,note3 ,images of the original pages are
 available through       ,internet      
,archive4 ,see                          
http3_/_/www4archive4org_/details_/,,mn#
dadacucmf#e      ,a ,,tour ,,of ,,the   
,,missions  ,observations and           
,conclusions  by  ,,augustus ,,hopkins  
,,strong1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4   
,president ,emeritus of the ,rochester  
,theological ,seminary  ,author of      
,systematic ,theology1 ,philosophy and  
,religion1 ,christ in ,creation1        
,miscellanies1 ,chapel-,talks1 ,lectures
 on the ,books of the ,new ,testament1  
,the ,great ,poets and ,their ,theology1
 ,american ,poets and ,their ,theology  
,philadelphia ,the ,griffith and        
,rowland ,press ,boston ,chicago ,st4   
,louis ,new ,york ,los ,angeles ,toronto
 ,winnipeg ,,mcmxviii  ,copyright1      
#aiah1 by ,guy ,c4 ,lamson1 ,secretary  
,published ,march1 #aiah     ,a         
,,personal ,,foreword   ,the forty years
 of my presidency and teaching in the   
,rochester ,theological ,seminary have  

been rewarded by the knowledge that more
 than a hundred of my pupils have become
 missionaries in heathen lands4 ,for    
many years these former students have   
been urging me to visit them4 ,until    
recently seminary sessions and literary 
work have prevented acceptance of their 
invitations4 ,when ,i laid down my      
official duties1 two alternatives       
presented themselves3 ,i could sit down 
and read through the new ,encyclopdia   
,britannica1 or ,i could go round the   
world4 ,a friend suggested that ,i might
 combine these schemes4 ,the publishers 
provide a felt-lined trunk to hold the  
encyclopdia3 ,i could read it1 and      
circumnavigate the globe at the same    
time4 ,this proposition1 however1 had an
 air of cumbrousness4 ,i concluded to   
take my wife as my encyclopdia instead  
of the books1 and this seemed the more  
rational since she had1 seven or eight  
years before1 made the same tour of the 
missions which ,i had in mind4 ,to her  
therefore a large part of the           

information in the following pages is   
due1 for in all my journey she was my   
guide1 philosopher1 and friend4  ,our   
tour would not have covered so much     
ground nor have been so crowded with    
incidents of interest1 if it had not    
been for the foresight and assistance of
 the ,reverend ,louis ,agassiz ,gould4  
,he was a student in our seminary forty 
years ago1 and after his graduation he  
became a missionary to ,china4 ,though  
his work abroad lasted only a decade1   
his interest in missions has never      
ceased1 and he is an authority with     
regard to their history and their       
methods4 ,i was fortunate in securing   
him as my courier1 secretary1 and       
typewriter1 and his companionship       
enlivened our table intercourse and our 
social life4 ,but he was bound that we  
should see all that there was to be     
seen4 ,without my knowledge he wrote    
ahead to all the missions which we were 
to visit1 and the result was almost as  
if a delegation with brass band met us  

at every station4 ,we were sight-seeing 
all day1 and traveling in sleeping-cars 
all night4 ,though ,i had notified the  
public that ,i could preach no more     
sermons and make no more addresses1 ,i  
was summoned before nearly every church1
 school1 and college that we visited1   
and fifty or sixty extemporized talks   
were extorted from me1 most of them     
interpreted to the audience by a pastor 
or teacher4 ,my letters to home friends 
were often written on the platforms of  
railway stations while we were waiting  
for our trains1 and after six months of 
these exhausting labors ,i still        
survived4  ,these preliminary remarks   
are intended to prepare the reader for a
 final statement1 namely1 that the      
papers which follow were written with no
 thought of publication4 ,they were     
simply a record of travel1 set down each
 week1 for the information of relatives 
and friends4 ,i have been urged to give 
them a wider circulation by putting them
 into print4 ,in doing this ,i have     

added some reflections which1 for       
substance1 were also written at         
intervals on my journey1 and these1 with
 sundry emendations and omissions1 ,i   
have called my ,conclusions4 ,i submit  
both ,observations and ,conclusions to  
the judgment of my readers1 in hope that
 my ,tour of the ,missions may lead     
other and more competent observers to   
appreciate the wonderful attractions and
 the immeasurable needs of ,oriental    
lands4  ,i cannot close this personal   
foreword without expressing to my former
 students and the many friends who so   
hospitably entertained us on our        
journey1 my undying sense of their great
 kindness1 and my hope that between the 
lines of my descriptions of what ,i saw 
they will discover my earnest desire to 
serve the cause of ,christ and his      
truth1 even though my impressions may at
 times result from my own               
short-sightedness and ignorance4 ,only  
what ,i have can ,i give4  ,augustus ,h4
 ,strong4  ,rochester1 ,august #c1      

#aiag4       ,,contents         ,i4  ,a 
,,week ,,in ,,japan                     
#a-aa              ,an ocean truly      
pacific brings us to a rainy ,japan     
#c              ,the novel and the      
picturesque mingle in our first         
views of ,yokohama                      
#c              ,visit to the palace of 
a ,japanese millionaire            #d   
,a museum of ,japanese art and a unique 
entertainment      #d              ,our 
host1 an orthodox ,shinto and ,buddhist 
#e              ,conference of          
missionaries and their native helpers   
#e              ,the pastor of the      
,tokyo church invites us to             
his home                                
#e              ,reception at the       
,women's ,college of ,japan1 and an     
address there                           
#e              ,a distinguished company
 of educators at dinner           #f    
,we give a dinner to ,rochester men and 
their wives        #g              ,a   
good specimen of missionary hilarity and

               fellowship               
#g              ,the temple of ,kamakura
 and its great bronze ,buddha       #g  
,the temple of ,hachiman1 the god of war
                   #h                   
,supplemented by the temple of ,kwannon1
 the               goddess of mercy     
#h              ,japan enriched by      
manufacture of munitions                
#h              ,a native ,christian    
church and pastor at ,kanagawa          
#i              ,immorality1 the curse  
of ,japan1 shows its need of            
,christianity                           
#aj              ,wonders of its ,inland
 ,sea1 and great gifts of its           
people                                  
#aj        ,,ii4  ,a ,,week-,,end ,,in  
,,china                                 
#ac-bb              ,hongkong1 wonderful
 for situation and for trade         #ae
              ,swatow1 and our arrival  
there                           #ae     
,chinese customs1 and ,english          
collection of them         #af          

,the mission compound of ,swatow1 one of
 our noblest      #af              ,dr4 
,william ,ashmore1 and his organizing   
work            #ag                     
,william ,ashmore1 his son1 and his     
,bible translations    #ag              
,a great ,sunday service in a native    
,new ,testament               church    
#ah              ,the far-reaching      
influence of this mission1 manned       
by many ,rochester graduates            
#ah              ,our expedition to     
,chao-yang1 to see the heart of         
,china                                  
#ah              ,triumphal entry into  
that city of three hundred              
thousand inhabitants                    
#ai              ,impressed by the      
vastness of its heathen population      
#bj              ,mr4 ,groesbeck1 the   
only minister to its needs           #ba
              ,an address to the        
students of his school                  
#ba              ,a great procession    
conducts us to our steamer at           

,swatow                                 
#ba              ,shall we be saved if  
we do not give the gospel to            
the heathen8                            
#bb       ,,iii4  ,,manila1 ,,singapore1
 ,,and ,,penang                         
#bc-cb              ,a ,yellow ,sea1 and
 white garments                         
#be              ,american enterprise   
has transformed ,manila              #be
              ,filipinos not yet ready  
for complete                            
self-government                         
#bf              ,visit to ,admiral     
,dewey's landing-place1 and also to     
,fort ,mc,kinley                        
#bf              ,the                   
interdenominational theological seminary
 and               its influence        
#bf              ,printed and spoken    
,english is superseding native          
dialects                                
#bg              ,singapore1 one of the 
world's greatest ports               of 
entry                                   

#bg              ,british propose to    
hold it1 in spite of native             
unrest                                  
#bg              ,heterogeneous         
population makes ,english the only      
language for its schools                
#bh              ,germans stir up a     
conspiracy1 but it is nipped in         
the bud                                 
#bh              ,british steamer to    
,penang1 an old but safe method         
of conveyance                           
#bh              ,kuala ,lumpur1 the    
capital of the ,malay ,confederated     
,states                                 
#bi              ,penang furnishes us   
with a great ,chinese funeral        #bi
              ,its immense preparation  
and cost show worship of                
ancestors                               
#bi              ,mourners in white1    
with bands of hired wailers          #ca
              ,glorification of man1 but
 no confession of sin or                
recognition of ,christ                  

#cb        ,,iv4  ,,three ,,weeks ,,in  
,,burma                                 
#cc-df              ,burma1 the land of 
pagodas                              #ce
              ,the ,shwe ,dagon of      
,rangoon is the greatest of             
these                                   
#ce              ,its immense extent and
 splendor                         #ce   
,the religion of ,burma is ,buddhism1 a 
religion of               merit1 so     
called                                  
#cf              ,pagoda-building in    
,burma1 coeval with                     
cathedral-building in ,europe           
#cf              ,the desolation in     
which many pagodas stand shows          
,god's judgment on ,buddhism            
#cf              ,burma is consecrated  
by the work of ,adoniram                
,judson1 and his sufferings             
#cg              ,our visit to          
,aungbinle1 and prayer on the site of   
,judson's prison                        
#cg              ,met and entertained by

 missionaries1 our former               
pupils                                  
#cg              ,fruitful ,burma and   
its ,buddhism attracts                  
famine-stricken ,india with its         
,hinduism               #ch             
,baptist missions in ,burma antedate and
 excel both               ,romanist and 
,anglican                               
#dj              ,far outstripping these
 in the number and influence            
of converts                             
#dj              ,the work of our       
collegiate and other schools is         
most encouraging                        
#da              ,the ,baptist ,college 
at ,rangoon and the theological         
seminaries at ,insein                   
#db              ,the lieutenant        
governor invites us to meet ,lord       
,chelmsford1 viceroy of ,india1 at      
afternoon-tea        #dd              ,a
 royal reception1 with great            
conglomerate of races     #dd           
,a demonstration of loyalty to the      

,british ,crown         #de             
,the dinner of our ,rochester men at the
 house of               ,rev4 ,mr4      
,singiser1 including representatives of 
the ,mission ,press and the ,baptist    
,college             #de                
,our final reception at ,dr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,a4
 ,smith's1 on               ,mrs4       
,smith's birthday                       
#df         ,v4  ,,mandalay ,,and       
,,gauhati                               
#dg-ef              ,mandalay1 in       
,burma1 the type of ,buddhism2 ,gauhati1
               in ,assam1 the type of   
,hinduism                        #di    
,visits to ,maulmain and ,bassein1 in   
,burma1 preceded               both     
these                                   
#di              ,king ,thebaw's palace1
 at ,mandalay1 a fortress built         
wholly of wood                          
#ej              ,the ,hill of ,mandalay
 and its pagoda1 four pagodas           
in one                                  
#ej              ,we ascend eight       

hundred steps by taking extemporized    
sedan-chairs                            
#ea              ,four successive       
platforms and four images of ,buddha    
#ea              ,waxwork figures at the
 top depict the vanity of life    #eb   
,the ,kuthodaw in the plain below seen  
from this               height          
#eb              ,four hundred and fifty
 pagodas in one1 each with              
its ,buddha and his law engraved on     
stone              #eb              ,the
 descent from ,mandalay ,hill more      
hazardous               than the ascent 
#ec              ,buddhism compared with
 the religion of ,christ           #ec  
,gauhati1 the capital of ,assam1 has    
also its temple               on a hill 
#ed              ,this temple           
illustrates ,hinduism as ,mandalay      
illustrates ,buddhism                   
#ed              ,its immoral cult      
claims to have an immoral origin        
in the wife of the god ,siva            
#ed              ,its priestesses a     

source of corruption to the             
,british college and the whole country  
#ee              ,vain attempts to      
interpret ,hindu myth and worship       
symbolically                            
#ee              ,the need of ,christian
 teaching as to sin and                 
atonement                               
#ef        ,,vi4  ,,calcutta1           
,,darjeeling1 ,,and ,,benares           
#eg-fd              ,calcutta1 the      
largest city of ,india1 so named from   
,kali1 goddess-wife of ,siva1 the       
,destroyer             #ei              
,the temple of ,kali1 its priestesses   
and its worship1               an       
infamous illustration of ,hinduism      
#ei              ,the temple of the     
,jains represents ,hinduism somewhat    
reformed                                
#fj              ,the real glory of     
,calcutta is its relation to            
modern missions                         
#fj              ,the work of ,william  
,carey1 and his college and             

tomb at ,serampore                      
#fj              ,our ride northward to 
,darjeeling1 and our view of            
the ,himalayas                          
#fa              ,a temple of ,tibetan  
,buddhists on our mount of              
observation                             
#fa              ,benares1 the ,mecca   
and ,jerusalem of the ,hindus           
#fb              ,a hotbed of           
superstition and devotion               
#fb              ,its ,golden ,temple1  
its bathing ghats and burning           
ghats on the sacred ,ganges             
#fb              ,our voyage of         
inspection in the early morning         
#fc              ,thousands bathing and 
drinking in the same muddy              
stream                                  
#fc              ,smallpox and plague in
 western lands traced back              
to this putrid river                    
#fd              ,some of the temples   
have toppled over1 being built          
on sand instead of rock                 

#fd       ,,vii4  ,,lucknow1 ,,agra1    
,,and ,,delhi                           
#fe-gf              ,on ,mohammedan     
ground1 and the scene of the            
great mutiny                            
#fg              ,elements of truth in  
the ,moslem faith make missions         
more difficult                          
#fg              ,the defense of        
,lucknow1 one of1 the most heroic       
and thrilling in history                
#fg              ,the only flag in the  
,british ,empire that never             
comes down at night                     
#fh              ,english missions and  
education are guaranties of             
permanent ,british rule in ,india       
#fi              ,the ,isabella ,thoburn
 ,college1 under ,methodist             
control                                 
#fi              ,we see the mango trick
 under favorable                        
circumstances                           
#gj              ,agra1 and the ,taj    
,mahal1 a wonder of the world1          

seen both at sunrise and at sunset      
#gj              ,the ,pearl ,mosque and
 the ,jasmine ,tower1 surrounded        
and protected by the ,fort              
#ga              ,a flowering out of    
art1 like that of                       
cathedral-building in ,england          
#gb              ,moslem architects     
designed like ,titans1 and              
finished like jewelers                  
#gb              ,delhi1 the capital of 
,india before the reign               of
 ,akbar                                 
#gb              ,the ,british respect  
ancient tradition by                    
transferring their central government   
from               ,calcutta to ,delhi  
#gc              ,the progress of ,india
 under ,british rule in the             
last fifty years                        
#gc              ,indian unrest due in  
part to ,english mistakes in            
educational policy                      
#gd              ,the ,friday prayer    
service in the great mosque of          

,delhi                                  
#ge      ,,viii4  ,,jaipur1 ,,mt4 ,,abu1
 ,,and ,,ahmedabad                      
#gg-hg              ,the native states  
of ,india distinguished from the        
presidencies and the provinces          
#gi              ,their self-government 
a reward of loyalty in the              
mutiny                                  
#gi              ,the rajas influenced  
by ,western thought                 #gi 
,jaipur1 the capital of a native state1 
called ,the               ,pink ,city   
#hj              ,a rose-red city1 half 
as old as ,time                  #ha    
,the maharaja's town-palace and         
astronomical               observatory  
#ha              ,a visit to ,amber1 the
 original metropolis1 and his           
summer residence                        
#ha              ,an elephant ride up   
the hill while hanging over the         
precipice                               
#hb              ,the road to ,mt4 ,abu1
 a wonderful piece of                   

engineering                             
#hd              ,we reach ,dilwarra1   
the greatest temple of the ,jains       
#hd              ,their reformed        
,buddhism recognizes ,buddha as         
only one of many incarnations           
#he              ,the temple is almost a
 miracle of art1 and                    
illustrates the genius of the ,east     
#he              ,ahmedabad1 a uniquely 
prosperous manufacturing                
and commercial city                     
#hf              ,factories needed by   
,india more than farms               #hf
              ,missions need employment 
for converts1 to save               them
 from famine                            
#hf        ,,ix4  ,,bombay1 ,,kedgaon1  
,,and ,,madras                          
#hi-ii              ,bombay1 second in  
population in the ,indian ,empire       
#ia              ,hindus outnumber      
,moslems and ,parsees                   
#ia              ,the ,caves of         
,elephanta1 excavated in honor of       

,siva1 god of reproduction as well as of
               destruction              
#ia              ,his temple a          
cathedral1 hewn inside of a mountain    
#ib              ,the lingam1 or        
phallus1 gigantic1 carved out of        
stone1 in the innermost shrine          
#ic              ,its worship a         
deification of man's baser instincts    
#ic              ,the ,towers of        
,silence represent ,parseeism           
#ic              ,the dead are exposed  
in them to be devoured by               
vultures                                
#ic              ,construction of the   
towers and details of               the 
process                                 
#ic              ,compared with         
,christian burial in hope of            
resurrection                            
#id              ,kedgaon1 a happy      
contrast and relief                     
#id              ,the center of the work
 of ,pundita ,ramabai               #id 
,the story of her life a romantic and   

thrilling one      #id              ,the
 pitiable condition of child-widows in  
,india               touches her heart  
#ie              ,in time of famine she 
furnishes a refuge for two              
thousand four hundred of them           
#ie              ,the wonders of her    
plant1 in schools1 hospital1            
printing office1 factory1 and farm      
#if              ,a great scholar of the
 ,brahman caste1 she is                 
recognized as the most influential woman
 in ,india     #if              ,madras1
 the third largest ,indian city1 gives  
us our               first tropical heat
                                   #ig  
,a center of mission work for the       
,telugus and their               tribal 
conversion                              
#ig              ,new ,year's ,day      
reception at ,lord ,pentland's1 the     
governor of the ,madras ,presidency     
#ih              ,followed by a         
reception from the ,rochester men1      
my former pupils                        

#ii         ,x4  ,,the ,,telugu         
,,mission                               
#aja-aac              ,madras1 next to  
,calcutta and ,bombay in thrift and     
importance                              
#ajc              ,baptists have done   
most for the ,telugus1 as               
,congregationalists most for the ,tamils
               #ajc                     
,statistics of our mission are most     
encouraging         #ajc                
,self-government1 self-support1         
self-propagation1               require 
time                                    
#ajd              ,conference at the    
house of ,doctor ,ferguson brings       
together men from four separate fields  
#ajd              ,the theological      
seminary at ,ramapatnam1 in charge      
of ,doctor ,heinrichs                   
#aje              ,our reception by     
teachers and students1 and value        
of their work                           
#aje              ,ongole and the work  
of ,doctor ,baker1 the successor        

of ,doctor ,clough                      
#ajg              ,laying the           
corner-stone of gateway to the new      
hospital                                
#ajg              ,country tour into the
 heart of ,telugu-land1 and             
open-air preaching to the natives       
#ajg              ,vellumpilly1 where   
#b1bbb were baptized1 and ,sunset       
,hill1 where ,doctor ,jewett prayed     
#aji              ,kavali1 and the work 
of ,mr4 ,bawden for a hereditary        
criminal class                          
#aaj              ,industrial education 
side by side with moral and             
religious                               
#aaj              ,nellore1 our first   
permanent station in ,south ,india      
#aaa              ,its high school1     
under ,rev4 ,l4 ,c4 ,smith2 its         
hospital1 and its nurses'               
training-school            #aab         
,mr4 ,rutherford1 successor to ,dr4     
,david ,downie1               and ,mr4  
,smith--all of them ,rochester men      

#aab        ,,xi4  ,,the ,,dravidian    
,,temples                               
#aae-abd              ,the ,dravidians  
are the aborigines of ,india            
#aag              ,the ,aryan conquerors
 appropriated their gods1 and           
,siva married ,kali                     
#aag              ,massiveness and      
vastness characterize their             
temples1 but also ,oriental imagination 
and               invention             
#aah              ,the temple at        
,tanjore1 with its court eight hundred  
by four hundred feet                    
#aah              ,its multitude of     
chapels1 each with its image in         
stone of the lingam1 or phallus         
#aai              ,its central image of 
a bull1 the favorite animal of          
,siva                                   
#aai              ,its tower1 or gopura1
 is the grandest in ,india         #aai 
,its sculptures of gods and goddesses   
wonderfully               realistic     
#aai              ,its appurtenances    

tawdry1 childish1 and immoral           
#abj              ,yet ,tanjore was the 
home1 and is the tomb1 of               
,schwartz1 the first ,english missionary
 to ,india      #abj              ,the  
raja's library of ,oriental manuscripts 
#aba              ,madura1 the center of
 ,dravidian worship1 one                
hundred miles farther south             
#aba              ,temple built about   
two great shrines for the god           
,siva and his wife ,minakshi            
#aba              ,five great pyramidal 
towers and a court eight                
hundred and thirty by seven hundred and 
thirty feet  #aba              ,the     
,golden ,lily ,tank1 and ,the ,hall of a
               ,thousand ,pillars       
#abb              ,dark alcoves and a   
festival night1 the acme of             
,hindu religion                         
#abb              ,the palace of        
,tirumala and his ,teppa ,kulam tank1   
one thousand feet on each side          
#abc              ,the noblest sight of 

,madura is its ,american                
,congregational ,mission                
#abc              ,under ,dr4 ,j4 ,x4   
,miller1 its schools and seminaries     
are revolutionizing southern ,india     
#abd       ,,xii4  ,,two ,,weeks ,,in   
,,ceylon                                
#abe-ace              ,ceylon not a part
 of ,india1 but a ,crown ,colony of     
,britain                                
#abg              ,colombo1 a ,european 
city1 and ,english the best             
means of communication                  
#abg              ,buddhism1 crowded out
 of ,india1 made its way                
southward                               
#abg              ,a sacred tooth of    
,buddha is preserved at ,kandy          
#abg              ,wesleyan ,methodist  
,college and ,english ,baptist          
,college at ,colombo                    
#abh              ,the ,ananda ,college1
 a theosophical institution1            
unfavorable to ,christianity            
#abh              ,a refuge in ,nurwara 

,eliya1 six thousand two hundred        
feet above the sea                      
#abi              ,switzerland without  
its ruggedness1 and terraces of         
tea-plants lining the approaches thither
             #abi              ,forests 
of rubber make a sea of verdure         
#acj              ,the ,missionary      
,rest-house at ,kandy                   
#aca              ,the famous ,buddhist 
temple1 and its evening worship    #aca 
,its library the only sign of           
intelligence              #aca          
,church of the ,english ,baptists       
welcomes us             #acb            
,the botanical gardens1 wonderful for   
their variety               of products 
#acb              ,anurajahpura and its 
ruined pagoda1 a solid conical          
mass of brick                           
#acc              ,one thousand six     
hundred pillars of stone1 the           
foundations of an ancient monastery     
#acc              ,cremation of a       
,buddhist priest1 and our reception     

by the high priest of the remaining     
temple           #acd      ,,xiii4      
,,java ,,and ,,buddhism                 
#acg-adf              ,java1 the jewel  
of the ,dutch ,crown1 has               
thirty-five millions of people          
#aci              ,the culture system   
makes it immensely productive     #aci  
,mistakes of ,holland in matters of     
government and               education  
#adj              ,a back-bone of       
volcanic mountains furnishes            
unsurpassed railway views               
#adj              ,endless fields of    
rice and sugar-cane on hillside         
and plain                               
#ada              ,a passionate people  
reveal themselves in their              
music1 their shadow-dances1 their use of
 the               ,malay dagger        
#ada              ,the new policy of the
 ,dutch government shown in             
the botanical gardens                   
#adb              ,more scientific and  
practical than those of ,ceylon1        

they minister to all the world          
#adb              ,doctor ,lovink1      
,dutch minister of agriculture1         
conducts us                             
#adc              ,the temple of ,boro  
,budor1 restored after ruin1 the        
greatest wonder of ,java                
#adc              ,five times as great  
as any ,english cathedral           #adc
              ,sculptures in            
alto-relievo that would stretch three   
miles                                   
#add              ,a picture-gallery of 
the life of ,buddha                #add 
,buddhism has no personal or living     
,god1 and no               atonement for
 sin                                    
#ade              ,boro ,budor1 slowly  
disintegrating1 has no power to         
combat either ,mohammedanism or         
,christianity          #ade       ,,xiv4
  ,,the ,,renaissance ,,in ,,india      
#adg-afa              ,this essay1 a    
summary of the book of ,professor       
,andrews1 formerly of ,delhi1 now       

associated with               ,sir      
,rabindranath ,tagore                   
#adi              ,but with additions   
and conclusions of my own           #adi
              ,the ,renaissance in      
,europe needed a ,reformation           
to supplement it1 and a similar         
renaissance in               ,india     
requires a similar reformation          
#aej              ,history of religious 
systems in ,india begins with           
the ,rig-,veda1 and is followed by the  
,upanishads      #aeb                   
,hindu incarnations are not permanent1  
and the               ,trimurti is not  
the ,christian ,trinity                 
#aec              ,the ,krishna of the  
,puranas is a model of the              
worst forms of vice                     
#aed              ,deification of ,god's
 works fixes the distinctions of        
caste1 and the degradation of woman     
#aed              ,christianity is      
needed to unite the ,hindu and the      
,moslem                                 

#aee              ,signs of an          
approaching reformation in the weakening
               of class barriers and the
 spiritual interpretation               
of the old religions                    
#aef              ,the ,brahmo-,somaj   
and the ,arya-,samaj aim to             
bring ,hinduism back to the standards of
 the               ,vedas               
#aeh              ,the ,aligarh         
,movement among the ,mohammedans1       
and the ,aligarh ,college in ,delhi     
#aeh              ,swami ,vivekananda1  
and his denial that men are             
sinners                                 
#aei              ,the ,theosophical    
,society and ,mrs4 ,besant1 a           
hindrance to missions                   
#afj              ,justice ,renade1 in  
his social reform movement1 sees        
in ,christianity the one faith which can
 unite all               races and all  
religions in ,india                     
#afj              ,in ,christ alone     
,india's renaissance can become a       

complete reformation                    
#afa        ,,xv4  ,,missions ,,and     
,,scripture                             
#afc-agh              ,some critics deny
 ,jesus' authorship of the ,great       
,commission                             
#afe              ,we must examine the  
historical method1 so called     #afe   
,as often employed1 it is inductive but 
not deductive1               horizontal 
but not vertical                        
#aff              ,deduction from ,god's
 existence normally insures             
acceptance of ,christ                   
#afh              ,deduction from       
,christ's existence normally insures    
acceptance of ,scripture                
#afi              ,scripture is the     
voice and revelation of the eternal     
,christ                                 
#afi              ,the exclusively      
inductive process is not truly          
historical                              
#agj              ,both ,paul and ,peter
 gained their theology by               

deduction                               
#aga              ,since experience of  
sin and of ,christ is knowledge1        
it is material for science              
#agc              ,the eternal ,christ  
guarantees to us the unity of           
,scripture                              
#agd              ,also the sufficiency 
of ,scripture                    #age   
,also the authority of ,scripture       
#agf              ,the historical       
method1 as ordinarily employed1         
proceeds and ends without ,christ       
#agg              ,it therefore treats  
,scripture as a man-made book1          
and denies its unity1 sufficiency1 and  
authority     #agg              ,it sees
 in the ,bible not an organism1         
pulsating with               divine     
life1 but only a congeries of earth-born
               fragments                
#agg       ,,xvi4  ,,scripture ,,and    
,,missions                              
#agi-aih              ,the historical   
method finds in ,psalm #aaj only        

human authorship                        
#aha              ,and contradicts      
,christ himself by denying the          
reference in the psalm to him           
#ahb              ,a document can have  
more than one author1 shown             
in art as well as literature            
#ahc              ,predictions of       
,christ in the ,old ,testament          
convinced unbelieving ,jews             
#ahd              ,the historical method
 finds no prediction of                 
,christ in ,isaiah1 and so contradicts  
,john            #ahd                   
,effect of this method upon the         
interpretation               of the ,new
 ,testament                             
#ahe              ,it gives us no       
assurance of ,christ's deity1 and       
ignores ,old ,testament proofs that he  
is ,prophet1               ,priest1 and 
,king                                   
#ahe              ,value of the         
historical method when not exclusively  
inductive                               

#ahf              ,effect of this       
method1 as often employed1 upon         
systematic theology                     
#ahg              ,if ,scripture has no 
unity1 no systematic theology           
is possible                             
#ahg              ,unitarian            
acknowledgment that its schools have no 
theology at all                         
#ahi              ,effect of this method
 upon our theological                   
seminaries to send out disseminators of 
doubts       #ahi              ,effect  
of this method upon the churches of our 
denomination to destroy all reason for  
their               existence           
#aia              ,effect of this method
 upon missions to supersede             
evangelism by education and to lose all 
dynamic               both abroad and at
 home                              #aic 
,this method was made in ,germany1 and  
must be               opposed as we     
oppose arbitrary force in government    
#aie              ,the remedy is a      

spiritual coming of ,christ in the      
hearts of his people                    
#aig      ,,xvii4  ,,the ,,theology ,,of
 ,,missions                             
#aii-bab              ,is man's         
religious nature only a capacity for    
religion8                               
#bja              ,the will is never    
passive1 the candle is always           
burning                                 
#bja              ,moslem and ,hindu    
alike show both good and bad            
elements in their worship               
#bja              ,here and there are   
seekers after ,god1 and such are        
saved through ,christ1 though they have 
not yet               heard his name    
#bjb              ,first chapter of     
,romans gives us the best philosophy    
of heathenism                           
#bjc              ,heathenism1 the      
result of an abnormal and downward      
evolution                               
#bjd              ,the eternal ,christ  
conducts an evolution of the            

wheat1 side by side with ,satan's       
evolution of the               tares    
#bjd              ,all the good in      
heathen systems is the work of          
,christ1 and we may utilize their grains
 of truth     #bje                      
,illustrated in ,hindu incarnations and 
,moslem faith               in ,god's   
unity and personality                   
#bje              ,christ alone is our  
,peace1 and he alone can unite          
the warring elements of humanity        
#bjf              ,a moral as well as a 
doctrinal theology is needed in         
heathendom                              
#bjh              ,but external reforms 
without regeneration can                
never bring in the kingdom of ,god      
#bji              ,the history of       
missions proves that heart must         
precede intellect1 motive must accompany
 example     #baj              ,the love
 of ,christ who died for us is the only 
constraining power                      
#baj              ,only his deity and   

atonement furnish the dynamic           
of missions                             
#baa     ,,xviii4  ,,missions ,,and     
,,missionaries                          
#bac-bbc              ,missionary work  
results in a healthy growth of          
the worker                              
#bae              ,the successful       
missionary must be an all-round man     
#bae              ,he secures a training
 beyond that of any university          
course                                  
#baf              ,that training is     
spiritual as well as intellectual       
#baf              ,it tends to make him 
doctrinally sound as to                 
,christ's deity and atonement           
#bag              ,or convinces him that
 he has no proper place on a            
mission field                           
#bah              ,a valuable lesson for
 our societies and churches at          
home                                    
#bah              ,new ,testament       
polity1 as well as doctrine1 is tested  

by missions                             
#bai              ,our mission churches 
are becoming models of                  
self-support1 self-government1 and      
self-propagation                        
#bai              ,the physical         
environment of the missionary needs     
to be cared for                         
#bai              ,the large house1 many
 servants1 and an automobile1           
are great and almost necessary helps    
#bbj              ,all these can be     
obtained cheaply1 and should be         
provided                                
#bbj              ,other denominations  
furnish better equipment than           
ours                                    
#bbj              ,yet the days of      
missionary hardship are well-nigh       
past                                    
#bba              ,missionary trials are
 mainly social and spiritual2           
and there are enough of these           
#bba              ,but faithful work1 in
 spite of hope deferred1 will           

be rewarded at last                     
#bbb     ,i  ,a ,,week ,,in ,,japan     
,the ,pacific ,ocean was very kind to   
us1 for it answered to its name1 and was
 pacific beyond all our expectations4   
,sixteen days of smooth seas and lovely 
weather brought us by way of ,honolulu  
to ,yokohama4 ,only the last day of our 
voyage was dark and rainy4 ,but though  
the rain continued after our landing1   
,japan was picturesque4 ,on four out of 
our six days we drove about1 shut up in 
water-tight buggies called rickshaws4   
,they were like one-hoss-shays1 through 
whose front windows of isinglass we     
looked out upon the bare legs of our    
engineer and conductor1 who took the    
place of the horse for twenty-five cents
 an hour4  ,there were other sights on  
these rainy days--endless processions of
 slipshod men on wooden clogs1          
clattering their way through the narrow 
streets1 while they protected themselves
 from the watery downpour by flat       
oil-paper umbrellas2 other strong-limbed

 men acting as wheel-horses to draw or  
push incredible weights of lumber2 and  
saving themselves from the wet by bushy 
coats of straw that made them look like 
porcupines2 women1 little and big1      
carrying babies on their backs1         
occasionally a girl1 aged anywhere from 
four to eight1 loaded with a baby aged  
two2 shops1 shops1 shops1 one-storied1  
artistic1 fantastic1 with signs on which
 ,ah ,sing and ,ah ,tong have mingled   
,chinese characters and ,english1 and   
which inform you that the proprietors   
can furnish you with the sake of ,japan 
or the gasoline of the ,standard ,oil   
,company2 these things convince you that
 you are in the midst of a crowded      
population struggling for subsistence   
and ready to work1 a population of      
inexhaustible vitality and enterprise4  
,our first rainy day was distinguished  
by a visit to the palatial mansion of a 
,japanese millionaire4 ,mr4 ,asano1 the 
,president of the ,steamship ,company   
that brought us thither1 had invited the

 whole lot of first-class passengers to 
afternoon tea at his house in ,tokyo4   
,that house is a veritable museum of    
,japanese art4 ,it reminded us of the   
collections of ,mr4 ,j4 ,pierpont       
,morgan4 ,there was a great retinue of  
servants1 and we were escorted upon     
arrival to one of the topmost rooms1    
where we were served with tea and       
presented with symbolic cakes by a dozen
 gorgeously bedecked young girls1 who   
proved to be the children and           
grandchildren of our host4 ,this1       
however1 was only a preparatory welcome1
 for it was followed by the real        
reception in a great audience-room      
below1 where ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,asano1     
together with their eldest son and      
daughter1 gave us cordial greetings4 ,a 
couple of hundred of our fellow         
passengers were gathered there and were 
partaking of light refreshments1 with   
claret1 tea1 and mineral waters1 while  
an expert ,japanese juggler amused them 
with his feats of sleight of hand4 ,the 

tapestries and paintings of this house  
were exquisite products of taste and    
skill1 and the total effect was that of 
great wealth accompanied by true love   
for the beautiful4 ,but it was the      
mansion of an orthodox ,shinto and      
,buddhist1 for in every large room there
 was an alcove with the sitting figure  
of a bronze ,buddha4  ,a more distinctly
 ,christian entertainment for that same 
rainy day was our reception by the      
,conference of ,baptist missionaries and
 workers at the new ,tabernacle in      
,tokyo4 ,they had been called to meet   
,doctor ,franklin and ,doctor ,anderson1
 who had been sent by our ,foreign      
,missionary ,society to consult with    
them as to our educational policy in    
,japan4 ,we reached the ,conference on  
its last day of meeting1 and we had a   
most valued opportunity of observing its
 method of procedure4 ,half of those    
present were ,japanese workers who did  
not understand ,english1 and it was a   
new experience to address them when     

every word had to be interpreted4 ,the  
social intercourse that followed was    
delightful1 for it enabled us to greet  
our former pupils in considerable       
numbers4 ,we then took lunch at the     
house of ,doctor ,axling1 the pastor of 
the ,tokyo church1 while ,doctor ,tenny 
is ,president of the ,theological       
,seminary4 ,the little ,japanese        
missionary home1 with its tiny secluded 
garden1 its paper partitions1 and its   
mingled reminders of an ,american       
household1 were things long to be       
remembered4 ,not less to be noted was   
the gratitude for our visit which was   
shown by our hosts4 ,we had regarded    
ourselves as the persons honored and    
entertained4 ,we learned that           
missionaries in a heathen land          
wonderfully appreciate the sight and the
 companionship of friends from their    
distant home4  ,even more unexpected was
 our reception at the ,women's ,college 
of ,japan4 ,since ,i had been more than 
thirty years a trustee of ,vassar       

,college1 and for some years chairman of
 its board of trustees1 ,mrs4 ,strong   
and ,i were the guests of honor1 and ,i 
was the first speaker called upon4      
,before me were five hundred young women
 in more somber dress than prevails at  
,vassar4 ,all rose to welcome me at the 
beginning of my address1 and all rose   
again to thank me at its conclusion4    
,most of these students understood only 
,japanese and needed an interpreter4    
,doctor ,zumoto1 the accomplished editor
 of the ,japanese ,herald of ,asia1     
translated my address into his own      
language after ,i had finished1 having  
taken notes while ,i spoke4 ,until the  
very end ,i had the impression that this
 was a ,christian college1 and ,i       
innocently made the ,lord ,jesus the    
center and substance of my remarks1     
declaring that the renaissance of       
learning in ,japan needed to be         
supplemented by a reformation of        
religion4 ,only when the evening was    
over did ,i learn that the institution  

was not only undenominational1 but also 
non-religious1 having ,buddhist as well 
as ,christian professors4 ,doctors      
,anderson and ,franklin were also       
guests1 and when they followed me1 they 
made the same mistake and made          
,christian addresses4 ,but the ,japanese
 management is very polite and very     
liberal1 and even in the dinner that    
followed our faux pas did not provoke a 
word of criticism4 ,the guests at that  
dinner served by the students were from 
the most prominent educational          
institutions of ,japan4 ,we highly      
appreciated the honor done us1 and did  
not regret that in our ignorance of the 
situation we had given to that          
distinguished audience the true gospel  
of ,christ4  ,another dinner of a very  
different sort was that which we        
ourselves gave at the ,grand ,hotel of  
,yokohama to the ,rochester men4 ,to my 
surprise twenty-four persons sat down1  
but this number included at least ten of
 the wives4 ,chiba and ,axling1 ,tenny  

and ,topping1 the ,fishers1 father and  
son1 ,clement1 ,brown1 ,benninghoff1    
,takagaki1 ,kawaguchi1 all except the   
last with their wives1 made up the list4
 ,i was proud of them1 for they are     
leaders of thought and of education in  
,japan4 ,only ,doctor ,bearing's absence
 on furlough in ,america1 a furlough    
ended only by his lamented death1       
prevented us from inviting him1 though  
he was not a ,rochester man4            
,reminiscences of seminary life were    
both pathetic and amusing at that       
dinner4 ,one thing impressed itself upon
 my mind and memory3 ,our missionaries  
have not lost their sense of humor4     
,under all their burdens of anxiety and 
responsibility they have retained their 
sanity1 their hopefulness1 and their    
good fellowship4 ,the hilarity of our   
gathering was the bubbling over of      
cheerful dispositions1 and the          
safety-valve gave evidence that there   
were large reserves of steam4           
,missionaries are not a solemn set4     

,they are only a good set of human      
beings made in the divine image1 for is 
it not written that even ,he that       
sitteth in the heavens shall laugh8     
,the next day was the brightest of the  
bright4 ,we took advantage of it to     
visit the great temple of ,kamakura1 and
 to inspect the greatest artistic       
monument of ,japan1 the bronze image of 
,buddha4 ,it is a sitting statue1 with  
folded hands and eyes closed1 as if     
absorbed in mystic contemplation of his 
own excellence as a manifestation of    
deity1 and careless of the sorrows and  
sins of the world4 ,the great bronze    
image is fifty feet high1 but it is     
hollow4 ,we entered it1 climbed up by   
ladders to its shoulders1 and looked out
 of windows in its back4 ,its hollowness
 seemed symbolic1 for it has only the   
outward semblance of divinity and is    
deaf to all human entreaties4 ,on that  
same day we visited the temple of       
,hachiman1 the god of war1 most spacious
 and impressive in its park-like        

surroundings of ancient trees and noble 
gateways1 but fearful in its            
accompanying images of revenge and      
slaughter4 ,humanity needs compassion in
 the ,godhead4 ,the ,japanese have felt 
this1 and they have invented a goddess  
of mercy1 ,kwannon by name4 ,her shrine 
is the richest in ,japan4 ,it           
constitutes one of the greatest         
attractions of the capital4 ,millions   
visit it every year1 and the offerings  
of its worshipers support a whole colony
 of ,buddhist priests4 ,the avenue      
leading to the temple is lined with     
shops where mementoes of the goddess may
 be purchased1 as in ,ephesus of old    
silver shrines might be bought in honor 
of the great goddess ,diana4 ,it is the 
old story of buyers and sellers in the  
,jewish temple4 ,it was most pathetic to
 see a well-dressed and handsome woman  
bend herself almost double before the   
image1 clap her hands to call the       
attention of the goddess1 and then fold 
them in prayer1 possibly for the child  

that had hitherto been denied her4 ,it  
is well understood in this temple that1 
until the clink of coin is heard in the 
collection-box1 it is vain to suppose   
that even the goddess of mercy will     
listen to a prayer4  ,the god of war    
reigns in ,japan1 rather than the       
goddess of mercy4 ,war is more          
profitable4 ,the sale of munitions to   
the ,russian ,government is enriching   
,japan1 as our sales to the ,allies are 
enriching us4 ,the love of gain is an   
obstacle to the success of the gospel1  
here as well as in ,america4 ,nothing   
but a mighty influence of the ,holy     
,spirit can convince ,japan of sin1 and 
bring her to the feet of ,christ4 ,the  
work of our missionaries1 however1 is   
permeating all the strata of society4   
,western science and ,western literature
 are so bound up with ,christianity that
 ,japan cannot easily accept them       
without also accepting ,christ4  ,we    
wished to see mission work in a country 
field1 and we begged ,mrs4 ,fisher to go

 with us to ,kanagawa1 a suburb of      
,yokohama1 where an educated milkman is 
pastor1 and where the ,mary ,colby      
,school of ,christian girls attends the 
worship of his church4 ,the reverence   
and sincerity of the service impressed  
us4 ,the warmth and abandon of the      
singing put to shame our ,western       
quartet choirs4 ,here is a pastor who   
prefers to supplement his meager salary 
by selling milk on week-days1 rather    
than give up the satisfaction of seeing 
his church entirely self-supporting4 ,it
 seemed to me the model of a good       
ministry1 and the prophecy of a         
multitude of ,new ,testament churches in
 ,japan1 manned and financed and        
governed by the ,japanese themselves4   
,so long as we of the ,west furnish both
 the preachers and their salaries1 the  
,japanese will not learn to depend upon 
their own administration or their own   
giving1 and we will not have churches   
organized on correct principles and so  
rooted in the soil that they can stand  

the shocks of time and endlessly        
propagate the gospel4 ,may the little   
one in ,kanagawa become a thousand6     
,japan is a country where every prospect
 pleases1 and only man is vile4         
,immorality is its curse4 ,there is     
little drunkenness indeed1 and gambling 
is strictly prohibited4 ,but the        
relations of the sexes are almost wholly
 unregulated4 ,patriotism and filial    
devotion take exaggerated forms1 and    
girls can lead a life of shame in order 
to provide means for the education of   
their brothers4 ,general ,nogi and his  
wife can commit suicide when his sons   
are killed in battle1 and the whole     
country can regard it as so noble a deed
 that the general's desire to extinguish
 his family name is not permitted to    
prevent the adoption of it by another4  
,the ,japanese are a nation of wonderful
 natural gifts4 ,honor1 enterprise1     
submission1 accessibility to new ideas1 
powers of imitation and invention1 make 
them the leaders of the ,orient4        

,steamships of twenty-two thousand tons1
 and equal to any ,atlantic ,cunarders1 
yet built in their own dockyards by     
shipwrights who twenty years ago knew   
nothing of their trade1 are a proof of  
extraordinary plasticity and ability4   
,civilization and ,christianity may find
 new expression1 if the ,japanese are   
subdued by the ,cross of ,christ4  ,my  
interest in missions has been doubled   
since ,i came in contact with the       
practical work of our missionaries4 ,we 
have able and devoted representatives on
 this foreign field1 and ,i believe that
 ,god will make them mighty to dethrone 
,buddhism1 and to crown ,christ ,lord of
 all4 ,yes1 every prospect pleases4     
,when ,i sailed through the ,inland ,sea
 of ,japan1 two hundred and forty miles 
long1 studded with hundreds of islands  
small and great1 islands often          
surmounted with glistening white temples
 or fortifications1 ,i thought our      
,thousand ,islands of the ,st4          
,lawrence1 and even the ,isles of the   

,greek gean1 were not to be mentioned in
 comparison4 ,the landlocked harbor of  
,nagasaki1 with its encircling hills1 is
 finer than our ,golden ,gate of the    
,pacific4 ,fuji-yama1 snow-capped and   
symmetrical1 seen against the crimson   
sunset sky1 is more beautiful even than 
,mount ,ranier when seen from ,tacoma1  
or ,vesuvius when seen from ,naples4    
,japan is a land for poetry and song1 a 
land to awaken the loftiest patriotism1 
a land to inspire and lead the world4   
,provided1 ah yes6 provided1 it can be  
converted to ,christ1 and made his      
servant4 ,the ,japanese is a natural    
orator2 he has organizing ability of the
 highest order2 he is accessible1 yet   
independent4 ,now is the time to make   
him a preacher of the gospel to all the 
,east4 ,china and ,india have already   
felt the influence of his military and  
political progress4 ,let us1 by pouring 
in the light of ,christianity1 make him 
also their leader in true religion6     
,,ii  ,a ,,week-,,end ,,in ,,china      

,hongkong is a city wonderful for       
situation and for trade4 ,it has a      
landlocked harbor encircled by          
precipitous hills and large enough to   
float the navies of the world4 ,it is   
the second largest port on earth for    
exports and imports1 over six hundred   
million dollars' worth in a year4 ,it is
 a meeting-place of the ,east and the   
,west1 a fortress of ,britain in ,china1
 a conglomeration of people1 a center of
 influence for ,japan and for ,india1 an
 object-lesson in sanitation1 education1
 and municipal government4 ,the         
dominating religion is that of the      
,church of ,england1 and the ,hongkong  
,university1 though endowed in part by  
wealthy ,chinese1 follows ,english      
models and has a staff of ,english      
professors4  ,i mention ,hongkong only  
to make more clear my description of    
,swatow1 its northern neighbor4 ,the    
situation of ,swatow is very like that  
of ,hongkong4 ,a noble harbor encircled 
by steep hills1 it is one of the chief  

ports between ,hongkong and ,shanghai1  
and only a single night's steamer-ride  
from ,hongkong4 ,its attraction to us   
lay in the fact that it is more ,chinese
 than ,hongkong1 a principal seat of    
,presbyterian and ,baptist missions1 and
 not so dominated as is ,hongkong by the
 ,church of ,england4 ,as ,hongkong is  
an island1 so our ,baptist ,mission     
,compound is on an island1 separated    
from the city of ,swatow by the bay on  
which hundreds of sampans and           
fishing-boats with lateen sails are     
always riding1 and at whose wharves many
 a great steamship is loading or        
unloading freight4 ,when our vessel     
arrived1 we were quickly surrounded by a
 multitude of smaller craft1 manned by  
clamorous tradesmen selling wares or    
seeking employment4 ,the commissioner of
 ,british customs1 who was our fellow   
passenger1 most courteously invited us  
to share his motor-launch1 and when we  
had landed on the other side of the bay 
he sent us up the hill to the mission   

compound in two of his sedan-chairs1    
each one borne by two stout men in      
picturesque uniform3 and wearing the    
insignia of the customs office4  ,a word
 about the ,english customs may be      
interesting4 ,to satisfy ,english       
creditors1 and later1 to pay interest on
 indemnities for the ,boxer uprising1   
,china mortgaged the larger part of her 
duties on foreign imports4 ,sir ,robert 
,hart was appointed ,inspector ,general1
 to superintend this collection of      
duties4 ,he introduced system and       
honesty1 where before there had been    
only disorder and peculation4 ,from     
twenty to thirty million dollars are in 
this way collected every year4 ,swatow  
is the third port in the amount thus    
obtained1 itself furnishing two to three
 millions of the aggregate result4 ,but 
this putting her collection of customs  
into the hands of foreigners1 though it 
has taught ,china her own wastefulness  
and the superiority of ,western finance1
 is a burden so humiliating that it     

cannot always continue4 ,when ,china    
fully awakes1 she will realize her      
strength and will reclaim what her      
weakness ceded to ,great ,britain4  ,our
 mission compound is one of the noblest 
in the ,east4 ,it is due to the         
foresight and executive ability of ,dr4 
,william ,ashmore1 ,senior4 ,he began   
his missionary work in ,bangkok1 ,siam1 
but was transferred by our ,missionary  
,union to ,swatow1 with the view of     
opening ,china to our missionary        
efforts4 ,he had ,irish blood in his    
veins4 ,he was witty and eloquent1      
fervid and passionate4 ,but he was also 
a man of grit1 and a hero of the faith4 
,he wanted a quiet base of supplies from
 which he could send out expeditions    
into the heart of ,china4 ,he had no    
means of any account4 ,but he saw the   
possibilities in these steep and barren 
hillsides opposite ,swatow1 and for six 
hundred dollars he bought a tract which 
he gradually turned into a garden1 with 
twenty mission buildings and residences 

so thrust into the rocks and so         
overhanging one another1 that the whole 
plant seems a miracle of engineering4   
,like a fortress1 it commands the city  
of ,swatow across the bay1 very much as 
,governor's ,island commands ,new ,york4
 ,from its church and its schools have  
gone out a score of evangelists and     
native pastors1 to turn ,swatow and the 
whole country within a radius of a      
hundred miles into a present seed-plot  
and a future garden of the ,lord4       
,william ,ashmore1 ,senior1 died seven  
years ago4 ,but he left a son of the    
same name1 who is a ,chinese scholar of 
wide reputation1 a sound theologian1 and
 a leader greatly beloved4 ,he has      
nearly completed a translation of the   
,bible into the colloquial ,chinese--a  
felt need of many years4 ,at his house1 
so wedged into the rocky hillside that a
 typhoon might seem equal to washing it 
down into the bay1 we were most         
hospitably entertained4 ,here we spent a
 memorable ,sabbath ,day4 ,at the church

 service1 at least five hundred         
church-members and pupils of the various
 schools were gathered1 and ,i addressed
 them on ,faith1 as ,both a ,giving and 
a ,taking--a giving of one's self1 and a
 taking of ,christ to be ours4 ,doctor  
,ashmore interpreted my talk to the     
audience1 sentence by sentence4 ,the    
whole service was to me an inspiring    
illustration of ,new ,testament order   
and simplicity1 for my address and the  
sermon of ,doctor ,ashmore which        
followed had been preceded by free      
participation of members of the church1 
in which one happy father arose to give 
thanks for the birth of a girl-baby1    
after five sons had been given him--a   
great change from the time when new-born
 girls were despised and often thrown   
out into the street4 ,this reverent     
congregation1 worshiping ,god in freedom
 and sincerity1 seemed the prophecy of a
 redeemed ,china4 ,this congeries of    
schools1 from kindergarten to           
theological seminary1 with ,ashmore1    

,capen1 ,page1 and ,waters for          
instructors1 and ,groesbeck1 ,speicher1 
,lewis1 ,foster1 and others for         
evangelists1 has already permeated a    
whole province with ,christian teaching4
 ,it needs an institutional plant in the
 city1 where it already has a noble     
location1 and it also needs a           
motor-launch to carry its students to   
the field across the bay1 where they can
 find opportunity to win the multitude  
to ,christ4  ,even ,swatow is partly    
,anglicized4 ,we wished to see old      
,china1 heathen ,china1 and ,brother    
,groesbeck gave us the opportunity4     
,only twenty miles from ,swatow lies the
 city of ,chao-yang1 where this pioneer 
missionary has for eighteen years been  
stationed4 ,chao-yang is a larger city  
than ,swatow2 the ,chinese count it as  
containing a population of three hundred
 thousand4 ,it is the converging point  
of all the trade that reaches ,swatow   
from a hundred miles to the south and   
the west4 ,yet all this trade is        

conducted through a narrow canal1 so    
congested with boats that there are     
innumerable delays4 ,even when the boats
 reach the waters of the bay1 the       
remaining channel is shallow for lack of
 dredging1 and launch-progress is very  
slow4 ,we had ocular proof of this      
latter evil2 but we at last reached the 
dock4  ,then came a reception entirely  
new to our experience1 and one which we 
can never forget4 ,eighty young men from
 the mission school met us1 all in white
 uniforms with sashes of blue4 ,we      
passed through their lines1 forty boys  
on each side baring their heads as we   
passed4 ,then a procession was formed4  
,a brass band1 with bugles and          
resounding drums1 led the way4 ,the     
student escort followed4 ,after the long
 rows of boys came an honor-squad of    
,chinese soldiers1 shouldering their    
guns and bearing the ,chinese and the   
,american flags4 ,this portion of the   
escort had been furnished by the        
,chinese governor1 who in this way      

certainly showed his friendly regard for
 the ,american mission4 ,we concluded   
the procession1 sitting in our          
sedan-chairs1 each of our party of four 
borne upon the shoulders of four men4   
,the band struck up1 a great explosion  
of firecrackers ensued1 and we began our
 journey of a mile and a half to the    
gates of the city1 and then two miles   
and a half farther through its crowded  
streets1 until we reached the mission   
buildings and the residence of ,mr4 and 
,mrs4 ,groesbeck on the other side of   
the town4 ,the ,chinese are great on    
ceremonial1 and all this reception had  
been arranged by the students           
themselves1 in honor of ,mr4            
,groesbeck's teacher and his teacher's  
wife4 ,needless to say that ,i was      
astounded at such a reception1 for      
,augustus ,csar never made an imperial  
entry in ,rome more thrilling than the  
triumphal entry which ,augustus ,strong 
made that day into the great city of    
,chao-yang4  ,mr4 ,groesbeck said that  

no public notice had been given of our  
coming4 ,yet the whole population of    
three hundred thousand seemed to have   
come out to meet us4 ,imagine a street  
two and a half miles long1 but only ten 
to fifteen feet wide1 thronged with     
water-carriers and beasts of burden     
compelled to give way to our great      
procession6 ,every nook and corner of   
the way1 the fronts of the one-storied  
shops and the entrances to the          
cross-streets1 were all a perfect sea of
 faces--rows of children little and big 
overtopped by rows of half-naked men1   
with scores of women peering wistfully  
from windows in the rear--faces by      
thousands and tens of thousands1 till it
 seemed as if the whole population of   
the planet had emptied itself into      
,chao-yang4 ,i looked upon hundreds of  
splendid forms of men1 naked above the  
waist1 and carrying heads worthy of     
notice from any sculptor1 none of them  
hateful1 all of them impressed and      
wondering1 and they seemed to me the    

embodiment of ,china crying out for     
,god4 ,when we were only half-way       
through the city1 the endless masses of 
humanity had so impressed me that ,i    
could not restrain the tears4 ,the sight
 was simply overwhelming4 ,and all this 
the parish of one man6 ,it is to save   
this great city1 now almost wholly given
 to idolatry1 that ,mr4 ,groesbeck asks 
for money to build in its very center an
 assembly-room and an institutional     
church1 and that ,doctor ,lesher asks   
for a hospital building to facilitate   
his medical work4  ,i made an address to
 those eighty boys that evening1 as they
 stood at attention before me4 ,half of 
them were still heathen1 but their      
fathers had sent them to this ,christian
 school1 believing that they needed a   
better religion than that of ,confucius 
or of ,buddha4 ,i urged them to become  
soldiers of ,christ1 and to follow him  
as their ,commander4 ,i did not conceal 
from them the fact that such following  
might involve opposition and earthly    

loss4 ,but ,i promised them that1 if    
they suffered with ,christ1 they would  
also reign with him4  ,we returned from 
,chao-yang very sober and thoughtful1   
for our visit had been a revelation of  
appalling needs4 ,swatow seemed a       
paradise after such a visit4 ,the       
smiling faces of so many ,christians1   
and the signs of a truly ,christian     
civilization1 inspired me with new hope 
for the future4 ,but our time had come  
for leaving ,china1 at least            
temporarily1 and ,india was at once to  
be visited4 ,our departure from ,swatow 
was almost as spectacular as our entry  
into ,chao-yang4 ,there was no military 
guard1 and there were no firecrackers1  
but there was a fine brass band of      
academy boys1 to lead our procession of 
sedan-chairs1 as we passed through the  
long lines of scholars who had gathered 
with their teachers to bid us farewell4 
,the schools were all represented4      
,first came the little kindergartners1  
then pupils of the grammar school1 the  

girls' school1 the women's school1 the  
,bible-women's training-school1 the     
boys' academy1 and finally1 the         
theological seminary4 ,they numbered    
more than three hundred in all4 ,some of
 the teachers accompanied us to the     
steamer4 ,we parted from them with      
regret1 but we were thankful that they  
could remain to prepare the way for a   
new religion1 education1 and            
civilization in ,china4  ,my week-end in
 ,china leaves me with a new sense of   
the vastness of the heathen world1 and  
of its absolute dependence upon ,christ1
 as its only possible ,saviour4 ,the    
question whether the heathen will ever  
be saved if we do not give them the     
gospel1 is not so serious a one for us  
as the other question whether we        
ourselves will ever be saved if we do   
not give them the gospel4     ,,iii     
,,manila1 ,,singapore1 ,,and ,,penang   
,each of these cities might seem to be  
the ,new ,jerusalem1 if you were to see 
only its ,european part and the dress of

 its inhabitants4 ,their ,european      
residents are all arrayed in white4 ,not
 all of them are saints1 however4 ,the  
white is purely external and compulsory4
 ,heat is a great leveler1 and we are   
nearing the equator4 ,when we approached
 ,manila we were in the tail of a       
typhoon1 but the danger was past4       
,indeed1 since we left ,san ,francisco1 
we have encountered no storm1 have had  
only smooth seas1 and have witnessed    
continually what schylus called the     
innumerable laughter of the ocean waves4
  ,it was pleasant to perceive that     
,american enterprise and administration 
have transformed ,manila1 the capital of
 the ,philippine ,islands1 from a       
medieval into a modern city4 ,its newly 
constructed streets and pavements1      
water-works and drainage1 electricity   
and the trolley1 have turned this old   
and dilapidated ,spanish town into a    
place of order and beauty4 ,its parks   
and gardens1 its municipal buildings and
 hospitals1 are an object-lesson to all 

beholders4 ,the walls of the fort still 
remain1 but the moat has been filled up4
 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,cathedral shows 
the large designs of a former priesthood
 to capture the people by architecture  
and ceremonial4 ,but ,protestant        
churches1 missions1 and schools1 are    
coming to have the first place in       
popular esteem4 ,the former palace of   
the ,spanish governor is now the        
meeting-place of the democratic         
legislature1 and the ,jones ,bill1      
recently passed by our ,congress1 but   
now locally known as the ,bill ,jones1  
has given hopes of a complete and speedy
 ,filipino independence4  ,our          
observation of the place1 and our       
intercourse with residents of ,manila1  
lead us to doubt the wisdom of our      
immediate relinquishment of authority   
over these islands4 ,eager as are the   
,filipino leaders for self-government1  
they have not yet learned the art of    
self-restraint4 ,the recent trouble in  
the great hospital illustrates this4    

,its ,american superintendent has       
resigned his office1 for the reason that
 his ,filipino staff and subordinates   
conspired to make discipline and        
sanitary regulations impossible4 ,they  
desired to manage the institution       
themselves1 when they were incompetent  
to enforce cleanliness and order4 ,what 
happens in hospital work happens also in
 all branches of civil administration4  
,it will take a whole generation to     
raise up officials who can be trusted to
 do their work for the public good1     
rather than to provide comfortable and  
remunerative positions for themselves4  
,we visited the spot1 five miles away1  
where our ,american troops1 under       
,admiral ,dewey1 landed to besiege the  
town4 ,we motored to ,fort ,mc,kinley   
also1 where our soldiers still command  
the situation4 ,but our main interest   
was in the mission schools and in the   
interdenominational theological         
seminary4 ,in these educational         
institutions all the instruction is in  

the ,english language4 ,they are        
,americanizing as well as evangelizing  
the population4 ,the establishment of   
universal and compulsory school         
attendance will in a few years turn a   
,spanish-speaking into an               
,english-speaking people1 and will unify
 the education and the civilization of  
the islands4 ,nothing indeed is more    
remarkable in the ,orient than the      
gradual superseding of the native       
dialects by the printed and spoken      
,english4 ,in the great country of      
,india1 it is to be remembered1 ,english
 is the required language in school and 
court1 as well as in every government   
office4 ,even the ,romanizing of written
 ,chinese and ,japanese will make vastly
 easier the political unity and the     
religious evangelization of ,china and  
,japan4  ,when we reached ,singapore1 we
 found ourselves in one of the world's  
greatest ports of entry4 ,it is also one
 of the keys to the ,orient1 as ,sir    
,thomas ,raffles perceived more than a  

century ago4 ,its splendid government   
buildings and its strong fortifications 
show that the ,british propose to hold  
it to the end4 ,the recent incipient    
revolt1 which was fortunately nipped in 
the bud when it seemed to the           
conspirators on the verge of success1   
and which was punished by the summary   
execution of thirty or forty rebels     
without the news of it getting into the 
papers1 showed that ,germany had much to
 hope for and ,britain much to fear from
 the unrest of these heterogeneous      
populations4 ,i had a vivid reminder of 
all this at the ,methodist ,episcopal   
,mission1 where ,i found over sixteen   
hundred scholars in attendance1 and     
where ,i addressed five hundred of them 
at their morning prayers4 ,one of the   
chief difficulties of ,christian work in
 ,singapore is the aggregation and      
mixture of races4 ,seven different      
nationalities are represented in the    
schools4 ,the ,tamil1 the ,malay1 and   
the ,chinese are the most numerous1 and 

of these the ,chinese take the lead4    
,fifty thousand ,chinese immigrants     
enter the port of ,singapore every year1
 mainly because there is employment for 
them in the rubber plantations of the   
,straits ,settlements4 ,the congestion  
of population in ,china drives them     
southward to ,singapore1 and from       
,singapore they swarm northward to      
,burma1 southward to ,java1 and westward
 to ,india4  ,this mixing up of the many
 different nationalities makes it       
impossible for the missions in          
,singapore to teach their pupils in any 
other language than the ,english4 ,this 
requisition of ,english seems to some of
 the people a slur upon their own       
tongue1 and a sign of ,british          
ascendency4 ,they are jealous of the    
,english1 even while they perceive their
 own dependence upon them4 ,only        
,british justice and watchfulness can   
keep in check the disposition to revolt 
on the part of some classes with which  
the government has to deal1 especially  

when these classes are stirred up by    
,german spies and ,german money4 ,thus  
far all seditious attempts have been put
 down1 and the traveler learns to bless 
the wisdom of ,british administration1  
and to rest secure and confident under  
the folds of the ,union ,jack4  ,we left
 ,singapore for ,penang with some       
regret1 for the reason that large       
steamers must be exchanged for small    
steamers4 ,the one we took was          
exceedingly good and modern4 ,another on
 which we embarked somewhat later seemed
 to have come down from the days of     
,noah and the ark4 ,but ,british        
steamers1 however old and small1 are    
clean and safe4 ,you get there all the  
same4 ,on our way to ,rangoon our first 
stop was at ,port ,swetterham1 from     
which we motored twenty-seven miles to  
,kuala ,lumpur1 the capital of the      
,federated ,malay ,states--federated    
under the ,british ,crown4 ,here is a   
city of ,malays and ,chinese1 with      
,british government buildings1          

,mohammedan mosques1 ,buddhist temples1 
an ,english cathedral1 and a ,methodist 
church4 ,our road thither led us through
 seemingly endless forests of rubber    
trees and of coconut palms4 ,the        
profusion of tropical vegetation was    
both novel and impressive4 ,these       
,federated ,malay ,states furnish the   
world with more than half its supply of 
rubber1 and many ,english and ,american 
investors are growing rich from the     
soaring of prices induced by the war4   
,penang1 however1 furnished us with our 
greatest sensation4 ,it was a ,chinese  
funeral4 ,in this city of two hundred   
thousand inhabitants1 a millionaire     
,chinese banker had died4 ,he was a     
,buddhist as well as a ,confucianist1   
but also a loyal and patriotic supporter
 of charitable institutions1 and of the 
,british rule4 ,he had given to the     
,british government a number of         
aeroplanes to facilitate its military   
operations1 and a large sum of money for
 its war-loan4 ,when he died1 the       

customary worship of ancestors1 which is
 a part of ,chinese religion1 as well as
 gratitude for his past gifts1 prompted 
his family to plan a sumptuous funeral4 
,it is said to have cost them thirty    
thousand dollars4 ,we arrived in ,penang
 just in time to see the show4 ,all the 
way from ,singapore1 indeed1 we were    
accompanied on our steamer by a fine    
brass band1 which was only one of three 
brass bands hired to furnish music for  
the funeral service4  ,my powers of     
description fail1 when ,i attempt to    
tell the wonders of a funeral procession
 fully a half mile long4 ,it was headed 
by a symbolic float of waxwork figures1 
in which a colossal horse1 prancing on  
its hind legs1 seemed just about to soar
 into the air4 ,the horse was held in by
 four angelic forms following and       
holding in their hands scepters of      
royalty4 ,this apparition reminded me of
 the horses and chariot in which ,elijah
 ascended to heaven1 and it seemed to   
indicate that the deceased had departed 

with all the honors heaven and earth    
could bestow4 ,a band of music          
accompanying the float1 and playing     
solemn but not mournful strains1 gave   
color to this interpretation4 ,a retinue
 of sedan-chairs1 decorated with all the
 colors of the rainbow1 came next in    
order4 ,these sedan-chairs were empty of
 occupants1 and contained long strips of
 red paper on which were written the    
names and merits of the millionaire's   
ancestors1 to be read by ,buddhist      
priests at the grave4 ,the chairs were  
each the gift of some relative or friend
 of the departed4 ,they symbolized the  
welcome given him by those who had gone 
before him to the better land4 ,a second
 band of music was followed by a        
body-guard of ,british soldiers in      
khaki1 deputed by the ,british governor 
to show his estimate of the character   
and loyalty of the deceased4  ,then came
 the hearse1 if hearse it could be      
called4 ,it was really an enormous      
catafalque1 decorated with gold tinsel  

and costly embroideries4 ,peacocks and  
birds of paradise were depicted on its  
silken hangings4 ,a dozen men1 in       
elaborate robes of blue1 carried this   
gaudy structure upon their shoulders1   
while other gorgeously attired          
attendants bore great ribbon-banners of 
satin1 say twenty feet long by four feet
 wide and of the most brilliant colors1 
inscribed with ,chinese characters and  
making known the virtues of the         
departed4 ,but the most curious part of 
the procession1 was yet to come4        
,preceded by the third band of music    
were the offerings of food and drinks   
which were to furnish sustenance to the 
spirit in the world into which he had   
now entered4 ,there were six roasted    
sucking-pigs1 laid in order1 on portable
 tables1 with baskets of rice1 oranges1 
bananas1 all kinds of fruit and         
confectionery1 and cups of tea and      
wines4 ,these were carried to the       
cemetery1 to be presented to the        
departed spirit at the grave1 then      

jealously guarded for an interval1      
finally in part given to the officiating
 priests1 and in part consumed at a     
feast held by the surviving members of  
the family4 ,the costlier the offerings1
 the better would the feast be enjoyed4 
,there was no lack of priests in this   
ceremonial4 ,they were young and        
clean-shaven1 and looked as if they had 
enlisted for this very service4 ,i      
thought ,i could discern a sly twinkle  
in their eyes1 as they inspected the    
preparations for the feast1 before the  
march began4  ,the mourners must not be 
forgotten4 ,among the ,chinese1 white1  
and not black1 is the appointed sign of 
mourning4 ,the four wives of the        
deceased and the members of his family  
were accordingly dressed in the coarsest
 of white sackcloth1 with ashes         
sprinkled over their faces1 and they    
walked behind the hearse1 howling4 ,it  
was a piteous spectacle1 reminding one  
of the professional and hired wailers in
 ,palestine1 where the mourners go about

 the streets1 uttering dismal           
lamentations which can be bought for    
money4 ,far be it from me to suggest    
that such was the lamentation which we  
heard that day1 for there is reason to  
believe that in this case the deceased  
was respected and beloved4  ,this       
ceremonial had required long and        
elaborate preparation4 ,the death indeed
 occurred last ,july2 the body had been 
embalmed2 it had lain in state and open 
to public inspection for four whole     
months2 the funeral did not take place  
until ,november4 ,a vast amount of      
detail had been attended to and provided
 for4 ,great packages of silken         
umbrellas had been stored to shield the 
heads of guests and servants4 ,all the  
bearers of sedan-chairs1 scores in      
number1 were clad in silken uniforms2   
there were banners1 and inscriptions1   
and lanterns1 galore4 ,everything was   
done to impress the ,chinese multitude  
with the greatness of the occasion4 ,but
 it was all a glorification of man and  

of his virtues4 ,there was no confession
 of sin1 nor assurance of pardon2 no    
proclamation of a divine ,redeemer2 no  
promise of life and immortality in      
,christ4 ,heathen religions are man's   
vain effort to win heaven by merits of  
one's own4 ,only ,christianity is ,god's
 revelation of salvation without money  
and without price1 through the sacrifice
 and death of his only ,son4 ,this is   
the gospel which ,confucianist and      
,buddhist1 ,hindu and ,mohammedan1 need 
to-day1 and which1 thank ,god1 our      
missionaries are giving them4     ,,iv  
,,three ,,weeks ,,in ,,burma   ,burma is
 the land of pagodas4 ,these places of  
worship are the most striking feature of
 every landscape4 ,their bell-shaped    
domes1 startlingly white1 or so covered 
with gold-leaf as to shine resplendent  
in the sunlight1 crown many a hilltop   
and constitute the chief beauty of the  
towns4 ,the pagodas are usually solid   
structures of brick1 with facings of    
plaster1 and they are buildings at      

which1 rather than in which1 worship is 
offered4 ,there are exceptions1 however4
 ,the more ancient of these edifices1   
like the ,ananda at ,pagan1 have inner  
chambers enshrining gigantic statues of 
,buddha1 with corridors around the      
chambers1 quite comparable to the aisles
 of ,english or ,french cathedrals4 ,but
 the greatest of all the ,burmese       
pagodas1 the ,shwe ,dagon of ,rangoon1  
is a solid mass of brick1 with no       
interior cell1 yet enormous in size1    
erected on a broad platform one hundred 
and sixty-six feet from the ground1     
towering to an additional height of two 
hundred and seventy feet1 and crowned   
with a jewelled umbrella at the total   
elevation of four hundred and thirty-six
 feet above the teeming streets of the  
city below4 ,the main platform from     
which the pagoda proper rises is an     
immense court nine hundred feet long by 
six hundred and eighty-five feet wide1  
and crowded with minor pagodas and      
shrines4 ,this great esplanade is       

approached from the four points of the  
compass by long covered arcades1 lined  
with shops in which offerings of every  
description can be bought4 ,on the      
marble floor of the main court and      
before the minor shrines these offerings
 are presented by scores of worshipers  
prostrating themselves before statues of
 ,buddha of every size4 ,and yet the    
great conical or bell-shaped dome of the
 pagoda is its chief attraction1 for    
this is covered with gold-leaf from its 
base to its summit1 and its shining     
splendor salutes the traveler from miles
 and miles away4  ,the religion of      
,burma is ,buddhism4 ,buddhism is a     
religion of merit1 so called1 and the   
surest way to acquire merit is by       
building a pagoda4 ,repairing an old    
pagoda will not answer the purpose2     
hence many an old pagoda goes to ruin1  
side by side with a new one coated with 
whitewash or gold-leaf4 ,curiously      
enough1 the epoch of pagoda-building was
 almost coincident with that of         

cathedral-building in ,england and      
,france1 that is1 from ,a4 ,d4 #ajjj to 
#abjj4 ,when one sees at ,pagan an area 
along the ,irrawaddy ,river eight miles 
long and only two miles wide1 with      
nearly five thousand pagodas1 multitudes
 of them small and in ruins1 but many   
still standing great and splendid in    
their proportions1 it seems impossible  
to doubt that a certain genuine         
religious impulse1 however blind and    
mistaken1 led to their erection4 ,there 
they stand1 mere relics of a magnificent
 past1 but now erect in the midst of    
desolation1 with only scattered huts    
about them1 where once there must have  
been a dense population1 rich and       
lordly4 ,the fate of these towering     
monuments of idolatry and superstition1 
now for the most part given over to the 
moles and the bats1 shows what ,god can 
do for pagodas1 and encourages us to    
believe that missionary effort will be  
mighty through ,god to the pulling down 
of similar more modern strongholds1     

together with all the high things that  
exalt themselves above the knowledge of 
his truth4  ,this leads me to speak of  
the great missionary work that is now   
honeycombing and undermining the        
foundations of heathenism in this       
pagoda-land4 ,we came to ,burma to see  
what ,god has wrought4 ,the labors and  
sufferings of ,adoniram ,judson appealed
 to us even in our childhood4 ,we wished
 to see how the mustard-seed which      
,judson sowed in faith has grown up to  
bear fruit4 ,so we went to ,aungbinle1  
where for twenty long months ,judson was
 imprisoned and tortured4 ,there we     
seemed to hear ,god's word to ,moses3   
,take off thy shoes from off thy feet1  
for the place where thou standest is    
holy ground4 ,we were reminded also of  
the burning bush1 which was ever burning
 but not consumed4 ,great forward       
movements in history are born in        
suffering4 ,through death to life1 and  
the cross before the crown--that was the
 way of ,christ1 and it will be the way 

of his followers4 ,we gathered1 a small 
group of missionaries and visitors1 in  
the little chapel that has been built   
upon the site of that old prison1 and we
 prayed1 with a lot of dusky villagers  
and children before us1 that ,god would 
yet more gloriously prosper the work of 
missions4  ,we had every advantage in   
our investigations in ,burma4 ,thirteen 
of my former pupils are now missionaries
 in that land4 ,for many years they have
 been inviting me to visit them4 ,nine  
missionaries met us at the dock1 as we  
landed from ,singapore and ,penang4     
,they have made our visit delightful by 
their affectionate and boundless        
hospitality4 ,morning1 noon1 and night  
have been full of sightseeing1 of       
visiting mission churches and schools1  
of chotas1 or little breakfasts1 of     
tiffins or substantial lunches1 or      
afternoon-teas and dinners at the close 
of the day4 ,the social and kindly      
spirit of it all has turned what        
otherwise would have been wearisome into

 a succession of pleasant experiences4  
,but there has been work1 and there has 
been hard thinking also4 ,making three  
addresses a day1 longer or shorter1 for 
three weeks in succession1 is no        
sinecure4 ,i am sometimes called an     
octogeranium1 but ,i have not been      
permitted to waste my sweetness on the  
desert air4 ,it is a wonder to me that  
,i have survived so much stress and     
rushing1 but ,i am compelled to say that
 good appetite and good sleep have made 
me feel in better health and spirits    
than for many months before4  ,what ,i  
have seen has gladdened my eyes and     
warmed my heart4 ,closer contact with   
mission work and mission workers has    
broadened my ideas1 given me more       
sympathy1 more zeal1 and more hope4 ,the
 vastness of these heathen populations1 
their appalling needs1 together with    
their infinite possibilities1 have      
dawned upon me as never before4 ,burma  
has sixty millions of people4 ,it is a  
most fruitful land1 never visited by the

 famines which ravage ,india proper1 the
 land west of the ,bay of ,bengal4 ,it  
enshrines a religion which1 with all its
 ignorance and superstition1 is more    
free from gross immorality than that    
which prevails on the other side of the 
bay4 ,its people are the most           
heterogeneous of any upon earth4 ,though
 the proud ,burman native is still the  
dominant power1 he has now to compete   
with the rising intelligence of the     
,karens1 the sturdiness of the ,chinese1
 and the subtlety of the ,hindus4 ,these
 last two peoples have in late years in 
large numbers migrated hither4          
,mohammedan mosques are rising side by  
side with the older ,buddhist pagodas4  
,the ,parsees are numerous and          
influential1 and theosophists are not   
rare4 ,rangoon is probably the capital  
city of ,buddhism1 for here at any rate 
is its most splendid temple4 ,and       
,rangoon is a sort of melting-pot of all
 races4 ,burmans and ,chinese are       
intermarrying1 and are producing a most 

vigorous offspring4 ,sikhs and ,malays1 
by their peculiar dress1 make           
picturesque the streets4 ,i know of no  
greater mixture of races1 unless it is  
in the city of ,new ,york1 where we have
 more ,jews than there are in           
,jerusalem1 and more ,italians than     
there are in ,rome4 ,here in ,rangoon1  
however1 all these peoples preserve     
their distinctive characteristics of    
dress and language1 so that racial      
differences are more apparent4  ,the    
,roman ,catholics and the               
representatives of the ,church of       
,england have made great efforts to     
capture ,burma4 ,they have established  
noble plants in the way of church       
edifices1 hospitals1 and schools4 ,the  
leper asylum of the ,romanists is an    
impressive and worthy provision for the 
housing and treatment of hundreds thus  
afflicted4 ,the cathedral and school of 
the ,anglican ,church show a most       
praiseworthy estimate of the needs of   
this great province of the ,british     

,empire1 and breakfasting with ,bishop  
,fyffe1 the metropolitan of ,rangoon1   
gave us a pleasing impression of his    
kindly ,christian spirit4 ,the          
,methodist ,episcopal ,church has also  
its representative here1 and all of     
these evangelizing agencies are         
supplemented by the work of the ,y4 ,m4 
,c4 ,a41 the ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 and the   
,salvation ,army4 ,yet it is not too    
much to say that the ,baptists have     
first place in ,burma1 both in          
church-membership and in education4 ,we 
were the first ,christian denomination  
upon the ground2 we have leavened the   
country with our influence2 our ,mission
 ,press has furnished the ,bible in     
several different languages to the      
people of ,burma2 our schools are the   
most advanced in grade and the most     
numerously attended2 our churches are   
most nearly self-governing and          
self-supporting4 ,we have great reason  
to thank ,god and take courage4  ,all   
this is the growth of a single century4 

,it was in the year #ahac that the      
,judsons arrived in ,burma1 and it was  
six years after that the first ,burman  
convert was baptized4 ,in #ahbh the     
first ,karen convert followed ,christ4  
,these two were the first-fruits from   
the two leading races of ,burma4 ,since 
their baptism there has sprung up a     
flourishing ,christian community which  
embraces representatives both of the    
indigenous races of ,burma and of the   
immigrant peoples from ,india proper1   
from ,china1 and from other lands4 ,the 
,baptist churches in ,burma to-day1 as  
their official representatives inform   
us1 enroll members gathered from        
eighteen different nationalities1       
besides members of the ,anglo-,indian or
 ,eurasian type4 ,the entire ,christian 
community in ,burma1 according to the   
,government ,census of #aiaa1 numbers   
#baj1jha2 of which number1 #abb1bfe are 
,baptists1 while #fj1jhh are ,roman     
,catholics1 #bj1ghd are ,anglicans1     
#a1fge are ,methodists1 and the         

remainder are distributed among smaller 
sects4 ,that one ,protestant convert of 
#ahai has become an army of one hundred 
and fifty thousand4  ,we must add to    
this numerical statement the facts that 
a corps of ,christian leaders has been  
trained and put into service2 that      
native ,christians have found their way 
into influential positions as           
magistrates1 township officers1 teachers
 of schools1 inspectors of police1 and  
clerks in all departments of the        
government4 ,christian men are prominent
 in business and professional circles1  
as traders1 contractors1 brokers1       
physicians1 lawyers2 and the ,christian 
character is everywhere recognized and  
honored4 ,a church1 to a large degree   
self-propagating1 has been planted in   
,burma4 ,a complete system of missionary
 education has been organized4 ,modern  
philanthropic work for the relief and   
prevention of physical ills has been    
transplanted to ,burma4 ,the ,sunday    
,school1 the ,christian ,endeavor       

,society1 the temperance movement1 are  
common methods of ,karen and of ,burmese
 church activity4 ,an extensive         
,christian literature has been provided1
 in addition to the printing of the     
,bible in all the main languages of the 
country4 ,in fact1 a ,home ,mission     
,society1 for the evangelization of the 
natives in the remoter sections of the  
country1 is in active operation4 ,when  
we remember that all this is the product
 of a hundred years1 in a land where    
only a little while ago ,christianity   
was a persecuted religion1 we praise    
,god for the result4  ,i must mention   
two features of my visit which claim    
special attention4 ,i refer to the work 
of the collegiate and other schools1 and
 to the hospitality of non-,christian   
gentlemen4 ,we have inaugurated in      
,burma a graded system of education1    
under government inspection1 and leading
 to full university training4 ,nothing  
in my travels interested me more than to
 see hundreds of boys and girls of      

,burmese and ,karen families1 in which  
girls have hitherto been unable to read 
or write1 singing ,christian hymns from 
books with the music and words before   
them4 ,the great need of ,france1 as the
 ,emperor ,napoleon once said1 was good 
mothers4 ,it is equally true of ,burma1 
and little children carry back into     
idolatrous homes their love for ,christ1
 and their juvenile protest against     
heathenism4 ,i addressed several        
audiences of a thousand each1 where the 
full half were girls and women1 no      
longer secluded and ignorant1 but       
prepared to assume responsibility as the
 mothers and trainers of a new race of  
,burmans4 ,in these schools1 exclusive  
of the seminaries and ,bible schools1   
there are enrolled more than #cj1jjj    
pupils1 who pay annual tuition fees of  
more than #hj1jjj4 ,the ,morton ,lane   
,school at ,maulmain1 the ,eurasian     
,school at the same place1 the          
,kemendine ,school in ,rangoon1 the     
,girls' ,school at ,mandalay1 have each 

of them about three hundred scholars1   
and they are sending out influences     
which will in a few years revolutionize 
the civilization and the religion of    
,burma4 ,other schools of not so high a 
grade are doing equally faithful work4  
,our ,baptist ,college at ,rangoon is   
caring for the higher grades of         
education1 and is preparing hundreds of 
young men for teaching and for          
government service4 ,it was inspiring to
 address a thousand of its scholars1    
under the direction of ,principal ,david
 ,gilmore1 ,d4 ,d41 formerly of         
,rochester4 ,the endowment of such an   
institution in this heathen land would  
be an achievement worthy of some        
,christian millionaire in ,america4 ,and
 the same thing may be said for our     
,burman ,theological ,seminary at       
,insein under ,dr4 ,john ,mc,guire1 and 
our ,karen ,theological ,seminary under 
,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,thomas4  ,that walls of   
partition are breaking down under the   
influence of ,christianity1 was made    

plain to us by invitations to take      
breakfast with a noted ,parsee          
barrister1 and to take afternoon-tea    
with a wealthy ,mohammedan gentleman1   
both of them citizens of ,rangoon4 ,the 
courtesy and intelligence of these hosts
 of ours will always be a delightful    
memory1 while their novel and beautiful 
homes revealed to us what art and nature
 can do when united in other than       
,christian surroundings4 ,our ,parsee   
barrister had obtained his education    
largely in ,england1 and the ,mohammedan
 gentleman had enjoyed intercourse with 
the best of our ,american missionaries4 
,the ,moslem friend still maintained a  
sort of seclusion for his wife1 and only
 the ladies of our party visited her in 
her private apartments4 ,but when we    
rose to depart1 he surprised us all by  
asking that we offer prayer1 and he     
endorsed the prayer that was offered by 
uttering a hearty ,amen4 ,as we stood   
ready to go1 it was easy to pray for a  
blessing upon the house and the family  

which we were leaving behind us4        
,respect for ,christianity1 and a       
conviction that ,christian education is 
the great need of the future1 are       
already permeating the higher classes of
 ,burman society4  ,the climax of our   
stay in ,burma was reached when ,lord   
,chelmsford1 the viceroy of ,india1     
visited ,rangoon1 and the lieutenant    
governor invited us to an afternoon-tea 
in his honor4 ,the pandal1 or reception 
pavilion1 erected at the dock where the 
viceroy landed and where he was received
 with a salute of thirty-one guns1 had  
been filled that morning by the lite of 
,burman society1 fifteen hundred in     
number1 and the address of welcome had  
drawn from the viceroy a fitting        
response4 ,all ,rangoon was a wonder of 
decoration4 ,arches with ,saracenic     
domes built by the ,moslems1 pagodalike 
structures built by the ,buddhists1     
,parsee towers1 and ,hindu temples1     
appeared at many street-crossings1 and  
one long avenue was lined on either side

 with elevated rows of benches upon     
which were seated thousands of children 
from the schools4 ,the viceroy passed in
 triumphal procession between files of  
soldiery1 with cavalry for a body-guard 
and a dense mass of humanity thronging  
the sidewalks1 looking on and cheering4 
,at night1 the streets and public       
buildings were brilliantly illuminated1 
and the great pagodas glittered like    
gems from top to bottom1 encircled with 
rings of electric lights4  ,we reached  
the ,government ,house1 the scene of the
 afternoon lawn-tea1 through clouds of  
dust raised by four lines of vehicles   
that struggled for precedence4 ,at last 
we emerged in the grounds before the    
stately edifice where the lieutenant    
governor resides1 and we were presented 
to ,lord and ,lady ,chelmsford4 ,the    
viceroy and his wife were simple and    
gracious in manner1 and they made us    
feel that we were conferring as well as 
receiving honor4 ,a group of forty      
dancing-girls1 in antique ,burmese      

costumes1 were giving a performance on  
one part of the emerald lawn1 while on  
another white-robed servants were       
setting before the guests all manner of 
refreshments4 ,so1 amid music and       
feasting1 the day ended4 ,with the      
oncoming darkness the viceroy and his   
lady retired to their apartments in the 
great government residence1 and at the  
same time the whole company joined in   
singing ,god ,save the ,king6 ,it was a 
striking close to our experiences in    
,burma1 for fully half of the guests    
that day were ,hindus and ,mohammedans1 
each one of them arrayed in gorgeous    
garments and decorated with jewels4 ,it 
left in our minds the fixed impression  
that the hold of ,great ,britain upon   
,burma and indeed upon all ,india is    
largely due to the ,christian character 
of ,british rule1 and that missionary   
work of evangelization and of education 
is to be given large credit for ,india's
 present universal loyalty to the       
,british ,crown4  ,this chapter would   

not be complete without special mention 
of the dinner of our ,rochester men4 ,we
 number thirteen of them in ,burma1 and 
they fill very important places in the  
work of missions4 ,two are graduates of 
our university1 but not of our          
seminary--,mr4 ,f4 ,d4 ,phinney1 the    
superintendent of our ,mission ,press1  
and ,dr4 ,david ,gilmore1 the acting    
principal of our ,baptist ,college4     
,with the wives who graced the company1 
seventeen persons sat down at table4    
,singiser presided2 ,mc,guire gave us   
welcome2 ,dudley1 ,cochrane1 ,rogers1   
,hattersley1 ,crawford1 added spice to  
the occasion4 ,the rewards of a teacher 
sometimes come late1 but they are very  
sure4 ,when ,i saw that gathering of    
missionary workers1 and remembered      
,geis1 ,cope1 and ,streeter1 who were   
prevented from coming1 ,i felt that my  
labor had not been in vain in the ,lord1
 since ,burma is being transformed by   
,rochester4  ,and ,i shall never forget 
a final reception given us at an        

afternoon-tea by ,dr4 ,d4 ,w4 ,a4       
,smith1 the president emeritus of the   
,karen ,theological ,seminary at        
,insein1 and by his estimable wife1 to  
whom ,i had had the privilege of        
presenting a memorial album1 on behalf  
of all the teachers and missionaries1 on
 the occasion of her seventy-sixth      
birthday4 ,doctor ,smith and ,mrs4      
,smith are honored and beloved by all   
who know them4 ,like myself1 he has     
served the cause of theological         
education for forty years1 and has now  
retired for partial rest4 ,i am glad    
that my name can be in any way connected
 with his1 for ,i am sure that his works
 will follow him4     ,v  ,,mandalay    
,,and ,,gauhati   ,these two places are 
types of two different religions1 the   
,buddhist and the ,hindu4 ,mandalay in  
,burma is the representative of         
,buddhism2 ,gauhati in ,assam           
illustrates ,hinduism4 ,the hill of     
,mandalay is crowned by a pagoda so     
unique and splendid that it draws       

pilgrims from every part of ,burma2 the 
hill at ,gauhati is similarly attractive
 in ,assam4 ,i have thought that a      
description of the two1 and of the      
worship at each of them1 might serve to 
fix in memory the differences between   
these leading religions of the ,british 
,empire in ,india4  ,mandalay was the   
terminus of our third excursion into the
 more remote parts of ,burma4 ,from     
,rangoon as a center of operations1 we  
went first to ,bassein1 where our       
,burman and our ,karen schools for boys 
and girls are beautifully located4      
,bassein is one hundred and ninety-two  
miles west of ,rangoon4 ,maulmain1 our  
second object of interest and           
visitation1 is one hundred and          
seventy-one miles distant from ,rangoon 
on the south and east4 ,here our great  
missionary1 ,adoniram ,judson1 began his
 work1 and here are two of our chief    
schools for girls4  ,mandalay is farther
 removed from ,rangoon than are either  
,bassein or ,maulmain4 ,it lies three   

hundred and eighty-six miles to the     
north4 ,it was a former capital of      
,burma4 ,it contains the palace of ,king
 ,thebaw1 the foundations of which are  
reputed to have been laid upon human    
sacrifices1 and from which the king was 
driven after a long and fierce ,british 
assault4 ,ancient tradition decreed that
 only sacred edifices should be built of
 brick4 ,thebaw's palace is therefore of
 wood1 though it is gorgeous with       
carving and gilt4 ,surrounded by a wide 
and deep moat1 there is a walled        
enclosure of more than a mile square1   
whose gateways are picturesque in the   
extreme1 and which to all but modern    
cannon would be an impregnable fortress4
  ,but it is the ,hill of ,mandalay that
 most excites the traveler's wonder and 
admiration4 ,upon its summit1 commanding
 a far-reaching view of the winding     
river and of endless paddy-fields1 with 
mountains in the distance1 stands a     
pagoda which is in many respects more   
remarkable than the great ,shwe ,dagon  

pagoda at ,rangoon4 ,this one at        
,mandalay might indeed be called four   
separate pagodas1 on successive heights1
 and connected with one another by a    
straight stairway in part hewn out of   
the solid rock and in part built of     
masonry4 ,the stairway consists of eight
 hundred and twenty-two steps1 in four  
different series1 each series leading to
 a broad open platform on which rises a 
separate temple with a colossal image of
 ,buddha in its center4  ,from below1   
this long stairway1 with its railing of 
brick or concrete and its quartet of    
gilded pagodas shining in the sun1 is a 
picturesque and unique object4 ,the     
crowning pagoda seems almost impossible 
of access4 ,it is set upon such a       
height1 however1 for the purpose of     
making the ascent to the altar          
difficult1 and so of adding to the merit
 of its worshipers4 ,the stairway1 even 
when cut in the rock1 has often forty or
 fifty steps so narrow1 that the ascent 
from platform to platform is actually   

precipitous4 ,the entire series of      
steps1 from the bottom of the hill to   
the top1 is roofed over with sheets of  
corrugated iron1 until the whole looks  
like a covered way to the clouds4 ,going
 up seemed an exciting adventure4 ,my   
physician had forbidden my climbing1 and
 my wife declared that she could not    
attempt the walk4 ,the problem became   
serious4  ,the difficulty was removed by
 bringing from the missionary's house   
two solid teak-wood armchairs1 to serve 
us after the sedan fashion4 ,long poles 
of bamboo were lashed underneath them1  
and1 after we had seated ourselves1     
eight men1 four for each chair1 lifted  
these poles1 with their superimposed    
,american pilgrims1 upon their          
shoulders4 ,then began a triumphal      
march1 which at every step of the ascent
 threatened to become a funeral march4  
,the bearers all had bare feet1 feet    
twice as long as the steps were broad1  
so that they practically went upward on 
their toes4 ,a single misstep would have

 caused disaster--nothing less than an  
avalanche of coolies1 chairs1 and       
pilgrims4 ,but my secretary guarded me1 
the missionary guarded my wife1 and we  
went up in safety4  ,going upward some  
two hundred steps1 we rested upon a     
platform with a pagoda which enshrined  
the statue of a ,buddha perhaps twenty  
feet in height and covered with         
gold-leaf from top to toe4 ,any         
worshiper can prove his faith by        
clapping a bit of gold-leaf upon the    
statue4 ,the result is that the hands   
and feet of ,buddha are thick with      
encrusted gold4 ,he holds out his hands 
in seeming invitation4 ,two hundred feet
 more brought us to a second platform   
and a second pagoda in which ,buddha    
also appears2 but now he is in the      
attitude of teaching4 ,still another    
ascent1 and we come to a pagoda in which
 ,buddha stands1 a towering form fifty  
feet in height1 with his finger extended
 in expectation toward the plain4 ,and a
 final ascent brings us to a colossal   

,buddha1 now reclining1 as if his work  
were done and he were entering upon the 
bliss of ,nirvana4 ,at this last stage  
there is also a series of waxwork       
figures which symbolize the vanity of   
life and of human desire4 ,four forms   
represent1 first1 the babe at its       
mother's breast2 secondly1 the youth    
full of vigor2 then the older man       
haggard with care2 and finally1 the     
corpse1 upon whose vitals the birds of  
the air are preying4  ,from the summit  
of this ,mandalay ,hill1 another pagoda1
 almost as famous1 is to be seen4 ,i    
mean the ,kuthodaw1 in the plain below4 
,this is four hundred and fifty pagodas 
in one1 all but one of them little      
edifices1 each with a small sitting     
statue of ,buddha within it4 ,an even   
more remarkable thing is that each of   
these diminutive pagodas has also within
 it a portion of the ,buddhist          
scriptures1 engraved upon a solid block 
of stone1 and all of these together make
 up the ,tripitaka1 upon which the      

,buddhist pins his faith4 ,in the center
 of the grand enclosure stands a        
beautiful white pagoda1 with wreaths of 
gold about its graceful spire4 ,the long
 rows of little temples1 with their     
attempt to preserve the holy book in an 
enduring form1 are a monument to the    
faith of ,king ,thebaw's uncle who      
planned it4 ,few people1 however1 read  
the writing upon the stones4 ,for any   
practical result it is necessary to have
 the law of the ,lord written upon the  
tables of the heart4  ,the descent from 
,mandalay ,hill was even more hazardous 
than the ascent1 for we were in         
continual danger of slipping from our   
chairs and knocking over the bearers4   
,we were profoundly grateful when we    
reached the level ground again and found
 that we had survived4 ,our experiences 
with ,buddhism were instructive4 ,the   
saffron robes of the omnipresent priests
 and monks undoubtedly cover much       
laziness and much willingness to depend 
for a living upon others4 ,but every    

,burman boy expects to spend some time1 
though it may be only a week or a month1
 in a monastery4 ,there he usually      
learns to read1 though his main work is 
that of memorizing certain portions of  
the ,buddhist scriptures4 ,so far as ,i 
have been able to learn1 there are no   
positive immoralities connected with    
,buddhistic worship4 ,the example of    
,buddha has in it some worthy elements1 
such as the renunciation of earthly and 
sensual ambitions4 ,but ,buddhism1 for  
all that1 is a pessimistic religion4 ,it
 denies to man the existence of a soul1 
and it gives him no hope for anything   
but practical extinction4 ,buddha no    
longer lives to help his worshipers4 ,in
 the struggle with sin1 there is no     
atonement for the transgressions of the 
past1 and no prospect of perfection in  
the future4 ,hence the preaching of     
,christ1 crucified for our sins and ever
 present with his people1 is to the     
,buddhist a revelation so novel and so  
entrancing1 that it captivates and      

transforms him4 ,christianity humbles   
pride1 but it saves the soul4 ,it shows 
the impossibility of obtaining salvation
 by merit of our own1 and our absolute  
dependence upon the grace of ,god4      
,christianity awakens gratitude1 and    
leads to unselfish devotion4 ,it turns a
 ,saul into a ,paul1 and makes him a    
missionary and a hero4  ,gauhati is the 
present capital of ,assam1 as ,mandalay 
was once the capital of ,burma4 ,like   
,burma1 ,assam is overrun by ,hindus1   
who seek employment in the              
tea-plantations and in every other      
species of labor4 ,these ,hindus have   
brought their religion with them1 and in
 ,assam the animistic religions of the  
natives very commonly give way to the   
more poetic and philosophic faith of the
 ,hindus4 ,in ,gauhati the ,hindus have 
established a temple which attracts     
thousands of pilgrim worshipers from all
 parts of ,assam and indeed of ,india1  
as the pagoda of ,mandalay attracts     
pilgrims from all parts of ,burma4 ,the 

,gauhati temple1 like that at ,mandalay1
 is set upon a beautiful hill not far   
from the town1 approached only by a long
 and stony climb1 though with many a    
rest-house on the way4 ,this temple and 
its worship so illustrate ,hinduism1    
that a slight account of its origin and 
beliefs seems to be necessary4  ,the god
 ,siva had a goddess for a wife4        
,displeased with her unfaithfulness1 he 
seized her1 and with her as his captive 
he flew through the air1 and as he flew1
 he cut her in pieces4 ,the middle      
portion of her body fell to the earth on
 this hill1 and consecrated forever this
 spot near ,gauhati4 ,in the temple and 
grove of this hill the goddess is       
worshiped by such rites as will please  
one of low and licentious tastes4 ,in   
fact1 the rites of this temple are said 
to be the most obscene of any in the    
,british possessions4 ,there are reputed
 to be a thousand virgins1 who subsist  
in and upon the temple4 ,the extent to  
which they are virgins may be judged by 

the number of fatherless children       
clinging to their robes or carried      
about4 ,these virgins1 as is well known1
 are married to the god of the          
temple--which may mean married either to
 the priests of the temple1 or to the   
worshipers of the temple4 ,i asked a    
missionary whether these virgins1 after 
their term of service1 could contract an
 ordinary marriage4 ,i was answered that
 the girls were married to the temple   
for life4 ,one of these unfortunate     
women led by the hand a beautiful little
 daughter4 ,on being asked who the      
father was1 the mother replied3 ,how    
should ,i know8 ,i am a temple-woman4   
,so the gratification of illicit passion
 becomes a religious act4 ,the residents
 of ,gauhati are free to visit the      
temple1 and so1 alas6 are the eight     
hundred students of the ,english college
 only two miles away4 ,who can measure  
the corrupting influence of this temple 
upon the lives of the people over a wide
 area in ,assam8  ,a student of the     

college1 who was also a priest of the   
temple1 met one of our party on his     
visit4 ,this student-priest was a young 
man of more than ordinary intelligence4 
,he endeavored to palliate the evil of  
the temple-worship1 and to clothe its   
acts with spiritual significance4 ,he   
pointed to the spot where goats and     
buffaloes were offered in sacrifice1 and
 he claimed that this offering was made 
in expiation of sin4 ,such an           
explanation of ,hindu sacrifices is     
altogether futile4 ,the sense of guilt  
is so dull in ,hinduism1 that sin is    
little more than external and physical  
impurity1 and may be simply failure to  
conform to a prescribed act of          
ceremonial worship4 ,the true meaning of
 sacrifice for sin has1 in ,india1 been 
derived solely from ,christian          
preaching4 ,this particular student had 
many an opportunity to hear such        
preaching1 and the knowledge of         
atonement which he tried to mix with his
 ,hindu theology was probably gained    

from missionary sources4 ,it was an     
illustration of the incidental and      
indirect ways in which ,christian       
missions are permeating these ,oriental 
lands1 and are forcing these old        
religions to adopt some of the          
fundamental ideas of ,christianity4     
,these ideas are misunderstood and      
misstated1 so that they become in large 
part forms of error4 ,but               
notwithstanding1 they may pave the way  
for a fuller knowledge of the truth1 and
 for the entrance of ,christ into the   
heart and into the life4     ,,vi       
,,calcutta1 ,,darjeeling1 ,,and         
,,benares   ,calcutta is the largest    
city of ,india4 ,it numbers more than a 
million inhabitants1 of whom #fjj1jjj   
are ,hindus1 #cjj1jjj are ,mohammedans1 
and less than #ajj1jjj are ,christians4 
,the name of the city is derived from   
,kali1 the goddess-wife of ,siva1 the   
,destroyer2 and her temple is one of the
 most filthy and disgusting in all      
,india4 ,in this temple ,i saw one of   

its many priestesses cutting into bits  
the flesh and entrails of a goat1 which 
had been offered in sacrifice1 in order 
that the poorest worshiper might have   
for his farthing something bloody to    
present at the altar4 ,it was the altar 
of a fierce1 cruel1 and lustful goddess1
 whose black and ugly image could be    
dimly seen within the shrine4 ,a        
stalwart priest followed me with hand   
outstretched for a contribution4 ,it was
 a novel sensation to hear him utter1 in
 excellent ,english and with seeming    
reverence1 the words1 the great goddess 
,kali1 as if no one could doubt her     
power4 ,it reminded me of the great     
goddess ,diana1 whom all ,asia and the  
whole world once worshiped1 but whose   
temple is now an indistinguishable heap 
of ruins4 ,the worship of a goddess so  
vengeful and sensual as ,kali throughout
 ,india1 a worship both of lust and of  
fear1 shows how ineradicable is the     
religious instinct1 but how perverted it
 may become when existing apart from    

divine revelation4  ,there is another   
temple in ,calcutta of a somewhat better
 sort4 ,i refer to the temple of the    
,jains1 that mongrel sect which is      
partly a reformed ,hinduism1 and partly 
a worship of ,buddha4 ,its temple is a  
model of cleanliness and of ,oriental   
art4 ,its decoration consists largely of
 inlaid glass of all the colors of the  
rainbow4 ,walls1 ceilings1 and columns  
are fairly ablaze with tinted arabesques
 that reflect every ray of the sun4     
,fountains and lawns and statues mingle 
their attractions4 ,the effect is one of
 splendor and beauty4 ,jainism is       
conservative ,hinduism1 recurring to the
 ancestral worship of the ,vedas1       
exaggerating its doctrine of the        
sanctity of animal life1 repudiating its
 later licentious developments1 and     
taking in ,buddha1 not as the supreme   
and sole teacher of religion1 but as    
only one of its great saints and heroes4
  ,the real glory of ,calcutta is its   
relation to modern missions4 ,here is   

the chapel in which ,william ,carey     
preached1 and in which ,adoniram ,judson
 was baptized4 ,its spacious            
construction evinces the faith and hope 
of its founders4 ,but it is in          
,serampore1 which1 though fourteen miles
 away1 is almost a suburb of ,calcutta1 
that ,carey's work was done4 ,how       
wonderful that work was6 ,a consecrated 
cobbler1 he mastered the languages of   
the ,orient1 and gave the ,bible to     
,india in several of its tongues4 ,he   
received from the ,british ,government  
large compensation for his services as  
interpreter and translator1 but he gave 
back all the money he received1 in order
 to support schools and missions4 ,the  
noble college at ,serampore1 with its   
hundreds of students1 is his best       
memorial4 ,his tomb in the cemetery     
witnesses to his humility of spirit4 ,it
 stands at one corner of a triangle1    
with the tombs of ,marshman and of ,ward
 at the two remaining corners1 but the  
only inscription he permitted to be     

engraved upon it is the two lines of the
 hymn1      ,a wretched1 lost1 and      
helpless worm1     ,on thy kind arms ,i 
fall4  ,so he left his testimony to the 
need1 and the power1 of ,him who will   
ultimately demolish ,hindu temples and  
enthrone ,christ in ,india4  ,from      
,calcutta we traveled about three       
hundred and seventy miles northward to  
,darjeeling4 ,we wished to see the      
,himalayas4 ,a most tortuous narrow-gage
 railway lifted us gradually to a height
 of seven thousand feet4 ,and there we  
had the unusual privilege of seeing the 
sunrise tipping with rosy light the     
snowy peak of ,kinchinjinga1            
twenty-eight thousand feet high and     
forty-six miles away4 ,mt4 ,everest1 a  
hundred miles distant1 is twenty-nine   
thousand feet high1 but from ,darjeeling
 is invisible4 ,kinchinjinga is nearly  
twice as high as ,mont ,blanc1 and its  
glittering mass is a spectacle never to 
be forgotten4 ,curiously enough1 upon   
the summit of ,observatory ,hill1 from  

which we gained our view1 the immigrant 
,tibetans had erected their shrine1 and 
long1 inscribed paper and muslin        
streamers1 enclosing a large quadrangle1
 gave to the winds their prayers4 ,no   
idol was to be seen4 ,the worship seems 
to be far more spiritual than that of   
the ,hindus4 ,nature seems to have      
taught that secluded race of ,tibetans a
 more primitive religion than modern    
,hinduism4 ,it is a religion mixed with 
,buddhism1 but preserving the earlier   
view of a divinity in natural objects1  
which ,hinduism has almost wholly       
outgrown4  ,our next point of           
investigation was ,benares1 the holy    
city1 the ,mecca and ,jerusalem of the  
,hindus4 ,it is a hotbed of heathen     
enthusiasm and of blinded devotion4 ,the
 sacred river ,ganges flows by1 with    
tier upon tier of temples rising from   
its steep banks--such a congestion of   
religious edifices that one might almost
 doubt whether they had left room for   
any but priests to live4 ,every day1    

hundreds of pilgrims troop through its  
streets and throng these temples1       
presenting their flowers and their      
offerings1 making their sacrifices1 and 
listening submissively to the           
instructions and threatenings of the    
priests4 ,every temple has its sacred   
animals1 to be sacrificed or worshiped4 
,the ,golden ,temple1 so-named1 is      
covered with gold-leaf from its spire to
 its base4 ,the noisy crowd in its      
corridors1 the noisome odors of its     
sanctuaries1 the adjurations of its     
priests and their evident aim to turn   
religion into financial gain1 disgust   
the ,christian traveler1 while they show
 him how deeply rooted in the human     
heart is this towering system of        
idolatry and superstition4  ,but only   
the water-view of ,benares presents     
,hinduism in its most characteristic    
aspect4 ,it is the sacred river that    
makes sacred the town4 ,this river is   
regarded as itself divine1 for it had   
its source in the mouth of ,brahma4     

,hence it is endowed with life-giving   
and purifying powers4 ,it is bordered   
for a full mile by a grand succession of
 palaces and temples1 of bathing ghats  
and of burning ghats4 ,here the ,hindu1 
often after long pilgrimage1 washes away
 his defilement and prepares himself to 
die4 ,when death actually comes1 his    
relatives wash his body in the holy     
stream4 ,but the bathing ghat only makes
 ready for the burning ghat4 ,these     
burning ghats are castle-like edifices1 
from which the smoke of burning flesh   
ascends continually4 ,cremation1 with   
the ,hindu1 takes the place of burial4  
,the ashes are collected and are        
preserved in a tomb4 ,to die in         
,benares1 and to have a temple for a    
tomb1 is the surest passport to         
happiness in a future state1 since the  
transmigration of souls into higher or  
lower forms is an essential doctrine of 
modern ,hinduism4  ,a wealthy resident  
of ,benares courteously offered us the  
use of his observation-boat to view the 

scene upon the river in the early       
morning4 ,this river-craft was a        
double-decker1 propelled by oars from   
the lower deck4 ,from the upper         
platform1 one could overlook the        
ceremonial washings of hundreds of      
pilgrims4 ,stalwart men plunged         
themselves three times into the stream1 
looked toward the sun1 joined their     
hands1 spoke a prayer1 rinsed their     
sacred cord1 cleansed their raiment1 and
 then1 reclad1 went to the priest on his
 platform1 to be smeared with ashes on  
the forehead and marked with a little   
colored dot1 as a certificate that they 
had correctly performed their vow4      
,brahma1 ,vishnu1 and ,siva1 had each   
his worshipers and his priests1 to give 
the appropriate mark4 ,the holy man was 
there1 either upon his bed of spikes or 
in an attitude which suggested torture1 
and ready to receive the homage1 and the
 money as well1 of his benighted        
admirers4 ,mothers were present1        
immersing not only themselves but also  

their children4 ,all the bathers must   
drink of the muddy and fetid water1 for 
purification internal is as needful as  
purification external4 ,and so1 hundreds
 of worshipers every day1 and on special
 feast-days thousands1 drink this water 
of the sacred ,ganges1 foul with the    
stains of disease and reeking with the  
sweat of the dead4 ,it is no wonder that
 the burning ghats have no lack of      
business1 and no wonder that medical    
experts have traced epidemics of        
cholera1 smallpox1 and plague1 in       
,western lands1 to this city of         
,benares1 where ,satan's seat is4 ,the  
throne of the great adversary1 however1 
seems to be built on very insufficient  
foundations1 for not a few of the       
temples which line the steep banks of   
the river have toppled over1 or have    
sunk into the yielding sand4 ,their     
massive fragments1 at the base of long  
stairways of stone1 show how hideous is 
the ruin of any system of religion which
 is not founded upon ,christ1 the ,rock4

     ,,vii  ,,lucknow1 ,,agra1 ,,and    
,,delhi   ,at last we are on ,mohammedan
 ground--at least on ground where       
,mohammedanism has a powerful1 and      
perhaps a controlling1 influence4 ,this 
northwest part of ,india was the scene  
of ,moslem conquest in the ninth        
century4 ,mohammedans have always       
proudly contemned idolatry1 and they    
have often been iconoclasts1 as many    
headless ,hindu images can witness4     
,northwest ,india saw the rise and the  
strength of the great mutiny of half a  
century ago1 but it was ,moslem rajas   
and faithful ,moslem troops who helped  
to put it down4  ,mohammedan faith in   
the unity and personality of ,god might 
at first sight seem to render its       
adherents more accessible than are      
,hindus to the gospel of ,christ4 ,as a 
matter of fact1 however1 the very       
elements of truth in their belief make  
them too often stout opponents of       
,christianity4 ,they are religious      
bigots1 as the ,hindus are not4 ,the    

,hindu has a pantheon to which he can1  
with some show of consistency1 invite   
,christ4 ,the ,mohammedan declares that 
there is but one ,god1 and that         
,mohammed is his prophet4 ,so he denies 
,christ's claim to be either ,god or    
,saviour4  ,lucknow was deeply          
interesting1 for here was exhibited one 
of the most heroic and thrilling        
defenses ever made in history4 ,more    
than two hundred women and children     
spent three months of agony in the      
cellars of the ,british residency1 while
 husbands and fathers and friends1 to   
the number of seventeen hundred1 were   
exposed to the besieging force and the  
murderous fire of fifty thousand        
mutineers4 ,the headquarters of the     
defenders were riddled with shot and    
shell1 and the residency is now a ruin4 
,but only one shot penetrated the       
retreat of the women and children below1
 and of these only one woman lost her   
life4 ,crowded together in the heat of  
the summer1 tormented by flies1 half    

famished for lack of food1 these brave  
women held out themselves and encouraged
 the protecting garrison1 though of the 
seventeen hundred men only seven hundred
 at the end of the siege remained alive4
 ,sir ,henry ,lawrence died of a        
cannon-shot1 exhorting his soldiers to  
the last man to die1 rather than to     
surrender4 ,we were glad to pay         
reverence to his bravery1 by a visit to 
his tomb4 ,although he died1 the flag of
 ,england flew over the fortress1 in    
spite of innumerable efforts of the     
enemy to bring it down4 ,and to-day1 in 
memory of that fact1 it is the only flag
 in the ,british ,empire that is not    
lowered at sunset4 ,the joy of the      
defenders and of those whom they        
defended may be imagined1 when ,general 
,havelock appeared in their relief1 and 
the great mutiny was suppressed4 ,that  
victory settled the prestige of the     
,english in ,india4 ,all classes now    
recognize the military strength as well 
as the judicial fairness of ,british    

rule4 ,without it1 ,india would be a    
country of warring races1 for           
,mohammedan and ,hindu even to-day live 
in slumbering jealousy of each other4   
,this latent hostility1 ,i am happy to  
say1 shows some signs of wearing away4  
,the desire for more of home-rule is    
bringing these two great races together 
in conventions1 with a view to the      
discovery of some method of cooperation 
between them4 ,parliamentary government 
in ,china and ,japan has had its effect 
in ,india1 and ,britain will soon be    
compelled to admit her ,indian          
populations to a larger share in        
municipal and provincial administration4
 ,but democracy can be successful1 only 
when conflicting classes find some basis
 for harmony4 ,english missionary and   
educational institutions are doing much 
to reconcile ,hindus and ,mohammedans to
 one another1 and this may prepare the  
way1 not simply for free government1 but
 also for the acceptance by both parties
 of a religion in which all their       

elements of truth are included1 while   
their perversions of truth are sloughed 
off4  ,by ,english educational and      
missionary institutions ,i mean much    
more than ,church of ,england schools   
and colleges4 ,in ,lucknow we visited   
the ,isabella ,thoburn ,college1 under  
,american ,methodist control1 and were  
greatly impressed by its noble equipment
 in the way of buildings and teachers4  
,both boys and girls have here the      
opportunity of securing an education as 
high in grade as the sophomore years of 
our ,american colleges1 and of preparing
 themselves for the advanced work of a  
great ,indian university4 ,all this is  
under ,christian influences1 and has its
 fruit in many a conversion to ,christ4 
,martinire ,college is also nobly       
equipped and endowed1 but it is solely  
for ,english boys1 who are generally the
 sons of ,british officials in ,india4  
,i cannot speak too highly of these     
means of education now furnished by all 
our great denominations1 in all the     

cities of ,india4 ,i could only wish    
that our ,baptist people at home might  
see how far ,christians of other names  
have often surpassed them in their gifts
 and preparations for the future of a   
country whose population is three times 
as large as our own4  ,at ,lucknow we   
had the rare opportunity of seeing the  
mango trick performed by an expert      
juggler4 ,he first showed us a jar1     
filled with innocent sand1 so dry that  
it fell easily through his fingers as he
 lifted a handful4 ,then he presented a 
dry mango seed1 which he planted in the 
sand and watered4 ,the jar was placed on
 the stone pavement of the hotel1 not   
ten feet away from our eyes4 ,he covered
 the jar with a little tent not two feet
 in diameter4 ,after a few passes of the
 hand1 the tent was lifted4 ,the seed   
had already sprouted1 and had become a  
twig with leaves4 ,covering the plant   
once more1 he called our attention to a 
cobra-charmer1 who played harmlessly    
with a hooded and venomous snake4 ,at   

last he threw the tent wholly aside1 and
 there stood a fully developed little   
mango tree1 perhaps two feet high4 ,it  
seemed impossible that the folds of the 
tent1 which had been shaken out at the  
beginning1 could possibly have held it4 
,the juggler's method was simplicity    
itself4 ,if ,i had not previously seen  
in ,america a necromancer cut his wife's
 head off1 and then put it on again so  
slick that she seemed to have received  
no injury1 ,i might have begun to       
believe that this ,indian juggler had   
supernatural powers4  ,to ,lucknow      
succeeded ,agra4 ,the great wonder and  
prize of ,agra is1 of course1 the ,taj  
,mahal4 ,so we made our way to it before
 sunrise1 and saw its exquisite columns 
and its white minarets in the rosy light
 of the earliest morning2 then again1 as
 the sun was setting1 we saw its last   
rays fall upon the snow-white dome4 ,as 
one looks upon the ,taj from the noble  
gateway through which one enters the    
enclosing park1 he sees also its        

reflection in the long lines of water   
that lie between1 and it seems a miracle
 of beauty4 ,but when you reach the     
edifice itself1 and perceive that its   
simplicity is combined with lavish      
richness of decoration1 marble and      
precious stones being so woven together 
that they form one gorgeous and splendid
 whole1 you can only admire the         
affection that planned this memorial to 
a beloved wife1 and the art which has   
succeeded in constructing an edifice    
which1 after six centuries1 is still    
recognized as a wonder of the world4    
,yet the ,moslem emperor who built it   
was deposed by his son1 and then        
imprisoned not far away1 the chief      
solace and recreation granted him being 
this1 that from his prison-roof he could
 look out upon the ,taj ,mahal4  ,the   
,pearl ,mosque and the ,jasmine ,tower1 
the ,courts of ,public and of ,private  
,audience1 in the palace which the      
,moslem emperor once occupied1 are      
monuments of architecture so remarkable 

and so beautiful1 that no description of
 mine can fairly represent the          
impression which they made upon me4     
,they are surrounded and protected by   
the ,fort1 an enclosure half a mile     
square1 whose massive wall is itself a  
wonder4 ,in the days when these         
structures were built1 labor was cheap1 
for the monarch had only to impress and 
to feed his laborers4 ,but artistic     
genius is always rare4 ,the ,mohammedan 
conquest and sovereignty of the past    
produced and encouraged a flowering out 
of art1 comparable to that of the days  
of cathedral-building in ,england1 and  
of the time of ,pericles when sculpture 
and architecture so flourished in       
,greece4 ,in all the world there is     
nothing more elaborate or beautiful than
 the perforated marble of these         
,oriental screens1 and the intricate    
carving of these ,oriental pillars4 ,the
 ,alhambra in ,spain has its superiors  
in ,india1 both for splendor of color   
and for beauty of pattern4 ,the         

arabesques of these ,oriental mosques   
exhibit powers of invention of the      
highest order4 ,it has been well said   
that their architects designed like     
,titans1 and finished like jewelers4    
,both the throne of the ,mogul ,emperor 
,akbar and his tomb in ,agra are proofs 
that even the grain of truth in         
,mohammedanism can awaken intelligence  
and enthusiasm in those who receive it1 
and that1 in the conflict with idol     
systems1 it has power to conquer the    
world4  ,an account of our visit to     
,delhi may well complete my summary of  
,mohammedan influences in ,india4 ,delhi
 was the capital of ,india long before  
,akbar reigned and the lofty tower of   
the ,kutab ,minar was built4 ,but ,hindu
 influence has combined with ,mohammedan
 in leading the ,british to restore     
,delhi to its former position as the    
center of governmental authority4       
,tradition has handed down a prediction 
that making ,delhi its capital marked   
the end of each power that asserted     

itself4 ,hence there have been many     
,delhis1 as there have been many ancient
 ,romes1 and this present ,delhi must be
 succeeded by a new ,delhi which        
,british authority and resources will   
build4 ,the new ,delhi will be the      
ninth1 as the present ,delhi is the     
eighth1 of the long series4 ,ruins of   
the earlier ,delhis are about it on     
every side4 ,now1 at last1 a great tract
 of land has been appropriated for the  
new seat of government which will rise  
from the dust4 ,temporary buildings have
 been erected4 ,the permanent ones will 
soon follow4 ,we may be sure that they  
will be splendid and suited to modern   
tastes1 while they still preserve the   
characteristic features of ,indian      
architecture4  ,by making this new      
,delhi the ,british capital of ,india1  
it is sought to impress the ,oriental   
mind with ,britain's claims to be       
supreme1 while at the same time the old 
traditional prediction is evaded4 ,let  
us hope that the device will accomplish 

its purpose4 ,the prosperity of ,india  
is bound up with the recognition by all 
races and parties of ,england's right to
 rule4 ,i would not justify all the     
steps by which ,britain has gained her  
power1 nor would ,i ignore certain      
defects of her later administration4    
,but there is no question as to the     
general justice of ,british rule1 nor as
 to the fact that1 without it1 ,india's 
warring races and religions would now be
 the ruin of all peace and progress4    
,when we remember that in this land of  
former famines the population has       
increased since #aheh by one hundred    
millions2 that forty-six thousand miles 
of canals have been dug for irrigation1 
and more than twenty-two million acres  
have thereby been reclaimed2 that trade 
has increased in the last half-century  
from three hundred millions to fourteen 
hundred millions2 that the value of land
 is now larger by fifteen hundred       
millions than it was fifty years ago2   
that there are now thirty-two thousand  

miles of railway in operation and       
seventy-six thousand miles of telegraph2
 that the ,indian ,post ,office now     
handles nine hundred millions of        
letters1 newspapers1 and other matter   
every year2 we may well doubt whether   
any conquest of history has brought     
about so great or so beneficent results 
as have followed what we must regard as 
,england's commercial absorption of     
,india4  ,there are doubtless seditious 
and anarchistic elements in the ,indian 
populations which need to be kept under 
and subdued4 ,let us remember that only 
one-tenth part of the men1 and only     
one-hundredth part of the women1 know   
how to read4 ,there is a vast           
proletarian mass1 ignorant and          
inflammable1 ready to follow leaders of 
better education1 but less principle1   
than themselves4 ,this mass the ,british
 ,government has failed to educate1 so  
that1 while ninety per cent of the      
people in ,japan can read1 in ,india    
only one-tenth as many can read4 ,one of

 the greatest mistakes of ,english      
administration has been its beginning of
 education at the top1 instead of at the
 bottom4 ,it has established            
universities1 but not elementary        
schools4 ,the excuse1 of course1 has    
been1 that differences of caste and of  
religion have made it impossible to put 
,hindu children and ,mohammedan         
children1 ,brahman children and ,sudra  
children1 together1 in the same schools4
 ,and yet1 in the universities1 pupils  
of all these various classes sit side by
 side1 and some plan1 it would seem1    
might have been devised to apply the    
same rule1 so as to secure universal and
 compulsory elementary education4 ,the  
higher education1 taken alone1 has its  
dangers2 it is sought only by people of 
means and intelligence2 many seek it    
from no love of learning1 but only in   
order to prepare themselves for         
government offices4 ,but there are not  
enough offices to go round4 ,the        
disappointed men will not work with     

their hands2 they find their avocation  
in the plotting of sedition4 ,it is the 
high-caste educated ,brahmans who have  
edited the malcontent periodicals1 and  
have organized the revolutionary        
conspiracies1 which have of late bred so
 much trouble for the government in     
,india4 ,i rejoice therefore in the rise
 of factories1 and in the new emphasis  
that is being laid on industrial        
education4 ,these will do much to       
develop the resources of ,india4 ,but   
what is most needed is the spirit of    
peace and justice2 this is furnished by 
the gospel of ,christ4 ,i therefore     
believe that the gospel is the only real
 guaranty to ,india of its political as 
well as its religious welfare4  ,the    
,friday prayer-service in the great     
mosque of ,delhi was a striking         
spectacle4 ,the open court in front of  
the mosque is four hundred and fifty    
feet square1 surrounded by a cloister1  
and paved with granite inlaid with      
marble4 ,three or four thousand         

worshipers1 in parallel rows1 stretched 
from side to side of the great          
enclosure4 ,at the summons of the       
mollah1 or officiating priest1 all these
 worshipers1 in perfect unison1         
prostrated themselves with folded hands1
 and repeated in a loud voice1 ,god is  
great4 ,each devotee had previously     
purified himself1 by cleansing his mouth
 and hands and feet in the open tank in 
the center of the great esplanade4      
,inasmuch as the ,delhi mosque is the   
largest and most splendid east of       
,cairo1 the entire spectacle was most   
impressive4  ,if ,turkey had not joined 
a ,christian power by her alliance with 
,germany1 ,mohammedans throughout the   
world might have taken ,germany's side  
against the ,allies1 and might have     
threatened the peace of ,india4 ,that   
danger is now providentially averted4   
,the ,moslem rulers have held fast to   
their allegiance to the ,british ,crown4
 ,this city of ,delhi1 with the schools 
of the ,methodists1 the ,anglicans1 and 

the ,english ,baptists1 is permeated    
with religious influences that attract  
its native populations1 and these       
influences are continually lessening the
 prospect of any future rebellion such  
as the mutiny of fifty years ago4       
,,viii  ,,jaipur1 ,,mt4 ,,abu1 ,,and    
,,ahmedabad   ,india1 as is well known1 
is a part of the ,british ,empire1 and  
is under the sway of the ,british       
,government4 ,yet1 for administrative   
purposes1 it is divided into            
presidencies1 provinces1 and native     
states4 ,the presidencies and provinces 
are wholly administered by ,british     
officials4 ,the native states are       
administered by rajas and other ,indian 
rulers1 with the presence in each       
capital of a resident officer who       
represents the ,british ,government and 
who is accessible for consultation in   
case of necessity4 ,the relations       
between the rajas and the residents are 
friendly1 and only the gravest matters  
are referred to the representative of   

the ,crown4 ,all other affairs are cared
 for by the native ruler1 who is        
attended by a distinguished suite and   
who maintains quite a royal court4 ,this
 species of self-government is the      
reward1 granted by the ,british         
,government after the mutiny of #aheg1  
to the rulers of the native states1 who 
remained faithful to ,british interests 
and assisted in the suppression of the  
great rebellion4 ,the government of     
these native rulers is in general worthy
 of praise4 ,many of them are           
progressive men2 they have traveled     
abroad2 they have been affected by      
,western thought2 they have introduced  
modern reforms and systems of education1
 to the great benefit of their subjects4
 ,in this present hour of crisis1 the   
majority of them have been loyal to the 
,british ,government1 and have          
contributed men and means for the cause 
of the ,allies4 ,it was interesting in  
our journey across ,india to traverse   
several of these native states2 and it  

was difficult to observe any difference 
between these sections and the portions 
of the empire officered solely by the   
,british4 ,we saw no ,british soldiers1 
but only native troops4 ,there was less 
of ,english language and custom         
prevalent4 ,the ,hindu1 ,mohammedan1 and
 ,jain seemed to have things very much  
to themselves4 ,they1 after all1 are the
 real ,india1 the hereditary ,india1    
while at the same time they are feeling 
the influence of modern railways and    
modern commerce4  ,jaipur1 which is the 
capital of a native state1 was          
especially interesting4 ,it has been    
called ,the ,pink ,city1 either because 
the maharaja owns all the property on   
the business streets and himself sees   
that every building is painted of a pink
 color1 or because he compels every     
private owner to conform to his fixed   
rules of construction and decoration4   
,at any rate1 the wide streets of       
,jaipur are laid out like those of the  
homeland1 and are lined with pink       

structures of only one type of          
architecture and only one type of       
ornamentation4 ,even ,paris can present 
no better illustration of the value of  
supervision in building4 ,there are no  
sky-scrapers4 ,there are long rows of   
shops and residences1 with arcades in   
front of them1 and with many variations 
in plan and decoration1 while at the    
same time one tone of pink1 together    
with the sky-line and the arcade-line is
 preserved without important change2 the
 ,oriental type of building is          
preserved2 and there is a uniform style 
of architecture from one end of the     
street to the other4 ,no city in the    
world so well illustrates ,mrs4         
,humphrey ,ward's quotation of the      
poet's words1      ,a rose-red city1    
half as old as ,time4  ,it is not the   
city of ,jaipur1 however1 which merits  
our chief attention1 though the         
maharaja's town-palace and his quaint   
astronomical observatory are both of    
them deeply interesting4 ,this          

observatory has no tower and no         
telescope4 ,it shows what can be done by
 sun-dials and structures almost level  
with the ground to mark the movements of
 the heavenly bodies1 and thus          
demonstrates that primitive stargazers  
might even thus early acquire a very    
considerable knowledge of astronomy4    
,the scientific and literary tastes of  
this ,oriental monarch are also         
indicated by a noble public library of  
his own foundation1 which contains a    
priceless collection of books and       
manuscripts in all the languages of the 
,east4  ,but it is ,amber that          
constitutes the chief attraction of a   
visit to ,jaipur4 ,amber is the original
 metropolis and the ancient seat of     
government1 five miles distant from the 
present ,jaipur1 and even now the summer
 residence of the maharaja1 though the  
old city which once lay around the rocky
 fortress has become a waste of ruin4   
,the palace at ,amber is situated on a  
hilltop several hundred feet above the  

level of the plain1 and commanding      
magnificent views of the surrounding    
country4 ,next to the sight of river or 
sea from a mountain summit1 the view of 
broad and level plains stretching far   
away is most beautiful1 and such a view 
the ,indian ruler secured when he built 
his summer residence upon this eminence4
  ,we came expecting to find ,india hot1
 but we have found the northern part of 
,india very cool4 ,so it was reviving   
and refreshing to take the drive from   
,jaipur to ,amber in an automobile1 over
 a noble roadway with slightly ascending
 grade and skirting an originally       
splendid palace1 once in the center of  
an island1 but now in the bed of a      
dried-up lake4 ,when we left the        
motor-car at the final lofty hill1 the  
deserted city of ,amber towered above   
us4 ,how should we reach that           
threatening height8 ,three gorgeously   
caparisoned elephants solicited our     
patronage for the ascent4 ,but before   
making that ascent1 there was another   

ascent to make4 ,we had to ascend the   
elephants4 ,ladders were brought to our 
assistance1 and up the ladders we       
climbed to the howdah1 or square seat on
 the top of the bulky beasts4 ,each     
elephant had to carry two passengers4   
,i1 on one side of the animal that bore 
me1 had my weight balanced by that of my
 courier1 who rode on the other side4   
,each of us was compelled to let his    
legs dangle over the edge of the howdah4
 ,all went well until the elephant came 
to the narrow part of the road4 ,there  
he evinced a vicious propensity to plant
 his feet close to the edge of the      
precipice4 ,there was indeed a railing  
beneath me1 but1 clinging as ,i was     
somewhat convulsively to my slippery    
seat1 the railing was invisible4 ,so ,i 
seemed to myself at times to be hanging 
over the abyss4 ,if ,i slipped from my  
seat1 ,i might fall four hundred feet4  
,it was not a pleasing situation4 ,but  
the elephant knew his business4 ,he trod
 the path in perfect confidence4 ,and   

so1 in royal state1 though in mind      
tremendously afloat1 we made the long   
and steep climb1 until we reached the   
palace of the king4 ,the maharaja1      
however1 was not at home that day to    
receive us4 ,he is a ,hindu devotee1 and
 at the time of our visit he was making 
a pilgrimage to ,benares1 the sacred    
city4 ,the first thing we saw1 when we  
entered the court of his excellency1 was
 the spot where every morning a bullock 
or a goat is sacrificed as an offering  
to his heathen god4  ,still1 every      
prospect pleases4 ,the views of mountain
 and plain from this elevation among the
 hills are so beautiful that one can    
only admire the taste of the prince who 
made this his chosen dwelling-place4    
,and the palace itself is a fascinating 
study in art and architecture4 ,long    
corridors are turned into cloisters     
arched and shaded from the sun4 ,tanks  
of water1 with fountains playing in the 
center1 provide refreshing baths4 ,halls
 of public and of private audience are  

gorgeous with crimson and gold4 ,temples
 for worship are added1 both for daily  
devotion and for great state occasions4 
,in short1 here are all the             
appurtenances of an ,oriental court1    
combined with private luxury and        
seclusion4 ,while the multitudes must   
toil and suffer in the plains below1 the
 maharaja may rest and enjoy himself in 
his hilltop palace4 ,i would not1       
however1 imply that this particular     
monarch is not in many respects a       
large-minded and liberal man4 ,the many 
evidences of his taste and public spirit
 in ,jaipur rectify any wrong           
impressions one might gain from a visit 
to ,amber4  ,the next day we reached a  
station called ,abu ,road1 four hundred 
miles to the south of ,delhi1 and about 
half-way to ,bombay4 ,true to its name1 
,abu ,road furnished us the road to ,abu
 ,mountain4 ,again we proceeded by      
motor-car1 that great annihilator of    
distance in a foreign land4 ,this road1 
in its gradual ascent1 is a noble piece 

of engineering4 ,it is exceedingly      
tortuous1 for it follows the contour of 
the mountain in marvelously skilful     
curves4 ,all the way for two hours1 and 
covering an ascent of four thousand five
 hundred feet1 there are enchanting     
views4 ,tropical birds and trees were on
 every hand1 together with cactus of    
many varieties2 green and red parrots   
screamed through the air2 peacocks      
spread themselves in the sun2 and       
monkeys scampered across our path4  ,one
 of the spurs of ,mt4 ,abu is called    
,dilwarra4 ,it is the seat of the chief 
temple in ,india of the ,jains1 that    
,hindu sect which claims to have        
preserved the ancient religion of the   
,vedas1 and to have kept it true to the 
ancestral faith4 ,as ,i have before     
remarked1 the ,jains aim to escape the  
possible miseries of transmigration1 and
 to attain the bliss of ,nirvana1 even  
in the present life4 ,jainism1 like     
every other heathen system1 is an effort
 to earn salvation by labors and        

sacrifices of one's own4 ,its works of  
righteousness1 however1 are often       
uncalled-for exaggerations of natural   
virtues1 such as counting sacred all    
forms of animal and vegetable life4 ,the
 most devoted of the sect wear a cloth  
over their mouths1 lest they should     
destroy an insect by swallowing it4 ,to 
found hospitals for the care of parrots 
and monkeys is one of the most approved 
works of merit4 ,so also it is a work of
 merit to build a temple or to endow it4
 ,jain temples are full of images1 and  
the chief object of worship is honored  
by their multiplication4 ,buddha is     
recognized as one of the divine         
incarnations1 and in some sense ,buddha 
is worshiped4 ,but it must be remembered
 that even in ,jainism ,buddha is only a
 memory4 ,he has entered into ,nirvana1 
and has passed out of conscious         
existence4 ,now that he has attained    
that state of passivity1 he has no eye  
to pity and no arm to save4 ,and yet in 
this ,jain temple images of ,buddha are 

worshiped1 and these images are numbered
 by the hundreds4  ,all this aberration 
from the truth does not prevent the     
temple from being almost a miracle of   
art4 ,there is a scrupulous cleanliness 
about it which differences it from other
 heathen temples1 like that of ,kali4   
,in the ,jain temples there are no      
animal sacrifices1 for all animal life  
is sacred4 ,but there are little houses 
for feeding the birds2 larger houses for
 feeding the beasts2 and tombs for      
departed saints and teachers4 ,and let  
it be specially borne in mind that in   
all the world there are no more splendid
 examples of arches1 domes1 and shrines1
 decorated with elaborate and intricate 
carvings1 than are found here in        
,dilwarra4 ,its arabesques of perforated
 white marble an inch and a half thick  
are like lace-work in their delicacy and
 beauty4 ,invention could go no farther 
in devising an infinite variety of      
geometric traceries4 ,we in the ,west   
have much to learn from the artistic    

genius and labor of the ,east4  ,another
 day's ride1 or rather1 another night's 
ride1 brought us to a city of a very    
different sort from ,jaipur1 and to a   
very different environment from that of 
,mt4 ,abu4 ,it brought us to the busy   
metropolis of ,ahmedabad4 ,here is also 
a city in a state under a native ruler1 
but a city so prosperous that native    
rule is seen to be by no means slovenly 
or indolent4 ,on the way from the       
station ,i counted eighteen lofty       
chimneys belonging to manufacturing     
establishments4 ,there are eighty       
factories in this busy center1 chiefly  
connected with the cotton industry4 ,in 
this industrial expansion is revealed   
the solution of many of ,india's        
financial problems4 ,the population is  
now too exclusively employed in         
agriculture1 and its manufactured       
articles are imported4 ,but the rains   
are so uncertain that the farmer's      
subsistence is precarious1 and famines  
claim thousands of victims4 ,hence1 next

 to ,christianity1 ,india needs         
industrial development4 ,this has been  
the view of recent ,british governors4  
,better methods of irrigation and of    
cultivation have been supplemented by   
the introduction of new instruments of  
manufacture4 ,both ,english and         
,american machines now do much of the   
work that was formerly done by hand1 and
 in the cities there is growing up a new
 manufacturing population4  ,industrial 
missions are a great blessing to ,india1
 and our religious denominations have   
shown their practical sense by entering 
upon this sort of work4 ,when a native  
becomes a convert to ,christianity1 he  
is often thrown out of caste by his     
family1 and out of labor by his         
employers4 ,he must support himself2 he 
must find something to do4 ,but he is   
friendless and helpless1 unless he can  
find friendship and help in the mission 
where he has been converted4 ,it is     
necessary to secure employment for him1 
if he is not to become an encumbrance to

 the mission and to himself4 ,hence ,i  
welcome all gifts for industrial        
missions that will teach men new methods
 of obtaining a livelihood4 ,india1 as  
,i have said1 has a vast agricultural   
population1 now scantily subsisting and 
subject to occasional famines4          
,multitudes who are now idle might be   
usefully employed4 ,the change now going
 on in our ,southern ,states might well 
go on in ,southern ,india1 and ,i       
welcome the sight of the factory        
chimneys of ,ahmedabad4  ,ahmedabad is  
not yet converted to ,christianity4 ,it 
is a celebrated stronghold of ,jainism1 
and here is another most splendid       
temple4 ,it was instructive to see the  
little houses on poles for the care of  
birds1 and for the feeding of lazy      
monkeys1 while the poor and sick of     
human kind in the neighborhood begged in
 vain for help4 ,the ,jain temples are  
noted in all ,india for their beauty4   
,carving and gilding can go no farther  
than they have gone in the decoration of

 this shrine in ,ahmedabad4 ,but the    
troop of monkeys that came to us in the 
park to be fed1 seemed to us quite as   
sensitive to human needs as were the    
holy men who sat about that temple of   
the ,jains1 for these latter devotees   
use ,god's gifts not rationally1 but for
 inferior ends1 and especially for their
 own interest and comfort4 ,ahmedabad is
 an example1 not of the worst1 but still
 of a misplaced1 religious zeal that has
 lost its bearings because it has lost  
its ,god4     ,,ix  ,,bombay1 ,,kedgaon1
 ,,and ,,madras   ,bombay is a great    
city1 the second1 in population1 of the 
,british ,empire in ,india4 ,while      
,calcutta has over a million people1    
,bombay comes only a few short of that  
number4 ,its commerce is immense2 its   
public buildings are fashioned after    
,european models2 its streets are broad 
and finely paved2 there is every        
evidence of wealth and cultivation4 ,but
 ,hindus greatly outnumber ,mohammedans2
 ,parsees are strong2 ,christians are   

active1 but still comparatively few4 ,in
 thought and customs1 ,bombay is still  
essentially ,oriental1 while yet        
profoundly influenced by modern         
newspapers and modern inventions4 ,it   
was a memorable change for us travelers 
to emerge from its ,taj ,mahal ,palace  
,hotel1 and then to find ourselves1     
first in its ,caves of ,elephanta1 and  
secondly1 in its ,towers of ,silence4   
,a word of explanation is necessary for 
each of these notable objects of        
interest4 ,elephanta is a little island 
eight miles from ,bombay1 and so named  
because of its general resemblance in   
shape to an elephant4 ,elephanta ,island
 forms a beautiful object as seen from  
the deck of the little steamer that     
serves for a ferry1 and the views from  
the summit of ,elephanta ,hill1 over the
 ,bombay ,bay1 with the gleaming towers 
of the green city in the distance1 are  
very charming4 ,the island is a great   
resort1 however1 not so much for the    
views therefrom1 as because it is the   

seat of a rock-hewn temple excavated    
centuries ago in honor of ,siva1 the    
,hindu god1 whose province it is to     
destroy4 ,brahma is the ,creator2       
,vishnu1 the ,preserver2 and ,siva1 the 
,destroyer4 ,siva was the god of        
reproduction1 however1 as well as the   
god who destroys1 and his worship has   
been often connected with obscene and   
lascivious rites4  ,the approach to     
,siva's temple is through a lovely      
garden1 in which are many splendid      
specimens of tropical vegetation4 ,at   
last there appears to the visitor1 in   
the side of the precipitous hill1 a     
massive portico1 with four immense      
pillars1 all hewn out of the solid rock4
 ,then come long rows of similar columns
 leading darkly like a cathedral nave   
into the stony hill1 and terminating at 
the altar1 above which towers the statue
 of ,siva1 colossal in size1 with       
,parvati1 his goddess wife1 by his side1
 and all the emblems of his authority1  
as scepter and sword1 around him4 ,the  

statue seems to express the joy of      
sovereignty1 and1 though somewhat       
mutilated1 it is noticeably free from   
the immoral suggestions which have been 
intimated in many descriptions of it4   
,entrance to the statue is flanked by   
great guardian statues1 and the whole   
chancel1 so to speak1 is enclosed by a  
broad and lofty corridor1 in the manner 
of cathedral architecture4 ,from this   
corridor on either side1 many nooks in  
the rock have been excavated1 like      
chantry chapels1 each with its separate 
statue at least twenty feet in height4  
,the whole ,hindu pantheon1 seems to be 
represented by carved figures1 but all  
cluster about the god ,siva4 ,the really
 characteristic and indispensable       
feature of these caves is1 however1     
still to be mentioned4 ,it is the image 
of the lingam1 or phallus1 gigantic in  
size1 and carven out of solid stone1 in 
the innermost shrine1 where it is the   
object of hysterical or lustful worship4
 ,every year1 on an appointed feast-day1

 three or four thousand people throng to
 this shrine1 some to pray for          
offspring1 others to seek license for   
illicit pleasure4 ,elephanta has become 
in this way the symbol and propagator of
 a debasing superstition4 ,such worship 
is only a deification of the lower      
instincts of human nature4  ,returning  
to ,bombay1 it was natural to think of  
the ,towers of ,silence1 for these too  
are located on a lovely eminence1 called
 the ,malabar ,hill1 and overlooking the
 city and the bay4 ,these towers are    
enclosures in which the ,parsees1 a most
 intelligent1 wealthy1 and influential  
sect1 dispose of the bodies of their    
dead1 by laying the forms in the open   
air where they can be devoured by       
vultures4 ,the towers themselves are at 
least half a dozen in number1 and they  
vary in size4 ,but the style of their   
construction is uniform4 ,inside of a   
lofty circular wall are concentric beds 
of stone1 each with its groove in which 
a corpse can be laid4 ,there are three  

concentric circles1 the outermost for   
men1 the next inner for women1 the      
innermost for children4 ,the structure  
has no roof1 but is open to the air4    
,great flocks of vultures perch upon the
 top of the outermost enclosing wall1   
waiting in silence and expectation for  
the time when they can descend upon     
their prey4 ,only a half-hour elapses   
after a body is laid on its stony bed1  
before these ravenous birds have torn   
every morsel of flesh from its bones4   
,the skeleton is then left to           
disintegrate by the action of the       
elements1 until the rains wash the      
remaining dust into a great pit at the  
center of the circles1 from which       
receptacle the refuse is conducted away 
by drains during the rainy season1 to   
mingle with the surrounding earth4      
,this is the ,parsees' ashes to ashes1  
dust to dust4 ,they glory in this method
 of disposing of their dead1 and they   
think it far more natural and impressive
 than the common ,hindu method of       

cremation4 ,we must grant that all      
methods of disposing of the dead are    
painful4 ,but faith in a resurrection of
 the body is surely most in consonance  
with our time-honored custom of laying  
our dead away in their kindred earth1   
until the day dawns1 and the shadows    
flee away4  ,from ,bombay to the town of
 ,kedgaon may seem to some a descent    
from great to small4 ,not so2 it is     
rather an ascent from the false to the  
true1 from the impure to the pure1 from 
the illusory to the real4 ,for ,kedgaon 
is the home1 and center of the work1 of 
,pundita ,ramabai1 perhaps the most     
learned1 and certainly the most         
influential ,christian woman in ,india4 
,the very name pundita is given only to 
those of high intellectual attainments4 
,a ,hindu of the highest1 that is the   
,brahman1 caste1 she was many years ago 
converted to ,christianity1 and she has 
devoted all her powers to the education 
and uplifting of her countrywomen4 ,her 
father was a great ,sanskrit scholar4   

,he was one of the first in ,india to   
determine that his daughter should be a 
learned woman4 ,accordingly she was     
thoroughly instructed4 ,she knew by     
heart the sacred scriptures of her      
people long before she became a         
,christian4 ,she could repeat from      
memory an amount of them equal to that  
of our whole ,english ,bible4 ,it is    
especially the improvement of the       
condition of women1 and particularly of 
child-widows1 to which she has devoted  
her attention4 ,the condition of the    
child-widow in ,india is most pitiable4 
,she is held responsible for the death  
of her husband1 no matter how young she 
may be4 ,she is subjected to            
indignities4 ,her hair is entirely      
shaven from her head4 ,her jewels are   
taken from her4 ,her bright clothing is 
taken away1 and she is clad in the      
coarsest garments4 ,she becomes the     
slave of the family2 virtually an       
outcast2 frequently a prostitute4 ,she  
can never remarry1 no matter how young  

she may be at the beginning of her      
widowhood4  ,it was to ameliorate this  
condition of affairs that ,pundita      
,ramabai set herself many years ago4    
,she gathered child-widows under her    
protection1 surrounded them with        
,christian influences1 and gave them a  
,christian education4 ,a time of famine 
threw upon her care in one year         
twenty-four hundred girls1 who depended 
upon her alone for food to keep them    
from starving4 ,that time of great      
distress is now past1 but when we       
remember that in ,india there are       
estimated to be as many as two millions 
of child-widows1 it will be clear that  
the need of a refuge for such is still  
immensely great4 ,girls of the highest  
caste are in the greatest need1 for     
among the lower classes the reproach of 
child-widowhood is not so strongly felt4
 ,it was the sorrows of girls belonging 
to her own ,brahman caste1 married      
perhaps at the age of eight or ten to   
husbands five times their own age1 and  

then made practically outcasts by those 
husbands' death1 that most touched the  
heart of ,ramabai4 ,it is wonderful what
 she has already accomplished4 ,we found
 on her extensive premises a great      
assembly-room which has sheltered at one
 time twenty-six hundred auditors2      
schools of every grade for ,hindu girls1
 including a school for the blind2 a    
large and commodious hospital2 a        
printing office with presses capable of 
turning out a high order of typography2 
an asylum for lepers2 a rescue-home for 
unfortunate girls2 normal classes for   
teachers and for nurses2 training in    
sewing1 embroidery1 and weaving2 and    
many another sort of ,christian service1
 including the work of the factory and  
the farm4 ,every species of cooking on  
the premises1 and all the care of the   
rooms and houses1 is done by the girls  
themselves1 so that all of them are     
taught how to support themselves when   
they leave the institution4 ,three hours
 a day for industrial work1 and three   

hours a day for schooling1 is the       
uniform rule4 ,one can imagine the      
far-reaching influence of this          
institution1 if he remembers that out of
 the twenty-four hundred scholars who   
were received and taught in that        
dreadful time of famine1 more than      
fifteen hundred were child-widows and   
many of them of the highest caste4      
,ramabai is a great scholar4 ,she has   
translated and printed the whole ,new   
,testament1 in the colloquial ,mahrati  
dialect1 for the benefit of the poor    
women in her district4 ,she is now      
engaged upon the ,psalms and the book of
 ,genesis1 with the hope of finishing   
the whole ,old ,testament4 ,numberless  
tracts of her composition have gone out 
into all parts of ,india4 ,her graduates
 become not only teachers1 but also     
evangelists4 ,no one can measure the    
extent of her present influence1 as     
showing what a native woman in ,india   
can do1 in the way of breaking down     
caste1 overthrowing pernicious customs1 

and demonstrating to a benighted heathen
 world the superior claims of ,christian
 truth4 ,we left ,ramabai1 invoking a   
blessing upon her head and upon         
,manorama1 her daughter1 who bids fair  
to prove her worthy successor4 ,ramabai1
 by her intellectual gifts1 her         
executive ability1 and above all by her 
,christian devotion1 deserves honor from
 all lovers of ,christ and his gospel4  
,as we neared ,madras1 the third largest
 city of ,india1 the heat began to      
oppress us4 ,up to this time ,india had 
been unexpectedly and refreshingly cool1
 at night even cold4 ,but now it was    
unpleasantly warm4 ,the heat reminded us
 of the conundrum3 ,why is ,india1      
although so hot1 the coldest country on 
the globe8 ,answer3 ,because the hottest
 thing in it is chilly 7chili is the    
peppery sauce which the natives mix with
 other spices to form curry74 ,we have  
learned to like curry4 ,i cannot        
understand it2 but if seems as if the   
hottest countries needed the hottest    

kinds of food4 ,at any rate we had a    
warm welcome in ,madras1 thirteen       
degrees in latitude above the equator4  
,we were fortunate in reaching this fine
 city during the session of all our     
,baptist missionaries in the ,south     
,india1 or ,telugu1 field--that field   
which a few years ago witnessed the     
baptism of #b1bbb converts in one day4  
,it was a remarkable illustration of the
 family and tribal spirit in ,india4 ,we
 ,baptists believe in individual        
conversions1 and we seek evidence1 in   
every case1 of regeneration by the ,holy
 ,spirit4 ,but the coherence of the     
family and the village is so strong in a
 heathen community1 that the lot of the 
individual ,christian is often          
exceedingly hard4 ,occasionally there is
 apostasy4 ,the resistance of an        
important man to the gospel makes the   
persistence of his dependents in the    
gospel-way almost impossible4  ,in some 
quarters1 however1 whole families and   
whole clans have been blessedly         

converted1 and idolatry has been        
completely eradicated4 ,in other cases  
where mass movements have taken place1  
certain missionaries have found it      
physically impossible to sift out each  
doubtful individual1 and for safety have
 demanded that the whole family or clan 
or village shall give up idolatry before
 any single individual convert has been 
received for church-membership4 ,to     
combine strict faith and practice1      
according to the ,new ,testament        
standard1 with a proper respect for     
local customs and traditions1 demands   
great wisdom in our missionaries1 and   
makes their conferences very practical  
and very necessary4 ,certain it is that 
in our ,baptist missions abroad greater 
care is exercised in receiving members  
than that to which we are accustomed in 
the homeland4 ,the missionary cannot    
afford to have false disciples in the   
flock1 if he knows it1 for one sinner   
destroyeth much good4  ,new ,year's ,day
 at ,madras was full of interest4 ,lady 

,pentland1 wife of the governor of the  
,madras ,presidency1 invited us to a    
,new ,year's garden-party4 ,an open-air 
gathering of any sort on the first day  
of ,january would have been a novelty to
 us1 but this one found the atmosphere  
so balmy and the vegetation so green1   
that such a party was a positive        
delight4 ,the avenues of approach to the
 governor's residence were lined with   
the body-guard of his excellency1       
stationed in twos along the way1 and    
clad in scarlet ,the reception took     
place under a wide-spreading tree1 on a 
spacious lawn4 ,there were as many as a 
thousand guests4 ,it was a gay and      
beautiful scene4 ,hindu and ,moslem1    
,parsee and ,christian1 all met         
together4 ,it was an exhibition of      
loyalty to the ,british ,crown1 as well 
as a proof that just government may yet 
weld all ,india's classes and castes    
together4 ,lord ,pentland spoke to us   
most pleasantly of certain members of   
his family whom we had met in ,america1 

and ,lady ,pentland showed herself to be
 a charming hostess4  ,but a reception  
still more charming to us was the       
reception which the ,rochester men gave 
us that same ,new ,year's night1 at the 
bungalow of ,doctor ,ferguson1 close to 
the ,day ,memorial ,chapel1 where the   
sessions of the conference were held4   
,at least ten of our graduates sat down 
to supper1 together with their wives4   
,subsequently1 from adjoining rooms1    
other members of the conference came in 
to the ,new ,year's reception1 which is 
an annual affair4 ,the ,united ,states  
consul dropped in1 with a few other     
guests1 until the total number could not
 have been far from eighty4 ,it was like
 a family gathering4 ,when ,i remembered
 that the ,telugu ,mission was once     
called ,the ,lone-,star ,mission1 and   
was in danger of being given up1 and    
when ,i noted that it now numbers one   
hundred and sixty-eight churches and a  
church-membership of more than seventy  
thousand1 ,i could but say1 ,what hath  

,god wrought6     ,x  ,,the ,,telugu    
,,mission   ,madras is the greatest city
 of ,south ,india1 and ranks next to    
,calcutta and ,bombay in thrift and     
importance4 ,tamil and ,telugu are the  
two languages of the extensive ,madras  
,presidency1 the former prevailing most 
to the south1 the latter to the north4  
,they are cognate tongues1 and both are 
derived from the ,sanskrit4 ,our        
,american ,congregationalists have done 
most for the ,tamils2 we ,baptists have 
done most for the ,telugus4 ,the        
,telugus number twenty-six millions4    
,though ,madras is near their southern  
border1 it is the best starting-point   
for our description4  ,next to our      
mission in ,burma1 the ,telugu mission  
has been most blessed by ,god4 ,the     
famine of #ahgf was followed by a       
wonderful revival1 in which a nation    
seemed to be born in a day4 ,the people 
accepted ,christ by the thousands1 and  
twenty-two hundred were at one time     
baptized4 ,evangelization has been      

followed by education4 ,while our       
organized ,telugu churches number #afh1 
and our church-members #gj1jjj1 we have 
#hai schools of all grades1 and #bh1gha 
pupils under instruction4 ,the needs of 
the body have been cared for1 as well as
 the needs of the soul1 for there are   
fourteen hospitals and dispensaries1    
ministering to #h1jfg patients4  ,in    
such a mass movement as that among the  
,telugus1 it was inevitable that the    
organization of the converts into       
distinct1 self-governing1               
self-supporting1 and self-propagating   
churches should be a gradual process and
 should require time4 ,the poverty of   
the people was an obstacle to           
self-support4 ,but ,christian teaching  
has made them models of liberality1 and 
it was touching to see the              
church-members come forward at the close
 of the ,sunday morning service with    
their thank-offerings4 ,in fact1 these  
,telugu churches1 in the support of     
their native ministry1 are in large     

measure independent of foreign financial
 aid4 ,it is certain that1 so long as   
religion is an exotic1 its existence    
will be precarious4 ,the plant in the   
pot needs1 for permanence1 to become a  
tree rooted in the soil4                
,self-government is as necessary as     
self-support1 and self-propagation is   
equally important1 if the ,christianity 
of the native is ever to become         
indigenous4 ,these aims have been       
dominant in recent years1 and we have   
been permitted to witness scenes which  
demonstrate the power of ,god to make   
multitudes of people1 of the lowest     
class1 intelligent1 liberal1 and        
aggressive ,christians4  ,i must take   
four separate stations as illustrations 
of my thesis4 ,fortunately1 all of these
 stations are now under the             
administration of ,rochester men1 whom  
,i am proud to recognize as my former   
pupils4 ,but before ,i proceed to       
describe our experiences with them1 ,i  
must to some extent repeat what ,i have 

said in my last letter about ,madras and
 the conference there at the house of   
,doctor ,ferguson4 ,because ,madras is  
the greatest city of ,south ,india1 it  
is the natural source of supplies and   
the easiest place of gathering for our  
,telugu missionaries1 even though most  
of them live and work much farther to   
the north4 ,the principle of home rule  
requires such gathering1 and the        
missionary at ,madras1 without seeking  
it1 naturally becomes a sort of         
secretary and treasurer and entertainer 
of the whole body of ,telugu workers4   
,no one could be better adapted to this 
position of responsibility than is      
,doctor ,ferguson4 ,his abounding       
hospitality and his command of the whole
 situation make him sought as a         
counselor and as a leader4 ,as the older
 men1 like ,clough and ,downie1 pass    
away1 ,doctor ,ferguson1 by common      
consent1 forges to the front4 ,the      
present prosperity and harmony of the   
,telugu mission are largely due to his  

unassuming and welcome influence4 ,he   
too is a man whose scholarship and      
character reflect honor upon the        
,rochester ,theological ,seminary1 where
 he sat under my instruction twenty-two 
years ago4  ,coming now to our stations 
north of ,madras1 ,i begin with the     
,theological ,seminary at ,ramapatnam1  
in charge of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jacob      
,heinrichs4 ,its students met us at the 
entrance of the mission compound1 and we
 passed under an arch over which were   
inscribed the words1 ,welcome to ,dr4   
and ,mrs4 ,strong4 ,we had garlands of  
flowers thrown about our necks1 and we  
were sprinkled with eau de ,cologne4 ,in
 the large assembly-room of the         
seminary1 we listened to addresses in   
excellent ,english from pupils of the   
higher grades1 and we made responses in 
the same language1 which were           
interpreted to the scholars of the lower
 classes by the pastor of the village   
church4 ,a beautiful casket of carved   
ivory and pearl was presented to us1    

containing engrossed copies of the      
addresses delivered by the students4    
,there was singing of hymns1 both in    
,english and in ,telugu1 by choir and   
congregation4 ,the beauty of it all was 
its spontaneity and naturalness1 for the
 pupils themselves had planned and      
executed the whole program4             
,instruction in this seminary is largely
 biblical4 ,preachers are prepared for  
their work by being grounded in the life
 of ,christ and the life of ,paul4 ,the 
text-books have been written by ,doctor 
,heinrichs himself1 and they are so well
 adapted to their purpose that they have
 been extensively used by seminaries of 
other denominations than the ,baptist4  
,a native ,christian literature has been
 created for the ,telugus1 beginning    
with the ,bible1 but now embracing      
church history1 theology1 ethics1 and   
something of modern science4 ,it must   
not be thought that the teaching is     
exclusively religious4 ,our seminary1   
and all our schools of lower grade1 are 

affiliated with the government system of
 education1 and in all their lower      
grades are subject to government        
inspection4 ,so far as they conform to  
government standards of thoroughness1   
they receive government grants of       
financial aid4 ,british ,india is       
impartial--aid is also given to ,hindu  
and to ,mohammedan schools4 ,but        
,christian schools can well stand       
competition with these other systems1   
for the methods of our ,christian       
schools are more modern and more        
rational4 ,we left ,ramapatnam1         
convinced that ,india is receiving from 
the work of ,doctor ,heinrichs an       
inestimable blessing4 ,through a long   
series of years he has been training    
preachers and teachers for this whole   
,telugu land1 and much fruit is         
appearing in a new type of ,new         
,testament pastors and evangelists4     
,ongole1 one hundred and eighty-one     
miles north of ,madras1 was the scene of
 the great revival4 ,here too we were   

received most royally4 ,a crowd of      
church-members waited for us at the     
railway station and flocked round our   
carriage as we passed to the mission    
compound4 ,on the way1 a company of     
,telugu athletes entertained us at      
intervals by their feats of ground and  
lofty tumbling4 ,it was their native way
 of welcoming distinguished guests4 ,dr4
 ,james ,m4 ,baker has ably succeeded   
,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,clough in the work of     
administering and organizing this       
important field4 ,the ,ongole church of 
twelve thousand members1 with its       
connected schools1 is enough to tax the 
resources of the ablest man4 ,the new   
,clough ,memorial ,hospital had its     
beginning while we were in ,ongole1 in  
the laying of the corner-stone of a     
gateway in honor of ,dr4 ,s4 ,f4 ,smith1
 who wrote1 ,shine on1 ,lone ,star1 as  
well as ,my ,country1 ',tis of ,thee4   
,mrs4 ,strong1 with a silver trowel1    
made its foundation sure1 while the     
,english deputy collector for the       

district represented the government1 and
 ,i had the privilege of making an      
address to a great mixed audience of    
,hindus and ,mohammedans as well as     
,christians4  ,our most thrilling       
experience in connection with ,ongole ,i
 am yet to relate4 ,we wished to see the
 heart of ,india1 as we had seen the    
heart of ,china and the heart of ,burma4
 ,we could do this only by taking part  
in one of ,doctor ,baker's country      
tours4 ,every year he takes advantage of
 the favorable weather centering about  
mid-winter1 to spend two solid months in
 visiting the villages which throng     
these fertile plains4 ,with tent and    
equipment for cooking1 he penetrates    
these swarming heathen communities and  
carries to them the gospel of ,christ4  
,it was over some fearful roads that our
 two-pony1 two-seated buggy enabled us  
to accompany him4 ,government roads are 
one thing2 native roads are quite       
another4 ,sudden descents to fordable   
streams and sudden ascents to the       

opposite banks are succeeded by long    
stretches of passage through cultivated 
fields1 where there appears no sign of  
road at all4 ,at last we reached the    
village of ,naletur4 ,under the shadow  
of a great tree we found at least a     
thousand people assembled1 sitting on   
the ground bordered by a broad fringe of
 men and women standing on the outside1 
and supplemented by a score of          
half-naked ,zaccheus-like hearers       
perched in the branches of the trees4   
,mrs4 ,baker1 awaiting the coming of her
 husband and his guests1 had been       
holding this motley audience for two    
hours with selections from the          
gramophone1 with illustrated ,scripture 
lessons and pictures from the ,life of  
,christ1 and by calling on her band for 
music with a big drum1 castanets1       
cymbals1 and various other instruments  
of ,indian manipulation4 ,salvation     
,army methods have great influence over 
a childlike people1 and ,mrs4 ,baker    
would make1 in case of necessity1 a     

first-class ,salvation ,army lassie4 ,in
 fact1 no act of missionary humility has
 struck our eyes as more pathetic and   
true1 than that of ,mrs4 ,baker1 beating
 a big drum to the time of native music1
 in order to hold an audience for the   
hearing of the gospel4 ,the amphitheater
 of dusky faces1 massed together and    
intently listening1 with ,christians on 
one side and heathen on the other1      
seemed like a reproduction of the days  
when ,jesus was here among men1 and a   
prophecy of the great final ,day when   
our ,lord1 the ,judge1 will separate the
 sheep from the goats4  ,that evening we
 left the grove and entered the village 
with fife and drum1 attracting auditors1
 and held a torchlight meeting in the   
market-place4 ,there was preaching1 and 
the chanting1 in rhythm but not rhyme1  
of a versified story of the life of     
,christ4 ,the missionaries make much of 
this sort of ,telugu singing4 ,there was
 the same crowd of auditors that had met
 us in the afternoon1 but now the       

intermittent light of the torches made  
the scene seem to be flashing rays of   
conviction into many a troubled breast1 
and ,i wished that some great painter   
could immortalize the picture upon      
canvas1 for no one can understand       
missions to the heathen without         
picturing to himself such preaching4    
,the next morning1 on our way back to   
,ongole1 we visited the famous spot on  
the river bank at ,vellumpilly where1 in
 #ahgh1 #b1bbb believers were baptized4 
,on ,sunday we attended a service of the
 mission church1 where a native pastor  
officiated and at least fifteen hundred 
persons in addition to the missionaries 
were present1 though several hundreds of
 scholars were absent on account of the 
holiday vacation4 ,and finally1 at the  
sunset hour on that memorable ,sabbath  
,day1 we ascended ,prayer-meeting ,hill1
 where ,doctor ,jewett1 ,mrs4 ,jewett1  
and two others met on ,new ,year's ,day 
fifty years ago1 looked out over the    
great surrounding plain1 and prayed the 

,lord to give them the ,telugus1 as     
,john ,knox of old prayed1 ,give me     
,scotland1 or ,i die6 ,in both cases    
prayer was answered1 and we hope the    
more recent prayers offered on that     
historic spot in ,january1 #aiag1 will  
also be answered4 ,the ,telugus are     
gradually being won1 and we ourselves   
were witnesses to that fact when1 at the
 village of ,naletur1 we beheld the     
baptism of eleven new converts1 nine    
stalwart young men and two married      
women4  ,kavali is next to be mentioned4
 ,here is a work for the gradual        
reformation of criminals and the        
industrial regeneration of ,india4 ,in  
this land of poverty and famine1 our    
converts1 when turned out of house and  
home1 need new means of earning a       
livelihood4 ,there is in ,india a       
hereditary criminal class which1 like   
the thugs of a former generation1 make  
it a sort of religion to prey upon their
 fellow countrymen4 ,the ,british       
,government has been almost powerless   

either to subdue or to reform such      
offenders4 ,something more than mere    
justice is required in their treatment4 
,the ,government is recognizing the     
value of ,christian education and       
supervision1 and has recently put large 
tracts of territory into the hands of   
the ,salvation ,army1 the ,methodists1  
and the ,baptists1 with a view to       
combining compulsory work and paternal  
influence in the reform of the criminal 
classes4 ,the ,rev4 ,samuel ,d4 ,bawden1
 at ,kavali1 has charge of over eight   
hundred such people1 and is teaching    
them agriculture and all manner of      
trades4 ,mr4 ,bawden is one of the      
graduates of our theological seminary4  
,he was for several years chaplain of   
our ,house of ,refuge at ,rochester4    
,physically and mentally he is a        
remarkable man1 an athlete and almost a 
giant1 a man of science and a man of    
faith4 ,it needs all these gifts to     
dominate and lead toward ,christ eight  
hundred born thieves4 ,i know of no more

 self-sacrificing and ,christlike work  
than that which brother ,bawden is      
doing4  ,the success of it proves its   
value4 ,there are no prison walls1      
though leaving the community is followed
 by pursuit and recommittal4 ,there are 
no punishments except deprivation of    
food-wages4 ,each member of the         
community is paid in food1 and in       
proportion to the extent of his labor4  
,if he will not work1 neither can he    
eat4 ,opportunities for education are   
given to all4 ,there is even a church1  
made up of converted convicts4 ,the     
faithful among these ,erukalas1 as they 
are called1 are made monitors and       
helpers to their weaker fellows4 ,squads
 are sent out from five to twenty miles1
 to build and repair the roads1 with    
only an unarmed comrade for overseer4   
,nothing is given but education and     
,christian influence4 ,everything for   
the physical man is earned4 ,in this way
 hundreds of reformed criminals learn to
 gain their own living and to lead an   

honest life4 ,it was pathetic to receive
 the welcome of these humble men1 and to
 see their reverence and affection for  
their big father1 ,mr4 ,bawden4 ,we     
heard them greet him as our savior4 ,to 
show their respect for ,mr4 ,bawden's   
former theological instructor1 these    
poor men subscribed of their scanty     
means and hired a large gasoline street 
lamp to illuminate the evening service4 
,i have reserved to the last my account 
of our visit to ,nellore4 ,nellore is   
last1 but not least1 for this was our   
first permanent mission station in      
,south ,india4 ,work was indeed begun at
 ,vizagapatam in #ahcf1 but in #ahcg it 
was moved to ,madras1 and in #ahdj to   
,nellore1 ,madras being reopened in     
#ahgh4 ,nellore is one hundred and seven
 miles north of ,madras1 on the main    
line of railway1 and sixteen miles from 
the seacoast4 ,in the ,nellore field we 
have six churches1 and a total of nine  
hundred and twenty-six members4 ,it is  
our ,baptist schools that most attract  

our attention4 ,the ,coles-,ackerman    
,high ,school1 in charge of the ,rev4   
,l4 ,c4 ,smith1 has more than eight     
hundred pupils1 and is a great credit to
 our denomination4 ,bible classes and   
special preaching services for students 
are conducted with enthusiasm by our    
young missionaries1 ,smith and ,manley1 
and they bring good results4 ,there are 
also in ,nellore a high school for      
girls1 a hospital for women1 and a      
nurses' training-school1 all under the  
direction of our ,woman's ,society4 ,in 
these schools1 ,miss ,tencate and ,miss 
,carman are representatives of          
,rochester4  ,the general work of the   
mission is presided over by the ,rev4   
,charles ,rutherford1 one of my former  
pupils and graduates4 ,mr4 ,rutherford  
is the young and able successor of ,dr4 
,david ,downie1 a much older ,rochester 
man1 and one of the pioneers and leaders
 of the ,telugu ,mission4 ,he graduated 
from ,rochester in #ahgb1 the year in   
which ,i began my work as president of  

the seminary4 ,i cannot easily express  
my gratification at finding him in      
,south ,india to welcome me1 and to     
accompany me during a large part of my  
stay on this field4 ,few men have so    
noble a record4 ,though he retired from 
active service ten years ago1 and is now
 devoting himself to writing the history
 of the mission1 he is still vigorous in
 mind and heart1 and to meet him is to  
come in contact with an incarnation--an 
incarnation of the missionary spirit4   
,he has seen the little one become not  
only a thousand1 but well nigh a hundred
 thousand4 ,his faith is great1 that    
this whole ,telugu ,land will bow to    
,christ's scepter4 ,long may he live1 to
 bless ,india and the world6     ,,xi   
,,the ,,dravidian ,,temples   ,the      
,dravidians are supposed by most        
ethnologists to have been the aborigines
 of ,india4 ,when they were subdued by  
the ,aryans from the north1 they were   
crowded southward and were compelled to 
serve their conquerors4 ,this           

subjugation was the origin of caste2 the
 weaker became hewers of wood and       
drawers of water for the stronger4 ,the 
,brahman would have no social           
intercourse with the ,sudra1 and thought
 even his touch a profanation4 ,for the 
,brahman represented ,brahma1 was in    
fact ,brahma incarnate1 while the ,sudra
 was a manifestation of deity in        
inferior clay4 ,yet the ,brahman needed 
the ,sudra1 and had to propitiate him in
 order to use him4 ,so the ,aryan       
absorbed into his own system some of the
 ,dravidian gods1 and usually did so by 
marrying to ,dravidian female divinities
 male deities of his own4 ,siva1 the    
,aryan god1 for example1 took for his   
wife the ,dravidian goddess ,kali4 ,in  
many ways like this1 the ,aryan and the 
,dravidian united to form the ,hindu4   
,the ,hindu religion is a composite--a  
corruption of the nature-worship of the 
earlier ,vedas by its union with the    
more cruel and debasing features of the 
,dravidian idolatry4 ,the renowned      

temples of ,southern ,india best        
represent this mongrel form of          
,hinduism1 and show ,hinduism in its    
most corrupt development under          
,dravidian influences4  ,the massiveness
 and vastness of these temples          
demonstrate the power of the religious  
instinct in man1 even when that instinct
 is most perverted4 ,with all their     
grossness and crudity1 these shrines    
reveal a wealth of imagination and an   
artistic inventiveness1 which furnish   
object-lessons to the most cultivated   
,occidental mind4 ,we wonder what the   
,east could really have accomplished1 if
 its native gifts had been under the    
control of ,christian truth4            
,unfortunately1 those gifts were        
commonly under the control of the baser 
instincts4 ,paul's philosophy of        
heathenism is far more correct than that
 of many a modern writer on comparative 
religion4 ,only an ancestral sin can    
explain man's universal ignorance and   
depravity4 ,because he would not retain 

,god in his knowledge1 he was given up  
to the dominion of vile affections1 to  
show him his need of a divine           
redemption4  ,tanjore and ,madura are   
the seats of the ,dravidian temples     
which we visited4 ,tanjore is two       
hundred miles south of ,madras1 and     
fifty miles from the ,bay of ,bengal4   
,it is in the ,presidency of ,madras1   
but ,european influences have not       
greatly changed its prevailingly native 
aspect4 ,the half-naked coolies1 and the
 children clothed only in sunshine1 show
 how inveterate are custom and poverty4 
,the great ,tanjore temple is the center
 of worship for a hundred miles round4  
,it is built on a stupendous scale4 ,it 
consists of a series of courts1 in the  
midst of which are two tremendous towers
 or gopuras1 as the technical term      
should be4 ,its principal tower1 is     
pyramidal in form1 is two hundred feet  
in height1 is covered with row after row
 of colossal carvings of gods and       
goddesses1 and is surmounted by an      

immense dome-shaped and gilded top of   
solid stone1 said to have been brought  
to its place upon an inclined plane from
 the quarry four miles away4 ,the       
gateway leading to the temple is itself 
an enormous structure4 ,it opens upon a 
court eight hundred feet long by four   
hundred feet wide1 the walls of which   
enclose an endless succession of little 
chapels1 each one of which has at its   
back a rude picture of some incarnation 
of ,vishnu or ,krishna1 and in front of 
each picture there stands erect an image
 in stone of the lingam or phallus4  ,a 
great platform1 in the center of the    
court1 houses1 beneath a gorgeous       
canopy1 an immense black granite image  
of a bull1 the favorite animal of ,siva1
 carved out of a single block sixteen   
feet long and twelve feet high1 and kept
 perpetually shining by anointings of   
holy oil4 ,the imagination of the       
worshiper is thus excited by successive 
statues and pictures1 until at last he  
reaches the tremendous pyramidal tower1 

or gopura1 which portrays and symbolizes
 the power of the heathen god to destroy
 and to recreate4 ,that massive tower1  
superimposed above the idol and forming 
its magnificent abiding-place1 has no   
superior in all ,india for grandeur4    
,mr4 ,fergusson1 the distinguished      
writer on architecture1 calls it the    
most beautiful and effective of all the 
towers found in ,dravidian temples4 ,the
 sculptures in the long and dimly       
lighted corridors at the base of the    
temple1 and in the first tiers of the   
tower1 are wonderfully realistic        
representations of a sensual and        
ferocious deity4 ,but1 as you stand in  
the court1 and look up the sides of the 
tower to the gilded pinnacle on its     
dome1 you discover that all the upper   
rows of gods and demons are of stucco4  
,money evidently gave out1 as the       
structure rose1 and plaster took the    
place of stone4  ,the appurtenances of  
the temple are tawdry and childish4     
,huge cars1 in which images of the gods 

are carried about at times of festival1 
stand in the courtyard4 ,each car has   
its bejeweled beast for the god or      
goddess to ride--a wooden elephant1 a   
wooden bull1 a wooden rat--each with    
trappings of many-colored glass1 to     
imitate rubies and diamonds1 and each   
with its escort of dusky priests1 not   
forgetting to follow the foreign visitor
 and hold out their hands for alms4 ,yet
 in these corridors there were          
prostrated many absorbed and eager      
worshipers1 seeking protection or aid   
from a deity more demonlike than divine4
 ,one's heart grew sick as he realized  
that1 still in these latter days1       
,the heathen in his blindness     ,bows 
down to wood and stone1  and worships in
 a temple which exhibits in its halls a 
hundred immense images of the male organ
 of generation4  ,it was a relief to be 
conducted by a clergyman of the         
,anglican faith to the church where lie 
buried the remains of ,schwartz1 the    
first ,english missionary to ,india4 ,it

 must have required great gifts of mind 
and heart and will to brave ,hindu      
opposition1 to win the affection and    
support of a raja1 and to lay the       
foundations of a ,christian community in
 this heathen land4 ,schwartz was a     
,prussian by birth1 though he went out  
as a missionary of a ,danish society4   
,he gave his life and his fortune to the
 cause of missions1 and the ,english    
work in ,tanjore is even now largely    
supported by the endowments which he    
left behind him when he died4 ,our good 
friend ,doctor ,blake1 the ,english     
clergyman1 took us to the palace of the 
princess of ,tanjore1 also to the raja's
 library of ,oriental manuscripts within
 the palace--a priceless collection of  
eighteen thousand ,sanskrit manuscripts1
 of which eight thousand are written on 
palm-leaves4 ,this library is unique in 
all ,india2 and it shows that a raja in 
,tanjore1 in his love for literature1   
could equal the raja of ,jaipur1 in his 
love for astronomy4 ,the desire for     

learning was a passion that survived the
 fall1 an evidence of the presence in   
humanity of the preincarnate ,christ1   
the ,light that lighteth every man4     
,madura is a hundred miles farther south
 than ,tanjore4 ,it is really the center
 of ,dravidian worship4 ,while some     
features of the ,tanjore temple are more
 beautiful1 the temple at ,madura is    
more vast4 ,five great pyramidal towers1
 four of them on the points of the      
compass1 meet the eye as one looks upon 
the temple from a distance4 ,the temple 
is built about two great shrines or     
cells1 one for the god ,siva and the    
other for his goddess wife ,minakshi1   
each cell surmounted by a noble dome of 
plated gold4 ,on the four sides of the  
temple are stone porches1 arcades1 and  
pillared halls of great variety1 filled 
with elaborate and grotesque carvings   
and sculptures4 ,the extent of the      
structure may be judged from the simple 
statement that the outer walls1         
twenty-five feet high1 surround a space 

eight hundred and thirty by seven       
hundred and thirty feet1 and are        
surmounted by four lofty gate-pyramids1 
each of them ten stories in height4 ,the
 portico roof of ,minakshi's ,hall is   
supported upon six rows of carved       
pillars1 each made from a single stone4 
,there is an extensive ,golden ,lily    
,tank1 bordered by a granite corridor   
hung with cages of parrots1 and the     
putrid waters of the tank furnish       
purification preparatory to worship at  
,minakshi's shrine4 ,the very porch or  
entrance pavilion of this shrine is     
called ,the ,hall of a ,thousand        
,pillars1 though the actual number is   
nine hundred and eighty-five4 ,here and 
there among the pillars are seated      
learned men or pundits1 who place       
offerings of flowers and perfumed water 
before their sacred books and chant the 
meaning of ,sanskrit scriptures to      
groups of devout listeners4  ,the great 
temple1 with its dimly lighted          
corridors1 is open to the public day and

 night1 and there is special            
illumination by hundreds of little lamps
 in an arch at the entrance when night  
comes on4 ,long avenues are filled with 
buyers and sellers of wares1 and the    
rent of their stalls furnishes a large  
revenue for the support of the many     
priests4 ,a big elephant and a baby     
elephant1 each with the mark of the god 
upon its forehead1 are paraded up and   
down1 and are taught to pick up with    
their trunks the coins thrown down by   
visitors4 ,innumerable dark alcoves     
invite the crowd to rest1 and many a    
sleeping form is seen at the foot of the
 altars4 ,imagine a festival night with 
these dimly lighted courts crowded with 
worshipers1 the fierce and lustful      
images1 the glorification of the lingam1
 the secret places of assignation6 ,and 
this is the acme of ,hindu religion6    
,there are better things than this to be
 seen in ,madura4 ,the palace of        
,tirumala1 a raja of the seventh        
century1 is a magnificent specimen of   

,moorish architecture with unexpected   
,gothic tendencies4 ,its entrance hall1 
one hundred and thirty-five feet long1  
half as wide1 and seventy feet high1 has
 a lofty roof supported by heavy stone  
pillars with pointed arches of          
,saracenic type4 ,it shows that the     
,moslem1 in the long ago1 had at least a
 temporary hold upon ,south ,india4     
,this palace1 which has the structural  
character of a ,gothic building1 has now
 been partially restored and taken for  
the law-courts of the ,british          
,government4  ,the same ,tirumala who   
built the palace1 built the ,teppa      
,kulam1 an artificial reservoir outside 
the town1 about one thousand feet on a  
side1 very symmetrical and the largest  
of its kind in ,south ,india4 ,the whole
 tank is surrounded with granite walls  
and parapets1 and next the water there  
is a granite walk five feet wide running
 round the whole structure4 ,flights of 
steps lead down to the water1 at        
intervals4 ,in the center of this small 

lake is an island1 also walled around   
with granite slabs1 and on it there are 
five towers1 a large one in the center  
and one at each of the four corners4    
,the whole effect is very graceful and  
it makes a sight long to be remembered1 
when the feast of lights takes place and
 the island and the parapets and the    
granite curbings are illuminated with   
hundreds of little oil-lamps4 ,not far  
away from the tank is a famous          
banyan-tree which covers with its shade 
an area sixty yards in diameter1 has a  
main stem seventy feet in circumference1
 and has besides two hundred branches   
that have struck root4  ,but the noblest
 sight of ,madura is its ,american      
,congregational ,mission4 ,beginning in 
#ahcf1 the ,american ,board of          
,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions   
planned and founded their most wise and 
successful foreign missions4 ,they have 
aimed to do one thing well3 to make the 
,madura station not only complete but   
well supported1 to embrace in it all    

stages of education and all sorts of    
evangelization2 and to reduce the whole 
work to a unified system4 ,and the      
result has been the raising up of a     
large native ministry1 churches with    
twenty-two thousand members1 schools of 
every grade from the kindergarten to the
 college and the theological seminary4  
,we were most hospitably entertained by 
the principal of the college1 ,dr4 ,j4  
,x4 ,miller1 and the other missionaries2
 and we met and addressed both the      
native church at their ,sunday service1 
the faculty and students of the         
seminary1 and the annual conference of  
,congregational missionaries4 ,the      
,madura ,mission is a light shining in a
 dark place1 the darkest place indeed in
 ,india4 ,but it is a light that cannot 
be hid4 ,like our missions to the       
,burmans and the ,telugus1 it is showing
 the power of the gospel to cast down   
imaginations and every high thing that  
exalteth itself against the knowledge of
 ,god1 and to make a spiritual desert   

bud and blossom as the rose4     ,,xii  
,,two ,,weeks ,,in ,,ceylon   ,ceylon is
 not a part of ,india4 ,it is a ,crown  
,colony of ,great ,britain1 and is      
administered directly from ,london1     
while ,india has more of independence   
and self-government4 ,the relation of   
,ceylon to ,britain is somewhat like    
that of the ,philippine ,islands to the 
,united ,states1 while the relation of  
,britain to ,india resembles that of the
 ,united ,states ,government to our     
several territories4 ,ceylon1 however1  
is very productive and prosperous4      
,surrounded by the sea1 it is free from 
,indian droughts and famines4 ,its      
people are stalwart and loyal4 ,the     
,english language is fast becoming the  
easiest method of communication between 
,cingalese and ,tamils1 ,hindus and     
,malays4 ,colombo is really a ,european 
city1 as large as ,rochester1 with noble
 public buildings and lovely parks4 ,our
 ,galle ,face ,hotel1 on the very edge  
of the sea1 with a great stretch of     

green lawn in front of it1 is one of the
 finest hotels in the ,east1 and our    
week of rest here was delightful4       
,buddhism has been one of the great     
missionary religions of the world4 ,it  
was a reform of ,hinduism4 ,but the     
,hindus1 with their caste system1 would 
have none of it and drove it out4 ,the  
,buddhist triumphs were in ,burma1      
,tibet1 ,china1 ,japan1 at the north2 in
 ,ceylon and ,java1 at the south4 ,here 
in ,ceylon is preserved a sacred tooth  
of ,buddha2 and one of his bones1       
recently discovered in northern ,india1 
is to be brought next week with great   
pomp and ceremony to the temple in      
,kandy1 which already ranks in          
sacredness next to the great ,shwe      
,dagon pagoda in ,rangoon4 ,a temple in 
,java is founded upon a single hair of  
,buddha's head4 ,all this superstition  
and imposture dates back to a couple of 
centuries before ,christ1 and there is  
great reason to believe that the ,roman 
,catholic worship of relics is only an  

appropriation of this form of           
heathenism4  ,christian schools and     
churches are doing much to undermine    
,buddhism in ,ceylon4 ,colombo is       
especially fortunate in possessing a    
noble college of the ,wesleyan          
,methodists and a strong institution of 
all grades with eight hundred students4 
,the ,english ,baptists also have a very
 creditable mission work under the      
charge of ,messrs4 ,ewing and ,charter2 
while ,mr4 ,woods is the able pastor of 
an ,english-speaking ,baptist church4   
,the students of these various schools  
usually adopt the ,english dress4 ,the  
barefooted pupils first put on shoes1   
then the coat1 finally the trousers4 ,in
 the end you can hardly distinguish them
 from ,europeans4 ,these changes are    
more rapid in ,colombo than in ,madras4 
,indeed1 ,british rule is fast          
transforming what was first a           
,portuguese1 and then a ,dutch1         
settlement into a city where ,english is
 universally known and spoken4  ,it was 

gratifying to find that the ,government 
,college1 where the ,english language   
alone is used1 is opened every day with 
the reading of ,scripture and with      
prayer4 ,but it was unpleasing to learn 
that1 side by side with these ,christian
 influences1 the ,ananda ,college1 a    
theosophical institution1 allied to     
,mrs4 ,besant of ,madras1 was exerting  
an influence unfavorable to             
,christianity1 not only by setting      
,buddha side by side with ,christ1 but  
by urging the claim of ,buddha to be the
 supreme ethical teacher of the world4  
,before ,i tell you of our visit to     
,buddhist temples1 ,i must speak of the 
refuge from them which we found at      
,nurwara ,eliya1 sixty-two hundred feet 
above the sea4 ,colombo is only six     
degrees north of the equator4 ,here in  
,january the sun casts hardly any shadow
 at noon1 and the middle of the day is  
hot4 ,later in the year the heat is     
intense1 day and night4 ,so ,british    
officials combine with the rich of every

 tongue1 and even with the missionaries1
 to make their summer quarters high up  
among the hills4 ,we were transported   
thither on a narrow-gage railway1 cut   
into the sides of precipices1 running   
through tunnels1 and so tortuous as to  
form a hundred horseshoe loops4 ,the    
road seemed almost a miracle of         
engineering4 ,but the views were        
beautiful beyond description4 ,it was   
,switzerland without its ruggedness4 ,it
 was ,italy on the southern side of the 
,alps1 as ,philip van ,artevelde best   
describes it3      ,sublime1 but neither
 bleak nor bare     ,nor misty1 are the 
mountains there2     ,softly sublime1   
profusely fair2     ,up to their summits
 clothed in green1     ,and fruitful as 
the vales between1     ,they lightly    
rise     ,and scale the skies1     ,and 
groves and gardens still abound1        
,for where no shoot     ,can else take  
root1     ,the peaks are shelved and    
terraced round4  ,i am inclined to think
 that1 of all the beautiful railway     

rides ,i have ever taken1 this was the  
finest4 ,from the rice-fields of the    
plains we passed upward through endless 
tea-plantations1 where every inch of    
soil was preserved and utilized by the  
construction of artificial terraces4 ,in
 the midst of these plantations1 rubber 
trees were set at intervals4 ,there were
 many instances when we looked down from
 our airy perch1 on the edge of a       
precipice1 at least a thousand feet1 and
 saw ourselves on the side of a         
veritable amphitheater of mountains     
towering a thousand feet above us and   
covered with rows of tea-plants from the
 bottom to the top4 ,this amphitheater  
was often two miles across1 every foot  
of the ground minutely cultivated and a 
perfect sea of verdure4 ,but1 as we went
 up1 the palm gave place to the pine2   
cold succeeded to heat2 and to be at all
 comfortable at our hotel we were       
obliged to order fire in our rooms4     
,beautiful for situation as was ,nurwara
 ,eliya1 we were glad1 on account of the

 ,january cold1 to leave it4 ,and we    
went to ,kandy4 ,i wonder whether our   
word candy is derived from that sweet   
place4 ,i agree with some celebrated    
author1 whose name ,i forget1 in saying 
that ,kandy is the loveliest city in the
 loveliest island in the world4 ,of late
 years ,kandy has become the resort of  
tourists1 though the present war has    
greatly diminished their number4 ,a     
hotel that was accustomed to entertain  
fifty guests now has only half a dozen4 
,but the beauty of the place abides4 ,an
 artificial lake1 with an island of     
green in its center and winding among a 
forest of stately palms1 is surrounded  
by a circlet of hills4 ,on the summit of
 one of these hills is the ,missionary  
,rest-house1 founded and endowed by a   
wealthy ,christian woman for the relief 
of pilgrims1 as was the ,house          
,beautiful of ,bunyan's story4 ,there we
 were invited to afternoon-tea1 and as  
,i looked upon the fairylike landscape  
,i almost thought the ,garden of ,eden  

had come again4  ,but ,i could not long 
be deceived1 for at the very foot of    
this hill was the most famous ,buddhist 
temple of ,ceylon4 ,if this is          
,paradise1 it is ,paradise ,lost4 ,here 
,buddha's tooth is worshiped1 and here a
 newly discovered bone of his body is to
 add sanctity to the temple4 ,we        
attended the evening worship1 which     
consisted of a torchlight procession of 
priests1 with beating of tom-toms and   
frenzied dancing of musicians1 which    
would have done credit to the savagery  
of the ,fiji ,islands4 ,the temple here 
has no lofty pagoda4 ,it shows what the 
original pagoda really was1 for this    
temple has a number of bell-shaped      
structures resting on the ground4 ,next1
 historically1 came the elevation of the
 bell upon a stone platform2 and1       
finally1 the lifting of it into the air1
 resplendent with gilding4 ,kandy       
illustrates the humble beginnings of    
,buddhistic worship1 but with later     
accessories begotten by irrational      

devotion4  ,i should mention1 however1  
the only sign of intelligence which ,i  
found in this ,buddhist temple4 ,it was 
the library of ,pali manuscripts        
containing the sacred books and stories 
of ,buddha's life and doctrine4 ,many of
 these manuscripts were written on      
palm-leaves and were wrapped in silken  
coverings4 ,some had been presented by  
,siamese and by ,burmese kings4 ,some   
were ancient4 ,i saw no priest who could
 read them1 and ,i fancy that the sacred
 books are really studied only by       
pundits1 whose vocation is that of      
teaching1 and whose personal beliefs may
 be very different from those of        
orthodox ,buddhism4 ,it was pleasant to 
find1 not far from the ,temple of the   
,tooth1 a little church of the ,english 
,baptists1 which sends out light into   
all the surrounding darkness4 ,its      
pastor is a native ,christian1 who      
preaches every ,sunday morning in       
,cingalese and every ,sunday evening in 
,english1 while his week-days are       

devoted to the work of conducting an    
,english boys' school4  ,kandy is       
celebrated also for its botanical       
gardens4 ,only those of ,java compare   
with them in completeness4 ,the long    
avenues of palms of different           
varieties--palmyra1 talipot1 sago1      
royal1 sealing-wax--and the specimens of
 bamboo1 ,india rubber1 and rain-tree1  
are unique and wonderful4 ,the rain-tree
 is so called because the vast spread of
 its branches and the density of its    
foliage collect the dew to such an      
extent as actually to water the ground  
upon which it drops4 ,think of viewing  
in one morning of two hours' length1 a  
score of trees we had hitherto known    
only in the tales of the tropics3 the   
traveler's tree with its fernlike       
leaves1 the cannon-ball tree1 the deadly
 upas1 the nourishing breadfruit1 the   
clove1 the cinnamon1 the mace or nutmeg1
 the vanilla1 the guava1 the cork1 the  
almond1 the mulberry1 the mango1 the    
sandalwood6 ,there were great           

screw-pines1 lignum-vitae1 mahogany1    
mimosa1 magnolia trees2 and the         
tree-fern1 the giant creeper1 the       
panama-hat plant1 the ,peruvian cactus1 
the papyrus1 the pineapple1 and a great 
collection of orchids4 ,only the        
sunshine and the moisture of ,ceylon    
could produce such a result4 ,a tree    
cared for from its first sprouting1 and 
favored by the elements1 becomes a      
wonder of the world4 ,it shows what man 
may become under the tutelage of ,god4  
,anurajahpura was our last place to     
visit4 ,far to the north of ,colombo1 it
 is the most important extant specimen  
of the ruined cities of ,ceylon4 ,before
 the time of ,christ it was the seat of 
a kingdom that embraced the whole       
island4 ,buddhism1 after a              
life-and-death struggle1 captured it and
 erected in it structures for worship1  
which for grandeur and beauty rivaled   
those of ,burma4 ,two pagodas1 or       
dagobas1 of solid brick1 each of them   
more than two hundred feet high1 tower  

up before one as he enters the town4    
,these structures are covered with      
verdure1 for grasses and shrubs have    
eaten their way into the mortar on the  
sides1 until the dagobas resemble       
conical natural hills4 ,it is said that 
the brick of a single one would suffice 
to build a wall eight feet high and a   
foot thick from ,edinburgh to ,london4  
,one of them is being restored1 and     
fifty men are at work upon it1 tearing  
away the vegetation and building anew   
the outside covering of brick4 ,the     
dagoba itself is not a temple1 for it is
 solid and has no chamber within2 but at
 its base is a structure1 infinitesimal 
in size as compared with the one that   
towers above it1 and in this structure  
there is a reclining statue of ,buddha  
seventy feet long4 ,buddha must have    
been a giant1 for his footprints are    
four feet long1 and his tooth is as     
large as the tooth of an alligator1 and 
surprisingly like one4  ,the grounds in 
the neighborhood of these towering      

dagobas are strewn with ruins4 ,sixteen 
hundred pillars of stone1 seven feet    
high1 remain to show the vast           
foundations of an ancient ,buddhist     
monastery4 ,there is also a temple      
excavated in the solid rock of the      
hillside1 and adorned with curious      
carvings of elephants4 ,we made the     
acquaintance of its high priest under   
very peculiar circumstances4 ,we met him
 at a funeral4 ,it was the cremation of 
one of his priests4 ,on the outskirts of
 the village a great crowd surrounded a 
burning pyre4 ,two or three cords of    
rough wood had been piled up1 with the  
body of the priest in its center and the
 bier on which the body had been brought
 laid upon its top4 ,the fire was       
blazing upward1 and a deafening beating 
of tom-toms gave sacredness to the      
obsequies4 ,the awe-stricken followers  
of ,buddha stood at a little distance   
around1 while the flames grew fierce1   
and the sickening odor of burning flesh 
entered their nostrils4 ,it was no      

wonder that they were willing to follow 
the high priest1 when he came to salute 
me as a minister of religion from the   
other side of the world4 ,he was        
eighty-eight years of age4 ,clothed in  
his saffron robe and holding with       
trembling hands his rod of office1 he   
seemed the decaying specimen of a       
moribund religion4 ,he presented me with
 an umbrella of yellow silk4 ,it had an 
ivory handle with the carving of a lotus
 bud on its end4 ,i could not let him   
make such a present without some reward1
 and he seemed grateful for the few     
rupees which my interpreter wrapped up  
in his handkerchief4 ,he lifted up his  
fan and fanned me1 as we parted1 while  
he uttered some words of blessing4 ,i   
could hardly doubt his good will1 or    
fail to hope that some gleams of        
heavenly light had come to him from     
,christ1 the ,light of the world4 ,but  
,anurajahpura was1 like ,pagan in       
,burma1 the type of a vanishing         
religion1 and its high priest was1 like 

the ,jewish high priest of old1 the type
 of a priesthood sure to pass away1     
since ,christ1 the true ,high ,priest1  
has come4     ,,xiii  ,,java ,,and      
,,buddhism   ,we have crossed the       
equator1 and the ,southern ,cross1      
invisible to northern eyes1 seems still 
to beckon us onward4 ,but we have       
reached the most distant point of our   
journey1 and henceforth we shall be     
homeward bound1 taking ,china and ,japan
 as we go4 ,java is not so hot as we    
expected4 ,an island like ,cuba1 six    
hundred miles long and only two hundred 
broad1 has sea-breezes enough to keep it
 tolerably cool4 ,rain falls almost     
every day1 with an average of twelve    
feet in a year4 ,as the moisture is     
excessive1 all sorts of vegetation are  
luxuriant4 ,java is a gem of the ocean1 
and an emerald gem at that4 ,life here  
is as easy as anywhere on earth1 and    
there is a swarming population4 ,while  
,ceylon1 similar in area1 has only five 
millions of inhabitants1 ,java has      

thirty-five millions4  ,java is the     
jewel of the ,dutch ,crown1 one of the  
most fertile and productive islands of  
the world4 ,coffee and tea1 rice and    
sugar1 salt and spice1 tobacco and corn1
 coal and oil1 coconut and rubber1 are  
exported in an aggregate of two hundred 
millions of our dollars every year1     
while the aggregate of imports is little
 more than a hundred and twenty         
millions4 ,the ,dutch have taken a      
colony whose deficits once frightened   
the ,english into abandoning it1 and by 
the famous culture system of letting out
 the land upon wise conditions as to the
 kind and quantity of production1 have  
turned the whole island into a veritable
 garden1 and a principal source of      
revenue for ,holland4 ,the ,dutch indeed
 have drawn from ,java much more than   
they have given4 ,the ,roman ,empire    
should have taught them that            
incorporation of a colony1 and privilege
 granted to it1 were the only security  
for permanent possession4 ,until ten    

years ago1 however1 the ,dutch policy   
was one of repression rather than one of
 development4 ,while ,britain has tried 
by her schools and hospitals to         
,anglicize ,india1 ,holland1 for many   
years1 tried to keep the ,javanese apart
 and in subjection1 discouraging their  
study of the ,dutch language and giving 
them also no share in the government4   
,this policy has at last been seen to be
 suicidal2 ,chinese immigration has     
added an element of vigor1 industry1 and
 discontent2 the modern movement in     
,india and in ,japan has provoked new   
aspirations here2 even the ,malay has   
become aware that he has rights4 ,dutch 
schools have at last begun to educate   
the people2 the more progressive among  
the students are also learning ,english2
 and ,java now bids fair to press       
forward to occupy a position in the van 
of national and democratic progress4  ,i
 am deeply impressed with the density   
and vastness of this population4 ,only  
,belgium surpasses ,java in the number  

of inhabitants to the square mile4 ,we  
have taken a ride by rail for four      
hundred miles through the center of the 
island4 ,we have passed volcanoes       
actually smoking2 for a long range of   
mountains1 rising sometimes to a height 
of twelve thousand feet1 constitutes the
 back-bone of ,java4 ,there are sublime 
and beautiful landscapes all along the  
way1 sublime because of their           
occasionally rocky grandeur1 and        
beautiful because of the minute         
cultivation that adorns both hillside   
and plain4 ,the endless rice-fields1 and
 the fields of sugar-cane that stretch  
for miles like a billowy sea1 make a    
railway journey by day a constant source
 of delight4 ,you ride in a perennial   
garden1 and it is perfectly natural that
 the bird of paradise should have its   
habitat here4 ,like ,ceylon1 ,java is   
sure to be the resort of innumerable    
tourists1 for here are wonders beyond   
any to be found in localities more      
commonly visited4  ,and yet it is the   

people that interest one even more than 
the land they live in4 ,we turned aside 
at different points1 from the stations  
of the railways1 and got glimpses of the
 ,javanese in their country homes4 ,i am
 bound to say that these homes were     
often primitive in the extreme1 mere    
shacks or huts of bamboo and thatch1    
often without windows and with only a   
door in front and a door behind1        
sometimes standing in a pool of shallow 
water or lifted on stilts to escape the 
rain4 ,but everybody seemed to be at    
work1 except on market-days1 when the   
whole population of a district gathered 
in a country fair4 ,the throng and press
 of these trading-days1 the strife and  
din1 the variety of wares1 and the      
sharpness of competition1 were something
 new to us and long to be remembered4   
,the amusements of the ,javanese1 their 
music1 their shadow-dances1 all show a  
vigor and passion1 which explain their  
occasional use of the kriss or ,malay   
dagger1 and the difficulty of subduing  

and civilizing so ardent and imaginative
 a people4 ,but they are a people sui   
generis1 and sure1 when roused and      
educated1 to take their part on the     
modern stage4  ,i have intimated that   
the ,dutch ,government has seen its past
 mistakes1 and has entered upon a new   
and more generous policy4 ,nothing could
 demonstrate this better than the       
botanical gardens at ,buitenzorg4 ,these
 are unique in the world1 the most      
complete and the most practical4 ,the   
gardens at ,kandy in ,ceylon are more   
artistically arranged and are more      
beautiful to the ordinary visitor4 ,but 
these in ,java are more scientific and  
more helpful to the general development 
of the country4 ,they include the       
chemical investigation of agricultural  
products1 as well as the testing of     
their nutritive value and their tensile 
strength4 ,rubber planters are shown    
proper methods of culture1 and also     
improved methods of preparing the       
product for market4 ,seventy different  

varieties of rice have been discovered  
and classified2 and the tillers of the  
soil have been shown how they can       
greatly increase the yield of their     
acreage4 ,all the great botanical       
collections of the world communicate    
their novelties and discoveries to the  
,java gardens4 ,here at ,buitenzorg     
there is a school of forestry and       
another of veterinary science1 each of  
these with practical demonstrations4    
,trees and plants in the gardens are    
grouped in scientific classes1 the palms
 by themselves1 the pines by themselves4
 ,here the ,victoria regia1 the royal   
pond-lily1 flourishes in its proper     
habitat4 ,the avenues of kanari trees1  
with their lofty overarching vaulting1  
are grander than any nave of ,french    
cathedral4 ,it will be seen at once that
 the ,botanical and ,experimental       
,gardens of ,java are of immense service
 to agriculture and to science          
throughout the world4 ,we had the great 
privilege of being personally conducted 

through them by ,dr4 ,k4 ,j4 ,lovink1   
,director of the ,dutch ,department of  
,agriculture1 ,industry1 and ,commerce4 
,i wish ,i could say as much for the    
religious prospects of ,java as ,i can  
say for its economical and political    
prospects4 ,there is even greater need  
of change in this regard1 for the island
 has been a very stronghold of          
,buddhism1 as it is now of              
,mohammedanism4 ,when driven out from   
,india1 the ,buddhist missionaries came 
to ,java and here found a welcome4      
,javanese kings erected temples so      
enormous and so rich in sculpture that1 
defaced and decayed as they now are1    
they have no superiors on earth4 ,it    
was1 indeed1 the fame of ,boro ,budor1  
that most attracted us to ,java1 and we 
made a journey of thirteen hours to     
inspect this renowned ruin4  ,imagine a 
structure upon an eminence from which it
 is visible for miles1 yet walled in on 
one side by a lofty range of mountains1 
and on the other side commanding a      

magnificent view of cultivated plains4  
,imagine a temple of brick1 like the    
great pyramid of ,egypt1 more than five 
hundred feet square1 with five broad    
terraces1 the uppermost of which        
encloses an immense sitting statue of   
,buddha4 ,the topmost crown of this     
solid structure rises more than two     
hundred feet above the ground4  ,the    
wonder of ,boro ,budor is1 however1 not 
the vastness of the structure1          
containing though it does an amount of  
material five times as great as that of 
any ,english cathedral1 so much as it is
 the enormous amount of artistic work   
that has been expended upon it4 ,each of
 these five terraces has sculptured upon
 its side walls some representation in  
bas-relief of the legendary incidents of
 ,buddha's existence1 not only in the   
present state1 but in his previous      
states of being4 ,you walk1 as it were1 
through a picture-gallery of the life of
 ,buddha4 ,the bas-reliefs are wrought  
out with such delicacy as to suggest the

 influence of ,greek art upon the       
multitude of artists who toiled for     
years to produce them4 ,the effect1 at  
least1 is ,grecian2 and the number of   
the plaques is so great that1 if they   
were placed in a continuous row1 the    
line would be three miles long4         
,besides these sculptures1 the          
terrace-walls are interrupted at regular
 intervals by four hundred and          
thirty-six niches or alcove-chapels1    
each with its image of ,buddha facing   
the outside world1 so that the visitor  
approaching the temple cannot fail to   
see one hundred and nine ,buddhas1 or   
one-fourth of the total number1 looking 
down upon him4 ,above these             
alcove-chapels there are seventy-two    
small latticed domes1 or dagobas1 each  
with its statue of ,buddha imprisoned   
within1 as if he were preparing himself1
 by seclusion and meditation1 for the   
final state in which the great chamber  
which crowns the structure represents   
him1 ,i mean the state of passivity and 

bliss1 which has escaped the evils of   
transmigration and has attained to      
absorption of personal existence of the 
impersonal world-force which the ,hindu 
called ,brahma4  ,it is difficult to    
express the emotions which are roused by
 such an exhibition of man's religious  
instinct1 enlightened simply by ,god's  
revelation of himself in the natural    
world and in the nature of man4 ,here is
 a seeking1 but not a finding1 a groping
 in the dark1 with only the faint rays  
of conscience to show man the way4 ,yet 
he who is the ,light of the ,world was  
lighting every man1 before his advent in
 the flesh1 and even ,buddha was a      
reformer and an advance upon the        
,brahmanism of his time4 ,he preached   
the doctrine of unselfish devotion1 but 
he turned it into error by ignoring     
man's duty to himself4 ,he made         
extinction of desire1 rather than       
purification of desire1 to be the way to
 happiness4 ,how different this from    
that thirst after ,god1 even the living 

,god1 which animated the ,psalmist1 or  
that hungering and thirsting after      
righteousness which ,christ says shall  
be filled6 ,buddha found in self1 rather
 than in ,god1 the power to overcome    
evil4 ,buddhism has no personal ,god to 
whom appeal may be made for strength1   
and ,buddha himself has no power to     
answer prayer1 since he long ago passed 
into a realm of inactivity which is     
practically indistinguishable from      
non-existence4 ,there is no atonement   
for past sin nor escape from its        
consequences1 but by the giving up of   
being4 ,buddhism is a pessimistic and   
joyless religion4 ,hence it suffers     
deterioration in competition with the   
more active systems4 ,close by ,boro    
,budor1 where ,buddhism reached its     
culmination1 are the temples of ,mendoet
 and ,brambanam1 which show a reversion 
in the popular mind to ,hindu           
,brahmanism4 ,and when the ,moslem came1
 with his doctrine of a personal and    
living ,god1 ,buddhism had no force to  

combat it4 ,boro ,budor1 once the center
 of worship for a mighty kingdom1 now   
stands alone and desolate in a great    
wilderness1 without priest or worshiper4
 ,djokjokarta1 the next city in size to 
,batavia1 is to-day more ,mohammedan    
than ,buddhist4 ,christian schools and  
missions are doing much to turn this    
moral wilderness into beauty4 ,to       
convert ,java to ,christianity will add 
to ,christ's subjects the very ,queen of
 the ,east4     ,,xiv  ,,the            
,,renaissance ,,in ,,india   ,a recent  
book by ,prof4 ,c4 ,f4 ,andrews1        
formerly of the ,cambridge ,brotherhood 
in ,delhi1 has arrested my attention1 as
 the best extant synopsis of the        
religious history and prospects of that 
great country4 ,it is entitled ,the     
,renaissance in ,india4 ,it has not yet 
been reprinted in ,america1 and can be  
obtained only in the ,british ,isles4 ,i
 have thought it worth while to make it 
known among us by writing a review1 and 
the following paper might perhaps serve 

such a purpose4 ,but1 in the writing1 so
 many thoughts and illustrations of my  
own have suggested themselves1 that ,i  
cannot credit ,professor ,andrews with  
the result1 except in part1 and ,i      
submit my work as my own almost as much 
as it is his4  ,let me first1 however1  
do ,professor ,andrews the justice of   
explaining that the ,cambridge          
,brotherhood is a semimonastic          
fraternity of the ,church of ,england1  
which aims to convert ,india to         
,christianity by indoctrinating its     
higher classes4 ,all its members are    
bachelors1 and their pure life as well  
as their learning and liberality are    
attractive to educated heathen seekers  
after ,god4 ,our author is himself a    
devout believer in a preexistent        
,christ1 and he recognizes some rays of 
,christ's light in ,buddha and in       
,confucius4 ,this faith has led him to  
sever his connection with the ,cambridge
 ,brotherhood of late1 and to connect   
himself with the school of ,rabindranath

 ,tagore1 whom the ,british ,government 
has recently knighted for his poetical  
gifts and for his political loyalty4    
,members of the ,brotherhood have       
thought this leaving of their body a    
mistake of judgment1 and too great a    
concession to a rival religion1 while   
they still admire the self-devotion     
which leads their former brother to     
carry his advocacy of ,christianity into
 what he regards as the most promising  
school of ,hinduism4 ,with this         
explanation ,i proceed to the treatment 
of my subject4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,in the fifteenth 
century the ,european world was         
intellectually born again4 ,the         
barbarian ,goths and ,vandals had put an
 end to the ,roman ,empire1 and learning
 had taken refuge in the monasteries4   
,even that learning had become          
ecclesiastical4 ,precious manuscripts of
 the ,greek classics had their original 
writing wiped off to make room for      
monkish homilies4 ,the people were in   

ignorance and were ruled by the priests4
 ,but the ,crusades had brought about a 
new intercourse between the ,west and   
the ,east4 ,the fall of ,constantinople 
sent ,greek books and ,greek scholars to
 ,venice and to ,rome4 ,greek art       
inspired ,michelangelo and ,raphael4 ,a 
great wave of enthusiasm for the new    
learning swept over ,europe4 ,the       
printing-press multiplied copies of the 
old literature and put them in the hands
 of the poor4 ,it was the precursor of a
 new civilization1 and because it was a 
new birth of thought1 we call it the    
,renaissance4  ,the ,renaissance1       
however1 needed another factor to       
complement it4 ,not merely intellect was
 sleeping1 but also man's moral nature4 
,conscience and will required new       
stimulus4 ,religious reformation was    
necessary as much as intellectual       
revival4 ,greek books brought with them 
the vice1 as well as the art1 of the    
,east4 ,renaissance without ,reformation
 produced the ,borgias and their        

unspeakable wickedness4 ,erasmus without
 ,luther would never have saved ,europe 
from ruin4 ,it was the new view of      
,christ that showed men their sins1     
brought repentance and hope1 purified   
literature1 gave power to social truth1 
and united with the new learning to make
 possible our modern civilization4 ,it  
was a triumph of ,christianity over the 
powers of darkness1 for ,christianity   
involves both ,renaissance and          
,reformation4  ,a similar intellectual  
change has been coming over the ,eastern
 world1 and has been awakening the      
slumbering nations4 ,who would have     
foretold a half-century ago that ,turkey
 and ,persia1 ,japan and ,china1 would  
now have constitutional governments and 
legislative assemblies8 ,the world has  
moved very fast during the past decade4 
,modern inventions have given new wings 
to thought1 the nations have been coming
 to self-consciousness1 freedom is in   
the air1 even war is teaching the       
absurdity of committing the destiny of a

 whole people to the arbitrary rule of  
any single monarch4 ,the success of     
,japan in her struggle with ,russia     
aroused the whole ,east4 ,china has     
awaked from the sleep of ages4 ,and     
,india is the scene of unrest1 and will 
not be satisfied until her vast         
populations are given a larger share in 
her government4  ,india has witnessed   
the beginnings of her renaissance4 ,the 
universities which her rulers have      
established have diffused the new       
learning4 ,but they have also raised up 
a host of educated men1 some of whom can
 find no employment except in sedition4 
,false philosophies1 imported from the  
,west1 have made these same men         
agnostic1 and have disposed them to put 
evolution in place of ,god4 ,old        
religions have lost even their little   
power to control the moral life1 and a  
vague desire for independence of all    
restraint has led to revolutionary and  
even anarchistic plots4 ,we have some of
 the same dangers in our ,southern      

,states4 ,the negro is in many cases    
receiving a higher education than he can
 utilize1 and is becoming a possible    
leader of revolt1 while there is a vast 
inflammable multitude of uneducated     
negroes whom he can incite to violence  
and disorder4 ,as with us1 ,christianity
 is needed side by side with education1 
so in ,india to-day1 intellectual       
renaissance needs to be supplemented by 
religious reformation4  ,a glance at the
 history of ,india's religious systems  
will help our understanding of the      
problem4 ,the earliest record is that of
 the ,rig-,veda4 ,it is a recognition of
 the powers of nature1 and an exaltation
 of them to divine honor and worship4   
,the apostle ,paul gives us the further 
explanation that this deification of    
,god's works was the result of a        
previous unwillingness to retain the    
personal ,god in their knowledge4 ,to   
worship ,god's manifestations is to lose
 the sense of his unity and his moral   
governance4 ,men preferred the sun in   

the heavens to the ,sun of              
,righteousness4 ,they lost sight of the 
true ,god in self-chosen admiration of  
his works4 ,while the ,semitic mind     
gravitated toward the ethical and the   
personal1 the ,aryan gravitated toward  
the philosophic and the impersonal4     
,the ,upanishads are the second series  
of ,hindu scriptures4 ,these practically
 identify the human soul1 as well as all
 natural objects1 with the supreme ,god4
 ,the self is only a manifestation of   
,brahma4 ,the trend is toward absolute  
pantheism4 ,the individual is lost in   
the whole1 and the realization of this  
is salvation4 ,but humanity cannot be   
content without the semblance of        
personality in ,god1 and since          
everything has become divine1 it was    
easy to regard not only natural powers1 
but also personal beings as gods4       
,polytheism was the result4 ,vishnu and 
,siva1 gods of reproductive and         
destructive powers1 came to be          
worshiped4 ,incarnation and             

transmigration followed4 ,the           
incarnation was not the incarnation of  
the supreme ,brahma1 but of one of the  
subordinate deities1 ,vishnu1 and even  
this incarnation was but a temporary    
assumption of human form--a vanishing   
manifestation1 to be put off again like 
a worn-out garment when the real god    
returned to his heaven4 ,the ,hindu     
,trimurti was never the ,christian      
,trinity2 for ,christ is not only the   
supreme ,god manifest in the flesh1 but 
also the eternal ,revealer of ,god1 who 
takes our humanity to be a part of      
himself forever1 the partaker of his    
inmost being and the sharer of his      
throne4  ,while we credit ,hinduism with
 the idea of incarnation1 we regard it  
as only showing this to be a necessity  
of human thought1 and as far from       
satisfying man's longings for union with
 ,god4 ,gautama ,buddha1 passionless and
 lost in the contemplation of his own   
excellence1 is not the ,christian       
,redeemer1 who daily bears our burdens  

and takes upon himself1 in order that he
 may take away1 the sin of the world4   
,and what shall we say of the other     
deities of the ,hindu pantheon1 but that
 they are personifications of every     
human caprice and vice4 ,the ,krishna of
 the ,puranas has infected all ,india   
with his licentiousness1 and has given  
sanction to the worst forms of lust4    
,the growth of caste was another result 
of the loss of a personal and moral ,god
 and the deification of his works4      
,since all things came to be regarded as
 manifestations of deity1 the order of  
society and its distinctions became     
fixed4 ,the origin of caste is to be    
found in the superiority of the ,aryan  
conqueror to the ,dravidian aborigines4 
,the people of light complexion looked  
down on the dark-skinned race1 and drove
 them to the wall4 ,intermarriage       
between the two classes of the          
population became abhorrent to the      
ruling class1 and all manner of         
restrictions were put upon their        

intercourse1 till even the shadow of the
 outcaste falling upon the ,brahman     
brought contamination4 ,let us not blame
 the ,aryan too hastily1 for in ,south  
,africa and in our own ,southern ,states
 we see the same denial that ,god has   
made of one blood all the races of men1 
and the same exclusion of the darker    
race from all privileges of human       
brotherhood4 ,slave-owners were shocked 
when ,abraham ,lincoln lifted his hat to
 salute a negro1 and ,southern men      
protested when ,president ,roosevelt    
entertained ,booker ,washington at his  
table4 ,christian proclamation of human 
brotherhood constitutes one of the chief
 obstacles to the success of the gospel 
in ,india4  ,the low place of woman and 
her lack of education is another        
obstacle which must be removed if ,india
 is to profit by the renaissance of     
learning4 ,this undervaluing of the     
physically weak is itself a fruit of    
man's apostasy from ,god4 ,and as       
,brahmanism set its stamp of approval   

upon distinctions of caste and fixed    
them for centuries1 so it was with      
woman's position and influence4 ,she was
 condemned to inferiority4 ,she became a
 mere instrument of man's pleasure1 or a
 mere drudge in his household4 ,she     
never sat with him at his meals1 but ate
 what was left after he had been served2
 she never walked by his side1 but      
always followed behind1 when she was not
 shut up in the zenana at home4 ,one of 
the best signs of a new civilization in 
,india is the growing conviction among  
the higher classes that woman must be   
educated1 if her children are to emerge 
from their superstitions and become of  
use in the modern world4 ,the suttee has
 been abolished by law1 but             
child-widowhood yet remains to curse the
 lives of millions4 ,there is no better 
proof that ,christianity is permeating  
society with its influence than is found
 in the increasing number of girls who  
are seeking education in our mission    
schools and colleges4 ,pundita ,ramabai 

has become a glory to her own           
countrymen1 as much as has ,rabindranath
 ,tagore by his utterance1 ,the         
regeneration of the ,indian people to my
 mind1 directly and perhaps solely1     
depends upon the removal of this        
condition of caste4 ,we may add that the
 dominion of caste and the degradation  
of woman will come to an end together1  
and nothing but ,christianity will      
abolish them4  ,the renaissance of      
learning is not enough4 ,a new spirit of
 love is needed to solve the problems of
 ,india4 ,for there is no country of the
 world where racial antagonisms are so  
felt4 ,entirely apart from the          
distinctions of caste1 which are racial 
in their origin1 there is the           
distinction of ,hindu from ,mohammedan1 
which has its origin in religion4       
,remember that1 of ,india's population1 
sixty-five millions are ,moslems1 while 
one hundred and eighty millions are     
,hindus4 ,the ,hindu men of caste cannot
 help paying some respect to the        

,mohammedans1 for they are compelled to 
acknowledge their financial and         
executive power1 just as they           
acknowledge1 without admiring1 the power
 of their ,british rulers4 ,they cannot 
treat ,moslems as outcastes1 but they   
will not associate with them2 and they  
cherish a settled antipathy to them4    
,all this the ,mohammedans heartily     
reciprocate4 ,english policy has in     
times past cultivated this mutual       
dislike1 lest union between the two     
religious sects should lead to the      
formation of a party too strong for     
,british rule to keep in subjection4    
,one religion has been used to defeat   
the influence of the other4 ,of late    
years only has it been true that both   
have been forced to recognize the       
impartial justice of ,british rule2 and 
this recognition has been gained by the 
gradual admission of able men from both 
parties to many important judicial and  
administrative positions in the ,indian 
government4 ,but the antagonism of      

religions still remains1 and it         
constitutes a most serious bar in the   
way of a united ,india4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,there   
are signs of an approaching reformation 
in ,india which will supplement its     
intellectual renaissance4 ,just as the  
growing power of ,christianity in the   
second and third centuries of our era   
was shown by the competition of new and 
imitative religions like that of        
,mithra1 and by spasmodic attempts on   
the part of the old heathenism to       
interpret its mythology symbolically and
 to reform its moral practice2 just as  
the growing power of the gospel in the  
fifteenth century led the ,roman ,church
 to slough off some of its abuses and to
 tolerate among its adherents reformers 
before the ,reformation2 so in ,india   
the new learning from the ,west and the 
missionary proclamation of the gospel   
have brought about a state of religious 
unrest which could only be allayed by   
efforts on the part of ,hindus and      

,moslems alike to interpret their faiths
 more rationally and to prove that these
 faiths were equal if not superior to   
,christianity itself4 ,the              
,brahmo-,somaj1 which ,ram ,mohun ,roy  
founded at the end of the eighteenth    
century1 largely as a result of his     
horror at the murder of his sister by   
suttee1 has led to the abolition of that
 cruelty4 ,ram ,mohun ,roy sought to    
purge ,hinduism of its corruptions by   
appealing to its earlier and purer      
scriptures4 ,he was the first to        
establish a vernacular press in ,india1 
and1 with ,alexander ,duff1 the first   
,english schools4 ,though he did not    
formally profess ,christianity1 he      
studied our ,christian ,scriptures1     
acknowledged their value and influence1 
and published a book entitled ,the      
,precepts of ,jesus4  ,another ,hindu   
who exerted great influence during the  
half-century just passed was ,keshub    
,chunder ,sen4 ,he passionately adored  
,christ as his true ,master4 ,yet he was

 practically ,unitarian1 and his later  
years belied the promise of his         
brilliant beginnings4 ,though a member  
of the ,brahmo-,somaj1 he split the body
 in two by his violation of its         
prohibition of child-marriage1 and      
wasted his strength in attempts to      
combine ,western rationalism with the   
ecstatic fervors of the ,east4 ,as the  
result1 the ,brahmo-,somaj has declined1
 until in numbers and influence it has  
now hardly more than five thousand      
adherents in all ,india4 ,mozumdar was  
one of its representatives who sought to
 give ,oriental interpretation of       
,jesus1 but one without ethical or      
saving power4 ,the ,arya-,samaj is a    
more consistent effort to reform ,hindu 
religion by bringing it back to the     
purer standards of the ,vedas4 ,swami   
,dayanand was the founder of the        
society4 ,he was led to renounce        
idolatry by seeing a mouse eat food     
offered to an idol and run without      
hindrance over the idol's robes and     

hands4 ,of all the reforming bodies1 the
 ,arya-,samaj most retains the          
confidence of the masses in the north of
 ,india4 ,but its tenets are not        
acceptable to the educated classes of   
the south1 and it needs a further       
infusion of both science and religion4  
,thus far we have treated only of ,hindu
 progress4 ,a word must be said of      
progress among the ,moslem population of
 ,india4 ,here the ,aligarh ,movement   
demands attention4 ,sir ,seyd ,ahmad    
,khan was its leader4 ,he was of noble  
family1 entered the ,english service1   
and took part with the ,british in      
crushing the mutiny of #aheg4 ,when the 
,mohammedan population afterward fell   
under suspicion1 he gathered round him a
 company of liberal young men and sought
 by educational means to bridge the gulf
 between ,moslem and ,english4 ,he      
claimed that ,british rule in ,india    
represented ,christian civilization1 and
 that this is no enemy to ,islam1 but   
only its complement and helper4 ,he saw 

that only religion could heal the breach
 and rescue ,islam from decline4 ,he    
founded the ,aligarh ,college in ,delhi1
 and devoted himself to the cultivation 
of friendliness1 not only between       
,moslem and ,english1 but also between  
,moslem and ,hindu4 ,this college is one
 of the strongest educational forces in 
,north ,india4  ,returning to ,hindu    
progress1 we mark the work of such men  
as the ,swami ,vivekananda4 ,it will be 
remembered that he represented ,india at
 our ,chicago ,parliament of ,religions1
 where ,joseph ,cook challenged the     
priests of the ,orient to answer ,lady  
,macbeth's question1 ,who shall cleanse 
this red right hand8 ,vivekananda sought
 to blend ,christian philanthropy with  
the ,vedantic philosophy4 ,identity with
 the ,supreme is to be attained1 not    
only by passive contemplation1 but also 
by active unselfish service4 ,but this  
truth was mixed with strange            
interpretations of ,scripture4 ,jesus'  
declaration1 ,i and my ,father are one1 

was made to mean1 ,every man and woman  
is ,god4 ,and ,vivekananda was quite    
willing himself to be worshiped4 ,his   
fundamental error1 indeed1 was his lack 
of the sense of sin4 ,he said to his    
audience in ,chicago3 ,the ,hindus      
refuse to call you sinners4 ,ye         
divinities on earth1 sinners8 ,it is a  
sin to call a man so4 ,it is a standing 
libel on human nature4 ,yet1 in spite of
 this deification of self and of all    
humanity1 he did much to inspire pity   
for the poor1 to awaken ,india to       
self-consciousness1 and to give hope of 
national unity4  ,we must not ignore the
 work of ,the ,theosophical ,society1   
though it has made a name for itself    
more in ,europe and ,america than in    
,india4 ,while it has done something to 
encourage education and to teach modern 
science1 it has used the knowledge thus 
given as an instrument in defending     
superstition4 ,the immoralities of      
,krishna are discussed and palliated in 
,mrs4 ,besant's ,magazine for the       

instruction of young students4 ,charms1 
incantations1 astrology1 idolatry1      
caste1 are all woven into the system1   
for the sake of propitiating the ,indian
 mind1 so that its influence is hostile 
to ,christianity and to missions4 ,idols
 are to be worshiped because they are   
centers of magnetism4 ,in ,england ,mrs4
 ,besant predicts a second advent of    
,christ4 ,but in ,india this becomes a  
new avatar of ,krishna4 ,in spite of her
 stout denunciation of child-marriages  
and her inculcation of modern science1  
her propaganda has not been so much a   
reform of ,indian religion1 as it has   
been a hindrance to reform4 ,hindu      
devotees indeed have eulogized her for  
what they call her successful opposition
 to the proselyting efforts of          
,christian missionaries4  ,and yet1 even
 the ,theosophical ,society1 with all   
its absurdities of levitation and the   
astral body1 has been compelled to bear 
some witness to ,jesus ,christ4 ,he is  
the light that lighteth every man1 and  

he has given even to this system some   
elements of truth4 ,we do not hesitate  
to recognize the truth that ,buddha and 
,confucius1 taught1 and to regard it as 
a ray of ,christ's light shed forth     
before the rising of the sun4 ,and it is
 our privilege to conclude our list of  
,hindu reformers with the name of       
,justice ,renade1 who recognized in     
,christ the source of all former        
revelations of ,god4  ,justice ,renade1 
in his social reform movement of the    
last fifty years1 has carried the spirit
 of philanthropy into practice1 more    
fully than did ,vivekananda or ,mrs4    
,besant1 and without any of their       
fantastic self-exaltation4 ,renade      
recognized the elements of truth in both
 the ,hindu and ,moslem systems1 and he 
saw in ,christianity the influence      
destined to unite them4 ,he would not   
throw away the old1 but he would utilize
 it while he added the new4 ,and with   
this acknowledgment that he who is not  
against us is on our side1 we may well  

close our sketch of reformers before the
 reformation4 ,we sum up the lessons of 
history when we recognize in ,hinduism  
the two great ideas of divine immanence 
and incarnation1 in ,mohammedanism the  
two equally essential truths of divine  
transcendence and personality4 ,and we  
see the absolute dependence of ,india   
upon ,christianity for its true         
,reformation4 ,india needs the          
missionary more than she needs the      
schoolmaster4 ,let us pray that she may 
have a religious revival that shall turn
 the intellectual awakening into moral  
channels4 ,that religious revival will  
furnish a center of unity in ,christ1   
the one and only ,revealer of ,god2 not 
in a ,hindu philosophy1 nor in a ,moslem
 ,koran1 but in a living ,person1       
present with all his people1 the soul of
 their soul and the life1 and imparting 
to them his own ,spirit of love and     
brotherhood4 ,in ,christ alone can      
,india's renaissance become a complete  
reformation4     ,,xv  ,,missions ,,and 

,,scripture   ,the world of scholars has
 recently been startled by the pretended
 discovery that the ,great ,commission1 
,go ye therefore1 and make disciples of 
all the nations1 is not an utterance of 
,jesus himself1 but only one attributed 
to him by some enthusiastic follower of 
his in a later time4 ,this pretended    
discovery is on a par with the earlier  
one that there never was such a person  
as ,jesus at all1 but that his          
personality is simply a myth that       
gradually grew up in the minds of some  
,jewish fanatics who sought a fulfilment
 of ,messianic prophecy4 ,we might treat
 these perverse and subversive          
conclusions as only curious instances of
 a wrong method of criticism4 ,but they 
filter down from the scholars to the    
masses of ,christian believers and      
weaken their faith4 ,it becomes a duty  
to deal with the method which leads to  
such results1 and threatens to destroy  
all our missionary zeal4 ,hence ,i      
proceed to test the value of the method 

itself1 even though it is commonly      
called the historical method by those   
who adopt it4 ,if we can bear a somewhat
 roundabout way of treating the subject1
 we shall gain a new and valuable light 
upon our missionary theory and practice4
  ,to prevent misunderstanding1 however1
 ,i must premise that it is the         
historical method as frequently         
employed1 and not the historical method 
as it ought to be1 to which ,i offer my 
objections4 ,my criticism is directed   
against the historical method1 only when
 it assumes to be the exclusive means of
 attaining truth1 follows the methods of
 physical science1 and ignores the far  
more important material for religious   
use which is furnished by intuition and 
revelation4 ,the phrase historical      
method has come to imply much that does 
not properly belong to it4 ,i criticize 
only its frequent exclusiveness and     
exaggeration4 ,and ,i do this1 as ,i    
think1 in the interest of true science4 
,there are two methods of reasoning     

possible1 in this case or in any other  
case1 and there are only two--,i mean   
the deductive1 and the inductive4 ,i    
make no mention of argument from        
analogy1 for that proceeds upon a       
deductive basis1 presuming that there is
 a designed order in the world which    
makes analogy possible4 ,the deductive  
method argues from the universal to the 
particular1 from the higher to the      
lower1 from ,god to man4 ,the inductive 
method1 on the other hand1 argues from  
the particular to the universal1 from   
the lower to the higher1 from man to    
,god4 ,both of these methods are correct
 when each is taken in connection with  
the other4 ,much depends1 however1 upon 
the question which is taken first4      
,shall we begin with the particular1    
leaving out for the time all thought of 
the universal8 ,there is danger that    
induction will come to be regarded as   
itself sufficient to lead us into the   
truth4 ,this is a serious error1 for    
correct induction presupposes deduction1

 and therefore deduction should be the  
guiding principle and safeguard of      
induction4 ,if this is forgotten1       
induction may go fearfully astray4  ,to 
make my meaning still more plain1 let me
 say that in our investigations we need 
a comprehensive method1 a method that   
will look at facts from more than one   
point of view4 ,a truly historical      
method will look at facts from above1 as
 well as from each side1 and so the     
deductive process may be popularly      
described as vertical4 ,the historical  
method falsely so called errs in        
confining its view to what can be seen  
immediately around it1 and so its       
process is exclusively horizontal4      
,deduction begins vertically1 and makes 
that which comes from above to be its   
guide and standard in all inductive     
work4 ,induction begins horizontally1   
and tends to become self-sufficient1    
until all light from above seems        
untrustworthy and useless4 ,for example1
 take the study of nature4 ,if one      

begins1 inductively and horizontally1   
with mere physical and material order1  
instead of beginning1 deductively and   
vertically1 with man's higher powers of 
conscience and will1 he will end by     
finding only impersonal force in the    
universe1 and by practically deifying   
it1 as the ,hindus deified ,brahma4     
,begin rightly1 and1 with due care in   
the application of the deductive        
principle1 he will come to right        
conclusions4 ,there are certain truths  
which cannot be reached by induction4   
,they are known by intuition1 long      
before induction begins4 ,the most      
fundamental of these truths is the truth
 of ,god's existence4 ,a ,power above   
us1 which has moral perfection1 and     
which claims our obedience1 is revealed 
to every man by conscience4 ,begin with 
this knowledge1 and to the obedient     
spirit the physical world seems ablaze  
with evidences of wisdom and love2 the  
regularities of nature are recognized as
 ,god's methods of ordinary operation2  

evolution is only his usual plan of     
growth and progress2 in other words1    
,god's transcendence is manifest as well
 as his immanence1 his personality as   
well as his revelation in the forces of 
the universe4  ,man is a theist1 before 
he becomes a ,christian4 ,theism is a   
universal intuition1 ready to assert    
itself in practice wherever it is not   
prevented by an evil will from its      
normal manifestation4 ,but1 because man 
is in an abnormal condition1 this normal
 action of his powers can be restored   
only by the ,holy ,spirit4 ,when he is  
come1 says our ,lord1 he will convince  
the world of sin1 because they believe  
not on me1 and of righteousness1 because
 ,i go unto the ,father4 ,only when the 
prodigal repented1 did he come to       
himself1 and begin to act normally4     
,under the influence of the ,spirit1    
,god's holiness reveals to man his sin1 
and ,god's love leads him to the feet of
 ,jesus4 ,this is the first step in     
,christian experience4 ,to put my       

doctrine unmistakably and in a nutshell1
 deduction from the existence of ,god   
normally precedes and insures the       
acceptance of ,christ4 ,the sinner comes
 to have personal knowledge of ,one who 
has atoned1 and therefore can forgive4  
,but to him who has accepted ,christ1   
his ,lord is more than a historical     
,redeemer1 he is a present ,saviour from
 both the penalty and the power of sin4 
,without this personal knowledge of     
,christ1 we might think of him as only  
one of many human examples or teachers1 
like ,confucius or ,buddha4 ,now1 he is 
nothing less than ,god manifest in the  
flesh1 omnipresent1 omniscient1         
omnipotent1 whom having seen we have    
seen the ,father4  ,but there is a      
second step in ,christian experience1   
which ,i wish also to describe in a     
nutshell and to define as unmistakably  
as ,i described and defined the first4  
,i claim that deduction from the        
existence of ,christ normally precedes  
and insures the acceptance of           

,scripture4 ,our ,lord himself has said1
 ,my sheep hear my voice4 ,the          
,christian recognizes in ,scripture the 
voice of ,christ4 ,no change in his     
experience is more marked and wonderful 
than the change in his estimate of the  
,bible4 ,a little time ago1 ,scripture  
was commonplace and unmeaning4 ,now it  
speaks to him with a living voice such  
words of instruction and comfort1 of    
warning and promise1 that his soul is   
filled alternately with sorrow and with 
joy4 ,he wonders that he never saw these
 things before4 ,he perceives for the   
first time that he has been in an       
abnormal condition of mind1 and that    
condition has been due to his own       
perversity of will4 ,but now the        
prodigal has come to himself4 ,only the 
,holy ,spirit could have made possible  
this new and normal exercise of his     
powers4 ,the change is not in the       
,scripture1 it is in himself4 ,he has   
come in contact with a word of ,god that
 liveth and abideth4 ,he sees in it the 

divine workmanship4 ,he can no longer   
regard ,scripture as merely the work of 
man2 it is also the work of the same    
,spirit who has transformed him1 namely1
 the eternal ,christ4 ,christ is the    
author and inspirer of ,scripture1 even 
though imperfect human agents have been 
employed to communicate his revelation4 
,in spite of the rudeness and diversity 
of the instruments1 there breathes      
through them all a certain divine melody
 and harmony4 ,while the inductive and  
horizontal method would give us only    
finite and earthly truth1 the deductive 
and vertical can give us truth that is  
infinite and eternal4 ,the indispensable
 condition of success in the            
interpretation of ,scripture is         
therefore a hearty belief that the      
,bible is ,christ's revelation of ,god1 
and not merely a series of gropings     
after truth on the part of men4         
,deduction will give us truth from      
above1 whereas induction will give us   
only scattered facts on the horizontal  

plane4  ,i am convinced that the        
so-called historical method of          
,scripture interpretation1 as it is     
usually employed1 fails to secure       
correct results1 because it proceeds    
wholly by induction1 leaving out of its 
account the knowledge of ,christ which  
comes to the ,christian in his personal 
experience4 ,i do not regard such a     
historical method as really historical2 
,i deny that it discovers the original  
meaning of the documents2 ,i claim that1
 when made the sole avenue of approach  
to truth1 it leads to false views of    
doctrine4 ,it assumes at the outset that
 what rules in the realm of physics     
rules also in the moral and religious   
realm4 ,but the ,christian has learned  
that ,christ is the supreme source of   
truth4 ,by a process of either conscious
 or unconscious deduction he recognizes 
in ,scripture the utterance of ,christ4 
,he must begin his investigations with  
one of two assumptions3 ,is the ,bible  
only man's word8 or1 ,is it also        

,christ's word8 ,is it a mere product of
 human intelligence8 or1 ,is it also the
 product of a divine intelligence1 who  
indeed uses human and imperfect means of
 communication1 but who nevertheless at 
sundry times and in divers manners has  
brought to the world the knowledge of   
salvation8  ,i claim that we should     
begin by assuming that the ,bible is a  
revelation of ,christ4 ,this assertion  
is justified1 as ,i have already        
intimated1 by our ,christian experience4
 ,that experience has given us a        
knowledge of the heart1 more valuable in
 religious things than any mere         
knowledge of the intellect4 ,doctor     
,tholuck1 in an address to his students 
at his fiftieth anniversary1 said that  
,god's greatest gift to him had been the
 knowledge of sin4 ,without that        
conviction of sin which the ,spirit of  
,christ can work in the human heart1    
there can be no proper understanding of 
,scripture1 for ,scripture is a         
revelation to sinners4 ,the opening of  

the heart to receive ,christ1 and the   
new sense of his pardoning grace and    
power1 give to the converted man the key
 to the interpretation of ,scripture1   
for the mystery of the gospel1 the      
central secret of ,christianity1 is     
,christ in you1 the hope of glory4 ,he  
whom the ,holy ,spirit has first led to 
the knowledge of sin1 and has then led  
to the acceptance of ,christ1 is        
prepared to enter into the meaning of   
,scripture1 and no other man can        
understand it4  ,this was the way in    
which ,paul came to understand          
,scripture4 ,it was not by criticism of 
the documents1 but by receiving ,christ1
 that the light of the knowledge of the 
glory of ,god in the face of ,jesus     
,christ entered into his soul4 ,he knew 
himself to be the chief of sinners4 ,he 
knew ,christ as his manifested ,god and 
,saviour4 ,he applied to ,christ all    
that the ,old ,testament had revealed   
with regard to the dealings of ,god with
 his chosen people4 ,the light that     

shone upon him on the way to ,damascus  
was the ,shekinah that led ,israel in   
the pillar of cloud by day and of fire  
by night1 that dwelt over the mercy-seat
 in the tabernacle and in the temple1   
and that thundered and lightened from   
,sinai in the giving of the ,law4 ,the  
,rock that followed them in the         
wilderness1 and gave water to the       
thirsty1 that ,rock was ,christ4 ,and so
 ,paul came to know ,jesus ,christ as   
preexistent and omnipresent1 as         
,redeemer of the whole world1 ,gentile  
as well as ,jew2 and ,christ's ,cross   
became the embodiment and symbol of     
,god's amazing sorrow for human sin1 and
 of his sacrifice for its cure4 ,all    
,paul's later conclusions were          
developments and expressions of his     
initial knowledge of ,christ4 ,it was a 
deductive and not an inductive process1 
by which he arrived at his theology4    
,lest any ,christian should say that the
 deductive method is impracticable to   
him1 for the reason that he has had no  

such revelation of ,christ to start from
 as that which was given to ,paul1      
,scripture reports to us the very       
different experience of another apostle4
 ,i refer to ,peter4 ,peter shows us    
how1 by this same deductive method1 an  
experience which at its beginning is    
very small1 may in the end become very  
great4 ,peter goes to the banks of      
,jordan1 a sinner1 seeking pardon for   
his sin4 ,john the ,baptist points him  
to ,jesus1 ,behold the ,lamb of ,god1   
who taketh away the sin of the world4   
,peter knows nothing of ,jesus' deity1  
nor of his atonement4 ,but1 by an       
instinct which is the best of logic1 he 
is drawn to ,jesus1 as the one who can  
satisfy his needs4 ,he becomes a        
,christian1 that is1 a follower of      
,jesus4 ,his experience is a sort of    
caterpillar2 it can creep1 but it cannot
 soar4 ,yet all the elements of growth  
are in it4 ,peter begins to analyze it4 
,what right has he to surrender himself1
 body and soul1 to a man like himself8  

,the answer is3 ,jesus is more than man4
 ,at ,csarea ,philippi1 ,peter cries1   
,thou art the ,christ1 the son of the   
living ,god4 ,on the day of ,pentecost1 
he preaches ,christ as the ,saviour     
exalted to ,god's right hand4 ,and      
finally1 in his ,epistles1 he declares  
the preexistence of ,christ1 and the    
fact of ,christ's utterances through the
 prophets as far back in time as the    
days of ,noah4 ,if our higher critics   
only adopted ,peter's method1 analyzed  
their own experience1 following on to   
know their ,lord and meantime willing to
 do his will1 they too1 like ,peter1 in 
spite of small beginnings1 would learn  
of ,jesus' doctrine1 would emerge from  
the caterpillar state1 would be soaring 
instead of creeping1 and would end by   
gladly confessing that he who met them  
on the way in their first experience was
 none other than the omnipresent        
,christ1 whom ,paul describes as ,god   
manifest in the flesh1 in whom dwelleth 
all the fulness of the ,godhead bodily4 

,they would also learn1 with ,peter1    
that ,scripture is the work and word of 
the preexistent ,christ4  ,because this 
experience of sin and of ,christ is     
knowledge1 it is material for science1  
for science is only unified knowledge4  
,i do not deny that it is knowledge     
peculiar to the ,christian4 ,the princes
 of physics and literature and          
government have not known it4 ,it is not
 the wisdom of this world1 but it is    
better1 even the very wisdom of ,god4 ,i
 glory in ,christian theology1 as the   
science that will last1 when all systems
 of merely physical science have passed 
away4 ,for the man who has been saved by
 ,christ has knowledge of him who is    
,creator1 ,upholder1 and ,life of all4  
,i do not hesitate to say that the only 
safe interpreter of physical nature is  
the true ,christian1 for it is ,christ  
in whom all things consist4 ,the true   
,christian is the only safe interpreter 
of history1 for it is ,christ who       
upholds all things by the word of his   

power4 ,and so1 the true ,christian is  
the only safe interpreter of ,scripture1
 for it is ,christ whose ,spirit in the 
prophets testified beforehand of his    
sufferings1 and of the glories that     
should follow them4 ,in him who is the  
,lord of all are all the treasures of   
wisdom and knowledge hidden4 ,only when 
one is joined to ,christ1 can he        
understand the evolutionary process     
through which ,christ has led the human 
race1 or understand the ,bible which    
constitutes the historical record of    
that process4 ,with the ,psalmist we may
 say1 ,in thy light shall we see light4 
,as ,christ is the central object of    
knowledge in ,christian experience1 it  
follows that ,christians recognize him  
as the primary author of ,scripture4    
,they find him speaking to them in the  
,bible1 as in no other book4 ,it becomes
 to them the word of ,god1 given by     
divine inspiration1 and able to make    
them wise unto salvation4 ,from the     
deity and supremacy of ,christ they     

proceed to faith in the unity1 the      
sufficiency1 and the authority of       
,scripture1 and this determines their   
method of investigation4 ,from the      
person of ,christ to the word of ,christ
 is a process often unconscious1 but one
 better than any process of formal      
logic4 ,knowing their divine ,saviour1  
they know the divinity of his word4 ,his
 presence in human history and in the   
hearts of the righteous has given unity 
to his continuous revelation4 ,the      
,scripture cannot be broken1 or         
interpreted as a promiscuous congeries  
of separate bits2 for a divine          
intelligence and life throb through the 
whole collection4 ,like railway coupons1
 its texts are not good if detached4 ,we
 must interpret each text by its        
context1 each part by the whole1 the    
preparation of salvation by the         
fulfilment1 and all the diverse contents
 by him who weaves all together1 even   
,christ1 the end of the law1 to whom all
 the preliminaries point4 ,this method  

gives room for the most thorough        
investigation of the times and ways of  
revelation1 for recognizing the         
imperfection of beginnings and the      
variety of the product4 ,the ,bible is a
 gradually accumulated literature1      
,hebraic in form1 but universal in      
spirit4 ,the preexistent ,christ has    
made all this literature one1 by the    
influence in the sacred writers of his  
omnipresent ,spirit4 ,if the historical 
method would begin with this postulate  
of a unifying ,christ1 its method would 
be more safe and its results more sure4 
,faith in an eternal and omnipresent    
,christ guarantees also the sufficiency 
of ,scripture4 ,here1 however1 there is 
an obvious limitation4 ,scripture is not
 sufficient for all the kinds and       
purposes of human science4 ,it will not 
tell us the configuration of the hinder 
side of the moon1 nor reveal the future 
uses of electricity4 ,it is not with    
such things that ,scripture deals4 ,but 
in religious matters1 such as our       

relation to ,god and salvation1 it is   
sufficient as a rule of faith and       
practice4 ,we may find in it all needful
 models and helps in the divine life1 as
 well as all needful directions about   
the way to begin it4 ,the church of     
,christ has always found in the ,bible a
 safe guide for her polity and conduct1 
and civil government has prospered when 
the principles of ,scripture were       
followed by the powers that ruled the   
,state4 ,because the ,christian believes
 the ,bible to be the product of men    
inspired by ,christ1 he can send it out 
by the million copies as equal to the   
moral and spiritual needs of the world4 
,and because ,christ is1 through his    
imperfect agents1 the real author of    
,scripture1 we believe in its absolute  
authority4 ,when rightly interpreted1   
however4 ,it will never do to treat     
poetry as if it were prose1 or drama as 
if it were history1 or allegory as if it
 were fact4 ,christ can use1 and he has 
used1 all the common methods of literary

 composition1 and he expects us to use  
common sense in dealing with them4 ,but 
out of the whole can be evolved a       
consistent doctrine and an authoritative
 law4 ,the one and only way of salvation
 is plainly that of faith in ,god's     
provision of pardon and life in ,christ4
 ,in spite of many divergences1 the     
great body of ,christians throughout the
 ages have agreed in their recognition  
of the personality and the deity of the 
,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy        
,spirit2 of the incarnation and the     
atonement of ,christ2 of his            
resurrection and his lordship2 of his   
omnipresence with his people even to the
 end of the world4 ,they have expressed 
this agreement in the ,apostles' ,creed 
and in the hymnology of the church4 ,but
 the great body of instructed           
,christians also believe in ,christ as  
the ,revealer of ,god in nature and in  
history2 as the ,light that lighteth    
every man in conscience and tradition2  
and as the righteous ,judge who accepts 

in every nation those who fear ,god and 
work righteousness1 casting themselves  
as sinners upon the divine mercy even   
though they do not yet know that this   
divine mercy is only another name for   
,christ4 ,the ,bible1 as a whole and    
when rightly interpreted1 is absolute   
authority1 because it is the word of    
,christ2 and ,christ holds each of us1  
as individuals1 to the duty and the     
privilege of interpreting the ,bible for
 himself4  ,it seems to me plain that   
this method of interpreting ,scripture  
in the light of the ,christian's        
experience of ,christ1 is not the       
historical method1 as it is usually     
employed4 ,this latter method seems to  
ignore the relation of ,scripture to    
,christ1 and to proceed in its          
investigations as if there were no      
preexistent ,christ to furnish its      
principle4 ,it insists upon treating    
,scripture as it would treat any        
unreligious or heathen literature1 and  
with no relation to its divine          

authorship4 ,it sees in ,scripture only 
a promiscuous collection of disjointed  
documents1 with no living tie to bind   
them together1 and no significance      
beyond that of the time in which they   
were written4 ,it would treat the ,bible
 as a man-made book1 or rather1 as a    
man-made series of books1 regardless of 
the fact that the plural biblia1 which  
once represented the thought of the     
church1 has1 under the influence of the 
divine ,spirit1 become biblion or       
,bible1 a singular1 and a proof that    
,christian consciousness has not been   
satisfied with rationalistic            
explanations1 but has followed its      
natural impulses by attributing unity to
 the word of ,christ its ,saviour4 ,the 
separate words have been felt to        
constitute the one word of ,god1 an     
organic whole1 which fitly represents   
the eternal ,word1 of whom it is the    
voice and expression4 ,scripture is not 
a congeries of earth-born fragments1 but
 an organism1 pulsating with divine     

life4 ,the historical method of which ,i
 speak can never find that life1 because
 it works only on the physical and      
horizontal plane1 ignoring the light    
which comes deductively from above1 and 
also the darkening and blinding         
influences which often operate          
unconsciously from below4     ,,xvi     
,,scripture ,,and ,,missions   ,the     
historical method of ,scripture         
interpretation1 as it is often employed1
 ends without ,christ1 because it begins
 without him4 ,one of its fundamental   
principles is that each passage of      
,scripture is to be interpreted solely  
in the light of the knowledge and intent
 of the person who wrote it4 ,the ,one  
,hundred and ,tenth ,psalm1 for example1
 can have no reference to ,christ1      
because the writer knew no other than   
the ,jewish king whose accession and    
whose power he anticipates4 ,the ,psalm 
reads1 ,jehovah said unto my ,lord1 ,sit
 thou on my right hand1 until ,i make   
thine enemies thy footstool4 ,the       

so-called historical critics would make 
any interpretation of this passage as a 
designed prophecy of ,christ to be an   
unwarranted accommodation of it to a    
meaning which it did not originally     
bear1 and the conclusion is that we are 
wrong in citing these words as an ,old  
,testament assertion of ,christ's deity4
 ,but1 unfortunately for this method of 
interpretation1 we have1 in the ,gospels
 of ,matthew and of ,mark1 our ,lord's  
own reference of this passage1 not      
simply to some ,jewish ruler of olden   
time1 but to the coming ,messiah1 and   
since he was himself the ,messiah1 he   
refers it by implication to himself4 ,he
 does not deny1 but rather grants1 a    
primary reference of the psalm to a son 
of ,david1 for ,david was a king1 and   
his son would be a king4 ,but he also   
sees in the psalm a prophecy that this  
son of ,david would be a king whom      
,david would call ,lord4 ,his searching 
examination propounds to the unbelieving
 ,jews the question1 ,what think ye of  

the ,christ8 whose son is he8 ,and they 
say1 ,the ,son of ,david4 ,he answers   
them by asking1 ,how then doth ,david1  
in the ,spirit1 call him ,lord8 ,in     
other words1 inspiration declares       
,messiah to be a ,king of kings1 and a  
,lord of lords4 ,since the whole        
discussion is one with regard to the    
nature and claims of the ,messiah1 and  
since the ,messiah is not a mere man    
like ,david1 but is seated on the throne
 with ,jehovah and is ,david's ,lord1   
,christ's answer is an assertion of his 
own deity4 ,his answer antedates1 even  
if it did not suggest1 ,paul's later    
description of ,christ1 as declared to  
be the ,son of ,god with power1         
according to the ,spirit of holiness1 by
 the resurrection from the dead4 ,but   
the higher critics differ in opinion    
from the ,lord ,jesus4 ,they extricate  
themselves from their difficulty by     
suggesting that ,jesus1 like other men1 
was subject to the errors of his time4  
,and so1 not only ,christ's knowledge of

 ,scripture and his authority as its    
interpreter are denied1 but also his    
knowledge of his own nature and place in
 the universe4 ,if his knowledge of     
things so essential be denied1 what     
trust can we place in any other of his  
utterances8 ,to those who reason in this
 way1 ,christ cannot possibly be        
divine--he is only a fallible man1      
self-deceived1 and so1 deceiving others4
 ,the fault of the critics lies in their
 presupposition4 ,they have begun       
wrongly1 by leaving out the primary fact
 in the subject they investigate1       
namely1 that the preincarnate ,christ   
was the author and inspirer of the      
,scripture which he afterward           
interpreted4 ,he used human agents1 with
 their natural language and             
surroundings1 as his instruments1 but he
 could1 on the way to ,emmaus1 beginning
 from ,moses and all the prophets1      
interpret to those humble believers in  
all the ,scriptures the things          
concerning himself4 ,scripture can have1

 and it does have1 two authors1 man and 
,god1 the writer and ,christ2 and to    
ignore ,christ in the evolution of the  
,bible is to miss its chief meaning1 to 
teach falsehood instead of truth1 and1  
consciously or unconsciously1 to deny   
,christ's deity4  ,cannot a document    
have more than one author8 ,what are the
 facts in other realms of art8 ,in      
painting1 did not ,landseer get ,millais
 to paint the human figure into the     
picture of his dogs8 ,in literature1 is 
there any more acknowledged fact than   
that ,erckmann-,chatrian's              
battle-stories were the work of two     
writers1 and not of one8 ,the work of a 
single author may have two separate     
meanings1 for ,dante declares that his  
,divine ,comedy has one meaning that is 
personal1 and another meaning that is   
universal4 ,our extreme critics are as  
poor students of literature as they are 
of life4 ,their narrowness of           
interpretation is due to a narrowness of
 experience4 ,if they knew ,christ      

better1 they would find in the          
,twenty-third ,psalm alone enough proof 
to upset their theory4 ,the ,lord is my 
shepherd1 ,i shall not want1 is an      
utterance inexplicable by merely human  
authorship4 ,to suppose that even a king
 of ,israel who had been a shepherd-boy 
could have written this psalm without   
divine inspiration1 in a day when all   
lands but little ,palestine were wrapt  
in a pall of heathen darkness1 is to    
suppose that religion can exist and     
flourish without a ,god4  ,the testimony
 of ,jesus1 says the book of            
,revelation1 is the spirit of prophecy4 
,it was the recognition of constant     
references to ,christ in the ,old       
,testament1 that enabled the apostles to
 convince and convert the unbelieving   
,jews4 ,the absence of this recognition 
is the secret of all the minimizing of  
,christ's attributes which is so rife in
 our day4 ,do men believe in ,christ's  
deity who ignore his promise to be with 
them to the end of the world1 and who   

refuse to address him in prayer8 ,could 
one of these modern interpreters have   
taken the place of ,philip1 when he met 
the ,ethiopian eunuch8 ,that dignitary  
had been reading the prophecy of        
,isaiah1 ,he was led as a lamb to the   
slaughter4 ,of whom speaketh the prophet
 this8 of himself1 or of some other8    
,and ,philip opened his mouth1 and      
preached unto him ,jesus4 ,our modern   
critics call this an unwarranted        
interpretation1 because ,isaiah had no  
knowledge of ,christ4 ,and yet1 ,john   
tells us that ,isaiah saw his glory1 and
 spake of him4 ,the critics contradict  
,john again1 when they say that we must 
put no meaning into ,isaiah's words but 
that of his own time4 ,his great        
prophecy of a suffering ,messiah1 they  
say1 had reference only to ,jehoiachin1 
the captive king of ,judah1 or to the   
whole ,jewish nation as the afflicted   
people of ,god4 ,philip and the critics 
are evidently at variance4 ,if we accept
 their method1 we shall lose all        

reference in the ,old ,testament to the 
atonement of ,christ1 and all proof that
 the sacrifice on ,calvary was that of  
the ,lamb slain from before the         
foundation of the world4 ,reverse the   
process1 and we can still say1      ,the
 ,holy1 meek1 unspotted ,lamb1     ,who 
from the ,father's bosom came     ,for  
me and for my sins to atone1     ,him   
for my ,lord and ,god ,i own4  ,it is   
needless to multiply instances of this  
failure to interpret the ,old ,testament
 aright4 ,let me call attention to the  
effect of this method upon the          
interpretation of the ,new ,testament1  
for the authority of the ,new ,testament
 is also undermined4 ,the system of     
typical interpretation1 which sees in   
,christ the reality prefigured in ,old  
,testament shadows1 is discredited as   
unscientific4 ,the whole ,epistle to the
 ,hebrews is thrown out1 as a poetical  
clothing of the man of ,nazareth with   
the fading glories of an outworn        
worship4 ,the idea that the high priest 

of old who entered the ,holy of ,holies 
once a year not without blood1 and the  
whole ,jewish system of which this      
formed the central feature1 were a      
divinely ordered prefiguration of       
,christ's atoning sacrifice for the sins
 of men--this idea is called a mere     
human addition to historical truth4     
,christ is no longer our great ,high    
,priest4 ,his priesthood is mere        
metaphor1 without divine warrant or     
authority4 ,he is not our ,prophet1 nor 
our ,king1 for his prophecies are not   
fulfilled1 and his kingdom is only that 
of a moral teacher and example4 ,and all
 this1 in spite of the fact that the    
,epistle to the ,hebrews bears upon its 
front the declaration that ,god1 who in 
past times spoke to the fathers through 
the prophets1 has in these last days    
spoken through his ,son1 whom this same 
,epistle then proceeds to describe as   
the effulgence of ,god's glory and the  
very image of his substance1 the        
,creator1 ,upholder1 and ,redeemer of   

the world1 the same yesterday1 to-day1  
and forever4  ,i do not undervalue the  
historical method1 when it is kept free 
from this agnostic presupposition that  
only man is the author of ,scripture4   
,this method has given us some          
information as to the authorship of the 
sacred books1 and it has in some degree 
helped in their interpretation4 ,i am   
free to acknowledge my own obligation to
 it4 ,i grant the composite documentary 
view of the ,pentateuch and of its      
age-long days of creation1 while ,i     
still hold to its substantially ,mosaic 
authorship4 ,i say this1 however1 with  
deference1 for a university president of
 note1 when asked about the stories of  
,cain and ,abel1 replied that no such   
persons in all probability ever lived1  
but that the account was still valuable1
 since it taught the great moral lesson 
that it is highly improper for a man to 
murder his brother6 ,i grant that there 
may be more than one ,isaiah1 while yet 
,i see in the later ,isaiah a           

continuance of the divine revelation    
given through the earlier4 ,any honest  
,christian1 ,i would say1 has the right 
to interpret ,jonah and ,daniel as      
allegories1 rather than as histories4 ,i
 can look upon the book of ,job as a    
drama1 while ,i still assert that ,job  
was a historical character4 ,i can see  
in the ,song of ,solomon the celebration
 of a pure human love1 while at the same
 time ,i claim that the ,song had       
divinely injected into it the meaning   
that union with ,christ is the goal and 
climax of all human passion4 ,in short1 
,i take the historical method as my     
servant and not my master2 as partially 
but not wholly revealing the truth2 as  
showing me1 not how man made the        
,scripture for himself1 but how ,god    
made the ,scripture through the         
imperfect agency of man4 ,so ,i find    
unity in the ,scriptures1 because they  
are the work of the omnipresent and     
omniscient ,christ3 ,i find sufficiency 
in the ,scriptures1 because they satisfy

 every religious need of the individual 
and of the church2 ,i find authority in 
the ,scriptures1 because1 though coming 
through man1 they are1 when taken       
together and rightly interpreted1 the   
veritable word of ,god4 ,i denounce the 
historical method1 only when it claims  
to be the solely valid method of        
reaching truth1 and so1 leaves out the  
primary agency and determining influence
 of ,christ4  ,what sort of systematic  
theology is left us1 when the perverted 
historical method is made the only clue 
to the labyrinth of ,scripture8 ,there  
is but one answer3 ,no such thing as    
systematic theology is possible4        
,science is knowledge1 and to have a    
system you must have unified knowledge4 
,the historical method so called can see
 no unity in ,scripture1 because it does
 not carry with it the primary knowledge
 of ,christ4 ,it simply applies in its  
investigations the principles of        
physical science4 ,physical science     
begins with the outward and visible1 not

 with the inward and spiritual1 with    
matter and not with mind4 ,laplace swept
 the heavens with his telescope1 but he 
said that he nowhere found a ,god4 ,he  
might just as well have swept his       
kitchen with a broom1 and then          
complained that he could not find ,god  
there4 ,god is not stars1 nor dust4 ,god
 is spirit1 and he is not to be         
apprehended by the senses4 ,laplace     
should have taken man's conscience and  
will for his starting-point4 ,and just  
as physical science can find no ,god in 
the universe by the use of the forceps  
and the microscope1 so this historical  
method can find no ,christ in the       
,scriptures1 because it looks there for 
only human agency4 ,the result is that  
it finds only a collection of seemingly 
contradictory fragments1 with no divine 
,spirit to harmonize them and bind them 
together4 ,its method is purely         
inductive1 whereas its induction should 
always be guided by a knowledge of      
,christ1 gained before investigation    

begins1 and furnishing the basis for a  
deductive process as well4              
,differentiation and not harmonization  
is its rule1 and this makes its         
criticism destructive rather than       
constructive4 ,many a passage is set    
aside1 because it will not fit in with a
 skeptical interpretation4 ,christ's own
 words with regard to his being a ransom
 for many1 and with regard to his having
 all power committed to him in heaven   
and in earth1 are held to be later words
 attributed to him by his followers4    
,the whole ,new ,testament story comes  
to be regarded as a mythical growth1    
like that which gradually placed haloes 
about the heads of the apostles4 ,the   
,gospel of ,john is not accepted as     
historical1 but is said to be a work of 
the second century4 ,jesus1 it is said1 
never himself claimed to be the         
,messiah1 since it is only ,john who    
reports his saying to the woman of      
,samaria1 ,i that speak unto thee am he4
 ,paul is set aside1 as being the author

 of a rabbinical theology which has no  
claim upon us2 and that1 in spite of    
,christ's own declaration that there    
were many things which he could not     
teach while he was here in the flesh1   
but which he would teach1 by his        
,spirit1 after his resurrection1 and    
ascension4  ,prof4 ,kirsopp ,lake1 in a 
recent address before the ,harvard      
,divinity ,school1 deprecated the use of
 the term theology4 ,theology1 he said1 
presupposes divine revelation1 which we 
do not accept4 ,he proposed the term    
philosophy1 as expressive of the aim of 
the ,unitarian school4 ,this is honest  
and plain4 ,what shall we say of those  
who speak of the new emphasis needed in 
modern theology1 when they really mean  
that the preaching of the old doctrines 
of sin and salvation must give place to 
another gospel of cooperative ,christian
 work8 ,from their neglect to put any   
further emphasis upon the faith once for
 all delivered to the saints1 we can    
only infer that1 for their structure of 

doctrine1 no other foundation than      
philosophy is needed1 and that they1    
like the ,unitarians1 no longer accept  
the fact of a divine revelation4 ,other 
foundation can no man lay than that     
which is laid1 which is ,jesus ,christ1 
and to lay greater emphasis upon the    
fruits of ,christianity than upon its   
roots1 is to insult ,christ1 and        
ultimately to make ,christianity itself 
only one of many earth-born religions1  
powerless like them either to save the  
individual soul or to redeem society4   
,professor ,lake is quite right3 ,if    
there is no divine revelation1 there can
 be1 not only no systematic theology1   
but no theology at all4  ,what is the   
effect of this method upon our          
theological seminaries8 ,it is to       
deprive the gospel message of all       
definiteness1 and to make professors and
 students disseminators of doubts4 ,many
 a professor has found teaching         
preferable to preaching1 because he     
lacked the initial ,christian experience

 which gives to preaching its certainty 
and power4 ,he chooses the line of least
 resistance1 and becomes in the         
theological seminary a blind leader of  
the blind4 ,having no system of truth to
 teach1 he becomes a mere lecturer on   
the history of doctrine4 ,having no key 
in ,christ to the unity of ,scripture1  
he becomes a critic of what he is       
pleased to call its fragments1 that is1 
the dissector of a cadaver4 ,ask him if 
he believes in the preexistence1 deity1 
virgin birth1 miracles1 atoning death1  
physical resurrection1 omnipresence1 and
 omnipotence of ,christ1 and he denies  
your right to require of him any        
statement of his own beliefs4 ,he does  
not conceive it to be his duty to       
furnish his students with any fixed     
conclusions as to doctrine but only to  
aid them in coming to conclusions for   
themselves4 ,the apostle ,paul was not  
so reticent4 ,he was not ashamed of the 
gospel of ,christ1 but rather gloried in
 it4 ,he even pronounced his anathema   

upon any who taught other doctrine4 ,it 
is no wonder that our modern critics    
cry1 ,back to ,christ1 for this means1  
,away from ,paul4 ,the result of such   
teaching in our seminaries is that the  
student1 unless he has had a ,pauline   
experience before he came1 has all his  
early conceptions of ,scripture and of  
,christian doctrine weakened1 has no    
longer any positive message to deliver1 
loses the ardor of his love for ,christ1
 and at his graduation leaves the       
seminary1 not to become preacher or     
pastor as he had once hoped1 but to sow 
his doubts broadcast1 as teacher in some
 college1 as editor of some religious   
journal1 as secretary of some ,young    
,men's ,christian ,association1 or as   
agent of some mutual life insurance     
company4 ,this method of interpretation 
switches off upon some side-track of    
social service many a young man who     
otherwise would be a heroic preacher of 
the everlasting gospel4 ,the theological
 seminaries of almost all our           

denominations are becoming so infected  
with this grievous error1 that they are 
not so much organs of ,christ1 as they  
are organs of ,antichrist4 ,this        
accounts for the rise1 all over the     
land1 of ,bible schools1 to take the    
place of the seminaries4 ,the evil is   
coming in like a flood1 and the ,spirit 
of the ,lord will surely raise up a     
standard against it4 ,but oh the pity6  
that money given by godly men to provide
 preachers of the gospel should be      
devoted to undermining the ,christian   
cause6  ,what is the effect of this     
method of interpretation upon the       
churches of our denomination8 ,it is to 
cut the tap-root of their strength1 and 
to imperil their very existence4        
,baptist churches are founded upon      
,scripture4 ,their doctrine of          
regenerate church-membership1 and of    
church ordinances as belonging only to  
believers1 presupposes an authoritative 
rule of faith and practice in the ,new  
,testament4 ,in controversy with other  

denominations we have always appealed to
 the law and to the testimony1 and we   
have declared that1 if other faiths     
speak not according to this word1 surely
 there is no morning for them4 ,we have 
held that the authority of ,scripture is
 not an arbitrary authority1 but that   
the ordinances have so much of meaning  
that to change their form is to destroy 
them altogether4 ,we stand for immersion
 as the only real baptism1 not because  
much water is better than little water1 
but because baptism is the symbol of    
,christ's death1 burial1 and            
resurrection1 and the symbol also of our
 spiritual death1 burial1 and           
resurrection with him4 ,when we are     
buried with him in baptism1 we show     
forth his death1 just as we show forth  
his death in the ,lord's ,supper4 ,to   
change the form of the ,lord's ,supper  
so as to leave out all reference to the 
breaking of ,christ's body and the      
shedding of his blood1 would be to break
 down one great visible monument and    

testimony to ,christ's atoning death1   
and to destroy the ,lord's ,supper      
itself4 ,and to change the form of      
baptism so as to leave out its symbolism
 of ,christ's death1 burial1 and        
resurrection1 is to break down another  
great visible monument and testimony to 
,christ's essential work1 and to destroy
 the ordinance of baptism4 ,only the    
surrender of belief in the authority of 
,scripture1 and a consequent ignoring of
 the meaning of baptism can explain the 
proposal to give us our requisition of  
immersion4 ,the weakness of our         
denomination in such cities as ,new     
,york results from the acceptance of the
 method of ,scripture interpretation    
which ,i have been criticizing4 ,we are 
losing our faith in the ,bible1 and our 
determination to stand for its          
teachings4 ,we are introducing into our 
ministry men who either never knew the  
,lord1 or who have lost their faith in  
him and their love for him4 ,the        
unbelief in our seminary teaching is    

like a blinding mist which is slowly    
settling down upon our churches1 and is 
gradually abolishing1 not only all      
definite views of ,christian doctrine1  
but also all conviction of duty to      
contend earnestly for the faith of our  
fathers4 ,so we are giving up our       
polity1 to please and to join other     
denominations4 ,if this were only a     
lapse in denominationalism1 we might    
call it a mere change in our ways of    
expressing faith4 ,but it is a far more 
radical evil4 ,it is apostasy from      
,christ and revolt against his          
government4 ,it is refusal to rally to  
,christ's colors in the great conflict  
with error and sin4 ,we are ceasing to  
be evangelistic as well as evangelical1 
and if this downward progress continues1
 we shall in due time cease to exist4   
,this is the fate of ,unitarianism      
to-day4 ,we ,baptists must reform1 or   
die4  ,what is the effect of this method
 of interpretation upon missions8 ,i    
have just come from an extensive tour in

 mission fields4 ,i have visited        
missionaries of several denominations4  
,i have found those missions most       
successful which have held to the old   
gospel and to the polity of the ,new    
,testament4 ,but ,i have found a growing
 tendency to depend upon education1     
rather than upon evangelism4 ,what would
 ,peter have said on the day of         
,pentecost1 if you had advised him not  
to incur the wrath of the ,jews by his  
preaching1 but to establish schools1 and
 to trust to the gradual enlightenment  
of the ,jewish nation by means of       
literature8 ,he might have replied that 
our ,lord made it his first duty to make
 disciples1 and only afterwards to teach
 them to observe all things which he had
 commanded4 ,christian schools and      
,christian teaching are necessary in    
their place1 but they are second1 not   
first4 ,our lack at home of the right   
interpretation of ,scripture1 and our   
fading knowledge in experience of the   
presence and power of ,christ1 have gone

 from us round the world4 ,some boards  
are sending out as missionaries young   
men who lack definite views of doctrine4
 ,these young men1 having nothing       
positive to preach1 choose rather to    
teach in the ,english language1 in      
schools where ,english is spoken1 rather
 than preach in the native language     
which requires a lifetime of study4     
,when they teach1 they cannot help      
revealing their mental poverty1 and     
disturbing the simple faith of their    
pupils4 ,having no certainty themselves1
 they can inspire no certainty in       
others1 for if the trumpet gives no     
certain sound1 who will arm himself for 
the battle8 ,these unprepared and       
inefficient teachers may become         
themselves converted through their very 
sense of weakness in presence of the    
towering systems of idolatry and        
superstition around them4 ,but if they  
are not so converted1 they will handicap
 the mission and paralyze its influence4
 ,some of our best missionaries have    

said to me1 ,the ,lord deliver us from  
such helpers6 ,no man has a right to go1
 and no board has a right to send1 as a 
missionary1 one who has not had such a  
personal experience of ,christ as will  
enable him to stand against this        
unscientific and unchristian method of  
,scripture interpretation4  ,this       
so-called historical method has effects 
on the missionary cause at home1 as well
 as in the lands far away4 ,how shall   
they preach1 except they be sent8 ,the  
sending of missionaries is dependent    
upon the zeal and liberality of the     
churches in our land4 ,but how can one  
who is not sure that ,jesus ever uttered
 the words of the ,great ,commission    
urge the churches to fulfil that command
 of ,christ8 ,how can one who has never 
felt his own need of an atonement adjure
 his brethren1 by ,christ's death for   
their sins1 not to let the heathen      
perish8 ,how can one who has had no     
experience of ,christ as a present and  
divine ,saviour1 have power to stand    

against the rationalism and apathy of   
the church8 ,this method of ,scripture  
interpretation makes evangelism an      
enterprise of fanatics not sufficiently 
educated to know that ,buddha and       
,confucius were teachers of truth long  
before the time of ,christ4 ,can we more
 surely dry up the sources of missionary
 contributions1 than by yielding to the 
pernicious influence of this way of     
treating ,scripture8 ,we have gone far  
already in the wrong direction4 ,our    
churches are honeycombed with doubt and 
with indifference4 ,the preaching of the
 old gospel of sin and salvation seems  
almost a thing of the past4 ,people have
 itching ears that will not endure sound
 doctrine4 ,the dynamic of missions is  
love for ,christ1 who died to save us   
from the guilt and power of sin4 ,modern
 criticism has to a large extent        
nullified this dynamic1 and if the      
authority of ,scripture is yet further  
weakened1 we may look for complete      
collapse in our supplies both of men and

 of money4 ,in fact1 the faith and the  
gifts of many converts from among the   
heathen already so far exceed the       
average faith and gifts of our churches 
at home1 that the time may come when    
,burma and the ,congo may have to send  
missionaries to us1 as we are now       
sending missionaries to the land where  
the seven churches of ,asia once        
flourished4  ,whence has come this      
so-called historical method of          
interpreting ,scripture8 ,i answer3 ,it 
was made in ,germany4 ,german           
scholarship for a century past has been 
working almost exclusively on the       
horizontal plane1 and has been ignoring 
the light that comes from above4 ,the   
theology of ,great ,britain and of      
,america has been profoundly affected by
 the application of its evolutionary and
 skeptical principles4 ,in ,germany     
itself the honesty of every ,scripture  
writer has been questioned1 and every   
sacred document has been torn into bits4
 ,when the all-pervading presence and   

influence of ,christ in the ,bible is   
lost sight of1 and its separate         
fragments are examined to discover their
 meaning1 there is no guide but the     
theory of evolution2 and evolution1     
instead of being the ordinary method of 
a personal ,god1 is itself personified  
and made the only power in the universe4
 ,the regularities of nature1 it is     
thought1 leave no room for miracle4     
,there is no divine ,will that can work 
down upon nature in unique acts1 such as
 incarnation and resurrection4 ,a       
pantheistic ,force is the only ruler1   
and whatever is1 is right4 ,goethe led  
the way in this pagan philosophy1 and   
,german universities have been full of  
it ever since4 ,it is painful to see how
 ,german theologians and ministers have 
been won over to the ethics of brute    
force and the practical1 deification of 
mere might in human affairs4 ,the ,new  
,testament has been interpreted as      
justifying implicit obedience to the    
powers that be1 even when they turn the 

,kaiser into a military despot and his  
people into unresisting and deluded     
slaves4 ,an exaggerated nationalism has 
taken the place of human solidarity1 and
 a selfish domination of the world has  
become the goal of national ambition4   
,all the atrocities of this war might   
have been spared us1 if the nations of  
which ,germany is the most conspicuous  
offender had derived their ethics and   
their practice from the divine love     
which rules above1 rather than from the 
seeming necessity of competing with the 
nations around them4 ,a new             
interpretation of ,scripture is needed  
to set the world right4 ,but as ,germany
 will never be convinced that the       
worship of ,force is vain1 until she    
sees herself plunged in defeat and ruin1
 so the advocates of this so-called     
historical method will never make       
deduction a primary part of their       
procedure1 and will never take the      
eternal ,christ as their key to         
,scripture interpretation1 until ,christ

 himself shall by a second spiritual    
advent enter into their hearts and      
dissipate their doubts1 as he did when  
he showed himself to ,paul on the way to
 ,damascus4  ,i have tried to point out 
the inherent error of the method to     
which ,i have been objecting1 and to    
show its ill effects upon systematic    
theology1 upon our theological          
seminaries1 upon our ,baptist churches1 
and upon our missionary work abroad and 
at home4 ,i have intimated that the     
influence of this perverse treatment of 
,holy ,writ may be seen even in the     
present internecine conflict in which   
the professedly ,christian nations are  
engaged4 ,i shall very naturally be     
asked what remedy ,i propose for so     
deep-seated and widespread an evil4 ,i  
can only answer that ,i see no permanent
 cure but the second coming of ,christ4 
,but do not misunderstand me4 ,i am no  
premillennarian of the ordinary sort4   
,indeed1 ,i am as much a                
post-millennialist1 as ,i am a          

premillennialist4 ,i believe that both  
interpretations of prophecy have their  
rights1 and1 believing also as ,i do    
that ,scripture is a unity and that its 
seeming contradictions can be           
harmonized1 ,i hold that ,christ's      
spiritual coming precedes the           
millennium1 but that his visible and    
literal coming follows the millennium4  
,i therefore look for such a spiritual  
coming into the hearts of his people1 as
 shall renew their faith1 fulfil their  
joy1 and answer to the prediction of the
 rapture of the saints4 ,in other words1
 ,i look for a mighty revival of        
religion1 which will set the churches on
 their old foundation1 and endow them   
with power to subdue the world4 ,this   
war seems to me ,god's second great     
demonstration of man's inability to save
 himself1 and his need of divine power  
to save him4 ,as the ancient world and  
its history were ,god's demonstration of
 human sin1 and of man's need of        
,christ's first advent1 so this war is  

,god's proof that science and           
philosophy1 literature and commerce1 are
 not sufficient for man's needs1 and    
that ,christ must again come1 if our    
modern world is ever to be saved4 ,in   
the fulness of time ,christ's first     
advent occurred4 ,in the fulness of time
 ,christ's second advent will occur4    
,but not until humanity1 weary of its   
load1 cries out for its redemption4 ,how
 long1 ,o ,lord1 how long8 ,it is not   
for us to know the times which the      
,father has set within his own          
authority4 ,but it is ours to believe in
 ,christ's promise1 and to pray for its 
speedy fulfilment4 ,and so1 ,i beg you  
to join with me in the one prayer with  
which our book of ,scripture closes1    
namely1 ,lord ,jesus1 come quickly6     
,,xvii  ,,the ,,theology ,,of ,,missions
   ,the spirit of man is the candle of  
the ,lord4 ,yes1 a candle1 but a candle 
not yet lighted1 a candle which will    
never be light nor give light1 till it  
is touched by a divine flame4 ,so said  

,doctor ,parkhurst4 ,was his            
interpretation of ,scripture correct8   
,he drew from the proverb the conclusion
 that man has a religious nature1 not in
 the sense that he is actually          
religious1 but only in the sense that he
 has a capacity for religion4 ,doctor   
,parkhurst would say that man is        
actually religious only when he knows   
the true ,god and worships him in spirit
 and in truth4 ,to that ,god he is by   
nature and by sinful habit blind4 ,he   
can be light and give light1 only after 
,god has enlightened him by special     
revelation4 ,his nature is a candle     
unlighted1 until ,god touches it with   
his divine flame4  ,what is the truth in
 this matter8 ,the months ,i have spent 
in these heathen lands have made deep   
impression upon me1 and the problem of  
heathenism has loomed up before me as   
never before4 ,when one sees thousands  
prostrating themselves in a ,mohammedan 
mosque and chanting in unison their     
ascription of greatness to ,god1 or when

 one sees a ,hindu devotee so absorbed  
in his prayer to a senseless idol that  
he is unconscious of the kicks and      
shouts of the passers-by1 one comes to  
realize that man must have a god4 ,the  
religious instinct is a part of his     
nature4 ,it is more than a mere capacity
 for religion4 ,it is active as well as 
passive4 ,in some sort the candle is    
already burning4 ,it burns at certain   
times and places with a fierce and      
demonic glow4 ,when ,i saw in ,calcutta1
 so recently the capital of ,india1 a   
priestess of the temple of ,kali1       
cutting into bits the flesh and entrails
 of sheep in order that the poorest     
worshiper might have for his farthing   
some bloody fragment to offer at the    
shrine of that hideous and lustful and  
cruel goddess1 ,i felt sure that1 though
 the candle is burning1 it is not always
 because it has been touched by a divine
 flame4 ,there are other powers than    
,god's at work in this universe4 ,doctor
 ,parkhurst's explanation of the        

,scripture text is not sufficient4 ,he  
acknowledges only a part of the truth4  
,the candle is giving already a dim and 
lurid light4 ,man is blindly worshiping1
 groping in the dark1 bowing to         
imaginary deities1 the products of his  
own imagination1 the work of his own    
hands4  ,we must go even farther than   
this1 and concede that here and there   
among these crowds of worshipers there  
may be one who is a sincere seeker after
 ,god and1 according to the light that  
he has1 is trying honestly to serve him4
 ,i do not mean a selfish service of    
ignorant and earthly passion1 but a     
service prompted by some elementary     
knowledge of the true ,god1 gained by   
contemplation of his works in nature or 
from the needs of his own soul revealed 
in conscience4 ,surely there was truth  
and sincerity in the worship of         
,socrates1 of ,epictetus1 of ,marcus    
,aurelius4 ,the patriarchs had knowledge
 of ,god and walked with ,god1 long     
before ,christ came4 ,and ,scripture    

itself declares that in every nation he 
that fears ,god and works righteousness 
is accepted by him4 ,david ,brainerd    
found among the ,american ,indians a man
 who for years had separated himself    
from the wickedness of his people1 and  
had devoted himself to doing them good4 
,now and then our missionaries find a   
heathen whose strivings after ,god have 
been prompted by a sense of sin1 and    
whose worship must have been accepted by
 the ,god of love4 ,though there is none
 other name given among men whereby we  
may be saved1 we cannot doubt that every
 man who feels himself to be a sinner1  
and casts himself upon ,god's mercy for 
salvation1 does really though           
unconsciously cast himself upon ,christ1
 the ,lamb of ,god who takes away the   
sin of the world1 and so joins himself  
to ,christ by the teaching and power of 
,christ's ,spirit1 as to be saved in    
some measure from the dominion of sin   
here and from the penalty of sin        
hereafter4  ,i am a believer in the     

unity1 the sufficiency1 and the         
authority of ,scripture--in its unity1  
when the parts are put together in their
 historical connections and with the key
 to their meaning furnished us in       
,christ2 in its sufficiency1 as a rule  
of religious faith and practice2 and in 
its authority1 when rightly interpreted 
with the aid of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,so  
,i am prepared to find in the first     
chapter of ,paul's ,epistle to the      
,romans the true philosophy of          
heathenism1 and the reconciliation of   
the otherwise seemingly conflicting     
utterances of ,scripture with regard to 
the religious nature of man4 ,i learn   
that ,god made man upright1 and endowed 
him with at least a childlike knowledge 
of himself4 ,but early humanity sought  
out many inventions1 did not wish to    
retain ,god in its knowledge1 and       
substituted for the true ,god creatures 
of its own imagination4 ,in other words1
 the scriptural explanation of          
heathenism is found in an original      

ancestral sin1 in which the human race  
departed from the true ,god and gave    
itself up to the worship1 first1 of     
impersonal nature-powers1 and then1 of  
the polytheistic personifications of    
these powers which naturally followed4  
,modern heathenism is the result of an  
abnormal and downward evolution4 ,many  
students of comparative religion have   
forgotten that evolution is oftener to  
lower forms than to higher4 ,many a     
species in the history of life has first
 become degenerate1 and then has become 
extinct4 ,the shores of time are strewn 
with wrecks1 and one of these wrecks is 
human nature4 ,paul gives us only the   
logical and moral interpretation of a   
biological fact1 when he declares that  
in consequence of man's departure from  
,god1 ,god gave man over to the dominion
 of his own passions1 in order that the 
shame and guilt of his vile affections  
might awaken his conscience and lead him
 to cry for mercy and redemption4       
,modern heathenism1 still surviving in  

this age of enlightenment1 shows how sin
 can blind the intellect and harden the 
heart4 ,when men worship demons of      
cruelty and lust instead of ,god1 they  
reveal the depravity as well as the     
ignorance of human nature in its        
downward evolution4 ,the candle has been
 lighted indeed1 but it has been touched
 with the flames of hell4  ,when ,god   
made man in his own image1 it was only  
wheat that he sowed in his field4 ,the  
evil decision of man has furnished the  
tares1 and their history has been a     
history of downward evolution4 ,but side
 by side with this downward evolution   
there has been an upward evolution of   
divine grace4 ,the tares have been      
suffered to grow1 but only that there   
might be demonstrated the power of the  
wheat to root them out4 ,and from the   
very beginning ,christ has been the     
author and principle of the true        
evolution4 ,he who created the race has 
been its ,preserver1 ,instructor1 and   
,saviour4 ,humanity1 in its warring and 

its lust1 would long since have become  
extinct1 if it had not been for the     
presence in it of a divine ,life and    
,light4 ,that life and light were the   
life and light of the preincarnate      
,christ4 ,he is the light that lighteth 
every man1 and his life was the light of
 men4 ,jonathan ,edwards did not go too 
far1 when he recognized in all natural  
beauty and goodness the work of ,christ4
 ,the sunset clouds were painted by the 
hand of ,christ1 and it is he whose     
glory is celebrated by the cannonading  
of the autumn storm over the grave of   
summer4 ,all the light of conscience is 
his light2 all the progress of science  
is his revelation4 ,it was he who led   
the children of ,israel by a pillar of  
cloud by day and of fire by night1 and  
who thundered and lightened from ,sinai 
at the giving of the ,law4 ,the ,rock   
that followed the chosen people through 
the wilderness and gave them drink was  
,christ4 ,every reform within the bounds
 of heathenism has been due to him4     

,confucius and ,buddha1 so far as they  
uttered truth1 were his messengers4 ,he 
has never left humanity without a       
witness to the power and goodness of    
,god4 ,while men have been seeking an   
unknown ,god1 he has been that very ,god
 whom they were seeking1 and it is he   
who has incited them to feel after him  
and find him4 ,his light has shined in  
the darkness1 and the darkness has      
comprehended it not1 though in him we   
live and move and have our being4  ,so  
there is evolution of good1 side by side
 with the evolution of evil4 ,we may    
recognize truth in heathen systems1     
while we deplore their errors1 for      
,christ himself is the ,truth4 ,it is   
the single grain of truth in these      
systems that has given them all their   
power4 ,they never could have maintained
 their hold upon the world1 if they had 
not appealed to some good instincts of  
the human heart4 ,a coin made wholly of 
lead will never pass for a dollar4 ,it  
must have a little washing of silver to 

give it any sort of currency4 ,but it is
 a counterfeit1 for all its silver      
washing4 ,so these heathen systems have 
their grain of truth1 but they are false
 and soul-destroying all the same4 ,let 
us recognize candidly the grains of     
truth which they contain1 for these are 
witnesses to the indwelling ,christ who 
has not left humanity wholly to itself4 
,and let us make these grains of truth  
our gateways of access to the heathen   
heart1 while we show the heathen the    
larger and fuller truth as it is in     
,jesus4  ,christ alone can solve the    
problems of the world and reconcile the 
warring elements of humanity4 ,he is our
 peace1 who hath made ,jew and ,gentile 
one1 having broken down the middle wall 
of partition1 and having made of the    
twain one new man1 reconciling both to  
,god through the blood of his ,cross4   
,he can make all sects1 all parties1 all
 castes1 all nations one2 because in him
 are all the elements of truth which    
each possesses1 without any mixture of  

their errors4 ,in him there will be no  
longer barbarian1 ,scythian1 bond nor   
free1 male nor female1 for he will bind 
all together by virtue of their union   
with himself4 ,the ,hindu1 for example1 
has the truth of ,god's immanence1 but  
he turns it into falsehood by denying   
the correlative and equally important   
truth of ,god's transcendence1 making   
,god to be a mere nature-force without  
personality1 while ,scripture recognizes
 in ,god both immanence and             
transcendence1 sees ,god in all things  
and through all things1 yet above all   
things4 ,the ,hindu has also the truth  
of ,god's incarnation1 but he turns it  
into error1 by denying the permanence of
 that incarnation1 the divine           
incarnation in ,krishna or ,buddha being
 only a temporary assumption of humanity
 which he leaves behind him when he     
reascends to his heaven1 while ,christ  
takes our human nature into perpetual   
union with himself and makes it sit down
 with him upon his throne4 ,the ,moslem1

 on the other hand1 believes in ,god's  
unity and transcendence1 but denies his 
immanence4 ,his ,god is far away1 not   
only physically but also morally1 for he
 is without justice or love4 ,the       
,moslem holds stoutly to the truth of   
,god's personality2 but he denies the   
manifestation of that personality in    
,christ1 and also ,christ's personal    
presence with all believers4 ,only      
,christ can break down the middle wall  
of partition between ,hindu and ,moslem1
 for he alone has the all-inclusive     
truth that will unite them both4 ,and so
 of all divisions of caste1 of color1 of
 party1 of denomination1 and of         
nationality1 for he alone is the ,way1  
the ,truth1 and the ,life1 supremely and
 absolutely fitted to be the ,bringer of
 ,peace to the world4  ,there is yet    
another reason why ,christ alone can    
save4 ,let us remember always that error
 is the result of sin1 and that before  
the power of sin can be broken1 the     
penalty of sin must be removed4 ,in the 

heart of man is an inextinguishable     
sense of guilt1 and an equally          
inextinguishable thirst for reparation4 
,it is the forebodings of conscience    
that make death terrible4 ,blind the    
eyes and harden the heart1 if you will4 
,the accusations of conscience will be  
like writings in invisible ink1 that    
come out clear and threatening in times 
of introspection and of sober judgment4 
,as ,shakespeare says1      ,their great
 guilt     ,like poison given to work a 
great time after1     ,now 'gins to bite
 the spirits4  ,the greatest chasm is   
between their souls and ,god1 and they  
must have peace with ,god1 before they  
can have peace with men4 ,christ is our 
peace1 therefore1 first of all1 because 
he makes atonement for our sins1 pays   
our debts to justice1 and sets our      
conscience free from guilt4 ,christ is  
the ,lamb of ,god who takes away the sin
 of the whole world1 making peace by the
 blood of his ,cross4 ,having made our  
peace with ,god1 he makes peace in our  

warring powers of conscience and will1  
and then brings about peace in our      
relations with others4 ,as he made man  
at the first of one blood1 so he will at
 last bring all the nations back into   
one brotherhood of holiness and love4   
,there is a moral theology1 as well as a
 doctrinal theology4 ,the moral follows 
the doctrinal1 and shows in practice    
that the doctrine is truth and not      
error4 ,paul includes this moral        
teaching in his ,epistle to the ,romans4
 ,at the beginning of his twelfth       
chapter he passes from his discussion of
 justification by faith to speak of the 
proper effects of faith in the          
,christian life3 ,i beseech you         
therefore1 brethren1 by the mercies of  
,god1 that ye present your bodies a     
living sacrifice4 ,then comes the       
noblest summary of duty to be found in  
all literature4 ,all manner of social   
service is enjoined1 while the          
presupposition of that service is ever  
held to be the sacrifice of ,christ on  

our behalf and the regenerating grace of
 ,god in the ,christian heart4 ,how much
 the heathen world needs this part of   
the gospel1 only some knowledge of the  
shameful vices of the ,orient can reveal
 to us4 ,the first chapter of that same 
,epistle is a correct picture of the    
heathen world of to-day4 ,a pure life1  
which is also a life lived for others1  
is something which surpasses the power  
of ,confucius or ,buddha to produce or  
to maintain4 ,such lives in the churches
 of mission lands are the weightiest    
arguments for ,christianity4 ,but       
conversion to ,christ goes1 in its      
influence1 farther than the individual4 
,it has a far-reaching social influence4
 ,it lifts up the whole family1 the     
whole class1 the whole caste1 making its
 members intelligent1 efficient1        
trustworthy1 as many ,british officials 
in ,india gladly bear witness4          
,christianity seems likely to give the  
,sudras precedence of the ,brahmans in  
civil and political affairs1 so that in 

one case at least the meek shall inherit
 the earth4  ,the kingdom of ,god1      
however1 can never win its triumphs     
solely by external reforms4 ,in order to
 obtain the fruits of education1        
morality1 and self-government1 you must 
first have ,christian faith rooted in   
the soil4 ,applications of ,christianity
 are necessary1 and they are to be      
earnestly sought1 but it will be vain to
 seek them1 if we have no ,christianity 
to apply4 ,the tendency in our missions 
to put the main stress upon physical and
 social agencies1 to the detriment of   
simple gospel preaching1 is sure to be  
disappointing in its results4 ,it is    
like trying to light a coal-fire by     
putting your kindlings on top4 ,it is   
like beginning at the roof1 and building
 down to the foundation2 or like first  
purifying the stream1 and afterwards the
 fountain4 ,society is made up of       
individuals1 and regeneration of the    
individual must precede all social      
renovation4 ,the old gospel1 with regard

 to sin and salvation1 is the only      
gospel that will save the heathen world2
 and the living1 personal ,christ1 with 
his atoning blood and his renewing      
,spirit1 is the only power that can     
bring about permanent reformation of    
social evils and the establishment of   
the kingdom of ,god in the individual1  
in the nation1 and in the world4  ,that 
this is the true theology of missions1  
the history of missions is the best of  
all proofs4 ,we need not only to touch  
the intellect1 but also to touch the    
heart4 ,we need to furnish a motive that
 will win to action the sluggish and    
selfish devotees of systems century-old 
that have enslaved them4 ,one message1  
and one only1 has accomplished this     
result1 and that is the message of the  
,cross4 ,not the presentation of ,god's 
greatness and power1 but the story of   
the personal ,jesus and his giving up of
 his life for sinners1 has moved men to 
give themselves to him4 ,the love of    
,christ has called forth answering love4

 ,greenlanders and ,bushmen1 ,tibetans  
and ,telugus1 ,australians and ,chinese1
 have gone to their deaths for ,christ1 
simply because they had learned that    
,christ died for them4 ,of this sort    
have been the first-fruits of all our   
missions4 ,christ crucified has been the
 power of ,god unto salvation4 ,when he 
who was rich became poor that we might  
become rich1 he instituted not only an  
example1 but a motive1 sufficient to    
subdue men's hearts and to conquer the  
world4 ,to win for the ,lamb that was   
slain the reward of his sufferings has  
turned illiterate men in ,india into    
indomitable propagandists of            
,christianity2 but it has also made     
missionaries in ,oxford and ,edinburgh1 
in ,leicester and ,andover--missionaries
 like ,reginald ,heber and ,john ,g4    
,paton1 like ,william ,carey and        
,adoniram ,judson4 ,the offense of the  
,cross is great1 but the power of the   
,cross is greater still1 and the        
theology of missions must never permit  

mere philosophy1 or education1 or       
physical betterment1 or social service1 
to take the place of ,christ crucified  
in its preaching4  ,i grieve over the   
minimizing of ,christ's nature and      
claims that is current in our day1      
because ,i believe that it cuts the     
sinew of our ,christian faith and       
destroys the chief dynamic in our       
missions4 ,i deplore the denial of our  
,lord's deity and atonement1 the refusal
 to address him in prayer1 the ignoring 
of his promise to be with his people    
even to the end of the world4 ,to meet  
our needs in the conflict with towering 
systems of idolatry and superstition1 we
 need a supernatural ,christ2 not simply
 the man of ,nazareth1 but the ,lord of 
glory2 not the ,christ of the ,synoptics
 alone1 but also the ,christ of ,john's 
,gospel2 not a merely human example and 
leader1 but one who was declared to be  
the ,son of ,god with power by the      
resurrection from the dead2 not simply  
,jesus according to the flesh1 but the  

,word who was with ,god and who was ,god
 in eternity past2 not simply ,god      
manifest in human life nineteen         
centuries ago1 but the ,god who is the  
same yesterday1 and to-day1 and forever2
 not simply the humbled1 but also the   
glorified ,saviour1 who sits now upon   
the throne of the universe1 all power in
 heaven and earth being given into his  
hand4 ,when we believe in an ascended   
,lord at ,god's right hand1 the ,god of 
,creation1 of ,providence1 and of       
,redemption1 we have a faith that can   
conquer the world4 ,without such a faith
 in the omnipresent1 omniscient1 and    
omnipotent ,christ1 we are weak as water
 in the conflict with heathenism4 ,we   
may set up ,christ on a pedestal1 in a  
pantheon like that of ,mrs4 ,besant1    
with a statue of ,krishna by his side1  
and the ,hindu will laugh at the claims 
of the gospel4 ,only faith in ,christ as
 very ,god can meet the demands of the  
hour4 ,the spirit of man is the candle  
of the ,lord4 ,in every age ,christ has 

lit that candle1 so that it has given   
some light4 ,but all who have come      
before him1 pretending to be the ,light 
of the world1 have been thieves and     
robbers1 stealing from ,christ his glory
 and from man his blessing4 ,christ     
alone can so enlighten us that we can be
 light and can give light4 ,let us arise
 and shine1 because our ,light has come1
 and the glory of the ,lord has arisen  
upon us6     ,,xviii  ,,missions ,,and  
,,missionaries   ,no result of my travel
 has been more valuable to me than the  
new impression ,i have received of the  
effect of missions upon missionaries4 ,i
 came abroad with a lingering idea of my
 youth that missionaries were a class by
 themselves1 a solemn set1 destitute of 
humor1 and so absorbed in their work as 
to be narrow-minded4 ,on the contrary1  
,i have found them joyful and even      
hilarious1 broad in their views and     
sympathies1 lovers of the good in       
literature and art4 ,the mental and     
spiritual growth of students who left me

 years ago for a foreign field has      
greatly surprised me4 ,then they were   
boys2 now they are men4 ,the demands of 
the missionary work have drawn out their
 latent powers2 they have found their   
new environment immensely stimulating2  
contact with new lands and people has   
widened their outlook2 they have become 
thinkers and leaders of men4  ,it takes 
an all-round man to be a good           
missionary4 ,the learning of a foreign  
language in which one has to construct  
his own grammar and lexicon requires    
persistent effort of the most           
disciplined mind4 ,the missionary is    
often called upon to build his own house
 or church4 ,he must be both architect  
and supervisor1 for his masons know no  
,english1 and are bent on slighting     
their work4 ,he has servants who steal  
and coolies who lie4 ,he establishes1   
manages1 and governs a native school1   
and generally has to evolve his own     
pedagogy4 ,he comes into relation with  
,english officials1 ,american consuls1  

and native functionaries1 and is obliged
 to know something of social customs4   
,in fine1 he is a jack of all trades1   
besides being a preacher of the gospel  
who must adapt his message to the       
understanding of the illiterate         
multitude and of the cultivated man of  
caste as well4  ,all this gives the     
missionary a training beyond that of any
 university course4 ,herbert ,spencer   
asserted that a nation makes progress in
 civilization in proportion to the      
variety of its environment4 ,the        
principle applies also to the           
development of the individual4 ,our     
missionaries thought perhaps that they  
were leaving culture behind them1 when  
they left ,america for barbarous lands4 
,but losing their lives for ,christ's   
sake they found to be mental gain4 ,even
 on the ,congo our men have learned     
more1 and have developed stronger       
characters1 than would have been        
possible if they had accepted ordinary  
pastorates at home4 ,and they have not  

lost1 but have won1 that fine flavor of 
sanity and judgment1 which belongs to   
men who have had large experience of    
life4  ,so far1 ,i have referred only to
 the intellectual side of one's         
education4 ,the spiritual equipment is  
even more important4 ,in heathendom one 
comes in contact with towering systems  
of idolatry and superstition1 venerable 
with age and rooted deeply in the nature
 and habit of the people4 ,the          
,christian teacher realizes that1 in his
 conflict with these systems1 he is     
powerless1 unless backed by             
,omnipotence4 ,he is thrown upon the    
divine resources1 and learns1 perhaps   
for the first time1 that1 while apart   
from ,christ he can do nothing1 with    
,christ he can do all things4 ,a new    
experience of the presence and power of 
the ,saviour comes to him4 ,the struggle
 that at first taxed all his energy is  
at last a glad walk over the course in  
the strength of ,christ4 ,anxiety and   
fear have taught him lessons which he   

could not otherwise have learned4 ,he   
has become a hopeful and joyful         
,christian4  ,all this tends to render  
the missionary doctrinally sound4       
,evangelization makes men evangelical4  
,when you tell the gospel to a heathen  
sinner1 you must put it in the simplest 
terms1 or he will fail to understand it4
 ,your effort to reach his mind and     
heart clarifies your own4 ,to one       
condemned and lost1 no mere human       
example in ,jesus will suffice2 you need
 an atoning ,saviour4 ,to one struggling
 with demonic powers and helpless in    
their grasp1 no mere man of ,nazareth1  
no ,jesus1 according to the flesh1 will 
answer2 you need the ,lord of ,glory1   
who was declared to be the ,son of ,god 
with power by the resurrection from the 
dead4 ,the doctrine of the ,holy ,spirit
 who regenerates1 sanctifies1 comforts1 
and saves1 becomes an indispensable     
element in preaching1 and so becomes    
ingrained into the preacher's confession
 of faith4 ,a personal and present      

,christ1 ,immanuel1 ,god with us1 is the
 source of the missionary's power2 he   
has practical proof that the ,holy      
,spirit is ,christ in spiritual form1   
with his people alway1 even to the end  
of the world4 ,the reality of ,god in   
,christ1 manifest in nature1 ruling the 
world in providence1 preparing the      
nations for judgment1 sure to bring the 
world to his feet1 becomes an article of
 the missionary's faith1 and a constant 
subject of his teaching4 ,the minimizing
 of ,christ's nature and claims has no  
proper place on missionary ground4 ,the 
missionary indeed is exerting an        
influence on the faith of the homeland  
equal to that which he exerts upon the  
heathen abroad4  ,it is indeed true that
 here and there a man who has come out  
as a missionary has been attracted and  
perverted by the very systems he        
proposed to subdue1 and has turned out a
 teacher of ,buddhism instead of        
,christianity4 ,but such men had never  
the root of the matter in them1 had     

never felt the galling yoke of sin1 had 
never known the joy of ,christ's        
salvation4 ,they had gotten their       
preparation for evangelistic work from  
,american teachers of comparative       
religion1 who put ,buddha on the same   
plane with ,christ4 ,the result has only
 shown the impotence of a man-made      
gospel to combat heathenism1 or even to 
save the souls of those who preach that 
sort of gospel4 ,in a sense precisely   
opposite to that of the apostle ,paul1  
they have come to be opposers of the    
faith they once proposed to advocate1   
and destroyers instead of builders of   
,christian civilization4 ,all this is a 
lesson to our missionary societies and  
churches at home4 ,the colleges and     
seminaries which permit indefinite and  
unevangelical doctrine to be taught1 and
 which retain those who teach it upon   
the ground that liberality in theology  
is a duty1 merit the censure of ,god and
 man2 for the school or the church that 
ceases to be evangelical will soon cease

 to be evangelistic1 and when it ceases 
to be evangelistic it will soon cease to
 exist4 ,in this way missions are the   
testing-places of ,christian doctrine4  
,in a similar way ,new ,testament polity
 is showing its power in our foreign    
work4 ,at home we are getting to be lax 
in our reception of members1 and are    
taking in numbers of persons without    
proper evidence of their conversion4    
,baptist churches which used to examine 
carefully their candidates for admission
 now receive them without public and    
oral confession of their faith4 ,yet    
these new members may vote1 and may     
determine the attitude of the church in 
important exigencies4 ,all this is      
avoided in our mission churches4 ,they  
perceive the necessity of keeping out   
the unfit1 as clearly as that of        
admitting the fit4 ,they do not add to  
their membership by infant baptism1 and 
they make sure that no pecuniary        
considerations influence professing     
converts4 ,our ,baptist mission churches

 are fast becoming models of            
self-supporting1 self-governing1 and    
self-propagating bodies4 ,missionaries  
find that their only safety lies in     
hewing close to the line of ,new        
,testament requirement4 ,their success  
in building up ,baptist churches in     
,burma and among the ,telugus1 keeps our
 missionaries faithful to the ,new      
,testament model of church polity4 ,they
 have the joy of seeing churches        
organized on scriptural principles1 and 
shedding their light upon the regions of
 darkness around them4  ,i wish to say  
something also about the physical       
environment of our missionaries and its 
influence upon them4 ,i remember that   
half a century ago ,i called upon       
,doctor ,thompson of ,beirut1 the       
veteran missionary of the ,american     
,board in ,syria4 ,i would not have been
 surprised if ,i had found him living in
 a hut1 for my ideas of missionary      
hardship were very crude4 ,but ,i was   
surprised to find him living in a great 

stone mansion1 with twice as many       
servants as we ordinarily have at home4 
,it has taken me some time to learn that
 in a hot country a cool and spacious   
house is a primary necessity of life1 if
 the missionary expects to endure a     
climate where the thermometer at times  
goes up beyond a hundred degrees and    
stays there4 ,and ordinary comfort      
cannot be obtained without servants to  
do your cooking and running4 ,the large 
house can be built for half the cost of 
such a structure at home1 and the       
servants can be obtained for only a few 
cents a day for each one4 ,remember that
 in many cases the missionary has not   
only to be his own physician and        
surgeon1 but also the physician and     
surgeon of others2 that his house is    
often a hospital as well as a           
gathering-place of inquirers4 ,remember1
 too1 that the missionary's wife has not
 only to perform the household duties of
 a wife at home1 but in addition has    
probably to be the supervisor of a      

girls' school and the only              
school-teacher and music-teacher that   
her children will know until they are   
old enough to go to the homeland4       
,remember these considerations1 and you 
will see that a decent home is essential
 to a missionary's success in a heathen 
land4 ,our missionary work1 like our    
diplomatic service1 has been too long   
discredited by our insufficient care for
 our representatives abroad4  ,our      
friends of other denominations are      
greatly ahead of us in this matter of   
provision for their missionaries4 ,not  
only are the bungalows built for their  
residences better than ours1 but their  
plants of church and school buildings   
show a larger outlook for the future    
than ours show4 ,the ,english ,baptists1
 the ,congregationalists1 the           
,methodists1 the ,church of ,england1   
yes1 even the ,theosophists and         
,buddhists1 furnish object-lessons to us
 in this regard4 ,and yet1 such has been
 the inventiveness and large-mindedness 

of our missionaries themselves1 that in 
all the great centers of our work1 they 
are housed better than the average      
pastors of our churches at home4 ,i wish
 we could double their strength by the  
establishment of summer rest-houses in  
the hills1 and by presenting every one  
of them with a motor-car4 ,but even now1
 the days of extreme hardship are past1 
and no man of ordinary vigor need fear  
coming to the foreign field on account  
of its physical discomforts4  ,when our 
,lord sent out his first missionaries1  
he sent them two by two4 ,the real trial
 of the missionary is more mental than  
physical4 ,he greatly needs             
companionship4 ,silence in the midst of 
the beating of heathen tom-toms becomes 
enervating and appalling2 it may make a 
man insane4 ,we are learning the value  
of team-work in missions4 ,what one man 
alone could never accomplish1 he can do 
with the help of others4 ,the ,american 
,board in its mission at ,madura1       
,india1 has acted upon this principle1  

and the result is seen in an aggregate  
of twenty-two thousand church-members4  
,our own most successful work has been  
among the ,burmans and ,karens1 where we
 have seventy thousand members1 and     
among the ,telugus1 where we have as    
many more4 ,in these fields there are   
enough workers to constitute a          
homogeneous society1 with frequent      
conferences to help the discouraged and 
to stimulate the weak4 ,let us be       
generous in providing additional helpers
 and furloughs to men so far removed    
from our ,christian civilization4  ,but 
let no one go to the foreign field      
expecting to get all his strength from  
his brethren4 ,missionary work is no    
sinecure4 ,it requires not only a sound 
body and a sound mind1 with a cheerful  
and hopeful temperament1 but also a     
willingness to endure hardship for      
,jesus' sake1 and1 if need be1 with him 
alone for helper4 ,there are more       
alleviations of missionary conditions   
than were known in its early days1 but  

they still require self-sacrifice4      
,separation from home and friends1 and1 
for the pioneer1 days of unspeakable    
loneliness1 are the missionary's        
portion4 ,the necessity of sending      
children to ,america1 so that they may  
escape disease and immorality among the 
heathen1 is an agony which only the     
affectionate parent can know4           
,opportunities for usefulness which     
cannot be seized1 because of lack of    
reenforcement from the homeland1 involve
 a hope deferred that maketh the heart  
sick4  ,when ,paul went to ,athens he   
probably hoped to win the philosophers  
to ,christ's standard4 ,but the ,stoics 
and ,epicureans scoffed at him4 ,he had 
to content himself with the multitude of
 commoner converts at ,corinth4 ,it was 
doubtless ,god's sovereignty that       
determined the result1 but ,god's       
sovereignty is also wisdom4 ,it took    
,paul a long time to learn that ,god    
builds his fires from the bottom1 and   
ordinarily kindles the small sticks     

first4 ,not many wise1 not many noble   
hath ,god chosen1 but the weak things   
first1 that no flesh may glory in his   
presence4 ,here is one of the trials of 
missionary life1 and one of the tests of
 missionary faith4 ,can the missionary  
welcome the conversion of a multitude of
 low-class people1 like the ,madigas1   
when their acceptance becomes to the    
proud ,brahman an evidence of the       
ignoble character of ,christianity8     
,yes1 he can1 if he has faith in ,god4  
,he can wait on ,god1 and wait for      
results4      ,he builded better than he
 knew1     ,the conscious stone to      
beauty grew4  ,the great ,sudra class1 a
 class higher than the ,madigas1 under  
the influence of ,christianity1 is      
becoming more intelligent and more      
influential than the ,brahman1 and is   
gradually taking from him his social    
prestige and his political power4 ,many 
missionaries are expecting a great      
turning unto the ,lord from among the   
,sudras4 ,meantime there is a promise to

 him that overcometh4 ,if we suffer with
 him1 we shall also reign with him4 ,our
 light affliction1 which is but for a   
moment1 worketh for us a far more       
exceeding and eternal weight of glory4  
,and      ,when we reach the shore at   
last4     ,who shall count the billows  
past8            99       99       99   
99       99     ,transcriber's ,notes3  
,inconsistencies in the hyphenation of  
words preserved4 7sightseeing1          
sight-seeing7  ,pg4 #ci1 unusual word   
subtilty4 ,presumed to be subtlety4 7and
 the subtlety of the ,hindus7  ,pg4     
#agg1 triple quote mark after biblia1   
changed to double quote mark4 7the      
plural biblia17  ,in the original text1 
every chapter had a title page          
7containing chapter number and heading7 
with a blank page on the reverse4 ,the  
page with the main text then followed   
with a repeated chapter heading at the  
top4 ,occasionally1 there was also a    
blank page before the title page4 ,for  
tidiness1 the title page of each chapter

 has been transcribed but the repeated  
chapter headings have been removed4