,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+ ,,manures ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+ ,,by ,c4 ,m4 ,,aikman1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,,=m]ly ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry1 ,,glasg[ ,,vet]9>y ,,college1 ,,& ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,glasg[ ,,univ]sity2 ,,au?or ,,( ',,f>my>d ,,manure1' ,,etc4 ,,?ird ,,impression ,,william ,,blackwood ,,& ,,sons ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london ,,mcmx ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,all ,rights res]v$ ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,,b5net ,,lawes1 ,,b>t41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,( ,,ro?am/$1 ,,& ,,sir ,j4 ,,h5ry ,,gilb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,=m]ly ,,sib?orpian ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,rural ,,economy1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1 ,,^: ,,fam\s ,,inve/igations ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,h ,,s ,,l>gely ,,contribut$ ,,to ,,build ,,up ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,manur+1 ,,?is ,,"w1 ,,embody+ ,,_m ,,( ,,! ,,ro?am/$ ,,results1 ,,is ,,d$icat$4 ,,preface4 ,:5 ! pres5t "w 0 fir/ und]tak5 !re 7 b few works 9 ,engli% deal+ ) its subject-matt]1 & h>dly any :i* dealt ) ! "q ( ,manur+ at any l5g?4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ow+ to ! greatly increas$ int]e/ tak5 9 agricultural education1 ! dem& = agricultural sci5tific lit]ature has call$ into exi/5ce q a numb] ( new works4 ,despite ?is fact1 ! au?or v5tures to believe t ! gap :i* ! pres5t treatise 0 orig9ally design$ to fill is /ill unfill$4 ,( ! importance ( ! subject all int]e/$ 9 agriculture are well aw>e4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! introduction ( ! practice ( artificial manur+ has revolutionis$ mod]n husb&ry4 ,inde$1 )\t ! aid ( artificial manures1 arable f>m+1 z at pres5t c>ri$ out1 w\ld be impossible4 ,fifty ye>s ago ! practice may be said to h be5 unkn[n2 yet s widespread has x n[ become1 t at ! pres5t "t ! capital inve/$ 9 ! manure trade 9 ?is c\ntry alone am\nts to millions /]l+4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out1 !re=e1 t a practice 9 :i* su* va/ monet>y int]e/s are involv$ is wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation by all /ud5ts ( agricultural sci5ce1 z well z1 x may be add$1 by political economi/s4 ,! aim ( ! pres5t "w is to supply 9 a concise & popul> =m ! *ief results ( rec5t agricultural rese>* on ! "q ( soil f]tility1 & ! nature & action ( v>i\s manures4 ,x makes no pret5ce to be an exhau/ive treatise on ! subject1 & only conta9s ^? facts :i* seem to ! au?or to h an important be>+ on agricultural practice4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( its subject x may be said to /& midway betwe5 ,pr(essor ,/or]'s rec5tly publi%$ elaborate & excell5t treatise on ',agriculture 9 "s ( its ,relations to ,*emi/ry'--a "w :i* is to be w>mly recomm5d$ to all /ud5ts ( agricultural sci5ce1 & to :i* ! au?or w\ld take ?is opportunity ( ackn[l$g+ 8 indebt$ness--& ,dr ,j4 ,m4 ,h4 ,munro's admirable little "w on ',soils & ,manures4' ,9 ord] to r5d] ! "w z intelligible to ! ord9>y agricultural read] z possible1 all tabul> matt] & matt] ( a m or less te*nical nature h be5 relegat$ to ! ,app5dices atta*$ to ea* *apt]4 ,! au?or's some:at wide exp]i5ce z a ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,lectur]1 & z a ,lectur] 9 connection ) ,c\nty ,c\ncil s*emes ( agricultural education1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 induces him to believe t ! "w may be ( especial value to ^? engag$ 9 tea*+ agricultural sci5ce4 ,he has to express ! deep obligation he is "u1 9 common ) all writ]s on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 to ! classic rese>*es ( ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes1 ,b>t41 & ,sir ,j4 ,h5ry ,gilb]t1 n[ 9 progress = m ?an fifty ye>s at ,sir ,john ,lawes' ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,ro?am/$4 ,8 debt ( gratitude to ^! di/+ui%$ inve/igators has be5 /ill fur!r increas$ by _! k9dness 9 p]mitt+ him to d$icate ! "w to !m1 & = hav+ be5 good en\gh to read portions ( ! "w 9 pro(4 ,9 addition to ! free use :i* has be5 made ?r\gh\t ! book ( ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ! la/ *apt] conta9s1 9 a tabul> =m1 a %ort epitome ( "s ( ! m important ,ro?am/$ rese>*es on ! action ( diff]5t manures4 ,to ! num]\s ,g]man & ,fr5* works on ! subject1 m especially to ,pr(essor ,heid5's encyclopa$ic ',lehrbu* d] ,du5g]lehre' & ! v>i\s writ+s ( ,dr ,emil von ,wolff1 ! au?or is fur!r mu* indebt$4 ,among ,engli% works he w\ld especially m5tion ! assi/ance he has d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,mr ,r4 ,w>+ton1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ,pr(essor ,armsby1 ! late ,dr ,augu/us ,voelck]1 & o!rs4 ,he w\ld also t5d] 8 ackn[l$gm5ts to ! new edition ( ,/eph5s' ',book ( ! ,f>m1' & he has to ?ank its editor1 8 fri5d ,mr ,james ,macdonald1 ,secret>y to ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&1 = hav+ read p>ts ( 8 pro(-%eets4 ,x is also 8 pleas+ duty to ?ank 8 fri5ds ,dr ,b]n>d ,dy]1 ,hon ,secret>y ( ! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s1 ,dr ,a4 ,p4 ,aitk51 ,*emi/ to ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&2 ,pr(essor ,d\glas ,gil*ri/ ( ,bangor2 ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,cooke1 late ( ,flit*am2 ,mr ,h]mann ,voss ( ,london2 & ,pr(essor ,wright ( ,glasg[1 = hav+ assi/$ him 9 ! revision ( pro(-%eets4 ,,analytical ,,laboratory1 #abh ,,well+ton ,,/reet1 ,,glasg[1 ,janu>y #ahid4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,,page ,beg9n+ ( agricultural *emi/ry #d ,e>ly !ories reg>d+ plant-gr[? #d ,van ,helmont #d ,digby #f ,duhamel & ,/eph5 ,hales #h ,je?ro ,tull #i ,*>les ,bonnet's discov]y ( s\rce ( plants' c>bon #aa ,rese>*es ( ,prie/ley1 ,+5h\sz1 ,s5ebi]1 on assimilation ( c>bon #aa-ab ,publication ( fir/ ,engli% treatise by ,e>l ,dundonald #ac ,publication ( ,!odore de ,saussure1 ',*emical ,rese>*es on ,vegetation1' #ahjd #ad ,!ories on s\rce ( plant-nitrog5 #ae ,e>ly exp]im5ts on ?is subject #af ,sir ,humphry ,davy's lectures 7#ahjb-ahab7 #ag ,/ate ( agricultural *emi/ry 9 #ahab #ag ,beg9n+ ( ,b\ss+ault's rese>*es 7#ahcd7 #ba ,publication ( ,liebig's fir/ report to ! ,briti% ,association #bd ,refutation ( humus !ory #bf ,liebig's m9]al !ory #bf ,liebig's !ory ( s\rce ( plants' nitrog5 #bg ,publication ( ,liebig's second report to ,briti% ,association #cj ,liebig's s]vices to agricultural *emi/ry #ca ,developm5t ( agricultural rese>* 9 ,g]many #cb ,! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5t ,/ation #cc ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes & ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t1 ! nature & value ( _! exp]im5ts #cc ,review ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( plant-gr[? #cf ,proximate composition ( ! plant #cf ,fixation ( c>bon by plants #cg ,action ( light on plant-gr[?1 ,dr ,siem5s' exp]im5ts #ch ,s\rce ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 ! plant #ci-dj ,s\rce ( nitrog5 9 ! plant #dj ,relation ( ! free nitrog5 to legum9\s plants #db-dd ,relation ( nitrog5 9 organic =ms1 z ammonia salts1 & nitrates to ! plant #df-ej ,nitrification & its conditions #ea ,a% con/itu5ts ( ! plant #ec ,me?ods ( rese>* = asc]ta9+ ess5tialness ( a% con/itu5ts ( plants #ec 7a7 ,artificial soils1 7b7 wat]-culture #ec-ee ,me?od 9 :i* plants absorb _! food-con/itu5ts #ee ,endosmosis #ee ,ret5tion by soils ( plant-food #eg ,causes ( ret5tion by soils ( plant-food #ei ,manur+ #fj ,field & pot exp]im5tation #fj ,,"p ,,ii4--,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,:at con/itutes f]tility 9 a soil #fe ,i4 ,physical prop]ties ( a soil #ff ,k9ds ( soils #fg ,absorptive p[] = wat] ( soils #fg ,absorptive p[] = wat] ( s&1 clay1 & humus #fh ,f95ess ( p>ticles ( a soil #fi ,limit ( f95ess ( soil-p>ticles #fi ,importance ( ret5tive p[] #gj ,p[] ( plants = absorb+ wat] f a soil exp]im5ts by ,sa*s #gc ,h[ to increase absorptive p[] ( soils #gd ,am\nt ( wat] 9 a soil mo/ fav\rable = plant gr[? #ge ,hygroscopic p[] ( soils #ge ,capacity ( soils = absorb+ & reta9+ heat #gf ,explanation ( dew #gg ,heat ( soils #gh ,heat 9 rott+ f>my>d manure #gh ,causes ( heat ( f]m5tation #gi ,influ5ce ( col\r on heat-reta9+ p[] #hj ,p[] ( soils = absorb+ gases #ha ,gases f\nd 9 soils #ha ,v>iation 9 gas-absorb+ p[] ( soils #hb ,absorption ( nitrog5 by soils #hb ,requirem5ts ( plant-roots 9 a soil #hc ,influ5ce ( tillage on numb] ( plants 9 a c]ta9 area #hf ,comp>ison ( ,engli% & ,am]ican f>m+ #hf ,,ii4 ,*emical composition ( a soil #hg ,f]tilis+ +r$i5ts ( a soil #hg ,importance ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% 9 a soil #hh ,*emical condition ( f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 9 soils #hi ,am\nt ( soluble f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 9 soils #ij ,value ( *emical analysis ( soils #ij ,,iii4 ,biological prop]ties ( a soil #ib ,bact]ia ( ! soil #ib ,recapitulation ( ,*apt] ,i #if ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,note ,i4 ,table ( absorptive p[] ( soil sub/ances by ,s*uebl] #ih ,,ii4 ,table ( rate ( evaporation ( wat] 9 diff]5t soils by ,s*uebl] #ii ,,iii4 ,table ( hygroscopic p[] ( soils dri$ at #bab deg4 ,f4 7,davy7 #ii ,,iv4 ,gases pres5t 9 soil #ajj ,v4 ,am\nt ( plant-food 9 soils #ajj ,,vi4 ,*emical composition ( ! soil #aja ,,vii4 ,=ms 9 :i* plant-foods are pres5t 9 ! soil #ajg ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,functions ,,p]=m$ ,,by ,,manures4 ,etymological mean+ ( ^w manure #aji ,def9ition ( manures #aaj ,diff]5t classes ( manures #aaa ,action ( diff]5t classes ( manures #aac ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,position ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts & ! nitrog5 "q #aae ,diff]5t =ms 9 :i* nitrog5 exi/s 9 nature #aaf ,relation ( free nitrog5 to ! plant #aag ,comb9$ nitrog5 9 ! air #aah ,am\nt ( comb9$ nitrog5 fall+ 9 ! ra9 #aai ,nitrog5 9 ! soil #abj ,nitrog5 9 ! subsoil #aba ,nitrog5 ( surface-soil #aba ,am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! soil #abc ,soils ri*e/ 9 nitrog5 #abc ,nature ( ! nitrog5 9 ! soil #abd ,organic nitrog5 9 ! soil #abe ,diff]5ces ( surface & subsoil nitrog5 #abf ,nitrog5 z ammonia 9 soils #abg ,am\nt ( ammonia 9 soils #abg ,nitrog5 pres5t z nitrates 9 ! soil #abh ,position ( nitric nitrog5 9 soil #abh ,am\nt ( nitrates 9 ! soil #abi ,am\nt ( nitrates 9 fall[ soils #abi ,am\nt ( nitrates 9 cropp$ soils #acj ,am\nt ( nitrates 9 manur$ :eat-soils #aca ,! s\rces ( soil-nitrog5 #aca ,accumulation ( soil-nitrog5 "u natural conditions #acc ,accumulation ( nitrog5 9 pa/ures #acd ,ga9 ( nitrog5 ) legum9\s crops #ace ,! fixation ( free nitrog5 #acf ,influ5ce ( manures 9 increas+ soil-nitrog5 #acf ,s\rces ( loss ( nitrog5 #acg ,loss ( nitrates by dra9age #acg ,prev5tion ( loss ( nitrog5 by p]man5t pa/ure & cat*-cropp+ #ach ,o!r conditions dim9i%+ loss ( nitrates #aci ,am\nt ( loss ( nitrog5 by dra9age #adj ,loss ( nitrog5 9 =m ( free nitrog5 #ada ,total am\nt ( loss ( nitrog5 #adb ,loss ( nitrog5 by retrogression #adb ,artificial s\rces ( loss ( nitrog5 #add ,am\nt ( nitrog5 remov$ 9 crops #add ,losses ( nitrog5 incurr$ on ! f>m #adf ,loss 9 treatm5t ( f>my>d manure #adf ,nitrog5 remov$ 9 milk #adg ,economics ( ! nitrog5 "q #adg ,loss ( nitrog5-comp\nds 9 ! arts #adh ,loss due to use ( gunp[d] #adh ,loss due to sewage disposal #adi ,our artificial nitrog5 supply #aej ,nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia #aej ,p]uvian guano #aea ,bones #aea ,o!r nitrog5\s manures #aeb ,oil-se$s & oilcakes #aec ,o!r import$ s\rces ( nitrog5 #aec ,conclusion #aec ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,note ,i4 ,det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( nitrog5 suppli$ by ra91 z ammonia & nitric acid1 to an acre ( l& dur+ "o ye> #aee ,,ii4 ,nitrog5 9 soils at v>i\s dep?s #aef ,,iii4 ,nitrog5 z nitrates 9 cropp$ soils receiv+ no nitrog5\s manures1 9 lb4 p] acre 7,ro?am/$ soils7 #aeg ,,iv4 ,nitrog5 z nitrates 9 ,ro?am/$ soils #aeg ,v4 ,examples ( increase ( nitrog5 9 ,ro?am/$ soils laid d[n 9 pa/ure #aeh ,,vi4 ,loss by dra9age ( nitrates #aeh ,,vii4 ,examples ( decrease ( nitrog5 9 ,ro?am/$ soils #aei ,,viii4 ,am\nt ( dra9age & nitrog5 z nitrates 9 dra9age-wat] f unmanur$ b>e soil1 #bj & #fj in*es deep #afj ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,nitrification4 ,process ( nitrification #afa ,occurr5ce ( nitrates 9 ! soil #afb ,nitre soils ( ,india #afb ,saltpetre plantations #afc ,cause ( nitrification #afe ,f]m5ts effect+ nitrification #afg ,appe>ance ( nitr\s organisms #afh ,nitric organism #afi ,difficulty 9 isolat+ !m #afi ,nitrify+ organisms d n require organic matt] #afi ,conditions fav\rable = nitrification-- ,pres5ce ( food-con/itu5ts #agj ,pres5ce ( a salifiable base #aga ,only takes place 9 slightly alkal9e solutions #agb ,action ( gypsum on nitrification #agc ,pres5ce ( oxyg5 #agc ,temp]ature #age ,pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure #agf ,abs5ce ( /rong sunlight #agf ,nitrify+ organisms de/roy$ by poisons #agf ,d5itrification #agg ,d5itrification also effect$ by bact]ia #agh ,conditions fav\rable = d5itrification #agh ,takes place 9 wat]-logg$ soils #agi ,di/ribution ( ! nitrify+ organisms 9 ! soil #agi ,dep? d[n at :i* !y occur #ahj ,action ( plant-roots 9 promot+ nitrification #aha ,nature ( sub/ances capable ( nitrification #aha ,rate at :i* nitrification takes place #ahc ,nitrification takes place *iefly dur+ summ] #ahc ,process goes on mo/ quickly 9 fall[ fields #ahd ,laboratory exp]im5ts on rate ( nitrification #ahe ,c]ta9 portions ( soil-nitrog5 m easily nitrifiable ?an ! re/ #ahg ,rate ( nitrification d$uc$ f field exp]im5ts #ahg ,quantity ( nitrates =m$ 9 ! soils ( fall[ fields #ahh ,position ( nitrates dep5ds on season #ahh ,nitrates 9 dra9age-wat]s #ahh ,am\nt produc$ at diff]5t times ( ye> #ahi ,nitrification ( manures #aij ,ammonia salts mo/ easily nitrifiable #aia ,sulphate ( ammonia ! mo/ easily nitrifiable manure #aia ,rate ( nitrification ( o!r manures #aib ,soils be/ suit$ = nitrification #aib ,abs5ce ( nitrification 9 =e/-soils #aic ,important be>+ ( nitrification on agricultural practice #aic ,desirable to h soil cov]$ ) vegetation #aid ,p]man5t pa/ure mo/ economical condition ( soil #aid ,nitrification & rotation ( crops #aie ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,note ,i4 ,old !ories ( nitrification #aif ,,ii4 ,nitrification takes place 9 solutions devoid ( organic matt] #aif ,,iii4 ,oxidis+ p[] ( micro-organisms 9 soils #aig ,,iv4 ,effect ( ur9e on nitrification 9 soils #aig ,v4 ,solution us$ by ,pr(essor ,frankl& 9 cultivat+ nitrificative micro-organisms #aih ,,vi4 ,exp]im5ts by ,b\ss+ault on rate ( nitrification #aih ,,vii4 ,nitrog5 z nitrates 9 ,ro?am/$ soils aft] b>e fall[ 9 lb4 p] acre #aih ,,*apt] ,v4--,,position ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acid ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,occurr5ce ( phosphoric acid 9 nature #aii ,m9]al s\rces ( phosphoric acid #bjj ,apatite & phosphorite #bjj ,coprolites #bja ,occurr5ce ( phosphoric acid 9 guanos #bjb ,univ]sal occurr5ce 9 common rocks #bjb ,occurr5ce 9 ! soil #bjc ,condition 9 :i* phosphoric acid occurs 9 ! soil #bjc ,occurr5ce 9 plants #bjd ,occurr5ce 9 animals #bje ,s\rces ( loss ( phosphoric acid 9 agriculture #bje ,loss ( phosphoric acid by dra9age #bjf ,artificial s\rces ( loss ( phosphoric acid #bjf ,am\nt ( phosphoric acid remov$ 9 milk #bjg ,loss ( phosphoric acid 9 treatm5t ( f>my>d manure #bjh ,loss ( phosphoric acid 9 sewage #bjh ,s\rces ( artificial ga9 ( phosphoric acid #bjh ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,note ,i4 ,composition ( apatite 7,voelck]7 #baj ,,ii4 ,p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid 9 ! common] rocks #baa ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,position ,,( ,,pota% ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,pota% ( less importance ?an phosphoric acid #bab ,occurr5ce ( pota% #bac ,felsp> & o!r pota% m9]als #bac ,/assfurt salts #bad ,occurr5ce ( saltpetre #bae ,occurr5ce ( pota% 9 ! soil #bae ,pota% *iefly 9 insoluble condition 9 soils #baf ,p]c5tage ( pota% 9 plants & plant-a% #baf ,occurr5ce ( pota% 9 animal tissue #bag ,s\rces ( loss ( pota% #bag ,am\nt ( pota% remov$ 9 crops #bah ,am\nt ( pota% remov$ 9 milk #bah ,pota% manures #bah ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,note ,i4 ,am\nt ( pota% 9 diff]5t m9]als #bbj ,,ii4 ,quantity ( pota% obta9$ f #ajjj lb4 ( diff]5t k9ds ( vegetation 9 ! manufacture ( pota%es #bbj ,,"p ,,iii4--,,manures4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,f>my>d ,,manure4 ,v>iation 9 its composition #bbc ,made up ( ?ree classes ( con/itu5ts #bbd ,solid excreta-- ,its nature #bbd ,diff]5ce 9 composition ( ! solid excreta ( ! diff]5t f>m animals #bbd ,causes ( ?is diff]5ce #bbe ,p]c5tage ( manurial +r$i5ts 9 solid excreta ( diff]5t animals #bbf ,ur9e-- ,its nature #bbh ,v>iation 9 its composition #bbi ,causes ( ?is v>iation #bbi ,manurial value ( ! ur9e ( ! diff]5t f>m animals #bcj ,p]c5tage ( ! organic matt]1 nitrog51 & m9]al sub/ances 9 ! food1 void$ 9 ! solid excreta & ur9e #bcb ,comp>ison ( manurial value ( total excrem5ts ( ! diff]5t f>m animals #bcd ,nature ( *anges und]gone by food 9 process ( dige/ion #bce ,litt]-- ,its uses #bcf ,/raw z litt]1 & its qualifications #bcg ,composition ( diff]5t k9ds ( /raw #bch ,loam z litt] #bci ,peat z litt] #bdj ,comp>ison ( prop]ties ( peat-moss & /raw #bda ,! brack5-f]n z litt] #bda ,dri$ leaves z litt] #bdb ,manures produc$ by ! diff]5t animals-- ,horse-manure-- ,am\nt produc$ #bdc ,its nature & composition #bdc ,am\nt ( /raw us$ = litt] #bdd ,s\rces ( loss on keep+ #bde ,h[ to prev5t loss #bde ,use ( fix]s1 & ! nature ( _! action #bde ,c[-manure-- ,am\nt produc$ #bdh ,its nature & composition #bdh ,am\nt ( /raw us$ z litt] #bdh ,s\rces ( loss on keep+ #bdi ,advantages ( %ort dung #bdi ,pig-manure-- ,am\nt produc$ #bej ,its nature & composition #bej ,am\nt ( /raw us$ z litt] #bea ,%eep-manure-- ,am\nt produc$ #bea ,nature & composition #bea ,am\nt ( /raw us$ z litt] #beb ,me?ods ( calculat+ am\nt ( manure produc$ on ! f>m #beb1 note ,f]m5tation ( f>my>d manure-- ,action ( micro-organic life 9 produc+ f]m5tation #bee ,two classes ( bact]ia active 9 ?is "w1 a]obies & ana]obies #bee ,conditions influ5c+ f]m5tation-- ,temp]ature #bef ,op5ness to ! air #bef ,dampness #beg ,composition ( manure #beg ,products ( f]m5tation #beg ,analyses ( f>my>d manure-- ,dr ,voelck]'s exp]im5ts #bei ,v>iation 9 composition #bei ,am\nts ( moi/ure1 organic matt] 7conta9+ nitrog571 & m9]al matt] #bfj ,its manurial value comp>$ ) nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 & sup]phosphate #bfj ,comp>ison ( fre% & rott5 manure-- ,! nature & am\nt ( loss su/a9$ 9 ! process ( rott+ #bfa ,ought manure to be appli$ fre% or rott58 #bfb ,relative m]its ( cov]$ & uncov]$ manure-heaps #bfc ,me?ods ( application ( f>my>d manure to ! field-- ,m]its & dem]its ( ! diff]5t me?ods #bfe ,sett+ x out 9 heaps #bfe ,spread+ x broadca/1 & lett+ x lie #bff ,pl\gh+ x 9 imm$iately #bfg ,value & function ( f>my>d manure-- ,z a suppli] ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( plant-food #bfh ,z a univ]sal manure #bfi ,proportion 9 :i* nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% are requir$ by crops #bfi ,proportion 9 :i* !y are pres5t 9 f>my>d manure #bgj ,f>my>d manure poor 9 nitrog5 #bgj ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts #bga ,h[ x may be be/ re9=c$ by ! use ( artificials #bga ,indirect value ( f>my>d manure z a suppli] ( humus to ! soil #bgc ,its influ5ce on soil-texture #bgc ,its influ5ce 9 sett+ free in]t f]tilis+ matt] 9 ! soil #bgd ,rate at :i* f>my>d manure ought to be appli$ #bge ,la/+ nature ( f>my>d manure #bgf ,its economic value #bgf ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,note ,i4 ,diff]5ce 9 am\nt ( excreta void$ = food consum$ #bgi ,,ii4 ,solid excreta void$ by %eep1 ox51 & c[s #bgi ,,iii4 ,ur9e void$ by %eep1 ox51 & c[s #bhj ,,iv4 ,p]c5tage ( food void$ 9 ! solid & liquid excrem5ts #bha ,v4 ,pig excrem5ts #bha ,,vi4 ,manurial con/itu5ts 9 #ajjj p>ts ( ord9>y foods #bhb ,,vii4 ,analyses ( /able-manure1 made respectively ) peat-moss litt] & :eat-/raw #bhc ,,viii4 ,analyses ( brack5 #bhc ,,ix4 ,analyses ( horse-manure #bhc ,x4 ,! nature ( ! *emical reactions ( ammonia fix]s #bhd ,,xi4 ,analyses ( c[-manure #bhf ,,xii4 ,composition ( fre% & rott5 f>my>d manure #bhf ,,xiii4 ,comp>ison ( fre% & rott5 manure #bhh ,,xiv4 ,"l ,k9naird's exp]im5ts #bhi ,,xv4 ,dra9+s ( manure-heaps #bij ,,xvi4 ,am\nts ( pota% & phosphoric acid remov$ by rotation f a ,prussian morg5 74#fca acre7 #bij ,,xvii4 ,composition ( f>my>d manure 7fre%7 #bia ,,xviii4 ,! ur9e 7quantity void$7 #bia ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,guano4 ,importance 9 agriculture #bic ,influ5ce on ,briti% f>m+ #bid ,influ5ce ( guano n :olly good #bie ,value ( guano z a manure #bif ,orig9 & occurr5ce ( guano #big ,v>iation 9 composition ( diff]5t guanos #bii ,i4 ,nitrog5\s guano-- 7a7 ,p]uvian guano #cjj ,diff]5t deposits ( ,p]uvian guano #cja ,appe>ance1 col\r1 & nature ( ,p]uvian guano #cjc ,composition ( ,p]uvian guano #cjd 7b7 ,o!r nitrog5\s manures3 ,angamos1 ,i*aboe #cjf ,,ii4 ,phosphatic guanos-- ,occurr5ce ( phosphatic guanos #cjh ,inequality 9 composition ( phosphatic guanos #cji ,dissolv$ phosphatic guano #caj ,equalis$ or rectifi$ guano #caa ,! action ( phosphatic guanos z manures #cab ,proportion ( f]tilis+ con/itu5ts 9 guano #cad ,mode ( application ( guanos #cae ,quantity ( guano to be us$ #cag ,adult]ation ( guano #cah ,s-call$ guanos-- ,fi%-guano #cbj ,value ( fi%-guano #cbb ,meat-meal guano #cbd ,value ( meat-meal guano #cbd ,bat guano #cbe ,pigeon & f[l dung #cbe ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,note ,i4 ,p]uvian guano import$ into ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #ahfe-ahic #cbg ,,ii4 ,guano deposits ( ! _w #cbg ,,iii4 ,composition ( concretion>y nodules #cbh ,,iv4 ,table %[+ gradual det]ioration ( ,p]uvian guano1 #ahfg-ahha #cbi ,v4 ,composition ( diff]5t guanos #cbi ,,vi4 ,liebig's !ory z to ! action ( oxalic acid 9 guano #ccj ,,vii4 ,analyses ( dung ( f[ls1 pigeons1 ducks1 & geese #cca ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,nitrate ,,( ,,soda4 ,am\nt ( exports #ccb ,date ( discov]y ( nitrate deposits #ccc ,! orig9 ( nitrate deposits #ccd ,=bes & ,d>w9 on ! !ory ( _! orig9 #cce ,s\rce ( nitric acid 9 nitrate ( soda #ccg ,guano !ory ( orig9 ( nitrate ( soda #ccg ,nitric acid 9 nitrate ( soda probably d]iv$ f sea-we$ #cci ,appe>ance ( nitrate-fields #cdj ,! me?od ( m9+ ! nitrate ( soda #cda ,composition ( cali*e #cdb ,ext5t ( ! nitrate deposits #cdb ,composition & prop]ties ( nitrate ( soda #cdc ,nitrate appli$ z a top-dress+ #cdd ,nitrate ( soda enc\rages deep roots #cdd ,is nitrate ( soda an exhau/+ manure8 #cde ,crops = :i* nitrate ( soda is suit$ #cdf ,me?od ( application ( nitrate ( soda #cdg ,importance ( hav+ a suffici5cy ( o!r f]tilis+ con/itu5ts #cdh ,conclusions drawn #cdi ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,total %ipm5ts f ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ahcj-ahic #cea ,total imports into ,europe & ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #ahgc-ahib #cea ,,*apt] ,x4--,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,value ( ammonia z a manure #ceb ,s\rces ( sulphate ( ammonia #cec ,ammonia f gas-works #cec ,o!r s\rces #ced ,composition1 c41 ( sulphate ( ammonia #cee ,application ( sulphate ( ammonia #cef ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,x4 ,production ( sulphate ( ammonia 9 ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #ahgj-ahib #ceh ,,*apt] ,,xi4--,,bones4 ,e>ly use ( bones #cei ,diff]5t =ms 9 :i* bones are us$ #cfj ,composition ( bones #cfb ,! organic matt] ( bones #cfc ,! inorganic matt] ( bones #cfc ,treatm5t ( bones #cfd ,action ( bones #cfe ,dissolv$ bones #cfh ,crops suit$ = bones #cfh ,bone-a% #cfi ,bone-*> or bone-black #cfi ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,note ,i4 ,analysis ( bone-meal #cga ,,ii4 ,analysis ( dissolv$ bones #cga ,,iii4 ,composition ( bone-a% #cgb ,,iv4 ,composition ( bone-*> #cgb ,,*apt] ,,xii4--,,m9]al ,,phosphates4 ,coprolites #cgc ,canadian apatite or phosphorite #cgd ,e/remadura or ,spani% phosphates #cge ,norwegian apatite #cgf ,*>le/[n or ,s\? ,c>ol9a phosphate #cgf ,belgian phosphate #cgg ,somme phosphate #cgh ,florida phosphate #cgh ,lahn phosphate #cgi ,bordeaux or ,fr5* phosphate #cgi ,alg]ian phosphate #cgi ,cru/ guanos #cgi ,value ( m9]al phosphates z manures #chj ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,imports ( phosphates #cha ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,sup]phosphates4 ,discov]y ( sup]phosphate by ,liebig #chb ,manufacture ( sup]phosphate #chc ,nature ( ! reaction tak+ place #che ,phosphates ( lime #che ,rev]t$ phosphate #chi ,value ( rev]t$ phosphate #cia ,composition ( sup]phosphates #cia ,action ( sup]phosphates #cib ,action ( sup]phosphate sometimes unfav\rable #cie ,application ( sup]phosphate #cie ,value ( insoluble phosphates #cif ,rate at :i* sup]phosphate is appli$ #cig ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,note ,i4 ,! =mulae1 & molecul> & p]c5tage composition1 ( ! diff]5t phosphates #cih ,,ii4 ,reactions ( sulphuric acid & phosphate ( lime #cih ,,iii4 ,table = conv]sion ( soluble phosphate into insoluble phosphate #cii ,,iv4 ,action ( iron & alum9a 9 caus+ rev]sion #cii ,v4 ,relative trade values ( phosphoric acid 9 diff]5t manures #djj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,?omas-,,phosphate ,,or ,,basic ,,slag4 ,its manufacture #dja ,n at fir/ us$ #djc ,discov]y ( its value z a manure #djc ,composition ( basic slag #djd ,processes = prep>+ slag #djf ,solubility ( basic slag #djh ,d>m/adt exp]im5ts ) basic slag #daj ,results ( o!r exp]im5ts #dac ,soils mo/ suit$ = slag #dad ,rate ( application #dad ,me?od ( application #daf ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,analysis ( basic slag #dag ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,,potassic ,,manures4 ,relative importance #dah ,scotti% soils suppli$ ) pota% #dai ,s\rces ( potassic manures #dai ,/assfurt pota% salts #dbj ,relative m]its ( sulphate & muriate ( pota% #dba ,application ( pota% manures #dbb ,soils & crops suit$ = pota% manures #dbc ,rate ( application #dbc ,,*apt] ,,xvi4--,,m9or ,,artificial ,,manures4 ,scut* #dbg ,%oddy & wool-wa/e #dbg ,soot #dbh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4--,,sewage ,,z ,a ,,manure4 ,irrigation #dca ,effects ( cont9u$ application ( sewage #dcc ,int]mitt5t irrigation #dcd ,crops suit$ = sewage #dcd ,treatm5t ( sewage by precipitation1 c4 #dcf ,value ( sewage sludge #dci ,,*apt] ,,xviii4--,,liquid ,,manure #ddb ,,*apt] ,,xix4--,,compo/s4 ,f>my>d manure a typical compo/ #ddf ,o!r compo/s #ddg ,,*apt] ,,xx4--,,indirect ,,manures4 ,lime #ddi ,antiquity ( lime z a manure #ddi ,action ( lime #ddi ,lime a necess>y plant-food #dej ,lime ( abundant occurr5ce #deb ,lime return$ to ! soil 9 ord9>y agricultural practice #deb ,diff]5t =ms ( lime #dec ,cau/ic lime #dec ,lime acts bo? me*anically & *emically #dee ,i4 ,me*anical functions ( lime #dee ,action on soil's texture #dee ,lime r5d]s light soils m cohesive #deg ,,ii4 ,*emical action ( lime #deg ,,iii4 ,biological action ( lime #dei ,action ( lime on nitrog5\s organic matt] #dfj ,recapitulation #dfa ,,*apt] ,,xxi4--,,indirect ,,manures--,,gypsum1 ,,salt1 ,,etc4 ,gypsum #dfb ,mode 9 :i* gypsum acts #dfb ,salt #dfe ,antiquity ( ! use ( salt #dfe ,nature ( its action #dfe ,salt n a necess>y plant-food #dff ,c soda replace pota%8 #dff ,salt ( univ]sal occurr5ce #dfg ,special s\rces ( salt #dfh ,! action ( salt #dfh ,me*anical action on soils #dgj ,solv5t action #dgj ,be/ us$ 9 small quantities along ) manures #dgb ,affects quality ( crop #dgb ,rate ( application #dgc ,,*apt] ,,xxii4--,,! ,,application ,,( ,,manures4 ,influ5ce ( manures 9 increas+ soil-f]tility #dgd ,influ5ce ( f>my>d manure on ! soil #dge ,f>my>d manure v4 artificials #dgf ,f>my>d manure n fav\rable to c]ta9 crops #dgg ,conditions det]m9+ ! application ( artificial manures #dgg ,nature ( ! manure #dgh ,nitrog5\s manures #dgh ,phosphatic manures #dhj ,pota% manures #dhj ,nature ( soil #dha ,nature ( previ\s manur+ #dhb ,nature ( ! crop #dhc ,am\nts ( f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f ! soil by diff]5t crops #dhd ,capacity ( crops = assimilat+ manures #dhf ,diff]5ce 9 root-sy/ems ( diff]5t crops #dhh ,p]iod ( gr[? #dhi ,v>iation 9 composition ( crops #dij ,absorption ( plant-food #dij ,f]tilis+ +r$i5ts lodge 9 ! se$ #dia ,=ms 9 :i* nitrog5 exi/s 9 plants #dia ,be>+ ( above on agricultural practice #dib ,influ5ce ( excessive manur+ ( crops #dib ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4--,,manur+ ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,f>m ,,crops4 ,c]eals #dic ,especially b5efit$ by nitrog5\s manures #did ,p[] ( absorb+ silicates #did ,b>ley #die ,p]iod ( gr[? #die ,mo/ suitable soil #dif ,f>my>d manure n suitable #dig ,importance ( uni=m manur+ ( b>ley #dig ,norfolk exp]im5ts on b>ley #dig ,proportion ( gra9 to /raw #dih ,:eat #dii ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts #ejj ,cont9u\s gr[? #ejj ,flit*am exp]im5ts #ejj ,oats #eja ,a v h>dy crop #ejb ,require mix$ nitrog5\s manur+ #ejb ,ar5dt's exp]im5ts #ejc ,av59e #ejc ,quantities ( manures #ejd ,grass #ejd ,effect ( manures on h]bage ( pa/ures #eje ,influ5ce ( f>my>d manure #ejf ,influ5ce ( soil & season on pa/ures #ejg ,manur+ ( mead[ l& #ejh ,bangor exp]im5ts #ejh ,norfolk exp]im5ts #eji ,manur+ ( p]man5t pa/ures #eji ,roots #eaj ,influ5ce ( manure on composition #eab ,nitrog5\s manures increase sug> #eab ,am\nt ( nitrog5 recov]$ 9 increase ( crop #eac ,norfolk exp]im5ts #eac ,manure = sw$es #ead ,highl& ,society's exp]im5ts #eae ,manur+ = ri* crops ( turnips #eaf ,exp]im5ts by ! au?or on turnips #eaf ,potatoes #eag ,highl& ,society's exp]im5ts #eah ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts #eai ,effect ( f>my>d manure #ebj ,manur+ ( potatoes 9 ,j]sey #eba ,! influ5ce ( manure on ! composition #eba ,legum9\s crops #ebb ,legum9\s plants b5efit by pota% #ebc ,nitrog5\s manures may be hurtful #ebc ,clov] sickness #ebd ,alt]nate :eat & bean rotation #ebd ,beans #ebe ,manure = beans #ebe ,relative value ( manurial +r$i5ts #ebf ,gypsum z a bean manure #ebf ,effect ( manure on composition ( crop #ebg ,peas #ebg ,hops #ebh ,cabbages #ebh ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,exp]im5ts on bean-manur+ #ecj ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4--,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,application1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,mix+ ,,( ,,manures4 ,equal di/ribution ( manures #eca ,mix+ manures #ecb ,risks ( loss 9 mixtures #ecc ,loss ( ammonia #ecc ,effects ( lime on ammonia #ece ,loss ( nitric acid #ecf ,rev]sion ( phosphates #ecg ,manurial +r$i5ts %\ld be appli$ sep>ately #ech ,,*apt] ,,xxv4--,,on ,,! ,,valuation ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,manures4 ,value ( *emical analysis #eci ,int]pretation ( *emical analysis #eci ,nitrog5 #edj ,phosphoric acid #eda ,importance ( me*anical condition ( phosphate #edb ,pota% #edb ,o!r items 9 ! *emical analysis ( manures #edc ,f]tilis]s & ,fe$+ ,/uffs ,act #edc ,diff]5t me?ods ( valu+ manures #edd ,unit value ( manurial +r$i5ts #edd ,intr9sic value ( manures #ede ,field exp]im5ts #ede ,educational value ( field exp]im5ts #edg ,value ( manures d$uc$ f exp]im5ts #edh ,value ( unexhau/$ manures #edi ,pot5tial f]tility ( a soil #edi ,tables ( value ( unexhau/$ manures4 #eea ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,note ,i4 ,factors = calculat+ comp\nds f manurial +r$i5ts #eec ,,ii4 ,units = det]m9+ comm]cial value ( manures & ca% prices ( manures #eed1 #eee ,,iii4 ,manurial value ( nitrog5 & pota% 9 diff]5t sub/ances #eef ,,iv4 ,comp>ative manurial value ( diff]5t =ms ( nitrog5 & pota% #eeg ,v4 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's tables = calculat+ unexhau/$ value ( manures #eei ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4--,,! ,,ro?am/$ ,,exp]im5ts4 ,nature ( exp]im5ts on crops & manures #efa ,soil ( ,ro?am/$ #efa ,table ,i4 ,li/ ( ,ro?am/$ field exp]im5ts #efb ,:eat exp]im5ts-- ,unmanur$ plots #efb ,:eat gr[n cont9u\sly on same l& 7unmanur$7 #efb ,table ,,ii4 ,results ( fir/ eight ye>s #efb ,table ,,iii4 ,results ( subsequ5t =ty ye>s #efb ,table ,,iv4 ,:eat gr[n cont9u\sly ) f>my>d manure 7#ad tons p] annum7 #efd ,table ,v4 ,:eat gr[n cont9u\sly ) artificial manures #efe ,table ,,vi4 ,exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( b>ley1 =ty ye>s1 #aheb-ia #eff ,table ,,vii4 ,exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( oats1 #ahfi-gh #efg ,table ,,viii4 ,exp]im5ts on root crops--,sw$i% turnips #efh1 #efi ,table ,,ix4 ,exp]im5ts on mangel-wurzel #efh1 #efi ,table ,x4 ,exp]im5ts ) diff]5t manures on p]man5t mead[-l&1 ?irty-six ye>s1 #ahef-ia #egj ,table ,,xi4 ,exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( potatoes--av]age = five seasons1 #ahgf-hj #ega ,table ,,xii4 ,exp]im5ts on gr[? ( potatoes 7cont9u$7-- av]age = twelve seasons1 #ahha-ib #egb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index #egc ,,"p ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction ,,manures ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+4 ,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 l mo/ bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 may be said to be entirely ( mod]n gr[?4 ,:ile x is true we h _m old speculations on ! subject1 !y c sc>cely be said to possess mu* sci5tific value4 ,! great que/ions :i* _h fir/ to be solv$ by ! agricultural *emi/ 71--,:at is ! food ( plants8 &1--,:at is ! s\rce ( t food8 ,! second ( ^! two que/ions m easily admitt$ ( answ] ?an ! fir/4 ,! s\rce ( plant-food c\ld only be ! atmosph]e or ! soil4 ,z ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 0 n discov]$ till ! close ( la/ c5tury1 & ! *emi/ry ( ! soil is a "q :i* is /ill requir+ mu* "w ere we %all be 9 possession ( any?+ l a full k ( x1 x w be at once obvi\s t ! v fundam5tal conditions = a solution ( ! "q 7 awant+4 ,! beg9n+1 !n1 ( a true sci5tific agricultural *emi/ry may be said to date f ! brilliant discov]ies associat$ ) ! names ( ,prie/ley1 ,s*eele1 ,lavoisi]1 ,cav5di%1 & ,black--t is1 t[>ds ! close ( la/ c5tury4 ,e>ly ,!ories on ,s\rce ( ,plant-food4 ,:ile ?is is s1 & :ile we mu/ reg>d ! e>ly attempts made t[>ds solv+ ?is "q z be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( little sci5tific value1 x is n )\t int]e/1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 to glance briefly at "s ( ^! old int]e/+ speculations4 ,! ,ari/otelian doctr9e1 reg>d+ ! possibility ( divid+ matt] into ! s-call$ f\r prim>y elem5ts1 fire1 air1 e>?1 & wat]1 :i* obta9$ 9 "o =m or ano!r till ! bir? ( mod]n *emi/ry1 _h naturally an important influ5ce on ^! e>ly !ories4 ,van ,helmont's ,!ory4 ,among ! e>lie/ & mo/ important attempts made to solve ! problem ( plant-gr[? 0 t by ,jean ,bapti/e ,van ,helmont1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! al*emi/s1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,van ,helmont believ$ t he _h prov$ by a conclusive exp]im5t t all ! products ( vegetables 7 capable ( be+ g5]at$ f wat]4 ,! details ( ?is classical exp]im5t 7 z foll[s3-- ,he took a giv5 weight ( dry soil--#bjj lb4--& into ?is soil he plant$ a will[-tree t weigh$ #e lb41 & he wat]$ ?is c>efully f "t to "t ) pure ra9-wat]1 tak+ c>e to prev5t any du/ or dirt fall+ on to ! e>? 9 :i* ! plant grew4 ,he all[$ ?is to g on gr[+ = five ye>s1 & at ! end ( t p]iod1 ?9k+ 8 exp]im5t _h be5 conduct$ suffici5tly long1 he pull$ up 8 tree by ! roots1 %ook all ! e>? (f1 dri$ ! e>? aga91 weigh$ ! e>? & weigh$ ! plant4 ,he f\nd t ! plant n[ weigh$ #afi lb4 #c ounces1 :]eas ! weight ( ! soil rema9$ v ne>ly :at x 0--ab\t #bjj lb4 ,x _h only lo/ #b ounces 9 weight4#a ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 come to by ,van ,helmont 0 t ! s\rce ( plant-food 0 wat]4#b ,digby's ,!ory4 ,"s fifty ye>s lat] an extremely int]e/+ book 0 publi%$ be>+ ! foll[+ title3 ',a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,vegetation ( ,plants1 spok5 by ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 at ,gre%am ,college1 on ! #bc;d ( ,janu>y #affj4 7,at a meet+ ( ! ,society = promot+ ,philosophical ,k by ,exp]im5ts4 ,london3 ,pr9t$ = ,john ,williams1 9 ,little ,brita91 ov] aga9/ ,/ ,botolph's ,*ur*1 #affi47' ,! au?or attributes plant-gr[? to ! influ5ce ( a balsam :i* ! air conta9s4 ,?is book is especially int]e/+ z conta9+ ! e>lie/ recognition ( ! value ( saltpetre z a manure4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ?is int]e/+ old "w3-- ,! sickness1 & at la/ ! dea? ( a plant1 9 its natural c\rse1 proce$s f ! want ( t balsamick sal9e juice2 :i*1 ,i h said1 makes x swell1 g]m9ate1 & augm5t itself4 ,?is want may proce$ ei!r f a de/itution ( x 9 ! place :]e ! plant gr[s1 z :5 x is 9 a b>r5 soil or bad air1 or f a defect 9 ! plant itself1 t ha? n vig\r suffici5t to attract x1 ?\gh x be )9 ! sph]e ( x2 z :5 ! root has become s h>d1 ob/ruct$ & cold1 z t x ha? lo/ its vegetable functions4 ,n[1 bo? ^! may be rem$y'd1 9 a great measure1 by "o & ! same physick4444 ,! wat]+ ( soils ) cold hungray spr+s do? little good2 :]eas muddy sal9e wat]s br\ght to ov]fl[ a piece ( gr\nd enri* x mu*4 ,b above all1 well-dige/$ dew makes all plants luxuriate & prosp] mo/4 ,n[ :at may x be t endues ^! liquors ) su* prolifick virtue8 ,! me] wat] :i* is common to !m all1 _c be x2 !re mu/ be some?+ else enclos$ )9 x1 to :i* ! wat] s]ves b = a vehicle4 ,exam9e x by spagyric art1 & y w f9d t x is no?+ else ?an a nitr\s salt1 :i* is dilat$ 9 ! wat]4 ,x is ?is salt :i* gives foecundity to all ?+s3 & f ?is salt 7rightly und]/ood7 n only all vegetables1 b also all m9]als draw _! orig9e4 ,by ! help ( pla9 salt-pet]1 dilat$ 9 wat] & m+l$ ) "s o!r fit e>?y sub/ance1 t may famili>ize x a little ) ! corn into :i* ,i endeav\r$ to introduce x1 ,i h made ! b>r5e/ gr\nd f> out-g ! ri*e/1 9 giv+ a prodigi\sly pl5tiful h>ve/4 ,i h se5 hemp-se$ soak$ 9 ?is liquor1 t ha? 9 due "t made su* plants arise1 z1 = ! tallness & h>dness ( !m1 seem$ r to be coppice-wood ( f\rte5 ye>s' gr[? at lea/1 ?an pla9 hemp4 ,! fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e at ,p>is /ill keep by !m = a monum5t 7& inde$ x is an admirable "o7 a plant ( b>ley consi/+ ( #bdi /alks1 spr++ f "o root or gra9 ( b>ley2 9 :i* !y c\nt$ above #ah1jjj gra9s or se$s ( b>ley4 ,b d y ?9k t x is b>ely ! salt-pet]1 imbib$ into ! se$ or root1 :i* cause? ?is f]tility8 no3 t w\ld be soon exhau/$ & c\ld n furni% matt] to s va/ a prog5y4 ,! salt-pet] !re is l a magnet1 :i* attracts a l salt :i* foecundates ! air1 & gave cause to ! ,cosmopolite to say !re is 9 ! air a hidd5 food ( life4#c ,duhamel & ,hales4 ,! names ( ! ,fr5* writ]1 ,duhamel1 & ( ! ,engli%1 ,/eph5 ,hales1 may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ z au?ors ( works be>+ on ! "q ( vegetable physiology4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! writ+s ( ! =m] conta9$ mu* valuable in=mation on ! effects ( graft+1 motion ( sap1 & influ5ce ( light on vegetable gr[?1 & also ! results ( exp]im5ts :i* ! au?or _h c>ri$ out on ! influ5ce ( treat+ plants ) c]ta9 sub/ances4 ',/atical ,essays1 conta9+ ,vegetable ,/aticks2 or an ,acc\nt ( "s ,/atical ,exp]im5ts on ! ,sap ( ,vegetables1 by ,/eph5 ,hales1 ,d4,d4' 7#b vols471 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agch2 & conta9$1 z w be se5 f its title1 records ( exp]im5ts ( v mu* ! same nature z ^? ( ,duhamel4 ,je?ro ,tull's ,!ory4 ,"s ref]5ce may be made to a !ory :i* creat$ a consid]able am\nt ( int]e/ :5 x 0 fir/ publi%$--viz41 t ( ,je?ro ,tull4 ,! *ief value ( ,tull's contribution to ! subject ( agricultural sci5ce 01 t he emphasis$ ! importance ( tillage op]ations by putt+ =w>d a !ory to acc\nt = ! fact1 univ]sally recognis$1 t ! m ?or\ghly a soil 0 till$1 ! m luxuriant ! crops w\ld be4 ,z ,tull's !ory _h a v consid]able influ5ce 9 /irr+ up int]e/ 9 _m ( ! mo/ important problems 9 agricultural *emi/ry1 & z x conta9$ 9 itself mu*1 ! value ( :i* we h only ( late ye>s come to und]/&1 a brief /atem5t ( ?is !ory may n be )\t int]e/4 ,accord+ to ,tull ! food ( plants consi/s ( ! p>ticles ( ! soil4 ,^! p>ticles1 h[ev]1 mu/ be r5d]$ v m9ute be=e !y become available = ! plant1 :i* absorbs !m by means ( its rootlets4 ,?is pulv]isation ( ! soil goes on 9 nature indep5d5tly ( ! f>m]1 b only v sl[ly1 & ! f>m] has !re=e to ha/5 x on by means ( tillage op]ations4 ,! m effici5tly ^! op]ations are c>ri$ on1 ! m abundant w ! supply ( plant-food be r5d]$ 9 ! soil4 ,he consequ5tly introduc$ & advocat$ ! sy/em ( horse-hoe husb&ry4 ,?is !ory1 he in=ms u1 0 sugge/$ to him by ! cu/om1 :i* he _h notic$ on ! ,cont95t1 ( gr[+ v9es 9 r[s1 & hoe+ ! int]vals betwe5 ^! r[s f "t to "t4 ,! excell5t results :i* foll[$ ?is mode ( cultivation induc$ him to adopt x 9 ,engl& = 8 f>m crops4 ,he accord+ly s[$ 8 crops 9 r[s or ridges1 wide en\gh ap>t to admit ( ?or\gh tillage ( ! int]vals by pl\gh+ z well z by h&-hoe+4 ,?is he cont9u$ until ! plant _h rea*$ maturity4 ,z to ! exact wid? ( ! int]val mo/ suitable1 he made a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,at fir/1 9 ! cultivation ( :eat1 he made ?is int]val six feet wide2 b latt]ly he adopt$ an int]val ( less] wid?1 t f9ally arriv$ at be+ betwe5 f\r & five feet4 ,he likewise exp]im5t$ on ea* sep>ate ridge z to :i* 0 ! be/ numb] ( r[s ( :eat to be s[n1 latt]ly adopt+1 z mo/ conv5i5t1 two r[s at t5 in*es ap>t4 ,! great success :i* he met ) 9 ?is sy/em ( cultivation induc$ him to publi% ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 8 fam\s "w1 ',horse-,hoe+ ,husb&ry4' ,:ile ,tull's !ory 0 bas$ on pr9ciples at he>t ?or\ghly s\nd1 he 0 c>ri$ away by 8 p]sonal success into draw+ unw>rantable d$uctions4 ,?us he came to ! conclusion t rotation ( crops 0 unnecess>y1 provid$ t a ?or\gh sy/em ( tillage 0 c>ri$ out4 ,manures also1 accord+ to him1 might be entirely disp5s$ ) "u 8 sy/em ( cultivation1 = ! true function ( all manures is to aid 9 ! pulv]isation ( ! soil by f]m5tation4 ,! fir/ really valuable sci5tific facts contribut$ to ! sci5ce 7 made by ,prie/ley1 ,bonnet1 ,+5h\sz1 & ,s5ebi]4 ,discov]y ( ! ,s\rce ( ,plants' ,c>bon4 ,to ,*>les ,bonnet 7#agbj-agic71 a ,swiss naturali/1 is due ! cr$it ( hav+ made ! fir/ contribution to a discov]y ( v great importance--viz41 ! true s\rce ( ! c>bon1 :i* we n[ "k =ms s l>ge a portion ( ! plant-sub/ance4 ,bonnet1 :o _h devot$ himself to ! "q ( ! function ( leaves1 notic$ t :5 ^! 7 imm]s$ 9 wat] bubbles 7 se51 aft] a "t1 to collect on _! surface4 ,de la ,hire1 x ought to be po9t$ out1 _h notic$ ?is same fact ab\t sixty ye>s e>li]4 ,x 0 left to ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 to id5tify ^! bubbles ) ! gas he _h a %ort "t previ\sly discov]$--viz41 oxyg54 ,prie/ley _h obs]v$1 ab\t ?is "t1 ! int]e/+ fact t plants possess$ ! p[] ( purify+ air vitiat$ by ! pres5ce ( animal life4#d ,! next /ep 9 ?is highly int]e/+ & important discov]y 0 tak5 by ,john ,+5h\sz 7#agcj-agii71 an em95t physician & natural philosoph]4 ,9 #aggi1 ,+5h\sz publi%$ a "w 9 ,london entitl$ ',exp]im5ts on ,vegetables4' ,9 x he gives ! results ( "s important exp]im5ts he _h made on ! "q already inve/igat$ by ,bonnet & ,prie/ley4 ,^! exp]im5ts prov$ t plant-leaves only gave up _! oxyg5 9 ! pres5ce ( sunlight4 ,9 #aghb he publi%$ ano!r "w on ',! ,influ5ce ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom on ! ,animal ,creation4'#e ,! s\rce ( ! gas1 :i* ,bonnet _h fir/ notic$ to be giv5 (f f plant-leaves1 ,prie/ley _h id5tifi$ z oxyg51 & ,+5h\sz _h prov$ to be only giv5 (f "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays1 0 f9ally %[n by a ,swiss naturali/1 ,jean ,s5ebi]#f 7#agdb-ahji71 to be ! c>bonic acid gas 9 ! air1 :i* ! plant absorb$ & decompos$1 giv+ out ! oxyg5 & assimilat+ ! c>bon4 ,publication ( ,fir/ ,engli% ,treatise on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,9 #agie1 a book deal+ ) ! relations betwe5 *emi/ry & agriculture 0 publi%$4 ,?is "w 0 writt5 by a ,scotti% nobleman1 ! ,e>l ( ,dundonald1 & possesses especial int]e/ f ! fact t x is ! fir/ book 9 ! ,engli% language on agricultural *emi/ry4 ,! full title is z foll[s3 ',a ,treatise %[+ ! ,intimate ,connection t subsi/s betwe5 ,agriculture & ,*emi/ry4' ,9 8 introduction ! au?or says3 ,! sl[ progress :i* agriculture has hi!rto made z a sci5ce is to be ascrib$ to a want ( education on ! "p ( ! cultivators ( ! soil1 & to a want ( k1 9 su* au?ors z h writt5 on agriculture1 ( ! intimate connection t subsi/s betwe5 ! sci5ce & t ( *emi/ry4 ,inde$1 !re is no op]ation or process n m]ely me*anical t does n dep5d on *emi/ry1 :i* is def9$ to be a k ( ! prop]ties ( bodies1 & ( ! effects result+ f _! diff]5t comb9ations4 ,9 quot+ ?is passage ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson rem>ks3#g ,e>l ,dundonald c\ld n fail to see t *emi/ry 0 ere long to op5 a spl5did future = ! anci5t art t _h always be5 & always w be ! prime support] ( ! nations4 ,b :5 he wrote1 h[ feeble 0 ! light t *emi/ry c\ld ?r[ ^u ! fundam5tal que/ions ( agricultural sci5ce6 ,! *emical nature ( ! atmosph]e 0 !n a discov]y ( b>ely tw5ty ye>s' /&+4 ,! composition ( wat] _h be5 kn[n b twelve ye>s4 ,! only acc\nt ( ! composition ( plants t ,e>l ,dundonald c\ld give 0 ! foll[+3 ',vegetables consi/ ( mucilag9\s matt]1 res9\s matt]1 matt] analog\s to t ( animals1 & "s proportion ( oil4444 ,besides ^!1 vegetables conta9 e>?y matt]s1 =m]ly held 9 solution 9 ! newly-tak5-9 juices ( ! gr[+ vegetables4' ,to be sure1 he expla9s by m5tion+ 9 subsequ5t pages t />* belongs to ! mucilag9\s matt]1 & t on analysis by fire vegetables yield soluble alkal9e salts & insoluble phosphate ( lime4 ,b ^! salts1 he held1 7 =m$ 9 ! process ( burn+1 _! lime except$2 & ! fact ( _! be+ tak5 f ! soil & con/itut+ ! indisp5sable food ( plants1 8 lord%ip 0 unacqua9t$ )4 ,! gi/ ( agricultural *emi/ry ) him 01 t plants 'are compos$ ( gases ) a small proportion ( calc>e\s matt]2 = al?\gh ?is discov]y may appe> to be ( small mom5t to ! practical f>m]1 yet x is well des]v+ ( 8 att5tion & notice4' ,de ,saussure4 ,! ye> #ahjd witness$ ! publication ( by f> ! mo/ important contribution made to ! sci5ce up till ?is "t4 ,?is 0 ',re*]*es ,*imique sur la ,vegetation1' by ,!odore de ,saussure1 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s agricultural *emi/s ( ! c5tury4 ,de ,saussure 0 ! fir/ to draw att5tion to ! m9]al or a% con/itu5ts ( ! plant2 & ?us anticipate1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! subsequ5t fam\s m9]al !ory ( ! great ,liebig4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/ ma9ta9$ t ^! a% +r$i5ts 7 ess5tial2 & t )\t !m plant-life 0 impossible4 ,he also adduc$ fre% exp]im5ts ( 8 own 9 support ( ! !ory1 bas$ on ! exp]im5ts ( ,bonnet1 ,prie/ley1 ,+5h\sz1 & ,s5ebi]1 t plants obta9 _! c>bon f ! c>bonic acid gas 9 ! air1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! sunlight4 ,he 0 ( op9ion t ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 ( ! plant 71 probably1 *iefly d]iv$ f wat]4 ,he %[$ t by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! plant's sub/ance 0 d]iv$ f ! air & f wat]1 & t ! a% portion 0 alone d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,to ,saussure we owe ! fir/ def9ite /atem5t on ! diff]5t s\rces ( ! plant's food4 ,x may be said t ! lapse ( ne>ly a c5tury has %[n 8 views to be1 9 ! ma91 correct4 ,s\rce ( ,plant-nitrog54 ,!re 0 "o "q1 :i*1 ev5 at t remote p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject1 engag$ ! att5tion ( agricultural *emi/s--viz41 ! "q ( ! s\rce ( ! plant's nitrog5--a "q :i* may be fitly describ$ at ! pres5t h\r z /ill ! burn+ "q ( agricultural *emi/ry4#h ,z soon z x 0 discov]$ t nitrog5 0 a con/itu5t ( ! plant's sub/ance2 speculations z to its s\rce 7 indulg$ 94 ,! fact t ! air furni%$ an unlimit$ /oreh\se ( ?is valuable elem5t1 & ! analogy ( ! absorption ( c>bon 7f ! same s\rce by plant-leaves71 naturally sugge/$ to ! m9ds ( e>ly inquir]s t ! free nitrog5 ( ! air 0 ! s\rce ( ! plant's nitrog54 ,z1 h[ev]1 no direct exp]im5ts c\ld be adduc$ to prove ?is !ory1 & z1 moreov]1 nitrog5 0 f\nd 9 ! soil1 & seem$ to be a necess>y +r$i5t ( all f]tile soils1 ! op9ion t ! soil 0 ! only s\rce gradually supplant$ ! old] !ory4 ,little value1 h[ev]1 mu/ be atta*$ to ^! e>ly !ories1 z !y c sc>cely be said to h be5 bas$ on exp]im5ts ( s]i\s value4 ,inde$ x may be safely affirm$1 9 ! light ( subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 t x 0 impossible = ?is "q to be decid$ at ?is e>ly p]iod1 f ! fact t analytical app>atus1 ( a suffici5tly delicate nature1 0 !n :olly unkn[n4 ,inde$ x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t x has be5 possible to c>ry out exp]im5ts :i* may be reg>d$ z at all crucial4 ,a %ort sket* ( ! developm5t ( our k ( ! relation ( nitrog5 to ! plant w be giv5 fur!r on4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy's ,lectures4 ,a s]ies ( lectures on agricultural *emi/ry1 deliv]$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy dur+ ! ye>s #ahjb-ahab1 = ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 book =m 9 ! ye> #ahac1i af=ds u an opportunity ( gaug+1 pretty accurately1 ! /ate ( k on ! subject at ! "t4 ,position ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry at beg9n+ ( ,c5tury4 ,9 8 op5+ lecture ,davy says3 ,agricultural *emi/ry has n yet receiv$ a regul> & sy/ematic =m4 ,x has be5 pursu$ by compet5t exp]im5t]s = a %ort "t only4 ,! doctr9es h n z yet be5 collect$ into any elem5t>y treatise1 444 &1 he adds1 ,i am sure y w receive ) indulg5ce ! fir/ attempt made 9 ?is c\ntry to illu/rate x by a s]ies ( exp]im5tal demon/rations4 ,he fur!r on rem>ks3 ,x is evid5t t ! /udy ( agricultural *emi/ry ought to be comm5c$ by "s g5]al inquiries into ! composition & nature ( mat]ial bodies1 & ! law ( _! *anges4 ,! surface ( ! e>?1 ! atmosph]e1 & ! wat] deposit$ f x1 mu/ ei!r toge!r1 or sep>ately1 af=d all ! pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 vegetation1 & x is only by exam9+ ! *emical nature ( ^! pr9ciples t we are capable ( discov]+ :at is ! food ( plants1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is food is suppli$ & prep>$ = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,davy goes on fur!r to say3 ,no g5]al pr9ciples c be laid d[n respect+ ! comp>ative m]its ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( cultivation & ! v>i\s sy/ems ( crops adopt$ 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 unless ! *emical nature ( ! soil1 & ! physical circum/ances to :i* x is expos$1 are fully kn[n4 ,he recognises ! enorm\s importance ( exp]im5ts4 ,no?+ is m want+ 9 agriculture ?an exp]im5ts1 9 :i* all ! circum/ances are m9utely & sci5tifically detail$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! composition ( plants he says3 ,x is evid5t t ! mo/ ess5tial vegetable sub/ances consi/ ( hydrog51 c>bon1 & oxyg51 9 diff]5t proportions1 g5]ally alone2 b 9 "s few cases comb9$ z c>bon & nitrog54 ,! acids1 alkalies1 e>?s1 metallic oxides1 & sal9e comp\nds1 ?\gh necess>y 9 ! vegetable economy1 mu/ be consid]$ z ( less importance1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! relation to agriculture1 ?an ! o!r pr9ciples4 ,fur!r on3 ,x w be ask$1 ,are ! pure e>?s 9 ! soil m]ely active z me*anical or indirect *emical ag5ts1 or d !y actually af=d food to ! plant8 ,?is "q he answ]s by say+ t wat]1 & ! decompos+ animal & vegetable matt] exi/+ 9 ! soil1 con/itute ! true n\ri%m5t ( plants2 & z ! e>?y p>ts ( ! soil are useful 9 reta9+ wat]1 s z to supply x 9 ! prop] proportion to ! roots ( ! vegetables1 s !y are likewise efficaci\s 9 produc+ ! prop] di/ribution ( ! animal or vegetable matt]4 ,:5 equally mix$ ) x1 !y prev5t x f decompos+ too rapidly2 & by _! means ! soluble p>ts are suppli$ 9 prop] proportions4 ,value ( ,davy's ,lectures4 ,! *ief value ( ^! lectures is due to ! fact t !y =m ! fir/ attempt to connect 9 a sy/ematic mann] ! v>i\s scatt]$ facts1 up to t "t asc]ta9$1 & to int]pret _! be>+ on agricultural practice4 ,we h 9 !m1 x is true1 a /range mixture ( facts belong+ r to botany & physiology ?an to agricultural *emi/ry2 /ill !y und\bt$ly furni%$ a great impetus to inquiry1 & at ! same "t !y did mu* to popul>ise ! sci5ce4 ,b n m]ely did ,davy summ>ise & sy/ematise ! v>i\s results arriv$ at by o!rs1 he also made _m valuable contributions to ! sci5ce himself4 ,! conclusions he drew f ! results he obta9$ 71 no d\bt1 9 _m cases false1 & 9 o!r cases exagg]at$2 /ill ! results possess a p]man5t int]e/4 ,he may be said to h work$ out _m ( ! mo/ important physical or me*anical prop]ties ( a soil1 al?\gh exagg]at+ ! importance ( ! influ5ce ( ^! prop]ties on ! "q ( f]tility4#aj ,^! exp]im5ts _h to d ) ! heat- & wat]-absorb+ p[]s ( a soil4 ,he exp]im5t$ on a br[n f]tile soil1 & a cold b>r5 clay1 & f\nd at :at rate !y lo/ heat4 ,no?+1 he says1 c be m evid5t ?an t ! g5ial heat ( ! soil1 p>ticul>ly 9 spr+1 mu/ be ( ! highe/ importance to ! ris+ plant2 444 s t ! temp]ature ( ! surface1 :5 b>e & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 af=ds at lea/ "o indication ( ! degree ( ! f]tility4 ,aga9 he says3 ,! p[] ( soils to absorb wat] f air is mu* connect$ ) f]tility4444 ,i h comp>$ ! absorb5t p[]s ( _m soils1 ) respect to atmosph]ic moi/ure1 & ,i h always f\nd x greate/ 9 ! mo/ f]tile soils2 s t x af=ds "o me?od ( judg+ ( ! productiv5ess ( l&4 ,:]e he err$ 0 9 ov]e/imat+ ! functions ( ! me*anical prop]ties ( a soil1 & 9 consid]+ f]tility to be due to !m alone4 ,dur+ ! next ?irty ye>s or s1 little progress seems to h be5 made 9 ! way ( fre% exp]im5tation4 ,b\ss+ault4 ,9 #ahcd1 ,b\ss+ault1#aa ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,fr5* agricultural *emi/ ( ! c5tury1 began t s]ies ( brilliant *emico-agricultural exp]im5ts on 8 e/ate at ,be*elbronn1 9 ,alsace1 ! results ( :i* h add$ s mu* to agricultural sci5ce4 ,x 0 ! fir/ in/ance ( ! comb9ation ( sci5ce ) practice1 ( ! in/itution ( a laboratory on a f>m2 a comb9ation peculi>ly fitt$ to promote ! int]e/s ( agricultural sci5ce1 & an example :i* has be5 s9ce foll[$ ) su* magnific5t results 9 ! case ( ,sir ,john ,lawes's fam\s ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & o!r less kn[n rese>* /ations4 ,b\ss+ault's fir/ pap] appe>$ 9 #ahcf1 & 0 entitl$1 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 diff]5t k9ds ( foods1 & on ! equal value ( foods f\nd$ on ^! data4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ o!r pap]s 7 publi%$ on su* subjects z ! am\nt ( glut5 9 diff]5t k9ds ( :eat2 on ! meteorological consid]ations ( h[ f> v>i\s agricultural op]ations--su* z ext5sive cle>+s ( wood1 ! dra9+ ( l>ge swamps1 c4--influ5ce ( climate on a c\ntry2 & on exp]im5ts on ! culture ( ! v9e4 ,b\ss+ault 0 ! fir/ obs]v] to /udy ! sci5tific pr9ciples und]ly+ ! sy/em ( rotation ( crops4 ,9 #ahch he publi%$ ! results ( "s v elaborate exp]im5ts he _h c>ri$ out on ?is subject4 ,he also 0 ! fir/ *emi/ to c>ry out elaborate exp]im5ts ) a view to decid+ ! "q ( ! assimilation by plants ( free atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,8 fir/ contribution to ! subject 0 publi%$ 9 #ahch1 b c sc>cely be reg>d$ z possess+ mu* sci5tific value1 except 9 s f> z x /imulat$ fur!r rese>*4 ,"s ?irte5 ye>s lat] he return$ to ?is "q2 & dur+ ! ye>s #ahea-ahee c>ri$ out mo/ elaborate exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i*1 until q rec5tly1 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+1 along ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs ,lawes1 ,gilb]t1 & ,pugh1 def9itely settl$ ! "q4#ab ,9 #ahci ,b\ss+ault 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 an hon\r paid to him 9 recognition ( 8 great s]vices to agricultural *emi/ry4#ac ,! =ego+ is a brief epitome ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( agricultural *emi/ry up to ! ye> #ahdj1 ! ye> :i* witness$ ! publication ( "o ( ! mo/ memorable works on ! subject1 :i* has appe>$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury--,liebig's fir/ report to ! ,briti% ,association1 a "w :i* may be describ$ z con/itut+ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce4 ,liebig's position z an agricultural *emi/ 0 s prom95t1 & 8 influ5ce z a tea*] s pot5t1 t a few biographical facts may n be out ( place be=e ent]+ ^u an e/imate ( 8 "w4 ,liebig4 ,liebig 0 born at ,d>m/adt 9 ! ye> #ahjc4 ,he 0 ! son ( a drysalt]1 & e>ly devot$ himself to ! /udy ( *emi/ry 9 ! only way at fir/ at 8 disposal--viz41 9 an apo!c>y's %op4 ,soon f9d+1 h[ev]1 8 opportunities ( /udy limit$1 he left ! apo!c>y's %op = ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,he did n rema9 long at ,bonn1 b 9 a %ort "t left t univ]sity = ,erlang51 :]e he /udi$ = "s ye>s1 tak+ 8 ,ph4,d4 degree 9 #ahbb4 ,8 subsequ5t /udies 7 c>ri$ on at ,p>is "u ,gay-,lussac1 ,!n>d1 ,dulong1 & o!r di/+ui%$ *emi/s4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,a4 ,humboldt1 :o 0 at t "t 9 ,p>is1 & ^: acqua9tance he 0 =tunate en\gh to make1 he 0 receiv$ into ,gay-,lussac's private laboratory4 ,9 #ahbd--t is1 :5 he 0 only tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age--he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ,extraord9>ius ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,giess54 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 appo9t$ to ! po/ ( ,pr(essor ,ord9>ius--an appo9tm5t :i* he held = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,9 #ahde he 0 creat$ ,b>on1 & 9 #aheb appo9t$ ,pr(essor at ,muni*4 ,he di$ 9 #ahgc4 ,8 ,fir/ ,report to ,briti% ,association4 ,! report above ref]r$ to 0 made by ,liebig at ! reque/ ( ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,x 0 read to a meet+ ( ! ,association held 9 ,glasg[ 9 #ahdj1 & 0 subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 book =m1 "u ! title ( ',*emi/ry 9 its ,application to ,agriculture & ,physiology1' ,liebig's position1 pa/ tra9+ & exp]i5ce 7 su* z to peculi>ly fit him = ! "p ( pione] 9 ! new sci5ce4 ,z ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t has rem>k$1#ad ,9 ! treatm5t ( 8 subject he n only call$ to 8 aid ! previ\sly exi/+ k directly be>+ ^u 8 subject1 b he also turn$ to good acc\nt ! m rec5t triumphs ( organic *emi/ry1 _m ( :i* _h be5 won 9 8 own laboratory4 ,9 8 d$ication to ! ,briti% ,association at ! beg9n+ ( ! book1 ,liebig says3 ,p]fect agriculture is ! true f\ndation ( all trade & indu/ry--x is ! f\ndation ( ! ri*es ( ,/ates4 ,b a rational sy/em ( agriculture _c be =m$ )\t ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples2 = su* a sy/em mu/ be bas$ on an exact acqua9tance ) ! means ( nutrition ( vegetables1 & ) ! influ5ce ( soils & actions ( manure ^u !m4 ,?is k we mu/ seek f *emi/ry1 :i* tea*es ! mode ( inve/igat+ ! composition & ( /udy+ ! *>act]s ( ! diff]5t sub/ances f :i* plants d]ive _! n\ri%m5t4 ,8 criticism ( ! ,humus ,!ory4 ,! fir/ subject :i* ,liebig discusses is ! sci5tific basis ( ! s-call$ humus !ory4 ,! humus !ory seems to h be5 fir/ promulgat$ by ,e9h( & ,?a] t[>ds ! close ( la/ c5tury4 ,?a] held t humus 0 ! s\rce ( plant-food4 ,he /at$ 9 8 publi%$ writ+s t ! f]tility ( a soil dep5d$ really ^u its humus2 = ?is sub/ance1 ) ! exception ( wat]1 is ! only s\rce ( plant-food4 ,de ,saussure1 h[ev]1 by 8 exp]im5ts--! results ( :i* he _h publi%$ 9 #ahjd--;_h %[n ! fallacy ( ?is humus !ory2 & 8 /atem5ts _h be5 fur!r develop$ & sub/antiat$ by ! inve/igations ( ! ,fr5* *emi/ ,braconnot & ! ,g]man *emi/ ,spr5gel4 ,despite1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,saussure1 ,braconnot1 & ,spr5gel1 ! belief t plants d]iv$ ! c>bonace\s portion ( _! sub/ance f humus /ill seem$ to be commonly held 9 #ahdj4 ,:ile ,liebig1 !re=e1 c sc>cely be said to h be5 ! fir/ to controv]t ! humus !ory1 he c]ta9ly dealt x its dea?-bl[4 ,he reass]t$ de ,saussure's conclusions1 & by "s simple calculations %[$ v cle>ly t x 0 :olly unt5able4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! argum5ts he br\ght =w>d 0 ! fact t ! humus ( ! soil itself consi/$ ( ! decay$ vegetable matt] ( prec$+ plants4 ,?is be+ s1 h[1 he ask$1 c\ld x be ! orig9al s\rce ( ! c>bon ( plants8 ,to reason ?us 0 simply to reason 9 a circle4 ,he po9t$ out1 fur!r1 t ! comp>ative insolubility ( humus 9 wat]1 or ev5 9 alkal9e solutions1 told aga9/ its acceptance z correct4 ,8 ,m9]al ,!ory4 ,hav+ ?us controv]t$ ! humus !ory1 he !n goes on to deal ) ! "q ( ! s\rce ( ! v>i\s plant con/itu5ts4 ,9 treat+ ( ! relation ( ! soil to ! plant1 he puts =w>d 8 m9]al !ory4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t1 :ile ! advance ( sci5ce s9ce ,liebig's "t has induc$ u to consid]ably modify 8 m9]al !ory1 x conta9$ ! /atem5t ( "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! *emi/ry ( plant physiology4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to fully e/imate ! enorm\s importance ( ! m9]al portion ( ! plant's food1 & po9t ! way to "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( a soil's f]tility4 ,up to ?is p]iod ! a% con/itu5ts _h be5 g5]ally consid]$ to be ( m9or importance4 ,by emphasis+ ! contr>y op9ion1 & insi/+ ^u _! ess5tialness to plant-life1 he gave to agricultural rese>* a fre% impetus ^u ! "r l9es4 ,8 /atem5t ( 8 m9]al !ory 0 9 ! ma9 true1 b 0 n ! :ole tru?4 ,de ,saussure1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 anticipat$ ,liebig's m9]al !ory4 ,he 0 ( ! op9ion t :atev] might be ! case ) "s ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( plants1 o!rs 7 necess>y1 inasmu* z !y 7 always f\nd 9 ! a%4 ,( ^! he in/anc$ ! alkal9e phosphates4 ,_! small quantity does n indicate _! inutility1 he sagaci\sly rem>ks4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 miss$ recognis+ ! true importance ( ! a% con/itu5ts4 ,x 0 left to ,liebig1 !n1 to re/ate ! important doctr9e ( ! ess5tialness ( ! m9]al matt]1 already impli$ to "s ext5t by de ,saussure4 ,liebig says3 ,c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & ammonia are necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( plants1 because !y conta9 ! elem5ts f :i* _! organs are =m$2 b o!r sub/ances are likewise necess>y = ! =mation ( c]ta9 organs de/9$ = special functions1 peculi> to ea* family ( plants4 ,plants obta9 ^! sub/ances f inorganic nature4 ,:ile insi/+ on ! importance ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts1 he did s 9 a m or less g5]al way n suffici5tly di/+ui%+ "o m9]al con/itu5t f ano!r4 ,z all plants conta9$ c]ta9 organic acids1 & z ^! organic acids 7 ne>ly always f\nd 9 a neutral /ate--i4e41 9 comb9ation ) bases1 su* z pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia--! plant mu/ be 9 a position to take up suffici5t ( ^! alkal9e bases to neutralise ^! acids4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( ^! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil4 ,accord+ to him1 h[ev]1 ! exact nature ( ! bases 0 a po9t ( n s mu* importance4 ,he assum$1 9 %ort1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t1 a great] am\nt ( mutual replaceability among/ ! bases ?an c be n[ admitt$4 ,pass+ on to a consid]ation ( ! diff]5ce ( ! m9]al composition ( diff]5t soils1 he attributes ?is to ! diff]5ce 9 ! rocks =m+ ! soils4 ,wea!r+ is ! great ag5t at "w 9 r5d]+ available ! o!rwise lock$-up /ores ( f]tility4 ,he attributes ! b5efits ( fall[ exclusively to ! increas$ supply ( ^! incombu/ible comp\nds :i* 7 ?us r5d]$ available to ! plant4 ,treat+ ( ?is subject1 he says3 ,f ! prec$+ "p ( ?is *apt] 79 :i* he has be5 expla9+ wea!r+7 x w be se5 t fall[ is t p]iod ( culture :5 ! l& is expos$ to progressive dis9tegration by ! action ( ! wea!r1 = ! purpose ( lib]at+ a c]ta9 quantity ( alkalies & silica1 to be absorb$ by future plants4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,manures4 ,treat+ ( manures1 he %[$ h[ ! mo/ important con/itu5ts ( manures 7 pota% & phosphates4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w he also insi/$ on ! value ( nitrog5 9 manures1 condemn+ ! want ( precautions1 9 ! treatm5t ( animal manures1 aga9/ loss ( nitrog54 ,9 ! lat] editions ( 8 "w he seems to h rec$$ f t op9ion1 & consid]$ t !re 0 no necessity = supply+ nitrog5 9 manures1 s9ce ! ammonia wa%$ d[n 9 ra9 0 a suffici5t s\rce ( all ! nitrog5 ! plant requir$4 ,x 0 "h t ,liebig w5t a/ray1 fir/ 9 d5y+ ! importance ( supply+ nitrog5 z a manure2 & secondly1 9 ov]e/imat+ ! am\nt ( ammonia wa%$ d[n 9 ra91 :i* has subsequ5tly be5 %[n to be entirely inadequate to supply plants ) ! :ole ( _! nitrog54#ae ,8 ,!ory ( ,rotation ( ,crops4 ,9 expla9+ ! b5efits ( ! rotation ( crops1 ,liebig prop\nd$ a v +5i\s !ory1 b "o :i* 0 l>gely ( a speculative nature1 & :i* has s9ce be5 %[n to be unf\nd$ on any sci5tific basis4 ,x 0 to ! effect t "o k9d ( crop excret$ matt]s :i* 7 especially fav\rable to ano!r k9d ( crop4 ,he did n say :e!r he consid]$ su* excretion positively injuri\s to ! crop :i* excret$ !m2 b he inf]r$ t :at 0 excret$ by ! crop 0 :at 0 n requir$1 & :at c\ld1 !re=e1 be ( little b5efit to a crop ( ! same nature foll[+ x4 ,! second portion ( ,liebig's report dealt ) ! processes ( f]m5tation1 decay1 & putrefaction4 ,publication ( ,liebig's ,second ,report to ,briti% ,association4 ,9 #ahdb ,liebig contribut$ 8 second fam\s report to ! ,briti% ,association1 subsequ5tly publi%$ "u ! title ( ',animal ,*emi/ry2 or1 ,organic ,*emi/ry 9 its ,applications to ,physiology & ,pa?ology4' ,! publication ( ?is report creat$ ev5 great] int]e/ ?an ! publication ( 8 fir/ "w4 ,9 x he may be said to h contribut$ z mu* to animal physiology1 z1 9 8 fir/1 he did to agricultural *emi/ry4 ,8 subsequ5t pr9cipal works on agricultural *emi/ry 7--',pr9ciples ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1' publi%$ 9 #ahee1 & ',on ,!ory & ,practice 9 ,agriculture1' #ahef4 ,liebig's s]vices to ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,an attempt has be5 made to sket* 9 ! v briefe/ mann] "s ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 ,liebig's tea*+1 z conta9$ 9 8 fam\s report to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdj4 ,agricultural *emi/ry up till t ye> c sc>cely be describ$ z hav+ a di/9ct exi/5ce z a bran* ( *emi/ry4 ,mu* valuable "w1 x is true1 _h already be5 done1 especially by 8 two great pr$ecessors1 de ,saussure & ,b\ss+ault2 b x 01 d[n to ! ye> #ahdj1 a sci5ce made up ( isolat$ facts4 ,liebig's g5ius =m$ x into an important bran* ( *emi/ry1 suppli$ ! necess>y connection betwe5 ! facts1 & by a s]ies ( brilliant g5]alisations =m$ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* all subsequ5t advance has be5 built4 ,z has already be5 indicat$1 ,liebig's *ief claim to rank z ! greate/ agricultural *emi/ ( ! c5tury does n re/ ^u ! numb] or value ( 8 actual rese>*es1 b on ! =mative p[] he ex]cis$ 9 ! evolution ( ! sci5ce4 ,8 ma/]-m9d survey$ ! :ole field ( agricultural *emi/ry1 & saw laws & pr9ciples :]e o!rs saw simply a confusion ( isolat$1 &1 9 _m cases1 seem+ly contradictory facts4 ,b great z ! direct value ( ,liebig's "w 01 x may be que/ion$ :e!r its indirect value 0 n ev5 great]4 ,! publication ( 8 fam\s "w _h ! effect ( giv+ a g5]al int]e/ to que/ions :i* up till !n _h possess$ a special int]e/1 & t = comp>atively few4 ,bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,engl& a v l>ge am\nt ( discussion took place reg>d+ 8 v>i\s !ories4 ,developm5t ( ,agricultural ,rese>* 9 ,g]many4 ,x 0 especially 9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 t ,liebig's "w bore its greate/ & mo/ imm$iate fruit4 ,?anks to ! great *emi/1 ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t recognis$ ! importance ( =w>d+ sci5tific rese>* by ,/ate aid4 ,agricultural ,dep>tm5ts 7 add$ to "s ( ! univ]sities1 l>gely at ,/ate exp5se1 :ile agricultural rese>* /ations 71 "o aft] ano!r1 in/itut$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ ( ! agricultural rese>* /ations to be f\nd$ 0 ! n[ fam\s "o ( ,moeck]n1 ne> ,leipzig4 ,x 0 in/itut$ 9 ! ye> #ahea4 ,o!rs foll[$1 until at ! pres5t day !re are "s sev5ty to eighty ( ^! ,v]su*s-,/ation5 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 all well equipp$ & do+ excell5t "w4 ,"s idea ( ! activity ( ! ,g]man /ations may be inf]r$ :5 x is /at$ t up to ! ye> #ahgg ! total numb] ( pap]s embody+ ! results ( _! exp]im5ts publi%$ by !m am\nt to ov] #bjjj4af ,to trace ! developm5t ( agricultural *emi/ry1 subsequ5t to ,liebig's "t1 9 ! way x has be5 done prior to ! ye> #ahdj1 is no long] possible4 ,?is is due to ! enorm\s increase 9 ! numb] ( work]s 9 ! field1 z also to ! ov]lapp+ nature ( _! "w1 :i* r5d]s a /rict *ronological record wellnigh an impossibility4 ,x w be bett]1 !re=e1 to attempt to give a brief /atem5t ( our pres5t k on ! subject1 nam+ ! *ief work]s 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! subject4 ,! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts4 ,be=e do+ s1 x is fitt+ t ref]5ce %\ld be made to ! "w & exp]im5ts ( two liv+ ,engli% *emi/s1 :o h done mu* to contribute to our k 9 e bran* ( ! sci5ce--viz41 ,sir ,john ,lawes1 ,b>t41 & ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! fame ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts is n[ _w-wide2 & no s+le exp]im5t /ation has ev] produc$ su* an am\nt ( important "w z ! magnific5tly equipp$ rese>* /ation at ,ro?am/$4 ,! ,ro?am/$ /ation may be said to date f #ahdc1 al?\gh ,sir ,john ,lawes 0 engag$ 9 c>ry+ out field exp]im5ts = t5 ye>s previ\s to t date4#ag ,9 #ahdc ,sir ,john ,lawes associat$ ) himself ! di/+ui%$ *emi/ ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t1 & ! num]\s pap]s s9ce publi%$ h almo/ inv>iably borne ! two names4 ,! exp5se ( work+ ! /ation has be5 borne entirely by ,sir ,john ,lawes himself2 :o has fur!r set aside a sum ( ,l#ajj1jjj1 ! ,laboratory1 & c]ta9 areas ( l&1 = ! cont9uance ( ! inve/igations aft] 8 dea?4 ,! fields "u exp]im5tation am\nt to ab\t fifty acres4 ,by a ,tru/-de$1 :i* 0 sign$ on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahhi1 ,sir ,john ,lawes has made ov] ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5tal ,/ation to ! ,engli% nation1 to be manag$ by tru/ees4 ,x is impossible to ent]1 9 any detail1 into ! nature & scope ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts4#ah ,x may be /at$ t1 s9ce ! ye> #ahdg1 "s eighty pap]s h be5 publi%$ on field exp]im5ts1 & exp]im5ts on vegetation2 :ile ?irty pap]s h be5 publi%$ record+ exp]im5ts on ! fe$+ ( animals4#ai ,:at has all along *>act]is$ ^! valuable exp]im5ts has be5 _! practical nature4 ,:ile _! aim has be5 entirely sci5tific1 ! scale ( ! exp]im5ts & ! conditions "u :i* !y h be5 c>ri$ out1 h be5 su* z to r5d] !m ess5tially te*nical exp]im5ts4 ,= ?is reason _! results possess1 & w always possess1 a peculi> int]e/ = e practical f>m]4 ,! greate/ s]vices ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts h r5d]$ agricultural *emi/ry h be5 ! valuable contributions !y h made to our k ( ! function ( nitrog5 9 agriculture2 its relation 9 its diff]5t *emical =ms to plant-life2 & ! s\rces ( ! nitrog5 f\nd 9 plants4 ,rese>*es ( a mo/ elaborate nature h be5 c>ri$ out on :at is /ill "o ( ! mo/ ke5ly debat$ que/ions ( ! pres5t h\r--viz41 ! relation ( ! free nitrog5 9 ! atmosph]e to ! plant4 ,( ! v highe/ value also h be5 ! elaborate rese>*es ( ,mr ,r4 ,w>+ton1 ,f4,r4,s41 on ! important "q ( ,nitrification1 :i* h be5 9 c\rse 9 ! ,ro?am/$ ,laboratory = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 & to :i* full ref]5ce w be made 9 ! *apt] on ,nitrification4 ,to ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts also we owe ! refutation ( ,liebig's m9]al !ory4 ,9 fact x may safely be said t no exp]im5t]s 9 ! field ( agricultural *emi/ry h made m num]\s or valuable contributions to ! sci5ce ?an ^! illu/ri\s inve/igators4 ,review ( our pres5t ,k ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,"s attempt may n[ be made to indicate briefly our pres5t k ( ! m important facts reg>d+ plant physiology1 agronomy1 & manur+4 ,proximate ,composition ( ! ,plant4 ,! great advance made 9 ! direction ( ! improvem5t ( ! accuracy ( old analytical processes & ! discov]y ( num]\s new ones h furni%$ u ) elaborate analyses ( ! composition ( plants4 ,we n[ "k t ! plant-sub/ance is made up ( a l>ge numb] ( complex organic sub/ances1 =m$ out ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51#bj & t ^! sub/ances =m1 on an av]age1 ab\t #ie p] c5t ( ! dry vegetable matt]2 ! o!r #e p] c5t be+ made up ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,z to ! s\rce ( ^! diff]5t sub/ances1 our k is1 on ! :ole1 pretty complete4 ,) reg>d to ! c>bon ( gre5-leav$ plants1 :i* am\nts to f #dj to #ej p] c5t1 subsequ5t rese>* has confirm$ ,s5ebi] & de ,saussure's conclusions1 t its s\rce is ! c>bonic acid gas ( ! air4 ,! decomposition ( ! c>bonic acid gas is effect$ by ! leaves "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,t a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bon may be obta9$ f ! c>bonic acid absorb$ by plant-roots1 is inde$ probable4 ,especially dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( plant-gr[? ?is s\rce ( c>bon may be ( consid]able importance4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 x may be said ( all gre5-leav$ plants1 t ! *ief s\rce ( _! c>bon is ! c>bonic acid gas 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,c>bon ,fixation by ,plants4 ,! exact way 9 :i* ?is decomposition ( c>bonic acid gas is effect$ by ! leaves is n yet cle>4 ,x seems to be directly dep5d5t1 9 "s way or o!r1 on ! *lorophyll1 or gre5 col\r+ matt]4 ,?is decomposition ( c>bonic acid1 & ! fixation ( ! c>bon by ! plant ) ! =mation ( />*1 takes place only "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 ,dur+ ! night a reflex action takes place1 :i* is commonly kn[n z respiration1 & :i* is exactly analog\s to animal respiration4#ba ,! rate at :i* ! fixation ( c>bon takes place dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! sun's rays4 ,x seems to take place v rapidly "u a /rong tropical sun4#bb ,! action ( sunlight on ! absorption ( c>bon has be5 /udi$ by a numb] ( obs]v]s1 among o!rs by ,sa*s1 ,drap]1 ,cloez1 ,gratiolet1 ,caillet1 ,prillieux1 ,lommel1 c4 ,action ( ,light on ,plant-gr[?4 ,exp]im5ts made by sev]al obs]v]s1 m especially ,pfeff]1 h %[n t ! yell[ rays ( ! sol> spectrum are ! mo/ pot5t 9 induc+ ?is decomposition4 ,"s int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out by diff]5t obs]v]s on ! possibility ( gr[+ plants "u ! influ5ce ( artificial light4 ,:ile x w\ld seem t ! light f oil-lamps or gaslight is unable to promote gr[?1 except 9 v exceptional cases1 ! electric light1 or o!r /rong artificial light1 seems to be capable ( tak+ ! place ( sunlight4 ,he9ri* 0 ! fir/ to %[ t sunlight c\ld be replac$ by ! magnesium light4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! electric light h be5 c>ri$ out by ,h]ve-,mangon 9 ,france & ,dr ,siem5s 9 ,engl&4 ,! plants gr[n "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric light 7 obs]v$ to be ( a light] gre5 col\r ?an ^? gr[n "u normal conditions1 ?us indicat+ a feebl] gr[?2 9 fact1 ,siem5s 0 ( ! op9ion t ! electric light 0 ab\t half z effective z daylight4#bc ,^! exp]im5ts are int]e/+ f an indu/rial po9t ( view2 = x is conceivable t at "s di/ant "t electricity might be call$ to ! aid ( ! agriculturi/4 ,s\rce ( ,plants' ,oxyg54 ,) reg>d to ! s\rce ( ! oxyg51 :i*1 next to c>bon1 is ! elem5t mo/ l>gely pres5t 9 ! plant's sub/ance--am\nt+ to1 r\ghly speak+1 ab\t #dj p] c5t--all evid5ce seems to indicate t x is *iefly d]iv$ f wat]1 :i* is also ! s\rce ( ! plant's hydrog54 ,9 addition to wat]1 c>bonic acid & nitric acid may also furni% small quantities4 ,x has be5 pretty conclusively prov$ t ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 :ile necess>y to plant-gr[?1 & promot+ ! v>i\s *emical vital processes1 is n a direct s\rce ( ! plant's oxyg54 ,! important function play$ by atmosph]ic oxyg5 9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! plant's gr[? has be5 long recognis$4 ,malpighi1 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago1 obs]v$ t = ! process ( g]m9ation atmosph]ic air 0 necess>y2 & %ortly aft] ! discov]y ( ! composition ( ! air 0 made1 oxyg5 0 id5tifi$ z ! important gas 9 promot+ ?is process4 ,oxyg5 is also especially necess>y dur+ ! p]iod ( rip5+4 ,s\rce ( ,plants' ,hydrog54 ,hydrog51 :i* am\nts to ab\t #f p] c5t1 is1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 *iefly d]iv$ f wat]4 ,x is possible t ammonia also may =m a s\rce4 ,s\rce ( ,plants' ,nitrog54 ,:5 we come to treat ( ! s\rce ( ! nitrog51 :i* is f\nd 9 ! plant's sub/ance to an ext5t v>y+ f a fraction ( a p] c5t to ab\t #d p] c5t1 we ent] on a mu* m debat$ "q4 ,:at is ! s\rce1 or1 :at are ! s\rces1 ( plant-nitrog58 is a "q to ! solution ( :i* m "t & m rese>* h be5 devot$ ?an to ! solution ( any o!r "q connect$ ) agricultural *emi/ry4 ,! mo/ obvi\s s\rce is ! free nitrog51 :i* =ms f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]ic air4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ?is "q4#bd ,prie/ley 0 ! fir/ ( ! long li/ ( exp]im5t]s on ?is int]e/+ "q4 ,z f> back z #agga he affirm$ t c]ta9 plants _h ! p[] ( absorb+ free nitrog52 & ?is op9ion he support$ by ! results ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts he _h made on ! subject4 ,eight ye>s lat]1--viz41 9 #aggi--;,+5h\sz fur!r support$ ?is conclusion1 & /at$ t all plants c\ld absorb1 )9 ! space ( a few h\rs1 noticeable quantities ( nitrog5 gas4 ,! fir/ to oppose ?is !ory 0 de ,saussure1 :o1 9 #ahjd1 c>ri$ out exp]im5ts :i* %[$ t plants 7 unable to utilise free nitrog54 ,subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out by ,woodh\se & ,s5ebi]1 support$ de ,saussure's conclusions4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ,b\ss+ault's elaborate rese>*es on ! subject4#be ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 #ahch4 ,he conclud$ t plants did n absorb free nitrog54 ,georges ,ville 0 ! fir/ to reass]t ! old] !ory1 put =w>d by ,prie/ley & ,+5h\sz4 ,8 op9ion 0 f\nd$ on exp]im5ts he _h c>ri$ out dur+ ! ye>s #ahdi-eb4 ,! subject creat$ s mu* int]e/ at ! "t1 t a committee ( ! ,fr5* ,academy--consi/+ ( ,dumas1 ,regnault1 ,peligot1 ,*evreul1 & ,decaisne--7 appo9t$ to inve/igate ,ville's exp]im5ts4 ,! result ( ! inve/igation ( ! ,commission 0 to confirm ,ville's exp]im5ts4 ,x is a significant fact1 h[ev]1 t ! plant exp]im5t$ ) by ! ,commission 0 cress--a non-legum9\s plant4 ,x has be5 commonly assum$ t ! results ( rec5t exp]im5ts h confirm$ ,ville's exp]im5ts4 ,x is only prop] to po9t out t ?is is n a necess>y inf]5ce4 ,! assimilation ( free nitrog5 by ! legum9osae1 s f> z mod]n rese>* has reveal$1 only takes place "u ! influ5ce ( micro-organic life4 ,ville's exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 suppos$ to be conduct$ "u /]ilis$ conditions4 ,9 ! meantime ! results ( ,b\ss+ault's second s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out betwe5 ! ye>s #ahea & #ahee1 7 publi%$1 & confirm$ 8 e>li] exp]im5ts4 ,! results ( a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts subsequ5tly c>ri$ out 7 9 support ( ,b\ss+ault's conclusions4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ,m5e1 ,h>t+1 ,gunn+1 ,lawes1 ,gilb]t & ,pugh1 ,roy1 ,petzholdt1 & ,brets*neid]4 ,su* an am\nt ( ov]:elm+ evid5ce might naturally h be5 reg>d$ z conclusively prov+ t ! free nitrog5 ( ! air is n an available s\rce ( nitrog5 to ! plant4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 0 n decid$4 ,9 #ahgf ,b]!lot reop5$ x4 ,f exp]im5ts he _h c>ri$ out1 he conclud$ t free nitrog5 0 fix$ by v>i\s organic comp\nds1 "u ! influ5ce ( sil5t electric dis*>ges4 ,9 #ahhe he c>ri$ out fur!r exp]im5ts1 f :i* he conclud$ t argillace\s soils _h ! p[] ( fix+ ! free nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is !y effect$1 he 0 ( op9ion1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( micro-organisms4 ,s*loes+ has rec5tly %[n t ?is fixation ( free nitrog5 by soils is extremely d\btful4#bf ,! ga9 ( nitrog5 obs]v$ "u su* conditions c be expla9$ by ! absorption by ! soil ( comb9$ nitrog5--viz41 ammonia--f ! air4 ,b]!lot's e>ly exp]im5ts 9 #ahgf _h ! effect ( /imulat+ a numb] ( o!r exp]im5ts1 ) ! result t we n[ possess ! solution ( ?is long-debat$ & mo/ important problem4 ,! names ( ! bett] kn[n inve/igators on ?is subject1 9 addition to ,b]!lot's1 are ^? ( ,hellriegel1 ,wilf>?1 ,deh]a91 ,j\lie1 ,dietzell1 ,frank1 ,emil von ,wolff1 ,atwat]1 ,woods1 ,nobbe1 ,w>d1 ,breal1 ,b\ss+ault1 ,wagn]1 ,s*ultz-,lupitz1 ,fleis*]1 ,pagn\l1 ,s*loes+1 ,laur5t1 ,pet]mann1 ,pradm[sky1 ,beyr5ick1 ,lawes1 & ,gilb]t4 ,x is impossible to ent] into ! details ( ^! mo/ important exp]im5ts4 ,an attempt may be made1 in/ead1 briefly to epitomise !m4 ,rec5t ,exp]im5ts on ,nitrog5 "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be ask$1 ,h[ is x possible t ! previ\s elaborate exp]im5ts1 publi%$ prior to #ahgf1 %\ld n[ prove unreliable8 ,a satisfactory explanation may be f\nd 9 ! fact1 z ,lawes & ,gilb]t h rec5tly po9t$ out1 t ! fixation ( ! free nitrog5 by ! plant1 or )9 ! soil1 takes place1 if at all1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( electricity or ( micro-organisms1 or ( bo?4 ,! e>li] exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 7 s arrang$ z to exclude ! influ5ce ( ei!r ( ^? ag5cies4 ,! "q has fur!r be5 limit$ 9 its scope4 ,x is n[ suppos$ t only plants ( ! legum9\s ord] h ! p[] ( draw+ ^u ! free atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,( ! exp]im5ts above ref]r$ to1 ^? ( ,hellriegel & ,wilf>? are ! mo/ /rik+ & important4 ,!y f\nd 9 _! exp]im5ts1 t :ile ! legumes h ! p[] ( obta9+ _! nitrog5 f ! air1 c]eals h n4 ,simil> exp]im5ts by ,atwat] 9 ,am]ica1 & o!rs1 support ?is conclusion4 ,_! conclusions may be briefly epitomis$ z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,t ! legum9\s plants--su* z peas1 c4--h ! p[] ( draw+ _! nitrog5 supplies f ! free nitrog5 ( ! air 9 a way n possess$ by o!r plants2 & t !y ?us possess two s\rces ( nitrog5--! soil & ! air4 7b7 ,t ?is absorption ( free nitrog5 is n effect$ directly by ! plant1 b is ! result1 s to speak1 ( ! jo9t action ( c]ta9 micro-organisms pres5t 9 c]ta9 soils & 9 ! plant itself1 7symbiosis74 7c7 ,t ?is fixation is connect$ ) ! =mation ( m9ute tub]cles on ! roots ( ! plants ( ! legum9\s class2 & t ^! tub]cles may be ! home ( ! fix+ organism4 7d7 ,t ^! fix+ micro-organisms are n pres5t 9 all soils4#bg ,:ile ! relation ( free nitrog5 to ! plant has long be51 & /ill is1 a v obscure problem1 x 0 e>ly recognis$ t ! comb9$ nitrog5 pres5t 9 soils & manures 0 an important s\rce ( plant-food4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! e>ly !ory ( ,sir ,k5elm ,digby reg>d+ ! value ( nitrates4#bh ,de ,saussure1 z we h also already se51 0 fully impress$ ) ! importance ( apply+ nitrog5 to ! soil z a manure4 ,liebig's e>ly attitude on ?is "q 0 to ! effect1 t to apply nitrog5 9 manures 0 q unnecess>y1 z ! plant _h a suffici5t s\rce 9 ! ammonia pres5t 9 ! air1 :i* he errone\sly suppos$ 0 suffici5t 9 quantity to supply all ! ne$s ( ! crops4 ,despite ?is e>ly recognition ( ! value ( comb9$ nitrog5 to ! plant1 x is only ( rec5t ye>s t we h obta9$ any def9ite k z to ! respective value ( its diff]5t comp\nds z manures1 or z to ! =m 9 :i* x is assimilat$ by ! plant4 ,x exi/s 9 ?ree =ms--7#a7 z organic nitrog52 7#b7 z ammonia salts2 7#c7 z nitrates & nitrites4 ,mu* exp]im5tal "w has dur+ late ye>s be5 devot$ to /udy+ ! comp>ative action & m]its ( ^! ?ree =ms4 ,relation ( ,organic ,nitrog5 to ! ,plant4 ,fir/1 z to ! relation ( organic nitrog5 to ! plant4 ,!re is a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t organic comp\nds :i* conta9 nitrog54 ,t ! plant is able to assimilate c]ta9 ( ^! organic comp\nds1 seems1 f sev]al exp]im5ts1 to be extremely probable4 ,f c]ta9 rese>*es1 c>ri$ out z f> back z ! ye> #aheg1 ,sir ,*>les ,cam]on conclud$ t ! plant c\ld assimilate "o ( !m--viz41 urea4 ,f :at1 h[ev]1 we h subsequ5tly le>n$ reg>d+ ! process ( nitrification1 x is q probable t ! nitrog5 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 fir/ conv]t$ into nitrates be=e be+ assimilat$4 ,at any rate1 z ! plants 7 n te/$ = urea1 ! exp]im5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z leav+ ! problem unsolv$4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out ( a simil> nature by ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( nitrog5 exp]im5t$ ) be+ uric acid1 hippuric acid1 & guan9e4 ,b "h1 aga91 no def9ite conclusion c be drawn1 z no analyses 7 made ( ! plants4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,dr ,hampe has c>ri$ out exp]im5ts ) urea1 uric acid1 hippuric acid1 & glycocoll4 ,^! exp]im5ts may be held z demon/rat+ ! fact t at lea/ "o organic comp\nd ( nitrog5 is capable ( be+ assimilat$1 z urea 0 actually id5tifi$ z be+ pres5t 9 ! plants exp]im5t$ )4 ,f fur!r exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out by ,dr ,paul ,wagn] & ,wolff1 glyc91 tyros91 & kreat9 are able to be assimilat$ by ! plant4 ,plants able to absorb c]ta9 ,=ms ( ,organic ,nitrog54 ,we may conclude1 !n1 f ^! int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 t plants are able to absorb c]ta9 organic =ms ( nitrog54 ,t !y d s 9 nature to any ext5t is extremely improbable1 su* organic =ms ( nitrog5 be+ r>ely pres5t 9 ! soil1 or if pres5t1 be+ conv]t$ into ammonia or nitrate salts be=e assimilation4 ,nature ( ,humus 9 ! ,soil4 ,:ile on ! subject ( organic nitrog51 ref]5ce may be briefly made to t sub/ance kn[n z humus1--! "n appli$ to ! organic portion ( soils1--a sub/ance :i* figures s l>gely 9 e>ly !ories ( plant-nutrition4 ,! mo/ elaborate inve/igation ( ! composition ( humus has be5 c>ri$ out by ,muld]4 ,accord+ to ,muld]1 x is compos$ ( a numb] ( organic bodies1 & he has id5tifi$ ! foll[+ sub/ances--ulm91 hum91 ulmic1 humic1 geic acids1 c4 ,^! bodies are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 :i* are inv>iably associat$ ) nitrog54 ,detm] & ,simon h fur!r inve/igat$ ! subject4 ,! true function ( humus1 x w\ld seem1 9 addition to its num]\s me*anical prop]ties1 is to furni%1 by its decomposition1 c>bonic acid & nitrog5--9 ! =m ( ammonia & nitric acid--to ! soil2 ! =m] act+ z a solv5t ( ! m9]al food1 ! latt] z ! s\rce ( ! plant's nitrog54 ,! old !ory1 !re=e1 t ! pres5ce ( humus 9 a soil is a condition ( f]tility1 is n s f> remov$ f ! tru?4 ,:]e !re is an abundance ( humus 9 ! soil !re is likely also to be an abundance ( nitrog54 ,relation ( ,ammonia to ! ,plant4 ,x seems to be beyond d\bt t nitrog5 is directly absorb$ by plants 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,liebig1 z we h se51 conclud$ t ?is 0 ! great s\rce ( nitrog5 = ! plant1 & t ! ammonia comp\nds pres5t 9 ! air 7 an all-suffici5t supply4 ,subsequ5t rese>*1 :ile confirm+ 8 belief s f> z reg>ds ! capability ( plants to assimilate nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 has prov$ t ! am\nt ( ammonia pres5t 9 ! air is v m9ute1 & utt]ly inadequate to supply ! plant ) ! :ole ( its nitrog54 ,inve/igations h be5 made on ?is subject by ,graeg]1 ,fres5ius1 ,pi]re1 ,b9eau1 & ,ville4 ,accord+ to ,ville's rese>*es1 :i* are among ! mo/ rec5t1 ! am\nt does n exce$ #cj p>ts p] ?\s& million p>ts ( air4#bi ,"s conception ( ! value ( ?is s\rce ( nitrog5 may be ga9$ by e/imat+ ! quantity fall+1 dissolv$ 9 ra91 on an acre ( soil ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,v>i\s e/imations ( ! total am\nt ( comb9$ nitrog51 :i* is 9 ?is way br\ght to ! soil1 h be5 made4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( discrepancy1 x is true1 is to be f\nd 9 ^! v>i\s e/imations1 no d\bt l>gely due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! inve/igations 7 c>ri$ out4 ,mr ,w>+ton has made sev]al inve/igations at ,ro?am/$1 &1 accord+ to 8 mo/ rec5tly publi%$ figures1 ! total quantity only am\nts to #c4cg lb4 p] acre p] annum--( :i* only #b4ec lb4 is z ammonia itself4#cj ,z already m5tion$1 !re c be little d\bt t plants c absorb nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,! "q ( h[ f> plant-leaves are able to absorb ammonia is a mu* debat$ "o4 ,x is probable t if !y c d s1 x is only to a v small ext5t4#ca ,! "q z to :e!r ! plant's roots c absorb ammonia or n1 is also a v ke5ly debat$ "o4 ,! po9t is a v difficult "o to decide1 & is mu* complicat$ by ! consid]ation t ammonia1 :5 appli$ to ! ! soil1 is s spe$ily conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,despite1 h[ev]1 ^! difficulties1 & ! va/ am\nt ( controv]sy on ! po9t1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,ville1 ,hosaeus & ,lehmann1 seem to indicate beyond d\bt t ammonia is a direct s\rce ( nitrog54 ,lehmann's exp]im5ts w\ld seem1 fur!r1 to indicate t !re are c]ta9 p]iods ( a plant's gr[? :5 its pref]5ce = ammonia salts seems to be great] ?an at o!r times4 ,! po9t1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$1 is /ill an obscure "o4 ,! great difficulty 9 decid+ x1 z has j be5 said1 lies 9 ! fact t ammonia salts1 :5 appli$ to a soil1 are1 by ! process ( nitrification1 conv]t$ into nitrates4 ,9 exp]im5t+1 !re=e1 ) ammonia1 & not+ ! results1 x is wellnigh impossible to say1 except by subsequ5t analyses1 :e!r ! nitrog5 9 ! ammonia salts has n be5 conv]t$ into nitrates be=e assimilation4 ,relation ( ,nitric ,acid to ! ,plant4 ,?irdly1 z to nitrog5 9 ! =m ( nitrates4 ,:ile x is true t plants c absorb nitrog5 9 c]ta9 organic =ms & z ammonia salts1 x is n[ a well-kn[n fact t ! *ief1 & by f> ! mo/ important1 s\rce ( nitrog5 is nitric acid4 ,probably m ?an #ij p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 absorb$ by gre5-leav$ plants f ! soil is absorb$ z nitrates4 ,! t5d5cy ( all nitrog5 comp\nds 9 ! soil is t[>ds conv]sion into nitric acid4 ,x is ! f9al =m ( nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,! precise me?od 9 :i* ?is conv]sion takes place is a discov]y ( only a few ye>s' /&+4 ,! great economic importance ( ?is discov]y1 made by ! ,fr5* *emi/s ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz1 & associat$ 9 ?is c\ntry ) ! names ( ,w>+ton1 ,munro1 & ,p4 ,f4 ,frankl&1 is only gradually be+ appreciat$4 ,x is )\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ made 9 ! doma9 ( agricultural *emi/ry ( late ye>s4 ,nitrification4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahgg t ! two ,fr5* *emi/s above ref]r$ to publi%$ ! results ( "s exp]im5ts !y _h c>ri$ out1 :i* prov$ t nitrification--! "n giv5 to ! process by :i* ammonia or o!r nitrog5 salts are conv]t$ 9 ! soil into nitric acid--0 due to ! action ( micro-organic life4 ,! basis ( ! !ory re/s ^u ! fact t dilute solutions ( ammonia salts or ur9e1 conta9+ all ! necess>y con/itu5ts ( plant-food1 if previ\sly /]ilis$1 may be kept = an indef9itely long p]iod ( "t1 provid$ ! air suppli$ be filt]$ ?r\gh cotton wool1--s z to prev5t ! entrance ( micro-organisms--)\t any =mation ( nitrates4 ,introduce1 h[ev]1 into su* a solution a little fre% soil1 & nitrification w soon foll[4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! nitrification f]m5t acts1 z well z ! nature ( ! f]m5t1 or r f]m5ts1 h subsequ5tly be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz1 ,w9ogradsy1 ,deh]a91 ,kelln]1 & o!r ,cont95tal obs]v]s1 & especially by ,w>+ton1 ,munro1 & ,p4 ,f4 ,frankl& 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! conditions _c be gone into "h4 ,!y w be fully discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,nitrification4 ,briefly /at$1 !y are a c]ta9 range ( temp]ature 7betwe5 slightly above freez+-po9t & #ej deg4 ,c41 ! maximum activity tak+ place1 accord+ to ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz1 at ab\t #cj deg4 ,c472 a pl5tiful supply ( atmosph]e oxyg5 7h5ce ! fact obs]v$ by ,w>+ton1 t nitrification is *iefly limit$ to ! surface-soil72 a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure2 & ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 ( ! necess>y m9]al plant con/itu5ts1 & ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! light :i* ^! discov]ies ?r[ ^u ! extremely complicat$ "q ( ! f]tility ( ! soil is consid]able1 z x foll[s t no soil c be reg>d$ z really a f]tile "o 9 :i* ! process ( nitrification does n freely take place4 ,!y fur!rmore expla9 _m facts1 hi!rto obs]v$ b n well und]/ood1 ) reg>d to ! action ( diff]5t nitrog5\s manures4 ,a% ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,plant4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! pres5t /ate ( our k on ! ess5tialness ( ! a% or m9]al portion ( ! plant4 ,:ile a portion ( ! plant's sub/ance :i*1 up to ,liebig's "t1 _h obta9$ little notice1 x has1 s9ce ! publication ( 8 fam\s m9]al !ory1 obta9$ an ev]-increas+ am\nt ( inve/igation4 ,up till #ahjj practically no?+ 0 kn[n ( ! function ( ! a% con/itu5ts4 ,9 #ahjb de ,saussure wrote t x 0 unkn[n :e!r ! con/itu5ts ( _m plants 7 due to ! soils on :i* !y grew1 or :e!r !y 7 ! products ( vegetable gr[?4 ,"s two ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 he 0 enabl$ to c>ry out a numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* really plac$ ! subject on a firm sci5tific basis4 ,! ess5tialness ( ! a% con/itu5ts 0 only1 h[ev]1 plac$ beyond all d\bt by ,wiegmann & ,pol/orff's rese>*es1 c>ri$ out 9 #ahdj4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! great /imulus giv5 to rese>* by ! promulgation ( ,liebig's m9]al !ory4 ,me?ods ( ,rese>*4 ,9 epitomis+ ! va/ am\nt ( "w c>ri$ on s9ce #ahdj1 ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! ess5tialness ( ! v>i\s sub/ances f\nd 9 ! a% ( plants1 two me?ods ( exp]im5tation h be5 foll[$4 ,artificial ,soils4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two me?ods 0 t adopt$ 9 ! fam\s exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out by ,pr9ce ,salm-,hor/m>1 :i* h done s mu* to fur!r our k on ?is "q4 ,x consi/$ 9 gr[+ plants on an artificial soil--=m$ out ( sug>-*>coal1 pulv]is$ qu>tz or purifi$ s&--to :i* 7 add$ ! diff]5t food con/itu5ts4 ,wat]-culture4 ,:ile ! results obta9$ by ,pr9ce ,salm-,hor/m> by ?is me?od 7 ( a mo/ valuable nature1 subsequ5t exp]im5t]s h ab&on$ 8 me?od = ! o!r me?od--viz41 wat]-culture4 ,! m$ium us$ 9 ?is process is pure wat]2 & x is f exp]im5ts c>ri$ out 9 wat]-culture t mu* ( our pres5t k1 9 reg>d to ! relation ( ! a% con/itu5ts to ! plant1 is due4 ,! names ( ^? :o h work$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t are v num]\s4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ,knop1 ,sa*s1 ,/ohmann1 ,nobbe1 ,raut5b]g1 ,kuehn1 ,lucanus1 ,w4 ,wolff1 ,hampe1 ,bey]1 ,e4 ,wolff1 ,p4 ,wagn]1 ,brets*neid] & ,lehmann4 ,! results obta9$ by ^! & o!r exp]im5t]s h demon/rat$ ! foll[+ facts4 ,! sub/ances :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! a% ( plants are3 pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 oxide ( iron1 oxide ( manganese1 phosphoric acid1 sulphuric acid1 silica1 c>bonic acid1 *lor9e1 li?ia1 rubidia1 alum9a1 oxide ( copp]1 brom9e1 iod9e1 & occasionally ev5 o!r sub/ances4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 only six are probably absolutely necess>y = plant-gr[?--viz41 pota%1 lime1 magnesia1 oxide ( iron1 phosphoric acid1 & sulphuric acid4 ,?ree o!r sub/ances seem also to be almo/ inv>iably pres5t1 & may possibly be ess5tial--9 v m9ute quantities at any rate--viz41 *lor9e1 soda1 & silica4 ,) reg>d to alum9a & oxide ( copp]1 ^! con/itu5ts mu/ be reg>d$ z accid5tal2 :ile iod9e & brom9e only occur 9 ! a% ( m>9e plants4 ,me?od ( ,absorption ( ,plant-food4 ,a dep>tm5t ( vegetable physiology :i* has _h mu* "w devot$ to x is ! me?od 9 :i* plant-roots absorb _! food4 ,! plant's n\ri%m5t is absorb$ 9 solution by means ( ! roots4 ,its absorption takes place1 accord+ to ,fis*] & ,dutro*et1 :o h inve/igat$ ! subject at great l5g?1 by ! process kn[n z endosmosis4 ,x has also be5 e/abli%$ by num]\s exp]im5ts1 t diff]5t plants require diff]5t con/itu5ts 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,wat] z a ,c>ri] ( ,plant-food4 ,! function p]=m$ by wat]1 z ! c>ri] ( plant-food1 & ! motion ( ! sap ( ! plant1 are que/ions :i* h also receiv$ mu* att5tion4 ,! motion ( ! plant's sap seems to h attract$ a great deal ( att5tion at a v e>ly /age ( ! /udy ( plant physiology4 ,z f> back z #afgi1 ,m>riotte /udi$ x4 ,among o!r old exp]im5t]s 7 ,hales1 ,guett>d1 ,s5ebi]1 ,sa9t-,m>t91 de ,c&olle1 & ,miguel4 ,9 m rec5t times1 x has be5 inve/igat$ by ,s*uebl]1 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 ,knop1 ,sa*s1 ,ung]1 & ,hosaeus4 ,"s idea ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( wat] transpir$ by plant-leaves may be ga9$ by ! /atem5t t f #bcc lb4 to #iab lb4 ( wat] are transpir$ = e p\nd ( plant-tissue =m$4#cb ,agronomy4 ,:5 we come to deal ) que/ions relat+ to ! *emi/ry ( ! soil1 we f9d t s mu* inve/igation has be5 devot$ to ?is "o bran* ( agricultural *emi/ry z to con/itute x a special bran* by itself--kn[n 9 ,france "u ! "n ( agronomie--& be+ taught 9 ! l>ge agricultural colleges by special pr(essors ( ! subject4 ,! value ( /udy+ ! prop]ties ( soils 0 recognis$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,?is /udy 0 = long l>gely conf9$ to _! physical1 or1 :at are popul>ly kn[n z _! me*anical prop]ties4 ,?us ,sir ,humphry ,davy asc]ta9$ _m important facts ) reg>d to ! heat & wat] absorb+ & reta9+ prop]ties ( soils4 ,ret5tion by ,soil ( ,plant-food4 ,x 0 n till a lat] p]iod t ! p[] soils possess ( fix+ f _! wat]y solutions v>i\s plant-foods1 bo? organic & inorganic1 0 discov]$4 ,! e>lie/ recognition ( ?is mo/ important prop]ty ( soils 0 made by ,gazz]i1 :o1 9 #ahai1 call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! d>k fluid portion ( f>my>d manure 0 purifi$ on pass+ ?r\gh clay4 ,he conclud$ t soils1 m especially clayey soils1 possess$ ! prop]ty ( be+ able to fix f _! wat]y solutions ! necess>y plant-food con/itu5ts1 & fix !m beyond risk ( loss1 only af=d+ a gradual supply to ! plant z requir$4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on ?is subject 7 ^? by ,huxtable & ,?ompson 9 #ahej4 ,! liquid portion ( f>my>d manure 0 filt]$ ?r\gh soil & subsequ5tly exam9$1 :5 x 0 f\nd to h n only lo/ its col\r1 b also to h lo/ its smell4 ,ammonia & ammonia salts 7 also exp]im5t$ )1 & x 0 f\nd t soils possess$ ! p[] ( fix+ ammonia4 ,to ,?omas ,way1 h[ev]1 we are indebt$ = ! mo/ valuable contribution on ?is important subject made by any "o s+le inve/igator4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 n m]ely c>ri$ out ) reg>d to ammonia1 b also ) reg>d to o!r bases--su* z pota%1 lime1 magnesia1 soda1 c4 ,s9ce ,way's exp]im5ts mu* "w has be5 done by ,liebig1 ,/ohmann1 ,h5neb]g1 & ,heid51 z also by ,voelck]1 ,ei*horn1 ,knop1 ,raut5b]g1 ,po*wissnew1 ,w>+ton1 ,bey]1 ,brets*neid]1 ,se/9i1 ,lask[sky1 ,/rehl1 ,pillnitz1 ,pet]s1 ,w4 ,wolff1 ,lehmann1 & ,bi$]mann4 ,bases & ,acids fix$ by ,soil4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x may be tak5 z prov$ beyond d\bt t soils h ! p[] ( fix+1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ! foll[+ bases3 ammonia1 pota%1 lime1 magnesia & soda2 z well z ! two acids1 phosphoric & silicic4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t bases are fix$ is an important po9t4 ,x w\ld seem t ! soil has a great] aff9ity = ! m valuable manurial sub/ances1 su* z ammonia1 pota%1 & lime1 & t ^! sub/ances are fir/ fix$4 ,t 9 fix+ any "o ( ! above-m5tion$ bases f its solution1 x c only d s at ! exp5se ( ano!r base4 ,?us1 9 fix+ pota%1 ei!r lime1 magnesia1 or soda mu/ be giv5 up4 ,fur!r1 :5 a base 9 solution1 z sulphate or *loride1 is absorb$ by a soil1 ! base is alone fix$1 :ile ! sulphuric acid or *lor9e is left 9 solution4 ,la/ly1 ! am\nt ( base absorb$ by a soil dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( its solution1 on ! nature ( its comb9ation1 & ! temp]ature4 ,way f\nd 9 8 exp]im5ts t a clay soil has m p[] ?an a peaty soil1 & t a peaty soil has m p[] ?an a s&y soil4 ,causes ( ?is ,fixation4 ,s mu* = ! fact ( soil absorption2 z to ! cause or causes ( ?is absorption1 a great numb] ( !ories h be5 put =w>d4 ,^? may be divid$ into two classes--^? acc\nt+ = x z due to physical prop]ties ( ! soil2 & ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 expla9+ x z due to *emical action4 ,to ! latt] class ,way's belong$4 ,he expla9$ x z due to ! =mation 9 ! soil ( hydrat$ d\ble silicates1 consi/+ ( a silicate ( alum9a1 along ) a silicate ( ! base fix$4 ,brue/le9 & ,pet]s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ( ! op9ion t x 0 purely physical 9 its nature4 ,a !ory has be5 advanc$ t x is due to ! =mation ( insoluble ulmates & humates1 =m$ by ! union ( ulmic & humic acids1 along ) ! bases fix$4 ,among o!rs :o devot$ inve/igation to ?is int]e/+ "q1 may be m5tion$ ,raut5b]g & ,heid54 ,on review+ ! evid5ce1 x seems to be pretty well e/abli%$ t x really is ma9ly a *emical act1 due *iefly to ! =mation ( d\ble silicates1 & d\btless to a c]ta9 ext5t to ! =mation ( insoluble humates & ulmates4 ,heid5's exp]im5ts w\ld seem to indicate1 h[ev]1 t x is also p>tly ( a physical nature4 ,) reg>d to ! absorption ( phosphoric acid1 ?is has be5 %[n to be a *emical act1 & dep5ds on ! =mation ( insoluble phosphates ( calcium1 iron1 alum9ium1 & magnesium1 ! p]c5tage ( iron especially det]m9+ ?is4 ,mu* analytical "w has be5 accompli%$ ( late ye>s ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( a% 9 diff]5t k9ds ( plants1 & 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant4 ,action ( ,manures4 ,! dep>tm5t ( agricultural *emi/ry :i* has be5 mo/ l>gely develop$ ( late ye>s is t connect$ ) ! problems ( manur+4 ,x is1 f a practical po9t ( view1 ( mo/ value4 ,x is "s consid]able "t s9ce we h recognis$ t ! only ?ree +r$i5ts x is1 z a rule1 exp$i5t to apply z artificial manures1 are nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,! nature1 mode ( action ( ! diff]5t comp\nds1 & prop]ties ( ^! ?ree sub/ances1 & _! comp>ative influ5ce 9 fo/]+ plant-gr[?1 toge!r ) ! economic "q ( :i* =m is1 "u v>i\s circum/ances1 ! mo/ economical = ! f>m] to use1 h toge!r giv5 rise to a l>ge numb] ( field & pot exp]im5ts4 ,z ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ?is practice =m ! subject ( ! foll[+ treatise1 any fur!r discussion ( ! "q mu/ be left to ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,note4--,! read] int]e/$ 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( agricultural *emi/ry is ref]r$ to ,sir ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t's ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahhj4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts4 ,by ,sir ,h5ry ,e4 ,roscoe1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,wm4 ,coll9s1 ,sons1 ,co47 #b ,van ,helmont's sci5ce 01 h[ev]1 ( an extremely rudim5t>y nature1 z may be evid5c$ by ! belief he ent]ta9$ t ! smells :i* arise f ! bottom ( morasses produce frogs1 slugs1 lee*es1 & o!r ?+s2 z well z by ! foll[+ recipe :i* he gave = ! production ( a pot ( mice3 ,press a dirty %irt into ! orifice ( a vessel conta9+ a little corn1 aft] ab\t tw5ty-"o days ! f]m5t proce$+ f ! dirty %irt1 modifi$ by ! od\r ( ! corn1 effects a transmutation ( ! :eat into mice4 ,! cr[n+ po9t 9 ?is recipe1 h[ev]1 lay 9 ! fact t he ass]t$ t he _h himself witness$ ! fact1 &1 z an int]e/+ & corroborative detail1 he add$ t ! mice 7 born full-gr[n4 ,see ',l\is ,pa/eur3 ,8 ,life & ,lab\rs4' ,by 8 ,son-9-law4 ,translat$ by ,lady ,claud ,hamilton4 7,longmans1 ,gre51 ,co47 ,p4 #hi4 #c ,he !n goes on to relate a numb] ( exp]im5ts by ,cornelius ,drebel & ,alb]tus ,magnus1 %[+ ! refre%+ p[] ( ?is balsam1 & !n ^? ( ,qu]citan ) roses & o!r fl[]s1 & 8 own ) nettles4 #d ,prie/ley1 h[ev]1 did n realise t c>bonic acid gas 0 a necess>y plant-food2 on ! contr>y1 he consid]$ x to h a delet]i\s action on plant-gr[?4 ,p]cival 0 really ! fir/ to po9t out t c>bonic acid gas 0 a plant-food4 #e ,x is record$ z an in/ance ( ! sci5tific en?usiasm ( ! man1 t he 0 wont to c>ry ab\t ) him bottles conta9+ oxyg51 :i* he _h obta9$ f cabbage-leaves1 z also coils ( iron wire1 ) :i* he c\ld illu/rate ! brilliant combu/ion :i* ensu$ on burn+ ! latt] 9 oxyg5 gas4 #f ,= a full acc\nt ( ,s5ebi]'s rese>*es1 see ',physiologie vegetale1 cont5ant une description des organes des plantes1 et une exposition des ph5om5es produits p> leur organisation1 p> ,jean ,s5ebi]4' 7#e tomes4 ,g5eve1 #ahjj47 #g ,h[ ,crops ,gr[4 ,by ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,macmillan ,co4 7,introduction1 p4 #d47 #h ,see p4 #dj to #de4 #i ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 9 a c\rse ( ,lectures = ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,by ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 7,london1 #ahca47 #aj ,?is dep>tm5t ( agricultural rese>* 0 subsequ5tly c>ri$ on by ,spr5gel1 ,s*uebl]1 & o!rs4 #aa ,born 9 ,p>is1 #ahjb2 di$ #aa? ,may #ahhg4 #ab ,see p4 #dj4 #ac ,:ile mu* ( ,b\ss+ault's "w 0 c>ri$ out previ\s to ! ye> #ahdj1 he cont9u$ to enri* agricultural *emi/ry ) num]\s valuable contributions up till ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,x may be well "h to m5tion ! names ( 8 mo/ important contributions to agricultural sci5ce1 made subsequ5t to #ahdj4 ,9 #ahdc he publi%$1 9 a "w entitl$ ',economie ,rurale1' ! results ( 8 num]\s exp]im5ts & rese>*es4 ,?is "w is well kn[n to ,engli% agriculturi/s f an ,engli% translation :i* appe>$ 9 #ahde 7,b\ss+ault's ',rural ,economy1' translat$ by ,g4 ,law4 ,h4 ,balli]e1 ,london74 ,9 #ahfj appe>$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 la/ great "w1 ',agronomie ,*imie ,agricole et ,physiologie' ,?is "w1 :i* consi/$ ( sev5 volumes1 0 n f9i%$ till #ahhd4 ,he di$ on ! #aa? ( ,may #ahhg4 ,x may be add$ t ! ,royal ,society ( ,london aw>d$ him ! ,copley m$al 9 #ahhg4 #ad ,see ,briti% ,association ,proce$+s1 #ahhj1 p4 #eaa4 #ae ,x may be po9t$ out t1 :ile ! am\nt ( ammonia wa%$ d[n by ! ra9 is small1 ,s*loes+ has f\nd 9 "s rec5t exp]im5ts t a damp soil may absorb f ! air 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> #ch lb4 ( comb9$ nitrog51 *iefly ammonia1 p] acre4 ,see p4 #acb4 #af ,! example1 set by ,g]many1 has be5 foll[$ by o!r c\ntries 9 :i* well-equipp$ rese>* /ations n[ exi/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example ( ! rapid developm5t ( ! means ( agricultural rese>* is furni%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,at pres5t ov] fifty agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 m or less well equipp$1 exi/ at pres5t 9 t c\ntry1 all lib]ally suppli$ by ,/ate aid4 ,! e>lie/ to be f\nd$1 x may be add$1 0 t at ,middlet[n1 ,connecticut1 ! date ( its in/itution be+ #ahge4 #ag ,x may ?us claim to be ! second olde/ exp]im5tal /ation1 t in/itut$ by ,b\ss+ault at ,be*elbronn 9 ,alsace be+ ! olde/4 #ah ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 & a %ort biography ( ,sir ,john ,lawes1 ! read] is ref]r$ to a pamphlet by ! pres5t writ]1 entitl$ ',sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts' 7',scotti% ,f>m]' ,(fice1 #ic ,hope ,/reet1 ,glasg[74 #ai ,( ^! num]\s elaborate exp]im5ts1 p]haps ^? :i* h attract$ ! mo/ widespread int]e/ among/ agriculturi/s h be5 ^? c>ri$ out on ! gr[? ( :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye> = a p]iod ( ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,! important light :i* ?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts has ?r[n ^u ! !ory ( ! rotation ( crops1 & ! subject ( ! manur+ ( c]eals1 is v great4 #bj ,associat$ 9 "s cases ) phosphorus & sulphur4 #ba ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t plant-respiration does n take place only dur+ ! night-"t4 ,x probably goes on at all times1 b x is only dur+ ! night-"t t its action is app>5t1 z ! rev]se process ( c>bon assimilation1 :i* goes on at an incomp>ably great] rate1 masks its action dur+ ! daytime4 #bb ,! l5g? ( ! day has an important influ5ce on plant-gr[?1 z is evid5c$ by ! rapid gr[? ( vegetation 9 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,9 ^! c\ntries !re is a late spr+1 & a %ort & by no means hot summ]1 b a v long p]iod ( daylight4 #bc ,a po9t ( great int]e/ :i* ^! exp]im5ts elucidat$ is t nocturnal repose is n absolutely necess>y = ! gr[? & developm5t ( all plants4 #bd ,see pp4 #ae & #bb4 #be ,see p4 #bb4 #bf ,see ,*apt] ,,iii41 pp4 #abj & #aca4 #bg ,fur!r ref]5ce is made to ?is subject 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 p4 #acf4 #bh ,see p4 #f4 #bi ,see ,phil4 ,trans41 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahfa1 pp4 #ddd-ddf4 ,lawes ,gilb]t4 ,s*loes+ has f\nd 9 ! air 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is #a lb4 ( ammonia 9 #bf1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds2 :ile ,mu5tz f\nd only ab\t half t am\nt 9 a simil> quantity ( air on ! top ( ! ,pic du ,midi4 #cj ,see ,*apt] ,,iii41 pp4 #aai1 #abj2 ,app5dix1 p4 #aee4 #ca ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts by ,dy] & ,sme?am w\ld seem to %[ t comp>atively small quantities ( ammonia 9 ! air prove actually hurtful to plant-life4 ,?us !y f\nd t "o volume ( ammonia 9 #ajjj volumes ( air 0 fatal to h>dy plants2 :ile "o volume 9 #cjjj volumes kill$ t5d] ones4 #cb ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,hellriegel & ,wollny4 ,! quantity1 x may be add$1 v>ies ) ! leaf-surface & ! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( gr[? ( ! plant4 ,x is greate/ ) clov]s & grasses1 & lea/ 9 ! potatoes & roots4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+ ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,x is necess>y to cle>ly und]/& to :at ! f]tility ( a soil is due ere we c hope to ma/] ! !ory ( manur+4 ,:at con/itutes ,f]tility 9 a ,soil4 ,! "q1 ,:at con/itutes f]tility 9 a soil8 is by no means an easy "o to answ]4 ,if we say1 ,! pres5ce ( a pl5tiful supply ( ! con/itu5ts :i* =m ! plant's food1 our answ] w be incomplete4 ,simil>ly1 if we reply1 ,a c]ta9 physical condition ( ! soil--"h1 aga91 x w be f\nd equally unsatisfactory2 = f]tility ( a soil dep5ds bo? on its physical condition & on its *emical composition1 & inde$ ev5 on o!r circum/ances4 ,x may be well1 !n1 be=e proce$+ to treat ( ! nature & action ( ! diff]5t manures1 to (f] a brief /atem5t ( ! conditions ( f]tility s f>1 at any rate1 z we at pres5t "k !m4 ,= x may be well to w>n ! read] t1 despite ! great am\nt ( "w c>ri$ out on ?is subject by exp]im5t]s1 we /ill h mu* to le>n be=e we %all be 9 a position fully & cle>ly to und]/& ! subject ( soil-f]tility 9 all its be>+s4 ,ap>t altoge!r f ! influ5ce ex]t$ by climate1 latitude1 altitude1 & exposure1 ! f]tility ( a soil may be said to dep5d on ! foll[+ prop]ties4 ,^! we may divide into ?ree gr\ps or classes3-- #a4 ,physical or me*anical4 #b4 ,*emical4 #c4 ,biological4 ,i4 ,physical ,prop]ties ( a ,soil4--,! physical prop]ties ( a soil are g5]ally admitt$ to h a v important be>+ on its f]tility4 ,?is has be5 long practically recognis$1 & p]haps has 9 ! pa/ be5 unduly exalt$ 9 importance1 at ! exp5se ( ! no less important functions ( ! *emical4#cc ,! reason ( ?is is d\btless to be ascrib$ to ! fact t x is mu* easi] to /udy ! physical prop]ties ( a soil ?an x is to /udy ! *emical2 & t1 :ile we are 9 possession ( a v l>ge am\nt ( useful in=mation ) reg>d to ! =m]1 we are at pres5t only on ! ?re%old ( our k ( ! latt]4 ,v>iety ( ,soils4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t soils diff] widely 9 _! me*anical nature4 ,! e>ly recognition ( ?is fact is evid5c$ by ! l>ge numb] ( te*nical t]ms :i* h be5 long 9 vogue among f>m]s descriptive ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,?us soils are 9 ! habit ( be+ describ$ z heavy1 light1 /iff1 /rong1 w>m1 cold1 wet1 damp1 peaty1 clayey1 s&y1 loamy1 c41 c4 ,absorptive ,p[] = ,wat]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! physical prop]ties ( a soil is its p[] to absorb wat]4 ,wat] to ! plant economy is j z important & necess>y z x is to ! animal economy4 ,consequ5tly x is ( prim>y importance to exam9e into ! conditions :i* regulate ! absorption ( ?is important plant-food by ! soil4 ,by ! absorptive p[] ( a soil is meant its capacity = dr9k+ 9 any wat] ) :i* its p>ticles may come 9 contact4 ,?is p[] dep5ds1 fir/1 on ! pr$om9ance ( its proximate con/itu5ts--viz41 s&1 clay1 c>bonate ( lime1 & humus2 & secondly on ! f95ess ( ! soil-p>ticles4 ,absorptive ,p[] ( ,s&1 ,clay1 ,humus4 ,fir/1 !n1 ) reg>d to ! absorptive p[] ( s&1 clay1 & humus4 ,( ^!1 s& possesses ?is p[] to ! lea/ ext5t1 clay to a great] ext5t1 :ile humus possesses x mo/ ( all4#cd ,! ext5t1 !re=e1 ( ! absorptive p[] ( a soil dep5ds v mu* on ! proportions 9 :i* x possesses ^! ?ree +r$i5ts4 ,! m s&y a soil is1 ! less w its p[] be ( absorb+ wat]2 & ?is1 !re is little d\bt1 is "o ( ! reasons :y a s&y soil is1 z a rule1 an unf]tile soil4 ,( c\rse !re are o!r & ev5 m important reasons2 b t ?is absorptive p[] has an important be>+ on ! "q is conclusively prov$ by ! fact t s&y soils are m f]tile 9 a climate :]e ra9 is frequ5t ?an 9 "o :]e mu* dry wea!r prevails4 ,! incapacity ( a s&y soil to absorb a l>ge quantity ( moi/ure is n fraught ) su* evil effects to ! crops 9 ! =m] case1 because x is c\nt]act$ by ! climatic conditions1 :i* obviate ! necessity1 9 a soil1 ( possess+ great absorptive p[]s4 ,! conv]se1 ( c\rse1 we may m5tion 9 pass+1 holds good ( clayey soils4 ,f95ess ( ,soil-p>ticles4 ,! second quality 9 a soil on :i* its absorptive p[] dep5ds is ! f95ess ( its p>ticles4 ,! great b5efit :i* a soil d]ives f a good til?1 9 ?is respect1 0 "o ( ! reasons :y ,tull's sy/em ( horse-hoe+ husb&ry 0 s successful 9 its results4#ce ,! f9] ! soil-p>ticles1 x may be said g5]ally1 ! great] is ! absorptive p[] ( ! soil4 ,limit to ,f95ess4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a limit to ! f95ess to :i* ! p>ticles ( a soil ought to be r$uc$2 = x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t :5 a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess is rea*$1 ! absorptive p[] decreases ) any fur!r pulv]isation4 ,a ,g]man exp]im5t] f\nd1 = example1 t a g>d5 loam1 capable ( absorb+ #aad p] c5t ( wat] 9 its natural /ate1 :5 pulv]is$ v f9e 0 able to absorb only #fb p] c5t ( wat]4 ,"h1 cle>ly1 ! limit to :i* x is advisable to pulv]ise a soil _h be5 exce$$4 ,reason ( ! above4 ,x is n difficult to see :y ?is %\ld be s4 ,! am\nt ( wat] t a soil c soak up is due to ! numb] ( pores1 or air-spaces1 x conta9s ( a c]ta9 size4 ,if ^! pores are l>ge & few 9 numb]1 ! am\nt ( wat] absorb$ w be naturally less ?an :5 !y are num]\s & small] 9 size4 ,up to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! m a soil is brok5 ! great] w be ! numb] ( pores creat$1 ( a size to p]mit ! wat] to soak 94 ,beyond t po9t ! pores become too m9ute1 & ! soil becomes too compact1 ea* p>ticle cl++ toge!r too closely4 ,ret5tive ,p[] ( ,soils = ,wat]4 ,n[ closely connect$ ) ?is absorptive p[] ( soils1 :i* we h j be5 consid]+1 is ! p[] soils possess ( hold+ or reta9+ ! wat] !y absorb4 ,?is p[]1 x w be se5 at a glance1 mu/ h an important be>+ on ! f]tility ( a soil4 ,importance ( ,ret5tive ,p[]4 ,z a consid]able int]val (t5 elapses betwe5 ! p]iods ( ra9fall1 soils1 if !y are to support vegetable gr[?1 mu/ be able to /ore up _! wat]-supply aga9/ p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,?is is all ! m necess>y :5 we rememb] t1 9 ! case ( heavy crops1 ! ra9fall w\ld (t5 be inadequate to supply ! wat] necess>y = _! gr[?4 ,9 fact1 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! av]age evaporation f soils b>e ( any cultivation is equal to ! ra9fall4 ,t ! evaporation f soils cov]$ ) vegetation is v mu* great]1 has be5 /rik+ly %[n by a calculation made by ! late em95t ,am]ican botani/1 ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 :o calculat$ t a c]ta9 elm-tree (f]$ a leaf-surface1 f :i* active transpiration con/antly w5t on1 ( "s five acres 9 ext5t2 :ile x has fur!r be5 calculat$ t a c]ta9 oak-tree1 )9 a p]iod ( six mon?s1 transpir$ dur+ ! daytime eight & a half times m wat] ?an fell z ra9 on an area equal 9 circumf]5ce to ! tree-top4#cf ,j z ! /ate ( ! f95ess ( ! soil-p>ticles has an important influ5ce on ! absorptive p[] ( soils1 s1 too1 x is f\nd1 x has an important be>+ on ! rate at :i* evaporation takes place4 ,evaporation goes on to ! greate/ ext5t 9 soils ^: p>ticles are compact$ toge!r1 capill>y action 9 ?is case tak+ place m freely1 & effect+ evaporation f a great] dep? ( soil4 ,! /irr+ ( ! surface portion ( ! soil1 z = example by hoe+ or h>r[+1 has = ?is reason an important influ5ce 9 less5+ ! am\nt ( evaporation1 & m9imis+ ! risks ( dr\ght1 by break+ ! capill>y attraction4 ,! am\nt ( evaporation :i* takes place f a soil cov]$ ) a crop1 dep5ds l>gely on ! nature ( ! crop2 a deep-root$ crop1 s9ce x draws its moi/ure f a wid] area ( soil1 be+ m effective 9 dry+ a soil ?an a %all[-root$ crop4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nts evaporat$ f a cropp$ & a b>e fall[ soil has be5 %[n at ,ro?am/$ to equal a ra9fall ( n9e in*es1 ! crop be+ b>ley4 ,! increase1 ( c\rse1 is due to ! wat] :i* ! crop transpires4#cg ,x may be g5]ally said t ! great] ! absorptive p[] ( a soil1 ! great] is its ret5tive p[]2 = soils t mo/ l>gely absorb wat] are ! mo/ reluctant to "p ) x4 ,:ile ^! prop]ties are und\bt$ly necess>y = f]tile soils1 x is ne$less to add t !y may be possess$ by a soil to too great an ext5t4 ,! soil t is unable to ?r[ (f any excess ( wat] becomes cold & damp1 & does n admit ( prop] tillage4 ,its pores become entirely *ok$ up1 & ! circulation ( air1 :i*1 z we %all see1 is ( s mu* importance1 is r5d]$ impossible4 ,plants 9 su* a soil are apt to sick5 & die1 ! wat] becomes /agnant1 & c]ta9 *emical actions are caus$ :i* give rise to poison\s gases1 su* z sulphurett$ hydrog51 c4 ,a /iff clayey soil (f]s a good example ( ! disadvantage ( ov]-ret5tiv5ess4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty su* soils exp]i5ce 9 ?r[+ (f _! excessive wat]1 !y are extremely difficult to till2 & s[+ op]ations are on t acc\nt apt to be delay$4 ,p[] ,plants h ( absorb+ ,wat] f a ,soil4 ,x is a /range fact1 & "o wor? notic+ 9 ?is connection1 t ! p[] plant-roots h ( draw+ _! moi/ure f a soil1 seems to dep5d on ! ret5tive p[] ( ! soil4 ,by ?is is meant t plants h n ! means ( exhau/+ ! wat] 9 a ret5tive soil to su* an ext5t z 9 a non-ret5tive soil4 ,9 "s extremely int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out by ! well-kn[n ,g]man botani/ ,sa*s1 x 0 f\nd t plants wilt$ 9 a loamy soil1 ^: wat]-hold+ capacity 0 #eb p] c5t1 :5 its moi/ure rea*$ #h p] c5t2 :ile 9 a s&y soil--wat]-hold+ capacity #ba p] c5t--! same species ( plant did n wilt until its moi/ure rea*$ #a-a_/b p] c5t4 ,"h1 !n1 we see t on "o k9d ( soil ! plant 0 able to live1 & obta9 suffici5t wat] = its ne$s1 :ile x di$ ( ?ir/ 9 ano!r soil1 al?\gh t soil conta9$ q z mu* moi/ure4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we may say t ,hellriegel's exp]im5ts h %[n t any soil c supply plants ) all ! wat] !y ne$ s long z its moi/ure is n r$uc$ bel[ "o-?ird ( ! :ole am\nt x c hold4#ch ,h[ to increase ,absorptive ,p[] ( ,soils4 ,! abs5ce or pres5ce1 9 excess1 ( ! above prop]ties1 sugge/s a ^w or two on h[ ^! natural defects may1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be rem$i$ artificially4 ,x /&s to reason1 t if organic matt] 9 a soil r5d]s its absorptive p[] great]1 a simple me?od ( improv+ a soil defective 9 ?is prop]ty is by ! addition ( organic matt]4 ,"o ( ! b5efits ( pl\gh+-9 gre5 crops on s&y soils is und\bt$ly due to ?is fact2 ! addition ( f>my>d manure hav+ also a simil> effect4 ,! abs5ce ( a suffici5t am\nt ( ret5tiv5ess1 su* z is f\nd 9 s&y soils1 9 ! same way sugge/s1 z a rem$y1 ! addition ( clay2 &1 vice v]sa1 :]e ! soil is too clayey1 ! natural me?od ( improvem5t w be ! addition ( s&4#ci ,%r9kage ( ,soils4 ,9 dry+1 soils %r9k4 ,^? :i* %r9k lea/ are s&y & *alky soils4 ,humus soils1 on ! o!r h&1 %r9k mo/4 ,mo/ fav\rable ,am\nt ( ,wat] 9 a ,soil4 ,! am\nt ( wat] 9 a soil mo/ fav\rable = plant-gr[? is a "q ( consid]able difficulty4 ,too great an am\nt ( moi/ure r5d]s ! l& cold2 air _c obta9 access to ! soil-p>ticles1 & ! plants sick5 & die4 ,hellriegel has f\nd t z mu* z #hj p] c5t ( :at ! soil c hold is hurtful to plants1 & t f #ej to #fj p] c5t is ! be/ am\nt4#dj ,hygroscopic ,p[]4 ,a prop]ty possess$ by soils 9 relation to wat]1 :i* is q di/9ct f absorptive p[]1 is _! hygroscopic p[]4 ,by ?is is meant _! p[] ( absorb+ wat] f ! air :]e x is pres5t 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,?is prop]ty is id5tical ) ! prop]ty :i* w be adv]t$ to imm$iately--viz41 capacity = absorb+ gases4 ,! ext5t to :i* soils possess ?is hygroscopic prop]ty seems to be regulat$ v mu* by ! same conditions z regulate _! ord9>y absorptive p[]4#da ,?is prop]ty is consid]$ to be ( great importance 9 ! case ( soils 9 hot climates1 :]e _! agricultural value may be said to dep5d to a l>ge ext5t ^u x4 ,! am\nt ( wat]1 h[ev]1 absorb$ 9 ?is way is1 comp>atively speak+1 insignificant4 ,la/ly1 x may be obs]v$ t !re are c]ta9 me?ods ( dry+ soils afflict$ ) too mu* moi/ure4 ,^! consi/ 9 mak+ op5 dit*es1 & ?us reliev+ !m ( _! sup]abundance ( wat]1 or 9 plant+ c]ta9 k9ds ( trees1 su* z will[s & popl>s4 ,! am\nt ( gre5 surface pres5t$ by ! l>ge numb] ( leaves ( trees1 f :i* ! con/ant evaporation ( wat] goes on1 is v great4 ,! consequ5ce is t trees may be reg>d$ z pump+-eng9es4 ,x is f ?is cause t =e/]s h notic$ t clay l&s are apt to become wett] aft] ! trees gr[+ ^u !m h be5 cut d[n4#db ,capacity = ,heat 9 ,soils4 ,a prop]ty :i* dep5ds l>gely on ^? we h j be5 consid]+ is ! capacity soils possess ( absorb+ & reta9+ heat4#dc ,! temp]ature ( a soil1 ( c\rse1 l>gely dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! air2 b ?is1 we mu/ n =get1 dep5ds also on ! soil itself4 ,! heat giv5 =? by ! sun's rays /rikes ! soil1 ) ! result t1 :ile s mu* ( its heat is absorb$1 a c]ta9 portion--& ?is w v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil--( its heat is radiat$ into ! air4 ,! *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! soil naturally take place m sl[ly ?an ! *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air2 ! dep? ( soil ?us affect$ by ^? *anges v>ies also 9 diff]5t climes4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 temp]ate climes ! *anges ( temp]ature occurr+ f day to night are n felt mu* bel[ ?ree feet d[n4 ,! ,explanation ( ,dew4 ,we h1 x may be /at$1 g5]ally two processes go+ on4 ,dur+ ! day ! soil is engag$ 9 absorb+ its heat f ! sun's rays2 :5 night comes1 & ! sun goes bel[ ! horizon1 ! air is *ill$ bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! soil1 :i* radiates out its /or$-up heat into ! air4 ,! result is t ! temp]ature ( ! soil is soon r$uc$ bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! moi/ure1 pres5t 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 com+ 9 contact ) ! cold surface ( ! e>?1 is cond5s$ into dew1 :i* is deposit$1 & is se5 be/ e>ly 9 ! morn+ be=e ! sun has _h "t to evaporate x aga94 ,dew is mo/ abundant 9 summ]-"t1 = ! reason t ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( ! day & night is !n greate/4 ,9 w9t]-"t x is se5 z ho>-fro/4 ,heat ( ,soils4 ,! temp]ature ( a soil1 h[ev]1 is due to o!r s\rces ?an ! sun's rays4 ,:5ev] vegetable matt] decays1 !re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat g5]at$4 ,soils1 !re=e1 9 :i* !re is a l>ge am\nt ( decay+ vegetable matt]1 are c]ta9 to receive m heat f ?is s\rce ?an soils ( m purely m9]al nature4 ,heat 9 ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,a good example ( ! am\nt ( heat t accompanies f]m5tation1 or decay ( vegetable matt]1 is se5 9 ! case ( rott+ f>my>d manure4 ,! dang] ( loss ( ! volatile ammonia f ?is cause is (t5 great1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t f]m5tation go+ on too quickly1 & ! temp]ature f becom+ too high4#dd ,! actual increase 9 ! temp]ature ( a soil effect$ by ! addition ( c]ta9 bulky organic manures1 su* z f>my>d manure1 may ?us be consid]able4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out at ,tokio1 ,japan1 x 0 f\nd t ! application ( #bj tons ( f>my>d manure p] acre increas$ ! temp]ature ( ! soil to a dep? ( five in*es1 = a p]iod ( ne>ly a mon?1 on an av]age1 "o & a half degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! am\nt ( wat] pres5t 9 a soil1 x may be notic$ 9 pass+1 w h a consid]able effect 9 regulat+ its temp]ature1 a damp soil be+1 z a rule1 a cold soil4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,heat ( ,f]m5tation4 ,x may be ask$1 ,h[ is ! decay1 or f]m5tation1 ( vegetable matt]1 su* z f>my>d manure1 caus$8 or r1 ,to :at is x due8 ,decay ( any sub/ance is j its sl[ combu/ion or burn+4 ,:5 a sub/ance unites ) ! active *emical elem5t 9 air--! oxyg5 gas--x is said to be oxidis$4 ,n[1 ?is union ( a sub/ance ) oxyg5 is ! explanation ( burn+1 & ! ph5om5a ( burn+ & decay are expla9$ by ! same *emical op]ation4 ,:5 bodies decay1 or :5 !y burn1 !y unite ) oxyg53 :5 ?is union ( a body & oxyg5 takes place v quickly1 & ! result is a flame & v great heat1 !n we call x burn+2 :51 h[ev]1 x takes place sl[ly1 x is n call$ burn+1 b simply oxidation or decay4 ,! ultimate products are ! same1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! body burns or decays2 & ! process ( decay is always accompani$ by heat1 z well z ! process ( burn+4#de ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 only ! vegetable or organic matt] 9 a soil t decays1 b also ! m9]al matt]4 ,! oxidation1 h[ev]1 ( ! m9]al matt] 9 ! soil takes place s sl[ly1 & ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ by ?is oxidation is s slight1 t ! temp]ature ( ! soil c sc>cely be said to be mu* affect$ by x4 ,influ5ce ( ,col\r ( a ,soil4 ,!re is /ill ano!r quality ( a soil on :i* its temp]ature dep5ds1 & t is its col\r4 ,?is may seem at fir/ sight to be sc>cely wor? tak+ into acc\nt1 & yet x has be5 %[n to h a v /rik+ influ5ce on ! temp]ature ( a soil4 ,?is naturally is be/ se5 9 climates :]e !re is a good deal ( sun4 ,d>k-col\r$ soils h a great] heat-absorb+ capacity ?an light-col\r$ soils2 & exp]im5ts c>ri$ out = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! ext5t ( ?is influ5ce h %[n t "u c]ta9 conditions ! diff]5ce betwe5 a soil cov]$ ) a black sub/ance1 & "o cov]$ ) a :ite sub/ance1 am\nt$ to f #ac deg4 to #ad deg4 ,fahr4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a crop on a d>k-col\r$ soil w be soon] rip5$ ?an "o on a light-col\r$ soil4 ,a soil cov]$ by a crop is cool] ?an "o )\t any crop4 ,! ,p[] ,soils h = absorb+ ,gases4 ,we h j se5 t "o cause ( ! heat ( soils is ! oxidation :i* is con/antly go+ on 9 all soils1 b m rapidly 9 soils conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( vegetable matt]4 ,?is sugge/s a ^w or two on ! p[] soils h ( absorb+ gases4 ,! *ief gases 9 ! atmosph]e are oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,bo? ^! gases are absorb$ by soils1 al?\gh n 9 simil> proportions4#df ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 x is well kn[n t a pl5tiful supply ( oxyg5 9 ! pores ( ! soil is a necess>y condition ( f]tility4 ,?is 0 long ago exp]im5tally prov$ by de ,saussure1 :o %[$ t plants absorb$ oxyg5 ?r\gh _! roots4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods ( _! gr[? ?is dem& = oxyg5 on ! "p ( ! plant is great] ?an at o!r times4 ,= example1 se$s 9 ! process ( g]m9ation require to h free access to a pl5tiful supply ( oxyg54 ,?is fact emphasises ! enorm\s importance ( provid+ a good se$-b$1 & ( see+ t ! se$ is n buri$ too deeply4 ,c>bonic ,acid & ,ammonia4 ,9 addition to oxyg5 & nitrog51 ! air conta9s o!r gases :i* are absorb$ by ! soil4 ,( ^!1 c>bonic acid is ! mo/ abundant4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! c>bonic acid :i* ! soil obta9s f ! air1 is wa%$ d[n 9 solution 9 ! ra94#dg ,( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 ! comb9$ =ms ( nitrog5--viz41 ammonia1 nitric1 & nitr\s acids--are ! mo/ important4 ,^! are all absorb$ by ! soil1 b1 l c>bonic acid1 !y are *iefly wa%$ d[n by ! ra94 ,! am\nt ( ammonia :i* may be absorb$ by a soil f ! air1 is v mu* great] ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts by ,s*loes+1 ref]r$ to 9 a foll[+ *apt]1#dh %[ ?is4 ,a damp soil may 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> absorb f> m ammonia ?an t wa%$ d[n 9 ra94 ,gas-absorb+ ,p[] ( ,soils v>ies4 ,! p[] ( diff]5t soils to absorb ^! gases v>ies4 ,?is v>iation dep5ds n only on _! physical prop]ties1 b also on _! *emical z well4 ,soils conta9+ mu* organic matt] h a great] capacity = absorb+ gases ?an ! m purely m9]al ones4 ,absorption ( ,nitrog54 ,! absorption ( nitrog5 by ! soil is a "q ( consid]able importance4 ,x w be ref]r$ to lat] on "u ! head+ ( ! biological prop]ties ( soils1 z x is fix$ by ! ag5cy ( micro-organisms4#di ,to recapitulate1 ! *ief physical or me*anical prop]ties ( a soil are its absorptive & ret5tive p[]s = wat]2 its capacity = heat2 & its p[] ( absorb+ gases4 ,x w be easily se5 h[ tillage op]ations are calculat$ to influ5ce ^! physical prop]ties ( a soil4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( a /iff soil1 tillage increases its p[] = absorb+ ! atmosph]ic gases1 *iefly oxyg51 :i* are s necess>y = r5d]+ its f]tilis+ matt]s available4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a light & too op5 soil x may ex]t q a contr>y effect4 ,x may be also well to ref] "h to ! important influ5ce ^! physical prop]ties ex]cise on ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,plant-roots require a c]ta9 ,op5ness 9 ! ,soil4 ,"o ( ! functions ( ! soil is to support ! plant 9 an upright position1 & ?is is a function :i* requires 9 ! soil a c]ta9 am\nt ( compactness or firmness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 a soil mu/ n possess too great compactness1 o!rwise ! plant-roots w exp]i5ce a difficulty 9 pu%+ _! way d[nw>ds4 ,?is is especially ! case dur+ ! e>li] p]iods ( gr[?1 :5 ! plant-roots are z yet extremely t5d]1 & exp]i5ce great difficulty 9 ov]com+ mu* resi/ance4 ,! importance ( prep>+ a mell[ se$-b$ w be ?us at once se5 to be bas$ on s\nd sci5tific pr9ciples2 & ?is = a d\ble reason4 ,n only does ! "y plant require e facility = develop+ its roots1 b also1 z has j be5 po9t$ out1 an abundant supply ( oxyg5 is ( p>am\nt importance dur+ ! process ( g]m9ation4 ,soil & ,plant-roots4 ,! :ole "q ( ! influ5ce ( ! me*anical condition ( ! soil on ! developm5t ( plant-roots is "o ( ! highe/ importance & int]e/1 & is n s g5]ally recognis$ z x ought to be4 ,natural t5d5cy ( ,plant-roots to gr[ d[nw>ds4 ,x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t ! tangl$ condition ( plant-roots is due to ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! soil-p>ticles1 & t ! natural t5d5cy ( ! plant-root is to gr[ d[nw>ds4 ,! roots1 9 %ort1 w\ld probably gr[ 9 z symmetrical a =m z d ! /alks or bran*es1 7 x n t !y are h9d]$ f s do+ by ! soil-p>ticles4 ,:]e1 !n1 ! soil is su* z to (f] mu* h9drance1 ! gr[? ( ! plant _c b be ret>d$4 ,"s extremely int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ by ! em95t ,g]man *emi/ ,hellriegel on ! influ5ce :i* ! clos5ess ( ! soil-p>ticles has on root-developm5t4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts peas & beans 7 gr[n 9 moi/5$ sawdu/1 m or less compactly compress$4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! sawdu/ ,0 compress$ to any ext5t1 plant-gr[? took place v sl[ly1 or entirely ceas$4 ,! importance ( hav+ plant-roots z widely develop$ 9 ! soil z possible1 w be at once se5 :5 we reflect t ?is means t ! area ( soil f :i* ! plant d]ives its soil-food is !reby greatly increas$4 ,ano!r important consid]ation is1 t ! deep] plant-roots c p5etrate 9 a soil1 ! m able--o!r conditions be+ equal--is ! plant to )/& ! action ( dr\ght1 z x c draw wat] = its ne$s f ! deep] lay]s ( ! soil1 long aft] a plant1 ^: roots d n p5etrate s deeply1 has wilt$4 ,plants require ,room4 ,ano!r important be>+ tillage has on plant-gr[? may "h be discuss$4 ,a problem ( consid]able difficulty is pres5t$ 9 ! "q1 ,h[ _m individual plants w a c]ta9 piece ( soil support 9 a heal?y way8 ,= z plants require room1 x is imp]ative t !y be n too closely cr[d$ toge!r4 ,! "q resolves itself pretty mu* into "o ( quality aga9/ quantity4 ,exp]im5ts on ?is subject h %[n t a c]ta9 area ( soil is only able to support ! heal?y gr[? ( a c]ta9 numb] ( plants4 ,if ! limit be exce$$1 ! result is imp]fect developm5t4 ,numb] ( ,plants on c]ta9 ,area increas$ by ,tillage4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! m ?or\ghly till$ a soil is1 ! great] w be ! numb] ( plants x w be possible to gr[ on x4 ,! roots1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ to spread !mselves along ! surface-soil1 & ?us take up a l>ge am\nt ( room1 w f9d no difficulty 9 /rik+ d[nw>ds4 ,two or ?ree plants may ?us be enabl$ to gr[ 9 a ?or\ghly till$ soil 9 ! same space z only "o c\ld be=e tillage4 ,am]ican & ,engli% ,f>m+4 ,! above consid]ations ?r[ consid]able light on :at seems to _m f>m]s a /range anomaly--viz41 ! fact t ! return ( f>m produce p] acre on ,am]ican f>ms is1 z a rule1 v mu* less ?an t f our own impov]i%$ soils 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,to _m1 at fir/ sight1 ?is seems to be 9 direct contradiction to our common belief1 & to po9t to ! conclusion t ! virg9 soils ( ,am]ica are1 aft] all1 actually inf]ior 9 f]tility to ! soils ( ,brita94 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y to draw ?is conclusion1 z ! facts ( ! case admit ( ano!r explanation4 ,! inf]ior returns obta9$ f ,am]ican f>ms are due1 n to ! fact t ! ,am]ican soil is less f]tile ?an ! ,briti%--= ?is is n true--b to ! fact t x is less int5sively cultivat$4 ,9 ,am]ica l& is *eap & lab\r is de>2 x is consequ5tly f\nd to be m economical to cultivate a l>ge tract ( l& less ?or\ghly ?an a small area m ?or\ghly4 ,9 ,brita9 ! rev]se is ! case1 lab\r be+ *eap & l& be+ de>4 ,x is ?us necess>y to make ! l& g z f> z possible1 & produce z heavy a crop z x is possible to produce4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 t 7 ,am]ican f>m+ to be c>ri$ on z int5sively z is ,briti% f>m+1 ! pres5t yield w\ld be at lea/ probably d\bl$4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! second class ( prop]ties :i* influ5ce ! f]tility ( a soil4 ,^! are *emical4 ,,ii4 ,*emical ,composition ( a ,soil4--,*emically consid]$1 ! soil is a body ( great complexity4 ,x is made up ( a great v>iety ( sub/ances4 ,! relations exi/+ betwe5 ^! sub/ances & ! plant are n all ( equal importance2 "s--& ^! =m by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! soil-sub/ance--are conc]n$ 9 act+ simply z a me*anical support = ! plant1 & 9 help+ to ma9ta9 ^? physical prop]ties 9 ! soil :i*1 z we h j se51 ex]cise su* important functions 9 ! plant's developm5t4 ,f]tilis+ ,+r$i5ts4 ,a small portion ( ! soil-sub/ance1 h[ev]1 takes a v mu* m active "p 9 promot+ plant-gr[?1 by act+ z direct food ( ! plant4 ,z we h already se5 9 ! ,introductory ,*apt]1#ej ! sub/ances :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! a% ( plants are ! foll[+3 pota%1 lime1 magnesia1 oxide ( iron1 phosphoric acid1 sulphuric acid1 soda1 silica1 *lor9e1 oxide ( manganese1 li?ia1 rubidia1 alum9a1 oxide ( copp]1 brom9e1 & iod9e4 ,! g5]al pres5ce ( "s ( ^! sub/ances is d\btful2 ! pres5ce ( o!rs1 aga91 probably purely accid5tal2 :ile "s are only f\nd 9 plants ( a special nature1 z1 = in/ance1 iod9e & brom9e1 :i* are only f\nd 9 ! a% ( m>9e plants4 ,( ^! a% con/itu5ts1 only ! fir/ six sub/ances--^? m>k$ 9 italics--are absolutely necess>y to plant-gr[?4 ,9 addition to ^! six a% con/itu5ts1 ! plant also d]ives its nitrog51 :i* is a necess>y plant-food1 *iefly f ! soil4#ea ,importance ( ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric ,acid1 & ,pota%4 ,b ( ^! sev5 con/itu5ts ( ! soil :i* are necess>y to plant-gr[?1 "s h come to be reg>d$ by ! agriculturi/ ) v mu* great] int]e/ ?an o!rs4 ,?is is due to ! fact t !y are normally pres5t 9 ! soil 9 v mu* small] quantities ?an is ! case ) ! o!r equally necess>y food +r$i5ts2 t1 9 %ort1 !y are ne>ly inv>iably pres5t 9 ! soil1 9 a readily available =m1 9 less] quantities ?an ! plant is able to avail itself (1 & (t51 z 9 impov]i%$ or b>r5 soils1 9 quantities too small = ev5 normal gr[?4 ,^! +r$i5ts are nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4#eb ,! importance ( see+ t all ! necess>y plant +r$i5ts are pres5t 9 a soil 9 prop] quantities w be at once prop]ly e/imat$ :5 x is /at$ t ! abs5ce or insuffici5cy 9 am\nt ( "o s+le +r$i5t is capable ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( ! plant1 al?\gh ! o!r necess>y +r$i5ts may be ev5 abundantly pres5t4 ,) lime1 magnesia1 iron1 & sulphuric acid1 mo/ soils are abundantly suppli$4 ,! sub/ances ) :i* ! f>m] has to conc]n himself1 !n1 are nitrog51 phosphates1 & pota%4 ,x is ^! sub/ances !re=e1 t1 z a rule1 are alone add$ z manures4 ,*emical ,condition ( ,f]tilis+ ,+r$i5ts 9 ,soil4 ,b 9 consid]+ ! *emical prop]ties ( a soil1 a simple consid]ation ( ! quantity ( ! diff]5t +r$i5ts pres5t is n en\gh4 ,a v important consid]ation is _! *emical condition4 ,ere any plant-food c be assimilat$ by ! plant's roots1 x mu/ fir/ be r5d]$ soluble4 ,! quantity ( soluble1 or1 z x is kn[n1 available1 plant-food 9 a soil is v small4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 be+ /eadily add$ to ea* day by ! process ( dis9tegration con/antly go+ on 9 soils4 ,am\nt ( ,soluble ,f]tilis+ ,+r$i5ts4 ,! exact nature & dissolv+ capacity ( ! soil-wat]1 *>g$ z x is1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ) diff]5t acids & salts1 z well z ! dissolv+ p[] ( ! sap ( ! rootlets ( ! plant itself1 r5d] ! exact e/imation ( ! available f]tilis+ con/itu5ts wellnigh impossible4 ,an approximate e/imate1 h[ev]1 may be obta9$ by treat+ ! soil ) pure wat] & dilute acid solutions4 ,! treatm5t ( ! soil ) dilute acid solutions is = ! purpose ( simulat+1 z ne>ly z may be done1 ! conditions x is submitt$ to 9 ! soil4 ,by treat+ a soil ) wat]1 we obta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( plant-food dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,?is c only be reg>d$ z indicat+ approximately ! am\nt available at t mom5t to ! plant4 ,b e day1 ?anks to ! numb]less complicat$ reactions go+ on 9 ! soil1 ?is soluble plant-food is con/antly be+ add$ to4 ,consid]ations su* z ! above1 toge!r ) our ignorance z to ! exact comb9ations 9 :i* ! necess>y m9]als ent] ! plant1 w s]ve to indicate ! great difficulty ( ?is "p ( ! subject4#ec ,value ( ,*emical ,analysis ( ,soils4 ,x is l>gely = ^! reasons t a *emical analysis ( a soil is f "o po9t ( view ( little value 9 giv+ evid5ce ( its actual f]tility4 ,:at x demon/rates m satisfactorily is its pot5tial f]tility4 ,x is useful 9 reveal+ :at !re is pres5t 9 x1 n necess>ily1 h[ev]1 9 an available condition4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x may be made ( great value1 z1 = example1 :5 we are anxi\s to "k :at w be ! result ( c]ta9 k9ds ( treatm5t1 su* z ! application ( lime1 c4 ,x is h>dly advisable1 !re=e1 to place be=e ! read] a numb] ( soil analyses4 ,t he may obta9 an approximate idea ( ! composition ( a soil1 "o or two repres5tative analyses w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix1#ed along ) a %ort acc\nt ( ! *ief m9]als out ( :i* soils are =m$4 ,a po9t ( consid]able int]e/ is ! quantity p] acre diff]5t soils conta9 ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,al?\gh ! am\nt ( ^! +r$i5ts :5 /at$ 9 p]c5tage seems v trifl+1 yet :5 calculat$ 9 lb4 p] acre1 x is se5 to be 9 l>ge excess ( ! am\nt remov$ by ! diff]5t crops4 ,?is "q w be dealt ) 9 succe$+ *apt]s4 ,a po9t ( fur!r int]e/ is ! *emical =m 9 :i* ! necess>y plant con/itu5ts are pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,= in=mation on ?is po9t ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,app5dix4#ee ,! ?ird class ( prop]ties :i* affect ! f]tility ( a soil are ^? :i* h be5 t]m$ ! biological4 ,,iii4 ,biological ,prop]ties ( a ,soil4--,! important functions :i* mod]n discov]ies h %[n to be dis*>g$ by m9ute organic life 9 ! t]re/rial economy are n[h]e m /rik+ly exemplifi$ ?an 9 ! important role !y p]=m 9 ! soil4 ,bact]ia ( ! ,soil4 ,! soil ( e cultivat$ field is teem+ ) bact]ia ^: function is to aid 9 supply+ plants ) _! necess>y food4 ,! nature (1 & ! functions p]=m$ by1 ^! organisms diff] v widely4 ,reg>d+ _m ( !m we "k v little2 e day1 h[ev]1 our k is be+ ext5d$ by ! labori\s rese>*es ( inve/igators 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & x is to be anticipat$ t ere long we %all be 9 possession ( _m facts reg>d+ ! nature & ! me?od ( ! developm5t ( ^! mo/ int]e/+ ag5ts 9 t]re/rial economy4 ,t !y are pres5t1 h[ev]1 9 enorm\s numb]s 9 all soils we h e reason to believe1 "o class ( organism connect$ ) ! oxidation ( c>bonic acid gas be+ e/imat$ to be pres5t to ! ext5t ( ov] half a million 9 "o gramme ( soil#ef 7,wollny & ,adametz74 ,"o class--& _! importance is v great 9 agriculture--prep>e ! food ( plants by decompos+ ! organic matt] 9 ! soil into su* simple sub/ances z are easily assimilat$ by ! plant4 ,! s-call$ rip5+ ( v>i\s organic f]tilis]s is effect$1 we n[ "k1 entirely ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bact]ia ( ?is class4 ,plant-life is unable to live ^u ! complex nitrog5\s comp\nds ( ! organic matt] ( ! soil1 & 7 x n = bact]ia ^! sub/ances w\ld rema9 unavailable4 ,att5tion w be drawn 9 ! ,*apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure to ?is "q m 9 detail4 ,( ^! bact]ia1 among ! mo/ important are ^? :i* are ! active ag5ts 9 ! process kn[n z nitrification--i4e41 ! process :]eby organic nitrog5 & ammonia salts are conv]t$ into nitrites & nitrates4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! organisms1 x w\ld appe>1 is indisp5sable to ! f]tility ( any soil4 ,!re are organisms1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* h ! p[] ( rev]s+ ! "w ( ! nitrification bact]ia by conv]t+ nitrates into o!r =ms ( nitrog54 ,! r$uction ( nitrates 9 ! soil is (t5 ! s\rce ( mu* loss ( valuable nitrog51 :i* escapes 9 ! free /ate1 s t ! action ( bact]ia is n altoge!r ( a b5eficial nature4 ,?ree ,classes ( ,organisms 9 ! ,soil4 ,s f> z ! subject has be5 at pres5t /udi$1 ! micro-organisms 9 ! soil may be divid$ into ?ree classes4#eg ,fir/ ,class ( ,organisms4 ,we h1 fir/ ( all1 ^? ^: function x is to oxidise ! soil +r$i5ts4 ,organisms ( ?is class may act 9 diff]5t ways4 ,!y may assimilate ! organic matt] ( ! soil & conv]t x into c>bonic acid gas & wat]2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may oxidise x by giv+ (f oxyg54 ,"s ( ^! organisms1 ^: action is ( ! fir/ k9d1 *oose mo/ rem>kable mat]ials = assimilation4 ,"o has be5 f\nd to require f]r\s c>bonate = its developm5t1 :i* x oxidises into ! oxide 7,w9ogradsky72 :ile ano!r1#eh ! s-call$ sulphur organism1 conv]ts sulphur into sulphurett$ hydrog5 accord+ to "s1 & accord+ to o!rs into sulphates4 ,to ?is class ( organism ! nitrify+ organisms belong4 ,z w be se5 m fully 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 two di/9ct organisms connect$ ) ?is process h already be5 isolat$ & /udi$--"o ( ^! effect+ ! =mation ( nitrites f organic nitrog5 or ammonia salts1 & ! o!r ! conv]sion ( nitrites into nitrates4 ,! second me?od 9 :i* ^! oxidis+ organisms act is by giv+ (f oxyg54 ,!re is mu* int]e/ atta*+ to ?is fact1 z x 0 suppos$ till q rec5tly t all evolution ( oxyg5 9 vegetable physiology 0 dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( light1 & also intimately connect$ ) *lorophyll1 or ! gre5 col\r+ matt] ( plants4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t among ! soil organisms ^! conditions are n necess>y1 & ! evolution ( oxyg5 may be c>ri$ on 9 ! case ( col\rless organisms z well z 9 ! case ( light4 ,) organisms ( ?is k9d e soil is probably teem+4 ,a typical example is ! organism :i* is ! active ag5t 9 ! oxidation ( c>bonic acid gas1 & :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to z exi/+ 9 ! soil 9 su* numb]s4#ei ,! ,second ,class ( ,organisms 9 ! ,soil4 ,! second class ( organisms are ^? :i* r$uce or de/roy ! soil con/itu5ts4 ,! mo/ important ( ^!1 f ! agricultural po9t ( view1 are ^? :i* effect ! lib]ation ( nitrog5 f its comp\nds4 ,9 ! putrefaction ( organic matt] ! organisms *iefly act1 x is probable1 9 ! entire abs5ce ( atmosph]ic oxyg52 b x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t !y may also act 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,x is ?r\gh _! ag5cy t ! soil may lose "s ( its nitrog5 9 ! free =m4 ,to ?is class belong ! d5itrify+ organisms already ref]r$ to :i* r$uce ! nitrates & nitrites 9 ! soil4#fj ,?ird ,class ( ,organisms4 ,! ?ird class ( organisms are ^? by ^: ag5cy ! soil is enri*$4 ,( ?is class ^? fix+ ! free nitrog5 f ! air are ! mo/ important4 ,! nature ( ^! organisms is /ill some:at obscure1 b t legum9\s plants h ! p[] ( draw+ ^u ?is s\rce ( nitrog5 is n[ a firmly e/abli%$ fact4 ,fur!r ref]5ce to ^! int]e/+ organisms may be delay$ to ano!r *apt]4 ,! important po9t to be emphasis$ is1 t = ! heal?y developm5t ( ^! organisms1 :i* are s necess>y 9 e f]tile soil1 c]ta9 conditions mu/ exi/4 ,^! necess>y conditions w be treat$ m 9 detail lat] on4 ,x is suffici5t to notice t !y h to d ) ! physical prop]ties z well z ! *emical composition ( ! soil4 ,?is furni%es a fur!r reason = ! necessity ( hav+ ! me*anical condition ( a soil satisfactory4 ,recapitulation4 ,f :at we h said1 x w be se5 t ! "q ( soil-f]tility is a v complicat$ "o1 & dep5ds on num]\s & v>i$ conditions2 t ! prop]ties :i* con/itute f]tility1 :ile seem+ly v widely diff]5t 9 _! nature1 9 reality influ5ce "o ano!r to a v great ext5t2 t n m]ely is ! pres5ce 9 a soil ( ! necess>y plant con/itu5ts necess>y to f]tility1 b t ! possession by ! soil ( c]ta9 physical or me*anical prop]ties is equally necess>y2 :ile1 la/ly1 we h se5 t ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 micro-organic life is b\nd up ) ! problem ( f]tility 9 a v direct & practical mann]4 ,! importance ( ! conditions1 o!r ?an ^? ( a purely *emical nature1 h be5 ?us f> some:at prom95tly emphasis$1 = ! reason t 9 :at foll[s att5tion w be almo/ exclusively devot$ to ! purely *emical conditions ( f]tility4 ,x is well1 !n1 to realise t1 :ile ! latt] conditions are by f> ! mo/ important1 s f> z ! f>m] is practically conc]n$1 inasmu* z !y are mo/ "u 8 control1 !y are n ! only conditions1 & are n by !mselves able to control f]tility4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,?is /atem5t p]haps ne$s qualification4 ,:ile ! important role play$ by ! physical qualities ( ! soil 7 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sci5ce recognis$1 ( m rec5t ye>s ! *emical composition ( ! soil has be5 engag+ almo/ exclusive inve/igation4 ,physical prop]ties ( ! soil h rec5tly acquir$ a fur!r importance 9 ! eyes ( ! agricultural *emi/1 f ! important influ5ce !y ex]t on :at we h "h call$ ! biological prop]ties ( a soil--viz41 ! developm5t ( ^? f]m5tative processes :]eby plant-food is prep>$ to a l>ge ext5t4 #cd ,a good example ( ! absorptive capacity ( a soil conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( vegetable matt] is furni%$ by peat-bogs1 :i*1 sponge-l1 c absorb enorm\s quantities ( wat]4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #ih47 #ce ,je?ro ,tull1 an e>ly well-kn[n agricultural writ]1 :o liv$ ab\t ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 prop\nd$ ! !ory1 t z ! food ( plants consi/$ ( ! m9ute e>?y p>ticles ( ! soil1 all t 0 requir$ by ! skilful f>m] 0 to see t 8 soil 0 prop]ly till$4 ,he accord+ly publi%$ a "w entitl$ ',horse-hoe+ ,husb&ry1' 9 :i* he advocat$ a sy/em ( ?or\gh tillage4 7,see ,hi/orical ,introduction1 p4 #aj47 #cf ,see ,introduction1 p4 #ee4 #cg ,see ,introductory ,*apt]1 p4 #ee4 #ch ,x is n exactly kn[n :y excess ( wat] %\ld prev5t normal gr[? 9 ! plant4 ,probably x is on acc\nt ( ! fact t free access ( oxyg5 is h9d]$ 9 su* a case4 ,! roots are ?us n freely en\gh expos$ to ?is necess>y gas1 & f]m5tative processes ( ! nature ( nitrification are n promot$4 ,x may be also due to ! fact t ! solution ( plant-food is too dilute :5 su* excess ( wat] prevails4 #ci ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #ih4 #dj ,"s exp]im5ts by ,e4 ,wollny %[ ?is4 ,he f\nd1 :5 exp]im5t+ ) summ] rape1 t ! be/ results 7 obta9$ :5 ! soil conta9$ only #dj p] c5t ( its total wat]-hold+ p[]2 :5 ! am\nt 0 ei!r less5$ or increas$ ! results obta9$ fell (f4 ,! effect ( ei!r too little or too mu* wat] is se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t organs ( ! plant z well z on its p]iod ( gr[?1 mu* wat] seem+ to ret>d ! gr[?4 ,! quality ( ! plant seems also to be influ5c$ by ?is condition4 ,exp]im5ts on c]eal gra9s by ,wollny %[ t n m]ely is ! texture ( ! gra9 influ5c$1 b t mu* moi/ure less5s ! p]c5tage ( nitrog54 ,wollny is ( ! op9ion t = crops g5]ally1 ! be/ am\nt is f #dj to #ge p] c5t ( ! total wat]-hold+ capacity ( ! soil4 #da ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii41 p4 #ii4 #db ,see p4 #ee4 #dc ,! effect ( ! temp]ature ( ! soil on ! developm5t ( ! plant is mo/ important4 ,?is is especially m>k$ at ! p]iod ( g]m9ation1 b is felt at subsequ5t p]iods ( gr[?4 ,up to a c]ta9 temp]ature ! w>m] ! soil ! m rapid ! plant's developm5t4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! temp]ature mo/ fav\rable to gr[? is r>ely exce$$1 or inde$ rea*$4 #dd ,see ,*apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure4 #de ,z w be se5 fur!r on1 ! f]m5tation ( organic sub/ances is caus$ by ! action ( micro-organic life4 #df ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #ajj4 #dg ,( c\rse x mu/ be rememb]$ t a l>ge am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 soils comes f ! decay ( vegetable matt]4 ,soils are tw5ty to "o hundr$ times ri*] 9 c>bonic acid ?an ! air4 #dh ,see ,*apt] ,,iii41 p4 #aai4 #di ,see ,introduction1 p4 #dj4 #ej ,see ,introductory ,*apt]1 p4 #ed4 #ea ,see pp4 #dd & #ace4 #eb ,occasionally also lime4 #ec ,see ,app5dix1 ,notes ,v4 & ,,vi41 pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 #ed ,note ,,vi41 p4 #aja4 #ee ,note ,,vii41 p4 #ajg4 #ef ,ev5 l>g] e/imates ( ! numb] ( g]ms 9 a gramme ( soil h be5 made--f ?ree-qu>t]s to "o million 7,ko*1 ,fuelles1 & o!rs74 #eg ,^! organisms consi/ ( molds1 yea/1 & bact]ia1 ! la/-nam$ be+ mo/ abundant4 ,9 ! surface-soil1 among ! bact]ia1 bacilli are mo/ abundant4 ,micrococei are n abundant4 #eh ,inve/igat$ by ,w9ogradsky1 ,olivi]1 ,de ,rey ,pailhade1 & o!rs4 #ei ,organisms ( ?is k9d h be5 inve/igat$ among o!rs by ,h]aues1 ,hueppe1 & ,e4 ,wollny4 ,accord+ to ! two fir/-m5tion$ inve/igators1 c]ta9 col\rless bact]ia effect ! =mation 9 ! abs5ce ( light f humus & c>bonates a body resembl+ 9 its nature cellulose4 #fj ,inve/igat$ by ,spr+]1 ,gayon & ,dupetit1 ,deh]a91 & ,m>gu5ne4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #fh74 ,! foll[+ det]m9ations by ,s*uebl] %[ ! absorptive p[] ( diff]5t k9ds ( soil-sub/ances4 ,^! 7 obta9$ by soak+ weigh$ quantities ( ! soil 9 wat]1 & all[+ ! excess ( liquid to dra9 away1 & weigh+ ! wet e>?4 ,p] c5t ( wat] absorb$ by #ajj p>ts ( e>?4 ,silice\s s& #be ,gypsum #bg ,calc>e\s s& #bi ,s&y clay #dj ,/rong clay #ej ,arable soil #eb ,f9e calc>e\s #he ,g>d5-e>? #hi ,humus #aij ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! absorptive p[] ( a mixture ( diff]5t sub/ances is n simply equal to ! sum ( _! sep>ate +r$i5ts4 ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #gd74 ,,evaporation4 ,! ret5tive prop]ty ( a soil = wat] t5ds to ret>d evaporation4 ,! foll[+ table by ,s*uebl] %[s ! rate at :i* evaporation proce$s 9 diff]5t soils4 ,! exp]im5t 0 conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! soil exp]im5t$ ^u 0 saturat$ ) wat] & spread ov] a disc1 & all[$ to evaporate = f\r h\rs1 :5 x 0 weigh$4 ,! am\nt ( "t requir$ = ! evaporation ( #ij p] c5t ( ! wat] 0 also e/imat$4 ,( #ajj p>ts ( wat] 9 ! wet soil !re evaporat$1 at #fj deg4 ,fahr4-- ,"t requir$ to ,9 f\r h\rs-- evaporate #ij p] c5t4 ,f-- p] c5t4 ,h\rs4 ,m9utes4 ,qu>tz #hh #d #d ,lime/one #gf #d #dd ,s&y clay #eb #e #a ,/iffi% clay #df #f #ee ,loamy clay #df #g #eb ,pure grey clay #cb #aa #ag ,loam #cb #aa #ae ,f9e calcium c>bonate #bh #ab #ea ,humus #ba #ag #cc ,magnesium c>bonate #aa #cc #bj ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #gf74 ,,hygroscopic ,,p[] ,,( ,,soils4 ,davy f\nd ! hygroscopic p[] ( soils to be z foll[s4 ,he f\nd t #ajj p>ts by weight ( ?ree samples ( diff]5t s&s absorb$ #c1 #h1 & #aa p>ts ( wat]1 respectively1 9 "o h\r2 :ile ?ree loams absorb$ simil>ly #a4c1 #a4f1 & #a4h p>ts4 ,! foll[+ samples ( soil 7 dri$ at #bab deg4 ,fahr41 & expos$ to an atmosph]e saturat$ ) wat] & a temp]ature ( #fb deg4 ,fahr41 :5 x 0 f\nd !y absorb$ ! foll[+ am\nts 9 twelve h\rs' "t3-- ,qu>tz s& #j4j ,lime/one s& #j4c ,lean clay #b4a ,fat clay #b4e ,clay soil4 #c4j ,pure clay4 #c4g ,g>d5-loam #c4e ,humus #h4j ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #ha74 ,,gases ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,soils4 ,! air :i* we f9d enclos$ 9 ! pores ( ! soil is di/9ctly poor] 9 oxyg5 ?an ord9>y air4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 a s&y soil1 fre%ly manur$ & wet ) ra91 to be z l[ z #aj4ce p] c5t2 :ile ! air 9 =e/-soil conta9$ #ai4e p] c5t ( oxyg51 & 4#ic p] c5t ( c>bonic acid4 ,! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 soils dep5ds on ! rate ( decay ( ! organic portions4 ,! dep? ( ! soil-lay] also det]m9es ! quantity4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t diffusion takes place m sl[ly deep d[n ?an ne> ! surface4 ,,note ,v4 7p4 #ij74 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,soluble ,,plant-,,food ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,two ( ! mo/ reliable me?ods ( asc]ta9+ an approximation ( ! quantity ( soluble soil con/itu5ts are 7#a7 by treat+ ! soil ) di/ill$ wat]1 & 7#b7 by analys+ ! dra9age-wat]4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] ( ^! two me?ods1 x has be5 f\nd t ev5 ! am\nt ( f]tilis+ matt] dissolv$ out by pure di/ill$ wat] v>ies4 ,?is v>iation dep5ds on ! am\nt ( di/ill$ wat] us$1 z well z ! l5g? ( "t ! soil is left 9 contact ) ! solv5t4 ,by wa%+ ! soil ) diff]5t quantities ( wat]1 diff]5t am\nts ( soluble soil +r$i5ts w be f\nd to h be5 wa%$ out2 = al?\gh ! fir/ wa%+s conta9 by f> ! great] portion ( ! soluble matt]1 ea* subsequ5t wa%+ w be f\nd to conta9 fur!r quantities4 ,a numb] ( exp]im5ts h %[n t #ajjj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] dissolv$ out f diff]5t soils f "o half to "o & a half p>ts ( soluble con/itu5ts2 or f 4#je to 4#ae p] c5t4 ,( ?is soluble matt] f #cj to #fg p] c5t is m9]al 9 its nature1 & f #cc to #gj p] c5t organic4 ,poor s&y soils yield ! m9imum quantity1 :ile peaty soils yield ! maximum4 ,! quantity ( soluble matt] 9 a regul> peaty soil may v>y f 4#d to #a4d p] c5t2 ?is consi/s *iefly1 h[ev]1 ( organic matt]4 7,see ,johnson's ',h[ ,crops ,fe$1' p4 #cab47 ,p]haps a m satisfactory me?od is by analys+ ! dra9age-wat] ( a soil4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to v>y v consid]ably 9 composition4 ,! av]age ( a l>ge numb] ( analyses are 4#jd to 4#je p] c5t ( dissolv$ matt]4 ,( ?is dissolv$ matt] ! l>ge/ proportion is made up ( organic matt]1 nitric acid1 lime1 & soda salts4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ! dra9age-wat] does n furni% an exact indication ( ! am\nt ( dissolv$ matt] 9 a soil4 ,mu*1 p]haps ! l>ge/ proportion ( dissolv$ matt]1 nev] f9ds its way into ! dra9age-wat]4 ,t conta9$ by ! dra9age-wat] really repres5ts ! surplus quantity ( dissolv$ matt] :i* ! soil is unable to reta91 & :i* is ?us wa%$ by ! ra9 into ! dra9s4 ,! composition ( dra9age-wat] is int]e/+1 z x %[s t1 practically speak+1 all ! necess>y plant +r$i5ts are 9 a /ate ( solution 9 ! soil4 ,,note ,,vi4 7p4 #ij74 ,,*emical ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,! mo/ important sub/ances pres5t 9 soils are z foll[s3 silica1 alum9a1 lime1 magnesia1 pota%1 soda1 f]ric oxide1 manganese oxide1 sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 & *lor9e4 ,( ^! sub/ances ! pres5ce ( alum9a1 silica1 lime1 &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 magnesia1 along ) ! organic portion ( ! soil--! humus--has ! *ief influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! nature & ! physical prop]ties ( a soil4 ,9 ord] to cle>ly und]/& to :at x is soils owe ! nature ( _! *emical composition1 x is necess>y to consid] ! composition ( "s ( ! *ief m9]als out ( ! dis9tegration ( :i* soils are =m$4 ,:ile we "k ( "s sev5ty elem5ts pres5t 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 x is practically made up ( only "s sixte54 ,^! sixte5 are--oxyg51 silicon1 c>bon1 sulphur1 hydrog51 *lor9e1 phosphorus1 iron1 alum9ium1 calcium1 magnesium1 sodium1 potassium1 fluor9e1 manganese1 & b>ium4#fa ,( ^!1 oxyg5 is by f> ! l>ge/ con/itu5t1 =m+1 r\ghly speak+1 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,! ma9 mass ( ! rocks consi/s ( silica1 & ?is is g5]ally comb9$ ) alum9a1 z 9 clay1 =m+ alum9ium silicate1 & ) ! common] alkalies & alkal9e e>?s4 ,ano!r extremely abundant comp\nd is c>bonate ( lime1 :i*1 z lime/one1 *alk1 & m>l1 =ms "o-six? ( ! e>?'s total rocks4 ,! ^w m9]al means a def9ite *emical comp\nd ( natural occurr5ce4 ,! numb] ( m9]als is v great1 & x is impossible to g into ! subject "h4 ,ref]5ce c only be made to a few ( ! m prom95t ones1 :i* are *iefly conc]n$ 9 ! =mation ( soils4 ,^? =m$ out ( silicates are1 f ! agricultural po9t ( view1 ! mo/ important1 z !y =m a v l>ge gr\p2 & x is by _! dis9tegration t soils are *iefly =m$4 ,!y consi/ ( silica & alum9a1 along ) v>i\s o!r sub/ances1 *iefly alkalies & alkal9e e>?s4 ,x is important to note "o peculi>ity ab\t ! solubility ( silicates4 ,we h two classes ( silicates3 ! "o1 :i* is call$ acid1 & conta9s an excess ( silica2 ! o!r1 basic1 & :i* conta9s an excess ( base4 ,n[1 :ile ! =m] ( ^! is m or less insoluble1 ! second is soluble4 ,?is fact has an important signification 9 ! process ( ! dis9tegration ( ! silicate m9]als we are ab\t to consid]4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important class are ! ,felsp>s4 ,felsp> is n really a def9ite m9]al1 ) a def9ite *emical composition1 b r ! "n ( a class ( m9]als ( :i* !re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds4 ,! felsp>s are compos$ ( silica & alum9a1 along ) pota%1 soda1 & lime1 ) traces ( iron & magnesia4 ,_! pr9cipal con/itu5ts1 h[ev]1 are silica & alum9a1 along ) ei!r pota%1 soda1 or lime4 ,accord+ z ! base pota%1 soda1 or lime pr$om9ates1 ! felsp> is kn[n z ,or?oclase1 ,albite1 & ,oligoclase1 respectively4 ,! foll[+ are ! analyses ( ! ?ree m9]als 7by ! late ,dr ,&]son73-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,or?oclase4 ,albite4 ,oligoclase4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a4 #b4 #a4 #b4 #a4 #b4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,silica #fe4gb #fe4jj #fg4ii #fh4bc #fb4gj #fc4ea ,alum9a #ah4eg #ah4fd #ai4fa #ah4cj #bc4hj #bc4ji ,p]oxide ( iron traces #j4hc #j4gj #a4ja #j4fb none ,oxide ( manganese traces #j4ac none none none none ,lime #j4cd #a4bc #j4ff #a4bf #d4fj #b4dd ,magnesia #j4aj #a4jc none #j4ea #j4jb #j4gg ,pota% #ad4jb #i4ab none #b4ec #a4je #b4ai ,soda4 #a4be #c4di #aa4ab #g4ii #h4jj #i4cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ajj4jj #ii4dg #ajj4jh #ii4hc #ajj4gi #aja4cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,accord+ z ^! v>i\s felsp>s are pres5t 9 a soil1 s w ! quality ( ! soil be4 ,x /&s to reason t z ! pres5ce ( pota% 9 a soil is "o ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( its f]tility1 mu* w dep5d on ! ext5t to :i* ! or?oclase felsp> is pres5t2 & also1 n only on ! ext5t1 b on ! /ate & degree ( its dis9tegration4 ,x is important to note ! me?od ( ?is dis9tegration4 ,x is effect$ by ! absorption ( wat]4 ,?is wat] is n m]ely absorb$ me*anically1 b actually ent]s into ! composition ( ! m9]al4 ,x is n pres5t z moi/ure m]ely1 capable ( be+ expell$ at ord9>y boil+ temp]ature1 b x =ms :at is kn[n z wat] ( composition4 ,9 ?is process ( hydration1 ! m9]al loses its lu/re & cry/all9e appe>ance1 crumbles away into a m or less--accord+ to its /ate ( dis9tegration--p[d]y mass4 ,a v great *ange is also effect$ 9 its *emical composition2 x loses ne>ly all its base4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,z wat] ent]s into ! m9]al's composition1 x sets free a c]ta9 portion ( ! base2 !re is ?us =m$ a basic silicate1 :i*1 be+ soluble 9 wat]1 is wa%$ away 9 solution4 ,?is *ange may be illu/rat$ by quot+ ! analysis ( a kaol9 clay =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( or?oclase felsp>4 ,kaol9 ,clay =m$ by dis9tegration ( ,or?oclase4 ,silica #df4hj ,alum9a #cf4hc ,p]oxide ( iron #c4aa ,c>bonate ( lime #j4ee ,pota% #j4bg ,wat] #ab4dd ------ #ajj4jj ------ ,! *ief diff]5ce "h is ! almo/ total loss ( pota% & a portion ( ! silica1 & ! ga9 ( wat]4 ,! o!r con/itu5ts practically rema9 insoluble4 ,ano!r important m9]al is ,mica4 ,its composition is n unlike felsp>4 ,x conta9s silica1 alum9a1 & iron1 9 consid]able quantities1 also magnesia & pota%4 ,!re are two k9ds ( mica--t conta9+ pota%1 & t conta9+ magnesia1 9 excess4 ,! analyses ( ^! two k9ds are z foll[s 7by ! late ,dr ,&]son73-- ,,micas4 7a7 ,pota%4 7b7 ,magnesia4 ,silica #df4cf #db4fe ,alum9a #cf4hj #ab4if ,p]oxide ( iron #d4ec none ,protoxide ( iron none #g4aa ,oxide ( manganese #j4jb #a4jf ,magnesia none #be4ge ,pota% #i4bb #f4jc ,hydr(luoric acid #j4gj #j4fb ,wat] #a4hd #c4ag ----- ----- #ii4dg #ii4ce ----- ----- ,! decomposition ( mica is v sl[1 h[ev]1 z x is a peculi>ly h>d m9]al4 ,o!r important m9]als are ,hornbl5de & ,augite4 ,^! are compos$ ( silica1 alum9a1 iron oxide1 manganese oxide1 lime & magnesia4 ,^! are ! *ief m9]als out ( :i* soils are =m$4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t few soils are made up out ( any ( ^! ?ree m9]als alone4 ,ne>ly all rocks are =m$ out ( a mixture ( ^! m9]als4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 any "o m9]al pr$om9ates ov] ! re/1 ! nature ( ! soil w be !reby affect$4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ?is1 x may be well to m5tion ! composition ( "o or two ( ! common] rocks4 #a4 ,granite1 :i* is s abundant 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 & :i* gives rise to ! soils 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ab]de51 is made up ( a mixture ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica4 ,x dep5ds on ! felsp> pres5t--i4e41 :e!r x is or?oclase1 oligoclase1 or albite--:e!r ! soil w be ri* 9 pota% or n4 ,granite conta9+ or?oclase felsp> produces a fairly f]tile soil4 ,an important consid]ation1 :i* is apt to complicate ?is "q1 is ! situation ( su* soils4 ,!y are g5]ally s high above sea-level1 t _! f]tility is s]i\sly impair$ on ^! gr\nds4 #b4 ,gneiss1 ano!r common rock1 is simil> 9 composition1 only t x conta9s v little felsp>1 & a correspond+ly great] am\nt ( mica4 #c4 ,sy5ite conta9s qu>tz1 felsp>1 & hornbl5de4 ,! rocks ( :i* gre5/one & trap are types1 are f\nd v l>gely scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1 diorite & dolorite4 #d4 ,lime/one is ( two great classes4 ,we h 7#a7 ,common1 7#b7 ,magnesian4 ,! foll[+ are ! analyses ( ^! two classes by ,dr ,&]son3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,common4 ,magnesian4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,mid-,lo?ian ,su!rl&4 ,su!rl&4 ,dumfries4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,silica #b4jj #g4dc #f4jj #b4ca ,iron oxide & alum9a #j4de #j4gf #a4eg #b4jj ,c>bonate ( lime #ic4fa #hd4aa #ej4ba #eh4ha ,c>bonate ( magnesia #a4fb #g4de #da4bb #cf4da ,phosphate ( lime #j4ef - - - ,sulphate ( lime #j4ib - - - ,organic matt] #j4bj - - - ,wat] #j4ej - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- #ii4hf #ii4ge #ii4jj #ii4ec ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,clays are =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( any ( ! cry/all9e rocks2 ! pure/ clays be+ =m$ f felsp>4 ,a pure clay consi/s simply ( silica & alum9a1 all ! o!r con/itu5ts hav+ be5 wa%$ out4 ,dis9tegration1 h[ev]1 seldom rea*es su* an ext5t2 o!rwise clay soils w\ld be completely b>r51 :i* !y are notably n4 ,! impurities pres5t 9 clay1 :i* consi/ ( alkalies1 especially pota% & o!r m9]al +r$i5ts ( ! plant1 are :at conf] on clay soils _! f]tility4 ,clays diff]1 h[ev]1 v consid]ably 9 _! composition4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( a clay soil by ,dr ,&]son3-- ,silica #fj4jc ,alum9a #ad4ia ,p]oxide ( iron #h4id ,lime #b4jh ,magnesia #d4bb ,pota% #c4hg ,soda #j4jf ,wat] & c>bonic acid #e4fg ----- #ii4gb ----- ,,note ,,vii4 7p4 #ia74 ,,=ms ,,9 ,,:i* ,,plant-,,foods ,,are ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,soil4 ,! =ms 9 :i* ! bases necess>y = plant-food are pres5t 9 ! soil1 are *iefly z hydrat$ silicates1 & 9 comb9ation ) organic acids1 =m+ humates1 c41 z well z 9 ! =m ( sulphates & *lorides4 ,phosphoric acid is pres5t 9 comb9ation ) iron1 alum9a1 or lime1 or possibly also z magnesium-ammonium-phosphate4 ,sulphuric acid is g5]ally pres5t 9 a m or less insoluble condition1 9 comb9ation ) iron & lime2 :]eas *lor9e is comb9$ ) ! alkali bases 9 an easily soluble =m4 ,an important po9t is z to ! =m 9 :i* ! plant absorbs ^! food con/itu5ts4 ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce may be made to a !ory put =w>d by a v di/+ui%$ ,fr5* agricultural *emi/1 ,pr(essor ,gr&eau4 ,8 !ory is t ! necess>y +r$i5ts ( plant-food are absorb$ into ! plant z humates1 or1 at any rate1 t ! m$ium ( ?is transf]5ce is humic acid1 & organic acids ( a simil> nature4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 :ile +5i\s1 has n yet be5 support$ by suffici5t evid5ce to make its acceptance advisable4 ,x is probable t x is only 9 ! =m ( soluble salts t ! plant c absorb its food4 ,x is q probable1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 t ! exact =m 9 :i* ! diff]5t food sub/ances ent] ! plant may be l>gely det]m9$ by circum/ances4 ,accord+ to ,nobbe1 *loride ( potassium is ! mo/ suitable =m ( potassium salts1 al?\gh ! plant may absorb its potassium z sulphate1 phosphate1 or ev5 silicate4 ,,footnotes3 #fa ,composition ( ! e>?'s solid cru/ 9 #ajj p>ts by weight3-- ,oxyg5 #dd4j to #dh4g ,calcium #f4f to #j4i ,silicon #bb4h to #cf4b ,magnesium #b4g to #j4a ,alum9ium #i4i to #f4a ,sodium #b4d to #b4e ,iron #i4i to #b4d ,potassium #a4g to #c4a 7,roscoe's ',lessons 9 ,elem5t>y ,*emi/ry1' p4 #h47 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,functions ,,p]=m$ ,,by ,,manures4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! g5]al conditions on :i* f]tility ( soil dep5ds1 we are 9 a position to deal ) ! nature & function ( manures4 ,manures may be classifi$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 & a consid]able am\nt ( confusion is sometimes caus$ by ! v>iety ( classification adopt$ by diff]5t writ]s on ?is subject4 ,etymological mean+ ( ! ^w ,manure4 ,let u1 9 ! fir/ place1 cle>ly und]/& :at we mean by a manure4 ,! ^w manure comes f ! ,fr5* ^w manoeuvr]1 :i* simply means to "w ) ! h&1 h5ce to till1 & ?is etymological mean+ ( ! ^w illu/rates ! old belief 9 ! function ( manures4 ,we h already se5 9 ! hi/orical introduction t1 accord+ to ,tull1 ! true & only function ( manures 0 to aid 9 ! pulv]isation ( ! soil by f]m5tation4 ,9 advanc+ 8 sy/em ( ?or\gh tillage1 he claim$ t s9ce tillage effect$ ! pulv]isation ( ! soil1 :]e x 0 practis$1 manures c\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,def9ition ( ,manures4 ,we no long]1 ( c\rse1 atta* ?is old mean+ to ! ^w4 ,! ^w manure is n[ appli$ to any sub/ance :i* by its application contributes to ! f]tility ( a soil4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! sub/ances necess>y = plant-gr[? :i* are apt to be lack+ 9 a soil1 are only g5]ally ?ree 9 numb]--viz41 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,a manure1 !re=e1 is und]/ood to be any sub/ance conta9+ ^! +r$i5ts1 ei!r s+ly or toge!r1 & its comm]cial value is det]m9$ by ! am\nt x conta9s ( ^! sub/ances4 ,b :ile ?is is s1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t if we def9e a manure to be a sub/ance :i* contributes 9 any way to ! f]tility ( ! soil1 sub/ances o!r ?an ^! above m5tion$ may be fairly reg>d$ z manures4 ,! f]tility ( a soil1 we h se51 dep5ds n m]ely on ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 con/itu5ts1 b also on _! *emical condition--i4e41 :e!r !y are easily soluble or n4 ,x fur!r dep5ds1 z we h also se51 on ! possession by ! soil ( c]ta9 me*anical & biological prop]ties4 ,?us !re are sub/ances :i* act ^u ! soil's in]t f]tilis+ matt]1 & by _! action conv]t x into a m spe$ily available =m4 ,!re are o!r sub/ances :i* by _! application ex]t a consid]able effect on ! texture ( ! soil1 & !reby influ5ce its physical & biological prop]ties4 ,all su* sub/ances1 accord+ to ! above def9ition ( a manure1 mu/ be includ$ "u ! t]m4 ,x w ?us be se5 t s9ce f]tility 9 a soil c be promot$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 & ! functions p]=m$ by manures are ( diff]5t k9ds1 we c divide !m into diff]5t classes1 accord+ to _! respective action4 ,diff]5t ,classes ( ,manures4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we c divide manures into two great classes1--7#a7 ^? supply+ to ! soil necess>y plant-food con/itu5ts1 & ?us contribut+ directly to f]tility2 & 7#b7 ^? influ5c+ soil-f]tility 9 an indirect mann]4 ,! fir/ class we may call direct manures1 & ! second indirect4 ,^? two classes admit fur!r ( be+ subdivid$ into o!r small] classes4 ,among ! direct manures we h a numb] ( subdivisions 9 use4 ,!y may be divid$ into g5]al manures & special manures1 accord+ z !y conta9 all ! elem5ts necess>y = plant-gr[?1 or only "s ( !m2 or !y may be divid$ accord+ to _! s\rce into natural & artificial1 m9]al & vegetable4 ,simil>ly we h a numb] ( subdivisions among ! second class1 dep5d+ on ! special nature ( ! action !y ex]t4 ,"s manures act 9 bo? capacities--bo? directly & indirectly--& 9 ord] t _! value be fully appreciat$ mu/ be /udi$ "u bo? heads4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example ( su* a manure is f>my>d manure4 ,!re are o!r manures :i* may 9 c]ta9 circum/ances act 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,su* a sub/ance is lime4 ,!re are soils :i* are actually lack+ 9 a suffici5cy ( lime = ! ne$s ( crops4 ,on su* soils an application ( lime w\ld act bo? z a direct & also z an indirect manure4 ,!re may also be cases ( an exceptional nature1 9 :i* magnesia salts or ev5 iron salts may act z direct manures4 ,_m manures commonly reg>d$ z purely direct manures w\ld ex]t an indirect influ5ce 7 ! quantities 9 :i* !y 7 appli$ suffici5tly l>ge4 ,?is is ! case1 inde$1 ) _m artificial manures1 su* z guano1 bones1 nitrate ( soda1 & basic slag4 ,x has be5 claim$ = nitrate ( soda t x n m]ely promotes f]tility by supply+ nitrog5 9 its mo/ available =m to ! soil1 b t ! soda x conta9s ex]ts a valuable indirect influ5ce 9 consolidat+ ! soil & increas+ its absorptive p[]s4 ,:5 we reflect1 h[ev]1 on ! small quantity ( ?is manure :i* is appli$ p] acre1 its me*anical influ5ce mu/ be insignificant4 ,! same applies to basic slag1 :i* conta9s a consid]able quantity ( free lime 9 its composition4 ,z ?is manure1 h[ev]1 is sometimes appli$ 9 consid]able quantities1 x is reasonable to suppose t its indirect value may n be altoge!r insignificant4 ,inde$ we h pro( ( ?is 9 ! fact t its mo/ fav\rable action has be5 f\nd to be on soils ri* 9 organic matt]4#fb ,! action ( bones & guano1 & inde$ ( all o!r manures conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( decomposable organic matt]1 is likewise ( a d\ble nature1 inasmu* z _! decomposition or putrefaction 9 ! soil gives rise to ! =mation ( c>bonic & organic acids1 :i* are capable ( ex]t+ a *emical action on ! soil +r$i5ts4 ,!re is "o po9t 9 connection ) ! action ( ^! manures :i* is wor?y ( notice1 & x is t1 h[ev] slight _! indirect value may be1 _! action z a direct manure is v mu* accel]at$ by ! way 9 :i* _! organic matt] putrefies4 ,9 %ort1 !y may be describ$ z provid+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! solv5ts :i* r5d] !m available = ! requirem5ts ( ! plant4 ,x may be "h conv5i5t to classify ! manures :i* we int5d subsequ5tly to deal )4 ,i4 ,manures1 action ( :i* is bo? direct & indirect--e4g41 gre5 manures1 f>my>d manure1 compo/s1 & sewage4 ,,ii4 ,manures :i* may be reg>d$ z hav+ only a direct action--e4g41 guano ( all k9ds1 bones 9 all =ms1 nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 dri$ blood1 sup]phosphates1 m9]al phosphates ( all k9ds1 horns & ho(s1 %oddy1 wool-wa/e1 fi%-guano1 muriate ( pota%1 sulphate ( pota%1 & ka9it4 ,,iii4 ,manures :i* may be reg>d$ z hav+ only an indirect value--e4g41 lime1 mild & cau/ic1 m>l1 gypsum1 salt1 c4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to discuss ! nature & action ( ^! diff]5t manures1 />t+ ) ^? ex]cis+ bo? a direct & indirect influ5ce4 ,be=e do+ s x may be well to consid] ! occurr5ce & natural s\rces ( ! ?ree important soil con/itu5ts1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 ) a view ( see+ to :at ext5t ^! are be+ remov$ f our soils by ! v>i\s natural processes con/antly go+ on1 z well z by ! crops1 & h[ f> _! natural s\rces are capable ( mak+ good ?is loss--9 %ort1 to cle>ly und]/& ! economic reasons = ! application ( artificial manures4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,see ,*apt] on ,basic ,slag4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,( manurial +r$i5ts1 nitrog5 is by f> ! mo/ important1 & on ! pres5ce & "* ( ! nitrog5 x conta9s1 ! f]tility ( a soil may be said to be mo/ l>gely dep5d5t4 ,mo/ soils1 z a rule1 are bett] suppli$ ) available a% +r$i5ts ?an ) available nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,! exp5sive nature ( mo/ artificial nitrog5\s manures also gives to nitrog5 ! fir/ position f an economic po9t ( view4 ,a ?or\gh /udy1 !re=e1 ( ! diff]5t =ms 9 :i* x exi/s 9 nature1 ( ! num]\s & complicat$ *anges x und]goes 9 ! soil1 by :i* x is prep>$ = ! plant's ne$s1 ( ! relation ( its diff]5t =ms to plant-life1 & ( ! natural s\rces ( its loss & ga91 is ( ! highe/ importance if we are to hope to und]/& ! difficult "q ( soil-f]tility4 ,! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts & ! ,nitrog5 "q4 ,! position ( nitrog5 9 agriculture is a "q ( great difficulty & complexity4 ,x has engag$ mu* att5tion1 & has _h devot$ to its elucidation mu* elaborate & pa9/ak+ rese>*4 ,to ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts we owe mo/ ( ! in=mation we possess on ! subject1 & ! facts conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] are almo/ entirely d]iv$ f ! results ( ^! fam\s exp]im5ts1 z embodi$ 9 ! memoirs & writ+s ( ,messrs ,lawes1 ,gilb]t1 & ,w>+ton4 ,diff]5t =ms 9 :i* ,nitrog5 exi/s 9 ,nature4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! nitrog5 "q 9 ! hi/orical introduction4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to h a compreh5sive view ( ! subject1 x may be well to recapitulate "s ( ! facts !re m5tion$4 ,nitrog51 z we h already se51 exi/s 9 ! free or elem5t>y condition1 z nitrates & nitrites1 z ammonia1 & 9 a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t organic =ms4 ,nitrog5 9 ! ,air4 ,x occurs 9 greate/ abundance 7am\nt+ to ab\t #hj p] c5t7 9 ! fir/ ( ^! =ms 9 ! air4 ,t ?is free nitrog51 :i* is practically unlimit$ 9 quantity1#fc has orig9ally be5 ! s\rce ( all its o!r =ms1 is ( c\rse obvi\s4 ,b ?is conv]sion ( free nitrog5 into ! v>i\s comp\nd =ms 9 :i* x occurs ?r\gh\t ! m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal k+doms1 has be5 a process effect$ by a v>iety ( indirect me?ods1 & only at ! exp5se ( a va/ am\nt ( "t4 ,= practical purposes1 ! free nitrog5 ( ! air may be reg>d$ *iefly z a non-available s\rce = mo/ bodies conta9+ x4 ,x may be describ$ z ( all =ms ( nitrog5 ! lea/ active1 z f> z plant-life is conc]n$4 ,relation ( free ,nitrog5 to ! ,plant4 ,! relation ( ! free nitrog5 to ! plant has =m$ ! subject ( mu* rese>*1 m especially dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 & a brief epitome ( ! ma9 results arriv$ at has already be5 giv5 9 ! ,introductory ,*apt]4#fd ,t ?is s\rce ( nitrog5 is n s inaccessible to ! plant z 0 =m]ly believ$1 has n[ be5 abundantly prov$4 ,z ! consid]ations :i* h l$ to ?is conclusion1 & h sugge/$ ! v rec5t elaborate exp]im5ts on ! fixation ( free nitrog5 by ! plant--! results ( :i* bid fair1 x w\ld seem1 to l>gely revolutionise our agricultural practice--h be5 due to ! /udy ( ! relation ( ! soil-nitrog5 to ! plant1 x w be be/ to def] fur!r discussion ( ?is "q till we h dealt ) ! o!r s\rces ( nitrog54 ,comb9$ ,nitrog5 9 ! ,air4 ,9 addition to nitrog5 9 ! free /ate1 air conta9s v small quantities ( ?is elem5t 9 comb9$ =ms4 ,we h x 9 m9ute traces z nitrates & nitrites1 z ammonia1#fe & also 9 /ill small] traces z organic nitrog5 9 ! m9ute du/-p>ticles :i* mod]n rese>*es h reveal$ z be+ pres5t 9 su* enorm\s numb]s 9 our atmosph]e4 ,:at ! s\rces ( ^! nitrates & nitrites 7:i* exi/ 9 quantities s m9ute t accurate det]m9ation ( _! am\nt is r5d]$ extremely difficult7 are is a disput$ po9t4 ,t nitrog5 & oxyg5 unite toge!r to =m nitric & nitr\s oxides "u ! influ5ce ( int5se heat1 su* z ! electric sp>k1 has be5 prov$ beyond d\bt4 ,"o s\rce1 !re=e1 is probably ! electrical dis*>ges :i* are tak+ place m or less frequ5tly on diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,nitrates may also be =m$ 9 ! combu/ion ( nitrog5\s bodies4#ff ,9 ! burn+ ( coal-gas1 = example1 x is probable t small quantities ( nitrates may be produc$4 ,simil>ly ! sl[ combu/ion or decay ( nitrog5\s organic matt]1 :i* con/antly takes place all ov] ! e>?'s surface1 may be reg>d$ z ano!r s\rce ( ?is =m ( comb9$ nitrog54 ,ammonia may be simil>ly =m$ by ! combu/ion1 ei!r quick or sl[1 ( nitrog5\s organic matt]4 ,x exi/s 9 ! air z nitrate or nitrite ( ammonia1 & also z c>bonate ( ammonia4#fg ,am\nt ( comb9$ ,nitrog5 fall+ 9 ! ,ra94 ,! importance ( ! comb9$ nitrog5 9 ! air z a s\rce ( soil-nitrog5 is be/ gaug$ by ! am\nt fall+ annually on ! soil dissolv$ 9 ra94 ,?is has be5 f\nd to v>y consid]ably4 ,9 ! ra9 fall+ 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns ! am\nt is great] ?an 9 ra9 fall+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?us at ,ro?am/$1 9 ,engl&1 ! av]age am\nt = sev]al ye>s 0 only #c4cg lb4 nitrog5 p] annum p] acre1 ( :i* #b4ec lb4 7 z ammonia14#hd be+ z nitric acid4 ,at ,l9coln1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 #a4gd lb4 fell annually p] acre--z ammonia14#gd1 z nitric acid1 #a4jj2 :ile at ,b>badoes ! am\nt 0 #c4gg lb41 ( :i* 4#ic 0 z ammonia1 & #b4hd z nitric acid4#fh ,t ! comb9$ nitrog5 d]iv$ f ! air by ! soil may be consid]ably 9 excess ( ?is is highly probable4 ,soils1 especially :5 damp1 may absorb mu* l>g] quantities f ! air ( ! comb9$ nitrog5 x conta9s4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! air 9 contact ) ! soil-surface is con/antly be+ *ang$1 & t !re is ?us a con/ant r5ewal ( ! air pass$ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! result is t ! am\nt ( air f :i* comb9$ nitrog5 may be remov$ is v great4#fi ,nitrog5 9 ! ,soil4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ z a fact wor?y ( notice t nitrog5 is ess5tially a sup]ficial elem5t4 ,by ?is is meant t x is only f\nd1 z a rule1 on ! e>?'s imm$iate surface4 ,?is /atem5t c only be admitt$ to be true )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! *ief s\rce ( nitrog51 9 addition to ! atmosph]e1 is1 ( c\rse1 vegetable & animal tissue4#gj ,z vegetable & animal tissue are only f\nd to any ext5t on ! e>?'s surface1 nitrog5 is !re=e *iefly f\nd !re4 ,! natural deposits ( nitrog5 salts1 su* z ! nitrate-fields ( ,*ili & ! saltpetre soils ( ,india1 c41 also only occur sup]ficially4 ,not)/&+ ^! facts1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 :i* exi/s at probably consid]able dep?s f ! surface mu/ be v great4 ,!re are few s$im5t>y rocks :i* d n conta9 x4 ,at ,ro?am/$ a sample ( calc>e\s clay1 tak5 f a dep? ( #ejj feet1 conta9$ 4#jd p] c5t--t is1 z mu* z is f\nd1 on an av]age1 9 ! ,ro?am/$ clay subsoils4 ,nitrog5 9 ! ,subsoil4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 z we h said1 nitrog5 is *iefly f\nd 9 ! surface-soil4 ,! am\nt f\nd 9 ! subsoil at ,ro?am/$ seems to v>y v slightly at diff]5t dep?s1 ! p]c5tage am\nt+ to f 4#jf to 4#jc4ga ,unlike ! nitrog5 ( ! surface-soil1 t 9 ! subsoil seems to be ( v anci5t orig91 be+ probably d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( animal & vegetable life 9 ! mud deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,x is m abundant 9 ! case ( a clay subsoil ?an 9 a s&y subsoil4 ,nitrog5 ( ,surface-,soil4 ,nitrog5 has a t5d5cy to collect on ! top lay]s ( ! surface-soil1 ! fir/ #i in*es or foot conta9+ by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( x4 ,9 ! table giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1#gb ! rate at :i* x decreases 9 am\nt ! fur!r d[n we g is cle>ly %[n4 ,det]m9ations ( ! respective am\nts ( nitrog5 9 e #c in*es ( ! soil1 tak5 to a dep? ( "o foot ( ! exp]im5tal :eat-field at ,ro?am/$1 %[$ t ! p]c5tage betwe5 ! fir/ #c in*es & ! second #c in*es v>i$ v slightly4 ,a m m>k$ diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 0 %[n to exi/ betwe5 ! nitrog5 9 ! second & ?ird #c in*es2 :ile ! f\r? #c in*es 7 di/9ctly poor]--diff]+ v little 9 _! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 f ! subsoil4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 unmanur$ soil4 ,9 ! case ( heavily manur$ soil1 ! increase 9 ! soil's p]c5tage1 due to manure1 0 %[n to be felt to ! dep? ( a foot1 b n mu* bel[ x4#gc ,a c>eful p]usal ( ! tables 9 ! ,app5dix w %[ t ! quantity ( nitrog5 9 ! case ( bo? arable & pa/ure soils /eadily decreases = ! fir/ #c feet1 b t bel[ ?is dep? little decrease is se51 ! p]c5tage evid5tly becom+ fairly con/ant4 ,! am\nt ( ,nitrog5 9 ! ,soil4 ,v consid]able diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 diff]5t soils4 ,! majority ( analyses ref] only to ! am\nt f\nd 9 ! surface-soil--g5]ally 9 ! fir/ #i or #ab in*es4 ,z ! soil1 fur!r1 is n a body exactly homog5e\s 9 its "*1 v consid]able difficulty exi/s 9 obta9+ reliable results4 ,a great deal dep5ds1 !re=e1 on ! me?od ( sampl+ & ! basis ( calculation adopt$2 & x may be t ?is may occasionally expla91 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ! great discrepancies 9 ! e/imation ( ! quantities ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 diff]5t soils z f\nd by diff]5t inve/igators4 ,peat-soils ri*e/ 9 ,nitrog54 ,( all soils1 peat-soils are ri*e/ 9 nitrog54 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson f\nd ! nitrog5 9 fifty sep>ate samples ( peat to range f 4#d p] c5t to #b4i p] c5t1 ! av]age be+ #a4e p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m>ls & s&y soils are poore/1 ! analyses ( a numb] ( ^! soils %[+ only f 4#jjd to 4#jhc p] c5t = ! =m]1 & 4#jbe to 4#jgd = ! latt]4 ,z a g5]al rule mo/ arable soils conta9 ov] "o-t5? p] c5t ( nitrog51 or1 say1 ov] #cejj lb4 p] acre4 ,a good pa/ure-soil1 tak5 to a dep? ( #i in*es at ,ro?am/$1 0 f\nd to conta9 ab\t a qu>t] p] c5t4 ,9 t5 samples ( soil1 tak5 to a dep? ( #i in*es1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,munro f\nd f 4#abh to 4#fie p] c5t ( nitrog51 ! av]age be+ 4#cbgh p] c5t4 ,! ,ro?am/$ soils1 x may be po9t$ out1 are probably poor 9 nitrog5 comp>$ ) mo/ soils4 ,a4 ,muell]'s inve/igations %[$ t 9 "s ( ! soils he has analys$1 ! nitrog5 am\nt$ to little %ort ( "o p] c5t1 :ile = ! o!rs ! av]age 0 ov] half a p] c5t2 ev5 ! poor] soils he exam9$ conta9$ ab\t "o qu>t] p] c5t on an av]age4 ,&]son's analyses ( ,scotti% :eat-soils %[$ a v>iation ( f 4#jgd to 4#bb 9 ! surface-soil1 :ile he f\nd 9 _! subsoil f 4#ae to 4#ib p] c5t4 ,b\ss+ault's results are also v mu* high]4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 a numb] ( loams com+ f widely diff]5t localities he exam9$ conta9$ f #fjjj to #cj1jjj lb4 p] acre--! soil tak5 to a dep? ( #ag in*es4#gd ,nature ( ! ,nitrog5 9 ! ,soil4 ,:5 we comp>e ! am\nt ( nitrog5 remov$ by diff]5t crops 7:i*1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? mo/ exhau/ive ( nitrog51 does n (t5 am\nt to m ?an #aej lb4 p] acre71 ) ! am\nt conta9$ 9 ! soil1 ! =m] am\nt seems v insignificant :5 comp>$ to ! latt]4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x w\ld seem at fir/ sight t ! addition ( nitrog5 9 ! =m ( manures is q sup]flu\s4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 is relatively l>ge :5 comp>$ to t remov$ by crops1 only a v small proportion is 9 a condition available to ! plant4 ,?is leads u to consid] ! diff]5t =ms 9 :i* nitrog5 is pres5t 9 ! soil1 & _! respective quantities4 ,organic ,nitrog5 9 ! ,soil4 ,nitrog5 occurs 9 ! soil z organic nitrog51 nitric acid1 nitr\s acid1 & ammonia4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ proportion is pres5t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! =ms4 ,?is is a wise provision1 = o!rwise ! soil w\ld be apt to become v spe$ily impov]i%$ 9 nitrog52 = t pres5t z nitrates x has sc>cely any p[] to reta91 :ile t pres5t z ammonia is soon conv]t$ into nitrates by ! process ( nitrification4 ,! organic nitrog5 ( ! soil1 al?\gh we are apt to ?9k ( x z su*1 is by no means ( a homog5e\s "*1 or ( equal value z a s\rce ( plant-food4 ,"s ( x1 x w\ld seem f rec5t inve/igations1 is 9 a condition m susceptible ( be+ conv]t$ into an available =m ?an ! re/4 ,?us 9 ! process ( nitrification1 a process :i* we %all consid] at l5g? imm$iately1 !re seems to be g5]ally a c]ta9 small proportion m ready to und]go ?is *ange ?an ! re/2 s t :5 ?is small am\nt is us$ up nitrification proce$s m sl[ly4 ,9 %ort1 al?\gh we z yet "k v little ( ! nature ( ! organic nitrog5 ( soils1 we _c d\bt b t !re is a con/ant s]ies ( *anges 9 its composition tak+ place1 result+ 9 ! gradual elaboration ( m available =ms1 until ultimately ^! are conv]t$ into ammonia & nitrates4 ,! great bulk ( ! organic nitrog51 h[ev]1 9 ! soil mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 an in]t condition1 & by no means available = ! crop4 ,:at ! exact *emical =m ( ?is nitrog5 is x is extremely difficult to say4 ,muld] 0 ( ! op9ion t a consid]able proportion 0 9 ! =m ( humate ( ammonia4 ,?is op9ion1 z we %all h occasion to see imm$iately1 0 bas$ on false gr\nds4 ,x is highly probable t x may be 9 "s =m approximat+ to amide nitrog54 ,its in]t "* is aga9/ ! belief t x long rema9s z album9oid nitrog54 ,diff]5t ,"* ( ,surface & ,subsoil ,nitrog54 ,a po9t ( v consid]able importance to notice is1 t ! nitrog5\s organic matt] ( ! surface-soil is v diff]5t f t f\nd 9 ! subsoil4 ,?is diff]5ce is %[n by ! v>iation 9 ! ratio ( nitrog5 to c>bon1 :i* po9ts to ! fact t1 j z we %\ld naturally suppose1 ! orig9 ( ! latt] is v mu* m anci5t ?an ! orig9 ( ! =m]4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ #i in*es ( old pa/ure-soil at ,ro?am/$1 ! ratio 0 #a3ac2 :ile 9 ! subsoil1 #c feet f ! surface1 x 0 only #a3f4 ,9 ! surface-soil x ?us approa*es m ne>ly 9 composition ord9>y vegetable matt]4 ,nitrog5 z ,ammonia 9 ,soils4 ,! second =m 9 :i* nitrog5 is pres5t 9 soil is z ammonia4 ,a v consid]able misappreh5sion has exi/$ 9 ! pa/ z to ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ?is =m 9 soils4 ,?is mi/ake 0 due to ! me?od adopt$ 9 e/imat+ x1 :i* consi/$ 9 treat+ ! soil ) boil+ cau/ic alkalies & c\nt+ z ammonia :at 0 giv5 (f z su*4 ,x is n[ kn[n t c]ta9 =ms ( organic nitrog5--z1 = example1 amides--if treat$ 9 ?is way are sl[ly conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,/atem5ts1 !re=e1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! old] text-books1 repres5t+ ! am\nt ( ammonia 9 soils z at ov] a t5? p] c5t1 mu/ be reg>d$ z utt]ly unreliable4 ,inde$ x is highly probable t ammonia only occurs 9 mo/ soils 9 v m9ute traces4 ,f :at we "k ( ! process ( nitrification1 we see h[ x is wellnigh impossible t ammonia %\ld exi/ to any ext5t 9 ! soil except "u v exceptional circum/ances4 ,am\nt ( ,ammonia pres5t 9 ! ,soil4 ,9 ord9>y soils x probably does n am\nt to m ?an f 4#jjjb p] c5t to 4#jjjh p] c5t1 or an av]age ( 4#jjjf p] c5t4#ge ,9 ri* soils1 or 9 g>d5-soils1 ! am\nt may be consid]ably m4 ,?us ,b\ss+ault f\nd 9 a g>d5-soil 4#jjb p] c5t4 ,9 peat & 9 peat-m\ld ev5 a high] p]c5tage has be5 f\nd--viz414#jah = ! =m] & 4#je = ! latt]4 ,nitrog5 pres5t z ,nitrates 9 ! ,soil4 ,! ?ird =m ( nitrog5 9 ! soil is nitric acid4 ,x is m abundant 9 ?is =m ?an z ammonia2 b /ill1 comp>$ ) ! organic nitrog51 its am\nt is trifl+4 ,probably n m ?an #e p] c5t ( ! total nitrog5 ( a soil is ev] pres5t z nitrates4 ,! reason ( ?is is tw(old4 ,fir/1 z we h already rem>k$1 ! soil has v little p[] to reta9 nitrog5 9 ?is =m2 & secondly1 :]e ! soil is cov]$ ) gr[+ vegetation ! nitrates are quickly assimilat$ by ! plant z !y are =m$4 ,x is = ?is reason t we f9d ! quantity ( nitrog5 z nitrates v mu* great] 9 fall[ soils ?an 9 ^? cov]$ ) a crop4 ,position ( ,nitric ,nitrog5 9 ,soil4 ,z we %all h occasion to see m fully 9 ! foll[+ *apt] on ,nitrification1 ! =mation ( nitrates is *iefly limit$ to ! surface-soil1 ! l>ge/ proportion be+ =m$ )9 ! fir/ #i or #ab in*es4 ,= ?is reason we f9d ! l>ge/ quantity ( nitrates 9 ! surface-soil4 ,b inasmu* z !y are easily wa%$ into ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil aft] =mation1 we (t5 f9d a consid]able proportion beyond ! fir/ #i in*es4 ,! position ( nitrates 9 ! soil ?us dep5ds v consid]ably on ! season ( ! ye> & ! wea!r4 ,9 dry wea!r1 :]e ! evaporation ( ! soil-wat] takes place at a consid]able rate1 ! t5d5cy w be to conc5trate ! nitrates 9 ! sup]ficial portion ( ! soil4 ,9 wet wea!r1 on ! o!r h&1 ! t5d5cy w be to wa% ! nitrates into ! l[] lay]s4 ,am\nt ( ,nitrates 9 ! ,soil4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( nitrates 9 a soil is n ( v great economic importance2 z ?is v>ies s mu*1 & dep5ds on su* a numb] ( diff]5t conditions1 su* z ! season1 ! condition ( ! l&1 & prevail+ wea!r4 ,a po9t ( v mu* great] economic importance is ! total am\nt =m$ 9 ! ye>1 & ! rate at :i* nitrification takes place4 ,^! que/ions w be discuss$ else:]e1 & !re=e ne$ n "h be ref]r$ to4 ,"s int]e/+ analyses made at ,ro?am/$1 h[ev]1 ( ! am\nt ( nitrates 9 soils at diff]5t dep?s1 m]it c>eful consid]ation4 ,nitrates 9 ,fall[ ,soils4 ,9 ! ,app5dix to ! *apt] on ,nitrification1#gf w be f\nd a table conta9+ ! am\nts ( nitrates f\nd 9 ! fir/ #bg in*es ( fall[ soils4 ,! am\nts v>y f #cc4g lb4 to #ei4i lb4 p] acre4 ,! analyses 7 made 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,9 f\r out ( ! six analyses1 x w be f\nd t by f> ! l>ge/ proportion is f\nd 9 ! fir/ #i in*es4 ,9 ^! cases ! prec$+ summ] _h be5 dry1 & ?us ! nitrates _h n be5 wa%$ d[n to any dep?4 ,9 ! o!r two cases ! l>ge/ am\nt is f\nd 9 ! second #i in*es ( soil1 & a consid]able am\nt is also f\nd 9 ! ?ird #i in*es4 ,nitrates 9 ,cropp$ ,soils4 ,9 ! case ( cropp$ soils we f9d ! am\nt ( nitrates v mu* less4 ,a table conta9+ an elaborate s]ies ( det]m9ations ( nitrates 9 cropp$ soils1 receiv+1 h[ev]1 no manure1 & tak5 to a dep? ( #i feet1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4#gg ,! fir/ #bg in*es only conta9 "s #e to #ad lb4 p] acre1 & ! mo/ ( t is f\nd 9 ! fir/ #i in*es4 ,?is %[s h[ spe$ily nitrates are assimilat$ by ! gr[+ crop4 ,an int]e/+ po9t %[n by ^! analyses is t nitrates almo/ entirely cease 9 cropp$ soils a c]ta9 dep? d[n1 b t at a /ill l[] dep? !y aga9 occur 9 small quantities4 ,nitrates 9 manur$ ,:eat-soils4 ,la/ly1 we give 9 ! ,app5dix#gh ! am\nt ( nitrates f\nd 9 :eat & b>ley soils1 diff]5tly manur$1 at ,ro?am/$4 ,f a p]usal ( ^! tables1 x w be se5 t ! am\nt 7"u v>i\s conditions ( manur+7 ( nitrates 9 ! fir/ #bg in*es v>ies f #ba4b lb4 p] acre to #eb4b lb4 = ! :eat-soils1 & #bj4a to #dd4a lb4 p] acre = ! b>ley-soils4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,soil-,,nitrog54 ,we %all n[ consid] ! s\rces ( soil-nitrog51 ! conditions :i* det]m9e its increase1 & ! am\nt ( t increase1 z well z ! s\rces ( loss1 & ! conditions :i* det]m9e ?is loss4 ,t dissolv$ 9 ,ra94 ,! natural s\rces ( ! soil-nitrog5 are sev]al4 ,we h fir/ ( all ! atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,( ?is let u fir/ consid] t pres5t z comb9$ nitrog54 ,?is1 z we h already se51 consi/s *iefly ( nitrates1 nitrites1 & ammonia1 & rea*es ! soil dissolv$ 9 ra9 or 9 o!r meteoric =ms ( wat]1 su* z sn[1 hail1 fog1 ho>-fro/1 c4 ,t absorb$ by ! ,soil f ! ,air4 ,x is also absorb$ by ! soil f ! air1 especially :5 ! soil is 9 a damp condition1 z has be5 prov$ by ,s*loes+'s exp]im5ts1 already ref]r$ to4 ,! total am\nt :i* falls dissolv$ 9 ! ra91 p] acre p] annum1 v>ies v consid]ably 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 b 9 any case only am\nts ye>ly to a few p\nds p] acre4#gi ,t absorb$ by ! soil f ! air may be probably v mu* m consid]able4 ,s*loes+ 9 8 exp]im5ts f\nd t ?is latt] might am\nt to #ch lb4 p] acre p] annum4 ,^! results1 h[ev]1 7 obta9$ "u circum/ances mo/ fav\rable = absorption--viz41 ) a damp soil & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 :]e ! air is presumably ri*] 9 comb9$ nitrog5 ?an x is 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! nitrog5 absorb$1 x may be m5tion$1 0 almo/ entirely 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,x is to be not$ t ! nitrog5 ! soil obta9s 9 ?is way f ! comb9$ nitrog5 ( ! air is n all pure ga94 ,) reg>d to ! nitrates & nitrites1 no d\bt mo/ ( ^! are =m$ by electrical dis*>ge1 al?\gh a small portion ( !m may be =m$ by ! oxidation ( ammonia by means ( ozone & p]oxide ( hydrog54 ,) reg>d to ! ammonia & ! comb9$ nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! organic p>ticles 9 ! air1 a n inconsid]able proportion is probably d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,s*loes+ consid]s ! *ief s\rce ( ! ammonia pres5t 9 ! air to be ! tropical ocean2 b we mu/ rememb] t ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! nitrog5 9 ! tropical ocean is1 aft] all1 ! soil4 ,leav+ aside = a mom5t ! "q ( ! availability ( ! free nitrog5 ( ! air1 let u consid] ! o!r s\rces ( soil-nitrog54 ,accumulation ( ,soil-nitrog5 "u ,natural ,conditions4 ,! *ief s\rce is ( c\rse ! rema9s ( vegetable & animal tissue4#hj ,plants are ! great cons]v]s ( soil-nitrog54 ,by assimilat+ su* available =ms ( x z nitrates1 & conv]t+ !m into organic nitrog51 !y prev5t ! loss ( ?is mo/ valuable ( all soil con/itu5ts t w\ld o!rwise take place4 ,!y also s]ve to collect ! nitrog5 f ! l[] soil-lay]s & conc5trate x 9 ! surface portion4 ,9 a /ate ( nature1 :]e ! soil is con/antly cov]$ ) vegetation1 ! process go+ on1 !re=e1 w be "o ( /eady accumulation ( nitrog5 9 ! surface-soil4 ,to :at ext5t ?is accumulation goes on1 & h[ f> x is limit$ by ! conditions ( loss1 w be consid]$ imm$iately4 ,t x may g on to a v great ext5t is amply prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! s-call$ virg9 soils ( c\ntries l ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4 ,!re are cases1 also1 :]e ! accumulation ( nitrog5 is practically unlimit$1 al?\gh ! result 9 su* cases is n necess>ily a f]tile soil4 ,su* cases are peat-bogs4 ,b let u pass on to ! accumulation ( soil-nitrog5 "u ! ord9>y conditions ( husb&ry4 ,accumulation ( ,nitrog5 9 ,pa/ures4 ,! case :i*1 "u ! conditions ( ord9>y f>m+1 mo/ resembles a /ate ( nature1 is t ( p]man5t pa/ure4 ,x w be be/1 !re=e1 to /udy fir/ ! conditions "u :i* ga9 ( nitrog5 takes place 9 ?is case4 ,increase ( ,nitrog5 9 ! soil ( ,pa/ure-l&4 ,t !re is a /eady increase ( nitrog5 9 ! soil ( l& "u pa/ure is a fact ( univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,! old] a pa/ure is ! ri*] is its soil 9 nitrog54 ,! comp>ison ( ! analyses ( ! soil ( arable l& ) ! soil ( pa/ures ( diff]5t ages %[s ?is 9 a /rik+ way4#ha ,?us at ,ro?am/$ x 0 f\nd t :ile ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 an ord9>y arable soil 0 4#adj p] c5t1 t 9 pa/ures eight1 eighte51 tw5ty-"o1 & ?irty ye>s old 0 respectively 4#aea1 4#agd1 4#bjd1 & 4#bda p] c5t4 ,9 ! la/ two analyses we h a record ( ! actual ga9 9 nitrog5 made by ! same pa/ure1 ?is be+ 4#jd p] c5t 9 n9e ye>s' "t4 ,f ^! /ati/ics x may be inf]r$ t ! surface-soil ( a pa/ure may increase at ! rate ( #ej lb4 p] acre p] annum4 ,a po9t ( great int]e/ 9 connection ) ?is subject is ! fact t !re seems to be a limit to ! accumulation ( nitrog5 9 pa/ures2 = x w\ld seem t pa/ures c5turies old are n any ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an ^? ?irty to =ty ye>s old4 ,ga9 ( ,nitrog5 ) ,legum9\s ,crops4 ,ano!r case :]e ! ga9 ( nitrog5 to ! surface-soil is v /rik+ is 9 t ( legum9\s crops1 su* z clov]1 beans1 peas1 c4 ,?is fact has be5 long recognis$--especially ) reg>d to clov]--by f>m]s1 & has be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 lead+ to ! inve/igation ( ! free nitrog5 "q4 ,t a soil be>+ a legum9\s crop increases 9 nitrog5 at a v /rik+ rate is a problem t requires to be solv$4 ,a p>tial explanation ( ! ph5om5on is f\nd 9 ! extraord9>y capacity su* a crop z clov] has1 by means ( its multitud9\s & ramify+ roots1 = collect+ nitrog5 f ! subsoil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld only acc\nt = ! increase 9 nitrog5 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,!re mu/ be "s o!r s\rce1 & ! only o!r s\rce is ! air4 ,t ! free nitrog5 ( ! air is1 aft] all1 available = ! plant's ne$s1 is a supposition :i* has long seem$ extremely probable1 & :i*1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 has be5 prov$ beyond d\bt to be a fact 9 ! case ( legum9\s plants4 ,! ,fixation ( ,free ,nitrog54 ,! me?od 9 :i* ^! plants are able to make use ( ! free nitrog5 is /ill a po9t requir+ mu* rese>*4 ,s f> z ! "q is at pres5t inve/igat$1 x w\ld seem t ! fixation is effect$ by means ( micro-organisms pres5t 9 tub]cles or root excresc5ces f\nd on ! roots ( legum9\s plants4#hb ,n m]ely has ?is be5 plac$ beyond d\bt1 b attempts h be5 made to isolate & /udy ! bact]ia effect+ ?is fixation4 ,f ,nobbe's exce$+ly int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 rec5tly c>ri$ out1 x w\ld seem t ! diff]5t k9ds ( legum9\s plants h diff]5t bact]ia4 ,?us ! bact]ia 9 ! tub]cle on ! pea seems to be ( a diff]5t ord] f ! bact]ia 9 ! tub]cles ( ! lup91 & s on4 ,?is discov]y is ( great importance1 x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out1 z x ?r[s mu* light on ! pr9ciples ( ! rotation ( crops4 ,influ5ce ( ,manures 9 increas+ ,soil-nitrog54 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 if "u any o!r conditions !re is a positive ga9 ( soil-nitrog54 ,9 o!r cases ! am\nt 9 ! soil is only ma9ta9$ "u lib]al manur+4 ,9 connection ) ?is po9t a v /rik+ fact has be5 obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! effect ( cont9u\s l>ge applications ( f>my>d manure4 ,x has be5 f\nd at ,ro?am/$ t 9 su* a case1 aft] a :ile1 ! manure does n seem to increase ! soil-nitrog51 al?\gh :]e ! nitrog5 goes to rema9s a my/]y4 ,9 ! case ( ! application ( artificial manures1 !re does n seem to be almo/ any appreciable ga9 to ! soil-nitrog54 ,! soil-nitrog5 is only increas$ by means ( ! residue ( crops4 ,9 ?is way1 ( c\rse1 by increas+ ! am\nt ( ?is crop-residue1 artificial manures may be said indirectly to increase ! soil-nitrog54#hc ,,s\rces ,,( ,,loss ,,( ,,nitrog54 ,we n[ come to consid] ! s\rces ( loss4 ,! *ief s\rce1 ( c\rse1 is t by dra9age4 ,l& "u cultivation w suff] v mu* m f ?is s\rce ( loss ?an 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,our mod]n sy/em ( husb&ry1 involv+ z x does ?or\gh dra9age1 c sc>cely fail to v consid]ably increase ?is s\rce ( loss4 ,loss ( ,nitrates by ,dra9age4 ,! =m 9 :i* nitrog5 is lo/ 9 ?is way is z nitrates4 ,x is a some:at /rik+ fact1 & "o wor?y ( note1 t ( ! ?ree important manurial +r$i5ts--nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 ! fir/ ( ^!1 9 its f9al & mo/ valuable =m1 is alone incapable ( be+ fix$ by ! soil1 & ?us reta9$ f loss by dra9age4 ,z nitrates are con/antly be+ =m$ 9 ! soil1 ! loss to its total nitrog5 mu/ be consid]able4 ,x is due to ! fact ( ! great solubility ( nitrates1 z well z to ! fact1 z already m5tion$1 ( ! incapacity ( ! soil-p>ticles to fix !m4 ,to ?is "o exception mu/ be made4 ,accord+ to ,knop1 small quantities ( nitric acid are held 9 ! insoluble condition 9 soils 9 ! =m ( highly basic nitrates ( iron & alum9a4 ,! quantity1 h[ev]1 ( ^! insoluble comp\nds probably am\nts to a v m9ute trace inde$4 ,p]man5t ,pa/ure & ,cat*-cropp+ prev5ts ,loss4 ,! am\nt ( loss v>ies1 & w dep5d on a numb] ( diff]5t circum/ances--?us ! nature ( ! soil1 climate1 & season ( ! ye> w all influ5ce its quantity4 ,! way 9 :i* ! soil is cultivat$ is also ano!r important factor4 ,:]e x is con/antly cov]$ ) vegetation1 z 9 ! case ( p]man5t pa/ure1 ! loss w be at a m9imum4 ,"u su* conditions1 plant-roots are always !re ready to fix1 9 ! insoluble organic =m1 ! soluble nitrates z !y are =m$4 ,a consid]ation ( ?is fact =ms "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! practice ( :at is kn[n z cat*-cropp+4 ,! practice consi/s 9 s[+ "s quickly-gr[+ gre5 crop--e4g41 mu/>d1 vet*es1 c4--s z to occupy ! soil imm$iately aft] h>ve/1 & subsequ5tly to pl\gh x 94 ,! nitrates1 :i* x is kn[n are mo/ abundantly =m$ t[>ds ! end ( summ]1#hd & :i* are all[$ to accumulate 9 ! soil f ! p]iod at :i* ! active gr[? (1 & consequ5tly assimilation ( nitrates by1 ! c]eal crop h ceas$1 are ?us fix$ 9 ! organic matt] ( ! plant1 & remov$ f dang] ( loss by dra9age incid5tal to autumn ra9s4 ,o!r ,conditions dim9i%+ ,loss ( ,nitrates4 ,! nature ( ! soil is ano!r important condition regulat+ ?is loss4 ,"s soils are v mu* op5] & m por\s ?an o!rs2 9 su* soils1 ( c\rse1 ! loss by dra9age w be greate/4 ,we are apt at fir/ sight1 h[ev]1 kn[+ ! great solubility ( nitrates1 to ov]rate ?is s\rce ( loss4 ,we h to rememb] t :ile nitrates are con/antly be+ wa%$ d[n to ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil1 !re is likewise an upw>d comp5sat+ movem5t ( ! soil-wat] con/antly tak+ place4 ,?is is due to ! evaporation ( wat] f ! surface ( ! soil1 :i* induces an upw>d capill>y movem5t ( wat] f its l[] to its high] lay]s4#he ,?is upw>d movem5t ( wat] is v mu* increas$1 9 ! case ( soil cov]$ ) vegetation1 by ! transpiration ( ! plants4 ,! climate & ! season ( ! ye> w affect ! ext5t ( ?is upw>d movem5t4 ,:]e !re is a heavy ra9fall x w be v mu* less ?an 9 dry climates4 ,aft] a long p]iod ( dr\ght ! nitrates w be f\nd to be conc5trat$ 9 ! top few in*es ( ! soil2 & 9 hot climates ?is sometimes takes place to su* an ext5t t ! surface ( ! soil has be5 actually cov]$ ) a sal9e cru/1 caus$ by ! rapid evaporation ( soil-wat] "u ! influ5ce ( a burn+ tropical sun4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x w be se5 h[ v mu* less p[]ful a s+le %[] ( ra9 is--ev5 al?\gh at ! "t x is heavy--9 caus+ loss ( nitrates by dra9age1 ?an a cont9uance ( wet wea!r4 ,9 ! =m] case1 :]e ! %[]s are sep>at$ by an int]val ( dry wea!r1 ! nitrates wa%$ d[n into ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil are sl[ly br\ght up aga9 by ! capill>y action caus$ by evaporation4 ,am\nt ( ,loss by ,dra9age4 ,:at ! actual am\nt ( loss is :i* takes place 9 ?is way x is wellnigh impossible to say4 ,:at x am\nts to "u c]ta9 def9ite circum/ances has be5 discov]$ by actual exp]im5t at ,ro?am/$4 ,tak+ ! circum/ances mo/ fav\rable to extreme loss--viz41 unmanur$ fall[ l&--! highe/ am\nt regi/]$ at ,ro?am/$ = a ye> is #ed4b lb4 p] acre f soil #bj in*es deep1 :ile ! smalle/ am\nt is #bj4i lb4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! dra9age-wat] 0 equival5t to #ba4ff in*es1 :ile 9 ! latt]1 to #h4if in*es4 ,! av]age = ?irte5 ye>s on unmanur$ fall[ soil has be5 #cg4c lb4 7= #bj in*es71 #cb4f lb4 7= #dj in*es71 #ce4f lb4 7= #fj in*es74 ,! po9t ( especial int]e/ 9 ?is connection is t an annual loss ( nitrog51 equal to ov] #b cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda1 may take place f a comp>atively poor arable soil ly+ fall[4 ,! loss on cropp$ soils is ( c\rse v mu* less--9 %ort1 %\ld am\nt to v little--especially 9 p]man5t pa/ure1 :]e x is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,tak+ an av]age1 ,mr ,w>+ton is ( op9ion t ! loss 9 ,engl& may be put at #h lb4 p] annum p] acre4#hf ,loss 9 ,=m ( ,free ,nitrog54 ,! o!r *ief natural s\rce ( loss ( nitrog5 is due to its escape f ! soil 9 its free /ate4 ,?is s\rce ( loss is v mu* less important ?an t by dra9age1 & probably am\nts to v little4 ,t1 h[ev]1 x takes place is beyond a d\bt2 & t x may--z we %all see by-&-by--"u c]ta9 circum/ances am\nt to some?+ v consid]able is also prov$4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( nitrog5\s organic matt] decay1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! supply ( atmosph]ic oxyg5 is insuffici5t to effect complete oxidation1 free nitrog5 may be evolv$ 9 consid]able quantities4 ,simil>ly1 x may be evolv$ 9 ! case ( vegetable matt] decay+ "u wat]4 ,9 soils ri* 9 organic matt] ! r$uction ( ev5 nitrates may take place1 accompani$ ) ! evolution ( free nitrog51 :i* is ?us lo/4 ,total ,am\nt ( ,loss ( ,nitrog54 ,:at ! rate ( total loss ( nitrog5 is f ^! diff]5t s\rces does n admit ( easy calculation4 ,sir ,john ,lawes1 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( soil-f]tility1 e/imat$ "s ye>s ago1 by comp>+ ! soil ( old pa/ure at ,ro?am/$ ) t :i* _h be5 "u arable culture = #bej ye>s1 t dur+ t p]iod "s #cjjj lb4 ( nitrog5 p] acre _h disappe>$ f ! arable l&4 ,examples ( decrease ( nitrog5 9 ,ro?am/$ soils1 "u v>i\s conditions ( culture1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4#hg ,loss ( ,nitrog5 by ,retrogression4 ,a s\rce ( loss ( nitrog5 may be "h m5tion$ :i* has to d ) dim9ution ( am\nt ( available nitrog51 r ?an absolute loss ( nitrog5 to ! soil1 & :i* we may t]m loss by retrogression4 ,nitrog5 9 an available =m1 su* z nitrates1 has be5 f\nd to be conv]t$ into a less available =m4 ,?is retrogression may be effect$1 z 9 ! case ( nitrates1 by r$uction--i4e41 by removal ( ! oxyg5 9 comb9ation ) ! nitrog51 :i* 9 _m cases may be set free1 & ?us p>tially al?\gh n necess>ily entirely lo/4 ,su* r$uction is due to ! action ( bact]ia ( ! d5itrify+ ord]4#hh ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 nitrog5 may be conv]t$ into "s k9d ( insoluble =m :i* seems to resi/ decomposition & lies 9 an in]t condition 9 ! soil utt]ly unavailable = ! plants' ne$s4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is retrogression ( nitrog5 seems to be af=d$ 9 ! case ( f>my>d manure4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ pages1 t :5 f>my>d manure is appli$1 ye> aft] ye>1 to ! same l& 9 l>ge quantities1 a v consid]able p]c5tage ( its nitrog5 does n 7i4e41 )9 a reasonable numb] ( ye>s7 become available = ! crop's uses4 ,:at1 inde$1 becomes ( ! nitrog5 is a my/]y2 b x is highly probable t "s su* k9d ( retrogression z t above ref]r$ to1 :]eby ! nitrog5 is conv]t$ into "s in]t organic =m1 takes place4 ,artificial ,s\rces ( ,loss ( ,nitrog54 ,s f>1 ! s\rces ( loss ( nitrog5 consid]$ h be5 :at we may t]m natural s\rces4 ,by ?is is meant t ! loss ( nitrog5 f ! above s\rces takes place 9 a /ate ( nature1 & n m]ely "u conditions ( cultivation4 ,no d\bt ! loss due to dra9age is v mu* great] "u arable f>m+ ?an w\ld be ! case :]e artificial dra9age does n obta92 /ill1 "u any conditions1 ?is loss mu/ be reckon$ )4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by artificial s\rces ( loss are meant ^? entirely dep5d5t on our mod]n sy/em ( agriculture & our mod]n sy/em ( sewage disposal1 :]eby ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 t portion ( ! produce ( ! f>m :i* goes to supply our food is n return$ to ! soil1 b is totally lo/4 ,am\nt ( ,nitrog5 remov$ 9 ,crops4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy t[>ds c5tralisation 9 l>ge t[ns has r5d]$ ?is loss--despite all t has be5 said to ! contr>y--a necessity4 ,x is extremely difficult1 h[ev]1 to =m any e/imate ( its am\nt4 ,we "k1 ( c\rse1 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 remov$ f ! soil by diff]5t crops4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 e/imate h[ mu* ( ?is may f9d its way back aga9 to ! soil4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t crops w be fully dealt ) 9 ! *apt] on ! manur+ ( diff]5t crops4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 n )\t int]e/ to give "h "s approximate indication ( ! am\nt ( ?is loss1 9 ord] to r5d] ! view ( ! subject z compreh5sive z possible4 ,rec5t agricultural returns = ,great ,brita9 give ! total produce ( :eat at ov] #gf million bu%els1 t ( b>ley at ov] #fi million1 & t ( oats at ov] #aej million4 ,calculat+ ! am\nt ( nitrog51 ^! quantities ( :eat1 b>ley1 & oats respectively & collectively conta91 & calculat+ also h[ mu* sulphate ( ammonia & nitrate ( soda ^! am\nts ( nitrog5 repres5t1 ! foll[+ are ! results3-- ,nitrog54 ,sulphate ( ,nitrate ( ,ammonia4 ,soda4 ,bu%els4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,:eat #gf1bbd1idj #cg1dcb #agf1dfe #bbg1bff ,b>ley #fi1idh1bff #bg1cbd #abh1hac #afe1hif ,oats #aej1ghi1daf #ef1hce #bfg1icf #cde1jfh ----------- ------- ------- ------- ,total #bif1ifb1fbb #aba1eia #egc1bad #gch1bcj ,( c\rse ^! figures1 s f> z ! am\nts ( nitrog5 are conc]n$1 c only be reg>d$ z approximate1 z x is only possible 9 su* calculations to obta9 approximate results4 ,accept+ ^! calculations z m]ely approximate1 !y are1 nev]!less1 ( ! highe/ int]e/ & importance4 ,x is ( great importance to und]/& t 9 ! annual produce ( our ?ree common c]eal crops--suppos+ !m to be all consum$ (f ! f>m--!re is remov$ f ! soil a quantity ( nitrog5 equal to t conta9$ 9 ov] half a million tons ( sulphate ( ammonia1 & ?ree qu>t]s ( a million tons ( nitrate ( soda4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 x is impossible to e/imate exactly :at proportion ( ?is total nitrog5 f9ds its way back to ! soil4 ,9 ! case ( :eat1 x may be po9t$ out t ! portion :i* is us$ z a fe$+-/uff--viz41 bran--is v mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an ! fl\r4 ,:ile1 !n1 we are unable to e/imate ) any exactitude ?is s\rce ( loss ( nitrog51 x _c = a mom5t be d\bt$ t x is enorm\s1 f :at has be5 already /at$4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! portion ( ! crop ri*e/ 9 nitrog5 is t :i* is g5]ally remov$--! /raw :i* is gr[n 9 produc+ a bu%el ( :eat1 b>ley1 or oats1 conta9+ less ?an half ! am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ by a bu%el ( ! gra9 itself4 ,losses ( ,nitrog5 incurr$ on ! ,f>m4 ,9 addition to ! loss due to removal ( crops f ! f>m1 !re are "o or two o!r s\rces ( loss :i* x may be well to briefly ref] to4 ,loss 9 ,treatm5t ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,!re c be little d\bt t 9 ! pa/ a v consid]able s\rce ( loss 0 ! improp] treatm5t ( f>my>d manure4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is loss may take place w be fully consid]$ 9 ! *apt] on f>my>d manure4 ,suffice x to say "h1 t ?is may take place by volatilisation ( ! nitrog5 z c>bonate ( ammonia1 caus$ by c>elessness 9 all[+ ! temp]ature ( ! manure-heap to rise too high2 or by dra9age ( ! soluble nitrog5 comp\nds1 caus$ by all[+ ! ri* black liquor ( ! manure-heap to be wa%$ away1 & n prop]ly cons]v$4 ,nitrog5 remov$ 9 ,milk4 ,ano!r s\rce ( loss :i* is apt to be ov]look$ is ! am\nt ( nitrog5 remov$ 9 milk4 ,pr(essor ,/or] has calculat$ t 9 ! case ( a c[ giv+ #bjjj qu>ts1 or #dcjj lb41 ( milk 9 a ye>1 & ! milk be+ all sold z su*1 !re w\ld be c>ri$ away f ! f>m #bb lb4 ( nitrog54#hi ,economics ( ! ,nitrog5 "q4 ,& "h1 be=e conclud+ our survey ( ! diff]5t s\rces ( loss ( nitrog51 x may be well to reg>d = a mom5t ! subject f a some:at wid] /&po9t ?an t f :i* we h be5 consid]+ x4 ,! total supply ( nitrog5 9 a comb9$ =m is limit$4 ,z we h po9t$ out1 x may be reg>d$ z ! elem5t on :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 life1 animal z well z vegetable1 dep5ds4 ,to animal life x is alone available 9 comb9$ =m2 to vegetable life x is *iefly also only available 9 comb9$ =m4 ,9 ! air we h an unlimit$ quantity ( nitrog51 b x is almo/ entirely 9 an uncomb9$ =m1 & !re=e l>gely unavailable4 ,! conv]sion ( nitrog5 f ! free /ate to a comb9$ =m is a process :i* takes place only v sl[ly4 ,any s\rce :i* dim9i%es ! sum-total ( our already all too limit$ supply ( comb9$ nitrog5 mu/ be reg>d$ z wor?y ( mo/ s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 ( ! artificial wa/e ( nitrog5 daily tak+ place ar\nd u1 is "o :i* ought to possess = economi/s a v great int]e/ inde$4 ,?is wa/e has1 ( late ye>s1 enorm\sly increas$1 & w\ld seem to ?reat5 u at no v di/ant date ) a nitrog5 fam9e4 ,x is incid5tal to ! use ( c]ta9 nitrog5\s sub/ances 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s articles1 & to our pres5t sy/em ( sewage disposal4 ,loss ( ,nitrog5-comp\nds 9 ! ,arts4 ,! articles ref]r$ to are su* z explosives1 />*1 textile sub/ances1 malt liquors1 c4 ,! "q is /rik+ly dealt ) 9 an able pap] on ,! ,economy ( ,nitrog5 9 ! ',qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4'#ij ,loss due to ,use ( ,gunp[d]4 ,! explosives--m p>ticul>ly gunp[d]--are ! mo/ important ( ^! articles4 ,gunp[d] conta9s #ge p] c5t ( saltpetre1 :i* 9 its turn conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,:5 gunp[d] explodes1 practically ! :ole ( ?is nitrog5 is conv]t$ into free nitrog54 ,! loss is ?us 9 a s5se irrep>able4 ,9 ! pap] above1 ref]r$ to1 our total annual exports ( ?is sub/ance are e/imat$ at #ai1jjj1jjj lb42 :ile ! total annual production ( ! _w is e/imat$ at n less ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj lb4 ,! annual loss ( nitrog5 due to ?is s\rce alone w\ld am\nt to ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj lb4#ia ,simil>ly1 loss ( nitrog51 al?\gh to a less ext5t1 is caus$ by ! use ( o!r explosives1 z well z 9 ! manufacture ( ! o!r articles above m5tion$4 ,loss due to ,sewage ,disposal4 ,! loss due to our pres5t sy/em ( sewage disposal has be5 already tak5 into acc\nt 9 deal+ ) ! loss due to removal ( crops4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to treat x f ! sewage aspect4 ,tak+ ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! excreta ( e individual z1 on an av]age1 half an ounce1 ! annual am\nt void$ 9 ! excreta ( ! total population ( ! ,briti% ,isles w\ld am\nt to #cfe1jjj1jjj lb4#ib--( ?is1 ! am\nt 9 ! ,london sewage alone be+ #ia1jjj1jjj lb4#ic ,by ! wat] sy/em1 :i* is almo/ univ]sally adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! above quantity ( nitrog5 is entirely lo/ to ! soil4 ,a small portion ( x1 x may be argu$1 is ev5tually recov]$ 9 sea we$ & fi%1 :i* may be us$ = manure4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to argue too mu* sub specie aet]nitatis4 ,n all ! nitrog5 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! excreta f9ds its way into ! sea2 = x is highly probable t a consid]able quantity escapes 9 ! process ( ! decomposition ( ! sewage z free nitrog54 ,f ! above /atem5t ( ! s\rces ( loss & ga9 ( nitrog5 tak+ place 9 ! soil1 x may be pretty safe to conclude t :ile 9 a /ate ( nature ! ga9 balances ! loss1 if inde$ x does n d m1 "u conditions ( arable f>m+ su* is v f> f be+ ! case2 & t if f]tility ( ! l& is to be ma9ta9$1 rec\rse to nitrog5\s manures mu/ be _h1--9 %ort1 t ! application ( artificial nitrog5\s manures is a necess>y condition ( mod]n husb&ry4 ,our ,artificial ,nitrog5 ,supply4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 x may be int]e/+ to enum]ate v briefly ! *ief s\rces ( our artificial nitrog5 supply4 ,nitrate ( ,soda & ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,! mo/ important artificial nitrog5\s manures 9 use at pres5t are nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,( ! =m]1 ! annual exportation f ,*ili is close on "o million tons1 ( :i* quantity ab\t #abj1jjj tons is import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,( sulphate ( ammonia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! total production 9 ?is c\ntry is ab\t #acj1jjj tons p] annum1#id ! great] proportion ( :i* is export$1 leav+ only f #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj tons = consumption4 ,nitrate ( soda1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n entirely us$ = manurial purposes1 a small proportion ( ! above imports be+ us$ = *emical manufactur+ purposes4 ,p]uvian ,guano4 ,p]uvian guano is ano!r important nitrog5\s manure v mu* less abundant n[ ?an =m]ly1 z ! diff]5t guano-b$s h become ne>ly exhau/$4 ,:ile ! imports ( ?is important manure into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom am\nt$ 9 #ahgj to ne>ly #bej1jjj tons1 at pres5t n m ?an #aa1jjj tons are be+ import$4 ,bones4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( nitrog5 is bones1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are *iefly valuable z a phosphatic manure1 b :i* conta9 also "s #c to #d p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,( ?is valuable manure we import at pres5t ab\t #cj1jjj tons1 :ile ab\t #fj1jjj tons are collect$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 br++ up our total consumption to #ajj1jjj tons4 ,o!r ,nitrog5\s ,manures4 ,! above m5tion$ are ! mo/ important ( nitrog5\s manures2 !re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( o!r nitrog5\s manures us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 v mu* small] quantities4 ,z mo/ ( ^! sub/ances are made 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is v difficult to e/imate ! am\nt ( _! annual production ) exactness4 ,^! sub/ances are z foll[s3 fi%-guano1 meat-meal guano1 dri$ blood1 %oddy1 scut*1 horns & ho(s1 hair1 bri/les1 fea!rs1 lea!r-scrap1 c4 ,( fi%-guano1 ! total consumption p] annum may be put d[n at ab\t #hjjj tons1 ( :i* a f\r? is import$ into ?is c\ntry1 ! rema9+ #fjjj tons be+ manufactur$ at home4 ,( meat-meal guano1 dri$ blood1 ho(-guano1 c41 ab\t #bejj tons are annually import$1 ! home production br++ up ! total am\nt to "s #aj1jjj tons4 ,( %oddy1 "s #ab1jjj tons are manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 :ile scut*--! "n giv5 to a manure manufactur$ f ! wa/e products incid5tal to ! manufacture ( glue & ! dress+ ( sk9s--is produc$ only to ! ext5t ( a few ?\s& tons annually4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( notice1 t :ile ! use ( phosphatic manures has increas$ v consid]ably ( late ye>s1 ! same _c be said ( nitrog54 ,accord+ to ,mr ,h]mann ,voss1 "s #cd1jjjie tons ( nitrog5 7 us$ 9 ! =m ( artificial manures 9 #ahgc1 :ile n[ only ab\t #bh1jjj tons are us$--i4e41 "s #fjjj tons less4 ,oil-se$s & ,oilcakes4 ,!re /ill rema9s a v important s\rce ( nitrog5 :i* has n yet be5 m5tion$1 9 ! %ape ( oil-se$s & oilcakes1 us$ = fe$+ purposes4 ,oilcakes are bo? manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry & import$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,rec5t ,agricultural ,returns %[ ! total imports ( oilcakes at #bef1bif tons2 t ( l9se$ at #cgj1jjj tons2 t ( rape-se$ at #hj1jjj tons2 & t ( cotton-se$ at #bhi1dac tons4 ,o!r import$ ,s\rces ( ,nitrog54 ,we h fur!r1 9 consid]+ ?is "q1 to take into acc\nt ! l>ge am\nt ( maize1 peas1 beans1 :eat1 & oats :i* are import$ into ?is c\ntry1 a c]ta9 quantity ( :i* is us$ z cattle-food1 & w !re=e g to enri* _! manure4 ,also ! import$ /raw us$ = purposes ( litt] mu/ n be =gott54 ,9 #ahhg ?is am\nt$ to #eb1cic tons4 ,conclusion4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be ask$ h[ f> are ! artificial s\rces ( nitrog5 able to make good ! loss8 ,9 ! op9ion ( su* a reliable au?ority z ,sir ,john ,lawes1 !y d n4 ,!re are "s soils :i* dep5d almo/ entirely ^u import$ f]tility1 & c\ld n be cultivat$ )\t x4 ,^u "s ( !m x is possible t ! imports ( nitrog5 are 9 excess ( ! exports4 ,tak+ ! agricultural acreage z a :ole1 h[ev]1 he is ( op9ion t !re is a decid$ loss ( nitrog51 :i* he e/imates at f #ae lb4 to #bj lb4 p] acre p] annum4#if ,,footnotes3 #fc ,! total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! air has be5 e/imat$ approximately at f\r million billion tons4 #fd ,see ,introductory ,*apt]1 pp4 #dj to #de4 #fe ,al?\gh ammonia is m abundant ?an nitrates & nitrites1 x only am\nts to a few p>ts p] million ( air4 ,accord+ to ,mu5tz1 ! air at great heights conta9s m ammonia ?an 9 its l[] /rata4 ,! opposite1 h[ev]1 is ! case ) reg>d to nitrates1 :i* are only f\nd 9 air ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,see p4 #di4 #ff ,nitric acid may also be =m$ by ! oxidation ( ammonia by ozone1 or p]oxide ( hydrog54 #fg ,accord+ to ,s*loes+1 ! *ief s\rce ( ! ammonia pres5t 9 ! air is ! tropical ocean1 :i* yields gradually to ! atmosph]e1 "u ! action ( ! p[]ful evaporation con/antly go+ on1 a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ?is =m4 ,! s\rces ( ! nitrog5 ( ! ocean are ! nitrates :i* x receives f ! dra9age ( l&1 animal & vegetable matt]1 sewage1 c4 #fh ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #aee4 #fi ,to illu/rate ?is po9t1 x may be m5tion$ t on ! lea/ w9dy ( days1 :5 ! w9d is only mov+ at ! rate ( two miles an h\r--& ?is1 x may he add$1 is s sl[ z to be sc>cely noticeable--! air 9 a space ( #bj feet is *ang$ ov] five hundr$ times 9 an h\r4 ,! comb9$ nitrog5 ?us absorb$ is probably entirely 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,x w\ld seem s at any rate1 f "s exp]im5ts by ,s*loes+4 ,see p4 #acb4 #gj ,no vegetable or animal cell exi/s :i* does n conta9 nitrog54 #ga ,?is is less on ! :ole ?an :at has be5 f\nd 9 subsoils by ,cont95tal inve/igators4 ,?us1 = example1 ,a4 ,muell] f\nd ! av]age ( a numb] ( analyses ( subsoils to be 4#ae p] c5t41 & ! late ,dr ,&]son f\nd ! nitrog5 9 ! subsoil ( diff]5t ,scotti% :eat-soils to run f 4#ae p] c5t to 4#ig p] c5t4 #gb ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #aef4 #gc ,"u prolong$ kit*5-g>d5 culture ! subsoil becomes enri*$ ) nitrog5\s matt] to a f> m consid]able dep?2 ?is has be5 %[n by ! analyses ( ! soil ( ! old kit*5-g>d5 at ,ro?am/$4 ,?is is d\btless due to ! practice ( deep tr5*+ employ$ by g>d5]s4--,r4 ,w>+ton1 ',lectures on ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts4' ,u4,s4,a4 ,bullet91 p4 #bd4 #gd ,! comp>atively insignificant effect ! addition ( v>i\s nitrog5\s manures h 9 increas+ ! total soil-nitrog5 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! tables giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #aeg4 #ge ,see ,/or]'s ,agric4 ,*em41 vol4 i4 p4 #ceg4 #gf ,see ,*apt] ,,iv41 ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vii41 p4 #aih4 #gg ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii41 p4 #aeg4 #gh ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #aeg4 #gi ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #aee4 #hj ,! orig9al s\rce ( ! nitrog5 9 ! soil mu/ h be5 ! nitrog5 9 ! air4 ,:5 plants fir/ beg9 to gr[ on a purely m9]al soil1 !y mu/ obta9 nitrog5 f "s s\rce4 ,! small traces wa%$ d[n 9 ! ra9 w supply suffici5t nitrog5 to enable a scanty gr[? ( ! l[] =ms ( vegetable life2 :]eas ^! by _! decay furni% _! successors ) a m abundant s\rce1 :i* rapidly increases1 until we h a fair p]c5tage ( humus accumulat$4 #ha ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,v41 p4 #aeh4 #hb ,see ,hi/orical ,introduction1 pp4 #dj-de4 #hc ,! evid5ce demon/rat+ ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! am\nt ( c>bon f\nd 9 diff]5t soils rises or falls 9 proportion to ! nitrog54 ,see p4 #abf4 #hd ,see ,*apt] ,,iv4 on ,nitrification4 #he ,diffusion z well z capill>y attraction is a means ( br++ nitrates aga9 to ! surface-soil aft] ra94 #hf ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vi41 p4 #aeh1 & ,note ,,viii41 p4 #afj2 also p4 #aed4 #hg ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vii41 p4 #aei4 #hh ,see foll[+ ,*apt] on ,nitrification1 p4 #agh4 #hi ,accord+ to ! ,agricultural ,returns = #ahhh1 ! numb] ( c[s 9 milk 9 ,great ,brita9 am\nt$ to #b1dej1ddd4 ,if we multiply ?is numb] by #bb ! result is #ed1jjj1jjj lb41 or 9 tons #bd1ajg4 ,?is quantity repres5ts #aed1jfg tons ( ord9>y comm]cial nitrate ( soda4 #ij ,= #ahgh 7p4 #adf et seq47 ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ! subject is ref]r$ to ! pap] itself4 #ia ,9 tons #ddfd1 & repres5ts #bh1ecj tons ( nitrate ( soda4 #ib ,?is 9 tons #afb1idf1 :i* repres5ts #a1jda1chd tons ( nitrate ( soda4 #ic ,?is 9 tons #dj1fbe1 :i* repres5ts #bei1fcc tons ( nitrate ( soda4 ,see pap] 9 ',j\rnal ( ,sci5ce' already ref]r$ to4 #id ,europe's total production may be /at$ at #bjj1jjj tons4 #ie #aj1ejj tons ( :i* 7 z guano4 #if ,mr ,w>+ton e/imates ?is at ab\t #h lb4 ,see p4 #ada4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #aai74 ,,det]m9ations ,,( ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,suppli$ ,,by ,,ra91 ,,z ,,ammonia ,,& ,,nitric ,,acid1 ,,to ,,an ,,acre ,,( ,,l&1 ,,dur+ ,,"o ,,ye>4 7,f ,dr ,fream's ',soils & _! ,prop]ties1' p4 #fb47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,nitrog5 p] million1 z ,total ---------------,nitrog5 ,ye>4 ,ra9fall4 p] ,ammonia4 ,nitric acre4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ lb4 ,kus*5 #ahfd-fe #aa4he #j4ed #j4af #a4hf #ahfe-ff #ag4gj #j4dd #j4af #b4ej ,in/]burg #ahfd-fe #bg4ee #j4ee #j4cj #e4di #ahfe-ff #bc4gi #j4gf #j4di #f4ha ,dahme #ahfe #ag4ji #a4db #j4cj #f4ff ,reg5walde #ahfd-fe #bc4dh #b4jc #j4hj #ae4ji #ahfe-ff #ai4ca #a4hh #j4dh #aj4ch #ahff-fg #be4cg #b4bh #j4ef #af4dd ,ida-,m>i5huette1 mean ( six ye>s #ahfe-gj #bb4fe #i4ib ,proskau #ahfd-fe #ag4ha #c4ba #a4gc #bj4ia ,flor5ce #ahgj #cf4ee #a4ag #j4dd #ac4cf #ahga #db4dh #j4ha #j4bb #i4hi #ahgb #ej4hb #j4hb #j4bf #ab4ea ,vallombrosa #ahgb #gi4hc #j4db #j4ae #aj4ch ,monts\ris1 ,p>is #ahgg-gh #bc4fb #a4ia #j4bd #aa4ed #ahgh-gi #be4gi #a4bj #j4gj #aa4af #ahgi-hj #ae4gj #a4cf #a4fj #aj4eb -------------------------------- ,mean ( #bb ye>s #bg4fc #aj4bc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #abb74 ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,soils ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,dep?s4 7#a7 ,ro?am/$ ,soils4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dep?4 ,arable soil4 ,old pa/ure soil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ p] c5t4 lb4 p] acre4 p] c5t4 lb4 p] acre4 #a/ #i in*es #j4abj #c1jae #j4bde #e1cea #b;d #i #j4jfh #a1fbi #j4jhb #b1cac #c;d #i #j4jei #a1dfa #j4jec #a1ehj #d? #i #j4jea #a1bbh #j4jdf #a1dab #e? #i #j4jde #a1jij #j4jdb #a1cja #f? #i #j4jdd #a1aca #j4jci #a1ahf ----- ----- ----- ----- ,total1 #ed in*es - #i1eed - #ac1adc ---------------------------------------- ------------ #g? #i in*es #j4jdb #a1jdi - - #h? #i #j4jda #a1jie - - #i? #i #j4jdd #a1agc - - #aj? #i #j4jdc #a1jgf - - #aa? #i #j4jdc #a1aab - - #ab? #i #j4jde #a1aih - - ----- ------ ----- ----- ,total1 #i feet #af1beg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 7#b7 ,manitoba ,soils4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,dep?4 ,br&on4 ,niv]ville4 ,w9nipeg4 ,selkirk4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 #a/ foot #j4ahg #j4bfa #j4dbh #j4fah #b;d #j4aji #j4afi #j4cbg #j4bfd #c;d #j4jgb #j4jfi #j4aeh #j4jgf #d? #j4jai #j4jch #j4ajg #j4jdb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #acj74 ,,nitrog5 ,,z ,,nitrates ,,9 ,,cropp$ ,,soils ,,receiv+ ,,no ,,nitrog5\s ,,manure1 ,,9 ,,lb4 ,,p] ,,acre 7,ro?am/$ ,soils74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:eat4 --------------- ,bokh>a ,:ite ,aft] ,aft] clov]1 ,vet*es1 ,luc]n1 clov]1 ,dep?4 fall[1clov]1 #ahhb4 #ahhc4 #ahhe4 #ahhe4 #ahhc4 #ahhc4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #a/ #i in*es #c4d #f4a #c4d #aj4b #h4i #aa4e #b;d #i #c4a #d4d #a4j #b4g #a4a #a4d #c;d #i #j4h #a4f #j4f #a4a #j4h #j4i #d? #i #a4j #a4c #a4j #a4e #j4h #a4i #e? #i #j4h #a4e #j4h #b4e #a4j #g4a #f? #i #j4f #j4h #a4g #d4d #j4i #aa4c #g? #i #j4h #b4b #d4e #j4f #ac4a #h? #i #j4i #a4g #d4i #j4h #ab4f #i? #i #j4g #b4d #d4h #j4g #aa4b #aj? #i #b4j #b4a #e4a #j4f #aj4g #aa? #i #a4e #b4a #f4d #j4d #aa4a #ab? #i #c4h #b4h #f4e #j4d #aj4j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #abd & p4 #aca74 ,,nitrog5 ,,z ,,nitrates ,,9 ,,:eat-,,soils ,,v>i\sly ,,manur$1 ,,octob] #ahha1 ,,9 ,,lb4 ,,p] ,,acre 7,ro?am/$ ,soils74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,excess ov] ,plot ,manur+4 #a/ #i #bnd #i #crd #i ,total #bgplots in*esin*esin*esin*es #c & #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #c ,no manure1 #ch ye>s #i4g #e4c #b4h #ag4h #d #cj #i4b #d4j #a4h #ae4j #af;a #ag #aj4f #e4j #b4c #ag4i #a4e #e;a ,a% con/itu5ts1 #cj ye>s #ab4f #g4a #d4f #bd4c #g4i #ag;a #a ye> #aj4c #g4e #c4d #ba4b #d4h #f;a & ammonium salts1 #bjj lb4 #af4e #g4e #d4g #bh4g #ab4c #g;a #djj #bb4h #aa4c #e4g #ci4h #bc4d #h;a #fjj #ba4a #ac4i #g4h #db4h #bf4d #i;a ,a% & sodium nitrate1 #eej #ai4g #aj4j #h4b #cg4i #ba4e #i;b ,sodium nitrate1 #af4c #bj4a #ag4g #ed4a #cg4g #aj;a ,ammonium salts1 #djj #ad4b #aa4i #g4c #cc4d #ag4j #aa;a ,sup]phosphate & ammonium salts1 #djj lb4 #ag4i #i4c #c4f #cj4h #ad4d #ai ,rape-cake1 #agjj lb4 #ad4a #ac4j #g4a #cd4b #ag4h #b ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons--#ch ye>s #cj4j #ae4d #f4h #eb4b #ce4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,nitrog5 ,,z ,,nitrates ,,9 ,,b>ley-,,soils ,,v>i\sly ,,manur$1 ,,m>* #ahib1 ,,9 ,,lb4 ,,p] ,,acre 7,ro?am/$ ,soils74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total ,excess #a/ #i #b;d #i #c;d #i #bg ov] ,plot4 ,manur+4 in*es4in*es4in*es4in*es4plot #aj4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #aj ,no manure #e4i #d4g #e4a #ae4g - #bj-dj ,a% con/itu5ts 7mean7 #f4g #g4j #f4d #bj4a #d4d #a ,a ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lb4 #f4a #h4c #g4j #ba4d #e4g #b;,a-#d;,a ,ammonium & a% con/itu5ts 7mean7 #g4g #g4h #g4f #bc4a #g4d #a ,,aa ,sodium nitrate1 #bge lb4 #i4g #f4h #i4j #be4e #i4h #b;,,aa-#d;,,aa,sodium nitrate & a% con/itu5ts 7mean7 #h4c #g4d #g4e #bc4b #g4e #a;,c ,rape-cake1 #ajjj lb4 #aj4f #ac4g #g4i #cb4b #af4e #b;,c-#d;,c ,rape-cake & a% con/itu5ts 7mean7 #h4h #aa4i #h4g #bi4d #ac4g #g-a ,no manure1 #aj ye>s-- =m]ly dung #ad4h #aa4h #aj4i #cg4e #ba4h #g-b ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons #ah4f #ad4f #aj4i #dd4a #bh4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note ,v4 7p4 #acd74 ,,examples ,,( ,,increase ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,ro?am/$ ,,soils ,,laid ,,d[n ,,9 ,,pa/ure4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,age ( ,nitrog5 9 pa/ure4 #a/ #i in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,ye>s4 ,p] c5t4 ,arable l& - #j4adj ,b>n-field pa/ure #h #j4aea ,apple-tree pa/ure #ah #j4agd ,dr ,gilb]t's mead[ #ba #j4bjd ,dr ,gilb]t's mead[ #cj #j4bda ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,note ,,vi4 7p4 #ada74 ,9 connection ) ! loss by dra9age ( nitrog5 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 x may be m5tion$ t ! wat] ( _m ( ! fam\s riv]s conta9s l>ge quantities ( nitrates4 ,?us ! wat] ( ! ,se9e has be5 f\nd to conta9 fifte5 p>ts ( nitrates p] million ( wat]1 & ! ,rh9e eight p>ts p] million4 ,"s idea ( :at ?is am\nts to p] annum may be obta9$ by ! /atem5t t ! ,rh9e dis*>ges daily #bbj tons ( saltpetre into ! ocean1 ! riv] ,se9e #bgj1 & ! ,nile #aajj tons4--7,/or]'s ,agric4 ,*em41 vol4 i4 p4 #cah47 ,,note ,,vii4 7p4 #adb74 ,,examples ,,( ,,decrease ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,ro?am/$ ,,soils4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,nitrog5 9 #a/ #i in*es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p] c5t4 ,old pa/ure #j4bej ,arable l& 9 ord9>y culture #j4adj ,:eat unmanur$1 #ch ye>s #j4aje ,:eat & fall[ unmanur$1 #ca ye>s #j4jif ,b>ley unmanur$1 #cj ye>s #j4jic ,turnips unmanur$1 #be ye>s #j4jhe ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,manur+1 ,,produce ,,( ,,:eat1 ,,& ,,alt]ation ,,9 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,9 ,,broadbalk ,,field1 ,,ro?am/$1 ,,f #ahfe ,,to #ahha4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,av]age ,nitrog5 p] acre produce 9 #a/ #i in*es ,plot4 ,manures p] acre1 p] acre4 ( soil4 annually appli$1 ----------------------------------- #af ye>s1 #ahfe-ha4 ,ga9 or ,dress$ ,total #ahfe4 #ahha4 loss 9 gra94 produce4 #af ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- bu%4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #c ,unmanur$ #aa-g_/h #agae #bejg #bdjd -#ajc #e;a,mix$ m9]al manure #ab-c_/d #aifc #begd #bcbh -#bdf #aj;a,ammonium salts1 #djj lb4 #ag-g_/h #bhha #bedh #bdga -#gg #aaa;,ammonium salts1 ) sup]phosphate #bc-a_/d #chef #bfic #bfgf -#ag #g;a,ammonium salts1 ) mix$ m9]al manure #bh #diic #bhbi #bijh #gi #i;a,nitrate ( soda1 #eej lb41 & mix$ m9]al manure #cf #fidi #bhcd #bhhc #di #af;a,unmanur$99 #ac-a_/b #baid #bijg #beeg -#cej #b ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons #ca-a_/b #ecef #dcbi #dejb #agc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 99 ,dur+ #aheb-fd receiv$ annually ammonium salts1 #hjj lb41 ) mix$ m9]al manure1 & yield$ an av]age product ( #ci-a_/b bu%els ( gra9 & #df-e_/h cwt4 ( /raw4 ,,note ,,viii4 7p4 #ada74 #ab ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,nitrog5 z nitrates4 --------------------------------- ,am\nt ( ,p] million ( ,p] acre4 ,ra9fall dra9age4 wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------- #bj-;in* #fj-;in* #bj-;in* #fj-;in* #bj-;in* #fj-;in* gauge4 gauge4 gauge4 gauge4 gauge4 gauge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 lb4 lb4 ,m>* #a4gj #j4he #j4id #g4c #h4i #a4da #a4hi ,april #b4be #j4gb #j4gi #h4c #i4j #a4ce #a4fa ,may #b4dh #j4hj #j4gi #h4d #i4a #a4ec #a4fc ,june #b4ei #j4gh #j4gh #i4b #i4a #a4fb #a4fj ,july #b4he #j4fh #j4fb #ac4e #aa4h #b4jh #a4ff ,augu/ #b4fi #j4hd #j4gf #ae4a #ac4c #b4hg #b4bh ,septemb] #b4gj #j4ig #j4hb #ag4g #ac4d #c4hf #b4ej ,octob] #c4ab #a4hf #a4fh #ac4h #aa4i #e4hc #d4ec ,novemb] #c4bj #b4dd #b4cb #aa4h #aa4d #f4ej #e4ih ,decemb] #b4cd #a4hh #a4hh #i4e #aj4f #d4jf #d4ea ,janu>y #b4ac #a4gi #a4ic #g4d #h4i #b4ii #c4hh ,febru>y #b4af #a4hd #a4gd #g4g #i4a #c4ai #c4eg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m>*-,june #i4jb #c4ae #c4cj #h4c #i4j #e4ia #f4gc ,july-,septemb] #h4bd #b4di #b4bj #ae4f #ac4j #h4ha #f4dd ,octob]-,feb4 #ab4ie #i4ha #i4ee #aj4b #aj4d #bb4eg #bb4dg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,:ole ye> #cj4ba #ae4de #ae4je #aj4g #aj4e #cg4bi #ce4fd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,nitrification4 ,! mo/ important comp\nd ( nitrog5 = ! plant is nitric acid4 ,x is z nitrates t mo/ plants absorb ! nitrog5 !y require to build up _! tissue4 ,9 nature ! nitrog51 pres5t 9 ! soil z ammonia & diff]5t organic =ms1 is con/antly be+ conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,?is conv]sion ( nitrog5 into nitrates1 kn[n z nitrification1 is a process ( v great importance1 &1 z has be5 already po9t$ out 9 ! ,introductory ,*apt]1 is effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( micro-organisms 7f]m5ts74#ig ,! process ( nitrification1 z well z ! nature ( ! o!r *anges tak+ place 9 ! soil betwe5 ! v>i\s comp\nds ( nitrog51 are z yet b mo/ imp]fectly und]/ood1 b mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ?is mo/ int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( agricultural rese>* dur+ ! la/ few ye>s2 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! increas$ att5tion :i* x is receiv+ f diff]5t inve/igators1 bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ?is c\ntry1 w be fraught ) mo/ important results = practical agriculture4 ,occurr5ce ( ,nitrates 9 ! ,soil4 ,! occurr5ce ( nitre1#ih or potassium nitrate1 9 soils has be5 long kn[n1 al?\gh x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t we h obta9$ any precise k ) reg>d to ! mode ( its production4 ,:ile its am\nt 9 mo/ soils1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1#ii is v m9ute1 !re are c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w :]e nitrates are f\nd 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! nitrate fields ( ,*ili & ,p]u are ! *ief natural s\rces ( nitrates1 & !y are ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ,nitrate ( ,soda4 ,we h o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 h[ev] 79 ,*9a & ,india71 :]e soils ri* 9 nitre occur1 & :i* 9 ! pa/ h =m$ a s\rce ( ! comm]cial article4#ajj ,nitre ,soils ( ,india4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! nitre soils are ^? f\nd 9 ! ,nor?-we/ ( ,india1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b5gal4 ,9 ^! di/ricts ! soil is ( a light por\s texture1 ri* 9 lime1 & situat$ at a consid]able height above wat]-level4 ,!y are ! sites ( old villages1 & ! nitre is f\nd 9 ! =m ( an effloresc5ce on ! surface ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! soil4 ,! occurr5ce ( nitre "u su* conditions is due1 p>tly to ! natural ri*ness ( ! soil 9 nitrog51 & p>tly to its artificial enri*m5t ?r\gh receiv+ ! nitrog5\s excrem5ts ( ! inhabitants ( ! villages & _! cattle4 ,! con/ant process ( evaporation go+ on 9 su* a w>m climate has ! effect ( induc+ an upw>d t5d5cy ( ! soil-wat]1 ! result be+ a conc5tration ( all ! nitre ! soil conta9s 9 its surface lay]4 ,?is goes on until a regul> incru/ation is =m$1 & ! soil is cov]$ by a :ite deposit ( nitre4 ,:5ev] ?is becomes app>5t1 ! surface portion ( ! soil is scrap$ (f by ! sorawallah1 or native manufactur]1 & collect$ & treat$ = ! purpose ( recov]+1 9 a pure /ate1 ! saltpetre4 ,saltpetre ,plantations4 ,! l>ge dem& = saltpetre1 l>g] ?an c\ld be suppli$ by ^! nitre soils1 soon gave rise to ! semi-artificial me?od ( production1 =m]ly s l>gely practis$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 by means ( ! s-call$ nitre b$s1 nitr>ies1 or saltpetre plantations4 ,previ\s to ! introduction ( ?is me?od ( manufacture1 ! dem& = saltpetre = gunp[d] _h become s great1 t e s\rce ( nitre 0 eag]ly s\ght =4 ,?us1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t ! e>? f ! floors ( byres1 /ables1 & f>my>ds 7 p>ticul>ly ri* 9 nitre1 & :5 mix$ ) wood-a%es =m$ an important s\rce ( x1 ! "r to remove ^! 9 ,france 0 ve/$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t "u ! ,saltpetre ,laws1 :i* obta9$ till ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?is great sc>city soon l$1 h[ev]1 to a c>eful inve/igation be+ made into ! conditions "u :i* potassium nitrate 0 =m$ 9 nitre soils4#aja ,^! conditions1 :i* includ$ ! pres5ce ( ri* nitrog5\s matt]1 w>m?1 free a]ation ( ! soil1 & a c]ta9 proportion ( moi/ure1 became1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 m & m ?or\ghly und]/ood1 & ! result 0 ! in/itution ( num]\s saltpetre plantations4 ,^! g5]ally consi/$ ( heaps ( m\ld1 ri* 9 nitrog51 mix$ ) decompos+ animal matt]1 rubbi% ( v>i\s k9ds1 manurial sub/ances1 a%es1 road-scrap+s1 & lime salts4#ajb ,! heap 0 int]laid ) bru%wood1 & 0 wat]$ f "t to "t ) liquid manure f /ables1 consi/+ *iefly ( dilute ur9e4 ,9 =m+ ! heap c>e 0 tak5 to keep ! mass por\s1 s z to admit ( ! free access ( air4 ,! heap 0 fur!r protect$ f ! ra9 by cov]+ x ) a ro(4 ,9 c\rse ( "t consid]able quantities ( nitrates 7 develop$1 & ! nitre 0 occasionally collect$ by scrap+ x f ! surface1 :]e x became conc5trat$ j z 9 ! nitre soils4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 ! heaps1 :5 consid]$ ri* en\gh 9 nitre1 7 treat$ f "t to "t ) wat] :i*1 by subsequ5t evaporation1 yield$ ! nitre 9 a m or less pure condition4#ajc ,?is mode ( obta9+ nitre is no long] practis$ to any ext5t1 s9ce x is n[ m conv5i5tly obta9$ f ! treatm5t ( nitrate ( soda ) potassium *loride4 ,cause ( ,nitrification4 ,we h adv]t$ to ^! nitre plantations z %[+ h[ ! conditions mo/ fav\rable = ! developm5t ( nitrification 7 recognis$ long be=e any?+ 0 kn[n z to ! true nature ( ! process4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahgg t ! =mation ( nitrates 9 ! soil 0 prov$ to be due to ! action ( micro-organic life1#ajd by ! two ,fr5* *emi/s1 ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz1 :o discov]$ ! fact :5 c>ry+ out exp]im5ts to see if ! pres5ce ( humic matt] 0 ess5tial to ! purification ( sewage by soil4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts sewage 0 made to filt] sl[ly ?r\gh a c]ta9 dep? ( soil 7! "t occupi$ 9 ?is filtration be+ eight days74 ,x 0 f\nd t nitrification ( ! sewage took place4 ,by treat+ ! soil ) *lor(orm#aje x 0 f\nd t x no long] possess$ ! p[] ( induc+ ! nitrification ( ! sewage4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a small portion ( a nitrify+ soil 0 add$1 ! p[] 0 rega9$4 ,f ?is x 0 naturally inf]r$ t nitrification 0 effect$ by "s k9d ( f]m5t4 ,?is conclusion 0 soon confirm$ by subsequ5t exp]im5ts by ,w>+ton at ,ro?am/$1 :o %[$ t ! p[] ( nitrification c\ld be communicat$ to m$ia1 :i* did n nitrify1 by simply se$+ !m ) a nitrify+ sub/ance1 & t light 0 unfav\rable to ! process4 ,s9ce !n ! "q has =m$ ! subject ( a numb] ( rese>*es by ,mr ,w>+ton at ,ro?am/$1 z well z by ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz1 ,munro1 ,deh]a91 ,p4 ,f4 ,frankl&1 ,w9ogradsky1 ,gayon & ,dupetit1 ,kelln]1 ,pla?1 ,pi*>d1 ,l&olt1 ,leone1 & o!rs4 ,f ^! rese>*es we h obta9$ ! foll[+ in=mation ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! organisms conc]n$ 9 ?is process1 & ! conditions mo/ fav\rable = _! developm5t4 ,f]m5ts effect+ ,nitrification4 ,! importance ( isolat+ & /udy+ !m microscopically 0 recognis$ at an e>ly p]iod 9 ^! rese>*es4 ,messrs ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz 7 ! fir/ to attempt ?is4 ,!y report$ t !y _h successfully accompli%$ ?is1 & describ$ ! organism z consi/+ ( v small1 r\nd1 or slightly elongat$ corpuscles1 occurr+ ei!r s+ly or two toge!r4 ,accord+1 h[ev]1 to ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es ( ,w>+ton1 ,w9ogradsky1 & ,p4 ,f4 ,frankl&1 nitrification is n effect$ by a s+le micro-organism1 b by two1 bo? ( :i* h be5 successfully isolat$ & /udi$4#ajf ,! fir/ ( ^! to be discov]$ & isolat$ 0 ! nitr\s organism1 :i* effects ! conv]sion ( ammonia into nitr\s acid2 ! second1 :i* has only be5 lately isolat$ by ,w>+ton & ,w9ogradsky1 effects ! conv]sion ( nitr\s acid into nitric acid4 ,ea* ( ^! f]m5ts ?us has its di/9ctive function to p]=m 9 ?is mo/ important process1 ! nitric f]m5t be+ unable to act on ammonia1 z ! nitr\s f]m5t is unable to conv]t nitrites into nitrates4 ,bo? f]m5ts occur 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ! soil1 & seem to be influ5c$1 s f> z is at pres5t kn[n1 by ! same conditions4 ,_! action w ?us proce$ toge!r4 ,ne>ly all we "k z yet on ! subject ( _! nature is ) reg>d to ! nitr\s f]m5t4 ,appe>ance ( ,nitr\s ,organism4 ,mr ,w>+ton#ajg ?us describes ! appe>ance ( ! nitr\s organism3 ,z f\nd 9 susp5sion 9 a fre%ly nitrifi$ solution1 x consi/s l>gely ( ne>ly sph]ical corpuscles1 v>y+ extremely 9 size4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! corpuscles b>ely rea*es a diamet] ( #a_/ajjj? ( a millimet]2 & "s are s m9ute z to be h>dly disc]nible 9 photographs1 al?\gh %[n !re ) a surface "o million times great] ?an _! own4 ,! l>g] ones are frequ5tly n /rictly circul>4 ,^! =ms are univ]sally pres5t 9 nitrify+ cultures4 ,! l>g] organisms are sometimes se5 9 ! act ( divid+4 ,nitric ,organism4 ,s f> z at pres5t kn[n1 ! nitric organism is v simil> 9 appe>ance to ! nitr\s organism1 s mu* s t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,z ! same conditions influ5ce _! developm5t1 ! process may be reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,difficulty 9 isolat+ !m4 ,a great difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! attempt to isolate ^! micro-organisms = ! purpose ( /udy+ _! nature4 ,?is arises f ! fact t !y refuse to gr[ on ! ord9>y solid cultivat+ m$ia us$ by bact]iologi/s4 ,w9ogradsky1 h[ev]1 has rec5tly succe$$ 9 cultivat+ !m 9 a purely m9]al m$ium--viz41 silica-jelly4#ajh ,nitrify+ ,organisms d n require ,organic ,matt]4 ,! fact t !y c develop 9 m$ia de/itute ( organic matt]1 is "o ( v great int]e/ & importance to ,vegetable ,physiology4 ,x implies t !y c d]ive _! c>bon f c>bonic acid--a p[] :i* x 0 believ$ 0 possess$ by gre5 plants alone among liv+ /ructures4 ,= organisms de/itute ( *lorophyll1 ! s\rce ( _! protoplasmic c>bon1 x has be5 hi!rto commonly believ$1 mu/ be organic matt] ( "s sort4 ,:ile x w\ld appe> t ! nitrify+ organisms c1 :5 opportunity af=ds1 fe$ ^u organic matt]1 yet x has be5 prov$ beyond d\bt t !y c also freely develop 9 m$ia entirely devoid ( x1 & are capable1 "u su* circum/ances1 ( d]iv+ _! c>bon f a purely m9]al s\rce4#aji ,?is fact1 :i* is subv]sive ( :at 0 believ$ to be a fundam5tal law ( ,vegetable ,physiology1 is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! _m important & int]e/+ facts :i* ^! nitrification rese>*es h elicit$4#aaj ,,conditions ,,fav\rable ,,= ,,nitrification4 ,we may n[ proce$ to discuss ! conditions fav\rable = nitrification4 ,pres5ce ( ,food-con/itu5ts4 ,among ^! conditions ! fir/ is ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 food-con/itu5ts4 ,to bo? animal & vegetable life alike a c]ta9 am\nt ( m9]al food is absolutely necess>y4 ,among ^! phosphoric acid is "o ( ! mo/ important1 & 9 ! exp]im5ts on nitrification x has be5 f\nd t ! nitrify+ organisms w n develop 9 any m$ium de/itute ( x4 ,t o!r m9]al food-con/itu5ts are necess>y is highly probable1 al?\gh ! influ5ce ( _! abs5ce on ! developm5t ( ! process has n be5 simil>ly /udi$4 ,probably pota%1 magnesia1 & lime salts are necess>y4 ,9 ! cultivat+ solutions us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! subject1 ! m9]al food-con/itu5ts add$ consi/$ ( lime1 magnesia1 & pota% salts & phosphoric acid4#aaa ,z we h se5 above1 ! pres5ce ( organic matt] is n necess>y = ! process4 ,9 ?is respect ^! organisms are diff]5tiat$ f all o!r f]m5ts hi!rto discov]$4 ,pres5ce ( a ,salifiable ,base4 ,! pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( a base 9 ! soil ) :i* ! nitric acid may comb9e1 :5 x is =m$1 is ano!r necess>y condition4#aab ,! process only goes on 9 a slightly alkal9e solution4 ,! sub/ance :i* acts z ?is salifiable base is lime4 ,! pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! soil w ?us be se5 to be ( fir/-rate importance4 ,?is furni%es an explanation ( "o ( ! _m b5efits conf]r$ by lime on soils4 ,! activity ( nitrification 9 _m soils may be h9d]$ by ! abs5ce ( a suffici5cy ( lime salts1 & 9 su* cases mo/ /rik+ results may foll[ ! application ( mod]ate dress+s ( *alk4 ,! abs5ce ( ! nitrify+ organisms 9 c]ta9 soils1 su* z peaty & =e/ soils1 may be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,9 su* soils humic acids are pres5t & ! requisite alkal9ity is ?us awant+4 ,only takes place 9 slightly ,alkal9e ,solutions4 ,b :ile a c]ta9 slight am\nt ( alkal9ity is necess>y1 ?is mu/ n exce$ a c]ta9 /r5g?1 o!rwise ! process is ret>d$4 ,?is is ! reason :y /rong ur9e solutions d n nitrify4 ,! am\nt ( c>bonate ( ammonia g5]at$ 9 !m by putrefaction r5d]s ! developm5t ( nitrification impossible by r5d]+ ! alkal9ity ( ! solution too great4#aac ,! practical importance ( ?is fact is consid]able1 z x %[s ! importance ( dilut+ ur9e v consid]ably be=e apply+ x z a manure4 ,simil>ly1 :5 l>ge quantities ( lime1 especially burnt lime1 are appli$ to soils1 ! result w be to arre/ ! action ( nitrification = ! "t4 ,! pres5ce ( alkal9e c>bonates 9 ! soil1 unless 9 m9ute quantities1 is apt1 !re=e1 to s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! process4#aad ,action ( ,gypsum on ,nitrification4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,pi*>d t ! action ( c]ta9 m9]al sulphates is extremely fav\rable to ! process1 & among ^! gypsum4 ,w>+ton has c>ri$ out "s exp]im5ts on ! action ( gypsum 9 promot+ nitrification4 ,! reason ( its fav\rable action is probably because x neutralises ! alkal9ity ( nitrify+ solutions4 ,x ?us p]mits ! process to g on 9 unfav\rable conditions4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 too great alkal9ity exi/s = ! maximum developm5t ( nitrification1 ! be/ specific w be f\nd to be gypsum4#aae ,! practical value ( gypsum z an adjunct to c]ta9 manurial sub/ances1 :]e nitrification is desir$ to be promot$ z rapidly z possible1 su* z sewage & f>my>d manure1 w ?us at once become app>5t4 ,s f> z !re is a prop] degree ( alkal9ity ma9ta9$1 ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( sal9e matt] does n seem to int]f]e ) ! process4 ,pres5ce ( ,oxyg54 ,! nitrification bact]ia belong1 x w\ld seem1 to ! a]obic#aaf class ( f]m5t--i4e41 !y _c develop )\t a free supply ( oxyg54 ,exclusion ( ! air is suffici5t to kill !m1 & 9 ^? portions ( ! soil :]e access ( air is n freely p]mitt$1 nitrification w be f\nd to be correspond+ly feeble4 ,?us x has be5 f\nd 9 exp]im5ts ) diff]5t portions ( soils1 t b little signs ( nitrification occur 9 ! l[] soil lay]s4 ,accord+ to exp]im5ts by ,s*loes+ on a moi/ soil1 9 atmosph]es respectively conta9+ no oxyg5 & v>y+ quantities ( x1 ! action ( oxyg5 9 promot+ nitrification 0 /rik+ly demon/rat$4 ,9 an atmosph]e ( pure nitrog51 entirely devoid ( oxyg51 ! process no long] took place1 b ! nitrates already pres5t 9 ! soil 7 r$uc$ & free nitrog5 0 evolv$4 ,9 an atmosph]e1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9+ #a4e p] c5t ( oxyg51 a consid]able am\nt ( nitrification took place2 :ile 9 ! pres5ce ( #f p] c5t1 nitrification took place to d\ble ! ext5t4 ,an addition ( #aj to #ae p] c5t aga9 d\bl$ ! quantity4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( moi/ure add$ 0 increas$1 ! effect ( l>g] p]c5tages ( oxyg5 0 f\nd to be less m>k$4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! oxyg5 probably acts z dissolv$ oxyg52 ! addition ( wat] mean+ at ! same "t an addition ( available oxyg54 ,?is condition exemplifies ! value ( tillage op]ations4 ,! m ?or\ghly a soil is till$ ! m ?or\ghly w ! a]ation ( its p>ticles take place1 & consequ5tly ! m fav\rable w ?is necess>y condition ( nitrification be r5d]$4 ,! b5efits conf]r$ on clayey soils by tillage w 9 ?is respect be especially great4 ,temp]ature4 ,ano!r ( ! conditions det]m9+ ! rate at :i* nitrification takes place1 & "o :i* is mo/ important1 is ,temp]ature4 ,accord+ to ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz ! temp]ature at :i* maximum developm5t takes place is #cg deg4 ,c4#aag 7#ii deg4 ,f471 at :i* temp]ature x is t5 times z active z at #ad deg4 ,c4 7#eg deg4 ,f47 ,bel[ #e deg4 ,c4 7#dj deg4 ,f47 ! action is extremely feeble4 ,x is cle>ly appreciable at #ab deg4 ,c4 7#ed deg4 ,f471 & f !re up to #cg deg4 ,c4 7#ii deg4 ,f47 x rapidly increases4 ,f #cg deg4 ,c4 7#ii deg4 ,f47 to #ee deg4 ,c4 7#aca deg4 ,f471 at :i* temp]ature no nitrification takes place1 its activity decreases2 at #de deg4 ,c4 7#aac deg4 ,f47 x is less active ?an at #ae deg4 ,c4 7#ei deg4 ,f471 & at #ej deg4 ,c4 7#abb deg4 ,f47 x is v slight4 ,^! results by ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz h n be5 exactly confirm$ by ,w>+ton4 ,he has f\nd t a consid]able am\nt ( nitrification goes on at a temp]ature betwe5 #c deg4 & #d deg4 ,c4 7#cg deg4 & #ci deg4 ,f471 :ile ! highe/ temp]ature at :i* he has f\nd x to take place is consid]ably l[] ?an #ee deg4 ,c4 7#aca deg4 ,f47 ,?us he 0 unable to />t nitrification 9 a solution ma9ta9$ at #dj deg4 ,c4 7#ajd deg4 ,f47 ,x w\ld ?us seem t ! nitrify+ f]m5ts are able to develop at l[] temp]atures ?an mo/ organisms2 & al?\gh nitrification entirely ceases dur+ fro/1 yet 9 a climate su* z our own !re mu/ be a consid]able proportion ( ! w9t] dur+ :i* nitrification is mod]ately active4 ,pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( ,moi/ure4 ,! pres5ce ( moi/ure 9 a soil is ano!r ( ! necess>y conditions ( nitrification4 ,x has be5 %[n t x is at once arre/$1 & inde$ de/roy$1 by desiccation4 ,o!r conditions be+ equal1 & up to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! m moi/ure a soil conta9s ! m rapid is ! process4 ,too mu* wat]1 h[ev]1 is unfav\rable1 z x is apt to exclude ! free access ( air1 :i*1 z we h j %[n1 is s necess>y1 z well z to l[] ! temp]ature4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( dr\ght ! rate at :i* nitrification takes place w1 !re=e1 be apt to be s]i\sly dim9i%$4 ,abs5ce ( /rong ,sunlight4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! process goes on mu* m actively 9 d>kness2 inde$ ,w>+ton has f\nd 9 8 exp]im5ts t nitrification c\ld be arre/$ by simply expos+ ! vessel 9 :i* x 0 go+ on to ! action ( sun%9e4 ,nitrify+ ,organisms de/roy$ by ,poisons4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t nitrification is arre/$ by ! action ( antiseptics1 su* z *lor(orm1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 & c>bolic acid4 ,ano!r sub/ance :i* has be5 f\nd to h an injuri\s action is f]r\s sulphate or copp]as1 a sub/ance :i* is apt to be pres5t 9 badly dra9$ soils1 or soils 9 :i* !re is mu* actively putrefy+ organic matt]4 ,ma]ck] has f\nd t 9 moor soils conta9+ f]r\s sulphate1 no nitrates1 or m]e traces ( nitrates1 c\ld be f\nd4 ,a sub/ance su* z gas-lime1 unless submitt$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e = "s "t1 w\ld also h a bad effect 9 *eck+ nitrification1 ow+ to ! poison\s sulphur comp\nds x conta9s4 ,common salt1 x w\ld seem1 also arre/s ! process2 & ?is antiseptic prop]ty :i* salt ex]cises on nitrification ?r[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( light on ! nature ( its action :5 appli$1 z x is (t5 done1 along ) artificial nitrog5\s manures4 ,d5itrification4 ,9 connection ) ! process ( nitrification1 x is ( int]e/ to notice t a process ( an opposite nature may also take place 9 soils--viz41 d5itrification--a process :i* consi/s 9 r$uc+ ! nitrates to nitrites1 nitr\s oxide1 or free nitrog54 ,t a r$uction ( nitrates takes place 9 ! decomposition ( sewage ) ! evolution ( free nitrog51 0 a fact fir/ obs]v$ by ! late ,dr ,angus ,smi? 9 #ahfg2 & ! r$uction ( nitrates to nitrites1 & nitric & nitr\s oxides 9 putrefactive *anges has be5 subsequ5tly notic$ by diff]5t exp]im5t]s1 :o h fur!r obs]v$ t su* r$uction takes place 9 ! case ( putrefaction go+ on 9 ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( wat] or :]e !re is mu* organic matt]4 ,d5itrification also effect$ by ,bact]ia4 ,?is *ange 0 suppos$ to be ( a purely *emical nature1 & x has only be5 rec5tly discov]$ t x is effect$1 l nitrification1 by means ( bact]ia4 ,x has be5 surmis$ by "s t ! action ( d5itrification may be effect$ by ! same organisms t effect nitrification1 & t x dep5ds on m]ely ext]nal conditions :i* process goes on4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ?is is s1 & sev]al ( ! d5itrify+ organisms h be5 id5tifi$4 ,conditions fav\rable = ,d5itrification4 ,t x is a process t goes on to any ext5t 9 prop]ly cultivat$ soils is n to be suppos$4 ,! conditions :i* fav\r d5itrification are exactly ! opposite ( ^? :i* fav\r nitrification4 ,x is only :5 oxyg5 is exclud$1 or1 :i* practically means ! same ?+1 :5 l>ge quantities ( organic matt] are 9 active putrefaction1 & ! supply ( oxyg5 is !re=e defici5t1 t d5itrification takes place4 ,s*loes+1 z we h already se51 f\nd t 9 ! case ( a moi/ soil1 kept 9 an atmosph]e devoid ( oxyg51 a r$uction ( its nitrates to free nitrog5 took place4 ,takes place 9 wat]-logg$ ,soils4 ,! exclusion ( oxyg5 f a soil may be effect$ by saturat+ ! soil ) wat]2 & ,w>+ton has f\nd 9 exp]im5ts c>ri$ out 9 an arable soil1 by no means ri* 9 organic matt]1 t complete r$uction ( nitrates may be effect$ 9 ?is way4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t ! process ( d5itrification w take place 9 wat]-logg$ soils1 or 9 ! putrefaction ( sewage matt] 9 ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,:e!r ?is r$uction w result 9 ! production ( nitrites1 nitr\s oxide1 or free nitrog51 dep5ds on diff]5t conditions4 ,?is process is "o ( great importance f an economic po9t ( view1 z x reveals to u a s\rce ( loss :i* may take place 9 ! f]m5tation ( manures4 ,9 ! rott+ ( our f>my>d manure x is possible t ! d5itrify+ organisms may be m active ?an we h hi!rto suspect$1 & t a consid]able loss ( nitrog5 may 9 ?is way be effect$4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,nitrify+ ,organisms 9 ! ,soil4 ,! nitrify+ organisms are probably *iefly conf9$ to ! soil1 & d n usually occur 9 ra9 or 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,t1 h[ev]1 !y are f\nd 9 spots :i* we might be incl9$ to ?9k extremely unlikely1 is %[n by "s rec5t int]e/+ rese>*es c>ri$ out by ,mu5tz1 :o discov]$ t ! b>e surfaces ( felspa?ic1 calc>e\s1 s*i/ose1 & o!r rocks at ! summit ( m\nta9s 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 & ,vosges1 yield$ l>ge numb]s ( !m1 & t !y occurr$ to a consid]able dep? 9 ! cracks & fissures ( ! rocks4 ,! nitrify+ organisms are also f\nd 9 riv]-wat]1 9 sewage1 & well-wat]s4 ,dep? d[n at :i* !y occur4 ,9 ,w>+ton's e>li] exp]im5ts1 ! conclusion he arriv$ at 0 t ! occurr5ce ( ! nitrify+ organisms 0 almo/ entirely limit$ to ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! soil1 & t !y 7 seldom to be met ) mu* bel[ a dep? ( #ah in*es4 ,8 subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 consid]ably modifi$ ?is conclusion1 & %[$ t nitrification may take place to a dep? ( at lea/ #f feet4#aah ,b al?\gh x may take place at ?is dep?1 x probably1 z a g5]al rule1 is limit$ to ! surface-soil1 z x is only !re ! conditions = obta9+ circulation ( air are suffici5tly fav\rable4 ,a great deal1 ( c\rse1 w dep5d on ! nature ( ! soil--i4e41 z to its texture4 ,9 a clayey subsoil ! pr9cipal h9drance to nitrification w be ! difficulty ( obta9+ suffici5t a]ation4 ,9 clay soils x is probable1 !re=e1 t ne>ly all ! nitrification goes on 9 ! surface lay]2 9 s&y soils x may take place to a great] dep?4#aai ,action ( ,plant-roots 9 promot+ ,nitrification4 ,9 ?is connection ! action ( plant-roots 9 p]mitt+ a m abundant access ( air to ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil1 & ?us promot+ nitrification1 is wor? notic+4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( diff]5t crops4 ,?us ! action ( nitrification has be5 f\nd to be m m>k$ 9 ! l[] lay]s ( a soil on :i* a legum9\s crop 0 gr[+ ?an on t on :i* a gram9e\s4 ,! conditions :i* w\ld fav\r nitrification 9 ! subsoil are su* z w\ld enable air to p5etrate x1 z artificial dra9age1 a dry season1 ! gr[? ( a luxuriant crop caus+ mu* evaporation ( ! wat] 9 ! soil4 ,su* conditions1 by remov+ ! wat] t fills ! pores ( ! subsoil1 w cause ! air to p5etrate m or less deeply & r5d] nitrification possible4 ,subsoil nitrification w ?us be mo/ active 9 ! dri] p]iods ( ! ye> 7,w>+ton74 ,nature ( ,sub/ances capable ( ,nitrification4 ,:at k9ds ( nitrog5\s sub/ances are capable ( und]go+ ?is process ( nitrification are n yet well kn[n4 ,! "q is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( great importance1 z ! rapidity ) :i* a nitrog5\s body nitrifies w be an important factor 9 det]m9+ its value z a manure4 ,un=tunately1 on ?is subject we "k1 z yet1 v little4 ,we are well aw>e t ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! humic matt] ( ! soil is readily nitrifiable4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts on nitrification ! nitrog5\s bodies us$ h be5 *iefly ammonia salts1 s t x is difficult to say :e!r1 9 ! case ( o!r nitrog5\s sub/ances1 micro-organic life ( a diff]5t sort has n also be5 active & has conv]t$ ! nitrog5 into ammonia1 & !reby prep>$ ! way = ! process ( nitrification4 ,t v>i\s manures1 su* z bones1 horn1 wool1 & rape-cake are readily nitrifiable1 has be5 %[n by exp]im5t4 ,laboratory exp]im5ts h also be5 c>ri$ out on su* diff]5t nitrog5\s sub/ances z e?ylam9e1 ?iocyanates1 gelat91 urea1 asp>ag91 & album9oids ( milk4 ,b 9 all ^! exp]im5ts1 h[ f> ^! bodies h be5 directly act$ ^u by ! nitrify+ organisms1 or h[ f> !y h fir/ und]gone a prep>atory *ange 9 :i* _! nitrog5 has be5 fir/ conv]t$ into ammonia1 is impossible to say4 ,x is at lea/ q probable t all ! organic =ms ( nitrog5 h fir/ to be conv]t$ into ammonia ere !y are nitrifi$4 ,rate at :i* ,nitrification takes place4 ,a "q :i* is practically ( no little importance is ! rate at :i* nitrification takes place4 ,f :at has be5 already said z to ! nature ( ! conditions fav\rable = ! process1 x w be at once se5 t ?is w dep5d on h[ f> ^! conditions are pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! rate at :i* nitrification takes place w v>y v mu* 9 diff]5t soils4 ,a great] diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 9 ! rate at :i* x takes place1 w be f\nd ev5 9 ! same soils at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! mo/ fav\rable temp]ature = its developm5t is seldom rea*$1 x nev] goes on at ! same rate z 9 tropical climates4 ,"o ( ! causes ( ! great] f]tility ( tropical soils is due1 d\btless1 to ! v mu* long] duration ( ! p]iod ( nitrification1 z well z to its great] int5sity4 ,z1 h[ev]1 temp]ature is n ! only condition1 & ! pres5ce ( moi/ure is q z necess>y1 x may be t its developm5t is s]i\sly ret>d$ 9 _m tropical climates by ! extreme dryness ( ! soil dur+ long p]iods4 ,takes place *iefly dur+ ! ,summ] ,mon?s4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is climate1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 nitrification probably goes on dur+ mo/ ( ! w9t] mon?s1 ow+ to ! fact t ! temp]ature ( our soils is only occasionally bel[ ! m9imum temp]ature at :i* ! process takes place1 yet !re c be little d\bt t ! great bulk ( ! soil-nitrates are produc$ dur+ a few mon?s 9 summ]4 ,a fair conception ( ?is am\nt is af=d$ by ! int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! composition ( dra9age-wat]s made at ,ro?am/$1 :i* we %all h occasion to ref] to imm$iately4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t x is n always safe to take ! am\nt ( nitrates f\nd 9 dra9age-wat]s z an infallible indication ( ?is rate1 = ?is am\nt w dep5d to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! am\nt ( ra9fall1 & w\ld be mislead+ 9 ! case ( a long p]iod ( dr\ght4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x furni%es u ) extremely useful data = ! elucidation ( ?is important problem4 ,process goes on mo/ quickly 9 ,fall[ ,fields4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts t ! process goes on be/ 9 fields ly+ 9 b>e fall[2 & 9 ?is fact lies ! explanation ( "o ( ! _m reasons :y ! practice ( leav+ fields 9 b>e fall[1 s common 9 pa/ times1 & /ill practis$ 9 ! case ( clay soils 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 0 s b5eficial to ! l& ?us treat$4 ,b despite ?is fact1 ! practice ( leav+ soils 9 b>e fall[ c sc>cely be ju/ifi$ f ?is po9t ( view1 z ! loss ( nitrates ?r\gh ! action ( ra9 is v great 9 our moi/ climate4 ,laboratory ,exp]im5ts on ,rate ( ,nitrification4 ,sev]al int]e/+ exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out ) ! object ( af=d+ data = e/imat+ ! rate at :i* ! process may g on 9 our soils "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,an old exp]im5t1 c>ri$ out by ,b\ss+ault1 illu/rates1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ rapid ! process is "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,a small portion ( ri* soil 0 plac$ on a slab protect$ by a glass ro(1 & 0 moi/5$ f "t to "t ) wat]4 ,! am\nt ( nitrate ( pota% =m$ "u ^! circum/ances 0 e/imat$ f "t to "t dur+ a p]iod ( two mon?s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ mon? 7,augu/7 ! p]c5tage 0 increas$ f 4#ja to 4#ah 7equal to ab\t #e cwt4 ( nitrate ( pota% p] acre74 ,! increase dur+ ! second mon? 7,septemb]7 0 v mu* less1--inde$ only ab\t a sev5? ( ! am\nt4#abj ,! soil exp]im5t$ ) 0 an extremely ri* g>d5 soil1 & all ! conditions = nitrification 7 mo/ fav\rable4 ,( rec5t exp]im5ts on ! rate ( nitrification1 ! mo/ /rik+1 p]haps1 are ^? by ,s*loes+4 ,he mix$ sulphate ( ammonia ) a quantity ( soil fairly ri* 9 organic matt]1 & conta9+ #ai p] c5t ( wat]4 ,dur+ ! twelve days ( active nitrification no less ?an #ef p>ts ( nitrog5 p] million ( soil 7 nitrifi$ p] day4 ,tak+ ! soil to a dep? ( #i in*es1 ?is w\ld be equal to m ?an #a cwt4 p] acre--an am\nt ( nitrog5 equal to t conta9$ 9 #f cwt4 ( comm]cial nitrate ( soda4 ,^! exp]im5ts are int]e/+ z %[+ :at is probably ! maximum rate ( nitrification "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 & :]e !re is an abundant supply ( easily nitrifiable nitrog54 ,t nitrification ev] takes place 9 our soils to ?is ext5t is n to be = a mom5t suppos$4 ,w>+ton1 9 8 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 has f\nd t ! greate/ rate1 work+ ) ord9>y arable soil 7fir/ #i in*es7 f ! ,ro?am/$ f>m1 0 4#ehh p>ts p] million ( air-dri$ soil p] day--i4e41 #a4c lb4 p] acre 7equal to ab\t #h lb4 ( nitrate ( soda74 ,simil> soil1 :5 suppli$ ) ammonia salts1 %[$ ne>ly d\ble ?is quantity4 ,high] results 7 obta9$ by ,lawes & ,gilb]t ) ri* ,manitoba soils1 ! av]age rate be+ 4#g p>ts p] million p] day4 ,! la/ ( ^! int]e/+ laboratory exp]im5ts on ! rate ( nitrification we %all ref] to1 are ^? by ,deh]a94 ,he exp]im5t$ ) soils conta9+ diff]5t am\nts ( nitrog5 & moi/ure4 ,) a soil conta9+ 4#af p] c5t ( nitrog5 he obta9$1 dur+ a p]iod ( #ij days1 rates ( nitrification v>y+ f 4#ga to #a4ji p] million p>ts ( soil4 ,! maximum quantity 0 =m$ :5 ! soil conta9$ #be p] c5t ( moi/ure4 ,on a soil consid]ably ri*]--viz414#bfa p] c5t ( nitrog5--a high] rate ( nitrification took place--#a4dh p>ts p] million4 ,! highe/ rate obta9$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts %[$1 :5 calculat$ to p\nds p] acre1 ab\t #e-a_/b1 tak+ ! soil to a dep? ( #i in*es4 ,:5 ! soil 0 alt]nately dri$ & moi/5$ ! process 0 mo/ rapid4 ,portion ( ,soil-nitrog5 m easily ,nitrifiable ?an ! re/4 ,la/ly1 x may be notic$ t 9 ! above-cit$ exp]im5ts1 & o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 ! process goes on mo/ rapidly at fir/1 & /eadily dim9i%es !reaft]4 ,?is is due to ! fact1 t !re is g5]ally a c]ta9 quantity ( nitrog5 9 mo/ soils 9 a m easily nitrifiable condition ?an ! re/1 s t :5 ?is becomes oxidis$ nitrification proce$s m sl[ly4 ,x w\ld fur!r seem t ! nitrog5 ( ! subsoil is less easily nitrifi$ ?an t ( ! surface-soil4 ,rate ( ,nitrification d$uc$ f ,field ,exp]im5ts4 ,:ile ! above exp]im5ts ?r[ mu* light on ! "q ( ! rate at :i* nitrification may g on "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ! results furni%$ by actual analyses ( soils & _! dra9age-wat]s are ( /ill m practical value2 & ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts =tunately furni% u ) a numb] ( ^! valuable results4 ,quantity ( ,nitrates =m$ 9 ! soils ( ,fall[ ,fields4 ,^! rese>*es _h to be c>ri$ out on soil tak5 f fields ly+ 9 b>e fall[2 = no true e/imate ( ! am\nt ( nitrates =m$ c\ld h be5 obta9$ f cropp$ fields4 ,9 ! fir/ #bg in*es ( soil ( six sep>ate fields1 nitrate-nitrog5 0 f\nd to v>y f #cf4c lb4 to #ei4i lb4 p] acre4 ,9 f\r ( ^! fields ! l>ge/ proportion 0 f\nd 9 ! fir/ #i in*es ( soil2 9 ! rema9+ two1 9 ! second #i in*es2 :ile ! ?ird #i in*es 9 two fields %[$ almo/ z l>ge a proportion z ! fir/ #i in*es4#aba ,position ( ,nitrates dep5ds on ,season4 ,! position ( nitrates 9 ! soil dep5ds l>gely on ! season2 =1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 _! production is almo/ entirely limit$ to ! surface-soil1 & x is only by be+ wa%$ d[n 9 ra9 t !y f9d _! way to ! l[] lay]s4 ,a wet season1 !re=e1 has ! effect ( increas+ _! p]c5tage 9 ! l[] soil-lay]s4 ,nitrates 9 ,dra9age-wat]s4 ,z !re is a c]ta9 proportion ( nitrates t f9ds its way ev5 bel[ ! fir/ #bg in*es ( soil1 ! above results d n %[ _! total production4 ,to accurately e/imate ?is am\nt we mu/ asc]ta9 ! quantity escap+ 9 dra9age-wat]4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts furni% u ) valuable data4 ,! am\nt f\nd 9 dra9age-wat]s ( c\rse naturally v>ies v mu*1 & dep5ds l>gely on ! ra9fall2 b tak+ an av]age ( twelve ye>s1 ?is has be5 f\nd to am\nt to betwe5 #cj & #dj lb4 p] acre--an am\nt n s v f> %ort ( t f\nd 9 ! fir/ #bg in*es ( ! soil itself4 ,?is 0 f comp>atively poor soil1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 & a mu* l>g] quantity w\ld und\bt$ly be produc$ 9 ! case ( ri*] soils4 ,add+ !n ! results toge!r1 we f9d t 9 soils l ^? at ,ro?am/$1 :5 9 b>e fall[1 betwe5 #hj & #ij lb4 ( nitrog5 are conv]t$ into nitrates 9 "s f\rte5 mon?s' "t--an am\nt equal to ab\t #e cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda4 ,x is a fact ( no little practical significance t ne>ly "o-half ( ?is l>ge quantity is f\nd 9 ! dra9age-wat]4 ,am\nt produc$ at ,diff]5t ,times ( ! ,ye>4 ,"s indication ( ! rate at :i* nitrification takes place dur+ ! diff]5t mon?s ( ! ye> is obta9$ f a /udy ( ! results ( ! analyses ( dra9age-wat]s :i* we h j ref]r$ to4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 only furni%es u ) a v approximate indication4 ,! mon? %[+ ! greate/ am\nt ( nitrates 9 ! dra9age-wat] mu/ n necess>ily be reg>d$ z t dur+ :i* nitrification has be5 mo/ active1 = ! am\nt *iefly dep5ds on ! ra9fall4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is x w be f\nd t ! dra9age-wat] dur+ ! autumn & e>ly w9t] mon?s conta9s mo/ nitrates1 n because nitrification is mo/ active !n1 b because ! ra9fall is greate/1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! nitrates =m$ dur+ ! dri] summ] mon?s is be+ only !n wa%$ f ! soil4 ,! am\nt ( nitrates 9 dra9age-wat]s /eadily dim9i%es f autumn ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s1 & is lea/ 9 spr+4 ,! total am\nt ( nitrates f\nd 9 ! dra9age-wat] is1 !re=e1 n a safe guide4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 does furni% u ) a m reliable indication is ! p]c5tage ( nitrates 9 ! dra9age-wat]4 ,reg>d+ ! results ( ! analyses ( dra9age-wat] 7see ,app5dix7 f ?is po9t ( view1 x w be se5 t ?is is greate/ dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 & lea/ dur+ ,april4#abb ,nitrification ( ,manures4 ,a subject :i* has n yet be5 specially ref]r$ to1 b :i* is ( great practical importance1 is ! nitrification ( manurial sub/ances4 ,x is un=tunate t ! am\nt ( rese>* hi!rto devot$ to ?is important "q has be5 slight1 & t ! k we possess is !re=e v limit$4 ,ammonia ,salts mo/ easily ,nitrifiable4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 ab\t :i* !re c be little d\bt1 is t nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia salts is1 ( all comp\nds ( nitrog51 ! mo/ easily nitrifiable4 ,inde$1 z we h already indicat$1 x is highly probable t ! conv]sion ( ! diff]5t =ms ( organic nitrog5 into ammonia is an int]m$iate /age 9 ! nitrification ( ^! bodies4 ,at any rate x seems to be inv>iably ! case t :5 a mixture ( nitrog5 comp\nds1 includ+ ammonia salts1 are all[$ to nitrify1 ! nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia is ! fir/ to become nitrifi$4 ,sulphate ( ,ammonia mo/ easily ,nitrifiable ,manure4 ,x foll[s f ?is t sulphate ( ammonia1 ! mo/ common ( ammoniacal manures1 is "o ( ! mo/ spe$ily nitrifi$ :5 appli$ to ! soil4 ,! rate at :i* ! nitrification ( ?is manure takes place naturally v>ies accord+ to ! quantity appli$1 & o!r circum/ances1 su* z ! nature ( ! soil & ! wea!r1 c4 ,t1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 ! conv]sion ( ammonia into nitrates is v rapid1 has be5 %[n by a numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,deh]a9 has f\nd t :5 sulphate ( ammonia 0 mix$ ) soil at ! rate ( #b cwt4 p] acre1 nitrification took place at ! rate ( #a_/ajj? ( its nitrog5 p] day4 ,rate ( ,nitrification ( o!r ,manures4 ,( o!r nitrog5\s manures1 guano1 x w\ld seem1 comes next to sulphate ( ammonia 9 ! rate at :i* x becomes nitrifi$ 9 ! soil2 :ile next to guano /& gre5 manures1 dri$ blood1 meat-meal1 c4 ,z we %\ld expect1 su* a manure z %oddy is v sl[ly nitrifi$4 ,! rate at :i* ! nitrog5 comp\nds 9 f>my>d manure become nitrifi$1 :5 incorporat$ ) ! soil1 v>y v mu* accord+ to circum/ances4 ,x goes on probably at a great] rate ?an ! ord9>y nitrification ( soil-nitrog54 ,x is a some:at /rik+ fact t ! effect ( add+ nitrate ( soda to ! soil may be at fir/ to *eck nitrification4 ,t ! addition ( common salt1 ev5 9 small quantities1 has ?is result1 is at any rate c]ta94 ,! pres5ce ( salt to ! ext5t ( "o-?\s&? ( ! weight ( ! soil1 has a prejudicial effect4 ,soils be/ suit$ = ,nitrification4 ,to recapitulate1 !n1 nitrification is effect$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( micro-organisms1 :i* are pres5t to a great] or less ext5t 9 all soils4 ,x requires = its fav\rable developm5t air1 w>m?1 moi/ure1 abs5ce ( /rong light1 pres5ce ( a salifiable base--viz41 c>bonate ( lime--! pres5ce ( c]ta9 m9]al food-con/itu5ts1 su* z phosphates1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( alkal9ity4 ,x consequ5tly takes place to ! lea/ ext5t 9 b>r5 s&y soils4 ,soils ri*1 light1 well v5tilat$1 uni=mly moi/1 w>m1 & *alky1 are be/ suit$ = its developm5t4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x develops bett] 9 a f9e-gra9$ soil ?an 9 a co>se-gra9$ soil1 because1 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 a]ation & uni=m moi/5+ ( ! soil are be/ secur$4 ,abs5ce ( ,nitrification 9 ,=e/-soils4 ,a po9t ( consid]able int]e/ is ! practical abs5ce ( ! process 9 =e/-soils4 ,! abs5ce1 or occurr5ce 9 ! mo/ m9ute traces1 ( nitrates 9 =e/-soils has be5 acc\nt$ = by ! l[ness ( ! normal temp]ature ( su* soils & _! extreme dryness4 ,?is latt] condition is acc\nt$ = by ! enorm\s transpiration ( wat] :i* takes place ?r\gh ! trees1 especially 9 summ]-"t1 :i* is su* z to r5d] ! soil almo/ air-dry4 ,la/ly1 x may be acc\nt$ = by ! want ( m9]al food +r$i5ts4 ,important ,be>+ ( ,nitrification on ,agricultural ,practice4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 x may be well to draw att5tion to ! important be>+ :i* nitrification has on agricultural practice4 ,! light :i* our pres5t k--imp]fect z x is--( ?is mo/ int]e/+ process ?r[s on ! !ory ( ! rotation ( crops is v /rik+1 = x %[s h[ ! adoption ( a skilful rotation may be made to prev5t ! loss ( enorm\s quantities ( ! mo/ valuable ( all our soil-con/itu5ts1--! "o on ! pres5ce ( :i* f]tility may be said mo/ to dep5d--viz41 nitrog54 ,desirable to h ,soil cov]$ ) ,vegetation4 ,! con/ant production ( nitrates go+ on 9 ! soil1 ! inability ( ! soil to reta9 !m1 & ! consequ5t risk ( _! be+ remov$ 9 dra9age1 furni% a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( keep+ our soils z con/antly cov]$ ) vegetation z possible4 ,p]man5t ,pa/ure mo/ ,economical ,condition ( ,soil4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( cons]vation ( soil-nitrates1 p]man5t pa/ure may be said to be ! mo/ economical condition = ! soil to be 94 ,9 su* a case ! nitrates are assimilat$ z !y are =m$1 &1 by be+ conv]t$ 9 ! plant into organic nitrog51 !y are at once remov$ f all risk ( loss4 ,a consid]ation1 !re=e1 ( ! process ( nitrification furni%es _m argum5ts 9 fav\r ( lay+ d[n l& 9 p]man5t pa/ure--a practice :i* ( late ye>s has be5 increas+ly foll[$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is n possible or desirable to c>ry out ?is practice beyond c]ta9 limits1 ! rotation :i* mo/ ne>ly con=ms to ! condition ( keep+ ! soil cov]$ ) vegetation1 & mo/ approximates 9 ?is respect to p]man5t pa/ure1 is mo/ to be recomm5d$4 ,nitrification & ,rotation ( ,crops4 ,! *ief risk ( loss ( nitrates is 9 connection ) a c]eal crop su* z :eat4 ,:]e turnips foll[ :eat1 !re is a p]iod dur+ :i* ! soil is left uncov]$1 & dur+ :i* mo/ s]i\s loss ( nitrates is apt to ensue4 ,! risk ( loss is enhanc$ by ! fact t ! assimilation ( nitrates by c]eals ceases be=e ! season ( _! maximum production 9 ! soil4 ,! soil is !n left b>e ( vegetation dur+ ! autumn1 :i* is ! mo/ critical p]iod ( all1 & ! result mu/ be s]i\s loss4 ,9 ord] to m9imise ?is loss1 ! practice ( gr[+ cat*-crops has be5 _h rec\rse to4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is practice w be dealt ) else:]e1 no?+ fur!r ne$ "h be said4 ,,footnotes3 #ig ,z ! =mation ( nitrites is a /age 9 ! process1 ! t]m nitrification includes ! =mation ( nitrites z well z nitrates4 #ih ,nitre seems to h be5 kn[n z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 #ii ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 = example1 h %[n t 9 ! ,ro?am/$ soils x only am\nts to a few p>ts p] million ( soil4 #ajj ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #aif4 #aja ,! artificial production ( nitre seems to h be5 fir/ effect$ by ,glaub] 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #ajb ,! lime-rubbi% f old build+s1 especially ^? p>ts :i* h come 9 contact ) ! e>?1 or pla/]+ f ! walls ( damp cell>s1 b>ns1 /ables1 c41 h be5 f\nd to be ri* 9 nitrate ( lime1 &1 z has be5 long well kn[n1 con/itute by !mselves a valuable manure4 ,! =mation ( ! nitrate ( lime c be acc\nt$ = by ! contact ( ! lime ) nitrog5\s matt] ( diff]5t k9ds4 #ajc ,z mu* ( ! nitric acid 9 ?is solution 0 pres5t z nitrate ( lime1 x 0 usually treat$ ) a solution ( potassium c>bonate1 ! result be+ ! precipitation ( ! lime z c>bonate1 pure saltpetre be+ left 9 solution1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation-- ,k#b;,,co#c ,ca7,,no#c7b #b ,,kno#c ,ca,c,o#c4 ,"u ! ,fr5* mode ( manufacture1 ! process 0 consid]$ to h develop$ satisfactorily :5 #ajjj lb4 ( e>?1 at ! expiration ( two ye>s1 yield$ #e lb4 ( nitre4 #ajd ,pa/eur _h already 9 #ahfb express$ ! op9ion t nitrification might probably be 9 "s way connect$ ) f]m5ts4 ,a4 ,muell] 7see ',j\rnal ( ,*emical ,society1' #ahgi1 p4 #bdi7 0 ! fir/ to advance ! op9ion t nitrification 0 due to ! action ( a f]m5t4 ,?is conclusion he 0 l$ to by ! obs]vation t :ile ! ammonia 9 sewage 0 conv]t$ into nitric acid1 no *ange took place 9 solutions ( ammonia or ur9e prep>$ 9 ! laboratory4 #aje ,bisulphide ( c>bon & ph5ol 7c>bolic acid7 h also be5 exp]im5t$ ) 9 connection ) _! antiseptic action on nitrification4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! =m] _h a simil> effect to *lor(orm2 ! ph5ol1 h[ev]1 :ile h9d]+ x did n entirely susp5d x1 due probably to ! difficulty ( br++ ! ph5ol vap\r into ?or\gh contact ) ! soil-p>ticles4 #ajf ,w9ogradsky has nam$ ! nitr\s organism nitrosomonas1 & ! nitric organism nitrobaet]4 #ajg ,f a s]ies ( ,lectures deliv]$ by him 9 connection ) ,lawes ,agricultural ,tru/1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ajh ,?is silica-jelly consi/s ( dialys$ silicic acid1 ammonium sulphate1 potassium phosphate1 magnesium sulphate1 calcium *loride1 & magnesium c>bonate4 #aji ,?is fact is all ! m /rik+ :5 we rememb] t ?is decomposition ( c>bonic acid is be/ effect$ 9 ! d>k1 s9ce light is prejudicial to nitrification4 #aaj ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #aif1 & ,note ,,iii41 p4 #aig4 #aaa ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,v41 p4 #aih4 #aab ,?is is %[n by ! fact t nitrification w only cont9ue 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia till "o-half ! ammonia is nitrifi$4 ,x !n /ops4 ,! base1 ) :i* ! nitr\s acid comb9es z x is =m$1 be+ at t /age entirely us$ up1 nitrification is no long] possible4 ,) reg>d to ur9e solutions ! same is ! case4 ,nitrification ?us w only take place :]e !re is a suffici5cy ( base4 #aac ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #aig4 #aad ,x w\ld seem t an alkal9ity mu* exce$+ f\r p>ts ( nitrog5 p] million is prejudicial to ! process4 #aae ,accord+ to ,w>+ton1 solutions conta9+ #ej p] c5t ( ur9e become nitrifiable :5 suffici5t gypsum is add$4 ,! gypsum neutralises ! alkal9ity ( nitrify+ solutions by conv]t+ ! alkal9e ammonium c>bonate into neutral ammonium sulphate1 ! calcium c>bonate be+ precipitat$4 #aaf ,see ,*apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure4 #aag ,z practically illu/rat+ ?is fact1 a solution kept at #aj deg4 ,c4 requir$ t5 days1 :ile a solution kept at #cj deg4 ,c4 requir$ only eight days = nitrification4 #aah ,9 sixty-n9e trials no failure to produce nitrification by se$+ ) soil f a dep?1 ( #b feet 0 exp]i5c$4 ,simil>ly 9 elev5 trials only "o failure took place ) soil f a dep? ( #c feet4 ,) clay soil f a dep? ( #f feet success took place to ! ext5t ( #ej p] c5t4 ,no nitrification 0 obta9$ ) clay f a dep? ( #h feet4 ,entire failure 0 exp]i5c$ ) *alk subsoil4 ,! process ?us dim9i%es 9 activity ! l[] d[n we g4 #aai ,ko* has f\nd t 9 soils he has exam9$ few organisms 7 f\nd at a dep? bel[ #c feet4 #abj ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vi41 p4 #aih4 #aba ,= full analytical results see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vii41 p4 #aih4 #abb ,we f9d ! lea/ am\nt 9 ! mon? ( ,april4 ,9 ! wat]1 f a #bj-;& #fj-;in* gauge respectively1 ! am\nts 7 #a4ce lb4 & #a4fa lb4 p] acre 7ra9fall #b4be in*es74 ,f !n on to ,novemb] ! am\nt /eadily increases4 ,9 ! latt] mon? x rea*es its maximum--viz41 #f4ej lb4 7#bj-;in* gauge7 & #e4ih lb4 7#fj-;in* gauge7 p] acre 7ra9fall #b4cj in*es74 ,see ,app5dix to ,*apt] ,,iii41 ,note ,,viii1 p4 #afj4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #afb74 ,,old ,,!ories ,,( ,,nitrification4 ,accord+ to ! old !ories1 nitrification 0 reg>d$ z a simple case ( ! oxidation ( nitrog5 by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 or by ozone4 ,! union ( nitrog5 & oxyg51 h[ev]1 probably takes place only at v high temp]atures1 su* z are =m$ dur+ electric dis*>ges4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out t ! union ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 ?is way is n likely to occur 9 soils4 ,accord+ to o!r !ories1 nitrification 0 effect$ by means ( ! oxidation ( ammonia4 ,ammonia1 h[ev]1 c only be oxidis$ to nitric acid by means ( c]ta9 p[]ful oxidis+ ag5ts1 su* z ozone or hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ^! sub/ances are n f\nd 9 ! soil1 x is mu* to be d\bt$ :e!r nitric acid is ev] =m$ 9 ! soil 9 ?is way4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 z held by "s1 t f]ric oxide is capable ( induc+ ?is conv]sion4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 mo/ evid5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t all nitric acid produc$ 9 ! soil is =m$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( micro-organic life4 ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #agj74 ,! important fact t nitrification c take place 9 solutions practically devoid ( organic matt]1 0 fir/ %[n by ,dr ,j4 ,h4 ,m4 ,munro 7',*emical ,society ,j\rnal1' ,augu/ #ahhf1 p4 #efa74 ,x 0 fur!r corroborat$ by ,w>+ton & ,p4 ,f4 ,frankl&4 ,w9ogradsky1 h[ev]1 has c>ri$ out ! mo/ conclusive exp]im5ts on ! subject4 ,he prep>$ vessels & solutions1 c>efully purifi$ f organic matt]1 & ^! solutions he s[$ ) ! nitrify+ organism4 ,f9d+ t "u ^! conditions ! nitrify+ organism increas$ enorm\sly & display$ its full vig\r1 he proce$$ fur!r to det]m9e ! am\nt ( c>bonace\s organic matt] =m$ 9 solutions aft] ! introduction ( ! organism4 ,by mak+ ! nitrification int5sive1 he 0 able to obta9 consid]able quantities ( c>bon f ! nitrifi$ solutions by ! process ( wet combu/ion4 ,9 8 ?ird memoir he publi%es figures :i* app>5tly %[ a close relation betwe5 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 oxidis$1 & ! am\nt ( c>bon assimilat$2 ! ratio is ab\t #ce3a4--,see ,bullet9 ( ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,no4 #h1 conta9+ ,lectures on ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts by ,r4 ,w>+ton1 ,f4,r4,s41 p4 #ej4 ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #agj74 ,! oxidis+ p[] ( ! micro-organisms ( soil is n conf9$ to ! oxidation ( ammonia or ( organic matt]4 ,mu5tz has %[n t soil is capable ( oxidis+ iodides to hypo-iodides & iodates1 & bromides to hypo-bromides & bromates4 ,?is is a v important result1 & seems to indicate t nitrification is "p ( a g5]al oxidis+ action1 & t we mu/ n assume t nitrites or nitrates are produc$ because !y are 9 !mselves ( advantage to ! organism4 ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #agb74 ,:5 ur9e 9 diff]5t degrees ( dilution 0 treat$ ) soil1 #a gram ( soil be+ add$ to #ajj c4c4 ( dilut$ ur9e1 nitrification comm5c$ 9 ! #a-p]-c5t solution 9 #aa days1 9 ! #e-p]-c5t solution 9 #bj days1 9 ! #aj-p]-c5t solution 9 #fb days1 9 ! #ab-p]-c5t solution 9 #ij days4 ,! alkal9ity ( ! la/-nam$ solution :5 nitrification comm5c$ 0 equal to #ddg mgs4 ( ammonia p] litre4 ,a solution ) an alkal9ity ( #ejj mgs4 ( ammonia p] litre is app>5tly unnitrifiable4--,am]ican ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet91 ,w>+ton's ,lectures on ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts1 p4 #ea4 ,,note ,v4 7p4 #aga74 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,f4 ,frankl& 9 8 exp]im5ts us$ ! foll[+ solutions3-- grms4 ,,nh#d;,cl 4#e ,h#c,,po#d 4#a ,mg,s,o#d 4#jb ,9 #ajjj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,ca,cl#b 4#ja ,ca,c,o#c #e4jj ,,note ,,vi4 7p4 #ahe74 ,exp]im5t by ,b\ss+ault on ,rate ( ,nitrification4 ,p]c5tage ( ,nitrate #aheg4 ( ,pota%4 lb4 p] acre4 ,augu/ #e 4#ja #cd ,augu/ #ag 4#jf #bbb ,septemb] #b 4#ah #fcd ,septemb] #ag 4#bb #gfj ,octob] #b 4#ba #gbh ,,note ,,vii4 7p4 #ahh74 ,,nitrog5 ,,z ,,nitrates ,,9 ,,ro?am/$ ,,soils ,,aft] ,,b>e ,,fall[ ,,9 ,,lb4 ,,p] ,,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,alt]nate ,f\r-c\rse rotation4 ,:eat -------------------------- ,dep? ( & ,sup]- ,claycr(t ,fo/]'s ,soil4 ,fall[4 phosphate ,mix$ ,manure4 ,field4 ,field4 only4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahgh4 #ahgh4 #ahgh4 #ahhb4 #ahha4 #ahha4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 #a/ #i ins4 #bh4e #bb4c #cj4j #dj4a #af4d #ad4f #b;d #i ins4 #e4b #ad4j #ah4h #ad4c #bf4e #bd4f #c;d #i ins4 - - - #e4e #ae4i #ag4c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total #cc4g #cf4c #dh4h #ei4i #eh4h #ef4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! position ( phosphoric acid 9 agriculture4 ,! "q is1 h[ev]1 v mu* simpl] 9 its nature ?an t ( nitrog51 & may be consequ5tly discuss$ 9 a mu* %ort] space4 ,mo/ soils1 z we h already _h occasion to po9t out1 are bett] suppli$ ) available a%-plant +r$i5ts ?an available nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,! quantity ( phosphoric acid absorb$ by ! plant is also less ?an t ( nitrog52 & la/ly1 ! diff]5t *emical comp\nds ( phosphoric acid occurr+ 9 ! soil are n ne>ly s num]\s z ^? ( nitrog54 ,phosphoric acid1 h[ev]1 mu/ be reg>d$ z rank+ next to nitrog5 9 its importance z a soil-con/itu5t4 ,occurr5ce ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,nature4 ,t phosphoric acid is ( univ]sal occurr5ce may be assum$ f ! fact ( ! almo/ univ]sal occurr5ce ( vegetable life on ! e>?'s surface2 = plants are unable to gr[ )\t x4 ,:ile ?us ( practically univ]sal occurr5ce1 its am\nt 9 mo/ soils is v trifl+4 ,z ! only s\rce ( x 9 ! soil is f ! dis9tegration ( ! diff]5t rocks1 a %ort description ( its occurr5ce 9 ! m9]al k+dom may fir/ be giv54 ,m9]al ,s\rces ( ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! m9]al k+dom t[>ds ! close ( la/ c5tury2 b we h only ( late ye>s asc]ta9$ any exact k ( its p]c5tage 9 ! diff]5t rocks out ( :i* soils are =m$4 ,?is has be5 %[n 9 _m cases to be v trifl+4 ,x mo/ abundantly occurs z apatite1 a m9]al consi/+ ( calcium phosphate1 ) small quantities ( calcium fluoride or calcium *loride4 ,?is apatite1 or phosphorite1 is f\nd 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w 9 l>ge masses2 b z a rule1 x only occurs 9 small quantities 9 mo/ rocks4 ,x may be /at$ t ! old] rocks are1 z a g5]al rule1 ri*] 9 x ?an ^? ( m rec5t =mation2 & ,daub5y has drawn att5tion to ?is fact z furni%+ a useful guide 9 e/imat+ ! probable ri*ness ( a soil 9 phosphoric acid4 ,! old]1 !re=e1 a rock is1 ! ri*] x is likely to be 9 phosphoric acid4 ,apatite & ,phosphorite4 ,( apatite !re are a v>iety ( k9ds1 :i* diff] 9 _! appe>ance z well z 9 _! composition4 ,x occurs *iefly 9 a cry/all9e =m1 & is f\nd sometimes 9 regul> cry/als1 b x also occurs 9 ! amorph\s =m4 ,9 col\r x may be :ite1 yell[1 br[n1 r$1 gre51 grey1 or blue4 ,two classes ( apatite are f\nd4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( calcium phosphate along ) calcium fluoride2 & 9 o!r k9ds ( apatite ! calcium fluoride is replac$ by calcium *loride4 ,phosphorite is ano!r "n = apatite1 b is *iefly appli$ to impure amorph\s apatite4 ,! p]c5tage ( phosphate ( lime 9 diff]5t k9ds ( apatite may be /at$ at f #gj to #ij p] c5t4 ,x occurs 9 v l>ge quantities 9 ,canada1 ! ,canadian apatite be+ v ri* 9 phosphate ( lime--#hj to #ij p] c5t4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w x =ms portions ( m\nta9-masses1 & is qu>ri$1 cru%$1 & us$ = artificial manurial purposes4 ,fur!r details ( its occurr5ce & *emical composition w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4#abc ,coprolites4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w r\nd nodules1 l>gely consi/+ ( phosphate ( lime1 h be5 f\nd1 to :i* ! "n coprolites has be5 giv51 on ! assumption t !y consi/$ ( fossilis$ animal excrem5ts4 ,^! coprolites1 or o/eolites z !y h also be5 call$1 v>y 9 ! p]c5tage ( phosphate ( lime !y conta94 ,sometimes ?is am\nts to #hj p] c5t1 b z a rule x is v mu* less4 ,!y also 9 ! pa/ h =m$ an important s\rce ( manure1 & w be ref]r$ to subsequ5tly4 ,guano4 ,we h1 la/ly1 phosphoric acid occurr+ 9 l>ge quantities 9 guano-deposits1 *iefly f\nd on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,^! deposits1 :i* h be5 ( enorm\s importance z a s\rce ( artificial manure1 are ( animal orig91 & w be discuss$ at consid]able l5g? 9 a *apt] specially devot$ to ! subject2 s t we ne$ d no m ?an m5tion !m "h4 ,phosphoric acid is also f\nd 9 ! =m ( phosphate ( lime 9 c]ta9 rocks z lay]s & pockets4 ,univ]sal ,occurr5ce 9 ,common ,rocks4 ,b :ile x is ?us f\nd 9 consid]able quantities 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & :ile no anxiety ne$ ?us be felt z to its abundance = artificial manurial purposes1 its occurr5ce 9 ! common rocks1 :i*1 z we h already po9t$ out1 is practically univ]sal1 is 9 _m cases v m9ute4 ,f[nes fir/ id5tifi$ x 9 ! felspa?ic rocks 9 #ahdd2 & s9ce !n its p]c5tage 9 granite1 lava1 tra*yte1 basalt1 porphyry1 dolomite1 gneiss1 sy5ite1 dol]ite1 diorite1 & a numb] ( o!r rocks1 has be5 det]m9$ by num]\s inve/igators4 ,= analyses ( ^! rocks ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,app5dix4#abd ,occurr5ce 9 ! ,soil4 ,t no soil is actually )\t phosphoric acid is highly probable1 b 9 _m soils x is pres5t 9 ! m]e/ traces1 & ev5 9 f]tile soils x is r>ely pres5t 9 quantities ov] two-t5?s ( a p] c5t2 :ile half t am\nt may be tak5 z an av]age = mo/ fairly f]tile soils4 ,?is w\ld be ab\t #cejj lb4 p] acre1 calculat+ ! soil to a dep? ( #i in*es4 ,9 exceptional cases x has be5 f\nd to ! ext5t ( 4#c p] c5t2 & 9 ! fam\s ,russian black e>? x has be5 f\nd to am\nt to 4#f p] c5t4#abe ,l nitrog51 x is f\nd 9 greate/ am\nt 9 ! surface portion ( ! soil1 b its am\nt at diff]5t dep?s does n v>y to ! same ext5t z we h f\nd to be ! case ) nitrog54 ,condition 9 :i* ,phosphoric ,acid is pres5t 9 ! ,soil4 ,unlike nitrog51 phosphoric acid occurs 9 ! soil almo/ entirely 9 an insoluble =m2 & :5 appli$ to ! soil 9 a soluble =m1 is spe$ily conv]t$ into an insoluble condition4 ,its mo/ commonly occurr+ =ms are z phosphates ( lime1 iron1 & alum9a4 ,^! facts are ( importance to rememb]1 z !y expla9 :y phosphoric acid is n f\nd 9 dra9age-wat] 9 any quantity4 ,x also %[s h[ little ! risk ( loss f dra9age is 9 ! application ( artificial phosphatic manure to ! soil4 ,occurr5ce 9 ,plants4 ,! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid 9 plants1 l o!r a%-con/itu5ts1 is subject to consid]able v>iation1 & dep5ds on a v>iety ( conditions1 su* z ! /ate ( ! plant's developm5t1 nature ( soil1 climate1 season1 treatm5t ) manures1 c4 ,all ^! conditions h a c]ta9 influ5ce4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant h be5 f\nd to conta9 x 9 diff]5t quantities4 ,! t5d5cy ( phosphoric acid is to travel up to ! high] portions ( ! plant ) ! progress ( gr[?1 & to f9ally accumulate 9 ! se$4 ,z illu/rat+ ?is1 x may be m5tion$ t ! inn] portion ( ! /alk ( a ripe oat-plant has be5 f\nd to conta9 only a sev5te5? ( ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! same portion ( ! /alk ( a "y oat-plant4 ,simil>ly x may be m5tion$ t1 :ile ! a% ( ! gra9 ( rye & :eat conta9s ne>ly half _! weight ( phosphoric acid1 ! p]c5tage pres5t 9 ! a% ( o!r p>ts ( ! plant am\nts only to f #e to #af p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage ( phosphorus is great] 9 "y plants ?an 9 mature plants2 x is great] also 9 quickly develop$ plants ?an 9 sl[ly develop$ plants4 ,9 ! plant1 phosphorus is pres5t *iefly 9 ! album9oids2 & its absorption f ! soil takes place 9 greate/ quantity dur+ ! p]iod ( maximum gr[?4 ,9 beans & peas an oil conta9+ phosphorus has be5 f\nd4 ,occurr5ce 9 ,animals4 ,t phosphorus 9 diff]5t =ms exi/s 9 animal tissue is well kn[n4 ,x is f\nd bo? 9 ! bra9 & 9 ! n]ves1 z well z 9 ne>ly all ! fluids ( ! animal body4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! bones t x is mo/ abundant1 ! m9]al portion ( :i* is almo/ entirely made ( phosphate ( lime1--a fact :i* r5d]s bones su* a valuable artificial manure4 ,altoge!r1 phosphoric acid occurs 9 ! animal body to ! ext5t ( #b4c p] c5t4 ,!re is a po9t :i* we %all h occasion to draw ! /ud5t's att5tion to fur!r on 9 discuss+ ! nature ( f>my>d manure--& t is1 t ! ur9e ( ! common f>m animals is practically devoid ( phosphoric acid4 ,s\rces ( ,loss ( ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,agriculture4 ,z we h already done 9 ! case ( nitrog51 we may n[ attempt to =m "s conception ( ! s\rces ( loss & ga9 ( phosphoric acid 9 ! soil4 ,! s\rces ( loss may be divid$ into natural & artificial4 ,( natural s\rces ( loss we h only "o1 & t is loss by dra9age4 ,loss ( ,phosphoric ,acid by ,dra9age4 ,we h already se5 t ! condition 9 :i* phosphoric acid is pres5t 9 ! soil is z insoluble phosphate4 ,9 dra9age-wat] x occurs 9 m]e traces4 ,m9ute ?\gh ! am\nt seems :5 /at$ z p]c5tage1 & small z x appe>s beside ! loss 7f ! same s\rce7 ( nitrog51 x is yet1 if consid]$ = l>ge areas1 suffici5tly /rik+4 ,?us x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ! riv] ,elbe !re is c>ri$ (f by dra9age f ! fields ( ,bohemia #b-c_/d million p\nds 7#abjj tons7 ( phosphoric acid annually4 ,?is1 x is true1 is a v trifl+ am\nt comp>$ ) ! annual loss ( nitrog5 f an equal area2 b !n x mu/ be rememb]$1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\rces ( ga9 to ! soil ( ?is +r$i5t are n s num]\s z are ^? ( nitrog51 ! only s\rces ( phosphoric acid be+ 9 ! manure appli$ to ! soil1 & t com+ f ! gradual dis9tegration ( phosphatic m9]als4 ,artificial ,s\rces ( ,loss4 ,! o!r s\rces ( loss may be class$ "u ! t]m artificial1 & are connect$ ) agricultural practice4 ,j z we h se5 t 9 ! case ( nitrog5 enorm\s quantities ( t sub/ance are con/antly be+ remov$ f ! soil 9 ^? crops :i* are consum$ (f ! f>m1 s1 too1 enorm\s quantities ( phosphoric acid are be+ remov$ 9 ! same way4 ,z illu/rat+ ?is fact1 x may be m5tion$ t ,pr(essor ,gr&eau has rec5tly e/imat$ t 9 ! entire crops gr[n 9 ,france 9 "o ye> !re are ab\t #bih1bjj tons ( phosphoric acid2 :ile ! am\nt return$ 9 ! dung ( f>m animals is only #aeg1bjj1 or only ab\t "o-half ( :at is remov$ 9 ! crops1 leav+ a deficit ( #adg1jjj tons to be made good by ! addition ( artificial phosphatic manures1 if ! f]tility ( ! soil is to be ma9ta9$4 ,! same au?ority has calculat$ t 9 ! bones ( ! entire f>m animals 9 ,france !re is no less a quantity ?an #gf1hbj tons ( phosphoric acid4 ,z an example ( h[1 9 _m cases1 ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid remov$ f ! f>m is v (t5 mu* great] ?an t re/or$1 a case quot$ by ,crusius may be cit$4 ,?is 0 a f>m ( #fgj acres 7,saxon7 :i* _h receiv$ only f>my>d manure1 & f :i*1 dur+ sixte5 ye>s1 #ihe4fg cwt4 ( phosphoric acid _h be5 sold (f 9 ! crops2 :ile only #djh4cc cwt4 _h be5 re/or$ 9 ! manure1 leav+ a loss ( #egg4cd cwt4 ,phosphoric ,acid remov$ 9 ,milk4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( loss is ! phosphoric acid remov$ 9 milk4 ,9 ! total annual yield ( milk f "o c[ !re may be f #aa to #ab lb4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,loss 9 ,treatm5t ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,! risks ( loss ( phosphoric acid 9 ! treatm5t ( f>my>d manure are n s great z 9 ! case ( nitrog54 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a consid]able risk1 ?r\gh want ( prop] precautions1 ( ! soluble phosphates be+ wa%$ away by ra94 ,loss 9 ,sewage4 ,! loss ( phosphoric acid incurr$ by ! pres5t me?od ( sewage disposal is n s l>ge z ! loss ( nitrog51 inasmu* z ! quantity ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 human excreta is v mu* less4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x may be said to am\nt to a little less ?an "o-?ird ( ! nitrog5 lo/ 9 ?is way4 ,s\rces ( ,artificial ,ga9 ( ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,to balance ^! losses1 we h a practically unlimit$ supply ( m9]al phosphates = application z artificial manure1 z well z l>ge quantities ( o!r manures1 _m ( !m already m5tion$ 9 connection ) nitrog51 su* z bones & guanos ( all k9ds4 ,q rec5tly1 also1 a l>ge s\rce ( phosphoric acid has be5 op5$ up 9 ! basic slag1 a ri* phosphatic bye-product obta9$ 9 consid]able quantity 9 /eel-works f ! basic process ( /eel manufacture4 ,we h also l>ge quantities ( phosphoric acid 9 ! import$ fe$+-/uffs1 = /ati/ics reg>d+ :i* we w\ld ref] our read]s to a previ\s *apt]4 ,! "q ( ! actual am\nt conta9$ 9 ^! s\rces is n ( ! same int]e/ z 9 ! case ( nitrog51 & ne$ n !re=e deta9 u4 ,we h suffici5tly indicat$ ! importance ( phosphoric acid 9 agriculture by ! /atem5ts above giv54 ,all fur!r consid]ation ( phosphoric acid mu/ !re=e be def]r$ to future *apt]s4 ,,footnotes3 #abc ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #baj4 #abd ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #baa4 #abe ,^! results1 z inde$ all soil p]c5tages1 are calculat$ on ! soil 9 a dry condition4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,v ,,note ,i4 7p4 #bja74 ,,composition ,,( ,,apatite 7,voelck]74 7,krag]oee1 ,norway47 ,lime #eb4af ,phosphoric acid #da4be ,*lor9e #d4aj ,fluor9e #a4bc ,oxide ( iron #j4bi ,alum9a #j4ch ,pota% & soda #j4ag ,wat] #j4db ------ #ajj4jj ,apatite is f\nd 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,am]ica1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,hung>y1 ,norway1 & ,great ,brita94 ,accord+ to ,rose1 apatite is made up ( ?ree molecules ( tribasic calcium phosphate 7,ca7,,po#d7b71 comb9$ ) "o molecule ( calcium fluoride 7,ca ,f#b7 or "o molecule ( calcium *loride 7,ca,cl#b7 respectively4 ,! composition ( ! pure m9]al %\ld be-- ,*lorapatite4 ,p] c5t4 ,calcium phosphate #hi4ch ,calcium *loride #aj4fb ,fluorapatite4 ,calcium phosphate #ib4ca ,calcium fluoride #g4fi ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #bjc74 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! common] rocks 9 :i* ! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid has be5 det]m9$4 ,! results are tak5 f analyses by ,nesbit1 ,s*ramm1 ,b]gemann1 ,rose1 ,deh]a91 ,h&tke1 ,pet]s51 ,nessl]1 ,mu?1 ,fleis*mann1 ,/or]1 & o!rs3-- ,p] c5t4 ,felsp> #a4g ,granite #j4ji #j4be #j4eh #j4fh ,lava #a4ba #a4h ,tra*yte #j4cj #j4ff ,basalt #j4ej #a4aa ,porphyry #j4bf ,m>l #a4de #b4ca #c4h ,calc>e\s /ones #j4jfd #j4agf ,dolomite #a4bd ,lias *alk #a4ci ,gneiss #j4ah #j4gh #a4ea ,sy5ite #j4aj ,dol]ite #j4c #a4a #a4b ,diorite #j4e #j4fi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,pota% ,,9 ,,agriculture4 ,we may1 la/ly1 consid] ! position ( pota% 9 agriculture1 ! only a% +r$i5t ( ! plant1 9 addition to phosphoric acid1 :i* x is z a rule necess>y to add z a manure4 ,pota% ( less ,importance ?an ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,x is ( f> less importance ?an phosphoric acid1 f ! fact ( its mu* m abundant occurr5ce 9 ! soil1 z well z f ! fact t "u ! ord9>y conditions ( agriculture1 al?\gh remov$ f ! soil 9 consid]able quantities by crops1 x f9ds its way back aga9 9 ! f>my>d manure2 = x has n ! same t5d5cy to accumulate 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! gra9 or se$ z we h se5 to be ! case ) phosphoric acid4 ,on ?is acc\nt /raw conta9s a mu* great] proportion ( pota% ?an phosphoric acid1 & h5ce f>my>d manure may be reg>d$ z fairly ri* 9 pota%4 ,occurr5ce ( ,pota%4 ,( all s\rces ( pota% ! ocean mu/ be reg>d$ z ! *ief4 ,millions & millions ( tons are pres5t 9 a /ate ( solution 9 ! salt wat] ( ! ocean4#abf ,l phosphoric acid1 its occurr5ce 9 ! rocks =m+ ! e>?'s cru/ may be said to be practically univ]sal4 ,_m ( ! commonly occurr+ rocks & m9]als are extremely ri* 9 x1 & by _! dis9tegration furni% l>ge quantities to ! soil4 ,"s ( ^! rocks conta9 x 9 su* abundance t !y h be5 tri$ z pota% manures2 & 7 o!r m valuable s\rces less available ?an !y actually are1 su* a practice might well be recomm5d$4 ,a volcanic rock kn[n z palagonite1 & t mo/ commonly occurr+ ( all pota% m9]als--viz41 felsp>--h bo? be5 exp]im5t$ ) 9 ?is way ) consid]able success4 ,felsp> & o!r ,pota% ,m9]als4 ,t felsp> %\ld prove1 :5 f9ally gr\nd1 a valuable s\rce ( pota%1 is n to be wond]$ at :5 we rememb] t "s v>ieties ( x conta9 ov] #af p] c5t4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t a s+le cubic foot ( ?is m9]al is suffici5t to supply an oak-wood1 cov]+ a surface ( #bf1iaj squ>e feet1 ) pota% = a p]iod ( no less ?an five ye>s4#abg ,"s idea ( ! enorm\s pot5tial f]tility ( a soil conta9+ felsp>1 s f> z pota% is conc]n$1 may be obta9$ f ?is /atem5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t x is only ! or?oclase or pota% felsp>s :i* conta9 l>ge quantities ( pota%--o!r felspa?ic rocks1 su* z oligoclase & labradorite1 be+ comp>atively poor 9 x4 ,ano!r commonly occurr+ m9]al :i* is ri* 9 pota% is mica1 :i* has be5 f\nd to conta9 f #e to #ac p] c5t4 ,f ?is x foll[s t rocks :i* h l>ge am\nts ( ^! m9]als 9 _! composition--su* z granite1 = example1 :i* (t5 conta9s #e or #f p] c5t ( pota%--=m by _! dis9tegration soils ri* 9 ?is +r$i5t4 ,/assfurt ,salts4 ,b 9 addition to ! s\rces ( pota% already m5tion$1 x exi/s 9 o!r =ms 9 ! e>?'s surface4 ,till )9 rec5t ye>s x 0 obta9$ = comm]cial purposes f ! a%es ( plants1 :i*1 z we %all imm$iately see1 are extremely ri* 9 ?is +r$i5t2 f salt wat]--?is s\rce giv+ rise to ! s-call$ salt g>d5s on ! coa/ ( ,france2 & f nitre soils 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,india1 ref]r$ to already at consid]able l5g?4 ,l>ge m9]al deposits1 h[ev]1 h be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/assfurt 9 ,g]many1 & h s9ce _! discov]y suppli$ all ! pota% requir$ = manurial & o!r purposes4 ,9 ^! deposits 7simil> ones h also be5 f\nd at ,kalusz 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s7 !re are no less ?an five diff]5t m9]als :i* conta9 pota%4 ,! =m 9 :i* x is pres5t is z sulphate or *loride1 s t x is readily available = plants1 & is ( altoge!r v mu* great] value ?an ! =m 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! m9]als already m5tion$--viz41 z an insoluble silicate4 ,( ! ,/assfurt pota% salts1 ! be/ kn[n z a manure is ka9it1 :i* conta9s ab\t #cb p] c5t ( sulphate ( pota%4 ,a li/ ( ! o!r pota% m9]als1 ) ! p>ticul>s ( _! composition & ! p]c5tage ( pota% !y conta91 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4#abh ,occurr5ce ( ,saltpetre4 ,we h already _h occasion1 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 :5 discuss+ ! "q ( nitrification1 to ref] to ! occurr5ce ( nitrate ( pota% 9 c]ta9 soils 9 ,india1 :i* h =m$ a l>ge s\rce ( saltpetre us$ 9 comm]ce 9 ! pa/4 ,occurr5ce ( ,pota% 9 ! ,soil4 ,f :at has be5 said reg>d+ ! ri*ness 9 pota% ( c]ta9 commonly occurr+ m9]als1 su* z felsp>1 x is only natural to inf] t mo/ soils mu/ conta9 l>ge quantities ( ?is sub/ance2 & ?is is s4 ,! wond] is t pota%1 :5 appli$ z an artificial manure1 %\ld h su* a m>k$ effect 9 increas+ ! f]tility ( ! soil1 z is (t5 ! case4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh a soil may conta9 l>ge quantities ( pota%1 !re may be a v small p]c5tage ( ! :ole 9 an available =m = ! plant's ne$s4 ,pota% *iefly 9 insoluble ,condition 9 ,soils4 ,pota% occurs almo/ entirely 9 soils 9 a v insoluble =m--viz41 comb9$ ) silica z a silicate ( pota%4 ,x is only by ! sl[ dis9tegration ( pota% rocks t ! pota% !y conta9 is set free = plant uses4 ,:5 x is appli$ z an artificial manure1 on ! o!r h&1 x is 9 a soluble =m4 ,9 mo/ soils ! am\nt soluble 9 wat] probably lies betwe5 4#jja & 4#jji p] c5t2 t soluble 9 dilute acid solutions f 4#a to 4#e p] c5t2 & t insoluble f 4#b to #c4e p] c5t ( ! soil4 ,x is highly probable t a c]ta9 quantity ( pota% 9 ! soil may exi/ 9 comb9ation ) humic & ulmic acids1 =m+ insoluble potassium humates & ulmates4 ,pota% 9 ,plants4 ,( all ! a% +r$i5ts ( plants1 pota% is ! mo/ abundant1 z x =ms on an av]age ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! total a% ( plants--ab\t #ij p] c5t ( ! alkalies4 ,! a% ( plants1 inde$1 0 = long ! *ief s\rce ( pota%4 ,c]ta9 plants remove v l>ge quantities f ! soil4 ,( ^! roots1 potatoes1 ! v9e1 ! tobacco-plant1 & hops may be m5tion$ z examples4 ,x is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! gra9 ( c]eals1 al?\gh1 z we h already po9t$ out1 n to ! same proportional ext5t z phosphoric acid4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! plant's extremities1 su* z twigs & new leaves1 9 greate/ abundance4#abi ,pota% 9 ! ,animal ,tissue4 ,x is also f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! animal body4 ,especially ri* 9 pota% salts are ! blood corpuscles1 :i* conta9 ab\t t5 times ! am\nt conta9$ 9 ! s]um4 ,x is f\nd 9 especial abundance 9 ! fleece ( %eep1 :i* may conta9 m pota% ?an t 9 ! :ole body ( ! %eep4 ,animal ur9e also conta9s pota% 9 consid]able quantities4 ,s\rces ( ,loss ( ,pota%4 ,! capacity ( ! soil to reta9 soluble pota% comp\nds1 :ile n equal to its capacity = reta9+ phosphoric acid1 is yet v mu* 9 excess ( its capacity = reta9+ nitrates4 ,! result is1 t pota% is only f\nd 9 comp>atively m9ute traces 9 dra9age wat]4#acj ,tak+ ! same example z we already cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! loss ( phosphoric acid1 we f9d t ! am\nt c>ri$ away 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,elbe f ,bohemia is #ig1jjj1jjj lb4 7#dc1cjj tons74 ,pota% remov$ 9 ,crops4 ,! am\nt ( pota% remov$ by ! diff]5t crops f ! soil w be consid]$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,we ne$ only say "h t ! class ( crops :i* remove ! l>ge/ quantity are ! root crops1 especially mangels4 ,! loss is lea/ 9 ! case ( ! c]eals4 ,! am\nt ( pota% conta9$ 9 ! /raw ( c]eals is ab\t ?ree times ! am\nt ( t remov$ 9 ! gra94 ,pota% remov$ 9 ,milk4 ,la/ly1 we may ref] to ! pota% remov$ 9 milk1 :i*1 on an av]age1 may be tak5 at #aj lb4 p] annum = ea* c[4 ,pota% ,manures4 ,( pota% manures ! *ief are ! sulphate & ! *loride1 or1 z x is comm]cially kn[n1 ! muriate4 ,! *ief s\rce ( pota% manures are ! ,/assfurt deposits already ref]r$ to4 ,wood-a%es h also be5 us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! pa/ 7*iefly z a pota% manure71 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w are /ill us$4 ,a consid]able s\rce ( artificial potassic manures is ! refuse manufacture ( sug>-beet1 su* a l>ge indu/ry 9 ,g]many4 ,pota% occurs z a con/itu5t ( c]ta9 o!r manures1 m valuable = nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 su* z guano & dri$ blood4 ,,footnotes3 #abf ,accord+ to ,boguslawski & ,dittm>1 ! total am\nt ( pota% calculat$ z sulphate ( pota% 9 salt wat] equals #aada x #ajab tons4 #abg ,see ,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bia4 #abh ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #bbj4 #abi ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #bbj4 #acj ,accord+ to ,way1 diff]5t samples ( dra9age wat]s 7 f\nd only to conta9 f 4#jjjjc to 4#jjjca p] c5t4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #bae74 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,pota% ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,m9]als4 ,felsp>s-- ,p]c5tage ( pota%4 7a7 ,or?oclase #i4aa #aj4bh #aa4jg #ab4ab #ab4dg #ac4di #ad4ce #ae4ba #af4g 7b7 ,oligoclase #j4ej 7c7 ,labradorite #j4cc ,mica #e4fa #f4bj #g4bc #h4bf #h4ie #i4jj #aj4be #ab4dj #ac4ae ,amphibole #j4be #b4if ,pyrox5e #j4cd #b4dh ,leucite #ac4fj #ah4fa ,zeolites #j4cj #i4ce #j4ih #d4ic ,/assfurt pota% salts-- ,p] c5t4 7a7 ,polyhallite1 potassium sulphate #bh 7b7 ,k>nallite 7,k,cl4,mg,cl#bf;,h#bj71 potassium *loride #bd to #bg 7c7 ,sylv91 pure potassium *loride4 7d7 ,ka9it 7,k#b,,s#d,mg,s,o#d,mg,cl#bf;,h#b,o71 potassium sulphate #cb 7e7 ,s*o5ite 7,k#b,,s#d1 ,mg,s,o#d1 #f;,h#b,o71 pure potassium magnesium sulphate4 ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #bag74 ,! quantity ( pota% obta9able f v>i\s plants 9 ! manufacture ( pota%es on a l>ge scale is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /atem5ts4 #ajjj lb4 ( ! foll[+ vegetative products yield ! foll[+ quantities ( pota%es3-- lb4 ,old spruce-wood #a_/b ,old popl>-wood #c_/d ,old oak-wood #a-a_/b ,corn-/alks #ag-a_/b ,bean-/alks #bj ,grape-v9e twigs #dj 7,/or]1 ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ajh47 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,manures ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,f>my>d ,,manure ,f>my>d manure is ! olde/1 & is /ill und\bt$ly ! mo/ popul>1 ( all manures4 ,x has /ood ! te/ ( long exp]i5ce1 & has prov$ its position z "o ( ! mo/ important ( all our f]tilis]s4 ,x is highly desirable1 !re=e1 to make a some:at detail$ exam9ation ( its composition1 & to see on :at ! v>iation 9 ?is dep5ds2 &1 f9ally1 to exam9e into ! mode ( its action z a manure4 ,t x %\ld prove a valuable manure is sc>cely to be wond]$ at1 z x is orig9ally =m$ f vegetable sub/ance1 & z x !re=e conta9s all ! elem5ts pres5t 9 ! plant itself4 ,its composition is v v>iable1 & probably no two samples w\ld yield exactly simil> analyses4 ,9 ?is fact lies "o ( ! *ief difficulties ( ! treatm5t ( ! subject1 & all /atem5ts made 9 ! foll[+ pages z to its *emical composition mu/ be tak5 z only approximate4 ,we may divide its con/itu5ts into ?ree classes4 #a4 ,t portion due to solid excreta4 #b4 ,! liquid portion1 l>gely made up ( dilute ur9e4 #c4 ,! /raw1 or o!r mat]ial1 :i* is us$ z litt]4 ,! composition ( ! manure w v>y accord+ to ! proportion 9 :i* ^! ?ree sub/ances are pres5t1 z well z accord+ to ! composition ( ! sub/ances !mselves4 ,x w consequ5tly t5d to a cle>] appreh5sion ( ! subject if we fir/ exam9e briefly ! *emical composition ( ! solid excreta & ur9e ( ! f>m animals4 #a4 ,solid ,excreta4 ,! manurial value ( ! solid excreta ( animals--i4e41 ! proportion !y conta9 ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%--dep5ds on a v>iety ( conditions4 ,! solid excreta ( horses1 %eep1 c[s1 & pigs1 are well kn[n to possess diff]5t prop]ties1 z well z to v>y 9 _! composition4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 has a /ill great] influ5ce is ! nature ( ! food4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t ! solid excreta are made up ( undige/$ food4 ,we c sc>cely expect ! same quality ( solid excreta f an animal f$ on poor diet z f an animal f$ on v mu* ri*] diet4 ,aga91 ! p]c5tage ( ! food void$ 9 ! solid excreta v>ies 9 ! case ( diff]5t animals4#aca ,ano!r consid]ation :i* ent]s into ! "q is ! age1 z well z ! treatm5t1 ( ! animal4 ,a "y animal1 dur+ ! p]iod ( its gr[?1 absorbs f its food into its sy/em a l>g] quantity ( ! ?ree f]tilis+ sub/ances1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 ?an is ! case ) an adult animal ^: weight is nei!r increas+ nor dim9i%+4 ,a work+ horse1 simil>ly1 w return m ( ! nitrog51 phosphates1 & pota% 9 its dung ?an "o n at "w & :i* is p]mitt$ to ga9 9 weight4 ,! nature ( ! composition ( ! solid excreta1 !re=e1 w dep5d on ! nature ( ! food1 age1 bre$1 condition1 & treatm5t ( ! animal4 ,let u n[ inve/igate %ortly ! influ5ce ( ! above consid]ations4 ,! solid excrem5ts ( ! common f>m animals are g5]ally di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r accord+ to ! rate at :i* !y decompose or f]m5t on keep+4 ,?us horse-dung is g5]ally kn[n z a hot dung2 :ile c[-dung1 on ! o!r h&1 is kn[n z cool4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s is n absolutely cle>4 ,probably x is ow+ to ! fact t ! =m] conta9s less wat]1 z well z to ! fact 7& ?is probably has m to d ) x7 t x conta9s a l>g] p]c5tage ( f]tilis+ matt]1 especially nitrog51 ?us af=d+ conditions m fav\rable = rapid f]m5tation ?an 9 ! case ( ! m moi/ & less ri* c[-dung4 ,! composition ( ! solid excreta ( v>i\s animals1 z we h j said1 v>ies ) ! nature ( _! food2 s t x is impossible to take any analyses z absolutely repres5t+ its composition4 ,x may be int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to comp>e ! analyses ( samples ( horse-dung ) ^? ( "s o!r ( ! common] f>m animals1 ) a view to obta9+ an approximate idea ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,/oeckh>dt has f\nd t 9 #ajjj lb4 ( ! fre% solid excreta ( ! animals bel[ m5tion$1 !re 7 ! foll[+ am\nts ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & alkalies3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,phosphoric ,,nitrog54 ,,acid4 ,,alkalies4 ,,wat]4 ---------------------------------- ,r$uc$ ,r$uc$ ,r$uc$ to to to ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lb4 p] lb4 p] lb4 p] lb4 p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,horses 7w9t] food7 #gfj #gf #e 4#ej #c-a_/b 4#ce #c 4#cj ,c[s 7w9t] food7 #hdj #hd #c 4#cj #b-a_/b 4#be #a 4#aj ,sw9e 7w9t] food7 #hjj #hj #f 4#fj #d-a_/b 4#de #e 4#ej ,%eep 7#b lb4 hay p] diem7 #ehj #eh #g-a_/b 4#ge #f 4#f #c 4#cj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,f ! above table x w be se5 t ! %eep's dung conta9s ! lea/ p]c5tage ( wat]1 & is ri*] 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid ?an any ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,! p]c5tage ( alkalies1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is pota%1 is1 h[ev]1 n s l>ge4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! int]e/+ & well-kn[n fact t a l>ge p]c5tage ( pota% is to be f\nd 9 ! wool ( %eep4#acb ,! solid excrem5t ( ! %eep is1 !re=e1 weight = weight1 ! mo/ valuable z a manure1 z x conta9s m nitrog5 & phosphates ?an ! o!rs1 & at ! same "t is mu* dri]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we comp>e ! composition ( ! solid excreta 9 a dry /ate1 we %all f9d t ! foll[+ are ! results 7bas+ our calculation on ,/oeckh>dt's analyses73-- ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric acid1 ,alkalies1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,horse #b4jh #a4de #a4be ,c[ #a4hg #a4ef #j4fb ,pig #c4jj #b4be #b4ej ,%eep #a4gh #a4db #j4ga ,x w be se5 f ! above t ! dry sub/ance ( ! solid excreta ( ! pig is ri*e/ 9 f]tilis+ sub/ances4 ,too mu* /ress1 h[ev]1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 mu/ n be put on any s+le analysis1 z s mu* dep5ds on v>i\s conditions1 especially ! food4#acc ,! mo/ reliable me?od ( /udy+ ?is "q1 !re=e1 is to /udy x 9 its relation to ! food consum$4 ,wolff has calculat$ f num]\s inve/igations t1 ) reg>d to ! am\nt ( solid excreta produc$ by ! food1 ! foll[+ p]c5tage ( organic matt]1 nitrog51 & m9]al sub/ances1 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! dry matt] ( ! food1 is void$ 9 ! dung3-- ,c[4 ,ox4 ,%eep4 ,horse4 ,av]age4 ,organic matt] #ci4e #db4e #dd4j #dd4a #db4e ,nitrog5 #dg4e #cc4i #df4g #cb4d #dj4a ,m9]al sub/ances #ec4i #fd4f #eg4i #fb4e #ei4g ,!re is "o fact to be borne 9 m9d 9 e/imat+ ! manurial value ( ! dung ( diff]5t animals--viz41 t ! quantity ( dung void$ by "o animal is mu* great] ?an t void$ by ano!r4 ,?us ! am\nt void$ by ! c[1 = example1 is mu* great] ?an t void$ by ! horse2 s t1 9 ?is way1 ! inf]ior quality ( ! =m] is1 to "s ext5t1 comp5sat$ = by its great] quantity4 #b4 ,ur9e4 ,! solid excreta possess1 h[ev]1 v mu* less manurial value ?an ! ur9e4 ,! =m]1 z already /at$1 are undige/$ food-sub/ances3 any f]tilis+ matt]s :i* !y conta9 are su* z h fail$ to be dige/$ or absorb$ into ! animal sy/em4 ,! ur9e1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s ^? f]tilis+ sub/ances :i* h be5 dige/$4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 & m9]al matt]1 h[ev]1 9 ! ur9e1 does n repres5t necess>ily ! total am\nt ( ^! sub/ances4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( a gr[+ or fatt5+ animal1 !re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( ^! sub/ances be+ absorb$ to build up ! animal tissue & put on fle%4 ,9 ?is respect x w be se5 t ! composition ( ur9e w v>y 9 ! same way z t ( ! dung4 ,9 ! case ( ! ur9e1 h[ev]1 !re is a comp5sat+ influ5ce to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,ur9e is a wa/e product1 & !re is m wa/e 9 a "y ?an 9 an adult animal4 ,ano!r v important condition :i* det]m9es ! composition ( ur9e is ! nature ( ! food1 especially ! quantity ( wat] drunk4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is obvi\s3 ! m wat] drunk1 ! poor] mu/ ! composition ( ! ur9e be4 ,b "h aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! dung1 ?is is l>gely comp5sat$ = by ! total quantity void$--! m dilute ! ur9e1 ! l>g] w its quantity be2 s t ! inf]ior quality is 9 ?is way made up = by its increas$ quantity4 ,keep+ 9 m9d1 !n1 ! fact we h j /at$--viz41 t ! composition ( ur9e w v>y accord+ to diff]5t conditions--we may obta9 an approximate idea ( :at its composition is f ! foll[+ results ( analyses by ,/oeckh>dt4 ,9 #ajjj p>ts ! foll[+ quantities ( wat]1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & alkalies 7 f\nd to be pres5t4 ,f ! foll[+ table x w be se5 t ! ur9e ( sw9e 7conta9+ #ig p] c5t ( wat]7 is mu* poor] 9 nitrog5 & alkalies ?an is ! case ) ! ur9e ( ! %eep1 horse1 or c[4#acd ,:ile ?is is ! case1 ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid x conta9s is great] ?an t conta9$ 9 ! %eep's ur9e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,phosphoric ,wat]4 ,nitrog54 ,acid4 ,alkalies4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] #ajjj c5t4 #ajjj c5t4 #ajjj c5t4 #ajjj c5t4 p>ts4 p>ts4 p>ts4 p>ts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,%eep 7#b lb4 hay #hfe #hf4e #ad #a4d 4#e 4#jej #bj #b4j p] diem7 ,sw9e 7w9t] food7 #ige #ig4e #c 4#c #a4be 4#abe #b 4#b ,horses 7hay & #hij #hi4j #ab #a4b - - #ae #a4e oats7 ,c[s 7hay & #ibj #ib4j #h 4#h - - #ad #a4d potatoes7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,phosphoric acid is pres5t 9 ! ur9e ( ! f>m animals 9 ! mo/ m9ute traces3 practically1 x may be consid]$ to be want+ 9 ! ur9e ( ! horse & ! c[1 & is pres5t only 9 small quantities 9 %eep's ur9e4 ,! pig's ur9e1 inde$1 conta9s x 9 l>g] quantities2 b ! p]c5tage is /ill s small z to ju/ify ! /atem5t t ! ur9e ( ! common f>m animals is n a complete manure1 & mu/ be supplem5t$ by phosphates1 if x is to be us$ alone4 ,! incomplete nature ( ur9e z a manure con/itutes a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( its be+ appli$ along ) ! solid excreta1 :i* conta91 z we h se51 consid]able quantities ( phosphoric acid4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! dra9+s ( rott5 manure-heaps are m valuable1 f a manurial po9t ( view1 ?an ur9e itself1 s9ce ^! conta9 ! soluble portion ( ! phosphates 9 ! solid excreta4#ace ,! ur9e ( all animals1 h[ev]1 is n equally poor 9 phosphates4 ,9 ! case ( fle%-eat+ animals1 su* z ! dog1 ! ur9e is f\nd to conta9 !m 9 consid]able quantities4 ,! above tables %[ t ! mo/ valuable ur9e1 weight = weight1 is t ( ! %eep1 z x conta9s ! l>ge/ am\nt ( alkalies 7includ+ pota%7 & nitrog52 t ! ur9e ( ! horse comes next2 !n t ( ! c[2 :ile1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 t ( ! pig is ! poore/4 ,9 ord] to make our survey ( ! composition ( ur9e uni=m ) t ( ! dung1 let u see h[ ! ur9e ( ! common f>m animals comp>es 9 ! matt] ( ! composition ( its dry sub/ance4 ,! foll[+ results 7bas+ our calculations on ,/oeckh>dt's figures1 previ\sly giv57 %[ ?is3-- ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric acid1 ,alkalies1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,pig #ab4j #e #h ,horse #aj4i trace #ac4f ,%eep #aj4d #c4g #ad4i ,c[ #aj4j trace #ag4e ,f ^! figures we see t ! dry sub/ance ( ! ur9e ( ! pig is ri*e/ 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 b poore/ 9 alkalies1 ( ! f\r common f>m animals2 t ( ! horse comes next 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 x conta9s1 b t1 on ! :ole1 !re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! horse1 c[1 & %eep 9 ?is respect4#acf ,z 9 ! case ( ! dung1 ?is subject is be/ /udi$ 9 relation to ! food consum$4 ,we are aga9 indebt$ to ,wolff's inve/igations = valuable in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,he has f\nd t ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( organic matt]1 nitrog51 & m9]al sub/ances1 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! dry matt] ( ! food1 are void$ 9 ! ur9e3-- ,c[4 ,ox4 ,%eep4 ,horse4 ,av]age ,organic matt] #d4j #d4d #b4j #c4c #c4d ,nitrog5 #ca4j #ed4h #db4c #fj4g #dg4b ,m9]al sub/ances #dc4a #cd4c #da4j #cg4e #ci4jacg ,we h n[ consid]$ briefly ! composition ( ! solid excrem5ts & ur9e ( ! common f>m animals1 & h also enum]at$ "s ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! v>iation 9 _! composition4 ,! solid excreta consi/1 z we h se51 ( undige/$ food1 :ile ! ur9e conta9s ! manurial +r$i5ts ( ! food :i* h be5 dige/$ by ! animal sy/em4#ach ,! latt] is1 weight = weight1 z a rule1 v mu* m valuable z a manure ?an ! =m]4 ,f ! table giv5 9 ! ,app5dix#aci x w be se5 t ! proportions ( ! nitrog5 & a%-con/itu5ts orig9ally pres5t 9 ! food consum$1 :i* are void$ 9 ! excrem5ts1 v>y ) diff]5t circum/ances4 ,wolff1 9 summ>is+ 8 results1 po9ts out t1 z a rule1 ! solid & liquid excrem5ts w conta9 ab\t #df p] c5t ( ! organic matt]1 #hg4c ( ! nitrog51 & #ih4g ( m9]al matt]2 :ile ! exp]im5ts ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t at ,ro?am/$ %[ t1 ) fatt5+ ox5 & %eep & ) horses1 m ?an #ie p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 & #if p] c5t or m ( ! a%-con/itu5ts are void$ 9 ! manure4 ,! pig reta9s a l>g] proportion ( ! nitrog5--ab\t #he p] c5t appe>+ 9 ! manure--:ile 9 ! milk+-c[ only ab\t #ge p] c5t is return$ 9 ! excrem5ts4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may say t ! nitrog5 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! food suff]s v little loss 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! animal sy/em1 & t1 practically speak+1 ! a%-con/itu5ts suff] no loss :atev]4 ,z to ! di/ribution ( ! manurial +r$i5ts1 mu* w dep5d on ! nature ( ! food4 ,almo/ inv>iably m ?an a half ( ! total nitrog5 excret$ w be f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 9 _m cases v mu* m4#adj ,( ! m9]al con/itu5ts1 ab\t a ?ird on ! av]age may be said to be excret$ 9 ! ur9e4 ,( ?is m9]al matt] x may be not$ t ne>ly all ! alkalies 7pota% & soda71 or ab\t #ih p] c5t1 are f\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,( phosphoric acid & lime1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are ! m]e/ traces 9 ! ur9e4 ,horse-ur9e1 h[ev]1 is an exception ) reg>d to lime1 z x conta9s ab\t #fj p] c5t ( ! lime consum$ 9 ! food4 ,= in=mation on ! subject ( pig-manure ! read] is ref]r$ to ,app5dix1 ,note ,v4#ada ,be=e pass+ f ?is "p ( ! subject1 x may be desirable to place be=e our read]s ! composition ( ! dung & ur9e tak5 toge!r1 s t we may be able to =m "s idea ( _! relative value1 weight = weight4 ,z ! nitrog5 con/itutes by f> ! mo/ valuable portion ( ! manurial +r$i5ts1 x w be suffici5t if we comp>e !m z to _! p]c5tage ( ?is +r$i5t4 ,wat]1 ,nitrog51 ,calculat$ on p] c5t4 p] c5t4 dry sub/ance1 ,analyses by p] c5t4 ,%eep #fg 4#ia #b4g ,ju]g5s54 ,horse #gf 4#fe #b4g ,b\ss+ault4 ,pig #hb 4#fa #c4d ,b\ss+ault4 ,c[ #hf 4#cf #b4f ,b\ss+ault4 ,f ^! figures we see t1 9 _! natural condition1 ! excreta ( ! %eep are ! mo/ valuable2 ^? ( ! horse & pig com+ next2 :ile ^? ( ! c[ are ! poore/1 conta9+ "o-?ird z mu* nitrog5 z ^? ( ! %eep1 & "o-half z mu* z ^? ( ! horse & pig4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is due almo/ entirely to ! diff]5t p]c5tage ( wat] ! excreta ( ! v>i\s animals conta9 9 _! natural /ate2 = 9 ! dry /ate !y are se5 to conta91 ) ! s+le exception ( ! pig1 practically ! same am\nt4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 ! important po9ts to be notic$ are-- #a4 ,t 9 ! passage ( ! food ?r\gh ! sy/em ( ! common f>m animals1 only a v small p]c5tage ( ! f]tilis+ sub/ances1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 is assimilat$ & reta9$ 9 ! animal body2 & t1 !re=e1 !oretically at lea/1 ! excreta %\ld conta9 ne>ly ! same am\nt ( f]tilis+ matt] z ! food orig9ally did4 #b4 ,t ev5 9 ! case ( a fatt5+ animal1 ! loss ( f]tilis+ matt] su/a9$ by ! food 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sy/em is n great4 #c4 ,t ) reg>d to ! total am\nt ( solid excreta & ur9e void$1 ! latt] conta9s1 z a rule1 m nitrog5 ?an ! =m]2 ! nitrog5 9 ! ur9e1 fur!r1 be+ m valuable1 z x is 9 a soluble condition4 #d4 ,t z reg>ds ! di/ribution ( ! a%-con/itu5ts1 lime1 phosphoric acid1 & magnesia are almo/ entirely f\nd 9 ! solid excrem5ts2 :ile ! ur9e conta9s ne>ly all ! pota%4 #e4 ,t ! be/ results c be expect$ only :5 ! liquid & solid excreta are us$ toge!r z a manure4 ,z ! composition ( ! manure dep5ds s l>gely on ! nature ( ! food1 a table w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vi41#adb conta9+ ! manurial composition ( "s ( ! common] fe$+-/uffs4 #c4 ,litt]4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! ?ird con/itu5t ( f>my>d manure--viz41 ! litt]1 :i* g5]ally consi/s ( /raw4 ,! uses ( ! litt]1 9 addition to provid+ a dry & com=table b$ = ! animal1 may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,to absorb & reta9 ! liquid portion ( ! excreta4 #b4 ,to increase ! quantity ( ! manure1 & ?us secure its m equal di/ribution :5 appli$ to ! field ?an c\ld o!rwise be done4 #c4 ,to add to its value z a manure1 bo? physically & *emically4 #d4 ,to ret>d & regulate ! decomposition ( ! excreta4 ,( c\rse litt] also p]=ms a v useful function sanit>ily1 inasmu* z x s]ves to keep ! /all or byre fre%] & clean]1 & m free f noxi\s gases1 :i* x absorbs1 ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,/raw is almo/ univ]sally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,besides be+ "o ( ! bye-products ( ! f>m1 x is admirably suit$ 9 _m ways1 bo? ow+ to its peculi> %ape--its tubul> /ructure be+ excell5tly adapt$ = ?is purpose--z well z on acc\nt ( its composition1 be+ l>gely compos$ ( cellulose1 a v absorptive sub/ance4 ,/raw ?us possesses consid]able absorptive p[]4 ,9 manurial +r$i5ts x is n v ri*2 =1 ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! rip5$ plant1 /raw conta9s ! lea/ p]c5tage ( nitrog5 & phosphates4 ,?is is due to ! fact t1 z ! /raw rip5s1 a consid]able proportion ( ^! +r$i5ts passes up f ! /alk to ! se$s1 :]e !y are reta9$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 /raw may be said to conta9 n m ?an a half p] c5t ( nitrog5--i4e41 #aa4b lb4 p] ton4 ,its p]c5tage ( nitrog5 v>ies1 ( c\rse2 ! record$ analyses#adc = :eat-/raw rang+ f 4#bb to 4#ha p] c5t1 or furni%+ an av]age ( 4#dh p] c5t--i4e41 #aj4ge lb4 p] ton4 ,b>ley-/raw is some:at ri*] 9 nitrog51 ! record$ analyses rang+ f 4#da to 4#he p] c5t1 or giv+ an av]age ( 4#eg p] c5t--i4e41 #ab4gf lb4 p] ton2 :ile oat-/raw is ! ri*e/ ( ! common] /raws1 rang+ f 4#cb to #a4ab p] c5t1 an av]age ( 4#gb p] c5t--i4e41 #af4ab lb p] ton4 ,( m9]al matt]1 h[ev]1 /raw conta9s a v mu* l>g] p]c5tage1 proportionally1 ?an ( nitrog52 =1 ) ! exception ( phosphates1 !re is a consid]able quantity ( inorganic f]tilis+ matt]1 9 ! %ape ( pota%1 lime1 c41 pres5t 9 ,composition ( ,/raw4#add ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a%4 ,composition ( ,a%4 -------------------------------------- ,lb4 p] ton4 ,lb4 ---------------------- ,numb] ,p] p] ,pota%4,phosphoric,lime4 ( c5t4 ton4 ,acid ,analyses ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,:eat 7w9t]7 #e4ed #abd4ji #ah4fa #e4je #g4ah #h ,:eat 7summ]7 #e4ad #aae4ac #be4gf #f4dg #g4ab #f ,rye 7w9t]7 #e4cc #aai4ci #bj4fa #e4hi #i4gc #h ,rye 7summ]7 #f4ad #acg4ec #db4da #f4gc #aj4ec #a ,b>ley #d4ij #aji4gf #bf4hc #e4ge #h4gc #h ,oats #e4ji #aad4ja #bf4bb #d4ag #i4ab #d ---------------------------------------- --------------------- x4 ,( total a% +r$i5ts1 on an av]age1 !re are g5]ally ab\t #e p] c5t--or #aab lb4 p] ton4 ,! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( ! f]tilis+ matt] 9 ?is #e p] c5t is pota%1 :i* v>ies 9 ! a%es ( ! /raws ( ! common] crops f #cj to #ae p] c5t4 ,! above table w %[ ! v>iation 9 composition ( ! /raws ( "s ( ! common] f>m crops1 & may be valuable = purposes ( ref]5ce4 ,! crops are :eat 7w9t] & summ]71 b>ley1 oats1 & rye 7w9t] & summ]71 & ! am\nt is also calculat$ 9 lb4 p] ton4 ,! results repres5t ! av]age ( a numb] ( analyses4#ade ,f ! table x w be se5 t ! p]c5tage ( phosphates is1 z has already be5 notic$1 v small4 ,b :ile /raw is well adapt$ = ! purposes = :i* litt] is us$1 x is n ! only sub/ance4 ,its almo/ exclusive use z litt] is l>gely ow+ to ! fact t x is a bye-product ( ! f>m4 ,loam z ,litt]4--,g5]ally speak+1 any sub/ance :i* has great absorptive z well z ret5tive p[]s = nitrog5 & ! soluble f]tilis+ matt]s pres5t 9 f>my>d manure1 & ^: price is nom9al1 is well suit$ = act+ z litt]4 ,ord9>y loamy soil possesses ! above qualifications1 & is1 besides1 a sub/ance to be _h = no?+1 &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances & 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 is actually us$ = ?is purpose1 (t5 along ) /raw4 ,a great objection aga9/ loam1 h[ev]1 is t x =ms a dirty litt]4 ,moreov]1 x possesses a v small p]c5tage ( f]tilis+ matt]4 ,! t5d5cy1 consequ5tly1 9 us+ ord9>y loam1 w\ld be to dilute ! manure too mu*1 besides ret>d+ f]m5tation to an undesirable ext5t4 ,except1 !re=e1 "u v exceptional circum/ances1 loam is n to be reg>d$ z a good litt]4 ,peat z ,litt]4--,"s k9ds ( soil1 h[ev]1 are well suit$ = ?is purpose4 ,( ^!1 ! be/ are ^? ri* 9 organic matt]1 ! s-call$ peaty soils4 ,peat1 :5 dri$ & fre$ f any e>?y matt]1 =ms an excell5t absorb5t ( ! liquid portion ( ! manure1 surpass+ 9 ?is respect /raw itself4 ,x is1 fur!r1 g5]ally v mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5--"s peats hav+ be5 f\nd to conta9 betwe5 #d & #e p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,9 "s ?irty samples ( peat analys$ by ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 v>i$ f 4#d to #b4i1 giv+ an av]age ( #a4e p] c5t4 ,:ile x has a v great capacity = absorb+ liquids1 x possesses 9 an unequall$ degree ! p[] ( reta9+ ! soluble nitrog5 comp\nds4 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ important prop]ties :i* recomm5d peat = ! purposes ( litt]4#adf ,"s int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! value ( peat-moss z a litt] h be5 rec5tly c>ri$ out by ,dr ,b]n>d ,dy]4#adg ,f ^! exp]im5ts ,mr ,dy] has f\nd t bo? its liquid-absorb+ & liquid-reta9+ p[]s are v mu* great] ?an ^? ( /raw4 ,:ile /raw 0 only able to absorb ?ree times its weight ( wat]1 peat-moss 0 f\nd to absorb ne>ly t5 times its weight4 ,) reg>d to its wat]-reta9+ p[]1 ?is 0 also f\nd to be 9 excess ( t ( /raw4 ,bo? ^! prop]ties are1 x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out1 ( v great value 9 a litt]4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 ! respective am\nts ( nitrog5 absorb$ & reta9$ by ! peat-moss & ! /raw4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 9 ?is respect1 ! peat-moss _h aga9 an advantage ov] ! /raw4 ,la/ly1 ! manure produc$ by ! peat-moss 0 %[n to be ri*] 9 f]tilis+ matt] ?an t produc$ by ! use ( /raw4#adh ,^! exp]im5ts are int]e/+ z demon/rat+ ! fact t 9 peat-moss we h a sub/ance :i* is capable ( act+ z an excell5t sub/itute = ! m co/ly /raw1 & :i* might increas+ly be us$ z a fodd] ) great b5efit to ! f>m]4 ,ano!r sub/ance :i* has be5 sugge/$ z an excell5t litt] is ! common brack5-f]n4 ,accord+ to "s analyses made by ,mr ,john ,hughes1 ! brack51 especially if cut 9 a "y /ate1 is a sub/ance ( consid]able manurial value4 ,:5 dri$1 x is v mu* ri*] 9 nitrog51 pota%1 & lime ?an /raw4 ,its absorb5t prop]ties1 h[ev]1 are probably n s great4 ,:]e x c easily & *eaply be _h1 z 9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 x might well be us$ = litt]+ purposes4#adi ,dri$ leaves h also be5 us$ z a litt]4 ,autumn leaves1 h[ev]1 conta9 a v small p]c5tage ( f]tilis+ matt]4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! mo/ ( _! pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog5 pass into ! body ( ! trees at ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,/or]1 dri$ leaves only conta9 f 4#a to 4#e p] c5t pota%14#jjf to 4#c p] c5t phosphoric acid1 & ab\t 4#ge p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,leaves1 h[ev]1 besides be+ poor 9 manurial +r$i5ts1 make a bad litt]1 z !y f]m5t b sl[ly4 ,!re is 9 ?is f]m5tation a l>ge quantity ( cold s\r humic acid =m$1 :i* s]i\sly impairs ! value ( ! manure4#aej ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! composition ( ! ?ree sep>ate +r$i5ts ( f>my>d manure--viz41 ! dung or solid excreta1 ! ur9e1 & ! litt]--we are 9 a position to consid] ! composition ( f>my>d manure4 ,9 ?is connection x w be well to consid] sep>ately ! manures produc$ by ! diff]5t f>m animals4 #a4 ,horse-manure4 ,! composition ( horse-manure is p]haps ! mo/ uni=m ( all ! manures produc$ by ! diff]5t f>m animals4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! food ( ! horse is g5]ally ( ! same k9d1 consi/+ ( oats1 hay1 & /raw4 ,! total excrem5ts void$ by a horse 9 a day h be5 calculat$1 accord+ to ! av]age ( exp]im5ts by ,b\ss+ault & ,h(mei/]1 at #bh4aa lb41 ( :i* only #f4cg lb4 consi/$ ( dry matt]4#aea ,^! #bh4aa lb4 conta9$ 4#ah lb4 ( nitrog5 & 4#ib lb4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,! am\nt ( /raw necess>y to absorb ?is am\nt ( excrem5t may be /at$ at f #d to #f lb4 ,! am\nts ( nitrog5 & m9]al matt] 9 #d lb4 ( /raw are 4#ja & 4#bc lb4 respectively4 ,! total am\nt ( nitrog5 & a%1 !re=e1 9 ! f>my>d manure produc$ by a horse 9 "o day1 w\ld be 4#ai lb4 nitrog5 & #a4ae lb4 m9]al matt]2 or1 if we take ! l>g] quantity ( /raw1 some:at m4 ,tak+ ^! figures1 we f9d t ! am\nt ( manure produc$ by a horse 9 a ye> w be f #aa1gbj to #ab1dej lb4 7i4e41 f #e-a_/d to #e-a_/b tons71#aeb conta9+ f #fi to #gc lb4 nitrog51 & f #dbj to #dfj lb4 m9]al matt]4#aec ,a ^w or two may be ( value reg>d+ ! treatm5t 9 ! /able ( horse-manure4 ,! great object to be aim$ at is ! prev5tion ( loss ( valuable f]tilis+ con/itu5ts4 ,?is loss may be due to two causes4 ,x may be1 9 ! fir/ place1 caus$ by dra9age ( ! soluble matt] ( ! manure2 or secondly1 x may be due to volatilisation ( ! volatile con/itu5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two s\rces ( loss dep5ds on ! precautions tak5 9 ! way ( provid+ a prop] imp]vi\s floor+ to ! /able4 ,?is s\rce ( loss is extremely difficult to prev5t1 inasmu* z ne>ly all mat]ials us$ = floor+ absorb a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ur9e4 ,! judici\s use ( litt]1 h[ev]1 w m9imise ?is loss to )9 a trifl+ ext5t4 ,dr ,heid5 /ates t ! am\nt ( /raw us$ z litt] = ! horse 9 ,g]many is f #d to #f lb4 p] day4 ,! quantity %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to ! p]c5tage ( wat] ! excreta conta92 ! m wat]y excreta requir+ naturally a l>g] quantity ( litt]4 ,! mo/ em95t au?orities on ?is subject recomm5d t ! am\nt ( litt] %\ld equal "o-f\r? ( ! food 9 its natural /ate1 or ab\t "o-?ird ( its dry sub/ance4 ,! second s\rce ( loss1 :i* is due to volatilisation ( ! volatile +r$i5ts1 may be l>gely prev5t$ by ! use ( c]ta9 pres]vatives4 ,horse-dung be+1 comp>atively speak+1 ( a dry nature1 x is extremely difficult to effect its ?or\gh mixture ) ! litt]4 ,= ?is reason ! manure =m$ f horse excreta is p>ticul>ly liable to rapid f]m5tation4#aed ,9 ! process ( f]m5tation1 z w be se5 m 9 detail fur!r on1 ! nitrog5 is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,z nitrog5 9 ?is =m is ( an extremely volatile nature1 ! risks ( loss f ?is s\rce are consid]able4 ,z illu/rat+ ?is fact1 x may be m5tion$ t ,b\ss+ault has f\nd by exp]im5t t ! total p]c5tage ( nitrog5 conta9$ by fre% horse-manure might be r$uc$ 9 ! process ( f]m5tation to "o-half ( its orig9al am\nt by loss f ?is s\rce4 ,! pres]vatives us$ to prev5t ?is volatilisation are te*nically kn[n z fix]s4 ,?is !y d by *emically comb9+ ) ! volatile ammonia & =m+ non-volatile comp\nds ) x4 ,( ! acid fix]s1 hydro*loric & sulphuric acids h be5 recomm5d$4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 is n well suit$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is a /rongly fum+ acid1 & :5 br\ght into contact ) ammonia =ms d5se :ite fumes4 ,! use ( sulphuric acid is n op5 to ?is objection4 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 ! salt =m$ 9 ?is case1 is "o ( ! mo/ /able 7or lea/ volatile7 ( ! comp\nds ( ammonia4 ,if us$1 x %\ld be l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 & ! :ole mix$ ) s&4 ,su* a mixture1 :5 spr9kl$ ov] ! /able-floor 9 ev5 v small quantities1 has be5 f\nd to effectually prev5t any loss ( ! volatile c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on ! :ole advisable to use an acid sub/ance z a fix]1 s9ce su* a sub/ance may act delet]i\sly on ! horses' ho(s4 ,su* sub/ances z gypsum1 copp]as1 & sulphate ( magnesia1 :ile equally effici5t1 are n op5 to ?is objection4 ,! above-m5tion$ sub/ances owe _! efficacy to ! fact t !y are comp\nds ( sulphuric acid1 :i*1 by comb9+ ) ! volatile ammonia & =m+ sulphate ( ammonia1 prev5t its escape4 ,gypsum1 or sulphate ( lime1 al?\gh1 comp>atively speak+1 an insoluble sub/ance1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) c>bonate ( ammonia has be5 prov$ to effect ! conv]sion ( ! ammonia into sulphate ( ammonia4 ,x is also believ$ to ret>d ! decomposition ( ! manure4#aee ,copp]as1 or f]r\s sulphate1 :ile a soluble salt1 & :ile ?us act+ 9 a m spe$y mann] 9 fix+ ! ammonia1 is n s well suit$1 ow+ to ! hurtful influ5ce x is well kn[n to possess on plant-life4 ,x is only "r to rememb] t !re may be circum/ances 9 :i* copp]as may1 9 small quantities1 act ev5 b5eficially z a manure1 z ,griffi?s' exp]im5ts w\ld seem to indicate4 ,! above objection1 h[ev]1 _c be urg$ aga9/ sulphate ( magnesia4 ,9 addition to fix+ ! ammonia1 sulphate ( magnesia may v probably fix ! soluble phosphoric acid4 ,ka9it1 :i* consi/s ( a mixture ( sulphates & *lorides ( potassium & magnesium1 has also be5 sugge/$ = ?is purpose4 ,by us+ su* a fix]1 ! value ( ! result+ manure w\ld be mu* enhanc$4 ,9 conclusion1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ! above-nam$ fix]s act v mu* 9 ! same way--viz41 by conv]t+ ! volatile c>bonate ( ammonia into sulphate ( ammonia4#aef #b4 ,c[-manure4 ,! composition ( ! manure =m$ f ! excrem5titi\s matt] ( ! c[ is v mu* less con/ant ?an is ! case 9 ! horse-manure4 ,an av]age /atem5t ( t composition is !re=e v mu* m difficult to obta94 ,! numb] ( analyses available = ! purpose ( =m+ ?is av]age is1 h[ev]1 v l>ge4 ,! manure produc$ by c[s conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,?is is due to ! l>ge quantity ( wat] !y dr9k4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t mil*-c[s dr9k along ) _! w9t] food1 = e p\nd ( dry sub/ance1 #d lb4 ( wat]1 & 9 summ] ab\t #f lb4 ,accord+ to "s exp]im5ts by ,b\ss+ault1 ! excrem5ts ( a c[ 9 a day am\nt$ to #gc4bc lb41 ( :i* only #i4ib lb4 7 dry matt]4#aeg ,^! excrem5ts conta9$ 4#bef lb4 ( nitrog5 & #a4gbe lb4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,! am\nt ( /raw necess>y to use z litt] = ?is am\nt ( excrem5ts may be tak5 at #f to #aj lb4 ,! manure1 !re=e1 =m$ by a c[ p] day1 w\ld conta9 f 4#bgd to 4#bhf lb4 ( nitrog51 & f #b4jdf to #b4bgh lb4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,9 a ye> ?is w\ld am\nt to f #ajj to #ajd4d lb4 ( nitrog51 & f #gdf4h lb4 to #hca4e lb4 ( m9]al matt]2 or f #f cwt4 #ge lb4 to #g cwt4 #dg lb4 ,c[-dung is1 ow+ to its m wat]y nature & poor] quality1 v mu* sl[] 9 its f]m5tation ?an horse-dung4 ,:5 appli$ alone1 c[-manure is v sl[ 9 its action1 & makes its influ5ce felt = at lea/ ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,x is difficult to spread x ev5ly ov] ! soil1 ow+ to ! fact t1 :5 some:at dri$1 x has a t5d5cy to =m h>d masses1 :i*1 :5 buri$ 9 ! soil1 may resi/ decomposition = a v long p]iod4 ,! cause ( ?is is due to ! pres5ce ( a consid]able am\nt ( mucilag9\s & res9\s matt] 9 ! solid excreta1 :i* prev5ts ! entrance ( moi/ure & air into ! c5tre ( ! mass4 ,?is t5d5cy ( c[-manure to resi/ decomposition w be greatly less5$ 9 ! case ( ! excrem5ts ( a c[ ri*ly f$4 ,! risks ( loss ( volatile ammonia are1 !re=e1 9 its case n s great z we h se5 !m to be 9 ! case ( ! hot horse-dung4 ,not)/&+ ?is fact1 mu* ( :at has be5 said on ! use ( pres]vatives = horse-manure may be also appli$ to ! c[-dung4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t ! dung is all[$ to accumulate 9 ! c\rt = "s "t4 ,! am\nt ( /raw x is advisable to use z litt] v>ies1 z has be5 said1 f #f to #aj lb4 p] day4 ,! be/ me?od ( calculat+ ?is am\nt1 accord+ to ,dr ,heid51 is by tak+ "o-?ird ( ! total weight ( ! dry sub/ance ( ! food4 ,! above au?ority also recomm5ds t ! /raw is be/ appli$ 9 blocks ( ab\t "o foot 9 l5g?2 & ?is = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a4 ,! /rew+ ( x is m conv5i5t4 #b4 ,! absorption ( ! fluid portion is m complete4 #c4 ,! clean+ out ( ! manure f ! byre is easi]4 #d4 ,! manure is m easily di/ribut$ :5 appli$ to ! field4 ,among ! advantages incid5tal to all[+ ! manure to accumulate 9 ! c\rt may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! m ?or\gh absorption ( ! ur9e by ! /raw1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m uni=m mixture :i* w be ?us effect$ ( ! m valuable ur9e ) ! less valuable solid excreta4 #b4 ,a c]ta9 ret>dation ( decomposition effect$ by ! tread+ "u foot ( ! manure4 #c4 ,! protection ( ! manure f ra9 & w9d1 & ! secur+ ( a uni=m temp]ature4 ,aga9/ ^? advantages mu/ be plac$ ! risk ( s]i\sly affect+ ! heal? ( ! animal4 ,al?\gh ?is is a po9t ( v great importance1 x sc>cely falls )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! judici\s use ( "s ( ! *emical fix]s previ\sly ref]r$ to may d mu* to keep ! air ( ! byre or c\rt free ( noxi\s gases4#aeh #c4 ,pig-manure4 ,! food ( ! pig is s v v>iable 9 its "* t x is wellnigh impossible to obta9 any?+ l an av]age analysis ( its excrem5ts4 ,:5 ! food ( ! pig is ri*1 !n ! manure may be q equal 9 quality to ! o!r manures4 ,accord+ to ,b\ss+ault1 ! total am\nt ( excrem5ts1 on an av]age1 void$ by a pig 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs is ab\t #h4cb lb41 ( :i* #a4e lb4 is dry matt]4#aei ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 ^! excrem5ts conta9 is only 4#je lb41 & ( m9]al +r$i5ts 4#cac lb4 ,if we take ! am\nt ( /raw mo/ suitable = absorb+ ?is quantity ( excrem5titi\s matt] at f #d to #h lb41 !n we %all f9d t ! manure produc$ by a pig w conta9 f 4#jf to 4#jgd lb4 nitrog5 & 4#ede to 4#ggb lb4 m9]al matt]4 ,^! quantities1 calculat$ = a ye>1 give f #bb to #bg lb4 ( nitrog51 & f #a cwt4 #hg lb4 to #b cwt4 #eg lb4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,t is ab\t z mu* nitrog5 z w\ld be conta9$ 9 #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda 7#ie p] c5t purity72 or f slightly less ?an #a cwt4 to slightly ov] #a cwt4 ( sulphate ( ammonia 7#ig p] c5t purity74 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! excrem5ts ( ! pig are1 z a rule1 v poor 9 nitrog54 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t pig-manure is a cold manure1 sl[ 9 f]m5t+4#afj #d4 ,%eep-manure4 ,! dung & ! ur9e ( ! %eep1 z we h already se51 are1 weight = weight1 ! mo/ valuable ( any ( ! common f>m animals4 ,! total weight ( ! excrem5ts void$ by a %eep 9 a day may be tak51 on an av]age1#afa at #c4gh lb41 ( :i* 4#ig lb4 is dry matt]4 ,^! excrem5ts conta9 4#jch lb4 ( nitrog5 & 4#bbc lb4 m9]al matt]4 ,tak+ ! am\nt ( /raw mo/ suitable = absorb+ ?is quantity ( excrem5titi\s matt] at ?ree-fif?s ( a p\nd1 !n ! manure produc$ by a %eep 9 a day w conta9 4#jdbi lb4 nitrog5 & 4#bfd lb4 m9]al matt]4 ,t is1 9 a ye> ! quantities ( nitrog5 & m9]al matt] 9 ! manure produc$ by a %eep w\ld be #ae4ff lb4 ( nitrog5 & #if4cf lb4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,f its ri*ness 9 nitrog51 & f its dry condition1 %eep-dung is peculi>ly liable to f]m5t4 ,:ile ri*] 9 f]tilis+ sub/ances ?an horse-manure1 x is n s rapid 9 its f]m5tation4 ,?is is due to ! h>d] & m compact physical "* ( ! solid excreta4 ,! risks ( loss ( volatile ammonia are1 9 its case1 exceptionally great4 ,! use ( artificial fix]s is !re=e to be /rongly recomm5d$4#afb ,f]m5tation ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,hav+ n[ consid]$ ! nature ( ! diff]5t manures produc$ by ! f\r common f>m animals sep>ately1 x is ( importance to consid] ! exact nature ( ! f]m5tation1 decomposition1 or putrefaction :i* takes place 9 ! manure-heap4 ,x is n[ m ?an ?irty ye>s s9ce ,pa/eur %[$ t ! f]m5tation :i* ensu$ on keep+ a sample ( ur9e 0 due to ! action ( a m9ute organism1 = ! propagation ( :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( w>m?1 air1 & moi/ure1 z well z ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 food-con/itu5ts1 especially nitrog5\s bodies1 7 necess>y4 ,subsequ5t rese>*es by ,pa/eur & o!rs h conclusively demon/rat$ t ! micro-organic life in/rum5tal 9 effect+ ! putrefaction or decay ( organic matt] ( any k9d1 may be divid$ into two great classes3-- #a4 ,^? :i* require a pl5tiful supply ( oxyg5 = _! developm5t1 & :i*1 :5 b]eft ( oxyg51 die--kn[n z a]obies4 #b4 ,^? :i*1 on ! contr>y1 develop 9 ! complete abs5ce ( oxyg51 & :i*1 :5 expos$ to oxyg51 die--kn[n z ana]obies4 ,9 ! f]m5tation ( ! manure-heap1 !re=e1 we mu/ conceive ( ! two classes ( organisms z ! active ag5ts4 ,9 ! int]ior portion ( ! manure-heap1 :]e ! supply ( oxyg5 is necess>ily limit$1 ! f]m5tation go+ on !re is effect$ by means ( ! ana]obic organism--i4e41 ! organism :i* does n require oxyg52 :ile on ! surface portion1 :i* is expos$ to ! air1 ! a]obic 7or oxyg5-requir+7 organism is simil>ly active4 ,gradually1 z decay progresses1 ! a]obic organisms increase 9 numb]4 ,x is ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality t ! f9al products ( decomposition are l>gely produc$4 ,! functions ( ! ana]obic organisms may be1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d$ z l>gely prep>atory 9 _! nature4 ,by break+ up ! complex organic sub/ances 9 ! manure into new & simpl] =ms1 !y advance ! process ( putrefaction ?r\gh ! initial /ages2 & :5 ?is is accompli%$1 !y die & give place to ! a]obic1 :i*1 z we h j se51 effect ! f9al trans=mation ( ! organic matt] into su* simple sub/ances z wat] & c>bonic acid gas4 ,! conditions influ5c+ ! f]m5tation ( f>my>d manure may be summ$ up z foll[s3#afc-- #a4 ,temp]ature4--,! high] ! temp]ature ! m rapidly w ! manure decay4 #b4 ,op5ness to ! ,air4--,( c\rse x w be se5 t ! effect ( expos+ ! manure to ! action ( ! air is to induce ! developm5t ( ! a]obic type ( organism1 & ?us to promote m rapid f]m5tation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! manure be impact$1 ! sl[] b m regul> f]m5tation1 due to ! ana]obic type ( organism1 w be *iefly promot$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! prop] rott+ ( f>my>d manure bo? k9ds ( f]m5tation %\ld be fo/]$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 on ! c>eful regulation ( ! two classes ( f]m5tation t ! successful rott+ ( ! manure dep5ds4 ,x mu/ fur!r be rememb]$ t1 ev5 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( op5ness 9 a manure-heap1 ana]obic f]m5tation may take place4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas1 9 su* a case1 is s great z to exclude ! access ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 into ! pores ( ! heap4 #c4 ,! dampness ( ! manure-heap is ano!r important influ5ce4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w act 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by l[]+ ! temp]ature4 ,:]e ! manure-heap is f\nd to be suff]+ f fire-fang1 ! common me?od 9 practice is to l[] ! temp]ature by moi/5+ ! heap ) wat]4 ,secondly1 x acts z a ret>d] ( f]m5tation by limit+ ! supply ( atmosph]ic oxyg51 & ?us prev5t+1 z we h j se51 a]obic f]m5tation4 #d4 ,! f\r? *ief influ5ce 9 regulat+ f]m5tation ( ! manure-heap is its composition1 & m especially ! am\nt ( nitrog5 x conta9s 9 a soluble =m4 ,! rate at :i* f]m5tation takes place 9 any organic sub/ance may be said *iefly to dep5d on ! p]c5tage ( soluble nitrog5\s matt] x conta9s3 ! great] ?is is 9 am\nt1 ! m quickly does f]m5tation g on4 ,!re are always a numb] ( soluble nitrog5\s bodies 9 f>my>d manure4 ,^! are *iefly f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 su* z urea1 uric & hippuric acids1 & ammonia salts4 ,products ( ,decomposition ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,! mo/ important ( ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! rott+ ( f>my>d manure may be briefly enum]at$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! gradual conv]sion into gases ( a l>ge portion ( ! organic elem5ts 9 ! manure4 ,( ^! gase\s products ! mo/ abundant is c>bonic acid gas 7,,co#b74 ,x is 9 ?is =m t ! c>bonace\s matt] :i* con/itutes ! *ief portion ( ! manure escapes into ! air4 ,c>bon also escapes into ! air1 comb9$ ) hydrog51 9 ! =m ( c>burett$ hydrog5 or m>%-gas 7,,*#d71 a product ( ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,?is gas is consequ5tly f\nd bubbl+ up ?r\gh /agnant wat]4 ,next to c>bonic acid gas1 wat] 7,h#b,o7 is ! mo/ abundant gase\s product ( decomposition4 ,! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! manure1 9 diff]5t =ms1 is conv]t$ by ! process ( decomposition *iefly into ammonia1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! c>bonic acid1 =ms c>bonate ( ammonia1 a v volatile salt4 ,x is to ?is fact t "o ( ! great s\rces ( loss 9 ! decomposition ( f>my>d manure is due4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! manure-heap be p]mitt$ to rise too high1 ! c>bonate ( ammonia volatilises4 ,x is probable1 also1 t a n inconsid]able portion ( ! nitrog5 escapes into ! air 9 ! free /ate4 ,! la/ ( ! mo/ important gase\s products ( decomposition are sulphurett$ & phosphorett$ hydrog54 ,x is to ^! gases t mu* ( ! smell ( rott+ f>my>d manure is due4 #b4 ,! second class ( sub/ances =m$ are soluble organic acids1 su* z humic & ulmic acids4 ,! function p]=m$ by ^! acids is a v important "o4 ,!y unite ) ! ammonia & ! alkali sub/ances 9 ! m9]al portion ( ! manure1 =m+ humates & ulmates ( ammonia1 pota%1 c4 ,x is ^! ulmates t =m ! black liquor :i* oozes out f ! manure-heap4 ,9 v rott5 f>my>d manure traces ( nitric acid may be f\nd2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! =mation ( nitrates is practically impossible "u ! ord9>y conditions ( active f]m5tation ( f>my>d manure1 except p]haps 9 its v la/ /ages4 #c4 ,! ?ird class ( *anges tak+ place h to d ) ! m9]al portion ( ! manure4 ,! result ( ! =mation ( s mu* c>bonic & o!r organic acids is to increase ! am\nt ( soluble m9]al matt] v consid]ably4 ,analyses ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,x is *iefly to ! valuable rese>*es ( ! late ,dr ,augu/us ,voelck] t we owe our k ( ! composition ( old & fre% f>my>d manure4 ,all int]e/$ 9 ?is important "q %\ld p]use ! orig9al pap]s on ?is subject contribut$ to ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society' by ,dr ,voelck]4 ,typical analyses illu/rat+ ! v>iation 9 ! composition ( f>my>d manure at diff]5t /ages ( decomposition w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4#afd ,f :at has be5 already said1 x is obvi\s *at ! composition ( f>my>d manure is ( a v v>iable nature4 ,! quantity ( moi/ure naturally v>ies mo/1 & ?is v>iation w dep5d on ! age ( ! manure1 & ! conditions "u :i* x is p]mitt$ to decay4 ,x may be tak5 at f a m9imum ( #fe p] c5t 9 fre% to #hj p] c5t 9 well-rott$ manure4 ,! total organic matt] may be tak5 at f #ac to #ad p] c5t1 conta9+ nitrog5 4#d to 4#fe p] c5t4 ,! total m9]al matt] w range f ab\t #d to #f4e p] c5t1 conta9+ ( pota% f 4#d to 4#g p] c5t1 & ( phosphoric acid f 4#b to 4#d p] c5t4#afe ,z ,mr ,w>+ton#aff has po9t$ out1 "o ton ( f>my>d manure w\ld ?us conta9 #i to #ae lb4 ( nitrog51 ab\t ! same quantity ( pota%1 & #d to #i lb4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,^! quantities ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 calculat$ to 7#ie p] c5t7 nitrate ( soda1 & 7#ig p] c5t7 sulphate ( ammonia1 & 7#be p] c5t7 sup]phosphate1 give respectively #eg4be to #if lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #de to #ge lb4 sulphate ( ammonia1 & #ce to #gi lb4 sup]phosphate4 ,t is1 9 ord] to apply z mu* nitrog5 to ! soil z is conta9$ 9 "o ton ( nitrate ( soda1 we %\ld require to use f #bc to #da tons ( f>my>d manure3 simil>ly "o ton ( sulphate ( ammonia conta9s z mu* nitrog5 z #cj to #ej tons f>my>d manure4 ,9 ! same way "o ton ( sup]phosphate ( lime conta9s z mu* phosphoric acid z #bh to #fd tons f>my>d manure4 ,! value ( rott5 manure is1 weight = weight1 great] ?an t ( fre% manure4 ,?is is due to ! fact t1 :ile ! wat] increases 9 am\nt1 ! loss ( organic matt] ( a non-nitrog5\s nature m ?an c\nt]balances ! increase 9 wat]4 ,! manure1 !re=e1 becomes m conc5trat$ 9 quality4 ,! loss on ! total weight1 accord+ to ,wolff1 9 ! rott+ ( f>my>d manure1 %\ld n exce$ 9 two or ?ree mon?s' "t #af to #bj p] c5t--viz41 a six? to a fif? ( its entire weight4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ! manure become ri*] 9 manurial +r$i5ts1 b ! =ms 9 :i* ! manurial +r$i5ts are pres5t 9 rott5 manure are m valuable1 z !y are m soluble4 ,^! /atem5ts mu/ n be tak5 z prov+ t x is m economical to apply f>my>d manure 9 a rott5 condition ?an 9 a fre% "o4 ,! di/9ction mu/ n be lo/ sight ( :i* exi/s betwe5 relative increase--increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( valuable con/itu5ts--& absolute increase4 ,! increase 9 ! value ( ! manure by ! *anges ( ! manurial +r$i5ts f ! insoluble to ! soluble condition may be effect$ at ! exp5se ( a consid]able am\nt ( absolute loss ( ^! valuable +r$i5ts4 ,?is is a po9t :i* is probably too (t5 left out ( acc\nt 9 discuss+ ! relative m]its ( fre% & rott5 f>my>d manure2 & x is important t x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,9 ! words ( ! late ,dr ,voelck]3 ,direct exp]im5ts h %[n t #ajj cwt4 ( fre% f>my>d manure are r$uc$ to #hj cwt4 if all[$ to lie till ! /raw is half rott52 #ajj cwt4 ( fre% f>my>d manure are r$uc$ to #fj cwt4 if all[$ to f]m5t till x becomes 'fat or *eesy'2 #ajj cwt4 ( fre% f>my>d manure are r$uc$ to #dj-ej cwt4 if completely decompos$4 ,?is loss n only affects ! wat] & o!r less valuable con/itu5ts ( f>my>d manure1 b also its mo/ f]tilis+ +r$i5ts4 ,*emical analysis has %[n t #ajj cwt4 ( common f>my>d manure conta9 ab\t #dj lb4 ( nitrog51 & t dur+ f]m5tation 9 ! fir/ p]iod #e lb4 ( nitrog5 are dissipat$ 9 ! =m ( volatile ammonia2 9 ! second1 #aj lb42 9 ! ?ird1 #bj lb4 ,completely decompos$ common manure has ?us lo/ ab\t "o-half ( its mo/ valuable con/itu5t4#afg ,:ile1 ( c\rse1 a v great am\nt ( absolute loss ( ! valuable con/itu5ts--! nitrog5 & a%-con/itu5ts--( f>my>d manure may take place ?r\gh volatilisation & dra9age1 by tak+ requisite precautions ?is loss may be v mu* m9imis$4 ,z reg>ds ! total loss1 ?is1 9 two or ?ree mon?s' "t1 %\ld only am\nt to #af to #bj p] c5t--or "o-six? to "o-fif? ( ! weight4#afh ,! use ( fix]s1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 w greatly m9imise ?is loss4 ,! application ( fix]s is be/ made to ! manure :5 /ill 9 ! /all or byre4 ,! heal? ( ! animal b5efits by s do+1 :ile ! manure is at once gu>d$ aga9/ loss f ?is s\rce4 ,z to ! relative m]its ( cov]$ & uncov]$ manure-heaps1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s4 ,x is "o ( ^? que/ions :i* does n admit ( f9al decision "o way or ano!r1 z x dep5ds s l>gely on ! individual circum/ances ( ea* case4 ,t manure produc$ "u cov] is m valuable ?an manure made 9 ! op5 is readily grant$4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is z to :e!r ! increase 9 its value is suffici5tly great to w>rant ! extra exp5se involv$ 9 build+ cov]$ c\rts4 ,?is dep5ds on ! individual circum/ances ( ea* case1 & _c be decid$ 9 a g5]al way4 ,= exp]im5ts on ! relative value ( manure made "u cov] & 9 ! op51 see ,app5dix4#afi ,! me?od ( apply+ f>my>d manure to ! field is a "q :i* belongs m to ! practical f>m] ?an1 to ! sci5ti/1 & mu/ be l>gely decid$ by economic consid]ations4 ,!re is an aspect1 h[ev]1 ( ! "q :i* may well be treat$ "h4 ,! fir/ po9t 9 ! production ( good manure is 9 connection ) its ev5 di/ribution4 ,x is ( great importance t ! excrem5ts ( ! diff]5t f>m animals be ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r4 ,by ! intimate incorporation ( ! hot horse-dung ) ! cold c[ & pig dung1 uni=m f]m5tation is secur$4 ,fire-fang--or too rapid f]m5tation--may occur f ?is n be+ prop]ly done1 & f ! manure becom+ too dry4 ,x is important1 also1 z we %all see imm$iately1 to h ! manure uni=m 9 quality :5 appli$ to ! field4 ,! manure ought to be firmly trodd5 d[n1 to mod]ate ! rate ( f]m5tation4 ,:]e ! manure-heap is expos$ to ra91 ! quantity ( wat] x w naturally receive w probably be q suffici5t1 if inde$ n too mu*1 to ensure a prop] rate ( f]m5tation--except1 p]haps1 9 v w>m wea!r4 ,! great po9t to be aim$ at is to ensure regul> f]m5tation4 ,:at has to be especially avoid$ is any sudd5 exposure ( ! manure to l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,! result ( su* a wa%+-out ( ! soluble nitrog5 is to ret>d f]m5tation1 besides incurr+ ! risk ( great actual loss by dra9age4#agj ,application ( ,f>my>d ,manure to ! ,field4 ,9 apply+ ! manure to ! field1 & be=e pl\gh+ x 91 two me?ods ( proc$ure may be pursu$4 ,fir/1 ! manure may be set out 9 heaps1 l>g] or small]1 ov] ! field1 & be all[$ to rema9 9 ^! heaps "s "t be=e be+ spread2 & secondly1 x may be directly spread broadca/ ov] ! field1 & ?us all[$ to lie = "s "t4 ,la/ly1 ! manure may be pl\gh$ 9 imm$iately2 & x may be /at$ t su* a me?od is1 :]e circum/ances p]mit1 ! safe/ & mo/ economical me?od4#aga ,9 discuss+ ! m]its & dem]its ( ^! two me?ods1 ,dr ,heid5 po9ts out1 fir/1 ) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ! manure 9 small heaps ov] ! field1 t ?is is n to be recomm5d$1 on ! foll[+ gr\nds3-- #a4 ,because ! *ances ( loss by volatilisation are !reby increas$4 ,! manure is di/ribut$ sev]al times in/ead ( only once or twice4 #b4 ,x is apt to ensure unequal di/ribution4 ,! sep>ate heaps run ! risk ( los+ _! soluble nitrog5\s matt]1 :i* soaks into ! gr\nd b5ea? ! heaps4 ,! o!r portions ( ! field n cov]$ by ! manure-heaps are ?us manur$ ) wa%$-out f>my>d manure1 b]eft ( its mo/ valuable con/itu5ts4 ,! result is1 t :ile c]ta9 portions ( ! field are too /rongly manur$1 o!r portions are too weakly manur$4 #c4 ,! prop] f]m5tation ( ! manure is apt to be int]f]$ ) by ! loss ( t :i* is its mo/ important ag5t--viz41 ! soluble nitrog5\s matt]--& also by ! dry+ action ( ! w9d4 ,! same objections hold good to a l>ge ext5t ) reg>d to ! sett+ out 9 ! fields ( ! manure 9 l>ge heaps4 ,! risks ( loss1 9 "o respect1 may be said to be less1 ow+ to ! small] surface pres5t$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may be great]1 ow+ to f]m5tation tak+ place m quickly4 ,agricultural practice1 h[ev]1 (t5 r5d]s ?is cu/om necess>y2 & if precautions are tak5 n to let ! heap lie too long1 & to cov] x ov] ) e>?1 ! risk ( s]i\s loss may be r5d]$ inconsid]able4 ,) reg>d to ! second me?od ( proc$ure--viz41 ! spread+ ( ! manure broadca/ ov] ! field1 & all[+ x ?us to lie--,dr ,heid5 is ( op9ion t ?is %\ld only be done :5 ! field is level4 ,9 ! case ( unev5 gr\nd ! risks are1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s4 ,x has be5 affirm$ t1 by all[+ f>my>d manure ?us to lie expos$ = "s "t1 an important loss ( volatile ammonia--c>bonate ( ammonia--is apt to take place4 ,?is c\ld only take place :]e ! =m] treatm5t ( ! f>my>d manure _h be5 bad4 ,hellriegel has %[n t 9 ! case ( prop]ly prep>$ f>my>d manure !re is no dang] ( loss 9 ?is way4 ,! absorptive p[] ( ! soil = ammonia1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is v great1 & ! am\nt ( volatile ammonia 9 f>my>d manure is relatively s small t x is sc>cely possible t any c\ld escape 9 ?is way4 ,hellriegel's exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ ?is 9 a v /rik+ way4 ,he has f\nd t 9 ! case ( a *alky soil1 & dur+ ! summ] & autumn mon?s1 practically no loss ( ammonia takes place4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations may be fur!r urg$ 9 support ( ?is me?od ( application1 z aga9/ imm$iately pl\gh+ 9 ! manure1 viz43-- #a4 ,t f]m5tation takes place m quickly4 #b4 ,t x results 9 a m equable di/ribution ( ! manurial con/itu5ts 9 ! dung1 by gradually & ?or\ghly incorporat+ ! liquid portion ( ! manure ) ! soil-p>ticles4 ,aga9/1 h[ev]1 ^! und\bt$ advantages1 "o s]i\s disadvantage may be urg$--viz41 t ! manure1 be=e be+ pl\gh$ 91 becomes robb$ to a l>ge ext5t ( its soluble nitrog5\s comp\nds1 :i*1 z we h repeat$ly obs]v$1 are s necess>y = f]m5tation2 & t1 !re=e1 :5 x is pl\gh$ 91 x does n s readily f]m5t4 ,?is be+ s1 x is highly advisable1 9 ! case ( light or s&y soils1 n to foll[ su* a practice1 b to pl\gh ! manure directly 94 ,z to ! dep? to :i* x is advisable to pl\gh ! manure 91 x may be "h notic$ t x %\ld n be too deep1 s z to p]mit ( ! access ( suffici5t moi/ure to ensure prop] f]m5tation1 & to prev5t rapid wa%+ d[n ( nitrates to ! dra9s4 ,la/ly1 x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out t x is highly important to h ! manure ev5ly & ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! soil-p>ticles4 ,:]e ! manure is p]mitt$ to cake toge!r 9 lumps1 x may successfully resi/ ! action ( f]m5tation = sev]al ye>s4 ,value & ,function ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,practical exp]i5ce has long demon/rat$ ! fact t f>my>d manure is1 tak+ x all r\nd1 ! mo/ valuable1 & admits ( ! mo/ univ]sal application1 ( all manures2 & sci5ce has done mu* to expla9 ! reason ( ?is4 ,! influ5ce ( f>my>d manure is s _m-sid$ t x is difficult ev5 to enum]ate its diff]5t functions4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 its indirect value z a manure is probably z great z1 if inde$ ev5 n great] ?an1 its direct value4 ,9 conclud+ our /udy ( f>my>d manure1 we %all endeav\r to summ>ise1 9 z brief a mann] z possible1 its *ief prop]ties4 ,fir/1 z to its value z a suppli] ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( plant-food4 ,?is1 !re c be little d\bt1 has be51 & /ill is1 grossly exagg]at$ by ! ord9>y f>m]4 ,mu* has be5 claim$ = x z a g5]al manure4 ,h[ f> x m]its pre-em95ce on ?is score among o!r manures w be se5 9 ! sequel4 ,x is true t1 s9ce x is compos$ ( vegetable matt]1 x conta9s all ! necess>y plant +r$i5ts4#agb ,z has be5 %[n 9 ! ,introduction1 !re is practically 9 ! case ( mo/ soils no necessity to add to a manure any m ?an ! ?ree +r$i5ts1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,its value1 !n1 z a direct manure1 mu/ dep5d on ! quantity & proportion 9 :i* ^! ?ree +r$i5ts are pres5t4 ,^! sub/ances1 z we h already se51 x conta9s only 9 v small quantities4 ,x is1 judg$ f ?is po9t ( view1 a comp>atively poor manure4 ,fur!rmore1 only a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ^! sub/ances is 9 a soluble or imm$iately available condition1--9 ?is respect ! rott5 manure be+ v mu* m valuable ?an ! fre% manure4 ,aga91 a po9t ( great importance 9 a univ]sal manure is ! proportion 9 :i* ! necess>y plant-foods are pres5t4 ,if x be ask$1 ,are ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% 9 f>my>d manure pres5t 9 ! proportion 9 :i* crops require ^! con/itu5ts8 ! answ] mu/ be 9 ! negative4 ,heid5#agc has v /rik+ly illu/rat$ ?is po9t1 9 s f> z ! relations betwe5 ! two a% +r$i5ts are conc]n$1 by "s computations z to ! am\nt :i* w\ld be remov$ f ! soil 9 ! c\rse ( diff]5t rotations4#agd ,9 ! case ( five diff]5t rotations x 0 f\nd t ! ratio betwe5 ! pota% & phosphoric acid remov$ 0 z foll[s3#age 7#a7 #b4if to #a2 7#b7 #b4gf to #a2 7#c7 #b4ie to #a2 7#d7 #d4ac to #a2 7#e7 #c4gh to #a4 ,?is w\ld give a mean ( #c4cb to #a4 ,?is is n ! ratio 9 :i* ^! +r$i5ts are g5]ally pres5t 9 f>my>d manure4 ,f>my>d manure may be said to be mu* ri*] 9 ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( plants ?an 9 nitrog54 ,pr(essor ,heid5 f\nd t 9 ! case ( a f>m at ,waldau1 ! crops 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s remov$ f a morg5 74#fca ( an acre7 ! foll[+ quantities3-- lb4 ,nitrog5 #cbi ,pota% #bfc ,phosphoric acid #aba ,9 ord] to supply ^! am\nts ! foll[+ quantities ( manure w\ld require to be suppli$3-- #a4 ,= ! nitrog51 #bf or #bg tons 7manure conta9+ 4#fjf p] c5t nitrog574 #b4 ,= ! pota%1 #bj to #be tons 7manure conta9+ 4#fgb p] c5t pota%74 #c4 ,= ! phosphoric acid1 #ac to #ai tons 7manure conta9+ 4#cae p] c5t phosphoric acid74 ,f ! above x w be se5 t f>my>d manure conta9s too little nitrog5 9 proportion to its a% +r$i5ts4 ,x is n m]ely ! am\nt ( f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ by ! crop we h to take into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ ! value ( c]ta9 manurial +r$i5ts = ! diff]5t crops4 ,two o!r consid]ations h to be rememb]$--viz41 ! am\nt ( ! con/itu5ts already pres5t 9 ! soil1 & ! ability ( ! diff]5t crops to obta9 ! +r$i5ts f ! soil4 ,if we take into acc\nt ^! two consid]ations 9 e/imat+ ! value ( f>my>d manure z a g5]al manure1 we %all f9d t !y acc5tuate ! inadequacy ( ! ratio exi/+ betwe5 ! nitrog5 & ! m9]al +r$i5ts4 ,messrs ,lawes & ,gilb]t h f\nd 9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts ) f>my>d manure1 t :ile x re/or$ ! m9]al +r$i5ts1 x 0 inadequate z a suffici5t s\rce ( nitrog54 ,nitrog5 is1 ( all manurial +r$i5ts1 9 lea/ abundance 9 soils4 ,x is consequ5tly f\nd t ! +r$i5t 9 :i* f>my>d manure requires to be re9=c$ is nitrog54 ,) reg>d to phosphoric acid & pota%1 x has already be5 %[n t ! ratio betwe5 !m is probably great] ?an t 9 a good av]age manure4 ,we %\ld1 argu+ f ?is alone1 be incl9$ to ?9k t f>my>d manure w\ld be be/ re9=c$ ) pota%4 ,! rev]se is ! case1 h[ev]1 z e f>m] kn[s4 ,?is is due1 fir/1 to ! fact t ! pota%1 unlike ! phosphoric acid1 is entirely ( a soluble nature1 & !re=e imm$iately available = ! plant's ne$s2 & secondly1 to ! fact t ! necessity = ! application ( pota% z a manure is g5]ally n ne>ly s great z 9 ! case ( phosphoric acid4 ,! result is1 t f>my>d manure w be1 z a rule1 m valuably supplem5t$ by phosphoric acid ?an by pota%4 ,ano!r po9t ( great importance1 9 e/imat+ ! value ( f>my>d manure z a *emical manure1 is ! inf]ior value possess$ by mu* ( ! nitrog5 x conta9s1 z comp>$ ) ! nitrog5 9 su* artificial manures z nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,accord+ to ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 weight = weight1 ! nitrog5 9 f>my>d manure is n half s valuable z x is 9 sulphate ( ammonia4 ,mu* ( ! nitrog5 becomes only v sl[ly available2 n a little ( x p]haps actually takes ye>s to be conv]t$ into nitrates4#agf ,?us1 ) reg>d to ! direct value ( f>my>d manure z a manure1 we h se5-- #a4 ,t x conta9s a v small quantity ( ! ?ree f]tilis+ +r$i5ts4 #b4 ,t ! proportion 9 :i* ^! ?ree +r$i5ts are pres5t is n ! be/ proportion = ! requirem5ts ( crops4 #c4 ,t ! =m 9 :i* a portion ( ^! +r$i5ts--nitrog5 & phosphoric acid--is pres5t is n ( ! mo/ valuable k9d4 ,x is consequ5tly n z a direct *emical manure t f>my>d manure is pre-em95tly valuable4 ,we mu/ seek = p]haps its mo/ valuable prop]ties 9 its indirect influ5ce4 ,x adds to ! soil a l>ge quantity ( organic matt]4 ,mo/ soils are improv$ by ! addition ( humus4 ,! wat]-absorb+ & reta9+ p[]s ( a soil are increas$ by ?is addition ( humus1 :ile x enables ! soil to attract an increas$ am\nt ( moi/ure f ! air4 ,?is is (t5 ( great importance1 z 9 ! p]iod ( g]m9ation ( se$4#agg ,! influ5ce x ex]ts on ! texture ( ! soil 9 ! process ( f]m5tation is also v great4 ,?is is especially s 9 soils ^: texture is too close1 su* z heavy clayey soils4 ,x op5s up _! pores to ! air1 & r5d]s !m m friable4 ,:]e su* an influ5ce is mo/ requir$1 z 9 clayey soils1 ! manure ought to be appli$ 9 a fre% condition1 s t ! maximum influ5ce ex]t$ by ! manure 9 ?is direction may be exp]i5c$4 ,on light soils1 on ! contr>y1 ^: friability & op5ness are already too great1 & :i* d n require to be increas$1 ! manure w be be/ appli$ 9 a rott5 condition4 ,x adds1 fur!r1 greatly to ! heat ( ! soils by its decomposition4 ,?us on cold damp soils x effects "o v m>k$ b5efit4 ,! influ5ce x ex]ts 9 its decomposition ^u ! f]tilis+ +r$i5ts pres5t 9 ! soil is also by no means inconsid]able4 ,9 ! process ( its f]m5tation l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid gas are g5]at$4 ,?is c>bonic acid probably acts 9 a d\ble capacity4 ,x w1 9 ! fir/ place1 greatly increase ! solv5t p[] ( ! soil-wat]1 & ?us enable x to set free an increas$ am\nt ( m9]al plant-food2 & secondly1 x w help to cons]ve a c]ta9 quantity ( ! soil-nitrog51 by prev5t+ its conv]sion into nitrates4 ,z its indirect & me*anical prop]ties are greate/ :5 9 its fre% condition1 x w be bett] to apply x 9 t condition to soils mo/ lack+ 9 ^! me*anical prop]ties4 ,we may !re=e say t f>my>d manure is be/ appli$ 9 a rott$ condition to light s&y soils1 & to soils 9 a high /ate ( cultivation1 :]e its me*anical prop]ties are n s mu* requir$4 ,an important po9t /ill rema9s to be discuss$--viz41 ! rate at :i* ! f>my>d manure %\ld be appli$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 %\ld naturally dep5d on a v>iety ( circum/ances--! am\nt ( artificial manures us$ z supplem5t>y to ! f>my>d manure1 ! frequ5cy ( its application1 & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,^! consid]ations naturally v>y s mu*1 t ! quantities ( f>my>d manure x is advisable to apply 9 diff]5t cases are widely diff]5t4 ,!re is a /rong probability t ! rate at :i* f>my>d manure has be5 appli$ 9 ! pa/ has be5 grossly 9 excess ( :at c\ld be pr(itably employ$4 ,op9ion is ga9+ gr\nd among practical f>m]s1 t small] & m frequ5t applications ( f>my>d manure to ! soil w\ld be fraught ) bett] results ?an ! old] cu/om ( apply+ a l>ge dress+ at a "t4 ,?is is an op9ion 9 ! support ( :i* sci5ce c urge /rong argum5ts4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t we h come to recognise suffici5tly ! v>i\s risks :i* all f]tilis]s are subject to 9 ! soil1 & ! importance1 !re=e1 ( m9imis+ ^! risks z mu* z possible by putt+ into ! soil at "o "t only z mu* manure z x is safely able to reta94 ,! fam\s old ,g]man writ] ,?a] reg>d$ #ag or #ah tons z an abundant dress+2 #ad tons he call$ good1 & #h or #i tons light4 ,o!r ,g]man au?orities speak ( #g to #aj tons z light1 #ab to #ah tons z usual1 #bj or m tons z heavy1 & #cj tons z a v heavy application4#agh ,9 ! new edition ( ,/eph5s' ',book ( ! ,f>m1'#agi f #h to #ab tons p] acre = roots1 & f #ae to #bj tons = potatoes1 along ) artificials1 :i* may co/ f #bes4 to #fjs4 p] acre additional1 are quot$ z g5]al dress+s4 ,! majority ( rec5t exp]im5ts ) f>my>d manure w\ld seem to indicate t1 ev5 9 ! case ( :at are consid]$ small dress+s1 ! extra return 9 crop ! fir/ ye> aft] application is n su* z to cov] ! exp5se ( ! manure4 ,( c\rse1 z is commonly po9t$ out1 ! effect ( f>my>d manure is ( a la/+ nature1 & is probably felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole rotation1 or ev5 long]4 ,?is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is no d\bt true2 /ill x may be /rongly d\bt$ :e!r f>my>d manure is1 aft] all1 an economical manure1 z comp>$ ) artificial manures4 ,! desirability ( manur+ ! soil & n ! crop is1 9 ?is age ( ke5 competition1 no long] believ$ 92 & ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts h %[n t x is highly d\btful :e!r ev5 ! soil b5efits to any?+ l a comm5surate ext5t by ! application ( l>ge quantities ( f>my>d manure4 ,?is is ( c\rse assum+ = f>my>d manure ! value t x w\ld fet* :5 sold1 or1 to put x r diff]5tly1 ! price x w\ld co/ if ! f>m] _h to pur*ase x4 ,f>my>d manure is a necess>y bye-product ( ! f>m1 & c sc>cely be reg>d$1 !re=e1 9 ! same light z ! artificial manures :i* ! f>m] buys4#ahj ,,footnotes3 #aca ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #bgi4 #acb ,! l>ge am\nt ( pota% 9 unwa%$ wool is v rem>kable3 a fleece mu/ sometimes conta9 m pota% ?an ! :ole body ( ! %orn %eep4--,w>+ton's ',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m1' p4 #gh4 #acc ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #bgi4 #acd ,! ur9e ( ! pig1 f ! nature ( its food1 is1 z a g5]al rule1 a v poor nitrog5\s manure4 #ace ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xv41 p4 #bij4 #acf ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii41 p4 #bhj4 #acg ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xviii41 p4 #bia4 #ach ,! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! ur9e1 x may be well to po9t out1 is d]iv$ f ! wa/e ( nitrog5\s tissue z well z f nitrog5\s matt] ( ! food dige/$4 #aci ,note ,,iv41 p4 #bha4 #adj ,w>+ton puts ?is matt] admirably 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,if ! food is nitrog5\s & easily dige/$1 ! nitrog5 9 ! ur9e w greatly prepond]ate4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! food is "o imp]fectly dige/$1 ! nitrog5 9 ! solid excrem5t may =m ! l>g] quantity4 ,:5 poor hay is giv5 to horses1 ! nitrog5 9 ! solid excrem5t w exce$ t conta9$ 9 ! ur9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 corn1 cake1 & roots yield a l>ge excess ( nitrog5 9 ! ur9e4 7',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m1' p4 #acg74 #ada ,see p4 #bha4 #adb ,see p4 #bhb4 #adc ,see ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 ii4 p4 #eh4 #add ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 i4 p4 #djd4 #ade ,! foll[+ quantities ( nitrog5 are f\nd 9 rye1 pea1 & bean /raw3-- ,rang+ f ,av]age ,lb4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] ton4 ,rye-/raw 4#cj to 4#gc 4#eg #ab4gf ,pea-/raw 4#gf to #a4fa #a4ba #bg4aj ,bean-/raw #a4ae to #b4fb #a4ib #dc4jj #adf ,dr ,j4 ,m4 ,h4 ,munro recomm5ds ! spr9kl+ ( a little f9ely sift$ peat-p[d] 9 addition to /raw1 z an excell5t means ( prev5t+ loss ( volatile ammonia 9 ! f]m5tation ( manure4 #adg ,see ',m>k ,lane ,express1' ,octob] #g1 #ahhi1 p4 #dge4 #adh ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vii41 p4 #bhc4 #adi ,= analyses see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,viii41 p4 #bhc4 #aej ,accord+ to ,/or]1 9 a ton ( autumn leaves ( ! be/ quality !re w\ld be #f lb4 ( pota%1 less ?an #c lb4 ( phosphoric acid1 & #aj or #ae lb4 ( nitrog54 ,ano!r sub/ance t may be us$ z a litt] is sawdu/4 ,?is sub/ance is a good absorb5t1 b is ( little value z a manurial sub/ance4 #aea ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #cd1 #ff4 ,9 ,b\ss+ault's exp]im5ts ! food consi/$ ( #ae lb4 hay1 #d4ed lb4 oats1 & #cb lb4 wat]2 ! total excrem5ts am\nt+ to #ca4af lb41 conta9+ #g4db lb4 dry matt]4 ,9 ,h(mei/]'s exp]im5ts ! food consi/$ ( #e4bc lb4 hay1 #f4ah lb4 oats1 #a lb4 *opp$ /raw1 & #be4eg lb4 wat]2 ! excrem5ts am\nt+ to #be4jg lb41 conta9+ #e4cb lb4 dry matt]4 #aeb ,?is is tak+ no acc\nt ( ! am\nt ( wat] :i* ! manure w absorb1 & :i* w probably d\ble ! quantity4 #aec ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ix41 p4 #bhc4 #aed ,! rapid f]m5tation ( horse-manure is due to its me*anical z well z its *emical nature4 ,! horse does n r$uce its food to su* small pieces1 & its ur9e is ri* 9 nitrog54 #aee ,s*ulze recomm5ds "o-?ird ( a p\nd p] day ( sulphate ( lime = ea* horse4 #aef ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,x41 p4 #bhd4 #aeg ,! food consi/$ ( #cj lb4 potatoes1 #ae lb4 hay1 & #abj lb4 wat]4 #aeh ,= fur!r analyses ( c[-manure1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xi41 p4 #bhf4 #aei ,?is is = a pig ( six to eight mon?s old1 & f$ on potatoes4 #afj ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! use ( pig-manure1 :5 appli$ alone1 is apt to give an unpleasant ta/e to ! produce gr[n4 #afa ,tak5 f a v l>ge numb] ( analyses by a numb] ( exp]im5t]s4 ,see ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 i4 p4 #ii4 #afb ,see ,/or]1 ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 ii4 p4 #if4 ,a "q ( great importance is z to ! am\nt ( f>my>d manure produc$ on a f>m 9 a ye>1 & its value4 ,?is is a "q :i* is extremely difficult to satisfactorily deal )4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( calculat+ ?is am\nt h be5 resort$ to4 ,x may be well to /ate ^! pretty fully4 ,"s practical au?orities e/imate ! am\nt by calculat+ t e ton ( /raw %\ld produce #d tons ( manure4 ,ano!r me?od consi/s 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt f ! size ( ! f>m4 ,sir ,john ,lawes has calculat$ ! composition ( f>my>d manure :i* %\ld be produc$ 9 ! case ( a f>m ( #djj acres1 f>m$ on ! f\r-c\rse sy/em4 ,he assumes t half ( ! roots & #ajj tons ( hay are consum$ at ! home/ead2 t ! :ole ( ! /raw ( ! corn crops is reta9$ at home z food & litt]2 t twelve horses h corn equal to #aj lb4 ( oats p] head p] day2 & t ab\t t5 %ill+s p] acre are exp5d$ 9 ! pur*ase ( cake = fe$+ /ock4 ,"u ^! conditions ! am\nt ( f>my>d manure %\ld be #hee tons 7or an av]age ( #h-a_/b tons = ea* ( ! #ajj acres ( root-crop7 ( fre% undecompos$ dung4 7,= composition1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xvii41 p4 #bia47 ,ano!r me?od is by tak+1 z ! data ( calculation1 ! numb] ( cattle1 horses1 %eep1 c41 produc+ ! manure4 ,lloyd consid]s t a fatt5+ animal requires #c tons ( /raw 9 ! ye>1 & makes ab\t #ab tons ( manure4 ,a f>m]1 !re=e1 %\ld make #h tons ( manure = e acre ( t "p ( 8 l& :i*1 9 ! f\r-c\rse rotation1 is put d[n to turnips4 ,! la/ me?od consi/s 9 tak+ z ! data ! am\nt ( food consum$ & litt] us$ 9 ! production ( ! manure4 ,( ^! me?ods ,heid5 consid]s ! la/ z alone satisfactory & tru/wor?y4 ,apply+ ?is me?od to ! horse1 he %[s1 f exp]im5ts1 t a little ov] #dg p] c5t ( ! dry matt] ( its food has be5 prov$ to be void$ 9 ! solid & liquid excreta4 ,tak+ ! av]age p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ! excreta z ab\t #gg4e1 ! p]c5tage ( dry matt] 9 ! excreta w be #bb4e4 ,t is1 e p\nd ( dry matt] 9 ! food eat5 by ! horse yields a little ov] #b lb4 ( excrem5titi\s matt]4 ,to ?is ( c\rse mu/ be add$ ! am\nt ( /raw us$ z litt]1 :i* may be tak5 at #f4e lb4 ,f ^! data we may calculate ! am\nt ( manure produc$ 9 a ye> by a horse1 mak+ c]ta9 assumptions z to ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$4 ,?is ,heid5 does by assum+ t a horse works #bfj days1 ( twelve h\rs ea*1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 or #acj :ole days1 sp5d+ #bce days 9 ! /all4 ,calculat+ f ! above data1 he e/imates t a well-f$ work+ horse w produce ab\t #ej lb4 ( manure 9 a day1 or #f4e tons 9 a ye>4 ,( c\rse ?is does n necess>ily repres5t all ! manure actually produc$ by ! horse1 b h[ mu* ( ! rema9+ portion ( ! manure actually f9ds its way to ! f>m x is impossible to say4 ,accord+ to ! ',book ( ! ,f>m1' ,division ,,iii4 p4 #ih1 a f>m-horse makes ab\t #ab tons ( manure 9 a ye>4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t c[s void ab\t #dh p] c5t ( ! dry matt] ( _! food 9 ! solid & liquid excreta1 :i* conta9 ( wat]1 on an av]age1 #hg4e p] c5t4 ,t is1 e p\nd ( dry matt] w furni% #c4hd lb4 ( total excreta4 ,by add+ ! necess>y am\nt ( /raw = litt] 7:i* may be tak5 at "o-?ird ! weight ( ! dry matt] ( ! fodd]71 ,heid5 calculates t an ox weigh+ #ajjj lb4 %\ld produce #aac lb4 ( manure 9 a day1 or #bj tons 9 a ye>4 ,! ',book ( ! ,f>m1' ,division ,,iii4 p4 #ih1 gives ! annual am\nt at f #aj to #ad tons4 ,accord+ to ,wolff1 "o may assume t on an av]age ! fre% excrem5ts 7bo? liquid & solid7 ( ! common f>m animals 7) ! exception ( ! pig7 conta9 ( e #ajj lb4 ( dry matt] 9 ! food consum$ ab\t #ej lb41 or a half4 ,e/imat+ ! dry matt] 9 ! litt] us$ at equal to ab\t #a_/d ( ! dry matt] ( ! food1 ?is w\ld mean t = e #ajj lb4 ( dry matt] consum$ 9 food !re w\ld be #ge lb4 ( dry manure 7viz41 #ej lb4 dry excrem5ts #be lb4 dry litt]71 :i* w\ld yield #cjj lb4 ( f>my>d manure 9 ! wet /ate--i4e41 ) #ge p] c5t wat]4 ,! am\nt ( food daily requir$ p] e #ajjj lb4 ( live-weight ( ! common f>m animals may be tak51 r\ghly speak+1 at #bd lb4 dry food mat]ial & #f lb4 ( /raw z litt]4 ,! daily production ( manure = #ajjj lb4 ( live-weight w\ld am\nt1 !re=e1 to #ah lb4 ( dry1 or #gb lb4 wet manure4 7,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xvii41 p4 #bia47 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,c4 ,morton & ,ev]%$1 ox5 fe$+ 9 boxes require #bj lb4 ( /raw p] head p] day z litt]4 ,an ox1 !re=e1 w make #h tons ( fre% dung 9 six mon?s1 us+ #cb cwt4 ( litt]4 ,?is means t ea* ton ( litt] gives #e tons ( fre% dung4 ,x is calculat$ t ne>ly twice z mu* litt] mu/ be us$ 9 op5 y>ds4 #afc ,x has be5 calculat$ t "u ord9>y circum/ances %eep-dung1 :5 all[$ to f]m5t by itself1 %\ld d s 9 ab\t f\r mon?s1 horse-dung 9 six mon?s1 & c[-dung 9 eight mon?s4 #afd ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xii41 p4 #bhf4 #afe ,see ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aef4 #aff ,w>+ton1 ',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m1' p4 #cc4 #afg ,rec5t exp]im5ts by ,mu5tz & ,gir>d 9 ,france h %[n t ! loss 9 %eep excreta f volatilisation ( ! c>bonate ( ammonia am\nt$ to ov] #ej p] c5t4 ,by ! use ( /raw litt] ?is 0 r$uc$ to ab\t a half less1 & ) e>? litt] "o qu>t] less4 #afh ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xiii41 p4 #bhh4 #afi ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xiv41 p4 #bhi4 #agj ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xv41 p4 #bij4 #aga ,= spr+ application rott5 f>my>d manure is g5]ally us$1 because 9 ?is condition its f]tilis+ matt] is m quickly available4 ,on light l& x is be/ to apply x 9 ! rott5 condition %ortly be=e x is likely to be us$4 7,see p4 #bfa47 #agb ,! total am\nt ( plant-food 9 a ton ( f>my>d manure is toge!r less ?an #a_/bj? ( its total weight4 #agc ,see ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aga4 #agd ,= full details see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,xvi41 p4 #bij4 #age ,/or] reproduces ^! results 9 8 ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ba4 #agf ,?is aspect ( f>my>d manure has be5 ably /at$ by ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,cooke1 a well-kn[n ,norfolk f>m]4 ,9 comm5t+ on ! results ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 he says3 ,x is cle> en\gh t ! fai? ( ! f>m] 9 ! soil-enri*+ "* ( 8 home-made manure is amply ju/ifi$2 ! only "q be+1 inde$1 if ?is quality be n too highly appreciat$4 ,x is n1 aft] all1 s mu* by ! fatt5+ ( our l& z by ! b\nty ( ! crop gr[n ^u x t we reap ! fruit ( our ex]tions4 ,! man ( sci5tific m9d keeps 8 purpose fix$ on ! production ( good crops ma9ly1 & ! *eape/ way to gr[ !m4 ,! exp]im5ts "u consid]ation %[ t ri*ness ( l& may be pur*as$ mu* too de>ly1 & t ri*ness ( crop by no means be>s ! necess>y relation to ri*ness ( soil :i* has sometimes be5 imag9$4 ,we may boa/ ( ! 'la/+ qualities' ( our dung1 b ! answ] ( sci5ce by ^! exp]im5ts is1 t s great is ! la/ t ! life ( "o man may n be long en\gh to exhau/ x4 ,9 ! extravagant use ( dung1 !re=e1 su* consid]ations1 among/ _m o!rs1 z l5g? ( purse1 z well z l5g? & "* ( t5ure1 mu/ cle>ly be tak5 into acc\nt4 #agg ,see pap] on ,manurial ,exp]im5ts ) ,turnips by au?or1 9 ',transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&2' #ahia4 #agh ,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #dih4 #agi ,division ,,iii4 p4 #acj4 #ahj ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,cooke1 :o has already be5 quot$1 has k9dly furni%$ ! au?or ) 8 views on ! peculi> functions ( f>my>d manure z a manure4 ,he says3 ,i look ^u x1 broadly speak+1 z *iefly ( value 9 re/or+ to good l&1 aft] cropp+1 ^? p>ticul> advantages :i* good l& alone c give1 & 9 help+ bett] ?an any o!r manure1 :5 appli$ to poor l&1 to br+ x up to ! level ( good l& 9 ^? p>ticul> m]its :i* belong alone to f9e soils4 ,i speak n[ ( an inh]5t value 9 good soils1 beyond t atta*+ to !m z m]e res]voirs ( abundant plant-food4 ,= in/ance1 "o may supply a poor soil by artificial manure ) mu* m food--& 9 a highly soluble condition--?an is ne$$ by ! crop to be gr[n ^u x1 & yet n get s good a crop z ^u a naturally ri*] b o!rwise simil> soil less abundantly fill$ ) imm$iately available food4 ,?is may arise f a m p]fect di/ribution ( ! plant-food 9 ! ri* soil1 or f ! /eady way 9 :i* x becomes available to ! crop1 z well z = o!r reasons4 ,b :atev] ! cause1 !re1 ,i ?9k1 is ! broad fact ( ! p[] ( f>my>d manure to enri* poor soils1 s to speak1 m naturally--t is1 9 a way :i* makes !m m ne>ly correspond to bett] soils ?an artificial manures c4 ,h5ce ! indirect b5efit to ! f>m] f f>my>d manure is probably great] ?an its direct value z a m]e manure4 ,& ! usual provision & use ( x among/ all /raw-gr[+ f>m]s is suffici5tly ju/ifi$4 ,! ext5t1 h[ev]1 to :i* t c\rse may be b5eficially c>ri$1 is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! _m difficult economic & sci5tific problems :i* ! f>m] has to face4 ,on ! economic side mu/ ( c\rse be consid]$ ! co/ ( manufacture 9 individual in/ances1 z rul$ by ! m>ket value ( ! /raw1 & ! diff]5t circum/ances & conditions "u :i* ! v>i\s f>m animals are kept & f$ 7,i h ! figures by me ( "o well-kn[n f>m]1 :i* %[ ! co/ to him ( e ton ( home-made manure to be #bjs4 or m72 ! price ! resultant crops may be expect$ to comm&2 ! co/ at ! mom5t ( artificial manures1 c41 c4 ,:il/ on ! sci5tific side mu/ be consid]$ ! nature ( ! soil1 ! p>ticul> rotation ( crops1 c4 ,x 01 among/ o!rs1 j ^! sci5tific & yet v def9ite & practical problems we h tri$ to ?r[ light on 9 ! s]ies ( field exp]im5ts conduct$ = sev]al ye>s by ! ,norfolk ,*amb] ( ,agriculture4 7,see repr9t ( summ>y ( same 9 la/ ye>'s ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture47 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #bbe74 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,excreta ,,void$ ,,= ,,food ,,consum$4 ,) reg>d to ! diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ! solid excreta void$ by diff]5t fatt5+ animals f$ on ! same am\nt ( food1 see ,w>+ton's ',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m1' p4 #abe1 :]e x is %[n t = equal am\nt ( live-weight1 ! %eep produces on ! same weight ( dry food v mu* m manure ?an ! pig1 :ile ! ox produces ev5 m ?an ! %eep4 ,( c\rse ?is does n ref] to ! total am\nt ( manure produc$ by ! diff]5t animals1 b only to ! am\nt ( manure produc$ f ! consumption ( equal quantities ( food4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ow+ to ! great] capacity ! pig has = assimilat+ its food4 ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #bbg74 ,,solid ,,excreta ,,void$ ,,by ,,%eep1 ,,ox51 ,,& ,,c[s4 ,to contra/ ) ! analyses giv5 by ,/oeckh>dt1 x may be well to cite ^? bas$ on ,lawes & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts1 & quot$ by ,w>+ton 7',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m1' p4 #ach73-- ,i4--,,%eep 7f$ on mead[-hay74 ,,solid ,,excrem5t4 ,fre%4 ,dry4 ,wat] #ff4b - ,organic matt] #cj4c #hi4f ,a% #c4e #aj4d ---- ---- ,nitrog5 4#g #b4j ,,ii4--,,ox5 7f$ on clov]-hay & oat-/raw1 ) #h lb4 beans p] day74 ,fre%4 ,dry4 ,wat] #hf4c - ,organic matt] #ab4c #hi4g ,a% #a4d #aj4c ---- ---- ,nitrog5 4#c #a4i ,,iii4--,,c[s 7f$ on mangels & luc]ne hay74 ,mangels4 ,luc]ne hay4 ,wat] #hc4jj #gi4gj ,nitrog5 4#cc 4#cd ,phosphoric acid 4#bd 4#af ,pota% 4#ad 4#bc ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #bcb74 ,,ur9e ,,void$ ,,by ,,%eep1 ,,ox51 ,,& ,,c[s4 ,! foll[+ are ! results = ur9e1 ! animals be+ f$ z 9 ,note ,,ii43-- ,%eep4 ,ox54 ,fre%4 ,dry4 ,fre%4 ,dry4 ,wat] #he4g - #id4a - ,organic matt] #h4g #fa4j #c4g #fc4j ,a% #e4f #ci4j #b4b #cg4j ---- ---- ---- ---- ,nitrog5 #a4d #i4f #a4b #bj4f ,c[s4 ,mangels4 ,luc]ne hay4 ,wat] #ie4id #hh4be ,nitrog5 4#ab #a4ed ,phosphoric acid 4#ja 4#jjf ,pota% 4#ei #a4fi ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #bcc74 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,food ,,void$ ,,9 ,,! ,,solid ,,& ,,liquid ,,excrem5ts4 ,accord+ to ,wolff1 ! foll[+ table %[s ! p]c5tage ( ! dry sub/ance ( ! food :i* is void$ 9 ! solid & liquid excrem5ts ( ! c[1 ox1 %eep1 & horse3-- ,c[4 ,ox4 ,%eep4 ,horse4 ,av]age4 ,solid excreta #ch4j #dd4j #db4f #df4g #db4h ,ur9e #e4h #f4c #f4h #e4g #f4b ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,total #dc4h #ej4c #di4d #eb4d #di4j ,,note ,v4 7p4 #bcd74 ,,pig ,,excrem5ts4 ,! excrem5ts void$ by pigs are poor 9 manurial con/itu5ts1 because ! food on :i* !y are f$ is g5]ally ( a v poor nature4 ,9 _! case ! ur9e is always v mu* ri*] 9 manurial +r$i5ts ?an ! solid excreta4 ,! relative composition ( ! solid excreta & ! ur9e w be be/ illu/rat$ by quot+ "s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,wolff on ?is subject4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out ) two pigs n9e & a half mon?s old1 & ea* #aba4i kilogrammes 7a kilogramme is equal to ab\t #b-a_/d lb47 9 weight4 ,! fir/ consum$ daily #ajjj grammes ( b>ley1 #ejjj grammes ( potatoes1 & #begb grammes ( s\r-milk4 ,! second "o consum$ ! same quantities ( potatoes & s\r-milk z ! fir/1 & #ajjj grammes ( peas4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( excreta & ur9e daily void$1 9 grammes3-- ,dry ,nitrog54 ,a%4 ,pota%4 ,lime4 ,magnesia4 ,phosphoric sub/ance acid4 ,solid ,i4 #bag4g #h4g #bh4f #g4c #d4d #c4j #aj4c excreta ,,ii4 #afa4a #i4a #ca4a #e4i #d4i #b4h #aa4a ,ur9e ,i4 #aab4h #ai4c #ef4b #cc4j #j4d #j4i #f4g ,,ii4 #acg4g #cj4f #fb4b #cg4a #j4b #a4a #g4a ,,note ,,vi47p4 #bcf74 ,,manurial ,,con/itu5ts ,,9 #ajjj ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,foods4 ,bas$ on ,lawes & ,gilb]t's ,analyses4 7,w>+ton's ',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m1' p4 #aci47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,dry ,nitrog54 ,pota%4 ,phosphoric matt]4 acid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,cotton-cake1 decorticat$ #iah #gj4d #ae4h #cj4e ,rape-cake #hhg #ej4e #ac4j #bj4j ,l9se$-cake #hhc #dc4b #ab4e #af4b ,cotton-cake1 undecorticat$ #hgh #cc4c #bj4j #bb4g ,l9se$ #hhb #cb4h #aj4j #ac4e ,palm-k]nel meal1 ,engli% #icj #be4j #e4e #ab4b ,beans #hee #dj4h #ab4i #ab4a ,peas #heg #ce4h #aj4a #h4d ,malt-du/ #ije #cg4i #bj4h #ah4b ,bran #hfj #bc4b #ae4c #bf4i ,oats #hgj #bj4f #d4h #f4h ,rice-meal #ijj #ai4a #f4a #bc4h ,:eat #hgg #ah4g #e4b #g4i ,rye #heg #ag4f #e4h #h4e ,b>ley #hfj #ag4j #d4g #g4h ,maize #hij #af4f #c4g #e4g ,brew]s' gra9s #bcd #g4h #j4d #c4i ,clov]-hay #hdj #ai4g #ah4f #e4f ,mead[-hay #heg #ae4e #af4j #d4c ,bean-/raw #hdj #ac4j #ai4d #b4i ,oat-/raw #heg #f4d #af4c #b4h ,b>ley-/raw #heg #e4f #aj4g #a4i ,:eat-/raw #heg #d4h #f4c #b4b ,potatoes #bej #c4d #e4h #a4f ,sw$es #ajg #b4b #b4j #j4f ,c>rots #adj #b4a #c4j #a4a ,mangels #abj #a4h #d4f #j4g ,turnips #hj #a4f #b4i #j4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,note ,,vii4 7p4 #bda74 ,,analyses ,,( ,,/able-,,manure1 ,,made ,,respectively ,,) ,,peat-,,moss ,,litt] ,,& ,,:eat-,,/raw 7by ,,b]n>d ,,dy]1 ,b4,sc47 ,peat-moss litt]4 ,:eat-/raw4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,total nitrog5 #j4hh #j4fa ,equal to ammonia #a4jg #j4gd ,phosphoric acid #j4cg #j4dc ,equal to ,tribasic phosphate ( lime 7or ,tricalcic phosphate7 #j4hj #j4id ,pota% #a4jb #j4ei ,,note ,,viii4 7p4 #bdb74 ,,analyses ,,( ,,brack5 7by ,j4 ,,hughes1 ,f4,c4,s47 ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,"y f]n4 ,old f]n4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #aa4ff #ad4ij 99 ,organic matt] #hc4ch #hj4ed ,m9]al matt] #d4if #d4ef ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ------ ------ ,conta9+-- 99 ,nitrog5 #b4db #j4ij ,silica #a4fj #b4ha ,pota% #a4ae #j4aj ,soda #j4fd #j4bf ,lime #j4dd #j4fb ,magnesia #j4ac #j4dg ,phosphoric acid #j4fj #j4cj ,,note ,,ix4 7p4 #bdd74 ,,analyses ,,( ,,horse-,,manure4 ,= a full] discussion ( ?is "q1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahe1 & also to ,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #ege4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ! diff]5t text-books z to ! quantity ( manure produc$ by ! horse are su* z naturally to p]plex ! /ud5t4 ,?is discrepancy is due1 h[ev]1 to ! diff]5t me?ods adopt$ by diff]5t writ]s ( calculat+ ?is am\nt4 ,! subject is fur!r discuss$ 9 ! footnote to p4 #beb4 ,! foll[+ analyses ( horse-manure may be valuable = ref]5ce4 ,!y are tak5 f ,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #dif3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,wat] #ge4gf #fi4cj #fg4bc #gb4ac #ga4cj #ga4ae ,dry matt] #bd4bd #bd4hb #cb4gb #bg4hg #bh4gj #bg4fg ,a% +r$i5ts #e4jg #e4je #f4di #c4cg #c4cj #d4fe ,pota% #j4ea #j4fc #j4bb #j4ei #j4ec #j4di ,lime #j4cj #j4gd #j4ag #j4da #j4ba #j4cf ,magnesia #j4ai #j4bi #j4bj #j4ag #j4ad #j4bj ,phosphoric acid #j4da #j4fg #j4ce #j4ab #j4bh #j4cf ,ammonia #j4bf #j4ab #j4ae #j4dd - #j4bd ,total nitrog5 #j4ec #j4fi #j4dg #j4fg #j4eh #j4ei ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,note ,x4 7p4 #bdg74 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,reactions ,,( ,,ammonia ,,fix]s4 ,= ! /ud5t1 ! exact nature ( ! *emical reactions tak+ place may be ( int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t ! =m 9 :i* ammonia escapes f ! manure-heap is n1 z is s commonly errone\sly /at$ 9 agricultural text-books1 z free ammonia4 ,:5ev] ammonia is br\ght into contact ) c>bonic acid1 c>bonate ( ammonia is =m$4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t c>bonic acid is by f> ! mo/ abundant ( ! gase\s products ( ! decomposition ( organic matt]1 x w be at once se5 t free ammonia c\ld n exi/ "u su* circum/ances4 #a4 ,9 ! case ( hydro*loric acid1 ! foll[+ *emical equation w repres5t ! nature ( ! reaction-- #b;,h,cl 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c #b,,nh#d;,cl ,h#b,o,,co#b 7,hydro*loric 7c>bonate ( ammonia17 7sal-ammoniac17 7c>bonic acid47 acid17 #b4 ,9 ! case ( sulphuric acid1 ! equation w be-- ,h#b,,s#d 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d ,h#b,o,,co#b 7,sulphuric 7c>bonate ( 7sulphate ( ammonia17 7c>bonic acid47 acid17 ammonia17 #c4 ,) gypsum 7,ca,s,o#d7-- ,ca,s,o#d 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c ,ca,c,o#c 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d 7,gypsum17 7c>bonate ( 7calcium 7sulphate ( ammonia47 ammonia17 c>bonate17 #d4 ,) copp]as 7,fe,s,o#d7-- ,fe,s,o#d 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c ,fe,c,o#c 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d 7,sulphate ( 7c>bonate ( 7f]r\s 7sulphate ( ammonia47 iron17 ammonia17 c>bonate17 #e4 ,) sulphate ( magnesia 7,mg,s,o#d7-- ,mg,s,o#d 7,,nh#d7b;,,co#c ,mg,c,o#c 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d 7,sulphate ( 7c>bonate ( 7c>bonate ( 7sulphate ( magnesia17 ammonia17 magnesia17 ammonia47 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! fact t magnesium sulphate may probably n only fix ! ammonia1 b ! phosphoric acid4 ,:5 magnesium sulphate1 soluble phosphoric acid1 & ammonia are br\ght 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 ! d\ble insoluble phosphate ( ammonium & magnesium 7,mg,n,h#d,,po#df;,aq7 is =m$4 ,:ile su* a reaction is possible1 x is highly improbable t x takes place to any ext5t4 ,! d\ble phosphate is a cry/all9e salt :i* only sep>ates aft] a consid]able "t1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge excess ( ammonia4 ,,note ,,xi4 7p4 #bej74 ,,analyses ,,( ,,c[-,,manure4#aha ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,wat] #he4cj #gg4ga #gd4jb #gb4hg #ge4jj #gg4ej #gg4jf ,dry matt] #ad4gj #bb4cj #be4ih #bg4ac #be4jj #bb4ej #bb4ic ,a% +r$i5ts #b4jd #d4ga #c4id #f4gj #f4bb #b4bj #d4cj ,pota% #j4cf #j4df #j4ef #a4fi #j4ci #j4dj #j4fd ,lime #j4bi #j4cg #j4eh #j4da #j4bd #j4ca #j4dh ,magnesia #j4ai #j4aa #j4ac - #j4ah #j4aa - ,phosphoric acid #j4af #j4ac #j4jg #j4bj #j4ad #j4af #j4ad ,ammonia #j4jf #j4af #j4jg - #j4bg - #j4ad ,total nitrog5 #j4ch #j4ed #j4da #j4gi #j4df #j4cd #j4dh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,note ,,xii4 7p4 #bei74 ,,composition ,,( ,,fre% ,,& ,,rott5 ,,f>my>d ,,manure 7,,voelck]74 ,composition ( fre% manure1 compos$ ( horse1 c[1 & pig dung1 ab\t f\rte5 days old3-- ,wat] #ff4ag 99 ,soluble organic matt] #b4dh ,soluble inorganic matt] #a4ed ,insoluble organic matt] #be4gf ,insoluble inorganic matt] #d4je ------ #ajj4jj ------ 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#adi ,equal to ammonia 4#aha ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#did ,equal to ammonia 4#eii ,total p]c5tage ( nitrog5 4#fdc ,equal to ammonia 4#ghj ,ammonia 9 a volatile /ate 4#jcd ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts 4#jhh ,composition ( ! :ole a%3-- ,soluble 9 wat]1 #bg4ee p] c5t3-- ,soluble silica #d4be ,phosphate ( lime #e4ce ,lime #a4aj ,magnesia #j4bj ,pota% #aj4bf ,soda #j4ib ,*loride ( sodium #j4ed ,sulphuric acid #j4bb ,c>bonic acid & loss #d4ga ,insoluble 9 wat]1 #gb4de p] c5t3-- ,soluble silica #ag4cd ,insoluble silici\s matt] #aj4jd ,oxide ( iron & alum9a ) phosphates #h4dg 7,conta9+ phosphoric acid1 #c4ah p] c5t47 7,equal to bone-e>?1 #f4hh p] c5t47 ,lime #bj4ba ,magnesia #b4ef ,pota% #a4gh ,soda #j4ch ,sulphuric acid #a4bg ,c>bonic acid & loss #aj4dj ------ #ajj4jj ------- ,composition ( rott5 dung1 six mon?s old1 is z foll[s3-- ,wat] #ge4db 99 ,soluble organic matt] #c4ga ,soluble inorganic matt] #a4dg ,insoluble organic matt] #ab4hb ,insoluble inorganic matt] #f4eh ------ #ajj4jj ------ 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#big ,equal to ammonia 4#cfj ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#cji ,equal to ammonia 4#cge ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 4#fjf ,equal to ammonia 4#gce ,ammonia 9 a volatile /ate 4#jdf ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts 4#jeg ,composition ( ! :ole a%3-- ,soluble 9 wat]1 #ah4bg p] c5t3-- ,soluble silica #c4af ,phosphate ( lime #d4ge ,lime #a4dd ,magnesia #j4ei ,pota% #e4eh ,soda #j4bi ,*loride ( sodium #j4df ,sulphuric acid #j4gb ,c>bonic acid & loss #a4bh ,insoluble 9 wat]1 #ha4gc p] c5t3-- ,soluble silica #ag4fi ,insoluble silica #ab4ed ,phosphate ( lime - ,oxides ( iron alum9a ) phosphates #aa4gf 7,conta9+ phosphoric acid1 #c4dj p] c5t47 7,equal to bone-e>?1 #g4cf p] c5t47 ,lime #bj4gj ,magnesia #a4ag ,pota% #j4ef ,soda #j4dg ,*loride ( sodium - ,sulphuric acid #j4gi ,c>bonic acid & loss #af4je ------ #ajj4jj ------ ,,note ,,xiii4 7p4 #bfc74 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,fre% ,,& ,,rott5 ,,manure 7,,wolff74 ,fre%4 ,mod]ately rott5 7,tak+ ! quantity ( dry matt] z ! same47 ,dry matt] #be4jj #be4jj ,a% #c4ha #d4gf ,nitrog5 #j4ci #j4di ,pota% #j4de #j4ef ,lime #j4di #j4fa ,magnesia #j4ab #j4ae ,phosphoric acid #j4ah #j4bc ,sulphuric acid #j4aj #j4ac ,silica #j4hf #a4jh ,,note ,,xiv4 7p4 #bfc74 ,,"l ,,k9naird',s ,,exp]im5ts4#ahb ,"l ,k9naird has giv5 ! p>ticul>s ( a v c>eful exp]im5t4 ,he tri$ to te/ ! comp>ative value ( manure kept 9 an op5 c\rt ) t kept "u cov]4 ,he select$ ! same k9d ( cattle1 gave !m ! same k9d & quantity ( food1 & b$d$ !m ) ! same k9d ( /raw4 ,a field ( #bj acres ( uni=m l& 0 select$4 ,?is hav+ be5 equally divid$1 #b acres out ( ea* #aj gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,potatoes gr[n ) ,uncov]$ ,manure4 ,tons4 cwt4 lb4 ,fir/ measurem5t--#a acre produc$4 #g #f #h ,second d4 d4 d4 #g #ah #ii ,potatoes gr[n ) ,cov]$ ,manure4 ,fir/ measurem5t--#a acre produc$4 #aa #ag #ef ,second d4 d4 d4 #aa #ab #bf ,?is %[s an increase ( ab\t #d tons ( potatoes p] acre ) ! cov]$ manure4 ,! next ye> ! wea!r 0 wet1 gra9 s(t & n 9 v good ord]1 b ! foll[+ 0 ! am\nt ( produce3-- ,:eat gr[n ) ,uncov]$ ,manure4 ,weight p] ,produce 9 gra94 bu%el4 ,produce 9 /raw4 ,acre4 bu%els4 lb4 lb4 /ones4 lb4 ,fir/ #da #ai #fa-a_/b #aeb ( #bb ,second #db #ch #fa-a_/b #afj ( #bb ,:eat gr[n ) ,cov]$ ,manure4 ,fir/ #ec #e #fa #bbj ( #bb ,second #ec #dg #fa #baj ( #bb ,,note ,,xv4 7pp4 #bca1 #bfd74 ,,dra9+s ,,( ,,manure-,,heaps4 ,! importance ( n sep>at+ ! liquid portion f ! solid portion has already be5 po9t$ out 9 deal+ ) ! composition ( ! solid excreta & ! ur9e4 ,^! two con/itu5ts ( ! manure are complem5t>y to "o ano!r1 & ! value ( f>my>d manure z a g5]al manure is v mu* impair$ if ! liquid portion is n appli$ along ) ! solid4 ,9 "o important respect d ! dra9+s ( manure-heaps diff] f ur9e--t is1 9 ! p]c5tage ( phosphates !y conta91 ! latt] be+ practically devoid ( phosphoric acid4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( dra9+s f a manure-heap 7,wolff73-- ,dry sub/ance #ah4j ,magnesia #j4d ,a% #aj4g ,phosphoric acid #j4a ,nitrog5 #a4e ,sulphuric acid #j4g ,pota% #d4i ,silica #j4b ,lime #j4c ,,note ,,xvi4 7p4 #bgj74 ,,am\nts ,,( ,,pota% ,,& ,,phosphoric ,,acid ,,remov$ ,,by ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,rotations ,,f ,a ,,prussian ,,morg5 74#fca ,,acre74 ,pota%4 ,phosphoric acid4 lb4 lb4 #a4 ,:eat #af4dj #aj4fg ,oats #aj4dg #d4ei ,potatoes #ff4da #ah4cc ,hay #ci4ed #aa4cb ------ ----- #acb4hb #dd4ia ------ ----- ,! ratio ( pota% to phosphoric acid is #b4if to #a4 #b4 ,:eat #af4ij #aj4fg ,b>ley #ag4dd #aj4fe ,potatoes #ff4da #ah4cc ,hay #ci4ed #aa4cb ------ ----- #adj4bi #ej4ig ------ ----- ,! ratio ( pota% to phosphoric acid is #b4gf to #a4 #c4 ,rye #bj4jc #ab4ae ,oats #aj4ig #d4ei ,potatoes #ff4da #ah4cc ,hay #ci4ed #aa4cb ------ ----- #acf4ie #df4ci ------ ----- ,! ratio ( pota% to phosphoric acid is #b4ie to #a4 #d4 ,:eat #af4ij #aj4fg ,oats #aj4ig #d4ei ,mangels #adh4ed #be4fb ,hay #ci4ed #aa4cb ------ ----- #bae4ie #eb4bj ------ ----- ,! ratio ( pota% to phosphoric acid is #d4ac to #a4 #e4 ,rye #bj4jc #ab4ae ,b>ley #ag4dd #aj4fe ,mangels #adh4ed #be4fb ,hay #ci4ed #aa4cb ------ ----- #bbe4ee #ei4gd ,! ratio ( pota% to phosphoric acid is #c4gh to #a4 ,,note ,,xvii4 7pp4 #bec1 #bed74 ,,composition ,,( ,,f>my>d ,,manure 7,,fre%71 7calculat$ by ,,sir ,,john ,,lawes74 ,phosphoric acid ,total dry ,total m9]al calculat$ z ,pota%4 ,nitrog54 matt]4 matt]4 phosphate ( lime4 ,p]c5t #cj4j #b4gg 4#ej 4#ec 4#fd ,p] ton 79 lb47 #fg4b #fb4j #aa4a #ab4j #ad4c ,,note ,,xviii4 7p4 #bcb74 ,,! ,,ur9e4 ,an important consid]ation we h omitt$ to take note ( 9 ! text is ! quantity ( ! ur9e void$4 ,x is ?is consid]ation t r5d]s ! ur9e s mu* m valuable ?an ! solid excreta4 ,9 ! case ( a man x has be5 e/imat$ t ! ur9e void$ is fifte5 times z mu*1 is twelve times z ri* 9 nitrog51 ?ree times 9 pota%1 & two 9 phosphoric acid1 z ! solid excreta 7,munro74 ,! relation ( solid matt] 9 ! case ( ! f>m animals is n exactly simil>4 ,! ur9e ( ! ox is ab\t twice ! weight ( its solid excreta4 ,bo? ! horse & ! %eep1 h[ev]1 void z a rule m solid excreta ?an ur9e4 ,munro1 9 8 "w on ',soils & ,manures1' contra/s ! composition ( ! ur9e & solid excreta ( ! diff]5t f>m animals by ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- #a ton ( ur9e conta9s #a ton ( solid excreta 9 lb43 conta9s 9 lb43 ,nitrog54 ,pota%4 ,nitrog54 ,c[ #cj #bj #i ,horse #cf #bb #ab ,%eep #ch #cj #af ,,footnotes3 #aha ,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 ,i4 p4 #dif4 #ahb ,scott's ',manures & ,manur+1' p4 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,guano4 ,importance 9 ,agriculture4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( artificial manures1 guano des]ves ! fir/ place4 ,?is x does ma9ly on hi/orical gr\nds1 z x is n[ l>gely a manure ( ! pa/4 ,n m]ely has x be5 us$ 9 agriculture to an ext5t to :i* no o!r artificial manure has z yet ev] approximat$1 b its influ5ce on agricultural practice has be5 enorm\s4 ,introduc$ into ?is c\ntry ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 x 0 ! fir/ ( artificial manures to be us$ 9 l>ge quantities4#ahc ,x may be ?us describ$ z hav+ introduc$ ! mod]n sy/em ( int5sive cultivation1 & giv5 rise to ! n[ almo/ univ]sal practice ( artificial manur+4 ,influ5ce on ,briti% ,f>m+4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to ov]-e/imate ! important influ5ce :i* ! introduction ( ?is mo/ valuable f]tilis] has ex]cis$ on ,briti% z well z1 to a l>ge ext5t1 on ,european husb&ry4 ,be=e its introduction ! f>m] 0 almo/ completely dep5d5t on 8 f>my>d manure4 ,he 0 ti$ d[n to a great ext5t1 by ! exig5cies ( ! !n prevail+ agricultural cu/oms1 to c]ta9 rotations ( crops4 ,he c\ld d little 9 ! way ( enri*+ b>r5 soils or ( ensur+ a heavy yield ( crop4 ,by ! use ( ?is v pot5t f]tilis]1 he quickly discov]$ t ! mo/ wond]ful results ensu$--results :i* mu/ h seem$ to him at fir/ little %ort ( miracul\s4 ,he f\nd t by ! application ( a few hundr$weights p] acre1 poor soils c\ld be made to yield l>ge returns1 & t b>r5 pat*es 9 a field c\ld be br\ght up to ! av]age ( ! surr\nd+ portions by spr9kl+ m]ely a few h&fuls ( x2 t by its means a good />t c\ld be ensur$ to e crop1 & "o sl[ ( com+ away c\ld be ha/5$ on4 ,9 %ort1 9 ?is wond]ful br[n p[d]1 ) su* a *>act]i/ic od\r1 ! a/oni%$ f>m] discov]$ a manure :i*1 = ! spe$ ( its action1 & = ! increase ( crop x gave1 completely ?rew into ! %ade bo? f>my>d manure & bones4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t its fame z a manure %\ld h become s quickly kn[n & its use s ext5sive6 ,x ?us gave a mo/ p[]ful impetus to intellig5t f>m+ by br++ home to ! m9ds ( ^? :o us$ x ! important position nitrog5 & phosphates occupi$ z con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 & ! influ5ce !y ex]cis$ on plant-gr[?4 ,x furni%$1 9 fact1 on an enorm\sly l>ge scale1 a practical demon/ration ( ! pr9ciples ( manur+4 ,! educational value :i* ! use ( guano ?us ex]cis$ may be said to h be5 v great4 ,x also l$ ! way to ! use ( ! v>i\s artificial manures s mu* us$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,impress$ by ! value ( guano1 f>m]s 7 fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds ! use ( o!r f]tilis]s2 &1 l>gely ow+ to its widespread popul>ity1 ! new practice spe$ily ga9$ gr\nd4 ,influ5ce n :olly = ,good4 ,b its influ5ce1 x mu/ be admitt$1 0 n :olly = good4 ,9 its v popul>ity lay ! dang] ( its abuse4 ,_h its value & ! me?od ( its action be5 m widely und]/ood1 & _h ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! practice ( artificial manur+ dep5ds be5 bett] realis$1 agriculturi/s w\ld h be5 sp>$ mu* ( ! ne$less pecuni>y losses !y su/a9$ by be+ impos$ ^u by unscrupul\s manure-deal]s4 ,among ! f>m+ community ! ^w guano soon became a "n to conjure )1 & "u ?is title _m spuri\s & wor?less manures 7 attempt$ to be palm$ (f on ! unw>y f>m]4 ,ev5 ! g5u9e article1 !re c be little d\bt1 0 at "o "t l>gely adult]at$2 & z ! f>m] 0 almo/ inv>iably cont5t to pur*ase ! article n on any gu>ante$ *emical analysis1 b simply on ! gr\nd ( its appe>ance1 col\r1 & m especially smell1 e facility 0 giv5 = ! successful p]petration ( su* fraudul5t imposition4 ,guano1 x 0 v soon f\nd1 v>i$ 9 its composition1 b ?is v>iation 9 quality ! f>m] did n recognise4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( its use all guano 0 9 8 eyes ( ! same value4 ,too (t51 z we h j po9t$ out1 provid$ x _h a good col\r & a /rong od\r1 x 0 all "r4 ,"u su* conditions1 x c sc>cely be wond]$ at t its introduction %\ld h prov$ n an unmix$ bless+ to agriculture4 ,its ,value z a ,manure4 ,guano d]ives its value z a manure f ! nitrog51 phosphates1 & ! small am\nt ( pota% x conta9s4 ,?is at any rate is true ( ! great bulk ( guano :i* has be5 us$ 9 ! pa/4 ,!re are1 z we %all imm$iately see1 c]ta9 k9ds ( guano1 kn[n z phosphatic guanos1 :i* only conta9 phosphates4 ,! am\nt ( su* purely phosphatic guano directly us$ z a manure 9 ?is c\ntry is1 h[ev]1 inconsid]able1 & guano may truly be describ$ z ow+ its value *iefly to its nitrog54 ,n a little ( its value & popul>ity z a manure may be said to be due to ! fact t x conta9s all ( ! ?ree important manurial con/itu5ts1 & t 9 ?is respect x may be reg>d$ 9 a s5se z a g5]al manure1 ?us resembl+ mo/ ne>ly1 ( all artificial manures1 f>my>d manure4 ,al?\gh its s\rces are n[1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 exhau/$1 & its total annual imports into ?is c\ntry are at pres5t consid]ably less ?an :at !y 7 ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1#ahd x may be well1 on acc\nt ( its hi/orical importance1 to give a some:at detail$ acc\nt ( its orig91 occurr5ce1 & value z a manure4 ,orig9 & ,occurr5ce4 ,guano 7:i* means dung7--or huano1 z x is spelt 9 ! ,spani% language--0 fir/ us$ 9 ,p]u4 ,x seems to h be5 us$ !re long be=e t c\ntry 0 discov]$ by ! ,spani>ds--probably z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury4 ,reg>d+ its orig9 !re c be little d\bt4 ,x is almo/ entirely d]iv$ f ! excrem5ts ( sea-birds1 su* z pelicans1 p5gu9s1 & gulls1 z well z f ! rema9s ( ! birds !mselves1 & ( seals1 walruses1 & v>i\s o!r animals4#ahe ,"u ! influ5ce ( a tropical sun1 & 9 a region 9 :i* ra9 sc>cely ev] falls1 ^! excrem5ts are soon dri$1 & rema9 little *ang$ 9 _! composition ?r\gh c5turies4 ,_m ( ! ,p]uvian deposits mu/ be extremely old1 z !y are cov]$ up ) s& & o!r debris1 & are ( consid]able dep?4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) deposits occurr+ on ! ma9l&1 su* z ^? at ,pabellon de ,pica1 :]e ! lay] ( s& or conglom]ate cov]+ up ! deposit v>ies 9 dep? f a few feet to ov] a hundr$4 ,! effect ( ?is sup]ficial cov]+ has be5 to protect ! guano1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f loss ( nitrog54 ,al?\gh guano ( ! be/ class has be5 d]iv$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,p]u1 deposits h also be5 f\nd 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w--viz41 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,we/ ,indies1 ,au/ralia1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & among ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4#ahf ,v>iation 9 ! ,composition ( diff]5t ,guanos4 ,! guano f\nd 9 ^! diff]5t deposits v>ies v consid]ably 9 composition4 ,?is is due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! prevail+ climate ( ! places :]e ^! deposits occur4 ,:]e ! climate is dry & w>m1 z is ! case 9 ,*ili & ,p]u1 ! excrem5ts dry quickly & rema9 v little *ang$1 z "o v important condition ( f]m5tation--viz41 moi/ure--is abs5t4#ahg ,9 a damp climate1 on ! o!r h&1 spe$y f]m5tation ensues1 result+ 9 ! loss ( ne>ly all ! organic matt]1 includ+ nitrog51 9 su* volatile =ms z c>bonate ( ammonia1 c>bonic acid gas1 wat]1 c4 ,! soluble alkalies1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is pota%1 z well z ! soluble phosphates1 are also1 "u su* conditions1 lo/ to ! guano by be+ wa%$ out by ! ra94 ,we h ?us a wide diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! diff]5t deposits1 dep5d+ on ! ext5t to :i* decomposition has tak5 place4 ,guano ?us ranges f ! ri* nitrog5\s ,p]uvian k9d1 :i* has und]gone little or no *ange f ! "t ( its deposit1 to ! purely phosphatic k9d 7su* z ^? ( ,mald5 & ,bak] isl&s71 9 :i* ev]y?+ ( manurial value has be5 lo/ except ! insoluble phosphate ( lime4 ,ev5 among ! nitrog5\s guanos we f9d a consid]able diff]5ce 9 quality1 "s deposits be+ p>tially impov]i%$ by ! action ( ! atmosph]ic moi/ure1 dew1 spray or sea-wat]1 b /ill conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( _! nitrog54 ,o!r deposits1 aga91 are l>gely admix$ ) s&1 :i* has be5 bl[n 9 ^u !m to su* an ext5t z to make !m unsaleable4 ,we c divide guano1 !re=e1 into two great classes--viz41 nitrog5\s & phosphatic4 ,i4--,,nitrog5\s ,,guanos4 7a7 ,,p]uvian4 ,by f> ! mo/ valuable & abundant deposits z yet discov]$ h be5 ^? on ! ,p]uvian & ,*ilian coa/s4 ,z already po9t$ out1 guano seems to h be5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry f a v e>ly p]iod2 & s impress$ 7 ! ,incas ) its importance z a manure1 t ! p5alty ( dea? 0 impos$ on any "o guilty ( kill+ ! sea-f[l dur+ ! bre$+ season 9 ! vic9ity ( ! deposits4 ,! occurr5ce ( guano 9 ,p]u seems fir/ to h be5 made kn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury--viz41 #ahjd--t ,a4 ,humboldt1 ! great ,g]man travell]1 br\ght "s ( ! wond]ful f]tilis] home ) him1 & t its composition 0 able to be inve/igat$ by *emical analysis4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 its practical value 0 demon/rat$ by exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on potatoes by ,g5]al ,beatson 9 ,/ ,hel5a4 ,to ,"l ,d]by is due ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ introduc$ x into ?is c\ntry1 ! e>lie/ importation into ,liv]pool be+ 9 #ahdj4 ,exp]im5ts 7 %ortly aft]w>ds in/itut$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 prom95t among :i* 7 ^? by ,sir ,john ,lawes & ,sir ,james ,caird2 & s /rik+ 7 ! results obta9$1 t ! manure rapidly f\nd fav\r ) ! f>m+ community--s mu* s1 t t5 ye>s lat] ! importations into ?is c\ntry am\nt$ to no less ?an #bjj1jjj tons1 :ile 9 #ahee ! total exports f ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica rea*$ ! enorm\s am\nt ( #djj1jjj tons4 ,9 all1 x has be5 e/imat$ t s9ce ! ye> #ahdj ov] #e1jjj1jjj tons ( ,p]uvian guano h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,diff]5t ,deposits4 ,p]uvian guano has be5 d]iv$ f v>i\s deposits occurr+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/1 & f a numb] ( small adjac5t isl&s4 ,! ri*e/ ( ^! 0 t f\nd on ,angamos1 a rocky promontory on ! coa/ ( ,bolivia4 ,samples ( ?is guano conta9$ z high z #bj p] c5t ( nitrog5 7equal to #bd p] c5t ammonia74#ahh ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( ?is deposit 0 extremely limit$1 & became rapidly exhau/$4 ,next to ?is deposit 9 quality 0 ! guano f\nd on ! ,*9*a isl&s1 ?ree little isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,p]u4 ,^! deposits 7 ! l>ge/ :i* h ev] be5 discov]$1 & = a p]iod ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s 7 almo/ ! sole s\rce ( ! ,p]uvian guano sold 9 comm]ce1 ov] #aj1jjj1jjj tons hav+ be5 export$ f !m alone4 ,"s ( ?is guano conta9$ #ad p] c5t ( nitrog5 7equal to #ag p] c5t ammonia72 & al?\gh "p ( ! guano %ipp$ f ^! isl&s 0 n q s ri*1 yet x 0 all ( a high-class ord]4 ,! deposits on ^! isl&s 7 9 _m cases #ajj to #bjj feet 9 dep?1 & re/$ on rocks ( granite4 ,! l[] lay]s 7 consequ5tly f\nd to be poor] 9 quality1 & mix$ ) pieces ( granite4 ,! ,*9*a isl& deposits h be5 long exhau/$1#ahi & ! *ief deposits ( ,p]uvian guano s9ce work$ h be5 ^? on ,guanape & ,macabi isl&s--a consid]ably inf]ior guano1 conta9+ only #i to #aa p] c5t ( nitrog5 7equal to #aa to #ac p] c5t ( ammonia7--:i* 9 _! turn h become exhau/$2 f ,balle/as1 almo/ z ri* z ! ,*9*a isl& guano1 also n[ exhau/$2 & f ,pabellon de ,pica1 ,punta de ,lobos1 ,huanillos1 ,indep5d5ce ,bay1 & ,lobos de ,afu]a4 ,q rec5tly a deposit ( v high-class guano 0 discov]$ 9 ,corcovado1 & a good _m c>goes h already be5 %ipp$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,x is f\nd to conta9 nitrog5 equal to f #aj to #ac p] c5t ammonia1 #cj to #ce p] c5t phosphates1 & "s pota%1 be+ ?us a mo/ valuable guano4 ,appe>ance1 ,col\r1 & ,nature4 ,9 col\r x v>ies f a v light to a v d>k br[n1 ! ri*] samples be+ g5]ally light]4 ,samples tak5 f ev5 ! same deposit h be5 f\nd to diff] v consid]ably 9 appe>ance1 ^? tak5 f ! l[] & old] lay]s be+ usually d>k] ?an ^? tak5 f ! m rec5t upp] lay]s4 ,x 0 soon f\nd also to v>y v mu* 9 composition4 ,aft] a deposit _h be5 work$ = "s "t1 ! quality ( guano x yield$ 0 f\nd to be inf]ior & co>s]1 & 9 _m cases mix$ ) pebbles or pieces ( granite1 porphyry1 c4 ,?is l$ to ! cu/om ( scre5+ x on arrival 9 ?is c\ntry1 be=e x 0 us$ z a manure4 ,9 ! ri*] qualities--e4g41 9 ! ,*9*a guano--little r\nd concretion>y nodules1 v>y+ 9 col\r f pure :ite to d>k br[n1 7 occasionally f\nd4 ,analysis %[$ ^! nodules#aij to be compos$ *iefly ( pota% salts4 ,sometimes1 also1 little cry/als ( almo/ pure ammonia salts 7 f\nd4 ,x soon became cu/om>y1 !re=e1 to prep>e guano = ! m>ket by sep>at+ ! /ones & r$uc+ ! :ole to a f9e uni=m p[d]4 ,"o ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & ! "o :i* seems to h impress$ ! public mo/1 0 its pung5t od\r4 ,undue importance 0 atta*$ to ?is prop]ty1 9 ! belief t x 0 caus$ by ! ammonia x conta9$4 ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! *>act]i/ic smell ( guano is due s mu* to its ammonia z to c]ta9 fatty acids4 ,composition4 ,9 composition x is ( a mo/ complex nature4 ,x conta9s its nitrog5 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 ! *ief ( ^! be+ urate1 oxalate1 ulmate1 humate1 sulphate1 phosphate1 c>bonate1 & muriate ( ammonia2 & also 9 a r>e =m ( organic nitrog5 peculi> to guano1 call$ guan9e4 ,accord+ to ,b\ss+ault1 "s guanos conta9 small quantities ( nitrates4 ,its phosphoric acid is pres5t bo? 9 ! soluble /ate--viz41 z phosphates ( ! alkalies 7ammonia & pota%7--& 9 ! insoluble /ate z phosphate ( lime2 & la/ly1 its pota% is pres5t z sulphate & phosphate4 ,! proportion 9 :i* ^! diff]5t =ms ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid are pres5t v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t samples4 ,! ri*] a sample1 z a rule1 ! m nitrog5 9 ! =m ( uric acid x conta9s4 ,! mo/ ( ! nitrog5 is pres5t z uric acid & ammonia4 ,damp guanos conta9 m ( _! nitrog5 z ammonia ?an dry ones1 ?is be+ due to ! f]m5tation :i* goes on 9 ! =m]4 ,on an av]age1 ab\t a ?ird ( its total nitrog5 is soluble 9 wat]4 ,( its phosphates1 on ! o!r h&1 only ab\t a f\r? are soluble 9 wat]4 ,! foll[+ analyses ( a sample ( ,*9*a isl& guano by ,k>mrodt#aia w illu/rate ?is4 7,sample dri$ at #bab deg4 ,fahr473-- #a4 ,con/itu5ts easily soluble 9 ,wat]4 ,urate ( ammonium #ab4gd ,oxalate ( ammonium #ac4fj ,nitrog5\s & sulphur\s organic sub/ances #c4fa ,ammonium-magnesium phosphate #d4jj ,ammonium phosphate 4#ij ,ammonium sulphate #a4hb ,ammonium *loride #a4ee ,potassium sulphate #c4cj ,sodium *loride #b4dd ----- #dc4if ----- #b4 ,difficultly soluble 9 ,wat]1 soluble 9 ,acids1 ,alcohol1 & ,e!r4 ,uric acid #ba4ad ,res9 #a4aa ,fatty acids #a4fj ,nitrog5\s & sulphur\s organic sub/ances #b4bi ,calcium phosphate #ah4bb ,phosphate ( iron #a4jd ,silica 4#fd ----- #df4jd ----- ,9 ! above analysis x w be notic$ t none ( ! ammonia is pres5t z c>bonate4 ,9 mo/ samples1 h[ev]1 ( ,p]uvian guano1 ! ammonia 9 ?is =m am\nt$ to f #a to #b p] c5t4 ,9 ! inf]ior qualities1 *iefly ^? :i* _h be5 subject$ to ! action ( wat]1 & consequ5tly ( f]m5tation1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?is =m ( ammonia 0 f\nd to be mo/ abundant4 ,su* guanos 7 mo/ liable to loss ( nitrog5 by volatilisation4 ,! old] ,p]uvian guano conta9$ z high z #ad p] c5t ( nitrog5 7equal to #ag p] c5t ( ammonia71 & ( phosphoric acid #ab to #ad p] c5t 7equal to #bf to #bh p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime74 ,x1 h[ev]1 gradually det]iorat$ 9 quality z ! deposits became work$ out1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 becom+ ye> by ye> less1 until latt]ly ,p]uvian guano1 z import$1 conta9s only f #c to #d p] c5t ( nitrog5 7equal to #d to #e p] c5t ( ammonia74 ,?is guano is1 h[ev]1 ri*] 9 phosphates1 conta9+ (t5 #ej to #fj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 & #c to #d p] c5t ( pota%4#aib 7b7 ,,o!r ,,nitrog5\s ,,guanos4 ,! guanos1 o!r ?an ^? :i* come f ,p]u1 are *iefly purely phosphatic guanos1 s t ! t]m ,p]uvian has n unfrequ5tly 9 ! pa/ be5 us$ z a g5]ic t]m synonym\s ) ! t]m nitrog5\s1 & consequ5tly appli$ to all nitrog5\s guanos indep5d5t ( _! s\rce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few deposits o!r ?an ! ,p]uvian :i* h yield$ consid]able quantities ( valuable nitrog5\s guano4 ,( ^?1 ! ri*e/ 9 quality--9 fact1 ! ri*e/ ( any deposits hi!rto discov]$--0 ! ,angamos guano1 :i* came f a rocky promontory on ! coa/ ( ,bolivia4 ,! few samples ( ?is :i* h be5 analys$ %[$ ov] #bj p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,un=tunately1 ! deposit prov$ to be comp>atively insignificant 9 am\nt1 & has long be5 exhau/$4 ,poor] 9 quality1 b m abundant 9 quantity1 7 ! deposits f\nd on ! ,i*aboe & o!r isl&s (f ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,^! deposits 7 discov]$ %ortly aft] ! introduction ( ,p]uvian guano1 & = a few ye>s suppli$ consid]able quantities ( valuable manure4 ,! deposits fir/ discov]$ 7 soon exhau/$1 s t = a numb] ( ye>s ,i*aboe guano ceas$ to be procurable4 ,fre% deposits1 h[ev]1 7 subsequ5tly f\nd1 & consid]able quantities h ( late ye>s be5 us$ 9 agriculture4#aic ,i*aboe guano is inf]ior 9 value to ,p]uvian4 ,x exemplifies ! influ5ce ( small quantities ( ra9 on guano deposits 9 impov]i%+ !m 9 _! nitrog54 ,9 mu* ( ! ,i*aboe guano import$ into ?is c\ntry a l>ge am\nt ( fea!rs is f\nd4 ,x also conta9s an abnormally l>ge quantity ( insoluble matt]4 ,among ! o!r nitrog5\s guanos may be m5tion$ ! ,patagonian1 ,falkl&1 & ,saldanha ,bay4 ,!y are1 l ! ,i*aboa1 ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 & are collect$ 9 small quantities aft] ! bre$+ season e ye>4 ,,ii4--,,phosphatic ,,guanos4 ,phosphatic guanos1 z already po9t$ out1 are simil> 9 orig9 to nitrog5\s guanos4 ,9 _! case1 h[ev]1 ! nitrog51 alkalies1 & soluble phosphates :i* !y orig9ally conta9$ h be5 almo/ entirely lo/ by ! decomposition ( _! organic matt] & ! action ( wat]4#aid ,mo/ ( !m /ill conta9 v small quantities ( nitrog51 am\nt+ to a fraction ( a p] c5t4 ,( ^! deposits !re are v _m occurr+ on isl&s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 appe>ance ! guano obta9$ f !m is v diff]5t f nitrog5\s guano1 be+ mu* light] 9 col\r1 & ( a f9e p[d]y nature4 ,x =ms a v ri* phosphatic guano1 conta9+ 9 _m cases betwe5 #gj & #hj p] c5t ( insoluble phosphate ( lime4 ,su* guanos are l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( high-class sup]phosphates1 by treat+ !m ) sulphuric acid4 ,be+ ( an insoluble nature1 !y are n v suitable = direct application to ! soil4 ,( ^! phosphatic guanos ! foll[+ are ! *ief--^? m>k$ 9 italics be+ /ill unexhau/$3-- #a4 ,bak]1 ,j>vis1 ,h[l&1 ,/>buck1 ,fl9t1 ,end]bury1 ,mald51 ,lacep$e1 ,br[se1 ,huon1 ,*e/]field1 ,sydney1 ,pho5ix1 ,arbrohlos1 ,%>k's ,bay1 & ,timor--all f\nd on isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 #b4 ,mejillones1 on ! coa/ ( ,bolivia4 #c4 ,aves1 ,tortola1 ,mona1 & o!r deposits 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 #d4 ,kuria ,muria isl&s1 9 ! ,arabian ,gulf4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s z to ! composition ( ^! diff]5t guanos1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,app5dix1 ,note ,v41 p4 #cbi4 ,inequality 9 ,composition4 ,t guano 0 a sub/ance ( by no means uni=m composition 0 a fact e>ly recognis$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! trade4 ,n only did guano f diff]5t deposits %[ on analysis diff]5t p]c5tages ( ! manurial +r$i5ts1 b diff]5t samples ( guano f ! same deposit 7 (t5 f\nd to diff] v consid]ably f "o ano!r4 ,x soon became ! cu/om1 !re=e1 to sell x on *emical analysis1 ea* sep>ate c>go be+ c>efully analys$4 ,b ?is cu/om did n :olly obviate ! difficulty1 z ! guano 9 ev5 "o c>go might diff]4 ,9 ! case ( ! old] & ri*] guanos1 !re 0 c]ta9ly m uni=mity 9 quality1 b !y 7 liable to diff] 9 _! p]c5tage ( nitrog54#aie ,z1 h[ev]1 ! deposits became gradually work$ out1 _! l[] lay]s 7 f\nd m or less l>gely admix$ ) /ony & e>?y matt]1 & _! composition 0 naturally r5d]$ v v>iable4 ,?is /ate ( matt]s 0 unsatisfactory to buy]s & sell]s1 & l$ to mu* friction betwe5 ! two1 z x 0 f\nd wellnigh impossible on ! "p ( ! sell] to gu>antee ! composition ( 8 manure4 ,! cu/om ( prep>+ ! mat]ial by r$uc+ x to a f9e p[d] be=e s5d+ x into ! m>ket1 & ! cu/om1 subsequ5tly introduc$1 ( treat+ x ) sulphuric acid1 h done away ) ?is difficulty to a l>ge ext5t4 ,dissolv$ ,guano4 ,! treatm5t ( guano ) sulphuric acid 0 fir/ _h rec\rse to 9 ! case ( c>goes damag$ ) wat]4 ,9 su* guano1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 f]m5tation has be5 p]mitt$ to take place1 ) ! result ( ! =mation ( volatile c>bonate ( ammonia 9 great] or less quantity4 ,by ! addition ( sulphuric acid ! ammonia 0 fix$1 & ! guano 0 prev5t$ f los+ its mo/ valuable con/itu5t4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t guano s treat$ possess$ great] activity z a manure4 ,! result ( ! sulphuric acid 0 to increase v mat]ially ! am\nt ( its soluble phosphates1 & also its soluble nitrog5 comp\nds4#aif ,x _h1 moreov]1 ! effect ( produc+ a guano ( uni=m composition4 ,! cu/om1 fir/ introduc$ 9 #ahfd by ,messrs ,ohl5dorff ,co41 0 soon l>gely practis$4 ,! guano is treat$ ) #be to #cj p] c5t sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4gc74 ,aft] a %ort "t ! result+ h>d mass is1 by means ( dis9tegrators1 r$uc$ to a uni=m p[d]4 ,equalis$ or ,rectifi$ ,guano4 ,z guano decreas$ 9 its quality ! dem& = a high-class article became m & m difficult to meet4 ,?is l$ to ! cu/om ( =tify+ or rectify+--z x is v>i\sly call$--! natural mat]ial ) sulphate ( ammonia4 ,a manure closely resembl+ 9 ! p]c5tage ( its manurial con/itu5ts ! old] ri* guanos is ?us obta9$4 ,( ^! s-call$ equalis$ guanos1 two qualities are at pres5t sold1 ! fir/ be+ gu>ante$ to conta9 nitrog5 equal to #h to #i p] c5t ammonia1 #cj to #ce p] c5t phosphates1 & #b to #c p] c5t ( pota%2 ! second quality conta9+ only ab\t half z mu* nitrog51 b m phosphates4 ,h[ev] valuable ?is =tifi$ guano may be--& x is1 und\bt$ly1 a mo/ valuable manure--its action _c be suppos$ to be exactly simil> to ! old ,p]uvian guano1 :i* x resembles 9 ! p]c5tage ( its nitrog51 phosphates1 & pota%4 ,mu* ( ! di/9ctive value ( guano z a manure1 z w be po9t$ out imm$iately1 lies 9 ! fact t x conta9s its manurial +r$i5ts 9 a v>iety ( diff]5tly soluble comp\nds1 :i* are gradually r5d]$ available 9 ! soil = ! plant's ne$s4 ,?is und\bt$ly is "o ( ! reasons :y ! action ( guano among manures is q unique2 & !re are o!r reasons :i* we probably d n cle>ly und]/&4 ,h[ev] skilfully ! composition ( ! guano may be artificially simulat$1 x /ill rema9s an und\bt$ fact t ! equalis$ guano is n exactly simil> 9 its action to ! g5u9e article4 ,nev]!less1 t x is sup]ior 9 its results to ! poor] classes ( guano at pres5t available1 & to ord9>y comp\nd manures1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,a great m]it ( ! equalis$ guano is1 h[ev]1 t x is sold at a l[] price ?an guano z import$2 & z ! guano is sold on a gu>ante$ analysis1 ! practice has done mu* to advance ! true int]e/s ( agriculture4 ,its ,action z a ,manure4 ,next to f>my>d manure1 guano may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ g5]al ( all ! commonly us$ manures2 = 9 addition to nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 x conta9s ne>ly all ! o!r plant +r$i5ts1 su* z lime1 magnesia1 c4 ,its special value z a manure1 h[ev]1 does n m]ely consi/ 9 ! am\nt ( valuable plant-food x conta9s4 ,l f>my>d manure1 x owes mu* ( its *>act]i/ic action to ! /ate ( ! intimate mixture ( its manurial con/itu5ts1 & also1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 to ! fact t x conta9s ^? con/itu5ts 9 a great v>iety ( *emical =ms1 ea* ( :i* diff]s 9 its solubility1 & consequ5tly availability = ! plant's ne$s4 ,take1 = example1 ! great numb] ( diff]5t =ms ( nitrog5 x conta9s4 ,"s are 9 ! condition 9 :i* plants c imm$iately absorb !m1 :ile ! re/ are 9 a s]ies ( less & less available =ms1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are gradually conv]t$ into available =ms z ! plant requires !m4 ,l f>my>d manure1 aga91 x may be appli$ ) almo/ equally good results to all k9ds ( crops & on all k9ds ( soils4 ,we h 9 guano1 9 %ort1 an admirable example ( ! value ( apply+ our manurial +r$i5ts 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,t ?is is no m]e !ory is abundantly prov$ by ! l>ge numb] ( diff]5t exp]im5ts :i* h 9 ! pa/ be5 c>ri$ out ) guano1 m especially ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts made by ,gr\v51 ! ,g]man *emi/4 ,9 ^? well-kn[n exp]im5ts1 guano 0 te/$ aga9/ a l>ge v>iety ( diff]5t f]tilis]s1 & ! te/s 7 s arrang$ t 9 mo/ cases ! am\nts ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% 7 ! same 9 ! o!r manures us$4 ,9 %ort1 ^! exp]im5ts prove 9 a v /rik+ mann] t a manure artificially made up out ( mo/ valuable f]tilis]s1 su* z nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 sup]phosphate1 c41 s z to closely resemble 9 its composition guano1 is by no means simil> 9 its effects to ! g5u9e article4 ,z 9 f>my>d manure1 s 9 guano3 we mu/ look to ! complexity ( ! composition ( bo? ^! f]tilis]s 9 ord] to fully e/imate _! wor?4 ,!re is 9 ! action ( bo? manures mu* t we _c expla91 or ev51 z yet1 und]/&4 ,! action ( guano is m]ely "o ( _m problems 9 ! sci5ce ( manur+ :i* illu/rate h[ unsatisfactory1 despite ! great am\nt ( rese>* already c>ri$ out1 is our k ( ?is mo/ important dep>tm5t ( agriculture4#aig ,proportion ( f]tilis+ ,con/itu5ts 9 ,guano4 ,guano mu/ be reg>d$ z a nitrog5\s & phosphatic manure1 z ! quantity ( pota% x g5]ally conta9s is small4 ,9 _m soils1 m especially 9 su* a c\ntry z ,scotl&1 ?is defici5cy 9 pota% is n ( s mu* importance1 z ! value ( pota% z an artificial manure is less ?an is ! case ) ! o!r two +r$i5ts4 ,9 soils1 h[ev]1 lack+ pota%1 guano ought to be supplem5t$ ) "s pota% manure4 ,) reg>d to ! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 we may ask if ^! two con/itu5ts are 9 ! be/ proportions4 ,?is "q does n admit ( a direct answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! two +r$i5ts are pres5t is v>iable4 ,9 ! old ri* ,p]uvian guanos1 z we h above %[n1 ! nitrog5 0 m abundant ?an is ! case at pres5t4 ,su* guanos1 x 0 f\nd1 7 be/ supplem5t$ ) phosphatic manure :5 appli$ to ! field4 ,9 ! equalis$ & dissolv$ guanos1 :i* are n[ s l>gely sold1 manufactur]s attempt to adju/ ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid to :at is consid]$ ! be/ proportion 9 mo/ cases4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we h aga9 & aga9 to po9t out1 reg>d mu/ be _h bo? to ! soil & ! crop 9 det]m9+ :at is ! be/ proportion ( ! manurial +r$i5ts 9 a manure4 ,= c]eals x may be well supplem5t$ by nitrog5\s manures1 :ile = roots x may be well supplem5t$ by phosphatic manures4 ,mode ( ,application4 ,l all manures1 x is desirable to apply x 9 z f9e a condition z possible1 s z to ensure z ?or\gh a mixture ) ! soil-p>ticles z practicable4 ,9 ord]1 fur!rmore1 to prev5t any risk ( loss ?r\gh volatilisation ( ! ammonia1 z well z to ensure ev5 di/ribution1 x is be/ appli$ mix$ ) dry e>?1 a%es1 s&1 or "s o!r sub/ance1--n lime1 h[ev]4 ,! cu/om ( apply+ along ) ! guano common salt1 has be5 prov$ by num]\s exp]im5ts to be highly b5eficial to ! action ( ! guano z a manure4 ,! exact nature ( ! action ( salt z an adjunct to manures is a po9t :i* has elicit$ mu* discussion4 ,its action is probably to be ascrib$ to a numb] ( causes4 ,= "o ?+1 x probably acts z an antiseptic 9 ret>d+ ! f]m5tative action :i* has a t5d5cy to g on s rapidly 9 su* manures z guano4 ,x fur!r increases ! p[] ( ! manure to attract moi/ure f ! air--a mo/ important prop]ty 9 ! case ( dr\ght4 ,"s exp]im5ts by ,dr ,voelck] illu/rate ?is 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,two lots ( guano--"o pure & "o mix$ ) salt--7 expos$ to ! action ( ! air = a mon?1 & 7 !n te/$ z to ! am\nt ( wat] !y conta9$1 :5 x 0 f\nd t ! lot conta9+ ! salt _h absorb$ #b p] c5t m wat] ?an ! o!r4 ,mu* /ress has be5 laid on ! importance ( hav+ ! guano buri$ a c]ta9 dep? 9 ! soil2 & _m exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out to prove h[ mu* bett] x acts :5 s appli$4 ,?is is probably due to ! prev5tion ( any loss ( volatile ammonia1 & ! mixture ( ! manure ) ! soil-p>ticles be=e x comes 9 contact ) ! plant-roots4 ,?is la/ precaution is an important "o1 = x has be5 f\nd t ! raw mat]ial is apt to h a bad effect on ! se$ or ! plant's roots4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be especially ! case 9 reg>d to potatoes1 ! quality ( :i* has be5 f\nd to suff] :5 ! guano is br\ght into direct contact ) ! tub]s4 ,z guano is a manure :i* is spe$ily available1 x is desirable to apply x z %ortly be=e x is requir$ by ! plant z possible4 ,x is !re=e g5]ally be/ appli$ 9 spr+1 %ortly be=e se$-"t1 or inde$ at ! same "t4 ,:]e f>my>d manure is us$1 ! guano has be5 recomm5d$ to be us$ z a top-dress+ 9 small quantities4 ,9 ! majority ( cases x w be advisable1 h[ev]1 n to apply x z a top-dress+1 = ! v>i\s reasons above-m5tion$4 ,quantity to be us$4 ,z to ! quantity to be us$1 ?is ( c\rse w dep5d on ! soil1 ! crop1 & ! am\nt & nature ( ! o!r manures employ$3 #a to #d cwt4 p] acre h be5 ! usual limits1 b ev5 heavi] dress+s h be5 commonly resort$ to1 especially 9 ,scotl&1 :]e #f to #h or ev5 #i cwt4 = turnips are (t5 us$4 ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes & ,sir ,james ,caird long ago1 %ortly aft] ! introduction ( guano1 e/imat$1 f ! exp]im5ts !y c>ri$ out1 t ! application ( #b cwt4 p] acre to ! :eat crop gave an increase ( #h to #i bu%els 9 gra91 & add$ a f\r? to ! quantity ( /raw4 ,! =m] au?ority recomm5ds #b to #c cwt4 p] acre = :eat1 to be s[n broadca/ & h>r[$ into ! l& be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,we h already /at$ t x may be us$ 9 all soils & = all k9ds ( crops4 ,:ile ?is is s1 x has be5 f\nd to h specially fav\rable results :5 appli$ to ! turnip crop1 :5 x may be us$ 9 l>g] quantities ?an 9 ! case ( c]eals4 ,:5 appli$ to ! turnip crop1 x is well to use ! m phosphatic guanos or to supplem5t x ) sup]phosphates4 ,by apply+ x 9 two lots1 ! l>g] portion be=e se$-"t & ! re/ betwe5 ! drills aft] ! turnips are up1 excell5t results h be5 obta9$4 ,x has also prov$ an admirable manure = mangels4 ,on ! :ole1 x gives be/ results on heavy soils & 9 a dampi% climate4 ,adult]ation ( ,guano4 ,probably no artificial manure has be5 subject$ to great] adult]ation 9 ! pa/ ?an guano4 ,?is has be5 due to ! fact t ! practice ( sell+ guano on analysis--especially among retail buy]s--did n l>gely obta9 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! trade4 ,a good deal ( ?is adult]ation 0 probably caus$ by ignorant prejudice on ! "p ( ! f>m]1 to :om ! pung5cy ( its smell & its col\r 7 too apt to be rank$ z its mo/ important prop]ties4 ,! v>iation 9 ! quality ( diff]5t k9ds ( guano 0 too (t5 n suffici5tly realis$ by ! buy]1 :o n unfrequ5tly 0 made to pay z high a price = guano ( an inf]ior quality z he ought to h paid = t ( ! be/ quality4 ,inde$ no manure illu/rates ! importance ( *emical analysis m ?an guano4 ,among ! diff]5t =ms ( adult]ation practis$ may be m5tion$ ! addition ( su* sub/ances z sawdu/1 rice-meal1 *alk1 sulphates ( lime & magnesia1 common salt1 s&1 e>?1 peat1 a%es ( v>i\s k9ds1 & wat]4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t su* adult]ation has n[ long ceas$ to be practis$ to any ext5t4 ,nev]!less1 x may be ( use to draw att5tion to "o or two ( ! te/s by means ( :i* "s ( ! common] =ms ( adult]ation may be detect$4 ,"o or two are extremely easily detect$--z1 = example1 adult]ation ) s& or o!r m9]al sub/ances4 ,9 su* a case1 ! p]c5tage ( a% left on burn+ a small portion ( ! guano w be f\nd to be excessive4 ,! p]c5tage ( a% 9 a sample ( g5u9e ,p]uvian guano %\ld n exce$ f #ej to #fj p] c5t4 ,! col\r ( ! a% is ano!r important po9t1 & may s]ve z a fur!r indication ( adult]ation4 ,9 ! case ( g5u9e guano1 ?is %\ld be :iti% or greyi%4 ,r$-col\r$ a% g5]ally po9ts to ! adult]ation ( ! guano ) "s m9]al sub/ance conta9+ iron--su*1 e4g41 z ,r$onda phosphate1 a m9]al phosphate ( iron & alum9a4 ,:]e ! a% is :ite1 b excessive 9 quantity1 adult]ation ) common salt1 sulphate ( magnesia1 gypsum1 or *alk1 may be suspect$4 ,! la/-nam$ sub/ance is easily detect$ by treat+ x ) any ( ! common acids1 :5 brisk eff]vesc5ce1 due to ! lib]ation ( ! c>bonic acid1 w ensue4#aih ,a fur!r po9t ( importance ) reg>d to ! a% is its solubility 9 wat] & 9 acids4 ,a l>ge insoluble residue may be tak5 z indicat+ adult]ation ) s&4 ,adult]ation ) wat] is also easily detect$ by heat+ a sample to ! boil+ temp]ature & det]m9+ ! loss x su/a9s4 ,( c\rse ! am\nt ( wat] v>ies 9 diff]5t samples4 ,! appe>ance ( ! guano w s]ve fairly well to detect :e!r x is abnormally moi/4 ,x may be add$1 9 conclusion1 t ,p]uvian guano is extremely light2 & :ile ?is by itself is n a suffici5t te/ ( g5u95ess1 x may s]ve to confirm o!r te/s4 ,,iii4--,,s-,,call$ ,,guanos4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 ref]5ce may be made to c]ta9 manures :i* are commonly kn[n "u ! "n ( guanos--su* z fi%-guano1 fle%-guano1 meat-meal-guano1 & bat-guano1--z well z to manures :i* may m conv5i5tly be describ$ "h--viz41 f[l & pigeon dung4 ,fi%-,guano4 ,! application ( fi%1 n suit$ = o!r purposes1 to ! fields z a manure is a practice :i* has obta9$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,9 _m di/ricts on ! sea-coa/1 :]e fi%+ is ! *ief indu/ry1 ! only way 9 ! pa/ ( dispos+ ( a sup]abundant cat* ( h]r+s1 = example1 has be5 to utilise !m z a manure4 ,f su* a practice has sprung up :at is n[ an important & ev]-increas+ trade--viz41 ! manufacture ( fi%-guano4 ,?is manufacture 0 fir/ />t$1 & is /ill mo/ l>gely practis$1 9 ,norway4 ,! guano obta9$ v>ies v consid]ably 9 quality accord+ to ! nature ( ! process employ$1 & z to :e!r ! guano is made f :ole fi% or m]ely f fi%-(fal4 ,! latt] s\rce is ! common "o4 ,! manufacture is c>ri$ on at ! fi%-cur+ /ations1 & ! quality ( ! guano made f ?is s\rce is some:at diff]5t f t made f :ole fi%1 z a l>ge proportion ( ! fi%-(fal is made up ( bones & heads4 ,l>ge quantities ( ,norwegian fi%-guano are export$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! be/ quality ( ?is guano may conta9 z mu* z #aj p] c5t ( nitrog51 b z a rule x is ne>] #h p] c5t4 ,a v consid]able v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid occurs = ! reason above /at$1 ! guano made f fi%-scrap be+ naturally mu* ri*] 9 ?is +r$i5t ?an :ole-fi% guano4 ,! phosphoric acid may be said to range f #d to #ae p] c5t1 & !re is also a small quantity ( pota% pres5t4 ,guano is also manufactur$ 9 ,norway f ! c>casses ( :ales4 ,su* guano conta9s f #g-a_/b to #h-a_/b p] c5t ( nitrog51 & ab\t #ac-a_/b p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,9 ,am]ica fi%-guano is manufactur$ to a consid]able ext5t--"o important s\rce be+ ! m5haddo1 a co>se sort ( h]r+4 ,?is fi% is caught = ! sake ( its oil1 :i* is extract$ by boil+1 ! residue be+ manufactur$1 aft] press+ & dry+1 into guano4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! manufacture ( fi%-guano is c>ri$ out to a consid]able & increas+ ext5t4 ,=m]ly x 0 import$ f ,norway to a l>g] ext5t ?an is n[ ! case1 ! pres5t annual imports am\nt+ only to #ajjj or #bjjj tons4 ,! total annual production 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is probably #gjjj or #hjjj tons4 ,value ( ,fi%-,guano4 ,t fi%-guano is a valuable manure !re c be no d\bt4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 impairs its value is ! fact t1 z a rule1 x conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( oil4 ,! effect ( ?is oil is to ret>d f]m5tation & decomposition :5 ! guano is appli$ to ! soil1 & ?us r5d] its action sl[] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,:5 appli$ to ! soil1 !re=e1 e opportunity ought to be giv5 to promote its f]m5tation4 ,x is be/ appli$ "s "t be=e x is likely to be us$4 ,x ought to be well mix$ ) ! soil-p>ticles1 & n all[$ to lie on ! top ( ! soil4 ,its be/ effect w be on light well-cultivat$ soils1 :i* p]mit ( ! access bo? ( suffici5t moi/ure & ( suffici5t air = rapid f]m5tation4 ,its value z a manure = hops1 v9es1 grass1 & /rawb]ries has be5 f\nd to be consid]able4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to be appli$ along ) f>my>d manure2 & su* a mode ( application is no d\bt well suit$ to promote its decomposition4 ,x has also be5 us$ = mix+ ) sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,pr(essor ,/or] has advocat$ a m g5]al use ( fi% z a manure ?an is at pres5t ! case4 ,he sugge/s t ev5 fi% n suitable = edible purposes might be caught = ! purpose ( conv]sion into manure4 ,! difficulty ( pres]v+ fi%1 h[ev]1 is consid]able2 & he sugge/s ! use ( pota% salts1 su* z muriate ( pota%1 or lime = ?is purpose4 ,! b5efit ( us+ pota% w\ld be tw(old4 ,9 addition to act+ z a pres]vative1 x w\ld consid]ably enhance ! value ( ! result+ guano z a manure4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ,pr(essor ,/or]'s views2 & no d\bt1 z our s\rces ( artificial nitrog5\s manures gr[ m limit$1 ! manufacture ( fi%-guano w be c>ri$ on 9 ! future on a l>g] & m sy/ematic scale ?an hi!rto4 ,meat-meal ,guano4 ,:at is call$ meat-meal guano is g5]ally t made f ! refuse ( ! c>casses ( cattle aft] !y h be5 treat$ = _! meat-extract accord+ to ,liebig's process4 ,! meat-meal is us$ bo? = fe$+ & manurial purposes4 ,consid]able quantities#aii ( ?is guano are import$ annually into ?is c\ntry f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,que5sl&1 & ,new ,zeal&1--t com+ f ,frey ,b5tos1 9 ,uruguay1 be+ be/ kn[n4 ,x is a valuable manure1 especially s = its nitrog51 :i* v>ies f #d to #h p] c5t1 :ile x conta9s ( phosphoric acid f #ac to #bj p] c5t4 ,"s meat-meal guanos conta9 z mu* nitrog5 z #aa p] c5t4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 m especially 9 ,g]many1 ! c>casses ( horses1 z well z cattle1 dogs1 pigs1 c41 :i* h di$ ( disease1 are conv]t$ into a guano4 ,!y are subject$ to treatm5t by /eam 9 dige/ors1 by :i* means ! fat & gelat9e are sep>at$ & utilis$1 :ile ! rema9+ portion ( ! animal is conv]t$ into guano4 ,o!r processes are also employ$4 ,! result+ manure conta9s f #f to #aj p] c5t ( nitrog51 & f #f to #ad p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,value ( ,meat-meal ,guano4 ,meat-meal guano is a valuable nitrog5\s manure4 ,! same rem>ks apply to x z to fi%-guano1 al?\gh x f]m5ts probably v mu* m quickly ?an ! latt]1 & is und\bt$ly a m valuable manure4 ,bat ,guano4 ,9 conclusion1 we may consid] bat guano4 ,bat guano1 :i* is really a v r>e curiosity1 has be5 f\nd accumulat$ 9 hot climates 9 caves4 ,! samples :i* h be5 analys$ h diff]$ v mu* 9 quality1 "s conta9+ z mu* z #i p] c5t ( nitrog5 & #be p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,provid$ x c\ld be obta9$ 9 any quantity1 & ( a quality ev5 approximat+ to ! above analysis1 x ne$ sc>cely be po9t$ out t bat guano w\ld be a mo/ valuable manure4 ,a s+ul> po9t ab\t its composition is1 t x has be5 f\nd to conta9 a consid]able proportion ( its nitrog5 7z mu* z #c p] c5t7 9 ! =m ( nitrates4 ,pigeon & ,f[l ,dung4 ,pigeon dung is a manure :i* hi/orically is ( great importance4 ,! dung ( pigeons 0 us$ z a manure by ! anci5t ,romans2 & ev5 9 mod]n times1 m especially 9 ,france1 x 0 consid]$ a mo/ important f]tilis]4 ,despite ^! facts1 pigeon dung is by no means a ri* manure1 & its composition comp>es mo/ unfav\rably ) t ( ! guanos we h j be5 consid]+4 ,accord+ to ,/or]1#bjj x only conta9s f #a-a_/d to #b-a_/b p] c5t ( nitrog51 & f #a-a_/b to #b p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 & a little ov] #a p] c5t ( pota%4 ,! dung ( p\ltry is j ab\t z poor1 f[l dung conta9+ f 4#h to #b p] c5t ( nitrog51 #a-a_/b to #b p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 & a little "u #a p] c5t ( pota%2 :ile t ( ducks & geese is ev5 poor]4#bja ,f ^! /atem5ts x w be se5 t ! excrem5ts ( pigeons1 h5s1 & ducks d n =m a ri* manure4 ,"o ?+ ab\t pigeon dung :i* is to be notic$1 is ! fact t x f]m5ts v quickly4 ,none ( ! pseudo-guanos1 h[ev] ri* !y may be 9 manurial +r$i5ts1 c be reg>d$ z equal 9 _! action to ! g5u9e article1 = reasons :i* we h gone into already :5 consid]+ ! action ( guano4 ,,footnotes3 #ahc ,bones1 x is true1 7 9 use long be=e guano2 b popul> z !y des]v$ly 71 !y _h n be5 us$1 at ! "t ( ! importation ( guano1 to any v consid]able ext5t4 #ahd ,! total annual imports at pres5t may be tak5 at "u #cj1jjj tons1 :]eas 9 #ahee !y am\nt$ to ov] #bjj1jjj tons4 ,= /ati/ics on ?is po9t ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #cbg4 #ahe ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( c]ta9 guano deposits1 :i* are ( v rec5t date--e4g41 ,angamos & ,i*aboe--!re c be no d\bt :atev]1 because we c witness ! process ( =mation /ill tak+ place4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to old] deposits1 = :i* "s h be5 incl9$ to claim m9]al orig94 ,! be/ pro( t su* deposits owe _! orig9 ma9ly to bird excrem5ts is ! comp>atively l>ge quantity ( uric acid !y conta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! belief t !y are also =m$ f ! rema9s ( ! birds !mselves & o!r animals1 is to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge proportion ( phosphates !y conta91 & ! pres5ce 9 ! deposits ( fea!rs & ! fossilis$ skeletons ( ! animals above m5tion$4 #ahf ,a complete li/ ( ! v>i\s deposits w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #cbg4 ,x may be notic$ t ne>ly all ! deposits lie )9 #aj deg4 to #bj deg4 nor? & s\? ( ! ,equator4 #ahg ,see ,*apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure1 p4 #beg4 #ahh ,accord+ to ,nesbit1 "s ( ! c>goes ( ?is guano conta9$ h>d sal9e lumps ( v little manurial value--ov] #ej p] c5t be+ common salt4 #ahi ,! salt exports 7 made 9 #ahfh4 #aij ,= analyses ( ^! nodules & cry/als1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii41 p4 #cbh4 #aia ,see ,heid51 vol4 ii4 p4 #cef4 #aib ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #cbi4 #aic ,! ,i*aboe guano at pres5t export$ is a fre% deposit1 & is annually collect$ = %ipm5t4 #aid ,fur!r *emical *anges h occurr$ 9 c]ta9 cases betwe5 ! guano & ! lime/one rock b5ea?1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( :at is call$ a cru/ guano4 ,su* guanos =m a s(t phosphatic rock1 & are extremely ri* 9 phosphates4 ,z examples ( ^! cru/ guanos may be m5tion$ ,sombr]o1 ,curacao1 ,aruba1 ,mexico1 & ,navassa phosphates4 #aie ,! pres5ce 9 ! old ,p]uvian guano ( concretion>y nodules has already be5 ref]r$ to4 #aif ,accord+ to ,vogel ! nitrog5 z urates is conv]t$ by ! sulphuric acid into ammonia salts4 #aig ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vi4 p4 #ccj4 #aih ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 g5u9e guano conta9s a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bonate ( lime1 & w give a slight am\nt ( eff]vesc5ce :5 s treat$4 #aii ,! annual imports may be /at$ at f #cjjj to #djjj tons4 #bjj ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfg4 #bja ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,vii41 p4 #cca4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #big74 ,,p]uvian ,,guano ,,import$ ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1 #ahfe-ahic4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 #ahfe #bac1jbd #ahha #cc1cic #ahgj #bdg1jbh #ahhb #bg1chb #ahga #add1gce #ahhc #cf1gac #ahgb #gd1ifd #ahhd #ae1hjb #ahgc #ace1hie #ahhe - #ahgd #id1cdf #ahhf #bh1gcc #ahge #hf1jdb #ahhg #e1ghd #ahgf #aeh1fgd #ahhh #af1ddf #ahgg #aaa1hce #ahhi #ag1jjj #ahgh #abg1hac #ahij #ai1jjj #ahgi #de1dge #ahia #aa1jjj #ahhj #eh1fca #ahib #ad1jjj ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #bih74 ,,guano ,,deposits ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica-- ,p]u4--,9 v>i\s isl&s (f ! coa/--viz41 ,*9*a1 ,guanape1 ,balle/as1 ,macabi1 ,lobos1 & ,patillos2 & on diff]5t p>ts ( ! coa/--viz41 ,pabellon de ,pica1 ,*ipana1 ,huanillos1 ,punta de ,patillos1 ,indep5d5ce ,bay1 & ,lobos de ,afu]a4 ,columbia4--,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ates ( ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,granada1 & ,ecuador4 ,guano com+ f ^! p>ts is (t5 kn[n z ,columbian guano1 or accord+ to ! "n ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,m>acaibo & ,monks guanos come f ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela4 ,deposits are also f\nd on ! ,galapagos ,isl&s1 to ! we/ ( ,ecuador4 ,bolivia4--,mejillones1 ,patagonia1 ,leon's4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica--,deposits h be5 f\nd on ! coa/s ( ,mexico & ,cali=nia2 on ! ,raza & ,patos ,isl&s2 & on ! coa/s ( ,labrador4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd on ! ,isl&s ( ,curacao1 ,aruba1 & ,navassa 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,,africa--,on ! we/ coa/ deposits h be5 f\nd at ,algoa ,bay1 ,saldanha ,bay1 & on ! ,isl& ( ,i*aboe4 ,,au/ralia--,%>k's ,bay & ,swan ,isl&4 ,,we/ ,,indies--,sombr]o1 ,aves1 & ,cuba4 ,,pacific ,,ocean--,on ! ,isl&s ( ,bak]1 ,j>vis1 ,h[l&1 ,mald51 ,/>buck1 ,fann+1 ,end]bury1 ,lacep$e1 ,br[se1 ,huon1 & ,surprise4 ,,asia--,deposits at ,kuria ,muria on ! ,arabian coa/1 & on ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 7,see ,heid5's ',du5g]lehre1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cdi47 ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #cjc74 ,,composition ,,( ,,concretion>y ,,nodules4 7,analyses by ,k>mrodt47 ,no4 #a4 ,potassium sulphate #g4di phosphate #i4eb ,sodium #i4jh ,ammonium #g4eg ,calcium sulphate #c4dj ,ammonium urate #d4ji oxalate #da4bh ,nitrog5\s organic matt] #aj4ag ,wat] #g4dj ----- #ajj4jj ------ ,nitrog5 #ad4hd ,no4 #b4 ,potassium sulphate #de4fd ,sodium #ac4bb ,ammonium #aj4bc oxalate #i4ad ,basic ammonium phosphate #ab4ji ,precipitat$ ammonium phosphate #d4gh ,organic matt] 4#id ,insoluble #a4ij ,wat] #b4jf ------ #ajj4jj ------ ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #cjf74 ,! foll[+ analyses1 be+ ! av]age ( a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t samples analys$ f "t to "t 9 ! *emical laboratory ( ! ,pommritz ,agricultural ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 %[ ! gradual det]ioration ( ,p]uvian guano1 z reg>ds its p]c5tage ( nitrog51 dur+ ! ye>s #ahfg-ha3-- ,nitrog54 ,nitrog54 #ahfg #ac4af #ahgc #i4af #ahfh #aa4ih #ahgd #i4hc #ahfi #ac4ff #ahgh #g4aj #ahgj #ab4cg #ahgi #f4ie #ahga #aj4jd #ahhj #g4jg #ahgb #aj4gb #ahha #f4ic ,,note ,v4 7p4 #cji74 ,,composition ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,guanos4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! m common nitrog5\s & phosphatic guanos :i* h be5 us$ 9 ! pa/ or are at pres5t 9 use4 ,^? pr9t$ 9 italics are /ill be+ work$4 ,z _! value dep5ds on _! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 ^! alone h be5 giv54 ,! p]c5tages mu/ be tak5 z m]e approximations1 z ! quality ( diff]5t c>goes f ! same deposits v>ies v mu*4 ,! table may be f\nd useful = ref]5ce4 ,nitrog5\s ,guanos4 ,phosphoric ,tricalcic ,nitrog5 ,ammonia4 acid phosphate4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,angamos #bj #bd #e #aa ,*9*a #ad #ag #ac #bh ,balle/as #ab #ae #ab #bf ,egyptian #aa #ac #ai #da ,guanape #aa #ac - - ,macabi #aa #ac #ab #bf ,corcovado #aa #ac #ae #cc ,saldanha ,bay #i #aa #i #bj ,i*aboe #h #aj #i #bj ,indep5d5ce ,bay #g #i #ab #bf ,pabellon de ,pica #g #i #ad #ca ,punta de ,lobos #d #e #ae #cc ,huanillos #f #g #ah #bh ,p5gu9 #e #f #aa #bd ,patagonian #d #e #ah #ci ,falkl& ,isl&s #d #e #ad #ca ,phosphatic ,guanos4 ,phosphoric ,tricalcic acid phosphate4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,m>acaibo1 or ,monks #db #ib ,raza ,isl& #dj #hg ,curacao #dj #hg ,bak] ,isl& #ci #he ,/>buck #ch #hc ,end]bury #cg #ha ,cali=nian #ce #gf ,aves #cd #gd ,fann+ ,isl& #cd #gd ,h[l& #cd #gd ,sidney ,isl& #cd #gd ,mejillones #cc #gb ,lacep$e ,isl& #cc #gb ,mald5 ,isl& #cb #gj ,sombr]o #cb #gj ,br[se ,isl& #ca #fh ,huon ,isl& #bh #fa ,patos ,isl& #bd #eb ,j>vis ,isl& #bj #dd ,cape ,v]t #aa #bd ,,note ,,vi4 7p4 #cad74 ,x may be ( int]e/ to ref] to a !ory put =w>d by ,liebig z to ! action ( oxalic acid 9 guano4 ,?is1 he consid]$1 _h ! effect ( gradually r5d]+ ! insoluble calcium phosphate soluble1 & giv+ rise to ! =mation ( ammonium phosphate & calcium oxalate4 ,su* an action w\ld probably take place 7 ! guano all[$ to f]m5t by itself4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t :5 x is br\ght 9 contact ) ! soil-p>ticles1 all its soluble phosphate is conv]t$ into precipitat$ phosphate4 ,,note ,,vii4 7p4 #cbf74 ,,analyses ,,( ,,dung ,,( ,,f[ls1 ,,pigeons1 ,,ducks1 ,,& ,,geese4 7,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #cfg47 ,f[ls4 ,pigeons4 ,ducks4 ,geese4 ,wat] #ef4jj #eb4jj #ef4fj #gg4aj ,organic matt] #be4ej #ca4jj #bf4bj #ac4dj ,nitrog5 #a4fj #a4ge #a4jj 4#ee ,phosphoric acid #a4e-b4jj #a4e-b4jj #a4dj 4#ed ,pota% 4#hj-4ij #a4j-a4be 4#fb 4#ie ,lime #b4jj-b4ej #a4e-b4jj #a4gj 4#hd ,magnesia 4#ge 4#ej 4#ce 4#bj ,accord+ to a computation by a ,belgian f>m]1 a pigeon yields ab\t #f lb4 ( dung 9 a ye>1 a h5 ab\t #ab lb41 a turkey or goose ab\t #be lb41 & a duck #ah lb4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,soda4 ,nitrate ( soda1#bjb or1 z x is m correctly designat$ f a *emical po9t ( view1 sodium nitrate1 n[ =ms ! *ief artificial nitrog5\s manure 9 use4 ,along ) sulphate ( ammonia1 x has tak5 ! place once held 9 ! manure m>kets by ! old] ,p]uvian guano1 & may )\t d\bt be reckon$1 at pres5t prices1 "o ( ! *eape/ & mo/ valuable ( ! artificial s\rces ( nitrog5 = ! plant4 ,x is "s sixty-two ye>s ago s9ce x 0 fir/ export$ f ,s\? ,am]ica into ?is c\ntry4 ,! total exports 9 t ye> am\nt$ to ab\t #hjj tons1 & "s indication ( ! enorm\s ext5t to :i* ! use ( ?is valuable f]tilis] has be5 develop$ s9ce !n w be obta9$ f ! /atem5t t ! total exports at pres5t am\nt to little less ?an #a1jjj1jjj tons p] annum1 repres5t+ a monet>y value ( #f to #g millions /]l+4 ,( ?is quantity ab\t #abj1jjj tons are import$ into ,brita94#bjc ,:ile its *ief use is = manurial purposes1 x mu/ n be imag9$ t x is only us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt is us$ 9 connection ) v>i\s *emical manufactures--= in/ance1 t ( nitric & sulphuric acid--& also 9 ! manufacture ( saltpetre1 ! *ief con/itu5t ( gunp[d]4 ,date ( ,discov]y ( ,nitrate ,deposits4 ,! exact date ( ! discov]y ( ! nitrate deposits seems to be a po9t ( consid]able dubiety4 ,! e>lie/ publi%$ description ( !m 0 writt5 by ,bolla]t ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 9 :i* ye>1 x is /at$1 ! fir/ %ipm5t 0 made to ,engl&4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till "s t5 or twelve ye>s lat] t ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t1 to :om !y !n belong$1#bjd seems to h recognis$ _! value4 ,! mo/ important deposits are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n ( ,iquique1 :i* is ! *ief nitrate port ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is a some:at /rik+ fact t ?is sub/ance1 :i* has conclusively prov$ itself to be ! mo/ pot5t ( all kn[n artificial ag5ts 9 ! promotion ( vegetable gr[?1 %\ld be f\nd 9 a di/rict utt]ly lack+ ! slighte/ traces ( vegetation ( any k9d4 ,le/ su* a /atem5t %\ld seem to sav\r ( irony1 we ha/5 to expla9 t ! s+ul> b>r5ness ( ?is "p ( ! c\ntry is l>gely due to ! "* ( its climate1 ! deposits occurr+ 9 ! mid/ ( s&y des]ts1#bje on :i* ra9 nev] falls4 ,_! ,orig94 ,! orig9 ( ^! nitrate-fields is a geological problem ( v consid]able int]e/1 ! difficulty ( :i* is greatly enhanc$ by _! altitude--#cjjj to #djjj feet above ! sea-level--& _! di/ance inl&1 :i* am\nts 9 "s cases to eighty or n9ety miles f ! sea-coa/4 ,! nitrate deposits are n ! only sal9e deposits f\nd 9 ,*ili4 ,accord+ to ! late ,david ,=bes1#bjf !y are n to be confus$ ) o!r sal9e =mations1 :i* appe> at int]vals scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( t portion ( ! we/]n coa/1 on :i* no ra9 falls4 ,! latt] /ret* f nor? to s\? = a di/ance ( m ?an #eej miles--_! greate/ developm5t be+ betwe5 latitudes #ai deg4 & #be deg4 s\?4 ,! dep? to :i* !y ext5d d[nw>ds v>ies consid]ably4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 are ( a v sup]ficial "*1 & !y always %[ signs ( _! exi/5ce by ! sal9e effloresc5ce se5 on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :i* (t5 cov]s va/ pla9s z a :ite cry/all9e incru/ation1 ! du/ f :i*1 ent]+ ! no/rils & m\? ( ! travell]1 causes mu* annoyance1 :il/ at ! same "t ! eyes are equally suff]+ f ! int5sely brilliant reflection ( ! rays ( a tropical sun4 ,^! sal9e incru/ations1 or sal9as1 z !y are g5]ally call$1 are *iefly compos$ ( salts ( lime1 soda1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & ( boracic acid4 ,_! composition w\ld lead "o to attribute _! orig9 to ! evaporation ( salt wat]2 =1 ) ! s+le exception ( boracic acid1#bjg all ! m9]al sub/ances are su* z w\ld be obta9$ by ! evaporation ( sea-wat]1 or by ! mutual reactions ( its salts ) ! con/itu5ts ( ! adjac5t rocks4 ,z !re is indisputable evid5ce ( ! rec5t elevation ( ! :ole ( ?is coa/1 volcanic upheaval might be reasonably held to expla9 _! altitude4 ,_! comp>ative proximity to ! coa/ w\ld seem fur!r to fav\r ?is !ory4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 !re=e1 ,=bes is incl9$ to ?9k t !y owe _! orig9 to ! evaporation1 "u ! influ5ce ( a tropical sun1 ( lagoons ( salt wat]1 ! communication ( :i* ) ! sea _h be5 cut (f by ! ris+ ( ! l&4 ,=bes & ,d>w9 on ! ,!ory ( _! ,orig94 ,! obvi\s difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! =mation ( ! l>g] deposits by su* a !ory he meets by say+ t x is only necess>y to suppose t1 ev5 aft] ! p>tial isolation ( ! lagoons by ! elevations ( ! coa/1 !y might /ill h ma9ta9$ tidal or occasional communication ) ! sea by means ( lat]al op5+s 9 ! *a9 ( hills sep>at+ !m f ! ocean4 ,9 su* cases !re w\ld be a gradual accumulation ( salts1 v mu* great] 9 am\nt ?an t due simply to ! evaporation ( ! wat] orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! lagoons4 ,! above !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! l[] sal9e deposits may g to expla9 ! mode ( =mation ( ! nitrate-fields2 b 9 ?is case sev]al difficulties pres5t !mselves4 ,"o is ! mu* great] altitude ( ! latt]1 z well z _! great] di/ance inl&4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 may be met by assum+ t !y are ( old] orig9 ?an ! l[] deposits1 & h be5 subject$ to a correspond+ly great] am\nt ( volcanic upheaval4 ,!re is abundance ( pro( t ?is "p ( ! cont95t has be5 ! sc5e 9 ! pa/ ( su* volcanic upheaval4 ,=bes is ( op9ion t !re is ! fulle/ evid5ce to prove t1 ev5 s9ce ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 a v consid]able elevation ( ! l& has tak5 place ov] ! great] "p1 if n ! :ole ext5t1 ( ! l9e ( coa/2 :ile ,d>w9 /ates t he has conv9c+ pro( t ?is "p ( ! cont95t has be5 elevat$ f #djj to #abjj feet s9ce ! epo* ( exi/+ %ells4 ,fur!rmore1 elevations ( ! coa/-l9e1 am\nt+ 9 _m cases to sev]al feet1 are kn[n to h happ5$ )9 rec5t times1 :ile e>?quakes & volcanic di/urbances ( a less /rik+ nature are /ill ( common occurr5ce4 ,successive l9es1 indicative ( old sea-bea*es1 c be di/9ctly trac$ /ret*+ inl&1 "o beh9d ! o!r2 & pat*es ( sea-s& & wat]-worn /one1 f\nd at a great di/ance f ! coa/1 bo? 9 valleys & at altitudes mu* great] ev5 ?an #djjj feet1 po9t to ! same conclusion4#bjh ,! difficulty1 !re=e1 ( altitude & di/ance f ! coa/ _c be reg>d$ z insup]able4 ,s\rce ( ,nitric ,acid4 ,a difficulty1 h[ev]1 :i* is n s easily met1 is af=d$ by ! pres5ce ( ! nitric acid :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! soda1 =ms ! nitrate ( soda4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to in=m our read]s t nitrog5--except1 ( c\rse1 9 small quantities 9 ! free /ate--is n a normal con/itu5t ( salt wat]4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 ( greate/ int]e/ 9 connection ) ! =mation ( ^! nitrate-b$s is1 ,:5ce has ! nitric acid be5 d]iv$8 ,sev]al !ories h be5 put =w>d to acc\nt = x4 ,guano ,!ory4 ,"o is to ! effect t x owes its orig9 to huge guano deposits1 orig9ally cov]+ ! %ores ( ! l>ge salt lakes :i*1 by ! subsequ5t ov]fl[+ ( _! %ores1 effect$ ! mixture ( ! guano ) ! salts4 ,9 ?is way1 by a sl[ process ( decomposition1 nitrate ( soda w\ld be ultimately =m$4#bji ,?is !ory1 ap>t f o!r consid]ations1 seems at fir/ sight extremely plausible1 m especially :5 we rememb] t x is on ?is v coa/ t ! greate/ guano deposits h be5 f\nd1 & t ! fam\s ,*9*a ,isl&s1 :i* alone h yield$ ov] #aj million tons ( ?is valuable f]tilis]1 are comp>atively ne> ! sc5e ( ! nitrate deposits4 ,:at seems fur!r to support ?is !ory1 is ! actual occurr5ce 9 ! nitrate-fields !mselves ( small quantities ( guano4 ,b h[ev] plausible x may appe> at fir/ sight1 x does n be> clos] criticism4 ,"o v s]i\s objection is ! abs5ce 9 ^! deposits ( phosphate ( lime1 :i* is ! l>ge/ con/itu5t ( guano4 ,if !y 7 really due to guano1 h[ does x happ5 t ! insoluble phosphate ( lime %\ld h disappe>$1 :ile ! easily soluble nitrate ( soda %\ld alone be pres]v$8 ,aga91 assum+ ?is !ory to be correct1 we %\ld naturally expect to be /ill able to f9d evid5ce ( ! *emical *anges :i* w\ld "u su* circum/ances h tak5 place1 9 ! %ape ( portions ( ! guano 9 ! transition /age4 ,su* evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ c>eful inve/igations h fail$ to detect4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! above objections1 !re seems to be little d\bt1 f evid5ce af=d$ by traces ( birds' ne/s1 c41 t ! guano f\nd 9 ! nitrate-b$s 0 deposit$ subsequ5t to ! =mation ( ! nitrate ( soda4 ,nitric ,acid d]iv$ f ,sea-we$4 ,! mo/ probable !ory seems to be t put =w>d by ,noelln]4 ,! orig9 ( ! nitric acid is1 accord+ to him1 to be ascrib$ to ! decay ( great masses ( sea-we$1 :i*1 by means ( hurricanes su* z are /ill preval5t 9 ^! di/ricts1 7 driv5 into ! lagoons4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ! way ( accept+ ?is !ory is ! enorm\s quantity ( sea-we$ requir$ to produce ! millions ( tons ( nitric acid ^! deposits conta94 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 z be>+ ^u ?is po9t1 t ! occurr5ce ( gigantic masses ( sea-we$ 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean#baj is by no means uncommon ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,if1 to und]/& ! =mation ( coal1 we mu/ suppose ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod to be "o dur+ :i* exceptionally luxuriant gr[? ( vegetation took place1 we may be p]mitt$ to suppose a simil> luxuriant gr[? ( sea-we$ dur+ ! =mation ( ! nitrate deposits4 ,v /rong confirmation ( ! tru? ( ?is !ory is fur!r af=d$ by ! pres5ce 9 l>ge quantities1 9 ! raw nitrate ( soda1 ( iod9e1 a sub/ance *>act]i/ic ( sea-we$2 :ile pieces ( sea-we$ /ill undecompos$ are met ) "h & !re4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ?is !ory1 :ile n free f difficulties1 seems to be ! mo/ wor?y ( acceptance z reg>ds ! orig9 ( ! nitrate deposits4#baa ,appe>ance ( ,nitrate-fields4 ,hav+ ?us discuss$ ! orig9 ( ! nitrate-fields1 we may n[ give a m detail$ description ( _! appe>ance4 ,! *ief deposits at pres5t be+ work$ are ^? ly+ 9 ! ,pampa de ,tam>ugal1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,t>apaca4 ,!y /ret* to a di/ance ( ?irty or =ty miles inl&1 f ,pisagua s\?w>ds to some:at beyond ! t[n ( ,iquique4 ,?is huge des]t1 z has be5 already indicat$1 seems to be entirely de/itute ( all vegetation & animal life4 ,ev5 9 ! imm$iately adjo9+ c\ntry ! only k9d ( vegetation t seems to gr[ is a species ( acacia4 ,! few /reams t are f\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood are entirely f$ by ! melt+ sn[ f ! ,cordill]as4 ,d>w9 describes ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ^! pampas z resembl+ a c\ntry aft] sn[1 be=e ! la/ dirty pat*es are ?aw$4 ,! cali*e1 or raw nitrate ( soda1 is n equally di/ribut$ ov] ! pampas4 ,! mo/ abundant deposits are situat$ on ! slopes ( ! hills :i* probably =m$ ! %ores ( ! old lagoons4 ,an exp]t c tell f ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! gr\nd :]e ! ri*e/ deposits are likely to be f\nd4 ,! cali*e itself is n f\nd on ! surface ( ! pla91 b is cov]$ up by two lay]s4 ,! upp]mo/1 kn[n te*nically z *uca1 is ( a friable nature1 & consi/s ( s& & gypsum2 :ile ! l[]1 ! co/ra1 is a rocky conglom]ate ( clay1 gravel1 & fragm5ts ( felsp>4 ,! cali*e v>ies 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to #aj or #ab feet1 & re/s on a s(t /ratum ( e>? call$ cova4 ,! ,me?od ( m9+ ! ,nitrate4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! cali*e is excavat$ is z foll[s3 ,a hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! *uca1 co/ra1 & cali*e lay]s till ! cova or s(t e>? is rea*$ bel[4 ,x is !n enl>g$ until x is wide en\gh to admit ( a small boy be+ let d[n1 :o scrapes away ! e>? bel[ ! cali*e s z to =m a little holl[ cup4 ,into ?is a *>ge ( gunp[d] is introduc$1 & subsequ5tly explod$4 ,! cali*e is !n sep>at$ by means ( picks f ! ov]ly+ co/ra & c>ri$ to ! ref9]y4 ,composition ( ,cali*e4 ,bo? 9 appe>ance & composition x v>ies v mu*4 ,9 col\r x may be sn[-:ite1 sulphur1 lemon1 orange1 violet1 blue1 & sometimes br[n l raw sug>4 ,! cali*e f\nd 9 ! ,pampa de ,tam>ugal conta9s g5]ally ab\t #cj to #ej p] c5t pure nitrate ( soda2 t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,atacama conta9s f #be to #dj p] c5t4 ,! subsequ5t ref9+ processes1 :i* consi/ 9 cru%+ x by means ( roll]s & !n dissolv+ x1 ne$ n "h be describ$4 ,x may be suffici5t to m5tion t ! process us$ is t kn[n z sy/ematic lixiviation1 & is analog\s to ! me?od introduc$ by ,%anks 9 ! manufacture ( soda4 ,! *ief impurity 9 ! raw mat]ial is common salt3 gypsum1 sulphates ( potassium1 sodium1 & magnesium1 along ) insoluble matt]s1 are ! o!r impurities4 ,! manufacture ( iod9e1 :i*1 z has be5 already notic$1 is f\nd 9 ! nitrate-b$s1 is also c>ri$ on at ^! (ic9as4 ,ext5t ( ! ,nitrate ,deposits4 ,! "q ( ! ext5t ( ! nitrate ( soda deposits is naturally "o ( v great int]e/1 especially f ! agricultural po9t ( view4 ,m4 ,*>les ,legrange1 a ,fr5* writ]1 e/imat$ a few ye>s ago t !y /ill conta9$ ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj tons ( pure nitrate ( soda4 ,op9ions on ?is po9t diff] v consid]ably1 & x seems wellnigh impossible to arrive at any v accurate e/imate4 ,! numb] ( ye>s !y w la/ w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 on ! am\nt ( annual exportation4 ,?is1 at pres5t1 falls little %ort ( #a1jjj1jjj tons4 ,if ?is am\nt is ma9ta9$1 !y %\ld la/1 accord+ to exp]ts1 "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s at lea/4 ,a consid]ation :i* has an important influ5ce on ?is "q1 is ! price obta9$ = ! article4 ,if ?is %\ld be increas$1 x may be possible to treat ! l>g] quantities ( ! inf]ior raw mat]ial 7:i* at pres5t prices are all[$ to accumulate7 at a pr(it4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is :at w ultimately take place1 :5 ! ri*] quality ( ! cali*e has be5 exhau/$4 ,composition & ,prop]ties ( ,nitrate ( ,soda4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 comm]cial nitrate ( soda conta9s ab\t #ie p] c5t ( pure nitrate ( soda1 or ab\t #ae-a_/b p] c5t ( nitrog51 :i*1 if calculat$ z ammonia1 w\ld equal #ai p] c5t4 ,x is1 next to sulphate ( ammonia 7:i* conta9s #bd-a_/b p] c5t ( ammonia71 ! mo/ conc5trat$ nitrog5\s manure1 & fur!r1 conta9s its nitrog5 9 ! =m mo/ readily available = ! plant's use4 ,its mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ty is its great solubility1 & consequ5t spe$y diffusion 9 ! soil1 & ! inability ( ! soil-p>ticles to fix its nitrog54 ,9 ! latt] respect x diff]s v consid]ably f o!r =ms ( nitrog54 ,ammonia salts1 ?\gh practically q z soluble1 d n diffuse 9 ! soil s rapidly z nitrate ( soda does2 = ! ammonia is m or less t5aci\sly fix$ by ! soil-p>ticles1 & reta9$ till conv]t$ by ! process ( nitrification into nitrates4 ,nitrate ( ,soda appli$ z a ,top-dress+4 ,on ?is acc\nt nitrate ( soda is *iefly employ$--& rightly s--z a top-dress+4 ,! risk ( loss by dra9age is ?us m9imis$1 & ! valuable nitrog5 f9ds its rightful de/9ation--viz41 9 ! plant's roots4 ,enc\rages deep ,roots4 ,a special b5efit :i* ! diffusibility ( nitrate ( soda has be5 held to conf] on ! plant1 is to enc\rage ! gr[? ( deep roots1 by induc+ ! gr[+ plant to s5d d[n its roots into ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil aft] ! nitrate ( soda4 ,! b5efit ( deep roots is1 ( c\rse1 v great4 ,!y enable ! plant to )/& ! action ( dr\ght1 & at ! same "t increase ! area :5ce ! plant may d]ive its n\ri%m5t4 ,al?\gh ! value ( ! manure is practically entirely due to ! nitrog5 x conta9s1 x has be5 urg$ t ! soda ex]cises a b5eficial effect on ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! soil1 by increas+ its p[] ( absorb+ moi/ure1 & 9 also r5d]+ x m compact4 ,?is w\ld p>tly expla9 h[ its results 9 dry seasons are s mu* bett] ?an ^? obta9$ f sulphate ( ammonia4 ,?is me*anical action ( nitrate c sc>cely be v great :5 we rememb] ! comp>atively small quantity appli$4 ,ev5 9 ! drie/ ( seasons !re w always be suffici5t moi/ure to secure ! diffusion ( ! nitrate ( soda1 :ile ! risk ( loss by dra9age w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,mu* ignorance1 z well z prejudice1 has exi/$ 9 ! pa/ z to ! true nature ( ! action ( nitrate ( soda4 ,nor is ?is prejudice ev5 yet entirely dispell$4 ,is ,nitrate an exhau/+ ,manure8 ,! common *>ge br\ght aga9/ x is1 t x is :at has be5 t]m$ an exhau/+ manure4 ,?is objection1 to h any weight1 mu/ mean t nitrate ( soda produces a crop :i* takes out ( ! soil an abnormal quantity ( f]tilis+ matt]4 ,b1 s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 no sci5tific evid5ce has ev] be5 br\ght =w>d to support ?is cont5tion4 ,t ! indiscrim9ate use ( a manure may produce a crop 9 :i* ! /em & leaves are unduly develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! gra91 or 9 :i* ! quality ( ! crop may suff] f too rapid gr[?1 is1 ( c\rse1 a well-kn[n fact4 ,b z ?is c\ld also be produc$ by an ov]dose ( soluble phosphoric acid z well z ammonia salts1 x is n a prop]ty t belongs exclusively to nitrate ( soda4 ,probably nitrate ( soda has 9 ! pa/ be5 (t5 us$ 9 ?is indiscrim9ate way s z to produce su* results4 ,! fault1 !re=e1 lies n 9 ! manure1 b 9 ! mode ( its application4 ,a few rem>ks1 !re=e1 on ?is mo/ important subject may prove s]viceable4 ,crops = :i* x is suit$4 ,op9ions w naturally diff] z to ! crops to :i* x is pr(itable to apply nitrate ( soda4 ,its value z a manure = c]eals is pretty g5]ally admitt$4 ,its value z a manure = roots is n1 h[ev]1 s univ]sally admitt$4 ,exp]im5ts w\ld seem to %[ t su* a crop z ! mangold d]ives j z mu* b5efit z d ! c]eals2 :ile 9 ,g]many practical exp]i5ce on a v l>ge scale has demon/rat$ its value z a manure = beetroots4 ,x may be g5]ally recomm5d$ z a manure = all crops1 except1 p]haps1 ! s-call$ legum9\s crops1 su* z clov]1 beans1 peas1 c1 ^: ability to obta9 nitrog5 = !mselves r5d]s ! application ( exp5sive artificial nitrog5\s manures unadvisable4 ,an int]e/+ po9t ) reg>d to nitrate ( soda is ! curi\s effect x seems to h on ! col\r ( ! leaves ( plants4 ,?is int]e/+ fact has be5 /rik+ly demon/rat$ at ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 9 ! contra/ 9 ! col\r ( ! leaves ( diff]5t exp]im5tal grass-plots1 manur$ ) nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia respectively--! plots manur$ ) nitrate ( soda be+ di/9ctly d>k] 9 hue1 obvi\sly ow+ to ! great] production ( *lorophyll or gre5 matt]4 ,su* a dep? ( col\r w\ld seem to indicate a m heal?y developm5t4 ,me?od ( ,application4 ,:ile op9ions1 !re=e1 w naturally diff] z to ! crops to :i* nitrate ( soda w be mo/ pr(itably appli$1 little diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! me?od ( its application4 ,! inability ( ! soil-p>ticles to reta9 x1 ! frequ5cy ( ra91 ! co/ly nature ( ! manure itself1 & its imm$iate availability z a plant-food1 all po9t to ! extreme advisability ( us+ x z a top-dress+4 ,ev5 :5 us$ z a top-dress+1 x may be advisable n to apply ! entire quantity all at "o "t4 ,by apply+ x 9 in/alm5ts1 little risk is run t1 ?r\gh inclem5cy ( wea!r1 ! manure w be lo/4 ,ano!r po9t ( importance 9 apply+ nitrate ( soda is to secure uni=m di/ribution4 ,?is ( c\rse is applicable to all artificial manures1 b 9 a v special degree to nitrate ( soda1 because ( its great value & ! comp>atively small quantity appli$4 ,z ! uni=m di/ribution ( "o cwt4 ( any mat]ial ov] an acre ( soil is by no means an easy task1 ! mix+ ( nitrate ( soda ) "s dilu5t1 su* z dry loam1 is consequ5tly highly advisable4 ,common salt is (t5 appli$ along ) nitrate ( soda4 ,! indirect value ( salt z a manure is consid]able1 & :5 appli$ along ) nitrate1 ensures its m spe$y diffusion 9 ! soil1 by increas+ ! soil's capacity = absorb+ moi/ure f ! air4 ,mu/ be a ,suffici5cy ( o!r ,f]tilis+ ,con/itu5ts4 ,a ?ird po9t ( importance 9 apply+ nitrate ( soda1 is to see t ! soil is suffici5tly suppli$ ) ! o!r plant-foods--phosphates & pota%4 ,?is is a s9e qua non1 if ! nitrate is to get a fair *ance4 ,if x is desir$ to apply nitrate ( soda along ) sup]phosphate ( lime1 a ^w ( caution is necess>y aga9/ mak+ ! mixture long be=e x is us$4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t a *emical action is apt to ensue1 result+ 9 ! loss ( ! nitric acid 9 ! nitrate ( soda4 ,! nature ( ! soil is ano!r important consid]ation to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ! case ( extremely loose & s&y soils1 x is sc>cely to be recomm5d$ z ! mo/ suitable =m 9 :i* to apply nitrog54 ,if appli$ to su* soils1 especial c>e ought to be tak5 to m9imise risk ( loss4 ,no h>d-&-fa/ rules c be laid d[n z to ! quantity 9 :i* x ought to be appli$4 ,?is mu/ be regulat$ v mu* by ! crop1 ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! quantity ( o!r manures employ$4 ,f #a to #a-a_/d cwt4 may be recomm5d$ z a suitable quantity = corn crops :i* are o!rwise lib]ally manur$4 ,on /rong clay soils ?is quantity may be judici\sly increas$ up to #b cwt4 ,dr ,b]n>d ,dy]1 :o has exp]im5t$ l>gely on its use z a manure = mangolds1 is ( op9ion t an application ( f #c to #d cwt4 an acre is likely to prove ?or\ghly pr(itable2 & ! pres5t writ] has f\nd 9 8 exp]im5ts ) turnips t a top-dress+ ( #a cwt4 amply repaid itself4 ,conclusions drawn4 ,9 conclusion1 ! nature & *>act]i/ics ( nitrate ( soda z a manure may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,x is a :iti%1 cry/all9e salt1 extremely soluble1 & is quickly diffus$ 9 ! soil4 ,x %\ld conta9 #ie p] c5t ( pure nitrate ( soda--i4e41 #ae-a_/b p] c5t ( nitrog51 equal to ab\t #ai p] c5t ( ammonia4 #b4 ,next to sulphate ( ammonia1 x is ! mo/ conc5trat$ nitrog5\s manure2 ! relative quantities ( nitrog5 ^! two manures conta9 be+ z ?ree is to f\r4 #c4 ,x conta9s its nitrog5 9 ! mo/ valuable & readily assimilable =m--i4e41 z nitric acid1 ! =m into :i* all o!r =ms ( nitrog5 h fir/ to be conv]t$ be=e !y become available = ! plant's uses4 #d4 ,t1 at pres5t m>ket prices1 nitrate ( soda may be safely affirm$ to be ! *eape/ =m ( nitrog5\s manure4 #e4 ,t nitrate ( soda1 9 addition to its direct value z a manure1 probably ex]cises a slight influ5ce on ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! soil1 by increas+ its compactness & wat]-absorb+ capacities2 t x fur!r t5ds to promote deep roots1 & ?us to increase ! soil area :5ce ! plant may d]ive its n\ri%m5t1 at ! same "t r5d]+ ! plant m able to )/& ! injuri\s influ5ce ( dr\ght4 #f4 ,t a pl5tiful supply ( ! o!r manurial con/itu5ts %\ld be pres5t 9 ! soil1 if nitrate ( soda is to ex]cise its full value4 #g4 ,t x may be pr(itably appli$ 9 ! case ( ne>ly all k9ds ( crops1 b t great c>e %\ld be tak5 z to ! mode ( its application4 ,t ?is %\ld be almo/ inv>iably z a top-dress+1 & t x %\ld be appli$ 9 sev]al doses if possible4 #h4 ,t its effects c be reg>d$ z la/+ only dur+ ! fir/ ye> aft] application4 ,,footnotes3 #bjb ,?is sub/ance is also l>gely kn[n "u ! "n ,*ili saltpetre1 to di/+ui% x f potassium nitrate or common saltpetre4 #bjc ,see ,app5dix1 p4 #cea4 #bjd ,we may rem9d our read]s t ^! nitrate deposits 7 l>gely ! cause ( ! late w> betwe5 ,*ili & ,p]u1 :i* result$ 9 ! cession to ,*ili by ,p]u ( ! prov9ce ( ,t>apaca1 :]e ! mo/ important deposits are situat$4 #bje ,! o!r nitrate deposits are f\nd 9 ! prov9ces ( ,ant(aga/a & ,atacama1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! ref9$ article is export$ f ^! places4 ,! am\nt1 h[ev]1 is inconsid]able z comp>$ ) t :i* comes f ! prov9ce ( ,t>apaca4 #bjf ,see 8 elaborate article on ! ,geology ( ,bolivia & ,p]u1 publi%$ 9 ! ',qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society' = ,novemb] #ahfj4 #bjg ,! s\rce ( ! boracic acid is probably volcanic4 #bjh ,a fri5d ( ! pres5t writ]1 :o has visit$ ?is "p ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 in=ms him t at "o po9t ( ! coa/ at ,mejillones 79 ,bolivia7 he c\ld trace ! rema9s ( no few] ?an twelve di/9ct sea-bea*es1 situat$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! sea1 & ris+ to an altitude ( #bejj feet4 #bji ,9 ?is *ange1 lime d]iv$ f ! sea-%ells w\ld play an important "p4 ,mod]n rese>*es h %[n1 z we h already said 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t1 9 ! conv]sion ( organic nitrog5 into nitrates1 ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime is a necess>y condition4 #baj ,! ,gulf we$ is an in/ance 9 po9t4 ,huge masses ( float+ sea-we$ are sometimes f\nd1 #ejj to #fjj miles 9 l5g?1 =m+ ! s-call$ ,s>agossa ,sea4 #baa ,a difficulty :i* has n be5 ref]r$ to is ! belief ent]ta9$ by geologi/s t !re has be5 a *ange ( climate 9 ,nor!rn ,*ili1 & t !re mu/ h be5 m ra9 !re =m]ly ?an !re is at pres5t4 ,traces ( human habitations are f\nd high up 9 ! ,cordill]as to-day4 ,cobs ( ,indian corn1 axes & knives ( copp] temp]$ to exce$+ %>pness1 arr[-heads ( agate1 ev5 pieces ( clo?1 are dug up 9 arid pla9s n[ )\t any trace ( wat] = _m leagues 9 or ar\nd !m 7,russell1 ',! ,nitrate-,fields ( ,*ili1' p4 #bij74 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,soda4 ,total ,%ipm5ts f ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ahcj-ahib4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 #ahcj #hjj #ahgj #aca1djj #ahhf #dcg1ejj #ahce #f1bjj #ahge #cba1jjj #ahhg #fhj1fjj #ahdj #aj1ajj #ahhj #bag1cjj #ahhh #gde1gjj #ahde #af1hjj #ahha #cdd1fjj #ahhi #icj1jjj #ahej #bb1hjj #ahhb #dgg1hjj #ahij #a1jcj1jjj #ahee #da1hjj #ahhc #egb1djj #ahia #gij1jjj #ahfj #ee1bjj #ahhd #edj1ijj #ahib #gij1jjj #ahfe #aji1jjj #ahhe #dbc1ajj ,! foll[+ tables exhibit ! total imports into ,europe1 & into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ! ye>s #ahgc-ib3-- ,,nitrate ,,( ,,soda1 #ahgc-ahib4 ,imports into ,europe4 ,imports into ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 #ahgc #bbe1jjj #ahgc #abd1jjj #ahgd #bcj1jjj #ahgd #ajh1bjj #ahge #bhj1jjj #ahge #afd1ijj #ahgf #cjj1jjj #ahgf #aff1hjj #ahgg #bjh1jjj #ahgg #fi1fjj #ahgh #bej1jjj #ahgh #ajd1djj #ahgi #bje1jjj #ahgi #ee1cjj #ahhj #adj1jjj #ahhj #dh1cjj #ahha #bcj1jjj #ahha #ed1hjj #ahhb #cce1jjj #ahhb #if1jjj #ahhc #ddj1jjj #ahhc #ajc1gjj #ahhd #eje1jjj #ahhd #ajc1gjj #ahhe #chj1jjj #ahhe #aji1djj #ahhf #ccj1jjj #ahhf #ge1ajj #ahhg #ddj1jjj #ahhg #hc1ajj #ahhh #fdj1jjj #ahhh #ajc1ajj #ahhi #gfj1jjj #ahhi #abj1jjj #ahij #ghd1jjj #ahij #aad1jjj #ahia #hea1jjj #ahia #aba1jjj #ahib #gie1jjj #ahib #aae1jjj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,value ( ,ammonia z a ,manure4 ,! value ( ammonia salts z a manure has be5 long recognis$2 inde$ till rec5tly ammonia 0 ?\ght to be ! mo/ valuable =m 9 :i* nitrog5 c\ld be appli$ z a plant-food--a view1 we may m5tion1 held by ,liebig4 ,:ile ! plant1 no d\bt1 c absorb its nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia1#bab z well z 9 o!r =ms1 z we h already po9t$ out 9 previ\s *apt]s1 x is n[ fully recognis$ t ammonia salts1 :5 appli$ to ! soil1 are conv]t$ into nitrates4 ,nitric acid1 !n1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mo/ valuable1 inasmu* z x is ! mo/ rapidly assimilat$ =m ( nitrog5 = ! plant2 b next to nitric acid 9 value comes ammonia4 ,( ! diff]5t =ms ( ammonia available = manurial purposes1 ! only "o us$ to a l>ge ext5t is sulphate4 ,s\rces ( ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,! olde/1 & :at is /ill ! *ief s\rce ( ?is valuable salt1 is ! gas-works1 :]e x is obta9$ z "o ( ! bye-products 9 ! manufacture ( gas4 ,x is also obta9$ to a less] ext5t f %ale1 iron1 coke1 & c>bonis+ works4 ,bones1 horn1 lea!r1 & c]ta9 o!r animal sub/ances ri* 9 nitrog51 :5 subject$ to dry di/illation1 z is ! case 9 c]ta9 manufactures1 su* z ! manufacture ( bone-*>coal = use 9 sug>-ref9]ies1 & ! di/illation ( horn1 c41 9 ! manufacture ( prussiate ( pota%1 also con/itute less abundant s\rces4 ,ammonia f ,gas-works4 ,coal conta9s on an av]age f a half to "o & a half p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,:5 x is subject$ to dry di/illation1 z is done 9 ! gas-works1 ! nitrog5 :i* x conta9s is *iefly conv]t$ into ammonia1 &1 9 ! process ( purification ( ! gas1 is remov$ 9 ! gas-liquor1#bac :i* conta9s ab\t "o p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,! ammonia recov]$ f ?is liquor by di/illation is !n absorb$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,x may be po9t$ out t no?+ l all ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! coal is recov]$ z sulphate ( ammonia4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t only f a fif? to a t5? is actually recov]$1 & _m processes h be5 pat5t$ ) a view to increas+ ! yield ( ammonia 9 gas manufacture4 ,! total production ( ammonia f gas-works may be plac$ at little ov] #ajj1jjj tons p] annum = ,great ,brita94 ,mr ,l4 ,mond1 ,f4,r4,s41 rec5tly drew att5tion to ! possibility ( l>gely increas+ our supply ( sulphate ( ammonia f coal4 ,z indicat+ :at an enorm\s s\rce ( sulphate ( ammonia we h 9 coal1 ,mr ,mond calculat$ t its annual consumption 9 ?is c\ntry 7e/imat$ at #aej1jjj1jjj tons7 w\ld yield z mu* z #e1jjj1jjj tons ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,o!r ,s\rces4 ,:ile ! ammonia produc$ 9 ! manufacture ( gas has long be5 collect$1 x is only ( rec5t ye>s t ! o!r s\rces ( ammonia h be5 develop$4 ,next to ! gas-works1 ! %ale-works ( ,scotl& =m 9 ?is c\ntry ! *ief s\rce ( ?is valuable manure4 ,9 ^! works ! ammonia is obta9$ 9 di/ill+ ! p>aff9 %ale by a me?od some:at simil> to t 9 use 9 ! gas-works4 ,! am\nt ( sulphate ( ammonia obta9$ f ?is s\rce is betwe5 #bj1jjj & #cj1jjj tons p] annum4 ,rec5tly ! ammonia has be5 recov]$ f ! bla/-furnace gases 9 iron-works--"s #fjjj tons be+ annually obta9$ 9 ?is way2 :ile f coke & c>bonis+ works ! annual production is ab\t half t am\nt4 ,! comb9$ annual production f all ^! s\rces may be put d[n at #adj1jjj tons1 ! total production 9 ,europe be+ probably little m ?an #bjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ! ,app5dix fur!r /ati/ics w be f\nd4#bad ,composition1 c41 ( ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,pure sulphate ( ammonia is a :iti% cry/all9e salt1 extremely soluble 9 wat]4 ,! comm]cial article1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally greyi% or br[ni% 9 col\r1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( slight quantities ( impurities4 ,! pure salt %\ld conta9 #be4ge p] c5t ( ammonia2 b ! comm]cial article is g5]ally sold on a basis ( #bd4e p] c5t4 ,a useful te/ ( its purity is ! fact t :5 subject$ to a r$-heat x %\ld almo/ entirely volatilise1 leav+ v little residue4 ,! *ief impurities :i* x is likely to conta9 are an excess ( moi/ure1 free acid1 or ! pres5ce ( insoluble matt]4 ,c]ta9 samples conta9 small quantities ( ammonium sulphocyanate1 an extremely poison\s sub/ance = plants4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is dang]\s impurity is easily detect$ by add+ f]ric *loride1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( ! sulphocyanate1 produces a blood-r$ col\r4 ,sulphate ( ammonia is ?us ! mo/ conc5trat$ ( all nitrog5\s manures 9 common use1 & is = t reason ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,application4 ,= ?is reason1 z well z f ! fact t x conta9s a spe$ily available =m ( nitrog51 sulphate ( ammonia %\ld only z a rule be appli$ 9 comp>atively small quantities--#ajj to #abe lb4 p] acre4#bae ,x %\ld also be appli$ be=e1 b n too long be=e1 ! crop is likely to require x4 ,! reason ( ?is is to give x "t to be conv]t$ into nitrates4 ,! ability ( ! soil to reta9 ammonia has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,x is n safe1 h[ev]1 to rely too mu* on ! ret5tive p[] ( ! soil = ammonia1 ! conv]sion ( ammonia into nitrates go+ on v quickly "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,x is mo/ pr(itably us$ z a manure = c]eals1 & x has be5 f\nd by ,lawes & ,gilb]t 9 _! exp]im5ts1 t an increase ( "o bu%el ( :eat & a correspond+ increase ( /raw h be5 obta9$ = e #e lb4 ( ammonia add$ to ! soil4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! respective m]its ( sulphate ( ammonia & nitrate ( soda dep5d l>gely on ! nature ( ! season dur+ :i* !y are us$4 ,9 wet seasons ! sulphate is r m fav\rable ?an ! nitrate1 b1 on an av]age1 nitrate ( soda is probably ! m valuable manure--i4e41 due reg>d be+ _h to ! quantity ( nitrog5 ! two manures respectively conta94 ,9 "o respect sulphate ( ammonia is a mu* m useful manure ?an nitrate ( soda1 z ! nature ( its action :5 appli$ to ! soil p]mits ( x be+ us$ z an +r$i5t ( mix$ manures4 ,l nitrate ( soda1 b ev5 to a great] ext5t1 its mo/ fav\rable action is obta9$ :5 x is appli$ along ) o!r manurial +r$i5ts4 ,x %\ld be appli$ at lea/ a mon? e>li] ?an nitrate4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 ! case ( *alky soils a c]ta9 loss ( ammonia 9 sulphate ( ammonia is apt to take place1 due to ! action ( ! lime2 & ?is leads u to po9t out t1 9 prep>+ mix$ manures1 c>e ought to be tak5 t x is n mix$ ) any comp\nd conta9+ free lime or cau/ic alkali1 z o!rwise loss ( ammonia w ensue4 ,x %\ld nev]1 = example1 be us$ along ) basic slag4 ,,footnotes3 #bab ,f exp]im5ts by ,lehmann & o!rs ) buck:eat & maize1 x w\ld seem t c]ta9 plants may pref]1 at c]ta9 /ages ( _! gr[?1 ammonia to nitrates4 ,9 ! case ( maize1 ammonia may be pref]r$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( gr[?1 :ile nitrates are pref]r$ z x becomes m mature4 ,9 view1 h[ev]1 ( our pres5t k ( nitrification1 x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ! conclusions arriv$ at f ,lehmann's exp]im5ts c be accept$4 #bac ,z ! exp5se ( conv]t+ ! ammonia pres5t 9 ! ammoniacal liquor is consid]able1 ! practice ( us+ ! liquor itself z a manure has be5 advocat$2 b z an objection to ?is x mu/ be urg$ t1 besides be+ s bulky a manure1 ! liquor conta9s v>i\s sub/ances poison\s to plant-life4 #bad ,see ,app5dix1 p4 #ceh4 #bae ,"s crops1 h[ev]1 may ) advantage be treat$ ) l>g] quantities ( sulphate ( ammonia1 su* z mangels & potatoes4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,note 7p4 #cee74 ,! foll[+ table w exhibit ! production ( sulphate ( ammonia 9 ?is c\ntry f #ahgj to #ahib3-- ,ye>4 ,tons4 ,ye>4 ,tons4 #ahgj #dj1jjj #ahhb #gb1jjj #ahga #da1jjj #ahhc #ge1jjj #ahgb #db1jjj #ahhd #hg1jjj #ahgc #dc1jjj #ahhe #ig1jjj #ahgd #de1jjj #ahhf #ajf1ejj #ahge #df1jjj #ahhg #aac1gjj #ahgf #dh1jjj #ahhh #abb1hjj #ahgg #eb1jjj #ahhi #acb1jjj #ahgh #ee1jjj #ahij #adj1jjj #ahgi #eg1jjj #ahia #adc1ejj #ahhj #fj1jjj #ahib #aeg1jjj #ahha #fe1jjj ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! s\rces1 & ! respective quantities f ea* s\rce1 ( ! la/ sev5 ye>s' production3-- #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhh4 #ahhi4 #ahij4 #ahia4 #ahib4 ,gas-works #hb1ejj #he1jjj #ic1jjj #ajj1jjj #ajb1aej #ajg1iej #aab1jjj ,iron-works #d1jjj #e1jjj #e1cjj #f1jjj #e1jej #f1cjj #ab1jjj ,%ale-works #ah1jjj #ba1jjj #bb1jjj #bc1jjj #bd1gej #bf1fjj #bh1jjj ,coke & c>bonis+ works #b1jjj #b1gjj #b1ejj #c1jjj #b1cjj #b1hjj #e1jjj ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,bones ,e>ly ,use ( ,bones4 ,a mo/ important manure1 & "o to ! hi/ory ( :i* v peculi> int]e/ atta*es1 is ,bones4 ,employ$ fir/ 9 #aggd1 _! use has /eadily increas$ ev] s9ce1 & _! popul>ity z a phosphatic manure is among f>m]s 9 ?is c\ntry q unrivall$4 ,l guano1 al?\gh to a less ext5t1 ! e>ly practice ( us+ bones has done mu* to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! problems ( manur+1 & to br+ home to f>m]s ! pr9ciples und]ly+ t practice4 ,x 0 f bones t ,liebig fir/ made sup]phosphate ( lime1 & ! di/+ui%$ vet]an exp]im5t]1 ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes1 has told u t ! b5efit accru+ f ! use ( bones on ! turnip crop fir/ drew 8 att5tion to ! int]e/+ problem connect$ ) ! application ( artificial manures4 ,bones 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,york%ire4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds !y 7 appli$ to exhau/$ pa/ures 9 ,*e%ire4 ,soon _! use became s popul> t ! home supply 0 f\nd inadequate2 & !y 7 import$ f ,g]many & ,nor!rn ,europe1 ,hull be+ ! port ( disemb>kation4 ,s l>gely 7 !y us$ by ,engli% f>m]s1 t ,b>on ,liebig consid]$ x necess>y to raise a w>n+ prote/ aga9/ _! lavi% application4 ,engl& is robb+ all o!r c\ntries ( ! condition ( _! f]tility4 ,already1 9 h] eag]ness = bones1 %e has turn$ up ! battle-fields ( ,leipzig1 ( ,wat]loo1 & ( ! ,crimea2 already f ! catacombs ( ,sicily %e has c>ri$ away ! skeletons ( _m successive g5]ations4 ,annually %e removes f ! %ores ( o!r c\ntries to h] own ! manurial equival5t ( ?ree millions & a half ( m51 :om %e takes f u ! means ( support+1 & squ&]s d[n h] sew]s to ! sea4 ,l a vampire1 %e hangs ^u ! neck ( ,europe--nay1 ( ! entire _w6--& sucks ! he>t-blood f nations )\t a ?\ght ( ju/ice t[>ds !m1 )\t a %ad[ ( la/+ advantage to h]self4#baf ,diff]5t ,=ms 9 :i* ,bones are us$4 ,x may be po9t$ out t bones h done mu* to alt] our sy/em ( f>m+1 by help+ to develop turnip culture4 ,us$ at fir/ 9 comp>atively l>ge pieces1 exp]i5ce gradually %[$ t a f9] /ate ( division facilitat$ _! action4 ,yet x 0 long be=e ! prejudice 9 fav\r ( r\gh bones disappe>$2 & x 0 n till #ahbi t ,mr ,&]son ( ,dundee introduc$ ma*9]y = prep>+ #a_/b-;in* & #a_/d-;in* bones & bone-du/4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( _! use1 bones 7 f]m5t$ be=e be+ us$1 9 ord] to r5d] _! action m spe$y :5 appli$ to ! soil2 & ?is practice /ill obta9s to ! pres5t day 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry among f>m]s4 ,?is f]m5tation 0 (t5 effect$ simply by mix+ ! bones ) wat]1 & all[+ ! heap to lie = a week or two4 ,9 o!r cases ! bones 7 mix$ ) ur9e or o!r refuse matt]4 ,! mo/ important /ep1 h[ev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! treatm5t ( bones = manure 0 ! discov]y 9 #ahdj1 by ,liebig1 ( ! action ( sulphuric acid on !m--a discov]y :i* l$ to ! in/itution ( ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate ( lime by ,sir ,john ,lawes4 ,! nature ( ?is action w be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 s t we ne$ only say "h t ! efficacy ( ! manure by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid is m ?an d\bl$4 ,bones h ?us be5 us$1 & /ill are us$1 9 a v>iety ( conditions1 su* z 9 ! raw or gre5 /ate1 bruis$1 boil$1 /eam$1 f]m5t$1 burn$1 dissolv$1 & brok5 or gr\nd into v>i\s /ates ( f95ess1 to :i* ! names ( #a_/b-;in*1 #a_/d-;in* bones1 bone-meal1 bone-du/1 & float$ bones are giv54 ,we %all n[ proce$ to discuss ! composition ( bones1 & inve/igate m exactly ! nature ( _! action4 ,composition ( ,bones4 ,! composition ( bone-tissue v>ies consid]ably1 & dep5ds on ! age & k9d ( animal to :i* x belongs1 z well z to ! "p ( ! animal frame f :i* x is tak54 ,bones are made up ( an organic & an inorganic "p4 ,by /eep+ a piece ( bone 9 a dilute acid solution1 ! inorganic portion ( ! bone is dissolv$ out1 & ! organic portion1 :i* =ms ! framework ( ! bone1 is alone left4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by submitt+ a bone to ! action ( great heat1 ! organic portion ( ! bone is driv5 (f1 & all t rema9s is a quantity ( a%4 ,! proportion ( ! organic to ! inorganic matt] v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t bones4 ,! bones ( "y animals conta9 m organic matt] ?an ^? ( old animals4 ,9 compact bones1 also1 ! organic matt] is great] ?an 9 spongy bones4 ,! ?igh-bone1 ( all ! bones1 conta9s mo/ inorganic matt]4 ,9 %ort1 bones :i* h to be> ! greate/ /ra9 are ri*e/ 9 inorganic matt]4 ,( ! bones ( animals1 fi%-bones exhibit ! greate/ v>iety ( composition1 "s be+ almo/ entirely made up ( organic matt]1 :ile o!rs are simil> 9 _! composition to ! bones ( quadrup$s4 ,! ,organic ,matt] ( ,bones4 ,! organic portion ( bones is almo/ entirely made up ( a sub/ance to :i* ! "n osse9 has be5 giv51 & :i*1 :5 boil$ = a long "t1 is conv]t$ into gelat9e4 ,?is osse91 :i* =ms on an av]age f #be to #cj p] c5t ( ! weight ( bones1 is extremely ri* 9 nitrog51 conta9+ ov] #ah p] c5t4 ,inorganic ,portion ( ,bones4 ,! inorganic portion1 :i* =ms ab\t #gj p] c5t1 is made up *iefly ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! dry leg-bones ( ox5 & %eep1 accord+ to ,he9tz1 h ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition3-- ,p] c5t4 ,phosphate ( lime #eh to #fc ,c>bonate ( lime #f to #g ,phosphate ( magnesia #a to #b ,fluoride ( calcium #b ,organic matt] #be to #cj ,accord+ to ,pay5 & ,b\ss+ault1 raw bones conta9 #f-a_/d p] c5t ( nitrog5 & #h p] c5t ( wat]4 ,pure bones are ?us se5 to conta9 ab\t #bi p] c5t ( phosphoric acid & #f-a_/d p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,! composition ( ! comm]cial article1 h[ev]1 diff]s v widely4 ,?is is due to ! fact t bones collect$ f ,india & ,am]ica1 :]e !y h be5 long expos$ to atmosph]ic influ5ces1 h lo/ mu* ( _! organic matt]4 ,! am\nt ( s& & e>?y impurities also v>ies v consid]ably4 ,treatm5t ( ,bones4 ,bones are us$ = ! manufacture ( glue & gelat9e4 ,^! are extract$ f !m by /eam+ ! bones4 ,! bones aft] treatm5t are us$ z a manure4 ,! improvem5t not$ 9 ! action ( ! bones ?us treat$ l$ to ! introduction ( ! use ( /eam$ bones z a manure4 ,raw bones are n[ r>ely us$4 ,! fat pres5t 9 raw bones ret>ds _! decomposition 9 ! soil4 ,probably1 z has be5 sugge/$1 x =ms along ) lime an insoluble soap :i* prev5ts ! m9]al matt] 9 ! bone be+ dissolv$ by ! c>bonic acid ( ! soil4 ,9 ! process ( boil+ or /eam+ a c]ta9 loss ( nitrog5 takes place1 great] or less1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t !y are boil$ or /eam$1 & 9 ! latt] case ! pressure appli$4 ,a m economical me?od = extract+ ! fat has be5 introduc$ by us+ b5z9e1 b ?is process is n us$ to any ext5t4 ,! loss ( nitrog5 9 ! =m] case is m ?an comp5sat$ = by _! m spe$y action z a manure :5 appli$ to ! soil4 ,bone-meal ( good quality conta9s f #de to #eebag p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 & #c-a_/b p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,our pres5t total consumption ( bones is probably little less ?an #ajj1jjj tons p] annum1 ( :i* ab\t half is obta9$ f home collections1 ov] #bj1jjj tons be+ annually collect$ 9 & ar\nd ,london alone4 ,action ( ,bones4 ,x is well kn[n t bones are a sl[-act+ manure4 ,!y may be said to possess bo? a me*anical & *emical action :5 appli$ to ! soil4 ,:5 !y putrefy1 _! nitrog5 is sl[ly conv]t$ into ammonia1 & c>bonic acid z well z v>i\s organic acids are =m$1 :i*1 act+ ^u ! insoluble m9]al matt] 9 ! bones1 r5d]s x available = plant uses4 ,bones ?us1 :5 appli$ 9 l>ge quantities1 may n m]ely act directly z suppli]s ( plant-food1 b 9 ! c\rse ( _! putrefaction may act ^u a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! in]t f]tilis+ matt] ( ! soil & r5d] x available4 ,! m readily1 !n1 bones putrefy1 ! m spe$y w be _! effect4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 bones1 9 ord] to increase _! effici5cy1 are (t5 f]m5t$ be=e application4 ,! removal ( ! fat is ano!r means ( increas+ ! rate ( _! action1 b ! f95ess to :i* !y are gr\nd det]m9es ?is m ?an any?+ else4 ,mu* +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 p]fect+ ma*9]y = gr9d+ bones4 ,at "o "t 9 ,g]many !y 7 p\nd$ 9 /amps simil> to ^? us$ = ore4 ,9 ,am]ica :at has be5 call$ float$ bone has be5 prep>$4 ,?is bone is s f9e t x actually floats 9 ! air l fl\r-du/1 & is made by :irl+ ! bones aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! action ( bones prep>$ 9 ?is way is ( c\rse v spe$y1 b ! difficulty ( apply+ a manure 9 su* a f9e /ate ( division to ! soil is great4 ,! exp5se ( ! process also is consid]able4 ,! ease ) :i* bones :5 gr\nd into a f9e /ate ( division putrefy1 is evid5c$ by ! fact t bone-fl\r has to be salt$ 9 ord] to enable x to keep4 ,ano!r condition :i* det]m9es ! rate at :i* ! f]tilis+ matt]s 9 bones become available is ! nature ( ! soil4 ,f]m5tation1 z we h already se51 requires a pl5tiful supply ( air1 & a c]ta9 am\nt1 b n too mu*1 ( moi/ure4 ,consequ5tly bones act be/ 9 m$ium soils--soils :i* are nei!r too light & dry1 nor too close & wet4 ,!re c be no d\bt t :at gives to bones a peculi> value 9 ! eyes ( ! f>m] is ! fact t !y =m a manure ( a la/+ "*4 ,!y give :at has be5 t]m$ backbone to a soil4 ,b ! t5d5cy ( mod]n agricultural practice is to use quick-act+ manures r ?an sl[4 ,?is has be5 admirably put by ,pr(essor ,/or] 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,! old notion1 t ^? manures are be/ :i* make !mselves felt ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s1 is n[ recognis$ to be an error4 ,! adage1 t '"o _c eat ! cake & h ! cake' is conspicu\sly true 9 agriculture2 & j z x is ! "p ( prud5ce 9 h\sehold or m>itime economy to ab/a9 f lay+ 9 at any "o "t m provisions ?an c be prop]ly dispos$ ( 9 a ye> or dur+ a voyage1 s %\ld ! f>m] refra9 f br++ to ! l& an unnecess>y excess ( plant-food4 ,su* food is liable to spoil )al 9 ! soil1 z well z o!r k9ds ( provisions t are kept too long 9 /ore4 ,a j proportion ( food1 prop]ly prep>$1 is ! po9t to be aim$ at always4 ,9 view1 !re=e1 ( :at has j be5 said1 x might seem be/ to use bones 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are mo/ spe$ily available--viz41 z dissolv$ bones4 ,?is w\ld be s if bones 7 ! only s\rce we possess$ = ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate ( lime2 b we n[ h1 9 ! v>i\s m9]al phosphates1 abundant & *eap] s\rces ( ?is valuable manure4 ,! op9ion ( lead+ agriculturi/s & agricultural *emi/s is r 9 fav\r ( apply+ bones 9 ! undissolv$ condition4 ,= "o ?+1 x seems f> f economical to utilise an exp5sive mat]ial su* z bones = manufactur+ an article :i* c be equally well manufactur$ f *eap] mat]ials2 = once ! phosphate ( lime is dissolv$1 x is equally valuable f :atev] s\rce x may be d]iv$4 ,( c\rse ?is is n tantam\nt to say+ t dissolv$ bones z a manure are no m valuable ?an sup]phosphate4 ,9 dissolv$ bones we h1 9 addition to soluble phosphate1 a consid]able proportion ( undissolv$ bone-tissue1 conta9+ a c]ta9 quantity ( nitrog5 & organic matt]2 b s f> z ! soluble phosphate is conc]n$1 x seems only rational to conclude t its efficacy is equally great1 :e!r x be d]iv$ f bone or m9]al phosphate4 ,ano!r reason is1 t mu* ( ! *>act]i/ic action ( bones is lo/ by treat+ !m ) sulphuric acid4 ,z ,dr ,aitk5 has po9t$ out1 ! g]m life 9 ! soil & 9 ! bones gradually conv]ts !m into a =m available = ! n\ri%m5t ( plants2 b to dissolve bones ) sulphuric acid is to kill out ! g]m life & ret>d ! decay ( any nucleus ( bone 9 ! dissolv$ manure4 ,dissolv$ ,bones4 ,dissolv$ bones1 h[ev]1 are /ill manufactur$4 ,=m]ly ! manure call$ dissolv$ bones 0 (t5 a mixture ( m9]al sup]phosphate along ) undissolv$ bone-meal1 b rec5t legislation has /opp$ ! cont9uance ( ?is practice4 ,! composition ( dissolv$ bones v>ies some:at1 ! p]c5tage ( soluble phosphate be+ ab\t #bj to #bc p] c5t1 ! insoluble am\nt+ to f #i to #aj p] c5t1 & ! nitrog5 f #b-a_/b to #c-a_/b p] c5t4#bah ,ano!r reason aga9/ dissolv+ bones is to be f\nd 9 ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 dissolv+ _! phosphate4 ,bones1 especially :5 raw1 are n easily act$ ^u by acids4 ,crops suit$ = ,bones4 ,bones are commonly reg>d$ z be+ specially b5eficial to pa/ure-l&1 to :i* !y are appli$ z a top-dress+4 ,turnips1 tobacco1 potatoes1 v9es1 & hops are also mu* b5efit$ by ! application ( bones4 ,9 ,am]ica1 mix$ ) wood-a%es 7! *ief manurial con/itu5t ( :i* is pota%71 !y h be5 ext5sively us$ z a sub/itute = f>my>d manure1 & h be5 appli$ at ! rate ( #e to #f cwt4 p] acre4 ,9 ,saxony1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,/or]1 #a cwt4 ( f9e bone-meal is wor? z mu* z #be to #cj cwt4 ( f>my>d manure4 ,bone-a%4 ,! a% :i* is left on burn+ bones us$ to be an article ( consid]able manurial importance4 ,x is /ill import$ f ,s\? ,am]ica 9 "s quantity1 & is us$ *iefly 9 ! pott]y indu/ry4 ,x is occasionally /ill us$ to a limit$ ext5t = ! manufacture ( high-class sup]phosphates4 ,x is extremely ri* 9 phosphate ( lime1 ( :i* x conta9s betwe5 #gj & #hj p] c5t2 b ( c\rse x is devoid ( nitrog54#bai ,bone-a% is be/ us$ 9 ! dissolv$ =m1 z x possesses no *>act]i/ic action su* z is possess$ by bones4 ,bone-*> or ,bone-black4 ,:5 heat$ 9 a clos$ retort1 bones are n conv]t$ into bone-a%1 b into a body call$ bone-*>4 ,?is body is simil> 9 composition to bone-a%1 except = a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( *>coal--am\nt+1 on an av]age1 to #aj p] c5t4 ,x conta9s b little nitrog5 & o!r organic matt]4 ,bone-black or bone-*> is an article :i* is prep>$ 9 enorm\s quantities = use 9 sug>-ref9]ies1 :]e x is us$ 9 ! purification ( sug>4 ,aft] use x may be r5ovat$ by submitt+ x to heat2 b z ?is process gradually less5s ! p]c5tage ( c>bon x conta9s1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod x becomes too poor 9 ?is sub/ance = effici5tly act+ z a filt]4 ,:5 ?is takes place x is te*nically kn[n z sp5t *>1 & is us$ = ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates4 ,sp5t *> is a highly phosphatic sub/ance1 be+ v little poor] ?an bone-a%1 & conta9+ ab\t #gj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4#bbj ,,footnotes3 #baf ,x is only fair to ,liebig to say t :5 he wrote ^! words ! practically b\ndless supply ( m9]al phosphates :i* we n[ "k to exi/ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w 0 little dreamt (4 #bag ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #cga4 #bah ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #cga4 #bai ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii41 p4 #cgb4 #bbj ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #cgb4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #cfd74 ,! foll[+ analysis w s]ve to %[ ! composition ( bone-meal3-- ,moi/ure #aj4dc 99,organic matt] #cb4cj ,phosphate ( lime #dh4dj ,c>bonate ( lime1 magnesia1 c4 #g4bj ,insoluble silice\s matt] #a4fg ------ #ajj4jj ------ 99,conta9+3-- ,nitrog5 #c4ga ,equal to ammonia #d4ea ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #cfh74 ,,composition ,,( ,,dissolv$ ,,bones4 ,! accompany+ analysis may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! av]age composition ( dissolv$ bones3-- ,moi/ure #aj4aj 99,organic matt] & wat] ( comb9ation #bi4cd ,monobasic phosphate ( lime #aa4bc 7,equal to tricalcic phosphate r5d]$ soluble #ag4eh7 ,phosphate soluble 9 ammonium citrate #ad4jb ,insoluble phosphate ( lime #a4hh ,calcium sulphate1 magnesia1 alkalies1 c4 #cj4bc ,s& #c4bj ------ #ajj4jj ------ 99,conta9+3-- ,nitrog5 #b4fb ,equal to ammonia #c4ah ,,composition ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,bones4 ,! foll[+ analysis illu/rates ! composition ( comp\nd bones3-- ,moi/ure #h4aj 99,organic matt] & wat] ( comb9ation #cg4bb ,monobasic phosphate ( lime #ac4fh 7,equal to tricalcic phosphate r5d]$ soluble #ba4db7 ,insoluble phosphate ( lime #aj4dh ,calcium sulphate1 magnesia1 alkalies1 c4 #bf4jb ,s& #d4ej ------ #ajj4jj ------ 99,conta9+3-- ,nitrog5 #a4ij ,equal to ammonia #b4cj ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #cfi74 ,z %[+ ! composition ( bone-a%1 ! foll[+ analysis may be quot$3-- ,moi/ure 4#be ,organic matt] 4#he 99,phosphoric acid #ce4ef ,lime #dg4ji ,magnesia1 alkalies1 c4 #i4hj ,s& #f4de ------ #ajj4jj ------ 99,equal to tricalcic phosphate #gg4fc ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #cgj74 ,composition ( bone-*> 7on dry sample73-- ,c>bon #aj4ea ,calcium & magnesium phosphates1 calcium fluoride1 c4 #hj4ba ,calcium c>bonate #h4cj ,calcium sulphate 4#ag ,f]ric oxide 4#ab ,silica 4#cd ,alkal9e salts 4#ce ------ #ajj4jj ------ ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,m9]al ,,phosphates4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all give an acc\nt ( ! m commonly occurr+ m9]al phosphates4 ,9 ,*apt] ,v41 :]e we discuss$ ! position ( phosphoric acid 9 agriculture1 x 0 po9t$ out t m9]al phosphates 7 v abundant1 & t l>ge deposits ( !m 7 f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,coprolites4 ,ref]5ce may fir/ be made to ! s-call$ coprolites or phosphatic nodules :i* h be5 f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! gre5s& =mation1 9 ! crag ( ! ea/]n c\nties1 & 9 ! *alk =mation ( ! s\!rn c\nties4 ,^! coprolites are r\nd$ nodules1 & are compos$ ( ! fossil excrem5ts & rema9s ( anci5t animals4 ,!y are f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,cambridge%ire1 & 7 discov]$ by ,dr ,buckl& _m ye>s ago4 ,! hi/ory ( _! discov]y is n a little curi\s4 ,! manurial prop]ties ( road-scrap+s 9 p>ts ( ,cambridge%ire 7 notic$1 & on be+ exam9$ 7 f\nd to be 9 "p compos$ ( phosphate ( lime1 d]iv$ f phosphatic nodules dug out ( ! und]ly+ gre5s&1 & us$ = ! purpose ( repair+ roads4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ fir/ drew att5tion to !m at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association held 9 ,cambridge 9 #ahde1 & po9t$ out t !y conta9$ ab\t #fj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4 ,!y 7 also f\nd 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ,suffolk1 ,norfolk1 ,b$=d%ire1 & ,essex1 & 7 = a long "t l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate1 b ( late ye>s h n be5 us$ to any?+ l ! same ext5t1 ow+ to ! fact t !re are ri*] & *eap] s\rces ( phosphate ( lime available4 ,9 #ahhg ab\t #bj1jjj tons ( coprolites 7 rais$4 ,! ri*e/ 7 ^? obta9$ 9 ,cambridge1 :ile ^? got f ,b$=d%ire 7 ab\t ! poore/4 ,deposits h also be5 f\nd 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,! av]age am\nt ( phosphate ( lime 9 ,engli% coprolites is betwe5 #ej & #fj p] c5t1 :ile ! ,fr5* conta9 ab\t #de p] c5t4 ,canadian ,apatite or ,phosphorite4 ,we h already ref]r$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 to l>ge deposits ( apatite or phosphorite f\nd 9 ,canada4 ,! ,canadian m9es comm5c$ to be work$ ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 & ! output n[ am\nts to ne>ly #be1jjj tons p] annum4#bba ,a portion ( ?is goes to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! re/1 am\nt+ to ab\t #bj1jjj tons1 be+ %ipp$ to ,engl&1 :5ce x is aga9 export$ to ,hamburg & o!r places4#bbb ,x conta9s f #gj to #hj p] c5t ( phosphate4 ,deposits are also f\nd at ,e/remadura 9 ,spa91 & 9 ,norway4 ,e/remadura or ,spani% ,phosphates4 ,l>ge deposits ( phosphate h long be5 kn[n to exi/ at ,e/remadura 9 ,spa91 & ! m9es at ,cac]es h be5 work$ on a l>ge scale = sev5te5 ye>s1 & ab\t half a million tons h be5 rais$4 ,9 #ahhb ! imports into ?is c\ntry am\nt$ to ov] #ef1jjj tons2 b latt]ly !y h only be5 ab\t a f\r? ( ?is am\nt4 ,dr ,daub]ry visit$ ! deposits 9 #ahdc1 & wrote a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( !m4 ,!y d n seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 import$ = purposes ( sup]phosphate manufacture till a numb] ( ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,( ,e/remadura phosphate !re are ?ree classes1 conta9+ respectively #ej1 #fj1 & #gj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 ! l[e/ quality be+ ! commone/4#bbc ,norwegian ,apatite4 ,?is apatite has ceas$ to be import$ ( late ye>s1 ow+ to a duty on exportation4 ,*>le/on or ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,phosphate4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ^! deposits h =m$ ! *ief s\rce ( phosphate ( lime us$ 9 ! manufacture ( m9]al sup]phosphates 9 ?is c\ntry 79 fact !y h furni%$ two-?irds ( our phosphate supply dur+ rec5t ye>s74 ,discov]$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 "s f\r to five million tons h already be5 %ipp$4 ,ab\t half a million tons 7 rais$ 9 #ahhf f ^! m9es1 :i* are ! mo/ abundant 9 ! _w4 ,!re are two k9ds--! s-call$ l& & riv] phosphates4 ,! =m] conta9s m oxide ( iron & alum9a1 & is !re=e less pure ?an ! latt]1 9 :i* ! iron & alum9a d n exce$ #b p] c5t4 ,! riv] phosphate is dr$g$ f ! ,bull1 ,coosaw1 & ,beau=t riv]s4 ,( phosphate ( lime x conta9s f #ej to #fj p] c5t4 ,x is g5]ally sold 9 ?ree grades--#ej to #eb p] c5t1 #ee to #ef p] c5t1 & #eh to #fj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4 ,x w ?us be se5 to be incapable ( produc+ v high-class sup]phosphates --i4e41 conta9+ m ?an #cj p] c5t soluble phosphate4 ,?is po9t w be m intelligible :5 we describe ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate4 ,! dem& = ^! phosphates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has increas$ enorm\sly 9 rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! increase 9 ! quantity ( manure us$4 ,belgian ,phosphate4 ,ano!r v important s\rce ( m9]al phosphates are deposits discov]$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,belgium ne> ,mons4 ,^! phosphates are ( diff]5t qualities1 & are f\nd1 "s 9 lay]s ne> ! surface 9 pockets =m+ ! ri*e/ class1 & conta9+ f #de to #fe p] c5t ( phosphate1 & "s 9 ! =m ( a friable phosphatic rock1 ! s-call$ craie-grise 7phosphatic *alk71 conta9+ f #be to #ce p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! high] quality ( ,belgian phosphate is pretty well exhau/$1 & x is ! second class t =ms ! bulk ( ! ord9>y ,belgian phosphate at pres5t export$4 ,! comm]cial article conta9s ab\t #ce to #dj p] c5t ( phosphate1 & ab\t #de p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! fact ( its poor quality1 toge!r ) ! l>ge p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( lime x conta9s1 r5d]s its adoption alone 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate unsuitable4 ,attempts h be5 made to get rid ( a portion ( ?is c>bonate ( lime & to raise ! p]c5tage ( phosphate4 ,= ?is purpose ! phosphate has be5 calc9$1 b ?is 0 soon f\nd to be a great mi/ake4 ,o!r means h be5 adopt$1 ) ! result t ! p]c5tage has be5 increas$ to #ej p] c5t4 ,x is consequ5tly us$ 9 small quantities z a dri]1 = :i* x is peculi>ly suit$ on acc\nt ( its c>bonace\s nature1 along ) ! high]-class phosphates4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhf ab\t #ade1jjj tons ( ?is phosphate 7 rais$1 ( :i* ab\t #de1jjj tons 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,somme ,phosphate4 ,/ill m rec5tly a discov]y ( phosphate deposits has be5 made 9 ! ,somme & ,pas de ,calais dep>tm5ts 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 adjo9+1 & simil> 9 "* to1 ! ,belgian deposits4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ,belgian & ,fr5* phosphates is1 t ! latt] is ( a high] quality1 & conta9s f #ej to #hj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4 ,a v l>ge dem& = ^! phosphates sprang up1 & 9 #ahhh1 al?\gh !y _h only be5 work$ = "s two ye>s1 no less ?an #aej1jjj tons _h be5 rais$1 ( :i* ab\t "o-half conta9$ f #gj to upw>ds ( #ge p] c5t4 ,!re are f\r grades 9 ! m>ket1 conta9+ #ee to #fj1 #fj to #fe1 #gj to #ge1 & #ge to #hj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4 ,! highe/ quality furni%es ! *ief mat]ial = ! manufacture ( high-grade sup]phosphates4 ,florida ,phosphate4#bbd ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s l>ge quantities ( phosphates h be5 import$ f ,florida4 ,^! are ( diff]5t qualities1 ! l& rocks n[ import$ conta9+ f #gj to #hj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 & ! riv] phosphate ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ,! latt] class are simil> 9 composition to ! be/ ,s\? ,c>ol9a riv]-phosphates1 :i* !y mu* resemble4 ,lahn ,phosphate4 ,phosphate deposits 7 f\nd at ,nassau 9 ,g]many 9 #ahfd2 b z ! phosphate conta9$ a consid]able proportion ( iron & alum9a1 !y are n us$ 9 ?is c\ntry n[1 al?\gh !y are 9 ,g]many = d\ble sup]phosphate manufacture4 ,bordeaux or ,fr5* ,phosphate4 ,simil> 9 quality to ,lahn phosphate is t obta9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bordeaux4 ,alg]ian ,phosphate4 ,excell5t phosphates are n[ be+ s5t f ,alg]ia--"s c>goes be+ z ri* z #gj p] c5t4 ,cru/ ,guanos4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! guanos 9 ! *apt] on ,guano4 ,!y are also kn[n "u ! "n ( ,c>ibbean phosphates1 & come f ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! *ief k9ds are ,aruba1 ,curacao1 ,sombr]o1 & ,navassa1 ! ,great ,cayman1 ,r$onda1 & ,alta ,vela4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( high quality1 conta9+ f #fj to #hj p] c5t ( phosphate1 & are ?us suit$ = ! manufacture ( high-class sup]phosphates4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 conta9 a consid]able proportion ( iron & alum9a1 & are n suitable = ?is purpose4 ,! ,r$onda & ,alta ,vela phosphates consi/ *iefly ( phosphate ( alum9a4 ,value ( ,m9]al ,phosphates z a ,manure4 ,:ile x is commonly reg>d$ z unadvisable to use m9]al phosphates directly z phosphatic manures1 x may well be que/ion$ h[ f> su* an op9ion is w>rant$ by actual exp]i5ce4 ,pr(essor ,jamieson ( ,ab]de51 9 8 int]e/+ & valuable exp]im5ts1 has drawn att5tion to ! fact t coprolites 9 a f9e /ate ( division are an extremely valuable s\rce ( phosphoric acid = crops1 & are a m quickly available s\rce ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ else:]e ) gr\nd coprolites & o!r m9]al phosphates corroborate ,pr(essor ,jamieson's conclusions4 ,! successful use ( ,?omas-phosphate has drawn att5tion to ! possibility ( pr(itably apply+ undissolv$ m9]al phosphate to ! soil2 & no d\bt ! practice may 9 future ye>s be increas$4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! exception ( ,?omas-phosphate1 m9]al phosphates alone are us$ = conv]sion into sup]phosphate4 ,,footnotes3 #bba ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ,florida deposits ( phosphate1 ! work+ ( ! ,canadian m9es has be5 practically ab&on$4 #bbb ,see ,app5dix1 p4 #cha4 #bbc ,^! phosphates are n[ no long] work$4 #bbd ,^! deposits 7 discov]$ a few ye>s ago2 & z !y are ( consid]able ext5t & high quality1 h entirely revolutionis$ ! phosphate m>ket4 ,ab\t #cjj1jjj tons are n[ annually rais$ 9 ,florida4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,note 7p4 #cge74 ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,table ,,%[s ,,! ,,imports ,,( ,,phosphates ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom1 ,,& ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,production1 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>s #ahhe-ib4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahhe4 #ahhf4 #ahhg4 #ahhh4 #ahhi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,unit$ ,/ates #ach1hdd #add1fbc #afe1bge #aaa1cfi #abb1eed ,canada #ba1dhd #ah1jfi #ai1aid #ab1dbc #bc1big ,dut* ,we/ ,indies 7,curacao1 ,aruba7 #aa1ehh #ab1eha #i1eje #aj1gcf #ad1gcj ,briti% ,we/ ,indies 7,sombr]o1 c47 #g1gbg #c1cea #f1dea #aa1jaj #a1hhj ,spa9 & ,portugal #ai1bhb #e1hbe #ae1fab #f1igh #a1cbf ,belgium #ce1dje #ca1eea #de1cbb #ed1bfa #fd1fdc ,holl& #hfe #b1aid #d1ggh #d1acg #b1bgj ,france #b1bgf #a1ejc #aa1adj #ci1jei #fe1dij ,au/ralia - #bjj #cej - #a1bej ,g]many #gjd - - - - ,hayti 7,san ,dom+o7 - #b1age #c1jdd #f1bch #d1jid ,brazil - - #a1bjj - - ,v5ezuela & ,guiana - - #dje - - ,norway - - - - - ,o!r c\ntries #cig #a1jci #a1aci #a1fge #cij 99,florida phosphate4 - - - - - ,c>ol9a phosphate4 - - - - - ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ahij4 #ahia4 #ahib4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,unit$ ,/ates #agg1bhc 99#aca1jhd 99#bja1dfe ,canada #ba1jhi #ae1iah #g1had ,dut* ,we/ ,indies 7,curacao1 ,aruba7 #ad1gfc #h1hea #f1fdh ,briti% ,we/ ,indies 7,sombr]o1 c47 #c1igj #a1ifj #b1dgc ,spa9 & ,portugal - #cbj #iga ,belgium #hb1jif #gj1gbc #fe1jgi ,holl& #b1dbh #c1dcd #f1fbg ,france #ce1fei #ah1cbe #ah1bci ,au/ralia - - - ,g]many - - - ,hayti 7,san ,dom+o7 #iib #a1fci #b1ife ,brazil - - - ,v5ezuela & ,guiana - #edj - ,norway #d1aea #a1die #cje ,o!r c\ntries #a1jgj #a1dhc #a1eid 99,florida phosphate4 - #ce1bjc #ff1cbg ,c>ol9a phosphate4 - #if1hha #ace1ach ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,sup]phosphates4 ,z 0 m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ,bones1 ,liebig 9 ! ye> #ahdj discov]$ t ! effect ( add+ oil ( vitriol1 or sulphuric acid1 to bones 0 to r5d] ! phosphate !y conta9 soluble4 ,?is discov]y m>k$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( artificial manures1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ! n[ enorm\s manufacture ( sup]phosphate4 ,9 #ahfb ! juries ( ! ,london ,int]national ,exhibition publi%$ an elaborate report conta9+ an int]e/+ article on ! manure trade ( ,great ,brita91 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t ! annual quantity ( sup]phosphate !n made am\nt$ to f #aej1jjj to #bjj1jjj tons4 ,n[ x may be plac$ n f> %ort ( a million tons4 ,probably t made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is consid]ably m4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 sup]phosphate 0 manufactur$ by ,sir ,john ,lawes f sp5t bone-*>4 ,?is 0 sup]s$$ by coprolites & ,e/remadura phosphorite1 ,suffolk coprolites be+ = _m ye>s ! *ief mat]ial employ$4 ,?is 9 turn 0 succe$$ by ! ri*] ,cambridge coprolites1 b ( late ye>s coprolites h practically ceas$ to be a s\rce ( sup]phosphate1 ! o!r m9]al phosphates m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]--su* z ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,belgian1 ,somme1 c41 phosphates--tak+ _! place4 ,manufacture ( ,sup]phosphate4 ,! manufacture ( sup]phosphate is ( too te*nical a nature to p]mit ( discussion 9 a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t ! g5]al pr9ciples und]ly+ ! process ( manufacture & ! *emical *anges 9 ! phosphate tak+ place dur+ ! process be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 great importance atta*es 9 ! manufacture ( ! sup]phosphate to ! f95ess ( division ( ! raw mat]ial1 & mu* +5uity has be5 sp5t on app>atus design$ = ?is purpose4 ,! difficulty ( gr9d+ ! phosphate v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial us$--apatite1 = example1 be+ mu* m difficult to r$uce to ! necess>y f95ess ?an phosphatic guano4 ,! f9] ! /ate ( division1 ! m complete w be ! decomposition ( ! phosphate by ! acid4 ,mr ,w>+ton recomm5ds t = fir/-class "w ! p[d] %\ld be s f9e z to admit ( x pass+ ?r\gh a sieve ( eighty wires to ! in*4 ,aft] ! phosphate is r$uc$ to p[d]1 x is mix$ ) acid4 ,?is takes place 9 ! mix]1 :i* is g5]ally 9 ! =m ( an iron cyl9d] furni%$ 9 ! c5tre ) a revolv+ %aft1 ! sulphuric acid us$ be+ ! ord9>y *amb] acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4eg74 ,:atev] /r5g? ( acid is us$1 !re mu/ be a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] pres5t to =m gypsum4 ,x is to ! =mation ( gypsum 9 ! result+ product t ! dryness ( ! sup]phosphate is due4 ,! proportion ( sulphuric acid us$ dep5ds on ! composition ( ! phosphate2 & "h x may be po9t$ out t ! pres5ce ( mu* c>bonate ( lime is a mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( acid requir$4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t :]e c>bonate & phosphate ( lime are pres5t toge!r1 sulphuric acid fir/ acts ^u ! c>bonate1 & x is n till ?is is :olly decompos$ t ! phosphate c be act$ ^u4 ,h5ce m9]al phosphates ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( lime d n con/itute su* an economical mat]ial = ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate z ^? 9 :i* ! p]c5tage ( c>bonate is small4#bbe ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is necess>y = ! purpose ( enabl+ a quick decomposition to take place4 ,= ?is purpose ! sulphuric acid add$ has be5 previ\sly heat$4 ,9 ! ord9>y manufacture ( sup]phosphate1 h[ev]1 ?is is n consid]$ necess>y1 z ! heat develop$ by ! *emical action betwe5 ! phosphate & ! acid is suffici5tly great4 ,! phosphate1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! acid1 is dis*>g$ into :at is te*nically kn[n z ! pit1 a *amb] built ( brick or concrete4 ,! mixture1 :i* is 9 a fluid /ate :5 x ent]s ! pit1 v soon h>d5s1 & is dug out 9 a day or two4 ,x is next r$uc$ to p[d] 9 a dis9tegrator1 & is !n ready = use z a manure4 ,nature ( ! ,reaction tak+ place4 ,9 ord] to cle>ly und]/& ! nature ( ! reaction :i* takes place :5 sulphuric acid is add$ to a phosphatic mat]ial1 x may be well to say a ^w or two on ! composition ( ! diff]5t comp\nds ( lime & phosphoric acid4 ,phosphates ( ,lime4 ,9 ! v>i\s phosphatic manures us$ 9 agriculture !re are f\r diff]5t k9ds ( phosphates4 ,9 ! commone/ =m1 popul>ly call$ bone-phosphate1 :i* is ! =m 9 :i* lime & phosphoric acid are comb9$ 9 bones1 guano1 & ! ord9>y m9]al phosphates1 ! lime & phosphoric acid are comb9$ 9 ! =m ( :at is kn[n z tribasic phosphate ( lime1 or tricalcic phosphate--t is to say1 = e equival5t ( phosphoric acid !re are ?ree equival5ts ( lime4 ,?is may be repres5t$ z foll[s3-- ,lime ,lime ,phosphoric acid4 ,lime ,or we may also say t = e #adb p>ts by weight ( phosphoric acid !re are #afh p>ts by weight ( lime 9 ?is =m ( phosphate4 ,?is is ! lea/ soluble =m ( phosphoric acid1#bbf & is ! =m g5]ally ref]r$ to 9 comm]cial analyses z insoluble phosphate4 ,:5 ?is phosphate is act$ ^u ) sulphuric acid1 a soluble phosphate is =m$1 z ,liebig fir/ %[$1 to :i* ! "n sup]phosphate has be5 giv51 & :i* is also kn[n z monobasic phosphate ( lime1 or monocalcic phosphate4 ,?is comp\nd may be repres5t$ z conta9+1 in/ead ( ?ree equival5ts ( lime1 only "o1 ! o!r two equival5ts be+ replac$ by wat]4 ,?is comp\nd may be repres5t$ z foll[s3-- ,lime ,wat] ,phosphoric acid4 ,wat] ,9 x1 = e #adb p>ts ( phosphoric acid1 !re are only #ef p>ts ( lime4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 & gives to ! comm]cial article kn[n z sup]phosphate ( lime its value4 ,int]m$iate 9 composition betwe5 ^! two phosphates !re is ano!r kn[n z precipitat$ phosphate ( lime1 or dicalcic phosphate 7! same z rev]t$ phosphate71 :i* conta9s two equival5ts ( lime & "o equival5t ( wat] z foll[s3-- ,lime ,lime ,phosphoric acid4 ,wat] ,?is comp\nd conta9s1 = e #adb p>ts ( phosphoric acid1 #aab p>ts ( lime2 & 9 solubility occupies an int]m$iate position4 ,la/ly1 !re is a f\r? comp\nd ( lime & phosphoric acid1 :i* only occurs 9 "o phosphatic manure--viz41 phosphatic slag1 9 :i* inde$ x 0 fir/ discov]$--:i* consi/s ( f\r equival5ts ( lime to "o ( phosphoric acid1 to :i* ! "n tetrabasic phosphate ( lime or tetracalcic phosphate has be5 giv54 ,its composition may be illu/rat$ z foll[s3-- ,lime ,lime ,phosphoric acid4 ,lime ,lime ,or1 = e #adb p>ts ( phosphoric acid1 !re are #bbd p>ts ( lime4 ,contr>y to :at we might expect1 ?is phosphate is less insoluble ?an ! ord9>y tribasic or bone phosphate4 ,?is may be ow+ to ! fact t1 9 ! tetrabasic phosphate1 !re is m lime pres5t ?an t :i* ! phosphoric acid c reta9 ) /rong *emical aff9ity4#bbg ,9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate ! tribasic phosphate is conv]t$ into ! soluble phosphate--! lime1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 comb9ation ) ! phosphoric acid1 unit+ ) ! sulphuric acid1 & =m+ gypsum4#bbh ,x 0 till rec5tly suppos$ t soluble phosphate & gypsum 7 ! only two result+ products ( ?is decomposition4 ,x has be5 rec5tly %[n1 h[ev]1 by ,ruffle & o!rs1 t ?is is n1 /rictly speak+1 ! case1 & t probably a l>ge proportion ( free phosphoric acid is =m$2 9 fact1 x seems probable t 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! reaction1 only phosphoric acid is produc$1 & t ?is subsequ5tly acts ^u ! undecompos$ phosphate1 ) ! production ( monocalcic phosphate4#bbi ,! am\nt ( sulphuric acid :i* exp]i5ce has %[n x is necess>y to add = ! successful & economical manufacture ( sup]phosphate1 dep5ds on ! composition ( ! raw mat]ial employ$4 ,! l>g] ! p]c5tage ( tribasic phosphate1 ! l>g] ! quantity ( sulphuric acid requir$ = its decomposition2 b sometimes ev5 a poor phosphate consumes a l>ge am\nt ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is is ! case :]e mu* calcium c>bonate or fluoride is pres5t 9 ! raw phosphate1 z bo? ( ^! comp\nds require a quantity ( acid = _! decomposition1 :i* takes place be=e ! decomposition ( ! phosphate4 ,h5ce phosphates ri* 9 c>bonate ( lime are n well suit$ z economical mat]ials f :i* to manufacture sup]phosphate4 ,rev]t$ ,phosphates4 ,a *ange :i* is apt to take place 9 sup]phosphate aft] its manufacture is :at is kn[n z rev]sion ( ! soluble phosphate4 ,?us x is f\nd t on keep+ sup]phosphate = a long "t ! p]c5tage ( soluble phosphate becomes less ?an x 0 at fir/4 ,! rate at :i* ?is det]ioration ( ! sup]phosphate goes on v>ies 9 diff]5t samples4 ,9 a well-made article x is practically inappreciable1 :]eas 9 "s sup]phosphates1 made f unsuitable mat]ials1 x may am\nt to a consid]able p]c5tage4 ,! causes ( ?is rev]sion are tw(old4 ,= "o ?+1 ! pres5ce ( undecompos$ phosphate ( lime may cause x4 ,?is s\rce ( rev]sion1 h[ev]1 is v mu* less important ?an ! o!r1 :i* is ! pres5ce ( iron & alum9a 9 ! raw mat]ial4 ,:5 a soluble phosphate rev]ts1 :at takes place is ! conv]sion ( ! monocalcic phosphate into ! dicalcic4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ case1 :]e rev]sion is due to ! pres5ce ( undecompos$ phosphate1 ! action tak+ place may be repres5t$ z foll[s3-- ,lime lime ,lime phosphoric acid wat] phosphoric acid ,lime wat] 7,"o molecule ( insoluble 7,"o molecule ( soluble phosphate7 phosphate7 ,lime lime ,lime phosphoric acid lime phosphoric acid4 ,wat] wat] 7,"o molecule ( rev]t$ 7,"o molecule ( rev]t$ phosphate7 phosphate47 ,x may be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t rev]sion f ?is cause probably takes place to a v slight ext5t 9 practice4#bcj ,:]e rev]sion is due to ! pres5ce ( iron & alum9a 9 ! raw mat]ial1 ! nature ( ! reaction is n well und]/ood1 & is consequ5tly n s easily demon/rat$ z 9 ! =m] case4 ,:]e iron is pres5t 9 ! =m ( pyrites1 or f]r\s silicate1 x does n seem to cause rev]sion4 ,x is only :5 x is pres5t 9 ! =m ( oxide--& 9 mo/ raw phosphatic mat]ials x is g5]ally 9 ?is latt] =m#bca--t x causes rev]sion 9 ! phosphate4 ,value ( rev]t$ ,phosphate4 ,! value ( rev]t$ phosphate is a subject :i* has giv5 rise to mu* dispute among *emi/s4 ,t x has a high] value ?an ! ord9>y insoluble phosphate is n[ admitt$2 b 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! manure trade1 ?is is n z yet recognis$4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght t x 0 impossible to e/imate its quantity by *emical analysis4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 has be5 ov]come1 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! ammonium citrate process furni%es an accurate means ( det]m9+ its am\nt4 ,bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rev]t$ phosphate is recognis$ z possess+ a monet>y value 9 excess ( t possess$ by ! ord9>y insoluble phosphate4 ,! result is1 t raw phosphates conta9+ iron & alum9a to any appreciable ext5t are n us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh !y d f9d a limit$ application 9 ,am]ica & on ! ,cont95t4 ,composition ( ,sup]phosphates4 ,sup]phosphates z manufactur$ may be divid$1 g5]ally speak+1 into ?ree classes--viz41 l[ class1 m$ium1 & high class4 ,! ord9>y or m$ium class conta9s f #be to #bg p] c5t ( soluble phosphate2 & "h x may be po9t$ out t by soluble phosphate is meant ! p]c5tage ( tribasic phosphate :i* has be5 dissolv$--n1 z might at fir/ sight be suppos$1 ! p]c5tage ( monocalcic phosphate4 ,! l[]-class sup]phosphates are ^? conta9+ less ?an #be p] c5t1 g5]ally #bc to #be p] c5t1 ( soluble phosphate2 :ile ! high-class sup]phosphate may conta9 f #cj to #de p] c5t4 ,= ! manufacture ( high-class sup]phosphate only a c]ta9 numb] ( raw phosphates are available1 su* z ,curacao & ,somme phosphates1 phosphatic guanos1 bone-*>1 c4 ,c]ta9 processes h be5 pat5t$ = ! manufacture ( ev5 m conc5trat$ sup]phosphates1 & by !m phosphates conta9+ z mu* z #dj p] c5t ( soluble phosphoric acid--i4e41 equal to #hg p] c5t ( soluble phosphate--h be5 prep>$4 ,to ?is class belongs ! s-call$ d\ble sup]phosphate1 manufactur$ at ,wetzl> 9 ,g]many4 ,su* a conc5trat$ =m ( manure is naturally v exp5sive to manufacture1 & is h>dly to be recomm5d$ = home consumption4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 manures h to be convey$ long di/ances1 & ! freight is consequ5tly v high1 su* a conc5trat$ article may be f\nd mo/ economical4 ,action ( ,sup]phosphates4 ,:5 sup]phosphate is appli$ to ! soil x is conv]t$ into an insoluble /ate4 ,9 %ort1 ! process ( rev]sion is c>ri$ on on a :olesale scale4 ,?is is due to ! lime1 iron1 & alum9a salts :i* ! soil conta9s4 ,9 all probability ! phosphate is f9ally conv]t$ into a hydrat$ f]ric or alum9ic phosphate1 9 :i* =m x is gradually act$ ^u by ! sap ( ! plant-roots z requir$4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x may be ask$1 ,:y is sup]phosphate s mu* m rapid 9 its action ?an insoluble phosphate2 or :y %\ld we be at ! tr\ble & exp5se ( dissolv+ ! phosphate if x has to become insoluble aga9 9 ! soil8 ,?is "q is "o ( v great importance1 = ! answ] to x furni%es1 9 our op9ion1 ! key to ! :ole phosphate "q4 ,:5 sup]phosphate is add$ to ! soil1 be+ soluble 9 wat]1 x is soon dissolv$ & c>ri$ d[n by ! ra9 into its pores1 & becomes ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! soil-p>ticles4 ,x is ?us soon fix$ 9 ! soil1 beyond ! risk ( be+ wa%$ away4 ,! result is1 t ! phosphate is obta9$ 9 a /ate ( division inf9itely m m9ute ?an c\ld ev] be obta9$ by me*anical gr9d+1 & is1 fur!r1 mo/ intimately mix$ ) ! p>ticles ( ! soil4 ,x is ?is intimate mixture ( ! phosphate ) ! p>ticles ( ! soil1 & its m9ute /ate ( division1 t con/itute ! only reason = r5d]+ sup]phosphate sup]ior 9 its action to ev5 ! mo/ f9ely gr\nd insoluble phosphates4 ,?is op9ion is support$ by ! fact1 t al?\gh ! *emi/ has imitat$ nature 9 ?is matt] s f> z to manufacture precipitat$ phosphate1 he has fail$1 z a rule1 9 gett+ z fav\rable results ) x z ) sup]phosphate4 ,al?\gh ! me*anical /ate ( division ( ! manufactur$ precipitat$ phosphate is probably z f9e z t obta9$ by nature f ! sup]phosphate1 x is impossible to obta9 s intimate a mixture ) ! soil-p>ticles1 & h5ce ! results obta9$ are diff]5t4 ,= ^! reasons x w be easily se5 t ! rate ( action ( ! sup]phosphate mu/ always be quick] ?an t ( any o!r =m ( phosphatic manure4 ,! phosphate is ev]y:]e di/ribut$ 9 ! soil4 ,! plant-roots are ?us furni%$ ) a cont9u\s supply ?r\gh\t _! gr[?1 & micro-organisms1 :i* require = _! developm5t a supply ( ?is necess>y plant-food1 are propagat$4 ,a regul>ity 9 ! plant's gr[? is ?us secur$1 :i* is ( great importance4 ,b :ile admitt+ ?is1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* ?is great] quickness ( action does n r5d] soluble phosphate ! mo/ economical =m4 ,! nature ( ! crop1 z well z ! nature ( ! soil1 may 9 _m cases be su* z to r5d] ! application ( ! *eap] insoluble phosphate m economical4 ,x is imp]ative t ! e>ly gr[? ( "s crops be ha/5$ z mu* z possible by a ready supply ( easily assimilable plant-food1 9 ord] to enable !m to successfully su/a9 ! attack ( c]ta9 pe/s to :i* !y are liable to succumb4 ,?is1 = example1 is notably ! case ) turnips4 ,9 su* a case !re c be no d\bt t ! value ( soluble phosphate to ! "y plants is v great1 z x enables !m to survive ?is critical p]iod4 ,action ( ,sup]phosphate sometimes unfav\rable4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case !re may be o!r conditions :i* r5d] insoluble phosphate a pref]able manure4 ,su* a case is :]e ! soil is ( a v light nature & is defici5t 9 lime4 ,9 ?is case ! acid sup]phosphate1 n hav+ ! necess>y base to comb9e )1 may prove ev5 hurtful to ! "y plants4 ,accord+ to ! late ,dr ,voelck]1 a conc5trat$ sup]phosphate may produce a small] crop ?an a f]tilis] conta9+ only a qu>t] z mu* soluble phosphoric acid1 :5 appli$ to root-crops on s&y soils1 greatly defici5t 9 lime4 ,cases su* z ! above1 h[ev]1 are extremely r>e2 & we may say t1 9 ! case ( root-crops g5]ally1 sup]phosphate mu/ be reg>d$ z ( special value4 ,application ( ,sup]phosphate4 ,9 any case1 sup]phosphate ought to be appli$ to a soil "s "t be=e x is likely to be assimilat$ by ! plant1 9 ord] to all[ neutralisation ( its acid "* to be fully effect$ be=e ! plant's roots come 9 contact ) x4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 "o ( ! greate/ liv+ ,am]ican au?orities1 /ates x z 8 op9ion t rec5t inve/igations t5d to %[ t soluble & rev]t$ 7or precipitat$7 phosphates are1 ^u ! :ole1 ab\t equally valuable z plant-food1 & ( ne>ly equal comm]cial value4 ,b z ,sir ,john ,lawes1 9 quot+ ,pr(essor ,johnson to ! above effect1 rem>ks1 ?is op9ion is bas$ on an exp]i5ce ( ,am]ican agriculture1 9 :i* c\ntry soluble phosphate is *iefly appli$ to c]eal crops1 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry x is *iefly appli$ to turnips4 ,9 ! case ( c]eal crops1 ! importance ( a spe$y e>ly gr[? is n s great1 z we h already po9t$ out1 z x is 9 turnips1 :]e ! dang] to ! "y plants f ! ravages ( ! turnip-fly is su* t ! gr[? ( ev5 a day or two may make a v consid]able diff]5ce4 ,value ( ,insoluble ,phosphate4 ,a consid]ation ( ! action ( sup]phosphate1 !n1 ?r[s a good deal ( light on ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! value ( insoluble phosphates :5 appli$ to ! soil1 & %[s t ! /ate ( division1 intimacy ( mixture ) soil-p>ticles1 & ! nature ( ! soil1 are ! det]m9+ factors4 ,insoluble phosphates1 z we %all h occasion to see :5 discuss+ basic slag1 h _! be/ action on soils poor 9 lime & ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,tables h be5 drawn up ) a view to furni%+ a guide = ! value ( phosphoric acid 9 diff]5t manures4 ,9 ! ,app5dix#bcb we give ^? ( ,wolff = #ahic1 & an ,am]ican table1 drawn up = #ahib4 ,! comp>ative values ( m9]al phosphates1 z well z ,p]uvian guano & bone-du/1 w be fur!r ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,rate at :i* ,sup]phosphate is appli$4 ,! rate at :i* sup]phosphate is appli$ to ! soil v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,engl& #b to #c cwt4 p] acre is consid]$ an av]age dress+2 :]eas 9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl& x is appli$ 9 z l>ge quantities z #f to #h cwt4 p] acre to ! turnip crop4 ,! reason :y s mu* heavi] dress+s c be advantage\sly giv5 9 nor!rn p>ts ( ?is c\ntry is ow+ to ! mu* long] p]iod ( un*eck$ gr[?4 ,9 ! m s\!rn di/ricts1 :]e ! ra9fall is less1 mildew is almo/ c]ta9 to appe> :5 ! s[+ is z e>ly z requir$ = a maximum crop4 ,) x1 z ) o!r manures1 ! quantity mu/ be det]m9$ by ! conditions ( its application1 & ! am\nt ( o!r manure appli$4 ,,footnotes3 #bbe ,?is holds true1 x may be m5tion$1 ) reg>d to ! application ( c]ta9 manures1 su* z bone-*>1 to ! soil4 ,bone-*> 0 = a long "t us$ 9 ,france z a manure )\t be+ dissolv$4 ,! action ( su* a manure1 conta9+ a consid]able p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( lime1 is sl[] ?an its action w\ld be 7 x pure phosphate ( lime1 z ! c>bonate ( lime is fir/ act$ ^u 7z 9 ! case ( sup]phosphate manufacture7 by ! soil acids4 #bbf ,! solubility ( tribasic phosphate1 ( c\rse1 is n always equal 9 diff]5t manures4 ,= example1 ! phosphate 9 apatite1 ow+ to ! cry/all9e /ructure ( t m9]al1 is n ne>ly s soluble z ! phosphate 9 phosphatic guanos1 al?\gh 9 bo? cases its *emical composition is practically ! same4 #bbg ,= =mulae ( ! diff]5t phosphates1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,i41 p4 #cih4 #bbh ,= *emical =mulae1 %[+ reaction1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,ii41 p4 #cih4 #bbi ,( c\rse x is well kn[n t free phosphoric acid is obta9$ by act+ ^u phosphate ( lime ) an excess ( sulphuric acid2 b ! po9t above ref]r$ to z hav+ be5 rec5tly discov]$ is1 t :5 phosphate ( lime is act$ ^u1 ev5 by a small quantity ( sulphuric acid1 free phosphoric acid is =m$4 #bcj ,= *emical =mulae %[+ ?is rev]sion1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iii41 p4 #cii4 #bca ,= *emical !ories on rev]sion ( soluble phosphate by iron & alum9a1 see ,app5dix1 ,note ,,iv41 p4 #cii4 #bcb ,see ,app5dix1 ,note ,v41 p4 #djj4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #chh74 ,! =mulae1 & molecul> & p]c5tage composition1 ( ! diff]5t phosphates1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,composition 9 t]ms (-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,molecul> weight4 ,p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,phos- ,phos- ,"n4 ,symbol4 ,lime4,wat]4phoric,total4,lime4,wat]4pho ric acid4 acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tri- or bone- #c;,ca,o1 phosphate4 ,p#b,o#e #afh #j #adb #caj #ed4ai #j4jj #de4ha ,bi- or di- #b;,ca,o1 ,h#b,o1 phosphate4 ,p#b,o#e #aab #ah #adb #bgb #da4ah #f4fa #eb4ba ,mono- or sup]-,ca,o1 #b;,h#b,o1 phosphate4 ,p#b,o#e #ef #cf #adb #bcd #bc4ic #ae4ci #fj4fh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,note ,,ii4 7p4 #chh74 ,:5 sulphuric acid is add$ to tricalcic phosphate1 ! foll[+ reaction takes place3-- 7#a47 #c;,ca,o1 ,p#b,o#e #b7;,h#b,o1 ,,s#c7 7,tricalcic phosphate71 7,sulphuric acid71 #b7;,ca,o1 ,,s#c7 ,ca,o1 #b;,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e 7,gypsum71 7,monocalcic phosphate74 7#b47 #c;,ca,o1 ,p#b,o#e #c7;,h#b,o1 ,,s#c7 #c;,ca,o1 ,,s#c #c;,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e1 or #b;,h#c,,po#d4 ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #cij74 ,?is equation gives ! *emical reaction tak+ place :5 soluble phosphate is rev]t$1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( undissolv$ phosphate3---- #c;,ca,o1 ,p#b,o#e ,ca,o1 #b;,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e 7,tricalcic phosphate71 ,monocalcic phosphate1 #b;,ca,o1 ,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e #b;,ca,o1 ,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e 7,dicalcic phosphate71 7,dicalcic phosphate74 ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #cij74 ,j :at ! reactions are :i* are produc$ by ! iron & alum9a comp\nds has nev] be5 made out v cle>ly4 ,b "s idea ( !m may be ga9$ f ! foll[+ sugge/ions1 :i* 7 ?r[n out by ! ,engli% *emi/ ,patt]son4 ,suppose ! sulphuric acid has dissolv$ a quantity ( iron or alum9a1 !n we may h ! reaction3---- ,fe#b,o#c1 #c,,s#c ,ca,o1 #b;,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e ,fe#b,o#c1 ,p#b,o#e ,ca,o1 ,,s#c #b7;,h#b,o1 ,,s#c71 & ! free acid ?us =m$ w\ld proce$ to dissolve m iron or alum9a f ! rock t _h previ\sly escap$ decomposition1 & ! reaction "h =mulat$ w\ld occur aga9 & aga94 ,"h we h a cumulative process cont9ually increas+ ! quantity ( insoluble ,fe#b,o#c1 ,p#b,o#e1 & dim9i%+ 9 ! same proportion ! soluble ,p#b,o#e4 ,aga91 we may h simply---- #b;,fe#b,o#c #c7;,ca,o1 #b;,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e7 #b7;,fe#b,o#c1 ,p#b,o#e7 #c;,ca,o1 ,p#b,o#e2 :]e ?ree molecules ( ! soluble phosphoric acid are made to rev]t to ! insoluble /ate at "o bl[4 ,9 case ! iron 9 ! orig9al rock 7 9 ! /ate ( f]r\s oxide1 p]haps ! foll[+ reaction might occur3---- #d7;,fe,o1 ,,s#c7 #b,o ,ca,o1 #b;,h#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e #c;,ca,o1 ,p#b,o#e #b7;,fe#b,o#c1 ,p#b,o#e7 #d7;,ca,o1 ,,s#c74 ,9 all ^! equations1 except ! la/1 alum9a w\ld s]ve z well z oxide ( iron4--7,vide ,/or]'s ',agricultural ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 pp4 #bgf1 #bgg47 ,,note ,v4 7p4 #cif74 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative trade values ( phosphoric acid 9 diff]5t manures3-- ,i4--,,wolff1 #ahic4 ,phosphate soluble 9 wat] 7z 9 sup]7 #ajj ,precipitat$ phosphate1 ,p]uvian guano #ib ,rev]t$ phosphate1 f9e/ /eam$ bone-du/ fi%-guano1 p\drette #hc ,phosphatic guanos 7,bak] ,isl&71 wood-a%es #ge ,co>s] bone-du/1 p[d]$ animal *>coal1 bone-a% #fg ,co>se fragm5ts ( bone1 p[d]$ phosphorite & coprolite1 ,?omas-slag1 f>my>d manure #cc ,,ii4--,,am]ican1 #ahib4 ,phosphate soluble 9 wat] #ajj ,phosphate soluble 9 ammonium citrate #id ,f9e bone-du/1 p[d]$ fi% #id ,f9e m$ium bone #gd ,m$ium bone #fj ,co>se bone #dj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,?omas-,,phosphate ,,or ,,basic ,,slag4 ,9 ?is sub/ance we h a mo/ important addition to our phosphatic manures4 ,x has be5 9 ! m>ket s9ce #ahhf1 & ! consumption alone 9 ,g]many 9 #ahhg am\nt$ to ne>ly #cjj1jjj tons4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is only n[ beg9n+ to be us$ to any ext5t4 ,its ,manufacture4 ,?omas-slag is a bye-product obta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( /eel by :at is kn[n z ! basic process4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgi an improvem5t 9 ! well-kn[n ,bessem] process 0 pat5t$ by ,messrs ,gil*ri/ ,?omas4 ,x mu/ be expla9$ t 9 ! manufacture ( /eel f pig-iron c]ta9 impurities 9 ! raw mat]ial h to be got rid ( 9 ord] to produce a good /eel4 ,among ^! impurities "o ( ! mo/ important is phosphorus4 ,?is is ow+ to ! fact t ev5 a v small p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid 9 /eel has ! effect ( r5d]+ x brittle4 ,! extraction ( ! phosphorus f ! raw mat]ial 0 =m]ly1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) v s]i\s difficulties1 & _h ! effect naturally ( r5d]+ /eel a co/ly article1 inasmu* z only ! pur] k9ds ( pig-iron c\ld be us$ = ! purpose4 ,by ! introduction 9 #ahgi1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,?omas-,gil*ri/ or basic process1 ^! difficulties 7 v l>gely ov]come1 & ! employm5t ( ev5 su* impure irons z ! ,clevel& 7conta9+ comp>atively a l>ge p]c5tage ( phosphorus7 0 r5d]$ possible1 & ! price ( /eel consequ5tly g5]ally v mu* r$uc$4 ,! process consi/s ( submitt+ ! molt5 pig-iron to a v great heat 9 a pe>-%ap$ vessel 7kn[n te*nically z ! conv]t]74 ,?is is op5 at ! top1 & is support$ on h+es1 :i* p]mit ( its be+ mov$ s z to p\r (f ! scum :i* rises to ! surface at ! end ( ! op]ation1 & :i*1 we may expla91 consi/s ( basic slag4 ,9 ! orig9al process ! sides ( ! conv]t] 7 l9$ ) fire-bricks1 consi/+ l>gely ( silica4 ,?is process 0 kn[n z ! acid process4 ,9 ! ,?omas-,gil*ri/ process1 h[ev]1 ! sides ( ! conv]t] are l9$ ) lime 7dolomitic lime/one be+ l>gely us$71 lime be+ also add$ to ! pig-iron4 ,an air-bla/ is inject$ ?r\gh ! molt5 mass1 & ! impurities are burnt1 or oxidis$ z x is *emically t]m$4 ,! phosphorus 9 ! iron is ?us conv]t$ into phosphoric acid1 &1 unit+ ) ! lime1 =ms phosphate ( lime1 :i* rises1 z we h already said1 to ! surface 9 ! =m ( a scum1 & is sep>at$ f ! /eel by be+ p\r$ (f4 ,n at fir/ us$4 ,?is1 !n1 is h[ ! ,?omas-slag is obta9$4 ,x did n seem1 h[ev]1 = "s ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ?is +5i\s process1 to h /ruck any "o t ?is ri* phosphatic bye-product might prove a valuable addition to our artificial f]tilis]s4 ,! result 01 t ! ,?omas-slag 0 treat$ z ano!r ( ! only too num]\s valueless bye-products :i* seem to be necess>ily incid5tal to mo/ ( our *emical & o!r manufactures1 & 0 all[$ to accumulate 9 l>ge quantities )\t be+ us$ = any purpose4 ,discov]y ( its ,value4 ,9 #ahhc "s %ort articles publi%$ 9 ,g]many on ! subject 7 ! means ( fir/ draw+ ! att5tion ( ! public to its importance z a manure4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahhd & #ahhe num]\s exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out on ! subject 9 ! same c\ntry2 & f !n up till ! pres5t h\r x has become m & m ext5sively us$ 9 ,g]many1 till 9 #ahhg1 z already /at$1 its consumption am\nt$ to ne>ly #cjj1jjj tons4 ,composition4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( phosphate ( lime1 silicate ( lime1 free lime1 free magnesia1 & oxides ( iron & manganese4 ,its composition1 ( c\rse1 naturally v>ies2 b ! foll[+ may be tak5 z an av]age analysis3#bcc-- ,p] c5t4 99,phosphoric acid #ag ,lime 9 comb9ation ) phosphoric1 silicic1 sulphuric1 & c>bonic acids #dj ,free lime #ae ,oxides ( iron #ab 99,equal to tricalcic phosphate #cg ,z a rule1 ! phosphoric acid v>ies consid]ably1 rang+ f #aj to #bj p] c5t--t is1 f #bb to #dd p] c5t tricalcic phosphate4 ,?is is ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! p]c5tage ( phosphorus 9 ! raw mat]ial & ! quantity ( lime add$4 ,attempts h be5 made 9 ,g]many dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s to obta9 a slag ri*] 9 phosphoric acid ?an t obta9$ h]et(ore1 & a process = ?is purpose has be5 pat5t$ by ,pr(essor ,s*eibl]4 ,?is consi/s ( a slight modification 9 ! ord9>y process4 ,in/ead ( treat+ ! pig-iron ) an excessive quantity ( lime1 ! am\nt add$ is n suffici5t to effect ! complete dephosphorisation ( ! iron4 ,! result+ slag is v ri* 9 phosphoric acid1 & is correspond+ly poor 9 iron4 ,! iron is !n aga9 treat$ ) fre% lime1 & ! phosphorus completely remov$1 :ile ! same lime may be us$ ov] aga94 ,su* slag =ms a v mu* m conc5trat$ phosphatic manure ?an ! ord9>y slag1 & is kn[n z pat5t phosphate meal4 ,a po9t :i* n only r5d]s ! slag a product ( peculi> int]e/ f a *emical po9t ( view1 b has a mo/ important be>+ on its value z a manure1 is ! nature ( ! comp\nd =m$ by ! union ( ! lime ) ! phosphoric acid4 ,9 ! ord9>y s-call$ raw phosphates1 su* z bone-meal1 bone-a%1 coprolites1 c41 ! lime & phosphoric acid are comb9$ 9 ! =m ( :at is kn[n1 9 *emical phraseology1 z tribasic phosphate ( lime4 ,t is to say1 t = e equival5t ( phosphoric acid !re are ?ree equival5ts ( lime4 ,n[ x 0 naturally conclud$ at fir/ t ! tribasic phosphate 0 ! =m 9 :i* ^! two sub/ances exi/$ 9 ! slag4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd out n to be ! case1 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,on all[+ ! slag to cool1 x 0 f\nd t small b p]fectly def9$ cry/als 7 =m$4 ,^! cry/als1 by c>eful analysis1 7 %[n1 fir/ by ,hilg5/ock1 to consi/ ( a =m ( phosphate ( lime hi!rto unkn[n1 9 :i* f\r equival5ts ( lime 7 comb9$ ) "o equival5t ( phosphoric acid1 & :i* 0 !re=e call$ tetrabasic phosphate4 ,processes = prep>+ ,slag4 ,z soon z ! idea ( utilis+ ! slag z a manure 0 sugge/$1 v>i\s plans = extract+ its phosphoric acid1 & r5d]+ x available z plant-food1 7 devis$4 ,^! 7 deem$ necess>y1 x 0 ?\ght1 by ! v insoluble nature ( ! phosphates 9 ! slag1 z well z by ! suppos$ injuri\s action :i* w\ld be ex]t$ on plant-life by ! protoxide ( iron x conta9$4 ,accord+ly1 a l>ge numb] ( pat5ts 7 tak5 out1 cov]+ almo/ e conceivable me?od = treat+ ! slag1 :e!r practicable or n4 ,!y all 9 ! ma9 are comb9ations or v>iations ( ! foll[+ processes3-- #a4 ,prelim9>y prep>ation ( ! ,slag4 7a7 ,by treat+ molt51 or o!rwise1 ) sup]heat$ /eam1 or cool+ :5 hot ) wat]1 to r$uce x to small pieces or to a fragile /ate4 7b7 ,gr9d+4 7c7 ,treat+ ) wat] to wa% out free lime1 or ) sug> solution4 7d7 ,roa/+ 9 ! air1 or ) "s oxidis+ ag5t4 #b4 ,solution ( ! ,slag4 7a7 ,completely 9 weak or /rong acids 7hydro*loric1 sulphuric1 c47 7b7 ,p>tially1 s z to dissolve ! phosphates & silicates ( lime1 & leave mo/ ( ! iron & manganese oxides4 #c4 ,precipitation ( ! phosphoric acid1 ) lime or iron salts3 or1 ,processes 9 :i* ! slag is smelt$ ) *>coal1 to r$uce phosphates to phosphides1 treat$ ) acid1 & ! phosphurett$ hydrog5 burnt to phosphoric acid2 &1 ,processes 9 :i* ! slag is fus$ ) soda or pota% salts1--cau/ic1 *lorides1 sulphates1 c>bonates1--) or )\t /eam be+ =c$ ?r\gh1 to =m soluble alkal9e phosphates4#bcd ,_m ( ^! processes 7 tri$2 b x 0 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! be/ & mo/ economical way 0 by apply+ ! slag direct to ! gr\nd 9 a /ate ( v f9e p[d]4 ,exp]im5ts fur!r %[$ t x _h n ! injuri\s effect on vegetation :i* x 0 fe>$ x w\ld h f ! protoxide ( iron x conta9$4 ,! discov]y t its phosphoric acid exi/$1 z has be5 already expla9$1 z a tetrabasic phosphate ( lime1 has /r5g!n$ ! op9ion t ?is is ! be/ me?od ( application4 ,a good deal has be5 f\nd to dep5d ^u ! f95ess ( ! gr\nd slag1 ) ! result t x is n[ commonly sold on a me*anical z well z a *emical analysis--i4e41 ! slag is gu>ante$ to pass ?r\gh a sieve ( a c]ta9 f95ess4 ,solubility ( ,slag4 ,pr(essor ,wagn] ( ,d>m/adt has c>ri$ out "s extremely int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! solubility ( slag4 ,he f\nd t v f9ely p[d]$ slag 0 dissolv$ 9 c>bonic acid wat] to ! ext5t ( #cf p] c5t1 :ile1 simil>ly treat$1 phosphorite only dissolv$ to ! ext5t ( #h p] c5t4#bce ,ano!r v important solv5t is citrate ( ammonia4 ,rev]t$ 7or precipitat$7 phosphate is entirely soluble 9 x1 & phosphate soluble 9 x ought to be valu$ z wor? m ?an t :i* is n4 ,n[1 ! solubility ( ,?omas-slag 9 citrate ( ammonia 0 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,wagn] to be no less ?an #gd p] c5t1 :ile t ( phosphorite only am\nt$ to #d p] c5t4 ,^! results 7 corroborat$ by ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 :o f\nd t ( ! #ai4hg p] c5t ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 a sample ( basic slag1 no less ?an #ai4eg p] c5t 0 soluble 9 ammonium citrate1 :ile a f9ely gr\nd sample ( phosphatic rock yield$1 on analysis1 only #a4ha p] c5t soluble 9 citrate ( ammonia1 ( a total ( #bi4di p] c5t phosphoric acid :i* x conta9$4 ,pr(essor ,fleis*] has also te/$ ! comp>ative solubility ( basic slag & phosphorite1 by boil+ !m 9 a solution ( acetic acid4 ,! =m] 0 f\nd to h be5 dissolv$ to ! ext5t ( #ai p] c5t1 :ile ! latt] to only #e p] c5t4 ,a highly int]e/+ & mo/ important exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ by ,mr ,he9ri* ,alb]t1 ( ,biebri*4 ,"o gramme ( basic slag & #ajj grammes ( peat 7 mix$ toge!r 9 a litre ( wat]1 & x 0 f\nd t1 aft] /&+ = f\rte5 days1 #gi p] c5t ( ! phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ! slag 0 r5d]$ soluble4 ,9 ! above exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t ! f95ess ( gr9d+ _h a m>k$ effect on ! solubility ( ! slag1 & t ! f9] x 0 gr\nd ! great] 0 its solubility4 ,?is has be5 fur!r demon/rat$ 9 ,pr(essor ,wagn]'s practical exp]im5ts4 ,f ^! x 0 f\nd t f9ely gr\nd slag has an action f\r times z quick z co>se slag2 b t1 z f> z practical results 7 conc]n$1 !re seem$ to be a limit to ! f95ess to :i* x 0 advisable to gr9d ! slag1 z slag above a c]ta9 f95ess did n give bett] results ?an a co>s] slag4 ,at any rate1 he f\nd t slag ( a f95ess s great t x all pass$ ?r\gh a gauze sieve1 gave no bett] results 9 8 exp]im5ts ?an slag :i* left #ag p] c5t beh9d4 ,we may say1 h[ev]1 t ! f9] ! slag is gr\nd1 ! great] w its activity z a manure be2 & t a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess is absolutely necess>y to con/itute x an active f]tilis]4 ,z ,pr(essor ,wagn]'s exp]im5ts are among ! mo/ valuable & complete c>ri$ out on basic slag1 we %all give a some:at detail$ acc\nt ( !m4 ,d>m/adt ,exp]im5ts4 ,pr(essor ,wagn]'s exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out on su* diff]5t k9ds ( crops z flax1 rape1 :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 peas1 & :ite mu/>d1 & ! object ( ! exp]im5ts 0 to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative activity z f]tilis]s ( sup]phosphate1 basic slag ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 ,p]uvian guano1 damp$ bone-meal1 & v f9ely gr\nd coprolites4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a correct e/imate ( ! relative value ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( phosphatic manures1 x 0 necess>y to r5d] ! nitrog5 9 ! bone-meal & ! nitrog5 & pota% conta9$ by ! ,p]uvian guano inactive--i4e41 to limit ! te/ /rictly to phosphoric acid4 ,?is 0 done by add+ to ! sup]1 basic slag1 & coprolites1 quantities ( nitrog5 & pota% equal to ^? conta9$ by ! o!r manures4 ,!re 0 fur!r add$ to all ! exp]im5ts 7! unmanur$ ones1 ( c\rse1 z well7 an excess ( nitrog5 & pota%4 ,9 ?is way ! increase 9 returns c\ld only be due to ! phosphoric acid4 ,! g5]al results obta9$ f ^! exp]im5ts may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,tak+ ! activity ( sup] to be repres5t$ by #ajj1 !n ! relative activity (-- ,basic slag ( ,no4 #abcf f95ess is #fa ,basic slag1 ,no4 #bbcg #eh ,p]uvian guano #cj ,basic slag1 ,no4 #cbch #ac ,bone-meal #aj ,coprolites #i ,f ^! results ! value ( ! comm]cial article has be5 attempt$ to be asc]ta9$4 ,z x conta9s #hj p] c5t or !reby ( f9e meal & #bj p] c5t ( co>se1 its activity may be /at$ to be #ej1 or half z active z sup]4 ,?us #b cwt4 ( basic slag is equal to #a cwt4 ( sup]4 ,?is only ref]s to ! fir/ ye>'s effect4 ,pr(essor ,wagn] has made fur!r exp]im5ts z to ! aft]-effects ( ! diff]5t manures1 ) ! result t he has f\nd t ! aft]-effects ( ! basic slag are ev5 bett] ?an ^? ( ! sup]4 ,?is /&s to reason1 = if twice z mu* phosphoric acid be add$ 9 ! =m ( basic slag z is add$ 9 ! =m ( sup]1 & ! effect ( ! fir/ ye> is simil>--t is1 ! same quantity ( phosphoric acid is assimilat$ by ! plant f ! soil 9 bo? cases--!re is naturally m phosphoric acid left beh9d 9 ! soil manur$ ) basic slag ?an 9 t manur$ ) sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,= example1 if #ajj lb4 ( sup] has ! same effect 9 ! fir/ ye> z #bjj lb4 ( basic slag1 & x is f\nd t only #fj lb4 ( ! sup] & ! basic slag h be5 assimilat$ ! fir/ ye> by ! plant1 x is only natural to conclude t ! rema9+ #adj lb4 ( ! basic slag w h a bett] aft]-effect ?an ! rema9+ #dj lb4 ( sup]4 ,?is has be5 actually prov$ to h be5 ! case 9 ,pr(essor's ,wagn]'s exp]im5ts4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( "s exp]im5ts :i* ,pr(essor ,wagn] has c>ri$ out on ! aft]-effects ( diff]5t manures3-- ,out ( #ajj p>ts ( phosphoric acid1 !re 0 remov$ by ! fir/ ye>'s crop-- ,sup] #fc ,p]uvian guano #bb ,bone-meal #g ,coprolites #f ,?omas-meal-- ,no4 #a f95ess #ci ,no4 #b #dc ,no4 #c #ae ,out ( #ajj p>ts ( phosphoric acid left by ! fir/ crop1 !re 0 remov$ by ! ?ree succe$+ crops-- ,sup] #cj ,p]uvian guano #i ,bone-meal #ac ,coprolites #f ,?omas-meal-- ,no4 #a f95ess #ad ,no4 #b #bi ,no4 #c #bd ,num]\s o!r exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out by v>i\s exp]im5t]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many :i* x is unnecess>y to cite "h4 ,none1 h[ev]1 are s complete z ^? ( ,pr(essor ,wagn]4 ,results ( o!r ,exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is c\ntry exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out at ,ro?am/$1 ,cir5ce/]1 ,d[nton1 ,bangor1 & by ,dr ,aitk5 at ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society's /ations1 z well z else:]e4 ,! results ( ^! v>i\s exp]im5ts naturally diff] consid]ably1 ?is be+ ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! soils ^u :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 z well z ! diff]5t degrees ( f95ess ( ! slag us$4 ,!y all1 h[ev]1 s]ve to confirm ,pr(essor ,wagn]'s g5]al results4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ,scotl& by ,dr ,aitk5 at ! ,highl& ,society's /ations 7 especially fav\rable to basic slag z a phosphatic manure4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out on turnips1 & x 0 f\nd t ! ,?omas-slag 01 weight = weight1 sup]ior to sup]phosphate4 ,x may be add$ t ! slag us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 ri* 9 phosphoric acid1 & 0 9 an unusually f9e /ate ( division4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ! au?or h prov$ slag to be1 on v>i\s ,scotti% soils1 "o ( ! mo/ economical phosphatic manures to apply to turnips4#bci ,we w sum up1 9 conclusion1 ! d$uctions :i* may be fairly drawn f ! results ( all ! above-m5tion$ exp]im5ts z to ! value ( basic c9d] z a manure4 ,soils mo/ suit$ = ,slag4 ,al?\gh its action is und\bt$ly m fav\rable on "s soils ?an o!rs1 x may be broadly /at$ t g5]ally its phosphoric acid is half z valuable z t 9 soluble phosphate4 ,! soils on :i* x w h ! mo/ m>k$ effect w be ^? ( a peaty nature1 poor 9 lime1 b ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,! b5eficial results obta9$ by an application ( lime to peaty soils are well kn[n4 ,z ! slag conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( free lime1 x ?us p]=ms on su* soils a d\ble function4 ,on mead[-l&s1 all k9ds ( pa/ure-l&s 7if n ( too dry a "*71 & clay soils poor 9 lime1 its action has be5 %[n to be especially fav\rable4 ,( diff]5t k9ds ( crops1 ^? be/ suit$ to b5efit f ! slag z a phosphatic manure are ^? ( ! legum9\s k9d4 ,?is arises f ! fact t _! p]iod ( gr[? is long] ?an t ( mo/ o!r crops4 ,rate ( ,application4 ,z to ! rate p] acre at :i* ! slag ought to be appli$1 !re w naturally be a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,pr(essor ,wrightson1 ( ,d[nton ,agricultural ,college1 recomm5ds t x %\ld be appli$ at ! rate ( f #f to #aj cwt4 p] acre4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is v lib]al manur+4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t phosphatic manures1 unlike nitrog5\s manures1 & to "s ext5t pota% manures1 may be appli$ 9 ev5 excessive quantities )\t any risk ( loss4 ,x is impossible to measure out our phosphate manures 9 ! same accurate mann] z we measure out our nitrog54 ,x is saf]1 !re=e1 & on t acc\nt m economical 9 ! long-run1 to apply our phosphate 9 excessive quantity ?an ! rev]se4 ,! reason ( ?is may be %ortly expla9$4 ,! phosphoric acid :i* is naturally pres5t 9 mo/ soils is ) difficulty soluble4 ,only a small quantity is yield$ daily to ! plant4 ,?is quantity may1 "u fav\rable climatic conditions1 be suffici5t2 b ^! fav\rable influ5ces nev] la/ v long at a "t4 ,= ?ree weeks1 p]haps1 ! plant may exp]i5ce dr\ght1 & dur+ ?is p]iod x takes up no phosphoric acid1 & its gr[? practically comes to a /&/ill2 b ?is p]iod ( dr\ght is foll[$ by ra9 & w>m wea!r1 & ! plant1 if x is to be ripe by h>ve/-"t1 mu/ make up = lo/ "t4 ,x mu/ gr[ z mu* ! next few days "u ^! fav\rable climatic conditions z x w\ld h gr[n "u normal conditions 9 d\ble or treble ! "t4 ,9 ord] to d s1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be able to obta9 pl5ty ( phosphoric acid1 & ?is is only possible :]e !re is a decid$ excess ( phosphoric acid pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,! ri*ness ( a soil1 !re=e1 9 phosphoric acid1 mu/ be su* t x is n only able to supply ! ord9>y wants ( ! plant1 b to provide an excess :5 su* an excess w be ne$$2 = "o mu/ rememb] t ! am\nt ( plant-sub/ance =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few days "u fav\rable conditions is v great1 & t ! am\nt consequ5tly ( phosphoric acid :i* plants assimilate dur+ t p]iod mu/ also be v consid]able4 ,me?od ( ,application4 ,9 conclusion1 z to ! me?od ( application ( ! slag1 agriculturi/s mu/ be w>n$ aga9/ mix+ x ) sulphate ( ammonia2 = if ?is is done1 a consid]able loss ( ammonia w ensue1 set free f ! sulphate by ! action ( ! free lime :i* ! ,?omas-slag conta9s4 ,) nitrate ( soda & pota% salts x may be freely mix$4 ,su* mixtures1 h[ev]1 are apt to =m !mselves into little balls1 :i* soon become v h>d4 ,!y %\ld !re=e only be mix$ %ortly be=e use4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 ,pr(essor ,wagn] recomm5ds ! mixture ( a little peat or sawdu/ ) ! slag4 ,,footnotes3 #bcc ,see ,app5dix1 p4 #dag4 #bcd ,vide pap] on ,basic ,slag3 ,its ,=mation4 ,by ,/ead & ,ribsdale4 ',j\rnal ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1' #ahhg1 p4 #bcj4 #bce ,vide ,pr(essor ,wagn]'s pamphlet1 ',d] ,du5gew]? und die rationelle ,v]w5dung d] ,?omas ,s*lacke1' ,d>m/adt1 #ahhh4 #bcf ,no4 #a f95ess 0 su* z pass$ entirely ?r\gh a f9e gauze sieve ( #bej wires to ! l9e> in*4 #bcg ,no4 #b f95ess 0 su* z pass$ entirely ?r\gh ! regul> /&>d sieve--i4e41 conta9+ #abj wires to ! l9e> in*4 #bch ,no4 #c 0 :at w\ld n pass ?r\gh ! /&>d sieve4 #bci ',transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1' #ahia2 ',*emical ,news1' #ahic4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,note 7p4 #djd74 ,= ^? m p>ticul>ly int]e/$1 we app5d a full analysis ( ! slag1 tak5 f ,messrs ,/ead & ,ribsdale's pap] 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1' #ahhg1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbb3-- ,lime #da4eh ,magnesia #f4ad ,alum9a #b4eg ,p]oxide ( iron #h4ed ,protoxide ( iron #ac4fb ,protoxide ( manganese #c4gi ,protoxide ( vanadium #a4bi ,silica #g4ch ,sulphur 4#bc ,calcium 4#ca ,sulphuric anhydride 4#ab ,phosphoric acid #ad4cf ----- #ii4ic ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,potassic ,,manures4 ,relative ,importance4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 we po9t$ out t ( ! ?ree manurial +r$i5ts pota% 0 ! "o mo/ abundantly occurr+1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! necessity ( add+ x 9 ! =m ( an artificial manure exi/$ less frequ5tly ?an 9 ! case ( nitrog5 or phosphoric acid4 ,x 0 fur!r po9t$ out t1 "u ! ord9>y conditions ( agriculture1 a great] re/oration to ! soil ( ! pota% remov$ 9 ! crops 0 made 9 ! /raw us$ 9 f>my>d manure ?an 0 ! case ) reg>d to ! o!r two +r$i5ts4 ,despite ^! facts1 !re are _m cases :]e ! addition ( potassic manures is ( ! highe/ importance 9 increas+ plant-gr[?4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to devote a little space to consid]+ our diff]5t potassic manures & _! respective action4 ,scotti% ,soils suppli$ ) ,pota%4 ,potassic manures are n s valuable 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce exp]i5ce has %[n t mo/ ,scotti% soils are abundantly suppli$ ) ?is manurial +r$i5t4 ,moreov]1 "u ! conditions ( mo/ ,european f>m+1 !re seems to be a /eady ga9 to ! soil ( pota%4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! action ( pota% z a manure seems to be m /rik+ly illu/rat$4 ,inde$1 :]ev] =age crops or /raw are sold (f ! f>m 9 l>ge quantities1 or :]e beets1 cabbages1 c>rots1 potatoes1 onions1 c41 are also gr[n 9 l>ge quantities1 ! necessity = pota% manur+ g5]ally arises4 ,s\rces ( ,potassic ,manures4 ,! value ( pota% z a manure fir/ came to be recognis$ f ! fav\rable action ( wood-a%es4 ,( c\rse _! fav\rable action is n due solely to pota%1 z !y conta91 9 addition to ! o!r a% +r$i5ts ( ! plant1 phosphates2 & _! value z a manure may also be said to dep5d n a little on _! indirect action4 ,!y conta9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( cau/ic alkali1 :i* promotes ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s matt] ( ! soil4 ,b mak+ due all[ance = ^! o!r valuable prop]ties1 ! *ief value ( wood-a%es is und\bt$ly due to ! pota% !y conta94 ,h5ce ! use ( ! comm]cial article call$ pota%1 :i* is a mixture ( potassium c>bonate & hydrate1 & :i* is obta9$ f wood-a%es1 0 =m]ly common to a consid]able ext5t z a manure1 especially = clov]4 ,b>illa1 a ri* potassic manure prep>$ by burn+ c]ta9 /r& plants1 especially ! saltwort1 0 also 9 ! pa/ l>gely export$ f ,sicily & ,spa94 ,kelp1 a product got by burn+ sea-we$ 9 ,scotl&1 is also a ri* potassic manure4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! discov]y ( ! ,/assfurt m9es1 all potassic manures h come f ^!4 ,/assfurt ,pota% ,salts4 ,huge salt deposits exi/ at ,/assfurt 9 ,g]many4 ,!y h be5 =m$ by ! evaporation ( an inl& sea4 ,salt 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ^! deposits 9 #ahci1 b = long ! pres5ce ( pota% salts 0 little suspect$1 & x 0 n until #ahfb t ! pota% salts 7 work$4 ,we h already1 9 ! ,app5dix to ,*apt] ,,vi41 giv5 a li/ ( ! *ief pota% m9]als occurr+ 9 ! ,/assfurt deposits4 ,^! m9]als are f\nd 9 lay]s1 ! l[e/ lay] consi/+ ( almo/ pure salt2 :ile imm$iately above ?is we h a lay] ( salt mix$ ) ! m9]al polyhallite 7conta9+ potassium sulphate7 ( ab\t #ajj feet ?ick4 ,above ?is la/ lay] !re is a lay] ( ab\t #ij feet1 conta9+ kies]ite 7magnesium sulphate7 mix$ ) potassium & magnesium *lorides2 & above ?is aga9 is a lay] 7#ij feet7 ( c>nallite1 :i* furni%es ! *ief s\rce ( ! pota% salts us$ = manurial purposes4 ,at fir/ ! crude salts1 z obta9$ direct f ! deposits1 7 sold z manures "u ! "n ( ,abraum salts4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !y are purifi$4 ,( pota% salts 9 #ahhh "s #be1jjj tons 7 export$ f ,/assfurt = manurial purposes4 ,( ^! salts !re may be m5tion$1 viz41 ka9it1 an impure =m ( ! sulphate1 conta9+ on an av]age ab\t #ab p] c5t ( pota%1 & ! muriate & ! sulphate--bo? salts1 9 a m or less pure =m1 be+ us$4 ,a ^w or two may be add$ on ! effect ( ! two =ms ( pota%--viz41 z ! sulphate & z ! muriate4 ,relative ,m]its ( ,sulphate & ,muriate ( ,pota%4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t muriate ( pota%1 f> f hav+ a b5eficial effect on c]ta9 crops1 is actually h>mful4 ,( ^!1 sug>-beets1 potatoes1 & tobacco may be m5tion$4 ,9 ! case ( beets x seems to h an effect 9 less5+ ! p]c5tage ( cry/allisable sug>1 :ile potatoes are r5d]$ waxy4 ,) reg>d to ! tobacco-plant1 x seems to impair ! value ( ! leaf f ! smok]'s po9t ( view4 ,t ?is delet]i\s action is due to ! =m 9 :i* ! pota% is pres5t1 & n to ! pota% itself1 seems to be pretty cle>1 s9ce pota% 9 ! =m ( sulphate has n ?is delet]i\s effect on ^! plants4 ,ano!r objection :i* has be5 urg$ aga9/ muriate ( pota% is t1 :5 appli$ z a manure1 x is apt to give rise to ! =mation ( calcium *loride1--a comp\nd :i* is di/9ctly hurtful to _m plants4 ,a simil> *>ge _c be br\ght aga9/ sulphate ( pota%1 s9ce gypsum1 :i* is ! *ief comp\nd x is likely to give rise to1 is ( mu* value1 z we h already po9t$ out1 z an indirect manure4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 sulphate ( pota% seems to be ! safe/ =m 9 :i* to add pota%4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! comm]cial sulphates are v impure1 & conta9 g5]ally consid]able quantities ( muriate4 ,9 fav\r ( ! muriate1 x may be said t x is ! m conc5trat$ manure1 & t x diffuses bett] 9 ! soil ?an ! sulphate--a po9t ( great importance4 ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 us$ )\t any bad effect = clov]1 corn1 grass1 & "s root crops4 ,application ( ,pota% ,manures4 ,! extreme t5acity ) :i* ! soil-p>ticles fix pota% salts1 :5 appli$ z manures1 is a po9t :i* ought to be borne 9 m9d 9 _! application4 ,?is1 z we h j notic$1 is great] 9 ! case ( ! sulphate ?an 9 ! case ( muriate1 & x has be5 obs]v$ t c]ta9 o!r f]tilis]s seem to ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce 9 h9d]+ _! fixation4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ bone-meal & f>my>d manure4 ,nitrate ( soda also seems to increase ! diffusibility ( pota% salts4 ,conv]sely1 pota% salts seem to help to fix ammonia4 ,= ! above reasons pota% manures ought to be appli$ to ! soil a consid]able p]iod be=e !y are likely to be us$ by ! crop4 ,!re is little risk ( any s]i\s loss tak+ place ow+ to ra94 ,autumn application is g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,ev5 9 v light soils x has be5 prov$ 9 ! ,norfolk exp]im5ts t autumn application has an imm5se advantage ov] spr+ application4 ,x has be5 f\nd t :]e pota% is appli$ z sulphate1 little sulphuric acid is absorb$ by ! plant4 ,soils & ,crops suit$ = ,pota% ,manures4 ,( soils be/ suit$ = pota% manures1 x has be5 f\nd t light soils1 & ^? l>gely *>g$ ) peaty organic matt] 7su* z ! moorl& soils ( ,g]many71 are mo/ b5efit$2 :ile on heavy clayey soils ! p]c5tage ( pota% :i* ^! latt] conta9 is already suffici5tly abundant = ! ne$s ( plants4 ,at ,flit*am ! value ( pota% on *alk soils has be5 /rik+ly demon/rat$4 ,( crops1 x is n[ pretty g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ^? ( ! legum9\s ord] are mo/ b5efit$ by pota%4 ,especially 9 ! case ( clov] has pota% always prov$ itself a manure wor? apply+4 ,rate ( ,application4 ,pota% is be/ appli$ 9 small quantities4 ,f #a to #b cwt4 ( ! muriate or sulphate is a common am\nt1 & f #f to #h cwt4 ( ka9it4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,m9or ,,artificial ,,manures4 ,9 addition to ! manures :i* h be5 discuss$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 !re are a numb] ( m9or manures :i* are us$ to a v mu* small] ext5t--dri$ blood1 ho(s1 horns1 c4 ,among ^! "o ( ! mo/ valuable is dri$ blood4 ,fre% blood1 conta9+ #hj p] c5t ( wat]1 has f #b4e to #c p] c5t ( nitrog51 ab\t 4#be p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 & ab\t 4#e p] c5t ( alkalies4 ,:5 dri$ x =ms a v conc5trat$ & valuable nitrog5\s manure1 :i* has long be5 us$ 9 ,france4 ,! comm]cial article conta9s1 on an av]age1 ab\t #ab p] c5t ( nitrog51 & slightly ov] #a p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,:5 mix$ ) ! soil x f]m5ts1 & ! nitrog5 x conta9s is conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,al?\gh n s quick-act+ a manure z nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia1 x c by no means be describ$1 z is done 9 ord9>y agricultural text-books1 z a sl[-act+ manure4 ,its nitrog5 may be reg>d$ z ( equal value to t 9 ,p]uvian guano4 ,x is peculi>ly suit$ = horticulture1 & is *iefly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry z a manure = hops4 ,x has also be5 us$ ) b5eficial results = :eat1 grass1 & turnips4 ,z a manure x is be/ suit$ = s&y or loamy soils4 ,consid]able quantities are export$ to ! sug>-gr[+ colonies z a manure = sug>-cane4 ,manures are made f o!r animal refuse4 ,x may be m5tion$ t lean fle% 7conta9+ #ge p] c5t ( wat]7 has ab\t #c to #d p] c5t ( nitrog514#e p] c5t ( alkalies1 & 4#e p] c5t ( phosphoric acid2 t is to say1 a ton ( lean fle% w\ld conta9 ab\t #gj lb4 ( nitrog5 & #aj lb4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,9 air-dri$ fle%1 accord+ to ,pay5 & ,b\ss+ault 7conta9+ #h-a_/b p] c5t ( moi/ure71 !re is #ac p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,fle%1 !re=e1 is1 :5 prop]ly compo/$1 a valuable nitrog5\s manure4 ,dri$ fle% is g5]ally made into a manure call$ meat-meal guano1 ! composition ( :i* we h already ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ,guano4#bdj ,ho(s1 horns1 hair1 bri/les1 & wool1 wool-wa/e & ! inte/9es ( animals1 h be5 us$ z manures4 ,ho(s & horns =m a regul> s\rce ( artificial nitrog5\s manure2 ! latt] be+ obta9$ z a bye-product 9 ! manufacture ( combs & o!r articles4 ,!y are 9 ! =m ( a f9e p[d]2 & 9 ord] to increase _! rate ( action1 :i* is v sl[1 !y are (t5 compo/$ 9 ,am]ica ) horse-manure be=e use4 ,!y h also be5 compo/$ ) slak$ lime4 ,!re c be no d\bt t su* treatm5t increases v consid]ably _! value4 ,_! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 seems to v>y v mu* accord+ to ! k9d ( animal f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,9 n9e samples ( horn ! nitrog5 0 f\nd to v>y f #g-a_/b to #ad-a_/d p] c5t2 giv+ an av]age ( #aa-a_/c p] c5t4 ,! nitrog5 seems r>ely to exce$ #ae p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( phosphoric acid !y conta9 has be5 f\nd by v>i\s inve/igators to range f #f to #aj p] c5t4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson f\nd only f 4#jh to 4#ae p] c5t 9 buffalo-horn %av+s4 ,9 ,france :at is kn[n z torrefi$ horn has be5 us$4 ,?is is horn :i* has be5 subject$ to ! action ( /eam4 ,! nitrog5 9 ?is mat]ial is consid]$ to be m active ?an 9 ord9>y horn4 ,accord+ to ,way1 horns h be5 us$ = ! hop crop ) good results4 ,gr\nd ho( is v simil> 9 composition to horn1 & conta9s ab\t #ad to #ae p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,consid]able quantities are n[ us$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t horns1 ho(s1 hair1 bri/les1 c41 al?\gh ri* 9 nitrog51 possess a comp>atively l[ manurial value4 ,! home production ( ^! articles may be e/imat$ at #fjjj to #gjjj tons4 ,scut*4 ,scut* is ! "n giv5 to a manure made f ! wa/e products incid5tal to ! manufacture ( glue & ! dress+ ( sk9s4 ,x conta9s ab\t #g p] c5t ( nitrog51 & is manufactur$ 9 ,london to ! ext5t ( sev]al ?\s& tons annually4 ,%oddy & ,wool-wa/e4 ,%oddy1 :i* is a manure made f wa/e-wool products1 is a mat]ial l>gely manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :i* 0 =m]ly 7x is n[ us$ to a consid]ably less ext5t7 us$ to a l>ge ext5t z a manure4 ,its annual production am\nts to ab\t #ab1jjj tons4 ,!re are ?ree qualities1--! fir/ conta9+ #h to #ab p] c5t ( nitrog52 ! second1 #f to #h p] c5t2 & ! ?ird1 #e to #h p] c5t4 ,%oddy is by no means a v valuable manure4 ,wooll5-wa/e products 7 =m]ly mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an is n[ ! case4 ,?is is due to ! fact ( ! adult]ation ) cotton1 n[ s preval5t 9 ! manufacture ( wooll5 goods4 ,pure wooll5 rags %\ld conta9 #ag to #ah p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,x has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ to treat wooll5 wa/e ) cau/ic alkali be=e be+ us$ z a manure1 9 ord] to r5d] _! nitrog5 m quickly available2 & !re is a good deal to recomm5d ?is treatm5t4 ,:5 wool-wa/e is appli$ z a manure1 x %\ld 9 e case be 9 autumn1 s z to all[ z long a p]iod z possible to elapse be=e x is requir$ = ! plant's gr[?4 ,lea!r has also be5 us$ z a manure4 ,its nitrog5 may be /at$ at f #d to #f p] c5t2 & x may safely be describ$ z ( all mat]ials us$ z nitrog5\s manures ! lea/ valuable4 ,lea!r is1 f its v nature1 admirably adapt$ to resi/ decomposition :5 appli$ to ! soil1 & unless x is r$uc$ to a v f9e condition1 might be tru/$ to rema9 undecompos$ = a long p]iod4 ,torrefi$ lea!r1 h[ev]1 is probably ( great] value4 ,x is obta9$ 9 ! same way z torrefi$ horn1 already ref]r$ to--namely1 by treatm5t ) /eam4 ,! grease & fatty matt]s :i* s l>gely aid x 9 resi/+ decomposition be+ extract$1 x is mu* bett] suit$ = manurial purposes ?an ord9>y lea!r4 ,torrefi$ lea!r conta9s f #e to #h p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,soot4 ,a manure :i* has long be5 us$ & highly e/eem$ is soot4 ,obta9$ 9 ! usual way1 x g5]ally conta9s "s #c p] c5t ( nitrog51 *iefly 9 ! =m ( sulphate ( ammonia1 & small quantities ( pota% & phosphates4 ,a v>y+ proportion ( ! nitrog5 is pres5t 9 ! =m ( ammonia salts2 & ?is und\bt$ly conf]s ^u soot its manurial value4 ,x has long be5 us$ z a top-dress+ = "y gra9 & grass1 & has be5 appli$ at ! rate ( f #dj to #fj bu%els p] acre4 ,x has an indirect value z a slug-de/roy]4 ,_m ( ! above-m5tion$ manures1 ( comp>atively l[ value1 w probably be less us$ 9 ! future ?an !y h be5 9 ! pa/1 ow+ to ! m abundant supplies ( nitrate ( soda & ammonia salts :i* are n[ available4 ,_m ( ^! sub/ances h probably be5 us$ 9 mix$ manures4 ,,footnotes3 #bdj ,see p4 #cbd4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,sewage ,,z ,a ,,manure4 ,! value ( sewage z a manure has be5 9 ! pa/ enorm\sly ov]rat$1 & mu* misund]/&+ has exi/$ on ! "p ( ! public on ! "q ( ! pr(itabl5ess ( ! disposal ( t[n sewage z an agricultural manure4 ,n a few ( ! errone\s op9ions preval5t 9 ! pa/ reg>d+ sewage h be5 due to /atem5ts made by sci5tific & o!r writ]s z to ! enorm\s weal? lo/ to ! _w by _m ( ! pres5t me?ods ( sewage disposal4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! sewage "q is n[ increas+ly reg>d$ z a "q1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( sanit>y int]e/4 ,z mu* has be5 writt5 on ! subject1 & _m s*emes h be5 devis$1 at ! exp5se ( mu* +5uity1 = utilis+ its manurial prop]ties1 x may be desirable "h to say a few words on ! purely agricultural side ( ! "q4 ,! two mo/ important po9ts ab\t sewage are its enorm\s abundance & its extremely poor quality4 ,if ! mo/ important consid]ation 7 n ! sanit>y "o1 b its manurial value1 !n inde$ our wat] sy/em1 s univ]sally us$ 9 t[ns1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a mo/ wa/eful "o2 = by its means ! value ( ! excrem5titi\s matt] f :i* x d]ives its manurial +r$i5ts is trem5d\sly less5$4 ,:5 we reflect t a ton ( sewage1 su* z is produc$ 9 _m ,european cities1 conta9s only #b or #c lb4 ( dry matt]1 & t ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ?is is only an ounce or two1 :ile ! phosphoric acid is consid]ably less1 & t x is on ^? two +r$i5ts t its value z a manure entirely dep5ds1 we see v /rik+ly h[ poor a manurial sub/ance sewage is4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 devis$ & exp]im5t$ ) = extract+ ^! manurial +r$i5ts1 & _m me?ods are 9 op]ation 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! me?ods ( utilis+ sewage = agricultural purposes may be broadly divid$ into two classes4 ,irrigation4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* may be class$ "u ! head+ ( irrigation1 consi/s 9 p\r+ ! sewage on to c]ta9 k9ds ( co>se gre5 crops4 ,sometimes ! l& is made to filt] l>ge quantities ( sewage by special arrangem5ts ( dra9s & dit*es4 ,! l& is fir/ c>efully & ev5ly grad$ d[n a g5tle incl9e4 ,at ! top ( ! field ! sewage is conduct$ along an op5 dit* f :i* x is p]mitt$ to escape1 by ! =ce ( gravity1 by sev]al small] dit*es runn+ at "r angles f ! ma9 dit*4 ,by means ( /ops :i* may be %ift$ at w1 ! sewage c be direct$ to fl[ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! field4 ,modifications 9 ?is plan may be made s z to suit ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! case1 = example1 ( a /eep incl9e1 ! field may be sewag$ by means ( :at are kn[n z cat*-"w tr5*es runn+ horizontally along ! hill4 ,9 ?is way ! sewage is all[$ to pass ov] ! :ole ( ! field1 & is caught at ! bottom 9 a deep dit*1 :5ce x is all[$ to fl[ into ! ne>e/ riv] or /ream4 ,?is is ! sy/em :i* has be5 employ$ at ! fam\s ,b$d+ton ,mead[s1 ne> ,croydon4 ,ano!r me?od ( di/ribut+ ! sewage is by means ( und]gr\nd pipes1 :i* are laid 9 a sort ( network ov] ! gr\nd to be manur$4 ,at c]ta9 int]vals pipes ) c\pl+s = hose are fitt$ on1 & by keep+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( pressure on ! ma9 pipes ! sewage may be di/ribut$ ov] ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! field z x is requir$4 ,a ?ird modification is subsoil irrigation4 ,?is resembles ! la/-nam$ sy/em1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! pipes us$ are ei!r por\s or p]=at$ ) small holes4 ,total subm]sion c only be appli$ 9 ! case ( absolutely level l&s1 & is practis$ to an enorm\s ext5t 9 ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy4 ,!re has be5 little dispute z to ! ?or\gh effici5cy ( irrigation--:5 conduct$ "u fav\rable conditions--z a me?od ( purify+ sewage & utilis+ to ! full its con/itu5ts ( manurial value4 ,x is ! only me?od :i* has be5 conclusively %[n to extract f sewage t to :i* x owes mo/ l>gely its value z a manure--viz41 ammonia2 & f ?is fact x des]ves a fir/ place 9 ! consid]ation ( agriculturi/s4 ,= h[ev] admirable o!r me?ods may be f a sanit>y po9t ( view1 x is obvi\s t a me?od :i* w\ld all[ ! ammonia 9 sewage :olly1 or at lea/ to ov] #ij p] c5t1 to be lo/1 _c claim ! same place 9 ! judgm5t ( agriculturi/s z a me?od :i* c extract = ! soil n only ! :ole ( ?is valuable con/itu5t1 b all else 9 ! sewage :i* 9 any way is ( value to plant-life4 ,effects ( cont9u$ ,application ( ,sewage4 ,:5 sewage is cont9u\sly appli$ to ! same l&1 :at g5]ally takes place is ?is3 ,at fir/ ! sewage is purifi$1 & ! soil d]ives correspond+ b5efit f ! valuable f]tilis+ +r$i5ts x ?us extracts4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 ! l& becomes :at has be5 t]m$ sewage-sick4 ,! pores 9 ! soil become *ok$ up by ! slimy matt] ! sewage conta9s 9 susp5sion2 ! a]ation ( ! soil1 :i*1 z we h already m5tion$1 is s necess>y1 is consequ5tly to a l>ge ext5t /opp$2 & ! result is1 t ! l& rapidly det]iorates1 & ! sewage is no long] purifi$4 ,int]mitt5t ,irrigation4 ,?is is obviat$ to "s ext5t by int]mitt5t irrigation4 ,! l&1 in/ead ( receiv+ sewage cont9u\sly1 only receives x at int]vals1 & is all[$ "s "t to recov] betwe5 ea* dose4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( ^? :o h giv5 ! subject mu* att5tion1 t l&1 ev5 al?\gh int]mitt5tly sewag$1 nev] recov]s its orig9al efficacy4 ,irrigation1 !re=e1 "u fav\rable conditions1 is a mo/ successful me?od ( utilis+ ! manurial value ( sewage2 b ! great difficulty 9 practice is to obta9 ^? fav\rable conditions4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t if soil is prop]ly to dis*>ge its function z a purifi] ( sewage wat]1 x mu/ be prop]ly a]at$2 & we n[ "k t 9 e f]tile soil ! process ( nitrification mu/ be p]mitt$ free developm5t4 ,n[ ! application ( l>ge quantities ( sewage to a soil is apt to prev5t ?is free developm5t4 ,z we h already se51 abs5ce ( air & ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! soil di/9ctly t5d to ret>d nitrification2 & ^! two conditions accompany ! application ( l>ge quantities ( sewage4 ,crops suit$ = ,sewage4 ,ano!r objection to irrigation has be5 f\nd 9 ! alleg$ limit$ numb] ( crops sewag$ l& is suit$ to yield4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly /at$ t rye-grass is ab\t ! only crop x is pr(itable to gr[ on x4 ,9 opposition to ?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 is ! op9ion express$ 9 ! conclusions arriv$ at by ! committee appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,association = ! consid]ation ( ! sewage "q4 ,a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out by !m betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfh-gb1 & ! result !y arriv$ at 0 z foll[s3 ,x is c]ta9 t all k9ds ( crops may be gr[n ) sewage1 s t ! f>m] c gr[ su* z he c be/ sell2 nev]!less1 ! /aple crops mu/ be cattle food1 su* z grass1 roots1 c41 ) occasional crops ( kit*5 vegetables & ( corn4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x is probably a mi/ake to say t rye-grass is ! only crop sewag$ l& is capable ( gr[+ pr(itably1 ! bulk ( exp]i5ce goes to %[ t su* a crop is be/ suit$ = su* l&4 ,?is be+ s1 ! "q naturally arises1 ,:at is ! f>m] :o uses sewage z a manure to d ) ! l>ge gre5 crops he obta9s f 8 l&8 ,he is1 9 mo/ cases1 unable to use !m himself or dispose ( !m at ! "t4 ,& :ile ?is has hi!rto prov$ to be a mo/ important drawback1 n[ t we h 9 ensilage a means ( pres]v+ our gre5 crops 9 a condition suitable z fodd] = z long a "t z is necess>y1 ! gr\nds on :i* ?is objection re/s are almo/ entirely remov$4 ,x w be obvi\s1 ( c\rse1 t "s soils are naturally mu* bett] fitt$ to p]=m purification ( sewage ?an o!rs2 b x mu/ be frankly admitt$ t ev5 ! be/ ( soils c only deal ) a c]ta9 quantity ( sewage4 ,v>i\s calculations h be5 indulg$ 9 z to ! am\nt ( sewage an acre ( l& c successfully deal )4 ,accord+ to "o ( ^!1 an acre c purify "s #bjjj gallons p] day1 or t produc$ by #ajj p]sons2 :ile o!r calculations e/imate x at #fj p]sons2 & o!rs1 aga91 at #aej4 ,! capacity ( a s&y soil 9 ?is respect w be mu* great] ?an t ( a heavi] soil2 & at ,dantzic an acre ( ! s&-dunes is reg>d$ z be+ capable ( purify+ ! sewage ( #fjj p]sons4 ,! late ,dr ,wallace has calculat$ t1 9 ord] to treat ! sewage ( ,glasg[1 ov] twelve squ>e miles ( l& w\ld be requir$4 ,( c\rse1 if ! sewage is subject$ to previ\s treatm5t1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 by ! me?od imm$iately ab\t to be describ$--namely1 precipitation--! am\nt ( sewage ! soil is capable ( purify+ w be correspond+ly increas$4 ,a difficulty :i* may also be po9t$ out 9 connection ) irrigation z a means ( dispos+ ( sewage1 is ! impossibility ( c>ry+ x on dur+ fro/y wea!r1 :5 ! l& is fro/-b\nd4 ,9 w>m climates irrigation has mu* to recomm5d x z a means ( sewage disposal4 ,9 damp & cold climates1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m objections4 ,treatm5t ( ,sewage by ,precipitation1 c4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! me?ods gr\p$ "u ?is second head+4 ,me*anical filtration1 ( c\rse1 only aims at purify+ sewage to ! ext5t ( remov+ all insoluble susp5d$ matt] :i* x conta9s4 ,diff]5t sub/ances h be5 us$ z filt]s1 ! mo/ g5]ally us$ be+ *>coal4 ,*>coal mix$ ) burnt clay1 gravel1 s&1 c41 has also be5 us$4 ,9 *emical precipitation1 h[ev]1 we h a me?od :i* claims to d m4 ,beyond ! extract+ ( all solid matt]s 9 susp5sion1 x removes 7at any rate mo/ *emical precipitants d7 ne>ly all ! phosphoric acid1 :i*1 next to ! ammonia1 is ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t ! sewage conta9s4 ,( all precipitants1 lime has be5 ! mo/ univ]sally us$2 & on ! :ole1 x is p]haps ! be/1 = x is bo? *eap & obta9able almo/ any:]e4 ,accord+ to an analysis by ! late ,pr(essor ,way1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! p]c5tages ( phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & ammonia1 be=e & aft] treatm5t ) lime1 9 a sample ( sewage1 0 z foll[s3-- ,gra9s p] ,gallon4 ,be=e4 ,aft]4 ,phosphoric acid #b4fc 4#de ,pota% #c4ff #c4hj ,ammonia #g4dh #g4ej ,f ! above we see t :ile sludge caus$ by lime z a precipitant conta9s ne>ly all ! phosphoric acid1 !re is n a trace ( ! pota% or ammonia remov$4 ,sulphate ( alum9a has also be5 us$1 bo? alone & 9 conjunction ) lime4 ,! advantage claim$ by x ov] lime is1 t ! result+ precipitate is mu* less bulky4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 x does n seem to be any m effici5t z a precipitant4 ,9 ! well-kn[n ,a1 ,b1 ,c process1 a mixture ( alum1 clay1 lime1 *>coal1 blood1 & alkal9e salts1 9 diff]5t proportions1 has be5 us$4 ,?is mixture is said to extract1 9 addition to ! phosphoric acid1 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! ammonia2 b ! am\nt is s small z sc>cely to be wor? consid]+4 ,num]\s o!r *emical sub/ances h be5 us$1 alone & also 9 conjunction ) "o ano!r1 su* z p]*loride ( iron1 copp]as1 manganese1 c4 ,all alike1 h[ev]1 h fail$ to d m ?an effect p>tial purification1--! be/ results1 x may be add$1 be+ obta9$ :5 ! sewage ?us treat$ 0 fre%4 ,) reg>d to ! manurial value ( ! result+ sludges1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion has exi/$4 ,! small p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid & nitrog5 !y conta9 has prev5t$ !m f be+ us$ to any ext5t z a manure1 z _! value did n admit ( c>riage beyond ! di/ance ( a few miles4 ,by ! introduction a few ye>s ago ( ! filt]-press1 _! value has be5 consid]ably enhanc$4 ,! old me?od ( deal+ ) ! sludge at precipitation-works 0 to all[ x to dry gradually by exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 ( leav+ sewage-sludge ) ov] #ij p] c5t ( wat] 9 x to dry 9 ! air1 0 to enc\rage ! rapid decomposition & putrefaction ( its organic matt]1 s t 9 _m cases ! decompos+ sludge prov$ to be z great a nuisance z ! unpurifi$ sewage itself w\ld h be54 ,by ! use ( ,johnson's filt]-press1 h[ev]1 a sludge conta9+ #ij p] c5t ( wat] 0 at once r$uc$ to #ej p] c5t or ev5 less4 ,by ?is means ! p]c5tage ( its valuable con/itu5ts 0 v mu* increas$1 & ! sludge-cake1 besides be+ mu* m portable1 0 nei!r s objectionable nor s liable to decomposition z be=e4 ,value ( ,sewage-sludge4 ,z to ! value ( ?is sludge-cake z a manure1 we are happily 9 possession ( "s v int]e/+ & valuable exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,munro ( ,d[nton ,agricultural ,college4 ,! sludge exp]im5t$ ^u 0 t produc$ by sulphate ( alum9a1 lime1 & sulphate ( iron1 & conta9$1 aft] be+ subject$ to ,johnson's filt]-press1 f 4#f to 4#i p] c5t ( nitrog51 & ov] #a p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! b5efit result+ f ! application ( ! sludge 0 f> f :at 9 !ory might h be5 expect$4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made ) turnips2 & ! results obta9$ ) sup]phosphate & f>my>d manure respectively1 9 ! same field & "u exactly ! same conditions1 7 contra/$ ) ^? obta9$ ) sludge4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t #ec lb4 ( phosphoric acid z sup]phosphate1 or #fj lb4 z f>my>d manure1 produc$ a consid]ably l>g] crop ?an #bdj lb4 ( phosphoric acid 9 ! sludge4 ,t is to say1 t ! phosphoric acid 9 ! sludge did n ex]t m ?an "o-fif? ( its !oretical effect4 ,! explanation ( ?is some:at /range result ,dr ,munro f9ds 9 ! unsuitable physical "* ( ! sludge-cakes4 ,9 f>my>d manure we h a loose texture & a l>ge am\nt ( soluble con/itu5ts :5 well rott$4 ,x ?us quickly di/ributes its f]tilis+ elem5ts ?r\gh\t ! soil4 ,9 ! case ( ! sludge1 on ! o!r h&1 its compos+ p>ticles are closely compact$ toge!r1 & ?us (f] ! greate/ resi/ance to me*anical & *emical dis9tegration4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 says ,dr ,munro1 ! sludge-plots 9 my exp]im5tal s]ies 7 all readily id5tifi$1 :5 ! roots 7 pull$1 by ! pres5ce ( unbrok5 & undecompos$ clods ( cake1 :i* _h evid5tly giv5 up1 at mo/1 a small portion ( _! valuable +r$i5ts to ! soil4 ,briefly /at$1 !re=e1 ! objections to *emical precipitation z a means ( deal+ ) sewage are ^!--viz41 t :ile x relieves sewage ( all its organic matt]1 & to a l>ge ext5t ( its phosphoric acid1 x fails to extract any ammonia1 :i* is ?us lo/2 t ! result+ sludge is consequ5tly s poor 9 f]tilis+ matt]s z sc>cely to make x wor? :ile to remove x any di/ance = manur+ purposes2 & t1 fur!r1 ow+ to its unfav\rable physical "*1 z at pres5t made1 ev5 ! small p]c5tage ( plant-food x conta9s is n realisable1 )91 at any rate1 any?+ l a reasonable "t1 to its full !oretical ext5t4 ,! mo/ pr(itable me?od ( treat+ sewage mu/ be det]m9$ by v>i\s local conditions2 & x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! "q ( sewage disposal is prim>ily a sanit>y "o1 & t x mu/ be dealt ) f ! sanit>y aspect4 ,! mo/ pr(itable way ( apply+ sewage z a manure1 h[ev]1 w d\btless be f\nd by comb9+ *emical precipitation & l& irrigation4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,liquid ,,manure4 ,! adoption ( irrigation z a means ( utilis+ sewage1 sugge/s a %ort consid]ation ( ! value ( liquid manures4 ,x has be5 a cu/om on _m f>ms to apply ! liquid manure got f ! ooz+s ( manure-heaps1 ! dra9+s ( ! f>my>d1 byres1 /ables1 pigg]ies1 c41 directly to ! soil4 ,inde$1 s /rongly has ! belief 9 ! sup]iority ( liquid manure ov] o!r manure be5 held by c]ta9 f>m]s1 t !y h wa%$ ! solid animal excreta ) wat]1 9 ord] to extract f x its soluble f]tilis+ con/itu5ts4 ,! late ,mr ,me*i 0 "o ( ! =emo/ expon5ts ( ! value ( liquid manure4 ,8 f>m ( ,tiptree ,hall 0 fitt$ up ) iron pipes = ! di/ribution ( ! manure ov] ! diff]5t fields4 ,sup]phosphate1 x may also be add$1 z fir/ made f bones by ,b>on ,liebig1 0 appli$ 9 a liquid =m4 ,z to ! g5]al m]its ( liquid manure1 !re c be no d\bt t x is ! mo/ valuable =m 9 :i* to apply manure4 ,x secures = ! manurial +r$i5ts x conta9s a spe$y & uni=m diffusion 9 ! soil2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exp5se ( di/ribut+ x makes its application f> f economical4 ,! *ief +r$i5t 9 liquid manure is ur9e4 ,n[ ! removal ( ur9e f ! f>my>d manure-heap entails a sev]e loss ( ! +r$i5t :i* is mo/ pot5t 9 promot+ f]m5tation4 ,sep>ation ( ! ur9e f ! solid excreta is on ?is v acc\nt n to be recomm5d$4 ,ur9e1 :5 appli$ alone1 is lack+ 9 phosphoric acid1 ( :i* x conta9s m]e traces4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 suitable z a g5]al manure4 ,x has to be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t ! dra9+s f a manure-heap 9 ?is respect are sup]ior to pure ur9e1 s9ce !y conta9 ! soluble phosphates wa%$ out ( ! solid excreta4 ,! objections aga9/ us+ liquid manure may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,fir/1 x is too bulky a =m 9 :i* to apply ! manure1 & h5ce too exp5sive2 secondly1 x is n advisable to deprive ! solid excreta ( ! liquid excreta1 z ! "o supplem5ts ! o!r2 ?irdly1 f]m5tation is l>gely fo/]$ 9 ! solid excreta by ! pres5ce ( ! liquid excreta--h5ce f]m5tation w n take place prop]ly 9 ! solid excreta :5 depriv$ ( ! liquid excreta4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! production ( liquid manure on ! f>m is 9 excess ( :at c be us$ = ! prop] f]m5tation ( f>my>d manure1 x w be be/ to utilise x = compo/s4 ,no bett] addition to a compo/ c be made ?an liquid manure1 z x induces spe$y f]m5tation 9 ne>ly all k9ds ( organic matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,compo/s4 ,! use ( compo/s is an old "o4 ,be=e artificial manures 7 s pl5tiful z !y are at pres5t1 mu* att5tion 0 paid by f>m]s to _! prep>ation4 ,a compo/ is g5]ally made by mix+ "s sub/ance ( animal orig9 :i* is ri* 9 manurial +r$i5ts ) peat or loam1 & (t5 along ) lime1 alkali salts1 common salt1 & inde$ any sort ( refuse :i* may be reg>d$ z possess+ a manurial value4 ,compo/+1 9 %ort1 may be look$ ^u z a useful me?od ( turn+ to pr(itable use refuse ( v>i\s k9ds :i* accumulate on ! f>m4 ,! object ( compo/+ is to promote f]m5tation ( ! mat]ials =m+ ! compo/1 & to conv]t ! manurial +r$i5ts !y conta9 into an available condition = plant ne$s4 ,compo/s (t5 s]ve a useful purpose 9 reta9+ valuable volatile manurial +r$i5ts1 su* z ammonia1 =m$ 9 easily f]m5table sub/ances l ur9e4 ,9 fact1 we may say t f>my>d manure is ! typical compo/1 & its manufacture s]ves to illu/rate ! pr9ciples ( compo/+4 ,f>my>d ,manure a typical ,compo/4 ,f>my>d manure z ord9>ily made is n g5]ally reg>d$ z a compo/1 b 9 ! pa/ x has be5 widely us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ compo/s4 ,?us ! practice ( mix+ f>my>d manure ) l>ge quantities ( peat has be5 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w a common "o4 ,peat1 z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is comp>atively ri* 9 nitrog54 ,:5 x is mix$ ) ur9e or "s o!r putrescible sub/ance1 ! peat und]goes f]m5tation1 ) ! result t its nitrog5 is to a great] or less ext5t conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 ( mix+ peat ) f>my>d manure is b5eficial to bo? sub/ances mix$3 ! escape ( ammonia is r5d]$ impossible by ! fix+ prop]ties ( ! peat1 :ile ! in]t nitrog5 ( ! peat is l>gely conv]t$ by f]m5tation into an available =m4 ,! proportion ( peat :i* x is advisable to add 9 compo/+ f>my>d manure w dep5d on ! ri*ness ( ! quality ( ! manure3 ! ri*] ! quality ( ! manure1 ! great] ! am\nt ( peat x w be able to f]m5t4 ,compo/s ( ?is k9d are g5]ally made by pil+ up ! manure 9 heaps1 consi/+ ( alt]nate lay]s ( peat & f>my>d manure4 ,f "o to five p>ts ( peat to e "o "p ( f>my>d manure is a common proportion4 ,! use ( su* a manure1 conta9+ s mu* organic matt]1 w ex]cise its be/ effect on light s&y soils4 ,o!r ,compo/s4 ,b in/ead ( f>my>d manure1 or 9 addition to f>my>d manure1 v>i\s o!r sub/ances may be add$1 z bones1 fle%1 fi%-scrap1 & ! (fal ( slaught]-h\ses4 ,sometimes leaves & ! dri$ brack5-f]n are us$ = ! manufacture ( compo/s4 ,"s ( ^! sub/ances conta9 mu* nitrog5 or phosphoric acid1 b 9 _! natural condition f]m5t :5 appli$ to ! soil at a sl[ rate4 ,if mix$ toge!r be=e application 9 pits ) peat1 leaves1 brack5-f]n1 or "s o!r absorb5t mat]ial1 f]m5tation proce$s ev5ly & rapidly4 ,! addition ( lime1 pota%1 & soda salts has be5 f\nd to h a mo/ b5eficial effect 9 promot+ f]m5tation4 ,^! sub/ances1 z is well kn[n1 ha/5 putrefaction ( organic matt]4 ,lime seems especially to be valuable 9 compo/+4 ,?is is no d\bt due to ! fact t lime plays a valuable "p 9 promot+ ! action ( v>i\s f]m5ts1 z has already be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( nitrification4 ,! effect ( l>ge quantities ( s\r organic acids 7humic & ulmic71 :i* are ! inv>iable products ( ! decomposition ( organic matt] l peat1 leaves1 c41 is inimical to micro-organic life4 ,! action ( lime is to neutralise ^! acids4 ,!re c be no d\bt t compo/+ is a useful process = increas+ ! f]tilis+ prop]ties ( diff]5t m or less in]t manurial sub/ances4 ,b 9 view ( ! abundant supply ( conc5trat$ f]tilis]s1 ! use ( compo/s may consid]ably decrease 9 future4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,indirect ,,manures4 ,,lime4 ,we n[ come to discuss ^? manures :i* we may class "u ! t]m ,indirect1 because _! value is due1 n to _! direct action z suppli]s ( plant-food--l ^? manures we h hi!rto be5 engag$ 9 discuss+--b to _! indirect action4 ,( ^! by f> ! mo/ important is lime4 ,antiquity ( ,lime z a ,manure4 ,lime is "o ( ! olde/ & "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( all manures4 ,x is m5tion$1 & its wond]ful action comm5t$ on1 9 ! works ( sev]al anci5t writ]s1 m especially ,pl9y4 ,( late ye>s1 p]haps1 its use has become re/rict$2 &1 z we %all po9t out by-&-by1 x is well t x is s4 ,action ( ,lime n ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,despite ! fact ( ! long-e/abli%$ & almo/ univ]sal use ( lime1 x c sc>cely be said t we z yet cle>ly und]/& ! exact nature ( its action4 ,mu* light1 h[ev]1 has be5 ?r[n ( late ye>s on ! subject by ! great advance :i* has be5 made 9 our k ( agricultural *emi/ry4 ,nev]!less1 !re are _m po9ts connect$ ) ! action ( lime on ! soil :i* are /ill obscure4 ,p]haps "o reason = ! conflict+ ideas preval5t ) reg>d to ! value ( ?is sub/ance 9 agriculture is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t x acts 9 su* a numb] ( diff]5t ways1 & t ! nature ( ! *anges x gives rise to 9 ! soil is mo/ complicat$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( agriculturi/s ) lime 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry (t5 seems contradictory to ! exp]i5ce ( ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,its action on diff]5t soils is v dissimil>4 ,= ^! reasons1 !re=e1 ! discussion ( ! value ( lime z a manure is by no means an easy "o4 ,lime a necess>y ,plant-food4 ,lime1 z we h already po9t$ out 9 a =m] *apt]1 is a necess>y plant-food1 & 7 x pres5t 9 ! soil to a less ext5t ?an is actually ! case1 w\ld be j z valuable a manure z ! diff]5t nitrog5\s & phosphatic manures2 & 9 c]ta9 circum/ances ?is is ! case4 ,!re are soils1 ?\gh !y are by no means ( common occurr5ce1 :i* actually lack suffici5t lime = support+ plant-gr[?1 & to :i* its addition directly promotes ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,poor s&y soils are (t5 ( ?is nature4 ,ano!r class ( soils are also apt to be lack+ 9 lime--at any rate _! surface-soil is4 ,^! are p]man5t pa/ure-soils4 ,orig9ally !re may h be5 an abundance ( lime 9 ! surface portion ( ! soil2 b1 z is well kn[n to e practical f>m]1 lime has a t5d5cy to s9k d[n 9 ! soil4 ,?is t5d5cy 9 ord9>y arable soils is l>gely c\nt]act$ by ord9>y tillage op]ations1 su* z pl\gh+1 c41 by means ( :i* ! lime is aga9 br\ght to ! surface4 ,9 p]man5t pa/ure-soils1 h[ev]1 no su* c\nt]act+ action takes place1 h5ce impov]i%m5t ( ! surface-soil 9 lime ev5tually results4 ,x is = ?is reason--p>tly at any rate--t p]man5t pa/ure b5efits 9 an especial degree by ! application ( lime4 ,we say p>tly1 = !re are o!r important reasons4 ,"o is1 t lime seems to h a /rik+ effect 9 improv+ ! quality ( pa/ures by induc+ ! f9] grasses to pr$om9ate4 ,x has also a v fav\rable action 9 promot+ ! gr[? ( :ite clov]4 ,ano!r reason = ! fav\rable effect ( lime on pa/ure-soils is d\btless on acc\nt ( ! action x has 9 sett+ pota% free f its comp\nds4 ,soils1 h[ev]1 :i* directly b5efit f ! application ( lime 9 ! same way z !y b5efit f ! application ( nitrog5\s manures1 may be safely said to be r>e4 ,9 ! great majority ( soils lime exi/s1 s f> z ! dem&s ( plant-life are conc]n$1 9 sup]abundance4 ,lime ( abundant ,occurr5ce4 ,inde$ lime/one is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( all rock sub/ances1 & x has be5 calculat$ t x =ms n less ?an "o-six? ( ! rock-mass ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,ne>ly all ! commonly occurr+ m9]als conta9 x1 & 9 ! c\rse ( _! dis9tegration furni% x to ! soil4 ,va/ tracts ( c\ntry are compos$ ( no?+ b lime/one2 & we h examples1 ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( s-call$ *alk-soils1 :]e x is ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t4 ,nor c x be class$ among/ ! insoluble m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil2 = al?\gh insoluble 9 pure wat]1 x is soluble 9 wat]--su* z ! soil-wat]--:i* conta9s c>bonic acid4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t x is ! *ief dissolv$ m9]al +r$i5t 9 all natural wat]s4 ,lime return$ to ! ,soil 9 ord9>y ,agricultural ,practice4 ,x may be fur!r po9t$ out1 z be>+ ^u ! true function ( lime :5 appli$ z a manure1 t 9 ord9>y agricultural practice ne>ly all ! lime remov$ f ! soil 9 crops f9ds its way back aga9 to ! f>m 9 ! /raw ( ! f>my>d manure4 ,= ^! reasons1 !n1 x is cle> t ! true function ( lime is z an indirect manure4 ,let u n[ proce$ to discuss its action4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 x is important t we %\ld cle>ly und]/& ! diff]5t *emical =ms 9 :i* x occurs4 ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,lime4 ,lime occurs *iefly z c>bonate ( lime 9 ! =ms ( lime/one1 m>ble1 or *alk1 :i* are all *emically ! same4 ,x occurs also z sulphate ( lime or gypsum1 z well z 9 ! =ms ( phosphate & fluoride4 ,9 agriculture x is only us$--if we except ! phosphate1 :i* is appli$ n on acc\nt ( its lime1 b its phosphoric acid--9 ! =m ( ! c>bonate or mild lime z x is commonly call$1 burnt1 cau/ic1 or quick lime1 & z gypsum4 ,z ! value ( gypsum z a manure is ( su* importance1 & dep5ds n entirely on its be+ a comp\nd ( lime1 we %all consid] x by itself4 ,h5ce we h only to consid] "h ! action ( mild & cau/ic lime4 ,cau/ic ,lime4 ,:5 lime/one or mild lime is submitt$ to a great heat1 su* z is practically done on a l>ge scale 9 lime-kilns1 x is conv]t$ into cau/ic lime or lime prop]4 ,lime/one is made up1 z we h j m5tion$1 ( lime & c>bonic acid4 ,! latt] +r$i5t is expell$ 9 ! =m ( a gas1 & ! lime is left beh9d4 ,lime nev] occurs naturally z cau/ic lime1 = ! simple reason t x is impossible = x to rema9 9 ?is /ate1 ow+ to ! great aff9ity x has bo? = wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,:5 lime is burnt1 & be=e x is appli$ to ! field1 "s "t is all[$ to elapse 9 ord] to p]mit ( its absorb+ moi/ure--or becom+ slak$1 z x is te*nically call$4 ,?is x does m or less sl[ly by absorb+ moi/ure f ! air4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! process w\ld take too long1 & z1 moreov]1 ! absorption ( c>bonic acid gas w\ld also take place at ! same "t1 lime is g5]ally slak$ 9 ano!r way4 ,?is c be done by simply add+ wat]4 ,an objection to ?is me?od is1 t ! lime is n s uni=mly slak$ z is desirable4 ,x becomes gritty4 ,! usual me?od is to cov] x up ) damp e>? 9 heaps1 & all[ ! moi/ure ( ! e>? to effect ! slak+4 ,:5 lime absorbs wat] a new *emical comp\nd is =m$1 kn[n z lime hydrate2 & s rapidly does ! lime unite ) wat]1 t a great deal ( heat is evolv$ 9 ! op]ation1 ! temp]ature produc$ be+ consid]ably above t ( boil+-wat]4 ,! conv]sion ( slak$ lime into c>bonate ( lime or mild lime is a sl[] process4 ,soon] or lat]1 h[ev]1 x takes place1 :e!r ! lime is left on ! surface ( ! soil or buri$ 9 x4 ,a k ( ^! elem5t>y *emical facts is necess>y 9 ord] cle>ly to und]/& ! nature ( ! action ( lime 9 agriculture4 ,! respective action ( quicklime & mild lime is1 on ! :ole1 simil>1 al?\gh ! =m] is 9 e case v mu* m p[]ful 9 its effects ?an ! latt]4 ,lime acts bo? me*anically & *emically4 ,lime may be said to act on ! soil bo? me*anically & *emically4 ,x alt]s ! texture ( ! soil1 & affects its me*anical prop]ties1 su* z its absorptive1 ret5tive1 & capill>y p[]s ) reg>d to wat]4 ,x acts ^u its dormant f]tility1 & decomposes its m9]al sub/ances z well z its organic matt]4 ,la/ly1 its influ5ce on ! micro-organic life ( ! soil1 :i* plays su* an important "p 9 ! prep>ation & elaboration ( plant-food1 is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,we _c d bett]1 !re=e1 ?an discuss its prop]ties "u ! head+s me*anical1 *emical1 & biological4 ,i4 ,,me*anical ,,functions ,,( ,,lime4 ,action on ,soil's ,texture4 ,! effect ( lime ^u ! texture ( a soil is among its mo/ /rik+ prop]ties4 ,e f>m] kn[s well :at a trans=mation is effect$ 9 ! texture ( a /iff clay soil by ! application ( a dress+ ( lime4 ,! adhesive prop]ty ( ! soil--its objectionable t5d5cy to puddle :5 mix$ ) wat]--is greatly less5$1 & ! soil is r5d]$ v mu* m friable :5 x becomes dry4 ,sev]al reasons exi/ = ?is *ange4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! t5d5cy to puddle 9 a clayey soil is due to ! f9e /ate ( division ( ! soil-p>ticles4 ,! way 9 :i* lime c\nt]acts ?is adhesive prop]ty is by caus+ a coagulation ( ! f9e soil-p>ticles4 ,?is flocculation or aggregation ( ! f9e clay-p>ticles1 :5 mix$ ) wat] by lime1 is /rik+ly demon/rat$ by add+ to "s muddy wat] a little lime-wat]4 ,! result w be t ! wat] w spe$ily be r5d]$ cle>1 ! f9e clay-p>ticles com+ toge!r & s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,ev5 a v small quantity ( lime w effect ?is *ange4 ,?is prop]ty possess$ by lime1 we may m5tion1 is utilis$ 9 ! treatm5t ( sewage4 ,z x is ! f9e clay-p>ticles t are ! *ief cause ( ! puddl+ ( clay soils1 _! flocculation does mu* to de/roy ?is objectionable prop]ty4 ,ano!r reason :y lime r5d]s a clay soil m friable :5 dry is1 t lime does n und]go any %r9kage 9 dry wea!r4 ,z clay soils %r9k v mu* 9 dry+1 ! mixture ) su* a sub/ance z lime t5ds to m9imise ?is t5d5cy to cake 9 h>d lumps4 ,! effect ( ev5 a v small addition ( lime to a clay soil1 9 ! way ( increas+ its friable nature1 is v /rik+1 & c be easily illu/rat$ by tak+ two portions ( clay1 into "o ( :i* a small p]c5tage ( lime is introduc$1 & work+ bo? into a pla/ic mass ) wat]1 & !n all[+ !m to dry4 ,x w be f\nd t :ile ! "o is h>d & resi/s dis9tegration1 t portion to :i* ! lime has be5 add$ crumbles away easily to a p[d]4 ,?is effect :i* lime has 9 light5+ heavy soils has be5 kn[n to la/ = ye>s4 ,! dis9tegrat+ effect ( quicklime :5 appli$ to heavy soils is also due1 x may be add$1 to ! *ange und]gone by ! lime itself f ! cau/ic /ate to ! mild /ate4 ,lime r5d]s light ,soils m cohesive4 ,al?\gh x may seem some:at p>adoxical1 lime1 x w\ld appe>1 9 "s cases ex]cises an effect ^u ! soil exactly ! rev]se ( :at has j be5 /at$4 ,t lime %\ld act z a b9d+ ag5t is only natural :5 we reflect on ! way 9 :i* x acts :5 us$ z mort>4 ,x is q to be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t its action on light friable soils %\ld be to increase _! cohesive p[]s1 & at ! same "t to increase ! capill>y p[] ( ! soil to absorb wat] f ! l[] lay]s4 ,! ext5t ( ?is action1 ( c\rse1 w\ld dep5d on ! =m 9 :i* ! lime is appli$1 & ! am\nt4 ,a /rik+ example ( ! b9d+ p[] ( lime is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 soils extremely ri* 9 lime1 9 :i* :at is kn[n z a lime-pan has be5 =m$ at "s di/ance f ! surface4 ,,ii4 ,,*emical ,,action ,,( ,,lime4 ,b m important probably ?an ev5 its me*anical action is ! *emical action ( lime4 ,x is a mo/ important ag5t 9 unlock+ ! in]t f]tility ( ! soil4 ,?is x does by decompos+ diff]5t m9]als & sett+ free ! pota% !y conta94 ,! dis9tegrat+ p[] ( lime 9 ?is respect dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on its *emical condition1 ! cau/ic =m be+ mu* m pot5t ?an ! o!r =ms4 ,its action 9 decompos+ vegetable matt] & r5d]+ ! in]t nitrog5 x conta9s available = ! plant's use1 is also "o ( its mo/ important prop]ties1 & acc\nts = its b5eficial action :5 appli$ to soils1 su* z peaty soils1 ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,aga91 its use z a corrective = s\r l&s has long be5 practically recognis$4 ,! pres5ce ( acidity 9 a soil is hurtful to vegetable life4 ,lime1 by neutralis+ ?is acidity1 removes ! s\rness ( ! l&1 & does mu* to re/ore x to a condition suitable = ! gr[? ( cultivat$ crops4 ,! g5]ation ( s\rness 9 a soil is almo/ sure to give rise to c]ta9 poison\s comp\nds4 ,lime1 !re=e1 9 sweet5+ a soil1 prev5ts ! =mation ( ^! poison\s comp\nds4 ,badly dra9$ & s\r mead[-l&s1 z e f>m] kn[s1 are imm5sely b5efit$ by ! application ( ?is useful manure2 = n m]ely is _! s\rness remov$ & _! g5]al condition ameliorat$1 b _m ( ! co>s] & l[] =ms ( plant-life1 :i* alone fl\ri% on su* soils1 are kill$ out1 & ! m nutritive grasses are all[$ to fl\ri% in/ead4 ,! action ( lime 9 promot+ ! =mation ( a class ( comp\nds ( great importance 9 ! soil--viz41 hydrat$ silicates--is wor?y ( notice4 ,accord+ to ! commonly accept$ !ory1 mu* ( ! available m9]al f]tilis+ matt] ( ! soil is reta9$ 9 ! =m ( ^! hydrat$ silicates4 ,h5ce lime1 by increas+ ^! comp\nds1 n m]ely adds to ! am\nt ( ! available f]tility 9 ! soil1 b also increases its absorptive p[] = food-con/itu5ts4 ,,iii4 ,,biological ,,action ,,( ,,lime4 ,! la/ way 9 :i* lime acts is :at we h t]m$ biological4 ,by ?is we mean ! important role lime plays 9 promot+ or ret>d+1 z ! case may be1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( f]m5tative action :i* g on s abundantly 9 all soils4 ,! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! soil is a necess>y condition = ! process ( nitrification4 ,lime is ! base ) :i* ! nitric acid1 :5 x is =m$1 comb9es2 & z we h se51 :5 discuss+ nitrification1 soils ( a *alky nature are among ^? be/ suit$ to promote ! natural =mation ( nitrates4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons = ! b5eficial effects produc$ by lime :5 appli$ to peaty soils4 ,n m]ely does x help to decompose ! organic matt] s abundant 9 su* soils1 b x also furni%es ! base ) :i* ! nitric acid may comb9e :5 x is =m$4 ,b :ile ! action ( lime is to promote f]m5tation1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re may be cases 9 :i* its action is r ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,f]m5tation ( organic matt] goes on :5 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( alkal9ity pres5t2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( acidity seems to ret>d & *eck x4 ,too great an am\nt ( alkal9ity1 h[ev]1 w\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ret>d f]m5tation z mu* z too great acidity4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! addition ( cau/ic lime to fre% ur9e may act 9 ?is way2 & if ?is 7 s1 ! addition ( lime to f>my>d manure might1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be def5d$4 ,! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 w\ld be a haz>d\s "o & n to be recomm5d$1 z loss ( ammonia w\ld mo/ likely ensue4 ,action ( ,lime on ,nitrog5\s ,organic ,matt]4 ,! action ( lime on nitrog5\s organic matt] is ( a v /rik+ k9d1 & is by no means v cle>ly und]/ood4 ,z we h po9t$ out1 x sometimes acts z an antiseptic or pres]vative2 & ?is antiseptic or pres]vative action has be5 expla9$ on ! assumption t insoluble album9ates ( lime are =m$4 ,its action 9 su* indu/ries z calico-pr9t+1 :]e x has be5 us$ along ) case9 = fix+ col\r+ matt]2 or 9 sug>-ref9+1 :]e x is us$ = cl>ify+ ! sug> by precipitat+ ! album9\s matt] 9 solution 9 ! sac*>9e liquor2 or la/ly1 9 purify+ sewage1--has be5 cit$ 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re may be circum/ances 9 :i* lime1 especially 9 its cau/ic =m1 acts z an antiseptic1 its g5]al t5d5cy is to promote ^! f]m5tative *anges1 su* z nitrification1 s important to plant-life4 ,an important use ( lime 9 agriculture is 9 prev5t+ ! action ( c]ta9 fungoid diseases1 su* z ru/1 smut1 f+]-&-toe1 c41 z well z 9 kill+1 z e horticulturi/ & f>m] kn[s1 slugs1 c4 ,recapitulation4 ,we may1 9 conclusion1 sum up 9 a s+le p>agraph ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* lime acts4 ,its action is me*anical1 *emical1 & biological4 ,x acts on ! texture ( ! soil1 r5d]+ clay soils m friable1 & ex]t+ a c]ta9 b9d+ effect on loose soils4 ,x decomposes ! m9]als conta9+ pota% & o!r food-con/itu5ts1 & r5d]s !m available = ! plant's ne$s4 ,x fur!r decomposes organic matt]1 & promotes ! important process ( nitrification4 ,x increases ! p[] ( a soil to fix su* valuable food-con/itu5ts z ammonia & pota%4 ,x neutralises s\rness1 & prev5ts ! =mation ( poison\s comp\nds 9 ! soil4 ,x increases ! capill>y condition ( ! soil1 prev5ts fungoid diseases1 & promotes ! gr[? ( ! m nutritive h]bage 9 pa/ure-l&4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,indirect ,,manures--,,gypsum1 ,,salt1 ,,etc4 ,,gypsum4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] m5tion 0 made ( gypsum z a comp\nd ( lime1 b no ref]5ce to its action z a manure 0 made4 ,9 ! pa/1 gypsum 0 us$ ext5sively & highly valu$4 ,x 0 f\nd to be ( especial value = clov]2 & !re is a /ory told ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 :i* illu/rates ! v /rik+ nature ( its action on ?is crop4 ,x is relat$ t he once pr9t$ ) gypsum ! words ,?is has be5 pla/]$ on a field ( clov]1 & t = a long "t aft]w>ds ! leg5d 0 pla9ly disc]nible on acc\nt ( ! luxuriance ( ! clov] on ! p>ts ( ! field :i* _h be5 ?us treat$4 ,mode 9 :i* gypsum acts4 ,despite ! fact t gypsum is a mo/ anci5t manure1 x is only ( late ye>s t we h come to und]/& ! true nature ( its action4 ,= long x 0 believ$ t ! reason ( its /rik+ effect 9 promot+ clov] 0 due to ! fact t1 z clov] 0 a lime-lov+ plant1 ! action ( gypsum 0 ow+ to ! lime x conta9$4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ! action ( gypsum is n due to ! fact t x supplies lime to ! plant1 seems evid5t :5 x is /at$ t 7 ?is s1 any o!r =m ( lime w\ld h ! same b5eficial effect4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n s4 ,besides1 z we h already po9t$ out1 lime is n a con/itu5t :i* mo/ soils lack1 s f> z ! ne$s ( ! crop are conc]n$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? 9 ! old belief t gypsum enri*es ! soil 9 ammonia by fix+ x f ! air4 ,! p[] t gypsum has z a fix] ( ammonia has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure2 b 9 ?is case ! gypsum is br\ght 9 contact ) ! ammonia4 ,! orig9 ( ?is old belief 0 due to a misconception z to ! am\nt ( ammonia 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,no d\bt gypsum greatly increases ! p[] ( a soil to absorb ammonia f ! air2 b ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ! air is s v trifl+1 t its action 9 ?is respect is h>dly wor? consid]+4 ,! true explanation ( ! action ( gypsum is to be f\nd 9 its effect on ! d\ble silicates1 :i* x decomposes1 ! pota% be+ set free4 ,its action is simil> to t ( o!r lime comp\nds1 only m *>act]i/ic4 ,z a manure1 !re=e1 its action is indirect1 & its true function is to ou/ ! pota% f its comp\nds4 ,its peculi>ly fav\rable action on clov] is due to ! fact t clov] specially b5efits by pota%1 & t add+ gypsum practically am\nts to add+ pota%4 ,( c\rse x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! soil mu/ conta9 pota% comp\nds if gypsum is to h its full effect4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t pota% salts suitable = manur+ purposes are abundant1 x may well be d\bt$ :e!r x is n bett] to apply pota% directly4 ,fur!r1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t gypsum is appli$ to ! soil :5ev] x receives a dress+ ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 z gypsum is "o ( ! products =m$ by treat+ insoluble phosphate ( lime ) sulphuric acid4 ,x is possible t gypsum may act z an oxidis+ ag5t 9 ! soil1 j z iron 9 ! f]ric condition does4 ,x has a l>ge quantity ( oxyg5 9 its composition1 & "u c]ta9 conditions may act z a c>ri] ( oxyg5 to ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil4 ,:5 x is us$1 x %\ld be appli$ "s mon?s be=e ! crop is s[n4 ,gypsum1 !re=e1 al?\gh x conta9s two necess>y plant-con/itu5ts1 lime & sulphuric acid1 _c be reg>d$ z a direct manure2 & z its action comes to be m fully und]/ood1 its use1 :i* 0 nev] v abundant 9 ?is c\ntry1 w probably decrease4 ,we h already1 9 ! *apt] on ,nitrification1 ref]r$ to ! action ( gypsum 9 promot+ nitrification4 ,,salt4 ,! action ( salt z a manure pres5ts a problem :i* is at once ( ! highe/ int]e/ & surr\nd$ ) ! greate/ difficulties4 ,9 view ( ! l>ge quantities n[ us$ = agricultural purposes1 a some:at detail$ exam9ation ( ! nature ( its action is n out ( place 9 a "w su* z ! pres5t4 ,antiquity ( ! ,use ( ,salt4 ,! recognition ( ! manurial functions ( salt dates back to ! v e>lie/ times4 ,its use among ! anci5ts is te/ifi$ by num]\s allusions 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 :ile1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 x 0 a well-kn[n manure 9 ,italy4 ,! ,p]sians & ! ,*9ese seem also to h us$ x f "t immemorial1 ! =m] m especially = date-trees4 ,nature ( its ,action4 ,despite1 h[ev]1 ! great antiquity ( its use1 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion seems always to h exi/$ z to ! exact me?od ( its action1 & z to its m]its z a manure 9 promot+ vegetable gr[?4 ,x furni%es1 9 fact1 a good example ( ! difficulty :i* exi/s 9 ! case ( _m manures1 ^: action is *iefly indirect1 ( fully und]/&+ _! influ5ce on ! soil & on ! crop4 ,9 fact1 ! action ( salt is probably m complicat$ ?an t ( any o!r manurial sub/ance4 ,salt n a necess>y ,plant-food4 ,we h already se5 t nei!r sodium nor *lor9e--! two con/itu5t elem5ts ( salt--are 9 all probability absolutely necess>y plant-foods4 ,if !y are necess>y1 ! plant only requires !m 9 m9ute quantities4 ,despite ?is fact1 soda is an a%-con/itu5t ( ne>ly e plant1 & 9 _m cases "o ( ! mo/ abundant4 ,9 am\nt x is "o ( ! mo/ v>iable ( all ! a%-con/itu5ts1 be+ pres5t 9 "s plants only 9 m9ute quantities1 :ile 9 o!rs x occurs 9 l>ge quantities4 ,mangel & plants ( ! cabbage tribe may be cit$ z examples ( plants conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( soda 9 _! composition4 ,b ! plants :i* conta9 x 9 l>ge/ quantity are ^? :i* ?rive on ! sea-coa/1 & x has be5 ?\ght t = !m at lea/ salt is a necess>y manure4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be ! case4 ,9 fact1 ! am\nt ( soda 9 a plant seems to be l>gely a matt] ( accid5t4 ,x may be add$ t ! succul5t portions ( a plant are g5]ally ri*e/ 9 soda4 ,c ,soda replace ,pota%8 ,aga91 x has be5 believ$ t soda is capable ( replac+ pota% 9 ! plant2 b ?is does n seem to be ! case to any ext5t4 ,! view t soda is able to replace pota%1 x has be5 ?\ght1 is support$ by ! v>iation :i* exi/s 9 ! proportion ( soda & pota% 9 diff]5t plants4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t x is highly probable t mo/ plants conta9 a l>g] quantity ( a%-con/itu5ts ?an is absolutely necess>y = _! heal?y gr[?4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) su* a necess>y plant-food z pota%1 ( :i* !re is g5]ally pres5t1 9 all likelihood1 an excess4 ,! v>iation 9 ! quantity ( pota% & soda pres5t 9 _m plants "u diff]5t circum/ances c sc>cely1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z furni%+ a pro( ( ! replacem5t ( pota% by soda4 ,incid5tally we may m5tion1 z a fact wor?y ( notice1 t cultivat$ plants h m pota% & less soda 9 _! composition ?an wild plants4 ,:at has be5 said ( soda may be held to apply equally to *lor9e1 z x seems to be *iefly 9 ! =m ( common salt t soda ent]s ! plant4 ,! am\nt ( salt1 !re=e1 pres5t 9 plants mu/ be reg>d$ z l>gely accid5tal & dep5d5t on ext]nal circum/ances1 su* z ! nature ( ! soil1 c4 ,salt ( univ]sal ,occurr5ce4 ,b ev5 7 salt a necess>y plant-food1 its occurr5ce 9 ! soil is already ( suffici5t abundance to obviate any necessity = its application4 ,x may be said to be ( almo/ univ]sal occurr5ce4 ,ev5 ! air conta9s x 9 traces4 ,t ?is is ! case 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea-coa/ is well kn[n2 b ev5 9 air f> inl&1 accurate analysis ( ! air w\ld probably demon/rate its pres5ce 9 great] quantity ?an is commonly believ$4 ,x is a wise provision t plants absorb salt1 = x increases _! effici5cy z food1--! function ( salt z a con/itu5t ( animal food be+ ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,x is an indisp5sable food-+r$i5t = animal life4 ,) reg>d to ord9>y f>m-/ock1 ! am\nt ( salt :i* naturally occurs 9 _! food is q suffici5t4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( pa/ures 9 c\ntries f> remov$ f ! sea1 ! cu/om ( specially supply+ /ock ) salt is common4 ,?is is done by plac+ a piece ( rock-salt 9 ! fields4 ,special ,s\rces ( ,salt4 ,! salt ( comm]ce is obta9$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,besides ! sea1 we h ample s\rces ( salt 9 ! l>ge sal9e deposits f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 especially 9 ,au/ria1 & 9 ,engl& 9 ,*e%ire4 ,! ,action ( ,salt indirect4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 x is cle> t ! action ( salt z a manure is indirect & n direct4 ,:at ! nature ( t indirect action is we %all n[ proce$ to discuss4 ,9 consid]+ ! evid5ce ( ! manurial value ( salt1 we are at once br\ght face to face ) ! fact t ! exp]i5ce ( its action 9 ! pa/ has z (t5 be5 unfav\rable z fav\rable4 ,salt1 x is well kn[n1 is bo? an antiseptic & a g]micide4 ,x is1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ commonly us$ ( pres]vatives4 ,:5 appli$ 9 l>ge quantities to ! soil1 x has a mo/ delet]i\s action on vegetation4 ,?is hurtful action ( salt has long be5 kn[n2 & x is z (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( antiquity on acc\nt ( its unfav\rable z on acc\nt ( its fav\rable action4 ,?us1 = example1 among ! anci5t ,jews x 0 cu/om>y1 aft] ! conque/ ( a ho/ile t[n1 to /rew salt on ! enemy's fields1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ !m b>r5 & unf]tile4 ,& aga91 among ! ,romans1 = ! same purpose1 salt 0 (t5 spread on a spot :]e "s great crime _h be5 committ$4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 its unfav\rable action has long be5 kn[n1 ! fact t !re are circum/ances "u :i* its action is1 on ! contr>y1 fav\rable = promot+ vegetable gr[? has also be5 long recognis$4 ,! difficulty = ! agricultural /ud5t is to reconcile ^! two seem+ly contradictory exp]i5ces4 ,= ! ,engli% agriculturi/ ! subject possesses especial int]e/1 s9ce 9 ,engl& x has be5 9 ! pa/ mo/ g5]ally us$ & its action mo/ discuss$ s9ce ! "t ( ,"l ,bacon1 :o discusses 9 8 writ+s ! action ( solutions ( x on diff]5t plants4 ,! true explanation ( salt be+ s diff]5t 9 its action is to be f\nd 9 ! quantity appli$1 ! nature ( ! soil1 ! crop to :i* x is appli$1 & ! conditions "u :i* x is appli$--i4e41 :e!r x is appli$ alone or along ) o!r manures4 ,me*anical ,action on ,soils4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be not$ t salt ex]ts a me*anical action on ! soil ( a v simil> k9d to t ex]cis$ by lime4 ,:5 appli$ to clay soils x causes a flocculation or coagulation ( ! f9e clay-p>ticles1 & ?us prev5ts ! soil f puddl+ to ! same ext5t z w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,9 fact1 an example ( ?is action ( salt :5 9 solution caus+ ! precipitation ( f9e susp5d$ clayey matt]1 is af=d$ by ! =mation ( deltas at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,! p[] ( cl>ify+ muddy wat] is common inde$ to sal9e solutions4 ,s*loes+ attributes ! cl>ify+ p[] ( a soil to ! pres5ce ( ! sal9e matt]s x conta9s2 & f ?is po9t ( view x w\ld appe> t manures conta9+ any sal9e sub/ance may ex]t an important me*anical influ5ce on ! soil4 ,solv5t ,action4 ,b a mu* m important prop]ty ( salt is its solv5t action on ! plant-food pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,its action 9 decompos+ ! m9]als conta9+ lime1 magnesia1 pota%1 c41 is simil> to ! action ( gypsum4 ,by act+ ^u ! d\ble silicates x lib]ates ^! necess>y plant-foods4 ,x is n only on ! basic sub/ances ^u :i* x acts1 b also on ! phosphoric & silicic acids1 :i* x sets free4 ,its p[] ( dissolv+ ammonia f ! soil is consid]able4 ,exp]im5ts ) a weak solution ( salt on a soil by ,pet]s & ,ei*horn to te/ its solv5t p[]1 %[$ t ! salt solution dissolv$ m ?an twice z mu* pota% & ne>ly ?irty times z mu* ammonia z an equal quantity ( pure wat] did4 ,:5 appli$ to ! soil1 x seems *iefly to lib]ate lime & magnesia4 ,! exact nature ( ! *emical action tak+ place is a po9t ( "s dubiety4 ,accord+ to "s1 x is *ang$ into nitrate ( soda2 accord+ to o!rs1 into c>bonate ( soda4 ,! latt] !ory seems to be ! m probable "o4 ,its action on ! lime & magnesia comp\nds is to conv]t !m into *lorides2 & ?is *emical reaction expla9s ! action t salt has 9 increas+ ! wat]-reta9+ & wat]-absorb+ p[] ( ! soil2 = ! *lorides ( magnesia & lime are salts :i* h a great p[] ( attract+ wat] f ! air4 ,aga91 ! v fact t salt acts z an antiseptic may s]ve to expla9 its b5eficial action 9 c]ta9 cases :]e x prev5ts rankness ( gr[?4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 its function :5 appli$ along ) ,p]uvian guano4 ,?is x might d by prev5t+ too rapid f]m5tation 7nitrification7 ( ! manure1 or by actually weak5+ ! plant4 ,its action :5 appli$ ) f>my>d manure may also be simil>4 ,b :ile its effect 9 _m cases may be t[>ds ret>d+ f]m5tation1 on ! o!r h& its action1 :5 appli$ along ) lime to compo/-heaps1 is t[>ds promot+ m rapid decomposition4 ,probably a reaction takes place betwe5 ! lime & ! salt1 ! result ( :i* is ! =mation ( cau/ic soda4 ,su* are "s ( ! ways 9 :i* salt may act4 ,x mu/ at once be se5 h[ its action 9 "o case w be fav\rable & 9 ano!r case unfav\rable4 ,!re mu/ be f]tilis+ matt] pres5t 9 ! soil if x is to act fav\rably4 ,aga91 x w only be "u su* circum/ances1 :]e rankness ( gr[? is likely to ensue1 t its antiseptic prop]ties w act fav\rably & n unfav\rably4 ,be/ us$ 9 small ,quantities along ) ,manures4 ,probably x is = ^! reasons t its action has be5 f\nd to be mo/ fav\rable :5 appli$ along ) o!r manures & n alone4 ,appli$ along ) nitrate ( soda1 z is commonly done1 x d\btless increases ! effici5cy ( ! nitrate4 ,"s plants seem to be und\bt$ly b5efit$ by salt3 ( ^! flax may be m5tion$4 ,! application ( salt to plants ( ! cabbage tribe seems also to be highly b5eficial4 ,on mangels1 along ) o!r manures1 x has also be5 f\nd to h a v fav\rable effect4 ,b ) _m crops its action has be5 prov$ to be less fav\rable4 ,affects ,quality ( ,crop4 ,al?\gh salt has (t5 be5 f\nd to increase ! quantity ( a crop1 ! quality ( ! crop has be5 made to suff]4 ,its action on beetroot has be5 m especially /udi$4 ,! effect ( its application is to less5 ! total quantity ( dry matt] & sug> 9 ! plant4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be ! case bo? :5 ! salt 0 appli$ alone & along ) nitrate ( soda & o!r manures4 ,on potatoes1 aga91 its action has be5 f\nd to be delet]i\s1 less5+ _! p]c5tage ( />*4 ,! delet]i\s action ( *lorides on ! quality ( potatoes is also se5 :5 potassium *loride is appli$4 ,x is = ?is reason t pota% %\ld nev] be appli$ to ! potato crop 9 ! =m ( *loride4 ,9 ! late ,dr ,voelck]'s op9ion1 ! conditions "u :i* salt _h ! mo/ fav\rable action on ! mangel crop 0 9 ! case ( a light s&y soil1 & appli$ at ! rate ( #d to #e cwt4 p] acre4 ,its action :5 appli$ to clay soils 0 n s fav\rable4 ,rate ( ,application4 ,la/ly1 ! rate at :i* x may be appli$ w naturally v>y4 ,f #a cwt4 & ev5 less1 up to #f cwt4 or ev5 m1 has be5 ! rate at :i* x has be5 commonly appli$ 9 ! pa/4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be se5 t x is m likely to ex]t a fav\rable influ5ce :5 appli$ only 9 small quantities4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,manures4 ,! conditions :i* regulate ! application ( manures are _m & v>i$1 & ! subject1 x mu/ be admitt$1 despite ! l>ge am\nt ( inve/igation already c>ri$ out1 is mo/ imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,= ^! reasons x is impossible to d little m ?an lay d[n c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples :i* may be ( s]vice to ! agriculturi/ 9 guid+ him 9 c>ry+ out ! manur+ ( 8 crops4 ,influ5ce ( ,manures 9 increas+ ,soil-f]tility4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may be ask$1 ,h[ f> c :at we may call ! p]man5t f]tility ( a field be influ5c$ by ! application ( manures8 ,& to ?is "q ! answ] mu/ be made1 t ! influ5ce ( manur+ 9 increas+ soil-f]tility is v slight & only v gradually felt4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 attempt+ to re/ore to a f]tile condition a soil :i* has long be5 treat$ by an exhau/ive sy/em ( cultivation4 ,9 su* a case x w be f\nd impossible to re/ore ! f]tility ( ! soil1 except v gradually4 ,f>m]s :o f>m 9 new c\ntries1 & 9 ri* virg9 soils1 little realise sometimes h[ quickly !y may impov]i% ! f]tility ( _! soils by exhau/ive treatm5t1 & h[ sl[ ! process ( re/oration is4 ,nor is ?is /range :5 we reflect on ! relatively small quantities ( f]tilis+ +r$i5ts we are 9 ! habit ( add+ to ! soil by ! application ( manures1 & ! nature ( _! action4 ,! small rate at :i* !y are appli$1 & ! impossibility ( di/ribut+ !m equally 9 ! soil1 expla9 h[ comp>atively limit$ _! action mu/ necess>ily be4 ,"s manures1 x is true--viz41 ^? :i* are soluble--are m equally di/ribut$2 b !n su* manures1 f _! v nature1 are little likely to affect ! p]man5t f]tility ( ! soil4 ,influ5ce ( ,f>my>d ,manure on ! ,soil4 ,( manures :i* h ! be/ effect 9 improv+ a soil's p]man5t f]tility1 f>my>d manure is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important4 ,?is is ow+ p>tly to ! fact t x is appli$ 9 su* l>ge quantities1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( its composition4 ,lib]al manur+ ) f>my>d manure1 sy/ematically c>ri$ out1 w 9 "t d mu* to build up a soil's f]tility4 ,b lib]al manur+ ) artificial manures w also effect ! same end4 ,?is x does 9 an indirect mann] by means ( ! increas$ crop residues obta9$ "u su* treatm5t4 ,inde$ "o ( ! spe$ie/ me?ods ( br++ a soil into good condition is by heavily manur+ c]ta9 gre5 crops1 & !n pl\gh+ !m 94 ,f>my>d ,manure v4 ,artificials4 ,! "q h[ f> f>my>d manure may be supplant$ by artificials is "o (t5 discuss$4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ?is "q 9 ! *apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,x is possible t1 ) our increas+ k ( agricultural sci5ce1 we may 9 ! future be able to disp5se ) f>my>d manure1 & make %ift to d ) artificials alone4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 all our exp]i5ce po9ts to ! fact t ! mo/ satisfactory results are obta9$ f manures by us+ artificials 9 conjunction ) f>my>d manure4 ,x is bett] bo? = f>my>d manure & artificial manures to be appli$ toge!r1#bda s t !y may mutually act z supplem5t>y ! "o to ! o!r4 ,:ile ?is is s1 !re may be circum/ances 9 :i* x w be be/ to use artificials alone4 ,:]e1 = example1 fields1 ow+ to _! situation1 are inaccessible1 & :]e ! exp5se ( convey+ ! bulky f>my>d manure w\ld be v consid]able1 x may be f\nd m economical to apply ! m conc5trat$ artificial manures4 ,) few exceptions1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd mo/ desirable to use artificial manures z supplem5t>y to f>my>d manure1 & n z sub/itutes = x4 ,f>my>d ,manure n fav\rable to c]ta9 ,crops4 ,:ile ! above is true1 x may be well to po9t out "o or two facts reg>d+ ! nature ( ! influ5ce ( f>my>d manure on c]ta9 crops4 ,= in/ance1 x has long be5 recognis$ z inadvisable 9 /rong ri* soils to apply x directly to c]ta9 gra9 crops1 su* z b>ley & :eat1 s9ce su* a practice is apt to enc\rage rankness ( gr[?--an undue developm5t ( /raw at ! exp5se ( ! gra94 ,x is consequ5tly cu/om>y to apply f>my>d manure to ! prec$+ crop4 ,! direct application ( f>my>d manure to :eat1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 is n fraught ) unfav\rable results :]e ! soil is a light "o2 x is only :5 ! soil is ( a heavy nature t x is be/ to apply x to ! prec$+ crop4 ,potatoes are ano!r crop to :i* x is be/ n to apply x directly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m are ( ! op9ion t mangels seem to be able to b5efit f l>ge applications ( f>my>d manure4 ,conditions det]m9+ ! ,application ( ,artificial ,manures4 ,9 ! application ( artificial manures a l>ge numb] ( consid]ations h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! nature ( ! manure itself1 & its me*anical & *emical condition2 ! nature ( ! soil & its previ\s treatm5t ) manures1 z well z ! nature ( ! climate1 ! nature ( ! crop1 & ! previ\s cropp+4 ,x may be well1 !re=e1 to exam9e some:at 9 detail "s ( ^! consid]ations4 ,nature ( ! ,manure4 ,nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% exi/ 9 ! common manures1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 9 diff]5t /ates ( availability4 ,nitrog51 = example1 may exi/ 9 a soluble or insoluble condition1 z nitrates1 z ammonia1 or 9 v>i\s organic =ms4 ,phosphoric acid1 simil>ly1 may exi/ 9 a soluble =m1 z x does 9 sup]phosphate ( lime1 or 9 an insoluble =m1 z x does 9 bones or basic slag4 ,pota%1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/s--or %\ld exi/--9 artificial manures only 9 a soluble =m4 ,n[ a correct k ( ! behavi\r ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( ! common manurial +r$i5ts :5 appli$ to ! soil is1 9 ! fir/ place1 necess>y = _! successful & economical use4 ,nitrog5\s ,manures4 ,?us our k ( ! inability ( ! soil-p>ticles to reta9 nitrog5 9 ! =m ( nitric acid1 z well z our k ( ! fact t nitrog5 is 9 ?is =m imm$iately available = ! plant's ne$s1 tea*es u t nitrate ( soda %\ld nev] be appli$ be=e ! plant is ready to utilise x--9 %ort1 t x %\ld only be appli$ z a top-dress+2 & fur!r1 t ! use ( su* a f]tilis] 9 a damp season is less likely to be economical ?an 9 a dry "o4 ,aga91 ) reg>d to nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia salts1 our k ( ! fact t ammonia is reta9$ by ! soil-p>ticles1 & t be=e x becomes available = ! plant's ne$s x has to und]go ! process ( nitrification1 tea*es u ! desirability ( apply+ x a %ort "t be=e x is likely to be us$4 ,:ile1 la/ly1 ) reg>d to ! nitrog5 9 ! v>i\s organic =ms 9 :i* x occurs1 our k ( ! rate at :i* ^! are conv]t$ into an available =m 9 ! soil w det]m9e :5 !y are be/ appli$4 ,"s =ms ( organic nitrog5 are 9 a soluble condition1 & are q z spe$y 9 _! action z sulphate ( ammonia4 ,?is is ! case ) a consid]able proportion ( ! diff]5t organic =ms ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 guano4 ,o!r =ms ( organic nitrog5 are only slightly less s--z1 = example1 dri$ blood1 :i* f]m5ts v spe$ily4 ,) reg>d1 !re=e1 to nitrates & ammonia salts1 z well z ! m quickly available organic =ms ( nitrog51 !y %\ld ei!r be appli$ z a top-dress+ aft] ! plant has />t$ gr[?1 or only %ortly be=e se$-"t4 ,bones1 %oddy1 & ! v>i\s s-call$ native guanos1 %\ld be appli$ a consid]able p]iod be=e !y are likely to be requir$--n lat] ?an ! previ\s autumn4 ,phosphatic ,manures4 ,) reg>d to phosphatic manures ! same consid]ations hold good4 ,inasmu* z phosphoric acid1 :e!r appli$ 9 ! soluble condition1 z 9 sup]phosphate1 or ! insoluble =m1 z 9 bones1 basic slag1 c41 is n liable to be wa%$ out ( ! soil1 ! risk ( loss is v slight1 & ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,z we h po9t$ out 9 consid]+ ! action ( sup]phosphate1 phosphoric acid 9 ?is latt] =m is m spe$ily available to ! crop1 & ! necessity ( apply+ x mu* be=e x is likely to be us$ does n exi/4 ,h5ce sup]phosphate & manures :i* conta9 any appreciable am\nt ( soluble phosphoric acid1 su* z guano1 %\ld only be appli$ %ortly be=e se$-"t4 ,bones1 basic slag1 or m9]al phosphate ought to be appli$1 on ! o!r h&1 a long "t be=e !y are likely to be us$4 ,h5ce an autumn application is to be recomm5d$ 9 ! case ( su* manures4 ,pota% ,manures4 ,la/ly1 ) reg>d to pota% manures1 z ^! are soluble1 !re is no necessity = apply+ !m mu* be=e !y are likely to be absorb$ by ! plant4 ,"s are ( ! op9ion t pota% is1 except 9 ! case ( s&y soils1 be/ appli$ "s little "t be=e x is likely to be us$1 s z to p]mit ( its be+ wa%$ d[n into ! soil--a process :i* takes place only comp>atively sl[ly4 ,z pota% manures h (t5 be5 f\nd to give a bett] result on pa/ures dur+ ! second ye> ?an dur+ ! fir/1 !y are be/ appli$ 9 ! autumn4 ,! above /atem5t z to ! behavi\r ( ! diff]5t f]tilis]s :5 appli$ to ! soil1 has a n unimportant be>+ on ! quantities 9 :i* !y may safely be respectively appli$4 ,! rate at :i* manures may be appli$ dep5ds1 z we %all imm$iately see1 on o!r conditions2 b :at x is "h desirable to po9t out is1 t x is n safe to apply su* manures z nitrate ( soda1 or1 = t matt]1 sulphate ( ammonia1 9 l>ge quantities at a "t4 ,9 fact ^! manures1 especially ! =m]1 w be/ be appli$ 9 v small quantities1 & r 9 sev]al doses4 ,) reg>d to o!r manures1 m especially phosphatic manures1 ! same reasons = small application d n exi/4 ,! tru? ( ! above /atem5ts is s obvi\s t x may be reg>d$ z sup]flu\s to make !m4 ,z1 h[ev]1 _! cle> appreh5sion is ess5tial to und]/&+ ! conditions ( successful manur+1 no apology ne$ be made = mak+ !m4 ,nature ( ,soil4 ,ano!r condition :i* has to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 consid]+ ! application ( manures is ! nature ( ! soil1 z well z its previ\s treatm5t4 ,soils poor 9 organic matt] are ^? :i* are mo/ likely to be b5efit$ by ! application ( nitrog5\s manures4 ,soils ( a dry light "* require less phosphoric acid ?an !y d ( nitrog5 & pota%2 :ile on a damp & heavy soil phosphatic manures are m likely to be b5eficial ?an nitrog5\s or potassic manures4 ,la/ly1 a soil ri* 9 organic matt] g5]ally requires phosphates1 & possibly pota%4 ,a po9t ( consid]able importance to notice is1 t a soil ri* 9 lime c /& a l>g] application ( phosphoric acid ?an "o poor 9 lime4 ,z a rule1 x w be f\nd t ! be/ results ) pota% w be obta9$ :5 appli$ to a s&y soil4 ,! nature ( ! soil is an important consid]ation 9 det]m9+ h[ f> x is advisable to apply readily soluble manures4 ,to a v light & non-ret5tive soil ! risk ( loss 9 apply+ an easily soluble manure is consid]ably increas$4 ,! nature ( ! climate is also ( importance4 ,?us1 9 a dry climate1 manures ( a soluble nature w h a bett] effect ?an 9 a wet climate1 :ile ! opposite w be ! case ) ! m sl[ly act+ manures4 ,nature ( previ\s ,manur+4 ,a consid]ation ( equal importance is ! previ\s treatm5t ( ! soil ) manure4 ,= example1 :]e a soil has be5 lib]ally treat$ ) f>my>d manure1 x has be5 f\nd t m9]al manures h a v inf]ior effect to t obta9$ by nitrog5\s manure4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h f\nd ?is to be /rik+ly ! case 9 _! exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( :eat4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t ! application ( m9]al manures 0 accompani$ ) little or no b5efit to ! crop1 :]eas v /rik+ results foll[$ ! application ( nitrog54 ,?is !y attribut$ to ! fact t ! supply ( m9]al f]tilis]s 9 ! /raw ( ! f>my>d manure is l>gely 9 excess ( ! supply ( nitrog54 ,! nature ( ! action ( ! manure previ\sly appli$ is also to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 det]m9+ h[ long its influ5ce may probably la/4 ,:]e1 = example1 ! manure has be5 nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia1 x may be safely conclud$ t its direct influ5ce is no long] felt a ye> aft] application4 ,! influ5ce ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 :ile sc>cely s tempor>y1 may be said to la/ only = a comp>atively %ort "t4#bdb ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! manure appli$ is ( a sl[-act+ nature1 su* z bones or basic slag1 its influ5ce w probably be felt = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,nature ( ! ,crop4 ,b m important ?an any ( ! above-m5tion$ conditions is ! nature ( ! crop itself4 ,our k ( ! requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t f>m crops is /ill v imp]fect4 ,a v wide exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! effect ( diff]5t manures on diff]5t crops1 has conclusively prov$ t _! manurial requirem5ts diff] v consid]ably4 ,! subject is complicat$ by o!r consid]ations1 su* z ! nature ( ! soil1 c42 b not)/&+ ?is fact1 c]ta9 po9ts seem to be pretty well e/abli%$4 ,9 seek+ to und]/& ! respective requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t crops = diff]5t f]tilis]s1 two important consid]ations mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,^! are--7#a7 ! quantities ( ! ?ree f]tilis+ +r$i5ts--nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%--:i* diff]5t crops remove f ! soil2 & 7#b7 ! diff]5t p[] crops possess ( assimilat+ ^! +r$i5ts4 ,am\nts ( ,f]tilis+ ,+r$i5ts remov$ f ! ,soil by diff]5t ,crops4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t way ( in/itut+ a comp>ison betwe5 ! requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t crops 9 ?is respect is by calculat+ ! am\nt1 9 p\nds1 ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 :i* av]age am\nts ( ! diff]5t crops remove p] acre4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ?is = ! common crops3-- ,,f]tilis+ ,,+r$i5ts ,,remov$ ,,f ,,soil4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nitrog54 ,phosphoric ,pota%4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,mangels ,root1 #bb tons #hg #cf4d #bbb4h ,leaf #ea #af4e #gg4i --------------------------------- ,total crop #ach #eb4i #cjj4g --------------------------------- ,turnips ,root1 #ag tons #fc #bb4d #ajh4f ,leaf #di #aj4g #dj4b --------------------------------- ,total crop #aab #cc4a #adh4h --------------------------------- ,beans ,gra91 #cj bu%els #gg #bb4h #bd4c ,/raw #bi #f4c #db4h --------------------------------- ,total crop #ajf #bi4a #fg4a --------------------------------- ,r$ clov] hay1 #b tons #ajb #bd4i #hc4d --------------------------------- ,sw$es ,root1 #ad tons #gj #af4i #fc4c ,leaf #bh #d4h #af4d --------------------------------- ,total crop #ih #ba4g #gi4g --------------------------------- ,oats ,gra91 #de bu%els #ch #ac4j #i4a ,/raw #ag #f4d #cg4j --------------------------------- ,total crop #ee #ai4d #df4a --------------------------------- ,mead[ hay1 #a-a_/b ton1 #di #ab4c #ej4i --------------------------------- ,:eat ,gra91 #cj bu%els #cc #af4j #i4h ,/raw #ae #d4g #be4i --------------------------------- ,total crop #dh #bj4g #ce4g --------------------------------- ,b>ley ,gra91 #cj bu%els #ce #af4j #i4h ,/raw #ac #d4g #be4i --------------------------------- ,total crop #dh #bj4g #ce4g --------------------------------- ,potatoes1 #f tons #dg #ba4e #gf4e --------------------------------- ,maize ,gra91 #cj bu%els #bh #aj4j #f4e ,/alks1 c4 #ae #h4j #bi4h --------------------------------- ,total crop #dc #ah4j #cf4c ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,f ! table x w be se5 t ! crops :i* remove ! l>ge/ quantities ( all ?ree f]tilis+ +r$i5ts are ! root crops--mangels & turnips2 t beans remove twice z mu* nitrog5 z ! c]eals--oats1 b>ley1 & :eat--:i*1 9 ?is respect1 practically diff] v little f "o ano!r2 :ile potatoes remove ab\t ! same quantity ( nitrog5 z ! c]eals4 ,x w fur!r be notic$ t ! am\nts ( phosphoric acid remov$ by ! diff]5t crops diff] v mu* less ?an ^? ( nitrog5 & pota%4 ,mangels remove slightly m1 & turnips slightly less1 ?an d\ble ! am\nt remov$ by c]eals4 ,mead[-hay1 x w be se51 ( all crops removes ! lea/ phosphoric acid4 ,9 look+ at ! am\nts ( pota%1 we are at once /ruck by _! great discrepancy4 ,su* a crop z mangels removes m ?an six times z mu* pota% f ! soil z ! c]eals4 ,turnips also make l>ge dem&s on ?is +r$i5t1 remov+ ov] f\r times z mu* z ! c]eals4 ,legum9\s crops1 su* z r$ clov] & beans1 remove ab\t twice z mu*4 ,capacity ( ,crops = assimilat+ ,manures4 ,in/ructive ?\gh ^! figures und\bt$ly are1 !y mu/ n be reg>d$1 z (t5 errone\sly !y are1 z furni%+ by !mselves suffici5t data ^u :i* to base ! practice ( manur+4 ,a consid]ation :i* is ( mu* great] importance is ! capacity t diff]5t crops possess = assimilat+ ! v>i\s manurial +r$i5ts f ! soil4 ,consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( absolute am\nt1 !re is 9 mo/ soils an abundant supply ( plant-food2 b ( ?is am\nt only a small proportion is available4 ,fur!r1 ! am\nt ( ?is available plant-food w v>y ) diff]5t crops--"o crop be+ able to gr[ :]e ano!r crop w\ld />ve4 ,z illu/rative ( ?is1 9 ! ,norfolk exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t ! turnip 0 able to assimilate pota% f a soil on :i* ! sw$e 0 practically />v$4 ,x is on ?is fact m ?an any o!r t ! pr9ciples ( manur+ are bas$4 ,sev]al explanations ( ! diff]5t capacities crops possess ( assimilat+ _! food may be put =w>d4 ,& we may "h po9t out t crops belong+ to ! same class exhibit1 on ! :ole1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( simil>ity 9 _! manurial requirem5ts4 ,?us1 = example1 we may say t gram9e\s crops s f> resemble "o ano!r 9 possess+ small capacity = assimilat+ nitrog51 root crops = assimilat+ phosphoric acid1 & legum9\s crops = assimilat+ pota%1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ^! crops are g5]ally mo/ b5efit$ by ! application1 respectively1 ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,b :ile a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance exi/s1 crops belong+ to ! same class diff] 9 _m cases v consid]ably1 z we %all imm$iately see4 ,diff]5ce 9 ,root ,sy/ems ( diff]5t ,crops4 ,"o explanation ( ! diff]5t capacity possess$ by diff]5t crops = absorb+ plant-food f ! soil is to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5ce ( _! root sy/ems4 ,e agriculturi/ kn[s t crops 9 ?is respect diff] v widely4 ,crops hav+ deep roots w naturally h a l>g] surface ( soil f :i* to draw _! food-supplies ?an crops hav+ %all[] roots4 ,su* crops z r$ clov]1 :eat1 & mangels are able to draw _! food-supplies f ! subsoil to an ext5t n possess$ by %all[]-root$ crops1 su* z b>ley1 turnips1 & grass4 ,crops hav+ surface-roots1 on ! o!r h&1 h (t5 great] capacity = assimilat+ nitrog51--?is +r$i5t1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 be+ *iefly locat$ 9 ! surface-soil4 ,! t5d5cy ( gr[+ %all[-root$ crops w !re=e be t[>ds impov]i%+ ! surface-soil2 :]eas ! occasional gr[? ( a deep-root$ crop br+s ! plant-food 9 ! subsoil into requisition4 ,9 ?is connection x may be well to draw att5tion to ! s+ul> capacity possess$ by c]ta9 crops = absorb+ nitrog54 ,( ^! ! case ( clov] is ! mo/ /rik+1 & has long puzzl$ agriculturi/s4 ,! discov]y1 :i* has be5 repeat$ly ref]r$ to 9 ^! pages1 t ! legum9\s ord] ( crops1 to :i* clov] belongs1 h ! p[] ( absorb+ ! free nitrog5 ( ! air ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( micro-organic life 9 ! plant & 9 ! soil1 has furni%$ an explanation ( ?is long-debat$ problem4 ,p]iod ( ,gr[?4 ,a fur!r reason is ! diff]5ce 9 ! p]iod ( a crop's gr[?4 ,a crop :i* gr[s quickly1 & consequ5tly occupies ! gr\nd dur+ a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 w naturally require a ri*] soil1 & !re=e a m lib]al treatm5t ) manure1 ?an "o ^: gr[? is m gradual4 ,ano!r consid]ation is ! season ( ! ye> dur+ :i* active gr[? ( ! crops takes place4 ,= example1 9 ! case ( ! :eat crop1 active gr[? takes place 9 spr+ & ceases e>ly 9 ! summ]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 nitrification goes on "r ?r\gh ! summ]1 & nitrates are mo/ abundant 9 ! soil 9 late summ] & autumn1 su* a crop z :eat is ill suit$ to obta9 any b5efit f ?is b\ntiful provision ( nature1 & is consequ5tly p>ticul>ly b5efit$ by ! application ( nitrog5\s manures4 ,root crops1 on ! o!r h&1 s[n 9 summ]1 cont9ue _! active gr[? into autumn1 & are ?us enabl$ to utilise ! nitrates =m$ 9 ! process ( nitrification4 ,! cu/om ( s[+ a quickly gr[+ gre5 crop1 su* z rye1 mu/>d1 rape1 c41 aft] a :eat crop1 is a practice :i* aims at cons]v+ ! nitrates & prev5t+ _! loss by autumn & w9t] ra9s4 ,! "n cat* crop has be5 appli$ to su* a crop4 ,by pl\gh+ "u ! gre5 crop1 ! nitrog5 remov$ f ! soil 9 ! =m ( easily soluble nitrates is re/or$ 9 an insoluble organic =m1 & ! soil is at ! same "t enri*$ by ! addition ( mu* valuable organic matt]4#bdc ,x is *iefly ! above facts t =m ! sci5tific basis ( ! long-pursu$ practice ( ! rotation ( crops4 ,v>iation 9 ,composition ( ,crops4 ,a po9t ( consid]able int]e/ is ! influ5ce ex]t$ by manures on ! composition ( crops4 ,x has be5 assum$ 9 ! prec$+ pages t ! composition ( crops ( ! same plant is uni=m2 b ?is is n /rictly ! case1 z x has be5 prov$ t n m]ely ! manure & soil h an appreciable influ5ce on ! crop's composition1 b s also has ! climate4 ,absorption ( ,plant-food4 ,! laws regulat+ ! absorption ( plant-food are mo/ int]e/+1 al?\gh1 un=tunately1 v imp]fectly und]/ood z yet4 ,! f]tilis+ +r$i5ts are capable ( consid]able movem5t 9 ! plant1 & are only absorb$ up to a c]ta9 p]iod ( gr[?4 ,?is 9 _m plants is rea*$ :5 !y fl[]4 ,aft] ?is p]iod !y are no long] capable ( absorb+ any m food4 ,! popul> belief t plants 9 rip5+ exhau/ ! soil ( its f]tilis+ matt]s is consequ5tly a fallacy4 ,f]tilis+ ,+r$i5ts lodge 9 ! ,se$4 ,! t5d5cy ( f]tilis+ matt]s is to move upw>d 9 ! plant z x matures1 & f9ally to become lodg$ 9 ! se$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! c]eals prove su* an exhau/ive crop4 ,t nature1 h[ev]1 c 9 c]ta9 cases be v economical ( h] food-supplies1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! fact t mu* ( ! f]tilis+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! mature leaves 9 autumn passes back into ! tree be=e ! leaves fall f x4 ,=ms 9 :i* ,nitrog5 exi/s 9 ,plants4 ,! =m 9 :i* nitrog5 is pres5t 9 ! plant is *iefly z album9oids4 ,z1 h[ev]1 album9oids belong to t class ( bodies kn[n z colloids1 :i* _c easily pass ?r\gh por\s membranes l ^? =m+ ! walls ( plant-cells1 !y are *ang$ dur+ c]ta9 p]iods ( ! plant's gr[? into amides1 :i* are cry/alloids1 & consequ5tly able to move freely ab\t 9 ! plant4 ,amides are mo/ abundant 9 "y plants dur+ ! p]iod ( _! mo/ active gr[?1 & z ! plant rip5s ! amides seem to be l>gely conv]t$ into album9oids4 ,:ile ! subject is n v cle>ly und]/ood1 x w\ld seem to be pretty conclusively prov$ t !re is a direct relation betwe5 ! am\nt ( ! phosphoric acid & ( ! nitrog5 absorb$4 ,be>+ ( above ,facts on ,agricultural ,practice4 ,! be>+ ( ^! facts ^u practice is obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y %[ h[ important x is t plants %\ld be well f$ :5 !y are "y1 & t 9 ! practice ( gre5 manur+ x is be/ to pl\gh 9 ! crop :5 x is 9 fl[]1 z no additional b5efit is ga9$ by all[+ x to rip51 see+ t no fur!r absorption ( f]tilis+ +r$i5ts takes place aft] ! p]iod ( fl[]+4 ,influ5ce ( excessive ,manur+ ( ,crops4 ,! influ5ce ( l>ge quantities ( manures is se5 9 ! case ( c]ta9 root crops4 ,x is f\nd1 9 su* a case1 t :ile ! roots are l>g]1 !y are m wat]y 9 composition & ( less nutritive value4 ,aga91 x seems to be a fact pretty g5]ally kn[n to practical m51 t nitrate ( soda seems to h a bad effect on ! quality ( hay4 ,x w\ld seem1 fur!r1 t ! influ5ce ( nitrog5\s f]tilis]s on c]eals is to increase ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! gra91 b t !y h no su* influ5ce 9 ! case ( legum9\s crops4 ,phosphatic manures1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( legum9\s crops1 seem to h ! effect ( dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! se$4 ,,footnotes3 #bda ,?\gh n necess>ily at ! same "t or to ea* succe$+ crop4 ,!re may be comp>atively long int]vals betwe5 ! applications ( f>my>d manure 9 _m cases4 #bdb ,( c\rse :at is meant "h is ! direct influ5ce ( su* manures4 ,_! indirect value may be %[n 9 ! soil by ! increas$ crop residues !y give rise to4 #bdc ,?is is v concisely & cle>ly put 9 ,mr ,w>+ton's admirable ',*emi/ry ( ! ,f>m4' ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,manur+ ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,f>m ,,crops4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all attempt to summ>ise briefly ! results ( exp]im5ts on ! manur+ ( "s ( ! common] crops1 & we %all />t ) ! manur+ ( c]eals4 ,,c]eals4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 a c]ta9 simil>ity 9 ! manurial requirem5ts ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ?is class exi/s4 ,!y are *>act]is$1 = "o ?+1 by ! comp>atively small quantity ( nitrog5 !y remove f ! soil--less ?an ei!r legum9\s or root crops4 ,( ?is nitrog5 ! l>g] proportion--am\nt+ to two-?irds--is conta9$ 9 ! gra91 ! /raw only conta9+ ab\t a qu>t] ( ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! plant4 ,! am\nt ( phosphoric acid !y remove f ! soil is n mu* less ?an t remov$ by ! o!r two classes ( crops2 b ?is1 aga91 is also *iefly 9 ! gra94 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! c]eals may be reg>d$1 9 a s5se1 z exhau/ive crops1 see+ t ! gra9 is almo/ inv>iably sold (f ! f>m4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to ! comp>atively small dem&s !y make on f]tilis+ +r$i5ts1 c]eals w cont9ue to gr[ on poor l& = a long] p]iod ?an mo/ crops1--a fact ( v great importance = mank9d4 ,especially b5efit$ by ,nitrog5\s ,manures4 ,despite ! fact t c]eals remove comp>atively little nitrog5 f ! soil1 x is some:at /rik+ to f9d t !y are *iefly b5efit$ by ! application ( nitrog5\s manures4 ,?is fact may be expla9$ by ! %ortness ( ! p]iod ( _! gr[?1 & ! fact t !y assimilate _! nitrog5 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]1 & are ?us unable to utilise to ! full ! nitrates :i* accumulate 9 ! soil dur+ lat] summ] & autumn4 ,z !y seem to absorb _! nitrog5 almo/ exclusively 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 !y are especially b5efit$ by ! application ( nitrate ( soda4 ,p[] ( absorb+ ,silicates4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! composition ( c]eals is ! l>ge am\nt ( silica !y conta94 ,9 common ) ! grasses1 !y seem to possess a p[]1 n possess$ by o!r crops1 ( fe$+ ^u silicates4 ,! special manure1 !re=e1 requir$ = c]eals is a nitrog5\s manure1 & t1 z a rule1 ( a spe$ily available "*1 su* z nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia4 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! gr\p are also specially b5efit$ by phosphatic manures4 ,we %all n[ consid] individually a few ( ! m important c]eal crops4 ,,b>ley4 ,( c]eal crops b>ley des]ves to be consid]$ fir/1 ow+ to ! fact t x is1 ( all gra9 crops1 ! mo/ widely di/ribut$4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 am\nt1 x comes next to :eat among c]eals4 ,its habits h also be5 /udi$ 9 a v elaborate & c>eful mann]1 & h be5 made ! subject ( _m exp]im5ts1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,p]iod ( ,gr[?4 ,! fir/ po9t to notice ab\t b>ley is ! fact t its p]iod ( gr[? is a %ort "o4 ,?is has a mo/ important be>+ on its treatm5t ) manure4 ,x may be said to rip51 on an av]age1 9 ?irte5 or f\rte5 weeks 9 ?is c\ntry2 al?\gh 9 ,norway & ,sw$5 its p]iod ( gr[? is mu* less--viz41 f six to sev5 weeks4 ,inde$ no few] ?an ?ree crops h be5 obta9$ 9 "o ye> 9 c]ta9 di/ricts 9 ^! c\ntries1 & two crops are common4 ,) reg>d to ! p]iod ( its gr[?1 x diff]s f :eat1 :i* 9 its g5]al manurial requirem5ts x resembles4 ,:eat1 :i* is l>gely s[n 9 autumn1 has f\r or five mon?s' />t ( b>ley4 ,f ! fact t x is a %ort-liv$ crop1 & t its roots are %all[] ?an :eat1 & draw _! n\ri%m5t *iefly f ! surface-soil1 x b5efits to a great] ext5t f lib]al manur+ ?an :eat1 :i* is m indep5d5t ( artificial supplies ( f]tilis]s4 ,mo/ suitable ,soil4 ,aga91 :ile :eat does well on a heavy soil1 & does n require a f9e surface-til?1 b>ley does be/ on a light1 ri*1 friable soil4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 v successfully gr[n on a heavy soil aft] :eat4 ,b>ley b5efits m ?an :eat does f ! application ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 or "s o!r readily available phosphatic manure4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = by its %ort] p]iod ( gr[? & %all[] root sy/em1 :i* ?us prev5t x draw+ mu* m9]al su/5ance f ! subsoil4 ,9 fact1 spr+-s[n crops1 z a rule1 b5efit m f sup]phosphate ?an autumn-s[n crops4 ,! exhau/ion ( a soil "u b>ley is ess5tially1 z 9 ! case ( :eat1 "o ( nitrog51 z ,sir ,j4 ,h5ry ,gilb]t has po9t$ out4#bdd ,f>my>d ,manure n suitable4 ,x has be5 urg$1 ) "s %[ ( reason1 t f>my>d manure is n suitable = b>ley1 z its action is too sl[ to h mu* influ5ce on s %ort-liv$ a plant1 & t only quick-act+ manures %\ld be us$4 ,:]e f>my>d manure is appli$1 x %\ld be to ! prec$+ crop2 & ?is is advisable = m reasons ?an "o4 ,importance ( uni=m ,manur+ ( ,b>ley4 ,! use to :i* b>ley is put--viz41 = malt+ purposes--r5d]s ! uni=mity ( its composition a po9t ( great importance4 ,s9ce its quality is v l>gely influ5c$ by its treatm5t ) manures1 special c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 _! application4 ,gr[n z x g5]ally is aft] roots1 f$ (f ) %eep1 its quality1 x is alleg$1 is apt to suff] f ! unequal di/ribution ( ! manure appli$ 9 ?is way4 ,x has consequ5tly be5 recomm5d$1 9 ord] to avoid ?is inequality1 r to gr[ a :eat crop imm$iately prec$+ ! b>ley4 ,norfolk ,exp]im5ts on ,b>ley4 ,mr ,cooke1 9 summ+ up ! results ( ! int]e/+ ,norfolk exp]im5ts on b>ley1 po9ts out t 9 ^! exp]im5ts b>ley always 0 b5efit$ by nitrog5\s manures1 sometimes by sup]phosphate ( lime1 & m r>ely by pota%2 t ( nitrog5\s manures ^? ( quicke/ action ex]t$ ! be/ influ5ce4 ,on an av]age x 0 f\nd t #a cwt4 nitrate ( soda p] acre gave an increase ( #h bu%els ( b>ley1 & #b cwt4 gave #ad bu%els2 :ile #c_/d cwt4 sulphate ( ammonia 7i4e41 ! am\nt conta9+ ! same quantity ( nitrog5 z #a cwt4 nitrate ( soda7 gave only #e-a_/b bu%els ( an increase1 & #a-a_/b cwt4 7 #b cwt4 nitrate ( soda7 gave #aj bu%els4 ,mr ,cooke recomm5ds ! foll[+ manures = ! b>ley crop4 ,f #a_/d to #a cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda1 accord+ to previ\s treatm5t ( soil2 f #a to #b cwt4 sup]2 & :]e x is requir$1 f #a_/b to #a cwt4 muriate ( pota%4 ,proportion ( ,gra9 to ,/raw4 ,pr(essor ,hellriegel1 ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man inve/igator1 has c>ri$ out mo/ elaborate exp]im5ts on a small scale1 ) a view to inve/igat+ ! habits ( ! b>ley plant4 ,9 ! mo/ p]fectly develop$ ( ^! plants1 gr[n "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 he f\nd t ! gra9 & /raw 7 ab\t equal 9 weight4 ,su* a proportion ( gra9 is1 h[ev]1 nev] realis$ 9 practice1 ! proportion ( #b ( gra9 to #c ( /raw be+ probably ! common "o4 ,,:eat4 ,:eat occupies ! fir/ position among/ c]eals1 9 respect ( ext5t ( cultivation1 9 ,engl&4 ,z a rule x is s[n 9 autumn1 al?\gh x is also s[n 9 spr+4 ,x is g5]ally tak5 aft] rotation grasses or a legum9\s crop1 su* z peas or beans1 or aft] potatoes or roots4 ,unlike b>ley1 x does be/ on a clay soil1 or at any rate on a firm soil1 & requires a moi/ se$-b$4 ,f ! fact t :eat is (t5 s[n aft] su* a crop z potatoes or a root crop to :i* a lib]al application ( manure has be5 giv51 x is n s necess>y to manure x except ) a top-dress+ ( nitrate ( soda4 ,9 %ort1 x is usually consid]$ highly desirable to get l& into good he>t be=e :eat1 s t ! :eat may obta9 its n\ri%m5t f ! residue ( ! previ\s crop & ! f>my>d manure previ\sly appli$4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 z a rule1 ! only manure x w be f\nd necess>y to add to :eat is a nitrog5\s manure1 su* z nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia1 /ill !re are circum/ances 9 :i* x w be well to supplem5t ^! by phosphatic or ev5 potassic manures4 ,on a light soil x may be advisable to add sup]phosphate ( lime1 guano1 or bone-meal1 9 quantities ( #b to #c cwt4 p] acre1 9 addition to a nitrog5\s manure4 ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts on ,:eat4 ,( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on ! gr[? ( :eat1 ^? :i* h n[ be5 9 progress = ov] half a c5tury at ,ro?am/$ are ! mo/ valuable & fam\s4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! comp>ative value ( nitrog5 & m9]al manures on ?is crop 0 /rik+ly exemplifi$4 ,! =m] gave a mo/ m>k$ increase 9 ! crop1 :ile ) ! latt] little or no increase 0 obta9$4 ,a comb9ation ( nitrog5\s & m9]al manures1 on ! o!r h&1 gave ! mo/ /rik+ results4 ,an explanation ( ^! results may be af=d$ by ! fact t 9 ord9>y f>m+ an excess ( m9]al matt]1 z comp>$ ) nitrates1 is return$ to ! soil 9 ! crop residues & 9 ! /raw ( ! f>my>d manure4 ,( nitrog5\s manures1 nitrate ( soda1 on ! :ole1 %[$ bett] results ?an sulphate ( ammonia4 ,cont9u\s ,gr[? ( ,:eat4 ,! possibility ( gr[+ fair crops ( :eat ye> aft] ye> = fifty ye>s on ! same l&1 & t )\t any manure :atev]1 is among ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! results ( ^! fam\s ,ro?am/$ :eat exp]im5ts4 ,flit*am ,exp]im5ts4 ,9 conclusion1 we may ref] to ,mr ,cooke's ,flit*am exp]im5ts4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ out = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! mo/ suitable manure = ! :eat crop "u diff]5t conditions4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to give ! recomm5dations made by ,mr ,cooke z ! practical outcome ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,he recomm5ds ! application ( #aj tons ( f>my>d manure on light or mix$ soils1 aft] rotation se$s1 pl\gh$ 9 9 ! autumn1 ) f #a_/d to #a cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda1 s[n 9 ! spr+4 ,9 c]ta9 cases f>my>d manure w be suffici5t )\t ! nitrate ( soda4 ,:5 f>my>d manure is n available1 ! mo/ effective & economical sub/itute is #d cwt4 p] acre ( rape-cake1 pl\gh$ 9 9 ! autumn1 or #a cwt4 ( sulphate ( ammonia1 s[n 9 ! spr+1 )1 9 ei!r case1 #a cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda z a spr+ top-dress+4 ,9 addition to ! above1 on l& 9 d\btful agricultural condition1 or exceptionally defici5t 9 "o or o!r ( ^! +r$i5ts1 ,mr ,cooke recomm5ds ! addition ( #b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 or #a cwt4 muriate ( pota%1 or bo? ( ^! manures1 pl\gh$ or h>r[$ 9 9 autumn4 ,,oats4 ,l b>ley1 oats are g5]ally s[n 9 spr+1 &1 l b>ley1 may be describ$ z a %all[-root$ crop4 ,!y require1 !re=e1 manures :i* are readily available1 & _! dem&s on ! diff]5t f]tilis+ +r$i5ts are v simil> to b>ley4 ,! manures :i* w pay be/1 consequ5tly1 = oats1 are nitrate ( soda1 us$ z a top-dress+1 & sup]phosphate ( lime1 appli$ along ) ! se$4 ,probably ^u no o!r crop is nitrate ( soda s safe & s effective z ^u oats4 ,9 "s respects1 h[ev]1 oats diff] /rik+ly f b>ley4 ,a v h>dy ,crop4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 oats are a mu* h>di] crop ?an b>ley or :eat4 ,!y c gr[ on a wond]fully wide range ( soil1 & "u comp>atively adv]se circum/ances1 bo? ( climate & situation4 ,!y are bett] suit$ = a damp climate su* z our own ?an a w>m climate4 ,!y may be describ$ z ( all crops ! lea/ fa/idi\s1 & w fl\ri% on s&y1 peaty1 or clayey soils4 ,:ile ?is is s1 !y %[ a pref]5ce = soils ri* 9 decay$ vegetable matt]4 ,x is = ?is reason t !y fl\ri% s well on soils fre%ly brok5 up f pa/ure1 & are (t5 ! fir/ crop to be gr[n on su* soils4 ,require mix$ ,nitrog5\s ,manur+4 ,/oeckh>dt has f\nd1 9 exp]im5ts on ! manur+ ( ! oat crop1 t !y gre$ily absorb nitrog5 dur+ ne>ly ! :ole p]iod ( _! gr[?1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x is desirable to manure !m ) a mix$ nitrog5\s manure :i* %all conta9 nitrog51 bo? 9 a readily available =m to supply ! plant dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( its gr[?1 & 9 a less available =m = ! lat] /ages ( gr[?4 ,he 0 ( ! op9ion t 9 ?is way a cont9u\s & satisfactory gr[? ( ! crop w\ld be promot$4 ,ar5dt's ,exp]im5ts4 ,! oat-plant has be5 made ! subject ( _m elaborate inve/igations4 ,( ^!1 ^? c>ri$ out by ,ar5dt are ! mo/ elaborate & be/ kn[n4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! composition ( ! oat-plant at diff]5t /ages ( gr[? 0 inve/igat$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! oat-plant increas$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( its life1 & t two-?irds ( ! nitrog5 absorb$ 0 absorb$ dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( gr[?4 ,x has s9ce be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! absorption ( nitrog5 is v mu* influ5c$ by circum/ances4 ,inde$ its composition is peculi>ly susceptible to ! influ5ce ( manures1 & especially ! influ5ce ( wea!r4 ,?us ,ar5dt f\nd t ! assimilation ( nitrog5 is *eck$ by cold wet wea!r2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is promot$ by w>m dry wea!r4 ,! gra9 ( oats gr[n 9 w>m seasons is bett] develop$1 & 9 composition m nutriti\s 7i4e41 conta9s m nitrog571 ?an t ( oats gr[n 9 wet seasons1 :ile ! rev]se is ! case ) ! /raw4 ,av59e4 ,a po9t ( consid]able int]e/ 9 connection ) ! composition ( oats is ! fact t x conta9s a body :i* ex]ts a /rik+ly /imulat+ effect on ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! animal1 & to :i* ! "n av59e has be5 giv54 ,quantities ( ,manures4 ,! quantities ( manures :i* may be appli$ to ! oat crop are simil> 9 am\nt to ^? :i* ought to be appli$ to b>ley--f #a_/b to #a cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda1 & f #b to #c cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 ! oat crop receives directly little or no manure4 ,9 ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&'s exp]im5ts1 sulphate ( ammonia 0 f\nd to be ( v mu* less value ?an nitrate ( soda z a manure = oats4 ,pota% manures1 especially muriate ( pota%1 _h a v b5eficial effect4 ,! g5]al conclusions drawn f ^! exp]im5ts 71 t ! treatm5t ( ! l& %\ld be su* z to accumulate organic matt] 9 x1 to prev5t too great a loss ( moi/ure1 & to provide ! "y plant ) manures t come spe$ily into op]ation4 ,,grass4 ,! manur+ ( grass is a "q ( v great int]e/ & importance1 b is1 at ! same "t1 beset ) peculi> difficulties4 ,grass is gr[n "u two conditions--fir/1 t gr[n on soils exclusively set ap>t = its cont9u\s gr[? 7p]man5t pa/ure72 & secondly1 t gr[n = ! purpose ( be+ conv]t$ into hay & ( provid+ pa/ure 9 ! ord9>y rotation ( crops 7rotation se$s74 ,! manur+ ( ! =m] is some:at diff]5t f ! manur+ ( ! latt]4 ,effect ( ,manure on ,h]bage ( ,pa/ures4 ,! nature ( ! h]bage gr[+ on pa/ure is v mu* influ5c$ by ! manure appli$4 ,?is1 inde$1 is "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y features connect$ ) ! manur+ ( grass1 & has be5 especially obs]v$ 9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! diff]5t manures on ! v>i\s k9ds ( h]bage has be5 inve/igat$ ) great c>e4 ,! h]bage con/itut+ pa/ure is1 z e f>m] kn[s1 ( a v>i$ description4 ,we h 9 pa/ures a mixture ( plants belong+ bo? to ! gram9e\s & legum9\s classes1 z well z a v>iety ( we$s4 ,n[ ! result ( ! application ( diff]5t manures t5ds respectively to fo/] ! diff]5t k9ds ( grasses4 ,?us :5 "o k9d ( manure is appli$1 grasses ( "o k9d t5d to pr$om9ate & cr[d out grasses ( ano!r4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! m highly pa/ure-l& is manur$ ! simpl] is ! nature ( its h]bage 7t is1 ! few] are ! diff]5t k9ds ( h]bage gr[+ on x74 ,unmanur$ pa/ure1 on ! o!r h&1 is m complex 9 its h]bage4 ,! result is1 t ! application ( manure to pa/ure-l& is att5d$ ) c]ta9 dang]s4 ,to ma9ta9 good pa/ure x is desirable to effect a prop] balance betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( grasses4 ,= ?is reason p]man5t pa/ure may be said to be1 ( all crops1 ! lea/ commonly manur$4 ,z a rule x is only manur$ by ! dropp+s ( ! cattle & %eep fe$+ ^u x4 ,influ5ce ( ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,x is f\nd t ! influ5ce ( f>my>d manure ^u ! composition ( ! pa/ure does n t5d1 to ! same ext5t1 to ! undue developm5t ( "o type ( h]bage ov] ano!r2 & 9 ?is respect x is probably to be pref]r$ to artificial manures4 ,! same reasons1 h[ev]1 d n hold ) reg>d to rotation se$s1 :]e an abundant gr[? is desir$1 & complexity ( h]bage is n s important4 ,a fur!r reason :i* exi/s = ! manur+ ( mead[-l& is ! great] impov]i%m5t ( ! soil tak+ place "u su* conditions4 ,z illu/rat+ ! influ5ce ( diff]5t manures on diff]5t k9ds ( h]bage1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 ,new ,engl& wood-a%es1 a manure commonly us$ !re1 h be5 obs]v$1 :5 appli$ to pa/ure1 to br+ 9 :ite clov]1 & t ! application ( gypsum _h ! same effect4 ,an explanation ( ?is fact may be f\nd 9 ! influ5ce ( pota% on legum9\s crops4 ,! *ief value ( wood-a%es z a manure is due to ! l>ge p]c5tage ( pota% !y conta91 :ile ! value ( gypsum is probably to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t x has an indirect action1 & sets free pota% f its in]t comp\nds 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts ?is po9t has be5 v]ifi$1 & pota% has be5 %[n to increase ! proportion ( legum9\s plants on a grass-field4 ,nitrog5\s manures1 on ! o!r h&1 m especially sulphate ( ammonia1 h be5 f\nd to increase ! proportion ( grasses prop]1 & to dim9i% ! proportion ( legum9\s plants4 ,! effect ( f>my>d manure1 :ile less m>k$ 9 induc+ simplicity ( h]bage1 has a simil> effect to sulphate ( ammonia2 :ile phosphates & o!r m9]al manures ex]cise an influ5ce simil> to t ( pota%4 ,mixtures ( m9]al & nitrog5\s manures gave ! l>ge/ returns obta9$1 b _! influ5ce 0 to increase ! proportion ( grasses prop]4 ,sewage irrigation also t5ds *iefly to develop grasses4 ,influ5ce ( ,soil & ,season on ,pa/ures4 ,manures are n ! only factors influ5c+ ! quality ( pa/ures4 ,! nature ( ! soil1 z well z ! age ( ! pa/ure & ! "* ( ! season1 ex]t a v consid]able influ5ce4 ,grass gr[+ on damp or badly dra9$ soil is inv>iably ( poor quality1 ! co>s] grasses pr$om9at+4 ,old pa/ures1 aga91 are g5]ally ( bett] quality ?an new ones4 ,,manur+ ,,( ,,mead[-,,l&4 ,nitrate ( soda is a common manure = grass gr[n = hay4 ,x is (t5 appli$ at ! rate ( #b or #c cwt4 p] acre4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to apply x 9 small] doses4 ,on soils :]e lime is abundant1 sup]phosphate may be appli$1 if necess>y1 at ! rate ( #b or #c cwt4 p] acre1 or bones at a simil> rate4 ,basic slag has be5 f\nd to meet ) good results z a manure = grass-l&1 especially :]e ! soil is ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,bangor ,exp]im5ts4 ,mr ,gil*ri/ ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,bangor1 z a result ( num]\s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,wales1 recomm5ds = rye-grass & clov] hay on l& 9 good condition #a cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia p] acre1 ! =m] be+ appli$ ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 ! latt] dur+ ,m>*4 ,= l& 9 poor condition1 ! addition ( #b cwt4 ( sup]phosphate is recomm5d$--?is to be appli$ "s "t betwe5 ,decemb] & ,m>*4 ,f>my>d manure may be usefully appli$ to "y grass & clov] se$s 9 ! autumn1 m especially on light soils4 ,= mead[-l& :i* is gr[+ hay e ye>1 ,mr ,gil*ri/ fur!r recomm5ds ! foll[+ #d-;c\rse rotation ( manur+3-- ,fir/ ye>1 #ae tons f>my>d manure1 appli$ 9 ! autumn4 ,second ye>1 #a cwt4 nitrate ( soda4 ,?ird ye>1 #d cwt4 basic slag or #c cwt4 sup]phosphate & #a cwt4 nitrate ( soda4 ,f\r? ye>1 #a cwt4 nitrate ( soda4 ,norfolk ,exp]im5ts4 ,mr ,cooke1 f 8 ,norfolk exp]im5ts1 recomm5ds ! foll[+ manures = rotation se$s3-- ,"o to #a-a_/b cwt4 nitrate ( soda z a top-dress+ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,:]e ! clov] plant is a good "o1 & x is p>ticul>ly desir$ to cultivate x1 he recomm5ds z a dress+ #a cwt4 ( muriate ( pota% p] acre1 to be appli$ imm$iately aft] ! clov] is s[n4 ,! practice ( dress+ gr[+ se$s 9 _! fir/ w9t] has1 s f> z ! exp]im5ts 9 ,norfolk g1 less to recomm5d x ?an ! e>li] dress+4 ,,manur+ ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,pa/ures4 ,9 ?is case ! manure %\ld be appli$ s z n to impair ! quality ( ! h]bage4 ,sl[-act+ manures are consequ5tly be/1 su* z basic slag or bones1 :i* h be5 f\nd to be ( special value4 ,on wet or m>%y l& aft] dra9+1 lime is p]haps "o ( ! be/ manures to apply 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,z we h already said1 f>my>d manure w d m to ma9ta9 ! quality ( pa/ure ?an any k9d ( artificial manure4 ,mr ,cooke is ( op9ion t no sy/em ( manur+ yet discov]$ w bo? ?ick5 & improve ! h]bage at all equally 9 success to ! c>eful & regul> fe$+ ^u ! grass ( cattle or %eep1 ! animals hav+ a good all[ance ( decorticat$ cotton-cake1 or ev5 ( l9se$-cake4 ,,roots4 ,( all crops roots may be said to require ! mo/ lib]al application ( manure1 & to respond mo/ freely to x4 ,!y conta9 l>ge quantities ( ! f]tilis+ +r$i5ts--nitrog51 phosphates1 & pota%--& may be reg>d$ z exce$+ly exhau/ive crops4 ,?is is especially ! case ) reg>d to mangels1 :i* make p>ticul>ly l>ge dem&s on a soil's f]tilis+ +r$i5ts4 ,turnips are *>act]is$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( sulphur !y conta92 &1 accord+ to "s1 ?is expla9s ! b5eficial effect :i* gypsum has :5 appli$ to !m z a manure4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m probably to be expla9$ by ! indirect action ( gypsum 9 sett+ free ! pota% ( ! soil4 ,! fact t ! successful cultivation ( root crops dep5ds on ! application ( l>ge quantities ( manure1 is recognis$ 9 practice1 z !y receive ! mo/ manure ( any crop ( ! rotation4 ,roots fl\ri% be/ on a light soil :i* is nei!r too wet nor too dry2 b ) lib]al manur+ & c>eful tillage1 !y may be said to d well on any soil4 ,mangels are g5]ally m b5efit$ by ! application ( nitrog5\s manures ?an are turnips or sw$es1 :i*1 x w\ld seem1 h a great] p[] ( absorb+ nitrog5 f ! soil ?an ! fir/-nam$ crop2 b x is a mi/ake to suppose t any ( ! root crops are n dep5d5t on a ready supply ( nitrog52 & ! fact t l>ge crops ( turnips c (t5 be gr[n by ! application ( sup]phosphate alone1 may be tak5 z a pro( t ! soil conta9s pl5ty ( nitrog54 ,mangels are1 f _! deep] roots1 m capable ( draw+ _! supply ( phosphoric acid f ! soil ?an turnips4 ,!y respond1 !re=e1 z a rule1 less freely ?an turnips or sw$es to an application ( sup]phosphate4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may say t ! *>act]i/ic manure = turnips is sup]phosphate1 & t = mangels is a nitrog5\s manure su* z nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia4 ,a special reason = manur+ root crops is ! fact t !y are m liable to disease ?an o!r crops2 & ?is is especially ! case 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! gr[?4 ,"o ( ! great b5efits conf]r$ on ! turnip crop by an application ( sup]phosphate1 is ! help x gives ! crop to pass safely ! critical p]iod ( its gr[?4 ,! sup]phosphate is be/ drill$ 9 ) ! se$1 9 quantities v>y+ f #c to #e cwt4 ,9 ,scotl&1 x may be well to po9t out1 ! manure appli$ to ?is crop is v mu* 9 excess ( ! am\nt cu/om>ily appli$ 9 ,engl&2 = 9 ! =m] c\ntry l>g] applications ( manure may be pr(itably employ$4 ,roots g5]ally receive a l>ge dress+ ( f>my>d manure4 ,salt has be5 f\nd 9 "s di/ricts to h a v good effect on ! mangel crop1 & pota% is (t5 f\nd to amply repay application4 ,influ5ce ( ,manure on ,composition4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ po9t 9 connection ) ! manur+ ( roots is ! effect ( manure on _! composition4 ,?is has be5 mo/ elaborately inve/igat$ at ,ro?am/$ & else:]e4 ,?us x has be5 f\nd t ! effect ( ! application ( excessive quantities ( nitrog5\s manures is to produce too great a developm5t ( leaves at ! exp5se ( ! roots4 ,nitrog5\s ,manures increase ,sug> 9 ,roots4 ,nitrog5\s manures also t5d to increase ! proportion ( sug> & dim9i% ! proportion ( nitrog5\s matt] 9 roots4 ,?is has an important be>+ on ! treatm5t ( roots :i* are cultivat$ = _! sug>1 su* z beets1 9 ! gr[? ( :i* nitrate ( soda is ! *ief artificial manure appli$4#bde ,! leaf1 x may be po9t$ out1 conta9s a l>g] p]c5tage ( dry matt]1 bo? 9 sw$es & 9 turnips1 ?an ! root4 ,am\nt ( ,nitrog5 recov]$ 9 ,increase ( ,crop4 ,) reg>d to ! am\nt ( nitrog5 recov]$ 9 ! increas$ crop ( mangel & roots :5 manur$ ) diff]5t nitrog5\s manures1 x 0 f\nd at ,ro?am/$1 z an av]age ( six ye>s1 t ! foll[+ p]c5tages ( nitrog5 7 recov]$3 ,:5 nitrate ( soda 0 appli$1 #fj p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 x conta9$ 0 recov]$ 9 ! increas$ crop2 :5 ammonia salts 7 appli$1 #eb p] c5t2 :5 rape-cake 0 us$1 #ej p] c5t2 & :5 a mixture ( rape-cake & ammonia salts 0 us$1 #df p] c5t4 ,x may be po9t$ out t ! influ5ce ( season & climate on ! composition ( root crops is v great--great]1 inde$1 ?an on any o!r crop4 ,l oats1 turnips gr[ bett] 9 ,scotl& ?an 9 ,engl&1 ! moi/] climate ( ! =m] c\ntry be+ m suitable = _! maximum developm5t1 & h5ce ! economy ( maximum dress+s 9 ,scotl&4 ,norfolk ,exp]im5ts4 ,9 conclusion1 a few words may be said on ! ,norfolk exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ out "u ! direction ( ,mr ,cooke = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! be/ & mo/ economical manure = mangels & sw$es on diff]5t ,norfolk soils4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t sup]phosphate _h n mu* effect 9 produc+ increase ( crop 9 ! case ( mangels2 t ! be/ nitrog5\s manure 0 nitrate ( soda2 & t on ! :ole x 0 n economical to apply f>my>d manure at ! rate ( m ?an #aj tons p] acre4 ,x 0 fur!r f\nd t1 al?\gh ei!r pota% or common salt gave a decid$ increase 9 weight ( roots1 x 0 n necess>y to give bo? ^! manures at once1 ei!r ( !m be+ ab\t z effective z ! o!r4 ,mr ,cooke recomm5ds ! foll[+ manures z be/ suit$ = mangels--viz41 #b cwt4 nitrate1 #c cwt4 common salt1 & #b cwt4 sup]phosphate4 ,^u c]ta9 soils peculi>ly adapt$ to mangels1 & 9 w>m localities :]e l>g] crops ?an #be to #cj tons p] acre are habitually gr[n1 x w\ld probably pay to increase or to d\ble ! above quantity ( nitrate ( soda4 ,t5 tons ( f>my>d manure may1 if pref]r$1 be sub/itut$ = all or a "p ( ! nitrate ( soda1 or may ev5 be us$ 9 addition to x1 accord+ to ! res\rces ( ! f>m] 9 respect ( x1 & ! return he desires to get f ! dung 9 ! fir/ ye> ( application or 9 future ones4 ,x is be/ to apply ! nitrate ( soda 9 two in/alm5ts--half at ! "t ( se$+1 & half z a top-dress+ imm$iately aft] ! fir/ h&-hoe+ ( ! roots4 ,a ?ird dress+ may (t5 be giv5 ) advantage a mon? lat]4 ,manure = ,sw$es4 ,z a complete & economical dress+ = sw$es 9 ,norfolk1 ,mr ,cooke recomm5ds #c to #d cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #a cwt4 sulphate ( ammonia1 & #a_/b cwt4 ( muriate ( pota%4 ,occasionally x may be f\nd advisable to r$uce ! quantity ( sulphate ( ammonia1 or to leave x out altoge!r2 & 9 o!r cases ! pota% may be judici\sly omitt$4 ,! entire mixture %\ld be s[n at ! "t ( drill+ ! turnips4 ,if f>my>d manure is us$--& if us$ x %\ld be appli$ 9 a well-decompos$ /ate--no o!r manure ?an #c cwt4 ( sup]phosphate w be requir$4 ,highl& ,society's ,exp]im5ts4 ,valuable exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out on ! subject ( manur+ ( turnips by ,dr ,a4 ,p4 ,aitk51 = ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results to be ga!r$ f ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! effect ( a dissolv$ phosphate z comp>$ ) a gr\nd phosphate is to produce a turnip ( less fe$+ value4 ,sup]phosphate _h a bett] effect :5 appli$ 9 ,april ?an :5 appli$ ) ! se$ 9 ,june4 ,x 0 fur!r f\nd t :5 ! nitrog5\s manure 0 giv5 entirely 9 ! =m ( nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia1 ! latt] produc$ a d5s] & s\nd] turnip4 ,la/ly1 ) reg>d to ! application ( pota%1 x 0 f\nd t ! be/ way 0 to apply x sev]al mon?s be=e s[+4 ,! effect ( pota% manures is to increase ! am\nt ( turnips1 b to ret>d ! rip5+ ( ! bulbs4 ,! effect ( excessive pota% manur+ is to greatly injure ! crop4 ,manur+ = ri* ,crops ( ,turnips4 ,9 ,dr ,aitk5's own words3 ,9 ord] to gr[ a l>ge & at ! same "t a heal?y & nutriti\s crop ( turnips1 su* a sy/em ( manur+ or treatm5t ( ! soil1 by fe$+ or o!rwise1 %\ld be practis$ z w result 9 ! g5]al enri*+ & rais+ ( ! condition ( ! l&1 s t ! crop may gr[ naturally & gradually to maturity4 ,= t purpose a l>g] application ( sl[ly act+ manures1 ( :i* bone-meal may be tak5 z ! type1 is mu* bett] suit$ ?an small] applications ( ! m quickly act+ k9d4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( quickly act+ manure is v b5eficial to ! crop1 especially 9 its y\?2 b ! great bulk ( ! n\ri%m5t :i* ! crop requires %\ld be ( ! sl[ly rott+ or dissolv+ k9d1 z uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! soil z possible4 ,exp]im5ts by ! ,au?or4 ,exp]im5ts by ! au?or on turnip-manur+1 c>ri$ out 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,s\? & ,we/ ( ,scotl&1 %[$ t :ile f>my>d manure is valuable 9 giv+ ! crop a good />t & br++ x well =w>d dur+ ! p]iod ( g]m9ation & e>ly gr[?1 by supply+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( easily assimilable plant-food1 & 9 ! case ( dry wea!r attract+ a quantity ( moi/ure1 its application 9 quantities ( #bj or ev5 #aj tons p] acre c sc>cely be reg>d$ z pr(itable1 giv+ to f>my>d manure a nom9al value ( a few %ill+s a ton4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts slag prov$ itself a mo/ valuable manure1 inde$ "o ( ! mo/ economical ( all ! manures exp]im5t$ )4 ,!y fur!r %[$ t heavy dress+s ) sup]phosphate1 am\nt+ to z mu* z #h cwt4 p] acre1 are1 f an economical po9t ( view1 z a rule ju/ifiable 9 ,scotl&2 & t nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia possess practically equal value z a manure = turnips4 ,9 almo/ e "o ( ! exp]im5ts ! b5efit ( supplem5t+ sup]phosphate ) nitrog5\s manure 0 %[n4 ,pota% 0 also f\nd 9 _m cases to be a ?or\ghly pay+ manure = ! turnip crop1 :5 x 0 appli$ along ) nitrog5 & phosphates2 b :5 appli$ alone1 f> f ex]cis+ any appreciable b5efit1 x seem$ to ex]t an injuri\s action4 ,,potatoes4 ,potatoes are (t5 class$ along ) ! root crops1 & 9 _! manurial requirem5ts !y (f] _m po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,next to root crops1 !y may be said to make ! mo/ exhau/ive dem&s on ! soil1 & !re=e require a lib]al g5]al manur+4 ,a po9t ( importance 9 ! manur+ ( potatoes is a good til? 9 ! soil1 s z to enable a free expansion ( ! tub]s to take place4 ,!y may be said to gr[ be/ on deep w>m soils2 b1 l roots1 if lib]ally manur$1 !y may be successfully gr[n on any k9d ( soil4 ,f>my>d manure has long be5 reg>d$ z specially valuable = ! potato crop4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,scotl& x is appli$ 9 enorm\s quantities1 rang+ f #bj to ev5 #dj tons p] acre4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! value ( f>my>d manure1 z well z o!r bulky manures1 = ! potato crop1 is p>tly due to _! me*anical influ5ce on ! soil4 ,potatoes are surface-fe$]s1 & require _! food 9 a readily available condition4 ,x is f\nd desirable1 !re=e1 to supplem5t f>my>d manure by readily available artificial manures4 ,potatoes repay ! application ( a mix$ manure conta9+ all ! f]tilis+ +r$i5ts--nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%--bett] ?an mo/ crops4 ,highl& ,society's ,exp]im5ts on ,potatoes4 ,! nitrog5 is1 accord+ to ! ,highl& ,society's exp]im5ts1 be/ appli$ 9 ! =m ( nitrate ( soda4 ,sulphate ( ammonia does n seem1 :5 f>my>d manure is also appli$1 to h an equally valuable effect1 z x influ5ces ! size ( ! tub]1 produc+ an undue proportion ( small potatoes4 ,:5 no f>my>d manure is appli$1 h[ev]1 sulphate ( ammonia seems to h a good effect1 especially 9 wet seasons4 ,) reg>d to ! nature ( ! phosphatic manure to be appli$1 sup]phosphate is to be pref]r$4 ,potatoes make l>ge dem&s on pota%1 & consequ5tly require potassic manures4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t !y receive l>ge applications ( f>my>d manure1 ! necessity = add+ pota% 9 ! =m ( artificial manures does n g5]ally exi/4 ,pota%1 if appli$ 9 too l>ge quantities1 has be5 f\nd to ex]t a delet]i\s effect4 ,we h already po9t$ out t muriate ( pota% t5ds to produce a waxy potato4 ,! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts ) ,potatoes4 ,! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5t]s h v fully inve/igat$ ! conditions ( ! manurial requirem5ts ( potatoes4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts potatoes 7 gr[n ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same field4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! effect ( m9]al manures alone 0 great] ?an ! effect ( nitrog5\s manures alone1 & t ( m9]al manures phosphates1 z a rule1 _h a bett] effect ?an pota%2 t "u ! action ( ! gr[? ( potatoes a great] exhau/ion ( phosphates ?an ( pota% takes place 9 ! soil2 & la/ly1 t x is ess5tial to h an abundant supply ( ! diff]5t f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 9 ord] to gr[ successful crops4 ,9 ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 ! sl[ action ( f>my>d manure 9 supply+ f]tilis+ +r$i5ts to ! potatoes is /rik+ly demon/rat$4 ,?us1 al?\gh f>my>d manure 0 appli$ at su* a rate t m ?an #bjj lb4 ( nitrog5 7 add$ to ! soil1 ! result 0 inf]ior to t obta9$ f ! application ( #hf lb4 ( nitrog5 appli$ 9 ! =m ( readily available artificial manure4 ,effect ( ,f>my>d ,manure on ,potatoes4 ,x may be said1 9 ?is respect1 t ! potato is less able to utilise ! f]tilis+ +r$i5ts ( f>my>d manure ?an any o!r ( ! f>m crops4 ,yet1 despite ?is fact1 f>my>d manure has be5 f\nd to be "o ( ! be/ manures to apply4 ,! reconciliation ( ^! seem+ly contradictory /atem5ts dep5ds on ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! f>my>d manure on ! me*anical condition ( ! soil1 r5d]+ x m por\s & easily p]meable to ! surface-roots1 ^u ! developm5t ( :i* ! success ( ! crop s mu* dep5ds4 ,! b5eficial effect ( f>my>d manure is also d\btless due to ! increas$ temp]ature :i* l>ge applications ( x produce 9 a soil4 ,sir ,j4 ,h5ry ,gilb]t1 9 8 well-kn[n ,cir5ce/] ,lecture on ! ,gr[? ( ,potatoes1 cites sev]al examples ( ! manurial treatm5t ( potatoes 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,=f>%ire1 f>my>d manure or /able manure is l>gely employ$ 7at ! rate ( #ab to #ad tons1 & 9 "s cases ev5 #bj tons p] acre71 & x is also l>gely supplem5t$ by artificial manures4 ,^! latt] are appli$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #aj cwt41 & consi/ ( sup]phosphate1 dissolv$ bones1 & pota% salts4 ,six tons ( potatoes are consid]$ a fair crop4 ,9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian ! manur+ is simil>1 ) ! exception t f>my>d manure is appli$ 9 ev5 l>g] quantities--#cj to #dj tons be+ (t5 us$4 ,sometimes potatoes are gr[n ) artificial manures alone4 ,x w\ld seem t ! usual crop ( potatoes ranges f #d to #h tons p] acre4 ,manur+ ( ,potatoes 9 ,j]sey4 ,! manur+ ( ! potato crop1 s l>gely gr[n 9 ,j]sey 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 is ( int]e/4 ,potatoes are !re gr[n two or ?ree ye>s1 !n corn1 !n grass = a few ye>s1 !n potatoes aga91 no special rotation ( crops be+ foll[$4 ,ei!r f>my>d manure or sea-we$ is appli$ at ! rate ( #be to #cj tons p] acre1 supplem5t$ by #h to #ab cwt4 ( artificial manures4 ,^! /atem5ts %[ h[ preval5t ! practice ( heavily manur+ ! potato crop is4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,manure on ! ,composition ( ! ,potato4 ,! influ5ce ( manure on ! composition ( ! potato crop is ( mu* int]e/4 ,potatoes gr[n )\t manure1 j z 9 ! case ( roots1 are f\nd to h a l>g] p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ?an potatoes gr[n ) manure4 ,! effect ( manur+1 !re=e1 is to increase ! proportion ( />*1 :i* is ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( ! potato4 ,m9]al manures h a great] effect 9 increas+ ! p]c5tage ( />* ?an purely nitrog5\s manures2 b :5 us$ toge!r1 a /ill great] increase is obta9$ ?an :5 us$ s+ly4 ,! effect ( nitrog5\s manures on ! composition ( roots & potatoes is ?us se5 to be simil>4 ,9 ! case ( bo? crops ! effect is to increase ! proportion ( ! *>act]i/ic c>bohydrate con/itu5t1 :i* 9 roots is sug>1 & 9 potatoes />*4 ,potatoes1 l roots1 are also mu* influ5c$ by ! season4 ,! effect ( season & manur+ on ! potato disease is wor?y ( notice4 ,wet seasons are fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! disease4 ,x has be5 f\nd t 9 a highly nitrog5\s manur$ crop ! proportion ( diseas$ tub]s is great] ?an 9 a non-manur$ crop4 ,,legum9\s ,,crops4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! manur+ ( crops ( ! legum9\s class 9 discuss+ ! manur+ ( mead[s & p]man5t pa/ure4 ,x 0 !re po9t$ out t ! t5d5cy ( c]ta9 manures 0 to enc\rage ! gr[? ( ! legum9\s plants ( ! h]bage1 :ile o!r manures _h ! effect ( enc\rag+ ^? ( ! gram9e\s class4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t a manure :i* _h ?is effect 0 pota%1 or any manure :i* ow$ its *>act]i/ic action to ! fact t x suppli$ pota% to ! soil or set x free 9 ! soil4 ,legum9\s ,plants b5efit by ,pota%4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to notice 9 manur+ legum9\s plants4 ,j z we c say t nitrog5\s manures are specially b5eficial to c]eals1 & phosphatic manures to roots1 s pota% is ! special manure = legum9\s crops4 ,nitrog5\s ,manures may actually be hurtful4 ,b we h1 fur!r1 an ev5 m /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( legum9\s crops to notice4 ,we h se5 t1 ) reg>d to ! crops already discuss$1 :ile !re are cases 9 :i* a f]tilis+ +r$i5t may be ( no value1 or may positively ex]t a hurtful action on ! crops1 su* cases are only exceptional4 ,) reg>d to legum9\s crops1 h[ev]1 we f9d t almo/ inv>iably !y d]ive little or no b5efit f ! use ( artificial nitrog5\s manures4 ,& ?is is all ! m /rik+ s9ce !y conta9 l>ge quantities ( nitrog5 9 _! composition--twice z mu* z ! c]eals4 ,! fact1 :i* has long be5 notic$ ) reg>d to c]ta9 memb]s ( ?is class ( plants1 su* z clov]1 t n only d !y conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog51 b t by gr[+ !m on a soil ! soil is l>gely enri*$ 9 ?is valuable f]tilis+ con/itu5t1 has long wait$ = a satisfactory explanation1 :i* at la/ has be5 =?com+4 ,! discov]y t legum9\s crops c draw on ! b\ndless /ore ( nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! air has done mu* to cle> up ! my/]y4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r problems ) reg>d to ! gr[? ( legum9\s plants :i* /ill await solution4 ,clov]-sickness4 ,"o ( ^! is ! fact t l& on :i* a legum9\s crop l clov] has be5 gr[+ = a numb] ( ye>s becomes unfit to support its gr[? any long]4 ,su* a soil is t]m$ clov]-sick2 & _m h be5 ! !ories put =w>d to expla9 ! ph5om5on1 b none ( !m c be reg>d$ z satisfactory4 ,! k t legum9\s plants h ! p[] ( d]iv+ _! nitrog5 f ! air1 furni%es u ) an economical means ( enri*+ our soils 9 nitrog54 ,by gr[+ legum9\s crops alt]nately ) c]eals1 = example1 ! air %\ld be made to furni% ! necess>y nitrog5\s manure4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 modifi$ =ms ( su* a practice h long be5 9 use--inde$ ! ord9>y rotations ( crops are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 adaptations ( ?is practice4 ,alt]nate ,:eat & ,beans ,rotation4 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t c>ri$ out at ,ro?am/$ may be "h cit$ :i* illu/rates 9 a /rik+ mann] ! tru? ( ! above /atem5t4 ,:eat & ! legum9\s crop beans 7 gr[n alt]nately4 ,x 0 f\nd t almo/ z mu* :eat 7conta9+ ne>ly z mu* nitrog57 0 yield$ 9 eight crops ( :eat s gr[n z 0 yield$ by sixte5 crops ( :eat gr[n consecutively 9 an adjo9+ field4 ,! mo/ commonly cultivat$ legum9\s crops are clov]1 beans1 & peas4 ,clov] hav+ be5 already discuss$1 we ne$ only say a ^w or two on ! manur+ ( beans & peas4 ,,beans4 ,beans d be/ on /rong l&1 &1 unlike "s ( ! crops consid]$1 d n require a p>ticul>ly f9e til?4 ,!y are g5]ally gr[n aft] c]eals1 & z a rule are s[n 9 spr+4 ,m r>ely1 h[ev]1 !y are s[n 9 autumn4 ,spr+-s[n beans take ab\t sev5 mon?s to come to maturity4 ,!y are mu* affect$1 l o!r crops1 b to a great] ext5t1 by ! nature ( ! season--a wet season induc+ an undue developm5t ( /raw4 ,manure = ,beans4 ,9 common practice ! manure us$ = ! bean crop is f>my>d manure1 appli$ to ! soil 9 autumn aft] ! h>ve/ ( ! :eat1 b>ley1 or o!r c]eal crop gr[n4 ,s common is ?is practice1 t ! belief commonly exi/s t f>my>d manure is necess>y = a successful bean crop4 ,b exp]im5ts conduct$ at ! ,highl& ,society's ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,pumph]/on %[ t full crops ( beans may be gr[n ) ! aid ( artificial manures on soils :i* h receiv$ no application ( f>my>d manure = t5 ye>s4 ,relative ,value ( ,manurial ,+r$i5ts4 ,9 ! ,app5dix#bdf w be f\nd a table giv+ ! results ( manurial exp]im5ts ) ! nitrog5\s1 phosphatic1 & pota% manures on beans1 c>ri$ out by ,dr ,a4 ,p4 ,aitk5 at ! ,highl& ,society's ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts x w be se5 t ! application ( phosphates & nitrog5\s manures1 ei!r alone or toge!r1 ex]t$ a comp>atively small effect 9 increas+ ! yield ( beans comp>$ ) t obta9$ ) pota%1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) phosphates4 ,z ,dr ,aitk5 says1 ,)\t pota% 9 ! manure1 ! o!r two +r$i5ts are ( v little use1 unless1 inde$1 ! l& be v ri* 9 pota%4 ,gypsum4 ,gypsum has a good effect on ! bean crop1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! lime x conta9s1 & ( its indirect action 9 sett+ free pota%4 ,sup]phosphate is a mu* bett] manure ?an insoluble phosphates1 & simil>ly1 9 ! few cases :]e nitrog5\s manures are b5eficial1 ! spe$ie/ act+ are be/4 ,h5ce nitrate ( soda is to be pref]r$ to o!r nitrog5\s manures4 ,:5 x is appli$1 x %\ld be appli$ 9 small quantities4 ,a sl[-act+ nitrog5\s manure is positively injuri\s2 s also1 accord+ to ,dr ,aitk51 is nitrate ( soda1 appli$ z a top-dress+ to ! crop4 ,( pota% manures1 ! muriate seems to be m effective ?an ! sulphate4 ,effect ( ,manure on ,composition ( ,crop4 ,la/ly1 we may ref] to ! effect ( manures on ! composition ( ! crop4 ,?is is1 on ! :ole1 v slight1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ! effect manures ex]t on ! composition ( su* crops z turnips or potatoes4 ,x is ! quantity & n ! quality ( ! crop :i* ! manure affects 9 ! case ( beans4 ,,peas4 ,peas are n gr[n to any?+ l ! same ext5t z beans4 ,z a rule1 :5 !y are cultivat$ x is along ) beans1 :5 !y are necess>ily manur$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,if gr[n alone1 h[ev]1 x may be well to po9t out t peas d be/1 unlike beans1 on light1 friable1 *alky loam4 ,:5 gr[n 9 clay !y t5d to develop an undue am\nt ( /raw4 ,! effect ( season on ! crop is simil> to t ex]t$ on ! bean crop4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be po9t$ out t x is alleg$ t ! effect ( f>my>d manure on peas is to =ce ! /raw4 ,9 conclud+ ?is *apt] a ^w or two may be said on ! manur+ ( two o!r crops :i* are cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry--viz41 hops & cabbages4 ,,hops4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! hop crop 9 ! matt] ( manures are r s+ul>4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t 9 ! case ( mo/ crops quick-act+ manures are to be pref]r$ to sl[-act+ manures4 ,) hops1 h[ev]1 ! case is v diff]5t2 = !y require1 & _c be successfully cultivat$ )\t1 sl[-act+ manures4 ,hops are especially b5efit$ by bulky nitrog5\s manures--su* z %oddy1 horn-meal1 hide-scraps1 ho(s1 rape-du/1 c42 & x is only :5 quick-act+ manures are appli$ along ) su* sl[-act+ manures t !y w ex]cise _! full influ5ce4 ,x is be/ to manure hops twice a-ye>1--9 spr+ ) f>my>d manure1 supplem5t$ by a sl[-act+ nitrog5\s manure1 su* z %oddy2 & aga9 9 summ] ) a m quickly act+ manure4 ,! dress+s appli$ to hops are enorm\s relatively to ^? us$ on o!r f>m crops4 ,,cabbages4 ,cabbages belong to t class ( crops kn[n z gross fe$]s1 to :i* any sort ( manure1 appli$ 9 almo/ any quantities1 does n come amiss4 ,cabbages gr[ be/ on good loams ) a well-dra9$ por\s subsoil1 al?\gh !y also d well on clay soils4 ,! quantity ( f]tilis+ +r$i5ts1 especially pota%1 :i* a l>ge crop ( cabbage removes f ! soil is v great4 ,!y consequ5tly require l>ge quantities ( manure1 & are especially b5efit$ by sal9e manures--su* z ka9it & common salt--& lib]al doses ( nitrate ( soda1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ effective ( manures = all ! cabbage tribe4 ,f>my>d manure may be appli$ ) b5efit 9 l>g] quantities ?an x w\ld be appli$ to any o!r crop4 ,,footnotes3 #bdd ,see 8 ,lecture on ! ,gr[? ( ,b>ley4 #bde ,small roots are f\nd to conta9 a l>g] proportion ( sug> ?an l>ge roots4 #bdf ,see ,note ,i41 p4 #ecj4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #ebf74 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,manur+ ,,( ,,beans4 ,exp]im5ts ) beans c>ri$ out at ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society's ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,pumph]/on1 %[+ ! effect ( pota%3-- ,no4 ( ,bu%els dress$ plots4 ,k9d ( manure4 gra91 p] acre4 #bg4 ,no manure #b-a_/b #ab4 ,phosphate 7bone-a%7 #e-a_/f #ah4 ,nitrate #f-a_/d #ba4 ,phosphate & nitrate #e-a_/c #bb4 ,pota% #bf-a_/b #ag4 ,pota% & phosphate #db-a_/c #aj4 ,pota%1 phosphate1 & nitrate #de-a_/b #ch4 ,pota%1 phosphate1 nitrate1 & gypsum #ea ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,application ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,mix+ ,,( ,,manures4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! manur+ ( ! diff]5t crops1 we may n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( "s po9ts 9 ! me?od ( application & on ! mix+ ( manures4 ,equal ,di/ribution ( ,manures4 ,a mo/ important object 9 apply+ manures is to effect equal di/ribution ( ! manure 9 ! soil4 ,?is is (t51 h[ev]1 unusually difficult to d1 especially 9 ! case ( artificial manures1 :]e ! quantity to be spread ov] a l>ge area ( ! soil is extremely small4 ,! difficulty 9 ! case ( f>my>d or o!r v bulky manure is n s great4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is difficulty 9 ! case ( artificial manures1 x is (t5 advisable to mix !m ) "s su* sub/ance z s&1 a%es1 loam1 peat1 or salt4 ,! manure is ?us dilut$ 9 /r5g?1 & a v mu* l>g] bulk ( sub/ance is obta9$ to "w )4 ,circum/ances mu/ decide :i* ( ^! sub/ances to use4 ,if ! soil be a heavy clay1 ! addition ( s& or a%es may h an important me*anical effect 9 improv+ its texture2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if x be a light soil1 ! addition ( peat may improve its me*anical condition4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t peat itself conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog51 & ?us =ms a manure ( "s value4 ,9 us+ loam or peat to mix ) artificial manures1 !y %\ld be fir/ dri$ & !n riddl$2 :ile if a%es be us$1 !y %\ld be previ\sly r$uc$ to a f9e /ate4 ,wood-a%es1 h[ev]1 mu/ be us$ ) caution1 & ought n to be mix$ ) ammoniacal manures1 z !y are apt to conta9 cau/ic alkali1 :i* w\ld t5d to drive (f ! ammonia 9 a volatile /ate4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$1 9 ord] to save tr\ble & effect equal di/ribution1 t ! manure to be appli$ %\ld always be made up to ! same am\nt1 s t ! f>m] by exp]i5ce may asc]ta9 ! rate at :i* to apply x4 ,& "h x may be well to say a ^w or two on ! subject ( mix+ manures--a subject ) :i* ! f>m] is n always s conv]sant z x is desirable 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 own pocket he %\ld be4 ,mix+ ,manures4 ,x is to be fe>$ t n unfrequ5tly indiscrim9ate mix+ may cause v s]i\s loss 9 ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t ( a manure4 ,x may be well1 !re=e1 to po9t out "o or two ( ! causes ( ! loss t is apt to ensue on ! mix+ ( diff]5t k9ds ( manures toge!r4 ,z ! subject dep5ds = its cle> compreh5sion on c]ta9 *emical elem5t>y pr9ciples1 x may be well = ! b5efit ( non-*emical read]s to /ate ^! pretty fully4 ,risks ( ,loss 9 ,mixtures4 ,! risks ( loss :i* may occur f ! mix+ ( artificial manures toge!r may be ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,"o is ! risk ( actual loss ( a valuable +r$i5t ?r\gh volatilisation2 ano!r is ! risk ( ! det]ioration ( ! value ( a mixture ?r\gh *ange ( ! *emical /ate ( a valuable +r$i5t4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ common & mo/ s]i\s s\rce ( loss is ! =m]4 ,( ! ?ree valuable manurial +r$i5ts--nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%--only ! fir/ is liable to loss by volatilisation1 & ?is g5]ally only :5 ! nitrog5 is ei!r 9 ! =m ( ammonia or nitric acid4 ,loss ( ,ammonia4 ,ammonia1 :5 uncomb9$1 is a v volatile gas ) a pung5t smell1 a prop]ty :i* enables its escape f a manure mixture to be v easily detect$4 ,x belongs to a class ( sub/ances :i* are kn[n *emically z bases1 & :i* h ! p[] ( comb9+ ) acids & =m+ salts4 ,sulphate ( ammonia is a salt =m$--z its "n indicates--by ! union ( ! base1 ammonia1 ) ! acid1 sulphuric acid4 ,n[ :5 ammonia unites ) sulphuric acid & =ms sulphate ( ammonia1 x is no long] volatile & liable to escape z a gas1 b becomes fix$1 z x is call$4 ,al?\gh mo/ salts are m or less /able bodies--n liable to *ange--if left alone1 & n submitt$ to a high temp]ature or *emical action1 !y c be easily decompos$ if !y are heat$ or br\ght into contact ) "s o!r sub/ance :i* w give rise to *emical action4 ,sulphate ( ammonia is a salt t is v easily decompos$4 ,?is is due to ! fact t its base1 ammonia1 is v volatile1 & n capable ( be+ held v firmly by an acid1 ev5 by sulphuric1 :i* is among ! lea/ volatile ( all ! common acids4 ,if1 !re=e1 sulphate ( ammonia be heat$ above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 or br\ght 9 contact ) any o!r sub/ance :i* w give rise to *emical action1 x is easily decompos$4 ,n[ a salt may be act$ ^u by a base or an acid or ano!r salt4 ,:5 x is br\ght 9 contact ) a base1 if ! base ) :i* x is br\ght 9 contact be a /rong] base ?an ! base ( ! salt1 ! salt is decompos$1 & a new salt is =m$4 ,! acid1 9 %ort1 ex*anges its old base = ! new "o4 ,effect ( ,lime on ,ammonia ,salt4 ,?is is exactly :at takes place :5 ! base lime comes 9 contact ) an ammonium salt1 su* z sulphate ( ammonia4 ,! sulphuric acid ex*anges its old base1 ammonia1 = ! /rong] base1 lime1 & sulphate ( lime is =m$1 & ammonia is set free z a gas1 & escapes & is lo/4 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 or any sub/ance 9 :i* !re is an ammonia salt1 mu/ nev] be br\ght 9 contact ) free lime1 o!rwise ! ammonia w be lo/1 & %\ld be h>r[$ 9 on *alky soils = ?is reason4 ,x is diff]5t entirely ) gypsum--:i* is sulphate ( lime--or phosphate ( lime1 bo? ( :i* may be safely mix$ ) sulphate ( ammonia )\t any dang] ( escape ( ammonia4 ,x foll[s f ! above t a mixture :i* mu/ on no acc\nt be tri$ is slag phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,?is is because ! slag phosphate conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( free lime1 :i* w\ld at once1 on be+ br\ght 9 contact ) ! sulphate ( ammonia1 decompose x1 & cause ! ammonia to be lo/4 ,= ?is same reason guano mu/ n be mix$ ) slag4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to w>n "o aga9/ s do+1 z x is n likely su* a mixture w\ld be made1 z ! ratio ( phosphoric acid to nitrog5 9 guanos is g5]ally great] ?an is requir$4 ,if x be desir$ to mix ! slag ) a quickly available =m ( nitrog51 nitrate ( soda is n liable to loss2 al?\gh = o!r reasons x is n desirable to apply nitrate ( soda along ) ! slag1 z ! =m] manure %\ld be appli$ almo/ always z a top-dress+4 ,loss ( ,nitric ,acid4 ,! risks ( ! loss ( nitrog5 9 ! =m ( nitric acid1 al?\gh n s great z !y are 9 ! case ( ammonia1 are /ill consid]able4 ,z nitric acid is n a base b an acid1 :at is to be avoid$ 9 mix+ nitrates is br++ !m 9 contact ) any o!r manure :i* conta9s ano!r free & /rong] acid--z1 = example1 sup]phosphate4 ,! free acid pres5t 9 sup]phosphate has ! t5d5cy to drive out ! nitric acid f ! nitrate & usurp its place4 ,! risk ( loss ( expulsion 9 ! above cases is always augm5t$ by ! rise ( temp]ature :i* inv>iably accompanies *emical action ( any k9d2 & al?\gh ! loss ( nitrog51 9 ! =m ( nitric acid1 caus$ by mix+ sup]phosphate & nitrate ( soda1 might1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 am\nt to v little1 yet1 if ! mixture 7 to be all[$ to /& any "t1 & ! temp]ature ( ! mass to be height5$1 ! loss :i* w\ld und\bt$ly !n ensue w\ld be consid]able4 ,! nitrog5 salt :i* x is safe to mix ) sup]phosphate is sulphate ( ammonia4 ,rev]sion ( ,phosphates4 ,b1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 !re is ano!r loss :i* may result f ! mix+ ( manures4 ,?is is ! det]ioration ( ! value ( an +r$i5t by reason ( *ange ( *emical condition4 ,?is is a s\rce ( loss t 0 little suspect$ a numb] ( ye>s ago1 b x is n[ well kn[n t sup]phosphate ( lime1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 is *ang$ f its soluble to an insoluble =m4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! rev]sion ( phosphate 9 ! *apt] on ! ,manufacture ( ,sup]phosphates4#bdg ,x 0 !re po9t$ out t rev]sion is (t5 caus$ by ! pres5ce ( iron & alum9a or undissolv$ phosphate1 & t ! risk ( rev]sion is !re=e v mu* less 9 a well-made article1 made f pure raw mat]ial1 ?an 9 "o made f a raw phosphate conta9+ mu* iron & alum9a4 ,sup]phosphates conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( insoluble phosphates ought n to be kept too long be=e be+ us$ z a manure1 o!rwise mu* ( ! lab\r & exp5se involv$ 9 _! manufacture w be lo/ by ! rev]sion ( _! soluble phosphate4 ,fur!r1 x is highly inadvisable to mix sup]phosphates ) basic slag1 :i* conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( bo? iron & free lime4 ,la/ly1 if x is desir$ to mix sup]phosphate ) insoluble phosphate1 ! mixture ought to be made j previ\s to application4 ,manurial ,+r$i5ts %\ld be appli$ sep>ately4 ,! "q ( apply+ manure 9 mixtures is "o on :i* consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion may exi/4 ,= _m reasons manures are (t5 bett] appli$ 9 ! unmix$ condition4 ,= example1 a mixture ( a quickly act+ nitrog5\s manure ) a sl[ly act+ phosphatic manure is n suitable4 ,9 su* a case ei!r ! nitrog5\s manure w be appli$ too long be=e x is requir$ by ! plant1 & ?us suff] f risk ( loss1 or ! phosphatic manure w n be appli$ long en\gh be=e x is likely to be us$4 ,by apply+ manures 9 an unmix$ condition ! *ances are t a m economical use ( !m is made ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! application ( ! sep>ate con/itu5ts may be desirable f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 x involves a consid]able am\nt ( extra tr\ble4 ,( c\rse a fur!r consid]ation is ! desirability 9 _m cases ( hav+ a complete manure4 ,! above h9ts1 !re=e1 on ! risks ( loss :i* exi/ 9 mix+ manures1 may be ( s]vice to ! agricultural /ud5t4 ,,footnotes3 #bdg ,see p4 #chi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,on ,,! ,,valuation ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,manures4 ,value ( ,*emical ,analysis4 ,! value ( a manure to ! f>m] dep5ds on ! proportion ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% x conta9s1 z well z--& ?is is h>dly less important--! condition 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts are pres5t4 ,s9ce ^! facts c alone be det]m9$ by a *emical analysis1 x is obvi\s t manures %\ld always be pur*as$ ) a *emical analysis4 ,x is un=tunate1 h[ev]1 t v (t5 a *emical analysis1 ev5 :5 procur$1 is un9telligible4 ,x may be ( advantage1 !re=e1 to say a ^w or two on ! correct int]pretation ( ! significance ( ! data furni%$ 9 ! ord9>y *emical analysis ( manures4 ,int]pretation ( ,*emical ,analysis4 ,! fir/ ?+ t ! f>m] ought to look = 9 ! analysis ( a manure is ! am\nt ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% :i* ! manure conta9s4 ,nitrog54 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 a manure is g5]ally /at$ z equal to its equival5t p]c5tage ( ammonia4 ,v (t51 inde$1 9 ! old] analyses1 its equival5t ( ammonia 0 alone /at$4 ,n[ ?is /atem5t does n necess>ily imply t ! nitrog5 9 a manure is actually pres5t 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 x is /at$ 9 an analysis ( bone-meal t x conta9s #c4e p] c5t ( nitrog51 equal to #d4bj p] c5t ( ammonia1 x is n to be inf]r$ t bone-meal actually conta9s nitrog5 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! nitrog5 is pres5t 9 an insoluble1 sl[ly available1 organic =m1 :i* possesses a manurial value v inf]ior to t possess$ by ammonia4 ,?is cu/om is a mo/ un=tunate "o1 & is mu* to be regrett$1 z x is (t5 liable to give rise to s]i\s misund]/&+4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 !re=e1 t an ord9>y *emical analysis does n always specify ! exact =m 9 :i* nitrog5 is actually pres5t4 ,x is nev]!less ( importance = ! f>m] to "k ?is1 ( :i* ! nature ( ! manure analys$ is g5]ally a good indication4 ,un=tunately ?is is n %[n 9 ! case ( mix$ manures2 & ?is con/itutes "o ( ! reasons :y mix$ manures are sometimes to be reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,! am\nt ( phosphates pres5t 9 a manure is usually /at$ 9 its analysis z s mu* phosphoric acid1 :ile 9 a footnote ! quantity ( tricalcic 7or ord9>y bone7 phosphate ?is am\nt is equival5t to is also giv51 ?is be+ ! unit ( valuation4 ,:5 ! phosphates are 9 a soluble condition !y are /at$ z su*1 & at ! same "t a /atem5t is made z to ! quantity ( tricalcic phosphate :i* w\ld be requir$ to furni% ?is am\nt by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid4 ,?us1 = example1 9 an analysis ( a sup]phosphate ( lime1 ! /atem5t1 monocalcic phosphate1 #ag4c p] c5t1 equal to tricalcic phosphate r5d]$ soluble1 #bg4b p] c5t1 means t x w\ld require #bg4b p] c5t ( tricalcic phosphate to furni% #ag4c p] c5t ( soluble phosphate4 ,p>adoxically en\gh1 ! =m] am\nt is call$ soluble phosphate1 & su* a sup]phosphate z ! above w\ld be describ$ z conta9+ #bg4b p] c5t ( soluble phosphate4 ,aga91 !re are diff]5t =ms ( ! s-call$ insoluble phosphates1#bdh al?\gh !y are (t5 n di/+ui%$ 9 a *emical analysis4 ,z we h already po9t$ out 9 ! *apt] on ,basic ,slag1 phosphoric acid occurs 9 ! slag 9 ! =m ( tetrabasic phosphate ( lime1 al?\gh x is inv>iably /at$ 9 analysis z s mu* tricalcic phosphate4 ,!n we h ! s-call$ dibasic phosphate ( lime1 ! =m into :i* soluble phosphate 9 sup]phosphate is conv]t$ :5 rev]sion takes place4 ,hi!rto x has n be5 cu/om>y 9 ?is c\ntry--al?\gh ! cu/om is preval5t bo? on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica--to di/+ui% 9 ! analysis ( a sup]phosphate ! rev]t$ phosphate f ! undissolv$ phosphate2 s9ce ! sup]ior value ( ! =m] z a manure is n recognis$ 9 ! manure-trade4#bdi ,importance ( ,me*anical ,condition ( ,phosphate4 ,a fur!r po9t to :i* x is desirable to draw att5tion is ! me*anical condition ( ! diff]5t insoluble phosphates1 :i* has an important influ5ce on _! value4 ,a v wide diff]5ce1 = example1 exi/s betwe5 ! value ( phosphate ( lime 9 su* a manure z ,mald5 guano & 9 ! cry/all9e m9]al apatite2 al?\gh1 *emically consid]$1 ! =m 9 :i* ! phosphoric acid is pres5t is ! same 9 bo? sub/ances4 ,pota%4 ,pota% ought only to occur 9 a soluble =m 9 manures4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ z s mu* pota%1 & 9 a footnote ! equival5t am\nt ( muriate or sulphate ( pota% is giv51 ! =m] be+ ! m conc5trat$ =m ( pota%4 ,= purposes ( ref]5ce a table w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix#bej giv+ "s useful factors = conv]t+ diff]5t =ms ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% into "o ano!r4 ,o!r ,items 9 ! ,*emical ,analysis ( ,manures4 ,! o!r items 9 ! analysis ( a manure are ( comp>atively second>y importance comp>$ ) ^? already nam$4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! moi/ure1 ! insoluble matt]1 & ! organic matt]4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure & ! am\nt ( s& are two items ( importance1 s9ce1 if ^! are excessive1 !y af=d presumption t ! manure has be5 adult]at$4 ,f]tilis]s & ,fe$+ ,/uffs ,act4 ,an ,act 0 pass$1 & came into op]ation 9 ,janu>y #ahid1 = ! purpose ( compell+ e v5dor ( manure manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry or import$ f abroad to give to ! pur*as] an invoice /at+ ! "n ( ! article1 & :e!r x is an artificially comp\nd$ article or n1 & :at is at lea/ ! p]c5tage ( ! nitrog51 soluble & insoluble phosphates1 & pota%1 if any1 conta9$ 9 ! article1 & ?is invoice %all h ! same effect z a w>ranty by ! sell] ( ! /atem5ts conta9$ !re94 ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,valu+ ,manures4 ,! monet>y value ( a manure dep5ds ^u a numb] ( m or less complicat$ comm]cial consid]ations1 su* z ! que/ions ( supply & dem&1 c41 :i* ne$ n "h be discuss$1 & :i* simil>ly regulate ! monet>y value ( any o!r article ( comm]ce4 ,unit ,value ( ,manurial ,+r$i5ts4 ,= ! purpose ( af=d+ data = asc]ta9+ ! approximate value ( a manure1 tables h be5 drawn up giv+ :at is call$ ! unit value ( ! diff]5t manurial +r$i5ts 9 v>i\s manures4 ,?is is obta9$ by divid+ ! m>ket value ( a manure p] ton by ! p]c5tage ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% x conta9s4 ,?us1 = example1 sulphate ( ammonia ( #ig p] c5t purity conta9s #be p] c5t ( ammonia1 & at pres5t 7,dec4 #ahic7 is valu$ at ,l#ac1 #aes4 p] ton4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! unit value ( ammonia 9 sulphate ( ammonia1 we h only to divide ,l#ac1 #aes4 by #be1 :i* gives u #aas4 ,! value ( su* tables dep5ds on ! compet5ce ( ^? draw+ !m up1 & !y require to be subject$ to con/ant revision4 ,9 ! ,app5dix w be f\nd two ( ^! tables1 tak5 f ! ',transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl&4'#bea ,intr9sic ,value ( ,manures4 ,b !re is ano!r way ( valu+ manures1 & t is by attempt+ to asc]ta9 :at _! intr9sic wor? is 9 produc+ an increase 9 ! returns ( ! crops4 ,( c\rse x may be said t ! intr9sic wor? ( manure affects directly its m>ket value4 ,?is is d\btless true1 b x is n ! only factor 9 det]m9+ ! m>ket value ( a manure4 ,aga91 ! intr9sic wor? ( a manure may be said to v>y accord+ to ! soil to :i* x is appli$ & ! climatic conditions4 ,?is be+ s1 x is important = e f>m] to try & asc]ta9 = himself :at ! intr9sic value ( diff]5t manures is on ! soil ( 8 f>m2 & ?is c only be done by c>ry+ out manur+ exp]im5ts = himself4 ,?is leads u to say a ^w or two on ! important subject ( ,field ,exp]im5ts4 ,x is impossible t e f>m %\ld be able to support an exp]im5t /ation = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out elaborate exp]im5ts on ! effect ( diff]5t manures on diff]5t crops4 ,nev]!less x is possible & highly desirable = e f>m] :o is engag$ 9 arable f>m+ on any scale to c>ry out simple exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! *>act]i/ic manurial requirem5ts ( 8 soil4 ,?is c be done at ! exp5diture ( a little "t & tr\ble1 & %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! field on :i* x is desir$ to c>ry out ! exp]im5ts %\ld be divid$ into ! requisite numb] ( exp]im5t plots4 ,^!1 :i* may be ! t5?1 tw5tie?1 or =tie? ( an acre 9 ext5t1 %\ld be1 if possible1 on a level piece ( gr\nd--all ( !m equally free f ! %elt] ( h$ge or tree1 & o!rwise subject$ to ! same conditions4 ,! nature ( ! soil ( ! diff]5t plots1 z well z its pa/ treatm5t1 %\ld be simil>4 ,x is desirable1 9 ord] to m9imise exp]im5tal error z mu* z possible1 to c>ry out ! exp]im5ts 9 duplicate1 or ev5 triplicate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re %\ld be :at is call$ a no?+ plot--i4e41 a plot receiv+ no manure4 ,! produce obta9$ f ?is plot1 comp>$ ) ! produce obta9$ f ! o!r manur$ plots1 w ?us furni% data = e/imat+ ! respective am\nts ( increase obta9$ by diff]5t manures4 ,"o v simple k9d ( exp]im5t is :at is call$ ! sev5-plot te/4 ,x consi/s 9 te/+ ! results obta9$ by us+ nitrog5\s1 phosphatic1 & pota% manures alone & 9 diff]5t comb9ations4 ,?us ! plots w\ld be manur$ respectively z foll[s3-- ,no4 ,no4 #a4 ,no?+ plot4 #e4 ,nitrog5 & phosphates4 #b4 ,nitrog54 #f4 ,nitrog5 & pota%4 #c4 ,phosphates4 #g4 ,phosphates & pota%4 #d4 ,pota%4 ,! subjects ( o!r exp]im5ts might be su* z ! respective values ( nitrog5 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( sulphate ( ammonia & nitrate ( soda2 phosphoric acid z sup]phosphate1 & 9 an undissolv$ =m z ,?omas-slag2 ! relative importance ( artificial & f>my>d manure2 ! effect ( manures appli$ at diff]5t times1 z well z ! effect ( diff]5t quantities ( ! same manure2 ! mo/ economical manures = diff]5t k9ds ( crops2 & num]\s o!r int]e/+ problems connect$ ) ! practical application ( manures4 ,9 c>ry+ out ^! exp]im5ts1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to h ! exp]im5tal plots imm$iately adjo9+ "o ano!r1 z ! manure appli$ to ! "o plot may1 by soak+ ?r\gh ! soil1 affect ! result on ! adjo9+ plot4 ,especial note ought to be tak5 ( ! wea!r dur+ ! progress ( ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ord] to make su* exp]im5ts z valuable z possible1 !y ought to be cont9u$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! exp]im5t ! produce obta9$ f ea* plot %\ld be c>efully weigh$4 ,educational ,value ( ,field ,exp]im5ts4 ,! educative value ( su* exp]im5ts is v great1 & 9 ?is connection ! rem>ks made by ,mr ,f4 ,j4 ,cooke1 9 a rec5t lecture deliv]$ to ! ,london ,f>m]s' ,club1 are wor?y ( mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,local exp]im5ts1 he says1 tea* ! simple pr9ciples :i* %\ld det]m9e ! selection ( manures1 z well z sci5tific accuracy & me?od 9 _! use4 ,! value ( exp]im5ts is ?us br\ght home to m5 :o w\ld n g f> to discov] x2 & ! practice ( a few simple trials ^u a correct sy/em1 ea* on 8 own f>m1 is enc\rag$4 ,t su* trials may be conduct$ ) v little exp5se to ! f>m]1 or o!r difficult qualifications1 & yet to 8 great practical advantage1 ,i w v5ture to ass]t on ! gr\nd ( my own p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,= "s tw5ty ye>s ,i h annually conduct$ private exp]im5ts on a v humble scale1 & am n aw>e ( any o!r sep>ate practice :i* has be5 s useful to me4 ,x has be5 pursu$ ^u two light-l& f>ms 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\nty4 ,yet1 9 respect ( manurial requirem5ts1 ! prop] treatm5t = "o ( !m has diff]$ s ess5tially f ! o!r t a common practice ^u bo? w\ld h be5 simply ru9\s4 ,value ( ,manures d$uc$ f ,exp]im5ts4 ,tables h be5 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( %[+ ! comp>ative value ( diff]5t k9ds ( manures z d$uc$ f su* exp]im5ts1 & may be fitt+ly comp>$ ) ! tables giv+ ! trade prices4 ,we h already quot$ "s ( ^! tables 9 ! ,app5dix to ! *apt] on ,m9]al ,phosphates4 ,^! tables %[ ! relative intr9sic value ( diff]5t =ms ( phosphatic manures4 ,9 ! ,app5dix#beb to ?is *apt] tables %[+ ! relative value ( diff]5t k9ds ( nitrog5\s & pota% manures w be f\nd4 ,value ( ,unexhau/$ ,manures4 ,a subject :i* has _h mu* att5tion devot$ to x ( late ye>s is ! "q ( ! value ( unexhau/$ manures 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act special provision is made = giv+ comp5sation to ! out-go+ t5ant ( a f>m = unexhau/$ manures 9 ! soil4 ,! ,act has giv5 rise to endless disputes betwe5 l&lord & t5ant1 ow+ to ! extreme difficulty ( arriv+ at a satisfactory e/imate ( :at ! value ( ! unexhau/$ manures 9 reality is4 ,! difficulty arises f ! fact t we h n suffici5t data available = guid+ u 9 e/imat+ ?is value1 :i* fur!r v>ies "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! f]tilis+ +r$i5ts ( a soil are pres5t 9 ! soil = ! mo/ "p 9 an in]t condition1 f :i* !y are only sl[ly conv]t$ into an available =m4 ,pot5tial ,f]tility ( a ,soil4 ,z indicat+ ! total am\nt ( ! m important m9]al +r$i5ts pres5t 9 a soil1 x may be m5tion$ t x has be5 calculat$1 9 ! case ( a poor s&y soil1 t ! am\nt ( pota% x conta9s 7provid$ x 7 9 an available condition7 w\ld be suffici5t to yield ?ree or f\r av]age crops ( potatoes2 ( phosphates1 n9ete5 av]age crops2 & ( lime1 sev5ty-?ree4 ,b !n only a v small am\nt ( ?is f]tilis+ matt] is 9 a readily available =m4 ,x is = ?is reason t artificial manures1 al?\gh add$ 9 su* small am\nts1 ex]cise s /rik+ an influ5ce 9 increas+ plants' gr[?4 ,_! effect1 h[ev]1 is to a l>ge ext5t only ( a tempor>y nature2 & 9 attempt+ to assess ! unexhau/$ value ( a manure a ye> or two aft] its application1 we mu/ rememb] ?is fact4 ,"s manures are v spe$ily tak5 up by plants1 & "s are v easily wa%$ out ( ! soil4 ,o!rs1 aga91 x w\ld seem highly probable1 h a t5d5cy to become conv]t$ into a m or less in]t condition aft] a :ile4 ,?is rem>k may be especially appli$ to ! f]tilis+ con/itu5ts 7*iefly nitrog57 9 f>my>d manure4#bec ,! :ole "q1 h[ev]1 is little und]/ood4 ,"o or two po9ts may be drawn att5tion to4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x may be safely affirm$ t little direct effect c be expect$ f su* quickly available & easily soluble =ms ( nitrog5\s manures z nitrate ( soda & sulphate ( ammonia a ye> aft] application4 ,pota% & phosphates1 on ! o!r h&1 may ex]cise an effect = a consid]ably long] p]iod2 & :at ! l5g? ( ?is p]iod may be w dep5d on _! am\nt & condition4 ,?us x is n likely t sup]phosphate w h mu* effect m ?an two ye>s aft] application4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* manures z bones1 basic slag1 & f>my>d manure may ex]t an appreciable influ5ce = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,h[ long exactly1 x is wellnigh impossible to say1 ! rate at :i* !y are appli$ & ! nature ( ! soil hav+ an important influ5ce4 ,tables ( ,value ( ,unexhau/$ ,manures4 ,num]\s tables h be5 drawn up = ! purpose ( guid+ f>m]s 9 e/imat+ ?is unexhau/$ value at diff]5t p]iods aft] application1 & 9 ! case ( diff]5t manures4 ,su* tables1 z a rule1 furni% only v r\gh approximations1 & are little bett] ?an m]e guess-"w4 ,/ill m complicat$ is ! attempt to assess ! manurial value ( foods consum$ by ! /ock ( ! f>m4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h devot$ mu* att5tion to ! elucidation ( ?is difficult "q1 & h drawn up mo/ elaborate & valuable tables1 furni%+ data = calculat+ unexhau/$ manure value 9 ! case ( commonly us$ foods4 ,^! tables are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4#bed ,9 !m w be f\nd ! manurial value ( diff]5t cattle-foods1 calculat$ on ! basis ( num]\s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out at ,ro?am/$4 ,?us ^! exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ t1 on an av]age1 probably n m ?an "o-t5? ( ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% a food conta9s is remov$ f ! food 9 its passage ?r\gh ! animal sy/em4 ,! exact am\nt w obvi\sly dep5d on a v>iety ( conditions1 ref]r$ to already 9 a previ\s *apt]4#bee ,9 explanation ( ^! tables1 x may be po9t$ out t ,table ,i4 gives ! total quantities ( ! ?ree f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 9 v>i\s foods2 :ile ,table ,,ii4 %[s ! proportion reta9$ 9 ! animal body & ! proportion void$ 9 ! manure1 z well z ! manurial value ( ! food1 assum+ t x ex]cises its full !oretical effect4 ,z ?is1 h[ev]1 is nev] fully realis$1 x is necess>y to make "s d$uction4 ,! d$uction sugge/$ by ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5t]s1 on ! basis ( _! wide exp]i5ce1 is #ej p] c5t = food consum$ )9 ! la/ ye>4 ,t is to say1 ! manurial value ( food consum$ dur+ ! la/ ye> is only "o-half its !oretical value4 ,= food consum$ )9 ! la/ ye> b "o1 !y sugge/ a d$uction ( "o-?ird ( ! all[ance = la/ ye>2 :ile = food consum$ ?ree ye>s back1 a d$uction ( "o-?ird f ?is latt] sum %\ld be made2 & s on = :atev] numb] ( ye>s1 d[n to eight1 may be tak54 ,,footnotes3 #bdh ,! t]m insoluble phosphates is an un=tunate "o1 z ! ^w insoluble is purely relative 9 its significance4 ,undissolv$ phosphates w\ld be a bett] t]m4 #bdi ,! am\nt ( rev]t$ phosphate is e/imat$ by ! ammonium citrate process4 #bej ,see ,note ,i41 p4 #eec4 #bea ,see ,note ,,ii41 p4 #eed4 #beb ,see ,note ,,iii41 p4 #eef4 #bec ,see ,*apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure1 p4 #bga4 #bed ,see ,note ,,iv41 p4 #eeg4 #bee ,see ,*apt] on ,f>my>d ,manure1 pp4 #bbd-bcf4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,note ,i4 7p4 #edc74 ,,useful ,,factors ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,important ,,manurial ,,+r$i5ts ,,9 ,a ,,manure ,,into ,,_! ,,diff]5t ,,comp\nds4 7,f ! ',transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society4'7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,multipli$ ,gives correspond+ ,am\nt ( by am\nt ( ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,nitrog5 #a4bad ,ammonia4 #f4c ,album9oid matt]4 ,ammonia 4#hbd ,nitrog54 #c4hhb ,sulphate ( ammonia4 #c4adg ,muriate ( ammonia4 #c4gjf ,nitric acid4 #e4j ,nitrate ( soda4 ,pota% 7anhydr\s7 #a4he ,sulphate ( pota%4 #a4ehe ,muriate ( pota%4 ,phosphoric acid 7anhydr\s7 #b4ahc ,phosphate ( lime4 #a4d ,biphosphate4 #a4fdh ,soluble phosphate4 ,soluble phosphate #a4cbe ,phosphate ( lime4 ,biphosphate #a4eff ,lime #a4hde #a4ghf ,c>bonate ( lime4 ,*lor9e #a4fdh ,*loride ( sodium4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,notes ,,ii4 7p4 #ede74 ,,units ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,value ,,( ,,manures4 ,= ,season #ahic4 ,a3 ,i*aboe4 ,b3 ,p]uvian 7riddl$74 ,c3 ,fi% guano4 ,d3 ,frey ,b5tos guano4 ,e3 ,/eam$ bone-fl\r4 ,f3 ,dissolv$ or vitriolat$ bones4 ,g3 ,sup]phosphates4 ,h3 ,g5u9e4 ,i3 ,g5u9e4 ,j3 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,guanos4 ,scrap manures4 ,items to be -------------------------- ,bone-meal4 valu$4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,classes ,h ,i a4 b4 a4 b4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,phosphates ,dissolv$ - - - - - - - ,undissolv$-- #b_/- #b_/- #a_/e #a_/f #a_/d #a_/d #a_/c ,ammonia #af_/- #ag_/f #aj_/- #aa_/f #aj_/- #aj_/- #i_/f ,pota% - #c_/f - - - - - ,prices p] ton1 ,m>* #ahic-- ,f #bej_/-bcj_/-acj_/-aej_/-abj_/-aje_/-ajj _/- ,to #bgj_/-bij_/-aej_/-ahj_/-adj_/-aae_/-aaj _/- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- --------- ,items to be ,e ,f ,g ,dissolv$ valu$4 ,comp\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,classes a4 ,f ,to ,j ---------------------------------------- ------- ,phosphates ,dissolv$ - #b_/f - #b_/- #b_/f #b_/c ,undissolv$-- #a_/e #a_/f #a_/aa #a_/c #a_/i #a_/f ,ammonia #aj_/- #aa_/f - #aj_/- #ab_/- #aa_/- ,pota% - - - #c_/d #c_/h #c_/f ,prices p] ton1 ,m>* #ahic-- ,f #ie_/- #ie_/- #de_/- - - - ,to #aaj_/-aaj_/- #fj_/- - - - ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,ca% ,,prices ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,manures1 ,,m>* #ahic4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,price p] ,,manures4 ,gu>antee4 ton4 ,unit4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,l s4 d4 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 #ig p] c5t #bd ,am4 #aa #aj #j ,am4 #i_/g ,nitrate ( soda1 #ie p] c5t #ai #aj #e #j #aj_/i ,ca/or-cake du/ #e4e #c #aj #j #ab_/i ,horn-du/ #ae #h #aj #j #aa_/d ,dri$ blood #ae #h #j #j #aj_/g ,muriate ( pota%1 #hj p] c5t #ej ,pot #h #ae #j ,pot4 #c_/f ,sulphate ( pota%1 #ej p] c5t #bg #e #e #j #c_/aj ,ka9it1 #bc p] c5t #ab #b #j #j #c_/d ,nitrate ( pota%1 #gc p] c5t #ad ,am4 #ad #aj #j ,am4 #aj_/ #dj ,pot4 ,pot4 #c_/i ,gr\nd ,*>le/on phosphate #eg ,phos4 #c #j #j ,phos4#a_/ ,belgian phosphate #ej #b #e #j #j_/aa ,?omas-slag 7f9e7 ,scot* #cj #a #af #j #a_/b ,?omas-slag 7f9e7 ,engli% #cg #b #c #j #a_/b ,phosphatic guano #fg #e #j #j #a_/d #a ,am4 ,am4 #aj_/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,note ,,iii4 7p4 #edi74 ,,tables ,,%[+ ,,relative ,,manurial ,,value ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,& ,,pota% ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,sub/ances4 ,wolff1 #ahic4 ,nitrog5 9 =m ( ammonia & nitrates1 & easily decomposable organic comp\nds1 z dri$ blood1 fle%-meal1 meat-meal1 ,p]uvian guano1 & z urate #ajj 9 f9e /eam$ bone-meal1 fi%-guano1 oilcakes1 & bett] k9ds ( artificial guano #he 9 f9e bone-meal & horn-meal #gg 9 co>se bones & horn-%av+s1 wooll5 refuse1 f>my>d manure1 & p\drette #fa ,am]ican1 #ahib4 9 ammonia salts #ajj z nitrates #hf 9 dry & f9e-gr\nd fi%1 meat1 & blood #ia 9 cotton-se$ meal1 & ca/or pomace #hf 9 f9e bone & tankage #hf 9 m$ium bone & tankage #fh 9 co>s] bone & tankage #dc 9 hair & horn-%av+s1 & co>se fi% scrap #dj ,pota% z high-grade sulphate1 & 9 =ms free f muriates 7or *lorides7 #ajj z muriate #hb ,pr(essor ,wagn] has drawn up1 f num]\s exp]im5ts1 ! relative manurial values ( diff]5t nitrog5\s manures1 :i* he rates z foll[s3-- ,nitrate ( soda #ajj ,sulphate ( ammonia #ij ,blood-meal1 horn-meal1 & gre5 vegetable matt] #gj ,f9ely gr\nd /eam$ bone-meal1 fi%-meal1 & meat-meal guano #fj ,f>my>d manure #de ,%oddy #cj ,lea!r-meal #bj ,,note ,,iv4 7p4 #eea74 ,,table ,i4--,,av]age ,,composition1 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,& ,,p] ,,ton1 ,,( ,,cattle-,,foods4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,no4 ,,foods4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,dry ,nitro- ,m9]al ,phos- ,pota%4 ,matt]4 g54 ,matt] phoric 7,a%74 ,acid ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- p] p] p] p] p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 #a ,l9se$ #ij4jj #c4fj #d4jj #a4ed #a4cg #b ,l9se$-cake #hh4ej #d4ge #f4ej #b4jj #a4dj #c ,decorticat$ cotton cake #ij4jj #f4fj #g4jj #c4aj #b4jj #d ,palm-nut-cake #ia4jj #b4ej #c4fj #a4bj #j4ej #e ,undecorticat$ cotton-cake #hg4jj #c4ge #f4jj #b4jj #b4jj #f ,cocoa-nut-cake #ij4jj #c4dj #f4jj #a4dj #b4jj #g ,rape-cake #hi4jj #d4ij #g4ej #b4ej #a4ej ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #h ,peas #he4jj #c4fj #b4ej #j4he #j4if #i ,beans #he4jj #d4jj #c4jj #a4aj #a4cj #aj ,l5tils #hh4jj #d4bj #d4jj #j4ge #j4gj #aa ,t>es 7se$7 #hd4jj #d4bj #b4ej #j4hj #j4hj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ab ,indian corn #hh4jj #a4gj #a4dj #j4fj #j4cg #ac ,:eat #he4jj #a4hj #a4gj #j4he #j4ec #ad ,malt #id4jj #a4gj #b4ej #j4hj #j4ej #ae ,b>ley #hd4jj #a4fe #b4bj #j4ge #j4ee #af ,oats #hf4jj #b4jj #b4hj #j4fj #j4ej #ag ,rice-meal99 #ij4jj #a4ij #g4ej 7#j4fj7 7#j4cg7 #ah ,locu/-beans99 #he4jj #a4bj #b4ej - - ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ai ,malt-combs #ij4jj #c4ij #h4jj #b4jj #b4jj #bj ,f9e poll>d #hf4jj #b4de #e4ej #b4ij #a4df #ba ,co>se poll>d #hf4jj #b4ej #f4dj #c4ej #a4ej #bb ,bran #hf4jj #b4ej #f4ej #c4fj #a4de ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #bc ,clov]-hay #hc4jj #b4dj #g4jj #j4eg #a4ej #bd ,mead[-hay #hd4jj #a4ej #f4ej #j4dj #a4fj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #be ,pea-/raw #hb4ej #a4jj #e4ej #j4ce #a4jj #bf ,oat-/raw #hc4jj #j4ej #e4ej #j4bd #a4jj #bg ,:eat-/raw #hd4jj #j4de #e4jj #j4bd #j4hj #bh ,b>ley-/raw #he4jj #j4dj #d4ej #j4ah #a4jj #bi ,bean-/raw #hb4ej #j4ij #e4jj #j4cj #a4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #cj ,potatoes #be4jj #j4be #a4jj #j4ae #j4ee #ca ,c>rots #ad4jj #j4bj #j4ij #j4ji #j4bh #cb ,p>snips #af4jj #j4bb #a4jj #j4ai #j4cf #cc ,sw$i% turnips #aa4jj #j4be #j4fj #j4jf #j4bb #cd ,mangel-wurzels #ab4ej #j4bb #a4jj #j4jg #j4dj #ce ,yell[ turnips99 #i4jj #j4bj #j4fe 7#j4jf7 7#j4bb7 #cf ,:ite turnips #h4jj #j4ah #j4fh #j4je #j4cj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,p] ,,ton4 ----------------------------- ,,no4 ,,foods4 ,nitrog54 ,phos- ,pota%4 phoric ,acid ---------------------------------------- ------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 #a ,l9se$ #hj4fd #cd4ej #cj4fi #b ,l9se$-cake #ajf4dj #dd4hj #ca4cf #c ,decorticat$ cotton cake #adg4hd #fi4dd #dd4hj #d ,palm-nut-cake #ef4jj #bf4hh #aa4bj #e ,undecorticat$ cotton-cake #hd4jj #dd4hj #dd4hj #f ,cocoa-nut-cake #gf4af #ca4cf #dd4hj #g ,rape-cake #aji4gf #ef4jj #cc4fj ---------------------------------------- ------------- #h ,peas #hj4fd #ai4jd #ba4ej #i ,beans #hi4fj #bd4fd #bi4ab #aj ,l5tils #id4jh #af4hj #ae4fh #aa ,t>es 7se$7 #id4jh #ag4ib #ag4ib ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ab ,indian corn #ch4jh #ac4dd #h4bi #ac ,:eat #dj4cb #ai4jd #aa4hg #ad ,malt #ch4jh #ag4ib #aa4bj #ae ,b>ley #cf4if #af4hj #ab4cb #af ,oats #dd4hj #ac4dd #aa4bj #ag ,rice-meal99 #db4ef 7#ac4dd7 7#h4bi7 #ah ,locu/-beans99 #bf4hh - - ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ai ,malt-combs #hg4cf #dd4hj #dd4hj #bj ,f9e poll>d #ed4hh #fd4if #cb4gj #ba ,co>se poll>d #ef4jj #gh4dj #cc4fj #bb ,bran #ef4jj #hj4fd #cb4dh ---------------------------------------- ------------- #bc ,clov]-hay #ec4gf #ab4gg #cc4fj #bd ,mead[-hay #cc4fj #h4if #ce4hd ---------------------------------------- ------------- #be ,pea-/raw #bb4dj #g4hd #bb4dj #bf ,oat-/raw #aa4bj #e4ch #bb4dj #bg ,:eat-/raw #aj4jh #e4ch #ag4ib #bh ,b>ley-/raw #h4if #d4jc #bb4dj #bi ,bean-/raw #bj4af #f4gb #bb4dj ---------------------------------------- ------------- #cj ,potatoes #e4fj #c4cf #ab4cb #ca ,c>rots #d4dh #b4jb #f4bg #cb ,p>snips #d4ic #d4bf #h4jf #cc ,sw$i% turnips #e4fj #a4cd #d4ic #cd ,mangel-wurzels #d4ic #a4eg #h4if #ce ,yell[ turnips99 #d4dh 7#a4cd7 7#d4ic7 #cf ,:ite turnips #d4jc #a4ab #f4gb ---------------------------------------- ------------- 99 ,9 ! case ( nei!r rice-meal1 locu/-beans1 nor yell[ turnips h records ( a% analyses be5 f\nd4 ,= rice-meal ! same p]c5tages ( phosphoric acid & pota% z 9 ,indian corn1 & = yell[ turnips ! same z 9 sw$es1 are provisionally adopt$2 b 9 all ! ,tables ! assum$ results are giv5 9 p>5!ses4 ,= locu/-beans no figure has be5 assum$1 & ! columns are left blank4 ,,note ,,iv4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,lawes' ,,gilb]t',s ,,tables ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,unexhau/$ ,,value ,,( ,,manures4 ,,key3 ,a - ,fatt5+ ,increase 9 ,live ,weight 7,ox5 or ,%eep74 ,b - ,9 ,food4 ,c - ,9 ,fatt5+ ,increase 7at #a4bg p] c5t74 ,d - ,9 ,manure4 ,e - ,food to #a ,increase4 ,f - ,increase p] ton ( ,food4 ,g - ,p] c5t4 ,h - ,p] ton4 ,i - ,f #a ton ( ,food4 ,j - ,p] c5t ( total consum$4 ,k - ,total rema9+ = ,manure4 ,l - ,nitrog5 equal ,ammonia4 ,m - ,value ( ,ammonia at #f;d p] lb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,nitrog54 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,,description ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,no4 ,,( ,,food4 ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 ,l s4 d4 #a ,l9se$ #e4jddh4j #c4fj #hj4fd #e4fi #g4jf #gd4ie #ia4jb #e #f #b ,l9se$-cake #f4jcgc4c #d4geajf4dj #d4gd #d4deaja4ffabc4dc #a #h #c ,decorticat$ cotton-cake #f4ecdd4f #f4fjadg4hd #d4ch #b4ifadc4dfagd4bd #g #a #d ,palm-nut-cake #g4jcbj4j #b4ej #ef4jj #d4jf #g4be #ea4id #fc4aa #aa #g #e ,undecorticat$ cotton-cake #h4jbhj4j #c4ge #hd4jj #c4ef #d4bd #hj4dd #ig4gb #h #aj #f ,cocoa-nut-cake #h4jbhj4j #c4dj #gf4af #c4ef #d4fg #gb4fj #hh4bb #d #a #g ,rape-cake 7#aj7 7#bbd7 #d4ijaji4gf #b4hd #b4eiajf4ibabi4hc #d #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------- #h ,peas #g4jcbj4j #c4fj #hj4fd #d4jf #e4jc #gf4eh #ic4jb #f #f #i ,beans #g4jcbj4j #d4jj #hi4fj #d4jf #d4ec #he4edajc4ib #aa #aa #aj ,l5tils #g4jcbj4j #d4bj #id4jh #d4jf #d4cb #ij4jbaji4cb #ad #h #aa ,t>es 7se$7 #g4jcbj4j #d4bj #id4jh #d4jf #d4cb #ij4jbaji4cb #ad #h ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ab ,indian corn #g4bcaa4a #a4gj #ch4jh #c4ieaj4cg #cd4ac #da4da #j #i #ac ,:eat #g4bcaa4a #a4hj #dj4cb #c4ie #i4hj #cf4cg #dd4ba #b #a #ad ,malt #g4jcbj4j #a4gj #ch4jh #d4jfaj4ff #cd4jb #da4ca #j #h #ae ,b>ley #g4bcaa4a #a4fe #cf4if #c4ieaj4fi #cc4ja #dj4aa #j #a #af ,oats #g4ebih4g #b4jj #dd4hj #c4gi #h4df #da4ja #di4ha #d #aa #ag ,rice-meal #g4ebih4g #a4ij #db4ef #c4gi #h4ia #ch4gg #dg4aa #c #f #ah ,locu/-beans #i4jbdh4i #a4bj #bf4hh #c4afaa4gf #bc4gb #bh4hj #ad #e ---------------------------------------- ---------- #ai ,malt-combs #h4jbhj4j #c4ij #hg4cf #c4ef #d4jh #hc4hjaja4hb #aj #aa #bj ,f9e poll>d #g4ebih4g #b4de #ed4hh #c4gi #f4ia #ea4ji #fb4ja #aa #j #ba ,co>se poll>d #h4jbhj4j #b4ej #ef4jj #c4ef #f4ce #eb4dd #fc4ga #aa #aj #bb ,bran #i4jbdh4i #b4ej #ef4jj #c4af #e4fd #eb4hd #fd4ba #ab #a ---------------------------------------- ---------- #bc ,clov]-hay #ad4jafj4j #b4dj #ec4gf #b4jc #c4gh #ea4gc #fb4ha #aa #e #bd ,mead[-hay #ae4jadi4c #a4ej #cc4fj #a4ij #e4fe #ca4gj #ch4ej #ai #c ---------------------------------------- ---------- #be ,pea-/raw #af4jadj4j #a4jj #bb4dj #a4gh #g4ie #bj4fb #be4jj #ab #f #bf ,oat-/raw #ah4jabd4d #j4ej #aa4bj #a4ehad4aa #i4fb #aa4gj #e #aj #bg ,:eat-/raw #ba4jajf4g #j4de #aj4jh #a4cfac4di #h4gb #aj4fj #e #d #bh ,b>ley-/raw #bc4j #ig4d #j4dj #h4if #a4bdac4hd #g4gb #i4dj #d #h #bi ,bean-/raw #bb4jaja4h #j4ij #bj4af #a4bi #f4ci #ah4hg #bb4ij #aa #f ---------------------------------------- --------- #cj ,potatoes #fj4j #cg4c #j4be #e4fj #j4dg #h4ci #e4ac #f4bj #c #a #ca ,c>rots #he4g #bf4a #j4bj #d4dh #j4cc #g4cg #d4ae #e4jj #b #f #cb ,p>snips #ge4j #bi4i #j4bb #d4ic #j4ch #g4ga #d4ee #e4ej #b #i #cc ,sw$i% turnips#aji4a #bj4e #j4be #e4fj #j4bf #d4fd #e4cd #f4ej #c #c #cd ,mangel-wurzels #if4j #bc4c #j4bb #d4ic #j4cj #f4ji #d4fc #e4fj #b #aj #ce ,yell[ turnips #acc4c #af4h #j4bj #d4dh #j4ba #d4fi #d4bg #e4bj #b #g #cf ,:ite turnips #aej4j #ad4i #j4ah #d4jc #j4ai #d4ga #c4hd #d4gj #b #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,key3 ,n - ,9 ,food4 ,o - ,9 ,fatt5+ ,increase at 7#j4hf p] c5t74 ,p - ,9 ,manure4 ,q - ,9 ,food4 ,r - ,9 ,fatt5+ ,increase at 7#j4aa p] c5t74 ,s - ,9 ,manure4 ,t - ,p] c5t4 ,u - ,p] ton4 ,v - ,f #a ton ( ,food4 ,w - ,p] c5t ( total consum$4 ,x - ,total rema9+ = ,manure4 ,y - ,value at #c;d p] lb4 ,z - ,p] c5t4 ,,aa - ,p] ton4 ,,bb - ,f #a ton ( ,food4 ,,cc - ,p] c5t ( total consum$4 ,,dd - ,total rema9+ = ,manure4 ,,ee - ,value at #b-a_/b;d4 p] lb4 ,,ff - ,total orig9al ,manure value p] ton ( ,food consum$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,phosphoric ,,acid4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,n ,o ,p ,description ------------------------------------- ,no4 ( ,food4 ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ---------------------------------------- --------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 s4 d4 #a ,l9se$ #a4ed #cd4ej #c4he #aa4af #cj4fe #g #h #b ,l9se$-cake #b4jj #dd4hj #c4ba #g4ag #da4ei #aj #e #c ,decorticat$ cotton-cake #c4aj #fi4dd #b4if #d4bf #ff4dh #af #h #d ,palm-nut-cake #a4bj #bf4hh #b4ge #aj4bc #bd4ac #f #j #e ,undecorticat$ cotton-cake #b4jj #dd4hj #b4da #e4ch #db4ci #aj #g #f ,cocoa-nut-cake #a4dj #ca4cf #b4da #g4fh #bh4ie #g #c #g ,rape-cake #b4ej #ef4jj #a4ic #c4de #ed4jg #ac #f ---------------------------------- -- #h ,peas #j4he #ai4jd #b4ge #ad4dd #af4bi #d #a #i ,beans #a4aj #bd4fd #b4ge #aa4aj #ba4hi #e #f #aj ,l5tils #j4ge #af4hj #b4ge #af4cg #ad4je #c #f #aa ,t>es 7se$7 #j4hj #ag4ib #b4ge #ae4cf #ae4ag #c #i ---------------------------------- -- #ab ,indian corn #j4fj #ac4dd #b4fh #ai4id #aj4gf #b #h #ac ,:eat #i4he #ai4jd #b4fh #ad4jh #af4cf #d #a #ad ,malt #j4hj #ag4ib #b4ge #ae4ce #ae4ag #c #i #ae ,b>ley #j4ge #af4hj #b4fh #ae4ie #ad4ab #c #f #af ,oats #j4fj #ac4dd #b4eg7ai4ab7 #aj4hg #b #h #ag ,rice-meal 7#j4fj77ac4dd7b4eg7ai4ab77aj4hg77b #h7 #ah ,locu/-beans - - #b4ad - - - ------------------------------------- #ai ,malt-combs #b4jj #dd4hj #b4da #e4ch #db4ci #aj #g #bj ,f9e poll>d #b4ij #fd4if #b4eg #c4if #fb4ci #ae #g #ba ,co>se poll>d #c4ej #gh4dj #b4da #c4jg #ge4ii #ai #j #bb ,bran #c4fj #hj4fd #b4ad #b4fe #gh4ej #ai #h ------------------------------------- #bc ,clov]-hay #j4eg #ab4gg #a4ch #aj4ha #aa4ci #b #aj #bd ,mead[-hay #j4dj #h4if #a4bh #ad4bh #g4fh #a #aa ------------------------------------- #be ,pea-/raw #j4ce #g4hd #a4bj #ae4ca #f4fd #a #h #bf ,oat-/raw #j4bd #e4ch #a4jg #ai4hi #d4ca #a #a #bg ,:eat-/raw #j4bd #e4ch #j4ib #ag4aj #d4df #a #a #bh ,b>ley-/raw #j4ah #d4jc #j4hd #bj4hd #c4ai #j #i #bi ,bean-/raw #j4cj #f4gb #j4hh #ac4aj #e4hd #a #e ------------------------------------- #cj ,potatoes #j4ae #c4cf #j4cb #i4eb #c4jd #j #i #ca ,c>rots #j4ji #b4jb #j4bb #aj4hi #a4hj #j #e #cb ,p>snips #j4ai #d4bf #j4bf #f4aj #d4jj #a #j #cc ,sw$i% turnips #j4jf #a4cd #j4ah #ac4dc #a4af #j #d #cd ,mangel-wurzels #j4jg #a4eg #j4bj #ab4gd #a4cg #j #d #ce ,yell[ turnips 7#j4jf7 7#a4cd7j4ad7aj4gh7 7#a4bj77j #d7 #cf ,:ite turnips #j4je #a4ab #j4ac #aa4fa #j4ii #j #c ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,pota%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,q ,r ,s ,description ---------------------------------- ,no4 ( ,food4 ,z ,,aa ,,bb ,,cc ,,dd ,,ee ,,ff ---------------------------------------- --------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 s4 d4 ,l s4 d4 #a ,l9se$ #a4cg #cj4fi #j4di #a4fj #cj4bj #f #c #b #ai #e #b ,l9se$-cake #a4dj #ca4cf #j4da #a4ca #cj4ie #f #e #c #ah #f #c ,decorticat$ cotton-cake #b4jj #dd4hj #j4ch #j4he #dd4db #i #c #e #ac #j #d ,palm-nut-cake #j4ej #aa4bj #j4ce #c4ac #aj4he #b #c #a #ai #aj #e ,undecorticat$ cotton-cake #b4jj #dd4hj #j4ca #j4fi #dd4di #e #aa #c #e #d #f ,cocoa-nut-cake #b4jj #dd4hj #j4ca #j4fi #dd4di #i #c #c #j #g #g ,rape-cake #a4ej #cc4fj #j4be #j4gd #cc4ce #f #aa #d #e #d ---------------------------------------- --- #h ,peas #j4if #ba4ej #j4ce #a4fc #ba4ae #d #e #b #ae #j #i ,beans #a4cj #bi4ab #j4ce #a4bj #bh4gg #f #j #c #c #e #aj ,l5tils #j4gj #ae4fh #j4ce #b4bc #ae4cc #c #b #c #a #d #aa ,t>es 7se$7 #j4hj #ag4ib #j4ce #a4ie #ag4eg #c #h #c #b #a ---------------------------------------- --- #ab ,indian corn #j4cg #h4bi #j4cd #d4aj #g4ie #a #h #a #e #a #ac ,:eat #j4ec #aa4hg #j4cd #b4hf #aa4ec #b #e #a #h #g #ad ,malt #j4ej #aa4bj #j4ce #c4ac #aj4he #b #c #a #f #h #ae ,b>ley #j4ee #ab4cb #j4cd #b4gf #aa4ih #b #f #a #f #a #af ,oats #j4ej #aa4bj #j4cc #b4id #aj4hg #b #c #a #i #aj #ag ,rice-meal 7#j4cg77h4bi7j4cc7d4jj77g4if77a #h77a #g #aj7 #ah ,locu/-beans - - #j4bg - - - - ---------------------------------------- --- #ai ,malt-combs #b4jj #dd4hj #j4ca #j4fi #dd4di #i #c #c #aj #i #bj ,f9e poll>d #a4df #cb4gj #j4cc #a4ja #cb4cg #f #i #b #ac #d #ba ,co>se poll>d #a4ej #cc4fj #j4ca #j4ib #cc4bi #f #aa #b #ag #i #bb ,bran #a4de #cb4dh #j4bg #j4hc #cb4ba #f #h #b #ah #e ---------------------------------------- --- #bc ,clov]-hay #a4ej #cc4fj #j4ah #j4ed #cc4db #g #j #b #a #c #bd ,mead[-hay #a4fj #ce4hd #j4af #j4de #ce4fh #g #e #a #h #g ---------------------------------------- --- #be ,pea-/raw #a4jj #bb4dj #j4ae #j4fg #bb4be #d #h #j #ah #aj #bf ,oat-/raw #a4jj #bb4dj #j4ad #j4fc #bb4bf #d #h #j #aa #g #bg ,:eat-/raw #j4hj #ag4ib #j4ab #j4fg #ag4hj #c #h #j #aj #a #bh ,b>ley-/raw #a4jj #bb4dj #j4aa #j4di #bb4bi #d #h #j #aj #a #bi ,bean-/raw #a4jj #bb4dj #j4aa #j4di #bb4bi #d #h #j #ag #g ---------------------------------------- --- #cj ,potatoes #j4ee #ab4cb #j4jd #j4cb #ab4bh #b #g #j #f #e #ca ,c>rots #j4bh #f4bg #j4jc #j4dh #f4bd #a #d #j #d #c #cb ,p>snips #j4cf #h4jf #j4jc #j4cg #h4jc #a #h #j #e #e #cc ,sw$i% turnips #j4bb #d4ic #j4jb #j4da #d4ia #a #j #j #d #g #cd ,mangel-wurzels #j4dj #h4ij #j4jc #j4cd #h4ic #a #aj #j #e #j #ce ,yell[ turnips 7#j4bb77d4ic7j4jb7j4cd77d4ia77a #j77j #c #aa7 #cf ,:ite turnips #j4cj #f4gb #j4jb #j4cj #f4gj #a #e #j #d #j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,ro?am/$ ,,exp]im5ts4 ,ref]5ce has be5 s repeat$ly made 9 ! prec$+ pages to ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on manures1 t x may =m a fitt+ conclusion to ! pres5t treatise to give a %ort acc\nt ( ^! fam\s exp]im5ts4 ,9 describ+ ^! exp]im5ts1 ! au?or has rem>k$ else:]e#bef t1 9 respect ( _! wide scope1 deal+ z !y h done ) almo/ e dep>tm5t ( f>m+1 ! elaborate c>e & accuracy ) :i* !y h be5 c>ri$ out1 ! l5g? ( "t !y h be5 9 progress1 &1 la/ly1 9 respect ( ! important be>+ _! results h _h on agricultural practice1 ^! fam\s exp]im5ts may be ju/ly describ$ z unrivall$ by any o!r simil> ones4 ,/>t$ on a small scale 9 #ahcg by ,sir ,john 7!n ,mr7 ,lawes1 !y 7 plac$ on a sy/ematic basis 9 #ahdc1 9 :i* ye> ,sir ,john ,lawes associat$ ) himself ,sir 7!n ,dr7 ,j4 ,h5ry ,gilb]t4 ,!y h ?us be5 9 progress = a p]iod ( fifty ye>s--a fact :i* 0 celebrat$ a few mon?s ago by ! pres5tation ( num]\s congratulatory addresses f v>i\s le>n$ & agricultural societies to ! di/+ui%$ inve/igators1 & ! erection ( a memorial granite slab at ,ro?am/$4 ,:at increases ! feel+ ( gratitude due to ,sir ,john ,lawes by ! agricultural community1 is ! fact t ! entire exp5se ( conduct+ ^! exp]im5ts has be5 borne by himself1 & he has fur!r mo/ g5]\sly h&$ ov] to ! nation a l>ge sum ( money & a c]ta9 area ( l& = c>ry+ !m on 9 p]petuity4 ,nature ( ,exp]im5ts on ,crops & ,manures4 ,! e>lie/ sy/ematic exp]im5ts 7 on turnips1 & s9ce !n almo/ e common crop has be5 exp]im5t$ on4 ,table ,i4 7p4 #efb7 is a li/ ( ! diff]5t exp]im5ts1 ) _! duration1 area1 & numb] ( plots4 ,soil ( ,ro?am/$4 ,be=e describ+ ! m /rik+ results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x may be advisable to say t ! elevation ( ! l& at ,ro?am/$ is ab\t #djj feet above sea-level2 t ! av]age ra9fall is ab\t #bh in*es p] annum2 & t ! surface-soil is a heavy loam1 & ! subsoil a /iff clay1 re/+ on *alk4 ,,table ,i4--,,li/ ,,( ,,ro?am/$ ,,field ,,exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,crops4 ,duration4 ,area4 ,plots4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,ye>s4 ,acres4 ,:eat 7v>i\s manures7 #ej #aa #cd 7or #cg7 ,:eat alt]nat$ ) fall[ #db #a #b ,:eat 7v>ieties7 #ae #d-h ab\t #bj ,b>ley 7v>i\s manures7 #db #d-a_/d #bi ,oats 7v>i\s manures7 #aja #j-c_/d #f ,beans 7v>i\s manures7 #cbb #a-a_/d #aj ,beans 7v>i\s manures7 #bgc #a #e ,beans1 alt]nat$ ) :eat #bhd #a #aj ,clov] 7v>i\s manures7 #bie #c #ah ,v>i\s legum9\s plants #af #c #ah ,turnips 7v>i\s manures7 #bhf #h #dj ,sug>-beet 7v>i\s manures7 #e #h #da ,mangel-wurzel 7v>i\s manures7 #ah #h #da ------------ ,total root crops #ea ------------ ,potatoes 7v>i\s manures7 #ah #b #aj ,rotation 7v>i\s manures7 #df #c #ab ,p]man5t grass 7v>i\s manures7 #ch #g #bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a4 ,includ+ "o ye> fall[4 #b4 ,includ+ "o ye> :eat & five ye>s fall[4 #c4 ,includ+ f\r ye>s fall[4 #d4 ,includ+ two ye>s fall[4 #e4 ,clov]1 twelve times s[n 7fir/ 9 #ahdh71 eight yield+ crops1 b f\r ( ^! v small1 "o ye> :eat1 five ye>s b>ley1 twelve ye>s fall[4 #f4 ,includ+ b>ley )\t manure ?ree ye>s 7elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5? seasons74 ,,:eat ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts we %all ref] to are ^? on :eat1 s9ce !y are among ! olde/1 & _! results ! mo/ /rik+ ( any4 ,unmanur$ ,plots4 ,:eat has be5 cont9u\sly gr[n ye> aft] ye> on ?ree plots = fifty ye>s1 )\t ! application ( any manure :atev]4 ,we %all fir/ give ! results ( ! fir/ eight ye>s z illu/rat+ ! effect ( season1 :i* acc\nts = ! irregul> results obta9$4 ,b = ! diff]5ce 9 seasons1 we %\ld expect to f9d a /eady decrease 9 ! am\nt ( produce2 & ?is is %[n 9 tak+ ! av]age ( gr\ps ( ye>s1 z we %all d 9 ! next table4 ,,:eat ,,gr[n ,,cont9u\sly ,,on ,,same ,,l& 7unmanur$74 ,,table ,,ii4--7a47 ,remits ( fir/ ,eight ,ye>s 7#ahdd to #ahea74 ,ye>4 ,bu%els4 ,ye>4 ,bu%els4 #ahdd #ae #ahdi4 #ai-a_/d #ahde #bc-a_/d #ahej4 #ae-g_/h #ahdf #ah #ahea4 #ae-g_/h #ahdg #af-g_/h ------ #ahdh #ad-c_/d ,av]age ( #h ye>s #ag-c_/h ------ ,,table ,,iii4--7b47 ,results ( subsequ5t ,=ty ,ye>s 7#aheb to #ahia74 ,gra9 ,weight p] ,/raw 7bu%els74 bu%el4 7cwts47 #bj ye>s 7#aheb-ahga7 #ad-a_/b #eg-e_/h #ac #bj 7#ahgb-ahia7 #aa-a_/b #eh-c_/d #h-e_/h #dj 7#aheb-ahia7 #ac #eh-a_/d #aj-e_/h #di? season 7#ahia7 #i-c_/h #ei-a_/b #g-a_/b ,x is int]e/+ to notice ! comp>atively slight decrease :i* has tak5 place 9 ! yield ( :eat dur+ ^! fifty ye>s4 ,) su* wide v>iations1 due to season1 x is extremely difficult1 z ,sir ,j4 ,h5ry ,gilb]t has po9t$ out1 to e/imate rate ( decl9e due to exhau/ion4 ,exclud+ ! v bad seasons1 ?is may be reckon$ at f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ( a bu%el p] acre p] annum4 ,! return ( ! fir/ ye> is #ae bu%els1 :ile ! yield ( ! =ty-n9? season is #i-c_/h bu%els4 ,! av]age ( ! returns obta9$ dur+ ^! fifty ye>s is really 9 excess ( ! av]age yield ( ! pr9cipal :eat-produc+ c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,?is is truly a mo/ a/\nd+ result4 ,! next exp]im5ts we %all describe are ^? on ! influ5ce ( f>my>d manure on ! :eat crop :5 gr[n cont9u\sly4 ,,table ,,iv4--,,:eat ,,gr[n ,,cont9u\sly ,,) ,,f>my>d ,,manure 7#ad tons p] annum74 ,weight p] ,bu%els4 bu%el ,/raw 7lb47 7cwts47 #h ye>s 7#ahdd-aheb7 #bh - - #bj 7#aheb-ahga7 #ce-g_/h #fj #cc-g_/h #bj 7#ahgb-ahia7 #cc-a_/b #fj-c_/h #ca-c_/h #dj 7#aheb-ahia7 #cd-g_/h #fj-a_/d #cb-e_/h ,x w be se5 f ! above results1 :i* conta9 m]ely a selection f a v mu* great] numb] ( exp]im5ts1 t f>my>d manure gives z good an av]age ov] ! =ty ye>s z mo/ ( ! artificial mixtures d4 ,t ?is is due to ! nitrog5 x conta9s1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! fact t mix$ m9]al manures alone give less ?an half ! return1 & also by ! fact t ammonia salts alone give a return twice z great z m9]al mixtures2 :ile1 la/ly1 ! mixture ( m9]al manures & ammonia salts gives b a slight increase ov] t obta9$ ) ammonia salts alone4 ,! rema9+ results1 select$ f a mu* l>g] numb]1 ne$ no comm5t1 & we %all give !m 9 tabul> =m4 ,table ,v4--,,:eat ,,gr[n ,,cont9u\sly ,,) ,,artificial ,,manures1 ,,f>my>d ,,manure1 ,,& ,,unmanur$4 ,av]age ( ,=ty ,ye>s 7#aheb-ia74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,dress$ gra94 ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,quantity4 ------------------------------------ #bj ye>s1 #bj ye>s1 #dj ye>s1 #aheb-ga4 #ahgb-ia4 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- bu%4 bu%4 bu%4 ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons p] annum s9ce #ahdc #ce-g_/h #cc-a_/b #cd-g_/h ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #ad-a_/b #aa-a_/b #ac ,mix$ m9]al manures#a & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ag #ab-g_/h #ae ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #bjj lb4 ammonium salts #bf-a_/b #ba-c_/d #bd-a_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #fjj lb4 ammonium salts #ch-a_/d #cd-c_/d #cf-a_/b ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #cf-g_/h #cd #ce-c_/h #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #bf #ai-c_/h #bb-c_/d #djj lb4 ammonium salts e ye> s9ce #ahde #bb-a_/b #ai #bb-a_/b #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bh #bb-a_/d #be-a_/h ,m9]al manure1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #djj lb4 ammonium salts 9 autumn #ca-e_/h #bi-a_/b #cj-a_/b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,dress$ gra94 ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,quantity4 ------------------------------------ #bj ye>s1 #bj ye>s1 #dj ye>s #aheb-ga4 #ahgb-ia4 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons p] annum s9ce #ahdc #fj #fj-c_/h #fj-a_/d ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #eg-e_/h #eh-c_/d #eh-a_/d ,mix$ m9]al manures & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #eh-g_/h #ei #eh-g_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #bjj lb4 ammonium salts #ei-c_/h #fj #ei-e_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #fjj lb4 ammonium salts #ei #fj #ei-a_/b ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #eh-c_/h #ei-e_/h #ei #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #ef-e_/h #ef-e_/h #ef-e_/h #djj lb4 ammonium salts e ye> s9ce #ahde #eh #eg-c_/h #eg-e_/h #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #eg-c_/h #eh #eg-e_/h ,m9]al manure1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #djj lb4 ammonium salts 9 autumn #ei-a_/b #fj #ei-c_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 ,total /raw4 -------------------------------------- #bj ye>s1 #bj ye>s1 #dj ye>s #aheb-ga4 #ahgb-ia4 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons p] annum s9ce #ahdc #cc-g_/h #ca-c_/h #cb-e_/h ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #ac #h-e_/h #aj-e_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ae #i-c_/d #ab-c_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #bjj lb4 ammonium salts #bd-a_/b #ai-a_/h #ba-g_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #fjj lb4 ammonium salts #da-c_/h #ci-e_/h #dj-a_/b ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #da-a_/b #cg-c_/d #ci-e_/h #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #bh-a_/d #ah-a_/b #bc-c_/h #djj lb4 ammonium salts e ye> s9ce #ahde #bd-c_/d #af-a_/d #bj-a_/b #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bf-c_/h #ba #bc-c_/d ,m9]al manure1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #djj lb4 ammonium salts 9 autumn #ca-a_/d #bh-c_/h #bi-c_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #a4 ,by ! t]m mix$ m9]al manures is meant a mixture ( m9]al f]tilis]s1 n includ+ phosphates4 ,table ,,vi4--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,b>ley ,,= ,,=ty ,,ye>s1 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,dress$ gra94 ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,quantity4 ------------------------------------ #bj ye>s1 #bj ye>s1 #dj ye>s1 #aheb-ga4 #ahgb-ia4 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- bu%4 bu%4 bu%4 ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #bj #ac-a_/d #af-a_/b #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #be-a_/b #ag-c_/d #ba-c_/d ,mix$ m9]al manures #bb-a_/b #ac-a_/b #ah ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bg-a_/b #ag-a_/d #bb-c_/h #bjj lb4 ammonium salts #cb-a_/b #be-e_/h #bi #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #dg #ch-a_/b #db-c_/d #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 mix$ m9]al manures #ce #bg-c_/d #ca-c_/h ,manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #df-a_/d #dj-c_/d #dc-a_/b #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #cg #bh-c_/h #cb-c_/d #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #di-a_/d #db-a_/d #de-c_/d #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 mix$ m9]al manures4 #cg-c_/h #bi-a_/b #cc-a_/b #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #di-c_/d #da-a_/d #de-a_/b #ajjj lb4 rape-cake #de-a_/d #cg-a_/h #da-a_/d #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #df-c_/d #dj #dc-c_/h #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 mix$ m9]al manures #dc-e_/h #ce-e_/h #ci-a_/b #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 mix$ m9]al manures1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #dg-c_/h #ci #dc-a_/d ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons e ye> #dh-a_/d #di #dh-e_/h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,dress$ gra94 ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,quantity4 ------------------------------------ #bj ye>s1 #bj ye>s1 #dj ye>s #aheb-ga4 #ahgb-ia4 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- lb4 lb4 lb4 ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #eb-c_/h #ea-c_/d #eb #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #ec-a_/d #ec #ec-a_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures #ec #ea-g_/h #eb-a_/b ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ec-c_/h #eb-c_/h #ec #bjj lb4 ammonium salts #eb-a_/h #eb #eb #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ec-c_/h #eb-a_/d #eb-g_/h #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 mix$ m9]al manures #eb-c_/d #eb-a_/b #eb-e_/h ,manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #ed #ed-a_/h #ed #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #eb #eb-a_/h #eb #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ec-c_/h #ec-a_/d #ec-a_/d #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 mix$ m9]al manures4 #eb-a_/d #eb-c_/d #eb-a_/b #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ec-c_/h #ed #ec-e_/h #ajjj lb4 rape-cake #ec-c_/d #ec-g_/h #ec-g_/h #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ec-g_/h #ed-c_/h #ed-a_/h #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 mix$ m9]al manures #ec-c_/d #ed-a_/h #ed #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 mix$ m9]al manures1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ec-e_/h #ed-a_/d #ec-g_/h ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons e ye> #ed-c_/h #ed-a_/d #ed-a_/d ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 -------------------------------------- ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 ,total /raw4 -------------------------------------- #bj ye>s1 #bj ye>s1 #dj ye>s #aheb-ga4 #ahgb-ia4 #aheb-ia4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #aa-c_/d #f-g_/h #i-c_/h #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #ac-c_/h #h-a_/d #aj-c_/d ,mix$ m9]al manures #ab-a_/d #g #i-e_/h ,mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ad-c_/h #h-c_/h #aa-c_/h #bjj lb4 ammonium salts #ah-a_/b #ac-a_/b #af #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bg-e_/h #bj-a_/h #bc-g_/h #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 mix$ m9]al manures #bj-a_/d #ae-a_/h #ah ,manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #bh-a_/b #bc-c_/h #be-g_/h #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #bb-a_/h #ae-g_/h #ai #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #cj-a_/b #bc-c_/h #bg #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 mix$ m9]al manures4 #bc-g_/h #ag-a_/b #bj-c_/d #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 mix$ m9]al manures1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #cb-c_/h #bd-a_/b #bh-a_/b #ajjj lb4 rape-cake #bf-g_/h #bj #bc-c_/h #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bh-c_/h #ba-a_/b #bd-g_/h #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 mix$ m9]al manures #bg-a_/h #ai-g_/h #bc-a_/b #ajjj lb4 rape-cake1 mix$ m9]al manures1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bi-c_/d #ba-g_/h #be-e_/h ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons e ye> #bh-a_/d #bi-c_/d #bi ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,table ,,vii4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,oats1 #ahfi-gh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 #e ,,ye>s1 #ahfi-gc4 ---------------------------- ,,manures ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 ,dress$ gra94 ------------------ ,total ,quantity4 ,weight /raw4 p] bu%el4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,bu%els4 lb4 cwt4 ,unmanur$ #ai-g_/h #cc-c_/d #aj-c_/h #bjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #bd-a_/b #ce #ac-c_/h #djj lb4 ammonium salts #dg #ce-g_/h #bh-a_/b #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 #bjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ei #cg #da-a_/h #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda #dg-a_/h #ce-a_/b #bg-a_/b #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #bjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #eg-a_/b #ce-c_/d #ce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,av]age ,,p] ,,annum4 #d ,,ye>s1 #ahgd-gh4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,bu%els4 lb4 cwt4 ,unmanur$ #ac-c_/d #ca-a_/d #f #bjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #ac-a_/h #ca-e_/h #f-a_/h #bjj lb4 ammonium salts4 #bh-g_/h #cc-a_/d #ad-a_/h #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1 #bjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #ch #ce-a_/b #bj #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #bf-c_/h #ca-e_/h #aa-a_/h #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #bjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #bh-a_/b #cd-a_/h #ad ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,table ,,viii4--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,root ,,crops3 ,,sw$i% ,,turnips4 ,fifte5 ,seasons1 #ahef-gj4a ,roots & ,leaves c>t$ (f ! ,l&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,s]ies #a4 ,/&>d manures only4 ,,plot4 ,,/&>d ,,manures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,roots4 ,leaves4 -------------------- ,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4 #a ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons #f #d #j #ag #b ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons1 & sup]phosphate #f #g #j #af #c ,)\t manure1 #ahdf1 & s9ce #j #aa #j #c #d ,sup]phosphate1 ea* ye>2 sulphate pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 #ahef-fj #b #af #j #h #e ,sup]phosphate1 ea* ye> #b #ab #j #i #f ,sup]phosphate1 ea* ye>2 sulphate pota%1 #ahef-fj #b #g #j #g #g ,sup]phosphate1 ea* ye>2 sulphate1 pota%1 & #cf-a_/b lb4 ammonium salts1 #ahef-fj #b #ab #j #g #h ,unmanur$ #ahec1 & s9ce2 previ\sly "p unmanur$2 "p sup]phosphate #a #c #j #d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,note4--,sulphate ( ammonia is e/imat$ to conta9 #bc p] c5t ammonia1 & muriate ( ammonia #bg p] c5t4 ,ammonium salts1 9 ea* case1 equal p>ts sulphate & muriate ( ammonia ( comm]ce2 & ! mixture is e/imat$ to conta9 #be p] c5t ammonia4 ,! #cbh lb4 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4ce7 mix$ ) sawdu/1 & us$ z a cross-dress+ on ! plots ( ,s]ies #b f #ahef-fj1 7 e/imat$ to conta9 nitrog5 #ej lb4 ammonia4 #a4 ,! crops ( #ahei & #ahfj fail$1 & 7 pl\gh$ 92 b z ! manures 7 appli$1 & !re w\ld be accumulation ) ! soil = ! succe$+ crops1 ! av]age produce is calculat$ z = fifte5 ye>s--t is1 ! produce ( ! ?irte5 ye>s is1 9 ea* case1 divid$ by #ae4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,s]ies #b4 ,,s]ies #c4 ,/&>d manures1 ,/&>d manures1 & cross-dress$ & cross-dress$ )-- )-- #e ye>s1 #ahef-fj1 #e ye>s1 #ahef-fj1 #cjjj lb4 sawdu/1 & #bjj lb4 ammonium #cbh lb4 nitric acid4 salts #aj ye>s1 #ahfa-gj1 #aj ye>s1 #ahfa-gj1 #eej lb4 nitrate soda4 #djj lb4 ammonium salts4 ,,plot4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,roots4 ,leaves4 ,roots4 ,leaves4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4 #a #g #i #a #b #h #h #a #d #b #g #ac #a #c #h #e #a #e #c #j #ai #j #d #j #ac #j #c #d #e #b #j #af #d #ab #j #ad #e #d #ac #j #ah #c #af #j #ae #f #d #aa #j #ad #d #e #j #ac #g #d #ac #j #ad #d #ab #j #ad #h #a #ac #j #e #a #b #j #e ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,s]ies #d4 ,,s]ies #e4 ,/&>d manures1 ,/&>d manures1 & cross-dress$ & cross-dress$ )-- )-- #e ye>s1 #ahef-fj1 #e ye>s1 #ahef-fj1 #bjj lb4 ammonium salts1#cjjj lb4 sawdu/4 & #cjjj lb4 sawdu/4 #aj ye>s1 #ahfa-gj1 #aj ye>s1 #ahfa-gj1 #bjjj lb4 rape-cake4 #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 ,,plot4& #bjjj lb4 rape-cake4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,roots4 ,leaves4 ,roots4 ,leaves4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4 #a #h #af #a #i #h #j #a #d #b #h #ad #a #i #g #af #a #b #c #c #f #j #ad #c #h #j #ac #d #f #ab #a #e #e #h #j #ag #e #e #af #a #g #e #j #j #ai #f #f #f #a #b #e #c #j #af #g #f #ae #a #d #e #i #j #ag #h #c #ai #j #ah #c #ad #j #ai ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,table ,,ix4--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,mangel-,,wurzel4 ,av]age ( ,sixte5 ,seasons1 #ahgf-ib4 ,manures p] ,acre p] ,annum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,s]ies #a4 ,/&>d manures only4 ,,plot4 ,,/&>d ,,manures4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,roots4 ,leaves4 -------------------- ,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4 #a ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons #af #f #b #ag #b ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons1 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #af #ab #b #ah #c ,)\t manure1 #ahdf1 & s9ce #d #i #a #h #d #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #ejj lb4 sulphate ( pota% & #djj lb4 mix$ m9]al manure #e #h #a #a #e #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #e #j #a #a #f #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 & #ejj lb4 sulphate ( pota% #d #i #j #ah #g #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #ejj lb4 sulphate ( pota%1 & #cf-a_/b lb4 ammonium salts #e #ag #a #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,s]ies #b4 ,,s]ies #c4 ,/&>d manures1 ,/&>d manures1 & cross-dress$ & cross-dress$ ) #eej lb4 ) #djj lb4 nitrate ( soda4 ammonium salts4 ,,plot4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,roots4 ,leaves4 ,roots4 ,leaves4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4 #a #bb #aa #d #b #bb #c #e #g #b #bc #ab #d #ad #ba #h #e #f #c #ac #g #c #d #f #ad #b #ah #d #ab #ag #c #ae #af #b #c #j #e #ae #ac #c #e #h #aj #c #a #f #ae #ae #b #ah #ad #f #b #af #g #af #j #c #a #af #c #c #j ---------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,s]ies #d4 ,,s]ies #e4 ,/&>d manures1 ,/&>d manures1 & cross-dress$ & cross-dress$ ) ) #bjjj lb4 rape #bjjj lb4 rape-cake4 cake1 & #djj lb4 ,,plot4ammonium salts4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,roots4 ,leaves4 ,roots4 ,leaves4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4,tons4 cwt4 #a #bd #aa #f #a #bc #g #d #f #b #bc #ab #f #a #bc #a #d #f #c #aj #aa #c #ag #aa #b #c #j #d #bd #ah #e #g #bj #d #c #i #e #aa #g #d #b #ab #c #c #b #f #ba #f #e #g #af #ad #b #ae #g #ba #f #e #i #ag #aj #c #c ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,table ,x4--,exp]im5ts ) diff]5t ,manures on ,p]man5t ,mead[-l&4 ,?irty-six ,ye>s1 #ahef-ia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 weigh$ z ,hay4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,av]age p] ,annum1 ,av]age p] annum1 #bj ye>s1 #ahef-ge #af ye>s1 #ahgf-ia 7#a/ crops only74 7#a/ & #b;d crops74 ,manures p] ,acre p] ,annum4 ---------------------------------------- -- #aj ye>s#aj ye>s#bj ye>s #a/ #b;d #ahef-fe4ahff-ge4ahef-ge4;crops4crops4,t otal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 cwt4 ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #bb-a_/b #bj #ba-a_/d #ah #h-a_/bbf-a_/b #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime #bc-a_/d #ba-a_/d #bb-a_/d #ah #i #bg-a_/b #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate ( lime1 & #djj lb4 ammonium salts #cc-g_/h #cj-a_/b #cb-a_/d #cj-c_/daj-a_/bda-a_/d #djj lb4 ammonium salts #cj-a_/b #bb #bf-a_/d #ah-a_/daj-a_/hbg-c_/h #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 & mix$ m9]al manure #de-a_/d #dg-e_/h #df-a_/b #da-a_/hab-a_/hec-a_/d #bge lb4 nitrate ( soda #cd-a_/d #cc-a_/b #cc-g_/h #cj-a_/haj #dj-a_/h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,table ,,xi4--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,potatoes4 ,av]age ( ,five ,seasons1 #ahgf-hj4a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,tub]s4 ,plot ,,manure ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 ---------------------------------------- ,good4 ,small4 ,diseas$4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,plot ,tons cwt4 ,tons cwt4 ,tons cwt4 ,tons cwt4 #a ,unmanur$ #a #ah #j #f-a_/d #j #b-a_/d #b #f-a_/b #b ,f>my>d manure 7#ad tons7 #c #ai-c_/h #j #g-e_/h #j #f-e_/h #d #ac-e_/h #c ,f>my>d manure 7#ad tons71 & #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #d #i-a_/b #j #h #j #h-c_/d #e #f-a_/d #d ,f>my>d manure 7#ad tons71 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 & #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda #e #h #j #g #j #ai-a_/b #f #ad-a_/b #e #djj lb4 ammonium salts #a #ai-a_/b #j #g-a_/h #j #c-a_/b #b #aj-a_/h #f #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda #b #aa-g_/h #j #f-g_/h #j #e-a_/d #c #d #g #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #cjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia #e #ad-a_/d #j #h-a_/d #j #ad-c_/d #f #ag-a_/d #h #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #cjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia #e #ai-g_/h #j #g-g_/h #j #ai-a_/h #g #f-g_/h #i #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #c #j-c_/d #j #h #j #d-e_/h #c #ac-c_/h #aj #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #cjj lb4 sulphate pota%1 #ajj lb4 sulphate soda1 & #ajj lb4 sulphate magnesia #c #d-a_/b #j #f-a_/b #j #d-g_/h #c #ae-g_/h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #a4 ,9 ea* ye> ! tops 7 spread on ! respective plots4 ,,table ,,xii4--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,potatoes--,cont9u$4 ,av]age ( ,twelve ,seasons1 #ahha-ib4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,produce ,,p] ,,acre--,,tub]s4 ,plot ,,manure ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 ---------------------------------------- ,good4 ,small4 ,diseas$4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,tons cwt4 ,tons cwt4 ,tons cwt4 ,tons cwt4 #a ,unmanur$ 9 #ahgf1 & ea* ye> s9ce #a #c-c_/d #j #c-c_/d #j #j-a_/d #a #g-c_/d #b ,unmanur$ 9 #ahhb1 & s9ce2 previ\sly f>my>d manure 7#ad tons7 #b #ad-a_/d #j #d-c_/d #j #b #c #a #c ,f>my>d manure 7#ad tons7 alone1 #ahhc1 & s9ce2 previ\sly #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate also #d #c-a_/d #j #d-a_/d #j #d-a_/b #d #ab #d ,f>my>d manure 7#ad tons7 alone1 #ahhc1 & s9ce4 ,9 #ahhb & previ\sly #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 & 9 #ahha & previ\sly #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda also #d #f-a_/d #j #d-a_/b #j #d-c_/d #d #ae-a_/b #e #djj lb4 ammonium salts #a #b-c_/d #j #d-c_/d #j #j-a_/b #a #h #f #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda #a #ag-c_/d #j #c-c_/d #j #j-c_/d #b #b-a_/d #g #djj lb4 ammonium salts1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #cjj lb4 sulphate ( pota%1 & #bjj lb4 mix$ m9]al manure #e #f-c_/d #j #e #j #d-a_/b #e #af-a_/d #h #eej lb4 nitrate ( soda1 #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #cjj lb4 sulphate ( pota%1 & #bjj lb4 mix$ m9]al manure #e #g-a_/b #j #d-a_/d #j #c-c_/d #e #ae-a_/b #i #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate #b #ag-c_/d #j #c-a_/d #j #a #c #b #aj #c-a_/b cwt4 sup]phosphate1 #cjj lb4 sulphate ( pota%1 & #bjj lb4 mix$ m9]al manure #c #b-a_/d #j #c-a_/d #j #a-a_/d #c #f-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,footnotes3 #bef ,see ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes1 ,b>t41 & ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,c4 ,m4 ,aikman4 7',scotti% ,f>m]' ,(fice1 ,glasg[47 ,,index4 ,abraum salts1 #dba4 ,absorptive p[] ( soils = wat]1 #fg1 #ih2 h[ to increase1 #gd4 ,acidity 9 soils neutralis$ by lime1 #deh4 ,acids fix$ by soil1 #eh4 ,adametz on organisms 9 soil1 #ib4 ,adult]ation ( guano1 #cah-cbj4 ,africa1 guano f1 #bih1 #cbh4 ,agricultural *emi/ry1 hi/orical introduction to1 #c-fa2 ,liebig's rese>*es on1 #bc-cb2 ,liebig's s]vices to1 #ca4 ,agronomy1 #ef4 ,air1 ammonia 91 #dh1 #aah2 nitrates 91 #aah2 nitrites 91 #aah2 nitrog5 91 #aaf2 organic nitrog5 91 #aah4 ,aitk51 ,dr1 exp]im5ts ) basic slag1 #dac --) beans1 #ebf1 #ecj2 on g]m-life 9 bones1 #cfh2 on manur+ ( turnips1 #eae4 ,alb]t1 ,he9ri*1 on solubility ( basic slag1 #dji4 ,albite1 composition (1 #ajc4 ,album9ates1 #dfj4 ,album9oids1 9 plants1 #dia2 ( milk1 nitrification 91 #ahb2 phosphorus 91 #bje4 ,alg]ian phosphate1 #cgi4 ,algoa ,bay1 guano deposits at1 #cbh4 ,alkalies1 9 c[-dung1 #bbf1 #bbg --c[-ur9e1 #bcj --horse-dung1 #bbf1 #bbg --horse-ur9e1 #bcj --pig-dung1 #bbf1 #bbg --pig-ur9e1 #bcj --%eep-dung1 #bbf1 #bbg --%eep-ur9e1 #bcj4 ,alkal9ity necess>y = nitrification1 #agb4 ,alum9a1 9 a% ( plants1 #ee2 comp\nds1 rev]sion caus$ by1 #chh1 #djj2 salts1 9 sal9as1 #cce4 ,am]ica1 virg9 soils (1 #acc4 ,am]ican f>m+1 #hf4 ,amides1 #eja4 ,ammonia1 absorb$ by soil1 #ha2 am\nt dissolv$ 9 ra91 #di2 am\nt 9 air1 #dh2 am\nt 9 soil1 #abg2 am\nt suppli$ to soil by ra91 #aee2 conv]t$ into nitrates 9 soil1 #ej2 conv]t$ into nitr\s acid1 #afg2 fix$ by soil1 #eh2 f decomposition ( f>my>d manure1 #beh2 f gas-works1 #cec2 lo/ 9 mix+ manures1 #ecc2 relation (1 to plants1 #dh-ej2 salts1 mo/ easily nitrifiable1 #aia2 salts (1 9 f>my>d manure1 #beg2 sulphate (1 #ceb-ceh2 value (1 z a manure1 #ceb4 ,ammonium *loride 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje4 ,ammonium-magnesium phosphate 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje4 ,ammonium oxalate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,ammonium phosphate1 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje2 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,ammonium sulphate1 #ceb-ceh2 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje2 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,ammonium sulphocyanate1 #cee4 ,ammonium urate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,amphibole1 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,analysis1 ( manures1 #eci-eed2 ( soils1 value (1 #ij4 ,&]son1 ,dr1 analyses ( m9]als by1 #ajc1 #aje-ajg2 on nitrog5 9 soil1 #aba1 #abd4 ,angamos1 guano f1 #cja1 #cbi4 ,animals1 phosphoric acid 91 #bje2 pota% 91 #bje2 solid excreta (1 #bbd2 ur9e (1 #bbh4 ,apatite1 ,canadian1 #bja1 #cgd2 composition (1 #baj2 mo/ abundant =m ( phosphoric acid1 #bjj2 v>ieties (1 #bjj4 ,application ( manures1 #dgd-dib4 ,arabian coa/1 guano deposits on1 #cbh4 ,arable soil1 absorptive p[] (1 #ih4 ,arbrohlos ,isl& guano1 #cji4 ,ar5dt1 exp]im5ts on oats by1 #ejc4 ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( *emical elem5ts1 #d4 ,artificial soil1 #ed4 ,aruba phosphate1 #cjh1 #cbh1 #cgi4 ,a%1 con/itu5ts ( plants1 #ec-ee2 ( rye1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjd2 ( :eat1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjd2 ( f>my>d manure1 composition (1 #bhg1 #bhh4 ,a%es1 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 mix$ ) manures1 #ecb4 ,asia1 guano f1 #bih4 ,asp>ag91 nitrification 91 #ahb4 ,atacama1 nitrate ( soda deposits at1 #cdb4 ,atmosph]e1 ammonia 91 #dh1 #ha2 relation (1 to plants1 #ci4 ,atwat] on nitrog5 9 plants1 #dd4 ,augite1 #aje4 ,au/ralia1 guano f1 #bih2 virg9 soils (1 #acc4 ,av59e 9 oats1 #ejc4 ,aves guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,bacilli1 #id4 ,bacon1 ,"l1 on salt z a manure1 #dfi4 ,bact]ia1 9 soil1 #ib2 diff]5t classes (1 #ic-if4 ,bak] ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,balle/as1 guano f1 #cjb1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,b>illa1 pota% 91 #dbj4 ,b>ley1 f>my>d manure n suit$ =1 #dig2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #die1 #dih2 nitrog5 remov$ 9 crop (1 #ade2 ,norfolk exp]im5ts on1 #dig2 p]iod ( gr[? (1 #die2 p]iod ( rip5+ (1 #die2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on gr[? (1 #eff2 soils suit$ =1 #dif2 uni=m manur+ (1 #dig4 ,b>ley soils1 am\nt ( nitrates & nitrog5 91 #aeh4 ,b>ley-/raw1 composition (1 #bch2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,basalt1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baj4 ,bases fix$ by soil1 #eh4 ,basic ammonium phosphate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,basic process ( /eel-smelt+1 #djj4 ,basic silicates1 #ajc4 ,basic slag1 #dja-dag2 aft]-effects (1 #dab2 application (1 me?od (1 #daf --rate (1 #dad2 comp>$ ) o!r manures1 #daj-dad2 composition (1 #djd1 #dag2 ,d>m/adt exp]im5ts )1 #daj2 discov]y ( value (1 #djc2 manufacture (1 #dja2 prep>ation (1 processes =1 #djf2 relative activity (1 #daa2 soils be/ suit$ =1 #dad2 solubility (1 #djh2 ,wagn]'s exp]im5ts )1 #djh-dac4 ,bat guano1 #cbj1 #cbe2 nitrog5 91 #cbe2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbe4 ,beans1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 good effect ( gypsum on1 #ebf2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #ebe-ebg2 phosphorus 91 #bje2 relative value ( manurial +r$i5ts to1 #ebf2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec4 ,bean-/raw1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,beatson1 ,g5]al1 exp]im5ts (1 ) ,p]uvian guano1 #cja4 ,b$d+ton mead[s1 irrigation at1 #dcb4 ,b$=d%ire1 coprolites f1 #cgd4 ,belgian phosphate1 #cgg4 ,b]!lot on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,biological prop]ties ( soil1 #ib-if4 ,blood corpuscles1 pota% 91 #bag4 ,blood1 dri$1 #dbd2 composition (1 #dbd2 manure = sug>-cane1 #dbe2 pota% 91 #bag1 #bai2 rate ( nitrification 91 #aib2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aeb2 suit$ = horticulture1 #dbe4 ,bohemia1 phosphoric acid remov$ f1 #bjf4 ,bolivia1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,bolla]t on nitrate deposits1 #ccc4 ,bone-a%1 #cfi2 composition (1 #cgb4 ,bone-black1 #cfi2 composition (1 #cgb4 ,bone-*>1 #cfi2 composition (1 #cgb4 ,bone-du/1 #cfj4 ,bone-meal1 #cfa1 #cfd2 composition (1 #cga2 condition ( nitrog5 91 #edj4 ,bone-phosphate1 #che4 ,bones1 #cei-cgb2 action (1 #cfe2 boil$1 #cfa2 bruis$1 #cfa2 capable ( nitrification1 #ahb2 collect$ 9 ,brita91 #cec1 #cfb2 composition (1 #cfb1 #cga2 comp\nd1 #cgb2 crops suit$ =1 #cfh2 dissolv$1 #cfh1 #cga2 e>ly use (1 #cei2 f]m5tation (1 #cfa2 float$1 #cfe2 =ms (1 #cfj2 gr9d+ (1 #cfe2 imports (1 #aea2 inorganic matt] 91 #cfc2 nitrog5 91 #aea2 organic matt] 91 #cfc2 putrefaction (1 #cfe1 #cff2 raw1 #cfa2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aea2 treatm5t (1 #cfd4 ,bonnet1 ,*>les1 discov]y ( s\rce ( plant's c>bon by1 #aa4 ,boracic acid 9 sal9as1 #cce4 ,bordeaux phosphate1 #cgi4 ,b\ss+ault1 on dry matt] 9 horse-manure1 #bdc2 e>ly rese>*es (1 9 agricultural *emi/ry1 #ba2 exp]im5ts by1 on nitrification1 #ahe1 #aih2 on excrem5ts ( pig1 #bej2 on nitrates 9 guano1 #cjd2 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #da1 #db2 on nitrog5 9 soil1 #abd2 on nitrog5 9 excreta1 #bcd2 on nitrog5 lo/ dur+ f]m5tation1 #bde4 ,brack5-f]n1 analyses (1 #bhc2 z litt]1 #bda4 ,bran1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,brets*neid] on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,brew]s' gra91 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,brom9e 9 a% ( plants1 #ee4 ,br[se ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,brue/le9 & ,pet]s on fixation ( bases & acids by soil1 #ei4 ,buckl&1 ,dr1 discov]y ( coprolites by1 #cgc4 ,buck:eat absorbs ammonia1 #ceb4 ,bull ,riv]1 phosphates f1 #cgf4 ,cabbages1 b5efit$ by sal9e manures1 #ebi2 manur+ (1 #ebh-ebi2 soils suit$ =1 #ebi4 ,caird1 ,sir ,james1 exp]im5ts by1 ) ,p]uvian guano1 #cja4 ,calc>e\s e>?1 absorptive p[] (1 #ih2 /ones1 phosphoric acid 91 #baa4 ,calcium phosphate 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje4 ,calcium sulphate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,cali*e1 composition (1 #cdb2 occurr5ce (1 #cda4 ,cali=nia1 guano deposits at1 #cbh4 ,cambridge%ire1 coprolites f1 #cgc4 ,cam]on1 ,sir ,*>les1 on assimilation ( urea by plants1 #df4 ,canadian apatite1 #bja1 #cgd4 ,cape ,v]t guano1 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,c>bolic acid1 action (1 on nitrify+ organisms1 #agg4 ,c>bon1 fixation (1 by plants1 #cg2 9 plants1 discov]y ( s\rce (1 #aa4 ,c>bon bisulphide1 effect (1 on nitrification1 #aff1 #agf4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia =m$ 9 f]m5tation ( dung1 #bdg1 #beh4 ,c>bonic acid1 absorb$ by plants1 #ab --by soil1 #ha2 9 a% ( plants1 #ee2 oxidation (1 by bact]ia1 #ie2 produc$ 9 decomposition ( f>my>d manure1 #beh4 ,c>bonis+-works1 ammonia f1 #cec1 #ceh4 ,c>burett$ hydrog51 produc$ 9 decomposition ( f>my>d manure1 #beh4 ,c>ibbean phosphates1 #cgi4 ,c>nallite1 #dbj4 ,c>ol9a phosphate1 #cgf4 ,c>rots1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,catacombs1 bones f1 #cfj4 ,cat*-cropp+1 #ach1 #dhi4 ,cattle foods1 av]age composition (1 #eeg4 ,cau/ic lime1 #dec4 ,c]eals1 manur+ (1 #dic-ejd2 nitrog5\s manures b5efit1 #did2 pota% 91 #bag2 silicates absorb$ by1 #did2 value ( nitrate ( soda z manure =1 #cdf4 ,*alk1 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 lias1 phosphoric acid 91 #baa4 ,*>coal1 a filt] = sewage1 #dcg4 ,*>le/on phosphate1 #cgf4 ,*emical analysis ( manures1 int]pretation (1 #eci2 value (1 #eci4 ,*emical composition ( soil1 #hg-ib4 ,*e%ire1 bones us$ 91 #cfj4 ,*e/]field ,isl& guano1 #cji4 ,*ili & ,p]u1 *ief s\rce ( nitrate ( soda1 #afb4 ,*9*a ,isl& guano1 #cjb1 #cjc1 #cbg2 composition (1 #cje2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,*ipana1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,*lorapatite1 composition (1 #baj4 ,*lor9e 9 a% ( plants1 #ee4 ,*lor(orm prev5ts nitrification1 #aff1 #agf4 ,*lorophyll1 organisms de/itute (1 #afi2 produc$ by nitrate ( soda1 #cdg2 relation (1 to fixation ( c>bon by plants1 #cg4 ,*uca1 #cda4 ,citrate ( ammonia1 solubility ( phosphates 91 #djh4 ,clay1 absorptive p[] (1 #fh2 analysis (1 #ajg2 grey1 evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii2 loamy1 evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii2 s&y1 absorptive p[] (1 #ih --evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii2 soils1 b5efit$ by basic slag1 #dad --puddl+ 91 #dee2 /iffi%1 evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii2 /rong absorptive p[] (1 #ih4 ,clov]-hay1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhf2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #ebb4 ,clov]-sickness1 #ebb4 ,coal1 nitrog5 91 #cec4 ,coke-works1 ammonia f1 #cec1 #ceh4 ,colloids1 #dia4 ,col\r ( soil1 #hj2 diff]5ce 9 temp]ature due to1 #hj4 ,columbia1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,compo/s1 #aac1 #dde-ddh2 f>my>d manure a typical1 #ddf2 manufacture (1 #dde2 object (1 #dde2 purposes s]v$ by1 #dde2 sub/ances us$ =1 #ddg4 ,comp\nd bones1 #cgb4 ,concretion>y nodules1 composition (1 #cbh4 ,conglom]ate1 #cda4 ,connecticut1 exp]im5tal /ation at1 #cc4 ,cooke1 ,f4 ,j41 on1 f>my>d manure1 #bgb1 #bgg2 field exp]im5ts4 #edg2 manur+ ( b>ley1 #dig --( mangels1 #ead --( mead[-l&1 #eji --( sw$es1 #ead --( :eat1 #eja4 ,copp]1 oxide (1 9 plants1 #ee4 ,copp]as1 z a fix]1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,coprolites1 #cgc2 p]c5tage ( phosphates 91 #bja3 occurr5ce (1 #bja1 #cgc4 ,corcovado guano1 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,cordill]as1 #cdj1 #cda4 ,co/ra1 #cda4 ,cotton-cake1 decorticat$1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,cotton-cake1 undecorticat$1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,cotton-se$s1 imports (1 #aec4 ,cova1 #cda4 ,cov]$ manure1 potatoes gr[n )1 #bhi2 :eat gr[n )1 #bhi4 ,c[-dung1 alkalies 91 #bbf2 composition (1 9 dry /ate1 #bbg2 cool1 #bbe2 nitrog5 91 #bbf2 phosphoric acid 91 #bbf2 wat] 91 #bbf4 ,c[-manure1 #bdg2 am\nt void$ p] day1 #bdh2 am\nt void$ p] ye>1 #bdh2 analysis (1 #bhf2 dry matt] 91 #bdh2 f]m5tation 91 sl[1 #bdh2 m9]al matt] 91 #bdh2 mucilag9\s matt] 91 #bdh2 nitrog5 91 #bdh2 res9\s matt] 91 #bdh4 ,c[-ur9e1 alkalies 91 #bcj2 composition (1 9 dry /ate1 #bca2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 91 = food consum$1 #bcb2 nitrog5 91 #bcj2 phosphoric acid 91 #bcj2 wat] 91 #bcj4 ,c[s1 p]c5tage ( food void$ 9 excrem5ts (1 #bha2 solid excrem5ts (1 #bhj2 ur9e void$ by1 #bhj4 ,cress1 exp]im5ts )1 #da4 ,crimea1 bones f1 #cfj4 ,cropp$ soils1 nitrates 91 #aeg --lo/ by dra9age 91 #ada4 ,crops1 capacity (1 = assimilat+ manures1 #dhf2 diff]5ce 9 root-sy/ems (1 #dhh2 manur+ ( common f>m1 #dic-ecj2 p]iod ( gr[? (1 #dhi2 pota% remov$ 91 #bah2 suit$ = sewage1 #dcd2 v>iation 9 composition (1 #dij4 ,crusius on phosphoric acid remov$ f ! f>m1 #bjg4 ,cru/ guanos1 #cjh1 #cgi4 ,cry/alloids1 #dia4 ,curacao phosphates1 #cjh1 #ccj1 #cgi4 ,d>m/adt exp]im5ts ) basic slag1 #daj-dac4 ,d>w9 on orig9 ( nitrate-fields1 #cce4 ,daub5y on m9]al s\rces ( phosphoric acid1 #bjj4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 lectures (1 on agricultural *emi/ry1 #ag-ai2 on heat & wat] absorb+ & reta9+ prop]ties ( soils1 #eg2 on hygroscopic p[] ( soils1 #ii4 ,deh]a91 on nitrification1 #eb2 on nitrification 9 sulphate ( ammonia1 #aia2 on rate ( nitrification1 #ahf4 ,d5itrification1 #agg2 conditions fav\rable =1 #agh2 effect$ by bact]ia1 #agh4 ,d]by1 ,"l1 introduction ( ,p]uvian guano by1 #cja4 ,detm] on humus 9 soil1 #dg4 ,dew1 action (1 on guano1 #cjj2 explanation (1 #gg2 mo/ abundant 9 summ]1 #gh4 ,dicalcic phosphate1 #chg2 =mula (1 #cih2 molecul> composition (1 #cih2 p]c5tage composition (1 #cih4 ,digby1 ,sir ,k5elm1 on value ( nitrates to plants1 #de2 !ory (1 on plant-food1 #f-h4 ,diorite1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,direct manures1 #aac4 ,dissolv$-bone comp\nd1 #cgb4 ,dissolv$ bones1 #cfh2 composition (1 #cga4 ,dissolv$ guano1 #caj4 ,dol]ite1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,dolomite1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,d[nton exp]im5ts on sewage-sludge1 #dci4 ,dra9age1 av]age ( ?irte5 ye>s1 #afj2 nitrates 91 #afj2 nitrates lo/ by1 #adj2 phosphoric acid lo/ by1 #bjf2 pota% lo/ by1 #bag4 ,dra9+s ( manure-heaps1 analysis (1 #bij4 ,dri$ blood1 #dbd2 composition (1 #dbd2 manure = sug>-cane1 #dbe2 pota% 91 #bai2 rate ( nitrification 91 #aib2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aeb2 suit$ = horticulture1 #dbe4 ,dri$ fle%1 #dbe2 nitrog5 91 #dbe4 ,dri$ leaves1 z litt]1 #bdb2 composition (1 #bdb2 nitrog5 91 #bdb2 phosphoric acid 91 #bdb2 pota% 91 #bdb4 ,ducks' dung1 analysis (1 #cca4 ,duhamel & ,hales1 !ory (1 on plant-gr[?1 #h4 ,dundonald1 ,e>l1 treatise by1 on agricultural *emi/ry1 #ac4 ,dung & ur9e1 composition (1 #bcd4 ,dutro*et on absorption ( plant-food1 #ee4 ,dy]1 ,dr ,b]n>d1 analyses ( /able manure by1 #bhc2 exp]im5ts on peat z litt]1 #bdj2 on nitrate ( soda z manure = mangolds1 #cdi4 ,e>?1 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 composition ( solid cru/ (1 #ajb4 ,ecuador1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,egyptian guano1 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,elbe1 wat]s (1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjf2 pota% 91 #bag4 ,elm-tree1 wat] transpir$ by1 #ga4 ,end]bury ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbh4 ,endosmosis1 #ee4 ,engli% f>m+1 #hf4 ,equalis$ guano1 #caa4 ,essex1 coprolites f1 #cgd4 ,e/remadura phosphate1 #cge4 ,e?ylam9e1 nitrification 91 #ahb4 ,evaporation f soil1 #ga1 #gb1 #ih4 ,excreta1 am\nt ( nitrog5 91 #adi1 #bib2 composition (1 #bbf1 #bib2 diff]5ce 9 am\nt (1 = food consum$1 #bgi2 liquid1 9 f>my>d manure1 #bbd2 solid1 9 f>my>d manure1 #bbd2 solid1 undige/$ food 91 #bbd2 solid1 void$ by c[s1 #bhj1 #bib2 solid1 void$ by horse1 #bib2 solid1 void$ by ox51 #bhj2 solid1 void$ by %eep1 #bhj1 #bib4 ,factors = calculat+ manurial +r$i5ts into _! diff]5t comp\nds1 #eec4 ,falkl& guano1 #cjh2 nitrog5 91 #ccj2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,fall[-fields1 nitrates =m$ 91 #ahh4 ,fann+ ,isl& guano1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,f>my>d manure1 #bbc-bib2 action (1 on soils1 #bgc2 ammonia 91 #beh2 am\nt produc$ on f>m p] ye>1 #beb2 analyses (1 #bei1 #bhf2 application (1 #bfd2 a% (1 #bhg1 #bhh2 c>bonic acid gas 91 #beh2 classes ( con/itu5ts (1 #bbd2 comp>$ ) artificials1 #dgf2 composition (1 #bei2 d5itrification 91 #agi2 dep? to pl\gh to1 #bfg2 effect (1 on potatoes1 #ebj2 f]tilis+ matt] 91 #bgj2 fire-fang 91 #bfd2 fre%1 composition (1 #bhf1 #bhh2 functions (1 #bfh2 heat 9 f]m5tation (1 #gh1 #bec2 humates 91 #bei2 humic acid 91 #beh2 inadequate s\rce ( nitrog5 to soil1 #bga2 indirect influ5ce (1 #bgc2 influ5ce (1 on soil1 #dge2 ,lawes1 ,sir ,john1 on composition (1 #bia2 ,"l ,k9naird's exp]im5ts )1 #bhi2 m>%-gas 91 #beh2 m9]al matt] 91 #bfj2 moi/ure 91 #bfj2 nitric acid 91 #bei2 nitrog5 91 #bfj2 ratio (1 to a% +r$i5ts1 #bga2 organic matt] 91 #bfj2 phosphorett$ hydrog5 91 #beh2 phosphoric acid 91 #bfj2 pota% 91 #bfj2 products ( decomposition (1 #beg2 rate ( application (1 #bge2 retrogression ( nitrog5 91 #adb2 rott51 composition (1 #bhg1 #bhh --value (1 #bfa2 rott+1 effects (1 on1 #bfb2 solid excreta 91 #bbd2 sulphurett$ hydrog5 91 #beh2 supplem5t$ ) nitrog51 #bga2 supplem5t$ ) phosphoric acid1 #bgb2 temp]ature1 effect (1 on soil1 #gi1 #bgd2 typical compo/1 #ddf2 ulmates 91 #bei2 ulmic acid 91 #beh2 unfav\rable to c]ta9 crops1 #dgg2 ur9e 91 #bbh2 value (1 #bfh2 v>iation 9 composition (1 #bbc2 wat] 91 #beh4 ,fatty acids 9 guano1 #cje4 ,felsp>s1 #ajc2 albite1 #ajc2 composition (1 #ajc2 labradorite1 #bbj2 oligoclase1 #ajc1 #bad1 #bbj2 or?oclase1 #ajc1 #bad1 #bbj2 phosphoric acid 91 #baa2 pota% manures1 #bac2 pota% 91 p]c5tage (1 #bac1 #bbj4 ,f]m5t1 a]obic1 #agc1 #bee2 ana]obic1 #bee4 ,f]m5tation1 ammonium c>bonate =m$ dur+1 #bde2 9 bones1 #cfe2 heat (1 #gi2 ( f>my>d manure1 #bec2 ( guano1 #bii2 temp]ature (1 #bef4 ,f]n1 brack51 z litt]1 #bda4 ,f]ric *loride1 te/ = sulphocyanates1 #cee4 ,f]tilis]s & ,fe$+ ,/uffs ,act1 #edc4 ,f]tilis+ +r$i5ts1 am\nt ( soluble1 9 soil1 #ij2 am\nts remov$ by diff]5t crops1 #dhd1 #dhe2 *emical condition (1 9 soil1 #hi2 lodge 9 se$1 #dia2 9 soil1 #hg4 ,f]tility1 ( ! soil1 #fe-ig2 pot5tial1 ( soil1 #bad1 #edi2 prop]ties necess>y =1 #ff2 supply ( oxyg5 necess>y =1 #ha4 ,field exp]im5ts1 #ede1 #edh2 educational value (1 #edg2 on rate ( nitrification1 #ahg4 ,f+]-&-toe prev5t$ by lime1 #dfa4 ,fire-fang 9 f>my>d manure1 #bfd4 ,fis*] on absorption ( plant-food1 #ee4 ,fi%-guano1 #cbj-cbc2 application (1 #cbc2 consumption (1 #aeb2 manufacture (1 #cba2 nitrog5 91 #cba2 phosphoric acid 91 #cba2 production (1 #cbb2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aeb2 value (1 #cbb4 ,fix]s1 #bdf2 *emical reactions )1 #bhd4 ,fleece1 pota% 91 #bag4 ,fleis*]1 ,pr(essor1 on solubility ( phosphates1 #djh4 ,fle%-guano1 #cbj4 ,fl9t ,isl& guano1 #cji4 ,flit*am exp]im5ts on gr[? ( :eat1 #ejj4 ,float$ bones1 #cfb1 #cfe4 ,florida phosphate1 #cgh4 ,fluorapatite1 composition (1 #baj4 ,food1 consum$ by pigs1 #bha2 dry matt] (1 void$ 9 dung1 #bbh2 p]c5tage (1 9 excrem5ts1 #bha4 ,food-con/itu5ts1 plant1 necess>y = nitrification1 #agj4 ,=bes1 ,david1 on nitrate-fields ( ,*ili1 #ccd4 ,=e/-soils1 abs5ce ( nitrification 91 #aic4 ,f[l-dung1 #cbj1 #cbf2 analysis (1 #cca4 ,f[nes on phosphoric acid 9 rocks1 #bjb4 ,frankl&1 ,p4 ,f41 exp]im5ts on nitrification1 #eb1 #afg1 #aih4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 exp]im5t (1 ) gypsum1 #dfb4 ,frey ,b5tos1 meat-meal guano f1 #cbd4 ,galapagos ,isl&s1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,g>d5 e>?1 absorptive p[] (1 #ih2 ammonia 91 #abh4 ,gas-liquor1 ammonia 91 #cec4 ,gas-works1 ammonia f1 #cec1 #ceh4 ,gases1 absorb$ by soils1 #ha2 pres5t 9 soil1 #ajj4 ,gazz]i on ret5tion by soil ( plant-food1 #eg4 ,geese-dung1 analysis (1 #cca4 ,geic acid 9 humus1 #dg4 ,gelat91 nitrification 91 #ahb2 f bones1 #cfd4 ,g]many1 agricultural rese>* 91 #cb2 bones import$ f1 #cfj2 manufacture ( meat-meal guano 91 #cbd4 ,g]m9ation1 influ5ce ( temp]ature on1 #gf2 oxyg5 necess>y =1 #ha4 ,gilb]t1 ,sir ,j4 ,h5ry1 on b>ley-manur+1 #dif2 on ,liebig's m9]al !ory1 #bh2 on manur+ ( potatoes1 #ebj2 ,presid5tial address (1 #fa2 & see ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,glaub] on artificial production ( nitre1 #afd4 ,glue1 #cfd4 ,glyc91 assimilat$ by plants1 #dg4 ,glycocoll1 exp]im5ts )1 #df4 ,gneiss1 #ajf2 phosphoric acid 91 #bjg4 ,gr&eau1 ,pr(essor1 on =ms ( plant-food 9 soil1 #ajg2 on loss ( phosphoric acid1 #bjg4 ,granite1 #aje2 9 guano1 #cjc2 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa2 pota% 91 #bad4 ,grass1 ,bangor exp]im5ts on1 #ejh2 effect ( manure on1 #eje2 influ5ce ( f>my>d manure on1 #ejf2 manur+ (1 #ejd-eaj4 ,gray1 ,asa1 on transpiration by plants1 #ga4 ,great ,cayman guano1 #cgi4 ,gre5 manures1 #aac4 ,gr\v5 on guano1 #cac4 ,guanape ,isl& guano1 #cjb1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,guan9e1 #cjd2 exp]im5ts )1 #df4 ,guano1 #bic-cca2 action (1 z a manure1 #cab2 adult]ation (1 #cah2 application (1 #cae2 bat1 #cbe2 composition (1 #cje1 #cbi2 cru/1 #cjh2 deposits ( ! _w1 #cbg2 dissolv$1 #caj2 equalis$1 #cji2 f]m5tation (1 #bii2 f]tilis+ con/itu5ts 91 #cad2 fi%1 #cbj-cbc2 importance (1 9 agriculture1 #bic2 inequality 9 composition (1 #cji2 influ5ce (1 on f>m+1 #bid2 meat-meal1 #cbd2 mode ( application (1 #cae2 nitrification 91 rate (1 #aib2 nitrog5\s1 #cjj-cjh2 orig9 (1 #big2 ,p]uvian1 #cjj-cjf2 phosphatic1 #cjh2 quantity to apply1 #cag2 rectifi$1 #caa2 s-call$1 #cbj2 s\rce ( phosphoric acid1 #bjb2 s\rce ( pota%1 #bai2 value (1 z a manure1 #bif2 v>iation 9 composition (1 #bii4 ,gulf ( ,mexico1 guano deposits at1 #cbh4 ,gulls1 guano f1 #big4 ,gunn+ on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,gunp[d]1 exports (1 #adi2 nitrog5 lo/ 91 #adi2 production1 annual1 (1 #adi2 saltpetre 91 #adi1 #ccc4 ,gypsum1 #dfb-dfd2 absorptive p[] (1 #ih2 action (1 mode (1 #dfb--on nitrification1 #agc2 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 z a fix]1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bhe2 decomposes d\ble silicates1 #dfc2 fav\rable to clov]1 #dfd2 z an oxidis+ ag5t1 #dfd4 ,hales1 ,/eph51 !ory (1 on plant-gr[?1 #h4 ,hampe1 ,dr1 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #df4 ,h>t+ on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,heat1 ( soils1 #gf-gh2 ( f]m5tation1 #gh4 ,heid51 ,dr1 on application ( f>my>d manure1 #bfe2 on fixation ( bases & acids by soil1 #ei2 on loss ( ammonia f dung1 #bdi2 on p]c5tage ( food void$ by animals1 #bec2 on /raw z litt]1 #bdd1 #bdi4 ,hellriegel1 on am\nt ( wat] 9 soils1 #ge2 on b>ley1 #dih2 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #dd4 ,helmont1 ,van1 !ory (1 on s\rce ( plant-food1 #d4 ,h5sl[1 ,pr(essor1 on coprolites1 #cgd4 ,h]aues on organisms 9 soil1 #ie4 ,h]bage1 effect ( manure on1 #eje4 ,h]r+s z manure1 #cba4 ,h]ve-,mangon1 exp]im5ts on action ( light on plants by1 #ch4 ,hilg5/ock on tetracalcic phosphate1 #dje4 ,hippuric acid1 exp]im5ts )1 #df2 9 f>my>d manure1 #beg4 ,hire1 ,de la1 on evolution ( gases by plants1 #aa4 ,h(mei/] on horse excrem5ts1 #bdc4 ,ho(-guano1 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aeb4 ,ho(s & horns1 manure f1 #dbe4 ,hops1 manur+ (1 #ebh2 pota% remov$ by1 #bag2 sl[-act+ manures b5efit1 #ebh4 ,horn1 capable ( nitrification1 #ahb2 z manure1 #dbe2 nitrog5 91 #dbf2 phosphoric acid 91 #dbf4 ,hornbl5de1 #aje4 ,horse-dung1 alkalies 91 #bbf2 composition (1 9 dry /ate1 #bbg2 hot1 #bbe2 nitrog5 91 #bbe1 #bbf2 phosphoric acid 91 #bbf2 wat] 91 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,horse-manure1 #bdb2 am\nt produc$ p] day1 #bdc2 am\nt produc$ p] ye>1 #bdc2 analyses (1 #bhc2 dry matt] 91 #bdc2 dry nature (1 #bde2 f]m5tation rapid 91 #bde2 m9]al matt] 91 #bdc2 nitrog5 91 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,horse-ur9e1 alkalies 91 #bcj2 composition (1 9 dry /ate1 #bca2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 91 #bcb2 nitrog5 91 #bcj2 phosphoric acid 91 #bcj2 wat] 91 #bcj4 ,hosaeus on assimilation ( ammonia1 #ej4 ,h[l& ,isl& guano4 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,huanillos1 guano f1 #cjb1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #ccj2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,huano1 #big4 ,hueppe on organisms 9 soil1 #ie4 ,hughes1 ,john1 on brack5-f]n z litt]1 #bda2 on composition ( brack51 #bhc4 ,humates 9 f>my>d manure1 #bei4 ,humboldt1 ,a41 discov]y ( ,p]uvian guano by1 #cjj4 ,humic acid 9 f>my>d manure1 #beh2 9 humus1 #dg4 ,hum9 9 humus1 #dg4 ,humus1 absorptive p[] (1 #fh1 #ih2 evaporation f1 #ii2 nature (1 9 soil1 #dg2 soils improv$ by addition (1 #bgc4 ,huon ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,huxtable & ,?ompson on ret5tion ( plant-food by soil1 #eg4 ,hydrat$ silicates1 #ajg1 #dei4 ,hydro*loric acid z a fix]1 #bde4 ,hydrog51 am\nt (1 9 plants1 #dj2 s\rce (1 9 plants1 #dj4 ,hygroscopic p[] ( soils1 #ge4 ,i*aboe guano1 #cjg2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,indep5d5ce ,bay guano1 #cjb1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,india1 nitre soils (1 #afb4 ,indirect manures1 #aac1 #aad1 #ddi-dgc4 ,+5h\sz1 ,john1 exp]im5ts by1 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #da2 on oxyg5 evolv$ by plants1 #ab4 ,insoluble phosphate1 #chf2 value (1 #cif4 ,iod9e1 9 a% ( plants1 #ee2 9 nitrate ( soda1 #cdj1 #cdb4 ,iquique1 nitrate ( soda f1 #ccc4 ,iron 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee2 rev]sion 9 sup]phosphates caus$ by1 #cij1 #cii4 ,iron-works1 ammonia f1 #cec1 #cee1 #ceh4 ,irrigation1 #dca-dcc2 int]mitt5t1 #dcd2 subsoil1 #dcb4 ,jamieson1 ,pr(essor1 exp]im5ts ) coprolites1 #chj4 ,j>vis ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,j]sey1 manur+ ( potatoes 91 #eba4 ,johnson1 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w41 on application ( sup]phosphate1 #cie2 on ,e>l ,dundonald1 #ac2 on nitrog5 9 buffalo-horn %av+s1 #dbf2 on nitrog5 9 soils1 #abc2 on solubility ( basic slag1 #djh2 value ( organic nitrog5 to plant1 #df4 ,ju]g5s5 on nitrog5 9 excreta1 #bcd4 ,ka9it1 z a fix]1 #bdg2 pota% 91 p]c5tage (1 #bad1 #bbj1 #dba2 rate ( application (1 #dbc4 ,kaol9 clay1 analysis (1 #ajd4 ,k>mrodt1 analysis ( ,*9*a ,isl& guano1 #cje2 ( concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,k>nallite1 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,kelln]1 exp]im5ts on nitrification by1 #eb4 ,kelp1 pota% 91 #dbj4 ,kies]ite1 #dbj4 ,k9naird1 ,"l1 exp]im5ts by1 ) f>my>d manure1 #bhi4 ,kit*5-g>d5 soil1 nitrog5\s matt] 91 #abb4 ,knop on condition ( nitrates 9 soil1 #ach4 ,koosaw ,riv]1 phosphates f1 #cgf4 ,kreat9 assimilat$ by plants1 #dg4 ,kuria ,muria guano1 #cji1 #cbh4 ,labrador1 guano deposits at1 #cbh4 ,labradorite1 #bad2 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,lacep$e ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,lahn phosphate1 #cgi4 ,lava1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,lawes1 ,sir ,j4 ,b41 & ,gilb]t1 e>ly rese>*es (1 at ,ro?am/$1 #cd2 exp]im5ts ) f>my>d manure1 #bga2 exp]im5ts ) ,p]uvian guano1 #cja2 inauguration ( ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts by1 #cc2 on composition ( f>my>d manure1 #bia2 on manur+ ( :eat1 #dhc2 on motion ( plant's sap1 #ef2 on p]c5tage ( food 9 excreta1 #bcc2 on rate ( nitrification1 #ahf2 on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #dc2 on sulphate ( ammonia1 #cef2 on unexhau/$ manures1 #eej1 #eeg-eei4 ,lawes1 ,sir ,j4 ,b41 exp]im5ts ) guano by1 #cja2 manufacture ( sup]phosphate by1 #chb2 on application ( sup]phosphate1 #cie2 on bones1 #cei2 on composition ( f>my>d manure1 #bia2 on f>my>d manure1 #dgg2 on loss ( nitrates1 #adb2 on s\rces ( nitrog51 #aed4 ,lea!r1 z manure1 #dbh2 nitrog5 91 #dbh4 ,leaves1 dri$1 z litt]1 #bdb2 nitrog5 91 #bdb2 phosphoric acid 91 #bdb2 pota% 91 #bdb4 ,legrange1 ,*>les1 on ext5t ( nitrate-fields1 #cdc4 ,legum9\s plants1 b5efit$ by basic slag1 #dad --by pota%1 #ebc2 fixation ( free nitrog5 by1 #db2 ga9 ( nitrog5 )1 #ace2 manur+ (1 #ebb-ebg1 #ecj2 nitrog5\s manures hurtful to1 #ebc4 ,lehmann on ammonia z plant-food1 #ej1 #ceb4 ,leipzig1 bones f1 #cfa4 ,leones1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,leucite1 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,lias *alk1 phosphoric acid 91 #baa4 ,liebig1 criticism ( humus !ory by1 #be2 dissolv$ bones discov]$ by1 #cfa2 fir/ report to ,briti% ,association1 #bd2 manufacture ( sup]phosphate f bones by1 #cei2 m9]al !ory (1 #bf-bi2 on ammonia z a manure1 #ceb2 on importation ( bones by ,brita91 #cfj2 rese>*es (1 9 agricultural *emi/ry1 #bc-cb2 s]vices (1 to agricultural *emi/ry1 #ca2 !ory ( manures by1 #bi2 !ory (1 on rotation ( crops1 #bi4 ,light1 action (1 on plant-gr[?1 #ch4 ,lime1 #ddi-dfa2 abundant occurr5ce (1 #deb2 action (1 #dfa --contradictory1 #dej --n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 #ddi --on nitrog5\s organic matt]1 #dfj --on soil's texture1 #dee2 antiquity (1 z a manure1 #ddi2 b9d+ effect (1 #deg2 biological action (1 #dei2 cau/ic1 #dec2 *emical action (1 #deg2 decomposes m9]als1 #deh2 diff]5t =ms (1 #dec2 effect (1 on soils1 #aab2 fix$ by soils1 #eh2 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 me*anical functions (1 #dee2 mild1 #dec2 necess>y = nitrification1 #aga1 #dei --= plant-gr[?1 #ee1 #dej2 neutralises acidity 9 soils1 #deh2 phosphates (1 #che-chh2 pig excrem5ts conta91 #bha2 prev5ts clay puddl+1 #def2 return$ to soil1 #deb2 soils conta91 #dej-deb4 ,lime/one1 analyses (1 #ajf2 evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii2 occurr5ce (1 #deb4 ,l9se$1 imports (1 #aec2 manurial con/itu5ts (1 #bhb4 ,l9se$-cake1 manurial con/itu5ts (1 #bhb4 ,liquid manure1 #ddb-ddd4 ,li?ia 9 a% ( plants1 #ee4 ,litt]1 loam z1 #bci2 peat z1 #bdj2 /raw z1 #bcf2 uses (1 #bcf4 ,lloyd on fatt5+ animals1 #bec4 ,loam1 z litt]1 #bci2 evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii2 poor 9 f]tilis+ matt]1 #bci4 ,lobos1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,lobos de ,afu]a guano1 #cjb1 #cbg4 ,macabi ,isl& guano1 #cjb1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,ma]ck]1 ,pr(essor1 on de/ruction ( nitrify+ organisms1 #agg4 ,magnesia1 fix$ by soils1 #eh2 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 9 pig excrem5ts1 #bha2 necess>y = nitrification1 #aga2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee2 sulphate (1 z a fix]1 #bdf1 #bhe4 ,maize1 absorbs ammonia1 #ceb2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec4 ,mald5 ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,malpighi on importance ( atmosph]ic air = g]m9ation1 #ci4 ,malt-du/1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,manganese1 oxide (1 9 a% ( plants1 #ed4 ,mangels1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 guano a manure =1 #cah2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #cdf1 #eaa1 #eac1 #ead2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on gr[? (1 #efh4 ,manitoba soils1 nitrog5 91 at v>i\s dep?s1 #aef2 rate ( nitrification 91 #ahf4 ,manure1 c[1 #bdg2 f>my>d1 #bbc-bib2 horse1 #bdc2 liquid1 #ddb-ddd2 mean+ ( ^w1 #aji2 pig1 #bej2 sewage1 #dcj-dda2 %eep1 #bea2 /able1 f peat-moss1 #bhc --:eat-/raw1 #bhc4 ,manures1 action (1 #fa2 analysis (1 int]pretation (1 #eci-edd2 application (1 #dgd-dib2 me?od (1 #eca-ech2 ca% prices (1 #eee2 equal di/ribution (1 #eca2 functions (1 #aji1 increase soil-f]tility1 #dgd2 intr9sic value (1 #ede2 la/+ effects (1 #dhc2 me?ods ( valu+1 #edd2 m9or artificial1 #dbd-dbi2 mix+ (1 #eca-ech2 nitrog5\s1 #bic-cei2 phosphatic1 #cei-dag2 potassic1 #dah-dbc2 quantities (1 appli$ to oats1 #ejd2 unexhau/$1 #edi-eeb1 #eeh2 units = det]m9+ comm]cial value (1 #eed2 valuation (1 #eci-eei2 value (1 d$uc$ f exp]im5ts1 #edh2 v>i\s classes (1 #aaa-aad4 ,manurial con/itu5ts ( v>i\s foods1 #bhb4 ,manurial +r$i5ts1 unit value (1 #edd4 ,manur+ (1 b>ley1 #die-dih2 beans1 #ebe-ebg1 #ecj2 cabbages1 #ebh2 c]eals1 #dic-ejd2 clov]1 #ebd2 common f>m crops1 #dic-ecj2 grass1 #ejd-eaj2 hops1 #ebh2 legum9\s crops1 #ebb-ebh2 mangels1 #eaa1 #eac1 #ead2 oats1 #dic-ejd2 peas1 #ebg2 potatoes1 #eag-ebb2 roots1 #eaj-eag2 turnips1 #eaj1 #eaa1 #eac-eag2 :eat1 #dii-eja4 ,m>acaibo guano1 nitrog5 91 #ccj2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,m>l1 phosphoric acid 91 #baa4 ,m>%-gas f f>my>d manure1 #beh4 ,mead[-hay1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on manur+ (1 #egj4 ,mead[-l&1 b5efit$ by basic slag1 #dad1 #ejh2 manur+ (1 #ejh2 ,norfolk exp]im5ts on1 #eji4 ,meat-meal guano1 #cbj1 #cbd2 composition (1 #aeb2 imports (1 #cbd2 manufacture (1 #cbd2 nitrog5 91 #cbd2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbd2 rate ( nitrification 91 #aib2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aeb2 value (1 #cbd4 ,me*i on liquid manure1 #ddb4 ,mejillones guano1 #cji1 #cbg2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,m5e1 on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,m5haddo1 guano manufactur$ f1 #cbb4 ,mexico phosphate1 #cjh1 #cbh4 ,mica1 analysis (1 #aje2 pota% 91 #bad1 #bbj4 ,micro-organisms1 conv]t ammonia into nitr\s acid1 #afg2 conv]t nitr\s acid into nitric acid1 #afh2 effect f]m5tation1 #hj2 effect fixation ( free nitrog51 #dd2 effect nitrification1 #afa2 oxidis+ p[] (1 #aig4 ,mild lime1 #dec4 ,milk1 nitrification 9 album9oids (1 #ahb2 nitrog5 remov$ 91 #adg2 phosphoric acid remov$ 91 #bjg2 pota% remov$ 91 #bah4 ,m9]al phosphates1 #cgc-cha2 value (1 z a manure1 #chj4 ,m9]al salts necess>y = nitrification1 #eb4 ,m9or artificial manures1 #dbd-dbi4 ,mix+ manures1 #ecb-ech2 ammonia lo/ 91 #ecc2 nitric acid lo/ 91 #ecf2 phosphates rev]t$ 91 #ecf4 ,moi/ure1 atmosph]ic1 action on guano1 #cjj2 9 f>my>d manure1 #bfj2 9 manures1 #edc2 necess>y = nitrification1 #eb1 #agf4 ,molds1 #id4 ,mona guano1 #cji4 ,mond1 ,ludwig1 on nitrog5 9 coal1 #ced4 ,monks guano1 #cbg2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,monocalcic phosphate1 #chf2 =mula (1 #cih2 molecul> composition (1 #cih2 p]c5tage composition (1 #cih2 rev]sion (1 ) iron & alum9a comp\nds1 #cii --) tricalcic phosphate1 #cii4 ,muld] on humus 9 soil1 #dg1 #abf4 ,muell]1 ,a41 on nitrog5 9 soil1 #aba1 #abd4 ,munro1 ,dr ,j4 ,m4 ,h41 on nitrification1 #eb2 on sewage-sludge z manure1 #dci2 on ur9e void$1 #bib4 ,mu5tz1 on ammonia 9 air1 #aah2 on nitrify+ organisms 9 soil1 #ahj2 on oxidis+ p[] ( micro-organisms1 #aig4 ,muriate ( pota%1 application (1 #dbc2 =ms calcium *loride1 #dbb2 h>mful effects (1 #dba2 m conc5trat$ ?an sulphate1 #dbb4 ,mu/>d1 #aci4 ,navassa phosphate1 #cjh1 #cbh1 #cgi4 ,nesbit on composition ( guano1 #cja4 ,new ,granada1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,new ,zeal&1 meat-meal guano f1 #cbd4 ,nile1 nitrates 9 wat]s (1 #aei4 ,nitr>ies1 #afc4 ,nitrate-fields1 appe>ance (1 #cdj2 orig9 (1 #ccd4 ,nitrate ( soda1 #ccb-cea2 am\nt export$ f ,*ili1 #aea1 #ccb1 #cea2 am\nt import$ into ,brita91 #aea1 #cea2 appe>ance ( fields (1 #cdj2 application (1 #cdg2 ,*ili & ,p]u *ief s\rce (1 #afa2 composition (1 #cdc2 crops suit$ by1 #cdf2 discov]y ( deposits (1 #ccc2 ext5t ( deposits (1 #cdb2 enc\rages deep roots1 #cdd2 =mation ( fields (1 #ccd-cdj2 me?od ( apply+1 #cdg2 me?od ( m9+1 #cda2 nitric acid 91 s\rce (1 #ccg2 nitrog5 91 p]c5tage (1 #cdc2 n an exhau/+ manure1 #cde2 orig9 ( fields (1 #ccd2 prop]ties (1 #cdc2 quantity to apply1 #cdh2 %ipm5ts (1 #cea2 soils b5efit$ by1 #cdh2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aej2 top-dress+ )1 #cdd4 ,nitrates1 am\nt lo/ by dra9age1 #adj2 am\nt produc$ at diff]5t times1 #ahi2 am\nt 9 soil1 #abi2 conditions dim9i%+ loss (1 #aci2 con/antly =m$ 9 soil1 #ach2 9 b>ley-soils1 #aeh2 9 cropp$ soils1 #acj1 #aeg2 9 dra9age-wat]s1 #afj1 #ahh2 9 fall[-soils1 #abi2 9 manur$ :eat-soils1 #aca1 #aeg2 9 soil1 #abi1 #afb2 lo/ by dra9age1 #acg2 mo/ =m$ 9 summ]1 #aci2 nitrog5 z1 9 ,ro?am/$ soils1 #aih2 position (1 9 soil1 #ahh2 quantity =m$ 9 fall[-fields1 #ahh4 ,nitre1 b$s1 #afc2 occurr5ce (1 #afb2 soils ( ,india1 #afb4 ,nitric acid1 am\nt (1 suppli$ to soil by ra91 #aee2 d]iv$ f sea we$1 #ccg2 =m$ f ammonia1 #aah2 =m$ f nitr\s acid1 #afh2 9 f>my>d manure1 #bei2 9 soil1 #abh2 lo/ 9 mix+ manures1 #ecf2 mo/ important nitrog5 comp\nd = plants1 #afa2 relation (1 to plants1 #ej2 s\rce (1 9 nitrate ( soda1 #ccg4 ,nitrification1 #ea1 #eb1 #afa-aih2 action ( gypsum on1 #agc2 alkal9ity necess>y =1 #agb2 9 asp>ag91 #ahb2 be>+ (1 on agriculture1 #aic2 9 bones1 #ahb2 cause (1 #afe2 conditions fav\rable =1 #agj2 d5itrification1 #agg-agi2 effect$ by micro-organisms1 #ea1 #afg2 9 e?ylam9e1 #ahb2 9 fall[-fields1 #ahd2 food-con/itu5ts necess>y =1 #agj2 field exp]im5ts on rate (1 #ahg2 9 gelat91 #ahb2 9 horn1 #ahb2 laboratory exp]im5ts on rate (1 #ahe2 9 manures1 #aij1 #aib2 9 milk album9oids1 #ahb2 m9]al salts necess>y =1 #eb2 moi/ure necess>y =1 #eb1 #agf2 old !ories on1 #aif2 organic matt] n necess>y =1 #afi1 #aif2 oxyg5 necess>y =1 #eb1 #agc2 plant-roots promote1 #aha2 9 rape-cake1 #ahb2 rate (1 #ahc2 rotation ( crops1 be>+ (1 on1 #aie2 soil be/ suit$ =1 #aib2 9 subsoils1 conditions fav\rable =1 #aha2 sub/ances capable (1 #aha2 9 summ]1 #ahc2 sunlight1 effect (1 on1 #agf2 temp]ature necess>y =1 #eb1 #age2 9 ?iocyanates1 #ahb2 9 urea1 #ahb2 9 wool1 #ahb4 ,nitrify+ organisms1 dep? f\nd at 9 soil1 #ahj2 di/ribution (1 9 soil1 #agi2 effect ( poisons on1 #agf2 organic matt] n requir$ by1 #afi4 ,nitrobaet]1 #afg4 ,nitrog51 #aae-afj2 absorb$ by soil1 #ha1 #aca2 accumulates 9 pa/ures1 #acd2 9 air1 #aaf2 z ammonia 9 soils1 #abg2 am\nt (1 9 plants1 #dj2 am\nt (1 9 soil1 #abc2 artificial supply (1 #aej2 9 bat guano1 #cbe2 9 bones1 #cfc1 #cfd2 comb9$1 9 air1 #aah2 comb9$1 9 ra91 #aai1 #aee2 condition (1 9 manures1 #edj2 conv]t$ into nitrates 9 soil1 #ea2 9 c[-dung1 #bbf-bbh2 9 c[ excrem5ts1 #bgh2 9 c[-ur9e1 #bcj2 diff]5ce betwe5 surface & subsoil1 #abf2 diff]5t =ms (1 #de1 #aaf2 dissolv$ 9 ra91 #aca2 9 dri$ blood1 #dbd2 9 f>my>d manure1 #bfj2 9 fi%-guano1 #cba2 fixation ( free1 #acf2 =ms (1 9 plants1 #dia2 free1 relation (1 to plant1 #aag2 ga9 (1 ) legum9\s crops1 #ace2 9 guanos1 #cbi2 9 ho(s & horns1 #dbf2 9 horse-dung1 #bbf-bbh2 9 horse-manure1 #bdc2 9 horse-ur9e1 #bcj2 importance (1 9 soil1 #hh2 9 lean fle%1 #dbd2 9 lea!r1 #dbh2 lea/ abundant ( manurial +r$i5ts 9 soil1 #bga2 loss (1 artificial s\rces (1 #add2 loss (1 by crops1 #add2 loss (1 on f>m1 #adf2 loss (1 s\rces (1 #acg-aej2 loss (1 total am\nt (1 #adb2 lo/ 9 ! arts1 #adh2 lo/ 9 free condition1 #ada2 lo/ 9 treat+ f>my>d manure1 #adf2 lo/ 9 milk1 #adg2 lo/ by retrogression1 #adb2 9 ,manitoba soils1 #aef2 9 meat-guano1 #cbd2 nature (1 9 soil1 #abd2 z nitrates 9 soil1 #abh2 z nitrates 9 cropp$ soils1 #acj1 #aeg2 z nitrates 9 ,ro?am/$ soils1 #aih2 z nitrates 9 :eat-soils1 #aeg2 9 nitrate ( soda1 #cdc2 nitric1 9 soil1 #abh2 organic1 absorb$ by plants1 #dg2 organic1 9 soil1 #abe2 orig9al s\rce (1 9 soil1 #acc2 9 ox5 excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 pa/ure-l&s1 #aeh2 peat-soils ri*e/ 91 #abc2 9 ,p]uvian guano1 #cjb1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cbi2 9 pig-dung1 #bbf-bbg2 position (1 9 agriculture1 #aae-afj2 relative manurial value (1 #eef2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on1 #aae2 9 scut*1 #dbg2 9 sewage1 #dca2 9 sewage-sludge1 #dci2 9 %eep-dung1 #bbf-bbh2 9 %eep excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 %eep-ur9e1 #bcj2 9 soil1 #abj2 9 soil1 portion (1 easily nitrifiable1 #ahg2 9 soils at v>i\s dep?s1 #aef2 9 soot1 #dbh2 s\rce (1 9 plants1 #ae1 #af1 #dj-eb2 s\rces ( soil1 #aca-acg2 9 /raw1 #bcg1 #bdc2 9 subsoil1 #aba2 9 surface-soil1 #aba2 9 sw9e-ur9e1 #bcj2 9 wooll5 rags1 #dbg4 ,nitrog5\s guano1 #cjj-cjh1 #cbi4 ,nitrog5\s manures1 application (1 #dgh2 b5efit c]eals1 #did2 hurtful to legum9\s crops1 #ebc4 ,nitrog5\s organic sub/ances1 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje2 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,nitrosomonas1 #afg4 ,nitr\s acid1 conv]t$ into nitric acid1 #afh2 =m$ f ammonia1 #afg4 ,nobbe1 on fixation ( free nitrog51 #acf2 on pota% 9 soil1 #ajh4 ,noelln] on orig9 ( nitrate-fields1 #cci4 ,norfolk1 coprolites f1 #cgd2 exp]im5ts on b>ley1 #dig --on mead[-l&1 #eji --on turnips1 #eac4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 guano f1 #bih1 #cbh4 ,norwegian apatite1 #cge4 ,oak-tree1 wat] transpir$ by1 #ga4 ,oat-/raw1 composition (1 #bch2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,oats1 ,ar5dt's exp]im5ts )1 #ejc2 av59e 91 #ejc2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 h>dy crop1 #ejb2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #eja-ejd2 nitrog5 remov$ 9 crop (1 #adh2 require mix$ nitrog5\s manures1 #ejb2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on gr[? (1 #efg4 ,(ic9as1 #cdb4 ,ohl5dorff1 introduction ( dissolv$ guano by1 #caa4 ,oilcakes1 imports (1 #aec2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec4 ,oil-se$s1 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec4 ,oligoclase felsp>s1 #ajc1 #bad2 composition (1 #ajc2 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,organic matt]1 9 bones1 #cfc2 9 dung1 #bbh1 #bfj2 9 manures1 #edc2 n necess>y = nitrify+ organism1 #afi4 ,or?oclase felsp>s1 #ajc1 #bad2 composition (1 #ajc2 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,ox-dung1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 91 = food consum$1 #bbh4 ,ox-ur9e1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 91 #bcb4 ,oxalic acid 9 guano1 action (1 #ccj4 ,ox51 excrem5ts (1 #bhj2 food aid$ by1 #bhj2 solid excreta void$ by1 #bhj2 ur9e void$ by1 #bhj4 ,oxidation1 #gi2 products (1 #gi1 #hj4 ,oxyg51 absorb$ by plant-roots1 #ha2 absorb$ by soil1 #ha2 evolv$ by plants1 #aa2 necess>y = f]tility1 #ha2 necess>y = nitrification1 #eb1 #agc2 p]c5tage (1 9 plants1 #ci2 s\rce (1 9 plants1 #ci4 ,pabellon de ,pica1 guano f1 #bih1 #cjb1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #ccj2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,pacific ,isl&s1 guano f1 #bih4 ,pacific ,ocean1 sea-we$ 91 #cci4 ,palagonite z pota% manure1 #bac4 ,palm-k]nel meal1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,pa/eur1 on f]m5tation 9 ur9e1 #bee2 on nitrification1 #aff4 ,pa/ures1 accumulation ( nitrog5 91 #acd2 b5efit$ by basic slag1 #dad2 defici5t 9 lime1 #dea2 effect ( manure on h]bage (1 #eje2 nitrog5 91 #aeh2 p]man5t1 #ach1 #aid --manur+ (1 #eji2 season influ5ces1 #ejg2 soil influ5ces1 #ejg4 ,patagonian guano1 #cjh1 #cbg2 nitrog5 91 #ccj2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,pat5t phosphate meal1 #dje4 ,patillos1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,patos ,isl&1 guano deposits at1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,patt]son on sup]phosphate1 #cii4 ,pay5 & ,b\ss+ault on composition ( dri$ fle%1 #dbe4 ,peas1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #ebg2 phosphorus 91 #bje2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec4 ,peat1 absorb+ prop]ties (1 #bci2 adult]ant ( guano1 #cag2 analysis ( /able-manure f1 #bha2 litt]1 #bci2 nitrog5 91 #bdj2 reta9+ prop]ties (1 #bdj2 soils1 #abc4 ,pelicans1 guano f1 #big4 ,p5gu9 ,isl& guano1 #ccj2 nitrog5 91 #ccj2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,p5gu9s1 guano f1 #big4 ,p]cival on c>bonic acid 9 plants1 #ab4 ,p]u1 guano deposits 91 #cbg2 guano fir/ us$ 91 #big2 nitrate ( soda f1 #afa1 #afb4 ,p]uvian guano1 #cjj-cjf2 appe>ance (1 #cjc2 composition (1 #cjd-cjf2 deposits (1 #cja2 imports (1 #aea1 #big2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #aea4 ,pet]s & ,ei*horn on solv5t p[] ( salt1 #dga4 ,petzholdt on s\rces ( plant's nitrog51 #db4 ,pfeff] on action ( light on plant-gr[?1 #ch4 ,pho5ix ,isl& guano1 #cji4 ,phosphate ( iron 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje4 ,phosphate ( lime1 9 ,alg]ian phosphate1 #cgi2 9 apatite1 #cgd2 9 ,belgian phosphate1 #cgg2 9 bones1 #cfd2 9 ,cambridge coprolites1 #cgd2 9 ,c>ol9a phosphates1 #cgf2 9 cru/ guanos1 #cgi2 9 ,e/remadura phosphate1 #cge2 9 ,florida phosphate1 #cgh2 9 ,fr5* phosphates1 #cgi2 9 ,lahn phosphates1 #cgi2 9 ,somme phosphate1 #cgh2 rev]t$ 9 mix+ manures1 #ecg4 ,phosphates ( lime1 #che-chh1 #cih2 importance ( me*anical condition (1 #edb4 ,phosphates1 m9]al1 #cgc-cha2 imports (1 #cha2 value z a manure1 #chj4 ,phosphatic guano1 #cjh1 #ccj4 ,phosphatic manures1 application (1 #dhj4 ,phosphorett$ hydrog5 9 f>my>d manure1 #beh4 ,phosphoric acid1 #aii-baa2 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 9 basic slag1 #djd2 9 bat guano1 #cbe2 9 bones1 #cfc2 condition (1 9 soil1 #bjc2 9 c[-dung1 #bbf-bbh2 9 c[ excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 c[-ur9e1 #bcj2 9 f>my>d manure1 #bfj2 9 fi%-guano1 #cba2 fix$ by soils1 #eh2 ga9 (1 #bjh2 9 guano1 p]c5tage (1 #cbi1 #ccj2 guano a s\rce (1 #bjb2 9 ho(s & horns1 #dbf2 9 horse-dung1 #bbf-bbh2 9 horse-ur9e1 #bcj2 importance (1 #hh2 loss (1 artificial s\rces (1 #bjf --by dra9age1 #bjf --9 f>my>d manure1 #bjh --9 milk1 #bjg --9 sewage1 #bjh --s\rces (1 9 agriculture1 #bje2 9 meat-guano1 #cbd2 m9]al s\rces (1 #bjj2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee2 occurr5ce (1 9 animals1 #bje --9 nature1 #aii --9 plants1 #bjd --9 soil1 #bjc2 9 ox5 excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 pig-dung1 #bbf1 #bbg2 9 pig excrem5ts1 #bha2 9 pig-ur9e1 #bcj2 position (1 9 agriculture1 #aii-baa2 relative trade values (1 9 manures1 #djj2 9 rocks1 #bjb1 #baa2 9 sewage-sludge1 #dda2 9 %eep-dung1 #bbf-bbh2 9 %eep excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 %eep-ur9e1 #bcj2 /atem5t (1 9 analyses ( manures1 #eda4 ,phosphorite1 #bja1 #cgd4 ,phosphorus1 9 album9oids1 #bje2 9 animals1 #bje2 9 beans1 #bje2 9 peas1 #bje2 9 plants1 #bjd2 9 pig-iron1 #dja4 ,physical prop]ties ( soils1 #ff-hg4 ,pi*>d on action ( gypsum on nitrification1 #agc4 ,pig-dung1 composition (1 #bbf2 9 dry /ate1 #bbg4 ,pig excrem5ts1 #bha2 composition (1 #bha4 ,pig-manure1 #bej2 am\nt produc$ p] day1 #bea2 m9]al matt] 91 #bea2 nitrog5 91 #bea2 poor 9 nitrog51 #bea4 ,pig-ur9e1 composition (1 #bcj --9 dry /ate1 #bca4 ,pigeon-dung1 #cbj1 #cbe2 analysis (1 #cca4 ,pigs1 excrem5ts (1 #bha2 food consum$ by1 #bha4 ,pisagua1 nitrate-fields at1 #cdj4 ,plant1 action ( light on1 #ch2 am\nt ( hydrog5 91 #dj --nitrog5 91 #dj --oxyg5 91 #dj2 a% con/itu5ts (1 #ec-ee2 c>bon fix$ by1 #cg1 #ch2 food1 absorption (1 by1 #ee2 phosphoric acid 91 #bjd2 pota% 91 #baf2 proximate composition (1 #cf2 relation ( ammonia to1 #dh-ej2 s\rce ( hydrog5 91 #dj --nitrog5 91 #dj-eb --oxyg5 91 #ci1 #dj4 ,plant-food1 absorption (1 #dij2 am\nt ( soluble1 9 soil1 #ajj2 e>ly !ories on s\rce (1 #d2 reta9$ by soil1 #eg4 ,plant-roots1 gr[ d[nw>ds1 #hd2 nitrification promot$ by1 #aha2 op5ness requir$ by1 #hc2 room requir$ by1 #he2 soil 9 relation to1 #hd4 ,pl9y1 on lime z a manure1 #ddi2 on salt z a manure1 #dfe4 ,pockets a s\rce ( phosphoric acid1 #bjb4 ,poisons1 effect (1 on nitrify+ organisms1 #agf4 ,pol/orff on a% con/itu5ts ( plants1 #ec4 ,polyhallite1 pota% 91 #bbj1 #dbj4 ,porphyry1 9 guano1 #cjc2 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,pota%1 #bab-bbj1 #dah-dbc2 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 9 b>illa1 #dbj2 *loride (1 #bah2 condition (1 9 soil1 #baf2 9 c[s' excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 dra9age-wat]s1 #bag2 9 f>my>d manure1 #bfj2 9 felsp>s1 #bbj2 9 fleece1 #bag2 fix$ by soils1 #eh2 importance (1 9 soil1 #hh2 9 kelp1 #dbj2 less important ?an phosphoric acid1 #bab2 manures1 #bah1 #dah-dbc2 muriate (1 #bah1 #dba2 necess>y = nitrification1 #aga2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee2 occurr5ce (1 #bac2 9 ocean1 #bac2 9 ox5 excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 pig excrem5ts1 #bhj2 9 plants1 #baf2 position (1 9 agriculture1 #bab-bbj2 relative manurial value (1 #eef2 ,scotti% soils suppli$ )1 #dai2 9 %eep excrem5ts1 #bhj2 soda replaces1 #dff2 s\rces ( loss (1 #bag2 9 ,/assfurt salts1 #bad2 /atem5t (1 9 analyses ( manures1 #edb2 9 sug>-beet refuse1 #bai2 sulphate (1 #bah1 #dba2 9 wood-a%es1 #bah1 #bbj1 #dai4 ,pota% manures1 #bah1 #dah-dbc2 application (1 #dbb1 #dhj --rate (1 #dbc2 b>illa z1 #dbj2 crops suit$ =1 #dbc2 relative importance (1 #dah2 soils suit$ =1 #dbc2 s\rces (1 #dai2 ,/assfurt salts z1 #dbj2 wood-a%es a s\rce (1 #dai4 ,potassium phosphate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,potassium sulphate1 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje2 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,potatoes1 effect ( f>my>d manure on1 #ebj2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 gr[n ) cov]$ manure1 #bhi2 ,highl& ,society's exp]im5ts on1 #eah2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #eag-ebb --9 ,j]sey1 #ebi --influ5ces composition (1 #eba2 pota% remov$ 91 #bag2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on1 #eai1 #ega4 ,precipitat$ ammonium phosphate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,precipitat$ phosphate1 #ccj1 #chg4 ,precipitation1 treatm5t ( sewage by1 #dcf4 ,prie/ley1 discov]y ( evolution ( oxyg5 by plants1 #aa2 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #dj4 ,prussiate ( pota%1 manufacture (1 #cec4 ,pugh on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,punta de ,lobos guano1 #cjb2 nitrog5 91 #cjc2 phosphoric acid 91 #cjc4 ,punta de ,patillos1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,pyrox5e1 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,qu>tz1 evaporation ( wat] f1 #ii4 ,que5sl&1 meat-meal guano f1 #cbd4 ,qu]citan1 exp]im5ts (1 ) roses1 #h4 ,rape-cake1 capable ( nitrification1 #ahb2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,rape-se$s1 imports (1 #aec4 ,raza ,isl& guano1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid1 #ccj4 ,rectifi$ guano1 #caa4 ,relative trade values ( phosphoric acid1 #djj4 ,res9 9 guano1 #cje4 ,ret5tive p[] ( soils = wat]1 #gj-gc4 ,retrogression1 nitrog5 lo/ by1 #adb4 ,rev]t$ phosphates1 #chi-cia2 det]m9ation ( am\nt (1 #cia2 =mation (1 #chg2 value (1 #cia4 ,rh9e1 nitrates 9 wat]s (1 #aeh4 ,rice-meal1 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 manurial con/itu5ts (1 #bhb4 ,rocks1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb4 ,roots1 influ5ce ( manures on composition (1 #eab2 manur+ (1 #eaj-ebb2 ,norfolk exp]im5ts on1 #eac2 pota% remov$ 91 #bag4 ,rotation ( crops1 be>+ (1 on nitrification1 #aie4 ,rotations1 phosphoric acid 91 #bij2 pota% remov$ 91 #bij4 ,ro?am/$1 alt]nate :eat & bean rotation at1 #ebd2 ammonia 9 ra9 at1 #di2 b>ley exp]im5ts at1 #eff2 ,broadbalk ,field1 alt]ation 9 composition (1 #aei --manur+ (1 #aei --produce ( :eat on1 #aei2 e>ly exp]im5ts at1 #cc-cf2 exp]im5ts1 #efj-egb2 exp]im5ts ) nitrate ( soda at1 #cdg2 exp]im5ts on nitrog5 "q at1 #aae --mangel-wurzel1 #efh --oats1 #efg --potatoes at1 #eai --value ( nitrog5 9 f>my>d manure1 #bga2 increase ( nitrog5 ) manures at1 #acg1 #eac2 nitrates 9 b>ley-soils (1 #aeh2 nitrates 9 cropp$ soils (1 #acj1 #aeg2 nitrates 9 dra9age (1 #ahi2 nitrates 9 :eat-soils (1 #aca1 #aeg2 nitrog5 z nitrates 9 soils (1 #abi1 #aih2 nitrog51 decrease (1 9 soils1 #aei2 nitrog5 9 pa/ure at1 #abf2 pa/ure1 increase ( nitrog5 91 #aeh2 retrogression ( nitrog5 at1 #adb2 soil1 nature (1 #efa --nitrog5 91 at v>i\s dep?s1 #aef2 total am\nt ( nitrog5 lo/ at1 #adb2 turnip exp]im5ts at1 #efh2 unmanur$ fall[-l& loses nitrog5 by dra9age at1 #ada2 :eat exp]im5ts at1 #ejj1 #efb-efe4 ,roy on s\rces ( plant-nitrog51 #db4 ,rubidia 9 a% ( plants1 #ee4 ,ruffle1 ,john1 on sup]phosphate1 #chh4 ,rye1 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,rye-grass suit$ = sewage1 #dce4 ,rye-/raw1 summ]1 composition (1 #bch2 w9t]1 composition-(1 #bch4 ,/ ,hel5a1 exp]im5ts at1 ) ,p]uvian guano1 #cja4 ,saldanha ,bay guano1 #cbh2 nitrog5 91 #cbi2 phosphoric acid 91 #cbi4 ,sal9as1 #cce4 ,salm-,hor/m>1 ,pr9ce1 on wat]-culture1 #ed4 ,salt1 #dfe-dgc2 action (1 on crops1 #dgb2 adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 am\nt appli$1 #dgc2 antiquity ( use (1 #dfe2 an antiseptic1 #dfh2 application (1 #dgb2 cl>ifies wat]1 #dgj2 coagulates clay1 #dgj2 decomposes m9]als1 #dgj2 a g]micide1 #dfh2 indirect action (1 #dfh2 me*anical action (1 #dgj2 nature ( action (1 #dfe2 n a necess>y plant-food1 #dff2 occurr5ce (1 #dfg2 prev5ts rapid f]m5tation1 #dga2 quantity to apply1 #dgc2 solv5t action (1 #dgj2 s\rces (1 #dfh4 ,saltpetre1 =mation (1 #afd2 occurr5ce (1 #bae2 plantations1 #afc4 ,s&1 absorptive p[] (1 #fh2 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 calc>e\s1 absorptive p[] (1 #ih2 silice\s1 absorptive p[] (1 #ih4 ,s&y soils defici5t 9 lime1 #dea4 ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 guano deposits at1 #cbh4 ,s>agossa ,sea1 sea-we$ 91 #cci4 ,saussure1 ,de1 on absorption ( gases by soil1 #ha2 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #da2 rese>*es on plant-food by1 #ae4 ,sawdu/ an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai4 ,s*eibl]1 ,pr(essor1 on basic slag1 #djd4 ,s*loes+ & ,mu5tz1 on nitrification1 #ea1 #aff2 exp]im5ts on rate ( nitrification by1 #ahe2 on d5itrification1 #agi2 on f]m5ts effect+ nitrification1 #afg2 on fixation ( free nitrog51 #db2 on ammonia 9 air1 #aai1 #acb2 on nitrog5 absorb$ by soil f air1 #acb2 on temp]ature fav\rable = nitrification1 #age4 ,s*o5ite1 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,s*uebl]1 on absorptive p[] ( soils1 #ih2 on ret5tive p[] ( soils1 #ih4 ,s*ulze on fix]s1 #bdf4 ,scut*1 #dbg2 manufacture (1 #dbg2 nitrog5 91 #dbg4 ,sea-we$1 nitric acid 91 #cci4 ,seals1 guano f1 #big4 ,se$1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts lodge 91 #dia4 ,se9e1 nitrates 9 wat]s (1 #aeh4 ,s5ebi]1 ,jean1 on c>bon 9 plants1 #ab2 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #da4 ,sewage1 #dcj-dda2 *>coal a filt] =1 #dcg2 crops suit$ =1 #dcd2 d5itrification 91 #agi2 dry matt] 91 #dca2 effects ( cont9u$ applications (1 #dcc2 filt]s =1 #dcg2 irrigation )1 #dca-dcc2 nitrification 91 #aff2 nitrog5 lo/ 91 #adi2 phosphoric acid lo/ 91 #adi2 purifi$ by soils1 #dce2 treatm5t (1 by precipitation1 #dcf2 value (1 z a manure1 #dcj4 ,sewage-sick l&1 #dcc4 ,sewage-sludge1 #dch-dda2 z a manure1 exp]im5ts )1 #dch2 nitrog5 91 #dci2 phosphoric acid 91 #dci2 pr(itable treatm5t (1 #dda2 value (1 #dci2 wat] 91 #dch4 ,%ale-works1 sulphate ( ammonia1 f1 #ceh4 ,%>k's ,bay guano1 #cji1 #cbh4 ,%eep1 excrem5ts (1 #bhj1 #bha2 solid excreta void$ by1 #bhj2 ur9e void$ by1 #bhj4 ,%eep-dung1 alkalies 91 #bbf2 composition (1 9 dry /ate1 #bbg2 mo/ valuable excrem5t1 #bbg2 nitrog5 91 #bbf2 phosphoric acid 91 #bbf2 wat] 91 #bbf4 ,%eep-manure1 #bea2 am\nt produc$ p] day1 #bea --p] ye>1 #beb2 dry matt] 91 #beb2 m9]al matt] 91 #beb2 nitrog5 91 #beb4 ,%eep-ur9e1 alkalies 91 #bcj2 composition (1 9 dry /ate1 #bca2 mo/ valuable ur9e1 #bca2 nitrog5 91 #bcj2 phosphoric acid 91 #bcj2 wat] 91 #bcj4 ,%oddy1 #dbg2 production (1 #aeb1 #dbe2 nitrog5 91 #aeb1 #dbg4 ,sicily1 bones f1 #cfj4 ,sidney ,isl& guano1 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,siem5s1 ,dr1 exp]im5ts by1 ) light on plants1 #ch4 ,silica1 9 a% ( plants1 #ee2 9 ,*9*a guano1 #cje2 jelly1 #afi2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee4 ,silicates1 #ajb2 absorb$ by c]eals1 #did4 ,silicic acid fix$ by soils1 #eh4 ,simon on humus 9 soil1 #dg4 ,slak$ lime1 #ded4 ,slugs kill$ by lime1 #dfa4 ,smut prev5t$ by lime1 #dfa4 ,soda1 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 fix$ by soils1 #eh2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee2 nitrate (1 #ccb-cea2 9 sal9as1 #cce2 replaces pota%1 #dff4 ,sodium *loride 9 ,*9*a ,isl& guano1 #cje4 ,sodium phosphate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,sodium sulphate 9 concretion>y nodules1 #cbh4 ,soil1 #fe-ajh2 absorptive p[] (1 = wat]1 #fg1 #ih2 acids fix$ by1 #eh-fj2 action ( lime on1 #dec2 ammonia absorb$ by1 #ha2 am\nt ( soluble plant-food 91 #ajj2 artificial1 #ed2 b>ley1 nitrates 91 #aeh2 bases fix$ by1 #eh-fj2 be/ suit$ = nitrification1 #aib2 biological prop]ties (1 #ib-if2 capacity = heat1 #gf-gh2 c>bonic acid absorb$ by1 #ha2 *emical composition (1 #hg-ib1 #aja-ajg2 col\r (1 #hj2 cropp$1 nitrates 91 #aeg2 d5itrification 91 #agg2 evaporation f1 #ga1 #gb2 f>my>d manure1 action (1 on1 #bgb2 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts 91 #hg2 f]tility (1 #fe-ajh2 f95ess (1 #fi-gj2 gases 91 #ajj2 hygroscopic p[] (1 #ge-gf1 #ii2 improv$ by humus1 #bgb2 influ5ce ( f>my>d manure on1 #dge2 on nitrification1 #ahj2 manures increase f]tility (1 #dgd2 nitrates 91 am\nt (1 #abh-aca2 nitrify+ organisms 91 #agi2 di/ribution (1 #agi2 nitrog5 absorb$ by1 #ha1 #hb1 #aca2 nitrog5 accumulates1 #acc2 nitrog5 91 am\nt (1 #abj-abh2 nitrog5 lea/ abundant ( manurial +r$i5ts 91 #bgj2 nitrog5 at v>i\s dep?s 91 #aef2 oxyg5 absorb$ by1 #ha2 phosphoric acid 91 #bjc --condition (1 91 #bjc --occurr5ce (1 91 #bjc2 peat1 #abc2 possesses p[] ( fix+ ammonia1 #eg2 pota% 91 #bae --condition (1 91 #baf2 pot5tial f]tility (1 #edi2 p[] (1 = absorb+ gases1 #ha2 relation (1 to plant-roots1 #hd2 ret5tion ( plant-food by1 #eg2 ret5tive p[] (1 = wat]1 #gj-gc2 sewage purifi$ by1 #dce2 %r9kage (1 #gd2 v>iation 9 absorb+ p[]s (1 #hb2 v>ieties (1 #fg2 virg91 #acc2 wat] 91 mo/ fav\rable am\nt (1 #ge2 wat]-logg$1 #agi2 :eat1 nitrates 91 #aeg4 ,soluble phosphate1 #chf4 ,sombr]o phosphate1 #cjh1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #cgi2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,somme phosphate1 #cgh4 ,soot1 #dbh2 application (1 rate (1 #dbi2 crops suit$ by1 #dbi2 nitrog5 91 #dbh4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 guano deposits 91 #cbg2 meat-meal guano f1 #cbd4 ,/>buck ,isl& guano1 #cji1 #cbh2 phosphoric acid 91 #ccj4 ,/assfurt salts1 #bad2 pota% 91 #bae1 #dbj4 ,/ead & ,ribsdale on =mation ( basic slag1 #djg4 ,/oeckh>dt1 on composition ( solid excreta1 #bbf2 on composition ( ur9e1 #bbi4 ,/or]1 ,pr(essor1 on composition ( birds' dung1 #cca2 on composition ( leaves1 #bdb2 on fi%-guano1 #cbc2 on nitrog5 remov$ 9 milk1 #adg4 ,/raw1 composition (1 #bch2 imports (1 #aec2 z litt]1 #bcf1 #bdh2 m9]al matt] 91 #bch1 #bdc2 nitrog5 91 #bcg1 #bdc2 v>iation 9 composition (1 #bcg4 ,subsoil1 conditions fav\rable = nitrification 91 #aha4 ,suffolk coprolites1 #cgd4 ,sug>-beet refuse1 pota% 91 #bai4 ,sulphate ( alum9a1 a precipitant ( sewage1 #dcg4 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 #ceb-ceh2 ammonia 91 #cee2 application (1 #cef2 composition (1 #cee2 a conc5trat$ nitrog5\s manure1 #cef2 conv]t$ into nitrates1 #cef2 f gas-works1 #cec2 f iron-works1 #cee2 f %ale-works1 #ced2 manure = c]eals1 #cef2 mo/ easily nitrifiable manure1 #aia2 production (1 #aea1 #ceh2 prop]ties (1 #cee2 s\rce ( nitrog51 #adi2 s\rces (1 #cec1 #ced1 #ceh2 sulphocyanate ( ammonia 91 #cee4 ,sulphate ( lime a fix]1 #bdf4 ,sulphate ( magnesia1 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 z a fix]1 #bdf4 ,sulphate ( pota%1 application (1 #dbb --rate (1 #dbc2 comp>$ ) muriate1 #dba2 s\rces (1 #bah1 #dbj4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 f f>my>d manure1 #beh4 ,sulphuric acid1 action (1 on bones1 #chb --on guano1 #caa --on tricalcic phosphate1 #cih2 9 a% ( plants1 #ed2 z a fix]1 #bde1 #bhe2 necess>y = plant-gr[?1 #ee2 sup]phosphate manufactur$ )1 #chd1 #chh4 ,sup]phosphate1 #chb-djj2 action (1 #cib-cie --sometimes unfav\rable1 #cie2 application (1 #cie --rate (1 #cig2 composition (1 #cia2 discov]y (1 #chb2 ha/5s e>ly gr[?1 #cid2 high-class1 #cib2 l[-class1 #cib2 manufacture (1 #chc-che --phosphates suitable =1 #chd2 m$ium-class1 #cia2 production (1 #chb2 rev]sion 91 #chi1 #cii1 #djj --causes (1 #chi1 #cij2 rev]t$ 9 soil1 #cib4 ,surprise ,isl& guano1 #cbh4 ,swan ,isl& guano1 #cbh4 ,sw$es1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #ead4 ,sw9e-dung1 alkalies 91 #bbf2 composition (1 #bbg2 nitrog5 91 #bbf2 phosphoric acid 91 #bbf2 wat] 91 #bbf4 ,sw9e-ur9e1 alkalies 91 #bcj2 composition (1 #bca2 nitrog5 91 #bcj2 phosphoric acid 91 #bcj2 wat] 91 #bcj4 ,sydney ,isl& guano1 #cji4 ,sy5ite1 #ajf2 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,sylv91 pota% 91 #bbj4 ,symbiosis1 #dd4 ,tam>ugal1 ,pampa de1 nitrate deposit 91 #cdj4 ,t>apaca1 nitrate deposits 91 #cdj4 ,temp]ature necess>y = nitrification1 #eb1 #age4 ,tetracalcic phosphate1 #chg2 occurr5ce (1 #chg1 #dje2 solubility (1 #chg4 ,?a] on application ( f>my>d manure1 #bge4 ,?iocyanates1 nitrification 91 #ahb4 ,?omas-,gil*ri/ process ( /eel-smelt+1 #djb4 ,?omas-slag4 ,see ,basic slag4 ,tillage increases numb] ( plants1 #hf4 ,timor ,isl& guano1 #cji4 ,tobacco1 pota% 91 #bag4 ,torrefi$ horn1 #dbf4 ,torrefi$ lea!r1 #dbh4 ,tortola guano1 #cji4 ,tra*yte1 phosphoric acid 91 #bjb1 #baa4 ,transpiration1 by elm-tree1 #ga2 by oak-tree1 #ga4 ,trees1 z pump+-eng9es1 #gf2 wat] transpir$ by1 #ga4 ,tricalcic phosphate1 #chf1 #cih4 ,tub]cles on roots ( plants1 #dd4 ,tull1 ,je?ro1 !ory (1 on plant-gr[?1 #i-aa1 #fi1 #aji4 ,turkey1 dung produc$ by1 #cca4 ,turnips1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #eaj1 #eaa1 #eac-eag2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on gr[? (1 #efh4 ,twigs1 pota% 91 #bag4 ,tyros91 assimilat$ by plants1 #dg4 ,ulmates 9 f>my>d manure1 #bei4 ,ulmic acid1 9 f>my>d manure1 #beh2 9 humus1 #dg4 ,ulm9 9 humus1 #dg4 ,uncov]$ f>my>d manure1 #bfc1 #bhi4 ,unexhau/$ manures1 valuation (1 #edi-eeb1 #eeh4 ,unit value ( manurial +r$i5ts1 #edd4 ,units = det]m9+ comm]cial value ( manures1 #eed4 ,urate ( ammonium 9 ,*9*a ,isl& guano1 #cje4 ,urea1 assimilat$ by plants1 #df2 9 f>my>d manure1 #beg2 nitrification 91 #ahb4 ,uric acid1 exp]im5ts )1 #df2 9 ,*9*a ,isl& guano1 #cje4 ,ur9e1 #bbh2 am\nt void$1 #bia2 composition (1 v>ies1 #bbh2 conta9s dige/$ manurial +r$i5ts1 #bbh1 #bcb2 devoid ( phosphoric acid1 #bje2 & dung1 composition (1 #bcd2 influ5ce ( food on1 #bbi2 nitrification 91 #aig2 nitrog5 91 #bib2 pota% 91 #bib2 void$ by c[s1 #bhj2 void$ by ox51 #bhj2 void$ by pigs1 #bha2 void$ by %eep1 #bhj4 ,uruguay1 meat-meal guano f1 #cbd4 ,valuation ( manures1 #eci-eei4 ,vegetation1 desirable to h soil cov]$ )1 #aid4 ,v5ezuela1 guano deposits at1 #cbg4 ,ville1 ,georges1 on assimilation ( ammonia1 #ej2 !ory (1 on s\rce ( plant-nitrog51 #da4 ,v9e1 pota% remov$ by1 #baf4 ,virg9 soils1 #acc4 ,voelck]1 ,dr1 analysis ( apatite1 #baj --( f>my>d manure1 #bei2 on action ( sup]phosphate1 #cie2 on fre% & rott$ dung1 #bfa1 #bhf2 on guano1 #caf2 on salt z a manure1 #dgc4 ,voss1 ,h]mann1 on manures us$1 #aeb4 ,wagn]1 ,pr(essor1 on1 application ( basic slag1 #daf2 assimilation ( organic nitrog51 #df2 exp]im5ts ) basic slag1 #djh-dac2 f95ess ( basic slag1 #dji2 manures1 #dab2 relative manurial value ( nitrog5 comp\nds1 #eef2 solubility ( basic slag1 #djh4 ,wallace1 ,dr1 on sewage purification1 #dcf4 ,walruses1 guano f1 #big4 ,w>+ton1 ,r141 on ammonia 9 ra91 #di2 on appe>ance ( nitr\s organisms1 #afh2 on conditions fav\rable = nitrification1 #aha2 exp]im5ts on rate ( nitrification1 #ahf2 on composition ( f>my>d manure1 #bfj2 on manufacture ( sup]phosphate1 #chc2 on manurial con/itu5ts ( foods1 #bhb2 on nitrification 9 alkal9e solutions1 #aig2 on nitrog5 9 excrem5ts1 #bcc2 on nitrog5 9 soil1 #abb2 on pota% 9 wool1 #bbg2 rese>*es (1 on nitrification1 #ce1 #eb1 #aff-afh1 #ahj1 #ahf4 ,wat]1 absorb$ by plants1 #gc2 am\nt (1 transpir$ by plant-leaves1 #ef2 an adult]ant ( guano1 #cai2 a c>ri] ( plant-food1 #ee2 9 c[-dung1 #bbf --c[-ur9e1 #bcj2 f decomposition ( f>my>d manure1 #beg2 9 horse-dung1 #bbf --horse-ur9e1 #bcj2 necess>y = plant1 #fg2 9 pig-dung1 #bbf --pig-ur9e1 #bcj --%eep-dung1 #bbf --%eep-ur9e1 #bcj2 transpir$ by elm-tree1 #ga --oak-tree1 #ga4 ,wat]-culture1 #ed4 ,wat]-logg$ soils1 #agi4 ,wat]loo1 bones f1 #cfj4 ,way1 ,?omas1 on ret5tion ( plant-food by soil1 #eg1 #ei2 on sewage1 #dcg4 ,we/ ,indies1 guano f1 #bih4 ,:ales1 guano f1 #cbb4 ,:eat1 f]tilis+ +r$i5ts remov$ f soil by1 #dhe2 ,flit*am exp]im5ts on1 #ejj2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb2 manur+ (1 #dii-eja nitrog5 remov$ 9 crop (1 #ade2 requires nitrog5\s manures1 #dii2 ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on1 #ejj1 #efb-efe2 a s\rce ( nitrog51 #aec4 ,:eat soils1 nitrates 91 #aeg4 ,:eat-/raw1 analysis ( /able manure made f1 #bhc2 composition (1 #bch2 manurial con/itu5ts 91 #bhb4 ,:ite clov]1 gr[? (1 promot$ by lime1 #dea4 ,wiegmann on a% con/itu5ts ( plants1 #ec4 ,wilf>? on nitrog5 9 plants1 #dd4 ,wilt+1 #gc4 ,w9ogradsky1 on nitrification1 #eb1 #afg1 #afi1 #aig2 on organisms 9 soil1 #id4 ,wolff on1 analysis ( manure-heap dra9+s1 #bij2 composition ( fre% & rott5 dung1 #bhh2 assimilation ( organic nitrog5 by plants1 #dg2 relative manurial value ( manurial comp\nds1 #eef2 ur9e1 #bcb4 ,wood-a%es z pota% manure1 #bah1 #dai4 ,woodh\se1 rese>*es (1 on nitrog5 9 plants1 #da4 ,wool1 capable ( nitrification1 #ahb2 pota% 91 #bag4 ,wool-wa/e1 #dbg2 nitrog5 91 #dbg4 ,woolney1 on organisms 9 soils1 #ic1 #ie2 on wat] 9 soils1 #ge4 ,wrightson1 ,pr(essor1 on application ( basic slag1 #dad4 ,yea/1 #id4 ,york%ire1 bones fir/ us$ 91 #cei4 ,zeolites1 pota% 91 #bbj ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,blackwood ,,& ,,sons4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,c>ats 77 signify sup]script figures4 ,und]scores 77 foll[$ by a numb] 9 curly brackets signify subscript figures4 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #eh ,ei*orn *ang$ to ,ei*horn ,page #acd dif]5t *ang$ to diff]5t ,page #dfd sup]posphate *ang$ to sup]phosphate ,page #eec biophosphate *ang$ to biphosphate ,page #egi ,gallopagos *ang$ to ,galapagos ---------------------------------------- -----------