file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #bgcbg-;h4htm or #bgcbg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ g_/c_/b_/bgcbg_/bgcbg-;h_/#bgcbg-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ g_/c_/b_/bgcbg_/bgcbg-;h4zip7 ,smithsonian ,studies in ,history and ,technology--,number #ag ,,agricultural ,,implements ,,and ,,machines ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,the ,,national ,,museum ,,of ,,history ,,and ,,technology by ,,john ,t4 ,,schlebecker ,illustration ,,smithsonian ,,institution ,,press ,city of ,washington #aigb ,,serial ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,smithsonian ,,institution ,the emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first ,secretary of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,in his formal plan for the ,institution1 ,joseph ,henry articulated a program that included the following statement3 ,it is proposed to publish a series of reports1 giving an account of the new discoveries in science1 and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge4 ,this keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the ,smithsonian imprint1 commencing with ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge in #ahdh and continuing with the following active series3 ,smithsonian ,annals of ,flight ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,anthropology ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,astrophysics ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,botany ,smithsonian ,contributions to the ,earth ,sciences ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,paleobiology ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,zoology ,smithsonian ,studies in ,history and ,technology ,in these series1 the ,institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning4 ,these papers report newly acquired facts1 synoptic interpretations of data1 or original theory in specialized fields4 ,these publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries1 laboratories1 and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world4 ,individual copies may be obtained from the ,smithsonian ,institution ,press as long as stocks are available4 ,s4 ,dillon ,ripley ,secretary ,smithsonian ,institution ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #gj cents ,stock ,number #dgjj-jbji ,contents ,introduction #a ,the ,use of ,farm ,machinery in ,america #b ,catalog of ,agricultural ,implements and ,machines in the ,collection #f ,index to the ,catalog #ea ,publications on ,farming by the ,staff of the ,division of ,agriculture and ,mining #eh ,agricultural ,implements and ,machines in the ,collection of the ,national ,museum of ,history and ,technology ,the ,author3 ,john ,t4 ,schlebecker is curator in charge1 ,division of ,agriculture and ,mining1 ,museum of ,history and ,technology1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,introduction ,the art and science of agriculture embrace most intentional human efforts to control biological activity so as to produce plants and animals of the sort wanted1 when wanted4 ,rubber plantations1 cattle ranches1 vegetable gardens1 dairy farms1 tree farms1 and a host of similar enterprises all represent human efforts to compel nature to serve man4 ,those who undertake agriculture have had1 from time immemorial1 a variety of names1 not all of them complimentary4 ,the people involved in attempted biological control have been called farmers1 planters1 ranchers1 and peasants4 ,farmers carry on a complicated business in which they use a variety of tools1 implements1 and machines4 ,they also employ land1 chemicals1 water1 plants1 and animals4 ,their business1 however1 focuses on living things4 ,no matter how crude their attempts1 or how uncertain their successes1 those who try to grow living things rank as agriculturalists4#a ,footnote #a3 ,of course1 the definition excludes brewers1 distillers1 biological supply houses1 and others1 such as zoo curators1 who manage living things4 ,agriculture takes place on a piece of land widely and commonly known as a farm4 ,for the most part1 a museum cannot show the essential biological aspects of agriculture4 ,agricultural production involves the farmer in the course of nature in its seasons1 and in the peculiar laws of living things4 ,in these respects1 agriculture stands rather apart from transportation1 manufacturing1 and artistic industries where the tools1 machines1 and raw materials remain fairly inert as men work on them4 ,machines move but do not live1 and therein lies the major difference between agriculture and the other arts4 ,farmers deal with plants and animals but the museum can show only the things a farmer uses as he accommodates to and regulates nature4 ,some of the objects1 in themselves1 give a fair idea of how the farmer used them4 ,most people1 after all1 know about edged blades and digging tools4 ,nearly anyone can grasp what a man might do with a scythe or a plow4 ,even the working of a modern reaper needs only a little explanation4 ,but museums cannot well show cross-breeding of plants and animals4 ,museums seldom can show the results of that cross-breeding4 ,bags of fertilizer can be put on display1 as can vials of penicillin1 and jars of herbicide4 ,although some may find these interesting1 such items show little in and of themselves4 ,unfortunately1 the things that cannot be shown in any easily intelligible way surpass in importance the items that can be shown4 ,the sheep shears1 which anyone can understand1 represent less to the farmer than do the sheep4 ,sheep shears1 no matter how sophisticated and no matter how necessary1 do not explain sheep husbandry4 ,the shears tell little about the wool industry1 and nothing much about sheep breeds4 ,and so on through the list of agricultural enterprises4 ,museums must collect and exhibit the tools1 implements1 and machines which farmers use in their business4 ,these items1 however1 seldom make up the core of real agricultural activity4 ,the catalog here presented shows something of the range of items that farmers use and that can be preserved and shown4 ,the variety nearly equals the volume4 ,most museums try to avoid duplication4 ,even so1 few museums manage to collect a continuous series of things showing any one line of development4 ,the discontinuity of farm objects on hand virtually rules out the telling of a coherent and complete history of agriculture4 ,nevertheless1 the museum can show something about the major technological developments in agriculture4 ,the evolution of the plow1 the reaper1 or the tractor can be suggested even if not fully illustrated4 ,hitting the highlights has to suffice4 ,the full history of technological change also involves several social and economic conditions4 ,first1 changes in implements1 tools1 and methods result from the accumulation of knowledge4 ,device builds upon device3 first came the wheel1 and then1 much later1 the tractor4 ,secondly1 the potential user of the device must feel a need for it4 ,the new method or device not only must save him work but must clearly increase his well-being4 ,if any device or change merely increases the wealth of someone else 7a tax collector or a landlord for example71 the farmer seldom will adopt the new technology4 ,thirdly1 since1 at first1 the new technology almost invariably costs more than the old1 the user must have or be able to get the capital to buy and use the newer devices and methods4 ,of these conditions for technological change1 only the cumulative nature of the knowledge can be shown by the objects4 ,even here1 however1 missing objects make it possible to present only the most obvious changes1 and then not all of them4 ,still1 seeing the things once used--no matter how crude or how few--can sometimes help us understand the way changes took place4 ,also1 this knowledge sometimes can help us guess how other changes will take place3 ,the sequence of inventions also depends upon the changing needs of a society4 ,needs and circumstances vary more than do degrees of talent4 ,thus when need and knowledge merge1 inventors quickly appear4 ,indeed1 several men in several places are likely to work on the same problems at the same time1 and they often solve it in almost identical fashion4 ,nearly simultaneous inventions or discoveries occur with astonishing frequency in the history of technology4#b ,footnote #b3 ,the ,combine ,made in ,stockton1 ,pacific ,historian1 no4 #aj 7,autumn1 #aiff71 p4 #ad4 ,the ,use of ,farm ,machinery in ,america ,the part of ,america that was destined to become the ,united ,states started its history at the very time when the parent ,european civilization began to make major breakthroughs in science and technology4 ,thus1 ,americans became the automatic beneficiaries of the achievements of others4 ,because of peculiar opportunities and needs1 ,americans could and did push on to unique achievements4 ,nowhere1 however1 did this building on the past appear as early1 or as impressively1 as in the agricultural sector of the economy4 ,american inventors of farm implements made important strides earlier than those in any other field4 ,in turn1 ,american farmers made more and better use of discoveries and inventions4 ,from the #afejs onward ,europeans expanded their activities in all fields and in all directions4 ,by that time ,europeans had already discovered the ,new ,world1 and had seized or bullied most of the ,old4 ,european trade and industry increased1 and as these grew so also did population and urbanization4 ,people multiplied1 and an increasingly greater proportion of them began to live in towns and cities4 ,simultaneously1 the ,europeans increased in wealth2 indeed1 most of their activities created more wealth4 ,the ever-increasing number of people called for more food1 and for changes in ,european farming4 ,the ,europeans' growing wealth also allowed them to buy luxury items from around the world3 silk and spice and everything nice4 ,the goods came not only from the ,far ,east and ,africa but also from the ,new ,world4 ,when ,europeans began to settle ,america1 they almost at once had the advantages of a large and growing metropolitan market in western ,europe4 ,this market provided opportunities for wealth1 but only if the ,american farmers developed appropriate commodities and produced them at reasonable prices4 ,the ,english1 ,dutch1 ,swedes1 ,french1 and ,spanish settled in ,north ,america at trading and exploring stations4 ,so located1 they could direct the flow of products to ,europe4 ,the ,english chiefly sought rare products such as gold and spices1 and they sent back furs4 ,the ,dutch concentrated on furs4 ,all ,european pioneers1 however1 had to feed themselves4 ,this took a bit of doing1 which at first involved a merging of ,european technology with ,indian crops and methods4 ,later1 the settlers adapted ,european crops and animals4 ,in spite of starving times in almost every colony from ,virginia to ,new ,england1 the new ,americans at least mastered the art of feeding themselves4 ,european technology used animals for draft and employed plows1 harrows1 and similar implements4 ,this technology fit ,european crops better than it fit ,american crops4 ,thus1 ,european implements and draft animals did not appear until comparatively late4 ,as long as they depended chiefly on ,indian crops1 ,europeans simply substituted iron hoes for stone hoes1 and iron axes for stone axes4 ,but methods such as girdling1 slash and burn1 and the rest1 came almost directly from ,indian technology4 ,the ,pilgrims of ,plymouth ,plantation went #ab years without a plow2 ,virginians went almost as long4 ,the hoe of corn culture served well enough to keep men alive4 ,hunting and fishing1 of course1 supplemented the food supply1 as it did for the ,indians4 ,from north to south the story was largely the same in the #agth century4 ,everywhere the new ,americans pursued a subsistence agriculture which supported some other major economic activity4 ,pennsylvania developed possibly the most flourishing subsistence farming4 ,the commercial production of tobacco1 an ,american crop with ,american methods and uses1 began early in ,virginia and ,maryland4 ,this specialty developed commercially almost exclusively in the upper ,south4 ,farmers and planters of the lower ,south had hesitantly begun rice culture1 but as the #agth century ended men in the ,carolinas still found hides and furs the most rewarding commodities4 ,meanwhile1 rapid changes took place in the ,european metropolitan centers1 and in the ,west ,indian islands4 ,the growth of population in both places created consumers for more and cheaper food4 ,markets for ,american foods definitely began to increase as the #ahth century got under way4 ,europeans1 of course1 primarily wanted ,european foods rather than exotic ,indian crops4 ,the foods also had to be comparatively nonperishable and easily transported4 ,grains1 particularly wheat1 and processed meat 7hams1 salt pork1 and such7 especially met ,european preferences4 ,commercial production of these commodities compelled ,american farmers to embrace the best ,european technology insofar as that technology fit the ,american scene4 ,the plants1 animals1 methods1 and tools all derived from ,europe4 ,contrary to a common ,european view at the time1 the immigrants did not bring the worst available methods to the ,new ,world4 ,nor did the ,americans allow any deterioration of stock or plants without good economic reasons4 ,most ,european criticism about ,american farming centered on things of no consequence to ,american farmers1 who were selling in a world market4 ,true1 ,americans tended toward slovenly cultivation1 but niceness of method mattered little if the land yielded an abundant exportable surplus4 ,americans paid less attention than ,europeans to fertilizer1 but ,americans at first had less need for it4 ,livestock1 in spite of nearly continual importations from ,europe1 tended to decline from a ,european standpoint4 ,still1 the animals yielded meat of a quality suitable for export4 ,the hardy ,american animals could survive in spite of casual care4 ,americans had few barns and sheds1 but the world market for meat did not demand barns1 stalls1 and fancy feeding4 ,american dairy cows yielded ridiculously low volumes of milk1 butter1 and cheese1 but dairy products1 after all1 served only the resident ,americans4 ,the corn- and mast-fed hogs of ,america provided ham that was equal to any in ,europe4 ,if the ,european consumer bought ,american food1 the ,american farmer thought it pointless to consider the comfort and emotional well-being of his animals4 ,new ,englanders tended to concentrate on animals1 the middle ,atlantic on grains1 the upper ,south on tobacco1 and the lower ,south on rice and indigo4 ,the ,revolutionary ,war disrupted the marketing from the farmer's view1 but the major commercial commodities remained largely unchanged in the years immediately after the war4 ,indigo declined and then disappeared as a major export commodity1 but cotton almost at once replaced it4 ,in the #aith century men everywhere made great technological advances4 ,in ,america1 the advances took place in a sort of reciprocal action with three major historical series and events dominating the story3 the westward movement1 urbanization1 and industrialization4 ,the greatest westward expansion in ,american history took place during the #aith century4 ,american farmers and stockmen conquered1 and almost entirely settled1 a continent4 ,they did this in a single century1 #ahja-aijj4 ,nothing quite like it had ever happened before4 ,starting from a thin line of people on the eastern seaboard 7with a few incursions across the mountains as of #ahjj71 farmers and herders pushed into a nearly empty land1 dispossessed the ,indians1 and exploited the country4 ,and in course of time the ,american pioneers wanted and received political organization4 ,california entered the ,union in #ahej1 the ,plains states mostly in the #ahhjs1 and more states1 such as ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,oklahoma1 came into the ,union in the #bjth century4 ,at the same time1 a nation that was weak and underdeveloped in #ahja1 had1 by #aijj1 become the world's leading industrial nation4 ,from virtually no industry in #ahja1 ,america rose to leading industrial power in #aijj1 with more railroads and more manufactured goods per capita than any other nation4 ,involved in the industrialization1 and importantly so1 was the farm implement and machinery industry4 ,factories everywhere supplied farmers with the sophisticated tools and machines of the new agriculture4 ,in these years urbanization also went forward rapidly4 ,cities of the east grew fantastically1 and even in the interior cities rose from wilderness outposts to gigantic metropolises4 ,within one man's lifetime ,chicago increased from #cej people in #ahcj to #a1jii1jjj in #ahij4 ,simultaneously1 tremendous developments in transportation kept the nation and its economy tied together4 ,all of these developments had a profound influence on farming and farmers4 ,the rich cities provided ever greater markets for the farmers' produce4 ,the transportation system1 rapidly moving farm commodities1 made farming profitable in remote regions far distant from the coast4 ,farmers also felt the advantages of the return flow of goods and services3 the mail order catalog1 the industrially made reapers and threshers1 and countless other items4 ,city people made a countless range of devices for farmers--from steel plows to steam engines4 ,meanwhile1 as these events altered the life of the farmer1 a burst of activity took place in invention and discovery4 ,these activities had a delayed but considerable impact on farm methods and technology4 ,the list of inventions and discoveries could hardly fit in this narrative1 but this catalog of items reflects fairly well what men accomplished in the #aith century4 ,the changes included such diverse elements as the invention of the cotton gin by ,eli ,whitney in #agic1 the introduction of ,mexican ,upland cotton in #ahje1 the discovery of the cause of ,texas fever in cattle in #ahhi1 and the invention of the internal combustion tractor in #ahib4 ,these and many other achievements substantially changed the farm enterprise in two major directions3 first1 advances in technology allowed farmers to do more in less time2 second1 discoveries in science allowed farmers to increase the yield from the land4 ,farmers got more from each acre1 plant1 and animal4 ,farmers could use the savings in time brought by better implements and new machines to increase the amount of land farmed and the number of animals cared for4 ,presumably1 the farmer could also use the saved time for greater leisure4 ,in fact1 however1 they usually used the extra time for more work4 ,in the #bjth century they often used the saved time for outside employment4 ,farmers did this in the #aith century1 but not so commonly as later4 ,greater man-hour efficiency gave the farmer more time to devote to managing his enterprise1 to keeping records1 and to studying his business4 ,technological efficiency also allowed farmers to use more land and more animals4 ,the average size of farms steadily increased across the century4 ,furthermore1 the new machines and the pure-bred livestock cost money which could be most profitable only if the farmer specialized in one1 or at most two1 types of enterprise4 ,so the greater efficiency created by technology impelled farmers to greater specialization1 and with specialization came even greater efficiency4 ,anyone who specializes will likely be more efficient because of the mastering of skills4 ,he will also have a minimum of other cares to distract him4 ,of course1 for the consumers1 foreign or domestic1 greater farming efficiencies resulted in abundant food at comparatively low cost4 ,plant and animal importation1 improvement of breeds1 and discoveries in genetics1 soil chemistry1 the use of fertilizers1 and in controlling plant and animal diseases all helped the living things which form the basis of farming yield4 ,grain farmers not only had to have a wheat which yielded well but a wheat which resisted the attacks of nature4 ,for example1 ,turkey ,red wheat1 introduced in #ahgc by ,mennonites from ,russia1 not only survived drought and yielded well but provided the genetic elements for newer breeds of wheat4 ,the farmer not only wanted good-producing meat cattle1 such as the ,herefords1 but had to control diseases and predators which killed the animals4 ,sick animals do not grow properly or1 in the case of dairy animals1 give much milk4 ,steady advances in disease control for both plants and animals brought fewer losses and greater productivity to farmers4 ,the #aith century also brought scientific discoveries in both plant and animal nutrition4 ,fertilizer and soil chemistry made great advances through scientific experiments1 at first by farmers and later by government servants4 ,the first experiment station in the modern era began in ,connecticut in #ahge1 and in #ahhg the ,congress established such stations in every state in conjunction with the agricultural ,land ,grant colleges4 ,scientists at many of the stations also made discoveries in animal nutrition4 ,for example1 as a result of animal feeding experiments ,e4 ,v4 ,mc,collum discovered vitamins ,a and ,b at the experiment station in ,wisconsin in #aiae4 ,none of these scientific advances left much residue in the form of artifacts for museums1 but the reality of the changes should not be obscured by the lack of objects on exhibit4 ,even so1 some of the related equipment survived4 ,for example1 the centrifuge used in the butterfat test1 discovered in #ahij by ,stephen ,m4 ,babcock1 survived in several forms4 ,manure spreaders and tree sprayers1 reflective of advances in biochemistry1 also survived4 ,but these only suggest the more important biological control activities for which these machines and tools served merely as agents in some way4 ,the #bjth century introduced ,americans to total war4 ,world ,wars ,i and ,,ii demanded the total mobilization of all resources by all contenders4 ,in both conflicts ,america became the food reservoir of the ,allies4 ,from a technological view1 the wars engendered a level of prosperity which both allowed and encouraged farmers to adopt new methods and devices4 ,the principal technological change in farms was the widespread adoption of the internal combustion tractor1 first used in #ahib4 ,inventors and manufacturers gradually but constantly improved tractors along with the various devices attached to them4 ,most notable were the corn picker1 in #aiji1 and the cotton picker1 in #aidb4 7,dates are for commercial production in each instance47 ,farmers found both machines impracticable until a power source independent of the ground wheel had been developed4 ,more than anything else the tractor and its related equipment finally set men free from the worst drudgery of farming4 ,it also set many farmers free from the need to farm at all4 ,the tractor and its equipment accomplished several other remarkable things1 some obvious and some not so obvious4 ,first1 it allowed the farmer to get rid of horses and mules1 and these animals steadily declined--to such an extent that in the #aifjs the census did not even bother to count them4 ,as a result of this decline1 land that farmers had used to raise feed for animals could grow food for people or fodder for dairy animals4 ,the amount of land thus released for other needs finally amounted to perhaps #fj million acres1 and maybe even more4 ,the change took place with increasing rapidity into the #bjth century4 ,also1 the tractor sharply reduced labor needs for the major crops of the ,united ,states4 ,even dairying1 least susceptible to this sort of improvement1 felt the impact of the tractor in such things as harvesting fodder and storing silage by running loaders off the tractor power-take-off4 ,since the very founding of agriculture men had discovered only one way to prosper in farming4 ,the farmer had to exploit somebody or something4 ,animals1 serfs1 slaves1 tenants1 sharecroppers1 or whatever1 including the farmer's family and farm1 had at various times been exploited on the farmer's way to success4 ,after the age of machinery1 however1 the farmer tended to exploit the machine instead of other people or things4 ,people had to leave farming1 but in the long run they benefited from their removal4 ,the machine had set them free4 ,chief of the machines was the gasoline tractor4 ,the influence of science and technology inside a free society may have been even more profound than seems at first glance4 ,the farming of the #bjth century1 with its chemicals1 genetics1 machines1 and all1 required not only vast infusions of capital but brains and a considerable knowledge4 ,farmers had to be literate at the very least4 ,elitist systems1 where one group of people get educated and the others get worked1 could not accomplish much in the modern agricultural world4 ,furthermore1 notions of two kinds of education--one for the better sort who think1 and another for the inferiors who do the work--could and did seriously impede the development of a modern agriculture4 ,the backwardness of most of the world1 the poverty of the underdeveloped countries1 stemmed in large part from the impediments created by an ignorant population4 ,a country like the ,united ,states with its highly technical and scientific farming could not afford1 simply could not endure1 limited educational opportunities for its people4 ,neither could it long endure any class structure which placed farmers in an inferior position2 for when men feel inferior because of their work they tend to shift to some other task1 leaving the despised work to those who cannot avoid it4 ,a highly developed agriculture in the hands of the truly inferior1 the stupid and uneducated1 would simply collapse4 ,america1 the land of plenty1 had to maintain a high level of education open to all and a society where men reached status1 at least partly1 by effort and talent4 ,in #bjth century ,america the comparative social and economic equality continued1 in large part1 because the level of technology and science used in ,america demanded it4 ,this equality may be one of the most important consequences of the technological and scientific advances in agriculture during the years #afjg-aigb4 ,catalog of ,agricultural ,implements and ,machines in the ,collection ,in the following catalog the items are listed numerically in the order in which the museum received them1 with the earliest first and the latest last4 ,this arrangement permits expansion and reissue of the catalog simply by adding new entries2 and the user of the catalog can easily find everything acquired in any given year4 ,in effect1 the catalog thus presents an historical account of the development of the museum collection4 ,following the item's title appears the ,national ,museum accession number 7,,usnm number72 year of accession1 if known2 description2 and donor4 ,the index to the catalog has several major categories of cross-referenced entries4 ,in addition to the general object class1 such as ,tractor1 it includes use-entries1 such as ,plant husbandry1 the names of donors1 vendors1 and those who arranged for the gifts4 #a4 ,korean ,sketch of ,farming in the ,late #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,korean farmers plowing and breaking clods of earth4 ,painted by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #b4 ,korean ,sketch of ,threshing in the ,late #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,korean farmers threshing rice4 ,by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #c4 ,korean ,fishing ,scene of the ,late #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,koreans using a fish trap4 ,by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #d4 ,scene of ,korean ,farmers ,chopping ,tobacco in #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,korean farmers chopping tobacco after it has been cured4 ,by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #e4 ,scene of ,korean ,farmers ,working on ,farm ,buildings in ,late #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,korean farmers doing carpentry work1 including roof repair4 ,by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #f4 ,scene of a ,korean ,blacksmith at ,work in ,late #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,a ,korean blacksmith working at his forge and anvil4 ,by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #g4 ,a ,korean ,farrier ,shoeing a ,horse in the ,late #ahth ,century4 ,,usnm #aijdh2 #ahhg4 ,by ,han ,chin ,u4 ,gift of ,g4 ,goward1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #h4 ,centrifugal ,cream ,separator1 #ahfh4 ,,usnm #bcgdd2 #ahij4 ,the first centrifugal cream separator used commercially in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,deerfoot ,farm at ,southborough1 ,massachusetts1 used this machine1 patented by ,d4 ,m4 ,weston of ,boston4 ,gift of ,deerfoot ,farm ,company1 ,southborough1 ,massachusetts4 #i4 ,model of ,blount's ,daisy ,plow1 #ahij4 ,,usnm #bchgc2 #ahia4 ,this model of a one-horse plow shows ,blount's ,daisy steel plow as pictured in the catalog of ,henry ,f4 ,blount4 ,gift of ,henry ,f4 ,blount1 ,evansville1 ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4--,views of ,old ,colony ,strong ,plow1 about #agcb4 7,catalog ,no4 #aj47 #aj4 ,old ,colony ,strong ,plow1 #agcb4 ,,usnm #cdgfi2 #ahii4 ,in #agcb ,peter ,hardy of ,raymond1 ,new ,hampshire1 made this plow for ,henry ,lamprey of ,kensington1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,gift of ,j4 ,p4 ,lamprey1 ,kensington1 ,new ,hampshire4 #aa4 ,winnowing ,basket1 #agii4 ,,usnm #cgdda2 #aija4 ,a winnowing basket1 or pan1 made of willow woven over wide sprints2 elliptical in shape1 with a frame of thick rods4 ,noah ,rogers bought this pan in ,new ,york in #agii or #ahjj4 ,gift of ,frank ,a4 ,brown1 ,savage1 ,maryland4 #ab4 ,model of ,flail ,threshing ,machine1 #aith ,century4 ,,usnm #dfhab2 #aijf4 ,the frame of this wooden model is #g-a_/b inches high and #e by #f inches1 rectangular4 ,the levers1 #ad inches long1 project from the frame and strike the floor much as a flail would4 ,pins set in the shaft of a hand crank act as cams1 raising the flails which then fall to the ground by gravity4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior4 #ac4 ,model of ,gallic ,grain ,header1 about ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,,usnm #dfhab2 #aijf4 ,a wooden box on wheels1 #ab by #e inches1 has metal teeth set at the front end4 ,shafts extend to the rear1 where an ox is yoked4 ,the forward movement of the cart causes the grain to lodge against the teeth1 which pulled the heads off4 ,the grain then fell back into the box4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior4 #ad4 ,model of ,ten ,eyck ,grain ,harvester1 #ahbe4 ,,usnm #dfhab2 #aijf4 ,model is made of wood and iron1 #ae inches by #h inches4 ,long knives on a drum were rotated by belt shaft on traveling wheels4 ,long projecting points gathered the straw4 ,iron shafts at the rear allowed animals to be harnessed to push the machine4 ,james ,ten ,eyck patented the harvester on ,november #b1 #ahbe4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior4 #ae4 ,model of ,manning ,grain ,harvester1 #ahca4 ,,usnm #dfhab2 #aijf4 ,model of horse-drawn reaper measures #af inches by #h inches1 with a wheel diameter of #f inches4 ,projecting iron points at the front end gather the grain1 and vibrating knives1 powered from the hob of the wheel1 cut the grain4 ,patented by ,william ,manning on ,may #c1 #ahca4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior4 #af4 ,model of ,boyce ,grain ,harvester1 #agii4 ,,usnm #dfhab2 #aijf4 ,this model1 made of wood and iron1 is #ae inches long1 #f inches wide1 and #e-a_/b inches high4 ,six rotating knives radically positioned on a vertical shaft rotate by level gearing on the wheel axle4 ,the whole is mounted on a two-wheeled cart with shafts for draft animals4 ,english patent number #bcbd granted to ,james ,boyce in #agii4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior4 #ag4 ,model of ,newbold ,plow1 #agig4 ,,usnm #dfhab2 #aijf4 ,this model of a metal plow1 with wooden beam and handles #ad inches long1 represents the plow patented by ,charles ,newbold on ,june #bf1 #agig1 the first ,american patent for a cast-iron plow4 ,moldboard1 share1 and landside were cast in one piece4 ,if the plow broke1 it became totally useless4 ,not until the parts were made in separate pieces did the iron plow come into wide use4 ,the cast iron broke more readily than did the later wrought-iron plows4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior4 #ah4 ,winnowing ,basket1 about #agej4 ,,usnm #edeac2 #aiab4 ,used by the three ,richardson brothers1 the first settlers of ,woburn1 ,massachusetts4 ,the threshed grain could be winnowed in two ways4 ,it could be poured slowly from the edge of the basket in a breeze1 where the heavier grain fell to the ground while the chaff blew away4 ,more commonly1 the farmer tossed the grain into the air and caught it in the basket1 while the chaff blew away4 ,this rectangular basket measures #ej inches by #cj inches4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,clarissa ,w4 ,samson1 ,west ,medford1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--;,de ,laval centrifugal cream separator of #ahgi4 7,an earlier version of ,catalog ,no4 #ai47 #ai4 ,centrifugal ,cream ,separator1 #aiad4 ,,usnm #efdcb2 #aiad4 ,carl ,gustav ,de ,laval of ,sweden invented this successful continuous-flow cream separator in #ahgi4 ,loaned by ,de ,laval ,separator ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 #bj4 ,model ,tractor1 #aiai4 ,,usnm #fdjih2 #aiai4 ,no particular manufacturer seems represented by this spring-driven toy1 which merely represents tractors of around #aiai4 ,the heavy-duty field tractor has four widely spaced iron wheels4 ,gift of ,toy ,manufacturers of the ,united ,states1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 #ba4 ,model ,tractor with ,plow1 ,harrow1 and ,roller1 #aiai4 ,,usnm #fdjih2 #aiai4 ,spring-driven1 toy tractor4 ,the plow1 harrow1 and roller1 as well as the tractor itself1 represent a typical machine of the period4 ,the product of no particular firm seems to have been copied4 ,gift of ,toy ,manufacturers of the ,united ,states1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 #bb4 ,meat ,grinding ,machine1 about #ahaj4 ,,usnm #aajcbf2 #aicj4 ,hand made of wood and iron1 with six parts held together by two iron bolts4 ,the cutting edges are set in the sides of a box parallel to each other and about one-quarter inch apart4 ,a shaft1 set in the center of the box1 is turned by a crank4 ,the horizontal shaft has iron slugs1 graduated from coarse to fine1 set into the shaft in a helical pattern4 ,the meat enters through the square hole at the top and the iron teeth press it against the knife edges2 thus1 the meat is cut smaller and smaller until it comes out a small hole in the bottom of the machine4 ,the device is very ancient in design and could still be found in common use in the ,united ,states as late as #ahfj4 ,gift of ,r4 ,c4 ,fairhead1 ,rushville1 ,nebraska4 #bc4 ,carey ,plow1 about #ahae4 ,received from ,division of ,ethnology in #aica4 ,a ,carey plow with a slot in the beam for a colter4 ,the landside handle passes through the beam4 ,usually1 the beam tenon passes through a mortise in the handle4 ,possibly made by the farmer4 ,replication of a common and popular ,american plow of the #ahth century4 ,donor not known4 #bd4 ,hoe1 about #ahcj4 ,,usnm #aaeabb2 #aica4 ,wrought-iron1 handmade hoe made in ,ohio and attributed to very early #aith century4 ,the hoe's blade is #e inches wide and its handle is #f feet long4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,grace ,m4 ,swiggett1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #be4 ,reaper ,sickle ,bar1 about #ahdg4 ,,usnm #aaehgh2 #aica4 ,sickle bar from a ,mc,cormick reaper4 ,the blade style suggests a comparatively sophisticated stage of development1 most surely after #ahcc4 ,david ,cromer of ,seneca ,county1 ,ohio1 used this sickle bar on a ,mc,cormick reaper4 ,the blade is #e feet long and #e inches deep4 ,gift of ,frank ,hepp1 ,berwick1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--;,gail ,borden's vacuum pan of #ahec1 used to make condensed milk4 7,catalog ,no4 #bf47 #bf4 ,borden ,vacuum ,pan1 #ahec4 ,,usnm #aaiahh2 #aicb4 ,the original vacuum pan used by ,gail ,borden in #ahec for condensing milk by concentrating it in a vacuum4 ,he patented the process on ,august #ai1 #ahef4 ,borden borrowed this pan from nearby ,shaker farmers who had used it for canning4 ,borden did his early work at ,new ,lebanon1 ,new ,york4 ,borden at first failed to get a patent because the process was not deemed useful4 ,there is nothing exceptional about this pan except that ,borden used it4 ,gift of ,borden ,milk ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 #bg4 ,model of ,mc,cormick ,reaper1 #ahcd4 ,,usnm #abaaje2 #aicb4 ,scale model of the grain reaper patented by ,cyrus ,mc,cormick on ,june #ba1 #ahcd4 ,roderick ,davis constructed the model from the specifications of the patent4 ,gift of ,charles ,g4 ,abbot1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bh4 ,model of ,mc,cormick ,reaper1 #ahde4 ,,usnm #abdfae2 #aicc4 ,scale model of the reaper patented by ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick on ,january #ca1 #ahde4 ,roderick ,davis constructed the model from the specifications of ,united ,states patent #chie4 ,gift of ,mc,cormick ,historical ,association1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #bi4 ,model of ,mc,cormick ,reaper1 #ahdg4 ,,usnm #abdfae2 #aicc4 ,cyrus ,mc,cormick patented this reaper on ,october #bc1 #ahdg4 ,roderick ,davis built the model from specifications of ,united ,states patent #ecce4 ,gift of ,mc,cormick ,historical ,association1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cj4 ,wheeled ,plow1 #agfi4 ,,usnm #abggee2 #aicd4 ,wheeled plow made by ,matthew ,thumb in #agfi at ,palatine1 ,new ,york1 for ,henry ,kloch4 ,it has an almost flat1 wooden moldboard2 wrought-iron share and colter2 a two-wheel truck in front for the beam2 and one handle4 ,the large wheel ran in the furrow and the small wheel on the land4 ,the wooden parts of the hitch and the draft chain have been restored4 ,the plow is probably a copy of a ,german one4 ,gift of ,sir ,henry ,solomon ,wellcome1 ,london1 ,england4 #ca4 ,model of ,grain ,separator1 #ahge4 ,,usnm #abihcf2 #aicd4 ,working model of a grain separator for a threshing machine made by ,daniel ,garver4 ,the model represents inventions covered by three patents issued to ,daniel and ,cyrus ,garver3 the grain separator1 patent #aadedf1 issued ,may #i1 #ahga2 the fan blast regulator1 patent #aadedg1 issued ,may #i1 #ahga2 and the bag holding device1 patent #afaeja1 issued ,march #cj1 #ahge4 ,loaned by ,miss ,melchora ,garver1 ,hagerstown1 ,maryland4 #cb4 ,waldron ,cradle ,blade and ,snead1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #abighi2 #aicd4 ,the blade has holes for attaching the cradle4 ,the wooden frame1 or snead1 supports the cradle fingers1 now missing4 ,gift of ,sydney ,s4 ,stabler1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cc4 ,settling ,can ,cream ,separator1 about #ahij4 ,,usnm #abighi2 #aicd4 ,cooley brand creamer1 used for separating milk from cream prior to churning4 ,the milk and cream were set in a cool place for several hours while the cream rose to the top4 ,the farmer drew skim milk off through a spigot at the bottom1 after which the cream could be drawn off4 ,used on farms before the hand centrifugal separator came into wide use4 ,by #ahij1 in butter-producing areas1 the centrifugal separator had already caused the disuse of the ,cooley and similar separators4 ,gift of ,sidney ,s4 ,stabler1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cd4 ,wooden ,hayfork1 about #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acgdei2 #aicf4 ,hayfork of second-growth white oak1 made by ,john ,heiss1 ,lima ,township1 ,lagrange ,county1 ,indiana4 ,it was used for feeding stock and for handling clover and short straw of all kinds4 ,gift of ,e4 ,w4 ,heiss1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ce4 ,wooden ,measure1 #ahde or earlier4 ,,usnm #acgifj2 #aicf4 ,small1 round wooden measure used in #ahde by ,william ,heiss1 ,lagrange ,county1 ,indiana1 to feed small grain or mill feed to livestock4 ,william ,heiss was a grandfather of the donor1 ,e4 ,w4 ,heiss of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cf4 ,half-,bushel ,measure1 about #ahbi4 ,,usnm #acgifj2 #aicf4 ,made and used by ,william ,heiss on his farm in ,lagrange ,county1 ,indiana1 about #ahbi4 ,probably used in local barter and trade in such items as beans1 corn1 and seeds for various crops4 ,loaned by ,e4 ,w4 ,heiss1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4--;,cotton planter1 about #ahie4 7,catalog ,no4 #cg47 #cg4 ,wooden ,drum ,cotton ,planter1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #adeeg2 #aicg4 ,all wood except for a duckbill furrow opener in front and two duckbill row coverers in the rear1 both made of metal4 ,the drum of soft wood measures #bj inches in diameter and #ac inches wide4 ,about the center of the drum is a wooden1 metal-rimmed wheel which ran down the furrow1 keeping the seeder on course4 ,near the wheel1 and all around the drum1 are #ac evenly spaced holes through which the cotton seeds fell into the furrow as the drum revolved4 ,no counting or tripping mechanism was involved1 so the device undoubtedly wasted seed4 ,a mule or a horse pulled the planter and the farmer walked behind it4 ,james ,nelson of ,greenwood1 ,south ,carolina1 made this planter about #ahie4 ,gift of ,ruben ,f4 ,vaughn1 ,honea ,path1 ,south ,carolina4 #ch4 ,cast-,iron ,plow1 #ahed4 ,,usnm #aejcif2 #aich4 ,a cast-iron plow made by ,stephen ,mc,cormick of ,fauquier ,county1 ,virginia1 in #ahed4 ,the plow embodies features covered by patents issued to ,stephen ,mc,cormick on ,february #c1 #ahai1 ,january #bh1 #ahbf1 and ,december #a1 #ahcg4 ,plows of this type1 made chiefly between #ahbf and #ahej1 involved interchangeable parts4 ,the first patent precedes that of ,jethro ,wood by seven months1 but the principle of interchangeable parts had been worked out and patented as early as #ahac4 ,gift of ,leander ,mc,cormick-,goodhart1 ,silver ,spring1 ,md4 #ci4 ,mehring's ,milking ,machine1 #ahhd4 ,,usnm #adhecj2 #aich4 ,original working model of a hand-powered milking machine built by ,william ,m4 ,mehring in #ahhd4 ,mehring subsequently improved and patented the machine in #ahib4 ,the improved machine did not work well because it created continuous suction for the length of the stroke4 ,the successful application of intermittent suction1 necessary so as not to injure the cow1 was worked out in ,scotland in #aijb4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,bessie ,d4 ,mehring1 ,keymar1 ,maryland4 #dj4 ,hand-,powered ,milking ,machine1 #ahib4 ,,usnm #adhecj2 #aich4 ,practical hand-pump milking machine designed and built in #ahib by ,william ,m4 ,mehring1 who was granted patent #dhhbhb on ,december #bh1 #ahib4 ,this milker1 which injured cows when used rapidly1 represents an effort to solve the problem of machine milking1 although the use of human power also limited its usefulness4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,bessie ,d4 ,mehring1 ,keymar1 ,maryland4 #da4 ,ox ,yoke1 #ahch4 ,,usnm #adhfge2 #aich4 ,edward ,scoville 7#ahac-ahhg7 used this ox yoke when driving an ox cart from ,trumbull ,county1 ,ohio1 to ,de ,kalb ,county1 ,indiana1 in #ahch4 ,until well after the ,civil ,war1 oxen pulled most of the wagons going west1 and this yoke is typical of all used in the westward migration1 in the ,north as well as in the ,south4 ,gift of ,reign ,scoville1 ,poplar ,bluff1 ,missouri4 ,illustration3 ,figure #e4--;,john ,deere plow1 one of the three plows made by ,deere in #ahch4 7,catalog ,no4 #db47 #db4 ,deere ,plow1 #ahch4 ,,usnm #adhijd2 #aich4 ,john ,deere made this plow1 with steel share and polished wrought-iron moldboard1 at ,grand ,detour1 ,illinois1 in #ahch4 ,joseph ,brierton bought it and used it on his farm1 and the ,deere ,company obtained it in #aija4 ,it is one of three plows made by ,john ,deere in #ahch1 and presumably it is identical to his first steel share plow1 made in #ahcg at ,grand ,detour4 ,called the singing plow1 it proved especially effective in prairie country after the sod had been broken because the earth did not adhere to the share and moldboard4 ,the implement could also be used as a breaking plow4 ,gift of ,deere and ,company1 ,moline1 ,illinois4 #dc4 ,model of ,sulky ,plow1 #ahii4 ,,usnm #aeffec2 #aidj4 ,working model of the ,hy-,lift sulky plow invented by ,niels ,o4 ,starks of ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 and made by the ,fuller and ,johnson ,company around #aijj4 ,starks received patent #fafihd on ,january #c1 #ahii4 ,the land wheel on this plow automatically raises and lowers the plow at the end of a furrow4 ,gift of ,s4 ,o4 ,strucksberg1 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,missouri4 #dd4 ,barbed ,ribbon ,wire1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #aeiheh2 #aida4 ,specimen of barbed wire made with saw teeth cut out of twisted ribbon wire4 ,gift of ,b4 ,f4 ,arthur1 ,winchester1 ,virginia4 #de4 ,chinese ,plow1 date unknown4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,this primitive1 one-handled plow has an iron hook on the end of the beam4 ,apparently it had an iron shoe for a share1 which is now missing4 ,this style of plow is typical of the kind used in rice-growing sections of ,china4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #df4 ,carey ,plow1 about #ahbj4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,the share and landside of this small cultivating plow are in one piece of wrought iron with sockets for the left handle and the standard bar share4 ,it has a flat wooden moldboard4 ,used in ,northumberland ,county1 ,virginia1 until #ahee or #ahfj1 for cultivating corn and other row crops4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #dg4 ,plow1 about #agij4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,only the share1 colter1 and beam of this plow are original1 the rest having been reconstructed4 ,the original parts came from ,northumberland ,county1 ,virginia4 ,gift of ,edwin ,brown1 ,brown's ,store1 ,virginia4 #dh4 ,old ,colony ,strong ,plow1 #agdj4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,the moldboard of this plow is made of wood and covered with thick pieces of iron4 ,the plow has a lock colter and wrought-iron share fitted on the end of a wooden beam4 ,pelatiah ,kinsman of ,ipswich1 ,massachusetts1 had the plow made in #agdj4 ,it represents the ,new ,england open-drawn plows of that time4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #di4 ,old ,colony ,plow1 #aghc4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,this plow resembles the ,old ,colony ,strong ,plow 7,no4 #dh7 but it is not as large and the moldboard is covered with uniform1 narrow iron straps4 ,farmers used this plow for cross-plowing after initial breaking by the ,strong ,plow and for cultivating4 ,it probably was drawn by oxen4 ,john ,foster1 a corporal in the ,revolutionary ,army1 had this implement made at ,ipswich1 ,massachusetts1 in #aghc4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #ej4 ,tavenner ,plow1 between #ahaj and #ahfj4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,the ,tavenner plow has a cast-iron moldboard and a wrought-iron share and colter4 ,plows of this type were made and used widely in ,loudon ,county1 ,virginia4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #ea4 ,smith ,plow1 about #ahjj4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,this sod-turning plow has its landside1 moldboard1 and colter in separate pieces4 ,it was built on the lines of a plow patented by ,robert ,smith in #ahjj4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #eb4 ,gideon ,davis ,plow1 about #ahbe4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,gideon ,davis received a patent in #ahbe for his improvements of the ,newbold plow patented in #agig4 ,in tests in #ahbe to determine the efficiency of different plows1 the ,davis plow took first place in a competition with five others4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #ec4 ,woodcock ,plow1 about #ahdh4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,the ,woodcock plow has separate landside1 moldboard1 share1 cutter1 and point4 ,this plow has the first reversible point4 ,woodcock plows were first used in #ahdg1 in ,maryland4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4--;,eagle plow1 about #ahdi4 7,catalog ,no4 #ed47 #ed4 ,eagle ,plow1 #ahdi4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,the ,number #be ,eagle ,plow1 which first appeared in the catalog of the ,j4 ,nourse ,company in #ahdi1 became the standard plow of ,new ,england after the middle of the #aith century4 ,its moldboard was based on a design worked out by ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #ee4 ,mexican ,plow1 about #ahij4 ,,usnm #afaeee2 #aida4 ,this ,mexican bull tongue plow has an iron shoe on the point and it closely resembles ,spanish plows of the #afth century4 ,it was intended to be pulled by an ox and to break the soil for only three or four inches at the most4 ,gift of ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 #ef4 ,butcher's ,saw1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,this saw is part of a set of butcher's tools 7,nos4 #ef-fg7 presented to ,william ,h4 ,hoover by the ,washington ,light ,infantry ,corps in #ahgi4 ,all the tools have a silver presentation plate on the handle and have nickel plating4 ,a4 ,nittinger1 ,jr41 of ,philadelphia1 made the set4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #eg4 ,splitting ,cleaver1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #eh4 ,cleaver1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ei4 ,meat ,axe1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fj4 ,knife1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's knife4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fa4 ,knife1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fb4 ,triangular ,scraper1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fc4 ,hand ,meat ,hook1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fd4 ,meat ,hooks1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fe4 ,carcass ,spreader1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ff4 ,carcass ,spreader1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tool4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fg4 ,meat ,pins1 #ahgi4 ,,usnm #acjegb2 #aidb4 ,butcher's tools4 ,gift of ,n4 ,auth ,provision ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #g4--;,babcock butterfat tester1 about #ahie4 7,catalog ,no4 #fh47 #fh4 ,babcock ,butterfat ,tester1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #agccec2 #aidf4 ,a machine used in determining the amount of butterfat in milk or cream4 ,the ,vermont ,farm ,machine ,company of ,bellows ,falls1 ,vermont1 made the centrifuge1 which mixed sulphuric acid with the milk in order to produce a reading of the amount of butterfat tested4 ,the ,brighton ,farm at ,patuxent ,river1 ,montgomery ,county1 ,maryland1 used this machine around #ahie4 ,stephen ,m4 ,babcock developed this tester in #ahij and released it to the public1 without patent1 in #ahia4 ,the device had far-reaching effects in the dairy industry1 because for the first time it allowed accurate payment to farmers for the actual amount of butterfat in their milk2 also1 it allowed farmers to test their cows to discover which ones produced the most butterfat4 ,gift of ,sidney ,s4 ,stabler1 ,hyattsville1 ,maryland4 #fi4 ,buggy ,rake1 #ahdj4 ,,usnm #agecic2 #aidg4 ,the buggy rake harvested grain after it had been cut with a cradle4 ,the rake has handles and a wheel1 like a wheelbarrow1 with long wooden tines in front to scoop up the grain4 ,when the binder stepped on a bar at the back of the buggy the tines would move up and allow the grain to slide back against the uprights in a convenient position for binding4 ,although it undoubtedly reduced the physical labor of binding1 this rake would not have been very efficient and would have allowed the reaper to get far ahead of the binder4 ,gift of ,f4 ,b4 ,day1 ,owosso1 ,michigan4 #gj4 ,model of ,plow1 about #ahhe4 ,,usnm #agihda2 #aidi4 ,the model has a share1 standard1 and moldboard of metal with a gauge wheel on the beam4 ,the beam pivots on the standard1 allowing adjustments of the angle of draft4 ,the end of the beam is fastened to a brace which extends to the back of the moldboard4 ,the share and point are in one piece2 and the moldboard is one piece4 ,the model resembles the plows of ,james ,oliver1 which by #ahhe had been widely known and were quite possibly copied4 ,donor unknown4 #ga4 ,diorama of ,tropical ,banana ,plantation1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #ahffbc2 #aiej4 ,the diorama shows bananas being harvested and trees being cut4 ,the banana bunches get to the railroad cars on burros4 ,at the bottom1 bananas are shown in various stages of growth and ripening4 ,gift of ,united ,fruit ,company1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #gb4 ,diorama of ,tropical ,coffee ,plantation1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #ahfeec2 #aiej4 ,the diorama shows coffee berries being dried in the sun and in the shade in preparation for marketing the coffee4 ,at the bottom1 various stages of growth and ripening of the coffee berries are depicted4 ,gift of ,the ,great ,atlantic and ,pacific ,tea ,company 7,a ,p71 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 #gc4 ,food-,slicing ,machine1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #ahhhgh2 #aiej4 ,cutting knives1 set in helix in a wooden axle1 move the meat through the box1 cutting it finer and finer4 ,gift of ,george ,murphy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #gd4 ,fanning ,mill1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #aibhgb2 #aiea4 ,a hand-crank operated the winnowing mill for separating grain from chaff and beans from hulls4 ,a four-blade1 wooden fan1 shaped like a paddle wheel1 blows a draft below oscillating screens4 ,the chaff is blown off from the threshed grain1 and the grain or beans fall from the screens into the path of the draft4 ,the screens catch any straw left after threshing4 ,gift of ,arden ,wilson1 ,harrisville1 ,west ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4--,two-row corn planter1 about #ahed4 7,catalog ,no4 #ge47 #ge4 ,two-,row ,corn ,planter1 about #ahed4 ,,usnm #aicbei2 #aieb4 ,this hand-operated planter1 of a type patented by ,s4 ,malone on ,january #c1 #ahed1 was sold by ,william ,m4 ,plant1 a dealer in seeds1 tools1 and machines at ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,when the planter was dropped to the ground1 the two handles moved about #h inches in a slot toward the outside4 ,this movement opened a space for the corn to drop into the shoe1 where a small piece of wood opened and the corn fell to the ground4 ,gift of ,warren ,hammond1 ,fayette1 ,missouri4 #gf4 ,model of ,ferguson ,tractor1 #aieb4 ,,usnm #aicici2 #aieb4 ,this plastic and metal model of a ,ferguson tractor operates a ,ferguson hitch4 ,gift of ,topping ,models1 ,inc41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 #gg4 ,model of ,two-,disk ,plow1 #aieb4 ,,usnm #aicici2 #aieb4 ,a plastic and metal model of a two-disk plow for a ,ferguson tractor4 ,gift of ,topping ,models1 ,inc41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 #gh4 ,model of ,new ,idea ,mower1 #aieb4 ,,usnm #aicici2 #aieb4 ,a cast-iron model of a ,new ,idea mower with an operating pitman for use behind a tractor4 ,gift of ,topping ,models1 ,inc41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 #gi4 ,model of ,new ,idea ,manure ,spreader1 #aieb4 ,,usnm #aicici2 #aieb4 ,a plastic and metal model of a ,new ,idea1 tractor-drawn manure spreader4 ,gift of ,topping ,models1 ,inc41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 #hj4 ,model of ,new ,idea ,corn ,picker1 #aieb4 ,,usnm #aicici2 #aieb4 ,a plastic and metal model of a one-row1 tractor-drawn corn picker4 ,gift of ,topping ,models1 ,inc41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 #ha4 ,tiling ,spade1 #aieb4 ,,usnm #aicidj2 #aieb4 ,this hand-forged steel spade has a bit with three tines4 ,this style spade was invented around #ahie and was widely used for digging trenches for drain tiles on sticky or mucky soil4 ,the ,osmundson ,forge ,company of ,webster ,city1 ,iowa1 made these spades as late as #aieb4 ,gift of ,a4 ,g4 ,osmundson1 ,webster ,city1 ,iowa4 #hb4 ,glass ,churn1 about #aijj4 ,,usnm #aicida2 #aieb4 ,this ,german-made churn1 of #d-liter capacity1 has a hand crank which drives a metal propeller at the bottom in one direction while paddles on the shaft turn in the other direction4 ,gift of ,a4 ,g4 ,osmundson1 ,webster ,city1 ,iowa4 #hc4 ,cedar ,sap ,spouts1 about #ahjj4 ,,usnm #aidhic2 #aieb4 ,sap spouts1 made of cedar1 about #ae inches long4 ,spouts like these were made and used by settlers of upper ,new ,york about #ahjj to gather the maple sap after the trees had been tapped4 ,gift of ,frank ,e4 ,olmstead1 ,potsdam1 ,new ,york4 #hd4 ,cedar ,sap ,spouts1 about #ahjj4 ,,usnm #aidhic2 #aieb4 ,sap spouts for maple tree tapping1 about #ae inches long and made of cedar4 ,the maple syrup and sugar industry provided some income for frontier farms1 as well as providing sugar for domestic use4 ,although maple syrup often sold at high prices1 the industry never achieved major importance even in the localities where it flourished4 ,these spouts are of the sort used in the pioneer period in ,new ,york4 7,see also ,nos4 #hc1 #he-hg47 ,gift of ,frank ,e4 ,olmstead1 ,potsdam1 ,new ,york4 #he4 ,iron ,sap ,spout1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #aidhic2 #aieb4 ,a cast-iron maple sap spout1 about #c inches long1 used for gathering the sap into buckets4 ,possibly factory-made and used later than the frontier period1 after maple syrup manufacture had become a commercial enterprise4 ,the leading areas for maple syrup have long been ,ohio1 ,new ,york1 ,vermont1 and ,new ,hampshire4 ,gift of ,frank ,e4 ,olmstead1 ,potsdam1 ,new ,york4 #hf4 ,iron ,sap ,spout1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #aidhic2 #aieb4 ,a thin1 metal trough1 plated1 and about #c inches long1 used to convey maple sap from the tap in the tree to the sap bucket4 ,this is the type spout most commonly used today in those areas where farmers supplement their income with maple syrup production4 ,gift of ,frank ,e4 ,olmstead1 ,potsdam1 ,new ,york4 #hg4 ,sap ,bucket ,spikes1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #aidhic2 #aieb4 ,hand-made iron spikes used to hold buckets for maple tree sap4 ,they had to be hooked somewhat so the bucket could hang on them well4 ,gift of ,frank ,e4 ,olmstead1 ,potsdam1 ,new ,york4 #hh4 ,diagram of ,jefferson ,moldboard1 #agih4 ,,usnm #aihfje2 #aiec4 ,a three-dimensional wire diagram1 at half scale1 illustrating ,thomas ,jefferson's design of a plow mold-board as he described it in a letter to ,sir ,john ,sinclair in #agih4 ,in the same year ,jefferson read a paper to the ,american ,philosophical ,society that was titled ,description of a ,mold-,board of the ,least ,resistance and of the ,easiest and ,most ,certain ,design4 ,the wire diagram was constructed by the ,division of ,crafts and ,industries1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #hi4 ,model of ,jefferson ,moldboard1 #agih4 ,,usnm #aihfje2 #aiec4 ,the model consists of four separate blocks of wood cut to show the progressive steps in the construction of the ,jefferson moldboard3 7#a7 the block of wood marked for sawing with the rear section cut out1 and in two parts2 7#b7 the block of wood sawed on two diagonals1 with the rear section cut out1 and in three parts2 7#c7 the block of wood sawed transversely on guide lines down to the diagonals1 with the wood between the transverse cuts removed and leaving the face of the moldboard roughly shaped2 7#d7 the rear surface of the board produced in the same manner as the front1 resulting in a completed moldboard4 ,the models were constructed by the ,division of ,crafts and ,industries1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 after ,jefferson's original moldboard1 located at the ,natural ,history ,museum1 ,paris1 ,france4 #ij4 ,wooden ,curd ,breaker1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #aihfag2 #aiec4 ,this curd breaker is made of wood with iron pegs in the cylinder and hopper4 ,gift of ,laurence ,hathaway1 ,easton1 ,maryland4 ,illustration3 ,figure #i4--;,grain cradle in use in the field4 ,international ,harvester ,corporation photo4 7,catalog ,no4 #ia47 #ia4 ,grain ,cradle1 about #ahdd4 ,,usnm #aihfbj2 #aiec4 ,caleb ,paul ,duval used this cradle on his ,glen ,echo farm near ,baltimore1 ,maryland4 ,gift of ,virginia ,duval1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #ib4 ,barrel ,churn1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #aihfbj2 #aiec4 ,a wooden barrel churn with iron crank and paddles4 ,such churns were of too small volume to be used on commercial dairy farms1 and they were not at all useful in creameries1 which first appeared in #ahfa4 ,gift of ,virginia ,duval1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #ic4 ,cookie ,roller1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #aihfbj2 #aiec4 ,a wooden1 grooved1 one-handled cookie roller1 about #ad-a_/b inches long and about #c-a_/d inches in diameter4 ,the roller added an esthetic touch to home-made cookies but was of little importance in the history of commercial food processing4 ,gift of ,virginia ,duval1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #id4 ,meat ,grinder1 #ahei4 ,,usnm #aihfbj2 #aiec4 ,this iron1 hand-cranked meat grinder was patented ,august #b1 #ahei4 ,gift of ,virginia ,duval1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #ie4 ,butter ,prints1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #aihfbj2 #aiec4 ,two butter prints4 ,one is circular1 with a tri-lobed leaf design and about #c inches in diameter2 the other is a box mold with two five-point star designs and about #e inches long1 #b-a_/b inches wide1 and #d inches high4 ,the butter was pressed into these molds before being served1 or1 sometimes1 before being rolled in paper and sold in towns4 ,this aspect of farm dairying quickly disappeared after the creamery dominated the industry4 ,gift of ,virginia ,duval1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #if4 ,shoe ,last1 possibly mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #aifhbj2 #aiec4 ,a small last1 to fit either foot1 for a shoe about #h-c_/d inches long and #b-a_/d inches wide4 ,such implements were useful in frontier communities and generally were owned by itinerant cobblers who went from house to house4 ,gift of ,virginia ,duval1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #ig4 ,model of ,fanning ,mill1 #aheg4 ,,usnm #aihfbj2 #aiec4 ,this is a working model of a fanning mill invented by ,joseph and ,james ,montgomery and covered by patents #ajcbd1 issued in #ahec2 #acjfb1 issued in #ahee2 and #afddg1 issued in #aheg4 ,the crank handle and the slide1 which governed the flow into the hopper1 are missing4 ,james ,montgomery took the model on sales trips as a demonstrator4 ,gift of ,ruth ,montgomery1 ,peoria1 ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aj4--,mc,cormick reaper 7#ahca7 in use in the field4 ,photo courtesy of ,international ,harvester ,corporation4 7,catalog ,no4 #ih47 #ih4 ,model of ,mc,cormick ,reaper1 #ahca4 ,,usnm #abaebf2 #aiec4 ,a scale model of the #ahca reaper of ,cyrus ,mc,cormick1 built long afterwards from descriptions by the inventor4 ,gift of ,mc,cormick ,historical ,association1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #ii4 ,bee ,colony1 #aiec 7renewed yearly74 ,a #c-story bee hive with about #fj1jjj bees4 ,the hive was designed by experts at the ,department of ,agriculture ,research ,station1 ,beltsville1 ,maryland4 ,the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture donated the hive and the ,italian bees4 #ajj4 ,model of ,ox-,powered ,sugar ,cane ,mill1 #aibe4 ,,usnm #bjjchj2 #aied4 ,model of a mill of a type used in ,puerto ,rico as early as #aebc4 ,it took ten men and four yoke of oxen to operate the mill1 which could crush about four tons of cane in a #ab-;hour day4 ,this type of mill extracted about #dj to #de percent syrup based on the weight of the cane1 compared to #hj to #he percent extracted by modern mills4 ,gift of ,daniel ,thompson1 ,petersburg1 ,virginia4 #aja4 ,model of ,water-,lifting ,wheel1 #ahhd4 ,,usnm #bjjchj2 #aied4 ,a model of a wind-driven waterwheel used for raising water into the evaporating beds in salt works4 ,this type of device lifted water from the ocean in ,puerto ,rico4 ,gift of ,daniel ,thompson1 ,petersburg1 ,virginia4 #ajb4 ,model of ,grist ,mill1 #ahhc4 ,,usnm #bjjchj2 #aied4 ,this model of a water-powered grist mill resembles those used throughout ,america in the #aith century before the discovery of the gradual reduction process and the consequent centralization of the milling industry4 ,this particular mill1 known to have operated from #ahhc to #aidj1 ground corn in ,puerto ,rico4 ,gift of ,daniel ,thompson1 ,petersburg1 ,virginia4 #ajc4 ,farm ,copybook1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bjijdb2 #aiee4 ,wells ,forbes1 who had a farm near ,alexandria1 ,virginia1 kept this book for about a year in the #ahdjs4 ,gift of ,bessie ,w4 ,palm1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ajd4 ,grain ,cradle1 about #aijj4 ,,usnm #bajeig1 #aief4 ,grain cradle used before #aijj4 ,gift of ,jennie ,sabrosky1 ,sturgis1 ,michigan4 #aje4 ,model of ,hussey ,reaper1 #ahcc4 ,,usnm #babiaj2 #aief4 ,a model of the #ahcc reaper patented by ,obed ,hussey and based on the specifications of the patent4 ,constructed by the ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #ajf4 ,horse ,spurs1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baacab2 #aief4 ,gift of ,catholic ,university of ,america1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ajg4 ,bridle ,bits1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baacab2 #aief4 ,a rugged type of bridle bit with steel rings used to control horses4 ,this particular bridle bit may have been used in ,texas and ,mexico in the cattle industry4 ,gift of ,catholic ,university of ,america1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ajh4 ,cow ,bell1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baacab2 #aief4 ,gift of ,catholic ,university of ,america1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aji4 ,braided ,whip1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baacab2 #aief4 ,a home-made horsewhip4 ,gift of ,catholic ,university of ,america1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aaj4 ,tobacco ,clips1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baacab2 #aief4 ,seven clips1 each different1 denoting a brand for labeling tobacco4 ,gift of ,catholic ,university of ,america1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aaa4 ,bar ,share ,plow1 #ahjg4 ,,usnm #badfjh2 #aieg4 ,a left-handed wooden moldboard plow4 ,most ,american plows cast the furrow to the right4 ,the ,reverend ,christian ,lesher brought this rare sort of plow from ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 to ,washington ,township1 ,pennsylvania1 in #ahjg4 ,gift of ,daniel ,lesher1 ,waynesboro1 ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 ,figure #aa4--,sausage stuffer1 early #aith century4 7,catalog ,no4 #aab47 #aab4 ,sausage ,stuffer1 about #ahbj4 ,,usnm #bachaf2 #aieg4 ,this hand-lever sausage stuffer1 mounted on a bench1 may have been made in ,england in the early #aith century and later brought to ,brampton1 ,ontario4 ,not all parts are of the same age4 ,the replaced parts seem to be those most subject to wear and tear4 ,this style sausage stuffer was quite common in the #ahth and #aith centuries4 ,gift of ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #aac4 ,meat ,grinder1 about #ahcj4 ,,usnm #cabhaf2 #aieg4 ,a hand-cranked meat grinder made of wood with iron slugs to push the meat against stationary knives4 ,overall1 #ad inches long1 #aj inches wide1 and #aj inches high4 ,gift of ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #aad4 ,sausage ,stuffer1 early #aith century4 ,,usnm #bachaf2 #aieg4 ,this hand-cranked sausage stuffer1 made of wood and with an iron screw1 fits on a small bench with lard press4 ,it is #bj inches long1 #h-a_/b inches wide1 and #aa inches high4 ,gift of ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #aae4 ,lard ,press1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bachaf2 #aieg4 ,a lard press made of cylindrical perforated metal1 with a screw press to be mounted on a small bench4 ,the press is #aa inches in diameter and #aj inches high4 ,the bench is about a yard long1 #h inches wide1 and #ah inches high4 ,gift of ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #aaf4 ,butcher's ,table1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bachaf2 #aieg4 ,a heavy1 low table made of two thick slabs of wood with a gutter cut along the edges of the table4 ,used in cutting up animal carcasses4 ,some #f feet long1 #cd inches wide1 and #bd-a_/b inches high4 ,gift of ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #aag4 ,chopping ,bowl1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bachaf2 #aieg4 ,elliptical wooden chopping bowl1 some #cj inches long1 #ag-a_/b inches wide1 and #g inches high4 ,gift of ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #aah4 ,thresher1 about #ahee4 ,,usnm #badhij2 #aieg4 ,a threshing machine marked ,j4 and ,p4 ,flickinger1 ,hanover1 ,pa41 ,no4 #da4 ,it once had a drive for a vibrating straw separator4 ,gift of ,james ,w4 ,brown1 ,brookeville1 ,maryland4 #aai4 ,grain ,cradle1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #badhij2 #aieg4 ,a grain cradle made at ,brighton1 ,maryland1 by ,william ,nickerson1 ,jr4 ,the cradle fingers are of ash1 and the braces of hickory4 ,this type of cradle continued in use in many places even after the advent of harvesting machinery4 ,farmers with only small acreages in bread grains or who farmed rough or hilly soil could not effectively use the reapers and harvester of the middle #aith century4 ,gift of ,james ,w4 ,brown1 ,brookeville1 ,maryland4 #abj4 ,binder's ,rake1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #badhij2 #aieg4 ,the binder followed the cradler4 ,this hand rake1 used by the binder for gathering the grain before binding and later shocking1 had teeth rived out of hickory4 ,such a rake could also be used by a binder who followed those the early reapers used before the invention of the twine binder4 ,gift of ,james ,w4 ,brown1 ,brookeville1 ,maryland4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ab4--;,harpoon hayforks4 7,catalog ,nos4 #aba1 #abc47 #aba4 ,harpoon ,hayfork1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #badhij2 #aieg4 ,a double-harpoon hayfork and pulley for lifting hay from a wagon to a barn hayloft4 ,power was supplied by horse or mule4 ,the small barbs on the harpoon could catch and hold a surprising amount of hay4 ,gift of ,james ,w4 ,brown1 ,brookeville1 ,maryland4 #abb4 ,grain ,sack1 #ahdb4 ,,usnm #badfjh2 #aieg4 ,a grain sack of homespun linen made from flax grown on the ,john ,lesher farm near ,waynesboro1 ,pennsylvania4 ,woven at a roadside mill1 the sack has a capacity of three bushels and is marked ,john ,lesher1 ,no4 #bf1 #ahdb4 ,prior to the advent of and widespread use of the elevator system of grain handling1 nearly all grain was moved in sacks that had to be shifted about by hand and stored in warehouses4 ,the elevator system began in ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 in #ahdb1 but reached a position of prominence only in the #ahgjs when it began flourishing in ,chicago and ,milwaukee4 ,thereafter the grain sack became virtually a curiosity4 ,gift of ,james ,w4 ,brown1 ,brookeville1 ,maryland4 #abc4 ,single-,harpoon ,hayfork1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #bafbbd2 #aieg4 ,a hay harpoon1 commonly called a hay needle1 about #ce-a_/b inches long4 ,gift of ,cora ,e4 ,robinson1 ,schenectady1 ,new ,york4 #abd4 ,tractor ,engine ,starter1 #aicj4 ,,usnm #bahhgd2 #aieh4 ,the starting device could be bolted to the rear wheel hub of an automobile4 ,an extendible shaft went from the wheel-fitting to the crank on the tractor4 ,the car engine then could turn over the tractor engine4 ,the starter was made by ,c4 ,o4 ,goodrich1 who marketed it for about eight years in five midwestern states4 ,self starters on tractors eventually ended the need for the device4 ,gift of ,c4 ,o4 ,goodrich1 ,plymouth1 ,indiana4 #abe4 ,fordson ,crank1 about #aibe4 ,,usnm #bahhgd2 #aieh4 ,this device was used to crank the engine on ,fordson tractors4 ,gift of ,c4 ,o4 ,goodrich1 ,plymouth1 ,indiana4 #abf4 ,milking ,machine1 #ahif4 ,,usnm #bbjjjd2 #aieh4 ,a ,mehring foot-powered milking machine4 ,gift of ,earl ,j4 ,waybright1 ,gettysburg1 ,pennsylvania4 #abg4 ,carey ,plow1 about #ahjj4 ,,usnm #bbjjje2 #aieh4 ,a type of plow widely used in the late #ahth and early #aith centuries in the ,united ,states4 ,this particular plow was a one-horse1 single-bottom1 walking type1 with wooden handles1 beam1 stock1 and moldboard4 ,the share point is of iron4 ,all wooden joints are joined with wooden pegs4 ,there is a bolt-type brace from beam to stock and a small iron brace with a larger wooden brace between the handles4 ,gift of ,international ,harvester ,co41 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 #abh4 ,hoe1 possibly mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,only the blade remains of this socket-type hoe4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #abi4 ,log ,roller1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,oxen drew this roller in preparing seed beds4 ,the roller crushed clods and compressed the soil1 leaving a firm1 compact seed bed4 ,it was useful1 obviously1 only on certain types of soil in fairly humid areas4 ,the roller is made of four log sections1 each #bc inches long and #ad inches in diameter4 ,the logs are set in a weighted frame measuring #ce inches by #i feet1 with a tongue about #ac feet long4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #acj4 ,grain ,cradle1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a form of scythe used for harvesting grain before the reaper came into use1 or used in places where the reaper proved uneconomical or technologically inappropriate1 as rough or hilly land4 ,this specimen has four wooden fingers1 or tines1 that are #de inches long and spaced #g inches apart4 ,the blade is #b inches wide and as long as the fingers4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #aca4 ,self-,rake ,reaper1 #ahie4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a ,mc,cormick ,daisy ,reaper of #ahie in which the operator sat on a seat mounted on the axle of the left wheel4 ,two horses drew the reaper4 ,three rotating arms with #c-;inch projections raked1 bound and shocked the grain4 ,the cutter bar1 over #e feet long1 has three triangular sickle blades which oscillate through the guard teeth1 as in ,hussey or modern cutter bars4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #acb4 ,barley ,fork1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a rectangular wooden barley fork with a one-eighth-inch-gauge wire guard for holding the barley on the four tines4 ,the guard was needed because of the nasty stings that the beard could give the worker4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #acc4 ,brush ,hook1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a typical iron sickle1 called a hook because of its general shape4 ,it has a circular tip on the end of the blade so that it could be used for cutting brush4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #acd4 ,fanning ,mill1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,an early fanning mill with pulley and leather belt4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #ace4 ,scythe1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a crooked-handled scythe used for cutting grain before the cradle1 and thereafter for cutting hay4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ac4--;,flop-over hay rake4 7,catalog ,no4 #acf47 #acf4 ,flop-,over ,hay ,rake1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a rake for piling hay that would be carried from the field or put into a mow4 ,this sort of implement was used as early as #ahbj4 ,the farmer walked behind the horse-drawn rake and raised the handle when the rake was full2 this caused the double set of teeth to revolve1 releasing the hay in a pile and putting the second set of teeth into position to rake more hay4 ,the older method involved using small hand rakes and required considerable time and effort in a very disagreeable task4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #acg4 ,victor ,mowing ,machine1 #ahhj4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a one-horse1 front-cut mowing machine similar to the ,buckeye mower4 ,the cutter bar can be raised and lowered parallel to the ground for desired cutting heights1 and it can be lifted and fastened in an upright position for transport to and from the field4 ,mowers cut more rapidly and lower than did reapers1 and thus they used a different gear ratio2 however1 farmers sometimes used reapers for mowing4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #ach4 ,spring-,tooth ,hay ,rake1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a sulky rake with spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions in the field4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #aci4 ,railway ,horse ,power1 about #ahhe4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,a horse-powered treadmill made chiefly of wood1 with metal parts where the wear would be greatest4 ,it was used to produce power for belt-driven equipment such as threshers or fanning mills4 ,the machine is set in motion by putting a horse in the pen and releasing the brake4 ,the weight of the horse causes the slats to move endlessly1 which in turn rotates the belting wheel4 ,two-horse treadmills also were used1 but such machines1 although portable1 worked less efficiently than the sweep-power machines4 ,this treadmill was made in ,vermont4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ad4--;,dog-powered churn1 #ahha4 7,catalog ,no4 #adj47 #adj4 ,dog-,powered ,churn1 #ahha4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,h4 ,m4 ,childs of ,utica1 ,new ,york1 patented this dog-powered churn in #ahga1 with improvements patented in #ahha4 ,a dog1 tied or strapped into the pen1 ran forward and so moved the slats of the treadmill which in turn rotated a flywheel4 ,attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod which raises and lowers a churn dasher4 ,devices of this sort had appeared earlier for use in the farm-dairy industry4 ,the change of direction effected by the pitman rod caused some loss of energy2 in any case1 a revolving barrel-churn proved more efficient in the long run4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 #ada4 ,winnowing ,basket1 about #ahjj4 ,,usnm #baccef2 #aieh4 ,the winnowing basket was used to work off the chaff from the threshed grain4 ,when the grain was tossed into the air1 the wind would blow away the chaff and the grain would fall back into the basket4 ,sometimes the grain would be poured from another basket into a winnowing basket1 with the wind doing the winnowing4 ,gift of ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 ,cooperstown1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ae4--;,avery ,bulldog tractor1 about #aiai4 7,catalog ,no4 #adb47 #adb4 ,avery ,bulldog ,tractor1 #aiai4 ,,usnm #bbbhfj2 #aieh4 ,this is one of the several makes of tractors which set a trend toward lighter tractors about the time of ,world ,war ,i4 ,it was designed for light field work such as cultivating but could also be used for belt drive4 ,it developed #e to #aj horsepower4 ,sold by ,everett ,noirot1 ,freehold1 ,new ,york4 #adc4 ,grain ,cradle1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aieh4 ,this grain cradle resembles a scythe1 with modification by the addition of a light wooden frame of four fingers with braces4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #add4 ,scythe1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aieh4 ,a straight-handled scythe1 probably hand-made1 that largely was used for mowing1 although it could be used for reaping grain4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #ade4 ,harness ,vise1 probably mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aieh4 ,this wooden device could be used to pry open the jaws of a recalcitrant horse4 ,more often1 it held parts of the harness as the saddler worked4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #adf4 ,wooden ,hand ,fork1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aieh4 ,a wooden pitchfork for handling hay1 straw1 and the like4 ,the metal pitchfork gradually replaced these wooden forks between the middle and end of the #aith century4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #adg4 ,horse-,drawn ,hayfork1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aiei4 ,the fork was driven into the hay and the handle compressed until it latched4 ,a rope was attached to the fork1 run up over a pully in the barn1 and then down to a horse4 ,in this way the hay could be lifted into the barn4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #adh4 ,horse-,drawn ,planter1 #ahef4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aieh4 ,e4 ,c4 ,fairchild of ,deerfield1 ,massachusetts1 made this planter1 which has compartments for seeds and fertilizer4 ,as the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back and forth1 seeds and fertilizer alternately dropped into the ground4 ,the spacing of seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting the metal bar4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #adi4 ,fanning ,mill1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbc2 #aieh4 ,a machine for winnowing grain after it had been threshed4 ,grain fed into the machine landed on vibrating screens which permitted the kernels to fall into the path of a draft of air which blew off the chaff and debris4 ,the clean grain fell into a container beneath the mill4 ,the operator turned a crank which operated both the screens and the fan4 ,gift of ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture4 #aej4 ,hoe1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,a small hand hoe used for cultivating4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aea4 ,tile ,knife1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this knife1 resembling a small spade1 was used to cut the trench in which tile was laid4 ,it has a triangular metal cutter at right angles on the right side1 and this gave the trench a straight edge on one side and perhaps helped keep the trench straight4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aeb4 ,hand ,hayfork1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,farmers used this metal fork for pitching hay1 straw1 and possibly manure4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aec4 ,grain ,sickle1 #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this hand tool for harvesting grain has not changed in design for the last thousand years4 ,the sickle has a curved blade some #bb inches long4 ,the reaper would grab a handful of stalks and cut them with the blade4 ,one man could cut up to an acre of grain by this method4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aed4 ,grafting ,knife1 possibly #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,a knife especially designed to make the cuts necessary for grafting branches onto fruit trees4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aee4 ,manure ,fork1 possibly #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,a typical manure fork4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aef4 ,ox ,muzzle1 about #ahcj4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,threshers used the muzzle to prevent the ox from stopping to graze while pulling equipment or from eating the grain while treading on it in a threshing operation4 ,this muzzle is made of thin strips of wood4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aeg4 ,hay ,cutter1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,a knife made with the handle and serrated blade as one piece1 all of metal4 ,a wooden stock with a handgrip is fastened to the metal handle4 ,this tool obviously was intended for cutting very small amounts of hay4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aeh4 ,narrow ,hoe1 probably mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this is a typical cultivating hoe4 ,farmers used hoes of this type for cultivating crops until the innovation of plows and harrows4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #aei4 ,ox ,yoke1 about #ahcj4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this yoke1 for a single ox1 probably was used in pulling small agricultural implements such as cultivating plows4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #afj4 ,grain ,flail1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this type flail was used to beat grain free from unbound bundles of grain scattered about on the barn floor4 ,the harvesters then threw the straw to one side and swept up the grain and chaff4 ,the grain then had to be winnowed4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #afa4 ,curd ,breaker1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this machine has a wooden roller with projecting wooden pegs which1 when rotated1 broke up cheese curds4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #afb4 ,horse-,drawn ,cultivator1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this triangular cultivator was used for stirring the soil and removing foreign vegetable matter4 ,it is adjustable and has five teeth spaced from #ab to #ad inches apart4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 #afc4 ,ice ,saw1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjcbb2 #aieh4 ,this steel-bladed saw cut ice in lakes1 ponds1 and streams4 ,gift of ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,figure #af4--;,frick portable steam engine of #ahgg4 7,catalog ,no4 #afd47 #afd4 ,portable ,steam ,engine1 #ahgg4 ,,usnm #baahaa2 #aieh4 ,portable steam engines provided belting power on farms to run threshing machines1 circular saws1 etc4 ,this ,frick model steam engine operated regularly from #ahgg to #aidi4 ,gift of ,frick ,company1 ,waynesboro1 ,pennsylvania4 #afe4 ,broadcast ,seeder1 #aicj4 ,,usnm #bcjegc2 #aieh4 ,the operator saddles this implement from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed pack4 ,by turning the crank at a normal pace1 seeds are scattered from a spinning disk4 ,the seeder is equipped with a gauge which can be set to sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,arnold ,miles1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aff4 ,cigar ,formers1 about #ahhe4 ,,usnm #bcjegc2 #aieh4 ,these instruments consist of two pieces of wood dowelled together with twenty holes that taper from #g_/af inch to #c_/af inch4 ,the name ,miller ,burial and ,pliers ,co4 is stamped in the wood4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,arnold ,miles1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #afg4 ,manure ,forks1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #bcjegc2 #aieh4 ,two steel manure forks4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,arnold ,miles1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #afh4 ,wooden ,hayfork1 #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegc2 #aieh4 ,a typical wooden hayfork of the #aith century4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,arnold ,miles1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #afi4 ,model of ,manning ,mower1 #ahca4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,william ,manning of ,plainfield1 ,new ,jersey1 invented this mower in #ahca4 ,the cutter bar1 suggestive of ,hussey's1 has triangular knives which vibrate over long fingers4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agj4 ,model of ,bailey ,mower1 #ahbb4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,this mower1 invented in #ahbb by ,jeremiah ,bailey of ,pennsylvania1 has a rotating disk that serves as the cutter4 ,the cutting disk1 which can be raised to avoid obstacles1 is geared from the axle4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #aga4 ,model of ,gallic ,reaper1 first century ,a4,d4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,this is a model of a reaper as described in use in ,gaul in the first and second centuries ,a4,d4 ,a donkey or an ox pushed the reaper through the grain2 the heads of the grain were ripped off by the blade and fell into the box4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agb4 ,model of ,hussey ,reaper1 #ahcc4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,the first ,hussey reapers were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to the rear right side of the machine4 ,the sickle or cutter bar was made of a series of triangular knives riveted to a flat bar that oscillated back and forth between guard teeth4 ,the action was initiated by means of a gear mounted on the main axle4 ,the raker stands on the platform to remove the cut grain4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agc4 ,model of ,hussey ,reaper1 #ahej4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,this is a one-eighth scale model of the ,hussey reapers built between #ahde and #ahej4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agd4 ,model of ,bell ,reaper1 #ahbh4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,on this machine a reel pressed the grain against the cutters and made it fall back on an apron4 ,the apron could be set to run in either direction to deposit the cut grain at the side1 out of the way of the machine on the next trip around4 ,the reaper was invented by the ,reverend ,patrick ,bell1 ,carmyllie1 ,scotland4 ,the model was constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #age4 ,models of ,landis ,eclipse ,thresher1 #aijg4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aieg4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agf4 ,model of ,new ,england ,strong ,plow1 about #aghj4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agg4 ,model of ,mahlon ,smith ,plow1 about #ahbe-ahdj4 ,,usnm #bcjdch2 #aiei4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #agh4 ,check ,row ,corn ,planter1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bcjdda2 #aiei4 ,this machine planted two rows at a time and required two men to operate4 ,one man drove the horses and the other operated a lever for dropping the corn at the point desired4 ,patents for check row planters were issued in #ahec1 #ahee1 and #aheg4 ,gift of ,clayton ,kanter1 ,new ,knoxville1 ,ohio4 #agi4 ,one-,row ,hand ,corn ,jobber1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjdda2 #aiei4 ,seed corn is released by means of a lever4 ,gift of ,clayton ,kanter1 ,new ,knoxville1 ,ohio4 #ahj4 ,wide ,single-,shovel ,plow1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,farmers in the western part of the ,united ,states in the #ahdjs used this type of plow to cultivate corn4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ag4--;,double-shovel plow4 7,catalog ,no4 #aha47 #aha4 ,double-,shovel ,plow1 about #ahej4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this plow1 with shovels placed in a staggered position1 was commonly used for cross-plowing or cultivating4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahb4 ,double-,shovel ,plow1 about #ahej4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this double-shovel plow has the shovels placed opposite one another4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahc4 ,a-,frame ,harrow1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this triangular harrow has wooden beams with #bb ten-inch iron spikes driven through them4 ,this type of harrow pulverized and leveled plowed land1 covered the seed1 and cultivated between rows of corn4 ,triangular harrows worked better than square types because the triangles had greater strength on newly cleared land4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahd4 ,trolley ,carrier for ,hayfork1 about #ahge4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this steel trolley carrier supported a one-horse hayfork4 ,a pulley attached to the trolley carrier lifted and lowered the hayfork4 ,the first trolley carriers for hayforks were invented by ,j4 ,e4 ,porter of ,ottawa1 ,illinois1 in #ahfi and #ahgb4 ,they were made of wood and iron4 ,the first steel carriers were patented by ,jacob ,ney1 ,canton1 ,ohio1 and 7in #ahhf7 by ,p4 ,a4 ,myer1 ,ashland1 ,ohio4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahe4 ,riding ,disk ,cultivator1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this cultivator has two sections1 each with three #ae-;inch disk wheels spaced #e-c_/d inches apart4 ,it has handgrip levers for making cutting adjustments4 ,this machine worked best on ground between row crops4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahf4 ,singletree1 late #aith and early #bjth centuries4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this singletree is made of wood4 ,the trace chains of the team of horses could be attached to the hooks on the singletree4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahg4 ,doubletree1 late #aith century to early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,a doubletree made of wood4 ,the doubletree served as a lever on which to mount two singletrees4 ,this arrangement distributed equally the pull of a load between two horses4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahh4 ,singletree1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,the trace chains of two horses are attached to this home-made1 wooden singletree4 ,the tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the tree4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #ahi4 ,grain ,fork1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,this three-tine iron fork was used to move bundled grain4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #aij4 ,one-,row1 ,hand ,corn ,jobber1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #aia4 ,double-,harpoon ,hay ,fork1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bcjegd2 #aiei4 ,s4 ,e4 ,harris patented this double-harpoon1 iron hayfork in #ahfg4 ,gift of ,john ,offenbacker1 ,sidney1 ,ohio4 #aib4 ,ground ,hog ,thresher1 about #ahcj4 ,,usnm #bcjegi2 #aiei4 ,this early thresher did not separate the grain from the chaff4 ,grain fed into the trough passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled with finger-like projections which broke the grain into its component parts4 ,a fanning basket then separated the grain from the chaff4 ,purchased from ,george ,rhoades1 ,greenville1 ,ohio4 #aic4 ,sweep ,horse ,power1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegi2 #aiei4 ,this type of horse power operated by the horse pulling a shaft in a circular motion that set iron gears into motion4 ,the gears connected to a pulley for operating grain threshers1 flour mills1 saws1 and the like4 ,purchased from ,george ,rhoades1 ,greenville1 ,ohio4 #aid4 ,marker ,sled1 possibly late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegi2 #aiei4 ,this wooden sled marked rows for future planting4 ,the sled could mark three rows approximately #cd inches apart4 ,purchased from ,george ,rhoades1 ,greenville1 ,ohio4 #aie4 ,large ,hand ,rake1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegi2 #aiei4 ,made entirely of wood4 ,purchased from ,george ,rhoades1 ,greenville1 ,ohio4 #aif4 ,jointed1 ,wooden ,harrow1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjegi2 #aiei4 ,this two-sectioned1 rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden beams per section1 each section having #ah rounded teeth4 ,very primitive4 ,purchased from ,george ,rhoades1 ,greenville1 ,ohio4 #aig4 ,wheeled ,cultivator1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjegi2 #aiei4 ,this cultivator has individual levers for setting each set of teeth and contains a neck yoke1 singletree1 and guard shields4 ,this type of cultivator improved on the one-horse type1 which required harrowing one side of a row at a time4 ,a variety of teeth could be used on this machine4 ,purchased from ,george ,rhoades1 ,greenville1 ,ohio4 #aih4 ,double ,a-,frame ,harrow1 #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjehj2 #aiei4 ,this wooden1 triangular harrow has iron teeth driven through the beams4 ,purchased from ,ruth ,brown1 ,sardinia1 ,ohio4 #aii4 ,wheeled ,cultivator1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjehj2 #aiei4 ,this riding-type cultivator has two sections with three teeth each4 ,it differs from most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting teeth depth1 with one lever to elevate and lower the teeth4 ,it has a neck yoke and a singletree4 ,purchased from ,ruth ,brown1 ,sardinia1 ,ohio4 #bjj4 ,flop-,over ,hayrake1 about #ahie4 ,,usnm #bcjehj2 #aiei4 ,a flop-over rake used as early as #ahbj4 ,purchased from ,ruth ,brown1 ,sardinia1 ,ohio4 #bja4 ,side ,hill ,plow1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjeha2 #aiei4 ,one of several types of plows used for plowing along hillsides4 ,the moldboard and share could rotate on a horizontal axis4 ,at the end of each furrow the farmer could reverse it and hook in position so that the plow cast each furrow in the same direction4 ,purchased from ,albert ,knecht1 ,lancaster1 ,ohio4 #bjb4 ,grain ,drill1 about #ahej4 ,,usnm #bcjeha2 #aiei4 ,this drill was made by the ,eagle ,machine ,company of ,lancaster1 ,ohio4 ,it has a double bar1 singletree1 neck yoke1 one grain compartment with eight grain boots1 and a packing wheel for each boot4 ,it sowed eight rows at a time1 #f inches apart4 ,drills of this type became popular in the #ahejs4 ,purchased from ,albert ,knecht1 ,lancaster1 ,ohio4 #bjc4 ,wheeled ,cultivator1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #bcjeha2 #aiei4 ,this walking-type cultivator1 divided into two sections1 has three plow teeth per section with guard shields attached4 ,the name ,j4 ,deere is printed on the toolbox4 ,purchased from ,albert ,knecht1 ,lancaster1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ah4--;,flop-over hayrake1 mid #aith century4 7,catalog ,no4 #bjd47 #bjd4 ,flop-,over ,hayrake1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjeha2 #aiei4 ,wooden1 horse-drawn rake which the farmer could flop over to empty as he walked behind it4 ,purchased from ,albert ,knecht1 ,lancaster1 ,ohio4 #bje4 ,wheeled ,cultivator1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcjege2 #aiei4 ,this ,mc,cormick ,deering1 wheeled cultivator has one lever for lowering and elevating the plow teeth and two levers for setting the depth of the plow teeth4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,lucy ,f4 ,robinson1 ,chandlersville1 ,ohio4 #bjf4 ,grubbing ,hoe1 about #aibj4 ,,usnm #bcjegf2 #aiei4 ,this narrow grubbing hoe resembles a pick4 ,it broke up soil and removed obstructions such as roots and shrubs4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,harley ,climpson1 ,bethesda1 ,maryland4 #bjg4 ,model of #ahth-,century ,american ,mower4 ,,usnm #bcjdcg2 #aiei4 ,a copy of a model reaper on display at the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,purchased from ,mrs4 ,l4 ,c4 ,eichner1 ,clifton1 ,new ,jersey4 #bjh4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahij4 ,,usnm #bcjegb2 #aiei4 ,a stamped zigzag ribbon between two twisted wires4 ,gift of ,don ,holst1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bji4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahij4 ,,usnm #bcjegg2 #aiei4 ,a stamped1 ribbon-type wire with barbs on one edge and with the ribbon twisted4 ,gift of ,john ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #baj4 ,narrow ,hoe1 date unknown4 ,,usnm #bcjegh2 #aiei4 ,blade from a socket-type hoe4 ,the words ,bedsteel ,oil ,tempered are stamped on the blade4 ,gift of ,james ,w4 ,rutherford1 ,springfield1 ,ohio4 #baa4 ,wallis ,tractor1 #aiai4 ,,usnm #bcjdci2 #aiei4 ,a ,model ,k ,wallis tractor of a series made from #aiai to #aibd4 ,it succeeded the #aiac ,wallis ,cub and the #aiaf ,wallis ,cub1 ,jr4 ,gift of ,massey-,ferguson1 ,inc41 ,racine1 ,wisconsin4 #bab4 ,single-,shovel ,plow1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bdjhaf2 #aiei4 ,this type of shovel plow cultivated corn in the western part of the country in the #ahdjs4 ,this specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to plant seed1 etc4 ,gift of ,andrew ,w4 ,frye1 ,woodstock1 ,virginia4 #bac4 ,fiddle-,bow ,broadcast ,seeder1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bdjgde2 #aiei4 ,the operator saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the seed sack4 ,sliding the bow back and forth caused the seeds to be broadcast from a spinning disk4 ,a gauge on the seeder could be set to sow a prescribed amount of seeds per acre4 ,gift of ,benjamin ,lambert1 ,woodstock1 ,virginia4 #bad4 ,grain ,riddle1 mid #aith century4 #aiei4 ,sieve for sifting grain4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #bae4 ,broad ,hoe1 mid #aith century4 #aiei4 ,constructed by ,office of ,exhibits1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #baf4 ,miniature ,plow1 late #aith century to early #bjth century4 #aiei4 ,this plow1 made entirely of steel1 was found in ,alexandria1 ,virginia4 #bag4 ,mattock1 #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcjddj2 #aifj4 ,this is an implement for grubbing and digging4 ,gift of ,veikko ,jarvis1 ,negaune1 ,michigan4 #bah4 ,fodder ,cutter1 #ahgb4 #aifj4 ,this hand-cranked machine could cut all kinds of fodder--hay1 straw1 and corn stalks--with ease and rapidity4 ,called the ,improved ,baldwins ,american1 it was patented in #ahfg and #ahgb4 ,gift of ,thomas ,w4 ,bein1 ,bethesda1 ,maryland4 #bai4 ,oliver ,chilled ,plow1 #bjth century4 #aifj4 ,steel share1 moldboard1 and coulter1 with wooden beam1 frame1 and handles4 ,gift of ,oliver ,corporation1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ai4--;,hart-,parr tractor of #aijc1 the third in line of the first commercial tractors4 7,catalog ,no4 #bbj47 #bbj4 ,hart-,parr ,tractor1 #aijc4 ,,usnm #bcjddb2 #aifj4 ,the third internal combustion tractor built by the company founded earlier by ,charles ,hart and ,charles ,parr4 ,the ,hart-,parr tractor could pull gangs of plows or drive large threshers4 ,oil circulating through the pipes in the square stack cooled the engine4 ,gift of ,oliver ,corporation1 ,south ,bend1 ,indiana4 #bba4 ,corn ,grinder1 about #ahij4 ,,usnm #bccdfe2 #aifj4 ,this iron corn grinder has #ag printed on the grease caps of the axle4 ,gift of ,walter ,a4 ,hitchcock1 ,warrenton1 ,virginia4 #bbb4 ,cider ,mill and ,press1 late #aith or early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcddfe2 #aifj4 ,this wooden-frame mill has iron parts1 with a feeder-trough and two tubes for draining the apple cider4 ,it was operated by means of a hand crank4 ,gift of ,walter ,a4 ,hitchcock1 ,warrenton1 ,virginia4 #bbc4 ,model of ,john ,deere ,plow1 #aifj4 ,received in #aifa4 ,an example of a typical plow of the #aifjs4 ,gift of ,john ,deere ,company1 ,moline1 ,illinois4 #bbd4 ,model of ,john ,deere ,tractor1 #aifj4 ,received in #aifa4 ,an example of a typical tractor of the period4 ,gift of ,john ,deere ,company1 ,moline1 ,illinois4 #bbe4 ,sample ,fertilizers1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,samples of #bb types of fertilizers in common use at the time4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bbf4 ,sample ,fertilizers1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,samples of six types of fertilizer in common use at the time4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bbg4 ,sample ,fertilizers1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,samples of eight types of fertilizer in common use at the time4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bbh4 ,sample ,fertilizers1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,samples of six types of fertilizer in common use at the time4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bbi4 ,sample ,fertilizers1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,samples of thirteen types of fertilizers in common use at the time4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bcj4 ,cast-,iron ,centrifuge1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,a centrifuge used for running the ,babcock milk test1 which determined the percentage of butterfat4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bca4 ,insecticide1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bchejc2 #aifa4 ,a sample of a ,pyrox insecticide in common use in #aifj4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,blake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bcb4 ,hoe1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bciacf2 #aifa4 ,a socket-type1 three-tine hoe used to weed vegetable gardens1 tobacco1 and similar row crops4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,henry ,h4 ,byrne1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bcc4 ,one-,row ,planter1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bcgiea2 #aifa4 ,the gears from the drive-wheel mesh with a set of gears that turn the seed plate4 ,the distance for dropping the seed could be determined by the size of the gear used on the drive-wheel4 ,gift of ,h4 ,c4 ,cole1 ,crestline1 ,ohio4 #bcd4 ,portable ,gasoline ,engine1 #aijc4 ,,usnm #bdjedf2 #aifa4 ,this machine provided belting power for operating feed mills1 cream separators1 wood saws1 etc4 ,it generated #b hp at #cjj-fjj rpm4 ,it was covered by two patents dated ,april #g1 #aijc4 ,gift of ,new ,holland ,machine ,co41 ,new ,holland1 ,pennsylvania4 #bce4 ,cotton ,planter1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bdjede2 #aifa4 ,this one-row1 horse-drawn cotton planter drilled cottonseed in rows by means of a revolving wooden drum with one-inch holes spaced around the center of the drum4 ,gift of ,lester ,souter1 ,boerne1 ,texas4 #bcf4 ,wooden ,spade1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bdjedc2 #aifa4 ,this wooden spade has a metal cutting edge4 ,purchased from ,mrs4 ,h4 ,j4 ,cummings1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bcg4 ,model of ,mc,cormick ,reaper1 #ahca4 ,,usnm #bcfgaj2 #aifa4 ,a full-scale model of the #ahca ,mc,cormick reaper4 ,gift of ,franklin ,institute1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 #bch4 ,hoe1 date unknown4 ,,usnm #bciejb2 #aifa4 ,this is a socket-type hoe with a half-moon cutting blade4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,ivor ,cornman1 ,miami1 ,florida4 #bci4 ,curd ,breaker1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bciejb2 #aifa4 ,this tool for cutting cheese curds has four #ae-;inch parallel blades4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,ivor ,cornman1 ,miami1 ,florida4 #bdj4 ,wooden ,brace1 possibly mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bciejb2 #aifa4 ,this implement was used to hold open the split carcasses of hogs4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,ivor ,cornman1 ,miami1 ,florida4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bj4--;,a view in the ,hall of ,farm ,machinery1 ,national ,museum of ,history and ,technology4 ,the ,holt combine in #ahhg 7,catalog ,no4 #bda7 is at left4 ,the ,victor mowing machine of #ahhj 7,catalog ,no4 #acg7 is in right foreground4 #bda4 ,holt ,combine1 #ahhg4 ,,usnm #bcfdai1 #aifa4 ,benjamin ,holt made this combine around #ahhg4 ,its main feature is the use of linked1 wrought-iron chain belts for the drive rather than a system of gears as commonly found on combines of that day4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,c4 ,parker ,holt1 ,stockton1 ,california4 #bdb4 ,waterwheel and ,shafting1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bchagd2 #aifa4 ,components of a one-blade1 sash sawmill4 ,purchased from ,robert ,e4 ,clement1 ,chester ,springs1 ,pennsylvania4 #bdc4 ,apple ,parer1 about #agfj4 ,,usnm #bdjedd2 #aifb4 ,the operator sat on the wooden seat and turned a crank which rotated the apple fastened to a spindle4 ,when held at the proper contact1 the knife peeled the rotating apple4 ,purchased from ,mrs4 ,gladys ,harbst1 ,butler1 ,ohio4 #bdd4 ,miniature ,plow1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bcijfh2 #aifb4 ,this plow was caught in a fisherman's net in the ,susquehanna ,river near ,havre-de-,grace1 ,maryland1 in #aibd4 ,it probably was a display piece for the manufacturer4 ,purchased from ,f4 ,p4 ,leithiser1 ,milford1 ,delaware4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ba4--;,john ,deere sulky plow1 about #aibj4 7,catalog ,no4 #bde47 #bde4 ,sulky ,plow1 about #aibj4 ,,usnm #bcijgc2 #aifb4 ,an all-steel ,john ,deere sulky plow4 ,purchased from ,irwin ,vette1 ,westboro1 ,missouri4 #bdf4 ,tobacco ,transplanter1 late #aith or early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bcijfc2 #aifb4 ,the driver sat on a wooden water barrel on this horse-drawn tobacco transplanter4 ,the men who set the plants in the furrow used the two seats in the rear4 ,gift of ,pollitt ,graybill1 ,diver1 ,kentucky4 #bdg4 ,ice ,cream ,freezer1 #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bdafij2 #aifb4 ,thomas ,mills and ,brothers of ,philadelphia made this #dj-quart commercial ice cream freezer which was patented on ,march #ae1 #ahgj4 ,gift of ,john ,g4 ,mills1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 #bdh4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahij-aijj4 ,,usnm #bcjegb2 #aifb4 ,a sample of ribbon barbed wire4 ,gift of ,don ,holst1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bb4--,moline ,universal ,tractor1 ,model ,d1 of #aiah1 in the ,hall of ,farm ,machinery1 ,national ,museum of ,history and ,technology4 7,catalog ,no4 #bdi47 #bdi4 ,moline ,universal ,tractor1 #aiah4 ,,usnm #bdbdad2 #aifb4 ,this ,model ,d is particularly unique in that it could be adapted as horse-drawn equipment and could be operated from its seat4 ,it is light and versatile and equipped with front pulley drive and head lights4 ,gift of ,minneapolis-,moline1 ,inc41 ,hopkins1 ,minnesota4 #bej4 ,two-,bottom ,plow1 #aiah4 ,,usnm #bdbdad2 #aifb4 ,this plow is attached to the ,moline ,universal ,model ,d tractor of #aiah4 ,gift of ,minneapolis-,moline1 ,inc41 ,hopkins1 ,minnesota4 #bea4 ,sulky ,plow1 #ahhj4 ,,usnm #bdbdad2 #aifb4 ,a ,moline two-wheeled sulky plow4 ,three horses drew the plow1 which has three singletrees and one doubletree4 ,gift of ,minneapolis-,moline1 ,inc41 ,hopkins1 ,minnesota4 #beb4 ,grain ,binder1 #aice4 ,,usnm #dbbdbg2 #aifb4 ,this ,mc,cormick-,deering grain binder cut the grain and1 by means of an apron1 carried it through a bundling and tying mechanism4 ,the bundles of grain fell into a set of forks which the operator released4 ,the machine is covered by ,patents #a1cbh1gha and #a1dfd1gcf4 ,it is similar to binders used in the #ahhjs4 ,gift of ,j4 ,d4 ,major1 ,belton1 ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bc4--;,cattle dehorner4 7,catalog ,no4 #bec47 #bec4 ,dehorner1 about #aibj4 ,,usnm #bdbigg1 #aifb4 ,this implement1 used to trim cattle horns1 works like a gigantic clipper4 ,gift of ,newton ,e4 ,wiat1 ,arlington1 ,virginia4 #bed4 ,portable ,steam ,engine1 #ahfi4 ,,usnm #bdfaci2 #aifb4 ,the first portable steam engine built by the ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,company in #ahfi4 ,it burned wood and developed #h hp4 ,gift of ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,company1 ,racine1 ,wisconsin4 #bee4 ,japanese ,cultivating ,machine1 #aifj4 ,,usnm #bdbijh2 #aifb4 ,this ,japanese ,model ,,kf#hej power cultivator has a detachable rotary hoe and a diesel engine with direct drive4 #bef4 ,wooden ,grain ,fork1 about #ahgj4 ,,usnm #bebghf2 #aifc4 ,a four-tined wooden fork for handling bundles of grain4 ,it was used by the donor's grandfather on his farm in ,maryland4 ,gift of ,c4 ,gordon ,dentry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #beg4 ,model of ,lawn ,mower1 #aifb4 ,,usnm #befhag2 #aifc4 ,a model of the ,suburbia #ch1 a riding mower powered by a #e-c_/d-;hp gasoline engine with three speeds between #a_/b mph and #d-a_/b mph4 ,gift of ,herman ,becker1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #beh4 ,broadcast ,seeder1 about #ahib4 ,,usnm #begafd2 #aifd4 ,a hand-cranked seeder4 ,gift of ,milton ,j4 ,brandon1 ,silver ,spring1 ,maryland4 #bei4 ,tobacco ,axe1 mid #bjth century4 ,,usnm #begafc2 #aifd4 ,a tobacco axe used to harvest sun-cured tobacco in the ,connecticut ,valley region4 ,gift of ,minner ,j4 ,cooper1 ,windsor1 ,new ,york4 #bfj4 ,daveat ,milk ,sterilizer1 #aiei4 ,,usnm #beihga2 #aifd4 ,an autoclave combined with vacuum chambers and other devices that sterilized and canned milk or other liquid dairy products4 ,the process preserved the product with a minimum loss of nutritional value and without causing coagulation4 ,patent #b1hii1cbj granted to ,elmer ,s4 ,davis1 ,august #aa1 #aiei4 #bfa4 ,hay ,bale ,hooks1 #aith century or later4 ,,usnm #bfjabj2 #aife4 ,two bale hooks4 ,gift of ,e4 ,peterkin1 ,forest ,heights1 ,maryland4 #bfb4 ,model of ,huber ,steam ,tractor1 #aija4 ,,usnm #bfaccd2 #aife4 ,an operable scale model of a #aija ,huber steam tractor4 ,gift of ,raymond ,stout1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bfc4 ,hand ,cultivating ,hoe1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bfbbdd2 #aife4 ,a three-tine1 curved cultivating hoe probably used in vegetable gardening4 ,gift of ,arnold ,miles1 ,bethesda1 ,maryland4 #bfd4 ,cast-,iron ,implement ,seat1 about #ahij4 ,,usnm #bfbbdc2 #aife4 ,a cast-iron seat typical of those found on late-#aith and early-#bjth-century farm implements4 ,gift of ,k4 ,e4 ,clark1 ,los ,angeles1 ,california4 #bfe4 ,grain ,flail1 #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,a typical flail used in ,wisconsin in #ahdj for threshing grain4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bff4 ,turkey ,collars1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,small leather collars1 with bells attached1 placed on turkeys at a time when farmers typically let their poultry run loose4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bfg4 ,branding ,iron1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,a #cj branding iron1 circle ,w1 used to mark cattle4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bfh4 ,riding ,spurs1 #ahij or later4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bfi4 ,harness ,hames1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,brass knobs from the collar of a horse's harness4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bgj4 ,reaper ,hook1 about #ahfj4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,a hand sickle used for harvesting grain4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bga4 ,iron ,pot ,hooks1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,pot hooks made of two pieces of heavy wire hinged on the ends4 ,the hook fastened onto pots to remove them from open fires4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bgb4 ,iron ,spike1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,an iron spike1 probably from a harrowing device such as a triangular beam harrow4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bd4--;,flax hackle4 7,catalog ,no4 #bgc47 #bgc4 ,flax ,hackle1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfccej2 #aife4 ,this hackle consists of a piece of wood1 #f by #ab inches1 with square iron nails protruding from one side4 ,the homemade hackle shredded flax in preparation for making linen cloth4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bgd4 ,barley ,fork1 late #aith or early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,a wooden1 four-tined fork used for handling barley4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bge4 ,wooden ,wheelbarrow1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,all parts of this wheelbarrow are homemade4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bgf4 ,wooden ,wheel1 #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfbbej2 #aife4 ,a wooden wheel used on a wheelbarrow4 ,seven separate parts to the wheel illustrate the general construction of wooden wheels4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bgg4 ,grain ,sack1 about #ahfe4 ,,usnm #bfcjgg2 #aife4 ,peter ,brugler ,snyder used this grain sack about #ajj years ago on his farm near ,montour ,falls1 ,new ,york4 ,the initials ,p4 ,b4 ,s4 appear on the sack4 ,gift of ,howard ,s4 ,rappleye1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,figure #be4--;,corn sheller4 7,catalog ,no4 #bgh47 #bgh4 ,corn ,sheller1 about #ahih4 ,,usnm #bfdggi2 #aife4 ,a corn sheller that was operated by means of a hand crank4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,stephen ,lang1 ,san ,fernando1 ,california4 #bgi4 ,barbed-,wire ,display ,panel1 about #aidj4 ,,usnm #bfddge2 #aiff4 ,display panel of #gh different types of barbed wire4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,frank ,horsfall1 ,blacksburg1 ,virginia4 #bhj4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgh4 ,eight pieces of ,brotherton ,barb1 a wire patented by ,j4 ,brotherton of ,ames1 ,iowa1 in #ahgh2 ,patent #bjg1gaj4 ,it became very popular1 and was second only to ,glidden's ,the ,winner in sales4 ,it had nonslipping barbs and was easy to make4 #bha4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhb4 ,baker ,perfect1 a barbed wire invented by ,george ,baker of ,des ,moines1 ,iowa4 ,it was popular and widely used but never patented4 #bhb4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahha4 ,from ,jefferson ,county1 ,iowa4 ,patented by ,edward ,m4 ,crandall of ,chicago1 ,illinois1 in #ahha2 ,patent #bdg1edj4 #bhc4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgf4 ,two pieces of ,twist ,oval1 a wire patented by ,josiah ,f4 ,glidden of ,de ,kalb1 ,illinois1 in #ahgf2 ,patent #aha1dcc4 ,the use of oval wire shows an effort to prevent slipping of the barb4 #bhd4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgg4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,henry ,m4 ,rose of ,waterman1 ,illinois1 in #ahgg2 ,patent #aih1fhh4 #bhe4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgh4 ,from ,jefferson ,county1 ,iowa4 ,patented by ,michael ,daley of ,waterman1 ,illinois1 in #ahgh2 ,patent #bji1dfg4 #bhf4 ,barbed ,wire1 date unknown4 ,from ,jefferson ,county1 ,iowa4 ,a handmade specimen made with a tool in this collection4 #bhg4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahge4 ,dobbs and ,booth1 patented by ,john ,dobbs and ,benjamin ,booth of ,victor1 ,iowa1 in #ahge2 ,patent #aga1aje4 #bhh4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgg4 ,from south-western ,arkansas4 ,patented by ,j4 ,f4 ,glidden4 #bhi4 ,barbed ,wire1 date unknown4 ,from ,nodaway1 ,county1 ,missouri4 ,a claim that this wire was patented by ,j4 ,f4 ,glidden has not been verified4 #bij4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgh4 ,from ,jefferson ,county1 ,iowa4 ,patented by ,spencer ,st4 ,john of ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa1 in #ahgh2 ,patent #bje1fig4 #bia4 ,barbed ,wire1 date unknown4 ,standard cattle barbed wire patented by ,j4 ,f4 ,glidden and made by ,republic ,steel ,wire ,company4 #bib4 ,barbed ,wire1 date unknown4 ,standard hog barbed wire patented by ,j4 ,f4 ,glidden and made by ,republic ,steel ,wire ,company4 #bic4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgh4 ,from ,atchison ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,william ,h4 ,frye of ,marshalltown1 ,iowa1 in #ahgh2 ,patent #bjd1cab4 #bid4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhc4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,joseph ,goss of ,beloit1 ,wisconsin1 in #ahhc2 ,patent #bhb1dec4 #bie4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhe4 ,two pieces of ,brink-,martelle1 a wire patented by ,john ,j4 ,brinkerhoff of ,auburn1 ,new ,york1 in #ahhe2 ,patent #cbd1baa4 ,the round wire lacks its barbs4 #bif4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhc4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,william ,s4 ,bate of ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 in #ahhc2 ,patent #bgc1bde4 #big4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgi4 ,champion1 or ,zig-,zag1 patented by ,edward ,m4 ,crandall of ,chicago1 ,illinois1 in #ahgi2 ,patent #bba1aeh4 #bih4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahha4 ,two pieces of ,buckthorn 7modified71 patented by ,t4 ,v4 ,allis of ,new ,york1 ,new ,york1 in #ahha2 ,patent #bdd1gbf4 #bii4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgh4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,ole ,o4 ,kittleson of ,milan1 ,illinois1 in #ahgh2 ,patent #bjc1cdi4 #cjj4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahha4 ,two pieces of ,brink ,flat1 patented by ,jacob and ,warren ,m4 ,brinkerhoff of ,auburn1 ,new ,york1 in #ahha2 ,patent #bda1fja4 #cja4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhd4 ,four pieces of ,decker ,spread1 patented by ,alexander ,c4 ,decker of ,bushnell1 ,illinois1 in #ahhd2 ,patent #bii1iaf4 #cjb4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgi4 ,brink ,twist1 patented by ,jacob and ,warren ,m4 ,brinkerhoff of ,auburn1 ,new ,york1 in #ahgi2 ,patent #bad1jie4 #cjc4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgg4 ,ladder ,barbed ,wire1 patented by ,alexander ,decker of ,bushnell1 ,illinois1 in #ahgg2 ,patent #ahf1gaf4 #cjd4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgf4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,elijah ,sims of ,aurora1 ,illinois1 in #ahgf2 ,patent #agh1aie4 #cje4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhd4 ,sunderland ,kink1 patented by ,l4 ,e4 ,sunderland of ,joliet1 ,illinois1 in #ahhd2 ,patent #cjc1djf4 ,this wire has nonslipping barbs4 #cjf4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahib4 ,from ,caldwell ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,j4 ,w4 ,griswold of ,troy1 ,new ,york1 in #ahib2 ,patent #dhf1agi4 #cjg4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhc4 ,stubbe ,plate1 patented by ,john ,stubbe of ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania1 in #ahhc2 ,patent #bhg1ccg4 ,this wire carried a patch so animals could see it easily4 #cjh4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahge4 ,haish ',s'1 patented by ,jacob ,haish of ,de ,kalb1 ,illinois1 in #ahge2 ,patent #afg1bdj4 #cji4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgd4 ,kennedy ,barbs1 patented by ,charles ,kennedy of ,aurora1 ,illinois1 in #ahgd2 ,patent #aec1ife4 #caj4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahfh4 ,thorny ,fence1 patented by ,michael ,kelly of ,new ,york1 ,new ,york1 in #ahfh2 ,patent #gd1cgi4 #caa4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgd4 ,the ,winner1 patented by ,josiah ,f4 ,glidden of ,de ,kalb1 ,illinois1 in #ahgd2 ,patent #aeg1abd4 ,this was the most successful and most popular barbed wire4 ,it neither slipped nor twisted4 #cab4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #aici4 ,war wire 7,world ,war ,,ii7 from the ,australian shoreline4 #cac4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhj4 ,haish ',s' 7modified74 #cad4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #aici4 ,war wire 7,world ,war ,,ii7 from ,bizerta1 ,tunis1 ,north ,africa4 #cae4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #aici4 ,war wire 7,german or ,italian1 ,world ,war ,,ii7 from ,naples1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bf4--;,haish barbed wire and advertisement4 7,catalog ,no4 #caf47 #caf4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahha4 ,brink ,flat1 patented by ,jacob and ,warren ,m4 ,brinkerhoff of ,auburn1 ,new ,york1 in #ahha2 ,patent #bda1fja4 ,this piece has a factory splice4 #cag4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahge4 ,corsicana ,clip1 patented by ,daniel ,c4 ,stover of ,freeport1 ,illinois1 in #ahge2 ,patent #afd1idg4 #cah4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhc4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,andrew ,j4 ,upham of ,syracuse1 ,illinois1 in #ahhc2 ,patent #bhd1bfa4 #cai4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhc4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,william ,m4 ,clow of ,wheatland1 ,illinois1 in #ahhc2 ,patent #bhe1jad4 #cbj4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhb4 ,from ,galloway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,joseph ,h4 ,connelly of ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania1 in #ahhb2 ,patent #bed1bgh4 #cba4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhb4 ,dodge and ,washburn1 patented by ,thomas ,h4 ,dodge and ,charles ,g4 ,washburn of ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 #cbb4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgi4 ,ross's ,four ,point1 patented by ,noble ,s4 ,ross of ,chicago1 ,illinois1 in #ahgi2 ,patent #baf1bid4 ,this wire was very common in the prairie states4 #cbc4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgh4 ,two pieces of ,billings' ,simple1 patented by ,frank ,billings of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 in #ahgh2 ,patent #bje1bcd4 ,this wire hurt the animals but it was cheap and easy to make4 #cbd4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahha4 ,shinn's ,four ,point1 patented by ,milton ,shinn of ,burlington1 ,iowa1 in #ahha2 ,patent #bch1ddg4 #cbe4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgi4 ,two pieces of ,four ,point ,wager from ,andrew ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,j4 ,f4 ,glidden of ,de ,kalb1 ,illinois1 in #ahgi2 ,patent #bad1baa4 #cbf4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgg4 ,burnell's ,four ,point1 patented by ,arthur ,burnell of ,marshalltown1 ,iowa1 in #ahgg2 ,patent #aib1bbe4 #cbg4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgf4 ,two pieces of ,hold ,fast1 or ,merrill ,twirl1 patented by ,john ,c4 ,merrill of ,turkey ,river1 ,iowa1 in #ahgf2 ,patent #ahe1fhh4 #cbh4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgf4 ,lazy ,plate1 patented by ,w4 ,watkins of ,joliet1 ,illinois1 in #ahgf2 ,patent #ahd1dhf4 #cbi4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgi4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,john ,s4 ,crowell of ,springfield1 ,ohio1 in #ahgi2 ,patent #bae1hhh4 #ccj4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahhc4 ,from ,nodaway ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,james ,b4 ,oliver of ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania1 in #ahhc2 ,patent #bhf1adg4 #cca4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahge4 ,split ,diamond1 patented by ,henry ,frentress of ,dunleith1 ,illinois1 in #ahge2 ,patent #aga1jjh4 #ccb4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgf4 ,jayne-,hill1 patented by ,william ,jayne and ,james ,hill of ,boone1 ,iowa1 in #ahgf2 ,patent #agf1abj4 ,the barbs clamp very firmly in this wire4 #ccc4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahgd4 ,from ,andrew ,county1 ,missouri4 ,patented by ,josiah ,f4 ,glidden of ,de ,kalb1 ,illinois1 in #ahgd2 ,patent #aej1fhc4 #ccd4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #aici4 ,war wire used by the ,british army in ,world ,war ,,ii4 #cce4 ,barbed ,wire1 about #aiad4 ,war wire used by the ,u4 ,s4 ,army in ,world ,war ,i4 #ccf4 ,barbed ,wire1 date unknown4 ,glidden ,no4 #ea1 a wide-faced cattle wire made by ,republic ,steel ,wire ,company4 #ccg4 ,barbed ,wire1 date unknown4 ,glidden ,no4 #ej1 a closed-face hog wire made by ,republic ,steel ,wire ,company4 #cch4 ,tool for ,barbed ,wire1 about #ahge4 ,device for making barbed wire on the farm4 ,patented by ,john ,dobbs and ,benjamin ,booth in #ahge2 ,patent #aff1eaa4 #cci4 ,barbed ,wire1 #ahha4 ,,usnm #bfeiab2 #aiff4 ,brink ,flat1 patented in #ahha4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,miles ,mc,peek1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cdj4 ,stump ,puller1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bffhaa2 #aiff4 ,a one-man1 hand-operated stump puller4 ,the machine consists of several pulleys1 a length of wire cable1 and a rachet mechanism to give leverage4 ,gift of ,a4 ,e4 ,mc,mechan1 ,joplin1 ,missouri4 #cda4 ,plowshare1 about #ahdj4 ,,usnm #bfhidi2 #aiff4 ,a wrought-iron fragment from a plowshare said to have been used for cultivating cotton in ,south ,carolina4 ,it appears to be from a duck foot type plow4 ,gift of ,great ,plains ,museum1 ,lawton1 ,oklahoma4 #cdb4 ,saddler's ,buck1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfhaii2 #aiff4 ,a small bench with a wooden vise to hold leather and parts of saddles4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cdc4 ,flax ,breaker1 mid or late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfhaii2 #aiff4 ,a rectangular bench measuring about #c feet long1 #c feet high1 and #c feet wide4 ,the operator pulled a hinged arm of slats down on the bench1 which also has slats4 ,the flax stems broke between the slats4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cdd4 ,prairie ,sod ,plow1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfhaii2 #aiff4 ,this heavy plow with an #h-;foot beam broke virgin prairie soil4 ,the long fingers of the moldboard helped break the sod further4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bg4--;,butter worker1 #aith century4 7,catalog ,no4 #cde47 #cde4 ,butter ,worker1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfhaii2 #aiff4 ,this butter worker consists of a wooden tray 7#c feet by #b feet7 and a grooved wooden roller4 ,the roller is passed over the butter in the tray by means of a hand crank1 thus working the excess water to the top of the butter where it could be poured off4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cdf4 ,grain ,scoop1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfhaii2 #aiff4 ,this wooden grain scoop1 or possibly flour scoop1 measures #ab inches by #ah inches and has a #d-;foot handle4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cdg4 ,barrel ,churn1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #bfhaii1 #aiff4 ,this rocking churn consists of a wooden barrel of #e-;gallon capacity and a wooden ,x type stand4 ,it was in use in #ahgf4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cdh4 ,plunger ,churn1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bfhaii2 #aiff4 ,a small 7#a gallon7 plunger-type butter churn which consists of a wooden barrel and a wooden paddle attached to a #c-;foot handle4 ,gift of ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 #cdi4 ,tobacco ,hogshead1 #ahfi4 ,,usnm #bdibed2 #aiff4 ,a tobacco hogshead reconstructed from a picture appearing in ,harper's ,weekly of ,december #aa1 #ahfi4 ,the hogshead1 constructed of rough lumber1 is #f feet long and #d feet in diameter4 ,a horse or mule was hitched to the hogshead4 ,gift of ,laross ,bros4 ,co41 ,richmond1 ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bh4--;,fordson tractor 7#aiah7 before restoration work4 ,the winch and wheel fenders were added by the tractor's owners4 7,catalog ,no4 #cej47 #cej4 ,fordson ,tractor1 #aiah4 ,,usnm #bfhhif2 #aiff4 ,the #aiah ,fordson was the first tractor marketed by the ,ford ,motor ,co4 for domestic use4 ,its four-cylinder gas engine developed #bj hp4 ,the tractor measures #db inches across the rear wheels and #bh inches across the front4 ,the rear wheels1 of steel1 have riveted lugs4 ,a winch has been added in the front4 ,gift of ,thomas ,a4 ,de,long1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 #cea4 ,steel ,bear ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dhhb2 #aiff4 ,this is a typical bear trap of the late #aith century4 ,it has steel jaws with a spread of #aa-c_/d inches and a wrought-iron pan4 ,it weighs #ag pounds4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #ceb4 ,steel ,deer ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,this is a ,no4 #d steel deer trap manufactured by the ,oneida ,community in the late #aith century4 ,it has steel jaws with a spread of #f-a_/b inches1 a wrought-iron pan1 and a double spring4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #cec4 ,steel ,beaver ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,a double-springed1 steel beaver trap4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #ced4 ,steel ,otter ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,this trap has a double spring and a jaw spread of #e-a_/b inches4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #cee4 ,steel ,fox ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,this steel1 ,no4 #b fox trap has a double spring and a jaw spread of #d-g_/h inches4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #cef4 ,steel ,mink ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,this trap has a single spring and a jaw spread of #d-g_/h inches4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #ceg4 ,steel ,muskrat ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,this muskrat trap has a single spring and a jaw spread of #d inches4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #ceh4 ,steel ,rat ,trap1 #ahgf4 ,,usnm #dggb2 #aiff4 ,this trap has a single spring and a jaw spread of #c-a_/b inches4 ,gift of ,oneida ,community1 ,new ,york4 #cei4 ,bottle of #b1d-;,d ,herbicide1 #aidd4 ,,usnm #bfhffh2 #aiff4 ,this bottle contains a small amount of the original purchase of #b1d-;,d by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture from the ,american ,chemical and ,paint ,company of ,ambler1 ,pennsylvania1 in #aidd4 ,it cost #ab4ej a pound at the time4 ,scientists at the ,department of ,agriculture used the material in extensive experiments on plant growth inhibitors4 ,subsequently1 #b1d-;,d became the most common chemical used for weed killing4 ,gift of ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mitchell1 ,university of ,maryland1 through ,gale ,peterson1 ,university of ,maryland4 #cfj4 ,winnowing ,machine1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bgjjji2 #aiff4 ,typical mid-#aith-century fanning mill with vibrator cleaner4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,henry ,c4 ,slunt1 ,hyattsville1 ,maryland4 #cfa4 ,winnowing ,machine1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bgjjji2 #aiff4 ,typical mid-#aith-century fanning mill with screen vibrator cleaner4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,henry ,c4 ,slunt1 ,hyattsville1 ,maryland4 ,illustration3 ,figure #bi4--;,john ,deere ,model ,d tractor1 #aibc4 7,catalog ,no4 #cfb47 #cfb4 ,john ,deere ,model ,d ,tractor1 #aibc4 ,,usnm #bgjhfe2 #aifg4 ,the ,john ,deere ,model ,d was the first tractor of the line bearing that name4 ,the ,waterloo ,tractor ,works1 ,waterloo1 ,iowa1 made the tractor in #aibc4 ,gift of ,deere ,company1 ,moline1 ,illinois1 through ,george ,f4 ,neiley4 #cfc4 ,waterloo ,boy ,model ,n ,tractor1 #aiah4 ,,usnm #bgjhfd2 #aifg4 ,the ,waterloo ,boy tractor was manufactured first as ,model ,r1 in #aiad1 and then as ,model ,n1 beginning in #aiah4 ,the ,waterloo ,gasoline ,engine ,company of ,waterloo1 ,iowa1 made the ,waterloo ,boy4 ,it was the first tractor marketed by the ,john ,deer ,company1 which acquired the ,waterloo ,gasoline ,engine ,company in #aiah4 ,the ,waterloo ,boy continued to be produced by ,john ,deere ,company until #aibc1 when that company brought out its own ,model ,d4 ,gift of ,deere ,company1 ,moline1 ,illinois1 through ,george ,f4 ,neiley4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cj4--;,cheese press4 7,catalog ,no4 #cfd47 #cfd4 ,cheese ,press1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #agjhhf2 #aifg4 ,small1 wooden1 hand-operated cheese press1 dating from the late #aith century but not unlike those in use a century before4 ,gift of ,carlton ,m4 ,gunn1 ,sunderland1 ,massachusetts1 through ,allister ,f4 ,mac,dougall4 #cfe4 ,gas-,turbine ,tractor1 #aife4 ,,usnm #bgdedi2 #aifg4 ,this ,,ht-#cdj experimental gasoline turbine tractor operates with a hydrostatic transmission4 ,it is air-cooled and has no brakes1 gears1 or clutch4 ,the #ij-pound motor produces #he hp4 ,it tended to rear back because of its excessive power and so could not be put into commercial production until a less-powerful engine had been developed4 ,gift of ,international ,harvester ,company1 through ,john ,j4 ,dierbeck4 ,illustration3 ,figure #ca4--;,fitzhenry-,guptill power sprayer 7#aijh71 seen here spraying for elm leaf beetles on the grounds of the ,u4,s4 ,capitol1 ,may #aiaa4 7,catalog ,no4 #cff47 #cff4 ,fitzhenry-,guptill ,power ,sprayer1 #aijh4 ,,usnm #bgeajc2 #aifg4 ,this is the first power sprayer used by the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,it was built in #aijh and used to spray for gypsy moths in ,new ,england4 ,it was horse-drawn and had a #b-;cylinder mounted engine to furnish power for the sprayer4 ,gift of ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 through ,e4 ,d4 ,burgess4 #cfg4 ,truck ,seat1 about #aiba4 ,,usnm #bgfjhj2 #aifg4 ,this truck seat1 invented and manufactured by the ,bostrom ,corporation1 is significant because of its suspension system1 which gave greater comfort and convenience to the driver and came to be used in many truck and tractor lines of several manufacturers4 ,gift of ,bostrom ,corporation1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 through ,karl ,bostrom4 #cfh4 ,tractor ,seat1 about #aiba4 ,,usnm #bgfjhj2 #aifg4 ,a suspension seat for tractors produced by the ,bostrom ,corporation in #aiba4 ,it was used first on the ,oliver tractor4 ,all seats now used on tractors derived from this basic design4 ,gift of ,bostrom ,corporation1 ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 through ,karl ,bostrom4 #cfi4 ,hog ,snouter1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bgefjd2 #aifh4 ,the snouter is a scissors-like device for clamping a ring in the pig's nose4 ,the ring prevents the animal from rooting under or against fences4 ,gift of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,george ,e4 ,morgenstern of ,lake ,forest1 ,illinois4 #cgj4 ,one-,way ,disk ,plow1 about #aibd4 ,,usnm #bggfbi2 #aifh4 ,invented in the #aibjs but declared unpatentable by the ,patent ,office1 the one-way disk plow became commonplace in the dry farming areas of the ,great ,plains4 ,the disks1 set at an angle1 cast less furrow than a moldboard plow4 ,this specimen is a reconstruction of the original4 ,gift of ,francis ,angell1 ,plains1 ,kansas4 #cga4 ,wine ,press1 about #ahhd4 ,,usnm #bgidea2 #aifh4 ,the donor's father brought this wine press to the ,united ,states from ,rheinfeldon1 ,switzerland1 in #ahhd4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,clara ,bieber1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cgb4 ,mill ,picks1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bgideb2 #aifh4 ,steel picks used to repair and sharpen grooves in millstones4 ,gift of ,c4 ,w4 ,wimberly1 ,san ,marcos1 ,texas4 #cgc4 ,seamless ,flour ,sack1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bgideb2 #aifh4 ,a fairly typical flour sack of the time1 although sacks with seams were more common4 ,gift of ,c4 ,w4 ,wimberly1 ,san ,marcos1 ,texas4 #cgd4 ,sorghum ,cane ,mill1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bhjbgf2 #aifh4 ,a steel1 horse-powered mill1 about #d feet high and #c feet in circumference1 for crushing sorghum stalks to produce syrup2 factory made4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,emery ,l4 ,stout1 ,lost ,creek1 ,west ,virginia4 #cge4 ,midget ,incubator1 about #aide4 ,,usnm #bhjbgg2 #aifh4 ,midget incubator and literature pertaining to it4 ,this incubator was patented by ,e4 ,a4 ,braun in #aide 7,patent #b1ehc1iic74 ,it was made for educational purposes for schools and laboratories and for use in private homes to germinate seeds1 microscopic organisms1 etc4 ,gift of ,e4 ,a4 ,braun1 ,chatham1 ,new ,jersey4 #cgf4 ,ten-,gallon ,milk ,can1 #aibjs or later4 ,,usnm #bhbcbd2 #aifh4 ,an unexceptional milk can of about #aibj1 with the more common type of lid4 ,it was found at the farm of ,malcolm ,brumback1 near ,belle ,grove ,plantation1 ,middleton1 ,virginia4 ,purchased4 #cgg4 ,hand ,corn ,shuckers1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bhbcbd2 #aifi4 ,seven hand corn shuckers1 each consisting of a spike attached to a handle which fits over the hand4 ,these are quite typical and of a type used for over a century4 ,gift of ,john ,n4 ,hoffman1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cgh4 ,model ,toy ,tractors1 #aifh4 ,,usnm #bhbfig2 #aifi4 ,ten model toy tractors1 authentic as to outward details3 7#a7 ,caterpillar ,d#f1 7#b7 ,a4 ,c4 ,crawler1 7#c7 ,minneapolis-,moline1 7#d7 ,oliver1 7#e7 ,case1 7#f7 ,allis-,chalmers1 7#g7 ,g-#ajjj ,vista1 7#h7 ,ford1 7#i7 ,i4 ,h4 ,hay ,baler1 7#aj7 ,ford set4 ,gift of ,ertl ,company1 ,dyersville1 ,iowa1 through ,fred ,ertl1 ,jr4 #cgi4 ,sidehill ,plow 7,knapp71 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bhbibf2 #aifi4 ,sidehill plow patented and manufactured by the ,knapps4 ,the plow can be flipped over at the end of the row to cast all the furrows in one direction when plowing on hills4 ,one of several variations on the idea4 ,this is a copy of a #aith-century plow4 ,gift of ,n4 ,e4 ,knapp1 through ,leslie ,o4 ,merrill of ,san ,mateo ,historical ,association1 ,san ,mateo1 ,california4 #chj4 ,crop ,meter1 about #aibe4 ,,usnm #bhccjf2 #aifi4 ,this crop meter was developed in #aibe by the ,department of ,agriculture as an aid in estimating the acreage of cotton in ,mississippi4 ,the crop meter was attached to the dashboard of an automobile and connected by cable to the odometer4 ,a circuitous route was followed through the cotton area1 and when the driver came to the edge of a cotton field he pushed a button which started the meter measuring the frontage of the field4 ,the total mileage registered could be interpreted in terms of the acreage4 ,the meter method was later replaced by aerial observation4 ,gift of ,statistical ,reporting ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 through ,harry ,c4 ,trelogan4 #cha4 ,cotton ,boll ,weigher1 about #aicj4 ,,usnm #bhccjf2 #aifi4 ,a cylinder1 #b-a_/b feet high1 for measuring the size of a cotton boll by water displacement4 ,when this device was used in conjunction with the crop meter1 the actual fiber yield of a year's crop could be estimated4 ,gift of ,statistical ,reporting ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 #chb4 ,viking ,garden ,tractor1 about #aiaf4 ,,usnm #bhgeib2 #aifi4 ,a garden tractor with a gasoline engine and equipped with cultivator prongs4 ,the operator walked behind the tractor and guided it down the rows4 ,gift of ,woodson ,high ,school1 ,fairfax1 ,virginia4 #chc4 ,clam ,rake1 mid #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bhdhih2 #aifi4 ,a small rake1 with tines about #aj inches long and a handle of about #b feet1 used by a clam digger on ,cape ,cod4 ,gift of ,kurt ,vonnegut1 ,jr41 ,west ,barnstable1 ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cb4--,scale model of ,aultman-,taylor steam tractor of #ahib4 7,catalog ,no4 #chd47 #chd4 ,model of ,aultman-,taylor ,steam ,tractor1 #ahib4 ,,usnm #bhejec2 #aifi4 ,this scale model is fully operative and correct in every detail4 ,it is about #c feet long1 #a foot high1 and #f inches wide4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,raymond ,stout1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #che4 ,maps of ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,forests1 #aijh4 ,,usnm #bhdhig2 #aifi4 ,eight maps4 ,regional maps of forest reserves in the ,u4 ,s4 and territories as of #aijh4 ,transferred from ,division of ,mechanical and ,civil ,engineering1 ,national ,museum of ,history and ,technology4 #chf4 ,corn ,sheller1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bhejeb2 #aifi4 ,this factory-made implement is all wood except for the teeth and gears4 ,it could handle only one ear of corn at a time and it was neither shaped properly nor adjustable enough to get the nubbins4 ,gift of ,daniel ,gartling1 ,cockeysville1 ,maryland4 #chg4 ,grass ,mower1 about #aicj4 ,,usnm #bhejeb2 #aifi4 ,this mower1 manufactured by ,international ,harvester1 has a gasoline engine4 ,the cutters are similar to mower and reaper cutter-bars1 but there is no protective cover on the cutting mechanism4 ,gift of ,daniel ,gartling1 ,cockeysville1 ,maryland4 #chh4 ,spring-,toothed ,harrow1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bhejeb2 #aifi4 ,this was a commonplace implement of its type and period4 ,the steel frame1 measuring about #d feet by #d feet1 was designed to be linked into gangs of harrows1 of whatever size desired1 and to be pulled by horses or tractors4 ,made by ,j4 ,i4 ,case ,company4 ,gift of ,daniel ,gartling1 ,cockeysville1 ,maryland4 #chi4 ,mc,cormick-,deering ,cream ,separator1 #aibjs4 ,,usnm #bhejeb2 #aifi4 ,a hand-powered1 centrifugal cream separator commonly found on dairy and other farms all over the country in the late #aith century and early #bjth century4 ,the original owner kept this specimen for replacement parts but he never needed it for that purpose4 ,it is complete and fully operational4 ,gift of ,daniel ,gartling1 ,cockeysville1 ,maryland4 #cij4 ,hay ,baler1 mid #aith century4 ,,usnm #bhfebb2 #aifi4 ,a horse-drawn screw-press that packed the hay1 which was then tied by hand4 ,this baler1 #g feet square and #ae feet high1 is similar to machines advertised in the #ahejs that were largely superseded in the #ahgjs4 ,gift of ,john ,hosford1 ,stone ,ridge1 ,new ,york4 #cia4 ,grass ,sickles1 about #ahhd4 ,received in #aifi4 ,two ordinary grass sickles4 ,gift of ,t4 ,h4 ,bean1 ,barnridge1 ,pennsylvania1 in #ahhd4 ,transferred from ,department of ,anthropology1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #cib4 ,grain ,clips1 about #ahid4 ,received in #aifi4 ,gift of ,d4,e4,t4 in #ahid4 ,transferred from ,department of ,anthropology1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #cic4 ,wright's ,patented ,expansion ,bit1 #aith century4 ,received in #aifi4 ,woodworking tool1 a drill4 ,gift of ,n4 ,materville of ,connecticut ,valley in #aiag4 ,transferred from ,department of ,anthropology1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #cid4 ,heavy ,knife1 late #aith century4 ,received in #aifi4 ,a knife for cutting hay and straw4 ,from ,beardsly ,scythe ,company4 ,transferred from ,department of ,anthropology1 ,smithsonian ,institution4 #cie4 ,grain ,drill1 #aijj-aiaj4 ,,usnm #bhgace2 #aifi4 ,this wheeled1 wooden seed box1 with metal disks to open the soil1 drilled about seven rows at a time4 ,the drill was designed to be horse-drawn1 but this specimen has been modified to be pulled by a tractor4 ,the brand name ,hoosier appears on the box4 ,gift of ,innes ,saunders1 ,leesburg1 ,virginia4 #cif4 ,mowing ,machine1 #aijj-aiaj4 ,,usnm #bhgace2 #aifi4 ,a horse-drawn1 ,mc,cormick-,deering sulky mower that later was modified to be pulled by a tractor4 ,this mower is representative of machines in the last years of the horse era in ,american farming4 ,gift of ,innes ,saunders1 ,leesburg1 ,virginia4 #cig4 ,corn ,cultivator1 #aijj-aiaj4 ,,usnm #bhgace2 #aifi4 ,a ,mc,cormick-,deering four-shovel corn cultivator with two arms for working two rows at once4 ,gift of ,innes ,saunders1 ,leesburg1 ,virginia4 #cih4 ,corn ,cutter1 #aijj-aiai4 ,,usnm #bhgace2 #aifi4 ,a ,mc,cormick-,deering1 horse-drawn corn cutter4 ,the rider grabbed the corn stalks in his arms while a blade cut the stalks on the ground4 ,this implement was used chiefly to cut fodder for livestock4 ,gift of ,innes ,saunders1 ,leesburg1 ,virginia4 #cii4 ,fanning ,mill1 #aijj-aiaj4 ,,usnm #bhgace2 #aifi4 ,a hand-operated1 wooden fanning mill with hurdle1 screen1 grader1 and side spout4 ,the separator and winnower are combined4 ,gift of ,innes ,saunders1 ,leesburg1 ,virginia4 #djj4 ,hay ,rake1 #aijj-aiaj4 ,,usnm #bhgace2 #aifi4 ,a ,mc,cormick-,deering sulky rake with spring steel teeth and a hand-operated dumping mechanism4 ,gift of ,innes ,saunders1 ,leesburg1 ,virginia4 #dja4 ,book3 ,the ,growth of ,industrial ,art1 #ahib4 ,,usnm #bhghfc2 #aifi4 ,this #bjj-page book by ,benjamin ,butterworth was printed at the ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahib4 ,it contains line drawings of many agricultural tools and implements1 some of them ancient4 ,gift of ,william ,perkins1 ,hyattsville1 ,maryland4 #djb4 ,corn ,huskers1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bhgeic2 #aifi4 ,these huskers fit over the hand like a glove without fingers4 ,a steel hook in the palm removed the corn husks4 ,similar devices date back to at least the early #aith century4 ,gift of ,melvin ,deschner1 ,halstend1 ,kansas4 #djc4 ,corn ,huskers1 late #aith century4 ,,usnm #bhgeia2 #aifi4 ,similar to the huskers in ,number #djb4 ,gift of ,cecil ,eberle1 ,newton1 ,kansas4 #djd4 ,milking ,machine1 about #aiej4 ,,usnm #bhghfb2 #aifi4 ,a ,mc,cormick-,deering milking machine with four suction cups that worked from a gasoline-powered vacuum pump4 ,it is a machine typical of its time and place4 ,gift of ,conrad ,lawlor1 ,madrid1 ,iowa4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cc4--;,international ,harvester spindle cotton picker1 #aidb4 7,catalog ,no4 #dje47 #dje4 ,mechanical ,cotton ,picker1 #aidb4 ,,usnm #bhhafc2 #aigj4 ,international ,harvester ,model ,h-#aj-;,h1 single-row1 spindle cotton picker of #aidb4 ,the ,model ,h-#aj-;,h1 developed in #aida1 was the first commercially successful spindle picker4 ,it is about #ac feet high and weighs about #d tons4 ,this machine and its successors completely transformed the cotton farming industry and led to the destruction of the share-cropping system4 ,gift of ,producers ,cotton ,oil ,co41 ,fresno1 ,california1 through ,international ,harvester ,corporation4 #djf4 ,duplicator1 late #aith century and early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bijicf2 #aigj4 ,this duplicator1 a tube about #b-a_/b inches in diameter and about #ab inches long1 was used to copy farm records4 ,the user wrote on paper with an indelible pencil4 ,the original paper and copy papers were placed between two water-soaked linen leaves and all was rolled up on a wooden spool4 ,then the spool was inserted in the tube and left for a few minutes until the penciled ink stained through the wet papers and thus made copies4 ,this specimen was used on a farm in ,virginia4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,arthur ,z4 ,gardiner1 ,mc,lean1 ,virginia4 #djg4 ,orchard ,ladder1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bijicf2 #aigj4 ,this ladder1 about #i feet high and with #aj steps1 narrows toward the top4 ,adjustable legs allowed it to be moved forward or backward for the desired positions in fruit picking4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,arthur ,z4 ,gardiner1 ,mc,lean1 ,virginia4 #djh4 ,tobacco1 #aifi4 ,,usnm #biacej2 #aigj4 ,leaves of tobacco1 a plug of tobacco for chewing1 and a leaf roll of tobacco4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,wanda ,white1 ,thurmond1 ,north ,carolina4 #dji4 ,john ,deere ,garden ,tractor1 #aifc4 ,,usnm #bgebgf2 #aigj4 ,the first garden tractor-riding lawn mower made by ,john ,deere ,company in #aifc4 ,called the #aaj1 it is a typical suburban tractor with a #g-;horsepower engine and forward and reverse gears4 ,gift of ,john ,deere ,company1 ,moline1 ,illinois1 through ,george ,neiley4 #daj4 ,montamower ,lawn ,mower1 #aibc4 ,,usnm #biccef2 #aigj4 ,this lawn mower1 made by ,montamower ,co41 ,traverse ,city1 ,michigan1 has #af rotary blades that are about #b inches in diameter4 ,the blades are set in a frame and are geared to the same number of wheels on the ground4 ,the machine was patented on ,august #ba1 #aibc4 ,gift of ,andrew ,corle1 ,chevy ,chase1 ,maryland4 #daa4 ,cyclone ,seeder1 early #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bibhgb2 #aiga4 ,a crank-operated broadcast seeder that the farmer carried as he walked across the field4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,alice ,wiser1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 #dab4 ,straw ,beehive1 #bjth century4 ,,usnm #bifbfj2 #aiga4 ,this skep 7a beehive made of woven straw7 was made in the #aiejs but is of a sort that has been used since ancient times4 ,gift of ,a4 ,g4 ,woodson ,company1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan4 #dac4 ,apple ,cider ,press1 about #ahge4 ,received in #aiga4 ,this ,buckeye press1 made mostly of wood1 was manufactured by the ,p4 ,p4 ,mast ,company of ,springfield1 ,ohio4 ,many presses of this design were used throughout the country4 ,gift of ,mrs4 ,s4 ,d4 ,mottley1 ,marshall1 ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,figure #cd4--,roberts-,mackensen bee insemination instrument1 #aidd4 7,catalog ,no4 #dad47 #dad4 ,roberts-,mackensen ,bee ,insemination ,instrument1 #aidd4 ,,usnm #biedad2 #aiga4 ,this stainless steel device holds the queen bee while the technician performs the operation4 ,controlled breeding of bees has resulted in hardy and gentle breeds and greater production of honey4 ,gift of ,dadant ,sons1 ,hamilton1 ,illinois1 through ,charles ,dadant4 ,index to the ,catalog 7,all numbers refer to catalog entries1 not to pages7 ,a4 ,g4 ,woodson ,co41 #dab ,a ,p ,co41 donor1 #gb ,abbot1 ,charles ,g41 donor1 #bg ,agriculture1 ,department of1 donor1 #de1 #df1 #dh-ec1 #ee1 #ii1 #cff1 #chj1 #cha1 #che ,allis1 ,t4 ,w41 #bih ,allis-,chalmers crawler tractor1 #cgh ,american ,chemical and ,paint ,co41 #cei ,american ,philosophical ,society1 #hh1 #bjg ,angell1 ,francis1 donor1 #cgj ,animals1 see ,livestock ,animal husbandry1 #bec1 #cfi1 #cij ,anthropology1 ,department of ,smithsonian ,institution1 donor1 #cia1 #cib1 #cid ,anvil1 ,korean1 #f ,apples1 implements used in connection with1 #bbb1 #bdc1 #dac ,apiary1 #ii1 #dab ,artificial insemination of bees1 #dad ,arthur1 ,b4 ,f41 donor1 #dd ,aultman-,taylor steam tractor1 #djf ,auth ,provision ,co41 donor1 #ef1 #eg ,avery ,bulldog tractor1 #adb ,axe1 meat1 #ei2 tobacco1 #bei ,babcock butterfat tester1 #fh1 #bcj ,bailey1 ,jeremiah1 #agj ,bailey mower1 #agj ,baker1 ,george1 #bha ,baker ,perfect barbed wire1 #bha ,baking1 #ic ,baldwin's ,improved ,american ,fodder ,cutter1 #bah ,baler1 #bfa1 #cij ,bananas1 #ga ,barbed wire1 #dd1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bdh1 #bgi-cci ,barley1 forks for1 #acb1 #bgd ,barrel1 churn1 #ib1 #cdg2 tobacco1 #cdi ,bar share1 #aaa ,basket1 winnowing1 #ah1 #ada ,bate1 ,william ,s41 #bif ,bean1 ,t4 ,h41 donor1 #cia ,beans1 equipment for1 #gd ,bear1 trap for1 #cea ,beardsly ,scythe ,co41 donor1 #cid ,beaver1 trap for1 #cec ,becker1 ,herman1 donor1 #beg ,bees1 #ii1 #dab1 #dad ,bein1 ,thomas ,w41 donor1 #bah ,bell1 ,patrick1 #agd ,bell reaper1 #agd ,bell7s71 cow1 #ajh2 turkey1 #bff ,bench1 for lard press1 #aae2 saddler's1 #cdb ,bieber1 ,mrs4 ,clara1 donor1 #cga ,billings1 ,frank1 #cbc ,billings' ,simple barbed wire1 #cbc ,binder1 grain1 #beb ,binder's rake1 #abj ,bit1 expansion1 #cic ,blacksmith1 ,korean1 #f1 #g ,blake1 ,john ,b41 donor1 #bji1 #bbe-bca ,blount1 ,henry ,f41 donor1 #i ,blount's plow1 #i ,boll1 cotton1 #cha ,book1 farm copy1 #ajc ,booth1 ,benjamin1 #bhg1 #cch ,borden1 ,gail1 #bf ,borden ,company1 donor1 #bf ,bostrom1 ,karl1 #cfg1 #cfh ,bostrom ,corporation1 donor1 #cfg1 #cfh ,bowl1 #aag ,boyce1 ,james1 #af ,brace1 butcher's1 #bdj ,braid1 horsewhip1 #aji ,branding iron1 #bfg ,brandon1 ,milton ,j41 donor1 #beh ,braun1 ,e4 ,a41 donor1 #cge ,breaker1 cheese curd1 #ij1 #afa1 #bci2 flax1 #cdc ,bridle bits1 #ajg ,brierton1 ,joseph1 #db ,brink-,martelle barbed wire1 #bie ,brinkerhoff1 ,jacob1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #caf ,brinkerhoff1 ,john ,j41 #bie ,brinkerhoff1 ,warren ,m41 #cjj1 #cjb1 #caf ,brink ,flat barbed wire1 #cjj1 #caf1 #cci ,brink ,twist barbed wire1 #cjb ,british barbed wire1 #ccd ,broadcast seeder1 #afe1 #bac1 #beh1 #daa ,brotherton1 ,j41 #bhj-bhg ,brown1 ,edwin1 donor1 #dg ,brown1 ,frank ,a41 donor1 #aa ,brown1 ,james ,w41 donor1 #aah-aba ,brown1 ,ruth1 #aih-bjj ,brumback1 ,malcolm1 #cgg ,brush cutter1 #bih ,buckeye cider press1 #dac ,buckthorn barbed wire1 #bih ,buggy rake1 #fi ,bulldog tractor1 ,avery1 #adb ,burgess1 ,e4 ,d41 #cff ,burnell1 ,arthur1 #cbf ,burnell's ,four ,point barbed wire1 #cbf ,butcher1 table for1 #aaf2 tools of1 #ef-fg1 #bdj ,butter1 implements used in preparing1 #fh1 #hb1 #ib1 #ie1 #adj1 #bcj1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cdh ,butterfat tester1 #fh1 #bcj ,butterworth1 ,benjamin1 #dja ,byrne1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,h41 donor1 #bcb ,cane mill1 sugar1 #ajj2 sorghum syrup1 #cgd ,canning1 pan for1 #bf ,cape ,cod clam rake1 #chc ,carey plow1 #bc1 #df1 #abg ,carrier for hayfork1 #ahd ,caterpillar tractor1 #cgh ,catholic ,university of ,america1 donor1 #ajf-aaj ,cattle1 dehorner for1 #bec2 branding iron for1 #bfg ,centrifugal cream separator1 #h1 #ai1 #daa ,champion barbed wire1 #big ,cheese making1 implements for1 #ij1 #afa1 #bci1 #cfd ,childs1 ,h4 ,m41 #adj ,china1 plow from1 #de ,churns1 #hb1 #ib1 #adj1 #cdg1 #cdh ,cider mill and press1 #bbb1 #dac ,cigars1 #aff ,clam rake1 #chc ,clark1 ,k4 ,e41 donor1 #bfd ,cleavers1 #eg1 #eh ,clement1 ,robert ,e41 #bdb ,climpson1 ,mrs4 ,harley1 donor1 #bjf ,clow1 ,william ,m41 #cai ,coffee1 #gb ,cole1 ,h4 ,c1 donor1 #bcc ,collars for turkeys1 #bff ,colter plow1 #dg ,combine1 horse-drawn1 #bda ,condensed milk1 #bf ,connelly1 ,joseph ,h41 #cbj ,cookie roller1 #ic ,cooley creamer1 #cc ,cooper1 ,minner ,j41 donor1 #bei ,corle1 ,andrew1 donor1 #daj ,corn1 tools and machines for1 #ge1 #hj1 #agh-ahb1 #aij1 #aid1 #bab1 #bah1 #bba1 #bgh1 #cgg1 #chf1 #cig1 #cih1 #djb1 #djc ,corman1 ,ivor1 donor1 #bch-bdj ,corsicana ,clip barbed wire1 #cag ,cotton1 implements used in connection with1 #cg1 #bce1 #cda1 #chj1 #cha1 #dje ,cow1 bell for1 #ajh2 milker for1 #ci1 #dj ,cradle1 grain harvesting1 #cb1 #fi1 #ia1 #ajd1 #aai1 #acj1 #adc ,crandall1 ,edward ,m41 #bhb1 #big ,crank1 tractor1 #abe ,cream1 implements used for1 #h1 #ai1 #cc1 #fh1 #bcj1 #cia2 see also ,butter ,crop meter1 #chj ,crowell1 ,john ,s41 #cbi ,cultivator7s71 #df1 #di1 #aej1 #aeh1 #afb1 #ahj-ahc1 #ahe1 #aie-aii1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bab1 #bee1 #cda1 #cdb1 #chb1 #chh1 #cig ,cummings1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,g41 #bcf ,curd breaker1 #ij1 #afa1 #bci ,cutter7s71 #bah1 #chg1 #cih ,cyclone seeder1 #daa ,dadant1 ,charles1 #dad ,dadant ,sons1 donor1 #dad ,dairying1 #h1 #ai1 #bf1 #cc1 #ci1 #dj1 #fh1 #hb1 #ij1 #ib1 #ie1 #ajh1 #abf1 #adj1 #afa1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bdg1 #bfj1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cfd1 #cgf1 #chi1 #djd ,daley1 ,michael1 #bhd ,daveat milk sterilizer1 #bfj ,daveat ,milk ,processes ,co41 donor1 #bfj ,davies1 ,elmer ,s41 #bfj ,davis1 ,gideon1 #eb ,davis1 ,roderick1 #bg-bi ,day1 ,f4 ,b41 donor1 #fi ,decker1 ,alexander ,c41 #cja1 #cjc ,decker ,spread barbed wire1 #cja ,deer1 traps for1 #ceb ,deere1 ,john1 #db ,deere plows and tractors1 #db1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #cfb ,deere and ,company1 donor1 #db1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #dji ,deerfoot ,farm ,co41 donor1 #h ,deering1 see ,mc,cormick-,deering ,dehorner1 #bec ,de ,laval cream separator1 #ai ,de ,laval ,separator ,co41 donor1 #ai ,de ,long1 ,thomas ,a41 donor1 #cej ,dentry1 ,gordon1 donor1 #bef ,department of ,agriculture1 see ,agriculture1 ,department of ,deschner1 ,melvin1 donor1 #djb ,dierbeck1 ,john ,j41 ,jr41 #cfe ,diesel cultivator1 #bee ,disk7s71 for plows and cultivators1 #gg1 #ahe1 #cgj ,dobbs1 ,john1 #bhg1 #cch ,dodge1 ,thomas ,h41 #cba ,dodge and ,washburn barbed wire1 #cba ,dry farming1 plow for1 #cgj ,drill1 grain1 #bjb ,duplicator for farm records1 #djf ,duval1 ,caleb ,paul1 #ia ,duval1 ,virginia1 donor1 #ia-if ,eagle plow1 #ed ,eagle ,machine ,co41 #bjb ,eberle1 ,cecil1 donor1 #djc ,eichner1 ,l4 ,c41 #bjg ,engines1 gasoline portable1 #bcd2 starter1 #abd2 steam portable1 #afd1 #bed2 tractor1 #bfb ,ertl ,company1 donor1 #cgh ,fairchild1 ,e4 ,c41 #adh ,fairhead1 ,r4 ,c41 donor1 #bb ,fanning mill1 winnowing1 #gd1 #ig1 #acd1 #adi1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cii ,farmer's ,museum1 ,hadley1 ,massachusetts1 donor1 #aej-afc ,fencing1 barbed wire1 #dd1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bdh1 #bgi-cci ,ferguson1 ,harry1 #gf ,ferguson tractor1 #gf2 disk plow1 #gg ,fertilizer1 #adh1 #bbe-bbi ,fiber1 #bgc1 #cdc ,fitzhenry-,guptill power sprayer1 #cff ,flails1 #ab1 #afj1 #bfe ,flax1 #bgc1 #cdc ,flickinger1 ,j4 and ,p41 #aah ,flop-over hay rakes1 #acf1 #bjj1 #bjd ,flour mill1 #ajb ,flour sacks1 #cgh ,food processing1 implements used in1 #bb1 #bf1 #ef1 #gc1 #ij1 #ib-id1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aab-aag1 #afc1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bcj1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bfj1 #bga1 #bgh1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cfd1 #cga-cgd1 #cgf1 #chi ,fodder1 implements used in connection with1 #cd1 #aba1 #abc1 #acf-ach1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #afh1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bah1 #bfa1 #cih ,forbes1 ,wells1 #ajc ,ford tractor1 #cgh ,fordson tractor1 #cej2 crank for1 #abe ,forestry1 #cff1 #che ,forge1 ,korean1 #f ,fork7s71 #cd1 #aba1 #abc1 #acb1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afg1 #afh1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bef1 #bgd ,foster1 ,john1 #di ,four ,point barbed wire1 #cbb1 #cbd-cbf ,fox trap1 #cee ,franklin ,institute1 donor1 #bcg ,frentress1 ,henry1 #cca ,freezer1 ice cream1 #bdg ,frick ,co41 donor1 #afd ,frick steam engine1 #afd ,frye1 ,andrew ,w41 donor1 #bab ,frye1 ,william1 #bic ,gallic grain header1 #ac1 #aga ,garden tractor7s71 #chb1 #dji ,gardiner1 ,mrs4 ,arthur ,z41 donor1 #djf1 #djg ,gartling1 ,daniel1 donor1 #chf-chi ,garver1 ,cyrus1 #ca ,garver1 ,daniel1 #ca ,garver1 ,melchora1 donor1 #ca ,gasoline engines1 #bcd1 #cff1 #chg1 #djd ,gas-turbine tractor1 #cfe ,gideon ,davis plow1 #eb ,glass butter churn1 #hb ,glidden1 ,josiah ,f41 #bhc1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bia1 #bib1 #caa1 #cbe1 #ccc1 #ccf1 #ccg ,glidden barbed wire1 #ccf1 #ccg ,goss1 ,joseph1 #bid ,goodrich1 ,c4 ,o41 donor1 #abd1 #abe ,gould1 ,mary ,e41 #ij ,goward1 ,g41 donor1 #a-g ,grafting knife1 #aed ,grain1 implements used in connection with1 #ab1 #ad-af1 #ca1 #cb1 #cf1 #fi1 #gd1 #ia1 #ih1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aah-abj1 #abb1 #acj-acb1 #ace1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec1 #afj1 #afe1 #aga-agd1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aic1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bad1 #bba1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bda1 #beb1 #bef1 #bfe1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cdf1 #cib1 #cie1 #dja-djc1 #daa2 see also1 ,combines2 ,harvesting2 ,reapers1 etc4 ,grass mowers1 #chg1 #dji1 #daj ,grass sickles1 #cia ,graybill1 ,pollitt1 donor1 #bdf ,great ,atlantic ,pacific ,co41 see ,a ,p ,co4 ,grinder7s71 for corn1 #bba2 for meat1 #bb1 #id1 #aac ,grist mill1 #ajb ,griswold1 ,j4 ,w41 #cjf ,ground ,hog thresher1 #aib ,grubbing1 hoe for1 #bjf2 mattock for1 #bag ,gunn1 ,carlton ,m41 donor1 #cfd ,guptill1 see ,fitzhenry-,guptill ,gypsy moths1 sprayer for1 #cff ,hackle1 flax1 #bgc ,haish1 ,jacob1 #cjh1 #cac ,haish ,s barbed wire1 #cjh1 #cac ,hames1 horse1 #bfi ,hammond1 ,warren1 donor1 #ge ,han ,chin ,u1 #a-g ,hand tools1 see ,tools1 hand ,harbst1 ,gladys1 #bdc ,hardy1 ,peter1 #aj ,harness1 #ade1 #bji ,harpoon hayfork1 #aba1 #abc1 #aia ,harris1 ,e41 #aia ,harris1 ,s41 #aia ,harrows1 #ba1 #afb1 #ahc1 #aif1 #bgb1 #chh ,hart1 ,charles1 #bbj ,hart-,parr tractor1 #bbj ,harvester1 see ,combines2 ,harvesting2 ,reapers ,harvesting1 implements used in1 #aa-af1 #ah1 #be1 #bg-bi1 #ca1 #cb1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd1 #hj1 #ia1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #acj-acb1 #acd1 #ace1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #adi1 #aec1 #afj1 #afd1 #aga-age1 #ahi1 #aib1 #bad1 #bcg1 #bda1 #beb1 #bed1 #bef1 #bei1 #bfe1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #cgg1 #chf ,hathaway1 ,laurence1 donor1 #ij ,hay1 implements used in connection with1 #cd1 #gh1 #aba1 #abc1 #acf-ach1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #afh-agj1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bah1 #bfa1 #cij1 #cid1 #cif1 #djj2 see also1 ,fodder ,hayfork1 #cd1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb1 #afh ,headers1 ,gallic1 #ac1 #aga ,hepp1 ,frank1 donor1 #be ,herbicide1 #cei ,heiss1 ,e4 ,w41 donor1 #cd-cf ,heiss1 ,john1 #cd ,heiss1 ,william1 #ce1 #cf ,hill1 ,james1 #ccb ,hitchcock1 ,walter ,a41 donor1 #bba1 #bbb ,hoe7s71 #bd1 #abh1 #aej1 #aeh1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bae1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bfc ,hoffman1 ,john ,n41 donor1 #cgg ,hogs1 #bdj1 #cfa ,hogshead1 tobacco1 #cdi ,hold ,fast barbed wire1 #cbg ,holst1 ,don1 donor1 #bjh1 #bdh ,holt1 ,benjamin1 #bda ,holt1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,parker1 donor1 #bda ,holt combine1 #bda ,honey2 see ,bees ,hook7s71 for cutting1 #acc1 #bgj2 for pots1 #bga2 hay bale1 #bfa2 meat1 #fc1 #fd ,hoover1 ,william ,h41 #ef-fg ,hoosier brand of grain drill1 #cie ,horses1 implements used in connection with1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aci1 #ade1 #adg1 #ahf-ahh1 #aic1 #bfi1 #cff1 #cgd1 #cij2 shoeing of1 #g ,horsfall1 ,frank1 donor1 #bfe-bgf1 #bgi-cci ,hosford1 ,john1 donor1 #cij ,,ht-#cdj tractor1 #cfe ,huber steam tractor1 #bfb ,huskers1 corn1 #djb1 #djc ,hussey1 ,obed1 #aje1 #agb1 #agc ,hussey reaper1 #agb1 #agc ,ice saw1 #afc ,ice cream freezer1 #bdg ,incubator1 midget1 #cge ,insecticide1 #bca2 sprayer for1 #cff ,insemination1 bee1 #dad ,interior1 ,department of the1 donor1 #ab-ag ,international ,harvester ,co41 #abg 7donor71 #cfe1 #cgh1 #chg1 #dje ,j4 ,i4 ,case1 ,co41 #cce1 #cgh1 #chh ,jayne1 ,william1 #ccb ,jayne-,hill barbed wire1 #ccb ,jefferson1 ,thomas1 #ed1 #hh1 #hi ,jobber1 corn1 #aij ,john ,deere ,co41 #bjc1 donor1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bde ,kanter1 ,clayton1 donor1 #agh1 #agi ,kelly1 ,michael1 #caj ,kennedy1 ,charles1 #cji ,kennedy ,barbs barbed wire1 #cjh ,kinsman1 ,pelatiah1 #dh ,kittleson1 ,ole ,o41 #bii ,kloch1 ,henry1 #cj ,knapp1 ,n4 ,e41 donor1 #cgi ,knapp sidehill plow1 #cgi ,knecht1 ,albert1 #bja-bjd ,knives1 #fj1 #fa1 #acc1 #aea1 #aed1 #aeg1 #cid ,ladder1 orchard1 #djg ,ladder ,wire barbed wire1 #cjc ,lambert1 ,benjamin1 donor1 #bac ,lamprey1 ,j4 ,p41 donor1 #aj ,landis ,eclipse thresher1 #age ,lard press1 #aae ,laross and ,brothers ,co41 donor1 #cdi ,lawlor1 ,conrad1 donor1 #djd ,lawn mower1 #beg1 #dji1 #daj ,lazy ,plate barbed wire1 #cbh ,leather1 implements used in connection with1 #if1 #cdb ,leithiser1 ,f4 ,p41 #bdd ,lesher1 ,christian1 #aaa ,lesher1 ,daniel1 donor1 #aaa1 #abb ,livestock1 implements and materials used in connection with1 #ce-da1 #ajf-aji1 #ade1 #aef1 #aei1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bdh1 #bec1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhj-ccg1 #cfi1 #cij ,log roller1 #abi ,mac,dougall1 ,allister ,f41 #cfd ,mc,cormick1 ,cyrus ,h41 #ih1 #bcg ,mc,cormick1 ,stephen1 #ch ,mc,cormick-,deering1 #bje1 #beb1 #bhi1 #cif-cih1 #djj1 #djd ,mc,cormick-,goodhart1 ,leander1 donor1 #ch ,mc,cormick ,historical ,association1 donor1 #bh1 #bi1 #ih ,mc,cormick reapers1 #be1 #bg-bi1 #ih1 #aca1 #bcg ,mc,mechan1 ,a4 ,e41 donor1 #cdj ,mc,peek1 ,mrs4 ,miles1 donor1 #cci ,machinery1 for corn picking1 #hj2 for corn shelling1 #bgh2 for curd breaking1 #afa2 for fanning mills1 #gd1 #acd1 #adi2 for food slicing1 #gc2 for milking1 #ci1 #dj1 #abf2 for power sources1 #afd1 #aic1 #bcd1 #bed2 for reaping and mowing1 #gh1 #aca1 #acg1 #afi1 #agb-agd1 #bcg2 for threshing1 #ab1 #aah2 tractor1 #abd1 #adb1 #bbj1 #bdi1 #bfb ,mahlon ,smith plow1 #agg ,major1 ,j4 ,d41 donor1 #beb ,malone1 ,s41 #ge ,manning1 ,william1 #ae1 #afi ,manning mower1 #afi ,manure1 implements used in connection with1 #gi1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afg ,maple sugar1 implements used in connection with1 #hc-hg ,marker sled1 #aid ,massachusetts ,society for ,promoting ,agriculture1 donor1 #adc-adi ,massey-,ferguson1 ,inc41 donor1 #baa ,matterville1 ,n41 donor1 #cic ,mattock1 grubbing1 #bag ,meal1 grist mill for1 #ajb ,measures1 feed1 #ce1 #cf ,meat1 implements used in connection with1 #bb1 #ef-fg1 #id1 #aab-aaf1 #bdj ,mechanical and ,civil ,engineering ,division1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 donor1 #che ,mehring1 ,bessie ,d41 donor1 #ci1 #dj ,mehring1 ,william ,m41 #ci1 #dj1 #abf ,mehring cow milker1 #ci1 #dj1 #abf ,merrill1 ,john ,c1 #cbg ,merrill1 ,leslie ,o41 #cgi ,merrill ,twirl barbed wire1 #cbg ,meter1 for crop estimating1 #chj ,miles1 ,mrs4 ,arnold1 donor1 #afe-afh1 #bfc ,milk1 implements used in connection with1 #bf1 #bfj1 #cgf2 see also ,dairying2 ,milking machine ,milking machine1 #ci1 #dj1 #abf1 #djd ,miller ,burial and ,pliers ,co41 #aff ,mills1 ,john ,g41 donor1 #bdg ,mill7s71 cider1 #bbb2 grist1 #ajb2 picks for1 #cgb2 sorghum1 #cgd2 sugar1 #ajj ,mink1 trap for1 #cef ,minneapolis-,moline1 ,inc41 #bdi-bea1 #cgh ,mitchell1 ,john ,w41 donor1 #bei ,mittinger1 ,a41 ,jr41 #ef-fg ,moldboard1 #ea1 #hh1 #hi1 #bja ,moline ,co41 donor1 #bdi-bea2 see also ,minneapolis-,moline1 ,inc4 ,montgomery1 ,james1 #ig ,montgomery1 ,joseph1 #ig ,montgomery1 ,ruth1 donor1 #ig ,motley1 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,d41 donor1 #dac ,mower7s71 grass1 #chg1 #cif2 machine1 #acg2 models of1 #gh1 #afi1 #agj1 #beg2 seat for1 #bfd ,murphy1 ,george1 donor1 #gc ,museum of ,science and ,industry1 ,chicago1 donor1 #cdb-cdh ,muskrat trap1 #ceg ,muzzle1 ox1 #aef ,neck yoke1 #ahh ,needle2 see harpoon fork ,neiley1 ,george ,f41 #cfb1 #cfc1 #dji ,nelson1 ,james1 #cg ,newbold1 ,charles1 #ag1 #eb ,newbold plow1 #eb ,new ,holland ,machine ,co41 donor1 #bcd ,new ,idea brand of implements1 #gh-hj ,new ,york ,historical ,association1 donor1 #abh-ada ,nickerson1 ,william1 #aai ,noirot1 ,everett1 #adb ,nourse1 ,j41 #ed ,offenbacker1 ,john1 donor1 #ahj-aia ,old ,colony strong plow1 #aj1 #dh1 #di ,oliver1 ,james1 #gj1 #bai ,oliver1 ,james ,b41 #ccj ,oliver1 ,s4 ,h41 donor1 #hb ,oliver chilled plow1 #bai ,oliver ,corporation #bai 7donor71 #bbj1 #cgh ,olmstead1 ,frank ,e41 donor1 #hc-hg ,oneida ,community1 donor1 #cea-ceh ,orchard ladder1 #djg ,osmundson1 ,a4 ,g41 donor1 #ha ,osmundson ,forge ,co41 #ha ,otter trap1 #ced ,oxen1 implements used in connection with1 #da1 #ajj1 #aef1 #aei ,p4 ,p4 ,mast ,co41 #dac ,palm1 ,bessie ,w41 donor1 #ajc ,parr1 ,charles1 #bbj ,peeler1 apple1 #bdc ,perkins1 ,william1 donor1 #dja ,peterkin1 ,e4 ,w41 donor1 #bfa ,peterson1 ,frank ,d41 #bfj ,peterson1 ,gale ,e41 #cei ,picker1 corn1 #hj2 cotton1 #dje ,pigs1 see ,hogs1 ,livestock ,pins1 meat1 #fg ,pitchfork1 #adf1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afg1 #afh ,plantation1 banana1 #ga2 coffee1 #gb ,planters1 #ge1 #adh1 #agh1 #agi1 #aij1 #aid1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bdf2 see also ,seeders ,plow7s71 #a1 #i1 #aj1 #ag1 #ba1 #bc1 #cj1 #ch1 #db1 #dc1 #de-ee1 #gj1 #gg1 #hh1 #hi1 #aaa1 #abg1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj-ahb1 #bja1 #bab1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bdd-bdf1 #bej1 #bea1 #cda1 #cdd1 #cgj1 #cgi ,plowshare1 #dg1 #cda ,plunger churn1 #cdh ,pork1 see ,hogs2 ,meat ,porter1 ,j4 ,e41 #ahd ,pot hooks1 #bga ,poultry1 implements used in connection with1 #bff1 #cge ,power1 sources of1 #aci-adb1 #ahf-ahh1 #aic1 #baa1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bcd1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #cej1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cff1 #chd ,press1 cheese1 #cfd2 cider1 #bbb1 #dac2 lard #aae2 wine1 #cga ,processing1 fiber1 #bgc1 #cdc2 food1 #bb1 #bf1 #gb1 #gc1 #hb1 #ij1 #ib1 #id1 #ajb1 #aab-aag1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bga1 #bgh1 #cde1 #cdg1 #cdh2 tobacco #aff ,producers ,cotton ,oil ,co41 donor1 #dje ,pulley1 #aba1 #cdj ,pyrox 7insecticide71 #bca ,rakes1 clam1 #dje2 hand1 #abj1 #aie2 horse-drawn1 #fi1 #acf1 #ach1 #bjj1 #bjd ,rappleye1 ,howard ,s41 donor1 #bgg ,rat trap1 #ceh ,reapers1 #ac-af1 #be1 #bg-bi1 #cb1 #ia1 #ih1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aai1 #acj1 #aca1 #ace1 #adc1 #add1 #aec1 #aga-agd1 #bjg1 #bcg1 #bda1 #beb ,republic ,steel ,wire ,co41 #ccf1 #ccg ,rhoades1 ,george1 #aib-aig ,rice threshing1 #b ,riddle1 grain separator1 #bad ,roberts-,mackensen bee inseminator1 #dad ,robinson1 ,cora ,e41 donor1 #abc ,robinson1 ,lucy1 donor1 #bje ,rogers1 ,noah1 #aa ,roller7s71 for butter worker1 #cde2 for cookies1 #ic2 for soil1 #ba1 #abi ,rose1 ,henry ,m41 #bhd ,ross1 ,noble ,s41 #cbb ,ross's ,four ,point barbed wire #cbb ,rutherford1 ,james ,w41 donor1 #baj ,sabrosky1 ,jennie1 donor1 #ajd ,sacks1 flour1 #cgc2 grain1 #abb1 #bgg ,saddler's buck1 #cdb ,st4 ,john1 ,spencer1 #bij ,salt processing1 #aja ,samson1 ,clarissa ,w41 donor1 #ah ,sap spouts1 #hc-hg ,saunders1 ,innes1 donor1 #cie-djj ,sausage stuffer1 #aab1 #aad ,saw1 butcher's1 #ef2 ice1 #afc ,scoop1 grain1 #cdf ,scoville1 ,edward1 #da ,scoville1 ,reign1 donor1 #da ,scraper1 butcher's1 #fb ,scythe1 #ace1 #add ,seat7s71 sulky1 #bfd2 tractor1 #cfh2 truck1 #cfg ,seeders1 #cg1 #ge1 #adh1 #afe1 #agh1 #agi1 #aij1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bce1 #beh1 #cie ,seeds1 germinating incubator for1 #cig ,self-rake reaper1 #aca ,separators1 cream1 #h1 #ai1 #cc1 #chi2 grain1 #ca1 #gd1 #ig1 #age1 #bad1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cii ,shakers 7religious community71 #bf ,share for plow1 #dg1 #cda ,sheller1 #bgh1 #chf ,shinn1 ,milton1 #cbd ,shinn's ,four ,point barbed wire1 #cbd ,shoe last1 #if ,shovel7s71 grain1 #cdf2 plow1 #ahj-ahb1 #bab ,shredder1 flax1 #bgc ,shuckers1 #cgg ,sickle1 #aec1 #bgj1 #cia ,sickle bar1 #be ,sidehill plow1 #cgi ,singletree1 #ahe ,sims1 ,elijah1 #cjd ,sinclair1 ,sir ,john1 #hh ,skep1 #dab ,sketches1 ,korean1 #a-g ,sled marker1 #aid ,slicer1 food1 #gc ,slunt1 ,mrs4 ,henry ,c41 donor1 #cfj1 #cfa ,smith1 ,mahlon1 #agg ,smith1 ,robert1 #ea ,smith plow1 #ea ,snouter1 hog1 #cfi ,snyder1 ,peter ,brugler1 #bgg ,sod plows1 #ea1 #cdd ,sorghum cane mill1 #cgd ,souter1 ,lester1 donor1 #bce ,spade7s71 #ha1 #aea1 #bcf ,spike7s71 #hg1 #bgb ,spindle cotton picker1 #dje ,split ,diamond barbed wire1 #cca ,spouts1 maple sap1 #hc-hf ,sprayer1 power1 #cff ,spreader1 butcher's1 #fe1 #ff2 manure1 #gi ,spring-tooth harrow1 #chh ,spring-tooth rake1 #ach1 #djj ,spurs1 #ajf1 #bfh ,stabler1 ,sydney ,s41 donor1 #cb1 #cc1 #fh ,starks1 ,niels ,o41 #dc ,starter1 tractor1 #abd ,statistical ,reporting ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 donor1 #chj1 #cha ,steam engines1 #afd1 #bed1 #cda1 #chd ,sterilizer1 milk1 #bfj ,stout1 ,mrs4 ,emery ,l41 donor1 #cgd ,stover1 ,daniel ,c41 #cag ,strucksberg1 ,s4 ,o41 donor1 #dc ,stubbe1 ,john1 #cjg ,stubbe ,plate barbed wire1 #cjg ,stump puller1 #cdj ,sugar1 cane1 #ajj2 maple1 #hc-hg ,sulky1 implements for1 #dc1 #aii1 #bde1 #bea1 #bfd1 #cif1 #djj ,sunderland1 ,l4 ,e41 #cje ,sunderland ,kink barbed wire1 #cje ,swiggett1 ,grace ,m41 donor1 #bd ,swine1 see ,hogs2 ,meat ,swingplow1 #cj ,tavenner plow1 #ej ,table1 butcher's1 #aaf ,taylor1 see ,aultman-,taylor ,tee-,pak1 ,inc41 donor1 #aab-aag ,ten ,eyck1 ,james1 #ad ,thomas ,mills and ,brothers1 #bdg ,thompson1 ,daniel1 donor1 #ajj-ajb ,thorny ,fence barbed wire1 #caj ,threshers1 see ,threshing ,threshing1 implements used in connection with1 #b1 #ab1 #ca1 #aah1 #aci1 #afj1 #age1 #aib1 #bda1 #bfe ,thumb1 ,mathew1 #cj ,thurmond1 ,wanda ,w41 donor1 #djh ,tile knife1 #aea ,tile spade1 #ha ,tobacco1 #d1 #aaj1 #aff1 #bdf1 #bei1 #cdi1 #djh ,tools1 hand1 #bd1 #ef-fg1 #ha1 #abh1 #acb1 #aej1 #aea1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeh1 #ahi1 #aie1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bag1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bfc1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #cch1 #cdf1 #cgg1 #cia1 #cid1 #djb1 #djc ,topping ,models1 ,inc41 donor1 #gf-hj ,toy ,manufacturers ,association1 donor1 #bj1 #ba ,toy tractors1 #bj1 #ba1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #cgh ,tractor7s71 #bj1 #ba1 #gf-gi1 #abd1 #abe1 #adb1 #baa1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bfb1 #cej1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfe1 #cgh1 #chb1 #chd1 #dji2 seats for1 #cfh2 with cotton picker1 #dje ,transplanter1 tobacco1 #bdf ,trap7s71 animal1 #cea-ceh2 fish1 #c ,treadmill1 #aci1 #adj ,trelogan1 ,harry ,c41 #chj ,trolley carrier1 hay1 #ahd ,trucks1 seat for1 #cfg ,turbine tractor1 #cfe ,turkey1 collars for1 #bff ,twist barbed wire1 see ,brink ,twist ,twist ,oval barbed wire1 #bhc #b1d-;,d1 sample of1 #cei ,united ,fruit ,company1 donor1 #ga ,upham1 ,andrew ,j41 #cah ,vacuum pan1 #bf ,vaughn1 ,ruben ,f41 donor1 #cg ,veikko1 ,jarvis1 donor1 #bag ,vermont ,farm ,machine ,co41 #fh ,vette1 ,irwin1 #bde ,victor mower1 #acg ,viking garden tractor1 #chb ,vise1 bench1 #cdb2 harness1 #ade ,vista tractor1 #cgh ,vonnegut1 ,kurt1 ,jr41 donor1 #chc ,waldron cradle1 #cb ,wallis tractor1 #baa ,war wire1 barbed1 #cab1 #cad1 #cae1 #ccd1 #cce ,washburn1 ,charles ,g41 #cba ,water lift1 wheel for1 #aja1 #bdb ,waterloo ,boy tractor1 #cfc ,waterwheel1 #aja1 #bdb ,watkins1 ,w41 #cbh ,waybright1 ,earl ,j41 donor1 #abf ,welcome1 ,sir ,henry ,s41 donor1 #cj ,weston1 ,d4 ,m41 #h ,wheat1 implements used in connection with1 #fi1 #ia1 #aah1 #aca1 #ace1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #aec1 #afj1 #bjb1 #bac1 #bda1 #beb1 #bfe1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cie ,wheelbarrow1 #bge1 #bgf ,whip1 #aji ,wiat1 ,newton ,e41 donor1 #bec ,wilson1 ,arden1 donor1 #gd ,wimberly1 ,c4 ,w41 donor1 #cgb1 #cgc ,winch1 tractor1 #cej ,windmill1 #aja ,wine press1 #cga ,winner barbed wire1 #caa ,winnowing1 baskets for1 #aa1 #ah1 #ada2 mills for1 #ca1 #gd1 #ig1 #acd1 #adi1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cii ,wire1 barbed1 see ,barbed wire ,wiser1 ,alice1 donor1 #daa ,wood1 ,jethro1 #ch ,woodcock plow1 #ec ,woodson1 ,a4 ,g41 #dab ,woodson ,high ,school1 ,fairfax1 ,virginia1 donor1 #chb ,wright expansion bit1 #cic ,yoke1 ox1 #da1 #aei ,zig-,zag barbed wire1 #big ,publications on ,farming by the ,staff of the ,division of ,agriculture and ,mining1 #aife-aiga ,christian1 ,pauline ,b4 #aifh4 ,annotated ,list of ,photographs in the ,division of ,agriculture and ,forest ,products4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,information ,leaflet #eai4 #abf pages4 ,peterson1 ,gale ,e4 #aifg4 ,the ,discovery and ,development of #b1d-4 ,agricultural ,history1 #da 7,july #aifg73 #bdc-bec4 #aifg4 ,living ,historical ,farms3 ,a ,feasibility ,study4 ,smithsonian ,journal of ,history1 #b 7,summer #aifg73 #gb-gf4 ,schlebecker1 ,john ,t4 #aife4 ,the ,great ,holding ,action3 ,the ,,nfo in ,september1 #aifb4 ,agricultural ,history1 #ci 7,october #aife73 #bjd-bac4 ,reprinted in ,readings in ,collective ,behavior1 edited by ,robert ,b4 ,evans4 ,chicago3 ,rand ,mc,nally1 #aifi4 #aiff4 ,research in ,agricultural ,history at the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,agricultural ,history1 #dj 7,july #aiff73 #bjg-baj4 #aiff4 ,the ,combine ,made in ,stockton4 ,the ,pacific ,historian1 #aj 7,autumn #aiff73 #ad-ba4 ,illustrated4 #aifg4 ,a ,history of ,american ,dairying4 ,chicago3 ,rand ,mc,nally4 #dh pages1 illustrated4 #aifg4 ,a ,bibliography of ,books and ,pamphlets on the ,history of ,american ,agriculture1 #afjg-aifg4 ,santa ,barbara3 ,clio ,press4 #ahb pages4 #aifg4 ,agriculture in ,western ,nebraska1 #aijf-aiff4 ,nebraska ,history1 #dh 7,autumn #aifg73 #bdi-bff4 #aifg4 ,henry ,ford's ,tractor4 ,smithsonian ,journal of ,history1 #b 7,summer #aifg73 #fc-fd4 ,illustrated4 #aifg4 ,the ,past in ,action3 ,living ,historical ,farms4 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution #fg pages4 #aifh4 ,living ,historical ,farms3 ,a ,walk into the ,past4 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution ,press4 #ca pages1 illustrated4 ,reprinted in ,early ,american ,life1 #b 7,january-,february #aiga73 #h-ac1 #ed-ei4 #aifi4 ,editor4 ,colonial ,american ,agriculture1 #agja-ahjj4 ,agricultural ,history1 #dc7a73 #a-bab4 #aigj4 ,living ,historic ,farms ,tell ,it ,like ,it ,was4 ,in ,contours of ,change1 ,yearbook of ,agriculture1 #aigj 7pages #bbi-bcf1 illustrated74 ,washington3 ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 #aiga4 ,farmers in the ,lower ,shenandoah ,valley1 #ahej4 ,virginia ,magazine of ,history and ,biography1 #gi 7,october1 #aiga73 #dfb-dgf4 #aigb4 ,curatorial ,agriculture4 ,agricultural ,history1 #df 7,january1 #aigb73 #ie-ajc4 ,schlebecker1 ,john ,t4 and ,gale ,e4 ,peterson #aigb4 ,living ,historical ,farms ,handbook4 ,smithsonian ,studies in ,history and ,technology1 #af3 #a-ia4 ,sharrer1 ,george ,terry #aigj4 ,george ,washington ,carver4 ,washington3 ,smithsonian ,institution ,press4 #ab pages1 illustrated4 #aiga4 ,indigo in ,carolina1 #afga-agif4 ,the ,south ,carolina ,historical ,magazine1 #gb 7,april1 #aiga73id-ajc4 #aiga4 ,the ,indigo ,bonanza in ,south ,carolina1 #agdj-ij4 ,technology and ,culture1 #ab 7,july #aiga73 #ddg-dee4 ,summons1 ,terry ,g4 #aifh4 ,animal ,feed ,additives1 #aidj-aiff4 ,agricultural ,history1 #db 7,october #aifh73 #cje-cac4 ,wessel1 ,thomas ,r4 #aifg4 ,prologue to the ,shelterbelt1 #ahgj-aicd4 ,journal of the ,west1 #f 7,january #aifg73 #aai-acd4 ,illustrated4 #aifg4 ,the ,honey ,bee4 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,information ,leaflet #dhb4 #af pages1 illustrated4 ,revised #aifh4 #aifi4 ,roosevelt and the ,great ,plains ,shelterbelt4 ,great ,plains ,journal1 #h 7,spring #aifi73 #eg-gd4 #aigj4 ,agriculture and ,iroquois ,hegemony in ,new ,york1 #afaj-aggi4 ,maryland ,historian1 #a 7,fall #aigj73 #ic-ajd4 ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aigb ,o--#dee-bdd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,transcriber's ,note ,amendments to the text3 p4 #f - #b4 ,,usnm #ajidh has been changed to ,,usnm #aijdh p4 #g - #aa4 eliptical in shape1 with a frame of thick rods has been changed to elliptical in shape1 with a frame of thick rods p4 #g - #ab4 #e by #f inches1 restangular has been changed to #e by #f inches1 rectangular p4 #h - #ah4 the first settlers of ,wobrun1 ,massachusetts has been changed to the first settlers of ,woburn1 ,massachusetts p4 #ab - #db4 and the ,deer ,company has been changed to and the ,deere ,company p4 #ad - #fh4 the amount of buterfat in milk has been changed to the amount of butterfat in milk p4 #ae - #ga4 diarama has been changed to diorama p4 #ae - #gb4 diarama has been changed to diorama p4 #af - #ha4 used for digding trenches has been changed to used for digging trenches p4 #ah - #if4 such an implements has been changed to such implements p4 #ah - #ig4 ,model of ,fanning ,miill has been changed to ,model of ,fanning ,mill p4 #ba - #aag4 ,eliptical wooden chopping bowl1 has been changed to ,elliptical wooden chopping bowl1 p4 #bb - #abi4 ,it was useful1 obivously has been changed to ,it was useful1 obviously p4 #bc - #acf4 ,figure #ac4 7,catalog ,no4 #acf74 has been changed to 7,catalog ,no4 #acf47 p4 #cd - #bdf4 ,gift of ,pollitt ,grayhill has been changed to ,gift of ,pollitt ,graybill p4 #da - #cde4 ,figure #bg4 ,catalog ,no4 #cde47 has been changed to 7,catalog ,no4 #cde47 p4 #dc - #ceg4 ,this muckrat trap has been changed to ,this muskrat trap p4 #de - #cge4 miscroscopic organisms has been changed to microscopic organisms p4 #dg - #cia4 #bia4 ,grass ,sickles has been changed to #cia4 ,grass ,sickles p4 #dg - #cic4 ,no change to ,gift of ,n4 ,materville of ,connecticut ,valley4 ,inconsistent with the spelling ,matterville listed in the index4 p4 #ea - ,allis1 ,t4 ,w4 #bih has been changed to ,allis1 ,t4 ,w41 #bih p4 #eb - ,deer traps for has been changed to ,deer1 traps for p4 #ed - ,mc,cormick-,deering1 #bje #beb1 has been changed to ,mc,cormick-,deering1 #bje1 #beb1 p4 #ee - ,pyrox 7insetcicide7 has been changed to ,pyrox 7insecticide7 p4 #ef - ,sunderland ,kink barbed wire #cje has been changed to ,sunderland ,kink barbed wire1 #cje p4 #ef - ,swiggett1 ,grace ,m41 donor #bd has been changed to ,swiggett1 ,grace ,m41 donor1 #bd p4 #ef - ,tractor7s7 #bfb1 #dej1 #cfb has been changed to #bfb1 #cej1 #cfb p4 #eg - ,colonial ,american ,agriculture1 has been changed to ,colonial ,american ,agriculture1 with closing quotes ---------------------------------------- ----------------------