,a ,manual ( ,moral ,philosophy ,design$ ,= ,colleges & ,high ,s*ools4 ,by ,&rew ,p4 ,peabody1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,plumm] ,pr(essor ( ,*ri/ian ,morals 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,new ,york & ,*icago3 ,a4 ,s4 ,b>nes ,& ,company #ahgc ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,*apt] #a4 ,action4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,spr+s ,( ,action4 ,section ,i4 ,! ,appetites4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,desires4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! ,affections4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,gov]n+ ,pr9ciples ,( ,action4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,"r4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,means ,& ,s\rces ,( ,k ,z ,to ,"r ,& ,wrong4 ,section ,i4 ,consci5ce4 ,section ,,ii4 ,s\rces ,( ,k4 #a4 ,obs]vation1 ,exp]i5ce1 ,& ,tradition4 ,section ,,iii4 ,s\rces ,( ,k4 #b4 ,law4 ,section ,,iv4 ,s\rces ,( ,k4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,rights ,& ,obligations4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,motive1 ,passion1 ,& ,habit4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,virtues1 ,& ,! ,virtues4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,prud5ce2 ,or ,duties ,to ,"o's ,self4 ,section ,i4 ,self-,pres]vation4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,atta9m5t ,( ,k4 ,section ,,iii4 ,self-,control4 ,section ,,iv4 ,moral ,self-,culture4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,ju/ice2 ,or1 ,duties ,to ,"o's ,fell[-,be+s4 ,section ,i4 ,duties ,to ,god4 ,section ,,ii4 ,duties ,( ,! ,family4 ,section ,,iii4 ,v]acity4 ,section ,,iv4 ,hone/y4 ,section ,v4 ,b5efic5ce4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,=titude2 ,or ,duties ,) ,ref]5ce ,to ,unavoidable ,evils ,& ,suff]+s4 ,section ,i4 ,pati5ce4 ,section ,,ii4 ,submission4 ,section ,,iii4 ,c\rage4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,ord]2 ,or ,duties ,z ,to ,objects ,"u ,"o's ,own ,control4 ,section ,i4 ,"t4 ,section ,,ii4 ,place4 ,section ,,iii4 ,measure4 ,section ,,iv4 ,mann]s4 ,section ,v4 ,gov]nm5t4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,casui/ry4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory ,( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,mod]n ,hi/ory ,( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,?is book has be5 prep>$1 p>ticul>ly1 = ! use ( ! ,fre%man ,class 9 ,h>v>d ,college4 ,! au?or has1 at ! same "t1 desir$ to meet ! ne$1 felt 9 our high s*ools1 ( a manual ( ,moral ,sci5ce fitt$ = ! m advanc$ classes4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is treatise1 ! au?or has be5 at no pa9s to avoid say+ :at o!rs _h said be=e4 ,yet ! book is orig9al1 s f> z su* a book c be or ought to be orig9al4 ,! au?or has directly copi$ no?+ except ,dugald ,/ew>t's classification ( ! ,desires4 ,b z 8 read+ = sev]al ye>s has be5 pr9cipally 9 ! dep>tm5t ( e?ics1 x is highly probable t mu* ( :at he supposes to be 8 own ?\ght may h be5 d]iv$ f o!r m9ds4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no small "p ( ! cont5ts ( a "w ( ?is k9d1 :i* is ! common prop]ty ( writ]s1 & mu/ 9 "s =m reappe> 9 e elem5t>y manual4 ,%\ld ?is "w be favorably receiv$1 ! au?or hopes to prep>e1 = high] college-classes1 a textbook1 embrac+ a m detail$ & ?or\gh discussion ( ! que/ions at issue among ! diff]5t s*ools--pa/ & pres5t--( e?ical sci5ce4 ,*apt] #a4 ,,action4 ,an act or action is a volunt>y ex]cise ( any p[] ( body or m9d4 ,! "* ( an action1 :e!r good or bad1 dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4 ,?us1 if ,i mean to d my neighbor a k9dness by any p>ticul> act1 ! action is k9d1 & !re=e good1 on my "p1 ev5 ?\gh he d]ive no b5efit f x1 or be injur$ by x4 ,if ,i mean to d my neighbor an injury1 ! action is unk9d1 & !re=e bad1 ?\gh x d him no h>m1 or ?\gh x ev5 result to 8 b5efit4 ,if ,i mean to p]=m an action1 good or bad1 & am prev5t$ f p]=m+ x by "s un=ese5 h9drance1 ! act is z truly m9e z if ,i _h p]=m$ x4 ,words :i* h any mean+ are actions4 ,s are ?\ghts :i* we purposely call up1 or reta9 9 ! m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! actions :i* we are compell$ to p]=m aga9/ our wi%es1 & ! ?\ghts :i* are =c$ ^u our m9ds1 )\t our own cons5t1 are n our actions4 ,?is is obvi\sly true :5 our fell[-m5 =cibly compel u to d or to he> ?+s :i* we d n wi% to d or to he>4 ,x is _! action solely1 & we h no m "p 9 x ?an if we 7 brute bea/s1 or inanimate objects4 ,x is1 !n1 ! int5tion t gives "* to ! action4 ,t we commonly d :at we int5d to d !re c be no d\bt4 ,we d n act "u imm$iate compulsion4 ,we are1 !re=e1 free ag5ts1 or actors4 ,b are our int5tions free8 ,is x 9 our p[] to w o!rwise ?an we w8 ,:5 we *oose to p]=m an act t is j or k9d1 is x 9 our p[] to *oose to p]=m an act ( ! opposite "*8 ,9 o!r words1 is ! w free8 ,if x be n s1 !n :at we call our int5tions are n ours1 b are to be attribut$ to ! sup]ior w :i* has giv5 direction to our wills4 ,if ,god has s arrang$ ! ord] ( nature & ! c\rse ( ev5ts z to =ce my w 9 c]ta9 directions1 good or evil1 !n x is ,he t does ! good or evil :i* ,i seem to d4 ,on ?is supposition ,god is ! only ag5t or actor 9 ! univ]se4 ,evil1 if x be wr\ght1 is wr\ght by ,him alone2 & if we _c admit t ! ,supreme ,be+ does evil1 ! only alt]native is to d5y ! exi/5ce ( evil1 & to ma9ta9 t :at we call evil be>s an ess5tial "p 9 ! production ( good4 ,= in/ance1 if ! horrible enormities imput$ to ,n]o 7 utt]ly bad1 ! evil t 0 9 !m is *>geable1 n on ,n]o1 b on ,god2 or if x be ma9ta9$ t ,god _c d evil1 !n ,n]o 0 an in/rum5t = ! advancem5t ( human happ9ess & well-be+4 ,:at reasons h we = believ+ t ! human w is free8 #a4 ,we h ! direct evid5ce ( consci\sness4 ,we are di/9ctly consci\s1 n only ( do+ z we *oose1 b ( ex]cis+ our free *oice among diff]5t objects ( desire1 betwe5 imm$iate & future enjoym5t1 betwe5 good & evil4 ,n[1 ?\gh consci\sness may sometimes deceive u1 x is ! /ronge/ evid5ce t we c h2 we are s con/itut$ t we _c refuse our cr$5ce to x2 & our belief 9 x lies at ! basis ( all evid5ce & ( all k4 #b4 ,we are cle>ly consci\s ( m]it or dem]it1 ( self-approval or self-condemnation1 9 consequ5ce ( our actions4 ,if our wills 7 act$ ^u by a =ce beyond our control1 we might congratulate or pity ourselves1 b we c\ld n praise or blame ourselves1 = :at we _h done4 #c4 ,we praise or blame o!rs = _! good or evil actions2 & 9 our conduct t[>d !m we %[ t we believe !m to h be5 n m]ely =tunate or un=tunate1 b praisewor?y or blamewor?y4 ,s f> z we suppose _! wills to h be5 influ5c$ by circum/ances beyond _! control1 we reg>d !m ) dim9i%$ approval or c5sure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we give ! highe/ praise to ^? :o h *os5 ! good amid/ /rong temptations to evil1 & be/[ ! sev]e/ c5sure on ^? :o h done evil ) virtu\s surr\nd+s & influ5ces4 ,n[ our judgm5t ( o!rs mu/ ( necessity be d]iv$ f our own consci\sness1 & if we reg>d & treat !m z freely will+ be+s1 x c only be because we "k t our own wills are free4 ,^! argum5ts1 all d]iv$ f consci\sness1 c be directly met only by d5y+ ! validity ( consci\sness z a gr\nd ( belief4 ,! oppos+ argum5ts are drawn f s\rces indep5d5t ( consci\sness4 #a4 ,! mo/ obvi\s objection to ! fre$om ( ! human w is d]iv$ f ! p[] ( motives4 ,x is said1 ,we nev] act )\t a motive2 we always yield to ! /ronge/ motive2 & motives are n ( our own creation or *oice1 b are br\ght to be> ^u u indep5d5tly ( our own action4 ,!re has be51 f ! creation until n[1 an unbrok5 s]ies ( causes & effects1 & we c trace e human volition to "s ant]ior cause or causes belong+ to ?is inevitable s]ies1 s t1 9 ord] = ! volition to h be5 o!r ?an x 01 "s memb] ( ?is s]ies mu/ h be5 displac$4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$3-- 7a7 ,we are capable ( act+ )\t a motive1 & we d s act 9 numb]less in/ances4 ,x 0 a common say+ among ! ,s*oolm51 t an ass1 at equal di/ances f two equal bundles ( hay1 w\ld />ve to dea? = lack ( a motive to *oose ei!r4 ,b h we any motive :atev] 9 ! _m cases 9 :i* we *oose--sometimes aft] ! va9 endeavor to discov] a gr\nd ( pref]5ce--betwe5 two equally valuable1 beautiful1 or appetiz+ objects1 betwe5 two equally pleasant r\tes to ! same t]m9us1 or betwe5 two equally agreeable modes ( pass+ a leisure day or h\r8 ,yet ?is *oice1 made )\t motive1 may be a fruitful cause ( motives t %all h a l>ge influ5ce 9 ! future4 ,?us1 on ! r\te :i* "o *ooses )\t any assignable reason1 he may enc\nt] p]sons or ev5ts t %all modify 8 :ole plan ( life4 ,! in/ances are by no means few1 9 :i* ! mo/ decisive results h ensu$ ^u a *oice ?us made entirely )\t motive4 7b7 ,motives ( equal /r5g? act diff]5tly on diff]5t temp]am5ts4 ,! same motive1 :5 x /&s alone1 ) no oppos+ motive1 has n ! same effect on diff]5t m9ds4 ,!re is 9 ! w ( e human be+ a c]ta9 reluctance to action--9 "s great]1 9 o!rs less--correspond+ to ! vis in]ti 9 inanimate sub/ances2 & z ! impulse :i* w move a wood5 ball may n suffice to move a lead5 ball1 s ! motive :i* w />t into action a quick & s5sitive temp]am5t1 may produce no effect on a p]son ( m sluggi% nature4 ,?us1 among m5 utt]ly de/itute ( hone/y1 "s are tempt$ by ! mo/ paltry opportunities = !ft or fraud2 o!rs1 n "o :it m scrupul\s1 h _! cupidity ar\s$ only by ! prospect ( "s sub/antial ga94 ,s1 too1 "s s9c]ely b5evol5t p]sons are mov$ to *>itable actions by ! slighte/ ne$s & suff]+s2 o!rs1 equally k9d & g5]\s1 h _! sympa?ies excit$ only on grave occasions & by imp]ative claims4 ,motives1 !n1 h n a det]m9ate & calculable /r5g?1 b a p[] :i* v>ies ) ! previ\s "* ( ! p]son to :om !y are address$4 ,moreov]1 ! great] or less susceptibility to motives f )\t is n a diff]5ce produc$ by education or surr\nd+s2 = x may be trac$ 9 *ildr5 f ! e>lie/ developm5t ( "*4 ,nor c x be h]$it>y2 = x may be f\nd among *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts1 & n infrequ5tly betwe5 tw9s nurtur$ "u precisely ! same c>e1 in/ruction1 & discipl9e4 7c7 ,ext]nal motives are n ! causes ( action1 b m]ely its occasions or opportunities4 ,! cause ( ! action already exi/s 9 ! "* ( ! ag5t1 be=e ! motive pres5ts itself4 ,a purse ( gold t may be /ol5 )\t detection is an irresi/ible motive to a ?ief1 or to a p]son :o1 ?\gh n previ\sly a ?ief1 is covet\s & unpr9cipl$2 b ! same purse might lie 9 ! way ( an hone/ man e day = a mon?1 & x w\ld n make him a ?ief4 ,if ,i recognize ! pres5ce ( a motive1 ,i mu/ p]=m "s action1 :e!r ext]ior or int]nal2 b :e!r t action w be 9 accordance ) ! motive1 or 9 ! opposite direction1 is det]m9$ by my previ\s "* & habits ( action4 7d7 ,! objection :i* we are consid]+ assumes1 )\t suffici5t reason1 t ! ph5om5a ( human action are closely analog\s to ^? ( motion 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,! analogy fails 9 sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,no mat]ial object c act on itself & *ange its own nature1 adaptations1 or uses1 )\t any ext]nal cause2 b ! human m9d c act ^u itself )\t any ext]nal cause1 z 9 rep5tance1 s]i\s reflection1 religi\s purposes & aims4 ,!n aga91 if two or m =ces 9 diff]5t directions act ^u a mat]ial object1 its motion is n 9 ! direction ( ei!r1 or ) ! mom5tum d]iv$ f ei!r1 b 9 a direction & ) a mom5tum result+ f ! composition ( ^! =ces2 :]eas ! human w1 9 ! pres5ce ( two or m motives1 pursues ! direction & yields to ! =ce ( b "o ( ^? motives4 ,we are n1 !n1 au?oriz$ to reason ab\t ! p[] ( motives f ! action ( mat]ial =ces4 7e7 ,7 ! argum5ts aga9/ ! fre$om ( ! w logically s\nd & unansw]able1 !y w\ld be ( no avail aga9/ ! te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,axioms1 intuitive beliefs1 & tru?s ( consci\sness c be nei!r prov$ nor disprov$ by reason+2 & ! reason+ by :i* !y seem to be disprov$ only ev9ces t !y are beyond ! range & rea* ( argum5t4 ,?us x may be ma9ta9$ ) %[ ( reason t motion is impossible2 = an object _c move :]e x is1 & _c move :]e x is n1--a dilemma :i* does n disprove ! reality ( motion1 b simply indicates t ! reality ( motion1 be+ an intuitive belief1 nei!r ne$s nor admits logical pro(4 #b4 ,x is urg$ aga9/ ! fre$om ( ! human w t x is inconsi/5t ) ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( future ev5ts1 & ?us repres5ts ! ,supreme ,be+ z n omnisci5t1 & 9 t p>ticul> f9ite & imp]fect4 ,to ?is objection we reply3-- 7a7 ,if human fre$om & ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge ( human acts are mutually incompatible1 we mu/ /ill reta9 ! fre$om ( ! w z a tru? ( consci\sness2 = if we discr$it our own consci\sness1 we _c tru/ ev5 ! act ( ! und]/&+ by :i* we set x aside1 :i* act we "k by ! te/imony ( consci\sness alone4 7b7 ,if ! acts ( a freely will+ be+ _c be =ekn[n1 ! ignorance ( !m does n detract f ! p]fectness ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,omnipot5ce _c make two & two five4 ,omnipot5ce _c d :at is intr9sically impossible4 ,no m c ,omnisci5ce "k :at is intr9sically unkn[able4 7c7 ,if ,god's =ekn[l$ge is entire1 x mu/ include 8 own acts1 no less ?an ^? ( m54 ,if 8 =ekn[l$ge ( m5's acts is incompatible ) _! fre$om1 !n 8 =ekn[l$ge ( 8 own acts is incompatible ) 8 own fre$om4 ,we h1 !re=e1 on ! !ory ( necessity1 in/ead ( a ,supreme ,w on ! ?rone ( ! univ]se1 m]e fate or de/9y4 ,?is is equival5t to ! d5ial ( a p]sonal ,god4 7d7 ,x _c be prov$ t ,god's =ekn[l$ge & man's free w are incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,! mo/ t we c say is t we d n fully see h[ !y are to be reconcil$1 :i* is ! case ) _m pairs ( und\bt$ tru?s t might be nam$4 ,b :ile a p]fect explanation ( ! h>mony ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge & human fre$om is beyond ! scope ( our faculties1 we may expla9 x 9 "p1 f our own exp]i5ce4 ,human =ekn[l$ge ext5ds v f> & ) a great degree ( c]ta9ty1 )\t abridg+ ! fre$om ( ^? to :om x relates4 ,:5 we c =esee outw>d ev5ts1 we c (t5 =etell1 ) little dang] ( mi/ake1 ! c\rses ( conduct to :i* !y w give rise4 ,9 view ( ! ext5t & accuracy ( human =esight1 we _c pron\nce x impossible1 t ,he :o possesses antec$5t k ( ! native con/itution ( e human be+1 & ( ! %ap+ circum/ances & influ5ces to :i* ea* be+ is subject$1 may =ekn[ m5's acts1 ev5 ?\gh _! wills be entirely free4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,spr+s ,,( ,,action4 ,!re are c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! human con/itution1 9 "p natural1 9 "p acquir$1 :i* always prompt & urge m5 to action1 )\t ref]5ce to ! good or evil !re may be 9 ! action1 & )\t ref]5ce to its ultimate effects on ! actor's well-be+4 ,^! are ! ,appetites1 ! ,desires1 & ! ,affections4 ,section ,i4 ,! ,appetites4 ,! ,appetites are crav+s ( ! body1 adapt$1 & und\bt$ly design$1 to secure ! cont9u$ life ( ! individual & ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,!y are common to man ) ! l[] ord]s ( animals1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 man !y may be controll$1 direct$1 modifi$1 9 "p suppress$1 :ile 9 brutes !y are uncontrollable1 & always t5d to ! same modes ( gratification4 ,appetite is int]mitt5t4 ,:5 gratifi$1 x ceases = a "t1 & is r5ew$ = ! same p]son ne>ly at ! same int]vals1 & "u simil> circum/ances4 ,x is1 :ile x la/s1 an uneasy1 ev5 a pa9ful s5sation1 & !re=e dem&s prompt relief1 & leads to action ) a view to su* relief4 ,x is also a *>act]i/ic ( appetite t its indulg5ce is att5d$1 n m]ely by relief1 b by positive pleasure4 ,! appetites are ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( m51 individually & collectively4 ,7 x n = ! pa9 ( hung] & ?ir/1 & ! pleasure ( gratify+ !m1 bo? indol5ce & engross+ indu/ry w\ld draw (f ! att5tion ( m5 f _! bodily ne$s2 n\ri%m5t w\ld be tak5 irregul>ly1 & ) little ref]5ce to quality2 & "o w\ld (t5 become aw>e ( 8 neglect only too late to arre/ its consequ5ces4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to ! appetite design$ to secure ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,b = ?is1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r m5 w\ld will+ly take ^u !mselves ! c>es1 labors1 responsibilities1 & cont+5t disappo9tm5ts & sorr[s involv$ 9 ! re>+ ( *ildr54 ,9 a life con=m$ to nature1 hung] & ?ir/ recur only :5 ! body actually ne$s ! supply :i* !y crave4 ,b /imulat+ food1 by ! reaction t foll[s /rong excitem5t ( any portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 may create hung] :5 !re is no ne$ ( food1 & 9 l mann] n only intoxicat+1 b highly /imulat+ liquids1 may occasion an excessive1 morbid1 & injuri\s ?ir/4 ,appetite is modifi$ by habit4 ,!re is h>dly any sub/ance s (f5sive t x may n by use become agreeable1 !n an object ( desire1 &1 at l5g?1 ( int5se crav+4 ,! crav+ = repose & t = muscul> action1 ?\gh n class$ among ! appetites1 h all _! *>act]i/ics1 & s]ve simil> ends 9 ! economy ( human life4 ,aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ( activity1 re/ is felt z a bodily necessity1 z food is1 aft] long fa/+2 & 9 l mann]1 :5 ! we>i$ muscles h _h _! due repose1 !re is an irresi/ible t5d5cy to _! ex]cise1 )\t ref]5ce to any special employm5t or recreation4 ,x is by ! alt]nation ( ^! t5d5cies t ! active & indu/ri\s are sav$ f ! ru9\s consequ5ces ( ov]task$ limbs or bra91 & t ! indol5t are urg$ to ! reluctant activity )\t :i* heal? & life itself w\ld be sacrific$4 ,! appetites1 be+ m]e bodily impulses1 & be+ all liable to excess or misdirection1 ne$ ! control ( ! w1 & ( ! pr9ciples ( action by :i* ! w is det]m9$ & regulat$4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,desires4 ,! ,desires are di/+ui%$ f ! ,appetites1 fir/1 9 _! n orig9at+ f ! body2 secondly1 9 _! n be+ necess>ily int]mitt5t2 & ?irdly1 9 _! t5d5cy to increase indef9itely1 (t5 ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 & to ga9 /r5g? by ! atta9m5t ( _! specific objects4 ,if classifi$ by _! objects1 !y might seem too num]\s to be specifi$2 b !y may all be embrac$ "u ! titles ( ! ,desire = ,k1 = ,society1 = ,e/eem1 = ,p[]1 & = ,sup]iority4 ,^! all may be trac$1 9 a m or less rudim5t>y =m1 9 ! inf]ior animals4 ,_m ( ^! animals %[ an active curiosity4 ,_m are greg>i\s 9 _! native /ate1 & mo/ ( ! dome/ic animals delight 9 ! society ( _! k9d2 "s take manife/ pleasure 9 human society2 & ! in/ances are by no means r>e1 9 :i* animals1 by nature mutually ho/ile1 become /rongly atta*$ to ea* o!r1 & r5d] to ea* o!r ! mo/ fri5dly s]vices4 ,! dog1 ! horse1 & ! cat evid5tly crave ! e/eem ( human be+s1 & %[ tok5s ( g5u9e grief :5 !y incur rebuke or disc]n tok5s ( disapproval4 ,! dog ma9ta9s ) wat*ful jeal\sy 8 own au?ority 9 8 own peculi> doma92 & 9 ! *ase or on ! race-gr\nd ! dog & ! horse are z emul\s ( success z _! ma/]s4 99#a4 ,! ,desire ( ,k499 ,?is 9 ! human be+ is manife/$ ) ! e>lie/ dawn ( intellig5ce4 ,! infant is busy ) eye & h& ?r\gh\t 8 wak+ h\rs2 & t ! desire ( k is innate1 & has no ref]5ce to ! use t is to be made ( ! ?+s kn[n1 is manife/ f ! rapid gr[? ( k 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( life1 be=e ! *ild has any di/9ct conception ( ! uses ( objects1 or any consci\s capacity ( employ+ !m = 8 own b5efit4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r 9 any subsequ5t ye> ( life s mu* k is acquir$ z dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,! *ild b a ye> old has le>n$ ! nature ( ! famili> objects ( ! h\se & ! /reet1 ! faces & names ( a l>ge numb] ( relatives1 dome/ics1 & acqua9tances1 ! regul> succession ( seasons & ev5ts 9 daily dome/ic life1 & ! mean+s ( mo/ ( ! words t are address$ to him or employ$ conc]n+ him & ! objects ar\nd him4 ,9 m advanc$ life ?is desire gr[s by :at x fe$s on1 & nev] ceases to be active4 ,x assumes1 inde$1 diff]5t directions1 9 "p det]m9+1 & 9 "p det]m9$ by1 condition1 pr(ession1 or employm5t4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ idle & frivol\s1 x is /rong1 (t5 int5se1 ?\gh its objects be wor?less4 ,su* p]sons frequ5tly are z s$ul\s 9 collect+ ! paltry gossip ( society z ! naturali/ 9 acquir+ ! k ( new species ( plants or insects1 & z +5i\s 9 _! inf]5ces f :at !y see & he> z ! philosoph] 9 8 inductions f ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,n only 9 infancy1 b ?r\gh life1 k is s\ght evid5tly = its own sake1 & n m]ely = its uses4 ,b a v small "p ( :at "o kn[s c be made ( practical utility z to 8 own com=t or emolum5t4 ,_m1 inde$1 volunt>ily sacrifice ease1 ga91 position1 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce or lit]ature4 ,fame1 if x accrues1 is n unwelcome2 b by ! high] ord] ( m9ds fame is n pursu$ z an end1 & !re are _m dep>tm5ts ( k 9 :i* little or no reputation is to be atta9$4 ,!n1 too1 x is n ! le>n]1 b ! tea*]1 n ! pr(\nd s*ol>1 m]ely1 b ! able expositor1 speak]1 or writ]1 :o c expect a di/+ui%$ "n2 :ile !re are _m :o cont5t !mselves ) acquir+ k1 )\t attempt+ publicity4 ,nor yet c b5evol5ce acc\nt = ! love ( k4 ,_m1 inde$1 make _! atta9m5ts ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 & are zeal\s 9 diffus+ _! own sci5tific views1 or 9 disp5s+ in/ruction 9 _! own dep>tm5ts4 ,b !re are also _m solit>y1 recluse /ud5ts2 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 if a man :o is e>ne/ly engag$ 9 any intellectual pursuit 7 %ut out entirely f human society1 & left alone ) 8 books or ) nature1 8 dilig5ce w\ld be relax$1 or 8 ardor abat$4 99#b4 ,! ,desire ( ,society499 ,?is1 also1 is manife/$ s e>ly z to %[ t x is an orig9al1 & n an acquir$ pr9ciple4 ,little *ildr5 dread solitude1 crave ! pres5ce ( famili> faces1 & ev9ce pleasure 9 ! company ( *ildr5 ( _! own age4 ,a *ild1 re>$ 9 comp>ative seclusion & sil5ce1 h[ev] t5d]ly1 suff]s (t5 9 heal?1 always 9 m5tal vigor & ela/icity2 :ile 9 a l>ge family1 & 9 intimate association ) companions ( 8 own age1 ! individual *ild has ! fulle/ & mo/ rapid developm5t ( all 8 p[]s4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 ! lives ( _m *ildr51 a p]iod :5 ! pres5ce ( /rang]s is unwelcome2 b ?is /ate ( feel+--seldom ( long duration--c 9 mo/ in/ances be trac$ to "s sudd5 fright1 h>% voice1 or imag9$ neglect or unk9dness4 ,! natural c\rse ( human life proves t man is by ! necessity ( 8 nature a social be+4 ,! "y ( o!r animals are at a v e>ly p]iod emancipat$ & =sak5 by _! p>5ts1 :ile ! human *ild has _m ye>s ( dep5d5ce1 & is h>dly prep>$ to disp5se ) ! %elt] & k9d (fices ( 8 native home1 :5 he is mov$ to create a new home ( 8 own4 ,!re is no pursuit 9 life 9 :i* a community ( int]e/ fails to give add$ ze/ & en]gy4 ,!re is no possible gr\nd ( association on :i* societies are n =m$1 & ! trivial1 fictiti\s1 or imag9>y pret5ces on :i* m5 ?us comb9e1 meet1 & act 9 conc]t1 are manife/ pro(s ( a social proclivity s /rong z to create reasons = its indulg5ce :]e su* reasons d n already exi/4 ,ev5 9 sci5ce & 9 ! mo/ ab/ruse =ms ( erudition1 m5 ( le>n+ seek mutual c\nt5ance & enc\ragem5t1 & readily susp5d _! solit>y rese>* & /udy = ! opportunity ( int]communication on ! subjects & objects ( _! pursuit4 ,! cases 9 :i* society is volunt>ily %unn$ or =sak5 are z r>e z ! cases ( cong5ital disease or de=mity2 & = e su* in/ance !re may g5]ally be assign$ "s grave1 if n suffici5t1 cause4 ,religi\s asceticism has1 inde$1 induc$ _m p]sons1 especially 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages1 to lead a solit>y life2 b ! cnobites h always va/ly outnumb]$ ! h]mits2 mona/]ies 7solit>y abodes7 h become conv5ts 7assemblages72 & ^? :o are %ut out f ! re/ ( ! _w f9d com=t 9 social devotion1 9 ! common refectory1 & 9 ^? seasons ( recreation :5 ! law ( sil5ce is susp5d$4 ,= prison]s solit>y conf9em5t has be5 f\nd delet]i\s bo? to body & m9d1 & ?is sy/em1 in/itut$ ) philan?ropic purpose1 & comm5d$ on gr\nds t seem$ intimately connect$ ) ! re=mation ( ! guilty1 is n[ g5]ally repudiat$ z do+ viol5ce to human nature4 ,ev5 = ! insane1 society1 ) judici\s classification & re/riction1 is an ess5tial "p ( curative treatm5t1 & ! success ( asylums1 z comp>$ ) ! mo/ skilful & humane private treatm5t1 is due 9 great "p to ! social elem5t4 ,x _c be ma9ta9$ t ! desire ( society results f fe>1 & f ! felt ne$ ( mutual protection2 = x exi/s 9 full at ! mo/ fe>less p]iods ( life1 & among ^? :o are ! lea/ timid1 & is equally manife/ 9 ! /rong & ! weak1 9 ^? :o c pr(f] & 9 ^? :o might crave protection4 99#c4 ,! ,desire ( ,e/eem499 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to say t ?is is a native & inde/ructible elem5t ( ! human con/itution4 ,its fir/ manife/ations be> ev5 date ) ! e>lie/ displays ( intellig5ce & affection4 ,to ! infant1 approval is rew>d2 rebuke1 ev5 by look1 is puni%m5t4 ,! hope ( e/eem is ! mo/ heal?ful & effective /imulant 9 ! difficult tasks ( *ildhood & ( s*ool-life4 ,"u ! discipl9e ( p>5ts bo? wise & good1 x is among ! mo/ important & salut>y means ( moral discipl9e4 ,x is seldom defici5t 9 "y p]sons4 ,_! *ief dang] lies 9 its excess2 = :5 x is too /rongly develop$1 x incl9es !m to seek at all haz>ds ! approval ( _! associates = ! "t be+4 ,h5ce ! *ief dang] f vici\s or unscrupul\s associates4 ,! fir/ /eps 9 vice are (t5] prompt$1 no d\bt1 by ! desire = ! complac5t reg>d ( "o's companions ?an by an antec$5t disposition to evil4 ,inde$1 ! confession is (t5 made1 t ^! /eps 7 tak5 ) compunction & horror1 solely f ! fe> ( ridicule & f ! desire to w9 ! approval & favor ( old] transgressors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! desire ( ! e/eem ( good m5 is "o ( ! /ronge/ auxili>y motives to virtue2 :ile a ye>n+ = ! ,div9e approval =ms an ess5tial "p ( true piety t[>ds ,god4 99#d4 ,! ,desire ( ,p[]499 ,?is is manife/$ 9 e p]iod ( life1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( e faculty1 bodily1 m5tal1 & moral4 ,x is ?is :i* gives u pleasure 9 solit>y ex]cises ( physical /r5g?1 9 climb+ m\nta9s1 swimm+1 lift+ heavy weights1 p]=m+ difficult gymna/ic feats4 ,x is ?is1 m ?an delib]ate cruelty1 t induces boys to torture animals1 or to oppress & torm5t _! weak] or m timid companions4 ,9 intellectual pursuits1 ! love ( p[] leads to _m ex]cises & ef=ts t h no ult]ior result4 ,! ma!matician w turn aside f 8 c\rse ( /udy to ma/] a problem1 :i* involves no new pr9ciple1 b is m]ely difficult & p]plex+4 ,! read+ ( books obscurely writt51 or 9 languages t task ! utmo/ p[] ( analysis1 frequ5tly has no o!r result1 & probably no o!r object1 ?an ! trial ( /r5g?4 ,:at c be atta9$ only by /r5u\s m5tal labor1 is = t v reason s\ght1 ev5 if x promise no utility4 ,9 ! affairs ( practical life1 e man desires to make 8 influ5ce felt4 ,) p]sons ( ! highe/ "*1 ! love ( p[] is manife/ 9 connection ) ! aim to be useful4 ,ev5 ! mo/ mode/ m51 :ile !y may spurn flatt]y1 are gladd5$ by kn[+ t !y are act+ ^u ! wills & %ap+ ! *>act]s ( ^? ar\nd !m4 ,! love ( prop]ty belongs 9 great "p "u ?is head4 ,money is p[]1 prem95tly s at ! pres5t day4 ,prop]ty conf]s influ5ce1 & puts at "o's comm& res\rces t may be ! means ( ext5d$ & gr[+ p[] alike ov] inanimate nature & ! wills ( m54 ,av>ice1 or ! desire ( money = its own sake1 is n an orig9al desire4 ,few or none are av>ici\s 9 v e>ly life4 ,b money1 fir/ s\ght = ! p[] x conf]s1 f be+ a means becomes an end1 to su* a degree t1 9 ord] to possess x1 ! mis] w =ego ! v uses = :i* he at ! outset le>n$ to value x4 99#e4 ,! ,desire ( ,sup]iority499 ,?is is s ne>ly univ]sal 9 all conditions ( society1 & at all p]iods ( life1 t x mu/ be reg>d$ z an orig9al elem5t ( human nature4 ,)\t x !re w\ld be little progress4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 m5 /imulate "o ano!r t[>d a high] /&>d ( endeavor1 atta9m5t1 or excell5ce4 ,:at ea* does1 8 neighbor w\ld fa9 outdo2 :at ea* becomes1 8 neighbor w\ld fa9 surpass4 ,x is only by p]v]sion t ?is desire t5ds to evil4 ,x f9ds its prop] satisfaction1 n 9 cru%+1 depress+1 or injur+ a rival1 b b>ely 9 ov]tak+ & excell+ him2 & ! high] 8 po9t ( atta9m5t1 ! great] is ! complac5cy exp]i5c$ 9 rea*+ & transc5d+ x4 ,on ! race-gr\nd1 ,i d n want to compete ) a sl[ runn]1 nor w x af=d me ! slighte/ satisfaction to w9 ! race by tripp+ up my competitor2 :at ,i want is to mat* myself ) ! be/ runn] on a fair field1 & to %[ myself 8 equal or sup]ior4 ,! object /riv5 = is ! individual's own ideal1 & ^? :om he successively passes on 8 c\rse m>k b successive /ages on 8 progress t[>d t ideal4 ,?us1 9 ! pursuit ( moral excell5ce1 x is only a mean & a bad man :o c imag9e t he ga9s any?+ by detract+ f ! m]it ( o!rs2 b he :o is s9c]ely cont5d+ = a high place among virtu\s m51 rejoices 9 ! signal examples ( goodness ( e k9d :i* x is 8 privilege to emulate1 & rejoices mo/ ( all t ! ideal ( p]fect excell5ce--once only actualiz$ 9 human =m--is s pure & l(ty t x may be 8 life-"w to approa* x )\t rea*+ x4 ,emulation is n envy1 nor ne$ x lead to envy4 ,among ^? :o /rive = sup]iority !re ne$ be no collision4 ,! natural desire is to be1 n to seem1 sup]ior2 to h ! consci\sness1 n ! m]e outw>d semblance1 ( high atta9m5t2 & ( atta9m5t1 n by a conv5tional1 b by an absolute /&>d2 & ?is aim excludes none1--!re may be z _m fir/ places z !re are des]v+ c&idates = !m4 ,!n1 too1 !re is s wide a div]sity ( ideals1 bo? 9 degree & 9 k9d1 !re are s _m diff]5t rul+ aims1 & s _m diff]5t r\tes by :i* ^! aims are pursu$1 t !re ne$ be little dang] ( mutual int]f]5ce4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ext]nal rew>ds1 s f> z !y dep5d on ! b\nty ( nature1 ! con/itution ( society1 or ! g5]al e/eem & good w ( m51 ! success ( "o does n preclude ! equal success ( _m2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m]it$ prosp]ity & honor ( ! individual _c fail to be ( b5efit to ! :ole community4 ,x is only 9 (fices cont+5t on election or appo9tm5t t ! aspirant incurs a heavy risk ( failure2 b :5 we consid] h[ meanly m5 are (t5 compell$ to creep into (fice & to grovel 9 x1 x c h>dly be suppos$ t a g5u9e desire ( sup]iority holds a prom95t place among ! motives ( ^! :o are will+ly dep5d5t on patronage or on popul> suffrage4 ,^! desires1 accord+ z "o or ano!r has ! asc5d5cy1 prompt to action1 )\t ref]5ce to ! good or ! evil !re may be 9 ! action2 & !y !re=e ne$ ! control ( reason1 & ( ! pr9ciples :i* reason recognizes 9 ! gov]nm5t ( conduct4 ,section ,,iii4 ,! ,affections4 99,! ,affections are di/+ui%$ f ! ,desires991 ma9ly 9 ^! two p>ticul>s3 fir/1 t ! ,desires are = imp]sonal objects1 ! ,affections1 = p]sons2 & secondly1 t ! ,desires prompt to actions t h a direct ref]5ce to "o's self2 ! ,affections1 to actions t h a direct ref]5ce to o!rs4 ,! ,affections are 99b5evol5t99 or 99malevol5t994 #a4 ,! 99b5evol5t affections99 are ,love1 ,rev]5ce1 ,gratitude1 ,k9dness1 ,pity1 & ,sympa?y4 99,love99 ne$s no def9ition1 & admits ( none4 ,x probably nev] exi/s uncaus$2 ?\gh x survives all real or imag9$ gr\nd = x1 & 9 "s cases seems r5d]$ only ! m int5se by ! admitt$ unwor?9ess ( its object4 ,:5 x is n ! reason = m>riage1 x c h>dly fail to gr[ f ! conjugal relation betwe5 "o man & "o woman1 if ! mutual duties belong+ to t relation be held sacr$4 ,x is inconceivable t a "m %\ld n love h] *ild1 inevitably ca/ ^u h] protection f ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 be+2 ! fa!r :o ext5ds a fa!r's c>e ov] 8 *ildr5 f9ds 9 t c>e a con/ant s\rce ( love2 & ! *ildr51 wak+ into consci\s life "u ! m9i/ries ( p>5tal b5ignity & k9dness1 h no emotion s e>ly1 & no e>ly emotion s /rong1 z filial love4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re is among ! memb]s ( ! same family a natural affection1 indep5d5t ( relations practically recogniz$ 9 dome/ic life4 ,x is v c]ta9 t at bo? extremities ( ! social scale family affection is liable to be impair$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! delegation ( p>5tal duties to hirel+s1 &1 on ! o!r1 by ! inability to r5d] !m con/antly & effici5tly4 ,we may obs]ve also a diff]5ce 9 family affection1 traceable indirectly to ! influ5ce ( climate4 ,out-(-door life is unfavorable to ! intimate union ( families2 :ile dome/ic love is manife/ly ! /ronge/ 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! %elt] & he>? ( ! common home are necess>y = a l>ge portion ( ! ye>4 99,fri5d%ip99 is b ano!r "n = love betwe5 p]sons unconnect$ by dome/ic relations1 actual or prospective4 99,love = ! ,supreme ,be+991 or piety1 diff]s n 9 k9d f ! *ild's love = ! p>5t2 b x rightfully transc5ds all o!r love1 inasmu* z ! b5efits receiv$ f ,god include & surpass all o!r b5efits4 ,to awake1 !n1 to a consci\sness ( our actual relation to ,god1 is 8to love ,him ) all ! he>t1 & ) all ! und]/&+1 & all ! s\l1 & all ! /r5g?40 99,rev]5ce99 is ! s5tim5t inspir$ by advanc$ sup]iority 9 su* traits ( m9d & "* z we reg>d ) complac5cy 9 ourselves1 or ) e/eem 9 our equals4 ,qualities :i* we d n e/eem we may behold ) admiration 7t is1 wond]71 b n ) rev]5ce4 ,our rev]5ce = age is n = advanc$ ye>s alone1 b = ! valuable exp]i5ce :i* !y are suppos$ to h giv51 & especially = ! maturity ( excell5ce :i* belongs to ! old age ( good m51 ( :i* _! features g5]ally be> ! impress1 & :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( k1 we are prone to ascribe to a v5]able mi5 & aspect4 ,a fooli% or wick$ old man comm&s no rev]5ce by 8 ye>s4 ,god1 z possess+ 9 inf9ite fulness all ! prop]ties :i* we rev]e 9 man1 mu/ ev] be ! wor?y object ( supreme rev]5ce4 ,gratitude1 ?\gh x c h>dly be disjo9$ f love1 is seldom *]i%$ = ! same p]son 9 ! same degree ) love4 ,we love our b5efici>ies m ?an our b5efactors4 ,we love ^? dep5d5t ^u u m ?an ^? on :om we dep5d4 ,! "m's love = h] *ild is ! /ronge/ ( human affections1 & und\bt$ly exce$s t ev5 ( ! *ild = ! "m to :om he owes e b5efit & bless+ "u heav54 ,we may be f]v5tly grateful to p]sons :om we h nev] se52 b !re _c be mu* vividness 9 our love = !m4 ,love to ,god1 :om we h n se51 ne$s to be k9dl$1 r5ew$1 & su/a9$ by gratitude = ! incessant fl[ ( b5efits f ,him1 & by ! promise--cont+5t on "*--( bless+s immeasurable & ev]la/+4 99,k9dness99 is b5evol5ce = "o's k9d1--a delight 9 _! happ9ess & well-be+1 a read9ess to p]=m fri5dly (fices :5ev] & h[ev] !y may be ne$$4 ,9 its l[] =ms x is designat$ z good nature2 :5 int5se & univ]sal1 x is t]m$ philan?ropy4 ,x befits ! individual man z a memb] ( a race ( k9dr$1 & is deem$ s ess5tial an attribute ( ! human "*1 t he :o utt]ly lacks x is br&$ z inhuman1 :ile its active ex]cise 9 ! relief ( want & suff]+ is emphatically t]m$ humanity4 ,pity is ! emotion occasion$ by ! sight or k ( di/ress or pa94 ,:ile )\t x !re c be no g5u9e k9dness1 x may exi/ )\t k9dness4 ,!re are p]sons t5d]ly s5sitive to e =m ( suff]+1 :o yet feel only = ! suff]]1 n ) him1 & :o w\ld reg>d & treat him coldly or h>%ly1 if he 7 n a suff]]4 ,9 su* cases1 pity w\ld seem to be a selfi% feel+2 & !re c be no d\bt t "s m5 relieve di/ress & pov]ty1 z !y w\ld remove we$s f a fl[]-b$1 because !y are (f5sive to ! sight4 99,sympa?y99 is feel+1 n =1 b ) o!rs47#a7 ,x has = its objects successes & joys1 no less ?an suff]+s & sorr[s2 & probably is z real & int5se 9 ! case ( ! =m] z ( ! latt]1 ?\gh its necessity is less felt & its (fices are less priz$ 9 happy ?an 9 sad exp]i5ces4 ,k9dness alone _c produce sympa?y4 ,9 ord] to feel ) ano!r1 we mu/ ei!r h pass$ ?r\gh simil> exp]i5ces1 or mu/ h an imag9ation suffici5tly vivid to make !m di/9ctly pres5t to our ?\ght4 ,?is latt] p[] is by no means necess>y to create ev5 ! highe/ degree ( k9dness or ( pity2 & among ! mo/ active & p]sev]+ 9 works ( practical b5efic5ce1 !re are _m :o feel int5sely =1 yet b fa9tly )1 ! objects ( _! *>ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sympa?y sometimes f9ds its *ief ex]cise 9 s5sational lit]ature1 & !re are p]sons1 pr(\ndly mov$ by fictiti\s repres5tations ( di/ress1 :o yet rema9 inactive & indiff]5t z reg>ds ! real ne$s & suff]+s ar\nd !m t crave relief4 #b4 ,! 99malevol5t affections99 are ,ang]1 ,res5tm5t1 ,envy1 ,rev5ge1 & ,hatr$4 99,ang]99 is ! s5se ( indignation occasion$ by real or imag9$ wrong4 ,:5 excit$ by actual wrong-do+1 & :5 conta9$ )9 reasonable b\nds1 x is n only innoc5t1 b salut>y4 ,x int5sifies ! virtu\s feel+ :i* gives x bir?2 & its due expression is among ! safegu>ds ( society aga9/ corruption & evil4 ,b :5 indulg$ )\t suffici5t cause1 or suff]$ to become excessive or to outla/ its occasion1 x is 9 itself evil1 & x may lead to any & e =m ( social inju/ice1 & ( outrage aga9/ ! rights ( man & ! law ( ,god4 99,res5tm5t99 is ! feel+ excit$ by injury done to ourselves4 ,?is also is innoc5t & natural1 :5 its occasion is suffici5t1 & its limits reasonable4 ,x may prev5t ! repetition ( injury1 & ! spontane\s t5d5cy to x1 :i* is almo/ univ]sal1 is an effici5t def5ce aga9/ insult1 indignity1 & encroa*m5t on ! rights ( individuals4 ,b1 indulg$ or prolong$ beyond ! necessity ( self-def5ce1 x is prone to rev]se ! p>ties1 & to make ! injur$ p]son himself ! wrong-do]4 ,bo? ang] & res5tm5t are 99pa9ful emotions991 & on ?is acc\nt are self-limit$ 9 a well-ord]$ m9d4 ,he :o makes happ9ess 8 aim w1 if wise1 give ^! di/urb+ =ces ! lea/ possible hold ^u him1 :e!r 9 int5sity or 9 duration4 99,envy99 has be5 def9$ z ! excess ( emulation4 ,x seems r to be a defici5cy 9 ! g5u9e pr9ciple ( emulation4 ,! in/9ctive desire ( sup]iority leads u1 z we h se51 to aim at absolutely high atta9m5ts1 & to measure ourselves less by :at o!rs are1 ?an by our own ideal4 ,x is only ^? ( l[] aims1 :o seek to supplant o!rs on _! c>e]4 ,envy is ! attempt1 n to rise or excel1 b to /& comp>atively high by subv]t+ ^? :o hold or seek a high] position4 ,no j man vot$ = ! bani%m5t ( ,ari/ides because he 0 always call$ ! ,j2 b 8 o/racism 0 ! decree ( ^? :o knew t !y c\ld obta9 no reputation = ju/ice till he 7 put out ( _! way4 99,rev5ge99 is ! desire to inflict evil = evil4 ,9 pr9ciple x is always wrong2 = ! evil-do]1 ?\gh he may m]it transi5t ang] & res5tm5t1 is n !re=e plac$ beyond our b5evol5ce1 b is r comm5d$ to our *>ity z "o :o may be re=m$ & may become wor?y ( our e/eem4 ,9 practice1 rev5ge c sc>ce ev] be j4 ,our self-love s exagg]ates our e/imate ( ! wrong we receive1 t we c\ld h>dly fail to retaliate by great] wrong1 & ?us to provoke a r5ewal ( ! injury4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 cases 9 :i* self-def5ce may au?orize ! imm$iate *a/isem5t or disabl+ ( ! wrong-do]1 & 9 an unsettl$ /ate ( society1 :]e !re is no legal protection1 x may be ! "r ( individuals to puni% depr$ation or p]sonal outrage2 b acts ( ?is k9d are to be ju/ifi$ on ! plea ( necessity1 n ( rev5ge4 99,hatr$99 is ! result ( ei!r ( ! malevol5t affections above nam$1 :5 c>ri$ to excess1 or suff]$ to become p]man5t4 ,x precludes ! ex]cise ( all ! b5evol5t affections4 ,no man c rightfully be ! object ( hatr$2 = !re is no man :o has n )9 him "s elem5t or possibility ( good1 none :o has n rights t %\ld be respect$1 none :o is n entitl$ to pity = 8 suff]+s1 &1 /ill m1 = 8 s9s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! affections1 b5evol5t & malevol5t1 are common to man ) l[] animals4 ,love & hatr$ are manife/$ by all ( !m ^: habits are op5 to our inspection2 ang]1 by n a few2 gratitude1 k9dness1 pity1 sympa?y1 res5tm5t1 & rev5ge1 by ! m intellig5t2 envy1 by ^? mo/ completely dome/icat$2 rev]5ce1 p]haps1 by ! dog t[>ds 8 ma/]4 ,! affections all prompt to action1 & d n discrim9ate ! qualities ( actions4 ,h5ce !y ne$ ! control & guidance ( reason1 & c safely be indulg$ only 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples :i* reason recognizes z supreme 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,gov]n+ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,action4 ,! appetites1 desires1 & affections con/itute ! 99impell+ =ce99 9 all action4 ,7 we n possess$ ( !m1 we %\ld n act4 ,!re is no act ( any k9d1 good or bad1 noble or base1 m5tal or bodily1 ( :i* "o or ano!r ( !m is n ! proximate cause4 ,!y are also imp]ative 9 _! dem&s4 ,!y crave imm$iate action1--! appetites1 9 procur+ or us+ ! means ( bodily gratification2 ! desires1 9 ! increase ( _! objects2 ! affections1 9 seek+ or be/[+ _! appropriate tok5s or expressions1 :e!r good or evil4 ,7 !re no *eck1 ! specific appetite1 desire1 or affection to :i* circum/ances gave ! asc5d5cy = ! "t be+1 w\ld act 9 its appropriate direction1 until c\nt]act$ by ano!r1 br\ght into supremacy by a new s]ies ( circum/ances4 ,?is is ! case ) brutes1 s f> z we c obs]ve _! modes ( action4 ,"h1 9 man1 reason int]v5es1 & takes cognizance ( ! t5d5cies & ! qualities ( actions4 99,reason99 consid]s actions "u two po9ts ( view1--int]e/ & obligation1--exp$i5cy & "r4 ,! que/ions :i* we inw>dly ask conc]n+ actions all resolve !mselves into "o ( ^!1--,is ! act useful or desirable = me8 or1 ,is x my "r or my duty8 ,he :o is wont to ask ! =m] ( ^! que/ions is call$ a prud5t man2 he :o habitually asks ! latt] is t]m$ a virtu\s or good man4 ,he :o asks nei!r ( !m yields himself1 aft] ! mann] ( ! brutes1 to ! prompt+s ( appetite1 desire1 & affection1 & ?us f> omits to ex]cise ! reason :i* di/+ui%es him f ! brutes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 99exp$i5cy & "r co9cide994 ,"u ! gov]nm5t ( ,supreme ,b5evol5ce1 x is impossible t :at ought to be done %\ld n conduce to ! welf>e ( him :o does x4 ,b its b5efic5t results may be too remote = him to trace !m1 nay1 may belong to a life beyond dea?1 to :i* human cognizance does n rea*2 :ile :at ought n to be done may promise sub/antial b5efit s f> z man's =esight ext5ds4 ,!n1 too1 x is at lea/ supposable t !re may be cases1 9 :i*1 7 !y solit>y cases1 exp$i5cy might div]ge f "r1 yet 9 :i*1 because !y belong to a class1 x is = ! int]e/ ( society & ( e individual memb] ( society t g5]al laws %\ld be obey$4 ,x is obvi\s also1 t !re are _m cases1 9 :i* ! calculation ( exp$i5cy involves details too num]\s & too complicat$ to be fully und]/ood by a m9d ( ord9>y disc]nm5t1 :ile ! same m9d c cle>ly p]ceive :at c\rse ( conduct is 9 accordance ) ! /rict rule ( "r4 ,/ill f>!r1 9 a "q ( conduct 9 :i* appetite1 desire1 or affection is conc]n$1 we _c take z calm & dispassionate a view ( our true int]e/1 z we %\ld ( ! int]e/ ( ano!r p]son 9 l case4 ,! impell+ =ce may be s /rong1 t = ! "t be+ we s9c]ely reg>d x z exp$i5t--?\gh we "k t x is n "r--to yield to x4 ,= ^! reasons !re is an 99app>5t conflict betwe5 ! useful & ! "r994 ,?\gh a p]fectly wise & dispassionate man might give precisely ! same answ] 9 e in/ance to ! "q ( int]e/ & t ( duty1 m51 limit$ & influ5c$ z !y are1 c h>dly fail 9 _m in/ances to answ] ^! que/ions diff]5tly4 ,! man :o makes 8 own imag9$ good 8 rul+ aim does _m ?+s :i* he w\ld n def5d on ! gr\nd ( "r2 ! man :o det]m9es always to d "r sometimes p]=ms acts ( reput$ & consci\s self-d5ial & self-sacrifice4 ,nor yet c m 99g5]al99 consid]ations ( 99exp$i5cy991 ref]5ce to ! good ( o!rs1 to ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]1 s]ve z a guide to ! "r or a te/ ( ! "r4 ,we h less =esight z reg>ds o!rs ?an z reg>ds ourselves2 ! details involv$ 9 ! true int]e/ ( any community1 society1 or numb] ( p]sons1 are necess>ily m num]\s & complicat$ ?an ^? involv$ 9 our own well-be+2 &1 if n appetite or desire1 ! b5evol5t or malevol5t affections are fully z apt to w>p our judgm5t & to misdirect our conduct 9 ! case ( o!rs z 9 our own case4 ,we p]ceive !n t 99exp$i5cy991 :e!r ) ref]5ce to ourselves or to o!rs1 99is n a tru/wor?y rule ( conduct994 ,yet :ile x _c hold ! fir/ place1 x occupies an important place2 = !re are _m cases 9 :i* ! "q be=e u is n :at we ought to d1 b :at x is be/ = u to d4 ,?us1 if !re be sev]al acts1 all equally "r1 only "o ( :i* c be p]=m$1 we are evid5tly entitl$ to p]=m ! act :i* w be mo/ pleas+ or useful to ourselves4 ,if !re be an end :i* x is our "r or duty to atta91 & !re be sev]al equally innoc5t modes ( atta9+ x1 ! "q = u is1 by :i* ( ^! modes we may f9d ! lea/ difficulty or ga9 ! highe/ enjoym5t or advantage4 ,if !re be sev]al duties incumb5t ^u u at ! same "t & place1 all ( :i* h equal intr9sic claims1 yet "o ( :i* mu/ necess>ily take prec$5ce ( ! re/1 ! "q :i* %all h prec$5ce is a "q ( exp$i5cy1 t by :i* we may d ! mo/ good be+ ! =emo/ duty4 99,exp$i5cy is n a *>act]i/ic ( actions499 ,an act is n 9 itself exp$i5t or inexp$i5t1 b is made "o or ! o!r by v>y+ circum/ances alone2 :ile !re are acts 9 !mselves good :i* no possible circum/ances c\ld make bad1 & !re are acts 9 !mselves bad :i* no possible circum/ances c\ld make good4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re be a sci5ce :i* has = its prov9ce ! intr9sic qualities ( actions1 que/ions ( exp$i5cy h no place 9 su* a sci5ce4 99,moral ,philosophy1 or ,e?ics99 7synonym\s t]ms71 is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( human actions4 ,! t]m morals is (t5 appli$ to ext]nal actions2 b always ) ref]5ce to ! int5tions f :i* !y proce$4 ,we c conceive ( ! treatm5t ( actions "u v>i\s aspects1 z wise or unwise1 agreeable or disagreeable1 spontane\s or delib]ate2 b by ! common cons5t ( mank9d1 at lea/ ( ! civiliz$ & enlight5$ portion ( mank9d1 ! di/9ction ( actions z "r or wrong is reg>d$ z ( an importance s f> transc5d+ all o!r di/9ctions1 z to r5d] !m ( comp>atively little mom5t4 ,!re=e ,moral ,philosophy conf9es itself to ?is s+le di/9ction1 & takes cognizance ( o!rs1 only z !y modify ?is1 or are modifi$ by x4 ,! que/ions :i* ,moral ,philosophy asks & answ]s are ^!3--,:at con/itutes ! "r8 ,h[ is x to be asc]ta9$8 ,:]e9 lies ! obligation to ! "r8 ,:at are ! motives to "r action8 ,:at specific actions1 or classes ( actions are "r1 & :y8 ,:at specific actions1 or classes ( actions are wrong1 & :y8 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,"r4 ,e object1 by virtue ( its exi/5ce1 has its 99appropriate place1 purpose1 uses1 & relations994 ,at e mom5t1 ea* specific object is ei!r 9 or out ( its place1 fulfill+ or n fulfill+ its purpose1 subs]vi5t to or ali5at$ f its uses1 9 accordance or out ( h>mony ) its relations1 & !re=e 9 a /ate ( fitness or unfitness z reg>ds o!r objects4 ,e object is at e mom5t "u ! control ( ! intellig5t w ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 or ( "s f9ite be+1 & is by t w ma9ta9$ ei!r 9 or out ( its place1 purpose1 uses1 or relations1 & ?us 9 a /ate ( fitness or unfitness ) reg>d to o!r objects4 ,e intellig5t be+1 by virtue ( 8 exi/5ce1 be>s c]ta9 def9ite relations to outw>d objects1 to 8 fell[-be+s1 & to 8 ,creator4 ,at e mom5t1 ea* intellig5t be+ is ei!r fai?ful or unfai?ful to ^! relations1 & ?us 9 a /ate ( fitness or unfitness z reg>ds outw>d objects & o!r be+s4 ,?us fitness or unfitness may be affirm$1 at e mom5t1 ( e object 9 exi/5ce1 ( ! volition by :i* ea* object is controll$1 & ( e intellig5t be+1 ) reg>d to ! ex]cise ( 8 w t[>d or ^u outw>d objects or 8 fell[-be+s4 ,fitness & unfitness are ! ultimate ideas t are involv$ 9 ! t]ms "r & wrong4 ,^! la/ are metaphorical t]ms1--"r 7,lat91 rectus71 /raight1 upright1 accord+ to rule1 & !re=e fit2 wrong1 wrung1 di/ort$1 deflect$1 twi/$ out ( place1 contr>y to rule1 & !re=e unfit4 ,we are s con/itut$ t we _c help reg>d+ fitness ) complac5cy & e/eem2 unfitness1 ) dise/eem & disapproval1 ev5 ?\gh we ourselves create x or imp]sonate x4 99,fitness99 is ! only /&>d by :i* we reg>d our own actions or ! actions ( o!rs z good or evil1--by :i* we ju/ify or condemn ourselves or o!rs4 ,duty has fitness = its only aim & end4 ,to :atev] object comes "u our control1 its fit place1 purpose1 uses1 & relations are due2 & our p]ception ( :at is ?us due con/itutes our duty1 & awak5s 9 u a s5se ( obligation4 ,to ourselves1 & to o!r be+s & objects1 our fidelity to our relations has 9 x an intr9sic fitness2 t fitness is due to !m & to ourselves2 & our p]ception ( :at is ?us due con/itutes our duty1 & awak5s 9 u a s5se ( obligation4 99,"r & wrong are n cont+5t on ! k ( ! moral ag5t499 ,unfitness1 misuse1 abuse1 is none ! less intr9sically wrong1 because x is ! result ( ignorance4 ,x is out ( h>mony ) ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,x deprives an object ( its due use4 ,x p]v]ts to p]nici\s results :at is salut>y 9 its purpose4 ,x less5s = ! ag5t 8 aggregate ( good & ( happ9ess1 & increases = him 8 aggregate ( evil & ( mis]y4 ,9 ?is s5se--f> m significant ?an t ( arbitr>y infliction--! well-kn[n maxim ( jurisprud5ce1 8,ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o107#b7 is a fundam5tal law ( nature4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an important di/9ction betwe5 99absolute & relative "r994 ,9 action1 ! absolute "r is conduct 9 entire con=mity ) be+s & objects z !y are2 ! relative "r is conduct 9 accordance ) be+s & objects z1 ) ! be/ means ( k )9 our rea*1 we believe !m to be4 ,! ,omnisci5t ,be+ alone c h p]fect k ( all be+s & ?+s z !y are4 ,?is k is possess$ by m5 9 diff]5t degrees1 correspond+ to _! respective measures ( intellig5ce1 sagacity1 culture1 & p]sonal or traditional exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! rud] conditions ( society1 acts t seem to u atroci\sly wrong1 (t5 proce$ f hone/ & inevitable misappreh5sion1 are "r 9 _! int5tion1 & are !re=e prop] objects ( moral approbation4 ,9 an advanc$ condition ( intellig5ce1 & especially "u high religi\s culture1 ?\gh ! realm ( ?+s unkn[n f> exce$s t ( ?+s kn[n1 !re is a suffici5tly cle> und]/&+ ( ! objects & relations ( ord9>y life to secure m5 aga9/ s9s ( ignorance1 & to leave 9 _! wrong-do+ no semblance or ve/ige ( "r4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 absolute & relative "r enables u to 99reconcile two /atem5ts t may h seem$ inconsi/5t99 ) ea* o!r1 namely1 t 8! "* ( an action1 :e!r good or bad1 dep5ds on ! int5tion ( ! ag5t10 & 8t unfitness1 misuse1 abuse1 is none ! less wrong because ! result ( ignorance40 ,bo? ^! propositions are true4 ,! same act may be 9 int5t "r & good1 & yet1 ?r\gh defect ( k1 wrong & evil2 & x may1 9 virtue ( its good int5t1 be att5d$ & foll[$ by b5efic5t results1 :ile at ! same "t ! evil t !re is 9 x may be att5d$ or foll[$ by injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,we may be/ illu/rate ?is d\ble "* ( actions by a case s simple t we c see ?r\gh x at a s+le glance4 ,i w suppose t ,i c>ry to a sick p]son a potion :i* ,i believe to be an effici5t rem$y1 b :i*1 by a mi/ake = :i* ,i am n acc\ntable1 proves to be a deadly poison4 ,my act1 by ! /&>d ( absolute "r1 is an unfitt+ & !re=e a wrong act1 & x has its inevitable result 9 kill+ ! pati5t4 ,b because my int5tion 0 "r1 ,i h n plac$ myself 9 any wrong relation to ,god or man4 ,nay1 if ,i procur$ :at ,i suppos$ to be a heal+ potion ) c>e1 co/1 & tr\ble1 & = "o ^: suff]+ & ne$ 7 8 only claim ^u me1 ,i h by my labor ( love br\ght myself into an ev5 m intimate relation1 filial & frat]nal1 ) ,god & man1 ! result ( :i* mu/ be my enhanc$ usefulness & happ9ess4 ,if on ! o!r h& ,i _h meant to poison ! man1 b _h by mi/ake giv5 him a heal+ potion1 my act w\ld h be5 absolutely "r1 because con=m$ to ! fitness ( ?+s1 b relatively wrong1 because 9 its int5tion & purpose oppos$ to ! fitness ( ?+s2 & z 9 itself fitt+1 x w\ld h done ! sick man good1 :ile1 z 9 its purpose unfitt+1 x w\ld h ?r[n me out ( ! relations 9 :i* ,i ought to /& bo? ) ,god & man4 99,mi/akes z to specific acts ( duty99 be> ! close/ possible analogy to ! case ( ! poison giv5 = m$ic9e4 ,! savage1 :o s9c]ely means to express rev]5ce1 k9dness1 loyalty1 fidelity1 may p]=m1 9 ! expression ( ^? s5tim5ts1 acts t are utt]ly unfitt+1 & !re=e utt]ly wrong2 & if s1 ea* ( ^! acts produces its due consequ5ces1 x may be1 baleful & lam5table4 ,yet because he did ! be/ he knew 9 ! expression ( ^! s5tim5ts1 he has n sunk1 b ris5 9 8 "* z a moral be+1--has become bett] & m capable ( good4 99,ignorance ( ! "r991 h[ev]1 99is innoc5t1 only :5 inevitable994 ,at ! mom5t ( action1 inde$1 :at seems to me fitt+ is relatively "r1 & 7 ,i to d o!rwise1 ev5 ?\gh my act 7 absolutely "r1 x w\ld be relatively wrong4 ,b if ,i h _h & neglect$ ! means ( kn[+ ! "r1 ,i h violat$ ! fitnesses ( my own nature by n employ+ my cognitive p[]s on subjects ( vital importance to my well-be+4 ,9 ?is case1 ?\gh :at are call$ ! s9s ( ignorance may be mi/akes & n s9s1 ! ignorance itself has all ! *>act]i/ics t atta* !mselves to ! t]m s91 & mu/ be att5d$ ) proportionally 99h>mful consequ5ces to ! (f5d]994 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,means ,,& ,,s\rces ,,( ,,k ,,z ,,to ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong4 ,section ,i4 ,consci5ce4 99,consci5ce is a means991 n a s\rce1 99( k994 ,x is analog\s to sight & he>+4 ,x is ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ fitness & unfitness4 ,yet m1 x is consci\sness1--a s5se ( our own p]sonal relation to ! fitt+ & ! unfitt+1 ( our p[] ( actualiz+ !m 9 int5tion1 w1 & conduct4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ p>ticul> t man diff]s f ! l[] animals4 ,!y h an in/9ctive p]ception ( fitness1 & an in/9ctive impulse to acts befitt+ _! nature4 ,b no brute says to himself1 8,i am act+ 9 accordance ) ! fitness ( ?+s20 :ile man virtually says to himself1 9 e act1 8,i am do+ :at x is fit = me to d10 or1 8,i am do+ :at x is unfitt+ = me to d40 99,consci5ce is a judicial faculty499 ,its decisions are bas$ ^u su* k z ! individual has1 :e!r real or imag9$1 & f :atev] s\rce d]iv$4 ,x judges accord+ to su* law & evid5ce z are plac$ be=e x4 ,its v]dict is always relatively "r1 a g5u9e v]dict 7v]um dictum71 ?\gh1 by ! absolute /&>d ( "r1 x may be wrong1 ?r\gh defect ( k1--precisely z 9 a c\rt ( law an infallibly wise & incorruptibly j judge may pron\nce an utt]ly errone\s or unju/ decision1 if he h be=e him a false /atem5t ( facts1 or if ! law :i* he is compell$ to adm9i/] be unrighte\s4 ,we may 99illu/rate ! function ( consci5ce99 by ref]5ce to a "q n[ agitat$ 9 our community1--! "q z to ! moral fitness ( ! mod]ate use ( f]m5t$ liquors4 ,9 civiliz$ society1 intoxication is univ]sally kn[n to be oppos$ to ! fitnesses ( body & m9d1 an abuse ( alcoholic liquors1 & an abuse ( ! dr9k]'s own p]sonality2 & x is !re=e condemn$ by all consci5ces1 by none m he>tily ?an by ^? ( its victims4 ,b !re /ill rema9s op5 ! "q :e!r entire ab/95ce f f]m5t$ liquors be a duty1 & ?is is a "q ( fact4 ,says "o p>ty1 8,alcohol1 9 e =m1 & 9 ! lea/ quantity1 is a virul5t poison1 & !re=e unfit = body & m9d40 ,says ! o!r p>ty1 8,w9e1 mod]ately us$1 is heal?ful1 salut>y1 re/orative1 & !re=e fitt$ to body & m9d40 ,*ange ! op9ion ( ! latt] p>ty1 _! consci5ces w\ld at once take ! o!r side2 & if !y reta9$ 9 precept & practice _! pres5t position1 !y w\ld reta9 x self-condemn$4 ,*ange ! op9ion ( ! =m] p>ty1 _! consci5ces w\ld assume ! gr\nd :i* !y n[ assail4 ,demon/rate to ! :ole community--z x is to be hop$ physiology w d at no di/ant day--! precise tru? 9 ?is matt]1 !re w\ld rema9 no diff]5ce ( consci5ti\s judgm5t1 :atev] diff]5ce ( practice might /ill cont9ue4 99,consci5ce991 l all ! p]ceptive faculties1 99prompts to action 9 accordance ) its p]ceptions994 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s n 9 ! lea/ f sight1 he>+1 ta/e4 ,our natural proclivity is to direct our movem5ts ) ref]5ce to ! objects )9 ! field ( our vision1 to gov]n our conduct by :at we he>1 to take into our m\?s only sub/ances t are pleas+ to ! ta/e4 ,yet fright1 tem]ity1 or c\rage may impel u to incur dang]s :i* we cle>ly see2 op9iativ5ess or ob/9acy may make u inw>dly deaf to c\nsels or w>n+s :i* we he>2 & motives ( heal? may induce u to swall[ ! mo/ nause\s drugs4 ,9 l mann]1 our inevitable t5d5cy is to gov]n our conduct by ! fitness ( ?+s :5 cle>ly p]ceiv$2 b int5se & unre/ra9$ appetite1 desire1 or affection may lead u to violate t fitness1 ?\gh di/9ctly se5 & ackn[l$g$4 99,m5 act 9 opposition to consci5ce only "u imm$iate & /rong temptation499 ,! great majority ( ! acts ( bad m5 are consci5ti\s1 b n !re=e m]itori\s2 = m]it consi/s n 9 do+ "r :5 !re is no temptation to evil1 b 9 resi/+ temptation4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 x is z natural1 :5 !re is no inducem5t to ! contr>y1 to act 9 accordance ) ! fitness ( ?+s1 z x is to act 9 accordance ) :at we see & he>4 ,x is ! t5d5cy s to act1 t alone r5d]s human society possible1 9 ! abs5ce ( high moral pr9ciple4 ,9 ord] to live1 a man mu/ s act ) ref]5ce to outw>d nature2 /ill m mu/ he s act1 9 ord] to possess human fell[%ip1 physical com=t1 transi5t enjoym5t1 ( h[ev] l[ a type2 & ! mo/ deprav$ wret* t walks ! e>? pur*ases 8 cont9u$ be+ & :atev] pleasure he d]ives f x by a ?\s& acts 9 accordance ) ! fitness ( ?+s to "o 9 :i* he violates t fitness4 99,consci5ce991 l all ! p]ceptive faculties1 99is educat$ by use994 ,! wat*mak]'s or ! botani/'s eye acquires an almo/ microscopic ke5ness ( vision4 ,! bl9d man's he>+ is s tra9$ z to supply1 9 great "p1 ! lack ( sight4 ,! epicure's ta/e c discrim9ate flavors ^: diff]5ces are imp]ceptible to an ord9>y palate4 ,9 l mann]1 ! consci5ce t is con/antly & c>efully ex]cis$ 9 judg+ ( ! fit & ! unfitt+1 ! "r & ! wrong1 becomes prompt1 ke51 se>*+1 s5sitive1 compreh5sive1 microscopic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consci5ce1 l ! s5ses1 if seldom call$ into ex]cise1 becomes sluggi%1 in]t1 incapable ( m9ute discrim9ation1 or ( vigilance ov] ! ord9>y conduct ( life4 ,yet x is nev] ext9ct1 & is nev] p]v]t$4 ,:5 r\s$ to action1 ev5 9 ! mo/ obdurate1 x resumes its judicial sev]ity1 & records its v]dict 9 remorseful agony4 ,consci5ce is commonly said to be educat$ by 99! increase ( k99 z to ! relations ( be+s & objects1 z to ! moral laws ( ! univ]se1 & z to religi\s v]ities4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n true4 ,k does n necess>ily quick5 ! activity ( consci5ce1 or enhance its discrim9at+ p[]4 ,consci5ce (t5 is int5se & vivid 9 ! mo/ ignorant1 inactive & torpid 9 p]sons ^: cognitive p[]s h _h ! mo/ g5]\s culture4 ,k1 inde$1 br+s ! decisions ( consci5ce into clos] & m con/ant con=mity ) ! absolute "r1 b x does n r5d] its decisions m c]ta9ly 9 accordance ) ! relative "r1 t is1 ) :at ! individual1 f 8 po9t ( view1 ought to w & d4 ,x has ! same effect ^u consci5ce t accurate te/imony has ^u ! cle>-m9d$ & uncorrupt judge1 ^: m9d is n made !reby ! m active or discrim9at+1 nor 8 decision br\ght into clos] accordance ) ! facts z !y are pres5t$ to him4 ,k is inde$ an indisp5sable auxili>y to consci5ce2 b ?is _c be affirm$ exclusively ( any specific dep>tm5t ( k4 ,x is true ( all k2 = !re is no fact or law 9 ! univ]se t may n 9 "s cont+5cy become ! subject-matt] or ! occasion = ! action ( consci5ce4 ,no?+ c\ld seem m remote f ! ord9>y field ( consci5ce ?an ! !ory ( planet>y motion2 yet x 0 ?is t gave ,galileo ! "o gr& opportunity ( 8 life = te/+ ! supremacy ( consci5ce1--x may be1 ! sole occasion on :i* 8 consci5ce utt]$ itself /rongly aga9/ 8 seem+ int]e/1 & "o on :i* ob$i5ce to consci5ce w\ld h av]t$ ! only cl\d t ev] re/$ on 8 fame4 ,section ,,ii4 ,s\rces ,( ,k4 #a4 ,obs]vation1 ,exp]i5ce1 ,& ,tradition4 ,except s f> z !re may h be5 direct communications f ! ,supreme ,be+1 all 99man's k99 ( p]sons1 objects1 & relations 99is d]iv$991 9 ! la/ resort1 99f obs]vation994 ,exp]i5ce is m]ely rememb]$ self-obs]vation4 ,tradition1 oral & writt51 is accumulat$ & cond5s$ obs]vation2 & by means ( ?is ea* new g5]ation c avail itself ( ! exp]i5ce ( prec$+ g5]ations1 c ?us f9d "t to explore fre% dep>tm5ts ( k1 & s transmit its own traditions to ! g5]ations t %all foll[4 ,n[ :at we obs]ve 9 objects is *iefly _! prop]ties1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 _! fitnesses2 = a prop]ty is t :i* fits an object = a specific place or use4 ,:at we obs]ve 9 p]sons is _! relations to o!r be+s & objects1 ) ! fitnesses t belong to ^? relations4 ,:at we exp]i5ce all resolves itself into ! fitness or unfitness ( p]sons & objects to "o 99ano!r99 or to ourselves4 ,:at is transmitt$ 9 hi/ory & 9 sci5ce is ! record ( fitnesses or unfitnesses t h be5 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation1 or te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! progress ( k is simply an enl>g$ acqua9tance ) ! fitnesses ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,he kn[s ! mo/1 :o mo/ fully compreh5ds ! relations 9 :i* ! be+s & objects 9 ! univ]se /&1 h /ood1 & ought to /& t[>d "o ano!r4 ,moreov]1 z :5 we see a fitness )9 our sph]e ( action1 we p]ceive intuitively t x is "r to respect x1 wrong to violate x1 our k ( "r & wrong is co-ext5sive ) our k ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,! m enlight5$ & cultivat$ a nation is1 !n1 ! m does x "k z to "r & wrong1 :atev] may be its /&>d ( practical morality4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! mo/ savage condition1 m5 "k1 ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 articles ( 99food & dr9k991 t !y are adapt$ to relieve ! crav+s ( hung] & ?ir/1 & !y "k no?+ m ab\t !m4 ,!y are n acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( heal?1 :e!r ( body or ( m9d4 ,!y !re=e eat & dr9k :atev] comes to h&1 )\t imag9+ ! possibility ( wrong-do+ 9 ?is matt]4 ,b1 ) ! progress ( civilization1 !y le>n t v>i\s k9ds ( food & dr9k impair ! heal?1 cl\d ! bra91 enfeeble ! work+ p[]1 & !re=e are unfit = human use2 & no soon] is ?is kn[n1 ?an ! di/9ction ( "r & wrong beg9s to be recogniz$1 z to :at m5 eat & dr9k4 ,! m ?or\gh is ! k ( ! human body & ( ! action ( v>i\s sub/ances on its organs & tissues1 ! m m9ute & discrim9at+ w be ! p]ception ( fitness or unfitness z to ! objects t tempt ! appetites1 & ! ke5] w be ! s5se ( "r or wrong 9 _! use4 ,= ano!r illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple1 we may take 99! relation betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5994 ,9 ! rud] /ages ( society1 & especially among a nomadic or migratory p1 !re is n a suffici5t k ( ! res\rces ( nature or ! possibilities ( art1 to r5d] ev5 heal?y & vigor\s life m ?an tol]able2 :ile = ! infirm & feeble1 life is b a protract$ burd5 & we>9ess4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is no appreh5sion ( ! intellectual & moral wor? ( human life1 /ill less1 ( ! value ev5 ( its mo/ pa9ful exp]i5ces z a discipl9e ( ev]la/+ b5efit4 ,9 f9e1 life is little m ?an a m]e /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:at wond] !n1 t 9 "s tribes filial piety has be5 wont to relieve sup]annuat$ p>5ts f an exi/5ce devoid equally ( joy & ( hope2 & t 9 o!rs p>5tal love may h ev5 dictat$ ! exposure--) a view to _! p]i%+--( feeble1 sickly1 & de=m$ *ildr51 incapable ( be+ nurtur$ into self-su/a9+ & self-dep5d+ life8 ,b increas$ conv]sance ) nature & art con/antly reveals new capacities ( com=t & happ9ess 9 life1 & t1 n = ! /rong alone1 b = ! feeble1 ! suff]+1 ! helpless1 s t !re are none to :om humanity kn[s n h[ to r5d] cont9u$ life desirable4 ,at ! same "t1 a high] culture has made x manife/ t ! fraile/ body may be ! seat ( ! l(tie/ m5tal activity1 moral excell5ce1 & spiritual aspiration1 & t 9 su* a body !re is (t5 only a sur] & m f9i%$ education = a high] /ate ( be+4 ,filial piety & p>5tal love1 !re=e1 d all 9 _! p[] to prolong ! flick]+ exi/5ce ( ! age-worn & decrepit1 & to *]i% ) t5d] c>e ! life :i* seems born b to die4 ,!re is1 !n1 to ! limit$ view ( ! savage1 an app>5t fitness 9 practices :i* 9 _! fir/ aspect seem crimes aga9/ nature2 :ile increas$ k develops a real & ess5tial fitness1 9 all ! ref9em5ts & ende>m5ts ( ! mo/ p]sev]+ & skilful love4 ,^! examples1 :i* might be multipli$ indef9itely1 %[ 99! dep5d5ce ( consci5ce on k991 n = relatively "r decisions1 b = v]dicts 9 accordance ) ! absolute "r4 ,!re is no subject t c be pres5t$ = ! action ( consci5ce1 on :i*1 ^u precisely ! same pr9ciples1 div]g5t & (t5 opposite c\rses ( conduct may n be dictat$ by m or less accurate k ( ! subject & its relations4 ,x w be se51 also1 t 99) ! gr[? ( k1 consci5ce has a con/antly wid] scope ( action994 ,! numb] ( indiff]5t acts is ?us dim9i%$2 ! numb] ( positively "r or wrong acts1 increas$4 ,an indiff]5t act is "o = ! p]=mance ( :i*1 r ?an its opposite1 no reason1 involv+ a "q ( "r or wrong1 c be giv54 ,?us1 if ! p]=mance or ! omission ( a specific act be equally fitt$ to ! "t1 place1 circum/ances1 & p]sons conc]n$1 ! act is an indiff]5t "o2 or1 if two or m ways ( accompli%+ a desir$ end be equally fitt$ to "t1 place1 circum/ances1 & p]sons1 ! *oice betwe5 ^! ways is1 morally speak+1 a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,b ) a k bo? m ext5sive & m m9ute ( ! nature1 relations1 & fitnesses ( be+s & objects1 we f9d an increas+ numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* acts t seem$ indiff]5t h a cle>ly p]ceptible fitness or unfitness1 & ?us acquire a di/9ct moral "* z "r or wrong4 ,section ,,iii4 ,s\rces ,( ,k4 #b4 ,law4 99,law is ! result ( ! collective exp]i5ce991 9 "p1 ( p>ticul> communities1 9 "p1 ( ! human race z a :ole4 ,x enc\rages1 protects1 or at lea/ p]mits :atev] acts or modes ( conduct h be5 f\nd or believ$ to be fitt+1 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s & ! well-be+ ( m51 & !re=e "r2 x =bids & puni%es su* acts or modes ( conduct z h be5 f\nd or believ$ to be unfitt+1 oppos$ to nature & to human well-be+1 & !re=e wrong4 ,x is f> f p]fect2 x is bel[ ! /&>d ( ! mo/ advanc$ m9ds2 b x repres5ts ! av]age k or belief ( ! community to :i* x belongs4 99,! laws99 ( any p>ticul> /ate _c rise f> above ?is av]age2 = laws unsu/a9$ by g5]al op9ion c\ld n be execut$1 & if exi/+ 9 ! /atute-book1 !y w\ld n h ! nature & =ce ( law1 & w\ld rema9 on record simply because !y _h laps$ out ( notice4 ,nor c !y fall f> bel[ ?is av]age2 = no gov]nm5t c su/a9 itself :ile its legislation fails to meet ! dem&s ( ! p4 ,:ile 99law99 ?us expresses ! av]age k ( belief1 x 99t5ds to p]petuate its own moral /&>d994 ,! notions ( "r :i* x embodies =m a "p ( ! g5]al education4 ,! specific crimes1 vices1 & wrongs :i* ! law m>ks out = puni%m5t are reg>d$ by "y p]sons1 f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 z wor?y ( ! mo/ emphatic c5sure & condemnation2 :ile ^? :i* ! law leaves unpuni%$ are look$ ^u z comp>atively slight & v5ial4 ,n only s1 ! degree ( dete/ation 9 :i* a community le>ns to look on specific crimes & (f5ces is n 9 proportion to _! actual he9\sness1 b to ! /ress ( ov]t ignom9y atta*$ to !m by legal p5alties4 ,in/ances ( ?is effect ( law on op9ion w be readily call$ to m9d4 ,?us a common ?ief loses1 & c h>dly rega9 8 position 9 society2 :ile ! man :o by di%one/ bankruptcy commits a hundr$ !fts 9 "o1 c hold 8 place un*all5g$1 ev5 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 :ile x is kn[n to e "o t he is liv+--x may be 9 luxury--on ! money he has /ol54 ,! obvi\s reason is t f "t immemorial simple !ft has be5 puni%$ ) due1 :5 n ) undue1 sev]ity1 :ile ! comp>atively rec5t crime ( fraudul5t bankruptcy has z yet be5 br\ght v imp]fectly )9 ! grasp ( p5al law4 ,aga91 no man ( cle> moral disc]nm5t c d\bt t he :o consci\sly & will+ly imbrutes himself by intoxication is m blamewor?y ?an he :o sells alcoholic liquors )\t kn[+ :e!r !y are to be us$ int]nally or ext]nally1 mod]ately or immod]ately1 = m$ic9e or = luxury4 ,yet because ! latt] makes himself liable to f9e & imprisonm5t1 :ile ! =m]--unless he belong to ! unprivileg$ classes--has legal protection1 in/ead ( ! disgraceful puni%m5t he des]ves1 !re is a popul> prejudice aga9/ ! v5d] ( /rong dr9k1 & a /range t5d]ness t[>d ! intemp]ate consum]4 ,yet ano!r in/ance4 ,!re are crimes worse ?an murd]4 ,!re are modes ( moral corruption & ru91 ^: victims x 7 m]cy to kill4 ,b :ile ! murd]]1 if he escape ! gall[s1 is an outca/ & an object ( univ]sal abhorr5ce1 no social ban re/s ^u him ^: crime has be5 ! dea? ( innoc5ce & purity1 yet1 if rea*$ at all by law1 c be comp\nd$ by ! paym5t ( money4 ,b ?\gh law is 9 _m respects an imp]fect moral tea*]1 & its defici5cies are to be regrett$1 its 99educational p[]99 is /rongly felt = good1 especially 9 communities :]e ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is /rict & imp>tial4 ,x is ( no little wor? t a *ild gr[s up ) "s fix$ beliefs z to ! turpitude ( c]ta9 =ms ( evil1 especially z ! positive enactm5ts ( ! p5al law almo/ always co9cide ) ! wise/ judgm5ts ( ! be/ m5 9 ! community4 ,moreov]1 law is progressive 9 e civiliz$ community1 & 9 proportion z x approa*es ! /&>d ( absolute "r1 x t5ds to br+ ! moral beliefs ( ! p into clos] con=mity ) ! same /&>d4 ,x is1 !n1 a p>tial & n>r[ view ( law to reg>d x only or *iefly z ! in/rum5t ( society = ! detection & puni%m5t1 or ev5 = ! direct prev5tion ( crime4 ,its f> m important function is s to tra9 ! great] "p ( ea* ris+ g5]ation1 t c]ta9 =ms & modes ( evil-do+ %all nev] ent] into _! plans or purposes4 ,! 99civil991 no less ?an ! crim9al 99law is a s\rce ( k z to ! "r994 ,! law does n create1 b m]ely def9es ! rights app]ta9+ to p]sons & prop]ty4 ,! laws ( diff]5t nations are1 inde$1 widely diff]5t2 b !re may be t 9 _! respective hi/ories :i* makes a diff]5ce 9 ! actual rights ( citiz5s1 or _! civil codes may pres5t diff]5t /ages ( approa* t[>d ! "r4 ,?us ! laws z to ! conveyance & inh]itance ( prop]ty are 9 "s respects unlike 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & v>y consid]ably 9 ! sev]al ,/ates ( our ,union2 b !re g5]ally exi/ hi/orical reasons = ?is v>iation1 & x w\ld be f\nd t ! ends ( ju/ice are be/ s]v$1 & ! reasonable expectations ( ! p be/ met 9 ea* community1 by its own me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,by ! law ( ! l&1 !n1 we may le>n civil rights & obligations1 :i* we h n ! means ( asc]ta9+ by our own indep5d5t rese>*4 ,x rema9s = u to speak ( ! 99factiti\s rights & wrongs991 suppos$ to be creat$ by law4 ,( ^! !re are _m4 ,?us "o mode ( transact+ a sale or transf] is 9 itself z good z ano!r2 & x might be plausibly ma9ta9$ t1 if ! bus9ess be fairly & honorably conduct$1 x matt]s n :e!r ! legally prescrib$ =ms--sometimes burd5some & co/ly--be compli$ ) or omitt$4 ,! law1 x may be said1 "h creates an obligation = :i* !re is no gr\nd 9 nature or ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,?is we d5y4 ,x is intr9sically fitt+ t all transactions :i* are liable to dispute or "q %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ways 9 :i* !y c be atte/$2 & ?is _c be effect$ except by ! e/abli%m5t ( uni=m me?ods4 ,he :o dep>ts f !m p]=ms n only an illegal1 b an immoral act2 & ! legal provisions ( ! k9d "u discussion h an educational value 9 enl>g+ ! k ( ! individual z to ! conditions & means ( security1 ord]1 & good und]/&+ 9 human society4 ,simil> consid]ations apply to ! 99crimes creat$ by law994 ,smuggl+ may s]ve z an in/ance4 ,und\bt$ly !re are smuggl]s :o w\ld n /eal2 & _! apology is t !y are b ex]cis+ ! rights ( own]%ip ^u _! own prop]ty4 ,b ! public mu/ h prop]ty1 else its community is dissolv$2 gov]nm5t mu/ be able to avail itself ( t prop]ty1 else its functions are susp5d$4 ,m5 ne$ to be taught t ! rights ( ! /ate are insep>able f ^? ( individuals1 & no less sacr$1 & ! laws t protect ! rev5ue are among ! mo/ effici5t means ( tea*+ ?is lesson4 ,_! only defect is t !y atta* less ignom9y to frauds ^u ! rev5ue ?an to o!r modes ( !ft1 & ?us fail to decl>e ! :ole tru?1 t !re is no moral diff]5ce betwe5 him :o robs ! public & him :o robs any "o ( its individual memb]s4 ,section ,,iv4 ,s\rces ,( ,k4 #c4 ,*ri/ianity4 99,religion991 9 its relation to e?ics1 may be reg>d$ bo? z 99a s\rce ( k991 & z supply+ motives = ! p]=mance ( duty4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ ) x 9 ! =m] aspect2 & x w be suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to asc]ta9 h[ mu* 99,*ri/ianity99 adds to our k ( ! fitnesses t und]lie all que/ions ( "r & duty4 ,we by no means und]value ! b5efic5t m9i/ry ( natural religion 9 ! dep>tm5t ( e?ics2 b ! mo/ sceptical admit t ,*ri/ianity includes all ( natural religion1 :ile its disciples claim t x n only tea*es natural religion ) a c]ta9ty1 precision1 & au?ority :i* else 7 want+1 b imp>ts a l>g] & pr(\nd] k ( ,god & ! univ]se ?an is )9 ! scope ( man's unaid$ reason4 99,*ri/ianity cov]s ! entire field ( human duty991 & reveals _m fitnesses1 recogniz$ :5 se51 b discov]$ by few or none indep5d5tly ( ! tea*+s & example ( its ,f\nd]2 :ile x gives ! emphasis & sanction ( a ,div9e revelation to _m o!r fitnesses1 easily discov]able1 b liable to be ov]look$ & neglect$4 ,9 def9+ 99! relations ( ! individual human s\l to ,god991 ,*ri/ianity op5s to our view a dep>tm5t ( duty p>am\nt to all o!rs 9 importance & int]e/4 ,8 fa!rly love & c>e1 8 moral gov]nm5t & discipl9e1 8 retributive provid5ce1 def9e ) unmi/akable di/9ctness c]ta9 correspond+ modes1 9 "p1 ( outw>d action1 & 9 /ill great] "p1 ( action 9 t inw>d realm ( ?\ght :5ce ! outw>d life receives its direction & impulse4 99,! bro!rhood ( ! :ole human race991 also1 reveals obligations :i* w\ld exi/ on no o!r gr\nd2 & = ! cle> & self-evid5c+ /atem5t ( ?is tru? we are indebt$ solely to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! visible diff]5ces ( race1 color1 culture1 religion1 & cu/oms1 are 9 !mselves dissociat+ influ5ces4 ,univ]sal *>ity is impossible :ile ^! diff]5ces occupy ! =egr\nd4 ,slav]y 0 a natural & cong5ial in/itution "u ,pagan auspices2 nor h we 9 all anci5t extra-,*ri/ian lit]ature1 unless x be 9 ,s5eca 79 :om su* s5tim5ts may h _h indirectly7#c7 a ,*ri/ian orig971 a s+le expression ( a fell[%ip broad en\gh to embrace all div]sities ( condition1 mu* less1 ( race4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian1 s f> z he cons5ts to receive ! obvi\s & und\bt$ import ( ,*ri/'s mission & tea*+s1 mu/ reg>d all m5 z1 9 nature1 9 ! pat]nal c>e ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce1 9 religi\s privileges1 rights1 & capacities1 on an equal foot+4 ,) ?is view1 he _c b p]ceive ! fitness1 & !re=e ! obligation1 ( _m =ms ( social duty1 ( enl>g$ b5efic5ce1 ( unlimit$ philan?ropy1 :i* on any re/rict$ !ory ( human bro!rhood w\ld be nei!r fitt+ nor reasonable4 99,! immortality ( ! s\l991 9 ! next place1 ca/s a light at once broad & p5etrat+ ^u & into e dep>tm5t ( duty2 = x is obvi\s1 )\t detail$ /atem5t1 t ! fitnesses1 ne$s1 & obligations ( a t]re/rial be+ ( brief duration1 & ^? ( a be+ 9 ! nurs]y & fir/ /age ( an endless exi/5ce1 are v wide ap>t1--t ! latt] may f9d x fitt+1 & !re=e may deem x "r1 to d1 seek1 %un1 omit1 endure1 resign1 _m ?+s :i* to ! =m] are v prop]ly matt]s ( indiff]5ce4 ,immortality 01 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 believ$ be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 b n ) suffici5t def9it5ess & assurance to occupy a prom95t place 9 any e?ical sy/em1 or to furni% ! po9t ( view f :i* all ?+s 9 ! e>?ly life 7 to be reg>d$4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! mo/ virtu\s ( ! anci5ts1 among o!rs ,epictetus1 ?an :om !re 0 no bett] man1 expressly d5i$ ! life aft] dea?1 &1 ( c\rse1 c\ld h _h no conception ( ! aspects ( human & e>?ly affairs z se5 9 ! light ( et]nity4 ,*ri/ianity makes yet ano!r contribution to e?ical k 9 99! p]son & "* ( its ,f\nd]991 exhibit+ 9 him ! v fitnesses x prescribes1 %[+ u1 z x c\ld n 9 m]e precept1 ! proportions & h>monies ( ! virtues1 & manife/+ ! unapproa*$ beauty & maje/y ( ! g5tl] virtues17#d7 :i* 9 pre-,*ri/ian ages 7 sometimes made second>y1 sometimes repudiat$ ) contempt & d]ision4 ,we _c ov]e/imate ! importance ( ?is tea*+ by example4 ,! in/ances are v num]\s1 9 :i* ! fitness ( a specific mode ( conduct c be te/$ only by exp]im5t2 & ,jesus ,*ri/ tri$ successfully sev]al exp]im5ts 9 morals t _h n be5 tri$ be=e )9 ! memory ( man1 & ev9c$1 9 8 own p]son & by ! success ( 8 religion1 ! sup]ior wor? & efficacy ( qualities :i* _h n previ\sly borne ! "n ( virtues4 ,*ri/ianity /ill fur!r enl>ges our e?ical k by decl>+ ! 99univ]sality ( moral laws994 ,!re are _m cases1 9 :i* x might seem to u n only exp$i5t1 b ev5 "r1 to set aside "s pr9ciple ackn[l$g$ to be valid 9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances1 to violate ju/ice or tru? = "s urg5t claim ( *>ity1 or to cons5t to ! p]=mance ( a little evil = ! accompli%m5t ( a great good4 ,b 9 all su* cases ,*ri/ianity int]poses its p]emptory precepts1 assur+ u on au?ority :i* ! ,*ri/ian reg>ds z supreme & infallible1 t !re are no exceptions or qualifications to any rule ( "r2 t ! moral law1 9 all its p>ts1 is ( inali5able obligation1 & t ! greate/ good _c b be ! ultimate result ( inflexible ob$i5ce4 ,t 99,*ri/ianity gives a full] k ( ! "r99 ?an c be atta9$ indep5d5tly ( its tea*+s1 is %[n by ! review ( all extra-,*ri/ian e?ical sy/ems4 ,!re is n "o ( ^! :i* does n confess$ly omit ess5tial portions ( ! "r1 & h>dly "o :i* does n sanction dispositions & modes ( conduct confess$ly wrong & evil2 :ile ev5 ^? :o disclaim ,*ri/ianity z a ,div9e revelation1 fail to detect l omissions & blemi%es 9 ! e?ics ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?us1 ?\gh !re is h>dly a precept ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! l ( :i* _c be f\nd 9 ! e?ical writ+s ( ,greece1 ,*9a1 ,india1 or ,p]sia1 ! faultlessness & complet5ess ( 8 tea*+s give !m a position by !mselves1 & are among ! /ronge/ int]nal evid5ces ( _! div9ity4 ,!y are also di/+ui%$ f ! e?ical sy/ems ( o!r tea*]s by _! positiv5ess4 ,o!rs say1 8,?\ %alt n20 ,jesus ,*ri/ says1 8,?\ %alt40 ,!y =bid & prohibit2 ,he comm&s4 ,!y prescribe ab/95ce f evil2 ,he1 a con/ant approa* to p]fection4 ,buddhism is1 9 our "t1 (t5 ref]r$ to z occupy+ a high] plane ?an ,*ri/ianity2 b its precepts are all negative1 its virtues are negative1 & its disciple is deem$ mo/ ne>ly p]fect1 :5 9 body1 m9d1 & s\l he has made himself utt]ly quiesc5t & in]t4 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 enjo9s ! unre/+ activity ( all ! p[]s & faculties 9 pursuit ( ! highe/ ends4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,rights ,,& ,,obligations4 ,( ! ?+s t are fitt+ & "r1 !re are "s :i*1 ?\gh !y may be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 _c be def9$ & limit$ ) entire accuracy2 !re are o!rs :i* are 99s obvi\s & manife/1 or s easily asc]ta9$991 t1 9 precise =m & measure1 99!y may be claim$99 by ^? to :om !y are due1 99& requir$99 ( ^? f :om !y are due4 ,^! la/ are rights1 & ! duties :i* result f !m are 99obligations994 ,?us x is "r t a poor man %\ld be reliev$2 & x is my duty1 s f> z ,i c1 to relieve ! poor4 ,b ?is or t individual poor man _c claim t x is my duty r ?an t ( my neighbor to m9i/] to 8 ne$s1 or t ,i am b\nd to give him :at ,i might o!rwise give to 8 equally ne$y neighbor4 ,he has no specific "r to any portion ( my money or goods2 ,i h no specific obligation to give him any?+4 ,b if a man has l5t me money1 he has a "r to z mu* ( my money or goods z w repay him ) int]e/2 & ,i am "u an obligation ?us to repay him4 ,aga91 x is "r t 9 ! public highway !re %\ld be1 among ^? :o make x _! ?or\ghf>e1 mutual accommodation1 c\rtesy1 & k9dness2 b no "o man c prescribe ! precise di/ance )9 :i* he %all n be approa*$1 or ! precise am\nt ( pressure :i* may be all[able to 8 abutt]s 9 a cr[d4 ,nor yet c ! individual citiz5 occupy ! /reet 9 su* a way z to ob/ruct ^? :o make use ( x4 ,he has no exclusive rights 9 ! /reet2 nor are o!rs "u obligation to yield to him any peculi> privileges4 ,b he has a "r to exclude :om he w f 8 own g>d51 & to occupy x 9 :atev] way may please him be/2 & 8 fell[-citiz5s are "u obligation to keep _! feet f 8 alleys & fl[]-b$s1 _! h&s f 8 fruit1 & to ab/a9 f all acts t may annoy or injure him 9 ! use & enjoym5t ( 8 g>d54 99,rights99--) ! correspond+ obligations--might be divid$ into 99natural99 & 99legal994 ,b ! division is nom9al r ?an real2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re are no natural rights1 capable ( be+ def9$1 :i* are n 9 civiliz$ c\ntries "u ! sanction & protection ( law2 secondly1 x is an op5 "q :e!r "s g5]ally recogniz$ rights--z1 = in/ance1 t ( prop]ty--exi/ indep5d5tly ( law2 &1 ?irdly1 x may be ma9ta9$1 on ! o!r h&1 t law is p[]less to create1 compet5t only to decl>e rights4 ,"o *ief ag5cy ( law z to rights is ex]cis$ 9 limit+ 99natural rights994 ,consid]$ simply 9 8 relation to outw>d nature1 a man has a manife/ "r to :atev] he c make tribut>y to 8 enjoym5t or well-be+4 ,b 8 fell[-m5 h ! same "r4 ,if1 !n1 !re be a re/rict$ supply ( :at he & !y may claim by equal "r1 ! alt]native is1 on ! "o h&1 usurpation or p]petual /rife1 or1 on ! o!r1 an adju/m5t by :i* ea* %all yield a "p ( :at he might claim 7 !re no fell[-claimant1 & ?us ea* %all h 8 proportion ( :at belongs equally to all4 ,to make ?is adju/m5t equitably is ! prov9ce ( law4 ,! problem :i* x attempts to solve is1 ,h[ may ea* individual citiz5 secure ! fulle/ am\nt ( lib]ty & ( mat]ial well-be+1 consi/5t ) ! admitt$ or e/abli%$ rights ( o!rs8 ,"u republican in/itutions1 ?is problem pres5ts itself 9 ! simple/ =m1 society be+ 9 pr9ciple an equal p>tn]%ip1 9 :i* no "o man c claim a l>g] divid5d ?an ano!r4 ,b :]e bir? or condition conf]s c]ta9 peculi> rights1 ! problem mu/ be s modifi$1 t ! rights conc$$ to ! common citiz5s %all n int]f]e ) ^! inh]it$ or ve/$ rights4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! rights ( ea* memb] ( ! community are b\nd$ only by ! cont]m9\s rights ( o!rs4 ,obligations correspond to rights4 ,ea* memb] ( ! community is "u obligation1 always to refra9 f encroa*m5t on ! rights ( o!rs1 & 9 _m cases to aid 9 secur+ or def5d+ ^? rights1 he on l occasions & 9 simil> ways hav+ 8 own rights protect$ by o!rs4 ,we w consid] sep>ately 99rights app]ta9+ to ! p]son1 to prop]ty1 & to reputation994 #a4 99,rights app]ta9+ to ! p]son499 ,! mo/ ess5tial ( ^! is ! "r to life1 on :i* ( c\rse all else t c be enjoy$ is cont+5t4 ,?is "r is invad$1 n only by direct viol5ce1 b by :atev] may impair or endang] heal?4 ,! correspond+ obligation ( ! individual memb] ( society is to refra9 f all acts1 employm5ts1 or recreations t may imp]il life or heal?1 & ( society collectively1 to furni% a police-=ce adequate to ! protection ( its memb]s1 to =bid & puni% all crimes ( viol5ce1 to enact & ma9ta9 prop] sanit>y regulations1 & to suppress su* nuisances z may be n only annoy+1 b h>mful4 ,b ! citiz5 is entitl$ to protection1 only s long z he refra9s f acts by :i* he puts o!r lives 9 p]il4 ,if he assault ano!r man ) a deadly weapon1 & 8 own life be tak5 9 ! enc\nt]1 ! slay] has violat$ no "r1 nay1 s f> z moral consid]ations are conc]n$1 he is n ev5 ! slay]2 = ! man :o wrongfully puts himself 9 a position 9 :i* ano!r life c be protect$ only at ! p]il ( 8 own1 if 8 own be =feit$1 has virtually committ$ suicide4 ,nor is ! case mat]ially alt]$1 if a man 9 p]=m+ an unlawful act puts himself 9 a position 9 :i* he may be reasonably suppos$ to int5d viol5ce4 ,?us1 :ile bo? law & consci5ce w\ld condemn me if ,i kill$ a ?ief 9 broad daylight1 9 ord] to protect my prop]ty1--if a burgl> ent] my h\se by night ) no int5tion ( viol5ce1 & yet 9 ! surprise & d>kness ( ! h\r ,i h reason to suppose my life & ! lives ( my family 9 dang] f him1 ! law reg>ds my slay+ ( su* a p]son z ju/ifiable homicide2 & my consci5ce w\ld acquit me 9 def5d+ ! "r to life app]ta9+ to my family & myself1 aga9/ "o ^: int5tion or will+ness to commit viol5ce 0 to be reasonably inf]r$ f 8 own unlawful act4 ,society1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( law1 9 "s cases & directions limits ! "r ( ! individual citiz5 to life1 & ?is 99to ! cont+5t b5efit ( ea*1--to ! absolute b5efit ( all994 ,s long z m5 are less ?an p]fect 9 "* & condition1 !re mu/ ( necessity be "s sacrifice ( life2 b ?is sacrifice may be r$uc$ to its m9imum by judici\s legislation4 ,n[1 if )\t su* legislation ! p]c5tage ( dea?s w\ld be num]ically mu* high] ?an "u well-fram$ laws1 ! lives sacrific$ "u ^! laws are simply cases 9 :i* ! "r ( ! individual is made to yield to ! p>am\nt rights ( ! community4 ,?us1 !re c be no d\bt1 t contagi\s disease ( ! mo/ malignant type c\ld1 9 _m cases1 be m successfully treat$ at ! homes ( ! pati5ts ?an 9 public hospitals4 ,b if by ! removal ( pati5ts to hospitals ! numb] ( cases may be greatly dim9i%$1 & ! contagion spe$ily arre/$1 ?is removal is ! "r ( ! community1--yet n "u circum/ances ( ne$less privation & h>d%ip1 n )\t ! be/ appliances ( com=t1 c>e1 & skill :i* money c procure2 = ! public c be ju/ifi$ 9 ! ex]cise ( su* a "r1 only by ! ext5sion ( ! mo/ g5]\s (fices ( humanity to ^? :o are imp]ill$ = ! public good4 ,x is only on simil> gr\nds t ! 99dea?-p5alty = murd]99 c be ju/ifi$4 ,! life ( ! v wor/ ( m5 %\ld be sacrific$ only = ! pres]vation ( life2 = if x be unsafe to leave !m at lib]ty1 !y may be kept "u re/ra9t & duress1 )\t be+ :olly cut (f f ! means ( enjoym5t & improvem5t4 ,! primeval cu/om ( ! e>li] nations requir$ ! ne>e/ k9sman ( ! murd]$ man to kill ! murd]] ) 8 own h&1 & 9 s do+ to %$ 8 blood1 :i* 0 believ$ to h a my/]i\s efficacy 9 expiat+ ! crime4 ,?is =m ( rev5ge 0 greatly *eck$ & re/rict$ by ! in/itutions ( ,moses2 x fell into disuse among ! ,jews1 ) _! gr[? 9 civilization2 & 0 c]ta9ly includ$ 9 ! entire repeal ( ! law ( retaliation by ,jesus ,*ri/47#e7 ,b if ) ! dang]\s classes ( m5 ! dread ( capital puni%m5t is a dissuasive f crimes ( viol5ce1 s t ! numb] ( murd]s is less1 & ! lives ( peaceable citiz5s are saf]1 ?an 7 murd] liable to "s mild] p5alty1 !n x is ! und\bt$ "r ( ! public to confiscate ! murd]]'s "r to life1 & ?us to sacrifice ! small] numb] ( comp>atively wor?less lives = ! security ( ! l>g] numb] ( lives t may be valuable to ! community4 ,or aga9 if1 by ! pr(ligate use ( ! p>don+ p[]1 ! murd]] s5t5c$ to p]petual imprisonm5t w probably be let loose ^u society unre=m$1 & ) passions :i* may lead to ! repetition ( 8 crime1 x is immeasurably m fitt+ t he be kill$1 ?an t he be pres]v$ to d f>!r mis*ief4 ,yet aga91 if !re be 9 ! dea?-p5alty = murd] an educational =ce1--if by means ( x ea* new g5]ation is tra9$ 9 ! great] rev]5ce = human life1 & ! great] dete/ation & horror ( ! crime by :i* x is de/roy$1--!n is capital puni%m5t to be reta9$ z a means ( pres]v+ an incalculably great] numb] ( lives ?an x sacrifices4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 ?\gh 9 opposition to e>ly & /rong conviction1 we are con/ra9$ to express ! belief t1 9 our "t & c\ntry1 ! capital puni%m5t ( ! murd]] is ne$$ = ! security ( ! public1 & is ju/ifi$ z a life-sav+ measure4 ,9 99en=c$ milit>y s]vice991 also1 legal au?ority exposes ! lives ( a portion ( ! citiz5s = ! security ( ! great] numb]4 ,x is an unque/ionable tru? t1 9 its moral aff9ities1 w> is g5]at$ by evil1 is alli$ to numb]less =ms ( evil1 & has a c\ntless prog5y ( evil4 ,b x is equally true t w> w recur at n unfrequ5t int]vals1 s long z ! moral evils f :i* x spr+s rema9 unre=m$4 ,su* are ! complications ( int]national affairs1 t ! mo/ righte\s & pacific policy may n always %ield a p f ho/ile aggressions2 :ile insurrection1 s$ition1 & civil w> may result n only f gov]nm5tal oppression1 b f ! mo/ salut>y measures ( re=m & progress4 ,9 su* cases1 self-def5ce on ! "p ( ! nation or ! gov]nm5t assail$1 is a "r & an obligation1 due ev5 9 ! int]e/ ( human life1 & /ill m1 9 behalf ( int]e/s m preci\s ?an life4 ,moreov]1 ev5 9 a w> ( unprovok$ aggression1 ! aggressive nation does n =feit ! "r ( self-def5ce by ! unpr9cipl$ ambition ( its rul]s1 &1 w> once decl>$1 its vigor\s pursuit may be ! only mode ( av]t+ disa/] or ru94 ,?us w>1 ?\gh always involv+ atroci\s wrong on ! "p ( its promot]s & abettors1 becomes to ! nations involv$ 9 x a necessity = :i* !y are compell$ to provide4 ,?is provision may1 9 "s cases1 be made by volunt>y enli/m5t2 b 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to fill & recruit ! army by conscription1 ?us =cibly endang]+ ! lives ( a portion ( ! citiz5s1 9 ord] to av]t f ! soil & ! homes ( ! p at l>ge ! worse calamities ( invasion1 deva/ation1 & conque/4 ,s f> z ?is is necess>y1 x is und\bt$ly "r1 & ! lives ?us sacrific$ are ju/ly due to ! safety & well-be+ ( ! :ole p4 ,b 9 mak+ ?is admission1 we w\ld say1 )\t abatem5t or qualification1 t w> is ess5tially inhuman1 b>b>\s1 & oppos$ to & by ! pr9ciples & _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t %\ld ! _w ev] be ?or\ghly ,*ri/ianiz$1 ! ages :5 w> 0 possible1 w be look$ back ^u ) ! same horror ) :i* we n[ reg>d cannibalism4 ,associat$ ) ! "r to life1 & ess5tial to its full enjoym5t1 is ! 99"r to lib]ty994 ,?is includes ! "r to direct "o's own employm5ts & recreations1 to divide & use 8 "t z may seem to him good1 to g :]e he pleases1 to be/[ 8 vote or 8 influ5ce 9 public affairs z he ?9ks be/1 & to express 8 own op9ions orally1 9 writ+1 or ?r\gh ! press1 )\t h9drance or mole/ation4 ,^! sev]al rights belong equally to all2 b z !y _c be ex]cis$ 9 full )\t mutual int]f]5ce & annoyance1 ! common s5se ( mank9d1 utt]+ itself ?r\gh law1 p]mits ea* individual to enjoy !m only s f> z he c consi/5tly ) ! fre$om1 com=t1 & well-be+ ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 99,slav]y99 is s ne>ly extirpat$ f ,*ri/5dom1 t x is sup]flu\s to ent] into ! controv]sy1 :i* a few ye>s ago no treatise on ,moral ,philosophy c\ld h evad$4 ,x 0 def5d$ only by pat5t sophi/ry1 & its advocates argu$ f ! fact to ! "r1 inv5t+ ! latt] to su/a9 ! =m]4 99,p]sonal lib]ty is legally & rightfully re/rict$99 9 ! case ( m9ors1 on ! gr\nd ( _! 99immature99 judgm5t & discretion1 ( _! natural /ate ( dep5d5ce on p>5ts1 & ( _! usual abode "u ! p>5tal ro(4 ,! age ( mature discretion v>ies v widely1 n only 9 diff]5t races1 b among diff]5t individuals ( ! same race1 z does also ! p]iod ( emancipation f ! controll+ influ5ce ( p>5ts1 & ( an indep5d5t & self-su/a9+ condition 9 life4 ,b1 z x is impossible = gov]nm5t to in/itute special inquiries 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 & z1 7 ?is possible1 !re w\ld be indef9ite room = favoritism & invidi\s di/9ctions1 !re is an intr9sic fitness 9 fix+ an av]age age at :i* p>5tal or quasi-p>5tal tutelage %all cease1 & aft] :i* ! man %all h full & sole responsibility = 8 own acts4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t ! lib]ty ( ! insane & feeble-m9d$ ought to be re/rict$ s f> z is necess>y = _! own safety & = t ( o!rs4 ,!re is1 also1 9 mo/ communities1 a provision by :i* notori\s sp5d?rifts may be put "u gu>dian%ip1 & ?us re/ra9$ 9 :at might be claim$ z _! rightful disposal ( _! own prop]ty4 ,?is may be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd t1 by p]si/5t wa/efulness1 !y may ?r[ ^u ! public ! *>ge ( _! own support & t ( _! families4 99,imprisonm5t99 is1 on ! "p ( society1 a measure1 n ( rev5ge1 b ( self-def5ce4 ,! design ( ?is mode ( puni%m5t is1 fir/1 to prev5t ! spe$y repetition ( ! crime on ! "p ( ! p]son puni%$2 secondly1 s to "w1 ei!r ^u 8 moral nature by conf9em5t1 labor1 & in/ruction1 or at ! wor/1 on 8 fe>s1 by ! dread ( repeat$ & long] re/ra9t1 t he may ab/a9 f crime 9 future2 & la/ly1 to det] ^? :o might o!rwise be tempt$ to crime f expos+ !mselves to its p5al consequ5ces4 ,z reg>ds ! prison]1 he has ju/ly =feit$ ! "r to lib]ty by employ+ x 9 aggression on ! rights ( o!rs4 ,z reg>ds acts n 9 !mselves wrong1 ! fre$om ( ! individual is rightfully re/ra9$1 :5 x w\ld int]f]e ) ! heal?1 com=t1 or lawful pursuits ( 8 neighbors4 ,?us no man has ! "r1 ei!r legal or moral1 to e/abli%1 9 an inhabit$ vic9age1 a trade or manufacture :i* confess$ly poisons ! air or ! wat] 9 8 neighborhood2 nor has "o a moral "r 7ev5 if !re are te*nical difficulties 9 ! way ( decl>+ 8 call+ a nuisance71 to annoy 8 neighbors by an avocation grossly (f5sive or intol]ably noisy4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd alone t legislation ) ref]5ce to ! ,"l's day c be ju/ifi$4 ,*ri/ians h no "r to impose ^u ,jews1 ,pagans1 or infidels1 entire cessation ( labor1 bus9ess1 or recreation on ,sunday1 & ! attempt at co]cive measures ( ?is k9d c only react to ! damage ( ! cause 9 :i* !y are in/itut$4 ,b if ! majority ( ! p believe x _! duty to obs]ve ! fir/ day ( ! week z a day ( re/ & devotion1 !y h a "r to be protect$ 9 its obs]vance by ! suppression ( su* k9ds1 degrees1 & displays ( labor & recreation z w\ld ess5tially int]f]e ) _! employm5t ( ! day = its sacr$ uses4 #b4 99,! "r to prop]ty99 is an inevitable coroll>y f ! "r to lib]ty2 = ?is implies fre$om to labor at "o's w1 & to :at purpose c a man labor1 unless he c make ! fruit ( 8 labor 8 own8 ,all prop]ty1 except l&1 has be5 creat$ by labor4 ,except :]e slav]y is legaliz$1 x is admitt$ t ! labor] owns ! value he creates4 ,if x be an article made or produc$ :olly by himself1 x is 8 to keep1 to use1 to give1 or to sell4 ,if 8 labor be be/[$ on mat]ials n 8 own1 or if he be "o ( a body ( workm51 he is entitl$ to a fair equival5t = ! labor he contributes4 99,prop]ty 9 l&991 no d\bt1 orig9at$ 9 labor4 ,a man 0 deem$ ! proprietor ( s mu* gr\nd z he till$4 ,9 a sp>se population !re c\ld h be5 no dang] ( mutual int]f]5ce2 & 9 e c\ntry1 gov]nm5ts mu/ h be5 in/itut$ be=e !re 0 a suffici5tly close occupation ( ! soil to occasion collisions & conflicts among ! occupants4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ! e>ly ages1 9 g5]al1 confirm$ ! titles f\nd$ 9 productive occupancy1 & treat$ ! unoccupi$ l& z ! prop]ty ( ! /ate1 ei!r to be held 9 common1 to be c$$ to individual own]s 9 rew>d ( loyalty or s]vices1 or to be sold on ! public acc\nt4 ,x is manife/ t ! 99security ( prop]ty is ess5tial to civilization & progress994 ,m5 w\ld labor only = ! ne$s ( ! day1 if !y c\ld n reta9 & enjoy ! fruits ( _! labor2 nor w\ld !y be at pa9s to inv5t or actualize indu/rial improvem5ts ( any k9d1 if !y _h no p]man5t int]e/ 9 ! results ( su* improvem5ts4 ,!n1 too1 if !re 7 no protection = prop]ty1 !re c\ld be no accumulation ( capital1 & )\t capital !re c\ld be no ent]prise1 no comb9$ indu/ries1 no exp5diture 9 fai? ( a remote1 yet c]ta9 pr(it4 ,nor yet c ! ends ( a progressive civilization be answ]$ by a community ( goods & ga9s4 ,:]ev] ?is exp]im5t has be5 tri$1 x has be5 att5d$ by a decl9e ( indu/rial en]gy & capacity2 & :]e !re has n be5 absolute failure1 !re h be5 apa?y1 /upidity1 & a decreas+ /&>d ( intellig5ce4 ,9 f9e1 !re is 9 man's bodily & m5tal p[]s a c]ta9 vis in]ti1 :i* c be effici5tly ar\s$ only by ! /imulus ( p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! results ( indu/ry1 +5uity1 & prud5ce4 ,! "r ( prop]ty implies 99! "r ( ! own]1 :ile he lives991 to hold1 enjoy1 or dispose ( 8 possessions 9 su* way z may please him4 ,b 8 own]%ip necess>ily ceases at dea?2 & :at 0 8 becomes 99rightfully ! prop]ty ( ! public994 ,yet 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 x has be5 deem$ fitt+ t ! own] %\ld h ! lib]ty--) c]ta9 re/rictions--( dictat+ ! disposal ( 8 prop]ty aft] 8 dea?1 & also t1 unless ali5at$ by 8 w 7& 9 "s c\ntries 8 w not)/&+71 8 prop]ty %\ld pass to 8 family or 8 ne>e/ k9dr$4 ,x is believ$ t x w\ld disc\rage indu/ry & enfeeble ent]prise 7 _! e>n+s to be treat$ z public prop]ty on ! dea? ( ! own]2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 m5 are mo/ surely tra9$ to & pres]v$ 9 habits ( dilig5ce & ?rift1 ei!r by ! p[] ( direct+ ! disposal ( _! prop]ty aft] dea?1 or by ! c]ta9ty t !y c !reby b5efit ^? :om !y hold 9 ! de>e/ reg>d4 ,laws ) ref]5ce to wills & to ! succession ( e/ates are n1 !n1 limitations ( ! rights ( private prop]ty1 b a directory z to :at is deem$ ! be/ mode ( dispos+ ( su* prop]ty z f "t to "t accrues to ! public4 99,! law limits ! "r ( prop]ty99 by appropriat+ to public uses su* portions ( x z are ne$$ = ! ma9t5ance1 conv5i5ce1 & well-be+ ( ! body politic4 ,?is is done1 9 ! fir/ place1 by taxation1 :i*--9 ord] to be j--mu/ be equitable 9 its mode ( assessm5t1 & n excessive 9 am\nt4 ,z to ! modes ( assessm5t1 x is obvi\s t a sy/em :i* light5s ! burd5 ^u ! ri*1 & ?us presses ! m heavily on ! poor 7z w\ld be ! case 7 a rev5ue rais$ on ! necess>ies ( life1 :ile luxuries 7 left free71 _c be ju/ifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be ma9ta9$ t ! rate ( taxation might fairly increase ) ! am\nt ( prop]ty2 = a v l>ge proportion ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t is design$ = ! protection ( prop]ty1 & ! m prop]ty an individual has1 ! less capable is he ( protect+ 8 v>i\s int]e/s by 8 own p]sonal c>e1 & ! m is he 9 ne$ ( well-devis$ & fai?fully execut$ laws4 ,taxation excessive 9 am\nt is simply legaliz$ !ft4 ,s9ecures1 sup]num]>y (fices1 ne$less & co/ly =malities 9 ! transaction ( public bus9ess1 j\rneys & fe/ivities at ! public *>ge1 build+s design$ = o/5tation r ?an = use1 h be5 s long tol]at$ 9 ! municipal1 /ate1 & national adm9i/rations1 t !y may seem insep>able f our sy/em ( gov]nm5t2 b !y imply gross di%one/y on ! "p ( l>ge numb]s ( our public s]vants1 & guilty complicity 9 x on ! "p ( _m m4 ,"u a sy/em ( direct taxation1 assessm5ts c be m equitably made1 & _! exp5diture w be m c>efully wat*$1 ?an 9 ! case ( indirect taxation2 :ile ! latt] me?od is m likely to f9d favor ) ^? :o hold or seek public (fice1 z enc\rag+ a l>g] fre$om ( exp5diture1 & support+ a l>g] numb] ( ne$less function>ies at ! public co/4 ,! law1 also1 au?orizes 99! appropriation ( specific portions ( prop]ty to public uses991 z = /reets1 roads1 aqu$ucts1 & public gr\nds1 & ev5 9 aid ( private ent]prises 9 :i* ! community has a b5eficial int]e/1 z ( canals1 bridges1 & railways4 ,?is is necess>y1 & !re=e "r4 ,x is obvi\s t1 b = ?is1 ! mo/ ess5tial facilities & improvem5ts might be prev5t$1 or burd5$ ) unreasonable co/s1 by ! ob/9acy or cupidity ( individuals4 ,! conditions "u :i* su* use ( private prop]ty is ju/ifi$ are1 t ! improvem5t propos$ be = ! g5]al good1 t a fair comp5sation be giv5 = ! prop]ty tak51 & t z to bo? ^! po9ts1 9 case ( a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 ! ultimate appeal %all be to an imp>tial tribunal or arbitration4 #c4 99,! "r to reputation499 ,e man has a "r to ! reputation he des]ves1 & is "u obligation to respect t "r 9 e o!r man4 ,?is obligation is violat$1 n only by ! fabrication ( sl&]1 b equally by its repetition1 unless ! p]son :o repeats x kn[s x to be true1 & also by sil5ce & seem+ acquiesc5ce 9 an injuri\s report1 if "o kn[s or believes x to be false4 ,b has a man a "r to a bett] reputation ?an he des]ves8 ,c]ta9ly n1 9 a moral po9t ( view2 & if m5 c\ld be g5]ally kn[n to be :at !y are1 few w\ld fail to become :at !y w\ld wi% to seem4 ,yet ! law admits ! tru? ( a sl&]\s *>ge 9 ju/ification ( ! sl&]]1 only :5 x c be %[n t ! k ( ! tru? is = ! public b5efit4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is attitude ( ! law1 )\t ref]5ce to any suppos$ rights ( ! ju/ly accus$ p>ty4 ,!re is1 9 _m in/ances1 room = a reasonable d\bt z to evil reports t seem au!ntic1 & 9 _m m in/ances !re may be ext5uat+ circum/ances :i* =m a "p ( ! case1 ?\gh almo/ nev]1 ( ! report4 ,!n1 too1 ! family & k9dr$ ( ! p]son defam$ may incur1 ?r\gh true1 yet useless reports to 8 discr$it1 %ame1 annoyance1 & damage1 :i* !y d n m]it4 ,evil reports1 also1 ev5 if true1 di/urb ! peace ( ! community1 & (t5 provoke viol5t retaliation4 ,! wanton circulation ( !m1 !re=e1 if a luxury to him :o gives !m curr5cy1 is a luxury indulg$ at ! exp5se ( ! public1 & he ought to be held liable = all t x may co/4 ,f9ally1 & above all1 ! sl&]] becomes a nuisance to ! community1 n only by 8 reports ( real or imag9$ wrong & evil1 b by ! degradation ( 8 own "*1 :i* c h>dly rema9 above ! level ( 8 social int]c\rse4 ,by ! law1 defamation & libel are1 v ju/ly1 liable bo? to 99crim9al prosecution991 z (f5ces aga9/ ! public1 & to 99action = damages99 by civil process1 on ! obvi\s gr\nd t ! injury ( a man's "* t5ds to impair 8 success 9 bus9ess1 8 pecuni>y cr$it1 & 8 com=table enjoym5t ( 8 prop]ty4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,motive1 ,,passion1 ,,& ,,habit4 ,! appetites1 desires1 & affections are1 z has be5 said1 ! 99proximate motives99 ( action4 ,! p]ception ( exp$i5cy & ! s5se ( "r act1 n indep5d5tly ( ^! motives1 b ^u !m & ?r\gh !m1 *eck+ "s1 /imulat+ o!rs4 ,?us !y1 bo?1 re/ra9 ! appetites1 ! =m]1 s f> z prud5ce requires2 ! latt]1 9 subs]vi5cy to ! m noble elem5ts ( "*4 ,! =m] directs ! desires t[>d wor?y1 b e>?ly objects2 ! latt] works mo/ effici5tly ?r\gh ! b5evol5t affections1 z ex]cis$ t[>d ,god & man4 ,ext]ior motives are ( a second>y ord]1 act+ n directly ^u ! w1 b influ5c+ x indirectly1 ?r\gh ! spr+s ( action1 or ?r\gh ! pr9ciples :i* direct & gov]n !m4 99,! action ( ext]ior motives99 takes place 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4 #a4 ,:5 !y are 9 h>mony ) any pr$om9ant appetite1 desire1 or affection1 !y at once int5sify x1 & prompt acts by :i* x may be gratifi$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a sumptu\sly spread table gives ! epicure a ke5] appetite1 & invites him to its free indulg5ce4 ,! opportunity ( a pot5tially lucrative1 ?\gh haz>d\s inve/m5t1 excites ! cupidity ( ! man :o prizes money above all ?+s else1 & tempts him to incur ! d\btful risk4 ,! pres5ce ( ! object ( love or hatr$ adds /r5g? to ! affection1 & induces expressions or acts ( k9dness or malevol5ce4 #b4 ,an ext]ior motive oppos$ to ! pr$om9ant spr+ ( action (t5 />ts t spr+ into vigor\s & decisive activity1 & makes x !nce=? /rong] & m imp]ative4 ,x is ?us t remon/rances1 ob/acles1 & int]pos+ difficulties n infrequ5tly r5d] s5sual passion m rabid2 :ile temptation1 by ! acts ( resi/ance :i* x elicits1 n\ri%es ! virtue x assails4 #c4 ,an ext]ior motive may h a suffici5t /ress & cog5cy to call =? into en]getic action "s appetite1 desire1 or affection previ\sly dormant or feeble1 ?us to repress ! activity ( ^? :i* be=e held sway1 & s to produce a fundam5tal *ange 9 ! "*4 ,9 ?is way ! sudd5 pres5tation ( vice1 9 attractive =ms1 may give p>am\nt sway to passions :i* _h previ\sly %[n no signs ( ma/]y2 &1 9 l mann]1 a signal exp]i5ce ( p]il1 calamity1 deliv]ance1 or unexpect$ joy may call =? ! religi\s affections1 & inve/ !m ) endur+ supremacy ov] a s\l previ\sly surr5d]$ to appetite1 inf]ior desires1 or mean] loves4 99,an undue influ5ce99 9 ! =mation or *ange ( "* 99is (t5 ascrib$ to ext]ior motives499 ,!y are (t5] ! consequ5ce ?an ! cause ( "*4 ,m51 9 g5]al1 ex]cise m p[] ov] _! surr\nd+s1 ?an _! surr\nd+s ov] !m4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! circum/ances :i* seem to h a decisive influ5ce ^u u1 are ( our own *oice1 & we might--_h we s will$--h *os5 _! opposites4 ,a virtu\s p]son seldom f9ds x necess>y to brea! a vici\s atmosph]e4 ,a will+ness to be tempt$ is commonly ! antec$5t condition to "o's be+ l$ into temptation4 ,sympa?y1 example1 & social influ5ces are second 9 _! p[]1 :e!r = good or = evil1 to no o!r class ( ext]ior motives2 & !re are few :o _c *oose _! own society1 & :o d n *oose x 9 accordance ) _! elective aff9ities4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! *oice ( companions ( d\btful virtue is (t5 ! fir/ outw>d sign ( vici\s proclivities2 :ile a t5aci\s adh]5ce to ! society ( ! mo/ wor?y n infrequ5tly prec$es any v conspicu\s developm5t ( p]sonal excell5ce2 b 9 ei!r case ! *oice ( fri5ds indicates ! pr$om9ant spr+s ( action1 & ! direction 9 :i* ! "* has begun to gr[4 ,s f> !n is man f be+ "u ! irresi/ible control ( motives f )\t1 t ^! motives are 9 great "p ! results & ! tok5s ( 8 own volunt>y ag5cy4 ,*ri/ianity ju/ly claims prem95ce1 n only z a s\rce ( k z to ! "r1 b equally z pres5t+ ! mo/ influ5tial & p]si/5t motives to "r conduct4 ,^! motives we h 9 its ende>+ & w9n+ manife/ation ( ! ,div9e fa!rhood by ,jesus ,*ri/2 9 8 own sacrifice1 dea?1 & undy+ love = man2 9 ! assurance ( =giv5ess = pa/ wrongs & omissions1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be little c\rage = future well-do+2 9 ! promise ( ,div9e aid 9 e "r purpose & wor?y endeavor2 9 ! c]ta9ty ( a righte\s retribution 9 ! life to come2 & 9 in/itutions & obs]vances design$ & adapt$ to p]petuate ! memory ( ! sali5t facts1 & to 99r5ew99 at frequ5t int]vals ! recognition ( ! ess5tial tru?s1 :i* give ! religion its "n & "*4 ,! desires & affections1 /imulat$ & direct$ by ^! motives1 are incapable ( be+ p]v]t$ to evil1 :ile desires ) l[] aims & affections = inf]ior objects are always liable to be ?us p]v]t$4 ,^! religi\s motives1 too1 re/+ on ! ,inf9ite & ! ,et]nal1 are ( inexhau/ible p[]2 if felt at all1 !y mu/ ( necessity be felt m /rongly ?an all o!r motives2 & !y _c fail to be adequate to any /ress ( ne$1 temptation1 or trial4 99 99 99 99 99 99,passion99 implies a passive /ate1--a condition 9 :i* ! w yields )\t resi/ance to "s dom9ant appetite1 desire1 or affection1 "u ^: imp]i\s reign reason is sil5c$1 consid]ations ( exp$i5cy & ( "r suppress$1 & ext]ior c\nt]act+ motives neutraliz$4 ,x resembles insanity 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! actions induc$ by x are ! results ( unreason+ impulse1 & 9 ! unreal & di/ort$ views :i* x pres5ts ( p]sons1 objects1 & ev5ts4 ,x diff]s f insanity1 ma9ly 9 its be+ a self-induc$ madness1 = :i*1 z = drunk5ness1 ! suff]] is morally acc\ntable1 & 9 yield+ to :i*1 z 9 drunk5ness1 he1 by suff]+ 8 w to pass beyond ! control ( reason1 makes himself responsible1 bo? legally & morally1 = :atev] crimes or wrongs he commits 9 ?is /ate ( m5tal ali5ation4 99,!re is no appetite1 desire1 or affection :i* may n become a passion991 & !re is no passion :i* does n impair ! s5se ( "r1 & int]f]e ) ! dis*>ge ( duty4 ,! appetites1 ! l[] desires1 ! malevol5t affections1 &1 n infrequ5tly1 love1 :5 !y become passions1 h _! issues 9 vice & crime4 ,! nobl] desires & affections :5 made passions1 may n lead to positive evil1 b c h>dly fail to d]ange ! fitt+ ord] ( life1 & to result 9 ! d]eliction ( "s ( its ess5tial duties4 ,?us1 ! passion = k may r5d] "o indiff]5t to 8 social & religi\s obligations4 ,philan?ropy1 :5 a passion1 ov]looks ne>] = m remote claims ( duty1 & is v prone to omit self-discipl9e & self-culture 9 its zeal = _w-embrac+ *>ities4 ,ev5 ! religi\s affections1 :5 !y assume ! "* ( passions1 ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 are k9dl$ into wild fanaticism1 or1 on ! o!r1 lapse into a self-absorb$ quietism1 :i* =gets outside duties 9 ! luxury ( dev\t contemplation2 & ?\gh ei!r ( ^! is to be immeasurably pref]r$ to indiff]5ce1 !y bo? are z immeasurably inf]ior to t piety1 equally f]v5t & rational1 :i* neglects nei!r man = ,god1 nor ,god = man1 & :i* rema9s m9dful ( all human & e>?ly relations1 fitnesses1 & duties1 :ile at ! same "t x reta9s its hold ( fai?1 hope1 & habitual communion1 on ! high] life4 99 99 99 99 99 99,habit99 also involves ! susp5sion ( reason & motive 9 ! p]=mance ( individual acts2 b x diff]s f passion 9 t its acts 7 9 ! beg9n+ prompt$ by reason & motive4 ,inde$1 x may be plausibly ma9ta9$ t 9 ea* habitual act !re is a virtual remembrance--a recollection too transi5t to be itself rememb]$--( ! reason+ or motive :i* induc$ ! fir/ act ( ! s]ies4 ,9 "s cases ! habitual act is p]=m$1 z x is said1 unconsci\sly1 c]ta9ly ) a consci\sness s evanesc5t z to leave no trace ( itself4 ,9 o!r cases ! act is p]=m$ consci\sly1 b z by a felt necessity1 9 consequ5ce ( an uneasy s5sation--analog\s to hung] & ?ir/--:i* c be allay$ 9 ?is way only4 ,"u ?is la/ head we may class1 9 ! fir/ place1 habits ( crim9al indulg5ce1 includ+ ! indulg5ce ( morbid & deprav$ appetite2 secondly1 _m ( ^? morally indiff]5t habits1 :i* con/itute a l>ge portion ( a regul> & sy/ematic life2 & ?irdly1 habits ( virtu\s conduct1 ( indu/ry1 ( punctuality1 ( *>ity4 99,habit be>s a mo/ mom5t\s "p 9 ! =mation & gr[? ( "*991 :e!r = evil or = good4 ,x is 9 ! easy & rapid =mation ( habit t lies ! imm95t p]il ( s+le acts ( vici\s indulg5ce4 ,! fir/ act is p]=m$ ) ! det]m9ation t x %all be ! la/ ( its k9d4 ,b ( all examples "o's own is t :i* he is mo/ prone to foll[1 & ( all bad examples "o's own is ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,! prec$5t once e/abli%$1 !re is ! /ronge/ temptation to repeat x1 /ill ) a consci\s p[] ( self-control1 & ) ! resolution to limit ! degree & to arre/ ! c\rse ( indulg5ce1 s z to evade ! ultimate disgrace & ru9 to :i* x t5ds4 ,b be=e ! pre-det]m9$ limit is rea*$1 ! indulg5ce has become a habit2 its susp5sion is pa9ful2 its cont9uance or r5ewal seems ess5tial to com=table exi/5ce2 & ev5 9 ^? ultimate /ages :5 its v pleasure has laps$ into satiety1 & !n into wret*$ness1 its discont9uance ?reat5s /ill great] wret*$ness1 because ! crav+ is ev5 m int5se :5 ! enjoym5t has ceas$4 99,! b5efic5t ag5cy ( habit no less des]ves emphatic notice499 ,its (fice 9 practical morality is analog\s to t ( labor-sav+ inv5tions 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry4 ,a ma*9e by :i* t5 m5 c d ! "w t has be5 done by ?irty1 dis5gages ! tw5ty = new modes ( productive labor1 & ?us augm5ts ! products ( indu/ry & ! com=t ( ! community4 ,a good habit is a labor-sav+ in/rum5t4 ,! cultivat+ ( any specific virtue to su* a degree t x %all become an insep>able & endur+ elem5t ( ! "* dem&s1 at ! outset1 vigilance1 self-discipl9e1 &1 n infrequ5tly1 /r5u\s ef=t4 ,b :5 ! ex]cise ( t virtue has become habitual1 & !re=e natural1 easy1 & ess5tial to "o's consci\s well-be+1 x ceases to task ! en]gies2 x no long] requires con/ant wat*fulness2 its occasions are met spontane\sly by ! appropriate dispositions & acts4 ,! p[]s :i* h be5 employ$ 9 its culture are ?us set free = ! acquisition ( yet o!r virtues1 & ! =mation ( o!r good habits4 ,h]e9 lies ! secret ( progressive goodness1 ( an ev] ne>] approa* to a p]fect /&>d ( "*4 ,! primal virtues are fir/ made habits ( ! unceas+ consci\sness & ( ! daily life1 & ! moral p[] no long] ne$$ = ^! is !n employ$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! f9] traits ( sup]ior excell5ce1--! %ap+ ( ! delicate l9es1 r\nd+s1 & proportions1 :i* con/itute ! beauty ( hol9ess1 ! symmetry & grace ( "* t w9 n only ab\nd+ respect & confid5ce1 b univ]sal admiration & love4 99,:at has be5 said ( habit1 is true n only z to outw>d acts1 b equally z to wont$ directions & curr5ts ( ?\ght1 /udy1 reflection1 & rev]ie499 ,x is ma9ly ?r\gh successive /ages ( habit t ! m9d gr[s 9 its p[] ( application1 rese>*1 & inv5tion4 ,x is ?us t ! _s ( devotion is tra9$ to ev] cle>] realization ( sacr$ tru? & a m f]v5t love & piety4 ,x is ?us t m9ds ( good native capacity lose _! appreh5sive faculties & _! work+ p[]2 & ?us1 also1 t moral corruption (t51 no d\bt1 takes place be=e ! evil desires *]i%$ )9 f9d ! opportunity ( actualiz+ !mselves 9 a deprav$ life4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,virtues1 ,,& ,,! ,,virtues4 99,! t]m virtue99 is employ$ 9 v>i\s s5ses1 :i*1 ?\gh !y cov] a wide range1 are yet v closely alli$ to "o ano!r1 & to ! initial conception 9 :i* !y all h bir?4 ,its primitive signification1 z its /ructure7#f7 indicates1 is manl9ess4 ,n[ :at prem95tly di/+ui%es1 n s mu* ! human race f ! l[] animals1 z ! full-gr[n & /rong man f ! feebl] memb]s ( 8 own race1 is ! p[] ( resolute1 /r5u\s1 p]sev]+ conflict & resi/ance4 ,x is ! "p ( a man wor?y ( ! "n to ma9ta9 8 own position1 to hold 8 gr\nd aga9/ all invad]s1 to %[ a firm front aga9/ all ho/ile =ce1 & to pref] dea? to conque/4 ,all ?is is impli$ 9 ! ,greek & ,roman idea ( virtue1 & is includ$ 9 ! ,lat9 virtus1 :5 x is us$ ) ref]5ce to milit>y transactions1 s t its e>lie/ mean+ 01 simply1 milit>y pr[ess4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( e?ical philosophy1 & especially ) ! cultivation by ! ,/oics ( ! /]n] & h>di] traits ( moral excell5ce1 m5 le>n$ t !re 0 op5 to !m a m p]il\s battle-gr\nd1 a sev]] conflict1 & a m glori\s victory1 ?an 9 m]e physical w>f>e1--t !re 0 a high] type ( manl9ess 9 self-conque/1 9 ! resi/ance & subdual ( appetite & passion1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( integrity & purity "u int5se temptation & amid/ vici\s surr\nd+s1 ?an 9 ! pr\de/ a*ievem5ts ( milit>y val\r4 ,virtue ?us came to mean1 n moral goodness 9 itself consid]$1 b goodness militant & triumphant47#g7 ,b 99words :i* h a complex signification always t5d to sl\gh (f a "p ( _! mean+992 &1 especially1 words t d5ote a /ate or prop]ty1 toge!r ) its mode ( gr[? or ( manife/ation1 are prone to drop ! latt]1 ev5 ?\gh x may h giv5 !m root & =m4 ,?us ! t]m virtue is (t5 us$ to d5ote ! qualities t con/itute human excell5ce1 )\t direct ref]5ce to ! conflict ) evil1 :5ce x gets its "n1 & 9 :i* ^? qualities h _! sure/ gr[? & mo/ conspicu\s manife/ation4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 a tacit ref]5ce to temptation & conflict 9 our use ( ! t]m4 ,?\gh we employ x to d5ote goodness t has /ood no v sev]e te/1 we use x only :]e su* a te/ may be reg>d$ z possible4 ,?\gh we call a man virtu\s :o has be5 %ield$ f all corrupt examples & influ5ces1 & has _h no inducem5ts to be o!rwise ?an good1 we d n apply ! epi!t to ! little *ild :o _c by any possibility h be5 expos$ to temptation4 ,nor yet w\ld we apply x to ! p]fect purity & hol9ess ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o 8_c be tempt$ ) evil40 ,virtue !n1 9 its m usual s5se at ! pres5t "t1 d5otes 99conduct 9 accordance ) ! "r991 or ) ! fitness ( ?+s1 on ! "p ( "o :o has ! p[] to d o!rwise4 ,b 9 ?is s5se !re are few1 if any1 p]fectly virtu\s m54 ,!re are1 p]haps1 none :o are equally s5sitive to all t ! "r requires1 & x is (t5 ! defici5cies ( a "* t give x its reputation = di/+ui%$ excell5ce 9 "s "o =m ( virtue1 ! vigilance1 self-discipl9e1 & ef=t :i* might h su/a9$ ! "* 9 a well-balanc$ m$iocrity be+ s conc5trat$ ^u "s s+le dep>tm5t ( duty z to excite high admiration & ext5d$ praise4 ,!re may be a defici5t s5sitiv5ess to "s classes ( obligations1 :ile yet !re is no will+ or consci\s violation ( ! "r1 & 9 su* cases ! "* mu/ be reg>d$ z virtu\s4 ,b if 9 any "o dep>tm5t ( duty a p]son is consci\sly false to 8 s5se ( "r1 ev5 ?\gh 9 all o!r respects he con=ms to ! "r1 he _c be deem$ virtu\s1 nor c !re be any good gr\nd = assurance t he may n1 ) suffici5t inducem5t1 violate ! v obligations :i* he n[ holds 9 ! mo/ fai?ful reg>d4 ,?is is :at is meant by t say+ ( ,/4 ,james1 8,:osoev] %all keep ! :ole law1 & yet (f5d 9 "o po9t1 is guilty ( all10--n t he :o commits a s+le (f5ce ?r\gh inadv]t5cy or sudd5 temptation1 is ?us guilty2 b he :o will+ly & delib]ately violates ! "r z to matt]s 9 :i* he is ! mo/ /rongly tempt$ to wrong & evil1 %[s an indiff]5ce to ! "r :i* w lead him to obs]ve x only s long & s f> z he f9ds x conv5i5t & easy s to d4 ,"h we are naturally l$ to inquire :e!r !re is any ess5tial 99connection betwe5 virtue & piety991--betwe5 ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! common duties ( life & lov+ loyalty t[>d ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,on ?is subject extreme op9ions h be5 held1 sceptics & unbeliev]s1 on ! "o side1 ,*ri/ians ) a leav5 ( ant9omianism on ! o!r1 ma9ta9+ ! entire indep5d5ce ( virtue on piety2 :ile ,*ri/ians ( ! opposite t5d5cy h repres5t$ !m1 9 spite ( ample evid5ce to ! contr>y1 z insep>able4 ,we %all f9d1 on exam9ation1 t !y are sep>able & indep5d5t1 yet auxili>y ea* to ! o!r4 ,virtue is conduct 9 accordance ) ! "r1 & we h se5 t "r & wrong1 z moral di/9ctions1 dep5d n on ! ,div9e nature1 w or law17#h7 b on ! inh]5t1 necess>y conditions ( be+4 ,! a!i/ _c escape or dis[n !m4 ,:atev] exi/s--no matt] h[ x came into be+--mu/ ne$s h its due place1 aff9ities1 adaptations1 & uses4 ,an intellig5t dwell] among ! ?+s t are1 _c b "k some?+ ( _! fitnesses & h>monies1 & s f> z he acts ^u !m _c b feel ! obligation to recognize _! fitnesses1 & ?us to create or re/ore _! h>monies4 ,ev5 to ! a!i/1 vice is a violation ( fitnesses :i* he kn[s or may "k4 ,x is oppos$ to 8 consci5ti\s judgm5t4 ,he has ) reg>d to x an inevitable s5se ( wrong4 ,we c1 !re=e1 conceive ( an a!i/'s be+ rigidly virtu\s1 & t on pr9ciple4 ,?\gh among ! anci5t ,/oics !re 7 "s em95tly dev\t m51 !re 7 o!rs1 m5 ( impregnable virtue1 ^: !ology 0 too vague & meagre to furni% ei!r gr\nd or n\ri%m5t = piety4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 9 ! mutual & reciprocal fitnesses t p]vade ! univ]se we f9d demon/rative evid5ce ( ! be+1 unity1 & moral p]fectness ( ! ,creator1 we are con/ra9$ to ackn[l$ge ! possibility ( ^! fitnesses be+ recogniz$ 9 ! conduct ( life by ^? :o d n foll[ !m out to ! great tru?s ( !ology to :i* !y po9t & lead4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e !re is a cle> k (1 or an und\bt+ belief 9 ! be+ & provid5ce ( ,god1 & especially = p]sons :o receive ,*ri/ianity z a revelation ( ! tru?1 ?\gh1 z an affection1 piety is indep5d5t ( virtue1 ! duties ( piety are an ess5tial "p ( virtue4 ,if ,god is1 we /& 9 def9able relations to ,him1 & ^? relations are made def9ite ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity4 ,^? relations h _! fitnesses1 & we see n h[ he c be a ?or\ghly virtu\s man1 :o1 disc]n+ ^! fitnesses ) ! und]/&+1 fails to recognize !m 9 conduct4 ,consci5ce c take cognizance only ( ! fitnesses :i* ! individual man kn[s or believes2 b x does take cognizance ( all ! fitnesses :i* he kn[s or believes4 ,virtue may coexi/ ) a v l[ /&>d ( emotional piety2 b x _c coexi/1 9 "o :o believes ! tru?s ( religion1 ) blasphemy1 irrev]5ce1 or ! consci\s violation or neglect ( religi\s obligations4 ,he :o is will+ly false to 8 relations ) ! ,supreme ,be+1 ne$s only adequate temptation to make him false to 8 human relations1 & to ! fitnesses ( 8 daily life4 ,moreov]1 :ile1 z we h said1 virtue may exi/ :]e !re is b little emotional piety1 virtue c h>dly fail to *]i% piety4 ,loyalty ( conduct deep5s loyalty ( _s2 ob$i5ce n\ri%es love2 he :o fai?fully does ! w ( ,god c h>dly fail to become wor%ipful & dev\t2 & :ile m5 are m frequ5tly l$ by emotional piety to virtue1 !re c be no d\bt t ) _m ! process is rev]s$1 & virtue leads to emotional piety4 ,!n aga91 we h se5 t religion supplies ! mo/ effici5t ( all motives to a virtu\s life1--motives adequate to a /ress ( temptation & trial :i* suffices to ov]p[] & neutralize all inf]ior motives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,virtue is "o & indivisible 9 its pr9ciple & ess5ce1 yet 999 its ext]nal manife/ations pres5t+ widely diff]5t aspects991 & elicit+ a correspond+ div]sity 9 specific traits ( "*4 ,?us1 ?\gh intr9sic fitness be equally ! rule ( conduct at a pleasure-p>ty & by a paup]'s b$-side1 ! conduct ( ! virtu\s man w be widely diff]5t on ^! two occasions2 & n only s1 b ) ! same purpose ( fidelity to :at is fitt+ & "r1 8 dispositions1 aims1 & endeavors on ^! two occasions w h little or no?+ 9 common except ! "o p]vad+ purpose4 ,h5ce virtue may "u diff]5t =ms assume v>i\s names1 & may ?us be brok5 up into sep>ate virtues4 ,^! are _m or few1 accord+ z we di/ribute 9 small] or l>g] gr\ps ! occasions = virtu\s conduct1 or analyze ) great] or less m9ut5ess ! s5tim5ts & dispositions f :i* x proce$s4 99,! c>d9al99799#i99799 virtues99 are ! h+e-virtues1 ^? on :i* ! "* h+es or turns1 ^?1 ! possession ( all :i*1 w\ld con/itute a virtu\s "*1 :ile ! abs5ce ( any "o ( !m w\ld ju/ly =feit = a man ! epi!t virtu\s4 ,!re are o!r less sali5t & ess5tial qualities--m9or virtues--! possession ( :i* adds to ! symmetry1 beauty1 & effici5cy ( ! "*1 b :i* "o may lack1 & yet none ! less des]ve to be reg>d$ z a virtu\s man4 ,?us1 ju/ice is a c>d9al virtue2 g5tl5ess1 "o ( ! less] rank4 ,we propose to adopt z a 99division ( ! virtues99 "o :i* recognizes f\r c>d9al virtues1 correspond+ to f\r classes "u :i* may be compreh5d$ all ! fitnesses ( man's condition 9 ?is _w1 & ! duties proce$+ f !m respectively47#aj7 ,!re are fitnesses & duties app]ta9+1 fir/1 to "o's own be+1 nature1 capacities1 & ne$s2 secondly1 to 8 relations to 8 fell[-be+s2 ?irdly1 to 8 disposition & conduct ) ref]5ce to ext]nal objects & ev5ts beyond 8 control2 & f\r?ly1 to 8 arrangem5t1 disposal1 & use ( objects "u 8 control4 ,x is difficult to f9d names :i* 9 _! common use compreh5d sev]ally all ! cont5ts ( ea* ( ^! f\r divisions2 b yet !y are all compris$ )9 ! broade/ significance ( ! t]ms ,prud5ce1 ,ju/ice1 ,=titude1 & ,ord]4 ,?us employ$1 ,prud5ce1 or provid5ce1 includes all ! duties ( self-gov]nm5t & self-culture2 ,ju/ice d5otes all t is due to ,god & man1 embrac+ piety & b5evol5ce2 ,=titude1 :i* is b a synonyme = /r5g?1 is an appropriate g5]al "n = e mode1 :e!r ( defiance1 resi/ance1 or endurance1 9 :i* man %[s himself sup]ior to 8 inevitable surr\nd+s2 & ,ord] is ext5d$ to all subjects 9 :i* ! "q ( duty is a "q ( "t1 place1 or measure4 99,we c conceive ( no "r feel+1 purpose1 or action1 :i* does n come "u "o ( ^! heads499 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t ^! are all c>d9al virtues1 n "o ( :i* c\ld be want+ or grossly defici5t 9 a virtu\s man4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 he :o omits 7 x only ! duties ( self-culture1 & ?us leaves himself ignorant ( :at he ought to "k1 takes ^u himself ! full burd51 blame1 & p5alty ( :atev] wrong he may commit 9 consequ5ce ( ne$less ignorance2 secondly1 he :o is will+ly unfai?ful 9 any ( 8 relations to ,god or man1 _c by any possibility be wor?y ( approbation2 nor1 ?irdly1 c he be s1 :o is ! slave1 n ! ma/]1 ( 8 surr\nd+s2 :ile1 f\r?ly1 fitnesses ( "t1 place1 & measure are s ess5tial to "r-do+ t ! violation ( !m r5d]s :at else 7 "r1 wrong4 ,moreov]1 99ea* ( ^! f\r virtues991 if g5u9e & highly develop$1 99implies ! pres5ce ( all ! o!rs994 #a4 ,!re is a _w ( wisdom 9 ! "q ask$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures3 8,h all ! work]s ( iniquity no k80 ,!re is 9 all wrong-do+ ei!r ignorance1 or tempor>y halluc9ation or bl9dness1 & imprud5ce is b ignorance or delusion c>ri$ into action4 ,did we see cle>ly ! c]ta9 be>+s & consequ5ces ( actions1 we %\ld ne$ no /rong] dissuasive f all evil1 no m cog5t motive to e =m ( virtue4 #b4 ,!re is no conceivable duty :i* may n be br\ght "u ! head ( ju/ice1 ei!r to ,god or to man2 = our duties to ourselves are due to ,god :o has orda9$ !m1 & to man :om we are ! m able to b5efit1 ! m dilig5t we are 9 self-gov]nm5t & self-improvem5t4 #c4 ,our wrong-do+ ( e k9d comes f our yield+ to outw>d ?+s in/ead ( ris+ above !m2 & he :o truly lives above ! _w1 c h>dly fail to d all t is "r & good 9 x4 #d4 ,p]fect ord]--! do+ ( ev]y?+ 9 ! "r "t1 place1 & measure--w\ld imply ! pres5ce ( all ! virtues1 & w\ld include all _! "w4 ,) ?is explanation we %all use ! t]ms 99,prud5ce991 99,ju/ice991 99,=titude991 & 99,ord]99 9 ! titles ( ! f\r foll[+ *apt]s1 at ! same "t claim+ ! lib]ty ( employ+ ^! words1 z we %all f9d x conv5i5t1 9 ! m re/rict$ s5se :i* !y commonly be>4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,prud5ce2 ,,or ,,duties ,,to ,,"o',s ,,self4 ,c !re be 99duties to "o's self991 :i* are ( absolute obligation8 ,duties are dues1 & !y imply two p>ties1--"o :o owes !m1 & "o to :om !y are due1--! debtor & ! cr$itor4 ,b ! cr$itor may1 at 8 w1 cancel ! debt1 & release ! debtor4 ,9 selfw>d duties1 !n1 :y may ,i n1 z cr$itor1 release myself z debtor8 ,:y may ,i n--s long z ,i violate no obligation to o!rs--be1 at my own pleasure1 idle or indu/ri\s1 self-indulg5t or ab/95t1 frivol\s or s]i\s8 ,:y1 if life seem burd5some to me1 may ,i n relieve myself ( ! tr\ble ( liv+8 ,! answ] is1 t to e object 9 ! univ]se ) :i* ,i am br\ght into relation ,i owe its fit use1 & t no be+ 9 ! univ]se1 n ev5 ! ,omnipot5t1 c absolve me f ?is obligation4 ,n[ my sev]al p[]s & faculties1 ) ref]5ce to my w1 are objects on :i* my volitions take effect1 & ,i am b\nd to w _! fit uses1 & to ab/a9 f ?w>t+ or violat+ ^? uses1 on ! same gr\nd on :i* ,i am b\nd to obs]ve & rev]5ce ! fitnesses ( objects t =m no "p ( my p]sonality4 ,moreov]1 ?is e>?ly life is1 ) ref]5ce to my w1 an object on :i* my volitions may take effect2 ,i le>n--if n by unaid$ reason1 f ! ,*ri/ian revelation--t my life has its fit uses1 bo? 9 ?is _w & 9 prep>ation = a high] /ate ( be+1 & t ^! uses are (t5 be/ s]v$ by ! mo/ pa9ful ev5ts & exp]i5ces2 & ,i ?us f9d myself b\nd to take ! utmo/ c>e ( my life1 ev5 :5 x seems ! lea/ wor? c>+ =4 ,! 99duties due to "o's self99 are self-pres]vation1 ! atta9m5t ( k1 self-control1 & moral self-culture4 ,section ,i4 ,self-,pres]vation4 ,! 99uses ( life991 bo? to ourselves1 & to o!rs ?r\gh u1 suffice1 z we h said1 to r5d] its pres]vation a duty1 enjo9$ ^u u by ! law ( fitness4 ,?is duty is violat$ n only by suicide--aga9/ :i* x is useless to reason1 = its victims 9 mod]n ,*ri/5dom are seldom ( s\nd m9d--b equally by ne$less & wanton exposure to p]il4 ,su* exposure is frequ5tly incurr$ 9 reckless feats ( /r5g? or d>+1 sometimes consummat$ 9 imm$iate dea?1 & /ill (t5] 9 sl[] self-de/ruction by disease4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 occasions :5 self-pres]vation mu/ yield to a high] duty1 & humanity has made no important /age ( progress )\t ! free sacrifice ( _m noble lives2 b because x may be a duty to give life 9 ! cause ( tru? or lib]ty1 x by no means foll[s t "o has a "r to ?r[ x away = ! gratification ( vanity1 = a paltry wag]1 or to w9 ! fame ( an accompli%$ a?lete4 ,! duty ( self-pres]vation includes1 ( c\rse1 99a reasonable c>e = heal?991 )\t :i* ! uses ( life are ess5tially re/rict$ & impair$4 ,"h a j mean mu/ be s\ght & adh]$ to4 ,!re is1 on ! "o h&1 an excessive c>e ( ! body1 :i*1 if x does n enfeeble ! m9d1 di/racts x f its true "w1 & makes ! spiritual nature a m]e slave ( ! mat]ial organism4 ,?is solicitude is sometimes s excessive z to defeat its own purpose1 by creat+ imag9>y diseases1 & !n mak+ !m real2 & ! numb] is by no means small ( ^? :o h become *ronic invalids solely by ! pa9s !y h tak5 n to be s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a c>elessness z to dress & diet1 to :i* ! /ronge/ con/itution mu/ at l5g? yield2 & ! int5se consci\sness ( /r5g? & vigor1 :i* tempts "o to deem himself invuln]able1 n infrequ5tly is ! cause ( life-long infirmity & disability4 ,( ! cases ( prolong$ & enfeebl+ disease1 probably m are ! result ( avoidable ?an ( unavoidable causes1 & if we add to ^! ! num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! failure ( heal? is to be ascrib$ to h]$it>y causes :i* might h be5 avoid$1 or to defective sanit>y arrangem5ts t may be laid to ! *>ge ( ! public1 we h an enorm\s am\nt ( s]viceable life ne$lessly wa/$ = all purposes ( active usefulness2 :ile = ! preci\s examples ( pati5ce1 resignation1 & *e]ful endurance1 ! infirmities & suff]+s incid5t to ! mo/ favorable sanit>y conditions might h be5 amply suffici5t4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 su* wide div]sities ( con/itution & temp]am5t t 99no specific rules ( self-pres]vation c be laid d[n992 & z reg>ds diet1 sleep1 & ex]cise1 habit may r5d] ! mo/ unlike me?ods & times equally safe & b5eficial4 ,b :olesome food 9 mod]ate quantity1 sleep long en\gh = re/ & refre%m5t1 ex]cise suffici5t to neutralize ! torpify+ influ5ce ( s$5t>y pursuits1 & ^!1 ?\gh n ) slavi% uni=mity1 yet ) a good degree ( regul>ity1 may be reg>d$ z ess5tial to a s\nd work+ condition ( body & m9d4 ,! same may be said ( ! un/9t$ use ( wat]1 :i* has happily become a necessity ( high civilization1 ( pure air1 ! wor? ( :i* z a sanit>y ag5t is practically ignor$ by ! major "p ( our community1 & ( ! direct light ( heav51 ! exclusion ( :i* f dwell+s f motives ( economy1 :ile x may sp>e c>pets & curta9s1 wilts & depresses _! own]s4 ,^! topics are ins]t$ 9 a treatise on e?ics1 because :atev] has a be>+ on heal?1 & ?us on ! capacity = usefulness selfw>d & manw>d :i* con/itutes ! :ole value ( ?is e>?ly life1 is ( grave moral significance4 ,if ! pres]vation ( life is a duty1 !n all hygi5ic precautions & measures are duties1 & z su* !y %\ld be treat$ by ! individual moral ag5t1 by p>5ts1 gu>dians1 & tea*]s1 & by ! public at l>ge4 99,self-pres]vation is endang]$ by pov]ty499 ,9 ! lack or prec>i\sness ( ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ! heal? ( ! body is liable to suff]2 & ev5 :]e !re is n absolute want1 b a condition /rait5$ 9 ! pres5t & d\btful z to ! future1 ! m9d loses mu* ( its work+ p[]1 & life is depriv$ ( a l>ge portion ( its utility4 ,h5ce ! duty ( indu/ry & economy on ! "p ( ^? dep5d5t on _! own ex]tions4 ,x is n a man's duty to be ri*1 ?\gh he :o 9 acquir+ weal? takes ^u himself its due obligations & responsibilities1 is a public b5efactor2 b x is e man's duty to %un pov]ty1 if he c1 & he :o makes or keeps himself poor by 8 own indol5ce1 ?riftlessness1 or prodigality1 commits a s9 aga9/ 8 own life1 :i* he curtails z to its capacity ( good1 & aga9/ society1 :i* has a b5eficial int]e/ 9 ! fully develop$ life ( all its memb]s4 ,section ,,ii4 ,! ,atta9m5t ,( ,k4 ,inasmu* z k1 real or suppos$1 mu/ ne$s prec$e e act ( ! w1 & z ! adaptation ( our actions to our purposes dep5ds on ! accuracy ( our k1 99x is intr9sically fitt+ 9999 t our cognitive p[]s %\ld be ?or\ghly develop$ & tra9$1 & dilig5tly employ$499 ,especially is ?is fitt+1 because--z has be5 already %[n--x is ?r\gh k alone t we c br+ our conduct into con=mity ) ! absolute "r1 & !re is no?+ )9 ! range ( our possible k1 :i* may n become 9 "s way connect$ ) our ag5cy z moral be+s4 ,x is ( prime importance t :at we seem to "k we "k accurately2 & z x is ?r\gh ! s5ses t we acquire our k1 n only ( ! outw>d objects ) :i* we are daily conv]sant1 b ( o!r m9ds ?an our own1 99! education ( ! s5ses99 is an obvi\s duty4 ,!re are few s prolific s\rces ( social evil1 inju/ice1 & mis]y1 z ! falsehood ( p]sons :o mean to tell ! tru?1 b :o see or he> only 9 "p1 & supply ! defici5cies ( p]ception by ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! acquisition ( k ( ! highe/ int]e/ & importance ?is same h9drance is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t ob/acles4 ,! c>eless eye & ! he$less e> wa/e = _m m9ds a l>ge portion ( ! "t o/5sibly giv5 to s]i\s pursuits1 & r5d] _! gr[? pitifully sl[ & scanty z comp>$ ) _! means ( culture4 ,! s5ses may1 especially 9 e>ly life1 be tra9$ to al]tness & precision1 s t !y %all c>ry to ! m9d true & full reports ( :at !y see & he>2 & x is only by su* tra9+ t ! p]ceptive faculties c accompli% ! :ole "w = :i* !y are design$ & fitt$4 ,!re are1 also1 int]ior s5ses1 99appreh5sive p[]s ( ! m9d991 :i* equally crave culture1 & :i* dep5d = _! precision & =ce on c>eful education & dilig5t use4 ,m]e obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 or /udy1 _c give k t w be ( any avail4 ,"o may h a l>gely & v>i\sly /ock$ memory1 & yet be unable to employ its cont5ts to 8 own advantage or to ! b5efit ( o!rs4 ,inde$1 !re are m9ds t are p>alyz$ by be+ ov]load$1--by tak+ 9 freight fa/] ?an !y h room = x4 ,x is only mat]ials :i* ! m9d has made its own1 incorporat$ into its sub/ance1 t x c fully utilize4 ,k mu/ be act$ ^u by ! und]/&+1 ! reason1 ! judgm5t1 be=e x c be transmut$ into wisdom1 & employ$ ei!r 9 ! acquisition ( new tru? or 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,m5tal activity1 !n1 is a duty2 = if we are b\nd to pres]ve life1 by p>ity ( reason1 we are b\nd to improve its quality & increase its quantity1 & ?is _c be done unless ! intellectual p[]s are /r5g!n$ by dilig5t ex]cise1 z well z n\ri%$ by ! facts & tru?s :i* are ! raw mat]ial ( wisdom4 ,! fit 99objects ( k99 v>y indef9itely ) "o's condition 9 life4 ,?+s 9 !mselves trivial or evanesc5t may1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 claim our c>eful att5tion & ?or\gh cognizance4 ,we ought1 on ! "o h&1 to "k all we c ab\t matt]s conc]n+ :i* we mu/ speak or act1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to refra9 f volunt>ily speak+ or act+ 9 matt]s ( :i* we are ignorant4 ,?us our social relations & our daily int]c\rse may r5d] x incumb5t on u to obta9 = curr5t use a l>ge am\nt ( accurate k :i* is n wor? our rememb]+4 ,!n a man's pr(ession1 /at$ bus9ess1 or usual occupation op5s a l>ge field ( k1 ) :i* & ) its alli$ prov9ces x is 8 manife/ duty to become conv]sant to 8 utmo/ ability2 = ! g5u95ess & value ( 8 "w mu/ be 9 a great degree cont+5t on 8 intellig5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 e man is b\nd to make 8 pr(ession wor?y ( respect2 9 fail+ to d s1 he wrongs & injures ! memb]s ( 8 pr(ession collectively2 & no call+ c obta9 respect1 if ^? :o pursue x %[ !mselves uncultivat$ & ignorant4 ,?us f>1 !n1 %\ld k be ext5d$ on gr\nds ( practical utility4 ,beyond & above ?is range1 !re is an unlimit$ realm ( tru?1 ! k ( :i* is ine/imably preci\s = ! high] culture ( ! m9d & "*4 ,9 ?is realm1 ( :i* only an inf9itesimal portion c be conqu]$ dur+ an e>?ly lifetime1 !re is no unfruitful region1--!re is no dep>tm5t ( nature1 ( psy*ology1 or ( social sci5ce1 ?r\gh :i* ! m9d may n be exp&$1 exalt$1 en]giz$1 l$ into m intimate relations ) ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 end[$ ) add$ p[] ( b5efic5t ag5cy4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 k ( ?+s z !y are1 & ( _! und]ly+ pr9ciples & laws1 s f> z we are able to acquire x1 is n only a privilege beyond all price1 b an absolute duty1 !re are no moral consid]ations :i* ne$ direct or limit our *oice ( ! !mes ( rese>* or /udy4 ,^! may prop]ly be det]m9$ by native or acquir$ proclivity1 by opportunity1 or by consid]ations ( usefulness4 ,nor1 if ! love ( tru? be =m$ & *]i%$1 c x ( be ( any ess5tial importance :e!r ?is or t portion ( tru? be pursu$ or neglect$ dur+ ! brief p]iod ( our life 9 ?is _w2 =1 at be/1 :at we leave unatta9$ mu/ immeasurably exce$ our atta9m5ts1 & !re is an et]nity be=e u = :at we are compell$ to omit "h4 ,at ! same "t1 ! unb\nd$ scope & ! va/ div]sity ( ?+s kn[able & wor?y to be kn[n are adapt$ to /imulate self-culture1 & 9 t same proportion to inve/ human life ) a high] dignity1 a l>g] intr9sic value1 & a m endur+ influ5ce4 ,section ,,iii4 ,self-,control4 99,a man mu/ be ei!r self-gov]n$1 or "u a worse gov]nm5t ?an 8 own499 ,god gov]ns m51 only by tea*+ & help+ !m to gov]n !mselves4 ,good m51 if also wise1 seek n1 ev5 = ! highe/ ends1 to control _! fell[-m51 b1 s f> z !y c1 enable & enc\rage !m to ex]cise a due self-control4 ,x is only unwise or bad m5 :o usurp ! gov]nm5t ( o!r wills ?an _! own4 ,b ! individual w is (t5] made ineffici5t by passion1 ?an by direct influ5ce f o!r m9ds4 ,man1 9 8 normal /ate1 wills ei!r :at is exp$i5t or :at is "r4 ,passion susp5ds1 z to its objects1 all ref]5ce to exp$i5cy & "r1 ev5 :5 !re is ! cle>e/ k ( ! t5d5cies ( ! acts to :i* x prompts4 ,?us ! s5suali/ (t5 kn[s t he is committ+ sure & rapid suicide1 yet _c arre/ himself on ! declivity ( c]ta9 ru94 ,! man 9 :om av>ice has become a passion is p]fectly aw>e ( ! com=ts & enjoym5ts :i* he is sacrific+1 yet is z little capable ( procur+ !m z if he 7 a paup]4 ,ang] & rev5ge n infrequ5tly =ce m5 to crimes :i* !y "k w be no less fatal to !mselves ?an to _! victims4 ,n[ if a man w n put & keep himself "u ! gov]nm5t ( consci5ce1 x conc]ns him at lea/ to rema9 "u ! control ( reason1 :i*1 if x d n compel him to d "r1 w re/ra9 him )9 ! limits ( exp$i5cy1 & ?us w insure = him reputation1 a fair position1 & a safe c\rse 9 life1 ev5 ?\gh x fail ( ! highe/ & mo/ endur+ good4 99,self-control is easily lo/991 & is (t5 lo/ unconsci\sly4 ,! fir/ surr5d] ( x is prone to be f9al & lifelong4 ,inde$1 9 _m cases1 ! passion de/9$ to be dom9ant has ne>ly rea*$ ! maturity ( its p[] previ\sly to any outw>d violation ( ! exp$i5t or ! "r4 ,:]e ! re/ra9+ influ5ces ( education & surr\nd+s are /rong1 :]e important int]e/s are at /ake1 or :]e consci5ce has n be5 habitually sil5c$ or tamp]$ )1 ! p]il\s appetite1 desire1 or affection broods long 9 ! ?\ght1 & is s l>gely indulg$ 9 rev]ie & anticipation1 t x becomes imp]i\s & despotic be=e x assumes its wont$ =ms ( outw>d manife/ation4 ,h5ce1 ! sudd5 infatuation & rapid ru9 :i* we sometimes witness1--! cases 9 :i* !re seems b a s+le /ep betwe5 innoc5ce & deep depravity4 ,9 tru? !re are _m /eps2 b until !y become precipit\s1 !y are veil$ f human sight4 99,self-control991 !n1 9 ord] to be effective1 99mu/ be ex]cis$ ^u ! ?\ghts & feel+s991 especially ^u ! imag9ation1 :i* fills s l>gely ) its phantasms & day-dreams our else unoccupi$ h\rs4 ,let ^! h\rs be z few z possible2 & let !m be fill$ ) ?\ghts :i* we w\ld n blu% to utt]1 ) plans :i* we c\ld actualize ) ! approv+ suffrage ( all good m54 ,! inw>d life :i* w\ld dread expression & exposure1 already puts ! outw>d life 9 p]il2 = passion1 ?us inw>dly n\ri%$ & fo/]$1 c h>dly fail to assume soon] or lat] ! control ( ! conduct & ! %ap+ ( ! "*4 ,let ! ?\ghts be well gov]n$1 & ! life is emancipat$ f passion1 & "u ! control ( reason & pr9ciple4 ,section ,,iv4 ,moral ,self-,culture4 ,x is evid5t t1 99:atev] a man's aims may be1 ! atta9m5t ( !m dep5ds m ^u himself ?an ^u any ag5cy t he c employ994 ,if 8 aim be ext5d$ influ5ce1 8 words & acts h simply ! =ce :i* 8 "* gives !m4 ,if 8 aim be usefulness1 8 own p]sonality measures 9 "p ! value ( 8 gifts1 & det]m9es entirely ! wor? ( 8 s]vices4 ,if 8 aim be happ9ess1 ! m ( a man he is1 ! l>g] is 8 capacity ( enjoym5t2 = z a dog gets m enjoym5t out ( life ?an a zophyte1 & a man ?an a dog1 s does ! fully & symmetrically develop$ man exce$ 9 receptivity ( happ9ess him ^: nature is imp]fectly or abnormally develop$4 ,n[ x is ?r\gh ! ?or\gh tra9+ & fai?ful ex]cise ( 8 moral faculties & p[]s t man is mo/ capable ( influ5ce1 be/ fitt$ = usefulness1 & end[$ ) ! l>ge/ capacity = happ9ess4 ,hi/ory %[s ?is4 ,! m5 ^: lot 7if any b our own7 we w\ld be will+ to assume1 h be51 )\t an exception1 good m54 ,if !re are 9 our respective circles ^? ^: position we deem 9 e respect enviable1 !y are m5 ( prem95t moral excell5ce4 ,we w\ld n take--c\ld we h x--! mo/ desirable ext]nal position ) a damag$ "*4 ,probably !re are few :o d n reg>d a virtu\s "* z s mu* to be desir$1 t 9 yield+ to temptation & fall+ "u ! yoke ( vici\s habits !y /ill mean to re=m & to become :at !y admire4 ,old m5 :o h l$ pr(ligate lives always be> visible tok5s ( hav+ =feit$ all ! valuable purposes ( life1 (t5 confess t _! :ole pa/ has be5 a mi/ake1 & n infrequ5tly be> fai?ful te/imony to ! transc5d5t wor? ( moral goodness4 ,to rema9 satisfi$ )\t ?is is1 !re=e1 a s9 aga9/ "o's own nature1 a sacrifice ( well-be+ & happ9ess :i* no "o has a "r to make1 & :i* no prud5t man w make4 ,self-culture 9 virtue implies & dem&s reflection on duty & on ! motives to duty1 on "o's own nature1 capacities & liabilities1 & on ^? great !mes ( ?\ght1 :i* by _! amplitude & l(t9ess enl>ge & exalt ! m9ds t become famili> ) !m4 ,! m]e tongue-"w or h&-99"w1 ( virtue slack5s & becomes det]iorat$1 :5 n su/a9$ by pr(\nd ?\ght & feel+4 ,moreov]1 x is ! m9d t acts1 & x puts into its action all t x has--& no m--( moral & spiritual en]gy1 s t ! same outw>d act means m or less1 is ( great] or less wor?1 9 proportion to ! dep? & vigor ( feel+ & purpose f :i* x proce$s4 ,x is ?us t religi\s devotion n\ri%es virtue1 & t none are s well fitt$ = ! duties ( ! e>?ly life z ^? :o1 9 _! habitual m$itation1 are ! mo/ intimately conv]sant ) ! heav5ly life4 ,9 moral self-culture great b5efit is d]iv$ f example1 :e!r ( ! liv+ or ! dead4 ,p]haps ! dead are1 9 ?is respect1 m useful ?an ! liv+4 ,9 witness+ ! wor?y de$s & b5efic5t ag5cy ( a p]son ( sup]ior excell5ce1 ! t5d5cy is to an ov]-exact imitation ( specific acts & me?ods1 :i*1 precisely because !y are spontane\s & fitt+ 9 8 case1 w n be s 9 ! case ( 8 copyi/2 :ile ! biography ( an em95tly good man enli/s our sympa?y ) 8 _s r ?an ) ! details ( 8 life1 & /imulates u to embody ! same _s 9 widely diff]5t =ms ( duty & usefulness4 ,?us ! s*ool-ma/] :o 9 ,dr4 ,arnold's lifetime he>d ( 8 unprec$5t$ success z an educator1 w\ld h be5 tempt$ to g to ,rugby1 to /udy ! sy/em on ! gr\nd1 & !n to adopt1 s f> z possible1 ! v plans :i* he !re saw 9 successful op]ation1--plans :i* might h be5 fitt$ nei!r to 8 g5ius1 ! traditions ( 8 s*ool1 nor ! dem&s ( its patrons4 ,at ! same "t1 ! int]ior ( ,rugby ,s*ool 0 v little kn[n1 ! pr9ciples ( its adm9i/ration /ill less1 to p]sons o!r ?an tea*]s4 ,b ,arnold's biography1 reveal+ ! f\ndation-pr9ciples ( 8 "* & 8 "w1 rais$ up = him a ho/ ( imitators ( all classes & conditions4 ,price1 :o conv]t$ 8 imm5se c&le-factory ne> ,london into a v]itable ,*ri/ian sem9>y = mutual improvem5t 9 k1 virtue1 & piety1 pr(ess$ to owe 8 impulse to ?is ent]prise solely to ! 8,life ( ,arnold10 & l in/ances 7 multipli$ 9 v v>i\s pr(essions ?r\gh\t ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,9 f9e1 example is ( s]vice to u1 n 9 po9t+ out ! precise ?+s to be done1 b 9 exhibit+ ! beauty1 lovel9ess1 & maje/y ( moral goodness1 ! possibility ( exalt$ moral atta9m5ts1 & ! v>i$ scope = _! ex]cise 9 human life4 ,ev5 he ^: example we1 z ,*ri/ians1 hold 9 a rev]5ce :i* none o!r %>es1 is to be imitat$1 n by slavi%ly copy+ 8 specific acts1 :i*1 because !y 7 suitable 9 ,juda 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 are = ! mo/ "p unfitt+ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b by imbib+ 8 _s1 & !n inc>nat+ x 9 ! =ms ( active duty & s]vice appropriate to our "t & l&4 ,f9ally1 & obvi\sly1 99! practice ( virtue99 is ! mo/ effici5t means ( moral self-culture4 ,z ! ?\ght utt]$ or writt5 becomes indelibly fix$ 9 ! m9d1 s does ! pr9ciple or s5tim5t embodi$ 9 action become m intimately & p]si/5tly an elem5t ( ! moral self-consci\sness4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,ju/ice2 ,,or1 ,,duties ,,to ,,"o',s ,,fell[-,,be+s4 ,ju/ice1 9 ! common use ( ! ^w1 ref]s only to su* rights & dues z c be precisely def9$1 enact$ by law1 & en=c$ by legal au?ority4 ,yet we virtually recognize a broad] mean+ ( ! ^w1 :5ev] we place law & ju/ice 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 z :5 we speak ( an unju/ law4 ,9 ?is phrase we imply t !re is a supreme & univ]sal ju/ice1 ( ^: requirem5ts human law is b a p>tial & imp]fect transcript4 ,?is ju/ice mu/ embrace all rights & dues ( all be+s1 human & ,div9e2 & x is 9 ?is s5se t we may reg>d :atev] any "o be+ 9 ! univ]se c fitly claim ( ano!r be+ z com+ "u ! head ( ju/ice4 ,su*1 z we h already intimat$1 is ! s5se 9 :i* we h us$ ! t]m 9 ! caption ( a *apt] :i* w embrace piety & b5evol5ce no less ?an integrity & v]acity4 ,section ,i4 ,duties ,to ,god4 ,:ile we _c comm& our affections1 we c s 99gov]n & direct our ?\ghts99 z to excite ! affections :i* we desire to *]i%2 & if c]ta9 affections mu/ inevitably result f c]ta9 tra9s or habits ( ?\ght1 ^? affections may be reg>d$ z virtually subject to ! w1 &1 if "r1 z duties4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t gratitude & love to ,god are duties4 ,we _c contemplate ! tok5s ( 8 love 9 ! outw>d univ]se1 ! unnumb]$ objects :i* h no o!r possible use ?an to be enjoy$1 ! b5ignity ( 8 p]petual provid5ce1 ! end[m5ts & capacities ( our own be+1 ! immortality ( our natural aspiration & our ,*ri/ian fai? & hope1 ! =giv5ess & r$emption t come to u ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! immeasurable bless+s ( 8 mission & gospel1 )\t f]v5t gratitude to our inf9ite ,b5efactor4 ,nor c we ?9k ( him z ! ,ar*etype & ,s\rce ( all ^? traits ( spiritual beauty & excell5ce :i*1 9 man1 call =? our rev]5ce1 admiration1 & affection1 )\t lov+ 9 ,him p]fect goodness1 purity1 & m]cy4 ,^! attributes might1 inde$1 ( !mselves fail to pres5t ! ,supreme ,be+ to our conceptions z a cognizable p]sonality1 7 x n t ! p]sonal elem5t is s cle>ly manife/ 9 ! visible univ]se & 9 ,god's con/ant provid5ce4 ,b !re are num]\s objects1 ph5om5a1 & ev5ts 9 nature & provid5ce :i* h--s to speak--a di/9ctive p]sonal expression1 s t ! famili> metaphors ( ,god's c\nt5ance1 smile1 h&1 & voice d n transc5d ! lit]al exp]i5ce ( him :o goes ?r\gh life ) ! inw>d eye & e> always op54 ,! omnipres5ce ( ,god makes x ! dictate ( natural piety to address ,him directly 9 99?anksgiv+ & pray]991--n1 ( necessity1 9 words1 except z words are ess5tial to ! def9it5ess ( ?\ghts1 b 9 su* words or ?\ghts z con/itute an expression to ,him ( ! s5tim5ts ( :i* ,he is fitt+ly ! object4 ,z reg>ds pray]1 inde$1 ! grave d\bts t exi/ 9 "s m9ds z to its efficacy might be urg$ z a reason :y x %\ld n be (f]$2 b wrongly4 ,x is s natural1 s intr9sically fitt+ to ask :at we desire & ne$ ( an omnipres5t1 omnipot5t1 all-m]ciful ,be+1 :o has taught u to call him our ,fa!r1 t ! v appropriat5ess ( ! ask+ is 9 itself a /rong reason = believ+ t we %all n ask 9 va94 ,nor c we ask 9 va91 if ?r\gh ?is communion ( ! human _s ) ! ,div9e !re be an infl[ ( /r5g? or ( peace into ! s\l t prays1 ev5 ?\gh ! specific objects pray$ = be n grant$4 ,t ^! objects1 :5 mat]ial1 are (t5 n grant$1 we v well "k2 yet we "k too little ( ! ext5t ( mat]ial laws1 & ( ! degree to :i* a discretion>y ,provid5ce may "w1 n 9 contrav5tion (1 b ?r\gh ^? laws1 to pron\nce dogmatically t ! pray]s ( m5 are :olly unrecogniz$ 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,z ! memb]s ( ! same community h v num]\s bless+s & ne$s 9 common1 x is obvi\sly fitt+ t !y %\ld unite 9 99public wor%ip1 praise1 & pray]992 & if ?is be a duty ( ! community collectively1 p>ticipation 9 x mu/1 by p>ity ( reason1 be ! duty ( its individual memb]s4 ,public wor%ip involves ! fitness1 we may ev5 say ! necessity1 ( appropriat+ exclusively to x c]ta9 places & times4 ,associations atta* !mselves to places s indelibly1 t x w\ld be impossible to ma9ta9 ! gravity & sacr$ness ( devotional s]vices 9 build+s or on spots ord9>ily devot$ to secul> purposes1 ei!r ( bus9ess or ( recreation4 ,nor c\ld assemblies = wor%ip be conv5$1 o!rwise t at pr$et]m9$ & /at$ int]vals2 nor c\ld _! devotional purpose be s]v$1 7 !re n /at$ portions ( "t seque/]$ f ord9>y avocations & amusem5ts4 ,h5ce ! duty--on ! "p ( all :o admit ! fitness ( public wor%ip--( rev]5ce = conv5tionally sacr$ places1 & ( ab/95ce f :atev] is inconsi/5t ) ! religi\s uses ( ! day appropriat$ to wor%ip47#aa7 ,x rema9s = u to consid] 99! obligations impos$ by an ackn[l$g$ revelation f ,god994 ,! position 9 :i* we are plac$ by su* a revelation may be/ be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to :at takes place 9 e human family4 ,a judici\s fa!r's comm&s1 precepts1 or c\nsels to 8 son are ( two k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he lays emphatic /ress on duties :i* ! son kn[s or might "k f 8 own s5se ( ! fitt+ & ! "r1 su* z hone/y1 v]acity1 temp]ance4 ,^! duties w n be 9 reality any m incumb5t on ! son because !y are urg$ ^u him by 8 fa!r2 b if he be a son wor?y ( ! "n1 he w be m pr(\ndly impress$ by _! obligation1 & w f9d 9 8 filial love an additional & /rong motive t[>d _! obs]vance4 ,! fa!r w1 9 ! second place1 prescribe ei!r = 8 son's b5efit or 9 8 own s]vice c]ta9 specific acts1 9 !mselves morally indiff]5t1 & ^!1 :5 ?us prescrib$1 are no long] indiff]5t1 b1 z acts ( ob$i5ce to rightful au?ority1 !y become fitt+1 "r1 obligatory1 & end[$ ) all ! *>act]i/ics ( acts t are 9 !mselves virtu\s4 ,n[ a revelation naturally w\ld1 & ! ,*ri/ian revelation does1 conta9 precepts & comm&s ( bo? ^! classes4 ,x prescribes ) solemn emphasis ! natural virtues :i* are obligatory ^u u on gr\nds ( intr9sic fitness2 & ?\gh ^! are n ?us made any ! m our duty1 we h1 ?r\gh ! tea*+s & example ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 a m vivid s5se ( our obligation1 a high] appreciation ( ! beauty ( virtue1 & add$ motives to its cultivation d]iv$ f ! love1 ! ju/ice1 & ! retributive provid5ce ( ,god4 ,! ,*ri/ian revelation1 also1 conta9s c]ta9 directions1 n 9 !mselves ( any intr9sic obligation1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? relat+ to baptism & ! eu*>i/4 ,s f> z we c see1 o!r & v diff]5t rites might h s]v$ ! same purpose ) ^!4 ,yet x is fitt+ & "r t ^!1 & n o!rs1 %\ld be obs]v$1 simply because ! ,div9e au?ority :i* enacts !m has a "r to comm& & to be obey$4 ,duties ( ?is class are commonly call$ positive1 9 contradi/9ction f natural obligations4 ,bo? classes are equally imp]ative on ! gr\nd ( fitness2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! latt] class ! fitness resides 9 ! duties !mselves1 9 ! =m] x gr[s out ( ! relation betwe5 him :o gives & ^? :o receive ! comm&4 ,section ,,ii4 ,duties ,( ,! ,family4 99,! inviolabl5ess & p]man5ce ( m>riage99 are s absolutely ess5tial to ! /ability & well-be+ ( families1 z to be virtually a "p ( ! law ( nature4 ,! "y ( o!r species h b a v brief p]iod ( dep5d5ce2 :ile ! human *ild advances v sl[ly t[>d maturity1 & = a consid]able portion ( 8 life ne$s1 = bo? body & m9d1 support1 protection1 & guidance f 8 s5iors4 ,! sep>ation ( p>5ts by o!r causes ?an dea? might leave x an unsolvable "q1 to :i* ( !m ! cu/ody ( _! *ildr5 app]ta9$2 & 9 :i*ev] way !y 7 dispos$ (1 _! due nurture & education w\ld be inadequately secur$4 ,! *ildr5 might be ?r[n ^u ! "m's c>e1 :ile ! means ( support+ !m belong$ exclusively to ! fa!r4 ,or 9 ! fa!r's h\se !y might suff] = lack ( a "m's p]sonal att5tion & s]vices2 :ile if he contract$ a new matrimonial connection1 ! *ildr5 ( ! previ\s m>riage c\ld h>dly fail ( neglect1 or ev5 ( hatr$ & injury1 f _! "m's successful rival1 especially if %e _h *ildr5 ( h] own47#ab7 ,! life-t5ure ( ! m>riage-contract contributes equally to ! 99happ9ess ( ! conjugal relation991 9 ! aggregate4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 individual cases ( h>d%ip1 9 :i* an utt] & irrem$iable incompatibility ( temp] & "* makes m>ri$ life a burd5 & a we>9ess to bo? p>ties4 ,b ! cases are mu* m num]\s1 9 :i* discrepancies ( ta/e & disposition are br\ght by "t & habit into a m compreh5sive h>mony1 & ! husb& & wife1 because unlike1 become only ! m ess5tial1 ea* to ! o!r's happ9ess & welf>e4 ,:]e !re is s9c]e affection1 !re is little dang] t lapse ( ye>s 9 a p]man5t m>riage w enfeeble x2 :ile1 7 ! contract voidable at w1 !re might be aft] m>riage1 z (t5 be=e m>riage1 a s]ies ( atta*m5ts ( seem+ly equal ardor1 ea* to be sup]s$$ 9 its turn by "s new attraction4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! union is ! result1 n ( love1 b ( mutual e/eem & confid5ce1 aid$ by motives ( conv5i5ce1 ! v possibility ( an easy divorce w\ld r5d] ea* p>ty capti\s & suspici\s1 s t confid5ce c\ld be easily %ak51 & e/eem easily impair$2 :ile 9 ^? :o expect always to h a common home ! t5d5cy is to ^? habits ( mutual tol]ance1 accommodation1 & concession1 ?r\gh :i* confid5ce & e/eem rip5 into s9c]e & la/+ affection4 ,z 9 _m respects ea* family mu/ be a unit1 & z ! conflict ( rival p[]s is no less ru9\s to a h\sehold ?an to a /ate1 99! family mu/ ne$s h "o recogniz$ head99 or repres5tative1 & ?is place is fitt+ly held by ! husb& r ?an by ! wife2 = by ! laws & usages ( all civiliz$ nations he is held responsible--except 9 crim9al matt]s--= 8 wife & 8 m9or *ildr54 ,b 9 ! well-ord]$ family1 ea* p>ty to ! m>riage-contract is supreme 9 8 or h] own dep>tm5t1 & 9 t ( ! o!r prompt 9 c\nsel1 sympa?y1 & aid1 & sl[ 9 diss5t1 remon/rance1 or repro(4 ,^! dep>tm5ts are def9$ ) p]fect di/9ctness by consid]ations ( intr9sic fitness1 & any attempt to int]*ange !m c be only subv]sive ( dome/ic peace & social ord]4 99,! p>5t's duties to ! *ild99 are ma9t5ance 9 8 own condition 9 life1 c>e = 8 education & 8 moral & religi\s culture1 advice1 re/ra9t :5 ne$$1 puni%m5t :5 bo? des]v$ & ne$$1 pure example & :olesome influ5ce1 aid 9 ! =mation ( habits & aptitudes suit$ to 8 probable call+ or e/ate 9 8 adult ye>s1 & provision = 8 favorable entrance on 8 future c>e]4 ,"s ( ^! duties are obvi\sly cont+5t on ! p>5t's ability2 o!rs are absolute & imp]ative4 ,! judici\s p>5t w1 on ! "o h&1 reta9 8 p>5tal au?ority z long z he is legally responsible = 8 *ild2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 w tra9 him gradually to self-help & self-dep5d5ce1 & w conc$e to him1 z he approa*es ye>s ( maturity1 su* fre$om ( *oice & action z is consi/5t ) 8 p]man5t well-be+4 99,! *ild's duty99 is unqualifi$ submission to ! p>5t's au?ority1 ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s1 & compliance ) 8 wi%es1 9 all ?+s n morally wrong1 & ?is1 n only = ! ye>s ( m9ority1 b s long z he rema9s a memb] ( 8 p>5t's family1 or dep5d5t on him = subsi/5ce4 ,subsequ5tly1 x is und\bt$ly 8 duty to consult ! reasonable wi%es ( 8 p>5t1 to hold him 9 respect & rev]5ce1 to m9i/] assidu\sly to 8 com=t & happ9ess1 &1 if ne$ be1 to su/a9 him 9 8 ye>s ( decl9e & infirmity4 ,section ,,iii4 ,v]acity4 99,! duty ( v]acity99 is n cont+5t on ! rights ( any second p]son1 b is d]iv$ f consid]ations ( intr9sic fitness4 ,if repres5tations ( facts1 tru?s1 or op9ions are to be made1 x is obvi\sly fitt+ & "r t !y %\ld be con=m$ to "o's k or belief2 & no "o c make repres5tations :i* he kn[s to be false )\t ! consci\sness ( unfitness & wrong4 99,! mo/ important int]e/s ( society dep5d on ! confid5ce :i* m5 repose 9 "o ano!r's v]acity499 ,b = ?is1 hi/ory w\ld be wor? no m ?an fiction1 & its lessons w\ld be unhe$$4 ,b = ?is1 judicial proce$+s w\ld be a s5seless mock]y ( ju/ice1 & ! adm9i/ration ( law & equity1 ! m]e/ haphaz>d4 ,b = ?is1 ! common int]c\rse ( life w\ld be invad$ by incessant d\bt & suspicion1 & its daily transactions1 aimless & t5tative4 ,aga9/ ?is condition ( ?+s man is def5d$ by 8 own nature4 ,x is m natural to tell ! tru? ?an to utt] falsehood4 ,! v p]sons :o are ! lea/ scrupul\s 9 ?is matt] utt] ! tru? :5 !y h no motive to d o!rwise4 ,spontane\s falsehood betok5s insanity4 99,! ess5ce ( falsehood lies 9 ! int5tion to deceive991 n 9 ! words utt]$4 ,! words may be> a d\ble s5se2 & :ile "o ( ! mean+s may be true1 ! circum/ances or ! mann] ( utt]ance may be su* z inevitably to impose ! false mean+ ^u ! he>]4 ,a "p ( ! tru? may be told 9 su* a way z to convey an altoge!r false impression4 ,a fact may be /at$ ) ! express purpose ( mislead+ ! he>] ) reg>d to ano!r fact4 ,looks or ge/ures may be fram$ ) ! int5t to communicate or confirm a falsehood4 ,sil5t acquiesc5ce 9 a kn[n falsehood may be no less crim9al ?an its direct utt]ance4 99,b has n "o a "r to conceal facts :i* ano!r has no "r to "k899 ,9 su* a case1 concealm5t is und\bt$ly a "r2 b falsehood1 or equivocation1 or tru? :i* w convey a false impression1 is n a "r4 ,?is "q has n unfrequ5tly aris5 ) reg>d to anonym\s publications4 ,x might be a fair subject ( inquiry1 :e!r anonym\s writ+ is n 9 all cases objectionable1 on ! gr\nd t a s5se ( p]sonal responsibility = /atem5ts giv5 to ! public w\ld insure a m uni=m reg>d to tru? & ju/ice1 z well z great] c>e 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( facts1 & m mature delib]ation 9 ! =mation ( judgm5ts & op9ions4 ,b if anonym\s writ+ be ju/ifi$1 ! writ] is au?oriz$ to gu>d 8 secret by employ+ a copyi/1 or by cov]t modes ( transmission to ! press1 or by avoid+ su* peculi>ities ( /yle z might betray him4 ,b if1 not)/&+ ^! precautions1 ! au?or%ip be suspect$ & *>g$ ^u him1 we _c admit 8 "r to d5ial1 :e!r expressly1 or by implication1 or ev5 by ! utt]ance ( a mislead+ fact4 ,he und]took ! au?or%ip ) ! risk ( discov]y2 he _h no "r to give publicity to :at he has ne$ to be a%am$ (2 & if !re be second>y1 ?\gh grave reasons :y he w\ld pref] to rema9 unkn[n1 !y _c be suffici5t to ju/ify him 9 falsehood4 99,is tru? to be told to an insane p]son991 :5 x might be dang]\s to him or to o!rs8 ,may n he be deceiv$ = 8 b5efit1 decoy$ into a place ( safe det5tion1 or det]r$ by falsehood f "s int5d$ act ( viol5ce8 ,^? :o h ! gu>dian%ip ( ! insane are unanim\s 9 ! op9ion t falsehood1 :5 discov]$ by !m1 is always att5d$ ) injuri\s consequ5ces1 & t x %\ld be resort$ to only :5 imp]atively requir$ = _! imm$iate safety or = t ( o!rs4 ,b 9 su* cases ! sev]e/ morali/ c\ld n d5y ! necessity1 & !re=e ! "r1 ( falsehood4 ,b x w\ld be falsehood 9 =m1 & n 9 fact4 ,tru?-tell+ implies two consci\s p>ties4 ,! /atem5t f :i* an insane p]son w draw false inf]5ces1 & :i* w drive him to an act or p>oxysm ( madness1 is n tru? to him4 ,! /atem5t :i* is indisp5sable to 8 safety1 repose1 or reasonable conduct1 is virtually true to him1 inasmu* z x conveys impressions z ne>ly con=m$ to ! tru? z he is capable ( receiv+4 99,is falsehood ju/ifiable = ! safety ( "o's own life or t ( o!rs899 ,?is is a broad "q1 & compreh5ds a v wide div]sity ( cases4 ,x includes ! cases1 9 :i* ! alt]native is to d5y "o's political or religi\s convictions1 or to suff] dea? = ! pr(ession ( !m4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,political fre$om & religi\s tru? h be51 9 pa/ ages1 propagat$ m effectively by m>tyrdoms1 ?an by any o!r in/rum5tality2 & no m5 h s fully m]it$ ! gratitude & rev]5ce ( _! race z ^? :o h held ! tru? de>] ?an life4 ,b ! =m :i* ! "q ord9>ily assumes is ?is3 99,if by false in=mation ,i c prev5t ! commission ( an atroci\s crime1 am ,i ju/ifi$ 9 ! falsehood899 ,x ought fir/ to be said1 t ?is is h>dly a practical "q4 ,probably x has nev] pres5t$ itself practically to any p]son "u ^: eye ^! pages w fall1 or 9 any in/ance )9 8 k4 ,nor c ! famili> discussion ( su* extreme cases be ( any possible b5efit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o famili>izes himself ) ! idea t "u su* a /ress ( circum/ances :at else 7 wrong becomes "r1 w be prone to apply simil> reason+ to an exig5cy some:at less urg5t1 & !nce to any case 9 :i* great app>5t good might result f a dep>ture f /rict v]acity4 ,f> bett] is x to make lit]al tru? ! unv>y+ law ( life1 & !n to re/ 9 ! assurance t1 %\ld an extreme case pres5t itself1 ! exig5cy ( ! mom5t w sugge/ ! c\rse to be pursu$4 ,yet1 9 e?ical /rictness1 falsehood f "o self-consci\s p]son to ano!r _c be ju/ifi$2 b we c conceive ( circum/ances 9 :i* x might be ext5uat$4 ,!re are no degrees ( "r2 b ( wrong !re may be an inf9ite numb] ( degrees4 ,"o /raight l9e _c be /raight] ?an ano!r2 b we c conceive ( a curve or a wav+ l9e t %all h b an inf9itesimal div]g5ce f a /raight l9e4 ,s 9 morals1 !re may be an inf9itesimal wrong1--an act :i* _c be pron\nc$ "r1 yet %all div]ge s little f ! "r t consci5ce w\ld contract f x no appreciable /a91 t man c\ld n condemn x1 & t we _c conceive ( its be+ regi/]$ aga9/ ! s\l 9 ! *anc]y ( heav54 ,su* may be ! judgm5t :i* w\ld prop]ly atta* itself to a falsehood by :i* an atroci\s crime 0 prev5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 99,promises99 belong "u ! head ( v]acity = a d\ble reason1 inasmu* z !y dem& 9 _! mak+ ! tru?ful decl>ation ( a s9c]e purpose1 & 9 _! execution an equal loyalty to ! tru?1 ev5 ?\gh x involve inconv5i5ce1 co/1 or loss4 ,! words ( a promise may (t5 be> m ?an "o int]pretation2 b x is obvi\sly requir$ by v]acity t ! promis] %\ld fulfil 8 promise 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he suppos$ x to be und]/ood by him to :om x 0 made4 ,!re are 99cases 9 :i* a promise %\ld n be kept499 ,! promise to p]=m an immoral act is void f ! beg9n+4 ,x is wrong to make x1 & a d\ble wrong to keep x4 ,! promise to p]=m an act1 n intr9sically immoral1 b unlawful1 %\ld be reg>d$ 9 ! same light4 ,if bo? p>ties 7 aw>e1 :5 ! promise 0 made1 ( ! unlawfulness ( ! act1 !n nei!r p>ty has ! "r to deem himself injur$ by ! o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! promis] 0 aw>e ( ! unlawfulness ( 8 promise1 :ile ! promisee suppos$ x lawful1 ! promis]1 ?\gh n b\nd by 8 promise1 is "u obligation to remun]ate ! promisee = 8 disappo9tm5t or loss4 ,if ! act promis$ becomes unlawful betwe5 ! mak+ & ! execution ( ! promise1 ! promise is made void1 & ! promisee has no gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ ! promis]4 ,?us1 if a man promis$ to s5d to a correspond5t goods ( a c]ta9 description at a c]ta9 "t1 & be=e t "t ! exportation ( su* goods 7 prohibit$ by law1 he w\ld be free bo? f 8 promise & f responsibility = its non-fulfilm5t4 ,a promise nei!r immoral nor unlawful1 b made "u a mi/ake common to bo? p>ties1 & su* z--_h x be5 kn[n--w\ld h prev5t$ ! promise1 is void4 ,an extort$ promise to p]=m an immoral or unlawful act _c be b9d+4 ,"o has1 inde$1 no moral "r to make su* a promise1 ?\gh if ! case be "o ( extreme urg5cy & p]il1 ext5uat+ circum/ances may r$uce ! wrong to an inf9itesimal deviation f ! "r2 b1 :5 ! duress is ov]1 no consid]ations c ju/ify ! p]=mance ( :at x 0 wrong to promise4 ,b a promise1 n 9 itself immoral or unlawful1 is b9d+1 ?\gh made "u duress4 ,?us1 if a man attack$ by b&its has _h 8 life sp>$ on condition ( a pecuni>y ransom1 he is b\nd to pay ! ransom2 = at ! mom5t ( p]il he ?\ght 8 life wor? all he promis$ to give = x1 & x is nei!r immoral nor unlawful to give money1 ev5 to a robb]4 ,9 a case l ?is1 reg>d = ! safety ( o!rs %\ld1 also1 h weight2 = 9 a c\ntry liable to su* p]ils1 ! brea* ( a promise by "o man might co/ ! community ! lives ( _m4 99,contracts99 are mutual promises1 9 :i* ea* p>ty puts himself "u specific obligations to ! o!r4 ,!y are to be int]pret$ on ! same pr9ciples1 & to be reg>d$ z void or voidable on ! same gr\nds1 ) promises4 99,an oa?99 is an invocation ( ! protection & bless+ ( ,god1 or ( 8 indignation & curse1 ^u ! p]son swe>+1 accord+ z 8 ass]tion is true or false1 or z 8 promise %all be obs]v$ or violat$4 8,s help y ,god10 ! =m 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry1 expresses ! idea t und]lies an oa?1--s be+1 ( c\rse1 ! emphatic ^w4 ,oa?s are exact$ ( witnesses 9 c\rts ( ju/ice 9 confirmation ( _! te/imony1 & ( incumb5ts ( public (fices 9 pl$ge ( _! fidelity4 ,!y are requir$1 too1 9 atte/ation ( invoices1 inv5tories ( e/ates1 returns ( taxable prop]ty1 & v>i\s f9ancial & /ati/ical /atem5ts made "u public au?ority4 ,!re are1 also1 n a few p]sons ( :om1 & occasions on :i* an oa? ( allegiance to ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate or nation is dem&$4 99,an oa? does n enhance "o's obligation99 to tell ! tru?1 or to fulfil 8 promise4 ,?is obligation is entire & p]fect 9 all cases1 on ! gr\nd ( intr9sic fitness1 & ( ! kn[n w & comm& ( ,god4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( oa?s is to e/abli% 9 ! m9ds ( m5 two classes ( ass]tions & promises1 "o m sacr$ ?an ! o!r4 ,he :o is requir$ "u ! solemn sanction ( an oa? m]ely to tell ! tru? or to make a promise 9 good fai?1 arrives naturally at ! conclusion t he is b\nd to a less rigid accuracy or fidelity 9 ord9>y /atem5ts or promises4 ,! law ( ! l&1 z we h se51 be>s an important "p 9 ! e?ical education ( ! "y2 & by means ( ! legal di/9ction creat$ betwe5 ass]tions or promises "u oa? & ^? made )\t t sanction1 *ildr5 & y\? are tra9$ to reg>d simple tru?-tell+ & promise-keep+ z ( second>y obligation4 ,?is effect ( legal oa?s is atte/$ by ! preval5ce ( pr(ane swe>+1 & by ! frequ5t use ( oa?-l =ms ( assev]ation1 n reg>d$ z pr(ane1 by p]sons ( a m s]i\s "*4 ,except 9 ! religi\s sects t abjure ! use ( oa?s1 n9e p]sons out ( t5 swe> m or less1 & spontane\sly confirm /atem5ts :i* are 9 ! lea/ degree /range or difficult ( belief1 or promises to :i* !y wi% to give an air ( s9c]ity & e>ne/ness1 by ! /ronge/ oa?s !y d>e to use4 ,?is comes ( a felt necessity1 :i* w exi/ z long z prem95t sanctity is atta*$ to legal oa?s4 99,oa?s are notori\sly ineffective 9 insur+99 tru? & fidelity4 ,s f> z _! educational influ5ce is conc]n$1 !y t5d1 z we h se51 to und]m9e ! rev]5ce = tru? 9 itself consid]$1 :i* is ! sure/ safegu>d ( individual v]acity4 ,!n too1 s f> z reliance is plac$ ^u an oa?1 ! att5tion ( ^? conc]n$ is direct$ ) ! less c>eful scrut9y to ! "* = v]acity borne by him to :om x is adm9i/]$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 m5 swe> falsely :5ev] & :]ev] !y w\ld be will+ to utt] falsehood )\t an oa?4 ,9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 ! pa9s & p5alties ( p]jury und\bt$ly prev5t a great deal ( false swe>+2 b precisely ! same p5alties are atta*$ to ! affirmation ( p]sons :o1 on ! gr\nd ( religi\s scruples1 are excus$ f swe>+1 & !y c]ta9ly are none too sev]e = false te/imony1 9 :atev] way x may be giv54 ,not)/&+ ?is *eck1 h[ev]1 x is well kn[n t be=e a corrupt or incompet5t tribunal1 an unpr9cipl$ advocate nev] f9ds any difficulty 9 buy+ false te/imony2 & ev5 :]e ju/ice is uprightly & skilfully adm9i/]$1 x is n r>e to enc\nt] betwe5 equally cr$ible witnesses su* flagrant & irreconcilable contradictions z to leave no room = any hypo!sis o!r ?an p]jury on "o side or bo?4 ,p]jury 9 transactions ) ! national rev5ue & ) municipal assessors is by no means unprec$5t$ among p]sons ( high g5]al reputation4 ,false oa?s ( ?is description are1 inde$1 n infrequ5tly prec$$ by "s fictiti\s =malism1 su* z an unreal & tempor>y transf] ( prop]ty2 b ?is is done1 n 9 ord] to evade ! guilt ( p]jury1 b1 9 case ( detection1 to op5 a te*nical escape f its legal p5alty4 ,promissory oa?s are ( equally little wor?4 ,!re is n a public function>y f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! village con/able1 :o does n take :at is meant to be a solemn oa? 7?\gh (t5 adm9i/]$ ) indec5t levity7 to be loyal to ! con/itution ( ! c\ntry or /ate1 & fai?ful 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 (ficial duties4 ,yet :at effect has ?is va/ am\nt ( swe>+1 if x be n to make p]jury s famili> an (f5ce z to be no long] deem$ disgraceful8 ,n a bribe is tak5 by a memb] ( ,congress1 n a contract surreptiti\sly obta9$ by a municipal (ficial1 n an appo9tm5t made to ! kn[n detrim5t ( ! public on p]sonal or p>ty gr\nds1 )\t ! commission ( a crime1 9 !ory transc5d5tally he9\s1 9 practice con/antly condon$ & ignor$4 ,nor c we be mi/ak5 9 reg>d+ ! sacrilege & virtual blasphemy result+ f ! in/itution ( judicial1 ass]tory1 & promissory oa?s1 z hold+ no second>y place among ! causes ( ! moral decl9e & corruption ( :i* we witness s manife/ tok5s4 ,to "o :o does n c>ry =egone conclusions ( 8 own to ! int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x c h>dly appe> o!rwise ?an c]ta9 t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity int5d$ to prohibit all oa?s4 ,8 precept1 8,swe> n at all10 occurs 9 a s]ies ( specifications ( maxims drawn f ! /&>d morality ( 8 day1 "u ea* ( :i* he sets aside ! exi/+ e?ical rule1 & sub/itutes = x "o cov]+ precisely ! same gr\nd1 & con=m$ to ! intr9sic "r z repres5t$ 9 8 own _s & life4 8,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?2 b ,i say unto y1 t ye resi/ n evil40 8,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor1 & hate ?9e enemy2 b ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies40 ,! analogy ( ^! & o!r decl>ations ( ! same s]ies compels u to believe t :5 ,jesus said1 8,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said by !m ( old "t1 ,?\ %alt n =swe> ?yself1 b %alt p]=m unto ! ,"l ?9e oa?s10 ! precept :i* foll[$1 8,i say unto y1 ,swe> n at all10 mu/ h appli$ to ! same subject-matt] ) ! maxim :i* prec$es x1--t ,jesus mu/ h int5d$ to disall[ some?+ t _h be5 previ\sly p]mitt$4 ,if s1 n trivial or pr(ane oa?s alone1 b oa?s made 9 good fai? & ) due solemnity mu/ h be5 includ$ 9 ! precept1 8,swe> n at all407#ac7 ,x is hi/orically c]ta9 t ! primitive ,*ri/ians ?us und]/ood ! evangelic precept4 ,!y n only refus$ ! usual idolatr\s =ms ( adjuration1 b ma9ta9$ t all oa?s _h be5 =bidd5 by _! ,div9e ,lawgiv]2 nor h we any pro( ( _! hav+ rec$$ f ?is position1 until t /range fusion ( *ur* & /ate "u ,con/ant9e1 9 :i* x is h>d to say :e!r ,*ri/ianity m\nt$ ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s or succumb$ to _! rule4 ,section ,,iv4 ,hone/y4 99,hone/y99 relates to transactions 9 :i* money or o!r prop]ty is conc]n$4 ,9 its broade/ s5se1 x =bids n only ! violation ( ! rights ( individuals1 b1 equally1 acts & practices design$ to ga9 unfair emolum5t at ! exp5se ( ! community1 or ( any class or portion ( its memb]s4 ,x enjo9s n m]ely ! pay+ ( debts & ! p]=mance ( contracts1 b rigid fidelity 9 e tru/1 :e!r private or public4 ,its gr\nd is intr9sic fitness2 & a s5se ( fitness w sugge/ its g5]al rules1 & w always enable "o to det]m9e 8 duty 9 individual cases4 ,its :ole field may be cov]$ by two precepts1 level ) ! humble/ und]/&+1 & infallible 9 _! application4 ,! fir/ relates to transactions betwe5 man & man1--,d t1 & only t1 :i* y w\ld reg>d z j & "r1 if x 7 done to y4 ,! second embraces conc]ns t affect numb]s or classes ( p]sons1--,d t1 & only t1 :i*1 7 y ! responsible tru/ee & gu>dian ( ! public good1 y w\ld prescribe or sanction z j & "r4 99,not)/&+ ! und\bt$ increase ( di%one/y99 9 rec5t times & its disa/r\s frequ5cy1 !re c be no d\bt t 99! majority ( m5 are hone/991 & t ! transactions 9 :i* !re is no deception or wrong1 l>gely outnumb] ^? :i* are fraudul5t4 ,7 ?is n s1 !re c\ld be nei!r confid5ce nor cr$it1 ent]prise w\ld be p>alyz$1 bus9ess w\ld be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ dem&s ( absolute necessity1 & e man w\ld be ! sole cu/odian ( :at he might make1 produce1 or 9 any way acquire4 ,!re c1 !re=e1 be no elem5t m directly ho/ile to ! p]man5ce1 n to say ! progress1 ( mat]ial civilization & ( ! high] int]e/s :i* dep5d ^u x1 ?an fraud1 peculation1 & ! violation ( tru/1 9 pecuni>y & m]cantile affairs1 & ) ref]5ce to public funds & measures4 ,yet !re are me?ods1 = :i* to a l>ge degree hone/ m5 are responsible1 9 :i* di%one/y is creat$1 n\ri%$1 & rew>d$4 ,9 political life1 if few (fice-hold]s are inaccessible to bribes1 x is n because m5 ( impregnable integrity might n1 z 9 e>li] times1 be f\nd 9 ample numb]s = all places ( tru/2 b because ! compromises1 humiliations1 & concessions ?r\gh :i* alone1 9 _m ( our con/itu5cies1 "o c become ! c&idate ( a p>ty1 are su* z an hone/ man ei!r w\ld spurn at ! outset1 or c\ld endure only by p>t+ ) 8 hone/y4 ,s long z m5 w p]si/ 9 elect+ to municipal tru/s ^? ^: sole qualification is bl9d loyalty & unscrupul\s s]vice to a p>ty1 !y c expect only robb]y "u ! =m ( taxation2 &1 9 fact1 ! f9ancial revelations t h be5 made 9 ! comm]cial metropolis ( our c\ntry are typical ( :at is tak+ place1 s f> z opportunity s]ves1 9 cities1 t[ns1 & villages all ov] ! l&4 ,z reg>ds embezzlem5ts1 =g]ies1 & frauds 9 ! managem5t ( pecuni>y tru/s1 !re c be no d\bt t ! numb] is greatly multipli$ by ! morbid sympa?y ( ! public ) ! crim9als1 by _! frequ5t evasion ( puni%m5t or prompt p>don aft] conviction1 & by ! ease ) :i* !y h (t5 recov]$ _! social position & ! means ( ma9ta9+ x4 ,9 addition to ?is complicity ) fraud & wrong on ! "p ( ! public1 !re are _m ways 9 :i* 99di%one/y eng5d]s991 almo/ necessitates 99di%one/y994 ,a bran* ( bus9ess1 9 itself hone/1 may be virtually clos$ aga9/ an hone/ man4 ,! adult]ations ( food1 s appall+ly preval5t1 w sugge/ an illu/ration ( ?is po9t4 ,!re are commodities 9 :i* ! mixture ( *eap] +r$i5ts _c be detect$ by ! pur*as]1 & :i* 9 _! debas$ =m c be (f]$ at s l[ a price z to drive ! g5u9e commodities :i* !y replace out ( ! m>ket2 & ?us ! alt]native is pres5t$ to ! hi!rto hone/ deal] to p>ticipate 9 ! fraud1 or to quit ! bus9ess4 ,! =m] c\rse is1 no d\bt1 tak5 by _m :o s9c]ely regret ! seem+ necessity4 99,di%one/y99 n only injures ! imm$iate suff]] by ! fraud or wrong1 b :5 x becomes frequ5t1 99is a public injury99 & calamity4 ,9 "o way or ano!r x ali5ates f ! use ( e hone/ man a v l>ge proportion ( 8 e>n+s or income4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 at ! pres5t "t1 we probably fall %ort ( ! tru? 9 say+ t at lea/ a ?ird "p ( e citiz5's income is paid 9 ! =m ( ei!r direct or indirect taxation1 & ( ?is am\nt a p]c5tage mu* l>g] ?an w\ld be readily believ$ is pillag$ on its way into ! treasury or 9 its disbursem5t4 ,!n1 z reg>ds bad debts 7s-call$71 mo/ ( !m fraudul5tly contract$ or evad$1 !y are n1 9 g5]al1 ! loss ( ! imm$iate cr$itor1 nor ought !y to be2 he is oblig$ to *>ge = 8 goods a price :i* w cov] ^! debts1 & hone/ pur*as]s mu/ ?us pay ! dues ( ! insolv5t pur*as]4 ,nor is ?is a solit>y in/ance 9 :i* innoc5t p]sons are oblig$ to suff] = wrongs ) :i* !y seem to h no necess>y connection4 ,!re are v few exceptions to ! rule1 "u :i*1 h[ev]1 we h room b "o m example4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t _m ,am]ican railways h n only co/ v mu* m money ?an 0 ev] laid out ^u !m1 b are made1 by keep+ ! con/ruction-acc\nt long & g5]\sly op51 to repres5t on ! books ( ! respective corporations mu* l>g] sums ?an !y co/1--especially 9 cases :]e ! ent]prise is lucrative & ! divid5ds are limit$ by /atute4 ,n[ 9 "s sections ( our c\ntry a transaction ( ?is k9d--ess5tially fraudul5t1 "u h[ev] respectable auspices--is a disa/r\s *eck on productive indu/ry by ! heavy freight-t>iff :i* x imposes1--s heavy sometimes z to keep bulky commodities1 z :eat & corn1 out ( ! m>kets :]e1 at a fair co/ = transportation1 !y might f9d remun]ative sale4 ,?us ! v means devis$ = op5+ ! res\rces ( a region ( c\ntry may be abus$ to _! ob/ruction & h9drance4 ,9 f9e1 di%one/y 9 all its =ms has a diffusive p[] ( injury1 &1 on ! m]e gr\nd ( self-def5ce1 dem&s ! remon/rance & antagonism ( ! entire community4 ,:ile 9 mo/ dep>tm5ts ( conduct !re is a wide neutral 99gr\nd betwe5 ! "r & ! condemnably wrong991 !re are matt]s ( bus9ess 9 :i* !re seems to be no su* int]m$iate t]ritory1 b 9 :i* :at is fair1 honorable1 & ev5 necess>y1 is closely contigu\s to di%one/y4 ,?us1 except 9 ! simple/ retail bus9ess1 all mod]n comm]ce is speculation1 & ! l9e betwe5 legitimate & di%one/ speculation is to "s m9ds difficult ( disc]nm5t4 ,yet ! discrim9ation may be made4 ,a man has a "r to all t he e>ns by s]vices to ! community1 & ^! e>n+s may 9 individual in/ances rea* an imm5se sum4 ,we c easily und]/& h[ ?is may be1 nay1 mu/ ne$s be ! case ) ! v high sal>ies paid to ma/] manufactur]s4 ,su* sal>ies w\ld n be paid1 did n ! intellig5ce1 skill1 & organiz+ capacity ( ^! m5 *eap5 by a /ill l>g] am\nt ! commodities made "u _! direction4 ,! case is precisely simil> ) ! m]*ant engag$ 9 legitimate comm]ce4 ,by 8 k ( ! "r times & be/ modes ( pur*as+1 by 8 ent]prise & sagacity 9 ma9ta9+ int]c\rse ) & betwe5 di/ant m>kets1 & by 8 outlay ( capital & skill z a c>ri] ( commodities f ! place ( _! production to ! place :]e !y are ne$$ = use1 he *eap5s ! goods t pass ?r\gh 8 h&s by a great] am\nt ?an ! toll he levies ^u !m1 :i*--h[ev] l>ge--is 8 rightful due4 ,?us also1 :51 9 anticipation ( a sc>city ( "s "o commodity1 a m]*ant s raises ! price z ess5tially to dim9i% ! sale1 99he e>ns 8 increas$ pr(its992 = an enhanc$ price is ! only practicable *eck on consumption4 ,= in/ance1 if at ! actual rate ( consumption ! bread-/uff on h& w\ld be consum$ a mon? be=e ! new h>ve/ c\ld be made avail+1 no /ati/ical /atem5t c\ld prev5t ! mon? ( fam9e2 b exp]i5c$ gra9-m]*ants c adju/ ! price ( ! /ock 9 h& s z to induce precisely ! am\nt ( economy :i* w make t /ock la/ till x c be replac$4 ,!y w1 inde$1 obta9 a l>ge pr(it on _! sales1 & w be accus$ by ignorant p]sons ( speculat+ on sc>city & popul> appreh5sion2 b x w be due :olly to _! presci5ce t ! sc>city did n become fam9e1 & ! appreh5sion suff]+2 & !y w h m]it$ = ?is s]vice m ?an ! l>ge/ pr(its t c accrue to !m4 ,! same pr9ciples w apply to 99speculation 9 /ocks991 :i* is 9 _m m9ds id5tifi$ ) di%one/ ga94 ,/ocks are m>ketable commodities1 equally ) sug> & salt4 ,!y are liable to legitimate fluctuations 9 value1 _! actual value be+ affect$1 (t5 by facts t transpire1 (t5 by op9ions t re/ on assignable gr\nds4 ,n[ if a man possess skill & =esight en\gh to buy /ocks at _! l[e/ rates & to sell !m :5 !y w br+ him a pr(it1 he makes a p]fectly legitimate inve/m5t ( 8 intellig5ce & sagacity1 & 9 facilitat+ sales = ^? :o ne$ to sell1 & pur*ases = ^? :o wi% to buy1 & ?us prev5t+ capital f ly+ unus$1 or rema9+ inconv]tible at ne$1 he e>ns all t 8 bus9ess yields him by ! sub/antial s]vices :i* he r5d]s4 99,! legitimate bus9ess ( ! m]*ant & ! brok] is cont+5t1 z we h se51 on fluctuations 9 ! m>ket991 & he :o has ! sagacity to =esee ^! fluctuations & ! ent]prise to prep>e = !m1 d]ives f !m advantage to :i* he is fairly entitl$4 ,b x is precisely at ?is po9t t ! /ress ( temptation re/s1 & ! opportunity pres5ts itself = di%one/y 9 ways ( :i* ! laws take no cognizance1 & on :i* public op9ion is by no means sev]e4 ,! cont+5cies :i* sagacity c =esee1 capital & cr$it c (t5 create4 ,virtual sc>city may be produc$ by =e/all+ & monopoly4 ,:5 !re is no actual de>?1 ev5 fam9e-prices may be obta9$ = ! necess>ies ( life by ! skilful manipulation ( ! gra9-m>ket4 ,s too1 9 ! /ock-m>ket1 bonds & %>es1 in/ead ( be+ b\ght or sold = :at !y are wor?1 ( actual own]s & to real pur*as]s1 may be m]ely gambl$ )1--b\ght 9 l>ge am\nts 9 ord] to create a dem& t %all swell _! price1 or s ?r[n ^u ! m>ket z to r$uce _! price bel[ _! real value1 & all ?is ) ! sole purpose ( mutual contrav5tion & discomfiture4 ,by op]ations ( ?is k9d1 n only is no useful end subs]v$1 b ! f9ancial int]e/s & relations ( ! community are injuri\sly1 (t5 ru9\sly1 d]ang$2 :ile n a few private hold]s ( /ock h _! cr$it ess5tially impair$ by a sudd5 fall ( price1 or by ! inflation ( nom9al value are l$ into ra% speculations4 ,9 ! cases cit$ x may be se5 h[ closely 99! "r abuts ^u ! wrong991 s t "o may ov]-pass ! l9e almo/ unconsci\sly4 ,yet x is believ$ t a man may det]m9e = himself on :i* side ( ! l9e he belongs4 ,! dep>tm5t ( bus9ess1 or ! mode ( transact+ bus9ess1 :i* _c by any possibility be ( b5efit to ! community1 /ill m1 t :i* 9 its g5]al c\rse is ( positively injuri\s t5d5cy1 is ess5tially di%one/1 ev5 ?\gh !re be no individual acts ( fraud4 ,he really defrauds ! public :o lives ^u ! public )\t r5d]+1 or purpos+ to r5d] any valuable return2 & if !re be any pr(ession or dep>tm5t ( bus9ess to :i* ?is description applies1 x %\ld be avoid$ or =sak5 by e man :o means to be hone/4 ,among ! _m moot$ cases 9 :i* ! "q ( hone/y is involv$1 our propos$ limits w p]mit u to consid] only t ( usury7#ad7 7s-call$74 ,!re c be no d\bt t usury laws & ! op9ion t su/a9s !m sprang f ! false !ory1 accord+ to :i* money 0 reg>d$1 n z value1 b m]ely z ! measure ( value4 ,x is n[ und]/ood t x owes its capacity to measure value solely to its own intr9sic value2 t its pap] repres5tatives c equal x 9 pur*as+ p[] only :5 conv]tible at pleasure into co92 & t pap] n imm$iately conv]tible c obta9 ! "* ( money only s f> z !re is promise or hope ( its ultimate conv]sion into co94 ,x foll[s t money /&s on ! same foot+ ) all o!r values1--t its use1 !re=e1 is a m>ketable commodity1 v>y+ indef9itely 9 its fitt+ price1 accord+ z money is abundant or sc>ce1 ! loan = a long or a %ort p]iod1 & ! borr[] ( m or less c]ta9 solv5cy4 ,= ord9>y loans ! relations ( supply & dem& are amply compet5t to regulate ! rate ( int]e/1 :ile he :o incurs an extra-haz>d\s risk fairly e>ns a correspond+ly high rate ( comp5sation4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no intr9sic wrong 9 "o's obta9+ = ! use ( 8 money all t x is wor?2 & :ile we _c ju/ify ! violation ( any laws n absolutely immoral1 di%one/y =ms no "p ( ! (f5ce ( ! man :o takes m ?an legal int]e/47#ae7 ,section ,v4 ,b5efic5ce4 99,we h a di/9ct consci\sness ( ! ne$s ( human be+s499 ,if we h n suff]$ de/itution 9 our own p]sons1 we yet %\ld deprecate x4 ,:at we %\ld dread o!rs feel4 ,! ?+s :i* we f9d or deem ess5tial to our well-be+1 _m lack4 ,we1 x may be1 possess !m or ! means ( procur+ !m1 beyond our p[] ( p]sonal use4 ,?is l>g] %>e ( mat]ial goods has come to u1 inde$1 hone/ly1 by ! op]ation ( laws inh]5t 9 ! /ructure ( society1 & ?us1 z we believe1 by ,div9e appo9tm5t4 ,at ! same "t we are consci\s1 9 a great] or less degree1 ( ! b5evol5t affections4 ,we are mov$ to pity by ! sight or k ( want or suff]+4 ,our s5se ( fitness is pa9fully di/urb$ by ! exi/5ce ( ne$s unsuppli$1 ( calamities unreliev$4 ,we _c b be aw>e ( ! adaptation ( su* sup]fluity ( mat]ial goods z we may possess to b5efic5t uses2 & x c h>dly be t we %all n re/ 9 ! belief t1 9 ! inevitable ord] ( society1 x is ! pr$et]m9$ design & purpose ( abundance to supply defici5cy1--( ! capacity ( s]vice1 to meet ! ev] press+ dem&s = s]vice4 ,b5efic5ce1 !n1 is a duty bas$ on consid]ations ( intr9sic fitness4 ,b 99b5efic5ce mu/ be actual991 n m]ely =mal1 99good-do+994 ,"s ( ! mo/ easy & obvi\s modes ( supply or relief are adapt$ to p]petuate ! v evils to :i* !y m9i/]1 ei!r by de/roy+ self-respect1 by disc\rag+ self-help1 or by grant+ immunity to positively vici\s habits4 ,! t5d5cy ( in/9ctive k9dness is to indiscrim9ate giv+4 ,b !re c be v few cases 9 :i* ?is is n h>mful4 ,x su/a9s m5dicants z a recogniz$ class ( society2 & z su* !y are worse ?an useless4 ,!y necess>ily lose all s5se ( p]sonal dignity2 !y rema9 ignorant or become incapable ( all modes ( regul> indu/ry1 & x is impossible = !m to =m associations t w be o!rwise ?an degrad+ & corrupt+4 ,( equally injuri\s t5d5cy are ! v>i\s modes ( 99relief at ! public *>ge994 ,!y affix ^u _! b5efici>ies ! indelible br& ( paup]ism1 :i* 9 num]\s in/ances becomes h]$it>y1 & 9 n a few cases has be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t recov]y f a condition ?us dep5d5t is exce$+ly r>e1 ev5 ) ! "y & /rong1 :o1 _h !y be5 tid$ ov] ! /ress ( ne$ by private & judici\s *>ity1 w\ld %ortly h resum$ _! place among ! self-subsi/+ memb]s ( ! community4 ,public alms1 :ile !y are ?us h>mful to _! recipi5ts1 impose ^u society a f> heavi] burd5 ?an private *>ity4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! p]man5t paup]ism creat$ by ! sy/em1 9 "p to ! wa/efulness :i* *>act]izes public exp5ditures ( e k9d4 ,by special p]mission ( ! national legislature1 ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ 9 ,glasg[1 "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ( sub/itut+ private munific5ce = relief f ! public *e/1 9 "o ( ! poore/ t]ritorial p>i%es ( ! city1 embrac+ a population ( t5 ?\s&1 & ! result 0 ! exp5diture ( little m ?an "o ?ird ( :at _h be5 exp5d$ "u legal au?ority4 ,at ! same "t1 ! poor & suff]+ 7 s mu* m fai?fully & k9dly c>$ =1 t !re 0 a con/ant ov]fl[ ( pov]ty f ! o!r di/ricts ( ! city into ?is4 ,public *>ity1 :5 ?or\ghly sy/ematiz$1 is liable to ! /ill /rong] objection1 t ^? :o are able to give relief1 9 ceas+ to feel ! necessity1 lose ! w & ! capacity ( b5evol5t ef=t4 ,yet1 7 !re no public provision = ! poor1 !re w\ld be cases ( de/itution1 disease1 disability1 & m5tal imbecility1 :i* w\ld elude private *>ity1 h[ev] dilig5t & g5]\s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t ! same causes may at once enhance ! dem& = b5efic5t aid1 & cripple its res\rces4 ,?us1 9 a conflagration1 a flood1 a de>?1 or a comm]cial panic1 :ile ! /ress ( ne$ among ! poor is greatly int5sifi$1 ! p]sons on ^: *>ity1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 !y c\ld place ! mo/ confid5t reliance1 may be among ! *ief suff]]s4 ,?us1 also1 dur+ ! preval5ce ( infecti\s disease1 a l>ge proportion ( ^? :o are wont to p]=m ! (fices ( humanity = ! suff]+1 are )drawn by _! own fe>s1 or ^? ( _! fri5ds1 f _! wont$ field ( s]vice4 ,!n1 too1 !re are v>i\s =ms ( disease & infirmity1 :i* dem& special treatm5t or a p]man5t asylum2 & :ile in/itutions design$ to meet ^! wants are m wisely & economically adm9i/]$ "u private ?an "u public auspices1 ! /ate %\ld nev] suff] !m to fail or langui% = lack ( subsidy f private s\rces4 ,! mo/ desirable condition ( ?+s und\bt$ly is t--m ne>ly realiz$ 9 ,france ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ,*ri/5dom--9 :i* ! relief ( ! poor & suff]+ 9 ord9>y cases1 & ! *>ge ( *>itable in/itutions to a l>ge degree1 are left to individuals1 volunt>y organizations1 & religi\s frat]nities & si/]hoods1 :ile gov]nm5t supplem5ts & subsidizes private *>ity :]e x is f\nd inadequate to ! ne$4 ,! dem&s ^u b5efic5ce are by no means exhau/$1 :5 mat]ial relief & aid h be5 be/[$4 ,inde$1 alms are (t5 giv5 z a pur*ase ( quitclaim = p]sonal s]vice4 ,b ! manife/ation & expression ( sympa?y may make ! gift ( immeasurably m wor? & efficacy4 ,consid]ate c\rtesy1 delicacy1 & g5tl5ess are ess5tial p>ts ( b5efic5ce4 ,!re are v few s abject t !y d n feel insult$ & degrad$ by :at is coldly1 grudg+ly1 sup]cili\sly1 or *id+ly be/[$2 :ile ! ?\ghtful t5d]ness :i* nev] =gets ! s5sibilities ( ^? :om x relieves1 inspires com=t1 hope1 & c\rage1 ar\ses :atev] capacity !re may be ( self-help1 & is (t5 ! means ( replac+ ! un=tunate 9 ! position f :i* !y h fall54 99,b5efic5ce has a mu* broad] scope ?an ! m]e relief ( ! poor & suff]+499 ,9 ! daily int]c\rse ( life !re are unnumb]$ opportunities = k9dness1 _m ( !m slight1 yet 9 _! aggregate1 ( a magnitude t eludes all computation4 ,!re is h>dly a transaction1 an int]view1 a casual wayside meet+1 9 :i* x is n 9 ! p[] ( ea* p]son conc]n$ to contribute 9 an appreciable degree to ! happ9ess or ! discom=t ( ^? :om he ?us meets1 or ) :om he is br\ght into a relation h[ev] transi5t4 ,9 all our movem5ts among our fell[-m51 x is possible = u to 8g ab\t do+ good40 ,:at we c ?us d we are b\nd to d4 ,we p]ceive & feel t ?is is fitt+ = u z social & z mutually dep5d5t be+s4 ,we are consci\s ( ! b5efit accru+ to u f little1 nameless att5tions & c\rtesies1 (t5 ( m]e look1 or mann]1 or voice2 & f ^! exp]i5ces we inf] t ! possibility1 & !re=e ! duty ( b5efic5ce is coext5sive ) our :ole social life4 ,! 99measure ( b5efic5ce991 prescrib$ = u on ! mo/ sacr$ au?ority1 8,all ?+s :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d ye ev5 s to !m10 ne$s only to be /at$ to be receiv$ z au!ntic4 ,x supplies a measure = our expectations also1 z well z = our duties4 ,we h a "r to expect f o!rs z mu* c\rtesy1 k9dness1 s]vice z1 7 !y 9 our place & we 9 !irs1 we %\ld feel b\nd to r5d] to !m1--a rule :i* w\ld (t5 l>gely curtail our expectations1 & 9 ! same proportion tone d[n our disappo9tm5ts & imag9$ grievances4 ,!re is ano!r scriptural precept1 899,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself1990 :i* might at fir/ sight seem impracticable1 yet :i*1 z we %all see on clos] exam9ation1 repres5ts n only a possible atta9m5t1 b "o t[>d :i* all :o he>tily desire & love to d good are t5d+4 ,!re are v>i\s conditions "u :i*1 confess$ly1 human be+s love o!rs z well z !mselves1 or bett]4 ,:at else c we say ( ! "m's love = h] *ild1 = ^: well-be+ %e w\ld make any conceivable sacrifice1 nay1 7 !re ne$1 w\ld surr5d] life itself8 ,h we n also sometimes witness$1 a filial devotion equally entire & self-=gett+8 ,nor are in/ances want+1 9 :i* bro!rs & si/]s1 or fri5ds :o _h no bonds ( consangu9ity1 h %[n by unmi/akable de$s & suff]+s t _! love = "o ano!r 0 at lea/ equal to _! self-love4 ,?is same love = o!rs1 z = himself1 is manife/$ by ! self-devot+ patriot1 ! practical philan?ropi/1 ! ,*ri/ian mission>y4 ,!re is ample gr\nd = x 9 ! !ory ( humanity :i* =ms a "p ( our accu/om$ religi\s utt]ance4 ,we call our fell[-m5 our bre?r51 z *ildr5 ( ! same ,fa!r4 ,s f> z say+s l ^! are s5tim5ts1 & n m]e words1 !re mu/ be 9 our feel+s & conduct t[>d & = our fell[-m5 9 g5]al a k9dness1 =be>ance1 self-=getfulness1 & self-sacrifice simil> to t ( :i*1 t[>d our ne> k9dr$1 we w\ld n confess ourselves incapable4 ,"h x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity repres5t ! p]fection :i* %\ld be our con/ant aim & our only goal1 n ! /age ( atta9m5t :i* we are consci\s ( hav+ rea*$1 or ( be+ able to rea* ) little ef=t4 99,! love ( enemies99 is also enjo9$ ^u u by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,is ?is possible8 ,:y n8 ,!re are cases :]e "o's ne>e/ k9dr$ are 8 wor/ enemies2 & we h kn[n in/ances 9 :i* love has surviv$ ?is rude/ ( all trials4 ,7 ! ,*ri/ian idea ( univ]sal bro!rhood a pr(\nd s5tim5t1 x w\ld n be qu5*$ by enmity1 h[ev] bitt]4 ,enmity t[>d ourselves ne$ n affect our e/imate ( "o's actual m]it or claims4 ,if we %\ld n ?9k ! worse ( a man because he 0 ! enemy ( "s "o else1 :y %\ld we ?9k ! worse ( him because he is our enemy8 ,he may h mi/ak5 our "* & our dispositions2 & if s1 is he m culpable = ?is ?an = any o!r mi/ake8 ,or if1 on ! o!r h&1 he has "s sub/antial reason = dislik+ u1 we %\ld ei!r remove ! cause1 or submit to ! dislike )\t feel+ aggriev$ by x4 ,at any rate we c obey ! precept1 8,d good to !m t hate y20 & ?is is ! only way1 & an almo/ infallible way1 9 :i* ! enmity may be ov]come1 & sup]s$$ by relations ( mutual k9dness & fri5d%ip4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,=titude2 ,,or ,,duties ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,unavoidable ,,evils ,,& ,,suff]+s4 ,!re are1 9 almo/ e prolong$ human exp]i5ce1 99privations & suff]+s to be endur$1 disappo9tm5ts to be submitt$ to1 ob/acles & difficulties to be surm\nt$ & ov]come994 ,f :atev] s\rce ^! elem5ts ( exp]i5ce proce$1 ev5 if f bl9d *ance1 or f fate 7:i* d5otes ! utt]ance or decree ( arbitr>y & irresponsible p[]71 ! /rong man w brace himself up to be> !m2 ! wise man w %ape 8 conduct by !m2 ! man ( l(ty s\l w rise above !m4 ,b ! temp] 9 :i* !y w be borne1 yield$ to1 or surm\nt$1 mu/ be cont+5t on ! belief conc]n+ !m4 ,if !y are reg>d$ z actual evils1 !y w probably be endur$ ) sull5ness1 or submitt$ to ) defiance & scorn1 or surm\nt$ ) pride & self-inflation4 ,ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ! lat] ,/oics1 :i* ab\nd 9 edify+ precepts ( =titude & c\rage "u trial1 !re is an und]tone ( defiance1 z if ! suff]] 7 cont5d+ ) a ho/ile =ce1 & a con/ant t5d5cy to extol & almo/ deify ! en]gy ( s\l :i* ! good man displays 9 fight+ ) a h>d de/9y4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 physical evils are reg>d$ z wise & b5ign appo9tm5ts ( ! ,div9e love & fa!rhood1 ! _s 9 :i* !y are borne & /ruggl$ aga9/ is *>act]iz$ by t5d]ness1 meekness1 humility1 tru/1 & hope4 ,x is in/ructive 9 ?is reg>d to read alt]nately ! ,/oics & ,/4 ,paul1 & to contra/ _! magnanim\s1 b grim & /]n resignation1 ) ! jubilant tone 9 :i*1 a hundr$ times ov]1 & ) a va/ v>iety ( gladsome utt]ance1 he repeats ! s5tim5t conta9$ 9 ^? words1 8,z sorr[ful1 yet always rejoic+40 ,z ours is ! ,*ri/ian !ory z to ! 7s-call$7 evils ( human life1 we %all recognize x 9 our treatm5t ( ! sev]al virtues compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al title ( ,=titude4 ,section ,i4 ,pati5ce47#af7 99,pati5ce99 is incumb5t on u1 only "u inevitable suff]+s or h>d%ips1 or "u su* z are incurr$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( manife/ duty1 or = ! b5efit ( our fell[-m54 ,ne$less suff]+s or privations we are b\nd to %un or to escape1 n to be>4 ,! caution & =esight by :i* !y may be evad$ hold an ess5tial place among ! duties ( prud5ce4 ,nor does reason or religion sanction self-impos$ burd5s or h>d%ips ( any k9d1 :e!r 9 p5ance = wrong-do+1 z a means ( pur*as+ ! ,div9e favor1 or z a mode ( spiritual discipl9e4 ,pati5ce implies 99s]5ity1 *e]fulness1 & hopefulness991 "u burd5s & trials4 ,x mu/ be di/+ui%$ f apa?y1 :i* is a temp]am5t1 n a virtue4 ,!re are "s p]sons ^: s5sibilities are s sluggi% t !y are incapable ( ke5 suff]+1 & ( pr(\nd & la/+ sorr[4 ,we c h>dly call ?is a desirable temp]am5t2 = its capacity ( enjoym5t is equally defective1 &1 z !re is m happ9ess ?an mis]y 9 almo/ e life1 he ^: susceptibility ( bo? pa9 & pleasure is quick & /rong is1 on ! :ole1 ! ga9] !reby4 ,! s]5ity ( pati5ce requires vigor\s self-comm&4 ,x is ess5tial1 fir/ ( all1 to control1 & z f> z possible to suppress1 ! outw>d tok5s ( pa9 & grief4 ,!y1 l all modes ( utt]ance1 deep5 ! feel+ !y express2 :ile a firm & self-conta9$ be>+ enhances ! =titude :i* x indicates4 ,control mu/ also be ex]cis$ ov] ! ?\ghts1 t !y be ab/ract$ f ! pa9ful exp]i5ce1 & employ$ on !mes t w fill & task !m4 ,m5tal indu/ry is ! be/ relief t m]e philosophy has = pa9 & sorr[2 & ?\gh x c]ta9ly is n a cure1 x nev] fails to be ( s]vice z a palliative4 ,ev5 :5 bodily di/ress or infirmity r5d]s cont9u\s ?\ght impossible1 ! ef=t ( recollection1 or ! employm5t ( ! m9d 9 matt]s too trivial = its ex]cise 9 heal?1 may relieve ! we>9ess & light5 ! /ress ( suff]+4 ,nor let devices ( ?is sort be deem$ unwor?y ( a place ev5 among duties2 = !y are (t5 ess5tial means to ends ( high importance4 ,!y ass]t & ma9ta9 ! rightful supremacy ( ! m9d ov] ! body2 !y sup]s$e t morbid brood+ ^u pa9ful exp]i5ces :i* g5]ates ei!r melan*oly or qu]ul\sness2 & !y leave 9 ! moral nature an unob/ruct$ entrance to all soo?+ & elevat+ influ5ces4 99,*e]fulness99 9 ! endurance ( pa9 & h>d%ip mu/ result 9 great "p f ! belief4 ,if ,i reg>d myself z irresi/ibly subject to an automatic ,nature1 ^: :eels may bruise or cru% me at any mom5t1 ,i "k n :y or h[ ,i c\ld be *e]ful1 ev5 9 su* prec>i\s heal? or prosp]ity z might fall to my lot2 & !re c\ld c]ta9ly be no reassur+ aspect to my adv]se =tune4 ,b if ,i believe t "u a fa!rly ,provid5ce !re c be no suff]+ )\t its m9i/ry ( m]cy1 no loss )\t its great] ga9 )9 my rea* & endeavor1 no h>d%ip )\t its reflex b5efit 9 inw>d gr[? & en]gy1 !n ,i c take & be> ! inevitable burd5s ( ?is e>?ly life 9 ! same _s 9 :i* ,i (t5 assume burd5s n impos$ ^u me f )\t1 = ! m ?an prepond]ant b5efit :i* ,i hope to d]ive f !m4 ,b if ,i h ?is fai? 9 a b5ignant ,provid5ce :i* w n afflict me uselessly1 ,i am "u obligation n to let my fai?1 if real1 rema9 inactive 9 my seasons ( pa91 loss1 or grief4 ,i am b\nd s to pond] on my assur$ belief1 & on su* pro(s ( x z may lie 9 my pa/ exp]i5ce1 t x %all give its hue to my condition1 its tone to my ?\ght1 its direction to ! :ole curr5t ( my s5tim5t & feel+4 ,?us may endurance be n only calm1 b *e]ful1 because p]vad$ by ! conviction t at ! he>t ( all t seems evil !re is sub/antial good4 ,yet1 x _c be d5i$ t !re are life-long burd5s & griefs1--incurable illnesses1 irretrievable losses1 b]eavem5ts t w nev] cease to be felt1 & _c be replac$4 ,especially 9 advanc$ ye>s !re are infirmities1 disabilities1 & privations1 :i* _c by any possibility h a resultant rev5ue equival5t to :at !y take f u2 = 9 old age ! gr[? ( "* is too sl[ to be wor? ! sacrifice :i* 9 e>li] life may be m ?an comp5sat$ by ! consci\sness ( spiritual enl>gem5t & increase4 ,h[ %all ^! burd5s be borne *e]fully8 ,!y _c1 unless !y be also borne hopefully4 ,b if !re be pres5t$ to ! fai?1 beyond ! e>?ly life1 a future1 ! passage into :i* is to be made ! easi] by loss & sorr[ "h2 if families are !re to be reunit$1 & void places 9 ! affections fill$ aga92 if wor?y hopes1 seem+ly disappo9t$1 are only po/pon$ = a ri*] & happi] fulfilm5t1--!re is 9 t future exhau/less /r5g? = solace & support "u :at mu/ be endur$ "h4 ,e>?ly trial mu/ seem light & mom5t>y 9 view ( p]fect & et]nal happ9ess2 & ?us ! hope t lays hold on an inf9ite doma9 ( be+ is co9$ into utilities = ! daily ne$s ( ! tri$1 suff]+1 afflict$1 & age-b[$1 supply+ to pati5ce an elem5t )\t :i* x _c be made p]fect4 ,section ,,ii4 ,submission4 ,!re are ev5ts1 seem+ly adv]se1 :i* 9 !mselves are transi5t1 & inflict no p]man5t discom=t1 b :i* necessitate ! surr5d] ( *]i%$ expectations1 ! *ange ( favorite plans1 x may be1 ! life-long ab&onm5t ( aims & hopes t _h held ! =emo/ place 9 ! anticipat$ future4 ,"h submission ( "s sort is a necessity4 ,b ! submission may be qu]ul\s & rep9+2 x may be bitt] & res5tful2 x may be /]n & rigid4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! types only c !re be any semblance ( virtue2 & ?is la/ c be virtu\s1 only :]e inevitable ev5ts are attribut$ to ,fate1 & n to ,provid5ce4 ,b if a wise & k9d ,provid5ce presides ov] human affairs1 its decrees are our directory4 ,! v ev5ts :i* h$ge 91 m>k out our way4 ,! tree :i* has its upw>d gr[? *eck$ spreads its bran*es2 t :i* is circumscrib$ 9 its lat]al expansion atta9s ! great] height4 ,! t5drils ( ! v9e are guid$ by ! v ob/acles plac$ 9 its way4 ,?us1 9 human life1 impassable b>ri]s 9 "o direction prescribe aims & endeavors 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,! ?+s t we _c d det]m9e ! ?+s t we ought to d4 ,! gr[? :i* is imp$$ mu/ give place to gr[? ( a diff]5t type1 & to u und\bt$ly m :olesome1 m cong5ial ) our capacities1 m conducive to our true well-be+4 ,:at seem ob/acles may be supports1 giv+ ! be/ possible direction to our active p[]s1 & s tra9+ our desires & affections z to lead to high] happ9ess & m sub/antial good ?an c\ld h o!rwise be5 atta9$4 99,submission991 !n1 99mu/ be gr\nd$ 9 fai?994 ,! inevitable mu/ be to u ! appo9tm5t ( ,omnisci5t ,love4 ,9 our *ildhood ! v regim5 & discipl9e t 7 lea/ to our ta/e proce$$ (t5 f ! wise/ c\nsels1 & 9 due "t we acquiesc$ 9 !m z judici\s & k9d1 nor w\ld we 9 ! retrospect h _h !m o!rwise4 ,z little z we !n knew :at 0 be/ = our well-be+ 9 ! ne>] future1 we may n[ "k z to :at is be/ = u 9 a remote future1 :e!r 9 ! pres5t or 9 a high] /ate ( be+4 ,all t rema9s = u is acquiesc5ce1 *e]ful & hopeful1 9 a ,wisdom t _c err1 9 a ,love :i* c w only ! be/ ( :i* we are capable4 99,submission99 is n m]ely a passive1 b equally 99an active virtue994 ,inevitable ev5ts impose imp]ative duties4 ,9 ! direction :i* !y indicate !re is "w = u1 ( self-culture1 ( k9dness1 ( *>ity4 ,our *>act]s c be develop$1 n by yield+1 h[ev] *e]fully1 to :at seem mis=tunes1 b by avail+ ourselves ( ! opportunities :i* !y pres5t1 9 place ( ^? ( :i* !y h depriv$ u4 ,:5 ! way we _h fir/ *os5 is b>r$ aga9/ u1 we are n to lie /ill1 b to move onw>d ) add$ dilig5ce on ! way t is ?us op5$ to u4 ,if outw>d success is arre/$ & rev]t$1 !re is only ! m reason = improv+ ! /aple ( our inw>d be+4 ,if ^? de>e/ to u h pass$ beyond ! rea* ( our good (fices1 !re are ! m remote t may be br\ght ne>1 & made ours1 by our b5efic5ce4 ,if our e>?ly life is r5d]$ desolate1 ! affections1 hopes1 & aims ?us une>!d may by our spiritual indu/ry & ?rift be tra9$ heav5w>d4 ,all ?is is includ$ 9 full submission to ! w ( ! ,div9e provid5ce2 = t w is n our loss1 disappo9tm5t1 or suff]+1 b our gr[?1 by means ( x1 9 quantity ( m5tal & spiritual life1 9 capacity ( duty1 & 9 ! p[] ( usefulness4 ,section ,,iii4 ,c\rage4 ,pati5ce1 z its "n imports1 is a passive quality2 ,submission bl5ds ! passive & ! active2 :ile 99,c\rage99 is prem95tly an active virtue4 ,pati5ce resigns itself to :at mu/ be endur$2 submission con=ms itself to :at x gladly w\ld1 b _c rev]se2 c\rage resi/s :at x _c evade1 surm\nts :at x _c remove1 & decl9es no conflict 9 :i* x is honorable to engage4 ,x is obvi\s t ! occasions = ^! virtues are widely diff]5t4 ,pati5ce has its place :]e calm & *e]ful endurance is ! only res\rce2 submission1 :]e !re mu/ be volunt>y self-adaptation to alt]$ circum/ances2 c\rage1 :]e !re is ?reat5$ evil :i* /r5u\s ef=t c av]t1 mitigate1 or subdue4 99,c\rage is a virtue1 only :5 x is a necessity499 ,!re is no m]it 9 seek+ dang]1 9 excit+ opposition1 9 c\rt+ ho/ility4 ,inde$1 conduct ( ?is description m frequ5tly proce$s f p]sons :o "k !mselves c[>ds & fe> to be ?\ght s1 ?an f ^? :o are actually possess$ ( c\rage4 ,b !re are p]ils1 enc\nt]s1 enmities1 :i* _c by any possibility be avoid$1 & !re are o!rs :i* c be avoid$ only by ! sacrifice ( pr9ciple1 or by ! surr5d] ( opportunities = do+ good1 & :i*1 !re=e1 to a virtu\s man are inevitable4 ,! 99physical c\rage991 commonly s call$1 :i* is prompt & fe>less 9 ! pres5ce ( imm95t dang]1 or 9 arm$ conflict ) enemies1 may be1 or may n be1 a virtue4 ,x may proce$ f a m9d too %all[ & frivol\s to appreciate ! wor? ( life or ! magnitude ( ! p]il t ?reat5s x2 x may1 z (t5 9 ! case ( vet]an soldi]s1 be ! result ( discipl9e )\t ! aid ( pr9ciple2 or x may dep5d :olly on int5se & engross+ excitem5t1 s t he :o w\ld m>* fe>lessly at ! head ( a =lorn hope might quail be=e a solit>y foe4 ,b if "o be1 9 ! face ( p]il1 at ! same "t calm & resolute1 self-collect$ & firm1 cauti\s & bold1 fully aw>e ( all t he mu/ enc\nt] & unfalt]+ly brave 9 meet+ x1 su* c\rage is a high moral atta9m5t4 ,its sure/ s\rce is tru/ 9 ! ,div9e provid5ce1--! fix$ conviction t ! inevitable _c be o!rwise ?an ( b5ignant purpose & m9i/ry1 ?\gh t purpose may be develop$ & t m9i/ry effect$ only 9 a high] /ate ( be+4 ,to ?is fai? mu/ be add$ a /rong s5se ( "o's manhood1 & ( 8 sup]iority by virtue ( t manhood ov] all ext]nal surr\nd+s & ev5ts4 ,we are consci\s ( a rightful supremacy ov] ! outw>d _w1 & deem x unwor?y to succumb1 )\t int]nec9e resi/ance1 to any =ce by :i* we may be assail$1 :e!r t =ce be a p[] ( nature or a wrongful assault f a fell[-man4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( ?is consci\sness t w9s our admiration = all g5u9e h]oism1 & ! abs5ce ( x at ! mom5t ( ne$ t makes c[>dice contemptible4 ,!re is a 99moral c\rage99 requir$ 9 pursu+ our legitimate c\rse 9 life1 or 9 dis*>g+ our manife/ duty1 not)/&+ /raitnesses1 h9drances1 ob/acles1 to :i* ! feeble & timid c\ld n b yield4 ,! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ?is type ( c\rage are precisely ! same t are ne$$ 9 ! enc\nt] ) physical p]il4 ,9 bo? cases x is equally unmanly to succumb until we h resi/$ to ! utmo/4 ,b :ile physical c\rage c at be/ only insure our safety1 moral c\rage contributes ess5tially to ! gr[? ( m9d & "*2 & ! l>g] ! opportunity = its ex]cise1 ! great] w be ! mass ( m9d1 ! quantity ( "*1 ! p[] ( duty & ( usefulness4 ,/raitnesses develop ri*] res\rces ?an !y b>4 ,h9drances nurture h>dihood ( _s 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ !m1 or 9 ! ef=t to neutralize !m4 ,ob/acles1 :5 surm\nt$1 give "o a high] position ?an c\ld be atta9$ on an unob/ruct$ pa?4 ,! s*ool ( difficulty is t 9 :i* we h our mo/ effici5t tra9+ = em95ce1 :e!r ( capacity or ( moral excell5ce4 ,:at are acc\nt$ inevitable evils are1 :5 met ) c\rage1 only b5efits & bless+s1 inasmu* z !y br+ into full & vigor\s ex]cise ! h>di] muscles & s9ews ( ! inn] man1 to measure /r5g? ) !m or to rise above !m4 ,c\rage is ne$$ 9 99! pr(ession & ma9t5ance ( ! true & ! "r991 :5 d5i$1 assail$1 or vilip5d$4 ,communities nev] move abrea/ 9 ! progress ( op9ion4 ,!re are always pione] m9ds & consci5ces2 & ! m5 :o are 9 advance ( _! "t mu/ enc\nt] obloquy at lea/1 (t5 p]secution1 loss1 h>d%ip1 sometimes legal p5alties & disabilities4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 !re are d\btless _m m t inw>dly ackn[l$ge ! unpopul> tru? or ! conte/$ "r1 ?an !re are :o are will+ to av[ & def5d _! belief4 ,_m are fright5$ into false utt]ance or deceptive sil5ce4 ,b !re mu/ be 9 su* m9ds a consci\s m5dacity1 fatal to _! own self-respect1 & 9 ! highe/ degree detrim5tal to _! moral selfhood4 ,x dem&s & at ! same "t nurtures true greatness ( s\l to )/& ! curr5t ( g5]al op9ion1 to defy popul> prejudice1 to make "o's self 8( no reputation0 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 integrity unimpair$4 ,!re=e is x t1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 ! v m5 :o h be5 held 9 ! l[e/ e/eem rise into em95ce 9 ! g5]al reg>d1 sometimes :ile !y are /ill liv+1 (t5] ) a succe$+ g5]ation4 ,m>tyrs 9 _! day1 !y receive ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom :5 ! "w :i* !y comm5c$ is consummat$4 ,! hi/ory ( all ! great re=ms :i* h be5 successive eras 9 ! moral progress ( ,*ri/5dom is full ( names1 once di%onor$1 n[ among ! =emo/ ( _! race4 ,?is type ( c\rage has1 9 less enlight5$ ages ?an our own1 be5 made illu/ri\s by 99^? :o h sacrific$ life r ?an d5y or suppress beliefs99 :i* !y deem$ ( vital mom5t4 ,x c h>dly be anticipat$ t ! civiliz$ _w w rec$e s f> into b>b>ism z to light aga9 ! dea?-flame ( p]secution2 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! *ronic sacrifice ( all :i* m5 mo/ desire 9 life requires or manife/s less ( h]oism ?an 9 e>li] times furni%$ victims = ! ar5a or ! /ake4 ,9 ! moral hi]>*y ! fir/ rank is probably due to 99! c\rage t inspires & su/a9s ardu\s & p]il\s philan?ropic ent]prise994 ,! m>tyr = op9ion suff]s or dies r ?an /a9 8 s\l ) ! positive guilt ( falsehood2 :ile ! philan?ropi/ might evade toil & dang] )\t committ+ any actual s91 or mak+ himself liable to c5sure or disapproval ei!r f ,god or man4 ,9 ! =m] case1 h>d%ip or dang] is r5d]$ inevitable by ! felt necessity ( self-respect2 9 ! latt]1 by ! urg5cy ( a love = man equal or sup]ior to ! love = self4 ,z examples ( ?is highe/ type ( c\rage1 x may suffice to "n ,h[>d1 ^: labors = prison-re=m 7 pursu$ at ! well-kn[n risk & ! ultimate co/ ( 8 life2 ,flor5ce ,night+ale & ! noble si/]hood inaugurat$ by h]1 :o h won all ! unt>ni%$ & undisput$ laurels ( rec5t w>s on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic2 & ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies to savage tribes & 9 pe/il5tial climates1 :o h (t5 gone to _! "w ) z cle> a consci\sness ( deadly p]il z if !y _h be5 on _! way to a battle-field4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,ord]2 ,,or ,,duties ,,z ,,to ,,objects ,,"u ,,"o',s ,,own ,,control4 ,!re are _m duties t are self-def9$ & self-limit$4 ,?us1 ! ord9>y acts ( ju/ice & _m ( ! *>ities ( daily life include 9 !mselves ! designation ( "t1 place1 & measure4 ,!re are o!r duties1 ( equal obligation1 :i* admit ( wide v>iance z to ^! p>ticul>s1 b :i* c be mo/ wor?ily & effici5tly p]=m$ only :5 ref]5ce is _h to !m4 ,!re are1 also1 _m acts1 9 !mselves morally indiff]5t1 :i* acquire _! moral "* z "r or wrong solely f "o or m ( ^! p>ticul>s4 ,?us recreations t are innoc5t & fitt+ on ,saturday1 may be inconsi/5t ) ! proprieties ( ,sunday2 conv]sation & conduct p]fectly befitt+ ! retirem5t ( home may be ju/ly (f5sive 9 a place ( public conc\rse2 or !re may be great guilt 9 ! excessive use ( t :i* us$ 9 mod]ation may be blameless1 fitt+1 & salut>y4 ,section ,i4 ,"t4 99,a life-"t is none too long = a life's "w499 ,h5ce ! fitness1 & !re=e ! duty1 ( a c>eful economy ( "t4 ,?is economy c be secur$ only by a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( "o's h\rs ( labor1 relaxation1 & re/1 & ! assignm5t to successive portions ( ! day1 week1 or ye>1 ( _! appropriate uses4 ,! am\nt ( "t wa/$1 ev5 by an indu/ri\s man :o has no me?od or ord] 9 8 indu/ry1 be>s a v l>ge proportion to ! "t pr(itably employ$4 ,9 ! ne$lessly frequ5t *ange ( occupations1 !re is at ea* beg9n+ & end+ a loss ( ! work+ p[]1 :i* c nei!r />t on a new c>e] at full spe$1 nor arre/ itself )\t previ\s slack5+4 ,?is wa/e is made /ill great] by ! susp5se or vacillation ( purpose ( ^? :o n only h no settl$ plans ( indu/ry1 b (t5 "k n :at to d1 or are liable1 s soon z !y are occupi$ 9 "o way1 to feel !mselves irresi/ibly drawn 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,b 9 ! di/ribution ( "t 99a man %\ld be ! ma/]1 n ! slave ( 8 sy/em994 ,! regul> "w & ! actual duty ( ! mom5t d n always co9cide4 ,due c>e = heal?1 ! opportunity = e>n$ & ne$$ recreation1 ! claims ( *>ity1 c\rtesy1 & hospitality1 9 f9e1 ! imm$iate urg5cy ( any duty selfw>d1 manw>d1 or ,godw>d1 %\ld always take prec$5ce ( r\t9e-"w h[ev] wisely plann$4 ,ob/9ate adh]5ce to sy/em may lead to m & great] crim9al omissions ( duty ?an w\ld be incurr$1 ev5 9 ! spasmodic indu/ry :i* takes its impulse f ! pass+ mom5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t timel9ess is ! ess5tial elem5t ( "r & obligation 9 _m ?+s t ought to be done1 especially 9 all =ms ( *>ity1 alike 9 great s]vices1 & 9 ^? less] am5ities & k9dnesses :i* contribute s l>gely to ! *>m ( society & ! happ9ess ( dome/ic life4 ,!re are _m good (fices :i*1 p]=m$ too late1 7 bett] left undone1--c\rtesies :i*1 po/pon$1 are incivilities1--att5tions :i*1 out ( season1 are ne$less & we>isome4 99,e day1 e wak+ h\r has its own duty991 ei!r its special "w1 or its due portion ( "o's normal life-"w4 ,procra/9ation is1 !re=e1 z unwise z x is immoral1 or r1 x is immoral because x is unwise & unfitt+4 ,! morr[ has its own appropriate duties2 & if to-day's "w be ?r[n into x1 ! mass+ ( two days' good "w into "o exce$s ord9>y ability4 ,! consequ5ce is1 ei!r t bo? days' works are imp]fectly p]=m$1 or t "p ( :at fitly belongs to ! morr[ is pu%$ f>!r on1 & ! d]angem5t ( duty made *ronic4 ,?us !re are p]sons :o are always 9 arre>s ) _! engagem5ts & occupations1--9 *ase1 z x 71 aft] duties :i* !y nev] lose f sight1 & nev] ov]take4 99,h>dly less grave199 ?\gh less common1 99is ! error ( ^? :o anticipate duty991 & d to-day :at !y ought to d to-morr[4 ,! "w ?us anticipat$ may be sup]s$$1 or may be p]=m$ "u bett] auspices & ) few] h9drances 9 its own "t2 :ile x c h>dly fail to int]f]e injuri\sly ) ! fit employm5t or due relaxation ( ! pass+ day4 ,moreov]1 ! habit ( ?us p]=m+ "w be=e its "t at once betok5s & int5sifies an uneasy1 self-di/ru/+ frame ( m9d1 unfavorable to vigor\s ef=t1 & /ill m s to ! quiet enjoym5t ( ne$$ re/ & recreation4 ,!re are ^?1 :o are p]petually haunt$ by ! =eca/ %ad[s1 n only ( fix$1 b ( cont+5t obligations & duties1--%ad[s g5]ally l>g] ?an ! sub/ance1 & (t5 :olly de/itute ( sub/ance4 99,punctuality997#ag7 d5otes ! mo/ scrupul\s precision z to "t1--exactness to a mom5t 9 ! obs]vance ( all times t c be designat$ or agre$ ^u4 ,9 matt]s ) :i* we alone are conc]n$1 we und\bt$ly h ( "r1 & may (t5 v fitt+ly ex]cise1 ! disp5s+ p[]4 ,?us1 9 ! arrangem5t ( our own pursuits1 ! clock may measure & direct our indu/ry1 )\t b9d+ u by its /roke4 ,x is (t5 ( m consequ5ce t we f9i% :at is almo/ done1 ?an t we *ange our "w because ! usual h\r = a *ange has arriv$4 ,b :]e o!rs are conc]n$1 rigid punctuality is an imp]ative duty4 ,a fix$ "t = an assembly1 a meet+ ( a committee or bo>d ( tru/1 or a bus9ess int]view1 is a virtual contract into :i* ea* p]son conc]n$ has ent]$ ) e o!r1 & ! /rict rules t apply to contracts ( all k9ds are applicable "h4 ,failure 9 punctuality is di%one/y4 ,x involves ! !ft ( "t1 :i* to "s m5 is money's wor?1 to o!rs is wor? m ?an money4 ,x ought n to surprise u if "o wantonly or habitually neglig5t 9 ?is matt] %\ld prove himself oblivi\s ( o!r & ev5 m imp]ative obligations2 = ! dullness ( consci5ce & ! obscure s5se ( "r1 indicat$ by ! frequ5t brea* ( virtual contracts z to "t1 betok5 a "* too feeble to ma9ta9 its integrity aga9/ any /rong temptation4 ,section ,,ii4 ,place4 ,! trite maxim1 99,a place = ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ 9 its place991 s comm5ds itself to ! s5se ( fitness1 z h>dly to ne$ exposition or en=cem5t2 yet :ile no maxim is m g5]ally admitt$1 sc>ce any is s frequ5tly violat$ 9 practice4 ,9 duty1 ! elem5ts ( "t & place are intimately bl5d$4 ,disord] 9 place g5]ates d]angem5t 9 "t4 ,! object :i* is out ( place c be f\nd only by ! wa/e ( "t2 & ! mo/ fai?ful indu/ry loses a l>ge "p ( its value :5 its mat]ials are want+ :]e !y ought to be1 & mu/ be s\ght :]e !y ought n to be4 ,ap>t f consid]ations ( utility1 ord] is an /hetic duty4 ,x is ne$$ to satisfy ! s5se ( beauty4 ,its violation (f5ds ! eye1 insults ! ta/e4 ,! /hetic nature craves & claims culture4 ,x has abundant provision made = x 9 ext]nal nature2 b s l>ge a "p ( life mu/ be pass$ )9 doors1 at lea/ 9 a climate l ours1 t x is />v$ & dw>f$1 if !re be n 9 int]ior arrangem5ts "s fa9t semblance ( ! symmetry & h>mony ( ! univ]se4 ,to effect ?is ne$s nei!r abundance nor co/l9ess ( mat]ial4 ,a ,fr5* man or woman w *>m ! eye at a co/ :i* 9 ,engl& w\ld be repres5t$ by b>e & squalid pov]ty4 ,a ,p>isian %op-w9d[ w make ) a few francs' wor? ( goods an exhibition ( arti/ical beauty :i* might *all5ge ! mo/ fa/idi\s criticism4 ,^! effects are produc$ solely by prime ref]5ce to fitness ( place1--to ord]ly arrangem5t1--to a symmetry :i* all c und]/&1 & :i* any "o might copy4 ,our v capacity ( receiv+ gratification f ?is s\rce is ! measure ( our duty 9 ?is reg>d4 ,if ) ! simple/ mat]ials we c give pleasure to ! s\l ?r\gh ! eye by m]ely assign+ its fit place to e object1 ord] is among ! pla9e/ dictates ( b5efic5ce4 99,ord] is ess5tial to dome/ic com=t & well-be+991 & ?us to all ! virtues :i* h _! e>lie/ & sure/ nurture 9 dome/ic life4 ,!re are homes at once afflu5t & joyless1 groan+ ) ne$less wa/e & b>r5 ( ne$$ com=t1 9 :i* ! idea ( repose seems z irrelevant z ,solomon's figure ( ly+ d[n on ! top ( a ma/1 & all f a p]vad+ _s ( disord]4 ,9 su* dwell+s !re is no love ( home4 ,! common h\se is a m]e lodg+ & fe$+ place4 ,society is s\ght else:]e1 pleasure else:]e2 & = ! "y & easily impressible !re is ! /ronge/ inducem5t to ^? modes ( dissipation 9 :i* vice conceals its grossness beh9d fair ext]iors & "u attractive =ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! well-ord]$ h\se af=ds to its inmates ! repose1 com=t1 & enjoym5t :i* !y crave & ne$1 & = ^? ^: *>act]s are 9 ! process ( =mation may neutralize allurem5ts to evil :i* might else be irresi/ible4 ,section ,,iii4 ,measure4 ,!re are _m objects1 z to :i* 99! "q ( duty is a "q ( m or less994 ,to ?is class belong n only food & dr9k1 b all =ms ( luxury1 indulg5ce1 recreation1 & amusem5t4 ,9 all ^! ! *oice lies betwe5 excess1 ab/95ce1 & temp]ance4 ,! t5d5cy to excess is int5sely /rong1 :5 n re/ra9$ by prud5ce or pr9ciple4 ,?is t5d5cy is by no means conf9$ to ! appetite = intoxicat+ liquors1 ?\gh mod]n usage has re/rict$ to excess 9 ?is p>ticul> ! t]m intemp]ance1 :i* prop]ly be>s a mu* m ext5d$ signification4 ,!re is reason to believe t !re is fully z mu* intemp]ance 9 food z 9 dr9k1 & ) at lea/ equally ru9\s consequ5ces z to capacity1 "*1 heal?1 & life1--) ?is diff]5ce only1 t gluttony /upefies & /ultifies1 :ile drunk5ness madd5s2 & t ! glutton is m]ely a dead weight on ! community1 :ile ! drunk>d is an active in/rum5t ( annoyance & p]il4 ,!re are probably few] :o s9k into an absolutely bea/ly condition by intemp]ance 9 food ?an by intemp]ance 9 dr9k2 b ( p]sons :o d n expose !mselves to op5 sc&al1 ^? ^: bra9s are muddl$1 ^: s5sibilities are co>s5$1 & ^: work+ p[] is impair$ by ov]-eat+1 are m num]\s ?an ^? 9 :om simil> effects are produc$ by ov]-free indulg5ce 9 intoxicat+ dr9ks4 ,intemp]ance 9 amusem5ts1 also1 is n uncommon1 & w\ld und\bt$ly be m preval5t ?an x is1 7 n ! inevitable necessity ( labor impos$ on mo/ p]sons f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,9 ?is matt] ! limit betwe5 temp]ance & excess is aptly fix$ by ! t]m recreation1 z appli$ to all ! gay & fe/ive portions ( life4 ,re-creation is mak+ ov]1 t is1 replac+ ! wa/e ( tissue1 bra9-p[]1 & physical & m5tal en]gy occasion$ by h>d "w4 ,temp]ance p]mits ! mo/ g5]\s indulg5ce ( sport1 mir?1 & gayety t c be claim$ z ne$ful or conducive to ?is ess5tial use1 b excludes all beyond ?is measure4 99,ab/95ce99 f all =ms ( luxury & recreation1 & f food & dr9k beyond ! l[e/ dem&s ( subsi/5ce1 has1 "u v>i\s cultures1 be5 reg>d$ z a duty1 z an appropriate p5ance = s91 z a means ( spiritual gr[?1 z a tok5 ( advanc$ excell5ce4 ,?is notion _h its orig9 9 ! duali/ic philosophy or !ology ( ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! sov]eignty ( ! univ]se 0 divid$ betwe5 ! semi-omnipot5t pr9ciples ( good & evil1 & t ! e>? & ! human body 7 creat$ by ! evil pr9ciple1--by ,satan or 8 analogue4 ,h5ce x 0 inf]r$ t ! evil pr9ciple c\ld be abjur$ & defi$1 & ! good pr9ciple propitiat$ 9 no way s effectually z by r5\nc+ ! _w & mortify+ ! body4 ,fa/+1 z a religi\s obs]vance1 orig9at$ 9 ?is belief4 ,x 0 import$ f ! ,ea/4 ,! ,hebrew fa/s 7 n e/abli%$ by ,moses2 !y 7 evid5tly borr[$ f ,babylon1 & seem to h be5 reg>d$ ) no favor by ! prophets4 ,! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity prescrib$ no fa/1 nor h we any reason to believe t 8 imm$iate disciples reg>d$ ab/95ce z a duty4 ,*ri/ian asceticism 9 all its =ms is1 l ! ,jewi% fa/s1 ( ,ori5tal orig91 & _h its fir/ developm5ts 9 close connection ) ^? hybrids ( ,*ri/ianity & ,ori5tal philosophy ( :i* ! dualism already m5tion$ =ms a prom95t feature4 ,) reg>d to all objects ( appetite1 desire1 & enjoym5t1 99temp]ance99 is evid5tly fitt+1 & !re=e a duty1 unless !re be specific reasons = ab/95ce4 ,temp]ance dem&s & implies moral activity4 ,9 ! temp]ate man ! appetites1 desires1 & ta/es h _! cont9u$ exi/5ce1 & ne$ vigilant & wise control1 s t he has always "w to d1 a w>f>e to wage2 & z conflict ) ! elem5ts gives vigor to ! body1 s does conflict ) ! body add /r5g? cont9ually to ! moral nature4 ,! ascetic may h a h>d /ruggle at ! outset2 b 8 aim is to extirpate 8 imag9$ enemies 9 ! bodily affections1 & :5 ^! are completely mortifi$1 or put to dea?1 !re rema9s no m = him to d1 & moral idl5ess & le?>gy ensue4 ,simon ,/ylites1 :o sp5t ?irty-sev5 ye>s on pill>s ( diff]5t heights1 _h probably /upefi$ 8 moral faculties & s5sibilities z effectually z he _h cru%$ to dea? ! appetites & crav+s ( ! body4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! body no less ?an ! s\l is ( ,god's build+1 & t 9 8 purpose all ! p[]s & capacities ( ! body are good 9 _! place & uses1 & !re=e to be controll$ & gov]n$1 n de/roy$ or suppress$4 ,! m$ival sa9t1 fe$+ on ! (fal ( ! /reets1 0 unwitt+ly committ+ sacrilege1 by degrad+ & imbrut+ an appetite = :i* ,god _h provid$ dec5t & :olesome nutrim5t4 ,temp]ance is bett] ?an ab/95ce1 also1 because 99! mod]ate use ( ! objects ( desire is a s\rce ( ref9+ & elevat+ influ5ces994 ,x is n )\t mean+ t1 9 common spee*1 ! possession or loss ( ! s5ses is made synonym\s ) m5tal sanity or d]angem5t4 ,by ! temp]ate gratification ( ! s5ses ! m9d is su/a9$ 9 its fre%ness1 vigor1 & s]5ity2 :ile :5 !y are p]v]t$ by excess1 impair$ by age1 or dead5$ by disease1 9 t same proportion ! m5tal p[]s are di/ract$1 enfeebl$1 or b5umb$4 ,ta/e1 ! faculty ?r\gh :i* we become conv]sant ) ! :ole realm ( beauty1 & ?an :i* devotion has no m effici5t auxili>y1 d]ives its "n f :at ! ascetic deems ! l[e/ animal enjoym5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has its range ( ! v highe/ m9i/ries4 ,! table is ! alt> ( home-love & ( hospitality1 & !re are clu/]$ ar\nd x unnumb]$ c\rtesies1 k9dnesses1 & *>ities t make a l>ge "p ( ! *>m & joy ( life4 ,s f> is ?\ghtfulness = its graceful & g5]\s s]vice f indicat+ a l[ type ( "*1 t !re is h>dly any sur] index ( ref9em5t & elegant culture ?an is furni%$ by ! family meal4 ,simil> rem>ks apply to ! entire range ( pleasurable objects & exp]i5ces4 ,:ile !re are none ( !m 9 :i* excess is safe1 !y all1 :5 enjoy$ 9 mod]ation1 /imulate ! m5tal p[]s1 develop & tra9 ! /hetic faculty1 & multiply b5eficial relations alike ) nature & ) society4 99,temp]ance991 r ?an ab/95ce1 99is ne$$ on gr\nds connect$ ) social economy994 ,labor = ! m]e necess>ies ( life occupies h>dly a ti! ( human indu/ry4 ,a nation ( ascetics w\ld be a nation ( idl]s4 ,x is ! dem& = objects ( enjoym5t1 ta/e1 luxury1 t floats %ips1 dams riv]s1 /imulates inv5tion1 fe$s prosp]ity1 & creates ! weal? ( nations4 ,x is only excess & extravagance t su/a9 & aggravate social inequalities1 wrongs1 wants1 & burd5s2 :ile mod]ate1 yet g5]\s use oils ! spr+s & spe$s ! :eels ( univ]sal indu/ry1 progress1 com=t1 & happ9ess4 ,b !re are 99cases 9 :i* ab/95ce991 r ?an temp]ance1 99is a duty994 99,pa/ excess99 may r5d] temp]ance h>dly possible4 ,f ! d]angem5t consequ5t ^u excess1 an appetite may lose ! capacity ( heal?y ex]cise4 ,9 su* a case1 z we w\ld amputate a diseas$ & useless limb1 we %\ld suppress ! appetite :i* we c no long] control4 ,physiological rese>*es h %[n t ! excessive use ( intoxicat+ dr9ks1 :5 long cont9u$1 produces an organic condition1 9 :i* ! slighte/ indulg5ce is liable to excite a crav+ s int5se z to transc5d ! control ( ! w4 99,inh]it$ proclivities99 may1 9 l mann]1 r5d] temp]ance s difficult z to make ab/95ce a duty4 ,x is conceivable t a nation or a community may1 by ! preval5ce ( excess 9 pa/ g5]ations1 be *>act]iz$ by s /rong a t5d5cy to intemp]ance z to r5d] g5]al ab/95ce a pr]equisite to g5]al temp]ance4 ,ab/95ce may also become a duty1 if to _m ar\nd u our 99example99 9 :at we may enjoy innoc5tly w\ld be ensn>+ & p]il\s4 ,! recreation1 h>mless 9 itself1 :i* by long abuse has become a s\rce ( corruption1 x may be our duty to =ego4 ,! indulg5ce1 safe = u1 :i* w\ld be unsafe = our associates1 x may be incumb5t on u to resign4 ,! food1 ! dr9k :i* w\ld make our table a sn>e to our gue/s1 we may be b\nd to refra9 f1 ?\gh = ourselves !re be 9 x no lat5t evil or lurk+ dang]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] 9 :i* ea* p]son mu/ det]m9e 8 duty = himself alone1 & 9 :i* no "o is au?oriz$ to legislate = o!rs4 ,x may seem to a consci5ti\s man a wor?y ent]prise to v9dicate & rescue f its evil associations an amusem5t or indulg5ce 9 itself n only h>mless1 b salut>y2 & !re may be an equally /rong s5se ( "r on bo? sides ( a "q ( social morality fall+ "u ?is head4 ,! joy\s side ( life mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,! "y1 sangu9e1 & happy w at all ev5ts h recreations1 games1 fe/ivities1 & ( ^! !re is n a s+le elem5t1 mat]ial1 or feature t has n be5 abus$1 p]v]t$1 or inve/$ ) associations (f5sive to a pure moral ta/e4 ,to dis[n & oppose !m all 9 ! "n ( virtue1 is to prescribe a degree ( ab/95ce :i* c h ! ass5t ( ^? only :o h outliv$ ! capacity ( enjoym5t4 ,! m judici\s c\rse is to favor1 or at lea/ to tol]ate su* modes ( indulg5ce z may = ! pres5t be ! lea/ liable to abuse1 or su* z may 9 prospect be ! safe/ 9 _! moral influ5ce1 & by sanction+ ^! to r5d] m emphatic & effici5t ! disapproval & rejection ( su* z are intr9sically wrong & evil4 ,section ,,iv4 ,mann]s4 ,! anci5ts _h b "o ^w = 99mann]s & morals994 ,x might be well if ! same 7 ! case ) u1--yet ) ?is ess5tial diff]5ce1 t :ile !y degrad$ morals to ! level ( mann]s1 a high] culture w\ld lead u to raise mann]s to ! level ( morals4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( good mann]s are compris$ 9 ! ?ree prec$+ ,sections4 ,!y are ! obs]vance1 9 "o's demeanor & conduct t[>d o!rs1 ( ! fitnesses ( "t & place1 & ( ! due & graceful mean betwe5 ov]wr\ght1 extravagant1 or fanta/ic manife/ations ( reg>d on ! "o h&1 & coldness1 sup]cili\sness1 or indiff]5ce on ! o!r4 ,c\rtesies1 l m sub/antial k9dnesses1 are neutraliz$ by delay1 &1 :5 sl[1 seem =c$ & reluctant4 ,att5tions1 :i* 9 _! place are gratify+1 may1 if misplac$1 occasion only mortification & emb>rassm5t1 z :5 civilities befitt+ int]ior home-life are rehe>s$ = ! public eye & e>4 ,nor is !re any dep>tm5t ( conduct 9 :i* excess or defici5cy is m pa9fully felt1--a r$undance ( complim5ts & assiduities t5d+ to sil5ce & aba% ! recipi5t1 :ile _! undue scant+ inflicts a ke5 s5se ( slight1 neglect1 & injury4 99,polit5ess99 mu/1 inde$1 9 ord] ev5 to appe> g5u9e1 be ! expression ( s9c]e k9dness4 ,!re is no pret5ce s difficult to ma9ta9 z ! false %[ ( g5ial & b5evol5t feel+4 ,! mask _c be s fitt$ to ! face z n to betray its seams & sutures4 ,yet k9dness is n ( itself polit5ess4 ,its spontane\s expressions may be rude & awkw>d2 or !y may take =ms n readily und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,!re are conv5tional modes ( polite demeanor no less ?an ( c\rte\s spee*4 ,^! modes may h no intr9sic fitness1 yet !y acquire a fitness f _! long & g5]al use2 & :ile ! m]e repetition ( /]eotyp$ =mulas :e!r 9 ^w or deportm5t is ju/ly (f5sive1 he :o w\ld h 8 polit5ess recogniz$ & enjoy$ mu/ bew>e le/ he dep>t too widely f ! e/abli%$ sign-language ( society4 ,!re is a brusqu]ie (t5 und]ly+ he>ty k9dness & good fell[%ip1 :i* at ! outset pa9s1 w\nds1 & repels ^? br\ght )9 its sph]e1 & :i* ! mo/ intimate fri5ds endure & excuse r ?an approve4 99,polit5ess is to be reg>d$ z an indisp5sable duty499 ,x is believ$ t f its neglect or violation m discom=t ensues ?an f any o!r s+le cause1 & 9 "s circles & conditions ( society m ?an f all o!r causes comb9$4 ,!re are neighborhoods & communities t are seldom di/urb$ by grave (f5ces aga9/ ! crim9al law1 b none :i* c insure itself aga9/ ! affronts1 enmities1 w\nd$ s5sibilities1 rankl+ grievances1 occasion$ by incivility & rud5ess4 ,moreov]1 !re are p]sons entirely free f vice1 p]haps o/5tati\s 9 ! qualities :i* are ! opposites ( vices1 & n defici5t 9 *>itable labors & gifts1 :o cultivate disc\rtesy1 are acrid or bitt] 9 _! v de$s ( *>ity1 & c>ry into e society a c]ta9 porcup9e selfhood1 :i* makes _! m]e pres5ce annoy+ & baneful4 ,su* p]sons1 besides ! suff]+ !y inflict on individuals1 are ( unspeakable injury to _! respective circles or communities1 by mak+ _! v virtues unlovely1 & piety1 if !y pr(ess x1 hateful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no tru] b5efactor to society--if ! creation ( happ9ess be ! measure ( b5efit--?an ! g5u9e g5tleman or g5tlewoman1 :o adds grace to virtue1 polit5ess to k9dness2 :o "u ! guidance ( a s9c]e fell[-feel+1 /udies ! fitnesses ( spee* & mann]1 9 civility & c\rtesy endeavors to r5d] to all _! due1 & 9 ! lea/ details t c affect ano!r's happ9ess1 does c>efully & consci5ti\sly all t ! mo/ fa/idi\s s5sibility c\ld claim or desire4 ,section ,v4 ,gov]nm5t4 99,! e/abli%m5t & pres]vation ( ord] is ! prime & ess5tial function ( gov]nm5t992 ! prev5tion & puni%m5t ( crime1 its second>y1 incid5tal1 p]haps ev5 tempor>y use4 ,9 a p]fect /ate ( society1 gov]nm5t w\ld /ill be necess>y2 = x w\ld be only by ! obs]vance ( common & mutual designations ( "t1 place1 & measure1 t ea* individual memb] ( society c\ld enjoy ! l>ge/ lib]ty & ! fulle/ rev5ue f objects ( desire1 compatible ) ! j claims & rights ( o!rs4 ,^! b5efits c1 "u no conceivable condition 9 :i* f9ite be+s c be plac$1 be secur$ except by sy/em1 "u a c5tral adm9i/ration1 & ) ! submission ( individual wills & judgm5ts to con/itut$ & e/abli%$ au?ority4 ,a bad gov]nm5t1 !n1 is bett] ?an none2 = a bad gov]nm5t c exi/ only by do+ a "p ( its appropriate "w1 :ile 9 a /ate ( an>*y ! :ole ( t "w is left undone & unattempt$4 99,ob$i5ce to gov]nm5t is991 !n1 fitt+1 & !re=e a duty1 indep5d5tly ( all consid]ations z to ! wisdom1 or ev5 ! ju/ice ( its decrees or /atutes4 ,if !y are unwise1 !y yet are rules to :i* ! community c con=m itself1 & by :i* its memb]s c make _! plans & gov]n _! expectations1 :ile lawlessness is ! negation alike ( guidance = ! pres5t & ( confid5ce 9 ! future4 ,if !y are unju/1 !y yet d less wrong & to few] p]sons1 ?an w\ld be done by individual & sporadic attempts to evade or neutralize !m4 ,nay1 unwise & inequitable laws1 to :i* ! habits & ! indu/rial relations ( a p h adju/$ !mselves1 are to be pref]r$ to vacillat+ legislation1 ?\gh 9 a g5]ally "r direction4 ,laws t affect important int]e/s %\ld be improv$ only ) ref]5ce to ! virtual pl$ges made by previ\s legislation1 & s z to gu>d ! int]e/s involv$ aga9/ ! injuri\s effects ( new & revolution>y measures4 ,! t>iff regulations ( our own c\ntry w illu/rate ! be>+ ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,x =ms no "p ( our pres5t plan to discuss ! moot$ que/ions ( free trade & protection4 ,b 9 ! confession ( ev5 extreme p>tisans on ei!r side1 ! capital & indu/ry ( our p c\ld nev] h suff]$ s mu* f any "o t>iff ( duties1 h[ev] injudici\s1 z !y suff]$ = a s]ies ( ye>s f sudd5 *anges ( policy1 by :i* inve/m5ts t _h be5 invit$ by ! legislation ( "o ,congress 7 made fruitless by ! action ( ! next1 & manufactures /imulat$ into rapid gr[? by high protective duties1 7 arre/$ & (t5 ru9$ by _! sudd5 repeal4 ,! /ability ( laws is obvi\sly a high] good ?an _! con=mity to ! !oretical views ( ! m enlight5$ citiz5s4 ,except "u a despotism1 laws are virtually an expression ( ! op9ion or w ( ! majority2 & laws :i* by any comb9ation ( favor+ circum/ances are enact$ 9 advance ( ! g5]al op9ion1 are always liable to spe$y repeal1 ) a d\ble s]ies ( ! injuri\s consequ5ces :i* c h>dly fail to ensue imm$iately on any *ange4 ,b are !re no 99limits to ob$i5ce998 ,und\bt$ly !re are4 ,a bad law is to be obey$ = ! sake ( ord]2 an immoral law is to be disobey$ = ! sake ( ! individual consci5ce2 & ( ! moral "* ( a p>ticul> law1 or ( action "u x1 ! individual consci5ce is ! only legitimate judge4 ,:]e ! law ( ! l& & absolute "r are at v>iance1 ! citiz5 is b\nd1 n only to )hold ob$i5ce1 b to av[ 8 belief1 & to give x full expression 9 e legitimate =m & way1 by voice & p51 by private influ5ce & ?r\gh ! ballot-box4 ,b 9 ! int]e/ ( ! public ord]1 x is 8 duty to conf9e 8 opposition to legal & con/itutional me?ods1 to refra9 f facti\s & s$iti\s resi/ance1 to avoid1 if possible1 ! em]g5cy 9 :i* disob$i5ce w\ld become 8 duty1 & 9 case 8 consci5ce con/ra9s him to disob$i5ce1 /ill to %[ 8 respect = ! maje/y ( law by quietly submitt+ to its p5alty4 ,! /ill rec5t hi/ory ( our c\ntry furni%es a case 9 po9t4 ,by ! ,fugitive-,slave ,law--:i* ! ,div9e provid5ce1 inde$1 repeal$ )\t wait+ = ! action ( ,congress--! private citiz5 :o gave %elt]1 su/5ance1 or com=t to a fugitive slave2 :o1 kn[+ 8 hid+-place1 omitt$ to divulge x1 or :o1 :5 call$ ^u to assi/ 9 arre/+ him1 refus$ 8 aid1 0 made liable to a heavy f9e & a long imprisonm5t4 ,n[ z to ?is law1 x 0 obvi\sly ! duty ( a citiz5 :o reg>d$ ! slave z entitl$ to ! rights ( a man1 to seek its repeal by all con/itutional me?ods )9 8 p[]4 ,x 0 equally 8 duty to refra9 f all viol5t int]f]5ce ) ! function>ies *>g$ ) its execution1 & to avoid1 if possible1 all collision ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,b if1 )\t 8 seek+1 a fugitive slave _h be5 ca/ ^u 8 humane (fices1 ! "q !n w\ld h aris5 :e!r he %\ld obey ,god or man2 & to ?is "q he c\ld h _h b "o answ]4 ,yet 8 ob$i5ce to ,god w\ld h lack$ its cr[n+ grace1 if he _h n meekly yield$ to ! p5alty = 8 disob$i5ce to ! law ( ! l&4 ,x 0 by ?is c\rse t ! primitive ,*ri/ians atte/$ _! loyalty at once to ,god & to 8! p[]s t be10 :i* 7 8orda9$ ( ,god40 ,!y refus$ ob$i5ce to ! civil au?orities 9 matt]s 9 :i* _! religi\s duty 0 compromis$2 b !y nei!r resi/$ nor evad$ ! p5alty = _! disob$i5ce4 ,simil> 0 ! c\rse ( ! ,quak]s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica almo/ d[n to our own "t4 ,!y 7 quiet & useful citiz5s1 p]=m+ ! same functions ) _! fell[-citiz5s1 s f> z _! consci5ces p]mitt$1 &1 :]e consci5ce int]pos$ its veto1 tak+ pati5tly ! di/ra9+ ( _! goods1 & ! imprisonm5t ( _! bodies1 until1 by _! blameless lives & _! meek endurance1 !y won f ! gov]nm5ts bo? ( ! "m c\ntry & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 amne/y = _! consci5ti\s scruples4 ,!re may be a /ate ( society 9 :i* x becomes 99! duty ( good citiz5s to assume an illegal attitude1 & to p]=m illegal acts1 9 ! int]e/ ( law & ord]994 ,if ^? :o are legally intru/$ ) executive & judicial (fices are op5ly1 notori\sly1 & p]si/5tly false to _! tru/s1 to su* a degree z to d]ange & subv]t ! social ord] :i* x is _! function to ma9ta91 good citiz5s1 if !y h ! p[]1 h und\bt$ly ! "r to displace !m1 & to in/itute a provisional gov]nm5t = ! tempor>y em]g5cy4 ,a case ( ?is k9d occurr$ a few ye>s ago 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,! entire gov]nm5t ( ! city _h = a s]ies ( ye>s be5 "u ! control ( ruffians & miscreants1 & =ce & fraud _h r5d]$ ! ballot-box an ineffectual rem$y4 ,no law-abid+ citiz5 deem$ 8 life or prop]ty safe2 gross outrages 7 committ$ ) impunity2 & ?ieves & murd]]s alone _h ! protection ( ! municipal au?orities4 ,despair+ ( legal rem$y1 ! be/ citiz5s ( all p>ties organiz$ !mselves "u ! direction ( a ,committee ( ,safety1 =cibly depos$ ! municipal magi/rates & judges1 br\ght well-kn[n crim9als to trial1 conviction1 & puni%m5t1 re/abli%$ ! integrity ( suffrage1 & resign$ _! p[] to function>ies lawfully elect$1 "u :om & _! successors ! city has enjoy$ a degree ( ord]1 tranquillity1 & safety at lea/ equal to t ( any o!r great city on ! cont95t4 99,! "r ( revolution99 und\bt$ly is inh]5t 9 a national body politic2 b x is an extreme "r1 & is to be ex]cis$ only "u ! mo/ urg5t necessity4 ,its conditions _c be /rictly def9$1 & its ex]cise c1 p]haps1 be ju/ifi$ only by its results4 ,a con/itutional gov]nm5t c seldom furni% occasion = viol5t revolution>y measures2 = e con/itution has its own provisions = legal am5dm5t1 & ! public s5tim5t ripe = revolution c h>dly fail to be /rong en\gh to c>ry ! am5dm5ts :i* x craves1 ?r\gh ! legal processes1 :i*1 if sl[ & cumbr\s1 are immeasurably pref]able to ! employm5t ( =ce & ! evils ( civil w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a despotic or arbitr>y gov]nm5t may admit ( abrogation only by =ce2 & if its adm9i/ration violates private rights1 imposes unrighte\s burd5s & disabilities1 suppresses ! developm5t ( ! national res\rces1 & sup]s$es ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice or ! exi/5ce ( equitable relations betwe5 class & class or betwe5 man & man1 ! p--! rightful s\rce & arbit] ( gov]nm5t--has manife/ly ! "r to ass]t its own au?ority1 & to sub/itute a con/itution & rul]s ( its own *oice = ! sov]eignty :i* has betray$ its tru/4 ,"u simil> oppression1 ! same "r unque/ionably exi/s 9 a remote colony1 or 9 a nation subject by conque/ to a =eign p[]4 ,if t p[] refuses ! rights & privileges ( subjects to a p ov] :i* x ex]cises sov]eignty1 & gov]ns x 9 its own imag9$ int]e/s1 ) a sy/ematic & p]si/5t disreg>d to ! well-be+ ( ! p ?us gov]n$1 resi/ance is a "r1 & may become a duty4 ,9 f9e1 ! function ( gov]nm5t is ! ma9t5ance ( j & b5efic5t ord]2 a gov]nm5t =feits its rights :5 x is false to ?is function2 & ! rights ?us =feit$ rev]t to ! misgov]n$ p4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,casui/ry4 ,casui/ry is ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( morality to individual cases 9 :i* !re is room = "q z to duty4 ,! "q may be z to ! obligation or ! rightfulness ( a p>ticul> act1 z to ! *oice betwe5 two alt]native c\rses1 z to ! measure or limit ( a recogniz$ duty1 or z to ! gr\nds ( pref]5ce :5 !re seems to be a conflict ( duties4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! cases disappe> "u any j view ( moral obligation4 ,mo/ que/ions ( consci5ce h _! orig9 9 defici5t consci5ti\sness4 ,he :o is det]m9$ to d ! "r1 ! :ole "r1 & no?+ b ! "r1 is seldom at a loss to "k :at he ought to d4 ,b :5 ! aim is to evade all difficult duties :i* c be omitt$ )\t %ame or ! cle> consci\sness ( wrong1 & to g z close z possible to ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 good & evil )\t cross+ x1 ! que/ions t arise are (t5 p]plex+ & complicat$1 & !y are su* z1 9 ! int]e/ ( virtue1 may fitt+ly rema9 unansw]$4 ,!re are always ^? ^: aim is1 n to atta9 any def9ite1 /ill less any indef9itely high1 /&>d ( goodness1 b to be sav$ f ! p5al consequ5ces ( wrong-do+2 & !re are ev5 7s-call$7 religi\s p]sons1 & tea*]s too1 ) :om ?is negative indemnity f puni%m5t fills out ! :ole mean+ ( ! sacr$ & significant t]m salvation4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t que/ions :i* c\ld emanate only f su* m9ds1 furni% a v l>ge "p ( ! (t5 volum9\s & unwieldy treatises on casui/ry t h come d[n to u f e>li] times1 especially ( ^? ( ! ,jesuit morali/s1 ^: *ief endeavor is to lay out a bord]-pa? j outside ! conf9es ( ackn[l$g$ wrong & evil4 ,yet !re are 99cases 9 :i* ! mo/ consci5ti\s p]sons may be 9 d\bt z to ! "r994 ,we c "h indicate only ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* su* cases are to be decid$1 ) a v few specific illu/rations4 99,! "q ( duty is (t5 a "q991 n ( pr9ciple1 b 99( fact994 ,x is ! case1 ! position & relations ( ! p]sons or objects conc]n$1 t we d n fully und]/&4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a new appeal is made = our *>itable aid1 9 labor or money1 ! "q is n :e!r x is our duty to assi/ 9 a "w ( real b5efic5ce1 b :e!r = ! propos$ object1 & "u ! direction ( ^? :o make ! appeal1 our labor or money w be lucratively inve/$ 9 ! s]vice ( humanity4 ,!re are1 c]ta9ly1 b5evol5t associations & ent]prises = ! v noble/ ends1 ^: actual utility is op5 to ! grave/ d\bt4 ,x is sometimes difficult ev5 to det]m9e a "q ( ju/ice or equity1 simply because ! circum/ances ( ! case1 s f> z we c und]/& !m1 d n def9e ! "r4 ,in/ances ( ?is class might be multipli$2 b !y are all in/ances 9 :i* !re is no obscurity z to our obligation or duty1 & !re=e no "q = moral casui/ry4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly b\nd1 by consid]ations ( fitness1 to seek ! fulle/ in=mation )9 our p[] 9 e case 9 :i* we are compell$ to act1 or see fit to act2 nor c we reg>d action )\t k1 ev5 ?\gh ! motive be virtu\s1 z ei!r safe or blameless4 99,! measure or limit ( duty99 is ) _m consci5ti\s p]sons a s]i\s "q4 ,"h an exact def9ition is h>dly possible1 & a g5]\s lib]ty may be giv5 to individual ta/e or judgm5t2 yet consid]ations ( fitness set b\nds to t lib]ty4 ,?us direct & express self-culture is a duty incumb5t on all1 yet 9 :i* div]sity ( incl9ation may r5d] v diff]5t degrees ( dilig5ce equally fitt+ & "r2 b all self-c5tr$ indu/ry is fitt+ly limit$ by dome/ic1 social1 & civic obligations4 ,?us1 also1 direct acts ( b5efic5ce are obvi\sly incumb5t on all2 b ! degree ( self-sacrifice = b5efic5t ends ne$ n1 nay1 ought n to be ! same = e "o2 & :ile we hold 9 ! highe/ admiration ^? :o make ! entire surr5d] ( all t !y h & are to ! s]vice ( mank9d1 we h no reason to scant our e/eem = ^? :o are simply k9d & g5]\s1 :ile !y at ! same "t labor1 sp5d1 or save = _! own b5efit4 ,inde$1 ! _w has fully z mu* ne$ ( ! latt] z ( ! =m]4 ,7 ! numb] ( self-devot+ philan?ropi/s ov]-l>ge1 a great deal ( ! necess>y bus9ess & "w ( life w\ld be left undone2 & did self-d5y+ giv]s con/itute a v num]\s body1 ! dep5d5t & m5dicant classes w\ld be mu* m num]\s ?an !y are2 :ile ! )drawal ( exp5diture = p]sonal objects w\ld p>alyze indu/rial ent]prise1 & arre/ ! creation ( t g5]al weal? :i* contributes to ! g5]al com=t & happ9ess1 & ! accumulation ( ^? l>ge =tunes :i* are invaluable z safety-funds & movem5t-funds = ! :ole community4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* !re is manife/ly a 99conflict ( duties994 ,?is mo/ frequ5tly occurs betwe5 prud5ce & b5efic5ce4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t !y co9cide4 ,no prud5t man w suff] himself to contract unsocial1 or selfi%1 or mis]ly habits1 or to neglect ! ord9>y good (fices & common *>ities ( life4 ,b is "o b\nd to transc5d ! limits ( prud5ce1 &1 )\t any specific gr\nds ( p]sonal obligation1 to incur loss1 h>d%ip1 or p]il1 9 behalf ( ano!r p]son8 ,"o is no d\bt b\nd to d all t he c\ld reasonably expect f ano!r1 7 _! positions rev]s$2 b is x 8 duty to d m ?an ?is8 ,9 answ]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t he :o 9 su* a case suff]s prud5ce to limit 8 b5efic5ce has done all t duty absolutely requires2 b1 9 proportion to ! w>m? ( 8 b5evol5ce & ! l(t9ess ( 8 _s & "*1 he w f9d himself con/ra9$ to transc5d ?is limit1 & to sacrifice prud5ce to b5efic5ce4 ,?us--to take an in/ance f a class ( ev5ts by no means infrequ5t--if ,i see a man 9 dang] ( dr[n+1 x is obvi\sly my duty to d all t ,i c d = 8 rescue )\t putt+ my own life 9 jeop>dy4 ,b ,i owe him no m ?an ?is4 ,my own life is preci\s to me & to my family1 & ,i h a "r s to reg>d x4 ,i %all n des]ve c5sure or self-reproa*1 if ,i decl9e expos+ myself to imm95t p]il4 ,yet if ,i h ! g5]osity & ! c\rage :i* belong to a truly noble nature1 ,i %all n cont5t myself ) do+ no m ?an ?is1--,i %all haz>d my own safety if !re is reason to hope t my ef=ts may h a successful issue2 & 9 s do+ ,i %all p]=m an act ( h]oic virtue4 ,! same pr9ciple w apply to exposure1 dang]1 & sacrifice ( e k9d1 incurr$ = ! safety1 relief1 or b5efit ( o!rs4 ,we transgress no positive law ( "r1 :5 we omit do+ = o!rs m ?an we c\ld rightfully expect 7 we 9 _! place4 ,prud5ce 9 su* a case is our "r4 ,b x is a "r :i* x is m noble to surr5d] ?an to reta92 & ! read9ess ) :i* & ! degree 9 :i* we are will+ to surr5d] x1 may be tak5 z a fair crit]ion ( our moral gr[? & /r5g?4 ,"u ! title ( 99,ju/ice991 ) ! broad scope :i* we h giv5 to x1 !re may be an app>5t conflict ( duties1 & !re are c]ta9 obvi\s laws ( prec$5ce :i* may cov] all su* cases4 ,we %\ld fir/ say t our obligations to ! ,supreme ,be+ h a p>am\nt claim above all duties to inf]ior be+s1 _h we n reason to believe t ,god is 9 no way s truly wor%ipp$ & s]v$ z by acts ( ju/ice & m]cy to 8 *ildr54 ,! ,div9e ,tea*] has giv5 u to und]/&1 n t !re is no "t or place too sacr$ = *>ity1 b t holy times & places h _! highe/ consecration 9 ! love to man :i* love to ,god inspires4 ,t[>d m51 x h>dly ne$s to be said t ju/ice 79 ! limit$ & ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w7 99has ! prec$5ce ( *>ity994 ,inde$1 7 x n = ! preval5ce ( inju/ice--individual1 social1 & civic--!re w\ld h>dly be any scope = ! active ex]cise ( *>ity4 ,want comes almo/ :olly f wrong4 ,7 ju/ice univ]sal1 t is1 7 ! rights & privileges :i* fitly belong to m5 z m51 ext5d$ to & made available by all classes & conditions ( m51 !re w\ld /ill be great inequalities ( weal? & ( social condition2 b abject & squalid pov]ty c\ld h>dly exi/4 ,9 almo/ e individual in/ance1 ! )hold+ or delay ( ju/ice t5ds m or less directly t[>d ! creation ( ! v evils :i* *>ity relieves4 ,no am\nt ( g5]osity1 !n1 c palliate inju/ice1 or /& z a sub/itute = ju/ice4 ,z reg>ds ! p]sons to :om we owe (fices ( k9dness or *>ity1 x is obvi\s t 99^? relat$ to u by consangu9ity or aff9ity h ! fir/ 9999 claim994 ,^! relations h all ! elem5ts ( a natural alliance = mutual def5ce & help2 & x is impossible t _! ess5tial duties %\ld be fai?fully dis*>g$ & _! fitnesses duly obs]v$1 )\t creat+ sympa?ies t 9 /ress ( ne$ w f9d expression 9 active *>ity4 ,9 ! next rank we may fitt+ly place our b5efactors1 if _! condition be su* z to dem& a return = _! k9d (fices 9 our behalf4 ,ne>ness 9 place may be next consid]$2 = ! v fact t ! ne$s ( our neighbors are or may be )9 our cognizance1 comm5ds !m especially to our *>ity1 & enables u to be ! m judici\s & effective 9 _! relief4 ,inde$1 9 small] communities1 :]e ! dwell+s ( ! ri* & ( ! poor are int]sp]s$1 a g5]al recognition ( ! claims ( neighborhood on *>ity w\ld cov] ! field ( active b5efic5ce ) an effici5cy atta9able 9 no o!r way1 & at a greatly dim9i%$ co/ ( "t & sub/ance4 ,!re is yet ano!r type ( neighborhood1 consecrat$ to our rev]5t obs]vance by ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,!re are f "t to "t cases ( want & suff]+ br\ght1 )\t our seek+1 "u our imm$iate reg>d1--ca/1 z x 71 directly ^u our k9d (fices4 ,! p]son ?us comm5d$ to u is1 = ! "t1 our ne>e/ neighbor1 nay1 our ne>e/ k9sman1 & ! v circum/ances :i* h plac$ him 9 ?is relation to u1 make him fitt+ly ! =emo/ object ( our *>ity4 ,! "q sometimes pres5ts itself 99:e!r 9999 we %all be/[ an imm$iate1 yet transi5t b5efit1 or a m remote1 b p]man5t good994 ,if ! two are incompatible1 & ! =m] is n a matt] ( absolute necessity1 ! latt] is to be pref]r$4 ,?us remun]ative employm5t is mu* m b5eficial ?an alms to an able-bodi$ man1 & x is bett] t he suff] "s degree ( /raitness till he c e>n a m com=table condition1 ?an t he be fir/ made to feel ! dep5d5ce ( paup]ism4 ,yet if 8 want be entire & urg5t1 ! delay ( imm$iate relief is ! "p ( cruelty4 ,on simil> gr\nds1 b5efic5ce :i* embraces a class ( cases or p]sons is to be pref]r$ to p>ticul> acts ( k9dness to individuals4 ,?us x seems h>% to refuse alms to an unkn[n /reet begg>2 b z su* relief gives %elt] to a va/ am\nt ( fraud1 idl5ess1 & vice1 x is mu* bett] t we %\ld su/a91 by contributions proportion$ to our ability1 "s sy/em by :i* cases ( actual ne$1 & su* only1 c be promptly & adequately c>$ =1 & t we !n--h[ev] reluctantly--refuse our alms to applicants ( d\btful m]it4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,! num]\s 99e?ical sy/ems99 t h _h curr5cy 9 e>li] or lat] times1 may be divid$ into two classes1--! "o embrac+ ^? :i* make virtue a means2 ! o!r1 ^? :i* make x an end4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 virtue is to be practis$ = ! good t w come ( x2 accord+ to ! latt]1 = its own sake1 = its intr9sic excell5ce4 ,^! classes h obvi\s subdivisions4 ,! =m] includes bo? ! selfi% & ! utilit>ian !ory2 :ile ! latt] embraces a wide div]sity ( views z to ! nature1 ! /&>d1 & ! crit]ion ( virtue1 accord+ z x is believ$ to consi/ 9 con=mity to ! fitness ( ?+s1 9 h>mony ) an unsophi/icat$ ta/e1 9 accordance ) ! int]ior moral s5se1 or 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god4 ,!re are1 also1 bord] !ories1 :i* bl5d1 or r =ce into juxtaposition1 ! ideas t und]lie ! two classes respectively4 ,x is propos$1 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 to give an outl9e ( 99! hi/ory ( e?ical philosophy 9 ,greece & ,rome991 or r1 9 ,greece2 = ,rome _h no philosophy t 0 n born 9 ,greece4 99,socrates99 0 less a moral philosoph] ?an a prea*] ( virtue4 ,self-orda9$ z a c5sor & re=m]1 he direct$ 8 invective & irony pr9cipally aga9/ ! ,sophi/s1 ^: *ief *>act]i/ic z to philosophy seems to h be5 ! d5ial ( objective tru?1 & ?us1 ( absolute & det]m9ate "r4 ,socrates1 9 contra/ ) !m1 seeks to elicit duty f ! occasions = its ex]cise1 mak+ 8 collocutors def9e "r & obligation f ! nature ( ?+s z pres5t$ to _! own consci\sness & reflection4 ,plato repres5ts him1 :5ev] a moral "q is "u discussion1 z prob+ ! v he>t ( ! case1 & draw+ !nce ! response z f a div9e oracle4 99,plato99 held ess5tially ! same gr\nd1 z may be se5 9 8 id5tify+ ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good2 b x is impossible to trace 9 8 writ+s ! outl9es ( a def9ite e?ical sy/em1 :e!r 8 own1 or "o d]iv$ f 8 great ma/]4 ,! ?ree 99pr9cipal s*ools ( e?ical philosophy 9 ,greece99 7 ! ,p]ipatetic1 ! ,epicurean1 & ! ,/oic4 ,! 99,p]ipatetics99 d]iv$ _! philosophy f ,ari/otle1 & _! "n f 8 habit ( walk+ up & d[n "u ! plane-trees ( ! ,lyceum4 ,accord+ to him1 virtue is conduct s con=m$ to human nature z to pres]ve all its appetites1 proclivities1 desires1 & passions1 9 mutual *eck & limitation4 ,x consi/s 9 %unn+ extremes4 ,?us c\rage /&s midway betwe5 c[>dice & ra%ness2 temp]ance1 betwe5 excess & self-d5ial2 g5]osity1 betwe5 prodigality & p>simony2 meekness1 betwe5 irascibility & pusillanimity4 ,happ9ess is reg>d$ z ! supreme good2 b :ile ?is is n to be atta9$ )\t virtue1 virtue alone w n secure x4 ,happ9ess requires1 9 addition1 c]ta9 outw>d advantages1 su* z heal?1 ri*es1 fri5ds1 :i* !re=e a good man w seek by all lawful means4 ,ari/otle laid an int5se /ress on ! cultivation ( ! dome/ic virtues1 ju/ly repres5t+ ! h\sehold z ! type1 no less ?an ! nurs]y1 ( ! /ate1 & ! political well-be+ ( ! /ate z cont+5t on ! /yle ( "* *]i%$ & manife/$ 9 ! home-life ( its memb]s4 ,!re is reason to believe t 99,ari/otle's p]sonal "*99 0 con=m$ to 8 !ory ( virtue1--t he pursu$ ! middle pa?1 r ?an ! m ardu\s r\te ( moral p]fection4 ,?\gh mu* ( 8 "t 0 sp5t 9 ,a!ns1 he 0 a native ( ,mac$onia1 & 0 = sev]al ye>s resid5t at ! c\rt ( ,philip z tutor to ,alex&]1 ) :om he reta9$ fri5dly relations = ! great] "p ( 8 royal pupil's life4 ,( 8 connection ) ! ,mac$onian c\rt & public affairs1 !re are sev]al /ories t implicate him di%onorably ) political intrigues1 & ?\gh !re is n "o ( ^! t is n d5i$1 & n "o :i* re/s on compet5t hi/orical au?ority1 su* traditions are n apt s to clu/] z to blur ! fair fame ( a /urdily incorruptible man1 b are mu* m likely to cl+ to ! memory ( a trimm] & a "t-s]v]4 99,epicurus199 f :om ! ,epicurean philosophy d]ives its "n1 0 = _m ye>s a tea*] ( philosophy 9 ,a!ns4 ,he 0 a man ( simple1 pure1 *a/e1 & temp]ate habits1 9 8 old age bore sev]e & protract$ suff]+s1 f complicat$ & incurable disease1 ) s+ul> equanimity1 & _h 8 memory po/hum\sly black5$ only by ^? :o--l !ological bigots ( m rec5t times--inf]r$1 9 despite ( all contempor>y evid5ce1 t he 0 deprav$ 9 "*1 because !y ?\ght t 8 philosophy ought to h made him s4 ,he repres5t$ 99pleasure z ! supreme good991 & its pleasure-yield+ capacity z ! sole crit]ion by :i* any act or habit is to be judg$4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 ! que/ ( pleasure becomes ! prime1 or r ! only duty4 8,d t y may enjoy10 is ! fundam5tal maxim ( morality4 ,!re is no intr9sic or p]man5t di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,individual exp]i5ce alone c det]m9e ! "r1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! diff]5ces ( ta/e1 temp]am5t1 or culture4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s pleasures :i* are m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! pa9s incurr$ 9 procur+ !m1 or by ^? occasion$ by !m2 & !re are1 also1 pa9s :i* are ! means ( pleasures great] ?an !mselves4 ,! wise man1 !re=e1 w measure & gov]n 8 conduct1 n by ! pleasure ( ! mom5t1 b ) ref]5ce to ! future & ultimate effects ( acts1 habits1 & c\rses ( conduct1 ^u 8 happ9ess4 ,:at are call$ ! virtues1 z ju/ice1 temp]ance1 *a/ity1 are 9 !mselves no bett] ?an _! opposites2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t !y increase ! aggregate ( pleasure1 & dim9i% ! aggregate ( pa94 ,!re=e1 & !re=e alone1 !y are duties4 ,! great wor? ( philosophy consi/s 9 its enabl+ m5 to e/imate ! relative duration1 & ! p]man5t consequ5ces1 z well z ! imm$iate int5sity1 ( e =m ( pleasure4 ,epicurus specifies 99two k9ds ( pleasure991 t ( re/ & t ( motion4 ,he pref]s ! =m]4 ,action has its reaction2 excitem5t is foll[$ by depression2 ef=t1 by we>9ess2 ?\ght = o!rs involves ! di/urbance ( "o's own peace4 ,! gods1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 lead an easy1 untr\bl$ life1 leave ! outw>d univ]se to take c>e ( itself1 are :olly indiff]5t to human affairs1 & are made ineffably happy by ! entire abs5ce ( labor1 want1 & c>e2 & man becomes mo/ godlike & mo/ happy1 !re=e mo/ virtu\s1 :5 he floats ?r\gh life1 unh>m+ & unh>m$1 idle & useless1 self-conta9$ & self-suffic+1 simple 9 8 ta/es1 mod]ate 9 8 requirem5ts1 frugal 9 8 habits4 ,x may be d\bt$ 99:e!r ,epicurus d5ot$ by pleasure199799#ah99799 m]e physical pleasure alone994 ,x is c]ta9 t 8 lat] foll[]s reg>d$ ! pleasures ( ! body z ! only good2 & ,cic]o says t ,epicurus himself ref]r$ all ! pleasures ( ! intellect to ! memory ( pa/ & ! hope ( future s5sual gratification4 ,yet !re is pres]v$ an extract ( a lett] f ,epicurus1 9 :i* he says t 8 own bodily pa9s 9 8 ye>s ( decrepitude are outweigh$ by ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! memory ( 8 philosophical labors & discov]ies4 99,epicureanism numb]$ among its disciples991 n only 99m5 ( approv$ virtue991 b n a few1 l ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ( a m active type ( virtue ?an ,epicurus w\ld h deem$ consi/5t ) pleasure4 ,b 9 lapse ( "t x became ! pretext & cov] = ! grosse/ s5suality2 & ! associations :i* ! unle>n$ read] has ) ! "n are only /r5g!n$ by conv]sance ) ! lit]ature to :i* x gave bir?4 ,horace is its poet-laureate2 & he 0 evid5tly z s9c]e 9 8 philosophy z he 0 lic5ti\s 9 8 life4 ,!re is a c]ta9 *>m 9 good fai? & hone/y1 ev5 :5 on ! side ( wrong & vice2 & x is 8 p]fect frankness1 self-complac5cy1 nay1 self-praise1 9 a s5suality :i* 9 pla9 prose w\ld seem by turns vapid & disgu/+1 t makes ,horace ev5 p]il\sly fasc9at+1 s t ! gu>dians ( ! public morals may well be ?ankful t = ! "y ! approa* to him is w>d$ (f by ! =midable b>ri]s ( gramm> & diction>y4 ,:ile ,epicureanism ?us g5]at$1 on ! "o h&1 9 m5 ( ! _w laxity ( moral pr9ciple & habit1 on ! o!r h&1 9 m9ds ( a m contemplative ca/1 x 99laps$ into a!ism994 ,f otiose gods1 c>eless ( human affairs1 ! transition 0 natural to a belief 9 no gods4 ,! univ]se :i* c\ld pres]ve & gov]n itself1 c\ld c]ta9ly h sprung into uncaus$ exi/5ce2 = ! t5d5cies :i*1 )\t a sup]vis+ p[]1 ma9ta9 ord] 9 nature1 cont9uity 9 *ange1 ev]-new life evolv$ f incessant dea?1 mu/ be inh]5t t5d5cies to comb9ation1 h>mony1 & organization1 & ?us may acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! sy/em :i* !y su/a9 & r5ew4 ,?is type ( a!ism has its mo/ au!ntic exposition 9 ! 8,de ,r]um ,natura0 ( ,lucretius4 ,he does n1 9 s _m words1 d5y ! be+ ( ! gods1--he1 inde$1 speaks ( !m z lead+ re/ful lives1 )drawn f all c>e ( mortal affairs2 b he s sc(fs at all practical recognition ( !m1 & s je]s at ! rev]5ce & awe pr(ess$ = !m by ! multitude1 t we are con/ra9$ to reg>d !m z r ! imag]y ( 8 v]se ?an ! objects ( 8 fai?4 ,he ma9ta9s ! pa/ et]nity ( matt]1 :i* consi/s ( atoms or monads ( v>i\s =ms4 ,^!1 drift+ ab\t 9 space1 & imp++ ^u "o ano!r1 by a s]ies ( happy *ances1 fell into ord]ly relations & close-fitt+ symmetries1 :5ce1 9 succession1 & by a necessity inh]5t 9 ! primitive atoms1 came organization1 life1 in/9ct1 love1 reason1 wisdom4 ,?is poem has a peculi> value at ! pres5t day1 z closely co9cid5t 9 its cosmogony ) "o ( ! mo/ rec5t phases ( physical philosophy1 & %[+ t :at calls itself progress may be motion 9 a circle4 ,! 99,/oics991 s call$ f a portico7#ai7 adorn$ ) magnific5t pa9t+s by ,polygnotus1 9 :i* _! doctr9es 7 fir/ taught1 owe _! orig9 to ,z5o1 :o liv$ to a v great age1 illu/ri\s = self-control1 temp]ance1 & ! sev]e/ type ( virtue1 & at l5g?1 9 accordance ) a favorite dogma & practice ( 8 s*ool1 :5 he f\nd t he _h be=e him only gr[+ infirmity ) no hope ( re/oration1 t]m9at$ 8 life by 8 own h&4 ,accord+ to ! ,/oic philosophy1 99virtue is ! sole end ( life991 & virtue is ! con=mity ( ! w & conduct to univ]sal nature4 ,virtue alone is good2 vice alone is evil2 & :atev] is nei!r virtue nor vice is nei!r good nor evil 9 itself1 b is to be s\ght or %unn$1 accord+ z x is auxili>y to virtue or conducive to vice1--if nei!r1 to be reg>d$ ) utt] indiff]5ce4 ,virtue is indivisible4 ,x does n admit ( degrees4 ,he :o only approximates to virtue1 h[ev] closely1 is yet to be reg>d$ z outside ( its pale4 ,only ! wise man c be virtu\s4 ,he ne$s no precepts ( duty4 ,8 intuitions are always to be tru/$4 ,8 s5se ( "r _c be bl9d$ or misl$4 ,z = ^? :o d n occupy ?is high philosophic gr\nd1 ?\gh !y _c be really virtu\s1 !y yet may pres5t "s %[ & semblance ( virtue1 & !y may be aid$ 9 ?is by precepts & e?ical in/ruction47#bj7 ,x 0 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o1 on acc\nt ( _! lack ( true wisdom1 ne$$ su* direction1 & 7 at ! same "t s well dispos$ z to receive & foll[ x1 t treatises on practical morality 7 writt5 by _m ( ! lat] ,/oics1 & t 9 ,rome !re 7 tea*]s ( ?is s*ool :o ex]cis$ functions closely analog\s to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian prea*] & pa/or4 ,/oicism f\nd 99its mo/ cong5ial soil99 9 ! /]n1 h>dy integrity & patriotism ( ^? ,romans1 ^: incorruptible virtue is ! "o r$eem+ feature ( ! decl9+ days ( ! ,republic & ! effem9acy & co>se depravity ( ! ,empire4 ,s5eca's e?ical writ+s7#ba7 are almo/ ,*ri/ian1 n only 9 _! fai?ful rebuke ( e =m ( wrong1 b 9 _! t5d] humanity = ! poor1 ! slaves1 ! victims ( oppression1 9 _! univ]sal philan?ropy1 & 9 _! precepts ( pati5ce "u suff]+1 =be>ance1 =giv5ess1 & return+ good = evil4 ,epictetus1 ! de=m$ slave ( a caprici\s & cruel ma/]1 beat5 & crippl$ 9 m]e wantonness1 enfran*is$ 9 8 latt] ye>s1 only to be driv5 into exile & to s\nd ! l[e/ dep?s ( pov]ty1 exhibit$ a type ( h]oic virtue :i* has h>dly be5 equall$1 p]haps nev] transc5d$ by a m]e mortal2 & ?\gh look+1 z has be5 already said1 to annihilation z ! goal ( life1 he ma9ta9$ a _s s joy\s1 & has left 9 8 writ+s s attractive a picture ( a s\l s]5ely & supremely happy1 t he has giv5 support & consolation to multitudes ( ! brave/ & be/ disciples ( ! heav5-born religion1 :i* he c h kn[n--if at all--only ?r\gh its sl&]]s & p]secutors4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 a k9dr$ _s1 & "u ! ev5 heavi] burd5s ( a tott]+ empire1 dome/ic diss5sions1 & defeat & disa/] abroad1 ma9ta9$ ! sev]e/ simplicity & purity ( life1 appropriat$ portions ( 8 busie/ days to dev\t contemplation1 m$itat$ con/antly on dea?1 & discipl9$ himself to reg>d ) contempt alike ! praise ( flatt]]s & ! cont+5cy ( po/hum\s fame4 ,we h1 especially 9 ,n]o's reign1 ! record ( n a few m5 & wom5 ( l _s & "*1 ^: l(ty & impregnable virtue lack$ only lov+ fai? & und\bt+ tru/ 9 a fa!rly ,provid5ce to assimilate !m to ! =emo/ among ! ,apo/les & m>tyrs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 99,! ,sceptical s*ool ( philosophy99 claims 9 ?is connection a brief notice4 ,?\gh s id5tifi$ 9 common spee* ) ! "n ( a s+le philosoph]1 t ,pyrrhonism is a synonyme = ,scepticism1 x 0 mu* old] ?an ,pyrrho1 & greatly outnumb]$ 8 av[$ foll[]s4 ,x 0 held by ! tea*]s ( ?is s*ool t objective tru? is unatta9able4 ,n only d ! p]ceptions & conceptions ( diff]5t p]sons v>y z to e object ( k2 b ! p]ceptions & conceptions ( ! same p]sons z to ! same object v>y at diff]5t times4 ,nay1 m1 at ! same "t "o s5se conveys impressions :i* ano!r s5se may negative1 & n infrequ5tly ! reflective faculty negatives all ! impressions d]iv$ f ! s5ses1 & =ms a conception entirely unlike t :i* w\ld h tak5 %ape ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se4 ,! s\l t seeks to "k1 is ?us 9 con/ant agitation4 ,b happ9ess consi/s 9 imp]turbabl5ess ( _s1 t is1 9 susp5se ( judgm5t2 & z x is our duty to promote our own happ9ess1 x is our duty to live )\t desire or fe>1 pref]5ce or abhorr5ce1 love or hatr$1 9 entire apa?y1--a life ( :i* ,mohamm$'s fabl$ c(f9 is ! fitte/ symbol4 ,! 99,new ,academy991 ^: philosophy 0 a hybrid ( ,platonism & ,pyrrhonism1 :ile x d5i$ ! possibility ( asc]ta9+ objective tru?1 yet taught t on all subjects ( speculative philosophy probability is atta9able1 & t1 if ! subject 9 h& be "o :i* admits ( be+ act$ ^u1 x is ! duty ( ! moral ag5t to act 9 accordance ) probability1--to pursue ! c\rse 9 behalf ( :i* ! m & ! bett] reasons c be giv54 ,!re are moral acts & habits :i* seem to be 9 accordance ) reason & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,we may be mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ !m s2 yet ! probability t !y are s creates a moral obligation 9 _! favor4 ,! ,new ,academy pr(ess$ a hypo!tical acquiesc5ce 9 ! e?ics ( ! ,p]ipatetic s*ool1 ma9ta9+1 !re=e1 t ! mean betwe5 two extremes is probably 9 accordance ) "r & duty1 & t virtue is probably man's highe/ good1 yet probably n suffici5t 9 itself )\t ! addition ( ext]ior advantages4 99,cic]o99 consid]$ himself z belong+ to ! ,new ,academy4 ,8 in/9cts z an advocate1 (t5 induc$ by pr(essional exig5cies to d5y :at he _h previ\sly affirm$1 made ! scepticism ( ?is s*ool cong5ial to him2 :ile 8 love ( elegant ease & luxury & 8 lack ( moral c\rage 7 9 clos] h>mony ) ! practical e?ics ( ! ,p]ipatetics ?an ) ! m rigid sy/em ( ! ,/oics4 ,at ! same "t1 8 pure moral ta/e & 8 s9c]e rev]5ce = ! "r br\ght him into sympa?y ) ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,8 8,de ,(ficiis0 is an exposition ( ! ,/oic sy/em ( e?ics1 ?\gh by ! pr(ess$ disciple ( ano!r philosophy4 ,x is z if a ,mohamm$an1 )\t disclaim+ 8 own religion1 %\ld und]take an exposition ( ! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity1 on ! gr\nd t1 ?\gh ,mohamm$ 0 a g5u9e prophet1 !re 01 nev]!less1 a high] & pur] morality 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an 9 ! ,koran4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 99,= sev]al c5turies aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,we/]n ,empire991 philosophy _h h>dly an exi/5ce except 9 its records1 & ^! 7 pres]v$ *iefly = _! p>*m5t1 half-effac$1 cov]$ by :at took ! place ( lit]ature 9 ! 7s call$7 ,d>k ,ages1 & at l5g? deciph]$ by su* m9ute & we>isome toil z only m$ival cloi/]s h ev] furni%$4 ,= a long p]iod1 mona/]ies 7 ! only s*ools1 & 9 ^! ! le>n$ m5 ( ! day 71 ei!r successively or alt]nately1 le>n]s & tea*]s1 :5ce ! appellation ( ,s*oolm54 ,! le>n$ m5 :o be> ?is "n 7 fond ( casui/ry1 & discuss$ imag9$ & (t5 impossible cases ) great pa9s 7_! read]s w\ld h great]72 b1 s f> z we "k1 !y h left no sy/ematic treatises on moral philosophy1 & h transmitt$ no sy/em t owes to !m its di/+ui%+ features4 ,yet we f9d among !m a v broad division ( op9ion z to ! gr\nd ( "r4 ,! fundam5tal position ( ! ,/oics1 t virtue is con=mity to nature1 & ?us indep5d5t ( express legislation1--n creat$ by law1 human or div9e1 b ! s\rce & orig9 ( law1--_h its *ampions1 /rong1 b few2 :ile ! ,augu/9ian !ology1 !n almo/ univ]sal1 replac$ ,epicureanism 9 its d5ial ( ! intr9sic & indelible moral qualities ( actions4 ,! extreme ,augu/9ians reg>d$ ! positive comm& ( ,god z ! sole cause & gr\nd ( "r1 s t ! v ?+s :i* are =bidd5 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties w\ld become virtu\s & comm5dable1 if enjo9$ by ,div9e au?ority4 ,william ( ,ockham1 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! ,engli% ,s*oolm51 wrote3 8,if ,god comm&$ 8 creatures to hate himself1 ! hatr$ ( ,god w\ld be ! duty ( man40 ,! 99e>lie/ mod]n99 !ory ( morals t pres5t$ /rik+ peculi>ities 0 t ( 99,hobbes99 7,a4 ,d4 #aehh-afgi71 :o 0 indebt$ solely to ! /ress ( 8 "t1 alike = 8 sy/em & = :atev] sl5d] foll[+ x may h _h4 ,he 0 f *ildhood a /aun* royali/1 0 %ortly aft] leav+ ! ,univ]sity ! tutor ( a loyal nobleman1 &1 aft]w>d1 ( ,*>les ,,ii4 dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 exile2 & ! p>liam5t>y & ,puritan outrages seem$ to him to be aim$ at all t 0 augu/ & rev]5d1 & adapt$ to ov]turn society1 rev]t progress1 & cru% civilization4 ,accord+ to him1 m5 are by nature "o ano!r's enemies1 & c be re/ra9$ f int]nec9e ho/ility only by =ce or fe>4 ,an in/9ctive p]ception ( ?is tru? 9 ! infancy ( society gave rise to mon>*ical & absolute =ms ( gov]nm5t2 = only by ?us c5traliz+ & mass+ p[]1 :i* c\ld be direct$ aga9/ any di/urb] ( ! peace1 c\ld ! individual memb]s ( society hold prop]ty or life 9 safety4 ,! k+ ?us reigns by "r ( human necessity1 & ob$i5ce to him & to con/itut$ au?orities "u him is man's :ole duty1 & ! sum ( virtue4 ,might creates "r4 ,consci5ce is b ano!r "n = ! fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,! intimate connection ( religion ) civil fre$om 9 ! ,engli% ,commonweal? no d\bt w5t f> 9 uproot+ 9 ,hobbes all religi\s fai?2 & :ile he did n op5ly attack ,*ri/ianity1 he ma9ta9$ ! duty ( entire con=mity to ! mon>*'s religion1 :atev] x might be1 :i* is ( c\rse tantam\nt to ! d5ial ( objective religi\s tru?47#bb7 ,hobbes may fairly be reg>d$ z 99! fa!r ( mod]n e?ical philosophy991--n t he _h *ildr5 aft] 8 own lik5ess2 b 8 speculations 7 s revolt+ equally to ?9k+ & to s]i\s m51 z to ar\se inquiry & /imulate m5tal activity 9 a dep>tm5t previ\sly neglect$4 ,! gauntlet ?us ?r[n d[n by ,hobbes 0 tak5 up by 99,cudwor?99 7,a4 ,d4 #afag-afhh71 ! mo/ le>n$ man ( 8 "t1 ^: 8,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se0 is a prodigy ( erudition1--a "w 9 :i* 8 own ?\ght is s block$ up ) quotations1 au?orities1 & masses ( recondite lore1 t x is h>dly possible to trace ! w9d+s ( ! riv] = ! dbris ( aurif]\s rocks t ob/ruct its fl[4 ,! treatise ) :i* we are conc]n$ is t on 8,et]nal & ,immutable ,morality40 ,9 ?is he ma9ta9s t ! "r exi/s1 indep5d5tly ( all au?ority1 by ! v nature ( ?+s1 9 co-et]nity ) ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,s f> is he f admitt+ ! possibility ( any dissili5cy betwe5 ! ,div9e w & absolute "r1 t he turns ! tables on 8 oppon5ts1 & classes among ,a!i/s ^? ( 8 contempor>ies :o ma9ta9 t ,god c comm& :at is contr>y to ! intr9sic "r2 t ,he has no incl9ation to ! good ( 8 creatures2 t ,he c ju/ly doom an innoc5t be+ to et]nal torm5ts2 or t :atev] ,god wills is j because ,he wills x4 99,samuel ,cl>ke99 7,a4 ,d4 #afge-agbi7 foll[$ ,cudwor? 9 ! same l9e ( ?\ght4 ,he 01 x is believ$1 ! fir/ writ] :o employ$ ! t]m fitness z def9+ ! gr\nd ( ! immutable & et]nal "r1 ?\gh ! idea ( fitness necess>ily und]lies e sy/em or !ory t assigns to virtue intr9sic validity4 99,%aftesbury99 7,a4 ,d4 #afga-agac7 repres5ts virtue z resid+1 n 9 ! nature or relations ( ?+s1 b 9 ! be>+ ( actions on ! welf>e or happ9ess ( be+s o!r ?an ! actor4 ,b5evol5ce con/itutes virtue2 & ! m]it ( ! action & ( ! actor is det]m9$ by ! degree 9 :i* p>ticul> affections are m]g$ 9 g5]al philan?ropy1 & ref]5ce is _h1 n to individual b5efici>ies or b5efits1 b to ! :ole sy/em ( ?+s ( :i* ! actor =ms a "p4 ,! affections f :i* su* acts spr+ comm5d !mselves to ! moral s5se1 & are ( necessity objects ( e/eem & love4 ,b ! moral s5se takes cognizance ( ! affections only1 n ( ! acts !mselves2 & z ! conv5tional /&>d ( ! desirable & ! useful v>ies ) race1 "t1 & culture1 ! acts :i* ! affections prompt1 & :i* !re=e are virtu\s1 may be 9 "o age or c\ntry su* z ! p ( ano!r c5tury or l& may repudiate ) loa?+4 ,las ,casas1 9 introduc+ negro slav]y into ,am]ica1 ) ! f]v5tly b5evol5t purpose ( reliev+ ! h>d%ips ( ! feeble & ov]task$ aborig9es1 p]=m$1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 a virtu\s act2 b _h he once consid]$ ! "q ( intr9sic "r or natural fitness1 a "n s wor?ily honor$ w\ld nev] h be5 associat$ ) ! f\le/ crime ( mod]n civilization4 ,accord+ to 99,adam ,smi?99 7,a4 ,d4 #agbc-agij71 moral di/9ctions dep5d :olly on sympa?y4 ,we approve 9 o!rs :at corresponds to our own ta/es & habits2 we disapprove :atev] is oppos$ to !m4 ,z to our own conduct1 8we suppose ourselves10 he writes1 8! spectators ( our own behavior1 & endeavor to imag9e :at effect x w\ld 9 ?is light produce 9 u40 ,our s5se ( duty is d]iv$ :olly f our ?us putt+ ourselves 9 ! place ( o!rs1 & inquir+ :at !y w\ld approve 9 u4 ,consci5ce1 !n1 is a collective & corporate1 n an individual faculty4 ,x is creat$ by ! preval5t op9ions ( ! community4 ,solit>y virtue !re _c be2 = )\t sympa?y !re is no self-approval4 ,by p>ity ( reason1 ! duty ( ! individual c nev] transc5d ! av]age consci5ce ( ! community4 ,?is !ory describes society z x is1 n z x ought to be4 ,we are1 to a sad degree1 conv5tional 9 our practice1 mu* m s ?an 9 our beliefs2 b x is ! "p ( true manl9ess to h ! consci5ce an int]ior1 n an ext]nal organ1 to =m & actualize notions ( "r & duty = "o's self1 & to /& & walk alone1 if ne$ !re be1 z !re manife/ly is 9 n a few critical mom5ts1 & z !re is n infrequ5tly 9 ! inw>d exp]i5ce ( e man :o means to d 8 duty4 99,butl]99 7,a4 ,d4 #afib-ageb71 9 8 8,e?ical ,disc\rses10 aims ma9ly & successfully to demon/rate ! rightful supremacy ( consci5ce4 ,8 favorite conception is ( ! human be+ z himself a h\sehold an economy1--! v>i\s prop5sities1 appetites1 passions1 & affections1 ! memb]s1--,consci5ce1 ! head1 recogniz$ z su* by all1 s t !re is1 :5 h] sov]eignty is own$1 an inw>d repose & satisfaction2 :5 %e is disobey$1 a s5se ( discord & rebellion1 ( unre/ & di/urbance4 ,?is is s\nd & indisputable1 & x _c be m cle>ly /at$ or m vividly illu/rat$ ?an by ,butl]2 b he manife/ly reg>ds consci5ce z legislator no less ?an judge1 & ?us fails to recognize any objective /&>d ( "r4 ,x is evid5t t on 8 gr\nd !re is no crit]ion by :i* hone/ly errone\s moral judgm5ts c be revis$1 or by :i* a discrim9ation c be made betwe5 ! results ( education or involunt>y prejudice1 & ! "r z det]m9$ by ! nature ( ?+s & ! /&>d ( intr9sic fitness4 ,( all mod]n e?ical writ]s s9ce ! "t ( ,cudwor? & ,cl>ke1 none s mu* z approa*es ! position occupi$ by 99,ri*>d ,price99 7,a4 ,d4 #agbc-agia71 a ,london diss5t+ div9e1 a w>m advocate ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce1 & ! intimate fri5d ( ,john ,adams4 ,he ma9ta9$ t "r & wrong are inh]5t & necess>y1 immutable & et]nal *>act]i/ics1 n dep5d5t on w or comm&1 b on ! intr9sic nature ( ! act1 & det]m9$ ) un]r+ accuracy by consci5ce1 :5ev] ! nature ( ! case is cle>ly kn[n4 8,morality10 he writes1 8is fix$ on an immovable basis1 & appe>s n to be 9 any s5se factiti\s1 or ! arbitr>y production ( any p[]1 human or div9e2 b equally ev]la/+ & necess>y ) all tru? & reason40 8,virtue is ( intr9sic value & ( indisp5sable obligation2 n ! creature ( w1 b necess>y & immutable2 n local & tempor>y1 b ( equal ext5t & antiquity ) ! ,div9e m9d2 n dep5d5t on p[]1 b ! guide ( all p[]407#bc7 99,paley99 7,a4 ,d4 #agdc-ahje7 gives a def9ition ( virtue1 rem>kable = its comb9ation ( ?ree p>tial !ories4 ,virtue1 accord+ to him1 is 8! do+ good to mank9d1 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & = ! sake ( ev]la/+ happ9ess40 ,( ?is def9ition x may be said1 #a4 ,! do+ good to mank9d is inde$ virtue2 b x is by no means ! :ole ( virtue4 #b4 ,ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god is our duty2 b x is s1 because 8 w mu/ ( necessity be 9 accordance ) ! fitt+ & "r4 ,c\ld we conceive ( ,omnipot5ce comm&+ :at is intr9sically unfit & wrong1 ! virtu\s man w\ld n be ! ,god-s]v]1 b ! ,prome!us suff]+ ! implacable v5geance ( an unrighte\s ,deity4 #c4 ,?\gh ev]la/+ happ9ess be ! result ( virtue1 x is n ! gr\nd or ! reason = x4 ,7 our be+ e>?-limit$1 virtue w\ld lose none ( its obligation4 ,epictetus l$ z virtu\s a life z if heav5 _h be5 op5 to 8 fai? & hope4--,paley's sy/em may be describ$ 9 detail z ,%aftesbury's1 ) an ext]nal wa%+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,%aftesbury hav+ be5 :at 0 call$ a free-?9k]1 :ile ,paley 0 a s9c]e believ] 9 ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 & contribut$ l>gely & effici5tly to ! def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & ! illu/ration ( its records4 ,! *ief m]it ( ,paley's treatise on ,moral ,philosophy is t x cle>ly & emphatically recognizes ! ,div9e au?ority ( ! moral tea*+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh 9 exp\nd+ !m ! au?or too frequ5tly dilutes !m by consid]ations ( exp$i5cy4 99,j]emy ,b5?am99 7,a4 ,d4 #agdg-ahcb7 is ,paley m9us ,*ri/ianity4 ,! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] is1 accord+ to him1 ! aim & crit]ion ( virtue4 ,moral rules %\ld be con/ruct$ ) ?is sole end2 & ?is %\ld be ! p]vad+ purpose ( all legislation4 ,b5?am's works are v volum9\s1 & !y cov]1 wisely & well1 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( dome/ic1 social1 public1 & national life4 ,! wor/ t c be said ( 8 political writ+s is t !y are 9 advance ( ! age1--lit]ally ,utopian27#bd7 = x w\ld be well ) ! c\ntry :i* 0 prep>$ to embody 8 views4 ,b1 un=tunately1 8 pr9ciples h no p[] ( self-realization4 ,!y are l a wat*1 p]fect 9 all o!r p>ts1 b )\t ! ma9spr+4 ,b5?am contemplates ! individual man z an ag5cy1 r ?an z an intellectual & moral integ]4 ,he mu/ "w "u yoke & h>ness = ends va/ & remote1 beyond ! appreciation ( ord9>y mortals2 & he mu/ hold all p>tial affections & ne>] aims subord9ate to rules d$uc$ by sages & legislators f consid]ations ( g5]al utility4 ,b5?am's influ5ce on legislation1 especially on crim9al law1 has be5 b5eficially felt on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( pure e?ics1 !re are no ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 him & o!r writ]s ( ! utilit>ian s*ool47#be7 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 99,france99 !re has be5 a l>ge prepond]ance ( s5sualism1 exp$i5cy1 & selfi%ness 9 ! e?ical sy/ems t h _h ! mo/ ext5sive curr5cy4 ,!re 0 a great deal ( elaborate e?ical speculation & !ory among ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ( ! la/ c5tury2 b among !m we _c recall a s+le writ] :o ma9ta9$ a high] gr\nd ?an ,b5?am1 except t ,r\sseau--p]haps ! mo/ immoral ( !m all--:o 0 an ,epicurean s f> z he _h any philosophy1 sometimes so>s 9 s5tim5tal rhapsodies ab\t ! intr9sic beauty & lovel9ess ( a virtue :i* he knew only by "n4 99,malebran*e99 7,a4 ,d4 #afch-agad71 ^: pr9cipal writ+s belong to ! previ\s c5tury1 repres5ts entirely opposite views & t5d5cies4 ,he h>dly diff]s f ,samuel ,cl>ke1 except 9 phraseology4 ,he resolves virtue into love ( ! univ]sal ord]1 & con=mity to x 9 conduct4 ,?is ord] requires t we %\ld prize & love all be+s & objects 9 proportion to _! relative wor?1 & t we %\ld recognize ?is relative wor? 9 our rules & habits ( life4 ,?us man is to be m highly valu$ & m assidu\sly s]v$ ?an ! l[] animals1 because wor? m2 & ,god is to be lov$ inf9itely m ?an man1 & to be always obey$ & s]v$ 9 pref]5ce to man1 because he is wor? immeasurably m ?an ! be+s t d]ive _! exi/5ce f him4 ,malebran*e ascribes to ! ,supreme ,be+1 n ! arbitr>y ex]cise ( p[] 9 con/itut+ ! "r1 b recognition1 9 8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w & 9 8 reveal$ w1 ( ! ord]1 :i* is man's sole law4 8,sov]eign pr9ces10 he says1 8h no "r to use _! au?ority )\t reason4 ,ev5 ,god has no su* mis]able "r40 ,at ne>ly ! same p]iod comm5c$ ! e?ical controv]sy betwe5 99,fnlon99 7,a4 ,d4 #afea-agae7 & 99,bossuet99 7,a4 ,d4 #afbg-agjd71 z to ! possibility & obligation ( dis9t]e/$ virtue4 ,fnlon & ! ,quieti/s1 :o sympa?iz$ ) him1 ma9ta9$ t ! pure love ( ,god1 )\t any self-ref]5ce1 or reg>d = "o's own well-be+ ei!r "h or "h-aft]1 is ! goal & ! te/ ( human p]fection1 & t no?+ bel[ ?is--no?+ :i* aims or aspires at any?+ less ?an ?is--des]ves ! "n ( virtue4 ,bossuet def5d$ ! selfi% !ory ( virtue1 attack$ 8 amiable antagoni/ ) unconscionable sev]ity & bitt]ness1 & succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! c\rt ( ,rome--?\gh aga9/ ! wi%es ( ! ,pope--! condemnation ( ! obnoxi\s t5et4 ,! ,pope rem>k$1 ) well-turn$ anti!sis1 t ,fnlon might h err$ f excess 9 ! love ( ,god1 :ile ,bossuet _h s9n$ by defect 9 ! love ( 8 neighbor4 ,among ! rec5t ,fr5* morali/s1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ names are ^? ( 99,j\ffroy99 & 99,c\s9991 :o--ea* ) a t]m9ology ( 8 own--agree ) ,malebran*e 9 reg>d+ "r & wrong z inh]5t & ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( actions1 & z hav+ _! s\rce & ! gr\nd ( _! validity 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! aim ( ,c\s9's well-kn[n treatise on 8,! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good10 is purely e?ical1 & ! "w is design$ to id5tify ! ?ree memb]s ( ! ,platonic triad ) correspond+ attributes ( ! ,inf9ite ,be+1--attributes :i*1 virtually "o1 h _! c\nt]p>t & manife/ation 9 ! ord] ( nature & ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 99,g]many991 ! necess>ian philosoph]s ( ! ,pan!i/ic s*ool ignore e?ics by mak+ *oice & moral action impossible4 ,man has no di/9ct & sep>ate p]sonality4 ,he is = a little :ile deta*$ 9 appe>ance f ! s\l ( ! univ]se 7anima mundi71 b 9 reality no m deta*$ f x ?an is a b\ld] or a log ( drift-wood f ! surface on :i* x re/s4 ,he /ill rema9s a "p ( ! univ]sal s\l1 ! multi=m1 all-embrac+ ,god1 :o is himself n a self-consci\s1 freely will+ be+1 b impell$ by necessity 9 all 8 p>ts & memb]s1 &1 no less ?an 9 all else1 9 ^? human memb]s ?r\gh :i* alone he atta9s to "s fragm5t>y self-consci\sness4 ,accord+ to 99,kant991 ! reason intuitively disc]ns tru?s t are necess>y1 absolute1 & univ]sal4 ,! !oretical reason disc]ns su* tru?s 9 ! realm ( ontology1 & 9 ! relations & laws t und]lie all subjects ( physical inquiry4 ,9 l mann]1 ! practical reason intuitively p]ceives ! conditions & laws inh]5t 9 ! objects ( moral action1--t is1 z ,malebran*e w\ld h said1 ! elem5ts ( univ]sal ord]1 or1 9 ! language ( ,cl>ke1 ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,z ! m9d mu/ ( necessity contemplate & cognize objects ( ?\ght "u ! categories intuitively disc]n$ by ! !oretical reason1 s mu/ ! w be mov$ by ! conditions & laws intuitively disc]n$ by ! practical reason4 ,?is intuition is law & obligation4 ,man c obey x1 & to obey x is virtue4 ,he c disobey x1 & 9 s do+ he does n yield to necessity1 b makes a volunt>y *oice ( wrong & evil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w be p]ceiv$ f ! hi/orical survey 9 ?is & ! previ\s *apt]1 t--z 0 said at ! outset--99all e?ical sy/ems resolve !mselves into ! two classes ( :i* ! ,epicureans & ! ,/oics furni%$ ! pri/9e types199--^? :i* make virtue an accid5t1 a v>iable1 subject to au?ority1 occasion1 or circum/ance2 & ^? :i* end[ x ) an intr9sic "r1 immutabl5ess1 validity1 & supremacy4 ,on subjects ( fundam5tal mom5t1 op9ion is ( prime importance4 ,conduct results f feel+1 & feel+ f op9ion4 ,we w\ld h ! y\?1 f ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( 8 moral ag5cy1 gr\nd$ 9 ! belief t "r & wrong are immutable1--t !y h no localities1 no m]idians1--t1 ) a *ange ( surr\nd+s1 _! conditions & laws v>y z little z d ^? ( planet>y or /ell> motion4 ,let him feel t "r & wrong are n ! m]e dicta ( human tea*+1 nay1 are n creat$ ev5 by revelation2 b let _! immutable di/9ction express itself to 8 consci\sness 9 ^? sublime words :i* belong to x1 z p]sonifi$ 9 holy writ1 8,jehovah possess$ me f ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 be=e 8 works ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 or ev] ! e>? 04 ,:5 ,he prep>$ ! heav5s1 ,i 0 !re4 ,:5 ,he appo9t$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 !n 0 ,i by ,him40 ,?is conception ( ! ,div9e & ev]la/+ sacr$ness ( virtue1 is a p]5nial f\nta9 ( /r5g?4 ,he :o has ?is does n imag9e t he has p[] ov] ! ,"r1 c sway x by 8 *oice1 or v>y its /&>d by 8 action2 b x ov]ma/]s him1 &1 by subdu+1 frees him1 fills & en]gizes 8 :ole be+1 ennobles all 8 p[]s1 exalts & hall[s all 8 affections1 makes him a prie/ to ,god1 & a k+ among m54 ,,index4 ,ab/95ce1 :5 to be pref]r$ to temp]ance1 #age ,academy1 ! ,new1 #bje ,action1 def9$1 #a spr+s (1 #aj gov]n+ pr9ciples (1 #cj ,affections1 !1 #bb ,ang]1 #bf ,anonym\s publications1 #abc ,appetites1 !1 #aj ,ari/otle1 "* (1 #aig ,b5efic5ce1 #adc ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 #bae ,bossuet1 controv]sy (1 ) ,fnlon1 #bag ,bro!rhood1 human1 9 its e?ical relations1 #ef ,butl]1 #bab ,capital puni%m5t1 #ff ,casui/ry1 #ahg ,*ildr51 duties (1 #aba ,*ri/ianity1 a s\rce ( k1 #ee exhibit+ moral p]fection 9 ! p]son ( its ,f\nd]1 #fh comp>$1 z to its e?ics1 ) o!r religions1 #ei z a motive p[]1 #ha ,cic]o1 philosophical relations (1 #bjf ,cl>ke1 ,samuel1 #baj ,consci5ce1 a judicial faculty1 #da educat$ by use1 #dd relation ( k to1 #de ,contracts1 #abh ,c\rage1 def9$1 #aeh physical1 #aei moral1 #afj ,c\s91 #bah ,cudwor?1 #bji ,desire1 def9$1 #ab ( k1 #ac ( society1 #ae ( e/eem1 #ag ( p[]1 #ah ( sup]iority1 #ai ,duties1 conflict (1 #aij ,duty1 limit (1 #ahi ,enemies1 love (1 possible1 #adi ,envy1 #bg ,epictetus1 "* (1 #bjc ,epicureanism1 #aih ,example1 e?ical value (1 #aaa ,exp$i5cy1 an insuffici5t rule ( conduct1 #ca :5 to be consult$1 #cc ,extreme cases 9 morals1 #abe ,falsehood1 #aea ,family1 duties ( !1 #aah ,fnlon1 controv]sy (1 ) ,bossuet1 #bag ,fitness1 ! gr\nd ( "r1 #cf ,=ekn[l$ge1 ,div9e1 consi/5t ) human fre$om1 #h ,fre$om ( ! w1 argum5ts =1 #b objections to1 #d ,gov]nm5t1 ! ess5tial function (1 #ahj ob$i5ce to1 h[ limit$1 #ahb :5 to be oppos$1 #ahd ,gratitude1 #bd ,habit1 #hd ,hatr$1 #bh ,hobbes1 #bjh ,home-life1 ord] requisite 91 #afi ,homicide1 ju/ifiable1 #fd ,hone/y1 #acd ,horace1 ! poet ( ,epicureanism1 #bjj ,ignorance1 s9s (1 #ci ,immortality1 e?ical relations (1 #eg ,intemp]ance1 #agj ,j\ffroy1 #bah ,ju/ice1 #aac ,kant1 e?ical sy/em (1 #bai ,k9dness1 #be ,k1 atta9m5t (1 a duty1 #ajb ,law1 ! result ( exp]i5ce1 #ej an educational =ce1 #ea ,lib]ty1 ! "r to1 #fi ,love1 #bb ,lucretius1 philosophy (1 #bja ,malebran*e1 #baf ,mann]s1 a dep>tm5t ( morals1 #agg ,m>cus ,aurelius1 "* (1 #bjd ,m>riage1 #abj ,measure1 duties app]ta9+ to1 #agj ,milit>y s]vice1 #fh ,moral philosophy1 def9$1 #cd ,motive1 #gi ,oa?s1 #abi ,obs]vation1 a s\rce ( e?ical k1 #df ,ord]1 #afd ,paley1 #bae ,pan!ism1 e?ics (1 #bah ,p>5ts1 duties (1 #aba ,passion1 #hb ,pati5ce1 #aeb ,paup]ism1 #add ,p]ipatetics1 !1 #aic ,piety t[>d ,god1 #aac ,pity1 #be ,place1 duties app]ta9+ to1 #afh ,plato1 z a tea*] ( e?ics1 #aic ,polit5ess1 #agh ,positive duties1 #aag ,price1 ,ri*>d1 #bad ,promises1 #abf ,prud5ce1 #ih ,punctuality1 #afg ,res5tm5t1 #bg ,rev5ge1 #bh ,rev]5ce1 #bc ,revolution1 :5 ju/ifiable1 #ahe ,"r1 !1 #ce absolute & relative1 #cg ,rights1 def9$1 #fa h[ limit$1 #fb p]sonal1 #fd ( prop]ty1 #gb ( reputation1 #gf ,sabba?1 !1 #af ,sceptical s*ool ( philosophy1 #bjd ,s*oolm51 e?ics ( !1 #bjg ,self-control1 #ajf ,self-culture1 moral1 #aji ,self-pres]vation1 #ii ,s5eca1 writ+s & "* (1 #bjc ,%aftesbury1 #baj ,slav]y1 #gj ,smi?1 ,adam1 #baa ,socrates1 z a tea*] ( e?ics1 #aie ,speculation 9 bus9ess1 :5 legitimate1 #ach :5 di%one/1 #adj ,sp9oza1 #bji ,/oics1 philosophy ( !1 #bja em95t ,roman1 #bjc ,submission1 #aee ,sympa?y1 #be ,taxation1 #ge ,temp]ance1 #agc ,"t1 duties app]ta9+ to1 #afe ,usury1 #adb ,v]acity1 #abb ,virtue1 def9$1 #hh connection (1 ) piety1 #ia ,virtues1 !1 #id c>d9al1 #if ,wor%ip1 public1 #aae ,z5o1 "* (1 #bjb ,,footnotes #a ,compassion ought f its d]ivation to h ! same mean+ ) sympa?y2 b 9 common usage x is synonym\s ) pity4 #b 8,ignorantia legis nem9em excusat40 #c ,! !ory t ,s5eca 0 acqua9t$ ) ,/4 ,paul1 or _h any direct int]c\rse ) ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome or else:]e1 has no hi/orical evid5ce1 & re/s on assumptions t are contradict$ by kn[n facts4 #d ,virtutes l5iores1 z ,cic]o calls !m4 #e ,! duty ( society to inflict capital puni%m5t on ! murd]] has be5 ma9ta9$ on ! gr\nd ( ! ,div9e comm& to t effect1 said to h be5 giv5 to ,noah1 & ?us to be b9d+ on all 8 po/]ity4 7,g5esis ix4 #e47 ,my own belief--f\nd$ on a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,hebrew text--is1 t ! human murd]] is n ref]r$ to 9 ?is precept1 b t x simply requires ! slay+ ( ! bea/ t %\ld cause ! dea? ( a man1--a precaution :i* 0 liable to be neglect$ 9 a rude /ate ( society1 & 0 among ! special enactm5ts ( ! ,mosaic law4 7,exodus xxi4 #ch47 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! common int]pretation be reta9$1 ! precept requires ! %$d+ ( ! murd]]'s blood by ! bro!r or ne>e/ k9sman ( ! murd]$ man1 & is n obey$ by giv+ up ! murd]] to ! gall[s & ! public execution]4 ,moreov]1 ! same s]ies ( precepts prescribes an ab/95ce f ! natural juices ( animal food1 :i* w\ld require an entire revolution 9 our %ambles1 kit*5s1 & tables4 ,if ^! precepts 7 ,div9e comm&m5ts = m5 ( all times1 !y %\ld be obey$ 9 full2 b !re is ! grosse/ inconsi/5cy & absurdity 9 hold+ only a portion ( "o ( !m sacr$1 & ignor+ all ! re/4 #f ,lat91 virtus1 f vir1 :i* d5otes n1 l homo1 simply a human be+1 b a man end[$ ) all appropriate manly attributes1 & comes f ! same root ) vis1 /r5g?4 ,! ,greek synonyms ( virtus1 1 is d]iv$ f 1 ! god ( w>1 :o 9 ! h]oic days ( ,greece 0 ! ideal man1 ! /&>d ( human excell5ce1 & ^: "n "s lexicograph]s reg>d--z x seems to me1 some:at fancifully--z alli$ ?r\gh its root to 1 :i* be>s ab\t ! same relation to t vir be>s to homo4 #g ,9 ! languages :i* h inh]it$ or adopt$ ! ,lat9 virtus1 x reta9s its orig9al signification1 ) "o /rik+ exception1 :i* yet is p]haps an exception 9 appe>ance r ?an 9 reality4 ,9 ! ,italian1 virtu is employ$ to signify ta/e1 & virtuoso1 :i* may d5ote a virtu\s man1 (t5] means a collector ( objects ( ta/e4 ,we h "h an hi/orical l&m>k4 ,!re 0 a p]iod :51 "u civil despotism1 ! old ,roman manhood _h entirely di$ out on its native soil1 :ile ecclesia/ical corruption r5d]$ ! nobl] idea ( ,*ri/ian manhood effete2 & !n ! highe/ type ( manhood t rema9$ 0 ! culture ( ^? ref9$ s5sibilities1 ^? ornam5tal arts1 & t ke5 s5se ( ! beautiful1 9 :i* ,italy z f> surpass$ o!r l&s1 z x 0 = c5turies inf]ior to !m 9 physical brav]y & 9 moral rectitude4 #h ,x is obvi\sly on ?is gr\nd alone t we c affirm moral attributes ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,:5 we say t he is p]fectly j1 pure1 holy1 b5efic5t1 we recognize a /&>d ( judgm5t logically indep5d5t ( 8 nature4 ,we mean t ! fitness :i* ! human consci5ce recognizes z its only /&>d ( "r1 is ! law :i* he has elect$ = 8 own adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se4 ,c\ld we conceive ( omnipot5ce n recogniz+ ?is law1 ! decrees & acts ( su* a be+ w\ld n be necess>ily "r4 ,omnipot5ce _c make t :i* is fitt+ wrong1 or t :i* is unfitt+ "r4 ,god's decrees & acts are n "r because !y are 81 b 8 because !y are "r4 #i ,f c>do1 a h+e4 #aj ,x is virtually ,cic]o's division 9 ! ,de ,(ficiis4 #aa ,! po9ts at issue ) reg>d to sabbatical obs]vance h>dly belong to an elem5t>y treatise on e?ics4 ,i ought n1 h[ev]1 to leave any d\bt z to my own op9ion4 ,i believe1 !n1 ! re/ ( ! ,sabba? a necessity ( man's con/itution1 physical & m5tal1 ( t ( ! bea/s subs]vi5t to 8 use1 &1 9 "s measure1 ev5 ( ! inanimate ag5ts "u 8 control1 :ile ! seque/ration ( ! day f ! c\rse ( ord9>y life is equally a moral & religi\s necessity4 ,! weekly ,sabba? ,i reg>d z a dictate ( natural piety1 & a primeval in/itution1 re-enact$1 n e/abli%$1 by ,moses1 & sanction$ by our ,savi\r :5 he ref]s to ! ,decalogue z a comp5d ( moral duty1 z also 9 v>i\s o!r =ms & ways4 ,z to modes ( sabbatical obs]vance1 ! rigid ab/95ces & au/]ities once common 9 ,new ,engl& 7 d]iv$ f ! ,mosaic c]emonial law1 & h no sanction ei!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t or 9 ! habits ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,i c conceive ( no bett] rule = ! ,"l's day1 ?an t ea* p]son s sp5d x z to int]f]e z little z possible ) its fitt+ use by o!rs1 & to make x z avail+ z he c = 8 own relaxation f secul> c>es1 & gr[? 9 wisdom & goodness4 #ab ,x 0 ! malignity display$ t[>d ! *ildr5 ( divorc$ wives by ! wom5 :o succe$$ !m 9 ! affections & homes ( _! husb&s1 t 9 ,roman lit]ature atta*$ to ! "n ( a /epmo!r 7nov]ca7 ! mo/ hateful associations1 :i* c]ta9ly h no place 9 mod]n ,*ri/5dom1 :]e ! /epmo!r (t5] ?an n assumes ! mat]nal c>es ( ! deceas$ wife z if !y 7 natively h] own4 #ac ,:5 ,jesus =bids swe>+ by heav51 because 8x is ,god's ?rone10 & by ! e>?1 because 8x is 8 foot/ool10 ! inf]5ce is obvi\s t1 = /ill /rong] reasons1 all direct swe>+ by ,god himself is prohibit$4 ,! ^w 1 :i* introduces ! oa?s by inf]ior objects specifi$ 9 ! text "u discussion1 n infrequ5tly corresponds to our phrase n ev54 ,) ?is s5se ( 1 ! passage w\ld be r5d]$1 8,b ,i say unto y1 ,swe> n at all1 n ev5 by heav510 etc4 ,i f9d t "s writ]s on ?is subject quote 9 v9dication ( oa?s on solemn occasions ! in/ances 9 ! ,scriptures 9 :i* ,god is said to h sworn by ,himself4 ,! reply is obvi\s1 t no be+ c swe> by himself1 ! ess5tial significance ( an oa? be+ an appeal to "s be+ or object o!r ?an "o's self4 ,because ,god 8c swe> by no great]10 x is c]ta9 t :5 ?is phraseology is us$ conc]n+ ,him1 x is employ$ figuratively1 to aid ! pov]ty ( human conceptions1 & to express ! c]ta9ty ( 8 promise by ! /ronge/ t]ms :i* human language af=ds4 ,9 l mann]1 ,god is said by ! sacr$ writ]s to rep5t ( int5d$ retribution to evil-do]s1 n t inf9ite ju/ice & love c *ange 9 ?\ght1 plan1 or purpose1 b because a *ange ( disposition & feel+ is wont to prec$e human clem5cy to evil-do]s4 #ad ,! odi\s mean+ ( excessive int]e/1 z atta*$ to usury1 is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,9 ! e>li] ,engli%1 z 9 our translation ( ! ,bible1 x d5otes any sum giv5 = ! use ( money4 #ae ,9 ?is c\ntry usury laws are fa/ yield+ to ! gr[? ( intellig5ce 9 monet>y affairs4 ,:]ev] !y exi/ 9 _! sev]] =ms1 !y only enhance ! rate ( int]e/ paid by ! major portion ( ! class ( borr[]s1 z ! l5d] mu/ be comp5sat$1 n only = ! use ( 8 money1 & = ! risk ( 8 cr$itor's inability to repay x1 b also = ! additional risk ( detection1 prosecution1 & =feiture4 #af ,! read] ne$ n be told t pati5ce & passion are d]iv$ f diff]5t p>ticiples ( ! same v]b4 ,pati5ce comes f ! pres5t p>ticiple1 & fitt+ly d5otes ! _s 9 :i* pres5t suff]+ %\ld be met2 :ile passion comes f ! p]fect or pa/ p>ticiple1 & z fitt+ly d5otes ! condition ensu+ ^u any physical1 m5tal1 or moral affection1 induc$ f )\t1 :i* has be5 endur$ )\t prote/ or resi/ance4 #ag ,f punctum1 a po9t4 #ah 4 #ai 4 #bj ,! words employ$ by ! ,/oics to indicate specific duties1 z pres5t$ to ! common und]/&+1 recognize intr9sic fitness z ! gr\nd ( "r4 ,^! duties are t]m$ 9 ,greek1 1 t is1 be-fitt+1 & 9 ,lat91 (ficia1 f ob & facio1 t :i* is done ob aliquid1 = "s assignable reason4 #ba ,h[ f> ,s5eca's "* 0 repres5t$ by 8 philosophy is1 we believe1 a fairly op5 "q4 ,t ! beg9n+ & ! close ( 8 c>e] 7 9 accordance ) 8 tea*+s1 is c]ta94 ,t z a c\rti]1 he 0 9 suspici\s proximity to1 if n 9 complicity )1 gross sc&als & crimes1 is equally c]ta94 ,! evid5ce aga9/ him is weighty1 b by no means conclusive4 ,he may h l+]$ 9 ! purlieus ( ! palace 9 fond memory ( :at ,n]o _h be5 9 ! promise ( 8 y\?1 & 9 ! gr\ndless hope ( br++ him aga9 "u m humane influ5ces4 ,?is supposition is r5d]$ ! m probable by ! well-kn[n fact1 t dur+ 8 :ole c\rt life1 & not)/&+ 8 great weal?1 ,s5eca's p]sonal habits 7 almo/ ^? ( an an*orite4 #bb ,sp9oza's e?ical sy/em 0 closely p>allel to t ( ,hobbes4 ,he d5i$ ! intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong2 b he reg>d$ ari/ocracy z ! natural ord] ( society4 ,) him1 z ) ,hobbes1 virtue consi/s solely 9 ob$i5ce to con/itut$ au?ority2 & s utt]ly did he ignore a high] law1 t he ma9ta9$ x to be ! "r ( a /ate to abjure a treaty ) ano!r /ate1 :5 its t]ms ceas$ to be conv5i5t or pr(itable4 #bc ,price's !ory ( morals is develop$ ) s+ul> precision & =ce 9 "o ( ! ,baccalaureate ,addresses ( ! late ,presid5t ,appleton1 ( ,b[do9 ,college4 #bd 4 #be ,! read] :o is conv]sant ) ! lit]ature ( e?ics 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica w miss 9 ?is *apt] _m names :i* m]it a place by ! side ( ^? t h be5 giv54 ,b )9 ! limits propos$ = ?is manual1 ! alt]native 0 to select a few writ]s among ^? :o h l>gely influ5c$ ! ?\ght ( _! own & succe$+ times1 & to associate ) ea* ( !m some?+ t %\ld m>k 8 individuality2 or to make ! *apt] little m ?an a catalogue ( names4 ,! =m] is evid5tly ! m judici\s c\rse4 ,no?+ has be5 said ( liv+ writ]s1--n because !re are none :o des]ve an honor$ place among ! contributors to ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 b because1 7 ! li/ to be once op5$1 we %\ld h>dly "k :]e to close x4