,libr>y ,edition                        
,,! ,,complete ,,works                  
,,(                           ,,john    
,,rusk9                         ,,!     
,,eagle',s ,,ne/                        
,,love',s ,,me9ie                       
,,ariadne ,,flor5t9a                    
,,val ,d',,arno                         
,,pros]p9a                   ,,national 
,,libr>y ,,association                  
,,new ,,york             ,,*icago       
,,ariadne ,,flor5t9a4                   
,,six ,,lectures                        
,,on                    ,,wood ,,&      
,,metal ,,engrav+                       
,,) ,,app5dix4              ,,giv5      
,,be=e ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d1      
,,9 ,,mi*aelmas ,,t]m1 #ahgb4           
,,cont5ts4                              
,,lecture ,i4                           
,,page ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,(    
,,engrav+                               
#a                            ,,lecture 
,,ii4  ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,to
 ,,o!r ,,arts ,,9 ,,flor5ce             

#bb                            ,,lecture
 ,,iii4  ,,! ,,te*nics ,,( ,,wood       
,,engrav+                               
#db                            ,,lecture
 ,,iv4  ,,! ,,te*nics ,,( ,,metal       
,,engrav+                               
#fa                            ,,lecture
 ,v4  ,,design ,,9 ,,! ,,g]man ,,s*ools 
,,( ,,engrav+ 7,,holbe9 ,,& ,d,ue,r,e,r7
           #ha                          
,,lecture ,,vi4  ,,design ,,9 ,,!       
,,flor5t9e ,,s*ools ,,( ,,engrav+       
7,,s&ro ,,botticelli7      #ajh         
,,app5dix4  ,,article  ,i4 ,,notes ,,on 
,,! ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,9   
,,engl&                 #adc  ,,ii4     
,,deta*$ ,,notes                        
#aeg     ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates             
,fac+ ,page ,diagram                    
#bg  ,! ,la/ ,furr[ 7,fig4 #b74         
,facsimile f ,holbe9's woodcut          
#dg  ,! ,two ,prea*]s 7,fig4 #c74       
,facsimile f ,holbe9's woodcut          
#dh     ,i4 ,?+s ,cele/ial & ,t]re/rial1
 z app>5t to ! ,engli% m9d  #ef    ,,ii4

 ,/> ( ,flor5ce                         
#fb   ,,iii4 ,at ev5+ f ! top ( ,fesole 
#gb    ,,iv4 ,by ! ,spr+s ( ,p>nassus   
#gg     ,v4 ,heat consid]$ z a ,mode (  
,motion4 ,flor5t9e ,natural             
,philosophy                             
#ib    ,,vi4 ,fairness ( ! ,sea & ,air4 
,9 ,v5ice & ,a!ns                  #ie  
,! ,*ild's ,b$time 7,fig4 #e74          
,facsimile f ,holbe9's woodcut    #ajc  
,he t ha? e>s to he> let him he> 7,fig4 
#f74 ,facsimile f           ,holbe9's   
woodcut                                 
#aje   ,,vii4 ,= a "t1 & times          
#acj  ,,viii4 ,! ,nymph belov$ ( ,apollo
 7,mi*ael ,angelo7                      
#aca    ,,ix4 ,9 ! ,woods ( ,ida        
#acb     ,x4 ,grass ( ! ,des]t          
#ace    ,,xi4 ,ob$i5te ,dom9o voci      
hom9is                                  
#ade   ,,xii4 ,! ,coronation 9 ! ,g>d5  
#aeh                          ,,ariadne 
,,flor5t9a4                             
,,lecture ,i4               ,,def9ition 
,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,engrav+4   #a4 ,!   

entrance on my duty = to-day beg9s !    
f\r? ye> ( my (ficial "w 9 ,ox=d2 & ,i  
d\bt n t "s ( my audi5ce are ask+       
!mselves1 v d\btfully--at all ev5ts1 ,i 
ask myself1 v anxi\sly--:at has be5     
done4  ,= practical result1 ,i h n mu*  
to %[4 ,i ann\nc$1 a =tnight s9ce1 t ,i 
w\ld meet1 ! day be=e ye/]day1 any      
g5tleman :o wi%$ to att5d ?is c\rse =   
purposes ( /udy4 ,my class1 s m9d$1     
numb]s f\r1 ( :om ?ree wi% to be arti/s1
 & ought n !re=e1 by rights1 to be at   
,ox=d at all2 & ! f\r? is ! la/ rema9+  
unit ( ! class ,i _h la/ ye>4  #b4 ,yet 
,i nei!r 9 ?is reproa* myself1 nor1 if  
,i c\ld1 w\ld ,i reproa* ! /ud5ts :o are
 n "h4 ,i d n reproa* myself2 = x 0     
impossible = me to att5d prop]ly to !   
s*ools & to write ! gramm> = !m at !    
same "t2 & ,i d n blame ! abs5t /ud5ts =
 n att5d+ a s*ool f :i* ,i h g5]ally be5
 abs5t myself4 ,9 all ?is1 !re is mu* to
 be m5d$1 b1 9 true light1 no?+ to be   
regrett$4  ,i say1 ,i _h to write my    
s*ool gramm>4 ,^! ?ree volumes (        

lectures "u my h&1,a conta91 c>efully   
set d[n1 ! ?+s ,i want y fir/ to "k4    
,none ( my writ+s are done flu5tly2 !   
second volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s 0 all ( x
 writt5 twice--mo/ ( x1 f\r times1--ov]2
 & ^! lectures h be5 writt51 ,i don't "k
 h[ _m times4 ,y may ?9k t ?is 0 done   
m]ely 9 an au?or's vanity1 n 9 a tutor's
 c>e4 ,to ! vanity ,i plead guilty1--no 
man is m int5sely va9 ?an ,i am2 b my   
vanity is set on hav+ x kn[n ( me t ,i  
am a good ma/]1 n 9 hav+ x said ( me t  
,i am a smoo? au?or4 ,my vanity is nev] 
m w\nd$ ?an 9 be+ call$ a f9e writ]1    
mean+--t nobody ne$ m9d :at ,i say4  #c4
 ,well1 !n1 besides ?is vanity1 ,i h "s 
solicitude = y\r progress4 ,y may give  
me cr$it = x or n1 z y *oose1 b x is    
s9c]e4 ,& t y\r advance may be safe1 ,i 
h tak5 ! be/ pa9s ,i c\ld 9 lay+ d[n    
laws = x4 ,9 ^! ?ree ye>s ,i h got my   
gramm> writt51 &1 ) ! help ( _m fri5ds1 
all work+ in/rum5ts 9 good ord]2 & n[ we
 w try :at we c d4 ,n t1 ev5 n[1 y are  
to dep5d on my pres5ce ) y 9 p]sonal    

tea*+4 ,i %all h5ce=w>d ?9k ( ! lectures
 less1 ( ! s*ools m2 b my be/ "w = !    
s*ools w (t5 be by draw+ 9 ,flor5ce or 9
 ,lanca%ire--n "h4  #d4 ,i h already    
told y sev]al times t ! c\rse ?r\gh :i* 
,i mean e /ud5t 9 ^! s*ools %\ld pass1  
is "o :i* %all enable !m to und]/& !    
elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ! f9e/ art4 ,x w   
necess>ily be sev]e1 & seem to lead to  
no imm$iate result4 ,"s ( y w1 on !     
contr>y1 wi% to be taught :at is        
imm$iately easy1 & gives prospect ( a   
manife/ success4  ,b suppose !y %\ld    
come to ! ,pr(essor ( ,logic &          
,rhetoric1 & tell him !y want to be     
taught to prea* l ,mr4 ,spurgeon1 or !  
,bi%op ( ----4  ,he w\ld say to !m1--,i 
_c1 & if ,i c\ld ,i w\ld n1 tell y h[ to
 prea* l ,mr4 ,spurgeon1 or ! ,bi%op (  
----4 ,y\r own "* w =m y\r /yle2 y\r own
 zeal w direct x2 y\r own ob/9acy or    
ignorance may limit or exagg]ate x2 b my
 bus9ess is to prev5t1 z f> z ,i c1 y\r 
hav+ any p>ticul> /yle2 & to tea* y !   
laws ( all language1 & ! ess5tial p[] ( 

y\r own4  ,9 l mann]1 ?is c\rse1 :i* ,i 
propose to y 9 art1 w be calculat$ only 
to give y judgm5t & me?od 9 future /udy1
 to e/abli% to y\r conviction ! laws (  
g5]al art1 & to enable y to draw1 if n )
 g5ius1 at lea/ ) s5se & propriety4  ,! 
c\rse1 s f> z x consi/s 9 practice1 w be
 def9$ 9 my ,in/ructions = ! s*ools4 ,& 
! !ory connect$ ) t practice is set d[n 
9 ! ?ree lectures at ! end ( ! fir/     
c\rse ,i deliv]$--^? on ,l9e1 ,light1 & 
,color4  ,y w h1 !re=e1 to get ?is      
book1,b & x is ! only "o :i* y w ne$ to 
h ( y\r own1--! o!rs are plac$1 =       
ref]5ce1 :]e !y w be accessible to y4   
#e4 ,9 ! #aci? p>agraph x /ates ! ord] (
 y\r practical /udy 9 ^! t]ms3--  ,i wi%
 y to beg9 by gett+ comm& ( l9e2--t is  
to say1 by le>n+ to draw a /eady l9e1   
limit+ ) absolute correctness ! =m or   
space y int5d x to limit2 to proce$ by  
gett+ comm& ov] flat t9ts1 s t y may be 
able to fill ! spaces y h inclos$ ev5ly1
 ei!r ) %ade or color1 accord+ to !     
s*ool y adopt2 &1 f9ally1 to obta9 ! p[]

 ( add+ su* f95ess ( draw+1 )9 ! masses1
 z %all express _! undulation1 & _!     
*>act]s ( =m & texture4  ,& n[1 s9ce 9  
y\r c\rse ( practice y are fir/ requir$ 
to atta9 ! p[] ( draw+ l9es accurately &
 delicately1 s 9 ! c\rse ( !ory1 or     
gramm>1 ,i wi% y fir/ to le>n !         
pr9ciples ( l9e> design1 exemplifi$ by !
 s*ools :i* 7,sec4 #acg7 y w f9d        
*>act]iz$ z ! ,s*ools ( ,l9e4  #f4 ,if  
,i _h comm& ( z mu* "t z ,i %\ld l to   
sp5d ) y on ?is subject1 ,i w\ld beg9 ) 
! e>ly =ms ( art :i* us$ ! simple/ l9e> 
elem5ts ( design4 ,b1 = g5]al s]vice &  
int]e/1 x w be bett] t ,i %\ld sket* :at
 has be5 accompli%$ by ! greate/ ma/]s 9
 t mann]2 ! r t _! "w is m or less      
accessible to all1 & has develop$ into !
 va/ indu/ries ( mod]n engrav+1 "o ( !  
mo/ p[]ful exi/+ influ5ces ( education &
 s\rces ( pleasure among civiliz$ p4  ,&
 ?is inve/igation1 s f> f int]rupt+1 w  
facilitate our exam9ation ( ! hi/ory ( !
 nobl] arts4 ,y w see 9 ! preface to my 
lectures on ,greek sculpture t ,i int5d 

!m to be foll[$ by a c\rse on           
ar*itecture1 & t by "o on ,flor5t9e     
sculpture4 ,b ! art ( engrav+ is s      
manife/ly1 at ,flor5ce1 ?\gh n less     
ess5tially else:]e1 a basis ( /yle bo? 9
 ar*itecture & sculpture1 t x is        
absolutely necess>y ,i %\ld expla9 to y 
9 :at ! skill ( ! engrav] consi/s1 be=e 
,i c def9e ) accuracy t ( m admir$      
arti/s4 ,= engrav+1 ?\gh n altoge!r 9 ! 
me?od ( :i* y see examples 9 ! pr9t-%ops
 ( ! ,high ,/reet1 is1 inde$1 a prior   
art to t ei!r ( build+ or sculpture1 &  
is an insep>able "p ( bo?1 :5 !y are    
rightly practic$4  #g4 ,& :ile we ?us   
exam9e ! scope ( ?is fir/ ( ! arts1 x w 
be necess>y t we le>n also ! scope ( m9d
 ( ! e>ly practic]s ( x1 & accord+ly    
acqua9t ourselves ) ! ma9 ev5ts 9 !     
biography ( ! s*ools ( ,flor5ce4 ,to    
und]/& ! temp] & mean+ ( "o great ma/]  
is to lay ! be/1 if n ! only1 f\ndation 
= ! und]/&+ ( all2 & ,i %all !re=e make 
x ! lead+ aim ( ?is c\rse ( lectures to 
rem9d y ( :at is kn[n1 & direct y to :at

 is kn[able1 ( ! life & "* ( ! greate/  
,flor5t9e ma/] ( engrav+1 ,s&ro         
,botticelli2 &1 incid5tally1 to give y  
"s idea ( ! p[] ( ! greate/ ma/] ( !    
,g]man1 or any nor!rn1 s*ool1 ,hans     
,holbe94  #h4 ,y mu/ feel1 h[ev]1 t ,i  
am us+ ! ^w engrav+ 9 a some:at diff]5t1
 &1 y may imag9e1 a wid]1 s5se1 ?an t   
:i* y are accu/om$ to atta* to x4 ,s f> 
f be+ a wid] s5se1 x is 9 reality a m   
accurate & re/rict$ "o1 :ile yet x      
embraces e conceivable "r application ( 
! art4 ,& ,i wi%1 9 ?is fir/ lecture1 to
 make entirely cle> to y ! prop] mean+ (
 ! ^w1 & prop] range ( ! art (1 engrav+2
 9 my next foll[+ lecture1 to %[ y its  
place 9 ,italian s*ools1 & !n1 9 due    
ord]1 ! place x ought to take 9 our own1
 & 9 all s*ools4  #i4 ,fir/ !n1 to-day1 
( ! ,diff]5tia1 or ess5tial quality (   
,engrav+1 z di/+ui%$ f o!r arts4  ,:at  
answ] w\ld y make to me1 if ,i ask$     
casually :at engrav+ 08 ,p]haps !       
readie/ :i* w\ld occur to y w\ld be1 ,! 
translation ( pictures into black & :ite

 by means admitt+ r$uplication (        
impressions4 ,b if t be done by         
li?ography1 we d n call x               
engrav+1--:]eas we speak cont5t$ly &    
cont9ually ( seal engrav+1 9 :i* !re is 
no "q ( black & :ite4 ,&1 z s*ol>s1 y "k
 t ?is cu/om>y mode ( speak+ is q       
accurate2 & t engrav+ means1 prim>ily1  
mak+ a p]man5t cut or furr[ 9 some?+4 ,!
 c5tral syllable ( ! ^w has become a    
sorr[ful "o1 mean+ ! mo/ p]man5t (      
furr[s4  #aj4 ,b are y prep>$ absolutely
 to accept ?is limitation ) respect to  
engrav+ z a pictorial art8 ,w y call    
no?+ an engrav+1 except a gr\p ( furr[s 
or cavities cut 9 a h>d sub/ance8 ,:at  
%all we say ( mezzot9t engrav+1 =       
in/ance1 9 :i*1 ?\gh inde$ furr[s &     
cavities are produc$ me*anically z a    
gr\nd1 ! arti/'s "w is 9 effac+ !m8 ,&  
:5 we consid] ! p[] ( engrav+ 9         
repres5t+ pictures & multiply+ !m1 are  
we to recognize & admire no effects (   
light & %ade except ^? :i* are visibly  
produc$ by dots or furr[s8 ,i mean1 w ! 

virtue ( an engrav+ be 9 exhibit+ ^!    
imp]fect means ( its effect1 or 9       
conceal+ !m8  #aa4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! 
head ( a soldi] by ,du]]1--a m]e        
gridiron ( black l9es4 ,w\ld ?is be     
bett] or worse engrav+ if x 7 m l a     
photograph or li?ograph1 & no l9es      
se58--suppose1 m l ! head ( ,mr4        
,santley1 n[ 9 all ! music-%ops1 &      
really q deceptive 9 light & %ade1 :5   
se5 f ov] ! way8 ,d y ?9k ,du]]'s "w    
w\ld be bett] if x 7 m l t8 ,& w\ld y h 
me1 !re=e1 leav+ ! "q ( te*nical me?od (
 production altoge!r to ! craftsman1    
consid] pictorial engrav+ simply z !    
production ( a light-&-%ade draw+1 by "s
 me?od p]mitt+ its multiplication = !   
public8  #ab4 ,?is1 y obs]ve1 is a v    
practical "q inde$4 ,= in/ance1 !       
illu/rations ( my own lectures on       
sculpture are equival5t to p]man5t      
photographs4 ,!re c be little d\bt t    
means w be discov]$ ( ?us produc+ p]fect
 facsimiles ( arti/s' draw+s2 s t1 if no
 m ?an facsimile be requir$1 ! old art (

 cutt+ furr[s 9 metal may be consid]$ z1
 at ?is day1 virtually end$4 ,&1 inde$1 
x is said t l9e engrav]s _c any m get   
appr5tices1 & t a pure /eel or copp]    
plate is n likely to be aga9 produc$1 :5
 once ! old liv+ ma/]s ( ! bright field 
%all h be5 all laid 9 _! e>?-furr[s4    
#ac4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ?is come to pass2 &
 m ?an ?is1 suppose t wood engrav+ also 
be sup]s$$1 & t in/ead ( imp]fect       
transcripts ( draw+s1 on wood-blocks or 
metal-plates1 photography enabl$ u to   
give1 q *eaply1 & )\t limit to numb]1   
facsimiles ( ! f9i%$ light-&-%ade draw+s
 ( arti/s !mselves4 ,ano!r gr\p (       
que/ions in/antly (f]s itself1 on ^! new
 conditions2 namely1 ,:at are ! be/     
means = a light-&-%ade draw+--! p51 or !
 p5cil1 ! *>coal1 or ! flat wa%8 ,t is  
to say1 ! p51 produc+ %ade by black     
l9es1 z old engrav+ did2 ! p5cil1       
produc+ %ade by gray l9es1 v>iable 9    
=ce2 ! *>coal1 produc+ a smoky %ad[ ) no
 l9es 9 x1 or ! wa%$ t9t1 produc+ a     
transp>5t %ad[ ) no l9es 9 x4 ,:i* ( ^! 

me?ods is ! be/8--or h !y1 ea* & all1   
virtues to be sep>ately /udi$1 &        
di/9ctively appli$8  #ad4 ,see h[       
curi\sly ! que/ions multiply on u4 #a/1 
,is engrav+ to be only consid]$ z cut   
"w8 #b;d1 ,= pres5t designs multipliable
 )\t cutt+1 by ! sun%9e1 :at me?ods or  
in/rum5ts ( draw+ w be be/8 ,& n[1      
#c;dly1 be=e we c discuss ^! que/ions at
 all1 is !re n ano!r ly+ at ! root (    
bo?1--namely1 :at a light-&-%ade draw+  
itself prop]ly is1 & h[ x diff]s1 or    
%\ld diff]1 f a pa9t+1 :e!r by m]e      
defici5cy1 or by "s entirely di/9ct     
m]it8  #ae4 ,= in/ance1 y "k h[         
confid5tly x is said1 9 common talk ab\t
 ,turn]1 t 8 works are intelligible &   
beautiful :5 engrav$1 ?\gh              
incompreh5sible z pa9t+s4 ,admitt+ ?is  
to be s1 d y suppose x is because !     
translation into light & %ade is        
defici5t 9 "s qualities :i* ! pa9t+ _h1 
or t x possesses "s quality :i* ! pa9t+ 
_h n8 ,does x please m because x is     
defici5t 9 ! color :i* confus$ a feeble 

spectator1 & (f5d$ a dogmatic "o1--or   
because x possesses a decision 9 its    
/eady l9e> labor :i* int]prets1 or      
corrects1 ! swift p5cil+ ( ! arti/8     
#af4 ,d y notice ! two words ,i h j us$1
 ,decision1 & ,l9e>8--,decision1 aga9   
introduc+ ! idea ( cuts or divisions1 z 
oppos$ to gradations2 ,l9e>1 z oppos$ to
 massive or broad8  ,yet we use all ^!  
words at diff]5t times 9 praise1 :ile !y
 evid5tly m>k inconsi/5t qualities4     
,s(tness & decision1 bread? &           
del9eation1 _c co-exi/ 9 equal degrees4 
,!re mu/ surely !re=e be a virtue 9 !   
engrav+ inconsi/5t ) t ( ! pa9t+1 & vice
 v]sa4  ,n[1 be cle> ab\t ^! ?ree       
que/ions :i* we h to-day to answ]4      
,a4 ,is all engrav+ to be cut "w8       
,b4 ,if x ne$ n be cut "w1 b only !     
reproduction ( a      draw+1 :at me?ods 
( execut+ a light-&-%ade draw+      w be
 be/8       ,c4 ,is ! %ad$ draw+ itself 
to be consid]$ only z a      defici5t or
 imp]fect pa9t+1 or z a diff]5t ?+ f a  
pa9t+1 hav+ a virtue ( its own1 belong+ 

to black &      :ite1 z oppos$ to color8
  #ag4 ,i w give y ! answ]s at once1    
briefly1 & amplify !m aft]w>ds4         
,a4 ,all engrav+ mu/ be cut "w2--t is   
its diff]5tia4      ,unless y\r effect  
be produc$ by cutt+ into "s solid       
sub/ance1 x is n engrav+ at all4        
,b4 ,! prop] me?ods = light-&-%ade draw+
 v>y      accord+ to subject1 & ! degree
 ( complet5ess      desir$1--"s ( !m    
hav+ mu* 9 common ) engrav+1      & o!rs
 ) pa9t+4       ,c4 ,! qualities ( a    
light-&-%ade draw+ ought to be          
entirely diff]5t f ^? ( a pa9t+4 ,x is n
 a      defici5t or p>tial repres5tation
 ( a color$ sc5e or      picture1 b an  
entirely diff]5t read+ ( ei!r4 ,s t     
mu* ( :at is intelligible 9 a pa9t+     
ought to be      un9telligible 9 a      
light-&-%ade /udy1 & vice v]sa4  ,y h   
?us ?ree arts1--engrav+1 light-&-%ade   
draw+1 & pa9t+4  ,n[ ,i am n go+ to     
lecture1 9 ?is c\rse1 on pa9t+1 nor on  
light-&-%ade draw+1 b on engrav+ only4  
,b ,i mu/ tell y some?+ ab\t            

light-&-%ade draw+ fir/2 or1 at lea/1   
rem9d y ( :at ,i h be=e told4  #ah4 ,y  
see t ! ?ree elem5t>y lectures 9 my fir/
 volume are on ,l9e1 ,light1 &          
,color1--t is to say1 on ! modes ( art  
:i* produce l9e> designs1--:i* produce  
effects ( light1--& :i* produce effects 
( color4  ,i mu/1 = ! sake ( new /ud5ts1
 briefly repeat ! explanation ( ^!4  ,"h
 is an ,arabian vase1 9 :i* ! pleasure  
giv5 to ! eye is only by l9es2--no      
effect ( light1 or ( color1 is attempt$4
 ,"h is a moonlight by ,turn]1 9 :i* !re
 are no l9es at all1 & no colors at all4
 ,! pleasure giv5 to ! eye is only by   
modes ( light & %ade1 or effects (      
light4 ,f9ally1 "h is an e>ly ,flor5t9e 
pa9t+1 9 :i* !re are no l9es (          
importance1 & no effect ( light :atev]2 
b all ! pleasure giv5 to ! eye is 9     
gayety & v>iety ( color4  #ai4 ,i say1 !
 pleasure giv5 to ! eye4 ,! l9es on ?is 
vase write some?+2 b ! ornam5tation     
produc$ by ! beautiful writ+ is         
indep5d5t ( its mean+4 ,s ! moonlight is

 pleasant1 fir/1 z light2 & ! figures1  
fir/1 z color4 ,x is n ! %ape ( ! waves1
 b ! light on !m2 n ! expression ( !    
figures1 b _! color1 by :i* ! ocul>     
pleasure is to be giv54  ,^! ?ree       
examples are viol5tly m>k$ ones2 b1 9   
prep>+ to draw any object1 y w f9d t1   
practically1 y h to ask y\rself1 ,%all  
,i aim at ! color ( x1 ! light ( x1 or !
 l9es ( x8 ,y c't h all ?ree2 y c't ev5 
h any two out ( ! ?ree 9 equal /r5g?4 ,!
 be/ art1 inde$1 comes s ne> nature z 9 
a measure to unite all4 ,b ! be/ is n1 &
 _c be1 z good z nature2 & ! mode ( its 
defici5cy is t x mu/ lose "s ( ! color1 
"s ( ! light1 or "s ( ! del9eation4 ,& 9
 consequ5ce1 !re is "o great s*ool :i*  
says1 ,we w h ! color1 & z mu* light &  
del9eation z are consi/5t ) x4 ,ano!r   
:i* says1 ,we w h %ade1 & z mu* color & 
del9eation z are consi/5t ) x4 ,! ?ird1 
,we w h del9eation1 & z mu* color & %ade
 z are consi/5t ) x4  #bj4 ,& ?\gh mu* (
 ! two subord9ate qualities may 9 ea*   
s*ool be consi/5t ) ! lead+ "o1 yet !   

s*ools are ev]more sep>ate3 z1 =        
in/ance1 9 o!r matt]s1 "o man says1 ,i w
 h my fee1 & z mu* hone/y z is consi/5t 
) x2 ano!r1 ,i w h my hone/y1 & z mu*   
fee z is consi/5t ) x4 ,?\gh ! man :o w 
h 8 fee be subord9ately hone/1--?\gh !  
man :o w h 8 honor1 subord9ately ri*1   
are !y n ev]more ( div]se s*ools8  ,s y 
h1 9 art1 ! utt]ly sep>ate prov9ces1    
?\gh 9 contact at _! bord]s1 (          
,! ,del9eators2                       ,!
 ,*i>oscuri/s2 &                        
,! ,colori/s4  #ba4 ,! ,del9eators are !
 m5 on :om ,i am go+ to give y ?is c\rse
 ( lectures4 ,!y are ess5tially         
engrav]s1 an engrav$ l9e be+ ! be/ means
 ( del9eation4 ,! ,*i>oscuri/s are      
ess5tially draughtsm5 ) *alk1 *>coal1 or
 s+le t9ts4 ,_m ( !m pa9t1 b always ) "s
 ef=t & pa94 ,lion>do is ! type ( !m2 b 
! entire ,dut* s*ool consi/s ( !m1      
labori\sly pa9t+1 )\t ess5tial g5ius =  
color4  ,! ,colori/s are ! true pa9t]s2 
& all ! faultless 7z f>1 t is to say1 z 
m5's "w c be s17 & consummate ma/]s (   

art belong to !m4  #bb4 ,! di/9ction    
betwe5 ! colori/ & *i>oscuri/ s*ool is  
tr5*ant & absolute3 & may soon be %[n y 
s t y w nev] =get x4 ,"h is a ,flor5t9e 
picture by "o ( ! pupils ( ,giotto1 ( v 
good repres5tative quality1 & :i* !     
,univ]sity gall]ies are ri* 9 possess+4 
,at ! di/ance at :i* ,i hold x1 y see   
no?+ b a *eck]-"w ( brilliant1 &1 z x   
happ5s1 ev5 gl>+ colors4 ,if y come ne>1
 y w f9d ?is pat*work resolve itself    
into a ,visitation1 & ,bir? ( ,/4 ,john2
 b t ,/4 ,elizabe?'s r$ dress1 & !      
,virg9's blue & :ite "o1 & ! br[n po/s (
 ! door1 & ! blue spaces ( ! sky1 are   
pa9t$ 9 _! own entirely pure colors1 ea*
 %ad$ ) m p[]ful t9ts ( itself1--pale   
blue ) deep blue1 sc>let ) crimson1     
yell[ ) orange1 & gre5 ) ri*] gre54  ,! 
:ole is !re=e z mu* a mosaic "w (       
brilliant color z if x 7 made ( bits (  
glass4 ,!re is no effect ( light        
attempt$1 or s mu* z ?\ght (3 y don't "k
 ev5 :]e ! sun is3 nor h y ! lea/ notion
 :at "t ( day x is4 ,! pa9t] ?9ks y _c  

be s sup]flu\s z to want to "k :at "t ( 
day x is4  #bc4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 is a  
,dut* picture ( good av]age quality1    
also out ( ! ,univ]sity gall]ies4 ,x    
repres5ts a gr\p ( cattle1 & a h]dsman  
wat*+ !m4 ,& y see 9 an in/ant t ! "t is
 ev5+4 ,! sun is sett+1 & !re is w>m    
light on ! l&scape1 ! cattle1 & ! /&+   
figure4  ,nor does ! picture 9 any      
conspicu\s way seem devoid ( color4 ,on 
! contr>y1 ! h]dsman has a sc>let       
jacket1 :i* comes out r brilliantly f ! 
mass ( %ade r\nd x2 & a p]son devoid (  
color faculty1 or ill taught1 might     
imag9e ! picture to be really a f9e "w (
 color4  ,b if y w come up close to x1 y
 w f9d t ! h]dsman has br[n sleeves1    
?\gh he has a sc>let jacket2 & t ! %ad[s
 ( bo? are pa9t$ ) precisely ! same     
br[n1 & 9 sev]al places ) cont9u\s t\*es
 ( ! p5cil4 ,x is only 9 ! light t !    
sc>let is laid on4  ,?is at once m>ks ! 
picture z belong+ to ! l[] or *i>oscuri/
 s*ool1 ev5 if y _h n be=e recogniz$ x z
 su* by its pretty r5d]+ ( sunset       

effect4  #bd4 ,y might at fir/ ?9k x a  
pa9t+ :i* %[$ great] skill ?an t ( !    
s*ool ( ,giotto4 ,b ! skill is n !      
prim>y "q4 ,! p[] ( imag9ation is ! fir/
 ?+ to be ask$ ab\t4 ,?is ,italian "w   
imag9es1 & requires y to imag9e also1 a 
,/4 ,elizabe? & ,/4 ,m>y1 to ! be/ ( y\r
 p[]4 ,b ?is ,dut* "o only wi%es y to   
imag9e an effect ( sunlight on c[-sk91  
:i* is a f> l[] /ra9 ( ! imag9ative     
faculty4  ,also1 z y may see ! effect ( 
sunlight on c[-sk91 9 reality1 any summ]
 aft]noon1 b _c s frequ5tly see a ,/4   
,elizabe?1 x is a f> less useful /ra9 ( 
! imag9ative faculty4  ,&1 g5]ally      
speak+1 ! ,dut* *i>oscuri/s are inde$   
p]sons )\t imag9ation at all1--:o1 n be+
 able to get any pleasure out ( _!      
?\ghts1 try to get x out ( _! s5sations2
 note1 h[ev]1 also _! te*nical          
connection ) ! ,greek s*ool ( %ade1 7see
 my six? inaugural lecture1 ,sec4 #aeh17
 9 :i* color 0 refus$1 n = ! sake (     
deception1 b ( solemnity4  #be4 ,) ^!   
f9al motives y are n n[ conc]n$2 y\r    

pres5t bus9ess is ! q easy "o ( kn[+1 & 
notic+1 ! univ]sal di/9ction betwe5 !   
me?ods ( treatm5t 9 :i* ! aim is light1 
& 9 :i* x is color2 & s to keep         
y\rselves gu>d$ f ! dang] ( be+ misl$ by
 !1 (t5 v +5i\s1 talk ( p]sons :o h     
vivid color s5sations )\t hav+ le>n$ to 
di/+ui% !m f :at else pleases !m 9      
pictures4 ,!re is an int]e/+ volume by  
,pr(essor ,ta9e on ! ,dut* s*ool1       
conta9+ a valuable hi/orical analysis ( 
! influ5ces :i* =m$ x2 b full ( ! grave/
 errors1 result+ f ! confusion 9 8 m9d  
betwe5 color & tone1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* 
he imag9es ! ,dut* pa9t]s to be         
colori/s4  #bf4 ,x is s important = y to
 be gr\nd$ securely 9 ^! fir/ elem5ts ( 
pictorial treatm5t1 t ,i w be s f> t$i\s
 z to %[ y "o m in/ance ( ! relative    
intellectual value ( ! pure color & pure
 *i>oscuro s*ool1 n 9 ,dut* & ,flor5t9e1
 b 9 ,engli% art4 ,"h is a copy ( "o ( !
 lo/ frescoes ( our ,pa9t$ ,*amb] (     
,we/m9/]2--f\rte5?-c5tury "w1 entirely  
conceiv$ 9 color1 & calculat$ =         

decorative effect4 ,!re is no m light & 
%ade 9 x ?an 9 a ,que5 ( ,he>ts 9 a pack
 ( c>ds2--all t ! pa9t] at fir/ wants y 
to see is t ! "y lady has a :ite =ehead1
 & a gold5 cr[n1 & a fair neck1 & a     
violet robe1 & a crimson %ield ) gold5  
leop>ds on x2 & t beh9d h] is cle> blue 
sky4 ,!n1 f>!r1 he wants y to read h]   
"n1 ,debonnairete1 :i*1 :5 y h read1 he 
f>!r expects y to consid] :at x is to be
 debonnaire1 & to rememb] y\r ,*auc]'s  
description ( ! virtue3--      ,%e 0 n  
br[n1 nor dun ( hue1     ,b :ite z sn[e1
 fall5 new1     ,) ey5 glad1 & br[es    
b5t1     ,h] hair d[n to h] heeles w5t1 
,& %e 0 simple1 z dove on tree1         
,full debonnair ( he>t 0 %e4  #bg4 ,y   
see ,*auc] dwells on ! color j z mu* z !
 pa9t] does1 b ! pa9t] has also giv5 h] 
! ,engli% %ield to be>1 mean+ t         
good-humor1 or debonnairete1 _c be      
ma9ta9$ by self-indulg5ce2--only by     
=titude4 ,f>!r note1 ) ,*auc]1 ! ey5    
glad1 & br[s b5t 7high-ar*$ & calm71 !  
/rong life1 7hair d[n to ! heels17 & t  

h] gladness is to be )\t subtlety1--t is
 to say1 )\t ! slighte/ pleasure 9 any  
=m ( advantage-tak+1 or any %rewd or    
mock+ wit3 %e 0 simple z dove on tree2 &
 y w f9d t ! color-pa9t+1 bo? 9 ! fresco
 & 9 ! poem1 is 9 ! v highe/ degree     
didactic & intellectual2 & di/+ui%$1 z  
be+ s1 f all inf]ior =ms ( art4 ,f>!r1 t
 x requires y y\rself fir/ to und]/& !  
nature ( simplicity1 & to l simplicity 9
 "y ladies bett] ?an subtlety2 & to     
und]/& :y ! second ( ,love's five k9d   
arr[s 7,beaute be+ ! fir/7--            
,simplece ot nom1 la seconde     ,qui   
ma9t homme p>mi le monde     ,et ma9te  
dame fait am]4  ,nor mu/ y leave !      
picture )\t obs]v+ t !re is ano!r reason
 = ,debonnairete's be>+ ! ,royal        
%ield1--( all %ields t1 r ?an ano!r4    
,de-bonne-aire meant orig9ally out ( a  
good eagle's ne/1 ! aire signify+ !     
eagle's ne/ or eyrie especially1 because
 x is flat1 ! ,lat9 area be+ ! root (   
all4  ,& ?is com+ out ( a good ne/ is   
recogniz$ z1 ( all ?+s1 ne$fule/ to give

 ! /r5g? :i* enables p to be            
good-humor$2 & ?us y h debonnaire =m+ ! 
?ird ^w ( ! gr\p1 ) g5tle & k9d1 all    
fir/ signify+ ( good race4  ,y w        
gradually see1 z we g on1 m & m :y ,i   
call$ my ?ird volume ( lectures ,eagle's
 ,ne/2 = ,i am n fanta/ic 9 ^! titles1 z
 is (t5 said2 b try %ortly to m>k my    
*ief purpose 9 ! book by !m4  #bh4 ,n[ =
 comp>ison ) ?is old art1 "h is a mod]n 
engrav+1 9 :i* color is entirely ignor$2
 & light & %ade alone are us$ to produce
 :at is suppos$ to be a piece (         
impressive religi\s in/ruction4 ,b x is 
n a piece ( religi\s in/ruction at      
all2--only a piece ( religi\s s5sation1 
prep>$ = ! s5tim5tal pleasure ( "y      
ladies2 :om 7s9ce ,i am honor$ to-day by
 ! pres5ce ( _m7 ,i w take ! opportunity
 ( w>n+ aga9/ su* =ms ( false !ological 
satisfaction4 ,?is engrav+ repres5ts a  
"y lady 9 a v long &1 ?\gh pla91 v      
becom+ :ite dress1 toss$ ^u ! waves ( a 
t]rifically /ormy sea1 by :i* nei!r h]  
hair nor h] becom+ dress is 9 ! lea/    

wett$2 & sav$ f despair 9 t situation by
 closely embrac+ a v ?ick & solid /one  
,cross4 ,by :i* f>-s\ght & orig9al      
metaphor "y ladies are expect$1 aft] "s 
ef=t1 to und]/& ! rec\rse !y may h1 =   
support1 to ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 9 ! mid/ (
 ! tr\bles ( ?is _w4  #bi4 ,z ^? tr\bles
 are = ! pres5t1 9 all probability1     
limit$ to ! occasional loss ( _! ?imbles
 :5 !y h n tak5 c>e to put !m into _!   
"w-boxes1--! conc]n !y feel at !        
unsympa?iz+ gayety ( _! companions1--or 
p]haps ! disappo9tm5t at n he>+ a       
favorite cl]gyman prea*1--7= ,i w n     
suppose ! "y ladies int]e/$ 9 ?is       
picture to be affect$ by any *agr9 at ! 
loss ( an invitation to a ball1 or ! l  
worldl9ess17--x seems to me ! /ress (   
su* calamities might be repres5t$1 9 a  
picture1 by less appall+ imag]y4 ,& ,i c
 assure my fair little lady fri5ds1--if 
,i /ill h any1--t :atev] a "y girl's    
ord9>y tr\bles or annoyances may be1 h] 
true virtue is 9 %ak+ !m (f1 z a        
rose-leaf %akes (f ra91 & rema9+        

debonnaire & bright 9 spirits1 or ev51 z
 ! rose w\ld be1 ! bright] = ! tr\bles2 
& n at all 9 all[+ h]self to be ei!r    
drift$ or depress$ to ! po9t ( requir+  
religi\s consolation4 ,b if any real &  
deep sorr[1 su* z no metaphor c         
repres5t1 fall ^u h]1 does %e suppose t 
! !ological advice ( ?is piece ( mod]n  
art c be tru/$8 ,if %e w take ! pa9s to 
?9k truly1 %e w rememb] t ,*ri/ ,himself
 nev] says any?+ ab\t hold+ by ,8       
,cross4 ,he speaks a good deal ( be>+ x2
 b nev] = an in/ant ( hold+ by x4 ,x is 
,8 ,h&1 n ,8 ,cross1 :i* is to save ei!r
 y1 or ,/4 ,pet]1 :5 ! waves are r\gh4  
,& ! utt]ly reckless way 9 :i* mod]n    
religi\s tea*]s1 :e!r 9 art or          
lit]ature1 abuse ! metaphor some:at     
briefly & viol5tly leant on by ,/4      
,paul1 simply prev5ts y\r und]/&+ !     
mean+ ( any ^w :i* ,*ri/ ,himself speaks
 on ?is matt]6 ,s y see ?is popul> art (
 light & %ade1 cat*+ y by y\r m]e ?ir/ (
 s5sation1 is n only undidactic1 b !    
rev]se ( didactic--deceptive & illusory4

  #cj4 ,?is popul> art1 y he> me say1   
scornfully2 & ,i h told y1 9 "s ( my    
tea*+ 9 ,aratra ,p5telici1 t all great  
art mu/ be popul>4 ,yes1 b great art is 
popul>1 z bread & wat] are to *ildr5 f$ 
by a fa!r4 ,& vile art is popul>1 z     
poison\s jelly is1 to *ildr5 *eat$ by a 
confection]4 ,& x is q possible to make 
any k9d ( art popul> on ^? la/ t]ms4 ,! 
color s*ool may become j z poison\s z ! 
colorless1 9 ! h&s ( fools1 or ( rogues4
 ,"h is a book ,i b\ght only ! o!r      
day1--"o ( ! ?+s got up *eap to cat* !  
eyes ( mo!rs at book/alls1--,puss 9     
,boots1 illu/rat$2 a mo/ def9ite "w ( ! 
color s*ool--r$ jackets & :ite paws &   
yell[ coa*es z di/9ct z ,giotto or      
,raphael w\ld h kept !m4 ,b ! ?+ is done
 by fools = money1 & becomes entirely   
mon/r\s & abom9able4 ,"h1 aga91 is color
 art produc$ by fools = religion3 "h is 
,indian sacr$ pa9t+1--a black god ) a   
hundr$ arms1 ) a gre5 god on "o side (  
him & a r$ god on ! o!r2 /ill a mo/     
def9ite "w ( ! color s*ool4 ,giotto or  

,raphael c\ld n h made ! black m        
resolutely black1 7?\gh ! :ole color ( !
 s*ool ( ,a!ns is kept 9 di/9ct         
sep>ation f "o black squ>e 9 x71 nor !  
gre5 m unque/ionably gre54 ,yet ! :ole  
is pe/il5t & loa?some4  #ca4 ,n[ b "o   
po9t m1 & ,i h done ) ?is subject =     
to-day4  ,y mu/ n ?9k t ?is manife/     
brilliancy & ,h>lequ9's-jacket "* is    
ess5tial 9 ! color s*ool4 ,! ess5tial   
matt] is only t ev]y?+ %\ld be ( its own
 def9ite color3 x may be altoge!r sob] &
 d>k1 yet ! di/9ctness ( hue pres]v$ )  
entire fidelity4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a   
picture ( ,hog>?'s1--"o ( q ! mo/       
preci\s ?+s we h 9 our gall]ies4 ,x     
repres5ts a meet+ ( "s le>n$            
society--g5tlem5 ( ! la/ c5tury1 v      
gravely dress$1 b :o1 nev]!less1 z      
g5tlem5 pleasantly did 9 t day1--y      
rememb] ,goldsmi?'s weakness on !       
po9t--we> coats ( t9ts ( d>k r$1 blue1  
or violet4 ,!re are "s ?irty g5tlem5 9 !
 room1 & p]haps sev5 or eight diff]5t   
t9ts ( subdu$ cl>et-color 9 _! coats2 & 

yet e coat is kept s di/9ctly ( its own 
prop] cl>et-color1 t ea* g5tleman's     
s]vant w\ld "k 8 ma/]'s4  ,yet ! :ole   
canvas is s gray & quiet1 t z ,i n[ hold
 x by ?is ,dut* l&scape1 ) ! v]milion   
jacket1 y w\ld fancy ,hog>?'s _h no     
color 9 x at all1 & t ! ,dut*man 0      
half-way to becom+ a ,titian2 :]eas     
,hog>?'s is a consummate piece ( ! mo/  
p]fect colori/ s*ool1 :i* ,titian c\ld n
 beat1 9 its way2 & ! ,dut*man c\ld no m
 pa9t half an in* ( x ?an he c\ld summon
 a ra9b[ into ! cl\ds4  #cb4 ,"h !n1 y  
see1 are1 altoge!r1 five works1 all ( ! 
absolutely pure color s*ool3--    #a4   
,"o1 ,indian1--,religi\s ,art2   #b4    
,"o1 ,flor5t9e1--,religi\s ,art2   #c4  
,"o1 ,engli%1--f ,pa9t$ ,*amb]1         
,we/m9/]1--,e?ic ,art2   #d4 ,"o1       
,engli%1--,hog>?1--,naturali/ic ,art2   
#e4 ,"o1 ,engli%1--to-day sold 9 ! ,high
 ,/reet1--,c>icaturi/ ,art4  ,& ( ^!1 ! 
,flor5t9e & old ,engli% are div9e "w1   
,god-inspir$2 full1 inde$1 ( faults &   
innoc5cies1 b div9e1 z good *ildr5 are4 

,!n ?is by ,hog>? is entirely wise & "r2
 b worldly-wise1 n div9e4  ,:ile ! old  
,indian1 & ?is1 ) :i* we fe$ our *ildr5 
at ?is h\r1 are entirely damnable       
art2--e bit ( x done by ! direct        
inspiration ( ! devil1--feeble1         
ridicul\s1--yet mortally poison\s to e  
noble quality 9 body & s\l4  #cc4 ,i h  
n[1 ,i hope1 gu>d$ y suffici5tly f !    
dang] ei!r ( confus+ ! inf]ior s*ool (  
*i>oscuro ) t ( color1 or ( imag9+ t a  
"w mu/ necess>ily be good1 on ! sole    
gr\nd ( its belong+ to ! high] gr\p4 ,i 
c n[ proce$ securely to sep>ate ! ?ird  
s*ool1 t ( ,del9eation1 f bo?2 & to     
exam9e its special qualities4  ,x beg9s 
7see ,inaugural ,lectures1 ,sec4 #acg7 9
 ! primitive "w ( races ins5sible alike 
to %ade & to color1 & ne>ly devoid (    
?\ght & ( s5tim5t1 b gradually develop+ 
into bo?4  ,n[ z ! design is primitive1 
s are ! means likely to be primitive4 ,a
 l9e is ! simple/ "w ( art y c produce4 
,:at are ! simple/ means y c produce x  
)8  ,a ,cumb]l& lead-p5cil is a "w ( art

 9 itself1 q a n9ete5?-c5tury ma*9e4 ,p5
 & ink are complex & s*ol>ly2 & ev5 *alk
 or *>coal n always h&y4  ,b ! primitive
 l9e1 ! fir/ & la/1 g5]ally ! be/ (     
l9es1 is t :i* y h elem5t>y faculty ( at
 y\r f+]s' ends1 & :i* kitt5s c draw z  
well z y--! scrat*4  ,! fir/1 ,i say1 & 
! la/ ( l9es4 ,p]man5t exce$+ly1--ev5 9 
fle%1 or on mahogany tables1 (t5 m      
p]man5t ?an we desire4 ,b :5 /udi\sly & 
honorably made1 div9ely p]man5t1 or     
delightfully--z on ! v5]able desks ( our
 public s*ools1 mo/ ( !m1 n[1 specim5s (
 wood engrav+ de> to ! he>t ( ,engl&4   
#cd4 ,engrav+1 !n1 is1 9 brief t]ms1 !  
,art ( ,scrat*4 ,x is ess5tially ! cutt+
 into a solid sub/ance = ! sake ( mak+  
y\r ideas z p]man5t z possible1 grav5 ) 
an iron p5 9 ! ,rock =ev]4 ,p]man5ce1 y 
obs]ve1 is ! object1 n                  
multiplicability2--t is q an accid5tal1 
sometimes n ev5 a desirable1 attribute (
 engrav+4 ,duration ( y\r "w--fame1 &   
undeceiv$ vision ( all m51 on ! pane (  
glass ( ! w9d[ on a wet day1 or on !    

pill>s ( ! ca/le ( ,*illon1 or on !     
walls ( ! pyramids2--a primitive        
art1--yet fir/ & la/ ) u4  ,s9ce !n     
engrav+1 we say1 is ess5tially cutt+    
into ! surface ( any solid2 z !         
primitive design is 9 l9es or dots1 !   
primitive cutt+ ( su* design is a scrat*
 or a hole2 & scrat*able solids be+     
ess5tially ?ree--/one1 wood1 metal1--we 
%all h ?ree great s*ools ( engrav+ to   
inve/igate 9 ea* mat]ial4  #ce4 ,on     
tablet ( /one1 on tablet ( wood1 on     
tablet ( /eel1--! fir/ giv+ ! law to    
ev]y?+2 ! second true ,a!nian1 l ,a!na's
 fir/ /atue 9 olive-wood1 mak+ ! law    
legible & homely2 & ! ?ird true         
,vulcanian1 hav+ ! spl5dor & p[] (      
accompli%$ labor4  ,n[ ( /one engrav+1  
:i* is jo9$ insep>ably ) sculpture &    
ar*itecture1 ,i am n go+ to speak at    
l5g? 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures4 ,i %all    
speak only ( wood & metal engrav+4 ,b   
!re is "o circum/ance 9 /one engrav+ :i*
 x is necess>y to obs]ve 9 connection ) 
! o!r two bran*es ( ! art4  ,! great    

difficulty = a primitive engrav] is to  
make 8 scrat* deep en\gh to be visible4 
,visibility is q z ess5tial to y\r fame 
z p]man5ce2 & if y h only y\r furr[ to  
dep5d on1 ! engrav$ tablet1 at c]ta9    
times ( day1 w be illegible1 & pass$ )\t
 notice4  ,b suppose y fill 9 y\r furr[ 
) some?+ black1 !n x w be legible en\gh 
at once2 & if ! black fall out or wa%   
out1 /ill y\r furr[ is !re1 & may be    
fill$ aga9 by anybody4  ,!re=e1 ! noble 
/one engrav]s1 us+ m>ble to receive _!  
furr[1 fill t furr[ ) m>ble ink4  ,& y h
 an engrav$ plate to purpose2--) ! :ole 
sky = its m>g96 ,look "h--! front ( !   
*ur* ( ,san ,mi*ele ( ,lucca1--:ite     
m>ble ) gre5 s]p5t9e = ink2 or "h1--!   
/eps ( ! ,giant's ,/air1 ) lead = ink2  
or "h1--! floor ( ! ,pisan ,duomo1 )    
porphyry = ink4 ,su* cutt+1 fill$ 9 )   
color or ) black1 bran*es into all sorts
 ( developm5ts1--,flor5t9e mosaic on !  
"o h&1 niello on ! o!r1 & inf9ite m9or  
arts4  #cf4 ,yet we mu/ n make ?is fill+
 ) color "p ( our def9ition ( engrav+4  

,to engrave is1 9 f9al /rictness1 to    
decorate a surface ) furr[s4 7,cameos1 9
 accurate/ t]ms1 are m9ute sculptures1 n
 engrav+s47 ,a pl[$ field is ! pure/    
type ( su* art2 & is1 on hilly l&1 an   
exquisite piece ( decoration4  ,!re=e x 
w foll[ t engrav+ di/+ui%es itself f    
ord9>y draw+ by great] ne$ ( muscul>    
ef=t4  ,! quality ( a p5 draw+ is to be 
produc$ easily1--delib]ately1 always1,c 
b ) a po9t t glides ov] ! pap]4         
,engrav+1 on ! contr>y1 requires always 
=ce1 & its virtue is t ( a l9e produc$  
by pressure1 or by bl[s ( a *isel4  ,x  
involves1 !re=e1 always1 ideas ( p[] &  
dext]ity1 b also ( re/ra9t2 & ! delight 
y take 9 x %\ld involve ! und]/&+ ( !   
difficulty ! workman dealt )4 ,y p]haps 
d\bt ! ext5t to :i* ?is feel+ ju/ly     
ext5ds1 79 ! fir/ volume ( ,mod]n       
,pa9t]s1 express$ "u ! head ,ideas (    
,p[]47 ,b :y is a l>ge /one 9 any build+
 gr&] ?an a small "o8 ,simply because x 
0 m difficult to raise x4 ,s1 also1 an  
engrav$ l9e is1 & ought to be1 recogniz$

 z m gr& ?an a p5 or p5cil l9e1 because 
x 0 m difficult to execute x4  ,9 ?is   
mosaic ( ,lucca front y =give mu*1 &    
admire mu*1 because y see x is all cut 9
 /one4 ,s1 9 wood & /eel1 y ought to see
 t e l9e has be5 co/ly2 b obs]ve1 co/ly 
( delib]ative1 no less ?an a?letic or   
executive p[]4 ,! ma9 use ( ! re/ra9t   
:i* makes ! l9e difficult to draw1 is to
 give "t & motive = delib]ation 9 draw+ 
x1 & to insure its be+ ! be/ 9 y\r p[]4 
#cg4 ,=1 z ) delib]ation1 s )\t         
rep5tance1 y\r engrav$ l9e mu/ be4 ,x   
may1 inde$1 be burni%$ or beat5 out aga9
 9 metal1 or pat*$ & bot*$ 9 /one2 b    
always to disadvantage1 & at pa9s :i*   
mu/ n be incurr$ (t54 ,& !re is a s+ul> 
evid5ce 9 "o ( ,du]]'s f9e/ plates t1 9 
8 "t1 or at lea/ 9 8 mann] ( "w1 x 0 n  
possible at all4 ,among ! disputes z to 
! mean+ ( ,du]]'s ,knight & ,dea?1 y w  
f9d x sometimes sugge/$1 or insi/$1 t ! 
horse's rais$ foot is go+ to fall into a
 sn>e4 ,:at has be5 fanci$ a noose is   
only ! =m] outl9e ( ! horse's foot &    

limb1 uneffac$4  ,! engrav$ l9e is !re=e
 to be conclusive2 n exp]im5tal4 ,i h   
det]m9$ ?is1 says ! engrav]4 ,mu*       
excell5t p5 draw+ is excell5t 9 be+     
t5tative1--9 be+ exp]im5tal4            
,indet]m9ate1 n ?r\gh want ( mean+1 b   
?r\gh fullness ( x--halt+ wisely betwe5 
two op9ions--feel+ cauti\sly aft] cle>] 
op9ions4 ,b y\r engrav] has made up 8   
op9ion4 ,?is is s1 & mu/ =ev] be s1 he  
tells y4 ,a v prop] ?+ = a ?\ghtful man 
to say2 a v improp] & imp]t95t ?+ = a   
fooli% "o to say4 ,fooli% engrav+ is    
consummately fooli% "w4 ,look1--all !   
_w1--look = ev]more1 says ! fooli%      
engrav]2 see :at a fool ,i h be56 ,h[ _m
 l9es ,i h laid = no?+6 ,h[ _m l9es ^u  
l9es1 ) no precept1 mu* less            
sup]precept6  #ch4 ,"h1 !n1 are two     
def9ite e?ical *>act]s 9 all engrav$ "w4
 ,x is ,a?letic2 & x is ,resolute4 ,add 
"o m2 t x is ,ob$i5t2--9 _! infancy !   
nurse1 b 9 _! y\? ! slave1 ( ! high]    
arts2 s]vile1 bo? 9 ! me*anism & labor (
 x1 & 9 its function ( int]pret+ !      

s*ools ( pa9t+ z sup]ior to itself4  ,& 
?is relation to ! high] arts we w /udy  
at ! s\rce ( *ief p[] 9 all ! normal    
skill ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,flor5ce2 & *iefly1 z
 ,i said1 9 ! "w ( "o ,flor5t9e ma/]1   
,s&ro ,botticelli4  ,,footnotes3  ,a    
,inaugural ,s]ies1 ,aratra ,p5telici1 & 
,eagle's ,ne/4  ,b ,my inaugural s]ies (
 sev5 lectures 7n[ publi%$ uni=m 9 size 
) ?is edition4 #ahij74  ,c ,comp>e      
,inaugural ,lectures1 ,sec4 #add4       
,,lecture ,,ii4      ,,! ,,relation ,,( 
,,engrav+ ,,to ,,o!r ,,arts ,,9         
,,flor5ce4   #ci4 ,f :at 0 laid be=e y 9
 my la/ lecture1 y mu/ n[ be aw>e t ,i d
 n mean1 by ! ^w 'engrav+1' m]ely !     
sep>ate art ( produc+ plates f :i* black
 pictures may be pr9t$4  ,i mean1 by    
engrav+1 ! art ( produc+ decoration on a
 surface by ! t\*es ( a *isel or a bur92
 & ,i mean by its relation to o!r arts1 
! subord9ate s]vice ( ?is l9e> "w1 9    
sculpture1 9 metal "w1 & 9 pa9t+2 or 9 !
 repres5tation & repetition ( pa9t+4  ,&
 fir/1 !re=e1 ,i h to map out ! broad   

relations ( ! arts ( sculpture1 metal   
"w1 & pa9t+1 9 ,flor5ce1 among !mselves1
 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! art ( engrav+ 0   
di/9ctly connect$ ) !m4,d  #dj4 ,y w    
f9d1 or may rememb]1 t 9 my lecture on  
,mi*ael ,angelo & ,t9toret ,i indicat$ !
 s+ul> importance1 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 ( a
 space ( =ty ye>s1 betwe5 #adhj1 & ! ye>
 9 :i* ,raphael di$1 #aebj4 ,)9 t space 
( "t ! *ange 0 complet$1 f ! pr9ciples (
 anci5t1 to ^? ( exi/+1 art2--a manifold
 *ange1 n def9able 9 brief t]ms1 b mo/  
cle>ly *>act]iz$1 & easily rememb]$1 z !
 *ange ( consci5ti\s & didactic art1    
into t :i* proposes to itself no duty   
beyond te*nical skill1 & no object b !  
pleasure ( ! behold]4 ,( t mom5t\s *ange
 itself ,i d n purpose to speak 9 !     
pres5t c\rse ( lectures2 b my endeavor w
 be to lay be=e y a r\gh *>t ( ! c\rse (
 ! arts 9 ,flor5ce up to ! "t :5 x took 
place2 a *>t indicat+ = y1 def9itely1 ! 
gr[? ( consci5ce1 9 "w :i* is           
di/9ctively consci5ti\s1 & ! p]fect+ (  
expression & means ( popul> address1 9 t

 :i* is di/9ctively didactic4  #da4     
,means ( popul> address1 obs]ve1 :i* h  
become s+ul>ly important to u at ?is    
day4 ,nev]!less1 rememb] t ! p[] (      
pr9t+1 or repr9t+1 black                
pictures1--practically contempor>y ) t (
 repr9t+ black lett]s1--modifi$ ! art ( 
! draughtsman only z x modifi$ t ( !    
scribe4 ,beautiful & unique writ+1 z    
beautiful & unique pa9t+ or engrav+1    
rema9 exactly :at !y 72 b o!r useful &  
reproductive me?ods ( bo? h be5         
sup]add$4 ,( ^!1 x is acutely said by   
,dr4 ,alfr$ ,woltmann1,e--       ,a f> m
 important "p is play$ 9 ! art-life (   
,g]many      by ! te*nical arts = !     
multiply+ ( works2 =      ,g]many1 :ile 
x 0 ! l& ( book-pr9t+1 is also !      l&
 ( picture-pr9t+4 ,inde$1 wood-engrav+1 
:i*      prec$$ ! inv5tion ( book-pr9t+1
 prep>$ ! way =      x1 & only left "o  
/ep m necess>y = x4      ,book-pr9t+ &  
picture-pr9t+ h bo? ! same inn]         
cause = _! orig91 namely1 ! impulse to  
make ea* m5tal      ga9 a common bless+4

 ,n m]ely pr9ces & ri* nobles 7      to 
h ! privilege ( adorn+ _! private *apels
 &      ap>tm5ts ) beautiful religi\s   
pictures2 ! poore/ man      0 also to h 
8 delight 9 t :i* ! arti/ _h      devis$
 & produc$4 ,x 0 n suffici5t = him :5 x 
/ood 9 ! *ur* z an alt>-%r9e1 visible to
 him & to      ! congregation f af>2 he 
desir$ to h x z 8 own1      to c>ry x   
ab\t ) him1 to br+ x into 8 own home4 ,!
      gr& importance ( wood-engrav+ &   
copp]plate is n      suffici5tly e/imat$
 9 hi/orical inve/igations4 ,!y 7      n
 alone ( use 9 ! advance ( art2 !y =m an
 epo* 9      ! entire life ( m9d &      
culture4 ,! idea embodi$ &              
multipli$ 9 pictures became l t embodi$ 
9 ! pr9t$      ^w1 ! h]ald ( e          
intellectual movem5t1 & conqu]$      !  
_w4  #db4 ,conqu]$ ! _w8 ,! re/ ( !     
s5t5ce is true1 b ?is1 hyp]bolic1 &     
greatly false4 ,x %\ld h be5 said t bo? 
pa9t+ & engrav+ h conqu]$ mu* ( ! good 9
 ! _w1 &1 hi!rto1 little or none ( !    
evil4  ,nor d ,i hold x usually an      

advantage to art1 9 tea*+1 t x %\ld be  
common1 or con/antly se54 ,9 becom+     
intelligibly & k9dly beautiful1 :ile x  
rema9s solit>y & unrival$1 x has a      
great] p[]4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey is m        
didactic to ! ,engli% nation1 ?an a     
million ( popul> illu/rat$ treatises on 
ar*itecture4  ,nay1 ev5 t x _c be       
und]/ood b ) "s difficulty1 & mu/ be    
s\ght be=e x c be se51 is no h>m4 ,!    
noble/ didactic art is1 z x 71 set on a 
hill1 & its disciples come to x4 ,!     
vile/ de/ructive & corrosive art /&s at 
! /reet corn]s1 cry+1 ,turn 9 hi!r2     
come1 eat ( my bread1 & dr9k ( my w9e1  
:i* ,i h m+l$4  ,& ,dr4 ,woltmann has   
all[$ himself too easily to fall into ! 
common notion ( ,lib]alism1 t bad art1  
dissem9at$1 is in/ructive1 & good art   
isolat$1 n s4 ,! "q is1 fir/1 ,i assure 
y1 :e!r :at art y h got is good or bad4 
,if ess5tially bad1 ! m y see ( x1 !    
worse = y4 ,entirely popul> art is all t
 is noble1 9 ! ca!dral1 ! c\ncil *amb]1 
& ! m>ket-place2 n ! paltry color$ pr9t 

p9n$ on ! wall ( a private room4  #dc4  
,i despise ! poor6--d ,i1 ?9k y8 ,n s4  
,!y only despise ! poor :o ?9k !m bett] 
(f ) police news1 & color$ tracts ( !   
/ory ( ,joseph & ,potiph>'s wife1 ?an !y
 7 ) ,lu9i pa9t+ on _! *ur* walls1 &    
,donatello c>v+ ! pill>s ( _!           
m>ket-places4  ,nev]!less1 ! ef=t to be 
univ]sally1 in/ead ( locally1 didactic1 
modifi$ advantage\sly1 z y "k1 & 9 a    
?\s& ways v>i$1 ! e>li] art ( engrav+3 &
 ! developm5t ( its popul> p[]1 :e!r =  
good or evil1 came exactly--s fate      
appo9t$--at a "t :5 ! m9ds ( ! masses 7 
agitat$ by ! /ruggle :i* clos$ 9 !      
,re=mation 9 "s c\ntries1 & 9 ! desp]ate
 refusal ( ,re=mation 9 o!rs4,f ,! two  
greate/ ma/]s ( engrav+ ^: lives we are 
to /udy1 71 bo? ( !m1 passionate re=m]s3
 ,holbe9 no less ?an ,lu!r2 ,botticelli 
no less ?an ,savon>ola4  #dd4 ,re=m]s1  
,i mean1 9 ! full &1 accurately1 ! only1
 s5se4 ,n prea*]s ( new doctr9es2 b     
witnesses aga9/ ! betrayal ( ! old ones1
 :i* 7 on ! lips ( all m51 & 9 ! lives (

 none4 ,nay1 ! pa9t]s are inde$ m pure  
re=m]s ?an ! prie/s4 ,!y rebuk$ !       
manife/ vices ( m51 :ile !y realiz$     
:atev] 0 lovelie/ 9 _! fai?4 ,prie/ly   
re=m soon enrag$ itself into m]e conte/ 
= p]sonal op9ions2 :ile1 )\t rage1 b 9  
/]n rebuke ( all t 0 vile 9 conduct or  
?\ght1--9 decl>ation ( ! always-receiv$ 
fai?s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & 9 w>n+ ( !  
p[] ( fai?1 & dea?1,g ov] ! petty       
designs ( m51--,botticelli & ,holbe9    
toge!r f\ght =emo/ 9 ! ranks ( !        
,re=mation4  #de4 ,to-day ,i w endeavor 
to expla9 h[ !y atta9$ su* rank4 ,!n1 9 
! next two lectures1 ! te*nics (        
bo?1--_! way ( speak+2 & 9 ! la/ two1   
:at !y _h got to say4  ,fir/1 !n1 we ask
 h[ !y atta9$ ?is rank2--:o taught !m   
:at !y 7 f9ally be/ to tea*8 ,h[ f> mu/ 
e p--h[ f> did ?is ,flor5t9e p--tea* its
 ma/]s1 be=e !y c\ld tea* x8  ,ev5 9 ^! 
days1 :5 e man is1 by hypo!sis1 z good z
 ano!r1 does n ! "q s\nd /range to y8 ,y
 recognize 9 ! pa/1 z y ?9k1 cle>ly1 t  
national advance takes place always "u !

 guidance ( ma/]s1 or gr\ps ( ma/]s1    
possess$ ( :at appe>s to be "s new      
p]sonal s5sibility or gift ( inv5tion2 &
 we are apt to be rev]5t to ^! alone1 z 
if ! nation itself _h be5 unprogressive1
 & sudd5ly awak5$1 or conv]t$1 by !     
g5ius ( "o man4  ,no idea c be m        
sup]ficial4 ,e nation mu/ tea* its      
tutors1 & prep>e itself to receive !m2 b
 ! fact on :i* our impression is        
f\nd$--! ris+1 app>5tly by *ance1 ( m5  
^: s+ul> gifts sudd5ly melt ! multitude1
 already at ! po9t ( fusion2 or sudd5ly 
=m1 & 9=m1 ! multitude :i* has ga9$     
coh]5ce en\gh to be capable (           
=mation1--enables u to measure & map !  
ga9 ( national intellectual t]ritory1 by
 trac+ fir/ ! lift+ ( ! m\nta9 *a9s (   
its g5ius4  #df4 ,i h told y t we h no?+
 to d at pres5t ) ! great transition f  
anci5t to mod]n habits ( ?\ght :i* took 
place at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i
 only want to g z f> z t po9t2--:]e we  
%all f9d ! old sup]/iti\s art repres5t$ 
f9ally by ,p]ug9o1 & ! mod]n sci5tific &

 anatomical art repres5t$ prim>ily by   
,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,& ! epi!t be/[$ on    
,p]ug9o by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 'g(fo nell' 
arte1' dunce1 or blockhead1 9 art1--be+1
 z f> z my k ( hi/ory ext5ds1 ! mo/     
cruel1 ! mo/ false1 & ! mo/ fooli%      
insult ev] (f]$ by "o great man to      
ano!r1--does y at lea/ good s]vice1 9   
%[+ h[ tr5*ant ! sep>ation is betwe5 !  
two ord]s ( arti/s1,h--h[ exclusively we
 may foll[ out ! hi/ory ( all ! 'g(fi   
nell' arte1' & write our ,flor5t9e      
,dunciad1 & ,laus ,/ultitiae1 9 peace2 &
 nev] tr5* ^u ! ?\ghts or ways ( ^! pr\d
 ones1 :o %[$ _! fa!rs' nak$ness1 &     
snat*$ _! ma/]s' fame4  #dg4 ,!         
,flor5t9e dunces 9 art are a multitude2 
b ,i only want y to "k some?+ ab\t tw5ty
 ( !m4  ,tw5ty6--y ?9k t a griev\s      
numb]8 ,x may1 p]haps1 appease y a      
little to be told t :5 y really h le>n$ 
a v little1 accurately1 ab\t ^! tw5ty   
dunces1 !re are only five m m5 among !  
arti/s ( ,*ri/5dom ^: works ,i %all ask 
y to exam9e :ile y are "u my c>e4 ,t    

makes tw5ty-five altoge!r1--an          
exorbitant dem& on y\r att5tion1 y /ill 
?9k8 ,& yet1 b a little :ile ago1 y 7   
all agog to get me to g & look at ,mrs4 
,a's sket*es1 & tell y :at 0 to be ?\ght
 ab\t !m2 & ,i've _h ! greate/          
difficulty to keep ,mrs4 ,b's           
photographs f be+ %[n side by side ) !  
,raphael draw+s 9 ! ,univ]sity gall]ies4
 ,& y w wa/e any quantity ( "t 9 look+  
at ,mrs4 ,a's sket*es or ,mrs4 ,b's     
photographs2 & yet y look grave1        
because1 out ( n9ete5 c5turies (        
,european art-labor & ?\ght1 ,i ask y to
 le>n some?+ s]i\sly ab\t ! works (     
five-&-tw5ty m56  #dh4 ,x is h>d ^u y1  
d\btless1 consid]+ ! quantity ( "t y mu/
 n[adays sp5d 9 try+ :i* c hit balls    
f>!/4 ,s ,i w put ! task into ! simple/ 
=m ,i c4                    #abjj       
#acjj                #adjj              
#abej               #acej               
,niccola ,pisano --------               
,arnolfo --------                       
,cimabue ------                         

,giovanni ,pisano -------               
,&rea ,pisano --------                  
,giotto -------                         
,orcagna -------                        
#adjj                #aejj              
#afjj                            #adej  
#aeej                                   
,qu]cia -------                         
,brunelles*i --------                   
,ghib]ti --------                       
,donatello ---------               ,luca
 della ,robbia --------                 
,filippo ,lippi ------                  
,giovanni ,bell9i ----------            
,mantegna --------                      
,v]roc*io ------                        
,p]ug9o ---------                       
,botticelli -------                     
,lu9i -------                           
,du]] ------                            
,cima ----                              
,c>paccio ----                          
,correggio -----                        
,holbe9 -----                           
,t9toret ---------  ,"h are ! names ( ! 

tw5ty-five m51,i & opposite ea*1 a l9e  
indicat+ ! l5g? ( 8 life1 & ! position (
 x 9 8 c5tury4 ,! diagram /ill1 h[ev]1  
ne$s a few words ( explanation4 ,v      
*iefly1 = ^? :o "k any?+ ( my writ+s1   
!re is ne$$ explanation ( its n includ+ 
! names ( ,titian1 ,reynolds1           
,velasquez1 ,turn]1 & o!r su* m51 always
 rev]5tly put be=e y at o!r times4  ,!y 
are abs5t1 because ,i h no fe> ( y\r n  
look+ at ^!4 ,all y\r lives ?r\gh1 if y 
c>e ab\t art1 y w be look+ at !m4 ,b    
:ile y are "h at ,ox=d1 ,i want to make 
y le>n :at y %\ld "k ( ^! e>li]1 _m ( !m
 weak]1 m51 :o yet1 = ! v reason ( _!   
great] simplicity ( p[]1 are bett]      
guides = y1 & ( :om "s w rema9 guides to
 all g5]ations4 ,&1 z reg>ds ! subject (
 our pres5t c\rse1 ,i h a /ill m weighty
 reason2--,v&yke1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,titian1 
,reynolds1 ,velasquez1 & ! re/1 are     
ess5tially portrait pa9t]s4 ,!y give y !
 lik5ess ( a man3 !y h no?+ to say ei!r 
ab\t 8 future life1 or 8 gods4 ',t is ! 
look ( him1' !y say3 '"h1 on e>?1 we "k 

no m4'  #di4 ,b ^!1 ^: names ,i h       
engrav$1 h some?+ to say--g5]ally       
mu*1--ei!r ab\t ! future life ( man1 or 
ab\t 8 gods4 ,!y are !re=e1 lit]ally1   
se]s or prophets4 ,false prophets1 x may
 be1 or fooli% ones2 ( t y mu/ judge2 b 
y mu/ read be=e y c judge2 & read 7or   
he>7 !m consi/5tly2 = y don't "k !m till
 y h he>d !m out4 ,b ) ,sir ,jo%ua1 or  
,titian1 "o portrait is z ano!r3 x is "h
 a pretty lady1 !re a great "l2 b       
spee*less1 all2--:]eas1 ) ^! tw5ty-five 
m51 ea* picture or /atue is n m]ely     
ano!r p]son ( a pleasant society1 b     
ano!r *apt] ( a ,sibyll9e book4  #ej4 ,=
 ?is reason1 !n1 ,i d n want ,sir ,jo%ua
 or ,velasquez 9 my def9$ gr\p2 & = my  
pres5t purpose1 ,i c sp>e f x ev5 f\r   
o!rs3--namely1 ?ree :o h too special    
gifts1 & mu/ ea* be sep>ately           
/udi$--,correggio1 ,c>paccio1           
,t9toret2--& "o :o has no special gift1 
b a balanc$ gr\p ( _m--,cima4 ,?is      
leaves tw5ty-"o = classification1 ( :om 
,i w ask y to lay hold ?us4 ,y mu/      

cont9ually h felt ! difficulty caus$ by 
! names ( c5turies n tally+ ) _!        
ye>s2--! ye> #abja be+ ! fir/ ( !       
?irte5? c5tury1 & s on4 ,i am always    
plagu$ by x myself1 mu* z ,i h to ?9k & 
write ) ref]5ce to *ronology2 & ,i mean 
= ! future1 9 our art *ronology1 to use 
z f> z possible a diff]5t =m ( notation4
  #ea4 ,9 my diagram ! v]tical l9es are 
! divisions ( t5s ( ye>s2 ! ?ick black  
l9es divide ! c5turies4 ,! horizontal   
l9es1 !n1 at a glance1 tell y ! l5g? &  
date ( ea* arti/'s life4 ,9 "o or two   
in/ances ,i _c f9d ! date ( bir?2 9 "o  
or two m1 ( dea?2 & ! l9e indicates !n  
only ! asc]ta9$,j p]iod dur+ :i* ! arti/
 work$4  ,&1 ?us repres5t$1 y see ne>ly 
all _! lives run ?r\gh ! ye> ( a new    
c5tury2 s t if ! l9es repres5t+ !m 7    
ne$les1 & ! black b>s ( ! ye>s #acjj1   
#adjj1 #aejj 7 magnets1 ,i c\ld take up 
ne>ly all ! ne$les by lift+ ! b>s4  #eb4
 ,i w actually d ?is1 !n1 9 ?ree o!r    
simple diagrams4 ,i place a rod = ! ye> 
#acjj ov] ! l9es ( life1 & ,i take up   

all x t\*es4 ,i h to drop ,niccola      
,pisano1 b ,i cat* five4 ,n[1 ) my rod (
 #adjj1 ,i h dropp$ ,orcagna inde$1 b ,i
 aga9 cat* five4 ,n[1 ) my rod ( #aejj1 
,i inde$ drop ,filippo ,lippi &         
,v]roc*io1 b ,i cat* sev54 ,& "h ,i h   
?ree p5nons1 ) ! /aves ( ! ye>s #acjj1  
#adjj1 & #aejj runn+ ?r\gh !m1--hold+ ! 
names ( ne>ly all ! m5 ,i want y to /udy
 9 easily rememb]$ gr\ps ( five1 five1 &
 sev54 ,& ^! ?ree gr\ps ,i %all h]eaft] 
call ! #acjj gr\p1 #adjj gr\p1 & #aejj  
gr\p4                                   
#acjj4                                  
#abdj-acjb ,cimabue            ------   
#abej-acba ,giovanni ,pisano            
-------                                 
#abcb-acaj ,,arnolfo           -------- 
#abgj-acde ,&rea ,pisano                
--------                                
#abgf-accf ,giotto                      
-----                                   
#adjj4                                  
#acgd-adch ,qu]cia        -------       
#acha-adee ,ghib]ti        --------     

#acgg-addf ,,brunelles*i    -------     
#achf-adfh ,donatello         --------  
#adjj-adha ,luca                --------
                                        
#aejj4                                  
#adca-aejf ,mantegna         --------   
#adeg-aeae ,botticelli            ------
                                        
#adbf-aeaf ,bell9i         ---------    
#addf-aebd ,,p]ug9o            -------  
#adgj-aece ,lu9i                        
-------                                 
#adga-aebg ,du]]                        
------                                  
#adih-aedc ,holbe9                      
----  #ec4 ,b :y %\ld f\r un=tunate     
ma/]s be dropp$ out8  ,well1 ,i want to 
drop !m out1 at any rate2 b n 9         
disrespect4 ,9 hope1 on ! contr>y1 to   
make y rememb] !m v sep>ately inde$2--= 
?is foll[+ reason4  ,we are 9 ! c>eless 
habit ( speak+ ( m5 :o =m a great numb] 
( pupils1 & h a ho/ ( inf]ior satellites
 r\nd !m1 z ma/]s ( great s*ools4  ,b   
be=e y call a man a ma/]1 y %\ld ask1   

,are 8 pupils great] or less ?an        
himself8 ,if !y are great] ?an himself1 
he is a ma/] inde$2--he has be5 a true  
tea*]4 ,b if all 8 pupils are less ?an  
himself1 he may h be5 a great man1 b 9  
all probability has be5 a bad ma/]1 or  
no ma/]4  ,n[ ^! m51 :om ,i h signally  
left out ( my gr\ps1 are true ,ma/]s4   
,niccola ,pisano taught all ,italy2 b   
*iefly 8 own son1 :o succe$$1 & 9 "s ?+s
 v mu* surpass$ him4  ,orcagna taught   
all ,italy1 aft] him1 d[n to ,mi*ael    
,angelo4 ,& ^! two--,lippi1 ! religi\s  
s*ools1 ,v]roc*io1 ! arti/ s*ools1 ( _! 
c5tury4  ,lippi taught ,s&ro            
,botticelli2 & ,v]roc*io taught ,lion>do
 da ,v9ci1 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 & ,p]ug9o4 
,h ,i n good reason to sep>ate ! ma/]s (
 su* pupils f ! s*ools !y creat$8  #ed4 
,b h[ is x t ,i c drop j ! c>ds ,i want 
out ( my pack8  ,well1 c]ta9ly ,i =ce & 
fit matt]s a little3 ,i leave "s m5 out 
( my li/ :om ,i %\ld l to h 9           
x2--,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 = in/ance1 & ,m9o 
da ,fiesole2 b ,i c d )\t !m1 & s c y   

also1 = ! pres5t4 ,i cat* ,luca by a    
hair's-bread? only1 ) my #adjj rod2 b on
 ! :ole1 ) v little coax+1 ,i get !     
gr\ps 9 ?is memorable & q lit]ally 'h&y'
 =m4 ,= see1 ,i write my li/s ( five1   
five1 & sev51 on bits ( pa/ebo>d2 ,i h+e
 my rods to ^!2 & y c br&i% ! s*ool (   
#adjj 9 y\r left h&1 & ( #aejj 9 y\r "r1
 l--railway signals2--& ,i wi% all      
railway signals 7 z cle>4 ,once le>n1   
?or\ghly1 ! gr\ps 9 ?is artificially    
contract$ =m1 & y c ref9e & complete    
aft]w>ds at y\r leisure4  #ee4 ,& ?us   
actually fl\ri%+ my two p5nons1 & gett+ 
my grip ( ! m51 9 ei!r h&1 ,i f9d a     
notable ?+ conc]n+ my two flags4 ,! m5  
^: names ,i hold 9 my left h& are all   
sculptors2 ! m5 ^: names ,i hold 9 my "r
 are all pa9t]s4  ,y w infallibly       
suspect me ( hav+ *os5 !m ?us on        
purpose4 ,no1 honor bright6--,i *ose    
simply ! greate/ m51--^? ,i want$ to    
talk to y ab\t4 ,i arrang$ !m by _!     
dates2 ,i put !m into ?ree conclusive   
p5nons2 & behold :at foll[s6  #ef4      

,f>!r1 note ?is3 9 ! #acjj gr\p1 f\r out
 ( ! five m5 are ar*itects z well z     
sculptors & pa9t]s4 ,9 ! #adjj gr\p1 !re
 is "o ar*itect2 9 ! #aejj1 none4 ,& !  
mean+ ( t is1 t 9 #acjj ! arts 7 all    
unit$1 & duly l$ by ar*itecture2 9      
#adjj1 sculpture began to assume too    
sep>ate a p[] to h]self2 9 #aejj1 pa9t+ 
arrogat$ all1 &1 at la/1 betray$ all4 ,f
 :i*1 ) mu* o!r collat]al evid5ce1 y may
 ju/ly conclude t ! ?ree arts ought to  
be practic$ toge!r1 & t !y naturally are
 s4 ,i long s9ce ass]t$ t no man c\ld be
 an ar*itect :o 0 n a sculptor4 ,z ,i   
le>n$ m & m ( my bus9ess1 ,i p]ceiv$    
also t no man c\ld be a sculptor :o 0 n 
an ar*itect2--t is to say1 :o _h n k    
en\gh1 & pleasure en\gh 9 /ructural law1
 to be able to build1 on occasion1 bett]
 ?an a m]e build]4 ,& s1 f9ally1 ,i n[  
positively av] to y t nobody1 9 !       
graphic arts1 c be q rightly a ma/] (   
any?+1 :o is n ma/] ( ev]y?+6  #eg4 ,!  
junction ( ! ?ree arts 9 m5's m9ds1 at !
 be/ times1 is %ortly signifi$ 9 ^!     

words ( ,*auc]4 ,love's ,g>d51          
,ev]idele     ,enclos$ 01 & wall$ well  
,) high walls1 embataill$1     ,portray$
 )\t1 & well entayl$     ,) _m ri*      
portraitures4  ,! ,fr5* orig9al is bett]
 /ill1 & gives f\r arts 9 unison3--     
,quant suis avant un p\ ale     ,et vy  
un v]gi] grant et le1     ,bi5 cloz de  
bon mur batillie     ,p\rtrait dehors1  
et entaillie     ,ou 7= au7 ma9tes ri*es
 escriptures4  ,read also c>efully !    
description ( ! temples ( ,m>s & ,v5us 9
 ! ,knight's ,tale4 ,contempor>y ,fr5*  
uses 'entaille' ev5 ( solid sculpture & 
( ! liv+ =m2 & ,pygmalion1 z a p]fect   
ma/]1 pr(esses wood c>v+1 ivory c>v+1   
waxwork1 & iron-"w1 no less ?an /one    
sculpture3--      ,pimalion1 uns        
entailli]es     ,p\rtraians en fuz,k et 
en pi]res1     ,en mettaux1 en os1 et en
 cire1     ,et en t\te autre matire4    
#eh4 ,i made a little sket*1 :5 la/ 9   
,flor5ce1 ( a subject :i* w fix ! idea (
 ?is unity ( ! arts 9 y\r m9ds4 ,at !   
base ( ! t[] ( ,giotto are two r[s (    

hexagonal panels1 fill$ ) bas-reliefs4  
,"s ( ^! are by unkn[n h&s1--"s by ,&rea
 ,pisano1 "s by ,luca della ,robbia1 two
 by ,giotto himself2 ( ^! ,i sket*$ !   
panel repres5t+ ! art ( ,pa9t+4  ,y h 9 
t bas-relief "o ( ! f\ndation-/ones ( ! 
mo/ p]fectly built t[] 9 ,europe2 y h t 
/one c>v$ by its ar*itect's own h&2 y   
f9d1 fur!r1 t ?is ar*itect & sculptor 0 
! greate/ pa9t] ( 8 "t1 & ! fri5d ( !   
greate/ poet2 & y h repres5t$ by him a  
pa9t] 9 8 %op1--bottega1--z symbolic ( !
 entire art ( pa9t+4  #ei4 ,9 :i*       
repres5tation1 please note h[ c>efully  
,giotto %[s y ! tab]nacles or ni*es1 9  
:i* ! pa9t+s are to be plac$4 ,n        
indep5d5t ( _! frames1 ^! panels ( 81 y 
see6  ,h y ev] consid]$1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory
 ( pa9t+1 h[ important also is ! hi/ory 
( ! frame mak]8 ,x is a matt]1 ,i assure
 y1 ne$+ y\r v be/ consid]ation4 ,= !   
frame 0 made be=e ! picture4 ,! pa9t$   
w9d[ is mu*1 b ! ap]ture x fills 0 ?\ght
 ( be=e x4 ,! fresco by ,giotto is mu*1 
b ! vault x adorns 0 plann$ fir/4 ,:o   

?\ght ( ^!2--:o built8  ,que/ions tak+ u
 f> back be=e ! bir? ( ! %eph]d boy (   
,fesole--que/ions n to be answ]$ by     
hi/ory ( pa9t+ only1 /ill less ( pa9t+ 9
 ,italy only4  #fj4 ,& 9 po9t+ out to y 
?is fact1 ,i may once = all prove to y !
 ess5tial unity ( ! arts1 & %[ y h[     
impossible x is to und]/& "o )\t ref]5ce
 to ano!r4 ,:i* ,i wi% y to obs]ve all !
 m closely1 t y may use1 )\t dang] ( be+
 misl$1 ! data1 ( unequal$ value1 :i* h 
be5 collect$ by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 9
 ! book :i* !y h call$ a ,hi/ory (      
,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 b :i* is 9 fact only a 
diction>y ( details relat+ to t hi/ory4 
,su* a title is an absurdity on ! face (
 x4 ,=1 fir/1 y c no m write ! hi/ory ( 
pa9t+ 9 ,italy ?an y c write ! hi/ory ( 
! s\? w9d 9 ,italy4 ,! sirocco does     
inde$ produce c]ta9 effects at ,g5oa1 & 
o!rs at ,rome2 b :at w\ld be ! value ( a
 treatise ^u ! w9ds1 :i*1 = ! honor (   
any c\ntry1 assum$ t e city ( x _h a    
native sirocco8  ,b1 fur!r1--imag9e :at 
success w\ld att5d ! meteorologi/ :o    

%\ld set himself to give an acc\nt ( !  
s\? w9d1 b take no notice ( ! nor?6  ,&1
 f9ally1 suppose an attempt to give y an
 acc\nt ( ei!r w9d1 b none ( ! seas1 or 
m\nta9 passes1 by :i* !y 7 n\ri%$1 or   
direct$4  #fa4 ,= in/ance1 ,i am 9 ?is  
c\rse ( lectures to give y an acc\nt ( a
 s+le & m9or bran* ( graphic            
art1--engrav+4 ,b obs]ve h[ _m ref]5ces 
to local circum/ances x involves4 ,!re  
are ?ree mat]ials = x1 we said2--/one1  
wood1 & metal4 ,/one engrav+ is ! art ( 
c\ntries possess+ m>ble & gems2 wood    
engrav+1 ( c\ntries ov]gr[n ) =e/2 metal
 engrav+1 ( c\ntries possess+ treasures 
( silv] & gold4 ,& ! /yle ( a /one      
engrav] is =m$ on pill>s & pyramids2 !  
/yle ( a wood engrav] "u ! eaves ( l>*  
cottages2 ! /yle ( a metal engrav] 9 !  
treasuries ( k+s4 ,d y suppose ,i c\ld  
rightly expla9 to y ! value ( a s+le t\*
 on brass by ,f9igu]ra1 or on box by    
,bewick1 unless ,i _h grasp ( ! great   
laws ( climate & c\ntry2 & c\ld trace ! 
inh]it$ sirocco or tramontana ( ?\ght to

 :i* ! s\ls & bodies ( ! m5 ow$ _!      
exi/5ce8  #fb4 ,y see t 9 ?is flag (    
#acjj !re is a d>k /rong l9e 9 ! c5t]1  
aga9/ :i* y read ! "n ( ,arnolfo4  ,9   
writ+ our ,flor5t9e ,dunciad1 or ,hi/ory
 ( ,fools1 c we possibly beg9 ) a bett] 
day ?an ,all ,fools' ,day8 ,on ,all     
,fools' ,day--! fir/1 if y l bett] s to 
call x1 ( ! mon? ( op5+1--9 ! ye> #acjj1
 is sign$ ! docum5t mak+ ,arnolfo a     
citiz5 ( ,flor5ce1 & 9 #acaj he dies1   
*ief ma/] ( ! works ( ! ca!dral !re4 ,to
 ?is man1 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle give    
half a page1 out ( ?ree volumes ( five  
hundr$ pages ea*4  ,b l[] d[n 9 my flag1
 7n put !re because ( any inf]iority1 b 
by ord] ( *ronology17 y w see a "n      
suffici5tly famili> to y--t ( ,giotto2 &
 to him1 our hi/orians ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy 
give "s hundr$ pages1 "u ! impression1  
/at$ by !m at page #bdc ( _! volume1 t 9
 8 h&s1 art 9 ! ,p59sula became entitl$ 
= ! fir/ "t to ! "n ( ,italian4  #fc4   
,art became ,italian6 ,yes1 b :at art8  
,y\r au?ors give a p]spective--or :at !y

 call su*1--( ! upp] *ur* ( ,assisi1 z  
if t 7 m]ely an accid5tal occurr5ce (   
bl9d walls = ,giotto to pa9t on6  ,b h[ 
came ! upp] *ur* ( ,assisi !re8 ,h[ came
 x to be vault$--to be aisl$8 ,h[ came  
,giotto to be ask$ to pa9t ^u x8  ,! art
 t built x1 good or bad1 mu/ h be5 an   
,italian "o1 be=e ,giotto4 ,he c\ld n h 
pa9t$ on ! air4 ,let u see h[ 8 panels 7
 made = him4  #fd4 ,?is ,capta9--! c5t] 
( our fir/ gr\p--,arnolfo1 has always   
hi!rto be5 call$ ',arnolfo di           
,lapo2'--,arnolfo ! son ( ,lapo4  ,mod]n
 inve/igators come d[n on u delight$ly1 
to tell u--,arnolfo 0 n ! son ( ,lapo4  
,9 ^! days y w h half a doz5 doctors1   
writ+ ea* a long book1 & ! s5se ( all w 
be1--,arnolfo wasn't ! son ( ,lapo4 ,mu*
 good may y get ( t6  ,well1 y w f9d !  
fact to be1 !re 0 a great ,nor?man      
build]1 a true son ( ,?or1 :o came d[n  
into ,italy 9 #abjj1 s]v$ ! ord] ( ,/4  
,francis !re1 built ,assisi1 taught     
,arnolfo h[ to build1 ) ,?or's hamm]1 & 
disappe>$1 leav+ 8 "n                   

unc]ta9--,jacopo--,lapo--nobody kn[s    
:at4 ,arnolfo always recognizes ?is man 
z 8 true fa!r1 :o put ! s\l-life into   
him2 he is kn[n to 8 ,flor5t9es always z
 ,lapo's ,arnolfo4  ,t1 or "s lik5ess ( 
t1 is ! vital fact4 ,y nev] c get at !  
lit]al limitation ( liv+ facts4 ,!y     
disguise !mselves by ! v /r5g? ( _!     
life3 get told aga9 & aga9 9 diff]5t    
ways by all mann] ( p2--! lit]alness (  
!m is turn$ topsy-turvy1 inside-out1 ov]
 & ov] aga92--!n ! fools come & read !m 
wrong side upw>ds1 or else1 say !re nev]
 0 a fact at all4 ,no?+ delights a true 
blockhead s mu* z to prove a            
negative2--to %[ t ev]ybody has be5     
wrong4 ,fancy ! delici\s s5sation1 to an
 empty-head$ creature1 ( fancy+ = a     
mom5t t he has empti$ ev]ybody else's   
head z well z 8 own6 nay1 t1 = once1 8  
own holl[ bottle ( a head has _h ! be/ (
 o!r bottles1 & has be5 fir/            
empty2--fir/ to "k--no?+4  #fe4 ,hold1  
!n1 /eadily ! fir/ tradition ab\t ?is   
,arnolfo4 ,t 8 real fa!r 0 call$ ,cambio

 matt]s to y n a /raw4 ,t he nev] call$ 
himself ,cambio's ,arnolfo--t nobody    
else ev] call$ him s1 d[n to ,vas>i's   
"t1 is an inf9itely significant fact to 
y4 ,9 my tw5ty-second lett] 9 ,=s       
,clavig]a y w f9d "s acc\nt ( ! noble   
habit ( ! ,italian arti/s to call       
!mselves by _! ma/]s' names1 consid]+ _!
 ma/] z _! true fa!r4 ,if n ! "n ( !    
ma/]1 !y take t ( _! native place1 z    
hav+ ow$ ! "* ( _! life to t4 ,!y r>ely 
take _! own family "n3 sometimes x is n 
ev5 kn[n1--:5 be/ kn[n1 x is unfamili>  
to u4 ,! great ,pisan arti/s1 = in/ance1
 nev] be> any o!r "n ?an '! ,pisan2'    
among ! o!r five-&-tw5ty names 9 my li/1
 n above six1 ,i ?9k1 ! two ,g]man1 )   
f\r ,italian1 are family names4 ,p]ug9o1
 7,pet] ( ,p]ugia17 ,lu9i1 7,b]n>d (    
,lu9o17 ,qu]cia1 7,james ( ,qu]cia17    
,correggio1 7,an?ony ( ,correggio17 are 
nam$ f _! native places4 ,nobody w\ld h 
und]/ood me if ,i _h call$ ,giotto1     
',ambrose ,bondone2' or ,t9toret1       
,robu/i2 or ev5 ,raphael1 ,sanzio4      

,botticelli is nam$ f 8 ma/]2 ,ghib]ti f
 8 fa!r-9-law2 & ,ghirl&ajo f 8 "w4     
,orcagna1 :o did1 = a wond]1 "n himself 
f 8 fa!r1 ,&rea ,cione1 ( ,flor5ce1 has 
be5 always call$ ',angel' by ev]ybody   
else2 :ile ,arnolfo1 :o nev] nam$       
himself f 8 fa!r1 is n[ l to be fa!r$   
aga9/ 8 w4  ,b1 ,i aga9 beg ( y1 keep to
 ! old /ory4 ,= x repres5ts1 h[ev]      
inaccurately 9 detail1 cle>ly 9 sum1 !  
fact1 t "s great ma/] ( ,g]man ,go?ic at
 ?is "t came d[n into ,italy1 & *ang$ ! 
entire =m ( ,italian ar*itecture by 8   
t\*4 ,s t :ile ,niccola & ,giovanni     
,pisano are /ill virtually ,greek       
arti/s1 exp]im5tally introduc+ ,go?ic   
=ms1 ,arnolfo & ,giotto adopt ! entire  
,go?ic ideal ( =m1 & !nce=w>d use !     
po9t$ ar* & /eep gable z ! limits (     
sculpture4  #ff4 ,hi!rto ,i h be5 speak+
 ( ! relations ( my tw5ty-five m5 to ea*
 o!r4 ,b n[1 please note _! relations   
altoge!r to ! art be=e !m4 ,^!          
tw5ty-five include1 ,i say1 all ! great 
ma/]s ( ,*ri/ian art4  ,be=e !m1 ! art 0

 too savage to be ,*ri/ian2 aft]w>ds1   
too c>nal to be ,*ri/ian4  ,too savage  
to be ,*ri/ian8 ,i w ju/ify t ass]tion  
h]eaft]2 b y w f9d t ! ,european art (  
#abjj includes all ! mo/ develop$ &     
*>act]i/ic conditions ( ! /yle 9 ! nor? 
:i* y h probably be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( z
 ,,norman1 & :i* y may always mo/       
conv5i5tly call s2 & ! mo/ develop$     
conditions ( ! /yle 9 ! s\?1 :i*1 =m$   
out ( effete ,greek1 ,p]sian1 & ,roman  
tradition1 y may1 9 l mann]1 mo/        
conv5i5tly express by ! famili> ^w      
,,byzant9e4 ,:atev] y call !m1 !y are 9 
orig9 adv]se 9 temp]1 & rema9 s up to ! 
ye> #abjj4 ,!n an influ5ce appe>s1      
seem+ly t ( "o man1 ,ni*olas ! ,pisan1  
7our fir/ ,,ma/]1 obs]ve17 & a new _s   
adopts :at is be/ 9 ea*1 & gives to :at 
x adopts a new en]gy ( its own2 namely1 
?is consci5ti\s & didactic p[] :i* is ! 
speciality ( its progressive exi/5ce4 ,&
 j z ! new-born & natural art ( ,a!ns   
collects & reanimates ,pelasgian &      
,egyptian tradition1 purify+ _! wor%ip1 

& p]fect+ _! "w1 into ! liv+ hea!n fai? 
( ! _w1 s ?is new-born & natural art (  
,flor5ce collects & animates ! ,norman &
 ,byzant9e tradition1 & =ms out ( !     
p]fect$ wor%ip & "w ( bo?1 ! hone/      
,*ri/ian fai?1 & vital craftsman%ip1 ( !
 _w4  #fg4 ,get ?is fir/ summ>y1 !re=e1 
well into y\r m9ds4 ,! ^w ',norman' ,i  
use r\ghly = ,nor?-savage2--r\ghly1 b   
advis$ly4 ,i mean ,lomb>d1 ,sc&9avian1  
,franki%2 ev]y?+ nor?-savage t y c ?9k  
(1 except ,saxon4 7,i h a reason = t    
exception2 nev] m9d x j n[47,l  ,all    
nor?-savage ,i call ,,norman1 all       
s\?-savage ,i call ,,byzant9e2 ?is latt]
 includ+ dead native ,greek prim>ily--!n
 dead =eign ,greek1 9 ,rome2--!n        
,arabian--,p]sian--,pho5ician--,indian--
all y c ?9k (1 9 art ( hot c\ntries1 up 
to ?is ye> #abjj1 ,i rank "u ! "o t]m   
,byzant9e4 ,n[ all ?is cold             
art--,norman1 & all ?is hot             
art--,byzant9e1 is virtually dead1 till 
#abjj4 ,x has no consci5ce1 no didactic 
p[]2,m x is devoid ( bo?1 9 ! s5se t    

dreams are4  ,!n 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5 
wake z if !y he>d an al>um ?r\gh ! :ole 
vault ( heav51 & true human life beg9s  
aga91 & ! cradle ( ?is life is ! ,val   
d',arno4 ,!re ! nor!rn & s\!rn nations  
meet2 !re !y lay d[n _! enmities2 !re !y
 are fir/ baptiz$ unto ,john's baptism =
 ! remission ( s9s2 !re is born1 & !nce 
exil$1--?\ght fai?less1 = break+ ! font 
( baptism to save a *ild f dr[n+1 9 8   
'bel ,san ,giovanni1'--! greate/ (      
,*ri/ian poets2 he :o _h pity ev5 = !   
lo/4  #fh4 ,n[1 !re=e1 my :ole hi/ory ( 
,*ri/ian ar*itecture & pa9t+ beg9s ) ?is
 ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce1 & ) its associat$
 ,ca!dral4 ,arnolfo br\ght ! "o into !  
=m 9 :i* y n[ see x2 he laid ! f\ndation
 ( ! o!r1 & t to purpose1 & he is !re=e 
! ,,capta9 ( our fir/ s*ool4  ,= ?is    
,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y,n is ! great "o ( ! 
_w4 ,"h is ! c5t] ( ,*ri/ian k & p[]4   
,& x is "o piece ( l>ge engrav+4 ,:ite  
sub/ance1 cut into1 & fill$ ) black1 &  
d>k-gre54  ,no m p]fect "w 0 aft]w>ds   
done2 & ,i wi% y to grasp ! idea ( ?is  

build+ cle>ly & irrevocably1--fir/1 9   
ord] 7z ,i told y 9 a previ\s lecture7  
to quit y\rselves ?or\ghly ( ! idea t   
ornam5t %\ld be decorat$ con/ruction2 &1
 secondly1 z ! noble/ type ( ! intaglio 
ornam5tation1 :i* develop$ itself into  
all m9or application ( black & :ite to  
engrav+4  #fi4 ,t x %\ld d s fir/ at    
,flor5ce1 0 ! natural sequ5ce1 & ! j    
rew>d1 ( ! anci5t skill ( ,etruria 9    
*as$ metal-"w4 ,! effects produc$ 9     
gold1 ei!r by emboss+ or engrav+1 7 !   
direct means ( giv+ int]e/ to 8 surfaces
 at ! comm& ( ! 'auri fab]1' or orfevre3
 & e conceivable artifice ( /udd+1      
*isel+1 & int]lac+ 0 exhau/$ by ! arti/s
 9 gold1 :o 7 at ! head ( !             
metal-work]s1 & f :om ! ranks ( !       
sculptors 7 re9=c$4  ,! old ,fr5* ^w    
'orfroiz1' 7aurifrigia17 expresses      
ess5tially :at we call 'fro/$' "w 9     
gold2 t :i* resembles small dew or      
cry/als ( ho>-fro/2 ! 'frigia' com+ f ! 
,lat9 frigus4 ,to *ase1 or en*ase1 is n 
prop]ly said ( ! gold2 b ( ! jewel :i* x

 secures ) hoops or ridges1 7,fr5*1     
en*ass],o74 ,!n ! armor]1 or cup &      
casket mak]1 add$ to ?is k9d (          
decoration t ( flat inlaid enamel2 & !  
silv]-work]1 f9d+ t ! rais$ filigree    
7/ill a /aple at ,g5oa7 only attract$   
t>ni%1 or got cru%$1 e>ly s\ght to      
decorate a surface :i* w\ld be> ext]nal 
friction1 ) labyr9?s ( safe incision4   
#gj4 ,( ! security ( incision z a means 
( p]man5t decoration1 z oppos$ to ord9>y
 c>v+1 "h is a beautiful in/ance 9 !    
base ( "o ( ! ext]nal %afts ( ! ,ca!dral
 ( ,lucca2 ?irte5?-c5tury "w1 :i* by ?is
 "t1 _h x be5 c>v$ 9 relief1 w\ld h be5 
a %apeless remnant ( indeciph]able      
bosses4 ,b x is /ill z safe z if x _h   
be5 cut ye/]day1 because ! smoo? r\nd   
mass ( ! pill> is entirely undi/urb$2   
into t1 furr[s are cut ) a *isel z mu*  
"u comm& & z p[]ful z a bur94 ,! effect 
( ! design is tru/$ entirely to ! dep? (
 ^! incisions--"h dy+ out & expir+ 9 !  
light ( ! m>ble1 !re deep5$1 by drill   
holes1 into z def9itely a black l9e z if

 x 7 drawn ) ink2 & describ+ ! outl9e ( 
! leafage ) a delicacy ( t\* & (        
p]ception :i* no man w ev] surpass1 &   
:i* v few h rival$1 9 ! pr\de/ days (   
design4  #ga4 ,?is security1 9 silv]    
plates1 0 complet$ by fill+ ! furr[s ) !
 black pa/e :i* at once exhibit$ &      
pres]v$ !m4 ,! transition f t niello-"w 
to mod]n engrav+ is "o ( no real mom5t3 
my object is to make y und]/& !         
qualities :i* con/itute ! m]it ( !      
engrav+1 :e!r *>g$ ) niello or ink4 ,&  
?is ,i hope ultimately to accompli% by  
/udy+ ) y "s ( ! works ( ! f\r m51      
,botticelli & ,mantegna 9 ! s\?1 ,du]] &
 ,holbe9 9 ! nor?1 ^: names ,i h put 9  
our la/ flag1 above & b5ea? ^? ( ! ?ree 
mighty pa9t]s1 ,p]ug9o ! capta91 ,bell9i
 on "o side--,lu9i on ! o!r4  ,! f\r    
foll[+ lectures,p w conta9 data necess>y
 = su* /udy3 y mu/ wait long] be=e ,i c 
place be=e y ^? by :i* ,i c ju/ify :at  
mu/ greatly surprise "s ( my audi5ce--my
 hav+ giv5 ,p]ug9o ! capta9's place     
among ! ?ree pa9t]s4  #gb4 ,b ,i d s1 at

 lea/ prim>ily1 because :at is commonly 
?\ght affect$ 9 8 design is inde$ ! true
 rema9s ( ! great ar*itectural symmetry 
:i* 0 soon to be lo/1 & :i* makes him ! 
true foll[] ( ,arnolfo & ,brunelles*i2 &
 because he is a s\nd craftsman &       
workman to ! v he>t's core4 ,a noble1   
graci\s1 & quiet labor] f y\? to        
dea?1--nev] we>y1 nev] impati5t1 nev]   
unt5d]1 nev] untrue4 ,n ,t9toret 9 p[]1 
n ,raphael 9 flexibility1 n ,holbe9 9   
v]acity1 n ,lu9i 9 love1--_! ga!r$ gifts
 he has1 9 balanc$ & fruitful measure1  
fit to be ! guide1 & impulse1 & fa!r (  
all4  ,,footnotes3  ,d ,comp>e ,aratra  
,p5telici1 ,sec4 #aed4  ,e ,holbe9 & ,8 
,"t1 #dto1 ,b5tley1 #ahgb1 7a v valuable
 book17 p4 #ag4 ,italics m9e4  ,f ,see  
,c>lyle1 ,fr$]ick1 ,book ,,iii41 *ap4   
viii4  ,g ,i believe ,i am tak+ too mu* 
tr\ble 9 writ+ ^! lectures4 ,?is s5t5ce1
 ,sec4 #dd1 has co/ me1 ,i suppose1 fir/
 & la/1 ab\t z _m h\rs z !re are l9es 9 
x2--& my *oice ( ^! two words1 fai? &   
dea?1 z repres5tatives ( p[]1 w p]haps1 

aft] all1 only puzzle ! read]4  ,h ,he  
is said by ,vas>i to h call$ ,francia ! 
l4 ,francia is a *ild comp>$ to ,p]ug9o2
 b a f9i%$ work+-goldsmi? & ornam5tal   
pa9t] nev]!less2 & "o ( ! v la/ m5 to be
 call$ 'g(fo1' except by unp>allel$     
insol5ce4  ,i ,! diagram us$ at !       
lecture is engrav$ on page #cj2 ! read] 
_h bett] draw x l>g] = himself1 z x _h  
to be made inconv5i5tly small = ?is size
 ( leaf4  ,j ',asc]ta9$1' sc>cely any   
date ev] is1 q satisfactorily4 ,!       
diagram only repres5ts :at is           
practically & broadly true4 ,i may h to 
modify x greatly 9 detail4  ,k ,= fu/1  
log ( wood1 errone\sly 'f]' 9 ! lat]    
pr9t$ editions4 ,comp>e ! acc\nt ( !    
works ( ,art & ,nature1 t[>ds ! end ( ! 
,romance ( ! ,rose4  ,l ,( c\rse x w\ld 
h be5 impossible to express 9 any       
accurate t]ms1 %ort en\gh = ! compass ( 
a lecture1 ! conditions ( opposition    
betwe5 ! ,hept>*y & ! ,nor?m52--betwe5 !
 ,byzant9e & ,roman2--& betwe5 !        
,byzant9e & ,arab1 :i* =m m9or1 b n less

 tr5*ant1 divisions ( ,art-prov9ce1 =   
subsequ5t del9eation4 ,if y c ref] to my
 ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 see ,sec4 #bj ( its   
fir/ *apt]4  ,m ,aga9 mu* too broad a   
/atem5t3 n to be qualifi$ b by a l5g? ( 
explanation "h impossible4 ,my lectures 
on ,ar*itecture1 n[ 9 prep>ation 7,val  
d',arno71 w conta9 fur!r detail4  ,n ,at
 ! side ( my page1 "h1 ,i f9d ! foll[+  
memor&um1 :i* 0 exp&$ 9 ! viva-voce     
lecture4 ,! read] mu/ make :at he c ( x1
 = ,i c't exp& x "h4  ,s5se ( ,italian  
,*ur* plan4  ,bapti/]y1 to make         
,*ri/ians 92 h\se1 or dome1 = !m to pray
 & be prea*$ to 92 bell-t[]1 to r+ all  
ov] ! t[n1 :5 !y 7 ei!r to pray toge!r1 
rejoice toge!r1 or to be w>n$ ( dang]4  
,h>vey's picture ( ! ,cov5ant]s1 ) a    
%eph]d on ! outlook1 z a campanile4  ,o 
,& '*assis1' a w9d[ frame1 or trac]y4   
,p ,?is pres5t lecture does n1 z at     
pres5t publi%$1 ju/ify its title2       
because ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to write
 ! viva-voce portions ( x :i* amplifi$ !
 #fi? p>agraph4 ,i w give ! sub/ance (  

!m 9 bett] =m else:]e2 meantime ! "p ( !
 lecture "h giv5 may be 9 its own way   
useful4                                 
,,lecture ,,iii4                 ,,!    
,,te*nics ,,( ,,wood ,,engrav+4   #gc4  
,i am to-day to beg9 to tell y :at x is 
necess>y y %\ld obs]ve respect+ me?ods (
 manual execution 9 ! two great arts (  
engrav+4 ,only to beg9 to tell y4 ,!re  
ne$ be no end ( tell+ y su* ?+s1 if y   
c>e to he> !m4 ,! !ory ( art is soon    
ma/]$2 b 'dal detto al fatto1 v'e gran  
tratto2' & z ,i h sev]al times told y 9 
=m] lectures1 e day %[s me m & m !      
importance ( ! ,h&4  #gd4 ,( ! h& z a   
,s]vant1 obs]ve1--n ( ! h& z a ,ma/]4 ,=
 !re are two great k9ds ( manual "w3 "o 
9 :i* ! h& is cont9ually receiv+ & obey+
 ord]s2 ! o!r 9 :i* x is act+           
indep5d5tly1 or ev5 giv+ ord]s ( its    
own4 ,& ! dep5d5t & submissive h& is a  
noble h&2 b ! indep5d5t or imp]ative h& 
is a vile "o4  ,t is to say1 z long z ! 
p51 or *isel1 or o!r graphic in/rum5t1  
is mov$ "u ! direct influ5ce ( m5tal    

att5tion1 & obeys ord]s ( ! bra91 x is  
work+ nobly2--! mom5t x moves           
indep5d5tly ( !m1 & p]=ms "s habitual   
dext]ity ( its own1 x is base4  #ge4    
,dext]ity--,i say2--"s '"r-h&$ness' (   
its own4 ,we might wisely keep t ^w =   
:at ! h& does at ! m9d's bidd+2 & use an
 opposite ^w--s9i/]ity1--= :at x does at
 its own4 ,= inde$ we want su* a ^w 9   
speak+ ( mod]n art2 x is all full (     
s9i/]ity4 ,h&s indep5d5t ( bra9s2--!    
left h&1 by division ( labor1 n kn[+ :at
 ! "r does1--/ill less :at x ought to d4
  #gf4 ,turn+1 !n1 to our special       
subject4 ,all engrav+1 ,i said1 is      
intaglio 9 ! solid4 ,b ! solid1 9 wood  
engrav+1 is a co>se sub/ance1 easily    
cut2 & 9 metal1 a f9e sub/ance1 n       
easily4 ,!re=e1 9 g5]al1 y may be prep>$
 to accept rud] & m elem5t>y "w 9 "o ?an
 ! o!r2 & x w be ! means ( appeal to    
blunt] m9ds4  ,y probably already "k !  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual me?ods (       
produc+ a pr9t$ impression f wood &     
metal2 b ,i may p]haps make ! matt] a   

little m cle>4 ,9 metal engrav+1 y cut  
dit*es1 fill !m ) ink1 & press y\r pap] 
into !m4 ,9 wood engrav+1 y leave       
ridges1 rub ! tops ( !m ) ink1 & /amp !m
 on y\r pap]4  ,! in/rum5t ) :i* !      
sub/ance1 :e!r ( ! wood or /eel1 is cut 
away1 is ! same4 ,x is a solid pl[%>e1  
:i*1 in/ead ( ?r[+ ! e>? aside1 ?r[s x  
up & out1 produc+ at fir/ a simple      
rav9e1 or furr[1 9 ! wood or metal1 :i* 
y c wid5 by ano!r cut1 or ext5d by      
successive cuts4 ,?is 7,fig4 #a7 is !   
g5]al %ape ( ! solid pl[%>e3 b x is (   
c\rse made %>p] or blunt] at pleasure4  
,! furr[ produc$ is at fir/ ! w$ge-%ap$ 
or cunei=m rav9e1 already s mu* dwelt ^u
 9 my lectures on ,greek sculpture4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a  #gg4 ,s9ce1 !n1
 9 wood pr9t+1 y pr9t f ! surface left  
solid2 &1 9 metal pr9t+1 f ! holl[s cut 
into x1 x foll[s t if y put few t\*es on
 wood1 y draw1 z on a slate1 ) :ite     
l9es1 leav+ a quantity ( black2 b if y  
put few t\*es on metal1 y draw ) black  
l9es1 leav+ a quantity ( :ite4  ,n[ !   

eye is n 9 ! lea/ (f5d$ by quantity (   
:ite1 b is1 or ought to be1 greatly     
sadd5$ & (f5d$ by quantity ( black4     
,h5ce x foll[s t y mu/ nev] put little  
"w on wood4 ,y mu/ n sket* ^u x4 ,y may 
sket* on metal z mu* z y please4  #gh4  
,p>adox1 y w say1 z usual4 ,are n all   
our j\rnals1--& ! be/ ( !m1 ,pun*1 p>   
excell5ce1--full ( ! mo/ brilliantly    
swift & slight sket*es1 engrav$ on wood2
 :ile l9e-engrav+s take t5 ye>s to      
produce1 & co/ t5 gu9eas ea* :5 !y are  
done8  ,yes1 t is s2 b obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ 
place1 :at appe>s to y a sket* on wood  
is n s at all1 b a mo/ labori\s & c>eful
 imitation ( a sket* on pap]2 :]eas :5 y
 see :at appe>s to be a sket* on metal1 
x is "o4 ,& 9 ! second place1 s f> z !  
popul> fa%ion is contr>y to ?is natural 
me?od1--s f> z we d 9 reality try to    
produce effects ( sket*+ 9 wood1 & (    
f9i% 9 metal1--our "w is wrong4  ,^?    
app>5tly c>eless & free sket*es on !    
wood ought to h be5 /]n & delib]ate2 ^? 
exquisitely ton$ & f9i%$ engrav+s on    

metal ought to h look$1 in/ead1 l free  
ink sket*es on :ite pap]4 ,t is ! !orem 
:i* ,i propose to y = consid]ation1 &   
:i*1 9 ! two bran*es ( its ass]tion1 ,i 
hope to prove to y2 ! fir/ "p ( x1 7t   
wood-cutt+ %\ld be c>eful17 9 ?is pres5t
 lecture2 ! second1 7t metal-cutt+ %\ld 
be1 at lea/ 9 a f> great] degree ?an x  
is n[1 slight1 & free17 9 ! foll[+ "o4  
#gi4 ,next1 obs]ve ! di/9ction 9 respect
 ( ?ickness1 no less ?an numb]1 ( l9es  
:i* may prop]ly be us$ 9 ! two me?ods4  
,9 metal engrav+1 x is easi] to lay a   
f9e l9e ?an a ?ick "o2 & h[ev] f9e ! l9e
 may be1 x la/s2--b 9 wood engrav+ x    
requires extreme precision & skill to   
leave a ?9 d>k l9e1 & :5 left1 x w be   
quickly beat5 d[n by a c>eless pr9t]4   
,!re=e1 ! virtue ( wood engrav+ is to   
exhibit ! qualities & p[] ( ?ick l9es2 &
 ( metal engrav+1 to exhibit ! qualities
 & p[] ( ?9 ones4  ,all ?9 d>k l9es1    
!re=e1 9 wood1 broadly speak+1 are to be
 us$ only 9 case ( necessity2 & ?ick    
l9es1 on metal1 only 9 case ( necessity4

  #hj4 ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ?9 d>k l9es _c     
easily be produc$ 9 wood1 ?9 light ones 
may be /ruck 9 an in/ant4 ,nev]!less1   
ev5 ?9 light ones mu/ n be us$1 except )
 extreme caution4 ,= obs]ve1 !y are     
equally useless z outl9e1 & = expression
 ( mass4 ,y "k h[ f> f exempl>y or      
delightful y\r boy's fir/ q volunt>y    
ex]cises 9 :ite l9e draw+ on y\r slate  
78 ,y c\ld1 inde$1 draw a gobl9         
satisfactorily 9 su* me?od2--a r\nd ,o1 
) arms & legs to x1 & a scrat* "u two   
dots 9 ! middle1 w\ld answ] ! purpose2 b
 if y want$ to draw a pretty face1 y    
took p5cil or p51 & pap]--n y\r slate4  
,n[1 t in/9ctive feel+ t a :ite outl9e  
is wrong1 is deeply f\nd$4 ,= ,nature   
h]self draws ) diffus$ light1 &         
conc5trat$ d>k2--nev]1 except 9 /orm or 
twilight1 ) diffus$ d>k1 & conc5trat$   
light2 & ! ?+ we all l be/ to see       
drawn--! human face--_c be drawn ) :ite 
t\*es1 b by extreme labor4 ,= ! pupil & 
iris ( ! eye1 ! eyebr[1 ! no/ril1 & !   
lip are all set 9 d>k on pale gr\nd4 ,y 

c't draw a :ite eyebr[1 a :ite pupil ( !
 eye1 a :ite no/ril1 & a :ite m\?1 on a 
d>k gr\nd4 ,try x1 & see :at a spect] y 
get4 ,b ! same numb] ( d>k t\*es1       
skillfully appli$1 w give ! idea ( a    
beautiful face4 ,& :at is true ( !      
subtle/ subject y h to repres5t1 is     
equally true ( inf]ior ones4 ,no?+      
lovely c be quickly repres5t$ by :ite   
t\*es4 ,y mu/ hew out1 if y\r means are 
s re/rict$1 ! =m by %e] labor2 & t bo?  
cunn+ & dextr\s4 ,! ,flor5t9e ma/]s1 &  
,du]]1 (t5 practice ! a*ievem5t1 & !re  
are _m draw+s by ! ,lippis1 ,mantegna1 &
 o!r lead+ ,italian draughtsm51 complet$
 to great p]fection ) ! :ite l9e2 b only
 = ! sake ( sev]e/ /udy1 nor is _! "w   
imitable by inf]ior m54 ,& su* /udies1  
h[ev] accompli%$1 always m>k a          
disposition to reg>d *i>oscuro too mu*1 
& local color too little4  ,we conclude1
 !n1 t we mu/ nev] tru/1 9 wood1 to our 
p[] ( outl9e ) :ite2 & our g5]al laws1  
?us f> det]m9$1 w be--?ick l9es 9 wood2 
?9 ones 9 metal2 complete draw+ on wood2

 sket*es1 if we *oose1 on metal4  #ha4  
,b :y1 9 wood1 l9es at all8 ,:y n cut   
out :ite spaces1 & use ! *isel z if its 
incisions 7 s mu* :ite pa9t8 ,_m f9e    
pieces ( wood-cutt+ are inde$ execut$ on
 ?is pr9ciple4 ,bewick does ne>ly all 8 
foliage s2 & cont9ually pa9ts ! light   
plumes ( 8 birds ) s+le t\*es ( 8 *isel1
 z if he 7 lay+ on :ite4  ,b ?is is n ! 
f9e/ me?od ( wood-cutt+4 ,x implies !   
idea ( a sy/em ( light & %ade 9 :i* !   
%ad[ is totally black4 ,n[1 no light &  
%ade c be good1 mu* less pleasant1 9 :i*
 all ! %ade is />k black4 ,!re=e ! f9e/ 
wood-cutt+ ignores light & %ade1 &      
expresses only =m1 & d>k local color4 ,&
 x is conv5i5t1 = simplicity's sake1 to 
anticipate :at ,i %\ld o!rwise def]     
tell+ y until next lecture1 t f9e metal 
engrav+1 l f9e wood-cutt+1 ignores light
 & %ade2 & t1 9 a ^w1 all good engrav+  
:atsoev] does s4  #hb4 ,i hope t my say+
 s w make y eag] to int]rupt me4 ',:at6 
,rembr&t's et*+s1 & ,lupton's mezzot9ts1
 & ,le ,keux's l9e-"w1--d y mean to tell

 u t ^! ignore light & %ade8'  ,i nev]  
said t mezzot9t ignor$ light & %ade1 or 
ought to d s4 ,mezzot9t is prop]ly to be
 consid]$ z *i>oscuro draw+ on metal4 ,b
 ,i d mean to tell y t bo? ,rembr&t's   
et*+s1 & ,le ,keux's f9i%$ l9e-"w1 are  
misappli$ labor1 9 s f> z !y reg>d      
*i>oscuro2 & t consummate engrav+ nev]  
uses x z a primal elem5t ( pleasure4    
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,la/ ,,furr[4  7,fig4
 #b7 ,facsimile f ,holbe9's woodcut4    
#hc4 ,we h n[ got our pr9ciples s f>    
def9$ t ,i c proce$ to illu/ration ( !m 
by example4  ,"h are facsimiles1 v      
m>vel\s ones1,q ( two ( ! be/ wood      
engrav+s ev] produc$ by art1--two       
subjects 9 ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,y 
w probably l be/ t ,i %\ld at once      
proce$ to v]ify my la/ & mo/ />tl+      
/atem5t1 t f9e engrav+ disda9$          
*i>oscuro4  ,?is vignette 7,fig4 #b7    
repres5ts a sunset 9 ! op5 m\nta9\s     
fields ( s\!rn ,g]many4 ,& ,holbe9 is s 
entirely c>eless ab\t ! light & %ade1   
:i* a ,dut*man w\ld fir/ h ?\ght (1 z   

result+ f ! sunset1 t1 z he works1 he   
=gets altoge!r :]e 8 light comes f4 ,"h1
 actually1 ! %ad[ ( ! figure is ca/ f ! 
side1 "r across ! picture1 :ile ! sun is
 9 front4 ,& !re is n ! slighte/ attempt
 to indicate gradation ( light 9 ! sky1 
d>kness 9 ! =e/1 or any o!r positive    
elem5t ( *i>oscuro4  ,?is is n because  
,holbe9 _c give *i>oscuro if he *ooses4 
,he is tw5ty times a /rong] ma/] ( x ?an
 ,rembr&t2 b he1 !re=e1 kn[s exactly :5 
& h[ to use x2 & t wood engrav+ is n !  
prop] means = x4 ,! quantity ( x :i* is 
ne$ful = 8 /ory1 & w n1 by any          
s5sational viol5ce1 ei!r div]t1 or      
vulg>ly en=ce1 ! att5tion1 he w give2 & 
t ) an unrival$ subtlety4 ,!re=e ,i mu/ 
ask y = a mom5t or two to quit ! subject
 ( te*nics1 & look :at ^! two woodcuts  
mean4  #hd4 ,! "o ,i h fir/ %[n y is ( a
 pl[man pl[+ at ev5+4 ,x is ,holbe9's   
object1 "h1 to express ! diffus$ &      
int5se light ( a gold5 summ] sunset1 s  
f> z is consi/5t ) gr&] purposes4 ,a    
mod]n ,fr5* or ,engli% *i>oscuri/ w\ld h

 cov]$ 8 sky ) fleecy cl\ds1 & reliev$ !
 pl[man's hat & 8 horses aga9/ x 9 /rong
 black1 & put sp>kl+ t\*es on ! furr[s &
 grass4 ,holbe9 scornfully ca/s all su* 
tricks aside2 & draws ! :ole sc5e 9 pure
 :ite1 ) simple outl9es4  ,illu/ration3 
,,! ,,two ,,prea*]s4  7,fig4 #c7        
,facsimile f ,holbe9's woodcut4  #he4 ,&
 yet1 :5 ,i put x beside ?is second     
vignette1 7,fig4 #c17 :i* is ( a prea*] 
prea*+ 9 a feebly light$ *ur*1 y w feel 
t ! diffus$ w>m? ( ! "o subject1 &      
diffus$ twilight 9 ! o!r1 are complete2 
& !y w f9ally be to y m impressive ?an  
if !y _h be5 wr\ght out ) e sup]ficial  
means ( effect1 on ea* block4  ,= x is z
 a symbol1 n z a sc5ic effect1 t 9 ea*  
case ! *i>oscuro is giv54 ,holbe91 ,i   
said1 is at ! head ( ! pa9t]-re=m]s1 & 8
 ,dance ( ,dea? is ! mo/ en]getic &     
tell+ ( all ! =ms giv51 9 ?is epo*1 to !
 ,rationali/ _s ( re=m1 prea*+ ! new    
,gospel ( ,dea?1--,x is no matt] :e!r y 
are prie/ or layman1 :at y believe1 or  
:at y d3 "h is ! end4 ,y %all see1 9 !  

c\rse ( our inquiry1 t ,botticelli1 9 l 
mann]1 repres5ts ! ,fai?ful & ,ca?olic  
temp] ( re=m4  #hf4 ,! tea*+ ( ,holbe9  
is !re=e always melan*oly1--= ! mo/ "p  
purely rational2 & entirely furi\s 9 its
 indignation aga9/ all :o1 ei!r by      
actual inju/ice 9 ?is life1 or by :at he
 holds to be false promise ( ano!r1     
de/roy ! good1 or ! en]gy1 ( ! few days 
:i* man has to live4 ,aga9/ ! ri*1 !    
luxuri\s1 ! ,ph>isee1 ! false lawy]1 !  
prie/1 & ! unju/ judge1 ,holbe9 uses 8  
fi]ce/ mock]y2 b he is nev] himself     
unju/2 nev] c>icatures or equivocates2  
gives ! facts z he kn[s !m1 )           
explanatory symbols1 few & cle>4  #hg4  
,among ! p[]s :i* he hates1 ! pa!tic &  
+5i\s prea*+ ( untru? is "o ( ! *ief2 & 
x is curi\s to f9d 8 biograph]1 kn[+    
?is1 & reason+1 z ,g]man critics ne>ly  
always d1 f acquir$ k1 n p]ception1     
imag9e in/antly t he sees hypocrisy 9 ! 
face ( ,holbe9's prea*]4 ,h[ skillfully1
 says ,dr4 ,woltmann1 is ! prea*]       
prop\nd+ 8 doctr9es2 h[ ?or\ghly is 8   

hypocrisy express$ 9 ! features ( 8     
c\nt5ance1 & 9 ! ge/ures ( 8 h&s4 ,b    
look at ! cut y\rself1 c&idly4 ,i       
*all5ge y to f9d ! slighte/ trace (     
hypocrisy 9 ei!r feature or ge/ure4     
,holbe9 knew bett]4 ,x is n ! hypocrite 
:o has p[] 9 ! pulpit4 ,x is ! s9c]e    
prea*] ( untru? :o does mis*ief !re4 ,! 
hypocrite's place ( p[] is 9 trade1 or 9
 g5]al society2 none b ! s9c]e ev] get  
fatal influ5ce 9 ! pulpit4 ,?is man is a
 ref9$ g5tleman--ascetic1 e>ne/1        
?\ghtful1 & k9d4 ,he sc>cely uses !     
vantage ev5 ( 8 pulpit1--comes aside out
 ( x1 z an eag] man w\ld1 plead+2 he is 
int5t on be+ und]/ood--is und]/ood2 8   
congregation are delight$--y might he> a
 p9 drop among !m3 "o is asleep inde$1  
:o _c see him1 7be+ "u ! pulpit17 &     
asleep j because ! tea*] is z g5tle z he
 is e>ne/1 & speaks quietly4  #hh4 ,h[  
are we to "k1 !n1 t he speaks 9 va98    
,fir/1 because among all 8 he>]s y w n  
f9d "o %rewd face4 ,!y are all ei!r     
simple or /upid p3 !re is "o nice woman 

9 front ( all1 7else ,holbe9's          
repres5tation _h be5 c>icature17 b %e is
 n a %rewd "o4  ,secondly1 by ! light & 
%ade4 ,! *ur* is n 9 extreme d>kness--f>
 f t2 a gray twilight is ov] ev]y?+1 b !
 sun is totally %ut out ( x2--n a ray   
comes 9 ev5 at ! w9d[--t is d>k] ?an !  
walls1 or vault4  ,la/ly1 & *iefly1 by !
 mock+ expression ( ,dea?4 ,mock+1 b n  
angry4 ,! man has be5 prea*+ :at he     
?\ght true4 ,dea? laughs at him1 b is n 
indignant ) him4  ,dea? comes quietly3  
,i am go+ to be prea*] n[2 "h is y\r own
 h\r-glass1 ready = me4 ,y h spok5 _m   
words 9 y\r day4 ,b ( ! ?+s :i* y h     
spok51 ?is is ! sum1--y\r dea?-w>rant1  
sign$ & seal$4 ,!re's y\r text = to-day4
  #hi4 ,( ?is o!r picture1 ! mean+ is m 
pla91 & f> m beautiful4 ,! husb&man is  
old & gaunt1 & has pass$ 8 days1 n 9    
speak+1 b press+ ! iron into ! gr\nd4 ,&
 ! paym5t = 8 life's "w is1 t he is     
clo!d 9 rags1 & 8 feet are b>e on !     
clods2 & he has no hat--b ! brim ( a hat
 only1 & 8 long1 unkempt gray hair comes

 ?r\gh4 ,b all ! air is full ( w>m? & ( 
peace2 &1 beyond 8 village *ur*1 !re is1
 at la/1 light inde$4 ,8 horses lag 9 ! 
furr[1 & 8 own limbs tott] & fail3 b "o 
comes to help him4 ',x is a long field1'
 says ,dea?2 'b we'll get to ! end ( x  
to-day1--y & ,i4'  #ij4 ,& n[ t we "k ! 
mean+1 we are able to discuss ! te*nical
 qualities f>!r4  ,bo? ( ^! engrav+s1 y 
w f9d1 are execut$ ) blunt l9es2 b m ?an
 t1 !y are execut$ ) quiet l9es1        
entirely /eady4  ,n[1 "h ,i h 9 my h& a 
lively woodcut ( ! pres5t day--a good   
av]age type ( ! mod]n /yle ( wood-cutt+1
 :i* y w all recognize4,r  ,! %ade 9 ?is
 is drawn on ! wood1 7n cut1 b drawn1   
obs]ve17 at ! rate ( at lea/ t5 l9es 9 a
 second3 ,holbe9's1 at ! rate ( ab\t "o 
l9e 9 ?ree seconds4,s  #ia4 ,n[ !re are 
two diff]5t matt]s to be consid]$ )     
respect to ^! two oppos$ me?ods (       
execution4 ,! fir/1 t ! rapid "w1 ?\gh  
easy to ! arti/1 is v difficult to !    
wood-cutt]2 s t x implies in/antly a    
sep>ation betwe5 ! two crafts1 & t y\r  

wood-cutt] has ceas$ to be a            
draughtsman4 ,i %all return to ?is po9t4
 ,i wi% to insi/ on ! o!r fir/2 namely1 
! effect ( ! m delib]ate me?od on !     
draw+ itself4  #ib4 ,:5 ! h& moves at ! 
rate ( t5 l9es 9 a second1 x is inde$ "u
 ! gov]nm5t ( ! muscles ( ! wri/ &      
%\ld]2 b x _c possibly be "u ! complete 
gov]nm5t ( ! bra9s4 ,i am able to d ?is 
zigzag l9e ev5ly1 because ,i h got ! use
 ( ! h& f practice2 & ! fa/] x is done1 
! ev5] x w be4 ,b ,i h no m5tal au?ority
 ov] e l9e ,i ?us lay3 *ance regulates  
!m4 ,:]eas1 :5 ,i draw at ! rate ( two  
or ?ree seconds to ea* l9e1 my h&       
disobeys ! muscles a little--! me*anical
 accuracy is n s great2 nay1 !re ceases 
to be any appe>ance ( dext]ity at all4  
,b !re is1 9 reality1 m manual skill    
requir$ 9 ! sl[ "w ?an 9 ! swift1--& all
 ! :ile ! h& is ?or\ghly "u ! ord]s ( ! 
bra9s4 ,holbe9 delib]ately resolves1 = e
 l9e1 z x goes along1 t x %all be s     
?ick1 s f> f ! next1--t x %all beg9 "h1 
& /op !re4 ,& he is delib]ately assign+ 

! utmo/ quantity ( mean+ to x1 t a l9e w
 c>ry4  #ic4 ,x is n fair1 h[ev]1 to    
comp>e common "w ( "o age ) ! be/ (     
ano!r4 ,"h is a woodcut ( ,t5niel's1 :i*
 ,i ?9k conta9s z high qualities z x is 
possible to f9d 9 mod]n art4,t ,i hold x
 z beyond o!rs f9e1 because !re is n !  
slighte/ c>icature 9 x4 ,no face1 no    
attitude1 is pu%$ beyond ! degree (     
natural humor !y w\ld h possess$ 9 life2
 & 9 precision ( mom5t>y expression1 !  
draw+ is equal to ! art ( any "t1 & %[s 
p[] :i* w\ld1 if regulat$1 be q adequate
 to produc+ an immortal "w4  #id4 ,:y1  
!n1 is x n immortal8 ,y y\rselves1 9    
compliance ) ^: dem& x 0 done1 =got x ! 
next week4 ,x w become hi/orically      
int]e/+2 b no man ( true k & feel+ w ev]
 keep ?is 9 8 cab9et ( treasure1 z he   
does ^! woodcuts ( ,holbe9's4  ,! reason
 is t ?is is base co91--alloy$ gold4    
,!re is gold 9 x1 b also a quantity (   
brass & lead--willfully add$--to make x 
fit = ! public4 ,holbe9's is beat5 gold1
 sev5 times tri$ 9 ! fire4 ,( :i*       

commonplace b useful metaphor ! mean+ "h
 is1 fir/1 t to cat* ! vulg> eye a      
quantity (1--s-call$1--light & %ade is  
add$ by ,t5niel4 ,x is effective to an  
ignorant eye1 & is +5i\sly dispos$2 b x 
is entirely conv5tional & false1        
un5durable by any p]son :o kn[s :at     
*i>oscuro is4  ,secondly1 = "o l9e t    
,holbe9 lays1 ,t5niel has a doz54 ,!re  
are1 = in/ance1 a hundr$ & fifty-sev5   
l9es 9 ,sir ,pet] ,teazle's wig1 )\t    
c\nt+ dots & slight cross-hat*+2--b !   
entire face & fl[+ hair ( ,holbe9's     
prea*] are done ) =ty-five l9es1 all    
told4  #ie4 ,n[ obs]ve :at a diff]5t    
/ate ( m9d ! two arti/s mu/ be 9 on su* 
conditions2--"o1 nev] 9 a hurry1 nev]   
do+ any?+ t he kn[s is wrong2 nev] do+ a
 l9e badly t he c d bett]2 & appeal+    
only to ! feel+s ( s5sitive p]sons1 & ! 
judgm5t ( att5tive ones4 ,t is ,holbe9's
 habit ( s\l4 ,:at is ! habit ( s\l ( e 
mod]n engrav]8 ,always 9 a hurry2       
ev]y:]e do+ ?+s :i* he kn[s to be       
wrong--7,t5niel kn[s 8 light & %ade to  

be wrong z well z ,i d7--cont9ually do+ 
?+s badly :i* he 0 able to d bett]2 &   
appeal+ exclusively to ! feel+s ( !     
dull1 & ! judgm5t ( ! inatt5tive4  ,d y 
suppose t is n en\gh to make ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 mortal & immortal art1--! orig9al
 g5ius be+ suppos$ alike 9 bo?8,u  #if4 
,?us f> ( ! /ate ( ! arti/ himself4 ,i  
pass1 next to ! relation betwe5 him & 8 
subord9ate1 ! wood-cutt]4  ,! mod]n     
arti/ requires him to cut a hundr$ &    
fifty-sev5 l9es 9 ! wig only1--! old    
arti/ requires him to cut =ty-five = !  
face1 & long hair1 altoge!r4 ,! actual  
proportion is r\ghly1 & on ! av]age1    
ab\t "o to tw5ty ( co/ 9 manual labor1  
anci5t to mod]n1--! tw5tie? "p ( !      
me*anical labor1 to produce an immortal 
in/ead ( a p]i%able "w1--! tw5tie? "p ( 
! labor2 &--:i* is ! greate/ diff]5ce ( 
all--t tw5tie? "p1 at once less         
me*anically difficult1 & m m5tally      
pleasant4 ,mr4 ,otley1 9 8 g5]al ,hi/ory
 ( ,engrav+1 says1 ,! greate/ difficulty
 9 wood engrav+ occurs 9 cle>+ out !    

m9ute quadrangul> lights2 & 9 any mod]n 
woodcut y w see t :]e ! l9es ( ! draw+  
cross ea* o!r to produce %ade1 ! :ite   
int]/ices are cut out s neatly t !re is 
no appe>ance ( any jag or break 9 !     
l9es2 !y look exactly z if !y _h be5    
drawn ) a p54 ,x is *iefly difficult to 
cut ! pieces cle>ly out :5 ! l9es cross 
at "r angles2 easi] :5 !y =m oblique or 
diamond-%ap$ int]/ices2 b 9 any case "s 
half-doz5 cuts1 & 9 squ>e cross+s z _m z
 tw5ty1 are requir$ to cle> "o int]/ice4
 ,!re=e if ,i c>elessly draw six /rokes 
) my p5 across o!r six1 ,i produce      
tw5ty-five int]/ices1 ea* ( :i* w ne$ at
 lea/ six1 p]haps tw5ty1 c>eful t\*es ( 
! bur9 to cle> out4--,say t5 = an       
av]age2 & ,i dem& two hundr$ & fifty    
exquisitely precise t\*es f my engrav]1 
to r5d] t5 c>eless ones ( m9e4  #ig4 ,n[
 ,i take up ,pun*1 at 8 be/4 ,! :ole ( !
 left side ( ,john ,bull's wai/coat--!  
%ad[ on 8 knee-bree*es & great-coat--!  
:ole ( ! ,"l ,*ancellor's g[n1 & ( ,john
 ,bull's & ,sir ,pet] ,teazle's         

complexions1 are work$ ) f9i%$ precision
 ( cross-hat*+4 ,^! h inde$ "s purpose 9
 _! texture2 b 9 ! mo/ wanton &         
gratuit\s way1 ! wall bel[ ! w9d[ is    
cross-hat*$ too1 & t n ) a d\ble1 b a   
treble l9e 7,fig4 #d74  ,!re are ab\t   
?irty ( ^! columns1 ) ?irty-five        
int]/ices ea*3 approximately1           
#a1jej--;c]ta9ly n few]--int]/ices to be
 delib]ately cut cle>1 to get t two     
in*es squ>e ( %ad[4 ,n[ calculate--or   
?9k en\gh to feel ! impossibility (     
calculat+--! numb] ( woodcuts us$ daily 
= our popul> pr9ts1 & h[ _m m5 are night
 & day cutt+ #a1jej squ>e holes to !    
squ>e in*1 z ! occupation ( _! manly    
life4 ,& ,mrs4 ,bee*] ,/[e & ! ,nor?    
,am]icans fancy !y h aboli%$ slav]y6    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4  #ih4 ,!       
workman _c h ev5 ! consolation ( pride2 
= 8 task1 ev5 9 its f9e/ accompli%m5t1  
is n really difficult1--only t$i\s4 ,:5 
y h once got into ! practice1 x is z    
easy z ly+4 ,to cut regul> holes ,,)\t a
 purpose is easy en\gh2 b to cut        

irregul> holes ,,) a purpose1 t is      
difficult1 =ev]2--no tricks ( tool or   
trade w give y p[] to d t4  ,! suppos$  
difficulty--! ?+ :i*1 at all ev5ts1 x   
takes "t to le>n1 is to cut ! int]/ices 
neat1 & ea* l ! o!r4 ,b is !re any      
reason1 d y suppose1 = _! be+ neat1 &   
ea* l ! o!r8 ,s f> f x1 !y w\ld be tw5ty
 times pretti] if !y 7 irregul>1 & ea*  
diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,& an old wood-cutt]1  
in/ead ( tak+ pride 9 cutt+ ^! int]/ices
 smoo? & alike1 resolutely cuts !m r\gh 
& irregul>2 tak+ c>e1 at ! same "t1 nev]
 to h any m ?an are want$1 ?is be+ only 
"o "p ( ! g5]al sy/em ( intellig5t      
manipulation1 :i* made s good an arti/ (
 ! engrav] t x is impossible to say (   
any /&>d old woodcut1 :e!r ! draughtsman
 engrav$ x himself or n4 ,i %\ld imag9e1
 f ! "* & subtlety ( ! t\*1 t e l9e ( ! 
,dance ( ,dea? _h be5 engrav$ by        
,holbe92 we "k x 0 n1 & t !re c be no   
c]ta9ty giv5 by ev5 ! f9e/ pieces ( wood
 execution ( any?+ m ?an p]fect h>mony  
betwe5 ! design] & workman4 ,& consid]  

h[ mu* ?is h>mony dem&s 9 ! latt]4 ,n t 
! mod]n engrav] is un9tellig5t 9 apply+ 
8 me*anical skill3 v (t5 he greatly     
improves ! draw+2 b we nev] c\ld mi/ake 
8 h& = ,holbe9's4  #ii4 ,! true m]it1   
!n1 ( wood execution1 z reg>ds ?is matt]
 ( cross-hat*+1 is fir/ t !re be no m   
cross+ ?an necess>y2 secondly1 t all !  
int]/ices be v>i\s1 & r\gh4 ,y may look 
?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? 
)\t f9d+ any cross-hat*+ :atev]1 except 
9 a few unimportant bits ( backgr\nd1 s 
rude z to ne$ sc>cely m ?an "o t\* to   
ea* int]/ice4 ,alb]t ,du]] crosses m    
def9itely2 b yet1 9 any fold ( 8 drap]y1
 e :ite spot diff]s 9 size f e o!r1 & ! 
arrangem5t ( ! :ole is delightful1 by ! 
k9d ( v>iety :i* ! spots on a leop>d h4 
,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ei!r expression or =m 
c be r5d]$ by ! %ape ( ! lights & d>ks1 
! old engrav] becomes z c>eful z 9 an   
ord9>y gr\nd he is c>eless4  ,!         
endeavor1 ) y\r own h&1 & common p5 &   
ink1 to copy a small piece ( ei!r ( !   
two ,holbe9 woodcuts 7,figures #b & #c7 

w prove ?is to y bett] ?an any words4   
#ajj4 ,i said t1 _h ,t5niel be5 rightly 
tra9$1 !re might h be5 ! mak+ ( a       
,holbe91 or ne>ly a ,holbe91 9 him4 ,i d
 n "k2 b ,i c turn f 8 "w to t ( a man  
:o 0 n tra9$ at all1 & :o 01 )\t tra9+1 
,holbe9's equal4  ,equal1 9 ! s5se t ?is
 br[n /one1 9 my left h&1 is ! equal1   
?\gh n ! lik5ess1 ( t 9 my "r4 ,!y are  
bo? ( ! same true & pure cry/al2 b ! "o 
is br[n ) iron1 & nev] t\*$ by =m+ h&2 !
 o!r has nev] be5 9 r\gh companion%ip1 &
 has be5 exquisitely poli%$4 ,s ) ^! two
 m54 ,! "o 0 ! companion ( ,erasmus &   
,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,8 fa!r 0 s good an     
arti/ t y _c always tell _! draw+s      
asund]4 ,b ! o!r 0 a f>m]'s son2 & le>n$
 8 trade 9 ! back %ops ( ,newca/le4     
,yet ! fir/ book ,i ask$ y to get 0 8   
biography2 & 9 ?is frame are set toge!r 
a draw+ by ,hans ,holbe91 & "o by ,?omas
 ,bewick4 ,i "k :i* is mo/ s*ol>ly2 b ,i
 d n "k :i* is be/4  #aja4 ,x is mu* to 
say = ! self-taught ,engli%man2--yet d n
 congratulate y\rselves on 8 simplicity4

 ,i told y1 a little :ile s9ce1 t !     
,engli% nobles _h left ! hi/ory ( birds 
to be writt51 & _! spots to be drawn1 by
 a pr9t]'s lad2--b ,i did n tell y _!   
f>!r loss 9 ! fact t ?is pr9t]'s lad    
c\ld h writt5 _! own hi/ories1 & drawn  
_! own spots1 if !y _h let him4 ,b !y _h
 no hi/ory to be writt52 & 7 too closely
 maculate to be portray$2--:ite gr\nd 9 
mo/ places altoge!r obscur$4 ,_h !re be5
 ,mores & ,h5rys to draw1 ,bewick c\ld h
 drawn !m2 & w\ld h f\nd 8 function4 ,z 
x 01 ! nobles ( 8 day left him to draw !
 frogs1 & pigs1 & sp>r[s--( 8 day1 :i*  
seem$ to him1 9 8 solitude1 ! be/ types 
( its ,nobility4 ,no sight or ?\ght (   
beautiful ?+s 0 ev] grant$ him2--no     
h]oic creature1 goddess-born--h[ mu*    
less any native ,deity--ev] %one ^u him4
 ,to 8 utt]ly ,engli% m9d1 ! /raw ( !   
/y1 & its t5antry1 7 abid+ tru?2--! cl\d
 ( ,olympus1 & its t5antry1 a *ild's    
dream4 ,he c\ld draw a pig1 b n an      
,aphrodite4  #ajb4 ,! ?ree pieces (     
woodcut f 8 ,fables 7! two l[] ones     

enl>g$7 9 ! opposite plate1 %[ 8 utmo/  
/r5g? & utmo/ rud5ess4 ,i mu/ endeavor  
to make y ?or\ghly und]/& bo?3--!       
magnific5t arti/ic p[]1 ! flawless      
virtue1 v]acity1 t5d]ness1--! inf9ite   
humor ( ! man2 & yet ! diff]5ce betwe5  
,engl& & ,flor5ce1 9 ! use !y make ( su*
 gifts 9 _! *ildr54  ,= ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 
,i conf9e myself to ! exam9ation (      
te*nical po9ts2 & we mu/ foll[ our =m]  
conclusions a little fur!r4             
,illu/ration3 ,i4  ,?+s ,cele/ial &     
,t]re/rial1 z app>5t to ! ,engli% ,m9d4 
#ajc4 ,because our l9es 9 wood mu/ be   
?ick1 x becomes an extreme virtue 9 wood
 engrav+ to economize l9es1--n m]ely1 z 
9 all o!r art1 to save "t & p[]1 b      
because1 our l9es be+ necess>ily blunt1 
we mu/ make up our m9ds to d ) few]1 by 
_m1 ?an are 9 ! object4 ,b is ?is       
necess>ily a disadvantage8  ,absolutely1
 an imm5se disadvantage1--a woodcut nev]
 c be s beautiful or good a ?+ z a      
pa9t+1 or l9e engrav+4 ,b 9 its own     
sep>ate & useful way1 an excell5t ?+1   

because1 practic$ rightly1 x ex]cises 9 
! arti/1 & summons 9 y1 ! habit (       
ab/raction2 t is to say1 ( decid+ :at   
are ! ess5tial po9ts 9 ! ?+s y see1 &   
seiz+ ^!2 a habit entirely necess>y to  
/rong humanity2 & s natural to all      
humanity1 t x leads1 9 its indol5t &    
undiscipl9$ /ates1 to all ! vulg>       
amateur's lik+ ( sket*es bett] ?an      
pictures4 ,! sket* seems to put ! ?+ =  
him into a conc5trat$ & excit+ =m4      
#ajd4 ,obs]ve1 !re=e1 to gu>d y f ?is   
error1 t a bad sket* is good = no?+2 & t
 nobody c make a good sket* unless !y   
g5]ally are try+ to f9i% ) extreme c>e4 
,b ! ab/raction ( ! ess5tial p>ticul>s 9
 8 subject by a l9e-ma/]1 has a peculi> 
didactic value4 ,= pa9t+1 :5 x is       
complete1 leaves x mu* to y\r own       
judgm5t :at to look at2 &1 if y are a   
fool1 y look at ! wrong ?+2--b 9 a f9e  
woodcut1 ! ma/] says to y1 ,y %all look 
at ?is1 or at no?+4  #aje4 ,= example1  
"h is a little tailpiece ( ,bewick's1 to
 ! fable ( ! ,frogs & ! ,/ork4,v ,he is1

 z ,i told y1 z /\t a re=m] z ,holbe91,w
 or ,botticelli1 or ,lu!r1 or           
,savon>ola2 &1 z an imp>tial re=m]1 hits
 "r & left1 at l[] or upp] classes1 if  
he sees !m wrong4 ,mo/ frequ5tly1 he    
/rikes at vice1 )\t ref]5ce to class2 b 
9 ?is vignette he /rikes def9itely at ! 
degradation ( ! vil] popul> m9d :i* is  
incapable ( be+ gov]n$1 because x _c    
und]/& ! nobl5ess ( k+%ip4 ,he has      
writt5--bett] ?an writt51 engrav$1 sure 
to suff] no slip ( type--8 leg5d "u !   
draw+2 s t we "k 8 mean+3  ,set !m up ) 
a k+1 inde$6  #ajf4 ,!re is an audi5ce (
 sev5 frogs1 li/5+ to a speak]1 or      
croak]1 9 ! middle2 & ,bewick has set   
himself to %[ 9 all1 b especially 9 !   
speak]1 ess5tial frogg9ess ( m9d--! m>% 
temp]4 ,he c\ld n h done x half s well 9
 pa9t+ z he has done by ! ab/raction (  
wood-outl9e4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( a manly    
m9d1 or body1 is to be g5tle 9 temp]1 & 
firm 9 con/itution2 ! contr>y ess5ce ( a
 froggy m9d & body is to be angul> 9    
temp]1 & flabby 9 con/itution4 ,i h     

enl>g$ ,bewick's orator-frog = y1 ,plate
 ,i4 c41 & ,i ?9k y w feel t he is      
entirely express$ 9 ^? ess5tial         
p>ticul>s4  ,?is be+ p]fectly good      
wood-cutt+1 notice especially its       
delib]ation4 ,no scrawl+ or scrat*+1 or 
cross-hat*+1 or 'free' "w ( any sort4   
,mo/ delib]ate lay+ d[n ( solid l9es &  
dots1 ( :i* y _c *ange "o4 ,! real      
difficulty ( wood engrav+ is to cut e "o
 ( ^! black l9es or spaces ( ! exactly  
"r %ape1 & n at all to cross-hat* !m    
cleanly4  #ajg4 ,next1 exam9e ! te*nical
 treatm5t ( ! pig1 above4 ,i h purposely
 *os5 ?is z an example ( a :ite object  
on d>k gr\nd1 & ! frog z a d>k object on
 light gr\nd1 to expla9 to y :at ,i mean
 by say+ t f9e engrav+ reg>ds local     
color1 b n light & %ade4 ,y see bo? frog
 & pig are absolutely )\t light & %ade4 
,! frog1 inde$1 ca/s a %ad[2 b 8 h9d leg
 is z :ite z 8 ?roat4 ,9 ! pig y don't  
ev5 "k :i* way ! light falls4 ,b y "k at
 once t ! pig is :ite1 & ! frog br[n or 
gre54  #ajh4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two pieces

 ( *i>oscuro impli$ 9 ! treatm5t ( !    
pig4 ,x is assum$ t 8 curly tail w\ld be
 light aga9/ ! backgr\nd--d>k aga9/ 8   
own rump4 ,?is little piece ( h]aldic   
qu>t]+ is absolutely necess>y to        
solidify him4 ,he w\ld h be5 a :ite gho/
 ( a pig1 flat on ! backgr\nd1 b = t    
alt]native tail1 & ! bits ( d>k beh9d ! 
e>s4 ,secondly3 ,:]e ! %ade is necess>y 
to sugge/ ! position ( 8 ribs1 x is giv5
 ) graphic & *os5 po9ts ( d>k1 z few z  
possible2 n = ! sake ( ! %ade at all1 b 
( ! sk9 & bone4  #aji4 ,t1 !n1 be+ ! law
 ( refus$ *i>oscuro1 obs]ve fur!r !     
me?od ( outl9e4 ,we said t we 7 to h    
?ick l9es 9 wood1 if possible4 ,look :at
 ?ickness ( black outl9e ,bewick has    
left "u our pig's *91 & above 8 nose4   
,b t is n a l9e at all1 y ?9k8  ,no2--a 
mod]n engrav] w\ld h made x "o1 & prid$ 
himself on gett+ x f9e4 ,bewick leaves x
 actually ?ick] ?an ! sn\t1 b puts all 8
 +5uity ( t\* to v>y ! =ms1 & break !   
extremities ( 8 :ite cuts1 s t ! eye may
 be refre%$ & reliev$ by new =ms at e   

turn4 ,! gr\p ( :ite t\*es fill+ ! space
 betwe5 sn\t & e>s might be a wrea? (   
f9e-wea!r cl\ds1 s /udi\sly are !y gr\p$
 & brok54  ,& n[h]e1 y see1 does a s+le 
black l9e cross ano!r4  ,look back to   
,figure #d1 page #ed1 & y w "k1         
h5ce=w>d1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad  
wood-cutt+4  #aaj4 ,we h also1 9 ! l[]  
woodcut1 a notable in/ance ( ,bewick's  
p[] ( ab/raction4 ,y w obs]ve t "o ( !  
*ief *>act]s ( ?is frog1 :i* makes him  
humor\s1--next to 8 va9 endeavor to get 
"s firmness into 8 =e feet1--is 8       
ob/9ately angul> hump-back4 ,& y mu/    
feel1 :5 y see x s m>k$1 h[ important a 
g5]al "* ( a frog x is to h a           
hump-back1--n at ! %\ld]s1 b ! lo9s4    
#aaa4 ,"h1 !n1 is a case 9 :i* y w see !
 exact function t anatomy %\ld take 9   
art4  ,all ! mo/ sci5tific anatomy 9 !  
_w w\ld nev] h taught ,bewick1 mu* less 
y1 h[ to draw a frog4  ,b :5 once y h   
drawn him1 or look$ at him1 s z to "k 8 
po9ts1 x !n becomes entirely int]e/+ to 
f9d out :y he has a hump-back4 ,s ,i w5t

 myself ye/]day to ,pr(essor ,rolle/on =
 a little anatomy1 j z ,i %\ld h gone to
 ,pr(essor ,phillips = a little geology2
 & ! ,pr(essor br\ght me a f9e little   
active frog2 & we put him on ! table1 & 
made him jump all ov] x1 & !n !         
,pr(essor br\ght 9 a *>m+ ,squelette ( a
 frog1 & %[$ me t he ne$$ a project+    
bone f 8 rump1 z a bird ne$s x f its    
brea/1--! "o to atta* ! /rong muscles ( 
! h9d legs1 z ! o!r to atta* ^? ( ! =e  
legs or w+s4 ,s t ! entire leap+ p[] ( !
 frog is 9 8 hump-back1 z ! fly+ p[] ( !
 bird is 9 its brea/-bone4 ,& ?us ?is   
,frog ,p>liam5t is mo/ lit]ally a ,rump 
,p>liam5t--ev]y?+ dep5d+ on ! h9d legs1 
& no?+ on ! bra9s2 :i* makes x          
wond]fully l "s o!r ,p>liam5ts we "k (  
n[adays1 ) ,mr4 ,ayrton & ,mr4 ,l[e = _!
 ae/hetic & acquisitive eyes1 & a rump (
 ,railway ,directors4  #aab4 ,n[1 to    
conclude1 = want ( "t only--,i h b t\*$ 
on ! beg9n+ ( my subject1--und]/& cle>ly
 & f9ally ?is simple pr9ciple ( all art1
 t ! be/ is t :i* realizes absolutely1  

if possible4 ,"h is a vip] by ,c>paccio3
 y are afraid to g ne> x4 ,"h is an     
arm-*air by ,c>paccio3 y :o came 9 late1
 & are /&+1 to my regret1 w\ld l to sit 
d[n 9 x4 ,?is is consummate art2 b y c  
only h t ) consummate means1 &          
exquisitely tra9$ & h]$it>y m5tal p[]4  
,) inf]ior means1 & av]age m5tal p[]1 y 
mu/ be cont5t to give a rude ab/raction2
 b if rude ab/raction is to be made1 ?9k
 :at a diff]5ce !re mu/ be betwe5 a wise
 man's & a fool's2 & consid] :at heavy  
responsibility lies ^u y 9 y\r y\?1 to  
det]m9e1 among realities1 by :at y w be 
delight$1 &1 among imag9ations1 by ^: y 
w be l$4  ,,footnotes3  ,q ,by ,mr4     
,burgess4 ,! toil & skill necess>y to   
produce a facsimile ( ?is degree (      
precision w only be recogniz$ by ! read]
 :o has _h consid]able exp]i5ce ( actual
 "w4  ,r ,! ord9>y title-page ( ,pun*4  
,s ,9 ! lecture-room1 ! relative rates (
 execution 7 %[n2 ,i arrive at ?is      
e/imate by tim+ ! completion ( two small
 pieces ( %ade 9 ! two me?ods4  ,t ,john

 ,bull1 z ,sir ,oliv] ,surface1 ) ,sir  
,pet] ,teazle & ,joseph ,surface4 ,x    
appe>$ 9 ,pun*1 e>ly 9 #ahfc4  ,u ,9    
prep>+ ^! passages = ! press1 ,i feel   
p]petual ne$ ( qualifications &         
limitations1 = x is impossible to       
surpass ! humor1 or precision (         
expressional t\*1 9 ! really gold5 p>ts 
( ,t5niel's works2 & !y may be immortal1
 z repres5t+ :at is be/ 9 _! day4  ,v ,f
 ,bewick's ,a,esop's ,fables4  ,w ,see  
ante1 ,sec4 #dc4                        
,,lecture ,,iv4                ,,!      
,,te*nics ,,( ,,metal ,,engrav+4   #aac4
 ,we are to-day to exam9e ! prop] me?ods
 = ! te*nical managem5t ( ! mo/ p]fect (
 ! arms ( precision possess$ by ! arti/4
 ,= y w at once und]/& t a l9e cut by a 
f9ely-po9t$ in/rum5t ^u ! smoo? surface 
( metal is susceptible ( ! utmo/ f95ess 
t c be giv5 to ! def9ite "w ( ! human   
h&4 ,9 draw+ ) p5 ^u pap]1 ! surface ( !
 pap] is slightly r\gh2 necess>ily1 two 
po9ts t\* x in/ead ( "o1 & ! liquid fl[s
 f !m m or less irregul>ly1 :atev] !    

draughtsman's skill4 ,b y cut a metallic
 surface ) "o edge only2 ! furr[ drawn  
by a skat] on ! surface ( ice is l x on 
a l>ge scale4 ,y\r surface is poli%$1 & 
y\r l9e may be :olly faultless1 if y\r  
h& is4  #aad4 ,& because1 9 su* mat]ial1
 effects may be produc$ :i* no p5man%ip 
c\ld rival1 mo/ p1 ,i fancy1 ?9k t a    
/eel plate half engraves itself2 t !    
workman has no tr\ble ) x1 comp>$ to t (
 a p5 draughtsman4  ,to te/ y\r feel+ 9 
?is matt] accurately1 "h is a manuscript
 book writt5 ) p5 & ink1 & illu/rat$ )  
fl\ri%es & vignettes4  ,y w all1 ,i ?9k1
 be dispos$1 on exam9+ x1 to exclaim1   
,h[ wond]ful6 & ev5 to d\bt !           
possibility ( e page 9 ! book be+       
complet$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,aga91 "h are  
?ree ( my own draw+s1 execut$ ) ! p51 & 
,indian ink1 :5 ,i 0 fifte54 ,!y are    
copies f l>ge li?ographs by ,pr\t2 & ,i 
imag9e t mo/ ( my pupils w\ld ?9k me v  
tyrannical if ,i reque/$ !m to d any?+ (
 ! k9d !mselves4 ,& yet1 :5 y see 9 !   
%op w9d[s a l9e engrav+ l ?is1,x or     

?is1,x ei!r ( :i* conta9s1 alone1 z mu* 
"w z fifty pages ( ! manuscript book1 or
 fifty su* draw+s z m9e1 y look ^u its  
effect z q a matt] ( c\rse1--y nev] say 
'h[ wond]ful' t is1 nor consid] h[ y    
w\ld l to h to live1 by produc+ any?+ ( 
! same k9d y\rselves4  ,illu/ration3    
,,ii4  ,! ,/> ( ,,flor5ce4  #aae4 ,yet y
 _c suppose x is 9 reality easi] to draw
 a l9e ) a cutt+ po9t1 n see+ ! effect  
at all1 or1 if any effect1 see+ a gleam 
( light in/ead ( d>kness1 ?an to draw   
y\r black l9e at once on ! :ite pap]8 ,y
 _c really ?9k,y t !re is some?+        
complac5t1 sympa!tic1 & helpful 9 !     
nature ( /eel2 s t :ile a p5-&-ink sket*
 may always be consid]$ an a*ievem5t    
prov+ clev]ness 9 ! sket*]1 a sket* on  
/eel comes out by m]e favor ( ! indulg5t
 metal2 or t ! plate is wov5 l a piece (
 patt]n silk1 & ! patt]n is develop$ by 
pa/ebo>d c>ds pun*$ full ( holes8 ,n s4 
,look close at ?is engrav+1 or take a   
small] & simpl] "o1 ,turn]'s ,m]cury &  
,argus1--imag9e x to be a draw+ 9 p5 &  

ink1 & y\rself requir$ simil>ly to      
produce its p>allel6 ,true1 ! /eel po9t 
has ! "o advantage ( n blott+1 b x has  
t5fold or tw5tyfold disadvantage1 9 t y 
_c slur1 nor efface1 except 9 a v       
resolute & labori\s way1 nor play ) x1  
nor ev5 see :at y are do+ ) x at !      
mom5t1 f> less ! effect t is to be4 ,y  
mu/ feel :at y are do+ ) x1 & "k        
precisely :at y h got to d2 h[ deep1 h[ 
broad1 h[ f> ap>t y\r l9es mu/ be1 etc4 
& etc41 7a c\ple ( l9es ( etcet]as w\ld 
n be en\gh to imply all y mu/ "k74 ,b   
suppose ! plate 7 only a p5 draw+3 take 
y\r p5--y\r f9e/--& j try to copy !     
leaves t entangle ! head ( ,io1 & h]    
head itself2 rememb]+ always t ! k9d (  
"w requir$ "h is m]e *ild's play comp>$ 
to t ( f9e figure engrav+4 ,nev]!less1  
take a small magnify+ glass to ?is--c\nt
 ! dots & l9es t gradate ! no/rils & !  
edges ( ! facial bone2 notice h[ ! light
 is left on ! top ( ! head by ! /opp+1  
at its outl9e1 ( ! co>se t\*es :i* =m ! 
%ad[s "u ! leaves2 exam9e x well1 &     

!n--,i humbly ask ( y--try to d a piece 
( x y\rself6 ,y clev] sket*]--y "y lady 
or g5tleman ( g5ius--y eye-glass$       
dilettante--y curr5t writ] ( criticism  
royally plural1--,i besee* y1--d x      
y\rself2 d ! m]ely et*$ outl9e y\rself1 
if no m4 ,look y1--y hold y\r et*+ ne$le
 ?is way1 z y w\ld a p5cil1 ne>ly2 &    
!n1--y scrat* ) x6 x is z easy z ly+4   
,or if y ?9k t too difficult1 take an   
easi] piece2--take ei!r ( ! light sprays
 ( foliage t rise aga9/ ! =tress on !   
"r1 pass y\r l5s ov] !m--look h[ _! f9e 
outl9e is fir/ drawn1 leaf by leaf2 !n  
h[ ! di/ant rock is put 9 betwe51 )     
brok5 l9es1 mo/ly /opp+ be=e !y t\* !   
leaf-outl9e2 & aga91 ,i pray y1 d x     
y\rself1--if n on t scale1 on a l>g]4 ,g
 on into ! holl[s ( ! di/ant            
rock1--trav]se its ?ickets1--numb] its  
t[]s2--c\nt h[ _m l9es !re are 9 a      
laurel bu%--9 an ar*--9 a casem5t2 "s   
hundr$ & fifty1 or two hundr$1          
delib]ately drawn l9es1 y w f9d1 9 e    
squ>e qu>t] ( an in*2--say ?ree ?\s& to 

! in*1--ea*1 ) skillful int5t1 put 9 its
 place6 & !n consid] :at ! ord9>y       
sket*]'s "w mu/ appe>1 to ! m5 :o h be5 
tra9$ to ?is6  #aaf4 ,b might n m h be5 
done by ?ree ?\s& l9es to a squ>e in*8 y
 w p]haps ask4 ,well1 possibly4 ,x may  
be ) l9es z ) soldi]s3 ?ree hundr$1 kn[+
 _! "w ?or\ghly1 may be /rong] ?an ?ree 
?\s& less sure ( _! aim4 ,we %all h to  
press close home ?is "q ab\t numb]s &   
purpose pres5tly2--x is n ! "q n[4      
,suppose c]ta9 results                  
requir$1--atmosph]ic effects1 surface   
textures1 transp>5cies ( %ade1          
confusions ( light1--!n1 m c\ld n be    
done ) less4 ,!re are engrav+s ( ?is    
mod]n s*ool1 ( :i*1 ) respect to _!     
p>ticul> aim1 x may be said1 mo/ truly1 
!y _c be bett] done4  ,"h is "o j       
f9i%$1--or1 at lea/1 f9i%$ to ! eyes (  
ord9>y mortals1 ?\gh its fa/idi\s ma/]  
means to ret\* x2--a q pure l9e engrav+1
 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,h5ry ,je5s2 79 call+ x 
pure l9e1 ,i mean t !re are no mixtures 
( mezzot9t or any me*anical tool+1 b all

 is /eady h&-"w17 f a picture by ,mr4   
,armytage1 :i*1 )\t possess+ any ( !    
highe/ claims to admiration1 is yet free
 f ! vulg> vices :i* disgrace mo/ ( our 
popul> religi\s art2 & is s sweet 9 !   
fancy ( x z to des]ve1 bett] ?an _m     
works ( high] p[]1 ! pa9s ( ! engrav] to
 make x a common possession4 ,x is meant
 to help u to imag9e ! ev5+ ( ! day :5 !
 fa!r & "m ( ,*ri/ _h be5 seek+ ,him    
?r\gh ,j]usalem3 !y h come to a well :]e
 wom5 are draw+ wat]2 ,/4 ,joseph passes
 on1--b ! tir$ ,madonna1 lean+ on !     
well's m>g91 asks wi/fully ( ! wom5 if  
!y h se5 su* & su* a *ild a/ray4 ,n[ w y
 j look = a :ile into ! l9es by :i* !   
expression ( ! we>y & anxi\s face is    
r5d]$2 see h[ un]r+ !y are1--h[ calm &  
cle>2 & ?9k h[ _m que/ions h to be      
det]m9$ 9 draw+ ! mo/ m9ute portion (   
any "o1--its curve1--its ?ickness1--its 
di/ance f ! next1--its own prep>ation = 
end+1 invisibly1 :]e x ends4 ,?9k :at ! 
precision mu/ be 9 ^! t trace ! edge ( !
 lip1 & make x look quiv]+ )            

disappo9tm5t1 or 9 ^! :i* h made !      
eyela% heavy ) re/ra9$ te>s4  #aag4 ,or 
if1 z mu/ be ! case ) _m ( my audi5ce1 x
 is impossible = y to conceive !        
difficulties "h ov]come1 look m]ely at !
 drap]ies1 & o!r v>i$ sub/ances         
repres5t$ 9 ! plate2 see h[ silk1 & l951
 & /one1 & pott]y1 & fle%1 are all      
sep>at$ 9 texture1 & gradat$ 9 light1 by
 ! mo/ subtle artifices & appliances (  
l9e1--( :i* artifices1 & ! nature ( !   
me*anical labor ?r\gh\t1 ,i mu/ endeavor
 to give y to-day a m di/9ct conception 
?an y are 9 ! habit ( =m+4 ,b z ,i %all 
h to blame "s ( ^! me?ods 9 _! g5]al    
result1 & ,i d n wi% any ^w ( g5]al     
blame to be associat$ ) ?is mo/ excell5t
 & c>eful plate by ,mr4 ,je5s1 ,i w     
pass1 = special exam9ation1 to "o       
already 9 y\r ref]5ce s]ies1 :i* = ! re/
 exhibits m v>i\s treatm5t 9 its comb9$ 
l&scape1 backgr\nd1 & figures2 ! ,belle 
,j>d9i]e ( ,raphael1 drawn & engrav$ by 
! ,b>on ,desnoy]s4  ,y see1 9 ! fir/    
place1 t ! gr\nd1 /ones1 & o!r co>se    

surfaces are di/+ui%$ f ! fle% &        
drap]ies by brok5 & wriggl$ l9es4 ,^?   
brok5 l9es _c be execut$ ) ! bur91 !y   
are et*$ 9 ! e>ly /ates ( ! plate1 & are
 a mod]n artifice1 nev] us$ by old      
engrav]s2 p>tly because ! old] m5 7 n   
ma/]s ( ! art ( et*+1 b *iefly because  
ev5 ^? :o 7 acqua9t$ ) x w\ld n employ  
l9es ( ?is nature4 ,!y h be5 develop$ by
 ! importance ( l&scape 9 mod]n engrav+1
 & h produc$ "s valuable results 9 small
 plates1 especially ( ar*itecture4 ,b !y
 are entirely errone\s 9 pr9ciple1 = !  
surface ( /ones & leaves is n brok5 or  
jagg$ 9 ?is mann]1 b consi/s ( mossy1 or
 bloom+1 or o!rwise organic texture1 :i*
 _c be repres5t$ by ^! co>se l9es2 _!   
g5]al consequ5ce has !re=e be5 to )draw 
! m9d ( ! obs]v] f all beautiful & t5d] 
*>act]s 9 =egr\nd1 & ev5tually to de/roy
 ! v s*ool ( l&scape engrav+ :i* gave   
bir? to !m4  ,consid]$1 h[ev]1 z a means
 ( reliev+ m delicate textures1 !y are 9
 "s degree legitimate1 be+1 9 fact1 a   
k9d ( *as+ or jagg+ "o "p ( ! plate     

surface 9 ord] to ?r[ out ! delicate    
t9ts f ! r\gh field4 ,b ! same effect 0 
produc$ ) less pa9s1 & f> m ent]ta9m5t  
to ! eye1 by ! old] engrav]s1 :o employ$
 purely ornam5tal v>iations ( l9e2 ?us 9
 ,plate ,,iv41 opposite ,sec4 #acg1 !   
drap]y is suffici5tly di/+ui%$ f ! grass
 by ! treatm5t ( ! latt] z an ornam5tal 
arabesque4 ,! gra9 ( wood is elaborately
 engrav$ by ,m>c ,antonio1 ) ! same     
purpose1 9 ! plate giv5 9 y\r ,/&>d     
,s]ies4  #aah4 ,next1 h[ev]1 y obs]ve   
:at diff]5ce ( texture & =ce exi/s      
betwe5 ! smoo?1 cont9u\s l9es !mselves1 
:i* are all really engrav$4 ,y mu/ take 
"s pa9s to und]/& ! nature ( ?is        
op]ation4  ,! l9e is fir/ cut lightly   
?r\gh its :ole c\rse1 by absolute       
decision & /ead9ess ( h&1 :i* y may     
endeavor to imitate if y l1 9 its       
simple/ phase1 by draw+ a circle ) y\r  
compass-p52 & !n1 grasp+ y\r p5hold] s t
 y c pu% ! po9t l a pl[1 describ+ o!r   
circles inside or outside ( x1 9 exact  
p>allelism ) ! ma!matical l9e1 & at     

exactly equal di/ances4 ,to approa*1 or 
dep>t1 ) y\r po9t at f9ely gradat$      
int]vals1 may be y\r next ex]cise1 if y 
f9d ! fir/ unexpect$ly easy4  #aai4 ,:5 
! l9e is ?us describ$ 9 its prop] c\rse1
 x is pl[$ deep]1 :]e dep? is ne$$1 by a
 second cut ( ! bur91 fir/ on "o side1  
!n on ! o!r1 ! cut be+ giv5 ) gradat$   
=ce s z to take away mo/ /eel :]e ! l9e 
is to be d>ke/4 ,e l9e ( gradat$ dep? 9 
! plate has to be ?us cut eight or t5   
times ov] at lea/1 ) ret\*+s to smoo? & 
cle> all 9 ! close4 ,jason has to pl[ 8 
field t5-furr[ deep1 ) 8 fi]y ox5 well 9
 h&1 all ! :ile4  ,:5 ! ess5tial l9es   
are ?us produc$ 9 _! sev]al directions1 
^? :i* h be5 drawn across ea* o!r1 s z  
to give dep? ( %ade1 or ri*ness (       
texture1 h to be f>!r enri*$ by dots 9 !
 int]/ices2 else !re w\ld be a pa9ful   
appe>ance ( network ev]y:]e2 & ^! dots  
require ea* f\r or five jags to produce 
!m2 & ea* ( ^! jags mu/ be done ) :at   
arti/s & engrav]s alike call 'feel+1'--!
 s5sibility1 t is1 ( a h& completely "u 

m5tal gov]nm5t4 ,s wr\ght1 ! dots look  
s(t1 & l t\*es ( pa9t2 b me*anically dug
 91 !y are vulg> & h>d4  #abj4 ,n[1     
obs]ve1 t1 = e piece ( %ad[ ?r\gh\t !   
"w1 ! engrav] has to decide ) :at       
quantity & k9d ( l9e he w produce x4    
,exactly ! same quantity ( black1 &     
!re=e ! same dep? ( t9t 9 g5]al effect1 
may be giv5 ) six ?ick l9es2 or )       
twelve1 ( half _! ?ickness2 or )        
eighte51 ( a ?ird ( ! ?ickness4 ,!      
second six1 second twelve1 or second    
eighte51 may cross ! fir/ six1 fir/     
twelve1 or fir/ eighte51 or g betwe5 !m2
 & !y may cross at any angle4 ,& !n !   
?ird six may be put betwe5 ! fir/ six1  
or betwe5 ! second six1 or across bo?1 &
 at any angle4 ,9 ! network ?us produc$1
 any k9d ( dots may be put 9 ! sev]ally 
%ap$ int]/ices4 ,& = any ( ! s]ies (    
sup]add$ l9es1 dots1 ( equival5t value 9
 %ade1 may be sub/itut$4 7,"s engrav+s  
are wr\ght 9 dots altoge!r47 ,*oice     
inf9ite1 ) multiplication ( inf9ity1 is1
 at all ev5ts1 to be made1 = e m9ute    

space1 f "o side ( ! plate to ! o!r4    
#aba4 ,! excell5ce ( a beautiful engrav+
 is prim>ily 9 ! use ( ^! res\rces to   
exhibit ! qualities ( ! orig9al picture1
 ) delight to ! eye 9 ! me?od (         
translation2 & ! language ( engrav+1 :5 
once y beg9 to und]/& x1 is1 9 ^!       
respects1 s f]tile1 s +5i\s1 s ineffably
 subtle & sev]e 9 its gramm>1 t y may q 
easily make x ! subject ( y\r life's    
inve/igation1 z y w\ld ! s*ol>%ip ( a   
lovely lit]ature4  ,b 9 do+ ?is1 y w\ld 
)draw1 & necess>ily )draw1 y\r att5tion 
f ! high] qualities ( art1 precisely z a
 gramm>ian1 :o is t1 & no?+ m1 loses    
comm& ( ! matt] & sub/ance ( ?\ght4 ,& !
 exquisitely my/]i\s me*anisms ( !      
engrav]'s me?od h1 9 fact1 ?us entangl$ 
! intellig5ce ( ! c>eful draughtsm5 (   
,europe2 s t s9ce ! f9al p]fection ( ?is
 translator's p[]1 all ! m5 ( f9e/      
pati5ce & f9e/ h& h /ay$ cont5t ) x2--! 
subtle/ draughtsman%ip has p]i%$ f !    
canvas1,z & s\ght m popul> praise 9 ?is 
labyr9? ( discipl9$ language1 & m or    

less dull$ or degrad$ ?\ght4 ,&1 9 sum1 
,i "k no cause m direct or fatal1 9 !   
de/ruction ( ! great s*ools ( ,european 
art1 ?an ! p]fectness ( mod]n l9e       
engrav+4  #abb4 ,?is great & pr(\ndly to
 be regrett$ influ5ce ,i w prove &      
illu/rate to y on ano!r occasion4 ,my   
object to-day is to expla9 ! p]fectness 
( ! art itself2 & above all to reque/ y1
 if y w n look at pictures in/ead (     
photographs1 at lea/ n to all[ ! *eap   
m]its ( ! *emical op]ation to )draw y\r 
int]e/ f ! spl5did human labor ( !      
engrav]4 ,"h is a little vignette f     
,/o?>d1 = in/ance1 9 ,rog]s' poems1 to !
 l9es1      ,so>$ 9 ! sw+1 half pleas$ &
 half afraid1      ',nea? si/] elms1 t  
wav$ _! summ] %ade4  ,y w\ld ?9k1 w\ld y
 n8 7& rightly17 t ( all difficult ?+s  
to express ) cross$ black l9es & dots1 !
 face ( a "y girl mu/ be ! mo/          
difficult4 ,yet "h y h ! face ( a bright
 girl1 radiant 9 light1 transp>5t1      
my/]i\s1 almo/ brea?+1--h] d>k hair     
involv$ 9 delicate wrea? & %ade1 h] eyes

 full ( joy & sweet playfulness1--& all 
?is done by ! exquisite ord] & gradation
 ( a v few l9es1 :i*1 if y w exam9e !m  
?r\gh a l5s1 y f9d divid+ & *eck]+ !    
lip1 & *eek1 & *91 s /rongly t y w\ld h 
fanci$ !y c\ld only produce ! effect ( a
 grim iron mask4 ,b ! intellig5ces (    
ord] & =m guide !m into beauty1 &       
inflame !m ) delicate/ life4  #abc4 ,& d
 y see ! size ( ?is head8 ,ab\t z l>ge z
 ! bud ( a =get-me-n6 ,c y imag9e !     
f95ess ( ! little pressures ( ! h& on ! 
/eel1 9 t space1 :i* at ! edge ( ! almo/
 invisible lip1 fa%ion$ its less or m ( 
smile8  ,my *emical fri5ds1 if y wi% ev]
 to "k any?+ rightly conc]n+ ! arts1 ,i 
v urg5tly advise y to ?r[ all y\r vials 
& wa%es d[n ! gutt]-trap2 & if y w      
ascribe1 z y ?9k x s clev] to d1 9 y\r  
mod]n cre$s1 all virtue to ! sun1 use t 
virtue ?r\gh y\r own heads & f+]s1 &    
apply y\r sol> en]gies to draw a        
skillful l9e or two1 = once or twice 9  
y\r life4 ,y may le>n m by try+ to      
engrave1 l ,goodall1 ! tip ( an e>1 or !

 curl ( a lock ( hair1 ?an by           
photograph+ ! entire population ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1--black1 :ite1 &
 neutral-t9t4  ,& "o ^w1 by ! way1 t\*+ 
! compla9ts ,i he> at my hav+ set y to s
 f9e "w t x hurts y\r eyes4 ,y h notic$ 
t all great sculptors--& mo/ ( ! great  
pa9t]s ( ,flor5ce--began by be+         
goldsmi?s4 ,:y d y ?9k ! goldsmi?'s     
appr5tice%ip is s fruitful8 ,prim>ily1  
because x =ces ! boy to d small "w1 &   
m9d :at he is ab\t4 ,d y suppose ,mi*ael
 ,angelo le>n$ 8 bus9ess by da%+ or     
hitt+ at x8 ,he laid ! f\ndation ( all 8
 aft] p[] by do+ precisely :at ,i am    
requir+ my own pupils to d1--copy+      
,g]man engrav+s 9 facsimile6 ,& = y\r   
eyes--y all sit up at night till y      
hav5't got any eyes wor? speak+ (4 ,g to
 b$ at half-pa/ n9e1 & get up at f\r1 & 
y'll see some?+ out ( !m1 9 "t4  #abd4  
,nev]!less1 :atev] admiration y may be  
br\ght to feel1 & ) ju/ice1 = ?is lovely
 workman%ip1--! m di/9ctly y compreh5d  
its m]its1 ! m di/9ctly also w ! "q rise

 9 y\r m9d1 ,h[ is x t a p]=mance s     
m>vel\s has yet tak5 no rank 9 ! records
 ( art ( any p]man5t or ackn[l$g$ k9d8  
,h[ is x t ^! vignettes f ,/o?>d &      
,turn]1,,aa l ! woodcuts f ,t5niel1     
sc>cely make ! "n ( ! engrav] kn[n2 & t 
!y nev] are f\nd side by side ) ?is old]
 & app>5tly rud] art1 9 ! cab9ets ( m5 (
 real judgm5t8 ,! reason is precisely ! 
same z 9 ! case ( ! ,t5niel woodcut4    
,?is mod]n l9e engrav+ is alloy$ gold4  
,ri* 9 capacity1 a/oni%+ 9 atta9m5t1 x  
nev]!less admits willful fault1 & misses
 :at x ought fir/ to h atta9$4 ,x is    
!re=e1 to a c]ta9 measure1 vile 9 its   
p]fection2 :ile ! old] "w is noble ev5 9
 its failure1 & classic no less 9 :at x 
delib]ately refuses1 ?an 9 :at x        
rationally & rightly pref]s & p]=ms4    
#abe4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 ,i h enl>g$ ! head
 ( "o ( ,du]]'s ,madonnas = y out ( "o (
 8 mo/ c>eful plates4,,ab ,y ?9k x v    
ugly4 ,well1 s x is4 ,don't be afraid to
 ?9k s1 nor to say s4 ,frightfully ugly2
 vulg> also4 ,x is ! head1 simply1 ( a  

fat ,dut* girl1 ) all ! pleasantness    
left out4 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt ab\t t4 
,don't let anybody =ce ,alb]t ,du]] d[n 
y\r ?roats2 nor make y expect pretty ?+s
 f him4 ,/o?>d's "y girl 9 ! sw+1 or    
,sir ,jo%ua's ,age ( ,innoc5ce1 is 9 q  
angelic sph]e ( ano!r _w1 comp>$ to ?is 
black doma9 ( poor1 labori\s ,alb]t4 ,we
 are n talk+ ( female beauty1 s please  
y1 j n[1 g5tlem51 b ( engrav+4 ,& !     
m]it1 ! classical1 indefeasible1        
immortal m]it ( ?is head ( a ,dut* girl 
) all ! beauty left out1 is 9 ! fact t e
 l9e ( x1 z engrav+1 is z good z c      
be2--good1 n ) ! me*anical dext]ity ( a 
wat*-mak]1 b ) ! intellectual ef=t &    
s5sitiv5ess ( an arti/ :o kn[s precisely
 :at c be done1 & ought to be attempt$1 
) 8 assign$ mat]ials4 ,he works easily1 
fe>lessly1 flexibly2 ! dots are n all   
measur$ 9 di/ance2 ! l9es n all         
ma!matically p>allel or div]g5t4 ,he has
 ev5 miss$ 8 m>k at ! m\? 9 "o place1 & 
leaves ! mi/ake1 frankly4 ,b !re are no 
petrifi$ mi/akes2 nor is ! eye s        

accu/om$ to ! look ( ! me*anical furr[ z
 to accept x = f9al excell5ce4 ,!       
engrav+ is full ( ! pa9t]'s high] p[] & 
wid] p]ception2 x is classically p]fect1
 because duly subord9ate1 & pres5t+ =   
y\r applause only ! virtues prop] to its
 own sph]e4 ,among ^!1 ,i mu/ n[        
reit]ate1 ! fir/ ( all is ! decorative  
arrangem5t ( l9es4  #abf4 ,y all "k :at 
a pretty ?+ a damask tableclo? is1 & h[ 
a patt]n is br\ght out by ?reads runn+  
"o way 9 "o space1 & across 9 ano!r4 ,s1
 9 lace1 a c]ta9 delightfulness is giv5 
by ! texture ( me%$ l9es4  ,simil>ly1 on
 any surface ( metal1 ! object ( !      
engrav] is1 or ought to be1 to cov] x ) 
lovely l9es1 =m+ a lace-"w1 & includ+ a 
v>iety ( spaces1 delici\s to ! eye4  ,& 
?is is 8 bus9ess1 prim>ily2 be=e any o!r
 matt] c be ?\ght (1 8 "w mu/ be        
ornam5tal4 ,y "k ,i told y a sculptor's 
bus9ess is fir/ to cov] a surface )     
pleasant bosses1 :e!r !y mean any?+ or  
n2 s an engrav]'s is to cov] x )        
pleasant l9es1 :e!r !y mean any?+ or n4 

,t !y %\ld mean some?+1 & a good deal ( 
some?+1 is inde$ desirable aft]w>ds2 b  
fir/ we mu/ be ornam5tal4  #abg4 ,n[ if 
y w comp>e ,plate ,,ii4 at ! beg9n+ (   
?is lecture1 :i* is a *>act]i/ic example
 ( good ,flor5t9e engrav+1 & repres5ts !
 ,planet & p[] ( ,aphrodite1 ) !        
,aphrodite ( ,bewick 9 ! upp] division (
 ,plate ,i41 y w at once und]/& !       
diff]5ce betwe5 a prim>ily ornam5tal1 & 
a prim>ily reali/ic1 /yle4 ,! fir/      
requirem5t 9 ! ,flor5t9e "w1 is t x %all
 be a lovely arrangem5t ( l9es2 a pretty
 ?+ ^u a page4 ,bewick has a second>y   
notion ( mak+ 8 vignette a pretty ?+ ^u 
a page4 ,b he is ov]p[]$ by 8 vigor\s   
v]acity1 & b5t fir/ on giv+ y 8 idea (  
,v5us4 ,q "r1 he w\ld h be51 m9d y1 if  
he _h be5 c>v+ a /atue ( h] on ,m\nt    
,eryx2 b n :5 he 0 engrav+ a vignette to
 ,a,esop's fables4 ,to engrave well is  
to ornam5t a surface well1 n to create a
 reali/ic impression4 ,i beg y\r p>don =
 my repetitions2 b ! po9t at issue is ! 
root ( ! :ole bus9ess1 & ,i mu/ get x   

well ass]t$1 & v>i\sly4  ,let me pass to
 a m important example4  #abh4 ,?ree    
ye>s ago1 9 ! r\gh fir/ arrangem5t ( !  
copies 9 ! ,educational ,s]ies1 ,i put  
an outl9e ( ! top ( ,apollo's scept]1   
:i*1 9 ! catalogue1 0 said to be        
probably by ,baccio ,b&9i ( ,flor5ce1 = 
y\r fir/ real ex]cise2 x rema9s s1 !    
olive be+ put fir/ only = its           
my?ological rank4  ,! s]ies ( engrav+s  
to :i* ! plate f :i* t ex]cise is copi$ 
belongs1 are "p ( a numb]1 execut$      
*iefly1 ,i ?9k1 f e>ly designs ( ,s&ro  
,botticelli1 & "s 9 great "p by 8 h&4   
,he & 8 assi/ant1 ,baccio1 work$ toge!r2
 & 9 su* h>mony1 t ,b&9i probably (t5   
does :at ,s&ro wants1 bett] ?an ,s&ro   
c\ld h done x himself2 &1 on ! o!r h&1  
!re is no design ( ,b&9i's ov] :i* ,s&ro
 does n seem to h _h influ5ce4  ,& wi%+ 
n[ to %[ y ?ree examples ( ! f9e/ "w ( !
 old1 ! r5aissance1 & ! mod]n s*ools1--(
 ! old1 ,i w take ,baccio ,b&9i's       
,a/rologia1 ,plate ,,iii41 opposite4 ,( 
! r5aissance1 ,du]]'s ,adam & ,eve4 ,& (

 ! mod]n1 ?is head ( ! daught] (        
,h]odias1 engrav$ f ,lu9i by ,beaugr&1  
:i* is z affectionately & s9c]ely       
wr\ght1 ?\gh 9 ! mod]n mann]1 z any     
plate ( ! old s*ools4  ,illu/ration3    
,,iii4  ,at ev'n+ f ! top ( ,fesole4    
#abi4 ,n[ obs]ve ! progress ( ! feel+ = 
light & %ade 9 ! ?ree examples4  ,! fir/
 is ne>ly all :ite pap]2 y ?9k ( !      
outl9e z ! con/ructive elem5t ?r\gh\t4  
,! second is a vigor\s piece ( :ite &   
black--n ( light & %ade1--= all ! high  
lights are equally :ite1 :e!r ( fle%1 or
 leaves1 or goat's hair4  ,! ?ird is    
complete 9 *i>oscuro1 z f> z engrav+ c  
be4  ,n[ ! dignity & virtue ( ! plates  
is 9 ! exactly inv]se ratio ( _!        
fullness 9 *i>oscuro4  ,b&9i's is       
excell5t "w1 & ( ! v highe/ s*ool4      
,du]]'s entirely accompli%$ "w1 b ( an  
inf]ior s*ool4 ,& ,beaugr&'s1 excell5t  
"w1 b ( a vulg> & non-classical s*ool4  
,& ^! relations ( ! s*ools are to be    
det]m9$ by ! quality 9 ! l9es2 we %all  
f9d t 9 proportion z ! light & %ade is  

neglect$1 ! l9es are /udi$2 t ^? ( ,b&9i
 are p]fect2 ( ,du]] p]fect1 only ) a   
l[] p]fection2 b ( ,beaugr&1 entirely   
faultful4  #acj4 ,i h j expla9$ to y t 9
 mod]n engrav+ ! l9es are cut 9 clean   
furr[1 wid5$1 x may be1 by successive   
cuts2 b1 :e!r x be f9e or ?ick1 reta9+  
always1 :5 pr9t$1 ! aspect ( a cont9u\s 
l9e drawn ) ! p51 & entirely black      
?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse4  ,n[ we may     
increase ! delicacy ( ?is l9e to any    
ext5t by simply pr9t+ x 9 gray color    
in/ead ( black4 ,i obta9$ "s v beautiful
 results ( ?is k9d 9 ! lat] volumes (   
',mod]n ,pa9t]s1' ) ,mr4 ,armytage's    
help1 by us+ subdu$ purple t9ts2 b1 9   
any case1 ! l9e ?us engrav$ mu/ be      
monoton\s 9 its "*1 & _c be expressive (
 ! f9e/ qualities ( =m4  ,accord+ly1 !  
old ,flor5t9e workm5 con/ruct$ ! l9e    
itself1 9 important places1 ( successive
 m9ute t\*es1 s t x became a *a9 (      
delicate l9ks :i* c\ld be op5$ or clos$ 
at pleasure4,,ac ,if y w exam9e ?r\gh a 
l5s ! outl9e ( ! face ( ?is ,a/rology1 y

 w f9d x is trac$ ) an exquisite s]ies (
 m9ute t\*es1 susceptible ( acc5tuation 
or *ange absolutely at ! engrav]'s      
pleasure2 &1 9 result1 correspond+ to ! 
f9e/ conditions ( a p5cil l9e draw+ by a
 consummate ma/]4 ,9 ! f9e plates ( ?is 
p]iod1 y h ?us ! unit$ p[]s ( ! p5 &    
p5cil1 & bo? absolutely secure &        
multipliable4  #aca4 ,i am a little pr\d
 ( hav+ indep5d5tly discov]$1 & _h !    
pati5ce to c>ry out1 ?is ,flor5t9e me?od
 ( execution = myself1 :5 ,i 0 a boy (  
?irte54 ,my good draw+-ma/] _h giv5 me  
"s copies calculat$ to tea* me fre$om ( 
h&2 ! t\*es 7 rapid & vigor\s1--_m ( !m 
9 me*anically regul> zigzags1 f> beyond 
any capacity ( m9e to imitate 9 ! bold  
way 9 :i* !y 7 done4 ,b ,i 0 resolv$ to 
h !m1 someh[2 & actually facsimil$ a    
consid]able portion ( ! draw+ 9 !       
,flor5t9e mann]1 ) ! f9e/ po9t ,i c\ld  
cut to my p5cil1 tak+ a qu>t] ( an h\r  
to =ge out ! lik5ess ( "o return 9 !    
zigzag :i* my ma/] c>ri$ d[n ?r\gh tw5ty
 returns 9 two seconds2 & s             

successfully1 t he did n detect my      
artifice till ,i %[$ x him1--on :i* he  
=bade me ev] to d ! l aga94 ,& x 0 only 
?irty ye>s aft]w>ds t ,i f\nd ,i _h be5 
q "r aft] all1 & work+ l ,baccio ,b&9i6 
,b ! pati5ce :i* c>ri$ me ?r\gh t e>ly  
ef=t1 s]v$ me well ?r\gh all ! ?irty    
ye>s1 & enabl$ me to analyze1 & 9 a     
measure imitate1 ! me?od ( "w employ$ by
 e ma/]2 s t1 :e!r y believe me or n at 
fir/1 y w f9d :at ,i tell y ( _!        
sup]iority1 or inf]iority1 to be true4  
#acb4 ,:5 l9es are /udi$ ) ?is degree ( 
c>e1 y may be sure ! ma/] w leave room  
en\gh = y to see !m & enjoy !m1 & n use 
any at r&om4 ,all ! f9e/ engrav]s1      
!re=e1 leave mu* :ite pap]1 & use _!    
entire p[] on ! outl9es4  #acc4 ,next to
 !m come ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance s*ools1   
head$ by ,du]]1 :o1 less c>eful ( !     
beauty & ref9em5t ( ! l9e1 delight 9 its
 vigor1 accuracy1 & complexity4 ,& !    
ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ^! m5 & !      
mod]ns is t ^! c5tral ma/]s cut _! l9e =
 ! mo/ "p ) a s+le furr[1 giv+ x dep? by

 =ce ( h& or wri/1 & ret\*+1 n 9 ! furr[
 itself1 b ) o!rs beside x4,,ad ,su* "w 
c only be done well on copp]1 & x c     
display all faculty ( h& or wri/1       
precision ( eye1 & accuracy ( k1 :i* a  
human creature c possess4 ,b ! dott$ or 
hat*$ l9e is n us$ 9 ?is c5tral /yle1 & 
! high] conditions ( beauty nev] ?\ght  
(4  ,9 ! ,a/rology ( ,b&9i1--& rememb] t
 ! ,a/rologia ( ! ,flor5t9e meant :at we
 mean by ,a/ronomy1 & mu* m1--he wi%es y
 fir/ to look at ! face3 ! lip half op51
 falt]+ 9 wond]2 ! amaz$1 int5se1 dream+
 gaze2 ! pure dignity ( =ehead1         
undi/urb$ by t]re/rial ?\ght4 ,none ( ^!
 ?+s c\ld be s mu* z attempt$ 9 ,du]]'s 
me?od2 he c engrave fl[+ hair1 sk9 (    
animals1 b>k ( trees1 wrea?+s (         
metal-"w1 ) ! free h&2 also1 ) labor$   
*i>oscuro1 or ) /urdy l9e1 he c rea*    
expressions ( sadness1 or gloom1 or pa91
 or soldi]ly /r5g?1--b pure             
beauty1--nev]4  #acd4 ,la/ly1 y h !     
,mod]n s*ool1 deep5+ its l9es 9         
successive cuts4 ,! in/ant consequ5ce ( 

! introduction ( ?is me?od is !         
re/riction ( curvature2 y _c foll[ a    
complex curve aga9 ) precision ?r\gh its
 furr[4 ,if y are a dextr\s pl[man1 y c 
drive y\r pl[ any numb] ( times along ! 
simple curve4 ,b y _c repeat aga9       
exactly ! motions :i* cut a v>iable     
"o4,,ae ,y may ret\* x1 en]gize x1 &    
deep5 x 9 p>ts1 b y _c cut x all ?r\gh  
aga9 equally4 ,& ! ret\*+ & en]giz+ 9   
p>ts is a liv+ & intellectual process2 b
 ! cutt+ all ?r\gh1 equally1 a me*anical
 "o4 ,! diff]5ce is exactly su* z t     
betwe5 ! dext]ity ( turn+ out two simil>
 mold+s f a la!1 & c>v+ !m ) ! free h&1 
l a ,pisan sculptor4 ,& al?\gh spl5did  
intellect1 & subtle/ s5sibility1 h be5  
sp5t on ! production ( "s mod]n plates1 
! me*anical elem5t introduc$ by _! mann]
 ( execution always ov]p[]s bo?2 nor c  
any plate ( consummate value ev] be     
produc$ 9 ! mod]n me?od4  #ace4         
,nev]!less1 9 l&scape1 !re are two      
examples 9 y\r ,ref]5ce s]ies1 (        
insup]able skill & extreme beauty3      

,mill]'s plate1 be=e in/anc$1 ( ! ,gr&  
,canal1 ,v5ice2 & ,e4 ,goodall's ( !    
upp] fall ( ! ,tees4 ,! m5 :o engrav$ ^!
 plates might h be5 exquisite arti/s2 b 
_! pati5ce & en?usiasm 7 held captive 9 
! false sy/em ( l9es1 & we lo/ ! pa9t]s2
 :ile ! engrav+s1 wond]ful z !y are1 are
 nei!r ( !m wor? a ,turn] et*+1 scrat*$ 
9 t5 m9utes ) ! po9t ( an old =k2 & !   
common types ( su* elaborate engrav+ are
 none ( !m wor? a s+le frog1 pig1 or    
puppy1 out ( ! corn] ( a ,bewick        
vignette4  #acf4 ,& n[1 ,i ?9k1 y _c    
fail to und]/& cle>ly :at y are to look 
= 9 engrav+1 z a sep>ate art f t (      
pa9t+4 ,turn back to ! ',a/rologia' z a 
p]fect type ( ! pure/ s*ool4 ,%e is gaz+
 at />s1 & cr[n$ ) !m4 ,b ! />s are     
black in/ead ( %9+6 ,y _c h a m decisive
 & absolute pro( t y mu/ n look 9       
engrav+ = *i>oscuro4  ,nev]!less1 h]    
body is half 9 %ade1 & h] left foot2 &  
%e ca/s a %ad[1 & !re is a b> ( %ade    
beh9d h]4  ,all ^! are m]ely s mu*      
acceptance ( %ade z may relieve ! =ms1 &

 give value to ! l9e> portions4 ,! face1
 ?\gh turn$ f ! light1 is %ad[less4     
,aga94 ,e lock ( ! hair is design$ & set
 9 its place ) ! subtle/ c>e1 b !re is  
no lu/] attempt$1--no texture1--no      
my/]y4 ,! plumes ( ! w+s are set        
/udi\sly 9 _! places1--!y1 also1        
lu/]less4 ,t ev5 _! filam5ts are n      
drawn1 & t ! broad curve embrac+ !m     
ignores ! anatomy ( a bird's w+1 are    
conditions ( design1 n execution4 ,( ^! 
9 a future lecture4,,af  ,illu/ration3  
,,iv4  ,by ! ,spr+s ( ,,p>nassus4  #acg4
 ,! ',poesia1' ,plate ,,iv41 opposite1  
is a /ill m sev]e1 ?\gh n s g5]ic1 an   
example2 its decorative =egr\nd r$uc+ x 
almo/ to ! rank ( goldsmi?'s            
ornam5tation4 ,i ne$ sc>cely po9t out to
 y t ! fl[+ wat] %[s nei!r lu/] nor     
reflection2 b notice t ! obs]v]'s       
att5tion is suppos$ to be s close to e  
d>k t\* ( ! grav] t he w see ! m9ute d>k
 spots :i* indicate ! spr9kl$ %[] fall+ 
f ! vase into ! pool4  #ach4 ,?is habit 
( /rict & calm att5tion1 con/ant 9 !    

arti/1 & expect$ 9 ! obs]v]1 makes all !
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! art ( ,intellect1 & (
 m]e s5sation4 ,= e detail ( ?is plate  
has a mean+1 if y c>e to und]/& x4 ,?is 
is ,poetry1 sitt+ by ! f\nta9 (         
,ca/alia1 :i* fl[s fir/ out ( a =mal    
urn1 to %[ t x is n artless2 b ! rocks (
 ,p>nassus are beh9d1 & on ! top (      
!m--only "o tree1 l a mu%room ) a ?ick  
/alk4 ,y at fir/ are incl9$ to say1 ,h[ 
v absurd1 to put only "o tree on        
,p>nassus6 b ?is "o tree is ! ,immortal 
,plane ,tree1 plant$ by ,agamemnon1 & at
 once connects our ,poesia ) ! ,iliad4  
,!n1 ?is is ! hem ( ! robe (            
,poetry1--?is is ! div9e vegetation :i* 
spr+s up "u h] feet1--?is is ! heav5 &  
e>? unit$ by h] p[]1--?is is ! f\nta9 ( 
,ca/alia fl[+ out afre% among !         
grass1--& ^! are ! drops ) :i*1 out ( a 
pit*]1 ,poetry is n\ri%+ ! f\nta9 (     
,ca/alia4  ,all :i* y may f9d out if y  
happ5 to "k any?+ ab\t ,ca/alia1 or ab\t
 poetry2 & pleasantly ?9k m ^u1 =       
y\rself4 ,b ! poor dunces1 ,s&ro &      

,baccio1 feel+ !mselves b 'g(fi nell'   
arte1' h no hope ( tell+ y all ?is1     
except sugge/ively4 ,!y c't engrave     
grass ( ,p>nassus1 nor sweet spr+s s z  
to look l wat]2 b !y c make a pretty    
damask$ surface ) ornam5tal leaves1 &   
fl[+ l9es1 & s leave y some?+ to ?9k    
(--if y w4  #aci4 ',b a great _m p      
won't1 & a great _m m c't2 & surely !   
f9i%$ engrav+s are mu* m delightful1 & !
 only means we h ( giv+ any idea ( f9i%$
 pictures1 out ( our rea*4'  ,yes1 all t
 is true2 & :5 we exam9e ! effects ( l9e
 engrav+ ^u ta/e 9 rec5t art1 we w      
discuss ^! matt]s2 = ! pres5t1 let u be 
cont5t ) kn[+ :at ! be/ "w is1 & :y x is
 s4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ,i d n n[ press     
fur!r my cavils at ! triumph ( mod]n l9e
 engrav+1 ,i mu/ assign to y1 9 few     
words1 ! reason ( its rec5t decl9e4     
,engrav]s compla9 t photography & *eap  
wood-cutt+ h end$ _! f9] craft4 ,no     
compla9t c be less gr\nd$4 ,!y !mselves 
de/roy$ _! own craft1 by vulg>iz+ x4    
,cont5t 9 _! beautiful me*anism1 !y     

ceas$ to le>n1 & to feel1 z arti/s2 !y  
put !mselves "u ! ord] ( publi%]s &     
pr9t-sell]s2 !y work$ indiscrim9ately f 
:atev] 0 put into _! h&s1--f ,b>tlett z 
will+ly z f ,turn]1 & f ,mulready z     
c>efully z f ,raphael4 ,!y fill$ ! w9d[s
 ( pr9t-sell]s1 ! pages ( gift books1 ) 
elaborate rubbi%1 & pite\s abortions (  
delicate indu/ry4 ,!y work$ *eap1 &     
*eap]1--smoo?ly1 & m smoo?ly1--!y got   
armies ( assi/ants1 & surr\nd$ !mselves 
) s*ools ( me*anical trick/]s1 le>n+ _! 
/ale tricks ) blund]+ avidity4 ,!y _h   
fall5--be=e ! days ( photography--into  
provid]s ( frontispieces = h\sekeep]s'  
pocket-books4 ,i d n "k if photography  
itself1 _! r$\bt$ enemy1 has ev5 n[ ou/$
 !m f t la/ refuge4  #adj4 ,su* ! fault 
( ! engrav]1--v p>donable2 sc>cely      
avoidable1--h[ev] fatal4 ,fault ma9ly ( 
humility4 ,b :at has y\r fault be51     
g5tlem58 :at ! patrons' fault1 :o h     
p]mitt$ s wide wa/e ( admirable labor1 s
 pa!tic a uselessness ( ob$i5t g5ius8 ,x
 0 y\rs to h direct$1 y\rs to h rais$ & 

rejoic$ 91 ! skill1 ! mode/y1 ! pati5ce 
( ?is entirely g5tle & indu/ri\s        
race2--copyi/s ) _! he>t4 ,! common     
pa9t]-copyi/s :o encumb] our ,european  
gall]ies ) _! easels & pots1 are1 almo/ 
)\t exception1 p]sons too /upid to be   
pa9t]s1 & too lazy to be engrav]s4 ,!   
real copyi/s--! m5 :o c put _! s\l into 
ano!r's "w--are employ$ at home1 9 _!   
n>r[ rooms1 /riv+ to make _! good "w    
pr(itable to all m54 ,& 9 _! submission 
to ! public ta/e !y are truly national  
s]vants z mu* z ,prime ,m9i/]s are4 ,!y 
fulfill ! dem& ( ! nation2 :at1 z a p1 y
 wi% to h = possession 9 art1 ^! m5 are 
ready to give y4  ,& :at h y hi!rto ask$
 ( !m8--,ramsgate ,s&s1 & ,dolly ,v>d5s1
 & ! ,padd+ton ,/ation1--^!1 ,i ?9k1 are
 typical ( y\r *ief dem&s2 ! c>toons (  
,raphael--:i* y don't c>e to see        
!mselves2 &1 by way ( a flight into !   
empyrean1 ! ,madonna di ,san ,si/o4 ,&  
lit]ally1 !re are hundr$s ( cities &    
villages 9 ,italy 9 :i* ro( & wall are  
blazon$ ) ! noble/ div9ity & philosophy 

ev] imag9$ by m52 & ( all ?is treasure1 
,i c1 z f> z ,i "k1 give y n "o example1
 9 l9e engrav+1 by an ,engli% h&6       
,well1 y are 9 ! ma9 matt] "r 9 ?is4 ,y 
want ess5tially ,ramsgate ,s&s & !      
,padd+ton ,/ation1 because !re y c see  
y\rselves4  ,make y\rselves1 !n1 wor?y  
to be se5 =ev]1 & let ,engli% engrav+   
become noble z ! record ( ,engli%       
lovel9ess & honor4  ,,footnotes3  ,x    
,mill]'s l>ge plate ( ! ,gr& ,canal1    
,v5ice1 aft] ,turn]2 & ,goodall's1 (    
,tivoli1 aft] ,turn]4 ,! o!r examples   
ref]r$ to are left 9 ! ,univ]sity       
,gall]ies4  ,y ,?is p>agraph 0 n read at
 ! lecture1 "t n all[+3--x is "p ( :at  
,i wrote on engrav+ "s ye>s ago1 9 !    
pap]s = ! ,art ,j\rnal1 call$ ! ,ce/us (
 ,aglaia4 7,ref] n[ to ,on ! ,old       
,road47  ,z ,an ef=t has lately be5 made
 9 ,france1 by ,meissoni]1 ,g]ome1 & _! 
s*ool1 to recov] x1 ) m>vel\s collat]al 
skill ( engrav]s4 ,! et*+ ( ,g]ome's    
,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,moli]e is "o ( !        
complete/ pieces ( skillful me*anism ev]

 put on metal4  ,,aa ,i mu/ aga9 qualify
 ! too sweep+ /atem5t ( ! text4 ,i ?9k1 
z "t passes1 "s ( ^! n9ete5? c5tury l9e 
engrav+s w become monum5tal4 ,! fir/    
vignette ( ! g>d51 ) ! cut h$ges &      
f\nta91 = in/ance1 9 ,rog]s' poems1 is s
 consummate 9 its use ( e possible      
artifice ( delicate l9e1 7note ! look ( 
tremul\s atmosph]e got by ! undulatory  
et*$ l9es on ! pavem5t1 & ! brok5       
masses1 work$ ) dots1 ( ! f\nta9 foam17 
t ,i ?9k x _c b1 ) "s ( its companions1 
survive ! refuse ( its s*ool1 & become  
classic4 ,i f9d 9 l mann]1 ev5 ) all _! 
faults & weaknesses1 ! vignettes to     
,heyne's ,virgil to be real             
art-possessions4  ,,ab ,plate ,,xi41 9 !
 ,app5dix1 tak5 f ! engrav+ ( ! ,virg9  
sitt+ 9 ! f5c$ g>d51 ) two angels cr[n+ 
h]4  ,,ac ,! me?od 0 fir/ develop$ 9    
engrav+ designs on silv]--numb]s ( l9es 
be+ execut$ ) dots by ! pun*1 = v>iety's
 sake4 ,= niello1 & pr9t+1 a transv]se  
cut 0 sub/itut$ = ! bl[4 ,! entire /yle 
is connect$ ) ! lat] ,roman & ,byzant9e 

me?od ( draw+ l9es ) ! drill hole1 9    
m>ble4 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,ii41      
,section #gj4  ,,ad ,?is mo/ important &
 di/9ctive "* 0 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 
,burgess4  ,,ae ,?is po9t w be fur!r    
exam9$ & expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix4  ,,af    
,see ,app5dix1 ,article ,i4             
,,lecture ,v4           ,,design ,,9 ,,!
 ,,g]man ,,s*ools ,,( ,,engrav+4   #ada4
 ,by ref]5ce to ! close ( ! preface to  
',eagle's ,ne/1' y w see1 g5tlem51 t ,i 
meant ^! lectures1 f ! fir/1 r to lead y
 to ! /udy ( ! *>act]s ( two great m51  
?an to int]e/ y 9 ! processes ( a       
second>y =m ( art4 ,z ,i draw my        
mat]ials into ! limit$ =m necess>y = !  
h\r1 ,i f9d my divid$ purpose d\bly     
fail+2 & w\ld fa9 r use my "t to-day 9  
supply+ ! defects ( my la/ lecture1 ?an 
9 op5+ ! great] subject1 :i* ,i mu/     
treat ) /ill m lam5table inadequacy4    
,nev]!less1 y mu/ n ?9k x is = want ( "t
 t ,i omit ref]5ce to o!r celebrat$     
engrav]s1 & insi/ on ! special p[] ( ^! 
two only4 ,_m n inconsid]able           

reputations are f\nd$ m]ely on !        
curiosity ( collectors ( pr9ts1 or on   
p>tial skill 9 ! managem5t ( processes2 
o!rs1 ?\gh re/+ on m secure bases1 are  
/ill ( no importance to y 9 ! g5]al     
hi/ory ( art2 :]eas y w f9d ! "w (      
,holbe9 & ,botticelli det]m9+ = y1 )\t  
ne$ ( any f>!r range1 ! pr9cipal        
que/ions ( mom5t 9 ! relation ( !       
,nor!rn & ,s\!rn s*ools ( design4 ,nay1 
a wid] me?od ( inquiry w\ld only r5d]   
y\r comp>ison less accurate 9 result4 ,x
 is only 9 ,holbe9's maje/ic range (    
capacity1 & only 9 ! p>ticul> phase (   
,teutonic life :i* 8 art adorn$1 t !    
problem c be dealt ) on fair t]ms4 ,we  
,nor!rns c advance no fairly comp>able  
antagoni/ to ! arti/s ( ! ,s\?1 except  
at t "o mom5t1 & 9 t "o man4 ,rub5s _c =
 an in/ant be mat*$ ) ,t9toret1 nor     
,meml+ ) ,lippi2 :ile ,reynolds only    
rivals ,titian 9 :at he le>n$ f him4 ,b 
9 ,holbe9 & ,botticelli we h two m5     
tra9$ indep5d5tly1 equal 9 p[] (        
intellect1 simil> 9 mat]ial & mode ( "w1

 contempor>y 9 age1 correspond5t 9      
disposition4 ,! relation betwe5 !m is   
/rictly typical ( ! con/ant aspects to  
ea* o!r ( ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn s*ools4    
#adb4 ,_! po9t ( close/ contact is 9 !  
art ( engrav+1 & ?is art is develop$    
entirely z ! s]vant ( ! great passions  
:i* p]turb$ or pollut$ ,europe 9 !      
fifte5? c5tury4 ,! impulses :i* x obeys 
are all new2 & x obeys !m ) its own     
nasc5t pla/icity ( temp]4 ,pa9t+ &      
sculpture are only modifi$ by !m2 b     
engrav+ is educat$4  ,^! passions are 9 
! ma9 ?ree2 namely1  #a4 ,! ?ir/ =      
classical lit]ature1 & ! =ms ( pr\d &   
false ta/e :i* arose out ( x1 9 !       
position x _h assum$ z ! enemy (        
,*ri/ianity4  #b4 ,! pride ( sci5ce1    
en=c+ 79 ! p>ticul> doma9 ( ,art7       
accuracy ( p]spective1 %ade1 & anatomy1 
nev] be=e dream$ (4  #c4 ,! s5se ( error
 & iniquity 9 ! !ological tea*+ ( !     
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 felt by ! highe/        
intellects ( ! "t1 & necess>ily r5d]+ ! 
=m]ly submissive religi\s art           

impossible4  ,to-day1 !n1 our task is to
 exam9e ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! ,design ( 
! ,nor!rn ,s*ools ( ,engrav+1 z affect$ 
by ^! great influ5ces4  #adc4 ,i h n    
(t51 h[ev]1 us$ ! ^w 'design1' & mu/    
cle>ly def9e ! s5se 9 :i* ,i n[ use x4  
,x is vaguely us$ 9 common art-p>lance2 
(t5 z if x meant m]ely ! draw+ ( a      
picture1 z di/9ct f its color2 & 9 o!r  
/ill m inaccurate ways4 ,! accurate &   
prop] s5se1 und]ly+ all ^!1 ,i mu/      
endeavor to make cle> to y4  ',design'  
prop]ly signifies t p[] 9 any art-"w :i*
 has a purpose o!r ?an ( imitation1 &   
:i* is 'design$1' compos$1 or sep>at$ to
 t end4 ,x implies ! rejection ( "s ?+s1
 & ! insi/5ce ^u o!rs1 ) a giv5         
object4,,ag  ,let u take progressive    
in/ances4 ,"h is a gr\p ( prettily      
dress$ peasant *ildr51 *>m+ly pa9t$ by a
 v able mod]n arti/--n absolutely )\t   
design1 = he really wi%es to %[ y h[    
pretty peasant *ildr5 c be1 7&1 9 s f>1 
is wis] & k9d] ?an ,murillo1 :o likes to
 %[ h[ ugly !y c be72 also1 8 gr\p is   

agreeably arrang$1 & its compon5t *ildr5
 c>efully *os54 ,nev]!less1 any summ]'s 
day1 ne> any c\ntry village1 y may come 
^u tw5ty gr\ps 9 an h\r z pretty z ?is2 
& may see--if y h eyes--*ildr5 9 !m     
tw5ty times pretti] ?an ^!4 ,a          
photograph1 if x c\ld r5d] !m p]fectly1 
& 9 color1 w\ld f> excel ! *>m ( ?is    
pa9t+2 = 9 x1 good & clev] z x is1 !re  
is no?+ sup]natural1 & mu* t is         
subnatural4  #add4 ,beside ?is gr\p (1 9
 e s5se ( ! ^w1 'artless' little c\ntry 
girls1 ,i w n[ set "o--9 ! be/ s5se ( ! 
^w--'artful' little c\ntry girl1--a     
sket* by ,ga9sbor\gh4  ,y nev] saw h] l 
be=e4 ,nev] w aga91 n[ t ,ga9sbor\gh is 
dead4 ,no photography1--no sci5ce1--no  
indu/ry1 w t\* or rea* = an in/ant ?is  
sup]-naturalness4 ,y w look va9ly ?r\gh 
! summ] fields = su* a *ild4 ,nor up !  
lawn1 nor by ! wood1 is %e4 ,:5ce d y   
?9k ?is m>vel\s *>m has come8 ,alas6 if 
we knew1 w\ld n we all be ,ga9sbor\ghs8 
,?is only y may practically asc]ta91 z  
surely z t a fl[] w die if y cut its    

root away1 t y _c alt] a s+le t\* 9     
,ga9sbor\gh's "w )\t injury to ! :ole4  
,half a doz5 spots1 m or less1 9 ! pr9t$
 g[ns ( ^! o!r *ildr5 :om ,i fir/ %[$ y1
 w n make ! smalle/ diff]5ce to !m2 nor 
a lock or two m or less 9 _! hair1 nor a
 dimple or two m or less 9 _! *eeks4 ,b 
if y alt] "o wave ( ! hair (            
,ga9sbor\gh's girl1 ! *ild is gone4 ,yet
 ! art is s subtle1 t ,i d n expect y to
 believe ?is4 ,x looks s in/9ctive1 s   
easy1 s '*anceux1'--! ,fr5* ^w is bett] 
?an ours4 ,yes1 & 9 _! m accurate s5se1 
also1 ',il a de la *ance4' ,a /rong]    
,design] ?an he 0 ) him4 ,he c\ld n tell
 y himself h[ ! ?+ 0 done4  #ade4 ,i    
proce$ to take a m def9ite in/ance--?is 
,greek head ( ! ,lac9ian ,juno4 ,!      
design or appo9t+ ( ! =ms n[ entirely   
prevails ov] ! resemblance to ,nature4  
,no real hair c\ld ev] be drift$ into ^!
 wild l9es1 :i* mean ! wra? ( !         
,adriatic w9ds r\nd ! ,cape ( ,/orms4   
,& yet1 :e!r ?is be ugli] or pretti] ?an
 ,ga9sbor\gh's *ild--7& y "k already :at

 ,i ?9k ab\t x1 t no ,greek goddess 0   
ev] half s pretty z an ,engli% girl1 (  
pure clay & temp]17--ugli] or pretti]1 x
 is m dignifi$ & impressive4 ,x at lea/ 
belongs to ! doma9 ( a lordli]1 m       
maje/ic1 m guid+ & orda9+ art4  #adf4 ,i
 w g back ano!r five hundr$ ye>s1 &     
place an ,egyptian beside ! ,greek      
div9ity4 ,! resemblance to ,nature is n[
 all b lo/1 ! rul+ law has become all4  
,! l9es are r$uc$ to an easily c\nt$    
numb]1 & _! arrangem5t is little m ?an a
 decorative sequ5ce ( pleasant curves   
cut 9 porphyry1--9 ! upp] "p ( _! cont\r
 foll[+ ! outl9e ( a woman's face 9     
pr(ile1 ov]-cre/$ by t ( a hawk1 on a   
k9d ( p$e/al4 ,b t ! sign-engrav] meant 
by 8 hawk1 ,immortality1 & by h] p$e/al1
 ! ,h\se or ,tav]n ( ,tru?1 is ( little 
importance n[ to ! pass+ travel]1 n yet 
prep>+ to take ! s>cophagus = 8 place ( 
re/4  #adg4 ,h[ _m que/ions are sugge/$ 
to u by ^! transitions6 ,is beauty      
contr>y to law1 & grace atta9able only  
?r\gh lic5se8 ,:at we ga9 9 language1   

%all we lose 9 ?\ght8 & 9 :at we add (  
labor1 m & m =get its ends8  ,n s4      
,look at ?is piece ( ,s&ro's "w1 !      
,libyan ,sibyl4,,ah  ,x is z ord]$ &    
normal z ! ,egyptian's--z graceful &    
facile z ,ga9sbor\gh's4 ,x reta9s !     
maje/y ( old religion2 x is inve/$ ) !  
joy ( newly awak5$ *ildhood4  ,m9d1 ,i d
 n expect y--d n wi% y--to enjoy        
,botticelli's d>k engrav+ z mu* z       
,ga9sbor\gh's a]ial sket*2 = due        
comp>ison ( ! m51 pa9t+ %\ld be put     
beside pa9t+4 ,b !re is en\gh ev5 9 ?is 
copy ( ! ,flor5t9e plate to %[ y !      
junction ( ! two p[]s 9 x--( prophecy1 &
 delight4  #adh4 ,w ^! two p[]s1 d y    
suppose1 be unit$ 9 ! same mann] 9 !    
contempor>y ,nor!rn art8 ,t ,nor!rn     
s*ool is my subject to-day2 & yet ,i    
give y1 z type ( ! int]m$iate condition 
betwe5 ,egypt & ,engl&--n ,holbe91 b    
,botticelli4 ,i am oblig$ to d ?is2     
because 9 ! ,s\!rn art1 ! religi\s temp]
 rema9s unconqu]$ by ! doctr9es ( !     
,re=mation4 ,botticelli 0--:at ,lu!r    

wi%$ to be1 b c\ld n be--a re=m] /ill   
believ+ 9 ! ,*ur*3 8 m9d is at peace2 & 
8 art1 !re=e1 c pursue ! delight (      
beauty1 & yet rema9 prophetic4 ,b x 0 f>
 o!rwise 9 ,g]many4 ,!re ! ,re=mation ( 
mann]s became ! de/ruction ( fai?2 & art
 !re=e1 n a prophecy1 b a prote/4 ,x is 
! *ief "w ( ! greate/ ,prote/ant :o ev] 
liv$1,,ai :i* ,i ask y to /udy ) me     
to-day4  #adi4 ,i said t ! p[] ( engrav+
 _h develop$ itself dur+ ! introduction 
( ?ree new--7practically & vitally new1 
t is to say7--elem5ts1 into ! m9ds ( m53
 elem5ts :i* briefly may be express$    
?us3      #a4 ,classicism1 & ,lit]>y    
,sci5ce4      #b4 ,m$ic9e1 & ,physical  
,sci5ce4,,aj      #c4 ,re=mation1 &     
,religi\s ,sci5ce4  ,& fir/ (           
,classicism4  ,y feel1 d n y1 9 ?is     
typical "w ( ,ga9sbor\gh's1 t 8 subject 
z well z 8 picture is 'artless' 9 a     
lovely s5se2--nay1 n only artless1 b    
ignorant1 & unsci5tific1 9 a beautiful  
way8 ,y w\ld be aft]w>ds remorseful1 ,i 
?9k1 & angry ) y\rself--see+ ! effect   

produc$ on h] face--if y 7 to ask ?is   
little lady to spell a v long ^w8 ,also1
 if y wi%$ to "k h[ _m times ! sev5s g 9
 =ty-n9e1 y w\ld p]haps wisely address  
y\rself else:]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y d n    
d\bt t ?is lady,,ak kn[s v well h[ _m   
times ! sev5s g 9 =ty-n9e1 & is m       
,mi/ress ( ,arts ?an any ( u are ,ma/]s 
( !m4  #aej4 ,y h !n1 9 ! "o case1 a    
beautiful simplicity1 & a blameless     
ignorance2 9 ! o!r1 a beautiful         
artfulness1 & a wisdom :i* y d n        
dread1--or1 at lea/1 ev5 ?\gh dread+1   
love4 ,b y "k also t we may rema9 9 a   
hateful & culpable ignorance2 &1 z ,i   
fe> too _m ( u 9 competitive ef=t feel1 
become possess$ ( a hateful k4          
,ignorance1 !re=e1 is n evil absolutely2
 b1 innoc5t1 may be lovable4  ,k also is
 n good absolutely2 b1 guilty1 may be   
hateful4  ,s1 !re=e1 :5 ,i n[ repeat my 
=m] /atem5t1 t ! fir/ ma9 opposition    
betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn s*ools is 9 ! 
simplicity ( ! "o1 & ! s*ol>%ip ( ! o!r1
 t /atem5t may imply sometimes !        

sup]iority ( ! ,nor?1 & sometimes ( !   
,s\?4 ,y may h a heav5ly simplicity     
oppos$ to a helli% 7t is to say1 a      
lu/ful & arrogant7 s*ol>%ip2 or y may h 
a b>b>\s & presumptu\s ignorance oppos$ 
to a div9e & discipl9$ wisdom4          
,ignorance oppos$ to le>n+ 9 bo? cases2 
b evil to good1 z ! case may be4  #aea4 
,= in/ance3 ! la/ "t ,i 0 /&+ be=e      
,raphael's arabesques 9 ! ,loggias ( !  
,vatican1 ,i wrote d[n 9 my pocket-book 
! description1 or1 m mode/ly speak+1 !  
inv5tory1 ( ! small portion ( t inf9ite 
wild]ness ( s5sual fantasy :i* happ5$ to
 be opposite me4 ,x consi/$ ( a woman's 
face1 ) s]p5ts = hair1 & a virg9's      
brea/s1 ) /umps = arms1 end+ 9 blue     
butt]flies' w+s1 ! :ole *ang+ at ! wai/ 
into a goat's body1 :i* end$ bel[ 9 an  
obelisk upside-d[n1 to ! apex at !      
bottom ( :i* 7 app5d$1 by graceful *a9s1
 an alt>1 & two bun*es ( grapes4  ,n[ y 
"k 9 a mom5t1 by a glance at ?is        
'design'--beautifully /ruck ) free h&1 &
 ri*ly gradat$ 9 color1--t ! ma/] 0     

famili> ) a va/ range ( art & lit]ature3
 t he knew all ab\t ,egyptian sph9xes1 &
 ,greek ,gorgons2 ab\t ,egyptian        
obelisks1 & ,hebrew alt>s2 ab\t ,h]mes1 
& ,v5us1 & ,bac*us1 & satyrs1 & goats1 &
 grapes4  ,y "k also--or ought to "k1 9 
an in/ant1--t all ?is le>n+ has done him
 no good2 t he _h bett] h kn[n no?+ ?an 
any ( ^! ?+s1 s9ce !y 7 to be us$ by him
 only to su* purpose2 & t 8 delight 9   
armless brea/s1 legless trunks1 &       
obelisks upside-d[n1 has be5 ! la/ ef=t 
( 8 expir+ s5sation1 9 ! grasp ( corrupt
 & altoge!r victori\s ,dea?4 ,& y h ?us1
 9 ,ga9sbor\gh z comp>$ ) ,raphael1 a   
sweet1 sacr$1 & liv+ simplicity1 set    
aga9/ an impure1 pr(ane1 & p>alyz$ k4   
#aeb4 ,b1 next1 let u consid] ! rev]se  
conditions4  ,let u take in/ance (      
contra/ betwe5 faultful & trea*]\s      
ignorance1 & div9ely pure & fruitful k4 
,9 ! place ( honor at ! end ( "o ( !    
rooms ( y\r ,royal ,academy--ye>s       
ago--/ood a picture by an ,engli%       
,academician1 ann\nc$ z a repres5tation 

( ,moses su/a9$ by ,a>on & ,hur1 dur+ ! 
discomfiture ( ,amalek4 ,9 ! entire     
range ( ! ,p5tateu*1 !re is no o!r sc5e 
79 :i* ! visible ag5ts are mortal only7 
requir+ s mu* k & ?\ght to rea* ev5 a   
di/ant approximation to ! probabilities 
( ! fact4 ,"o saw 9 a mom5t t ! pa9t] 0 
bo? p[]ful & simple1 aft] a sort2 t he  
_h really s\ght = a vital conception1 & 
_h orig9ally & e>ne/ly read 8 text1 &   
=m$ 8 conception4 ,& "o saw also 9 a    
mom5t t he _h *anc$ ^u ?is subject1 9   
read+ or he>+ 8 ,bible1 z he might h    
*anc$ on a dramatic sc5e accid5tally 9 !
 /reet4 ,t he knew no?+ ( ! "* (        
,moses1--no?+ ( 8 law1--no?+ ( ! "* (   
,a>on1 nor ( ! nature ( a               
prie/hood1--no?+ ( ! mean+ ( ! ev5t :i* 
he 0 endeavor+ to repres5t1 ( ! temp] 9 
:i* x w\ld h be5 transact$ by its ag5ts1
 or ( its relations to mod]n life4      
#aec4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! fresco ( !     
e>li] sc5es 9 ! life ( ,moses1 by ,s&ro 
,botticelli1 y "k--n '9 a mom5t1' = ! k 
( k _c be s obta9$2 b 9 proportion to ! 

discretion ( y\r own read+1 & to ! c>e y
 give to ! picture1 y may "k1--t "h is a
 sacr$ly guid$ & gu>d$ le>n+2 "h a ,ma/]
 inde$1 at ^: feet y may sit safely1 :o 
c tea* y1 bett] ?an 9 words1 !          
significance ( bo? ,moses' law & ,a>on's
 m9i/ry2 & n only ^!1 b1 if he *ose1    
c\ld add to ?is an exposition z complete
 ( ! highe/ philosophies bo? ( ! ,greek 
nation1 & ( 8 own2 & c\ld z easily h    
pa9t$1 _h x be5 ask$ ( him1 ,draco1 or  
,numa1 or ,ju/9ian1 z ! h]dsman (       
,je?ro4  #aed4 ,x is r>ely t we c po9t  
to an opposition betwe5 faultful1       
because insol5t1 ignorance1 & virtu\s1  
because graci\s1 k1 s direct1 & 9 s     
p>allel elem5ts1 z 9 ?is in/ance4 ,9    
g5]al1 ! analysis is mu* m complex4 ,x  
is int5sely difficult to indicate !     
mis*ief ( involunt>y & mode/ ignorance1 
calamit\s only 9 a measure2 fruitful 9  
its l[] field1 yet sorr[fully condemn$  
to t l[] field--n by s91 b fate4  ,:5   
fir/ ,i introduc$ y to ,bewick1 we clos$
 our too p>tial e/imate ( 8 entirely    

magnific5t p[]s ) "o sorr[ful           
concession--he c\ld draw a pig1 b n a   
,v5us4  ,em95tly he c\ld s1 because--:i*
 is /ill m sorr[fully to be conc$$--he  
lik$ ! pig be/4 ,i h put n[ 9 y\r       
educational s]ies a :ole galaxy ( pigs  
by him2 b1 hunt+ all ! fables ?r\gh1 ,i 
f9d only "o ,v5us1 & ,i ?9k y w all     
admit t %e is an unsatisfactory         
,v5us4,,al ,!re is hone/ simplicity "h2 
b y regret x2 y miss some?+ t y f9d 9   
,holbe91 mu* m 9 ,botticelli4 ,y see 9 a
 mom5t t ?is man kn[s no?+ ( ,sph9xes1  
or ,muses1 or ,graces1 or ,aphrodites2  
&1 besides1 t1 kn[+ no?+1 he w\ld h no  
lik+ = !m ev5 if he saw !m2 b mu* pref]s
 ! /yle ( a well-to-d ,engli% h\sekeep] 
) corkscrew curls1 & a portly p]son4    
#aee4 ,y miss some?+1 ,i said1 9 ,bewick
 :i* y f9d 9 ,holbe94 ,b d y suppose    
,holbe9 himself1 or any o!r ,nor!rn     
pa9t]1 c\ld :olly quit himself ( ! l    
accusations8 ,i told y1 9 ! second ( ^! 
lectures1 t ! ,nor!rn temp]1 ref9$ f    
savag5ess1 & ! ,s\!rn1 r$eem$ f decay1  

met1 9 ,flor5ce4 ,holbe9 & ,botticelli  
are ! pure/ types ( ! two races4 ,holbe9
 is a civiliz$ boor2 ,botticelli a      
reanimate ,greek4 ,holbe9 0 poli%$ by   
companion%ip ) s*ol>s & k+s1 b rema9s   
always a burgh] ( ,augsburg 9 ess5tial  
nature4 ,bewick & he are alike 9 temp]2 
only ! "o is untaught1 ! o!r p]fectly   
taught4 ,b ,botticelli ne$s no tea*+4   
,he is1 by 8 bir?1 s*ol> & g5tleman to !
 he>t's core4 ,*ri/ianity itself c only 
inspire him1 n ref9e him4 ,he is z tri$ 
gold *as$ by ! jewel]1--! r\ghe/ "p (   
him is ! outside4  ,n[ h[ diff]5tly mu/ 
! newly recov]$ s*ola/ic le>n+ tell ^u  
^! two m54 ,x is all out ( ,holbe9's    
way2 =eign to 8 nature1 useless at !    
be/1 probably cumbr\s4 ,b ,botticelli   
receives x z a *ild 9 lat] ye>s recov]s 
! =gott5 de>ness ( a nurs]y tale2 & is m
 himself1 & aga9 & aga9 himself1 z he   
brea!s ! air ( ,greece1 & he>s1 9 8 own 
,italy1 ! lo/ voice ( ! ,sibyl murmur   
aga9 by ! ,av]nus ,lake4  #aef4 ,x is n1
 z we h se51 e "o ( ! ,s\!rn race :o c  

?us receive x4 ,b x graces !m all2 is at
 once a "p ( _! be+2 de/roys !m1 if x is
 to de/roy1 ! m utt]ly because x s ent]s
 into _! natures4 ,x de/roys ,raphael2 b
 x graces him1 & is a "p ( him4 ,x all b
 de/roys ,mantegna2 b x graces him4 ,& x
 does n hurt ,holbe91 j because x does n
 grace him--nev] is = an in/ant a "p (  
him4 ,x is ) ,raphael z ) "s *>m+ "y    
girl :o has a new & beautifully made    
dress br\ght to h]1 :i* entirely becomes
 h]1--s mu*1 t 9 a little :ile1 ?9k+ (  
no?+ else1 %e becomes x2 & is only !    
decoration ( h] dress4 ,b ) ,holbe9 x is
 z if y br\ght ! same dress to a /\t    
f>m]'s daught] :o 0 go+ to d9e at !     
,hall2 & begg$ h] to put x on t %e might
 n discr$it ! company4 ,%e puts x on to 
please y2 looks entirely ridicul\s 9 x1 
b is n spoil$ by x1--rema9s h]self1 9   
spite ( x4  #aeg4 ,y probably h nev]    
notic$ ! extreme awkw>dness ( ,holbe9 9 
we>+ ?is new dress2 y w\ld ! less d s   
because 8 own p ?9k him all ! f9] = x1 z
 ! f>m]'s wife w\ld probably ?9k h]     

daught]4 ,dr4 ,woltmann1 = in/ance1 is  
en?usia/ic 9 praise ( ! spl5did         
ar*itecture 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8           
,annunciation4 ,a f9e mess x mu/ h made 
9 ! m9ds ( simple ,g]man maid5s1 9 _!   
notion ( ! ,virg9 at home6 ,i _c %[ y   
?is ,annunciation2 b ,i h "u my h& "o ( 
,holbe9's ,bible cuts1 ( ! deepe/       
s]i\sness & import--8 illu/ration ( !   
,canticles1 %[+ ! ,*ur* z ! bride (     
,*ri/4  ,illu/ration  ,y c\ld n f9d a   
subject requir+ m t5d]ness1 purity1 or  
dignity ( treatm5t4 ,9 ?is maid1        
symboliz+ ! ,*ur*1 y ask = ! mo/        
passionate humility1 ! mo/ angelic      
beauty3 ,behold1 ?\ art fair1 my dove4  
,n[ "h is ,holbe9's ideal ( t fairness2 
"h is 8 ,*ur* z ! ,bride4  ,i am sorry  
to associate ?is figure 9 y\r m9ds1 ev5 
= a mom5t1 ) ! passages x is suppos$ to 
illu/rate2 b ! lesson is too important  
to be omitt$4 ,rememb]1 ,holbe9         
repres5ts ! temp] ( ,nor!rn ,re=mation4 
,he has all ! nobl5ess ( t temp]1 b also
 all its bas5ess4 ,he repres5ts1 inde$1 

! revolt ( ,g]man tru? aga9/ ,italian   
lies2 b he repres5ts also ! revolt (    
,g]man animalism aga9/ ,hebrew          
imag9ation4 ,?is figure ( ,holbe9's is  
half-way f ,solomon's my/ic bride1 to   
,rembr&t's wife1 sitt+ on 8 knee :ile he
 dr9ks4  ,b ! key ( ! "q is n 9 ?is4    
,flor5t9e animalism has at ?is "t1 also1
 en\gh to say = itself4 ,b ,flor5t9e    
animalism1 at ?is "t1 feels ! joy ( a   
g5tleman1 n ( a *url4 ,& a ,flor5t9e1   
:atev] he does1--be x virtu\s or s9ful1 
*a/e or lascivi\s1 sev]e or             
extravagant1--does x ) a grace4  #aeh4  
,y ?9k1 p]haps1 t ,holbe9's ,solomon's  
bride is s ungraceful *iefly because %e 
is ov]dress$1 & has too _m fea!rs &     
jewels4 ,no2 a ,flor5t9e w\ld h put any 
quantity ( fea!rs & jewels on h]1 & yet 
nev] lo/ h] grace4 ,y %all see him d x1 
& t to a fanta/ic degree1 = ,i h an     
example "u my h&4 ,look back1 fir/1 to  
,bewick's ,v5us 7,lecture ,,iii474 ,y   
c't accuse h] ( be+ ov]dress$4 ,%e      
complies ) e receiv$ mod]n pr9ciple (   

ta/e4 ,sir ,jo%ua's precept t drap]y    
%\ld be drap]y1 & no?+ m1 is obs]v$ m   
/rictly ev5 by ,bewick ?an by ,mi*ael   
,angelo4 ,if ! abs5ce ( decoration c\ld 
exalt ! beauty ( 8 ,v5us1 "h _h be5 h]  
p]fection4  ,n[ look back to ,plate     
,,ii4 7,lecture ,,iv471 by ,s&ro2 ,v5us 
9 h] planet1 ! rul+ /> ( ,flor5ce4      
,any?+ m grotesque 9 conception1 m      
unre/ra9$ 9 fancy ( ornam5t1 y _c f9d1  
ev5 9 ! f9al days ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,yet 
,v5us holds h] div9ity ?r\gh all2 %e w  
become maje/ic to y z y gaze2 & !re is n
 a l9e ( h] *>iot :eels1 ( h] busk9s1 or
 ( h] ?rone1 :i* y may n see 0 engrav$  
by a g5tleman4  ,illu/ration3 ,v4  ,heat
 consid]$ z a ,mode ( ,motion4          
,flor5t9e ,natural ,philosophy4  #aei4  
,aga91 ,plate ,v41 opposite1 is a       
facsimile ( ano!r engrav+ ( ! same      
s]ies--! ,sun 9 ,leo4 ,x is ev5 m       
extravagant 9 accessories ?an ! ,v5us4  
,y see ! ,sun's epaulets be=e y see !   
sun2 ! spiral scrolls ( 8 *>iot1 & !    
black twi/$ rays ( x1 might1 s f> z     

types ( =m only are consid]$1 be a      
design = "s mod]n c\rt-dress />1 to be  
made 9 diamonds4 ,& yet all ?is wild    
ornam5tation is1 if y w exam9e x1 m     
purely ,greek 9 _s ?an ! ,apollo        
,belv$]e4  ,y "k ,i h told y1 aga9 &    
aga91 t ! s\l ( ,greece is h] v]acity2 t
 :at to o!r nations 7 fables &          
symbolisms1 to h] became liv+           
facts--liv+ gods4 ,! fall ( ,greece 0   
in/ant :5 h] gods aga9 became fables4 ,!
 ,apollo ,belv$]e is ! "w ( a sculptor  
to :om ,apollonism is m]ely an elegant  
idea on :i* to exhibit 8 own skill4 ,he 
does n himself feel = an in/ant t !     
h&some man 9 ! un9telligible            
attitude1,,am ) drap]y hung ov] 8 left  
arm1 z x w\ld be hung to dry ov] a      
clo!s-l9e1 is ! ,p[] ( ! ,sun4 ,b !     
,flor5t9e believes 9 ,apollo ) 8 :ole   
m9d1 & is try+ to expla9 8 /r5g? 9 e    
t\*4  ,= in/ance2 ,i said j n[1 ,y see !
 sun's epaulets be=e ! sun4 ,well1 don't
 y1 usually1 z x rises8 ,d y n          
cont9ually mi/ake a lum9\s cl\d = x1 or 

wond] :]e x is1 beh9d "o8 ,aga91 ! face 
( ! ,apollo ,belv$]e is agitat$ by      
anxiety1 passion1 & pride4 ,is ! sun's  
likely to be s1 ris+ on ! evil & ! good8
 ,?is ,pr9ce sits cr[n$ & calm3 look at 
! quiet f+]s ( ! h& hold+ ! scept]1--at 
! re/ra9t ( ! re9s m]ely by a depression
 ( ! wri/4  #afj4 ,y h to look c>efully 
= ^? f+]s hold+ ! scept]1 because !     
h&--:i* a great anatomi/ w\ld h made s  
exclusively int]e/+--is "h confus$ ) !  
ornam5tation ( ! arm ( ! *>iot on :i* x 
re/s4 ,b look :at ! ornam5tation        
is2--fruit & leaves1 abundant1 9 ! m\? (
 a cornucopia4 ,a q vulg> & mean+less   
ornam5t 9 ord9>y r5aissance "w4 ,is x s 
"h1 ?9k y8 ,are n ! leaves & fruits (   
e>? 9 ! ,sun's h&8,,an  ,y ?\ght1       
p]haps1 :5 ,i spoke j n[ ( ! action ( ! 
"r h&1 t less ?an a depression ( ! wri/ 
w\ld /op horses su* z ^?4 ,y fancy      
,botticelli drew !m s1 because he _h    
nev] se5 a horse2 or because1 able to   
draw f+]s1 he c\ld n draw ho(s6 ,h[ f9e 
x w\ld be to h1 in/ead1 a pranc+        

f\r-9-h&1 9 ! /yle ( ,piccadilly on !   
,d]by-day1 or at lea/ horses l ! real   
,greek horses ( ! ,p>!non6  ,yes2 & if  
!y _h _h real gr\nd to trot on1 !       
,flor5t9e w\ld h %[n y he knew h[ !y    
%\ld trot4 ,b ^! h to make _! way up !  
hill-side ( o!r l&s4 ,look to ! example 
9 y\r /&>d s]ies1 ,h]mes ,eriophoros4 ,y
 w f9d 8 motion among cl\ds repres5t$   
precisely 9 ?is labor+1 fail+1          
half-kneel+ attitude ( limb4 ,^! =ms1   
toil+ up ?r\gh ! rippl$ s&s ( heav51    
are--n horses2--!y are cl\ds !mselves1 l
 horses1 b only a little l4 ,look h[ _! 
ho(s lose !mselves1 buri$ 9 ! ripples ( 
cl\d2 x makes "o ?9k ( ! quicks&s (     
,morecambe ,bay4  ,& _! tails--:at      
extraord9>y tufts ( tails1 end+ 9 po9ts6
 ,yes2 b d y n see1 ne>ly jo9+ ) !m1 :at
 is n a horse tail at all2 b a flame (  
fire1 k9dl$ at ,apollo's knee8 ,all !   
re/ ( ! radiance ab\t him %oots f him4  
,b ?is is r5d]$ up to him4 ,z ! fruits (
 ! e>? are 9 "o ( 8 h&s1 its fire is 9 !
 o!r4 ,& all ! w>m?1 z well z all !     

light ( x1 are 84  ,we _h a little      
natural philosophy1 g5tlem51 z well z   
!ology1 9 ,flor5ce1 once ^u a "t4  #afa4
 ,natural philosophy1 & also natural    
art1 = 9 ?is ! ,greek reanimate 0 a     
nobl] creature ?an ! ,greek :o _h di$4  
,8 art _h a wid] =ce & w>m] gl[4 ,i h   
told y t ! fir/ ,greeks 7 di/+ui%$ f !  
b>b>ians by _! simple humanity2 ! second
 ,greeks--^! ,flor5t9e ,greeks          
reanimate--are human m /rongly1 m       
deeply1 leap+ f ! ,byzant9e dea? at !   
call ( ,*ri/1 ,loose him1 & let him g4  
,& !re is ^u !m at once ! joy (         
resurrection1 & ! solemnity ( ! grave4  
,illu/ration3 ,,vi4  ,fairness ( ! ,sea 
& ,air4  ,9 ,,v5ice & ,,a!ns4  #afb4 ,( 
?is resurrection ( ! ,greek1 & ! =m ( ! 
tomb he _h be5 buri$ 9 ^? f\r days1 ,i h
 to give y "s acc\nt 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,i
 w only to-day %[ y an illu/ration ( x  
:i* br+s u back to our imm$iate "q z to 
! reasons :y ,nor!rn art c\ld n accept  
classicism4 ,:51 9 ! clos+ lecture (    
,aratra ,p5telici1,,ao ,i comp>$        

,flor5t9e ) ,greek "w1 x 0 to po9t out  
to y ! eag] passions ( ! fir/ z oppos$  
to ! =mal legalism & proprieties ( !    
o!r4 ,greek "w1 ,i told y1 :ile tru?ful1
 0 also re/ra9$1 & nev] b "u maje/y (   
law2 :ile ,go?ic "w 0 true1 9 ! p]fect  
law ( ,lib]ty or ,fran*ise4 ,& n[ ,i    
give y 9 facsimile 7,plate ,,vi47 ! two 
,aphrodites ?us comp>$--! ,aphrodite    
,?alassia ( ! ,tyrrh5e seas1 & !        
,aphrodite ,urania ( ! ,greek skies4 ,y 
may n at fir/ l ! ,tuscan be/2 & :y %e  
is ! be/1 ?\gh bo? are noble1 aga9 ,i   
mu/ def] expla9+ to next lecture4 ,b n[ 
turn back to ,bewick's ,v5us1 & comp>e  
h] ) ! ,tuscan ,v5us ( ! ,/>s1 7,plate  
,,ii472 & !n "h1 9 ,plate ,,vi41 ) !    
,tuscan ,v5us ( ! ,seas1 & ! ,greek     
,v5us ( ! ,sky4 ,:y is ! ,engli% "o     
vulg>8 ,:at is x1 9 ! ?ree o!rs1 :i*    
makes !m1 if n beautiful1 at lea/       
ref9$8--e "o ( !m 'design$' & drawn1    
indisputably1 by a g5tleman8  ,i nev] h 
be5 s puzzl$ by any subject ( analysis  
z1 = ^! t5 ye>s1 ,i h be5 by ?is4 ,e    

answ] ,i give1 h[ev] plausible x seems  
at fir/1 fails 9 "s way1 or 9 "s cases4 
,b !re is ! po9t = y1 m def9itely put1  
,i ?9k1 ?an 9 any ( my =m] books2--at   
pres5t1 = want ( "t1 ,i mu/ leave x to  
y\r own ?\ghts4  #afc4 ,,ii4 ,! second  
influ5ce "u :i* engrav+ develop$ itself1
 ,i said1 0 t ( m$ic9e & ! physical     
sci5ces4 ,g5tlem51 ! mo/ audaci\s1 & !  
mo/ valuable1 /atem5t :i* ,i h yet made 
to y on ! subject ( practical art1 9 ^! 
rooms1 is t ( ! evil result+ f ! /udy ( 
anatomy4 ,x is a /atem5t s audaci\s1 t n
 only = "s "t ,i d>$ n make x to y1 b = 
t5 ye>s1 at lea/1 ,i d>$ n make x to    
myself4 ,i saw1 inde$1 t :oev] /udi$    
anatomy 0 9 a measure injur$ by x2 b ,i 
kept attribut+ ! mis*ief to second>y    
causes4 ,x c't be ?is dr9k itself t     
poisons !m1 ,i said always4 ,?is dr9k is
 m$ic9al & /r5g!n+3 ,i see t x kills !m1
 b x mu/ be because !y dr9k x cold :5 !y
 h be5 hot1 or !y take some?+ else ) x t
 *anges x into poison4 ,! dr9k itself   
mu/ be good4 ,well1 g5tlem51 ,i f\nd out

 ! dr9k itself to be poison at la/1 by !
 break+ ( my *oice/ ,v5ice glass4 ,i    
c\ld n make out :at x 0 t _h kill$      
,t9toret1 & laid x long to ! *>ge (     
*i>oscuro4 ,x 0 only aft] my ?or\gh /udy
 ( 8 ,p>adise1 9 #ahgj1 t ,i gave up ?is
 idea1 f9d+ ! *i>oscuro1 :i* ,i _h ?\ght
 exagg]at$1 01 9 all orig9al & und>k5$  
passages1 beautiful & mo/ preci\s4 ,& !n
 at la/ ,i got hold ( ! true clue3 ,il  
disegno di ,mi*el ,agnolo4 ,& ! mom5t ,i
 _h d>$ to accuse t1 x expla9$ ev]y?+2 &
 ,i saw t ! betray+ demons ( ,italian   
art1 l$ on by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 _h be51 n
 pleasure1 b k2 n indol5ce1 b ambition2 
& n love1 b horror4  #afd4 ,b :5 fir/ ,i
 v5tur$ to tell y ?is1 ,i did n "k1     
myself1 ! fact ( all mo/ conclusive =   
its confirmation4 ,x w take me a little 
:ile to put x be=e y 9 its total =ce1 & 
,i mu/ fir/ ask y\r att5tion to a m9or  
po9t4 ,9 "o ( ! small] rooms ( ! ,muni* 
,gall]y is ,holbe9's pa9t+ ( ,/4 ,m>g>et
 & ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1--/&>d ( 8   
e>ly religi\s "w4 ,"h is a photograph f 

! ,/4 ,elizabe?2 &1 9 ! same frame1 a   
,fr5* li?ograph ( x4 ,i consid] x "o ( !
 mo/ important pieces ( comp>ison ,i h  
arrang$ = y1 %[+ y at a glance !        
diff]5ce betwe5 true & false s5tim5t4 ,(
 t diff]5ce1 g5]ally1 we _c speak       
to-day1 b "o special result ( x y are to
 obs]ve2--! omission1 9 ! ,fr5* draw+1 (
 ,holbe9's d>+ repres5tation ( disease1 
:i* is "o ( ! vital honors ( ! picture4 
,q "o ( ! *ief /r5g?s ( ,/4 ,elizabe?1 9
 ! ,roman ,ca?olic view1 0 9 ! c\rage ( 
h] deal+ ) disease1 *iefly leprosy4 ,n[ 
obs]ve1 ,i say ,roman ,ca?olic view1 v  
e>ne/ly j n[2 ,i am n at all sure t x is
 s 9 a ,ca?olic view--t is to say1 9 an 
et]nally ,*ri/ian & ,div9e view4 ,& ?is 
d\bt1 v ne>ly n[ a c]ta9ty1 only came   
cle>ly into my m9d ! o!r day aft] _m &  
_m a ye>'s m$itation on x4 ,i _h read ) 
great rev]5ce all ! beautiful /ories    
ab\t ,*ri/'s appe>+ z a lep]1 & ! l2 &  
_h (t5 piti$ & rebuk$ myself alt]nately 
= my int5se dislike & horror ( disease4 
,i am writ+ at ?is mom5t )9 fifty y>ds (

 ! grave ( ,/4 ,francis1 & ! /ory ( !   
lik5ess ( 8 feel+s to m9e _h a little   
com=t$ me1 & ! tradition ( 8 conque/ (  
!m aga9 humiliat$ me2 & ,i 0 ?9k+ v     
gravely ( ?is1 & ( ! p>allel in/ance (  
,bi%op ,hugo ( ,l9coln1 always desir+ to
 d s]vice to ! dead1 z oppos$ to my own 
unmitigat$ & ,l\is-,qu9ze-l horror (    
fun]als2--:5 by *ance1 9 ! ca!dral (    
,pal]mo1 a new light 0 ?r[n = me on !   
:ole matt]4  #afe4 ,i 0 draw+ ! tomb (  
,fr$]ick ,,ii41 :i* is %ut (f by a grat+
 f ! body ( ! *ur*2 & ,i _h1 9 g5]al1 q 
an unusual degree ( quiet & com=t at my 
"w4 ,b sometimes x 0 p>alyz$ by !       
unconsci\s int]f]5ce ( "o ( ! m5 employ$
 9 "s m9or dome/ic s]vices ab\t ! *ur*4 
,:5 he _h no?+ to d1 he us$ to come &   
seat himself ne> my grat+1 n to look at 
my "w1 7! poor wret* _h no eyes1 to     
speak (17 nor 9 any way mean+ to be     
tr\blesome2 b !re 0 8 habitual seat4 ,8 
nose _h be5 c>ri$ (f by ! mo/ loa?some (
 diseases2 !re 7 two vivid circles (    
sc>let r\nd 8 eyes2 & z he sat1 he      

ann\nc$ 8 pres5ce e qu>t] ( a m9ute 7if 
o!rwise ,i c\ld h =gott5 x7 by a        
peculi>ly disgu/+1 l\d1 & long          
expectoration4 ,on ! second or ?ird day1
 j ,i _h =c$ myself into "s =getfulness 
( him1 & 0 h>d at my "w1 ,i 0 />tl$ f x 
aga9 by ! bur/+ out ( a l\d & *e]ful    
conv]sation close to me2 & on look+     
r\nd1 saw a lively "y fl$gl+ ( a prie/1 
sev5te5 or eighte5 ye>s old1 9 ! mo/    
eag] & spirit$ *at ) ! man 9 ! *air4 ,he
 talk$1 laugh$1 & spat1 himself1        
companionably1 9 ! m]rie/ way1 = a qu>t]
 ( an h\r2 evid5tly )\t feel+ ! slighte/
 disgu/1 or be+ made s]i\s = an in/ant1 
by ! aspect ( ! de/roy$ creature be=e   
him4  #aff4 ,8 own face 0 simply t ( !  
ord9>y vulg> type ( ?\ghtless "y        
,italians1 r b5ea? ?an above ! usual    
/&>d2 & ,i 0 c]ta91 z ,i wat*$ him1 t he
 0 n at all my sup]ior1 b v mu* my      
inf]ior1 9 ! coolness ) :i* he beheld   
:at 0 to me s dreadful4 ,i 0 positive t 
he c\ld look ?is man 9 ! face1 precisely
 because he c\ld n look1 disc]n+ly1 at  

any beautiful or noble ?+2 & t ! reason 
,i d>$ n1 0 because ,i _h1 spiritually1 
z mu* bett] eyes ?an ! prie/1 z1 bodily1
 ?an 8 companion4  ,hav+ got s mu* (    
cle> evid5ce giv5 me on ! matt]1 x 0    
driv5 home = me a week lat]1 z ,i l&$ on
 ! quay ( ,naples4 ,almo/ ! fir/ ?+ t   
pres5t$ itself to me 0 ! sign ( a       
travel+ !atrical company1 display+ !    
pr9cipal sc5e ( ! drama to be enact$ on 
_! classical /age4 ,fre% f ! !at] (     
,taorm9a1 ,i 0 curi\s to see ! subject (
 ! ,neapolitan popul> drama4 ,x 0 !     
capture1 by ! police1 ( a man & 8 wife  
:o liv$ by boil+ *ildr54 ,"o section ( !
 police 0 com+ 91 arm$ to ! tee?1 ?r\gh 
! passage2 ano!r section ( ! police1    
arm$ to ! tee?1 & ) high fea!rs 9 its   
caps1 0 com+ up ?r\gh a trap-door4 ,9   
f9e dramatic unconsci\sness to ! la/    
mom5t1 l ! cl[n 9 a pantomime1 !        
*ild-boil] 0 repres5t$ z /ill           
indu/ri\sly *opp+ up a *ild1 pieces (   
:i*1 ready = ! pot1 lay "h & !re on !   
table 9 ! middle ( ! picture4 ,!        

*ild-boil]'s wife1 h[ev]1 j z %e 0 tak+ 
! top (f ! pot to put ! meat 91 _h      
caught a glimpse ( ! =emo/ policeman1 & 
/opp$1 z mu* 9 rage z 9 con/]nation4    
#afg4 ,n[ x is precisely ! same feel+1  
or want ( feel+1 9 ! l[] ,italian 7nor  
always 9 ! l[] classes only7 :i* makes  
him dem& ! k9d ( subject = 8 secul>     
drama2 & ! ,crucifixion & ,pieta = 8    
religi\s drama4 ,! only "p ( ,*ri/ianity
 he c enjoy is its horror2 & ev5 ! sa9t 
& sa9tess are n always d5y+ !mselves    
sev]ely1 ei!r by ! contemplation (      
torture1 or ! companion%ip ) disease4   
,nev]!less1 we mu/ be cauti\s1 on ! o!r 
h&1 to all[ full value to ! endurance1  
by t5d] & delicate p]sons1 ( :at is     
really loa?some or di/ressful to !m 9 ! 
s]vice ( o!rs2 & ,i ?9k ?is picture (   
,holbe9's indicative ( ! exact balance &
 rightness ( 8 own m9d 9 ?is matt]1 &   
!re=e ( 8 p[] to conceive a true sa9t   
also4 ,he _h to repres5t ,/4 ,ca!r9e's  
*ief ef=t2--he pa9ts h] m9i/]+ to !     
sick1 &1 among !m1 is a lep]2 & f9d+ x  

?us 8 duty to pa9t leprosy1 he          
c\rage\sly himself /udies x f ! life4 ,n
 to insi/ on its horror2 b to ass]t x1  
to ! ne$ful po9t ( fact1 :i* he does )  
m$ical accuracy4  ,n[ "h is j a case 9  
:i* sci5ce1 9 a subord9ate degree1 is   
really requir$ = a spiritual & moral    
purpose4 ,& y f9d ,holbe9 does n %r9k f 
x ev5 9 ?is extreme case 9 :i* x is mo/ 
pa9ful4  #afh4 ,if1 !re=e1 y d f9d him 9
 o!r cases n us+ x1 y may be sure he    
knew x to be unnecess>y4  ,n[ x may be  
disputable :e!r 9 ord] to draw a liv+   
,madonna1 "o ne$s to "k h[ _m ribs %e   
has2 b x w\ld h seem$ indisputable t 9  
ord] to draw a skeleton1 "o mu/ "k h[ _m
 ribs x has4  ,holbe9 is p> excell5ce ! 
draughtsman ( skeletons4 ,8 pa9t$ ,dance
 ( ,dea? 01 & 8 engrav$ ,dance ( ,dea?  
is1 pr9cipal ( su* ?+s1 )\t any         
comp>ison or d5ial4 ,he draws skeleton  
aft] skeleton1 9 e possible ge/ure2 b   
nev] s mu* z c\nts _! ribs6 ,he nei!r   
kn[s nor c>es h[ _m ribs a skeleton has4
 ,!re are always en\gh to rattle4       

,mon/r\s1 y ?9k1 9 impud5ce1--,holbe9 = 
8 c>elessness1 & ,i = def5d+ him6 ,nay1 
,i triumph 9 him2 no?+ has ev] m pleas$ 
me ?an ?is gr& neglig5ce4 ,nobody wants 
to "k h[ _m ribs a skeleton has1 any m  
?an h[ _m b>s a gridiron has1 s long z !
 "o c brea!1 & ! o!r broil2 & /ill less1
 :5 ! brea? & ! fire are bo? out4  #afi4
 ,b is x only ( ! bones1 ?9k y1 t       
,holbe9 is c>eless8,,ap ,nay1 incr$ible 
?\gh x may seem to y1--b1 to me1        
explanatory at once ( mu* ( 8           
excell5ce1--he did n "k anatomy at all6 
,i told y 9 my ,preface1,,aq already    
quot$1 ,holbe9 /udies ! face fir/1 !    
body second>ily2 b ,i _h no idea1       
myself1 h[ completely he _h refus$ !    
v5om\s sci5ce ( 8 day4 ,i %[$ y a dead  
,*ri/ ( 81 long ago4 ,c y mat* x ) y\r  
academy draw+s1 ?9k y8 ,& yet he did n1 
& w\ld n1 "k anatomy4 ,he w\ld n2 b     
,du]] w\ld1 & did3--w5t hotly into      
x--wrote books ^u x1 & ^u 'proportions (
 ! human body1' etc41 etc41 & all y\r   
mod]n recipes = pa9t+ fle%4 ,h[ did 8   

/udies prosp] 8 art8  ,p are always     
talk+ ( 8 ,knight & ,dea?1 & 8          
,melan*olia1 z if ^? 7 8 pr9cipal works4
 ,!y are 8 *>act]i/ic ones1 & %[ :at he 
might h be5 )\t 8 anatomy2 b !y 7 m]e   
by-play comp>$ to 8 ,great] ,=tune1 &   
,adam & ,eve4 ,look at ^!4 ,"h is 8 full
 en]gy display$2 "h are bo? male &      
female =ms drawn ) p]fect k ( _! bones &
 muscles1 & modes ( action &            
dige/ion1--& ,i hope y are pleas$4  ,b x
 is n anatomy only t ,ma/] ,alb]t       
/udies4 ,he has a ta/e = optics also2 & 
kn[s all ab\t refraction & reflection4  
,:at ) 8 k ( ! skull inside1 & ! vitre\s
 l5s outside1 if any man 9 ! _w is to   
draw an eye1 "h's ! man to d x1 surely6 
,) a h& :i* c give lessons to ,john     
,bell9i1 & a c>e :i* w\ld fa9 d all s t 
x c't be done bett]1 & acqua9tance ) e  
crack 9 ! cranium1 & e humor 9 !        
l5s1--if we c't draw an eye1 we %\ld j l
 to "k :o c6 ?9ks ,alb]t4  ,s hav+ to   
engrave ! portrait ( ,melan*?on1 in/ead 
( look+ at ,melan*?on z ignorant ,holbe9

 w\ld h be5 oblig$ to d1--wise ,alb]t   
looks at ! room w9d[2 & f9ds x has f\r  
cross-b>s 9 x1 & kn[s sci5tifically t ! 
light on ,melan*?on's eye mu/ be a      
reflection ( ! w9d[ ) its f\r b>s--&    
engraves x s1 accord+ly2 & :o %all d>e  
to say1 n[1 x isn't l ,melan*?on8       
,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x isn't1 nor l any 
o!r p]son 9 8 s5ses2 b l a madman look+ 
at somebody :o disputes 8 hobby4 ,:ile 9
 ?is draw+ ( ,holbe9's1 :]e a dim gray  
%ad[ leaves a m]e crumb ( :ite          
pap]1--accid5tally x seems1 = all ! f9e 
sci5tific reflection1--behold1 x is an  
eye inde$1 & ( a noble creature4  #agj4 
,:at is ! reason8 d y ask me2 & is all !
 common tea*+ ab\t g5]alization (       
details true1 !n8  ,no2 n a syllable ( x
 is true4 ,holbe9 is "r1 n because he   
draws m g5]ally1 b m truly1 ?an ,du]]4  
,du]] draws :at he kn[s is !re2 b       
,holbe91 only :at he sees4 ,&1 z ,i h   
told y (t5 be=e1 ! really sci5tific     
arti/ is he :o n only ass]ts bravely :at
 he does see1 b confesses hone/ly :at he

 does n4 ,y mu/ n draw all ! hairs 9 an 
eyela%2 n because x is sublime to       
g5]alize !m1 b because x is impossible  
to see !m4 ,h[ _m hairs !re are1 a sign 
pa9t] or anatomi/ may c\nt2 b h[ few (  
!m y c see1 x is only ! utmo/ ma/]s1    
,c>paccio1 ,t9toret1 ,reynolds1 &       
,velasquez1 :o c\nt1 or "k4  #aga4 ,su* 
0 ! effect1 !n1 ( 8 sci5ce ^u ,du]]'s   
ideal ( beauty1 & skill 9 portraiture4  
,:at effect _h x on ! temp] & quantity (
 8 "w1 z comp>$ ) poor ignorant         
,holbe9's6 ,y h only ?ree portraits1 by 
,du]]1 ( ! great m5 ( 8 "t1 & ^? bad    
ones2 :ile he toils 8 s\l out to draw ! 
ho(s ( satyrs1 ! bri/les ( sw9e1 & !    
di/ort$ aspects ( base wom5 & vici\s m54
  ,:at1 on ! contr>y1 has ignorant      
,holbe9 done = y8 ,%akespe>e & he divide
 betwe5 !m1 by ^w & look1 ! ,/ory (     
,engl& "u ,h5ry & ,elizabe?4  #agb4 ,( !
 effect ( sci5ce on ! art ( ,mantegna & 
,m>c ,antonio1 7f> m deadly ?an on      
,du]]'s17 ,i mu/ tell y 9 a future      
lecture2--! effect ( x on _! m9ds1 ,i   

mu/ p>tly ref] to n[1 9 pass+ to ! ?ird 
head ( my g5]al /atem5t--! influ5ce (   
new ,!ology4 ,= ,du]] & ,mantegna1      
*iefly because ( _! sci5ce1 =feit$ _!   
place1 n only z pa9t]s ( m51 b z s]vants
 ( ,god4 ,nei!r ( !m has left "o        
completely noble or completely didactic 
picture2 :ile ,holbe9 & ,botticelli1 9  
consummate pieces ( art1 l$ ! way be=e !
 eyes ( all m51 to ! purification ( _!  
,*ur* & l&4  #agc4 ,,iii4 ,b ! ne$ (    
re=mation pres5t$ itself to ^! two m5   
la/ nam$ on entirely diff]5t t]ms4  ,to 
,holbe91 :5 ! ^w ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*     
prov$ false1 & its de$s bloody2 :5 he   
saw x sell+ p]mission ( s9 9 8 native   
,augsburg1 & /rew+ ! a%es ( its enemies 
on ! pure ,alp9e wat]s ( ,con/ance1 :at 
refuge 0 !re = him 9 m anci5t religion8 
,%all he wor%ip ,?or aga91 & m\rn ov] ! 
dea? ( ,bald]8 ,he reads ,nature 9 h]   
desolate & n>r[ tru?1 & %e tea*es him ! 
,triumph ( ,dea?4  ,b1 = ,botticelli1 ! 
gr& gods are old1 are immortal4 ,!      
prie/s may h taught falsely ! /ory ( !  

,virg92--did !y n also lie1 9 ! "n (    
,artemis1 at ,ephesus2--9 ! "n (        
,aphrodite1 at ,cyprus8--b %all1 !re=e1 
,*a/ity or ,love be dead1 or ! full moon
 pal] ov] ,arno8 ,sa9ts ( ,heav5 & ,gods
 ( ,e>?6--%all ^! p]i% because va9 m5   
speak evil ( !m6 ,let u speak good =ev]1
 & grave1 z on ! rock1 = ages to come1 !
 glory ( ,beauty1 & ! triumph ( ,fai?4  
#agd4 ,holbe9 _h bitt]] task4  ,( old1 !
 "o duty ( ! pa9t] _h be5 to exhibit !  
virtues ( ?is life1 & hopes ( ! life to 
come4 ,holbe9 _h to %[ ! vices ( ?is    
life1 & to obscure ! hope ( ! future4   
,yes1 we walk ?r\gh ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( 
dea?1 & fe> all evil1 = ,?\ art n ) u1 &
 ,?y rod & ,?y /aff com=t u n4 ,he does 
n *oose ?is task4 ,x is ?ru/ ^u him1--j 
z fatally z ! burial ( ! dead is 9 a    
plague-/ruck city4 ,^! are ! ?+s he     
sees1 & mu/ speak4 ,he w n become a     
bett] arti/ !reby2 no draw+ ( supreme   
beauty1 or beautiful ?+s1 w be possible 
to him4 ,yet we _c say he ought to h    
done any?+ else1 nor c we praise him    

specially 9 do+ ?is4 ,x is 8 fate2 !    
fate ( all ! brave/ 9 t day4            
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,b$time4   
7,fig4 #e7 ,facsimile f ,holbe9's       
woodcut4  #age4 ,= in/ance1 !re is no   
sc5e ab\t :i* a %all[ & feeble pa9t]    
w\ld h be5 m sure to adopt !            
commonplaces ( ! cre$ ( 8 "t ?an ! dea? 
( a *ild1--*iefly1 & mo/ ( all1 ! dea? (
 a c\ntry *ild1--a little ?+ fre% f !   
cottage & ! field4 ,surely = su* an "o1 
angels w wait by its sick b$1 & rejoice 
z !y be> its s\l away2 & ov] its %r\d   
fl[]s w be /rewn1 & ! birds w s+ by its 
grave4 ,s y\r common s5tim5tali/ w\ld   
?9k1 & pa9t4 ,holbe9 sees ! facts1 z !y 
v]ily are1 up to ! po9t :5 vision       
ceases4 ,he speaks1 !n1 no m4  ,! c\ntry
 labor]'s cottage--! ra9 com+ ?r\gh its 
ro(1 ! clay crumbl+ f its p>titions1 !  
fire light$ ) a few *ips & /icks on a   
rais$ piece ( ! mud floor1--su* dais z c
 be contriv$1 = use1 n = honor4 ,! damp 
wood sputt]s2 ! smoke1 /opp$ by ! ro(1  
?\gh ! ra9 is n1 coils r\nd aga91 & d[n4

 ,b ! "m c w>m ! *ild's supp] ( bread & 
milk s--hold+ ! pan by ! long h&le2 & on
 mud floor ?\gh x be1 !y are happy1--%e1
 & h] *ild1 & its bro!r1--if only !y    
c\ld be left s4 ,!y %all n be left s3 ! 
"y ?+ mu/ leave !m--w nev] ne$ milk w>m$
 = x any m4 ,x w\ld fa9 /ay1--sees no   
angels--feels only an icy grip on its   
h&1 & t x _c /ay4 ,^? :o lov$ x %riek & 
te> _! hair 9 va91 amaz$ 9 grief4 ',oh1 
little "o1 mu/ y lie out 9 ! fields !n1 
n ev5 "u ?is poor torn ro( ( ?y "m's    
to-night8'  ,illu/ration3 ,,he ,,t ,,ha?
 ,,e>s ,,to ,,he>1 ,,let ,,him ,,he>4   
7,fig4 #f7 ,facsimile f ,holbe9's       
woodcut4  #agf4 ,aga93 !re 0 n 9 ! old  
cre$ any subject m def9itely & con/antly
 insi/$ on ?an ! dea? ( a mis]4 ,he _h  
be5 happy1 ! old prea*]s ?\ght1 till !n3
 b 8 h\r has come2 & ! black covet\sness
 ( hell is awake & wat*+2 ! %>p h>py    
claws w clut* 8 s\l out ( 8 m\?1 &      
scatt] 8 treasure = o!rs4 ,s !          
commonplace prea*] & pa9t] taught4 ,n s 
,holbe94 ,! devil want to snat* 8 s\l1  

inde$6 ,nay1 he nev] _h a s\l1 b ( !    
devil's giv+4 ,8 mis]y to beg9 on 8     
dea?-b$6 ,nay1 he _h nev] an unmis]able 
h\r ( life4 ,! fi5d is ) him n[1--a     
paltry1 abortive fi5d1 ) no brea? ev5 to
 bl[ hot )4 ,he supplies ! hell-bla/ ) a
 ma*9e4 ,x is w9t]1 & ! ri* man has 8   
furr$ cloak & cap1 ?ick & heavy2 !      
begg>1 b>e-head$ to besee* him1 sk9 &   
rags hang+ ab\t him toge!r1 t\*es 8     
%\ld]1 b all 9 va92 !re is o!r bus9ess 9
 h&4 ,m hagg>d ?an ! begg> himself1 wa/$
 & palsi$1 ! ri* man c\nts ) 8 f+]s !   
ga9 ( ! ye>s to come4  ,b ( ^? ye>s1    
inf9ite t are to be1 ,holbe9 says no?+4 
',i "k n2 ,i see n4 ,?is only ,i see1 on
 ?is v w9t]'s day1 ! l[ pale            
/umbl+-block at y\r feet1 ! altoge!r by 
y unse5 & =gott5 ,dea?4 ,y %all n pass  
him by on ! o!r side2 "h is a fa/+      
figure 9 sk9 & bone1 at la/1 t w /op y2 
& = all ! hidd5 treasures ( e>?1 "h is  
y\r spade3 dig n[1 & f9d !m4'  #agg4 ,i 
h said t ,holbe9 0 condemn$ to tea* ^!  
?+s4 ,he 0 n happy 9 tea*+ !m1 nor ?ank$

 = tea*+ !m4 ,nor 0 ,botticelli = 8     
loveli] tea*+4 ,b !y bo? c\ld d no      
o!rwise4 ,!y liv$ 9 tru? & /eadfa/ness2 
& ) bo?1 9 _! m>vel\s design1 v]acity is
 ! beg9n+ ( inv5tion1 & love its end4   
,i h b "t to %[ y1 9 conclusion1 h[ ?is 
affectionate self-=getfulness protects  
,holbe9 f ! *ief calamity ( ! ,g]man    
temp]1 vanity1 :i* is at ! root ( all   
,du]]'s weakness4 ,"h is a photograph ( 
,holbe9's portrait ( ,erasmus1 & a f9e  
pro( ( ,du]]'s4 ,9 ,holbe9's1 ! face    
leads ev]y?+2 & ! mo/ lovely qualities (
 ! face lead 9 t4 ,! cloak & cap are    
p]fectly pa9t$1 j because y look at !m  
nei!r m nor less ?an y w\ld h look$ at !
 cloak 9 reality4 ,y don't say1 ',h[    
brilliantly !y are t\*$1' z y w\ld )    
,rembr&t2 nor ',h[ gracefully !y are    
neglect$1' z y w\ld ) ,ga9sbor\gh2 nor  
',h[ exquisitely !y are %ad$1' z y w\ld 
) ,lion>do2 nor ',h[ gr&ly !y are       
compos$1' z y w\ld ) ,titian4 ,y say    
only1 ',erasmus is surely !re2 & :at a  
pleasant sight6' ,y don't ?9k ( ,holbe9 

at all4 ,he has n ev5 put 9 ! m9ute/    
lett] ,h1 t ,i c see1 to rem9d y ( him4 
,drops 8 ,h's1 ,i regret to say1 (t5    
en\gh4 ',my h& %\ld be en\gh = y2 :at   
matt]s my "n8' ,b n[1 look at ,du]]'s4  
,! v fir/ ?+ y see1 & at any di/ance1 is
 ?is great squ>e tablet )      ,! image 
( ,erasmus1 drawn f ! life by ,alb]t    
,du]]1         #aebf1  & a great /raddl+
 ,a4,d4 besides4 ,!n y see a cloak1 & a 
table1 & a pot1 ) fl[]s 9 x1 & a heap ( 
books ) all _! leaves & all _! clasps1 &
 all ! little bits ( lea!r gumm$ 9 to   
m>k ! places2 & la/ ( all y see         
,erasmus's face2 & :5 y d see x1 ! mo/ (
 x is wr9kles4  ,all egotism & insanity1
 ?is1 g5tlem54 ,h>d words to use2 b n   
too h>d to def9e ! faults :i* r5d]$ s   
mu* ( ,du]]'s great g5ius abortive1 & to
 ?is day p>alyze1 among ! details ( a   
lifeless & ambiti\s precision1 ! /ud5t1 
no less ?an ! arti/1 ( ,g]man blood4 ,= 
too _m an ,erasmus1 too _m a ,du]]1     
among !m1 ! _w is all cloak & clasp1    
in/ead ( face or book2 & ! fir/ object (

 _! lives is to engrave _! initials4    
#agh4 ,= u1 9 ,engl&1 n ev5 s mu* is at 
pres5t to be hop$2 & yet1 s+ul>ly en\gh1
 x is m our mode/y1 unwisely submissive1
 ?an our vanity1 :i* has de/roy$ our    
,engli% s*ool ( engrav+4  ,at ! bottom (
 ! pretty l9e engrav+s :i* us$ to       
repres5t1 *>act]i/ically1 our ,engli%   
skill1 "o saw always two inscriptions4  
,at ! left-h& corn]1 ,drawn by--s-&-s2  
at ! "r-h& corn]1 ,engrav$ by--s-&-s4   
,only "u ! wor/ & *eape/ plates--= !    
,/ation]s' ,almanack1 or ! l--"o saw    
sometimes1 ,drawn & engrav$ by--s-&-s1  
:i* meant no?+ m ?an t ! publi%] w\ld n 
g to ! exp5se ( an arti/1 & t ! engrav] 
haggl$ ?r\gh z he c\ld4 7,"o =tunate    
exception1 g5tlem51 y h 9 ! old draw+s =
 y\r ,ox=d ,almanack1 ?\gh ! publi%]s1  
,i h no d\bt1 ev5 9 t case1 employ$ !   
*eape/ arti/ !y c\ld f9d4,,ar7 ,b 9     
g5]al1 no engrav] ?\ght himself able to 
draw2 & no arti/ ?\ght x 8 bus9ess to   
engrave4  #agi4 ,b ! fact t ?is & !     
foll[+ lecture are on ! subject ( design

 9 engrav+1 implies ( c\rse t 9 ! "w we 
h to exam9e1 x 0 (t5 ! engrav] himself  
:o design$1 & z (t5 ! arti/ :o engrav$4 
,& y w obs]ve t ! only engrav+s :i* be> 
imp]i%able value are1 inde$1 9 ?is k9d4 
,x is true t1 9 wood-cutt+1 bo? ,du]] & 
,holbe91 z 9 our own days ,lee* &       
,t5niel1 h workm5 "u !m :o c d all !y   
want4 ,b 9 metal cutt+ x is n s4 ,=1 z  
,i h told y1 9 metal cutt+1 ultimate    
p]fection ( ,l9e has to be rea*$2 & x c 
be rea*$ by none b a ma/]'s h&2 nor by  
81 unless 9 ! v mom5t & act ( design+4  
,nev]1 unless "u ! vivid fir/ =ce (     
imag9ation & intellect1 c ! ,l9e h its  
full value4 ,& = ?is high reason1       
g5tlem51 t p>adox :i* p]haps seem$ to y 
s d>+1 is nev]!less deeply & f9ally     
true1 t :ile a woodcut may be labori\sly
 f9i%$1 a gr& engrav+ on metal mu/ be   
comp>atively incomplete4 ,= x mu/ be    
done1 ?r\gh\t1 ) ! full fire ( temp] 9  
x1 visibly gov]n+ its l9es1 z ! w9d does
 ! fib]s ( cl\d4  #ahj4 ,! value hi!rto 
atta*$ to ,rembr&t's et*+s1 & o!rs      

imitat+ !m1 dep5ds on a true in/9ct 9 ! 
public m9d = ?is virtue ( l9e4 ,b et*+  
is an indol5t & blund]+ me?od at ! be/2 
& ,i d n d\bt t y w "o day be grateful =
 ! sev]e discipl9es ( draw+ requir$ 9 ^!
 s*ools1 9 t !y w h enabl$ y to "k :at a
 l9e may be1 driv5 by a ma/]'s *isel on 
silv] or m>ble1 foll[+1 & fo/]+ z x     
foll[s1 ! in/antane\s /r5g? ( 8 det]m9$ 
?\ght4  ,,footnotes3  ,,ag ,if y pa9t a 
bottle only to amuse ! spectator by %[+ 
him h[ l a pa9t+ may be to a bottle1 y  
_c be consid]$1 9 art-philosophy1 z a   
design]4 ,b if y pa9t ! cork fly+ out ( 
! bottle1 & ! cont5ts arriv+ 9 an ar* at
 ! m\? ( a recipi5t glass1 y are s f> =?
 a design] or sign]2 probably mean+ to  
express c]ta9 ultimate facts respect+1  
say1 ! hospitable disposition ( ! l&lord
 ( ! h\se2 b at all ev5ts repres5t+ !   
bottle & glass 9 a design$1 & n m]ely   
natural1 mann]4 ,n m]ely natural--nay1 9
 "s s5se non-natural1 or sup]natural4 ,&
 all great arti/s %[ bo? ?is fanta/ic   
condition ( m9d 9 _! "w1 & %[ t x has   

aris5 out ( a communicative or didactic 
purpose4 ,!y are ! ,signpa9t]s ( ,god4  
,i h add$ ?is note to ! lecture 9 copy+ 
my memor&a ( x "h at ,assisi1 ,june #i?1
 be+ ab\t to beg9 "w 9 ! ,tav]n1 or     
,tab]naculum1 ( ! ,l[] ,*ur*1 ) its     
v>i\sly significant f\r great 'signs4'  
,,ah ,plate ,x41 ,lecture ,,vi4  ,,ai ,i
 d n mean ! greate/ tea*] ( re=m$ fai?2 
b ! greate/ prote/ant aga9/ fai?        
unre=m$4  ,,aj ,x has become ! p]mitt$  
fa%ion among mod]n ma!maticians1 *emi/s1
 & apo!c>ies1 to call !mselves          
'sci5tific m51' z oppos$ to !ologians1  
poets1 & arti/s4 ,!y "k _! sph]e to be a
 sep>ate "o2 b _! ridicul\s notion ( its
 be+ a peculi>ly sci5tific "o ought n to
 be all[$ 9 our ,univ]sities4 ,!re is a 
sci5ce ( ,morals1 a sci5ce ( ,hi/ory1 a 
sci5ce ( ,gramm>1 a sci5ce ( ,music1 & a
 sci5ce ( ,pa9t+2 & all ^! are q beyond 
comp>ison high] fields = human          
intellect1 & require accuracies ( int5s]
 obs]vation1 ?an ei!r *emi/ry1          
electricity1 or geology4  ,,ak ,!       

,cumaean ,sibyl1 ,plate ,,vii41 ,lecture
 ,,vi4  ,,al ,lecture ,,iii41 ,sec4     
#aja4  ,,am ,i read some:]e1 lately1 a  
new & v +5i\s !ory ab\t ! attitude ( !  
,apollo ,belv$]e1 prov+1 to ! au?or's   
satisfaction1 t ! receiv$ notion ab\t   
wat*+ ! arr[ 0 all a mi/ake4 ,! pap]    
prov$1 at all ev5ts1 "o ?+--namely1 !   
/atem5t 9 ! text4 ,= an attitude :i* has
 be5 always hi!rto tak5 to mean "o ?+1 &
 is plausibly ass]t$ n[ to mean ano!r1  
mu/ be 9 itself un9telligible4  ,,an ,x 
may be ask$1 :y n corn also8 ,because t 
belongs to ,c]es1 :o is equally "o ( !  
great gods4  ,,ao ,aratra ,p5telici1    
,sec4 #aha4  ,,ap ,or inv5tive6 ,see    
,woltmann1 p4 #bfg4 ,! %9bone1 or ! l[] 
"p ( ! arm1 exhibits only "o bone1 :ile 
! upp] arm & ?igh are (t5 all[$ ! luxury
 ( two6  ,,aq ,see ante1 ,sec4 #ada4 ,! 
preface is t to ,! ,eagle's ,ne/4  ,,ar 
,! draw+s 7 made by ,turn]1 & are n[    
among ! *ief treasures ( ! ,ox=d        
,gall]ies4 ,i ought to add "s notice (  
,hog>? to ?is lecture 9 ! ,app5dix2 b   

fe> ,i %all h no "t3 besides1 ?\gh ,i h 
pr(\nd respect = ,hog>?1 z1 9 lit]ature1
 ,i h = ,field+1 ,i c't criticise !m1   
because ,i "k no?+ ( _! subjects4       
,,lecture ,,vi4         ,,design ,,9 ,,!
 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ools ,,( ,,engrav+4     
#aha4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! lectures1 ,i /at$  
to y _! subject1 z ! inve/igation ( !   
engrav$ "w ( a gr\p ( m51 to :om        
engrav+1 z a means ( popul> address1 0  
above all preci\s1 because _! art 0     
di/9ctively didactic4  ,"s ( my he>]s   
mu/ be aw>e t1 ( late ye>s1 ! ass]tion t
 art %\ld be didactic has be5 clamor\sly
 & viol5tly d]id$ by ! c\ntless cr[d (  
arti/s :o h no?+ to repres5t1 & ( writ]s
 :o h no?+ to say2 & t ! contr>y        
ass]tion--t art consi/s only 9 pretty   
colors & f9e words1--is accept$1 readily
 en\gh1 by a public :i* r>ely pauses to 
look at a picture ) att5tion1 or read a 
s5t5ce ) und]/&+4  #ahb4 ,g5tlem51      
believe me1 !re nev] 0 any great advanc+
 art yet1 nor c be1 )\t didactic        
purpose4 ,! lead]s ( ! /rong s*ools are1

 & mu/ be always1 ei!r tea*]s ( !ology1 
or prea*]s ( ! moral law4 ,i ne$ n tell 
y t x 0 z tea*]s ( !ology on ! walls ( !
 ,vatican t ! ma/]s ) ^: names y are mo/
 famili> obta9$ _! p]petual fame4 ,b    
h[ev] great _! fame1 y h n practically1 
,i imag9e1 ev] be5 mat]ially assi/$ 9   
y\r prep>ation = ! s*ools ei!r (        
philosophy or div9ity by ,raphael's     
',s*ool ( ,a!ns1' by ,raphael's         
',!ology1'--or by ,mi*ael ,angelo's     
',judgm5t4' ,my task1 to-day1 is to set 
be=e y "s "p ( ! design ( ! fir/ ,ma/] (
 ! works 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel2 & ,i believe
 t1 f 8 tea*+1 y w1 ev5 9 ! h\r :i* ,i  
ask y n[ to give1 le>n :at may be ( true
 use to y 9 all y\r future labor1 :e!r 9
 ,ox=d or else:]e4  #ahc4 ,y h d\btless1
 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 be5           
occasionally surpris$ by my speak+ (    
,holbe9 & ,s&ro ,botticelli1 z ,re=m]s1 
9 ! same tone ( respect1 & ) ! same     
impli$ ass]tion ( _! intellectual p[] & 
ag5cy1 ) :i* x is usual to speak ( ,lu!r
 & ,savon>ola4 ,y h be5 accu/om$1 inde$1

 to he> pa9t+ & sculpture spok5 ( z     
support+ or en=c+ ,*ur* doctr9e2 b nev] 
z re=m+ or *a/is+ x4 ,:e!r ,prote/ant or
 ,roman ,ca?olic1 y h admitt$ :at 9 ! "o
 case y held to be ! abuse ( pa9t+ 9 !  
fur!rance ( idolatry1--9 ! o!r1 its     
amiable & exalt+ m9i/ry to ! feebl5ess (
 fai?4 ,b nei!r has recogniz$1--!       
,prote/ant 8 ally1--or ! ,ca?olic 8     
enemy1 9 ! f> m e>ne/ "w ( ! great      
pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,prote/ant
 01 9 mo/ cases1 too vulg> to und]/& !  
aid (f]$ to him by pa9t+2 & 9 all cases 
too t]rifi$ to believe 9 x4 ,he drove ! 
gift-br++ ,greek ) imprecations f 8     
sect>ian =tress1 or receiv$ him )9 x    
only on ! condition t he %\ld speak no  
^w ( religion !re4  #ahd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
! ,ca?olic1 9 mo/ cases too indol5t to  
read1 &1 9 all1 too pr\d to dread1 !    
rebuke ( ! re=m+ pa9t]s1 confus$ !m ) ! 
cr[d ( 8 old flatt]]s1 & little notic$  
_! alt]$ language or _! grav] br[4 ,9 a 
little :ile1 f9d+ !y _h ceas$ to be     
amus+1 he effac$ _! works1 n z dang]\s1 

b z dull2 & recogniz$ only !nce=w>d1 z  
art1 ! innocu\s bomba/ ( ,mi*ael        
,angelo1 & flu5t effloresc5ce ( ,b]n9i4 
,b :5 y become m intimately & imp>tially
 acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation1 y w
 f9d t1 z surely & e>ne/ly z ,meml+ &   
,giotto /rove 9 ! nor? & s\? to set =? &
 exalt ! ,ca?olic fai?1 s surely &      
e>ne/ly did ,holbe9 & ,botticelli /rive1
 9 ! nor?1 to *a/ise1 &1 9 ! s\?1 to    
revive x4 ,9 :at mann]1 ,i w try to-day 
briefly to %[ y4  #ahe4 ,i "n ^! two m5 
z ! re=m+ lead]s3 !re 7 _m1 rank & file1
 :o work$ 9 alliance ) ,holbe92 )       
,botticelli1 two great ones1 ,lippi &   
,p]ug9o4 ,b bo? ( ^! _h s mu* pleasure 9
 _! own pictorial faculty1 t !y /rove to
 keep quiet1 & out ( h>m's              
way1--involunt>ily manife/+ !mselves    
sometimes1 h[ev]2 & n 9 ! wise/ mann]4  
,lippi's runn+ away ) a novice 0 n      
likely to be und]/ood z a /ep 9 ,*ur*   
re=mation correspond5t to ,lu!r's       
m>riage4,,z ,nor h ,prote/ant div9es1   
ev5 to ?is day1 recogniz$ ! real mean+ (

 ! reports ( ,p]ug9o's 'infidelity4'    
,botticelli1 ! pupil ( ! "o1 & !        
companion ( ! o!r1 held ! tru?s !y      
taught him ?r\gh sorr[ z well z joy2 &  
he is ! greate/ ( ! re=m]s1 because he  
prea*$ )\t blame2 ?\gh ! lea/ kn[n1     
because he di$ )\t victory4  ,i _h hop$ 
to be able to lay be=e y "s bett]       
biography ( him ?an ! traditions (      
,vas>i1 ( :i* ,i gave a %ort ab/ract "s 
"t back 9 ,=s ,clavig]a 7,lett]         
,,xxii472 b z yet ,i h only add$ int]nal
 evid5ce to ! popul> /ory1 ! m important
 po9ts ( :i* ,i mu/ review briefly4 ,x w
 n wa/e y\r "t if ,i read1--in/ead (    
m]ely giv+ y ref]5ce to1--! passages on 
:i* ,i mu/ comm5t4  #ahf4 ,8 fa!r1      
,m>iano ,filipepi1 a ,flor5t9e citiz51  
br\ght him up ) c>e1 & caus$ him to be  
in/ruct$ 9 all su* ?+s z are usually    
taught to *ildr5 be=e !y *oose a call+4 
,b al?\gh ! boy readily acquir$ :atev]  
he wi%$ to le>n1 yet 0 he con/antly     
discont5t$2 nei!r w\ld he take any      
pleasure 9 read+1 writ+1 or acc\nts1    

insomu* t ! fa!r1 di/urb$ by ! ecc5tric 
habits ( 8 son1 turn$ him ov] 9 despair 
to a gossip ( 81 call$ ,botticello1 :o 0
 a goldsmi?1 & consid]$ a v compet5t    
ma/] ( 8 art1 to ! int5t t ! boy might  
le>n ! same4  ,he took no pleasure 9    
read+1 writ+1 nor acc\nts6 ,y w f9d !   
same ?+ record$ ( ,cimabue2 b x is m    
curi\s :5 /at$ ( a man :om ,i cite to y 
z typically a g5tleman & a s*ol>4 ,b    
rememb]1 9 ^? days1 ?\gh !re 7 n s _m   
entirely correct books issu$ by !       
,religi\s ,tract ,society = boys to     
read1 !re 7 a great _m m pretty ?+s 9 ! 
_w = boys to see4 ,! ,val d',arno 0     
,pat]-no/] ,r[ to purpose2 _! ,fa!r's   
,r[1 ) books ( ,8 writ+ on ! m\nta9     
%elves4 ,& ! lad takes to look+ at ?+s1 
& ?9k+ ab\t !m1 in/ead ( read+ ab\t     
!m1--:i* ,i comm5d to y also1 z mu* ! m 
s*ol>ly practice ( ! two4 ,to ! end1    
?\gh he kn[s all ab\t ! cele/ial        
hi]>*ies1 he is n /rong 9 8 lett]s1 nor 
9 8 dialect4 ,i ask$ ,mr4 ,tyr:itt to   
help me ?r\gh ) a bit ( 8 ,italian ! o!r

 day4 ,mr4 ,tyr:itt c\ld only help me by
 sugge/+ t x 0 ,botticelli = s-&-s4 ,&  
"o ( ! m9or reasons :i* induc$ me s     
boldly to attribute ^! sibyls to him1   
in/ead ( ,b&9i1 is t ! lett]+ is s ill  
done4 ,! engrav] w\ld assur$ly h _h 8   
lett]+ all "r1--or at lea/ neat4        
,botticelli blund]s ?r\gh x1 scrat*es   
impati5tly out :5 he goes wrong3 & z ,i 
told y !re's no rep5tance 9 ! engrav]'s 
trade1 leaves all ! blund]s visible4    
#ahg4 ,i may add "o fact be>+ on ?is "q 
lately communicat$ to me4,,at ,9 !      
autumn ( #ahgb ,i possess$ myself ( an  
,italian book ( p5 draw+s1 "s1 ,i h no  
d\bt1 by ,mantegna 9 8 y\?1 o!rs by     
,s&ro himself4 ,9 exam9+ ^!1 ,i 0       
cont9ually /ruck by ! comp>atively      
feeble & blund]+ way 9 :i* ! titles 7   
writt51 :ile all ! re/ ( ! h&l+ 0 really
 sup]b2 & /ill m surpris$ :51 on !      
sleeves & hem ( ! robe ( "o ( ! pr9cipal
 figures ( wom51 7,hel5a rapita da      
,p>is17 ,i f\nd :at seem$ to be meant = 
inscriptions1 intricately embroid]$2 :i*

 nev]!less1 ?\gh beautifully drawn1 ,i  
c\ld n read4 ,9 copy+ ,botticelli's     
,zipporah ?is spr+1 ,i f\nd ! bord] ( h]
 robe wr\ght ) *>act]s ( ! same k9d1 :i*
 a "y pa9t]1 work+ ) me1 :o already kn[s
 ! m9or secrets ( ,italian art bett] ?an
 ,i1,,au assures me are lett]s1--&      
lett]s ( a language hi!rto undeciph]$4  
#ahh4 ,!re 0 at t "t a close connection 
& almo/ con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 !      
goldsmi?s & ! pa9t]s1 :]e=e ,s&ro1 :o   
possess$ consid]able +5uity1 & 0 /rongly
 dispos$ to ! arts ( design1 became     
enamor$ ( pa9t+1 & resolv$ to devote    
himself entirely to t vocation4 ,he     
ackn[l$g$ 8 purpose at once to 8 fa!r2 &
 ! latt]1 :o knew ! =ce ( 8 incl9ation1 
took him accord+ly to ! ,c>melite monk1 
,fra ,filippo1 :o 0 a mo/ excell5t pa9t]
 ( t "t1 ) :om he plac$ him to /udy !   
art1 z ,s&ro himself _h desir$4 ,devot+ 
himself !reupon entirely to ! vocation  
he _h *os51 ,s&ro s closely foll[$ !    
directions1 & imitat$ ! mann]1 ( 8 ma/]1
 t ,fra ,filippo conceiv$ a great love =

 him1 & in/ruct$ him s effectually1 t   
,s&ro rapidly atta9$ to su* a degree 9  
art z none w\ld h pr$ict$ = him4  ,i h  
be=e po9t$ out to y ! importance ( tra9+
 by ! goldsmi?4 ,s&ro got m good ( x1   
h[ev]1 ?an any ( ! o!r pa9t]s s         
educat$1--be+ enabl$ by x to use gold = 
light to color1 9 a gl[+ h>mony nev]    
rea*$ ) equal p]fection1 & r>ely        
attempt$1 9 ! lat] s*ools4 ,to ! la/1 8 
pa9t+s are p>tly treat$ z "w 9 niello2 &
 he names himself1 9 p]petual gratitude1
 f ?is fir/ artisan ma/]4 ,nev]!less1 ! 
=tunate fell[ f9ds1 at ! "r mom5t1      
ano!r1 ev5 m to 8 m9d1 & is ob$i5t to   
him ?r\gh 8 y\?1 z to ! o!r ?r\gh 8     
*ildhood4 ,& ?is ma/] loves him2 &      
in/ructs him 's effectually1'--9 gr9d+  
colors1 d y suppose1 only2 or 9 lay+ (  
l9es only2 or 9 any?+ m ?an ^!8  #ahi4  
,i w tell y :at ,lippi mu/ h taught any 
boy :om he lov$4 ,fir/1 humility1 & to  
live 9 joy & peace1 injur+ no man--if   
su* innoc5ce might be4 ,no?+ is s       
manife/ 9 e face by him1 z its g5tl5ess 

& re/4 ,secondly1 to f9i% 8 "w p]fectly1
 & 9 su* temp] t ! angels might say (   
x--n he himself--',i/e p]fecit opus4' ,d
 y rememb] :at ,i told y 9 ! ,eagle's   
,ne/ 7,sec4 #ec71 t true humility 0 9   
hop+ t angels might sometimes admire our
 "w2 n 9 hop+ t we %\ld ev] be able to  
admire !irs8 ,?irdly1--a little ?+ x    
seems1 b 0 a great "o1--love ( fl[]s4   
,no "o draws su* lilies or su* daisies z
 ,lippi4 ,botticelli beat him aft]w>ds 9
 roses1 b nev] 9 lilies4 ,f\r?ly1 due   
honor = classical tradition4 ,lippi is !
 only religi\s pa9t] :o dresses ,john   
,bapti/ 9 ! camelsk91 z ! ,greeks dress$
 ,h]acles 9 ! lion's--ov] ! head4       
,la/ly1 & *iefly ( all1--,le ,p]e       
,hyac9! taught 8 pupil c]ta9 views ab\t 
! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* ! boy ?\ght ( m
 deeply ?an 8 tutor1 & t by a great     
deal2 & ,ma/] ,s&ro pres5tly got himself
 into su* "q = pa9t+ h]esy1 t if he _h  
be5 z hot-head$ z he 0 true-he>t$1 he   
w\ld soon h come to bad end by !        
t>-b>rel4 ,b he is s sweet & s mode/1 t 

nobody is fright5$2 s clev]1 t ev]ybody 
is pleas$3 & at la/1 actually ! ,pope   
s5ds = him to pa9t 8 own private        
*apel1--:]e ! fir/ ?+ my "y g5tleman    
does1 m9d y1 is to pa9t ! devil 9 a     
monk's dress1 tempt+ ,*ri/6 ,! saucie/  
?+1 out & out1 done 9 ! hi/ory ( !      
,re=mation1 x seems to me2 yet s wisely 
done1 & ) su* true respect o!rwise %[n =
 :at 0 sacr$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 t ! ,pope didn't
 m9d3 & all w5t on z m]rily z m>riage   
bells4  #aij4 ,i h anticipat$1 h[ev]1 9 
tell+ y ?is1 ! prop] c\rse ( 8          
biography1 to :i* ,i n[ return4  ,:ile  
/ill a y\? he pa9t$ ! figure ( ,=titude1
 among ^? pictures ( ! ,virtues :i*     
,antonio & ,pietro ,pollaiuolo 7 execut+
 9 ! ,m]catanzia1 or ,tribunal (        
,comm]ce1 9 ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,santo         
,spirito1 a *ur* ( ! same city1 he pa9t$
 a picture = ! *apel ( ! ,b>di family3  
?is "w he execut$ ) great dilig5ce1 &   
f9i%$ x v successfully1 depict+ c]ta9   
olive & palm trees !re9 ) extraord9>y   
c>e4  ,x is by a beautiful *ance t !    

fir/ "w ( 81 specifi$ by 8 ,italian     
biograph]1 %\ld be ! ,=titude4,,av ,note
 also :at is said ( 8 tree draw+4       
,hav+1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is "w1 obta9$ mu*
 cr$it & reputation1 ,s&ro 0 appo9t$ by 
! ,guild ( ,porta ,santa ,m>ia to pa9t a
 picture 9 ,san ,m>co1 ! subject ( :i*  
is ! ,coronation ( ,our ,lady1 :o is    
surr\nd$ by a *oir ( angels--! :ole     
extremely well design$1 & f9i%$ by !    
arti/ ) inf9ite c>e4 ,he execut$ v>i\s  
works 9 ! ,m$ici ,palace = ! eld]       
,lor5zo1 m p>ticul>ly a figure ( ,pallas
 on a %ield wrea!d ) v9e bran*es1 :5ce  
flames are proce$+3 ?is he pa9t$ ( !    
size ( life4 ,a ,san ,seba/iano 0 also  
among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! works execut$ 
= ,lor5zo4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia     
,maggiore1 9 ,flor5ce1 is a ,pieta1 )   
small figures1 by ?is ma/]3 ?is is a v  
beautiful "w4 ,= diff]5t h\ses 9 v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! city ,s&ro pa9t$ _m pictures ( 
a r\nd =m1 ) num]\s figures ( wom5      
undrap$4 ,( ^! !re are /ill two examples
 at ,ca/ello1 a villa ( ! ,duke         

,cosimo1--"o repres5t+ ! bir? ( ,v5us1  
:o is borne to e>? by ! ,loves &        
,zephyrs2 ! second also pres5t+ ! figure
 ( ,v5us cr[n$ ) fl[]s by ! ,graces3 %e 
is "h int5d$ to d5ote ! ,spr+1 & !      
allegory is express$ by ! pa9t] )       
extraord9>y grace4  ,our "y ,re=m]      
ent]s1 x seems1 on a v miscellane\s     
c\rse ( /udy2 ! ,coronation ( ,our      
,lady2 ,/4 ,seba/ian2 ,pallas 9         
v9e-leaves2 & ,v5us1--)\t fig-leaves4 ,n
 :olly ,calv9i/ic1 ,fra ,filippo's tea*+
 seems to h be56 ,all ! bett] = !       
boy--be+ su* a boy z he 03 b ,i _c 9 ?is
 lecture ent] f>!r into my reasons =    
say+ s4  #aia4 ,vas>i1 h[ev]1 has %ot f>
 ahead 9 tell+ u ( ?is picture ( !      
,spr+1 :i* is "o ( ,botticelli's        
complete/ works4 ,long be=e he 0 able to
 pa9t ,greek nymphs1 he _h done 8 be/ 9 
idealism ( great] spirits2 &1 :ile yet q
 a y\?1 pa9t$1 at ,ca/ello1 !           
,assumption ( ,our ,lady1 ) ! patri>*s1 
! prophets1 ! apo/les1 ! evangeli/s1 !  
m>tyrs1 ! confessors1 ! doctors1 !      

virg9s1 & ! hi]>*ies6  ,imag9e ?is      
subject propos$ to a "y1 7or ev5 old7   
,briti% ,arti/1 = 8 next appeal to      
public s5sation at ! ,academy6 ,b d y   
suppose t ! "y ,briti% arti/ is wis] & m
 civiliz$ ?an ,lippi's s*ol>1 because 8 
only idea ( a patri>* is ( a man ) a    
long be>d2 ( a doctor1 ! ,m4,d4 ) !     
brass plate ov] ! way2 & ( a virg91     
,miss ---- ( ! ---- !at]8  ,n t ev5     
,s&ro 0 able1 accord+ to ,vas>i's       
report1 to conduct ! entire design      
himself4 ,! propos] ( ! subject assi/$  
him2 & !y made "s modifications 9 !     
!ology1 :i* br\ght !m bo? into tr\ble--s
 e>ly did ,s&ro's innovat+ "w beg91 into
 :i* subjects our gossip+ fri5d waives  
unnecess>y inquiry1 z foll[s4  ,b al?\gh
 ?is picture is exce$+ly beautiful1 &   
ought to h put envy to %ame1 yet !re 7  
f\nd c]ta9 malevol5t & c5sori\s p]sons  
:o1 n be+ able to affix any o!r blame to
 ! "w1 decl>$ t ,matteo & ,s&ro _h err$ 
gravely 9 t matt]1 & _h fall5 into      
griev\s h]esy4  ,n[1 :e!r ?is be true or

 n1 let none expect ! judgm5t ( t "q f  
me3 x %all suffice me to note t !       
figures execut$ by ,s&ro 9 t "w are     
entirely wor?y ( praise2 & t ! pa9s he  
took 9 depict+ ^? circles ( ! heav5s mu/
 h be5 v great1 to say no?+ ( ! angels  
m+l$ ) ! o!r figures1 or ( ! v>i\s      
=e%ort5+s1 all :i* are design$ 9 a v    
good mann]4  ,ab\t ?is "t ,s&ro receiv$ 
a commission to pa9t a small picture )  
figures ?ree p>ts ( a braccio high1--!  
subject an ,adoration ( ! ,magi4  ,x is 
inde$ a mo/ admirable "w2 ! composition1
 ! design1 & ! color+ are s beautiful t 
e arti/ :o exam9es x is a/oni%$2 &1 at !
 "t1 x obta9$ s great a "n 9 ,flor5ce1 &
 o!r places1 = ! ma/]1 t ,pope ,sixtus  
,,iv4 hav+ erect$ ! *apel built by him 9
 8 palace at ,rome1 & desir+ to h x     
adorn$ ) pa9t+s1 comm&$ t ,s&ro         
,botticelli %\ld be appo9t$ ,sup]9t5d5t 
( ! "w4  #aib4 ,vas>i's words1 ab\t ?is 
"t1 are evid5tly wrong4 ,x mu/ h be5 _m 
& _m a day aft] he pa9t$ ,matteo's      
picture t he took su* high /&+ 9        

,flor5ce z to receive ! ma/]%ip ( !     
works 9 ! ,pope's *apel at ,rome4 ,( 8  
position & do+s !re1 ,i w tell y        
pres5tly2 meantime1 let u complete !    
/ory ( 8 life4  ,by ^! works ,botticelli
 obta9$ great honor & reputation among !
 _m competitors :o 7 labor+ ) him1 :e!r 
,flor5t9es or natives ( o!r cities1 &   
receiv$ f ! ,pope a consid]able sum (   
money2 b ?is he consum$ & squ&]$        
totally1 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,rome1 :]e he
 liv$ )\t due c>e1 z 0 8 habit4  #aic4  
,well1 b "o w\ld h lik$ to he> h[ he    
squ&]$ 8 money1 & :e!r he 0 )\t c>e--(  
o!r ?+s ?an money4  ,x is j possible1   
,ma/] ,vas>i1 t ,botticelli may h laid  
out 8 money at high] int]e/ ?an y "k (2 
meantime1 he is advanc+ 9 life & ?\ght1 
& becom+ less & less compreh5sible to 8 
biograph]4 ,& at l5g?1 hav+ got rid1    
someh[1 ( ! money he receiv$ f ! ,pope2 
& f9i%$ ! "w he _h to d1 & uncov]$      
x1--free 9 consci5ce1 & empty 9 purse1  
he return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e1 be+ a      
sophi/ical p]son1 he made a comm5t on a 

"p ( ,dante1 & drew ! ,inf]no1 & put x 9
 engrav+1 9 :i* he consum$ mu* "t2 & n  
work+ = ?is reason1 br\ght inf9ite      
disord] into 8 affairs4  #aid4 ,unpaid  
"w1 ?is engrav+ ( ,dante1 y             
p]ceive1--consum+ mu* "t also1 & n      
appe>+ to ,vas>i to be "w at all4 ,x is 
b a %ort s5t5ce1 g5tlem51--?is1 9 ! old 
edition ( ,vas>i1 & obscurely word$1--a 
v fooli% p]son's contemptu\s report ( a 
?+ to him totally incompreh5sible4 ,b ! 
?+ itself is out-&-out ! mo/ important  
fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s art (      
,italy4 ,i c %[ y its significance 9 n  
_m m words ?an h s]v$ to record x4      
,botticelli _h be5 pa9t+ 9 ,rome2 & _h  
expressly *os5 to repres5t !re1--be+    
,ma/] ( ,works1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,def5d] 
( ! ,fai?1--! f\ndation ( ! ,mosaic law2
 to 8 m9d ! ,et]nal ,law ( ,god1--t law 
( :i* mod]n ,evangelicals s+ p]petually 
_! own orig9al psalm1 ,oh1 h[ hate ,i   
,?y law6 x is my abom9ation all ! day4  
,return+ to ,flor5ce1 he reads ,dante's 
vision ( ! ,hell creat$ by its          

violation4 ,he kn[s t ! pictures he has 
pa9t$ 9 ,rome _c be und]/ood by ! p2 !y 
are exclusively = ! be/ tra9$ s*ol>s 9 !
 ,*ur*4 ,dante1 on ! o!r h&1 c only be  
read 9 manuscript2 b ! p c\ld & w\ld    
und]/& 8 lessons1 if !y 7 pictur$ 9     
accessible & endur+ =m4 ,he ?r[s all 8  
own laud$ "w aside1--all = :i* he is mo/
 honor$1 & 9 :i* 8 n[ matur$ &          
magnific5t skill is z easy to him z s++ 
to a p]fect musician4 ,& he sets himself
 to a s]vile & despis$ labor1--8 fri5ds 
mock+ him1 8 res\rces fail+ him1 inf9ite
 'disord]' gett+ into 8 affairs--( ?is  
_w4  #aie4 ,nev] su* ano!r ?+ happ5$ 9  
,italy any m4 ,botticelli engrav$ h]    
,pilgrim's ,progress = h]1 putt+ himself
 9 prison to d x4 ,%e w\ld n read x :5  
done4 ,raphael & ,m>c ,antonio 7 !      
!ologians = h] money4 ,pretty ,madonnas1
 & satyrs ) abundance ( tail1--let our  
pilgrim's progress be 9 ^! directions1  
if y please4  ,botticelli's own         
pilgrimage1 h[ev]1 0 n[ to be accompli%$
 triumphantly1 ) su* cr[n+ bless+s z    

,heav5 might grant to him4 ,9 spite ( 8 
fri5ds & 8 disord]$ affairs1 he w5t 8   
own ob/9ate way2 & f\nd ano!r man's     
words wor? engrav+ z well z ,dante's2 n 
)\t p]petuat+1 also1 :at he deem$ wor?y 
( 8 own4  #aif4 ,:at w\ld t be1 ?9k y8  
,8 *os5 works be=e ! ,pope 9 ,rome8--8  
admir$ ,madonnas 9 ,flor5ce8--8 *oirs ( 
angels & ?ickets ( fl[]s8 ,"s few ( ^!  
yes1 z y %all pres5tly see2 b ! be/     
attempt ( ?is k9d f 8 h& is ! ,triumph (
 ,fai?1 by ,fra ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 ( 
,f]r>a1 ( ^: sect our arti/ 0 s zeal\s a
 p>tisan t he totally ab&on$ pa9t+1 & n 
hav+ any o!r means ( liv+1 he fell into 
v great difficulties4 ,b 8 atta*m5t to !
 p>ty he _h adopt$ increas$2 he became  
:at 0 !n call$ a ,piagnone1 or ,m\rn]1 &
 ab&on$ all labor2 insomu* t1 f9d+      
himself at l5g? become old1 be+ also v  
poor1 he mu/ h di$ ( hung] _h he n be5  
support$ by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 = :om he
 _h work$ at ! small hospital ( ,volt]ra
 & o!r places1 :o assi/$ him :ile he    
liv$1 z did o!r fri5ds & admir]s ( 8    

tal5ts4  #aig4 ,9 su* dignity &         
indep5d5ce--hav+ employ$ 8 tal5ts n     
:olly at ! ord]s ( ! deal]--di$1 a poor 
b$esman ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 !         
,presid5t ( t high academy ( art 9      
,rome1 ^: ,academicians 7 ,p]ug9o1      
,ghirl&ajo1 ,angelico1 & ,signorelli2 & 
^: /ud5ts1 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4  
',a wor?less1 ill-conduct$ fell[ on !   
:ole1' ?9ks ,vas>i1 ') a crazy fancy =  
scrat*+ on copp]4'  ,well1 "h are "s ( !
 scrat*es = y to see2 only1 fir/1 ,i mu/
 ask y s]i\sly = a few mom5ts to consid]
 :at ! two p[]s 71 :i*1 ) ?is iron p5 ( 
81 he has set himself to reprove4  #aih4
 ,two great =ms ( au?ority reign$ ov] ! 
entire civiliz$ _w1 confess$ly1 & by "n1
 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!y reign ov] x     
/ill1 & mu/ =ev]1 ?\gh at pres5t v f> f 
confess$2 &1 9 mo/ places1 rag+ly d5i$4 
,! fir/ p[] is t ( ! ,tea*]1 or true    
,fa!r2 ! ,fa!r '9 ,god4' ,x may         
be--happy ! *ildr5 to :om x is--! actual
 fa!r also2 & ^: p>5ts h be5 _! tutors4 
,b1 = ! mo/ "p1 x w be "s "o else :o    

tea*es !m1 & molds _! m9ds & bra94 ,all 
su* tea*+1 :5 true1 be+ f above1 & com+ 
d[n f ! ,fa!r ( ,lights1 ) :om is no    
v>iabl5ess1 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+1 is      
prop]ly t ( ! holy ,ca?olic ',greek3    
ekklesia1' c\ncil1 *ur*1 or papacy1 ( _m
 fa!rs 9 ,god1 n ( "o4 ,et]nally p[]ful 
& div9e2 rev]5c$ ( all humble & l[ly    
s*ol>s1 9 ,jewry1 9 ,greece1 9 ,rome1 9 
,gaul1 9 ,engl&1 & beyond sea1 f ,arctic
 zone to zone4  ,! second au?ority is ! 
p[] ( ,national ,law1 en=c+ ju/ice 9    
conduct by due rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,p[]   
ve/$ necess>ily 9 magi/rates capable (  
adm9i/]+ x ) m]cy & equity2 ^: au?ority1
 be x ( _m or few1 is aga9 div9e1 z     
proce$+ f ! ,k+ ( k+s1 & 0 ackn[l$g$1   
?r\gh\t civiliz$ ,*ri/5dom1 z ! p[] ( ! 
,holy ,empire1 or ,holy ,roman ,empire1 
because fir/ ?ron$ 9 ,rome2 b x is =ev] 
also ackn[l$g$1 namelessly1 or by "n1 by
 all loyal1 ob$i5t1 j1 & humble he>ts1  
:i* truly desire t1 :e!r = !m or aga9/  
!m1 ! et]nal equities & dooms ( ,heav5  
%\ld be pron\nc$ & execut$2 & z ! wisdom

 or ^w ( _! ,fa!r %\ld be taught1 s ! w 
( _! ,fa!r %\ld be done1 on e>?1 z x is 
9 heav54  #aii4 ,y all "h "k :at        
cont5tion1 fir/1 & !n :at corruption &  
di%onor1 _h p>alyz$ ^! two p[]s be=e !  
days ( :i* we n[ speak4 ,repro(1 & ei!r 
re=m or rebellion1 became necess>y      
ev]y:]e4 ,! nor!rn ,re=m]s1 ,holbe91 &  
,lu!r1 & ,h5ry1 & ,cromwell1 set        
!mselves to _! task rudely1 &1 x might  
seem1 c>ri$ x ?r\gh4 ,! s\!rn ,re=m]s1  
,dante1 & ,savon>ola1 & ,botticelli1 set
 h& to _! task rev]5tly1 &1 x seem$1 did
 n by any means c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,b ! end  
is n yet4  #bjj4 ,n[ ,i %all endeavor   
to-day to set be=e y ! art (            
,botticelli1 especially z exhibit+ !    
mode/y ( great imag9ation tra9$ 9       
rev]5ce1 :i* *>act]iz$ ! s\!rn ,re=m]s2 
& z oppos$ to ! immode/y ( n>r[         
imag9ation1 tra9$ 9 self-tru/1 :i*      
*>act]iz$ ! nor!rn ,re=m]s4  ',! mode/y 
( great imag9ation2' t is to say1 ( !   
p[] :i* conceives all ?+s 9 true        
relation1 & n only z !y affect          

ourselves4 ,i c %[ y ?is mo/ def9itely  
by tak+ "o example ( ! mod]n1 & uns*ool$
 temp]1 9 ,bewick2,,aw & sett+ x beside 
,botticelli's treatm5t ( ! same subject 
( ?\ght1--namely1 ! mean+ ( w>1 & !     
re=ms necess>y 9 ! c>ry+ on ( w>4  #bja4
 ,bo? ! m5 are entirely at "o 9 _!      
purpose4 ,!y ye>n = peace & ju/ice to   
rule ov] ! e>?1 in/ead ( ! sword2 b see 
h[ diff]5tly !y w say :at is 9 _! he>ts 
to ! p !y address4 ,to ,bewick1 w> 0 m  
an absurdity ?an x 0 a horror3 he _h n  
se5 battle-fields1 /ill less _h he read 
( !m1 9 anci5t days4 ,he c>$ no?+ ab\t  
h]oes1--,greek1 ,roman1 or ,norman4 ,:at
 he knew1 & saw cle>ly1 0 t ,f>m]       
,hodge's boy w5t out ( ! village "o     
holiday aft]noon1 a f9e "y fell[1 r     
drunk1 ) a color$ ribbon 9 8 hat2 & came
 back1 t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 ) "o leg1 "o   
eye1 an old r$ coat1 & a tobacco-pipe 9 
! pocket ( x4 ,t is :at he has got to   
say1 ma9ly4 ,s1 = ! pa!tic side ( !     
bus9ess1 he draws y two old soldi]s     
meet+ z bricklay]s' labor]s2 & = !      

absurd side ( x1 he draws a /one1 slop+ 
sideways ) age1 9 a b>e field1 on :i* y 
c j read1 out ( a long inscription1 !   
words glori\s victory2 b no "o is !re to
 read !m1--only a jackass1 :o uses !    
/one to scrat* himself aga9/4  #bjb4 ,n[
 comp>e ) ?is ,botticelli's repro( ( w>4
 ,he _h se5 x1 & (t52 & betwe5 noble    
p]sons2--knew ! temp] 9 :i* ! noble/    
knights w5t out to x2--knew ! /r5g?1 !  
pati5ce1 ! glory1 & ! grief ( x4 ,he    
w\ld fa9 see 8 ,flor5ce 9 peace2 & yet  
he kn[s t ! wise/ ( h] citiz5s are h]   
brave/ soldi]s4 ,s he seeks = ! ideal ( 
a soldi]1 & = ! greate/ glory ( w>1 t 9 
! pres5ce ( ^! he may speak rev]5tly1   
:at he mu/ speak4 ,he does n g to       
,greece = 8 h]o4 ,he is n sure t ev5 h] 
patriotic w>s 7 always "r4 ,b1 by 8     
religi\s fai?1 he _c d\bt ! nobl5ess ( !
 soldi] :o put ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 9     
possession ( _! promis$ l&1 & to :om !  
sign ( ! cons5t ( heav5 0 giv5 by its   
paus+ light 9 ! valley ( ,ajalon4 ,mu/  
!n sett+ sun & ris5 moon /ay1 he ?9ks1  

only to look ^u slaught]8 ,may no soldi]
 ( ,*ri/ bid !m /ay o!rwise ?an s8 ,he  
draws ,jo%ua1 b quitt+ 8 hold ( ! sword3
 its hilt re/s on 8 b5t knee2 & he      
kneels be=e ! sun1 n comm&s x2 & ?is is 
8 pray]3--  ,oh1 ,k+ ( k+s1 & ,"l (     
lords1 :o alone rule/ always 9 et]nity1 
& :o correcte/ all our w&]+s1--,giv] (  
melody to ! *oir ( ! angels1 li/5 ,?\ a 
little to our bitt] grief1 & come & rule
 u1 oh ,?\ highe/ ,k+1 ) ,?y love :i* is
 s sweet6  ,is n t a little bett]1 & a  
little wis]1 ?an ,bewick's jackass8 ,is 
x n also bett]1 & wis]1 ?an ! sne] (    
mod]n sci5ce8 ',:at great m5 are        
we6--we1 =soo?1 c make almanacs1 & "k t 
! e>? turns r\nd4 ,jo%ua inde$6 ,let u h
 no m talk ( ! old-clo!s-man4'  ,all    
,bewick's simplicity is 9 t2 b none (   
,bewick's und]/&+4  #bjc4 ,i pass to !  
attack made by ,botticelli ^u ! guilt ( 
weal?4 ,s ,i _h at fir/ writt52 b ,i    
%\ld r h writt51 ! appeal made by him   
aga9/ ! cruelty ( weal?1 !n fir/ atta9+ 
! p[] x has ma9ta9$ to ?is day4  ,!     

practice ( receiv+ int]e/ _h be5 conf9$1
 until ?is fifte5? c5tury1 ) contempt & 
mal$iction1 to ! pr(ession1 s /yl$1 (   
usur]s1 or to ! ,jews4 ,! m]*ants (     
,augsburg introduc$ x z a conv5i5t &    
pleasant practice among ,*ri/ians also2 
& insi/$ t x 0 decor\s & prop] ev5 among
 respectable m]*ants4 ,9 ! view ( !     
,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( _! day1 !y might m     
reasonably h set !mselves to def5d      
adult]y4,,ax ,h[ev]1 !y appo9t$ ,dr4    
,john ,eck1 ( ,+old/adt1 to hold debates
 9 all possible univ]sities1 at _!      
exp5se1 on ! all[+ ( int]e/2 & z ^!     
,augsburg]s _h 9 ,v5ice _! special m>t1 
,fondaco1 call$ ( ! ,g]mans1 _! new     
notions came into direct collision ) old
 ,v5etian ones1 & 7 mu* h9d]$ by !m1 &  
all ! m1 because1 9 opposition to ,dr4  
,john ,eck1 !re 0 prea*+ on ! o!r side (
 ! ,alps4 ,! ,franciscans1 poor         
!mselves1 prea*$ m]cy to ! poor3 "o (   
!m1 ,bro!r ,m>co ( ,san ,gallo1 plann$ !
 ',m\nt ( ,pity' = _! def5se1 & !       
m]*ants ( ,v5ice set up ! fir/ 9 ! _w1  

aga9/ ! ,g]man ,fondaco4 ,! dispute     
burn$ f> on t[>ds our own times4 ,y     
p]haps h he>d be=e ( "o ,antonio1 a     
m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 :o p]si/5tly reta9$ !  
!n obsolete practice ( l5d+ money       
gratis1 & ( ! p]il x br\ght him into ) !
 usur]s4 ,b y p]haps did n be=e "k :y x 
0 ! fle%1 or he>t ( fle%1 9 him1 t !y s 
hat$4  #bjd4 ,aga9/ ?is newly ris5 demon
 ( au?oriz$ usury1 ,holbe9 & ,botticelli
 w5t out to w> toge!r4 ,holbe91 z we h  
p>tly se5 9 8 designs = ! ,dance (      
,dea?1 /ruck ) all 8 soldi]'s /r5g?4,,ay
 ,botticelli uses nei!r satire nor      
reproa*4 ,he turns altoge!r away f !    
crim9als2 appeals only to heav5 = def5se
 aga9/ !m4 ,he engraves ! design :i*1 ( 
all 8 "w1 mu/ h co/ him h>de/ toil 9 its
 execution1--! ,virg9 pray+ to h] ,son 9
 heav5 = pity ^u ! poor3 ,= ^! are also 
my *ildr54,,az ,und]nea?1 are ! sev5    
works ( ,m]cy2 & 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 ! build+
 ( ! ,m\nt ( ,pity3 9 ! di/ance lies    
,italy1 mapp$ 9 cape & bay1 ) ! cities  
:i* _h f\nd$ m\nts ( pity1--,v5ice 9 !  

di/ance1 *ief4 ,little se51 b engrav$ ) 
! ma/]'s lovelie/ c>e1 9 ! backgr\nd !re
 is a gr\p ( two small figures--!       
,franciscan bro!r kneel+1 & an angel (  
,victory cr[n+ him4  #bje4 ,i call x an 
angel ( ,victory1 obs]ve1 ) assurance2  
al?\gh !re is no leg5d claim+ victory1  
or di/+ui%+ ?is angel f any o!r ( ^? :i*
 adorn ) cr[ns ( fl[]s ! nameless cr[ds 
( ! bless$4 ,= ,botticelli has o!r ways 
( speak+ ?an by writt5 leg5ds4 ,i "k by 
a glance at ?is angel t he has tak5 !   
action ( x f a ,greek co92 & ,i "k also 
t he _h n1 9 8 own exub]ant fancy1 !    
lea/ ne$ to copy ! action ( any figure  
:atev]4 ,s ,i und]/&1 z well z if he    
spoke to me1 t he expects me1 if ,i am  
an educat$ g5tleman1 to recognize ?is   
p>ticul> action z a ,greek angel's2 & to
 "k t x is a temporal victory :i* x     
cr[ns4  #bjf4 ,& n[ f>!r1 obs]ve1 t ?is 
classical le>n+ ( ,botticelli's1 receiv$
 by him1 z ,i told y1 z a native elem5t 
( 8 be+1 gives n only great] dignity &  
g5tl5ess1 b f> wid] range1 to 8 ?\ghts (

 ,re=mation4 ,z he asks = pity f ! cruel
 ,jew to ! poor ,g5tile1 s he asks =    
pity f ! pr\d ,*ri/ian to ! untaught    
,g5tile4 ,nay1 = m ?an pity1 = fell[%ip1
 & ackn[l$gm5t ( equality be=e ,god4 ,! 
le>n$ m5 ( 8 age 9 g5]al br\ght back !  
,greek my?ology z anti-,*ri/ian4 ,b     
,botticelli & ,p]ug9o1 z pre-,*ri/ian2  
nor only z pre-,*ri/ian1 b z ! f\ndation
 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b *iefly ,botticelli1 )
 p]fect grasp ( ! ,mosaic & classic     
!ology1 ?\ght ov] & seiz$ ! h>monies (  
bo?2 & he x 0 :o gave ! conception ( t  
great *oir ( ! prophets & sibyls1 ( :i* 
,mi*ael ,angelo1 m or less ignorantly   
borr[+ x 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 9 great "p  
lo/ ! mean+1 :ile he magnifi$ ! aspect4 
#bjg4 ,=1 inde$1 all ,*ri/ian & hea!n   
my?ology _h alike become to ,mi*ael     
,angelo only a vehicle = ! display ( 8  
own p[]s ( draw+ limbs & trunks3 & hav+ 
resolv$1 & made ! _w ( 8 day believe1 t 
all ! glory ( design lay 9 v>iety (     
difficult attitude1 he fl+s ! nak$      
bodies ab\t 8 ceil+ ) an uphol/]]'s     

+5uity ( appliance to ! corn]s !y c\ld  
fit1 b ) total abs5ce ( any legible     
mean+4 ,nor d ,i suppose t "o p]son 9 a 
million1 ev5 ( ^? :o h "s acqua9tance ) 
! e>li] ma/]s1 takes pati5ce 9 ! ,si/9e 
,*apel to conceive ! orig9al design4 ,b 
,botticelli's ma/]%ip ( ! works evid5tly
 0 giv5 to him z a !ologian1 ev5 m ?an z
 a pa9t]2 & ! mom5t :5 he came to ,rome 
to receive x1 y may hold = ! crisis ( ! 
,re=mation 9 ,italy4 ,! ma9 ef=t to save
 h] prie/hood 0 ab\t to be made by h]   
wise/ ,re=m]1--face to face ) ! head (  
h] ,*ur*1--n 9 conte/ ) him1 b 9 !      
humble/ subjection to him2 & 9 adornm5t 
( 8 own *apel = 8 own delight1 & m ?an  
delight1 if x might be4  #bjh4 ,s&ro    
br+s to "w1 n "u him1 b ) him1 ! ?ree   
o!r /ronge/ & wor?ie/ m5 he kn[s1       
,p]ug9o1 ,ghirl&ajo1 & ,luca            
,signorelli4 ,!re is evid5tly entire    
fell[%ip 9 ?\ght betwe5 ,botticelli &   
,p]ug9o4 ,!y two toge!r plan ! :ole2 &  
,botticelli1 ?\gh ! ma/]1 yields to     
,p]ug9o ! pr9cipal place1 ! end ( !     

*apt]1 on :i* is to be ! ,assumption ( !
 ,virg94 ,x 0 ,p]ug9o's favorite        
subject1 done ) 8 c5tral /r5g?2 assur$ly
 ! cr[n+ "w ( 8 life1 & ( lovely        
,*ri/ian art 9 ,europe4  ,mi*ael ,angelo
 pa9t$ x out1 & drew devils & dead      
bodies all ov] ! wall in/ead4 ,b !re    
rema9s to u1 happily1 ! s]ies ( subjects
 design$ by ,botticelli to lead up to   
?is lo/ "o4  #bji4 ,he came1 ,i said1 n 
to attack1 b to re/ore ! ,papal         
au?ority4 ,to %[ ! p[] ( inh]it$ honor1 
& univ]sal claim ( div9e law1 9 ! ,jewi%
 & ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1--! law deliv]$ fir/  
by ,moses2 !n1 9 f9al grace & tru?1 by  
,*ri/4  ,he design$ twelve great        
pictures1 ea* conta9+ "s tw5ty figures !
 size ( life1 & gr\ps ( small] ones     
sc>cely to be c\nt$4 ,twelve            
pictures1--six to illu/rate ! giv+ ( !  
law by ,moses2 & six1 ! ratification &  
completion ( x by ,*ri/4 ,ev5t by ev5t1 
! jurisprud5ce ( ea* disp5sation is     
trac$ f dawn to close 9 ?is             
correspond5ce4         #a4 ,cov5ant (   

,circumcision4        #b4 ,entrance on 8
 ,m9i/ry by ,moses4        #c4 ,moses by
 ! ,r$ ,sea4        #d4 ,deliv]y ( ,law 
on ,s9ai4        #e4 ,de/ruction (      
,korah4        #f4 ,dea? ( ,moses4      
#g4 ,cov5ant ( ,baptism4        #h4     
,entrance on ,8 ,m9i/ry by ,*ri/4       
#i4 ,pet] & ,&rew by ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 
#aj4 ,s]mon on ,m\nt4       #aa4 ,giv+  
,keys to ,/4 ,pet]4       #ab4 ,la/     
,supp]4  ,( ^! pictures1 ,s&ro pa9t$    
?ree himself1 ,p]ug9o ?ree1 & !         
,assumption2 ,ghirl&ajo "o1 ,signorelli 
"o1 & ,rosselli f\r4,,ba ,i believe t   
,s&ro int5d$ to take ! ro( also1 & _h   
sket*$ out ! ma9 succession ( its       
design2 & t ! prophets & sibyls :i* he  
meant to pa9t1 he drew fir/ small1 &    
engrav$ 8 draw+s aft]w>ds1 t "s "p ( !  
"w might be1 at all ev5ts1 ?us          
communicable to ! _w outside ( !        
,vatican4  #baj4 ,x is n (t5 t ,i tell y
 my beliefs2 b ,i am =c$ "h1 = !re are  
no dates to f\nd m on4 ,is x n wond]ful 
t among all ! inf9ite mass ( fools'     

?\ghts ab\t ! maje/ic works ( ,mi*ael   
,angelo 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 no slightly m
 rational p]son has ev] ask$ :at ! *apel
 0 fir/ meant to be l1 & h[ x 0 to be   
ro($8  ,nor c ,i assume myself1 /ill    
less y1 t all ^! prophets & sibyls are  
,botticelli's4 ,( _m !re are two        
engrav+s1 ) v>iations3 "s are inf]ior 9 
p>ts1 _m altoge!r4 ,he sign$ none2 nev] 
put gr& tablets ) ',s4 ,b4' into 8      
skies2 _h o!r lett]s ?an ^? to engrave1 
& no "t to sp>e4 ,i h *os5 out ( ! s]ies
 ?ree ( ! sibyls1 :i* h1 ,i ?9k1 cle>   
int]nal evid5ce ( be+ 82 & ^! y %all    
comp>e ) ,mi*ael ,angelo's4 ,b fir/ ,i  
mu/ put y 9 m9d :at ! sibyls 74  #baa4  
,z ! prophets repres5t ! voice ( ,god 9 
man1 ! sibyls repres5t ! voice ( ,god 9 
nature4 ,!y are prop]ly all =ms ( "o    
sibyl1 ,greek3 ,dios ,b\le1 ! c\nsel (  
,god2 & ! *ief "o1 at lea/ 9 ! ,roman   
m9d1 0 ! ,sibyl ( ,cumae4 ,f !          
traditions ( h]1 ! ,romans1 & we ?r\gh  
!m1 receiv$ :atev] lessons ! my?1 or    
fact1 ( sibyl p[] has giv5 to mortals4  

,h[ mu* h y receiv$1 or may y yet       
receive1 ?9k y1 ( t tea*+8 ,i call x !  
my?1 or fact2 b rememb] t1 z a my?1 x is
 a fact4 ,?is /ory has conc5trat$ :atev]
 good !re is 9 ! imag9ation or vision>y 
p[]s 9 wom51 inspir$ by nature only4 ,! 
traditions ( wit* & gypsy are p>tly its 
(f%oots4 ,y despise bo?1 p]haps4 ,b c y1
 ?\gh 9 utmo/ pride ( y\r supreme mod]n 
wisdom1 suppose t ! "*--say1 ev5 ( s    
poor & f>-fall5 a sibyl z ,meg          
,m]rilies--is only ! co9age ( ,scott's  
bra92 or t1 ev5 be+ no m1 x is          
valueless8 ,admit ! figure ( ! ,cumaean 
,sibyl1 9 l mann]1 to be ! co9age only (
 ,virgil's bra94 ,z su*1 x1 & ! words x 
speaks1 are yet facts 9 :i* we may f9d  
use1 if we are rev]5t to !m4  ,to me1   
p]sonally1 7,i mu/ take y\r indulg5ce = 
a mom5t to speak :olly ( myself17 !y h  
be5 ( ! true/ s]vice--q mat]ial &       
indisputable4  ,i am writ+ on ,/4       
,john's ,day1 9 ! mona/]y ( ,assisi2 &  
,i _h no idea :atev]1 :5 ,i sat d[n to  
my "w ?is morn+1 ( say+ any ^w ( :at ,i 

am n[ go+ to tell y4 ,i meant only to   
exp& & expla9 a little :at ,i said 9 my 
lecture ab\t ! ,flor5t9e engrav+4 ,b x  
seems to me n[ t ,i _h bett] tell y :at 
! ,cumaean ,sibyl has actually done =   
me4  #bab4 ,9 #ahga1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce 
( *agr9 at ! ,revolution 9 ,p>is1 &     
p>tly 9 great p]sonal sorr[1 ,i 0 /ruck 
by acute inflammatory illness at        
,matlock1 & r$uc$ to a /ate ( extreme   
weakness2 ly+ at "o "t unconsci\s = "s  
h\rs1 ^? ab\t me hav+ no hope ( my life4
 ,i h no d\bt t ! imm$iate cause ( !    
illness 0 simply1 eat+ :5 ,i 0 n hungry2
 s t mod]n sci5ce w\ld ackn[l$ge no?+ 9 
! :ole bus9ess b an extreme & v dang]\s 
=m ( indige/ion2 & entirely d5y any     
int]f]5ce ( ! ,cumaean ,sibyl 9 ! matt]4
  ,i once he>d a s]mon by ,dr4 ,gu?rie1 
9 ,ed9burgh1 ^u ! wick$ness ( fa/+4 ,x 0
 v eloqu5t & +5i\s1 & f9ely expla9$ !   
sup]iority ( ! ,scot* ,free ,*ur* to !  
b5ight$ ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 t ! ,free     
,*ur* saw no m]it 9 fa/+4 ,& !re 0 no   
m5tion1 f beg9n+ to end ( ! s]mon1 ( ev5

 ! exi/5ce ( su* texts z ,daniel i4 #ab1
 or ,mat!w vi4 #af4  ,)\t ! smalle/     
m]it1 ,i admit1 9 fa/+1 ,i 0 nev]!less  
r$uc$ at ,matlock to a /ate v ne>       
/>vation2 & c\ld n rise f my pill[1 )\t 
be+ lift$1 = "s days4 ,& 9 ! fir/ cle>ly
 pron\nc$ /age ( recov]y1 :5 ! p]fect   
p[]s ( _s _h return$1 :ile ! body 0 /ill
 z weak z x well c\ld be1 ,i _h ?ree    
dreams1 :i* made a great impression on  
me2 = 9 ord9>y heal? my dreams are      
supremely ridicul\s1 if n unpleasant2 & 
9 ord9>y conditions ( illness1 v ugly1 &
 always )\t ! slighte/ mean+4 ,b ^!     
dreams 7 all di/9ct & impressive1 & _h  
mu* mean+1 if ,i *ose to take x4  #bac4 
,! fir/,,bb 0 ( a ,v5etian fi%]man1 :o  
want$ me to foll[ him d[n into "s wat]  
:i* ,i ?\ght 0 too deep2 b he call$ me  
on1 say+ he _h some?+ to %[ me2 s ,i    
foll[$ him2 & pres5tly1 ?r\gh an op5+1 z
 if 9 ! ars5al wall1 he %[$ me ! bronze 
horses ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 & said1 ',see1 !   
horses are putt+ on _! h>ness4'  ,!     
second 0 ( a prep>ation at ,rome1 9 ,/4 

,pet]'s1 7or a va/ hall z l>ge z ,/4    
,pet]'s17 = ! exhibition ( a religi\s   
drama4 ,"p ( ! play 0 to be a sc5e 9 :i*
 demons 7 to appe> 9 ! sky2 & ! /age    
s]vants 7 arrang+ gray fictiti\s cl\ds1 
& pa9t$ fi5ds1 = x1 "u ! direction ( !  
prie/s4 ,!re 0 a woman dress$ 9 black1  
/&+ at ! corn] ( ! /age wat*+ !m1 hav+ a
 lik5ess 9 h] face to "o ( my own dead  
fri5ds2 & ,i knew someh[ t %e 0 n t     
fri5d1 b a _s2 & %e made me und]/&1 )\t 
speak+1 t ,i 0 to wat*1 = ! play w\ld   
turn out o!r ?an ! prie/s expect$4 ,& ,i
 wait$2 & :5 ! sc5e came on1 ! cl\ds    
became real cl\ds1 & ! fi5ds real fi5ds1
 agitat+ !m 9 sl[ quiv]+1 wild &        
t]rible1 ov] ! heads ( ! p & prie/s4 ,i 
recollect$ di/9ctly1 h[ev]1 :5 ,i woke1 
only ! figure ( ! black woman mock+ ! p1
 & ( "o prie/ 9 an agony ( t]ror1 ) !   
sweat p\r+ f 8 br[1 b viol5tly scold+ "o
 ( ! /age s]vants = hav+ fail$ 9 "s     
c]emony1 ! omission ( :i*1 he ?\ght1 _h 
giv5 ! devils _! p[]4  ,! ?ird dream 0 !
 mo/ int]e/+ & p]sonal4 ,"s "o came to  

me to ask me to help 9 ! deliv]ance ( a 
company ( ,italian prison]s :o 7 to be  
ransom$ = money4 ,i said ,i _h no money4
 ,!y answ]$1 ,yes1 ,i _h "s t belong$ to
 me z a bro!r ( ,/4 ,francis1 if ,i w\ld
 give x up4 ,i said ,i did n "k ev5 t ,i
 0 a bro!r ( ,/4 ,francis2 b ,i ?\ght to
 myself1 t p]haps ! ,franciscans (      
,fesole1 :om ,i _h help$ to make hay 9  
_! field 9 #ahde1 _h adopt$ me = "o2    
only ,i didn't see h[ ! consequ5ce ( t  
w\ld be my hav+ any money4 ,h[ev]1 ,i   
said !y 7 welcome to :atev] ,i _h2 & !n 
,i he>d ! voice ( an ,italian woman s++2
 & ,i h nev] he>d su* div9e s++ be=e nor
 s9ce2--! s\nds absolutely /rong & real1
 & ! melody altoge!r lovely4 ,if ,i c\ld
 h writt5 x6 ,b ,i c\ld n ev5 rememb] x 
:5 ,i woke1--only h[ beautiful x 04     
#bad4 ,n[ ^! ?ree dreams h1 e "o ( !m1  
be5 ( mu* use to me s9ce2 or s f> z !y h
 fail$ to be useful1 x has be5 my own   
fault1 & n !irs2 b ! *ief use ( !m at ! 
"t 0 to give me c\rage & confid5ce 9    
myself1 bo? 9 bodily di/ress1 ( :i* ,i  

_h /ill n a little to be>2 & worse1 mu* 
m5tal anxiety ab\t matt]s supremely     
int]e/+ to me1 :i* 7 turn+ out ill4 ,&  
?r\gh all su* tr\ble--:i* came ^u me z  
,i 0 recov]+1 z if x meant to ?r[ me    
back into ! grave1--,i held out &       
recov]$1 repeat+ always to myself1 or r 
hav+ always murmur$ 9 my e>s1 at e new  
trial1 "o ,lat9 l9e1      ,tu ne c$e    
malis1 s$ contra =tior ito4  ,n[ ,i _h  
got ?is l9e out ( ! tablet 9 ! engrav+ (
 ,raphael's vision1 & _h =gott5 :]e x   
came f4 ,& ,i ?\ght ,i knew my six? book
 ( ,virgil s well1 t ,i nev] look$ at x 
aga9 :ile ,i 0 giv+ ^! lectures at      
,ox=d1 & x 0 only "h at ,assisi1 ! o!r  
day1 want+ to look m accurately at !    
fir/ sc5e by ! lake ,av]nus1 t ,i f\nd  
,i _h be5 sav$ by ! words ( ! ,cumaean  
,sibyl4  #bae4 ,quam tua te ,=tuna s9et1
 ! completion ( ! s5t5ce1 has yet m &   
cont9ual tea*+ 9 x = me n[2 z x has =   
all m54 ,h] op5+ words1 :i* h become    
hackney$1 & lo/ all pres5t p[] ?r\gh    
vulg> use ( !m1 conta9 yet "o ( ! mo/   

immortal tru?s ev] yet spok5 = mank9d2 &
 !y w nev] lose _! p[] ( help = noble   
p]sons4 ,b obs]ve1 bo? 9 t lesson1      
,facilis desc5sus ,av]ni1 etc42 & 9 !   
/ill m preci\s1 because univ]sal1 "o on 
:i* ! /r5g? ( ,rome 0 f\nd$1--! burn+ ( 
! books1--! ,sibyl speaks only z ! voice
 ( ,nature1 & ( h] laws2--n z a div9e   
help]1 prevail+ ov] dea?2 b z a mortal  
tea*] w>n+ u aga9/ x1 & /r5g!n+ u = our 
mortal "t2 b n = et]nity4 ,( :i* lesson 
h] own hi/ory is a "p1 & h] habitation  
by ! ,av]nus lake4 ,%e desires          
immortality1 fondly & va9ly1 z we d     
ourselves4 ,%e receives1 f ! love ( h]  
refus$ lov]1 ,apollo1 n immortality1 b  
l5g? ( life2--h] ye>s to be z ! gra9s ( 
du/ 9 h] h&4 ,& ev5 ?is %e f9ds 0 a     
false desire2 & h] wise & holy desire at
 la/ is--to die4 ,%e wa/es away2 becomes
 a %ade only1 & a voice4 ,! ,nations ask
 h]1 ,:at w\ld/ ?\8 ,%e answ]s1 ,peace2 
only let my la/ words be true4 ,l'ultimo
 mie p>l> sie v]ace4  ,illu/ration3     
,,vii4  ,= a "t1 & times4  #baf4 ,!re=e1

 if any?+ is to be conceiv$1 rightly1 & 
*iefly1 9 ! =m ( ! ,cumaean ,sibyl1 x   
mu/ be ( fad+ virg9al beauty1 ( endur+  
pati5ce1 ( f>-look+ into futurity4 ,=   
aft] my dea? !re %all yet return1 %e    
says1 ano!r virg94      ,jam r$it et    
virgo2--r$eunt ,saturnia regna1         
,ultima ,cumaei v5it jam c>m9is aetas4  
,"h !n is ,botticelli's ,cumaean ,sibyl4
 ,%e is arm$1 = %e is ! prophetess (    
,roman =titude2--b h] fad$ brea/ sc>cely
 raises ! corselet2 h] hair floats1 n   
falls1 9 waves l ! curr5ts ( a riv]1--! 
sign ( endur+ life2 ! light is full on  
h] =ehead3 %e looks into ! di/ance z 9 a
 dream4 ,x is impossible = art to ga!r  
toge!r m beautifully or int5sely e image
 :i* c express h] true p[]1 or lead u to
 und]/& h] lesson4  ,illu/ration3       
,,viii4  ,! ,nymph belov$ ( ,apollo4    
7,,mi*ael ,,angelo47  #bag4 ,n[ y d n1  
,i am well assur$1 "k "o ( ,mi*ael      
,angelo's sibyls f ano!r3 unless p]haps 
! ,delphian1 :om ( c\rse he makes z     
beautiful z he c4 ,b ( ?is especially   

,italian prophetess1 "o w\ld h ?\ght he 
might1 at lea/ 9 "s way1 h %[n t he knew
 ! hi/ory1 ev5 if he did n und]/& x4 ,%e
 might h _h m ?an "o book1 at all ev5ts1
 to burn4 ,%e might h _h a /ray leaf or 
two fall5 at h] feet4 ,he c\ld n inde$ h
 pa9t$ h] only z a voice2 b 8 anatomical
 k ne$ n h h9d]$ him f pa9t+ h] virg9al 
y\?1 or h] wa/+ & wat*+ age1 or h]      
inspir$ hope ( a holi] future4  #bah4   
,opposite1--=tunately1 photograph f !   
figure itself1 s t y c suspect me ( no  
exagg]ation1--is ,mi*ael ,angelo's      
,cumaean ,sibyl1 wa/+ away4 ,x is by a  
grotesque & mo/ /range *ance t he %\ld h
 made ! figure ( ?is ,sibyl1 ( all o!rs 
9 ! *apel1 ! mo/ fle%ly & gross1 ev5    
proce$+ to ! mon/r\s lic5se ( %[+ !     
nipples ( ! brea/ z if ! dress 7 mold$  
ov] !m l pla/]4 ,?us he pa9ts ! poor    
nymph belov$ ( ,apollo1--! cle>e/ &     
que5lie/ 9 prophecy & comm& ( all !     
sibyls1--z an ugly crone1 ) ! arms (    
,golia?1 por+ d[n ^u a s+le book4  #bai4
 ,!re is "o po9t ( f9e detail1 h[ev]1 9 

,botticelli's ,cumaean ,sibyl1 & 9 !    
next ,i am go+ to %[ y1 to expla9 :i* ,i
 mu/ g back = a little :ile to ! "q ( ! 
direct relation ( ! ,italian pa9t]s to !
 ,greek4 ,i don't l repeat+ 9 "o lecture
 :at ,i h said 9 ano!r2 b to save y !   
tr\ble ( ref]5ce1 mu/ rem9d y ( :at ,i  
/at$ 9 my f\r? lecture on ,greek birds1 
:5 we 7 exam9+ ! adoption ( ! plume     
cre/s 9 armor1 t ! cre/ signifies comm&2
 b ! diadem1 ob$i5ce2 & t e cr[n is     
prim>ily a diadem4 ,x is ! ?+ t b9ds1   
be=e x is ! ?+ t honors4  ,n[ all !     
great s*ools dwell on ?is symbolism4 ,! 
long fl[+ hair is ! symbol ( life1 & !  
,greek3 diadema ( ! law re/ra9+ x4      
,royalty1 or k+l9ess1 ov] life1 re/ra9+ 
& glorify+4 ,9 ! extremity ( re/ra9t--9 
dea?1 :e!r noble1 z ( dea? to ,e>?1 or  
ignoble1 z ( dea? to ,heav51 ! ,greek3  
diadema is fa/5$ ) ! mort-clo?3 ,b\nd h&
 & foot ) grave-clo!s1 & ! face b\nd    
ab\t ) ! napk94  #bbj4 ,n[ look back to 
! fir/ ,greek head ,i ev] %[$ y1 us$ z !
 type ( ar*aic sculpture 9 ,aratra      

,p5telici1 & !n look at ! cr[n 9        
,botticelli's ,a/rologia4 ,x is         
absolutely ! ,greek =m1--ev5 to !       
peculi> oval ( ! =ehead2 :ile !         
diadem--! gov]n+ law--is set ) appo9t$  
/>s--to rule ! de/9y & ?\ght4 ,!n return
 to ! ,cumaean ,sibyl4 ,%e1 z we h se51 
is ! symbol ( endur+ life--almo/        
immortal4 ,! diadem is )drawn f !       
=ehead--r$uc$ to a n>r[ fillet--"h1 & ! 
hair ?r[n free4  ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4  ,9
 ! woods ( ,ida4  #bba4 ,f ! ,cumaean   
,sibyl's diadem1 trac$ only by po9ts1   
turn to t ( ! ,hellespontic1 7,plate #i1
 opposite74 ,i d n "k :y ,botticelli    
*ose h] = ! _s ( prophecy 9 old age2 b  
he has made ?is ! mo/ int]e/+ plate ( ! 
s]ies 9 ! def9it5ess ( its connection ) 
! "w f ,dante1 :i* becomes 8 own        
prophecy 9 old age4 ,! fanta/ic yet     
solemn treatm5t ( ! gn>l$ wood occurs1 z
 f> z ,i "k1 9 no o!r engrav+s b ?is1 & 
! illu/rations to ,dante2 & ,i am cont5t
 to leave x1 ) little comm5t1 = !       
read]'s quiet /udy1 z %[+ ! exub]ance ( 

imag9ation :i* o!r m5 at ?is "t 9 ,italy
 all[$ to wa/e itself 9 idle arabesque1 
re/ra9$ by ,botticelli to 8 mo/ e>ne/   
purposes2 & giv+ ! )]$ tree-trunks1 hewn
 = ! rude ?rone ( ! ag$ prophetess1 !   
same h>mony ) h] fad+ _s :i* ! rose has 
) y\?1 or ! laurel ) victory4 ,also 9   
its weird *>act]s1 y h ! be/ example ,i 
c %[ y ( ! ord]s ( decorative design :i*
 are especially expressible by engrav+1 
& :i* belong to a gr\p ( art in/9cts    
sc>cely n[ to be und]/ood1 mu* less     
recov]$1 7! influ5ce ( mod]n naturali/ic
 imitation be+ too /rong to be          
conqu]$7--! in/9cts1 namely1 = !        
arrangem5t ( pure l9e1 9 labyr9?9e      
intricacy1 ?r\gh :i* ! grace ( ord] may 
give cont9ual clue4 ,! entire body (    
ornam5tal design1 connect$ ) writ+1 9 ! 
,middle ,ages seems z if x 7 a s5sible  
symbol1 to ! eye & bra91 ( ! me?ods (   
error & recov]y1 ! m+l+s ( crook$ )     
/raight1 & p]v]se ) progressive1 :i*    
con/itute ! great problem ( human morals
 & fate2 & :5 ,i *ose ! title = !       

collect$ s]ies ( ^! lectures1 ,i hop$ to
 h ju/ifi$ x by c>eful analysis ( !     
me?ods ( labyr9?9e ornam5t1 :i*1 made   
sacr$ by ,!seian traditions1,,bc &      
beg9n+1 9 imitation ( physical tru?1 ) !
 spiral waves ( ! wat]s ( ,babylon z !  
,assyrian c>v$ !m1 entangl$ 9 _! returns
 ! eyes ( m51 on ,greek vase & ,*ri/ian 
manuscript--till !y clos$ 9 ! arabesques
 :i* sprang r\nd ! la/ luxury ( ,v5ice &
 ,rome4  ,b ! labyr9? ( life itself1 &  
its m & m int]wov5 occupation1 become   
too manifold1 & too difficult = me2 & ( 
! "t wa/$ 9 ! bl9d lanes ( x1 p]haps t  
sp5t 9 analysis or recomm5dation ( ! art
 to :i* m5's pres5t conduct makes !m    
ins5sible1 has be5 *iefly ca/ away4 ,on 
! walls ( ! little room :]e ,i f9ally   
revise ?is lecture1,,bd hangs an old    
silk5 sampl] ( great-gr&ame's "w3       
repres5t+ ! dome/ic life ( ,abraham3    
*iefly ! /ories ( ,isaac & ,i%mael4     
,s>ah at h] t5t-door1 wat*+1 ) fold$    
arms1 ! dismissal ( ,hag>3 above1 9 a   
wild]ness full ( fruit trees1 birds1 &  

butt]flies1 little ,i%mael ly+ at ! root
 ( a tree1 & ! sp5t bottle "u ano!r2    
,hag> 9 pray]1 & ! angel appe>+ to h]   
out ( a wrea!d l9e ( gloomily undulat+  
cl\ds1 :i*1 ) a d>k-ray$ sun 9 ! mid/1  
surm\nt ! entire composition 9 two      
ar*es1 out ( :i* desc5d %afts ( 7,i     
suppose7 b5efic5t ra92 leav+1 h[ev]1    
room1 9 ! corn] opposite to ,i%mael's   
angel1 = ,isaac's1 :o /ays ,abraham 9 ! 
sacrifice2 ! ram 9 ! ?icket1 ! squirrel 
9 ! plum tree above him1 & ! grapes1    
pe>s1 apples1 roses1 & daisies ( !      
=egr\nd1 be+ all wr\ght ) involution (  
su* +5i\s ne$lework z may well rank1 9 !
 pati5ce1 ! natural skill1 & ! innoc5t  
pleasure ( x1 ) ! true/ works (         
,flor5t9e engrav+4 ,nay2 ! actual       
tradition ( _m ( ! =ms ( anci5t art is 9
 _m places evid5t1--z1 = in/ance1 9 !   
spiral summits ( ! flames ( ! wood on ! 
alt>1 :i* are l a gr\p ( fir/-spr++ f]n4
 ,on ! wall opposite is a small]        
composition1 repres5t+ ,ju/ice ) h]     
balance & sword1 /&+ betwe5 ! sun &     

moon1 ) a backgr\nd ( p9ks1 borage1 &   
corn-cockle3 a ?ird is only a clu/] (   
tulips & iris1 ) two ,byzant9e peacocks2
 b ! spirits ( ,p5elope & ,ariadne reign
 vivid 9 all ! "w--& ! ri*ness (        
pleasurable fancy is z great /ill1 9 ^! 
silk5 labors1 z 9 ! m>ble ar*es & gold5 
ro( ( ! ca!dral ( ,monreale4  ,b :at is 
! use ( expla9+ or analyz+ x8 ,su* "w z 
?is means ! pati5ce & simplicity ( all  
fem99e life2 & c be produc$1 among u at 
lea/1 no m4 ,go?ic trac]y itself1 ano!r 
( ! in/9ctive labyr9?9e intricacies (   
old1 ?\gh analyz$ to its la/ section1   
has become n[ ! symbol only ( a fooli%  
ecclesia/ical sect1 reta9$ = _!         
%ibbole?1 joyless & p[]less = all good4 
,! v labyr9? ( ! grass & fl[]s ( our    
fields1 ?\gh dissect$ to its la/ leaf1  
is yet bitt5 b>e1 or trampl$ to slime1  
by ! ,m9otaur ( our lu/2 & = ! trac]i$  
spire ( ! popl> by ! brook1 we possess b
 ! f\r-squ>e furnace t[]1 to m+le its   
smoke ) heav5's ?und]-cl\ds4,,be  ,we w 
look yet at "o sampl] m ( ! engrav$ "w1 

done 9 ! happy "t :5 fl[]s 7 pure1 y\?  
simple1 & imag9ation gay1--,botticelli's
 ,libyan ,sibyl4  ,glance back fir/ to !
 ,hellespontic1 not+ ! close fillet1 & !
 clo? b\nd bel[ ! face1 & !n y w be     
prep>$ to und]/& ! la/ ,i %all %[ y1 & !
 lovelie/ ( ! s\!rn ,py?onesses4        
,illu/ration3 ,x4  ,grass ( ! ,des]t4   
#bbb4 ,a less deep ?9k] ?an ,botticelli 
w\ld h made h] p>*$ ) ?ir/1 & burnt )   
heat4 ,b ! voice ( ,god1 ?r\gh nature1  
to ! ,arab or ! ,moor1 is n 9 ! ?ir/1 b 
9 ! f\nta9--n 9 ! des]t1 b 9 ! grass (  
x4 ,& ?is ,libyan ,sibyl is ! _s ( wild 
grass & fl[]s1 spr++ 9 desolate places4 
,y see1 h] diadem is a wrea? ( !m2 b !  
blossoms ( x are n fa/5+ en\gh = h]     
hair1 ?\gh x is n long yet--7%e is only 
9 reality a ,flor5t9e girl ( f\rte5 or  
fifte57--s ! little d>l+ knots x "u h]  
e>s1 & !n makes h]self a necklace ( x4  
,b ?\gh fl[+ hair & fl[]s are wild &    
pretty1 ,botticelli _h n1 9 ^! only1 got
 ! p[] ( ,spr+ m>k$ to 8 m9d4 ,any girl 
might we> fl[]s2 b few1 = ornam5t1 w\ld 

be likely to we> grass4 ,s ! ,sibyl %all
 h grass 9 h] diadem2 n m]ely int]wov5 &
 b5d+1 b spr++ & /rong4 ,y ?\ght x ugly 
& grotesque at fir/1 did n y8 ,x 0 made 
s1 because precisely :at ,botticelli    
want$ y to look at4  ,b t's n all4 ,?is 
conical cap ( h]s1 ) "o bead at !       
top1--consid]+ h[ fond ! ,flor5t9es are 
( graceful head-dresses1 ?is seems a    
/range "o = a "y girl4 ,b1 exactly z ,i 
"k ! angel ( ,victory to be ,greek1 at 8
 ,m\nt ( ,pity1 s ,i "k ?is head-dress  
to be tak5 f a ,greek co91 & to be meant
 = a ,greek symbol4 ,x is ! ,petasus (  
,h]mes--! mi/ ( morn+ ov] ! dew4 ,la/ly1
 :at w ! ,libyan ,sibyl say to y8 ,!    
lett]s are l>ge on h] tablet4 ,h]       
message is ! oracle f ! temple ( ! ,dew3
 ,! dew ( ?y bir? is z ! womb ( !       
morn+4--,ecce v5i5tem diem1 et lat5tia  
ap]i5tem1 t5ebit gremio g5tium reg9a4   
#bbc4 ,:y ! daybreak came n !n1 nor yet 
has come1 b only a deep] d>kness2 & :y  
!re is n[ nei!r que5 nor k+ ( nations1 b
 e man do+ t :i* is "r 9 8 own eyes1 ,i 

w\ld fa9 g on1 p>tly to tell y1 & p>tly 
to m$itate ) y3 b x is n our "w =       
to-day4 ,! issue ( ! ,re=mation :i* ^!  
great pa9t]s1 ! s*ol>s ( ,dante1 began1 
we may foll[1 f>!r1 9 ! /udy to :i* ,i  
propose to lead y1 ( ! lives ( ,cimabue 
& ,giotto1 & ! relation ( _! "w at      
,assisi to ! *apel & *amb]s ( !         
,vatican4  #bbd4 ,to-day let me f9i% :at
 ,i h to tell y ( ! /yle ( s\!rn        
engrav+4 ,:at sudd5 ba?os 9 ! s5t5ce1 y 
?9k6 ,s contemptible ! "q ( /yle1 !n1 9 
pa9t+1 ?\gh n 9 lit]ature8 ,y /udy !    
'/yle' ( ,hom]2 ! /yle1 p]haps1 (       
,isaiah2 ! /yle ( ,horace1 & (          
,massillon4 ,is x s va9 to /udy ! /yle (
 ,botticelli8  ,9 all cases1 x is       
equally va91 if y ?9k ( _! /yle fir/4 ,b
 "k _! purpose1 & !n1 _! way ( speak+ is
 wor? ?9k+ (4 ,^! app>5tly unf9i%$ &    
c]ta9ly unfill$ outl9es ( !             
,flor5t9e1--clumsy "w1 z ,vas>i ?\ght   
!m1--z ,mr4 ,otley & mo/ ( our ,engli%  
amateurs /ill ?9k !m1--are ^! good or   
bad engrav+8  ,y may ask n[1 compreh5d+ 

_! motive1 ) "s hope ( answ]+ or be+    
answ]$ rightly4 ,& ! answ] is1 ,!y are !
 f9e/ grav]s' "w ev] done yet by human  
h&4 ,y may tea*1 by process ( discipl9e 
& ( ye>s1 any y\? ( good arti/ic        
capacity to engrave a plate 9 ! mod]n   
mann]2 b only ! noble/ passion1 & !     
t5d]e/ pati5ce1 w ev] engrave "o l9e l  
^! ( ,s&ro ,botticelli4  #bbe4 ,passion1
 & pati5ce6 ,nay1 ev5 ^! y may h to-day 
9 ,engl&1 & yet bo? be 9 va94 ,only a   
few ye>s ago1 9 "o ( our nor!rn         
iron-f\ndries1 a workman ( int5se p[] & 
natural art-faculty set himself to le>n 
engrav+2--made 8 own tools2 gave all !  
sp>e h\rs ( 8 labori\s life to le>n _!  
use2 le>nt x2 & engrav$ a plate :i*1 9  
manipulation1 no pr(essional engrav]    
w\ld be a%am$ (4 ,he engrav$ 8 bla/     
furnace1 & ! ca/+ ( a beam ( a /eam     
eng9e4 ,?is1 to him1 0 ! p[] ( ,god1--x 
0 8 life4 ,no great] e>ne/ness 0 ev]    
giv5 by man to promulgate a ,gospel4    
,nev]!less1 ! engrav+ is absolutely     
wor?less4 ,! bla/ furnace is n ! p[] (  

,god2 & ! life ( ! /rong _s 0 z mu*     
consum$ 9 ! flames ( x1 z ev] driv5     
slave's by ! burd5 & heat ( ! day4  ,h[ 
cruel to say s1 if he yet lives1 y ?9k6 
,no1 my fri5ds2 ! cruelty w be 9 y1 & ! 
guilt1 if1 hav+ be5 br\ght "h to le>n t 
,god is y\r ,light1 y yet leave ! bla/  
furnace to be ! only light ( ,engl&4    
#bbf4 ,x has be51 z ,i said 9 ! note    
above 7,sec4 #bjj71 ) extreme pa9 t ,i h
 hi!rto limit$ my notice ( our own great
 engrav] & morali/1 to ! po9ts 9 :i* !  
disadvantages ( ,engli% art-tea*+ made  
him inf]ior to 8 tra9$ ,flor5t9e rival4 
,b1 t ^! disadvantages 7 p[]less to     
arre/ or ignobly depress him2--t h[ev]  
fail+ 9 grace & s*ol>%ip1 he %\ld nev]  
fail 9 tru? or vitality2 & t ! precision
 ( 8 un]r+ h&,,bf--8 inevitable eye--& 8
 rightly judg+ he>t--%\ld place him 9 ! 
fir/ rank ( ! great arti/s n ( ,engl&   
only1 b ( all ! _w & ( all "t3--t ?is 0 
possible to him1 0 simply because he    
liv$ a c\ntry life4 ,bewick himself1    
,botticelli himself1 ,apelles himself1 &

 tw5ty times ,apelles1 condemn$ to      
slav]y 9 ! hell-fire ( ! iron furnace1  
c\ld h done--,,no?+4 ,absolute p>alysis 
( all high human faculty mu/ result f   
labor ne> fire4 ,! poor engrav] ( !     
pi/on-rod _h faculties--n l ,bewick's1 =
 if he _h _h ^?1 he nev] w\ld h endur$ !
 degradation2 b assur$ly1 7,i "k ?is by 
8 "w17 faculties high en\gh to h made   
him "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ figure pa9t]s 
( 8 age4 ,& !y are scor*$ out ( him1 z !
 sap f ! grass 9 ! ov53 :ile on 8       
,nor?umb]l& hill-sides1 ,bewick grew    
into z /ately life z _! /ronge/ p9e4    
#bbg4 ,& !re=e1 9 words ( 81 tell+      
consummate & un*ang+ tru? conc]n+ !     
life1 honor1 & happ9ess ( ,engl&1 & be>+
 directly on ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5  
class & class :i* ,i h n dwelt on )\t   
ne$1 ,i w br+ ^! lectures to a close4   
,i h always1 ?r\gh life1 be5 ( op9ion t 
!re is no bus9ess ( any k9d t c be      
comp>$ to t ( a man :o f>ms 8 own l&4 ,x
 appe>s to me t e e>?ly pleasure1 )     
heal?1 is )9 8 rea*4 ,b numb]s ( ^! m5  

7! old /atesm57 7 grossly ignorant1 & 9 
exact proportion to t ignorance !y 7    
sure to be (f5sively pr\d4 ,?is l$ !m to
 attempt appe>+ above _! /ation1 :i*    
ha/5$ !m on to _! ru92 b1 inde$1 ?is    
disposition & ?is k9d ( conduct         
inv>iably leads to su* results4 ,!re 7  
_m ( ^! lairds on ,tyneside2 z well z _m
 :o held _! l&s on ! t5ure ( 'suit &    
s]vice1' & 7 ne>ly on ! same level z !  
lairds4 ,"s ( ! latt] lo/ _! l&s 7n     
fairly1 ,i ?9k7 9 a way !y c\ld n help2 
_m ( ! =m]1 by _! misdirect$ pride &    
folly1 7 driv5 into t[ns1 to slide away 
into no?+ness1 & to s9k into oblivion1  
:ile _! 'ha' h\ses' 7halls71 t ought to 
h rema9$ 9 _! families f g5]ation to    
g5]ation1 h mold]$ away4 ,i h always    
felt extremely griev$ to see ! anci5t   
mansions ( _m ( ! c\ntry g5tlem51 f     
some:at simil> causes1 meet ) a simil>  
fate4 ,! g5try %\ld1 9 an especial      
mann]1 prove by _! conduct t !y are     
gu>d$ aga9/ %[+ any symptom ( fooli%    
pride2 at ! same "t t !y so> above e    

meanness1 & t _! conduct is guid$ by    
tru?1 integrity1 & patriotism4 ,if !y   
wi% ! p to p>take ) !m 9 ^! good        
qualities1 !y mu/ set !m ! example1 )\t 
:i* no real respect c ev] be paid to !m4
 ,g5tlem5 ought nev] to =get !          
respectable /ation !y hold 9 society1 & 
t !y are ! natural gu>dians ( public    
morals & may ) propriety be consid]$ z !
 head & ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 :ile 'a bold 
peasantry' are1 9 tru?1 ! arms1 ! s9ews1
 & ! /r5g? ( ! same2 b :5 ^! la/ are    
degrad$1 !y soon become dispirit$ &     
mean1 & (t5 di%one/ & useless4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,?is s+ul> & wor?y man,,bg 0 p]haps !   
mo/ invaluable acqua9tance & fri5d ,i   
ev] met )4 ,8 moral lectures & advice to
 me =m$ a mo/ important succ$aneum to ^?
 imp>t$ by my p>5ts4 ,8 wise rem>ks1 8  
dete/ation ( vice1 8 indu/ry1 & 8       
temp]ance1 cr[n$ ) a mo/ lively & *e]ful
 disposition1 altoge!r made him appe> to
 me z "o ( ! be/ ( *>act]s4 ,9 8 work%op
 ,i (t5 sp5t my w9t] ev5+s4 ,?is 0 also 

! case ) a numb] ( "y m5 :o might be    
consid]$ z 8 pupils2 _m ( :om1 ,i h no  
d\bt1 he direct$ into ! pa?s ( tru? &   
integrity1 & :o rev]$ 8 memory ?r\gh    
life4 ,he rose e>ly to "w1 lay d[n :5 he
 felt we>y1 & rose aga9 :5 refre%$4 ,8  
diet 0 ( ! simple/ k9d2 & he ate :5     
hungry1 & drank :5 dry1 )\t pay+ reg>d  
to meal-times4 ,by /eadily pursu+ ?is   
mode ( life he 0 enabl$ to accumulate   
sums ( money--f t5 to ?irty p\nds4 ,?is 
enabl$ him to get books1 ( an ent]ta9+ &
 moral t5d5cy1 pr9t$ & circulat$ at a   
*eap rate4 ,8 great object 01 by e      
possible means1 to promote honorable    
feel+s 9 ! m9ds ( y\?1 & to prep>e !m = 
becom+ good memb]s ( society4 ,i h (t5  
discov]$ t he did n ov]look +5i\s       
me*anics1 ^: mis=tunes--p]haps          
mismanagem5t--_h l$ !m to a lodg+ 9     
,newgate4 ,to ^! he direct$ 8           
compassionate eye1 & = ! des]v+ 79 8    
e/imation71 he paid _! debt1 & set !m at
 lib]ty4 ,he felt hurt at see+ ! h&s (  
an +5i\s man ti$ up 9 prison1 :]e !y 7 (

 no use ei!r to himself or to !         
community4 ,?is wor?y man _h be5 educat$
 = a prie/2 b he w\ld say to me1 ',( a  
tr\?1 ,?omas1 ,i did n l _! ways4' ,s he
 gave up ! ?\ghts ( be+ a prie/1 & b5t 8
 way f ,ab]de5 to ,ed9burgh1 :]e he     
engag$ himself to ,allan ,ramsay1 !     
poet1 !n a booksell] at ! latt] place1 9
 ^: s]vice he 0 bo? %opman & bookb9d]4  
,f ,ed9burgh he came to ,newca/le4      
,gilb]t _h _h a lib]al education be/[$  
^u him4 ,he _h read a great deal1 & _h  
reflect$ ^u :at he _h read4 ,?is1 ) 8   
ret5tive memory1 enabl$ him to be a     
pleasant & communicative companion4 ,i  
liv$ 9 habits ( intimacy ) him to ! end 
( 8 life2 &1 :5 he di$1 ,i1 ) o!rs ( 8  
fri5ds1 att5d$ 8 rema9s to ! grave at ! 
,balla/ ,hills4  ,& :at grav+ on ! sacr$
 cliffs ( ,egypt ev] honor$ !m1 z t     
grass-dimm$ furr[ does ! m\nds ( our    
,nor!rn l&8  ,,footnotes3  ,,z ,! _w 0 n
 !n ready = ,le ,p]e ,hyac9!2--b ! real 
gi/ ( ! matt] is t ,lippi did1 op5ly &  
bravely1 :at ! highe/ prelates 9 ! ,*ur*

 did basely & 9 secret2 also he lov$1   
:]e !y only lu/$2 & he has be5 proclaim$
 !re=e by !m--& too fooli%ly believ$ by 
u--to h be5 a %ameful p]son4 ,( 8 true  
life1 & ! colors giv5 to x1 we w try to 
le>n some?+ t5able1 be=e we end our "w 9
 ,flor5ce4  ,,at ,i ins]t supplem5t>y   
notes1 :5 ( importance1 9 ! text ( !    
lecture1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! g5]al read]4 
,,au ,mr4 ,*>les ,f4 ,murray4  ,,av ,"s 
notice ( ?is picture is giv5 at ! beg9n+
 ( my ?ird ,morn+ 9 ,flor5ce1 ',be=e !  
,soldan4'  ,,aw ,i am bitt]ly sorry = ! 
pa9 :i* my p>tial ref]5ces to ! man :om 
( all ,engli% arti/s ^: hi/ories ,i h   
read1 ,i mo/ e/eem1 h giv5 to "o rema9+ 
memb] ( 8 family4 ,i hope my mean+ may  
be bett] und]/ood aft] %e has se5 !     
close ( ?is lecture4  ,,ax ,read        
,ezekiel xviii4  ,,ay ,see also ! acc\nt
 by ,dr4 ,woltmann ( ! picture ( !      
,triumph ( ,ri*es4 ',holbe9 & 8 ,"t1' p4
 #ceb4  ,,az ,^! words are engrav$ 9 !  
plate1 z spok5 by ! ,virg94  ,,ba       
,cosimo ,rosselli1 especially *os5 by ! 

,pope = 8 gay color+4  ,,bb ,i am n     
c]ta9 ( _! ord] at ?is di/ance ( "t4    
,,bc ,callima*us1 ',delos1' #cjd1 etc4  
,,bd ,9 ! ,old ,k+'s ,arms ,hotel1      
,lanca/]4  ,,be ,a manufactur] wrote to 
me ! o!r day1 ,we don't want to make    
smoke6 ,:o said !y did8--a hir$ murd]]  
does n want to commit murd]1 b does x = 
suffici5t motive4 7,ev5 our %ip[n]s     
don't want to dr[n _! sailors2 !y w only
 d x = suffici5t motive47 ,if ! dirty   
creatures did want to make smoke1 !re   
w\ld be m excuse = !m3 & t !y are n     
clev] en\gh to consume x1 is no praise  
to !m4 ,a man :o c't help 8 hicc\gh     
leaves ! room3 :y d !y n leave ! ,engl& 
!y pollute8  ,,bf ,i "k no draw+ s      
subtle z ,bewick's1 s9ce ! fifte5?      
c5tury1 except ,holbe9's & ,turn]'s4 ,i 
h be5 greatly surpris$ lately by !      
exquisite wat]-color "w 9 "s ( ,/o?>d's 
small] vignettes2 b he _c set ! l9e l   
,turn] or ,bewick4  ,,bg ,gilb]t ,gray1 
bookb9d]4 ,i h to correct !             
inaccurate--& v h>mfully inaccurate1    

expression :i* ,i us$ ( ,bewick1 9      
,love's ,me9ie 7,sec4 #c71 'a pr9t]'s   
lad at ,newca/le4' ,8 fir/ ma/] 0 a     
goldsmi? & engrav]1 else he c\ld nev] h 
be5 an arti/4 ,i am v he>tily glad to   
make ?is correction1 :i* e/abli%es ano!r
 l9k ( relation betwe5 ,bewick &        
,botticelli2 b my error 0 p>tly caus$ by
 ! impression :i* ! above description ( 
8 mo/ invaluable fri5d made on me1 :5 ,i
 fir/ read x4  ,mu* else t ,i meant to  
correct1 or promis$ to expla91 9 ?is    
lecture1 mu/ be def]r$ to ! ,app5dix2 ! 
sup]iority ( ! ,tuscan to ! ,greek      
,aphrodite ,i may p]haps1 ev5 at la/1   
leave ! read] to admit or d5y z he      
pleases1 hav+ m important matt]s (      
debate on h&4 ,b z ,i mean only to play 
) ,pros]p9a dur+ ! spr+1 ,i w "h briefly
 anticipate a /atem5t ,i mean 9 !       
,app5dix to en=ce1 namely1 ( ! extreme  
value ( color$ copies by h&1 ( pa9t+s ^:
 excell5ce greatly consi/s 9 color1 z   
auxili>y to engrav+s ( !m4 ,! prices n[ 
giv5 )\t hesitation = ne>ly wor?less    

orig9al draw+s by fif?-rate arti/s1 w\ld
 obta9 = ! misguid$ buy]s1 9 some?+ l a 
proportion ( t5 to "o1 mo/ preci\s      
copies ( draw+s :i* c only be repres5t$ 
at all 9 engrav+ by entire alt]ation (  
_! treatm5t1 & ab&onm5t ( _! f9e/       
purposes4 ,i feel ?is s /rongly t ,i h  
giv5 my be/ att5tion1 dur+ upw>ds ( t5  
ye>s1 to tra9 a copyi/ to p]fect        
fidelity 9 r5d]+ ! "w ( ,turn]2 & hav+  
n[ succe$$ 9 enabl+ him to produce      
facsimiles s close z to look l replicas1
 facsimiles :i* ,i mu/ sign ) my own "n 
& 81 9 ! v "w ( !m1 to prev5t _! be+    
sold = real ,turn] vignettes1 ,i c obta9
 no cu/om = him1 & am oblig$ to leave   
him to make 8 bread by any p[] (        
captivation 8 orig9al sket*es may       
possess 9 ! eyes ( a public :i* ma9ta9s 
a nation ( copyi/s 9 ,rome1 b is cont5t 
) black & :ite r5d]+s ( great ,engli%   
art2 ?\gh !re is sc>cely "o cultivat$   
,engli% g5tleman or lady :o has n be5   
tw5ty times 9 ! ,vatican1 = once t !y h 
be5 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4              

,,notes4   #bbh4 ,i4 ,! foll[+ lett]1 f 
"o ( my mo/ fai?ful read]s1 corrects an 
important piece ( mis9t]pretation 9 !   
text4 ,! wav+ ( ! re9s mu/ be only 9    
sign ( ! fluctuation ( heat r\nd !      
,sun's own *>iot3--                     
,spr+ ,field1 ,ambleside1               
,febru>y #aa1 #ahge4  ,de> ,mr4         
,rusk91--,y\r fif? lecture on ,engrav+  
,i h to h&4  ,s&ro int5d$ ^? wavy l9es  
meet+ "u ! ,sun's "r,,bh h&1 7,plate    
,v47 prim>ily1 no d\bt1 to repres5t !   
f\r ends ( ! f\r re9s dangl+ f ! ,sun's 
h&4 ,! flames & rays are se5 to cont9ue 
to radiate f ! plat=m ( ! *>iot betwe5 &
 beyond ^! ends ( ! re9s1 & ov] ! knee4 
,he may h want$ to ackn[l$ge t ! w>m? ( 
! e>? 0 ,apollo's1 by mak+ ^! ends ( !  
re9s spread out sep>ately & wave1 &     
!reby inclose a =m l a flame4 ,b ,i _c  
?9k x4                          ,believe
 me1                             ,ev]   
y\rs truly1                             
,,*as4 ,,wm4 ,,smi?4  ,,ii4 ,i meant to 
keep labyr9?9e matt]s = my ,app5dix2 b !

 foll[+ mo/ useful by-words f ,mr4      
,tyr:itt _h bett] be read at once3--  ,9
 ! matt] ( ,cretan ,labyr9?1 z connect$ 
by ,virgil ) ! ,ludus ,trojae1 or       
eque/rian game ( w9d+ & turn+1 cont9u$ 9
 ,engl& f twelf? c5tury2 & hav+ = la/   
relic ! maze,,bi call$ ',troy ,t[n1' at 
,troy ,f>m1 ne> ,som]ton1 ,ox=d%ire1 :i*
 itself resembles ! circul> labyr9? on a
 co9 ( ,cnossus 9 ,=s ,clavig]a4 7,lett]
 #bc1 p4 #ab47  ,! connect+ quotation f 
,virg41 ,a,en41 ,v4 #ehh1 is z foll[s3  
',ut quondam ,creta f]tur ,labyr9?us 9  
alta     ,p>ietibus textum caecis it]1  
ancipitemque     ,mille viis habuisse   
dolum1 qua signa sequ5di     ,fall]et   
indepr5sus et inremeabilis error4       
,haud alio ,teucru5 nati ve/igia cursu  
,imp$iunt1 texuntque fagas et proelia   
ludo1     ,delph9um similes4'  ,labyr9? 
( ,ariadne1 z cut on ! ,d[ns by %eph]ds 
f "t immemorial1--  ,%akespe>e1         
',midsumm] ,night's ,dream1' ,act ii41  
sc4 #b3  ,ob]on4 ,! n9e-m5's morris,,bj 
is fill$ up ) mud2            ,& ! qua9t

 mazes 9 ! wanton gre5            ,by   
lack ( tread are undi/+ui%able4  ,!     
foll[+ passage1 ',m]*ant ( ,v5ice1' ,act
 iii41 sc4 #b1 confuses 7to all         
appe>ance7 ! ,a!nian tribute to ,crete1 
) ! /ory ( ,hesione3 & may po9t to g5]al
 confusion 9 ! ,elizabe?an m9d ab\t !   
my?s3  ,portia4 444 ) mu* m love        
,?an "y ,alcides1 :5 he did r$uce       
,! virg9-tribute paid by h[l+ ,troy     
,to ! sea mon/]4,,bk  ,!seus is ! ,attic
 ,h]cules1 h[ev]2 & ,troy may h be5 a   
sort ( h\se ( call = my?ical mon/]s1 9 !
 view ( midl& %eph]ds4  ,,footnotes3    
,,bh ,w\ld n ! design h look$ bett]1 to 
u1 on ! plate ?an on ! pr9t8 ,on !      
plate1 ! re9s w\ld be 9 ! left h&2 & !  
:ole movem5t be f ! left to ! "r8 ,! two
 diff]5t =ms t ! radiance takes w\ld    
symbolize respectively heat & light1    
w\ld !y n8  ,,bi ,/rutt1 pp4 #ig-h1 ed4 
#ahja4  ,,bj ,expla9$ z a game /ill     
play$ by ! %eph]ds1 c[keep]s1 etc41 9 ! 
midl& c\nties4  ,,bk ,see ,iliad1 #bj1  
#ade4   ,illu/ration3 ,,xi4  ,ob$i5te   

,dom9o voci hom9is4                     
,,app5dix4                              
,,article ,i4       ,,notes ,,on ,,!    
,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,engrav+ ,,9       
,,engl&4  #bbi4 ,i h long def]r$ !      
completion ( ?is book1 because ,i _h    
hop$ to f9d "t to %[1 9 "s fullness1 !  
gr\nds = my conviction t engrav+1 & !   
/udy ( x1 s9ce ! developm5t ( ! mod]n   
f9i%$ s*ool1 h be5 ru9\s to ,european k 
( art4 ,b ,i am m & m busi$ 9 :at ,i    
believe to be bett] "w1 & c only )      
extreme brevity /ate "h ! conclusions ( 
_m ye>s' ?\ght4  ,^!1 9 sev]al important
 p>ticul>s1 h be5 curi\sly en=c$ on me  
by ! c>elessness %[n by ! picture deal]s
 ab\t ! copies f ,turn] :i* x has co/   
,mr4 ,w>d & me,,bl fifte5 ye>s ( /udy   
toge!r to enable ourselves to make4 ,!y 
are only copies1 say !y1--nobody w look 
at !m4  #bcj4 ,x nev] seems to occur ev5
 to ! mo/ intellig5t p]sons t an engrav+
 also is 'only a copy1' & a copy done ) 
refusal ( color1 & ) disadvantage (     
means 9 r5d]+ %ade4 ,b j because ?is    

utt]ly inf]ior copy c be r$uplicat$1 &  
introduces a diff]5t k9d ( skill1 9     
ano!r mat]ial1 p are cont5t to lose all 
! composition1 & all ! *>m1 ( !         
orig9al1--s f> z ^! dep5d on ! *ief gift
 ( a pa9t]1--color2 :ile !y are         
gradually misl$ into attribut+ to !     
pa9t] himself qualities imp]t95tly add$ 
by ! engrav] to make 8 plate popul>3 &1 
:i* is f> worse1 !y are z gradually &   
subtly prev5t$ f look+1 9 ! orig9al1 = !
 qualities :i* engrav+ c\ld nev] r5d]4  
,fur!r1 x cont9ually happ5s t ! v be/   
color-compositions engrave wor/2 = !y   
(t5 ext5d colors ov] great spaces at    
equal pit*1 & ! gre5 is z d>k z ! r$1 & 
! blue z ! br[n2 s t ! engrav] c only   
di/+ui% !m by l9es 9 diff]5t directions1
 & 8 plate becomes a vague & dead mass (
 neutral t9t2 b a bad & =c$ piece (     
color1 or a piece ( "w ( ! ,bolognese   
s*ool1 :i* is ev]y:]e black 9 ! %ad[s1 &
 colorless 9 ! lights1 w engrave ) great
 ease1 & appe> spirit$ & =cible4 ,h5ce  
engrav]s1 z a rule1 are int]e/$ 9       

reproduc+ ! "w ( ! wor/ s*ools ( pa9t+4 
,also1 ! idea t ! m]it ( an engrav+     
consi/$ 9 light & %ade1 has prev5t$ !   
mod]n ma/]s f ev5 attempt+ to r5d] works
 dep5d5t ma9ly on outl9e & expression2 l
 ! e>ly frescoes1 :i* %\ld inde$ h be5 !
 objects ( _! mo/ att5tive & cont9ual   
skill3 = outl9e & expression are        
entirely )9 ! scope ( engrav+2 & !      
scripture hi/ories ( an aisle ( a cloi/]
 might h be5 engrav$1 to p]fection1 )   
little m pa9s ?an are giv5 by ord9>y    
workm5 to r\nd a limb by ,correggio1 or 
imitate ! texture ( a dress by ,sir     
,jo%ua1--& bo?1 at la/1 inadequately4   
#bca4 ,i w n lose m "t 9 ass]t+ or      
lam5t+ ! mis*ief aris+ out ( ! exi/+    
sy/em3 b w rapidly /ate :at ! public    
%\ld n[ ask =4  #a4 ,exquisitely c>eful 
engrav$ outl9es ( all rema9+ frescoes ( 
! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies 9
 ,italy1 ) s mu* pale t9t+ z may be     
explanatory ( _! ma9 masses2 & ) ! local
 d>ks & local lights brilliantly        
reliev$4 ,! ,arundel ,society h publi%$ 

"s m]itori\s plates ( ?is k9d f         
,angelico1--n1 h[ev]1 pay+ respect en\gh
 to ! local colors1 b conv5tionaliz+ !  
:ole too mu* into outl9e4  #b4 ,f9i%$   
small plates = book illu/ration4 ,! *eap
 wood-cutt+ & et*+ ( popul> illu/rat$   
books h be5 endlessly mis*iev\s to      
public ta/e3 !y fir/ obta9$ _! p[] 9 a  
g5]al reaction ( ! public m9d f !       
insipidity ( ! l[] s*ool ( l9e engrav+1 
br\ght on x by s]vile p]si/5ce 9 hack "w
 = ignorant publi%]s4 ,! la/ dregs ( x  
may /ill be se5 9 ! s5tim5tal l&scapes  
engrav$ = *eap ladies' pocket-books4 ,b 
! woodcut c nev]1 educationally1 take ! 
place ( s]5e & accompli%$ l9e engrav+2 &
 ! tra9+ ( "y arti/s 9 :om ! gift (     
del9eation prevails ov] _! s5se ( color1
 to ! production ( s*ol>ly1 b small     
plates1 ) _! utmo/ honor ( skill1 w\ld  
give a hi!rto unconceiv$ dignity to ! "*
 & range ( our popul> lit]ature4  #c4   
,vigor\s mezzot9ts f pictures ( ! great 
ma/]s1 :i* orig9ally pres5t noble       
contra/s ( light & %ade4 ,_m ,v5etian   

works are magnific5t 9 ?is "*4  #d4     
,orig9al design by pa9t]s !mselves1     
decisively engrav$ 9 few l9es--7n et*$72
 & ) su* insi/5ce by dott$ "w on ! ma9  
cont\rs z we h se5 9 ! examples giv5 f  
,italian engrav+4  #e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !  
m5 ^: quiet pati5ce & exquisite manual  
dext]ity are at pres5t employ$ 9 produc+
 l>ge & co/ly plates1 su* z t ( ! ,belle
 ,j>d9i]e de ,flor5ce1 by ,m4 ,b\*]     
,desnoy]s1 %\ld be entirely releas$ f _!
 s]vile toil1 & employ$ exclusively 9   
produc+ color$ copies1 or light draw+s1 
f ! orig9al "w4 ,! same numb] ( h\rs (  
labor1 appli$ ) ! l consci5ti\s skill1  
w\ld multiply preci\s lik5esses ( ! real
 picture1 full ( subtle v]acities :i* no
 /eel l9e c\ld approa*1 & convey+1 to   
?\s&s1 true k & unaffect$ enjoym5t (    
pa9t+2 :ile ! f9i%$ plate lies unc>$ = 9
 ! portfolio ( ! virtuoso1 s]v+ only1 s 
f> z x is se5 9 ! pr9tsell]'s w9d[ by ! 
p1 to make !m ?9k t sacr$ pa9t+ mu/     
always be dull1 & unnatural4  #bcb4 ,i h
 nam$ ! above engrav+1 because1 = p]sons

 wi%+ to /udy ! pres5t qualities &      
me?ods ( l9e-"w1 x is a pleasant &      
suffici5t possession1 unit+ e v>iety (  
texture ) great s]5ity ( un=c$ effect1 &
 exhibit+ e possible artifice &         
a*ievem5t 9 ! di/ribution ( ev5 & rugg$1
 or ( close & op5 l9e2 artifices =      
:i*1--:ile ,i mu/ yet once m &          
emphatically repeat t !y are            
illegitimate1 & c\ld n be practic$ 9 a  
reviv$ s*ool ( classic art1--,i w\ld fa9
 secure ! read]'s rev]5t admiration1 "u 
! conditions exact$ by ! s*ool to :i* !y
 belong4 ,let him endeavor1 ) ! f9e/    
po9t ( p5 or p5cil he c obta91 to       
imitate ! pr(ile ( ?is ,madonna 9 its   
relief aga9/ ! gray backgr\nd ( ! wat]  
surface2 let him exam9e1 ?r\gh a good   
l5s1 ! way 9 :i* ! l9es ( ! backgr\nd   
are end$ 9 a lance-po9t z !y approa* x2 
! exact equality ( dep? ( %ade be+      
re/or$ by ins]t$ dots1 :i* prep>e = !   
transition to ! mann] ( %ade adopt$ 9 ! 
fle%3 !n let him endeavor to trace ) 8  
own h& "s ( ! curv$ l9es at ! edge ( !  

eyelid1 or 9 ! r\nd+ ( ! lip2 or if ^!  
be too impossible1 ev5 a few ( ! quiet  
undulations :i* gradate ! folds ( ! hood
 beh9d ! hair2 & he w1 ,i tru/1 beg9 to 
compreh5d ! range ( delightful "w :i*   
w\ld be )9 ! rea* ( su* an arti/1       
employ$ ) m tractable mat]ial on m      
ext5d$ subject4  #bcc4 ,if1 inde$1 !    
pres5t sy/em 7 capable ( influ5c+ ! mass
 ( ! p1 & en=c+ among !m ! subtle       
att5tion necess>y to appreciate x1      
some?+ might be plead$ 9 def5se ( its   
sev]ity4 ,b all ^! plates are entirely  
above ! means ( ! l[] middle classes1 & 
p]haps n "o read] 9 a hundr$ c possess  
himself1 = ! /udy ,i ask ( him1 ev5 ( ! 
plate to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,:at1 9 !   
/ead ( su*1 he c & does possess1 let him
 consid]1--&1 if possible1 j aft] exam9+
 ! noble qualities ( ?is consci5ti\s    
engrav+4  #bcd4 ,take up1 = an av]age   
specim5 ( mod]n illu/rat$ works1 !      
volume ( ,dick5s's ',ma/] ,humphrey's   
,clock1' conta9+ ',b>naby ,rudge4'  ,y h
 9 t book an entirely pr(itless &       

mon/r\s /ory1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal *>act]s  
are a coxcomb1 an idiot1 a madman1 a    
savage blackgu>d1 a fooli% tav]n-keep]1 
a mean old maid1 & a conceit$           
appr5tice1--mix$ up ) a c]ta9 quantity (
 ord9>y op]atic pa/oral /uff1 ab\t a    
pretty ,dolly 9 ribbons1 a lov] ) a     
wood5 leg1 & an h]oic locksmi?4 ,= ^!   
latt]1 ! only elem5ts ( good1 or life1 9
 ! fil?y mass ( ! /ory1,,bm obs]ve t !  
au?or mu/ fil* ! wreck ( ^? old times ( 
:i* we fi]cely & frantically de/roy e   
liv+ ve/ige1 :5ev] x is possible4 ,y _c 
h y\r ,dolly ,v>d5 br\ght up beh9d !    
c\nt] ( a railway /ation2 nor y\r jolly 
locksmi? tra9$ at a ,birm+ham           
brass-f\ndry4 ,& ( ^! mat]ials1 obs]ve t
 y c only h ! ugly ones illu/rat$4 ,!   
*eap popul> art _c draw = y beauty1     
s5se1 or hone/y2 & = ,dolly ,v>d51 or ! 
locksmi?1 y w look ?r\gh ! vignettes 9  
va94 ,b e species ( di/ort$ folly &     
vice1--! idiot1 ! blackgu>d1 ! coxcomb1 
! paltry fool1 ! degrad$ woman1--are    
pictur$ = y\r honorable pleasure 9 e    

page1 ) clumsy c>icature1 /ruggl+ to    
r5d] its dullness tol]able by insi/+ on 
defect1--if p]*ance a p5ny or two m may 
be co9$ out ( ! ,cockney read]'s it* =  
loa?som5ess4  #bce4 ,or take up1 =      
in/ance ( high] ef=t1 ! ',cornhill      
,magaz9e' = ?is mon?1 ,july1 #ahgf4 ,x  
has a vignette ( ,v5ice = an illum9at$  
lett]4 ,t is :at y\r decorative art has 
become1 by help ( ,k5s+ton6 ,! lett] to 
be produc$ is a ,t4 ,!re is a gondola 9 
! front ( ! design1 ) ! canopy slipp$   
back to ! /]n l a saddle ov] a horse's  
tail4 ,!re is ano!r 9 ! middle di/ance1 
all gone to se$ at ! pr[1 ) its gondoli]
 emaciat$ into an o>1 at ! /]n2 !n !re  
is a ,*ur* ( ! ,salute1 & a ,ducal      
,palace1--9 :i* ,i beg y to obs]ve all !
 felicity & dext]ity ( mod]n *eap       
engrav+2 f9ally1 ov] ! ,ducal ,palace   
!re is some?+1 ,i "k n 9 ! lea/ :at     
meant =1 l an umbrella dropp+ out ( a   
balloon1 :i* is ! ornam5tal lett] ,t4   
,opposite ?is ornam5tal design1 !re is  
an engrav+ ( two "y ladies & a p>asol1  

betwe5 two trunks ( trees4 ,! :ite face 
& black feet ( ! pr9cipal "y lady1 be+ !
 po9ts ( ! design1 are done ) z mu*     
c>e1--n ) z mu* dext]ity1--z an ord9>y  
sket* ( ,du ,mauri]'s 9 ,pun*4 ,! "y    
lady's dress1 ! next attraction1 is done
 9 *eap :ite & black cutt+1 )           
consid]ably less skill ?an t ( any      
ord9>y tailor's or mill9]'s %op-book    
patt]n draw+4 ,= ! o!r "y lady1 & !     
l&scape1 take y\r magnify+ glass1 & look
 at ! hack$ wood t =ms ! entire %ad$    
surface--"o mass ( idiotic scrabble1 )\t
 ! remote/ attempt to express a s+le    
leaf1 fl[]1 or clod ( e>?4 ,x is su*    
l&scape z ! public sees out ( its       
railroad w9d[ at sixty miles ( x 9 !    
h\r--& good en\gh = su* a public4  #bcf4
 ,!n turn to ! la/--! poetical plate1 p4
 #abb3 ,lifts h]--lays h] d[n ) c>e4    
,look at ! g5tleman ) a spade1 promot+ !
 advance1 ov] a hillock ( hay1 ( !      
repos+ figure 9 ! black-sid$ tub4 ,take 
y\r magnify+ glass to t1 & look :at a   
da9ty female arm & h& y\r mod]n         

sci5tific & anatomical s*ools ( art h   
provid$ y )6 ,look at ! t5d] horizontal 
flux ( ! sea r\nd ! promontory po9t     
above4 ,look at ! t5d] engrav+ ( ! l9e> 
light on ! div9e horizon1 above ! rav5\s
 sea-gull4 ,"h is ,developm5t &         
,progress = y1 f ! days ( ,p]ug9o's     
horizon1 & ,dante's daybreaks6 ,truly1  
"h x seems      ,si *e le bian*e e le   
v]miglie guance     ,p] troppa etate    
div5ivan rance4  #bcg4 ,i h *os5 no     
gross or mean in/ances ( mod]n "w4 ,x is
 "o ( ! sadde/ po9ts connect$ ) ! matt] 
t ! design] ( ?is la/ plate is a p]son (
 consummate art faculty1 b b\nd to !    
:eel ( ! mod]n ,jugg]naut1 & brok5 on x4
 ,^! woodcuts1 = ',b>naby ,rudge' & !   
',cornhill ,magaz9e1' are favorably     
repres5tative ( ! entire illu/rative art
 indu/ry ( ! mod]n press1--indu/ry      
enslav$ to ! gha/ly s]vice ( cat*+ ! la/
 gleams 9 ! glu$ eyes ( ! daily m be/ial
 ,engli% mob1--railroad born & br$1 :i* 
drags itself ab\t ! black _w x has )]$  
"u its brea?1 9 "o et]nal gr9d &        

%riek1--gobbl+1--/>+1--*att]+1--giggl+1-
-trampl+ out e ve/ige ( national honor &
 dome/ic peace1 :]ev] x sets ! /agg]+   
ho( ( x2 incapable ( read+1 ( he>+1 (   
?9k+1 ( look+1--capable only ( gre$ =   
money1 lu/ = food1 pride ( dress1 & !   
pruri5t it* ( mom5t>y curiosity = !     
politics la/ ann\nc$ by ! newsmong]1 & !
 religion la/ roll$ by ! *emi/ into     
electu>y = ! dead4  #bch4 ,9 ! mis]ably 
competitive labor ( f9d+ new /imulus = !
 appetite--daily m gross--( ?is tyrann\s
 mob1 we may c\nt z lo/1 beyond any     
hope1 ! arti/s :o are dull1 docile1 or  
di/ress$ en\gh to submit to its dem&s2 &
 we may c\nt ! dull & ! di/ress$ by     
myriads2--& among ! docile1 _m ( ! be/  
intellects we possess4 ,! few :o h s5se 
& /r5g? to ass]t _! own place &         
supremacy1 are driv5 into disc\rag$     
disease by _! isolation1 l ,turn] &     
,blake2 ! "o ab&on+ ! design ( 8 ',lib] 
,/udiorum' aft] imp]fectly & sadly1     
aga9/ total public neglect1 c>ry+ x =w>d
 to :at x is1--monum5tal1 nev]!less1 9  

l&scape engrav+2 ! o!r produc+1 ) "o    
only maje/ic s]ies ( designs f ! book ( 
,job1 no?+ = 8 life's "w b co>sely      
iridesc5t sket*es ( enigmatic dream4    
#bci4 ,&1 = total result ( our ,engli%  
engrav+ indu/ry dur+ ! la/ hundr$ &     
fifty ye>s1 ,i f9d t practically at ?is 
mom5t ,i _c get a s+le piece ( true1    
sweet1 & compreh5sible art1 to place =  
in/ruction 9 any *ildr5's s*ool6 ,i c   
get1 = t5 p\nds apiece1 well-engrav$    
portraits ( ,sir ,jo%ua's beauties %[+  
graceful limbs ?r\gh fl[]y drap]ies2 ,i 
c get--dirt-*eap--any quantity ( ,dut*  
flats1 dit*es1 & h$ges1 enliv5$ by c[s  
*ew+ ! cud1 & dogs behav+ indec5tly2 ,i 
c get heaps ^u heaps ( temples1 & =ums1 
& alt>s1 arrang$ z = academical         
competition1 r\nd seaports1 ) curl$-up  
%ips t only t\* ! wat] ) ! middle ( _!  
bottoms4 ,i c get1 at ! price ( lumb]1  
any quantity ( ,briti% squires fl\ri%+  
:ips & fall+ ov] hurdles2 &1 9 suburban 
%ops1 a dolor\s v>iety ( wid[$ mo!rs    
nurs+ babies 9 a high light ) ! ,bible  

on a table1 & baby's %oes on a *air4    
,also1 ( *eap pr9ts1 pa9t$ r$ & blue1 ( 
,*ri/ bless+ little *ildr51 ( ,joseph & 
8 bre?r51 ! infant ,samuel1 or ,daniel 9
 ! lions' d51 ! supply is ample en\gh to
 make e *ild 9 ^! isl&s ?9k ( ! ,bible z
 a some:at dull /ory-book1 all[$ on     
,sunday2--b ( tra9$1 wise1 & wor?y art1 
appli$ to g5tle purposes ( in/ruction1  
no s+le example c be f\nd 9 ! %ops ( !  
,briti% pr9tsell] or booksell]4 ,& aft] 
e dilettante tongue 9 ,european society 
has fill$ draw+-room & academy alike )  
idle clatt] conc]n+ ! div9ity ( ,raphael
 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 = ^! la/ hundr$     
ye>s1 ,i _c at ?is in/ant1 = ! fir/     
s*ool :i* ,i h "s p[] ( organiz+ "u ,/4 
,george's laws1 get a good pr9t (       
,raphael's ,madonna ( ! tribune1 or an  
ord9>ily intelligible view ( ! side &   
dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s6  #bdj4 ,& !re are   
simply no words = ! mix$ absurdity &    
wick$ness ( ! pres5t popul> dem& = art1 
z %[n by its supply 9 our ?or\ghf>es4   
,abroad1 9 ! %ops ( ! ,rue de ,rivoli1  

brighte/ & mo/ c5tral ( ,p>isian /reets1
 ! putresc5t remnant ( :at 0 once       
,ca?olicism promotes its poor gild$     
p$l>s' w>e ( nativity & crucifixion into
 su* honorable corn]s z x c f9d among ! 
m co/ly & /udi\s illum9ations ( ! bro!l3
 & al?\gh1 9 ,pall ,mall1 & ! ,/r&1 !   
l>ge-m>g9$ ,l&se]1--,/anfield1--or      
,turn]-pro(s1 9 a few /ately w9d[s1 /ill
 repres5t1 unc>$-= by ! p1 or           
inaccessible to !m1 ! p[] ( an ,engli%  
s*ool n[ :olly p]i%$1--^! are too surely
 sup]s$$1 9 ! w9d[s t /op ! cr[d1 by !  
?rill+ attraction ) :i* ,dore1 ,g]ome1 &
 ,tadema h inve/$ ! gambl+ table1 !     
duel+ gr\nd1 & ! ar5a2 or by ! m mat]ial
 & almo/ tangible tru? ) :i* !          
apo!c>y-arti/ /]eographs ! /ripp$       
actress1 & ! railway m\nd4  #bda4 ,"u ^!
 conditions1 z ,i h n[ repeat$ly ass]t$1
 no pr(essor%ip1 nor s*ool1 ( art c be (
 ! lea/ use to ! g5]al public4 ,no race 
c und]/& a vision>y l&scape1 :i* bla/s  
its real m\nta9s into ru91 & black5s its
 riv]-b$s ) foam ( poison4 ,nor is x ( !

 lea/ use to exhibit ideal ,diana at    
,k5s+ton1 :ile sub/antial ,phryne may be
 wor%ip$ 9 ! ,/r&4 ,! only recov]y ( our
 art-p[] possible1--nay1 :5 once we "k !
 full mean+ ( x1 ! only "o              
desirable1--mu/ result f ! purification 
( ! nation's he>t1 & *a/isem5t ( its    
life3 utt]ly hopeless n[1 = our adult   
population1 or 9 our l>ge cities1 & _!  
neighborhood4 ,b1 s f> z any ( ! sacr$  
influ5ce ( =m] design c be br\ght to be>
 on ! m9ds ( ! "y1 & s f> z1 9 rural    
di/ricts1 ! fir/ elem5ts ( s*ol>ly      
education c be made pure1 ! f\ndation ( 
a new dyna/y ( ?\ght may be sl[ly laid4 
,i 0 /rangely impress$ by ! effect      
produc$ 9 a prov9cial seaport s*ool =   
*ildr51 *iefly ( fi%]m5's families1 by !
 gift ( a little color$ draw+ ( a s+le  
figure f ! ,p>adise ( ,angelico 9 !     
,accademia ( ,flor5ce4 ,! draw+ 0 wret*$
 en\gh1 se5 beside ! orig9al2 ,i _h only
 b\ght x f ! poor ,italian copyi/ =     
*>ity3 b1 to ! *ildr51 x 0 l an actual  
glimpse ( heav52 !y rejoic$ 9 x ) pure  

joy1 & _! mi/ress ?ank$ me = x m ?an if 
,i _h s5t h] a :ole libr>y ( good books4
 ,( su* copies1 ! grace-giv+ indu/ry (  
"y girls1 n[ worse ?an lo/ 9 ! spuri\s  
*>ities ( ! baza>1 or selfi%            
ornam5tations ( ! draw+-room1 might1 9 a
 ye>'s "t1 provide en\gh = e dame-s*ool 
9 ,engl&2 & a ye>'s hone/ "w ( !        
engrav]s employ$ on our base novels1    
might repres5t to our advanc$ /ud5ts e  
fresco$ leg5d ( philosophy & morality   
extant 9 ,*ri/5dom4  #bdb4 ,= my own "p1
 ,i h no purpose1 9 :at rema9s to me (  
opportunity1 ei!r at ,ox=d or else:]e1  
to address any f>!r c\rse ( in/ruction  
t[>ds ! developm5t ( exi/+ s*ools4 ,aft]
 see+ ! /ream ( ! ,teviot z black z ink1
 & a putrid c>cass ( a %eep ly+ 9 ! dry 
*annel ( ! ,j$1 "u ,j$burgh ,abbey1 7!  
entire /r5g? ( ! summ] /ream be+ tak5   
away to supply a s+le mill17 ,i "k1     
f9ally1 :at value ! ,briti% m9d sets on 
! 'beauties ( nature1' & %all attempt no
 f>!r ! excitem5t ( its en?usiasm 9 t   
direction4 ,i %all inde$ endeavor to    

c>ry out1 ) ,mr4 ,w>d's help1 my tw5ty  
ye>s' held purpose ( mak+ ! real "* (   
,turn]'s "w kn[n1 to ! p]sons :o1 =m]ly 
int]e/$ by ! engrav+s f him1 imag9$ half
 ! m]it 0 ( ! engrav]'s giv+4 ,b ,i "k  
p]fectly t to ! g5]al p1 tra9$ 9 ! mid/ 
( ! uglie/ objects t vice c design1 9   
h\ses1 mills1 & ma*9]y1 all beautiful =m
 & color is z invisible z ! sev5? heav54
 ,x is n a "q ( appreciation at all2 !  
?+ is physically invisible to !m1 z     
human spee* is inaudible dur+ a /eam    
:i/le4  #bdc4 ,& ,i %all also use all ! 
/r5g? ,i h to conv9ce ^?1 among our     
arti/s ( ! second ord]1 :o are wise &   
mode/ en\gh n to ?9k !mselves ! mat*es (
 ,turn] or ,mi*ael ,angelo1 t 9 ! pres5t
 /ate ( art !y only wa/e _! p[]s 9      
endeavor+ to produce orig9al pictures ( 
human =m or passion4 ,mod]n ari/ocratic 
life is too vulg>1 & mod]n peasant life 
too unhappy1 to furni% subjects ( noble 
/udy2 :ile1 ev5 7 x o!rwise1 !          
multiplication ( designs by pa9t]s (    
second-rate p[] is no m desirable ?an ! 

writ+ ( music by inf]ior compos]s4 ,!y  
may1 ) f> great] p]sonal happ9ess1 &    
incalculably great] advantage to o!rs1  
devote !mselves to ! affectionate &     
s5sitive copy+ ( ! works ( m5 ( j r5[n4 
,! dignity ( ?is self-sacrifice w\ld    
soon be ackn[l$g$ ) s9c]e respect2 =    
copies produc$ by m5 work+ ) su* motive 
w\ld diff] no less f ! common           
trade-article ( ! gall]ies ?an ! r5d]+ (
 music by an en?usia/ic & highly tra9$  
executant diff]s f ! gr9d+ ( a /reet    
organ4 ,& ! *ange 9 ! tone ( public     
feel+1 produc$ by famili>ity ) su* "w1  
w\ld soon be no less great ?an 9 _!     
musical enjoym5t1 if hav+ be5 accu/om$  
only to he> black ,*ri/ys1 bl9d fiddl]s1
 & ho>se begg>s scrape or h[l ab\t _!   
/reets1 !y 7 p]mitt$ daily audi5ce (    
fai?ful & g5tle or*e/ral r5d]+ ( ! "w ( 
! highe/ classical ma/]s4  #bdd4 ,i h n1
 until v lately1 rightly appreciat$ !   
results ( ! labor ( ! ,arundel ,society 
9 ?is direction4 ,al?\gh1 f ! beg9n+1 ,i
 h be5 honor$ 9 be+ a memb] ( its       

c\ncil1 my action has be5 hi!rto r (    
*eck ?an help1 because ,i ?\ght m ( !   
diff]5ces betwe5 our copies & ! great   
orig9als1 ?an ( _! unque/ionable        
sup]iority to any?+ ! public c\ld       
o!rwise obta94  ,i 0 practically conv9c$
 ( _! extreme value only ?is la/ w9t]1  
by /ay+ at ! h\se ( a fri5d 9 :i* !     
,arundel engrav+s 7 ! pr9cipal          
decoration2 & :]e ,i le>n$ m ( ,masaccio
 f ! ,arundel copy ( ! conte/ ) ,simon  
,magus1 ?an 9 ! ,brancacci *apel itself2
 = ! daily companion%ip ) ! engrav+     
taught me subtleties 9 its composition  
:i* _h escap$ me 9 ! multitud9\s int]e/ 
( visits to ! actual fresco4  ,b ! "w ( 
! ,society has be5 sorely h9d]$ hi!rto1 
because x has _h at comm& only ! skill (
 copyi/s tra9$ 9 =eign s*ools ( color1 &
 accu/om$ to meet no m accurate         
requisitions ?an ^? ( ! fa%ionable      
travel]4 ,i h always hop$ =1 & tru/ at  
la/ to obta91 co-op]ation ) our too     
mildly labori\s copyi/s1 ( ,engli%      
arti/s possess+ m brilliant color       

faculty2 & ! p]mission ( our subscrib]s 
to secure = !m ! great ru9s ( ! noble   
pa/1 undesecrat$ by ! trim1 b trea*]\s1 
pla/]+ ( mod]n em5dation4  #bde4        
,f9ally1 ,i hope to direct "s ( !       
antiqu>ian en]gy (t5 to be f\nd rema9+1 
ev5 :5 love ( ! picturesque has pass$   
away1 to enc\rage ! accurate del9eation 
& engrav+ ( hi/orical monum5ts1 z a     
direct function ( our s*ools ( art4 ,all
 t ,i h g5]ally to sugge/ on ?is matt]  
has be5 already /at$ ) suffici5t        
cle>ness 9 ! fir/ ( my inaugural        
lectures at ,ox=d3 & my =?com+ ',elem5ts
 ( ,draw+',,bn w conta9 all ! directions
 ,i c give 9 writ+ z to me?ods ( "w =   
su* purpose4 ,! publication ( ^! has be5
 h9d]$1 = at lea/ a ye>1 by ! abuses    
introduc$ by ! mod]n *eap modes ( pr9t+ 
engrav+s4 ,i f9d ! m5 won't use any ink 
b :at pleases !m2 nor pr9t b ) :at      
pressure pleases !m2 & if ,i c get !    
=eman to att5d to ! bus9ess1 & *oose !  
ink "r1 ! m5 *ange x ! mom5t he leaves !
 room1 & ?reat5 to ?r[ up ! job :5 !y   

are detect$4 ,all ?is1 ,i h long kn[n   
well1 is a matt] ( c\rse1 9 ! outcome ( 
mod]n pr9ciples ( trade2 b x has r5d]$ x
 hi!rto impossible = me to produce      
illu/rations1 :i* h be5 ready1 z f> z my
 "w or t ( my own assi/ants is conc]n$1 
= a ye> & a half4 ,any "o int]e/$ 9 he>+
 ( our progress--or arre/1 may write to 
my ,turn] copyi/1 ,mr4 ,w>d3,,bo &1 9 ! 
meantime1 !y c help my designs = art    
education be/ by mak+ ^! ,turn] copies m
 g5]ally kn[n2 & by det]m9+1 :5 !y      
travel1 to sp5d :at sums !y h at _!     
disposal1 n 9 fady photography1 b 9 !   
enc\ragem5t ( any good wat]-color &     
p5cil draughtsm5 :om !y f9d employ$ 9 ! 
gall]ies ( ,europe4                     
,,article ,,ii4                         
,,deta*$ ,,notes4                       
,i4        ,on ! s]ies ( ,sibyl engrav+s
 attribut$ to ,botticelli4  #bdf4 ,s9ce 
,i wrote ! e>li] lectures 9 ?is volume1 
,i h be5 made m d\btful on sev]al po9ts 
:i* 7 emb>rass+ en\gh be=e1 by see+ "s  
bett] 7s-call$7 impressions ( my        

favorite plates conta9+ light & %ade :i*
 did n improve !m4  ,i d n *oose to wa/e
 "t or space 9 discussion1 till ,i "k m 
( ! matt]2 & t m ,i mu/ leave to my good
 fri5d ,mr4 ,reid ( ! ,briti% ,museum to
 f9d out = me2 = ,i h no "t to take up !
 subject myself1 b ,i give1 =           
frontispiece to ?is ,app5dix1 ! engrav+ 
( ,jo%ua ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 :i* h[ev]  
beautiful 9 ?\ght1 is an example ( !    
inf]ior execution & m elaborate %ade :i*
 puzzle me4 ,b :atev] is said 9 !       
previ\s pages ( ! plates *os5 = example1
 by :omsoev] done1 is absolutely        
tru/wor?y4 ,?or\ghly f9e !y are1 9 _!   
exi/+ /ate1 & exempl>y to all p]sons &  
times4 ,& ( ! re/1 9 fitt+ place ,i hope
 to give complete--or at lea/           
satisfactory acc\nt4                    
,,ii4    ,on ! ?ree excell5t engrav]s   
repres5tative ( ! fir/1 middle1         
& late s*ools4  ,illu/ration3 ,,xii4  ,!
 ,coronation 9 ! ,g>d54  #bdg4 ,i h giv5
 opposite a photograph1 slightly r$uc$ f
 ! ,du]] ,madonna1 allud$ to (t5 9 !    

text1 z an example ( 8 be/ conception ( 
womanhood4 ,x is v curi\s t ,du]]1 !    
lea/ able ( all great arti/s to repres5t
 womanhood1 %\ld ( late h be5 a v       
pr9cipal object ( fem99e admiration4 ,! 
la/ ?+ a woman %\ld d is to write ab\t  
art4 ,!y nev] see any?+ 9 pictures b :at
 !y are told1 7or resolve to see out (  
contradiction17--or ! p>ticul> ?+s t    
fall 9 ) _! own feel+s4 ,i saw a curi\s 
piece ( en?usia/ic writ+ by an ,ed9burgh
 lady1 ! o!r day1 on ! photographs ,i _h
 tak5 f ! t[] ( ,giotto4 ,%e did n c>e a
 /raw :at ,giotto _h meant by !m1 decl>$
 %e felt x h] duty only to ann\nce :at  
!y 7 to h]2 & wrote two pages on !      
bas-relief ( ,h]acles & ,antaeus--assum+
 x to be ! dea? ( ,abel4  #bdh4 ,x is n1
 h[ev]1 by wom5 only t ,du]] has be5    
ov]-prais$4 ,he /&s s alone 9 8 own     
field1 t ! p :o c>e mu* = him g5]ally   
lose ! p[] ( enjoy+ any?+ else rightly2 
& are cont9ually attribut+ to ! =ce ( 8 
imag9ation qua9tnesses :i* are m]ely "p 
( ! g5]al mann]ism ( 8 day4  ,! foll[+  

notes ^u him1 9 relation to two o!r     
excell5t engrav]s1 7 writt5 %ortly =    
extempore expansion 9 lectur+4 ,i give  
!m1 ) ! o!rs 9 ?is t]m9al article1 ma9ly
 = use to myself 9 future ref]5ce2 b    
also z m or less sugge/ive to ! read]1  
if he has tak5 up ! subject s]i\sly1 &  
wor?1 !re=e1 a few pages ( ?is clos+    
%eet4  #bdi4 ,! m5 ,i h nam$ z          
repres5tative ( all ! good ones compos+ 
_! s*ool1 are alike resolv$ _! engrav+  
%all be lovely4  ,b ,botticelli1 !      
anci5t1 wants1 ) z little engrav+1 z mu*
 ,sibyl z possible4  ,du]]1 ! c5tral1   
wants1 ) z mu* engrav+ z possible1 any?+
 ( ,sibyl t may *ance to be pick$ up )  
x4  ,beaugr&1 ! mod]n1 wants1 z mu*     
,sibyl z possible1 & z mu* engrav+ too4 
#bej4 ,i repeat--= ,i want to get ?is   
cle> to y--,botticelli wants1 ) z little
 engrav+1 z mu* ,sibyl z possible4 ,= 8 
head is full ( ,sibyls1 & 8 he>t4 ,he   
c't draw !m fa/ en\gh3 "o comes1 & ano!r
 & ano!r2 & all1 graci\s & wond]ful &   
good1 to be engrav$ =ev]1 if only he _h 

a ?\s& h&s & lives4 ,he scrat*es d[n "o1
 ) no ha/e1 ) no fault1 div9ely c>eful1 
scrupul\s1 pati5t1 b ) z few l9es z     
possible4 ',ano!r ,sibyl--let me draw   
ano!r1 = heav5's sake1 be=e %e has burnt
 all h] books1 & vani%$4'  ,du]] is     
exactly ,botticelli's opposite4 ,he is a
 workman1 to ! he>t1 & w d 8 "w         
magnific5tly4 ',no matt] :at ,i d x on1 
s t my craft be honorably %[n4 ,any?+ w 
d2 a ,sibyl1 a skull1 a ,madonna &      
,*ri/1 a hat & fea!r1 an ,adam1 an ,eve1
 a cock1 a sp>r[1 a lion ) two tails1 a 
pig ) five legs1--any?+ w d = me4 ,b see
 if ,i don't %[ y :at engrav+ is1 be my 
subject :at x may6'  #bea4 ,?irdly3     
,beaugr&1 ,i said1 wants z mu* ,sibyl z 
possible1 & z mu* engrav+4 ,he is       
ess5tially a copyi/1 & has no ideas ( 8 
own1 b deep rev]5ce & love = ! "w (     
o!rs4 ,he w give 8 life to repres5t     
ano!r man's ?\ght4 ,he w d 8 be/ ) e    
spot & l9e1--exhibit to y1 if y w only  
look1 ! mo/ exquisite completion (      
ob$i5t skill2 b w be cont5t1 if y w n   

look1 to pass 8 neglect$ ye>s 9 fruitful
 peace1 & c\nt e day well sp5t t has    
giv5 s(tness to a %ad[1 or light to a   
smile4                                  
,,iii4      ,on ,du]]'s l&scape1 )      
ref]5ce to ! s5t5ce on p4 #aja3         
,i hope y are pleas$4  #beb4 ,i spoke j 
n[ only ( ! ill-%ap$ body ( ?is figure (
 ,=tune1 or ,pleasure4 ,b5ea? h] feet is
 an elaborate l&scape4 ,x is all drawn  
out ( ,du]]'s head2--he w\ld look at    
bones or t5dons c>efully1 or at ! leaf  
details ( =egr\nd2--b at ! bread? &     
lovel9ess ( real l&scape1 nev]4  ,he has
 tri$ to give y a bird's-eye view (     
,g]many2 rocks1 & woods1 & cl\ds1 &     
brooks1 & ! pebbles 9 _! b$s1 & mills1 &
 cottages1 & f5ces1 & :at n2 b x is all 
a fev]i% dream1 gha/ly & /range1 a      
monotone ( diseas$ imag9ation4  ,& "h is
 a little bit ( ! _w he w\ld n look     
at--( ! great riv] ( 8 l&1 ) a s+le     
clu/] ( its re$s1 & two boats1 & an isl&
 ) a village1 & ! way = ! et]nal wat]s  
op5$ betwe5 ! r\nd$ hills4,,bp  ,x is j 

:at y may see any day1 any:]e1--innoc5t1
 seem+ly artless2 b ! artlessness (     
,turn] is l ! face ( ,ga9sbor\gh's      
village girl1 & a joy =ev]4             
,,iv4                         ,on ! /udy
 ( anatomy4  #bec4 ,! virtual beg9n] (  
arti/ic anatomy 9 ,italy 0 a man call$  
',! ,p\lt]]'--f 8 gr&fa!r's trade2      
',pollajuolo1' a man ( imm5se p[]1 b on 
:om ! curse ( ! ,italian m9d 9 ?is      
age,,bq 0 set at its deepe/4  ,any =m ( 
passionate excess has t]rific effects on
 body & s\l1 9 nations z 9 m52 & :5 ?is 
excess is 9 rage1 & rage aga9/ y\r      
bro!r1 & rage accompli%$ 9 habitual de$s
 ( blood1--d y ?9k ,nature w =get to set
 ! seal ( h] indignation ^u ! =ehead8 ,i
 told y t ! great division ( _s betwe5 !
 nor!rn & s\!rn races _h be5 reconcil$ 9
 ! ,val d',arno4 ,! ,font ( ,flor5ce1 & 
! ,font ( ,pisa1 7 z ! v spr+s ( ! life 
( ! ,*ri/ianity :i* _h gone =? to tea*  
all nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( !      
,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,yet ^! two bro!r      
cities 7 to ea* o!r--,i d n say z ,abel 

& ,ca91 b z ,eteocles & ,polynices1 & ! 
words ( ,a,eschylus are n[ fulfill$ 9 !m
 to ! utt]mo/4 ,! ,arno baptizes _! dead
 bodies3--_! native valley betwe5 its   
m\nta9s is to !m z ! furr[ ( a grave2--&
 s mu* ( _! l& !y h1 z is sepul*]4 ,nay1
 n ( ,flor5ce & ,pisa only 0 ?is true3  
,v5ice & ,g5oa di$ 9 dea?-grapple2 &    
eight cities ( ,lomb>dy divid$ betwe5 !m
 ! joy ( level+ ,milan to h] l[e/ /one4 
,nay1 n m]ely 9 city aga9/ city1 b 9    
/reet aga9/ /reet1 & h\se aga9/ h\se1 ! 
fury ( ! ,!ban dragon flam$ ceaselessly1
 & ) ! same excuse ^u m5's lips4 ,! sign
 ( ! %ield ( ,polynices1 ,ju/ice br++   
back ! exile1 0 to !m all1 9 turn1 !    
port5t ( dea?3 & _! hi/ory1 9 ! sum ( x 
& sub/ance1 is z ( ! s]vants ( ,joab &  
,abn] by ! pool ( ,gibeon4 ,!y caught e 
"o 8 fell[ by ! head1 & ?ru/ 8 sword 9 8
 fell['s side2 s !y fell d[n toge!r3    
:]e=e t place 0 call$ '! field ( ! /rong
 m54'  #bed4 ,n[ x is n possible =      
,*ri/ian m5 to live ?us1 except "u a    
fev] ( insanity4 ,i h be=e1 9 my        

lectures on ,prud5ce & ,insol5ce 9 art1 
delib]ately ass]t$ to y ! logical       
accuracy ( ! t]m 'demoniacal            
possession',,br--! be+ 9 ! p[] or       
possession ( a betray+ _s2 & ! def9ite  
sign ( su* insanity is delight 9        
witness+ pa91 usually accompani$ by an  
in/9ct t gloats ov] or plays ) physical 
uncleanness or disease1 & always by a   
morbid egotism4 ,x is n to be recogniz$ 
= demoniacal p[] s mu* by its           
vici\sness1 z its paltr9ess1--! tak+    
pleasure 9 m9ute1 contemptible1 &       
loa?some ?+s4,,bs ,n[1 9 ! middle ( !   
gall]y ( ! ,br]a at ,milan1 !re is an   
elaborate /udy ( a dead ,*ri/1 entirely 
*>act]i/ic ( e>ly fifte5? c5tury        
,italian madman's "w4 ,x is call$--& 0  
pres5t$ to ! p z--a ,*ri/2 b x is only  
an anatomical /udy ( a vulg> & gha/ly   
dead body1 ) ! soles ( ! feet set       
/raight at ! spectator1 & ! re/         
=e%ort5$4 ,x is ei!r ,ca/agno's or      
,mantegna's1--9 my m9d1 set d[n to      
,ca/agno2 b ,i h n look$ at ! picture = 

ye>s1 & am n sure at ?is mom5t4 ,x does 
n matt] a /raw :i*3 x is exactly        
*>act]i/ic ( ! madness 9 :i* all (      
!m--,pollajuolo1 ,ca/agno1 ,mantegna1   
,lion>do da ,v9ci1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1   
pollut$ _! "w ) ! sci5ce ( !            
sepul*]1,,bt & degrad$ x ) presumptu\s &
 paltry te*nical skill4 ,=e%ort5 y\r    
,*ri/1 & pa9t ,him1 if y c1 half        
putrefi$1--t is ! sci5tific art ( !     
,r5aissance4  #bee4 ,x is impossible1   
h[ev]1 9 s va/ a subject to di/+ui%     
always ! beg9n] ( ?+s f ! e/abli%]4 ,to 
! p\lt]]'s son1 ,pollajuolo1 rema9s !   
et]nal %ame ( fir/ mak+ insane conte/ ! 
only subject ( art2 b ! two e/abli%]s ( 
anatomy 7 ,lion>do & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,y
 he> ( ,lion>do *iefly because ( 8 ,la/ 
,supp]1 b ,italy did n he> ( him = t4   
,?is 0 n :at br\ght h] to wor%ip        
,lion>do--b ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d4        
,v4                     ,fragm5ts on    
,holbe9 & o!rs4  #bef4 ,( ,holbe9's ,/4 
,elizabe?1 rememb]1 %e is n a p]fect    
,sa9t ,elizabe?1 by any means4 ,%e is an

 hone/ & sweet ,g]man lady1--! be/ he   
c\ld see2 he c\ld d no bett]2--& s ,i   
come back to my old /ory1--no man c d   
bett] ?an he sees3 if he c rea* ! nature
 r\nd him1 x is well2 he may fall %ort (
 x2 he _c rise above x2 ! be/1 9 ?is    
k9d1 are b %ad[s4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,yet t int5se     
v]acity ( ,holbe9 is inde$ ! /r5g? &    
glory ( all ! nor!rn s*ools4 ,!y exi/   
only 9 be+ true4 ,_! "w among m5 is !   
def9ition ( :at is1 & ! abid+ by x4 ,!y 
_c dream ( :at is n4 ,!y make fools (   
!mselves if !y try4 ,?9k h[ feeble ev5  
,%aksp]e is :5 he tries 8 h& at a       
,goddess2--wom51 beautiful & womanly1 z 
_m z y *oose2 b :o c>es :at 8 ,m9]va or 
,juno says1 9 ! masque ( ! ,tempe/8 ,& =
 ! pa9t]s--:5 ,sir ,jo%ua tries = a     
,madonna1 or ,v&yke = a ,diana--!y c't  
ev5 pa9t6 !y become total simpletons4   
,look at ,rub5s' my?ologies 9 ! ,l\vre1 
or at mod]n ,fr5* h]oics1 or ,g]man     
pietisms6 ,:y1 all--,cornelius1 ,hesse1 
,ov]beck1 & ,david--put toge!r1 are n   

wor? "o ,de ,hooghe ( an old woman ) a  
broom sweep+ a back-kit*54 ,! "o ?+ we  
nor!rns c d is to f9d out :at is fact1 &
 insi/ on x3 mean fact x may be1 or     
noble--b fact always1 or we die4  #beg4 
,yet ! int5se/ =m ( nor!rn realization c
 be mat*$ 9 ! s\?1 :5 ! s\!rns *oose4   
,!re are two pieces ( animal draw+ 9 !  
,si/9e ,*apel unrival$ = lit]al v]acity4
 ,! %eep at ! well 9 front ( ,zipporah2 
& aft]w>ds1 :5 %e is go+ away1 lead+ h] 
*ildr51 h] elde/ boy1 l e "o else1 has  
tak5 8 *ief treasure ) him1 & ?is       
treasure is 8 pet dog4 ,x is a little   
%>p-nos$ :ite fox-t]ri]1 full ( fire &  
life2 b n /rong en\gh = a long walk4 ,s 
little ,g]%om1 ^: "n 0 ! /rang] because 
8 fa!r _h be5 a /rang] 9 a /range       
l&1--little ,g]%om c>ries 8 :ite t]ri]  
"u 8 arm1 ly+ on ! top ( a l>ge bundle  
to make x com=table4 ,! doggie puts its 
%>p nose & bright eyes out1 above 8 h&1 
) a little rogui% gleam sideways 9 !m1  
:i* means1--if ,i c read rightly a dog's
 expression1--t he has be5 b>k+ at      

,moses all ! morn+ & has ne>ly put him  
out ( temp]3--& )\t any d\bt1 ,i c ass]t
 to y t !re is n any o!r su* piece (    
animal pa9t+ 9 ! _w1--s brief1 int5se1  
vivid1 & absolutely balanc$ 9 tru?3 z   
t5d]ly drawn z if x _h be5 a sa9t1 yet z
 humor\sly z ,l&se]'s ,"l ,*ancellor    
poodle4  #beh4 ,oppose to--    ,holbe9's
 ,v]acity--,botticelli's ,fantasy4      
,%ade                 ,color4           
,despair               ,fai?4           
,grossness             ,purity4  ,true  
,fantasy4 ,botticelli's ,tree 9         
,hellespontic ,sibyl4 ,n a real tree at 
all--yet f\nd$ on int5se/ p]ception (   
beautiful reality4 ,s ! swan ( ,clio1 z 
oppos$ to ,du]]'s cock1 or to ,turn]'s  
swan4  ,! ,italian p[] ( ab/raction into
 "o my?ologic p]sonage--,holbe9's dea?  
is only lit]al4 ,he has to split 8 dea? 
into ?irty diff]5t dea?s2 & ea* is b a  
skeleton4 ,b ,orcagna's dea? is "o--!   
p[] ( dea? itself4 ,!re may ?us be z mu*
 bread? 9 ?\ght1 z 9 execution4         
99       99       99       99       99  

#bei4 ,:at !n1 we h to ask1 is a man    
consci\s ( 9 :at he sees8  ,= in/ance1 9
 all ,cruik%ank's et*+s--h[ev] slight ! 
outl9e--!re is an int5se consci\sness ( 
light & %ade1 & ( local color1 z a "p ( 
light & %ade2 b none ( color itself4 ,he
 0 :olly incapable ( color+2 & p]haps   
?is v defici5cy enabl$ him to give      
graphic h>mony to engrav+4         99   
99       99       99       99           
,bewick--sn[-pieces1 etc4 ,gray         
pr$om9ant2 p]fect s5se ( color1 com+ out
 9 patt]ns ( birds2--yet s uncultivat$1 
t he engraves ! br[n birds bett] ?an    
pheasant or peacock6  ,= q p]fect       
consci\sness ( color makes engrav+      
impossible1 & y h in/ead--,correggio4   
,,vi4                      ,f9al notes  
on light & %ade4  #bfj4 ,y w f9d 9 !    
#ach? & #adg? p>agraphs ( my ,inaugural 
lectures1 /atem5ts :i*1 if y 7 read+ !  
book by y\rselves1 w\ld /rike y probably
 z ea* ( !m difficult1 & 9 "s degree    
inconsi/5t1--namely1 t ! s*ool ( color  
has exquisite "* & s5tim5t2 b is *ildi%1

 *e]ful1 & fanta/ic2 :ile ! s*ool ( %ade
 is defici5t 9 "* & s5tim5t2 b supreme 9
 intellect & v]acity4 ,! way by light & 
%ade1 ,i say1 is tak5 by m5 ( ! highe/  
p[]s ( ?\ght & mo/ e>ne/ desire = tru?4 
,! s*ool ( %ade1 ,i say1 is defici5t 9  
"* & s5tim5t4 ,comp>e any ( ,du]]'s     
,madonnas ) any ( ,angelico's4  ,yet y  
may disc]n 9 ! ,apocalypse engrav+s t   
,du]]'s m9d 0 seek+ = tru?s1 & deal+ )  
que/ions1 :i* no m c\ld h occurr$ to    
,angelico's m9d ?an to t ( a            
two-ye>s-old baby4  #bfa4 ,! two s*ools 
unite 9 v>i\s degrees2 b are always     
di/+ui%ably g5]ic1 ! two headmo/ ma/]s  
repres5t+ ea* be+ ,t9toret & ,p]ug9o4 ,!
 "o1 defici5t 9 s5tim5t1 & cont9ually   
(f5d+ u by ! want ( x1 b full (         
intellectual p[] & sugge/ion4  ,! o!r1  
repeat+ ideas ) s little reflection t he
 gets blam$ = do+ ! same ?+ ov] aga91   
7,vas>i72 b exquisite 9 s5tim5t & !     
conditions ( ta/e :i* x =ms1 s z to     
become ! ma/] ( x to ,raphael & to all  
succe$+ him2 & rema9+ su* a type (      

s5tim5t1 too delicate to be felt by !   
latt] practical m9d ( ,dut*-br$ ,engl&1 
t ,goldsmi? makes ! admiration ( him !  
te/ ( absurd connoisseur%ip4 ,b yet1 )  
"u-curr5t ( intellect1 :i* gets him     
accus$ ( free-?9k+1 & !re=e ) "u-curr5t 
( entirely exquisite *i>oscuro4  ,light 
& %ade1 !n1 imply ! und]/&+ (           
?+s--,color1 ! imag9ation & ! s5tim5t ( 
!m4  #bfb4 ,9 ,turn]'s di/9ctive "w1    
color is sc>cely ackn[l$g$ unless "u    
influ5ce ( sun%9e4 ,! sun%9e is 8       
treasure2 8 livide/ gloom conta9s x2 8  
graye/ twilight regrets x1 & rememb]s4  
,blue is always a blue %ad[2 br[n or    
gold1 always light2--no?+ is *e]ful b   
sun%9e2 :]ev] ! sun is n1 !re is        
melan*oly or evil4 ,apollo is ,god2 &   
all =ms ( dea? & sorr[ exi/ 9 opposition
 to him4  ,b 9 ,p]ug9o's di/9ctive      
"w1--& !re=e ,i h giv5 him ! capta9's   
place ov] all1--!re is simply no        
d>kness1 no wrong4 ,e color is lovely1 &
 e space is light4 ,! _w1 ! univ]se1 is 
div9e3 all sadness is a "p ( h>mony2 &  

all gloom1 a "p ( peace4                
,,! ,,end4  ,,footnotes3  ,,bl ,see note
 to ! close ( ?is article1 p4 #aef4     
,,bm ,! rav51 h[ev]1 l all ,dick5s's    
animals1 is p]fect3 & ,i am ! m angry ) 
! re/ because ,i h e n[ & !n to op5 !   
book to look = him4  ,,bn ,laws (       
,fesole4  ,,bo #b1 ,*ur* ,t]race1       
,ri*mond1 ,surrey4 ,,note4--,i h hi!rto 
p]mitt$ ,mr4 ,w>d to copy any ,turn]    
draw+ he 0 ask$ to d2 b1 f9d+ !re is a  
run ^u ! vignettes ( ,lo* ,lomond &     
,d]w5t1 ,i h =bidd5 him to d m ( !m = ! 
pres5t1 le/ 8 "w %\ld get ! lea/        
me*anical4 ,! admirable draw+s ( ,v5ice1
 by my good assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,bunney1     
resid5t !re1 w become ( m value to _!   
pur*as]s e ye>1 z ! build+s f :i* !y are
 made are de/roy$4 ,i 0 b j 9 "t1 work+ 
) him at ,v]ona1 to cat* record ( ,fra  
,giocondo's "w 9 ! small] squ>e2 ! mo/  
beautiful ,r5aissance design 9 ,nor?    
,italy4  ,,bp ,! engrav+ ( ,turn]'s     
,sc5e on ! ,rh9e 7ne> ,b+587 ) boats on 
! "r1 & re$y =egr\nd on ! left2 ! op5+  

betwe5 its m\nta9 banks 9 c5tral        
di/ance4 ,x is exquisitely engrav$1 !   
plate be+ ( ! size ( ! draw+1 ab\t t5   
in*es by six1 & f9i%$ ) extreme c>e &   
feel+4  ,,bq ,see ! horrible picture (  
,/4 ,seba/ian by him 9 our own ,national
 ,gall]y4  ,,br ,see ,! ,eagle's ,ne/1  
,sec4 #gi4  ,,bs ,z 9 ! muscles ( ! legs
 & ef=t 9 /ret*+ b[s1 ( ! execution]s1 9
 ! picture j ref]r$ to4  ,,bt ,obs]ve1  
,i entirely di/+ui% ! /udy (            
anatomy--i4e41 ( int5se bone & muscle--f
 /udy ( ! nude1 z ! ,greeks practic$ x4 
,?is = an entirely great pa9t] is       
absolutely necess>y2 b yet ,i believe1 9
 ! case ( ,botticelli1 x 0 nobly        
re/rict$4 ,! foll[+ note by ,mr4        
,tyr:itt conta9s1 ,i ?9k1 ! probable    
tru?3--  ,! facts relat+ to ,s&ro       
,botticelli's models1 or r to 8 favorite
 model 7z x appe>s to me71 are b few2 & 
x is greatly to be regrett$ t 8 pictures
 are seldom dat$2--if x 7 c]ta9 9 :at   
ord] !y appe>$1 :at foll[s "h might     
approa* moral c]ta9ty4  ,!re is no d\bt 

t he _h great p]sonal reg>d = ,fra      
,filippo1 up to t pa9t]'s dea? 9 #adfi1 
,s&ro be+ !n tw5ty-two ye>s old4 ,he may
 probably h got only good f him2 anyh[  
he w\ld get a /rong turn =              
,realism1--i4e4 ! treatm5t ( sacr$ & all
 o!r subjects 9 a reali/ic mann]4 ,he is
 describ$ 9 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle f     
,filipp9o ,lippi's ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4      
,pet]1 z a sull5 & s5sual man1 ) beetle 
br[s1 l>ge fle%y m\?1 etc41 etc4        
,probably he 0 a /rong man1 & int5se 9  
physical & intellectual habit4  ,?is    
man1 !n1 beg9s to pa9t 9 8 /r5g?1 )     
conviction--r happy & innoc5t ?an n--t x
 is "r to pa9t any beautiful ?+1 & be/  
to pa9t ! mo/ beautiful1--say 9 #adgj1  
at tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age4 ,! allegorical
 ,spr+ & ! ,graces1 & ! ,aphrodite n[ 9 
! ,ufficii1 7 pa9t$ = ,cosmo1 & seem to 
be tak5 by ,vas>i & o!rs z e>ly1 or     
e>ly-c5tral1 works 9 8 life3 also !     
portrait ( ,simonetta ,vespucei#a4 ,he  
is kn[n to h pa9t$ mu* 9 e>ly life = !  
,vespucei & ! ,m$ici2--& ?is daught] ( !

 =m] h\se seems to h be5 inamorata or   
mi/ress ( ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 murd]$  
by ! ,pazzi 9 #adgh4 ,n[ x seems agre$  
by ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 ,pat]1 etc41  
7& ,i am q sure ( x myself z to !       
pictures m5tion$7--fir/1 t ! same sl5d] 
& long-?roat$ model appe>s 9 ,spr+1 !   
,aphrodite1 ,calumny1 & o!r works4#b    
,secondly1 t %e 0 ,simonetta1 ! orig9al 
( ! ,pitti portrait4  ,n[ ,i ?9k %e mu/ 
h be5 induc$ to let ,s&ro draw f h] :ole
 p]son undrap$1 m or less2 & t he mu/ h 
done s z su* a man probably w\ld1 9     
/rict honor z to de$1 ^w1 & def9ite     
?\ght1 b "u occasional accesses (       
passion ( :i* he said no?+1 & :i* 9 all 
probability & by grace ( ,god ref9$ d[n 
to nil1 or ne>ly s1 z he got accu/om$ to
 look 9 honor at s beautiful a ?+4 7,he 
may h left (f ! undrap$ aft] h] dea?47  
,fir/1 h] figure is absolutely f9e      
,go?ic2 ,i don't ?9k any antique is s   
sl5d]4 ,secondly1 %e has ! sad1         
passionate1 & exquisite ,lomb>d m\?4    
,?irdly1 h] limbs %r9k toge!r1 & %e     

seems n q to h 'lik$ x' or be5 an       
accu/om$ model4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is         
tradition1 giv+ h] "n to all ^? =ms4    
,h] lov] ,giuliano 0 murd]$ 9 #adgh1 &  
,savon>ola hang$ & burnt 9 #adih4 ,n[1 c
 h] di/ress1 & ,savon>ola's prea*+1     
betwe5 !m1 h tak51 9 few ye>s1 all !    
c>nality out ( ,s&ro1 suppos+ him to h  
come already1 by sev5ty-eight1 to t /ate
 9 :i* ! sight ( h] delight$ him1 )\t   
provok+ ult]ior feel+s8 ,all dec5t m5   
accu/om$ to draw f ! nude tell u !y get 
to t4  ,s&ro's ,dante is dat$ z publi%$ 
9 #adhb4 ,he may h be5 sadd5+ by t "t1 &
 we>y ( beauty1 pure or mix$2--?\gh he  
w5t on pa9t+ ,madonnas1 ,i fancy4 7,c   
,simonetta be trac$ 9 any ( !m8 ,i ?9k  
n4 ,! ,si/9e pa9t+s ext5d f #adha to    
#adhd1 h[ev]4 ,i _c help ?9k+ ,zipporah 
is impress$ ) h]47 ,aft] ,savon>ola's   
dea?1 ,s&ro mu/ h lo/ he>t1 & gone into 
,dante altoge!r4 ,mo/ ways 9 lit]ature &
 art lead to ,dante2 & ?is "q ab\t !    
nude & ! purity ( ,botticelli is no     
exception to ! rule4  ,n[ 9 !           

,purgatorio1 ,lu/ is ! la/ s9 ( :i* we  
are to be made pure1 & x has to be burnt
 out ( u2 be+ itself z se>*+ z fire1 z  
smold]+1 dev\r+1 & all t4 ,corruptio3   
optimi pessima2 & x is ! mo/ se>*+ &    
la/+ ( evils1 because x really is a     
corruption att5dant on true ,love1 :i*  
is et]nal--:atev] ! ^w means4 ,t ?is is 
s1 seems to me to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! 
,fall ( ,man f ! condition ( moral      
v-goodness 9 ,god's sight4 ,& ,i ?9k t  
,dante connect$ ! purify+ pa9s ( 8      
int]m$iate /ate ) actual suff]+s 9 ?is  
life1 work+ out rep5tance1--9 himself & 
o!rs4 ,& ! 'torm5t' ( ?is passion1 to ! 
rep5tant or resi/+1 or purity-seek+ s\l 
is decid$ly l ! pa9 ( physical burn+4   
,fur!r1 its casui/ry is impracticable2  
because ! m y /ir ! said 'fire' ! /rong]
 hold x takes4 ,!re=e1 m5 & wom5 are    
rightly secret ab\t x1 & detail$        
confessions unadvisable4 ,mu* talk ab\t 
'hypocrisy' 9 ?is matt] is q wrong &    
unju/4 ,!n1 its connection ) female     
beauty1 z a cause ( love betwe5 man &   

woman1 seems to me to be ! inextricable 
nodus ( ! ,fall1 ! "h insep>able mixture
 ( good & evil1 till s\l & body are     
p>t$4 ,= ! s5se ( se5 ,beauty is !      
awak5+ ( ,love1 at :atev] di/ance f any 
k9d ( return or sympa?y--z ) a rose1 or 
:at n4 ,s&ro may be ! man :o has gone   
ne>e/ to ! "r sep>ation ( ,delight f    
,desire3 suppos+ t he began ) religion &
 a /raight consci5ce2 saw lov+ly ! error
 ( ,fra ,filippo's way2 saw ) int5se    
di/ant love ! error ( ,simonetta's2 &   
reflect$ on ,flor5ce & its way1 & drew  
ne>] & ne>] to ,savon>ola1 be+ yet too  
big a man = asceticism2 & f9ally we>i$ (
 all ?+s & sunk into pov]ty & peace4  #a
 ,pitti1 ,/anza di ,prometeo1 #cdh4  #b 
,i ?9k ,zipporah may be a remembrance ( 
h]4                                     
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,,transcrib]s' ,,notes                  
,g5]al3 ,corrections to punctuation h n 
be5 individually             docum5t$   
,li/ ( ,plates3 ,fac-simile /&>dis$ to  

,facsimile 7#c occurr5ces7              
,li/ ( ,plates1 ,illu/ration ,,iii3     
,fesole /&>dis$ to ,fesole              
,li/ ( ,plates3 ,ob$i5ta correct$ to    
,ob$i5te                                
,pages #aj1 #ca1 #aje3 ,leon>do /&>dis$ 
to ,lion>do                             
,pages #bf1 #gh3 nell' arte z 9 orig9al 
,page #bg3 ,diagram has be5 split into  
two p>ts z x 0 too wide to       display
                                        
,page #bg3 ,dur] /&>dis$ to ,du]] 79    
diagram7                                
,page #df3 l9e "w /&>dis$ to l9e-"w     
7fir/ occurr5ce7                        
,page #dg1 #ea1 #ed1 #gj1 #aea3         
wood-cuts /&>dis$ to woodcuts           
,page #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #gj1
 #ajg1 #adg3 wood-cut /&>dis$ to        
woodcut                                 
,page #gf3 dext]\s /&>dis$ to dextr\s   
,page #ajc3 ,holbe9 _h bitt]] task4 z 9 
! orig9al                               
,page #aab3 beame correct$ to became    
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