by ,the ,kentuckiana ,digital ,library7 ,a ,,new ,,guide ,,for ,,emigrants ,,to ,,the ,,west1 ,,containing ,,sketches ,,of ,,ohio1 ,,indiana1 ,,illinois1 ,,missouri1 ,,michigan1 ,,with ,,the ,,territories ,,of ,,wisconsin ,,and ,,arkansas1 ,,and ,,the ,,adjacent ,,parts4 ,,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,peck1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,of ,,rock ,,spring1 ,,ill ,,boston3 ,,gould1 ,,kendall ,,lincoln4 ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,the ,,booksellers ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 #ahcf4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahcf1 ,by ,,gould1 ,,kendall ,,lincoln1 ,in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of ,massachusetts4 ,,index4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,the ,,mississippi4 ,extent--,subdivisions--,population--,ph ysical ,features--,animal1 ,vegetable and ,mineral ,productions--,history--,prospective ,increase of ,population1 #aa ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,,general ,,view1 ,c41 ,,continued4 ,productions1 #cb ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,,climate4 ,comparative ,view of the ,climate with the ,atlantic ,states--,diseases--,means of ,preserving ,health1 #cg ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,,character1 ,,manners ,,and ,,pursuits ,,of ,,the ,,people4 ,cotton and ,sugar ,planters--,farmers--,population of the large ,towns and ,cities--,frontier ,class--,hunters and ,trappers--,boatmen1 #ajb ,,chap4 ,v4 ,,public ,,lands4 ,system of ,surveys--,meridian and ,base ,lines--,townships--,diagram of a ,township surveyed into ,sections--,land ,districts and ,offices--,pre-emption ,rights--,military and ,bounty ,lands--,taxes--,valuable ,tracts of ,country unsettled1 #acj ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,,aborigines4 ,conjecture respecting their former ,numbers and ,condition-- ,present ,number and ,state--,indian ,territory appropriated as their ,permanent ,residence--,plan and ,operations of the ,u4 ,s4 ,government--,missionary ,efforts and ,stations--,monuments and ,antiquities1 #add ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,,western ,,pennsylvania4 ,face of the ,country--,soil1 ,agriculture and ,internal ,improvements--,chief ,towns--,pittsburg--,coal--,sulphur and ,hot ,springs--,wheeling1 #afc ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,,michigan4 ,extent--,situation--,boundaries--,face of the ,country--,rivers--,lakes1 c4--,soil and ,productions--,subdivisions--,counties-- ,towns-- ,detroit--,education--,internal ,improvements projected--,boundary ,dispute--,outline of the ,constitution1 #agi ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,,ohio4 ,boundaries--,divisions--,face of the ,country--,soil and ,productions--,animals--,minerals--,fina ncial ,statistics--,canal ,fund--,expenditures--,land ,taxes--,school ,fund--,statistics-- ,canal ,revenues--,population at different ,periods--,internal ,improvements--,manufactures--,cities and ,towns--,cincinnati-- ,columbus--,education--,form of ,government--,history1 #aic ,,chap4 ,x4 ,,indiana4 ,boundaries and ,extent--,counties--,population--,face of the ,country1 c4--,sketch of each ,county--,form of ,government-- ,finances--,internal ,improvements--,manufactures--,education -- ,history--,general ,remarks1 #bbb ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,,illinois4 ,boundaries and ,extent--,face of the ,country and ,qualities of ,soil--,inundated ,land--,river ,bottoms1 or ,alluvion--,prairies-- ,barrens--,forest1 or timbered ,land--,knobs1 ,bluffs1 ,ravines and ,sink ,holes--,rivers1 c4--,productions--,minerals--,lead1 ,coal1 ,salt1 c4--,vegetables--,animals--,manufactures --,civil ,divisions--,tabular ,view of the ,counties--,sketches of each ,county--,towns--,alton--,projected ,improvements--,education-- ,government--,general ,remarks1 #bea ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,,missouri4 ,extent and ,boundaries--,civil ,divisions--,population--,surface1 ,soil and ,productions--,towns--,st4 ,louis1 #cae ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,,arkansas ,,and ,,territorial ,,districts4 ,,arkansas4--,situation and ,extent--,civil ,divisions-- ,rivers--,face of the ,country--,soil--,water--,productions-- ,climate--,minerals--,state of ,society4 ,,wisconsin4 ,boundaries and ,extent--,rivers--,soil--,productions--, towns1 c41 #cbc ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,,literary ,,and ,,religious ,,institutions ,,for ,,the ,,west4 ,colleges--,statistical ,sketch of each ,religious ,denomination --,roman ,catholics--,field for ,effort1 and ,progress made-- ,theological ,institutions--,deaf and ,dumb ,asylums--,medical ,institutions--,law ,schools--,benevolent and ,religious ,societies--,periodical ,press1 #ccd ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,emigrants4 ,modes of ,travel--,canal1 ,steamboat and ,stage ,routes--,other ,modes of ,travel--,expenses--,roads1 ,distances1 c41 #cfd ,,introduction4 ,much has been published already about the ,,west1--the ,,great ,,west1--the ,,valley ,,of ,,the ,,mississippi4--,but no portion of this immense and interesting region1 is so much the subject of inquiry1 and so particularly excites the attention of the emigrant1 as the ,states of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 and ,michigan1 with the adjacent territorial regions4 ,all these ,states have come into existence as such1 with the exception of ,ohio1 within the last twenty years2 and much of the territory1 now adorned by the hand of civilization1 and spread over with an enterprising1 industrious and intelligent people1--the field of public improvements in ,canals and ,railways1--of ,colleges1 ,churches1 and other institutions1 was the hunting ground of the aborigines1 and the scene of border warfare4 ,these ,states have been unparalleled in their growth1 both in the increase of population and property1 and in the advance of intellectual and moral improvement4 ,such an extent of forest was never before cleared1--such a vast field of prairie was never before subdued and cultivated by the hand of man1 in the same short period of time4 ,cities1 and towns1 and villages1 and counties1 and ,states never before rushed into existence1 and made such giant strides1 as upon this field4 ,who hath heard such a thing8 ,who hath seen such things8 ,shall the earth be made to bring forth in one day8 or shall a nation be born at once8 ,isaiah1 ,,lxvi4 #h4 ,the rapid increase of population will be exhibited in a tabular form in the following pages1 and other parts showing that the general improvement of the country1 and the development of its physical1 intellectual and moral resources have kept pace with the extension of settlements4 ,and such are its admirable facilities for commerce by its numerous navigable rivers1 and its lines of canals1 some of which are finished1 and many others commenced or projected1--such the richness of its soil1 and the variety of its productions1--such the genial nature of its climate1--the enterprise of its population1--and the influence it must soon wield in directing the destinies of the whole ,united ,states1 as to render the ,,great ,,west an object of the deepest interest to the ,american patriot4 ,to the philanthropist and christian1 the character and manners1--the institutions1 literature and religion of so wide a portion of our country1 whose mighty energies are soon to exert a controlling influence over the character of the whole nation1 and in some measure1 of the world1 are not less matters of momentous concern4 ,the ,west is a young empire of mind1 and power1 and wealth1 and free institutions1 rushing up to a giant manhood1 with a rapidity and power never before witnessed below the sun4 ,and if she carries with her the elements of her preservation1 the experiment will be glorious1--the joy of the nation1--the joy of the whole earth1 as she rises in the majesty of her intelligence and benevolence1 and enterprise1 for the emancipation of the world4--,beecher4 ,amongst the causes that have awakened the attention of the community in the ,atlantic ,states1 to this ,great ,valley1 and excited the desires of multitudes to remove hither1 may be reckoned the efforts of the liberal and benevolent to aid the ,west in the immediate supply of her population with the ,bible1 with ,sunday ,schools1 with religious tracts1 with the gospel ministry1 and to lay the foundation for ,colleges and other literary institutions4 ,hundreds of families1 who might otherwise have remained in the crowded cities and densely populated neighborhoods of their ancestors1 have had their attention directed to these ,states as a permanent home4 ,and thousands more of virtuous and industrious families would follow1 and fix their future residence on our prairies1 and in our western forests1 cultivate our wild lands1--aid in building up our towns and cities1 and diffuse a healthful moral and intellectual influence through the mass of our present population1 could they feel assured that they can reach some portion of the ,western ,valley without great risk and expense1--provide for their families comfortably1 and not be swept off by sickness1 or overwhelmed by suffering1 beyond what is incident to any new country4 ,the author's first book1 ,a ,,guide ,,for ,,emigrants1 c4 was written in the winter and spring of #ahca1 to answer the pressing call then made for information of these western states1 but more especially that of ,illinois2--but many of its particulars1 as to the character and usages of the people1 manners and customs1 modes of erecting buildings1 general characteristics and qualities of soil1 productions1 c4 were applicable to the ,west generally4 ,since that period1 brief as it has been1 wide and rapid changes have been made1 population has rapidly augmented1 beyond that of any former period of the same extent2--millions of acres of the public domain1 then wild and hardly explored1 have been brought into market2 settlements and counties have been formed1 and populous towns have sprung up where1 at that time1 the ,indian and wild beast had possession2 facilities for intercommunication have been greatly extended1 and distant places have been brought comparatively near2 the desire to emigrate to the west has increased1 and everybody in the ,atlantic states has become interested and inquires about the ,great ,valley4 ,that respectable place1 so much the theme of declamation and inquiry abroad1 ,the ,far ,west1 has gone from this region towards the setting sun4 ,its exact locality has not yet been settled1 but probably it may soon be found along the gulf of ,california1 or near ,nootka ,sound4 ,and if distance is to be measured by time1 and the facility of intercourse1 we are now several hundred miles nearer the ,atlantic coast than twenty years since4 ,ten years more1 and the facilities of railways and improved machinery will place the ,mississippi within seven day's travel of ,boston1--six days of ,washington city1 and five days of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,to give a brief1 and yet correct account of a portion of this ,great ,valley1 its resources1 the manners and customs of its inhabitants1 its political subdivisions1 cities1 commercial and other important towns1 colleges and other literary institutions1 religious condition1 public lands1 qualities of soil and general features of each state and territory named in the title page1 together with such information as may form a kind of manual for the emigrant and man of business1 or which may aid him on his journey hither1 and enable him to surmount successfully the difficulties of a new country1 is the object of this new work4 ,in accomplishing this task the author has aimed at correctness and brevity4 ,to condense the particular kind of information called for by the public mind in a small space1 has been no easy task4 ,nor has it been a small matter to collect from so wide a range as five large states1 and two extensive territories1 with other large districts1 the facts and statistical information often found in the compass of less than a page4 ,it is an easy task to a belles-lettre scholar1 sitting at his desk1 in an easy chair1 and by a pleasant fire1 to write ,histories1 and ,geographies1 and ,sketches1 and ,recollections1 and ,views1 and ,tours of the ,western ,valley1--but it is quite another concern to explore these regions1 examine public documents1 reconcile contradictory statements1 correspond with hundreds of persons in public and private life1 read all the histories1 geographies1 tours1 sketches1 and recollections that have been published1 and correct their numerous errors1--then collate1 arrange1 digest1 and condense the facts of the country4 ,those who have read his former ,,guide ,,for ,,emigrants1 will find upon perusal1 that this is radically a new work--rather than a new edition4 ,its whole plan is changed2 and though some whole pages of the former work are retained1 and many of its facts and particulars given in a more condensed form1 much of that work being before the public in other forms1 he has been directed1 both by his own judgment1 and the solicitude of the public mind in the ,atlantic states1 to give to the work its present form and features4 ,there are three classes of persons in particular who may derive advantage from this ,guide4 #a4 ,all those who intend to remove to the states and territories described4 ,such persons1 whether citizens of the ,atlantic states1 or natives of ,europe1 will find in this small volume1 much of that species of information for which they are solicitous4 ,it has been a primary object of the author throughout this work1 to furnish the outline of facts necessary for this class4 ,he is aware also that much in detail will be desired and eagerly sought after1 which the portable and limited size of this little work could not contain2 but such information may be found in the larger works1 by ,hall1 ,flint1 ,darby1 ,schoolcraft1 ,long1 and other authors and travellers4 ,those who desire more specific and detailed descriptions of ,illinois1 will be satisfied probably with the author's ,,gazetteer of that ,state1 published in #ahcd1 and which can be had by application to the author1 or to the publishers of this work4 #b4 ,this ,guide is also designed for those1 who1 for either pleasure1 health or business1 intend to travel through the western ,states4 ,such are now the facilities of intercommunication between the eastern and western ,states1 and to most points in the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 that thousands are visiting some portions of this interesting region every month4 ,some knowledge of the routes that lead to different parts of this ,valley1 the lines of steamboats and stages1 cities1 towns1 public institutions1 manners and customs of the people1 c41 is certainly desirable to all who travel4 ,such persons may expect a correct1 and it is hoped1 a pleasant ,guide in this book4 #c4 ,there is a numerous class of persons in the ,atlantic ,states1 who desire to know more about the ,great ,west and to have a book for reference1 who do not expect to emigrate here4 ,many are deeply interested in its moral welfare4 ,they have cheerfully contributed to establish and build up its literary and religious institutions1 and yet from want of access to those facts which exist amongst us1 their information is but partial and limited4 ,the author in his travels in the ,atlantic states has met with many persons1 who1 though well informed on other subjects1 are surprisingly ignorant of the actual condition1 resources1 society1 manners of the people1 and even the geography of these states and territories4 ,the author is aware of the difficulty of conveying entirely correct ideas of this region to a person who has never travelled beyond the borders of his native state4 ,the laws and habits of associating ideas in the human mind forbid it4 ,the chief source of information for those states that lie on the ,mississippi1 has been the personal observation of the author1--having explored most of the settlements in ,missouri and ,illinois1 and a portion of ,indiana and ,ohio1--having spent more than eighteen years here1 and seen the two former states1 from an incipient territorial form of government1 and a few scattered and detached settlements1 arise to their present state of improvement1 population1 wealth and national importance4 ,his next source of information has been from personal acquaintance and correspondence with many intelligent citizens of the states and territories he describes4 ,reference has also been had to the works of ,hall1 ,flint1 ,darby1 ,breckenridge1 ,beck1 ,long1 ,schoolcraft1 ,lewis and ,clarke1 ,mitchell's and ,tanner's maps1 ,farmer's map of ,michigan1 ,turnbull's map of ,ohio1 ,the ,ohio ,gazetteer1 ,the ,indiana ,gazetteer1 ,dr4 ,drake's writings1 ,mr4 ,coy's ,annual ,register of ,indian affairs1 ,ellicott's surveys1 and several periodicals4 ,j4 ,m4 ,p4 ,rock ,spring1 ,illinois1 ,january1 #ahcf4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,the ,,mississippi4 ,its extent1--,subdivisions1--,population1--, physical features1--,animal1 ,vegetable and ,mineral productions1--,history1--,prospective increase of ,population4 ,the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 in its proper geographical extent1 embraces all that portion of the ,united ,states1 lying between the ,alleghany and ,rocky ,mountains1 the waters of which are discharged into the gulf of ,mexico1 through the mouths of the ,mississippi4 ,i have embraced1 however1 under that general term1 a portion of the country bordering on the northern lakes1 including the north part of ,ohio1 the north-eastern portions of ,indiana and ,illinois1 the whole of ,michigan1 with a considerable territorial district on the west side of lake ,michigan1 and around lake ,superior4 ,extent4 ,this great ,valley is one of the largest divisions of the globe1 the waters of which pass one estuary4 ,to suppose the ,united ,states and its territory to be divided into three portions1 the arrangement would be1 the ,atlantic slope--the ,mississippi basin1 or valley--and the ,pacific slope4 ,a glance on any map of ,north ,america1 will show that this ,valley includes about two thirds of the territory of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,atlantic slope contains about #cij1jjj2 the ,pacific slope1 about #cjj1jjj2 which1 combined1 are #fij1jjj square miles3 while the ,valley of the ,mississippi contains at least #a1cjj1jjj square miles1 or #hcc1jjj1jjj acres4 ,this ,valley extends from the #bi deg4 to the #di deg4 of ,n4 latitude1 or about #adjj miles from south to north2 and from the #c deg4 to the #ce deg4 of longitude west from ,washington1 or about #adgj miles from east to west4 ,from the source of the ,alleghany river to the sources of the ,missouri1 following the meanderings of the streams1 is not less than #ejjj miles4 ,subdivisions4 ,the states and territories included1 are a small section of ,new ,york watered by the heads of the ,alleghany river1 western ,pennsylvania1 western ,virginia1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,michigan1 ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 ,territory of ,arkansas1 ,indian ,territory1 the vast unsettled regions lying to the west and north of this ,territory1 the ,wisconsin ,territory including an extensive country west of the ,mississippi and north of the state of ,missouri1 with the vast regions that lie towards the heads of the ,mississippi1 and around lake ,superior4#a ,population4 ,the following table1 gives a comparative view of the population of the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 and shows the proportional increase of the several ,states1 parts of ,states1 and ,territories1 from #agij to the close of #ahce1 a period of #de years4 ,the column for #ahce is made up partly from the census taken in several states and territories1 and partly by estimation4 ,it is sufficiently accurate for general purposes4 ,states1 parts of #agij #ahjj #ahaj #ahbj #ahcj #ahce ,states and ,territories4 ,western ,pennsylvania #ge1jjjacj1jjj #bdj1jjj #bij1jjj #chj1jjj #dij1jjj and a fraction of ,new ,york4 ,western ,virginia #de1jjj #ge1jjj #ajj1jjj #adg1agh #bjd1age #bcj1jjj ,ohio a#de1jjj #bcj1gfj #eha1dcd #icg1fgia1cge1jjj ,indiana #bd1ebj #adg1agh #cda1ehb #fjj1jjj ,illinois #ab1bhb #ee1baa #aeg1ege #bgb1dbg ,missouri b#bj1hde #ff1ehf #adj1jgd #baj1jjj ,michigan #d1gfb #h1hif #ca1jjj #hc1jjj ,kentucky #gc1fggbbj1iei #djf1eaa #efd1cag #fhh1hdd #gdh1hdd ,tennessee #ce1fiaaje1fjb #bfa1gbg #dbb1hac #fhd1hbb #gce1jjj ,mississippi c#h1hej #dj1ceb #ge1ddh #acf1hjf #cjj1jjj ,louisiana #gf1eef #aec1djg #bad1fic #bgj1jjj ,arkansas ,territory #ad1bgc #cj1fjh #ea1hji e,wisconsin ,ter4 and ,new purchase d#c1fjh #ae1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,total #bbi1cfhehe1daaa1dah1caeb1ebf1gdac1iea1d ffe1cha1jhj a ,including ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,michigan4 b ,including ,arkansas4 c ,including ,alabama4 d ,included with ,michigan in the census of #ahcj4 e3 ,the country west of the ,mississippi1 and north of the ,state of ,missouri1 was ceded by the ,sauk ,indians1 ,sept4 #ahcb4 ,it now contains about #fjjj inhabitants4 ,probably there is no portion of the globe1 of equal extent1 that contains as much of soil fit for cultivation1 and which is capable of sustaining and supplying with all the necessaries and conveniences1 and most of the luxuries of life1 so dense a population as this great ,valley4 ,deducting one third of its surface for water and desert1 which is a very liberal allowance1 and there remains #hff1ffg square miles1 or #eed1fff1hhj acres of arable land4 ,let it become as populous as ,massachusetts1 which contains #faj1jad inhabitants on an area of #g1hjj square miles1 or seventy-eight to every #fdj acres1 and the population of this immense region will amount to #fg1fjj1jjj4 ,the child is now born which will live to see this result4 ,suppose its population to become equally dense with ,england1 including ,wales1 which contains #bjg to the square mile1 and its numbers will amount to #agi1djj1jjj4 ,but let it become equal to the ,netherlands1 the most populous country on the globe1 containing #bcj to the square mile1 and the ,valley of the ,mississippi teems with a population of #bjj millions1 a result which may be had in the same time that ,new ,england has been gathering its two millions4 ,what reflections ought this view to present to the patriot1 the philanthropist1 and the christian4 ,physical ,features4 ,the physical features of this ,valley are peculiar4 #a4 ,it includes two great inclined planes1 one on its eastern1 and the other on its western border1 terminating with the ,mississippi4 #b4 ,this river receives all the waters produced on these slopes1 which are discharged by its mouths into the gulf of ,mexico4 #c4 ,every part of this vast region can be penetrated by steamboats1 or other water craft2 nor is there a spot in all this wide region1 excepting a small district in the vast plains of ,upper ,missouri1 that is more than one hundred miles from some navigable water4 ,a boat may take in its lading on the banks of the ,chatauque lake1 in the ,state of ,new ,york2 another may receive its cargo in the interior of ,virginia2 a third may start from the rice lakes at the head of the ,mississippi2 and a fourth may come laden with furs from the ,chippewan mountains1 #b1hjj miles up the ,missouri1 and all meet at the mouth of the ,ohio1 and proceed in company to the ocean4 #d4 ,with the exception of its eastern and western borders1 there are no mountains4 ,some portions are level1 a large part is gently undulating1 or what in the west is called rolling1 and the remainder is made up of abrupt hills1 flint and limestone ridges1 bluffs1 and ravines4 #e4 ,it is divided into two great portions1 the ,,upper1 and ,,lower ,,valley1 according to its general features1 climate1 staple productions1 and habits of its population4 ,the parallel of latitude that cuts the mouth of the ,ohio river1 will designate these portions with sufficient accuracy4 ,north of this line the seasons are regularly divided into spring1 summer1 autumn1 and winter4 ,in the winter there is usually more or less snow1 ice forms and frequently blocks up the rivers1 navigation is obstructed1 and cotton is not produced in sufficient quantity or quality to make it a staple for exportation4 ,it is the region of furs1 minerals1 tobacco1 hemp1 live stock1 and every description of grain and fruit that grows in ,new ,england4 ,its white population are mostly accustomed to labor4 ,south of this line1 cotton1 tobacco1 indigo1 and sugar are staples4 ,it has little winter1 snow seldom covers the earth1 ice never obstructs the rivers1 and most of the labor is done by slaves4 ,rivers4 ,the rivers are1 the ,mississippi and its tributaries1 or more correctly1 the ,missouri and its tributaries4 ,if we except the ,amazon1 no river can compare with this for length of its course1 the number and extent of its tributaries1 the vast country they drain1 and their capabilities for navigation4 ,its tributaries generally issue either from the eastern or western mountains1 and flow over this immense region1 diffusing not only fertility to the soil1 but affording facilities for commerce a great part of the year4 ,the ,missouri is unquestionably the main stream1 for it is not only longer and discharges a larger volume of water than the ,mississippi above its mouth1 but it has branches1 which1 for the extent of country they drain1 their length1 and the volume of water they discharge1 far exceed the upper ,mississippi4 ,the characteristics of these two rivers are each distinctly marked4 ,the ,missouri is turbid1 violent in its motions1 changing its currents2 its navigation is interrupted or made difficult by snags1 sawyers and planters1 and it has many islands and sand-bars4 ,such is the character of the ,mississippi below the mouth of the ,missouri4 ,but above its mouth1 its waters are clear1 its current gentle1 while it is comparatively free from snags and sand-bars4 ,the ,missouri1 which we have shown to be the principal stream1 rises in the ,chippewan1 or ,rocky mountains in latitude #dd deg4 north1 and longitude about #ce deg4 west from ,washington city4 ,it runs a northeast course till after it receives the ,yellow ,stone1 when it reaches past the #dh deg4 of latitude1 thence an east1 then a south1 and finally a southeastern course1 until it meets the current of the ,mississippi1 #bj miles above ,st4 ,louis1 and in latitude #ch deg4 #de' north4 ,besides numerous smaller streams1 the ,missouri receives the ,yellow ,stone and ,platte1 which of themselves1 in any other part of the world1 would be called large rivers1 together with the ,sioux1 ,kansau1 ,grand1 ,chariton1 ,osage1 and ,gasconade1 all large and navigable rivers4 ,its length1 upon an entire comparative course1 is #ahgj miles1 and upon a particular course1 about #cjjj miles4 ,lewis and ,clark make the distance from the ,mississippi to the great falls1 #behj miles4 ,there are several things in some respects peculiar to this river1 which deserve notice4 #a4 ,its current is very rapid1 usually at the rate of four or five miles an hour1 when at its height2 and it requires a strong wind to propel a boat with a sail against it4 ,steam overcomes its force1 for boats ply regularly from ,st4 ,louis to the towns and landings on its banks within the borders of the state1 and return with the produce of the country4 ,small steamboats have gone to the ,yellow ,stone for furs4 ,owing to the shifting of its current1 and its snags and sand-bars1 its navigation is less safe and pleasant than any other western river1 but these difficulties are every year lessened by genius and enterprise4 #b4 ,its water is always turbid1 being of a muddy1 ash color1 though more so at its periodical rise than at other times4 ,this is caused by extremely fine sand1 received from the neighborhood of the ,yellow ,stone4 ,during the summer flood1 a tumbler of water taken from the ,missouri1 and precipitated1 will produce about one fourth of its bulk in sediment4 ,this sediment does not prevent its habitual use by hundreds who live on its banks1 or move in boats over its surface4 ,some filtrate it1 but many more drink it1 and use it for culinary purposes1 in its natural state4 ,when entirely filtrated1 it is the most limpid and agreeable river water ,i ever saw4 ,its specific gravity then1 is about equal to rain water2 but in its turbid state1 it is much heavier than ordinary river water1 for a boat will draw three or four inches less in it than in other rivers1 with the same lading1 and the human body will swim in it with but very little effort4 ,it possesses some medicinal properties4 ,placed in an open vessel and exposed to the summer's sun1 it remains pure for weeks4 ,eruptions on the skin and ulcerous sores are cured by wading or frequent bathings1 and commonly it produces slight cathartic effects upon strangers upon its first use4 ,the width of the ,missouri river at ,st4 ,charles1 is #eej yards4 ,its alluvial banks however are insecure1 and are not unfrequently washed away for many yards at its annual floods4 ,the bed of its channel is also precarious1 and is elevated or depressed by the deposition or removal of its sandy foundation4 ,hence the elevation or depression of the surface of this river1 affords no criterion of its depth1 or of the volume of water it discharges at any one period4 ,undulatory motions1 like the boiling of a pot1 are frequently seen on its surface1 caused by the shifting of the sand that forms its bed4 ,the volume of water it ordinarily discharges into the ,mississippi is vastly disproportionate to its length1 or the number and size of its tributaries4 ,i have seen less than six feet depth of water at ,st4 ,charles at a low stage1 and it was once forded by a soldier1 at ,bellefontaine1 four miles above its junction with the ,mississippi4 ,evaporation takes up large quantities1 but absorption throughout the porous soil of its wide bottoms consumes much more4 ,in all the wells dug in the bottom lands of the ,missouri1 water is always found at the depth of the surface of the river1 and invariably rises or sinks with the floods and ebbings of the stream4 ,volumes of sand frequently enter these wells as the river rises4 ,its periodical floods deserve notice4 ,ordinarily this river has three periods of rising and falling each year4 ,the first rise is caused by the breaking up of winter on the ,gasconade1 ,osage1 ,kansau1 ,chariton1 ,grand1 and other branches of the lower ,missouri1 and occurs the latter part of ,february1 or early in ,march4 ,its second rise is usually in ,april1 when the ,platte1 ,yellow ,stone1 and other streams pour into it their spring floods4 ,but the flood that more usually attracts attention takes place from the #ajth to the #beth of ,june1 when the melting snows on the ,chippewan mountains pour their contents into the ,missouri4 ,this flood is scarcely ever less than five1 nor more than #bj feet at ,st4 ,louis1 above the ordinary height of the river4 ,on two occasions1 however1 since the country was known to the ,french1 it has arisen to that height in the ,mississippi as to flow over the ,american ,bottom in ,illinois1 and drive the inhabitants of ,cahokia and ,kaskaskia from their villages to the bluffs4 ,rain in greater or less quantities usually falls during the rise of the river1 and ceases when the waters subside4 ,so uniform is this the case in ,upper ,missouri1 the region beyond the boundary of the ,state1 that the seasons are divided into wet and dry4 ,pumice stones and other volcanic productions occasionally float down its waters4 ,mississippi ,river4 ,the extreme head of the longest branch of the ,mississippi river1 has been found in lake ,itaska1 or ,lac la ,biche1 by ,mr4 ,schoolcraft1 who states it to be elevated #aejj feet above the ,atlantic ocean1 and distant #c1afj miles from the extreme outlet of the river at the gulf of ,mexico4 ,the outlet of ,itaska lake1 which is connected with a string of small lakes1 is ten or twelve feet broad1 and twelve or fifteen inches deep4 ,this is in latitude about #dh deg4 north4 ,from this it passes ,cedar and several smaller lakes1 and runs a winding course1 #gjj miles1 to the falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 where its waters are precipitated over a cataract of #af or #ag feet perpendicular4 ,it then continues a southeastern course to the ,missouri1 in ,n4 lat1 #ch deg4 #ch'1 receiving the ,st4 ,croix1 ,chippewa1 ,wisconsin1 ,rock and ,illinois rivers1 with many smaller streams from the east1 and the ,st4 ,peter's1 ,iowa1 ,des ,moines1 and ,salt rivers1 besides a number of smaller ones from the west4 ,the current of the ,missouri strikes that of the ,mississippi at right angles1 and throws it upon the eastern shore4 ,when at a low stage1 the waters of the two rivers are distinct till they pass ,st4 ,louis4 ,the principal branch of the ,upper ,mississippi1 is the ,st4 ,peter's1 which rises in the great prairies in the northwest1 and enters the parent stream ten miles below the falls of ,st4 ,anthony4 ,towards the sources of this river the quarries exist from which are made the red stone pipes of the ,indians4 ,this is sacred ground4 ,hostile tribes meet here1 and part unmolested4 ,rock river drains the waters from the northern part of ,illinois and ,wisconsin1 and enters the parent stream at #da deg4 #cj' north latitude4 ,in latitude #ci deg4 comes in the ,illinois1 signifying the ,river of ,men2 and eighteen miles below this1 it unites with1 and is lost in the ,missouri4 ,custom has fixed unalterably1 the name ,mississippi1 to this united body of waters1 that rolls its turbid waves towards the ,mexican gulf2 though1 as has been intimated1 it is but a continuation of the ,missouri4 ,sixty miles below ,st4 ,louis1 the ,kaskaskia joins it1 after a devious course of #djj miles4 ,in #cg deg4 north latitude1 the ,ohio pours in its tribute1 called by the early ,french explorers1 ,la ,belle ,riviere1 the beautiful river4 ,a little below #cd deg41 the ,white river enters after a course of more than #a1jjj miles4 ,thirty miles below that1 the ,arkansas1 bringing its tribute from the confines of ,mexico1 pours in its waters4 ,above ,natchez1 the ,yazoo from the east1 and eighty miles below1 the ,red river from the west1 unite their waters with the ,mississippi4 ,red ,river takes its rise in the ,mexican dominions1 and runs a course of more than #b1jjj miles4 ,hitherto1 the waters in the wide regions of the west have been congregating to one point4 ,the ,father of ,waters1 is now upwards of a mile in width1 and several fathoms deep4 ,during its annual floods1 it overflows its banks below the mouth of the ,ohio1 and penetrates the numerous bayous1 lakes1 and swamps1 and especially on its western side4 ,in many places these floods extend thirty or forty miles into the interior4 ,but after it receives the ,red river1 it begins to throw off its surplus waters1 which flow in separate channels to the gulf1 and never again unite with the parent stream4 ,several of these communications are held with the ocean at different and distant points4 ,ohio ,river4 ,the ,ohio river is formed by the junction of the ,alleghany and ,monongahela1 at ,pittsburg4 ,the ,alleghany river rises not far from the head of the western branch of the ,susquehannah1 in the highlands of ,mc,kean county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,it runs north till it penetrates ,cataraugus county1 ,new ,york1 then turns west1 then southwest1 and finally takes a southern course to ,pittsburg4 ,it receives a branch from the ,chatauque lake1 ,chatauque county1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,monongahela rises near the sources of the ,kenhawa1 in western ,virginia1 and runs north till it meets the ,alleghany4 ,the general course of the ,ohio is southwest4 ,its current is gentle1 and it receives a number of tributaries1 which are noticed in the ,states where they run4 ,the ,valley of the ,mississippi has been arranged by ,mr4 ,darby1 into four great subdivisions4 #a4 ,the ,ohio ,valley1 length #gej miles1 and mean width #bfa2 containing #aif1jjj square miles4 #b4 ,mississippi ,valley1 above ,ohio1 including the minor valley of ,illinois1 but exclusive of ,missouri1 #fej miles long1 and #bgg mean width1 and containing #ahj1jjj square miles4 #c4 ,lower ,valley of the ,mississippi1 including ,white1 ,arkansas1 and ,red river vallies1 #a1jjj miles long1 and #bjj wide1 containing #bjj1jjj square miles4 #d4 ,missouri proper1 including ,osage1 ,kansau1 ,platte rivers1 c4 #a1bjj miles long1 and #dcg wide1 containing #ebc1jjj square miles4 ,the ,valley of the ,ohio is better known than any of the others2 has much fertile land1 and much that is sterile1 or unfit for cultivation1 on account of its unevenness4 ,it is divided into two unequal portions1 by the ,ohio river2 leaving on the right or northwest side #hj1jjj1 and on the left or southeast side1 #aaf1jjj square miles4 ,the eastern part of this valley is hilly1 and rapidly acclivous towards the ,appalachian mountains4 ,indeed its high hills1 as you approach these mountains1 are of a strongly marked mountainous character4 ,of course the rivers which flow into the ,ohio--the ,monongahela1 ,kenhawa1 ,licking1 ,sandy1 ,kentucky1 ,green1 ,cumberland1 and ,tennessee--are rapid1 and abounding in cataracts and falls1 which1 towards their sources1 greatly impede navigation4 ,the western side of this ,valley is1 also1 hilly for a considerable distance from the ,ohio1 but towards its western limit1 it subsides to a remarkably level region4 ,so that whilst the eastern line of this ,valley lies along the high table land1 on which the ,appalachian mountains rest1 and where the rivers of the eastern section of this ,valley rise1 which is at least #b1jjj miles generally above the ocean level2 the western line has not an elevation of much more than half of that amount on the north1 and which greatly subsides towards the ,kaskaskia4 ,the rivers of the western section are ,beaver1 ,muskingum1 ,hockhocking1 ,scioto1 ,miami1 and ,wabash4 ,along the ,ohio1 on each side1 are high hills1 often intersected with deep ravines1 and sometimes openings of considerable extent1 and well known by the appellation of ,ohio hills4 ,towards the mouth of the ,ohio1 these hills almost wholly disappear1 and extensive level bottoms1 covered with heavy forests of oak1 sycamore1 elm1 poplar1 and cotton wood1 stretch along each side of the river4 ,on the lower section of the river1 the water1 at the time of the spring floods1 often overflows these bottoms to a great extent4 ,this fine ,valley embraces considerably more than one half of the whole population of the entire ,valley of the ,west4 ,the western parts of ,pennsylvania and ,virginia1 the entire states of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,kentucky1 the larger part of ,tennessee1 and a smaller part of ,illinois1 are in the ,valley of the ,ohio4 ,the ,upper ,valley of the ,mississippi possesses a surface far less diversified than the ,valley of the ,ohio4 ,the country where its most northern branches take their rise1 is elevated table land1 abounding with marshes and lakes1 that are filled with a graniferous vegetable called wild rice4 ,it is a slim1 shrivelled grain of a brownish hue1 and gathered by the ,indians in large quantities for food4 ,there are tracts of arable land covered with elm1 linden1 pine1 hemlock1 cherry1 maple1 birch and other timber common to a northern climate4 ,from the same plateau flow the numerous branches of ,red river1 and other streams that flow into lake ,winnipeck1 and thence into ,hudson's bay4 ,here1 too1 are found some of the head branches of the waters of ,st4 ,lawrence1 that enter the ,lake of the ,woods1 and ,superior4 ,in the whole country of which we are speaking1 there is nothing that deserves the name of mountain4 ,below the falls of ,st4 ,anthony the river bluffs are often abrupt1 wild and romantic1 and at their base and along the streams are thousands of quartz crystals1 carnelians and other precious stones4 ,but a short distance in the rear1 you enter upon table land of extensive prairies1 with clumps of trees1 and groves along the streams4 ,further down1 abrupt cliffs and overhanging precipices are frequently seen at the termination of the river alluvion4 ,the whole country northwest of the ,ohio and east of the ,mississippi1 as far north as the falls of ,st4 ,anthony1 exhibits striking marks of a diluvial formation1 by a gradual retiring of the waters4 ,from the summit level that divides the waters of the lakes from those of the ,mississippi1 through ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,wisconsin1 which is scarcely a perceptible ridge1 to the south point of ,illinois at the junction of the ,ohio and ,mississippi1 appears to have once been a plane with an inclination equal to #ab or #ae inches per mile4 ,the ravines and vallies appear to have been gradually scooped out by the abrasion of the waters4 ,the ,lower ,mississippi ,valley1 has a length of #a1bjj miles1 from northwest to southeast1 considering the source of the ,arkansas1 and the mouth of the ,mississippi river as extreme points2 reaching from north latitude #bi deg4 to #db deg41 and without estimating mountains1 ridges1 or peaks1 differs in relative elevation at least #ejj feet4 ,the ,arkansas river rises near north latitude #db deg41 and longitude #cb deg4 west from ,washington1 and falls into the ,mississippi at #cc deg4 #ef'1 passing over eight degrees of latitude4 ,red ,river rises in the mountainous country of ,mexico1 north of ,texas1 in north latitude #cd deg42 and west longitude #bh deg4 from ,washington1 and falls into the ,mississippi in latitude #ca deg4 ,they are both remarkable rivers for their extent1 the number of their branches1 the volume of their waters1 the quantity of alluvion they carry down to the parent stream1 and the color of their waters4 ,impregnated by saline particles1 and colored with ocherous earth1 the waters of these two rivers are at once brackish and nauseous to the taste1 particularly near their mouths2 that of ,red river is so much so at ,natchitoches at low water that it cannot be used for culinary purposes4 ,at a short distance below the mouth of the ,red river1 a large bayou1 7as it is called17 or outlet1 breaks from the ,mississippi on the west2 by which1 it is believed1 that as large a volume of water as the ,red river brings to the parent river1 is drained off1 and runs to the gulf of ,mexico1 fifty miles from the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,the name of this bayou is ,atchafalaya1 or as it is commonly called1 ,chaffalio4 ,below this bayou1 another of large dimensions breaks forth on the same side1 and finally falls into the ,atchafalaya4 ,this is the ,placquemine4 ,still lower1 at ,donaldsonville1 ninety miles above ,new ,orleans1 on the same side1 the ,lafourche bayou breaks out1 and pursues a course parallel to the ,mississippi1 fifty miles west of the mouth of that river4 ,on the east side1 the ,ibberville bayou drains off a portion of the waters of the ,mississippi1 into lakes ,maurepas1 ,ponchartrain1 ,borgnes1 and the gulf of ,mexico1 and thus forms the long and narrow island of ,orleans4 ,in the lower ,valley of the ,mississippi there is a great extent of land of the very richest kind4 ,there is also much that is almost always overflown with waters1 and is a perpetual swamp4 ,there are extensive prairies in this ,valley2 and towards the ,rocky mountains2 on the upper waters of the ,arkansas and ,red rivers1 there are vast barren steppes or plains of sand1 dreary and barren1 like the central steppes of ,asia4 ,on the east of the ,mississippi1 are extensive regions of the densest forests1 which form a striking contrast with the prairies which stretch on the west of that great river4 ,the ,valley of the ,missouri extends #abjj miles in length1 and #gjj in width1 and embraces #bec1jjj square miles4 ,the ,missouri river rises in the ,chippewan mountains1 through eight degrees1 or nearly #fjj miles4 ,the ,yellow ,stone is its longest branch4 ,the course of the ,missouri1 after leaving the ,rocky mountains1 is generally southeast1 until it unites with the ,mississippi4 ,the principal branches flow from the southwest4 ,they are the ,osage1 ,kansas1 ,platte1 c4 ,the three most striking features of this ,valley are1 #ast4 ,the turbid character of its waters4 #b;d4 ,the very unequal volumes of the right and left confluences4 #c;d4 ,the immense predominance of the open prairies1 over the forests which line the rivers4 ,the western part of this ,valley rises to an elevation towards the ,chippewan mountains1 equal to ten degrees of temperature4 ,ascending from the lower verge of this widely extended plain1 wood becomes more and more scarce1 until one naked surface spreads on all sides4 ,even the ridges and chains of the ,chippewan1 partake of these traits of desolation4 ,the traveller1 who has read the descriptions of central ,asia1 by ,tooke or ,pallas1 will feel on the higher branches of the ,missouri1 a resemblance1 at once striking and appalling2 and he will acknowledge1 if near to the ,chippewan mountains in winter1 that the utmost intensity of frost over ,siberia and ,mongolia1 has its full counterpart in ,north ,america1 on similar1 if not on lower latitudes4 ,there is much fertile land in the ,valley of the ,missouri1 though much of it must be forever the abode of the buffalo and the elk1 the wolf and the deer4#b ,,footnotes3 #a ,why the names ,huron1 ,mandan1 ,sioux1 ,osage1 and ,ozark have been applied by ,darby and other authors1 to the extensive regions on the ,upper ,mississippi1 the ,upper ,missouri1 and the ,arkansas rivers1 ,i am not able to solve4 ,osage is a ,french corruption of ,wos-sosh-ee1 and ,ozark is an awkward1 illiterate corruption of ,osage4 ,sioux is another ,french corruption1 the origin of which is not now easily ascertained4 ,carver and other travellers1 call this nation of ,indiana ,nau-do-wes-sees4 ,chiefs of this nation have repeatedly disclaimed the name of ,sioux1 7pronounced ,soos47 ,they sometimes call themselves ,da-co-tah4 #b ,darby4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,general ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,the ,,mississippi4 7,,continued47 ,productions4 ,minerals4--,but few mines exist in the ,lower ,valley of the ,mississippi4 ,louisiana1 being chiefly alluvion1 furnishes only two specimens1 sulphuret of antimony1 and meteoric iron ore4 ,it is supposed that the pine barrens towards ,texas1 if explored1 would add to the number4 ,the only minerals in ,mississippi1 are amethyst1 of which one crystal has been found2 potter's clay1 at the ,chickasaw ,bluffs1 and near ,natchez2 sulphuret of lead in small quantities1 about ,port ,gibson2 and sulphate of iron4 ,petrified trunks of trees are found in the bed of the ,mississippi1 opposite ,natchez4 ,in ,arkansas ,territory are various species4 ,here may be found the native magnet1 or magnetic oxide of iron1 possessing strong magnetic power4 ,iron ores are very abundant4 ,sulphate of copper1 sulphuret of zinc1 alum1 and aluminous slate are found about the cove of ,washitau1 and the ,hot ,springs4 ,buhr stone of a superior quality exists in the surrounding hills4 ,the hot springs are interesting on account of the minerals around them1 the heat of their waters1 and as furnishing a retreat to valetudinarians from the sickly regions of the south4 ,they are situated on the ,washitau1 a large stream that empties itself into ,red river4 ,the lead mines of ,missouri have been worked for more than a century4 ,they are distributed through the country from thirty to one hundred miles southwest from ,st4 ,louis1 and probably extend through the ,gasconade country4 ,immense quantities of iron ore exist in this region4 ,lead is found in vast quantities in the northern part of ,illinois1 the south part of the ,wisconsin ,territory1 and the country on the opposite side of the ,mississippi4 ,these mines are worked extensively4 ,native copper in large quantities is found in the same region4 ,large quantities of iron ore is found in the mountainous parts of ,tennessee and ,kentucky1 where furnaces and forges have been erected4 ,also1 in the hilly parts of ,ohio1 particularly at the falls of ,licking four miles west of ,zanesville1 and in ,adams and ,lawrence counties near the ,ohio river4 ,with iron ore the ,west is profusely supplied4 ,bituminous coal exists in great profusion in various parts of the ,western ,valley4 ,the hills around ,pittsburg are inexhaustible4 ,it extends through many portions of ,ohio and ,indiana4 ,nearly every county in ,illinois is supplied with this valuable article4 ,missouri1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee have their share4 ,immense quantities are found in the mountains along the ,kenhawa1 in ,western ,virginia1 and it is now employed in the manufacture of salt4 ,the ,cumberland mountains in ,tennessee contain immense deposits4 ,muriate of ,soda or common salt1 exists in most of the states and territories of this ,valley4 ,near the sources of the ,arkansas incrustations are formed by evaporation during the dry season1 in the depressed portions of the immense prairies of that region4 ,the celebrated salt rock is on the red fork of the ,canadian1 a branch of the ,arkansas river4 ,jefferson lake has its water strongly impregnated with salt1 and is of a bright red color4 ,beds of rock salt are in the mountains of this region4 ,several counties of ,missouri have abundant salt springs4 ,considerable quantities of salt are manufactured in ,jackson1 ,gallatin and ,vermillion counties1 ,illinois4 ,saline springs1 and licks as they are called1 abound through ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,western ,pennsylvania1 and ,western ,virginia4 ,salt is manufactured in great abundance at the ,kenhawa salines1 #af miles above ,charlestown1 ,va41 and brought down the ,kenhawa river and carried to all the ,western ,states4 ,much salt is made also on the ,kiskiminitas1 a branch of the ,alleghany river1 at the ,yellow creek above ,steubenville1 and in the ,scioto country in ,ohio4 ,the water is frequently obtained by boring through rock of different strata1 several hundred feet deep4 ,copper1 antimony1 manganese1 and several other minerals are found in different parts of the ,west1 but are not yet worked4 ,nitrate of potash is found in great abundance in the caverns of ,kentucky and ,tennessee1 also in ,missouri1 from which large quantities of ,saltpetre are manufactured4 ,sulphate of ,magnesia is found in ,kentucky1 ,indiana1 and perhaps other states4 ,sulphur and other mineral springs are very common in the western states4 ,vegetable ,productions4--,trees1 c4 ,almost every species of timber and shrub common to the ,atlantic states is found in some part of the ,western ,valley4 ,the cotton wood and sycamore are found along all the rivers below the #da deg4 of ,n4 latitude4 ,the cypress begins near the mouth of the ,ohio and spreads through the alluvion portions of the ,lower ,valley4 ,the magnolia1 with its large1 beautiful flower1 grows in ,louisiana1 and the long leaf pine flourishes in the uplands of the same region4 ,the sugar maple abounds in the northern and middle portions4 ,the chestnut is found in the eastern portion of the ,valley as far as ,indiana1 but not a tree is known to exist in a natural state west of the ,wabash river4 ,yellow or pitch pine1 grows in several counties of ,missouri1 especially on the ,gasconade1 from whence large quantities of lumber are brought to ,st4 ,louis4 ,white pine from the ,alleghany river is annually sent to all the towns on the ,ohio1 and further down4 ,considerable quantities of white pine grow on the upper ,mississippi1 along the western shore of ,michigan1 about ,green bay1 and along the shores of lake ,superior4 ,the yellow poplar1 7,liriodendron tulipifera7 is a majestic tree1 valuable for light boards1 and may be found in some parts of most of the western states4 ,the beech tree is frequently found in company4 ,the live oak1 so valuable in ship building1 is found south of the #ca deg41 and along the ,louisiana coast4 ,the orange1 fig1 olive1 pine apple1 c4 find a genial climate about ,new ,orleans4 ,high in the north we have the birch1 hemlock1 fir1 and other trees peculiar to a cold region4 ,amongst our fruit bearing trees we may enumerate the walnut1 hickory or shag bark1 persimmon1 pecan1 mulberry1 crab apple1 pawpaw1 wild plum1 and wild cherry4 ,the vine grows everywhere4 ,of the various species of oak1 elm1 ash1 linden1 hackberry1 c4 it is unnecessary to speak4 ,where forests abound1 the trees are tall and majestic4 ,in the prairie country1 the timber is usually found on the streams1 or in detached groves4 ,in the early settlement of ,kentucky there were found1 south of ,green river1 large tracts1 with stunted scattering trees intermixed with hazel and brushwood4 ,from this appearance it was inferred that the soil was of inferior quality1 and these tracts were denominated barrens4 ,subsequently1 it was found that this land was of prime quality4 ,the term barrens is now applied extensively in the ,west to the same description of country4 ,it distinguishes an intermediate grade from forest and prairie4 ,a common error has prevailed abroad that our prairie land is wet4 ,prairie is a ,french word signifying meadow1 and is applied to any description of surface1 that is destitute of timber and brushwood1 and clothed with grass4 ,wet1 dry1 level1 and undulating1 are terms of description merely1 and apply to prairies in the same sense as they do to forests4 ,the prairies in summer are clothed with grass1 herbage and flowers1 exhibit a delightful prospect1 and furnish most abundant and luxuriant pasturage for stock4 ,much of the forest land in the ,western ,valley produces a fine range for domestic animals and swine4 ,thousands are raised1 and the emigrant grows wealthy1 from the bounties of nature1 with but little labor4 ,of animals1 birds and reptiles1 little need be said4 ,the buffalo was in ,illinois the beginning of the present century4 ,they are not found now within three hundred miles of ,missouri and ,arkansas1 and they are fast receding4 ,deer are found still in all frontier settlements4 ,wolves1 foxes1 wild cats1 raccoons1 opossums1 and squirrels are plenty4 ,the brown bear is still hunted in some parts of the western states4 ,col4 ,crockett was a famous bear hunter in ,western ,tennessee1 ,the white bear1 mountain sheep1 antelope and beaver1 are found in the defiles of the ,rocky mountains4 ,the elk is still found by the hunter contiguous to newly formed settlements4 ,all the domestic animals of the ,united ,states flourish here4 ,nearly all the feathered tribe of the ,atlantic slope are to be found in the ,valley4 ,pelicans1 wild geese1 swans1 cranes1 ducks1 paroquets1 wild turkeys1 prairie hens1 c4 are found in different states1 especially on the ,mississippi4 ,reptiles4 ,the rattlesnake1 copperhead snake1 moccasin snake1 bull snake1 and the various snakes usually found in the ,atlantic states are here4 ,of the venomous kinds1 multitudes are destroyed by the deer and swine4 ,chameleons and scorpions exist in the ,lower ,valley1 and lizards everywhere4 ,the alligator1 an unwieldy and bulky animal1 is found in the rivers and lakes south of #cd deg4 north latitude4 ,he sometimes destroys calves and pigs1 and very rarely1 even young children4 ,history4--,the honor of the discovery of this country is disputed by the ,spanish1 ,english1 and ,french4 ,it is probable that ,sebastian ,cabot sailed along the shores of what was afterwards called ,florida1 but a few years after ,columbus discovered ,america4 ,spanish authors claim that ,juan ,ponce de ,leon discovered and named ,florida1 in #aeab4 ,narvaez1 another ,spanish commander1 having obtained a grant of ,florida in #aebh1 landed four or five hundred men1 but was lost by shipwreck near the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,ferdinand de ,soto was probably the first white man who saw the ,mississippi river4 ,he is said to have marched #ajjj men from ,florida1 through the ,chickasaw country1 to the ,mississippi1 near the mouth of ,red river1 where he took sick and died4 ,his men returned4 ,some writers suppose ,de ,soto travelled as far north as ,kentucky1 or the ,ohio river4 ,this is not probable4 ,the ,french were the first to explore and settle the ,west1 and they held jurisdiction over the country of ,illinois for #hj years1 when it fell into the hands of the ,british upon the conquest of ,canada4 ,in #aefd1 ,florida was settled by a colony of ,huguenots1 under ,admiral ,coligny1 who were afterwards massacred by the ,spaniards1 because they were ,protestant heretics4 ,in #afjh1 ,admiral ,champlaine founded ,quebec1 from which ,french settlements spread through the ,canadas4 ,about #afgj1 the notion prevailed amongst the ,french that visited ,canada1 that a western passage to the ,pacific ocean existed4 ,they learned from the ,indians that far in the west there was a great river2 but of its course or termination they could learn nothing4 ,they supposed that this river communicated with the western ocean4 ,to investigate this question1 ,p4 ,marquette1 a ,jesuit1 and ,joliet1 were appointed by ,m4 ,talon1 the ,intendant of ,new ,france4 ,marquette was well acquainted with the ,canadas1 and had great influence with the ,indian tribes4 ,they conducted an expedition through the lakes1 up ,green bay and ,fox river1 to the ,portage1 where it approaches the ,wisconsin1 to which they passed1 and descended that river to the ,mississippi1 which they reached the #agth of ,june1 #afgc4 ,they found a river much larger and deeper than it had been represented by the ,indians4 ,their regular journal was lost on their return to ,canada2 but from the account1 afterwards given by ,joliet1 they found the natives friendly1 and that a tradition existed amongst them of the residence of a ,mon-e-to1 or spirit1 near the mouth of the ,missouri1 which they could not pass4 ,they turned their course up the ,illinois1 and were highly delighted with the placid stream1 and the woodlands and prairies through which it flowed4 ,they were hospitably received and kindly treated by the ,illinois1 a numerous nation of ,indians who were destitute of the cruelty of savages4 ,the word ,illinois1 or ,illini1 is said by ,hennepin1 to signify a full grown man4 ,this nation appears to have originally possessed the ,illinois country1 and also a portion west of the ,mississippi4 ,the nation was made up of eight tribes3--the ,miamies1 ,michigamies1 ,mascotins1 ,kaskaskias1 ,kahokias1 ,peorias1 ,piankeshaws1 and ,tau-mar-waus4 ,marquette continued among these ,indians with a view to christianize them2 but ,joliet returned to ,canada and reported the discoveries he had made4 ,several years elapsed before any one attempted to follow up the discoveries of ,marquette and ,joliet4 ,m4 de ,la ,salle1 a native of ,normandy1 but who had resided many years in ,canada1 was the first to extend these early discoveries4 ,he was a man of intelligence1 talents1 enterprise1 and perseverance4 ,after obtaining the sanction of the king of ,france1 he set out on his projected expedition1 in #afgh1 from ,frontenac1 with ,chevalier ,tonti1 his lieutenant1 and ,father ,hennepin1 a ,jesuit missionary1 and thirty or forty men4 ,he spent about one year in exploring the country bordering on the lakes1 and in selecting positions for forts and trading posts1 to secure the ,indian trade to the ,french4 ,after he had built a fort at ,niagara1 and fitted out a small vessel1 he sailed through the lakes to ,green bay1 then called the ,bay of ,puants4 ,from thence he proceeded with his men in canoes towards the south end of lake ,michigan1 and arrived at the mouth of the river of the ,miamis in ,november1 #afgi4 ,this is thought to be the ,milwaukee in ,wisconsin ,territory4 ,here he built a fort1 left eight or ten men1 and passed with the rest of his company across the country to the waters of the ,illinois river1 and descended that river a considerable distance1 when he was stopped for want of supplies4 ,this was occasioned by the loss of a boat which had been sent from his post on ,green bay4 ,he was now compelled by necessity to build a fort1 which1 on account of the anxiety of mind he experienced1 was called ,creve-coeur1 or broken heart4 ,the position of this fort cannot now be ascertained2 but from some appearances1 it is thought to have been near ,spring bay1 in the northeast part of ,tazewell county4 ,at this period the ,illinois were engaged in a war with the ,iroquois1 a numerous1 warlike1 and cruel nation1 with whom ,la ,salle had traded1 while on the borders of ,canada4 ,the former1 according to ,indian notions of friendship1 expected assistance from the ,french2 but the interests and safety of ,la ,salle depended upon terminating this warfare1 and to this object he directed his strenuous efforts4 ,the suspicious ,illinois construed this into treachery1 which was strengthened by the malicious and perfidious conduct of some of his own men1 and pronounced upon him the sentence of death4 ,immediately he formed and executed the bold and hazardous project of going alone and unarmed to the camp of the ,illinois1 and vindicating his conduct4 ,he declared his innocence of the charges1 and demanded the author4 ,he urged that the war should be terminated1 and that the hostile nations should live in peace4 ,the coolness1 bravery1 and eloquence of ,la ,salle filled the ,indians with astonishment1 and entirely changed their purposes4 ,the calumet was smoked1 presents mutually exchanged1 and a treaty of amity concluded4 ,the original project of discovery was now pursued4 ,father ,hennepin started on the #bhth of ,february1 #afhj1 and having passed down the ,illinois1 ascended the ,mississippi to the falls of ,st4 ,anthony4 ,here he was taken prisoner1 robbed1 and carried to the ,indian villages1 from which he made his escape1 returned to ,canada by the way of the ,wisconsin1 and from thence to ,france1 where he published an account of his travels4 ,la ,salle visited ,canada to obtain supplies1 returned to ,creve-coeur1 and shortly after descended the ,illinois1 and then the ,mississippi1 where he built one or two forts on its banks1 and took possession of the country in the name of the king of ,france1 and in honor of him called it ,louisiana4 ,one of these forts is thought to have been built on the west side of the river1 between ,st4 ,louis and ,carondalet4 ,after descending the ,mississippi to its mouth1 he returned to the ,illinois1 and on his way back left some of his companions to occupy the country4 ,this is supposed to have been the commencement of the villages of ,kaskaskia and ,cahokia1 in #afhc4 ,la ,salle went to ,france1 fitted out an expedition to form a colony at the mouth of the ,mississippi1 sailed to the gulf of ,mexico1 but not being able to find the mouths of that river1 he commenced an overland journey to his fort on the ,illinois4 ,on this journey he was basely assassinated by two of his own men4#c ,after the death of ,la ,salle1 no attempts to discover the mouth of the ,mississippi were made till about #afii1 but the settlements in the ,illinois country were gradually increased by emigrants from ,canada4 ,in #agab1 the king of ,france1 by letters patent1 gave the whole country of ,louisiana to ,m4 ,crosat1 with the commerce of the country1 with the profits of all the mines1 reserving for his own use one fifth of the gold and silver4 ,after expending large sums in digging and exploring for the precious metals without success1 ,crosat gave up his privilege to the king1 in #agag4 ,soon after1 the colony was granted to the ,mississippi company1 projected by ,mr4 ,law1 which took possession of ,louisiana1 and appointed ,m4 ,bienville governor4 ,in #agai1 ,la ,harpe commanded a fort with ,french troops1 not far from the mouth of the ,missouri river4 ,shortly after1 several forts were built within the present limits of ,illinois1 of which fort ,chartres was the most considerable4 ,by these means a chain of communication was formed from ,canada to the mouth of the ,mississippi4 ,in #afii1 ,m4 ,ibberville arrived in the gulf of ,mexico with two frigates1 and in ,march ascended the river in a felucca one hundred leagues1 and returned by the bayou or outlet that bears his name1 through lake ,ponchartrain to the gulf4 ,he planted his colony at ,biloxi1 a healthy but sterile spot between the ,mobile and ,mississippi rivers1 and built a fortification4 ,during several succeeding years much exploring was done1 and considerable trade carried on with the ,indians for peltries1 yet these expeditions were a source of much expense to ,france4 ,in ,january1 #agjb1 the colony at ,mobile was planted2 several other settlements were soon after formed4 ,the ,catholics also commenced several missions amongst the ,indians4 ,difficulties frequently occurred with their ,spanish neighbors in ,florida and ,mexico4 ,m4 ,ibberville died in #agjf1 and ,m4 ,bienville succeeded him in the government of ,louisiana for many years4 ,the city of ,new ,orleans was founded1 during his administration1 in #agai4 ,it is situated on the east bank of the ,mississippi1 one hundred and five miles from its mouth4 ,from #agbc to #agcj1 the ,french had exterminating wars with the ,natchez1 a powerful nation of ,indians4 ,they had killed #gjj ,french in #agbc1 and about #agcj the ,french exterminated the nation4 ,various wars took place subsequently with the ,spanish and ,english4 ,but over most of the ,indians along the ,mississippi1 these ,french colonists gained extraordinary influence4--,during this period emigrants continued to arrive from ,france1 so that the colonists rapidly increased in numbers4 ,the ,mississippi land scheme1 or bubble as it was called1 originated with the celebrated ,john ,law in #agag1 which soon burst and spread ruin throughout the monied interests of ,france4 ,the amount of stock created1 was said to equal #caj1jjj1jjj of dollars4 ,the whole proved an entire failure1 but it served to increase greatly the population of ,louisiana1 so that from #agcf1 the colonies in the ,lower ,valley prospered4 ,in #aged1 the war commenced between ,france and ,england relative to the boundaries of the ,canadas4 ,at that period ,france claimed all the countries west of the ,alleghany mountains1 while ,england on the other hand had granted to ,virginia1 ,connecticut and other colonies1 charters which extended across the continent to the ,south ,sea1 as the ,pacific ocean was then called4 ,a grant also was made by ,virginia1 and the crown of ,great ,britain1 of #fjj1jjj acres to a company called ,the ,ohio ,company4 ,the governor of ,new ,france1 as ,canada and ,louisiana was then called1 protested1 erected forts on lake ,erie1 and at the present site of ,pittsburg1 and enlisted the ,indians against the ,english and ,americans4 ,pittsburg was then called ,fort du ,quesne4 ,then followed ,braddock's war1 as this contest is called in the west1--the mission of ,major 7afterward ,general7 ,washington1--the defeat of ,braddock2 and finally by the memorable victory of ,wolfe at ,quebec1 and the lesser ones at ,niagara and ,ticonderoga1 and by victories of the ,english fleet on the ocean1 the ,french were humbled1 and at the treaty of ,paris1 in #agfc1 surrendered all their claims to the country east of the ,mississippi4 ,towards the close of the war1 however1 ,france1 by a secret treaty1 ceded all the country west of the ,mississippi1 and including ,new ,orleans1 to ,spain1 who held possession till #ahjc1 when it was delivered to the ,french government under ,napoleon1 and by him ceded to the ,united ,states for #ae1jjj1jjj of dollars4 ,the ,english held possession of the military posts1 and exercised jurisdiction over the country of ,illinois1 and the adjacent regions1 till #aggh1 during the revolutionary war2 when by a secret expedition1 without direct legislative sanction1 but by a most enterprising1 skilful1 and hazardous military manoeuvre1 the posts of ,kaskaskia1 ,cahokia1 ,fort ,chartres and ,vincennes were captured by ,gen4 ,,george ,,rogers ,,clark1 with a small force of volunteer ,americans1 and that portion of the ,valley fell under the jurisdiction of ,virginia4 ,the legislature of ,virginia sanctioned the expedition of ,clark1 which the ,executive1 ,patrick ,henry and his council1 with ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,george ,wythe1 and ,george ,mason1 by written instructions1 had agreed should be done1 and a county called ,illinois was organized the same year4 ,in #aghd1 ,virginia1 in conjunction with other states1 ceded all claims to the ,great ,west1 to the ,united ,states1 reserving certain tracts for the payment of revolutionary claims4 ,this cession laid the foundation for five new states northwest of ,ohio1 when each district should have #fj1jjj inhabitants1 and even a less number1 by consent of ,congress4 ,two restrictions were peremptorily enjoined1--that each state should adopt a constitution with a republican form of government1 and that slavery or involuntary servitude1 should be forever prohibited4 ,it is unnecessary here to enter into details of the settlement of each particular state1--the incessant attacks from the ,indians1--the border wars that ensued1--the adventures of ,boone and his associates in settling ,kentucky1--the unfortunate campaigns of ,harmar and ,st4 ,clair1--the victorious one of ,wayne1--or the reminiscences and events of the war of #ahab1 and its termination in #ahae4 ,some historical notices of each state may be found in their proper place4 ,prospective increase of ,population4 ,for a long period1 in the states of the west1 the increase of population was slow1 and retarded by several causes4 ,difficulties of a formidable character had to be surmounted4 ,the footsteps of the ,american emigrants were everywhere drenched in blood1 shed by infuriated savage foes1 and before #agij more than #e1jjj persons had been murdered1 or taken captive and lost to the settlements4 ,it has been estimated1 that in the short space of seven years1 from #aghc to #agij1 more than fifteen hundred of the inhabitants of ,kentucky were either massacred or carried away into a captivity worse than death1 by the ,indians2 and an equal number from ,western ,pennsylvania and ,virginia1 in the same period1 met with a similar fate4 ,the settlers on the frontiers were almost constantly1 for a period of forty years1 harassed either by actual attacks of the savages1 or the daily expectation of them4 ,the tomahawk and the scalping knife1 were the objects of their fears by day and by night4#d ,hence1 in suggesting reasons showing why the population of this ,valley must increase in future in a far greater ratio than in the past1 it will appear3 #a4 ,that the most perfect security is now enjoyed by all emigrants1 both for their families and property4 ,by the wise and beneficent arrangement of government1 the ,indian tribes have nearly all removed to the ,territory specially allotted for their occupancy west of ,missouri and ,arkansas4 ,the grand error committed in past times in relation to the ,indians1 and which has been the source of incalculable evils to both races1 has been the want of definite1 fixed and permanent lines of demarcation betwixt them4 ,it will be seen under the proper head1 that a system of measures is now in operation that will not only preserve peace between the frontier settlements and the ,indian tribes1 but that to a great extent1 they are becoming initiated into the habits of civilized life4 ,there is now no more danger to the population of these states and territories from ,indian depredations1 than to the people of the ,atlantic states4 #b4 ,the increased facilities of emigration1 and the advantage of sure and certain markets for every species of production1 furnishes a second reason why population will increase in the western ,valley beyond any former period4 ,before the purchase of ,louisiana1 the western people had no outlet for their produce1 and the chief mode of obtaining every description of merchandize1--even salt and iron1--was by the slow and expensive method of transportation by wagons and pack-horses1 across almost impassible mountains and extremely difficult roads4 ,now1 every convenience and luxury of life is carried with comparative ease1 to every town and settlement throughout the ,valley1 and every species of produce is sent off in various directions1 to every port on earth if necessary4 ,and these facilities are multiplying and increasing every hour3 ,turnpike roads1 rail roads1 canals1 and steamboat navigation have already provided such facilities for removing from the ,atlantic to the ,western ,states1 that no family desirous of removing1 need hesitate or make a single inquiry as to facilities of getting to this country4 #c4 ,the facilities of trade and intercourse between the different sections of the ,valley1 are now superior to most countries on earth1 and are increasing every year4 ,and no country on earth admits of such indefinite improvement either by land or water4 ,more than twenty thousand miles of actual steamboat navigation1 with several hundred miles of canal navigation1 constructed or commenced1 attest the truth of this statement4 ,the first steamboat on the western waters was built at ,pittsburg in #ahaa1 and not more than seven or eight had been built1 when the writer emigrated to this country in #ahag4 ,at this period1 7,january #ahcf17 there are several hundred boats on the western waters1 and some of the largest size4 ,in #ahag1 about twenty barges1 averaging about one hundred tons each1 performed the whole commercial business of transporting merchandize from ,new ,orleans to ,louisville and ,cincinnati4 ,each performed one trip1 going and returning within the year4 ,about #aej keel boats performed the business on the ,upper ,ohio to ,pittsburg4 ,these averaged about #cj tons each1 and were employed one month in making the voyage from ,louisville to ,pittsburg4 ,three days1 or three days and a half is now the usual time occupied by the steam packets between the two places1 and from seven to twelve days between ,louisville and ,new ,orleans4 ,four days is the time of passing from the former place to ,st4 ,louis4 #d4 ,a fourth reason why population will increase in future in a greater ratio than the past is derived from the increase of population in the ,atlantic states1 and the greater desire for removal to the west4 ,at the close of the revolutionary war the population of the whole ,union but little exceeded two millions4 ,vast tracts of wilderness then existed in the old states1 which have since been subdued1 and from whence thousands of enterprising citizens are pressing their way into the ,great ,valley4 ,two thirds of the territory of ,new ,york1 large portions of ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont and ,maine1 an extensive district in middle ,pennsylvania1 to say nothing of wide regions in the southern states1 were comprised in this wilderness4 ,these extensive regions have become populous1 and are sending out vast numbers of emigrants to the west4 ,europe is in commotion1 and the emigration to ,north ,america1 in #ahcb1 reached #bjj1jjj1 a due proportion of which settle in the ,western ,valley4 #e4 ,a fifth reason will be founded upon the immense amount of land for the occupancy of an indefinite number of emigrants1 much of which will not cost the purchaser over one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre4 ,without giving the extravagant estimates that have been made by many writers of the wide and uninhabitable desert between the ,indian ,territory west of ,missouri and ,arkansas1 and the ,rocky mountains1 nor swampy and frozen regions at the heads of the ,mississippi river1 and around lake ,superior1 ,i will merely exhibit the amount of lands admitting of immediate settlement and cultivation1 within the boundaries of the new ,states and organized ,territories4 ,according to the report of the ,secretary of the ,treasury up to the #cjth day of ,september1 #ahca1 the estimated amount of unsold lands1 on which the foreign and ,indian titles had been extinguished1 within the limits of the new ,states and ,territories1 was #bbg1bic1hhd acres2--and that the ,indian title remained on #aac1egg1hfi acres within the same limits4#e ,the ,commissioner of the ,general ,land ,office in ,december1 #ahbg1 estimated the public domain1 beyond the boundaries of the new ,states and ,territories1 to be #gej millions of acres4 ,much of this however1 is uninhabitable4 ,according to the ,report of #ahca1 there had been granted to ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,alabama for internal ,improvements1 #b1ahg1ffe acres2--for ,colleges1 ,academies and ,universities in the new ,states and ,territories1 #ejh1jji2--;for education1 being the thirty-sixth part of the public lands appropriated to common schools1 #g1ieb1ech acres2--and for seats of government to some of the new ,states and ,territories1 #ba1ehi acres4 ,up to ,january1 #ahbf1 there had been sold1 from the commencement of the land system1 only #ai1bci1dab acres4 ,since that period to the close of #ahce1 there have been sold1 about #cc millions of acres1 making in all sold1 a little more than #eb millions4 ,this statement includes ,alabama and ,florida1 which we have not considered as strictly within the ,valley4 ,after a hasty and somewhat imperfect estimate of the public lands that are now in market1 or will be brought into market within a few years1 within the limits of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 ,arkansas1 ,michigan1 and the ,territory of ,wisconsin1 the amount may be put at #acj millions of acres4 ,this amount admits of immediate settlement and cultivation1 and much of it may be put under cultivation without the immense labor of clearing and subduing forest lands4 ,the comparison between the amount of sales of public lands within the last ten years1 and the preceding forty years1 shows that emigration to the ,west is increasing at a ratio beyond what is ordinarily supposed1 and that the next ten years will find a majority of the population of the ,united ,states within this ,great ,valley4 ,sales of land from #aghf to #ahbf1 7#dj years7 #ai1bci1dab acres4 from #ahbf to #ahce1 7#aj years7 #cc1jjj1jjj acres4 ,three millions of families may find farms in the ,west4 ,the extensive prairie lands of ,illinois and ,missouri present no obstacle to the settlement of the country4 ,already1 prairies for many miles in extent have been turned into farms4 #f4 ,a sixth reason why the increase of the future population of the ,valley will greatly exceed the past1 is derived from the increased confidence of the community in the general health of the country4 ,the most unreasonable notions have prevailed abroad relative to the health of the western states4 ,all new settlements are more or less unfavorable to health1 which1 when cultivated and settled become healthy4 ,as a separate chapter will be devoted to this subject1 ,i only advert to the fact now of the increased confidence of the people in the ,atlantic ,states1 in the salubrity of our western climate1 which already has tended to increase emigration2 but which1 from facts becoming more generally known1 will operate to a much greater extent in future4 #g4 ,i will only add that there is already a great amount of intelligence1 and of excellent society in all the settled portions of the ,western ,valley4 ,the idea is no longer entertained by ,eastern people1 that going to the ,west1 or the ',backwoods1' as it was formerly called1 is to remove to a heathen land1 to a land of ignorance and barbarism1 where the people do nothing but rob1 and fight1 and gouge6 ,some parts of the ,west have obtained this character1 but most undeservedly1 from the ,fearons1 the ,basil ,halls1 the ,trollopes1 and other ignorant and insolent travellers from ,england1 who1 because they were not allowed to insult and outrage as they pleased1 with ,parthian spirit1 hurled back upon us their poisoned javelins and darts as they left us4 ,there is indeed much destitution of moral influence and means of instruction in many1 very many1 neighborhoods of the ,west4 ,but there is in all the principal towns a state of society1 with which the most refined1 ,i was going to say the most fastidious1 of the eastern cities need not be ashamed to mingle4--,baird4 ,the eastern emigrant will find1 that wholesome legislation1 and much of the influence of religion are enjoyed in the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 extending to him all he can ask in the enjoyment of his rights1 and the protection of his property4 ,common ,school systems have been commenced in some of the states1--others are following their example1 and the subject of general education is receiving increasing attention every year4 ,colleges and other literary institutions are planted1 and religious institutions and means of religious instruction are rapidly increasing4 ,noble and successful efforts are making by the ,bible1 ,missionary1 ,tract1 ,sabbath ,school1 ,temperance1 and other ,societies in the ,west4 ,great and rapid changes are taking place1 if not to the extent we desire1 yet corresponding in a degree with the gigantic march of emigration and population4 ,many other reasons might be urged to show that its prospective increase of population will vastly exceed the ratio of its retrospective increase1 but these are sufficient4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,la ,salle appears to have discovered the ,bay of ,st4 ,bernard1 and formed a settlement on the western side of the ,colorado1 in #afhe4--,see ,j4 ,q4 ,adams's ,correspondence with ,don ,onis4 ,pub4 ,doc4 first session #aeth ,congress1 #ahah4 #d ,baird4 #e ,see ,mr4 ,clay's ,report on the ,public ,lands1 ,april #bf1 #ahcb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,papers4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,climate4 ,comparative view of the ,climate with the ,atlantic ,states4 ,diseases4--,means of preserving health4 ,climate1 c4 ,in a country of such vast extent1 through #ae deg4 of latitude1 the climate must necessarily be various4 ,louisiana1 ,mississippi and the lower half of ,arkansas1 lie between the latitudes of #cj deg4 and #ce deg41 and correspond with ,georgia and ,south ,carolina4 ,their difference of climate is not material4 ,the northern half of ,arkansas1 ,tennessee and ,kentucky1 lie west from ,north ,carolina and the southern portion of ,virginia4 ,the climate varies from those states only as they are less elevated than the mountainous parts of ,virginia and ,carolina4 ,hence1 the emigrant from the southern ,atlantic states1 unless he comes from a mountainous region1 will experience no great change of climate1 by emigrating to the ,lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,missouri1 ,illinois1 ,indiana and ,ohio1 lie parallel with the northern half of ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,delaware1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 and so much of ,new ,york and ,new ,england as lies south of the #db deg4 of north latitude4 ,but several circumstances combine to produce variations in the climate4 #a4 ,much of those ,atlantic states are hilly1 and in many parts mountainous1 some of which are #b and #cjjj feet above the level of the ocean4 ,the parallel western states have no mountains1 and are not proportionably hilly4 #b4 ,the ,atlantic states border on the ocean on the east1 and feel the influence of the cold1 damp winds from the northeast and east4 ,their rains are more copious and their snows deeper4 ,the northern portions of the ,west1 equally with ,new ,york and ,vermont1 are affected with the influence of the lakes1 though not to the same extent4 #e4 ,the courses of rivers1 by changing in some degree the direction of the winds1 exert an influence on the climate4 ,in the ,atlantic states1 from ,new ,england to ,north ,carolina1 the rivers run more or less to the southeast1 and increase the winds which blow from the northwest1 while the great bed of the ,mississippi exerts an equal influence in augmenting the number and steadiness of the winds which blow over it from the southwest2 and there is another cause of difference in climate1 chiefly perceptible1 first1 in the temperature1 which1 if no counteracting cause existed1 they would raise in the west considerably above that of corresponding latitudes in the east2 and1 secondly1 in the moisture of the two regions1 which is generally greater west than east of the mountains1 when the southwest wind prevails2 as1 much of the water with which it comes charged from the ,gulf of ,mexico1 is deposited before it reaches the country east of the ,alleghanies4--,dr4 ,drake4 ,it is an error that our climate is more variable1 or the summers materially hotter1 than in a correspondent latitude in the ,atlantic states4 ,the ,new ,englander and ,new ,yorker north of the mountains of ,west ,point1 should bear in mind that his migration is not to the ,west but ,south ,west2 and as necessarily brings him into a warmer climate1 as when he seeks the shores of the ,delaware1 ,potomac1 or ,james' ,river4 ,the settlers from ,virginia to ,kentucky1 or those from ,maryland and ,pennsylvania to ,ohio1 or further west1 have never complained of hotter summers than they had found in the land from whence they came4 ,to institute a comparative estimate of temperature between the east and the west1 we must observe3 first1 the thermometer2 and1 secondly1 the flowering of trees1 the putting forth of vegetation1 and the ripening of fruits and grain in correspondent latitudes4 ,this has not usually been done4 ,philadelphia and ,cincinnati approach nearer to the same parallel1 than any other places where such observations have been made4 ,cincinnati1 however1 is about #ej' south of ,philadelphia4 ,the following remarks are from ,dr4 ,daniel ,drake of ,cincinnati1 to whose pen the west is much indebted4 ,from a series of daily observations in ,cincinnati or its vicinity1 for eight consecutive years1 the mean annual temperature has been ascertained to be #ed degrees and a quarter4 ,dr4 ,rush states the mean temperature of ,philadelphia at #eb degrees and a half2 ,dr4 ,coxe1 from six years' observations1 at #ed deg4 and a sixth2 and ,mr4 ,legaux1 from seventeen years' observations1 at ,spring ,mill1 a few miles out of the city1 at #ec deg4 and a third2 the mean term of which results1 #ec deg4 and a third1 is but the fraction of a degree lower than the mean heat of ,cincinnati1 and actually less than should be afforded by the difference of latitude4 ,a reference to the temperatures of summer and winter1 will give nearly the same results4 ,from nine years' observations1 7three at ,spring ,mill1 by ,mr4 ,legaux1 and six in ,philadelphia1 by ,dr4 ,coxe17 the mean summer heat of that part of ,pennsylvania1 appears to be #gf degrees and six-tenths4 ,the mean summer heat at ,cincinnati1 for an equal number of years1 was #gd degrees and four-tenths4 ,the average number of days in which the thermometer rose to #ij degrees or upwards1 during the same period1 was fourteen each summer2 and the greatest elevation observed was #ih degrees3 all of which would bear an almost exact comparison with similar observations in ,pennsylvania4 ,mr4 ,legaux states the most intense cold1 at ,spring ,mill1 from #aghg to #ahjf1 to have been #ag and five-tenths degrees below cipher1--while within the same period it was #ah deg4 at ,cincinnati4 ,the average of extreme cold for several years1 as observed by ,mr4 ,legaux1 was one and eight-tenths of a degree below cipher3--the same average at ,cincinnati1 was two degrees below4 ,from all which we may conclude1 that the banks of the ,delaware and ,ohio1 in the same latitudes1 have nearly the same temperature4 ,the state of ,illinois1 extending as it does through five and a half degrees of latitude1 has considerable variation in its climate4 ,it has no mountains1 and though undulating1 it cannot be called hilly4 ,its extensive prairies1 and level surface1 give greater scope to the winds1 especially in winter4 ,in the southern part of the ,state1 during the three winter months1 snow frequently falls1 but seldom lies long4 ,in the northern part1 the winters are as cold1 but not so much snow falls1 as in the same latitudes in the ,atlantic ,states4 ,the ,mississippi at ,st4 ,louis is frequently frozen over1 and is crossed on the ice1 and occasionally for several weeks4 ,the hot season is longer1 though not more intense1 than occasionally for a day or two in ,new ,england4 ,during the years #ahag-ah-ai1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,giddings1 at ,st4 ,louis1 made a series of observations upon ,fahrenheit's thermometer4 ,deg4 ,hund4 ,mean temperature for #ahag #ee #eb ,do4 do4 from the beginning of ,may1 #ahah1 to the end of ,april1 #ahai #ef #ih ,mean temperature for #ahbj #ef #ah ,the mean of these results is about fifty-six degrees and a quarter4 ,the mean temperature of each month during the above years1 is as follows3 ,deg4 ,hund4 ,january #cj #fb ,february #ch #fe ,march #dc #ac ,april #eh #dg ,may #fb #ff ,june #gd #dg ,july #gh #ff ,august #gb #hh ,september #gj #aj ,october #ei #jj ,november #ec #ac ,december #cd #cc ,the mean temperature of the different seasons is as follows3 ,winter1 #cd4ec--,spring1 #ed4gd--,summer1 #gd4cd--;,autumn1 #fj4gg4 ,the greatest extremes of heat and cold during my residence of eighteen years1 in the vicinity of ,st4 ,louis1 is as follows3 ,greatest heat in ,july #ahbj1 and ,july #ahcc1 #ajj degrees4 ,greatest cold ,january #c;d1 #ahcd1 #ah degrees below zero1--,february #hth1 #ahce1 #bb degrees below zero4 ,the foregoing facts will doubtless apply to about one half of ,illinois4 ,this climate also is subject to sudden changes from heat to cold2 from wet to dry1 especially from ,november to ,may4 ,the heat of the summer below the #dj deg4 of latitude is more enervating1 and the system becomes more easily debilitated than in the bracing atmosphere of a more northerly region4 ,at ,marietta1 ,ohio1 in lat4 #ci deg4 #be' ,n4 and at the junction of the ,muskingum river with the ,ohio1 the mean temperature for #ahcd1 was #eb degrees1 four-tenths2 highest in ,august1 #ie degrees1--lowest1 ,january1 at zero4 ,fair days #bbe1--;cloudy days #aaj4 ,at ,nashville1 ,tenn4 #ahcd1 the mean temperature was #ei degrees and seventy-six-hundredths2 maximum #ig1 minimum #d above zero4 ,the summer temperature of this place never reaches #ajj deg4 ,on ,january #bfth1 #ahcb1 #ah degrees below zero4 ,february #hth1 #ahce1 #aj deg4 below zero4 ,the putting forth of vegetation in the spring furnishes some evidence of the character of the climate of any country1 though by no means entirely accurate4 ,other causes combine to advance or retard vegetation4 ,a wet or dry season1 or a few days of heat or cold at a particular crisis1 will produce material changes4 ,the following table is constructed from memoranda made at the various dates given1 near the latitude of ,st4 ,louis1 which is computed at #ch deg4 #cj'4 ,the observations of #ahai were made at ,st4 ,charles and vicinity1 in the state of ,missouri4 ,those of #ahbj1 in ,st4 ,louis county1 #ag miles ,n4 ,w4 from the city of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the remainder at ,rock ,spring1 ,illinois1 #ah miles east from ,st4 ,louis4 ,it will be perceived1 the years are not consecutive4 ,in #ahbf1 the writer was absent to the eastern states1 and for #ahbh1 his notes were too imperfect to answer the purpose4 ,in the columns showing the times of the first snows1 and the first and last frosts in the season1 a little explanation may be necessary4 ,a light snow means merely enough to whiten the earth1 and which usually disappears in a few hours4 ,many of the frosts recorded light were not severe enough to kill ordinary vegetation4 ,peach ,strawberries,blackberries,apple ,apple ,red bud in in leaves trees in ,year4in blossomblossom4 blossom4 begin to blossom4 put forth #ahai ,april #d4 ,not noted4 ,may #ai4 ,april #ae4;,april #bj4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,april #ad4 ,may #aj4 #ahbj ,no peach ,april #b4 fall off ,mar4 #be ,april #ae4 ,b4 #ag4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,april #bf4 #ahba ,no peach ,april #cj4 ,may #ba4 ,april #bd4,may #c4 ,b4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahbb ,april #e4 ,april #be4 ,may #aj4 ,april #ah4;,april #bb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahbc ,april #ai4 ,april #bf4 ,may #bj4 ,april #ae4;,april #bh4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahbd ,april #bj4 ,april #bh4 ,may #ah4 ,april #bj4;,april #bi4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,april #c4 #ahbe ,mar4 #be4 ,ripe ,may #h4 ,mar4 #cj4 ,april #e4 ,may #ag4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahbg ,april #d4 ,april #aj4 ,may #ae4 ,april #d4 ,april #ac4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahbi ,april #bj4 ,april #bd4 ,may #bj4 ,april #bj4;,april #bf4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahcj ,april #a4 ,april #e4 ,may #i4 ,april #a4 ,april #i4 continued ,grass ,oaks and ,first ,last ,first green in other forestsnow on frost in frost in ,year4prairies4trees approach ,spring4 ,autumn4 put forth of winter4 leaves4 #ahai ,april #ah4;,half size ,oct4 #h4 few ,may #ah1 ,sept4 #bc4 ,may #ai4 flakes4 very light4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,april #bb4 ,oct4 #bd4 few,june #a1 ,sept4 #bj4 #ahbj ,april #aj4;full size flakes4 ,nov4very light4 ,oct4 #h1 ,may #g4 #aa #c inches4 ice4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ap4 #bf to ,nov4 #h4 ,april #ah1 #ahba ,april #bf4,may #c4 f4 #b-a_/b in4 severe4 ,oct4 #h grown #bb ,may #i1 light ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,april #bi4 ,nov4 #af1 ,april #af1 #ahbb ,april #aj4;full size light4 severe1 ice4,oct4 #ac4 ,may #ad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahbc ,april #aj4;,april #bc4 ,nov4 #a1 ,april #bd4 ,sp4 #ba-b4 light4 ,ice #bc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,oct4 #ba4 #ahbd ,april #ad4;,april #cj4 ,nov4 #g4 ,may #e4 hard freeze4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,dec4 #aa1 ,feb4 #bb4 ,oct4 #b-c4 #ahbe ,mar4 #af4 ,april #c4 #c inches4 ,next4 #bgth1 ice4 ,ap4 #bj1 ice4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,april #aj4 ,nov4 #be1 ,may #g1 ,sept4 #bc1 #ahbg ,mar4 #be4 full size light4 light4 light4 ,april #cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,nov4 #ab1 #ahbi ,april #bd4;,april #bg4 #d inches4 ,not noted4 ,sept4 #ag4 sleet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- begin ,ap4 #ahcj ,april #a4 #e4 f4 size ,may #a4 ,these observations1 upon a comparison with the same parallels of latitude in the eastern states1 show that there is no material difference of climate between the two sections of our country1 except that produced by local causes1 as mountainous districts1 contiguity to the ocean1 c4 ,a similar error has existed in relation to sudden and extreme changes of weather in the ,west4 ,people who emigrate to a new country have their curiosity awakened1 and perhaps for the first time in their lives become quite observing of such changes4 ,from habitually observing the weather the impression is produced on their minds that there is a marked difference in this climate4 ,dr4 ,rush declares that there is but one steady trait in the character of the climate of ,pennsylvania--and that is1 it is uniformly variable1 and he asserts that he has known the thermometer fall #bj deg4 in one hour and a half4 ,march #bf-bg1 #ahah1 the thermometer in ,st4 ,louis1 fell #da deg4 in #cj hours--from #hc deg4 to #db deg4 ,i have no record or recollection of a more sudden change in #ah years4 ,mr4 ,legaux saw it fall in the vicinity of ,philadelphia1 #dg deg4 in #bd hours1 and ,dr4 ,drake states that this is five degrees more than any impression ever observed in ,cincinnati1 in the same length of time4 ,emigrants from ,new ,england and the northern part of ,new ,york state1 must not expect to find the same climate in the ,west1 at #ch or #dj degrees2 but let them remove to the same parallel of latitude in the ,west1 to ,wisconsin1 or the northern part of ,illinois1 and they will probably find a climate far more uniform than the land of their birth4 ,prevailing winds modify and affect the climate of every country4 ,southwestwardly winds prevail along the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,the following tabular view of observations made at ,cincinnati1 by ,dr4 ,d4 ,drake1 for six succeeding years1 with so few omissions1 that they amount to #dbjj1 will give further illustrations of this subject4 ,they have been brought from eight points of the compass4 ,,observations4 ,,months ,s4,e4 ,s4 ,s4,w4 ,n4,e4 ,n4 ,n4,w4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,calm4 ,january #f #b #ac #h #a #ba #c #f #f ,february #e #a #ac #h #a #ad #j #e #h ,march #aj #a #af #aa #a #aj #j #e #d ,april #g #j #bd #aj #a #h #a #c #e ,may #g #a #ai #aj #j #aj #a #d #f ,june #i #a #bc #ab #e #g #a #b #c ,july #f #a #ai #aa #b #aa #a #d #d ,august #f #a #bc #aj #a #ab #a #a #f ,september #f #a #bc #i #j #h #b #c #c ,october #i #a #bd #f #a #aj #b #d #c ,november #i #c #ac #f #a #aj #b #g #e ,december #g #a #aa #e #j #ae #b #f #i ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total #hg #ad #bba #ajf #ad #acf #af #ej #fb ,the results of my own observations1 made for twelve years1 with the exception of #ahbf1 and with some irregularity1 from travelling in different parts of ,missouri and ,illinois during the time1 do not vary in any material degree from the above table1 excepting fewer east and northeast winds4 ,dr4 ,drake has given a table1 setting forth the results of #dbfh observations on the state of the weather at ,cincinnati1 from which it will be perceived that of the #cfe days in a year1 about #agf will be fair1 #aje cloudy1 and #hd variable4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,beck made similar observations at ,st4 ,louis during the year #ahbj1 which produced the result of #bde clear days1 and cloudy1 including variable days1 #aaj4 ,years4 ,clear days4,cloudy days4,variable days4 #a #ahj #ajg #fh #b #aeh #aab #ia #c #ahg #gh #he #d #aeb #ajf #ajg #e #ahe #aaa #fh #f #agb #aab #gd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total #f years4 #a1jcd #fbf #dic ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,mean terms4 #agb4cc #ajd4cc #hb4af ,the following table shows the condition of the weather in each month of a mean year1 for the above period4 ,,months4 ,clear days4 ,cloudy days4 ,variable days4 ,january #i4h #ac4a #g4h ,february #aj4c #ab4j #f4e ,march #ac4e #i4a #h4c ,april #ac4a #aj4h #g4f ,may #ae4j #h4e #g4e ,june #ae4e #e4j #i4f ,july #ai4j #e4e #f4j ,august #ai4f #d4f #f4e ,september #ai4e #e4c #f4a ,october #af4a #f4j #h4a ,november #i4e #ac4e #e4e ,december #i4f #ad4a #e4h ,there would be some variations from the foregoing table in a series of observations in the country bordering upon the ,upper ,mississippi and ,missouri4 ,the weather in the states of ,ohio and ,kentucky1 is doubtless more or less affected in autumn by the rains that fall on the ,alleghany mountains1 and the rise of the ,ohio and its tributaries4 ,so the weather in the months of ,april1 ,may and ,june in ,missouri1 is affected by the spring floods of the ,missouri and ,mississippi rivers4 ,the following table is constructed from a series of observations made at the ,military posts in the ,west1 by the ,surgeons of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 for four years3--#ahbb1 #ahbc1 #ahbd1 and #ahbe4 ,see ,american ,almanac for #ahcd1 p4 #ha4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,n4 ,elevation,mean ,temp4 ,posts4 ,situations4 ,latitude4above thefor four deg4 m4 ocean4 years4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,fort ,brady1 ,sault de ,st4 ,mary1 outlet #df #bb #e #ie #da #cg of ,lake ,superior1 ,fort ,snelling1 ,mouth of ,st4 ,peters1 #aj m4 #df #ci #g #hj #de #jj below ,falls ,st4 ,anthony1 ,fort ,howard1 ,green bay1 ,wisconsin ,t4 #de #jj #f #jj #dd #ej ,fort ,crawford1 ,prairie du ,chien1 ,w4 ,ter4 #dc #be #e #hj #de #eb ,council ,bluffs1 ,upper ,missouri1 #da #ca #h #jj #ej #hb ,cantonment ,jessup1,on ,red river1 ,la4 #fh #ca ,baton ,rouge1 ,louisiana1 #cj #cb #fh #jg continued ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,weather4 ------------------------- ,,monthly ,,average4 ---------------------- ,posts4 ,range of ,fair ,cloudy,rainy,snow ,maximum4,minimum4,thermometer4days4d's days4days4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fort ,brady1 #ij -#cc #a #bc #ac #cj #b #bg #g #hc #f #jb ,fort ,snelling1 #if -#bi #a #be #af #id #e #ej #e #gg #b #bb ,fort ,howard1 #a #jj -#ch #a #ch #ae #dg #g #ih #d #ef #b #db ,fort ,crawford1 #if -#bh #a #bd #af #hj #f #bi #c #hg #a #cb ,council ,bluffs1 #a #jh -#ba #a #bi #ai #fh #f #ed #b #ie #a #be ,cantonment ,jessup1 #ig #g #ij #ah #fc #d #di #g #be #je ,baton ,rouge1 #ii #ah #ha #bj #af #d #jh #f #af - signifies below zero4 ,the times of observation at the above posts were #g ,a4 ,m41 and #b and #i1 ,p4 ,m4 ,the mean of each month was deduced from #ij observations1 and of each year from #ajie observations4 ,the reader1 who is desirous of following up this comparative view of the climate between the ,atlantic states and the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 can compare the observations recorded in these tables1 with similar observations made in the same parallels of latitude4 ,he will find the climate of the ,west quite as uniform1 and the weather as little variable as in the ,atlantic states4 ,diseases1--,means of preserving health1 c4 ,of the ,lower ,valley1 ,i shall say but very little on this subject4 ,dr4 ,drake observes1 ,the diseases of this portion of the ,great ,valley are few1 and prevail chiefly in summer and autumn4 ,they are the offspring of the combined action of intense heat and marsh exhalation4 ,they are generally remittent and intermittent bilious fevers4 ,emigrants most generally undergo a seasoning1 or become acclimated4 ,many persons1 however1 from the northern and middle states1 and from ,europe1 enjoy health4 ,in sickly situations these fevers are apt to return1 and often prove fatal4 ,they frequently enfeeble the constitution1 and produce chronic inflammation of the liver1 enlargement of the spleen1 or terminate in jaundice or dropsy1 and disorder the digestive organs4 ,when persons find themselves subject to repeated attacks1 the only safe resource is an annual migration to a more northern climate during the summer4 ,many families from ,new ,orleans1 and other exposed situations1 retire to the pine barrens of ,louisiana1 in the hot and sickly season1 where limpid streams1 flowing over a pebbly bed1 and a terebinthine atmosphere are enjoyed4 ,eight months of the year1 are pleasant and healthy in the ,lower ,mississippi ,valley4 ,the advice of ,dr4 ,drake is1 that ,those who migrate from a colder climate to the southern ,mississippi states1 should observe the following directions3 ,first--,to arrive there in autumn1 instead of spring or summer4 ,second--,if practicable1 to spend the hottest part of the first two or three years1 in a higher latitude4 ,third--,to select the healthiest situations4 ,fourth--,to live temperately4 ,fifth--,to preserve a regular habit4 ,lastly--,to avoid the heat of the sun from #aj in the morning till #d in the afternoon1 and above all the night air4 ,by a strict attention to these rules1 many would escape the diseases of the climate1 who annually sink under its baleful influence4 ,those states and territories to which this work is intended more immediately as a ,,guide1 do not differ very materially in salubrity4 ,the same general features are found in each4 ,there is but little diversity in climate1--their geological and physical structure coincide1 and the experience of years shows that there is no great difference4 ,where autumnal fevers are common they are usually of similar character4 ,the same causes for disease exist in ,ohio as in ,missouri1 in ,michigan as in ,illinois1 in ,kentucky and ,tennessee as in ,indiana4 ,all these states are much more infested with the maladies which depend on variations of temperature1 than the states farther south4 ,all have localities where intermittents and agues are found1 and all possess extensive districts of country where health is enjoyed by a very large proportion of emigrants4 ,there is some difference between a heavily timbered and a prairie country1 in favor of the latter2 other circumstances being equal4 ,changes favorable to continued health are produced by the settlement and cultivation of any particular portion of country4 ,of one fact ,i have long since satisfied my mind1 that ordinary fevers are not caused by the use of the water of the ,west4 ,exceptions may be made in some few cases1 where a vein of water is impregnated with some deleterious mineral substance4 ,the use of a well1 dug in the vicinity of a coal bed in ,illinois1 was supposed to have caused sickness in a family for two seasons4 ,any offensive property in water is readily detected by the taste4 ,cool1 refreshing water is a great preservative of health4 ,it is common for families1 7who are too indifferent to their comfort to dig a well17 to use the tepid1 muddy water of the small streams in the frontier states1 during the summer1 or to dig a shallow well and wall it with timber1 which soon imparts an offensive taste to the water4 ,water of excellent quality may be found in springs1 or by digging from #bj to #cj feet1 throughout the western states4 ,most of the water thus obtained is hard water1 from its limestone qualities1 but it is most unquestionably healthy4 ,those persons who emigrate from a region of sandstone1 or primitive rock1 where water is soft1 will find our limestone water to produce a slight affection of the bowels1 which will prove more advantageous to health than otherwise1 and which will last but a few weeks4 ,whenever disease prevails in the western states1 it may generally be attributed to one or more of the following causes4 #ast4 ,variations of the temperature4 ,this cause1 we have already shown1 exists to as great extent in the same latitude east of the mountains4 #bnd4 ,the rapid decomposition of vegetable matter4 ,in all our rich lands1 there are vast quantities of vegetable matter mixed with the soil1 or spread over the surface4 ,extreme hot weather1 following especially a season of much rain1 before the middle of ,july1 will produce sickness4 ,if the early part of summer be tolerably dry1 although a hot season follows1 sickness does not generally prevail4 ,the year #ahbj was an exception to this rule4 ,it was throughout1 a very dry1 hot1 sickly year through the ,west2 indeed1 throughout the world4 ,a wet season1 with a moderately cool atmosphere1 has proved healthy4 #c;d4 ,marsh exhalations4 ,these1 combined with heat1 will always generate fevers4 ,indeed1 there is probably very little difference in the miasm thrown off from decomposed vegetable matter1 and that produced from sluggish streams1 standing waters and marshes4 ,these1 in the great ,valley1 abound with decayed vegetable matter4 ,hence1 along the streams which have alluvial bottoms 7as low lands upon streams are called in the ,west17 some of which are annually overflowed1 and where the timber and luxuriant vegetable growth are but partially subdued1 the inhabitants are liable to fevers1 dysenteries and agues4 ,situations directly under the bluffs adjacent to the bottom lands1 that lie upon our large rivers1 especially when the vegetation is unsubdued1 have proved unhealthy4 ,so have situations at the heads or in the slope of the ravines that put down from the bluffs towards the rivers4 ,the principal diseases that prevail may be stated as follows4 ,in the winter1 and early in the spring1 severe colds1 inflammation of the lungs and pleurisies are most common4 ,the genuine hereditary consumption of ,new-,england is rare1 and families and individuals predisposed to that disease might often be preserved by migration to this ,valley4 ,acute inflammation of the brain1 and inflammatory rheumatism are not unusual at that season4 ,during the summer and autumn1 cholera infantum with children in large towns1 diarrhoea1 cholera morbus1 dysentery1 intermittent and remittent bilious fevers prevail4 ,the intermittent assumes various forms1 and has acquired several names amongst the country people1 where it prevails more generally than in large towns4 ,it is called the chill and fever1--ague1--dumb ague1 c41 according to its form of attack4 ,the remittent fever is the most formidable of our autumnal diseases1 especially when of a highly bilious type4 ,in most seasons1 these diseases are easily managed1 and yield to a dose or two of medicine4 ,sore eyes1 especially in autumn1 is a common complaint in the frontier settlements1 and when neglected or improperly managed1 have terminated in total blindness4 ,the milk sickness1 as it is called1 occasionally prevails in some localities1 some particulars of which will be found in another place4 ,there is a disease that afflicts many frontier people1 called by some sick stomach1 by others1 water brash1 from its symptoms of sudden nausea1 with vomiting1 especially after meals4 ,in #ahcb1 the cholera made its appearance in the ,west4 ,in many places1 its first approach was attended with great mortality1 but its second visit to a place has been in a milder and more manageable form4 ,it has visited various parts of the ,west on each returning season since1 especially along the great rivers and about the steamboats4 ,it appears to have changed somewhat the characteristics of our western diseases1 and will probably become a modified and manageable disease4 ,since its visit1 our fevers are more congestive1 less bile is secreted1 and the stomach more affected4 ,the subject will doubtless be noticed by our physicians1 and observations made1 how far this new disease will become assimilated to the ordinary diseases of the country4 ,we are satisfied1 after a long course of observations1 much travelling1 and conversing with many hundreds of families with the view of arriving at correct conclusions on these subjects1 that there is no such operation as that of emigrants undergoing a seasoning1 or becoming acclimated1 in the states of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,michigan1 or the ,wisconsin ,territory4 ,nor does it make the least difference from what part of the ,united ,states1 or ,europe1 they come1 nor whether they arrive here in the spring or autumn4 ,there is an erroneous notion prevailing in some of the ,atlantic states on this subject1 that should be corrected4 ,when sickness prevails1 there is just as much1 and it is equally severe1 amongst the old settlers1 those born in the country1 or who migrate from the ,carolinas or ,georgia1 as those who come from the northern states4 ,families are just as liable to sickness1 and are as often attacked for the first time1 after residing several years in the country1 as at any other time4 ,a large proportion of the families and individuals1 who remove from ,new ,england to the various parts of the ,valley1 north of the #cgth degree of latitude have no sickness the first year4 ,the impression has formerly existed abroad1 that ,illinois is less healthy than other western states4 ,this is entirely erroneous4 ,as in all countries1 there are some localities1 where the causes that produce sickness exist more than in others4 ,this is not the fact with ,illinois in general4 ,that this state is as healthy as any other western state1 can be abundantly supported by facts4 ,let a candid observer compare the health of the early settlers of ,new ,england1 with that of the early settlers of the ,west1 and he will find the scale to preponderate in favor of the latter4 ,unless there is some strange fatality attending ,illinois1 its population must be more healthy than the early settlers of a timbered region4 ,but in no period of its history have sickness and death triumphed1 in any respect equal to what they did two or three years since1 in the lake country of ,new ,york4 ,the year #ahaa1 is recorded in the memoirs of the early settlers1 as a season of unusual sickness near the banks of the ,mississippi and ,missouri rivers4 ,the latter river rose to an unusual height in ,june1 the waters of the small creeks were backed up1 and a large surface of luxuriant vegetation was covered and deadened4 ,this was succeeded by hot and dry weather4 ,bilious and intermittent fevers prevailed extensively4 ,the seasons of #ahai1 '#bj1 and '#ba were usually sickly in ,illinois and ,missouri4 ,emigrants1 in shoals1 had spread over a wide range of country within a year or two preceding4 ,multitudes were placed under circumstances the most unfavorable to the preservation of health1 in new and open cabins of green timber1 often using the stagnant water of creeks and ponds1 with a luxuriant vegetation around them undergoing decomposition1 and all the other evils attendant on the settlement of a new and unbroken country4 ,under such circumstances1 can it be surprising that many were sick1 and that many died8 ,the summer of #ahbj was the hottest and driest ever known in this country4 ,for weeks in succession1 the thermometer1 in the shade at ,st4 ,louis1 was up to #if deg4 for hours in the day4 ,not a cloud came over the sun1 to afford a partial relief from its burning influence4 ,the fevers of that season were unusually rapid1 malignant1 and unmanageable4 ,almost every mark of the yellow fever1 as laid down in the books1 was exhibited in many cases1 both in town and country4 ,the bilious fever put on its most malignant type4 ,black1 foetid matter was discharged from the stomach1 and by stools4 ,the writer and all his family suffered severely that season4 ,he lived seventeen miles from ,st4 ,louis1 on the road to ,st4 ,charles in ,missouri1 on a farm4 ,the settlement had been called healthy4 ,the ,missouri bottom was one mile distant4 ,three miles west southwest1 was the ,creve-coeur lake1 a body of water several miles in length and half a mile in width1 connected by an outlet with the ,missouri river4 ,the water of this lake was entirely stagnant1 covered with a thick scum1 and sent forth a noisome smell4 ,fish in it died4 ,my oldest son1 a robust youth of ten years of age1 and my brother-in-law1 a hale and stout young man1 sickened and died the first week in ,october4 ,i was attacked the #eth day of ,july1 came as near dying as a person could and recover4 ,all my children were sick4 ,while convalescent1 in ,september1 ,i took a long journey to ,cape ,girardeau country1 #abj miles south1 and back through the lead mine country to the ,missouri river1 #fj miles west of ,st4 ,louis1 and in all the route found that sickness had prevailed to the same extent4 ,at ,vincennes and other parts of ,indiana1 disease triumphed4 ,the country around ,vincennes1 on the east side of the ,wabash1 is a sandy plain4 ,a gentleman who escaped the ravages of fever in that place1 and who was much engaged in nursing the sick and consoling the dying1 stated to me that nothing was so disheartening as the cloudless sky and burning sun that continued unchanged for weeks in succession4 ,mortality prevailed to a great extent along the banks of the ,wabash4 ,hindostan1 a town on the east fork of ,white river1 #ch miles from ,vincennes on the road to ,louisville1 was begun the preceding year4 ,seventy or eighty families had crowded in at the commencement of the year #ahbj4 ,the heavy timber of poplar1 7whitewood7 oak and beech1 had been cut down1 the brush burned1 and the logs left on the ground4 ,by ,june the bark was loosened1 an intolerable stench proceeded from the timber1--sickness followed1 and about two thirds of the population died6 ,and yet1 to look about the place1 there is no local cause that would indicate sickness4 ,in the summer of #ahba1 sickness prevailed very extensively1 but in a much milder form4 ,its type was intermittent1 and usually yielded to ordinary remedies4 ,during that year the number of deaths in ,st4 ,louis was #acf--the population #ejjj4 ,at least one third of that number were strangers and transient persons1 who either arrived sick1 or were taken sick within two or three days after arrival4 ,st4 ,louis had then no police regulations--the streets were filthy in the extreme--and the population were crowded into every hole and corner4 ,this was the most sickly and dying season ,st4 ,louis ever knew1 except when the cholera prevailed in ,october1 #ahcb4 ,the same years 7#ahbj-ba7 were noted for unusual sickness throughout the ,united ,states1 and indeed the whole world4 ,the bilious fever prevailed in the hilly and mountainous districts of ,virginia and ,pennsylvania1 and even among the ,green ,mountains of ,vermont4 ,very little general sickness 7except cholera in #ahcb-'cc7 prevailed in #ahcj1 '#ca1 '#cb1 or '#cc4 ,in #ahcd1 congestive fever1 and dysentery1 with some of the symptoms of cholera1 existed in many places in the ,west1 though not extensively fatal4 ,in the month of ,june1 were frequent sudden showers in ,illinois and ,missouri1 with intervals of extreme heat4 ,july and ,august very hot and dry4 ,the disease began early in ,july and continued till ,september4 ,the year #ahce1 was the most sickly year1 for common intermittents1 which prevailed more amongst the old settlers1 than the newly arrived emigrants4 ,in ,illinois1 and generally throughout the ,west1 below the fortieth degree of latitude1 it was sickly1 though not fatal4 ,early in the spring1 till the month of ,may1 it was unusually dry1 and vegetation was two weeks later than usual4 ,may and a part of ,june were very wet1 followed by a few days of extremely hot weather4 ,vegetation grew with great luxuriance4 ,newly ploughed ground sent forth a noxious effluvium1 with a most offensive odour1 and after a few days would be covered with a greenish coat1 like the scum on stagnant water4 ,town situations1 even along the banks of river1 were comparatively healthy4 ,in case of sickness1 physicians are to be found in almost every county1 and every season adds to their number4 ,charges are somewhat higher than in the northern states4 ,many families keep a few simple articles of medicine1 and administer for themselves4 ,calomel is a specific2 and is taken by multitudes without hesitation1 or fear of danger4 ,from fifteen to twenty grains are an ordinary dose for a cathartic4 ,whenever nausea of the stomach1 pains in the limbs1 and yawning1 or a chill1 indicate the approach of disease1 a dose of calomel is taken at night1 in a little apple honey1 or other suitable substance1 and followed up in the morning with a dose of castor oil1 or salts1 to produce a brisk purge4 ,sometimes an emetic is preferred4 ,either a cathartic or an emetic will leave the system under some debility4 ,the mistake frequently made is1 in not following up the evacuating medicine with tonics4 ,this should be done invariably1 unless the paroxysm of fever has commenced4 ,a few doses of sulphate of quinine or ,peruvian bark in its crude state1 will restore the system to its natural tone4 ,to prevent an attack of fever1 medicine should be taken on the very first symptoms of a diseased stomach2 it should not be tampered with1 but taken in sufficient doses to relieve the system from morbid effects1 and then followed up by tonics1 to restore its vigor and prevent relapse4 ,new comers will find it advantageous for protecting themselves from the damp atmosphere at night1 to provide close dwellings2 yet when the air is clear1 to leave open doors and windows at night for free circulation1 but not to sleep directly in the current of air2 and invariably to wear thin clothing in the heat of the day1 and put on thicker garments at night1 and in wet and cloudy weather4 ,i have observed that those families are seldom sick who live in comfortable houses1 with tight floors1 and well ventilated rooms2 and who1 upon change of weather1 and especially in time of rains1 make a little fire in the chimney1 although the thermometer might not indicate the necessity4 ,in fine1 ,i am prepared to give my opinion1 decidedly1 in favor of the general health of this country and climate4 ,i would not certainly be answerable for all the bad locations1 the imprudences1 and whims of all classes of emigrants1 which may operate unfavorably to health4 ,i only speak for myself and family4 ,i decidedly prefer this climate1 with all its miasm1 to ,new-,england1 with its northeast winds1 and damp1 raw and pulmonary atmosphere4 ,we very seldom have fogs in ,illinois and ,missouri4 ,my memoranda1 kept with considerable accuracy1 for twelve years1 give not more than half a dozen foggy mornings in a year4 ,the following comparisons between ,st4 ,louis and several eastern cities1 will afford some evidence of the opinions expressed above4 ,i have remarked already1 that #ahba1 was more sickly in ,st4 ,louis1 than any preceding year1 and deaths were more numerous in proportion to the population4 ,some cases of fever were more malignant in #ahbj1 in that place1 but deaths were more frequent the following season4 ,i solemnized the marriage of a young lady of my acquaintance1 who was under the age of fourteen years4 ,in eight days she was a widow4 ,at the funeral of a gentleman the same season1 who left a widow under twenty years1 there were present thirteen widows1 all under twenty-four years of age1 and all had lost their companions that season4 ,young men were victims more than any other age or condition4 ,and yet ,i am prepared to show1 that ,st4 ,louis1 that summer1 was not more sickly than several eastern cities were in #ahbj and #ahbc4 ,the population of ,st4 ,louis in #ahba1 varied but little from #e1jjj2 the number of deaths during that year was one hundred and thirty-six4 ,this account was taken by the ,rev4 ,salmon ,giddings1 who was particular in collecting the facts4 ,the proportion of the deaths to the population was one to thirty-five4 ,in #ahbj1 ,boston contained a population of #dc1hic1--number of deaths #a1ajc2 proportion one to thirty-nine and three fourths4 ,new-,york the same year contained a population of #abc1jjj1--;deaths #c1eae2 being a proportion of one to a fraction less than thirty-five4 ,in ,philadelphia1 the population then was #ajh1jjj1--;deaths #c1cgd2 being a proportion of one to thirty-two4 ,baltimore had a population of #fb1jjj1--;deaths #a1fbe2 being a proportion of one to thirty-eight4 ,the aggregate population of these four cities in #ahbj1 was #ccf1hic2 the aggregate number of deaths1 #i1fag2 the proportion of one to thirty-five1 the same as that of ,st4 ,louis4 ,,in #ahbc4 ,boston4 ,population estimated at #de1jjj2 number of deaths by official returns1 #a1aed2 the proportion of one to thirty-nine4 ,new-,york4 ,population about #acj1jjj1--;deaths #c1ddd2 proportion of one to thirty-seven and two thirds4 ,philadelphia4 ,population about #abj1jjj1--;deaths #d1fjj1 proportion of one to twenty-six4 ,this was an uncommonly sickly season in ,philadelphia4 ,baltimore4 ,population estimated at #fe1jjj2 deaths were #b1ajh2 proportion of one to thirty and two thirds4 ,i have thus selected the mortality of ,st4 ,louis during the most sickly season since my residence in this country1 and compared it with the bills of mortality of four eastern cities for two years1 those of #ahbj and #ahbc1 and the result is favorable to the health of ,st4 ,louis1 and by consequence1 to the adjoining ,states4 ,for ten years past1 there has been no general sickness in ,st4 ,louis1 during the summer and autumnal months1 excepting the cholera in #ahcb4 ,some parts of ,indiana and ,ohio are unquestionably more subject to bilious attacks than ,illinois4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,much of that region is heavily timbered1 and1 upon cutting it away in spots1 and letting in the rays of the sun upon vegetable matter undergoing decomposition1 miasmata are generated4 ,these regions will become comparatively healthy1 when put under general cultivation4 ,the story is told1 that the late emperor of ,france lay encamped with one of his armies near a place reputed unhealthy1 when one of his officers requested a furlough4 ,the reason being asked1 and given1 that the place was unhealthy1 and the applicant feared to die an inglorious death from fever3 ,napoleon replied1 in his accustomed laconic style1 ,go to your post2 men die everywhere4 ,if a family emigrate to a new and distant country1 and any of the number sicken and die1 we are apt to indulge in unavailing regret at the removal2 whereas had the same afflictive event happened before removal1 it would have been regarded in quite a different light4 ,let then1 none come to ,illinois who do not expect to be sick and to die1 whenever ,divine ,providence shall see fit so to order events4 ,the milk sickness is a disease of a singular character1 which prevails in certain places4 ,it first affects animals1 especially cows1 and from them is communicated to the human system by eating the milk1 or flesh4 ,the symptoms of the disease indicate poison2 and the patient is affected nearly in the same way1 as when poisonous ingredients have been received into the system4 ,cattle1 when attacked by it1 usually die4 ,in many instances it proves mortal in the human system2 in others1 if yields to the skill of the physician4 ,much speculation has been had upon its cause1 which is still unknown4 ,the prevailing idea is1 that it is caused by some poisonous substance eaten by the cattle1 but whether vegetable or mineral1 remains undetermined4 ,physicians and others have attempted to ascertain the cause of this disease1 but hitherto without success4 ,it infests only particular spots1 or small districts1 and these are soon found out4 ,there are places in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and the southern states1 where it exists4 ,its effects are more frequent in autumn than any other season2 and to guard against it1 the people either keep their cows in a pasture1 or refuse to use their milk4 ,some have supposed this disease to be produced by the cattle feeding on the cicuta virosa1 or water hemlock2 as a similar disease once infested the cattle in the north of ,europe1 the cause of which was traced out by the great naturalist ,linnaeus2 but it is not known that this species of plant exists amongst the botanical productions of ,missouri and ,illinois4 ,anxious to furnish all the information1 on this very important subject1 to persons desirous of emigrating to the ,west1 ,i will prolong this chapter by inserting the following3 ,,advice ,,to ,,emigrants1 ,,recent ,,settlers1 ,,and ,,to ,,those ,,visiting ,,the ,,southern ,,country4 ,the outlines which have already been given will afford some information to emigrants from other sections of the ,union1 or from ,europe4 ,we will now offer a few cautionary remarks1 particularly intended for such as are about to settle1 or have recently settled in this section of the ,united ,states4 ,of new comers1 there are two tolerably distinct classes3 the one comprising farmers1 mechanics1 and indeed all those who calculate on obtaining a subsistence by manual industry2 the other is composed of professional men1 tradesmen1 and adventurers of every description4 ,towards the first class our attention is now directed1 premising that throughout a great portion of the western country1 except in large towns1 almost every mechanic is almost necessarily a farmer2 the population being in but few places sufficiently dense to support that designation of mechanical employments which is common in the eastern and middle states4 ,for the industrious and temperate of this class1 our country holds forth inducements which are not generally known or understood4 ,the language of indiscriminate panegyric1 which has been bestowed on its climate and soil1 has conveyed little information1 and is the source of many fears and suspicions in the minds of people at a distance4 ,other accounts have described the western country as uniformly sickly2 but the habit of exaggeration in its favor has been most prevalent2 neither need we wonder1 when much of the information communicated1 has been afforded by interested landholders1 or speculators1 and by travellers1 whose views have been superficial1 and whose journeys have been performed generally1 either on the rivers or by post roads4 ,the first inquiry of a substantial farmer1 from one of the old settled states1 is mostly1 for good land in the vicinity of a market2 and afterwards1 whether the situation be healthy4 ,it is true that there are many places in the western country1 affording the qualities expressed in this description1 but they are perhaps all occupied2 and it would be1 in several respects1 more advisable for a farmer1 possessing even a considerable sum of money in hand1 to inquire first for a healthy situation1 and then good land4 ,the spirit of improvement throughout the ,united ,states1 especially evidenced in canalling1 and rail-roads1 will1 it is hoped1 in a few years1 open modes of communication1 which as yet are wanting1 with the markets4 ,the same remarks will apply to the poorer class of emigrants4 ,if they value their own health1 and that of their families1 the main object of their attention will be to secure1 if possible1 a situation remote from the fogs that hover over the channels of large rivers1 which become partly dry in summer1 and from the neighborhood of swamps1 marshes1 ponds1 and small lakes4 ,every person1 on coming from beyond the mountains1 and especially from the eastern ,states1 or ,europe1 will have to undergo some degree of change in his constitution1 before it becomes naturalized to the climate2 and all who move from a cold to a considerably warmer part of the western country will experience the same alteration2 it will1 therefore1 be wisdom for the individual brought up in a more rigorous climate1 that he seek a situation where the circulation of the air is unimpeded and free1 and that he avoid those flat and marshy districts1 which have been already described4 ,those who settle in new countries are almost universally exposed to inconveniences which have an unfavorable influence on health4 ,they are seldom able for a length of time to erect comfortable places of residence2 and indeed1 many postpone this important object of attention1 even after their circumstances will permit them to build comfortable dwelling houses4 ,wool is mostly a scarce article in new settlements1 so that cotton and linen garments are too frequently worn in winter4 ,there is another circumstance1 which no doubt has an unfavorable influence on health1 especially among the poorer class3 it is the want1 during the summer season particularly1 of substantial food4 ,this is sometimes owing to indolence or improvidence2 but perhaps oftener1 to the circumstances in which a few families are placed1 at a distance from any established or opulent settlement4 ,erroneous views are too generally entertained in relation to hardening the human system2 and the analogies drawn from savage life1 are altogether inconclusive4 ,the manners of the ,north ,american ,indians are essentially different from those of the whites4 ,it is true1 there is a portion of the latter1 especially in ,illinois and ,missouri1 who from infancy are educated almost in the habits of the aborigines4 ,we have frequently heard the example of savages referred to1 as an argument in favor of attempting to strengthen the constitution by exposure4#f ,there is plausibility in this2 but might not the example of the negroes in the lower parts of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia1 be also quoted as evidencing the propriety of living on corn meal and sweet potatoes1 and working every day in the water of a rice field during the sickly season8 ,they are generally more healthy than the whites who own them1 and who reside on the plantations in the summer4 ,the civilized man may turn to savage life perhaps with safety1 as regards health2 but then he must plunge with the ,indian into the depths of the forest1 and observe consistency in all his habits4 ,these pages are not written1 however1 for such as are disposed to consider themselves beyond the pale of civilized society2 but for the reflecting part of the community1 who can estimate the advantages to be derived from a prudent care of health4 ,much disease1 especially in the more recently settled parts of this country1 is consequent to neglecting simple and comfortable precautionary means2 sometimes this neglect is owing to misdirected industry1 and at others to laziness or evil habits4 ,to have a dry house1 if it be a log one1 with the openings between the logs well filled up1 so that it may be kept warm in winter2 to fill up all the holes in its vicinity which may contain stagnant water2 to have a good clean spring or well1 sufficient clothing1 and a reasonable supply of provisions1 should be the first object of a settler's attention3 but frequently a little1 wet1 smoky cabin or hovel is erected1 with the floor scarcely separated from the ground1 and admitting the damp and unwholesome air4 ,all hands that can work1 are impelled1 by the father's example1 to labor beyond their strength1 and more land is cleared and planted with corn than is well tended2 for over-exertion1 change in the manner of living1 and the influence of other debilitating causes1 which have been mentioned1 bring sickness on at least a part of the family1 before the summer is half over4 ,it is unnecessary for even the poorest emigrant to encounter these causes of distress1 unless seduced by the misrepresentations of some interested landholder1 or by the fantasies of his own brain1 to an unhealthy and desolate situation1 where he can neither help himself1 nor be assisted by others4 ,many persons on moving into the back woods1 who have been accustomed to the decencies of life1 think it little matter how they live1 because no one sees them4 ,thus we have known a family of some opulence to reside for years in a cabin unfit for the abode of any human being1 because they could not find time to build a house2 and whenever it rained hard1 the females were necessarily engaged in rolling the beds from one corner of the room to another1 in order to save them from the water that poured in through the roof4 ,this cabin was intended at first as only a very temporary residence1 and was erected on the edge of a swamp1 for the convenience of being near to a spring4 ,how unreasonable must such people be1 if they expect health6 ,clothing for winter should be prepared in summer4 ,it is a common1 but very incorrect practice among many farmers1 both west and east of the ,alleghany mountains1 to postpone wearing winter clothing until the weather has become extremely cold3 this is a fruitful source of pulmonary diseases1 of rheumatisms1 and of fevers4 ,with regard to providing a sufficiency of nourishing food1 no specific directions can be given1 further than to recommend1 what is much neglected--particular attention to a good garden spot2 and to remark1 that those who devote undivided attention to cultivating the soil1 receive more uniform supplies of suitable nourishment than the more indolent1 who spend a considerable portion of their time in hunting4 ,new settlers are not unfrequently troubled with diseases of the skin1 which are often supposed to be the itch3 for these eruptions they generally use repellant external applications2 this plan of treatment is prejudicial4 ,the most proper time for the removal of families to this country from the ,atlantic states1 is early in the spring1 while the rivers are full2 or if the journey be made by land1 as soon as the roads are sufficiently settled1 and the waters abated4 ,persons unaccustomed to the climate of the lower ,mississippi country1 are necessarily exposed1 whilst there in the summer season1 to many causes of disease4 ,it will be advisable for such to have a prudent care of their health1 and yet1 a care distinct from that finical timidity which renders them liable to early attacks of sickness4 ,there is one important consideration1 which perhaps has been somewhat overlooked by medical men1 who have written on this subject4 ,natives of colder and healthier regions1 when exposed in southern and sickly climates1 experience1 if they remain any length of time without evident and violent disease1 an alteration in the condition of the liver1 and of the secreted bile itself2 when it passes through the bowels1 its color being much darker than usual4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 it appears to be locked up in the liver1 the stools having an ashen appearance4 ,this state of the biliary secretion is frequently accompanied1 although the patient is otherwise apparently in tolerable health1 by a pain over the eye-balls1 particularly when the eyes are rolled upward4 ,the proper mode of treatment for such symptoms is1 to take without delay1 not less than twenty grains of calomel1 and in eight hours a wine glass full of castor oil4 ,the tone of the stomach should not be suffered to sink too much after the operation of the medicine1 which1 if necessary1 may be repeated in twenty-four hours4 ,sulphate of quinine1 or other tonics1 with nutritive food1 which is easy of digestion1 should also be taken in moderate portions at a time4 ,where diseases are rapid in their progress1 and dangerous1 no time is to be lost4 ,the practice of taking salts and other aperients1 when in exposed situations1 and for the purpose of preventing disease1 is injurious4 ,it is sufficient1 that the bowels be kept in a natural and healthy state2 for all cathartics1 even the mildest1 have a tendency to nauseate the stomach1 create debility1 and weaken the digestive faculty4 ,a reduction of tone in the system1 which is always advantageous1 will be more safely effected by using somewhat less than usual of animal food1 and of spirituous1 strong vinous1 or fermented liquors4 ,the robust will derive benefit from losing a little blood4 ,it ought to be well understood1 that as we approximate tropical climates1 the doses of medicine1 when taken1 should be increased in quantity1 and repeated with less delay than is admissible in colder countries4 ,exposure to the night air is certainly prejudicial2 so also is the intense heat of the sun1 in the middle of the day4 ,violent exercise should also be avoided4 ,bathing daily in water of a comfortable temperature1 is a very commendable practice2 and cotton worn next the skin is preferable to linen4 ,it is impossible to prevent the influence of an atmosphere pregnant with the causes of disease2 but the operation of those causes may generally be counteracted by attention to the rules laid down2 and it is no small consolation to be aware1 that on recovery from the first attack1 the system is better adapted to meet and sustain a second of a similar nature4 ,the reader will understand that we do not allude to relapses1 occurring while the system is enfeebled by the consequences of disease4 ,to the foregoing remarks1 ,i add the following1 from an address of ,judge ,hall to the ,antiquarian and ,historical ,society of ,illinois1 ,december #aj1 #ahbg4 ,the climate1 particularly in reference to its influence on the human system1 presents another subject of investigation4 ,the western country has been considered unhealthy2 and there have been writers1 whose disturbed imaginations have misled them into a belief that the whole land was continually exposed to the most awful visitations of ,providence1 among which have been numbered the hurricane1 the pestilence1 and the earthquake4 ,if we have been content to smile at such exaggerations1 while few had leisure to attempt a serious refutation1 and while the facts upon which any deliberate opinion must have been based1 had not been sufficiently tested by experience1 the time has now arrived when it is no longer excusable to submit in silence to the reproaches of ignorance or malice4 ,it is proper1 however1 to remark1 as well in extenuation of those who have assailed our country1 as in the support of the confidential denial1 which ,i feel authorized to make to their assertions1 that a vast improvement in the article of health has taken place within a few years4 ,diseases are now mild which were once malignant1 and their occurrence is annually becoming less frequent4 ,this happy change affords strong authority for the belief1 that although the maladies which have heretofore afflicted us1 were partly imputable to the climate1 other1 and more powerful causes of disease must have existed1 which have vanished4 ,we who came to the frontier1 while the axe was still busy in the forest1 and when thousands of the acres which now yield abundance to the farmer1 were unreclaimed and tenantless1 have seen the existence of our fellow citizens assailed by other than the ordinary ministers of death4 ,toil1 privation and exposure1 have hurried many to the grave2 imprudence and carelessness of life1 have sent crowds of victims prematurely to the tomb4 ,it is not to be denied that the margins of our great streams in general1 and many spots in the vicinity of extensive marshes1 are subject to bilious diseases2 but it may be as confidently asserted1 that the interior country is healthy4 ,yet the first settlers invariably selected the rich alluvion lands upon the navigable rivers1 in preference to the scarcely less fertile soil of the prairies1 lying in situations less accessible1 and more remote from market4 ,they came to a wilderness in which houses were not prepared for their reception1 nor food1 other than that supplied by nature1 provided for their sustenance4 ,they often encamped on the margin of the river exposed to its chilly atmosphere1 without a tent to shelter1 with scarcely a blanket to protect them4 ,their first habitations were rude cabins1 affording scarcely a shelter from the rain1 and too frail to afford protection from the burning heat of the noonday sun1 or the chilling effects of the midnight blast4 ,as their families increased1 another and another cabin was added1 as crazy and as cheerless as the first1 until1 admonished of the increase of their own substance1 the influx of wealthier neighbors1 and the general improvement of the country around them1 they were allured by pride to do that to which they never would have been impelled by suffering4 ,the gratuitous exposure to the climate1 which the backwoodsman seems rather to court than avoid1 is a subject of common remark4 ,no extremity of weather confines him to the shelter of his own roof4 ,whether the object be business or pleasure1 it is pursued with the same composure amid the shadows of the night1 or the howling of the tempest1 as in the most genial season4 ,nor is this trait of character confined to woodsmen or to farmers2 examples of hardihood are contagious1 and in this country all ranks of people neglect1 or despise the ordinary precautions with respect to health4 ,judges and lawyers1 merchants1 physicians and ministers of the gospel1 set the seasons at defiance in the pursuit of their respective callings4 ,they prosecute their journeys regardless of weather2 and learn at last to feel little inconvenience from the exposure1 which is silently undermining their constitutions4 ,is it extraordinary that people thus exposed should be attacked by violent maladies8 ,would it not be more wonderful that such a careless prodigality of life could pass with impunity8 ,these remarks might be extended2 the food of the first settler1 consisting chiefly of fresh meat without vegetables and often without salt2 the common use of ardent spirits1 the want of medical aid1 by which diseases1 at first simple1 being neglected become dangerous2 and other evils peculiar to a new country1 might be noticed as fruitful sources of disease2 but ,i have already dwelt sufficiently on this subject4 ,that this country is decidedly healthy1 ,i feel no hesitation in declaring2 but neither argument nor naked assertions will convince the world4 ,let us collect such facts as amount to evidence1 and establish the truth by undeniable demonstration4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,uniform exposure to the weather is favorable to health4 ,i can affirm this from long experience and observation4 ,our hunters1 and surveyors1 who uniformly spend their time for weeks in the woods and prairies1 who wade in the water1 swim creeks1 are drenched in the rains and dews1 and sleep in the open air or a camp at night1 very rarely are attacked with fevers4 ,i have known repeated instances of young men1 brought up delicately in the eastern cities1 accustomed1 as clerks1 to a sedentary life1 with feeble constitutions1--,i have known such repeatedly to enter upon the business of surveying the public lands1 or in the hunting and trapping business1 be absent for months1 and return with robust health4 ,it is a common thing for a frontier man1 whose health is on the decline1 and especially when indications of pulmonary affection appear1 to engage in a hunting expedition to renovate his health4 ,i state these facts1 and leave it to the medical faculty to explain the why and wherefore4 ,one circumstance may deserve attention4 ,all these men1 as do the ,indians1 sleep with their feet towards the fire at night4 ,and it is a common notion with this class1 that if the feet are kept hot through the night1 however cold the atmosphere1 or however much exposed the rest of the body1 no evil consequences will ensue4 ,i have passed many a night in this position1 after fatiguing rides of thirty or forty miles in the day on our extreme frontiers1 and through rains1 and never experienced any inconvenience to health1 if ,i could get a pallet on the cabin floor1 and my feet to the fire4 ,those who are exposed to these hardships but occasionally1 when compelled by necessity1 and who endeavor to protect themselves at all other times1 usually suffer after such exposure4 ,i have observed that children1 when left to run in the open air and weather1 who go barefoot1 and oftentimes with a single light garment around them1 who sleep on the floor at night1 are more healthy than those who are protected4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,character1 ,,manners1 ,,and ,,pursuits ,,of ,,the ,,people4 ,cotton and ,sugar ,planters2--,farmers2--,population of the large towns and cities2--,frontier class2--,hunters and ,trappers2--,boatmen4 ,there is great diversity in the character and habits of the population of the ,valley of the ,mississippi4 ,those who have emigrated from the ,atlantic states1 as have a very large proportion of those persons who were not born in the ,valley1 of course do not differ essentially from the remaining population of those states4 ,some slight shades of difference are perceptible in such persons as have lived long enough in the country to become assimilated to the habits1 and partake of the feelings1 of western people4 ,emigrants from ,europe have brought the peculiarities of the nations and countries from whence they have originated1 but are fast losing their national manners1 and feelings1 and1 to use a provincial term1 will soon become westernized4 ,the march of emigration from the ,atlantic border has been nearly in a line due west4 ,tennessee was settled by ,carolinians1 and ,kentucky by ,virginians4 ,ohio received the basis of its population from the states in the same parallel1 and hence partakes of all the varieties from ,maryland to ,new ,england4 ,michigan is substantially a child of ,new ,york4 ,the planters of the south have gone to ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 and the southern part of ,arkansas4 ,kentucky and ,tennessee have spread their sons and daughters over ,indiana1 ,illinois and ,missouri2 but the two former states are now receiving great numbers of emigrants from all the northern states1 including ,ohio1 and multitudes from the south1 who desire to remove beyond the boundaries and influence of a slave population4 ,slavery in the west1 keeps nearly in the same parallels as it holds in the east1 and is receding south1 as it does on the ,atlantic coast4 ,many descendants of the ,scotch1 ,irish and ,germans1 have come into the frontier states from ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,we have ,european emigrants from ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,those of the latter are more generally found about our large towns and cities1 and along the lines of canalling4 ,the ,french were the explorers and early settlers of the ,valley immediately bordering on the ,mississippi1 #aej years since4 ,they formed the basis of population of ,louisiana a few years since1 but are relatively diminishing before the emigration from other states of the ,union4 ,their descendants show many of the peculiar and distinctive traits of that people in all countries4 ,they possess mild vivacity1 and gaiety1 and are distinguished for their quiet1 inoffensive1 domestic1 frugal1 and unenterprising spirit and manners4 ,the poorer class of ,french are rather peculiar and unique4 ,their ancestors were isolated from the rest of the world1 had no object of excitement or ambition1 cared little for wealth1 or the accumulation of property1 and were accustomed to hunt1 make voyages in their canoes1 smoke and traffic with the ,indians4 ,but few of them knew how to read and write4 ,accustomed from infancy to the life of huntsmen1 trappers and boatmen1 they make but indifferent farmers4 ,they are contented to live in the same rude1 but neatly whitewashed cabin1 cultivate the same cornfields in the same mode1 and drive the same rudely constructed horse cart their fathers did4 ,in the neatness of their gardens1 which are usually cultivated by the females1 they excel the ,americans4 ,they are the coureurs du bois of the ,west4 ,the ,european ,germans are now coming into the ,valley by thousands1 and1 for a time1 will retain their manners and language4 ,cotton and ,sugar ,planters4--,these people1 found chiefly in ,mississippi1 ,louisiana1 and the southern part of ,arkansas1 have a great degree of similarity4 ,they are noted for their high-mindedness1 generosity1 liberality1 hospitality1 sociability1 quick sense of honor1 resentment of injuries1 indolence1 and1 in too many cases1 dissipation4 ,they are much addicted to the sports of the turf and the vices of the gaming table4 ,still there are many planters of strictly moral1 and even religious habits4 ,they are excessively jealous of their political rights1 yet frank and open hearted in their dispositions1 and carry the duties of hospitality to a great extent4 ,having overseers on most of their plantations1 the labor being performed by slaves1 they have much leisure1 and are averse to much personal attention to business4 ,they dislike care1 profound thinking and deep impressions4 ,the young men are volatile1 gay1 dashing and reckless spirits1 fond of excitement and high life4 ,there is a fatal propensity amongst the southern planters to decide quarrels1 and even trivial disputes by duels4 ,but there are also many amiable and noble traits of character amongst this class2 and if the principles of the ,bible and religion could be brought to exert a controlling influence1 there would be a noble spirited race of people in the southwestern states4 ,it cannot be expected that ,i should pass in entire silence the system of slaveholding in the lower ,valley1 or its influence on the manners and habits of the people4 ,this state of society seems unavoidable at present1 though ,i have no idea or expectation it will be perpetual4 ,opposite sentiments and feelings are spreading over the whole earth1 and a person must have been a very inattentive observer of the tendencies and effects of the diffusion of liberal principles not to perceive that hereditary1 domestic servitude must have an end4 ,this is a subject1 however1 that from our civil compact1 belongs exclusively to the citizens of the states concerned2 and if not unreasonably annoyed1 the farming slaveholding states1 as ,kentucky1 ,tennessee and ,missouri1 will soon provide for its eventual termination4 ,doubtless1 in the cotton and sugar growing states it will retain its hold with more tenacity1 but the influence of free principles will roll onward until the evil is annihilated4 ,the barbarous and unwise regulations in some of the planting states1 which prohibit the slaves from being taught to read1 are a serious impediment to the moral and religious instruction of that numerous and unfortunate class4 ,such laws display on the part of the law makers1 little knowledge of human nature and the real tendency of things4 ,to keep slaves entirely ignorant of the rights of man1 in this spirit-stirring age1 is utterly impossible4 ,seek out the remotest and darkest corner of ,louisiana1 and plant every guard that is possible around the negro quarters1 and the light of truth will penetrate4 ,slaves will find out1 for they already know it1 that they possess rights as men4 ,and here is the fatal mistake now committed in the southern slaveholding states--legislating against the instruction of their slaves--to keep them from knowing their rights4 ,they will obtain some loose1 vague1 and undefined notion of the doctrine of human rights1 and the unrighteousness of oppression in this republican country4 ,being kept from all the moral and religious instruction which ,sabbath schools1 the ,bible1 and other good books are calculated to impart1 and with those undefined notions of liberty1 and without any moral principle1 they are prepared to enter into the first insurrectionary movement proposed by some artful and talented leader4 ,the same notion prevailed in the ,west ,indies half a century since1 and many of the planters resisted and persecuted the benevolent ,moravians1 who went there to instruct the blacks in the principles and duties of religion4 ,a few of the planters reasoned justly4 ,they invited these benevolent men on their plantations1 and gave them full liberty on the ,sabbath1 and at other suitable seasons1 to instruct their slaves4 ,the happiest effects followed4 ,on these plantations1 where riot1 misrule1 and threatened insurrections1 had once spread a panic through the colony1 order1 quietness and submission followed4 ,such would be the effects if the southern planter would invite the minister of the gospel and the ,sunday school teacher to visit his plantation1 allow his slaves to be instructed to read1 and each to be furnished with a copy of the ,scriptures4 ,the southern planter hourly lives under the most terrific apprehensions4 ,it is in vain to disguise the fact4 ,as ,mr4 ,randolph once significantly said in ,congress1 when the night bell rings1 the mother hugs her infant closer to her breast4 ,slavery1 under any circumstances1 is a bitter draught--equally bitter to him who tenders the cup1 and to him who drinks it4 ,but in all the northern slaveholding states1 it is comparatively mild4 ,its condition would be much alleviated1 and the planter might sleep securely if he would abolish his barbarous laws1 more congenial with ,asiatic despotism than ,american republicanism1 and provide for his slaves the benefits of wholesome instruction4 ,philanthropy and interest unite in their demands upon every southern planter to provide ,sunday school instruction for his slaves4 ,the planting region of the lower ,valley furnishes an immense market for the productions and manufactures of the upper ,valley4 ,indirectly1 the ,louisiana sugar business is a source of profit to the farmer of ,illinois and ,missouri4 ,pork1 beef1 corn1 corn-meal1 flour1 potatoes1 butter1 hay1 c4 in vast quantities1 go to supply these plantations4 ,in laying in their stores1 the sugar planters usually purchase one barrel of second or third quality of beef or pork per annum1 for each laborer4 ,large drafts for sugar mills1 engines and boilers1 are made upon the ,cincinnati and ,pittsburg iron foundries4 ,mules and horses are driven from the upper country1 or from the ,mexican dominions1 to keep up the supply4 ,the commerce of the upper country that concentrates at ,new ,orleans is amazing1 and every year is rapidly increasing4 ,sixteen hundred arrivals of steamboats took place in #ahcb1 and the estimated number in #ahce is #b1cjj4 ,farmers4--,in the northern half of the ,valley the productions1 and the modes of cultivation and living are such as to characterize a large proportion of the population as farmers4 ,no country on earth has such facilities for agriculture4 ,the soil is abundantly fertile1 the seasons ordinarily favorable to the growth and maturity of crops1 and every farmer in a few years1 with reasonable industry1 becomes comparatively independent4 ,tobacco and hemp are among the staple productions of ,kentucky4 ,neat cattle1 horses1 mules and swine are its stock4 ,some stock growers have monopolized the smaller farms till they are surrounded with several thousand acres4 ,blue grass pastures furnish summer feed1 and extensive fields of corn1 cut up near the ground1 and stacked in the fields1 furnish stores for fattening stock in the winter4 ,in some counties1 raising of stock has taken place of all other business4 ,the ,scioto ,valley1 and other districts in ,ohio1 are famous for fine1 well fed beef4 ,thousands of young cattle are purchased by the ,ohio graziers1 at the close of winter1 of the farmers of ,illinois and ,missouri4 ,the ,miami and ,whitewater sections of ,ohio and ,indiana1 abound with swine4 ,cincinnati has been the great pork mart of the world4 #aej1jjj head of hogs have been frequently slaughtered there in a season4 ,about #ge1jjj is estimated to be the number slaughtered at that place the present season4 ,this apparent falling off in the pork business1 at ,cincinnati1 is accounted for by the vast increase of business at other places4 ,since the opening of the canals in ,ohio1 many provision establishments have been made along their line4 ,much business of the kind is now done at ,terre ,haute and other towns on the ,wabash1--at ,madison1 ,louisville1 and other towns on the ,ohio1--at ,alton and other places in ,illinois4 ,the farmers of the ,west are independent in feeling1 plain in dress1 simple in manners1 frank and hospitable in their dwellings1 and soon acquire a competency by moderate labor4 ,those from ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 or other states south of the ,ohio river1 have large fields1 well cultivated1 and enclosed with strong built rail or worm fences1 but they often neglect to provide spacious barns and other outhouses for their grain1 hay and stock4 ,the influence of habit1 is powerful4 ,a ,kentuckian would look with contempt upon the low fences of a ,new-,englander as indicating thriftless habits1 while the latter would point at the unsheltered stacks of wheat1 and dirty threshing floor of the former1 as proof direct of bad economy and wastefulness4 ,population of the ,cities and large ,towns4 ,the population of western towns does not differ essentially from the same class in the ,atlantic states1 excepting there is much less division into grades and ranks1 less ignorance1 low depravity and squalid poverty amongst the poor1 and less aristocratic feeling amongst the rich4 ,as there is never any lack of employment for laborers of every description1 there is comparatively no suffering from that cause4 ,and the hospitable habits of the people provide for the sick1 infirm and helpless4 ,doubtless1 our circumstances more than any thing else1 cause these shades of difference4 ,the common mechanic is on a social equality with the merchant1 the lawyer1 the physician1 and the minister4 ,they have shared in the same fatigues and privations1 partook of the same homely fare1 in many instances have fought side by side in defence of their homes against the inroads of savages1--are frequently elected to the same posts of honor1 and have accumulated property simultaneously4 ,many mechanics in the western cities and towns1 are the owners of their own dwellings1 and of other buildings1 which they rent4 ,i have known many a wealthy merchant1 or professional gentleman occupy on rent1 a building worth several thousand dollars1 the property of some industrious mechanic1 who1 but a few years previous1 was an apprentice lad1 or worked at his trade as a journeyman4 ,any sober1 industrious mechanic can place himself in affluent circumstances1 and place his children on an equality with the children of the commercial and professional community1 by migrating to any of our new and rising western towns4 ,they will find no occasion here for combinations to sustain their interests1 nor meet with annoyance from gangs of unprincipled foreigners1 under the imposing names of ,trades ,unions4 ,manufactures of various kinds are carried on in our western cities4 ,pittsburg has been characterized as the ,birmingham of ,america4 ,the manufactures of iron1 machinery and glass1 and the building of steamboats1 are carried on to a great extent4 ,iron and salt1 are made in great quantities in ,western ,pennsylvania1 and ,western ,virginia4 ,steamboats are built to a considerable extent at ,fulton1 two miles above ,cincinnati1 and occasionally at many other places on the ,ohio and ,mississippi rivers4 ,alton offers great facilities for this business4 ,cotton bagging1 bale ropes1 and cordage1 are manufactured in ,tennessee and ,kentucky4 ,the following article from the ,covington ,enquirer1 gives a few items of the industry and enterprise of ,kentucky1--of the manufacture of ,newport and ,covington4 ,both of these thriving towns lie at the mouth of the ,licking river1 the one on the right bank1 and the other on the left1 and both in direct view of ,cincinnati4 ,,manufactures ,,in ,,covington ,,and ,,newport4 ,founding the calculation upon the actual manufactures of ,october1 and the known power of their machinery1 the ,company will the ensuing year1 give employment to more than four hundred operatives1 and manufacture1 #fj1jjj lbs4 of ,cotton ,bagging1 #hd1jjj do ,cotton ,yarns1 #bgd1bfh lbs4 ,bale ,rope1 #ddh1jjj do ,cordage1 #dd1eib yards ,linseys1 #fc1ehh do ,cotton ,plains1 #ig1cdd do ,kentucky ,jeans1 #edh1ecj do ,cotton ,bagging and ,hemp4 ,estimating ,bale ,rope and ,cotton ,bagging at #cc per cent under the price at which the ,company have sold these articles for the last six months1 the manufactures of this ,company during the ensuing year will amount to #ceh1edh4dd4 ,almost all the manufactures at ,covington and ,newport being exported to foreign markets1 it will result that the annual exports from these points will1 in round numbers1 be from the ,interior #gej1jjj ,campbell ,county #aej1jjj ,boone ,county #bcd1jjj ,covington #edh1ejj ,newport #ceh1ejj ---------- #b1jda1jjj ,the ,newport ,manufacturing ,company has depended principally for its supply of ,hemp1 on the production of ,mason county1 of which ,maysville is the market2--this season they have not been able to get a supply at ,maysville1 and it is a remarkable fact in the history of the ,hemp manufactories in ,kentucky1 that this company1 owing to the scarcity and high prices of ,hemp in ,kentucky1 has imported this season #ced1bja lbs4 ,russia ,hemp4 ,various manufactures are springing up in all the new states1 which will be noticed under their proper heads4 ,the number of merchants and traders is very great in the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 yet mercantile business is rapidly increasing4--,thousands of the farmers of the ,west1 are partial traders4 ,they take their own produce1 in their own flat boats1 down the rivers to the market of the lower country4 ,frontier class of ,population4 ,the rough1 sturdy habits of the backwoodsmen1 living in that plenty which depends on ,god and nature1 have laid the foundation of independent thought and feeling deep in the minds of western people4 ,generally1 in all the western settlements1 three classes1 like the waves of the ocean1 have rolled one after the other4 ,first comes the ,pioneer1 who depends for the subsistence of his family chiefly upon the natural growth of vegetation1 called the range1 and the proceeds of hunting4 ,his implements of agriculture are rude1 chiefly of his own make1 and his efforts directed mainly to a crop of corn1 and a truck patch4 ,the last is a rude garden for growing cabbage1 beans1 corn for roasting ears1 cucumbers and potatoes4 ,a log cabin1 and occasionally a stable and corn crib1 and a field of a dozen acres1 the timber girdled or deadened1 and fenced1 are enough for his occupancy4 ,it is quite immaterial whether he ever becomes the owner of the soil4 ,he is the occupant for the time being1 pays no rent1 and feels as independent as the lord of the manor4 ,with a horse1 cow1 and one or two breeders of swine1 he strikes into the woods with his family1 and becomes the founder of a new county1 or perhaps state4 ,he builds his cabin1 gathers around him a few other families of similar taste and habits1 and occupies till the range is somewhat subdued1 and hunting a little precarious1 or1 which is more frequently the case1 till neighbors crowd around1 roads1 bridges and fields annoy him1 and he lacks elbow-room4 ,the pre-emption law enables him to dispose of his cabin and cornfield1 to the next class of emigrants1 and1 to employ his own figures1 he breaks for the high timber1--clears out for the ,new ,purchase1 or migrates to ,arkansas or ,texas1 to work the same process over4 ,the next class of emigrants purchase the lands1 add field to field1 clear out the roads1 throw rough bridges over the streams1 put up hewn log houses1 with glass windows1 and brick or stone chimneys1 occasionally plant orchards1 build mills1 school houses1 court houses1 c41 and exhibit the picture and forms of plain1 frugal1 civilized life4 ,another wave rolls on4 ,the men of capital and enterprise come4 ,the settler is ready to sell out1 and take the advantage of the rise of property1--push farther into the interior1 and become himself1 a man of capital and enterprise in time4 ,the small village rises to a spacious town or city1--substantial edifices of brick1 extensive fields1 orchards1 gardens--colleges and churches are seen4 ,broadcloths1 silks1 leghorns1 crapes1 and all the refinements1 luxuries1 elegancies1 frivolities and fashions1 are in vogue4 ,thus wave after wave is rolling westward--the real el dorado is still farther on4 ,a portion of the two first classes remain stationary amidst the general movement1 improve their habits and condition1 and rise in the scale of society4 ,the writer has travelled much amongst the first class--the real pioneers4 ,he has lived many years in connexion with the second grade1 and now the third wave is sweeping over large districts of ,indiana1 ,illinois and ,missouri4 ,migration has become almost a habit in the west4 ,hundreds of men can be found1 not fifty years of age1 who have settled for the fourth1 fifth1 or sixth time on a new spot4 ,to sell out and remove only a few hundred miles1 makes up a portion of the variety of backwoods life and manners4 ,but to return to the ,frontier class4 #a4 ,dress4--,the hunting shirt is universally worn4 ,this is a kind of loose1 open frock1 reaching halfway down the thighs1 with large sleeves1 the body open in front1 lapped over1 and belted with a leathern girdle1 held together with a buckle4 ,the cape is large1 and usually fringed with different colored cloth from that of the body4 ,the bosom of this dress sometimes serves as a wallet for a chunk of bread1 jerk or smoke-dried venison1 and other articles4 ,it is made either of dressed deer skins1 linsey1 coarse linen1 or cotton4 ,the shirt1 waistcoat and pantaloons are of similar articles and of the customary form4 ,wrappers of cloth or dressed skins1 called leggins are tied round the legs when travelling4 ,moccasins of deer skins1 shoe packs1 and rough shoes1 the leather tanned and cobbled by the owner1 are worn on the feet4 ,the females' dress in a coarse gown of cotton1 a bonnet of the same stuff1 and denominated in the eastern states a sun-bonnet4 ,the latter is constantly worn through the day1 especially when company is present4 ,the clothing for both sexes is made at home4 ,the wheel and loom are common articles of furniture in every cabin4 #b4 ,dwellings4--,cabin is the name for a plain1 rough log-house1 throughout the west4 ,the spot being selected1 usually in the timbered land1 and near some spring1 the first operation of the newly arrived emigrant is to cut about #dj logs of the proper size and length for a single cabin1 or twice that number for a double one1 and haul them to the spot4 ,a large oak or other suitable timber1 of straight grain1 and free from limbs1 is selected for clapboards for the roof4 ,these are four feet in length1 split with a froe six or eight inches wide1 and half an inch thick4 ,puncheons are used for the floor4 ,these are made by splitting trees about eighteen inches in diameter into slabs1 two or three inches in thickness1 and hewn on the upper surface4 ,the door way is made by cutting out the logs after raising1 of a suitable width1 and putting upright pieces of timber at the sides4 ,the shutter is made of clapboards1 pinned on cross pieces1 hung by wooden hinges1 and fastened by a wooden latch4 ,a similar aperture1 but is wider made at one end for the chimney4 ,the men of the settlement1 when notified1 collect and raise the building4 ,four stout men with axes are placed on the corners to notch the logs together1 while the rest of the company lift them up4 ,after the roof is on the body of the building1 it is slightly hewed down both out and inside4 ,the roof is formed by shortening each end log in succession till one log forms the comb of the roof4 ,the clapboards are put on so as to cover all cracks1 and held down by poles or small logs4 ,the chimney is built of sticks of wood1 the largest at the bottom1 and the smallest at the top1 and laid up with a supply of mud or clay mortar4 ,the interstices between the logs are chinked with strips of wood and daubed with mortar both outside and in4 ,a double cabin consists of two such buildings with a space of #aj or #ab feet between1 over which the roof extends4 ,a log house1 in western parlance1 differs from a cabin in the logs being hewn on two sides to an equal thickness before raising1--in having a framed and shingled roof1 a brick or stone chimney1 windows1 tight floors1 and are frequently clapboarded on the outside and plastered within4 ,a log house thus finished1 costs more than a framed one4 ,cabins are often the temporary dwellings of opulent and highly respectable families4 ,the axe1 auger1 froe1 drawing knife1 broad-axe1 and crosscut saw are the only tools required in constructing these rude edifices2--sometimes the axe and auger only are employed4 ,not a nail or pane of glass is needed4 ,cabins are by no means as wretched for residences as their name imports4 ,they are often roomy1 comfortable and neat4 ,if one is not sufficient to accommodate the family1 another is added1 and another until sufficient room is obtained4 #c4 ,furniture and mode of living4--,the genuine backwoodsman makes himself and family comfortable and contented where those1 unaccustomed to his mode of life1 would live in unavailing regret1 or make a thousand awkward apologies on the visit of a neighbor or traveller4 ,a table is made of a split slab and supported by four round legs4 ,clapboards supported by pins stuck in the logs answer for shelves for table furniture4 ,the bedstead is often made in the corner of the room by sticks placed in the logs1 supported at the outward corner by a post1 on which clapboards are laid1 the ends of which enter the wall between the logs1 and which support the bedding4 ,on the arrival of travellers or visiters1 the bed clothing is shared with them1 being spread on the puncheon floor that the feet may project towards the fire4 ,many a night has the writer passed in this manner1 after a fatiguing day's ride1 and reposed more comfortably than on a bed of down in a spacious mansion4 ,all the family of both sexes1 with all the strangers who arrive1 often lodge in the same room4 ,in that case the under garments are never taken off1 and no consciousness of impropriety or indelicacy of feeling is manifested4 ,a few pins stuck in the wall of the cabin display the dresses of the women and the hunting shirts of the men4 ,two small forks or bucks-horns fastened to a joist are indispensable articles for the support of the rifle4 ,a loose floor of clapboards1 and supported by round poles1 is thrown over head for a loft which furnishes a place to throw any articles not immediately wanted1 and is frequently used for a lodging place for the younger branches of the family4 ,a ladder planted in the corner behind the door answers the purpose of stairs4 ,the necessary table and kitchen furniture are a few pewter dishes and spoons1 knives and forks1 7for which however1 the common hunting knife is often a substitute17 tin cups for coffee or milk1 a water pail and a small gourd or calabash for water1 with a pot and iron ,dutch oven1 constitute the chief articles4 ,add to these a tray for wetting up meal for corn bread1 a coffee pot and set of cups and saucers1 a set of common plates1 and the cabin is furnished4 ,the hominy mortar and hand mill are in use in all frontier settlements4 ,the first consists of a block of wood with an excavation burned at one end and scraped out with an iron tool1 wide at top and narrow at the bottom that the action of the pestle may operate to the best advantage4 ,sometimes a stump of a large tree is excavated while in its natural position4 ,an elastic pole1 #bj or #cj feet in length1 with the large end fastened under the ground log of the cabin1 and the other elevated #aj or #ae feet and supported by two forks1 to which a pestle #e or #f inches in diameter and #h or #aj feet long is fixed on the elevated end by a large mortice1 and a pin put through its lower end so that two persons can work it in conjunction4 ,this is much used for pounding corn4 ,a very simple instrument to answer the same purpose1 is a circular piece of tin1 perforated1 and attached to a piece of wood like a grater1 on which the ears of corn are rubbed for meal4 ,the hand mill is in the same form as that used in ,judea in the time of our ,savior4 ,two circular stones1 about #ah inches in diameter constructed like ordinary mill stones1 with a staff let into the runner or upper stone near its outer edge1 with the upper end inserted in a joist or board over head1 and turned by the hands of two persons while one feeds it with corn4 ,horse mills follow the mortar and hand mill in the scale of improvement4 ,they are constructed variously4 ,a hand mill is the most simple4 ,a large upright post is placed on a gudgeon1 with shafts extending horizontally #ae or #bj feet4 ,around the ends of these is a band of raw hide twisted1 which passes around the trundle head and turns the spindle and communicates motion to the stone4 ,a cog mill is formed by constructing a rim with cogs upon the shafts1 and a trundle head to correspond4 ,each person furnishes his own horses to turn the mill1 performs his own grinding1 and pays toll to the owner for use of the mill4 ,mills with the wheel on an inclined plane1 and carried by oxen standing on the wheel1 are much in use in those sections where water power is not convenient1 but these indicate an advance to the second grade of society4 ,instead of bolting cloths1 the frontier people use a sieve or as called here1 a search4 ,this is made from a deer skin prepared to resemble parchment1 stretched on a hoop and perforated full of holes with a hot wire4 ,every backwoodsman carries on all occasions1 the means of furnishing his meat4 ,the rifle1 bullet pouch and horn1 hunting knife1 horse and dog are his constant companions when from home1 and woe be to the wolf1 bear1 deer or turkey that comes within one hundred and fifty yards of his trail4 ,with the first emigration there are few mechanics2 hence every settler becomes expert in supplying his own necessaries4 ,besides clearing land1 building cabins1 and making fences1 he stocks his own plough1 repairs his wagon and his harness1 tans his own leather1 makes his shoes1 tables1 bedsteads1 stools or seats1 trays and a hundred other articles4 ,these may be rudely constructed1 but they answer his purpose very well4 ,the following extracts from the graphic ,,sketches ,,of ,,the ,,west1 by ,james ,hall1 ,esq4 completes this extended picture of backwoods manners4 ,the traveller1 accustomed to different modes of life1 is struck with the rude and uncomfortable appearance of every thing about this people1--the rudeness of their habitations1 the carelessness of their agriculture1 the unsightly coarseness of all their implements and furniture1 the unambitious homeliness of all their goods and chattels1 except the axe1 the rifle1 and the horse--these being invariably the best and handsomest which their means enable them to procure4 ,but he is mistaken in supposing them indolent or improvident2 and is little aware how much ingenuity and toil have been exerted in procuring the few comforts which they possess1 in a country without arts1 mechanics1 money1 or commercial intercourse4 ,the backwoodsman has many substantial enjoyments4 ,after the fatigue of his journey1 and a short season of privation and danger1 he finds himself surrounded with plenty4 ,his cattle1 hogs1 and poultry1 supply his table with meat2 the forest abounds in game2 the fertile soil yields abundant crops2 he has1 of course1 bread1 milk1 and butter2 the rivers furnish fish1 and the woods honey4 ,for these various articles1 there is1 at first1 no market1 and the farmer acquires the generous habit of spreading them profusely on his table1 and giving them freely to a hungry traveller and an indigent neighbor4 ,hospitality and kindness are among the virtues of the first settlers4 ,exposed to common dangers and toils1 they become united by the closest ties of social intercourse4 ,accustomed to arm in each other's defence1 to aid in each other's labor1 to assist in the affectionate duty of nursing the sick1 and the mournful office of burying the dead1 the best affections of the heart are kept in constant exercise2 and there is1 perhaps1 no class of men in our country1 who obey the calls of benevolence1 with such cheerful promptness1 or with so liberal a sacrifice of personal convenience4 ,we read marvellous stories of the ferocity of western men4 ,the name of ,kentuckian is constantly associated with the idea of fighting1 dirking1 and gouging4 ,the people of whom we are now writing do not deserve this character4 ,they live together in great harmony1 with little contention and less litigation4 ,the backwoodsmen are a generous and placable race4 ,they are bold and impetuous2 and when differences do arise among them1 they are more apt to give vent to their resentment at once1 than to brood over their wrongs1 or to seek legal redress4 ,but this conduct is productive of harmony2 for men are always more guarded in their deportment to each other1 and more cautious of giving offence1 when they know that the insult will be quickly felt1 and instantly resented1 than when the consequences of an offensive action are doubtful1 and the retaliation distant4 ,we have no evidence that the pioneers of ,kentucky were quarrelsome or cruel2 and an intimate acquaintance with the same race1 at a later period1 has led the writer to the conclusion1 that they are a humane people2 bold and daring1 when opposed to an enemy1 but amiable in their intercourse with each other and with strangers1 and habitually inclined to peace4 ,in morals and the essential principles of religion1 this class of people are by no means so defective as many imagine4 ,the writer has repeatedly been in settlements and districts beyond the pale of civil and criminal law1 where the people are a law unto themselves1 where courts1 lawyers1 sheriffs1 and constables existed not1 and yet has seen as much quiet and order1 and more honesty in paying just debts1 than where legal restraints operated in all their force4 ,the turpitude of vice and the majesty of virtue1 were as apparent as in older settlements4 ,industry1 in laboring or hunting1 bravery in war1 candor1 honesty1 and hospitality were rewarded with the confidence and honor of the people4 ,regulating parties would exist1 and thieves1 rogues and counterfeiters were sure to receive a striped ,jacket worked nineteen to the dozen1 and by this mode of operation1 induced to clear out2 but truth1 uprightness1 honesty and sincerity are always respected4 ,many of the frontier class are illiterate1 but they are by no means ignorant4 ,they are a shrewd1 observing1 thinking people4 ,they may not have learned the black marks in books1 but they have studied men and things1 and have a quick insight into human nature4 ,they are not inattentive to religion1 though their opportunities of religious instruction are few1 compared with old countries4 ,they have prejudices and fears about many of the organized benevolent societies of the present age1 yet there are no people more readily disposed to attend religious meetings1 and whose hearts are more readily affected with the gospel than the backwoods people2 and as large a proportion are orderly professors of religion as in any part of the ,union4 ,ministers of the gospel and ,missionaries1 who can suit themselves to the circumstances and habits of frontier people1--who like ,paul1 can become all things to all men1--find pleasant and interesting fields of labor on all our frontiers4 ,but let such persons show fastidiousness1 affect superior intelligence and virtue1 catechise the people for their plainness and simplicity of manners1 and draw invidious comparisons1 and they are sure to be used up1 or left without hearers1 to deplore the dark clouds of ignorance and prejudice in the west4 ,hunters and ,trappers4 ,entirely beyond the boundaries of civilization are many hundreds of a unique class1 distinguished by the terms ,hunters and ,trappers4 ,they are engaged in hunting buffalo and other wild game1 and trapping for beaver4 ,they are found upon the vast prairies of the ,west and ,northwest1--in all the defiles and along the streams of the ,rocky mountains1 and in various parts of the ,oregon ,territory1 to the peninsula of ,california4 ,they are an enterprising and erratic race from almost every state1 and are usually in the employ of persons of capital and enterprise1 and who are concerned in the fur and peltry business4 ,expeditions for one1 two1 or three years1 are fitted out from ,st4 ,louis1 or some commercial point1 consisting of companies1 who ascend the rivers to the regions of fur4 ,the hunters and trappers1 receive a proportion of the profits of the expedition4 ,some become so enamored with this wandering and exposed life as to lose all desire of returning to the abodes of civilization1 and remain for the rest of their lives in the ,american deserts4 ,there are individuals1 who are graduates of colleges1 and who once stood high in the circles of refinement and taste1 that have passed more than twenty years amongst the roaming tribes of the ,rocky mountains1 or on the western slope1 till they have apparently lost all feelings towards civilized life4 ,they have afforded an interesting but melancholy example of the tendencies of human nature towards the degraded state of savages4 ,the improvement of the species is a slow and laborious process1--the deterioration is rapid1 and requires only to be divested of restraint1 and left to its own unaided tendencies4 ,many others have returned to the habits of civilization1 and some with fortunes made from the woods and prairies4 ,boatmen4 ,these are the fresh water sailors of the ,west1 with much of the light hearted1 reckless character of the sons of the ,ocean1 including peculiar shades of their own4 ,before the introduction of ,steamboats on the western waters1 its immense commerce was carried on by means of keel boats1 and barges4 ,the former is much in the shape of a canal boat1 long1 slim-built1 sharp at each end1 and propelled by setting poles and the cordelle or long rope4 ,the barge is longer1 and has a bow and stern4 ,both are calculated to ascend streams but by a very slow process4 ,each boat would require from ten to thirty hands1 according to its size4 ,a number of these boats frequently sailed in company4 ,the boatmen were proverbially lawless at every town and landing1 and indulged without restraint in every species of dissipation1 debauchery and excess4 ,but this race has become reformed1 or nearly extinct2--yes1 reformed by the mighty power of steam4 ,a steamboat1 with half the crew of a barge or keel1 will carry ten times the burden1 and perform six or eight trips in the time it took a keel boat to make one voyage4 ,thousands of flat boats1 or broad horns1 as they are called1 pass down the rivers with the produce of the country1 which are managed by the farmers of the ,west1 but never return up stream4 ,they are sold for lumber1 and the owners1 after disposing of the cargo1 return by steam4 ,the number of boatmen on the western waters is not only greatly reduced1 but those that remain are fast losing their original character4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,public ,,lands4 ,system of ,surveys4--,meridian and ,base ,lines4--,townships4--,diagram of a township surveyed into ,sections4--,land ,districts and ,offices4 --,pre-emption rights4--,military ,bounty ,lands4--,taxes4--,valuable ,tracts of country unsettled4 ,in all the new states and territories1 the lands which are owned by the general government1 are surveyed and sold under one general system4 ,several offices1 each under the direction of a surveyor general1 have been established by acts of ,congress1 and districts1 embracing one or more states1 assigned them4 ,the office for the surveys of all public lands in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,michigan1 and the ,wisconsin country is located at ,cincinnati4 ,the one including the states of ,illinois and ,missouri1 and the territory of ,arkansas is at ,st4 ,louis4 ,deputy surveyors are employed to do the work at a stipulated rate per mile1 generally from three to four dollars1 who employ chain bearers1 an axe1 and flag man1 and a camp-keeper4 ,they are exposed to great fatigue and hardship1 spending two or three months at a time in the woods and prairies1 with slight1 moveable camps for shelter4 ,in the surveys1 meridian lines are first established1 running north from the mouth of some noted river4 ,these are intersected with base lines4 ,there are five principal meridians in the land surveys in the west4 ,the ,first ,principal ,meridian is a line due north from the mouth of the ,miami4 ,the ,second ,principal ,meridian is a line due north from the mouth of ,little ,blue river1 in ,indiana4 ,the ,third ,principal ,meridian is a line due north from the mouth of the ,ohio4 ,the ,fourth ,principal ,meridian is a line due north from the mouth of the ,illinois4 ,the ,fifth ,principal ,meridian is a line due north from the mouth of the ,arkansas4 ,another ,meridian is used for ,michigan1 which passes through the central part of the state4 ,its base line extends from about the middle of lake ,st4 ,clair1 across the state west to lake ,michigan4 ,each of these meridians has its own base line4 ,the surveys connected with the third and fourth meridians1 and a small portion of the second1 embrace the state of ,illinois4 ,the base line for both the second and third principal meridians commences at ,diamond ,island1 in ,ohio1 opposite ,indiana1 and runs due west till it strikes the ,mississippi1 a few miles below ,st4 ,louis4 ,all the townships in ,illinois1 south and east of the ,illinois river1 are numbered from this base line either north or south4 ,the third principal meridian terminates with the northern boundary of the state4 ,the fourth principal meridian commences in in the centre of the channel1 and at the mouth of the ,illinois river1 but immediately crosses to the east shore1 and passes up on that side1 7and at one place nearly fourteen miles distant7 to a point in the channel of the river1 seventy-two miles from its mouth4 ,here its base line commences and extends across the peninsula to the ,mississippi1 a short distance above ,quincy4 ,the fourth principal meridian is continued northward through the military tract1 and across ,rock river1 to a curve in the ,mississippi at the upper rapids1 in township eighteen north1 and about twelve or fifteen miles above ,rock ,island4 ,it here crosses and passes up the west side of the ,mississippi river fifty-three miles1 and recrosses into ,illinois1 and passes through the town of ,galena to the northern boundary of the state4 ,it is thence continued to the ,wisconsin river and made the principal meridian for the surveys of the territory1 while the northern boundary line of the state is constituted its base line for that region4 ,having formed a principal meridian with its corresponding base line1 for a district of country1 the next operation of the surveyor is to divide this into tracts of six miles square1 called townships4 ,in numbering the townships east or west from a principal meridian1 they are called ranges1 meaning a range of townships2 but in numbering north or south from a base line1 they are called townships4 ,thus a tract of land is said to be situated in township four north in range three east1 from the third principal meridian2 or as the case may be4 ,townships are subdivided into square miles1 or tracts of #fdj acres each1 called sections4 ,if near timber1 trees are marked and numbered with the section1 township1 and range1 near each sectional corner4 ,if in a large prairie1 a mound is raised to designate the corner1 and a billet of charred wood buried1 if no rock is near4 ,sections are divided into halves by a line north and south1 and into quarters by a transverse line4 ,in sales under certain conditions1 quarters are sold in equal subdivisions of forty acres each1 at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre4 ,any person1 whether a native born citizen1 or a foreigner1 may purchase forty acres of the richest soil1 and receive an indisputable title1 for fifty dollars4 ,ranges are townships counted either east or west from meridians4 ,townships are counted either north or south from their respective base lines4 ,fractions1 are parts of quarter sections intersected by streams or confirmed claims4 ,the parts of townships1 sections1 quarters1 c4 made at the lines of either townships or meridians are called excesses or deficiencies4 ,sections1 or miles square are numbered1 beginning in the northeast corner of the township1 progressively west to the range line1 and then progressively east to the range line1 alternately1 terminating at the southeast corner of the township1 from one to thirty-six1 as in the following diagram3 ------------------------------------ #f #e #d #c #b #a ------------------------------------ #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ------------------------------------ #ah #ag #af;,a #ae #ad #ac ------------------------------------ #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd ------------------------------------ #cj #bi #bh #bg #bf #be ------------------------------------ #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf ------------------------------------ ,a ,appropriated for schools in the township4 ,i have been thus particular in this account of the surveys of public lands1 to exhibit the simplicity of a system1 that to strangers1 unacquainted with the method of numbering the sections1 and the various subdivisions1 appears perplexing and confused4 ,all the lands of ,congress owned in ,ohio have been surveyed1 and with the exceptions of some ,indian reservations1 have been brought into market4 ,in ,indiana1 all the lands purchased of the ,indians have been surveyed1 and with the exception of about ninety townships and fractional townships1 have been offered for sale4 ,these1 amounting to about two millions of acres1 will be offered for sale the present year4 ,in ,michigan1 nearly all the ceded lands have been surveyed and brought into market4 ,the unsurveyed portion is situated in the neighborhood of ,saginaw bay2 a part of which may be ready for market within the current year4 ,in the ,wisconsin ,territory1 west of lake ,michigan1 all the lands in the ,wisconsin district1 which lies between the state of ,illinois and the ,wisconsin river1 have been surveyed2 and in addition to the lands already offered for sale in the ,green ,bay district1 about #fe townships1 and fractional townships1 have been surveyed and are ready for market4 ,the surveys of the whole country west of lake ,michigan and south of the ,wisconsin river1 in ,illinois and ,wisconsin territory1 will soon be surveyed and in market4 ,here are many millions of the finest lands on earth1 lying along the ,des ,pleines1 ,fox1 and ,rock rivers1 and their tributaries1 well watered1 rich soil1 a healthy atmosphere1 and facilities to market4 ,a temporary scarcity of timber in some parts of this region will retard settlements1 for a time2 but this difficulty will be obviated1 by the rapidity with which prairie land turns to a timbered region1 wherever1 by contiguous settlements1 the wild grass becomes subdued1 and by the discovery of coal beds4 ,much of it is a mineral region4 ,in ,illinois1 the surveys are now completed in the ,danville district1 and in the southern part of the ,chicago district4 ,they are nearly completed along ,rock river and the ,mississippi4 ,the unsurveyed portion is along ,fox river1 ,des ,pleines and the shore of lake ,michigan1 in the north-eastern part of the state4 ,emigrants1 however1 do not wait for surveys and sales4 ,they are settling over this fine portion of the state1 in anticipation of purchases4 ,in ,missouri1 besides the former surveys1 the exterior lines of #ach townships1 and the subdivision into sections and quarters1 #cj townships in the northern part of the state1 and contracts for running the exterior lines of #ahi townships on the waters of the ,osage and ,grand rivers have been made4 ,a large portion of this state is now surveyed and in market4 ,surveys are progressing in ,arkansas1 and large bodies of land are proclaimed for sale in that district4 ,i have no data before me that will enable me definitely to show the amount of public lands now remaining unsold1 in each land office district4 ,in another place ,i have already given an estimate of the amount of public lands1 within the organized states and territories1 remaining unsold1 compared with the amount sold in past years4 ,the following table exhibits the number of acres sold in the districts embraced more immediately within the range of this ,guide1 for #ahcd1 and the three first quarters of #ahce1 with the names of each district in each state4 ,it is constructed from the ,report of the ,commissioner of the ,general ,land ,office to the ,treasury ,department1 ,december #eth1 #ahce4 ,the sales of the last quarter of #ahce1 in ,illinois1 and probably in the other states1 greatly exceeded either the other quarters1 and which will be exhibited in the annual report of the ,commissioner in ,december1 #ahcf4 ,statement of the amount of ,public ,lands1 sold at the several ,land ,offices in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,missouri1 and ,arkansas1 in #ahcd4 ,acres and ,,land ,,offices4 hundredths ----------------------------------- ,,ohio4 ,marietta district1 #aa1iii4eb ,zanesville do #cc1hgg4bc ,steubenville1 do #d1cdi4ai ,chillicothe1 do #ba1cji4cb ,cincinnati1 do #bg1cfi4eb ,wooster1 do #i1ddh4gg ,wapaghkonetta do #abe1dag4ac ,bucyrus do #bde1jgh4ef ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #dgh1hdg4bd ,,indiana4 ,jeffersonville district4 #fg1hbf4aa ,vincennes do #ef1gfe4hj ,indianopolis do #bjd1ebf4fc ,crawfordsville do #afa1dgg4hg ,fort ,wayne do #if1cej4cj ,la ,porte do #hf1gji4gc ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #fgc1fef4dd ,,illinois4 ,shawneetown district4 #f1ijd4bd ,kaskaskia do #ae1aif4eb ,edwardsville do #abd1cjb4ai ,vandalia do #bj1bjg4fa ,palestine do #bb1ace4fi ,springfield do #ff1hjd4be ,danville do #fb1cca4ch ,quincy do #cf1aca4ei ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #ced1jac4dg ,,michigan ,,territory ,detroit district4 #acf1daj4fi ,monroe do #bcc1gfh4cj ,white ,pigeon ,prairie ,bronson do #abh1bdd4dg ---------- ,total for the ,territory #dih1dbc4df ,,wisconsin ,,territory4 ,mineral ,point dist4 #ad1ccf4fg ,,missouri4 ,st4 ,louis district4 #dc1fcd4fh ,fayette do #ga1jdi4gd ,palmyra do #gf1bda4ce ,jackson do #ah1hhb4aa ,lexington do #dc1ihc4hj ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #bec1gia4gj ,,arkansas ,,territory4 ,batesville district4 #h1jea4ca ,little ,rock do #be1gii4gd ,washington do #fe1ade4hh ,fayetteville do #bd1ead4id ,helena do #bf1bdd4ei ---------- ,total for the ,territory #adi1gef4df ,statement of the amount of ,public ,lands1 sold at the several ,land ,offices in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,missouri1 and ,arkansas1 from ,january #ast1 to ,september #cjth1 #ahce1 including nine months4 ,acres and ,,land ,,offices4 hundredths ---------------------------------- ,,ohio4 ,marietta ,dist4 #aa1jab4ih ,zanesville do #db1igh4cf ,steubenville do #c1fdi4bi ,chillicothe do #ab1ehf4hg ,cincinnati do #bj1aje4gf ,wooster do #e1aeg4fh ,wapaghkonetta and ,lima1 do #ajc1jbj4bc ,bucyrus do #aed1gjf4fc ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #cec1bag4hj ,,indiana4 ,jeffersonville ,dist4 #dd1fcd4ha ,vincennes do #gj1ijc4fb ,indianapolis do #aeh1ghf4fh ,crawfordsville do #ajh1jee4bb ,fort ,wayne do #adh1hfd4bh ,la ,porte do #bbg1gjb4ce ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #geh1idf4if ,,illinois4 ,shawneetown ,dist4 #e1ged4jh ,kaskaskia do #ac1had4ch ,edwardsville do #abc1fch4jg ,vandalia do #af1bec4df ,palestine do #ad1jhh4ja ,springfield do #caf1iff4gj ,danville do #id1dia4ce ,quincy do ,a#dj1bgd4eh ,galena do ,b#bfb1aeb4gc ,chicago do #ccc1dje4gc ------------ ,total for the ,state1 #a1bbj1hch4gf ,,michigan4 ,detroit ,dist4 #bac1gfc4eg ,brownson do #djj1gbb4dh ,monroe do #ddf1fca4fa ------------ ,total for ,michigan proper1 #a1jfa1abg4ff ,,wisconsin4 ,mineral ,point ,dist4 #fg1jeb4ee ,green ,bay do #fh1cfe4ec ---------- ,total for ,wisconsin ,territory1 #ace1dah4jh ,,missouri4 ,st4 ,louis ,dist4 #cb1iad4eg ,fayette do #ee1hci4eh ,palmyra do #aja1jah4jj ,jackson do #bh1iie4ai ,lexington do #db1hja4de ,springfield do #cbj4jj ---------- ,total for the ,state1 #bfa1hhh4gi ,,arkansas4 ,batesville ,dist4 #b1jba4bb ,little ,rock do #bb1bia4ib ,washington do #dc1cfj4ha ,fayetteville do #h1gbc4gb ,helena do #cab1afi4ji ---------- ,total for the ,territory #chh1eff4gf ,a ,returns only to ,may #cast4 ,b ,returns only to ,july #cast4 ,since those periods1 sales at these ,offices have been immense ,the reader will perceive that the sales of the three first quarters of #ahce1 almost doubled those of the whole year of #ahcd4 ,the inquiry was often made of the writer1 while travelling in the ,atlantic states in the summer of #ahce1 whether there was still opportunity for emigrants to purchase public lands in ,indiana1 ,illinois1 c4 where land offices had been opened for sale of lands many years4 ,he found almost everywhere1 wrong notions prevailing4 ,the people were not aware of the immense extent of the public domain now in market1 and ready to be sold at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre1 and even in as small tracts as forty acres4 ,take for example1 the ,edwardsville district1 in which the writer resides4 ,it extends south to the base line1 east to the third principal meridian1 north to the line that separates townships #ac and #ad north1 and west to the ,illinois and ,mississippi rivers1 and embraces all the counties of ,madison1 ,clinton1 ,bond1 ,montgomery1 ,macouper1 and ,greene1 a tier of townships on the south side of ,morgan and ,sangamon1 five and a half townships from ,fayette1 and about half of ,st4 ,clair county4 ,the lands for a part of this district have been in market for #ah or #bj years2--it contains some of the oldest ,american settlements in the state1 and has also a number of confined claims never offered for sale4 ,and yet the receiver of this office informed me in ,november last1 that he had just made returns of all the lands sold in this district1 and they amounted to just one third of the whole quantity4 ,every man1 therefore1 may take it for granted that there will be land enough in market in all the new states1 for his use1 during the present generation4 ,these are facts that should be known to all classes4 ,the mania of land speculation and of monopolists would soon subside1 were those concerned to sit down coolly1 and after ascertaining the amount of public lands now in market1 with the vast additional quantity that must soon come into market1 use a few figures in common arithmetic1 with the probable amount of emigration1 and ascertain the probable extent of the demand for this article at any future period4 ,the following information is necessary for those who are not acquainted with our land system4 ,in each land office there are a ,register and ,receiver1 appointed by the ,president and ,senate for the term of four years1 and paid by the government4 ,after being surveyed1 the land1 by proclamation of the ,president1 is offered for sale at public auction by half quarter sections1 or tracts of #hj acres4 ,if no one bids for it at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre1 or more1 it is subject to private entry at any time after1 upon payment of #a4be cents per acre at the time of entry4 ,no credit in any case is allowed4 ,in many cases1 ,congress1 by special statute1 has granted to actual settlers1 pre-emption rights1 where settlements and improvements have been made on public lands previous to public sale4 ,pre-emption rights confer the privilege only of purchasing the tract containing improvements at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre1 by the possessor1 without the risk of a public sale4 ,in ,illinois and several other western states1 all lands purchased of the general government1 are exempted from taxation for five years after purchase4 ,military ,bounty lands4--,these lands were surveyed and appropriated as bounties to the soldiers in the war with ,great ,britain in #ahab-'ae1 to encourage enlistments4 ,the selections were made in ,illinois1 ,missouri1 and ,arkansas4 ,the ,bounty lands of ,illinois lie between the ,illinois and ,mississippi rivers1 in the counties of ,calhoun1 ,pike1 ,adams1 ,schuyler1 ,macdonough1 ,warren1 ,mercer1 ,knox1 ,henry1 ,fulton1 ,peoria1 and ,putnam4 ,out of five millions of acres1 #c1ejj1jjj were selected1 including about three-fifths of this tract4 ,the remainder is disposed of in the manner of other public lands4 ,the disposition of this fine country for military bounties has much retarded its settlement4 ,it was a short-sighted and mistaken policy of government that dictated this measure4 ,most of the titles have long since departed from the soldiers for whose benefit the donations were made4 ,many thousand quarter sections have been sold for taxes by the state1 have fallen into the hands of monopolists1 and are now past redemption4 ,the ,bounty lands in ,missouri1 lie on the waters of ,chariton and ,grand rivers1 north side of the ,missouri river and in the counties of ,chariton1 ,randolph1 ,carroll1 and ,ray1 and include half a million of acres4 ,the tract is generally fertile1 undulating1 a mixture of timber and prairie1 but not as well watered as desirable4 ,with the bounty lands of ,arkansas ,i am not well acquainted4 ,their general character is good1 and some tracts are rich cotton lands4 ,taxes4--,lands bought of the ,u4 ,s4 government are exempted from taxation for five years after sale4 ,all other lands owned by non-residents1 equally with those of residents1 are subject to taxation annually1 either for state1 or county purposes1 or both4 ,the mode and amount varies in each state4 ,if not paid when due1 costs are added1 the lands sold1 subject to redemption within a limited period2--generally two years4 ,every non-resident landholder should employ an agent within the state where his land lies1 to look after it and pay his taxes1 if he would not suffer the loss of his land4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,aborigines4 ,conjecture respecting their former numbers and condition4 ,present number and state4--,indian ,territory appropriated as their permanent residence4--,plan and operations of the ,u4 ,s4 ,government4--,missionary efforts and stations4 ,monuments and ,antiquities4 ,the idea is entertained1 that the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 was once densely populated by aborigines2--that here were extensive nations1--that the bones of many millions lie mouldering under our feet4 ,it has become a common theory1 that previous to the settlement of the country by people of ,european descent1 there were two successive races of men1 quite distinct from each other2--that the first race1 by some singular fatality1 became exterminated1 leaving no traditionary account of their existence4 ,and the second race1 the ancestors of the existing race of ,indians1 are supposed to have been once1 far more numerous than the present white population of the ,valley4 ,some parts of ,mexico and ,south ,america1 were found to be populous upon the first visits of the ,spaniards2 but ,i do not find satisfactory evidence that population was ever dense1 in any part of the territory that now constitutes our ,republic4 ,mr4 ,atwater supposes1 from the mounds in ,ohio1 the ,indian population far exceeded #gjj1jjj1 at one time in that district4 ,mr4 ,flint says1 ,if we can infer nothing else from the mounds1 we can clearly infer1 that this country once had its millions4 ,hence1 a principal argument assigned for the populousness of this country is1 the millions buried in these tumuli1 the bones of which1 in a tolerable state of preservation1 are supposed to be exhibited upon excavation4 ,the writer has witnessed the opening of many of these mounds1 and has seen the fragments of an occasional skeleton1 found near the surface4 ,without stopping here to enter upon a disquisition on the hypothesis assumed1 that these mounds1 as they are termed1 are as much the results of natural causes1 as any other prominences on the surface of the globe3 ,i will only remark1 that it is a fact well known to frontier men1 that the ,indians have been in the habit of burying their dead on these ridges and hillocks1 and that in our light1 spongy soil1 the skeleton decays surprisingly fast4 ,this is not the place to exhibit the necessary data1 that have led to the conviction1 that not a human skeleton now exists in all the western ,valley1 7excepting in nitrous caves17 that was deposited in the earth before the discovery of the ,new ,world1 by ,columbus4 ,the opinion that this ,valley was once densely populous1 is sustained from the supposed military works1 distributed through the ,west4 ,this subject1 as well as that of mounds1 wants re-examination4 ,probably1 half a dozen enclosures1 in a rude form1 might have been used for military defence4 ,the capabilities of the country to sustain a dense population1 has been used to support the position1 that it must have been once densely populated4 ,this argues nothing without vestiges of agriculture and the arts4 ,with the exception of a few small patches1 around the ,indian villages1 for corn and pulse1 the whole land was an unbroken wilderness4 ,strangers to the subject have imagined that our western prairies must once have been subdued by the hand of cultivation1 because denuded of timber4 ,those who have long lived on them1 have the evidences of observation1 and their senses1 to guide them4 ,they know that the earth will not produce timber1 while the surface is covered with a firm grassy sward1 and that timber will spring up1 as soon as this obstruction is removed4 ,to all these theories1 of the former density of the aboriginal population of the ,valley1 ,i oppose1 first1 the fact that but a scattered and erratic population was found here1 on the arrival of the ,europeans1--that the people were rude savages1 subsisting chiefly by hunting1 and that no savage people ever became populous1--that from time immemorial1 the different tribes had been continually at war with each other1--that but a few years before the ,french explored it1 the ,iroquois1 or ,five nations1 conquered all the country to the ,mississippi1 which they could not have done had it been populous1 and that ,kentucky1 one of the finest portions of the ,valley1 was not inhabited by any people1 but the common hunting and fighting grounds of both the northern and southern ,indians1 and hence called by them1 ,kentuckee1 or the ,bloody ground4#g ,that the ,indian character has deteriorated1 and the numbers of each tribe greatly lessened by contact with ,europeans and their descendants1 is not questioned2 but many of the descriptions of the comforts and happiness of savage life and manners1 before their country was possessed by the latter1 are the exaggerated and glowing descriptions of poetic fancy4 ,evidence enough can be had to show that they were degraded and wretched1 engaged in petty exterminating wars with each other1 often times in a state of starvation1 and leading a roving1 indolent and miserable existence4 ,their government was anarchy4--,properly speaking1 civil government had never existed amongst them4 ,they had no executive1 or judiciary power1 and their legislation was the result of their councils held by aged and experienced men4 ,it had no stronger claim upon the obedience of the people than advice4 ,in ,mexico1 civilization had made progress1 and there were populous towns and cities1 and edifices for religious and other purposes4 ,with the exception of some very rude structures1 the ruins of which yet remain1 and which upon too slight grounds1 have been mistaken for military works1 nothing is left as marks of the enterprise of the feeble bands of ,indians of this ,valley4 ,their implements1 utensils1 weapons of war1 and water-craft1 were of the most rude and simple construction1 and yet prepared with great labor4 ,those who have written upon ,indian manners1 without personal and long acquaintance with their circumstances1 have made extravagant blunders4 ,the historian of ,america1 ,dr4 ,robertson1 seems to suppose that the ,indians cut down large trees1 and dug out canoes with stone hatchets1--and that they cleared the timber from their small fields1 by the same tedious process4 ,their stone axes or hatchets1 were never used for cutting1 but only for splitting and pounding4 ,they burned down and hollowed out trees by fire1 for canoes1 and never chopped off the timber1 but only deadened it1 in clearing land4 ,the condition of depraved man1 unimproved by habits of civilization1 and unblest with the influences and consolations of the gospel1 is pitiable in the extreme4 ,such was the character and condition of the ,red skin1 before his land was visited by the ,pale faces4 ,i have often seen the aboriginal man in all his primeval wildness1 when he first came in contact with the evils and benefits of civilization1--have admired his noble form and lofty bearing1--listened to his untutored and yet powerful eloquence1 and yet have found in him the same humbling and melancholy proofs of his wretchedness and want1 as is found in the remnants on our borders4 ,the introduction of ardent spirits1 and of several diseases1 are the evils furnished the ,indian race1 by contact with the whites1 while in other respects their condition has been improved4 ,from the second number of the ,annual ,register of ,indian ,affairs1 within the ,indian 7or western7 ,territory1 just published by the ,rev4 ,isaac ,mc,coy1 the following particulars have been chiefly gleaned3 ,mr4 ,mc,coy has been devoted to the work of ,indian reform for almost twenty years1 first in ,indiana1 then in ,michigan1 and latterly in the ,indian territory1 west of ,missouri and ,arkansas4 ,he is not only intimately acquainted with the peculiar circumstances of this unfortunate race1 and with the country selected as their future residence by the government1 but is ardently and laboriously engaged for their welfare4 ,,indian ,,territory4 ,the ,indian territory lies west and immediately adjacent to ,missouri and ,arkansas4 ,it is about #fjj miles long from north to south1 extending from the ,missouri river to the ,red river1 and running westwardly as far as the country is habitable1 which is estimated to be about #bjj miles4 ,the almost destitution of timber1 with extensive deserts1 renders most of the country from this territory to the ,rocky mountains uninhabitable4 ,the dreams indulged by many1 that the wave of white population is to move onward without any resisting barrier1 till it reaches these mountains1 and even overleap them to the ,pacific ocean1 will never be realized4 ,providence has thrown a desert of several hundred miles in extent1 as an opposing barrier4 ,as very contradictory accounts have gone abroad1 prejudicial to the character of the country selected for the ,indians1 it becomes necessary to describe it with some particularity4 ,the following1 from ,mr4 ,mc,coy 7if it needed any additional support to its correctness17 is corroborated by the statements of many disinterested persons4 ,there is a striking similarity between all parts of this territory4 ,in its general character1 it is high and undulating1 rather level than hilly2 though small portions partly deserve the latter appellation4 ,the soil is generally very fertile4 ,it is thought that in no part of the world1 so extensive a region of rich soil has been discovered as in this1 of which the ,indian territory is a central position4 ,it is watered by numerous rivers1 creeks and rivulets4 ,its waters pass through it eastwardly1 none of which are favorable to navigation4 ,there is less marshy and stagnant water in it than is usual in the western country4 ,the atmosphere is salubrious1 and the climate precisely such as is desirable1 being about the same as that inhabited by the ,indians on the east of the ,mississippi4 ,it contains much mineral coal and salt water1 some lead1 and some iron ore4 ,timber is too scarce1 and this is a serious defect1 but one which time will remedy1 as has been demonstrated by the growth of timber in prairie countries which have been settled1 where the grazing of stock1 by diminishing the quantity of grass1 renders the annual fires less destructive to the growth of wood4 ,the prairie 7i4 e41 land destitute of wood7 is covered with grass1 much of which is of suitable length for the scythe4 ,the ,chocktaws1 ,creeks1 ,cherokees1 ,osages1 ,kanzaus and ,delawares1 are entitled to lands westward of this territory for hunting grounds2 some to the western boundary of the ,united ,states1 others to the ,rocky mountains4 ,mr4 ,mc,coy estimates the number of inhabitants of this territory at #dg1gcc4 ,,indigenous ,,tribes4 ,osage1 about #e1eaj ,kanzau1 #a1fhd ,ottoe and ,missourias1 #a1fjj ,o',mahaus1 #a1djj ,pawnees1 four tribes1 #aj1jjj ,puncahs1 about #hjj ,quapaws1 #dej ------ #ba1ddd ,,emigrant ,,tribes4 ,chocktaw1 about #ae1jjj ,cherokee1 #d1jjj ,creek1 #c1fjj ,seneca1 ,shawanoe of ,neosho1 #dfb ,wea1 about #bbe ,piankeshau1 #aai ,peoria and ,kaskaskias1 #ace ,ottawa1 #ha ,shawanoe of ,kanzau river1 #gfd ,delaware1 #hef ,kickapoo1 #fjc ,putawatomie1 #ddd ------ ,emigrants1 #bf1bhi ,indigenous1 #ba1ddd ------ ,total1 #dg1gcc ,the estimate of the ,chocktaws include about #djj negro slaves1--that of the ,cherokees #ejj1 and that of the ,creeks about #dej slaves4 ,chocktaws4 ,their country adjoins ,red river and the ,province of ,texas on the south1 ,arkansas on the east1 and extends north to the ,arkansas and ,canadian rivers1 being #aej miles from north to south1 and #bjj miles from east to west4 ,here are numerous salt springs4 ,for civil purposes1 their country is divided into three districts4 ,cherokees4 ,the boundaries of their country commences on the ,arkansas river1 opposite the western boundary of ,arkansas ,territory2--thence northwardly along the line of ,missouri1 #h miles to ,seneca river2--thence west to the ,neosho river2--thence up said river to the ,osage lands2--thence west indefinitely1 as far as habitable2--thence south to the ,creek lands1 and along the eastern line of the ,creeks to a point #dc miles west of the ,territory of ,arkansas1 and #be miles north of ,arkansas river2--thence to the ,verdigris river1 and down ,arkansas river1 to the mouth of the ,neosho2--thence southwardly to the junction of the ,north ,fork and ,canadian rivers2--and thence down the ,canadian and ,arkansas rivers to the place of beginning4 ,the treaty of #ahbh1 secures to this tribe #g1jjj1jjj of acres1 and adds land westward for hunting grounds as far as the ,u4 ,s4 boundaries extend4 ,the ,creeks1 or ,muscogees1 occupy the country west of ,arkansas that lies between the lands of the ,chocktaws and ,cherokees4 ,the ,senecas join the ,state of ,missouri on the east1 with the ,cherokees south1 the ,neosho river west1 and possess #abg1ejj acres4 ,the ,osage 7a ,french corruption of ,wos-sosh-ee1 their proper name1 which has again been corrupted by ,darby and others into ,ozark7 have their country north of the western portion of the ,cherokee lands1 commencing #be miles west of the ,state of ,missouri1 with a width of #ej miles1 and extending indefinitely west4 ,about half the tribe are in the ,cherokee country4 ,the ,quapaws were originally connected with the ,osages4 ,they have migrated from the lower ,arkansas1 and have their lands adjoining the ,state of ,missouri1 immediately north of the ,senecas4 ,the ,putawatomies are on the north-eastern side of the ,missouri river1 but they are not satisfied1 and the question of their locality is not fully settled4 #ddd ,putawatomies are mingled with the ,kickapoos1 on the south-west side of the ,missouri river4 ,the ,weas1 ,piankeshaws1 ,peorias and ,kaskaskias are remnants of the great western confederacy1 of which the ,miamies were the most prominent branch4 ,these and other tribes constituted the ,illini1 ,oillinois1 or ,illinois nation1 that once possessed the country now included in the great ,states of ,indiana1 ,illinois1 c4 ,their lands lie west of the ,state of ,missouri1 and south-west of the ,missouri river4 ,the ,delawares occupy a portion of the country in the forks of the ,kanzau river1 7or1 as written by the ,french1 ,kansas47 ,they are the remnants of another great confederacy1 the ,lenni-,lenopi1 as denominated by themselves4 ,the lands of the ,kickapoos lie north of the ,delawares1 and along the ,missouri1 including #gfh1jjj acres4 ,the ,ottoes occupy a tract of country between the ,missouri and ,platte rivers1 but their land is said to extend south and below the ,platte4 ,the country of the ,o',mahaus has the ,platte river on the south1 and the ,missouri north-east4 ,the country of the ,pawnees lies to the westward of the ,ottoes and ,o',mahaus4 ,the boundaries are not defined4 ,the ,puncahs are a small tribe that originated from the ,pawnees1 and live in the northern extremity of the country spoken of as the ,indian territory4 ,present ,condition4--,the ,chocktaws1 ,cherokees and ,creeks are more advanced in civilized habits then any other tribes4 ,they have organized local governments of their own1 have enacted some wholesome laws1 live in comfortable houses1 raise horses1 cattle1 sheep and swine1 cultivate the ground1 have good fences1 dress like ,americans1 and manufacture much of their own clothing4 ,they have schools and religious privileges1 by missionary efforts1 to a limited extent4 ,the ,cherokees have a written language1 perfect in its form1 the invention of ,mr4 ,guess1 a full-blooded ,indian4 ,the ,senecas1 ,delawares1 and ,shawanoes1 also1 are partially civilized1 and live with considerable comfort from the produce of their fields and stock4 ,the ,putawatomies1 ,weas1 ,piankeshaws1 ,peorias1 ,kaskaskias1 ,ottawas1 and ,kickapoos1 have partially adopted civilized customs4 ,some live in comfortable log cabins1 fence and cultivate the ground1 and have a supply of stock2 others live in bark huts1 and are wretched4 ,the ,osages or ,wos-sosh-ees1 ,quapaws1 ,kanzaus1 ,ottoes1 ,o',mahaus1 ,pawnees and ,puncahs have made much less improvement in their mode of living4 ,a few have adopted civilized habits1 and are rising in the scale of social and individual comforts1 but the larger portion are yet ,indians4 ,mr4 ,mc,coy estimates the whole number of aborigines in ,north ,america1 including those of ,mexico1 at #a1hjj1jjj1 of which #aj1jjj are so far improved as to be classed with civilized men1 and amongst whom1 there are as many pious ,christians1 as amongst the same amount of population in the ,united ,states4 ,in addition to these1 he estimates that there may be about #fj1jjj more1 which may have made advances toward civilization1 some more and some less4 ,for some years past1 the policy of the government of the ,united ,states has been directed to the project of removing all the ,indians from the country organized into ,states and ,territories1 and placing them sufficiently contiguous to be easily governed1 and yet removed from direct contact and future interruption from white population4 ,this project was recommended in the period of ,mr4 ,monroe's administration1 was further considered and some progress made under that of ,mr4 ,adams1 but has been carried into more successful execution within the last five years4 ,it is much to be regretted that this project was not commenced earlier4 ,the residence of small bands of ,indians1 with their own feeble and imperfect government1 carried on within any organized state or territory1 is ruinous4 ,those who argue that because of the removal of the ,indians from within the jurisdiction of the states1 or an organized territory1 therefore they will be driven back from the country in which it is now proposed to place them1 evince but a very partial and imperfect view of the subject4 ,the present operation of government is an experiment1 and it is one that ought to receive a fair and full trial4 ,if it does not succeed1 ,i know not of any governmental regulation that can result1 with success1 to the prosperity of the ,indians4 ,the project is to secure to each tribe1 by patent1 the lands allotted them1--to form them into a territorial government1 with some features of the representative principle1--to have their whole country under the supervision of our government1 as their guardian1 for their benefit1--to allow no white men to pass the lines and intermix with the ,indians1 except those who are licensed by due authority1--to aid them in adopting civilized habits1 provide for them schools and other means of improving their condition1 and1 through the agency of missionary societies1 to instruct them in the principles of the gospel of ,christ4 ,missionary ,efforts and ,stations4--,these are conducted by the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions1--the ,baptist ,board of ,f4 ,missions1--the ,methodist ,epis4 ,missionary ,society1--the ,western ,foreign ,missionary ,society1--and the ,cumberland ,presbyterians4 ,stations have been formed1 and schools established1 with most of these tribes4 ,about #b1ejj are members of ,christian churches of different denominations4 ,the particulars of these operations are to be found in the ,reports of the respective societies1 and the various religious periodicals4 ,of other tribes within the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 and not yet within the ,indian territory1 the following estimate is sufficiently near the truth for practical purposes4 ,indians from ,new ,york1 about ,green ,bay #gbe ,wyandots in ,ohio and ,michigan #fbc ,miamies #a1bjj ,winnebagoes #d1eia ,chippeways1 or ,o',jibbeways #f1gic ,ottawas and ,chippeways of lake ,michigan #e1cjj ,chippeways1 ,ottawas and ,putawatomies #h1jjj ,putawatomies #a1djj ,menominees #d1bjj ,they are all east of the ,mississippi1 and chiefly found on the reservations in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,michigan1 and in the country between the ,wisconsin river and lake ,superior4 ,those tribes west of the ,mississippi river1 and along the region of the upper ,missouri river1 are as follows3 ,sioux #bg1ejj ,ioways #a1bjj ,sauks of ,missouri #ejj ,sauks and ,foxes #f1djj ,assinaboines #h1jjj ,crees #c1jjj ,gros ,ventres #c1jjj ,aurekaras #c1jjj ,cheyennes #b1jjj ,mandans #a1ejj ,black ,feet #cj1jjj ,camanches #g1jjj ,minatarees #a1ejj ,crows #d1ejj ,arrepahas and ,kiawas #a1djj ,caddoes #hjj ,snake and other tribes within the ,rocky mountains #bj1jjj ,west of the ,rocky mountains #hj1jjj ,the ,camanches1 ,arrepahas1 ,kiawas and ,caddoes roam over the great plains towards the sources of the ,arkansas and ,red rivers1 and through the northern parts of ,texas4 ,the ,black ,feet are towards the heads of the ,missouri4 ,monuments and ,antiquities4--,before dismissing the subject of the aborigines1 ,i shall touch very briefly on the monuments and antiquities of the west1--with strong convictions that there has been much exaggeration on this subject4 ,i have already intimated that the mounds of the west are natural formations1 but ,i have not room for the circumstances and facts that go to sustain this theory4 ,the number of objects considered as antiquities is greatly exaggerated4 ,the imaginations of men have done much4 ,the number of mounds on the ,american bottom in ,illinois1 adjacent to ,cahokia creek1 is stated by ,mr4 ,flint at #bjj4 ,the writer has counted all the elevations of surface for the extent of nine miles1 and they amount to #gb4 ,one of these1 ,monk hill1 is much too large1 and three fourths of the rest are quite too small for human labor4 ,the pigmy graves on the ,merrimeek1 ,mo41 in ,tennessee1 and other places1 upon closer inspection1 have been found to contain decayed skeletons of the ordinary size1 but buried with the leg and thigh bones in contact4 ,the giant skeletons sometimes found1 are the bones of buffalo4 ,it is much easier for waggish laborers to deposit old horse shoes and other iron articles where they are at work1 for the special pleasure of digging them up for credulous antiquarians1 than to find proofs of the existence of the horses that wore them6 ,there may1 or may not1 be monuments and antiquities that belong to a race of men of prior existence to the present race of ,indians4 ,all that the writer urges is1 that this subject may not be considered as settled2 that due allowance may be made for the extreme credulity of some1 and the want of personal observation and examination of other writers on this subject4 ,gross errors have been committed1 and exaggerations of very trivial circumstances have been made4 ,the antiquities belonging to the ,indian race are neither numerous or interesting1 unless we except the remains of rude edifices and enclosures1 the walls of which are almost invariably embankments of earth4 ,they are rude axes and knives of stone1 bottles and vessels of potter's ware1 arrow and spear heads1 rude ornaments1 c4 ,roman1 ,french1 ,italian1 ,german and ,english coins and medals1 with inscriptions1 have been found1--most unquestionably brought by ,europeans1--probably by the ,jesuits and other orders1 who were amongst the first explorers of the west1 and who had their religious houses here more than a century past4 ,copper and silver ornaments have been discovered in the mounds that have been opened4 ,the calumet1 or large stone pipe1 is often found in ,indian graves4 ,two facts deserve to be regarded by those who examine mounds and ,indian cemeteries4 ,first1 that the ,indians have been accustomed to bury their dead in these mounds4 ,secondly1 that they were accustomed to place various ornaments1 utensils1 weapons1 and other articles of value1 the property of the deceased1 in these graves1 especially if a chieftain1 or man of note4 ,a third fact known to our frontier people1 is the custom of several ,indian tribes wrapping their dead in strips of bark1 or encasing them with the halves of a hollow log1 and placing them in the forks of trees4 ,this was the case specially1 when their deaths occurred while on hunting or war parties4 ,at stated seasons these relics were collected1 with much solemnity1 brought to the common sepulchre of the tribe1 and deposited with their ancestors4 ,this accounts for the confused manner in which the bones are often found in mounds and ,indian graveyards4 ,human skeletons1 or rather mummies1 have been discovered in the nitrous caves of ,kentucky4 ,the huge bones of the mammoth and other enormous animals1 have been exhumed1 at the ,bigbone licks in ,kentucky and in other places4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,see ,pownal's ,administration of the ,british ,colonies1--,colden's ,history of the ,five ,nations1--,new ,york ,historical ,collections1 vol4 ,,ii41--,charlevoix ,histoire de la ,nouvelle ,france1--,hon4 ,de ,witt ,clinton's ,discourse before the ,n4 ,y4 ,historical ,society1 #ahaa1--;,discovery of the ,mississippi river1 by ,father ,lewis ,hennepin1--,m4 ,tonti's ,account of ,m4 ,de ,la ,salle's ,expedition1--,la ,harpe's ,journal1 c4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,western ,,pennsylvania4 ,the portion of ,pennsylvania lying west of the ,alleghany ridge1 contains the counties of ,washington1 ,greene1 ,fayette1 ,westmoreland1 ,alleghany1 ,beaver1 ,butler1 ,armstrong1 ,mercer1 ,venango1 ,crawford1 ,erie1 ,warren1 ,mc,kean1 ,jefferson1 ,indiana1 ,somerset1 and a part of ,cambria4 ,face of the ,country4--,somerset1 and parts of ,fayette1 ,westmoreland1 ,cambria1 ,indiana1 ,jefferson1 and ,mc,kean are mountainous1 with intervening vallies of rich1 arable land4 ,the hilly portions of ,washington1 and portions of ,fayette1 ,westmoreland1 and ,alleghany counties are fertile1 with narrow vales of rich land intervening4 ,the hills are of various shapes and heights1 and the ridges are not uniform1 but pursue various and different directions4 ,north of ,pittsburg1 the country is hilly and broken1 but not mountainous1 and the bottom lands on the water courses are wider and more fertile4 ,on ,french creek1 and other branches of the ,alleghany river there are extensive tracts of rich bottom1 or intervale lands1 covered with beech1 birch1 sugar maple1 pine1 hemlock1 and other trees common to that portion of the ,united ,states4 ,the pine forests in ,pennsylvania and ,new ,york1 about the heads of the ,alleghany river1 produce vast quantities of lumber1 which are sent annually to all the towns along the ,ohio and ,mississippi rivers4 ,it is computed that not less than thirty million feet of lumber are annually sent down the ,ohio from this source4 ,soil1 ,agriculture1 c4--,portions of the country are excellent for farming4 ,the glade lands1 as they are called1 in ,greene and other counties1 produce oats1 grass1 c41 but are not so good for wheat and corn4 ,those counties which lie towards lake ,erie are better adapted to grazing4 ,great numbers of cattle are raised here4 ,washington and other counties south of ,pittsburg produce great quantities of wool4 ,the ,monongahela has been famous for its whiskey1 but it is gratifying to learn that it is greatly on the decline1 and that its manufacture begins to be regarded as it should be1--ruinous to society4 ,a large proportion of the distilleries are reported to have been abandoned4 ,bituminous coal abounds in all the hills around ,pittsburg1 and over most parts of ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,iron ore is found abundantly in the counties along the ,alleghany1 and many furnaces and forges are employed in its manufactory4 ,salt springs abound on the ,alleghany1 and especially on the ,conemaugh and ,kiskiminitas1 where salt1 in large quantities1 is manufactured4 ,the natural advantages of ,western ,pennsylvania are great4 ,almost every knoll1 hill and mountain can be turned to some good account1 and its rivers1 canals1 rail and turnpike roads afford facilities for intercommunication1 and for transportation of the productions to a foreign market4 ,the advantages of this region for trade1 agriculture1 raising stock1 and manufacturing1 are great4 ,the streams furnish abundant mill-seats1 the air is salubrious1 and the morals of the community good4 ,till recently1 ,pennsylvania has been neglectful to provide for common schools4 ,a school system is now in successful operation1 and has a strong hold on the confidence and affections of the people in this part of the ,state4 ,internal ,improvements4--,pennsylvania has undertaken an immense system of internal improvements1 throughout the ,state4 ,the ,alleghany portage rail-road commences at ,hollidaysburgh1 on the ,juniata river1 at the termination of the eastern division of the great ,pennsylvania canal1 and crosses the ,alleghany ridge at ,blair's ,gap1 summit #cg miles1 to ,johnstown on the ,conemaugh4 ,here it connects with the western division of the same canal4 ,it ascends and descends the mountain by five inclined planes on each side1 overcoming in ascent and descent #begj feet1 #acih of which are on the eastern1 and #aagb on the western side of the mountain4 #efc feet are overcome by grading1 and #bjjg feet by the planes4 ,on this line1 also1 are four extensive viaducts1 and a tunnel #hgj feet long1 and #bj feet wide1 through the staple bend of the ,conemaugh river4 ,the western division of the ,pennsylvania canal commences at ,johnstown1 on the ,conemaugh1 pursues the course of that stream1 and also that of the ,kiskiminitas and ,alleghany rivers1 and finally terminates at ,pittsburg4 ,in its course from ,johnstown it passes through the towns of ,fairfield1 ,lockport1 ,blairsville1 ,saltzburg1 ,warren1 ,leechburg1 and ,freeport1 most of which are small villages1 but increasing in size and business4 ,the canal is #ajd miles in length3 lockage #dga feet1 #fd locks1 7exclusive of four on a branch canal to the ,alleghany17 #aj dams1 #a tunnel1 #af aqueducts1 #fd culverts1 #ci waste-wiers1 and #aeb bridges4 ,the canal commissioners1 in their reports to the legislature1 strongly recommend the extension of this division to the town of ,beaver1 so as to unite with the ,beaver division4 ,by a recent survey1 the distance was ascertained to be #be4jfe miles1 and the estimated cost of construction1 #bfc1hba4 ,this1 with a proposed canal from ,newcastle to ,akron1 on the ,ohio and ,erie canal1 will form a continuous inland communication between ,philadelphia and ,new ,orleans1 of #bdce miles1 with the exception of the passage over the ,alleghany portage rail-road1 of #cf4fi miles in length4#h ,it is #cie miles from ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg by this canal4 ,the ,beaver division of the ,pennsylvania canal commences at the town of ,beaver1 on the ,ohio river1 at the junction of the ,big ,beaver river1 #be-a_/b miles below ,pittsburg1 ascends the valley of that river1 thence up the ,chenango creek to its termination in ,mercer county1 a distance of #db4fh miles4 ,this work1 together with a feeder on ,french creek1 and other works now in progress1 are parts of a canal intended eventually to connect the ,ohio river with lake ,erie1 at the town of ,erie2 which1 when finished1 will probably be about #acj miles in length4 ,it is also proposed to construct a canal from ,newcastle1 on the ,beaver division1 #bd4ge miles above the town of ,beaver1 along the valley of the ,mahoning river1 to ,akron1 near the portage summit of the ,ohio and ,erie canal1 #he miles in length1 #h miles of which are in ,pennsylvania1 and the residue in ,ohio4 ,estimated cost1 #gfd1cgb4 ,the ,cumberland1 or ,national road1 crosses the south-western part of ,pennsylvania4 ,it passes through ,brownsville where it crosses the ,monongahela river1 and ,washington1 into a corner of ,virginia to ,wheeling1 where it crosses the ,ohio river1 and from thence through ,ohio1 ,indiana and ,illinois to the ,mississippi river1 or perhaps to the western boundary of ,missouri4 ,chief ,towns4--,brownsville1 situated on the east side of the ,monongahela river1 is in a romantic country1 surrounded with rich farms and fine orchards1 and contains about #abjj inhabitants4 ,it is at the head of steamboat navigation4 ,washington is the county seat of ,washington county1 surrounded with a fertile but hilly country1 contains about #bjjj inhabitants1 and has a respectable college4 ,cannonsburgh is situated on the west side of ,chartier's creek1 #h miles north of ,washington4 ,it also has a flourishing college1 with buildings in an elevated and pleasant situation4 ,uniontown is the county seat of ,fayette1 on the ,national road1 and contains about #aejj inhabitants4 ,greensburg is the seat of justice for ,westmoreland county1 on the great turnpike road from ,philadelphia by ,harrisburg to ,pittsburg1 and has about #hej inhabitants4 ,beaver is situated at the mouth of ,big ,beaver1 on the ,ohio1 with a population of #ajjj or #abjj1 and is a place of considerable business4 ,meadville is the seat of justice for ,crawford county1 situated near ,french creek1 and has about #abjj inhabitants4 ,here is a college established by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,alden1 some years since1 to which the late ,dr4 ,bentley of ,salem1 ,mass41 bequeathed a valuable library4 ,it is now under the patronage of the ,methodist ,episcopal church4 ,erie is a thriving town1 situated on the south side of lake ,erie1 one hundred and twenty miles north of ,pittsburg4 ,steamboats that pass up the lake from ,buffalo1 usually stop here1 from whence stage routes communicate with ,pittsburg1 and many other towns in the interior4 ,the portage from this place to the navigable waters of the ,alleghany river is fifteen miles over a turnpike road4 ,the population of ,erie is from #aejj to #bjjj1 and increasing4 ,waterford1 the place where the ,erie portage terminates1 is situated on the north bank of the ,french creek2 it is a place of considerable business4 ,french creek is a navigable branch of the ,alleghany river4 ,franklin1 ,kittanning1 and ,freeport1 are respectable towns on the ,alleghany river1 between ,pittsburg and ,meadville4 ,economy is the seat of the ,german colony1 under the late ,mr4 ,rapp1 which emigrated from their former residence of ,harmony on the ,wabash river in ,indiana4 ,it is a flourishing town on the right bank of the ,ohio1 #ah miles below ,pittsburg4 ,it has several factories1 a large church1 a spacious hotel1 and #hjj or #ijj inhabitants1 living in a community form1 under some singular regulations4 ,the ,economists1 or ,harmonists1 as they were called1 in ,indiana1 are an industrious1 moral and enterprising community1 with some peculiarities in their religious notions4 ,there are many other towns and villages in ,western ,pennsylvania1 of moral1 industrious inhabitants1 which the limits of this work will not permit me to notice4 ,,pittsburg is the emporium of ,western ,pennsylvania1 and from its manufacturing enterprise1 especially in iron wares1 has been denominated the ,birmingham of the ,west4 ,it stands on the land formed at the junction of the ,monongahela and ,alleghany rivers on a level alluvion deposit1 but entirely above the highest waters1 surrounded with hills4 ,this place was selected as the site of a fort and trading depot by the ,french1 about eighty years since1 and a small stockade erected1 and called ,fort du ,quesne1 to defend the country against the occupancy of it by the ,english1 and to monopolize the ,indian trade4 ,it came into the possession of the ,british upon the conquest of this country after the disastrous defeat of ,gen4 ,braddock2 and under the administration of the elder ,pitt1 a fort was built here under the superintendence of lord ,stanwix1 that cost more than #bfj1jjj1 and called ,fort ,pitt4 ,in #agfj1 a considerable town arose around the fort1 surrounded with beautiful gardens and orchards1 but it decayed on the breaking out of the ,indian war1 in #agfc4 ,the origin of the present town may be dated #agfe4 ,its plan was enlarged and re-surveyed in #aghd1 and then belonged to the ,penn family as a part of their hereditary manor4 ,by them it was sold4 ,the ,indian wars in the ,west retarded its growth for several years after1 but since1 it has steadily increased1 according to the following ,,table4 #ahjj1 #a1efe #ahaj1 #d1gfh #ahbj1 #g1bdh #ahcj1 #ab1edb #ahce1 estimated1 #cj1jjj ,the estimate of #ahce1 includes the suburbs4 ,the town is compactly built1 and some streets are handsome2 but the use of coal for culinary and manufacturing purposes1 gives the town a most dingy and gloomy aspect4 ,its salubrity and admirable situation for commerce and manufactures ensure its future prosperity and increase of population4 ,the exhaustless beds of coal in the bluffs of the ,monongahela1 and of iron ore1 which is found in great abundance in all the mountainous regions of ,western ,pennsylvania1 give it preeminence over other western cities for manufacturing purposes4 ,it really stands at the head of steamboat navigation on the waters of the ,ohio2 for the ,alleghany and ,monongahela rivers are navigable only at high stages of water1 and by the recent improvements in the channel of the ,ohio1 and the use of light draft boats1 the navigation to ,pittsburg is uninterrupted except in winter4 ,the suburbs of ,pittsburg are ,birmingham1 on the south bank of the ,monongahela1 ,alleghany town1 on the opposite side of the ,alleghany river1 and containing a population of about seven thousand1 ,lawrenceville1 ,northern and ,eastern ,liberties4 ,,manufactures4 ,nail ,factories and ,rolling ,mills4 ,weight in lbs4 ,value4 ,union1 #gbj1jjj #dc1bjj ,sligo1 #djj1jjj #cb1jjj ,pittsburg1 #ghb1hhg #hf1edd ,grant's ,hill1 #ejj1jjj #bj1jjj ,juniata1 #ejj1jjj #cj1jjj ,pine ,creek1 #deg1jjj #cd1ajj ,miscellaneous factories1 #cfj1jjj #bh1bjj ,the foregoing table was constructed in #ahca4 ,doubtless this branch of business has greatly increased4 ,the same year there were #ab foundries in and near ,pittsburg1 which converted #bifc tons of metal into castings1 employed #acb hands1 consumed #hg1jjj bushels of charcoal1 and produced the value of #ahi1fad4 ,the following sketch of manufactures in ,pittsburg and vicinity1 is copied from ,tanner's ,guide1 published in #ahcb3 ,steam engines #cg1 which employed #abc hands4 ,value1 #ahj1djj4 ,cotton factories #h1 with #cfi power-looms1 #eih hands2 value1 #cjj1acd4 ,in the counties of ,westmoreland and ,alleghany1 there are #e cotton factories4 ,in ,pittsburg and the two counties just named1 are #h paper mills1 valued at #afe1jjj4 ,in ,pittsburg and vicinity are #e steam mills1 which employ #ej hands4 ,value of their products annually1 #hj1jjj4 ,there are #e brass foundries and #h coppersmiths' shops4 ,value of the manufactures1 #be1jjj4 ,within the limits of the city1 there are #cj blacksmiths' shops1 which employ #acf hands4 ,there are also #d gunsmiths1 and #i silversmiths and watch repairers4 ,in ,pittsburg and the counties of ,westmoreland and ,alleghany1 there are #bf saddleries2 and #da tanneries1 #fd brick yards1 and #aa potteries4 ,there are in the city #d breweries1 and #d white lead manufactories1 at which #g1djj kegs are made annually2 value1 #bg1ijj4 ,there are #f printing-offices in ,pittsburg1 and #f more in the two counties4 ,the estimated value of the manufactures of every kind in ,pittsburg1 and the counties of ,alleghany and ,westmoreland1 in #ahca1 was #c1igh1dfi4 ,doubtless they have greatly increased since4 ,coal4--,the bituminous coal formations around ,pittsburg are well deserving the attention of geologists4 ,coal ,hill1 on the west side of the ,monongahela1 and immediately opposite ,pittsburg1 is the great source of this species of fuel1 and the miners1 in some places1 have perforated the hill to the distance of several hundred feet4 ,it is found in strata from #f inches to #aj or #ab feet in thickness1 and often at the height of #cjj feet above the bed of the river1 in the hills around ,pittsburg1 and along the course of the ,alleghany and ,monongahela4 ,below this one stratum1 which is of equal elevation1 none is found till you reach the base of the hill below the bed of the river4 ,besides supplying ,pittsburg1 large quantities are sent down the river4 ,there are in ,pittsburg1 7or were two years since7 three ,baptist churches1 or congregations1 one of which is of ,welch1 four ,presbyterian1 four ,methodist1 one ,episcopal1 one ,roman ,catholic1 7besides a cathedral on ,grant's ,hill17 one ,covenanter1 one ,seceder1 one ,german ,reformed1 one ,unitarian1 one ,associate ,reformed1 one ,lutheran1 one ,african1 and perhaps some others in the city or suburbs4 ,of the public buildings deserving notice1 ,i will name the ,western ,university of ,pennsylvania1 which stands on the ,monongahela1 near ,grant's ,hill2--the ,penitentiary1 in ,alleghany town1 which has cost the ,state an immense amount1 and is conducted on the principle of solitary confinement2--the ,presbyterian ,theological ,seminary is also in ,alleghany town2--the ,museum2--the ,united ,states ,arsenal1 about two miles above the city1 at ,lawrenceville4 ,it encloses four acres1 and has a large depot for ordnance1 arms1 c4 ,the ,city ,water ,works is a splendid monument of municipal enterprise4 ,the water is taken from the ,alleghany river1 by a pipe1 #ae inches in diameter1 and carried #b1dci feet1 and #aaf feet elevation1 to a reservoir on ,grant's ,hill1 capable of receiving #a1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,the water is raised by a steam-engine of #hd horse power1 and will raise #a1ejj1jjj gallons in #bd hours4 ,the aqueduct of the ,pennsylvania canal1 across the ,alleghany river1 is also deserving attention4 ,the inhabitants of ,pittsburg are a mixture of ,english1 ,french1 ,scotch1 ,irish1 ,german and ,swiss artisans and mechanics1 as well as of native born ,americans1 who live together in much harmony4 ,industry1 sobriety1 morality and good order generally prevail4 ,extensive revivals of religion prevailed here about a year since4 ,the population of ,western ,pennsylvania is characterized for industry1 frugality1 economy and enterprise4 ,temperance principles have made considerable progress of late years4 ,,western ,,virginia --,embraces all that part of ,virginia that lies upon the western waters4 ,the counties are ,brooke1 ,ohio1 ,monongalia1 ,harrison1 ,randolph1 ,russell1 ,preston1 ,tyler1 ,wood1 ,greenbrier1 ,kenawha1#i ,mason1 ,lewis1 ,nicholas1 ,logan1 ,cabell1 ,monroe1 ,pocahontas1 ,giles1 ,montgomery1 ,wythe1 ,grayson1 ,tazewell1 ,washington1 ,scott and ,lee3--#bf4 ,its principal river is the ,kenawha and its tributaries4 ,of these1 ,gaula1 ,new river and ,greenbrier are the principal4 ,new river is the largest1 and rises in ,north ,carolina4 ,the ,monongahela drains a large district2--the little ,kenawha1 ,guyandotte1 and ,sandy are smaller streams4 ,the latter separates ,virginia from ,kentucky for some distance4 ,much of ,western ,virginia is mountainous1 lying in parallel ridges1 which are often broken by streams4 ,some of the vallies are very fertile4 ,the ,kenawha ,valley is narrow1 but extends to a great distance4 ,the salt manufactories extend from ,charlestown up the ,kenawha1 the distance of #ab miles4 ,they are #bj in number1 and manufacture nearly two millions of bushels annually4 ,the river is navigable for steamboats to this point at an ordinary depth of water4 ,coal is used in the manufactories1 which is dug from the adjacent mountains1 and brought to the works on wooden railways4 ,seven miles above ,charlestown is the famous burning spring4 ,inflammable gas escapes1 which1 if ignited1 will burn with great brilliancy for many hours1 and even for several days1 in a favorable state of the atmosphere4 ,the ,state of ,virginia has constructed a tolerably good turnpike road from the mouth of the ,guyandotte1 on the ,ohio1 to ,staunton4 ,it passes through ,charlestown1 and along the ,kenawha river to the falls2--from thence it extends along the course of ,new river1 and across ,sewall's mountain by ,louisburg to ,staunton4 ,the falls of ,kenawha are in a romantic region1 and merit the attention of the traveller4 ,marshall's pillar is a singular projecting rock that overhangs ,new river1 #ajae feet above its bed4 ,the stage road passes near its summit4 ,this route is one of the great stage routes leading from the ,ohio ,valley to ,washington city1 and to all parts of old ,virginia4 ,the ,white ,sulphur1 ,red ,sulphur1 ,hot1 ,warm1 and ,sweet ,springs1 are in the mountainous parts of ,virginia1 and on this route4 ,these are all celebrated as watering places1 but the ,white ,sulphur spring is the great resort of the fashionable of the ,southern ,states4 ,let the reader imagine an extensive campground1 a mile in circumference1 the camps neat cottages1 built of brick1 or framed1 and neatly painted4 ,in the centre of this area are the springs1 bath-houses1 dining hall1 and mansion of the proprietor4 ,the cottages are intended for the accommodation of families1 and contain two rooms each4 ,this is by far the most extensive watering place in the ,union4 ,of the effect of such establishments on morals ,i shall say nothing4 ,the reader will draw his own conclusions1 when he understands that the card-table1 roulette1 wheel of fortune1 and dice-box are amongst its principal amusements4 ,here1 not unfrequently1 cotton bales1 negroes1 and even plantations1 change owners in a night4 ,the scenery around is highly picturesque and romantic4 ,declivities and mountains1 sprinkled over with evergreens1 are scattered in wild confusion4 ,a few miles from ,white ,sulphur springs1 you pass the dividing line--the ,alleghany ridge1 and pass from ,western into ,middle ,virginia4 ,chief ,towns4--,wheeling is the principal commercial town1 and a great thoroughfare1 in ,western ,virginia4 ,it has a large number of stores1 and commission warehouses2 and contains six or eight thousand inhabitants4 ,it is #ib miles by water1 and #ee miles by land1 from ,pittsburg4 ,it has manufactures of cotton1 glass1 and earthenware4 ,boats are built here4 ,the ,cumberland or ,national road crosses the ,ohio at this place1 over which a bridge is about to be erected4 ,the town is surrounded with bold1 precipitous hills1 which contain inexhaustible quantities of coal4 ,at extreme low water1 steamboats ascend no higher than ,wheeling4 ,charlestown1 ,wellsburgh1 ,parkersburgh1 ,point ,pleasant1 ,clarksburgh1 ,abington1 ,louisburg1 and many others1 are pleasant and thriving towns4 ,the climate of ,western ,virginia is preeminently salubrious4 ,the people1 in their manners1 have considerable resemblance to those of ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,there are fewer slaves1 less wealth1 more industry and equality1 than in the ,old ,dominion1 as ,eastern ,virginia is sometimes called4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,see ,mitchell's ,compendium of the ,internal ,improvements in the ,united ,states1 where much valuable information of the rail-roads and canals of the ,united ,states is found in a small space4 #i ,i have adopted the orthography of the legislature4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,michigan4 ,extent1--,situation1--,boundaries2----, face of the ,country2 ,rivers1 ,lakes1 c41 ,soil and ,productions2--,subdivisions1 ,counties2--,towns1 ,detroit2--,education2--,improvements projected2--,boundary ,dispute2--,outline of the ,constitution4 ,michigan is a large triangular peninsula1 surrounded on the east1 north and west1 by lakes1 and on the south by the ,states of ,ohio and ,indiana4 ,lake ,erie1 ,detroit river1 lake ,st4 ,clair1 and ,st4 ,clair river1 lie on the east for #adj miles2 lake ,huron on the north-east and north1 the straits of ,mackinaw on the extreme north-west1 and lake ,michigan on its western side4 ,its area is about #dj1jjj square miles4 ,face of the ,country4--,its general surface is level1 having no mountains1 and no very elevated hills4 ,still1 much of its surface is undulating1 like the swelling of the ocean4 ,along the shore of lake ,huron1 in some places1 are high1 precipitous bluffs1 and along the eastern shore of ,michigan are hills of pure sand1 blown up by the winds from the lake4 ,much of the country bordering on lakes ,erie1 ,huron1 and ,st4 ,clair1 is level1--somewhat deficient in good water1 and for the most part heavily timbered4 ,the interior is more undulating1 in some places rather hilly1 with much fine timber1 interspersed with oak openings1 plains1 and prairies4 ,the plains are usually timbered1 destitute of undergrowth1 and are beautiful4 ,the soil is rather gravelly4 ,the openings contain scattering timber in groves and patches1 and resemble those tracts called barrens farther south4 ,there is generally timber enough for farming purposes1 if used with economy1 while it costs but little labor to clear the land4 ,for the first ploughing1 a strong team of four or five yoke of oxen is required1 as is the case with prairie4 ,the openings produce good wheat4 ,the prairies1 will be described more particularly under the head of ,illinois4 ,in ,michigan they are divided into wet and dry4 ,the former possess a rich soil1 from one to four feet deep1 and produce abundantly all kinds of crops common to #db degrees of ,n4 latitude1 especially those on ,st4 ,joseph river4 ,the latter afford early pasturage for emigrants1 hay to winter his stock1 and with a little labor would be converted into excellent artificial meadows4 ,much of the land that now appears wet and marshy will in time be drained1 and be the first rate soil for farming4 ,a few miles back of ,detroit is a flat1 wet country for considerable extent1 much of it heavily timbered1--the streams muddy and sluggish1--some wet prairies1--with dry1 sandy ridges intervening4 ,the timber consists of all the varieties found in the ,western ,states2 such as oaks of various species1 walnut1 hickory1 maple1 poplar1 ash1 beech1 c41 with an intermixture of white and yellow pine4 ,rivers and ,lakes4--,in general1 the country abounds with rivers and small streams4 ,they rise in the interior1 and flow in every direction to the lakes which surround it4 ,the northern tributaries of the ,maumee rise in ,michigan1 though the main stream is in ,ohio1 and it enters the west end of lake ,erie on the debatable land4 ,proceeding up the lake1 ,raisin and then ,huron occur4 ,both are navigable streams1 and their head waters interlock with ,grand river1 or ,washtenong1 which flows into lake ,michigan4 ,river ,rouge enters ,detroit river1 a few miles below the city of ,detroit4 ,raisin rises in the county of ,lenawee1 and passes through ,monroe4 ,huron originates amongst the lakes of ,livingston1 passes through ,washtenaw1 and a corner of ,wayne1 and enters lake ,erie towards its north-western corner4 ,above ,detroit is river ,clinton1 which heads in ,oakland county1 passes through ,macomb1 and enters lake ,st4 ,clair4 ,passing by several smaller streams1 as ,belle1 ,pine1 and ,black rivers1 which fall into ,st4 ,clair river1 and going over an immense tract of swampy1 wet country1 between lake ,huron and ,saginaw bay1 in ,sanilac county1 we come to the ,saginaw river4 ,this stream is formed by the junction of the ,tittibawassee1 ,hare1 ,shiawassee1 ,flint1 and ,cass rivers1 all of which unite in the centre of ,saginaw county1 and form the ,saginaw river1 which runs north1 and enters the bay of the same name4 ,the ,tittibawassee rises in the country west of ,saginaw bay1 runs first a south1 and then a south-eastern course1 through ,midland county into ,saginaw county1 to its junction4 ,pine river is a branch of this stream1 that heads in the western part of ,gratiot county1 and runs north-east into ,midland4 ,hare1 the original name of which is ,waposebee1 commences in ,gratiot1 and the ,n4 ,w4 corner of ,shiawassee counties1 and runs an east and north-east course4 ,the heads of the ,shiawassee1 which is the main fork of the ,saginaw1 are found in the counties of ,livingston and ,oakland4 ,its course is northward4 ,flint river rises in the south part of ,lapeer county1 and runs a north-western course1 some distance past the centre of the county1 when it suddenly wheels to the south1 then to the west1 and enters ,genesee county1 through which it pursues a devious course towards its destination4 ,cass river rises in ,sanilac county1 and runs a western course4 ,these rivers are formed of innumerable branches1 and water an extensive district of country4 ,other smaller streams enter lake ,huron1 above ,saginaw bay2 but the whole country across to lake ,michigan is yet a wilderness1 and possessed by the ,indians4 ,doubtless it will soon be purchased1 surveyed and settled4 ,on the western side of the ,state are ,traverse1 ,ottawa1 ,betsey1 ,manistic1 ,pent1 ,white1 ,maskegon1 ,grand1 ,kekalamazoo1 and ,st4 ,joseph1 all of which fall into lake ,michigan4 ,those above ,grand river are beyond the settled portion of the ,state4 ,grand river is the largest in ,michigan1 being #bgj miles in length1 its windings included4 ,its head waters interlock with the ,pine1 ,hare1 ,shiawassee1 ,huron1 ,raisin1 ,st4 ,joseph and ,kekalamazoo4 ,a canal project is already in agitation to connect it with the ,huron1 and open a water communication from lake ,erie1 across the peninsula1 direct to lake ,michigan4 ,grand river is now navigable for batteaux1 #bdj miles1 and receives in its course1 ,portage1 ,red-,cedar1 ,looking-glass1 ,maple1 ,muscota1 ,flat1 ,thorn-,apple1 and ,rouge rivers1 besides smaller streams4 ,it enters lake ,michigan #bde miles south-westerly from ,mackinaw1 and #ge north of ,st4 ,joseph2--is between #ej and #fj rods wide at its mouth1 with #h feet water over its bar4 ,the ,ottawa ,indians own the country on its north side1 for #fj miles up4 ,much of the land on ,grand river and its tributaries1 is excellent1 consisting of six or seven thousand square miles2--and1 considering its central position in the ,state1--the general fertility of its soil1--the good harbor at its mouth1--the numerous mill sites on its tributaries1--this region may be regarded as one of the most interesting portions of ,michigan4 ,the ,kekalamazoo rises in ,jackson and ,eaton counties1 passes through ,calhoun1 and the northern part of ,kalamazoo1 enters the south-eastern part of ,allegan1 and passes diagonally through it to the lake4 ,there is much first-rate land1 timber1 prairie1 and openings1 on its waters1 and is rapidly settling4 ,the ,st4 ,joseph country is represented by some as the best country in ,michigan4 ,this stream has several heads in ,branch1 ,hillsdale1 ,jackson1 ,calhoun1 and ,kalamazoo counties1 which unite in ,st4 ,joseph county1 through which it passes diagonally to the south-west1 into ,indiana1--thence through a corner of ,elkhart county1 into ,st4 ,joseph of that ,state1 makes the ,south ,bend1 and then runs north-westerly1 into ,michigan1 through ,berrian county1 to the lake4 ,the town of ,st4 ,joseph is at its mouth4 ,it has ,pigeon1 ,prairie1 ,hog1 ,portage1 ,christianna1 ,dowagiake1 and ,crooked rivers for tributaries1 all of which afford good mill sites4 ,in ,cass and ,st4 ,joseph counties1 are ,four-mile1 ,beardsley1 ,townsend1 ,mc,kenny1 ,la ,grange1 ,pokagon1 ,young1 ,sturges1 ,notta-wa-,sepee1 and ,white ,pigeon prairies1 which are rich tracts of country1 and fast filling up with inhabitants4 ,michigan abounds with small lakes and ponds4 ,some have marshy and unhealthy borders2--others are transparent fountains1 surrounded with beautiful groves1 an undulating country1 pebbly and sandy shores1 and teeming with excellent fish4 ,the counties of ,oakland1 ,livingston1 ,washtenaw1 ,jackson1 ,barry1 and ,kalamazoo1 are indented with them4 ,productions4--,these are the same1 in general1 as those of ,ohio and ,new ,york4 ,corn and wheat grow luxuriantly here4 ,rye1 oats1 barley1 buckwheat1 potatoes1 and all the garden vegetables common to the climate1 grow well4 ,all the species of grasses are produced luxuriantly4 ,apples and other fruit abound in the older settlements1 especially among the ,french about ,detroit4 ,it will be a great fruit country4 ,subdivisions4--,michigan had been divided into #cc counties in #ahce1 some of which were attached to adjacent counties for judicial purposes4 ,other counties may have been formed since4 ,the following organized counties show the population of the ,state1 7then ,territory17 at the close of #ahcd4 ,dist4 from ,,counties4 ,population4 ,,seats ,,of ,,justice4 ,detroit4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,berrian1 #a1ghg ,berrian1 #ahj ,branch1 #gfd ,branch1 #acc ,calhoun1 #a1gad ,eckford1 #ajj ,cass1 #c1bhj ,cassopolis1 #afj ,jackson1 #a1hfe ,jacksonsburgh1 #gg ,kalamazoo1 #c1abd ,bronson1 #acg ,lenawee1 #g1iaa ,tecumseh1 #fc ,macomb1 #f1jee ,mount ,clemens1 #be ,monroe1 #h1edb ,monroe1 #cf ,oakland1 #ac1hdd ,pontiac1 #bf ,st4 ,clair1 #b1bdd ,st4 ,clair1 #fj ,st4 ,joseph1 #c1afh ,white ,pigeon1 #ace ,washtenaw1 #ad1ibj ,ann ,arbor1 #db ,wayne1 #af1fch ,detroit1 ------ ,total1 #he1hef ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the other counties are ,hillsdale1 ,van ,buren1 ,allegan1 ,barry1 ,eaton1 ,ingham1 ,livingston1 ,lapeer1 ,genesee1 ,shiawassee1 ,clinton1 ,ionia1 ,kent1 ,ottawa1 ,oceana1 ,gratiot1 ,isabella1 ,midland1 ,saginaw1 ,sanilac1 ,gladwin and ,arenac1 the population of which are included in the counties given in the table4 ,doubtless1 the population of ,michigan now 7,jan4 #ahcf7 exceeds one hundred thousand4 ,the counties are subdivided into incorporated townships1 for local purposes1 the lines of which usually correspond with the land surveys4 ,for the sales of public lands1 the ,state is divided into three land districts1 and land offices are established at ,detroit1 ,monroe1 and ,bronson4 ,chief ,towns4--,detroit is the commercial and political metropolis4 ,it is beautifully situated on the west side of the river ,detroit1 #ah miles above ,malden in ,canada1 and #h miles below the outlet of ,lake ,st4 ,clair4 ,a narrow street1 on which the wharves are built1 runs parallel with the river4 ,after ascending the bench or bluff1 is a street called ,jefferson ,avenue1 on which the principal buildings are erected4 ,the older dwellings are of wood1 but many have been recently built of brick1 with basements of stone1 the latter material being brought from ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,the primitive forest approaches near the town4 ,the table land extends #ab or #ae miles interior1 when it becomes wet and marshy4 ,along ,detroit river the ancient ,french settlements extend several miles1 and the inhabitants exhibit all the peculiar traits of the ,french on the ,mississippi4 ,their gardens and orchards are valuable4 ,the public buildings of ,detroit1 are a state house1 a council house1 an academy1 and two or three banking houses4 ,there are five churches for as many different denominations1 in which the ,episcopalians1 ,presbyterians1 ,baptists1 ,methodists1 and ,roman ,catholics worship4 ,the ,catholic congregation is the largest1 and they have a large cathedral4 ,stores and commercial warehouses are numerous1 and business is rapidly increasing4 ,town lots1 rents1 and landed property in the vicinity are rising rapidly4 ,lots have advanced1 within two or three years1 in the business parts of the city1 more than one thousand per cent4 ,mechanics of all descriptions1 and particularly those in the building line1 are much wanted here1 and in other towns in ,michigan4 ,the population is supposed to be about #aj1jjj1 and is rapidly increasing4 ,this place commands the trade of all the upper lake country4 ,monroe1 the seat of justice for ,monroe county1 is situated on the right bank of the river ,raisin1 opposite the site of old ,frenchtown4 ,two years since1 it had about #aej houses1 of which #bj or #cj were of stone1 and #afjj inhabitants4 ,there were also two flouring and several saw-mills1 a woollen factory1 an iron foundry1 a chair factory1 c41 and an abundant supply of water power4 ,the ,bank of the ,river ,raisin1 with a capital of #ajj1jjj1 is established here4 ,the ,presbyterians1 ,episcopalians1 ,baptists1 ,methodists1 and ,roman ,catholics have houses of worship and ministers here4 ,it was at this place1 or rather at ,frenchtown in its vicinity1 that a horrible massacre of ,american prisoners took place during the last war with ,great ,britain1 by the ,indians under ,gen4 ,proctor4 ,the sick and wounded were burned alive in the hospital1 or shot as they ran shrieking through the flames6 ,of the #gjj young men barbarously murdered here1 many were students at law1 young physicians1 and merchants1 the best blood of ,kentucky6 ,mount ,clemens1 ,brownstown1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,pontiac1 ,white ,pigeon1 ,tecumseh1 ,jacksonsburgh1 ,niles1 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,spring ,arbor1 and many others1 are pleasant villages1 and will soon become populous4 ,education4--,congress has made the same donations of lands1 as to other ,western ,states1 and will1 doubtless1 appropriate the same per centage on the sales of all public lands1 when the ,state is admitted into the ,union1 as has been appropriated to the other new ,states4 ,a respectable female academy is in operation at ,detroit4 ,the ,presbyterian denomination are about establishing a college at ,ann ,arbor1 the ,methodists a seminary at ,spring ,arbor1 the ,baptists one in ,kalamazoo county1 and the ,roman ,catholics1 it is said1 have fixed their post at ,bertrand1 a town on the ,st4 ,joseph river1 in the south-eastern corner of ,berrian county1 and near to the boundary line of ,indiana4 ,much sentiment and feeling exists in favor of education and literary institutions1 amongst the people4 ,improvements projected4--,a survey has been made for a rail-road across the peninsula of ,detroit1 through the counties of ,wayne1 ,washtenaw1 ,jackson1 ,calhoun1 ,kalamazoo1 ,van ,buren and ,berrian1 to the mouth of ,st4 ,joseph river4 ,another project is1 to commence at or near ,toledo on the ,maumee river1 and pass through the southern counties of ,michigan into ,indiana1 and terminate at ,michigan city4 ,a third project is1 to open a water communication from the navigable waters of ,grand river1 to ,huron river1 and1 by locks and slack water navigation1 enter lake ,erie4 ,a canal from the mouth of ,maumee ,bay to lake ,michigan1 has also been spoken of as a feasible project2--or one from the mouth of the river ,raisin to the ,st4 ,joseph1 would open a similar communication4 ,it has also been suggested to improve the river ,raisin by locks and slack water navigation4 ,doubtless not many years will elapse before some of these projects will prove realities4 ,boundary ,dispute4--,this unpleasant dispute between ,ohio and ,michigan1 relates to a strip of country about fifteen miles in width at its eastern1 and seven miles at its western end1 lying between the north-eastern part of ,indiana and the ,maumee ,bay4 ,a portion of the ,wabash and ,erie canal1 now constructing by ,indiana1 and which is dependent for its completion on either ,ohio or ,michigan1 passes over this territory4 ,michigan claims it by virtue of an ordinance of ,congress1 passed the #acth of ,july1 #aghg1 organizing the ,north-,western ,territory1 in which the boundaries of three ,states were laid off1 ,provided1 that the boundaries of these three ,states shall be subject so far to be altered1 that1 if ,congress shall hereafter find it expedient1 they shall have authority to form one or two ,states in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of lake ,michigan2--,ohio claims it by possession1 and because1 by being received into the ,union with this portion in possession1 ,congress virtually annulled that part of the former ordinance that fixed the south bend of lake ,michigan as the boundary line1 and by having run the line north of this4 ,outlines of the ,constitution4--,a convention assembled at ,detroit1 on the #aath of ,may1 #ahce1 and framed a constitution for a state government1 which was submitted to1 and ratified by vote of the people on the first ,monday in ,october4 ,the powers of the government are divided into three distinct departments2--the legislative1--the executive1--and the judicial4 ,the legislative power is vested in a ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,the representatives are to be chosen annually2 and their number cannot be less than #dh1 nor more than #ajj4 ,the senators are to be chosen every two years1 one half of them every year1 and to consist1 as nearly as may be1 of one third of the number of the representatives4 ,the census is to be taken in #ahcg1 and #ahde1 and every ten years after the latter period2 and also after each census taken by the ,united ,states1 the number of senators and representatives is to be apportioned anew among the several counties1 according to the number of white inhabitants4 ,the legislature is to meet annually1 on the first ,monday in ,january4 ,the executive power is to be vested in a governor1 who holds his office for two years4 ,upon a vacancy1 the lieutenant governor performs executive duties4 ,the first election was held on the first ,monday in ,october1 #ahce1 and the governor and lieutenant governor hold their offices till the first ,monday in ,january1 #ahch4 ,the judicial power is vested in one ,supreme ,court1 and in such other courts as the legislature may1 from time to time1 establish4 ,the judges of the ,supreme ,court are to be appointed by the governor1 with the advice and consent of the ,senate1 for the term of seven years4 ,judges of all county courts1 associate judges of circuit courts1 and judges of probate1 are to be elected by the people for the term of four years4 ,each township is authorized to elect four justices of the peace1 who are to hold their offices for four years4 ,in all elections1 every white male citizen above the age of #ba years1 having resided six months next preceding any election1 is entitled to vote at such election4 ,slavery1 lotteries1 and the sale of lottery tickets1 are prohibited4 ,the seat of government is to be at ,detroit1 or such other place or places as may be prescribed by law until the year #ahdg1 when it is to be permanently fixed by the legislature4 ,,ohio --,is bounded on the north by lake ,erie1 and the ,state of ,michigan1 east by ,pennsylvania and the ,ohio river1 south by the ,ohio river1 which separates it from ,virginia and ,kentucky1 and west by ,indiana4 ,the meanderings of the ,ohio river extend along the line of this ,state #dcf miles4 ,it is about #bbb miles in extent1 both from north to south1 and from east to west4 ,after excluding a section of lake ,erie1 which projects into its northern borders1 ,ohio contains about #dj1jjj square miles1 or #be1jjj1jjj acres of land4 ,divisions4--,nature has divided this ,state into four departments1--according to its principal waters4 #a4 ,the ,lake country1 situated on lake ,erie1 and embracing all its northern part4 ,its streams all run into the lake1 and reach the ,atlantic ocean through the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 #b4 ,the ,muskingum country1 on the eastern side1 and along the river of that name4 #c4 ,the ,scioto country1 in the middle1--and1 #d4 ,the ,miami country1 along the western side4 ,for civil purposes1 the ,state is divided into seventy-five counties1 and these are again subdivided into townships4 ,their names1 date of organization1 number of square miles1 number of organized townships1 seats of justice1 and bearing and distance from ,columbus1 are exhibited in the following ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,bearing ,and ,when ,square ,no4 of ,distance from ,,counties4 organized4,miles4,townships4,,seats ,,of ,,justice4 ,columbus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,adams1 #agig #eej #aj ,west ,union1 #aja s4 ,allen1 #ahca #edb -- ,lima1 #aaj n4 w4 ,ashtabula1 #ahaa #gjj #bg ,jefferson1 #bjj n4 w4 ,athens1 #ahje #gdj #ai ,athens1 #gc s4 e4 ,belmont1 #ahja #ecf #af ,st4 ,clairsville1 #aaf e4 ,brown1 #ahah #dgj #ad ,georgetown1 #ajd s4 ,butler1 #ahjc #dhj #ac ,hamilton1 #aja s4 w4 ,carroll1 #ahcc ,a ,a ,carrollton1 #abe e4 n4 e4 ,champaign1 #ahje #dag #ab ,urbanna1 #ej w4 n4 w4 ,clark1 #ahah #dab #aj ,springfield1 #dd w4 ,clermont1 #ahjj #eae #ab ,batavia1 #if s4 w4 ,clinton1 #ahaj #djj #h ,wilmington1 #fj s4 w4 ,columbiana1 #ahjc ,a ,a ,new ,lisbon1 #aej e4 n4 e4 ,coshocton1 #ahaa #efb #ba ,coshocton1 #fh n4 e4 ,crawford1 #ahbf #eid #ab ,bucyrus1 #fj n4 ,cuyahoga1 #ahaj #dge #ai ,cleveland1 #adj n4 n4 e4 ,dark1 #ahag #ffj #aj ,greenville1 #ic w4 ,delaware1 #ahjh #faj #bc ,delaware1 #bd n4 ,fairfield1 #ahjj #edj #ad ,lancaster1 #bh s4 e4 ,fayette1 #ahaj #dae #g ,washington1 #ch s4 w4 ,franklin1 #ahjc #ebj #ah ,,columbus1 ,gallia1 #ahjc #ejj #ae ,gallipolis1 #ajb s4 s4 e4 ,geauga1 #ahje #fjj #bc ,chardon1 #aeg n4 e4 ,greene1 #ahjc #djj #h ,xenia1 #ef w4 s4 w4 ,guernsey1 #ahaj #fba #ai ,cambridge1 #gf e4 ,hamilton1 #agij #djj #ad ,cincinnati1 #aaj s4 w4 ,hancock1 #ahbh #egf #e ,findlay1 #ij n4 n4 w4 ,hardin1 #ahcc #egj -- ,kenton1 #gj n4 n4 w4 ,harrison1 #ahac ,a-- #ac ,cadiz1 #abd e4 n4 e4 ,henry1 -- #gdd #b ,napoleon1 #afa n4 w4 ,highland1 #ahje #eee #aa ,hillsborough1 #fb s4 s4 w4 ,hocking1 #ahah #dcb #i ,logan1 #df s4 s4 e4 ,holmes1 #ahbe #dbb #ad ,millersburg1 #ha n4 e4 ,huron1 #ahae #hjj #bi ,norwalk1 #ajf n4 ,jackson1 #ahaf #dij #ac ,jackson1 #gc s4 s4 e4 ,jefferson1 #agig #djj #ac ,steubenville1 #adg e4 n4 e4 ,knox1 #ahjh #fah #bd ,mount ,vernon1 #dg n4 n4 e4 ,lawrence1 #ahag #dcj #ab ,burlington1 #acj s4 s4 e4 ,licking1 #ahjh #fff #be ,newark1 #cc e4 n4 e4 ,logan1 #ahah #dbe #i ,bellefontaine1 #ej n4 w4 ,lorain1 #ahbd #ehj #ai ,elyria1 #acj n4 n4 e4 ,lucas1,b #ahce -- ,toledo1 #aej n4 n4 w4 ,madison1 #ahaj #dhj #aj ,london1 #be w4 s4 w4 ,marion1 #ahbd #ebg #ae ,marion1 #de n4 ,medina1 #ahah #dge #ad ,medina1 #aaj n4 n4 e4 ,meigs1 #ahai #djj #ab ,chester1 #id s4 s4 e4 ,mercer1 #ahbd #egf #d ,st ,mary's1 #aaa n4 w4 ,miami1 #ahjg #daj #ab ,troy1 #fh n4 of w4 ,monroe1 #ahae #efc #ah ,woodsfield1 #abj e4 s4 e4 ,montgomery1 #ahjc #dhj #ab ,dayton1 #fh w4 ,morgan1 #ahai #ejj #ae ,m',connelsville1 #ge s4 e4 ,muskingum1 #ahjd #ffe #bc ,zanesville1 #eb e4 ,paulding1,c -- #dcb #c #agj n4 w4 ,perry1 #ahah #djb #ab ,somerset1 #df e4 s4 e4 ,pickaway1 #ahaj #dgj #ad ,circleville1 #bf s4 ,pike1 #ahae #dba #i ,piketon1 #fd s4 ,portage1 #ahjg #gej #cj ,ravenna1 #ace n4 e4 ,preble1 #ahjh #dcb #ab ,eaton1 #ej w4 ,putnam1,c -- #egf #b #adh n4 w4 ,richland1 #ahac #ijj #be ,mansfield1 #gd n4 n4 e ,ross1 #agih #fej #af ,chillicothe1 #de s4 ,sandusky1 #ahbj #fjj #aj ,lower ,sandusky1 #aje n4 ,scioto1 #ahjc #gjj #ad ,portsmouth1 #ij s4 ,seneca1 #ahbd #edj #aa ,tiffin1 #hg n4 ,shelby1 #ahai #dah #aj ,sidney1 #gj n4 w4 ,stark1 #ahji ,a #af ,canton1 #aaf n4 e4 ,trumbull1 #ahjj #hge #cd ,warren1 #afj n4 e4 ,tuscarawas1 #ahjh ,a #ai ,new ,philadelphia1#ajj e4 n4 e4 ,union1 #ahbj #dej #i ,marysville1 #cj n4 w4 ,vanwert1,c -- #dcb -- #ajj n4 w4 ,warren1 #ahjc #djj #i ,lebanon1 #hj s4 w4 ,washington1 #aghh #gac #ai ,marietta1 #ajf s4 e4 ,wayne1 #ahab #ffj #bj ,wooster1 #hi n4 e4 ,williams1 #ahbd #fjj #aj ,defiance1 #acj n4 w4 ,wood1 #ahbj #gej #g ,perrysburg1 #ace n4 w4 ,a ,carroll county has been formed from ,columbiana1 ,harrison1 ,stark and ,tuscarawas since the edition of the ,ohio ,gazetteer of #ahcc was published1 from which the foregoing table has been constructed4 ,hence the townships in each are not given4 ,b ,lucas county has been recently formed from parts taken from ,sandusky and ,wood counties1 and from the disputed country claimed by ,michigan4 ,c ,paulding1 ,putnam1 and ,vanwert counties had not been organized at the period of our information4 ,much of the land in ,vanwert is wet4 ,the southern portion contains much swampy prairie4 ,there are nineteen congressional districts in ,ohio1 which elect as many members of ,congress1 and twelve circuits for ,courts of ,common ,pleas4 ,face of the ,country4--,the interior and northern parts of the ,state bordering on lake ,erie1 are generally level1 and1 in some places1 wet and marshy4 ,the eastern and south-eastern parts bordering on the ,ohio river1 are hilly and broken1 but not mountainous4 ,in some counties the hills are abrupt and broken1--in others they form ridges1 and are cultivated to their summits4 ,immediately on the banks of the ,ohio and other large rivers are strips of rich alluvion soil4 ,the country along the ,scioto and two ,miamies1 furnish more extensive bodies of rich1 fertile land1 than any other part of the ,state4 ,the prairie land is found in small tracts near the head waters of the ,muskingum and ,scioto1 and between the sources of the two ,miami rivers1 and especially in the north-western part of the ,state4 ,many of the prairies in ,ohio are low and wet2--some are elevated and dry1 and exhibit the features of those tracts called barrens in ,illinois4 ,there are extensive plains1 some of which are wet1 towards ,sandusky4 ,soil and ,productions4--,the soil1 in at least three fourths of the ,state1 is fertile2--and some of it very rich4 ,the poorest portion of ,ohio1 is along the ,ohio river1 from #ae to #be miles in width1 and extending from the ,national road opposite ,wheeling1 to the mouth of the ,scioto river4 ,many of the hills in this region are rocky4 ,among the forest trees are oak of various species1 white and black walnut1 hickory1 maple of different kinds1 beech1 poplar1 ash of several kinds1 birch1 buckeye1 cherry1 chestnut1 locust1 elm1 hackberry1 sycamore1 linden1 with numerous others4 ,amongst the under growth are spice-bush1 dogwood1 ironwood1 pawpaw1 hornbeam1 black-haw1 thorn1 wild plum1 grape vines1 c4 ,the plains and wet prairies produce wild grass4 ,the agricultural productions are such as are common to the ,eastern and ,middle ,states4 ,indian corn1 as in other ,western ,states1 is a staple grain1 raised with much ease1 and in great abundance4 ,more than #ajj bushels are produced from an acre1 on the rich alluvial soils of the bottom lands1 though from #dj to #ej bushels per acre ought to be considered an average crop4 ,the ,state generally has a fine soil for wheat1 and flour is produced for exportation in great quantities4 ,rye1 oats1 buckwheat1 barley1 potatoes1 melons1 pumpkins1 and all manner of garden vegetables1 are cultivated to great perfection4 ,no markets in the ,united ,states are more profusely and cheaply supplied with meat and vegetables than those of ,cincinnati and other large towns in ,ohio4 ,hemp is produced to some extent1 and the choicest kinds of tobacco is raised and cured in some of the counties east of the ,muskingum river4 ,fruits of all kinds are raised in great plenty1 especially apples1 which grow to a large size1 and are finely flavored4 ,the vine and the mulberry have been introduced1 and with enterprise and industry1 wine and silk might easily be added to its exports4 ,animals4--,bears1 wolves1 and deer are still found in the forests and unsettled portions of the ,state4 ,the domestic animals are similar to other ,states4 ,swine is one of the staple productions1 and ,cincinnati has been denominated the pork market of the world4 ,other towns in the west1 and in ,ohio1 are beginning to receive a share of this trade1 especially along the lines of the ,miami1 and the ,erie canals4 #aej1jjj hogs have been slaughtered and prepared for market in one season in ,cincinnati4 ,about #ge1jjj is the present estimated number1 from newspaper authority4 ,immense droves of fat cattle are sent every autumn from the ,scioto valley and other parts of the ,state4 ,they are driven to all the markets of the east and south4 ,minerals4--,the mineral deposits of ,ohio1 as yet discovered1 consist principally in iron1 salt1 and bituminous coal1 and are found chiefly along the south-eastern portion of the ,state4 ,let a line be drawn from the south-eastern part of ,ashtabula county1 in a south-western direction1 by ,northampton in ,portage county1 ,wooster1 ,mount ,vernon1 ,granville1 ,circleville1 to ,hillsborough1 and thence south to the ,ohio river in ,brown county1 and it would leave most of the salt1 iron and coal on the eastern and south-eastern side4 ,financial ,statistics4--,from the ,auditor's ,report to the ,legislature now in session1 7,jan4 #ahcf17 the following items are extracted4 ,the general revenue is obtained from moderate taxes on landed and personal property1 and collected by the county treasurers1--from insurance1 bank and bridge companies1 from lawyers and physicians1 c4 ,collected in #ahce1 by the several county treasurers1 #aej1jhj1 7omitting fractions73 paid by banks1 bridges1 and insurance companies1 #bf1jfj2--;by lawyers1 and physicians1 #a1eih2--other sources1 #bd1jbh1--making an aggregate of #bja1gff4 ,the disbursements are1--amount of deficit for #ahcd1 #af1fbb2--;bills redeemed at the treasury for the year ending ,nov4 #ahce1 #ahb1jje2--;interest paid on school funds1 #cc1aja1 c41 amounting to #bce1cfe--;and showing a deficit in the revenue of #cc1eij4 ,,canal ,,funds4 ,these appear to be separate accounts from the general receipts and disbursements4 ,miami ,canal4--,the amount of money arising from the sales of ,miami canal lands up to the #aeth of ,nov41 #ahce1 is #caj1agh4 ,this sum has been expended in the extension of the canal north of ,dayton4 ,ohio ,canal4--,the amount of taxes collected for canal purposes for the year #ahce1 including tolls1 sales of canal lands1 school lands1 balance remaining in the treasury of last year1 c41 is #eji1cbb4 ,only #ch1bdb of the general revenue were appropriated to canal purposes1 of which #ce1ejg went to pay interest on the school funds borrowed by the ,state4 ,the foreign debt is #d1djj1jjj2--the legal interest of which is #bfj1jjj per annum4 ,the domestic debt of the ,state1 arising from investing the different school funds1 is #egi1bhg2--the interest of which amounts to #cd1geg1--making an aggregate annual interest paid by the ,state on loans1 #bid1geg4 ,the canal tolls for the year #ahce1 amount to #bdb1ceg1 and the receipts from the sale of ,ohio canal lands1 #fd1edi1--making an aggregate income to the canal fund of #cjf1ijf per annum2--a sum more than sufficient to pay the interest on all loans for canal purposes4 ,items of ,expenditure4--,under this head the principal items of the expenditures of the ,state government are given4 ,members1 and officers of the ,general ,assembly1 per annum1 #dc1ihg ,officers of government1 #bj1hbh ,keeper of the ,penitentiary1 #a1iji ,for new ,penitentiary buildings1 #df1jej ,state printing1 #ab1bdc ,paper and ,stationary for use of the ,state1 #d1dgh ,certificates for wolf scalps1 #b1hbd ,adjutant1 and ,quarter ,master ,generals1 and ,brigade ,inspectors1 #b1bgf ,treasurer's mileage on settlement with the ,auditor of ,state1 #a1jbg ,deaf and ,dumb ,asylum1 #e1gjj ,periodical works1 c4 #djj ,postage on documents1 #ede ,reporter to ,court in ,bank1 #cjj ,members and clerks of the ,board of ,equalization1 and articles furnished1 #a1ifj ,paymaster ,general1--,ohio ,militia1 #b1jjj ,the extra session of the legislature on the boundary line1 in ,june1 #ahce1 was #f1hbc4 ,land ,taxes4--,the amount of lands taxed1 and the revenue arising therefrom1 at several different periods1 are herewith given1 to show the progressive advance of the farming and other interests of the ,state4 ------------------------------------ ,years4 ,acres4 ,taxes paid4 ------------------------------------ #ahji #i1ibd1jcc #fc1iia4hg cts #ahaj #aj1dgi1jbi #fg1eja4fj #ahaa #ab1acd1ggg #agj1edf4gd ,from #ahaa to #ahaf1 the average increase of the taxes1 paid by the several counties1 was #ei1cea4 ,from #ahaf the ,state rose rapidly in the scale of prosperity and the value of property4 ,in #ahbj1 the number of acres returned as taxable1 exceeded a fraction of #ac millions1 while the aggregate of taxes1 was #bje1cdf4 ,the period of depression and embarrassment that followed throughout the west1 prevented property from advancing in ,ohio4 ,in #ahbf1 '#bg1 '#bh1 '#bi1 '#cj1 a material change in the amount of property taxable took place1 from a few hundred thousands1 to more than fifty millions4 ,the total value of taxable property of the ,state for #ahce1 7exclusive of three counties from which returns had not been received17 amounts to the sum of ninety-four millions1 four hundred and thirty-seven thousand1 nine hundred and fifty-one dollars4 ,school ,funds4--,the amount of school funds loaned to the ,state1 up to ,nov4 #aeth1 #ahce1 is-- ,virginia ,military land fund1 #aji1icg ,united ,states ,military land fund1 #ij1abf ,common ,school fund1 #bc1agi ,athens ,university1 #a1dca ,school section1 ,no4 #af1 #dec1jjj ,connecticut ,western ,reserve1 #abe1geh -------- ,total1 #hjc1dcb ,the following tabular view of the acres of land1 total amount of taxable property1 and total amount of taxes paid for #ahcc1 is taken from the ,ohio ,gazetteer4 ,it should be noted that in all the ,western ,states1 lands purchased of the government of the ,united ,states1 are exempted from taxation for five years after sale4 ,it is supposed that such lands are not included in the table4 ,i have also placed the population of each county for #ahcj1 from the census of that year2--reminding the reader that great changes have since been made4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,total ,amount ,population ,acres of of taxable ,total ,amount ,counties4 #ahcj4 land4 property4 of ,taxes paid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,adams #ab1bca #bcd1hbb #hcb1efe #f1iie4da ,allen #egh #ad1aei #ea1bad #gbe4bh ,ashtabula #ad1ehd #ddi1gdb #a1cdg1ijj #ac1ebd4ig ,athens #i1ghg #cfe1cdh #dha1egi #e1hbj4ij ,belmont #bh1fbg #cja1eaa #a1eia1gaf #aa1eij4cc ,brown #ag1hfg #bfg1acj #a1ceh1idd #h1agi4ce ,butler #bg1adb #beg1ihi #b1ead1jjg #bj1aaa4ee ,carroll ---- #ahe1idb #ebi1ege #f1hgf4ib ,champaign #ab1aca #bcc1dic #ijh1ega #e1ief4ff ,clark #ac1aad #bdg1jhc #a1aad1iie #g1gdd4hi ,clermont #bj1dff #bhj1fgi #a1edb1fbg #ae1fde4ca ,clinton #aa1dcf #bci1djd #ghe1ggj #f1dhb4ad ,columbiana #ce1eib #cag1gif #a1dia1jii #ad1bag4bh ,coshocton #aa1afa #bdf1abc #hej1gjh #i1cjg4bh ,crawford #d1gia #gi1ehb #bag1fge #c1fcj4ji ,cuyahoga #aj1cgc #bib1beb #a1dja1eia #ah1abb4if ,dark #f1bjd #ajg1gcj #bfj1bei #c1cab4ha ,delaware #aa1ejd #cch1hef #hca1jic #h1eaf4ff ,fairfield #bd1ghf #cjh1afc #a1iib1fig #ac1gaf4ig ,fayette #h1ahb #bcd1dcb #edd1eci #f1dbh4ih ,franklin #ad1gda #cbe1aee #a1ffc1cae #ac1bdg4cd ,gallia #i1gcc #bje1gbg #dbg1ifb #d1hbf4ee ,geauga #ae1hac #cha1chj #a1dbg1hfi #ae1hcb4fe ,greene #ad1hja #bea1eab #a1dda1ijg #ab1jhb4cf ,guernsey #ah1jcf #bge1feb #ijh1aji #i1hee4gb ,hamilton #eb1cag #bci1abb #g1gbf1jia #ig1ecj4db ,hancock #hac #i1cjb #ej1ibi #dba4gj ,harden #baj #abe1fjg #aah1dbe #a1bia4dc ,harrison #bj1iaf #bb1dab #a1jbe1baj #ab1djj4ig ,highland #af1cde #cag1jgi #a1jfe1hfc #h1gee4bi ,hocking #d1jjh #ib1ccb #bae1bgb #a1iai4bi ,holmes #i1ace #ahb1dci #eef1jfj #f1cfd4jc ,huron #ac1cdf #ejd1fhi #a1eab1fee #ae1dij4hh ,jackson #e1ida #eg1hgd #aig1icb #b1bci4fi ,jefferson #bb1dhi #bcj1ade #a1hee1jfd #ac1adi4dd ,knox #ag1jhe #cac1hbc #a1beb1bid #ac1cbi4da ,lawrence #e1cfg #ef1hfb #bda1ghb #b1bhj4hj ,licking #bj1hfi #cic1bje #b1aja1die #ag1cgj4hc ,logan #f1ddj #bjc1eji #eai1fbb #c1ibe4fe ,lorain #e1fif #cfj1hfc #hhi1eeb #aj1eci4ji ,madison #f1aij #bef1dba #fjj1egh #d1fdc4ia ,marion #f1eea #afh1afd #cij1fjb #e1eii4gh ,medina #g1efj #bif1beg #ica1eii #aj1aih4ca ,meigs #f1aeh #bbi1jjd #chj1agb #e1aaa4eh ,mercer #a1aaj #ab1fhh #ed1aah #gad4cj ,miami #ab1hjg #bdj1jic #a1jjj1gdh #f1dbc4ji ,monroe #h1gfh #ie1ebj #bhj1egb #c1fff4fa ,montgomery #bd1cfb #bfg1cdi #b1bic1dai #ad1fdi4ab ,morgan #aa1hjj #afi1ace #deb1iia #d1ide4jb ,muskingum #bi1ccd #cff1fji #b1cfb1faf #ah1efg4ge ,perry #ac1igj #age1abc #gbi1bda #f1aaf4ee ,pickaway #af1jja #cjj1ifi #a1gih1ffe #aj1ibd4gf ,pike #f1jbd #abi1aec #eba1aji #d1aad4cg ,portage #ah1hbf #dgb1aef #b1jai1jbi #ag1ghg4jf ,preble #af1bia #bdf1fgh #a1jhf1cbb #g1dda4hb ,richland #bd1jjh #dcc1fbj #a1ced1afi #ae1jfi4ib ,ross #bd1jfh #cbh1gfe #b1hig1fje #ag1dgd4ha ,sandusky #b1hea #ie1hbb #bge1iib #c1ced4fd ,scioto #h1gdj #aje1eci #ifc1hhb #g1ibf4ic ,seneca #f1aei #ajh1geh #cjb1jhi #c1iaf4ea ,stark #bf1ehh #cgd1aja #a1hed1ifg #af1cfa4cf ,shelby #c1fga #ff1hfc #aid1dfh #a1ifa4bf ,trumbull #bf1abc #eef1jaa #a1hjg1gib #af1fce4eh ,tuscarawas #ad1bih #bcg1ccg #ijb1ggh #h1iee4ge ,union #c1aib #bei1aja #chj1ece #e1aic4fh ,warren #ba1dfh #bdc1eag #b1adc1jfe #af1bdg4cc ,washington #aa1gca #bhb1dih #fha1cja #g1dfc4ab ,wayne #bc1ccc #chb1bed #a1dea1iif #ad1ehd4gg ,williams and #a1jhi #ag1gig #ij1jff #a1cea4jb others not incor4 ,wood #a1ajb #ag1iha #abg1hfb #a1egb4bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,total #icg1ijc #ag1acc1dha #gh1jai1ebf #gcj1jaj4ge ,,ohio ,,statistics--#ahcf4 ,from the ,annual ,report of the ,auditor of ,state1 it appears there were returned on the ,general ,list for ,taxation1 #ag1hai1fca acres of land1 under the new valuation1 made under the law of #ahcc-d4 ,lands1 including buildings1 valued at #eh1aff1hba ,town ,lots1 including houses1 mills1 etc4 #ae1gfb1eid #bfi1bia ,horses1 valued at #dj each1 #aj1dia1fdj #dee1dhg ,cattle1 valued at #h each1 #d1jdc1hif ,merchants' capital1 and money at interest1 #g1bfb1ibg #b1fjc ,pleasure ,carriages1 valued at #aii1eah ----------- ,total amount of taxable property1 #id1dch1jaf ,on the value of taxable property1 the following taxes were levied3 ,state and ,canal tax1 #adb1hed4ae ,county and ,school tax1 #cif1eje4hj ,road tax1 #ff1dhb4af ,township tax1 #ajb1iia4fe ,corporation1 ,jail1 and ,bridge tax1 #ea1bgf4hi ,physicians' and ,lawyers' tax1 #c1add4ai ,school-,house tax1 #a1dhb4hd ,delinquencies of former years1 #ac1jdd4cg ----------- ,total taxes1 #ggg1ghb4jg ,no returns were made from the counties of ,crawford1 ,hancock1 ,jefferson and ,williams4 ,,canal ,,revenues4 ,the total amount of receipts for tolls1 for the year ending on the #cast of ,october1 #ahce1 was as follows3 ,,ohio ,,canal4 ,cleaveland1 #gb1gah4gb ,newark1 #bj1dhg4he ,akron1 #f1cfb4ij ,columbus1 #d1fje4cg ,massillon1 #ac1ehe4gh ,circleville1 #i1fea4dd ,dover1 #h1jif4db ,chillicothe1 #ab1acd4ge ,roscoe1 #ad1eee4hc ,portsmouth1 #bc1aah4gh ---------- ---------- #aae1cai4de #fi1iih4jj #aae1cai4de ----------- ,total1 #ahe1cag4de ,,miami ,,canal4 ,dayton1 #ad1jaf4ge ,middleton1 #h1gdg4ai ,hamilton1 #c1ffd4hh ,cincinnati1 #be1hjc4gg ---------- ,total1 #eb1bcb4ei ---------- ,total tolls received on both canals1 #bcg1eej4jd ,deduct contingent expenses on ,ohio canal1 #e1hcf4je ,do4 on ,miami canal1 #b1ied4fh--h1gij4gc ------------ #bbh1gei4ca ,toll received on ,lancaster ,lat4 ,canal1 #a1jfb4ef ,from water rents and sale of ,state ,lots1 #c1gjj4jg ,arrearages paid of ,tolls received in ,october1 #ahcd1 #g1hce4bf ----------- #bdb1ceg4bj ,,population ,,of ,,ohio ,,at ,,different ,,periods4 ,in ,population4 ,from ,increase4 #agij1 about #c1jjj #agij to #ahjj1 #db1cfe #ahjj1 #de1cfe #ahjj #ahaj1 #ahe1cie #ahaj1 #bcj1gfj #ahaj #ahbj1 #cej1fgd #ahbj1 #eha1dcd #ahbj #ahcj1 #cef1dfi #ahcj1 #icg1ijc #ahcj #ahce1 #dcg1jig #ahce1 estimated1 #a1cge1jjj ,rivers4--,the streams which flow into the ,ohio river1 are the ,mahoninga branch of the ,beaver1 ,little ,beaver1 ,muskingum1 ,hockhocking1 ,scioto1 ,little ,miami1 and ,great ,miami4 ,those which flow from the northward into lake ,erie1 are the ,maumee1 ,portage1 ,sandusky1 ,huron1 ,cuyahoga1 ,grand1 and ,ashtabula4 ,hence the ,state is divided into two unequal inclined planes1 the longest of which slopes towards the ,ohio1 and the shortest towards the lake4 ,the head waters of the ,muskingum1 ,scioto and ,miami1 interlock with those of the ,cuyahoga1 ,sandusky1 and ,maumee1 so as to render the construction of canals not only practicable1 but comparatively easy4 ,all the large streams are now navigable for boats during the spring season4 ,internal ,improvements4--,these consist of canals1 rail-roads1 turnpike roads1 and the ,national road1 now under the supervision of1 and owned by1 the ,state4 ,the canalling is managed by a ,board of ,commissioners4 ,the ,state canals were projected about #ahbc1 and1 considering the youthful character of the ,state1 its want of funds and other circumstances1 they are1 undoubtedly1 the greatest works ever executed in ,america4 ,the ,ohio and ,erie ,canal connects lake ,erie with the ,ohio river4 ,it commences at ,cleaveland1 at the mouth of the ,cuyahoga1 passes along that river and its tributaries1 to the summit level1 from thence to the waters of the ,muskingum1 and to the border of ,muskingum county2 from thence it strikes across the country past ,newark1 in ,licking county1 and strikes the ,scioto1 down the valley of which it proceeds to its mouth1 at ,portsmouth4 ,the principal places on the canal are ,akron1 ,new ,portage1 ,massillon1 ,bolivar1 ,new ,philadelphia1 ,coshocton1 ,newark1 ,bloomfield1 ,circleville1 ,chillicothe1 ,piketon1 and ,portsmouth4 ,it was commenced on the #dth of ,july1 #ahbe1 and completed in #ahcb2 and1 together with the ,miami canal to ,dayton1 cost about #e1ejj1jjj1 and has greatly enriched the ,state and the people4 ,private property along its line has risen from five to ten fold4 ,,length ,,of ,,ohio ,,and ,,erie ,,canal4 ,miles4 ,main trunk from ,cleaveland to ,portsmouth1 #caj ,navigable feeder from main trunk to ,columbus1 #aa ,navigable feeder from main trunk to ,granville1 #f ,muskingum side cut1 from the ,muskingum river at ,dresden1 #c ,navigable feeder from the ,tuscarawas river1 #c ,navigable feeder from the ,walhonding river1 #a --- ,total length of ,ohio canal and branches1 #ccd ,the ,miami ,canal commences at ,cincinnati1 and1 passing through the towns of ,reading1 ,hamilton1 ,middletown1 ,franklin1 and ,miamisburg1 terminates at ,dayton1 #fe miles4 ,it has been navigated from ,dayton to the head of ,main street1 ,cincinnati1 since the spring of #ahbi4 ,an extension of the work is now in progress1 to be carried along the vallies of ,st4 ,mary's and ,au ,glaise rivers1 and unite with the ,wabash and ,erie canal1 at ,defiance2 distance from ,cincinnati about #aij miles4 ,an act passed the ,ohio legislature in #ahcd1 for continuing the ,wabash and ,erie canal1 7now constructing in ,indiana1 by that ,state17 from the western boundary of ,ohio1 to the ,maumee bay4 ,operations have been suspended by the boundary dispute with ,michigan4 ,the ,mahoning and ,beaver ,canal has already been noticed1 under the head of ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,it is proposed to carry it from ,akron1 on the ,portage summit1 along the valley of the ,mahoning river1 to ,newcastle1 on the ,beaver division of the ,pennsylvania canal4 ,distance in ,ohio1 #gg miles4 ,the work is in progress4 ,the ,sandy ,creek and ,little ,beaver ,canal is in progress by a chartered company4 ,it commences near the town of ,bolivar1 on the ,ohio and ,erie canal1 in ,tuscarawas county1 and passes along near the line of ,stark and ,carroll counties to the ,little ,beaver in ,columbiana county1 and from thence to the ,ohio river4 ,the ,mad ,river and ,sandusky ,rail-,road will extend from ,dayton1 on the ,miami canal1 to ,sandusky1 through ,springfield1 ,urbanna1 ,bellefontaine1 ,upper ,sandusky1 ,tiffin1 and down the valley of the ,sandusky river to lake ,erie4 ,the route is remarkably favorable for locomotive power4 ,length #aec miles2 estimated cost1 #aa1jjj per mile4 ,the work was commenced in ,september1 #ahce4 ,the ,erie and ,ohio ,rail-,road is intended to be constructed from ,ashtabula on the lake1 through ,warren to ,wellsville1 on the ,ohio river1 a distance of #ij miles4 ,other rail-roads are in contemplation in this ,state1 the most important of which is the ,great ,western ,rail-,road1 from ,boston1 by ,worcester1 ,springfield1 and ,stockbridge1 through ,new ,york1 by ,albany1 ,utica and ,buffalo1 along the summit ridge1 dividing the northern from the southern waters1 through ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 to intersect the ,wabash and ,erie canal at ,la ,fayette1 in ,indiana4 ,from thence provision is already made for it to pass to the eastern boundary of ,illinois1 from which1 a company has been recently chartered to construct it across the ,state of ,illinois by ,danville1 ,shelbyville1 ,hillsborough1 to ,alton on the ,mississippi4 ,it must be some untoward circumstance that shall prevent this splendid work from being completed the whole length before #ahej4 ,the project of a rail-road from ,cincinnati1 to ,charleston in ,south ,carolina1 has been entered upon with great spirit in the ,south1 and in all the ,states more directly concerned in the enterprise4 ,it will1 undoubtedly1 be carried into effect4 ,the ,state of ,ohio has incorporated a number of turnpike companies1 some of which have gone into operation4 ,the first is near the north-eastern corner of the ,state1 from ,pierpont1 through ,monroe and ,salem townships to the mouth of ,conneant creek1 #af miles long4 ,the second is the ,trumbull and ,ashtabula turnpike1 leading from ,warren to ,ashtabula1 #dh miles4 ,the third is from the town of ,wooster1 through ,medina1 to ,cleaveland1 #ea miles4 ,the fourth is from ,columbus to ,sandusky1 #ajf miles1 now in the course of construction4 ,another from ,cincinnati1 through ,lebanon and ,columbus1 to ,wooster1 has been commenced on the ,mc,adamized plan1 but is not completed4 ,a ,mc,adam turnpike from ,cincinnati to ,chillicothe is in progress4 ,the ,national road1 constructed by the general government1 and transferred to the ,state1 passes from ,wheeling1 through ,columbus to the ,indiana line4 ,manufactures4--,the principal factory for woollen goods is at ,steubenville4 ,a number of cotton factories are in the towns along the ,ohio river4 ,furnaces for smelting iron ore are in operation in the counties bordering on the ,ohio1 near the mouth of the ,scioto4 ,glass is manufactured in several towns4 ,considerable salt is made on the ,muskingum below ,zanesville1 on the ,scioto1 and on ,yellow creek above ,steubenville4 ,about half a million of bushels were made in the ,state in #ahcj4 ,cincinnati rivals ,pittsburg in the number1 variety and extent of its manufacturing operations4 ,in every town and village through the ,state1 mechanics' shops are established for the manufacture of all articles of ordinary use4 ,cities and ,towns4--,to enter upon minute descriptions1 or even name all these1 would much exceed the bounds of this work4 ,,cincinnati is the great commercial emporium of the ,state4 ,it is pleasantly situated on the right or northern bank of the ,ohio river1 about equidistant from ,pittsburg and its mouth1 in ,n4 lat4 #ci deg4 #jf'1 and ,w4 lon4 from ,washington city #g deg4 #be'4 ,directly fronting the city to the south1 and on the opposite side of the ,ohio river1 are the flourishing manufacturing towns of ,newport and ,covington1 which are separated by the ,licking river1 of ,kentucky1 which enters the ,ohio directly opposite the ,cincinnati landing4 ,the wharf arrangements are the most convenient1 for lading and unlading goods at all stages of the water1 to be found on our western rivers4 ,the town site is beautifully situated on the first and second banks of the river--the former of which is above ordinary high water1 and the latter gently rises sixty or seventy feet higher1 and spreads out into a semicircular plain1 surrounded with elevated bluffs4 ,cincinnati was founded in #aghi1 but did not grow rapidly till about #ahjh4 ,the progressive increase of population will appear from the following table3 #ahaj1 #b1cbj #ahbf1 #af1bcj #ahac1 #d1jjj #ahcj1 #bf1eae #ahai1 #aj1jjj #ahce1 estimated1 #ca1jjj #ahbd1 #ab1jaf ,add the adjoining towns of ,covington and ,newport1 whose interests are identified1 and the aggregate population will equal #ce1jjj2 and1 in all reasonable probability1 in #ahej1 these towns1 with ,cincinnati1 will number #ajj1jjj active1 educated1 and enterprising citizens4 ,in #ahbf1 according to the ,picture of ,cincinnati1 by ,b4 ,drake1 ,esq4 and ,e4 ,d4 ,mansfield1 ,esq41 the manufacturing industry alone1 according to an accurate statistical examination1 amounted to #a1hjj1jjj dollars4 ,at that time there were not more than fifteen steam engines employed in manufactures in the city4 ,at the close of #ahce1 there were more than fifty in successful operation1 besides four or five in ,newport and ,covington4 ,more than #ajj steam engines1 about #bdj cotton gins1 upwards of #bj sugar-mills1 and #bb steamboats--many of them of the largest size--have been built or manufactured in ,cincinnati1 during the year #ahce4aj ,hence the productive industry of ,cincinnati1 ,covington and ,newport1 for #ahce1 may be estimated at #e1jjj1jjj of dollars4 ,by a laborious investigation1 at the close of #ahbf1 by the same writer1 the exports of that year were about #a1jjj1jjj of dollars in value4 ,a similar inquiry induced him to place the exports of #ahcb at #d1jjj1jjj4 ,the estimate for #ahce1 is #f1jjj1jjj4 ,to enumerate all the public and private edifices deserving notice1 would extend this article to too great a length4 ,the court house1 four market houses1 banks1 college1 ,catholic ,athenaeum1 two medical colleges1 ,mechanics' ,institute1 two museums1 hospital and ,lunatics' ,asylum1 ,woodward high school1 ten or twelve large edifices for free schools1 hotels1 and between twenty-five and thirty houses for public worship1 some of which are elegant1 deserve notice4 ,the type foundry and printing-press manufactory1 is one of the most extensive in the ,united ,states4 ,here is machinery1 lately invented1 for casting printer's types1 exceeding1 perhaps1 anything in the world4 ,printing1 and the manufacture of books1 are extensively carried on in this city4 ,here are six large bookstores1 several binderies1 twelve or fifteen printing-offices1 from which are issued ten weekly1 four triweekly1 four daily1 four monthly1 and one quarterly publications4 ,two medical publications1 of a highly respectable character1 are issued4 ,the ,western ,monthly ,magazine is too well known to need special notice here4 ,the ,cincinnati ,mirror is a respectable literary periodical4 ,the ,presbyterians1 ,baptists1 ,methodists1 ,roman ,catholics1 and1 perhaps1 other sects1 have each their weekly paper1 respectable in size and character4 ,during four months1 in #ahca1 there were issued from the ,cincinnati press1 #hf1jjj volumes1 of which #bj1cjj were original works4 ,in the same period1 the periodical press issued #bdc1bjj printed sheets4 ,the business has increased greatly since that time4 ,the ,college of ,professional ,teachers1 is an institution formed at the convention of teachers1 held in this city1 in ,october1 #ahcb4 ,its objects are to unite the professional instructers of youth throughout the ,western country in the cause in which they are engaged1 and to elevate the character of the profession4 ,their meetings are held on the first ,monday in ,october annually4 ,lectures are given1 discussions held1 reports made1 and a respectable volume of transactions published annually4 ,there is no doubt that much good will result to the cause of education in the ,west1 from this annual convocation4 ,law ,school4--,an institution of this character has been organized1 under the management of ,hon4 ,j4 ,c4 ,wright1 and other gentlemen of the bar4 ,of ,medical ,schools there are two1 at the heads of which are gentlemen of high character and attainments in their profession4 ,the ,mechanics' ,institute is designed for the diffusion of scientific knowledge among the mechanics and citizens generally1 by means of popular lectures and mutual instruction4 ,the ,cincinnati ,lyceum was formed for the purpose of useful instruction and entertainment1 by means of popular lectures and debates4 ,the ,academic ,institute is designed to aid the cause of education1 and elevate the profession1 amongst the teachers in ,cincinnati4 ,its meetings are monthly4 ,the ,athenaeum is an institution under the management of ,roman ,catholic ,priests4 ,the college edifice is a splendid and permanent building1 of great capacity4 ,the ,woodward ,high ,school was founded by the late ,william ,woodward4 ,the fund yields an income of about #bjjj annually4 ,it is conducted by four professors1 and has about one hundred and twenty students4 ,the corporation has established a system of free schools1 designed to extend the benefits of primary education to all classes1 and ten or twelve large edifices have been erected for the purpose4 ,i regret the want of documents to give particulars of this liberal and praiseworthy enterprise1 which reflects much honor upon the city and its honorable corporation4 ,in #ahcc1 there were twenty public schools for males and females1 and two thousand pupils4 ,many excellent private schools and seminaries1 some of deserved celebrity1 are sustained by individual enterprise4 ,,columbus1 the political capital of the ,state1 and nearly in the centre of the ,state1 is a beautiful city1 on the east bank of the ,scioto river4 ,in #ahab1 it was covered with a dense forest1 when it was selected by the legislature for the permanent seat of government4 ,the public buildings are a state house1 a court house for the ,supreme ,court1 a building for the public offices1 a market house1 c41 all of brick4 ,the ,state penitentiary is here1 for which a new substantial building is constructing1 and an ,asylum for the deaf and dumb1 sustained by legislative aid4 ,chillicothe1 ,cleaveland1 ,zanesville1 ,steubenville1 ,circleville and many others1 are large and flourishing towns4 ,education4--,charters for eight or ten colleges and collegiate institutions have been granted4 ,congress has granted #ib1hjj acres of public land to this ,state1 for colleges and academies4 ,one township1 7#bc1jdj acres17 and a very valuable one1 has been given to the ,miami ,university1 at ,oxford4 ,two townships of land1 7#df1jhj acres17 though of inferior quality1 have been given to the ,ohio ,university4 ,academies have been established in most of the principal towns4 ,a common school system has been established by the legislature4 ,each township has been divided into school districts4 ,taxes are levied to the amount of three fourths of a mill upon the dollar of taxable property in the ,state1 which1 with the interest accruing from the different school funds already noticed1 are applied towards the expenses of tuition4 ,five school examiners are appointed in each county1 by the ,court of ,common ,pleas1 who are to examine teachers4 ,the governor1 in his recent ,message1 speaks of the common school system as languishing in proportion to other improvements4 ,form of ,government4--,the legislative authority is vested in a ,senate and ,house of ,representatives2 both of which1 collectively1 are styled the ,general ,assembly4 ,the members of both branches are chosen by counties1 or by districts composed of counties1 according to population4 ,the representatives are chosen annually2 the senators biennially4 ,the ,general ,assembly has the sole power of enacting laws2 the signature or assent of the governor not being necessary in any case whatever4 ,the judiciary system comprises three grades of courts3--the ,supreme ,court1 ,courts of ,common ,pleas1 and ,justices' ,courts4 ,the justices of the peace are chosen triennially1 by the people4 ,the executive authority is vested in a governor1 who is elected biennially1 and must be thirty years of age1 and have resided in the ,state at least four years4 ,he is commander-in-chief of all the militia1 and commissions all officers in the ,state1 both civil and military4 ,each free1 white1 male citizen of the ,united ,states1 of twenty-one years of age1 and a resident of the ,state one year preceding an election1 is entitled to a vote in all elections4 ,the following shows the professions1 occupations1 and nativity of the members of the legislature of ,ohio1 during the present winter1 7#ahce-f17 and is about a proportionate estimate for other ,western ,states3-- ,the members of the ,ohio legislature1 as to their occupations and professions1 are3--farmers1 #ec2 lawyers1 #ag2 merchants1 #ac2 doctors1 #e2 printers1 #c2 surveyors1 #b2 millers1 #b2 masons1 #b2 carpenters1 #b2 painter1 #a2 watch-maker1 #a2 blacksmith1 #a2 house joiner1 #a4 ,their nativity is as follows3--,ohio1 #g2 ,pennsylvania1 #cj2 ,virginia1 #bb2 ,new ,england ,states1 #ag2 ,maryland1 #h2 ,new ,york1 #g2 ,new ,jersey1 #d2 ,kentucky1 #c2 ,delaware1 #b2 ,north ,carolina1 #a2 ,ireland1 #e2 ,england1 #a2 ,germany1 #a4 ,the youngest member in the ,senate1 is #cc years of age1 and the oldest #ef4 ,in the ,house1 the youngest #bf2 oldest #fg4 ,under the ,constitution1 a senator must be #cj2 and a member of the ,house1 #bf4 ,antiquities4--,much has been said about the antiquities of ,ohio1--the fortifications1 artificial mounds1 and military works1 supposed to indicate a race of civilized people1 as the possessors of the country1 anterior to the ,indian nations4 ,at ,marietta1 ,circleville1 ,paint ,creek1 and some other places1 are1 doubtless1 antiquities1 that exhibited1 upon their first discovery1 strong marks of a military purpose4 ,i have no doubt1 however1 that credulity and enthusiasm have greatly exaggerated many appearances in the ,west1 and magnified them into works of vast enterprise and labor4 ,mounds of earth are found in every country on the globe1 of all forms and sizes2 and why should they not exist in the western valley8 ,mr4 ,flint states that he has seen a horse shoe dug up at the depth of thirty-five feet below the surface1 with nails in it1 and much eroded by rust4 ,he mentions also a sword1 which is said to be preserved as a curiosity1 but which he had not seen1 found enclosed in the wood of the roots of a tree1 which could not have been less than five hundred years old6 ,those who delight especially in the marvellous1 may consult the ,description of the ,antiquities discovered in the ,state of ,ohio1 and other ,western ,states1 by ,caleb ,atwater1 ,esq4 ,history4--,the first permanent settlement of ,ohio1 was made at ,marietta1 on the #gth day of ,april1 #aghh1 by #dg persons from ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island1 and ,connecticut4 ,this was the nucleus around which has grown up the populous ,state of ,ohio4 ,amongst the most active promoters of this colony1 were those called then ,the ,ohio ,company4 ,the next settlement was that of ,symmes' purchase1 made at ,columbia1 six miles above ,cincinnati1 in ,nov4 #aghi1 by ,major ,stiles and twenty-five others1 under the direction of ,judge ,symmes4 ,a colony of ,french emigrants settled at ,gallipolis in #agia4 ,in #agif settlements were made by ,new ,england emigrants at ,cleaveland and ,conneant1 on the southern shore of lake ,erie4 ,the intermediate country gradually filled up by emigration from various parts of the ,united ,states4 ,some slight diversity exists1 in different sections of the ,state1 in manners1 customs1 and feelings1 amongst the people1 in accordance with the ,states or countries from which they or their fathers emigrated4 ,these shades of character will become blended1 and the next generation will be ,ohians1 or1 to use their own native cognomen1 ,buckeyes4 ,in ,sept41 #agij1 the first territorial legislature convened at ,cincinnati4 ,the governor having exercised his right of veto in relation to the removal of a county seat1 an unhappy collision followed1 and1 upon framing the ,state ,constitution1 in ,nov41 #ahjb1 the convention prevented the governor of the ,state from ever exercising the negative power upon acts of the legislature4 ,,date ,,of ,,organization ,,of ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,oldest ,,counties4 ,washington1 ,july #bgth1 #aghh ,hamilton1 ,jan4 #b;d1 #agij ,adams1 ,july #ajth1 #agig ,jefferson1 ,july #bith1 #agig ,ross1 ,august #bjth1 #agih ,trumbull1 ,july #ajth1 #ahjj ,clermont1 ,december #fth1 #ahjj ,belmont ,september #gth1 #ahja ,these were all organized under the territorial government4 ,,indiana4 ,length #bdj1 breadth #aej miles4 ,between #cg deg4 #dh' ,n4 latitude1 and #g deg4 #de' and #aa deg4 ,w4 longitude4 ,bounded north by the ,state of ,michigan and lake ,michigan1 east by ,ohio1 south by the ,ohio river1 which separates it from ,kentucky1 and west by ,illinois4 ,it contains about #cg1jjj square miles1 equal to #bc1fhj1jjj acres4 ,it is naturally subdivided into the hilly portion1 bordering on the ,ohio2 the level1 timbered portion1 extending across the middle of the ,state2 the ,wabash country1 on that river2 and the northern portion bordering on the ,state of ,michigan and the lake4 ,the two last portions include nearly all the prairie country4 ,for civil purposes1 this ,state has been divided into counties1 and those subdivided into townships4 ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,bearing and ,date of ,square,population distance from ,,counties4 ,formation4miles4 #ahcj4 ,,seats ,,of ,,justice4,indianopolis4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,allen1 #ahbc #gbj #a1jjj ,fort ,wayne1 ,bartholomew1 #ahba #ehh #e1hjj ,columbus1 ,boon1 #ahcj #djj #fbb ,lebanon1 ,carroll1 #ahbh #dej #a1fad ,delphi1 ,cass1 #ahbi #dfj #a1aed ,logansport1 ,clark1 #ahjb #djj #aj1gai ,charlestown1 ,clay1 #ahbe #cfj #a1faf ,bowling ,green1 ,clinton1 #ahcj #dej #a1dbc ,frankfort1 ,crawford1 #ahah #cej #c1ahd ,fredonia1 ,daviess1 #ahaf #dfj #d1eab ,washington1 ,dearborn1 #ahjb #ddh #ad1egc ,lawrenceburgh1 ,decatur1 #ahba #djj #e1hed ,greensburgh1 ,delaware1 #ahbg #djj #b1cgb ,muncietown1 ,dubois1 #ahag #dbj #a1ggd ,jasper1 ,elkhart1 #ahcj #egf #ice ,goshen1 ,fayette1 #ahah #bjj #i1aab ,connersville1 ,floyd1 #ahai #bjj #f1cfc ,new ,albany1 ,fountain1 #ahbe #djj #g1fdd ,covington1 ,franklin1 #ahaj #djj #aj1aii ,brookville1 ,gibson1 #ahac #dej #e1dag ,princeton1 ,grant1 #ahca #dae ---- ,marion1 ,greene1 #ahba #edj #d1bej ,bloomfield1 ,hamilton1 #ahbc #djj #a1gje ,noblesville1 ,hancock1 #ahbh #cdj #a1efi ,greenfield1 ,harrison1 #ahjh #dgj #aj1bhh ,corydon1 ,hendricks1 #ahbc #dbj #c1ifg ,danville1 ,henry1 #ahba #ddj #f1dih ,newcastle1 ,huntington1 #ahcb #djj ---- ,jackson1 #ahae #ejj #d1hid ,brownstown1 ,jefferson1 #ahji #djj #aa1dfe ,madison1 ,jennings1 #ahaf #djj #c1iej ,vernon1 ,johnson1 #ahbb #cjj #d1acj ,franklin1 ,knox1 #ahjb #edj #f1eeg ,vincennes1 ,la ,porte1 #ahcb #dbj ---- ,la ,porte1 ,lagrange1 #ahcb #chj ---- ,mongoquinon1 ,lawrence1 #ahah #dfj #i1bcg ,bedford1 ,madison1 #ahbc #dbj #b1ddb ,andersontown1 ,marion1 #ahba #ddj #g1aha ,,indianopolis1 ,martin1 #ahah #cdj #b1jaj ,mount ,pleasant1 ,miami1 #ahcb #ccj ---- ,miamisport1 ,monroe1 #ahah #efj #f1egh ,bloomington1 ,montgomery1 #ahbb #ejj #g1cgf ,crawfordsville1 ,morgan1 #ahba #ecj #e1egi ,martinsville1 ,orange1 #ahae #cgh #g1iji ,paoli1 ,owen1 #ahah #chj #d1jfj ,spencer1 ,parke1 #ahba #dej #g1ecd ,rockville1 ,perry1 #ahad #djj #c1cgh ,rome1 ,pike1 #ahaf #dcj #b1dfd ,petersburgh1 ,posey1 #ahad #ejj #f1hhc ,mount ,vernon1 ,putnam1 #ahba #dij #h1aie ,greencastle1 ,randolph1 #ahah #ddj #c1iab ,winchester1 ,ripley1 #ahah #djj #c1ieg ,versailles1 ,rush1 #ahba #djj #i1iah ,rushville1 ,scott1 #ahag #bjj #c1jig ,lexington1 ,shelby1 #ahba #dcj #f1bid ,shelbyville1 ,spencer1 #ahah #djj #c1ahg ,rockport1 ,st4 ,joseph1 #ahcj #gdj #bhg ,south ,bend1 ,sullivan1 #ahaf #dcj #d1fif ,merom1 ,switzerland1 #ahad #cjj #g1aaa ,vevay1 ,tippecanoe1 #ahbf #ejj #g1afa ,la ,fayette1 ,union1 #ahba #bbd #g1ieg ,liberty1 ,vanderburgh1 #ahah #bbe #b1faj ,evansville1 ,vermillion1 #ahbc #bhj #e1gjf ,newport1 ,vigo1 #ahah #djj #e1gcg ,terre ,haute1 ,wabash1 #ahcb #chj ---- ,warren1 #ahbh #cej #b1hed ,williamsport1 ,warrick1 #ahac #dab #b1igc ,boonville1 ,washington1 #ahac #eej #ac1jgb ,salem1 ,wayne1 #ahaj #dbj #bc1cdd ,centerville1 ,the total population in #ahcj1 was #cda1ehb4 ,the estimated population in the message of ,gov4 ,noble to the legislature1 ,december1 #ahce1 was #fjj1jjj4 ,the counties in which the population has not been given in the foregoing table1 have been formed since #ahcj4 ,probably other new counties1 along the waters of the ,wabash and ,kankakee1 have been formed recently1 of which no intelligence has been had by the author4 ,the counties in the northern portion of the ,state have increased the most in population since #ahcj4 ,for electing representatives to ,congress1 the ,state is divided into seven electoral districts4 ,for judicial purposes1 it is divided into eight circuits1 in each of which there is a circuit judge1 who1 together with two associates in each county1 holds the circuit courts4 ,,population ,,at ,,different ,,periods4 ,population4 ,increase4 ,in #ahjj17;excluding ,illinois17 #b1fda ,from #ahjj to #ahaj1 #ba1hgi #ahaj1 #bd1ebj #ahaj to #ahbj1 #abb1feh #ahbj1 #adg1agh #ahbj to #ahbe1 #gd1hbb #ahbe1 #bbb1jjj #ahbe to #ahcj1 #aai1ehb #ahcj1 #cda1ehb #ahcj to #ahce1 #aai1ehb #ahce17;estimate17 #fjj1jjj ,in #ahbe1 the number of voters was #cf1igg1 and the number of paupers #bag6 ,face of the ,country1 c4--,the counties bordering on the ,ohio river are hilly2--sometimes abrupt1 precipitous1 stony1 occasionally degenerating into knobs and ravines4 ,commencing at the mouth of ,white river on the ,wabash1 and following up that stream on its east fork1 and thence along the ,muskakituck1 through ,jennings and ,ripley counties to ,lawrenceville1 and you leave the rough and hilly portion of ,indiana1 to the right4 ,much of the country we have denominated hilly is rich1 fertile land1 even to the summits of the hills4 ,on all the streams are strips of rich alluvion of exhaustless fertility4 ,the interior1 on the two ,white rivers and tributaries1 is moderately undulating1 tolerably rich soil1 and much of it heavily timbered with oaks of various species1 poplar1 beech1 sugar tree1 walnuts1 hickory1 elm1 and other varieties common to the ,west4 ,there is much level1 table land1 between the streams4 ,along the ,wabash1 below ,terre ,haute1 is an undulating surface1 diversified with forest and prairie1 with a soil of middling quality1 interspersed with some very rich tracts4 ,along the ,wabash and its tributaries above ,terre ,haute1 the land in general is first rate1--a large proportion forest1 interspersed with beautiful prairies4 ,the timber consists of oaks of various species1 poplar1 ash1 walnut1 cherry1 elm1 sugar tree1 buckeye1 hickory1 some beech1 sassafras1 lime1 honey locust1 with some cotton wood1 sycamore1 hackberry and mulberry on the bottom lands4 ,the undergrowth is spice bush1 hazel1 plum1 crab apple1 hawthorn and vines4 ,along the northern part of the ,state are extensive prairies and tracts of barrens1 with groves of various kinds of timber and skirts of burr oak4 ,towards lake ,michigan1 and along the ,kankakee and ,st4 ,joseph rivers1 are lakes1 swamps and marshes4 ,rivers4--,the ,ohio meanders along the southeastern and southern parts of the ,state for #cej miles4 ,the east and west forks of ,white river1 and their tributaries1 water the interior counties for #ajj miles in extent4 ,they are both navigable streams for flat boats during the spring and autumn floods4 ,the ,wabash river has several heads1 which interlock with the waters of the ,st4 ,joseph and ,st4 ,mary's1 which form the ,maumee of lake ,erie4 ,it runs a south-westwardly course across the ,state to ,warren county1--thence southwardly to ,vigo county1 where it becomes the boundary between ,indiana and ,illinois1 along which it meanders to the ,ohio1 which it enters #ab miles above ,shawneetown4 ,the ,st4 ,joseph of lake ,michigan1 already noticed under the ,state of ,michigan1 makes a curve into ,elkhart and ,st4 ,joseph counties1 forming what is called the ,south ,bend4 ,the ,kankakee1 which is the longest branch of ,illinois river1 rises in ,indiana1 near the ,south ,bend4 ,some of its head waters interlock with those of ,tippecanoe1 a prominent tributary of the ,wabash4 ,,sketch ,,of ,,each ,,county4 ,the following sketch of each county1--its streams1 surface1 soil1 and minerals1--has been made and collated with much labor1 from an excellent ,gazetteer of this ,state1 published in #ahcc1 by ,douglass and ,maguire of ,indianopolis1--from personal observation of many of the older counties1--and from an extensive correspondence4 ,,allen4--,streams2 ,st4 ,joseph's and ,st4 ,mary's1 which form the ,maumee of lake ,erie1 navigable for small keel boats1--and numerous creeks2 generally heavily timbered2 soil1 clay1--sandy on the rivers4 ,,bartholomew4--,streams2 ,driftwood1 ,clifty1 ,flat ,rock1 and ,salt ,creeks1--all mill streams4 ,surface1 level2 soil1 a rich loam1 mixed with sand and gravel2 the western part hilly1 with clay soil4 ,minerals2 limestone1 coal1 iron ore1 red ochre4 ,,boon4--,watered by the tributaries of ,raccoon and ,sugar ,creeks4 ,surface1 level1--soil rich4 ,,carroll4--,streams2 ,wabash river1 ,deer1 ,rock1 and branches of ,wildcat creeks4 ,considerable timber1--some prairies1 of which ,deer prairie is the largest and most beautiful4 ,considerable quantities of limestone on the surface2 a remarkable spring near ,delphi1--the water reddish4 ,,cass4--,streams are ,wabash and ,eel rivers1 which unite at ,logansport1--the head of steamboat navigation of the ,wabash1 and termination of the ,w4 and ,e4 canal4 ,surface1 generally level1 rolling towards the rivers with abrupt bluffs2 soil1 near the rivers1 a mixture of loam and sand2 at a distance from them1 flat and clayey4 ,large proportion1 forest land1--some prairies4 ,,clark4--,silver and ,fourteen ,mile creeks furnish excellent mill sites4 ,ohio river on the south4 ,surface1 rolling and hilly2 soil1 loam1 mixed with sand4 ,minerals2 limestone1 gypsum1 water lime1 marble1 salt1 iron ore1 copperas1 alum4 ,,clay4--,eel river and tributaries4 ,surface moderately undulating2 soil various1 chiefly clay and loam1 and a mixture of sand1 in places2 timber predominates1--some prairies4 ,,clinton4--,watered by the ,south1 ,middle1 and ,kilmore's ,forks of ,wildcat creek4 ,surface1 moderately undulating1 or level3 ,twelve ,mile prairie extends from ,s4 ,w4 to ,n4 ,e4 #ab miles1 and is three fourths of a mile wide4 ,the remainder timbered land4 ,soil1 a rich sandy loam1 and exceedingly fertile4 ,,crawford4--,waters2 the ,ohio and ,blue rivers1--plenty of water power1 and excellent springs4 ,surface1 hilly and broken2 in places1 tolerably productive2 in others1 soil thin and rocky4 ,a timbered region1 and abundance of limestone4 ,,daviess4--,streams2 ,forks of ,white river1 with its tributaries1 ,smother's1 ,prairie1 ,veal1 ,aikman's and ,sugar creeks4 ,level bottoms on the rivers--sometimes inundated2 undulating on the high grounds4 ,soil on the ,west ,fork1 sandy2 much timber1--an extensive tract of sugar tree2 some prairies4 ,the county destitute of rock near the surface2 plenty of lime and sandstone in the bed of ,west ,fork of ,white river1 at the rapids4 ,plenty of coal4 ,,dearborn4--,watered by the ,great ,miami1 ,whitewater1 ,laughery1 ,hogan's and ,tanner's creeks4 ,surface1 hilly and broken1 with rich1 level1 bottom lands1 on the ,miami4 ,soil1 one fourth first rate1 one fourth second rate1--remainder inferior4 ,a timbered region4 ,,decatur4--,flat ,rock1 ,clifty1 and ,sand creeks1 are all good mill streams4 ,surface1 generally level1--some parts undulating2 soil1 loam1 with a substratum of clay2 well adapted to grain--timbered4 ,minerals2 limestone1 some iron ore and coal4 ,,delaware4--,streams2 ,missisinawa1 and ,west ,fork of ,white river2 surface tolerably level2 soil1 loam1 mixed with sand4 ,minerals2 some limestone1 and granite bowlders scattered over the surface4 ,,dubois4--,streams2 ,east ,fork of ,white river1 ,patoka and ,anderson creeks4 ,surface rolling1--some parts hilly and broken1--some level tracts2 soil rich and sandy loam near the streams4 ,minerals2 sand rock and coal4 ,,elkhart4--,watered by ,st4 ,joseph of lake ,michigan1 ,elkhart and tributaries4 ,surface1 generally level1--a portion undulating2 soil various1 but generally rich2 forest and prairie1 both wet and dry4 ,,fayette4--,watered by the ,west ,fork of ,whitewater1 and a small lake in the north4 ,surface1 undulating2 soil1 on the high ground1 clayey1 and a mixture of sand1--on the bottom lands1 a rich1 sandy loam4 ,limestone found in masses and quarries4 ,,floyd4--,watered by the ,ohio river1 ,silver creek1 and some head branches of ,big and ,little ,indian creeks4 ,surface various1--a range of knobs1--east of these knobs1 it is gently undulating2 soil inferior4 ,minerals2 shale1 soft sandstone1 limestone1 freestone1 iron ore1 and some traces of coal4 ,a boiling spring1 from which is emitted an inflammable gas4 ,,fountain4--,watered by the ,wabash river1 and ,coal and ,shawnee creeks1 with numerous mill sites4 ,surface1 gently undulating2 soil1 a black loam1 mixed with sand1 and very rich4 ,minerals2 coal1 and some sandstone4 ,,franklin4--,watered by the ,east and ,west ,forks of ,whitewater4 ,surface1 on the eastern part level1--western1 rolling2 soil1 in the central and northern parts1 a black loam1--in the south-west1 thin and clayey4 ,,gibson4--,watered by the ,wabash1 ,white1 and ,patoka rivers4 ,surface1 rolling and timbered2 soil1 generally a sandy loam1 and productive4 ,,grant4--,watered by the ,missisinawa and tributaries4 ,surface level1--generally heavily timbered2 soil1 clay and loam on the table lands1--sandy on the river bottoms4 ,,green4--,watered by ,white and ,eel rivers1 and ,richland creek2 soil1 on the rivers a rich loam1--on the bluffs1 sandy1--east side1 hilly1--west side1 level4 ,white river is navigable4 ,minerals2 lime and sandstone1 coal1 and some iron ore4 ,,hamilton4--,the streams are ,white river1 and ,cicero1 ,coal1 ,stoney1 and ,fall creeks4 ,generally forest1--some few prairies2 soil1 in places1 clay1--more generally1 a sandy loam4 ,minerals2 lime1 and some soft sand rock4 ,,hancock4--,watered by ,blue river1 ,sugar and ,brandywine creeks1 with excellent mill sites1 and well supplied with springs4 ,surface1 either level or gently undulating2 soil1 a rich loam1 mixed with sand1--heavily timbered4 ,,harrison4--,watered by ,big and ,little ,indian1 and ,buck creeks1 and ,blue river4 ,surface various1--some parts hilly and broken1--some parts undulating1--some parts level2 soil1 in the low grounds1 a rich loam1--on the high grounds1 calcareous and gravelly4 ,a large tract of barrens in the west4 ,minerals2 a quarry and several caves of black flint1 salt licks1 limestone4 ,,hendricks4--,the waters are ,white ,lick1 and branches of ,eel river1 with good mill sites4 ,surface1 gently rolling1 and timbered with the varieties of the ,wabash country2 soil1 a mixture of clay1 loam and sand4 ,,henry4--,watered by ,blue river1 ,flat ,rock and ,fall creeks4 ,surface1 in some places1 broken1--in most parts1 level2 soil1 a mixture of sand with loam and clay4 ,plenty of springs and mill sites4 ,mostly timbered1 but several tracts of prairie4 ,,huntington4--,the streams are ,salamania1 ,little river1 and ,wabash4 ,surface1 on the rivers1 level1--back1 gently undulating2 soil1 loam and clay1 with a slight mixture of sand4 ,several tracts of prairie1 but generally forest land4 ,,jackson4--,watered by ,indian1 ,driftwood1 ,white1 ,muscatatack1 and ,gum creeks4 ,surface1 rolling and in places hilly2 soil1 clay and loam1 mixed with sand4 ,in the forks of the creeks1 sand predominates4 ,on the west and north-west1 inclined to clay4 ,,jefferson4--,watered by the ,ohio river1 ,indian1 ,kentucky and ,big creeks4 ,surface various2 along the river and creeks1 low alluvion2 soil1 loam mixed with sand4 ,the bottoms are bounded by precipitous bluffs1 with towering cliffs of limestone4 ,the table lands are undulating1 and the soil inclined to clay4 ,timber various4 ,abounds with limestone1 masses of freestone1 and scattered granite bowlders4 ,,johnson4--,watered on the eastern side by ,blue river1 and ,sugar and ,young's creeks1--on the western side by ,indian1 ,crooked1 and ,stott's creeks4 ,surface1 gently undulating2 soil1 a rich1 black1 sandy loam2 timbered4 ,minerals2 masses of freestone1 and scattered granite bowlders4 ,,jennings4--,watered by ,graham's ,fork1 and the ,north ,fork of the ,muscatatack4 ,surface1 in some parts level1 some parts very hilly2 soil1 calcareous1 rich and productive2 timber of all varieties2 abounds with limestone4 ,,knox4--,the ,wabash on the west side1--,white river south1--the ,west ,fork of ,white river east1--and ,maria and ,duchain creeks1 interior4 ,surface undulating2 soil1 somewhat various1--a rich loam in places1--sandy in other places2--some tracts of prairie1 but timber predominates4 ,,lagrange4--,watered by ,pigeon and ,crooked rivers4 ,surface1 gently rolling2 northern part extensive prairies2 southern portion chiefly forest2 soil1 loam and sand4 ,,la ,,porte4--,watered by the ,kankakee1 ,galena1 and ,trail creek1 at the mouth of which is ,michigan city1 and a harbor for lake ,michigan commerce4 ,surface1 gently undulating2 abounds with large1 rich prairies1 with groves of timber1 and lakes of clear water interspersed2 soil1 a sandy loam1 rich and productive4 ,,lawrence4--,watered by ,salt1 ,indian1 ,guthrie's1 ,beaver1 and ,leatherwood creeks1 and excellent springs4 ,surface1 generally hilly1--some level lands2--soil1 on the water courses1 sandy1--back from the streams1 loam and clay4 ,abounds with limestone4 ,,madison4--,the ,west ,fork of ,white river is navigable4 ,the other streams are ,killbuck1 ,pipe1 ,lick and ,fall creeks4 ,surface1 generally level1 with some broken land near the streams2 timbered1 with a wet prairie1 #g miles long and three fourths of a mile wide2 soil1 sand1 mixed with clay and loam1--productive4 ,minerals2 lime and freestone1 marble that polishes well1 and some traces of iron ore4 ,,marion4--,west ,fork of ,white river passes through it1 on which is situated ,,indianopolis1 the capital of the ,state4 ,fall creek is an excellent mill stream4 ,surface1 chiefly level forest land2 soil1 a deep black loam1 with a mixture of sand4 ,large granite bowlders are scattered over the surface4 ,,martin4--,the ,east ,fork of ,white river passes through it1 and receives ,lost river from the left1 and ,indian and ,flint creeks from the right4 ,surface1 on the east side of ,white river1 broken and hilly2 soil1 clay and loam2 on the west side1 level1 or gently undulating1 with portions of barrens and prairie land2 soil1 clay and loam1 mixed with sand4 ,minerals2 coal in large quantities1 lime1 sand and freestone4 ,,miami4--,the ,wabash and ,eel rivers pass through it1 and the ,missisinawa comes from the east1 and enters the ,wabash about the centre of the county4 ,the ,wabash and ,erie canal passes through it4 ,surface1 gently undulating and beautiful1--chiefly forest1 and interspersed with small prairies2 soil1 the richest in the ,state1 of loam1 clay and sand intermixed4 ,,monroe4--,streams2 ,salt1 ,clear1 ,indian1 ,raccoon1 ,richland1 and ,bean-blossom creeks1--pure springs4 ,surface1 hilly and undulating2 soil1 second rate4 ,minerals2 limestone rock1 salt licks1 with manufactories of salt4 ,,montgomery4--,the heads of ,shawnee and ,coal creeks in the north-west1--,sugar creek in the centre1--and ,big ,raccoon on the southeastern part4 ,surface1 gently undulating2 the northern portion prairie1 interspersed with groves1 with a rich soil of black loam1 mixed with sand1--the middle and southern portions timbered4 ,excellent quarries of rock in the middle1--granite bowlders in the northern parts4 ,,morgan4--,white river1 which is navigable4 ,the mill streams are ,white ,lick1 ,sycamore1 ,highland1 and ,lamb's creeks on the west side1 and ,crooked1 ,stott's1 ,clear1 and ,indian creeks on the east side4 ,surface1 generally rolling1--some parts hilly2 soil1 calcareous and clayey1--on the bottoms1 a rich sandy loam4 ,minerals2 limestone1 and some iron ore4 ,,orange4--,streams2 ,lost river1 ,french ,lick1 and ,patoka4 ,surface1 hilly and broken1--limestone rock1--springs of water1 of which ,half-moon and ,french ,lick are curiosities4 ,on the alluvial bottoms1 the soil is loamy1--on the hills1 calcareous1 and inclined to clay4 ,excellent stones for grit1 equal to the ,turkey oil stones1 are found in this county4 ,,owen4--,watered by the ,west ,fork of ,white river1 with its tributaries1 ,raccoon1 ,indian1 ,mill1 ,rattlesnake1 and ,fish creeks4 ,the falls of ,eel river furnish the best water power in the ,state4 ,surface rolling2 soil1 in some places a dark loam1--in others clayey and calcareous4 ,minerals2 immense bodies of lime rock1 and some iron ore4 ,,parke4--,watered by the ,big and ,little ,raccoon1 and ,sugar creeks1 7with excellent mill sites17 all of which enter the ,wabash on its western side4 ,surface1 generally level1--some beautiful prairies1 but mostly forest land2 soil1 a loam mixed with sand and rich4 ,minerals2 lime and sandstone1 coal and iron ore4 ,,perry4--,watered by the ,ohio river1 with ,anderson's1 ,bear1 ,poison1 and ,oil creeks interior4 ,some level land1 with a rich1 sandy loam1 on the streams1--all the high lands very broken2 hilly1 with a clayey1 sterile soil4 ,minerals2 immense bodies of limestone1 grindstone quarries1 iron ore and coal4 ,,pike4--,has ,white river on the north1 and ,patoka creek through the centre4 ,surface all forest land and undulating2 soil1 eastern part clay and sand1--western1 a rich1 dark loam1 mixed with sand1--some swampy land4 ,minerals1 limestone and coal4 ,,posey4--,in the forks of the ,ohio and ,wabash1 with ,big1 ,mill1 and ,mc,fadden's creeks interior1 and good springs4 ,surface1 rolling1 and all forest land2 soil1 a sandy loam1 and produces well4 ,minerals2 sand1 and limestone and coal4 ,,putnam4--,has ,raccoon creek1 and ,eel river1 with abundant water privileges1 and fine springs4 ,surface1 gently undulating2 soil1 in places calcareous and clayey1--in other places a rich loam2 limestone4 ,,randolph4--,watercourses1 the ,west ,fork of ,white river and ,missisinawa and their tributaries1 which furnish good mill sites4 ,surface1 either level or gently undulating2 soil1 a rich loam1--in some places marshy2 a small quantity of limestone1 with granite bowlders4 ,,ripley4--,watered by ,laughery and ,graham's creek4 ,surface level1 forest land2 soil clay1--in some parts inclines to sand1--with limestone abundant4 ,,rush4--,the streams are ,big and ,little ,blue rivers1 ,big and ,little ,flat ,rock1 with excellent water power4 ,surface1 moderately rolling1 and heavily timbered2 soil1 loam on clay1 with a slight mixture of sand4 ,,scott4--,watered by tributaries of the ,muscatatack4 ,surface rolling1--some flat lands inclining to marsh2 soil1 clay4 ,minerals2 limestone1 iron ore1 salt1 sulphur1 and copperas4 ,,shelby4--,watered by ,big and ,little ,blue rivers1 ,brandywine1 and ,sugar creeks1 with good mill sites1--all heads of the ,east ,fork of ,white river4 ,surface1 generally level with forest land2 soil1 clay mixed with loam4 ,,spencer4--,ohio river1 ,anderson's1 ,little ,pigeon1 and ,sandy creeks4 ,surface tolerably level1 and forest land2 soil1 clay mixed with loam4 ,minerals2 coal1 and lime and sand rock4 ,,st4 ,,joseph4--,st4 ,joseph's river1 ,kankakee1 and ,bobango1 with some small creeks4 ,extensive marshes on the ,kankakee1 and near the ,south ,bend of the ,st4 ,joseph4 ,these marshes are of vegetable formation4 ,surface1 in some parts level1--in others gently undulating2 soil1 a loam1--in some places sand4 ,the north-west part chiefly prairies and barrens1 including the large and fertile prairies of ,portage and ,terre ,coupe4 ,the north-eastern1 barrens1--the south-eastern1 forest4 ,minerals are granite bowlders1 and bog iron ore4 ,,sullivan4--,has the ,wabash river on its western side1 and ,turman's1 ,busseron1 and ,turtle creeks interior4 ,surface rolling1--some prairies1 but generally forest land1--some poor barrens2 soil1 loam and sand2--lime and sand rock and coal4 ,,switzerland4--,the ,ohio east and south1--,indian1 ,plum1 ,bryant's1 ,turtle1 and ,grant's creeks interior4 ,surface various1--bottom lands level1 and rich1--then a range of precipitous bluffs1 with cliffs of limestone1--the table land rolling with a calcareous and clayey soil4 ,at ,vevay are extensive vineyards4 ,,tippecanoe4--,watered by the ,wabash river1 and ,wildcat1 ,wea1 ,burnett's1 and ,mill ,branch creeks4 ,the ,wabash affords navigation1 and the other streams excellent mill sites4 ,surface gently undulating1 with extensive level tracts1 and consists of one half prairie1 one eighth barrens1 and the remainder heavy forest land4 ,the prairie soil is a rich1 black loam1--the barrens cold1 wet clay1--the forest a very rich loam and sand4 ,,union4--,streams2 the ,east ,fork of ,white river and its tributaries1 ,hanna's1 ,richland1 and ,silver creeks1 all of which furnish excellent mill sites4 ,surface1 moderately rolling2 soil1 a dark loam4 ,,vanderburgh4--,watered by the ,ohio1 and ,great ,pigeon creek4 ,surface1 high1 dry1 rolling land1 with good timber1 and well watered2 soil1 clay and sand1 of inferior quality4 ,minerals2 lime and sandstone1 salines1 and a mineral spring4 ,,vermillion4--,a long1 narrow county1 between the ,wabash river and the ,state of ,illinois4 ,the streams are ,wabash1 ,big and ,little ,vermillion1 and their tributaries4 ,surface high1 rolling land1 with abrupt bluffs near the streams2 a good proportion of prairie and timber2 soil1 rich1 sandy loam1 and very productive4 ,minerals2 freestone and limestone1 and large coal banks4 ,,vigo4--,the ,wabash passes through it--navigable4 ,the mill streams are ,prairie1 ,honey1 ,otter1 and ,sugar creeks1 but their waters fail in a dry season4 ,surface level1 or gently undulating1 with forest and prairies2 soil1 rich loam and sand1--first rate4 ,minerals2 gray limestone1 freestone1 and inexhaustible beds of coal4 ,,wabash4--,the ,wabash river1 and ,w4 and ,e4 canal1 pass through it1 as does the ,missisinawa1 ,eel1 ,bluegrass1 and ,salamania4 ,surface1--wide1 rich bottoms on the streams1--bluffs and ravines adjoining1--table lands further back1 either dry and rolling1 or flat and wet1 and abound with willow swamps4 ,limestone rock abundant1 and many excellent springs of pure water4 ,,warren4--,the ,wabash on the ,s4 ,e4 border for thirty miles1 and navigated by steamboats2 interior streams1 ,rock1 ,redwood1 and ,big and ,little ,pine creeks1 all of which afford good mill sites4 ,some pine and cedar timber4 ,surface generally level1 with broken land on the bluffs of creeks2 some forest1 but the largest proportion prairie2 soil1 a rich and very fertile loam4 ,minerals2 lime and excellent freestone for building purposes1--coal1--iron1--lead and copper1--with several old diggings and furnaces1 where both copper and lead ore have been smelted in early times4 ,,warrick4--,watered by the ,ohio river1 ,big and ,little ,pigeon1 and ,cypress4 ,surface1 rolling and hilly2 soil1 a sandy loam on clay4 ,minerals2 quarries of freestone1 some limestone1 and inexhaustible beds of coal4 ,,washington4--,streams2 ,muscatatack on the north1 ,rush1 ,twin1 ,highland1 ,delany's1 ,elk1 ,bear1 and ,sinking creeks1 and the heads of ,blue and ,lost rivers1 with mill sites4 ,surface1 diversified from gentle undulations1 to lofty and precipitous hills2 soil1 in part1 second rate1 with much of inferior quality4 ,substratum of limestone1 caves1 hollows1 and sink holes4 ,,wayne4--,streams1 ,east and ,west ,forks of ,whitewater1 with excellent water power for machinery4 ,surface1 moderately hilly2 heavy forest land2 soil1 a rich loam2 substratum1 clay4 ,minerals2 generally1 limestone1 and excellent for buildings4 ,form of ,government4--,this differs very little from that of ,ohio4 ,the ,constitution provides that an enumeration be made every five years of all free white male inhabitants1 above the age of twenty-one years2 and the representation of both houses of the ,general ,assembly is apportioned by such enumeration1 in such ratio that the number of representatives shall never be less than #cf1 nor exceed #ajj1 and the number of senators not exceeding one half1 nor less than one third the number of representatives4 ,every free white male citizen1 twenty-one years of age1 who has resided in the ,state one year1 is entitled to vote2 except such as shall be enlisted in the army of the ,u4 ,s41 or their allies4 ,elections are held annually1 by ballot1 on the first ,monday in ,august4 ,senators1 the governor1 and lieutenant governor1 hold their offices for three years4 ,the judiciary is vested in a ,supreme ,court1 in ,circuit ,courts1 ,probate ,courts1 and ,justices of the peace4 ,the ,supreme ,court consists of three judges1 who are appointed by the governor1 with the advice and consent of the senate1 for the term of seven years1 and have appellate jurisdiction4 ,the ,circuit ,courts consist of a presiding judge in each judicial circuit1 elected by joint ballot of both houses of the ,general ,assembly1 and two associate judges in each county1 elected by the qualified voters in their respective counties1 for a like term4 ,the ,probate ,courts consist of one judge for each county1 who is elected by the voters1 for the same term4 ,justices of the peace are elected in each township1 for the term of five years1 and have jurisdiction in criminal cases throughout the county1 but1 in all civil cases1 throughout the township4 ,finances4--,the ,indiana ,gazetteer1 of #ahcc1 estimates that the revenue for ,state purposes amounted to about #ce1jjj annually1 and1 for county purposes1 to about half that sum4 ,the aggregate receipts for #ahce1 according to the governor's message1 of ,dec4 #ahce1 amounted to #ajg1gad2 expenditures for the same time1 #ajc1ija4 ,sales of canal lands for the same period1 #age1gdj4 ,the canal commissioners have borrowed #fje1beg1 for canal purposes1 on a part of which they obtained two per cent4 premium1 and1 on another part1 as high as seven per cent42 and have also borrowed #dej1jjj bank capital1 for which they received four and a half per cent4 premium4 ,three per cent4 on all sales of ,u4 ,s4 lands within the ,state1 is paid by the general government into the ,state treasury1 to be expended in making roads4 ,the receipts from this source1 in #ahce1 amounted to #bd1cih4 ,sales and rents of saline lands1 produced an income of #d1fcf4 ,the proceeds of certain lands1 donated by the general government towards the construction of a road from the ,ohio river to lake ,michigan1 amounted to #cc1jcj4 ,internal ,improvements4--,this ,state has entered with great spirit upon a system of internal improvements4 ,it consists of canalling1 improving river navigation1 rail-roads1 and common turnpike roads4 ,wabash and ,erie ,canal4--,this work will extend from ,la ,fayette1 on the ,wabash river1 up the valley of that stream1 to the ,maumee and to the boundary of ,ohio2 distance1 #aje miles4 ,the cost of construction has been estimated at #a1jha1igj1 and lands to the amount of #cee1bjj acres1 have been appropriated by the general government1 the proceeds of which will be sufficient to complete the canal to ,fort ,wayne4 ,the middle division1 #cb miles1 was completed in ,july1 #ahce1 and the remainder is in active progress4 ,its whole distance1 through a part of ,ohio to ,maumee bay1 at the west end of lake ,erie1 will be #ahg miles4 ,the ,whitewater ,canal1 #gf miles in length1 along the western branch of ,whitewater1 is intended to pass through ,connorsville1 ,brookville1 ,somerset1 and other towns1 to ,lawrenceburgh1 on the ,ohio river4 ,provision is made to improve the navigation of the ,wabash river1 in conjunction with ,illinois1 where it constitutes the boundary line1 and1 by this ,state alone1 further up4 ,rail-,roads4--,from ,evansville1 on the ,ohio1 to ,la ,fayette on the ,wabash1 #age miles2 from ,la ,fayette to ,michigan city1 #ij miles2 forming a line from the ,ohio river to lake ,michigan1 #bfe miles in length3--,from ,madison1 on the ,ohio1 to ,indianopolis1 the seat of government1 #he miles2 and several others were projected two years since4 ,but at the session of the legislature of #ahce-f1 a bill was passed to borrow1 in such instalments as should be needed1 ten millions of dollars2 and a system of internal improvements1 including canals1 rail-roads1 and the improvement of river navigation1 was marked out4 ,in a few years1 this ,state will be prominent in this species of enterprise4 ,synopsis of ,canals surveyed by order of the ,indiana ,legislature during the ,year #ahce4 ,la ,fayette and ,terre ,haute division of the ,wabash and ,erie canal4 ,length1 #ij miles2 total cost1 #a1jfg1iad4gj2 per mile1 #aa1hfe #gi4 ,central canal1 north of ,indianopolis4 ,total length1 from ,indianopolis via ,andersontown1 ,pipe creek summit to the ,wabash and ,erie canal at ,wabash town1 #ajc miles #cd chains2 total cost1 #a1iib1bbd4ed2 per mile1 #ag1ajf #ea4 ,length1 via ,pipe creek summit to ,peru1 near the mouth of the ,missisinawa1 #aad miles #df chains2 total cost1 #a1hig1gig4ai2 per mile1 #ad1hga4he4 ,length1 via ,pipe creek summit 7including lateral canal to ,muncietown7 to ,wabash town1 #abd miles #ea chains2 total cost1 #b1ajc1aec4fa2 per mile1 #ae1hgc4hc4 ,length1 via ,pipe creek summit 7including lateral canal to ,muncietown7 to ,peru1 #ahe miles #fc chains2 total cost1 #b1jjh1gbf4bf2 per mile1 #ad1gic4ab4 ,total length1 from ,indianopolis via ,muncietown to the ,wabash and ,erie canal at ,peru1 #aca miles #da chains2 total cost1 #b1jeh1ibi4da2 per mile1 #ad4edi #ga4 ,central canal1 south of ,indianopolis4 ,total length1 from ,indianopolis to ,evansville1 #ahh miles2 total cost1 #b1fdb1bhe4ib2 per mile1 #ad1jed4ga4 ,route down the valley of ,main ,pigeon4 ,length1 #aid miles2 total cost1 #b1djj1ieg4gj2 per mile1 #ab1cgf4jb4 ,terre ,haute and ,eel river canal1 which forms a connexion between the ,wabash and ,erie canal and ,white river or ,central canal4 ,total length1 #dj-a_/b miles2 total cost1 #fbi1fca #fe2 which1 including a feeder1 is #ac1edj4df per mile4 ,wabash and ,erie canal1 eastern division1 east of ,fort ,wayne1 ,upper line3 ,length1 #ai miles #cj chains2 total cost1 #aed1aac4ac2 per mile1 #g1ieb4ag4--,lower line3 ,total length1 #bj miles #gf-a_/b chains2 total cost1 #bed1hag4eb2 per mile1 #aa1aei4jd4 ,the following are the works provided for in the ,bill1 and the sums appropriated for them3 #ast4 ,the ,white ,water ,canal1 including a lateral canal or rail-road1 to connect said canal with the ,central or ,white river canal1 #a1djj1jjj #b;d4 ,central or ,white river ,canal1 #c1ejj1jjj #c;d4 ,extension of the ,wabash and ,erie ,canal1 #a1cjj1jjj #dth4 ,madison and ,la ,fayette ,rail-road1 #a1cjj1jjj #eth4 ,a ,m',adamized turnpike road from ,new ,albany to ,vincennes1 #a1aej1jjj #fth4 ,turnpike or rail-road from ,new ,albany to ,crawfordsville1 #a1cjj1jjj #gth4 ,removing obstructions in the ,wabash1 #ej1jjj ----------- #aj1jjj1jjj #hth4 ,the ,bill gives the credit of the ,state to the ,lawrenceburgh and ,indianopolis ,rail-road ,company1 for the sum of #ejj1jjj4 ,manufactures4--,besides the household manufacture of cotton and flannels1 common to the western people1 at ,vincennes1 and probably other towns1 machinery is employed in several establishments4 ,it will be seen from the sketch of each county1 already given1 that in most parts of the ,state there is a supply of water power for manufacturing purposes4 ,both water and steam power1 saw and grist mills1 are already in operation in various parts of the ,state4 ,education4--,the same provision of one section of land in each township1 or a thirty-sixth part of the public lands1 has been made for the encouragement of common schools1 as in other ,western ,states4 ,a law has been enacted providing for common schools1 and the public mind has become measurably awakened to the subject of education4 ,some most extravagant and exaggerated statements have been made relative to an incredible number of children in this ,state1 who have no means of education4 ,as in all new countries1 the first class of emigrants1 having to provide for their more immediate wants1 have not done so much as is desirable to promote common school education2 but we have no idea they will slumber on that subject1 while they are wide awake to the physical wants and resources of the country4 ,academies have been established in several counties1 and a college at ,bloomington1 from the encouragement of ,state funds1 and other institutions are rising up1 of which the ,hanover ,institution near the ,ohio river1 and ,wabash ,college at ,crawfordsville1 promise to be conspicuous4 ,history4--,this country was first explored by adventurers from ,canada1 with a view to the ,indian trade1 towards the close of the seventeenth century2 and the place where ,vincennes now stands is said to have been thus early occupied as a trading post4 ,a company of ,french from ,canada1 made a settlement here in #agce4 ,the country1 in common with the ,western ,valley1 was claimed by ,france1 until it was ceded to ,great ,britain1 at the treaty of peace in #agfc1 under whose jurisdiction it remained1 until subdued by the ,american arms under the intrepid ,gen4 ,g4 ,r4 ,clark1 and his gallant band1 in #aggi4 ,a territorial government was organized by ,congress in #aghg1 including all the country north-west of the river ,ohio1 which was then called the ,north-western ,territory4 ,in #ahjb1 when the ,state of ,ohio was organized1 all that part of the ,territory lying west of a line due north from the mouth of the ,great ,miami1 was organized into the ,territory of ,indiana1--which was divided1 and from which ,illinois ,territory was formed in #ahji4 ,in ,june1 #ahaf1 a constitution was adopted1 and at the ensuing session of ,congress1 ,indiana was made a ,state4 ,general ,remarks4--,the importance of ,indiana1 as a desirable ,state for the attention of the emigrant to the ,west1 has been too much overlooked4 ,though not possessing quite equal advantages with ,illinois1 especially in the quality and amount of prairie soil1 it is far superior to ,ohio1 and fully equal1--nay1 in our estimation1 rather superior to ,michigan4 ,almost every part is easy of access1 and in a very few years the liberal system of internal improvements1 adopted and in progress1 will make almost every county accessible to public conveyances1 and furnish abundant facilities to market4 ,along the wide1 alluvion bottoms of the streams1 and amidst a rank growth of vegetation1 there is usually more or less autumnal fever1 yet1 in general1 there is very little difference in any of the ,western ,states as to prospects of health4 ,mechanics1 school teachers1 and laborers of every description1 are much wanted in this ,state1 as they are in all the ,states further west2 and all may provide abundantly and easily1 all the necessaries of living for a family1 if they will use industry1 economy and sobriety4 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,see a valuable statistical article1 by ,b4 ,drake1 ,esq41 in the ,western ,monthly ,magazine1 for ,january1 #ahcf1 entitled1 ,cincinnati1 at the close of #ahce4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,illinois4 ,situation1 ,boundaries1 and ,extent4 ,the ,state of ,illinois is situated between #cg deg4 and #db deg41 #cj' ,n4 latitude2 and between #aj deg4 #be'1 and #ad deg4#cj' ,w4 longitude from ,washington city4 ,it is bounded on the north by ,wisconsin ,territory1 north-east by lake ,michigan1 east by ,indiana1 south-east and south by ,kentucky1 and west by the ,state and ,territory of ,missouri4 ,its extreme length is #chj miles2 and its extreme width1 #bbj miles2 its average width1 #aej miles4 ,the area of the whole ,state1 including a small portion of lake ,michigan within its boundaries1 is #ei1cjj square miles4 ,the water area of the ,state is about #c1gej square miles4 ,with this1 deduct #e1eej square miles for irreclaimable wastes1 and there remains #ej1jjj square miles1 or #cb millions of acres of arable land in ,illinois1--a much greater quantity than is found in any other ,state4 ,in this estimate1 inundated lands1 submerged by high waters1 but which may be reclaimed at a moderate expense1 is included4 ,face of the ,country1 and qualities of ,soil4--,the general surface is level1 or moderately undulating2 the northern and southern portions are broken1 and somewhat hilly1 but no portion of the ,state is traversed with ranges of hills or mountains4 ,at the verge of the alluvial soil on the margins of rivers1 there are ranges of bluffs intersected with ravines4 ,the bluffs are usually from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet high1 where an extended surface of table land commences1 covered with prairies and forests of various shapes and sizes4 ,when examined minutely1 there are several varieties in the surface of this ,state1 which will be briefly specified and described4 #a4 ,inundated ,lands4 ,i apply this term to all those portions1 which1 for some part of the year1 are under water4 ,these include portions of the river bottoms1 and portions of the interior of large prairies1 with the lakes and ponds which1 for half the year or more1 are without water4 ,the term bottom is used throughout the ,west1 to denote the alluvial soil on the margin of rivers1 usually called intervales1 in ,new ,england4 ,portions of this description of land are flowed for a longer or shorter period1 when the rivers are full4 ,probably one eighth of the bottom lands are of this description2 for1 though the water may not stand for any length of time1 it wholly prevents settlement and cultivation1 though it does not interrupt the growth of timber and vegetation4 ,these tracts are on the bottoms of the ,wabash1 ,ohio1 ,mississippi1 ,illinois1 and all the interior rivers4 ,when the rivers rise above their ordinary height1 the waters of the smaller streams1 which are backed up by the freshets of the former1 break over their banks1 and cover all the low grounds4 ,here they stand for a few days1 or for many weeks1 especially towards the bluffs2 for it is a striking fact in the geology of the western country1 that all the river bottoms are higher on the margins of the streams than at some distance back4 ,whenever increase of population shall create a demand for this species of soil1 the most of it can be reclaimed at comparatively small expense4 ,its fertility will be inexhaustible1 and if the waters from the rivers could be shut out by dykes or levees1 the soil would be perfectly dry4 ,most of the small lakes on the ,american bottom disappear in the summer1 and leave a deposit of vegetable matter undergoing decomposition1 or a luxuriant coat of weeds and grass4 ,as our prairies mostly lie between the streams that drain the country1 the interior of the large ones are usually level4 ,here are formed ponds and lakes after the winter and spring rains1 which remain to be drawn off by evaporation1 or absorbed by an adhesive soil4 ,hence the middle of our large1 level prairies are wet1 and for several weeks portions of them are covered with water4 ,to remedy this inconvenience completely1 and render all this portion of soil dry and productive1 only requires a ditch or drain of two or three feet deep to be cut into the nearest ravine4 ,in many instances1 a single furrow with the plough1 would drain many acres4 ,at present1 this species of inundated land offers no inconvenience to the people1 except in the production of miasm1 and even that1 perhaps1 becomes too much diluted with the atmosphere to produce mischief before it reaches the settlements on the borders of the prairie4 ,hence the inference is correct1 that our inundated lands present fewer obstacles to the settlement and growth of the country1 and can be reclaimed at much less expense1 than the swamps and salt marshes of the ,atlantic ,states4 #b4 ,river ,bottoms or ,alluvion4 ,the surface of our alluvial bottoms is not entirely level4 ,in some places it resembles alternate waves of the ocean1 and looks as though the waters had left their deposit in ridges1 and retired4 ,the portion of bottom land capable of present cultivation1 and on which the waters never stand1 if1 at an extreme freshet1 it is covered1 is a soil of exhaustless fertility2 a soil that for ages past has been gradually deposited by the annual floods4 ,its average depth on the ,american bottom1 is from twenty to twenty-five feet4 ,logs of wood1 and other indications1 are found at that depth4 ,the soil dug from wells on these bottoms1 produces luxuriantly the first year4 ,the most extensive and fertile tract1 of this description of soil1 in this ,state1 is the ,american ,bottom1 a name it received when it constituted the western boundary of the ,united ,states1 and which it has retained ever since4 ,it commences at the mouth of the ,kaskaskia river1 five miles below the town of ,kaskaskia1 and extends northwardly along the ,mississippi to the bluffs at ,alton1 a distance of ninety miles4 ,its average width is five miles1 and contains about #dej square miles1 or #bhh1jjj acres4 ,opposite ,st4 ,louis1 in ,st4 ,clair county1 the bluffs are seven miles from the river1 and filled with inexhaustible beds of coal4 ,the soil of this bottom is an argillaceous or a silicious loam1 according as clay or sand happens to predominate in its formation4 ,on the margin of the river1 and of some of its lakes1 is a strip of heavy timber1 with a thick undergrowth1 which extends from half a mile to two miles in width2 but from thence to the bluffs1 it is principally prairie4 ,it is interspersed with sloughs1 lakes1 and ponds1 the most of which become dry in autumn4 ,the soil of the ,american bottom is inexhaustibly rich4 ,about the ,french towns it has been cultivated1 and produced corn in succession for more than a century1 without exhausting its fertilizing powers4 ,the only objection that can be offered to this tract is its unhealthy character4 ,this1 however1 has diminished considerably within eight or ten years4 ,the geological feature noticed in the last article--that all our bottoms are higher on the margin of the stream1 than towards the bluffs1 explains the cause why so much standing water is on the bottom land1 which1 during the summer1 stagnates and throws off noxious effluvia4 ,these lakes are usually full of vegetable matter undergoing decomposition1 and which produces large quantities of miasm4 ,some of the lakes are clear and of a sandy bottom1 but the most are of a different character4 ,the ,french settled near a lake or a river1 apparently in the most unhealthy places1 and yet their constitutions are little affected1 and they usually enjoy good health1 though dwarfish and shrivelled in their form and features4 ,the villages of ,kaskaskia1 ,prairie du ,rocher1 and ,cahokia1 were built up by their industry in places where ,americans would have perished4 ,cultivation has1 no doubt1 rendered this tract more salubrious than formerly2 and an increase of it1 together with the construction of drains and canals1 will make it one of the most eligible in the ,states4 ,the old inhabitants advise the emigrants not to plant corn in the immediate vicinity of their dwellings1 as its rich and massive foliage prevents the sun from dispelling the deleterious vapors4#aa ,these lakes and ponds could be drained at a small expense1 and the soil would be susceptible of cultivation4 ,the early settlements of the ,americans were either on this bottom1 or the contiguous bluffs4 ,besides the ,american bottom1 there are others that resemble it in its general character1 but not in extent4 ,in ,union county1 there is an extensive bottom on the borders of the ,mississippi4 ,above the mouth of the ,illinois1 and along the borders of the counties of ,calhoun1 ,pike1 and ,adams1 there are a series of bottoms1 with much good and elevated land2 but the inundated grounds around1 present objections to a dense population at present4 ,the bottoms of ,illinois1 where not inundated1 are equal in fertility1 and the soil is less adhesive than most parts of the ,american bottom4 ,this is likewise the character of the bottoms in the northern parts of the ,state4 ,the bottoms of the ,kaskaskia are generally covered with a heavy growth of timber1 and in many places inundated when the river is at its highest floods4 ,the extensive prairies adjoining1 will create a demand for all this timber4 ,the bottom lands on the ,wabash are of various qualities4 ,near the mouth1 much of it is inundated4 ,higher up it overflows in high freshets4 ,these bottoms1 especially the ,american are the best regions in the ,united ,states for raising stock1 particularly horses1 cattle1 and swine4 ,seventy-five bushels of corn to the acre is an ordinary crop4 ,the roots and worms of the soil1 the acorns and other fruits from the trees1 and the fish of the lakes1 accelerate the growth of swine4 ,horses and cattle find exhaustless supplies of grass in the prairies2 and pea vines1 buffalo grass1 wild oats1 and other herbage in the timber1 for summer range2 and often throughout most of the winter4 ,in all the rush bottoms1 they fatten during the severe weather on rushes4 ,the bottom soil is not so well adapted to the production of small grain1 as of maize or ,indian corn1 on account of its rank growth1 and being more subject to blast1 or fall down before harvest1 than on the uplands4 #c4 ,prairies4 ,much the largest proportion is undulating1 dry1 and extremely fertile4 ,other portions are level1 and the soil in some cases proves to be wet2--the water1 not running off freely1 is left to be absorbed by the soil1 or evaporated by the sun4 ,crawfish throw up their hillocks in this soil1 and the farmer who cultivates it1 will find his labors impeded by the water4 ,in the southern part1 that is1 south of the ,national road leading from ,terre ,haute to the ,mississippi1 the prairies are comparatively small1 varying in size from those of several miles in width1 to those which contain only a few acres4 ,as we go northward1 they widen and extend on the more elevated ground between the water courses to a vast distance1 and are frequently from six to twelve miles in width4 ,their borders are by no means uniform4 ,long points of timber project into the prairies1 and line the banks of the streams1 and points of prairie project into the timber between these streams4 ,in many instances are copses and groves of timber1 from one hundred to two thousand acres1 in the midst of prairies1 like islands in the ocean4 ,this is a common feature in the country between the ,sangamon river and lake ,michigan1 and in the northern parts of the ,state4 ,the lead mine region1 both in this ,state and the ,wisconsin territory1 abounds with these groves4 ,the origin of these prairies has caused much speculation4 ,we might as well dispute about the origin of forests1 upon the assumption that the natural covering of the earth was grass4 ,probably one half of the earth's surface1 in a state of nature1 was prairies or barrens4 ,much of it1 like our western prairies1 was covered with a luxuriant coat of grass and herbage4 ,the steppes of ,tartary1 the pampas of ,south ,america1 the savannas of the ,southern1 and the prairies of the ,western ,states1 designate similar tracts of country4 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 and ,judea had their ancient prairies1 on which the patriarchs fed their flocks4 ,missionaries in ,burmah1 and travellers in the interior of ,africa1 mention the same description of country4 ,where the tough sward of the prairie is once formed1 timber will not take root4 ,destroy this by the plough1 or by any other method1 and it is soon converted into forest land4 ,there are large tracts of country in the older settlements1 where1 thirty or forty years since1 the farmers mowed their hay1 that are now covered with a forest of young timber of rapid growth4 ,the fire annually sweeps over the prairies1 destroying the grass and herbage1 blackening the surface1 and leaving a deposit of ashes to enrich the soil4 #d4 ,barrens4 ,this term1 in the western dialect1 does not indicate poor land1 but a species of surface of a mixed character1 uniting forest and prairie4 ,the timber is generally scattering1 of a rough and stunted appearance1 interspersed with patches of hazle and brushwood1 and where the contest between the fire and timber is kept up1 each striving for the mastery4 ,in the early settlements of ,kentucky1 much of the country below and south of ,green river presented a dwarfish and stunted growth of timber1 scattered over the surface1 or collected in clumps1 with hazle and shrubbery intermixed4 ,this appearance led the first explorers to the inference that the soil itself must necessarily be poor1 to produce so scanty a growth of timber1 and they gave the name of barrens to the whole tract of country4 ,long since1 it has been ascertained that this description of land is amongst the most productive soil in the ,state4 ,the term barren has since received a very extensive application throughout the ,west4 ,like all other tracts of country1 the barrens present a considerable diversity of soil4 ,in general1 however1 the surface is more uneven or rolling than the prairies1 and sooner degenerates into ravines and sink-holes4 ,wherever timber barely sufficient for present purposes can be found1 a person need not hesitate to settle in the barrens4 ,these tracts are almost invariably healthy2 they possess a greater abundance of pure springs of water1 and the soil is better adapted for all kinds of produce1 and all descriptions of seasons1 wet and dry1 than the deeper and richer mould of the bottoms and prairies4 ,when the fires are stopped1 these barrens produce timber1 at a rate of which no northern emigrant can have any just conception4 ,dwarfish shrubs and small trees of oak and hickory are scattered over the surface1 where for years they have contended with the fires for a precarious existence1 while a mass of roots1 sufficient for the support of large trees1 have accumulated in the earth4 ,as soon as they are protected from the ravages of the annual fires1 the more thrifty sprouts shoot forth1 and in ten years are large enough for corn cribs and stables4 ,as the fires on the prairies become stopped by the surrounding settlements1 and the wild grass is eaten out and trodden down by the stock1 they begin to assume the character of barrens2 first1 hazle and other shrubs1 and finally1 a thicket of young timber1 covers the surface4 #e4 ,forest1 or timbered ,land4 ,in general1 ,illinois is abundantly supplied with timber1 and were it equally distributed through the ,state1 there would be no part in want4 ,the apparent scarcity of timber where the prairie predominates1 is not so great an obstacle to the settlement of the country as has been supposed4 ,for many of the purposes to which timber is applied1 substitutes are found4 ,the rapidity with which the young growth pushes itself forward1 without a single effort on the part of man to accelerate it1 and the readiness with which the prairie becomes converted into thickets1 and then into a forest of young timber1 shows that1 in another generation1 timber will not be wanting in any part of ,illinois4 ,the kinds of timber most abundant are oaks of various species1 black and white walnut1 ash of several kinds1 elm1 sugar maple1 honey locust1 hackberry1 linden1 hickory1 cotton wood1 pecan1 mulberry1 buckeye1 sycamore1 wild cherry1 box elder1 sassafras1 and persimmon4 ,in the southern and eastern parts of the ,state are yellow poplar1 and beech2 near the ,ohio are cypress1 and in several counties are clumps of yellow pine and cedar4 ,on the ,calamick1 near the south end of lake ,michigan1 is a small forest of white pine4 ,the undergrowth are redbud1 pawpaw1 sumach1 plum1 crab apple1 grape vines1 dogwood1 spice bush1 green brier1 hazle1 c4 ,the alluvial soil of the rivers produces cotton wood and sycamore timber of amazing size4 ,for ordinary purposes there is now timber enough in most parts of the ,state1 to say nothing about the artificial production of timber1 which may be effected with little trouble and expense4 ,the black locust1 a native of ,ohio and ,kentucky1 may be raised from the seed1 with less labor than a nursery of apple trees4 ,it is of rapid growth1 and1 as a valuable and lasting timber1 claims the attention of our farmers4 ,it forms one of the cleanliest and most beautiful shades1 and when in blossom gives a rich prospect1 and sends abroad a delicious fragrance4 #f4 ,knobs1 ,bluffs1 ,ravines1 and ,sink-holes4 ,under these heads are included tracts of uneven country found in various parts of the ,state4 ,knobs are ridges of flint limestone1 intermingled and covered with earth1 and elevated one or two hundred feet above the common surface4 ,this species of land is of little value for cultivation1 and usually has a sprinkling of dwarfish1 stunted timber1 like the barrens4 ,the steep hills and natural mounds that border the alluvions have obtained the name of bluffs4 ,some are in long1 parallel ridges1 others are in the form of cones and pyramids4 ,in some places precipices of limestone rock1 from fifty to one or two hundred feet high1 form these bluffs4 ,ravines are formed amongst the bluffs1 and often near the borders of prairies1 which lead down to the streams4 ,sink-holes are circular depressions in the surface1 like a basin4 ,they are of various sizes1 from ten to fifty feet deep1 and from ten to one or two hundred yards in circumference4 ,frequently they contain an outlet for the water received by the rains4 ,their existence shows that the substratum is secondary limestone1 abounding with subterraneous cavities4 ,there are but few tracts of stony ground in the ,state2 that is1 where loose stones are scattered over the surface1 and imbedded in the soil4 ,towards the northern part of the ,state1 tracts of stony ground exist4 ,quarries of stone exist in the bluffs1 and in the banks of the streams and ravines throughout the ,state4 ,the soil is porous1 easy to cultivate1 and exceedingly productive4 ,a strong team is required to break up the prairies1 on account of the firm1 grassy sward which covers them4 ,but when subdued1 they become fine1 arable lands4 ,rivers1 c4--,this ,state is surrounded and intersected by navigable streams4 ,the ,mississippi1 ,ohio and ,wabash rivers are on three sides1--the ,illinois1 ,kaskaskia1 ,sangamon1 ,muddy1 and many smaller streams are entirely within its borders1--and the ,kankakee1 ,fox1 ,rock1 and ,vermillion of the ,wabash1 run part of their course within this ,state4 ,the ,mississippi meanders its western border for #gjj miles4 ,its principal tributaries within ,illinois1 are ,rock1 ,illinois1 ,kaskaskia1 and ,muddy rivers4 ,the ,illinois river commences at the junction of the ,kankakee1 which originates near the ,south ,bend in ,indiana1 and the ,des ,plaines1 which rises in the ,wisconsin ,territory4 ,from their junction1 the ,illinois runs nearly a west course1 7receiving ,fox river at ,ottawa1 and ,vermillion near the foot of the rapids17 to ,hennepin1 where it curves to the south and then to the south-west1 receiving a number of tributaries1 the largest of which are ,spoon river from the right and ,sangamon from the left1 till it reaches ,naples4 ,here it bends gradually to the south1 and continues that course till within six miles of the ,mississippi1 when it curves to the south-east1 and finally1 to nearly an east course4 ,its length1 7without reckoning the windings of the channel in navigation17 is about #bfj miles1 and is navigable for steamboats at a moderate stage of water to the foot of the rapids4 ,the large streams on the eastern side of the ,state are ,iroquois1 a tributary to the ,kankakee1 ,vermillion of the ,wabash1 which enters that river in ,indiana1 ,embarras1 that has its source near that of the ,kaskaskia1 runs south-easterly1 and enters the ,wabash #i miles below ,vincennes1 and ,little ,wabash near its mouth4 ,along the ,ohio1 the only streams deserving note are the ,saline and ,bay creeks1 and ,cash river1 the last of which enters the ,ohio six miles above its confluence with the ,mississippi4 ,productions4--,these are naturally classed into mineral1 animal and vegetable4 ,minerals4 ,the northern portion of ,illinois is inexhaustibly rich in mineral productions1 while coal1 secondary limestone1 and sandstone1 are found in every part4 ,iron ore has been found in the southern parts of the ,state1 and is said to exist in considerable quantities in the northern parts4 ,native copper1 in small quantities1 has been found on ,muddy river1 in ,jackson county1 and back of ,harrisonville1 in the bluffs of ,monroe county4 ,crystallized gypsum has been found in small quantities in ,st4 ,clair county4 ,quartz crystals exist in ,gallatin county4 ,silver is supposed to exist in ,st4 ,clair county1 two miles from ,rock ,spring1 from whence ,silver creek derives its name4 ,in early times1 a shaft was sunk here1 by the ,french1 and tradition tells of large quantities of the precious metals being obtained4 ,in the southern part of the ,state1 several sections of land have been reserved from sale1 on account of the silver ore they are supposed to contain4 ,lead is found in vast quantities in the northern part of ,illinois1 and the adjacent territory4 ,here are the richest lead mines hitherto discovered on the globe4 ,this portion of country lies principally north of ,rock river and south of the ,wisconsin4 ,dubuque's1 and other rich mines1 are west of the ,mississippi4 ,native copper1 in large quantities1 exists in this region1 especially at the mouth of ,plum creek1 and on the ,peek-a-ton-o-kee1 a branch of ,rock river4 ,the following is a list of the principal diggings in that portion of the lead mine region that lies between ,rock river and the ,wisconsin1 embracing portions of ,illinois ,state1 and ,wisconsin ,territory4 ,some of these diggings are1 probably1 relinquished1 and many new ones commenced4 ,apple ,creek1 ,,galena and vicinity1 ,cave ,diggings1 ,buncombe1 ,natchez1 ,hardscrabble1 ,new ,diggings1 ,gratiot's ,grove1 ,spulburg1 ,w4 ,s4 ,hamilton's1 ,cottle's1 ,mc,nutt's1 ,menomonee ,creek1 ,plattsville1 ,,cassville and vicinity1 ,madden's1 ,mineral ,point1 ,dodgeville1 ,worke's ,diggings1 ,brisbo's1 ,blue ,mounds1 ,prairie ,springs1 ,hammett ,campbell's1 ,morrison's1 and many others4 ,amount of ,lead ,manufactured4 ,for many years the ,indians1 and some of the ,french hunters and traders1 had been accustomed to dig lead in these regions4 ,they never penetrated much below the surface1 but obtained considerable quantities of the ore which they sold to the traders4 ,in #ahbc1 the late ,col4 ,james ,johnson1 of ,great ,crossings1 ,ky41 and brother to the ,hon4 ,r4 ,m4 ,johnson1 obtained a lease of the ,united ,states government1 and made arrangements to prosecute the business of smelting1 with considerable force1 which he did the following season4 ,this attracted the attention of enterprising men in ,illinois1 ,missouri1 and other ,states4 ,some went on in #ahbf1 more followed in #ahbg1 and in #ahbh the country was almost literally filled with miners1 smelters1 merchants1 speculators1 gamblers1 and every description of character4 ,intelligence1 enterprise1 and virtue1 were thrown in the midst of dissipation1 gaming1 and every species of vice4 ,such was the crowd of adventurers in #ahbi1 to this hitherto almost unknown and desolate region1 that the lead business was greatly overdone1 and the market for awhile nearly destroyed4 ,fortunes were made almost upon a turn of the spade1 and lost with equal facility4 ,the business has revived and is profitable4 ,exhaustless quantities of mineral exist here1 over a tract of country two hundred miles in extent4 ,the following table shows the amount of lead made annually at these diggings1 from #ahba1 to ,sept1 #cj1 #ahce3 ,lbs4 of lead made from #ahba1 to ,sept4 #ahbc1 #cce1acj do4 for the year ending ,sept4 #cj1 #ahbd1 #age1bbj do4 do4 do4 #ahbe1 #ffd1ecj do4 do4 do4 #ahbf1 #ieh1hdb do4 do4 do4 #ahbg1 #e1ahb1ahj do4 do4 do4 #ahbh1 #aa1aje1haj do4 do4 do4 #ahbi1 #ac1cdd1aej do4 do4 do4 #ahcj1 #h1cbc1iih do4 do4 do4 #ahca1 #f1cha1ijj do4 do4 do4 #ahcb1 #d1bha1hgf do4 do4 do4 #ahcc1 #g1ida1gib do4 do4 do4 #ahcd1 #g1iga1egi do4 do4 do4 #ahce1 #c1ged1bij ---------- ,total1 #gj1dbj1ceg ,the rent accruing to government for the same period1 is a fraction short of six millions of pounds4 ,the government formerly received #aj per cent4 in lead for rent4 ,now it is #f per cent4 ,a part of the mineral land in the ,wisconsin ,territory has been surveyed and brought into market1 which will add greatly to the stability and prosperity of the mining business4 ,coal4 ,bituminous coal abounds in ,illinois4 ,it may be seen1 frequently1 in the ravines and gullies1 and in the points of bluffs4 ,exhaustless beds of this article exist in the bluffs of ,st4 ,clair county1 bordering on the ,american bottom1 of which large quantities are transported to ,st4 ,louis1 for fuel4 ,there is scarce a county in the ,state1 but what can furnish coal1 in reasonable quantities4 ,large beds are said to exist1 near the ,vermillion of the ,illinois1 and in the vicinity of the rapids of the latter4 ,agatized ,wood4 ,a petrified tree1 of black walnut1 was found in the bed of the river ,des ,plaines1 about forty rods above its junction with the ,kankakee1 imbedded in a horizontal position1 in a stratum of sandstone4 ,there is fifty-one and a half feet of the trunk visible1--eighteen inches in diameter at its smallest end1 and probably three feet at the other end4 ,muriate of ,soda1 or common salt4 ,this is found in various parts of the ,state1 held in solution in the springs4 ,the manufacture of salt by boiling and evaporation is carried on in ,gallatin county1 twelve miles west-north-west from ,shawneetown2 in ,jackson county1 near ,brownsville2 and in ,vermillion county1 near ,danville4 ,the springs and land are owned by the ,state1 and the works leased4 ,a coarse freestone1 much used in building1 is dug from quarries near ,alton1 on the ,mississippi1 where large bodies exist4 ,scattered over the surface of our prairies1 are large masses of rock1 of granitic formation1 roundish in form1 usually called by the people lost rocks4 ,they will weigh from one thousand to ten or twelve thousand pounds1 and are entirely detached1 and frequently are found several miles-distant from any quarry4 ,nor has there ever been a quarry of granite discovered in the ,state4 ,these stones are denominated bowlders in mineralogy4 ,they usually lie on the surface1 or are partially imbedded in the soil of our prairies1 which is unquestionably of diluvial formation4 ,how they came here is a question of difficult solution4 ,medicinal ,waters1 are found in different parts of the ,state4 ,these are chiefly sulphur springs and chalybeate waters4 ,there is said to be one well in the southern part of the ,state strongly impregnated with the sulphate of magnesia1 or ,epsom salts1 from which considerable quantities have been made for sale1 by simply evaporating the water1 in a kettle1 over a common fire4 ,there are several sulphur springs in ,jefferson county1 to which persons resort for health4 ,vegetable ,productions4 ,the principal trees and shrubs of ,illinois have been noticed under the head of ,forest or timbered land4 ,of oaks there are several species1 as overcup1 burr oak1 swamp or water oak1 white oak1 red or ,spanish oak1 post oak1 and black oak of several varieties1 with the black jack1 a dwarfish1 gnarled looking tree1 excellent for fuel1 but good for nothing else4 ,the black walnut is much used for building materials and cabinet work1 and sustains a fine polish4 ,in most parts of the ,state1 grape vines1 indigenous to the country1 are abundant1 which yield grapes that might advantageously be made into excellent wine4 ,foreign vines are susceptible of easy cultivation4 ,these are cultivated to a considerable extent at ,vevay1 ,switzerland county1 ,indiana1 and at ,new ,harmony on the ,wabash4 ,the indigenous vines are prolific1 and produce excellent fruit4 ,they are found in every variety of soil2 interwoven in every thicket in the prairies and barrens2 and climbing to the tops of the very highest trees on the bottoms4 ,the ,french in early times1 made so much wine as to export some to ,france2 upon which the proper authorities prohibited the introduction of wine from ,illinois1 lest it might injure the sale of that staple article of the kingdom4 ,i think the act was passed by the board of trade1 in #aggd4 ,the editor of the ,illinois ,magazine remarks1 ,we know one gentleman who made twenty-seven barrels of wine in a single season1 from the grapes gathered with but little labor1 in his immediate neighborhood4 ,the wild plum is found in every part of the ,state2 but in most instances the fruit is too sour for use1 unless for preserves4 ,crab apples are equally prolific1 and make fine preserves with about double their bulk of sugar4 ,wild cherries are equally productive4 ,the persimmon is a delicious fruit1 after the frost has destroyed its astringent properties4 ,the black mulberry grows in most parts1 and is used for the feeding of silk-worms with success4 ,they appear to thrive and spin as well as on the ,italian mulberry4 ,the gooseberry1 strawberry1 and blackberry1 grow wild and in great profusion4 ,of our nuts1 the hickory1 black walnut1 and pecan1 deserve notice4 ,the last is an oblong1 thin shelled1 delicious nut1 that grows on a large tree1 a species of the hickory1 7the ,carya olivae formis of ,nuttall47 ,the pawpaw grows in the bottoms1 and rich1 timbered uplands1 and produces a large1 pulpy1 and luscious fruit4 ,of domestic fruits1 the apple and peach are chiefly cultivated4 ,pears are tolerably plenty in the ,french settlements1 and quinces are cultivated with success by some ,americans4 ,apples are easily cultivated1 and are very productive4 ,they can be made to bear fruit to considerable advantage in seven years from the seed4 ,many varieties are of fine flavor1 and grow to a large size4 ,i have measured apples1 the growth of ,st4 ,clair county1 that exceeded thirteen inches in circumference4 ,some of the early ,american settlers provided orchards4 ,they now reap the advantages4 ,but a large proportion of the population of the frontiers are content without this indispensable article in the comforts of a ,yankee farmer4 ,cider is made in small quantities in the old settlements4 ,in a few years1 a supply of this beverage can be had in most parts of ,illinois4 ,peach trees grow with great rapidity1 and decay proportionably soon4 ,from ten to fifteen years may be considered the life of this tree4 ,our peaches are delicious1 but they sometimes fail by being destroyed in the germ by winter frosts4 ,the bud swells prematurely4 ,garden ,vegetables can be produced here in vast profusion1 and of excellent quality4 ,that we have few of the elegant and well dressed gardens of gentlemen in the old states1 is admitted2 which is not owing to climate1 or soil1 but to the want of leisure and means4 ,our ,irish potatoes1 pumpkins and squashes are inferior1 but not our cabbages1 peas1 beets1 or onions4 ,a cabbage head1 two or three feet in diameter including the leaves1 is no wonder on this soil4 ,beets often exceed twelve inches in circumference4 ,parsnips will penetrate our light1 porous soil1 to the depth of two or three feet4 ,the cultivated vegetable productions in the field1 are maize or ,indian corn1 wheat1 oats1 barley1 buckwheat1 ,irish potatoes1 sweet potatoes1 turnips1 rye for horse feed and distilleries1 tobacco1 cotton1 hemp1 flax1 the castor bean1 and every other production common to the ,middle ,states4 ,maize is a staple production4 ,no farmer can live without it1 and hundreds raise little else4 ,this is chiefly owing to the ease with which it is cultivated4 ,its average produce is fifty bushels to the acre4 ,i have oftentimes seen it produce seventy-five bushels to the acre1 and in a few instances1 exceed one hundred4 ,wheat yields a good and sure crop1 especially in the counties bordering on the ,illinois river4 ,it weighs upwards of #fj pounds per bushel2 and flour from this region has preference in the ,new ,orleans market1 and passes better inspection than the same article from ,ohio or ,kentucky4 ,in #ahbe1 the weevil1 for the first time1 made its appearance in ,st4 ,clair and the adjacent counties1 and has occasionally renewed its visits since4 ,latterly1 some fields have been injured by the fly4 ,a common1 but slovenly practice amongst our farmers1 is1 to sow wheat amongst the standing corn1 in ,september1 and cover it by running a few furrows with the plough between the rows of corn4 ,the dry stalks are then cut down in the spring1 and left on the ground4 ,even by this imperfect mode1 fifteen or twenty bushels of wheat to the acre are produced4 ,but where the ground is duly prepared by fallowing1 and the seed put in at the proper time1 a good crop1 averaging from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels per acre1 rarely fails to be procured4 ,the average price of wheat at present is a dollar per bushel1 varying a little according to the competition of mills and facilities to market4 ,in many instances a single crop of wheat will more than pay the expenses of purchasing the land1 fencing1 breaking the prairie1 seed1 putting in the crop1 harvesting1 threshing1 and taking it to market4 ,wheat is now frequently sown on the prairie land as a first crop1 and a good yield obtained4 ,flouring mills are now in operation in many of the wheat growing counties4 ,steam power is getting into extensive use both for sawing timber1 and manufacturing flour4 ,it is to be regretted1 that so few of our farmers have erected barns for the security of their crops4 ,no article is more profitable1 and really more indispensable to a farmer1 than a large barn4 ,oats have not been much raised till lately4 ,they are very productive1 often yielding from forty to fifty bushels on the acre1 and usually sell for twenty-five cents the bushel4 ,the demand for the use of stage and travellers' horses is increasing4 ,hemp is an indigenous plant in the southern part of this ,state1 as it is in ,missouri4 ,it has not been extensively cultivated2 but wherever tried1 is found very productive1 and of an excellent quality4 ,it might be made a staple of the country4 ,tobacco1 though a filthy and noxious weed1 which no human being ought ever to use1 can be produced in any quantity1 and of the first quality1 in ,illinois4 ,cotton1 for many years1 has been successfully cultivated in this ,state for domestic use1 and some for exportation4 ,two or three spinning factories are in operation1 and produce cotton yarn from the growth of the country with promising success4 ,this branch of business admits of enlargement1 and invites the attention of eastern manufacturers with small capital4 ,much of the cloth made in families who have emigrated from ,states south of the ,ohio is from the cotton of the country4 ,flax is produced1 and of a tolerable quality1 but not equal to that of the ,northern ,states4 ,it is said to be productive and good in the northern counties4 ,barley yields well1 and is a sure crop4 ,the palma christi1 or castor oil bean1 is produced in considerable quantities in ,madison1 ,randolph1 and other counties1 and large quantities of oil are expressed and sent abroad4 ,sweet ,potatoes are a delicious root1 and yield abundantly1 especially on the ,american bottom1 and rich sandy prairies4 ,but little has been done to introduce cultivated grasses4 ,the prairie grass looks coarse and unsavory1 and yet our horses and cattle will thrive well on it4 ,to produce timothy with success1 the ground must be well cultivated in the summer1 either by an early crop1 or by fallowing1 and the seed sown about the #bjth of ,september1 at the rate of ten or twelve quarts of clean seed to the acre1 and lightly brushed in4 ,if the season is in any way favorable1 it will get a rapid start before winter4 ,by the last week in ,june1 it will produce two tons per acre1 of the finest hay4 ,it then requires a dressing of stable or yard manure1 and occasionally the turf may be scratched with a harrow1 to prevent the roots from binding too hard4 ,by this process1 timothy meadows may be made and preserved4 ,there are meadows in ,st4 ,clair county1 which have yielded heavy crops of hay in succession1 for several years1 and bid fair to continue for an indefinite period4 ,cattle1 and especially horses1 should never be permitted to run in meadows in ,illinois4 ,the fall grass may be cropped down by calves and colts4 ,there is but little more labor required to produce a crop of timothy1 than a crop of oats1 and as there is not a stone or a pebble to interrupt1 the soil may be turned up every third or fourth year for corn1 and afterwards laid down to grass again4 ,a species of blue grass is cultivated by some farmers for pastures4 ,if well set1 and not eaten down in summer1 blue grass pastures may be kept green and fresh till late in autumn1 or even in the winter4 ,the ,english spire grass has been cultivated with success in the ,wabash country4 ,of the trefoil1 or clover1 there is but little cultivated4 ,a prejudice exists against it1 as it is imagined to injure horses by affecting the glands of the mouth1 and causing them to slaver4 ,it grows luxuriantly1 and may be cut for hay early in ,june4 ,the white clover comes in naturally1 where the ground has been cultivated1 and thrown by1 or along the sides of old roads and paths4 ,clover pastures would be excellent for swine4 ,animals4 ,of wild animals there are several species4 ,the buffalo is not found on this side the ,mississippi1 nor within several hundred miles of ,st4 ,louis4 ,this animal once roamed at large over the prairies of ,illinois1 and was found in plenty1 thirty-five years since4 ,wolves1 panthers and wild cats1 still exist on the frontiers1 and through the unsettled portions of the country1 and annoy the farmer by destroying his sheep and pigs4 ,deer are also very numerous1 and are valuable1 particularly to that class of our population which has been raised to frontier habits2 the flesh affording them food1 and the skins1 clothing4 ,fresh venison hams usually sell for twenty-five cents each1 and when properly cured1 are a delicious article4 ,many of the frontier people dress their skins1 and make them into pantaloons and hunting shirts4 ,these articles are indispensable to all who have occasion to travel in viewing land1 or for any other purpose1 beyond the settlements1 as cloth garments1 in the shrubs and vines1 would soon be in strings4 ,it is a novel and pleasant sight to a stranger1 to see the deer in flocks of eight1 ten1 or fifteen in number1 feeding on the grass of the prairies1 or bounding away at the sight of a traveller4 ,the brown bear is also an inhabitant of the unsettled parts of this ,state1 although he is continually retreating before the advance of civilization4 ,foxes1 raccoons1 opossums1 gophers1 and squirrels1 are also numerous1 as are muskrats1 otters1 and occasionally beaver1 about our rivers and lakes4 ,raccoons are very common1 and frequently do mischief in the fall1 to our corn4 ,opossums sometimes trouble the poultry4 ,the gopher is a singular little animal1 about the size of a squirrel4 ,it burrows in the ground1 is seldom seen1 but its works make it known4 ,it labors during the night1 in digging subterranean passages in the rich soil of the prairies1 and throws up hillocks of fresh earth1 within a few feet distance from each other1 and from twelve to eighteen inches in height4 ,the gray and fox squirrels often do mischief in the cornfields1 and the hunting of them makes fine sport for the boys4 ,common rabbits exist in every thicket1 and annoy nurseries and young orchards exceedingly4 ,the fence around a nursery must always be so close as to shut out rabbits2 and young apple trees must be secured1 at the approach of winter1 by tying straw or corn stalks around their bodies1 for two or three feet in height1 or the bark will be stripped off by these mischievous animals4 ,wild horses are found ranging the prairies and forests in some parts of the ,state4 ,they are small in size1 of the ,indian or ,canadian breed1 and very hardy4 ,they are found chiefly in the lower end of the ,american ,bottom1 near the junction of the ,kaskaskia and ,mississippi rivers1 called the ,point4 ,they are the offspring of the horses brought there by the first settlers1 and which were suffered to run at large4 ,the ,indians of the ,west have many such horses1 which are commonly called ,indian ponies4 ,domestic ,animals4 ,these are the same as are found in other portions of the ,united ,states4 ,but little has been done to improve the breed of horses amongst us4 ,our common riding or working horses average about fifteen hands in height4 ,horses are much more used here than in the ,eastern ,states1 and many a farmer keeps half a dozen or more4 ,much of the travelling throughout the ,western country1 both by men and women1 is performed on horseback2 and a large proportion of the land carriage is by means of large wagons1 with from four to six stout horses for a team4 ,a great proportion of the ploughing is performed by horse labor4 ,horses are more subject to diseases in this country than in the old ,states1 which is thought to be occasioned by bad management1 rather than by the climate4 ,a good farm horse can be purchased for fifty dollars4 ,riding or carriage horses1 of a superior quality1 cost about seventy-five or eighty dollars4 ,breeding mares are profitable stock for every farmer to keep1 as their annual expense in keeping is but trifling3 their labor is always needed1 and their colts1 when grown1 find a ready market4 ,some farmers keep a stallion1 and eight or ten brood mares4 ,mules are brought into ,missouri1 and find their way to ,illinois1 from the ,mexican dominions4 ,they are a hardy animal1 grow to a good size1 and are used by some1 both for labor and riding4 ,our neat cattle are usually inferior in size to those of the old ,states4 ,this is owing entirely to bad management4 ,our cows are not penned up in pasture fields1 but suffered to run at large over the commons4 ,hence all the calves are preserved1 without respect to quality1 to entice the cows homeward at evening4 ,in autumn their food is very scanty1 and during the winter they are permitted to pick up a precarious subsistence amongst fifty or a hundred head of cattle4 ,with such management1 is it surprising that our cows and steers are much inferior to those of the old ,states8 ,and yet1 our beef is the finest in the world4 ,it bears the best inspection of any in the ,new ,orleans market4 ,by the first of ,june1 and often by the middle of ,may1 our young cattle on the prairies are fit for market4 ,they do not yield large quantities of tallow1 but the fat is well proportioned throughout the carcass1 and the meat tender and delicious4 ,by inferiority1 then1 ,i mean the size of our cattle in general1 and the quantity and quality of the milk of cows4 ,common cows1 if suffered to lose their milk in ,august1 become sufficiently fat for table use by ,october4 ,fallow heifers and steers1 are good beef1 and fit for the knife at any period after the middle of ,may4 ,nothing is more common than for an ,illinois farmer to go among his stock1 select1 shoot down1 and dress a fine beef1 whenever fresh meat is needed4 ,this is often divided out amongst the neighbors1 who in turn1 kill and share likewise4 ,it is common at camp and other large meetings1 to kill a beef and three or four hogs for the subsistence of friends from a distance4 ,steers from three years old or more1 have been purchased in great numbers in ,illinois1 by drovers from ,ohio4 ,cattle are sometimes sent in flat boats down the ,mississippi and ,ohio1 for the ,new ,orleans market4 ,we can hardly place limits upon the amount of beef cattle that ,illinois is capable of producing4 ,a farmer calls himself poor1 with a hundred head of horned cattle around him4 ,a cow in the spring is worth from seven to ten or fifteen dollars4 ,some of the best quality will sell higher4 ,and let it be distinctly understood1 once for all1 that a poor man can always purchase horses1 cattle1 hogs1 and provisions1 for labor1 either by the day1 month1 or job4 ,cows1 in general1 do not produce the same amount of milk1 nor of as rich a quality as in older ,states4 ,something is to be attributed to the nature of our pastures1 and the warmth of our climate1 but more to causes already assigned4 ,if ever a land was characterized justly1 as flowing with milk and honey1 it is ,illinois and the adjacent ,states4 ,from the springing of the grass till ,september1 butter is made in great profusion4 ,it sells at that season in market for about ten cents4 ,with proper care it can be preserved in tolerable sweetness for winter's use4 ,late in autumn and early in the winter1 sometimes butter is not plenty4 ,the feed becomes dry1 the cows range further off1 and do not come up readily for milking1 and dry up4 ,a very little trouble would enable a farmer to keep three or four good cows in fresh milk at the season most needed4 ,cheese is made by many families1 especially in the counties bordering on the ,illinois river4 ,good cheese sells for eight and sometimes ten cents1 and finds a ready market4 ,swine4 ,this species of stock may be called a staple in the provision of ,illinois4 ,thousands of hogs are raised without any expense1 except a few breeders to start with1 and a little attention in hunting them on the range1 and keeping them tame4 ,pork that is made in a domestic way and fatted on corn1 will sell from three to four and five dollars1 according to size1 quality1 and the time when it is delivered4 ,with a pasture of clover or blue grass1 a well-filled corn crib1 a dairy1 and slop barrel1 and the usual care that a ,new ,englander bestows on his pigs1 pork may be raised from the sow1 fatted1 and killed1 and weigh from two hundred to two hundred and fifty1 within twelve months2 and this method of raising pork would be profitable4 ,few families in the west and south put up their pork in salt pickle4 ,their method is to salt it sufficiently to prepare it for smoking1 and then make bacon of hams1 shoulders1 and middlings or broadsides4 ,the price of bacon1 taking the hog round1 is about seven and eight cents4 ,good hams command eight and ten cents in the ,st4 ,louis market4 ,stock hogs1 weighing from sixty to one hundred pounds1 alive1 usually sell from one to two dollars per head4 ,families consume much more meat in the ,west in proportion to numbers1 than in the old ,states4 ,sheep do very well in this country1 especially in the older settlements1 where the grass has become short1 and they are less molested by wolves4 ,poultry is raised in great profusion1--and large numbers of fowls taken to market4 ,ducks1 geese1 swans1 and many other aquatic birds1 visit our waters in the spring4 ,the small lakes and sloughs are often literally covered with them4 ,ducks1 and some of the rest1 frequently stay through the summer and breed4 ,the prairie fowl is seen in great numbers on the prairies in the summer1 and about the corn fields in the winter4 ,this is the grouse of the ,new ,york market4 ,they are easily taken in the winter4 ,partridges1 7the quail of ,new ,england17 are taken with nets1 in the winter1 by hundreds in a day1 and furnish no trifling item in the luxuries of the city market4 ,bees4 ,these laborious and useful insects are found in the trees of every forest4 ,many of the frontier people make it a prominent business1 after the frost has killed the vegetation1 to hunt them for the honey and wax1 both of which find a ready market4 ,bees are profitable stock for the farmer1 and are kept to a considerable extent4 ,silk-worms are raised by a few persons4 ,they are capable of being produced to any extent1 and fed on the common black mulberry of the country4 ,manufactures4--,in the infancy of a state1 little can be expected in machinery and manufactures4 ,and in a region so much deficient in water power as some parts of ,illinois is1 still less may be looked for4 ,yet ,illinois is not entirely deficient in manufacturing enterprise4 ,salt4 ,the principal salines of this ,state have been mentioned under the head of minerals4 ,the principal works are at ,gallatin1 ,big ,muddy1 and ,vermillion salines4 ,steam ,mills for flouring and sawing are becoming very common1 and in general are profitable4 ,some are now in operation with four run of stones1 and which manufacture one hundred barrels of flour in a day4 ,mills propelled by steam1 water1 and animal power1 are constantly increasing4 ,steam mills will become numerous1 particularly in the southern and middle portions of the ,state1 and it is deserving remark that1 while these portions are not well supplied with durable water power1 they contain1 in the timber of the forest1 and the inexhaustible bodies of bituminous coal1 abundant supplies of fuel2 while the northern portion1 though deficient in fuel1 has abundant water power4 ,a good steam saw-mill with two saws can be built for #a1ejj2 and a steam flouring mill with two run of stones1 elevators1 and other apparatus complete1 and of sufficient force to turn out forty or fifty barrels of flour per day1 may be built for from #c1ejj to #e1jjj4 ,ox mills on an inclined plane1 and horse mills by draught1 are common through the country4 ,castor ,oil4 ,considerable quantities of this article have been manufactured in ,illinois from the palma christi1 or castor bean4 ,one bushel of the beans will make nearly two gallons of the oil4 ,there are five or six castor oil presses in the ,state1 in ,madison1 ,randolph1 ,edwards1 and perhaps in other counties4 ,mr4 ,adams of ,edwardsville1 in #ahbe1 made #ejj gallons1 which then sold at the rate of two dollars fifty cents per gallon4 ,in #ahbf1 he made #hjj gallons2 in #ahbg1 #ajjj gallons1--the price then1 one dollar seventy-five cents3 in #ahbh1 #ahjj gallons1 price one dollar4 ,in #ahcj1 he started two presses and made upwards of #aj1jjj gallons1 which sold for from seventy-five to eighty-seven cents per gallon3 in #ahca1 about the same quantity4 ,that and the following season being unfavorable for the production of the bean1 there has been a falling off in the quantity4 ,the amount manufactured in other parts of the ,state has probably exceeded that made by ,mr4 ,adams4 ,lead4 ,in ,jo ,daviess county are eight or ten furnaces for smelting lead4 ,the amount of this article made annually at the mines of the ,upper ,mississippi1 has been given under the head of minerals4 ,boat ,building will soon become a branch of business in this ,state4 ,some steamboats have been constructed already within this ,state1 along the ,mississippi4 ,it is thought that ,alton and ,chicago are convenient sites for this business4 ,there is in this ,state1 as in all the ,western ,states1 a large amount of domestic manufactures made by families4 ,all the trades1 needful to a new country1 are in existence4 ,carpenters1 wagon makers1 cabinet makers1 blacksmiths1 tanneries1 c41 may be found in every county and town1 and thousands more are wanted4 ,there has been a considerable falling off in the manufacture of whiskey within a few years1 and it is sincerely hoped by thousands of citizens1 that this branch of business1 so decidedly injurious to the morals and happiness of communities and individuals1 will entirely decline4 ,several companies for manufacturing purposes1 have been incorporated by the legislature4 ,civil ,divisions4--,there are #ff counties laid off in this ,state1 #ei of which are organized for judicial purposes4 ,the six last named in the following table were laid off at the recent session of the legislature1 ,jan4 #ahcf4 ,the county of ,will was formed from portions of ,cook1 ,lasalle1 and ,iroquois1 with the town of ,juliet for its seat of justice1 near the junction of the ,kankakee and ,des ,plaines4 ,in this ,state1 there are no civil divisions into townships as in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 c4 ,the township tracts of six miles square1 in the public surveys1 relate exclusively to the land system4 ,the ,state is divided into three districts to elect representatives to ,congress1 and into six circuits for judicial purposes4 ,,tabular ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,counties4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,distance ,date of ,square,votes ,population,,seats ,,of bearing from ,,counties4 formation4miles4in #ahcd4 #ahce4 ,,justice4 ,vandalia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,adams1 #ahbe #hbj #gbh #gjdb ,quincy1 #age n4 w4 ,alexander1 #ahai #cge #bdi #bjej ,unity1 #ace s4 ,bond1 #ahag #cfj #eai #cehj ,greenville1 #ai w4 s4 w4 ,calhoun1 #ahbe #bfj #aea #ajia ,gilhead1 #acd w4 n4 w4 ,champaign1 #ahcc #hfd #ajb #ajde ,urbanna1 #ajc n4 n4 e4 ,clark1 #ahai #ejj #dea #cdac ,darwin1,a or #hb e4 n4 e4 ,marshall1 ,clay1 #ahbd #fbj #agb #afdh ,maysville1 #ej s4 e4 ,clinton1 #ahbd #ejj #dad #bfdh ,carlyle1 #bh s4 s4 w4 ,crawford1 #ahaf #cgh #eai #cedj ,palestine1 #ajj e4 ,coles1 #ahcj #abdh #fhj #eabe ,charleston1 #ge n4 e4 ,cook1 #ahcj ,b #ebh #ihbf ,chicago1 #bfh n4 n4 e4 ,edgar1 #ahbc #fdh #ghh #fffh ,paris1 #ajj n4 e4 ,edwards1 #ahad #bjj #bci #bjjf ,albion1 #if s4 e4 ,effingham1 #ahca #dhf #abi #ajee ,ewington1 #bi e4 n4 e4 ,fayette1 #ahba #fhd #ffe #cfch ,,vandalia1 ,franklin1 #ahah #hej #gei #eeea ,frankfort1 #hc s4 ,fulton1 #ahbe #eij #fjg #eiag ,lewistown1 #ace n4 n4 w4 ,gallatin1 #ahab #hbh #acab #hffj ,equality1 #ajj s4 s4 e4 ,greene1 #ahba #iab #acfj #abbgd ,carrollton1 #ij w4 n4 w4 ,hamilton1 #ahba #cgh #dfj #bhgg ,mc,leansboro'1 #gf s4 s4 e4 ,hancock1 #ahbe #gge #ceg #cbdi ,carthage1 #ahj n4 w4 ,henry 7not #ahbe #hjj -- #aah #baj n4 n4 w4 organized17 ,iroquois1 #ahcc ,b #fg #aafd 7,not #afe n4 n4 e4 established17 ,jackson1 #ahaf #egf #ced #bghc ,brownsville1 #if s4 s4 w4 ,jasper1 #ahca #bhh -- #dae ,newton1 #fj e4 ,jefferson1 #ahai #egf #dee #ccej ,mount ,vernon1 #dh s4 s4 e4 ,jo ,daviess1 #ahbg ,b #dib #djch ,galena1 7nnw7 #cjj n4 n4 w4 ,johnson1 #ahab #dhf #caf #baff ,vienna1 #abj s4 ,knox1 #ahbe #gib #ahj #afjj ,knoxville1 #ahb n4 n4 w4 ,lasalle1 #ahca ,b #bhi #dged ,ottawa1 #ahg n4 ,lawrence1 #ahba #efj #fah #ddej ,lawrenceville1 #hh e4 s4 e4 ,macon1 #ahbi #djd #bib #cjbb ,decatur1 #ge n4 ,madison1 #ahab #gej #acjg #ijaf ,edwardsville1 #eh w4 ,macoupen1 #ahbi #gbj #fbd #eeed ,carlinville1 #ee w4 n4 w4 ,marion1 #ahbc #egf #cgb #bhdd ,salem1 #be s4 s4 e4 ,mc,donough #ahbe #egf #cjd #bhhc ,macomb1 #aee n4 w4 ,mc,lean1 #ahcj #aiaf #dif #ecaa ,bloomington1 #abj n4 ,mercer1 #ahbe #eeh -- #dig ,new ,boston1 #bji n4 w4 ,monroe1 #ahaf #cfj #ddi #bffj ,waterloo1 #gb s4 w4 ,montgomery1 #ahba #ifj #dge #cgdj ,hillsboro'1 #bh n4 w4 ,morgan1 #ahbc #aaej #bgag #aibad ,jacksonville1 #ia n4 w4 ,peoria1 #ahbe #fdh #bbc #cbbj ,peoria1 #ada n4 n4 w4 ,perry1 #ahbg #ddf #bgc #bbja ,pinckneyville1 #ga s4 s4 w4 ,pike1 #ahba #hjj #feg #fjcg ,pittsfield1 #abf w4 n4 w4 ,pope1 #ahaf #egf #ddd #cgef ,golconda1 #acj s4 s4 e4 ,putnam1 #ahbe #acdj #chc #djba ,hennepin1 #hj n4 ,randolph1 #agie #edj #had #efie ,kaskaskia1 #ij s4 s4 w4 ,rock ,island1 #ahca #cgg #hc #faf ,stephenson1 #bj n4 w4 ,sangamon1 #ahba #abcd #bbai #agegc ,springfield1 #gi n4 n4 w4 ,schuyler1 #ahbe #hfd #fhj #fcfa ,rushville1 #abh n4 w4 ,shelby1 #ahbg #ajhj #fcf #dhdh ,shelbyville1 #dj n4 n4 e4 ,st4 ,clair1 #agie #ajcj #aahc #ijee ,belleville1 #fd w4 s4 w4 ,tazewell1 #ahbg #aacj #dcc #ehej ,tremont1 #aca n4 ,union1 #ahah #cif #ede #daef ,jonesboro'1 #abj s4 ,vermillion1 #ahbf #ajjj #ajbe #hajc ,danville1 #ace n4 e4 ,wabash1 #ahbd #ahj #dda #cjaj ,mount ,carmel1 #ie s4 e4 ,warren1 #ahbe #ijj #bff #bfbc ,monmouth1 #ahd n4 w4 ,washington1 #ahah #fef #ccc #cbib ,nashville1 #dh s4 s4 w4 ,wayne1 #ahai #egf #dga #bici ,fairfield1 #gf s4 e4 ,white1 #ahae #eaf #igg #fdhi ,carmi1 #ajc s4 e4 ,a ,it is expected the seat of justice of ,clark county will be removed to ,marshall1 #aj miles ,n4 ,w4 from ,darwin1 and on the ,national ,road4 ,the distance is computed to ,marshall4 ,b ,these counties have been recently subdivided1 and their superficial area is not known4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,new ,counties formed1 ,jan4 ,date of ,square,votes ,population,,seats ,,of ,,justice4 #ahcf4 formation4miles4in #ahcd4 #ahce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,will1 #ahcf ,juliett4 ,whiteside1 ,these counties were taken ,kane1 from ,jo ,daviess1 ,lasalle1 ,cook1 ,ogle1 and ,iroquois4 ,the seats of ,mc,henry1 justice not established1 and ,winnebago1 much of the land unsurveyed1 ----------------------------------though rapidly settling4 ,total1 #cd1ajb #bgb1dbg ,,sketches ,,of ,,each ,,county4 ,,adams4--,the streams are ,bear creek and branches1 ,cedar1 ,tyrer1 ,mill1 ,fall1 and ,pigeon creeks1 with the ,mississippi river on its western border4 ,timber various1 with equal portions of prairie4 ,first rate county4 ,,alexander4--,in the forks of the ,ohio and ,mississippi1 with ,cash river through it4 ,all timbered1--half alluvion1--some inundated at high water1--lime and sandstone on the ,ohio2--soil1 generally rich4 ,,bond4--,shoal creek and its branches through it1 with ,hurricane creek on the east side2--proportioned into timber and prairie2--rather level1--second rate4 ,sandstone1 coal1 and salt springs4 ,,calhoun4--,long and narrow1 in the forks of the ,illinois and ,mississippi2--alluvial and sometimes inundated along the rivers2--broken bluffs and interior table land2--good soil2--prairies at the foot of the bluffs4 ,coal1 lime and sandstone4 ,,champaign4--,the streams are the heads of the ,kaskaskia1 ,sangamon1 ,vermillion of ,illinois1 ,salt ,fork of the ,vermillion of the ,wabash1 and the ,embarras1 all running in opposite directions4 ,extensive prairies1 a little undulating and rich2--timber in groves2--many granite bowlders4 ,,clark4--,north ,fork of ,embarras1 ,mill and ,big creeks4 ,timber and prairie1--second rate soil4 ,,clay4--,watered by ,little ,wabash and tributaries4 ,two thirds prairie1--of inferior quality1--rather level and wet4 ,,clinton4--,kaskaskia river1 with its tributaries1 ,crooked1 ,shoal1 ,beaver and ,sugar creeks1 pass through it4 ,equally proportioned into timber and prairie4 ,soil1 second rate2 surface1 a little undulating4 ,,coles4--,the ,kaskaskia1 ,embarras1 and heads of the ,little ,wabash water it4 ,much excellent land1--much undulating1 rich prairie2--some level and wet land in the southeastern part4 ,timber in sufficient quantities4 ,,cook4--,adjoins ,lake ,michigan1 and has the branches of ,chicago1 ,des ,plaines1 ,du ,page1 ,au ,sable and ,hickory creeks4 ,surface1 tolerably level2 rich soil1--extensive prairies1--timber in groves2--a few swamps4 ,plenty of limestone1 and the streams run over rocky beds4 ,,crawford4--,the ,wabash river on its eastern side1 with ,lamotte1 ,hudson1 ,raccoon and ,sugar creeks4 ,some level prairies1 rather sandy1 with a full supply of timber4 ,,edgar4--,watered by ,big1 ,clear1 and ,brulette's creeks on the eastern1 and ,little ,embarras on its western side4 ,southern and eastern sides timbered2 northern and western sides much prairie2 some undulating1--some level and rather wet4 ,grand ,view is a delightful tract of country4 ,,edwards4--,the ,little ,wabash on its western1 and ,bon ,pas on its eastern border4 ,several prairies1 high1 undulating1 and bounded by heavy timber4 ,soil1 second quality4 ,,effingham4--,watered by the ,little ,wabash and its tributaries2 due proportion of timber and prairie2 tolerably level1--second rate4 ,,fayette4--,kaskaskia river1 ,hurricane1 ,higgens'1 ,ramsey's and ,beck's creeks4 ,the bottom lands on the ,kaskaskia low1 and inundated at high water2 considerable prairie2 much heavy timber2 soil1 second rate4 ,,franklin4--,watered by the ,big ,muddy and its branches1 and the ,south ,fork of ,saline creek4 ,the prairies small1 fertile and level1--timber plenty1--soil rather sandy4 ,,fulton4--,the ,illinois on the south-eastern side1 with ,spoon river and several small creeks through it4 ,about half heavily timbered1 with rich1 undulating prairies2 streams flow over a pebbly bed2 soil1 first rate4 ,,gallatin4--,joins the ,wabash and ,ohio rivers1 and has the ,saline and branches running through it4 ,soil1 sandy1 with sand rock1 limestone1 quartz crystals1 excellent salines1 c4 ,timber of various kinds2 no prairies4 ,,greene4--,has the ,mississippi south1 the ,illinois west1 with ,otter1 ,macoupen and ,apple creeks4 ,much excellent land1 both timber and prairie1 in due proportion1 with abundance of lime and sandstone1 and coal4 ,,hamilton4--,watered by branches of the ,saline1 and ,little ,wabash2 a large proportion timbered land2 soil1 second and third rate1 with some swamp in the northern part4 ,sandstone and some lime4 ,,hancock4--,besides the ,mississippi1 it has a part of ,bear1 ,crooked1 and ,camp creeks2 large prairies2 timber along the streams2 rich1 first rate land4 ,,henry4--,has ,rock river north1 with ,winnebago swamp1 and its outlet on ,green river1 and one of the heads of ,spoon river1 and ,edwards river interior4 ,some rich1 undulating prairies and groves1 with considerable wet1 swampy land4 ,not much population4 ,,iroquois4--,kankakee1 ,iroquois and ,sugar creek4 ,sand ridges and plains2 much rich prairie2 some timber1 but deficient4 ,it is found chiefly in groves and strips along the water courses4 ,,jackson4--,has the ,mississippi on the southwest1 and ,muddy river running diagonally through it1 with some of its tributaries4 ,some prairies in the north-eastern part1--much heavy timber1--some hilly and broken land1--with abundance of coal1 saline springs1 lime and sandstone4 ,,jasper4--,the ,embarras runs through it1 and the ,muddy ,fork of the ,little ,wabash waters its western side4 ,much of both the prairie and timbered land is level and rather wet2 some fertile tracts4 ,,jefferson4--,watered by several branches of the ,big ,muddy and ,little ,wabash4 ,soil1 second rate2 surface1 a little undulating2 one third prairie2 several sulphur and other medicinal springs4 ,,jo ,,daviess4--,formerly embraced all the ,state north-west of ,rock river1 but recently divided into three or four counties4 ,besides the ,mississippi1 it has ,fever river1 ,pekatonokee1 ,apple river1 and ,rush and ,plum creeks4 ,a rich county1 both for agricultural and mining purposes4 ,timber scarce1 and in groves2 surface undulating1--in some places hilly2 well watered by streams and springs1 and has good mill sites4 ,copper and lead ore in abundance4 ,,johnson4--,the ,ohio on the south1 ,cash river and ,big ,bay creek1 and a series of lakes or ponds interior4 ,a timbered country1 tolerably level2 soil sandy1 with considerable quantities of second rate land4 ,,knox4--,watered by ,henderson and ,spoon rivers1 and their tributaries4 ,the prairies large1 moderately undulating1 and first quality of soil1 with excellent timber along the water courses4 ,,lasalle4--,besides the ,illinois river1 which passes through it1 ,fox river1 ,big and ,little ,vermillion1 ,crow1 ,au ,sable1 ,indian1 ,mason1 ,tomahawk1 and other creeks1 water this county4 ,they generally run on a bed of sand or lime rock1 and have but little alluvial bottom lands4 ,deficient in timber1 but has an abundance of rich1 undulating prairie1 beautiful groves1 abundant water privileges1 and extensive coal banks4 ,,lawrence4--,the ,wabash east1 ,fox river west1 and ,embarras and ,raccoon through it4 ,an equal proportion of timber and prairie1 some excellent1 other parts inferior1--and some bad1 miry swamps1 called purgatories4 ,,macon4--,south-east portion1 watered by the ,kaskaskia and tributaries2 the middle and northern portions by the ,north ,fork of ,sangamon1 and the north-western part by ,salt creek4 ,the prairies large1 and in their interior1 level and wet1--towards the timber1 dry1 undulating and rich4 ,,madison4--,the ,mississippi lies west2 ,cahokia and ,silver creeks1 and ,wood river1 run through it4 ,a part of this county lies in the ,american bottom1 and is a rich and level alluvion2 but much of the county is high1 undulating1 and proportionably divided into timber and prairie4 ,well supplied with stone quarries and coal banks4 ,,macoupen4--,the ,macoupen creek and branches water its central and western parts1 the ,cahokia the south-eastern1 and the heads of ,wood river and ,piasau1 the south-western parts4 ,a large proportion of the county is excellent soil1 well proportioned into timber and prairie1 and slightly undulating4 ,,marion4--,watered by the ,east ,fork1 and ,crooked creek1 tributaries of ,kaskaskia river1 on its western1 and heads of ,skillet ,fork of ,little ,wabash on its eastern side4 ,much of the land of second quality1 slightly undulating1 about one third timbered1--some of the prairie land level1 and inclined to be wet4 ,,mcdonough4--,crooked creek and its branches water most of the county4 ,the eastern side1 for #h or #aj miles in width1 is prairie1--the western and middle parts suitably divided between prairie and forest land2 surface1 moderately undulating2 soil1 very rich4 ,,mclean4--,one third of the eastern1 and a portion of the northern side1 is one vast prairie4 ,the timber is beautifully arranged in groves2 the surface moderately undulating1 and the soil dry and rich4 ,the head waters of the ,sangamon1 ,mackinau1 and the ,vermillion of the ,illinois1 are in this county4 ,its minerals are quarries of lime and sandstone1 and granite bowlders1 scattered over the prairies4 ,,mercer4--,has the ,mississippi on the west1 and ,pope and ,edwards rivers interior1 along which are fine tracts of timber2 in its middle and eastern parts are extensive prairies2 surface1 generally undulating2 soil1 rich4 ,,monroe4--,watered by ,horse1 ,prairie de ,long1 and ,fountain creeks4 ,the ,american bottom adjacent to the ,mississippi is rich alluvion1 and divided into timber and prairie4 ,on the bluffs are ravines and sink-holes1 with broken land4 ,further interior is a mixture of timber and prairie4 ,abundance of limestone1 coal1 and some copper4 ,,montgomery4--,watered by ,shoal creek and branches1 and ,hurricane ,fork4 ,surface1 high and undulating1 and proportionably divided into timber and prairie4 ,soil1 second rate4 ,,morgan4--,a first rate county1--well proportioned into prairie and forest lands1--much of the surface undulating2 watered by the ,illinois river and ,mauvaise-terre1 ,indian1 ,plum1 ,walnut1 and ,sandy creeks1 and heads of ,apple creek4 ,coal1 lime and freestone4 ,,peoria4--,watered by the ,illinois1 ,kickapoo1 ,copperas1 ,senatchwine1 and heads of ,spoon river4 ,surface1 moderately rolling1 rich soil1 and proportionately divided into prairie and forest4 ,,perry4--,streams2 ,big ,beaucoup1 and ,little ,muddy2 one third prairie1 tolerably level1 and second rate soil4 ,,pike4--,besides ,mississippi and ,illinois1 which wash two sides1 it has the ,suycartee slough1 running through its western border1 and navigable for steamboats1 and a number of smaller creeks4 ,the land and surface various1--much of it excellent undulating soil1--some rich alluvion1 inundated at high water1--large tracts of table land1 high1 rolling1 and rich1 with due proportion of timber and prairie4 ,a large salt spring4 ,,pope4--,with the ,ohio river east and south1 it has ,big ,bay1 ,lusk's1 and ,big creeks interior4 ,a timbered region1 tolerably level1 except at the bluffs1 with good sandy soil1 and sand and limestone4 ,,putnam4--,the ,illinois runs through it1--,spoon river waters its north-western part1 and ,bureau1 ,crow1 ,sandy1 and some other streams1 water its middle portions4 ,here are beautiful groves of timber1 and rich1 undulating and dry prairies1 fine springs1 and good mill sites4 ,lime1 sand and freestone1 and bituminous coal4 ,a few tracts of wet prairie1 with some ponds and swamps1 are in the north-western part4 ,,randolph4--,has the ,mississippi along the western side2 ,kaskaskia river passes diagonally through it2 soil1 of every quality1 from first rate to indifferent2 surface1 equally as various1 with rocky precipices at the termination of the alluvial bottoms4 ,,rock ,,island4--,is at the mouth of ,rock river1 which1 with the ,mississippi1 and some minor streams1 drain the county4 ,rich alluvion along the ,mississippi1 with much excellent table land1--both timber and prairie interior4 ,some wet1 level prairie1 south of ,rock river4 ,,sangamon4--,watered by ,sangamon river and its numerous branches4 ,much of the soil is of the richest quality1 with due proportions of timber and prairie1 moderately undulating1 and a first rate county4 ,,schuyler4--,the south-eastern side has the ,illinois1 the interior has ,crooked and ,crane creeks1 and the south-west has ,mc,kee's creek4 ,along the ,illinois is much timber1 with some inundated bottom lands4 ,interior1 there is a due proportion of prairie and timber and rich soil1 with an undulating surface4 ,,shelby4--,is watered by the ,kaskaskia and tributaries2 has a large amount of excellent land1 both timber and prairie1 with good soil1 moderately undulating4 ,,st4 ,,clair4--,the streams are ,cahokia1 ,prairie du ,pont1 ,ogle's1 ,silver1 ,richland1 and ,prairie de ,long creeks1 and ,kaskaskia river4 ,the land is various1 much of which is good1 first and second rate1 and proportionably divided into timber1 prairie1 and barrens4 ,the minerals are lime and sandstone1 and extensive beds of coal1 and shale4 ,,tazewell4--,watered by the ,illinois1 ,mackinau1 and their tributaries4 ,much of the surface is undulating1 soil rich2 prairie predominates1 but considerable timber1 with some broken land about the bluffs of ,mackinau1 and some sand ridges and swamps in the southern part of the county4 ,,union4--,watered by the ,mississippi1 ,clear creek1 the heads of ,cash1 and some of the small tributaries of the ,big ,muddy4 ,much of the surface is rolling and hilly1--all forest land4 ,soil1 second and third rate4 ,some rich alluvial bottom4 ,,vermillion4--,is watered by ,big and ,little ,vermillion of the ,wabash1 with large bodies of excellent timber along the streams1 and rich prairies interior4 ,surface1 undulating and dry2 soil1 deep1 rich1 and calcareous4 ,,wabash4--,has ,wabash river on the east1 ,bon ,pas on the west1 and some small creeks central2 surface rolling1 and a mixture of timber and prairie2 soil1 generally second rate4 ,minerals2 lime and sandstone4 ,,warren4--,besides the ,mississippi1 its principal stream is ,henderson river1 which passes through it1 with ,ellison1 ,honey1 and ,camp creeks4 ,much of the land on these streams is rich1 undulating1 deficient somewhat in timber1 with excellent prairie4 ,along the ,mississippi1 and about the mouth of ,henderson1 the land is inundated in high water4 ,,washington4--,has the ,kaskaskia on its north-western side1 with ,elkhorn1 ,little ,muddy1 ,beaucoup1 and ,little ,crooked creeks interior4 ,the prairies are rather level1 and in places inclined to be wet2 the timber1 especially along the ,kaskaskia1 heavy4 ,,wayne4--,the ,little ,wabash1 with its tributaries1 ,elm river1 and ,skillet ,fork1 are its streams4 ,it is proportionably interspersed with prairie and woodland1 generally of second quality4 ,,white4--,the eastern side washed by the ,big ,wabash1 along which is a low1 inundated bottom2 the interior is watered by the ,little ,wabash and its tributaries4 ,some prairie1 but mostly timber4 ,soil and surface various4 ,some rich bottom prairies1 with sandy soil4 ,,towns4 ,vandalia is the seat of government till #ahdj1 after which it is to be removed to ,alton1 according to a vote of the people in #ahcd1 unless they should otherwise direct4 ,it is situated on the right bank of the ,kaskaskia river1 in ,n4 lat4 #ci deg4 #j' #db1 and #eh miles in a direct line1 a little north of east from ,alton4 ,the public buildings are temporary4 ,population1 about #gej4 ,alton4 ,two towns of this name are distinguished as ,alton1 and ,upper ,alton4 ,alton is an incorporated town1 situated on the bank of the ,mississippi1 two and a half miles above the mouth of the ,missouri1 and at the place where the curve of the ,mississippi penetrates the furthest into ,illinois1 #ah miles below the mouth of the ,illinois river4 ,for situation1 commerce1 business of all kinds1 health1 and rapidity of growth1 it far exceeds any other town on the east bank of the ,mississippi1 above ,new ,orleans4 ,the population is about #bjjj4 ,the commercial business done here is already immense1 and extends through more than half of ,illinois1 besides a large trade on the western side of the ,mississippi4 ,five large mercantile establishments do wholesale business only1 four do wholesale and retail1 besides four wholesale and retail groceries1 and fifteen or twenty retail stores and groceries2 and yet many more mercantile houses are necessary for the business of the country4 ,great facilities for business of almost every description1 especially for every kind of mechanics1 are to be had here4 ,it offers one of the best situations on the western waters for building and repairing steamboats4 ,town lots and lands adjacent have risen in value from #ejj to #ajjj per cent4 within the last twelve months4 ,alton has respectable and well finished houses of worship for the ,presbyterian1 ,methodist ,protestant1 and ,baptist denominations2 two good schools1 a ,lyceum1 that holds weekly meetings1 and two printing-offices4 ,the population in general1 is a moral1 industrious1 enterprising class4 ,few towns in the ,west have equalled this in contributions for public and benevolent objects1 in proportion to age and population4 ,arrangements have been made for doing an extensive business in the slaughtering and packing of pork and beef4 ,four houses are engaged in that line1 and have slaughtered about #be1jjj hogs the present season4 ,many buildings will be erected the approaching season1 amongst which will be an extensive hotel1 which is much needed4 ,the town is situated at the base1 side1 and top1 of the first bluffs that extend to the river1 above the mouth of the ,kaskaskia4 ,adjacent to it1 and which will eventually become amalgamated1 is ,middletown1 laid off directly in the rear4 ,upper ,alton is from two and a half to three miles back from the river1 and in the rear of ,lower ,alton1 on elevated ground1 and in every respect a very healthy situation4 ,it has exceeding #abj families1 and is rapidly improving4 ,adjacent to it1 and forming now a part of the town plat1 is ,shurtleff ,college1 of ,alton1 ,illinois1 which bids fair to become an important and flourishing institution4 ,also ,alton ,theological ,seminary1 which has commenced operations4 ,both these institutions have been gotten up under the influence and patronage of the ,baptist denomination4 ,a female seminary of a high order1 under the name of the ,alton ,female ,institute1 has been chartered1 and a building is about to be erected for the purpose4 ,the ,baptists1 ,methodists and ,presbyterians have congregations here1 and two houses of worship are to be built the present year4 ,chicago is the largest commercial town in ,illinois4 ,it is situated at the junction of ,north and ,south branches1 and along the main ,chicago1 near its entrance into lake ,michigan1 on a level prairie1 but elevated above the highest floods4 ,a recent communication from a respectable mercantile house1 gives the following statistics3 ,fifty-one stores1 #cj groceries1 #aj taverns1 #ab physicians1 #ba attorneys1 and #d1jjj inhabitants4 ,we have four churches1 and two more building1 one bank1 a ,marine and ,fire ,insurance company about to go into operation1 and a brick hotel1 containing #ij apartments4 ,there were #i arrivals and departures of steamboats in #ahce1 and #bfg of brigs and schooners1 containing #e1jae tons of merchandise and #i1djj barrels of salt1 besides lumber1 provisions1 c4 ,the harbor now constructing by the ,u4 ,s4 government1 will be so far completed in #ahcf1 as to admit vessels and steamboats navigating the lakes4 ,a few miles back of ,chicago are extensive tracts of wet prairie4 ,galena is the seat of justice for ,jo ,daviess county1 situated on ,fever river1 in the midst of the mining district4 ,it has about #bj stores1 a dozen groceries1 and about #a1jjj inhabitants4 ,springfield is near the geographical centre of the ,state1 and in the midst of a most fertile region of country4 ,it is a flourishing inland town1 and contains about #b1jjj inhabitants4 ,jacksonville1 the county seat of ,morgan county1 has about the same population1 and is equally delightful and flourishing4 ,one mile west1 on a most beautiful eminence1 stands ,illinois ,college1 founded under the auspices of the ,presbyterian denomination1 and bids fair to become a flourishing seat of learning4 ,i have not room to name1 much less describe1 the many growing towns and villages in this ,state1 that excite and deserve the attention of emigrants4 ,on the ,illinois river are ,ottawa1 and several eligible sites in its vicinity1 where towns have commenced2 ,beardstown1 a short distance below the mouth of ,sangamon river1 ,peoria1 at the foot of ,peoria lake1 7a most beautiful site1 and containing #a1jjj inhabitants17 ,meredosia1 ,naples1 ,pekin1 ,hennepin1 c4 ,on the ,mississippi1 are ,quincy1 ,warsaw1 ,new ,boston1 and ,stephenson1 the seat of justice for ,rock ,island county4 ,interior1 are ,bloomington1 ,decatur1 ,tremont1 ,shelbyville1 ,hillsboro'1 ,edwardsville1 ,carlyle1 ,belleville1 ,carrollton1 and many others4 ,towards the ,wabash1 are ,danville1 ,paris1 ,lawrenceville1 ,carmi1 and ,mount ,carmel1 the last of which has an importance from being connected with the grand rapids of the ,wabash4 ,shawneetown is the commercial depot for the south-eastern part of the ,state4 ,on the ,military ,tract are ,rushville1 ,pittsfield1 ,griggsville1 ,carthage1 ,macomb1 ,monmouth1 ,knoxville1 ,lewistown1 ,canton1 c41 all pleasant sites1 and having a population from two or three hundred to one thousand inhabitants4 ,for a more particular description of each county1 town1 and settlement1 with all other particulars of ,illinois1 the reader is referred to ,a ,,gazetteer ,,of ,,illinois1 by the author of this ,,guide4 ,projected ,improvements4--,the project of uniting the waters of lake ,michigan and the ,illinois1 by a canal1 was conceived soon after the commencement of the ,grand canal of ,new ,york1 and a ,board of commissioners1 with engineers1 explored the route and estimated the cost1 in #ahbc4 ,provision1 by a grant of each alternate section of land within five miles of the route1 having been granted by ,congress1 another ,board of commissioners was appointed in #ahbi1 a new survey was made1 and the towns of ,chicago and ,ottawa laid off1 and some lots sold in #ahcj4 ,various movements have since been made1 but nothing effectually done1 until the recent special session of the legislature1 when an act was passed to authorize the ,governor to borrow funds upon the faith of the ,state2 a new ,board of commissioners has been organized1 and this great work is about to be prosecuted with vigor to its completion4 ,funds1 in part1 have been provided1 from the sales of certain saline lands belonging to the ,state1 to improve the navigation of the ,great ,wabash1 at the ,grand ,rapids1 near the mouth of ,white river1 in conjunction with the ,state of ,indiana4 ,from the same source1 funds are to be applied to the clearing out of several navigable water-courses1 and repairing roads1 within the ,state4 ,charters have been granted to several rail-road companies1 some of which have been surveyed and the stock taken4 ,one from ,alton to ,springfield was surveyed last year1 and the stock subscribed in ,december4 ,another from ,st4 ,louis1 by the coal mines of ,st4 ,clair county1 to ,belleville1 #ac miles1 is expected to be made immediately4 ,the project of a central railway from the termination of the ,illinois and ,michigan canal1 at the foot of the rapids1 a few miles below ,ottawa1--through ,bloomington1 ,decatur1 ,shelbyville1 ,vandalia1 and on to the mouth of the ,ohio river1 has been entered upon with spirit4 ,another charter contemplates the continuance of a route1 already provided for in ,indiana1 and noticed under ,ohio1 from ,la ,fayette1 ,ia4 by ,danville1 ,shelbyville and ,hillsboro1' to ,alton1 the nearest point from the east to the ,mississippi4 ,a rail-road charter was granted at a previous session of the legislature from ,meredosia to ,jacksonville1 and another from ,vincennes to ,chicago4 ,we have only room to mention the following charters1 which have been recently granted1 in addition to those already specified3 ,one from ,pekin to ,tremont1 in ,tazewell county1 #i miles4 ,one from the ,wabash1 by ,peoria to ,warsaw1 in ,hancock county4 ,the ,wabash and ,mississippi rail-road company4 ,the ,mount ,carmel and ,alton rail-road company4 ,the ,rushville rail-road company4 ,the ,winchester1 ,lynville1 and ,jacksonville rail-road company4 ,the ,shawneetown and ,alton rail-road company4 ,the ,pekin1 ,bloomington1 and ,wabash rail-road company4 ,the ,waverly and ,grand ,prairie rail-road company4 ,the ,galena and ,chicago ,union rail-road company4 ,the ,wabash and ,mississippi ,union rail-road company4 ,the ,mississippi1 ,carrollton and ,springfield rail-road company4 ,the ,national ,road is in progress through this ,state1 and considerable has been made on that portion which lies between ,vandalia and the boundary of ,indiana4 ,this road enters ,illinois at the north-east corner of ,clark county1 and passes diagonally through ,coles and ,effingham counties in a south-westerly course to ,vandalia1 a distance of #ij miles4 ,the road is established #hj feet wide1 the central part #cj feet wide1 raised above standing water1 and not to exceed three degrees from a level4 ,the base of all the abutments of bridges must be equal in thickness to one third of the height of the abutment4 ,the road is not yet placed in a travelling condition4 ,the line of the road is nearly direct1 the loss in #ij miles being only the #hhth part of one per cent4 ,between ,vandalia and ,ewington1 for #bc miles1 it does not deviate in the least from a direct line4 ,from ,vandalia westward1 the road is not yet located1 but it will probably pass to ,alton4 ,education4--,the same provision has been made for this as other ,western ,states1 in the disposal of the public lands4 ,the section numbered sixteen in each township of land1 is sold upon petition of the people within the township1 and the avails constitute a permanent fund1 the interest of which is annually applied towards the expenses1 in part1 of the education of those who attend school1 living within the township4 ,a school system1 in part1 has been arranged by the legislature4 ,the peculiar and unequal division of the country into timber and prairie lands1 and the inequality of settlements consequent thereupon1 will prevent1 for many years to come1 the organization of school districts with defined geographical boundaries4 ,to meet this inconvenience1 the legislature has provided that any number of persons can elect three trustees1 employ a teacher in any mode they choose1 and receive their proportion of the avails of the school funds4 ,in all cases1 however1 the teacher must keep a daily account of each scholar who attends school1 and make out a schedule of the aggregate that each scholar attends1 every six months1 and present it1 certified by the trustees of the school1 to the school commissioner of the county1 who apportions the money accordingly4 ,this ,state receives three per cent4 on all the net avails of public lands sold in this ,state1 which1 with the avails of two townships sold1 makes a respectable and rapidly increasing fund1 the interest only of which can be expended1 and that only to the payment of instructers4 ,good common school teachers1 both male and female1 are greatly needed1 and will meet with ready employ1 and liberal wages4 ,here is a most delightful and inviting field for ,christian activity4 ,common school1 with ,sunday school instruction1 calls for thousands of teachers in the ,west4 ,several respectable academies1 are in operation1 and the wants and feelings of the community call for many more4 ,besides the colleges at ,jacksonville and ,alton already noticed1 others are projected1 and several have been chartered4 ,the ,methodist denomination have a building erected1 and a preparatory school commenced1 at ,lebanon1 ,st4 ,clair county4 ,the ,episcopalians are about establishing a college at ,springfield4 ,one or more will be demanded in the northern and eastern portions of the ,state2 and it may be calculated that1 in a very brief period1 the ,state of ,illinois will furnish facilities for a useful and general education1 equal to those in any part of the country4 ,government4--,the ,constitution of ,illinois was formed by a convention held at ,kaskaskia1 in ,august1 #ahah4 ,it provides for the distribution of the powers of government into three distinct departments1--the legislative1 executive1 and judiciary4 ,the legislative authority is vested in a general assembly1 consisting of a senate and house of representatives4 ,elections are held biennially1 as are the ordinary sessions of the legislature4 ,senators are elected for four years4 ,the executive power is vested in the governor1 who is chosen every fourth year1 by the electors for representatives2 but the same person is ineligible for the next succeeding four years4 ,the lieutenant governor is also chosen every four years4 ,the judicial power is vested in a supreme court1 and such inferior courts as the general assembly from time to time shall establish4 ,the supreme court consists of a chief justice and three associate judges4 ,the governor and judges of the supreme court constitute a council of revision1 to which all bills that have passed the assembly must be submitted4 ,if objected to by the council of revision1 the same may become a law by the vote of a majority of all the members elected to both houses4 ,the right of suffrage is universal4 ,all white male inhabitants1 citizens of the ,united ,states1 twenty-one years of age1 and who have resided within the ,state six months next preceding the elections1 enjoy the right of voting4 ,votes are given viva voce4 ,the introduction of slavery is prohibited4 ,the ,constitution can only be altered by a convention4 ,,general ,,remarks4 #a4 ,farms somewhat improved1 are almost daily exchanging owners1 and a considerable spirit of enterprise has been awakened within a year or two past4 ,the prices of farms and improvements vary greatly1 and are influenced much by factitious and local circumstances4 ,from ,st4 ,clair county northward1 they average probably from five to ten dollars per acre1 and are rising in value4 ,in some counties1 farms will cost from #b to #e dollars per acre4 ,a farm in ,illinois1 however1 means a tract of land1 much of it in a state of nature1 with some cheap1 and1 frequently1 log buildings1 with #bj1 #dj1 #fj1 #hj1 or #ajj acres1 fenced and cultivated4 ,good dwellings of brick1 stone1 or wood1 begin to be erected4 ,amongst the older residents1 there have been but few barns made4 ,the want of adequate supplies of lumber1 and of mechanics1 renders good buildings more expensive than in the new countries of ,new ,england or ,new ,york4 #b4 ,merchant's goods1 groceries1 household furniture1 and almost every necessary and comfort in house-keeping1 can be purchased here2 and many articles retail at about the same prices as in the ,atlantic ,states4 #c4 ,the following table will exhibit the cost of #cbj acres of land1 at ,congress price1 and preparing #afj acres for cultivation or prairie land3 ,cost of #cbj acres at #a1be per acre1 #djj ,breaking up #afj acres prairie1 #b per acre1 #cbj ,fencing it into four fields with a ,kentucky fence of eight rails high1 with cross stakes1 #age ,add cost of cabins1 corn cribs1 stable1 c4 #bej ----- ,making the cost of the farm1 #aade ,in many instances1 a single crop of wheat will pay for the land1 for fencing1 breaking up1 cultivating1 harvesting1 threshing1 and taking to market4 #d4 ,all kinds of mechanical labor1 especially those in the building line1 are in great demand2 and workmen1 even very coarse and common workmen1 get almost any price they ask4 ,journeymen mechanics get #b per day4 ,a carpenter or brick mason wants no other capital1 to do first rate business1 and soon become independent1 than a set of tools1 and habits of industry1 sobriety1 economy and enterprise4 #e4 ,common laborers on the farm obtain from #ab to #ae per month1 including board4 ,any young man1 with industrious habits1 can begin here without a dollar1 and in a very few years become a substantial farmer4 ,a good cradler in the harvest field will earn from #a1ej to #b per day4 #f4 ,much that we have stated in reference to ,illinois1 will equally apply to ,missouri1 or any other ,western ,state4 ,many general principles have been laid down1 and particular facts exhibited1 with respect to the general description of the ,state1 soil1 timber1 kinds of land1 and other characteristics1 under ,illinois1 and1 to save repetition1 are omitted elsewhere4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,beck4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,missouri4 ,length1 #bgh2 medium breadth1 #bce miles3 containing #fd1ejj square miles1 and containing #da1bhj1jjj acres4 ,bounded north by the ,des ,moines country1 or ,new ,purchase1 attached to ,wisconsin ,territory1 west by the ,indian ,territory1 south by ,arkansas1 and east by the ,mississippi river4 ,between #cf deg4 and #dj deg4 #cg' ,n4 latitude1 and between #aa deg4 #ae' and #ag deg4 #cj' west longitude4 ,civil ,divisions4--,it is divided into #ej counties1 as follows3--,barry1 ,benton1 ,boone1 ,callaway1 ,cape ,girardeau1 ,carroll1 ,chaviton1 ,clay1 ,clinton1 ,cole1 ,cooper1 ,crawford1 ,franklin1 ,gasconade1 ,green1 ,howard1 ,jackson1 ,jefferson1 ,johnson1 ,la ,fayette1 ,lewis1 ,lincoln1 ,madison1 ,marion1 ,munroe1 ,montgomery1 ,morgan1 ,new ,madrid1 ,perry1 ,pettis1 ,pike1 ,polk1 ,pulaski1 ,randolph1 ,ralls1 ,ray1 ,ripley1 ,rives1 ,st4 ,francois1 ,st4 ,genevieve1 ,st4 ,charles1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,saline1 ,scott1 ,shelby1 ,stoddart1 ,van ,buren1 ,warren1 ,washington1 and ,wayne4 ,,population ,,at ,,different ,,periods4 ,population4 ,increase4 #ahaj1 7including ,arkansas17 #ai1hcc ,from #ahaj to #ahbj1 #df1gec #ahbj1 #ff1ehf #ahbj #ahbd1 #ad1ejj #ahbd1 #hj1jjj #ahbd #ahcj1 #fj1dee #ahcj1 #adj1dee #ahcj #ahcb1 #ce1hbj #ahcb1 #agf1bgf #ahcb #ahcf1 #cc1gbd #ahcf1 7estimated for ,jan'y7 #baj1jjj ,the ,constitution is similar to that of ,illinois1 in its broad features1 excepting the holding of slaves is allowed1 and the ,general ,assembly has no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves1 without the consent of their owners1 or paying an equivalent4 ,it is made the duty of the ,general ,assembly to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity1 and to abstain from all injuries to them extending to life or limb4 ,slaves shall not be deprived of an impartial trial by jury4 ,in #ahcb1 there were in the ,state1 #cb1ahd slaves1 and #ffa free colored persons4 ,every free white male citizen has the right of suffrage1 after a residence in the ,state of one year4 ,surface1 ,soil and ,productions4--,the surface of this ,state is greatly diversified4 ,south of ,cape ,girardeau1 with the exception of some bluffs along the ,mississippi1 it is entirely alluvial1 and a large proportion consists of swamp and inundated lands1 the most of which are heavily timbered4 ,from thence to the ,missouri river1 and westward to the dividing grounds between the waters of the ,osage and ,gasconade rivers1 the country is generally timbered1 rolling1 and in some parts1 quite hilly4 ,no part of ,missouri1 however1 is strictly mountainous4 ,along the waters of ,gasconade and ,black rivers the hills are frequently abrupt and rocky1 with strips of rich alluvion along the water courses4 ,much of this region abounds with minerals of various descriptions4 ,lead1 iron1 coal1 gypsum1 manganese1 zinc1 antimony1 cobalt1 ochre of various kinds1 common salt1 nitre1 plumbago1 porphyry1 jasper1 chalcedony1 buhrstone1 marble1 and freestone1 of various qualities4 ,the lead and iron ore are literally exhaustless1 and of the richest quality4 ,to say there is probably iron ore enough in this region to supply the ,united ,states with iron for one hundred thousand years to come1 would not be extravagant4 ,here1 too1 is water power in abundance1 rapid streams1 with pebbly beds1 forests of timber1 and exhaustless beds of bituminous coal4 ,the only difficulty of working this vast body of minerals is the inconvenience of getting its proceeds to the ,mississippi4 ,the streams that rise in this region1 run different courses into the ,missouri1 the ,mississippi1 and the ,arkansas1 but they are too rapid and winding in their courses to afford safe and easy navigation4 ,were the rafts now lodged in the ,st4 ,francois1 removed by the agency of government1 as they have been in ,red river1 the lower section of the mineral country could be reached by steamboat navigation4 ,the citizens of ,st4 ,louis1 very recently1 have entered upon the project of a railway from that city1 through the heart of this country1 to the fine farming lands in the south-western part of the ,state4 ,such a project1 carried into effect1 would open a boundless field of wealth in ,missouri4 ,the western part of the ,state is divided into prairie and forest land1 much of which is fertile4 ,along the ,osage1 it is hilly1 and the whole is undulating1 and regarded as a healthy region1 abounding with good water1 salt springs1 and limestone4 ,north of the ,missouri the face of the country is diversified1 with a mixture of timber and prairie4 ,from the ,missouri to ,salt river1 good springs are scarce1 and in several counties it is difficult to obtain permanent water by digging wells4 ,artificial wells1 as they may be called1 are made by digging a well forty or fifty feet deep1 and replenishing it with a current of rain water from the roof of the dwelling house4 ,much of the prairie land in this part of the ,state is inferior to the first quality of prairie land in ,illinois1 as the soil is more clayey1 and does not so readily absorb the water4 ,between ,salt river and ,des ,moines1 is a beautiful and rich country of land4 ,the counties of ,ralls1 ,marion1 ,monroe1 ,lewis and ,shelby1 are first rate4 ,the counties of ,warren1 ,montgomery1 ,callaway1 ,boone1 ,howard1 and ,chaviton1 all lying on the north side of the ,missouri river1 are rolling1--in some places are bluffs and hills1 with considerable good prairie1 and an abundance of timbered land4 ,farther west1 the proportion of prairie increases to the boundary line1 as it does to the northward of ,boone1 ,howard and ,chaviton counties4 ,after making ample deductions for inferior soil1 ranges of barren hills1 and large tracts of swamp1 as in the south1 the ,state of ,missouri contains a vast proportion of excellent farming land4 ,the people generally are enterprising1 hardy and industrious1 and most of those who hold slaves1 perform labor with them4 ,emigrants from every ,state and several countries of ,europe1 are found here1 but the basis of the population is from ,kentucky1 ,tennessee and ,virginia4 ,the natural productions of ,missouri are similar to those ,states already described1 and the agricultural productions are the same as in ,illinois1 except that more tobacco is produced in the middle1 and considerable quantities of cotton in the southern counties4 ,towns4--,the city of ,jefferson is the political capital of the ,state4 ,it is situated on the right bank of the ,missouri1 a few miles above the mouth of the ,osage1 and about #ach miles from ,st4 ,louis4 ,it is a small town1 with little business1 except what pertains to the government of the ,state4 ,a state house1 governor's house and penitentiary have been erected4 ,st4 ,louis is the commercial capital1 and the most important place in all this portion of the ,valley of the ,mississippi4 ,it stands on the western bank of the ,mississippi1 #ahj miles above the junction of the ,ohio1 #ah miles below that of the ,missouri1 and #ch miles below that of the ,illinois4 ,it is beautifully situated on ascending and elevated ground1 which spreads out into an undulating surface to the west for many miles4 ,two streets are parallel with the river on the first bank1 and the rest of the city stands on the second bank2 but very little grading is necessary1 to give the streets running back from the river1 their proper inclination4 ,the old streets1 designed only for a ,french village1 are too narrow for public convenience1 but a large part of the city has been laid out on a liberal scale4 ,the ,indian and ,spanish trade1 the fur and peltry business1 lead1 government agencies1 army supplies1 surveys of government lands1 with the regular trade of an extensive interior country1 makes ,st4 ,louis a place of great business1 in proportion to its population1 which is about #aj1jjj4 ,the following1 from the register of the wharf master1 will exhibit the commerce for #ahce3 ,,steamboat ,,register4 ,number of different boats arrived1 #aba ,aggregate of tonnage1 #ae1dgj ,number of arrivals1 #hjc ,wharfage collected1 #d1egc4fj ,wood and ,lumber1 liable to ,wharfage4 ,plank1 joist1 and scantling1 #a1dad1ccj feet4 ,shingles1 #adh1jjj ,cedar posts1 #g1gjf ,cords of fire-wood1 #h1jff ,the proportionate increase of business will be seen by reference to the following registry for #ahca3 ,different steamboats arrived1 #fj ,average amount of tonnage1 #g1gfi ,number of entries1 #ecb ,the morality1 intelligence and enterprise of this city is equal to any other in the ,west1 in proportion to its size4 ,the ,american population is most numerous1 but there are many ,french1 ,irish and ,germans4 ,about one third of the inhabitants are ,roman ,catholics4 ,the ,presbyterians1 ,methodists1 and ,episcopalians have large congregations and houses of worship3 the ,baptists and ,unitarians are rather small1 and without public edifices4 ,the ,roman ,catholic cathedral is a costly pile of buildings of freestone1 and has a splendid chime of bells1 sent over from ,europe4 ,st4 ,louis is a pleasant and healthy situation1 and surrounded with a fertile country4 ,we have not space to give particulars respecting many interesting and flourishing towns in ,missouri4 ,cape ,girardeau is a commercial depot for the southern part of the ,state4 ,st4 ,genevieve stands a little back from the river1 and is known only as an old ,french village4 ,selma is a landing and depot for the lead mine country1 #ch miles below ,st4 ,louis4 ,clarksville1 ,hannibal1 ,saverton1 and ,la ,grange are commercial sites on the ,mississippi1 above the mouth of ,missouri4 ,palmyra is a beautiful town1 of about #a1jjj inhabitants1 and the seat of justice for ,marion county4 ,along the ,missouri are ,portland1 ,rocheport1 ,boonville1 ,lexington1 ,independence1 and many other places of various degrees of importance4 ,franklin formerly stood on the north bank of ,missouri1 but most of it has been removed1 three miles interior1 to the bluffs4 ,potosi is a central town1 in the mineral district4 ,fulton1 ,columbia1 and ,fayette are the seats of justice for ,callaway1 ,boone1 and ,howard counties1 and are pleasant and flourishing towns4 ,about the same provision for education has been made in this as in other ,western ,states1 and a disposition to encourage schools1 academies and colleges is fast increasing4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,arkansas1 ,,and ,,territorial ,,districts4 ,arkansas1 which has recently formed a constitution1 lies between #cc deg4 and #cf deg4 #cj' ,n4 latitude1 and between #ac deg4 #cj' and #ag deg4 #de' ,w4 longitude4 ,length1 #bce2 medium breadth1 #bbb miles2--containing about #ej1jjj square miles1 and #cb1jjj1jjj acres4 ,civil ,divisions4--,the following are the counties1 with the population1 from the census taken in #ahce3 ,counties4 ,population4 ,arkansas1 #b1jhj ,carroll1 #a1ceg ,chicot1 #b1dga ,conway1 #a1bad ,clark1 #a1bhe ,crawford1 #c1aci ,crittenden1 #a1djg ,greene1 #iga ,hempstead1 #b1iee ,hot-,spring1 #f1aag ,independence1 #b1fec ,izard1 #a1hgi ,jackson1 #hia ,jefferson1 #a1dgd ,johnson1 #a1hjc ,la ,fayette1 #a1ddf ,lawrence1 #c1hdd ,miller1 #a1cgc ,mississippi1 #fjj ,monroe1 #eef ,phillips1 #a1eah ,pike1 #ddi ,pope1 #a1cah ,pulaski1 #c1eac ,scott1 #ajj ,sevier1 #a1cej ,st4 ,francis1 #a1hif ,union1 #hgh ,van ,buren1 #hee ,washington1 #f1gdb ------ ,total1 #eh1bab ,another table we have seen1 makes out the population1 as officially reported 7with the exception of two counties1 from which returns had not been made17 to be #ea1hji2--white males1 #bb1ece2 white females1 #ai1chf2--total whites1 #da1iga3 slaves1 #i1fbi2--;free persons of color1 #bji4 ,the population1 in #ahcj1 #cj1chh2--;in #ahcc1 #dj1ffj4 ,the following graphical description of ,arkansas1 from the pen of a clergyman in that ,state1 is corroborated by testimony in our possession1 from various correspondents4 ,it was written in #ahce4 ,letter from ,rev4 ,harvey ,woods1 to the ,editor of the ,cincinnati ,journal4 ,arkansas ,territory is a part of that vast country ceded to the ,united ,states by ,france1 in #ahjc4 ,from the time of the purchase1 till lately1 the tide of emigration hardly reached thus far4 ,in #ahjj1 the population was #ajeb4 ,arkansas was erected into a ,territory in #ahai4 ,at this time it is receiving a share of those who retire beyond the ,mississippi4 ,rivers4--,the ,territory is admirably intersected with navigable rivers4 ,the ,mississippi on the east1 the ,great ,red river on the south4 ,between these1 and running generally from ,n4 ,w4 to ,s4 ,e4 are the ,st4 ,francis1 ,white1 ,arkansas1 and ,washitau rivers2 all fine streams for steamboat navigation4 ,face of the ,country4--,it is various4 ,no country affords more diversified scenery4 ,the country in the east1 for #ajj miles1 is flat with marshes and swamps2 in the middle1 broken and hilly2 and in the west1 hilly and mountainous4 ,there are some prairies1 some thickly timbered land1 some heavy timbered4 ,the country is generally a timbered country4 ,some parts are sandy1 some rocky1 and some flinty4 ,soil4--,should a man travel here1 and expect to find all good land1 he would be sadly disappointed4 ,the best lands are generally contiguous to the rivers and creeks2 and these are exceedingly fertile1 not surpassed by any soil in the ,united ,states4 ,arkansas soil that is rich1 has just sand enough to make it lively and elastic4 ,our best lands are covered with walnut1 hackberry1 mulberry1 oak1 ash1 grape vines1 c4 ,water4--,the hilly and mountainous parts are well supplied with springs1 limestone1 and freestone4 ,also good streams for mills4 ,in the flat country1 good water is easily obtained by digging4 ,productions4--,cotton and corn are the principal4 ,the ,arkansas cottons commanded the best price last season1 in the ,liverpool market4 ,it is a country of unequalled advantages for raising horses1 mules1 cattle and hogs4 ,climate4--,it is mild1 and from its difference in latitude1 say from #cb deg4 #dj' to #cf deg4 #cj' ,n41 and the difference in local situation1 we would guess1 and correctly too1 that there is much difference in the health of different places2 the high and northern parts healthy1 and the flat and southern subject to agues and bilious fevers4 ,the climate has been considered unhealthy to new settlers2 but it is not more so than other new countries4 ,minerals4--,there are quantities of iron1 lead1 coal1 salt1 and1 it is asserted by some1 silver4 ,there are many salt and sulphur springs4 ,on the ,arkansas river1 beyond the limits of the ,territory proper1 is a section of country called the salt prairie1 which1 according to good authority1 is covered for many miles1 from four to six inches deep1 with pure white salt4 ,in the ,hot ,spring country1 are the famous hot springs1 much resorted to by persons of chronic and paralytic diseases4 ,the temperature1 in dry1 hot weather1 is at boiling point4 ,state of ,society4--,the general character of the people is brave1 hardy1 and enterprising--frequently without the polish of literature1 yet kind and hospitable4 ,the people are now rapidly improving in morals and intellect4 ,they are as ready to encourage schools1 the preaching of the gospel1 and the benevolent enterprises of the age1 as any people in new countries4 ,the consequences of living here a long time without the opportunity of educating their children1 and destitute of the means of grace1 are1 among this population1 just what they always will be under similar circumstances4 ,ministers of all denominations are few and far between4 ,we have no need here to build on other's foundation4 ,i am living in ,jackson county1 on ,white river4 ,this county has a larger quantity of good land than any one in the ,territory4 ,white river is always navigable for steamboats to this place1 #cej miles from its mouth4 ,well-water is good1--some fine springs4 ,washington county1 and some others1 that have the reputation of better health1 are more populous4 ,we want settlers2 and we have no doubt that vast numbers of families in the ,states1 particularly the poor1 and those in moderate circumstances1 would better their situation by coming here1 where they can get plenty of fertile and fresh land at government price1 #a1be per acre4 ,they can have good range1 and all the advantages of new countries4 ,emigrants1 however1 ought not to suffer themselves to expect all sunshine1 and no winter4 ,we have cloudy days and cold weather1 even in ,arkansas6 ,if they have heard of the honey pond1 where flitters grow on trees1 they need not be surprised if they don't find it4 ,cabins cannot be built1 wells dug1 farms opened1 rails made1 and meeting-houses and school-houses erected1 without work4 ,it may be asked1 ,if ,arkansas be so fine a country1 why has it not been settled faster8 ,there are perhaps three reasons2--a fear of the ,indians1 a fear of sickness1 a fear of bad roads4 ,the ,indians are now all peaceably situated beyond the ,territory proper1 and are blessed with the labors of a number of good pious missionaries1 who are teaching them to read the ,bible1 and showing the tall sons of the forest the way that leads to heaven4 ,sickness is no more to be dreaded here than in ,illinois and ,missouri4 ,the roads have indeed been bad4--,for a long time1 no one could venture through the ,mississippi swamps1 unless he was a ,daniel ,boone4 ,but appropriations have been made by ,congress for several roads4 ,this summer1 roads from ,memphis to ,little ,rock1 and to ,litchfield and ,batesville1 and other points1 will be completed4 ,an appropriation of upwards of #ajj1jjj has been made to construct a road through the ,mississippi swamp4 ,again3 we want settlers--we want physicians1 lawyers1 ministers1 mechanics and farmers4 ,we want such1 however1 and only such as will make good neighbors4 ,if any who think of coming to live with us1 are gamblers1 drunkards1 ,sabbath-breakers1 profane swearers1 or the like1 we hope that when they leave their old country1 they will leave their old habits4 ,we have not seen the ,constitution of this ,state1 now pending before ,congress for admission into the ,union1 but understand that its essential principles are the same as that of the other ,western ,states4 ,,wisconsin ,,territory4 ,under this name is now comprehended an extensive district of country1 lying on both sides of the ,mississippi river1 above ,illinois and ,missouri1 and extending indefinitely north4 ,that portion lying betwixt the northern boundary of ,illinois and the ,wisconsin river1 and from lake ,michigan to the ,mississippi1 has the ,indian title extinguished1 and1 in part1 has been surveyed and brought into market4 ,there is much excellent land in this part of the ,territory1 and it is well watered with perennial streams and springs4 ,offices are opened for the sale of public lands1 at ,mineral ,point and ,green ,bay1 and a large amount has been sold1 and some at a high price4 ,the country immediately bordering on lake ,michigan1 is well timbered1 with various trees4 ,here are red1 white1 black and burr oaks1 beech1 ash1 linden1 poplar1 walnut1 hickory1 sugar and white maple1 elm1 birch1 hemlock1 and pine1 with many other kinds4 ,the soil is not so deep and dark a mould as in the prairies of ,illinois1 but is fertile and easily cultivated2 and sandy1 especially about the town of ,green ,bay4 ,towards the lake1 and near the body of water called ,sturgeon ,bay1 connected with ,green ,bay1 and between that and the lake1 are extensive swamps and cranberry marshes4 ,wild rice1 tamarisk1 and spruce1 grow here4 ,about ,rock river and from thence to the ,mississippi1 there is much excellent land1 but a deficiency of timber4 ,lead and copper ore1 and probably other minerals1 abound in this part of the country4 ,along to the east and north of the ,four lakes1 are alternate quagmires and sand ridges1 for #ej miles or more1 called by the ,french coureurs du bois1 ,terre ,tremblant1 7trembling land17 the character of which is sufficiently indicated by the name4 ,there are several small lakes in the district of country we are now examining1 the largest of which is ,winnebago4 ,it is situated #cj or #dj miles south of ,green ,bay1--is about ten miles long1 and three broad1 and is full of wild rice4 ,fox river passes through it4 ,kushkanong is six or eight miles in diameter1 with some swamps and quagmires in its vicinity4 ,it is on ,rock river1 between ,catfish and ,whitewater4 ,the ,four lakes are strung along on a stream called ,catfish1 which enters ,rock river #be or #cj miles above the boundary of ,illinois4 ,they are #f or #h miles long1 abounding with fish1 and are surrounded with an excellent farming country4 ,green ,bay settlement and village is #bcj miles north of ,chicago1 #bbj north-east from ,galena1 #abj from ,fort ,winnebago1 and in ,n4 latitude #dd deg4 #dd'4 ,navarino is a town recently commenced in this vicinity1 with an excellent harbor1 grows rapidly1 and bids fair to become a place of importance4 ,property has risen the last year most astonishingly4 ,fort ,winnebago is a military post1 at the bend1 and on the right bank of ,fox river1 opposite the portage4 ,from thence to the ,wisconsin1 is a low wet prairie1 of three fourths of a mile1 through which1 a company has been chartered to cut a canal4 ,on this route1 the first explorers reached the ,mississippi in #afgc4 ,the ,wisconsin river1 however1 without considerable improvement1 is not navigable for steamboats1 at ordinary stages of the water1 without much trouble4 ,it is full of bars1 islands1 rocks1 and has a devious channel4 ,the streams that rise in the eastern part of this ,territory1 and flow into lake ,michigan1 north of the boundary of ,illinois1 are in order as follows3 ,pipe creek1 a small stream1 but a few miles from the boundary1--,root river next1--then ,milwaukee1 #ij miles from ,chicago4 ,it rises in the swampy country1 south of ,winnebago lake1 runs a south-easterly course1 and1 after receiving the ,menomone1 forms ,milwaukee bay4 ,here is a town site1 on both sides of the river1 with a population of six or eight hundred1 which promises to become a place of business4 ,the soil up the ,milwaukee is good1 from #f to #cb inches in depth1 a black loam and sand4 ,passing northward down the lake is ,oak creek1 #i miles below ,milwaukee1--thence #ba miles is ,sauk creek1 a small stream4 ,seventy miles from ,milwaukee is ,shab-wi-wi-a-gun4 ,here is found white pine1 maple1 beech1 birch and spruce1 but very little oak3 the surface level and sandy4 ,pigeon river is #ae or #bj miles further on1 with excellent land on its borders2--timber1--maple1 ash1 beech1 linden1 elm1 c4 ,fifteen miles further down1 is ,manatawok4 ,here commences the hemlock1 with considerable pine4 ,this stream is about #dj or #ej miles from ,green ,bay settlement4 ,twin rivers are below ,manatawok1 with sandy soil1 and good timber of pine and other varieties4 ,from ,milwaukee to ,green ,bay1 by a surveyed route1 is #aab miles2--by the ,indian trail1 commonly travelled1 #ace miles4 ,north of the ,wisconsin river1 is ,crawford county1 of which ,prairie du ,chien is the seat of justice4 ,from the great bend at ,fort ,winnebago across towards the ,mississippi is a series of abrupt hills1 rising several hundred feet1 and covered with a dense forest of elm1 linden1 oak1 walnut1 ash1 sugar maple1 c4 ,the soil is rich1 but is too hilly and broken for agricultural purposes4 ,there is no alluvial soil1 or bottoms along the streams1 or grass in the forests4 ,the ,wisconsin river rises in an unexplored country towards lake ,superior4 ,the coureurs du bois1 and voyageurs represent it as a cold1 mountainous1 dreary region1 with swamps4 ,west of the ,mississippi1 above ,des ,moines1 and extending northward to a point some distance above the northern boundary of ,illinois1 and for #ej miles interior1 is a valuable country1 purchased of the ,indians in #ahcb4 ,its streams rise in the great prairies1 run an east or south-eastern course into the ,mississippi4 ,the most noted are ,flint1 ,skunk1 ,wau-be-se-pin-e-con1 ,upper and ,lower ,iowa rivers1 and ,turkey1 ,catfish1 and ,big and ,little ,ma-quo-ka-tois1 or ,bear creeks4 ,the soil1 in general1 is excellent1 and very much resembles the military tract in ,illinois4 ,the water is excellent1--plenty of lime1 sand and freestone1--extensive prairies1 and a deficiency of timber a few miles interior4 ,about ,dubuque1 opposite ,galena1 are extensive and rich lead mines4 ,burlington is a town containing a population of #gjj1 at the ,flint hills opposite ,warren county1 ,illinois4 ,dubuque is situated on the ,mississippi1 on a sandy bottom1 above high water1 and #ad miles ,n4 ,w4 from ,galena4 ,it has about #fj stores and groceries1 #b taverns1 #b churches1 and about #ajjj inhabitants1 and we have before us the prospectus for the ,,dubuque ,,visiter1 a weekly newspaper4 ,peru is in the vicinity1 and contains about #ejj inhabitants4 ,the ,new ,purchase1 as this district of country is called1 is divided into two counties1 ,dubuque1 and ,des ,moines1 and contains a population of #h or #aj1jjj4 ,the whole ,wisconsin ,territory is estimated by its legislature1 now in session1 to contain #cj1jjj inhabitants4 ,hitherto1 for civil purposes1 this region has formed a part of ,michigan ,territory1 and still its legislature acts under that name2 but a bill is before ,congress to organize a territorial government under the name of ,,wisconsin1 which doubtless will be effected in a few weeks4 ,not many years will elapse before two new ,states will be formed out of this district of country1 the one on the eastern1 and the other on the western1 side of the ,mississippi4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,literary ,,and ,,religious ,,institutions ,,for ,,the ,,west4 ,colleges2--,statistical ,sketches of each ,denomination2--,roman ,catholics2--,field for effort1 and progress made4 ,in giving a sketch of literary and religious institutions in the ,west1 the very limited space remaining to be occupied in this work1 compels me to throw together a few general facts only4 ,the author has made some progress in collecting materials1 and he designs to prepare another work soon1 in which a variety of particulars and sketches will be given of the early history1 progress of literary and religious institutions1 colleges1 seminaries1 churches1 ,bible1 ,sunday school1 education and other kindred societies in the ,western ,valley1 with the present aspect of each denomination of ,christians4 ,the interest taken in the affairs of the ,west1 and the anxiety evinced by the community for facts and particulars on those subjects1 demand that they should be treated more in detail than the limits of this ,guide will allow4 ,i4 ,,colleges4 ,,ohio4--,ohio ,university1 at ,athens1 was founded in #ahjb2--;has an endowment of #df1jcj acres of land1 which yields #b1cjj annually4 ,a large and elegant edifice of brick was erected in #ahag4 ,the number of students about #ij4 ,miami ,university1 was founded in #ahbd1 and is a flourishing institution at ,oxford1 ,butler county1 #cg miles from ,cincinnati4 ,it possesses the township of land in which it is situated1 and from which it receives an income of about #ejjj4 ,number of students about #bjj4 ,patronized by ,presbyterians4 ,the ,cincinnati ,college was incorporated in #ahai1 continued to be sustained as a classical institution for some years1 and then suspended operations4 ,it has been revived and re-organized lately1 and will probably be sustained4 ,kenyon ,college1 at ,gambier1 ,knox county1 in a central part of the ,state1 was established in #ahbh1 through the efforts of ,rev4 ,philander ,chase1 then bishop of the ,ohio ,diocess1 who obtained about #cj1jjj in ,england to endow it4 ,its chief patrons were those excellent ,british noblemen1 ,lords ,kenyon and ,gambier4 ,it is under ,episcopal jurisdiction1 and has a theological department1 for the education of candidates for the ministry in the ,episcopal church4 ,it has about #aej students4 ,western ,reserve ,college is at ,hudson4 ,it was founded by ,presbyterians and ,congregationalists in #ahbf1 and has #hb students in all its departments4 ,franklin ,college is in ,new ,athens1 ,harrison county1 on the eastern side of the ,state1 and has about #ej students4 ,the ,granville ,literary and ,theological ,institution originated under patronage of the ,baptist denomination in #ahca4 ,it is designed to embrace four departments1--preparatory1 ,english1 collegiate1 and theological4 ,it is rapidly rising1 and contains more than #ajj students4 ,oberlin ,institute has been recently established in ,lorain county1 under the influence of new measure ,presbyterians1 with four departments1 and has #bgf students1 as follows3 ,in the theological department1 #ce2 collegiate1 #cg2 preparatory1 #ca2 female1 #gc4 ,the citizens of ,cleveland have recently contributed to it #ae1jjj1 of which six persons gave #ajjj each4 ,the ,willibough ,collegiate ,institute is in the lake country of ,ohio1 and has been gotten up within a few years past4 ,the ,marietta ,collegiate ,institute is said to be a flourishing and respectable institution1 having a large number of students in various departments4 ,,indiana4--,indiana college is a ,state institution1 established at ,bloomington1 and commenced operations in #ahbh4 ,present number of students not known4 ,in #ahcb the number exceeded #ej4 ,hanover ,college is at ,south ,hanover1 six miles below the town of ,madison1 and near the ,ohio river4 ,it is a flourishing institution1 with arrangements for manual labor1 and is styled ,south ,hanover ,college and ,indiana ,theological ,seminary4 ,the number of students exceed #ajj4 ,wabash ,college1 at ,crawfordsville1 has just commenced operations under auspicious circumstances4 ,under patronage of the ,presbyterians4 ,,illinois4--,illinois ,college1 near ,jacksonville1 commenced as a preparatory school in #ahcj1 and has made rapid progress4 ,large funds for its endowment have been recently provided in the ,eastern ,states4 ,the number of students about #hj4 ,shurtleff ,college of ,alton1 ,illinois1 was commenced under the efforts of ,baptists at ,alton in #ahcb1 as a preparatory institution2--chartered as a college in ,february1 #ahce1 and has been recently named in honor of a liberal patron1 ,dr4 ,benjamin ,shurtleff1 of ,boston1 ,mass41 who has presented the institution with #aj1jjj4 ,it has #fj students1 and its prospects are encouraging4 ,mc,kendreean ,college has been chartered1 a building erected1 and a school commenced at ,lebanon4 ,it is connected with the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,charters have been recently granted for other colleges in this ,state1 and measures adopted to bring some of them into existence4 ,the ,rev4 ,philander ,chase1 whose persevering labors brought into existence and successful operation1 ,kenyon college in ,ohio1 and who is now bishop of ,illinois1 is at present in ,england1 where1 by recent advices1 he has obtained #ej1jjj to invest in ,illinois lands1 and to establish a college for the interests of the ,episcopal church4 ,,missouri4--,the ,roman ,catholics have two institutions of a collegiate character1 established in this ,state1 ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 in ,perry county1 was established by ,bishop ,du ,bourg1 in #ahbb4 ,it has #f1jjj volumes in the library4 ,including the nunnery1 and school for females1 a seminary for the education of priests1 a preparatory1 and a primary school1 the number of teachers and students are about #cjj4 ,st4 ,louis ,university was founded in #ahbi1 and is conducted by the ,fathers of the society of ,jesuits4 ,the edifice is #acj feet1 by #dj1 of #d stories1 including the basement1 and is situated on elevated and pleasant ground1 on the confines of the city4 ,for the ,protestants1 the following institutions have been established4 ,columbia ,college1 adjacent to ,columbia1 ,boon county4 ,the institution opened in #ahce1 under encouraging circumstances4 ,marion ,college is in a delightful tract of country1 a prairie region1 in the western part of ,michigan county1--and has between #hj and #ajj students4 ,it is connected with the ,presbyterian interests4 ,the project as developed by some of its founders1 is an immense one1 including ,english1 scientific1 classical1 theological1 medical1 agricultural1 and law departments1--all to be sustained by manual labor1 and the proceeds of extensive farms4 ,doubtless1 by prudent and persevering efforts1 a respectable college may be brought into successful operation4 ,a college at ,st4 ,charles1 has been founded1 principally by the liberality of ,george ,collier1 a merchant of ,st4 ,louis1 and two or three other gentlemen1 and a classical and scientific school has been commenced4 ,,arkansas4--,efforts are making to establish a college by ,presbyterian agency1 at ,cane ,hill1 in this newly formed ,state4 ,two or three collegiate institutions will soon be needed in this region4 ,,kentucky4--,transylvania ,university1 at ,lexington1 is the oldest collegiate institution in the ,west4 ,it was commenced1 by a grant of #h1jjj acres of land by the legislature of ,virginia1 in #aghc1 and was then called ,transylvania ,seminary4 ,the ,kentucky ,academy was founded in #agid1 and both institutions were united and incorporated in #agih1 under the present name4 ,it has classical1 medical1 law1 and preparatory departments1--and including each1 from #cjj to #djj students4 ,center ,college1 at ,danville1 was founded by the ,presbyterian church1 in #ahah1 for which the synod of ,kentucky pledged #bj1jjj4 ,number of students about #ajj4 ,augusta ,college was founded in #ahbb1 by the ,ohio and ,kentucky conferences of the ,methodist ,episcopal church4 ,it adopted collegiate regulations in #ahbh4 ,number of students in the collegiate1 academical and primary departments1 about #bjj4 ,cumberland ,college was incorporated in #ahbd1 and is established at ,princeton1 in the western part of the ,state4 ,it is under the patronage and jurisdiction of the ,cumberland ,presbyterians4 ,a farm1 including a tract of #e1jjj acres of land1 with workshops1 furnish facilities for manual labor4 ,it has about #hj students4 ,st4 ,joseph's ,college is a ,roman ,catholic institution1 at ,bardstown1 with college buildings sufficient to accommodate #bjj students1 and valued at #fj1jjj4 ,it commenced with #d students in #ahbj4 ,in #ahcc there were in the collegiate and preparatory departments1 #abj students4 ,the ,st4 ,thomas and ,st4 ,mary ,seminaries are also under the charge of ,roman ,catholic priests1 the one in ,nelson county1 four miles from ,bardstown1 and the other in ,washington county4 ,a college was founded by the ,baptists at ,georgetown in #ahcj1 but from untoward circumstances1 is probably relinquished by the denomination4 ,,tennessee4--,the ,university of ,nashville is a prominent institution4 ,the laboratory is one of the finest in the ,united ,states1 and the mineralogical cabinet1 not exceeded1 and this department1 as well as every other in the college1 is superintended with much talent4 ,the number of students is about #ajj4 ,greenville1 ,knoxville and ,washington colleges are in ,east ,tennessee4 ,jackson ,college is about to be removed from its present site1 and located at ,columbia4 #be1jjj have been subscribed for the purpose4 ,a ,presbyterian ,theological ,seminary is at ,maryville4 ,,mississippi4--,jefferson ,college is at ,washington1 six miles from ,natchez4 ,it has not flourished as a college1 and is now said to be conducted somewhat on the principle of a military academy4 ,oakland ,college has been recently founded by ,presbyterians1 and bids fair to exert a beneficial influence upon religion and morals1 much needed in that ,state4 ,the ,baptist denomination are taking measures to establish a collegiate institution in that ,state4 ,,louisiana4--,has a college at ,jackson1 in the eastern part of the ,state1 ,the ,roman ,catholics have a college at ,new ,orleans4 ,there is a respectable collegiate institution1 under the fostering care of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 at ,lagrange1 in the north-western part of ,,alabama4 ,academies have been established in various parts of the ,west1 for both sexes1 and there are female seminaries of character and standing at ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,granville1 ,louisville1 ,lexington1 ,nashville1 and many other places4 ,several more colleges1 and a large number of minor institutions1 will be needed very shortly to supply the demands for education in the ,west4 ,the public mind is awake to the subject of education1 and much has already been done1 though a greater work has yet to be accomplished to supply the wants of the ,west in literary institutions4 ,an annual convention is held in ,cincinnati1 on the first ,monday in ,october1 denominated the ,western ,institute and ,college of ,professional ,teachers4 ,its object1 according to the constitution1 is1 to promote by every laudable means1 the diffusion of knowledge in regard to education1 and especially by aiming at the elevation of the character of teachers1 who shall have adopted instruction as their regular profession4 ,the first meeting was held in #ahca1 under the auspices of the ,academic ,institute1 a previously existing institution1 but of more limited operations4 ,the second convention1 in #ahcb1 framed a constitution and chose officers1 since which time regular meetings have been held by delegates or individuals from various parts of the ,west1 and a volume of ,transactions of #cjj or #djj pages published annually4 ,,ii4 ,,theological ,,institutions4 ,the ,western ,theological ,seminary at ,alleghany town1 opposite ,pittsburg1 is under the jurisdiction of the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,it commenced operations in #ahbi4 ,at ,canonsburg is a seminary belonging to the ,associate church1 of which ,dr4 ,ramsey is ,professor4 ,the ,associate ,reformed church have a theological school in ,pittsburg1 under charge of the ,rev4 ,john ,t4 ,pressly ,d4 ,d4 ,the ,baptist denomination are now engaged in establishing a manual labor academy in the vicinity of ,pittsburg1 for both ministerial and general education4 ,the theological departments of ,oberlin1 ,granville1 and other collegiate institutions1 have been noticed already4 ,lane ,seminary1 near ,cincinnati1 was founded in #ahcj1 by ,messrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,a4 ,lane1 merchants1 of ,new ,orleans1 who made a very liberal offer of aid4 ,its location is excellent1 two and a half miles from ,cincinnati1 at ,walnut ,hills1 and is under the charge of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,beecher1 and a body of professors4 ,number of students about #dj4 ,the ,hanover ,institution in ,indiana1 has been noticed already4 ,in the theological department are three professors and #ab students4 ,the ,baptists in this ,state are about establishing a manual labor seminary for ministerial and general education4 ,a valuable property has been purchased1 adjoining ,covington1 ,ky41 opposite ,cincinnati1 and measures have been put in train to found a theological seminary by the ,baptist denomination4 ,the executive committee of the ,western ,baptist ,education ,society1 have this object in charge4 ,the ,alton ,theological ,seminary1 located at ,upper ,alton1 ,illinois1 is under an organization distinct from that of ,shurtleff ,college1 already noticed4 ,this institution has #ej acres of valuable land1 and a stone edifice of respectable size1 occupied at present in joint concern with the college1 and a valuable library of several hundred volumes4 ,its organization has been but recently effected4 ,rev4 ,l4 ,colby1 is professor1 with #h students4 ,other institutions1 having theological education1 either in whole or in part1 their object1 are in contemplation4 ,two remarks1 by way of explanation are here necessary4 #a4 ,most of the colleges and theological schools of the ,western ,valley have facilities for manual labor1 or are making that provision4 ,in several1 some of the students pay half1 and even the whole of their expenses1 by their own efforts4 ,public sentiment is awake to this subject1 and is gaining ground4 #b4 ,in enumerating the students1 the members of the preparatory departments are included1 many of whom do not expect to pass through a regular collegiate course4 ,the circumstances and wants of the country1 from its rapid growth1 seem to require the appendage of a large preparatory department to every college4 ,it may be well to observe here1 that a great and increasing demand exists in all the ,western ,states1 and especially those bordering on the ,mississippi1 for teachers of primary schools4 ,hundreds and thousands of moral1 intelligent1 and pious persons1 male and female1 would meet with encouragement and success in this department of labor4 ,it is altogether unnecessary for such persons to write to their friends1 to make inquiries whether there are openings1 c4 ,if they come from the older ,states with the proper recommendations as to character and qualifications1 they will not fail to meet with employment in almost any quarter to which they may direct their course4 ,there is not a county in ,missouri1 ,arkansas1 ,illinois1 or ,indiana1 where persons would not meet with constant employment in teaching1 and especially where teachers in ,sabbath schools are needed4 ,persons desirous of such a field1 of humble1 yet useful labor1 should come here with the fixed purpose to mix with1 and conform to the usages of the ,western population1 to avoid fastidiousness1 and to submit to the plain1 frank1 social1 and hospitable manners of the people4 ,,iii4 ,,deaf ,,and ,,dumb ,,asylums4 ,there are two institutions of this description in the ,west1--one at ,columbus1 ,ohio2 the other at ,danville1 ,ky4 ,the one in ,ohio contains about #ej pupils4 ,,iv4 ,,medical ,,institutions4 ,the medical department in ,transylvania ,university1 ,kentucky1 has six professors1 and usually about #bjj students to attend the lectures4 ,fees for an entire course1 with matriculation and library1 #aaj4 ,two medical institutions of respectable standing exist in ,cincinnati1--one connected with the ,miami university1 the other with ,cincinnati college4 ,the ,ohio ,reformed ,medical ,school1 was established at ,worthington1 #i miles north of ,columbus1 in #ahcj4 ,no specified time is required for study1 but when a student will pass examination1 he is licensed to practice4 ,v4 ,,law ,,schools4 ,the law department of ,transylvania ,university1 is under the charge of two able professors1 who hear recitations and deliver lectures4 ,the average number of students is about #dj4 ,a law school was established at ,cincinnati1 in #ahcc1 with four professors1--,messrs4 ,john ,c4 ,wright1 ,john ,m4 ,goodenow1 ,edward ,king1 and ,timothy ,walker4 ,the bar1 the institution1 and the city have recently sustained a severe loss in the decease of ,mr4 ,king4 ,,vi4 ,,benevolent ,,and ,,religious ,,societies4 ,to enumerate and give particulars of all these1 would make a volume4 ,we can but barely call the attention of the reader to some of the more prominent organizations1 amongst the different ,christian denominations in this great ,valley1 for doing good4 ,the ,foreign ,missionary ,society of the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 is a prominent auxiliary of the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions4 ,its seat is ,cincinnati1 but by agencies and branches1 it operates throughout the ,valley4 ,the ,report of ,november1 #ahce1 states that eighteen thousand six hundred and fifty eight dollars had been received into the treasury the preceding year4 ,an edition of #cjjj copies of the ,missionary ,herald is republished in ,cincinnati1 for circulation in the ,west4 ,the ,western ,education ,society1 connected with the ,american ,education ,society1 has also its seat of operations at ,cincinnati4 ,auxiliaries also exist in most of the ,western ,states4 #ga beneficiaries were under its charge at the last anniversary4 ,the ,american ,tract ,society has auxiliaries and agencies in most of the ,western ,states4 ,the operations of the ,american ,bible ,society1 through its numerous auxiliaries1 is felt to the remotest parts of the ,west4 ,the ,american ,sunday ,school ,union has recently established a central agency in ,cincinnati1 and is preparing to renew1 and greatly enlarge its very important efforts for the benefit of the rising generation in the ,west4 ,a series of very interesting anniversaries are held in ,cincinnati1 the first week in ,november1 when all the great objects of ,christian effort receive a renewed impulse4 ,the ,american ,home ,missionary ,society has more than #bjj missionaries1 laboring in the ,states1 west of the mountains4 ,in #ahce1 they assisted #bag ,presbyterian ministers in this field4 ,the ,temperance ,effort has not been neglected1 and an interesting change is going forward1 in a quiet and noiseless way1 in the habits of the people1 in reference to the use of intoxicating liquors4 ,it is to be hoped that more prompt and vigorous efforts will be made to promote this cause1 but even now1 there are many thousands1 who abstain from the use of spiritous liquors1 without any formal pledge4 ,the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 in addition to their regular system of circuits1 are extending the influence of their denomination on the frontiers1 by missionary operations1 and their labors are prospered4 ,the ,baptist denomination have made some important movements in the ,western ,valley within the last three years4 ,their ,home ,mission ,society has nearly #ajj missionaries in the ,west4 ,in ,november1 #ahcc1 the ,general ,convention of ,western ,baptists1 was organized by more than #ajj ministers and brethren1 assembled from various parts of the ,west4 ,it is not an ecclesiastical body1 claiming jurisdiction either over churches or ministers1 nor is it strictly a missionary body4 ,its business1 according to the constitution1 is to promote by all lawful means1 the following objects1 to wit3--,missions both foreign and domestic2--ministerial education1 for such as may have first been licensed by the churches2 ,sunday schools1 including ,bible classes2 religious periodicals2 tract and temperance societies1 as well as all others warranted by ,christ in the gospel4 ,at its second session1 in #ahcd1 the ,western ,baptist ,education ,society was formed4 ,its object is the education of those who give evidence to the churches of which they are members1 that ,god designs them for the ministry4 ,the executive committee are charged temporarily1 with establishing the ,central ,theological ,seminary1 already mentioned1 at ,covington1 ,ky4 ,many other interesting associations for humane1 philanthropic1 and religious purposes exist in the ,valley1 which are necessarily omitted4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,periodical ,,press4 ,the number of different periodicals published in the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 must exceed #djj1 of which #ab or #ae are daily papers4 ,there are #be weekly periodicals in ,mississippi1 #aaf in ,ohio1 #ch in ,indiana1 #ai in ,illinois1 #ag in ,missouri1 #c and probably more1 in ,arkansas1 #b at least in ,wisconsin ,territory4 ,the ,western ,monthly ,magazine1 edited by ,james ,hall1 ,esq41 and published at ,cincinnati is well known4 ,the ,western ,journal of the ,medical and ,physical ,sciences1 edited by ,daniel ,drake1 ,m4 ,d41 ,professor of ,theory and ,practice of ,medicine in the ,cincinnati ,college1 is published quarterly1 in ,cincinnati4 ,there are a number of religious weekly1 semi-monthly1 and monthly periodicals1 devoted to the interests of the principal denominations through the ,valley4 ,there are known to be at least one in ,western ,virginia1 #b in ,western ,pennsylvania1 #g in ,ohio1 #d in ,kentucky1 #d in ,tennessee1 #b in ,illinois1 #b in ,missouri1 and one in ,new ,orleans4 ,supposing the average number of copies of ,western periodicals equalled #gej1 this1 estimating the different periodicals at #djj1 would give #cjj1jjj4 ,we see no marked and essential difference in the talent1 with which the editorial press is conducted1 betwixt the ,eastern and ,western ,states4 ,the limits of this work will not allow me to add further evidence that our ,western population is not all illiterate1 and that not more than one person in ten can read1 than the following epitome of the issues1 of one of the publishing houses in ,cincinnati1 as exhibited in the ,cincinnati ,journal3 ,western ,enterprise4--,the enterprise of the ,west is not generally appreciated4 ,as a specimen1 we have procured from ,messrs4 ,corey ,webster the following ,,list ,,of ,,books published by them within the last three years4 ,these books1 with the exception of the ,life of ,black-,hawk1 are of sterling value4 ,the ,western ,primer1 #fj1jjj2 ,webster's ,spelling ,book1 #fjj1jjj2 the ,primary ,reader1 #g1ejj2 the ,elementary ,reader1 #cg1jjj2 ,western ,reader1 #af1jjj2 ,webster's ,history of the ,united ,states1 #djjj2 ,miss ,beecher's ,geography1 #ae1jjj2 ,pocket ,testament1 #f1ejj2 ,watts' and ,select ,hymns1 #hjjj2 ,dr4 ,beecher's ,lectures on ,scepticism1 three editions1 #ajjj each2 ,prof4 ,stowe's ,introduction to the ,study of the ,bible1 #aejj2 the ,christian ,lyre1 #bjjj2 ,mitchell's ,chemistry1 #ajjj2 ,eberle on the ,diseases of ,children1 #bjjj2 ,ditto ,notes of ,practice1 #aejj2 ,young ,lady's ,assistant in ,drawing1 #ajjj21 ,munsell's ,map1 #c1ejj2 ,chase's ,statutes of ,ohio1 three volumes1 #ajjj2 ,hammond's ,reports1 #fth vol4 #ejj2 total1 seven hundred and seventy eight thousand two hundred and fifty666 ,probably some of the many other publishers in the city have got out nearly or quite as many books4 ,truly1 we are a book-making and book-reading nation4 ,,viii4 ,,religious ,,denominations4 ,in exhibiting the following statistics1 entire correctness is not attempted4 ,in some of the ,states1 the latest reports have been had1--in others1 the author has taken data of two or three years date4 ,of the numbers of some of the numerous sects existing1 the opinions of individuals have been the chief data he could obtain4 #a4 ,baptists4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,churches4 ,ministers4 ,communicants4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,western ,pennsylvania1 #ej #cj #b1efi ,western ,virginia1 #hi #dh #c1cjf ,ohio1 #ccb #age #ac1ibf ,michigan1 #fj #cj #a1gjj ,indiana1 #cbj #age #ae1jjj ,illinois1 #bdj #afc #f1gda ,missouri1 #ahj #aae #f1iij ,arkansas1 #be #ah #gjj ,louisiana1 #bj #ab #a1jjj ,mississippi1 #ajj #df #d1jjj ,north ,alabama1 #abe #ec #e1gjj ,tennessee1 #cdh #bib #bb1hfh ,kentucky1 #eeh #bif #ch1hag ,total1 #bddg churches1 #acec ministers1 and #abc1cag communicants4 ,periodicals4--,the ,cross and ,journal1 weekly1 and ,baptist ,advocate1 monthly1 at ,cincinnati2--the ,baptist ,banner1 weekly1 at ,shelbyville1 ,ky42--the ,baptist1 a large monthly quarto1 at ,nashville1 ,ten42--the ,pioneer1 semi-monthly1 at ,rock ,spring1 but shortly to be enlarged1 removed to ,upper ,alton1 and published weekly2--and the ,witness1 a small quarto1 published weekly at ,pittsburg4 #b4 ,methodists1 7,episcopal47 ,this denomination is divided into ,conferences1 which are not arranged exactly with the boundaries of the ,states4 ,a large book and printing-office is established at ,cincinnati1 where all the society's publications are kept for sale4 ,another depository is kept at ,nashville4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,circuit ,white ,colored4,indians4,total number ,conferences4 ,preachersmembers4 of members4 c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mississippi1 #ee #f1ceh #b1fbb #gbg #i1gjg ,alabama1 7one ,district1 in the ,valley17 #af #c1jea #dib #c1edc ,pittsburg1 #aef #dj1aee #bif #dj1dea ,ohio1 #bjd #fb1fhf #edd #bag #fc1ddg ,missouri1 7including ,arkansas17 #eg #g1idh #a1jfa #hhi #i1hih ,kentucky1 #ajj #be1ggg #e1eib #ca1cfi ,illinois1 #fa #ae1jch #ei #ae1jig ,indiana1 #gj #bd1ihd #bbi #be1bac ,holston1 #fb #ba1eei #b1dgh #bd1jca ,tennessee1 #abj #bi1gid #e1jdc #ejh #ce1cde ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total1 #ija #bcg1cej #ah1daf #b1cda #beh1aja ,allowing two local to one circuit preacher1 which is rather under than over the proportion1 would make #ahjb1 which1 added to the number of those whose names are on the ,minutes of the ,conferences1 would make #bgjc ,methodist ,episcopal ministers of the gospel in the ,valley of the ,mississippi4 ,the ,pittsburg ,conference ,journal1 ,western ,christian ,advocate1 and ,western ,methodist1 are their periodicals4 #c4 ,methodist ,protestants4--,there are two conferences of this denomination in the ,west1--the ,pittsburg1 and ,ohio conferences1 and their circuits1 preaching stations and members extend through the ,states north of the ,ohio river1 with a few stations and churches south4 ,pittsburg ,conference has #bh circuits1 and #he local preachers and licentiates1 #be circuits1 #d stations1 and #b mission circuits1 with #f1ijb members in society4 ,ohio ,conference1 has #bh circuit1 #ij local preachers1 #bb circuits1 #c stations1 #c missionary circuits1 and #cffg members4 ,the ,methodist ,correspondent1 a neat semi-monthly quarto periodical1 published at ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 is devoted to their interests4 #d4 ,presbyterians4--,the following table 7with the exception of ,illinois7 is constructed from the returns to the ,general ,assembly in #ahcd1--the ,minutes of #ahce1 we understand1 have not been printed4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,states and parts4 ,churches4 ,ministers4 ,communicants4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,w4 ,pennsylvania and ,w4 ,va4 #bab #ace #bb1fhg ,michigan1 #cb #bj #a1cig ,ohio1 #djj #bee #bg1hba ,indiana1 #ii #ee #d1cci ,illinois1 #ga #ej #b1jjj ,missouri1 #cc #bi #a1edi ,arkansas1 #ab #i #cij ,kentucky1 #abj #hc #h1cgh ,tennessee1 #aba #ij #i1ibf ,north ,alabama1 #ae #ab #gbe ,mississippi1 #cc #bd #gfa ,total1 #ef ,presbyteries1 #a1adh churches1 #gec ministers1 and #gi1igc communicants4 ,periodicals4--,the ,cincinnati ,journal and ,western ,luminary1 published at ,cincinnati2--,christian ,herald1 at ,pittsburg2--,ohio ,observer1 at ,hudson1 ,ohio2--,western ,presbyterian ,herald1 at ,louisville1 ,ky42--,new ,orleans ,observer1 at ,new ,orleans2--and ,st4 ,louis ,observer1 at ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41--all weekly2--and the ,missionary ,herald1 republished at ,cincinnati1 monthly4 #e4 ,cumberland ,presbyterians4--,this sect originated from the ,presbyterian church in #ahjd1 in ,kentucky1 but did not increase much till #ahaj1 or #ab4 ,they are spread through most of the ,western ,states1 and have #cd ,presbyteries1 #g ,synods1 and one ,general ,assembly4 ,the ,minutes of their ,general ,assembly1 now before me1 are not sufficiently definite to give the number of congregations4 ,these probably exceed #cjj4 ,an intelligent member of that denomination states the number of ordained preachers to be #cjj1 licentiates1 #ajj1 candidates for the ministry1 #aej1 and communicants1 #ej1jjj4 ,periodicals4--,the ,cumberland ,presbyterian is a weekly paper1 published at ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,another has been recently started at ,pittsburg4 #f4 ,congregationalists4--,in ,ohio1 especially in the northern part1 are a number of ,congregational churches and some ministers1 as there are in ,indiana1 ,michigan1 and ,illinois4 ,there are #b or #c ministers1 #ab or #ae congregations1 and about #ejj communicants in ,illinois1 who are organized into an association in ,illinois4 #g4 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4--,this denomination has #g ,diocesses in the ,western or south-western ,states1 exclusive of ,western ,pennsylvania1 and ,western ,virginia1 which belong to the ,diocesses of those ,states4 ,they are1 ,ohio1--,michigan1--,illinois1--,kentuck y1--,tennessee1--,mississippi1 and ,indiana1 and ,missouri4 ,there are about #ge or #hj ministers1 and twice as many churches in the ,west4 ,provision has been made in part1 for the endowment of the theological seminary at ,gambier1 ,o41 in ,england1 and ,bishop ,mc,ilvaine has obtained about #ab1fjj1 to be appropriated in the erection of a gothic edifice to be called ,bexley ,hall1 with three stories1 and accommodations for fifty students4 ,a weekly periodical is issued at the same place to support the interests of the denomination4 #h4 ,german ,lutherans4--,we have no data to give the statistics of this denomination4 ,there is a ,synod in ,ohio1 another in ,western ,pennsylvania1 and perhaps others4 ,there are probably #ej or #fj ministers in the ,west1 and #aej congregations4 #i4 ,german ,reformed ,church4--,there are #hj congregations in ,ohio1 #bj in ,indiana1 and probably #ej others in the ,west1 with #dj or #ej ministers4 #aj4 ,the ,tunkers1 or ,dunkards1 have #dj or #ej churches1 and about half as many ministers in the ,western ,states4 #aa4 ,the ,shakers have villages in several places in ,ohio1 and ,kentucky1 but are losing ground4 #ab4 ,the ,mormons have a large community at ,kirkland1 ,ohio1 where1 under the direction of their prophet1 ,joseph ,smith1 they are building a vast temple4 ,they have probably #bjj preachers1 and as many congregations in the ,west1 and still make proselytes4 #ac4 ,christian ,sect1 or ,newlights1 have become to a considerable extent amalgamated with the ,reformers1 or ,campbellites4 ,i have not data on which to construct a tabular view of this sect1--but from general information1 estimate the number of their bishops1 and proclaimers1 at #cjj1 and their communicants at #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj4 ,they have three or four monthly periodicals4 ,alexander ,campbell1 who may be justly considered the leader of this sect1 7though they disclaim the term sect17 is a learned1 talented1 and voluminous writer4 ,he conducts their leading periodical1 the ,millennial ,harbinger4 #ad4 ,the ,united ,brethren in ,christ1 are a pious1 moral and exemplary sect1 chiefly in ,ohio1 but scattered somewhat in other ,western ,states4 ,they are mostly of ,german descent1 and in their doctrinal principles and usages1 very much resemble the ,methodists4 ,they have about #cjj ministers in the ,west1 and publish the ,religious ,telescope1 a large weekly paper1 of evangelical principles1 and well conducted4 ,it is printed at ,circleville1 ,ohio4 #ae4 ,reformed ,presbyterians1 or ,covenanters1 have #bj or #cj churches1 and as many ministers1 but are much dispersed through the ,northern ,valley4 #af4 ,the ,associate ,church1 or ,seceders1 are more numerous than the ,covenanters4 #ag4 ,the ,associate ,reformed ,church4 ,the ,western ,synod of this body still exists as a separate denomination4 ,their theological school1 at ,pittsburg1 has already been noticed4 ,i know not their numbers1 but suppose they exceed considerably the ,associate ,church4 #ah4 ,the ,friends or ,quakers1 have a number of societies in ,western ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 c4 #ai4 ,the ,unitarians have societies and ministers at ,pittsburg1 ,cincinnati1 ,louisville1 ,st4 ,louis1 and probably in other places4 ,there are many other sects and fragments in the ,west4 ,the ,valley of the ,mississippi1 like all new countries1 is a wide and fertile field for the propagation of error1 as it is for the display of truth4 ,,ix4 ,,roman ,,catholics4 ,the number of ,papal ,diocesses in the ,valley1 including the one at ,mobile1 is seven1 of each of which a very brief sketch will be given1 commencing with1 #a4 ,detroit1 including ,michigan and the ,north-,western ,territory1--#a bishop1 with sub-officers1 #ah priests1 and as many chapels4 ,at ,detroit and vicinity1 for #b or #c miles1 including the ,french1 ,irish and ,germans1 ,roman ,catholic families make up one third of the population2 probably #c1ejj1 of all ages4 ,at ,ann ,arbor1 and in the towns of ,webster1 ,scio1 ,northfield1 ,lima and ,dexter are many4 ,at and near ,bert rand on the ,st4 ,joseph's river1 adjoining ,indiana1 they have a school established and an ,indian mission4 ,including the fur traders1 and ,indians1 they may be estimated at #aj1jjj in this ,diocess4#ab #b4 ,cincinnati4--,a large cathedral has been built in this place1 and #ae or #ebj chapels in the ,diocess4 ,ten years ago1 the late bishop ,fenwick could not count up #ejj4 ,the emigration of foreigners1 and the laborers on the ,ohio canals1 and not a little success in proselyting1 account for the increase4 ,there are #be congregations1 and #ah priests4 ,a literary institution1 called the ,athenaeum1 is established at ,cincinnati1 where the students are required to attend the forms of worship1 and the ,superior inspects all their letters4 ,st4 ,peter's ,orphan ,asylum is under charge of #d ,sisters of ,charity4 ,the number of ,catholics in ,cincinnati is variously estimated1 the medium of which is #fjjj1 and as many more dispersed through the ,state4 #c4 ,bardstown4--,this includes the ,state of ,kentucky1 and has a bishop1 with the usual subordinates1 #bg congregations1 and #cc priests1 #aa of whom reside at ,bardstown4 ,a convent of #f ,jesuit priests at ,lebanon2 another of #e ,dominicans1 called ,st4 ,rose1 in ,washington county2 the college at ,bardstown1 already noticed1 and ,st4 ,mary's ,seminary in ,washington county1 for the education of priests4 ,of female institutions1 there are the ,female ,academy of ,nazareth at ,bardstown1 conducted by the ,sisters of ,charity1 and superintended by the bishop and professors of ,st4 ,joseph's college1--#aej pupils2 the female academy of ,loretto1 ,washington county1 with accommodation for #ajj boarders1 and directed by the ,sisters of ,mary at the foot of the cross4 ,this order have six other places for country schools1 and are said to be #ace in number4 ,the ,convent of ,holy ,mary1 and the ,monastery of ,st4 ,magdalene1 at ,st4 ,rose1 ,washington county1 by ,dominican nuns1 #ae in number1 and in #ahca1 #cj pupils4 ,the ,catholics have a female academy at ,lexington with #ajj pupils4 ,i have no data to show the ,roman ,catholic population of this ,state1 but it is by no means proportionate to the formidable machinery here exhibited4 ,all this array of colleges1 seminaries1 monasteries1 convents and nunneries is for the work of proselyting1 and if they are not successful1 it only shows that the current of popular sentiment sets strongly in another direction4 #d4 ,vincennes4--,this is a new ,diocess1 recently carved out of ,indiana and ,illinois by the authority of an old gentleman1 who lives in the city of ,rome6 ,it includes a dozen chapels1 #d or #e priests1 the ,st4 ,claire convent at ,vincennes1 with several other appendages4 ,the ,roman ,catholic population of this ,state is not numerous1 probably not exceeding #cjjj4 ,illinois has about #ejjj1 a part of which is under the jurisdiction of ,st4 ,louis ,diocess4 ,in ,illinois there are #aj churches1 and #f priests1 a part of which are included in the ,diocess of ,indiana4 ,a convent of nuns of the ,visitation of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 at ,kaskaskia1 who conduct a female school1 with a few boarders and about #cj or #dj day scholars4 #e4 ,st4 ,louis4--,this ,diocess includes #ah congregations and #ai priests1 with the following appendages3 #a4 ,st4 ,louis ,university1 already noticed1 with #f priests for instructors1 and #aej students1 of which1 about #hj are boarders4 ,the rules require their attendance on morning and evening prayers1 the catechism1 and divine service on ,sundays and holidays4 #b4 ,st4 ,mary's ,college1 also noticed in our description of colleges4 #c4 ,noviciate for ,jesuits under ,st4 ,stanislaus1 in ,st4 ,louis county4 ,of female institutions there are1--#a4 ,convent of the ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 at ,st4 ,louis2 #b4 another of the same description1 and their noviciate1 at ,florrissant2--#c4 another of the same order at ,st4 ,charles2--#d4 a female academy at ,carondalet1 six miles below ,st4 ,louis1 by the ,sisters of ,charity2--#e4 a convent and academy of the ,sisters of ,loretto1 at ,new ,madrid2--#f4 a convent and female academy at ,frederickstown1 under supervision of a priest2--#g4 a convent and female academy of the ,sisters of ,loretto1 in ,perry county4 ,the ,roman ,catholic population in ,missouri does not exceed #ae1jjj4 ,their pupils1 of both sexes1 may be estimated at #gjj4 ,to the above may be added the hospital1 and the asylum for boys1 in ,st4 ,louis1 under the management of the ,sisters of ,charity4 ,roman ,catholic teachers1 usually foreigners1 disperse themselves through the country1 and engage in teaching primary schools2 availing themselves of intercourse with the families of their employers to instruct them in the dogmas of their religion4 ,the greatest success that has attended the efforts of the priests in converting others1 has been during the prevalence of the cholera1 and especially after collapse and insensibility had seized the person6 ,we know of more than #fj ,roman ,catholics who have been converted to the faith of ,christ and joined ,christian churches within #c or #d years past1 in this ,state4 #f4 ,new ,orleans4--,the ,roman ,catholics in ,louisiana are numerous1 probably including one third of the population4 ,relatively1 ,protestants are increasing1 as a large proportion of the emigration from the other ,states1 who care any thing about religion1 are ,protestants4 ,there are #bf congregations1 and #bg priests with several convents1 female seminaries1 asylums1 c4 #g4 ,mobile4--,a splendid cathedral has been commenced here4 ,this ,diocess extends into ,florida4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,the reader will note that our estimates of ,roman ,catholics include the whole family of every age4 ,whereas1 our statistics of ,protestant denominations included only communicants4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,suggestions to ,emigrants--,canal1 ,steamboat and ,stage ,routes--,other ,modes of ,travel--,expenses--,roads1 ,distances1 c4 c4 ,in the concluding chapter to this ,,guide1 it is proposed to give such information as is always desirable to emigrants upon removing1 or travelling for any purpose1 to the ,west4 #a4 ,persons in moderate circumstances1 or who would save time and expense1 need not make a visit to the ,west1 to ascertain particulars previous to removal4 ,a few general facts1 easily collected from a hundred sources1 will enable persons to decide the great question whether they will emigrate to the ,valley4 ,by the same means1 emigrants may determine to what ,state1 and to what part of that ,state1 their course shall be directed4 ,there are many things that a person of plain1 common sense will take for granted without inquiry1--such as facilities for obtaining all the necessaries of life2 the readiness with which property of any description may be obtained for a fair value1 and especially farms and wild land2 that they can live where hundreds of thousands of others of similar habits and feelings live2 and above all1 they should take it for granted1 that there are difficulties to be encountered in every country1 and in all business1--that these difficulties can be surmounted with reasonable effort1 patience and perseverance1 and that in every country1 people sicken and die4 #b4 ,having decided to what ,state and part of the ,state an emigrant will remove1 let him then conclude to take as little furniture and other luggage as he can do with1 especially if he comes by public conveyances4 ,those who reside within convenient distance of a sea port1 would find it both safe and economical to ship by ,new ,orleans1 in boxes1 such articles as are not wanted on the road1 especially if they steer for the navigable waters of the ,mississippi4 ,bed and other clothing1 books1 c41 packed in boxes1 like merchants' goods1 will go much safer and cheaper by ,new ,orleans1 than by any of the inland routes4 ,i have received more than one hundred packages and boxes1 from eastern ports1 by that route1 within #bj years1 and never lost one4 ,boxes should be marked to the owner or his agent at the river port where destined1 and to the charge of some forwarding house in ,new ,orleans4 ,the freight and charges may be paid when the boxes are received4 #c4 ,if a person designs to remove to the north part of ,ohio1 and ,indiana1 to ,chicago and vicinity1 or to ,michigan1 or ,greenbay1 his course would be by the ,new ,york canal1 and the lakes4 ,the following table1 showing the time of the opening of the canal at ,albany and ,buffalo1 and the opening of the lake1 from #ahbg to #ahce1 is from a report of a committee at ,buffalo to the common council of that city4 ,it will be of use to those who wish to take the northern route in the spring4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,canal opened at ,canal opened at ,lake ,erie opened ,year4 ,buffalo4 ,albany4 at ,buffalo4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahbg ,april #ba ,april #ba ,april #ba #ahbh #a #a #a #ahbi #be #bi ,may #aj #ahcj #ae #bj ,april #f #ahca #af #af ,may #h #ahcb #ah #be ,april #bg #ahcc #bb #bb #bc #ahcd #af #ag #f #ahce #ae #ae ,may #h ,the same route will carry emigrants to ,cleveland and by the ,ohio canal to ,columbus1 or to the ,ohio river at ,portsmouth1 from whence by steamboat1 direct communications will offer to any river port in the ,western ,states4 ,from ,buffalo1 steamboats run constantly1 7when the lake is open17 to ,detroit1 stopping at ,erie1 ,ashtabula1 ,cleveland1 ,sandusky and many other ports from whence stages run to every prominent town4 ,transportation wagons are employed in forwarding goods4 ,,schedule ,,from ,,buffalo ,,to ,,detroit ,,by ,,water4 ,miles4 ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y41 #ci ,portland1 #ah-eg ,erie1 ,pa41 #ce-ib ,ashtabula1 ,ohio1 #ci-aca ,fairport1 #cb-afc ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 #cj-aic ,sandusky1 #ed-bdg ,amherstburg1 ,n4 ,c4 #eb-bii ,detroit1 ,mich41 #ah-cag ,from thence to ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,miles4 ,st4 ,clair ,river1 ,michigan1 #dj ,palmer1 #ag-eg ,fort ,gratiot1 #ad-ga ,white ,rock1 #dj-aaa ,thunder ,island1 #gj-aha ,middle ,island1 #be-bjf ,presque ,isle1 #fe-bga ,mackinaw1 #eh-cbi ,isle ,brule1 #ge-djd ,fort ,howard1 ,w4 ,territory1 #ajj-ejd ,milwaukee1 ,w4 ,t4 #caj-had ,chicago1 ,ill41 #ij-ijd ,from ,cleveland to ,portsmouth1 via4 ,ohio canal4 ,miles4 ,cuyahoga ,aqueduct1 #bb ,old ,portage1 #ab-cd ,akron1 #d-ch ,new ,portage1 #e-dc ,clinton1 #aa-ed ,massillon1 #aa-fe ,bethlehem1 #f-ga ,bolivar1 #h-gi ,zoar1 #c-hb ,dover1 #g-hi ,new ,philadelphia1 #d-ic ,new-,comers' ,town1 #bb-aae ,coshocton1 #ag-acb ,irville1 #bf-aeh ,newark1 #ac-aga ,hebron1 #aj-aha ,licking ,summit1 #e-ahf ,lancaster ,canaan1 #aa-aig ,columbus1 side cut1 #ah-bae ,bloomfield1 #h-bbc ,circleville1 #i-bcb ,chillicothe1 #bc-bee ,piketon1 #be-bhj ,lucasville1 #ad-bid ,portsmouth1 7,ohio river17 #ac-cjg ,the most expeditious1 pleasant and direct route for travellers to the southern parts of ,ohio and ,indiana2 to the ,illinois river1 as far north as ,peoria2 to the ,upper ,mississippi1 as ,quincy1 ,rock ,island1 ,galena and ,prairie du ,chien2 to ,missouri2 and to ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,arkansas1 ,natches and ,new ,orleans is one of the southern routes4 ,there are1 #ast1 from ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg by rail-roads and the ,pennsylvania canal2 #bnd1 by ,baltimore1--the ,baltimore and ,ohio rail-road1--and stages to ,wheeling2 or1 #c;dly1 for people living to the south of ,washington1 by stage1 via ,charlottesville1 ,va41 ,staunton1 the hot1 warm1 and white sulphur springs1 ,lewisburg1 ,charlestown1 to ,guyandotte1 from whence a regular line of steamboats run #c times a week to ,cincinnati4 ,intermediate routes from ,washington city to ,wheeling2 or to ,harper's ferry1 to ,fredericksburg1 and intersect the route through ,virginia at ,charlottesville4 ,from ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg1 via rail-road and canal4 ,miles4 ,columbia on the ,susquehanna river by rail-road1 daily1 #ha ,by canal packets to ,bainbridge1 #aa-ib ,middletown1 #ag-aji ,harrisburg1 #aj-aai ,juniata river1 #ae-acd ,millerstown1 #ag-aea ,mifflin1 #ag-afh ,lewistown1 #ac-aga ,waynesburg1 #ad-aie ,hamiltonville1 #aa-bjf ,huntingdon1 #g-bac ,petersburg1 #h-bba ,alexandria1 #bc-bdd ,frankstown and ,hollidaysburgh1 #c-bdg ,from thence by rail-road across the mountain to ,johnstown is #ch-bhe ,by canal to ,blairsville1 #ce-cbj ,saltzburg1 #ah-cch ,warren1 #ab-cej ,alleghany river1 #af-cff ,,pittsburg1 #bh-cid ,the ,pioneer line on this route is exclusively for passengers1 and professes to reach ,pittsburg in four days--but is sometimes behind several hours4 ,fare through1 #aj4 ,passengers pay for meals4 ,leech's line1 called the ,western ,transportation line1 takes both freight and passengers4 ,the packet boats advertise to go through to ,pittsburg in five days for #g4 ,midship and steerage passengers in the transportation line in six and a half days2 merchandize delivered in #h days4 ,generally1 however1 there is some delay4 ,emigrants must not expect to carry more than a small trunk or two on the packet lines4 ,those who take goods or furniture1 and expect to keep with it1 had better take the transportation lines with more delay4 ,the price of meals on the boats is about #cg-a_/b cents4 ,on all the steamboats on the ,western waters1 no additional charge is made to cabin passengers for meals1--and the tables are usually profusely supplied4 ,strict order is observed1 and the waiters and officers are attentive4 ,steamboat route from ,pittsburg to the mouth of ,ohio4 ,miles4 ,middletown1 ,pa4 #aa ,economy1 #h-ai ,beaver1 #aj-bi ,georgetown1 #ac-db ,steubenville1 ,ohio1 #bg-fi ,wellsburgh1 ,va41 #g-gf ,warren1 ,ohio1 #f-hb ,wheeling1 ,va41 #aj-ib ,elizabethtown1 #aa-ajc ,sistersville1 #cd-acg ,newport1 ,ohio1 #bg-afd ,marietta1 ,ohio #ad-agh ,parkersburgh1 ,va41 #aa-ahi ,belpre1 and ,blennerhassett's ,isl'd1 ,o41 #d-aic ,troy1 ,ohio1 #aj-bjc ,belleville1 ,va41 #g-baj ,letart's ,rapids1 ,va41 #cg-bdg ,point ,pleasant1 #bg-bgd ,gallipolis1 ,ohio1 #d-bgh ,guyandot1 ,va41 #bg-cje ,burlington1 ,ohio1 #aj-cae ,greensburg1 ,ky41 #ai-ccd ,concord1 ,ohio1 #ab-cdf ,portsmouth1 7,ohio1 canal17 #g-cec ,vanceburg1 ,ky41 #bj-cgc ,manchester1 ,ohio1 #af-chi ,maysville1 ,ky41 #aa-djj ,charleston1 #d-djd ,ripley1 ,ohio1 #f-daj ,augusta1 ,ky41 #h-dah ,neville1 ,ohio1 #g-dbe ,moscow1 #g-dcb ,point ,pleasant1 ,ohio #d-dcf ,new ,richmond1 #g-ddc ,columbia1 #ae-deh ,fulton1 #f-dfd ,,cincinnati1 ,ohio #b-dff ,north ,bend1 #ae-dha ,lawrenceburgh1 ,ia41 and mouth of the ,miami1 #h-dhi ,aurora1 ,ia41 #b-dia ,petersburg1 ,ky41 #b-dic ,bellevue1 #h-eja ,rising ,sun1 ,ia41 #b-ejc ,fredericksburgh1 ,ky41 #ah-eba ,vevay1 ,ia41 and ,ghent1 ,ky41 #aa-ecb ,port ,william1 ,ky41 #h-edj ,madison1 ,in41 #ae-eee ,new ,london1 ,in41 #ab-efg ,bethlehem1 #h-ege ,westport1 ,ky41 #g-ehb ,transylvania1 ,ky41 #ae-eig ,,louisville1 ,ky41 #ab-fji ,shippingsport thro' the canal1 #b-a_/b-faa-a_/b ,new ,albany1 ,in41 #a-a_/b-fac ,salt ,river1 ,ky41 #bc-fcf ,northampton1 ,ia41 #ah-fed ,leavenworth1 #ag-fga ,fredonia1 #b-fgc ,rome1 ,in41 #cb-gje ,troy1 #be-gcj ,rockport1 ,in41 #af-gdf ,owenburgh1 ,ky41 #ab-geh ,evansville1 ,ia41 #cf-gid ,henderson1 ,ky41 #ab-hjf ,mount ,vernon1 ,ia41 #bh-hcd ,carthage1 ,ky41 #ab-hdf ,wabash ,river1 ,ky41 #g-hec ,shawneetown1 ,ill41 #aa-hfd ,mouth of ,saline1 ,ill41 #ab-hgf ,cave in ,rock1 #aj-hhf ,golconda1 #ai-ije ,smithland1 mouth of the ,cumberland ,river1 ,ky41 #aj-iae ,paducah1 mouth of the ,tennessee ,river1 ,ky41 #ac-ibh ,caledonia1 ,ill41 #ca-iei ,trinity1 mouth of ,cash ,river1 ,ill41 #aj-ifi ,,mouth ,,of ,,the ,,ohio ,,river1 #f-ige ,persons who wish to visit ,indianopolis will stop at ,madison1 ,ia41 and take the stage conveyance4 ,from ,louisville1 via ,vincennes1 to ,st4 ,louis by stage1 every alternate day1 #bgc miles1 through in three days and half4 ,fare #ag4 ,stages run from ,vincennes to ,terre ,haute and other towns up the ,wabash river4 ,at ,evansville1 ,ia41 stage lines are connected with ,vincennes and ,terre ,haute2 and at ,shawneetown twice a week to ,carlyle1 ,ill41 where it intersects the line from ,louisville to ,st4 ,louis4 ,from ,louisville to ,nashville by steamboats1 passengers land at ,smithland at the mouth of ,cumberland river1 unless they embark direct for ,nashville4 ,in the winter both stage and steamboat lines are uncertain and irregular4 ,ice in the rivers frequently obstructs navigation1 and high waters and bad roads sometimes prevent stages from running regularly4 ,farmers who remove to the ,west from the ,northern and ,middle ,states1 will find it advantageous in many instances to remove with their own teams and wagons4 ,these they will need on their arrival4 ,autumn1 or from ,september till ,november1 is the favorable season for this mode of emigration4 ,the roads are then in good order1 the weather usually favorable1 and feed plenty4 ,people of all classes from the ,states south of the ,ohio river1 remove with large wagons1 carry and cook their own provisions1 purchase their feed by the bushel1 and invariably encamp out at night4 ,individuals who wish to travel through the interior of ,michigan1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 c41 will find that the most convenient1 sure1 economical and independent mode is on horseback4 ,their expenses will be from #ge cents to #a4ej per day1 and they can always consult their own convenience and pleasure as to time and place4 ,stage fare is usually #f cents per mile in the ,west4 ,meals at stage houses1 #cg-a_/b cents4 ,steamboat fare1 including meals4 ,from ,pittsburg to ,cincinnati1 #aj ,cincinnati to ,louisville1 #d ,louisville to ,st4 ,louis1 #ab ,and frequently the same from ,cincinnati to ,st4 ,louis2--varying a little1 however4 ,a deck passage1 as it is called1 may be rated as follows3 ,from ,pittsburg to ,cincinnati1 #c ,cincinnati to ,louisville1 #a ,louisville to ,st4 ,louis1 #d ,the deck for such passengers is usually in the midship1 forward the engine1 and is protected from the weather4 ,passengers furnish their own provisions and bedding4 ,they often take their meals at the cabin table1 with the boat hands1 and pay #be cents a meal4 ,thousands pass up and down the rivers as deck passengers1 especially emigrating families1 who have their bedding1 provisions1 and cooking utensils on board4 ,the whole expense of a single person from ,new ,york to ,st4 ,louis1 via4 ,philadelphia and ,pittsburg1 with cabin passage on the river1 will range between #dj and #de4 ,time from #ab to #ae days4 ,taking the transportation lines on the ,pennsylvania canal1 and a deck passage on the steamboat1 and the expenses will range between #bj and #be1 supposing the person buys his meals at #be cents1 and eats twice a day4 ,if he carry his own provisions1 the passage1 c41 will be from #ae to #ah4 ,the following is from an advertisement of the ,western ,transportation1 or ,leech's ,line1 from ,philadelphia3 ,miles4 ,days4 ,fare to ,pittsburg1 #djj #f-a_/b #f4jj ,cincinnati1 #ijj #h-a_/b #h4ej ,louisville1 #ajej #i-a_/b #i4jj ,nashville1 #afej #ac-a_/b #ac4jj ,st4 ,louis1 #agej #ad #ac4jj ,the above does not include meals4 ,packet ,boats for ,cabin ,passengers1 same line4 ,miles4 ,days4 ,fare to ,pittsburg1 #djj #e #g ,cincinnati1 #ijj #h #ag ,louisville1 #ajej #i #ai ,nashville1 #afej #ac #bg ,st4 ,louis1 #agej #ac #bg ,emigrants and travellers will find it to their interest always to be a little sceptical relative to the statements of stage1 steam and canal boat agents1 to make some allowance in their own calculations for delays1 difficulties and expenses1 and above all1 to feel perfectly patient and in good humor with themselves1 the officers1 company1 and the world1 even if they do not move quite as rapid1 and fare quite as well as they desire4 ,,errata4 ,page #dj1 #hth line from the bottom1 for ,tau-mar-wans1 read ,tau-mar-waus4 #da4 ,for ,milwankee1 read ,milwaukee4 ,for ,fonti1 read ,tonti4 ,,gould1 ,,kendall ,,lincoln1 ,,publishers1 ,,booksellers1 ,,and ,,stationers1 #ei ,washington ,st4 ,boston4 ,g4 ,k4 ,l4 keep a general assortment of ,books in the various departments of ,literature1 ,science and ,theology4--,among the many valuable works which they publish1 are the following1 for ,,schools3 ,,wayland',s ,,elements ,,of ,,moral ,,science4 ,abridged and adapted to the ,use of ,schools and ,academies1 by the ,author1 ,,francis ,,wayland1 ,d4 ,d41 ,president of ,brown ,university1 and ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy4 ,the publishers would respectfully request the attention of ,teachers and ,school ,committees to this valuable work2 it has received the unqualified approbation of all who have examined it2 and it is believed admirably calculated to exert a wholesome influence on the minds of the young4 ,such an influence as will be likely to lead them to the formation of correct moral principles4 ,,roman ,,antiquities ,,and ,,ancient ,,mythology4 ,by ,,charles ,k4 ,,dillaway1 ,a4 ,m41 ,principal in the ,boston ,public ,latin ,school4 ,illustrated by elegant engravings4 ,third edition1 improved4 ,this work is rapidly going into use all over our country2 it is already introduced into most of our ,high ,schools and ,academies1 and many of our ,colleges2--a new and beautiful edition has just been published4 ,,blake',s ,,natural ,,philosophy1 ,new ,edition1 ,enlarged4 ,being ,conversations on ,philosophy1 with the addition of ,explanatory ,notes1 ,questions for ,examination1 and a ,dictionary of ,philosophical ,terms4 ,with twenty-eight steel engravings4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,blake1 ,a4 ,m4 ,perhaps no work has contributed so much as this to excite a fondness for the study of ,natural ,philosophy in youthful minds4 ,the familiar comparisons with which it abounds1 awaken interest1 and rivet the attention of the pupil4 ,it is introduced1 with great success into the ,public ,schools in ,boston4 ,,blake',s ,,first ,,book ,,in ,,astronomy4 ,designed for the ,use of ,common ,schools4 ,illustrated by steel plate engravings4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,blake1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,first ,,lessons ,,in ,,intellectual ,,philosophy2 or1 a ,familiar ,explanation of the ,nature and ,operations of the ,human ,mind4 ,second ,edition4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,,silas ,,blaisdale4 ,one volume1 #abmo4 #cfj pages4 ,,young ,,ladies' ,,class ,,book4 ,a ,selection of ,lessons for ,reading1 in ,prose and ,verse4 ,by ,,ebenezer ,,bailey1 ,a4 ,m41 ,principal of the ,young ,ladies' ,high ,school1 ,boston4 ,thirteenth stereotype edition4 ,in order to give this work a more extended circulation2--notwithstanding its sale is now great1--the publishers have determined to ,,reduce ,,the ,,price1 in order to remove every obstacle in the way of its being introduced into all our female schools throughout the country4 ,,paley',s ,,theology4 ,eighth ,edition1 illustrated by ,forty ,plates1 and ,selections from the ,notes of ,dr4 ,paxton1 with additional ,notes1 original and selected1 for this ,edition1 with a ,vocabulary of ,scientific ,terms4 ,edited by an eminent ,physician of ,boston4 ,,the ,,class ,,book ,,of ,,natural ,,theology2 or1 the ,testimony of ,nature to the ,being1 ,perfections and ,government of ,god4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,henry ,,fergus2 revised1 enlarged1 and adapted to ,paxton's ,illustrations2 with ,notes1 selected and original1 ,biographical ,notices1 and a ,vocabulary of ,scientific ,terms4 ,by ,,charles ,,henry ,,alden1 ,a4 ,m41 ,principal of the ,philadelphia ,high ,school for ,young ,ladies4 ,,the ,,national ,,arithmetic1 combining the ,analytic and ,synthetic ,methods1 in which the ,principles of ,arithmetic are explained in a perspicuous and familiar manner2 containing also1 practical systems of ,mensuration1 ,gauging1 ,geometry1 and ,book-,keeping1 forming a complete ,mercantile ,arithmetic1 designed for ,schools and ,academies in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,,benjamin ,,greenleaf1 ,a4 ,m41 ,preceptor of ,bradford ,academy4 ,,balbi',s ,,geography4 ,an ,abridgment of ,universal ,geography1 ,modern and ,ancient1 chiefly compiled from the ,abrege de ,geographie of ,,adrian ,,balbi4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,bradford2 accompanied by a splendid ,atlas1 and illustrated by engravings4 ,the above work contains #ebj pages #abmo4 and is the most copious ,school ,geography yet offered to the public1 and it is believed to be an important improvement1 especially for the use of the higher schools and seminaries4 ,it has received the sanction of all ,teachers who have examined it1 and has been favorably noticed in many of our public ,journals4 ,the ,atlas accompanying this work1 contains thirty-six maps and charts1--and is confidently recommended as superior1 in every respect1 to any thing of the kind now in use4 ,religious ,works4 ,,the ,,complete ,,works ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,andrew ,,fuller1 with a ,memoir of his ,life4 ,by ,,andrew ,,gunton ,,fuller1 in two volumes4 ,with a correct likeness4 ,this valuable work is now published in two large octavo volumes1 on fair type and fine paper1 at a very low price4 ,the cost of former editions 7#ad7 precluded many from possessing it4 ,the publishers are gratified in being able to offer to the ,christian public a work so replete with doctrinal arguments and practical religion1 at a price that every minister and student may possess it4 ,no ,christian can read ,fuller1 without having his impulses to action quickened2 and every student ought to study him1 if he wishes to arm himself against every enemy4 ,,campbell ,,and ,,fenelon ,,on ,,eloquence4 ,comprising ,campbell's ,lectures on ,systematic ,theology and ,pulpit ,eloquence1 c4 ,edited by ,prof4 ,,ripley1 of ,newton ,theological ,institution4 ,,morris',s ,,memoirs ,,of ,,fuller4 ,the ,life and ,character of the ,rev4 ,andrew ,fuller ,edited by ,rev4 ,,rufus ,,babcock1 ,jr41 ,president of ,waterville ,college4 ,,female ,,scripture ,,biography4 ,including an ,essay on what ,christianity has done for ,women4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,cox1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 of ,london4 ,in #b vols4 ,this is a very interesting work1 and should be in the hands of every female professor1 and in every ,church and ,sabbath ,school ,library in the land4 ,,remains ,,of ,,rev4 ,,richard ,,cecil1 ,m4 ,a4 ,to which is prefixed a ,view of his ,character4 ,by ,,josiah ,,pratt1 ,b4 ,d41 ,f4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,church ,,member',s ,,guide4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,james1 ,a4 ,m41 ,birmingham1 ,england4 ,edited by ,j4 ,o4 ,,choules1 ,a4 ,m41 ,pastor of the ,first ,baptist ,church in ,new ,bedford1 ,mass4 ,,help ,,to ,,zion',s ,,travellers4 ,by ,rev4 ,,robert ,,hall4 ,with a ,preface by ,dr4 ,,ryland4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,warne4 ,,the ,,travels ,,of ,,true ,,godliness4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,benjamin ,,keach1 ,london4 ,and a ,memoir of his ,life4 ,by ,,howard ,,malcom4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,aids ,,to ,,devotion2 in three parts4 ,including ,watts' ,guide to ,prayer4 ,a very valuable and truly excellent work4 ,,beauties ,,of ,,collyer4 ,selections from ,theological ,lectures4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,collyer1 ,d4 ,d41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,baxter',s ,,saint',s ,,rest4 ,by ,rev4 ,,richard ,,baxter4 ,abridged by ,b4 ,,fawcett1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,baxter',s ,,call ,,to ,,the ,,unconverted1 to which are added several valuable ,essays4 ,by ,,richard ,,baxter4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay4 ,by ,,thomas ,,chalmers1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,the ,,christian ,,contemplated2 in a ,course of ,lectures delivered in ,argyle ,chapel1 ,bath1 ,england4 ,by ,,william ,,jay4 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,howard4 ,compiled from his ,diary1 his ,confidential ,letters1 and other authentic ,documents4 ,by ,,james ,b4 ,,brown4 ,abridged by a ,gentleman of ,boston1 from the ,london quarto edition4 ,,the ,,imitation ,,of ,,christ4 ,in ,three ,books4 ,by ,,thomas a ,,kempis4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay1 by ,,thomas ,,chalmers1 of ,glasgow4 ,,an ,,examination ,,of ,,prof4 ,,stuart ,,on ,,baptism4 ,by ,,henry ,j4 ,,ripley1 ,professor of ,biblical ,literature in the ,newton ,theological ,institution4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,rev4 ,,wm4 ,,staughton1 ,d4 ,d4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,lynd1 ,a4,m41 of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,embellished with a ,likeness4 ,the thousands still living1 who have listened with rapture to the messages of salvation that flowed from his lips2 those gentlemen1 who have been trained up by his hand for usefulness in society1 and especially those whose gifts in the church he aided and cherished by his instructions1 as well as the ,christian and literary public1 will review his life with peculiar satisfaction4 ,,life ,,of ,,philip ,,melancthon1 comprising an account of the most important transactions of the ,,reformation4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,cox1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,ll4 ,d41 of ,london4 ,from the ,second ,london edition1 with important alterations1 by the ,author1 for this edition4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,mrs4 ,,ann ,h4 ,,judson1 late ,missionary to ,burmah4 ,new and enlarged edition ,including a ,history of the ,american ,baptist ,mission in the ,burman ,empire to the present time4 ,by ,,james ,d4 ,,knowles4 ,embellished with engravings4 ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,edition1 ,,just ,,published4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,george ,,dana ,,boardman1 late ,missionary to ,burmah1 containing much intelligence relative to the ,burman ,mission4 ,by ,rev4 ,,alonzo ,,king1 of ,northborough1 ,mass4 ,with a ,valuable ,essay1 by a distinguished ,clergyman4 ,the rapid sale of the large edition of this work first published1--the increasing demand for it1--and the evident good which its circulation has accomplished1 have induced the publishers to bestow much expense and labor upon it1 in order to present the present edition in as complete and attractive a form as possible1 with a view to giving it a still wider and more rapid circulation4 ,a valuable ,essay of thirty-five pages1 written at the request of the publishers has been added2 and in addition to its having been handsomely stereotyped1 a correct likeness of ,mr4 ,boardman1 taken on steel1 from a painting in possession of the family1 and a beautiful vignette representing the baptismal scene just before his death1 have also been added4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,errata mentioned on ,page #cgd have been corrected in the text4 ,typographical errors corrected in the text3 ,page vii hut changed to but ,page x ,mitchel's changed to ,mitchell's ,page #be steril changed to sterile ,page #ca ,wos-sosh-e changed to ,wos-sosh-ee ,page #ce chesnut changed to chestnut ,page #cf persimon changed to persimmon ,page #cf paupau changed to pawpaw ,page #cf pecaun changed to pecan ,page #ch turkies changed to turkeys ,page #dd steril changed to sterile ,page #dh harrassed changed to harassed ,page #fa ,farenheit changed to ,fahrenheit ,page #gj ,chein chanaged to ,chien ,page #ge occacasionally changed to occasionally ,page #ajj journies changed to journeys ,page #aad ,poineer chainged to ,pioneer ,page #ace ,saginau changed to ,saginaw ,page #acg territoriesr changed to territories ,page #ach ,chilicothe changed to ,chillicothe ,page #ach ,miueral changed to ,mineral ,page #aci ,chilicothe changed to ,chillicothe ,page #aef ,punchas changed to ,puncahs ,page #afb ,fonti's changed to ,tonti's ,page #age artizans changed to artisans ,page #bjg it changed to its ,page #baa ,considerble changed to ,considerable ,page #bbc ,bowlinggreen changed to ,bowling ,green ,page #bca ,missisinewa changed to ,missisinawa ,page #bcg ,missasinawa changed to ,missisinawa ,page #bfb pecaun changed to pecan ,page #bgc pecaun changed to pecan ,page #bgi gophars changed to gophers ,page #bhj gophar changed to gopher ,page #bij ,macoupin changed to ,macoupen ,page #cjd attornies changed to attorneys ,page #ccg ,lorrain changed to ,lorain ,page #cci circumstanses changed to circumstances ,page #cfj accomodation changed to accommodation ,page #cfg ,masillon changed to ,massillon ,page #cfh ,charlottsville changed to ,charlottesville ,page #cfh ,guiandotte changed to ,guyandotte ,page #cfh ,juniatta changed to ,juniata ,page #cfh ,holladaysburgh changed to ,hollidaysburgh ,page #cgg ,guaging changed to ,gauging ---------------------------------------- -------------