,,! ,,augsburg ,,confession       ,!    
,confession ( ,fai?3      ,:i* ,0       
,submitt$ to ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ,*>les 
,v      ,at ! ,diet ( ,augsburg 9 ! ,ye>
 #aecj      by ,philip ,melan*?on1      
#adig-aefj      ,,preface ,,to ,,!      
,,emp]or ,,*>les ,v4   ,mo/ ,inv9cible  
,emp]or1 ,caes> ,augu/us1 ,mo/ ,clem5t  
,"l3 ,inasmu* z ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y   
has summon$ a ,diet ( ! ,empire "h at   
,augsburg to delib]ate conc]n+ measures 
aga9/ ! ,turk1 t mo/ atroci\s1 h]$it>y1 
& anci5t enemy ( ! ,*ri/ian "n &        
religion1 9 :at way1 namely1 effectually
 to )/& 8 furor & assaults by /rong &   
la/+ milit>y provision2 & !n also       
conc]n+ diss5sions 9 ! matt] ( our holy 
religion & ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 t 9 ?is matt]
 ( religion ! op9ions & judgm5ts ( !    
p>ties might be he>d 9 ea* o!r's        
pres5ce2 & consid]$ & weigh$ among      
ourselves 9 mutual *>ity1 l5i5cy1 &     
k9dness1 9 ord] t1 aft] ! removal &     
correction ( su* ?+s z h be5 treat$ &   
und]/ood 9 a diff]5t mann] 9 ! writ+s on

 ei!r side1 ^! matt]s may be settl$ &   
br\ght back to "o simple tru? & ,*ri/ian
 concord1 t = ! future "o pure & true   
religion may be embrac$ & ma9ta9$ by u1 
t z we all are "u "o ,*ri/ & d battle "u
 ,him1 s we may be able also to live 9  
unity & concord 9 ! "o ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4  
,& inasmu* z we1 ! und]sign$ ,elector & 
,pr9ces1 ) o!rs jo9$ ) u1 h be5 call$ to
 ! a=esaid ,diet ! same z ! o!r         
,electors1 ,pr9ces1 & ,e/ates1 9 ob$i5t 
compliance ) ! ,imp]ial m&ate1 we h     
promptly come to ,augsburg1 &--:at we d 
n mean to say z boa/+--we 7 among ! fir/
 to be "h4  ,accord+ly1 s9ce ev5 "h at  
,augsburg at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,diet1 ,y\r 
,imp]ial ,maje/y caus$ to be propos$ to 
! ,electors1 ,pr9ces1 & o!r ,e/ates ( ! 
,empire1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t ! sev]al     
,e/ates ( ! ,empire1 on ! /r5g? ( !     
,imp]ial edict1 %\ld set =? & submit _! 
op9ions & judgm5ts 9 ! ,g]man & ! ,lat9 
language1 & s9ce on ! ensu+ ,w$nesday1  
answ] 0 giv5 to ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y1  
aft] due delib]ation1 t we w\ld submit !

 ,articles ( our ,confession = our side 
on next ,w$nesday1 !re=e1 9 ob$i5ce to  
,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y's wi%es1 we (f]1 9
 ?is matt] ( religion1 ! ,confession (  
our prea*]s & ( ourselves1 %[+ :at mann]
 ( doctr9e f ! ,holy ,scriptures & !    
pure ,^w ( ,god has be5 up to ?is "t set
 =? 9 our l&s1 duk$oms1 dom9ions1 &     
cities1 & taught 9 our *ur*es4  ,& if ! 
o!r ,electors1 ,pr9ces1 & ,e/ates ( !   
,empire w1 accord+ to ! said ,imp]ial   
proposition1 pres5t simil> writ+s1 to   
wit1 9 ,lat9 & ,g]man1 giv+ _! op9ions 9
 ?is matt] ( religion1 we1 ) ! ,pr9ces &
 fri5ds a=esaid1 "h be=e ,y\r ,imp]ial  
,maje/y1 our mo/ clem5t ,"l are prep>$  
to conf] amicably conc]n+ all possible  
ways & means1 9 ord] t we may come      
toge!r1 z f> z ?is may be honorably     
done1 &1 ! matt] betwe5 u on bo? sides  
be+ peacefully discuss$ )\t (f5sive     
/rife1 ! diss5sion1 by ,god's help1 may 
be done away & br\ght back to "o true   
accordant religion2 = z we all are "u "o
 ,*ri/ & d battle "u ,him1 we ought to  

confess ! "o ,*ri/1 aft] ! t5or ( ,y\r  
,imp]ial ,maje/y's edict1 & ev]y?+ ought
 to be conduct$ accord+ to ! tru? (     
,god2 & ?is x is :at1 ) mo/ f]v5t       
pray]s1 we entreat ( ,god4  ,h[ev]1 z   
reg>ds ! re/ ( ! ,electors1 ,pr9ces1 &  
,e/ates1 :o con/itute ! o!r "p1 if no   
progress %\ld be made1 nor "s result be 
atta9$ by ?is treatm5t ( ! cause (      
religion aft] ! mann] 9 :i* ,y\r        
,imp]ial ,maje/y has wisely held t x    
%\ld be dealt ) & treat$ namely1 by su* 
mutual pres5tation ( writ+s & calm      
conf]r+ toge!r among ourselves1 we at   
lea/ leave ) y a cle> te/imony1 t we "h 
9 no wise are hold+ back f any?+ t c\ld 
br+ ab\t ,*ri/ian concord1--su* z c\ld  
be effect$ ) ,god & a good consci5ce1--z
 also ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y &1 next1 !  
o!r ,electors & ,e/ates ( ! ,empire1 &  
all :o are mov$ by s9c]e love & zeal =  
religion1 & :o w give an imp>tial he>+  
to ?is matt]1 w graci\sly deign to take 
notice & to und]/& ?is f ?is ,confession
 ( ours & ( our associates4  ,y\r       

,imp]ial ,maje/y also1 n only once b    
(t51 graci\sly signifi$ to ! ,electors  
,pr9ces1 & ,e/ates ( ! ,empire1 & at !  
,diet ( ,spires held ,a4 ,d4 #aebf1     
accord+ to ! =m ( ,y\r ,imp]ial         
in/ruction & commission giv5 &          
prescrib$1 caus$ x to be /at$ & publicly
 proclaim$ t ,y\r ,maje/y1 9 deal+ ) ?is
 matt] ( religion1 = c]ta9 reasons :i* 7
 alleg$ 9 ,y\r ,maje/y's "n1 0 n will+  
to decide & c\ld n det]m9e any?+1 b t   
,y\r ,maje/y w\ld dilig5tly use ,y\r    
,maje/y's (fice ) ! ,roman ,pontiff = ! 
conv5+ ( a ,g5]al ,c\ncil4 ,! same matt]
 0 ?us publicly set =? at great] l5g? a 
ye> ago at ! la/ ,diet :i* met at       
,spires4 ,!re ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y1    
?r\gh ,8 ,highness ,f]d9&1 ,k+ (        
,bohemia & ,hung>y1 our fri5d & clem5t  
,"l1 z well z ?r\gh ! ,orator & ,imp]ial
 ,commission]s caus$ ?is1 among o!r ?+s1
 to be submitt$3 t ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y
 _h tak5 notice (2 & pond]$1 !          
resolution ( ,y\r ,maje/y's             
,repres5tative 9 ! ,empire1 & ( !       

,presid5t & ,imp]ial ,c\nselors1 & !    
,legates f o!r ,e/ates conv5$ at        
,ratisbon1 conc]n+ ! call+ ( a ,c\ncil1 
& t y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y also judg$ x to
 be exp$i5t to conv5e a ,c\ncil2 & t    
,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y did n d\bt !      
,roman ,pontiff c\ld be induc$ to hold a
 ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 because ! matt]s to be 
adju/$ betwe5 ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y & ! 
,roman ,pontiff 7 ne>+ agreem5t &       
,*ri/ian reconciliation2 !re=e ,y\r     
,imp]ial ,maje/y himself signifi$ t he  
w\ld endeavor to secure ! said ,*ief    
,pontiff's cons5t = conv5+1 toge!r ) y\r
 ,imp]ial ,maje/y su* ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 to
 be publi%$ z soon z possible by lett]s 
t 7 to be s5t out4  ,if ! outcome1      
!re=e1 %\ld be su* t ! diff]5ces betwe5 
u & ! o!r p>ties 9 ! matt] ( religion   
%\ld n be amicably & 9 *>ity settl$1 !n 
"h1 be=e ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y we make !
 (f] 9 all ob$i5ce1 9 addition to :at we
 h already done1 t we w all appe> &     
def5d our cause 9 su* a g5]al1 free     
,*ri/ian ,c\ncil1 = ! conv5+ ( :i* !re  

has always be5 accordant action &       
agreem5t ( votes 9 all ! ,imp]ial ,diets
 held dur+ ,y\r ,maje/y's reign1 on ! "p
 ( ! ,electors1 ,pr9ces1 & o!r ,e/ates (
 ! ,empire4 ,to ! assembly ( ?is ,g5]al 
,c\ncil1 & at ! same "t to ,y\r ,imp]ial
 ,maje/y1 we h1 ev5 be=e ?is1 9 due     
mann] & =m ( law1 address$ ourselves &  
made appeal 9 ?is matt]1 by f> ! greate/
 & grave/4 ,to ?is appeal1 bo? to ,y\r  
,imp]ial ,maje/y & to a ,c\ncil1 we /ill
 adh]e2 nei!r d we int5d nor w\ld x be  
possible = u1 to rel9qui% x by ?is or   
any o!r docum5t1 unless ! matt] betwe5 u
 & ! o!r side1 accord+ to ! t5or ( !    
late/ ,imp]ial citation %\ld be amicably
 & *>itably settl$1 allay$1 & br\ght to 
,*ri/ian concord2 & reg>d+ ?is we ev5 "h
 solemnly & publicly te/ify4            
,article ,i3 ,( ,god4  ,our ,*ur*es1 )  
common cons5t1 d tea* t ! decree ( !    
,c\ncil ( ,nicaea conc]n+ ! ,unity ( !  
,div9e ,ess5ce & conc]n+ ! ,?ree        
,p]sons1 is true & to be believ$ )\t any
 d\bt+2 t is to say1 !re is "o ,div9e   

,ess5ce :i* is call$ & :i* is ,god3     
et]nal1 )\t body1 )\t p>ts1 ( inf9ite   
p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 ! ,mak] &      
,pres]v] ( all ?+s1 visible & invisible2
 & yet !re are ?ree ,p]sons1 ( ! same   
ess5ce & p[]1 :o also are coet]nal1 !   
,fa!r ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& ! t]m 
p]son !y use z ! ,fa!rs h us$ x1 to     
signify1 n a "p or quality 9 ano!r1 b t 
:i* subsi/s ( itself4  ,!y condemn all  
h]esies :i* h sprung up aga9/ ?is       
article1 z ! ,mani*aeans1 :o assum$ two 
pr9ciples1 "o ,good & ! o!r ,evil--also 
! ,val5t9ians1 ,arians1 ,eunomians1     
,mohamm$ans1 & all su*4 ,!y condemn also
 ! ,samosat5es1 old & new1 :o1 cont5d+ t
 !re is b "o ,p]son1 sophi/ically &     
impi\sly argue t ! ,^w & ! ,holy ,gho/  
are n di/9ct ,p]sons1 b t ,^w signifies 
a spok5 ^w1 & ,_s signifies motion      
creat$ 9 ?+s4     ,article ,,ii3 ,(     
,orig9al ,s94  ,also !y tea* t s9ce !   
fall ( ,adam all m5 begott5 9 ! natural 
way are born ) s91 t is1 )\t ! fe> (    
,god1 )\t tru/ 9 ,god1 & ) concupisc5ce2

 & t ?is disease1 or vice ( orig91 is   
truly s91 ev5 n[ condemn+ & br++ et]nal 
dea? ^u ^? n born aga9 ?r\gh ,baptism & 
! ,holy ,gho/4  ,!y ,condemn !          
,pelagians & o!rs :o d5y t orig9al      
depravity is s91 & :o1 to obscure !     
glory ( ,*ri/'s m]it & b5efits1 argue t 
man c be ju/ifi$ be=e ,god by 8 own     
/r5g? & reason4     ,article ,,iii3 ,( !
 ,son ( ,god4  ,also !y tea* t ! ,^w1 t 
is1 ! ,son ( ,god1 did assume ! human   
nature 9 ! womb ( ! bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 
s t !re are two natures1 ! div9e & !    
human1 insep>ably enjo9$ 9 "o ,p]son1 "o
 ,*ri/1 true ,god & true man1 :o 0 born 
( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 truly suff]$1 0        
crucifi$1 dead1 & buri$1 t ,he might    
reconcile ! ,fa!r unto u1 & be a        
sacrifice1 n only = orig9al guilt1 b    
also = all actual s9s ( m54  ,he also   
desc5d$ into hell1 & truly rose aga9 !  
?ird day2 aft]w>d ,he asc5d$ into heav5 
t ,he might sit on ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r1 & 
=ev] reign & h dom9ion ov] all          
creatures1 & sanctify !m t believe 9    

,him1 by s5d+ ! ,holy ,gho/ into _!     
he>ts1 to rule1 com=t1 & quick5 !m1 & to
 def5d !m aga9/ ! devil & ! p[] ( s94   
,! same ,*ri/ %all op5ly come aga9 to   
judge ! quick & ! dead1 etc41 accord+ to
 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4      ,article ,,iv3 
,( ,ju/ification4  ,also !y tea* t m5 _c
 be ju/ifi$ be=e ,god by _! own /r5g?1  
m]its1 or works1 b are freely ju/ifi$ = 
,*ri/'s sake1 ?r\gh fai?1 :5 !y believe 
t !y are receiv$ into favor1 & t _! s9s 
are =giv5 = ,*ri/'s sake1 :o1 by ,8     
dea?1 has made satisfaction = our s9s4  
,?is fai? ,god imputes = righte\sness 9 
,8 sight4 ,rom4 #c & #d4     ,article   
,v3 ,( ! ,m9i/ry4  ,t we may obta9 ?is  
fai?1 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,tea*+ ! ,gospel &    
adm9i/]+ ! ,sacram5ts 0 in/itut$4 ,=    
?r\gh ! ,^w & ,sacram5ts1 z ?r\gh       
in/rum5ts1 ! ,holy ,gho/ is giv51 :o    
works fai?2 :]e & :5 x pleases ,god1 9  
!m t he> ! ,gospel1 to wit1 t ,god1 n = 
our own m]its1 b = ,*ri/'s sake1        
ju/ifies ^? :o believe t !y are receiv$ 
into grace = ,*ri/'s sake4  ,!y condemn 

! ,anabapti/s & o!rs :o ?9k t ! ,holy   
,gho/ comes to m5 )\t ! ext]nal ,^w1    
?r\gh _! own prep>ations & works4       
,article ,,vi3 ,( ,new ,ob$i5ce4  ,also 
!y tea* t ?is fai? is b\nd to br+ =?    
good fruits1 & t x is necess>y to d good
 works comm&$ by ,god1 because ( ,god's 
w1 b t we %\ld n rely on ^? works to    
m]it ju/ification be=e ,god4 ,=         
remission ( s9s & ju/ification is       
appreh5d$ by fai?1 z also ! voice (     
,*ri/ atte/s3 ,:5 ye %all h done all ^! 
?+s1 say3 ,we are unpr(itable s]vants4  
,luke #ag1 #aj4 ,! same is also taught  
by ! ,fa!rs4 ,= ,ambrose says3 ,x is    
orda9$ ( ,god t he :o believes 9 ,*ri/  
is sav$1 freely receiv+ remission ( s9s1
 )\t works1 by fai? alone4     ,article 
,,vii3 ,( ! ,*ur*4  ,also !y tea* t "o  
holy ,*ur* is to cont9ue =ev]4 ,! ,*ur* 
is ! congregation ( sa9ts1 9 :i* !      
,gospel is rightly taught & ! ,sacram5ts
 are rightly adm9i/]$4  ,& to ! true    
unity ( ! ,*ur* x is en\gh to agree     
conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,gospel & !       

adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,nor is x  
necess>y t human traditions1 t is1 rites
 or c]emonies1 in/itut$ by m51 %\ld be  
ev]y:]e alike4 ,z ,paul says3 ,"o fai?1 
"o ,baptism1 "o ,god & ,fa!r ( all1 etc4
 ,eph4 #d1 #e4 #f4     ,article ,,viii3 
,:at ! ,*ur* ,is4  ,al?\gh ! ,*ur*      
prop]ly is ! congregation ( sa9ts & true
 believ]s1 nev]!less1 s9ce 9 ?is life _m
 hypocrites & evil p]sons are m+l$ !re)1
 x is lawful to use ,sacram5ts adm9i/]$ 
by evil m51 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,*ri/3  
,! ,scribes & ! ,ph>isees sit 9 ,moses' 
seat1 etc4 ,matt4 #bc1 #b4 ,bo? !       
,sacram5ts & ,^w are effectual by reason
 ( ! in/itution & comm&m5t ( ,*ri/1     
not)/&+ !y be adm9i/]$ by evil m54  ,!y 
condemn ! ,donati/s1 & su* l1 :o d5i$ x 
to be lawful to use ! m9i/ry ( evil m5 9
 ! ,*ur*1 & :o ?\ght ! m9i/ry ( evil m5 
to be unpr(itable & ( none effect4      
,article ,,ix3 ,( ,baptism4  ,( ,baptism
 !y tea* t x is necess>y to salvation1 &
 t ?r\gh ,baptism is (f]$ ! grace (     
,god1 & t *ildr5 are to be baptiz$ :o1  

be+ (f]$ to ,god ?r\gh ,baptism are     
receiv$ into ,god's grace4  ,!y condemn 
! ,anabapti/s1 :o reject ! baptism (    
*ildr51 & say t *ildr5 are sav$ )\t     
,baptism4     ,article ,x3 ,( ! ,"l's   
,supp]4  ,( ! ,supp] ( ! ,"l !y tea* t !
 ,body & ,blood ( ,*ri/ are truly       
pres5t1 & are di/ribut$ to ^? :o eat !  
,supp] ( ! ,"l2 & !y reject ^? t tea*   
o!rwise4     ,article ,,xi3 ,(          
,confession4  ,( ,confession !y tea* t  
,private ,absolution ought to be reta9$ 
9 ! *ur*es1 al?\gh 9 confession an      
enum]ation ( all s9s is n necess>y4 ,= x
 is impossible accord+ to ! ,psalm3 ,:o 
c und]/& 8 errors8 ,ps4 #ai1 #ab4       
,article ,,xii3 ,( ,rep5tance4  ,(      
,rep5tance !y tea* t = ^? :o h fall5    
aft] ,baptism !re is remission ( s9s    
:5ev] !y are conv]t$ & t ! ,*ur* ought  
to imp>t absolution to ^? ?us return+ to
 rep5tance4 ,n[1 rep5tance consi/s      
prop]ly ( ^! two p>ts3 ,"o is           
contrition1 t is1 t]rors smit+ !        
consci5ce ?r\gh ! k ( s92 ! o!r is fai?1

 :i* is born ( ! ,gospel1 or (          
absolution1 & believes t = ,*ri/'s sake1
 s9s are =giv51 com=ts ! consci5ce1 &   
deliv]s x f t]rors4 ,!n good works are  
b\nd to foll[1 :i* are ! fruits (       
rep5tance4  ,!y condemn ! ,anabapti/s1  
:o d5y t ^? once ju/ifi$ c lose ! ,holy 
,gho/4 ,also ^? :o cont5d t "s may atta9
 to su* p]fection 9 ?is life t !y _c s94
  ,! ,novatians also are condemn$1 :o   
w\ld n absolve su* z _h fall5 aft]      
,baptism1 ?\gh !y return$ to rep5tance4 
,!y also are reject$ :o d n tea* t      
remission ( s9s comes ?r\gh fai? b comm&
 u to m]it grace ?r\gh satisfactions (  
our own4     ,article ,,xiii3 ,( ! ,use 
( ! ,sacram5ts4  ,( ! ,use ( !          
,sacram5ts !y tea* t ! ,sacram5ts 7     
orda9$1 n only to be m>ks ( pr(ession   
among m51 b r to be signs & te/imonies (
 ! w ( ,god t[>d u1 in/itut$ to awak5 & 
confirm fai? 9 ^? :o use !m4 ,:]e=e we  
mu/ s use ! ,sacram5ts t fai? be add$ to
 believe ! promises :i* are (f]$ & set  
=? ?r\gh ! ,sacram5ts4  ,!y !re=e       

condemn ^? :o tea* t ! ,sacram5ts ju/ify
 by ! outw>d act1 & :o d n tea* t1 9 !  
use ( ! ,sacram5ts1 fai? :i* believes t 
s9s are =giv51 is requir$4     ,article 
,,xiv3 ,( ,ecclesia/ical ,ord]4  ,(     
,ecclesia/ical ,ord] !y tea* t no "o    
%\ld publicly tea* 9 ! ,*ur* or adm9i/] 
! ,sacram5ts unless he be regul>ly      
call$4     ,article ,,xv3 ,(            
,ecclesia/ical ,usages4  ,( ,usages 9 ! 
,*ur* !y tea* t ^? ought to be obs]v$   
:i* may be obs]v$ )\t s91 & :i* are     
pr(itable unto tranquillity & good ord] 
9 ! ,*ur*1 z p>ticul> holy-days1        
fe/ivals1 & ! l4  ,nev]!less1 conc]n+   
su* ?+s m5 are admoni%$ t consci5ces are
 n to be burd5$1 z ?\gh su* obs]vance 0 
necess>y to salvation4  ,!y are admoni%$
 also t human traditions in/itut$ to    
propitiate ,god1 to m]it grace1 & to    
make satisfaction = s9s1 are oppos$ to !
 ,gospel & ! doctr9e ( fai?4 ,:]e=e v[s 
& traditions conc]n+ meats & days1 etc41
 in/itut$ to m]it grace & to make       
satisfaction = s9s1 are useless &       

contr>y to ! ,gospel4     ,article      
,,xvi3 ,( ,civil ,affairs4  ,( ,civil   
,affairs !y tea* t lawful civil         
ord9ances are good works ( ,god1 & t x  
is "r = ,*ri/ians to be> civil (fice1 to
 sit z judges1 to judge matt]s by !     
,imp]ial & o!r exi/+ laws1 to aw>d j    
puni%m5ts1 to engage 9 j w>s1 to s]ve z 
soldi]s1 to make legal contracts1 to    
hold prop]ty1 to make oa? :5 requir$ by 
! magi/rates1 to m>ry a wife1 to be giv5
 9 m>riage4  ,!y condemn ! ,anabapti/s  
:o =bid ^! civil (fices to ,*ri/ians4   
,!y condemn also ^? :o d n place        
evangelical p]fection 9 ! fe> ( ,god & 9
 fai?1 b 9 =sak+ civil (fices1 = !      
,gospel tea*es an et]nal righte\sness ( 
! he>t4 ,mean:ile1 x does n de/roy !    
,/ate or ! family1 b v mu* requires t !y
 be pres]v$ z ord9ances ( ,god1 & t     
*>ity be practic$ 9 su* ord9ances4      
,!re=e1 ,*ri/ians are necess>ily b\nd to
 obey _! own magi/rates & laws save only
 :5 comm&$ to s92 = !n !y ought to obey 
,god r ?an m54 ,acts #e1 #bi4           

,article ,,xvii3 ,( ,*ri/'s ,return to  
,judgm5t4  ,also !y tea* t at !         
,consummation ( ! ,_w ,*ri/ w appe> =   
judgm5t & w raise up all ! dead2 ,he w  
give to ! godly & elect et]nal life &   
ev]la/+ joys1 b ungodly m5 & ! devils   
,he w condemn to be torm5t$ )\t end4    
,!y condemn ! ,anabapti/s1 :o ?9k t !re 
w be an end to ! puni%m5ts ( condemn$ m5
 & devils4  ,!y condemn also o!rs :o are
 n[ spread+ c]ta9 ,jewi% op9ions1 t be=e
 ! resurrection ( ! dead ! godly %all   
take possession ( ! k+dom ( ! _w1 !     
ungodly be+ ev]y:]e suppress$4          
,article ,,xviii3 ,( ,free ,w4  ,( ,free
 ,w !y tea* t man's w has "s lib]ty to  
*oose civil righte\sness1 & to "w ?+s   
subject to reason4 ,b x has no p[]1 )\t 
! ,holy ,gho/1 to "w ! righte\sness (   
,god1 t is1 spiritual righte\sness2 s9ce
 ! natural man receive? n ! ?+s ( ! ,_s 
( ,god1 #a ,cor4 #b1ad2 b ?is           
righte\sness is wr\ght 9 ! he>t :5 !    
,holy ,gho/ is receiv$ ?r\gh ! ,^w4 ,^! 
?+s are said 9 z _m words by ,augu/9e 9 

8 ,hypogno/icon1 ,book ,,iii3 ,we grant 
t all m5 h a free w1 free1 inasmu* z x  
has ! judgm5t ( reason2 n t x is !reby  
capable1 )\t ,god1 ei!r to beg91 or1 at 
lea/1 to complete aught 9 ?+s p]ta9+ to 
,god1 b only 9 works ( ?is life1 :e!r   
good or evil4 ,good ,i call ^? works :i*
 spr+ f ! good 9 nature1 su* z1 will+ to
 labor 9 ! field1 to eat & dr9k1 to h a 
fri5d1 to clo! oneself1 to build a h\se1
 to m>ry a wife1 to raise cattle1 to    
le>n div]s useful arts1 or :atsoev] good
 p]ta9s to ?is life4 ,= all ( ^! ?+s are
 n )\t dep5d5ce on ! provid5ce ( ,god2  
yea1 ( ,him & ?r\gh ,him !y are & h _!  
be+4 ,evil ,i call su* works z will+ to 
wor%ip an idol1 to commit murd]1 etc4   
,!y condemn ! ,pelagians & o!rs1 :o tea*
 t )\t ! ,holy ,gho/1 by ! p[] ( nature 
alone1 we are able to love ,god above   
all ?+s2 also to d ! comm&m5ts ( ,god z 
t\*+ ! sub/ance ( ! act4 ,=1 al?\gh     
nature is able 9 a mann] to d ! outw>d  
"w1 7= x is able to keep ! h&s f !ft &  
murd]17 yet x _c produce ! inw>d        

motions1 su* z ! fe> ( ,god1 tru/ 9     
,god1 *a/ity1 pati5ce1 etc4     ,article
 ,,xix3 ,( ! ,cause ( ,s94  ,( ! ,cause 
( ,s9 !y tea* t1 al?\gh ,god does create
 & pres]ve nature1 yet ! cause ( s9 is !
 w ( ! wick$1 t is1 ( ! devil & ungodly 
m52 :i* w1 unaid$ ( ,god1 turns itself f
 ,god1 z ,*ri/ says ,john #h1 #dd3 ,:5  
he speake? a lie1 he speake? ( 8 own4   
,article ,,xx3 ,( ,good ,works4  ,our   
tea*]s are falsely accus$ ( =bidd+ good 
,works4 ,= _! publi%$ writ+s on ! ,t5   
,comm&m5ts1 & o!rs ( l import1 be>      
witness t !y h taught to good purpose   
conc]n+ all e/ates & duties ( life1 z to
 :at e/ates ( life & :at works 9 e call+
 be pleas+ to ,god4 ,conc]n+ ^! ?+s     
prea*]s h]et(ore taught b little1 & urg$
 only *ildi% & ne$less works1 z p>ticul>
 holy-days1 p>ticul> fa/s1 bro!rhoods1  
pilgrimages1 s]vices 9 honor ( sa9ts1 ! 
use ( ros>ies1 mona/icism1 & su* l4     
,s9ce our adv]s>ies h be5 admoni%$ ( ^! 
?+s1 !y are n[ unle>n+ !m1 & d n prea*  
^! unpr(itable works z h]et(ore4        

,besides1 !y beg9 to m5tion fai?1 ( :i* 
!re 0 h]et(ore m>vel\s sil5ce4 ,!y tea* 
t we are ju/ifi$ n by works only1 b !y  
conjo9 fai? & works1 & say t we are     
ju/ifi$ by fai? & works4 ,?is doctr9e is
 m tol]able ?an ! =m] "o1 & c af=d m    
consolation ?an _! old doctr9e4         
,=asmu*1 !re=e1 z ! doctr9e conc]n+     
fai?1 :i* ought to be ! *ief "o 9 !     
,*ur*1 has la9 s long unkn[n1 z all mu/ 
ne$s grant t !re 0 ! deepe/ sil5ce 9 _! 
s]mons conc]n+ ! righte\sness ( fai?1   
:ile only ! doctr9e ( works 0 treat$ 9 !
 *ur*es1 our tea*]s h in/ruct$ ! *ur*es 
conc]n+ fai? z foll[s3--  ,fir/1 t our  
works _c reconcile ,god or m]it =giv5ess
 ( s9s1 grace1 & ju/ification1 b t we   
obta9 ?is only by fai? :5 we believe t  
we are receiv$ into favor = ,*ri/s sake1
 :o alone has be5 set =? ! ,m$iator &   
,propitiation1 #a ,tim4 #b1 #f1 9 ord] t
 ! ,fa!r may be reconcil$ ?r\gh ,him4   
,:oev]1 !re=e1 tru/s t by works he m]its
 grace1 despises ! m]it & grace ( ,*ri/1
 & seeks a way to ,god )\t ,*ri/1 by    

human /r5g?1 al?\gh ,*ri/ has said (    
,himself3 ,i am ! ,way1 ! ,tru?1 & !    
,life4 ,john #ad1 #f4  ,?is doctr9e     
conc]n+ fai? is ev]y:]e treat$ by ,paul1
 ,eph4 #b1 #h3 ,by grace are ye sav$    
?r\gh fai?2 & t n ( y\rselves2 x is !   
gift ( ,god1 n ( works1 etc4  ,& le/ any
 "o %\ld craftily say t a new           
int]pretation ( ,paul has be5 devis$ by 
u1 ?is entire matt] is support$ by !    
te/imonies ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,= ,augu/9e1 9 _m
 volumes1 def5ds grace & ! righte\sness 
( fai?1 ov] aga9/ ! m]its ( works4 ,&   
,ambrose1 9 8 ,de ,vocatione ,g5tium1 & 
else:]e1 tea*es to l effect4 ,= 9 8 ,de 
,vocatione ,g5tium he says z foll[s3    
,r$emption by ! blood ( ,*ri/ w\ld      
become ( little value1 nei!r w\ld !     
preem95ce ( man's works be sup]s$$ by ! 
m]cy ( ,god1 if ju/ification1 :i* is    
wr\ght ?r\gh grace1 7 due to ! m]its go+
 be=e1 s z to be1 n ! free gift ( a     
donor1 b ! rew>d due to ! labor]4  ,b1  
al?\gh ?is doctr9e is despis$ by !      
inexp]i5c$1 nev]!less ,god-fe>+ & anxi\s

 consci5ces f9d by exp]i5ce t x br+s !  
greate/ consolation1 because consci5ces 
_c be set at re/ ?r\gh any works1 b only
 by fai?1 :5 !y take ! sure gr\nd t =   
,*ri/'s sake !y h a reconcil$ ,god4 ,z  
,paul tea*es ,rom4 #e1 #a3 ,be+ ju/ifi$ 
by fai?1 we h peace ) ,god4 ,?is :ole   
doctr9e is to be ref]r$ to t conflict ( 
! t]rifi$ consci5ce1 nei!r c x be       
und]/ood ap>t f t conflict4 ,!re=e      
inexp]i5c$ & pr(ane m5 judge ill conc]n+
 ?is matt]1 :o dream t ,*ri/ian         
righte\sness is no?+ b civil &          
philosophical righte\sness4  ,h]et(ore  
consci5ces 7 plagu$ ) ! doctr9e ( works1
 !y did n he> ! consolation f ! ,gospel4
 ,"s p]sons 7 driv5 by consci5ce into ! 
des]t1 into mona/]ies hop+ !re to m]it  
grace by a mona/ic life4 ,"s also devis$
 o!r works :]eby to m]it grace & make   
satisfaction = s9s4 ,h5ce !re 0 v great 
ne$ to treat (1 & r5ew1 ?is doctr9e (   
fai? 9 ,*ri/1 to ! end t anxi\s         
consci5ces %\ld n be )\t consolation b t
 !y might "k t grace & =giv5ess ( s9s & 

ju/ification are appreh5d$ by fai? 9    
,*ri/4  ,m5 are also admoni%$ t "h ! t]m
 fai? does n signify m]ely ! k ( !      
hi/ory1 su* z is 9 ! ungodly & 9 !      
devil1 b signifies a fai? :i* believes1 
n m]ely ! hi/ory1 b also ! effect ( !   
hi/ory--namely1 ?is ,article3 ! =giv5ess
 ( s9s1 to wit1 t we h grace1           
righte\sness1 & =giv5ess ( s9s ?r\gh    
,*ri/4  ,n[ he t kn[s t he has a ,fa!r  
graci\s to him ?r\gh ,*ri/1 truly kn[s  
,god2 he kn[s also t ,god c>es = him1 & 
calls ^u ,god2 9 a ^w1 he is n )\t ,god1
 z ! hea!n4 ,= devils & ! ungodly are n 
able to believe ?is ,article3 ! =giv5ess
 ( s9s4 ,h5ce1 !y hate ,god z an enemy1 
call n ^u ,him1 & expect no good f ,him4
 ,augu/9e also admoni%es 8 read]s       
conc]n+ ! ^w fai?1 & tea*es t ! t]m fai?
 is accept$ 9 ! ,scriptures n = k su* z 
is 9 ! ungodly b = confid5ce :i*        
consoles & enc\rages ! t]rifi$ m9d4     
,fur!rmore1 x is taught on our "p t x is
 necess>y to d good works1 n t we %\ld  
tru/ to m]it grace by !m1 b because x is

 ! w ( ,god4 ,x is only by fai? t       
=giv5ess ( s9s is appreh5d$1 & t1 =     
no?+4 ,& because ?r\gh fai? ! ,holy     
,gho/ is receiv$1 he>ts are r5ew$ &     
end[$ ) new affections1 s z to be able  
to br+ =? good works4 ,= ,ambrose says3 
,fai? is ! "m ( a good w & "r do+4 ,=   
man's p[]s )\t ! ,holy ,gho/ are full ( 
ungodly affections1 & are too weak to d 
works :i* are good 9 ,god's sight4      
,besides1 !y are 9 ! p[] ( ! devil :o   
impels m5 to div]s s9s1 to ungodly      
op9ions1 to op5 crimes4 ,?is we may see 
9 ! philosoph]s1 :o1 al?\gh !y endeavor$
 to live an hone/ life c\ld n succe$1 b 
7 defil$ ) _m op5 crimes4 ,su* is !     
feebl5ess ( man :5 he is )\t fai? & )\t 
! ,holy ,gho/1 & gov]ns himself only by 
human /r5g?4  ,h5ce x may be readily se5
 t ?is doctr9e is n to be *>g$ )        
prohibit+ good works1 b r ! m to be     
comm5d$1 because x %[s h[ we are enabl$ 
to d good works4 ,= )\t fai? human      
nature c 9 no wise d ! works ( ! ,fir/  
or ( ! ,second ,comm&m5t4 ,)\t fai? x   

does n call ^u ,god1 nor expect any?+ f 
,god1 nor be> ! cross1 b seeks1 & tru/s 
91 man's help4 ,& ?us1 :5 !re is no fai?
 & tru/ 9 ,god all mann] ( lu/s & human 
devices rule 9 ! he>t4 ,:]e=e ,*ri/     
said1 ,john #af1f3 ,)\t ,me ye c d no?+2
 & ! ,*ur* s+s3       ,lack+ ,?y div9e  
favor1      ,!re is no?+ f\nd 9 man1    
,naught 9 him is h>mless4     ,article  
,,xxi3 ,( ! ,wor%ip ( ! ,sa9ts4  ,( !   
,wor%ip ( ,sa9ts !y tea* t ! memory (   
sa9ts may be set be=e u1 t we may foll[ 
_! fai? & good works1 accord+ to our    
call+1 z ! ,emp]or may foll[ ! example (
 ,david 9 mak+ w> to drive away ! ,turk 
f 8 c\ntry2 ,= bo? are k+s4 ,b !        
,scripture tea*es n ! invocation ( sa9ts
 or to ask help ( sa9ts1 s9ce x sets    
be=e u ! "o ,*ri/ z ! ,m$iator1         
,propitiation1 ,high ,prie/1 &          
,int]cessor4 ,he is to be pray$ to1 &   
has promis$ t ,he w he> our pray]2 & ?is
 wor%ip ,he approves above all1 to wit1 
t 9 all afflictions ,he be call$ ^u1 #a 
,john #b1 #a3 ,if any man s91 we h an   

,advocate ) ! ,fa!r1 etc4  ,?is is ab\t 
! ,sum ( our ,doctr9e1 9 :i*1 z c be    
se51 !re is no?+ t v>ies f !            
,scriptures1 or f ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic1 or f
 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome z kn[n f its writ]s4   
,?is be+ ! case1 !y judge h>%ly :o insi/
 t our tea*]s be reg>d$ z h]etics4 ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 disagreem5t on c]ta9 ,abuses1
 :i* h crept into ! ,*ur* )\t rightful  
au?ority4 ,& ev5 9 ^!1 if !re 7 "s      
diff]5ce1 !re %\ld be prop] l5ity on !  
"p ( bi%ops to be> ) u by reason ( !    
,confession :i* we h n[ review$2 because
 ev5 ! ,canons are n s sev]e z to dem& !
 same rites ev]y:]e1 nei!r1 at any "t1 h
 ! rites ( all *ur*es be5 ! same2       
al?\gh1 among u1 9 l>ge "p1 ! anci5t    
rites are dilig5tly obs]v$4 ,= x is a   
false & malici\s *>ge t all ! c]emonies1
 all ! ?+s in/itut$ ( old1 are aboli%$ 9
 our *ur*es4 ,b x has be5 a common      
compla9t t "s abuses 7 connect$ ) !     
ord9>y rites4 ,^!1 inasmu* z !y c\ld n  
be approv$ ) a good consci5ce1 h be5 to 
"s ext5t correct$4     ,,articles ,,9   

,,:i* ,,are ,,review$ ,,! ,,abuses ,,:i*
 ,,h ,,be5 ,,correct$4  ,inasmu*1 !n1 z 
our *ur*es diss5t 9 no article ( ! fai? 
f ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic1 b only omit "s      
abuses :i* are new1 & :i* h be5         
errone\sly accept$ by ! corruption ( !  
times1 contr>y to ! int5t ( ! ,canons1  
we pray t ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y w\ld    
graci\sly he> bo? :at has be5 *ang$1 &  
:at 7 ! reasons :y ! p 7 n compell$ to  
obs]ve ^? abuses aga9/ _! consci5ce4    
,nor %\ld ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y believe 
^? :o1 9 ord] to excite ! hatr$ ( m5    
aga9/ our "p1 dissem9ate /range sl&]s   
among ! p4 ,hav+ ?us excit$ ! m9ds (    
good m51 !y h fir/ giv5 occasion to ?is 
controv]sy1 & n[ endeavor1 by ! same    
arts1 to increase ! discord4 ,= ,y\r    
,imp]ial ,maje/y w und\bt$ly f9d t ! =m 
( doctr9e & ( c]emonies ) u is n s      
intol]able z ^! ungodly & malici\s m5   
repres5t4 ,besides1 ! tru? _c be ga!r$ f
 common rumors or ! revil+s ( enemies4  
,b x c readily be judg$ t no?+ w\ld s]ve
 bett] to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( c]emonies1 

& to n\ri% rev]5ce & pi\s devotion among
 ! p ?an if ! c]emonies 7 obs]v$ rightly
 9 ! *ur*es4     ,article ,,xxii3 ,(    
,bo? ,k9ds 9 ! ,sacram5t4  ,to ! laity  
are giv5 ,bo? ,k9ds 9 ! ,sacram5t ( !   
,"l's ,supp]1 because ?is usage has !   
comm&m5t ( ! ,"l 9 ,matt4 #bf1 #bg3     
,dr9k ye all ( x1 :]e ,*ri/ has         
manife/ly comm&$ conc]n+ ! cup t all    
%\ld dr9k4  ,& le/ any man %\ld craftily
 say t ?is ref]s only to prie/s1 ,paul 9
 #a ,cor4 #aa1bg recites an example f   
:i* x appe>s t ! :ole congregation did  
use bo? k9ds4 ,& ?is usage has long     
rema9$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 nor is x kn[n :51 or  
by ^: au?ority1 x 0 *ang$2 al?\gh       
,c>d9al ,cusanus m5tions ! "t :5 x 0    
approv$4 ,cyprian 9 "s places te/ifies t
 ! blood 0 giv5 to ! p4 ,! same is      
te/ifi$ by ,j]ome1 :o says3 ,! prie/s   
adm9i/] ! ,eu*>i/1 & di/ribute ! blood (
 ,*ri/ to ! p4 ,inde$1 ,pope ,gelasius  
comm&s t ! ,sacram5t be n divid$ 7di/4  
,,ii41 ,de ,consecratione1 cap4         
,comp]imus74 ,only cu/om1 n s anci5t1   

has x o!rwise4 ,b x is evid5t t any     
cu/om introduc$ aga9/ ! comm&m5ts ( ,god
 is n to be all[$1 z ! ,canons witness  
7di/4 ,,iii41 cap4 ,v]itate1 & ! foll[+ 
*apt]s74 ,b ?is cu/om has be5 receiv$1 n
 only aga9/ ! ,scripture1 b also aga9/ !
 old ,canons & ! example ( ! ,*ur*4     
,!re=e1 if any pref]r$ to use bo? k9ds (
 ! ,sacram5t1 !y ought n to h be5       
compell$ ) (f5se to _! consci5ces to d  
o!rwise4 ,& because ! division ( !      
,sacram5t does n agree ) ! ord9ance (   
,*ri/1 we are accu/om$ to omit !        
procession1 :i* hi!rto has be5 9 use4   
,article ,,xxiii3 ,( ! ,m>riage (       
,prie/s4  ,!re has be5 common compla9t  
conc]n+ ! examples ( prie/s :o 7 n *a/e4
 ,= t reason also ,pope ,pius is report$
 to h said t !re 7 c]ta9 causes :y      
m>riage 0 tak5 away f prie/s1 b t !re 7 
f> weighti] ones :y x ought to be giv5  
back2 = s ,plat9a writes4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 
our prie/s 7 desir\s to avoid ^! op5    
sc&als1 !y m>ri$ wives1 & taught t x 0  
lawful = !m to contract matrimony4      

,fir/1 because ,paul says1 #a ,cor4 #g1 
#b4 #i3 ,to avoid =nication1 let e man h
 8 own wife4 ,also3 ,x is bett] to m>ry 
?an to burn4 ,secondly ,*ri/ says1      
,matt4 #ai1aa3 ,all m5 _c receive ?is   
say+1 :]e ,he tea*es t n all m5 are fit 
to lead a s+le life2 = ,god creat$ man =
 procreation1 ,g54 #a1 #bh4 ,nor is x 9 
man's p[]1 )\t a s+ul> gift & "w ( ,god1
 to alt] ?is creation4 ,= x is manife/1 
& _m h confess$ t no good1 hone/1 *a/e  
life1 no ,*ri/ian1 s9c]e1 upright       
conduct has result$ 7f ! attempt71 b a  
horrible1 fe>ful unre/ & torm5t (       
consci5ce has be5 felt by _m until !    
end4 ,!re=e1 ^? :o are n fit to lead a  
s+le life ought to contract matrimony4  
,= no man's law1 no v[1 c annul !       
comm&m5t & ord9ance ( ,god4 ,= ^!       
reasons ! prie/s tea* t x is lawful = !m
 to m>ry wives4  ,x is also evid5t t 9 !
 anci5t ,*ur* prie/s 7 m>ri$ m54 ,=     
,paul says1 #a ,tim4 #c1 #b1 t a bi%op  
%\ld be *os5 :o is ! husb& ( "o wife4 ,&
 9 ,g]many1 f\r hundr$ ye>s ago = ! fir/

 "t1 ! prie/s 7 viol5tly compell$ to    
lead a s+le life1 :o inde$ (f]$ su*     
resi/ance t ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce1 :5   
ab\t to publi% ! ,pope's decree conc]n+ 
?is matt]1 0 almo/ kill$ 9 ! tumult     
rais$ by ! enrag$ prie/s4 ,& s h>% 0 !  
deal+ 9 ! matt] t n only 7 m>riages     
=bidd5 = ! future1 b also exi/+ m>riages
 7 torn asund]1 contr>y to all laws1    
div9e & human1 contr>y ev5 to ! ,canons 
!mselves1 made n only by ! ,popes1 b by 
mo/ celebrat$ ,synods4 ,moreov]1 _m     
,god-fe>+ & intellig5t p 9 high /ation  
are kn[n frequ5tly to h express$        
misgiv+s t su* en=c$ celibacy & depriv+ 
m5 ( m>riage 7:i* ,god ,himself has     
in/itut$ & left free to m57 has nev]    
produc$ any good results1 b has br\ght  
on _m great & evil vices & mu* iniquity4
  ,see+ also t1 z ! _w is ag+1 man's    
nature is gradually gr[+ weak]1 x is    
well to gu>d t no m vices /eal into     
,g]many4  ,fur!rmore1 ,god orda9$       
m>riage to be a help aga9/ human        
infirmity4 ,! ,canons !mselves say t !  

old rigor ought n[ & !n1 9 ! latt]      
times1 to be relax$ because ( ! weakness
 ( m52 :i* x is to be wi%$ 7 done also 9
 ?is matt]4 ,& x is to be expect$ t !   
*ur*es %all at "s "t lack pa/ors if     
m>riage is any long] =bidd54  ,b :ile ! 
comm&m5t ( ,god is 9 =ce1 :ile ! cu/om (
 ! ,*ur* is well kn[n1 :ile impure      
celibacy causes _m sc&als1 adult]ies1 & 
o!r crimes des]v+ ! puni%m5ts ( j       
magi/rates1 yet x is a m>vel\s ?+ t 9   
no?+ is m cruelty ex]cis$ ?an aga9/ !   
m>riage ( prie/s4 ,god has giv5 comm&m5t
 to honor m>riage4 ,by ! laws ( all     
well-ord]$ commonweal?s1 ev5 among !    
hea!n1 m>riage is mo/ highly honor$4 ,b 
n[ m51 & t1 prie/s1 are cruelly put to  
dea?1 contr>y to ! int5t ( ! ,canons1 = 
no o!r cause ?an m>riage4 ,paul1 9 #a   
,tim4 #d1c1 calls t a doctr9e ( devils  
:i* =bids m>riage4 ,?is may n[ be       
readily und]/ood :5 ! law aga9/ m>riage 
is ma9ta9$ by su* p5alties4  ,b z no law
 ( man c annul ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 s     
nei!r c x be done by any v[4 ,accord+ly1

 ,cyprian also advises t wom5 :o d n    
keep ! *a/ity !y h promis$ %\ld m>ry4 ,8
 words are ^! 7,book ,i1 ,epi/le ,,xi 73
 ,b if !y be unwill+ or unable to       
p]sev]e1 x is bett] = !m to m>ry ?an to 
fall into ! fire by _! lu/s2 !y %\ld    
c]ta9ly give no (f5se to _! bre?r5 &    
si/]s4  ,& ev5 ! ,canons %[ "s l5i5cy   
t[>d ^? :o h tak5 v[s be=e ! prop] age1 
z h]et(ore has g5]ally be5 ! ease4      
,article ,,xxiv3 ,( ! ,mass4  ,falsely  
are our *ur*es accus$ ( aboli%+ ! ,mass2
 = ! ,mass is reta9$ among u1 &         
celebrat$ ) ! highe/ rev]5ce4 ,ne>ly all
 ! usual c]emonies are also pres]v$1    
save t ! p>ts sung 9 ,lat9 are int]sp]s$
 "h & !re ) ,g]man hymns1 :i* h be5 add$
 to tea* ! p4 ,= c]emonies are ne$$ to  
?is end alone t ! unle>n$ be taught :at 
!y ne$ to "k ( ,*ri/4 ,& n only has     
,paul comm&$ to use 9 ! *ur* a language 
und]/ood by ! p #a ,cor4 #ad1b4 #i1 b x 
has also be5 s orda9$ by man's law4 ,! p
 are accu/om$ to p>take ( ! ,sacram5t   
toge!r1 if any be fit = x1 & ?is also   

increases ! rev]5ce & devotion ( public 
wor%ip4 ,= none are admitt$ except !y be
 fir/ exam9$4 ,! p are also advis$      
conc]n+ ! dignity & use ( ! ,sacram5t1  
h[ great consolation x br+s anxi\s      
consci5ces1 t !y may le>n to believe    
,god1 & to expect & ask ( ,him all t is 
good4 ,9 ?is connection !y are also     
in/ruct$ reg>d+ o!r & false tea*+s on ! 
,sacram5t4 ,?is wor%ip pleases ,god2 su*
 use ( ! ,sacram5t n\ri%es true devotion
 t[>d ,god4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 appe> t ! 
,mass is m dev\tly celebrat$ among our  
adv]s>ies ?an among u4  ,b x is evid5t t
 = a long "t ?is also has be5 ! public &
 mo/ griev\s compla9t ( all good m5 t   
,masses h be5 basely pr(an$ & appli$ to 
purposes ( lucre4 ,= x is n unkn[n h[ f>
 ?is abuse obta9s 9 all ! *ur*es by :at 
mann] ( m5 ,masses are said only = fees 
or /ip5ds1 & h[ _m celebrate !m contr>y 
to ! ,canons4 ,b ,paul sev]ely ?reat5s  
^? :o deal unwor?ily ) ! ,eu*>i/ :5 he  
says1 #a ,cor4#aa1bg3 ,:osoev] %all eat 
?is bread1 & dr9k ?is cup ( ! ,"l1      

unwor?ily1 %all be guilty ( ! body &    
blood ( ! ,"l4 ,:51 !re=e our prie/s 7  
admoni%$ conc]n+ ?is s91 ,private       
,masses 7 discont9u$ among u1 z sc>cely 
any ,private ,masses 7 celebrat$ except 
= lucre's sake4  ,nei!r 7 ! bi%ops      
ignorant ( ^! abuses1 & if !y _h        
correct$ !m 9 "t1 !re w\ld n[ be less   
diss5sion4 ,h]et(ore1 by _! own         
connivance1 !y suff]$ _m corruptions to 
creep into ! ,*ur*4 ,n[1 :5 x is too    
late1 !y beg9 to compla9 ( ! tr\bles ( !
 ,*ur*1 :ile ?is di/urbance has be5     
occasion$ simply by ^? abuses :i* 7 s   
manife/ t !y c\ld be borne no long]4    
,!re h be5 great diss5sions conc]n+ !   
,mass1 conc]n+ ! ,sacram5t4 ,p]haps ! _w
 is be+ puni%$ = su* long-cont9u$       
pr(anations ( ! ,mass z h be5 tol]at$ 9 
! *ur*es = s _m c5turies by ! v m5 :o 7 
bo? able & 9 duty b\nd to correct !m4 ,=
 9 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts x is writt51 ,ex4   
#bj1 #g3 ,! ,"l w n hold him guiltless t
 take? ,8 "n 9 va94 ,b s9ce ! _w began1 
no?+ t ,god ev] orda9$ seems to h be5 s 

abus$ = fil?y lucre z ! ,mass4  ,!re 0  
also add$ ! op9ion :i* inf9itely        
increas$ ,private ,masses1 namely t     
,*ri/1 by ,8 passion1 _h made           
satisfaction = orig9al s91 & in/itut$ ! 
,mass :]e9 an (f]+ %\ld be made = daily 
s9s1 v5ial & mortal4 ,f ?is has aris5 ! 
common op9ion t ! ,mass takes away ! s9s
 ( ! liv+ & ! dead by ! outw>d act4 ,!n 
!y began to dispute :e!r "o ,mass said =
 _m 7 wor? z mu* z special ,masses =    
individuals1 & ?is br\ght =? t inf9ite  
multitude ( ,masses4 ,) ?is "w m5 wi%$  
to obta9 f ,god all t !y ne$$1 & 9 !    
mean "t fai? 9 ,*ri/ & ! true wor%ip 7  
=gott54  ,conc]n+ ^! op9ions our tea*]s 
h giv5 w>n+ t !y dep>t f ! ,holy        
,scriptures & dim9i% ! glory ( ! passion
 ( ,*ri/4 ,= ,*ri/'s passion 0 an       
oblation & satisfaction1 n = orig9al    
guilt only1 b also = all o!r s9s1 z x is
 writt5 to ! ,hebrews1 #aj1 #aj3 ,we are
 sanctifi$ ?r\gh ! (f]+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/  
once = all4 ,also1 #aj1 #ad3 ,by "o (f]+
 ,he ha? p]fect$ =ev] !m t are          

sanctifi$4 ,x is an unhe>d-( innovation 
9 ! ,*ur* to tea* t ,*ri/ by ,8 dea?    
made satisfaction only = orig9al s9 & n 
likewise = all o!r s94 ,accord+ly x is  
hop$ t ev]ybody w und]/& t ?is error has
 n be5 reprov$ )\t due reason4          
,scripture also tea*es t we are ju/ifi$ 
be=e ,god ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/1 :5 we     
believe t our s9s are =giv5 = ,*ri/'s   
sake4 ,n[ if ! ,mass take away ! s9s ( !
 liv+ & ! dead by ! outw>d act          
ju/ification comes ( ! "w ( ,masses1 & n
 ( fai?1 :i* ,scripture does n all[4  ,b
 ,*ri/ comm&s u1 ,luke #bb1 #ai3 ,?is d 
9 remembrance ( ,me2 !re=e ! ,mass 0    
in/itut$ t ! fai? ( ^? :o use !         
,sacram5t %\ld rememb] :at b5efits x    
receives ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & *e] & com=t !   
anxi\s consci5ce4 ,= to rememb] ,*ri/ is
 to rememb] ,8 b5efits1 & to realize t  
!y are truly (f]$ unto u4 ,nor is x     
en\gh only to rememb] ! hi/ory2 = ?is   
also ! ,jews & ! ungodly c rememb]4     
,:]e=e ! ,mass is to be us$ to ?is end1 
t !re ! ,sacram5t ,communion may be     

adm9i/]$ to !m t h ne$ ( consolation2 z 
,ambrose says3 ,because ,i always s91 ,i
 am always b\nd to take ! m$ic9e4 ,!re=e
 ?is ,sacram5t requires fai?1 & is us$ 9
 va9 )\t fai?4  ,n[1 =asmu* z ! ,mass is
 su* a giv+ ( ! ,sacram5t1 we hold "o   
communion e holy-day1 &1 if any desire !
 ,sacram5t1 also on o!r days1 :5 x is   
giv5 to su* z ask = x4 ,& ?is cu/om is n
 new 9 ! ,*ur*2 = ! ,fa!rs be=e ,gregory
 make no m5tion ( any private ,mass1 b (
 ! common ,mass ! ,communion !y speak v 
mu*4 ,*ryso/om says t ! prie/ /&s daily 
at ! alt>1 invit+ "s to ! ,communion &  
keep+ back o!rs4 ,& x appe>s f ! anci5t 
,canons t "s "o celebrat$ ! ,mass f :om 
all ! o!r presbyt]s & deacons receiv$ ! 
body ( ! ,"l2 = ?us ! words ( ! ,nic5e  
,canon say3 ,let ! deacons1 accord+ to  
_! ord]1 receive ! ,holy ,communion aft]
 ! presbyt]s1 f ! bi%op or f a presbyt]4
 ,& ,paul1 #a ,cor4 #aa1 #cc1 comm&s    
conc]n+ ! ,communion3 ,t>ry "o = ano!r1 
s t !re may be a common p>ticipation4   
,=asmu*1 !re=e1 z ! ,mass ) u has !     

example ( ! ,*ur*1 tak5 f ! ,scripture &
 ! ,fa!rs1 we are confid5t t x _c be    
disapprov$1 especially s9ce public      
c]emonies1 = ! mo/ "p l ^? hi!rto 9 use1
 are reta9$2 only ! numb] ( ,masses     
diff]s1 :i*1 because ( v great & manife/
 abuses d\btless might be pr(itably     
r$uc$4 ,= 9 old5 times1 ev5 9 *ur*es mo/
 frequ5t$1 ! ,mass 0 n celebrat$ e day1 
z ! ,trip>tite ,hi/ory 7,book #i1 *ap4  
#cc7 te/ifies3 ,aga9 9 ,alex&ria1 e     
,w$nesday & ,friday ! ,scriptures are   
read1 & ! doctors exp\nd !m1 & all ?+s  
are done1 except ! solemn rite (        
,communion4     ,article ,,xxv3 ,(      
,confession4  ,confession 9 ! *ur*es is 
n aboli%$ among u2 = x is n usual to    
give ! body ( ! ,"l1 except to !m t h   
be5 previ\sly exam9$ & absolv$4 ,& ! p  
are mo/ c>efully taught conc]n+ fai? 9 !
 absolution1 ab\t :i* =m]ly !re 0 pr(\nd
 sil5ce4 ,our p are taught t !y %\ld    
highly prize ! absolution1 z be+ ! voice
 ( ,god1 & pron\nc$ by ,god's comm&4 ,! 
p[] ( ! ,keys is set =? 9 its beauty &  

!y are rem9d$ :at great consolation x   
br+s to anxi\s consci5ces1 also1 t ,god 
requires fai? to believe su* absolution 
z a voice s\nd+ f heav51 & t su* fai? 9 
,*ri/ truly obta9s & receives ! =giv5ess
 ( s9s4 ,a=etime satisfactions 7        
immod]ately extoll$2 ( fai? & ! m]it (  
,*ri/ & ! righte\sness ( fai? no m5tion 
0 made2 :]e=e1 on ?is po9t1 our *ur*es  
are by no means to be blam$4 ,= ?is ev5 
our adv]s>ies mu/ ne$s conc$e to u t !  
doctr9e conc]n+ rep5tance has be5 mo/   
dilig5tly treat$ & laid op5 by our      
tea*]s4  ,b ( ,confession !y tea* t an  
enum]ation ( s9s is n necess>y1 & t     
consci5ces be n burd5$ ) anxiety to     
enum]ate all s9s1 = x is impossible to  
rec\nt all s9s1 z ! ,psalm te/ifies1    
#ai1ac3 ,:o c und]/& 8 errors8 ,also    
,j]emiah1 #ag #i3 ,! he>t is deceitful2 
:o c "k x2 ,b if no s9s 7 =giv51 except 
^? t are rec\nt$1 consci5ces c\ld nev]  
f9d peace2 = v _m s9s !y nei!r see nor c
 rememb]4 ,! anci5t writ]s also te/ify t
 an enum]ation is n necess>y4 ,= 9 !    

,decrees1 ,*ryso/om is quot$1 :o says   
?us3 ,i say n to y t y %\ld disclose    
y\rself 9 public1 nor t y accuse y\rself
 be=e o!rs1 b ,i w\ld h y obey ! prophet
 :o says3 ,disclose ?y self be=e ,god4  
,!re=e confess y\r s9s be=e ,god1 ! true
 ,judge1 ) pray]4 ,tell y\r errors1 n ) 
! tongue1 b ) ! memory ( y\r consci5ce1 
etc4 ,& ! ,gloss 7,( ,rep5tance1        
,di/9ct4 ,v1 ,cap4 ,consid]et7 admits t 
,confession is ( human "r only n comm&$ 
by ,scripture1 b orda9$ by ! ,*ur*4     
,nev]!less1 on acc\nt ( ! great b5efit (
 absolution1 & because x is o!rwise     
useful to ! consci5ce1 ,confession is   
reta9$ among u4     ,article ,,xxvi3 ,( 
! ,di/9ction ( ,meats4  ,x has be5 !    
g5]al p]suasion1 n ( ! p alone1 b also (
 ^? tea*+ 9 ! *ur*es1 t mak+ ,di/9ctions
 ( ,meats1 & l traditions ( m51 are     
works pr(itable to m]it grace1 & able to
 make satisfactions = s9s4 ,& t ! _w s  
?\ght1 appe>s f ?is1 t new c]emonies1   
new ord]s1 new holy-days1 & new fa/+s 7 
daily in/itut$1 & ! tea*]s 9 ! *ur*es   

did exact ^! works z a s]vice necess>y  
to m]it grace1 & did greatly t]rify m5's
 consci5ces1 if !y %\ld omit any ( ^!   
?+s4 ,f ?is p]suasion conc]n+ traditions
 mu* detrim5t has result$ 9 ! ,*ur*4    
,fir/1 ! doctr9e ( grace & ( !          
righte\sness ( fai? has be5 obscur$ by  
x1 :i* is ! *ief "p ( ! ,gospel1 & ought
 to /& out z ! mo/ prom95t 9 ! ,*ur*1 9 
ord] t ! m]it ( ,*ri/ may be well kn[n1 
& fai?1 :i* believes t s9s are =giv5 =  
,*ri/'s sake be exalt$ f> above works4  
,:]e=e ,paul also lays ! greate/ /ress  
on ?is article1 putt+ aside ! ,law &    
human traditions1 9 ord] to %[ t        
,*ri/ian righte\sness is some?+ else ?an
 su* works1 to wit1 ! fai? :i* believes 
t s9s are freely =giv5 = ,*ri/'s sake4  
,b ?is doctr9e ( ,paul has be5 almo/    
:olly smo!r$ by traditions1 :i* h       
produc$ an op9ion t1 by mak+ di/9ctions 
9 meats & l s]vices1 we mu/ m]it grace &
 righte\sness4 ,9 treat+ ( rep5tance1   
!re 0 no m5tion made ( fai?2 only ^?    
works ( satisfaction 7 set =?2 9 ^! !   

entire rep5tance seem$ to consi/4       
,secondly1 ^! traditions h obscur$ !    
comm&m5ts ( ,god1 because traditions 7  
plac$ f> above ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4      
,*ri/ianity 0 ?\ght to consi/ :olly 9 ! 
obs]vance ( c]ta9 holy-days1 rites1     
fa/s1 & ve/ures4 ,^! obs]vances _h won =
 !mselves ! exalt$ title ( be+ !        
spiritual life & ! p]fect life4         
,mean:ile ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 accord+ to
 ea* "o's call+1 7 )\t honor namely1 t !
 fa!r br\ght up 8 (fspr+1 t ! "m bore   
*ildr51 t ! pr9ce gov]n$ !              
commonweal?1--^! 7 acc\nt$ works t 7    
worldly & imp]fect1 & f> bel[ ^? glitt]+
 obs]vances4 ,& ?is error greatly       
torm5t$ dev\t consci5ces1 :i* griev$ t  
!y 7 held 9 an imp]fect /ate ( life1 z 9
 m>riage1 9 ! (fice ( magi/rate2 or 9   
o!r civil m9i/rations2 on ! o!r h&1 !y  
admir$ ! monks & su* l1 & falsely imag9$
 t ! obs]vances ( su* m5 7 m acceptable 
to ,god4  ,?irdly1 traditions br\ght    
great dang] to consci5ces2 = x 0        
impossible to keep all traditions1 & yet

 m5 judg$ ^! obs]vances to be necess>y  
acts ( wor%ip4 ,g]son writes t _m fell  
into despair1 & t "s ev5 took _! own    
lives1 because !y felt t !y 7 n able to 
satisfy ! traditions1 & !y _h all ! :ile
 n he>d any consolation ( ! righte\sness
 ( fai? & grace4 ,we see t ! summi/s &  
!ologians ga!r ! traditions1 & seek     
mitigations :]eby to ease consci5ces1 & 
yet !y d n suffici5tly unfett]1 b       
sometimes entangle1 consci5ces ev5 m4 ,&
 ) ! ga!r+ ( ^! traditions1 ! s*ools &  
s]mons h be5 s mu* occupi$ t !y h _h no 
leisure to t\* ^u ,scripture1 & to seek 
! m pr(itable doctr9e ( fai?1 ( ! cross1
 ( hope1 ( ! dignity ( civil affairs (  
consolation ( sorely tri$ consci5ces4   
,h5ce ,g]son & "s o!r !ologians h       
griev\sly compla9$ t by ^! /riv+s       
conc]n+ traditions !y 7 prev5t$ f giv+  
att5tion to a bett] k9d ( doctr9e4      
,augu/9e also =bids t m5's consci5ces   
%\ld be burd5$ ) su* obs]vances1 &      
prud5tly advises ,janu>ius t he mu/ "k t
 !y are to be obs]v$ z ?+s indiff]5t2 = 

su* are 8 words4  ,:]e=e our tea*]s mu/ 
n be look$ ^u z hav+ tak5 up ?is matt]  
ra%ly or f hatr$ ( ! bi%ops1 z "s       
falsely suspect4 ,!re 0 great ne$ to w>n
 ! *ur*es ( ^! errors1 :i* _h aris5 f   
misund]/&+ ! traditions4 ,= ! ,gospel   
compels u to insi/ 9 ! *ur*es ^u !      
doctr9e ( grace1 & ( ! righte\sness (   
fai?2 :i*1 h[ev]1 _c be und]/ood1 if m5 
?9k t !y m]it grace by obs]vances ( _!  
own *oice4  ,?us1 !re=e1 !y h taught t  
by ! obs]vance ( human traditions we _c 
m]it grace or be ju/ifi$1 & h5ce we mu/ 
n ?9k su* obs]vances necess>y acts (    
wor%ip4 ,!y add h]eunto te/imonies (    
,scripture4 ,*ri/1 ,matt4 #ae1 #c1      
def5ds ! ,apo/les :o _h n obs]v$ ! usual
 tradition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 evid5tly p]ta9s 
to a matt] n unlawful1 b indiff]5t1 & to
 h a c]ta9 aff9ity ) ! purifications ( !
 ,law1 & says1 #i3 ,9 va9 d !y wor%ip   
,me ) ! comm&m5ts ( m54 ,he1 !re=e1 does
 n exact an unpr(itable s]vice4 ,%ortly 
aft] ,he adds3 ,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? 
defile? a man4 ,s also ,paul1 ,rom4 #ad1

 #ag3 ,! k+dom ( ,god is n meat & dr9k4 
,col4 #b1 #af3 ,let no man1 !re=e1 judge
 y 9 meat1 or 9 dr9k1 or 9 respect ( an 
holy-day1 or ( ! ,sabba?-day2 also3 ,if 
ye be dead ) ,*ri/ f ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 
:y1 z ?\gh liv+ 9 ! _w1 are ye subject  
to ord9ances3 ,t\* n1 ta/e n1 h&le n6 ,&
 ,pet] says1 ,acts #ae1 #aj3 ,:y tempt  
ye ,god to put a yoke ^u ! neck ( !     
disciples1 :i* nei!r our fa!rs nor we 7 
able to be>8 ,b we believe t ?r\gh !    
grace ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ we %all be   
sav$1 ev5 z !y4 ,"h ,pet] =bids to burd5
 ! consci5ces ) _m rites1 ei!r ( ,moses 
or ( o!rs4 ,& 9 #a ,tim4 #d1a4c ,paul   
calls ! prohibition ( meats a doctr9e ( 
devils2 = x is aga9/ ! ,gospel to       
in/itute or to d su* works t by !m we   
may m]it grace1 or z ?\gh ,*ri/ianity   
c\ld n exi/ )\t su* s]vice ( ,god4  ,"h 
our adv]s>ies object t our tea*]s are   
oppos$ to discipl9e & mortification ( ! 
fle%1 z ,jov9ian4 ,b ! contr>y may be   
le>n$ f ! writ+s ( our tea*]s4 ,= !y h  
always taught conc]n+ ! cross t x       

behooves ,*ri/ians to be> afflictions4  
,?is is ! true1 e>ne/1 & unfeign$       
mortification1 to wit1 to be ex]cis$ )  
div]s afflictions1 & to be crucifi$ )   
,*ri/4  ,moreov]1 !y tea* t e ,*ri/ian  
ought to tra9 & subdue himself ) bodily 
re/ra9ts1 or bodily ex]cises & labors t 
nei!r satiety nor slo?fulness tempt him 
to s91 b n t we may m]it grace or make  
satisfaction = s9s by su* ex]cises4 ,&  
su* ext]nal discipl9e ought to be urg$  
at all times1 n only on a few & set     
days4 ,s ,*ri/ comm&s1 ,luke #ba1 #cd3  
,take he$ le/ y\r he>ts be ov]*>g$ )    
surfeit+2 also ,matt4 #ag1 #ba3 ,?is k9d
 goe? n out b by pray] & fa/+4 ,paul    
also says1 #a ,cor4 #i1 #bg3 ,i keep "u 
my body & br+ x into subjection4 ,"h he 
cle>ly %[s t he 0 keep+ "u 8 body1 n to 
m]it =giv5ess ( s9s by t discipl9e1 b to
 h 8 body 9 subjection & fitt$ =        
spiritual ?+s1 & = ! dis*>ge ( duty     
accord+ to 8 call+4 ,!re=e1 we d n      
condemn fa/+ 9 itself1 b ! traditions   
:i* prescribe c]ta9 days & c]ta9 meats1 

) p]il ( consci5ce1 z ?\gh su* works 7 a
 necess>y s]vice4  ,nev]!less1 v _m     
traditions are kept on our "p1 :i*      
conduce to good ord] 9 ! ,*ur*1 z !     
,ord] ( ,lessons 9 ! ,mass & ! *ief     
holy-days4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 m5 are w>n$
 t su* obs]vances d n ju/ify be=e ,god1 
& t 9 su* ?+s x %\ld n be made s9 if !y 
be omitt$ )\t (f5se4 ,su* lib]ty 9 human
 rites 0 n unkn[n to ! ,fa!rs4 ,= 9 !   
,ea/ !y kept ,ea/] at ano!r "t ?an at   
,rome1 & :51 on acc\nt ( ?is div]sity1 !
 ,romans accus$ ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* ( s*ism1 
!y 7 admoni%$ by o!rs t su* usages ne$ n
 be alike ev]y:]e4 ,& ,ir5aeus says3    
,div]sity conc]n+ fa/+ does n de/roy !  
h>mony ( fai?2 z also ,pope ,gregory    
intimates 9 ,di/4 ,,xii1 t su* div]sity 
does n violate ! unity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& 9 !
 ,trip>tite ,hi/ory1 ,book #i1 _m       
examples ( dissimil> rites are ga!r$1 & 
! foll[+ /atem5t is made3 ,x 0 n ! m9d (
 ! ,apo/les to enact rules conc]n+      
holy-days1 b to prea* godl9ess & a holy 
life 1 to tea* fai? & love4     ,article

 ,,xxvii3 ,( ,mona/ic ,v[s4  ,:at is    
taught on our "p conc]n+ ,mona/ic ,v[s1 
w be bett] und]/ood if x be rememb]$ :at
 has be5 ! /ate ( ! mona/]ies1 & h[ _m  
?+s 7 daily done 9 ^? v mona/]ies1      
contr>y to ! ,canons4 ,9 ,augu/9e's "t  
!y 7 free associations4 ,aft]w>d1 :5    
discipl9e 0 corrupt$1 v[s 7 ev]y:]e add$
 = ! purpose ( re/or+ discipl9e1 z 9 a  
c>efully plann$ prison4  ,gradually1 _m 
o!r obs]vances 7 add$ besides v[s4 ,& ^!
 fett]s 7 laid ^u _m be=e ! lawful age1 
contr>y to ! ,canons4  ,_m also ent]$   
into ?is k9d ( life ?r\gh ignorance1 be+
 unable to judge _! own /r5g?1 ?\gh !y 7
 ( suffici5t age4 ,be+ ?us ensn>$1 !y 7 
compell$ to rema91 ev5 ?\gh "s c\ld h   
be5 fre$ by ! k9d provision ( ! ,canons4
 ,& ?is 0 m ! case 9 conv5ts ( wom5 ?an 
( monks1 al?\gh m consid]ation %\ld h   
be5 %[n ! weak] sex4 ,?is rigor         
displeas$ _m good m5 be=e ?is "t1 :o saw
 t "y m5 & maid5s 7 ?r[n into conv5ts = 
a liv+4 ,!y saw :at un=tunate results   
came ( ?is proc$ure1 & :at sc&als 7     

creat$1 :at sn>es 7 ca/ ^u consci5ces6  
,!y 7 griev$ t ! au?ority ( ! ,canons 9 
s mom5t\s a matt] 0 utt]ly set aside &  
despis$4 ,to ^! evils 0 add$ su* a      
p]suasion conc]n+ v[s z1 x is well kn[n1
 9 =m] times displeas$ ev5 ^? monks :o 7
 m consid]ate4 ,!y taught t v[s 7 equal 
to ,baptism2 !y taught t by ?is k9d (   
life !y m]it$ =giv5ess ( s9s &          
ju/ification be=e ,god4 ,yea1 !y add$ t 
! mona/ic life n only m]it$ righte\sness
 be=e ,god b ev5 great] ?+s1 because x  
kept n only ! precepts1 b also ! s-call$
 evangelical c\nsels4  ,?us !y made m5  
believe t ! pr(ession ( mona/icism 0 f> 
bett] ?an ,baptism1 & t ! mona/ic life 0
 m m]itori\s ?an t ( magi/rates1 ?an !  
life ( pa/ors1 & su* l1 :o s]ve _! call+
 9 accordance ) ,god's comm&s1 )\t any  
man-made s]vices4 ,none ( ^! ?+s c be   
d5i$2 = !y appe> 9 _! own books4        
,moreov]1 a p]son :o has be5 ?us ensn>$ 
& has ent]$ a mona/]y le>ns little (    
,*ri/4  ,:at1 !n1 came to pass 9 !      
mona/]ies8 ,a=etime !y 7 s*ools ( !ology

 & o!r bran*es1 pr(itable to ! ,*ur*2 & 
!nce pa/ors & bi%ops 7 obta9$4 ,n[ x is 
ano!r ?+4 ,x is ne$less to rehe>se :at  
is kn[n to all4 ,a=etime !y came toge!r 
to le>n2 n[ !y feign t x is a k9d ( life
 in/itut$ to m]it grace & righte\sness2 
yea1 !y prea* t x is a /ate ( p]fection1
 & !y put x f> above all o!r k9ds ( life
 orda9$ ( ,god4 ,^! ?+s we h rehe>s$ )\t
 odi\s exagg]ation1 to ! end t ! doctr9e
 ( our tea*]s on ?is po9t might be bett]
 und]/ood4  ,fir/1 conc]n+ su* z        
contract matrimony1 !y tea* on our "p t 
x is lawful = all m5 :o are n fitt$ =   
s+le life to contract matrimony1 because
 v[s _c annul ! ord9ance & comm&m5t (   
,god4 ,b ! comm&m5t ( ,god is #a ,cor4  
#g1 #b3 ,to avoid =nication1 let e man h
 8 own wife4 ,nor is x ! comm&m5t only1 
b also ! creation & ord9ance ( ,god1 :i*
 =ces ^? to m>ry :o are n except$ by a  
s+ul> "w ( ,god1 accord+ to ! text ,g54 
#b1 #ah3 ,x is n good t ! man %\ld be   
alone4 ,!re=e !y d n s9 :o obey ?is     
comm&m5t & ord9ance ( ,god4  ,:at       

objection c be rais$ to ?is8 ,let m5    
extol ! obligation ( a v[ z mu* z !y    
li/1 yet %all !y n br+ to pass t ! v[   
annuls ! comm&m5t ( ,god4 ,! ,canons    
tea* t ! "r ( ! sup]ior is except$ 9 e  
v[2 t v[s are n b9d+ aga9/ ! decision ( 
! ,pope2 mu* less1 !re=e1 are ^! v[s (  
=ce :i* are aga9/ ! comm&m5ts ( ,god4   
,n[1 if ! obligation ( v[s c\ld n be    
*ang$ = any cause :atev]1 ! ,roman      
,pontiffs c\ld nev] h giv5 disp5sation =
 x is n lawful = man to annul an        
obligation :i* is simply div9e4 ,b !    
,roman ,pontiffs h prud5tly judg$ t     
l5i5cy is to be obs]v$ 9 ?is obligation1
 & !re=e we read t _m times !y h disp5s$
 f v[s4 ,! case ( ! ,k+ ( ,aragon :o 0  
call$ back f ! mona/]y is well kn[n1 &  
!re are also examples 9 our own times4  
,n[1 if disp5sations h be5 grant$ = !   
sake ( secur+ temporal int]e/s1 x is mu*
 m prop] t !y be grant$ on acc\nt ( !   
di/ress ( s\ls4  ,9 ! second place1 :y d
 our adv]s>ies exagg]ate ! obligation or
 effect ( a v[ :51 at ! same "t1 !y h n 

a ^w to say ( ! nature ( ! v[ itself1 t 
x ought to be 9 a ?+ possible1 t x ought
 to be free1 & *os5 spontane\sly &      
delib]ately8 ,b x is n unkn[n to :at    
ext5t p]petual *a/ity is 9 ! p[] ( man4 
,& h[ few are !re :o h tak5 ! v[        
spontane\sly & delib]ately6 ,"y maid5s &
 m51 be=e !y are able to judge1 are     
p]suad$1 & sometimes ev5 compell$1 to   
take ! v[4 ,:]e=e x is n fair to insi/ s
 rigor\sly on ! obligation1 s9ce x is   
grant$ by all t x is aga9/ ! nature ( a 
v[ to take x )\t spontane\s & delib]ate 
action4  ,mo/ canonical laws resc9d v[s 
made be=e ! age ( fifte52 = be=e t age  
!re does n seem suffici5t judgm5t 9 a   
p]son to decide conc]n+ a p]petual life4
 ,ano!r ,canon1 grant+ m to ! weakness (
 man1 adds a few ye>s2 = x =bids a v[ to
 be made be=e ! age ( eighte54 ,b :i* ( 
^! two ,canons %all we foll[8 ,! mo/ "p 
h an excuse = leav+ ! mona/]ies1 because
 mo/ ( !m h tak5 ! v[s be=e !y rea*$ ^! 
ages4  ,f9ally1 ev5 ?\gh ! violation ( a
 v[ might be c5sur$1 yet x seems n =?)  

to foll[ t ! m>riages ( su* p]sons mu/  
be dissolv$4 ,= ,augu/9e d5ies t !y     
ought to be dissolv$ 7,,xxvii4 ,quae/4  
,i1 ,cap4 ,nupti>um71 & 8 au?ority is n 
lightly to be e/eem$1 al?\gh o!r m5     
aft]w>ds ?\ght o!rwise4  ,b al?\gh x    
appe>s t ,god's comm& conc]n+ m>riage   
deliv]s v _m f _! v[s1 yet our tea*]s   
introduce also ano!r argum5t conc]n+ v[s
 to %[ t !y are void4 ,= e s]vice (     
,god1 orda9$ & *os5 ( m5 )\t ! comm&m5t 
( ,god to m]it ju/ification & grace1 is 
wick$1 z ,*ri/ says ,matt4 #af1 #i3 ,9  
va9 d !y wor%ip ,me ) ! comm&m5ts ( m54 
,& ,paul tea*es ev]y:]e t righte\sness  
is n to be s\ght f our own obs]vances & 
acts ( wor%ip1 devis$ by m51 b t x comes
 by fai? to ^? :o believe t !y are      
receiv$ by ,god into grace = ,*ri/'s    
sake4  ,b x is evid5t t monks h taught t
 s]vices ( man's mak+ satisfy = s9s &   
m]it grace & ju/ification4 ,:at else is 
?is ?an to detract f ! glory ( ,*ri/ &  
to obscure & d5y ! righte\sness ( fai?8 
,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! v[s ?us commonly  

tak5 h be5 wick$ s]vices1 &1            
consequ5tly1 are void4 ,= a wick$ v[1   
tak5 aga9/ ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 is n      
valid2 = 7z ! ,canon says7 no v[ ought  
to b9d m5 to wick$ness4  ,paul says1    
,gal4 #e1 #d3 ,*ri/ is become ( no      
effect unto y1 :osoev] ( y are ju/ifi$  
by ! ,law1 ye are fall5 f grace4 ,to ^?1
 !re=e1 :o want to be ju/ifi$ by _! v[s 
,*ri/ is made ( no effect1 & !y fall f  
grace4 ,= also ^! :o ascribe            
ju/ification to v[s ascribe to _! own   
works t :i* prop]ly belongs to ! glory (
 ,*ri/4  ,nor c x be d5i$1 inde$1 t !   
monks h taught t1 by _! v[s &           
obs]vances1 !y 7 ju/ifi$1 & m]it$       
=giv5ess ( s9s1 yea1 !y inv5t$ /ill     
great] absurdities1 say+ t !y c\ld give 
o!rs a %>e 9 _! works4 ,if any "o %\ld  
be incl9$ to enl>ge on ^! ?+s ) evil    
int5t1 h[ _m ?+s c\ld he br+ toge!r :]e(
 ev5 ! monks are n[ a%am$6 ,ov] & above 
?is1 !y p]suad$ m5 t s]vices ( man's    
mak+ 7 a /ate ( ,*ri/ian p]fection4 ,&  
is n ?is assign+ ju/ification to works8 

,x is no light (f5se 9 ! ,*ur* to set =?
 to ! p a s]vice devis$ by m51 )\t !    
comm&m5t ( ,god1 & to tea* t su* s]vice 
ju/ifies m54 ,= ! righte\sness ( fai?1  
:i* *iefly ought to be taught 9 ! ,*ur*1
 is obscur$ :5 ^! wond]ful angelic =ms (
 wor%ip1 ) _! %[ ( pov]ty1 humility1 &  
celibacy1 are ea/ be=e ! eyes ( m54     
,fur!rmore1 ! precepts ( ,god & ! true  
s]vice ( ,god are obscur$ :5 m5 he> t   
only monks are 9 a /ate ( p]fection4 ,= 
,*ri/ian p]fection is to fe> ,god f !   
he>t1 & yet to conceive great fai?1 & to
 tru/ t = ,*ri/'s sake we h a ,god :o   
has be5 reconcil$1 to ask ( ,god1 &     
assur$ly to expect ,8 aid 9 all ?+s t1  
accord+ to our call+1 are to be done2 & 
mean:ile1 to be dilig5t 9 outw>d good   
works1 & to s]ve our call+4 ,9 ^! ?+s   
consi/ ! true p]fection & ! true s]vice 
( ,god4 ,x does n consi/ 9 celibacy1 or 
9 begg+1 or 9 vile app>el4 ,b ! p       
conceive _m p]nici\s op9ions f ! false  
comm5dations ( mona/ic life4 ,!y he>    
celibacy prais$ above measure2 !re=e !y 

lead _! m>ri$ life ) (f5se to _!        
consci5ces4 ,!y he> t only begg>s are   
p]fect2 !re=e !y keep _! possessions & d
 bus9ess ) (f5se to _! consci5ces4 ,!y  
he> t x is an evangelical c\nsel n to   
seek rev5ge2 !re=e "s 9 private life are
 n afraid to take rev5ge1 = !y he> t x  
is b a c\nsel1 & n a comm&m5t4 ,o!rs    
judge t ! ,*ri/ian _c prop]ly hold a    
civil (fice or be a magi/rate4  ,!re are
 on record examples ( m5 :o1 =sak+      
m>riage & ! adm9i/ration ( !            
,commonweal?1 h hid !mselves 9          
mona/]ies4 ,?is !y call$ flee+ f ! _w1 &
 seek+ a k9d ( life :i* w\ld be m pleas+
 to ,god4 ,nei!r did !y see t ,god ought
 to be s]v$ 9 ^? comm&m5ts :i* ,he      
,himself has giv5 & n 9 comm&m5ts devis$
 by m54 ,a good & p]fect k9d ( life is t
 :i* has = x ! comm&m5t ( ,god4 ,x is   
necess>y to admoni% m5 ( ^! ?+s4  ,&    
be=e ^! times1 ,g]son rebukes ?is error 
( ! monks conc]n+ p]fection1 & te/ifies 
t 9 8 day x 0 a new say+ t ! mona/ic    
life is a /ate ( p]fection4  ,s _m wick$

 op9ions are inh]5t 9 ! v[s1 namely1 t  
!y ju/ify1 t !y con/itute ,*ri/ian      
p]fection1 t !y keep ! c\nsels &        
comm&m5ts1 t !y h works ( sup]]ogation4 
,all ^! ?+s1 s9ce !y are false & empty1 
make v[s null & void4     ,article      
,,xxviii3 ,( ,ecclesia/ical ,p[]4  ,!re 
has be5 great controv]sy conc]n+ ! ,p[] 
( ,bi%ops1 9 :i* "s h awkw>dly conf\nd$ 
! p[] ( ! ,*ur* & ! p[] ( ! sword4 ,& f 
?is confusion v great w>s & tumults h   
result$1 :ile ! ,pontiffs1 embold5$ by !
 p[] ( ! ,keys1 n only h in/itut$ new   
s]vices & burd5$ consci5ces ) res]vation
 ( cases & ru?less excommunications1 b h
 also und]tak5 to transf] ! k+doms ( ?is
 _w1 & to take ! ,empire f ! ,emp]or4   
,^! wrongs h long s9ce be5 rebuk$ 9 !   
,*ur* by le>n$ & godly m54 ,!re=e our   
tea*]s1 = ! com=t+ ( m5's consci5ces1 7 
con/ra9$ to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p[] (
 ! ,*ur* & ! p[] ( ! sword1 & taught t  
bo? ( !m1 because ( ,god's comm&m5t1 are
 to be held 9 rev]5ce & honor1 z ! *ief 
bless+s ( ,god on e>?4  ,b ?is is _!    

op9ion1 t ! p[] ( ! ,keys1 or ! p[] ( ! 
bi%ops1 accord+ to ! ,gospel1 is a p[]  
or comm&m5t ( ,god1 to prea* ! ,gospel1 
to remit & reta9 s9s1 & to adm9i/]      
,sacram5ts4 ,= ) ?is comm&m5t ,*ri/ s5ds
 =? ,8 ,apo/les1 ,john #bj1 #ba sqq43 ,z
 ,my ,fa!r ha? s5t ,me1 ev5 s s5d ,i y4 
,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,:osesoev]   
s9s ye remit1 !y are remitt$ unto !m2 & 
:osesoev] s9s ye reta91 !y are reta9$4  
,m>k #af1 #ae3 ,g prea* ! ,gospel to e  
creature4  ,?is p[] is ex]cis$ only by  
tea*+ or prea*+ ! ,gospel & adm9i/]+ !  
,sacram5ts1 accord+ to _! call+ ei!r to 
_m or to individuals4 ,= !reby are      
grant$1 n bodily1 b et]nal ?+s1 z et]nal
 righte\sness1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 et]nal    
life4 ,^! ?+s _c come b by ! m9i/ry ( ! 
,^w & ! ,sacram5ts1 z ,paul says1 ,rom4 
#a1 #af3 ,! ,gospel is ! p[] ( ,god unto
 salvation to e "o t believe?4 ,!re=e1  
s9ce ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* grants et]nal ?+s1 
& is ex]cis$ only by ! m9i/ry ( ! ,^w1 x
 does n int]f]e ) civil gov]nm5t2 no m  
?an ! art ( s++ int]f]es ) civil        

gov]nm5t4 ,= civil gov]nm5t deals ) o!r 
?+s ?an does ! ,gospel4 ,! civil rul]s  
def5d n m9ds1 b bodies & bodily ?+s     
aga9/ manife/ injuries1 & re/ra9 m5 ) ! 
sword & bodily puni%m5ts 9 ord] to      
pres]ve civil ju/ice & peace4  ,!re=e ! 
p[] ( ! ,*ur* & ! civil p[] mu/ n be    
conf\nd$4 ,! p[] ( ! ,*ur* has its own  
commission to tea* ! ,gospel & to       
adm9i/] ! ,sacram5ts4 ,let x n break    
into ! (fice ( ano!r2 ,let x n transf] !
 k+doms ( ?is _w2 let x n abrogate !    
laws ( civil rul]s2 let x n aboli%      
lawful ob$i5ce2 let x n int]f]e )       
judgm5ts conc]n+ civil ord9ances or     
contracts2 let x n prescribe laws to    
civil rul]s conc]n+ ! =m ( !            
,commonweal?4 ,z ,*ri/ says1 ,john #ah1 
#cc3 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w2 also ,luke
 #ab1 #ad3 ,:o made ,me a judge or a    
divid] ov] y8 ,paul also says1 ,phil4   
#c1 #bj3 ,our citiz5%ip is 9 heav52 #b  
,cor4 #aj1 #d3 ,! weapons ( our w>f>e   
are n c>nal1 b mighty ?r\gh ,god to !   
ca/+ d[n ( imag9ations4  ,aft] ?is mann]

 our tea*]s discrim9ate betwe5 ! duties 
( bo? ^! p[]s1 & comm& t bo? be honor$ &
 ackn[l$g$ z gifts & bless+s ( ,god4 ,if
 bi%ops h any p[] ( ! sword1 t p[] !y h1
 n z bi%ops1 by ! commission ( !        
,gospel1 b by human law hav+ receiv$ x (
 k+s & emp]ors = ! civil adm9i/ration ( 
:at is !irs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ano!r (fice
 ?an ! m9i/ry ( ! ,gospel4  ,:51 !re=e1 
! "q is conc]n+ ! jurisdiction ( bi%ops1
 civil au?ority mu/ be di/+ui%$ f       
ecclesia/ical jurisdiction4 ,aga91      
accord+ to ! ,gospel or1 z !y say1 by   
div9e "r1 !re belongs to ! bi%ops z     
bi%ops1 t is1 to ^? to :om has be5      
committ$ ! m9i/ry ( ! ,^w & !           
,sacram5ts1 no jurisdiction except to   
=give s9s1 to judge doctr9e1 to reject  
doctr9es contr>y to ! ,gospel1 & to     
exclude f ! communion ( ! ,*ur* wick$   
m51 ^: wick$ness is kn[n1 & ?is )\t     
human =ce1 simply by ! ,^w4 ,h]e9 !     
congregations ( necessity & by div9e "r 
mu/ obey !m1 accord+ to ,luke #aj1 #af3 
,he t he>e? y he>e? ,me4 ,b :5 !y tea*  

or orda9 any?+ aga9/ ! ,gospel1 !n !    
congregations h a comm&m5t ( ,god       
prohibit+ ob$i5ce1 ,matt4 #g1 #ae3      
,bew>e ( false prophets2 ,gal4 #a1 #h3  
,?\gh an angel f heav5 prea* any o!r    
gospel1 let him be accurs$2 #b ,cor4    
#ac1 #h3 ,we c d no?+ aga9/ ! tru?1 b = 
! tru?4 ,also3 ,! p[] :i* ! ,"l ha? giv5
 me to edification1 & n to de/ruction4  
,s1 also1 ! ,canonical ,laws comm&      
7,,ii4 ,q4 ,,vii4 ,cap41 ,sac]dotes1 &  
,cap4 ,oves74 ,& ,augu/9e 7,contra      
,petiliani ,epi/olam73 ,nei!r mu/ we    
submit to ,ca?olic bi%ops if !y *ance to
 err1 or hold any?+ contr>y to !        
,canonical ,scriptures ( ,god4  ,if !y h
 any o!r p[] or jurisdiction1 9 he>+ &  
judg+ c]ta9 cases1 z ( matrimony or (   
ti!s1 etc41 !y h x by human "r1 9 :i*   
matt]s pr9ces are b\nd1 ev5 aga9/ _! w1 
:5 ! ord9>ies fail1 to disp5se ju/ice to
 _! subjects = ! ma9t5ance ( peace4     
,moreov]1 x is disput$ :e!r bi%ops or   
pa/ors h ! "r to introduce c]emonies 9 !
 ,*ur*1 & to make laws conc]n+ meats1   

holy-days & grades1 t is1 ord]s (       
m9i/]s1 etc4 ,!y t give ?is "r to !     
bi%ops ref] to ?is te/imony ,john #af1  
#ab4 #ac3 ,i h yet _m ?+s to say unto y1
 b ye _c be> !m n[4 ,h[beit :5 ,he1 !   
,_s ( ,tru?1 is come1 ,he w guide y into
 all tru?4 ,!y also ref] to ! example ( 
! ,apo/les1 :o comm&$ to ab/a9 f blood &
 f ?+s /rangl$1 ,acts #ae1 #bi4 ,!y ref]
 to ! ,sabba?-day z hav+ be5 *ang$ into 
! ,"l's ,day1 contr>y to ! ,decalog1 z x
 seems4 ,nei!r is !re any example :]e(  
!y make m ?an conc]n+ ! *ang+ ( !       
,sabba?-day4 ,great1 say !y1 is ! p[] ( 
! ,*ur*1 s9ce x has disp5s$ ) "o ( ! ,t5
 ,comm&m5ts6  ,b conc]n+ ?is "q x is    
taught on our "p 7z has be5 %[n above7 t
 bi%ops h no p[] to decree any?+ aga9/ !
 ,gospel4 ,! ,canonical ,laws tea* !    
same ?+ 7,di/4 ,,ix74 ,n[1 x is aga9/   
,scripture to e/abli% or require !      
obs]vance ( any traditions1 to ! end t  
by su* obs]vance we may make            
satisfaction = s9s1 or m]it grace &     
righte\sness4 ,= ! glory ( ,*ri/'s m]it 

suff]s injury :51 by su* obs]vances1 we 
und]take to m]it ju/ification4 ,b x is  
manife/ t1 by su* belief1 traditions h  
almo/ inf9itely multipli$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 !  
doctr9e conc]n+ fai? & ! righte\sness ( 
fai? be+ mean:ile suppress$4 ,=         
gradually m holy-days 7 made1 fa/s      
appo9t$1 new c]emonies & s]vices 9 honor
 ( sa9ts in/itut$1 because ! au?ors (   
su* ?+s ?\ght t by ^! works !y 7 m]it+  
grace4 ,?us 9 times pa/ ! ,p5it5tial    
,canons increas$1 :]e( we /ill see "s   
traces 9 ! satisfactions4  ,aga91 !     
au?ors ( traditions d contr>y to ! comm&
 ( ,god :5 !y f9d matt]s ( s9 9 foods1 9
 days1 & l ?+s1 & burd5 ! ,*ur* )       
bondage ( ! law1 z if !re ought to be   
among ,*ri/ians1 9 ord] to m]it         
ju/ification a s]vice l ! ,levitical1 ! 
arrangem5t ( :i* ,god _h committ$ to !  
,apo/les & bi%ops4 ,= ?us "s ( !m write2
 & ! ,pontiffs 9 "s measure seem to be  
misl$ by ! example ( ! law ( ,moses4    
,h5ce are su* burd5s1 z t !y make x     
mortal s91 ev5 )\t (f5se to o!rs1 to d  

manual labor on holy-days1 a mortal s9  
to omit ! ,canonical ,h\rs1 t c]ta9     
foods defile ! consci5ce t fa/+s are    
works :i* appease ,god t s9 9 a res]v$  
case _c be =giv5 b by ! au?ority ( him  
:o res]v$ x2 :]eas ! ,canons !mselves   
speak only ( ! res]v+ ( ! ecclesia/ical 
p5alty1 & n ( ! res]v+ ( ! guilt4  ,:5ce
 h ! bi%ops ! "r to lay ^! traditions ^u
 ! ,*ur* = ! ensn>+ ( consci5ces1 :5    
,pet]1 ,acts #ae1 #aj1 =bids to put a   
yoke ^u ! neck ( ! disciples1 & ,paul   
says1 #b ,cor4 #ac1 #aj1 t ! p[] giv5   
him 0 to edification n to de/ruction8   
,:y1 !re=e1 d !y increase s9s by ^!     
traditions8  ,b !re are cle> te/imonies 
:i* prohibit ! mak+ ( su* traditions1 z 
?\gh !y m]it$ grace or 7 necess>y to    
salvation4 ,paul says1 ,col4 #b1 #af-bc3
 ,let no man judge y 9 meat1 or 9 dr9k1 
or 9 respect ( an holy-day1 or ( ! new  
moon1 or ( ! ,sabba?-days4 ,if ye be    
dead ) ,*ri/ f ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 :y1 z 
?\gh liv+ 9 ! _w1 are ye subject to     
ord9ances 7t\* n2 ta/e n2 h&le n1 :i*   

all are to p]i% ) ! us+7 aft] !         
comm&m5ts & doctr9es ( m56 :i* ?+s h    
inde$ a %[ ( wisdom4 ,also 9 ,titus #a1 
#ad he op5ly =bids traditions3 ,n giv+  
he$ to ,jewi% fables & comm&m5ts ( m5 t 
turn f ! tru?4  ,& ,*ri/1 ,matt4 #ae1   
#ad4 #ac1 says ( ^? :o require          
traditions3 ,let !m alone2 !y be bl9d   
lead]s ( ! bl9d2 & ,he rejects su*      
s]vices3 ,e plant :i* ,my heav5ly ,fa!r 
ha? n plant$ %all be pluck$ up4  ,if    
bi%ops h ! "r to burd5 *ur*es ) inf9ite 
traditions1 & to ensn>e consci5ces1 :y  
does ,scripture s (t5 prohibit to make1 
& to li/5 to1 traditions8 ,:y does x    
call !m doctr9es ( devils8 #a ,tim4 #d1 
#a4 ,did ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 va9 =ew>n ( ^! 
?+s8  ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ord9ances in/itut$ z
 ?+s necess>y1 or ) an op9ion ( m]it+   
grace1 are contr>y to ! ,gospel1 x      
foll[s t x is n lawful = any bi%op to   
in/itute or exact su* s]vices4 ,= x is  
necess>y t ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty  
be pres]v$ 9 ! *ur*es1 namely1 t !      
bondage ( ! ,law is n necess>y to       

ju/ification1 z x is writt5 9 ! ,epi/le 
to ! ,galatians1 #e1 #a3 ,be n entangl$ 
aga9 ) ! yoke ( bondage4 ,x is necess>y 
t ! *ief article ( ! ,gospel be pres]v$1
 to wit1 t we obta9 grace freely by fai?
 9 ,*ri/1 & n = c]ta9 obs]vances or acts
 ( wor%ip devis$ by m54  ,:at1 !n1 are  
we to ?9k ( ! ,sunday & l rites 9 ! h\se
 ( ,god8 ,to ?is we answ] t x is lawful 
= bi%ops or pa/ors to make ord9ances t  
?+s be done ord]ly 9 ! ,*ur*1 n t !reby 
we %\ld m]it grace or make satisfaction 
= s9s1 or t consci5ces be b\nd to judge 
!m necess>y s]vices1 & to ?9k t x is a  
s9 to break !m )\t (f5se to o!rs4 ,s    
,paul orda9s1 #a ,cor4 #aa1 #e1 t wom5  
%\ld cov] _! heads 9 ! congregation1 #a 
,cor4 #ad1 #cj1 t int]pret]s be he>d 9  
ord] 9 ! *ur*1 etc4  ,x is prop] t !    
*ur*es %\ld keep su* ord9ances = ! sake 
( love & tranquillity1 s f> t "o d n    
(f5d ano!r1 t all ?+s be done 9 ! *ur*es
 9 ord]1 & )\t confusion1 #a ,cor4 #ad1 
#dj2 comp4 ,phil4 #b1 #ad2 b s t        
consci5ces be n burd5$ to ?9k t !y are  

necess>y to salvation1 or to judge t !y 
s9 :5 !y break !m )\t (f5se to o!rs2 z  
no "o w say t a woman s9s :o goes out 9 
public ) h] head uncov]$ provid$ only t 
no (f5se be giv54  ,( ?is k9d is !      
obs]vance ( ! ,"l's ,day1 ,ea/]1        
,p5teco/1 & l holy-days & rites4 ,= ^?  
:o judge t by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* !    
obs]vance ( ! ,"l's ,day in/ead ( !     
,sabba?-day 0 orda9$ z a ?+ necess>y1 d 
greatly err4 ,scripture has abrogat$ !  
,sabba?-day2 = x tea*es t1 s9ce !       
,gospel has be5 reveal$1 all ! c]emonies
 ( ,moses c be omitt$4 ,& yet1 because x
 0 necess>y to appo9t a c]ta9 day1 t ! p
 might "k :5 !y ought to come toge!r1 x 
appe>s t ! ,*ur* designat$ ! ,"l's ,day 
= ?is purpose2 & ?is day seems to h be5 
*os5 all ! m = ?is additional reason1 t 
m5 might h an example ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty1
 & might "k t ! keep+ nei!r ( ! ,sabba? 
nor ( any o!r day is necess>y4 ,!re are 
mon/r\s disputations conc]n+ ! *ang+ ( !
 law1 ! c]emonies ( ! new law1 ! *ang+ (
 ! ,sabba?-day1 :i* all h sprung f !    

false belief t !re mu/ ne$s be 9 ! ,*ur*
 a s]vice l to ! ,levitical1 & t ,*ri/  
_h giv5 commission to ! ,apo/les &      
bi%ops to devise new c]emonies z        
necess>y to salvation4 ,^! errors crept 
into ! ,*ur* :5 ! righte\sness ( fai? 0 
n taught cle>ly en\gh4 ,"s dispute t !  
keep+ ( ! ,"l's ,day is n inde$ ( div9e 
"r1 b 9 a mann] s4 ,!y prescribe conc]n+
 holy-days1 h[ f> x is lawful to "w4    
,:at else are su* disputations ?an sn>es
 ( consci5ces8 ,= al?\gh !y endeavor to 
modify ! traditions1 yet ! mitigation c 
nev] be p]ceiv$ z long z ! op9ion rema9s
 t !y are necess>y1 :i* mu/ ne$s rema9  
:]e ! righte\sness ( fai? & ,*ri/ian    
lib]ty are n kn[n4  ,! ,apo/les comm&$  
,acts #ae1 #bj to ab/a9 f blood4 ,:o    
does n[ obs]ve x8 ,& yet !y t d x n s9  
n2 = n ev5 ! ,apo/les !mselves want$ to 
burd5 consci5ces ) su* bondage2 b !y    
=bade x = a "t1 to avoid (f5se4 ,= 9 ?is
 decree we mu/ p]petually consid] :at ! 
aim ( ! ,gospel is4  ,sc>cely any       
,canons are kept ) exactness1 & f day to

 day _m g out ( use ev5 among ^? :o are 
! mo/ zeal\s advocates ( traditions4    
,nei!r c due reg>d be paid to consci5ces
 unless ?is mitigation be obs]v$1 t we  
"k t ! ,canons are kept )\t hold+ !m to 
be necess>y1 & t no h>m is done         
consci5ces1 ev5 ?\gh traditions g out ( 
use4  ,b ! bi%ops might easily reta9 !  
lawful ob$i5ce ( ! p if !y w\ld n insi/ 
^u ! obs]vance ( su* traditions z _c be 
kept ) a good consci5ce4 ,n[ !y comm&   
celibacy2 !y admit none unless !y swe> t
 !y w n tea* ! pure doctr9e ( ! ,gospel4
 ,! *ur*es d n ask t ! bi%ops %\ld      
re/ore concord at ! exp5se ( _! honor2  
:i*1 nev]!less1 x w\ld be prop] = good  
pa/ors to d4 ,!y ask only t !y w\ld     
release unju/ burd5s :i* are new & h be5
 receiv$ contr>y to ! cu/om ( ! ,*ur*   
,ca?olic4 ,x may be t 9 ! beg9n+ !re 7  
plausible reasons = "s ( ^! ord9ances2 &
 yet !y are n adapt$ to lat] times4 ,x  
is also evid5t t "s 7 adopt$ ?r\gh      
errone\s conceptions4 ,!re=e x w\ld be  
befitt+ ! clem5cy ( ! ,pontiffs to      

mitigate !m n[1 because su* a           
modification does n %ake ! unity ( !    
,*ur*4 ,= _m human traditions h be5     
*ang$ 9 process ( "t1 z ! ,canons       
!mselves %[4 ,b if x be impossible to   
obta9 a mitigation ( su* obs]vances z _c
 be kept )\t s91 we are b\nd to foll[ ! 
apo/olic rule1 ,acts #e1 #bi1 :i* comm&s
 u to obey ,god r ?an m54  ,pet]1 #a    
,pet4 #e1 #c1 =bids bi%ops to be lords1 
& to rule ov] ! *ur*es4 ,x is n our     
design n[ to wre/ ! gov]nm5t f ! bi%ops1
 b ?is "o ?+ is ask$1 namely1 t !y all[ 
! ,gospel to be purely taught1 & t !y   
relax "s few obs]vances :i* _c be kept  
)\t s94 ,b if !y make no concession1 x  
is = !m to see h[ !y %all give acc\nt to
 ,god = furni%+1 by _! ob/9acy1 a cause 
= s*ism4     ,,conclusion4  ,^! are !   
*ief articles :i* seem to be 9          
controv]sy4 ,= al?\gh we might h spok5 (
 m abuses1 yet1 to avoid undue l5g?1 we 
h set =? ! *ief po9ts1 f :i* ! re/ may  
be readily judg$4 ,!re h be5 great      
compla9ts conc]n+ indulg5ces1           

pilgrimages1 & ! abuse (                
excommunications4 ,! p>i%es h be5 vex$ 9
 _m ways by ! deal]s 9 indulg5ces4 ,!re 
7 endless cont5tions betwe5 ! pa/ors & !
 monks conc]n+ ! p>o*ial "r1            
confessions1 burials1 s]mons on         
extraord9>y occasions1 & innum]able o!r 
?+s4 ,issues ( ?is sort we h pass$ ov] s
 t ! *ief po9ts 9 ?is matt]1 hav+ be5   
briefly set =?1 might be ! m readily    
und]/ood4 ,nor has any?+ be5 "h said or 
adduc$ to ! reproa* ( any "o4 ,only ^?  
?+s h be5 rec\nt$ :]e( we ?\ght t x 0   
necess>y to speak1 9 ord] t x might be  
und]/ood t 9 doctr9e & c]emonies no?+   
has be5 receiv$ on our "p aga9/         
,scripture or ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic4 ,= x is 
manife/ t we h tak5 mo/ dilig5t c>e t no
 new & ungodly doctr9e %\ld creep into  
our *ur*es4  ,! above articles we desire
 to pres5t 9 accordance ) ! edict ( ,y\r
 ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 9 ord] to exhibit our
 ,confession & let m5 see a summ>y ( !  
doctr9e ( our tea*]s4 ,if !re is any?+ t
 any "o might desire 9 ?is ,confession1 

we are ready1 ,god will+1 to pres5t     
ampl] in=mation accord+ to !            
,scriptures4  ,y\r ,imp]ial ,maje/y's   
fai?ful subjects3       ,john1 ,duke (  
,saxony1 ,elector4      ,george1        
,m>grave ( ,br&5burg4      ,erne/1 ,duke
 ( ,lu5eb]g4      ,philip1 ,l&grave (   
,hesse4      ,john ,fr$]ick1 ,duke (    
,saxony4      ,francis1 ,duke (         
,lu5eburg4      ,wolfgang1 ,pr9ce (     
,anhalt4      ,s5ate & ,magi/racy (     
,nuremburg4      ,s5ate ( ,reutl+54