file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core
 ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture   
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7       ,,! 
,,rural ,,life ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,unit$
 ,,/ates  ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s logo 
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,,rural ,,life ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,unit$
 ,,/ates  ,,notes ,,( ,,an ,,iri%       
,,obs]v] ,,by ,,sir ,,horace ,,plunkett 
,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company    
#aiai  ,all rights res]v$   ,,copyright1
 #aiaj1  ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4
  ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,may1 
#aiaj4 ,repr9t$ ,octob]1 #aiaj2 ,janu>y1
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#aiac2 ,janu>y1 #aiag4  ,norwood ,press 
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,,prefatory ,,note   ,! ?\ghts conta9$ 9
 ! foll[+ pages relate to "o side ( !   

life ( a c\ntry :i* has be5 to me1 z to 
_m ,iri%m51 a second home4 ,!y are (f]$ 
9 fri5dly recognition ( k9dness ,i _c   
hope to repay1 receiv$ l>gely z a /ud5t 
( ,am]ican social & economic problems1 f
 public-spirit$ ,am]icans :o1 ,i "k1 w  
appreciate mo/ highly any slight s]vice 
to _! c\ntry4  ,! sub/ance ( ! book     
appe>$ 9 five articles contribut$ to !  
,new ,york ,outlook "u ! title          
,cons]vation & ,rural ,life4 ,sev]al    
,am]ican fri5ds1 deeply int]e/$ 9 !     
,rural ,life problem1 ask$ me to        
republi% ! s]ies4 ,9 do+ s1 ,i h felt t 
,i ought to pres5t a m compreh5sive view
 ( my subject ?an ei!r ! space all[$ or 
! m casual publication dem&$4  ,i h to  
?ank ! editors ( ! ,outlook = ! g5]\s   
hospitality ( _! columns1 & = full      
fre$om to republi% :at belongs to !m4   
,,horace ,,plunkett4  ,,! ,,plunkett    
,,h\se1 ,,dubl91 ,april1 #aiaj4         
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts   ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! 
,,subject ,,& ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view     
,,page ,! subject def9$--,a             

recon/ruction ( rural life 9            
,engli%-speak+ communities ess5tial to !
 progress ( ,we/]n civilisation--,a     
movem5t = a new rural civilisation to be
 propos$--,! au?or's po9t ( view d]iv$ f
 ?irty ye>s ( ,iri% & ,am]ican          
exp]i5ce--,! physical contra/ & moral   
resemblances 9 ! ,iri% & ,am]ican rural 
problems--,mr4 ,roosevelt's int]e/ 9 ?is
 aspect ( ! "q--,8 ,cons]vation &       
,c\ntry ,life policies                  
#a   ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,laun*+ ,,(     
,,two ,,roosevelt ,,policies  ,! sane   
emotionalism ( ,am]ican public          
op9ion--,gif=d ,p9*ot z ! ,apo/le (     
,cons]vation--,8 te/ ( national         
effici5cy--,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,hill's      
notable pron\ncem5ts ^u ! wa/age (      
natural res\rces--,! evolution ( !      
,cons]vation policy--,hi/orical & pres5t
 causes ( national extravagance--,!     
,conf]5ce ( ,gov]nors & _! pron\ncem5t  
^u ,cons]vation--,mr4 ,roosevelt's      
,c\ntry ,life policy--,8 e/imate ( !    
la/+ importance ( ! ,cons]vation &      

,c\ntry ,life ideas--,! popul>ity ( !   
,cons]vation policy & ! lack ( int]e/ 9 
! ,c\ntry ,life policy--,! ,c\ntry ,life
 ,commission's inquiries & ! reality ( !
 problem--,! ne$ & opportunity =        
recon/ruction ( rural life              
#ag   ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,! ,,orig9 ,,&    
,,consequ5ces ,,( ,,rural ,,neglect  ,! 
orig9 ( rural neglect 9 ,engli%-speak+  
c\ntries trac$ to ! ,indu/rial          
,revolution 9 ,engl&--,effect ( mod]n   
economic *anges ^u ! mutual relations ( 
t[n & c\ntry populations--,respects 9   
:i* ! old relations ought to be         
re/or$--,?ree economic reasons = ! /udy 
( rural conditions--,! social           
consequ5ces ( rural neglect--,!         
political importance ( ru/ic exp]i5ce to
 ren=ce urban intellig5ce 9 mod]n       
democracies--,! analogue ( ! ,european  
exodus 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,! moral      
aspects ( rural neglect--,! dang] to    
national effici5cy ( sacrific+          
agricultural to comm]cial & indu/rial   
int]e/s--,! happy circum/ance ( ,mr4    

,roosevelt's int]e/ 9 rural well-be+    
#ce   ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,inn] ,,life   
,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,f>m]  ,reasons :y ! 
rural problem result+ f urban pr$om9ance
 exi/s only 9 ,engli%-speak+            
c\ntries--,neglect ( f>m] m easily      
excus$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an else:]e ow+
 to 8 app>5t prosp]ity--,c\ntry ,life   
,commission's pron\ncem5t on rural      
backw>dness--,:y ! matt] mu/ be tak5 up 
by ! t[ns--,a survey ( ,am]ican rural   
life--,! problem economically &         
sociologically consid]$ 9 ! ,middle     
,we/--,causes & "* ( rural backw>dness 9
 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates--,! boll-weevil & !    
hookworm z illu/rations ( unconc]n = !  
well-be+ ( rural communities--,! problem
 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates n typically     
,am]ican--,! progressive attitude ( "s  
communities 9 ! ,f> ,we/ 9 rural re=m   
#eg   ,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,weak ,,spot ,,9 
,,am]ican ,,rural ,,economy  ,! ?ree    
elem5ts ( a rural exi/5ce--,mr4         
,roosevelt's =mula3 ,bett] f>m+1 bett]  
bus9ess1 bett] liv+--,a comp>ative      

analysis ( urban & rural bus9ess me?ods 
%[s t h]e9 lies *ief cause ( rural      
backw>dness--,reasons :y f>m]s fail to  
adopt me?ods ( comb9ation--,a           
description ( ! cop]ative sy/em 9 its   
application to agriculture--,!          
introduction & developm5t ( agricultural
 cop]ation 9 ,irel&--,! ,raiffeis5      
,cr$it ,association successful 9 poore/ 
,iri% di/ricts--,summ>y ( cop]ative     
a*ievem5t by ,iri% f>m]s--,briti%       
imitation ( ,iri% agricultural organis+ 
me?ods--,a criticism ( ,am]ican f>m]s'  
organisations--,lack ( comb9ation =     
bus9ess purposes ! cause ( political    
impot5ce--,urg5t ne$ = a reorganisation 
( ,am]ican agriculture ^u cop]ative l9es
     #hc   ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,! ,,way ,,to 
,,bett] ,,f>m+ ,,& ,,bett] ,,liv+  ,!   
ret>d$ application ( sci5ce to          
agriculture & neglect ( agricultural    
education--,pres5t progress 9           
agricultural education--,full b5efit (  
education mu/ await cop]ative           
organisation--,connection betwe5        

cop]ation & social progress--,mr4       
,roosevelt on ! cause & cure ( rural    
discont5t--,two views ^u ! pr9ciples (  
rural bett]m5t--,! "p cop]ation is play+
 9 ,iri% rural society--,g5]al          
obs]vations on t[n & c\ntry             
pleasures--,! social necessity = a      
r$irection ( rural education--,! rural  
lab\r problem--,! position ( wom5 9 f>m 
life--,! reason :y ! rem$y = rural      
backw>dness mu/ come f )\t--,! p>adox ( 
! problem  #aag   ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,!    
,,two ,,?+s ,,ne$ful  ,summ>y (         
diagnosis & indication ( treatm5t--,*ief
 aim ! cord9ation ( ag5cies available = 
social "w 9 ! c\ntry--,num]ical /r5g? & 
f9e social _s abroad1 b lead]%ip        
ne$$--,mutual int]e/ ( advocates (      
,cons]vation & ( rural re=m--,!         
psy*ological difficulty due to          
pr$om9ance ( urban idea--,roman hi/ory  
repeat+ itself 9 ,new ,york--,! natural 
lead]s ( ! ,c\ntry ,life movem5t to be  
f\nd 9 ! cities--,! objects ( ! movem5t 
def9$--,two new in/itutions to be       

creat$2 ! "o executive & organis+1 ! o!r
 academic--,! ,national ,cons]vation    
,association qualifi$ to initiate &     
direct ! movem5t--,possibly an ,am]ican 
,agricultural ,organisation ,society    
%\ld be f\nd$ = ! "w--,! *ief practical 
"w ! introduction ( agricultural        
cop]ation--,necessity = jo9+ =ces )     
exi/+ philan?ropic ag5cies--,sugge/$    
enli/m5t ( c\ntry cl]gy 9 cop]ative     
propag&ism--,! ,c\ntry ,life ,in/itute1 
its purpose & functions--,reason :y "o  
body _c und]take "w assign$ to ! two new
 in/itutions--,! f9ancial requirem5ts ( 
! ,in/itute--,summ>y & conclusions      
#ade     ,,! ,,rural ,,life ,,problem   
,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,subject ,,& ,,! ,,po9t
 ,,( ,,view   ,i submit 9 ! foll[+ pages
 a proposition & a proposal--a di/9ction
 :i* an old-c\ntry writ] ( ,engli% may1 
p]haps1 be p]mitt$ to pres]ve4 ,!       
proposition is t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z 9
 o!r ,engli%-speak+ communities1 ! city 
has be5 develop$ to ! neglect ( !       
c\ntry4 ,i %all n h to lab\r ! argum5t1 

z nobody s]i\sly disputes ! cont5tion2 b
 ,i %all trace ! ma9 causes ( ! neglect1
 & indicate :at1 9 my view1 mu/ be its  
inevitable consequ5ces4 ,if ,i make my  
case1 x w appe> t our civilisation has  
?us become dang]\sly "o-sid$1 & t1 9 !  
int]e/s ( national well-be+1 x is high  
"t = /eps to be tak5 to c\nt]act !      
t[nw>d t5d5cy4  ,my def9ite proposal to 
^? :o accept ^! conclusions is t a      
,c\ntry ,life movem5t1 ^u l9es :i* w be 
laid d[n1 %\ld be initiat$ by exi/+     
associations1 ^: ef=ts %\ld be          
supplem5t$ by a new organisation :i* ,i 
%all call a ,c\ntry ,life ,in/itute4    
,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a            
multiplicity ( ag5cies1 bo? public &    
volunt>y1 available = ?is "w4 ,b ! army 
( work]s 9 ?is field ( social s]vice    
ne$s two ?+s3 fir/1 "s def9ite plan =   
cord9at+ _! sev]al activities1 &1 next1 
"s recognis$ s\rce ( in=mation collect$ 
f ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w4 ,x  
is ! purpose ( ^! pages to %[ t ^! ne$s 
are real & c be met4  ,two obvi\s       

que/ions w "h sugge/ !mselves4 ,:y %\ld 
! ,unit$ ,/ates--( all c\ntries 9 !     
_w--be *os5 = su* a !me in/ead ( a      
c\ntry l ,irel&1 :]e ! population dep5ds
 ma9ly ^u agriculture8 ,:at             
qualifications has an ,iri%man1 be he   
nev] s compet5t to advise ^u ! social & 
economic problems ( 8 own c\ntry1 to    
talk to ,am]icans ab\t ! life ( _! rural
 population8 ,i admit at once t1 :ile ,i
 h made "s /udy ( ,am]ican agriculture &
 rural economy1 my actual "w ^u !       
problem ( :i* ,i write has be5 re/rict$ 
to ,irel&4 ,b ,i claim1 ) "s pride1 t1 9
 ?\ght ^u rural economy1 ,irel& is ahead
 ( any ,engli%-speak+ c\ntry4 ,%e has   
tr\bles ( h] own1 "s inh]5t 9 ! adv]se  
physical conditions1 & o!rs due to      
well-kn[n hi/orical causes1 t too (t5   
imp$e ! action to :i* h] be/ ?\ghts %\ld
 lead4 ,b ! v fact t ^? :o grapple )    
,iri% problems h to "w ?r\gh failure to 
success w c]ta9ly n less5 ! value to !  
social /ud5t ( ! exp]i5ce ga9$4 ,i      
recognise1 h[ev]1 t ,i mu/ give ! read] 

s mu* ( p]sonal n>rative z is requir$ to
 enable him to e/imate ! value ( my     
facts1 & ( ! conclusions :i* ,i base ^u 
!m4  ,to h enjoy$ an ,iri%-,am]ican     
exi/5ce1 to h be5 pr(\ndly int]e/$ 91 & 
m or less 9 t\* )1 public affairs 9 bo? 
c\ntries1 to h be5 an unwill+ politician
 9 ,irel& & n a politician at all 9     
,am]ica1 is1 to say ! lea/1 an unusual  
exp]i5ce = an ,iri%man4 ,b su* has be5  
my record dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,soon  
aft] graduat+ at ,ox=d1 ,i 0 advis$ to  
live 9 m\nta9 air = a :ile1 & = ! next  
decade ,i 0 a ran*man along ! foo?ills (
 ! ,rockies4 ,to ^? :o knew t my he>t 0 
9 ,irel&1 ,i us$ to expla9 t ,i might "s
 day be 9 politics at home1 & mu/ take  
c>e ( my lungs4 ,9 #ahhi ,i return$ to  
live & "w 9 my own c\ntry1 b ,i reta9$  
bus9ess int]e/s1 includ+ "s f>m+        
op]ations1 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,ev] s9ce 
!n ,i h tak5 my annual holiday across ! 
,atlantic1 & h /udi$ rural conditions   
ov] a wid] area 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an my
 bus9ess int]e/s dem&$4  ,= eight ye>s1 

comm5c+ 9 #ahib1 ,i 0 a ,memb] (        
,p>liam5t4 ,my legislative ambition 0 to
 get some?+ done = ,iri% indu/ry1 &     
especially ,iri% agriculture4 ,hav+     
secur$ ! assi/ance ( an unprec$5t$      
comb9ation ( repres5tative ,iri%m51 kn[n
 z ! ,recess ,committee 7because x sat  
dur+ ! ,p>liam5t>y recess71 we succe$$ 9
 gett+ ! addition we want$ to ! ma*9]y (
 ,iri% ,gov]nm5t4 ,! functions ( ! new  
in/itution are suffici5tly indicat$ by  
its cumbr\s ,p>liam5t>y title1 ,!       
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & o!r          
,indu/ries & = ,te*nical ,in/ruction =  
,irel&4 ,i m5tion ?is (ficial exp]i5ce  
because x n only int5sifi$ my desire to 
/udy ,am]ican conditions1 b x also      
br\ght me frequ5tly to ,wa%+ton to /udy 
! work+ ( ^? ,f$]al in/itutions :i* are 
conc]n$ = ! welf>e ( ! rural population4
 ,!re ,i enjoy$ ! unfail+ c\rtesy (     
,am]ican public s]vants to ! =eign      
inquir]4  ,on "o ( ^! visits1 9 ! w9t] (
 #aije-aijf1 ,i call$ ^u ,presid5t      
,roosevelt to pay him my respects1 & to 

express to him my obligations to "s     
memb]s ( 8 ,adm9i/ration4 ,i wi%$       
especially to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness  
to t vet]an /atesman1 ,secret>y ,wilson1
 ! value ( ^: long s]vice to ! ,am]ican 
f>m] x w\ld be h>d to exagg]ate4 ,mr4   
,roosevelt que/ion$ me z to ! exact     
object ( my inquiries1 & ask$ me to come
 aga9 & discuss ) him m fully ?an 0     
possible at ! mom5t c]ta9 economic &    
social que/ions :i* _h engag$ mu* ( 8   
own ?\ghts4 ,he 0 greatly int]e/$ to    
le>n t 9 ,irel& we h be5 approa*+ _m (  
^! que/ions f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,he    
made me tell him ! /ory ( ,iri% l&      
legislation1 & ( rec5t ,iri% movem5ts = 
! improvem5t ( agricultural conditions4 
,ev] s9ce1 8 int]e/ 9 ^! ,iri%          
que/ions--to ! ,iri% ,"q we gave a wide 
b]?--has be5 ma9ta9$ on acc\nt ( _! be>+
 ^u 8 ,rural ,life policy1 = ,i _h %[n  
him h[ ! economic /r5g!n+ & social      
elevation ( ! ,iri% f>m] _h become a    
matt] ( urg5t ,iri% conc]n4 ,i recall _m
 ?+s he said on t occasion1 :i* %[ t 8  

two great policies ( ,cons]vation &     
,c\ntry ,life re=m 7 matur+ 9 8 m9d4 ,i 
ne$ h>dly say h[ deeply int]e/+ ^!      
policies are to me1 embrac+ z !y d      
economic & social problems1 ! work+ out 
( :i* 9 my own c\ntry happ5s to be !    
task to :i* ,i h devot$ ! be/ ye>s ( my 
life4  ,i mu/ n[ (f] to ! read] s mu* ( 
! /ory ( ! ,c\ntry ,life movem5t 9 my   
own c\ntry z w enable him to und]/& its 
int]e/ to ,mr4 ,roosevelt & to _m ano!r 
work] ^u ! analog\s problems ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,irel& is pass+ ?r\gh an agr>ian
 revolution4 ,!re1 z 9 _m o!r ,european 
c\ntries1 ! title to mo/ ( !            
agricultural l& re/$ ^u conque/4 ,!     
,engli% attempt to colonise ,irel& nev] 
completely succe$$ nor completely fail$2
 consequ5tly ! ,iri% nev] ceas$ to      
repudiate ! title ( ! ali5 l&lord4 ,9   
#ahha ,mr4 ,glad/one introduc$ "o ( !   
greate/ agr>ian re=ms 9 hi/ory--r5t-fix+
 by judicial au?ority--:i* 0 c]ta9ly a  
bold attempt to put an end to a desolat+
 conflict1 c5turies old4  ,! s*eme      

fail$1--:e!r1 z "s hold1 f its inh]5t   
defects1 or f ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 is 
an op5 "q4 ,x is b fair to its au?or to 
po9t out t a rapidly increas+ =eign     
competition1 *iefly f ! newly op5$      
tracts ( virg9 soil 9 ! ,new ,_w1 l$ to 
a fall 9 agricultural prices1 :i* made !
 fir/ r5ts fix$ appe> too high4 ,quick] 
& *eap] transit1 toge!r ) processes =   
keep+ produce fre% ov] ! longe/ r\tes1  
soon %[$ t ! new m>ket conditions _h    
come to /ay4 ,a bad l& sy/em on a ris+  
m>ket might succe$ bett] ?an a good "o  
on a fall+4 ,! l& t5ure re=ms begun 9   
#ahha1 hav+ brok5 d[n "u /ress ( =eign  
competition1 & ,pur*ase ,acts on a      
small] scale hav+ be5 t5tatively tri$ 9 
! int]val1 9 #aijc ,p>liam5t f9ally     
decre$ t suffici5t money %\ld be provid$
 to buy out all ! rema9+ agricultural   
l&4 ,9 a n remote future1 "s two hundr$ 
million p\nds /]l+--a billion doll>s--w 
h be5 advanc$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to 
enable ! t5ants to pur*ase _! hold+s1 ! 
money to be repaid 9 easy in/alm5ts dur+

 p]iods av]ag+ ov] sixty ye>s4  ,tw5ty  
ye>s ago ?is g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts 0      
=ese51 & a few ,iri%m5 conceiv$ & set to
 "w ^u :at has come to be ,irel&'s      
,rural ,life policy4 ,! position tak5 up
 0 simple4 ,:at ,p>liam5t 0 ab\t to d   
w\ld pull d[n ! :ole /ructure ( ,irel&'s
 agricultural economy1 & w\ld cle> away 
! *ief h9drance to economic & social    
progress4 ,b ^u ! gr\nd ?us cle>$ !     
edifice ( a new rural social economy    
w\ld h to be built4 ,?is "w1 al?\gh x   
ne$s ! fo/]+ c>e ( gov]nm5t1 & lib]al   
facilities = a sy/em ( education        
intimately relat$ to ! p's work+ lives1 
belongs ma9ly to ! sph]e ( volunt>y     
ef=t4  ,! new movem5t1 :i* 0 />t$ 9     
#ahhi to meet ! circum/ances ,i h       
indicat$1 0 ?us a movem5t = ! up-build+ 
( c\ntry life4 ,x anticipat$ ! l9es ( ! 
=mula :i* ,mr4 ,roosevelt adopt$ 9 8    
,message transmitt+ to ,congress !      
,report ( ! ,c\ntry ,life               
,commission--bett] f>m+1 bett] bus9ess1 
bett] liv+3 we began ) bett] bus9ess1   

:i* consi/$ 9 ! introduction (          
agricultural cop]ation into ! f>m+      
indu/ry1 = sev]al reasons :i* w appe>   
lat]1 & = "o :i* ,i mu/ m5tion "h4 ,we  
f\nd t we c\ld n develop 9 unorganis$   
f>m]s a political influ5ce /rong en\gh  
to enable !m to get ! ,gov]nm5t to d its
 "p t[>ds bett] f>m+4 ,ow+ to ! new     
agricultural op9ion :i* _h be5 develop$ 
indirectly by organis+ ! f>m]1 we 7 able
 to w9 f ,p>liam5t ! dep>tm5t ,i h nam$ 
above4 ,?is in/itution 0 s fram$ & end[$
 t x is able to give to ! ,iri% f>m]s   
all ! assi/ance :i* c be legitimately   
giv5 by public ag5cies & at public      
exp5se4 ,! assi/ance consi/s *iefly (   
education4 ,b education is int]pret$ 9 !
 wide/ s5se4 ,practical in/ruction to   
old & "y1 9 s*ools1 ^u ! f>ms1 & at     
meet+s1 lectures1 exp]im5ts1 &          
demon/rations1 ! circulation ( useful   
in=mation & advice1 & all ! usual me?ods
 kn[n to progressive gov]nm5ts1 are be+ 
introduc$ ) ! *ief aim ( enabl+ ! f>m]  
to apply to ! practice ( f>m+ ! tea*+s (

 mod]n sci5ce4 ,bett] liv+1 :i* includes
 mak+ c\ntry life m int]e/+ &           
attractive1 is s\ght by us+ volunt>y    
associations1 "s organis$ prim>ily =    
bus9ess purposes1 & o!rs1 hav+ no       
bus9ess aim1 = social & intellectual    
ends4 ,b ,iri% rural re=m]s are agre$ t 
by f> ! mo/ important /ep t[>ds a high] 
& a bett] rural life w\ld be a          
r$irection ( education 9 ! c\ntry       
s*ools4 ,to ?is ,i %all return 9 ! prop]
 place4  ,i c n[ proce$ ) my ,am]ican   
exp]i5ces )\t leav+ any d\bt z to ! po9t
 ( view f :i* ,i approa* ! problem (    
rural life 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hav+     
engag$ 9 actual "w ^u t problem 9       
,irel&1 :]e a comb9ation ( economic     
*anges & political ev5ts has made its   
solution imp]ative1 & hav+ be5 long 9   
p]sonal t\* ) rural conditions 9 "s     
,we/]n ,/ates1 my int]e/ 9 c]ta9        
policies :i* 7 matur+ at ,wa%+ton may be
 easily surmis$4 ,!re ,i f\nd t1 ) :olly
 diff]5t conditions to be dealt )1 !    
?\ghts ( ! ,presid5t & ( o!rs 9 8       

confid5ce 71 z reg>ds ! ma9 issue1 mov+ 
9 ! same direction z my own4 ,!y too _h 
come to feel t ! welf>e ( ! rural       
population _h be5 too long neglect$1 & t
 x 0 high "t to consid] h[ ! neglect    
might be repair$4 ,9 8 annual message to
 ,congress 9 #aijd1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt _h  
made x cle> t he 0 fully consci\s ( ?is 
necessity4 ,ne>ly half ( ! p ( ?is      
c\ntry1 he wrote1 devote _! en]gies to  
gr[+ ?+s f ! soil4 ,until a rec5t date  
little has be5 done to prep>e ^!        
millions = _! life "w4 ,i did n realise 
at ! "t ! full import ( ^! s5t5ces4 ,nor
 did ,i =esee t ! problem ( rural life 0
 to be =c$ to ! front by ! awak5+ (     
public op9ion1 ^u ano!r issue diff]+ f &
 yet closely relat$ to ! subject ( ^!   
pages4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt 0 ?9k+ out !     
,cons]vation idea1 :i* ,i believe w "s  
day be recognis$ z ! greate/ ( 8        
policies4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,laun*+
 ,,( ,,two ,,roosevelt ,,policies       
,al?\gh somebody has already said some?+
 l x1 ,i w\ld say !re is a tide 9 !     

?\ghts ( m5 :i*1 tak5 at ! flood1 leads 
on to action4 ,we make ! g5]al claim =  
our ,we/]n civilisation1 t1 :atev] ! =m 
( gov]nm5t1 once public op9ion is       
?or\ghly /irr$ ^u a great & vital issue1
 x is b a "q ( "t = ! w to f9d ! way4 ,b
 9 ! life ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! passage f
 ?\ght to action is m rapid ?an 9 any   
c\ntry t ,i "k4 ,n[h]e d we f9d su* a   
comb9ation ( emotionalism ) sanity4 ,no 
bett] illu/ration ( ^! national         
qualities c\ld be desir$ ?an t af=d$ by 
! inception & e>ly gr[? ( ! ,cons]vation
 policy4  ,i h already %[n h[ my        
inquiries at ,wa%+ton gave me access to 
! mo/ accessible ( ! _w's /atesm54 ,at !
 same "t !re came into my life ano!r    
rem>kable p]sonality4 ,to ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,=e/] ( t day ,i owe my e>lie/   
int]e/ 9 ! ,cons]vation policy4 ,9      
c\nsel ) him ,i came to reg>d !         
,cons]vation & ,rural ,life policies z  
"o organic :ole4 ,s ,i mu/ say "h a ^w  
ab\t ! man :o1 m ?an any o!r1 has       
inspir$ :atev] 9 ^! pages may be wor?   

pr9t+4  ,i fir/ met ,gif=d ,p9*ot 9 8   
(fice 9 ,wa%+ton 9 #aije4 ,i 0 n        
especially int]e/$ 9 =e/ry1 b ! ,=e/] 0 
s int]e/+ t ,i li/5$ ) increas+ delight 
to ! /ory ( 8 "w4 ,i notic$ t z an      
adm9i/rator he _h a grasp ( detail & a  
ma/]y ( me?od :i* are n usually f\nd 9  
m5 :o h _h no tra9+ 9 l>ge bus9ess      
affairs4 ,i ?\ght ! secret ( 8 success  
lay betwe5 love ( "w & sympa?y ) work]s1
 :i* ga9$ him ! devotion & en?usia/ic   
cop]ation ( 8 /aff4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z a   
/atesman r ?an z an adm9i/rator t 8     
a*ievem5t is & w be kn[n4  ,:5 ,i fir/  
knew ! ,=e/]1 ,i f\nd t already !       
cons]vation ( timb] 0 b a small "p ( 8  
mat]ial aims3 e national res\rce mu/ be 
husb&$4 ,b ov] ! :ole s*eme (           
,cons]vation a great moral issue reign$ 
supreme4 ,he clung affectionately to 8  
task1 b x 0 n to him m]e =e/ry          
adm9i/ration4 ,9 8 f> vision he seem$ to
 see m5 z trees walk+4 ,! sav+ ( "o     
great asset 0 broad5+ out into insi/5ce 
^u a new te/ ( national effici5cy3 ! p (

 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 to be judg$ by !     
mann] 9 :i* !y appli$ _! physical &     
m5tal en]gies to ! cons]vation &        
developm5t ( _! c\ntry's natural        
res\rces4 ,! acceptance ( ?is te/ w\ld  
mean ! success ( a great policy = !     
initiation ( :i* ,presid5t ,roosevelt   
gave almo/ ! :ole cr$it to ,gif=d       
,p9*ot4  ,!re is "o o!r "n :i* w be ev] 
honorably associat$ ) ! dawn ( !        
,cons]vation idea :i* ,mr4 ,roosevelt   
elevat$ to ! /atus & dignity ( a        
national policy4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aijf1   
,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,hill deliv]$ 7"u !     
title ( ,! ,future ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates7   
:at ,i ?9k 0 an epo*-mak+ address4 ,x is
 significant t ?is great railway        
presid5t op5$ 8 campaign = ! economic   
salvation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by address+ 
himself1 n to politicians or pr(essors1 
b to a repres5tative body ( ,m9nesota   
f>m]s4 ,?is address pres5t$ = ! fir/ "t 
9 popul> =m a rem>kable collection (    
economic facts1 :i* =m$ ! basis (       
conclusions z />tl+ z !y 7 new4 ,let me 

attempt a brief summ>y ( its cont5ts4   
,! natural res\rces1 to :i* !           
,cons]vation policy relates1 may be     
divid$ into two classes3 ! m9]als1 :i*  
:5 us$ _c be replac$1 & ?+s t gr[ f !   
soil1 :i* admit ( indef9itely augm5t$   
reproduction4 ,at ! head ( ! =m]        
category /&s ! supply ( coal & iron4    
,?is factor 9 ! nation's indu/ry &      
comm]ce 0 be+ exhau/$ at a rate :i* made
 x c]ta9 t1 long be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 
! mo/ important manufactures w\ld be    
h&icapp$ by a high] co/ ( production4 ,!
 supply ( m]*antable timb] 0 disappe>+  
ev5 m rapidly4 ,b f> m s]i\s ?an all o!r
 =ms ( wa/age 0 ! reckless de/ruction ( 
! natural f]tility ( ! soil4 ,! f9al    
result1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,hill1 mu/ be t 
)9 a comp>atively brief p]iod--a p]iod =
 :i* ! pres5t g5]ation 0 b\nd to take   
?\ght--?is v]itable ,l& ( ,promise w\ld 
be h>d press$ to fe$ its own p1 :ile !  
manufactur$ exports to pay = import$    
food w\ld n be =?com+4 ,x %\ld be add$ t
 ?is s5sational =eca/ 0 no purposeless  

j]emiad4 ,mr4 ,hill told 8 he>]s t !    
dang] :i* ?reat5$ ! future ( ! ,nation  
w\ld be av]t$ only by ! intellig5ce &   
indu/ry ( ^? :o cultivat$ ! f>m l&s1 & t
 !y _h x 9 _! p[] to provide a p]fectly 
practicable & adequate rem$y4 ,?is 0 to 
be f\nd--if su* a cond5sation be        
p]missible--9 ! application ( ! physical
 sci5ces to ! practice1 & ( economic    
sci5ce to ! bus9ess1 ( f>m+4  ,9 spite (
 ! imm5se burd5 ( great und]tak+s :i* he
 c>ri$1 ,mr4 ,hill repeat$ ! sub/ance ( 
?is address on _m occasions4 ,"l        
,roseb]y once said t spee*es 7 ! mo/    
ephem]al ( all ephem]al ?+s1 & = "s "t x
 look$ z if "o ( ! mo/ important spee*es
 ev] deliv]$ by a public man on a great 
public issue 0 go+ to illu/rate ! tru? (
 ?is say+4 ,x seems /range t 8 facts &  
argum5ts %\ld h rema9$ un*all5g$1 & yet 
unsupport$1 by o!r public m54 ,p]haps ! 
be/ explanation is to be f\nd 9 a rec5t 
dictum ( ,mr4 ,james ,bryce4 ,speak+ at 
! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ! ,briti%     
,ambassador said3 ,we c all ?9k ( !     

pres5t1 & are only too apt to ?9k *iefly
 ab\t ! pres5t4 ,! av]age man1 be he    
educat$ or un$ucat$1 seldom ?9ks ( any?+
 else4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 special         
circum/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates :i* acc\nt = ! extraord9>y       
unconc]n ab\t :at is go+ to happ5 to !  
race 9 a p]iod :i* may seem long to ^?  
^: p]sonal int]e/ fixes a limit to _!   
gaze1 b :i* is inde$ %ort 9 ! life ( a  
nation4 ,aft] ! religi\s1 political1 &  
milit>y /ruggles ?r\gh :i* ! ,am]ican   
nation 0 br\ght to bir?1 !re foll[$ a   
c5tury ( no less /r5u\s wre/l+ ) ! =ces 
( nature4 ,t c5tury /&s divid$ by !     
greate/ civil conflict 9 ! _w's hi/ory2 
b ?is only s]v$ to /r5g!n 9 a unit$ p ^?
 indomitable qualities to :i* ! nation  
owes its lead]%ip 9 ! advancem5t (      
civilisation4 ,! abundance 7until n[    
consid]$ z virtual inexhau/ibility7 (   
natural res\rces1 ! call = capital & m5 
= _! developm5t1 ! ri* rew>d ( conque/ 9
 ! field ( indu/ry1 may expla91 b c     
h>dly excuse1 a ,national attitude :i*  

seems to g aga9/ ! /ronge/ human        
in/9ct--"o n altoge!r want+ 9 l[] animal
 life--t ( ! pres]vation ( ! race4 ,x is
 an attitude :i* recalls ! "q said to h 
be5 ask$ by an ,iri%man3 ,:at has       
po/]ity done = me8 ,b ?is 0 be=e        
,cons]vation 0 9 ! air4  ,i h n[ told   
:at ,i came by *ance to "k ab\t ! orig9 
( ! ,cons]vation idea4 ,! /ory ( its    
e>ly gr[? 0 no less rem>kable ?an !     
sudd5ness ( its appe>ance4 ,9 ! spr+ (  
#aijh matt]s _h advanc$ s f> t !        
gov]nors ( all ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories   
met to discuss x4 ,be=e ! ,conf]5ce     
broke up !y 7 mov$ to decl>e !          
conviction t ! great prosp]ity ( our    
c\ntry re/s ^u ! abundant res\rces ( !  
l& *os5 by our =efa!rs = _! homes1 t ^! 
res\rces are a h]itage to be made use ( 
9 e/abli%+ & promot+ ! com=t1 prosp]ity1
 & happ9ess ( ! ,am]ican p1 b n to be   
wa/$1 det]iorat$1 or ne$lessly de/roy$2 
t ?is mat]ial basis is ?reat5$ )        
exhau/ion2 t cons]vation ( our natural  
res\rces is a subject ( transc5d5t      

importance :i* %\ld engage unremitt+ly !
 att5tion ( ! ,nation1 ! ,/ates1 & ! p 9
 e>ne/ cop]ation2 & t ?is cop]ation %\ld
 f9d expression 9 suitable action by !  
,congress & by ! legislatures ( ! sev]al
 ,/ates4  ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n )           
,cons]vation1 b ) ,rural ,life1 t we are
 "h directly conc]n$2 b x %\ld be borne 
9 m9d t ! *ief ( all ! nation's res\rces
 is ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,m ?an "o      
compet5t au?ority decl>$ at ! ,conf]5ce 
( ,gov]nors t ?is national asset 0 !    
subject ( ! greate/ actual wa/e1 & 0 at 
! same "t capable ( ! greate/ developm5t
 & cons]vation4 ,?is int]dep5d5ce ( !   
two ,roosevelt policies--! fact t nei!r 
( !m c come to fruition )\t ! success ( 
! o!r--makes ^? ( u :o "w = rural       
progress re/ our *ief hopes ^u ! newly  
ar\s$ public op9ion 9 ! ,am]ican        
,republic4  ,to my k ?is view is %>$ by 
,presid5t ,roosevelt1 :o always reg>d$ 8
 ,cons]vation & ,rural ,life policies z 
complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,! la/ "t ,i saw
 him--x 0 on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 #aijh--;he  

dwelt on ?is aspect ( 8 public "w &     
aims4 ,i rememb] h[ he express$ ! hope  
t1 :5 ! m /rik+ incid5ts ( 8            
,adm9i/ration 7 =gott51 public op9ion   
w\ld look k9dly ^u 8 ,cons]vation &     
,rural ,life policies4 ,i v5tur$ ^u !   
confid5t pr$iction t he w\ld n be       
disappo9t$ 9 ?is anticipation4 ,already 
! au?ors ( ! ,cons]vation policy h be5  
rew>d$ by a g5]al acceptance ( !        
pr9ciple = :i* !y /&4 ,! national       
consci5ce n[ dem&s t ! pres5t g5]ation1 
:ile enjoy+ ! mat]ial bless+s ) :i* n   
only nature b also ! lab\r & sacrifices 
( _! =efa!rs h s b\nte\sly end[$ !m1    
%all h due reg>d = ! welf>e ( ^? :o are 
to come aft] !m4  ,am]icans1 :o are     
accu/om$ to rapid developm5ts 9 public  
op9ion1 w h>dly appreciate ! impression 
made by ! /ory ,i h j told ^u ! m9d ( an
 obs]v] f old c\ntries1 :]e action does 
n tread ^u ! heels ( ?\ght4 ,b surely an
 amaz+ ?+ has happ5$4 ,9 ! life ( "o    
,adm9i/ration a great idea seizes ! m9d 
( ! ,am]ican p4 ,?is leads to a         

/ock-tak+ ( natural res\rces & a se>*+ (
 ! national consci5ce4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 !re
 em]ges a q new national policy4        
,conceiv$ dur+ ! la/ ,adm9i/ration1 :5 x
 br\ght ,mr4 ,roosevelt & ,mr4 ,bryan on
 to ! same plat=m1 ,cons]vation at once 
rose above p>ty1 & w be ! accept$ policy
 ( all future ,adm9i/rations4 ,x has    
already secur$ almo/ ,pan-,am]ican      
endorsem5t at its bir?place 9 ,wa%+ton4 
,! fa!rs ( ,cons]vation are n[ look+    
=w>d to a /ill l>g] sph]e ( influ5ce =  
_! (fspr+ at an ,int]national ,conf]5ce 
:i* x is hop$ to assemble at ! ,hague4  
,b x mu/ be admitt$ t no su* reception 0
 accord$ to ,mr4 ,roosevelt's o!r       
policy1 to :i* our att5tion mu/ n[ be   
turn$4 ,! reasons = ! comp>ative lack ( 
int]e/ 9 ! problem ( ,rural ,life are _m
 & complex1 b two ( !m may be not$ 9    
pass+4 ,cons]vation calls = legislative 
& adm9i/rative action1 & ?is always sets
 up a f]m5t 9 ! political m9d4 ,! ,rural
 ,life idea1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh x w dem& 
"s gov]nm5tal assi/ance1 mu/ rely ma9ly 

^u volunt>y ef=t4 ,! me?ods necess>y =  
its developm5t1 & _! probable results1  
are also less obvi\s1 & ?us less easily 
appreciat$ by ! public4 ,:atev] !       
reason1 :ile ,cons]vation has ru%$ into 
! =efront ( public int]e/ & has won !   
/atus & dignity ( a policy1 ! si/] idea 
is /ill /ruggl+ = a plat=m1 & its       
advocates mu/ be cont5t to see _! ef=ts 
t[>ds a high] & a bett] c\ntry life     
reg>d$ z a movem5t4  ,?is e/imate ( !   
relative positions ( ^! two ideas 9 !   
public m9d w1 ,i ?9k1 be borne out :5 we
 contra/ ! quiet initiation ( ! movem5t 
) ! dramatic db ( ! policy4 ,= all !    
(ficialism ) :i* x 0 laun*$1 ,presid5t  
,roosevelt's ,c\ntry ,life ,commission  
might z well h be5 appo9t$ by "s weal?y 
philan?ropi/ :o w\ld1 at lea/1 h paid   
its memb]s' travell+ exp5ses1#a &       
private initiation might also h sp>$ u !
 ridicule :i* greet$ ! alleg$ proposal  
to uplift a body ( citiz5s :o 7 told t  
!y 7 already adorn+ ! heights ( ,am]ican
 civilisation4 ,! names ( ! m5 :o       

volunte]$ = ?is unpaid s]vice %\ld h be5
 a suffici5t gu>antee t !irs 0 no fool's
 err&4#b  ,h[ real 0 ! problem !        
commission]s 7 inve/igat+ 0 abundantly  
prov$ to ^? :o 7 pres5t :5 !y got into  
t\* ) work+ f>m]s & _! wives1 & discuss$
 freely & in=mally ! conditions1 human &
 mat]ial1 to :i* ! problem ( ,rural     
,life relates4 ,i %all ref] aga9 to _!  
report4 ,b ,i may "h say ,i am firmly   
conv9c$ t a complete *ange 9 ! :ole     
attitude ( public op9ion t[>ds ! old "q 
( t[n & c\ntry mu/ prec$e any l>ge      
practical outcome to ! lab\rs ( !       
,commission4 ,x has to be br\ght home to
 ^? :o lead public op9ion t = _m decades
 we1 ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples1 h be5    
unconsci\sly guilty ( hav+ gravely      
neglect$ "o side1 & t p]haps ! mo/      
important side1 ( ,we/]n civilisation4  
,to su/a9 ?is judgm5t ,i mu/ n[ view !  
sequ5ce ( ev5ts :i* l$ to ! subord9ation
 ( rural to urban int]e/s1 & try to     
e/imate its probable consequ5ces4 ,x w  
be se5 t ! neglect is comp>atively      

rec5t1 & ( ,engli% orig94 ,i believe t !
 ,new ,_w (f]s j n[ a r>e opportunity = 
laun*+ a movem5t :i* w be direct$ to a  
recon/ruction ( rural life4 ,x is ?is   
belief :i* has prompt$ an ,iri% advocate
 ( rural re=m to turn 8 ?\ghts away = a 
brief space f ! poor] peasantry ( 8 own 
c\ntry & to take c\nsel ) 8 fell[-work]s
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada on a       
problem :i* affects !m all4             
,,footnotes3  #a ,^!1 z a matt] ( fact1 
7 defray$ by ! tru/ees ( ! ,russell     
,sage ,f\ndation4  #b ,! ,commission    
consi/$ ( ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 ( ! ,new     
,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture at  
,cornell ,univ]sity 7*airman72 ,h5ry    
,wallace1 editor ( ,wallace's ,f>m]1    
,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a2 ,k5yon ,l4           
,butt]field1 ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts
 ,agricultural ,college1 ,amh]/1        
,massa*usetts2 ,walt] ,h4 ,page1 editor 
( ,! ,_w's ,"w1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,gif=d
 ,p9*ot1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/]1 & ,*airman
 ( ! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission2
 ,c4 ,s4 ,b>rett1 ,presid5t ( ! ,f>m]s' 

,co-op]ative & ,educational ,union (    
,am]ica1 ,union ,city1 ,georgia2 ,w4 ,a4
 ,be>d1 ( ! ,great ,we/ ,magaz9e1       
,sacram5to1 ,cali=nia4     ,,*apt] ,,iii
  ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,consequ5ces ,,(     
,,rural ,,neglect   ,! mo/ radical      
economic *ange :i* hi/ory records set 9 
dur+ ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9   
,engl&1 z ! result ( t rem>kable        
a*ievem5t ( mod]n civilisation1 !       
,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,me*anical      
inv5tions *ang$ all indu/ry1 sett+ up ! 
factories ( ! t[n in/ead ( ! scatt]$    
home production ( ! c\ntry & its        
villages4 ,9 ! wake ( ! new inv5tions   
economic sci5ce /epp$ 91 &1 scrupul\sly 
obey+ its own law ( dem& & supply1 told 
! !n pr$om9ant middle classes j :at !y  
wi%$ to be told4 ,adam ,smi? _h made !  
wond]ful discov]y t money & weal? 7 n ! 
same ?+4 ,!n ,ric>do1 & aft] him !      
,man*e/] ,s*ool ( economi/s1 made       
division ( lab\r ! c>d9al virtue 9 ! new
 gospel ( weal?4 ,9 ord] to give full   
play to ?is economic pr9ciple all work]s

 9 me*anical indu/ries 7 huddl$ toge!r 9
 ! t[ns4 ,!re !y 7 to be trans=m$ f     
caprici\s1 undiscipl9$ humans into      
me*anical atta*m5ts1 & re/rict$ to su*  
functions z /eam-driv5 automata _h n yet
 le>n$ to p]=m4 ,t 0 ! fir/ /age ( !    
,indu/rial ,revolution1 ) its *ief      
consequ5ces1 ! rural exodus & urban     
ov]cr[d+4 ,x is a hide\s nightm>e to    
look back ^u f ^! m enlight5$ days4     
,well might ! angels weep ov] ! flight (
 all t 0 be/ f ! ,god-made c\ntry to !  
man-made t[n4  ,be=e ! middle ( ! la/   
c5tury ! cl\ds began to lift4 ,= a :ile 
! good ,"l ,%aftesbury seem$ to be cry+ 
9 ! wild]ness ( middle-class plutocracy1
 b x 0 n long be=e ! cry+ ( ! *ildr5 9  
_! factories /irr$ ! national consci5ce4
 ,! heal? ( nations 0 all[$ to be       
consid]$ z well z _! weal?4 ,social &   
political sci5ce rose up 9 prote/ aga9/ 
bo? ! economi/s & ! manufactur]s4 ,!re  
foll[$ a p]iod ( b5efic5t social *anges1
 no less radical ?an ^? :i* ! new       
me*anical inv5tions _h produc$ 9 !      

economics ( indu/ry4 ,! factory t[n (   
to-day pres5ts a /range contra/ to t :i*
 sacrific$ humanity to mat]ial          
aggr&isem5t4 ,:at ) its %ort5$ h\rs (   
lab\r1 sup]ior artisan dwell+s1 improv$ 
sanitation1 p>ks1 op5 spaces &          
playgr\nds1 free in/ruction & *eap      
ent]ta9m5t = old & "y1 hospitals &      
*>ities1 rapid transportation1 a popul> 
,press1 & full political fre$om1 ! mod]n
 hive ( indu/ry /&s z a monum5t ( :at1  
"u lib]al laws1 c be done by education &
 organisation to realise ! high]        
aspirations ( a p4  ,dur+ ?is second    
p]iod1 ano!r economic developm5t produc$
 ^u ! attitude ( ! urban m9d t[>ds !    
rural population an effect to :i*1 ,i   
?9k1 has n be5 giv5 ! consid]ation x    
des]ves4 ,bett] & *eap] transportation1 
) ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( :at !        
economi/s call ! _w-m>ket1 completely   
*ang$ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! t[nsman & !
 f>m]4 ,a sket* ( _! =m] mutual         
relations w make my mean+ cle>4 ,)9 !   
la/ c5tury e t[n reli$ l>gely = its food

 supply on ! produce ( ! fields ar\nd   
its walls4 ,! c\ntrym5 com+ into !      
weekly m>ket 7 ! *ief cu/om]s = ! w>es (
 ! t[n craftsm54 ,9 ?is primitive /ate (
 trade1 t[nsm5 c\ld n b realise !       
importance to !mselves ( a prosp]\s     
c\ntry population ar\nd !m4 ,b ?is      
simple ex*ange1 z we all "k1 has        
develop$ into ! complex comm]cial       
op]ations ( mod]n times4 ,to-day mo/    
l>ge t[ns d]ive _! h\sehold /uff f !    
food-gr[+ tracts ( ! :ole _w1 & ,i d\bt 
:e!r any are dep5d5t on ! neighb\r+     
f>m]s1 or feel !mselves specially       
conc]n$ = _! welf>e4 ,i d n ?9k ! g5]al 
tru? ( ?is picture w be que/ion$1 & ,i  
hope "s consid]ation may be giv5 to !   
conclusions ,i n[ draw4  ,9 ! transition
 we are consid]+1 ! reciprocity betwe5 !
 produc]s ( food & ! raw mat]ial ( clo!s
 on ! "o h&1 & manufactur]s & g5]al     
trad]s ( ! t[ns on ! o!r1 has n ceas$2 x
 has actually increas$ s9ce ! days (    
/eam & electricity4 ,b x has become     
national1 & ev5 int]national1 r ?an     

local4 ,t[n consum]s are /ill dep5d5t ^u
 agricultural produc]s1 :o1 9 turn1 are 
mu* l>g] consum]s ?an =m]ly ( all k9ds (
 commodities made 9 t[ns4 ,=ty-two p]   
c5t ( mat]ials us$ 9 manufacture 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates are f ! f>m1 :i* also     
contributes sev5ty p] c5t ( ! c\ntry's  
exports4 ,b 9 ! complexity ( ^! trade   
developm5ts t[nsm5 h be5 cut (f m & m f 
p]sonal contact ) ! c\ntry1 & 9 ?is way 
h lo/ _! s5se ( its importance4 ,my po9t
 is t ! %ift+ ( ! trade relation%ip (   
t[n & c\ntry f its =m] local to its     
pres5t national & int]national basis 9  
reality increases _! int]dep5d5ce4 ,& ,i
 hold mo/ /rongly t until 9 ?is matt] ! 
obligations ( a common citiz5%ip are    
realis$ by ! t[n1 we _c hope = any la/+ 
,national progress4  ,:atev] be ! causes
 :i* h begott5 ! neglect ( rural life1  
no "o w ga9say ! wisdom ( e/imat+ !     
consequ5ces4 ,^! are economic1 social1 &
 political2 & ,i w discuss !m briefly "u
 ^! heads4 ,!re are ?ree ma9 economic   
reasons :i* sugge/ a clos] /udy ( rural 

conditions4 ,fir/1 !re is ! int]dep5d5ce
 ( t[n & c\ntry1 less obvi\s ?an x 0 9 !
 days ( ! local m>ket1 b no less real4  
,any fall 9 ! numb]1 or decl9e 9 !      
effici5cy1 ( ! f>m+ community1 w be     
accompani$ by a correspond+ fall 9 !    
c\ntry sale ( t[n products4 ,?is is     
especially true ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! =eign  
comm]ce is unimportant 9 comp>ison )    
int]nal trade4 ,to n\ri% c\ntry life is 
! be/ way to help home trade4 ,& q z    
important z ^! consid]ations is ! effect
 :i* good or bad f>m+ mu/ h ^u ! co/ (  
liv+ to ! :ole population4 ,excessive   
middle pr(its betwe5 produc] & consum]  
may l>gely acc\nt = ! v s]i\s rise 9 !  
price ( /aple articles ( food4 ,?is is a
 fact ( ! utmo/ significance1 b1 z ,i   
%all %[ lat]1 ! rem$y = too high a co/ (
 production & di/ribution lies ) ! f>m]1
 ! improvem5t ( ^: bus9ess me?ods w be  
se5 to be ! *ief factor 9 ! re=m :i* !  
,rural ,life movem5t mu/ attempt to     
introduce4  ,! ess5tial dep5d5ce (      
nations on agriculture is ! second      

economic consid]ation4 ,! au?or ( ,!    
,return to ! ,l&1 ,s5ator ,jules ,ml9e  
7successively ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture1    
,m9i/] ( ,comm]ce & ,premi] ( ,france71 
tells u t ?is rem>kable book is m]ely an
 expansion ( a pr(\nd ?\ght utt]$ long  
ago by a ,*9ese philosoph]3 ',! well-be+
 ( a p is l a tree2 agriculture is its  
root1 manufacture & comm]ce are its     
bran*es & its life2 if ! root is injur$ 
! leaves fall1 ! bran*es break away & ! 
tree dies4'  ,?is tru? is n h>d to apply
 to ! conditions ( to-day4 ,! income ( e
 c\ntry dep5ds on its natural res\rces1 
& on ! skill & en]gy ( its inhabitants2 
& ! quicke/ way to increase ! income is 
to conc5trate on ! production ( ^?      
articles = :i* !re is ! greate/ dem&    
?r\gh\t ! comm]cial _w4 ,! rel5tless    
application ( ?is pr9ciple has be5      
*>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b !     
augm5tation ( income has 9 "o special   
way be5 pur*as$ by a dim9ution (        
capital4 ,! indu/rial movem5t has be5   
bas$ on an imm5se exp5diture ( coal &   

iron2 & 9 ,am]ica & ,great ,brita9 !    
coal & iron :i* c be *eaply obta9$ are  
)9 measurable di/ance ( exhau/ion4 ,z ^!
 supplies dim9i%1 ! indu/rial lead]%ip (
 ,am]ica & ,great ,brita9 mu/ disappe>1 
unless !y c employ _! activities 9 o!r  
=ms ( indu/ry4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o desire t !
 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries %\ld ma9ta9 =  
_m ages t high position :i* !y n[       
occupy1 %\ld d all 9 _! p[] to enc\rage 
a prop] sy/em ( agriculture--! "o       
indu/ry 9 :i* ! fulle/ use c be made (  
natural res\rces )\t dim9i%+ !          
inh]itance ( future g5]ations--! indu/ry
 ab\t :i*1 ,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,hill        
emphatically decl>es1 all o!rs revolve1 
& by :i* future ,am]ica %all /& or fall4
  ,! ?ird economic reason w h>dly be    
disput$4 ,agricultural prosp]ity is an  
important factor 9 f9ancial /ability4 ,!
 fluctuations ( comm]ce dep5d l>gely on 
! good & bad h>ve/s ( ! _w1 b1 z !y d n 
co9cide ) !m 9 "t1 _! viol5ce is1 on !  
:ole1 likely to be less 9 a nation :]e  
agricultural & manufactur+ int]e/s      

balance ea* o!r1 ?an 9 "o dep5d+ ma9ly  
or entirely on ei!r4 ,! small sav+s (   
num]\s f>m]s1 am\nt+ 9 ! aggregate to v 
l>ge sums1 are a p[]ful means ( /eady+ !
 money m>ket2 !y are n liable to !      
vicissitudes nor attract$ by !          
temptations :i* affect ! l>g] inve/ors4 
,!y rema9 a p]man5t national res\rce1   
:i*1 z ! exp]i5ce ( ,france proves1 may 
be confid5tly drawn ^u 9 "t ( ne$4 ,i h 
(t5 ?\ght t1 7 x n = ! ?rift & indu/ry (
 ! ,fr5* peasantry1 f9ancial crises w\ld
 be z frequ5t 9 ,france z political     
upheavals4  ,z reg>ds ! social aspect ( 
rural neglect1 ,i sugge/ t ! city may be
 m s]i\sly conc]n$ ?an is g5]ally imag9$
 = ! well-be+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o _c b      
admire ! civic pride ) :i* ,am]icans    
contemplate _! great c5tres ( indu/ry & 
comm]ce1 :]e1 ow+ to ! _m & v>i$        
improvem5ts1 ! t[nsman ( ! future is    
expect$ to unite ! physical heal? &     
longevity ( ! ,boeotian ) ! m5tal       
sup]iority ( ! ,a!nian4 ,b we may ask   
:e!r ?is some:at optimi/ic =eca/ does n 

ignore "o important "q4 ,has x be5      
suffici5tly consid]$ h[ f> ! moral &    
physical heal? ( ! mod]n city dep5ds ^u 
! con/ant influx ( fre% blood f !       
c\ntry1 :i* has ev] be5 ! s\rce f :i* ! 
t[n draws its be/ citiz5%ip8 ,y _c keep 
on indef9itely skimm+ ! pan & h equally 
good milk left4 ,9 ,am]ica ! dra9 may   
cont9ue a :ile long] )\t ! inevitable   
consequ5ces becom+ pla9ly visible4 ,b   
soon] or lat]1 if ! balance ( trade 9   
?is human traffic be n adju/$1 ! raw    
mat]ial out ( :i* urban society is made 
w be s]i\sly det]iorat$1 & ! symptoms ( 
,national deg5]acy w be prop]ly *>g$    
aga9/ ^? :o neglect$ to =esee ! evil &  
treat ! cause4 ,x is en\gh = my pres5t  
purpose if x be admitt$ t ! p ( e /ate  
are l>gely br$ 9 rural di/ricts1 & t !  
physical & moral well-be+ ( ^! di/ricts 
mu/ ev5tually influ5ce ! quality ( !    
:ole p4  ,i come n[ to ! political      
consid]ations :i*1 ,i ?9k1 h n be5      
suffici5tly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 mo/    
c\ntries political life dep5ds l>gely = 

its /ead9ess & sanity ^u a /rong        
infusion ( rural op9ion into ! c\nsels (
 ! nation4 ,x is a truism t democracy   
requires = success a high] level (      
intellig5ce & "* 9 ! mass ( ! p ?an o!r 
=ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,b intellig5ce alone is 
n en\gh = ! citiz5 ( a democracy2 he mu/
 h exp]i5ce z well1 & ! exp]i5ce ( a    
t[nsman is ess5tially imp]fect4 ,he has 
g5]ally a wid] !oretical k ?an ! ru/ic (
 ! ma9 processes by :i* ! community     
lives2 b ! ru/ic's practical k ( ! m    
fundam5tal ( !m is wid] ?an ! t[nsman's4
 ,he kn[s actually & 9 detail h[ corn is
 gr[n & h[ bea/s are br$1 :]eas ! t[n   
artisan h>dly kn[s h[ ! :ole ( any "o   
article ( comm]ce is made4 ,! t[nsman   
sees & takes "p 9 ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts 
( indu/rial sci5ce )\t any full und]/&+ 
( its me?ods or ( ! relative importance 
& ! int]action ( ! =ces engag$4 ,to ?is 
"o-sid$ exp]i5ce may be attribut$ 9 "s  
measure t disreg>d ( inconv5i5t facts1 &
 t impati5ce ( ! limits (               
practicability1 :i* _m obs]v]s note z a 

*>act]i/ic defect ( popul> gov]nm5t4    
,h[ev] t may be1 !re is "o symptom 9    
mod]n politics ( :i* ! gravity is       
g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 :ile its special     
connection ) ! t[ns is an easily        
asc]ta9able fact2 ,i mean ! gr[? ( !    
crud] =ms ( ,socialism4 ,! t[n artisan  
or lab\r]1 :o sees display$ be=e him va/
 masses ( prop]ty 9 :i* he has no %>e1 &
 contra/s ! smallness ( 8 remun]ation ) 
! imm5se results ( 8 lab\r1 is easily   
attract$ to rem$ies worse ?an ! disease4
 ,a full] & m exact und]/&+ ( ! means by
 :i* ! weal? ( ! community is creat$ is1
 = ! t[nsman1 ! be/ antidote to         
mis*iev\s agitation s f> z x is n m]ely 
! result ( pov]ty4 ,b ! c\ntryman1      
especially ! proprietor ( a piece ( l&1 
h[ev] small1 is protect$ f ?is          
infection4 ,! atmosph]e 9 :i* ,socialism
 ( ! pr$atory k9d c gr[ up does n exi/  
among a prosp]\s f>m+ community--p]haps 
because 9 ! c\ntry ! "q ( ! divorce ( ! 
work] f 8 raw mat]ial by capitalism does
 n arise4 ,! f>m furni%es ! raw mat]ial 

( ! f>m]2 yet he _c be said to sp5d 8   
life creat+ ! alleg$ surplus value (    
,m>xian doctr9e4 ,= ^! reasons ,i sugge/
 t ! ord]ly & safe progress ( democracy 
dem&s a /rong agricultural population4  
,x is z true n[ z :5 ,ari/otle said x t 
:]e husb&m5 & m5 ( small =tune pr$om9ate
 gov]nm5t w be guid$ by law4  ,i h n[   
%[n t = e reason ! int]e/s ( ! rural    
population ought no long] to be         
subord9at$ to ^? ( ! city4 ,t su* has   
be5 ! t5d5cy 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries w
 h>dly be que/ion$4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! 
rural exodus has gone on ) a v5geance4  
,! la/ c5sus 7#aija7 %[$ t sev5ty-sev5  
p] c5t ( ! population 0 urban1 & only   
tw5ty-?ree p] c5t rural4 ,a few ye>s ago
 !re 7 d]elict f>ms )9 easy walk ( !    
outskirts ( ,london4 ,9 ,irel& ! rural  
exodus took ! =m ( emigration1 ma9ly to 
,am]ican cities1 & ?is has be5 ! *ief   
factor 9 ! r$uction ( ! population 9    
sixty ye>s f m ?an eight millions to a  
trifle above f\r4 ,b x may be ?\ght t 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates no simil> t5d5cy is 9   

op]ation4 ,c]ta9ly ^? :o admit ! t[nw>d 
drift ( c\ntry life may fairly say t x  
does n pres5t s urg5t a problem 9 ! ,new
 ,_w z 9 p>ts ( ! ,old4 ,ev5 grant+ t   
?is is s1 ! fact rema9s t ! t[n         
population ( ,am]ica is s]i\sly outgr[+ 
! rural population2 =1 :ile ! t[ns are  
gr[+ hugely1 ! c\ntry /&s /ill4         
,moreov]1 we mu/ n =get t1 ,au/ralia    
ap>t1 ,am]ica is ev5 /ill ! mo/         
und]populat$ "p ( ! globe4 ,we are      
accu/om$ to ?9k ,irel& und]populat$1 ow+
 to emigration1 yet ev5 to-day ! scale (
 population is almo/ six times great]   
?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if ! ,union 7 
peopl$ z ?ickly z ,irel& ev5 /ill is1 ! 
population w\ld be ne>ly five hundr$    
millions4 ,!re is /ill a va/ deal (     
fill+-up to be done 9 ,am]ica1 mo/ly 9 !
 rural p>ts4  ,b ! ma9 consid]ation ,i  
wi% to emphasise ?r\gh\t is t ! problem 
"u review is moral & social f> m ?an    
economic1 human r ?an mat]ial4 ,?is is !
 natural view ( an ,iri% work]1 :o kn[s 
t ! solution ( 8 problem dep5ds ^u !    

possibility ( end[+ c\ntry life ) su*   
social improvem5ts z w provide an       
effective comp5sation = a necess>ily    
mode/ /&>d ( com=t4 ,b ! citiz5s ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates may be p>don$ = be+       
physiocrats4 ,! /ati/ical pro(1 annually
 furni%$1 ( ! gr[+ agricultural weal?1  
is apt to obscure o!r ess5tials (       
progress4 ,! a/ronomical proportions ( !
 figures /agg] ! imag9ation1 & eng5d] ! 
k9d ( pride a man feels :5 he is fir/   
told ! numb] ( r$ corpuscles luxuriat+ 9
 8 blood4 ,h[ c !re be agricultural     
depression 9 a c\ntry ^: f>m l&s        
,secret>y ,wilson1 9 8 notable ,annual  
,report = #aije1 decl>$ to h increas$ 9 
value ov] a p]iod ( five ye>s at !      
a/\nd+ rate ( #c1djj1jjj p] day8 ,yet to
 ! deep] insight1 ! same moral influ5ce 
?r\gh :i* we 9 ,irel& are seek+ to      
combat ! evils ( mat]ial pov]ty may 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates be ne$$ z a moral         
corrective to a too rapidly gr[+ mat]ial
 prosp]ity4 ,! patriotic ,am]ican1 :o   
?9ks ( ! life ( ! ,nation r ?an ( !     

individual1 w1 if he looks b5ea? !      
surface1 disc]n 9 ?is ,god-prosp]$      
c\ntry symptoms ( rural decad5ce fraught
 ) dang] to ,national effici5cy4  ,!    
reckless sacrifice ( agricultural       
int]e/s by ! legislators ( ! t[ns is    
condemn$ by ! v]dict ( hi/ory4 ,we ne$ n
 n[ fe> t invad+ hordes ( h>dy b>b>ians 
w m> ! de/9y ( ! great ,we/]n ,republic1
 z !y end$ ! c>e] ( ! ,roman ,empire4   
,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r cl\ds ^u ! horizon4
 ,only a few ye>s ago1 ! ,am]ican p c\ld
 well treat ) contempt ! bogy ( ! ,yell[
 ,p]il4 ,) a trans=mation unprec$5t$ 9  
hi/ory1 ! situation has be5 *ang$4      
,japan is already devot+ to ! arts (    
peace qualities b ye/]day display$ 9 w>1
 to ! amazem5t ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,9 ano!r  
,ea/]n empire !re are va/               
res\rces--especially coal & iron 9      
juxtaposition--await+ only indu/rial    
lead]%ip to utilise a practically       
limitless lab\r supply = _! developm5t4 
,^! are facts wor?y ( consid]ation = _! 
pot5tial be>+ ^u ! indu/rial & comm]cial

 /&+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,to ! onlook]1 
x does seem a happy circum/ance t !re   
has j be51 = sev5 critical ye>s1 at !   
head ( ,am]ican affairs ! /r5u\s        
advocate ( ! /r5u\s life4 ,i read ?r\gh 
8 ,messages ! w>n+ t 9 ! /ruggle =      
prem95ce ! ultimate victory w lie ) ^?  
nations :o f\nd _! prosp]ity on ! high  
physical & e?ical condition ( ! p4 ,t is
 ! olde/1 z x is ! late/1 wisdom ( !    
,ea/4 ,x is 9 ?is _s t ! neglect$       
problem ( ,rural ,life %\ld n[ be giv5  
"s %>e ( ! att5tion hi!rto devot$ to !  
life ( ! t[ns4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,!    
,,inn] ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,f>m]  
,i rec5tly ask$ a ,g]man economi/ if he 
c\ld tell me ! be/ books to read ^u !   
problem ( rural life 9 ,g]many4 ,8 reply
 03 ,!re are no books1 because !re is no
 problem4 ,x is g5]ally true1 no d\bt1 t
 ! ,rural ,life problem1 9 s f> z x     
consi/s 9 ! subord9ation ( ! c\ntry to !
 t[n1 is peculi> to ! ,engli%-speak+    
c\ntries1 :]e x seems to be ma9ly       
attributable to ?ree causes4 ,! *ief (  

^! 0 no d\bt ! ,indu/rial ,revolution 9 
,engl&1 ( :i* en\gh has already be5     
said4 ,secondly1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9  
"s portions ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 ! op5+ 
up ( va/ tracts ( virg9 soil l$ n       
unnaturally to ! po/ponem5t ( social    
developm5t until ! pione] f>m]s _h      
settl$ d[n to ! new life4 ,! ?ird cause 
0 immunity f ! dang] ( =eign invasion1  
:i* elim9at$ ! milit>y reasons = ma9ta9+
 a num]\s1 virile1 & progressive rural  
population4  ,!re are _m 9 ,engl& :o    
regret t x %\ld h be5 =gott5 h[ !       
,engli% ow$ _! comm]cial supremacy to ! 
fight+ qualities ( ! old yeoman class4  
,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x %\ld be rememb]$ t 
n[adays peace /r5g? is q z important z  
w> /r5g?1 & x may be que/ion$ :e!r !re c
 be any su/a9$ indu/rial effici5cy :]e !
 great body ( work]s :o conduct !       
*ief--! only absolutely                 
necess>y--indu/ry are wa/+ ! res\rces at
 _! comm& by bad husb&ry4 ,we may1      
h[ev]1 conc$e t ! neglect ( rural life  
is mu* easi] to expla9 & excuse 9 !     

,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ! old]              
,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,q ap>t f !    
abundance ( agricultural res\rces :i* ! 
,am]ican f>m]s enjoy1 x might well be   
?\ght t ! rural communities are keep+   
pace ) ! progress ( urban civilisation4 
,! citiz5s :o n[ occupy ! f>m l&s ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates h be5 l>gely drawn f !    
pick ( ! ,european peasantries4 ,9 !    
days ( _! com+1 x took c\rage &         
ent]prise to face ! n[ almo/ =gott5     
t]rors ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,^!        
immigrants1 & ! migrants f ! ,ea/]n     
,/ates1 h pr(it$ enorm\sly by _! *ange (
 resid5ce4 ,_! mat]ial well-be+ has     
already be5 admitt$1 &1 ) r>e           
exceptions1 !y h display$ no ov]t       
symptoms ( agr>ian discont5t4  ,x mu/ n1
 h[ev]1 be imag9$ t ! app>5t apa?y (    
,am]ican f>m]s is due to cont5tm5t4 ,l  
o!rs ( _! call+1 !y keep a full /ock (  
grievances 9 _! m5tal /ores4 ,!y h v    
def9ite op9ions z to :at is wrong1 b to 
^! op9ions no =mal expression is giv54  
,!y vaguely feel t !y w\ld l to rem\ld !

 sorry s*eme ( ?+s entire1 b !y lack !  
public _s :i* is requir$ be=e conc]t$   
action c be tak5 successfully4 ,!       
,c\ntry ,life ,commission held a s]ies (
 conf]5ces ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 
br\ght !m into ! close/ t\* ) e type (  
,am]ican f>m life4 ,!y receiv$ writt5   
replies f "s #abe1jjj rural folk to :om 
!y _h s5t a circul> ) a doz5 que/ions   
cov]+ ! ess5tial heads ( inquiry4 ,!    
,commission]s say 9 _! report3 ,we h    
f\nd by ! te/imony1 n only ( ! f>m]s    
!mselves1 b ( all p]sons 9 t\* ) f>m    
life1 m or less s]i\s unre/ 9 e "p ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 ! mo/ prosp]\s     
regions4  ,! tru? is t1 :ile judg$ by ! 
/&>d ( liv+ ( ,european peasantries1 !  
f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are prosp]\s1 9 
comp>ison ) ! o!r citiz5s ( ! mo/       
progressive c\ntry 9 ! _w !y are n      
well-(f4 ,_! accumulation ( mat]ial     
weal? is unnaturally & unnecess>ily     
re/rict$2 _! social life is b>r52 _!    
political influ5ce is relatively small4 
,am]ican f>m]s h be5 us$ by politicians1

 b h /ill to le>n h[ to use !m4 ,?is may
 be due to ! fact t my c\ntrym5 elect$  
to devote _! g5ius = organisation to !  
problems ( city gov]nm5t4 ,& 9 ! sph]e (
 private action !y are1 z w be se5 :5 ,i
 discuss ! ne$ = a reorganisation ( _!  
bus9ess1 ev5 less effective ?an 9 public
 affairs4  ,x w be conc$$ t any hopeful 
plan to put ?+s "r w h to rely ^u !     
organis$ ef=ts ( ^? imm$iately conc]n$4 
,bo? 9 ! sph]e ( gov]nm5tal action1 & 9 
! va/ly m important field ( volunt>y    
ef=t1 ! mov+ =ce w h to be public       
op9ion4 ,b ! ?\ght ( ! f>m+ communities 
has long ago jo9$ ! rural exodus2 & be=e
 ! c\ntry life idea c f9d expression 9  
an effective c\ntry life movem5t1 ^? :o 
are ?9k+ out ! problem w h to comm5d _! 
argum5ts to ! ?\ght ( ! t[ns4 ,!re=e ,i 
address ^! pages1 n to f>m]s only1 b to 
! g5]al read]--:o1 ,i may obs]ve1 does n
 g5]ally read if he happ5s to live 9 !  
op5 c\ntry4  ,9 ! c\rse ( my own /udies 
( ,am]ican rural life ,i h f\nd x       
conv5i5t to divide ! ,unit$ ,/ates into 

f\r sections1 ea* ( !m m or less        
homog5e\s4 ,z ?is me?od ( treatm5t may  
help my read]s1 ,i w give !m a look at  
my map ( ,am]ican rural life4 ,! f\r    
sections may be call$ ! ,nor? ,ea/]n1 ! 
,middle ,we/]n1 ! ,s\!rn1 & ! ,f>       
,we/]n4 ,! division has no pret5sions to
 be sci5tific2 ! b\nd>ies c be adju/$ to
 fit 9 ) ! exp]i5ce ( ea* read]4  ,9 my 
,nor? ,ea/]n section ,i include ! ,new  
,engl& ,/ates1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 
& mo/ ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is is a section 
:]e manufactur+ communities h long be5  
e/abli%$1 :]e migration f c\ntry to t[n 
has be5 mo/ m>k$1 & :]e ! competition ( 
! newly settl$ ,we/]n f>m l&s has be5   
foll[$ by effects ^u agricultural       
society v simil> to ^? produc$ by ! same
 causes 9 _m a rural community on !     
,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,second comes !     
,middle ,we/]n section1 consi/+ ma9ly ( 
! ,mississippi ,valley1 ) its va/ area (
 high av]age f]tility1 ! greate/        
food-produc+ tract on ! cont95t4 ,?ird1 
,i place ! ,s\!rn section1 :]e ! gov]n+ 

factors 9 rural economy are ! climate1 !
 num]ical /r5g? ( ! color$ population1 !
 two /aple indu/rial crops--cotton &    
tobacco--! comp>atively rec5t abolition 
( slav]y1 & ! long-drawn-out effects ( !
 ,civil ,w>4 ,my f\r? division1 ! ,f>   
,we/]n section1 includes ! ran*+ l&s ( !
 arid belt ) _! irrigation oases1 & !   
fruit-gr[+ & f>m+ l&s ( ! ,pacific      
,coa/4  ,z we are discuss+ ! problem    
*iefly 9 its human aspect1 :i* affects  
alike communities weal?y & impov]i%$1   
l>ge & small1 old-settl$ & newly        
e/abli%$1 x w n matt] ess5tially :]e we 
fir/ direct our att5tion = ! purpose (  
illu/ration4 ,b if1 z ,i hold1 no?+ less
 ?an a recon/ruction ( rural            
civilisation is call$ =1 our inquiries w
 be m pr(itably direct$ to ^? sections  
:]e agricultural society is p]man5tly   
e/abli%$1 or :]e ! rural population     
might ab&on ! migratory habit if !      
conditions 7 m favorable to an advanc$  
civilisation4 ,at ! pres5t /age ,i feel 
t ! :ole subject c be mo/ pr(itably     

discuss$ 9 its application to ! ,middle 
,we/]n & ! ,s\!rn sections4 ,"h !       
intimate relation%ip ( ! ,cons]vation & 
! ,c\ntry ,life ideas is be/ illu/rat$4 
,"h1 too1 we get into t\* ) ! problem at
 its two extremes ( prosp]ity & pov]ty1 
ea* 9 its own way ret>d+ ! progress (   
rural civilisation4 ,9 bo? sections !   
conditions are typical1 & di/9ctively   
,am]ican4  ,let u !n consid] fir/ !     
g5]al c\rse ( rural civilisation 9 !    
great food-produc+ tract ( ! ,middle    
,we/4 ,i h 9 my m9d ! portion ,i "k be/1
 ! la/-settl$ "p ( ! corn belt4 ,?irty  
ye>s ago ,i saw some?+ ( ! newcom]s :o  
settl$ 9 ?is section1 :]e !re 0 /ill mu*
 raw l&4 ,^! settl]s1 kn[+ t ! l& mu/   
rise rapidly 9 value1 almo/ inv>iably   
pur*as$ mu* l>g] f>ms ?an !y c\ld h&le4 
,!y (t5 sank _! available work+ capital 
9 mak+ ! fir/ paym5ts = _! l&1 & w5t    
heavily into debt = ! balance4 ,!y      
became l& poor1 &1 9 ord] to meet !     
in/alm5ts ( pur*ase & ! high int]e/ on  
_! mortgages1 !y inv5t$ a sy/em ( f>m+  

unprec$5t$ 9 its wa/efulness4 ,! f>m 0  
treat$ z a m9e1 or1 to use ,mr4 ,james  
,j4 ,hill's metaphor1 z a bank :]e !    
depositors are always tak+ out m ?an !y 
put 94 ,a corn crop1 ye> aft] ye>1 )\t  
rotation or f]tilis]s1 satisfi$ ! new   
conception ( husb&ry--! easie/ & lea/   
co/ly extraction ( ! weal? 9 ! soil4    
,l&1 lab\r1 capital1 & ability ,i _h be5
 taught to reg>d z ! ess5tials (        
production2 b "h capital 0 r$uc$ to !   
m9imum1 & ability left to nature4 ,_m ( 
! "y m5 :o took ,horace ,greeley's      
advice & w5t ,we/ knew no?+ ab\t f>m+4  
,i rememb] writ+ home t ,i 0 9 a c\ntry 
:]e ! roll+ /one ga!r$ mo/ moss4        
,possibly ! me?od adopt$ 0 ! quicke/ way
 to get ri*2 liv+ on capital is all "r  
provid$ somebody w replace ! squ&]$     
res\rces4 ,:ile !re 7 ample unoccupi$   
l&s1 ,uncle ,sam look$ k9dly ^u ^!      
ent]pris+ pione]s4 ,x 0 only 9 ! second 
,roosevelt ,adm9i/ration t x dawn$ ^u ! 
national consci5ce t ! nation _h "s     
claim to be consid]$ z well z !         

individual4 ,( c\rse all ?is is *ang$   
n[2 al?\gh ,i am n sure t we/]n ,canada 
is n be+ educat$ 9 soil exhau/ion by "s 
( ^! extemporis$ husb&m5 ^: habits &    
temp]am5t lead !m to seek fre% fields & 
pa/ures new4 ,we are n out "h = our     
heal?1 0 ! reply ,i got :5 ,i %[$ t my  
old-fa%ion$ economic s5se 0 %ock$ by ?is
 sub/itution ( l& speculation = f>m+4   
,i am aw>e t ?is v uneconomic proc$ure  
is capable ( "s plausible explanations4 
,! op5+ up ( ! va/ new t]ritory by !    
provision ( local traffic =             
transcont95tal l9es 0 an object (       
national urg5cy & importance4           
,nev]!less1 ,i ?9k x mu/ n[ be regrett$ 
t a little m ?\ght 0 n giv5 to ! g5]al  
problem ( rural economy1 ( :i* transit  
is b "o factor4 ,?is may be t irritat+  
k9d ( wisdom :i* comes aft] ! ev5t1 b ,i
 _c help reg>d+ ! policy ( rew>d+       
railroad ent]prises ) unconditional     
grants ( va/ areas ( agricultural l& z  
"o ( ! _m evid5ces ( ! urban dom9ation  
ov] rural affairs4  ,( ! e>li] settl$   

portions ( ?is section ,i _c speak f    
p]sonal k4 ,b a rec5t magaz9e article1#c
 ,! ,agr>ian ,revolution 9 ! ,middle    
,we/1 foll[s closely ! l9e ( my own     
?\ghts4 ,9 ?is article ,mr4 ,joseph ,b4 
,ross1 ( ,lafayette1 ,indiana1 :o is    
mak+ a special /udy ( ! evolution (     
,am]ican rural life1 consid]s x 9 ?ree  
p]iods3 f #ahjj to #ahce1 f #ahce to    
#ahij1 & f #ahij to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 !   
middle p]iod he %[s h[ ! mo/ progressive
 families rais$ _! /&>d ( liv+ /eadily )
 ! gr[+ prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y built 
!mselves /ately homes ) sub/antial b>ns4
 ,! f>m] 0 develop+ into a citiz5 ) !   
solid virtues1 ! virile indep5d5ce1 !   
/rong political op9ions1 religi\s       
int]e/1 & social in/9cts :i* *>act]is$ !
 ,engli% yeoman ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,!   
social life :i* ^! communities built up1
 z soon z _! economic position 0 assur$1
 0 a reflection ( ! be/ ,engli%         
traditions--x c5tr$ r\nd ! *ur*es & !   
,sunday-s*ool4 ,!re 0 a gr[+ di/ribution
 ( lit]ature z well z organisation =    

intellectual1 educational & social      
purposes4 ,mr4 ,ross notes ! w9t]       
excursions to ,florida & ,cali=nia1 !   
adornm5t ( ! homes1 & _m o!r evid5ces ( 
a social progress develop+ a "* ( its   
own4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 a migration f
 ! c\ntry homes to ! cities2 b x 0 only 
! natural outfl[ ( ! surplus memb]s ( ! 
rural families into ! pr(essional &     
bus9ess life ( ! gr[+ c5tres ( comm]ce &
 indu/ry4  ,9 ! p]iod ?r\gh :i* we are  
n[ pass+ a trans=mation is tak+ place4  
,! rural exodus is no long] t (         
individuals1 b ( :ole families4 ,! f>ms 
?us vacat$ are let to t5ants1 g5]ally on
 a ?ree ye>s' lease1 at a competition   
r5t4 ,! ,c\ntry ,life ,commission says t
 ?is t5d5cy to move to ! cities is n    
peculi> to any region4 ,9 difficult f>m+
 regions1 & :]e ! competition ) o!r f>m+
 sections is mo/ sev]e1 ! "y p may g to 
t[n to bett] _! condition4 ,9 ! be/     
regions ! old] p retire to t[n because x
 is socially m attractive1 & !y see a   
prospect ( liv+ 9 comp>ative ease &     

com=t on ! r5tal ( _! l&s4 ,ne>ly       
ev]y:]e !re is a t[nw>d movem5t = !     
purpose ( secur+ s*ool advantages = !   
*ildr54 ,all ?is t5ds to /]ilize ! op5  
c\ntry & to l[] its social /atus4 ,!    
,commission po9ts out t ! new addition (
 :at is likely to be a /ation>y elem5t1 
^: economic int]e/s lie else:]e1 to !   
citiz5%ip ( ! t[n1 may create !re a new 
social problem1 :ile ! t5ant 9 ! c\ntry 
w n h t int]e/ 9 build+ up rural society
 :i* might be expect$ 9 ! own]s ( l&4   
,mr4 ,ross's /udies lead him v def9itely
 to ! same conclusion4 ,*ur*es &        
educational in/itutions1 he tells u1 are
 be+ />v$1 & rural society is fa/ rev]t+
 to ! type :i* 0 preval5t f ?irty to    
fifty ye>s ago4 ,b !re is "o great      
diff]5ce betwe5 !n & n[4 ,!n1 rural     
civilisation 0 pass+ ?r\gh a /age ( m>k$
 social advancem5t :i* 0 common ?r\gh\t 
! c\ntry2 n[1 !re are di/9ct indications
 ( social deg5]ation1 :i* ,mr4 ,ross    
reg>ds z ! inevitable consequ5ce ( ! new
 l&lord & t5ant sy/em4 ,_m memb]s ( ^!  

communities mu/ h left ! ,old ,_w to    
escape f ! selfsame conditions :i* !y   
are reproduc+ 9 ! ,new4  ,rural society 
9 ! ,middle ,we/1 z x pres5ts itself to 
! obs]v] ^: au?ority ,i h cit$1 is      
obvi\sly 9 a transitional /age4 ,! lack 
( f>m lab\r]s1 :i* is ! common subject (
 compla9t by f>m]s 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 _c fail to be aggravat$ by !   
*ange 9 ! conditions ( t5ancy j not$4 ,!
 man ^: *ief conc]n is to get ! mo/ out 
( ! l&1 at ! lea/ exp5se1 9 two or ?ree 
ye>s1 w n treat 8 lab\r]s s well--nor ! 
l& s well--z w ! man :o means to sp5d 8 
life on ! f>m2 & !re=e ! lab\r]s w n    
/ay4 ,?is sc>city ( lab\r may be met to 
"s ext5t by an increas$ use ( ma*9]y2 b 
x is m likely to lead to poor]          
cultivation1 :i* means ! depopulation ( 
agricultural di/ricts4 ,engl& & ,irel&  
furni% too _m examples ( ! rural decay  
immortalis$ 9 ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$       
,village4 ,x w\ld be /range & sad if !  
exp]i5ce 7 to be repeat$ on ! ri*e/ soil
 ( ,am]ica4  ,9 ! ,s\!rn section we f9d 

a wa/efulness simil> to t 9 ! corn belt1
 b due to :olly diff]5t causes4 ,!      
communities are old-settl$1 b 9 _m      
in/ances !y are /ill abnormally depress$
 by ! t]rible effects ( ! great w>1     
foll[$ by a p]iod ( social & economic   
/agnation4 ,"h !re 0 little b           
agriculture = ! p to rely ^u1 & _!      
me?ods h1 until rec5t ye>s1 be5 v       
backw>d4 ,! gr[+ ( ! same crops ye> aft]
 ye> ^u ! same fields1 ! neglect (      
precaution aga9/ ! wa%+ away ( ! soil   
surface1 & ! failure to use f]tilis]s1 h
 made ! pr(its ( tillage disappo9t+ly   
small4 ,billions ( doll>s h be5 lo/ by  
^! communities ?r\gh p]si/5t soil       
exhau/ion & erosion4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s !
 ,f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has    
ma9ta9$ a mo/ effici5t /aff (           
agricultural exp]ts "u ! direction (    
,dr4 ,knapp1 "o ( ! able/ organis]s (   
f>m improvem5t ,i h ev] met4 ,! ,g5]al  
,education ,bo>d1 :o adm9i/] l>ge sums  
provid$ by ,mr4 ,rockefell]1 recognis+ !
 educational value ( ,dr4 ,knapp's      

op]ations1 are contribut+ ab\t "o hundr$
 ?\s& doll>s a ye> to 8 "w4 ,dr4 ,knapp 
& 8 field ag5ts h no difficulty at all 9
 demon/rat+ t ! yield may be d\bl$1 & ! 
co/ ( production greatly r$uc$1 m]ely by
 ! application ( ! mo/ elem5t>y sci5ce  
to agriculture4 ,i he>d him tell ( a    
f>m] :om he _h induc$ to all[ 8         
boy--/ill att5d+ s*ool--to cultivate "o 
acre "u 8 in/ructions4 ,9 ! result ! boy
 quadrupl$ ! numb] ( bu%els ( corn to ! 
acre t 8 fa!r1 foll[+ ! traditional     
me?ods1 0 able to raise4 ,x w\ld be easy
 to multiply su* in/ances (             
?riftlessness & neglect$ opportunity1 ( 
pov]ty )9 easy rea* ( abundance1 :i* h  
br\ght x ab\t t ! future ( ! nation is  
actually endang]$ by ! failure ( ! food 
supply to keep pace ) ! increase ( its  
/ill relatively sp>se population4  ,!   
,s\!rn section furni%es two illu/rations
 ( long-/&+ neglect1 bo? well wor?y (   
consid]ation = _! pregnant sugge/iv5ess4
 ,! ,f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture     
rec5tly scor$ a notable success 9 deal+ 

) an insect pe/ :i* 0 ?reat5+ !         
cotton-gr[+ indu/ry ) economic ru94 ,!  
boll-weevil1 l ! legal & m$ical         
pr(essions1 ?rives ^u ! follies (       
humanity4 ,x attacks ! cotton plants :i*
 h be5 weak5$ by bad husb&ry4 ,!        
sci5ti/s did n succe$ 9 f9d+ 9 !        
commonweal? ( bugs ! natural enemy ( !  
pe/ !y 7 aft]1 b ,dr4 ,knapp1 ) ! wisdom
 :i* pref]s prev5tion to cure1 seiz$ !  
opportunity ( tea*+ cotton-gr[]s to     
div]sify _! cultivation4 ,! consequ5ce 0
 t ! cotton crop itself is gradually    
respond+ to ! treatm5t4 ,_m o!r crops   
are add+ _! quota to ! produce ( !      
,s\!rn f>ms1 & an all-r\nd improvem5t1  
moral z well z mat]ial1 is accompany+ ! 
educational discipl9e ?r\gh :i* ?is     
re=m] is putt+ ! communities ) :om & =  
:om he is work+4  ,!re is ano!r pe/ 9 ! 
,s\? :i* does n attack ! f>m crops1 b   
goes /raight = ! f>m]4 ,if ! ,c\ntry    
,life ,commission _h done no?+ m1 !y    
w\ld h ju/ifi$ _! appo9tm5t by !        
att5tion !y call$ to ! ravages ( !      

hookworm1 :i* h1 no "o kn[s h[ long1    
sc\rg$ ! poor :ite communities 9 !      
,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! effect ( ! disease set
 up by ! hookworm1 :i* infe/s !         
inte/9es1 is a complete sapp+ ( all     
en]gy1 m5tal & physical4 ,mr4           
,rockefell] has provid$ a million doll>s
 = ! necess>y rese>* "w & = su*         
subsequ5t organisation ( sanit>y ef=t z 
may be requir$ to extirpate ?is         
unque/ionably prev5table evil4 ,i wond] 
h[ long su* a /ate ( affairs w\ld h be5 
p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) ! heal? & to       
p>alyse ! indu/ry ( urban communities4  
,_h ! hookworm1 in/ead ( lurk+ 9 c\ntry 
lanes1 walk$ ! /reets1 h[ w\ld x h f>$8 
,^! two pe/s furni% a f9e illu/ration ( 
! l5g? to :i* ! neglect ( rural life has
 be5 all[$ to g 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4      
,nei!r ! ,ea/]n nor ! ,f> ,we/]n section
 pres5ts aspects ( special int]e/ to !  
=eign /ud5t ( ! ,rural problem 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 bo? ! con/ructive    
/atesman & ! social work] w f9d a ri*   
field = _! ef=ts4 ,9 ! ,new ,engl&      

,/ates--m especially 9 ! manufactur+    
di/ricts--! competition betwe5 t[n &    
c\ntry = lab\r is z m>k$ z 9 ,indu/rial 
,engl&4 ,9 ?is section1 h[ev]1 ! lure ( 
! city has a rival 9 ! call ( ! ,we/1   
:i* /ill makes its appeal to ! f>m]'s   
boy4 ,secret>y ,wilson has rec5tly giv5 
x z 8 op9ion t l&-seek]s :o pass by !   
f>ms n[ (f]$ = sale 9 ! we/]n portions (
 ,new ,york ,/ate (t5 g fur!r & f>e     
worse4 ,9 ^! relatively l[-pric$ l&s1 x 
ought n to be difficult = agricultural  
communities to e/abli% p]man5tly a rural
 society wor?y ( ,am]ican ideas (       
progress4 ,b to d ?is is to solve !     
problem we are discuss+4 ,we h "s o!r   
aspects ( t problem to consid] be=e we c
 agree ^u ! ess5tials ( a philosophic & 
compreh5sive s*eme = ! rehabilitation ( 
rural life--be=e we c lay d[n ! l9es ( a
 movem5t to give effect to our plan4  ,!
 ,f> ,we/]n section has h>dly yet em]g$ 
f ! fronti]-pione] /age1 & its rural    
problem is /ill bel[ ! horizon4 ,i may1 
h[ev]1 note 9 pass+ a few evid5ces t ! p

 ( ?is section h already %[n a v real   
conc]n = rural progress4 ,! fruit-gr[]s 
( ! ,pacific ,coa/ h1 9 ! cop]ative     
m>ket+ ( _! produce1 made an excell5t   
beg9n+ 9 a matt] ( fir/ importance 9 any
 s*eme ( rural developm5t4 ,on          
irrigation f>m l&s !re has be5 develop$1
 9 connection ) ! upkeep & control ( !  
wat] sy/ems1 a community _s :i* w surely
 lead to _m =ms ( organisation = mutual 
economic & social advantage4 ,9 ! city (
 ,spokane1 ,wa%+ton1 ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce
 has ar\s$ a public int]e/ 9 ! "w ( !   
,c\ntry ,life ,commission :i*1 s f> z my
 in=mation goes1 has n be5 equall$      
else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,*amb] is 
republi%+ ! ,report ( ! ,commission1 =  
:i* no ,f$]al appropriation appe>s to h 
be5 made4 ,x w\ld seem to be a n wild   
speculation t ! /atesm5 & social work]s 
:o w fir/ solve ! rural problem ( !     
,engli%-speak+ peoples may be f\nd 9 !  
,f> ,we/ ( ! ,new ,_w z well z ( ! ,old4
  ,i mu/ n[ conclude ! diagnosis ( rural
 decad5ce by a consid]ation ( :at 9 my  

judgm5t is ! *ief cause ( ! malady1 & s 
get to a po9t :]e we c det]m9e ! nature 
( ! rem$y4 ,x w !n rema9 only to sket* !
 outl9es ( ! movem5t :i* is to give     
practical effect to ! agre$ pr9ciples 9 
! life ( rural communities4  ,,footnote3
  #c ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,septemb]1 
#aiji4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,weak ,,spot
 ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,rural ,,economy   ,!   
evid5ce ( compet5t ,am]ican witnesses   
proves t !re is1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
not)/&+ its imm5se agricultural weal?1 a
 ,rural ,life problem4 ,"h1 z else:]e1  
on a full] analysis1 ! utmo/ v>iety (   
race1 soil1 climate & m>ket facilities  
s]ve b to emphasise ! importance ( !    
human factor4 ,b ?is consid]ation does n
 less5 ! ne$ = a /]nly practical        
treatm5t ( ! rural social economy "u    
review4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 ,i propose to g "r
 d[n to ! roots ( ! rural problem1 f9d  
:at is wrong ) ! indu/ry by :i* ! c\ntry
 p live1 & see h[ x c be right$4 ,we    
%\ld !n h cle>ly 9 our m9ds ! ess5tials 
( prosp]ity 9 a rural community4        

,agriculture1 ! basis ( a rural exi/5ce1
 mu/ be reg>d$ z a sci5ce1 z a bus9ess &
 z a life4 ,i h already adv]t$ to       
,presid5t ,roosevelt's =mula = solv+ !  
rural problem--bett] f>m+1 bett]        
bus9ess1 bett] liv+4 ,bett] f>m+ simply 
means ! application ( mod]n sci5ce to ! 
practice ( agriculture4 ,bett] bus9ess  
is ! no less necess>y application (     
mod]n comm]cial me?ods to ! bus9ess side
 ( ! f>m+ indu/ry4 ,bett] liv+ is !     
build+ up1 9 rural communities1 ( a     
dome/ic & social life :i* w )/& ! gr[+  
attractions ( ! mod]n city4  ,?is       
?reefold s*eme ( re=m cov]s ! :ole gr\nd
 & w become ! basis ( ! ,c\ntry ,life   
movem5t to be sugge/$ lat]4 ,b 9 ! work+
 out ( ! g5]al s*eme1 !re mu/ be "o     
important *ange 9 ! ord] (              
proc$ure--'bett] bus9ess' mu/ come fir/4
 ,! dull comm]cial details ( agriculture
 h be5 sadly neglect$1 p]haps on acc\nt 
( ! m human int]e/ ( ! sci5tific &      
social aspects ( c\ntry life4 ,yet my   
own exp]i5ce 9 work+ at ! rural problem 

9 ,irel& has conv9c$ me t our fir/ /ep  
t[>ds its solution is to be f\nd 9 a    
bett] organisation ( ! f>m]'s bus9ess4  
,x is /range b true t ! level (         
effici5cy rea*$ 9 _m ,european c\ntries 
0 due to ,am]ican competition1 :i* 9 !  
la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury =c$         
,cont95tal f>m]s to reorganise _!       
indu/ry alike 9 production1 9           
di/ribution & 9 its f9ance4 ,bo? ,iri%  
exp]i5ce & ,cont95tal /udy h conv9c$ me 
t nei!r good husb&ry nor a wor?y social 
life c be ensur$ unless accompani$ by   
intellig5t & effici5t bus9ess me?ods4   
,we mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e some:at          
critically ! agricultural sy/em ( !     
,am]ican f>m]1 & see :]e9 its weakness  
lies4  ,! sup]iority ( ! bus9ess me?ods 
( ! t[n to ^? ( ! c\ntry is obvi\s1 b ,i
 d n ?9k ! precise nature ( t sup]iority
 is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,:at /rikes ! eye 
is ! mat]ial app>atus ( bus9ess1--!     
/reet c>s1 ! adv]tisem5ts1 ! ex*ange1 ! 
telephone1 ! typewrit]2 all ^! =m an    
impressive contra/ ) ! sl[1 simple life 

( ! f>m]1 :o v likely scrat*es 8 acc\nts
 on a %+le or keeps !m 9 8 head4 ,b mo/ 
( ?is city app>atus is due m]ely to !   
necessity ( swift movem5t 9 ! conc5trat$
 process ( ex*ange & di/ribution4 ,su*  
swiftness is nei!r necess>y nor possible
 9 ! process ( isolat$ production4 ,b   
!re is an economic law1 applicable alike
 to rural & to urban pursuits1 :i* is   
be+ m & m fully recognis$ & obey$ by !  
f>m]s ( mo/ ,european c\ntries1 includ+ 
,irel&1 b :i* has be5 too little he$$ by
 ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great     
,brita94 ,"u mod]n economic conditions1 
?+s mu/ be done 9 a l>ge way if !y are  
to be done pr(itably2 & ?is necessitates
 a resort to comb9ation4  ,! advantage  
:i* comb9ation gives to ! t[n ov] !     
c\ntry 0 recognis$ long be=e ! rec5t    
economic *anges =c$ m5 to comb9e4 ,9 !  
old t[ns ( ,europe all trades began z   
/rict & exclusive corporations4 ,9 !    
eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies new         
sci5tific & economic =ces broke up ^!   
comb9ations1 :i* 7 f> too n>r[ = ! gr[+ 

volume ( indu/rial activity1 & an epo* (
 competition began4 ,! great t[ns (     
,am]ica op5$ _! bus9ess c>e] dur+ ?is   
epo*1 & h br\ght ! arts ( competition to
 a high] p]fection ?an exi/s 9 ,europe4 
,b x has always be5 kn[n t competition  
did n exclude comb9ation aga9/ !        
consum]2 & x is n[ beg9n+ to be p]ceiv$ 
t ! fi]c] ! competition1 ! m surely does
 x lead 9 ! end to su* comb9ation4  ,a  
trade comb9ation has ?ree pr9cipal      
objects3 x aims1 fir/1 at improv+ :at ,i
 may call ! int]nal bus9ess me?ods ( !  
trade itself by elim9at+ ! wa/e due to  
competition1 by economis+ /aff1 plant1  
etc41 & by ! ready circulation (        
intellig5ce1 & 9 o!r ways4 ,9 ! second  
place1 x aims at /r5g!n+ ! trade aga9/  
outside int]e/s4 ,^! may be ( v>i\s     
k9ds2 b 9 ! typical case we are         
consid]+1 namely1 ! comb9ation ( great  
middlem5 :o control ex*ange &           
di/ribution1 ! outside int]e/s are ^? ( 
! produc] on "o side & ! consum] on !   
o!r2 & ! trade comb9ation1 by its       

organis$ unity ( action1 succe$s 9 l[]+ 
! prices x pays to ! unorganis$ produc] 
& 9 rais+ ! prices x *>ges to !         
unorganis$ consum]4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !  
trade comb9ation seeks to fav\r its own 
int]e/s 9 _! relation to o!r int]e/s    
?r\gh political control--control n s mu*
 ( ! ma*9]y ( politics z ( its products1
 legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,i am n n[ 
argu+ ! "q :e!r or h[ f> ?is action on !
 "p ( trade comb9ations is morally      
ju/ifiable4 ,my po9t is simply t ! t[ns 
h fl\ri%$ at ! exp5se ( ! c\ntry by !   
use ( ^! me?ods1 & t ! c\ntryman mu/    
adopt !m if he is to get 8 own aga94    
,moreov]1 z organisation t5ds to        
increase ! volume & l[] ! co/ (         
agricultural production & to make       
possible l>ge transactions betwe5       
organis$ communities ( f>m]s & ! trade1 
x w be se5 t ! organis$ comb9ation (    
f>m]s w simplify ! :ole comm]ce ( ^?    
c\ntries :]e x is adopt$1 & ?us b5efit  
alike ! f>m] & ! trad]4  ,?is tru? w be 
easily realis$ if we consid] = a mom5t !

 sy/em ( di/ribution :i* ! food dem& ( !
 mod]n m>ket has evolv$4 ,agricultural  
produce f9ds its *ief m>ket 9 ! great   
cities4 ,_! populations mu/ h _! food s 
s5t 9 t x c be rapidly di/ribut$2 & ?is 
requires t ! consignm5ts mu/ be deliv]$ 
regul>ly1 9 l>ge quantities1 & ( su*    
uni=m quality t a sample w give a       
correct indication ( ! :ole4 ,^! ?ree   
conditions are ess5tial to rapid        
di/ribution1 b _! fulfilm5t is n )9 !   
p[] ( isolat$ f>m]s1 h[ev] l>ge _!      
op]ations4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r f>m]s   
%\ld !mselves und]take ! di/ribution (  
_! produce ?r\gh ag5cies ( _! own1 ?us  
sav+ ! :olesale & possibly ! retail     
pr(its4 ,b unque/ionably !y %\ld be s   
well organis$ at home t !y c take ?is   
c\rse if !y are unfairly treat$ by      
organis$ middlem54 ,! ,dani% f>m]s1 ^:  
highly organis$ sy/em ( di/ribution has 
made !m ! *ief competitors ( ! ,iri%    
f>m]s1 h e/abli%$ 7) ,gov]nm5t assi/ance
 :i* _! organisation enabl$ !m to       
secure7 v effici5t ma*9]y = di/ribut+ _!

 butt]1 bacon & eggs 9 ! ,briti% m>kets4
 ,o!r ,european f>m+ communities are    
becom+ equally well organis$1 & simil>ly
 control ! m>ket+ ( _! produce4 ,b :]e1 
z 9 ,am]ica & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! t[n    
dom9ates ! c\ntry1 & ! ma*9]y (         
di/ribution is own$ by ! bus9ess m5 ( ! 
t[ns1 x is work$ by !m 9 _! own int]e/s4
 ,!y naturally take f ! unorganis$      
produc]s z well z f ! unorganis$        
consum]s ! full bus9ess value ( ! s]vice
 !y r5d]4 ,) ! gr[+ co/ ( liv+1 ?is has 
become a matt] ( urg5t importance to !  
t[ns4 ,9 ! *eap]-food campaign :i* began
 9 ! late fall ( #aiji1 voices are he>d 
call+ ! f>m]s to acc\nt = _!            
uneconomical me?ods1 :ile "h & !re      
organisations ( consum]s are endeav\r+  
to solve ! problem to _! own            
satisfaction by acquir+ l& & rais+ ^u x 
! produce :i* !y require4  ,9 ! face (  
su* facts x is n easy to acc\nt = !     
backw>dness ( ,am]ican & ,briti% f>m]s 9
 ! obvi\sly important matt] (           
organisation4 ,! f>m]1 we "k1 is ev]y:]e

 ! mo/ cons]vative & individuali/ic (   
human be+s4 ,he dislikes *ange 9 8      
me?ods1 & he v5]ates ^? :i* h come d[n  
to him f 8 fa!rs' fa!rs4 ,:atev] else he
 may wa/e1 ^! traditions he cons]ves4   
,he does n wi% to int]f]e ) anybody     
else's bus9ess1 & he is fix$ly det]m9$ t
 o!rs %all n int]f]e ) 84 ,^! e/imable  
qualities make agricultural organisation
 m difficult 9 ,anglo-,saxon communities
 ?an 9 ^? :]e clan or tribal in/9cts    
seem to survive4#d  ,n[ x is fair to !  
f>m] to admit t 8 call+ does n l5d      
itself readily to associative action4   
,he lives ap>t2 mo/ ( 8 "t is sp5t 9 !  
op5 air1 & 9 ! ev5+ ( ! work+ day       
physical repose is m cong5ial to him ?an
 m5tal activity4 ,b :5 all ?is is said1 
we h n a complete explanation ( ! fact  
t1 by fail+ to comb9e1 ,am]ican &       
,briti% f>m]s1 p]si/5tly disobey an     
accept$ law1 & refuse to foll[ ! almo/  
univ]sal practice ( mod]n bus9ess4 ,i   
believe ! true explanation to be "o t   
has someh[ escap$ ! notice ( !          

agricultural economi/4 ,^? :o accept x w
 feel t !y h f\nd ! weak spot 9 ,am]ican
 f>m+1 & t ! rem$y is nei!r obscure nor 
difficult to apply4  ,! =m ( comb9ation 
:i* ! t[ns h inv5t$ = indu/rial &       
comm]cial purposes is ! ,jo9t ,/ock     
,company4 ,"h a numb] ( p]sons          
contribute _! capital to a common fund &
 entru/ ! direction to a s+le head or   
committee1 tak+ no fur!r "p 9 ! bus9ess 
except to *ange ! managem5t if !        
und]tak+ does n yield a satisfactory    
divid5d4 ,our urban way ( look+ at ?+s  
has made u assume t ?is city sy/em mu/  
be suitable to rural conditions4 ,!     
contr>y is ! fact4 ,:5 f>m]s comb9e1 x  
is a comb9ation n ( money only1 b (     
p]sonal ef=t 9 relation to ! entire     
bus9ess4 ,9 a cop]ative cream]y1 =      
example1 ! *ief contribution ( a        
%>ehold] is 9 milk2 9 a cop]ative       
elevator1 corn2 9 o!r cases x may be    
fruit or vegetables1 or a v>iety (      
mat]ial ?+s r ?an ca%4 ,b x is1 mo/ (   
all1 a comb9ation ( neighb\rs )9 an area

 small en\gh to all[ ( all ! memb]s     
meet+ frequ5tly at ! bus9ess c5tre4 ,z !
 sy/em develops1 ! local associations   
are f$]at$ = l>g] bus9ess transactions1 
b ^! are gov]n$ by delegates c>efully   
*os5 by ! memb]s ( ! con/itu5t bodies4  
,! object ( su* associations is1        
prim>ily1 n to decl>e a divid5d1 b r to 
improve ! conditions ( ! indu/ry = !    
memb]s4 ,aft] an agre$ int]e/ has be5   
paid ^u ! %>es1 ! net pr(its are divid$ 
betwe5 ! p>ticipants 9 ! und]tak+1 to   
ea* 9 proportion z he has contribut$ to 
!m ?r\gh ! bus9ess he has done ) !      
in/itution4 ,& ! same idea is appli$ to 
! control ( ! managem5t4 ,x is recognis$
 t ! poor man's cop]ation is z important
 z ! ri* man's subscription4 ',"o man1  
"o vote1' is ! almo/ univ]sal pr9ciple 9
 cop]ative bodies4#e  ,! di/9ction      
betwe5 ! capitali/ic basis ( jo9t /ock  
organisation & ! m human "* ( !         
cop]ative sy/em is fundam5tally         
important4 ,x is recognis$ by law 9     
,engl&1 :]e ! cop]ative trad+ societies 

are organis$ "u ,! ,indu/rial &         
,provid5t ,societies' ,act1 & !         
cop]ative cr$it associations "u ,!      
,fri5dly ,societies' ,act4 ,9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates 7,i am told by fri5ds 9 ! legal  
pr(ession71 ! ,articles ( ,association (
 an ord9>y limit$ liability company c be
 s draft$ z to meet all ! requirem5ts ,i
 h nam$4 ,mo/ c\ntries h enact$ laws    
specially devis$ to meet ! requirem5ts (
 cop]ative societies4 ,h[ev] x is done1 
! ess5tial ( success 9 agricultural     
cop]ation is t ! t]ms & conditions ^u   
:i* x is bas$ %all be accept$ by all    
conc]n$ z be+ equitable 9 ! di/ribution 
( pr(its1 risks & control4 ,x !n becomes
 ! int]e/ ( e memb] to give 8 :ole-he>t$
 support & aid to ! common und]tak+4 ,to
 accompli% ?is1 x is necess>y to expla9 
& secure ! acceptance ( a con/itution & 
proc$ure c>efully ?\ght out to suit ea* 
case4 ,x w be readily believ$ t         
associations ( f>m]s :i* w meet ^!      
conditions are n likely to be           
spontane\sly g5]at$2 h5ce ! necessity = 

a plan & = ! ma*9]y to c>ry x ?r\gh4  ,9
 ?is matt] ,i am "h speak+ f practical  
exp]i5ce 9 ,irel&4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago !    
pione]s ( our rural life movem5t f\nd x 
necess>y to conc5trate _! ef=ts ^u !    
reorganisation ( ! f>m]'s bus9ess4 ,!y  
saw t =eign competition 0 n1 z 0        
commonly suppos$1 a visitation (        
,provid5ce ^u ! f>m]s ( ! ,briti%       
,isl&s1 b a natural economic revolution 
( p]man5t effect4 ,our message to ,iri% 
f>m]s 0 t !y mu/ imitate ! me?ods ( _!  
,cont95tal competitors1 :o 7 defeat+ !m 
9 _! own m>kets simply by sup]ior       
organisation4 ,aft] five ye>s (         
individual propag&ism1 ! ,iri%          
,agricultural ,organisation ,society 0  
=m$ 9 #ahid to meet ! dem& = in/ruction 
z to ! =mation & ! work+ ( cop]ative    
societies1 a dem& to :i* x 0 beyond !   
means ( ! few pione]s to respond4  ,two 
decades ( /eady developm5t h confirm$ ! 
s\ndness ( ! orig9al s*eme1 & a brief   
acc\nt ( agricultural cop]ation 9 ,irel&
 w be ( int]e/ to any read] :o has      

p]sev]$ s f>4 ,! conditions 7 9 "s      
respects fav\rable4 ,! f>ms are small & 
_! own]s belong to ! class to :i*       
cop]ation br+s mo/ imm$iate b5efit4 ,!  
,iri% peasantry are highly intellig5t4  
,!y lack ! /rong individualism ( !      
,engli%1 b !y h highly develop$         
associative in/9cts4 ,= ?is reason      
cop]ation1 an alt]native to             
communism1--:i* !y abhor1--comes        
naturally to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ease ) 
:i* !y c be organis$ makes !m peculi>ly 
am5able to political influ5ce4 ,9       
backw>d rural communities ! trad] is    
almo/ inv>iably ! political boss4 ,he is
 a lead] ( agr>ian agitation1 9 :i* he c
 safely advocate pr9ciples he w\ld n l  
to see appli$ to ! relations betwe5     
himself & 8 cu/om]s4 ,he bitt]ly opposes
 cop]ation1 :i* ?r[s inconv5i5t light ^u
 ^? relations4 ,we are able to p]suade !
 m enlight5$ rural trad]s t economies   
effect$ 9 agricultural production w     
raise ! /&>d ( liv+ ( 8 cu/om]s & make  
!m l>g] consum]s ( g5]al commodities & m

 punctual 9 _! paym5ts4 ,b 9 ! majority 
( cases ! agricultural organis] f9ds    
politics 9 %>p conflict ) bus9ess1 & has
 a h>d r[ to hoe4 ,s1 :ile we h         
advantages 9 organis+ ,iri% f>m]s1 we h 
also1 l>gely ow+ to well-kn[n hi/orical 
causes1 to ov]come difficulties :i* h no
 c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,engl&4  
,nev]!less1 we manag$ to make progress4 
,we began ) ! dairy+ indu/ry1 & already 
half ! export ( ,iri% butt] comes f !   
cop]ative societies we e/abli%$4        
,organis$ bodies ( f>m]s are le>n+ to   
pur*ase _! agricultural requirem5ts     
intellig5tly & economically4 ,!y are    
also beg9n+ to adopt ! me?ods ( !       
organis$ =eign f>m] 9 controll+ ! sale (
 _! butt]1 eggs & p\ltry 9 ! ,briti%    
m>kets4 ,& !y n only comb9e 9           
agricultural production & di/ribution1 b
 are also mak+ a promis+ beg9n+ 9       
grappl+ ) ! problem ( agricultural      
f9ance4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ portion ( !     
,iri% programme t by f> ! mo/ int]e/+   
/udy ( ! cop]ative sy/em c be made1 on  

acc\nt ( its success 9 ! poore/ p>ts ( !
 ,isl&4 ,fur!rmore1 ! attempt to enable 
! mo/ emb>rass$ section ( ! ,iri%       
peasantry to procure work+ capital      
illu/rates "s features ( agricultural   
cop]ation :i* w h sugge/ive value =     
,am]ican f>m]s4 ,i w !re=e give a brief 
description ( our agricultural cop]ative
 cr$it associations4  ,! organisation 0 
introduc$ 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury by a
 ,g]man ,burgoma/]1 ! n[ fam\s ,h]r     
,raiffeis54 ,he set himself to provide !
 means ( escape f ! degrad+ indebt$ness 
to /orekeep]s & usur]s :i* is ! almo/   
inv>iable lot ( poor peasantries4 ,8    
s*eme p]=ms an app>5t miracle4 ,a body (
 v poor p]sons1 individually--9 !       
comm]cial s5se ( ! t]m--insolv5t1 manage
 to create a new basis ( security :i*   
has be5 some:at gr&iloqu5tly & yet      
tru?fully call$ ! capitalisation ( _!   
hone/y & indu/ry4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is is   
done is rem>kably +5i\s4 ,! cr$it       
society is organis$ 9 ! usual democratic
 way expla9$ above1 b its con/itution is

 peculi> 9 "o respect4 ,! memb]s h to   
become jo9tly & sev]ally responsible = !
 debts ( ! association1 :i* borr[s on   
?is unlimit$ liability f ! ord9>y       
comm]cial bank1 or1 9 "s cases1 f       
,gov]nm5t s\rces4 ,aft] ! initial /age1 
:5 ! in/itution becomes firmly e/abli%$1
 x attracts local deposits1 & ?us !     
sav+s ( ! community1 :i* are too (t5    
ho>d$1 are set free to fructify 9 !     
community4 ,! proc$ure by :i* ! money   
borr[$ is l5t to ! memb]s ( !           
association is ! ess5tial feature ( !   
s*eme4 ,! memb] requir+ ! loan mu/ /ate 
:at he is go+ to d ) ! money4 ,he mu/   
satisfy ! committee ( ! association1 :o 
"k ! man & 8 bus9ess1 t ! propos$       
inve/m5t is "o :i* w enable him to repay
 bo? pr9cipal & int]e/4 ,he mu/ ent]    
into a bond ) two sureties = ! repaym5t 
( ! loan1 & ne$less to say ! *>act]s (  
bo? ! borr[] & 8 sureties are v c>efully
 consid]$4 ,! p]iod = :i* ! loan is     
grant$ is arrang$ to meet ! ne$s ( !    
case1 z det]m9$ by ! committee aft] a   

full discussion ) ! borr[]4 ,once ! loan
 has be5 made1 x becomes ! conc]n ( e   
memb] ( ! association to see t x is     
appli$ to ! 'approv$ purpose'--z x is   
te*nically call$4 ,:at is m important is
 t all ! borr[]'s fell[-memb]s become   
int]e/$ 9 8 bus9ess & anxi\s = its      
success4  ,! fact t ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ( 
^! societies are at "w 9 ,irel&1 & t1   
al?\gh _! transactions are on a v mode/ 
scale1 ! sy/em is /eadily gr[+ bo? 9 !  
numb]s ( its adh]5ts & 9 ! bus9ess      
transact$ is1 ,i ?9k1 a rem>kable       
te/imony to ! value ( ! cop]ative sy/em4
 ,! details ,i h giv5 illu/rate !       
important di/9ction betwe5 cop]ation1   
:i* enables ! f>m] to d 8 bus9ess 9 a   
way t suits him1 & ! urban =m (         
comb9ation1 :i* is unsuit$ to 8 ne$s4 ,!
 ord9>y banks l5d money to agriculturi/s
 = a t]m 7g5]ally n9ety days7 :i* has   
be5 fix$ to suit ! ne$s ( t[n bus9ess4  
,?us1 a f>m] borr[+ money to s[ a crop1 
or to pur*ase "y cattle1 is oblig$ to   
repay 8 loan1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be=e !  

crop is h>ve/$1 & 9 ! second1 be=e !    
cattle mature & are m>ketable4 ,f> m    
important1 h[ev]1 ?an ^! n inconsid]able
 economic advantages are ! social       
b5efits :i* are d]iv$ by br++ p toge!r  
to a*ieve 9 a v def9ite & practical way 
! aim ( all cop]ative ef=t--self-help by
 mutual help4  ,our cop]ative movem5t1  
tak5 z a :ole1 is to-day repres5t$ by   
ne>ly "o ?\s& f>m]s' organisations1 ) an
 aggregate memb]%ip ( "s "o hundr$ ?\s& 
p]sons1 mo/ly heads ( families4 ,its    
bus9ess turnov] la/ ye> 0 twelve & a    
half million doll>s4 ,9 e/imat+ !       
significance ( ^! figures1 ,am]ican     
read]s mu/ n '?9k 9 cont95ts1' & mu/    
give m weight to ! moral ?an to !       
mat]ial a*ievem5t4 ,z ,i h expla9$1 !   
cop]ative sy/em requires = its success !
 ex]cise ( high] moral qualities ?an    
does ! jo9t /ock company4 ,once a       
cop]ative society becomes a s\lless     
corporation1 its days are numb]$4 ,x    
requires also ! diffusion ( a good deal 
( economic ?\ght among its memb]s1 &    

?is1 also1 is no small matt] 9 !        
conditions4 ,! mo/ /rik+ fact ab\t ?is  
"w 9 ,irel& is t :ile 9 its e>li] ye>s  
organisation consi/$ ma9ly 9 exp\nd+ &  
comm5d+ to f>m]s ! cop]ative pr9ciple1  
we n[ f9d t ! pr9ciple is tak5 = grant$ 
& ! only "q ^u :i* advice is ne$$ is h[ 
to apply x4 ,! progress ( agricultural  
cop]ation dep5ds l>gely on ! "* ( !     
community2 its comm]cial value may be   
measur$ by ! ext5t to :i* x develops 9 !
 community ! m5tal & moral qualities    
ess5tial to success4#f  ,9 agricultural 
cop]ation1 ,irel& c claim to h %[n ! way
 to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 aft] 
! ,iri% movem5t _h be5 laun*$1 ! ,engli%
 rural re=m]s />t$ a movem5t on exactly 
! same l9es1 ev5 f\nd+ on ! ,iri% model 
an ,engli% ,agricultural ,organisation  
,society4 ,an ,iri%man1 :o _h /udi$     
cop]ation at home1 0 select$ z its *ief 
executive (fic]4 ,five ye>s lat]1 a     
,scotti% ,agricultural ,organisation    
,society took ! field4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & 9
 ,scotl& ! *ief difficulty to be ov]come

 is ! int5se individualism ( ! f>m]s1 & 
p]haps "s lack ( altruism4 ,! l>ge f>m]s
 did n feel ! ne$ ( cop]ation1 & :]e !  
natural lead] ( ! rural community w n   
lead1 ! small cultivator _c foll[4 ,:e!r
 ! same difficulties h prev5t$ any      
consid]able adoption ( agricultural     
cop]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is n     
necess>y to inquire4 ,x is c]ta9 t !    
und]ly+ pr9ciples approv$ by e          
progressive rural1 community 9 ,europe h
 n s f> ex]cis$ m ?an an occasional &   
fitful influ5ce ^u ! rural economy ( !  
,am]ican ,republic4  ,if ,i h giv5 9 ^! 
pages a true explanation ( ! deplorable 
backw>dness ( ,am]ican f>m]s 9 ! matt] (
 bus9ess comb9ation :5 comp>$ ) all o!r 
,am]ican work]s1 ^? :o take "p 9 !      
movem5t :i* is to provide ! rem$y w h   
set !mselves a task z hopeful z x is    
int]e/+4 ,am]icans z a p are addict$ to 
associat$ action4 ,i h se5 ! pr9ciple ( 
cop]ation develop$ to ! highe/ po9t 9 ! 
ran*+ indu/ry 9 ! days ( ! unf5c$ range4
 ,our cattle us$ to roam at l>ge1 ! only

 means ( id5tify+ !m be+ c]ta9 regi/]$  
m>ks made by ! br&+-iron & ! knife4 ,!  
individual own] w\ld h _h no m prop]ty 9
 8 h]d ?an he w\ld h _h 9 s _m fi%es 9 !
 sea b = a v effective cop]ative        
organisation4 ,! ,/ock ,association1 )  
its 'r\nd-ups' & its occasional resort  
to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,judge ,lyn*1 7 an
 adequate sub/itute = ! title de$s to ! 
l&s1 & = f5ces horse-high1 bull-/rong & 
hog-tight4 ,b !n we 7 9 ! ,arid ,belt & 
! fronti]-pione] /age2 we _h no politics
 & no politicians4 ,i mu/ return1 h[ev]1
 to ! less excit+1 b ,i suppose m       
important1 life ( ! regul> f>m]1 &      
consid] 8 ef=ts at organisation4        
,in/ances c be multipli$ :]e ! cop]ative
 sy/em has be5 adopt$ ) imm5sely        
b5eficial results2 b 9 too _m cases x   
has be5 ab&on$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,granges1 
,in/itutes1 ,clubs1 ,leagues1 ,alliances
 & a multitude ( miscellane\s f>m]s'    
associations h be5 organis$ = social1   
religi\s1 political & economic objects4 
,f my /udy ( ! "w done by ^! bodies1 !  

impression left is t almo/ ev]y?+ t c be
 done bett] by work+ toge!r ?an by work+
 sep>ately has be5 at "s "t ! subject ( 
organis$ ef=t4 ,b ^! manife/ations (    
activity h be5 fitful & sporadic4 ,!y 7 
commonly m>k$ by "s or all ( ! same     
defects--mutual di/ru/1 divid$ c\nsels1 
ignorance ( :at o!rs 7 do+1 want (      
cont9uity & impati5ce ( results4 ,_m    
organisations1 aft] w9n+ "s             
advantages1--ov] ! railroads =          
in/ance1--fell into abeyance or ev5 out 
( exi/5ce2 o!rs laps$ "u ! en]vat+      
influ5ce ( a little tempor>y prosp]ity1 
su* z a few ye>s ( bett] prices4 ,! tru?
 is1 ,am]ican f>m]s h _h ! w to         
organise1 b !y h miss$ ! way4#g  ,!     
political influ5ce ( ! f>m+ community   
has = ?is reason nev] be5 comm5surate   
ei!r ) ! num]ical /r5g? ( its memb]s or 
! magnitude ( _! %>e 9 ! nation's "w4 ,x
 is true t ! ,f$]al ,dep>tm5t (         
,agriculture1 appropriations =          
,agricultural ,colleges1 "s railway     
legislation & o!r boons to f>m]s1 are to

 be attribut$ to ! ef=ts ( _!           
organisations4 ,yet1 z comp>$ ) !       
influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u ,national affairs by
 ! f>m]s (1 say1 ,france & ,d5m>k1 !    
,am]ican f>m] has b a small influ5ce ^u 
legislation & adm9i/ration affect+ 8    
int]e/s4 ,:at bett] pro( ( ?is c\ld be  
giv5 ?an ! abs5ce ( a ,p>cels ,po/ 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates8 ,! :ole f>m+ community   
are agre$ z to ! ne$ = ?is boon to !    
dwell]s ( ! op5 c\ntry1 & yet !y h n    
succe$$ 9 w9n+ x aga9/ ! opposition ( ! 
,express ,companies1 because x is m]ely 
a f>m]s' & n a t[nsm5's grievance4 ,& n 
only political impot5ce1 b political    
in]tia1 result f ! lack ( organisation4 
,! /ate ( ! c\ntry roads--"o ( ! greate/
 disabilities "u :i* c\ntry life 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates /ill suff]s--is z good an 
in/ance z ,i "k4 ,congress has %[n      
itself well dispos$ t[>ds ! f>m]1 b n   
always s ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts1 & ! good    
int5tions ( ,congress on ! roads "q are 
l>gely nullifi$ ow+ to ! failure (      
"o-?ird ( ! ,/ates to e/abli% highway   

commissions1 or make o!r provision =    
exp5d+ su* am\nts z might be vot$ to !m 
by ,congress4 ,"h1 z 9 ! cases ( !      
transit & m>ket+ problems1 we see ! ne$ 
= a /rong1 c5tral1 p]man5t organisation1
 fitt$ alike to direct local or promote 
,national action2 an association capable
 ( secur+ ! legislative protection ( !  
f>m]'s int]e/s1 & an organisation fitt$ 
to fur!r ! bus9ess side ( 8 indu/ry4 ,9 
fact1 ?is ne$ is urg5t1 & a cop]ative   
movem5t ( ,national dim5sions %\ld be   
e/abli%$ to meet x4 ,_h su* a movem5t   
be5 />t$ aft] ! ,w>1 or ev5 tw5ty ye>s  
lat]1 ! ,am]ican f>m] w\ld be 9 a f>    
/rong] position to-day1 & mu* misdirect$
 ef=t w\ld h be5 sav$4  ,i h n[ tri$ to 
expla9 ! weak spot 9 ,am]ican rural     
economy4 ,x may be reg>d$ f a m g5]al   
po9t ( view4 ,if we 7 consid]+ ! life ( 
"s comm]cial or indu/rial community &   
try+ to =eca/ its future developm5t1 "o 
( ! fir/ ?+s we %\ld note w\ld be its   
g5]al bus9ess me?ods4 ,no manufactur+   
conc]n ) a defective (fice adm9i/ration 

& incompet5t travell]s c\ld survive1 ev5
 if x _h an ,ar*im$es or an ,edison 9   
supreme control4 ,i _c see any reason :y
 an agricultural community %\ld expect  
to prosp] :ile ! indu/ry by :i* its     
memb]s live reta9s its pres5t bus9ess   
organisation4 ,i h urg$ t z ?+s are1 !  
f>m+ int]e/ is at a fatal disadvantage 9
 ! pur*ase ( agricultural requirem5ts1 9
 ! sale ( agricultural produce1 & 9     
obta9+ prop] cr$it facilities4 ,:atev] !
 cause--& ,i h set d[n ^? :i* ,i reg>d z
 ! *ief among !m--,am]ican f>m]s h /ill 
to le>n t !y are subject to a law (     
mod]n bus9ess :i* gov]ns all _! c\ntry's
 indu/rial activities--! law t ea* body 
( work]s engag$ 9 supply+ ! mod]n m>ket 
mu/ comb9e1 or be wor/$ at e turn 9     
competition ) ^? :o d4  ,i d n mu* fe> t
 ?is g5]al pr9ciple1 ov]look$1 p]haps1  
because x 0 too obvi\s to be wor? en=c+1
 w be disput$4 ,i hope ,i may ga9       
acceptance = my fur!r cont5tion t !     
inability ( ,am]ican f>m]s to su/a9 an  
effective bus9ess organisation has be5  

due simply to ! fact t ! n obvi\s       
di/9ction betwe5 ! capitali/ic & !      
cop]ative basis ( comb9ation suitable to
 t[n & c\ntry respectively 0 miss$4 ,= x
 w !n be cle> :y1 9 ! work+ out ( ,mr4  
,roosevelt's =mula1 bett] bus9ess mu/   
prec$e & =m ! basis ( bett] f>m+ & bett]
 liv+4 ,! conviction t 9 ?is g5]al      
proc$ure lies ! "o hope ( solv+ !       
problem "u review acc\nts = ! o!rwise   
disproportionate space giv5 to t aspect 
( rural life :i* is ( ! lea/ int]e/ to !
 g5]al read]4  ,i %all n[ attempt to    
det]m9e ! pr9ciples :i* mu/ be appli$ to
 ! solution ( our problem4 ,^? :o h     
foll[$ ! argum5ts up to ?is po9t w h a  
pretty cle> idea ( ! g5]al drift ( my   
conclusions4 ,! sub/itution 9 rural     
economy ( ! cop]ative = ! competitive   
pr9ciple1 :i* ,i h s f> advocat$ z a    
matt] ( bus9ess prud5ce1 w be se5 to h a
 wid] import4 ,?is c\rse w be %[n to h  
an important be>+ ^u ! application ( !  
new k to ! olde/ indu/ry & also ^u !    
build+ ( a new rural civilisation we mu/

 provide = ! dwell]s ( ! op5 c\ntry a   
l>g] %>e ( ! intellectual & social      
pleasures = ! want ( :i* ^? mo/ ne$$ 9 !
 c\ntry are too (t5 drawn to ! t[n4     
,,footnotes3  #d ,i %\ld expect !       
negroes 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to be v good  
subjects = agricultural organisation4 ,i
 h discuss$ ?is "q ) ! /aff ( ! ,hampton
 ,in/itute 9 ,virg9ia--a f9e body ( m51 
do+ noble "w4 ,! ,pr9cipal1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 
,b4 ,frissell1 ,d4,d41 ^: judgm5t 9 ?is 
matt] is probably ! weightie/ 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 & 8 lead+ assi/ants1 bo? :ite &
 col\r$1 are ( ! same op9ion4  #e ,:]e  
capital is1 9 r>e in/ances1 subscrib$ by
 p]sons o!r ?an f>m]s1 x is usually     
inve/$ less z a comm]cial speculation   
?an z an act ( fri5d%ip on ! "p ( !     
inve/or1 :o 9 no case ex]cises m control
 ?an 8 "o vote af=ds4  #f ,read]s :o are
 suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 ! rural life     
movem5t 9 ,irel& w f9d a full           
description ( x 9 my book1 ,irel& 9 !   
,new ,c5tury1 ,john ,murray1 ,london1 & 
,e4 ,p4 ,dutton1 ,new ,york4  #g ,mr4   

,john ,lee ,c\lt] contribut$ to ! ,yale 
,review = ,novemb]1 #aiji1 an article on
 ,organization among ! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates :i* is a mo/ valuable summ>y ( ! 
important facts4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,!  
,,way ,,to ,,bett] ,,f>m+ ,,& ,,bett]   
,,liv+   ,9 no way is ! contra/ betwe5  
rural & urban civilisation m m>k$ ?an 9 
! application ( ! tea*+s ( mod]n sci5ce 
to _! respective indu/ries4 ,ev5 ! mo/  
important me*anical inv5tions 7 r =c$ ^u
 ! f>m] by ! effici5t sell+ organisation
 ( ! city manufactur]s ?an dem&$ by him 
z a result ( good in/ruction 9 f>m+4 ,on
 ! mammo? :eat f>ms1 :]e1 z ! fable ran1
 ! pl\gh t />t$ out "o morn+ return$ on 
! adjo9+ furr[ ! foll[+ day1 me*anical  
sci5ce 0 inde$ call$ 91 b only to       
p]petrate ! greate/ soil robb]y 9       
agricultural hi/ory4 ,application (     
sci5ce to legitimate agriculture is     
comp>atively new4 ,9 my ran*+ & f>m+    
days ,i well rememb] h[ g5]al 0 !       
disbelief 9 its practical value ?r\gh\t 
! ,middle & ,f> ,we/4 ,9 c[boy          

t]m9ology1 all sci5ti/s 7 classifi$ z   
bug-hunt]s1 & f>m]s g5]ally _h no use = 
! !ori/4 ,! non-agricultural community  
_h naturally no high] appreciation ( !  
f>m]'s call+ ?an he himself display$4   
,:5 "s ,univ]sities fir/ develop$       
agricultural c\rses1 ! /ud5ts :o ent]$ =
 !m 7 nicknam$ aggies1 & 7 n reg>d$ z   
add+ mu* to ! dignity ( a seat ( high]  
le>n+4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 0    
look$ ^u z a s\rce ( jobs1 graft be+ !  
ne>e/ approa* to any kn[n agricultural  
op]ation4  ,all ?is is *ang+ fa/4 ,!    
,f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is n[   
p]haps ! mo/ popul> & respect$ ( ! _w's 
great adm9i/rative in/itutions4 ,9 !    
,middle ,we/1 a newly awak5$ public     
op9ion has set up an hon\rable rivalry  
betwe5 su* ,/ates z ,wiscons91 ,i[a1    
,ill9ois1 ,nebraska & ,m9nesota1 9      
develop+ ! agricultural sides ( _!      
,univ]sities & ,colleges4 ,none ! less1 
,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,hill has rec5tly giv5 x
 z 8 op9ion t n m ?an "o p] c5t ( !     
f>m]s ( ^! regions are work+ 9 direct   

t\* ) any educational in/itution4 ,x is 
probable t ?is e/imate leaves out (     
acc\nt ! indirect influ5ce ( ! va/ am\nt
 ( ext5sion "w & it9]ant in/ruction :i* 
is embrac$ 9 ! activities ( !           
,univ]sities & ,colleges4 ,i fe> x _c be
 d5i$ t 9 ! application ( ! natural     
sci5ces to ! practical1 & ( economic    
sci5ce to ! bus9ess ( f>m+1 ! c\ntry    
folk are decades beh9d _! urban         
fell[-citiz5s4 ,& aga9 ,i say ! disp>ity
 is to be attribut$ to ! diff]5ce 9 _!  
respective degrees ( organisation =     
bus9ess purposes4  ,! relation betwe5   
bus9ess organisation & economic progress
 ought1 ,i submit1 to be v s]i\sly      
consid]$ by ! social work]s :o p]ceive t
 progress is ma9ly a "q ( education4    
,speak+ f adm9i/rative exp]i5ce at home1
 & f a good deal ( int]e/$ obs]vation 9 
,am]ica1 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t ! new   
rural education is badly h&icapp$ by !  
lack ( organis$ bodies ( f>m]s to act z 
*annels = ! new k n[ made available4 ,9 
"s in/ances1 ,i am aw>e1 great good has 

be5 done by ! =mation ( f>m]s' in/itutes
 :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ord] to int]e/    
rural communities 9 educational "w & to 
make ! local arrangem5ts = in/ruction by
 lectures1 demon/rations & o!rwise4 ,b  
all ,european exp]i5ce proves !         
sup]iority = ?is purpose ( ! bus9ess    
association to ! organisation ad hoc1 & 
has a mu* bett] *ance ( p]man5ce4       
,aga91 ! influ5ce ^u rural life ( !     
agricultural tea*+ ( ! ,colleges &      
,univ]sities1 z ex]cis$ by _! pupils1   
may be too easily accept$ z be+ ( great]
 pot5tial utility ?an any "w :i* ^!     
in/itutions c d among/ adults4 ,?is is a
 mi/ake4 ,! ?\s&s ( "y m5 :o are n[ be+ 
tra9$ = advanc$ f>m+ too (t5 h to       
re/rict ! practical application ( _!    
!oretic k to ! home circle1 :i* is n    
always responsive1 = a man is n usually 
a prophet 9 8 own family4 ,x is "h t !  
educational value ( cop]ative societies 
comes 92 !y act z ag5cies ?r\gh :i*     
sci5tific tea*+ may become actual       
practice1 n 9 ! unc]ta9 future1 b 9 !   

liv+ pres5t4 ,a cop]ative association   
has a quality :i* %\ld comm5d x to !    
social re=m]--! p[] ( evok+ "*2 x br+s  
to ! front a new type ( local lead]1 n !
 be/ talk]1 b ! man ^: k enables him to 
make "s solid contribution to ! welf>e (
 ! community4  ,i come n[ to ! la/ "p ( 
! ?reefold s*eme--t :i* aims at a bett] 
life ^u ! f>m4 ,! cop]ative association1
 9 virtue ( its non-capitali/ic basis ( 
con/itution & proc$ure 7:i*1 z ,i h     
expla9$1 di/+ui%es x f ! ,jo9t ,/ock    
,company71 dem&s z a condition ( its    
bus9ess success ! ex]cise ( c]ta9 social
 qualities ( ine/imable value to !      
community life4 ,x is = ?is reason1 no  
d\bt1 t :]e m5 & wom5 h le>n$ to "w     
toge!r "u ?is sy/em 9 ! bus9ess ( _!    
lives1 !y are easily induc$ to use _!   
organisation = social & intellectual    
purposes also4  ,! new organisation ( ! 
rural community = social z well z       
economic purposes1 :i* %\ld foll[ f !   
acceptance ( ! op9ion ,i h advanc$1 w\ld
 br+ ) x ! fir/ effective               

c\nt]-attraction to ! t[ns4 ,_! mat]ial 
advantages ! c\ntry _c hope to rival2   
nor c any conceivable evolution ( rural 
life furni% a real c\nt]p>t to ! *eap & 
g>i% ent]ta9m5ts ( ! mod]n city4 ,take1 
= example1 ! extravagant use ( electric 
light = purposes ( adv]tisem5t1 :i*     
af=ds a nightly display ( fireworks 9   
any active bus9ess /reet ( an ,am]ican  
city f> sup]ior to ! occasional         
exhibition at ! ,cry/al ,palace 9       
,london1 :i* 0 ! r>e treat ( my *ildhood
 days4 ,^! delights--if su* !y be--_c be
 ext5d$ into remote villages 9 ,kansas  
or ,nebraska2 b _! en*antm5t mu/ be     
reckon$ ) by ^? :o w\ld rem\ld ! life ( 
! op5 c\ntry & make x morally & m5tally 
satisfy+ to ^? :o are born to x1 or :o1 
b = its social /agnation1 w\ld pref] a  
rural to an urban exi/5ce4  ,9 "o ( 8 _m
 public ref]5ces to c\ntry life1        
,presid5t ,roosevelt attribut$ ! rural  
exodus to ! desire ( ! m active &       
re/less "y m5 & wom5 to escape f        
lonel9ess & lack ( m5tal companion%ip4#h

 ,he is hopeful t ! rural free deliv]y1 
! telephone1 ! bicycle & ! trolley w d  
mu* t[>ds less5+ ! isolation ( f>m life 
& mak+ x bright] & m attractive4 ,_m to 
:om ,i h spok5 on ?is subject fe> t !   
l9k+ ( ! c\ntry ) ! t[n by ^!           
applications ( mod]n sci5ce may1 to "s  
ext5t1 op]ate 9 a direction ! opposite (
 t :i* ,mr4 ,roosevelt anticipates &    
desires4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! m      
intimate k ( ! mod]n city may increase !
 desire to be 9 p]sonal t\* ) x2 !      
telephone may fail to give ?r\gh ! e> ! 
satisfaction :i* is dem&$ by ! eye2     
among ! m active & re/less "y m5 & wom5 
! rural free deliv]y may circulate !    
dime novel & ! trolley make accessible !
 dime museum4 ,9 ! total result !       
occasional visit may become m & m       
frequ5t1 until ! duties ( c\ntry life   
are fir/ neglect$ & !n ab&on$4  ,i d n  
feel compet5t to decide betwe5 ^! two   
views1 b ,i (f] "o consid]ation ) :i* ,i
 ?9k _m rural re=m]s w agree4 ,! attempt
 to br+ ! advantages ( ! city )9 ! rea* 

( ! dwell]s 9 ! c\ntry _c1 ( itself1    
c\nt]act ! t[nw>d t5d5cy 9 s f> z x is  
due to ! causes summ>is$ above4 ,h[ev]  
rapidly1 9 ?is respect1 ! c\ntry may be 
improv$1 ! city is sure to advance m    
rapidly & ! gap betwe5 !m to be wid5$4  
,! new rural civilisation %\ld aim at   
try+ to develop 9 ! c\ntry ! ?+s ( !    
c\ntry1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* seems to h be5
 =gott54 ,b1 aft] all1 x is ! _w )9 u r 
?an ! _w )\t u t matt]s 9 ! mak+ (      
society1 & ,i mu/ give to ! social      
influ5ce ( ! cop]ative idea :at ,i      
believe to be its real importance4  ,9  
,irel&1 f :i* s mu* ( my exp]i5ce is    
drawn1 we h f\nd a t5d5cy gr[+ among    
f>m]s ^: comb9ations are successful1 to 
ga!r into "o /rong local association all
 ^? v>i$ objects & activities :i* ,i h  
describ$ z advocat$ by ! ,iri%          
,agricultural ,organisation ,society4   
,^! local associations are ceas+ to h "o
 special purpose or "o object only4 ,!y 
absorb m & m ( ! bus9ess ( ! di/rict4   
,"o l>ge1 well-organis$ in/itution is   

be+ sub/itut$ = ! num]\s petty          
transactions ( f>m]s ) middlem5 & small 
c\ntry trad]s4 ,gradually ! ,society    
becomes ! mo/ important in/itution 9 !  
di/rict1 ! mo/ important 9 a social z   
well z 9 an economic s5se4 ,! memb]s    
feel a pride 9 its mat]ial expansion4   
,!y accumulate l>ge pr(its1 :i* 9 "t    
become a k9d ( communal fund4 ,9 "s     
cases ?is is us$ = ! erection ( village 
halls :]e social ent]ta9m5ts1 conc]ts & 
dances are held1 lectures deliv]$ &     
libr>ies /or$4 ,f9ally1 ! association   
assumes ! "* ( a rural commune1 :]e1    
in/ead ( ! old basis ( ! commune1 ! jo9t
 own]%ip ( l&1 a new basis = union is   
f\nd 9 ! volunt>y communism ( ef=t4  ,a 
true social organism is ?us be+ creat$ )
 common human & economic int]e/s1 & !   
clan feel+1 :i* 0 s p[]ful an influ5ce 9
 e>ly & m$ival civilisations1 ) all its 
p[] ( g5]at+ passionate loyalties1 is   
born anew 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,our anci5t     
,iri% records %[ little clans ) a common
 own]%ip ( l& h>dly l>g] ?an a p>i%1 b )

 all ! patriotic feel+ ( l>ge nations   
held ) an int5sity r>e 9 our mod]n      
/ates4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! clans & ( v small 
nations l ! anci5t ,greek /ates %[s t ! 
social feel+ assumes its mo/ b9d+ &     
p[]ful "* :]e ! community is l>ge en\gh 
to all[ free play to ! v>i\s int]e/s (  
human life1 b is n s l>ge t x becomes an
 ab/raction to ! imag9ation4 ,mo/ ( u   
feel no great] ?rill 9 be+ "o ( a ,/ate 
) fifty million inhabitants ?an we d 9  
recognis+ we are citiz5s ( ! sol> sy/em4
 ,! rural commune & ! v small ,/ates    
exhibit ! feel+ ( human solid>ity 9 its 
mo/ int5se manife/ations1 work+ on      
itself1 reg5]at+ itself & seek+ its own 
p]fection4 ,comb9ations ( agriculturi/s1
 :5 ! rural organisation is complete1   
re-create 9 a new way ! conditions :]e  
^! social in/9cts g]m9ate be/1 & x is   
only by ?is complete organisation (     
rural life t we c hope to build up a    
rural civilisation1 & create ^?         
c\nt]-attractions to urban life :i* w   
/ay ! exodus f ! l&4  ,i d n wi% to     

exagg]ate ! int]e/ :i* ! rural life ( my
 own little isl& may h = ^? :o are      
conc]n$ = ! va/ & weal?y expanses ( !   
,am]ican f>m l&s4 ,b1 ev5 "h !re is a   
g5u9e desire = ! really simple life1 :i*
 9 its commone/ manife/ation is a ?+ t r
 simple p talk ab\t4 ,9 a prop]ly       
organis$ rural neighb\rhood c\ld be     
develop$ t high] k9d ( attraction :i* is
 sugge/$ by ! v ^w neighb\rhood4 ,once  
get ! f>m]s & _! families all work+     
toge!r at some?+ t conc]ns !m all1 & we 
h ! beg9n+ ( a m /able & a m social     
community ?an is likely to exi/ amid !  
con/ant *ange & bu/le ( ! l>ge t[ns1 :]e
 inde$ "s ?9k]s tell u t n only !       
family1 b also ! social life1 is badly  
break+ d[n4 ,:5 p are really int]e/$ 9  
ea* o!r--& ?is int]e/ comes ( habitually
 work+ toge!r--! smalle/ p]sonal traits 
or ev5ts affect+ "o are ( int]e/ to all4
 ,! simple/ piece ( amateur act+ or s++1
 done 9 ! village hall by "o ( !        
villag]s1 w ar\se m criticism & m       
en?usiasm among 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs ?an

 c be excit$ by ! mo/ consummate        
p]=mance ( a pr(essional 9 a great city 
!atre1 :]e no "o 9 ! audi5ce kn[s or    
c>es = ! p]=m]4  ,b if ?is attraction--!
 attraction ( common "w & social        
int]c\rse ) a circle ( fri5ds--is to    
prevail 9 ! long run ov] ! lure :i* !   
city (f]s to eye & e> & pocket1 !re mu/ 
be a *ange 9 rural education4 ,at pres5t
 c\ntry *ildr5 are educat$ z if = !     
purpose ( driv+ !m into ! t[ns4 ,to !   
pleasure :i* ! cultur$ city man feels 9 
! c\ntry--because he has be5 taught to  
feel x--! c\ntry *ild is ins5sible4 ,!  
c\ntry (f]s cont9ual int]e/ to ! m9d :i*
 has be5 tra9$ to be ?\ghtful &         
obs]vant2 ! t[n (f]s cont9ual di/raction
 to ! vacant eye & bra94 ,yet1 !        
education giv5 to c\ntry *ildr5 has be5 
inv5t$ = !m 9 ! t[n1 & x n only be>s no 
relation to ! life !y are to lead1 b    
actually attracts !m t[>ds a t[n c>e]4  
,i am aw>e t ,i am "h on gr\nd :]e      
angels--ev5 if specialis$ 9 p$agogy--may
 well fe> to tread4 ,^u ! pr9ciples ( a 

s\nd agricultural education p$agogues   
are 9 a normally viol5t /ate (          
disagreem5t ) ea* o!r4 ,b :atev]        
compromise betwe5 g5]al education &     
te*nical in/ruction be adopt$1 ! result+
 re=m t is ne$$ has two sides4 ,we want 
two *anges 9 ! rural m9d--beg9n+ ) !    
rural tea*]'s m9d4 ,fir/1 ! int]e/ :i* !
 physical environm5t ( ! f>m] provides  
to foll[]s ( almo/ e bran* ( sci5ce mu/ 
be communicat$ to ! agricultural classes
 accord+ to _! capacities4 ,second1 t   
intimacy ) & affection = nature1 to :i* 
,wordswor? has giv5 ! highe/ expression1
 mu/ 9 "s way be eng5d]$ 9 ! rural m9d4 
,9 ?is way alone w ! c\ntryman come to  
realize ! beauty ( ! life ar\nd him1 z  
?r\gh ! tea*+ ( sci5ce he w le>n to     
realise its tru?4  ,^u ?is re=m$        
education1 z a basis1 ! rural economy   
mu/ be built4 ,x mu/1 if my view be     
accept$1 ensure1 fir/ & =emo/1 !        
comb9ation ( f>m]s = bus9ess purposes 9 
su* a mann] z w enable !m to control _! 
own m>ket+ & make use ( ! _m advantages 

:i* a comm& ( capital gives4 ,9 all     
,european c\ntries--) ! exception ( !   
,briti% ,isles--/atesm5 h recognis$ !   
national necessity = ! good bus9ess     
organisation ( ! f>m]4 ,9 "s cases1 =   
example ,france1 ev5 ,gov]nm5t (ficials 
exp\nd ! cop]ative pr9ciple4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 
! mo/ pr$om9antly rural c\ntry 9        
,europe1 ! education bo? 9 ! common & 9 
! high s*ool has long be5 s admirably   
relat$ to ! work+ lives ( ! agricultural
 classes t ! p adopt spontane\sly !     
me?ods ( organisation :i* ! comm]cial   
in/9ct !y h acquir$ ?r\gh education     
tells !m to be suitable to ! conditions4
 ,! rural re=m] kn[s t ?is is ! bett]   
way2 b our problem is n m]ely !         
education ( a ris+1 b ! developm5t ( a  
gr[n-up g5]ation4 ,we _c wait = ! sl[   
process ( education to produce its      
effect ^u ! m9d ( ! rural y\?1 ev5 if   
!re 7 any way ( ensur+ _! prop] tra9+ = 
a progressive rural life )\t fir/ giv+  
to _! p>5ts su* education z !y c        
assimilate4 ,direct action is call$ =2  

we h to "w ) adult f>m]s & induce !m to 
reorganise _! bus9ess ^u ! l9es :i* ,i h
 attempt$ to def9e4 ,moreov]1 ?is is    
ess5tial to ! future success ( ! "w done
 9 ! s*ools1 9 ord] t ! tra9$ m9d ( y\? 
may n aft]w>ds f9d itself baulk$ by !   
ignorant apa?y or lazy cons]vatism ( its
 eld]s4  ,i hold1 !n1 t ! new economy w 
mean a m sci5tific ma/]y ( ! te*nical   
side ( f>m+1 = f>m]s w make a mu* l>g]  
use ( ! advice1 in/ruction & help :i* ! 
,nation & ! ,/ates (f] !m ?r\gh !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! ,colleges4 
,x is equally c]ta9 t !re w arise a m   
human social life 9 ! rural di/ricts1   
bas$ ^u ! great] %>e ( ! products ( !   
f>m]'s indu/ry1 :i* ! new bus9ess       
organisation w enable him to reta92     
/imulat$ by ! clos] bus9ess relations ) 
8 fell[s :i* t organisation w br+ ab\t1 
& fo/]$ by ! clos] neighb\rhood :i* is  
impli$ 9 a m int5sive cultivation4  ,!  
developm5t ( a m int5sive cultivation   
mu/ c>ry ) x a mu* m c>eful consid]ation
 ( ! lab\r problem4 ,! difficulty (     

gett+ & keep+ lab\r on ! f>m is a       
commonplace4 ,i ?9k f>m]s h n fac$ !    
fact t ?is difficulty is due 9 ! ma9 to 
_! own way ( do+ _! bus9ess4 ,compet5t  
m5 w n /ay at f>m lab\r unless x (f]s !m
 cont9u\s employm5t z "p ( a well-ord]$ 
bus9ess conc]n2 & ?is is n possible     
unless ) a greatly improv$ husb&ry4     
,to-day agriculture has to compete 9 !  
lab\r m>ket aga9/ o!r1 & to _m m5 m     
attractive1 indu/ries1 & a m>k$         
elevation 9 ! :ole /&>d ( life 9 ! rural
 _w is ! be/ insurance ( a bett] supply 
( good f>m lab\r4 ,only an int5sive     
sy/em ( f>m+ c af=d any l>ge am\nt (    
p]man5t employm5t at dec5t wages to !   
rural lab\r]1 & only a good supply (    
compet5t lab\r c r5d] int5sive f>m+ on  
any l>ge scale practicable4 ,b !        
int5sive sy/em ( f>m+ n only gives      
regul> employm5t & good wages2 x also   
fits ! lab\r] ( to-day--9 a c\ntry :]e a
 man c /rike out = himself--to be !     
successful f>m] ( to-morr[4 ,nor1 9 ^!  
days ( imp]sonal indu/rial relations1   

%\ld ! fact be ov]look$ t "u an int5sive
 sy/em ( agriculture1 we f9d /ill       
pres]v$ ! k9dly p]sonal relation betwe5 
employ] & employ$ :i* contributes bo? to
 ! pleasantness ( life & to economic    
progress & security4  ,moreov]1 9 a     
c\ntry :]e advanc$ f>m+ is ! rule1 !re  
is a rem>kable1 &1 f ! /&po9t ( national
 /ability1 mo/ valuable1 /ead9ess 9     
employm5t4 ,good f>m+1 by fix+ ! lab\r] 
on ! soil1 improves ! g5]al condition ( 
rural life1 by ridd+ ! c\ntryside ( !   
wor/ ( its pres5t pe/s4 ,^? w&]+ d]vi%es
 ( ! indu/rial _w1 ! hobo1 ! tramp--!   
entire family ( ,we>y ,willies & ,tir$  
,timo?ys--w no long] h ev5 an imag9>y   
excuse = _! tr\bl$ & tr\blesome exi/5ce4
 ,b ! f>m] :o 0 ! prey ( ^! pe/s mu/1 if
 he w\ld be p]man5tly rid ( !m1 le>n to 
respect 8 hir$ f>m h&4 ,he mu/ provide  
him ) a com=table cottage & a mode/ g>d5
 plot ^u :i* 8 "y family may employ     
!mselves2 o!rwise1 :atev] ! f>m] may d  
to attract lab\r1 he w nev] reta9 x4 ,9 
%ort1 ! lab\r]1 too1 mu/ get 8 full &   

fair %>e ( ! prosp]ity ( ! com+ good "t 
9 ! c\ntry4  ,!re is "o p>ticul> aspect 
( ?is improv$ social life :i* is s      
important t x ought prop]ly to =m !     
subject ( a sep>ate essay2 ,i mean !    
position ( wom5 9 rural life4 ,9 no     
c\ntry 9 ! _w is ! g5]al position (     
woman bett]1 or h] influ5ce great]1 ?an 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b :ile woman has    
play$ a great "p !re 9 ! social life &  
economic developm5t ( ! t[n1 ,i hold t !
 "p %e is de/9$ to play 9 ! future mak+ 
( ! c\ntry w be ev5 great]4  ,9 ! m     
intellig5t s*eme ( ! new c\ntry life1 ! 
economic position ( woman is likely to  
be "o ( high importance4 ,%e ent]s      
l>gely into all ?ree p>ts ( our         
programme1--bett] f>m+1 bett] bus9ess1  
bett] liv+4 ,9 ! developm5t ( high]     
f>m+1 = in/ance1 %e is bett] fitt$ ?an !
 m muscul> b less pati5t animal1 man1 to
 c>ry on ) c>e t "w ( milk records1 egg 
records1 etc41 :i* und]lies ! selection 
on sci5tific l9es ( ! m productive /ra9s
 ( cattle & p\ltry4 ,& ?is k9d ( "w is  

want$ 9 ! /udy n only ( animal1 b also (
 plant life4  ,aga91 9 ! sph]e ( bett]  
bus9ess1 ! h\sekeep+ faculty ( woman is 
an important asset1 s9ce a good sy/em ( 
f>m acc\nts is "o ( ! mo/ valuable aids 
to successful f>m+4 ,b x is1 ( c\rse1 9 
! ?ird "p ( ! programme1--bett] liv+1--t
 woman's greate/ opportunity lies4 ,!   
woman makes ! home life ( ! ,nation4 ,b 
%e desires also social life1 & :]e %e   
has ! *ance %e develops x4 ,"h x is t ! 
e/abli%m5t ( ! cop]ative society1 or    
union1 gives an op5+ & a range (        
conditions 9 :i* ! social usefulness (  
woman makes itself quickly felt4 ,i d n 
?9k t ,i am lay+ too mu* /ress on ?is   
matt]1 because ! pleasures1 ! int]e/s & 
! duties ( society1 prop]ly s call$1--t 
is1 ! /ate ( liv+ on fri5dly t]ms ) our 
neighb\rs1--are always m c5tral &       
important 9 ! life ( a woman ?an ( a    
man4 ,! man ne$s !m1 too1 = )\t !m he   
becomes a m]e ma*9e = mak+ money2 b !   
woman1 depriv$ ( !m1 t5ds to become a   
m]e drudge4 ,! new rural social economy 

7:i* implies a d5s] population occupy+  
small] hold+s7 mu/ !re=e include a g5]\s
 provision = all ^? =ms ( social        
int]c\rse :i* specially appeal to wom54 
,! ,wom5's ,sections ( ! ,granges h done
 a great deal ( useful "w 9 ?is         
direction2 we ne$ a m g5]al & complete  
application ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y act4
  ,i h n[ /at$ ! broad pr9ciples :i* mu/
 gov]n any effective s*eme = correct+ ! 
pres5t h>mful subord9ation ( rural life 
to a civilisation too exclusively urban4
 ,be=e ,i br+ =w>d my def9ite proposal =
 a rem$y calculat$ to meet ! ne$s ( !   
situation1 ,i mu/ anticipate a l9e (    
criticism :i* may occur to ! m9d ( any  
social work] :o does n happ5 to be v    
famili> ) ! conditions ( c\ntry life4   
,i c well imag9e read]s :o h pati5tly   
foll[$ my argum5ts wi%+ to int]rogate me
 9 "s su* t]ms z ^!3 ,assum+1 !y may    
say1 t we accept all y tell u ab\t !    
neglect ( ! rural population1 & agree z 
to ! grave consequ5ces :i* mu/ foll[ if 
x be cont9u$1 :at on e>? c we d8 ,(     

c\rse ! welf>e ( ! rural population is a
 matt] ( p>am\nt importance to ! city & 
to ! nation at l>ge2 b may we rem9d y t 
y said ! evil & ! consequ5ces c be      
remov$ & av]t$ only by ^? imm$iately    
conc]n$--! actual f>m]s--& t ! rem$y = !
 rural backw>dness 0 to be s\ght = 9 !  
rural m9d8 ',can/ ?\ m9i/] to a m9d     
diseas$8' ,mu/ n ! pati5t 'm9i/]' to    
himself8  ,fair que/ions ^!1 & altoge!r 
to ! po9t4 ,i answ] at once t ! pati5t  
ought to m9i/] to himself1 b he won't4  
,he has acquir$ ! habit ( s5d+ = !      
physician ( ! t[n1 ^: physic b          
aggravates ! disease4 ,dropp+ metaphor1 
! f>m] does n ?9k = himself4 ,9 rural   
communities1 !re is z great a lack (    
collective ?\ght z ( cop]ative action4  
,all progress is conditional on public  
op9ion1 & ?is1 ev5 9 ! c\ntry1 is a v   
mu* t[n-made ?+4  ,s ,i am1 !n1 9 ?is   
difficulty4 ,my subject is rural1 my    
audi5ce urban4 ,i h to comm5d to !      
/atesm5 & ! philan?ropi/s ( ! t[n !     
some:at incongru\s proposal t !y %\ld   

take ! initiative 9 rural re=m4 ,nei!r !
 ?\ght nor ! influ5ce :i* c set 9 motion
 :at 9 agricultural communities is no   
less ?an an economic revolution are to  
be f\nd 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,to ! t[nsm5 ,i 
n[ address my appeal & submit a plan4   
,,footnote3  #h ,message to !           
,fifty-eigh? ,congress 7#aijc74         
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,! ,,two ,,?+s ,,ne$ful 
,9 my e>li] *apt]s ,i trac$ to !        
,indu/rial ,revolution 9 ,engl& ! orig9 
( t subord9ation1 9 ! ,engli%-speak+    
c\ntries1 ( rural to urban int]e/s :i*  
f9ds its expression to-day 9 ! problem (
 rural life4 ,i h %[n t ! cont9uance ( !
 t5d5cy 9 ,am]ica 0 natural if n        
inevitable1 & h urg$ t1 = economic1     
social & political reasons1 its fur!r   
progress %\ld n[ be /ay$4 ,if my view z 
to ! orig91 pres5t effects & probable   
consequ5ces ( ! evil be accept$1 any    
s]i\s proposals = a rem$y w be welcom$  
by all :o realise t national well-be+ _c
 endure if urban prosp]ity is accompani$
 by rural decay4 ,9 ?is belief ,i (f] ! 

s*eme = a ,c\ntry ,life movem5t :i* has 
sl[ly matur$ 9 my own m9d z ! result ( !
 exp]i5ce describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4  ,!
 fir/ aim ( ! movem5t %\ld be to        
cord9ate1 & guide t[>ds a common end1 ! 
ef=ts ( a l>ge numb] (                  
ag5cies--educational1 religi\s1 social &
 philan?ropic--:i*1 9 _! sev]al ways1   
are already engag$ ^u "s "p ( ! "w to be
 done4 ,= su* a movem5t ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
(f]s advantages n to be f\nd else:]e 9 !
 area = :i* we are conc]n$4 ,= "h       
public-spirit$ individuals &            
associations ( ! k9d requir$ exi/ 9 l>g]
 numb]s ?an c be kn[n to any "o :o has n
 wat*$ :at is go+ on 9 ?is field (      
social s]vice4 ,if ,i _h n already      
devot$ too mu* space to p]sonal         
exp]i5ces1 ,i c\ld ( my own k te/ify to 
! rem>kable gr[? ( organis$ ef=t 9      
,am]ican rural communities4 ,sometimes  
?is is ! outcome ( a gr[+ _s (          
neighb\rl9ess1 sometimes x emanates f "y
 ,univ]sities & ,colleges emulat+ !     
ext5sion "w ) :i* ne>ly e big city is   

famili>4 ,i h be5 mu* /ruck ) ! way 9   
:i*1 at ga!r+s ( s*ool tea*]s1 p$agogic 
detail & que/ions affect+ _! /atus &    
emolum5ts h become less popul> subjects 
= discussion ?an s*emes ( social        
progress4#i ,simil>ly1 ! agricultural   
,press is becom+ less exclusively       
te*nical & comm]cial1 & m human4 ,ev5 ! 
syndicat$ /uff is gett+ less t[nifi$4   
,my correspond5ce1 newspap] clipp+s s5t 
to me1 & _m o!r indications1 po9t 9 !   
same direction4 ,!y leave ! impression  
^u my m9d t !re is a va/1 effici5t &    
en?usia/ic army ( social work]s ^u ! f>m
 l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates badly 9 ne$ ( a  
,headqu>t]s ,/aff4  ,if ,i am "r 9      
believ+ t1 ( ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 
! ,unit$ ,/ates af=ds ! be/ opportunity 
= su* a consummation1 mo/ assur$ly !    
pres5t "t is peculi>ly auspici\s4 ,if   
,mr4 ,roosevelt's ,c\ntry ,life policy  
has n be5 receiv$ ) any m>k$ en?usiasm1 
,am]ican public op9ion has be5 ?or\ghly 
ar\s$ ^u 8 ,cons]vation policy4 ,! latt]
 _c possibly come to fruition--nor ev5 g

 mu* fur!r--until ! ,c\ntry ,life       
problem is boldly fac$4 ,9 ! ,conf]5ce (
 ,gov]nors x 0 po9t$ out ov] & ov] aga9 
t ! f>m]1 n[ ! *ief wa/]1 mu/ become !  
*ief cons]v]4 ,z su* he w himself become
 a support] ( ! policy1 & w br+ to ! aid
 ( ^? advocates ( ,cons]vation ^: *ief  
conc]n is = future g5]ations1 an int]e/$
 public op9ion :i* w g f> to outweigh ! 
influ5ce ( ^? :o pr(it by ! exhau/ion ( 
natural res\rces4 ,to ! c\ntry life     
re=m] ,i w\ld say t1 z ! "o idea has    
caught on :ile ! o!r lags1 he w1 if he  
is wise1 hit* 8 ,c\ntry ,life waggon to 
! ,cons]vation />4  ,) e advantage ( "t 
& place1 ! promotion ( ! movem5t :i* is 
to c\nt]act ! t[nw>d t5d5cy w h to      
reckon ) ! psy*ological difficulty      
inh]5t 9 ! conditions4 ,!y mu/ recognise
 ! p>adox ( ! situation already po9t$   
out1 ! necessity ( int]e/+ ! t[n 9 !    
problems ( ! c\ntry4 ,! urban attitude (
 m9d :i* caus$ ! evil1 & n[ makes x     
difficult to int]e/ public op9ion 9 !   
rem$y1 is n new2 x p]vades ! lit]ature (

 ! ,augu/an age4 ,i recall f my s*ool   
days ,virgil's great h&book on ,italian 
agriculture1 writt5 ) a ma/]y ( te*nical
 detail unsurpass$ by ,kipl+4 ,b ! f>m]s
 he _h 9 m9d :5 he indulg$ 9 8 memorable
 rhapsody ^u ! happ9ess ( _! lot 7 out =
 pleasure r ?an pr(it4 ,:ile ! suburban 
poet sang to ! m]*ant pr9ces1 ,rome 0   
pay+ a bonus ^u import$ corn1 & ent]+   
g5]ally ^u t fatal disreg>d = ! int]e/ (
 ! rural population :i* is "o ( !       
accept$ causes ( ! decl9e & fall4  ,h[ t
 ,old ,_w tragi-com$y comes back to me  
:5 ,i talk to ,new ,york fri5ds on !    
subject ( ^! pages6 ,i am n1 s !y tell  
me1 up to date 9 my in=mation2 !re is a 
m>k$ revulsion ( feel+ ^u ! t[n v]sus   
c\ntry "q2 ! tide ( ! rural exodus has  
really turn$1 z ,i might h disc]n$ )\t  
go+ f> afield4 ,at _m a ,long ,isl& home
 ,i might see on ,sundays1 wea!r        
p]mitt+1 ! horny-h&$ son ( week-day toil
 9 ,wall ,/reet1 ru/ically attir$1      
inspect+ 8 ,j]sey c[s & ari/ocratic     
f[ls4 ,^! supply a select circle 9 ,new 

,york ) butt] & eggs1 at a price :i*    
leaves no?+ to be desir$--unless x be "s
 in=mation z to ! co/ ( production4     
,full ju/ice is done to ! new c\ntry    
life :5 ! ,f>m]s' ,club ( ,new ,york    
fulfils its *ief function1 ! annual d9n]
 at ,delmonico's4 ,!n agriculture is    
extoll$ 9 f9e ,virgilian /yle1 ! ,hudson
 villa & ! ,newport 'cottage' be+       
p]mitt$ to divide ! hon\rs ( ! rural    
revival ) ! ,long ,isl& home4 ,b to my  
bucolic intellig5ce1 x w\ld seem t aga9/
 ! 'back to ! l&' movem5t ( ,saturday   
aft]noon ! capti\s critic might set !   
rural exodus ( ,monday morn+4  ,^!      
reflections are introduc$ 9 no unfri5dly
 _s1 & ) s]i\s int5t4 ,to me ?is new    
rural life is associat$ ) memories (    
*>act]i/ically ,am]ican hospitality2 b  
my int]e/ 9 x is m ?an p]sonal4 ,x is   
giv+ to ^? :o cultivate x1 among :om are
 ! help]s mo/ ne$$ at ! mom5t1 a po9t ( 
view :i* w enable !m to grasp ! real    
problem ( ! op5 c\ntry1 z x exi/s1 =    
example1 9 ! great food-produc+ &       

cotton-gr[+ tracts ( ! ,we/ & ,s\?4 ,bo?
 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! t[nw>d t5d5cy ( !   
indu/rial age 0 =ese5 & prev5t$1 & 9 ^? 
9 :i* ! evil is be+ cur$1 ! impulse &   
inspiration :i* w be requir$ to initiate
 & su/a9 our ,c\ntry ,life movem5t came 
ma9ly f lead]s :o 7 n !mselves          
agriculturi/s4#aj ,pr(ici5cy 9 !        
practice or ev5 9 ! bus9ess ( f>m+ is n 
necess>y4 ,:at is ne$$ is a compreh5sive
 k ( public affairs1 political          
imag9ation1 an und]/&+ sympa?y ) & a    
philosophic insight into ! entire life (
 communities4 ,m5 :o comb9e ) ! necess>y
 exp]i5ce ^? gifts ( he>t & m9d :i* g to
 make ! high] citiz5%ip 9 ! _m1 & !     
/atesman%ip 9 ! few1 w m likely be f\nd 
9 ! city ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,yet !y are1 9 
! conditions1 ! natural lead]s ( !      
,c\ntry ,life movem5t1 :i* mu/ n[ be    
def9$4  ,! situation dem&s two ?+s2 on !
 "o h& an association1 popul>1          
propag&i/1 organis+2 on ! o!r1 an       
,in/itute1 sci5tific1 philosophic1      
rese>*-mak+4 ,^! two ?+s are di/9ct 9   

"*1 b !y are complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,"o
 w require popul> en?usiasm & bus9ess   
organisation4 ,to ! s]vice ( ! o!r mu/  
be br\ght ! pati5t _s ( sci5tific &     
philosophic analysis & inquiry4 ,^! two 
bodies--! popul> propag&i/ association &
 ! sci5tific rese>*-mak+ ,in/itute--mu/1
 !re=e1 be creat$2 &1 = a reason to be  
expla9$ :5 we consid] ! "w ( !          
,in/itute1 !y %\ld be indep5d5t ( ea*   
o!r4 ,?is r\gh indication ( ! "* ( ! "w1
 :i* ,i w describe m 9 detail pres5tly1 
w suffice = ! mom5t4 ,i feel t ! "w w be
 s int5sely human 9 its int]e/ t x w be 
well to say at once h[ ! two c5tral     
ag5cies c be e/abli%$1 & ! movem5t made1
 n a writ]'s fancy1 b a liv+ & do+ ag5cy
 ( human progress4  ,a body1 9 _m       
respects ideally fitt$ to give !        
necess>y impulse & direction to ! "w (  
organisation1 is already 9 ! field4 ,!  
lead]s ( ! ,cons]vation idea1 recognis+ 
t _! policy1 9 common ) o!r policies1 w 
ne$ an organis$ public op9ion at its    
back1 h f\nd$ a ,national ,cons]vation  

,association4 ,mr4 ,gif=d ,p9*ot has n[ 
be5 select$ z its ,presid5t4 ,be=e he 0 
available1 ! task ( organis+ & sett+ to 
"w ! new in/itution 0 unanim\sly entru/$
 to & accept$ by ,presid5t ,eliot1 ( ^: 
qualifications all ,i w say is t we     
=eign /ud5ts ( social problems vie ) 8  
own c\ntrym5 9 our appreciation ( 8     
public "w & aims4 ,^! two appo9tm5ts are
 suffici5t pro( ( ! s]i\s importance ( !
 "w1 & bespeak public influ5ce & support
 = ! ,association4 ,i h no d\bt t ?is   
body w\ld be fully qualifi$ to =mulate &
 initiate ! ,c\ntry ,life movem5t1 & act
 z ! c5tral ag5cy = ! active promotion (
 its objects4 ,its memb]s1 :o1 ,i am    
sure1 agree ) ,mr4 ,roosevelt 9 reg>d+ !
 movem5t z a necess>y complem5t to !    
,cons]vation policy1 might ev5 feel t = 
?is v reason x 0 incumb5t ^u !m to set  
_! organisation to ?is "w4  ,!re is1    
h[ev]1 "o consid]ation :i* w make ,mr4  
,p9*ot & 8 associates hesitate to adopt 
?is c\rse4 ,! d\bt relates to !         
di/9ction ,i h drawn betwe5 !           

,cons]vation policy & ! ,c\ntry ,life   
movem5t1 ! "o seek+ to promote          
legislative & adm9i/rative action1 & !  
o!r1 :ile x may give bir? to a policy1  
be+ *iefly conc]n$ ) volunt>y ef=t4#aa  
,al?\gh ! ,national ,cons]vation        
,association is f\nd$ = ! purpose (     
educat+ public op9ion ^u ! ,cons]vation 
idea1 x may decide to support !         
,cons]vation policy ( "o p>ty r ?an t ( 
ano!r4 ,x w\ld ?us become too mu*       
involv$ 9 p>ty controv]sy to act z a    
c5tral ag5cy ( a movem5t :i* mu/ embrace
 m5 ( all p>ties4 ,%\ld ?is view        
prevail1 ! difficulty c be easily       
surm\nt$ by foll[+ ! ,iri% prec$5t1 :]e 
we _h a v simil> & inde$ f> m delicate  
situation to save f political tr\ble4   
,an ,am]ican ,agricultural ,organisation
 ,society c\ld be f\nd$ = ! purpose 9   
view1 & z x is probable t lead+         
advocates ( ! ,cons]vation policy w\ld  
take a prom95t "p 9 ! ,c\ntry ,life     
movem5t1 ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! two ideas   
w\ld h practical recognition4  ,ap>t f !

 possibility ( political complications1 
!re is "o /rong reason to recomm5d ?is  
c\rse4 ,! movem5t w accompli% its be/ & 
mo/ p]man5t results z an advocate (     
self-reliance2 x w seek to make         
self-help effective ?r\gh organisation2 
x w conc]n itself mu* m = ^? ?+s :i* !  
f>m]s c d = !mselves by cop]ation ?an ) 
^? ?+s :i* ! ,gov]nm5t c d = !m4#ab ,!  
selection1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! two          
alt]native c\rses is a "q :i* ! =eign   
critic _c decide4 ,! "w to :i* ,i n[    
return w be ! same1 :atev] ag5cy is *>g$
 ) its execution4  ,! c5tral body 7:i* =
 brevity ,i w call ! ,association7 w h z
 its g5]al aim ! economic & social      
developm5t ( rural communities4 ,! "w w 
be ma9ly t ( active organisation4 ,=    
reasons expla9$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s1 !     
organisation mu/ be cop]ative 9 "*1 & w 
be conc5trat$ ^u ! bus9ess me?ods ( !   
f>m]s4 ,?is w1 x is believ$1 cure a     
radical defect 9 _! sy/em--a defect :i*1
 z ,i h argu$1 is responsible = a       
re/rict$ production1 & = a c\rse (      

di/ribution injuri\s alike to produc] & 
consum]1 besides ex]cis+ a depress+     
influ5ce ^u ! economic effici5cy &      
social life ( rural communities4 ,x     
foll[s t ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a g5]al       
recon/ruction ( c\ntry life1 :i* has !  
promise ( giv+ to ! c\ntry a social     
attraction /rong en\gh to /em ! tide ( !
 t[nw>d migration1 is agricultural      
cop]ation4  ,su* be+ ! g5]al aim & !    
def9ite proc$ure1 ! fir/ practical "q t 
arises w be1 h[ to apply ?is            
solv5t--agricultural cop]ation4 ,x w n  
suffice to ?r[ ^! two long words at !   
h>dy ru/ic2 %ort] & m emphatic words    
might come back4 ,two equally necess>y  
?+s mu/ be done2 ! pr9ciple mu/ be made 
cle>1 & ! practical details ( ?is rural 
equival5t ( urban bus9ess comb9ation mu/
 be expla9$ 9 language und]/&$ ( ! p4 ,x
 is n difficult to draft a pap] s*eme = 
?is purpose1 b ! fitt+ ( ! plan to local
 conditions is a v exp]t bus9ess4 ,h5ce 
! c5tral ag5cy %\ld h at its disposal a 
corps ( exp]ts 9 cop]ative organisation 

= agricultural purposes4 ,aft] a %ort   
visit to a likely di/rict by a compet5t 
expon5t ( ! !ory & practice1 local      
volunte]s w\ld be f\nd to c>ry on ! "w4 
,exp]i5ce %[s t once a well-organis$    
cop]ative association ( f>m]s is        
p]man5tly e/abli%$1 simil> associations 
spr+ up spontane\sly "u ! magic influ5ce
 ( prov$ success 9 kn[n conditions4 ,i  
%\ld /rongly recomm5d conc5tration at   
fir/ on a few select$ di/ricts1 ) ! aim 
( mak+ /&>d models to :i* o!r           
communities c\ld "w4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t 
all ?is "w w\ld be done 9 cop]ation )   
:atev] o!r ag5cies w\ld l5d _! aid4 ,!  
,c\ntry ,life movem5t w\ld be extremely 
useful to ! great educational f\ndations
 c5tr$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,i happ5 to "k t ! 
,tru/ees ( ! ,rockefell]1 ,c>negie &    
,russell ,sage end[m5ts are ke5ly       
desir\s to promote su* a r$irection (   
rural education z w br+ x into a m      
helpful relation ) ! work+ lives ( !    
rural population4 ,!n !re are su* bodies
 z ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ^: lead]s1 ,i am  

told1 are alive to ! value ( ! op5 air  
life1 & are anxi\s to ext5d _! c\ntry "w
 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,! great army (    
rural tea*]s1 ! ,f>m]s' ,union1 & o!r   
f>m]s' organisations ,i h already nam$  
w\ld gladly cop]ate ) s*emes mak+ =     
rural progress4  ,m important1 ,i       
believe1 ?an is g5]ally realis$1 f an   
economic & social po9t ( view1 are !    
rural *ur*es4 ,9 _m ,european c\ntries1 
:]e agricultural cop]ation has play$ a  
great "p 9 ! p's lives1 ! cl]gy h       
ard5tly support$ ! sy/em on acc\nt ( its
 moral value4 ,9 ,irel&1 "s ( our v be/ 
volunte] organis]s are cl]gym54 ,"s     
lead]s ( ! rural *ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
h told me t a feel+ is gr[+ t an        
increas$ economic usefulness 9 ! cl]gy  
w\ld /r5g!n _! position 9 ! society :i* 
!y s]ve 9 a high] capacity4 ,i "k t !   
sugge/ion ( cl]ical int]v5tion 9 secul> 
affairs is op5 to misund]/&+4 ,b "h is a
 body ( educat$ citiz5s :o w\ld gladly  
take "p 9 any real social s]vice2 & "h  
is a situation :]e !re is "w ( high     

moral & social value call+ = volunte]s4 
,no?+ b good1 x seems to me1 c\ld result
 if su* m51 :o h m opportunity &        
incl9ation = g5]al read+ ?an ! work+    
f>m]1 w\ld help 9 expla9+ ! intricacies 
( cop]ative organisation & proc$ure :i* 
mu/ be und]/ood & practis$ 9 ord] t !   
sy/em may be fruitful4  ,9 addition to  
its active propag&i/ "w1 ! c5tral       
,association c\ld ex]cise a p[]ful &    
helpful influ5ce 9 o!r ways4 ,x %\ld1 ( 
c\rse1 keep bo? ! agricultural & ! g5]al
 press in=m$ ( its plans & progress4 ,x 
%\ld also keep 9 t\* ) ! agricultural "w
 ( all important educational bodies1 & m
 especially urge ^u !m ! necessity (    
spread+ ! cop]ative idea4 ,! ,dep>tm5t (
 ,agriculture w\ld welcome & support !  
movem5t2 = ,i "k _m lead+ m5 9 t s]vice 
:o ?or\ghly und]/& & recognise ! imm5se 
importance1 especially to backw>d rural 
communities1 ( ! cop]ative pr9ciple4  ,x
 is n necess>y1 at ?is /age1 to g fur!r 
into details4 ,i feel confid5t t ! "w ( 
assi/+ all suitable ag5cies1 su* z ^? ,i

 h nam$1 & o!rs :i* may be available1   
?r\gh organis]s ( agricultural cop]ation
 & by ! spread+ ( in=mation1 w\ld soon  
enable ! c5tral body to r5d] ine/imable 
s]vice to ! cause ( rural progress4     
,su*1 at any rate1 is ! outl9e ( my fir/
 proposal = giv+ to my ,am]ican         
fell[-work]s ^u ! rural problem !       
assi/ance :i* ,i feel !y mo/ ne$ at !   
pres5t mom5t4 ,i pass n[ to my second   
proposal4  ,i sugge/ t an               
in/itution--:i*1 z ,i h said1 w be      
sci5tific1 philosophic1                 
rese>*-mak+--%\ld be f\nd$4 ,x w\ld be1 
9 effect1 a ,bureau ( rese>* 9 rural    
social economy4 ,p]sonally ,i "k t1 9 my
 own exp]i5ce z an adm9i/rator &        
organis]1 ,i h be5 con/antly br\ght face
 to face ) problems :]e we c\ld turn to 
no guide--no pati5t b& ( inve/igators :o
 _h be5 measur+1 analys+1 det]m9+ !     
data4 ,yet 9 "s directions mu* excell5t 
"w is be+ done4 ,e social work] kn[s h[ 
! k ( :at o!rs are do+ w help him4 ,x is
 /range h[ little ! problems ( ! rural  

population h ent]$ into ! /udies (      
economi/s & sociologi/s4 ,at lead+      
,univ]sities ,i h s\ght 9 va9 = light4  
,at a rec5t anniv]s>y 9 ,new ,york1 :i* 
br\ght toge!r ! =emo/ economi/s ( ! ,old
 & ,new ,_w1 !re 0 an almo/ complete    
omission ( ! c\ntry side ( ?+s f a      
programme :i* ,i am sure 0 g5]ally held 
to be almo/ exhau/ive4 ,! fact is1 !    
subject mu/ be treat$ z a new "o1 & x is
 urg5tly necess>y1 if ! "w ( ! ,c\ntry  
,life movem5t is to be bas$ on a solid  
f\ndation ( fact1 to make good !        
defici5cy ( in=mation :i* has result$ f 
! g5]al lack ( int]e/ 9 ! subject "u    
review4 ,an ,in/itute is want$ to survey
 ! field1 to collect1 classify &        
cord9ate in=mation & to supplem5t & c>ry
 =w>d ! "w ( rese>* & inquiry4 ,! rural 
social work] requires z f> z possible to
 c>ry exact /ati/ical me?od into 8 "w s 
t he may no long] h to dep5d on g5]al   
/atem5ts1 b may h at 8 comm& evid5ce1 ! 
validity ( :i* c be tru/$1 :ile its     
significance c be measur$4 ,i may m5tion

 a few typical que/ions on :i* useful   
light w\ld be %$ by ! ,in/itute's       
rese>*es3--  #a4 ,! influ5ce ( cop]ative
 me?ods 7a7 on ! productive &           
di/ributive effici5cy ( rural           
communities1 & 7b7 on ! developm5t ( a  
social c\ntry life4  #b4 ,! sy/ems (    
rural education1 bo? g5]al & te*nical1 9
 diff]5t c\ntries1 & ! adm9i/rative &   
f9ancial basis ( ea* sy/em4  #c4 ,!     
relation betwe5 agricultural economy & !
 co/ ( food4  #d4 ,! *anges 7a7 9 ! /&>d
 & co/ ( liv+1 & 7b7 9 ! economy1       
solv5cy & /ability ( rural communities4 
#e4 ,! economic int]dep5d5ce ( !        
agricultural produc] & ! urban consum]1 
& ! ext5t & incid5ce ( middle pr(its 9 !
 di/ribution ( agricultural produce4    
#f4 ,! action tak5 by diff]5t ,gov]nm5ts
 to assi/ ! developm5t & secure !       
/ability ( ! agricultural classes1 & !  
possibilities & ! dang]s ( su* action1 )
 special ref]5ce to ! delimitation ( !  
respective sph]es ( ,/ate aid & volunt>y
 ef=t4  #g4 ,h[ f> agricultural & rural 

employm5t c relieve ! problems ( city   
unemploym5t1 & assi/ ! "w ( social      
reclamation4  ,"s may ?9k t ,i am       
assign+ to two bodies "w :i* c\ld be z  
well done by "o4 ,:ile all proposals =  
multiply+ organisations 9 ! field (     
social s]vice %\ld be critically exam9$1
 !re are /rong reasons 9 ?is case = !   
c\rse ,i sugge/4 ,! two bodies1 :ile    
work+ to a common end1 w diff]          
ess5tially 9 _! scope & me?od4 ,!       
propag&i/ ag5cy w be executive &        
adm9i/rative1 & :ile its op]ations w\ld 
h sugge/ive value to ! c\ntry social    
work] ev]y:]e1 x w\ld be conc]n$        
directly only ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4        
,fur!rmore1 x ne$ n necess>ily h any    
l5g!n$ exi/5ce z a national propag&i/   
ag5cy4 ,x w\ld be f\nd$ ma9ly to        
introduce t me?od into ,am]ican         
agricultural economy :i* ,i h tri$ to %[
 lies at ! root ( rural progress4 ,z    
soon z ! s\ndness ( ! g5]al s*eme _h be5
 demon/rat$ 9 any ,/ate1 ! c5tral body  
w\ld promote an organisation to take ov]

 ! "w )9 t ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate organisation 
w\ld1 9 its turn1 soon be able to       
devolve its propag&i/ "w ^u a f$]ation (
 ! bus9ess associations :i* x _h be5 !  
means ( e/abli%+4 ,t is ! contemplat$   
evolution ( my fir/ proposal--! e>ly    
delegation ( ! functions ( ! national to
 ! ,/ate propag&i/ ag5cy1 :i* w\ld fur!r
 devolve ! "w ^u bodies ( f>m]s organis$
 prim>ily = economic purposes1 b ) !    
ult]ior aim ( social advancem5t4  ,!    
,c\ntry ,life ,in/itute w\ld be on a    
:olly diff]5t foot+4 ,its rese>*es1 if  
only to subs]ve ! ,c\ntry ,life movem5t 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld h to range ov] !
 civilis$ _w1 & to be hi/orical z well z
 contempor>y4 ,x %\ld be reg>d$ z a     
contribution to ! welf>e ( !            
,engli%-speak+ peoples1 "o aspect ( ^:  
civilisation--if !re be tru? 9 :at ,i h 
writt5--ne$s to be reconsid]$ 9 ! light 
:i* ! ,in/itute is design$ to af=d4 ,its
 task w be ( no ephem]al "*4 ,its       
success w n1 z 9 ! case ( ! active      
propag&i/ body1 less5 ! ne$ = its       

s]vices1 b w r /imulate ! dem& = !m4    
,^! diff]5ces w h to be tak5 into acc\nt
 9 consid]+ ! important "q ( ways &     
means4 ,bo? bodies w1 ,i hope1 appeal   
successfully to public-spirit$          
philan?ropi/s4 ,! tempor>y body w ne$   
only tempor>y support2 p]haps provision 
= a five-ye>s' campaign w\ld suffice4 ,9
 ! ne> future1 local organisations w\ld 
naturally defray ! co/ ( ! s]vices r5d]$
 to !m by ! c5tral body2 b ! ,c\ntry    
,life ,in/itute w\ld ne$ a p]man5t      
end[m5t4 ,! man fitt$ = its *ief control
 w n be f\nd idle1 b w h to be tak5 f   
o!r "w4 ,! s*eme1 z ,i h work$ x out1 w 
involve prolong$ economic & social      
inquiry ov] a wide field4 ,?is w\ld be  
conduct$ mo/ly by po/graduate /ud5ts4 ,f
 ^? :o did ?is outside "w ) cr$it w\ld  
be recruit$ ! small /aff :i* w\ld be    
ne$$ at ! c5tral (fice to get into ! mo/
 accessible =m ! facts & op9ions :i* are
 ne$$ = ! guidance ( ^? :o are do+      
practical "w 9 ! field ( rural          
reg5]ation4 ,my e/imate ( ! am\nt       

requir$ to d ! "w well is f =ty to fifty
 ?\s& doll>s a ye>1 or say a capital sum
 ( f a million to a million & a qu>t]   
doll>s4 ,:e!r ! project is wor?y ( su*  
an exp5diture1 dep5ds ^u ! "q :e!r ,i h 
made good my case4  ,let me summ>ise ?is
 case4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t mod]n          
civilisation is "o-sid$ to a dang]\s    
degree--t x has conc5trat$ itself 9 !   
t[ns & left ! c\ntry d]elict4 ,?is      
t5d5cy is peculi> to ! ,engli%-speak+   
communities1 :]e ! great indu/rial      
movem5t has _h z its consequ5ce ! rural 
problem ,i h exam9$4 ,if ! t[nw>d t5d5cy
 _c be *eck$1 x w ultimately br+ ab\t ! 
decay ( ! t[ns !mselves1 & ( our :ole   
civilisation1 = ! t[ns draw _! supply ( 
population f ! c\ntry4 ,moreov]1 ! wa/e 
( natural res\rces1 & possibly ! al>m+  
increase 9 ! price ( food1 :i* h lately 
attract$ s mu* att5tion 9 ,am]ica1 are  
l>gely due to ! fact t ^? :o cultivate !
 l& d n int5d to sp5d _! lives ^u x2 &  
)\t a rehabilitation ( c\ntry life !re c
 be no success = ! ,cons]vation policy4 

,!re=e1 ! ,c\ntry ,life movem5t deals ) 
:at is probably ! mo/ important problem 
be=e ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples at ?is "t4
 ,n[ ! pr$om9ance ( ! t[ns :i* is       
depress+ ! c\ntry is bas$ p>tly on a    
full] application ( mod]n physical      
sci5ce1 p>tly on sup]ior bus9ess        
organisation1 p>tly on facilities =     
occupation & amusem5t2 & if ! balance is
 to be r$ress$1 ! c\ntry mu/ be improv$ 
9 all ?ree ways4 ,!re mu/ be bett] f>m+1
 bett] bus9ess1 & bett] liv+4 ,^! ?ree  
are equally necess>y1 b bett] bus9ess   
mu/ come fir/4 ,= f>m]s1 ! way to bett] 
liv+ is cop]ation1 & :at cop]ation means
 is ! *ief ?+ ! ,am]ican f>m] has to    
le>n4  ,,footnotes3  #i ,9 ! capital (  
,virg9ia1 to take "o notable example1 ,i
 h witness$ a p]fect f]m5t ( social     
activity at "o ( ! ga!r+s4 ,x br\ght    
toge!r su* an ideal comb9ation ( ! be/  
spirits 9 bo? rural & urban life t ,i   
anticipate "s /rik+ developm5ts 9 rural 
civilization :i* w surely ext5d beyond !
 bord]s ( ! ,/ate4  #aj ,i may m5tion   

,raiffeis51 ,luzzati1 ,rocquigny1 ,bi%op
 ,grundtwig1 ,h5ry ,w4 ,wolff1 ! ,rev4  
,t4 ,a4 ,f9lay1 ,s4,j41 & mo/ ( ! lead]s
 9 agricultural organization 9 ,great   
,brita9 & ,irel&4  #aa ,see above1 page 
#ca4  #ab ,x may seem a small matt] ev5 
= a footnote1 b an unambigu\s t]m9ology 
is s important to propag&i/ "w t ,i mu/ 
m5tion a some:at un=tunate use ( ! ^w   
'cop]ation' :i* prevails 9 (ficial &    
p$agogic circles4 ,we he> ( cop]ative   
demon/ration "w1 cop]ative education1   
cop]ative lectures1 & s =?4 ,:5ev] a    
,gov]nm5t or ,/ate dep>tm5t1 or an      
educational body works ) any o!r ag5cy1 
& sometimes :5 !y are only do+ _! own   
"w1 !y use ! t]m1 :i* is ( c\rse        
grammatically applicable :5ev] two p "w 
toge!r--f matrimony d[n4 ,if ! ^w 9     
connection ) agriculture c\ld be reta9$ 
= its te*nical s5se1 s long e/abli%$ &  
well und]/ood 9 ,europe1 ! propos$      
movem5t might be sav$ a good deal (     
confus$ ?9k+4 ,might n ,gov]nm5t &      
educational au?orities sub/itute ! ^w   

'cord9at$' s z to pres]ve ! di/9ction8  
99       99       99       99       99  
,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4