might h sugge/$ "s o/5sibly sy/ematic !ory4 ,if he _h little psy*ology he _h n ev5 a conception ( 'sociology4' ,! 'felicific calculus' is en\gh to %[ ! inadequacy ( 8 me?od4 ,! purpose is to enable u to calculate ! effects ( a propos$ law4 ,y propose to s5d robb]s to ! gall[s or ! gaol4 ,y mu/1 says ,b5?am1 reckon up all ! evils prev5t$3 ! suff]+ to ! robb$1 & to ^? :o expect to be robb$1 on ! "o h&2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! evils caus$1 ! suff]+ to ! robb]1 & to ! tax-pay] :o keeps ! con/able2 !n /rike y\r balance & make y\r law if ! evils prev5t$ exce$ ! evils caus$4 ,"s su* calculation is dem&$ by pla9 common s5se4 ,x po9ts to ! l9e ( inquiry desirable4 ,b c x be adequate8 ,to e/imate ! utility ( a law we mu/ take into acc\nt all its 'effects4' ,:at are ! 'effects' ( a law aga9/ robb]y8 ,!y are all t is impli$ 9 ! security ( prop]ty4 ,!y correspond to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,h5gi/ & ,horsa2 betwe5 a c\ntry :]e ! supremacy ( law is e/abli%$1 & a c\ntry /ill "u ! rule ( ! /rong h&4 ,b5?am's me?od may be applicable at a giv5 mom5t1 :5 ! social /ructure is already consolidat$ & uni=m4 ,x w\ld repres5t ! practical argum5ts = e/abli%+ ! police-=ce dem&$ by ,colquh\n1 & %[ ! disadvantages ( ! old con/ables & wat*m54 ,b5?am1 t is1 gives an admirable me?od = settl+ details ( adm9i/rative & legislative ma*9]y1 & deal+ ) p>ticul> cases :5 once ! ma9 pr9ciples ( law & ord] are e/abli%$4 ,^? pr9ciples1 too1 may dep5d ^u 'utility1' b utility mu/ be tak5 9 a wid] s5se :5 we h to deal ) ! fundam5tal que/ions4 ,we mu/ consid] ! 'utility' ( ! :ole organisation1 n ! fitness ( sep>ate details4 ,f9ally1 if ,b5?am is weak 9 psy*ology & 9 sociology1 he is cle>ly n satisfactory 9 e?ics4 ,morality is1 accord+ to him1 on ! same plane ) law4 ,! diff]5ce is n 9 ! sph]e to :i* !y apply1 or 9 ! end to :i* !y are direct$2 b solely 9 ! 'sanction4' ,! legislator uses ?reats ( physical suff]+2 ! morali/ ?reats ( 'popul>' disapproval4 ,ei!r 'sanction' may be mo/ applicable to a giv5 case2 b ! "q is m]ely betwe5 diff]5t means to ! same end "u v>y+ conditions4 ,?is implies ! 'ext]nal' "* ( ,b5?am's morality1 & expla9s 8 insi/5ce ^u ! neutrality ( motives4 ,he takes ! av]age man to be a comp\nd ( c]ta9 in/9cts1 & m]ely seeks to regulate _! action by supply+ 'artificial tutel>y motives4' ,! 'man' is giv52 ! play ( 8 in/9cts1 sep>ately neutral1 makes 8 conduct m or less fav\rable to g5]al happ9ess2 & ! morali/ & ! legislator h bo? to correct 8 deviations by supply+ appropriate 'sanctions4' ,b5?am1 !re=e1 is incl9$ to ignore ! intr9sic "* ( morality1 or ! dep5d5ce ( a man's morality ^u ! ess5tial /ructure ( 8 nature4 ,he ?9ks ( ! sup]ficial play ( =ces1 n ( _! intimate con/itution4 ,! man is n to be *ang$ 9 ei!r case2 only 8 circum/ances4 ,su* defects no d\bt dim9i% ! value ( ,b5?am's "w4 ,yet1 aft] all1 9 8 own sph]e !y are trifles4 ,he did v well )\t philosophy4 ,h[ev] imp]fect 8 sy/em might be consid]$ z a sci5ce or an ultimate explanation ( society & human nature1 x 0 v mu* to ! po9t z an expression ( d[nright common s5se4 ,dumont's eulogy seems to be fully des]v$1 :5 we contra/ ,b5?am's !ory ( puni%m5t ) ! !ories 7if !y des]ve ! "n7 ( contempor>y legislators4 ,8 me?od involv$ a ?or\ghgo+ exam9ation ( ! :ole body ( laws1 & a resolution to apply a se>*+ te/ to e law4 ,if t te/ 0 n s unequivocal or ultimate z he fanci$1 x yet impli$ ! con/ant application ( su* consid]ations z mu/ always c>ry weight1 &1 p]haps1 be always ! dom9ant consid]ations1 ) ! actual legislator or juri/4 ,:at is ! use ( y8 is a "q :i* may fairly be put to e in/itution & to e law2 & x conc]ns legislators to f9d "s answ]1 ev5 ?\gh ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'use' is n s cle> z we c\ld wi%4 ,,notes3 #djf ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 xii4 #djg ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 xiv4 7a *apt] ins]t$ f ,dumont's ,traites74 #djh ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 p4 #hf4 #dji ,ibid4 i4 #add4 #daj ,ibid4 i4 #ade4 #daa ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #adc4 #dab ,ibid4 i4 #adg-dh4 #dac ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i #djf n4 #dad ,works 7',morals & ,legislation'71 i4 #if n4 ,v4 ,,engli% ,,law ,! practical value ( ,b5?am's me?od is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ by 8 ,rationale ( ,evid5ce4 ,! composition ( ! pap]s ultimately put toge!r by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill _h occupi$ ,b5?am f #ahjb to #ahab4 ,! *ang$ /yle is significant4 ,nobody c\ld write m po9t$ly1 or ) happi] illu/rations1 ?an ,b5?am 9 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,he aft]w>ds came to ?9k t a didactic treatise %\ld sacrifice e o!r virtue to fulness & precision4 ,to make a s5t5ce precise1 e qualify+ clause mu/ be someh[ =c$ into ! orig9al =mula4 ,/ill m *>act]i/ic is 8 application ( :at he calls ! 'sub/antive-pref]r+ pr9ciple4'#dae ,he w\ld r say1 ',i give ext5sion to an object1' ?an ',i ext5d an object4' ,:]e a sub/antive is employ$1 ! idea is '/ation$ ^u a rock'2 if only a v]b1 ! idea is 'l a leaf float+ on a /ream4' ,a v]b1 he said1#daf 'slips ?r\gh y\r f+]s l an eel4' ,! pr9ciple corresponds to 8 'metaphysics4' ,! univ]se ( ?\ght is made up ( a numb] ( sep>ate 'entities' correspond+ to n\ns-sub/antive1 & :5 ^! bundles are di/9ctly isolat$ by appropriate n\ns1 ! process ( arrang+ & codify+ accord+ to ! simple relations indicat$ by ! copula is greatly facilitat$4 ,! ideal language w\ld resemble algebra1 9 :i* symbols1 ea* repres5t+ a giv5 num]ical value1 are connect$ by ! smalle/ possible numb] ( symbols ( op]ation1 1 -1 1 & s =?4 ,to set two su* /atem5ts side by side1 or to modify !m by ins]t+ diff]5t con/ants1 is !n a comp>atively easy process1 capable ( be+ regulat$ by simple g5]al rules4 ,b5?am's /yle becomes tiresome1 & 0 (t5 improp]ly call$ obscure4 ,x requires att5tion1 b ! mean+ is nev] d\btful--& to ! end we h frequ5t fla%es ( ! old vivacity4 ,! ,rationale ( ,evid5ce1 z ,mill rem>ks1#dag is '"o ( ! ri*e/ 9 matt] ( all ,b5?am's productions4' ,x conta9s1 too1 _m passages 9 ,b5?am's e>li] /yle1 judici\sly pres]v$ by 8 "y editor2 inde$1 s _m t ,i am tempt$ ev5 to call ! book amus+4 ,9 spite ( ! we>isome ef=t to say ev]y?+1 & to =ce language into ! m\ld pres5t$ by 8 !ory1 ,b5?am attracts u by 8 obvi\s s9c]ity4 ,! argum5ts may be unsatisfactory1 b !y are g5u9e argum5ts4 ,!y repres5t conviction2 !y are giv5 because !y h conv9c$2 & no read] c d5y t !y really t5d to conv9ce4 ,we may compla9 t !re are too _m words1 & t ! s5t5ces are cumbr\s2 b ! sub/ance is always to ! po9t4 ,! ma9 purpose may be v briefly indicat$4 ,b5?am beg9s by g5]al consid]ations ^u evid5ce1 9 :i* he & 8 y\?ful editor indicate _! g5]al adh]5ce to ! doctr9es ( ,hume4#dah ,?is leads to an application ( ! me?ods exp\nd$ 9 ! ',introduction1' 9 ord] to %[ h[ ! v>i\s motives or 'spr+s ( action' & ! 'sanctions' bas$ ^u !m may affect ! tru/wor?9ess ( evid5ce4 ,any motive :atev] may incid5tally cause 'm5dacity4' ,! second book1 !re=e1 consid]s :at securities may be tak5 = 'secur+ tru/wor?9ess4' ,we h1 = example1 a discussion ( ! value ( oa?s 7he ?9ks !m valueless71 ( ! advantages & disadvantages ( r$uc+ evid5ce to writ+1 ( int]rogat+ witnesses1 & ( ! publicity or privacy ( evid5ce4 ,book iii4 deals ) ! 'extraction ( evid5ce4' ,we h to comp>e ! relative advantages ( oral & writt5 evid5ce1 ! rules = cross-exam9+ witnesses & = tak+ evid5ce z to _! "*4 ,book iv4 deals ) 'pre-appo9t$ evid5ce1' ! cases1 t is1 9 :i* ev5ts are record$ at ! "t ( occurr5ce ) a view to _! subsequ5t use z evid5ce4 ,we h "u ?is head to consid] ! =malities :i* %\ld be requir$ 9 reg>d to contracts & wills2 & ! mode ( record+ judicial & o!r (ficial decisions & regi/]+ bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages4 ,9 ,books v4 & vi4 we consid] two k9ds ( evid5ce :i* is 9 "o way or o!r ( inf]ior cog5cy1 namely1 'circum/antial evid5ce1' 9 :i* ! evid5ce if accept$ /ill leaves room = a process ( m or less d\btful inf]5ce2 & 'make%ift evid5ce1' su* evid5ce z mu/ sometimes be accept$ = want ( ! be/1 ( :i* ! mo/ conspicu\s in/ance is 'he>say evid5ce4' ,book vii4 deals ) ! 'au!ntication' ( evid5ce4 ,book viii4 is a consid]ation ( ! 'te*nical' sy/em1 t namely :i* 0 accept$ by ,engli% lawy]s2 & f9ally ,book ix4 deals ) a special po9t1 namely1 ! exclusion ( evid5ce4 ,b5?am ann\nces at />t+#dai t he %all e/abli% '"o !orem' & consid] two problems4 ,! problems are3 ':at securities c be tak5 = ! tru? ( evid5ce8' & ':at rules c be giv5 = e/imat+ ! value ( evid5ce8' ,! '!orem' is t no evid5ce %\ld be exclud$ ) ! pr(ess$ int5tion ( obta9+ a "r decision2 ?\gh "s mu/ be exclud$ to avoid exp5se1 vexation1 & delay4 ,?is1 !re=e1 z 8 mo/ di/9ct moral1 is fully treat$ 9 ! la/ book4 ,_h ,b5?am conf9$ himself to a pi?y /atem5t ( 8 lead+ doctr9es1 & confirm$ !m by a few typical cases1 he w\ld h be5 m effective 9 a lit]>y s5se4 ,8 passion = 'codification1' = tabulat+ & arrang+ facts 9 all _! complexity1 & = apply+ 8 doctr9e at full l5g? to e case t he c imag9e1 makes him t]ribly prolix4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is process no d\bt /r5g!n$ 8 own conviction & ! conviction ( 8 disciples z to ! value ( 8 process4 ,foll[ ?is clue ( utility ?r\gh\t ! :ole labyr9?1 see :at a cle> answ] x (f]s at e po9t1 & y _c d\bt t y are 9 possession ( ! true compass = su* a navigation4 ,inde$1 x seems to be indisputable t ,b5?am's argum5ts are ! really relevant & important argum5ts4 ,h[ c we decide any ( ! po9ts :i* come up = discussion8 ,%\ld a witness be cross-exam9$8 ,%\ld 8 evid5ce be record$8 ,%\ld a wife be all[$ to give evid5ce aga9/ h] husb&8 or ! def5dant to give evid5ce ab\t 8 own case8 ,^! & innum]able o!r po9ts c only be decid$ by ref]5ce to :at ,b5?am und]/ood by 'utility4' ,?is or t arrangem5t is 'useful' because x enables u to get quickly & easily at ! evid5ce1 to take effective securities = its tru?fulness1 to e/imate its relevance & importance1 to leave ! decision to ! mo/ qualifi$ p]sons1 & s =?4 ,^! po9ts1 aga91 c only be decid$ by a c>eful appeal to exp]i5ce1 & by endeav\r+ to und]/& ! ord9>y play ( 'motives' & 'sanctions4' ,:at g5]ally makes a man lie1 & h[ is ly+ to be made unpleasant8 ,by rigor\sly fix+ our m9ds at e po9t on su* issues1 we f9d t _m que/ions admit ( v pla9 answ]s1 & are surpris$ to discov] :at a mass ( obscurity has be5 dispell$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t al?\gh ! value ( ! me?od c h>dly be d5i$ unless we d5y ! value ( all exp]i5ce & common s5se1 we may dispute ! degree 9 :i* x confirms ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,e /ep seems to ,b5?am to reflect additional light ^u 8 prim>y axiom4 ,yet x is possible to hold t witnesses %\ld be enc\rag$ to speak ! tru?1 & t exp]i5ce may help u to discov] ! be/ means to t end )\t1 !re=e1 admitt+ ! unique validity ( ! 'greate/ happ9ess' pr9ciple4 ,t pr9ciple1 s f> z true1 may be itself a d$uction f "s high] pr9ciple2 & no philosoph] ( any s*ool w\ld d5y t 'utility' %\ld be 9 "s way consult$ by ! legislator4 ,! book illu/rates ! next critical po9t 9 ,b5?am's sy/em--! transition f law to politics4 ,he 0 writ+ ! book at ! p]iod :5 ! failure ( ! ,panopticon 0 call+ 8 att5tion to ! wick$ness ( ,george ,,iii4 & ,"l ,eldon1 & :5 ! ,engli% dem& = p>liam5t>y re=m 0 reviv+ & supply+ him ) a sympa!tic audi5ce4 ,n[1 9 exam9+ ! !ory ( evid5ce ^u ! plan describ$1 ,b5?am f\nd himself at e /age 9 conflict ) ! exi/+ sy/em1 or r ! exi/+ *aos ( un9telligible rules4 ,engli% lawy]s1 he discov]$1 _h work$ out a sy/em ( rules = exclud+ evid5ce4 ,sometimes ! cause 0 pure indol5ce4 ',?is man1 7 ,i to he> him1' says ! ,engli% judge1 'w\ld come out ) a p>cel ( lies4 ,x w\ld be a plague to he> him3 ,i h he>d en\gh already2 %ut ! door 9 8 face4'#dbj ,b1 z ,b5?am %[s ) elaborate detail1 a reason = suspect+ evid5ce is n a reason = exclud+ x4 ,a convict$ p]jur] gives evid5ce1 & has a pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! result4 ,t is excell5t gr\nd = caution2 b ! fact t ! man makes a c]ta9 /atem5t may /ill be a help to ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?4 ,:y %\ld t help be reject$8 ,b5?am sc>cely admits ( any exception to ! g5]al rule ( tak+ any evid5ce y c get--"o exception be+ ! r curi\s "o ( confession to a ,ca?olic prie/2 secrecy 9 su* cases is on ! :ole1 he ?9ks1 useful4 ,he exposes ! confusion impli$ 9 an exclusion ( evid5ce because x is n fully tru/wor?y1 :i* is equival5t to work+ 9 ! d>k because a p>tial light may deceive4 ,b ?is is only a "p ( a :ole sy/em ( arbitr>y1 inconsi/5t1 & te*nical rules work$ out by ! +5uity ( lawy]s4 ,besides ! direct injury !y gave endless opportunity = skilful manoeuvr+ to exclude or admit evid5ce by adopt+ diff]5t =ms ( proc$ure4 ,rules _h be5 made by judges z !y 7 want$ & prec$5ts e/abli%$ ( contradictory t5d5cy & unc]ta9 application4 ,b5?am contra/s ! simplicity ( ! rules d$ucible f 'utility' ) ! amaz+ complexity ( ! traditional code ( te*nical rules4 ,"u ! 'natural' sy/em1 t ( utility1 y h to deal ) a qu>rel betwe5 y\r s]vants or *ildr54 ,y s5d at once = ! disputants1 confront !m1 take any relevant evid5ce1 & make up y\r m9d z to ! rights ( ! dispute4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ?is 'natural' proc$ure has be5 reta9$1 z1 = example1 9 c\rts-m>tial1 :]e rapid decision 0 necess>y4 ,_h ! te*nical sy/em prevail$1 ! c\ntry w\ld h be5 ru9$ 9 six weeks4#dba ,b ! exposure ( ! te*nical sy/em requires an elaborate display ( intricate me?ods involv+ at e /ep vexation1 delay1 & inju/ice4 ,b5?am reckons up n9ete5 sep>ate devices employ$ by ! c\rts4 ,he describes ! elaborate processes :i* _h to be gone ?r\gh be=e a he>+ c\ld be obta9$2 ! di/ance ( c\rts f ! litigants2 ! b&y+ ( cases f c\rt to c\rt2 ! *ican]ies ab\t giv+ notice2 ! frequ5t nullification ( all t _h be5 done on acc\nt ( "s te*nical flaw2 ! un9telligible j>gon ( ,lat9 & ,law-,fr5* :i* veil$ ! proce$+s f ! public2 ! elaborate my/]ies ( 'special plead+'2 ! conflict ( jurisdictions1 & ! manufacture ( new 'pleas' & new te*nical rules2 ! 'entanglem5t ( jurisdictions1' & especially ! di/9ction betwe5 law & equity1 :i* _h made confusion d\bly conf\nd$4 ,engli% law _h become a m]e jungle ( un9telligible di/9ctions1 contradictions1 & cumbr\s me?ods ?r\gh :i* no man c\ld f9d 8 way )\t ! guidance ( ! initiat$1 & 9 :i* a long purse & unscrupul\s trick]y gave ! advantage ov] ! poor to ! ri*1 & to ! knave ov] ! hone/ man4 ,"o fruitful s\rce ( all ^! evils 0 ! 'judge-made' law1 :i* ,b5?am h5ce=? nev] ceas$ to d5\nce4 ,8 ideal 0 a di/9ct code :i*1 :5 *ange 0 requir$1 %\ld be *ang$ by an av[$ & intelligible process4 ,! *aos :i* _h gr[n up 0 ! natural result ( ! gradual developm5t ( a traditional body ( law1 9 :i* new cases 7 met "u cov] ( apply+ prec$5ts f previ\s decisions1 ) ! help ( ref]5ce to ! vague body ( unwritt5 or 'common law1' & ( legal fictions p]mitt+ "s non-natural int]pretation ( ! old =mulae4 ,x is ! judges1 he _h already said 9 #agib1dbb 't make ! common law4 ,d y "k h[ !y make x8 ,j z a man makes laws = 8 dog4 ,:5 y\r dog does any?+ y want to break him (1 y wait till he does x & !n beat him4 ,?is is ! way y make laws = y\r dog1 & ?is is ! way ! judges make laws = y & me4' ,! 'tyranny ( judge-made law' is '! mo/ all-compreh5sive1 mo/ gr9d+1 & mo/ cry+ ( all grievances1'#dbc & is sc>cely less bad ?an 'prie/-made religion4'#dbd ,legal fictions1 accord+ to him1 are simply lies4 ,! p]mission to use !m is a 'm5dacity lic5ce4' ,9 ',rome-br$ law 444 fiction' is a 'w>t :i* "h & !re disfigures ! face ( ju/ice4 ,9 ,engli% law fiction is a syphilis :i* runs into e ve9 & c>ries into e "p ( ! sy/em ! pr9ciple ( rott5ness4'#dbe ,! evils d5\nc$ by ,b5?am 7 mon/r\s4 ,! complet5ess ( ! exposure 0 8 great m]it2 & 8 reputation has suff]$1 z we are told on compet5t au?ority1 by ! v effici5cy ( 8 attack4 ,! wor/ evils are s mu* ?+s ( ! pa/1 t we =get ! ext5t ( ! evil & ! m]its ( its assailant4 ,b5?am's diagnosis ( ! evil expla9s 8 lat] attitude4 ,he attributes all ! abuses to consci\sly corrupt motives ev5 :]e a suffici5t explanation c be f\nd 9 ! human /upidity & hone/ incapacity to look outside ( traditional ways ( ?\ght4 ,he admits1 inde$1 ! p]sonal purity ( ,engli% judges4 ,no ,engli% judge _h ev] receiv$ a bribe )9 liv+ memory4#dbf ,b ?is1 he urges1 is only because ! judges f9d x m pr(itable z well z saf] to c>ry out a radically corrupt sy/em4 ,a synonym = 'te*nical' is 'fee-ga!r+4' ,lawy]s ( all classes _h a common int]e/ 9 multiply+ suits & complicat+ proc$ure3 & ?us a tacit p>tn]%ip _h gr[n up :i* he describes z ',judge & ,co4' ,he gives /ati/ics %[+ t 9 ! ye> #agig five hundr$ & =ty-?ree out ( five hundr$ & fifty 'writs ( error' 7 '%ams1' or simply vexati\s contrivances = delay1 & br\ght a pr(it to ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ov] ,l#adjj4dbg ,"l ,eldon 0 always be=e him z ! typical repres5tative ( ob/ruction & obscurantism4 ,9 8 ,indications respect+ ,"l ,eldon 7#ahbe7 he goes into details :i* x mu/ h requir$ "s c\rage to publi%4 ,"u ,eldon1 he says1 'equity has become an in/rum5t ( fraud & extortion4'#dbh ,he details ! proce$+s by :i* ,eldon obta9$ ! sanction ( p>liam5t = a sy/em ( fee-tak+1 :i* he _h admitt$ to be illegal1 & :i* _h be5 d5\nc$ by an em95t solicitor z lead+ to gross corruption4 ,b5?am intimates t ! ,ma/]s 9 ,*anc]y 7 'sw9dl]s1'#dbi & t ,eldon 0 kn[+ly ! protector & %>] ( _! pr(its4 ,romilly1 :o _h call$ ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y 'a disgrace to a civilis$ nation1' _h said t ,eldon 0 ! cause ( _m ( ! abuses1 & c\ld h re=m$ mo/ ( ! o!rs4 ,ersk9e _h decl>$ t if !re 0 a hell1 ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y 0 hell4#dcj ,eldon1 z ,b5?am himself ?\ght1 0 worse ?an ,jeffreys4 ,eldon's victims _h di$ a l+]+ dea?1 & ! p]secutor _h made money out ( _! suff]+s4 ,jeffreys 0 op5ly brutal2 :ile ,eldon cov]$ 8 tyranny "u ! 'mo/ accompli%$ indiff]5ce4'#dca ,yet ,eldon 0 b ! head ( a b&4 ,judges1 b>ri/]s1 & solicitors 7 alike4 ,! mo/ hopeless ( re=ms w\ld be to raise a '?or\gh-pac$ ,engli% lawy]' to ! moral level ( an av]age man4#dcb ,to attack legal abuses 0 to attack a class comb9$ "u its *iefs1 capable ( hoodw9k+ p>liam5t & suppress+ op5 criticism4 ,! slave-trad]s :om ,wilb]=ce attack$ 7 comp>atively a p[]less excresc5ce4 ,! legal pr(ession 0 9 ! close/ relations to ! mon>*y1 ! ari/ocracy1 & ! :ole privileg$ & weal?y class4 ,!y 7 weld$ into a solid 'r+4' ,! k+1 & 8 m9i/]s :o di/ribut$ places & p5sions2 ! bor\gh-mong]s :o sold votes = p[]2 ! cl]gy :o look$ = bi%oprics2 ! moni$ m5 :o aspir$ to rank & p[]1 7 all p>ts ( a league4 ,x 0 easy en\gh to talk ( law re=m4 ,romilly _h propos$ & ev5 c>ri$ a 're=matiuncle' or two2#dcc b to a*ieve a s]i\s success requir$ n victory 9 a skirmi% or two1 n ! exposure ( "s abuse too palpable to be op5ly def5d$ ev5 by an ,eldon1 b a prolong$ w> aga9/ an organis$ army =tifi$ & entr5*$ 9 ! v he>t ( ! c\ntry4 ,,notes3 #dae ,works1 iii4 #bfg4 #daf ,ibid4 x4 #efi #dag ,autobiography1 p4 #aaf4 #dah ,! subject is aga9 treat$ 9 ,book v4 on ',circum/antial ,evid5ce4' #dai ,works1 vi4 #bjd4 #dbj ,works1 vii4 #cia4 #dba ,works1 vii4 #cba-be4 ,c\rt-m>tials are h>dly a happy example n[4 #dbb ',tru? v4 ,a%hur/' 7#agib71 ,works1 v4 #bce4 #dbc ,works 7',codification ,petition'71 v4 #ddb4 #dbd ,ibid4 vi4 #aa4 #dbe ,ibid4 v4 #ib4 #dbf ,works1 vii4 #bjd1 #cca2 ix4 #adc4 #dbg ,ibid4 vii4 #bad4 #dbh ,ibid4 v4 #cdi4 #dbi ,ibid4 v4 #cfd4 #dcj ,works1 v4 #cga4 #dca ,ibid4 v4 #cge4 #dcb ,ibid4 vii4 #ahh4 #dcc ,ibid4 v4 #cgj4 ,,vi4 ,,radicalism ,?us ,b5?am1 z 8 eyes 7 op5$1 became a ,radical4 ,! political purpose became dom9ant1 al?\gh we always see t ! legal abuses are upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d2 & t :at he really seeks is a fulcrum = ! ma*9]y :i* is to ov]?r[ ,"l ,eldon4 ,"s ( ! pamphlets deal directly ) ! special in/rum5ts ( corruption4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,art ( ,pack+ %[s h[ ! cr[n manag$ to h a p]man5t body ( special 'jurors' at its disposal4 ,! 'gr& & p>am\nt use'#dcd ( ?is sy/em 0 to cru% ! lib]ty ( ! press4 ,! obscure law ( libel1 work$ by judges 9 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t1 enabl$ !m to puni% any ra% ,radical = 'hurt+ ! feel+s' ( ! rul+ classes1 & to evade responsibility by help ( a 'cov]tly p5sion$' & s]vile jury4 ,! pamphlet1 ?\gh tiresomely m9ute & long-w9d$1 conta9$ too mu* po9t$ tru? to be publi%$ at ! "t4 ,! ,(ficial ,aptitude m9imis$ conta9s a s]ies ( attacks ^u ! sy/em ( patronage & p5sions by :i* ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t 0 practically work$4 ,9 ! ,cate*ism ( re=m]s1 writt5 9 #ahji1 ,b5?am began ! direct application ( 8 !ories to ! con/itution2 & ! f9al & mo/ elaborate exposition ( ^! =ms ! ,con/itutional ,code1 :i* 0 ! ma9 "w ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,?is book excit$ ! w>me/ admiration ( ,b5?am's disciples4#dce ,j4 ,s4 ,mill speaks ( its 'extraord9>y p[] 444 ( at once seiz+ compreh5sive pr9ciples & s*em+ out m9ute details1' & ( its 'surpass+ intellectual vig\r4' ,nor1 inde$1 w any "o be dispos$ to d5y t x is a s+ul> pro( ( intellectual activity1 :5 we rememb] t x 0 begun :5 ! au?or 0 ov] sev5ty1 & t he 0 /ill work+ at eighty-f\r4#dcf ,9 ?is book ,b5?am's peculi>ities ( /yle rea* _! highe/ developm5t1 & x _c be recomm5d$ z light read+4 ,_h ,b5?am be5 a my/ical philosoph]1 he w\ld1 we may conjecture1 h a*iev$ a ma/]piece ( un9telligibility :i* all 8 foll[]s w\ld h extoll$ z conta9+ ! v ess5ce ( 8 tea*+4 ,8 me?od condemn$ him to be always intelligible1 h[ev] crabb$ & elaborate4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! po9t :i* /rikes "o mo/ is ! amaz+ simple-m9d$ness ( ! :ole proce$+4 ,b5?am's light-he>t$ indiff]5ce to ! di/9ction betwe5 pap] con/itutions & op]ative rules ( conduct becomes almo/ pa!tic4 ,b5?am 0 cle>ly ! victim ( a common delusion4 ,if a sy/em w "w1 ! m9ute/ details c be exhibit$4 ,!re=e1 x is inf]r$1 an exhibition ( m9ute detail proves t x w "w4 ,un=tunately1 ! philosoph]s ( ,laputa w\ld h _h no m difficulty 9 fill+ up details ?an ! legislators ( ,engl& or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ,b5?am _h settl$ 9 8 ',radical ,re=m ,bill'#dcg t ! 'vot+-box' 0 to be a d\ble cube ( ca/-iron1 ) a slit 9 ! lid1 into :i* c>ds two in*es by "o1 :ite on "o side & black on ! o!r1 c\ld be ins]t$1 he mu/ h felt t he _h got v ne> to actual application3 he c picture ! :ole op]ation & nobody c say t ! s*eme is impracticable = want ( work+ plans ( ! ma*9]y4 ,!re w1 d\btless1 be no difficulty 9 settl+ ! %ape ( ! boxes1 :5 we h once agre$ to h ! ballot4 ,b a discussion ( su* remote details ( ,utopia is ( incomp>ably less real int]e/ ?an ! discussion 9 ! ,rationale ( ,evid5ce ( po9ts1 :i*1 h[ev] m9ute1 7 occurr+ e day1 & :i* 7 really 9 urg5t ne$ ( ! light ( common s5se4 ,b5?am's g5]al pr9ciples may be v simply /at$4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 su* z 7 sugge/$ by 8 view ( legal grievances4 ,:y1 :5 he _h demon/rat$ t c]ta9 measures w\ld contribute to ! 'greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1' 7 !y n at once adopt$8 ,because ! rul]s did n desire ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,?is1 9 ,b5?am's language1 is to say t !y 7 gov]n$ by a 's9i/] int]e/4' ,_! int]e/ 0 t ( _! class1 n t ( ! nation2 !y aim$ at ! greate/ happ9ess ( "s1 n at ! greate/ happ9ess ( all4 ,a g5]alisation ( ?is rem>k gives u ! fir/ axioms ( all gov]nm5t4 ,!re are two prim>y pr9ciples3 ! 'self-pref]5ce' pr9ciple1 9 virtue ( :i* e man always desires 8 own greate/ happ9ess'2 & ! 'greate/ happ9ess' pr9ciple1 9 virtue ( :i* '! "r & prop] end' ( gov]nm5t is ! 'greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4'#dch ,! 'actual end' ( e gov]nm5t1 aga91 is ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! gov]nors4 ,h5ce ! :ole problem is to produce a co9cid5ce ( ! two ends1 by secur+ an id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 gov]nors & gov]n$4 ,to secure t we h only to id5tify ! two classes or to put ! gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( all4#dci ,9 a mon>*y1 ! rul] aims at ! int]e/ ( "o--himself2 9 a 'limit$ mon>*y' ! aim is at ! happ9ess ( ! k+ & ! small privileg$ class2 9 a democracy1 ! end is ! "r "o--! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,?is is a %ort cut to all con/itutional que/ions4 ,probably x has occurr$ 9 sub/ance to mo/ y\?ful memb]s ( debat+ societies4 ,b5?am's confid5ce 9 8 logic lifts him above any appeal to exp]i5ce2 & he occasionally rem9ds u ( ! pro( giv5 9 ,m>t9 ,*uzzlewit t ! que5 mu/ live 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,! 'mon>*1' z he obs]ves1#ddj 'is naturally ! v wor/--! mo/ malefic5t memb] ( ! :ole community4' ,:]ev] an ari/ocracy diff]s f ! democracy1 _! judgm5t w be errone\s4#dda ,! p w naturally *oose 'morally apt ag5ts1' & m5 :o wi% to be *os5 w desire truly to become 'morally apt1' = !y c only recomm5d !mselves by %[+ _! desire to s]ve ! g5]al int]e/4#ddb ',all exp]i5ce te/ifies to ?is !ory1' ?\gh ! evid5ce is 'too bulky' to be giv54 ,o!r pro(s1 h[ev]1 may at once be r5d]$ sup]flu\s by appeal+ to '! un9t]rupt$ & mo/ notori\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4'#ddc ,to t happy c\ntry he (t5 appeals inde$#ddd z a model gov]nm5t4 ,9 x1 !re is no corruption1 no useless exp5diture1 none ( ! evils illu/rat$ by our 'mat*less con/itution4' ,! con/itution d$uc$ f ^! pr9ciples has at lea/ ! m]it ( simplicity4 ,we are to h univ]sal suffrage1 annual p>liam5ts1 & vote by ballot4 ,he incl9es to give a vote to wom54#dde ,!re is to be no k+1 no h\se ( pe]s1 no e/abli%$ *ur*4 ,memb]s ( p>liam5t are n to be re-eligible1 till aft] an int]val4 ,elaborate rules provide = _! regul> att5dance & exclusive devotion to _! ma/]s' bus9ess4 ,!y are to be simply 'deputies1' n 'repres5tatives4' ,!y elect a prime m9i/] :o holds (fice = f\r ye>s4 ,(ficials are to be appo9t$ by a complex plan ( competitive exam9ation2 & !y are to be invit$ to s5d 9 t5d]s = do+ ! "w at dim9i%$ sal>y4 ,:5 once 9 (fice1 e c>e is tak5 = _! cont9ual inspection by ! public & ! v]ification ( _! acc\nts4 ,!y are nev] = an in/ant to =get t !y are s]vants1 n ! ma/]s1 ( ! public4 ,b5?am1 ( c\rse1 is especially m9ute & c>eful 9 reg>d to ! judicial organisation--a subject ^u :i* he wrote mu*1 & mu* to ! purpose4 ,! functions & fees ( advocates are to be n>r[ly re/rict$1 & advocates to be provid$ gratuit\sly = ! poor4 ,!y are n to become judges3 to make a b>ri/] a judge is z s5sible z x w\ld be to select a procuress = mi/ress ( a girls' s*ool4#ddf ,judges %\ld be ev]y:]e accessible3 always on duty1 too busy to h "t = corruption1 & always "u public sup]vision4 ,"o *>act]i/ic device is 8 quasi-jury4 ,! ,engli% sy/em ( requir+ unanimity 0 equival5t to en=c+ p]jury by torture4 ,its utility z a means ( resi/+ tyranny w\ld disappe> :5 tyranny _h become impossible4 ,b public op9ion might be usefully repres5t$ by a 'quasi-jury' ( ?ree or five1 :o %\ld n pron\nce a v]dict1 b wat* ! judge1 int]rogate1 if necess>y1 & 9 case ( ne$ dem& a rehe>+4 ,judges1 ( c\rse1 7 no long] to make law1 b to propose am5dm5ts 9 ! ',pannomion' or univ]sal code1 :5 new cases arose4 ,8 lead+ pr9ciple may be describ$ 9 "o ^w z 'responsibility1' or express$ 9 8 lead+ rule1 ',m9imise ,confid5ce4'#ddg ',all gov]nm5t is 9 itself "o va/ evil4'#ddh ,x consi/s 9 apply+ evil to exclude worse evil4 ,ev5 'to rew>d is to puni%1'#ddi :5 rew>d is giv5 by gov]nm5t4 ,! less gov]nm5t1 !n1 ! bett]2 b z gov]nors are a necess>y evil1 !y mu/ be limit$ by e possible device to ! sole legitimate aim1 & wat*$ at e turn by ! all-see+ eye ( public op9ion4 ,e "o mu/ admit t ?is is an application ( a s\nd pr9ciple1 & t "o condition ( good gov]nm5t is ! diffusion ( univ]sal responsibility4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 too1 t ,b5?am's !ory repres5ts a vigor\s embodim5t & unfl9*+ application ( doctr9es :i* s9ce 8 "t h spread & ga9$ m g5]al au?ority4 ,mill says t grant+ "o assumption1 ! ,con/itutional ,code is 'admirable4'#dej ,t assumption is t x is = ! good ( mank9d to be "u ! absolute au?ority ( a majority4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld ju/ify :at ,mill calls ! 'despotism ( public op9ion4' ,to prote/ aga9/ t despotism 0 "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( ,mill's political writ+s4 ,h[ 0 x t ! disciple came to be 9 su* direct opposition to 8 ma/]8 ,t "q _c be answ]$ till we h consid]$ ,mill's own position4 ,b ,i h n[ foll[$ ,b5?am f> en\gh to consid] ! m g5]al *>act]i/ics ( 8 doctr9e4 ,i h tri$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to %[ :at 0 ! c\rse ( ,b5?am's own developm5t2 h[ 8 obs]vation ( c]ta9 legal abuses l$ him to attempt ! f\ndation ( a sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce2 h[ ! difficulty ( obta9+ a he>+ = 8 argum5ts l$ him to discov] ! p[] ( ',judge & ,co4'2 h[ he f\nd out t beh9d ',judge & ,co4' 7 ,george ,,iii4 & ! base ,sidm\?1 & ! :ole b& ( ob/ructors entr5*$ )9 ! 'mat*less con/itution'2 & h[ ?us 8 attack ^u ! abuses ( ! p5al law l$ him to attack ! :ole political framework ( ! c\ntry4 ,i h also tri$ to %[ h[ ,b5?am's developm5t co9cid$ ) t ( ! ,engli% re=m]s g5]ally4 ,!y too began ) attack+ specific abuses4 ,!y 7 = 're=m1 n revolution4' ,! con/itution satisfi$ !m 9 ! ma93 !y boa/$ ( ! palladia ( _! lib]ties1 'trial by jury' & ! ',habeas ,corpus' ,act1 & held ,fr5*m5 to be frog-eat+ slaves 9 dang] ( lettres de ca*et & ! ,ba/ille4 ,engli% public op9ion 9 spite ( _m trammels _h a pot5t influ5ce4 ,_! fir/ impulse1 !re=e1 0 simply to get rid ( ! trammels--! abuses :i* _h gr[n up f want ( a ?or\gh application ( ! anci5t pr9ciples 9 _! orig9al purity4 ,! ,engli% ,:ig1 ev5 ( ! m radical p]suasion1 0 pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! f\ndations 7 s\nd1 h[ev] unsatisfactory might be ! sup]/ructure4 ,?us1 bo? ,b5?am & ! re=m]s g5]ally />t$--n f ab/ract pr9ciples1 b f ! assault ^u p>ticul> abuses4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole ,engli% movem5t1 & gives ! mean+ ( _! claim to be 'practical4' ,! ,utilit>ians 7 ! re=m]s on ! old l9es2 & _! philosophy meant simply a desire to sy/ematise ! ord9>y common s5se argum5ts4 ,! philosophy cong5ial to ?is ve9 is ! philosophy :i* appeals to exp]i5ce4 ,locke _h explod$ 'innate ideas4' ,!y d5\nc$ 'intuitions1' or beliefs :i* might ov]ride exp]i5ce z 'innate ideas' 9 a new dress2 & ! attempt to c>ry out ?is view sy/ematically became ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,b5?am accept$1 ?\gh he did little to elaborate1 ?is doctr9e4 ,t task rema9$ = 8 disciples4 ,b ! t5d5cy is %[n by 8 view ( a rival v]sion ( ,radicalism4 ,b5?am1 z we h se51 reg>d$ ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce z s mu* 'j>gon4' ,he 0 entirely oppos$ to ! !ory ( ! 'rights ( man1' & !re=e to ! 'ideas ( #aghi4' ,f t !ory ! revolution>y p>ty pr(ess$ to d$uce _! dem&s = univ]sal suffrage1 ! levell+ ( all privileges1 & ! absolute supremacy ( ! p4 ,yet ,b5?am1 repudiat+ ! premises1 came to accept ! conclusion4 ,8 ,con/itutional ,code sc>cely diff]s f ! ideal ( ! ,jacob9s'1 except 9 pu%+ ! logic fur!r4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* he propos$ to secure t ! s-call$ rul]s %\ld become really ! s]vants ( ! p 0 m ?or\ghgo+ & m9utely work$ out ?an t ( any democratic con/itution t has ev] be5 adopt$4 ,h[ 0 x t two antagoni/ !ories l$ to id5tical results2 & t ! 'rights ( man1' absurd 9 philosophy1 repres5t$ ! ideal /ate ( ?+s 9 practice8 ,! g5]al answ] may be t political !ories are n really bas$ ^u philosophy4 ,! actual me?od is to take y\r politics = grant$ on ! "o side & y\r philosophy = grant$ on ! o!r1 & !n to prove _! necess>y connection4 ,b x is1 at any rate1 important to see :at 0 ! nature ( ! philosophical assumptions implicitly tak5 = grant$ by ,b5?am4 ,! 'rights ( man' doctr9e conf\nds a prim>y logical canon ) a /atem5t ( fact4 ,e political !ory mu/ be bas$ ^u facts z well z ^u logic4 ,any reasonable !ory ab\t politics mu/ no d\bt give a reason = inequality & a reason1 too1 = equality4 ,! maxim t all m5 71 or ought to be1 'equal' ass]ts correctly t !re mu/ n be arbitr>y diff]5ces4 ,e inequality %\ld h its ju/ification 9 a reasonable sy/em4 ,b :5 ?is und5iable logical canon is tak5 to prove t m5 actually are equal1 !re is an obvi\s begg+ ( ! "q4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! !ori/s imm$iately proce$$ to disfran*ise half ! race on acc\nt ( sex1 & a ?ird ( ! rema9d] on acc\nt ( infancy4 ,!y c\ld only am5d ! argum5t by say+ t all m5 7 equal 9 s f> z !y possess$ c]ta9 attributes4 ,b ^? attributes c\ld only be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce1 or1 z ,b5?am w\ld h put x1 by an appeal to 'utility4' ,x is illogical1 said ! anti-slav]y advocate1 to treat m5 diff]5tly on acc\nt ( ! col\r ( _! sk9s4 ,no d\bt x is illogical if1 9 fact1 ! diff]5ce ( col\r does n imply a diff]5ce ( ! p[]s :i* fit a man = ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 rights4 ,we may at lea/ grant t ! burd5 ( pro( %\ld be ^u ^? :o w\ld disfran*ise all r$-hair$ m54 ,b ?is is because exp]i5ce %[s t ! diff]5ce ( col\r does n m>k a relevant diff]5ce4 ,we _c say1 a priori1 :e!r ! diff]5ce betwe5 a negro & a :ite man may n be s great z to imply incapacity = enjoym5t ( equal rights4 ,! black sk9 might--= any?+ a m]e logician c say--indicate ! m9d ( a *impanzee4 ,! case aga9/ slav]y does n re/ on ! b>e fact t negroes & :ites bo? belong to ! class 'man1' b on ! fact t ! negro has p[]s & s5sibilities :i* fit him to hold prop]ty1 to =m m>riages1 to le>n 8 lett]s1 & s =?4 ,b t fact is und5iably to be prov$1 n f ! b>e logic1 b f obs]vation ( ! p>ticul> case4 ,b5?am saw ) p]fect cle>ness t s\nd political !ory requires a basis ( solid fact4 ,! ma9 purpose ( 8 :ole sy/em 0 to c>ry out t doctr9e ?or\ghly4 ,8 view is giv5 vigor\sly 9 ! ',an>*ical ,fallacies'--a m9ute exam9ation ( ! ,fr5* ,decl>ation ( ,rights 9 #agia4 ,8 argum5t is ( m]ciless l5g?1 & occasionally s m9ute z to s\nd l quibbl+4 ,! pi?1 h[ev]1 is cle> en\gh4 ',all m5 are born & rema9 free & equal 9 respect ( rights' are ! fir/ words ( ! ,decl>ation4 ,nobody is 'born free1' retorts ,b5?am4 ,ev]ybody is born1 & long rema9s1 a helpless *ild4 ,all m5 born free6 ,absurd & mis]able nons5se6 ,:y1 y are compla9+ 9 ! same brea? t ne>ly ev]ybody is a slave4#dea ,to meet ?is objection1 ! words might be am5d$ by sub/itut+ 'ought to be' = 'is4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 on ,b5?am's %[+1 at once introduces ! conception ( utility1 & !re=e leads to empirical consid]ations4 ,! proposition1 :5 laid d[n z a logical necessity1 claims to be absolute4 ,!re=e x implies t all au?ority is bad2 ! au?ority1 = example1 ( p>5t ov] *ild1 or ( husb& ov] wife2 & moreov]1 t all laws to ! contr>y are ipso facto void4 ,t is :y x is 'an>*ical4' ,x supposes a 'natural "r1' n only z sugge/+ reasons = propos$ alt]ations ( ! legal "r1 b z actually annihilat+ ! "r & !re=e de/roy+ all gov]nm5t4 ',natural rights1' says ,b5?am1#deb is simple nons5se2 natural & imprescriptible rights 'rhetorical nons5se--nons5se ^u /ilts4' ,= 'natural "r' sub/itute utility1 & y h1 ( c\rse1 a reasonable pr9ciple1 because an appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,b lay d[n 'lib]ty' z an absolute "r & y annihilate law1 = e law supposes co]cion4 ,"o man gets lib]ty simply by re/rict+ ! lib]ty ( o!rs4#dec ,:at ,b5?am sub/antially says1 !re=e1 is t on ?is v]sion absolute rights ( individuals c\ld mean no?+ b an>*y2 or t no law c be def5d$ except by a ref]5ce to facts1 & !re=e to 'utility4' ,"o answ] might be t ! dem& is n = absolute lib]ty1 b = z mu* lib]ty z is compatible ) equal lib]ty = all4 ,! f\r? article ( ! ,decl>ation says3 ',lib]ty consi/s 9 be+ able to d t :i* is n hurtful to ano!r1 & !re=e ! ex]cise ( ! natural rights ( ea* man has no o!r b\nds ?an ^? :i* ensure to ! o!r memb]s ( ! society ! enjoym5t ( ! same rights4' ,?is =mula corresponds to a !ory held by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]2 &1 z he obs]ves1#ded held on diff]5t gr\nds by ,kant4 ,b5?am's view1 indicat$ by 8 criticism ( ?is article 9 ! ',an>*ical ,fallacies1' is !re=e wor? a mom5t's notice4 ,! =mula does n dem& ! absolute fre$om :i* w\ld condemn all co]cion & all gov]nm5t2 b x /ill seems to sugge/ t lib]ty1 n utility1 is ! ultimate end4 ,b5?am's =mula1 !re=e1 div]ges4 ,all gov]nm5t1 he holds1 is an evil1 because co]cion implies pa94 ,we mu/ !re=e m9imise1 ?\gh we _c annihilate1 gov]nm5t2 b we mu/ keep to utility z ! sole te/4 ,gov]nm5t %\ld1 ( c\rse1 give to ! individual all su* rights z are 'useful'2 b x does n foll[1 )\t a ref]5ce to utility1 t m5 %\ld n be re/ra9$ ev5 9 'self-reg>d+' conduct4 ,"s m51 wom51 & *ildr5 require to be protect$ aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( _! own 'weakness1 ignorance1 or imprud5ce4'#dee ,b5?am adh]es1 t is1 to ! /rictly empirical gr\nd4 ,! absolute doctr9e requires to be qualifi$ by a ref]5ce to actual circum/ances3 &1 among ^? circum/ances1 z ,b5?am intimates1 we mu/ include ! capacity ( ! p]sons conc]n$ to gov]n !mselves4 ,c>ri$ out z an absolute pr9ciple1 x w\ld imply ! indep5d5ce ( infants2 & mu/ !re=e require "s ref]5ce to 'utility4' ,b5?am1 !n1 objects to ! ,jacob9 !ory z too absolute & too 'individuali/4' ,! doctr9e begs ! "q2 x takes = grant$ :at c only be prov$ by exp]i5ce2 & !re=e lays d[n z absolute !ories :i* are only true "u c]ta9 conditions or ) ref]5ce to ! special circum/ances to :i* !y are appli$4 ,t is inconsi/5t ) ,b5?am's ?or\ghgo+ empiricism4 ,b he _h antagoni/s to meet ^u ! o!r side3 &1 9 meet+ !m1 he 0 l$ to a doctr9e :i* has be5 g5]ally condemn$ = ! v same faults--z absolute & individuali/4 ,we h only to ask 9 :at s5se ,b5?am appeal$ to 'exp]i5ce' to see h[ he actually rea*$ 8 conclusions4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! old tradition appeal$ to exp]i5ce 9 _! own way4 ,! ,engli% p1 !y said1 is ! free/1 ri*e/1 happie/ 9 ! _w2 x has gr[n up "u ! ,briti% ,con/itution3 !re=e ! ,briti% ,con/itution is ! be/ 9 ! _w1 z ,burke tells y1 & ! ,briti% common law1 z ,black/one tells y1 is ! 'p]fection ( wisdom4' ,b5?am's reply 0 virtually t al?\gh he1 l ,burke1 appeal$ to exp]i5ce1 he appeal$ to exp]i5ce sci5tifically organis$1 :]eas ,burke appeal$ to m]e bl9d tradition4 ,b5?am is to be ! f\nd] ( a new sci5ce1 f\nd$ l *emi/ry on exp]im5t1 & 8 me?ods are to be z sup]ior to ^? ( ,burke z ^? ( mod]n *emi/s to ^? ( ! al*emi/s :o also invok$ exp]i5ce4 ,! true plan 0 n to ?r[ exp]i5ce aside because x 0 alleg$ by ! ignorant & ! prejudic$1 b to int]rogate exp]i5ce sy/ematically1 & s to become ! ,bacon or ! ,newton ( legislation1 in/ead ( w&]+ (f into ! a priori con/ructions ( a ,desc>tes or a ,leibniz4 ,b5?am ?us pr(esses to use an 'inductive' in/ead ( ! d$uctive me?od ( ! ,jacob9s2 b rea*es ! same practical conclusions f ! o!r end4 ,! process is in/ructive4 ,he object$ to ! exi/+ inequalities1 n z inequalities simply1 b z mis*iev\s inequalities4 ,he1 z well z ! ,jacob9s1 w\ld admit t inequality requir$ ju/ification2 & he agre$ ) !m t1 9 ?is case1 !re 0 no ju/ification4 ,! exi/+ privileges did n promote ! 'greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4' ,! attack ^u ! ',an>*ical ,fallacies' mu/ be tak5 ) ! ,book ( ,fallacies1 & ! ,book ( ,fallacies is a su/a9$ & vigor\s1 ?\gh a curi\sly cumbr\s1 assault ^u ! ,cons]vative argum5ts4 ,its pi? may be f\nd 9 ,sydney ,smi?'s ,noodle's ,oration2 b x is itself well wor? read+ by any "o :o c recognise really admirable dialectical p[]1 & =give a little crabb$ness ( /yle 9 consid]ation ( g5u9e intellectual vig\r4 ,i only notice ,b5?am's assault ^u ! 'wisdom ( our ance/ors4' ,aft] po9t+ out h[ mu* bett] we are entitl$ to judge n[ t we h got rid ( s _m sup]/itions1 & h le>n$ to read & write1 he replies to ! "q1 ',w\ld y h u speak & act z if we nev] _h any ance/ors8' ',by no means1' he replies2 '?\gh _! op9ions 7 ( little value1 _! practice is wor? att5d+ to2 b *iefly because x %[s ! bad consequ5ces ( _! op9ions4' ',f fooli% op9ion comes fooli% conduct2 f fooli% conduct ! sev]e/ disa/]2 & f ! sev]e/ disa/] ! mo/ useful w>n+4 ,x is f ! folly1 n f ! wisdom1 ( our ance/ors t we h s mu* to le>n4'#def ,b5?am has become an 'ance/or1' & may tea* u by 8 errors4 ,po9t$ & vigor\s z is 8 exposure ( _m ( ! sophi/ries by :i* ,cons]vatives def5d$ gross abuses & twi/$ ! exi/5ce ( any in/itution into an argum5t = its value1 we get "s measure f ?is ( ,b5?am's view ( hi/ory4 ,9 attack+ an abuse1 he says1 we h a "r to inquire into ! utility ( any & e arrangem5t4 ,! purpose ( a c\rt ( ju/ice is to decide litigation2 x has to asc]ta9 facts & apply rules3 does x !n asc]ta9 facts by ! me?ods mo/ conducive to ! discov]y ( tru?8 ,are ! rules ne$lessly complex1 ambigu\s1 calculat$ to give a *ance to knaves1 or to ! longe/ purse8 ,if s1 und\bt$ly !y are mis*iev\s4 ,b5?am _h done ine/imable s]vice 9 /ripp+ away all ! disguises & te*nical phrases :i* _h evad$ ! pla9 issue1 & !re=e made ( ! laws an un9telligible labyr9?4 ,he proce$$ to treat 9 ! same way ( gov]nm5t g5]ally4 ,does x "w effici5tly = its pr(ess$ ends8 ,is x work$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! nation1 or ( a special class1 ^: int]e/s conflict ) ^? ( ! nation8 ,he treat$1 t is1 ( gov]nm5t z a man ( bus9ess might inve/igate a comm]cial und]tak+4 ,if he f\nd t cl]ks 7 lazy1 ignorant1 mak+ money = !mselves1 or bully+ & *eat+ ! cu/om]s1 he w\ld condemn ! managem5t4 ,b5?am f\nd ! 'mat*less con/itution' precisely 9 ?is /ate4 ,he condemn$ political in/itutions work$ = ! b5efit ( a class1 & lead+1 especially 9 legal matt]s1 to endless abuses & *ican]y4 ,! abuses ev]y:]e imply 'inequality' 9 "s s5se2 = !y arise f monopoly4 ,! man :o holds a s9ecure1 or enjoys a privilege1 uses x = 8 own private int]e/4 ,! 'matt] ( corruption1' z ,b5?am call$ x1 0 provid$ by ! privilege & ! s9ecure4 ,! ,jacob9 might d5\nce privileges simply z privileges1 & ,b5?am d5\nce !m because !y 7 us$ by ! privileg$ class = corrupt purposes4 ,s f>1 ,b5?am & ! ,jacob9s 7 q at "o4 ,x matt]$ little to ! result :i* argum5t !y pref]r$ to use1 & )\t d\bt !y _h a v /rong case1 & did 9 fact express a dem& = ju/ice & = a r$ress ( palpable evils4 ,! diff]5ce seems to be t 9 "o case ! appeal is made 9 ! "n ( ju/ice & equality2 9 ! o!r case1 9 ! "n ( b5evol5ce & utility4 ,! important po9t "h1 h[ev]1 is to und]/& ,b5?am's implicit assumptions4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 criticis+ 8 ma/]1 po9ts out v =cibly ! defects aris+ f ,b5?am's attitude to hi/ory4 ,he simply cont9u$1 z ,mill ?9ks1 ! ho/ility ) :i* ! critical or de/ructive s*ool ( ! eighte5? c5tury reg>d$ _! ance/ors4 ,to ! revolution>y p>ty hi/ory 0 a record ( crimes & follies & ( little else4 ,! "q w meet u aga92 & "h x is en\gh to ask :at is ! reason ( 8 tacit implication ( ,b5?am's position4 ,b5?am's :ole aim1 z ,i h tri$ to %[1 0 to be describ$ z ! con/ruction ( a sci5ce ( legislation4 ,! sci5ce1 aga91 0 to be purely empirical4 ,x 0 to re/ ?r\gh\t ^u ! obs]vation ( facts4 ,t aim--an admirable aim--runs ?r\gh 8 :ole "w & t ( 8 successors4 ,i h notic$1 inde$1 h[ easily ,b5?am took = grant$ t 8 make%ift classification ( common motives am\nt$ to a sci5tific psy*ology4 ,a simil> assumption t a r\gh sket* ( a sci5ce is ! same ?+ z its def9ite con/itution is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,utilit>ians 9 g5]al4 ,a sci5tific _s is mo/ desirable2 b ! ,utilit>ians took a v %ort cut to sci5tific c]ta9ty4 ,?\gh appeal+ to exp]i5ce1 !y rea* =mulae z absolute z any 'intuitioni/' c\ld desire4 ,:at is ! logical process impli$8 ,to con/itute an empirical sci5ce is to %[ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 diff]5t ph5om5a is due simply to 'circum/ances4' ,! explanation ( ! facts becomes suffici5t :5 ! 'law' c be /at$1 z t ( a unit ( con/ant prop]ties plac$ 9 v>y+ positions4 ,?is corresponds to ! proc$ure 9 ! physical sci5ces1 :]e ! ultimate aim is to repres5t all laws z correspond+ to ! *anges ( position ( uni=m atoms4 ,9 social & political *anges ! goal is ! same4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill /ates 9 ! end ( 8 ,autobiography#deg t "o ma9 purpose ( 8 writ+ 0 to %[ t 'diff]5ces betwe5 individuals1 races1 or sexes' are due to 'diff]5ces 9 circum/ances4' ,9 fact1 ?is is an aim s *>act]i/ic f ! beg9n+ ( ! :ole s*ool1 t x may be put d[n almo/ z a prim>y po/ulate4 ,x 0 n1 inde$1 def9itely =mulat$2 b to 'expla9' a social !orem 0 tak5 to be ! same ?+ z to %[ h[ diff]5ces ( "* or conduct c\ld be expla9$ by 'circum/ance'--mean+ by 'circum/ance' some?+ n giv5 9 ! ag5t himself4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no m "r z good empirici/s to ass]t ?an to d5y t all diff]5ce comes f 'circum/ance4' ,if we take 'man' z a con/ant quantity 9 our speculations1 x requires at lea/ a great _m precautions be=e we c assume t our ab/ract entity corresponds to a real concrete unit4 ,o!rwise we h a %ort cut to a doctr9e ( 'equality4' ,! !ory ( '! rights ( man' lays d[n ! =mula1 & assumes t ! facts w correspond4 ,! ,utilit>ian assumes ! equality ( fact1 & ( c\rse br+s out an equally absolute =mula4 ',equality1' 9 "s s5se1 is introduc$ by a side w9d1 ?\gh n explicitly laid d[n z an axiom4#deh ,?is und]ly+ t5d5cy may p>tly expla9 ! co9cid5ce ( results--?\gh x w\ld require a good _m qualifications 9 detail2 b "h ,i ne$ only take ,b5?am's m or less unconsci\s application4 ,b5?am's tacit assumption1 9 fact1 is t !re is an av]age 'man4' ,diff]5t specim5s ( ! race1 inde$1 may v>y widely accord+ to age1 sex1 & s =?2 b1 = purposes ( legislation1 he may s]ve z a unit4 ,we c assume t he has on ! av]age c]ta9 qualities f :i* 8 actions 9 ! mass c be det]m9$ ) suffici5t accuracy1 & we are tempt$ to assume t !y are ma9ly ! qualities obvi\s to an inhabitant ( ,que5's ,squ>e ,place ab\t ! ye> #ahjj4 ,mill def5ds ,b5?am aga9/ ! *>ge t he assum$ 8 codes to be good = all m5 ev]y:]e4 ,to t1 says ,mill1#dei ! essay ^u ! ',influ5ce ( ,"t & ,place 9 ,matt]s ( ,legislation' is a complete answ]4 ,yet ,mill#dfj admits 9 ! same brea? t ,b5?am omitt$ all ref]5ce to 'national "*4' ,9 fact1 z we h se51 ,b5?am 0 ready to legislate = ,h9doo/an z well z = 8 own p>i%2 & to make codes n only = ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,russia1 b = ,morocco4 ,! ,essay m5tion$ really expla9s ! po9t4 ,b5?am n only admitt$ b ass]t$ z en]getically z became an empirici/1 t we mu/ all[ = 'circum/ances'2 & circum/ances include n only climate & s =?1 b ! v>y+ beliefs & cu/oms ( ! p "u consid]ation4 ,! real assumption is t all su* circum/ances are sup]ficial1 & c be controll$ & alt]$ indef9itely by ! 'legislator4' ,! ,moor1 ! ,h9doo1 & ! ,engli%man are all radically id5tical2 & ! diff]5ces :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt = ! mom5t c be remov$ by judici\s means4 ,)\t paus+ to illu/rate ?is f ! ,essay1 ,i may rem>k t = _m purposes su* an assumption is ju/ifiable & guides ord9>y common s5se4 ,if we ask :at w\ld be ! be/ con/itution = a comm]cial company1 or ! be/ plat=m = a political p>ty1 we c =m a fair guess by argu+ f ! av]age ( ,b5?am & 8 contempor>ies--especially if we are %rewd attornies or political wirepull]s4 ,only we are n !re=e 9 a position to talk ab\t ! 'sci5ce ( human nature' or to deal ) problems ( 'sociology4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 gives ,b5?am's 'individualism' 9 a s5se ( ! phrase already expla9$4 ,he />ts f ! 'ready-made man1' & d$uces all in/itutions or legal arrangem5ts f 8 prop]ties4 ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ naturally ?is view fell 9 ) ! ord9>y political conceptions ( ! "t4 ,x %[s1 aga91 :y ,b5?am disreg>ds hi/ory4 ,:5 we h su* a sci5ce1 empirical or a priori1 hi/ory is at mo/ ( second>y importance4 ,we c d$uce all our maxims ( conduct f ! man himself z he is be=e u4 ,hi/ory only %[s h[ t]ribly he blund]$ 9 ! pre-sci5tific p]iod4 ,! blund]s may give u a h9t "h & !re4 ,man 0 ess5tially ! same 9 ! fir/ & ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! diff]5ces are due to ! clumsy devices :i* he made by rule ( ?umb4 ,we d n want to ref] to !m n[1 except z illu/rations ( errors4 ,we may rem>k h[ difficult x 0 to c\nt be=e ! pres5t notation 0 inv5t$2 b :5 x has once be5 inv5t$1 we may le>n to use x )\t tr\bl+ our heads ab\t our ance/ors' clumsy contrivances = do+ )\t x4 ,?is leads to ! real %ortcom+4 ,!re is a po9t at :i* ! hi/orical view becomes important--! po9t1 namely1 :]e x is ess5tial to rememb] t man is n a ready-made article1 b ! product ( a long & /ill cont9u+ 'evolution4' ,b5?am's attack 79 ! ,fragm5t7 ^u ! 'social contract' is significant4 ,he 01 no d\bt1 p]fectly "r 9 say+ t an imag9>y contract c\ld add no =ce to ! ultimate gr\nds = ! social union4 ,nobody w\ld n[ accept ! fiction 9 t /age4 ,& yet ! 'social contract' may be tak5 to recognise a fact2 namely1 t ! und]ly+ in/9cts ^u :i* society alt]nately re/s correspond to an ord] ( reasons f ^? :i* det]m9e m sup]ficial relations4 ,society is und\bt$ly useful1 & its utility may be reg>d$ z its gr\nd4 ,b ! utility ( society means mu* m ?an ! utility ( a railway company or a club1 :i* po/ulates z exi/+ a :ole s]ies ( already e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,to ,b5?am an 'utility' appe>$ to be a k9d ( p]man5t & ultimate entity :i* is ! same at all p]iods--x corresponds to a psy*ological curr5cy ( con/ant value4 ,to %[1 !re=e1 t ! social contract recognises 'utility' is to %[ t ! :ole organism is con/ruct$ j z any p>ticul> "p is con/ruct$4 ,man comes fir/ & 'society' aft]w>ds4 ,i h already notic$ h[ ?is applies to 8 /atem5ts ab\t ! utility ( a law2 h[ 8 argum5t assumes an already con/itut$ society1 & seems to ov]look ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! organic law ^u :i* all ord] ess5tially dep5ds1 & "s p>ticul> modification or coroll>y :i* may be sup]9duc$4 ,we n[ h to notice ! political v]sion ( ! same me?od4 ,! 'law1' accord+ to ,b5?am1 is a rule en=c$ by a 'sanction4' ,! impos] ( ! rule 9 ! phrase :i* ,hobbes _h made fam\s is ! 'sov]eign4' ,hobbes 0 a fav\rite au?or1 inde$1 ( ! lat] ,utilit>ians1 ?\gh ,b5?am does n appe> to h /udi$ him4 ,! relation is "o ( natural aff9ity4 ,:5 9 ! ,con/itutional ,code ,b5?am transf]s ! 'sov]eignty' f ! k+ to ! 'p1'#dfa he %[s ! exact diff]5ce betwe5 8 doctr9e & t ( ! ,levia?an4 ,bo? ?9k]s are absoluti/s 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh ,hobbes gives to a mon>* ! p[] :i* ,b5?am gives to a democracy4 ,! attributes rema9 ?\gh _! subject is alt]$4 ,! 'sov]eign1' 9 fact1 is ! key/one ( ! :ole ,utilit>ian sy/em4 ,he repres5ts ! ultimate s\rce ( all au?ority1 & supplies ! motive = all ob$i5ce4 ,z ,hobbes put x1 he is a k9d ( mortal ,god4 ,mill's criticism ( ,b5?am sugge/s ! consequ5ces4 ,!re are1 he says1#dfb ?ree great que/ions3 ,:at gov]nm5t is = ! good ( ! p8 ,h[ are !y to be induc$ to obey x8 ,h[ is x to be made responsible8 ,! ?ird "q1 he says1 is ! only "o s]i\sly consid]$ by ,b5?am2 & ,b5?am's answ]1 we h se51 leads to t 'tyranny ( ! majority' :i* 0 ,mill's great /umbl+-block4 ,:y1 !n1 does ,b5?am omit ! o!r que/ions8 or r1 h[ w\ld he answ] !m8 = he c]ta9ly assumes an answ]4 ,p1 9 ! fir/ place1 are 'induc$ to obey' by ! sanctions4 ,!y don't rob t !y may n g to prison4 ,t is a suffici5t answ] at a giv5 mom5t4 ,x assumes1 inde$1 t ! law w be obey$4 ,! policeman1 ! gaol]1 & ! judge w d :at ! sov]eign--:e!r despot or legislature--ord]s !m to d4 ,! juri/ may naturally take ?is = grant$4 ,he does n g 'beh9d ! law4' ,t is ! law :i* ! sov]eign has decl>$ to be ! law4 ,9 t s5se1 ! sov]eign is omnipot5t4 ,he c1 z a fact1 ?reat5 evildo]s ) ! gall[s2 & ! juri/ simply takes ! fact = grant$1 & assumes t ! co]cion is an ultimate fact4 ,no d\bt x is ultimate = ! individual subject4 ,! imm$iate re/ra9t is ! policeman1 & we ne$ n ask ^u :at does ! policeman dep5d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we p]si/ 9 ask+1 we come to ! hi/orical problems :i* ,b5?am simply omits4 ,! law itself1 9 fact1 ultimately re/s ^u 'cu/om1'--^u ! :ole sy/em ( in/9cts1 beliefs1 & passions :i* induce p to obey gov]nm5t1 & are1 s to speak1 ! sub/ance out ( :i* loyalty & respect = ! law is fram$4 ,^!1 aga91 are ! product ( an indef9itely long elaboration1 :i* ,b5?am takes = grant$4 ,he assumes z p]fectly natural & obvi\s t a numb] ( m5 %\ld meet1 z ! ,am]icans or ,fr5*m5 met1 & create a con/itution4 ,t ! possibility ( su* a proce$+ involves c5turies ( previ\s tra9+ does n occur to him4 ,x is assum$ t ! con/itution c be made out ( h&1 & ?is assumption is ( ! highe/ importance1 n only hi/orically1 b = imm$iate practice4 ,mill assumes too easily t ,b5?am has secur$ responsibility4 ,b5?am assumes t an in/itution w "w z x is int5d$ to "w--p]haps ! commone/ error ( con/itution-mong]s4 ,if ! p use ! in/rum5ts :i* he provides1 !y h a legal me?od = en=c+ ob$i5ce4 ,to inf] t !y w d s is to inf] t all ! organic in/9cts w op]ate precisely z he int5ds2 t ea* individual1 = example1 w =m an indep5d5t op9ion ^u legislative que/ions1 vote = m5 :o w apply 8 op9ions1 & see t 8 repres5tatives p]=m 8 bidd+ hone/ly4 ,t !y %\ld d s is ess5tial to 8 s*eme2 b t !y w d s is :at he takes = grant$4 ,he assumes1 t is1 t !re is no ne$ = inquir+ into ! social in/9cts :i* lie b5ea? all political action4 ,y c make y\r ma*9e & assume ! mov+ =ce4 ,t is ! natural result ( consid]+ political & legislative problems )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! :ole "* ( ! human mat]ials employ$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,b5?am's sov]eign is ?us absolute4 ,he rules by co]cion1 z a =eign p[] may rule by ! sword 9 a conqu]$ prov9ce4 ,?us1 =ce is ! ess5ce ( gov]nm5t1 & x is ne$less to g fur!r4 ,to secure ! "r application ( ! =ce1 we h simply to di/ribute x among ! subjects4 ,gov]nm5t /ill means co]cion1 & ultimately no?+ else2 b !n1 z ! subjects are simply mov$ by _! own int]e/s1 t is1 by utility1 !y w apply ! p[] to secure ^? int]e/s4 ,!re=e1 all t is want$ is ?is di/ribution1 & ,mill's fir/ problem1 ,:at gov]nm5t is = ! good ( ! p8 is summ>ily answ]$4 ,! "q1 h[ ob$i5ce is to be secur$1 is evad$ by conf9+ ! answ] to ! 'sanctions1' & tak+ = grant$ t ! process ( di/ribut+ p[] is p]fectly simple1 or t a new ord] c be introduc$ z easily z p>liam5t c pass an act = e/abli%+ a new police 9 ,london4 ,! 'social contract' is aboli%$2 b x is tak5 = grant$ t ! :ole p[] ( ! sov]eign c be di/ribut$1 & rules made = its application by ! common s5se ( ! v>i\s p]sons int]e/$4 ,f9ally1 ! "o bond outside ( ! individual is ! sov]eign4 ,he repres5ts all t holds society toge!r2 8 'sanctions1' z ,i h said1 are tak5 to be on ! same plane ) ! 'moral sanctions'--n dep5d5t ^u !m1 b o!r modes ( apply+ simil> motives4 ,z ! sov]eign1 aga91 is 9 a s5se omnipot5t1 & yet c be manufactur$1 s to speak1 by volunt>y arrangem5ts among ! individual memb]s ( society1 !re is no limit to ! influ5ce :i* he may ex]cise4 ,i note1 inde$1 t ,i am speak+ r ( ! t5d5cies ( ! !ory ?an ( def9itely =mulat$ conclusions4 ,mo/ ( ! ,utilit>ians 7 exce$+ly %rewd1 practical p1 ^: reg>d = h>d facts impos$ limits ^u _! speculations4 ,!y %\ld h be5 ! la/ p to believe too implicitly 9 ! magical efficacy ( political contrivances1 = !y 7 fully aw>e t _m m5 are knaves & mo/ m5 fools4 ,!y probably put little fai? 9 ,b5?am's ,utopia1 except z a remote ideal1 & an ideal ( unimag9ative m9ds4 ,! ,utopia 0 con/ruct$ on 'individuali/' pr9ciples1 because common s5se naturally approves individualism4 ,! :ole social & political ord] is cle>ly ! sum ( ! individuals1 :o comb9e to =m an aggregate2 & !ories ab\t social bonds take "o to ! my/ical & s5tim5tal4 ,! absolute t5d5cy is common to ,b5?am & ! ,jacob9s4 ,:e!r ! individual be tak5 z a unit ( con/ant prop]ties1 or z ! subject ( absolute rights1 we rea* equally absolute conclusions4 ,:5 all ! social & political regulations are reg>d$ z indef9itely modifiable1 ! ultimate laws come to dep5d ^u ! absolute framework ( unalt]able fact4 ,?is1 aga91 is (t5 ! "r po9t ( view = imm$iate que/ions 9 :i* we may take = grant$ t ! av]age individual is 9 fact con/ant2 &1 z ,i h said 9 reg>d to ,b5?am's legislative process1 leads to v relevant & important1 ?\gh n ultimate1 que/ions4 ,b !re are c]ta9 o!r results :i* require to be notic$4 ',individualism1' l o!r words t h become wat*words ( controv]sy1 has v>i\s %ades ( mean+1 & requires a little m def9ition4 ,,notes3 #dcd ,works1 v4 #ig1 etc4 #dce ,see preface to ,con/itutional ,code 9 vol4 ix4 #dcf ,b5?am's nephew1 ,george1 :o di$ :5 approa*+ 8 eighty-f\r? bir?day1 devot$ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life ) equal assiduity to 8 ,g5]a ,plant>um4 ,see a curi\s anecdote ( 8 p]si/5ce 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 #dcg ,works1 iii4 #egc4 #dch ,works1 ix4 #e1 #h4 #dci ,! !ory1 z ,mill rem9ds u1 _h be5 v po9t$ly anticipat$ by ,helvetius4 ,b5?am's practical exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 _h =c$ x ^u 8 att5tion4 #ddj ,works1 ix4 #ada4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is confirm$ by ! case ( ,george ,,iii4 #dda ,ibid4 ix4 #de4 #ddb ,ibid4 ix4 #ih4 #ddc ,works1 ix4 #ih4 #ddd e4g4 ,ibid4 ix4 #ch1 #ej1 #fc1 #ii1 etc4 #dde ,ibid4 7',plan ( ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m1'7 iii4 #dfc4 #ddf ,works1 ix4 #eid4 #ddg ,ibid4 ix4 #fb4 #ddh ,ibid4 ix4 #bd4 #ddi ,ibid4 ix4 #dh4 #dej ,diss]tations1 i4 #cgg4 #dea ,works1 ii4 #dig4 #deb ,ibid4 ii4 #eja4 #dec ,ibid4 ii4 #ejc4 #ded ,ju/ice1 p4 #bfd2 s ,price1 9 8 ,obs]vations on ,lib]ty1 lays x d[n t gov]nm5t is nev] to entr5* ^u private lib]ty1 'except s f> z private lib]ty entr5*es on ! lib]ty ( o!rs4' #dee ,works1 ii4 #ejf4 #def ,works1 ii4 #dja4 #deg ,autobiography1 p4 #bgd4 #deh ,hobbes1 9 ! ,levia?an 7*ap4 xiii471 has 9 ! same way to argue = ! de facto equality ( m54 #dei ,diss]tations1 i4 #cge4 #dfj ,i rem>k by anticipation t ?is expression implies a ref]5ce to ,mill's ,e?ology1 ( :i* ,i %all h to speak4 #dfa ,works1 ix4 #if1 #aac4 #dfb ,diss]tations1 i4 #cgf4 ,,vii4 ,,individualism ',individualism' 9 ! fir/ place is g5]ally m5tion$ 9 a diff]5t connection4 ,! 'ready-made' man ( :om ,i h spok5 becomes ! 'economic man4' ,b5?am himself contribut$ little to economic !ory4 ,8 mo/ important writ+ 0 ! ,def5ce ( ,usury1 & 9 ?is1 z we h se51 he 0 simply add+ a coroll>y to ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations itself repres5t$ ! _s ( bus9ess2 ! revolt ( m5 :o 7 build+ up a va/ indu/rial sy/em aga9/ ! fett]s impos$ by traditional legislation & by rul]s :o reg>d$ indu/ry 9 g5]al1 z ,tel=d is said to h reg>d$ riv]s4 ,riv]s 7 meant to supply canals1 & trade to supply tax-ga!r]s4 ,) ?is revolt1 ( c\rse1 ,b5?am 0 9 full sympa?y1 b "h ,i %all only speak ( "o doctr9e ( great int]e/1 :i* occurs bo? 9 8 political treatises & 8 few economical rem>ks4 ,b5?am object$1 z we h se51 to ! ab/ract !ory ( equality2 yet x 0 to ! mode ( d$uction r ?an to ! doctr9e itself :i* he object$4 ,he gave1 9 fact1 8 own def5ce2 & x is "o wor? notice4#dfc ,! pr9ciple ( equality is d]ivative1 n ultimate4 ,equality is good because equality increases ! sum ( happ9ess4 ,?us1 z he says1#dfd if two m5 h ,l#ajjj1 & y transf] ,l#ejj f "o to ! o!r1 y increase ! recipi5t's weal? by "o-?ird1 & dim9i% ! los]'s weal? by "o-half4 ,y !re=e add less pleasure ?an y subtract4 ,! pr9ciple is giv5 less ma!matically#dfe by ! m significant argum5t t 'felicity' dep5ds n simply on ! 'matt] ( felicity' or ! /imulus1 b also on ! s5sibility to felicity :i* is necess>ily limit$4 ,!re=e by add+ weal?--tak+1 = example1 f a ?\s& lab\r]s to give to "o k+--y are sup]saturat+ a s5sibility already glutt$ by tak+ away f o!rs a great am\nt ( real happ9ess4 ,) ?is argum5t1 :i* has ( late ye>s become conspicu\s 9 economics1 he connects ano!r ( prim>y importance4 ,! fir/ condition ( happ9ess1 he says1 is n 'equality' b 'security4' ,n[ y c only equalise at ! exp5se ( security4 ,if ,i am to h my prop]ty tak5 away :5ev] x is great] ?an my neighb\r's1 ,i c h no security4#dff ,h5ce1 if ! two pr9ciples conflict1 equality %\ld give way4 ,security is ! prim>y1 :i* mu/ ov]ride ! second>y1 aim4 ,mu/ ! two pr9ciples1 !n1 always conflict8 ,no2 b '"t is ! only m$iator4'#dfg ,! law may help to accumulate inequalities2 b 9 a prosp]\s /ate !re is a 'cont9ual progress t[>ds equality4' ,! law has to /& aside2 n to ma9ta9 monopolies2 n to re/ra9 trade2 n to p]mit entails2 & !n prop]ty w diffuse itself by a natural process1 already exemplifi$ 9 ! gr[? ( ,europe4 ,! 'pyramids' heap$ up 9 feudal times h be5 l[]$1 & _! 'debris spread abroad' among ! indu/ri\s4 ,"h aga9 we see h[ ,b5?am virtually div]ges f ! a priori s*ool4 ,_! absolute t5d5cies w\ld introduce 'equality' by =ce2 he w\ld leave x to ! spontane\s progress ( security4 ,h5ce ,b5?am is 9 ! ma9 an adh]5t ( :at he calls#dfh ! 'laissez-n\s faire' pr9ciple4 ,he advocates x mo/ explicitly 9 ! s-call$ ,manual ( ,political ,economy--a %ort essay fir/ pr9t$ 9 #agih4dfi ,! tract1 h[ev]1 su* z x is1 is less ^u political economy prop] ?an ^u economic legislation2 & its *ief conclusion is t almo/ all legislation is improp]4 ,8 ma9 pr9ciple is ',be quiet' 7! equival5t ( ! ,fr5* phrase1 :i* surely %\ld h be5 exclud$ f s ,engli% a !ory74 ,security & fre$om are all t indu/ry requires2 & indu/ry %\ld say to gov]nm5t only :at ,diog5es said to ,alex&]1 ',/& out ( my sun%9e4'#dgj ,once m1 h[ev]1 ,b5?am w n lay d[n ! 'let alone' pr9ciple absolutely4 ,8 adh]5ce to ! empirical me?od is too decid$4 ,! doctr9e 'be quiet1' ?\gh g5]ally true1 re/s ^u utility1 & may1 !re=e1 always be qualifi$ by prov+ t 9 a p>ticul> case ! balance ( utility is ! o!r way4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ,b5?am's fav\rite projects w\ld be condemn$ by an absolute adh]5t ( ! doctr9e4 ,! ,panopticon1 = example1 ?\gh a 'mill to gr9d rogues hone/' c\ld be appli$ to o!rs ?an rogues1 & ,b5?am hop$ to make 8 ma*9]y equally effective 9 ! case ( paup]ism4 ,a sy/em ( national education is also includ$ 9 8 ideal con/itution4 ,x is1 9 fact1 important to rememb] t ! 'individualism' ( ,b5?amism does n necess>ily co9cide ) an absolute re/riction ( gov]nm5t int]f]5ce4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy 0 9 t direction2 & 9 purely economical que/ions1 sc>cely any exception 0 admitt$ to ! rule4 ,m5 are ! be/ judges1 x 0 said1 ( _! own int]e/2 & ! int]f]5ce ( rul]s 9 a comm]cial transaction is ! int]f]5ce ( p inf]ior 9 k ( ! facts1 & ^: int]e/s are 's9i/]' or inconsi/5t ) ^? ( ! p]sons really conc]n$4 ,utility1 !re=e1 w1 z a rule1 =bid ! action ( gov]nm5t3 b1 z utility is always ! ultimate pr9ciple1 & !re may be cases 9 :i* x does n co9cide ) ! 'let alone' pr9ciple1 we mu/ always admit ! possibility t 9 special cases gov]nm5t c int]f]e usefully1 &1 9 t case1 approve ! int]f]5ce4 ,h5ce we h ! e?ical application ( ^! !ories4 ,! individuali/ position naturally t5ds to take ! =m ( egoism4 ,! moral s5tim5ts1 :atev] !y may be1 are cle>ly an intr9sic "p ( ! organic social in/9cts4 ,!y are intimately involv$ 9 ! :ole process ( social evolution4 ,b ?is view corresponds precisely to ! conditions :i* ,b5?am ov]looks4 ,! individual is already !re4 ,! moral & ! legal sanctions are 'ext]nal'2 some?+ impos$ by ! action ( o!rs2 correspond+ to 'co]cion1' :e!r by physical =ce or ! dread ( public op9ion2 &1 9 any case1 an accretion or addition1 n a pr(\nd modification ( 8 :ole nature4 ,! ,utilit>ian 'man' !re=e incl9es to consid] o!r p z m]ely p>ts ( ! necess>y ma*9]y4 ,_! feel+s are relevant only z influ5c+ _! outw>d conduct4 ,if a man gives me a c]ta9 'lot' ( pa9 or pleasure1 x does n matt] :at may be 8 motives4 ,! 'motive' = all conduct corresponds 9 all cases to ! pa9 or pleasure accru+ to ! ag5t4 ,x is true t 8 happ9ess w be m or less affect$ by 8 relations to o!rs4 ,b z conduct is rul$ by a calculation ( ! balance ( pa9s or pleasures dep5d5t ^u any c\rse ( action1 x simplifies matt]s mat]ially1 if ea* man reg>ds 8 neighb\r's feel+s simply z in/rum5tal1 n intr9sically int]e/+4 ,& ?us ! co9cid5ce betwe5 t conduct :i* maximises my happ9ess & t conduct :i* maximises happ9ess 9 g5]al1 mu/ be reg>d$ z m or less accid5tal or liable 9 special cases to disappe>4 ,if ,i am made happi] by action :i* makes o!rs mis]able1 ! rule ( utility w lead to my pref]5ce ( myself4 ,"h we h ! "q :e!r ! ,utilit>ian sy/em be ess5tially a selfi% sy/em4 ,b5?am1 ) 8 vague psy*ology1 does n lay d[n ! doctr9e absolutely4 ,aft] giv+ ?is li/ ( self-reg>d+ 'spr+s ( action1' he proce$s to add ! pleasures & pa9s ( 'sympa?y' & 'antipa?y' :i*1 he says1 are n self-reg>d+4 ,moreov]1 z we h se51 he has "s difficulty 9 d5y+ t 'b5evol5ce' is a necess>ily moral motive3 x is only capable ( prompt+ to bad conduct 9 s f> z x is insuffici5tly enlight5$2 & x is cle> t a morali/ :o makes ! 'greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]' 8 univ]sal te/1 has "s reason = admitt+ z an elem5t>y pleasure ! desire = ! greate/ happ9ess4 ,?is comes out curi\sly 9 ! ,con/itutional ,code4 ,he !re lays d[n ! 'self-pref]5ce pr9ciple'--! pr9ciple1 namely1 t 'e human be+' is det]m9$ 9 e action by 8 judgm5t ( :at w produce ! greate/ happ9ess to himself1 ':atsoev] be ! effect 444 9 relation to ! happ9ess ( o!r simil> be+s1 any or all ( !m tak5 toge!r4'#dga ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 he obs]ves t x is '! con/ant & ardu\s task ( e morali/' & ( e legislator :o des]ves ! "n to 'increase ! influ5ce ( sympa?y at ! exp5se ( t ( self-reg>d & ( sympa?y = ! great] numb] at ! exp5se ( sympa?y = ! less] numb]4'#dgb ,he tries to reconcile ^! views by ! rem>k 't ev5 sympa?y has its root 9 self-reg>d1' & he argues1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has done m fully1 t if ,adam c>$ only = ,eve & ,eve only = ,adam--nei!r c>+ at all = himself or h]self--bo? w\ld p]i% 9 less ?an a ye>4 ,self-reg>d1 t is1 is ess5tial1 & sympa?y supposes its exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ,b5?am puts himself ?r\gh a cate*ism4#dgc ,:at is ! 'be/' gov]nm5t8 ,t :i* causes ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! giv5 community4 ,:at community8 ',any community1 :i* is z mu* z to say1 e community4' ,b :y d y desire ?is happ9ess8 ,because ! e/abli%m5t ( t happ9ess w\ld contribute to my greate/ happ9ess4 ,& h[ d y prove t y desire ?is result8 ,by my lab\rs to obta9 x1 replies ,b5?am4 ,?is oddly omits ! m obvi\s "q1 h[ c y be sure t y\r happ9ess w be promot$ by ! greate/ happ9ess ( all8 ,:at if ! two crit]ia diff]8 ,i desire ! g5]al happ9ess1 he might h repli$1 because my b5evol5ce is an orig9al or elem5t>y in/9ct :i* c ov]ride my self-love2 or ,i desire x1 he w\ld p]haps h said1 because ,i "k z a fact t ! happ9ess ( o!rs w incid5tally contribute to my own4 ,! fir/ answ] w\ld fall 9 ) "s ( 8 /atem5ts2 b ! second is1 z ,i ?9k mu/ be admitt$1 m 9 h>mony ) 8 sy/em4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ?+ is ,b5?am's failure to discuss explicitly ! "q :e!r human action is or is n necess>ily 'selfi%4' ,he tells u 9 reg>d to ! 'spr+s ( action' t all human action is always 'int]e/$1' b expla9s t ! ^w prop]ly includes actions 9 :i* ! motive is n 'self-reg>d+4'#dgd ,x m]ely means1 9 fact1 t all conduct has motives4 ,! /atem5t1 :i* ,i h quot$ ab\t ! 'self-pref]5ce' pr9ciple may only mean a doctr9e :i* is p]fectly compatible ) a belief 9 'altruism'--! doctr9e1 namely1 t z a fact mo/ p are *iefly int]e/$ by _! own affairs4 ,! legislator1 he tells u1 %\ld try to increase sympa?y1 b ! less he takes sympa?y = ! 'basis ( 8 arrangem5ts'--t is1 ! less call he makes ^u purely unselfi% motives--! great] w be 8 success4#dge ,?is is a %rewd &1 ,i %\ld say1 a v s\nd rem>k1 b x implies--n t all motives are selfi% 9 ! la/ analysis1 b--t ! legislation %\ld n assume too exalt$ a level ( ord9>y morality4 ,! utt]ances 9 ! v unsatisfactory ,deontology are ( little value1 & seem to imply a moral s5tim5t correspond+ to a petty =m ( commonplace prud5ce4#dgf ,leav+ ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! problem necess>ily pres5t$ itself to ,b5?am 9 a =m 9 :i* selfi%ness is ! pr$om9at+ =ce1 & any recognition ( indep5d5t b5evol5ce r an incumbrance ?an a help4 ,if we take ! 'self-pref]5ce pr9ciple' absolutely1 ! "q becomes h[ a multitude ( individuals1 ea* sep>ately pursu+ 8 own happ9ess1 c s arrange matt]s t _! jo9t action may secure ! happ9ess ( all4 ,cle>ly a man1 h[ev] selfi%1 has an int]e/ g5]ally 9 putt+ d[n !ft & murd]4 ,he is already provid$ ) a numb] ( int]e/s to :i* security1 at lea/1 & !re=e a regul> adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 is ess5tial4 ,8 %op c\ld n be c>ri$ on )\t ! police2 & he may agree to pay ! exp5ses1 ev5 if o!rs reap ! b5efit 9 great] proportion4 ,a !ory ( legislation1 !re=e1 :i* supposes ready =m$ all ! in/9cts :i* make a dec5t comm]cial society possible c d )\t mu* ref]5ce to sympa?y or altruism4 ,b5?am's man is n ! col\rless unit ( a priori writ+1 nor ! noble savage ( ,r\sseau1 b ! respectable citiz5 ) a policeman r\nd ! corn]4 ,su* a man may well hold t hone/y is ! be/ policy2 he has en\gh sympa?y to be k9d to 8 old "m1 & help a fri5d 9 di/ress2 b ! ne$ ( romantic & elevat$ conduct r>ely occurs to him2 & ! h]oic1 if he meets x1 appe>s to him z an exception1 n f> remov$ f ! silly4 ,he does n reflect--especially if he c>es no?+ = hi/ory--h[ ev5 ! society 9 :i* he is a cont5t$ unit has be5 built up1 & h[ mu* loyalty & h]oism has be5 ne$$ = ! "w2 nor ev51 to d him ju/ice1 :at unsuspect$ capacities may lurk 9 8 own commonplace "*4 ,! really *>act]i/ic po9t is1 h[ev]1 t ,b5?am does n cle>ly face ! problem4 ,he is cont5t to take = grant$ z an ultimate fact t ! self-int]e/ pr9ciple 9 ! long run co9cides ) ! greate/ 'happ9ess' pr9ciple1 & leaves ! problem to 8 successors4 ,!re we %all meet x aga94 ,f9ally1 ,b5?am's view ( religion requires a ^w4 ,! %ort reply1 h[ev]1 w\ld be suffici5t1 t he did n believe 9 any !ology1 & 0 9 ! ma9 indiff]5t to ! :ole "q till x enc\nt]$ him 9 political matt]s4 ,8 fir/ int]e/ app>5tly 0 r\s$ by ! educational que/ions :i* ,i h notic$1 & ! proposal to tea* ! cate*ism4 ,b5?am1 rememb]+ ! e>ly bully+ at ,ox=d1 exam9es ! cate*ism2 & argues 9 8 usual /yle t to en=ce x is to compel *ildr5 to tell lies4 ,b ?is leads him to assail ! *ur* g5]ally2 & he reg>ds ! *ur* simply z a "p ( ! huge corrupt ma*9]y :i* else:]e _h creat$ ,judge & ,co4 ,he /ates _m facts ab\t non-resid5ce & bloat$ bi%oprics :i* _h a v s]i\s importance2 & he !n asks h[ ! "w might be done m *eaply4 ,z a cl]gyman's only duty is to read weekly s]vices & prea* s]mons1 he sugge/s 7:e!r s]i\sly may be d\bt$7 t ?is might be done z well by tea*+ a p>i% boy to read prop]ly1 & provide him ) ! pray]-book & ! homilies4#dgg ,a great deal ( exp5se w\ld be sav$4 ,?is1 aga91 seems to h l$ him to attack ,/4 ,paul1 :om he took to be responsible = dogmatic !ology1 & !re=e = ! cate*ism2 & he cross-exam9es ! apo/le1 & confronts 8 v>i\s acc\nts ( ! conv]sion ) a ke5ness wor?y ( a pr(essional lawy]4 ,9 "o ( ! ,,mss4 at ,univ]sity ,college ! same me?od is appli$ to ! gospels4 ,b5?am 0 cle>ly n capable ( anticipat+ ,r5an4 ,f ^! /udies he 0 l$ to ! f> m int]e/+ book1 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,philip ,beau*amp4 ,b5?am suppli$ ! argum5t 9 "p2 b to me x seems cle> t x owes s mu* to ! editor1 ,grote1 t x may m fitly be discuss$ h]eaft]4 ,! limitations & defects ( ,b5?am's doctr9e h be5 made abundantly evid5t by lat] criticism4 ,!y 7 due p>tly to 8 p]sonal "*1 & p>tly to ! intellectual & special atmosph]e 9 :i* he 0 br\ght up4 ,b x is m important to recognise ! imm5se real value ( 8 doctr9e4 ,briefly1 ,i %\ld say1 t !re is h>dly an argum5t 9 ,b5?am's volum9\s writ+s :i* is n to ! purpose s f> z x goes4 ,giv5 8 po9t ( view1 he is inv>iably cog5t & relevant4 ,&1 moreov]1 t is a po9t ( view :i* has to be tak54 ,no e?ical or political doctr9e c1 z ,i hold1 be satisfactory :i* does n f9d a place = ,b5?am1 ?\gh he 0 f>1 inde$1 f giv+ a complete !ory ( 8 subject4 ,& ! ma9 reason ( ?is is t :i* ,i h already indicat$4 ,b5?am's :ole life 0 sp5t 9 ! attempt to create a sci5ce ( legislation4 ,ev5 :]e he is mo/ tiresome1 !re is a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 8 unflagg+ work+ out ( e argum5t1 & its application to all conceivable cases4 ,x is all g5u9e reason+2 & ?r\gh\t x is dom9at$ by a respect = good solid facts4 ,8 hatr$ ( 'vague g5]alities'#dgh means t he w be cont5t ) no =mula :i* _c be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( def9ite facts4 ,! resolution to insi/ ^u ?is %\ld really be *>act]i/ic ( e writ] ^u simil> subjects1 & no "o ev] surpass$ ,b5?am 9 att5tion to x4 ,classify & re-classify1 to make sure t at e po9t y\r classes correspond to realities4 ,9 ! ef=t to c>ry out ^! pr9ciples1 ,b5?am at lea/ br\ght innum]able que/ions to a s\nd te/1 & explod$ _m pe/il5t fallacies4 ,if he did n succe$ fur!r1 if :ole sph]es ( ?\ght rema9$ outside ( 8 vision1 x 0 because 9 8 day !re 0 n only no sci5ce ( 'sociology' or psy*ology--!re are no su* sci5ces n[--b no adequate p]ception ( ! va/ v>iety ( inve/igation :i* w\ld be necess>y to lay a basis = !m4 ,b ! ef=t to frame a sci5ce is itself valuable1 inde$ ( surpass+ value1 s f> z x is comb9$ ) a g5u9e respect = facts4 ,x is common en\gh to attempt to create a sci5ce by inv5t+ te*nical t]m9ology4 ,b5?am tri$ ! f> wid] & f> m fruitful me?od ( a m9ute inve/igation ( p>ticul> facts4 ,8 "w1 !re=e1 w /&1 h[ev] diff]5t "s ( ! results may appe> :5 fitt$ into a diff]5t framework4 ,&1 !re=e1 h[ev] crudely & imp]fectly1 ,b5?am did1 z ,i believe1 help to turn speculation into a true & pr(itable *annel4 ,( t1 m w appe> h]eaft]2 b1 if any "o d\bts ,b5?am's s]vices1 ,i w only sugge/ to him to comp>e ,b5?am ) any ( 8 ,briti% contempor>ies1 & to ask :]e he c f9d any?+ at all comp>able to 8 resolute attempt to br+ light & ord] into a *aotic infusion ( compromise & prejudice4 ,,notes3 #dfc ,works1 ',civil ,code' 7f ,dumont71 i4 #cjb1 #cje2 ,ibid4 7',pr9ciples ( ,con/itutional ,code'7 ii4 #bga2 ,ibid4 7',con/itutional ,code'7 ix4 #ae-ah4 #dfd ,works1 i4 #cjf n4 #dfe ,ibid4 ix4 #ae4 #dff ,ibid4 7',pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,code'7 i4 #caa4 #dfg ,ibid4 i4 #cab4 #dfh ,works1 x4 #ddj4 #dfi ,ibid4 iii4 #cc1 etc4 #dgj ,ibid4 iii4 #ce4 #dga ,works1 ix4 #e4 #dgb ,ibid4 ix4 #aib4 #dgc ,ibid4 ix4 #g4 #dgd ,works1 i4 #bab4 #dge ,ibid4 ix4 #aib4 #dgf ,see1 e4g41 i4 #hc1 :]e sympa?y seems to be tak5 z an ultimate pleasure2 & ii4 #acc1 :]e he says 'dream n t m5 w move _! little f+] to s]ve y unless _! advantage 9 s do+ be obvi\s to !m4' ,see also ! apologue ( ',walt] ,wise1' :o becomes ,"l ,mayor1 & ',timo?y ,?\ghtless1' :o ends at ,botany ,bay 7i4 #aah71 giv+ ! l[e/ k9d ( prud5tial morality4 ,! manuscript ( ! ,deontology1 n[ 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 seems to prove t ,b5?am 0 sub/antially ! au?or1 ?\gh ! ,mills seem to h suspect$ ,b[r+ ( adult]at+ ! true doctr9e4 ,he appe>s to h be5 an hone/ if n v intellig5t editor2 ?\gh ! rewrit+1 necess>y 9 all ,b5?am's works1 0 damag+ 9 ?is case2 & he is probably responsible = "s rhetorical amplification1 especially 9 ! lat] "p4 #dgg ,*ur* ( ,engl&ism 7,cate*ism exam9$71 p4 #bjg4 #dgh ,see ?is phrase exp\nd$ 9 ,works 7',book ( ,fallacies'71 ii4 #ddj1 etc4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i ,,note ,,on ,,b5?am',s ,,writ+s ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,b5?am's writ+s may be ( "s use4 ,! arrangem5t is int5d$ to %[ :at 7 ! topics :i* attract$ 8 att5tion at successive p]iods4 ,! collect$ ,works1 edit$ by ,b[r+1 appe>$ f #ahch to #ahdc 9 elev5 volumes1 ! la/ two conta9+ ! life & an elaborate index4 ,! fir/ n9e volumes consi/ p>tly ( ! works already publi%$2 p>tly ( works publi%$ = ! fir/ "t f ,b5?am's ,,mss42 & p>tly ( v]sions ( ,dumont's r$actions ( ,b5?am4 ,dumont's publications 7 7#a7 ,traites de ,legislation civile et p5ale 7#ahjb2 second edition1 revis$1 #ahbj73 vol4 i4 conta9s ,pr9cipes g5]aux de ,legislation & ,pr9cipes du ,code civil2 vol4 ii4 ,pr9cipes du ,code p5al2 & vol4 iii4 ,memoire sur le ,panoptique1 ,de la ,promulgation des ,lois1 ,de l',influ5ce du ,temps et des ,lieux1 & ,vue g5]ale d'un ,corps complet des ,lois2 7#b7 ,!orie des ,pe9es et des ,recomp5ses1 #ahaa1 #ahah1 #ahbe2 7#c7 ,tactiques des ,assemblees delib]antes et ,traite des ,sophismes politiques1 #ahaf2 7#d7 ,traite des ,preuves judiciaires1 #ahbc2 & 7#e7 ,de l',organisation judiciaire et de la ,codification1 #ahbc4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,i give ref]5ces to ! place ( ea* "w 9 ,b[r+'s edition4 ,b5?am's fir/ book 0 ! ,fragm5t on ,gov]nm5t1 #aggf 7i4 #bba-bie74 ,an int]e/+ 'hi/orical preface1' int5d$ = a second edition 7i4 #bdj-bei71 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #ahbh4 ,! ,fragm5t1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,montague1 0 republi%$ 9 #ahia4 ,! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation 0 publi%$ 9 #aghi1 9 "o vol4 #dto 7i4 #a-aed74 ,x _h be5 pr9t$ 9 #aghj4 ,a second edition1 9 two vols4 #hvo1 appe>$ 9 #ahbc4 ,x 0 int5d$ z an introduction to ! plan ( a p5al code4 ,b5?am says 9 8 preface t 8 s*eme w\ld be complet$ by a s]ies ( works apply+ 8 pr9ciples to 7#a7 civil law2 7#b7 p5al law2 7#c7 proc$ure2 7#d7 rew>d2 7#e7 con/itutional law2 7#f7 political tactics2 7#g7 int]national law2 7#h7 f9ance2 & 7#i7 political economy1 & by a t5? treatise giv+ a plan ( a body ( law 'consid]$ 9 respect ( its =m1' t is1 ^u 'nomography4' ,he wrote m or less 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life ^u all ^! topics4 ,dumont's ,traites ( #ahjb 7 bas$ p>tly ^u ! ,introduction & p>tly ^u ,b5?am's ,,mss4 correspond+ to unf9i%$ p>ts ( ?is g5]al s*eme4 ,! two fir/ sections ( ?is s*eme are repres5t$ 9 ! ,works by ,pr9ciples ( ! ,civil ,code 7i4 #big-cfd7 & ,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law 7i4 #cfe-ehj74 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,civil ,code is translat$ f ,dumont's ,traites1 :]e x foll[s a cond5s$ /atem5t ( 'g5]al pr9ciples' tak5 f ! op5+ *apt]s ( ! ,introduction4 ,an app5dix 'on ! levell+ sy/em' is add$ 9 ! ,works f ,b5?am's ,,mss4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,p5al ,law consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! fir/ & ?ird 7on 'political rem$ies = ! evil ( (f5ces' & on 'indirect means ( prev5t+ crimes'7 are translat$ f p>ts #b & #d ( ,dumont's ,pr9cipes du ,code p5al 7p>ts #a & #c ( ,dumont be+ adaptations f ! ,introduction to ,morals & ,legislation74 ,! second "p ( ! ,p5al ,law1 or ,! ,rationale ( ,puni%m5t is f ,dumont's ,!orie des ,pe9es et des ,recomp5ses4 ,dumont took x f a ,,ms4 writt5 by ,b5?am 9 #agge4 7,see ,b5?am's ,works1 i4 #chh47 ,an app5dix on ',dea? ,puni%m5t1' address$ by ,b5?am to ! ,fr5* p 9 #ahcj1 is add$ to ,"p ,,ii4 9 ! ,works 7i4 #ebe-ecb74 ,no4 #d ( ,b5?am's g5]al s*eme corresponds to ! ,rationale ( ,rew>d1 f\nd$ ^u two ,,mss41 "o 9 ,fr5* & "o 9 ,engli%1 us$ by ,dumont 9 ! ,!orie des ,pe9es et des ,recomp5ses4 ,! ,engli% v]sion 9 ! ,works1 *iefly translat$ f ,dumont & comp>$ ) ! orig9al manuscript1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahbe 7ii4 #ahi-bff74 ,ri*>d ,smi? '( ! ,/amps & ,taxes' 0 ! editor ( ?is & ( an edition ( ! ,rationale ( ,puni%m5t 9 #ahca1 & ( v>i\s m9or treatises4 7,b5?am's ,works1 x4 #edh n47 ,! ,table ( ! ,spr+s ( ,action 7i4 #aie-bbj71 writt5 at an e>ly p]iod1 0 pr9t$ 9 #ahae1 & publi%$1 ) modifications1 9 #ahag4 ,! ,vue g5]ale includ$ 9 ! ,traites ( #ahjb 0 int5d$ by ,b5?am z a sket* = 8 own guidance1 & is translat$ z ,view ( a ,complete ,code ( ,laws 9 ! ,works 7iii4 #aed-baj74 ,! two essays 9 ! #ahjb ,traites on '! promulgation ( laws' & ! 'influ5ce ( "t & place 9 matt]s ( legislation' are translat$ 9 ,works 7i4 #aeg-aid74 ,a fragm5t on ,int]national ,law--a phrase inv5t$ by ,b5?am--writt5 betwe5 #aghf & #aghi1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,works 7ii4 #ece-ega71 ) ,junctiana proposal--a plan = a canal betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific--writt5 9 #ahbb1 z an app5dix4 ,besides ! above1 all writt5 be=e #aghi 9 pursuance ( 8 s*eme1 ,b5?am _h publi%$ 9 #aggh 8 ,view ( ! ,h>d ,lab\r ,bill 7iv4 #a-cf72 & 9 #aghg 8 ,def5ce ( ,usury 7iii4 #a-bi74 ,a ?ird edition ( ! la/ 7) ! 'prote/ aga9/ law taxes'7 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaf4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ p]iod 7#aghi-ahjb7 ,b5?am wrote v>i\s books1 m or less sugge/$ by ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,! ,essay on ,political ,tactics 7ii4 #bii-cgc71 7correspond+ to ,no4 #f ( ! s*eme71 0 s5t to ,morellet 9 #aghi1 b fir/ publi%$ by ,dumont 9 #ahaf4 ,) x ,dumont also publi%$ ! sub/ance ( ! ,an>*ical ,fallacies 7ii4 #dhi-ecd71 writt5 ab\t #agia4 ,a ,draught ( a ,code = ! ,organisation ( ! ,judicial ,e/abli%m5t ( ,france1 dat$ ,m>* #agij1 is repr9t$ 9 ,works iv4 #bhe-djf4 ,tru? v4 ,a%hur/1 writt5 9 #agib 7v4 #bca-bcg71 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahbc4 ,a ,manual ( ,political ,economy1 writt5 by #agic 7see ,works1 iii4 #gc n471 corresponds to ,no4 #i ( 8 s*eme4 ,a *apt] appe>$ 9 ! ,biblio!que ,britannique 9 #agih4 ,x 0 p>tly us$ 9 ,dumont's ,!orie des ,recomp5ses1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 ,works 7iii4 #ca-hd74 ,emancipate y\r ,colonies 7iv4 #djg-dha7 0 privately pr9t$ 9 #agic1 & fir/ publi%$ = sale 9 #ahcj4 ,a ,prote/ aga9/ ,law ,taxes1 pr9t$ 9 #agic1 0 publi%$ 9 #agie toge!r ) ,supply )\t ,bur!n1 or ,es*eat vice ,taxation1 writt5 9 #agid4 ,to !m is app5d$ a %ort pap] call$ ,tax ) ,monopoly 7ii4 #egc-fjj74 ,a ,plan = sav+ all ,tr\ble & ,exp5se 9 ! ,transf] ( ,/ock1 writt5 & p>tly pr9t$ 9 #ahjj1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,works 7iii4 #aje-aec74 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,b5?am 0 also occupi$ ) ! ,panopticon1 & "s writ+s ref] to x4 ,! ,panopticon1 or ! ,inspection ,h\se 7iv4 #cg-agb71 writt5 9 #aghg1 0 publi%$ 9 #agia4 ,! ,panopticon v]sus ,new ,s\? ,wales 7iv4 #agc-bdh7 appe>$ 9 #ahjb2 & ,a ,plea = ! ,con/itution 7on transportation to ,new ,s\? ,wales7 7iv4 #bdi-bhd71 9 #ahjc4 ,closely connect$ ) ^! are ,poor-laws & ,paup] ,managem5t 7viii4 #ceh-dfa71 repr9t$ f ,ar?ur ,"y's ,annals ( ,septemb] #agig & foll[+ mon?s2 & ,obs]vations on ! ,poor ,bill 7viii4 #ddj-dei71 writt5 9 ,febru>y #agig1 privately pr9t$ 9 #ahch1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,works4 ,ab\t #ahjb ,b5?am return$ to jurisprud5ce4 ,james ,mill prep>$ f ! pap]s !n writt5 an ,introductory ,view ( ! ,rationale ( ,evid5ce1 f9i%$ & p>tly pr9t$ 9 #ahab 7see ,works1 x4 #dfh n4 & ,ba9's ,james ,mill1 #aje1 #abj74 ,dumont's ,traite des ,preuves judiciaires 7#ahbc7 0 a r$action ( ! orig9al pap]s1 & an ,engli% translation ( ?is appe>$ 9 #ahbe4 ,! p>ts ref]r+ to ,engli% ,law 7 omitt$4 ,! ,rationale ( ,evid5ce 7#e vols4 #hvo1 #ahbg71 edit$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 repres5ts a diff]5t & full] r$action ( ! same pap]s4 ,x is repr9t$ 9 vols4 vi4 & vii4 ( ! ,works ) ! ,introductory ,view 7n[ fir/ publi%$7 prefix$4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs ,scot* ,re=m1 ) a ,summ>y ,view ( a ,plan = a ,judicatory1 #ahjh 7second edition #ahaa1 v4 #a-fj74 ,aft] #ahjh ,b5?am's att5tion 0 especially drawn to political que/ions4 ,8 ,cate*ism ( ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m 7iii4 #dcc-eeg71 writt5 9 #ahji1 0 fir/ publi%$ ) a long 'introduction' 9 ! ,pamphlete] = ,janu>y #ahag4 ,b5?am's ,radical ,re=m ,bill1 ) explanations 7iii4 #eeh-eig7 foll[$ 9 ,decemb] #ahai4 ,radicalism n dang]\s 7iii4 #eih-fbb71 writt5 at ! same "t1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,works 7iii4 #cih-fbb74 ,elem5ts ( ! ,art ( ,pack+ z appli$ to ,special ,juries1 especially 9 ,cases ( ,libel ,law 7v4 #fa-ahf71 writt5 9 #ahji1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahba4 ,swe> n at all 7v4 #ahh-bbi7 7ref]r+ *iefly to ,ox=d te/s71 writt5 9 #ahac1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahag4 ,! ,k+ aga9/ ,edmonds & ,! ,k+ aga9/ ,wolseley 7v4 #bci-bfa7 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbj4 ,(ficial ,aptitude m9imiz$2 ,(ficial ,exp5se limit$ 7v4 #bfc-bhf71 is a s]ies ( pap]s1 fir/ collect$ 9 #ahca4 ,x conta9s a ,def5ce ( ,economy aga9/ ,burke1 & a ,def5ce ( ,economy aga9/ ,george ,rose1 bo? writt5 9 #ahaj1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,pamphlete] 9 #ahag1 ) ,obs]vations on a spee* by ,peel 9 #ahbe1 & ,indications respect+ ,"l ,eldon4 ,! two la/ appe>$ 9 #ahbe4 ,connect$ ) ^! political writ+s is ! ,book ( ,fallacies 7ii4 #cge-dhh71 edit$ by ,b+ham 9 #ahbd1 f ! 'mo/ unf9i%$ ( all ,b5?am's writ+s4' ,allusions seem to %[ t ! orig9al ,,mss4 7 writt5 f #ahaj to #ahai4 ,x 0 p>tly publi%$ by ,dumont ) ! ,tactique1 etc4 ,b5?am1 dur+ ?is p]iod 7#ahjh-ahbj71 0 also l$ into v>i\s outly+ que/ions4 ,! ,pannomial ,fragm5ts1 ,nomography1 & ,app5dix on ,logical ,arrangem5ts employ$ by ,j]emy ,b5?am 7iii4 #baa-bie7 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,works f ,,mss4 writt5 f #ahac to #ahca4 ,) ! ,*re/oma?ia 7viii4 #a-aib71 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahaf1 are connect$ fragm5ts ^u ',ontology1' ',language1' & ',univ]sal ,gramm>' 7viii4 #aic-ceh71 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,works f fragm5ts ( ,,mss4 ( #ahac & lat]4 ,george ,b5?am's ,outl9e ( a ,new ,sy/em ( ,logic 0 p>tly f\nd$ ^u 8 uncle's pap]s4 ,b5?am at ! ,=d ,abbey "t 7#ahad-ahah7 0 also writ+ 8 ,*ur* ( ,engl&ism & its ,cate*ism exam9$1 #ahah4 ,! ,analysis ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,natural ,religion ^u ! ,temporal ,happ9ess ( ,mank9d1 by ,philip ,beau*amp1 edit$ by ,george ,grote1 appe>$ 9 #ahbb2 & ,n ,paul b ,jesus1 by ,gamaliel ,smi?1 9 #ahbc4 ,francis ,place help$ 9 prep>+ ?is at ,=d ,abbey 9 #ahag 7,mr4 ,wallas's ,life ( ,place1 p4 #hc74 ,"m ,*ur* ( ,engl& reliev$ by ,ble$+ 7#ahbc7 & ! ,book ( ,*ur* ,re=m 7#ahca7 are extract$ f ,*ur* ( ,engl&ism4 ,b[r+ did n admit ^! works to 8 collection4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s 7#ahbj-ahcb7 ,b5?am began to be specially occupi$ ) codification4 ,pap]s ^u ,codification & ,public ,in/ruction 7iv4 #dea-ecd7 consi/ *iefly ( lett]s1 writt5 f #ahaa to #ahae1 (f]+ himself = employm5t 9 codification 9 ,am]ica & ,russia1 & fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahag4 ,9 #ahba appe>$ ,?ree ,tracts relat+ to ,spani% & ,portuguese ,affairs1 ) a ,cont9ual ,eye to ,engli% ones2 & 9 #ahbb ,?ree ,lett]s to ,c\nt ,tor5o on ! propos$ ,p5al ,code 79 ,spa97 7viii4 #dfj-eed74 ,a %ort tract on ,lib]ty ( ! ,press 0 address$ to ! ,spani% p 9 #ahba 7ii4 #bge-bii74 ,codification ,proposals 7iv4 #ece-eid7 appe>$ 9 #ahbc1 (f]+ to prep>e an 'all-compreh5sive code ( law' = 'any nation pr(ess+ lib]al op9ions4' ,securities aga9/ ,misrule address$ to a ,mahomm$an ,/ate1 & prep>$ ) a special ,ref]5ce to ,tripoli1 writt5 9 #ahbb-bc1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,works 7viii4 #eea-fjj74 ,a tract on ! ,lead+ ,pr9ciples ( a ,con/itutional ,code 7ii4 #bfg-bgd7 appe>$ 9 ! ,pamphlete] 9 #ahbc4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,con/itutional ,code1 pr9t$ 9 #ahbg1 0 publi%$ ) ! fir/ *apt] ( ! second volume 9 #ahcj4 ,! :ole book1 edit$ by ,r4 ,doane f pap]s writt5 betwe5 #ahah & #ahcb1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 & =ms volume ix4 ( ! ,works4 ,doane also edit$ ,pr9ciples ( ,judicial ,proc$ure 7ii4 #a-ahh7 f pap]s writt5 *iefly f #ahbj to #ahbg1 ?\gh "p _h be5 writt5 9 #ahjb4 ,sev]al ?\s& pages ^u ?is subject--! ?ird "p ( ! orig9al s*eme--7 left by ,b5?am at 8 dea?4 ,dur+ 8 la/ ye>s ,b5?am also wrote a ,comm5t>y on ,mr4 ,humphrey's ,real ,prop]ty ,code1 publi%$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,octob] #ahbf 7v4 #chg-daf72 ,ju/ice & ,codification ,petitions 7v4 #dcg-edh71 pr9t$ 9 #ahbi2 ,j]emy ,b5?am to 8 ,fell[-,citiz5s 9 ,france on ,h\ses ( ,pe]s & ,s5ates 7iv4 #dai-dej71 dat$ #ae? ,octob] #ahcj2 ,equity ,dispat* ,c\rt ,proposals 7iii4 #big-dcb71 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,works & writt5 f #ahbi to #ahca2 ,outl9e ( a ,plan ( a ,g5]al ,regi/] ( ,real ,prop]ty 7v4 #dag-dce71 publi%$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,real ,prop]ty ,commission 9 #ahcb2 & ,"l ,br\gham ,display$ 7v4 #edi-fab71 #ahcb4 ,! ,deontology or ,sci5ce ( ,morality 0 publi%$ by ,b[r+ 9 two vols4 #hvo 9 #ahcd1 b omitt$ f ! ,works1 z ! orig9al edition 0 n exhau/$4 ,! ,,ms4 pres]v$ at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 %[s t a sub/antial beg9n+ _h be5 made 9 #ahad2 mo/ ( ! rema9d] ab\t #ahbj4 ,! second volume1 made1 z ,b[r+ says1 f a numb] ( scraps1 is probably m ',b[r+is$' ?an ! fir/4 ,dumont's ,traites 7 translat$ into ,spani% 9 #ahba1 & ! ,works 9 #ahda-dc4 ,!re are also ,russian & ,italian translations4 ,9 #ahcj a translation f ,dumont1 edit$ by ,f4 ,e4 ,b5eke1 z ,grundsaetze d] ,civil- und ,crim9al-,gesetzgebung1 etc41 0 publi%$ at ,b]l94 ,b5eke obs]ves t ,b5?am _h hi!rto receiv$ little att5tion 9 ,g]many1 ?\gh well kn[n 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,he reports a say+ attribut$ to ,mme4 de ,/ael t ! age 0 t ( ,b5?am1 n ( ,byron or ,buonap>te4 ,! neglect ( ,b5?am 9 ,g]many 0 due1 z ,b5eke says1 to ! preval5ce ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,b5?am1 h[ev]1 _h be5 fav\rably notic$ 9 ! ,h]mes = #ahbb1 & 8 m]its s9ce ackn[l$g$ by ,mitt]mai] & ,w>nko5ig 9 ! ,zeits*rift fu] ,re*tswiss5s*aft4 ,b5eke 7#agih-ahed7 0 oppos$ to ! ,hegelian t5d5cies ( 8 "t1 & mu* influ5c$ by ,h]b>t4 ,see ,ueb]weg's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7,engli% translation1 #ahgd1 ii4 #bha1 etc47 & ! acc\nt ( ,b5?am 9 ,rob]t von ,mohl's ,/aatswiss5s*aft51 etc4 7#ahec71 iii4 #eie-fce4 ,a great mass ( ,b5?am ,,mss4 belongs to ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,!y are conta9$ 9 #adh boxes1 :i* 7 exam9$ & catalogu$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,:ittak] 9 #ahib4 ,a few ( ^! conta9 correspond5ce1 "p ( :i* 0 pr9t$ by ,b[r+4 ,o!rs are ! manuscripts ( publi%$ works4 ,"s are ^u ! same subjects z ! publi%$ works1 & o!rs ref] to topics n includ$ 9 8 publications4 ,besides ! ,deontology manuscripts & a fragm5t ^u ',political ,deontology1' !re is a discussion ( ! means ( suppress+ duels1 an argum5t aga9/ ! legal puni%m5t ( c]ta9 (f5ces aga9/ dec5cy1 & a criticism ( ! gospel n>rative simil> to ,n ,paul1 etc4 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to exam9e ^! fragm5ts aft] read+ ,mr4 ,:ittak]'s report4 ,b5?am's pr9ciples are suffici5tly /at$ 9 8 publi%$ works2 & ! pap]s :i* h be5 repos+ 9 ! cell>s ( ,univ]sity ,college c h _h no influ5ce ^u ! _w4 ,!re is ano!r l>ge collection ( ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f ! pap]s ( ,b5?am & 8 bro!r1 ,sir ,samuel4 ,t5 folio volumes conta9 correspond5ce1 mu* ( x ref]r+ only to ,sir ,samuel4 ,a long correspond5ce ^u ! acquisition ( ! ',panopticon' l& is includ$4 ,ano!r volume conta9s _m ( ,b5?am's s*ool & college ex]cises4 ,!re are also ! manuscripts ( ! ,nomography1 ,logical ,arrangem5ts1 etc4 ,?is collection 0 us$ by ,b[r+ & by ,lady ,b5?am 9 ! life ( h] husb&4 ,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,pr9t]s to ,h] ,maje/y at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press