file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #bgcah-;h4htm or #bgcah-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ g_/c_/a_/bgcah_/bgcah-;h_/#bgcah-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ g_/c_/a_/bgcah_/bgcah-;h4zip7 ,,pung-,,chow ,,the ,,game ,,of ,a ,,hundred ,,intelligences ,also known as ,,mah-,,diao ,,mah-,,jong ,,mah-,,cheuk ,,mah-,,juck and ,,pe-,,ling by ,l4 ,l4 ,,harr ,illustration ,harper ,brothers1 ,publishers ,new ,york and ,london ,copyright1 #aibb by ,l4 ,l4 ,harr ,printed in the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,note ,mr4 ,l4 ,l4 ,harr's skill in the game of ,pung ,chow has been acquired through more than twenty years of intimate contact with the business and official circles of cultured ,chinese in ,canton1 ,shanghai1 ,tientsin1 ,pekin and other centers of ,china4 ,mr4 ,harr has enjoyed more opportunity to mingle in polite ,chinese society than any other ,european or ,american resident ,i knew in ,china4 ,mr4 ,harr1 in consequence1 was perhaps one of the first foreigners who learned the game from the best players in ,china4 ,what is more1 ,mr4 ,harr's unusually keen appreciation and enthusiasm were largely instrumental in arousing the popularity of this extraordinarily fascinating ,chinese game in the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,to use a familiar ,american phrase1 ,mr4 ,harr was unquestionably one of the pioneers who put ,,pung ,,chow on the map west of ,suez4 ,mr4 ,harr has not only brought the game to ,america1 but has written the first authoritative book on ,pung ,chow1 based on the best modern methods of ,chinese play4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,bush1 ,professor of ,english ,literature1 ,pekin ,national ,university1 ,pekin1 ,china4 ,january1 #aibc4 ,,pung-,,chow ,score ,card ,for ,hands ,played ,without a ,limit ,winning ,hand ,bonus ,scores ,for ,mah-,jong #bj points ,for no sequences in hand or on table #aj points ,for no other score than ,mah-,jong in hand or on table #aj points ,for winning on a draw from the loose tiles #aj points ,for drawing the winning piece #b points ,for filling in the only place to win #b points ,combination ,scores ,on ,table ,in ,hand 7,exposed7 7,concealed7 ,for #c of a kind of twos1 threes1 fours1 fives1 sixes1 sevens or eights #b points #d points ,for #c of a kind of ones1 nines1 winds or dragons #d points #h points ,for #d of a kind of twos1 threes1 fours1 fives1 sixes1 sevens or eights #h points #af points ,for #d of a kind of ones1 nines1 winds or dragons #af points #cb points ,for a pair of any dragon or the player's own wind #b points ,doubling ,honors ,for three 7or four7 green dragons1 double total score once4 ,for three 7or four7 red dragons1 double total score once4 ,for three 7or four7 white dragons1 double total score once4 ,for three 7or four7 of own wind1 double total score once4 ,for having all one suit except honor pieces1 double total score once4 ,for all one suit1 double total score #c times4 ,for all honor pieces1 double total score #c times4 ,for winning on original hand as drawn from the wall1 double total score #c times4 ,see page #fe for scoring values when hands are played with a limit4 ,,introduction ,out of ,china has come this stately game with the lure of ,oriental mysticism to whet jaded appetites and with possibilities for study that challenge the keenest intelligence4 ,there is a mysticism about the ,oriental and his mode of life that challenges the imagination and induces a curiosity hard to decipher4 ,the dress of the ,chinese1 their strange customs1 their difficult language1 and their apparently impenetrable mask-like faces appeal to the fancy and throw a veil of mystery around even the commonplace4 ,the origin of this game is lost in the mist of centuries past4 ,there is1 though1 an oral tradition to the effect that it was originated in the ,court of the ,king of ,wu1 now known as ,ning-,po1 during the year of #dgb ,b4,c4 to entertain his consort and her court ladies and to help them while away the time which lay heavily on their hands4 ,this was about the time of ,confucius4 ,it is1 however1 known to have been the ,royal game1 restricted to the use of ,emperors and their friends of the ,mandarin class for two thousand years4 ,to them it was known as ,pe-,ling 7pronounced ,bah-,ling7 taking its name from the bird of a hundred intelligences1 the lark-like creature sacred in the ,chinese faith which now may be seen reproduced on most ,chinese tapestries and embroideries4 ,the penalty paid by one of any other class for playing ,pe-,ling at that time1 was the loss of his head4 ,later--no one knows just when--the privilege of playing this wonder game was extended to the merchant or middle classes--and when1 some #gj years ago--a social uprising threatened1 one of the concessions granted to calm the unrest was the universal privilege of playing this game4 ,in this way was caused the confusion of names for the game which exists even to-day in ,china2 for1 with the abolishing of ,pe-,ling1 each province applied their own name and pronunciation to the game1 with the result that now we have from twelve to eighteen different names1 by which the game is known4 ,a few of these are ,ma-,cheuk1 ,mah-,jong1 ,mah-,juck1 ,mah-,diao and ,mah-,jongg4 ,pung ,chow is made to withstand the climatic conditions which soon destroy the article imported under the name of ,mah-,jongg and the other corruptions of ,mah-,diao1 and it is the true and original ,chinese game translated by the addition of numerals just enough to be readily understood and not enough to spoil the artistry of the tiles4 ,the addition of numerals has been overdone in the marking of many of the cheaper imported sets1 and give the appearance of having had numerals sprinkled on them regardless of where they may land and permitted to stay4 ,the fundamentals of this game are simple and require only practice to master4 ,the science of ,pung ,chow must in the greater part be studied out by the individual player and one may spend the rest of his life in attaining to past mastery in its thousand-fold intricacies4 ,,summary ,,of ,,the ,,game ,before going thoroughly into the details of the playing of the game1 it is better to give a general view of the play and its object4 ,pung ,chow is played by thoroughly shuffling all of the tiles face down in the middle of the table1 and forming them in a double-tiered1 hollow square1 called the wall4 ,this wall is then broken at some point determined by the dice and each player draws an original hand of #ac tiles4 ,this leaves about two-thirds of the wall intact1 and the rest of the play is devoted to drawing and discarding from this remainder of the wall2 each player improving and matching his own individual hand until having arranged it into four sets and a pair1 some player wins4 ,a set is three of a kind1 four of a kind or three in a sequence4 ,every set has a scoring value1 and the players add their scores and settle after every hand4 ,a player may win with a score as low as #bb points or scores may run to #chj1ibh points4 ,these possibilities will unfold as the following pages on the details of the play are read4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #a4 ,the thirty-four different tiles and the counters ,,description ,,of ,,tiles ,the game is played with #acf tiles1 which are divided into four distinct and separate suits4 ,these four suits are called the ,bamboo1 ,dot1 ,character and ,honor ,suits4 ,the first three of these suits score equally and are arranged in the same manner1 that is1 there are #cf tiles in each1 numbering from one to nine1 and there are four tiles of each numeral4 ,the fourth suit1 known as the honor suit1 is divided into three parts3 the ,dragons1 the ,winds and the ,mandarins4 ,of the ,dragons1 there are four apiece of three different kinds1 the ,red1 ,green and ,white ,dragons4 ,the ,winds are ,north1 ,south1 ,east and ,west with four tiles alike for each4 ,the ,mandarins 7also called ,seasons1 and ,flowers71 are #h in number1 and as they are only used in limit hands1 will be discussed later4 ,from ,illustration ,no4 #b a player will see that there are four of every different tile in the set1 and that there are #cd different tiles4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #b--,the complete set of tiles ,,procedure ,,of ,,play ,a4 ,,east ,,wind4 ,position of the players for the first game is determined by a throw of the dice2 all players throw once1 the one throwing the highest number becoming first ,east ,wind4 ,in the event of a tie1 players tieing throw again4 ,the player sitting opposite ,east ,wind will be known as ,west ,wind1 to the right of ,east ,wind as ,south ,wind1 and the left of ,east ,wind1 as ,north ,wind4 ,the dice need only be thrown to determine ,east ,wind for the first game of an evening's play1 for if the player representing ,east ,wind wins1 or if the game is a draw1 he remains ,east ,wind4 ,if he loses1 the player to his right becomes ,east ,wind1 he in turn becoming ,north ,wind4 ,east ,wind is sometimes called ,banker1 for he must pay double stakes when he loses1 and wins double stakes when he wins4 ,west ----------- ,north ,south ----------- ,east ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #c4 ,positions of ,winds about ,table4 ,b4 ,,building ,,and ,,breaking ,,the ,,wall4 ,before building the wall the tiles must all be turned face down on the table and thoroughly shuffled4 ,then each player proceeds to build one side of the wall by taking #cd of the tiles at random1 and arranging them side by side in a row #ag tiles long and #b tiers high4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #d4 ,each player then moves his side of the wall forward1 the four sides forming a hollow square4 ,this represents a ,chinese wall or fort common in the protection of cities4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #e4 ,to find the point at which the wall is to be broken1 ,east ,wind always throws the dice4 ,the number thrown will indicate the player who is to break the wall4 ,the player is found by ,east ,wind counting around the table to the right1 starting with himself as one1 until he reaches the number thrown which will designate the player to break the wall4 ,w #c-g-aa ----------- ,n ,s #d-h-ab #b-f-aj ----------- ,e #e-i ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #f4 ,in this illustration1 if ,east ,wind threw a #g1 starting with himself as one1 ,south would be #b1 ,west #c1 ,north #d1 ,east #e1 ,south #f1 and ,west #g1 designating ,west as the player to break the wall4 ,the player who has been designated to break the wall then throws the dice to determine the exact tile at which he shall break the wall1 adding this throw to ,east ,wind4 ,this sum will indicate the tile at which the wall is to be broken1 the player to break the wall counting the sum off from the right end of his own side1 i4e41 if #ad is the sum of the two throws1 the wall will be broken by lifting out the #adth tile from the right with the one under it and placing both on the top of the wall to the right of where it was broken4 ,these two are called loose tiles and they mark the end of the wall4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #g4 ,east ,wind threw #g indicating ,west ,wind as the wall-breaker4 ,west ,wind then threw #g designating the #adth tile from the right end of his side of the wall1 as the exact spot where the wall was to be broken4 ,the loose tiles are shown in correct position4 ,c4 ,,drawing ,,the ,,original ,,hand3 ,each player then draws the #ac tiles which go to make up his original hand4 ,east ,wind starts the drawing by taking the first four tiles 7#b blocks of #b each7 at the beginning of the wall1 the player on his right the next four and so on around the table three times which will give each player #ab tiles4 ,then one tile apiece is drawn in regular order giving every player #ac tiles1 except ,east ,wind who draws an extra tile as he must make the first discard4 ,d4 ,,playing ,,the ,,hand3 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #h4 ,the wall--after the original hands have been drawn4 ,wall showing draw4 ,each player then takes his original hand and arranges it to suit his own convenience4 ,it is advised1 however1 that he arrange it in suits in order to see at a glance1 the value of any one tile to his hand in the drawing and discarding of which the rest of the game consists4 ,when the hands have been arranged1 ,east ,wind starts the play by discarding any tile in his hand1 face up in the center of the table4 ,it is because of this first discard that he drew an extra tile4 ,the play then goes to the right1 it becoming the turn of ,south ,wind to draw the next tile in the wall and discard any one he may choose4 ,west ,wind then draws and discards and so on around the table1 constantly in a counter-clockwise direction4 ,the players during this drawing and discarding are gradually improving their hands1 and matching them into four sets and an extra tile1 a set being three of a kind1 four of a kind1 or three in a sequence4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #i4 ,examples of ,three of a kind ,four of a kind ,three in sequence ,when a player accomplishes this1 he must only match the extra tile forming a pair and thus1 completing his hand1 having four complete sets and a pair4 ,he announces ,mah-,jongg wins1 the game is over1 the scores are settled and the wall built up for the next game4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #aj4 ,several completed hands ,as completing a hand entirely by draw from the wall would be a difficult task1 the players are permitted to make use of any discard1 as it is discarded1 provided they have the required tiles already in their hand as explained below in ,chow and ,pung4 ,e4 ,,to ,,chow3 ,a player having two tiles in his hand which1 together with the tile just discarded by the player before him 7to his left71 would form a sequence or run of three1 may by announcing ,chow pick up the discard1 add it to the two in his hand1 and place the three in sequence face up on the table to the right of his hand4 ,this appropriating the discard serves as the player's draw and he must then discard and the play goes on in the usual manner4 ,for example3 ,if one has a #e-f of character and the player preceding him discards either a #d or a #g of character1 he may ,chow the tile1 and discard2 or ignore it and draw from the wall and discard1 in hopes of building a better hand1 as often will be found advisable4 ,the main point to be remembered in ,chowing is that a player may ,chow only in his regular turn1 i4e41 he may ,chow only tiles discarded by the player to his left and then only when he has the other two tiles in his hand to form the sequence4 ,sequences can only be built up in sets of three4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #aa4 ,in this illustration the player having a #d and #f of character in his hand has chowed the #e character which the player to his left discarded and after setting out his sequence1 discards himself1 leaving the usual #ac tiles in his hand4 ,f4 ,,to ,,pung3 ,a player may also appropriate another player's discard to fill a set of three of a kind or four of a kind by announcing ,pung4 ,in order to do this1 the player must have a pair1 or three of a kind in his hand to match with the discard1 thus completing three or four of a kind1 which he places1 as in the case of a ,chow1 to the right of his hand1 face up on the table4 ,for example3 ,a player having a pair or three fives of the character suit1 may pung when another player discards a five character1 expose his set and discard1 the play going on in the regular direction from him4 ,it is not necessary for it to be the player's turn to draw in order to ,pung as it is in the case of a ,chow4 ,a player having a pair similar to a tile discarded1 may announce ,pung and appropriate the tile1 regardless of who discarded it and of whose turn it is to draw4 ,also after a player ,pungs and discards1 the play goes on from him to the right4 ,it can be seen that due to punging one or even two players are liable to lose their turn4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #ab4 ,in this illustration1 ,east played in regular turn and ,south drew the #i character1 which1 having no use for1 he discarded4 ,east having a pair of nines character in his hand ,punged1 completing the set and causing ,west and ,north ,winds to lose their turns4 ,east then exposed his set of nines next to the sequence of three he had previously chowed and exposed1 discarded and play went on in the usual routine1 ,north drawing and discarding4 ,there are a few rules applying to the ,chow and ,pung4 ,they are as follows3 #a4 ,all tiles must be punged or chowed as they are discarded2 for a tile discarded by a player and allowed to remain in discard until the next player discards1 becomes dead and cannot be touched during the rest of the game4 #b4 ,it has been stated that one cannot pung unless it makes up three or four of a kind4 ,this is true with one exception4 ,in the case3 when a tile will complete a player's hand allowing him to ,mah-,jongg1 the tile may be punged4 ,example3 ,a player with four sets and an odd tile may pung a tile which matches his odd one4 ,the rule is that a player may at any time ',pung' a discard which will complete his hand and allow him to ,mah-,jongg4 #c4 ,the denomination and suit of each tile must be announced as it is discarded1 a player discarding a #c of character1 announcing #c character1 to prevent confusion of a player who may be studying his hand4 ,this is more of a courtesy of the game1 than a rule4 #d4 ,a ,pung has precedence over a ,chow and if one player can pung the same discard that another player can chow1 the former has the right to appropriate the tile4 #e4 ,if a player can pung a discard which will complete his hand and another player can pung the same discard to complete a set1 the former has the right to take the discard4 #f4 ,if two players pung the same tile to complete their hands1 the precedence is given to the player claiming the tile nearest to the discarder in a counter-clockwise direction around the table4 ,,four ,,of ,a ,,kind3 ,before speaking of four of a kind1 it is better to give the reason for exposing a set made up of a pair and a punged discard1 and make clear at the same time1 what is to be done when three of a kind are completed by draw4 ,a set made up of a pair and a punged discard must be exposed by setting it out face up1 on the table to the right of the players' tiles1 first1 to show to the other players that he had the required pair1 which gave him the right to appropriate the discard1 and secondly1 to separate the set from those completed entirely by draw from the wall4 ,sets completed by help of an appropriated 7punged7 discard1 have only one-half the scoring value of exactly the same sets1 completed by draw from the wall and kept in the hand4 ,thus there are many advantages in drawing the third tile to complete a set of three of a kind when compared to punging the same1 for in the former case1 the set has twice as much scoring value1 they are kept concealed in the hand and the opponents can only guess as to how nearly complete a concealed hand may be4 ,a concealed set is counted as one of the four sets required to win1 just as an exposed set would be1 and a player having a set of three of a kind concealed has very good chances of filling it and thus forming four of a kind which counts a great deal higher4 ,a player may complete a set of four of a kind either by draw from the wall or punging an opponent's discard1 if he has three of a kind already in his hand4 ,in either case he must place the completed set on the table to the right of his tiles2 all four face up if he punged the fourth1 the two end tiles face down if he has drawn the fourth4 ,the player must immediately draw a loose tile 7one of the two tiles on top of1 and marking the end of the wall74 ,usually the one farthest from the end is taken1 the one on the end moved up1 and replaced by a tile from the end of the wall itself4 ,the loose tile was drawn because every time a player completes a set of four of a kind1 he causes the rest of his hand to be one tile short4 ,this must be made up every time four of a kind is filled by an extra tile drawn from the loose tiles4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #ac4 ,in this illustration the player had three one dots in his hand when one of the opponents discarded the fourth one dot4 ,this player punged it1 matched the four of a kind1 exposed them1 drew a loose tile and discarded4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #ad4 ,in this illustration the player had three one dots in his hand and drew the fourth in his regular turn to draw4 ,this set counts in scoring as much as it would in his hand but must be exposed in order to draw the loose tile4 ,therefore the end tiles are turned down to show that in counting the score that the set is counted as if it were held in the hand4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #ae4 ,in this illustration the player has one set of #c one dots punged and completed1 and is now trying to match up the rest of his hand4 ,if another player discards a one dot he cannot touch it and must let it go by4 ,however1 if he draws the fourth one dot himself1 he may add it on to his set of #c1 draw a loose tile and discard as usual4 ,as can be seen from the last three illustrations1 the rule in the case of four of a kind is as follows3 ,in any set which a player may have exposed on the table there must not be more than 7#a7 punged tile4 ,a player having three of a kind in his hand may pung the fourth when it is discarded or having three of a kind on the table and drawing the fourth may add it to his #c exposed tiles4 ,the rule1 however1 bars him from appropriating some one else's discard to make a fourth for an exposed set of three of a kind because in order to appropriate this discard he would have to pung it4 ,this he has not the privilege of doing1 because he already must have one punged tile in his exposed set or it wouldn't be exposed4 ,,mah-,,jongg ,,or ,,mah-,,diao ,as has been mentioned before when a player has matched his hand into four 7#d7 sets and by a draw or a pung has mated the final pair he wins and announces ,mah-,jongg or ,mah-,diao 7,dee-,o71 either being correct and in common usage1 the latter being the most logical because of its ,english translation mating the pair4 ,a player must at all times during the game have thirteen 7#ac7 tiles1 his draw every round momentarily giving him fourteen 7#ad71 his discard leaving him the thirteen 7#ac74 ,then for every four of a kind that he fills he should have an extra tile in his hand on account of the extra loose tile draw4 ,thus one is able at any time during the game to check his hand and ascertain whether or not he has the correct number of tiles in it4 ,if he has not sets of four of a kind he should have thirteen tiles in his hand4 ,if he has one set of four of a kind he should have fourteen tiles in his hand1 two sets of four of kind #ae tiles1 and so on4 ,if1 at any time during the game1 a player has an incorrect number of tiles in his hand1 it becomes dead4 ,he must continue drawing and discarding1 but when the scores are settled his score does not count and therefore he must pay all players4 ,his only chance lies in endeavoring to prevent the other players from completing their hands1 by holding the tiles which he believes they need and thus causing a draw game4 ,,settling ,,the ,,scores ,when the first player to complete his hand calls ,mah-,jongg the game is ended1 and all players expose their hands and count up their scores4 ,the winner of the game collects full value of his score from each of the other players and throwing his hand into the discard is thru for that game4 ,the remaining three players then settle among themselves the difference of their scores1 the high hand of the three collecting the difference between his score and each of the remaining two players4 ,then throwing his hand into the discard1 leaves the remaining two to settle their scores1 the highest hand of which collects the difference4 ,it must be remembered here that ,east ,wind 7or banker7 pays or collects double1 if he loses or wins4 ,scores are most conveniently settled by the use of the counters which are furnished with the sets4 ,these are spotted to denote different denominations and at the end of every hand the actual scores or differences in scores are settled between players by the exchange of these counters4 ,there are several styles of counter sets4 ,the one in most common usage contains counters valued as follows3 ,points #a ,gold dot #a1jjj #e ,black dots #ejj #a ,black dot #ajj #aj ,red dots #aj #b ,red dots #b ,,suggestions ,,for ,,careful ,,playing ,,of ,,hands ,in a game of this nature where every hand is different from the preceding one and so much depends on the draw1 it is very hard to lay down any specific rules of how it should be played4 ,there are1 however1 a few points which would help if kept in mind during the play4 ,a player should study his original hand and after the first few draws and discards form a general plan of what he is going to try and fill in his hand and decide on how high a score he will have a good chance of making4 ,this will be decided by3 #a4 ,the condition of his own hand4 #b4 ,the discards of the other three players4 ,if he has an exceptionally strong hand in any one suit he will play for that suit regardless of the other players4 ,if he has a well-divided hand1 by watching the other players' discards1 he will be able to form a fairly good opinion of what they are doing with their hand4 ,after judging his hand1 visualizing the sort of hand that he is to try to fill1 he should use his own judgment in drawing and discarding1 constantly watching his own hand for opportunities and his opponents' discards for disclosures1 and upon the slightest suspicion that one of these opponents is nearing the completion of his hand1 should immediately forego any thoughts of a higher hand himself and seek to complete his own hand as quickly as possible4 ,summing this up2 a player should plan and play to win at all times with as high a hand as possible1 then as the wall grows shorter and the probability of one of the opponents completing his hand grows larger1 the player should reconsider1 and #a4 ,if he has at that stage an exceptionally good hand which will win back for him from the other two players that which he loses to the winner1 should go on improving his hand and take the chance of another player winning4 #b4 ,if he has just an ordinarily good hand he should stop playing to improve his hand and start to complete it as quickly as possible1 i4e41 form sequences and mix suits1 in order to win before the other players and save himself4 #c4 ,if his hand has not improved at all or very little since the beginning of the game and he has small chance of completing his hand in any way before some other player does1 his only plan is to hold the tiles which he thinks would help the other players and discard only those which he is sure they will not pung4 ,these tiles can be ascertained by carefully searching the discards in the center of the table and the sets already exposed by the other players4 ,by playing this way he may be able to cause the game to be a draw4 ,there are a few other points which are taken up in the last four layouts in ,part ,i4 ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,mandarins 7,flowers and ,seasons7 ,the ,mandarins1 also called ,flowers and ,seasons1 are eight in number1 two for each of the four winds4 ,they may be eliminated from the set and are not usually used in the play1 as they add a large element of chance into the game4 ,if they are used1 each side of the wall is increased by two tiles1 making each side a double tiered row of #ah tiles side by side4 ,then1 if a player draws one of his own wind mandarins1 he exposes it on the table and draws a loose tile1 the mandarin of his own wind permitting him to double his score once4 ,if then he draws the other mandarin of his own wind he repeats the above process and may double his total score again4 ,where ,seasons and ,flowers are used instead of mandarins the numbers on them1 #a1 #b1 #c and #d1 represent ,east1 ,south1 ,west and ,north winds respectively4 ,the red numbers are the ,seasons and the green numbers are the ,flowers4 ,they are used exactly as are the mandarins1 i4e41 ,one's own ,season will double the value of his hand1 as will his own ,flower4 ,both of them will double the value twice4 ,,score ,,card ,it will be seen at a glance that the scoring values are divided into three parts4 ,first1 the bonus scores which only the winner can use2 secondly1 the combination scores which all four players can use2 finally the doubling honors which all four players may use1 so it is that in settling the scores the winner starts at the top with twenty 7#bj7 points for ,mah-,jongg or for winning and goes down the list scoring ten points1 if he has no sequence in his hand and so on thru the bonus scores1 adding to these whatever scores he obtains from combinations in his hand or on the table and doubling the sum as many times as he has doubling honors4 ,in the bonus scores for the winning hand only there are six items3 #a4 ,mah-,jongg which gives #bj points for winning the hand4 #b4 ,no sequence in hand or on table4 ,this is a bonus of #aj points given to a player if he wins without use of sequences4 #c4 ,drawing the winning piece4 ,this is a bonus of #b points given to the winning player if he draws the tile which completes his hand from the wall4 ,of course punging the winning tile will forfeit this bonus4 #d4 ,filling the only place to win4 ,this is a bonus of #b points given to a player who fills the only possible place to win1 i4e41 winning by matching the pair or drawing the middle tile of a sequence4 #e4 ,winning on a draw from a loose tile4 ,this of course is a bonus of ten points given to the winning player if any of his loose tile draws have been fortunate enough to complete his hand4 #f4 ,no other score than ,mah-,jongg in hand or on table4 ,this is a bonus of ten points given to the winning player having only #bj points for ,mah-,jongg as his score1 and is a hand made up of four sequences and a pair in which there is no score1 a sequence having no scoring value whatsoever4 ,of course even drawing the winning piece will forfeit this bonus as can easily be seen4 ,in the combination scores exposed sets are those on the table2 face up to the right of the player1 concealed sets are those which are in his hand at the time of winning4 ,as will be seen by the score card1 concealed sets having been made up by the player without the assistance of a pung or chow score twice as much as the same set would if it were on the table4 ,this together with the fact that sets of ones1 nines1 winds or dragons score twice as much as sets of twos1 threes1 fours1 fives1 sixes1 sevens and eights should be helpful in memorizing the score which is essential to the careful playing of each hand4 ,as for the doubling honors1 each set or combination doubles the total score once1 and if there are five doubling honors in a hand1 the total score should be doubled five times--for example3 a player goes ,mah-,jongg or ,mah-,diao having #cb points in bonus scores1 #ah in combination scores1 making his total score #ej4 ,then if he has five doubling honors his final score is #a1fjj points1 i4e41 #ej-ajj-bjj-djj-hjj-a1fjj4 ,,example ,,of ,,hands ,,and ,,how ,,they ,,are ,,scored ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #a4 ,for ,mah-,jongg #bj ,for ,three #b ,dots #b ---- #bb ,total ,score ,no double honors3 #bb ,final ,score ,in this hand the player punged the #b dot which completed his hand1 #bj for ,mah-,jongg as the only bonus score he has because3 #a4 ,he has sequences4 #b4 ,he did not draw the winning piece4 #c4 ,he did not fill the only place to win4 #d4 ,he has other score than ,mah-,jongg4 #e4 ,he did not win on a loose tile draw4 ,in combination value1 he has only two points for the set of three #b dots1 the sets of sequences helping complete the hand1 but scoring nothing4 ,there are no doubling honors in the hand so the final score is #bb4 ,this is the lowest winning hand that can be scored4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #b ,winner chowed the #a character to complete hand4 ,score is ,mah-,jongg #bj ---- ,no other scores on hand or on table #aj ---- #cj ,total ,score ,no combination scores or doubling honors #cj ,final ,score ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #c ,mah-,jongg--#bj #bj ,no sequences--#aj #aj ,filling only place to win--#b #b ,drawing wins p4--#b #b ---- #cd #c ones concealed #h #c threes concealed #d #c fives exposed #b #c fours exposed #b ---- #ej ,total ,score ,no doubling honors3 #ej ,final ,score ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #d ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,drawing winning piece #b ---- #cb #c sixes 7concealed7 #d #c twos 7exposed7 #b #c dragons 7exposed7 #d #c threes 7exposed7 #b ---- #dd ,total ,score ,double once for red dragons #hh ,final ,score ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #e ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,drawing winning piece #b ,filling only place to win #b ---- #cd #c twos 7exposed7 #b #c nines 7exposed7 #d #c ones 7exposed7 #d #c dragons 7exposed7 #d ---- #dh ,total ,score ,double once for green dragons #if ,double once for all one suit except winds or dragons #aib ,final ,score ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #f ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,drawing winning piece #b ,filling only place to win #b ---- #cd #d nines 7concealed7 #cb #c sevens 7exposed7 #b #c fours 7concealed7 #d #c ones 7concealed7 #h ---- #hj ,total ,score ,double three times for #afj ,all one suit #cbj #fdj ,total ,score ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #g ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ---- #cj #d dragons 7concealed7 #cb #d winds 7exposed7 #af #c dragons 7exposed7 #d #c dragons 7concealed7 #h ---- #ij ,total ,score ,double three times for all #ahj ,one suit 7honor7 #cfj #gbj ,double once for red dragons #addj ,double once for white dragons #bhhj ,double once for green dragons #egfj ,total ,score ,if this hand is held by the ,east ,wind he may double again for having a set of his own wind1 making his score #aa1ebj1 and being ,east ,wind1 he collects double from each player when he wins1 making his total #bc1jdj from each of the other three players or #fi1abj in all4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #h ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ---- #cj #c dragons 7exposed7 #d #c fours 7exposed7 #b #c eights 7exposed7 #b #c dragons 7concealed7 #h ---- #df ,total ,score ,double once for white dragons #ib ,double once for green dragons #ahd ,final ,score ,if player is ,east ,wind1 he collects double1 or #cfh from each player4 ,if any other wind1 he collects #cfh from ,east ,wind and #ahd from the other two players4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #i ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no other score in hand or on table #aj ---- #cj ,total ,score ,double three times for all #fj ,one suit #abj #bdj ,final ,score ,note3 ,in this hand the player did not even fill the only place to win as a #f character would have won also4 ,if player is ,east ,wind1 he collects #dhj from each of the other three players4 ,if any other wind1 he collects #dhj from ,east ,wind and #bdj from the other two players4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #aj ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,winning on loose tile draw #aj ,drawing winning piece #b ,filling only place to win #b ---- #dd #d nines 7exposed7 #af #d ones 7concealed7 #cb #d dragons 7exposed7 #af #d dragons 7exposed7 #af ---- #abd ,total ,score ,double once for red dragons #bdh ,double once for green dragons #dif ,final ,score ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #aa ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,drawing winning piece #b ---- #cb #c winds 7concealed7 #h #c dragons 7concealed7 #h #c twos 7concealed7 #d #c nines 7concealed7 #h ---- #fj ,total ,score ,double once for all one suit except winds or dragons #abj ,double once for red dragons #bdj ,double once for own wind #dhj ,final ,score ,this illustration assumes player to be ,north ,wind4 ,this player collects double1 or #ifj1 from ,east ,wind and #dhj each from ,south and ,west ,winds4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ab ,mah-,jongg #bj ---- #bj #c fives 7exposed7 #b #c winds 7exposed7 #d #b dragons #b ---- #bh ,total ,score ,double once for all one suit except winds or dragons #ef ,final ,score ,note3 ,two points for pair of red dragons4 ,dragons and own wind are only pairs that score1 and they are limited to two points4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ac ,,player ,,is ,,east ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ---- #cj #c winds 7exposed7 #d #c ones 7exposed7 #d #c fours 7exposed7 #b #c dragons 7exposed7 #h ---- #dh ,total ,score ,double once for all one suit except winds or dragons #if ,double once for red dragons #aib ,double once for own wind #chd ,collect double from each player being east wind and winning #gfh ,final ,score from each player ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ad ,,player ,,is ,,west ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,draw winning piece #b ---- #cb #c winds 7concealed7 #h #c winds 7concealed7 #h #d winds 7concealed7 #cb #c winds 7exposed7 #d ---- #hd ,double #c times for all one #afh ,suit 7honor7 #ccf #fgb ,double once for own wind #acdd ,collects #bfhh from ,east ,wind and #acdd apiece from ,north and ,south ,winds4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ae ,,player ,,is ,,east ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,only place to win #b ---- #cb #d ones 7concealed7 #cb #d nines 7concealed7 #cb #d fours 7exposed7 #h #d sevens 7exposed7 #h ---- #aab ,total ,score ,double #c times for all #bbd ,one suit #ddh #hif ,double once because player is ,east wind and won #agib ,final ,score from each player ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #af ,,player ,,is ,,east ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ---- #c fours 7concealed7 #bj #c dragons 7concealed7 #d #h ---- #cb ,total ,score ,double #c times for winning on ,original hand #fd #abh #bef ,double once for red dragons #eab ,collects double because is ,east wind and won #ajbd ,final ,score from each player ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ag ,,player ,,is ,,south ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ,drawing winning piece #b ,filling only place to win #b ---- #bd #c ones 7concealed7 #h #c fours 7concealed7 #d #d winds 7concealed7 #cb #b own wind #b ---- #gj ,total ,score ,double once for all one suit except winds or dragons #adj ,final ,score ,collects double1 or #bhj1 from ,east wind2 #adj from ,north and ,south respectively4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ah ,,player ,,is ,,north ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ---- #cj #d ones 7concealed7 #cb #d nines 7exposed7 #af #d nines 7concealed7 #cb #c dragons 7concealed7 #h ---- #aah ,total ,score ,double once for green dragons #bcf ,final ,score ,collects double1 or #dgb1 from ,east wind3 #bcf from ,west and ,south winds respectively4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #ai ,,player ,,is ,,west ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ---- #bj #c winds 7concealed7 #h #c dragons 7exposed7 #d ---- #cb ,double once for all one suit except winds or dragons #fd ,double once for white dragons #abh ,double once for own wind #bef ,collects #eab from ,east wind1 #bef from ,north and ,south1 respectively4 ,illustration3 ,example ,no4 #bj ,,player ,,is ,,east ,,wind ,mah-,jongg #bj ,no sequence #aj ,winning on loose tile draw #aj ,drawing winning piece #b ,filling only place to win #b ---- #dd #d dragons 7concealed7 #cb #d dragons 7concealed7 #cb #d dragons 7concealed7 #cb #d winds 7concealed7 #cb ---- #agb ,total ,score ,double #c times for all of one suit 7honor7 #cdd #fhh #acgf ,double once for green dragons #bgeb ,double once for white dragons #eejd ,double once for red dragons #aajjh ,double once for own wind #bbjaf ,double once because everyone must pay ,east wind double when he wins #ddjcb ,final ,score ,east wind collects this amount from each of the other three players1 making a total of #acb1jif points that ,east may win in one hand4 ,this is the highest hand which is probable4 ,there is a hand composed of sets of #c of a kind1 similar to this1 which1 if drawn on the original draw1 will yield more points than this1 but it is highly improbable that the hand will ever actually be drawn by any given player4 ,,illustrations ,,of ,,score ,,settling ,in the four layouts following1 the illustrations represent all the hands together as they are laid down after one of the players wins4 ,they serve to clear up settling of the scores and also bring out important points in the playing of the hands4 ,in each case the score of the four players is given in total and practice in the calculating of scores can be obtained by beginners by scoring these hands and comparing their results with the given scores4 ,west ,wind #djj ----------- ,north ,wind ,south ,wind #af #fd ----------- ,east ,wind #fjh ,illustration3 ,west ,wind #djj ,south ,wind #fd ,east ,wind #fjh ,north ,wind #af ,east ,wind ,mah-,jongged with a total score of #fjh points4 ,he collects double this amount from each of the other three winds because he is ,east ,wind1 and winning1 collects double4 ,this makes #abaf from each player or a total of #cfdh4 ,he then throws his hand into the discard and the other three players settle1 the high hand collecting the difference between his hand and the remaining two4 ,in the illustration1 ,west ,wind is the high hand and he collects #ccf from ,south ,wind and #dhd from ,north ,wind1 the difference between his hand and those of ,south and ,north ,winds1 respectively4 ,he then discards his hand and leaves the ,south and ,north ,winds to settle4 ,they do this by ,south ,wind collecting #dh points from ,north2 both discard their tiles1 and the scores are settled4 ,it might be best here to analyze the above layout to see how the play went4 ,east ,wind's hand appeared harmless enough because he had most of it concealed1 only exposing two sets4 ,on this account1 none of the other opponents would hesitate about discarding the eight of bamboo which allowed him to ,mah-,jongg4 ,north and ,south ,winds having poor hands themselves might have held the eight of bamboo and not have taken a chance on it putting him out if they had been warned how near he was to winning1 for ,west ,wind had an exceptionally fine hand with the best part of it concealed and he won back from ,north and ,south ,winds more than half of his payment to ,east1 the winner4 ,north and ,south ,winds fell in a conflict of suits1 one of the most frequent occurrences of the game and one which spoils a great many otherwise good hands4 ,they were both attempting to complete all dot hands and each has two conflicting pairs1 namely1 #e and #f of dots4 ,either of them to win can only have one pair in their hand1 and each was holding the other from any chance of winning4 ,when two players play for the same suit1 it is best for both to give up any idea of obtaining all of one suit1 and fill in the hand with one or two sets of winds or dragons4 ,very often one can get three doubles in this way when it would be impossible to complete a hand of all one suit4 ,illustration3 ,west ,wind #bhaf ,south ,wind #h ,east ,wind #d ,north ,wind #bb ,,north ,,wind ,,mah-,,jonggs ,north ,wind ,mah-,jonggs with #bb points as his total score4 ,he collects #bb points apiece from ,north ,wind and ,south ,wind4 ,east1 however1 must pay him double or #dd1 being banker and losing4 ,this gives ,north ,wind a total of #hh4 ,the other three then settle ,west ,wind with a total of #bhaf2 collects the difference between his hand and ,east ,wind's which is #bhad1 doubled because he won from ,east ,wind and ,east ,wind must pay double when he loses4 ,this gives ,west ,wind #efbh from ,east ,wind1 and just the difference in their hands from ,south ,wind which is #bhjh4 ,then ,south ,wind in settling with ,east ,wind collects the difference1 #d1 double or #h4 ,this layout demonstrates the point that it is not always necessary to ,mah-,jongg or win1 in order to take in the highest number of points4 ,north ,wind ,mah-,jongged and collected only #hh points1 whereas ,west ,wind collected a total of #h1dcf points4 ,what evidently took place in this hand goes as follows3 ,west ,wind was exceptionally fortunate in the draw and soon had three sets of winds and dragons exposed1 or on the table4 ,the other three players seeing in this a dangerous hand1 ran for cover1 this consisting of gathering all the sequences possible together1 and mixing the suits4 ,by doing this a player can very quickly complete his hand and win1 although his score will be low when he does win4 ,however1 the one who does ,mah-,jongg1 no matter how low his score may be1 collects that amount1 and escapes any exceptionally high scoring hands which the other players may hold4 ,in this case it was ,north ,wind who won out and avoided paying many points to ,west ,wind by doing so4 ,illustration3 ,west ,wind #fd ,south ,wind #aj ,east ,wind #ef ,north ,wind #daf ,,north ,,wind ,,mah-,,jonggs ,in the above layout1 ,north ,wind winning1 scores #daf2 ,west ,wind #fd2 ,south ,wind #aj1 and ,east ,wind #ef2 ,north ,wind then takes #hcb from ,east ,wind1 and #daf from ,west and ,south ,winds4 ,west ,wind collects #ed from ,south ,wind and #af from ,east ,wind2 ,east ,wind then collects #df doubled or #ib from ,south ,wind4 ,in this game both ,north and ,west ,winds played for all dot hands2 ,north ,wind foreseeing this early in the game filled in his hand with winds and dragons1 in this way winning out over ,west ,wind2 ,east ,wind starting with a pair of green dragons kept them until he had all characters except the pair4 ,then came the time for him to decide on whether he would discard the pair and try to fill an all character hand1 or use the dragons4 ,he decided on the latter because looking at ,north ,wind's exposed tiles he saw that ,north ,wind was dangerously near to winning4 ,he filled his dragons and attempted to win as quickly as possible1 almost succeeding and needing only one tile to complete his hand4 ,illustration3 ,west ,wind #fd ,south ,wind #dh ,east ,wind #hj ,north ,wind #aeb ,,north ,,wind ,,mah-,,jonggs ,north ,wind ,mah-,jongged1 collects #cjd from ,east and #aeb from ,west and ,south respectively4 ,then--,east ,wind collects #af doubled or #cb from ,west and #cb doubled or #fd from ,south4 ,west ,wind wins #af from ,south who is the loser all around4 ,east ,wind's difficulty above was that he decided on all bamboo hand at the start of the game without having a sufficient number of pairs in that suit4 ,the result was that by the time that he drew the pairs and was ready to pung discards the other players had already discarded a number of tiles which he needed in his hand4 ,they were then dead4 ,the result of all this can be seen in his hand above2 he has still two pairs and a sequence to fill and the particular tiles needed to do this 7the #d1 #e and #h of bamboo7 have probably all been discarded early in the game by the other players4 ,the point thus illustrated being3 ,it is not advisable to attempt the completing of a suit which all the other players are discarding unless sufficient pairs are held from the start to withstand their attacks4 ,,part ,,two ,,playing ,,with ,a ,,limit ,,playing ,,with ,a ,,limit ,pung-,chow1 as it has been described in the foregoing pages1 represents the game as it is played with unlimited hands1 that is where no limits are set on the number of points permissible in the score of a hand4 ,it is impractical1 however1 to play with unlimited hands in a game where a stake has been set due to the inconsistencies of the winning hand scores2 one may win with a hand of #bjj1jjj points1 whereas the ordinary or average winning hand numbers approximately only #ejj to #a1jjj4 ,on this account the ,chinese use a lower scoring system and set limits on the hands whenever placing stakes on the game1 with a view of limiting losses between all players4 ,this setting of a limit changes the game considerably1 for while the procedure of the play is similar to that of the unlimited hand1 the scoring is almost totally different and the actual playing of the hand is changed4 ,a player in a limited hand gains nothing by completing a hand scoring high in the thousands when held down to the limit which is comparatively low4 ,this changes entirely the playing of hands1 making each player's object no longer to score as high a hand as possible and win1 but to score as closely to the limit as possible and win1 which in practice amounts to completing the hand as quickly as possible1 mixing sequences and sets of all suits and taking all good scoring sets as they come1 planning for none4 ,it can be seen that there is a larger element of fortune or luck in this method of playing than there is in playing the unlimited hand1 though in either case the best player will win consistently4 ,,the ,,procedure ,,of ,,play ,illustration3 ,indicators ,wind ,box ,in playing this sort of a game the wind indicators in their container1 the ,cheung ,huen or wind box1 are always used1 and their use changes the method of commencing the game4 ,to start the game when using the wind markers the seats are preliminarily chosen and any one of the four players throws the two dice once1 the result of this throw deciding which player is to throw again for playing position4 ,counting of players being done in a counter-clockwise direction as previously explained4 ,the players thus designated will shuffle the wind indicators thoroughly face downward and places any one of them still face downward on top of wind box4 ,he then arranges the whole lot in a perpendicular straight line in front of them all face downward1 placing the box with the wind indicator still on top of it in any order he pleases4 7,see ,illustration ,no4 #a47 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #a ,in this illustration1 ,c first threw the dice2 the number was seven1 deciding ,a as the player who was to throw again for playing position or seat4 ,a has shuffled the markers and arranged them perpendicularly in front of him1 placing the wind box in second position4 ,he had the privilege of placing it in #ast1 #crd or #dth position if he had chosen4 ,he then throws with the dice1 an #h2 this designates ,d as the player to take the first indicator2 ,a the second 7also the wind box71 ,b the third1 and ,c the fourth4 ,he then throws the two dice and the number thrown will decide which player is to pick up the indicator farthest from him 7or the first indicator in the accompanying illustration7 counting in the usual manner one player at a time in counter-clockwise direction1 starting with himself as #a4 ,the player indicated will pick up the first indicator1 the player on his right the second indicator1 the player opposite the third and the player to his left the east4 ,the wind box goes to the player picking up the indicator on top of it who then places it in front of him to mark the seat of ,east ,wind4 ,the players then look at their indicators2 the one drawing the ,east ,wind indicator becomes ,east ,wind1 and occupies the seat marked by the wind box4 ,the remaining three players seat themselves about the table according to their draw or wind marker1 i4e41 draw of ,west ,wind indicator opposite to ,east1 ,north ,wind to the left and ,south ,wind to the right of him 7,east74 ,east ,wind now takes charge of the wind box and the four indicators which are placed in the wind box face up with ,east ,wind on top4 ,the ,east ,wind player retains the box until he loses a hand4 ,when this occurs the box goes to the right to the player who was ,south1 but now becomes ,east ,wind4 ,the ,east ,wind indicator1 however1 still remaining on top as this designates that the ,east ,wind round is being played4 ,the ,east ,wind round is over as soon as the fourth player to be ,east ,wind in turn loses4 ,he is the one to take charge of the ,east ,wind indicator and placing the ,south ,wind indicator on top to indicate the ,south ,wind round1 hands the box to the original ,east ,wind who now becomes the first ,east ,wind of the ,south ,wind round4 ,it will now be seen that four games make up a round and four rounds make up a set4 ,in every case the new wind-round must commence from the original ,east ,wind player and the box is for the purpose of indicating which round of the wind is being played and who is the ,east ,wind in that particular hand4 ,it should be decided before starting how many sets are to be played4 ,chinese players generally play from #d to #h sets in an evening4 ,the seats having been chosen and winds positioned1 the procedure of play continues exactly as has been described before4 ,the wall is broken and the tiles drawn in the same manner1 ,chowing1 ,punging and filling four of a kind are processes gone about in the same manner as they are in the other type of game4 ,mah-,jongg also is attained in the same way1 i4e41 completing four sets and a pair4 ,almost the entire difference in the two ways of playing the game is found in the scoring4 ,in the scoring many new combinations have been added1 scoring values have been changed1 and special bonuses1 limit hands and new doubling honors have been introduced which must now be taken1 one at a time1 and explained in detail4 ,the most important change is that the last #ad tiles in the wall are never drawn and the game ends and is a draw if it reaches this point without conclusion4 ,loose tiles may be drawn of course during the play1 but even a loose tile cannot be drawn if there are only #ad tiles left in the wall including the loose tiles4 ,these last #ad tiles are usually separated a little from the rest of the wall to indicate the end4 ,,the ,,limit ,,hand4 ,to keep the hands down to a reasonable amount when players are playing for stakes1 the system of setting a limit as to the number of points that can be scored in a hand4 ,this is usually #cjj points2 in games giving a bonus of #aj points for ,mah-,jongg1 and #djj in games giving a bonus of #bj points for ,mah-,jongg4 ,east ,wind of course is liable for double the limit and at the same time may win as high as double the limit from each player4 ,to non-winners settling their scores1 settle the difference in the score up to the limit if neither is ,east ,wind1 and up to double the limit if either is ,east ,wind4 ,the limit is of course entirely optional1 and may be set by the players at the beginning of the play4 ,a limit of #fjj points between players seems the most popular at present in ,america4 ,,washing ,,the ,,tiles4 ,it is necessary before going into ,washing the ,tiles to explain the meaning of ,heads4 ,a ,head is a one1 nine1 wind or a dragon1 and a hand containing #i or more different ,heads on the original hand drawn from the wall entitles the player to ,wash ,tiles4 ,he calls out no play and exposes his hand1 collecting according to the following table3 ,from each player #i ,heads #ej points #aj ,heads #gj points #aa ,heads #ajj points #ab ,heads #aej points #ac ,heads #bjj points ,when washing the tiles takes place1 the tiles must be reshuffled and the wall built over4 ,east ,wind retains the ,cheung 7wind box7 and not collecting double when he washes tiles does not have to pay any of the other players double when they wash tiles4 ,it must be remembered that in order to wash the tiles the heads must be different1 that the hand must be the original #ac tiles 7#ad in case of ,east ,wind7 and no drawing is permitted4 ,,bonus ,,scores #a4 ,for ,mah-,jongg or completing a hand a bonus is given and this is generally #aj points unless specially agreed upon to be so4 #b4 ,for winning hand of absolutely no scoring value than ,mah-,jongg1 #aj points is given as a bonus4 #c4 ,for winning tile drawn by the player himself from the last tile which may be drawn in the wall doubles the total score once 7i4e41 the #aeth tile from the end of the wall74 #d4 ,winning on a draw from a loose tile doubles total score once4 #e4 ,to win on first card played a bonus of half the limit hand is given4 ,washing cards have preference over this wind4 #f4 ,for completing the hand with the fourth card of an exposed set of three of a kind--for example1 if a player has an exposed set of #c of a kind and he draws or pungs the fourth tile1 and if this very tile is the winning tile1 he may double the total score once4 ,,limit ,,hands ,a player holding a winning hand of any one of the following combinations receives from each of the players the full amount agreed upon4 #a4 ,a winning hand of single heads one only of each with a pair of heads different from the rest representing the final pair4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #b #b4 ,a winning hand containing sets of heads only with a pair of heads as the final pair4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #c #c4 ,a winning hand of four different sets of winds and any kind of a final pair4 ,in ,china this hand is called the four happinesses and superstition has it that one holding this hand has much good fortune coming to him having the four happinesses at his door4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #d #d4 ,the winning hand of #c different sets of winds with a pair of the other winds as the final pair4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #e #e4 ,a winning hand made up entirely of sets of four of a kind with any pair as the final pair4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #f #f4 ,east ,wind winning on original draw from the wall4 ,this wind has preference over washing cards4 ,the ,chinese consider this hand as a forecast of misfortunes to come4 #g4 ,a winning hand containing the #c sets of dragons2 red1 green and white4 ,in ,china these are known as the #c ,doctors of ,literature4 ,the inference of course being that many tiles must be turned away before these three sets can be made up just as many students in ,china are turned away by competitive examinations before the three best scholars are chosen to pursue their studies at the ,royal ,court with the title of ,doctors of ,literature4 ,,scoring ,,values ,a,,winning ,,hand4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,points ,no other score in hand or on table than ,mah-,jong #aj ,points ,on ,table ,in ,hand ,of three of a kind of #b to #h #b #f ,of three of a kind of heads #d #aj ,of four of a kind #b to #h #h #af ,of four of a kind of heads #af #cb ,pair of #b to #h punged to complete hand #j #b ,pair of #b to #h drawn to complete hand #j #d ,pair of heads punged to complete hand #j #d ,pair of heads drawn to complete hand #j #f ,pair of the player's own wind punged by him in his own wind round to complete hand #j #f ,pair of the player's own wind drawn by him in his own wind round to complete hand #j #h ,filling a sequence in the middle on the only open end to complete hand ,by ,chow #b ,filling a sequence with both ends open by draw to complete hand ,by draw #d ,footnote ,a3 ,count for winning hand only4 ,other ,hands ,on ,table ,in ,hand ,three of a kind of #b to #h #b #d ,three of a kind of heads #d #h ,four of a kind #b to #h #h #af ,four of a kind heads #af #cb ,one pair of a kind any dragon 44 #b ,one pair of own wind 44 #b ,one pair of wind of the round 44 #b ,one pair of players own wind in the wind of his own wind round 44 #d ,,explanation ,,of ,,items ,,in ,,the ,,table ,,of ,,scoring ,,values #a4 ,pair of #b-h punged to complete hand4 ,a player must have four sets and a pair to win4 ,the above scoring value is given if the pair is from #b to #h and if he pungs one of them to win4 #b4 ,pair of #b-h drawn to complete hand4 ,this score is given as above when the player's extra pair is from #b-h1 but he must match the pair by draw4 #c4 ,pair of heads punged to complete hand4 ,this four points is given when player pungs to match his final pair4 #d4 ,pair of heads drawn to complete hand4 ,this six points is given when player draws and matches his final pair4 #e4 ,pair of player's own wind punged by him in his own wind round to complete his hand4 ,this six points is given to a player who pungs to match this final pair when his final pair is his own wind and it is his own wind round4 #f4 ,pair of the player's own wind in his own wind round drawn by him to complete his hand4 ,this is similar to the one above except that the player draws the tile instead of punging it1 thereby getting #h points instead of #f points4 #g4 ,filling a sequence in the middle or on the only open end to complete hand4 ,an example would be chowing a #f character1 have a #e character and a #g character1 or have the #b and chowing the #c 7only open end74 ,filling a sequence with both ends open1 by draw to complete hand4 ,an example would be1 having a #g and #h of character and drawing a #f or a #i4 ,in both this and the above case when the sequence is filled by draw1 it must immediately be set out face up on the table to the right of player1 with the draw tile drawn on top of the other two according to the illustration4 ,,doubling ,,honor ,,scores #a4 ,a set of a player's own wind doubles his total score once4 #b4 ,a set of a player's own wind in his own wind round doubles his total score twice4 #c4 ,a set of red dragons doubles his total score once4 #d4 ,a set of green dragons doubles his total score once4 #e4 ,a set of white dragons doubles his total score once4 ,b#f4 ,a hand of all one suit except winds or dragons doubles his total score once4 ,b#g4 ,a winning hand having no sequences in it doubles the total score once4 ,this hand is known as ,tei ,tei ,woo 7mixed sets or no sequences7 among the ,cantonese ,chinese4 ,b#h4 ,a winning hand entirely of one suit1 doubles the total score three times4 ,footnote ,b3 ,count for winning hand only4 ,,penalties #a4 ,in the event of a player announcing ,mah-,jongg when his hand is not complete1 the player making the error must pay to each of the other #c players half of the limit4 ,east ,wind receiving full limit or paying full limit as the case may be4 #b4 ,the one discarding a tile that permits another player to win must bear the entire losses of all other players2 if the player winning had any of the following four combinations of tiles exposed at the time of discarding1 unless the discarder himself had two complete doubling honors and was waiting for the winning tile or was waiting for the winning tile which would give him more than two doubling honors4 #a4 ,when nine tiles or more of the same suit are exposed and the discarded tile gives a winning hand on entirely one suit4 #b4 ,when nine heads or more are exposed and the discarded tile gives a winning hand of entirely heads4 #c4 ,when two sets of dragons are exposed and the discard of the other kind of dragon gives the third set of dragon in a winning hand4 #d4 ,when three different sets of winds are exposed and the discard of the other wind gives a winning hand4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #h;a ,example #a4 ,any player discarding a one or a four of dot would complete this hand and unless he had two complete doubling honors and was waiting for the winning card or was waiting for the winning card to complete his hand1 with more than #b doubling honors1 he must pay the winner for all4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #h;b ,example #b4 ,any player discarding a red dragon will permit this player to win and will be penalized for his recklessness by having to pay all scores1 unless his own hand fulfills the requirements set out in ,example ,no4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #h;c ,example #c4 ,a player discarding a white dragon is liable to the penalty above mentioned1 unless his own hand fulfills the requirements given above in ,no4 #a2 anyone may discard a one of dot which1 though permitting the player with the above hand to win1 would not bring a penalty down upon the discarder4 ,illustration3 ,illustration ,no4 #h;d ,example #d4 ,a player discarding an ,east ,wind would allow this player to win and would be penalized unless excepted as in the other examples4 ,here as in ,ex4 #c1 a discard to the other pair1 i4e41 a three of bamboo1 would not be penalized4 ,,note4 7a7 ,if a player has no choice in his discard2 that is if he discards the winning dot to an all dot hand when he has only dots to discard1 he is not penalized4 7b7 ,when a penalty is imposed1 all scores except that of the winning hand are canceled4 ,,example ,,of ,,winning ,,hands ,note3 ,arrow indicates tile which completed the hand in the following ,examples4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a ,player is ,east ,wind2 ,south ,wind round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,three #h character 7concealed7 #f ,three #c bamboo 7concealed7 #f ,three ,heads 7#a dot7 7concealed7 #aj ,three #e character 7exposed7 #b ,pair of ,heads drawn 7#a character7 #f ---- #dj ,total ,score ,for no sequences double once #hj ,total ,score ,east ,wind collects double if winning double once #afj ,from each player ,illustration3 ,no4 #b ,player is ,north ,wind in ,north ,wind round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,three of ,heads 7#i character7 7concealed7 #aj ,three of ,heads 7,north ,wind7 7concealed7 #aj ,three ,bamboo 7concealed7 #f ,three of ,heads 7,red ,dragon7 7exposed7 #d ---- #dj ,for three red dragons double once #hj #afj ,for three of own wind in own wind round double twice #cbj ,for no sequence double once #fdj ,player would collect #abhj from ,east ,wind and #fdj from other two winds4 ,if his score #fdj were over the limit he would collect double the limit from ,east and only the limit from ,south and ,west respectively4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #c ,north ,wind--,east ,wind round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,three ,heads 7red dragon7 7exposed7 #d ,three #g character 7exposed7 #b ---- #bf ,for three red dragons double once #eb ,player collects #ajd from ,east ,wind2 #eb from ,south and ,west4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #d ,player is ,north ,wind in ,east ,wind ,round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,three of ,heads 7red dragons7 7exposed7 #d ,three of ,heads 7green dragons7 7concealed7 #aj ,three of ,heads 7nine bamboo7 7concealed7 #aj ,three of bamboo 7concealed7 #f ,completing pair of player's own wind in his own wind round by draw #h ---- #dh ,total ,score ,for no sequences double once #if ,for three red dragons double once #aib ,for three green dragons double once #chd ,final ,score ,players collect #gfh from ,east2 #chd from ,west and ,south4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #e ,winning hand of ,single ,heads4 ,one of the ,limit ,hands1 player collecting double the limit from ,east and only the limit from the others4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #f ,winning hand containing sets of heads only2 this is a ,limit ,hand1 winner collecting double the limit from ,east and only the limit from the other two players4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #g ,winning hand containing all three sets of dragons and any other set and pair4 ,this is a ,limit ,hand1 winner collecting double from ,east and the limit from the other two players4 ,in all limit hand cases1 ,east ,wind1 if winner1 collects double limit from ,all players4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #h ,player is ,south ,wind in ,south ,wind ,round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,three ,heads 7white dragons7 7concealed7 #aj ,three #d dot 7exposed7 #b ,three ,heads 7#i dot7 7exposed7 #d ,filling sequence in middle by draw to win #d ,pair of own wind in own wind round #d ---- #cd ,total ,score ,for three white dragons double once #fh ,for all one suit except winds and dragons double once #acf ,final ,score ,players collect #bgb from ,east1 #acf from ,north and ,west4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #i ,player is ,east ,wind in ,south ,wind round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,three #d bamboo 7exposed7 #b ,three #f bamboo 7exposed7 #b ,pair of ,heads1 completed by draw #f ---- #bj ,total ,score ,for all one suit double three times #dj #hj #afj ,final ,score ,double because ,east ,wind collects double when winning #cbj from each player4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aj ,player's ,west ,wind--,east ,wind round4 ,mah-,jongg #aj ,four ,heads 7red dragons7 7exposed7 #af ,three #d characters 7exposed7 #b ,filling a sequence on the only open end #d ---- #cb ,total ,score ,for four red dragons double once #fd ,final ,score ,player collects #abh from ,east and #fd from ,west and ,south4 ,,two ,,and ,,three-,,handed ,,games ,three or even two may play ,pung ,chow1 though the game is essentially a four-handed affair4 ,it is played by two or three people in exactly the same way that it is played by four1 each player building up his own side of the wall and then combining to build the fourth side4 ,this fourth side is regarded as the dummy wall4 ,in the building and breaking down of the wall1 ,east ,wind acts for the dummy1 throwing the dice for it whenever indicated4 ,the three players then draw their original hand and ignore the dummy the rest of the game1 playing in regular routine and omitting the dummy's turn of play4 ,when two play alone1 each builds two sides of the wall and arrange the usual wall4 ,then they throw the dice1 ,east ,wind throwing for either of the two dummies1 both draw their original hands and draw and discard alternately until one wins4 ,of course when two or three play there is less opposition or conflict and far greater possibilities in the draw than in the four-handed game4 ,on this account1 higher scores are the rule rather than the exception1 making a more exciting and entertaining game but hardly one upon which stakes could be safely set4 ,table of ,contents ,,part ,i ,playing ,without a ,limit ,introduction #g ,summary of the ,game #i ,description of ,tiles #aa ,procedure of ,play #ac ,a--,east ,wind #ac ,b--,building and ,breaking the ,wall #ac ,c--,drawing ,original ,hand #af ,d--,playing the ,hand #af ,e--,to ,chow #ah ,f--,to ,pung #ai ,four of a ,kind #bb ,mah-,jongg or ,mah-,diao #bd ,settling the ,scores #be ,suggestions for ,careful ,playing of ,hands #bf ,use of the ,mandarins 7,flowers and ,seasons7 #bi ,score ,card #bi ,examples of ,hands and how they are scored #cb ,illustrations of ,score ,settling #df ,,part ,,ii ,playing with a ,limit #ef ,procedure of ,play #eg ,a--,the limit hand #fj ,b--,washing the tiles #fa ,bonus ,scores #fb ,limit ,hands #fb ,scoring ,values #fe ,explanation of ,scoring ,values #ff ,doubling ,honor ,scores #fg ,penalties #fg ,examples of ,winning ,hands #gj ,two and ,three-,handed ,games #gf ,pung-,chow ,the ,game of ,a ,hundred ,intelligences ,the game which is rapidly replacing bridge and other card games1 as well as other forms of indoor pastimes4 ,pung ,chow is an ,american product differing from the imported sets only in the following points3 ,it is more pleasing to the eye and the touch4 ,the beautiful ,oriental colors are fast and cannot rub off1 even though the pieces be scrubbed with soap and water4 ,the pieces will not become sticky from the moisture of the hand4 ,pung ,chow pieces are not affected by the climate and will never work loose4 ,should one or more pieces be lost they may be easily and quickly replaced4 ,pung ,chow is an article of beauty and quality and is practically indestructible4 ,manufactured by ,,pung ,,chow ,,co41 ,inc4 #cj ,church ,street1 ,new ,york ,city ,,errata ,page #bd4 ,the concealed ,one of ,circle in illustration #ae should be a ,one of ,bamboo4 ,page #cd4 ,two points should be scored for a pair of ,dragons in ,example #c4 ,page #cf4 ,in ,example #g the three ,dragons completed by a pung should be exposed at right with the other three sets4 ,page #da4 ,two points should be scored for a pair of ,dragons in ,example #ad4 ,page #db4 ,at top of page1 ,drew to complete hand should read ,punged to complete hand4 ,page #dd4 ,in ,example #ah the three ,dragons completed by a pung should be exposed at right with the other three sets4 ,in the same example #c ,dragons 7concealed7 444 #h should read #c ,dragons 7exposed7 444 #d4 ,page #df and #dg4 ,east ,wind scores #dhj instead of #fjh2 ,west ,wind scores #bgb instead of #djj4 ,page #dg4 ,all ,character tiles in hand of ,west ,wind should be ,bamboo tiles4 ,page #dh4 ,lines #ai and #ba ,eight of ,bamboo should read ,eight of ,character4 ,page #di4 ,west ,wind scores #befb instead of #bhaf4 ,page #ec4 ,in ,north ,wind hand the three ,sevens of ,circles should be exposed instead of in hand4 ,page #ed4 ,lines #a and #b4 ,read #cfh instead of #cjd1 and #ahd instead of #aeb4 ,page #gb4 ,example #c4 #bf and #eb should read #af and #cb respectively4 ,example #d4 ,player is ,east ,wind instead of ,north ,wind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note ,the ,errata page above is transcribed from the original text4 ,as it is not possible to easily correct all the scoring errors noted1 none of these errors have been corrected in this e-text4 ,punctuation has been normalized1 and the following obvious typographical errors in the original text have been corrected3 ,on ,page #ac 7,a3 ,east ,wind73 ,south ,wind1 and the the left of changed to ,south ,wind1 and the left of4 ,on ,page #ad 7,b3 ,building and ,breaking the ,wall73 if #ad in the sum changed to if #ad is the sum4 ,on ,page #da 7,example #ad73 ,double #c times for all ,suit7honors7 changed to ,double #c times for all one ,suit7honors7 ,on ,page #gj 7,note4 ,a73 if he discard the winning changed to if he discards the winning4 ,on ,page #gb 7,no4 #d73 ,for bo sequences double once changed to ,for no sequences double once4 ,additionally it is noted that3 ,on ,page #ej the phrase #bb points apiece from ,north should likely read #bb points apiece from ,west4 ,on ,page #fb the phrase ,washing cards have preference over this wind should read either ,washing cards 444 this hand or ,washing cards 444 this win4 ,on ,page #fd the phrase this wind has preference should read either this hand has preference1 or this win has preference4 ,on ,page #ff the phrase the #b and chowing the #c should most likely read the #a and #b and chowing the #c4 ,on ,page #gb ,the phrase ,players collect #gfh from should likely read ,player collects #gfh from4 ,on ,page #gd ,the phrase ,players collect #bgb from should likely read ,player collects #bgb from4 ,there are a number of inconsistencies between the ,chapter ,headings and the ,table of ,contents4 ,these have not been corrected4 ,in ,part ,,ii1 the numbering of illustrations is non-continuous3 there is no ,illustration ,no4 #g in the original4