,transcrib]'s ,note  ,on page #c ,left 0
 *ang$ to ,page #b because ( ! e-text   
=mat4 ,on pages #e & #h a regi/]$ symbol
 is repres5t$ by regi/]$4        ,,ibm  
#adja ,programm+ ,sy/ems     ,p    ,,pr 
,,pro ,,sy/ems    ,,prog ,,y/ems        
,,progr ,,/ems    ,,progra ,,tems       
,,program ,,ems    ,,programm ,,ms      
,,programmi ,s    ,,programm9           
,,programm+  ,illu/ration     ,:5       
companies ord] an ,,ibm #adja ,data     
,process+ ,sy/em1 me?ods-programm+ /affs
 are giv5 ! responsibility ( translat+ !
 requirem5ts ( managem5t into f9i%$     
applications4 #adja ,programm+ ,sy/ems  
are help+ cut ! co/s ( gett+ ! comput]  
into op]ation by simplify+ & exp$it+ !  
"w ( ^! me?ods /affs4  ,mod]n1 high-spe$
 comput]s1 su* z ! #adja1 are m>vel\s   
electronic in/rum5ts1 b !y repres5t only
 portions ( data process+ sy/ems4       
,well-te/$ programm+ languages =        
communication ) comput]s mu/ accompany !
 sy/ems4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! languages t !   
comput] itself is us$ to p]=m _m ( !    

t$i\s functions t ! programm] w\ld      
o!rwise h to p]=m4 ,a few m9utes (      
comput] "t 9 translat+ ! program c be   
equal to _m1 _m h\rs ( /aff "t 9 writ+  
in/ructions cod$ 9 ! language ( !       
comput]4  ,! comb9ation ( a mod]n       
comput] plus mod]n programm+ languages  
is ! key to pr(itable data process+4    
,?is bro*ure expla9s mod]n ,,ibm        
,programm+ ,languages & _! significance 
to managem5t4  ,page #b3 ,"h an op]ator 
po9ts to ma*9e language in/ructions = a 
new application be+ g5]at$ by ! #adja   
sy/em on ! #adjc high-spe$ pr9t]4       
,/atem5ts ab\t ! application :i* 7      
writt5 by ! programm] are be+ translat$ 
int]nally to ma*9e-cod$ language4   ,:at
 ,is ,a #adja ,program8  ,a program is a
 s]ies ( in/ructions t direct ! #adja z 
x solves an application4   ,:at ,is ,a  
,/or$ ,program ,ma*9e8  ,a /or$ program 
ma*9e is "o :i* /ores its own           
in/ructions 9 magnetic =m & is capable (
 act+ on ^? in/ructions to complete !   
application assign$4 ,! #adja uses a    

/or$ program4   ,:at ,are #adja         
,programm+ ,sy/ems8  ,!re are two types3
 7#a7 ,sy/ems t provide ! programm] ) a 
simplifi$ vocabul>y ( /atem5ts to use 9 
writ+ programs1 & 7#b7 ,pre-writt5      
programs1 :i* take c>e ( _m ( ! ev]yday 
op]ations ( ! #adja4   ,:at #adja       
,programm+ ,sy/ems ,mean ,to ,managem5t3
  ,,increas$ ,,programm+ ,,effici5cy    
,programm]s c conc5trate on !           
application & results r ?an on a        
multitude ( bookkeep+ functions1 su* z  
keep+ track ( /orage locations4  ,,fa/] 
,,translation ,,( ,,managem5t           
,,requirem5ts ,,into ,,usable ,,results 
,simplifi$ programm+ r\t9es all[        
programm]s to write m in/ructions 9 less
 "t4  ,,%ort] ,,tra9+ ,,p]iods          
,programm]s use a language m famili> to 
!m r ?an hav+ to le>n detail$ ma*9e     
codes4  ,,r$uc$ ,,programm+ ,,co/s  ,_m 
pre-writt5 programs are suppli$ by      
,,ibm1 elim9at+ necessity ( cu/om]s'    
/affs writ+ _! own4  ,,m ,,available    
#adja ,,"t  ,pre-writt5 programs h      

already be5 te/$ by ,,ibm1 r$uc+ t$i\s  
*eck+ op]ations on ! comput]4  ,,easi]  
,,to ,,und]/& ,,programs  ,programs are 
writt5 9 symbolic or application-ori5t$ 
=m in/ead ( comput] language4 ,?is      
enables managem5t to communicate m      
easily ) ! programm+ /aff4  ,,fa/]      
,,reports ,,on ,,op]ations  ,r\t9es su* 
z ^? design$ = report writ+ p]mit fa/]  
translation ( managem5t requirem5ts into
 usable in=mation4     ,,ibm ,programm+ 
,sy/ems3  ,symbolic ,programm+ ,sy/ems  
,^! sy/ems p]mit programs to be writt5  
us+ mean+ful names 7symbols7 r ?an      
actual ma*9e language4  ,autocod]  ,?is 
is an advanc$ symbolic programm+ sy/em4 
,x all[s g5]ation ( multiple ma*9e      
in/ructions f "o s\rce /atem5t1 free-=m 
cod+1 & an automatic assembly process   
?r\gh magnetic tape4  ,,cobol  ,,cobol  
is a problem-ori5t$ programm+ language =
 comm]cial applications4,a ,,cobol      
p]mits a programm] to use language bas$ 
on ,engli% words & phrases 9 describ+ an
 application4  ,input_/,output ,control 

,sy/em  ,?is sy/em provides ! programm] 
) a packag$ means ( accompli%+ input &  
output requirem5ts4  ,utility ,programs 
,^! are pre-writt5 in/ructions to p]=m  
_m ( ! ev]yday op]ations ( an           
in/allation4  ,subr\t9es  ,^! are r\t9es
 = multiplication1 division1 doz5s      
conv]sion1 & program error detection    
aids4  ,tape ,utilities  ,^! are        
g5]aliz$ in/ructions1 p>ticul>ly useful 
to #adja cu/om]s :o also use l>g] data  
process+ sy/ems4 ,!y facilitate !       
transf] ( data betwe5 ,,ibm c>ds1       
magnetic tapes1 & pr9t]s4 ,!y also      
provide = "s #adja process+ :ile !      
transf] ( data is tak+ place4  ,tape    
,sort ,programs  ,data c be sort$ &     
classifi$ at high spe$ = fur!r process+ 
by use ( ^! g5]aliz$ sort+ r\t9es4      
,report ,program ,g5]ator  ,! programm] 
uses simplifi$1 descriptive language )  
:i* he is already famili> to obta9      
reports swiftly & effici5tly4  ,,=tran  
7,contraction ( ,,=mula ,,translator7   
,eng9e]s & ma!maticians /ate problems 9 

famili> algebraic language = solution by
 ! comput]4  ,,ramacregi/]$ ,file       
,organization  ,r\t9es are suppli$ =    
simplify+ organization ( records =      
/orage 9 ! #adja ,r&om ,access ,file4   
,"h's h[ "o ( ! #adja programm+         
sy/ems--,report ,program ,g5]ator--works
 to increase programm+ effici5cy  #adja 
comput]s produce important reports =    
managem5t 9 record "t because ( _!      
out/&+ process+ & pr9t+ abilities4 ,9   
addition to ?is rapid ma*9e process+ (  
input data us$ 9 reports1 /ill m spe$ is
 a*iev$ by ! rapid prep>ation ( programs
 to produce ! reports4 ,?is is possible 
because ( ! ,,ibm ,report ,program      
,g5]ator1 a unique sy/em :i* p]mits     
programs to be creat$ ) a m9imum ( "t & 
ef=t4  ,?is example illu/rates h[ !     
,report ,program ,g5]ator simplifies !  
prep>ation ( "o "p ( an ,exp5se         
,di/ribution ,report 7,! ,major ,total  
,l9e73  ,illu/ration  ,)\t ! ,report    
,program ,g5]ator1 ! program to get !   
,major ,total ,l9e w\ld be writt5 out 9 

detail1 /ep by /ep3  ,illu/ration  ,b ) 
! ,report ,program ,g5]ator1 all !      
programm] has to write are ^! two       
/atem5ts3  ,illu/ration  ,x's j z easy  
to write ! /atem5ts to g5]ate ! re/ ( ! 
report6 ,! #adja itself does ! "w (     
conv]t+ ! programm]s' /atem5ts into !   
detail$ in/ructions4 ,! ,report ,program
 ,g5]ator is an example ( :at ,,ibm     
,programm+ ,sy/ems c accompli%4  ,)     
,,ibm y c be c]ta9 ( total sy/ems       
support = maximum pr(itability4         
,,ibm   regi/]$   ,/&s ,= ,s]vice       
,s]vice t beg9s long be=e ! deliv]y ( a 
comput] 444 & cont9ues 9 dep? long aft]4
 ,s]vice t has be5 prov5 by ye>s ( data 
process+ exp]i5ce4   ,new ,,ibm ,s]vices
 include3  ,programm$ ,applications     
,libr>y  ,pre-te/$ comput] programs     
design$ to h&le v>i\s major data        
process+ functions common to firms )9 a 
specific indu/ry4  ,programm+ ,sy/ems   
,support  ,to keep cu/om]s up-to-date on
 ! availability & use ( all new         
programm+ sy/ems4  ,to assi/ ! ,,ibm    

programm+ /aff 9 reflect+ cu/om]        
requirem5ts 9 ! specification ( new     
programm+ sy/ems4   ,o!r s]vices        
available to e ,,ibm cu/om]3  ,program  
,libr>y  ,a libr>y ( #adja programs w be
 e/abli%$ to aid all #adja cu/om]s 9    
solv+ specific applications1 sci5tific z
 well z comm]cial4 ,^! w include        
programs writt5 by cu/om]s & programs   
writt5 by ,,ibm4  ,s*ools & ,sem9>s     
,executive s*ools = managem5t p]sonnel4 
,programm+ s*ools = me?ods p]sonnel4    
,indu/ry sem9>s :]e cu/om]s meet to     
discuss subjects ( common int]e/4       
,bran* ,(fices  ,m ?an #bjj bran* (fices
 s]ve cu/om] ne$s promptly & effici5tly4
  ,sales & ,sy/ems ,repres5tatives      
,exp]i5c$1 highly tra9$ individuals "w )
 cu/om]s 9 apply+ ,,ibm me?ods to _!    
requirem5ts4  ,^! are j a few ( ! _m    
,,ibm s]vices4 ,y\r ,,ibm ,sales        
,repres5tative w be pleas$ to discuss   
all ( !m ) y4   ,int]national ,bus9ess  
,ma*9es ,corporation ,data ,process+    
,division1 #aab ,ea/ ,po/ ,road ,:ite   

,pla9s1 ,new ,york  ,footnote ,a3       
,,cobol specifications 7 develop$ by !  
,conf]5ce on ,data ,sy/ems ,languages1 a
 volunt>y coop]ative ef=t ( us]s1 &     
manufactur]s ( data process+ sy/ems4