,,electricity ,,= ,,! ,,f>m ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,ev5 ! t9y tr\t brook becomes a ?+ ( utility z well z ( joy 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,fitz ,wat] ,:eel ,company1 ,hanov]1 ,pa47 ,,electricity ,,= ,,! ,,f>m ,,light1 ,,heat ,,& ,,p[] ,,by ,,inexp5sive ,,me?ods ,,f ,,! ,,wat] ,,:eel ,,or ,,f>m ,,eng9e ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,irv+ ,,&]son ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,f>m] ,,( ,,to-,,morr[1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiae ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aiae ,by ,,! ,,curtis ,,publi%+ ,,company ,! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman ,copyright1 #aiae ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,april1 #aiae4 ,,preface ,?is book is design$ prim>ily to give ! f>m] a practical work+ k ( electricity = use z light1 heat1 & p[] on ! f>m4 ,! electric g5]ator1 ! dynamo1 is expla9$ 9 detail2 & !re are *apt]s on electric transmission & h\se-wir+1 by :i* ! f>m me*anic is enabl$ to in/all 8 own plant )\t ! aid & exp5se ( an exp]t4 ,) mod]n appliances1 )9 ! means ( ! av]age f>m]1 ! g5]ation ( electricity1 ) its unique conv5i5ces1 becomes automatic1 provid$ "s dep5dable s\rce ( p[] is to be _h--su* z a wat] :eel1 gasol9e 7or o!r =m ( int]nal combu/ion7 eng9e1 or ! ord9>y w9dmill4 ,! wat] :eel is ! ideal prime mov] = ! dynamo 9 isolat$ plants4 ,s9ce wat]-p[] is runn+ to wa/e on t5s ( ?\s&s ( our f>ms ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 sev]al *apt]s are devot$ to ?is phase ( ! subject3 ^! include descriptions & work+ diagrams ( weirs & o!r simple devices = measur+ ! fl[ ( /reams2 !re are tables & =mulas by :i* any "o1 ) a k ( simple ari?metic1 may det]m9e ! p[] to be _h f fall+ wat] "u giv5 conditions2 & 9 addition1 !re are diagrams %[+ 9 g5]al ! me?od ( con/ruction ( dams1 bulkheads1 races1 flumes1 etc41 f mat]ials usually to be f\nd on a f>m4 ,! t9y unconsid]$ brook t wat]s ! f>m pa/ure frequ5tly possesses p[] en\gh to supply ! f>m/ead ) clean1 cool1 safe light 9 place ( ! dang]\s1 inconv5i5t oil lamp2 a small /ream capable ( develop+ f tw5ty-five to fifty horsep[] w supply a f>m] 7at practically no exp5se beyond ! orig9al co/ ( in/allation7 n only ) light1 b ) p[] = ev5 ! heavi] f>m op]ations1 z ?re%+2 & 9 addition w d ! wa%+1 iron+1 & cook+1 & at ! same "t keep ! h\se w>m 9 ! colde/ wea!r4 ,less ?an "o horsep[] ( en]gy w light ! f>m/ead2 less ?an five horsep[] ( en]gy w provide light & small p[]1 & take ! drudg]y out ( ! kit*54 ,= ^? n =tunate en\gh to possess wat]-p[] :i* c be develop$1 !re are *apt]s on ! use ( ! f>m gasol9e eng9e & w9dmill1 9 connection ) ! mod]n /orage batt]y1 z s\rces ( electric curr5t4 ,x is desir$ to make ackn[l$gm5t = illu/rations & assi/ance 9 ga!r+ mat]ial = ! book1 to ! editors ( ,! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa42 ,! ,crock]-,:eel] ,company1 ,amp]e1 ,n4 ,j42 ,! ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y42 ! ,we/on ,electrical ,in/rum5t ,company1 ( ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j42 ,! ,*ase ,turb9e ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,orange1 ,mass42 ! ,c4 ,p4 ,bradway ,ma*9e ,works1 ,we/ ,/af=d1 ,conn42 ,! ,pelton ,wat] ,:eel ,company1 ,san ,francisco & ,new ,york2 ! ,w>d ,leon>d ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,bronxville1 ,n4 ,y42 ,! ,fairbanks1 ,morse ,company1 ,*icago2 & ! ,fitz ,wat] ,:eel ,company1 ,hanov]1 ,pa4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction xvii ,,"p ,i ,,wat]-,,p[] ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,work+ ,,plant ,! agriculturi/--,an old *air factory--,a neighbor's home-com+--,! idle :eel 9 commission aga9--,light1 heat & p[] = no?+--,advantages ( electricity #c ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,little ,,prospect+ ,small am\nt ( wat] requir$ = an electric plant--,explor+1 on a dull day--,a r\gh & ready weir--,:at a little wat] w d--,! wat] :eel & ! dynamo--,electricity consum$ ! in/ant x is produc$--,! price ( ! av]age small plant1 n c\nt+ labor #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,measure ,,wat]-,,p[] ,:at is a horsep[]8--,h[ ! ,c>?ag9ians manufactur$ horsep[]--,all t goes up mu/ come d[n--,h[ ! sun lifts wat] up = u to use--,wat] ! ideal p[] = g5]at+ electricity--,! weir--,table = e/imat+ fl[ ( /reams ) a weir--,ano!r me?od ( measur+--,figur+ wat] horsep[]--,! size ( ! :eel--,:at head is requir$--,quantity ( wat] necess>y #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,wat] ,,:eel ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,in/all ,,x ,diff]5t types ( wat] :eels--,! impulse & ! reaction :eels--,! impulse :eel adapt$ to high heads & small am\nt ( wat]--,pipe l9es--,table ( resi/ance 9 pipes--,advantages & disadvantages ( ! impulse :eel--,o!r =ms ( impulse :eels--,! reaction turb9e1 suit$ to l[ heads & l>ge quantity ( wat]--,its advantages & limitations--,develop+ a wat]-p[] project3 ! dam2 ! race2 ! flume2 ! p5/ock2 & ! tailrace--,wat] rights = ! f>m] #ef ,,"p ,,ii ,,electricity ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,dynamo2 ,,:at ,,x ,,does1 ,,& ,,h[ ,electricity comp>$ to ! heat & light ( ! ,sun--,! simple dynamo--,! am\nt ( electric en]gy a dynamo w g5]ate--,! mod]n dynamo--,measur+ p[] 9 t]ms ( electricity--,! volt--,! amp]e--,! ohm--,! watt & ! kil[att--,ohm's ,law ( ! electric circuit1 & "s examples ( its application--,direct curr5t1 & alt]nat+ curr5t--,?ree types ( direct-curr5t dynamos3 s]ies1 %unt1 & comp\nd #hi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,:at ,,size ,,plant ,,to ,,in/all ,! f>m]'s wife 8 p>tn]--,little & big plants--,limit+ factors--,fluctuations 9 wat] supply--,! av]age plant--,! actual plant--,am\nt ( curr5t requir$ = v>i\s op]ations--,/&>d voltage--,a specim5 all[ance = electric light--,heat+ & cook+ by electricity--,electric p[]3 ! electric motor #aba ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,transmission ,,l9es ,copp] wire--,sett+ ( poles--,loss ( p[] 9 transmission--,ohm's ,law & examples ( h[ x is us$ 9 figur+ size ( wire--,copp]-wire tables--,examples ( transmission l9es--,:5 to use high voltages--,ov]-comp\nd+ a dynamo to ov]come transmission loss #aec ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,wir+ ,,! ,,h\se ,! insurance code--,diff]5t k9ds ( wir+ describ$--,wood5 m\ld+ *eap & effective--,! di/ribut+ panel--,bran* circuits--,protect+ ! circuits--,! use ( porcela9 tubes & o!r insulat+ devices--,putt+ up *&eli]s & wall-brackets--,multiple connections--,h[ to connect a wall swit*--,special wir+ requir$ = heat & p[] circuits--,knob & cleat wir+1 its advantages & disadvantages #agb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,electric ,,plant ,,at ,,"w ,direct-connect$ g5]at+ sets--,belt drive--,! swit*bo>d--,gov]nors & voltage regulators--,me?ods ( a*iev+ con/ant pressure at all loads3 ,ov]-comp\nd+ ! dynamo2 ,a sy/em ( resi/ances 7a home-made electric radiator72 ,regulat+ voltage by means ( ! rheo/at--,automatic devices--,putt+ ! plant 9 op]ation #aib ,,"p ,,iii ,,gasol9e ,,eng9es1 ,,w9dmills1 ,,etc4 ,,! ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,,*apt] ,x ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,plants ,! /&>d voltage set--,two-cycle & f\r-cycle gasol9e eng9es--,horsep[]1 & fuel consumption--,effici5cy ( small eng9es & g5]ators--,co/ ( op]at+ a "o-kil[att plant #bag ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,:at a /orage batt]y does--,! lead batt]y & ! ,edison batt]y--,economy ( tung/5 lamps = /orage batt]ies--,! l[-voltage batt]y = electric light--,h[ to figure ! capacity ( a batt]y--,table ( light requirem5ts = a f>m h\se--,watt-h\rs & lamp-h\rs--,! co/ ( /orage batt]y curr5t--,h[ to *>ge a /orage batt]y--,c>e ( /orage batt]ies #bbi ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,batt]y ,,*>g+ ,,devices ,! automatic plant mo/ desirable--,h[ an automobile light+ & />t+ sy/em works--,h[ ! same results c be a*iev$ 9 h\se light+1 by means ( automatic devices--,plants )\t automatic regulation--,c>e necess>y--,! use ( heat+ devices on /orage batt]y curr5t--,portable batt]ies--,an electricity r\te--,automobile p[] = light+ a few lamps #bej ,,illu/rations ,ev5 ! t9y tr\t brook becomes a ?+ ( utility z well z ( joy ,frontispiece ,f>m labor & mat]ials built ?is crib & /one dam #ag ,measur+ a small /ream ) a weir #bc ,effici5t mod]n adaptations ( ! ar*aic und]%ot & ov]%ot wat] :eels #ei ,a direct-curr5t dynamo or motor1 %[+ details ( con/ruction #ib ,details ( voltmet] or ammet] #abh ,in/antane\s photograph ( high-pressure wat] jet be+ qu5*$ by buckets ( a tang5tial :eel #aid ,a tang5tial :eel1 & a dynamo key$ to ! same %aft--! ideal me?od = g5]at+ electricity #aid ,a r\gh-&-ready f>m electric plant1 supply+ two f>ms ) light1 heat & p[]2 & a ,w>d ,leon>d-type circuit break] = *>g+ /orage batt]ies #bdd ,,introduction ,! sight ( a doz5 or s fat "y horses & m>es fe$+ & frolick+ on ! wild range ( ! ,s\?we/ w\ld probably inspire ! av]age f>m] z an awful example ( horsep[] runn+ to wa/e4 ,if1 by "s miracle1 he came on su* a sight 9 8 own pa/ures1 he w\ld probably consume mu* "t practis+ ! impossible art ( creas+ ! wild creatures ) a rifle bullet--aft] ! /yle ( ,kit ,c>son & o!r free rov]s ( ! old prairies :5 !y 7 9 ne$ ( a new m\nt4 ,he w\ld probably sp5d unc\nt$ h\rs beh9d ! b>n le>n+ to ?r[ a l>iat2 & "o f9e day he w\ld sally =? to capture a horsep[] or two--&1 once captur$1 he w\ld use /r5g? & /rategy break+ ! wild bea/ to h>ness4 ,a s+le horsep[]--animal--w d ! "w ( lift+ #bc1jjj p\nds "o foot 9 "o m9ute1 provid+ ! animal is "y1 & s\nd1 & is f$ #ab qu>ts ( oats & #aj or #ae p\nds ( hay a day1 & is giv5 a *ance to re/ #af h\rs out ( #bd--provid+ also x has a d5ti/ to take c>e ( its tee? occasionally1 & a blacksmi? *iropodi/ to keep x 9 %oes4 ,on ! ho(1 ?is horsep[] is wor? ab\t #bjj--unless ! f>m] is look+ = some?+ fancy 9 ! way ( draft]s1 :5 he w h to g z high z #djj = a big fell[4 ,& aft] #aj or #ae ye>s1 ! f>m] w\ld look ar\nd = ano!r horse1 because an animal gr[s old4 ,?is animal horsep[] isn't a v effici5t horsep[]4 ,9 fact1 x is less ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( an actual horsep[]1 z eng9e]s use ! t]m4 ,a real horsep[] w d ! "w ( lift+ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot 9 "o m9ute--or #eej p\nds "o foot 9 "o second4 ,burn a p9t ( gasol9e1 ) #ad p\nds ( air1 9 a gasol9e eng9e1 & ! eng9e w supply "o #cc1jjj-p\nd horsep[] = an h\r4 ,! gasol9e w co/ ab\t #b c5ts1 & ! air is suppli$ free4 ,if x 0 ! air t co/ two c5ts a p\nd1 in/ead ( ! gasol9e1 ! automobile indu/ry w\ld und\bt$ly /op :]e x began "s fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,x is human nature1 h[ev]1 to grumble ov] ?is two c5ts4 ,yet ! av]age f>m] :o w\ld get excit$ if s\nd "y *unks & draft]s 7 runn+ wild across 8 pa/ures1 is n inspir$ by any simil> desire ( possession & ma/]y by ! sight ( a brook1 or a rivulet t wat]s 8 mead[s4 ,?is brook or riv] is fl[+ d[n hill to ! sea4 ,e #d1jjj gallons t falls "o foot 9 "o m9ute2 e #djj gallons t falls #aj feet 9 "o m9ute2 or e #dj gallons t falls #ajj feet 9 "o m9ute1 means ! p[] ( "o horse go+ to wa/e--n ! #bjj fle%-&-blood k9d t c lift only #bc1jjj p\nds a foot a m9ute--b ! #cc1jjj foot-p\nd k9d4 ,?\s&s ( f>ms h small /reams 9 _! v doory>d1 capable ( develop+ five1 t51 tw5ty1 fifty horsep[] tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day1 = ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,)9 a qu>t] ( a mile ( ! great majority ( f>ms 7outside ( ! dry l&s !mselves7 !re are su* /reams4 ,only a small fraction ( "o p] c5t ( !m h be5 put to "w1 made to pay _! passage f ! hills to ! sea4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t geological survey eng9e]s rec5tly made an e/imate ( ! wat]falls capable ( develop+ #a1jjj horsep[] & ov]1 t are runn+ to wa/e1 unus$1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y e/imat$ t !re is available1 e second ( ! day & night1 "s #cj1jjj1jjj horsep[]1 9 dry wea!r--& twice ?is dur+ ! eight wet mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! wat]fall capable ( giv+ up #a1jjj horsep[] 9 en]gy is n ! subject ( ^! *apt]s4 ,x is ! small /reams--! brooks1 ! creeks1 ! rivulets--:i* fe$ ! #a1jjj horsep[] torr5ts1 make !m possible1 t are ( int]e/ to ! f>m]4 ,^! small /reams ?read e t[n%ip1 e c\nty1 seek+ ! easie/ way to ! ma9 valleys :]e !y come toge!r 9 great riv]s4 ,:at pr(itable crop on y\r f>m removes ! lea/ plant food8 ,a bee-f>m] ent]s 8 honey = ! prize 9 ?is conte/4 ,ano!r f>m] ma9ta9s t 8 ice-crop is ! w9n]4 ,b electricity g5]at$ f fall+ wat] ( a brook me&]+ across "o's acres1 comes ne>] to ! correct answ] ( h[ to make some?+ out ( no?+4 ,x m]ely utilizes ! wa/$ en]gy ( wat] roll+ d[n hill--! weight ( wat]1 ! pull+ p[] ( gravity4 ,wat] is /ill wat]1 aft] x has run ?r\gh a turb9e :eel to turn an electric g5]ator4 ,x is /ill wet2 x is !re = wat]+ ! /ock2 & a few rods fur!r d[n /ream1 :]e x drops five or t5 feet aga91 x c be made to d ! same "w ov] aga9--& ov] & ov] aga9 z long z x cont9ues to fall1 on its j\rney to ! sea4 ,! city ( ,los ,angeles has a municipal wat] plant1 g5]at+ #bjj1jjj horsep[] ( electricity1 9 :i* ! wat] is us$ ?ree times 9 its fall ( #f1jjj feet2 & 9 ! end1 :]e x runs out ( ! race 9 ! valley1 x is sold = irrigation4 ,"o wat]-horsep[] w furni% light = ! av]age f>m2 five wat]-horsep[] w furni% light & p[]1 & d ! iron+ & bak+4 ,! co/ ( in/all+ a plant ( five wat]-horsep[] %\ld n exce$ ! co/ ( "o s\nd "y horse1 ! #bjj k9d--"u conditions :i* are to be f\nd on ?\s&s ( f>ms & f>m communities 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,c5tral ,we/1 & ! ,pacific ,/ates4 ,?is electrical horsep[] w "w #bd h\rs a day1 w9t] & summ]1 & ! f>m] w\ld n h to gr[ oats & hay = x on l& t might bett] be us$ 9 gr[+ food = human be+s4 ,x w\ld n become ag$ at ! end ( t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 & ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance w\ld be practically no?+ aft] ! fir/ co/ ( in/allation4 ,x w\ld require only wat] z food--wa/e wat]4 ,two hundr$ & fifty cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute1 fall+ t5 feet1 w supply ! av]age f>m ) all ! conv5i5ces ( electricity4 ,?is is a v mode/ creek--! k9d ( brook or creek t is ignor$ by ! man :o w\ld ?9k "t well sp5t 9 putt+ 9 a week captur+ a wild horse1 if a miracle %\ld s5d su* a bea/ )9 rea*4 ,& ! task ( h>ness+ & break+ ?is wat]-horsep[] is mu* m simple & less dang]\s ?an ! task ( break+ a colt to h>ness4 ,,"p ,i ,,wat]-,,p[] ,,electricity ,,= ,,! ,,f>m ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,work+ ,,plant ,! agriculturi/--,an old *air factory--,a neighbor's home-com+--,! idle :eel 9 commission aga9--,light1 heat & p[] = no?+--,advantages ( electricity4 ,let u take an actual in/ance ( "o man :o did g ahead & f9d out by exp]i5ce j h[ intricate & j h[ simple a ?+ electricity f f>m wat]-p[] is4 ,?is man's "n 0 ,p]k9s1 or1 we w call him t1 9 relat+ ?is /ory4 ,p]k9s 0 :at "s p call1 n a f>m]1 b an agriculturi/1--t is1 he 0 a back-to-!-l& man4 ,he _h be5 born & rais$ on a f>m4 ,he knew t y mu/ h>ness a horse on ! left side1 milk a c[ on ! "r1 t wagon nuts tight5 ! way ! :eel rims1 & t a fre% egg w n float4 ,he _h a f>m t w\ld gr[ en\gh clov] to fill ! av]age dairy if he f$ x lime2 he _h a boy com+ to s*ool age2 & bo? he & 8 wife want$ to get back to ! c\ntry4 ,!y _h _! little sav+s1 & !y want$1 fir/ ( all1 to take a vacation1 gett+ acqua9t$ ) _! f>m4 ,!y hadn't tak5 a vacation 9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,he mov$ 91 late 9 ! summ]1 & />t$ out to get acqua9t$ ) 8 neighbors1 z well z 8 l&4 ,?is 0 9 ! ,new ,engl& hills4 ,wat] c\rses cut ?r\gh ev]y:]e4 ,9 reg>d to its b\ntiful wat] supply1 ! neighborhood _h mu* 9 common ) all ! /ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 along ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 9 ! lake region ( ! c5tral we/1 & 9 ! ,pacific ,/ates4 ,) ?is diff]5ce2 ! wat] c\rses 9 8 neighborhood _h once be5 ( economic importance4 ,a m\nta9 riv] fl[$ d[n 8 valley4 ,up & d[n ! valley "o met ram%ackle mills1 fall5 into decay4 ,_m ye>s ago be=e railroads came1 be=e x 0 easy to haul coal f place to place to make /eam1 ^! little mills 7 c5t]s ( ?riv+ indu/ries1 :i* dep5d$ on ! p[] ( fall+ wat] to make turn$ articles1 sp9 cotton1 & s =?4 ,!n ! railroads came1 & x 0 easy to haul coal to make /eam4 ,& ! same railroads t haul$ ! coal to make /eam1 7 !re to haul away ! articles manufactur$ by /eam p[]4 ,s 9 "t ! little manufactur+ plants on ! riv] back 9 ! hills quit bus9ess & mov$ to railroad /ations4 ,!n ,new ,engl&1 f be+ a manufactur+ community made up ( _m small isolat$ wat] plants1 came to be a community made up ( huge art]ies & lat]als ( smoke /acks t fr+$ ! railroads4 ,:]e ! railroad happ5$ to foll[ a riv] c\rse--z ! ,connecticut ,riv]--! wat]-p[] plants rema9$2 b ! little plants back 9 ! hills 7 wip$ (f ! map--because /eam p[] ) railroads at ! front door prov$ *eap] ?an wat]-p[] ) railroads t5 miles away4 ,"o night ,p]k9s came 9 late f a long drive ) 8 next-door neighbor4 ,he _h le>n$ ! fir/ rule ( c\rtesy 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* is to unhit* 8 own side ( ! horse & help back ! buggy into ! %$4 ,!y /umbl$ ar\nd 9 ! b>n putt+ up ! horse1 & gett+ d[n hay & gra9 = x1 by ! light ( an oil lant]n1 :i* 0 set on ! floor 9 a place conv5i5t to be kick$ ov]4 ,he w5t inside & took supp] by ! light ( a smoky smelly oil lamp1 t fill$ ! room full ( d>k corn]s2 & :5 supp] 0 ov]1 ! f>mwife grop$ ab\t 9 ! cell> putt+ ?+s away by ! light ( a c&le4 ,! next day 8 neighbor 0 gr9d+ cid] at 8 ram%ackle wat] mill--"o ( ! op]ations = :i* a week mu/ be set aside e fall4 ,p]k9s sat on a log & li/5$ to ! crun*-crun* ( ! apples 9 ! *ute1 & ! drip ( ! fro?y yell[ liquid t fell into wait+ buckets4 ,h[ mu* p[] h y got "h8 he ask$4 ,?irty or =ty horsep[]1 ,i guess4 ,:at d y d ) x1 besides gr9d+ cid] to pickle y\r neighbors' dige/ion )8 ,no?+ mu*4 ,i've got a plan] & a m\ld+ ma*9e 9 !re1 to "w up jags ( lumb] occasionally4 ,t's all4 ,?is mill 0 a *air-factory 9 my gr&fa!r's day1 back 9 #ahcj4 ,d y use x ?irty days 9 a ye>8 ,no2 n half t4 ,:at are y go+ to d ) x ?is w9t]8 ,no?+2 ,i keep ! gate op5 & ! :eel turn+1 s x won't freeze1 b no?+ else4 ,i am go+ to take ! family to ,texas to visit my wife's folks = ?ree mon?s4 ,we've work$ h>d en\gh to take a vacation4 ,w y r5t me ! mill :ile y are gone8 ,g ahead2 y c h x = no?+1 if y w wat* ! ice4 ,all "r2 let me "k :5 y come back & ,i'll drive to t[n & br+ y home4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ree mon?s w5t by1 & "o day 9 ,febru>y ! city man1 9 response to a lett]1 hit*$ up & drove to t[n to br+ 8 neighbor back home4 ,x 0 f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon :5 !y />t$ out1 & x 0 six--d>k--:5 !y turn$ ! b5d 9 ! road to ! f>m h\se4 ,!y help$ ! wife & *ildr5 out1 ) _! baggage1 & z ,p]k9s op5$ ! door ( ! h\se1 he rea*$ up on ! wall & turn$ some?+ t click$ %>ply4 ,in/antly light sprang f ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! b>n-y>d a /reet lamp ) an #ah-;in* reflector illum9at$ all "u x = a space ( #ajj feet ) bright :ite rays ( light4 ,ano!r /reet lamp hung ov] ! wat]+ tr\gh4 ,! b>n doors & w9d[s bur/ =? 9 light4 ,!re 0 n a d>k corn] to be f\nd any:]e4 ,9 ! h\se x 0 ! same4 ,p]k9s l$ ! amaz$ procession f room to room ( ! h\se !y _h %ut up = ! w9t]4 ,on ! wall 9 ! hall outside ( e room 0 a button :i* he pu%$1 & ! room became z light z day be=e !y ent]$4 ,! cell> door1 9 op5+1 automatically light$ a lamp illum9at+ t cav]n z x _h nev] be5 light$ be=e s9ce ! day a h\se 0 built ov] x4 ,ne$less to say1 ! f>m] & 8 family 7 r$uc$ to a /ate ( spee*lessness4 ,h[ ! deuce did y d x8 f9ally articulat$ ! f>m]4 ,i put y\r idle wat] :eel to "w1 said ,p]k9s2 & !n1 satisfi$ ) ?is exhibition1 he put !m back 9 ! sleigh & drove to 8 home1 :]e 8 wife _h supp] wait+4 ,:ile ! m5 7 putt+ up ! team 9 ! electric light$ b>n1 ! f>mwife w5t into ! kit*54 ,h] ho/ess 0 cook+ supp] on an electric /ove4 ,x look$ l a city gas range & x cook$ all _! meals1 & did ! bak+ besides4 ,a hot-wat] tank /ood aga9/ ! wall1 n connect$ to any?+ hot1 app>5tly4 ,b x 0 scald+ hot1 by virtue ( a little electric wat] heat] ! size ( a qu>t t9 c1 connect$ at ! bottom4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day ! wat] :eel pump$ electricity into t c1 s t hot wat] 0 to be _h at any h\r simply by turn+ a faucet4 ,9 ! laundry !re 0 an electric pump t kept ! tank 9 ! attic fill$ automatically4 ,:5 ! level ( wat] 9 ?is tank fell to a c]ta9 po9t1 a float op]at$ a swit* t />t$ ! pump2 & :5 ! wat] level rea*$ a c]ta9 height1 ! same float /opp$ ! pump4 ,a small motor1 ! size ( a m$ium ,hubb>d squa% op]at$ a wa%+ ma*9e & wr+] on wa% days4 ,?is same motor 0 a man-(-all-"w = ?is h\se1 =1 :5 call$ on1 x turn$ ! sep>ator1 gr\nd & poli%$ knives & silv]w>e1 spun ! sew+ ma*9e1 & work$ ! vacuum clean]4 ,ov] ! d9+ room table hung ! same hang+ %ade ( old days1 b ! oil lamp itself 0 gone4 ,9 its place 0 a #ajj-watt tung/5 lamp ^: rays made ! :ite table clo? fairly gli/54 ,! wires c>ry+ electricity to ?is lamp 7 ?read$ ?r\gh ! *a9s rea*+ to ! ceil+1 & "o _h to look twice to see :]e ! curr5t came f4 ,9 ! sitt+ room1 a clu/] ( electric bulbs gl[$ f a fancy wick] "w basket t hung f ! ceil+4 ,! h\sewife _h made use ( :at %e _h ?r\gh\t ! h\se4 ,old-fa%ion$ c&le-%ades sat l cock$ hats a/ride electric bulbs4 ,!re is little heat to an electric bulb = ! reason t ! :ite-hot wire t gives ! light is made to burn 9 high vacuum1 :i* transmits heat v sl[ly4 ,! h\sewife _h tak5 advantage ( ?is fact & f e corn] gleam$ lights dress$ 9 fancy designs ( tissue pap] & silk4 ,n[ we w talk bus9ess1 said ,p]k9s :5 supp] 0 ov] & !y _h light$ _! pipes4 ,! return$ native look$ dubi\s4 ,8 ,new ,engl& tra9+ _h w>n$ him long ago t "o _c expect to get some?+ = no?+1 & he felt sure !re 0 a jok] 9 ?is affair4 ,h[ mu* d ,i owe y8 he ask$4 ,no?+1 said ,p]k9s4 ,y furni% ! wat]-p[] ) y\r idle :eel1 & ,i furni% ! electric in/allation4 ,?is is only a small plant ,i h put 91 b x gives u en\gh electricity to g ar\nd1 ) a m>g9 = em]g5cies4 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( wir+ y\r h\se & y\r horse-b>n & c[-b>n & y\r b>n-y>d4 ,altoge!r1 ,i suppose y h #cj lights ab\t ! place1 & dur+ ^! long w9t] days y w keep mo/ ( !m go+ f #c to #e h\rs a night & #b or #c h\rs 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,if y 7 9 t[n1 ^? lights w\ld co/ y ab\t #ab c5ts an h\r1 at ! comm]cial rate ( electricity4 ,say #fj c5ts a day--eighte5 doll>s a mon?4 ,t isn't a v big electric light bill = "s p ,i "k 9 t[n--& !y consid] !mselves lucky to h ! privilege ( buy+ electricity at t rate4 ,y\r :eel is runn+ all w9t] to prev5t ice f =m+ & sma%+ x4 ,x might j z well be sp9n+ ! dynamo4 ,if y ?9k x wor? :ile1 cont9u$ ,p]k9s1--?is #ah wor? ( light y h on tap night & morn+1 or any h\r ( ! day1--we w say ! acc\nt is settl$4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 if y w give me ! use ( half ! electricity t y\r idle :eel is gr9d+ out ) my second-h& dynamo4 ,we h ab\t eight electrical horsep[] on our wires1 )\t ov]load+ ! ma*9e4 ,next spr+ ,i am go+ to /ock up ?is place2 & ,i ?9k ab\t ! fir/ ?+ ,i d1 :5 my dairy is runn+1 w be to put 9 a milk+ ma*9e & let electricity d ! milk+ = me4 ,x w also fill my silo1 gr9d my m[+-ma*9e knives1 saw my wood1 & keep wat] runn+ 9 my b>n4 ,y w probably want to d ! same4 ,b :at x does = u m5 9 ! b>n & b>n-y>d1 isn't to be comp>$ to :at x does = ! wom5 9 ! h\se4 ,:5 my wife wants a hot ov5 %e presses a button4 ,:5 %e wants to put ! 'fire' out1 %e presses ano!r4 ,t's all !re is to x4 ,no heat1 no smoke1 no a%es4 ,! same ) iron+--& wa%+4 ,no oil lamps to fill1 no wicks to trim1 no *imneys to wa%1 no k]os5e to kick ov] & />t a fire4 ,y say ! curr5t y h put 9 my h\se w\ld co/ me ab\t #ah a mon?1 9 t[n4 ,yes1 ab\t t4 ,mak+ electricity f coal co/s money4 ,:at does x co/ "h8 ,practically no?+4 ,y\r riv]1 t has be5 runn+ to wa/e ev] s9ce y\r gr&fa!r gave up mak+ *airs1 does ! "w4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t a dynamo to we> out1 except ! be>+s1 & ^! c be replac$ once e five or t5 ye>s = a trifle4 ,! ma*9e ne$s to be oil$ & c>$ =--fill ! oil cups ab\t once 9 ?ree days4 ,y\r wat] :eel ne$s ! same att5tion4 ,t's all !re is to x4 ,y c figure ! co/ ( y\r curr5t y\rself--j ab\t ! co/ ( ! lubricat+ oil y use--& ! co/ ( ! "t y give x--ab\t ! same "t y give to any piece ( good ma*9]y1 f a sulky pl[ to a cream sep>ator4 ,?is is a true /ory4 ,?is electric plant1 :]e ,p]k9s furni%es ! electric end1 & 8 neighbor ! wat]-p[]1 has be5 runn+ n[ = two ye>s1 gr9d+ out electricity = ! two places tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day4 ,p]k9s 0 n an electrical eng9e]4 ,he 0 j a pla9 intellig5t ,am]ican citiz5 :o f\nd suffici5t k 9 books to enable him to in/all & op]ate ?is plant4 ,frequ5tly he is away = long p]iods1 b 8 neighbor 7:o has lo/ 8 orig9al t]ror ( electricity7 takes c>e ( ! plant4 ,9 fact1 ?is f>m] has giv5 a lot ( /udy to ! ?+1 ?r\gh curiosity1 until he kn[s fully z mu* ab\t x n[ z 8 city neighbor4 ,he _h ! usual idea1 at ! />t1 t a curr5t /rong en\gh to light a #ajj c&lep[] lamp w\ld kick l a mule if a man happ5$ to get beh9d x4 ,he wat*$ ! city man h&le b>e wires & f9ally he pluck$ up c\rage to d x himself4 ,x 0 a #aaj-volt curr5t1 ! pressure us$ 9 our cities = dome/ic light+4 ,! funny "p ab\t x 01 ! f>m] c\ld n feel x at all at fir/4 ,8 f+]s 7 call\s$ & no curr5t c\ld pass ?r\gh !m4 ,f9ally he s&pap]$ 8 f+]s & tri$ x aga94 ,!n he 0 able to get ! tickle ( #aaj volts4 ,x wasn't s deadly aft] all--ab\t ! /r5g? ( a weak m$ical batt]y1 ) :i* e "o is famili>4 ,a curr5t ( #aaj volts _c d any h>m to ! human body unless contact is made ov] a v l>ge surface1 :i* is impossible unless a man goes to a lot ( tr\ble to make su* a contact4 ,a curr5t ( #bbj volts pressure--! pressure us$ 9 cities = motors--has a little m kick to x1 b /ill is n uncom=table4 ,:5 ! pressure rises to #ejj volts 7! pressure us$ 9 trolley wires = /reet c>s71 x beg9s to be dang]\s4 ,b !re is no reason :y a f>m plant %\ld be ov] #aaj volts1 "u usual conditions2 eng9e]s h decid$ on ?is pressure z ! be/ adapt$ to dome/ic use1 & manufactur]s :o turn out ! num]\s electrical devices1 su* z irons1 toa/]s1 massage ma*9es1 etc41 fit _! /&>d in/rum5ts to ?is voltage4 ,illu/ration3 ,f>m labor & mat]ials built ?is crib & /one dam ,z to ! co/ ( ?is co-op]ative plant--x 0 9 ! neighborhood ( #bjj4 ,z we h said1 x provid$ eight electrical horsep[] on tap at any h\r ( ! day or night--en\gh = ! two f>ms1 & a surplus = neighbors1 if !y wi%$ to /r+ l9es & make use ( x4 ,! dynamo1 a direct-curr5t ma*9e1 #aaj volts pressure1 & :at is kn[n 9 ! trade z comp\nd1--t is1 a ma*9e t ma9ta9s a con/ant pressure automatically & does n require an att5dant--0 pick$ up second-h&1 ?r\gh a newspap] ad & co/ #ij4 ,! swit*bo>d1 a make-%ift affair1 n v h&some1 b j z s]viceable z if x 7 made ( m>ble1 co/ less ?an #be all told4 ,! transmission wire co/ #ai a hundr$ p\nds2 x is ( copp]1 & cov]$ ) wea!rpro($ tape4 ,p]k9s b\ght a #ej-;c5t book on h\se-wir+1 & did ! wir+ himself1 ! way ! book told him to1 a simple op]ation4 ,= fixtures1 z we h said1 8 wife devis$ fancy %ades out ( ,mexican baskets1 tissue pap]1 & silk1 9 :i* are hidd5 electric globes t gl[ l fire-flies at ! press+ ( a button4 ,! lamps !mselves are mo/ly old-/yle c>bon lamps1 :i* c be b\ght at #af c5ts ea* retail4 ,9 8 liv+ room & d9+ room he us$ ! new-/yle tung/5 lamps in/ead ( old-/yle c>bon4 ,^! co/ #cj c5ts ea*4 ,inc&esc5t lamps are rat$ = #a1jjj h\rs useful life4 ,! advantage ( tung/5 lights is t !y give ?ree times z mu* light = ! same exp5diture ( curr5t z c>bon lights4 ,?is is a big advantage 9 ! city1 :]e curr5t is co/ly2 b x is n s mu* ( an advantage 9 ! c\ntry :]e a f>m] has pl5ty ( wat]-p[]--because 8 curr5t co/s him practically no?+1 & he c af=d to be wa/eful ( x to save money 9 lamps4 ,ano!r advantage he has ov] 8 city c\s93 ,9 t[n1 an inc&esc5t lamp is ?r[n away aft] x has be5 us$ #a1jjj h\rs because aft] t x gives only #hj ( ! light x did :5 new--q an item :5 "o is pay+ = curr5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,p]k9s & 8 neighbor 9 _! cop]ative plant has be5 t !y h excess light anyway1 & if a few bulbs fall (f a fif? 9 effici5cy1 x is n noticeable4 ,z a matt] ( fact mo/ ( _! bulbs h be5 9 use )\t replac+ = ! two ye>s ! plant has be5 9 op]ation4 ,! lamps are on ! wall or ! ceil+1 out ( ! way1 n liable to be brok52 s ! actual exp5se 9 replac+ lamps is less ?an = lamp *imneys 9 ! old days4 ,insurance companies recognize t a l>ge p]c5tage ( f>m fires comes f ! use ( k]os5e2 = ?is reason1 !y are will+ to make special rates = f>m homes light$ by electricity4 ,!y prescribe c]ta9 rules = wir+ a h\se1 & !y insi/ t _! ag5t inspect & pass su* wir+ be=e curr5t is turn$ on4 ,once ! wir+ is pass$1 ! advantage is all 9 favor ( ! f>m] ) electricity ov] ! f>m] ) k]os5e4 ,! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s is suffici5tly logical 9 its dem&s1 & p[]ful en\gh1 s t manufactur]s :o turn out ! necess>y fitt+s f9d no sale = devices t d n con=m to insurance /&>ds4 ,!re=e x is difficult to g wrong 9 wir+ a h\se4 ,f9ally1 z to ! add$ value a wat]-p[] electric plant adds to ! sell+ price ( a f>m4 ,let ! f>m] answ] ?is "q = himself4 ,if he c adv]tise 8 f>m = sale1 ) a p>agraph runn+3 ,hydroelectric plant on ! premises1 furni%+ electricity = light1 heat1 & p[]--:at d y suppose a wide-awake pur*as] w\ld be will+ to pay = t8 ,p]k9s & 8 neighbor believe t #a1jjj is a v mode/ e/imate add$ by _! electric plant to bo? places4 ,& !y talk ( do+ /ill m4 ,!y use only a qu>t] ( ! p[] ( ! wat] t is runn+ to wa/e ?r\gh ! :eel4 ,!y are figur+ on in/all+ a l>g] dynamo1 ( say #cj electrical horse-p[]1 :i* w provide clean1 dry1 safe heat = _! h\ses ev5 on ! colde/ days 9 w9t]4 ,:5 !y h done ?is1 !y w consid] t !y are really putt+ _! small riv] to "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,little ,,prospect+ ,small am\nt ( wat] requir$ = an electric plant--,explor+1 on a dull day--,a r\gh & ready weir--,:at a little wat] w d--,! wat] :eel & ! dynamo--,electricity consum$ ! in/ant x is produc$--,! price ( ! av]age small plant1 n c\nt+ labor4 ,! av]age f>m] makes ! mi/ake ( consid]+ t "o mu/ h a riv] ( "s size to develop p[] ( any practical use4 ,on y\r next free day d a little prospect+4 ,we h already said t #bej cubic feet ( wat] fall+ #aj feet a m9ute w provide light1 heat & small motor p[] = ! av]age f>m4 ,a s+le wat] horsep[] w g5]ate en\gh electricity to provide light = ! h\se & b>n4 ,b let u take five horsep[] z a desirable m9imum 9 ?is in/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,measur+ a small /ream ) a weir ,9 y\r neighborhood !re is a creek ?ree or f\r feet wide1 toil+ along day by day1 at its task ( wat]+ y\r fields4 ,f9d a wide bo>d a little long] ?an ! wid? ( ?is creek y h scorn$4 ,set x upright across ! /ream betwe5 ! banks1 s t no wat] fl[s ar\nd ! ends or "u x4 ,x %\ld be high en\gh to set ! wat] back to a dead level = a few feet up/ream1 be=e x ov]fl[s4 ,cut a gate 9 ?is bo>d1 say ?ree feet wide & t5 in*es deep1 or accord+ to ! size ( a /ream4 ,cut ?is gate f ! top1 s t all ! wat] ( ! /ream w fl[ ?r\gh ! op5+1 & /ill ma9ta9 a level = sev]al feet back ( ! bo>d4 ,?is is :at eng9e]s call a weir1 a h&y contrivance = measur+ ! fl[ ( small /reams4 ,exp]ts h figur$ out an elaborate sy/em ( tables z to weirs4 ,all we ne$ to d n[1 9 ?is r\gh survey1 is to figure out ! numb] ( squ>e in*es ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ?is op5+ & fall+ on ! o!r side4 ,) a rule1 measure ! dep? ( ! ov]fl[+ wat]1 f ! bottom ( ! op5+ to ! top ( ! dead level ( ! wat] beh9d ! bo>d4 ,multiply ?is dep? by ! wid? ( ! op5+1 :i* w give ! squ>e in*es ( wat] escap+4 ,= e squ>e in* ( ?is wat] escap+1 eng9e]s tell u t /ream is capable ( deliv]+1 r\ghly1 "o cubic foot ( wat] a m9ute4 ,?us1 if ! wat] is #h in*es deep 9 an op5+ #cb in*es wide1 !n ! numb] ( cubic feet ?is /ream is deliv]+ ea* m9ute is #h times #cb1 or #bef cubic feet a m9ute4 ,s1 a /ream #cb in*es wide1 ) a uni=m dep? ( #h in*es runn+ ?r\gh our weir is capable ( supply+ ! dem&s ( ! av]age f>m 9 t]ms ( electricity4 ,provid+1 ( c\rse1 t ! lay ( ! l& is su* t ?is wat] c be made to fall #aj feet into a wat] :eel4 ,g up/ream & make a r\gh survey ( ! fall4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances 7unless ?is is "s sluggi% /ream 9 a flat prairie7 x w be f\nd feasible to div]t ! /ream f its ma9 *annel by means ( a race--an artificial *annel--& to convey x to a n f>-di/ant spot :]e ! necess>y fall c be _h at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees f horizontal4 ,if y f9d !re is twice z mu* wat] z y ne$ = ! am\nt ( p[] y require1 a five-foot fall w give ! same result4 ,or1 if !re is only "o-half z mu* wat] z ! #bej cubic feet specifi$1 y c /ill obta9 y\r !oretical five horsep[] if ! means are at h& = provid+ a fall ( tw5ty feet in/ead ( t54 ,d n make ! v common mi/ake ( figur+ t a /ream is deliv]+ a cubic foot a m9ute to ea* squ>e in* ( weir op5+1 simply because x fills a c]ta9 op5+4 ,x is ! excess wat]1 fall+ ov] ! op5+1 aft] ! /ream has set back to a p]man5t dead level1 t is to be measur$4 ,?is f>m] :o sp5ds an idle day measur+ ! fl[ ( 8 brook ) a not*$ bo>d1 may say "h3 ,?is is all v well4 ,?is is ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 :5 my brook is fl[+ at high-wat] m>k4 ,:at am ,i go+ to d 9 ! dry mon?s ( summ]1 :5 !re are n #bej cubic feet ( wat] escap+ e m9ute8 ,!re are sev]al answ]s to ?is "q1 :i* w be tak5 up 9 detail 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,"h1 let u say1 ev5 if ?is brook does fl[ 9 suffici5t volume only #h mon?s 9 a ye>--! d>k mon?s1 by ! way1--is n electricity & ! _m b5efits x provides wor? hav+ eight mon?s 9 ! ye>8 ,my g>d5 provides fre% vegetables f\r mon?s a ye>4 ,because x )]s & dies & lies cov]$ ) sn[ dur+ ! w9t]1 is t any reason :y ,i %\ld n pl[ & manure & plant my g>d5 :5 spr+ comes aga98 ,a wat] :eel1 ! mod]n turb9e1 is a circul> fan ) curv$ iron blades1 revolv+ 9 an iron case4 ,wat]1 =c$ ?r\gh ! blades ( ?is fan by its own weight1 causes ! :eel to revolve on its axis2 & ! fan1 9 turn causes a %aft fitt$ ) pulleys to revolve4 ,! wat]1 by giv+ ! iron-blad$ fan a turn+ movem5t z x ru%es ?r\gh1 imp>ts to x me*anical p[]4 ,! %aft set 9 motion by means ( ?is me*anical p[] is1 9 turn1 belt$ to ! pulley ( a dynamo4 ,?is dynamo consi/s1 fir/1 ( a %aft on :i* is plac$ a spool1 w\nd 9 a curi\s way1 ) _m turns ( insulat$ copp] wire4 ,?is spool revolves freely 9 an air space surr\nd$ by electric magnets4 ,! spool does n t\* ^! magnets4 ,x is s nicely balanc$ t ! weight ( a f+] w turn x4 ,yet1 :5 x is revolv$ by wat]-p[] at a pr$et]m9$ spe$--say #a1ejj revolutions a m9ute--x g5]ates electricity1 trans=ms ! me*anical p[] ( ! wat] :eel into ano!r =m ( en]gy--a =m ( en]gy :i* c be c>ri$ = long di/ances on copp] wires1 :i* c1 by t\*+ a button1 be itself conv]t$ into light1 or heat1 or back into me*anical en]gy aga94 ,if two wires be l$ f opposite sides ( ?is revolv+ spool1 & an electric lamp be connect$ f "o to ! o!r wire1 ! lamp w be light$--w gr[ :ite hot1--h5ce inc&esc5t light4 ,! in/ant ?is lamp is turn$ on1 ! revolv+ spool feels a /ress1 ! magnets by :i* x is surr\nd$ beg9 to pull back on x4 ,! p[] ( ! wat] :eel1 h[ev]1 ov]comes ?is pull4 ,if "o hundr$ lights be turn$ on1 ! backw>d pull ( ! magnets surr\nd+ ! spool w be "o hundr$ times z /rong z = "o light4 ,= e ounce ( electrical en]gy us$ 9 light or heat or p[]1 ! dynamo w require a l ounce ( me*anical p[] f ! wat] :eel :i* drives x4 ,! /ory is told ( a canny ,scot* eng9e]1 :o1 9 ! fir/ days ( dynamos1 n s v long ago1 sc(f$ at ! sugge/ion t su* a spool1 sp9n+ 9 free air1 9 well lubricat$ be>+s1 c\ld br+ 8 big ,corliss /eam eng9e to a /op4 ,yet he saw x done simply by belt+ ?is spool1 a dynamo1 to 8 eng9e & ask+ ! dynamo = m p[] 9 t]ms ( light ?an 8 /eam c\ld deliv] 9 t]ms ( me*anical p[] to ov]come ! pull ( ! magnets4 ,electricity mu/ be consum$ ! in/ant x is g5]at$ 7except 9 r>e in/ances :]e small am\nts are accumulat$ 9 /orage batt]ies by a *emical process74 ,! pressure ( a button1 or ! ?r[ ( a swit* causes ! dynamo in/antly to respond ) j en\gh en]gy to d ! "w ask$ ( x1 always 9 proportion to ! am\nt requir$4 ,hav+ ?is 9 m9d1 x is r curi\s to ?9k ( electricity z be+ an article ( export1 an item 9 int]national trade4 ,yet 9 #aiac hydro-electric companies 9 ,canada export$ by means ( wires1 to ?is c\ntry ov] #ggb1jjj1jjj kil[att-h\rs 7ov] "o billion horsep[] h\rs7 ( electricity = use 9 factories ne> ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,?is #bej cubic feet ( wat] p] m9ute !n1 :i* ! f>m] has measur$ by means ( 8 not*$ bo>d1 w trans=m by means ( its fall+ weight me*anical p[] into a l am\nt ( electrical p[]--less friction losses1 :i* may am\nt to z mu* z #fj 9 v small ma*9es1 & #ae 9 l>g] plants4 ,t is1 ! brook :i* has be5 dra9+ y\r pa/ures = unc\nt$ ages conta9s ! pot5tial p[] ( #c & #d "y horses--) ?is diff]5ce3 t x works #bd h\rs a day1 runs on =ev]1 & requires no oats or hay4 ,& ! co/ ( su* an electric plant1 :i* is ample = ! ne$s ( ! av]age f>m1 is 9 mo/ cases less ?an ! price ( a good f>m horse--! #bjj k9d--n c\nt+ labor ( in/allation4 ,x is ! purpose ( ^! *apt]s to awak5 ! f>m] to ! possibilities ( su* small wat]-p[] z he or 8 community may possess2 to %[ t ! g5]at+ ( electricity is a v simple op]ation1 & t ! ma9t5ance & c>e ( su* a plant is )9 ! me*anical ability ( any ,am]ican f>m] or f>m boy2 & to %[ t electricity itself is f> f be+ ! dang]\s dea?-deal+ fluid ( popul> imag9ation4 ,electricity mu/ be /udi$2 & !n x becomes an ob$i5t1 tireless s]vant4 ,dur+ ! pa/ decade or two1 ma!matical wiz>ds h /udi$ electricity1 explor$ its atoms1 r$uc$ x to simple ari?metic--& al?\gh !y _c yet tell u :y x is g5]at$1 !y tell u h[4 ,x is ) ?is simple ari?metic1 & ! necess>y manual op]ations t we h to d "h4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h[ ,,to ,,measure ,,wat]-,,p[] ,:at is a horsep[]8--,h[ ! ,c>?ag9ians manufactur$ horsep[]--,all t goes up mu/ come d[n--,h[ ! sun lifts wat] up = u to use--,wat] ! ideal p[] = g5]at+ electricity--,! weir--,table = e/imat+ fl[ ( /reams1 ) a weir--,ano!r me?od ( measur+--,figur+ wat] horsep[]--,! size ( ! :eel--,:at head is requir$--,quantity ( wat] necess>y4 ,if a man 7 (f 9 ! woods & ne$$ a horsep[] ( en]gy to "w = him1 he c\ld g5]ate x by lift+ #eej p\nds ( /one or wood1 or :atnot1 "o foot (f ! gr\nd1 & lett+ x fall back 9 ! space ( "o second4 ,z a man possesses capacity = "w equal to "o-fif? horsep[]1 x w\ld take him five seconds to d ! "w ( lift+ ! weight up t ! weight itself accompli%$ 9 fall+ d[n4 ,all t goes up mu/ come d[n2 & by a nice balance ( physical laws1 a fall+ body hits ! gr\nd ) precisely ! same =ce z is requir$ to lift x to ! height f :i* x falls4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 & o!r anci5ts 7:o 7 deep 9 ! woods z reg>ds me*anical k7 _h _! slaves c>ry huge /ones to ! top ( ! city wall2 & ! /ones 7 plac$ 9 conv5i5t positions to be tipp$ ov] on ! heads ( any besieg+ army t happ5$ along4 ,?us by conc5trat+ ! en]gy ( _m slaves 9 "o bat* ( /ones1 ! w>riors ( t day 7 enabl$ to deliv] horsep[] 9 "o mass :]e x w\ld d ! mo/ good4 ,! f>m] :o makes use ( ! en]gy ( fall+ wat] to g5]ate electricity = light1 heat1 & p[] does ! same ?+--he makes use ( ! capacity = "w /or$ 9 wat] 9 be+ lift$ to a c]ta9 height4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! gasol9e eng9e1 :i* burns #ad p\nds ( air = e p\nd ( gasol9e1 ! eng9e] ( ! wat]-p[] plant does n h to conc]n himself ) ! "q ( h[ ?is natural s\rce ( en]gy happ5$ to be 9 a h&y place = him to make use ( x4 ,! sun1 %9+ on ! ocean1 & turn+ wat] into vapor by its heat has already lift$ x up = him4 ,?is vapor float+ 9 ! air & bl[n ab\t by w9ds1 becomes *ill$ f "o cause or ano!r1 gives up its heat1 turns back into wat]1 & falls z ra94 ,?is ra91 fall+ on l& five1 t51 a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 or t5 ?\s& feet above ! sea level1 beg9s to run back to ! sea1 pick+ out ! easie/ road & cutt+ a *annel t we call a brook1 a /ream1 or a riv]4 ,our f>m l&s are cov]$ to an av]age dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet a ye> ) wat]1 e gallon ( :i* has /or$ 9 x ! en]gy exp5d$ by ! heat ( ! sun 9 lift+ x to ! height :]e x is f\nd4 ,! f>m]1 prospect+ on 8 l& = wat]-p[]1 locates a spot on a /ream :i* he calls ,supply2 & ano!r spot a few feet d[n hill ne> ! same /ream1 :i* he calls ,p[]4 ,e gallon ( wat] t falls betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 & is made to escape ?r\gh ! revolv+ blades ( a wat] :eel is capable ( "w 9 t]ms ( foot-p\nds--an am\nt ( "w t is directly proportional to ! quantity ( wat]1 & to ! di/ance 9 feet :i* x falls to rea* ! :eel--p\nds & feet4 ,! ,effici5t ,wat] ,:eel ,& x is a v effici5t =m ( "w1 too4 ,9 fact x is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t =ms ( me*anical en]gy kn[n--& "o ( ! easie/ controll$4 ,a mod]n wat] :eel uses #he p] c5t ( ! total capacity = "w imp>t$ to fall+ wat] by gravity1 & deliv]s x z rot>y motion4 ,comp>e ?is wat] :eel effici5cy ) o!r =ms ( me*anical p[] 9 common use3 ,:]eas a wat] :eel uses #he p] c5t ( ! en]gy ( its wat] supply1 & wa/es only #ae p] c5t1 a gasol9e eng9e rev]ses ! table1 & deliv]s only #ae p] c5t ( ! en]gy 9 gasol9e & wa/es #he p] c5t--& x is r a high-class gasol9e eng9e t c deliv] ev5 #ae p] c5t2 a /eam eng9e1 on ! o!r h&1 uses ab\t #ag p] c5t ( ! en]gy 9 ! coal "u its boil]s & passes ! re/ up ! *imney z wa/e heat & smoke4 ,!re is /ill ano!r advantage possess$ by wat]-p[] ov] its two rivals1 /eam & gas3 ,x gives ! mo/ ev5 fl[ ( p[]4 ,a gas eng9e kicks a :eel r\nd 9 a circle1 by means ( successive explosions 9 its cyl9d]s4 ,a reciprocat+ /eam eng9e kicks a :eel r\nd 9 a circle by means ( /eam exp&+ fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9 ano!r4 ,a wat] :eel1 on ! o!r h&1 is made to revolve by means ( ! pressure ( wat]--by ! con/ant =ce ( gravity1 itself--weight4 ,weight is some?+ t does n v>y f m9ute to m9ute1 or f "o fraction ( a second to ano!r4 ,x is always ! same4 ,a squ>e in* ( wat] press+ on ! blades ( a wat] :eel weights t51 tw5ty1 a hundr$ p\nds1 accord+ to ! height ( ! pipe convey+ t wat] f ! s\rce ( supply1 to ! :eel4 ,s long z ?is column ( wat] is ma9ta9$ at a fix$ height1 ! p[] x deliv]s to ! :eel does n v>y by s mu* z ! weight ( a fea!r4 ,?is prop]ty ( fall+ wat] makes x ! ideal p[] = g5]at+ electricity4 ,electricity g5]at$ f me*anical p[] dep5ds on con/ant spe$ = /eady pressure--s9ce ! electric curr5t1 :5 analyz$1 is m]ely a succession ( pulsations ?r\gh a wire1 l waves beat+ aga9/ a sea wall4 ,wat]-p[] deliv]s ^! waves at a con/ant spe$1 s t electric lights made f wat]-p[] d n flick] & jump l ! flame ( a lant]n 9 a gu/y w9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to accompli% ! same ?+ ) /eam or gasol9e requires an especially con/ruct$ eng9e4 ,! ,simple ,weir ,s9ce a /eady fl[ ( wat]1 & a con/ant head1 br+ ab\t ?is ideal condition 9 ! wat] :eel1 ! fir/ problem t faces ! f>m] prospector is to det]m9e ! am\nt ( wat] :i* 8 /ream is capable ( deliv]+4 ,?is is always measur$1 = conv5i5ce1 9 cubic feet p] m9ute4 7,a cubic foot ( wat] weighs #fb4e p\nds1 & conta9s #g-a_/b gallons47 ,?is measurem5t is obta9$ 9 sev]al ways1 among :i* probably ! use ( a weir is ! simple/ & mo/ accurate1 = small /reams4 ,a weir is1 9 effect1 m]ely a tempor>y dam set across ! /ream 9 su* a mann] z to =m a small pond2 & to enable "o to measure ! wat] escap+ f ?is pond4 ,x may be lik5$ to ! ov]fl[ pipe ( a horse tr\gh :i* is be+ f$ f a spr+4 ,to measure ! fl[ ( wat] f su* a spr+1 all t is necess>y is to measure ! wat] escap+ ?r\gh ! ov]fl[ :5 ! wat] 9 ! tr\gh has atta9$ a p]man5t level4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( home-made weir ,illu/ration3 ,cross-section ( weir ,! diagrams %[ ! cross-section & detail ( a typical weir1 :i* c be put toge!r 9 a few m9utes ) ! aid ( a saw & hamm]4 ,! cross-section %[s t ! l[] edge ( ! slot ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ( ! tempor>y pond is made to escape1 is cut on a bevel1 ) its %>p edge up/ream4 ,! w+ on ea* side ( ! op5+ is = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! /ream f n>r[+ z x fl[s ?r\gh ! op5+1 & ?us upsett+ ! calculations4 ,?is weir %\ld be set directly across ! fl[ ( ! /ream1 p]fectly level1 & upright4 ,x %\ld be s imb$d$ 9 ! banks1 & 9 ! bottom ( ! /ream1 t no wat] c escape1 except ?r\gh ! op5+ cut = t purpose4 ,x w require a little exp]im5t+ ) a r\gh model to det]m9e j h[ wide & h[ deep ?is op5+ %\ld be4 ,x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to prev5t wat] fl[+ ov] ! top ( ! bo>d2 & x %\ld be small en\gh to cause a /ill-wat] pond to =m = sev]al feet beh9d ! weir4 ,keep 9 m9d ! idea ( ! ov]fl[+ wat] tr\gh :5 build+ y\r weir4 ,! /ream1 runn+ d[n f a high] level beh9d1 %\ld be empty+ into a /ill-wat] pond1 :i* 9 turn %\ld be empty+ itself ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! bo>d at ! same rate z ! /ream is keep+ ! pond full4 ,y\r weir %\ld be fa%ion$ ) ! idea ( "s p]man5cy s t a numb] ( measurem5ts may be tak51 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( "t--?us enabl+ ! prospector to make a reliable e/imate n only ( ! am\nt ( wat] fl[+ at any "o "t1 b ( its fluctuations4 ,"u exp]t sup]vision1 ?is simple weir is an exact contrivance--exact en\gh1 9 fact1 = ! f9e/ calculations requir$ 9 eng9e]+ "w4 ,to f9d out h[ _m cubic feet ( wat] ! /ream is deliv]+ at any mom5t1 all t is necess>y is to measure its dep? :]e x fl[s ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,!re are in/rum5ts1 l ! hook-gauge1 :i* are design$ to measure ?is dep? ) accuracy up to "o-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,an ord9>y foot rule1 or a fold+ rule1 w give results suffici5tly accurate = ! wat] prospector 9 ?is in/ance4 ,! dep? %\ld be measur$ n at ! op5+ itself1 b a %ort di/ance back ( ! op5+1 :]e ! wat] is sett+ at a dead level & is mov+ v sl[ly4 ,) ?is weir1 e squ>e in* ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! op5+ indicates r\ghly "o cubic foot ( wat] a m9ute4 ,?us if ! op5+ is #aj in*es wide & ! wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x is #e in*es deep1 ! numb] ( cubic feet a m9ute ! /ream is deliv]+ is #aj #e #ej squ>e in*es #ej cubic feet a m9ute4 ,?is is a v small /ream2 yet1 if x c\ld be made to fall ?r\gh a wat] :eel #aj feet bel[ a pond or res]voir1 x w\ld ex]t a cont9u\s pressure ( #cj1jjj p\nds p] m9ute on ! blades ( ! :eel--ne>ly "o !oretical horsep[]4 ,?is e/imate ( "o cubic foot to ea* squ>e in* is a v r\gh approximation4 ,eng9e]s h develop$ _m complicat$ =mulas = det]m9+ ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh weirs1 tak+ into acc\nt f9e v>iations t ! f>m prospector ne$ n he$4 ,! s-call$ ,francis =mula1 develop$ by a long s]ies ( actual exp]im5ts at ,l[ell1 ,mass41 9 #aheb by ,mr4 ,james ,b4 ,francis1 ) weirs #aj feet long & #e feet #b in*es high1 is /&>d = ^! calculations & is express$ 7= ^? :o desire to use x = special purposes7 z foll[s3 ,q #c4cc ,l ,h7#c_/b7 or1 ,q #c4cc ,l ,h sqrt7,h71 9 :i* ,q means quantity ( wat] 9 cubic feet p] second1 ,l is l5g? ( op5+1 9 feet2 & ,h is height ( op5+ 9 feet4 ,! foll[+ table is figur$ accord+ to ! ,francis =mula1 & gives ! dis*>ge 9 cubic feet p] m9ute1 = op5+s "o in* wide3 ,,table ,,( ,,weirs ,in*es #j #a_/d #a_/b #c_/d #a #j4djc #j4efc #j4gdj #j4iff #b #a4ada #a4cfj #a4eic #a4hch #c #b4jid #b4cfa #b4fci #b4ibg #d #c4bbe #c4eca #c4hdh #d4agc #e #d4ejf #d4hdi #e4bjj #e4eeh #f #e4ibe #f4bih #f4fha #g4jga #g #g4dfe #g4hfi #h4bhj #h4fig #h #i4aba #i4eeb #i4iij #aj4dbg #i #aj4hhd #aa4cdj #aa4hjd #ab4bgb #aj #ab4gdg #ac4bbh #ac4gaf #ad4bjh #aa #ad4gjg #ae4baa #ae4gba #af4bcf #ab #af4geg #ag4bhc #ag4haf #ah4ceb #ac #ah4hie #ai4dde #ai4iif #bj4eeh #ad #ba4aaf #ba4fhd #bb4beh #bb4hce #ae #bc4dah #bd4jjg #bd4fjj #be4aie #af #be4hjj #bf4djf #bg4jai #bg4fcd #ag #bh4bef #bh4hha #bi4eab #cj4ade #ah #cj4ghe #ca4dbi #cb4jge #cb4gcc ,?us1 let u say1 our weir has an op5+ #cj in*es wide1 & ! wat] ov]fl[s ?r\gh ! op5+ at a uni=m dep? ( #f-a_/d in*es1 :5 measur$ a few in*es beh9d ! bo>d at a po9t be=e ! ov]fl[ curve beg9s4 ,run d[n ! fir/ column on ! left to #f1 & cross ov] to ! second column to ! "r1 head$ #a_/d4 ,?is gives ! numb] ( cubic feet p] m9ute = ?is dep? "o in* wide1 z #f4bih4 ,s9ce ! weir is #cj in*es wide1 multiply #f4bih #cj #ahh4id--or1 say1 #ahi cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,once ! weir is set1 x is ! "w ( b a mom5t to f9d out ! quantity ( wat] a /ream is deliv]+1 simply by ref]r+ to ! above table4 ,ano!r ,me?od ( ,measur+ a ,/ream ,weirs are = use 9 small /reams4 ,= l>g] /reams1 :]e ! con/ruction ( a weir w\ld be difficult1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey eng9e]s recomm5d ! foll[+ simple me?od3 ,*oose a place :]e ! *annel is /raight = #ajj or #bjj feet1 & has a ne>ly con/ant dep? & wid?2 lay (f on ! bank a l9e #ej or #ajj feet 9 l5g?4 ,?r[ small *ips into ! /ream1 & measure ! "t 9 seconds !y take to travel ! di/ance laid (f on ! bank4 ,?is gives ! surface velocity ( ! wat]4 ,multiply ! av]age ( sev]al su* te/s by #j4hj1 :i* w give v ne>ly ! mean velocity4 ,!n x is necess>y to f9d ! cross-section ( ! fl[+ wat] 7its av]age dep? multipli$ by wid?71 & ?is numb]1 9 squ>e feet1 multipli$ by ! velocity 9 feet p] second1 w give ! numb] ( cubic feet ! /ream is deliv]+ ea* second4 ,multipli$ by #fj gives cubic feet a m9ute4 ,figur+ a ,/ream's ,horsep[] ,by "o ( ! above simple me?ods1 ! problem ( ,quantity c easily be det]m9$4 ,! next problem is to det]m9e :at ,head c be obta9$4 ,head is ! di/ance 9 feet ! wat] may be made to fall1 f ! ,s\rce ( ,supply1 to ! wat] :eel itself4 ,! p[] ( wat] is directly proportional to head1 j z x is directly proportional to quantity4 ,?us ! typical weir measur$ above 0 #cj in*es wide & #f-a_/d deep1 giv+ #ahi cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute--,quantity4 ,s9ce su* a /ream is ( common occurr5ce on ?\s&s ( f>ms1 let u analyze briefly its possibilities = p[]3 ,"o hundr$ & eighty-n9e cubic feet ( wat] weighs #ahi #fb4e p\nds #aa1hab4e p\nds4 ,drop ?is weight "o foot1 & we h #aa1hab4e foot-p\nds4 ,drop x #c feet & we h #aa1hab #c #ce1dcg4e foot-p\nds4 ,s9ce #cc1jjj foot-p\nds ex]t$ 9 "o m9ute is "o horsep[]1 we h "h a little m ?an "o horsep[]4 ,= simplicity let u call x a horsep[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( a wat]-p[] plant1 %[+ sett+ ( :eel1 & dynamo connection ,n[1 s9ce ! "w to be _h f ?is wat] v>ies directly ) quantity & head1 x is obvi\s t a /ream "o-half z big fall+ twice z f>1 w\ld /ill give "o horsep[] at ! :eel2 or1 a /ream ( #ahi cubic feet a m9ute fall+ t5 times z f>1 #cj feet1 w\ld give t5 times ! p[]1 or t5 horsep[]2 a /ream fall+ "o hundr$ times z f> w\ld give "o hundr$ horsep[]4 ,?us small quantities ( wat] fall+ great di/ances1 or l>ge quantities ( wat] fall+ small di/ances may accompli% ! same results4 ,f ?is x w be se51 t ! simple =mula = det]m9+ ! !oretical horsep[] ( any /ream1 9 :i* ,quantity & ,head are kn[n1 is z foll[s3 ,cu4 ,ft4 p] ,feet m9ute head #fb4e 7,a7 ,!oretical ,horsep[] ---------------------- #cc1jjj ,z an example1 let u say t we h a /ream ^: weir measurem5t %[s x capable ( deliv]+ #cgf cubic feet a m9ute1 ) a head 7det]m9$ by survey7 ( #ac feet #f in*es4 ,:at is ! horsep[] ( ?is /ream8 ,answ]3 ,cu4 ft4 p4 m4 head p\nds #cgf #ac4e #fb4e ,h4,p4 ----------------------------- #i4fad horsep[] #cc1jjj ,?is is !oretical horsep[]4 ,to det]m9e ! actual horsep[] t c be c\nt$ on1 9 practice1 x is cu/om>y1 ) small wat] :eels1 to figure #be p] c5t loss ?r\gh friction1 etc4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! actual horsep[] w\ld !n be #g4b4 ,! ,size ( ! ,:eel ,wat] :eels are n rat$ by horsep[] by manufactur]s1 because ! same :eel might develop "o horsep[] or "o hundr$ horsep[]1 or ev5 a ?\s& horsep[]1 accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* x is us$4 ,) a giv5 supply ( wat]1 ! head1 9 feet1 det]m9es ! size ( :eel necess>y4 ,! f>!r a /ream ( wat] falls1 ! small] ! pipe necess>y to c>ry a giv5 numb] ( gallons pa/ a giv5 po9t 9 a giv5 "t4 ,a small :eel1 "u #aj #ac4e ft4 head1 w\ld give ! same p[] ) ! above #cgf cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute1 z a l>ge :eel w\ld ) #aj #cgf cubic feet1 "u a #ac4e foot head4 ,?is is due to ! accel]ation ( gravity on fall+ bodies4 ,a rifle bullet %ot into ! air ) a muzzle velocity ( #c1jjj feet a second beg9s to dim9i% its spe$ in/antly on leav+ ! muzzle1 & cont9ues to dim9i% 9 spe$ at ! fix$ rate ( #cb4af feet a second1 until x f9ally comes to a /op1 & />ts to desc5d4 ,!n1 aga91 its spe$ accel]ates at ! rate ( #cb4af feet a second1 until on /rik+ ! e>? x has atta9$ ! velocity at :i* x left ! muzzle ( ! rifle1 less loss due to friction4 ,! accel]ation ( gravity affects fall+ wat] 9 ! same mann] z x affects a fall+ bullet4 ,at any "o second1 dur+ its c\rse ( fall1 x is travel+ at a rate #cb4af feet a second 9 excess ( its spe$ ! previ\s second4 ,9 figur+ ! size :eel necess>y "u giv5 conditions or to det]m9e ! p[] ( wat] ) a giv5 nozzle op5+1 x is necess>y to take ?is into acc\nt4 ,! table on page #ea gives velocity p] second ( fall+ wat]1 ignor+ ! friction ( ! pipe1 9 heads f #e to #ajjj feet4 ,! sci5tific =mula f :i* ! table is comput$ is express$ z foll[s1 = ^? ( a ma!matical turn ( m9d3 ,velocity 7ft4 p] sec47 sqrt7#b;gh72 or1 velocity is equal to ! squ>e root ( ! product 7g #cb4af1--times head 9 feet1 multipli$ by #b74 ,,sp\t+ ,,velocity ,,( ,,wat]1 ,,9 ,,feet ,,p] ,,second1 ,,9 ,,heads ,,( ,,f #e ,,to #a1jjj ,,feet ,head ,velocity #e #ag4i #f #ai4g #g #ba4b #h #bb4g #i #bd4a #aj #be4d #aa #bf4f #aa4e #bg4b #ab #bg4h #ab4e #bh4d #ac #bh4i #ac4e #bi4e #ad #cj4j #ad4e #cj4e #ae #ca4c #ae4e #ca4f #af #cb4a #af4e #cb4f #ag #cc4a #ag4e #cc4f #ah #cd4j #ah4e #cd4e #ai #ce4j #ai4e #ce4d #bj #ce4i #bj4e #cf4c #ba #cf4h #ba4e #cg4b #bb #cg4f #bb4e #ch4a #bc #ch4e #bc4e #ch4i #bd #ci4c #bd4e #ci4g #be #dj4a #bf #dj4i #bg #da4g #bh #db4e #bi #dc4b #cj #dc4i #ca #dd4g #cb #de4d #cc #df4a #cd #df4g #ce #dg4d #cf #dh4a #cg #dh4h #ch #di4e #ci #ej4a #dj #ej4g #da #ea4c #db #eb4j #dc #eb4f #dd #ec4b #de #ec4h #df #ed4d #dg #ee4j #dh #ee4f #di #ef4b #ej #ef4g #ee #ei4e #fj #fb4a #fe #fd4g #gj #fg4a #ge #fi4e #hj #ga4h #he #gd4j #ij #gf4a #ie #gh4b #ajj #hj4c #bjj #aad4j #cjj #aci4j #djj #afj4j #ejj #agi4j #ajjj #bed4j ,9 ! above example1 we f\nd t #cgf cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute1 "u #ac4e feet head1 w\ld deliv] #g4b actual horsep[]4 ,"q3 ,:at size :eel w\ld x be necess>y to in/all "u su* conditions8 ,by ref]r+ to ! table ( velocity above1 7or by us+ ! =mula71 we f9d t wat] "u a head ( #ac4e feet1 has a sp\t+ velocity ( #bi4e feet a second4 ,?is means t a solid /ream ( wat] #bi4e feet long w\ld pass ?r\gh ! :eel 9 "o second4 ,:at %\ld be ! diamet] ( su* a /ream1 to make its cubical cont5ts #cgf cubic feet a m9ute or #cgf_/fj #f4bg cubic feet a second8 ,! foll[+ =mula %\ld be us$ to det]m9e ?is3 #add cu4 ft4 p] second 7,b7 ,sq4 ,in*es ( :eel -------------------------- ,velocity 9 ft4 p] sec4 ,sub/itut+ values1 9 ! above in/ance1 we h3 ,answ]3 ,sq4 ,in*es ( :eel #add #f4bg 7,cu4 ,ft4 ,sec47 --------------------------- #cj4f sq4 94 #bi4e 7,vel4 9 feet47 ,t is1 a :eel capable ( us+ #cj4f squ>e in*es ( wat] w\ld meet ^! conditions4 ,:at ,head is ,requir$ ,let u attack ! problem ( wat]-p[] 9 ano!r way4 ,a f>m] wi%es to in/all a wat] :eel t w deliv] #aj horsep[] on ! %aft1 & he f9ds 8 /ream deliv]s #djj cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute4 ,h[ _m feet fall is requir$8 ,=mula3 #cc1jjj horsep[] requir$ 7,c7 ,head 9 feet ------------------------------ ,cu4 ,ft4 p] m9ute #fb4e ,s9ce a !oretical horsep[] is only #ge p] c5t effici5t1 he w\ld require #aj #d_/c #ac4cc !oretical horsep[] ( wat]1 9 ?is in/ance4 ,sub/itut+ ! values ( ! problem 9 ! =mula1 we h3 #cc1jjj #ac4cc ,answ]3 ,head ---------------- #ag4f feet fall requir$4 #djj #fb4e ,:at capacity ( :eel w\ld ?is prospect 7#djj cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute fall+ #ag4f feet1 & develop+ #ac4cc horsep[]7 require8 ,by ref]r+ to ! table ( velocities1 we f9d t ! velocity = #ag4e feet head 7ne>ly7 is #cc4f feet a second4 ,f\r hundr$ feet ( wat] a m9ute is #djj_/fj #f4fg cu4 ft4 a second4 ,sub/itut+ ^! values1 9 =mula 7,b7 !n1 we h3 ,answ]3 ,capacity ( :eel #add #f4fg ---------- #bh4f squ>e in*es ( wat]4 #cc4f ,quantity ( ,wat] ,let u take /ill ano!r problem :i* ! prospector may be call$ on to solve3 ,a man f9ds t he c conv5i5tly get a fall ( #bg feet4 ,he desires #bj actual horsep[]4 ,:at quantity ( wat] w be necess>y1 & :at capacity :eel8 ,tw5ty actual horsep[] w be #bj #d_/c #bf4fg !oretical horsep[]4 ,=mula3 #cc1jjj ,hp4 requir$ 7,d7 ,cubic feet p] m9ute --------------------- 7,head 9 feet #fb4e7 ,sub/itut+ values1 !n1 we h3 ,cu4 ft4 p] m9ute #cc1jjj #bf4fg -------------- #eba4e cubic feet a m9ute4 #bg #fb4e ,a head ( #bg feet w\ld give ?is /ream a velocity ( #da4g feet a second1 &1 f =mula 7,b7 we f9d t ! capacity ( ! :eel %\ld be #cj squ>e in*es4 ,x is well to rememb] t ! squ>e in*es ( :eel capacity does n ref] to ! size ( pipe convey+ wat] f ! head to ! :eel1 b m]ely to ! actual nozzle capacity provid$ by ! :eel itself4 ,9 small in/allations ( l[ head1 su* z above a p5/ock at lea/ six times ! nozzle capacity %\ld be us$1 to avoid los+ effective head f friction4 ,?us1 ) a nozzle ( #cj squ>e in*es1 ! p5/ock or pipe %\ld be #ahj squ>e in*es1 or ne>ly #ad in*es squ>e inside measurem5t4 ,a l>g] p5/ock w\ld be /ill bett]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,wat] ,,:eel ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,in/all ,,x ,diff]5t types ( wat] :eels--,! impulse & reaction :eels--,! impulse :eel adapt$ to high heads & small am\nt ( wat]--,pipe l9es--,table ( resi/ance 9 pipes--,advantages & disadvantages ( ! impulse :eel--,o!r =ms ( impulse :eels--,! reaction turb9e1 suit$ to l[ heads & l>ge quantity ( wat]--,its advantages & limitations--,develop+ a wat]-p[] project3 ! dam2 ! race2 ! flume2 ! p5/ock2 & ! tailrace--,wat] rights = ! f>m]4 ,9 g5]al1 !re are two types ( wat] :eels1 ! impulse :eel & ! reaction :eel4 ,bo? are call$ turb9es1 al?\gh ! "n belongs1 m prop]ly1 to ! reaction :eel alone4 ,impulse :eels d]ive _! p[] f ! mom5tum ( fall+ wat]4 ,reaction :eels d]ive _! p[] f ! mom5tum & pressure ( fall+ wat]4 ,! old-fa%ion$ und]%ot1 ov]%ot1 & brea/ :eels are famili> to all z examples ( impulse :eels4 ,wat] :eels ( ?is class revolve 9 ! air1 ) ! en]gy ( ! wat] ex]t$ on "o face ( _! buckets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 reaction :eels are enclos$ 9 wat]-tight cases1 ei!r ( metal or ( wood1 & ! buckets are entirely surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,! old-fa%ion$ und]%ot1 ov]%ot1 & brea/ :eels 7 n v effici5t2 !y wa/$ ab\t #ge p] c5t ( ! p[] appli$ to !m4 ,a mod]n impulse :eel1 on ! o!r h&1 op]ates at an effici5cy ( #hj p] c5t & ov]4 ,! loss is ma9ly ?r\gh friction & leakage1 & _c be elim9at$ altoge!r4 ,! mod]n reaction :eel1 call$ ! turb9e1 atta9s an equal effici5cy4 ,individual conditions gov]n ! type ( :eel to be select$4 ,! ,impulse1 or ,tang5tial ,wat] ,:eel ,! mod]n impulse1 or tang5tial :eel 7s call$ because ! driv+ /ream ( wat] /rikes ! :eel at a tang5t7 is be/ adapt$ to situations :]e ! am\nt ( wat] is limit$1 & ! head is l>ge4 ,?us1 a m\nta9 brook supply+ only sev5 cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute--a /ream less ?an two-&-a-half in*es deep fl[+ ov] a weir ) an op5+ ?ree in*es wide--w\ld develop two actual horsep[]1 "u a head ( #bjj feet--n an unusual head to be f\nd 9 ! hill c\ntry4 ,"u a head ( "o ?\s& feet1 a /ream furni%+ #ceb4f cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute w\ld develop #ecd4ja horsep[] at ! nozzle4 ,ord9>ily ^! :eels are n us$ "u heads ( less ?an #bj feet4 ,a :eel ( ?is type1 six feet 9 diamet]1 w\ld develop six horsep[]1 ) #ahh cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute & #bj-;foot head4 ,! great majority ( impulse :eels are us$ "u heads ( #ajj feet & ov]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! greate/ head 9 use is slightly ov] #b1ajj feet1 al?\gh 9 ,switz]l& !re is "o plant utiliz+ a head ( ov] #e1jjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,runn] ( ,pelton :eel1 %[+ peculi> %ape ( ! buckets ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fitz ov]%oot :eel ,effici5t ,mod]n ,adaptations ( ! ,ar*aic ,und]%ot & ,ov]%ot ,wat] ,:eels ,! old-fa%ion$ impulse :eels 7 ineffici5t because ( ! fact t _! buckets 7 n con/ruct$ sci5tifically1 & mu* ( ! =ce ( ! wat] 0 lo/ at ! mom5t ( impact4 ,! impulse :eel ( to-day1 h[ev]1 has buckets :i* s completely absorb ! mom5tum ( wat] issu+ f a nozzle1 t ! wat] falls into ! tailrace ) practically no velocity4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! nozzle pressure "u a #b1bej-;foot head is ne>ly #a1jjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & t wat] issues f ?is nozzle ) a velocity ( #bc1jjj feet a m9ute1 ! sci5tific precision ( ?is type ( bucket c be appreciat$4 ,a typical bucket = su* a :eel is %ap$ l an op5 clam %ell1 ! c5tral l9e :i* cuts ! /ream ( wat] into halves be+ gr\nd to a %>p edge4 ,! curves :i* absorb ! mom5tum ( ! wat] are figur$ ma!matically & 9 practice become poli%$ l mirrors4 ,s great is ! erod+ action ( wat]1 "u great heads--especially :5 x conta9s s& or silt--t x is occasionally necess>y to replace ^! buckets4 ,= ?is reason ! l>g] :eels consi/ m]ely ( a spid] ( iron or /eel1 ) ea* bucket bolt$ sep>ately to its circumf]5ce1 s t x c be remov$ & replac$ easily4 ,usually only "o nozzle is provid$2 b 9 ord] to use ?is :eel "u l[ heads--d[n to #aj feet--a numb] ( nozzles are us$1 sometimes five1 :]e ! wat] supply is pl5tiful4 ,! :eel is key$ to a horizontal %aft runn+ 9 babbit$ be>+s1 & ?is same %aft is us$ = driv+ ! g5]ator1 ei!r by direct connection1 or by means ( pulleys & a belt4 ,! :eel may be m\nt$ on a home-made timb] base1 or on an iron frame4 ,x takes up v little room1 especially :5 x is s set t ! nozzle c be m\nt$ "u ! floor+4 ,! :eel itself is enclos$1 above ! floor1 9 a wood5 box1 or a cas+ made ( ca/ or %eet iron1 :i* %\ld be wat]-tight4 ,s9ce ^! :eels are usually op]at$ "u great heads1 ! problem ( regulat+ _! wat] supply requires special consid]ation4 ,a gate is always provid$ at ! upp]1 or intake end1 :]e ! wat] pipe leaves ! flume4 ,s9ce ! pressure rea*es #a1jjj p\nds ! squ>e in* & m1 !re w\ld be dang] ( bur/+ ! pipe if ! wat] 7 sudd5ly %ut (f at ! nozzle itself4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y to use a ne$le valve1 simil> to t 9 an ord9>y g>d5 hose nozzle2 & by su* a valve ! am\nt ( wat] may be regulat$ to a nicety4 ,:]e ! head is s great t ev5 su* a valve c\ld n be us$ safely1 provision is made to deflect ! nozzle4 ,^! :eels h a spe$ v>iation am\nt+ to z mu* z #be p] c5t f no-load to full load1 9 g5]at+ electricity1 & s9ce ! spe$ ( ! prime mov]--! wat] :eel--is reflect$ directly 9 ! voltage or pressure ( electricity deliv]$1 ! :eel mu/ be provid$ ) "s =m ( automatic gov]nor4 ,?is consi/s usually ( two c5trifugal balls1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 gov]n+ /eam eng9es2 ^! are connect$ by means ( ge>s to ! ne$le valve or ! deflector4 ,z ! dem& = f>m wat]-p[]s 9 our hill sections becomes m g5]al1 ! tang5tial type ( wat] :eel w come into common use = small plants4 ,at pres5t x is mo/ famili> 9 ! great comm]cial in/allations ( ! ,f> ,we/1 work+ "u enorm\s heads4 ,^! :eels are to be _h 9 ! m>ket rang+ 9 size f six in*es to six feet & ov]4 ,:eels rang+ 9 size f six in*es to tw5ty-f\r in*es are call$ wat] motors1 & are to be _h 9 ! m>ket1 new1 = #cj = ! smalle/ size1 & #bge = ! l>ge/4 ,above ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ! li/ prices w run f #bjj = a #c-;foot :eel to #hjj = a #f-;foot :eel4 ,:]e "o has a surplus ( wat]1 x is possible to in/all a multiple nozzle :eel1 "u heads ( f #aj to #ajj feet1 ! co/ = #ah-;in* :eels ( ?is patt]n runn+ f #aej to #ahj li/1 & = #bd-;in* :eels f #bjj to #bej4 ,a #bd-;in* :eel1 ) a #aj-;foot head w\ld give #a4ai horsep[]1 en\gh = light+ ! home1 & us+ an electric iron4 ,"u a #ajj-;foot head ?is same :eel w\ld provide #be4i horsep[]1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( a bigg]-?an-av]age f>m plant4 ,! ,pipe ,l9e ,! pr9cipal items ( co/ 9 in/all+ an impulse :eel are 9 connection ) ! pipe l9e1 & ! gov]nor4 ,9 small heads1 t is1 "u #ajj feet1 ! exp5se ( pipe l9e is l[4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nor w co/ m ?an ! wat] motor itself1 al?\gh *eap]1 yet effici5t1 makes are n[ be+ put on ! m>ket to meet ?is objection4 ,9 a lat] *apt]1 we w take up 9 detail ! "q ( gov]n+ ! wat] :eel1 & voltage regulation1 & w attempt to %[ h[ ?is exp5se may be practically elim9at$ by ! f>m]4 ,to secure l>ge heads1 x is usually necess>y to run a pipe l9e _m hundr$s 7& 9 _m cases1 _m ?\s&s7 ( feet f ! flume to ! wat] :eel4 ,wat] fl[+ ?r\gh pipes is subject to loss ( head1 by friction1 & = ?is reason ! l>g] ! pipe ! less ! friction loss4 ,"u no circum/ances is x recomm5d$ to use a pipe ( less ?an two in*es 9 diamet]1 ev5 = ! smalle/ wat] motors2 & ) a two-in* pipe1 ! run %\ld n exce$ #bjj feet4 ,:]e heavy-pressure ma9s1 su* z ^? ( municipal or comm]cial wat] sy/ems1 are available1 ! problem ( bo? wat] supply & head becomes v simple4 ,m]ely asc]ta9 ! pressure ( ! wat] 9 ! ma9s :5 fl[+1 det]m9e ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ 7z illu/rat$ 9 a succe$+ *apt] ( ?is book71 & in/all ! prop] wat] motor ) a suitably siz$ pipe4 ,:]e "o has 8 own wat] supply1 h[ev]1 & x is necess>y to lay pipe to secure ! requisite fall1 ! problem is m difficult4 ,friction 9 pipes acts 9 ! same way z cutt+ d[n ! head a proportional am\nt2 & by cutt+ d[n ! head1 y\r wat] motor loses p[] 9 direct proportion to ! numb] ( feet head lo/4 ,?is head1 obta9$ by subtract+ friction & o!r losses f ! survey$ head1 is call$ ! effective head1 & det]m9es ! am\nt ( p[] deliv]$ at ! nozzle4 ,! tables on pages #ff-fg %[ ! friction loss 9 pipes up to #ab in*es 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat]1 & ! l5g? ( pipe4 ,9 ?is example x is se5 t a #bdj-;foot /atic head is r$uc$ by friction to #bcj4a feet effective head4 ,by ref]r+ to ! table we f9d ! :eel fitt+ ^! conditions has a nozzle s small t x cuts d[n ! rate ( fl[ ( wat] 9 ! big pipe to #d4d feet a second1 & p]mits ! fl[ ( only #bjg cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute4 ,! actual horsep[] ( ?is tube & nozzle1 !n1 c be figur$ by apply+ =mula 7,a71 ,*apt] ,,iii1 all[+ #hj p] c5t = ! effici5cy ( ! :eel4 ,?us3 ,actual horsep[] #bjg #bcj4a #fb4e ------------------ #ij4ba 4#hj #gb4afh ,hp4 #cc1jjj ,to calculate :at ! horsep[] ( ?is tube #ab in*es 9 diamet] & #ijj feet long1 w\ld be )\t a nozzle1 "u a head ( #bdj feet1 introduces a new elem5t ( friction losses1 :i* is too complicat$ to figure "h4 ,su* a condition w\ld n be met ) 9 actual practice1 9 any ev5t4 ,! l>ge/ nozzles us$1 ev5 9 ! jumbo plants ( ! ,f> ,we/1 r>ely exce$ #aj in*es 9 diamet]2 & ! pipe convey+ wat] to su* a nozzle is upw>ds ( eight feet 9 diamet]4 ,,pipe ,,friction ,,tables ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,calculat$ ,,loss ,,( ,,head ,,due ,,to ,,friction ,,9 ,,rivet$ ,,/eel ,,pipe ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,wat] ,,quantities ,,& ,,velocities ,c\rtesy ( ! ,pelton ,wat] ,:eel ,company ,heavy-fac$ figures ,loss ( head 9 feet = ea* "o ?\s& feet ( pipe4 ,light-fac$ figures ,wat] quantity 9 cubic feet p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,pipe ,velocity 9 ,feet p] ,second ,diamet]-------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- #b4j #b4b #b4d #b4f #b4h #c4j #c4b #c4d #c4f #c4h #d4j #d4b #d4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- #ag4abj4jbe4fbh4ccb4jcg4cdj4ide4hej4def4 jfb4cfh4agd4i #c #e4i #f4e #g4a #g4g #h4c #h4i #i4d #aj4j #aj4f #aa4b #aa4h #ab4d #ac4j #aa4jac4jae4jag4cbj4bbc4bbf4bbi4fcc4jcf4 eda4jde4ddi4b #d #aj4e #aa4e #ab4f #ac4f #ad4g #ae4g #af4h #ag4h #ah4h #ai4i #ba4j #bb4j #bc4j #g4g #i4daa4jab4iad4iaf4iai4eba4fbd4jbg4jbi4h cb4icf4j #e #af4d #ah4j #ai4f #ba4b #bb4i #bd4e #bf4a #bg4h #bi4e #ca4j #cb4g #cd4c #cf4j #f4j #g4b #h4f #i4iaa4gac4jad4faf4fai4jba4ebc4dbe4ebg4h #f #bc4e #be4i #bh4b #cj4f #cb4i #ce4c #cg4g #dj4j #db4d #dd4g #dg4a #di4e #ea4h #d4i #f4i #g4j #h4a #i4caj4fab4jac4fae4bag4jai4jba4jbc4j #g #cb4j #ce4c #ch4e #da4g #dd4i #dh4a #ea4c #ed4e #eg4g #fj4i #fd4a #fg4c #gj4e #d4j #d4i #f4j #f4i #g4h #i4aaj4jaj4bac4jad4dae4iag4bai4b #h #da4i #df4a #ej4b #ed4d #eh4f #fb4h #fg4j #ga4b #ge4d #gi4f #hc4g #hg4i #ib4a #c4d #d4b #e4a #e4i #f4g #g4g #h4i #i4haa4jab4bac4hae4jaf4j #i #ec4j #eh4c #fc4f #fh4i #gd4b #gi4e #hd4h #ij4a #ie4d #aja #ajf #aaa #aaf #b4i #c4g #d4d #e4a #e4i #f4g #g4e #h4f #i4eaj4fab4aac4aad4a #aj #fe4d #gb4j #gh4e #he4a #ia4f #ih4b #aje #aaa #aah #abd #aca #acg #add #b4f #c4b #c4h #d4d #e4a #e4i #f4f #g4e #h4d #i4eaj4caj4aab4e #aa #gi #hg #ie #ajc #aaa #aai #abg #acd #adb #aej #aeh #aff #agd #b4cf #b4i #c4d #c4i #d4e #e4b #e4i #f4g #g4e #h4e #i4daj4jaa4j #ab #id #ajc #aac #abb #acb #ada #aea #afj #afi #agi #ahh #aih #bjg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #d4f #d4h #e4j #e4b #e4d #e4f #e4h #f4j #g4j #h4j #i4j #aj4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #gh4ahb4jhi4eih4iaje4jaac4babj4hacj4jafb 4hbaf4jbgj4 #cbc4 #c #ac4f #ad4b #ad4h #ae4c #ae4i #af4e #ag4a #ag4g #bj4f #bc4e #bf4e #bi4e #eb4ceg4jfa4efh4j #gb4e #gh4b #hc4a #hi4eaba4 #aee4 #aih4 #bdb4 #d #bd4a #be4a #bf4b #bg4b #bh4c #bi4c #cj4d #ca4e #cf4f #da4i #dg4b #eb4d #ci4bdb4cdf4jdi4h #ec4e #eh4j #fb4j #fg4j #hi4 #aah4 #adh4 #ahb4 #e #cg4f #ci4b #dj4i #db4e #dd4a #de4h #dg4e #di4a #eg4a #fe4d #gc4g #hb4j #cj4fcc4ace4fci4j #da4f #dd4f #dh4j #ea4f #fi4j #hi4jaad4 #adj4 #f #ed4a #ef4e #eh4i #fa4b #fc4f #fe4i #fh4c #gj4g #hb4d #id4c #ajf #aah #be4abg4cbi4ecb4j #cd4e #cg4a #dj4j #dc4j #eh4j #ge4j #ie4jaaf4 #g #gc4g #gf4i #hj4b #hc4c #hf4f #hi4h #ic4j #if4b #aab #abh #ade #afa #bj4jbb4ebd4ibg4j #bh4h #cj4f #cb4h #ce4e #dg4e #fa4b #gh4f #ie4a #h #if4c #aja #aje #aji #aac #aag #aba #abe #adf #afh #ahi #baj #ag4aai4bba4jbb4i #bd4f #bf4b #bh4j #cj4a #dj4a #eb4a #ff4f #hb4j #i #abb #abg #acb #ach #adc #adh #aed #aei #ahe #bab #bch #bfe #ad4haf4gag4iai4i #ba4j #bb4g #bd4c #be4i #cd4h #de4i #eh4j #gj4a #aj #aej #aeg #afc #agj #agg #ahc #aij #aif #bbi #bfa #bie #cbg #ac4jad4gae4iag4a #ah4b #bj4a #ba4c #bb4f #cj4g #dj4j #ej4h #fb4j #aa #ahb #aij #aih #bjf #bad #bbb #bbi #bcg #bgg #caf #cef #cif #aa4fac4jad4jae4a #af4a #ag4h #ai4a #bj4b #bg4a #ce4i #de4d #ee4i #ab #bag #bbf #bce #bde #bed #bfd #bgc #bhc #ccj #cgg #dbe #dgb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,example ,assume ! survey$ head z #bdj feet1 ! wat] quantity z #bjg cubic feet p] m9ute & a pipe l9e #ab in*es 9 diamet] #ijj feet long4 ,to asc]ta9 ! friction loss1 ref] to column ( pipe diamet] & foll[ across ! column = #ab in*es diamet] to ! quantity1 #bjg cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,! heavy-fac$ figures above #bjg indicate t ! loss p] #ajjj feet ( pipe l5g? is #aa feet4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! pipe 9 ! example is #ijj feet long1 ! loss w be #aa4' #ijj_/ajjj or #i4i feet1 & ! effective head w be #bdj' - #i4i' #bcj4a' ,/eel tub+ = supply pipes1 f #c to #ab in*es 9 diamet] is li/$ at f #bj c5ts to #a4ej a foot1 accord+ to ! diamet] & ?ickness ( ! mat]ial4 ,disc\nts on ^! prices w v>y f #be to #ej p] c5t4 ,! f>m] c cut d[n ! co/ ( ?is pipe by convey+ 8 supply wat] f its natural s\rce to a pond1 by means ( an op5 race1 or a wood5 flume4 ,an +5i\s me*anic c ev5 con/ruct 8 own pipe out ( wood1 ?\gh figur+ labor & mat]ials1 x is d\btful if any?+ w\ld be sav$ ov] a rivet$ /eel pipe1 pur*as$ at ! regul> price4 ,?is pipe1 lead+ f ! pond1 or =ebay1 to ! wat] :eel1 %\ld be kept z %ort z possible2 at ! same "t1 ! fall %\ld n be too %>p4 ,an angle ( #cj w be f\nd v satisfactory1 al?\gh pipe is frequ5tly laid at angles up to #ej4 ,o!r ,types ( ,impulse ,:eels ,9 rec5t ye>s m effici5t =ms ( ! old-fa%ion$ ov]%oot1 pit*-back brea/1 & und]%oot :eels h be5 develop$1 by sub/itut+ /eel or o!r metal = wood1 & alt]+ ! %ape ( ! buckets to make bett] use ( ! p[] ( fall+ wat]4 ,9 "s =ms ( ov]%oot :eels1 an effici5cy ( ov] #ij p] c5t is claim$ by manufactur]s2 & ?is type (f]s ! additional advantage ( utiliz+ small quantities ( wat]1 z well z be+ effici5t "u v>y+ quantities ( wat]4 ,!y utilize ! fall+ weight ( wat]1 al?\gh by giv+ ! wat] mom5tum at ! po9t ( deliv]y1 by means ( ! prop] fall1 impulse too is utiliz$ 9 "s measure4 ,! mod]n /eel ov]%oot :eel receives wat] 9 its buckets f a sp\t set a few degrees back ( dead c5t]2 & its buckets are s %ap$ t ! wat] is reta9$ a full half-revolution ( ! :eel4 ,! old-/yle ov]%oot :eel 0 ineffici5t pr9cipally because ! buckets began empty+ !mselves at ! end ( a qu>t]-revolution4 ,ano!r advantage claim$ = ^! :eels ov] ! old /yle is t1 be+ made ( ?9 metal1 _! buckets atta9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] itself1 ?us r$uc+ ! dang] ( freez+ to a m9imum4 ,!y are manufactur$ 9 sizes f #f feet 9 diamet] to upw>ds ( fifty feet2 & ) buckets ( f #f in*es to #aj feet 9 wid?4 ,9 practice x is usual to deliv] wat] to ! buckets by means ( a tr\gh or pipe1 ?r\gh a suitable sp\t & gate1 at a po9t two feet above ! cr[n ( ! :eel4 ,= ?is reason1 ! diamet] ( ! :eel corresponds v closely to ! head 9 feet4 ,! ,reaction ,turb9e ,! reaction turb9e is be/ adapt$ to l[ heads1 ) a l>ge supply ( wat]4 ,x is n advisable1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to use x "u heads exce$+ #ajj feet1 z its spe$ is !n excessive4 ,x may be us$ "u falls z l[ z two feet4 ,five ?\s& cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute w\ld give approximately #ad actual horsep[] "u su* a head4 ,a sluggi% creek t fl[s 9 l>ge volume c\ld ?us be utiliz$ = p[] ) ! reaction turb9e1 :]eas x w\ld be useless ) an impulse :eel4 ,falls ( f five to fifte5 feet are to be f\nd on ?\s&s ( f>m /reams1 & ! reaction turb9e is admirably adapt$ to !m4 ,reaction turb9es consi/ ( an iron runn] :i* is 9 effect a rot>y fan1 ! pressure & mom5tum ( ! column ( wat] press+ on ! slant$ blades giv+ x motion & p[]4 ,^! :eels are manufactur$ 9 a great v>iety ( =ms & sizes2 & are to be pur*as$ ei!r z ! runn] 7set 9 be>+s7 alone1 or z a runn] enclos$ 9 an iron case4 ,9 case ! runn] alone is pur*as$1 ! own] mu/ enclose x1 ei!r ) iron or wood4 ,!y v>y 9 price accord+ to size1 & ! means by :i* ! fl[ ( wat] is controll$4 ,a simple #ab-;in* reaction turb9e :eel1 su* z w\ld be suitable = _m p[] plants c be _h = #ge4 ,a twelve-in* :eel1 us+ #ah or #bj squ>e in*es ( wat]1 w\ld g5]ate ab\t #g-a_/b horsep[] "u a #bj-;foot head1 ) #bfh cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute4 ,"u a #cj-;foot head1 & ) #ccj cubic feet ( wat] su* a :eel w give #ad horsep[]4 ,a #cf-;in* :eel1 "u a #e-;foot head1 w\ld use #b1jjj cubic feet ( wat]1 & give #ad horsep[]4 ,"u a #cj-;foot head1 ?is same :eel1 us+ #d1ijj cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute1 w\ld develop ov] #bjj horsep[]4 ,if ! f>m] is confront$ by ! situation ( a great deal ( wat] & small head1 a l>ge :eel w\ld be necess>y4 ,?us he c\ld secure #ce horsep[] ) only a #c-;foot head1 provid+ 8 wat] supply is equal to ! draft ( #h1cjj cubic feet a m9ute4 ,f ^! sample figures1 x w be se5 t ! reaction turb9e w meet ! requirem5ts ( widely v>y+ conditions up to1 say a head ( #ajj feet4 ,! f>m] prospector %\ld measure fir/ ! quantity ( wat] to be dep5d$ on1 & !n ! numb] ( feet fall to be _h4 ,! high] ! fall1 ) c]ta9 limits1 ! small] ! exp5se ( in/allation1 & ! less wat] requir$4 ,:5 he has det]m9$ quantity & head1 ! catalogue ( a reputable manufactur] w supply him ) :at in=mation is necess>y to decide on ! /yle & size :eel he %\ld in/all4 ,9 ! old] settl$ communities1 especially 9 ,new ,engl&1 a f>m] %\ld be able to pick up a second-h& turb9e1 at half ! price ask$ = a new "o2 & s9ce ^! :eels d n depreciate rapidly1 x w\ld s]ve 8 purpose z well1 9 mo/ cases1 z a new "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,a typical v]tical turb9e ,reaction turb9es may be ei!r horizontal or v]tical4 ,if !y are v]tical1 x is necess>y to connect !m to ! ma9 %aft by means ( a set ( bevel ge>s4 ,^! ge>s %\ld be sub/antially l>ge1 & if ! tee? are ( h>d wood 7set 9 su* a mann] t !y c be replac$ :5 worn7 !y w be f\nd m satisfactory ?an if ( ca/ or cut metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,two :eels on a horizontal %aft 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,c4 ,p4 ,bradway ,company1 ,we/ ,/af=d1 ,conn47 ,! horizontal turb9e is key$ to its %aft1 l ! impulse :eel1 s t ! :eel %aft itself is us$ = driv+1 )\t ge>s or a qu>t]-turn belt4 7,! latt] is to be avoid$1 :]ev] possible47 ,!re are _m =ms ( horizontal turb9es2 !y are to be _h ( ! duplex type1 t is1 two :eels on "o %aft4 ,^! are arrang$ s t ei!r :eel may be run sep>ately1 or bo? toge!r1 ?us p]mitt+ "o to take advantage ( ! seasonal fluctuation 9 wat] supply4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( ^! :eels includes draft tubes1 by :i* ! :eel may be set sev]al feet above ! tailrace1 & ! advantage ( ?is additional fall /ill be pres]v$4 ,9 ?is case ! draft tube mu/ be airtight s z to =m suction1 :5 fill$ ) escap+ wat]1 & %\ld be proportion$ to ! size ( ! :eel4 ,!oretically ^! draft tubes might be #cd feet long1 b 9 practice x has be5 f\nd t !y %\ld n exce$ #aj or #ab feet "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,!y p]mit ! :eel to be in/all$ on ! ma9 floor ( ! p[] /ation1 ) ! escape bel[1 in/ead ( be+ set j above ! tailrace level itself1 z is ! case :5 draft tubes are n us$4 ,reaction turb9es :5 work+ "u a v>iable load require wat] gov]nors 7l impulse :eels7 al?\gh :]e ! supply ( wat] is l>ge1 & ! proportion ( p[] betwe5 wat] :eel & dynamo is lib]al--say two to "o1 or m--?is necessity is greatly r$uc$4 ,reaction :eels z a rule gov]n !mselves bett] ?an impulse :eels1 due bo? to ! fact t !y use m wat]1 & t !y op]ate 9 a small airtight case4 ,! c5trifugal ball gov]nor is ! type usually us$ ) reaction :eels z well z ) impulse :eels4 ,?is subject w be discuss$ m fully lat]4 ,in/all+ a ,p[] ,plant ,9 develop+ a p[] prospect1 ! dam itself is usually n ! site ( ! p[] plant4 ,9 fact1 because ( dang] f flood wat] & ice1 x is bett] to locate x 9 a m protect$ spot1 lead+ ! wat] to ! :eel by means ( a race & flume4 ,illu/ration3 ,bird's-eye view ( a develop$ wat]-p[] plant ,a typical crib dam1 fill$ ) /one1 is %[n 9 section 9 ! diagram1 & ! half-tone illu/ration %[s su* a dam 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,! fir/ b$ ( timb]s %\ld be laid on h>d-pan or solid rock 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream p>allel to its fl[4 ,! second c\rse1 across ! /ream1 is !n begun1 be+ spik$ home by means ( rods cut to l5g? & %>p5$ by ! local blacksmi?1 f #c_/d-;in* ,norway iron4 ,hemlock logs are suitable = build+ ! crib2 & z ! timb]s are f9ally laid1 x %\ld be fill$ 9 & made solid ) b\ld]s4 ,?is fill+ 9 %\ld proce$ section by section1 z ! plank+ goes =w>d1 o!rwise !re w be no escape = ! wat] ( ! /ream1 until x rises & spills ov] ! top timb]s4 ,! plank+ %\ld be ( two-in* *e/nut1 spik$ home ) #fj p5ny wire spikes4 ,:5 ! la/ section ( ! crib is fill$ ) b\ld]s & ! wat] rises1 ! rema9+ planks may be spik$ home ) ! aid ( an iron pipe 9 :i* to drive ! spike by means ( a plung] ( iron long en\gh to rea* above ! level ( ! wat]4 ,:5 ! plank+ is complet$1 ! dam %\ld be well gravell$1 to )9 a foot or two ( its cre/4 ,su* dams are sub/antial1 easily made ) ! aid ( unskill$ labor1 & ! mat]ials are to be _h on ! av]age f>m ) ! exception ( ! h>dw>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-section ( a rock & timb] dam ,?is dam =ms a pond f :i* ! race draws its supply ( wat] = ! :eel4 ,x also s]ves z a spillway ov] :i* ! surplus wat] escapes4 ,! race %\ld ent] ! pond at "s conv5i5t po9t1 & %\ld be protect$ at or ne> its po9t ( entrance by a bulkhead conta9+ a gate1 s t ! supply ( wat] may be cut (f f ! race & :eel readily4 ,! lay ( ! l& w det]m9e ! l5g? & c\rse ( ! race4 ,! object ( ! race is to secure ! requir$ head by c>ry+ a portion ( ! available wat] to a po9t :]e x c escape1 by a fall ( say #cj to ! tailrace4 ,x may be feasible to c>ry ! race 9 a l9e almo/ at "r angles to ! /ream itself1 or1 aga91 x may be necess>y to p>allel ! /ream4 ,if ! lay ( ! l& is favorable1 ! race may be dug to a di/ance ( a rod or s in%ore1 & !n be p]mitt$ to cut its own c\rse along ! bank1 prev5t+ ! wat] escap+ back to ! riv] or brook be=e ! site ( ! p[] plant is rea*$1 by build+ suitable reta9+ embankm5ts4 ,! race %\ld be ( ample size = convey+ ! wat] requir$ )\t too mu* friction4 ,x %\ld end 9 a flume con/ruct$ /\tly ( timb]s4 ,x is f ?is flume t ! p5/ock draws wat] = ! :eel4 ,:5 ! :eel gate is clos$ ! wat] 9 ! mill pond beh9d ! dam1 & 9 ! flume itself %\ld ma9ta9 an approximate level4 ,any surplus fl[ is p]mitt$ to escape ov] flu%bo>ds 9 ! flume2 ^! same flu%bo>ds ma9ta9 a con/ant head :5 ! :eel is 9 op]ation by c>ry+ (f :at little surplus wat] ! race deliv]s f ! pond4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( bulkhead gate ,at "s po9t 9 ! race or flume1 ! fl[ %\ld be protect$ f leaves & o!r tra% by means ( a rack4 ,?is rack is be/ made ( #a_/d or #a_/b-;in* batt5s f #a-a_/b to #c in*es 9 wid?1 bolt$ toge!r on _! flat faces & sep>at$ a di/ance equal to ! ?ickness ( ! batt5s by means ( iron wa%]s4 ,?is rack w accumulate leaves & tra%1 v>y+ ) ! "t ( ye> & %\ld be kept clean1 s z n to cut d[n ! supply ( wat] ne$$ by ! :eel4 ,! p5/ock1 or pipe convey+ wat] f ! flume to ! :eel1 %\ld be con/ruct$ ( lib]al size1 & sub/antially1 ( two-in* *e/nut plank+1 ) jo9ts caulk$ ) oakum1 & ! :ole well b\nd toge!r to resi/ ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,means %\ld be provid$ ne> ! bottom = an op5+ ?r\gh :i* to remove any ob/ructions t may by accid5t pass by ! rack4 ,_m :eels h plates provid$ 9 _! cases = ?is purpose4 ,! tailrace %\ld be provid$ ) en\gh fall to c>ry ! escap+ wat] back to ! ma9 /ream1 )\t back+ up on ! :eel itself & ?us cutt+ d[n ! head4 ,x is impossible to make any e/imates ( ! co/ ( su* a wat]-p[] plant4 ,! labor requir$ w 9 mo/ in/ances be suppli$ by ! f>m] himself1 8 sons1 & 8 help1 dur+ times :5 f>m op]ations are slack4 ,wat] ,rights ( ! ,f>m] ,! f>m] owns ! b$ ( e /ream n navigable1 ly+ )9 ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! f>m2 & 8 "r to div]t & make use ( ! wat] ( su* /reams is det]m9$ 9 mo/ /ates by common law4 ,9 ! dry-l& /ates :]e wat] is sc>ce & is valuable = irrigation1 a special set ( /atutes has sprung up ) ! developm5t ( irrigation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a /ream on ! f>m is ei!r public or private2 its be+ navigable or floatable 7suitable = float+ logs7 det]m9+ :i*4 ,wat] rights are t]m$ 9 law rip>ian rights1 & l& is rip>ian only :5 wat] fl[s ov] x or along its bord]s4 ,gre5 7,law = ! ,am]ican ,f>m]7 says3 ,wat] is ! common & equal prop]ty ( e "o ?r\gh ^: l& x fl[s1 & ! "r ( ea* l&-own] to use & consume x )\t de/roy+1 or unreasonably impair+ ! rights ( o!rs1 is ! same4 ,an own] ( l& bord]+ on a runn+ /ream has ! "r to h its wat]s fl[ naturally1 & none c lawfully div]t !m )\t 8 cons5t4 ,ea* rip>ian proprietor has an equal "r ) all ! o!rs to h ! /ream fl[ 9 its natural way )\t sub/antial r$uction 9 volume1 or det]ioration 9 quality1 subject to a prop] & reasonable use ( its wat]s = dome/ic1 agricultural & manufactur+ purposes1 & he is entitl$ to use x himself = su* purposes1 b 9 do+ s mu/ n sub/antially injure o!rs4 ,9 addition to ! "r ( draw+ wat] = ! purposes j m5tion$1 a rip>ian proprietor1 if he duly reg>ds ! rights ( o!rs1 & does n unreasonably deplete ! supply1 has also ! "r to take ! wat] = "s o!r prop] uses4 ,?us1 ! f>m] :o seeks to develop wat]-p[] f a /ream fl[+ across 8 own l&1 has ! "r to div]t su* a /ream f its natural *annel--provid+ x is n a navigable or floatable /ream--b 9 s do+1 he mu/ return x to its own *annel = l[] rip>ian own]s4 ,! g5]ation ( wat]-p[] does n pollute ! wat]1 nor does x dim9i% ! wat] 9 quantity1 !re=e ! f>m] is infr++ on no o!r own]'s rights 9 us+ ! wat] = su* a purpose4 ,:5 a /ream is a divid+ l9e betwe5 two f>ms1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ea* proprietor owns to ! middle ( ! /ream & controls its banks4 ,!re=e to erect a dam across su* a private /ream & div]t all or a "p ( ! wat] = p[] purposes1 requires ! cons5t ( ! neighbor+ own]4 ,! own] ( ! dam is responsible = damage due to flood+1 to up/ream rip>ian own]s4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,electricity ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,dynamo2 ,,:at ,,x ,,does1 ,,& ,,h[ ,electricity comp>$ to ! heat & light ( ! ,sun--,! simple dynamo--,! am\nt ( electric en]gy a dynamo w g5]ate--,! mod]n dynamo--,measur+ p[] 9 t]ms ( electricity--,! volt--,! amp]e--,! ohm--,! watt & ! kil[att--,ohm's ,law ( ! electric circuit1 & "s examples ( its application--,direct curr5t1 & alt]nat+ curr5t--,?ree types ( direct-curr5t dynamos3 s]ies1 %unt1 & comp\nd4 ,:at a f>m] really does 9 g5]at+ electricity f wat] t w\ld o!rwise run to wa/e 9 8 brook1 is to in/all a private ,sun ( 8 own--:i* is on duty n m]ely 9 daylight1 b tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day2 a private ,sun :i* is "u su* simple control t x %9es or provides heat & p[]1 :5 & :]e want$1 simply by t\*+ a button4 ,?is is n a m]e fanciful /atem5t4 ,:5 y come to look into x y f9d t electricity actually is ! life-giv+ p[] ( ! ,sun's rays1 s trans=m$ t x c be h&ily convey$ f place to place by means ( wires1 & controll$ by me*anical devices z simple z ! spigot t dra9s a cask4 ,nature has ! habit ( travel+ 9 circles4 ,sometimes ^! circles are s big t ! "p ( !m we see looks l a /raight l9e1 b x is n4 ,ev5 p>allel l9es1 accord+ to ! ma!maticians1 meet 9 inf9ity4 ,take ! in/ance ( ! wat] :eel :i* ! f>m] has in/all$ "u ! fall ( 8 brook4 ,! p[] :i* turns ! :eel has ! /r5g? ( _m horses4 ,x is !re 9 a h&y place = use1 because ! ,sun br\ght x !re4 ,! ,sun1 by its heat1 lift$ ! wat] f sea-level1 to ! pond :]e we f9d x--& we _c get any m p[] out ( ?is wat] by means ( a turb9e us+ its pressure & mom5tum 9 fall+1 ?an ! ,sun itself exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! wat] aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity4 ,once we h in/all$ ! :eel to *ange ! en]gy ( fall+ wat] into me*anical p[]1 ! task ( ! dynamo is to turn ?is me*anical p[] into ano!r mode ( motion--electricity4 ,& ! task ( electricity is to *ange ?is mode ( motion back into ! orig9al heat & light ( ! ,sun--:i* />t$ ! circle 9 ! beg9n+4 ,a/ronom]s ref] to ! ,sun z he & him & !y spell 8 "n ) a capital lett]1 to %[ t he occupies ! c5t] ( our small neighborhood ( ! univ]se at all times4 ,magnets & ,magnetism ,! dynamo is a me*anical eng9e1 l ! /eam eng9e1 ! wat] turb9e or ! gas eng9e2 & x conv]ts ! me*anical motion ( ! driv5 :eel into electrical motion1 ) ! aid ( a magnet4 ,_m sci5ti/s say t ! full circle ( en]gy t keeps ! _w sp9n+1 gr[s crops1 & pa9ts ! sky ) ! ,aurora ,borealis1 beg9s & ends ) magnetism--t ! sun's rays are magnetic rays4 ,magnetism is ! =ce t keeps ! compass ne$le po9t+ nor? & s\?4 ,take a /eel rod & hold x along ! nor? & s\? l9e1 slightly incl9$ t[>ds ! e>?1 & /rike x a %>p bl[ ) a hamm]1 & x becomes a magnet--feeble1 x is true1 b /ill a magnet4 ,take a wire connect$ ) a common dry batt]y & hold a compass ne$le "u x & ! ne$le w imm$iately turn ar\nd & po9t directly across ! wire1 %[+ t ! wire possesses magnetism encircl+ x 9 invisible l9es1 /rong] ?an ! magnetism ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,crock]-,:eel] ,company7 ,a direct-curr5t dynamo or motor1 %[+ details ( con/ruction ,insulate ?is wire by cov]+ x ) cotton ?read1 & w9d x closely on a spool4 ,connect ! two loose ends to a dry batt]y1 & y w f9d t y h multipli$ ! magnetic /r5g? ( a s+le loop ( wire by ! numb] ( turns on ! spool--conc5trat$ all ! magnetism ( ! l5g? ( t wire into a small space4 ,put an iron core 9 ! middle ( ?is spool & ! magnet seems /ill m p[]ful4 ,l9es ( =ce :i* o!rwise w\ld escape 9 great circles into space1 are n[ conc5trat$ 9 ! iron4 ,! iron core is a magnet4 ,%ut (f ! curr5t f ! batt]y & ! iron is /ill a magnet--weak1 true1 b x w always reta9 a small portion ( its magnetism4 ,s(t iron reta9s v little ( its magnetism4 ,h>d /eel reta9s a great deal1 & = ?is reason /eel is us$ = p]man5t magnets1 ( ! horse%oe type s famili>4 ,a ,simple ,dynamo ,a dynamo consi/s1 fir/1 ( a numb] ( su* magnets1 w\nd ) insulat$ wire4 ,_! iron cores po9t t[>ds ! c5t] ( a circle l ! spokes ( a :eel2 & _! curv$ inn] faces =m a circle 9 :i* a spool1 w\nd ) wire 9 ano!r way1 may be spun by ! wat] :eel4 ,n[ take a piece ( copp] wire & make a loop ( x4 ,pass "o side ( ?is loop 9 front ( an electric magnet4 ,z ! wire y hold 9 y\r h&s passes ! iron face ( ! magnet1 a wave ( en]gy t is call$ electricity fl[s ar\nd ?is loop at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a second--! same spe$ z light comes to u f ! sun4 ,z y move ! wire away f ! magnet1 a second wave />ts ?r\gh ! wire1 fl[+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,y c prove ?is by hold+ a compass ne$le "u ! wire & see x wag fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9 ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,a wire cutt+ ! l9es ( =ce ( an electro-magnet ,?is is a simple dynamo4 ,a wire cutt+ ! invisible l9es ( =ce1 t a magnet is spray+ out into ! air1 becomes electrifi$4 ,:y ?is is true1 no "o has ev] be5 able to expla94 ,! am\nt ( electricity--its capacity = "w--:i* y h g5]at$ ) ! magnet & wire1 does n dep5d alone on ! pull+ p[] ( t simple magnet4 ,let u say ! magnet is v weak--has n en\gh p[] to lift "o ounce ( iron4 ,nev]!less1 if y possess$ ! /r5g? ( ,h]cules1 & c\ld pass t wire ?r\gh ! field ( =ce ( ! magnet _m ?\s&s ( times a second1 y w\ld g5]ate en\gh electricity 9 ! wire to cause ! wire to melt 9 y\r h&s f heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-section ( an armature revolv+ 9 its field ,illu/ration3 ,=ms ( anneal$ /eel discs us$ 9 armature con/ruction ,?is exp]im5t gives ! !ory ( ! dynamo4 ,in/ead ( pass+ only "o wire ?r\gh ! field ( =ce ( a magnet1 we h hundr$s b\nd l5g?wise on a revolv+ drum call$ an armature4 ,in/ead ( "o magnetic pole 9 a dynamo we h two1 or f\r1 or tw5ty accord+ to ! "w ! ma*9e is design$ =--always 9 pairs1 a ,nor? pole next to a ,s\? pole1 s t ! l9es ( =ce may fl[ out ( "o & into ano!r1 in/ead ( escap+ 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,if y c\ld see ^! l9es ( =ce1 !y w\ld appe> 9 c\ntless numb]s issu+ f ea* pole face ( ! field magnets1 press+ aga9/ ! revolv+ drum l hair bru% bri/les--try+ to hold x back4 ,?is drum1 9 practice1 is built up ( discs ( anneal$ /eel1 & ! wires ext5d+ l5g?wise on its face are held 9 place by slots to prev5t !m f fly+ (f :5 ! drum is :irl$ at high spe$4 ,! drum does n t\* ! face ( ! magnets1 b revolves 9 an air space4 ,if we give ! electric impulses g5]at$ 9 ^! wires a *ance to fl[ 9 a circuit--fl[ out ( "o end ( ! wires1 & 9 at ! o!r1 ! drum w require m & m p[] to turn x1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( electricity we p]mit to fl[4 ,?us1 if "o electric light is turn$ on1 ! drum w press back ) a c]ta9 /r5g? on ! wat] :eel2 if "o hundr$ lights are turn$ on x w press back "o hundr$ times z mu*4 ,provid+ !re is en\gh p[] 9 ! wat] :eel to cont9ue turn+ ! drum at its pr$et]m9$ spe$1 ! dynamo w keep on giv+ m & m electricity if ask$ to1 until x f9ally de/roys itself by fire4 ,y _c take m p[]1 9 t]ms ( electricity1 out ( a dynamo t y put into x1 9 t]ms ( me*anical motion4 ,9 fact1 to insure flexibility & con/ant spe$ at all loads1 x is cu/om>y to provide twice z mu* wat] :eel1 or eng9e1 p[] z ! electrical rat+ ( ! dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,an armature p>tly w\nd1 %[+ slots & commutator ,we h se5 t a wat] :eel is #he p] c5t effici5t "u ideal conditions4 ,a dynamo's effici5cy 9 translat+ me*anical motion into electricity1 v>ies ) ! type ( ma*9e & its size4 ,! l>ge/ ma*9es atta9 z high z #ij p] c5t effici5cy2 ! smalle/ ones run z l[ z #dj p] c5t4 ,measur+ ,electric ,p[] ,! am\nt ( electricity any giv5 dynamo c g5]ate dep5ds1 g5]ally speak+1 on two factors1 i4 e41 7#a7 ! p[] ( ! wat] :eel1 or o!r me*anical eng9e t turns ! armature2 & 7#b7 ! size 7c>ry+ capacity7 ( ! wires on ?is drum4 ,/r5g?1 ( electricity1 is measur$ 9 amp]es4 ,an amp]e ( electricity is ! unit ( ! rate ( fl[ & may be lik5$ to a gallon ( wat] p] m9ute4 ,9 survey+ = wat]-p[]1 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 we f\nd t ! numb] ( gallons or cubic feet ( wat] alone did n det]m9e ! am\nt ( p[]4 ,we f\nd t ! numb] ( gallons or cubic feet multipli$ by ! di/ance 9 feet x falls 9 a giv5 "t1 0 ! det]m9+ factor--p\nds 7quantity7 multipli$ by feet p] second--7velocity74 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ! analogy ( wat] to volts & amp]es ( electricity ,! same is true 9 figur+ ! p[] ( electricity4 ,we multiply ! amp]es by ! numb] ( electric impulses t are creat$ 9 ! wire 9 ! c\rse ( "o second4 ,! unit ( velocity1 or pressure ( ! electric curr5t is call$ a volt4 ,voltage is ! pressure :i* causes electricity to fl[4 ,a volt may be lik5$ to ! velocity 9 feet p] second ( wat] 9 fall+ pa/ a c]ta9 po9t4 ,if y ?9k a mom5t y w see t ?is has no?+ to d ) quantity4 ,a p9-hole /ream ( wat] "u #dj p\nds pressure has ! same velocity z wat] com+ f a nozzle z big z a b>rel1 "u ! same pressure4 ,s ) electricity "u ! pressure ( "o volt or "o hundr$ volts4 ,"o volt is said to consi/ ( a succession ( impulses caus$ by "o wire cutt+ #ajj1jjj1jjj l9es ( magnetic =ce 9 "o second4 ,?us1 if ! /r5g? ( a magnet consi/$ ( "o l9e ( =ce1 to create ! pressure ( "o volt we w\ld h to cut t l9e ( =ce #ajj1jjj1jjj times a second1 ) "o wire2 or #ajj1jjj times a second ) "o ?\s& wires4 ,or1 if a magnet c\ld be made ) #ajj1jjj1jjj l9es ( =ce1 a s+le wire cutt+ ^? l9es once 9 a second w\ld create "o volt pressure4 ,9 actual practice1 field magnets ( dynamos are work$ at d5sities up to & ov] #ajj1jjj l9es ( =ce to ! squ>e in*1 & armatures conta9 sev]al hundr$ conductors to cut ^! magnetic l9es4 ,! voltage !n dep5ds on ! spe$ at :i* ! armature is driv54 ,9 ma*9es = isolat$ plants1 x w be f\nd t ! spe$ v>ies f #djj revolutions p] m9ute1 to #a1hjj1 accord+ to ! design ( dynamo us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,pressure det]m9es volume ( fl[ 9 a giv5 "t ,multiply+ amp]es 7/r5g?7 by volts 7pressure71 gives u watts 7p[]74 ,sev5 hundr$ & =ty-six watts ( electrical en]gy is equal to "o horsep[] ( me*anical en]gy--w d ! same "w4 ,?us an electric curr5t "u a pressure ( #ajj volts1 & a d5sity ( #g4df amp]es1 is "o horsep[]2 z is #gd4f amp]es1 at #aj volts pressure2 or #gdf amp]es at "o volt pressure4 ,= conv5i5ce 7z a watt is a small quantity7 electricity is measur$ 9 kil[atts1 or #a1jjj watts4 ,s9ce #gdf watts is "o horsep[]1 #a1jjj watts or "o kil[att is #a4cd horsep[]4 ,! "w ( su* a curr5t = "o h\r is call$ a kil[att-h\r1 & 9 our cities1 :]e electricity is g5]at$ f /eam1 ! retail price ( a kil[att-h\r v>ies f #aj to #ae c5ts4 ,n[ z to h[ electricity may be controll$1 s t a dynamo w n burn itself up :5 x beg9s to g5]ate4 ,aga9 we come back to ! analogy ( wat]4 ,! am\nt ( wat] t passes ?r\gh a pipe 9 any giv5 "t1 dep5ds on ! size ( ! pipe1 if ! pressure is ma9ta9$ uni=m4 ,9 o!r words ! resi/ance ( ! pipe to ! fl[ ( wat] det]m9es ! am\nt4 ,if ! pipe be ! size ( a p9-hole1 a v small am\nt ( wat] w escape4 ,if ! pipe is z big ar\nd z a b>rel1 a l>ge am\nt w =ce its way ?r\gh4 ,s ) electricity4 ,resi/ance1 introduc$ 9 ! electric circuit1 controls ! am\nt ( curr5t t fl[s4 ,a wire z f9e z a hair w p]mit only a small quantity to pass1 "u a giv5 pressure4 ,a wire z big z "o's ?umb w p]mit a correspond+ly great] quantity to pass1 ! pressure rema9+ ! same4 ,! unit ( electrical resi/ance is call$ ! ohm--nam$ aft] a man1 z are all electrical units4 ,ohm's ,law ,! ohm is t am\nt ( resi/ance t w p]mit ! passage ( "o amp]e1 "u ! pressure ( "o volt4 ,x w\ld take two volts to =ce two amp]es ?r\gh "o ohm2 or #ajj volts to =ce #ajj amp]es ?r\gh ! resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,f ?is we h ,ohm's ,law1 a simple =mula :i* is ! beg9n+ & end ( all electric computations ! f>m] w h to make 9 in/all+ 8 wat]-p[] electric plant4 ,ohm's ,law tells u t ! d5sity ( curr5t 7amp]es7 t c pass ?r\gh a giv5 resi/ance 9 ohms 7a wire1 a lamp1 or an electric /ove7 equals volts divid$ by ohms--or pressure divid$ by resi/ance4 ,?is =mula may be writt5 9 ?ree ways1 ?us3 ,c ,e_/,r1 or ,r ,e_/,c or1 ,e ,c ,r4 ,or to express ! same ?+ 9 words1 curr5t equals volts divid$ by ohms2 ohms equals volts divid$ by curr5t2 or volts equals curr5t multipli$ by ohms4 ,s1 ) any two ( ^! ?ree det]m9+ factors kn[n1 we c f9d ! ?ird4 ,z we h said1 ?is simple law is ! beg9n+ & end ( ord9>y calculations z to electric curr5t1 & x %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood by any f>m] :o essays to be 8 own electrical eng9e]4 ,once und]/ood & appli$1 ! problem ( ! control ( ! electric curr5t becomes simple a b c4 ,examples ( ,ohm's ,law ,let u illu/rate its application by an example4 ,! wat] :eel is />t$ & is sp9n+ ! dynamo at its rat$ spe$1 say #a1ejj r4p4m4 ,two heavy wires1 lead+ f bru%es :i* collect electricity f ! revolv+ armature1 are l$1 by suitable insulat$ supports to ! swit*bo>d1 & fa/5$ !re4 ,!y d n t\* ea* o!r4 ,dynamo ma9s mu/ n be p]mitt$ to t\* ea* o!r "u any conditions4 ,!y are sep>at$ by say f\r in*es ( air4 ,dry air is a v poor conductor ( electricity4 ,let u say1 = ! example1 t dry air has a resi/ance to ! fl[ ( an electric curr5t1 ( #a1jjj1jjj ohms to ! in*--t w\ld be #d1jjj1jjj ohms4 ,h[ mu* electricity is be+ p]mitt$ to escape f ! armature ( ?is #aaj-volt dynamo1 :5 ! ma9s are sep>at$ by f\r in*es ( dry air8 ,apply ,ohm's law1 ,c equals ,e divid$ by ,r4 ,e1 9 ?is case is #aaj2 ,r is #d1jjj1jjj2 !re=e ,c 7amp]es7 equals #aaj_/d1jjj1jjj--;an inf9itesimal am\nt--ab\t 4#jjjjbgg amp]e4 ,let u say t in/ead ( sep>at+ ^! two ma9s by air we sep>at$ !m by ! human body--t a man took hold ( ! b>e wires1 "o 9 ea* h&4 ,! resi/ance ( ! human body v>ies f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj ohms4 ,9 t case ,c 7amp]es7 equals #aaj_/e1jjj1 or #aaj_/aj1jjj--;ab\t #a_/ej?1 or #a_/ajj? ( an amp]e4 ,?is illu/rates :y an electric curr5t ( #aaj volts pressure is n fatal to human be+s1 "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,! body (f]s too mu* resi/ance4 ,b1 if ! volts 7 #a1ajj in/ead ( ! usual #aaj us$ 9 comm]cial & private plants = dome/ic use1 ! value ( ,c1 by ?is =mula at #e1jjj ohms1 w\ld be ne>ly #a_/e? amp]e4 ,to drive #a_/e? amp]e ( electricity ?r\gh ! human body w\ld be fatal 9 _m in/ances4 ,! high] ! voltage1 ! m dang]\s ! curr5t4 ,9 l>ge wat]-p[] in/allations 9 ! ,f> ,we/1 :]e ! curr5t mu/ be transmitt$ ov] long di/ances to ! spot :]e x is to be us$1 x is occasionally g5]at$ at a pressure ( #aej1jjj volts4 ,ne$less to say1 contact ) su* wires means in/ant dea?4 ,be=e be+ us$ = comm]cial or dome/ic purposes1 9 su* cases1 ! voltage is /epp$ d[n to safe pressures--to #aaj1 or to #bbj1 or to #eej volts--always dep5d+ on ! use made ( x4 ,n[1 if in/ead ( int]pos+ f\r in*es ( air1 or ! human body1 betwe5 ! ma9s ( our #aaj-volt dynamo1 we connect$ an inc&esc5t lamp across ! ma9s1 h[ mu* electricity w\ld fl[ f ! g5]ator8 ,an inc&esc5t lamp consi/s ( a vacuum bulb ( glass1 9 :i* is m\nt$ a sl5d] ?read ( c>boniz$ fibre1 or f9e tung/5 wire4 ,to complete a circuit1 ! curr5t mu/ fl[ ?r\gh ?is wire or filam5t4 ,9 fl[+ ?r\gh x1 ! electric curr5t turns ! wire or filam5t :ite hot--inc&esc5t--& ?us turns electricity back into light1 ) a small loss 9 heat4 ,9 an ord9>y #af c&lep[] c>bon lamp1 ! resi/ance ( ?is filam5t is #bbj ohms4 ,!re=e ! am\nt ( curr5t t a #aaj-volt g5]ator c =ce ?r\gh t filam5t is #aaj_/bbj1 or #a_/b amp]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,armature & field coils ( a direct curr5t dynamo ,"o hundr$ lamps w\ld provide #ajj pa?s ( #bbj ohms resi/ance ea* to c>ry curr5t1 & ! am\nt requir$ to light #ajj su* lamps w\ld be #ajj #a_/b or #ej amp]es4 ,e electrical device--a lamp1 a /ove1 an iron1 a motor1 etc41--mu/1 by regulations ( ! ,fire ,und]writ]s' ,bo>d be pla9ly m>k$ ) ! voltage ( ! curr5t = :i* x is design$ & ! am\nt ( curr5t x w consume4 ,?is is usually done by indicat+ its capacity 9 watts1 :i* z we h se51 means volts times amp]es1 & f ?is "o c figure ohms1 by ! above =mulas4 ,a ,%ort ,circuit ,we said a few p>agraphs back t "u no conditions mu/ two b>e wires lead+ f electric ma9s be p]mitt$ to t\* ea* o!r1 )\t "s =m ( resi/ance be+ int]pos$ 9 ! =m ( lamps1 or o!r devices4 ,let u see :at w\ld happ5 if two su* b>e wires did t\* ea* o!r4 ,our dynamo z we discov] by read+ its plate1 is rat$ to deliv] #ej amp]es1 let u say1 at #aaj volts pressure4 ,mod]n dynamos are rat$ lib]ally1 & c /& #ajj ov]load = %ort p]iods ( "t1 )\t dang]\s ov]heat+4 ,let u say t ! ma9s convey+ curr5t f ! armature to ! swit*bo>d are five feet long1 & ( ,no4 #b ,b4 ,s4 gauge copp] wire1 a size :i* w c>ry #ej amp]es )\t heat+ appreciably4 ,! resi/ance ( ?is #aj feet ( ,no4 #b copp] wire1 is1 z we f9d by consult+ a wire table1 4#jjaefj ohms4 ,if we t\* ! ends ( ^! two five-foot wires toge!r1 we in/antly op5 a cle> pa? = ! fl[ ( electric curr5t1 limit$ only by ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! wire & ! back pressure ( 4#jjaefj ohms resi/ance4 ,us+ ,ohm's ,law1 ,c equals ,e divid$ by ,r1 we f9d t ,c 7amp]es7 equals #aaj_/4jjaefj or #gj1eae amp]es6 ,illu/ration3 ,a direct curr5t dynamo ,unless ?is dynamo 7 prop]ly protect$1 ! effect ( su* a cata/rophe w\ld be imm$iate & probably irrep>able4 ,9 effect1 x w\ld be sudd5ly ex]t+ a =ce ( ne>ly #aj1jjj horsep[] aga9/ ! little #aj horsep[] wat] :eel t is driv+ ?is dynamo4 ,! milde/ ?+ t c\ld happ5 w\ld be to melt ! fe$-wire or to snap ! driv+ belt1 9 :i* latt] case ! dynamo w\ld come to a /op4 ,if by any *ance ! little wat] :eel 0 giv5 a *ance to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! bl[ = an in/ant1 ! dynamo1 rat$ at #ej amp]es1 w\ld d its be/ to deliv] ! #gj1eae amp]es y call$ =--& ! result w\ld be a puff ( smoke1 & a ru9$ dynamo4 ,?is is call$ a %ort circuit--"o ( ! fir/ don'ts 9 h&l+ electricity4 ,z a matt] ( fact e dynamo is protect$ aga9/ su* a calamity by means ( safety devices1 :i* w be describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]--because no matt] h[ c>eful a p]son may be1 a p>tial %ort circuit is apt to occur4 ,happily1 gu>d+ aga9/ its disa/r\s effects is "o ( ! simple/ problems 9 connection ) ! electric plant4 ,direct ,curr5t & ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t ,:5 "o has ma/]$ ! simple ,ohm's ,law ( ! electric circuit1 ! next /ep is to det]m9e :at type ( electrical g5]ator is be/ suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( a f>m plant4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 electric curr5t is divid$ into two classes ( int]e/ "h--alt]nat+1 & direct4 ,we h se5 t :5 a wire is mov$ ?r\gh ! field ( a magnet1 !re is induc$ 9 x two pulsations--fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9 ano!r4 ,?is is an alt]nat+ curr5t1 s call$ because x *anges its direction4 ,if1 ) our armature conta9+ hundr$s ( wires to cut ! l9es ( =ce ( a gr\p ( magnets1 we connect$ ! beg9n+ ( ea* wire ) "o copp] r+1 & ! end ( ea* wire ) ano!r copp] r+1 we w\ld h :at is call$ an alt]nat+-curr5t dynamo4 ,simply by press+ a /rap ( flexible copp] aga9/ ea* revolv+ copp] r+1 we w\ld ga!r ! sum ( ! curr5t ( ^! conductors4 ,its c\rse w\ld be repres5t$ by ! curv$ l9e 9 ! diagram1 "o loop on ea* side ( ! middle l9e 7:i* repres5ts "t7 w\ld be a cycle4 ,! numb] ( cycles to ! second dep5ds on ! spe$ ( ! armature2 9 ord9>y practice x is usually tw5ty-five or sixty4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t has _m advantages1 :i* h[ev]1 d n conc]n u "h4 ,except "u v r>e conditions1 a f>m] in/all+ 8 own plant %\ld n use ?is type ( ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( alt]nat+ & direct curr5t ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( ga!r+ all ! curr5t ) bru%es be>+ on two copp] r+s1 we collect$ all ! curr5t travel+ 9 "o direction1 on "o set ( bru%es--& all ! curr5t travel+ 9 ! o!r direction on ano!r set ( bru%es1--we w\ld /raight5 out ?is curr5t1 make x all travel 9 "o direction4 ,!n we w\ld h a direct curr5t4 ,a direct curr5t dynamo1 ! type g5]ally us$ 9 private plants1 does ?is4 ,in/ead ( hav+ two copp] r+s = collect+ ! curr5t1 x has a s+le r+1 made up ( segm5ts ( copp] b\nd toge!r1 b insulat$ f ea* o!r1 "o segm5t = ea* set ( conductors on ! armature4 ,?is r+ ( _m segm5ts1 is call$ a commutator1 because x commutates1 or *anges1 ! direction ( ! electric impulses1 & deliv]s !m all 9 "o direction4 ,9 effect1 x is l ! connect+ rod ( a /eam eng9e t /raight5s out ! back-&-=? motion ( ! pi/on 9 ! /eam cyl9d] & deliv]s ! motion to a :eel runn+ 9 "o direction4 ,su* a curr5t1 fl[+ ?r\gh a coil ( wire w\ld make a magnet1 "o end ( :i* w\ld always be ! nor? end1 & ! o!r end ! s\? end4 ,an alt]nat+ curr5t1 on ! o!r h&1 fl[+ ?r\gh a coil ( wire1 w\ld make a magnet t *ang$ its poles ) ea* half-cycle4 ,x w\ld no soon] beg9 to pull ano!r magnet to x1 ?an x w\ld *ange ab\t & pu% ! o!r magnet away f x1 & s on1 z long z x cont9u$ to fl[4 ,?is is "o reason :y a direct curr5t dynamo is us$ = small plants4 ,alt]nat+ curr5t w light ! same lamps & heat ! same irons z a direct curr5t2 b = electric p[] x requires a diff]5t type ( motor4 ,types ( ,direct ,curr5t ,dynamos ,j z electrical g5]ators are divid$ into two classes1 alt]nat+ & direct1 s direct curr5t ma*9es are divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* _! output1 9 amp]es & volts1 is regulat$4 ,!y diff] z to ! mann] 9 :i* _! field magnets 79 ^: field ( =ce ! armature sp9s7 are excit$1 or made magnetic4 ,!y are call$ s]ies1 %unt1 & comp\nd ma*9es4 ,! ,s]ies ,dynamo ,by ref]r+ to ! diagram1 x w be se5 t ! curr5t ( a s]ies dynamo issues f ! armature ma9s1 & passes ?r\gh ! coils ( ! field magnets be=e pass+ into ! ext]nal circuit to d its "w4 ,! residual magnetism1 or ! magnetism left 9 ! iron cores ( ! field magnets f its la/ *>ge1 provides ! initial excitation1 :5 ! ma*9e is />t$4 ,z ! resi/ance ( ! ext]nal circuit is l[]$1 by turn+ on m & m lights1 m & m curr5t fl[s f ! armature1 ?r\gh ! field magnets4 ,ea* "t ! resi/ance is l[]$1 !re=e1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! field magnets becomes m d5se 9 amp]es1 & makes ! field magnets correspond+ly /rong]4 ,we h se5 t ! voltage dep5ds on ! numb] ( l9es ( magnetic =ce cut by ! armature conductors 9 a giv5 "t4 ,if ! spe$ rema9s con/ant !n1 & ! magnets gr[ /rong] & /rong]1 ! voltage w rise 9 a /raight l9e4 ,:5 no curr5t is drawn1 x is #j2 at full load1 x may be #ajj volts1 or #ejj1 or #a1jjj accord+ to ! ma*9e4 ,?is type ( ma*9e is us$ only 9 /reet light+1 9 cities1 ) ! lights connect$ 9 s]ies1 or "o aft] ano!r on ! same wire1 ! la/ lamp f9ally return+ ! wire to ! ma*9e to complete ! circuit4 ,?is type ( dynamo has ga9$ ! "n = itself ( mankill]1 z its voltage becomes enorm\s at full load4 ,x is unsuitable1 9 e respect1 = ! f>m plant4 ,its field coils consi/ ( a few turns ( v heavy wire1 en\gh to c>ry all ! curr5t ( ! ext]nal circuit1 )\t heat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,connections ( a s]ies dynamo ,! ,%unt ,dynamo ,! %unt dynamo1 on ! o!r h&1 has field coils connect$ directly across ! circuit1 f "o wire to ano!r1 in/ead ( 9 s]ies4 ,^! coils consi/ ( a great _m turns ( v f9e wire1 ?us introduc+ resi/ance into ! circuit1 :i* limits ! am\nt ( curr5t 7amp]es7 t c be =c$ ?r\gh !m at any giv5 voltage4 ,z a %unt dynamo is br\ght up to its rat$ spe$1 its voltage gradually rises until a condition ( balance occurs betwe5 ! field coils & ! armature4 ,!re x rema9s con/ant4 ,:5 resi/ance on ! ext]nal circuit is l[]$1 by means ( turn+ on lamps or o!r devices1 ! curr5t f ! armature increases 9 work+ p[]1 by increas+ its amp]es4 ,its voltage rema9s /ation>y2 &1 s9ce ! resi/ance ( its field coils nev] *anges1 ! magnets d n v>y 9 /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,connections ( a %unt dynamo ,! objection to ?is type ( ma*9e = a f>m plant is t1 9 practice1 ! armature beg9s to ex]cise a de-magnetiz+ effect on ! field magnets aft] a c]ta9 po9t is rea*$--weak5s !m2 consequ5tly ! voltage beg9s to fall4 ,! voltage ( a %unt dynamo beg9s to fall aft] half-load is rea*$2 & at full load1 x has fall5 possibly #bj p] c5t4 ,a rheo/at1 or resi/ance box on ! swit*bo>d1 makes x possible to cut out or swit* 9 additional resi/ance 9 ! field coils1 ?us v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! field coils1 )9 a limit ( say #ae p] c5t1 to keep ! voltage con/ant4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 requires a con/ant att5dance on ! ma*9e4 ,if ! voltage 7 set "r = #aj lights1 ! lights w\ld gr[ dim :5 #ej lights 7 turn$ on2 & if x 7 adju/$ = #ej lights1 ! voltage w\ld be too high = only t5 lights--w\ld cause !m to burn out4 ,%unt dynamos are us$ = *>g+ /orage batt]ies1 & are satisfactory = direct s]vice only :5 an att5dant is con/antly at h& to regulate !m4 ,! ,comp\nd ,dynamo ,! ideal betwe5 ^! two conditions w\ld be a compromise1 :i* includ$ ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? s]ies & %unt effects4 ,t is exactly :at ! comp\nd dynamo effects4 ,a comp\nd dynamo is a %unt dynamo ) j en\gh s]ies turns on its field coils1 to c\nt]act ! de-magnetiz+ effect ( ! armature at full load4 ,a ma*9e c be design$ to make ! voltage rise gradually1 or swiftly1 by comb9+ ! two sy/ems4 ,= c\ntry homes1 ! be/ comb9ation is a ma*9e t w keep ! voltage con/ant f no load to full load4 ,a s-call$ flat-comp\nd$ ma*9e does ?is4 ,9 actual practice1 ?is voltage rises slightly at ! half-load l9e--only two or ?ree volts1 :i* w n damage ! lamps 9 a #aaj-volt circuit4 ,! comp\nd dynamo is !re=e self-regulat+1 & requires no att5tion1 except z to lubrication1 & ! incid5tal c>e giv5 to any piece ( ma*9]y4 ,any %unt dynamo c be made into a comp\nd dynamo1 by w9d+ a few turns ( heavy insulat$ wire ar\nd ! %unt coils1 & connect+ !m 9 s]ies ) ! ext]nal circuit4 ,h[ _m turns are necess>y dep5ds on conditions4 ,?ree or f\r turns to ea* coil usually are suffici5t = flat comp\nd+4 ,if ! g5]at+ plant is a long di/ance f ! f>m h\se :]e ! light1 heat1 & p[] are to be us$1 ! voltage drops at full load1 due to resi/ance ( ! transmission wires4 ,to ov]come ?is1 en\gh turns c be w\nd on top ( ! %unt coils to cause ! voltage to rise at ! swit*bo>d1 b rema9 /ation>y at ! spot :]e ! curr5t is us$4 ,! usual s-call$ flat-comp\nd$ dynamo1 turn$ out by manufactur]s1 provides = con/ant voltage at ! swit*bo>d4 ,su* a dynamo is em95tly fitt$ = ! f>m electric plant4 ,any o!r type ( ma*9e is b\nd to cause con/ant tr\ble & annoyance4 ,illu/ration3 ,connections ( a comp\nd dynamo ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,:at ,,size ,,plant ,,to ,,in/all ,! f>m]'s wife 8 p>tn]--,little & big plants--,limit+ factors--,fluctuations 9 wat] supply--,! av]age plant--,! actual plant--,am\nt ( curr5t requir$ = v>i\s op]ations--,/&>d voltage--,a specim5 all[ance = electric light--,heat+ & cook+ by electricity--,electric p[]3 ! electric motor4 ,! f>m]'s wife becomes 8 p>tn] :5 he has conclud$ ! prelim9>y measurem5ts & surveys = build+ 8 wat]-p[] electric plant4 ,n[ ! "q is1 h[ big a plant is necess>y1 or h[ small a plant c he get along )4 ,electricity may be us$ = a multitude ( purposes on ! f>m1 9 its sph]e ( furni%+ portable light1 heat & p[]2 b :5 ?is multitude ( uses has be5 enum]at$1 x w be f\nd t ! wife %>es 9 ! b5efits no less ?an ! f>m] himself4 ,! greate/ divid5d ( all1 :e!r divid5ds are c\nt$ 9 doll>s or happ9ess1 is t electricity takes ! drudg]y out ( h\sework4 ,"h1 ! "w ( ! f>m] himself ends :5 he has br\ght electricity to ! h\se1 j z 8 %>e 9 h\sework ends :5 he has br\ght 9 ! k]os5e1 & fill$ ! woodbox4 ,( ! light & heat1 %e w use ! lion's %>e2 & = ! p[]1 %e w discov] h]et(ore undream$-( uses4 ,s %e mu/ be a full p>tn] :5 x comes to decid+ h[ mu* electricity !y ne$4 ,h[ mu* electricity1 9 t]ms ( light1 heat1 & p[]1 w ! f>m] & 8 wife h use =8 ,h[ big a plant %\ld be in/all$ to meet ! ne$s ( keep+ h\se & runn+ ! f>m8 ,! answ] hangs ma9ly on h[ mu* wat]-p[] !re is available1 ?r\gh all ! seasons ( ! ye>1 ) :i* to g5]ate electricity4 ,beyond t1 x is m]ely a "q ( ! f>m]'s pocketbook4 ,h[ mu* money does he c>e to sp5d8 ,electricity is a cumulative poison4 ,! m "o uses x1 ! m he wants to use x4 ,aft] a plant has be5 9 op]ation a ye>1 ! family h discov]$ uses = electricity :i* !y did n ?9k ( 9 ! beg9n+4 ,= ?is reason1 x is well to put 9 a plant l>g] ?an ! ne$s ( ! mom5t seem to require4 ,an electrical horsep[] or two "o way or ano!r w n greatly *ange ! fir/ co/1 & y w always f9d use = any excess4 ,once = all1 to settle ! "q ( wat]-p[]1 ! wat] :eel %\ld be twice ! normal capacity ( ! dynamo x drives1 9 t]ms ( p[]4 ,?is all[s = ov]load1 :i* is b\nd to occur occasionally2 & x also insures smoo? runn+1 easy gov]n+1 & ! highe/ effici5cy4 ,s9ce ! electric curr5t1 once ! plant is in/all$1 w co/ practically no?+1 ! f>m] c af=d to ignore ! p[] go+ to wa/e1 & consid] only h[ to get ! be/ s]vice4 ,! ,two ,extremes ,! am\nt ( wat] to be _h to be turn$ into electricity1 w v>y ) location1 & ) ! season4 ,x may be only en\gh1 ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 = a toy plant--a v practical toy1 by ! way--"o t w keep half a doz5 lights burn+ 9 ! h\se & b>n at "o "t2 "u "s conditions wat] may be s sc>ce t x mu/ be /or$ = ?ree or f\r days to get en\gh p[] to *>ge a /orage batt]y = ^! six or eight lights4 ,a "o-qu>t]1 or a "o-half kil[att electrical g5]ator1 ) a "o horsep[] 7or small]7 :eel1 w light a f>m/ead v satisfactorily--mu* bett] ?an k]os5e lamps4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! driv+ p[] ( y\r :eel may be suffici5t to furni% #ej or #ajj lights = ! h\se1 b>n1 & out-build+s1 & b>n-y>d & drives2 to provide ample curr5t = irons1 toa/]s1 vacuum clean]s1 electric fans1 etc42 to d all ! cook+ & bak+ & keep ! kit*5 boil] hot2 & to heat ! h\se 9 ! colde/ wea!r ) a dry clean heat t does n vitiate ! air1 ) no a%es1 smoke or du/ or wood*opp+--no?+ b an electric swit* to turn on & (f2 & to provide p[] = motors rang+ f t9y ones to run ! sew+ ma*9e1 to "o ( #ae horsep[] to d ! ?re%+4 ,a plant capable ( develop+ f #cj to #ej kil[atts ( electricity1 & requir+ f #ej to #ajj horsep[] at ! wat] :eel1 w\ld d all ?is1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! f>m/ead4 ,"o hundr$ horsep[] is a v small wat] project1 9 a comm]cial way2 & !re are ?\s&s ( f>ms possess+ /reams ( ?is capacity4 ,fluctuations 9 ,wat] ,supply ,x w\ld be only dur+ ! w9t] mon?s t su* a plant w\ld be driv5 to its full capacity2 & s9ce wat] is normally pl5tiful dur+ ^! mon?s1 ! problem ( p[] w\ld be greatly simplifi$4 ,! heavie/ draft on su* a plant 9 summ] w\ld be dur+ h>ve/+2 o!rwise x w\ld be conf9$ to light1 small p[] = r\t9e "w1 & cook+4 ,?us1 a plant capable ( meet+ all ! ord9>y requirem5ts ( ! f\r dry mon?s ( summ]1 :5 wat] is apt to be sc>ce1 d\bles or quadruples its capacity dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 to meet ! necessities ( heat = ! h\se4 ,a dynamo requires only z mu* p[] to drive x1 at any giv5 "t1 z is be+ us$ 9 t]ms ( electricity4 ,!re is "s small loss ?r\gh friction1 ( c\rse1 b aside f ?is ! p[] requir$ ( ! prime mov] 7! wat] :eel7 is always 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( curr5t fl[+4 ,:5 wat] is sc>ce1 & ! dem&s = curr5t = heat+ are l[1 x is good practice to close a portion ( ! buckets ( ! turb9e :eel ) wood5 blocks provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! spe$ ( ! dynamo uni=m "u all wat] conditions2 & :]e !re is a great fluctuation betwe5 high & l[ wat] p]iods1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to h a sep>ate set ( pulleys = full gate & = half-gate4 ,! head mu/ rema9 ! same1 "u all conditions4 ,*ang+ ! gate is 9 effect *ok+ or op5+ ! nozzle supply+ ! :eel1 to cut d[n or increase its consumption ( wat]4 ,! ,av]age ,plant ,x w be ! exceptional plant1 h[ev]1 among ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s to be _h on our f>ms1 :i* w bani% n only ! oil lamp & kit*5 /ove1 b all coal or wood burn+ /oves z well--:i* w heat ! h\se 9 bel[-z]o wea!r1 & provide p[] = ! heavi] op]ations ( ! f>m4 ,also1 on ! o!r h&1 x w be ! exceptional plant ^: capacity is limit$ to furni%+ a half-doz5 lights & no m4 ,a happy m$ium betwe5 ^! two conditions is ! plant l>ge en\gh to supply betwe5 five & t5 electrical horsep[]1 9 all seasons4 ,su* a plant w meet ! ne$s ( ! av]age f>m1 outside ( w9t] heat+ & l>ge p[] op]ations1 & w provide an excess on :i* to draw 9 em]g5cies1 or to pass r\nd to "o's neighbors4 ,x is su* a plant t we ref] to :5 we say t 7n c\nt+ labor7 its co/1 "u ord9>y conditions %\ld n greatly exce$ ! price ( "o s\nd "y horse = f>m "w4 ,s9ce ! plant we describ$ briefly 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 meets ! requirem5ts ( ?is av]age plant let u inquire a little m fully into its in/allation1 ma9t5ance1 & co/4 ,an ,actual ,plant ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! wat]-p[] 0 already in/all$1 runn+ to wa/e1 9 fact4 ,! :eel consi/s ( ! s-call$ ?irty-six in* v]tical turb9e1 us+ #ahe squ>e in*es ( wat]1 "u a #ad-;foot head4 ,wat] is suppli$ to ?is :eel by a wood5 p5/ock #cc in*es squ>e1 inside measurem5ts1 & slop+ at an angle ( #cj f ! flume to ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,details ( voltmet] or ammet] ,?is :eel1 "u a #ad-;foot head1 takes #b1cab cubic feet ( wat] a m9ute2 & x develops #df4ih actual horsep[] 7z may be figur$ by us+ ! =mulas ( ,*apt] ,,iii74 ,! wat] supply is provid$ by a small m\nta9 riv]4 ,! dam is #aj feet high1 & ! race1 :i* fe$s ! flume f ! mill pond is #ge y>ds long4 ,! race has two spillways1 "o ne> ! dam1 & ! second at ! flume itself1 to ma9ta9 an ev5 head ( wat] at all times4 ,half-,gate ,s9ce ! wat] supply v>ies ) ! seasons1 x has be5 f\nd practical to run ! :eel at half-gate--t is1 ) ! gate only half-op54 ,a set ( bevel ge>s "w ! ma9 %aft1 :i* runs at approximately #bjj revolutions p] m9ute2 & ! dynamo is work$ up to its requir$ spe$ ( #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute ?r\gh a c\nt]%aft4 ,! dynamo is a mod]n f\r-pole ma*9e1 comp\nd-w\nd1 ) a rat$ output ( #df amp]es1 at #abe volts--9 o!r words a dynamo ( #e4ge kil[atts capacity1 or #g4g electrical horsep[]4 ,at full load ?is dynamo w\ld require a driv+ p[] ( #aj horsep[]1 c\nt+ x z #ge p] c5t effici5t2 &1 to con=m to our rule ( two wat] horsep[] to "o electrical horsep[]1 ! :eel %\ld be capable ( develop+ #bj horsep[]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 %utt+ d[n ! :eel to half-gate m ?an halves ! rat$ p[] ( ! :eel1 & little m ?an #ae horsep[] is available4 ,?is all[ance has prov$ ample1 "u all conditions met )1 9 ?is plant4 ,! dynamo is m\nt$ on a firm floor f\ndation2 & x is belt$ f ! c\nt]%aft by an endless belt runn+ diagonally4 ,a horizontal belt drive is ! be/4 ,v]tical drive %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible4 ,! ,swit*bo>d ,! swit*bo>d orig9ally consi/$ ( a wood5 frame on :i* 7 screw$ ord9>y asbe/os %+les1 & ! in/rum5ts 7 m\nt$ on ^!4 ,lat]1 a %eet ( electric insulat+ fibre 0 sub/itut$1 = look's sake4 ,! ma9 requisite is some?+ sub/antial--& firepro(4 ,! swit*bo>d in/rum5ts consi/ ( a voltmet]1 ) a range ( f #j to #aej volts2 an ammet]1 ) a range1 #j to #ge amp]es2 a field regulat+ rheo/at 7:i* came ) ! dynamo72 a ma9 swit*1 ) c>tridge fuses protect+ ! ma*9e aga9/ a draft ( curr5t ov] #fj amp]es2 & two l9e swit*es = ! two own]s1 "o fuse at #bj amp]es1 & ! o!r at #dj amp]es4 ,electric fuses are ei!r c>tridges or plugs1 enclos+ lead wire ( a size correspond+ to _! rat+4 ,all ! curr5t ( ! l9e !y protect passes ?r\gh ?is lead wire4 ,if ! curr5t drawn exce$s ! capacity ( ! lead wire1 x melts f ! heat1 & ?us op5s ! circuit1 & cuts (f ! curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a swit*bo>d & its connections3 ,g4 ,dynamo2 ,a4 ,%unt field coils2 ,b4 ,s]ies coils2 ,,dd4 ,fuses2 ,,ff4 ,ma9 swit*2 ,f4 ,field swit*2 ,c4 ,ammet]2 ,v4 ,voltmet]2 ,e4 ,lamp2 ,r4 ,rheo/at4 ,dott$ l9es %[ connections on back ( bo>d ,items ( ,co/ ,?is wat] :eel w\ld co/ #bej new4 ,!re is a duplicate 9 ! neighborhood b\ght at second-h&1 = #abe4 ,! dynamo co/ #ij1 & 0 pick$ up second-h& 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,new x w\ld co/ #aej4 ,! voltmet] co/ #g1 & ! ammet] #aj2 & ! swit*es & fuses c\ld be _h = #e4 ,a :eel "o-half ! size1 us+ "o-half ! am\nt ( wat] at full gate1 w\ld d ! "w requir$1 & ! co/ w\ld be correspond+ly less4 ,capacity ,?is plant supplies two f>ms ) electric light4 ,"o f>m 7t ( ! own] ( ! :eel7 has #cj lamps1 ( #af c&lep[] ea*1 & two b>n-y>d lamps ( #ib c&lep[] ea*4 ,8 wife has an electric iron & an electric wat] heat]4 ,ne$less to say1 all ^! lamps1 & ! iron & wat] heat] are n 9 use at "o "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>bon ,lamps ,gem ,type 7#a_/d scale7 ,! p>tn] :o owns ! electric "p ( ! plant has #cj lamps 9 8 h\se & b>n1 _m ( !m be+ #be watt tung/51 :i* give m light = less p[]1 b co/ m to buy4 ,!y are n all 9 use at "o "t1 ?\gh 7s9ce ! curr5t co/s no?+7 ! incl9ation is to turn !m on at night & let !m burn4 ,9 8 kit*5 he has an electric range1 & a wat] heat] = ! #dj gallon boil]4 ,9 addition to ?is he has all sorts ( appliances1--irons1 toa/]s1 grills1 a vacuum clean]1 a vibrator1 etc4 ,naturally all ^! appliances are n 9 use at "o "t1 else ! draft on ! plant w\ld be su* z to bl[ ! fuses4 ,= in/ance1 all ! bak+ is done 9 daylight2 & :5 ! ov5 is us$ aft] d>k1 !y are c>eful to turn (f all lights n ne$$4 ,an ideal plant1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be a plant big en\gh to take c>e ( ! sum ( lamps & h&y devices us$ at "o "t4 ,to make ?is plant ideal1 7=1 be+ an actual affair1 x has develop$ "s %ort-com+s1 ) ! ext5sion ( ! use ( electricity7 x w\ld require a dynamo ^: capacity c be figur$1 f ! foll[+3 ,watts #ae c>bon lamps1 #af c&lep[]1 #fj watts ea* #ijj #aj tung/5 lamps1 #bj c&lep[]1 #be watts ea* #bej #b tung/5 lamps1 #ib c&lep[]1 #ajj watts ea* #bjj ,wat] heat]1 cont9u\s s]vice #hjj ,toa/]1 occasional s]vice #fjj ,iron1 occasional s]vice #djj ,ov5-bak+1 roa/+1 etc #b1jjj #b /ove plates #a1jjj watts ea* #b1jjj #a /ove plate #djj ,vacuum clean]1 occasional s]vice #bjj ,vibrator1 occasional s]vice #ajj ,small wat] heat]1 qu>t capacity #djj ,small motor1 #a_/d horsep[]1 occasional #bej ,motor1 #a_/b hp1 pump+ wat]1 etc #ejj ,electric fan1 occasional s]vice #ajj ------- ,total curr5t1 "o h\se #i1ajj #cj c>bon lamps1 #af c&lep[]1 #fj #a1hjj #b lamps1 #ajj watt tung/5 #bjj ,electric iron #djj ,small wat] or milk heat] #fjj ------- ,total curr5t1 #bnd h\se #c1jjj #a/ h\se #i1ajj ------- #ab1ajj ,?us1 9 ?is plant1 if e electrical device 7 turn$ on at once1 ! dem& on ! dynamo w\ld be = #ab4a kil[atts1 or an ov]load ( ov] #ajj p] c5t4 ,! ma9-swit* fuse1 be+ = #fj amp]es1 w\ld bl[ or melt1 & cut (f all curr5t = ! mom5t4 ,to repair ! damage w\ld be m]ely ! "w ( a second--& at a co/ ( a few c5ts--simply ins]t a new fuse1 ( :i* !re mu/ be a supply on h& at all times4 ,or1 if ei!r own] exce$$ 8 capacity1 ! l9e fuses 7"o = #bj amp]es1 & ! o!r = #dj amp]es7 w\ld in/antly cut (f all curr5t f ! gre$y "o4 ,illu/ration3 #be & #dj watt ,mazda tung/5 lamps 7#a_/d scale7 ,lessons ,f ,?is ,plant ,! /ory ( ?is plant illu/rates two ?+s :i* ! f>m] & 8 wife mu/ take into acc\nt :5 !y are figur+ h[ mu* electricity !y require4 ,fir/1 x illu/rates h[ "o uses m & m curr5t1 z he f9ds x s s]viceable & labor-sav+1 & at ! same "t free4 ,! electric range & ! wat] boil]1 9 ! above in/ance1 7 lat] acquisitions n c\nt$ on 9 figur+ ! orig9al in/allation4 ,second1 x illu/rates1 t :ile ! normal load ( ?is g5]ator is #e4ge kil[atts1 "o does n h to limit ! electrical conv5i5ces 9 ! home to ?is am\nt4 ,true1 he _c use m electricity ?an 8 plant w produce at any "o "t1--b x is only by a /ret* ( ! imag9ation t "o may conceive ! necessity ( us+ !m all at once4 ,iron+1 bak+1 & ! use ( small p[] are usually limit$ to daylight h\rs :5 no lights are burn+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is plant has prov$ satisfactory 9 e way2 & only on "o or two occasions h fuses be5 bl[n1 & !n x 0 due to c>elessness4 ,a mod]n dynamo is rat$ lib]ally4 ,x w /& an ov]load ( z mu* z #ajj p] c5t = a %ort "t--half an h\r or s4 ,! dang] f ov]load+ is f heat+4 ,:5 ! ma*9e gr[s too hot = ! h&1 x is beg9n+ to *> its insulation1 to cont9ue :i*1 ( c\rse w\ld ru9 x4 ,! be/ plant is t :i* works "u "o-half or ?ree-qu>t]s load1 "u normal dem&s4 ,/&>d ,voltage ,we are assum+ ! f>m]'s plant to be1 9 #ii cases out ( #ajj1 ! /&>d #aaj-volt1 direct curr5t type4 ,su* a plant all[s = at lea/ a #aj p] c5t regulation1 9 voltage1 up or d[n ! scale2 supplies = ?is voltage are to be _h )\t delay 9 ev5 ! m remote p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 7be+ sold 9 great] volume7 !y are *eap] ?an ^? = o!r voltages4 ,!re are two g5]al exceptions to ?is rule z to #aaj-volt plants3 7#a7 ,if ! plant is locat$ at a di/ance great] ?an a qu>t] ( a mile f ! h\se1 x w be f\nd *eap] 79 co/ ( transmission l9e1 z w be %[n lat]7 to adopt ! #bbj-volt plant2 7#b71 ,if ! wat] supply is s meagre t x mu/ be /or$ = _m h\rs at a "t1 & !n us$ = *>g+ /orage batt]ies1 x w be f\nd mo/ economical to use a #cj-volt plant4 ,a /orage batt]y is made up ( cells ( approximately #b volts ea*2 &1 s9ce m ?an #ee su* cells w\ld be requir$ = a #aaj-volt in/allation1 its co/ w\ld be prohibitive1 ) _m f>m]s4 ,s we w assume t ?is plant is a #aaj-volt plant1 to be run )\t /orage batt]y4 ,x w be well to make a *>t1 divid+ ! f>m requirem5ts into ?ree heads--light1 heat1 & p[]4 ,light ,illu/ration3 #fj & #ajj watt ,mazda tung/5 lamp4 ,^! lamps may be _h 9 sizes f #aj to #ejj watts 7#a_/d scale7 ,illu/ration3 ,! lamp ( ! future4 ,a #ajjj watt ,mazda nitrog5 lamp1 giv+ #bjjj c&lep[] 7#a_/d scale7 ,light is obta9$ by means ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,!re are two /yles 9 common use1 ! c>bon & ! tung/5 lamp4 ,x requires #c4e to #d watts ( electricity to produce "o c&lep[] 9 a c>bon lamp4 ,x requires f #a to #a4be watt to produce "o c&lep[] 9 ! tung/5 lamp4 ,! new nitrog5 lamp1 n yet 9 g5]al use1 requires only #a_/b watt to ! c&lep[]4 ,s9ce tung/5 lamps give ?ree times ! light ( ! c>bon lamp1 !y are ! mo/ economical to use 9 ! city or t[n :]e "o is pay+ = comm]cial curr5t4 ,b1 9 ! c\ntry :]e wat]-p[] furni%es curr5t = no?+1 x w be f\nd mo/ economical to use ! c>bon lamp1 s9ce its co/ at retail is #af c5ts1 z comp>$ ) #cj c5ts = a correspond+ size 9 tung/54 ,a #fj watt c>bon lamp1 ( #af c&lep[]2 or a #be watt tung/5 lamp1 ( #bj c&lep[]1 are ! sizes to use4 ,9 hang+ lamps1 z ov] ! d9+ room table1 a #ajj watt tung/5 lamp1 co/+ #gj c5ts1 & giv+ #ib c&lep[] light is v desirable2 & = light+ ! b>n-y>d1 ^! #ajj watt tung/5 lamps %\ld be us$4 ,= read+ lamps1 ! tung/5 /yle1 ( #dj or #fj watt capacity1 w be f\nd be/4 ,o!rwise1 9 all locations use ! *eap] c>bon lamp4 ,bo? /yles h a rat$ life ( #a1jjj h\rs1 aft] :i* !y beg9 to fall (f 9 effici5cy4 ,"h aga91 ! f>m] ne$ n worry ov] lack ( highe/ effici5cy1 z a lamp giv+ only #hj p] c5t ( its rat$ c&lep[] is /ill s]viceable :5 he is n pay+ = ! curr5t4 ,) c>e n to use !m at voltages beyond _! rat+s1 lamps w la/ = ye>s4 ,a ,specim5 ,light ,all[ance ,bel[ is a typical table ( lights = a l>ge f>m h\se1 ! b>ns & b>n-y>d4 ,x is giv5 m]ely z a guide1 to be v>i$ = ea* individual case3 ,watts ,kit*51 #b lights #fj watts #abj ,d9+ room1 #a light1 tung/5 #ajj ,liv+ room1 table lamp ) #c tung/5s #dj #abj ,liv+ room1 #b wall fixtures1 #d lamps #fj watts #bdj ,p>lor1 same z liv+ room #cfj ,pantry1 #a hang+ lamp #fj ,cell>1 "o portable lamp #fj ,wood%$1 #a hang+ lamp #fj #b b$rooms1 #b lights ea* #fj #bdj #b b$ rooms1 #a light ea* #fj #abj ,ba?room1 #a turn-d[n light1 #fj #fj ,hall1 d[n/airs1 #b lights #fj #abj ,hall1 up/airs1 #a light #fj ,attic1 #a light #fj ,por*1 #a light #fj ,b>n & b>n-y>d3 ,b>n-y>d entrance1 #a tung/5 #ajj ,wat]+ tr\gh1 #a #ajj ,front gate1 #a #ajj ,horse b>n1 #d lights #fj #bdj ,c[ b>n1 #d lights #fj #bdj ,pig h\se1 #a light #fj ,hay b>n1 #b lights1 #fj #abj ------- ,total = f>m/ead #b1hjj ,?is provides = #dd lights1 an extremely lib]al all[ance4 ,h[ _m ( ^! lights w be burn+ at any "o "t8 ,probably n "o-half ( !m2 yet ! ideal plant is t :i* p]mits all fixtures to be 9 s]vice at "o "t on ! r>e occasions :5 necess>y4 ,?us1 = light+ only1 #b1hjj watts maximum s]vice w\ld require a #d kil[att g5]ator1 & #aj wat] horsep[]1 on ! lib]al rat+ ( two to "o4 ,a #c kil[att g5]ator w\ld take c>e ( ^! lights1 ) a #cj p] c5t ov]load 7:i* is n excessive7 = maximum s]vice4 ,! above lib]al all[ance ( lights may be cut 9 two1 or f\r--or ev5 eight--& /ill ?r[ a k]os5e lamp 9 %ad[4 ,x all dep5ds on ! numb] ( lights "o wants burn+ at "o "t2 & ! p[] ( ! wat] :eel4 ,if ! #cf c>bon lights 9 ! above table 7 replac$ by #be watt tung/5 lights1 ! sav+ 9 p[] w\ld be #ce watts ea*1 or #a1bfj watts1 ne>ly two electrical horsep[]2 :ile ! add$ fir/ co/ w\ld be #ad c5ts a light1 or #e4jd4 ,a g5]ator ( #b kil[att capacity w\ld take c>e ( all ^! lights !n1 ) #dfj watts to sp>e4 ,heat+ ,electric heat+ & cook+ is 9 its infancy1 due to ! prohibitive co/ ( comm]cial curr5t 9 our cities4 ,"h ! f>m] has ! advantage aga91 ) 8 *eap curr5t4 ,= heat+ ! h\se1 x is calculat$ t #b watts is requir$ = ea* cubic foot ( air space 9 a room1 dur+ ord9>y w9t] wea!r4 ,?us1 a room #aj #ab1 & #h feet high1 w\ld conta9 #ifj cubic feet1 & w\ld require #a1hbj watts en]gy to heat x 9 cold wea!r4 ,five su* rooms w\ld require #i4a kil[atts2 & #aj su* rooms1 or _! equival5t1 w\ld require #ah4b kil[atts4 ,electric heat+ devices are divid$ into two classes3 7#a7 ^? :i* c be us$ on lamp circuits1 & d n draw m ?an #ffj watts ea*2 & 7#b7 ^? :i* draw m ?an #ffj1 !re=e require special wir+4 ,! capacity ( ^! devices is approximately z foll[s3 ,lamp circuit devices3 ,watts ,electric iron #djj to #ffj ,toa/] #cej to #ffj ,vacuum clean] #bjj to #djj ,grill #djj to #ffj ,small wat] heat] #djj to #ffj ,hot plates #djj to #ffj ,lamp circuit devices3 ,c(fee p]colator #djj to #ffj ,*af+ di% #djj to #ffj ,electric fan #ajj to #bej ,special circuit devices3 ,hot wat] boil] heat] #hjj to #a1bjj ,small ov5s #ffj to #a1bjj ,range ov5s #a1bjj to #c1jjj ,range1 hot plates #djj to #a1cjj ,radiators 7small7 #gej to #a1ejj ,radiators 7l>ge7 #a1ejj to #f1jjj ,! only device 9 ! above li/ :i* is connect$ cont9u\sly1 is ! hot wat] boil]1 & ?is c be cr$it$ ) at lea/ "o electrical horsep[] #bd h\rs a day4 ,x is a small contrivance1 n mu* bigg] ?an a qu>t c1 atta*$ to ! back ( ! kit*5 boil]1 & x keeps ! wat] hot ?r\gh\t ! h\se at all h\rs4 ,its co/ w v>y ) ! make1 rang+ f #h to #ae2 & s9ce x is "o ( ! real bless+s ( ! f>m kit*5 & ba?room1 x %\ld be includ$ 9 all in/allations :]e p[] p]mits4 ,electric radiators w be us$ #bd h\rs a day 9 w9t]1 & n at all 9 summ]4 ,!y are portable1 & c be mov$ f room to room1 & only su* rooms z are 9 actual use ne$ be heat$4 ,! o!r devices are = int]mitt5t s]vice1 _m ( !m 7l ! iron7 = only a few h\rs ea* week4 ,! grill1 *af+ di%1 c(fee p]colator1 etc41 :i* are us$ on ! d9+ room table :ile ! family is at meals1 ea* draw an equival5t ( f #f to #aj c>bon lights4 ,by keep+ ?is 9 view & turn+ (f sp>e lights1 "o c h ! use ( !m1 ) ev5 a small plant4 ,?us1 a "o kil[att plant p]mits ! use ( any "o ( ^! lamp circuit devices at a "t1 ) a few lights 9 addition4 ,p[] ,electric p[] is to be _h ?r\gh motors4 ,a direct curr5t dynamo & a direct curr5t motor are id5tical 9 con/ruction4 ,t is1 a motor becomes a g5]ator if belt$ to p[]2 & a g5]ator becomes a motor1 if connect$ to electric ma9s4 ,?is is be/ illu/rat$ by cit+ ! in/ance ( a trans-cont95tal railroad :i* crosses ! ,bitt] ,root ,m\nta9s by means ( electric p[]4 ,runn+ #bjj miles up a #b p] c5t grade1 x is drawn by its motors4 ,coa/+ #bjj miles d[n ! #b p] c5t grade on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9s1 its motors become g5]ators4 ,!y act z brakes1 & at ! same "t !y pump ! p[] ( ! coa/+ weight ( ?is tra9 back into ! wires to help a tra9 com+ up ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,connections ( %unt motor & />t+ rheo/at ,j z !re are ?ree types ( direct curr5t g5]ators1 s !re are ?ree types ( direct curr5t motors3 s]ies1 %unt1 & comp\nd1 ) features already expla9$ 9 ! case ( g5]ators4 ,motors are rat$ by horsep[]1 & g5]ators are rat$ by kil[atts4 ,?us a "o kil[att g5]ator has a capacity ( #a1jjj watts2 z a motor1 x w\ld be rat$ z #ajjj_/gdf horsep[]1 or #a4cd horsep[]4 ,_! effici5cy v>ies ) _! size1 rang+ f #dj to #fj p] c5t 9 v small motors1 & up to #ie p] c5t 9 v l>ge ones4 ,! foll[+ table may be tak5 z a guide 9 calculat+ ! p[] requir$ by motors1 on #aaj-volt circuits3 #a_/d ,horsep[] #b-a_/b amp]es1 or #bge watts #a_/b hp #d-a_/b amp]es1 or #ejj watts #a hp #i amp]es1 or #iij watts #b hp #ag amp]es1 or #a4ig kil[atts #c hp #bf amp]es1 or #b4hf kil[atts #e hp #dj amp]es1 or #d4dj kil[atts #g-a_/b hp #fj amp]es1 or #f4fj kil[atts #aj hp #gf amp]es1 or #h4cf kil[atts #ae hp #aab amp]es1 or #ab4cb kil[atts ,an electric motor1 9 op]ation1 actually g5]ates electricity1 :i* x pu%es back into ! l9e z a c\nt]-electromotive-=ce4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is c\nt] =ce1 9 volts1 dep5ds on ! motor's spe$1 ! same z if x 7 runn+ z a dynamo4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 a motor is />t$1 & be=e x comes up to spe$1 !re w\ld be a ru% ( curr5t f ! l9e1 ) no?+ to hold x back1 & ! motor w\ld be burn$ out unless "s means 7 provid$ to protect x = ! mom5t4 ,?is is done by means ( a />t+ rheo/at1 simil> to ! regulat+ rheo/at on ! dynamo swit*bo>d4 ,?is resi/ance box is connect$ 9 s]ies ) ! armature1 9 ! case ( %unt & comp\nd motors2 & ) ! entire motor circuit 9 ! case ( a s]ies ma*9e4 ,a s]ies motor has a p[]ful />t+ torque1 & adju/s its spe$ to ! load4 ,x is us$ almo/ altoge!r 9 /reet c>s4 ,x c be us$ 9 /ump pull+1 or d]rick "w1 su* z us+ a hay =k4 ,x mu/ always be op]at$ "u load1 o!rwise1 x w\ld increase 9 spe$ until x tore itself to pieces ?r\gh me*anical /ra94 ,! +5i\s f>m] :o puts toge!r an electric pl[1 ) ! ma9s foll[+ beh9d on a reel1 w use a s]ies motor4 ,a %unt motor %\ld be us$ 9 all situations :]e a fairly uni=m spe$ "u load is requir$1 su* z sep>at+1 9 milk+ ma*9es1 runn+ a la!1 an ensilage cutt]1 vacuum clean]s1 gr9d]s1 etc4 ,! comp\nd motor has ! *>act]i/ics ( ! s]ies & %unt motors1 giv+ an increas$ />t+ torque1 & a m ne>ly con/ant spe$ "u v>y+ loads ?an ! %unt motor1 s9ce ! latt] drops (f slightly 9 spe$ ) increas+ load4 ,flexible ,p[] ,an electric motor is an extremely satisfactory =m ( p[] because x is s flexible4 ,?us1 "o may use a five horsep[] motor = a "o horsep[] task1 & ! motor w use only "o electrical horsep[] 9 curr5t--j en\gh to ov]come ! task impos$ on x4 ,= ?is reason1 a l>ge-siz$ motor may be us$ = any op]ation1 f "o requir+ small p[]1 up to its full capacity4 ,x w take an ov]load1 ! same z a dynamo4 ,9 o!r words x is eag] = any task impos$ on x2 !re=e x mu/ be protect$ by fuses1 or x w consume itself1 if too big an ov]load is impos$ on x4 ,a "o horsep[] %unt or comp\nd motor is v s]viceable = r\t9e f>m op]ations1 su* z op]at+ ! sep>ator1 ! *urn1 ! milk+ ma*9e1 gr9d]1 pump1 & o!r small p[] jobs4 ,motors ( #a_/d horsep[] are h&y 9 ! kit*51 = gr9d+ knives1 poli%+ silv]1 etc41 & c be us$ also = vacuum clean]s1 & runn+ ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,= ! l>g] op]ations1 motors w v>y f ?ree horsep[] = cutt+ ensilage1 to fifte5 horsep[] = ?re%+4 ,!y c be m\nt$ on trucks & convey$ f "o po9t to ano!r1 be+ f$ curr5t f ! ma9s by means ( suitable wires w\nd on reels4 ,rememb]1 9 e/imat+ ! size ( y\r plant = light1 heat1 & p[]1 t x does n h to be big en\gh to use all ! devices at "o "t4 ,also rememb]1 t two wat] horsep[] to "o electrical horsep[] is a v lib]al all[ance2 & t a g5]ator work+ "u "o-half or two-?irds capacity at normal loads w require less att5tion ?an a ma*9e con/antly be+ work$ above its capacity4 ,!re=e1 let y\r g5]ator be ( lib]al size1 because ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 a #e & #aj kil[att ma*9e is n 9 proportion to _! capacity4 ,9 fact 7especially among second-h& ma*9es71 ! diff]5ce 9 co/ is v small4 ,! m]e fact t ! g5]ator is ( #aaj electrical horsep[] capacity does n require a turb9e ( #bj horsep[]4 ,! *ances are t 7unless y wi% to heat y\r h\se & d l>ge p[] jobs7 y w n use m ?an #c to #e electrical horsep[] normally2 !re=e an all[ance ( #aj wat] horsep[]1 9 ?is case1 w\ld be ample4 ,a plant us$ simply = light+ ! h\se & b>n1 = irons1 & toa/]s1 & "o horsep[] motors1 ne$ n exce$ #b or #b-a_/b kil[atts = ! g5]ator1 & #e or #f horsep[] = ! turb9e :eel4 ,normally x w\ld n use "o-half ?is capacity4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,transmission ,,l9es ,copp] wire--,sett+ ( poles--,loss ( p[] 9 transmission--,ohm's ,law & examples ( h[ x is us$ 9 figur+ size ( wire--,copp]-wire tables--,examples ( transmission l9es--,:5 to use high voltages--,ov]-comp\nd+ a dynamo to ov]come transmission loss4 ,hav+ det]m9$ on ! location ( ! f>m wat]-p[] electric plant1 & its capacity1 9 t]ms ( electricity1 !re rema9s ! wir+1 = ! transmission l9e1 & ! h\se & b>n4 ,= transmission l9es1 copp] wire cov]$ ) wat]pro( braid--! s-call$ wea!rpro( wire ( ! trade--is us$4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld a wire small] ?an ,no4 #h1 ,b4 ,s4 gauge be us$ = ?is purpose1 z x w\ld n be /rong en\gh me*anically4 ,! poles %\ld be ( *e/nut or c$>1 #be feet long1 & set f\r feet 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:]e x is necess>y to foll[ highways1 !y %\ld be set on ! f5ce l9e2 & 9 cross+ public highways1 ! ord9ance ( y\r own t[n mu/ guide y4 ,"s t[ns prescribe a height ( #ai feet above ! road1 o!rs #bg feet1 "s #cj4 ,direct curr5t1 su* z is advis$ = f>m in/allations1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 does n affect telephone wires1 & !re=e transmission l9es may be /rung on telephone poles4 ,poles are set at an av]age di/ance ( #h rods2 !y are set incl9$ outw>d on corn]s4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to brace !m ) guy wires or wood5 braces4 ,glass insulators are us$ to fa/5 ! wires to ! cross-arms ( ! poles1 & ! tie-wires us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be ! same size z ! ma9 wire & c>ry ! same insulation4 ,size ( ,wire = ,transmission ,to det]m9e ! size ( ! transmission wires w require k ( ! /r5g? ( curr5t 79 amp]es7 to be c>ri$1 & ! di/ance 9 feet4 ,9 transmission1 ! electric curr5t is aga9 analog\s to wat] fl[+ 9 pipes4 ,x is subject to resi/ance1 :i* cuts d[n ! am\nt ( curr5t 79 watts7 deliv]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,br++ wires into ! h\se or b>n ,! loss 9 transmission is prim>ily measur$ 9 volts2 & s9ce ! capacity ( an electric curr5t = "w equals ! volts multipli$ by amp]es1 :i* gives watts1 e volt lo/ r$uces ! work+ capacity ( ! curr5t by s mu*4 ,?is loss is ref]r$ to by electrical eng9e]s z ! ,c#b,r loss1 :i* is ano!r way ( say+ t ! loss is equal to ! squ>e ( ! curr5t 9 amp]es1 multipli$ by ohms resi/ance4 ,?us1 if ! amp]es c>ri$ is #aj1 & ! ohms resi/ance ( ! l9e is #e1 !n ! loss 9 watts to convey t curr5t w\ld be 7#aj #aj7 #e1 or #ejj watts1 ne>ly a horsep[]4 ,! pressure ( "o volt 7z we h se5 9 ano!r *apt]7 is suffici5t to =ce "o amp]e1 ?r\gh a resi/ance ( "o ohm4 ,su* a curr5t w\ld h no capacity = "w1 s9ce its pressure w\ld be consum$ 9 ! m]e act ( transmission4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pressure 7 #aaj volts1 & ! curr5t "o amp]e1 & ! resi/ance "o ohm1 ! effective pressure aft] transmission w\ld be #aaj-a1 or #aji volts4 ,to =ce a #aaj-volt curr5t ( #ej amp]es ?r\gh ! resi/ance ( "o ohm1 w\ld require ! exp5diture ( #ej volts pressure4 ,its capacity = "w1 aft] transmission1 w\ld be #aaj-ej1 or #fj volts1 #ej amp]es1 or #c1jjj watts4 ,z ?is curr5t consi/$ ( #aaj #ej1 or #e1ejj watts at ! po9t ( />t+1 ! loss w\ld be #b1ejj watts1 or ab\t #de p] c5t4 ,x is bad eng9e]+ to all[ m ?an #aj p] c5t loss 9 transmission4 ,!re are two ways ( keep+ ?is loss d[n4 ,"o is by increas+ ! size ( ! transmission wires1 ?us cutt+ d[n ! resi/ance 9 ohms2 ! o!r way is by rais+ ! voltage1 ?us cutt+ d[n ! p] c5t loss4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! pressure 0 #a1ajj volts1 in/ead ( #aaj volts4 ,five amp]es at #a1ajj volts pressure1 gives ! same numb] ( watts1 p[]1 z #ej amp]es1 at #aaj volts pressure4 ,!re=e x w\ld be necess>y to c>ry only #e amp]es1 at ?is rate4 ,! loss w\ld be #e volts1 or less ?an #a_/b ( #a p] c5t1 z comp>$ ) #de p] c5t ) #aaj volts4 ,illu/ration3 ,splic+ transmission wire ,9 l>ge g5]at+ /ations1 :]e individual dynamos frequ5tly g5]ate z mu* z #bj1jjj horsep[]1 & ! curr5t mu/ be transmitt$ ov] sev]al hundr$ miles ( t]ritory1 ! voltage is frequ5tly z high z #aej1jjj1 ) ! amp]es r$uc$ 9 proportion4 ,!n ! voltage is l[]$ to a suitable rate1 & ! amp]age rais$ 9 proportion1 by special ma*9]y1 at ! po9t ( use4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ( ! ,c#b,r loss1 :i* ! f>m] mu/ apply 9 det]m9+ ! size ( wire he is to use 9 transmitt+ 8 curr5t f ! g5]ator swit*bo>d to 8 h\se or b>n4 ,! wire table on page #aei1 toge!r ) ! =mula to be us$ 9 connection ) x1 r$uce ! calculations necess>y to simple ari?metic4 ,9 ?is table ! resi/ance ( ! v>i\s sizes ( wire is comput$ f ! fact t a wire ( pure copp] #a foot long1 & #a_/ajjj in* 9 diamet] 7equal to "o circul> mill7 (f]s a resi/ance ( #aj4f ohms to ! foot4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,c#b,r loss is f\nd$ on ,ohm's ,law1 :i* is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! =mula by :i* ! size ( transmission wire is det]m9$1 = any giv5 di/ance1 & a giv5 numb] ( amp]es1 is z foll[s3 ,di/ance ft4 "o way #bb ,no4 ( amp]es circul> ---------------------------------------- -- mills4 ,numb] ( volts lo/ ,9 o!r words1 multiply ! di/ance 9 feet f mill to h\se by #bb1 & multiply ?is product by ! numb] ( amp]es to be c>ri$4 ,!n divide ! product by ! numb] ( volts to be lo/2 & ! result w be ! diamet] ( ! wire requir$ 9 circul> mills4 ,by ref]r+ to ! table above1 ! ,b4 ,s4 gauge ( ! wire necess>y = transmission1 c be f\nd f ! ne>e/ correspond+ numb] "u ! second column1 entitl$ circul> mills area4 ,,copp] ,,wire ,,table ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,area 9 7,r7 ,ohms ,b4 ,s4 ,feet circul> p] #a1jjj ,feet 7,r7 ,ohms ,gauge p] ,lb4 mills feet p] ,ohm p] p\nd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #jjjj #a4efa #baa1fjj 4#jdijd #bj1cib4ij 4#jjjjgfec #jjj #a4ifi #afg1hje 4#jfahd #af1agb4aj 4#jjjabafi #jj #b4dhb #acc1jgi 4#jggig #ab1hbe4dj 4#jjjaidch #j #c4acj #aje1ecd 4#jihbi #aj1agf4dj 4#jjjcjgcd #a #c4idg #hc1fid 4#abcih #h1jff4jj 4#jjjdhibj #b #d4igg #ff1cgc 4#aefcc #f1cif4gj 4#jjjggghd #c #f4bgf #eb1fcd 4#aigad #e1jgb4ej 4#jjabcgjj #d #g4iad #da1gdb 4#bdheh #d1jbb4ij 4#jjaifffj #e #i4ihj #cc1ajb 4#cacdf #c1aij4bj 4#jjcabgcj #f #ab4eh #bf1bej 4#ciebh #b1ebi4ij 4#jjdigbhj #g #ae4hg #bj1haf 4#dihde #b1jjf4bj 4#jjgijghj #h #bj4ja #af1eji 4#fbhdj #a1eia4aj 4#jabegaij #i #be4bc #ac1jid 4#gibdb #a1bfb4jj 4#jaiihecj #aj #ca4hb #aj1cha 4#iiidh #a1jjj4ej 4#jcaghdfj #aa #dj4ab #h1bcd4j #a4bfjbj #gic4ef 4#jejedacj #ab #ej4ei #f1ebi4i #a4ehijj #fbi4cb 4#jhjcfdaj #ac #fc4gi #e1agh4d #b4jjcgj #dii4jf 4#abgghhjj #ad #hj4dd #d1ajf4h #b4ebffj #cie4gi 4#bjcahjjj #ae #aja4d #c1bef4g #c4ahfjj #cac4hg 4#cbcjgijj #af #abg4i #b1ehb4i #d4jagfj #bdh4ij 4#eacgcgjj #ag #afa4c #b1jdh4b #e4jffjj #aig4ci 4#hafhcijj #ah #bjc4d #a1fbd4c #f4chhjj #aef4ed #a4bihgfdjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,c>ry+ ,,capacity ,,( ,,wires ,,& ,,weight ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,weight #a1jjj ft4 ,c>ry+ capacity ,c>ry+ capacity ,b4 ,s4 ,wea!rpro( ,wea!rpro( rubb] cov4 ,gauge ,no4 7,p\nds7 7,amp]es7 7,amp]es7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #jjjj #hjj #cab #age #jjj #fff #bfb #ade #jj #ejj #bbj #abj #j #cfc #ahe #ajj #a #cac #aef #ie #b #bej #aca #gj #c #bjj #aaj #fj #d #add #ib #ej #e #abe #gg #de #f #aje #fe #ce #g #hg #ee #cj #h #fi #df #be #aj #ej #cb #bj #ab #ca #bc #ae #ad #bb #af #aj #af #ad #h #e #ah #aa #e #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,s9ce two wires are requir$ = electrical transmission1 ! above =mula is made simple by c\nt+ ! di/ance only "o way1 9 feet1 & d\bl+ ! resi/ance con/ant1 #aj4f1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce is tak5 z #bb1 in/ead ( #ba4b4 ,examples ( ,transmission ,l9es ,z an example1 let u say t ,f>m] ,jones has in/all$ a wat]-p[] electric plant on 8 brook1 #bjj y>ds di/ant f 8 h\se4 ,! g5]ator is a #e kil[att ma*9e1 capable ( produc+ #de amp]es at #aaj volts pressure4 ,he has a #c horsep[] motor1 draw+ #bf amp]es at full load2 he has #bj lights ( v>y+ capacities1 requir+ #a1bjj watts1 or #aj amp]es :5 all on2 & 8 wife uses irons1 toa/]s1 etc41 :i* am\nt to ano!r #i or #aj amp]es--say #de altoge!r4 ,! *ances are t he w nev] use all ( ! app>atus at "o "t2 b = flexibility1 & 8 own satisfaction 9 n hav+ to /op to ?9k if he is ov]load+ 8 wires1 he w\ld l to be able to draw ! full #de amp]es if he wi%es to4 ,he is will+ to all[ #e p] c5t loss 9 transmission4 ,:at size wires w be necess>y1 & :at w !y co/8 ,sub/itut+ ^! values 9 ! above =mula1 ! result is3 ,answ]3 #fjj #bb #de ------------- #ajh1jjj circul> mills4 #e4e ,illu/ration3 ,transmission wire on glass insulator ,ref]r+ to ! table1 ,no4 #j wire is #aje1ecd circul> mills1 & is ne> en\gh2 s ?is wire w\ld be us$4 ,x w\ld require #a1bjj feet1 :i* w\ld weigh1 by ! second table1 #dce4f p\nds4 ,at #ai c5ts a p\nd1 x w\ld co/ #hb4gf4 ,f>m] ,jones says ?is is m money ?an he c>es to sp5d = transmission4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he says1 he nev] uses 8 motor except 9 ! daytime1 :5 8 lights are n burn+2 s ! maximum load on 8 l9e at any "o "t w\ld be #bf amp]es1 n #de4 ,:at size wire w\ld he use 9 ?is in/ance8 ,sub/itut+ #bf = #de 9 ! equation1 ! result is #fa1cjj circul> mills1 :i* corresponds to ,no4 #b wire4 ,x w\ld co/ #eg4jj4 ,n[1 if ,f>m] ,jones1 9 an em]g5cy1 wi%$ to use 8 motor at ! same "t he 0 us+ all 8 lights & 8 wife 0 iron+ & mak+ toa/--9 o!r words1 if he want$ to use ! #de amp]es capacity ( 8 dynamo1 h[ _m volts w\ld he lose8 ,to get ?is answ]1 we *ange ! =mula ab\t1 until x reads z foll[s3 ,di/ance 9 feet #bb amp]es --------------------------------- ,numb] ( volts lo/ circul> mills ,sub/itut+ values1 we h1 9 ?is case1 #fjj #bb #de_/ff1cgc 7,no4 #b7 #i volts1 ne>ly1 less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,?is is a v effici5t l9e1 "u ! circum/ances4 ,n[ if he is will+ to lose #aj p] c5t on half-load1 in/ead ( full load1 he c save /ill m money 9 l9e wire4 ,9 t case 7z y c f9d by apply+ ! =mula aga971 he c\ld use ,no4 #e wire1 at a co/ ( #bh4ej4 ,he w\ld lose #aa volts pressure draw+ #bf amp]es2 & he w\ld lose #ah volts pressure draw+ #de amp]es1 if by any *ance he wi%$ to use full load4 ,9 actual practice1 ?is dynamo w\ld be regulat$1 by means ( ! field resi/ance1 to regi/] #aaj plus #aa volts1 or #aba volts at ! swit*bo>d to make up = ! loss at half-load4 ,at full load1 8 voltage at ! end ( ! l9e w\ld be #aba m9us #ah1 or #ajc volts2 8 motor w\ld run a %ade sl[]1 at ?is voltage1 & 8 lights w\ld be slightly dimm]4 ,he w\ld probably n notice ! diff]5ce4 ,if he did1 he c\ld walk ov] to 8 g5]at+ /ation1 & raise ! voltage a fur!r #g volts by turn+ ! rheo/at h&le ano!r not*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a b>n-y>d light ,?\s&s ( plants c be locat$ )9 #ajj feet ( ! h\se4 ,if ,f>m] ,jones c\ld d ?is1 he c\ld use ,no4 #h wire1 co/+ #b4fb4 ,! drop 9 pressure w\ld be #e4ii volts at full load--s small x c\ld be ignor$ entirely4 ,9 ?is case ! voltmet] %\ld be made to read #aaf volts at ! swit*bo>d1 by means ( ! rheo/at4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is plant 7 #a1jjj feet away f ! h\se & ! loss #aj volts ! size wire w\ld be #a1jjj #bb #de --------------- #ii1jjj circul> mills2 #aj a ,no4 #j wire comes ne>e/ to ?is figure1 & its co/1 = #b1jjj feet1 at #ai c5ts a p\nd1 w\ld be #acg4id4 ,a ,no4 #jjjj wire1 co/+ #bid4jj1 w\ld give a #e p] c5t drop at full load4 ,9 ?is case1 ! co/ ( transmission c be r$uc$ to a mu* l[] figure1 by all[+ a bigg] drop at half-load1 ) regulation at ! swit*bo>d4 ,?us1 a ,no4 #b wire "h1 co/+ b #ie1 w\ld be satisfactory 9 e way4 ,! loss at half-load w\ld be ab\t #i volts1 & ! rheo/at w\ld be set p]man5tly = #aai or #abj volts4 ,a mod]n dynamo c be regulat$ 9 voltage by ov] #be p] c5t 9 ei!r direction1 )\t h>m1 if c>e is tak5 n to ov]load x4 ,b5efit ( ,high] ,voltages ,if ,f>m] ,jones' plant is a half ( a mile away f ! h\se1 he faces a m s]i\s proposition 9 ! way ( transmission4 ,say he wi%es to transmit #bf amp]es ) a loss ( #aj volts4 ,:at size wire w be necess>y8 #bfdj #bb #bf ,?us3 -------------- #aea1jjj circul> mills4 #aj ,a ,no4 #jjj wire is ne>e/ ?is size1 & #e1bhj feet ( x w\ld co/ ov] #fej4jj4 ,?is co/ w\ld be prohibitive4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he in/all$ a #bbj-volt dynamo--at no increase 9 co/--!n he w\ld h to transmit only a half ( #bf amp]es1 or #ac amp]es1 & he c\ld all[ #bb volts loss1 c\nt+ #aj p] c5t4 ,9 ?is case1 ! problem w\ld "w out z foll[s3 #bfdj #bb #ac -------------- #cd1cbj circul> mills1 #bb or approximately a ,no4 #e wire :i*1 at #ai c5ts a p\nd1 w\ld co/ #abj4fe4 ,in/all a #eej-volt g5]ator1 in/ead ( a #bbj-volt ma*9e & ! amp]es necess>y w\ld be cut to #e4b1 & ! volts lo/ w\ld be rais$ to #ee4 ,9 ?is case a ,no4 #ab wire w\ld c>ry ! curr5t2 b s9ce x w\ld n be /rong en\gh = /r++ on poles1 a ,no4 #h wire w\ld be us$1 co/+ ab\t #fc4 ,x w be readily se5 f ^! examples h[ voltage influ5ces ! effici5cy ( transmission4 ,curr5t g5]at$ at a pressure 9 excess ( #eej volts is n to be recomm5d$ = f>m plants unless an exp]t is 9 *>ge4 ,a saf] rule is n to exce$ #bbj volts1 = :ile #eej volts is n necess>ily deadly1 x is dang]\s4 ,:5 "o goes into high] voltages1 x is necess>y to *ange ! type ( dynamo to alt]nat+ curr5t1 s t ! curr5t c be trans=m$ to safe voltages at ! po9t :]e x is us$4 ,s9ce only ! occasional f>m plant requires a high-t5sion sy/em1 ! details ( su* a plant w n be gone into "h4 ,9 transmitt+ ! electric curr5t ov] miles ( t]ritory1 eng9e]s are accu/om$ to figure #a1jjj volts = ea* mile4 ,s9ce ?is is a deadly pressure1 x %\ld n be h&l$ by any "o n an exp]t1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 ! f>m] is n4 ,ov]-,comp\nd+ ! ,g5]ator ,"o c absorb ! loss 9 transmission frequ5tly1 by ov]-comp\nd+ ! ma*9e4 ,9 describ+ ! comp\nd ma*9e1 9 ,*apt] ,five1 x is %[n t ! usual comp\nd dynamo on ! m>ket is ! s-call$ flat-comp\nd$ type4 ,9 su* a dynamo1 ! voltage rema9s con/ant at ! swit*bo>d1 f no load to full load1 all[+ = a slight curve :i* ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,n[1 by add+ a few m turns to ! s]ies wires on ! field coils ( su* a dynamo1 a ma*9e is to be _h :i* gradually raises its voltage z ! load comes on 9 increas+ volume4 ,?us1 "o c\ld secure su* a ma*9e1 :i* w\ld beg9 g5]at+ at #aaj volts1 & w\ld gradually rise to #aej at full load4 ,yet ! voltage w\ld rema9 con/ant at ! po9t ( use1 ! excess be+ absorb$ 9 transmission4 ,a ma*9e ( ?is type c be made to respond to any requir$ rise 9 voltage4 ,z an example ( h[ to take advantage ( ?is v valuable fact1 let u take an in/ance3 ,say t ,f>m] ,jones has a transmission l9e #a1jjj feet long /rung ) ,no4 #g copp] wire4 ,?is #b1jjj feet ( wire w\ld introduce a resi/ance ( "o ohm 9 ! circuit4 ,t is1 e amp]e ( curr5t drawn at 8 h\se w\ld cause ! work+ voltage !re to fall "o volt4 ,if he drew #bf amp]es1 ! voltage w\ld fall1 at ! h\se1 #bf volts4 ,if 8 swit*bo>d voltage 0 set at say #abj1 ! voltage at 8 h\se1 at #bf amp]es ( load1 w\ld fall to #id volts1 :i* w\ld cause 8 lights to dim consid]ably4 ,x w\ld be a v unsatisfactory transmission l9e1 ) a flat-comp\nd$ dynamo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 8 dynamo 0 ov]-comp\nd$ #be p] c5t--t is1 if x ga9$ #bh volts f no load to full load1 ! sy/em w\ld be p]fect4 ,9 ?is case1 ! dynamo w\ld be op]at$ at #aaj volts pressure at ! swit*bo>d ) no load4 ,at full load ! voltmet] w\ld indicate #aaj plus #bf1 or #acf volts4 ,! "o or two lights burn$ at ! p[] plant w\ld be subject to a sev]e /ra92 b ! #ej or #ajj lights burn$ at ! h\se & b>n w\ld burn at con/ant voltage1 :i* is v economical = lamps4 ,! task ( ov]-comp\nd+ a dynamo c be done by any tra9$ electrician4 ,! f>m] himself1 if he progresses f> en\gh 9 8 /udy ( electricity1 c d x4 ,x is necess>y to remove ! top or s]ies w9d+ f ! field coils4 ,c\nt ! numb] ( turns ( ?is wire to ea* spool4 ,!n procure "s id5tical wire 9 t[n & beg9 exp]im5t+4 ,say y f\nd f\r turns ( field wire to ea* spool4 ,n[ w9d on five1 or six1 be+ c>eful to w9d x 9 ! same direction z ! coils y remov$ & connect x 9 ! same way4 ,if ?is additional numb] ( turns does n raise ! voltage en\gh1 9 actual practice1 :5 ! dynamo is runn+ f no load to full load1 add ano!r turn or two4 ,) pati5ce1 ! task c be done by any c>eful me*anic4 ,! dang] is 9 n w9d+ ! coils ! same way z be=e1 & gett+ ! connections wrong4 ,to prev5t ?is mi/ake1 make a *>t ( ! s]ies coils z y take !m (f4 ,to make ! task ( ov]-comp\nd+ y\r own dynamo ev5 m simple1 write to ! manufactur]s1 giv+ /yle & factory numb] ( y\r ma*9e4 ,tell !m h[ mu* voltage rise y wi% to secure1 & ask !m h[ _m turns ( s]ies wire %\ld be w\nd on ea* spool 9 place ( ! old s]ies coil4 ,!y c\ld tell y exactly1 s9ce !y h ma!matical diagrams ( ea* ma*9e !y make4 ,avoid ov]load+ an ov]-comp\nd$ ma*9e4 ,s9ce its voltage is rais$ automatically1 its output 9 watts is increas$ a simil> am\nt at ! swit*bo>d1 &1 = a giv5 resi/ance1 its output 9 amp]es w\ld be increas$ ! same am\nt1 z c be asc]ta9$ by apply+ ,ohm's ,law4 ,y\r ammet] is ! be/ guide4 ,y\r ma*9e is built to /& a c]ta9 numb] ( amp]es1 & ?is %\ld n be exce$$ 9 g5]al practice4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,wir+ ,,! ,,h\se ,! insurance code--,diff]5t k9ds ( wir+ describ$--,wood5 m\ld+ *eap & effective--,! di/ribut+ panel--,bran* circuits--,protect+ ! circuits--,! use ( porcela9 tubes & o!r insulat+ devices--,putt+ up *&eli]s & wall brackets--,multiple connections--,h[ to connect a wall swit*--,special wir+ requir$ = heat & p[] circuits--,knob & cleat wir+1 its advantages & drawbacks4 ,! task ( wir+ y\r h\se is a simple "o1 ) well-def9$ rules prescrib$ by y\r insurance company4 ,electricity1 prop]ly in/all$1 is mu* saf] ?an oil lamps--s mu* s inde$ t insurance companies are ready to quote especial rates4 ,b !y require t ! wir+ be done 9 accordance ) rules laid d[n by _! exp]ts1 :o =m a p[]ful organization kn[n z ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,fire ,und]writ]s4 ,ask y\r insurance ag5t = a copy ( ! code rules4 ,dang] ( fire f an electric curr5t comes f ! %ort circuit1 p>tial or complete2 & x is aga9/ ?is dang] t ! rules gu>d "o4 ,! am\nt ( electricity fl[+ ?r\gh a %ort circuit is limit$ only by ! fuse protect+ t l9e2 & s9ce !re is no sub/ance kn[n t c )/& ! heat ( ! electric arc1 %ort circuits mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,happily ! curr5t is s easily controll$ t ! fire haz>d is elim9at$ entirely--some?+ :i* _c be done ) oil lamps4 ,9 h\se-wir+ = f>m plants1 ! wire %\ld be rubb]-cov]$1 & n small] ?an ,no4 #ad ,b4 ,s4 gauge4 ,?is is ! wire to use on all lamp circuits4 ,x co/s ab\t #j4he c5ts p] #ajj feet4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( wir+ p]mitt$1 "u ! insurance code3 7#a7 ,flexible arm\r$ cable3 ,?is consi/s ( two-wire cable1 protect$ ) a cov]+ ( flexible /eel4 ,x is in/all$ out ( sight betwe5 ! walls1 & provides suitable outlets = lamps1 etc41 by means ( metal boxes set flu% ) ! pla/]4 ,x is easily in/all$ 9 a h\se be+ built1 b requires mu* te>+ d[n ( pla/] = an old h\se4 ,s9ce its exp5se prohibits x 9 ! av]age f>m h\se1 ?is sy/em w n be describ$ 9 detail "h4 7#b7 ,rigid & flexible conduit3 ,z ! "n implies ?is sy/em consi/s ( iron pipe1 9 connection ) flexible conduit1 run betwe5 ! walls4 ,x diff]s f ! above sy/em1 9 t ! pipes ) _! fitt+s & outlet boxes are in/all$ fir/1 & ! wires are !n fi%$ ?r\gh !m4 ,duplex wires--! two wires ( ! circuit wov5 9 "o braid--are us$2 & a lib]al am\nt ( soap/one1 & occasionally k]os5e1 are us$ to make ! wires slip easily into place4 ,?is is ! mo/ exp5sive sy/em1 & ! be/2 b x is difficult to in/all x 9 an old h\se )\t te>+ d[n a good deal ( pla/]4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ absolutely wat]pro( & firepro(4 7#c7 ,wood5 m\ld+3 ,?is is simply m\ld+1 provid+ two raceways = ! insulat$ wires to run 91 & cov]$ ) a capp+4 ,x is nail$ or screw$ firmly to ! wall1 on top ( ! pla/]2 & :5 ! wires h be5 in/all$ 9 _! respective slots & ! capp+ tack$ on1 ! m\ld+ is giv5 a coat ( pa9t to make x 9 h>mony ) ! o!r m\ld+ 9 ! room4 ,?is sy/em is *eap1 safe1 & easily in/all$1 & w be describ$ 9 detail "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( wood5 m\ld+ 7#d7 ,op5 wir+3 ,9 op5 wir+1 ! wires are /ret*$ f "o support to ano!r 7su* z beams7 & held by means ( porcela9 cleats1 or knobs4 ,x is ! simple/ to in/all2 b x has ! objection ( leav+ ! wires unprotect$1 & is ugly4 ,x is v satisfactory 9 b>ns or out-build+s h[ev]4 ,! ,di/ribut+ ,panel ,! fir/ po9t to consid] 9 wir+ a h\se ) wood5 m\ld+ is ! di/ribution bo>d4 ,x %\ld be locat$ c5trally1 on ! wall ne> ! ceil+1 s z to be out ( ord9>y rea*4 ,x consi/s ( a panel ( wood--?\gh firepro( mat]ial is bett]--firmly screw$ to ! wall1 & conta9+ 9 a r[1 ! porcela9 cut-outs1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 f :i* ! v>i\s bran* circuits are to be l$4 ,ea* cut-out provides = two bran* circuits2 & ea* bran* conta9s receptacles = two plug fuses4 ,^! fuses %\ld be ( #f amp]es ea*4 ,! ,insurance ,code limits ! am\nt ( electricity t may be drawn on any bran* lamp circuit to #ffj watts2 & ^! fuses protect ! circuit f drafts beyond ?is am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,porcela9 cut-out & plug fuse ,! ma9s1 lead+ f ! entrance swit*1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 to ! panel bo>d1 %\ld be ( ! same size z ! transmission wire itself1 & rubb]-cov]$4 ,^! ma9s t]m9ate at ! di/ribut+ bo>d4 ,!y are connect$ to ! t]m9als ( ! cut-outs by means ( heavy brass screws4 ,wire ,jo9ts ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( cleat & knob wir+1 #a1 #b1 #c2 wire jo9ts1 #d2 flexible arm\r$ conductor1 #e ,! bran* circuits are1 z has be5 said1 ( ,no4 #ad rubb]-cov]$ wire1 runn+ conceal$ 9 wood5 m\ld+4 ,all jo9ts or splices 9 ?is wire are made1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 by fir/ scrap+ ! wires bright1 & fa/5+ !m /\tly toge!r4 ,?is jo9t is !n sold]$1 to make ! connection electrically p]fect4 ,s(t sold] is us$1 ) ord9>y sold]+ salts4 ,!re are sev]al comp\nds on ! m>ket1 consi/+ ( s(t sold] 9 p[d] =m1 ready-mix$ ) flux4 ,coat ! wire jo9t ) ?is pa/e & apply ! flame ( an alcohol lamp4 ,! sold]$ jo9t is !n cov]$ ) rubb] tape1 & ov] ?is ord9>y friction tape is w\nd on4 ,a neat jo9t %\ld n be l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! wire be=e insulation is remov$4 ,bran* ,circuits ,fir/1 make a diagram ( y\r rooms & indicate :]e y wi% lamps1 or outlets = o!r purposes4 ,s9ce wood5 m\ld+ c be run across ceil+s1 & up or d[n walls1 lamps may be locat$ 9 places :]e !y are out ( ! way4 ,9 plann+ ! circuit1 rememb] t y w want _m outlets 9 h&y places on ! walls1 f :i* portable cords w convey curr5t to table lamps1 to electric irons & toa/]s & o!r h&y devices :i* c be us$ on ! lamp circuit4 ,^! outlets are made ( porcela91 9 two pieces4 ,"o piece is m]ely a cont9uation ( ! m\ld+ itself2 & ! o!r is a cap to connect p]man5tly to ! end ( ! lamp or iron cord1 :i* may be snapp$ into place 9 a second4 ,s9ce !re are a great _m designs ( sep>able curr5t taps on ! m>ket1 x is well to select "o design & /ick to x ?r\gh\t ! h\se1 s t any device c be connect$ to any outlet4 ,! code p]mits #ffj watts on ea* circuit4 ,?is w\ld all[ #ab lamps ( #ee watts ea*4 ,x is well to limit any "o circuit to #f lamps2 ?is w give leeway = ! use ( small /oves1 irons1 toa/]s1 etc4 )\t ov]load+ ! circuit & caus+ a fuse to bl[4 ,hav+ in/all$ y\r di/ribut+ bo>d1 ) its cut-outs1 figure out ! c\rse ( y\r fir/ bran* circuit4 ,let u say x w provide lights & outlets = ! d9+ room & liv+ room4 ,x w be necess>y to run ! wires ?r\gh ! p>titions or floors 9 sev]al places4 ,= ?is purpose porcela9 tubes %\ld be us$1 co/+ "o to ?ree c5ts ea*4 ,knock holes 9 ! pla/] at ! det]m9$ po9t1 ins]t ! tubes s !y project #c_/d in* on ea* side1 & fill up ! ragg$ edge ( ! hole neatly ) pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! di/ribut+ panel ,:5 all ! tubes h be5 set 9 place1 beg9 lay+ ! m\ld+4 ,run x 9 a /raight l9e1 on ! wall aga9/ ! ceil+ :]ev] possible1 mit]+ ! jo9ts neatly4 ,:5ev] x is necess>y to *ange ! run f ! ceil+ to ! wall & a mit] _c be made1 ! wires %\ld be protect$ 9 pass+ f "o slot to ! o!r by be+ enclos$ 9 non-metallic flexible conduit1 call$ circul> loom4 ,9 runn+ wood5 m\ld+1 avoid brick walls liable to sweat or draw dampness2 keep away f places :]e ! heat ( a /ove might de/roy ! rubb] insulation ( ! wires2 d n pass ne>] ?an six in*es to wat] pipes :5 possible--& :5 x is necess>y to pass ne>] ?an ?is1 ! wood5 m\ld+ %\ld pass above ! pipe1 n bel[ x1 ) at lea/ an in* ( air space int]v5+1 ?us avoid+ dampness f sweat+ ( pipes4 ,illu/ration3 ,snap swit* connections ,places :]e *&eli]s or wall bracket lamps are to be in/all$ p]man5tly are fitt$ ) wood5 t]m9al blocks1 :i* fit ov] ! m\ld+ & flu% ) ! pla/]4 ,^!1 aft] holes h be5 bor$ 9 !m = ! wires1 & ! wires drawn ?r\gh1 %\ld be screw$ firmly to ! wall or ceil+1 always *oos+ a joi/ or beam = support4 ,!n a cr['s-foot1 or tripod ( iron1 tapp$ & ?read$ = iron pipe1 is screw$ to ! t]m9al block4 ,! iron pipe ( ! *&eli] or wall bracket is !n screw$ home 9 ?is cr['s-foot4 ,d n beg9 /r++ wires until all ! m\ld+ ( ! circuit has be5 laid4 ,!n ?read ! wires ?r\gh ! wall or floor tubes & lay !m 9 _! respective slots4 ,if tr\ble be f\nd mak+ !m /ay 9 place be=e ! capp+ is put on1 small tacks may be driv5 into ! m\ld+ beside !m to hold !m4 ,:5 a t]m9al block is rea*$1 a loop is made ( ea* wire1 ?r\gh ! hole cut 9 ! block1 if ! circuit is to cont9ue 9 ! same direction4 ,if x is to end !re1 ! two wires are drawn ?r\gh taut1 & cut (f at a l5g? ( #e or #f in*es4 ,^! end wires1 or loops1 are !n scrap$ b>e & splic$ to ! two wires com+ out ( ! *&eli] or wall bracket4 ,?is jo9t is !n sold]$ & cov]$ ) tape1 & ! %ell ( ! *&eli] is screw$ into place1 cov]+ ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( wood5 m\ld+ ,if ! m\ld+ is run along ! walls flu% ) ! ceil+1 z is usual1 a bran* is made = a wall light1 or wall tap1 by means ( a porcela9 ,t1 or bran*-block1 :i* provides ! means = runn+ ! circuit at "r angles to itself )\t lett+ ! wires come 9 contact ) ea* o!r :]e !y cross4 ,sep>able curr5t taps %\ld be in/all$ 9 h&y places on all circuits1 s t small heat+ devices may be us$ )\t remov+ ! lamps f _! sockets4 ,! two wires are b>$ = half an in* :]e !y run ?r\gh ^! curr5t taps1 & are fa/5$ by means ( brass screws4 ,multiple ,connections ,all electric devices = ?is in/allation--lamps1 irons1 vacuum clean]s1 motors--mu/ be connect$ across ! circuit--t is1 bridg$1 f "o wire to ! o!r4 ,?is is call$ multiple1 or %unt connection4 ,!re is only "o exception to x1 9 wir+ ! h\se4 ,t "o exception is in/all+ a wall swit*1 ! ord9>y snap swit*4 ,s9ce ?is wall swit*1 is1 9 effect1 m]ely an in/rum5t1 :i* op5s or closes a circuit1 x %\ld be connect$ to only "o wire1 :i* is cut to provide two ends = ! screw connections 9 ! swit*4 ,:5 a m\ld+ bran* is run d[n f ! ceil+ to "s conv5i5t spot = a snap swit* 7) :i* to turn ! lights ( a room on or (f71 a porcela9 ,t is n us$4 ,all t is necess>y to d is to loop ! bottom wire ( ! circuit d[n ?r\gh ! bran* m\ld+1 & connect x to ! swit* at a t]m9al block1 or porcela9 base4 ,9 wir+ lamp fixtures1 ,no4 #ad rubb]-cov]$ wire w usually prove too l>ge4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,no4 #ah may be us$1 ) "o lamp to ea* loop4 ,hang+ lamps may n be support$ by electric lamp cord itself1 if !re is m ?an "o lamp 9 ! clu/]1 because ! weight is apt to break ! electrical connections4 ,9 su* a case1 ! lamp %\ld be support$ by a *a91 & ! twi/$ cord convey+ curr5t to ! electric bulbs1 is wov5 9 ! l9ks ( ! *a94 ,= ! pantry1 kit*51 wood%$1 b>n1 etc41 a s+le hang+ lamp may be susp5d$ f a field+ rosette1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 provid$ a s+le knot is ti$ inside bo? ! rosette & ! lamp socket1 to make x secure4 ,?is makes a v *eap fixture4 ,! rosette ( porcela9 w co/ #ae c5ts2 ! lamp socket #bj c5ts1 & ! lamp cord susp5d+ ! lamp & c>ry+ ! curr5t w co/ #a-a_/b c5ts a foot2 :ile a t9 %ade w co/ ano!r #ae c5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( simple hang+ lamp support$ by rosette ,(ficial ,inspection ,9 all communities1 y\r insurance ag5t mu/ inspect & pass y\r wir+ be=e y are p]mitt$ to ?r[ ! ma9 swit* & turn on ! electricity4 ,frequ5tly !y require t ! m\ld+ be left uncapp$1 until !y h inspect$ x4 ,if y h m ?an #ffj watts 9 lamps to a circuit2 if y\r jo9ts are n sold]$ & well tap$2 if ! m\ld+ is us$ 9 any conceal$ or damp place1 ! ag5t is liable to condemn y\r "w & refuse p]mission to turn on ! electricity4 ,h[ev] ! rules are s cle>ly def9$ t x is difficult to g wrong2 & a f>m] :o does 8 own wir+ & takes pride 9 its appe>ance is m apt to be "r ?an a pr(essional electrician :o is c>eless at 8 task4 ,aft] ! "w has be5 pass$1 tack on ! m\ld+ capp+1 ) brads1 & pa9t ! m\ld+ to mat* ! woodwork4 ,wood5 m\ld+ wir+ is p]fectly satisfactory if prop]ly in/all$4 ,x is =bidd5 9 _m l>ge cities1 because ( ! liability ( c>eless workman%ip4 ,x %\ld nev] be in/all$ 9 damp places1 or out ( sight4 ,if ! "w is well done1 ! sy/em leaves no?+ to be desir$2 & x has ! additional advantage ( be+ *eap1 & easily done by any f>m] :o c use c>p5t] tools4 ,f>m]s ) m\ld+ ma*9]y c make _! own m\ld+4 ,! code prescribes x %all be ( /raight-gra9$ wood2 t ! raceways = ! wires %all be sep>at$ by a tongue ( wood "o-half in* wide2 & t ! back+ %all be at lea/ #c_/h in* ?ick4 ,x mu/ be cov]$1 inside & out1 ) at lea/ two coats ( moi/ure-repellant pa9t4 ,x c be _h ready-made = ab\t #b c5ts a foot4 ,special ,heat+ ,circuits ,if "o plans us+ electricity = heavy-duty /oves1 su* z ranges & radiators1 x is necess>y to in/all a sep>ate heat+ circuit4 ,?is is ! be/ proc$ure 9 any ev5t1 ev5 :5 ! devices are all small & suit$ to lamp circuits4 ,! wire us$ c be det]m9$ by ref]r+ to ! table = c>ry+ capacity1 "u ! column head$ rubb]-cov]$4 ,a /ove or range draw+ #dj amp]es1 w\ld require a ,no4 #d wire1 9 m\ld+4 ,a good plan is to run ! heat+ circuit ?r\gh ! basem5t1 atta*+ x to ! raft]s by means ( porcela9 knobs4 ,bran*es c !n be run up ?r\gh ! floor to places :]e outlets are desir$4 ,su* a bran* circuit %\ld c>ry fuses suitable to ! all[$ c>ry+ capacity ( ! wire4 ,knob & ,cleat ,wir+ ,knob & cleat wir+1 su* z is us$ ext5sively = b>ns & out-build+s1 requires little explanation4 ,! wires %\ld n be clos] ?an #b-a_/b in*es 9 op5 places1 & a wid] space is bett]4 ,! wires %\ld be drawn taut1 & support$ by cleats or knobs at lea/ e f\r feet4 ,9 case ( bran* circuits1 "o wire mu/ be protect$ f ! o!r x passes by means ( a porcela9 tube4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ 9 damp places1 & %\ld be kept cle> ( du/ & litt]1 & protect$ f abrasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,knob & cleat wir+ ,knob & tube wir+ is frequ5tly us$ 9 h\ses1 be+ conceal$ betwe5 walls or floor+4 ,9 ?is case1 ! sep>ate wires are /ret*$ on adjo9+ beams or raft]s1 & porcela9 tubes are us$1 9 pass+ ?r\gh cross beams4 ,= a ceil+ or wall outlet1 a splic$ bran* is pass$ ?r\gh ! pla/] by means ( porcela9 tubes or flexible loom4 ,wires f ! h\se to ! b>n %\ld be uni=m ) transmission wires4 ,at ! po9t ( entry to build+s !y mu/ be at lea/ six in*es ap>t1 & mu/ take ! =m ( ! drop loop z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a d\ble-pole entrance swit* mu/ be provid$1 op5+ d[nw>d1 ) a d\ble-pole fuse4 ,9 pass+ ov] build+s wires mu/ n come clos] ?an #g feet to flat ro(s1 or "o foot to a ridge ro(4 ,fe$-wires = electric motors %\ld be det]m9$ f ! table ( safe c>ry+ capacities1 & %\ld be ( lib]al size4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,electric ,,plant ,,at ,,"w ,direct-connect$ g5]at+ sets--,belt drive--,! swit*bo>d--,gov]nors & voltage regulators--,me?ods ( a*iev+ con/ant pressure at all loads3 ,ov]-comp\nd+ ! dynamo2 ,a sy/em ( resi/ances2 7,a home-made electric radiator72 ,regulat+ voltage by means ( ! rheo/at--,automatic devices--,putt+ ! plant 9 op]ation4 ,dynamos may be connect$ to wat] :eels ei!r by means ( a belt1 or ! armature may sp9 on ! same %aft z ! wat] :eel itself4 ,! latt] is by f> ! m desirable way1 z x elim9ates ! loss ( p[] ?r\gh %aft+ & belt+1 & does away altoge!r ) ! belts !mselves z a s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,an in/allation ) ! wat] :eel & armature on ! same %aft is call$ a direct-connect$ set & is ( almo/ univ]sal use 9 l>ge p[] plants4 ,to be able to use su* a direct-connect$ set1 ! dynamo mu/ be design$ to develop its full voltage :5 run at a spe$ id5tical ) t ( ! wat] :eel4 ,t is1 if ! dynamo is w\nd to be run at a spe$ ( #hjj revolutions p] m9ute1 x mu/ be driv5 by a wat] :eel :i* runs at ?is spe$ & c be gov]n$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,small impulse :eels runn+ "u great heads atta9 high spe$1 & = su* :eels x is possible to obta9 a suitable dynamo at l[ co/4 ,= in/ance1 a #ab-;in* impulse :eel1 runn+ "u a #bjj-;foot head w develop #f-c_/d horsep[] :5 runn+ at a spe$ ( #hge revolutions p] m9ute4 ,a dynamo = direct c\pl+ to su* a :eel %\ld h a rat$ spe$ )9 #e p] c5t ( #hge r4p4m42 &1 z g5]ators ( ?is spe$ are to be _h f ! /ock ( almo/ all manufactur]s1 !re w\ld be no extra *>ge4 ,:5 x comes to ! l>g] :eels1 h[ev]1 ( ! impulse type1 or to turb9es op]at+ "u _! usual head ! "q becomes a little m difficult4 ,9 su* cases1 ! spe$ ( ! wat] :eel w v>y f #aej revolutions p] m9ute1 to #djj1 :i* is sl[ spe$ = a small dynamo4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! high] ! spe$ ( a dynamo1 ! l[] ! co/2 because1 to l[] ! spe$ = a giv5 voltage1 x is necess>y ei!r to increase ! numb] ( conductors on ! armature1 or to increase ! numb] ( field coils1 or bo?4 ,t means a l>g] ma*9e1 & a correspond+ increase 9 co/4 ,9 practice1 9 l>ge plants1 ) alt]nat+-curr5t ma*9es x has become usual to m\nt ! field magnets on ! %aft1 & build ! armature z a /ation>y r+ 9 ^: air space ! field coils revolve4 ,?is simplifies ! con/ruction ( sl[-spe$1 l>ge-output dynamos4 ,su* a ma*9e1 h[ev]1 is n to be _h = ! mode/ isolat$ plant ( ! f>m] ) 8 small wat]-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,in/antane\s photograph ( high-pressure wat] jet be+ qu5*$ by buckets ( a tang5tial :eel ,illu/ration3 ,a tang5tial :eel1 & a dynamo key$ to ! same %aft--! ideal me?od = g5]at+ electricity4 ,! c5trifugal gov]nor is includ$ on ! same base ,dynamos c be design$ = almo/ any wat]:eel spe$1 &1 among small manufactur]s especially1 !re is a disposition to furni% ^! special ma*9es at little advance 9 price ov] _! /ock ma*9es4 ,frequ5tly x is m]ely a matt] ( *ang+ ! w9d+ on a /ock ma*9e4 ,! f>m] himself1 9 _m cases1 c re-w9d an old dynamo to fit ! spe$ requirem5ts ( a direct-connect$ drive if ! diff]5ce is n too great4 ,all t w\ld be necess>y to effect ?is *ange w\ld be to get ! necess>y w9d+ data f ! manufactur] himself1 & proce$ ) ! w9d+4 ,?is data w\ld give ! gauge ( wire & ! numb] ( turns requir$ = ea* spool ( ! field magnets2 & ! gauge ( wire & numb] ( turns requir$ = ea* slot 9 ! armature4 ,! av]age boy :o has /udi$ electricity 7& !re is some?+ ab\t electricity t makes x clos] to ! boy's he>t ?an 8 pet dog7 c\ld d ?is "w4 ,! advantages ( direct drive are s _m t x %\ld be us$ :]ev] possible4 ,:5 direct drive _c be _h1 a belt mu/ be us$1 ei!r f a ma9 %aft1 or a c\nt]%aft4 ,! belt mu/ be ( lib]al size1 & mu/ be ( ! endless v>iety--) a sc>f$ jo9t4 ,lea!r belt lac+1 or ev5 ! bett] grades ( wire lac+1 unless v c>efully us$1 w prove unsatisfactory4 ,! dynamo feels e v>iation 9 spe$1 & ?is is reflect$ 9 ! lights4 ,!re is no?+ q s annoy+ z flick]+ lights4 ,usually ?is c be trac$ to ! belt connections4 ,lea!r lac+ =ms a knot :i* causes ! lights to flick] at ea* revolution ( ! belt4 ,! endless belt does away ) ?is tr\ble4 ,mo/ dynamos are provid$ ) slid+ bases1 by :i* ! ma*9e c be mov$ "o way or ano!r a few in*es1 to take up slack 9 ! belt4 ,to take advantage ( ?is1 ! belt mu/ be run 9 a horizontal l9e1 or ne>ly s4 ,v]tical belt+ is to be avoid$4 ,! dynamo is m\nt$ on a wood5 base1 9 a dry location :]e x is protect$ f ! wea!r1 or dampness f any s\rce4 ,x mu/ be m\nt$ firmly1 to prev5t vibration :5 runn+ up to spe$2 & ! swit*bo>d %\ld occupy a place )9 easy rea*4 ,wires runn+ f ! dynamo to ! swit*bo>d %\ld be protect$ f injury1 & mu/ be ( ample size to c>ry ! full curr5t ( ! ma*9e )\t heat+4 ,a neat way is to c>ry !m d[n ?r\gh ! floor+ ?r\gh porcela9 tubes1 !nce to a po9t :]e !y c be br\ght up at ! back ( ! swit*bo>d4 ,if !re is any dang] ( injury to ^! ma9s !y may be enclos$ 9 iron pipe4 ,keep ! wires out ( sight z mu* z possible1 & make all connections on ! back ( ! swit*bo>d4 ,! ,swit*bo>d ,illu/ration3 ,connect+ swit*bo>d in/rum5ts ,! swit*bo>d is con/ruct$ ( "s firepro( mat]ial1 pref]ably slate or m>ble4 ,:5 ! co/ ( ?is mat]ial is an item to consid]1 build a sub/antial wood5 frame = y\r swit*bo>d4 ,y c !n screw asbe/os %+les to ?is to hold ! v>i\s in/rum5ts & ) a little c>e su* a swit*bo>d c be made to look bus9ess-l1 & x is fully z s]viceable z ! m exp5sive k9d4 ,! swit*bo>d in/rum5ts h already be5 describ$ briefly4 ,!y consi/ ( a voltmet] 7to measure voltage72 an ammet] 7to measure ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t drawn1 9 amp]es71 a rheo/at 7to regulate ! voltage ( ! ma*9e to suit ! individual requirem5ts72 & ! usual swit*es & fuses4 ,! ma9 swit* %\ld be s wir$ t :5 op5 x w ?r[ all ! curr5t (f ! l9e1 b /ill leave ! field coils1 ! voltmet]1 & ! swit*bo>d lamp 9 circuit4 ,! ma9-swit* fuses %\ld h a capacity ab\t #ej p] c5t 9 excess ( ! full load ( ! dynamo4 ,if ! ma*9e is rat$ = #ej amp]es1 #ge-;amp]e fuses %\ld be in/all$4 ,?is p]mits ?r[+ on an ov]load 9 an em]g5cy2 & at ! same "t gu>ds aga9/ a %ort circuit4 ,if ! capacity ( ! ma*9e is "u #cj amp]es1 plug fuses1 co/+ #c c5ts ea*1 c be us$4 ,if x is above ?is capacity1 c>tridge fuses1 co/+ a little m1 are requir$4 ,a supply ( ^! fuses %\ld be kept h&y at all times4 ,gov]nors & ,voltage ,regulators ,illu/ration3 ,a c5trifugal gov]nor 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,c4 ,p4 ,bradway ,company1 ,we/ ,/af=d1 ,conn47 ,! necessity = wat] :eel gov]nors w v>y ) conditions4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be said t reaction turb9es work+ "u a l[ head ) a l>ge quantity ( wat] d n require z mu* gov]n+ z ! impulse :eel1 work+ "u high heads ) small quantities ( wat]4 ,:5 gov]n+ is necess>y at all1 x is because ! prime mov] v>ies 9 spe$ f no load to full load4 ,plann+ "o's plant ) a lib]al all[ance ( p[]--two wat] horsep[] to "o electrical horsep[] is lib]al--r$uces ! necessity ( gov]nors to a m9imum4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 ! plant describ$ 9 "s detail 9 ,*apt]s ,"o & ,six ( ?is volume1 runs )\t a gov]nor4 ,h[ev]1 a surplus ( wat]-p[] is n usual4 ,g5]ally plants are design$ )9 n>r[ limits2 & !n ! ne$ ( a gov]nor becomes imm$iately app>5t4 ,!re are _m designs ( gov]nors on ! m>ket1 ! *eape/ be+ ( ! c5trifugal type1 9 :i* a pair ( :irl+ balls are connect$ to ! wat] :eel gate by means ( ge>s1 & op5 or close ! gate z ! spe$ l[]s or rises4 ,con/ant spe$ is necess>y because voltage is directly dep5d5t on spe$4 ,if ! spe$ falls #be p] c5t1 ! voltage falls likewise2 & a plant ) ! voltage v>y+ betwe5 su* limits w\ld be a con/ant s\rce ( annoyance1 z well z exp5se = burn$-out lamps4 ,s9ce con/ant voltage is ! result aim$ at by ! use ( a gov]nor1 ! same result c be atta9$ 9 o!r ways1 sev]al ( :i* w be expla9$ "h briefly4 ,ov]-,comp\nd+ 7#a7 ,ov]-comp\nd+ ! dynamo4 ,?is is simple & *eap1 if "o buys ! "r dynamo 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 or if he c d ! ov]-comp\nd+ himself1 by ! me?od describ$ 9 ! conclud+ p>agraphs ( ,*apt] ,sev54 ,if x is f\nd t ! spe$ ( ! wat] :eel drops #be p] c5t betwe5 no load & full load1 a dynamo ) field coils ov]-comp\nd$ to ?is ext5t w\ld give a fairly con/ant regulation4 ,if y are buy+ a special dynamo = direct drive1 y\r manufactur] c supply y ) a ma*9e t w ma9ta9 con/ant voltage "u ! normal v>iations 9 spe$ ( y\r :eel4 ,a ,sy/em ( ,resi/ances 7#b7 ,con/ant load sy/ems4 ,?is sy/em provides t ! dynamo %all be deliv]+ a fix$ am\nt ( curr5t at all times1 "u :i* circum/ances ! wat] :eel w\ld n require regulation1 z ! dem&s on x w\ld n v>y f m9ute to m9ute or h\r to h\r4 ,?is sy/em is v simply arrang$4 ,x consi/s ( hav+ a set ( resi/ances to ?r[ into ! circuit1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( curr5t us$4 ,let u say1 z an example1 t a #ej-;amp]e g5]ator is us$ at a pressure ( #aaj volts2 & t x is desirable to "w ?is plant at #hj p] c5t load1 or #dj amp]es curr5t draft4 ,:5 all ! lights or appliances 7 9 use1 !re w\ld be no outside resi/ance 9 ! circuit4 ,:5 none ( ! lights or appliances 7 9 use 7z w\ld be ! case = _m h\rs dur+ ! day7 x w\ld be necess>y to consume ?is am\nt ( curr5t 9 "s o!r way--to wa/e x4 ,a resi/ance p]mitt+ #dj amp]es ( curr5t to fl[1 w\ld be necess>y4 ,( :at size %\ld ?is resi/ance be8 ,! answ] is _h by apply+ ,ohm's ,law1 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,five4 ,! ,law 9 ?is case1 w\ld be read ,r ,e_/,c4 ,!re=e1 9 ?is case ,r #aaj_/dj #b-c_/d ohms resi/ance1 w\ld be requir$1 swit*$ across ! ma9s1 to keep ! dynamo deliv]+ its normal load4 ,! *eape/ =m ( ?is resi/ance w\ld be iron wire4 ,9 place ( iron wire1 ,g]man silv] wire c\ld be us$4 ,g]man silv] wire is to be _h *eaply1 & is manufactur$ 9 two grades1 #ah & #cj1 ) a resi/ance respectively #ah & #cj times t ( copp] = ! same gauge4 ,ni*rome wire has a resi/ance #fj times t ( copp]2 & mangan9 wire has a resi/ance #fe times t ( copp]1 ( ! same gauge4 ,fir/ figure ! numb] ( feet ( copp] wire suitable = ! purpose4 ,all[+ #ejj circul> mills = ea* amp]e1 ! gauge ( ! wire %\ld be #dj #ejj #bj1jjj circul> mills1 or approximately ,no4 #g ,b4 ,s4 gauge4 ,h[ _m feet ( ,no4 #g copp] wire w\ld give a resi/ance ( #b-c_/d ohms8 ,ref]r+ to ! copp] wire table1 we f9d t x requires #bjjf4b ( ,no4 #g wire to make "o ohm4 ,!n #b-c_/d ohms w\ld require #e1eag feet4 ,s9ce #cj p] c5t ,g]man silv] wire is approximately #cj times ! resi/ance ( copp]1 a ,no4 #g ,g]man silv] wire1 = ?is purpose1 w\ld be #a_/cj ! l5g? ( ! copp] wire1 or #ahf feet4 ,if ni*rome wire 7 us$1 x w\ld be #a_/fj? ! l5g? ( copp] = ! same gauge1 or #ic feet4 ,?is resi/ance wire c be w\nd 9 spirals & made to occupy a v small space4 ,z long z x is connect$ 9 circuit1 ! en]gy ( ! dynamo o!rwise consum$ z light w\ld be wa/$ z heat4 ,?is heat c\ld be utiliz$ 9 ! hot wat] boil] or /ove :5 ! lights 7 turn$ (f4 ,9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 ! resi/ance necess>y to keep ! dynamo up to full load p]man5tly1 w\ld n be furni%$ by "o set ( resi/ance coils4 ,ea* lamp circuit w\ld h a set ( resi/ance coils ( its own4 ,a d\ble-?r[ swit* w\ld turn (f ! lamps & turn on ! resi/ance coils1 or vice v]sa4 ,let u say a lamp circuit consi/$ ( #f c>bon lamps1 ( #af c&lep[] ea*4 ,x w\ld consume #f #a_/b amp]e1 or #c amp]es ( curr5t1 & int]pose a resi/ance ( #cf4f ohms--say #cg ohms4 ,?ree amp]es w\ld require a wire ( at lea/ #a1ejj circul> mills 9 area = safety4 ,?is corresponds to a ,no4 #ah wire4 ,a ,no4 #ah copp] wire int]poses a resi/ance ( "o ohm1 = ea* #aef4e feet l5g?4 ,= #cg ohms1 #e1gij feet w\ld be requir$1 = copp] wire1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld be impractical4 ,divid+ by #cj gives #aic feet = #cj ,g]man silv] wire2 & divid+ by #fj gives #if feet ( ni*rome wire ( ! same gauge4 ,x is simple to figure ea* circuit 9 ?is way & to con/ruct resi/ance units = ea* swit*4 ,s9ce ! resi/ance units develop consid]able heat1 !y mu/ be enclos$ & protect$4 ,a ,home-made ,/ove or ,radiator ,:ile we are on ! subject ( resi/ance coils x might be well "h to describe h[ to make /oves = cook+1 & radiators = heat+ ! h\se1 at small exp5se4 ,^! /oves consi/ m]ely ( resi/ances :i* turn hot--a dull r$--:5 ! curr5t is turn$ on4 ,iron wire1 ,g]man silv] wire1 or ! v>i\s trade br&s ( resi/ance wire1 ( :i* ni*rome1 calido1 & mangan9 are samples1 c be us$4 ,9 buy+ ?is wire1 procure ! table ( resi/ance & c>ry+ capacity f ! manufactur]s4 ,f ?is table y c make y\r own radiators to keep ! h\se w>m 9 w9t]4 ,iron wire has ! disadvantage ( oxidiz+ :5 heat$ to r$ness1 s t x goes to pieces aft] prolong$ use4 ,x is *eap1 h[ev]1 & mu* us$ = resi/ance 9 electrical "w4 ,let u say we wi% to heat a ba?room1 a room #f #h1 & #h feet high--t is a room conta9+ #chd cubic feet ( air space4 ,all[+ #b watts = ea* cubic foot1 we w\ld require #gfh watts ( curr5t1 or practically #g amp]es at #aaj volts4 ,:at resi/ance w\ld be requir$ to limit ! curr5t to ?is am\nt8 ,apply ,ohm's ,law1 z be=e1 & we h ,r equals ,e divid$ by ,c1 or ,r equals #aaj divid$ by #g1 :i* is #ae4g ohms4 ,=ty-two feet ( ,no4 #bj ,g]man silv] wire w\ld emit ?is am\nt ( heat & limit ! curr5t output to #g amp]es4 ,9 ! ,f> ,we/1 x is q common1 9 ! outly+ di/rict1 to f9d electric radiators made out ( iron pipe cov]$ ) asbe/os1 on :i* ! requisite am\nt ( iron wire is w\nd & made secure4 ,?is pipe is m\nt$ 9 a metal frame4 ,or ! frame may consi/ ( two pipes conta9+ heat+ elem5ts2 & a swit*1 9 ?is case1 is s arrang$ t ei!r "o or two heat+ elem5ts may be us$ at "o "t1 accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,an +5i\s me*anic c con/ruct su* a radiator1 exp]im5t+ ) ! aid ( an ammet] to asc]ta9 ! l5g? ( wire requir$ = any giv5 /ove4 ,regulat+ ,voltage at ,swit*bo>ds ,! voltage ( any giv5 ma*9e may be regulat$1 )9 wide limits1 by means ( ! field rheo/at on ! swit*bo>d4 ,a dynamo ) a rat$ spe$ ( #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 = #aaj volts1 w actually atta9 ?is voltage at z l[ z #a1bjj r4p4m4 if all ! regulat+ resi/ance be cut out4 ,y c te/ ?is fact ) y\r own ma*9e by cutt+ out ! resi/ance f ! %unt field entirely1 & />t+ ! ma*9e sl[ly1 increas+ its spe$ gradually1 until ! voltmet] ne$le regi/]s #aaj volts4 ,!n measure ! spe$4 ,x w be f> bel[ ! rat$ spe$ ( y\r ma*9e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! spe$ ( su* a ma*9e runs up to #b1ejj or ov]--t is1 an excess ( #fg--! voltage w\ld rise proportionally1 unless extra resi/ance 0 cut 94 ,by cutt+ 9 su* resi/ance--by ! simple exp$i5t ( turn+ ! rheo/at h&le on ! swit*bo>d1--! field coils are s weak5$ t ! voltage is kept at ! desir$ po9t 9 spite ( ! excessive spe$ ( ! ma*9e4 ,excessive spe$s are to be avoid$1 z a rule1 because ( me*anical /ra94 ,b )9 a wide range1 ! swit*bo>d rheo/at c be us$ = voltage regulation4 ,z x w\ld be a s\rce ( cont9ual annoyance to h to run to ! swit*bo>d e "t ! load ( ! ma*9e 0 v>i$ greatly ?is plan w\ld n be practical = ! isolat$ plant1 unless ! rheo/at c\ld be in/all$1--) a voltmet]--9 "o's kit*54 ,?is c\ld be done simply by runn+ a small ?ird wire f ! swit*bo>d to ! h\se4 ,!n1 :5 ! lights became dim f excessive load1 a turn ( ! h&le w\ld br+ !m back to ! prop] voltage2 & :5 !y fl>$ up & burn$ too bright1 a turn ( ! h&le 9 ! opposite direction w\ld rem$y matt]s4 ,by ?is simple arrangem5t1 any memb] ( ! family c\ld att5d to voltage regulation ) a m9imum ( bo!r4 ,automatic ,devices ,!re are sev]al automatic devices = voltage regulation at ! swit*bo>d on ! m>ket4 ,^! consi/ usually ( vibrator magnets or sol5oids1 9 :i* ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 v>y+ ) diff]5t spe$s1 reacts 9 su* a way z to regulate field resi/ance4 ,su* voltage regulators c be _h = #dj or less1 & are ?or\ghly reliable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sum up ! discussion ( gov]nors & voltage regulators3 ,if y c all[ a lib]al proportion ( wat]-p[]1 & avoid cr[d+ y\r dynamo1 ! *ances are y w n ne$ a gov]nor = ! ord9>y reaction turb9e :eel4 ,/>t y\r plant1 & let x run = a few days or a few weeks )\t a gov]nor1 or regulator4 ,!n if y f9d ! op]ation is unsatisfactory1 decide = y\rself :i* ( ! above sy/ems is be/ adapt$ = y\r conditions4 ,economy z well z conv5i5ce w affect y\r decision4 ,! plant :i* is mo/ ne>ly automatic is ! be/2 b by tak+ a little tr\ble & giv+ extra att5tion1 a great _m doll>s may be sav$ 9 extras4 ,/>t+ ! ,dynamo ,y are n[ ready to put y\r plant 9 op]ation4 ,y\r dynamo has be5 m\nt$ on a wood5 f\ndation1 & belt$ to ! c\nt]%aft1 by means ( an endless belt4 ,see t ! oil cups are fill$4 ,!n ?r[ (f ! ma9 swit* & ! field swit* at ! swit*bo>d2 op5 ! wat] gate sl[ly1 & occasionally te/ ! spe$ ( ! dynamo4 ,:5 x comes up to rat$ spe$1 say #a1ejj p] m9ute1 let x run = a few m9utes1 to be sure ev]y?+ is all "r4 ,hav+ assur$ y\rself t ! me*anical details are all "r1 n[ look at ! voltmet]4 ,x is probably indicat+ a few volts pressure1 f #d to #h or #aj p]haps4 ,?is pressure is due to ! residual magnetism 9 ! field cores1 z ! field coils are n yet connect$4 ,if by any *ance1 ! ne$le does n regi/]1 or is n[ back ( #j1 try *ang+ ab\t ! connections or ! voltmet] on ! back ( ! swit*bo>d4 ,n[ snap on ! field swit*4 ,in/antly ! ne$le w beg9 to move =w>d1 ?\gh sl[ly2 & x w /op4 ,turn ! rheo/at h&le gradually2 z y advance x1 ! voltmet] ne$le w advance4 ,f9ally y w come to a po9t :]e ! ne$le w indicate #aaj volts4 ,if y h design$ y\r transmission l9e = a drop ( #e volts at half-load1 advance ! rheo/at h&le /ill fur!r1 until ! ne$le po9ts to #aae volts4 ,let ! ma*9e run ?is way = "s "t4 ,:5 assur$ all is "r1 ?r[ on ! ma9 swit*1 & turn on ! light at ! swit*bo>d4 ,!n g to ! h\se & gradually turn on lights4 ,come back & inspect ! dynamo z ! load increases4 ,x %\ld n run hot1 nor ev5 v w>m1 up to full load4 ,its bru%es %\ld n sp>k1 ?\gh a little sp>k+ w d no h>m4 ,y\r plant is n[ ready to deliv] curr5t up to ! capacity ( its fuses4 ,see t x does n lack good lubricat+ oil1 & d n let its commutator get dirty4 ,! commutator %\ld assume a glossy *ocolate br[n color4 ,if x becomes dirty1 or ! bru%es sp>k badly1 hold a piece ( f9e s&pap] aga9/ x4 ,nev] use em]y pap]6 ,if1 aft] ye>s ( s]vice1 x becomes r\gh5$ by we>1 h x turn$ d[n 9 a la!4 ,occasionally1 e few weeks1 say1 take ! bru%es out & clean !m ) a clo?4 ,!y w we> out 9 ! c\rse ( "t & c be replac$ = a few c5ts ea*4 ,! be>+s may ne$ replac+ aft] sev]al ye>s' cont9u\s use4 ,o!rwise y\r electric plant w take c>e ( itself4 ,keep x up to spe$1 & keep x clean & well oil$4 ,nev] %ut x d[n unless y h to4 ,9 practice1 dynamos run week aft] week1 ye> aft] ye>1 )\t /opp+4 ,?is "o1 s long z y keep x runn+ true to =m1 w deliv] light1 heat & p[] to y = no?+1 :i* y\r city c\s9 pays = at ! rate ( #aj c5ts a kil[att-h\r4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,gasol9e ,,eng9es1 ,,w9dmills1 ,,etc4 ,,! ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,,*apt] ,x ,,gasol9e ,,eng9e ,,plants ,! /&>d voltage set--,two-cycle & f\r-cycle gasol9e eng9es--,horsep[]1 & fuel consumption--,effici5cy ( small eng9es & g5]ators--,co/ ( op]at+ a "o-kil[att plant4 ,electricity is ( s mu* value 9 f>m op]ations1 z well z 9 ! f>m h\se1 t ! f>m] :o is n =tunate en\gh to possess wat]-p[] ( 8 own1 or to live 9 a community :]e a cop]ative hydro-electric plant may be e/abli%$1 %\ld n d5y himself its _m conv5i5ces4 ,9 place ( ! wat] :eel to turn ! dynamo1 !re is ! gasol9e eng9e 7or o!r =ms ( int]nal combu/ion eng9e us+ oil1 gas1 or alcohol z fuel72 9 _m di/ricts :]e /eam eng9es are us$ = logg+ or o!r op]ations1 electricity may be g5]at$ z a by-product2 & almo/ any w9dmill capable ( pump+ wat] c be made to g5]ate en\gh electricity = light+ ! f>m h\se at small exp5se4 ,! great advantage ( wat]-p[] is t ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance--once ! plant is in/all$--is practically no?+4 ,?is advantage is (fset 9 "s measure by ! fact t o!r =ms ( p[]1 gas1 /eam1 or w9dmills1 are already in/all$1 9 _m in/ances & t _! judici\s use 9 g5]at+ electricity does n impair _! usefulness = ! o!r f>m op]ations = :i* !y 7 orig9ally pur*as$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s gasol9e eng9es h come into g5]al use on f>ms z a *eap dep5dable s\rce ( p[] = all op]ations2 & w9dmills date f ! e>lie/ times4 ,!y may be in/all$ & ma9ta9$ *eaply1 solely = g5]at+ electricity1 if desir$4 ,/eam eng9es1 h[ev]1 require s mu* c>e & exp]t att5tion t _! use = f>m electric plants is n to be advis$1 except "u conditions :]e a small portion ( _! p[] c be us$ to make electricity z a by-product4 ,!re are two types ( gasol9e eng9e electric plants suitable = ! f>m1 9 g5]al use3 ,fir/3 ,! ,/&>d ,voltage ,set1 9 :i* ! eng9e & dynamo are m\nt$ on "o base1 & ! eng9e is kept runn+ :5 curr5t is requir$ = any purpose4 ,^! sets are usually ( ! #aaj-volt type1 & all /&>d appliances1 su* z irons1 toa/]s1 motors1 etc41 may be us$ 9 connection ) !m4 ,s9ce ! electricity is drawn directly f ! dynamo itself1 )\t a /orage batt]y1 x is necess>y t ^! eng9es be effici5t & gov]n$ z to spe$ )9 a five p] c5t v>iation f no load to full load4 ,second3 ,/orage ,batt]y ,sets1 9 :i* ! dynamo is run only a few h\rs ea* week1 & ! electricity ?us g5]at$ is /or$ by *emical means1 9 /orage batt]ies1 = use :5 requir$4 ,s9ce1 9 ?is case1 ! curr5t is drawn f ! batt]y1 in/ead ( ! dynamo1 :5 us$ = light+ or o!r purposes1 x is n necess>y t a special type ( eng9e be us$ to insure con/ant spe$4 ,! ,/&>d ,voltage ,set ,9 response to a g5]al dem&1 ! fir/ type 7! direct-connect$ /&>d voltage set7 has be5 develop$ to a high /ate ( effici5cy rec5tly1 & is to be _h 9 a great v>iety ( sizes 7rang+ f "o-qu>t] kil[att to #be kil[atts & ov]7 f _m manufactur]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! gasol9e eng9e z motive p[] is s famili> to ! av]age f>m] t x ne$s b a brief description "h4 ,gasol9e or o!r fuel 7oil1 gas1 or alcohol7 is trans=m$ into vapor1 mix$ ) air 9 correct proportions1 & drawn into ! eng9e cyl9d] & !re explod$ by means ( a prop]ly-tim$ electric sp>k4 ,int]nal combu/ion eng9es are ( two g5]al types--f\r-cycle & two-cycle4 ,! =m] is by f> ! m common4 ,9 a f\r-cycle eng9e ! pi/on mu/ travel twice up & d[n 9 ea* cyl9d]1 to deliv] "o p[] /roke4 ,?is results 9 "o p[] impulse 9 ea* cyl9d] e two revolutions ( ! crank %aft4 ,on its fir/ d[n /roke1 ! pi/on sucks 9 gas4 ,on its fir/ up /roke1 x compresses ! gas4 ,at ! height ( ?is /roke1 ! gas is explod$ by means ( ! electric sp>k & ! pi/on is driv5 d[n1 on its p[] /roke4 ,! f\r? /roke is call$ ! scav5+ /roke1 & expels ! burn$ gas4 ,?is completes ! cycle4 ,a "o-cyl9d] eng9e ( ! ord9>y f\r-cycle type has "o p[] /roke = e two revolutions ( ! fly :eel4 ,a two-cyl9d] eng9e has "o p[] /roke = "o revolution ( ! fly :eel2 & a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e has two p[] /rokes to ea* revolution4 ,! great] ! numb] ( cyl9d]s1 ! m ev5 ! fl[ ( p[]4 ,9 automobiles six cyl9d]s are common1 & 9 ! la/ ye> or two1 eight-cyl9d] eng9es began appe>+ on ! m>ket 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,a twelve-cyl9d] eng9e is ! prospect = ! imm$iate future4 ,s9ce ! dynamo t is to supply electric curr5t direct to lamps requires a /eady fl[ ( p[]1 ! s+le-cyl9d] gas or gasol9e eng9e ( ! f\r-cycle type is n satisfactory z a rule4 ,! lights w flick] ) e o!r revolution ( ! fly :eel4 ,?is w\ld be ( no importance if ! curr5t 0 be+ us$ to *>ge a /orage batt]y--& "r "h lies ! reason :y a *eap] eng9e may be us$ 9 connection ) a /orage batt]y ?an :5 ! dynamo supplies ! curr5t direct = light+4 ,a two-cyl9d] eng9e is m ev5 9 its fl[ ( p[] & a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e /ill bett]4 ,= ?is reason1 /&>d voltage g5]at+ sets )\t batt]y are usually ( two or f\r cyl9d]s :5 ( ! f\r-cycle type4 ,:5 a s+le-cyl9d] eng9e is us$1 x %\ld be ( ! two-cycle type4 ,9 ! two-cycle eng9e1 !re is "o p[] /roke to ea* up-&-d[n j\rney ( ! pi/on4 ,?is effect is produc$ by hav+ inlet & exhau/ ports 9 ! crank case1 s arrang$ t1 :5 ! pi/on arrives at ! bottom ( ! p[] /roke1 ! wa/e gases are pu%$ out1 & fre% gas drawn 9 be=e ! up /roke beg9s4 ,= direct light+1 ! eng9e mu/ be gov]n$ s z n to v>y m ?an five p] c5t 9 spe$ betwe5 no load & full load4 ,!re are _m makes on ! m>ket :i* adv]tise a spe$ v>iation ( ?ree p] c5t "u normal loads4 ,gov]nors are usually ( ! c5trifugal ball type1 integral ) ! fly :eel1 regulat+ ! am\nt ( gas & air suppli$ to ! cyl9d]s 9 accordance ) ! spe$4 ,?us1 if su* an eng9e began to sl[ d[n because ( increase 9 load1 ! c5trifugal balls w\ld come clos] toge!r1 & op5 ! ?rottle1 ?us supply+ m gas & air & increas+ ! spe$4 ,if ! spe$ became excessive1 due to sudd5 %utt+ (f ( lights1 ! c5trifugal balls w\ld fly f>!r ap>t1 & ! ?rottle w\ld close until ! spe$ 0 aga9 adju/$ to ! load4 ,^! direct-connect$ /&>d voltage sets are z a rule fitt$ ) ! #aaj-volt1 direct curr5t1 comp\nd type ( dynamo1 ! duplicate 9 e respect ( ! ma*9e describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s = wat]-p[] plants4 ,!y are practically automatic 9 op]ation & w run = h\rs )\t att5tion1 except z to oil & gasol9e supply4 ,!y may be in/all$ 9 ! wood%$ or cell> )\t annoyance due to noise or vibration4 ,x is necess>y to />t !m1 ( c\rse1 :5 light or p[] is desir$1 & to /op !m :5 no curr5t is be+ drawn4 ,!re h appe>$ sev]al makes on ! m>ket 9 :i* />t+ & /opp+ are automatic4 ,/orage batt]ies are us$ 9 connection ) ^! latt] plants = />t+ ! eng9e4 ,:5 a light is turn$ on1 or curr5t is drawn = any purpose1 an automatic swit* turns ! dynamo into a motor1 & x />ts ! eng9e by means ( ! curr5t /or$ 9 ! batt]y4 ,in/antly ! eng9e has come up to spe$1 ! motor becomes a dynamo aga9 & beg9s to deliv] curr5t4 ,:5 ! la/ light is turn$ (f1 ! eng9e /ops automatically4 ,s9ce ! in/allation ( a direct-connect$ /&>d voltage plant ( ?is type is simil> 9 e respect1 except z to motive p[]1 to ! hydro-electric plant1 its co/1 ) ?is s+le exception1 is ! same4 ,! same lamps1 wire1 & devices are us$4 ,) gasol9e p[]1 ! co/ ( ! eng9e (fsets ! co/ ( ! wat] :eel4 ,! eng9e is m exp5sive ?an ! ord9>y gasol9e eng9e2 b ev5 ?is item ( co/ is (fset by ! co/ ( labor & mat]ials us$ 9 in/all+ a wat] :eel4 ,! exp5se ( ma9t5ance is limit$ to gasol9e & oil4 ,depreciation ent]s 9 bo? cases2 & ?\gh x may be m rapid ) a gasol9e eng9e ?an a wat] :eel1 t item w n be consid]$ "h4 ,! co/ ( lubricat+ oil is inconsid]able4 ,x w require1 :5 op]at$ at f "o-half load to full load1 approximately "o p9t ( gasol9e to ea* horsep[] h\r4 ,:5 op]at$ at less ?an half-load1 its effici5cy l[]s4 ,?us1 = a qu>t]-load1 an av]age eng9e ( ?is type may require ?ree p9ts ( gasol9e = ea* horsep[] h\r4 ,= ?is reason x is well1 9 in/all+ su* a plant1 to h x ( su* size t x w be op]at+ on at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s load "u normal draft ( curr5t4 ,norman ,h4 ,s*neid]1 9 8 book ,l[ ,voltage ,electric ,light+1 gives ! foll[+ table ( proportions betwe5 ! eng9e & dynamo3 ,actual watts ,actual ,horsep[] ,ne>e/ eng9e size #aej 4#e #a_/b #bbe 4#g #c_/d #cjj 4#hf #a #dej #a4ab #a-a_/d #fjj #a4e #a-a_/b #gej #a4g #a-c_/d #ajjj #b4c #b-a_/b #bjjj #d4e #e #djjj #i4j #aj ,?is table is figur$ = an effici5cy ( only #dj p] c5t = ! small] g5]ators1 & #fj p] c5t = ! l>g]4 ,9 ma*9es f #e to #be kil[atts1 ! effici5cy w run consid]ably high]4 ,to det]m9e ! exp5se ( op]at+ a "o-kil[att gasol9e g5]ator set ( ?is type1 z to gasol9e consumption1 we c assume at full load t ! gasol9e eng9e is deliv]+ #b-a_/b horsep[]1 & consum+1 let u say1 #a-a_/d p9t ( gasol9e = ea* horsep[] h\r 7to make all[ance = l[] effici5cy 9 small eng9es74 ,t w\ld be #c4abe p9ts ( gasol9e p] h\r4 ,all[+ a t5 p] c5t loss ( curr5t 9 wir+1 we h #ijj watts ( electricity to use1 = ?is exp5diture ( gasol9e4 ,?is w\ld light #ijj #be #cf lamps ( #be watts ea*1 a lib]al all[ance = h\se & b>n1 & p]mitt+ ! use ( small cook+ devices & o!r conv5i5ces :5 "p ( ! lights 7 n 9 use4 ,) gasol9e sell+ at #ab c5ts a gallon1 ! use ( ?is plant = an h\r at full capacity w\ld co/ #j4jdg4 ,y\r city c\s9 pays #i c5ts = ! same curr5t on a basis ( #aj c5ts p] kil[att-h\r2 & 9 small] t[ns :]e ! rate is #ae c5ts1 he w\ld pay #ac-a_/b c5ts4 ,runn+ ?is plant at only half-load--t is1 us+ only #ah lights1 or _! equival5t--w\ld r$uce ! price to ab\t #c c5ts an h\r--s9ce ! effici5cy decreases ) small] load4 ,x is cu/om>y to figure an av]age ( #c-a_/b h\rs a day ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 = all lights4 ,on ?is basis ! co/ ( gasol9e = ?is "o-kil[att plant w\ld be #af-a_/b c5ts a day = full load1 & approximately #aj-a_/b c5ts a day = half-load4 ,?is is extremely favorable1 z comp>$ ) ! co/ ( electric curr5t 9 our cities & t[ns1 at ! comm]cial rate1 especially :5 "o consid]s t light & p[] are to be _h at any place or at any "t on ! f>m simply by />t+ ! eng9e4 ,a small] plant1 op]at+ at less co/ = fuel1 w\ld furni% ample light = mo/ f>ms2 b x is well to rememb] 9 ?is connection plants small] ?an "o kil[att are practical = light only1 s9ce electric irons1 toa/]s1 etc41 draw f #djj to #ffj watts ea*4 ,obvi\sly a plant ( #cjj watts capacity w\ld n p]mit ! use ( ^! in/rum5ts1 al?\gh x w\ld furni% #aj or #ab lamps ( #be watts ea*4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,/orage ,,batt]y ,:at a /orage batt]y does--,! lead batt]y & ! ,edison batt]y--,economy ( tung/5 lamps = /orage batt]ies--,! l[-voltage batt]y = electric light--,h[ to figure ! capacity ( a batt]y--,table ( light requirem5ts = a f>m h\se--,watt-h\rs & lamp-h\rs--,! co/ ( /orage batt]y curr5t--,h[ to *>ge a /orage batt]y--,c>e ( /orage batt]ies4 ,= ! man :o has a small supply ( wat] to run a wat] :eel a few h\rs at a "t1 or :o wi%es to /ore electricity :ile he is do+ r\t9e jobs ) a gasol9e eng9e or o!r s\rce ( p[]1 ! /orage batt]y solves ! problem4 ,! /orage batt]y may be lik5$ to a tank ( wat] :i* is drawn on :5 wat] is ne$$1 & :i* mu/ be re-fill$ :5 empty4 ,a /orage batt]y1 or accumulator is a device 9 :i* a *emical action is set up :5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,?is is call$ *>g+4 ,:5 su* a batt]y is *>g$1 x has ! prop]ty ( giv+ (f an electric curr5t by means ( a rev]s$ *emical action :5 a circuit is provid$1 ?r\gh a lamp or o!r connection4 ,?is rev]s$ action is call$ dis*>g+4 ,su* a batt]y w dis*>ge ne>ly z mu* curr5t z is requir$ orig9ally to br+ ab\t ! fir/ *emical action4 ,!re are two common types ( /orage batt]y--! lead accumulator1 made up ( lead plates 7alt]nately positive & negative72 & ! two-metal accumulator1 ( :i* ! ,edison batt]y is a repres5tative1 made up ( alt]nate plates ( iron & nickel4 ,9 ! lead accumulator1 ! positive plate may be recogniz$ by its br[n color :5 *>g+1 :ile ! negative plate is usually light gray1 or lead5 9 color4 ,! action ( ! *>g+ curr5t is to =m oxides ( lead 9 ! plates2 ! action ( ! dis*>g+ curr5t is to r$uce ! oxides to metallic lead aga94 ,?is process c be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 dur+ ! life ( ! batt]y4 ,because ( ! co/ ( ! batt]ies !mselves1 x is possible 7f ! viewpo9t ( ! f>m] & ! size ( 8 pocketbook7 to /ore only a relatively small am\nt ( electric curr5t4 ,= ?is reason1 ! /orage batt]y 0 little us$ = private plants1 :]e exp5se is a consid]able item1 up to a few ye>s ago4 ,c>bon lamps require f #c-a_/b to #d watts = ea* c&lep[] ( light !y give out2 & a lead batt]y capable ( /or+ en\gh electricity to supply ! av]age f>m h\se ) light by means ( c>bon lamps = ?ree or f\r days at a "t )\t re*>g+1 prov$ too co/ly = private use4 ,! ,tung/5 ,lamp ,) ! adv5t ( ! new tung/5 lamp1 h[ev]1 r$uc+ ! curr5t requirem5ts = light by two-?irds1 ! /orage batt]y imm$iately came into its own1 & is n[ ( g5]al use4 ,s9ce inc&esc5t lamps 7 fir/ inv5t$ sci5ti/s h be5 try+ to f9d "s metal ( high fusion to use 9 place ( ! c>bon filam5t ( ! ord9>y lamp4 ,! high] ! fus+ po9t ( ?is filam5t ( wire1 ! m economical w\ld be ! light4 ,edison s\ght1 ?irty ye>s ago1 = j ! qualities n[ f\nd 9 tung/5 metal4 ,tung/5 metal 0 fir/ us$ = inc&esc5t lamps 9 ! =m ( a pa/e1 squirt$ into ! %ape ( a ?read4 ,?is prov$ too fragile4 ,lat] inve/igators devis$ means ( draw+ tung/5 into wire2 & x is tung/5 wire t is n[ us$ s g5]ally 9 light+4 ,a tung/5 lamp has an av]age effici5cy ( #a-a_/d watts p] c&lep[]1 comp>$ ) #c-a_/b to #d watts ( ! old-/yle c>bon lamp4 ,9 l>g] sizes ! effici5cy is z l[ z 4#i watt p] c&lep[]2 & only rec5tly x has be5 f\nd t if in]t nitrog5 gas is us$ 9 ! glass bulb1 in/ead ( us+ a high vacuum z is ! g5]al practice1 ! effici5cy ( ! lamp becomes /ill high]1 approa*+ 4#e watt = ea* c&lep[] 9 l>ge lamps4 ,?is new nitrog5 lamp is n yet be+ manufactur$ 9 small dome/ic sizes1 ?\gh x w und\bt$ly be put on ! m>ket 9 ^? sizes 9 ! ne> future4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fairbanks ,morse oil eng9e /orage batt]y set ,! tung/5 lamp1 requir+ only "o-?ird z mu* electric curr5t z ! c>bon lamp1 = ! same am\nt ( light1 r$uces ! size 7& ! co/7 ( ! /orage batt]y 9 ! same degree1 ?us br++ ! /orage batt]y )9 ! means ( ! f>m]4 ,"s idea ( ! p[] t may be put into a small /orage batt]y is to be _h f ! fact t a /orage batt]y ( only #f volts pressure1 su* z is us$ 9 self-/>t]s on automobiles1 w turn a motor & crank a heavy six-cyl9d] eng9e2 or x w run ! automobile1 )\t gasol9e1 = a mile or m ) its own accumulat$ /ore ( electric curr5t4 ,! ,l[ ,voltage ,batt]y ,! #cj-volt /orage batt]y has become /&>d = small light+ plants1 s9ce ! introduction ( ! tung/5 lamp4 ,al?\gh ! voltage ( ea* sep>ate cell ( ?is batt]y regi/]s #b4e volts :5 fully *>g$1 x falls to approximately #b volts p] cell imm$iately dis*>g+ beg9s4 ,= ?is reason1 x is cu/om>y to figure ! work+ pressure ( ea* cell at #b volts4 ,?is means t a #cj-volt batt]y %\ld consi/ ( at lea/ #ae cells4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! voltage falls bel[ #b = ea* cell1 z dis*>g+ proce$s1 x is usual to include "o additional cell = regulat+ purposes4 ,?us1 ! ord9>y #cj-volt /orage batt]y consi/s ( #af cells1 ! la/ cell 9 ! l9e rema9+ idle until ! lamps beg9 to dim1 :5 x is swit*$ 9 by means ( a simple arrangem5t ( connections4 ,?is ma9ta9s a uni=m pressure ( #cj volts f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! *>ge1 at ! lamp socket4 ,we saw 9 e>li] *apt]s t ! #aaj-volt curr5t is ! mo/ satisfactory1 "u all conditions1 :]e ! curr5t is to be us$ = heat+ & small p[]1 z well z light4 ,b a /orage batt]y ( #aaj volts w\ld require at lea/ #ee cells1 :i* w\ld make x too exp5sive = ord9>y f>m use4 ,z a #cj-volt curr5t is j z satisfactory = electric light1 ?is type has become e/abli%$1 9 connection ) ! batt]y1 & x is us$ = electric light+ only1 z a g5]al rule4 ,batt]ies are rat$ fir/1 z to voltage2 second1 z to _! capacity 9 amp]e h\rs--t is1 ! numb] ( amp]es t may be drawn f !m 9 a giv5 numb] ( h\rs4 ,?us1 a batt]y rat$ at #fj amp]e h\rs w\ld give #fj amp]es1 at #cj volts pressure1 = "o h\r2 #cj amp]es = #b h\rs2 #ae amp]es = #d h\rs2 #g-a_/b amp]es = #h h\rs2 #c-c_/d amp]es = #af h\rs2 etc41 etc4 ,9 practice1 a batt]y %\ld n be dis*>g$ fa/] ?an its #h-;h\r rate4 ,?us1 a #fj-;amp]e h\r batt]y %\ld n be drawn on at a great] rate ?an #g-a_/b amp]es p] h\r4 ,?is #h-;h\r rate also det]m9es ! rate at :i* a batt]y %\ld be re-*>g$1 once x is exhau/$4 ,?us1 ?is batt]y %\ld be *>g$ at ! rate ( #g-a_/b amp]es = #h h\rs1 ) ano!r h\r add$ to make up = losses t are b\nd to occur4 ,a batt]y ( #abj-;amp]e h\r capacity %\ld be *>g$ = #h or #i h\rs at ! rate ( #abj #h1 or #ae amp]es1 etc4 ,to det]m9e ! size ( batt]y necess>y = any p>ticul> in/ance1 x is necess>y fir/ to decide on ! numb] ( lamps requir$1 & _! capacity4 ,?irty-volt lamps are to be _h 9 ! m>ket 9 sizes ( #aj1 #ae & #bj watts2 !y yield respectively #h1 #ab1 & #af c&lep[] ea*4 ,( ^! ! #bj-watt lamp is ! mo/ satisfactory = ! liv+ rooms2 lamps ( #aj or #ae watts may be us$ = ! halls1 ! ba?room & ! b$rooms4 ,at #cj volts pressure ^! lamps w\ld require a curr5t ( ! foll[+ d5sity 9 amp]es3 ,c&le ,p[] #cj-volt lamp ,amp]es #h #aj watts #j4cc #ab #ae watts #j4ej #af #bj watts #j4fg ,let u assume1 z an example1 t ,f>m] ,br[n w use #bj-watt lamps 9 8 kit*51 d9+ room1 & sitt+ room2 & #aj-watt lamps 9 ! halls1 ba?room1 & b$rooms4 ,8 requirem5ts may be figur$ ei!r 9 lamp h\rs or 9 watt-h\rs4 ,s9ce he is us+ two sizes ( lamps1 x w be simpl] to figure 8 requirem5ts 9 watt-h\rs4 ,?us3 ,numb] ,size ( ,h\rs ,watt- ,room ( lamps lamps burn$ h\rs ,kit*5 #a #bj #d #hj ,d9+ room #b #bj #b #hj ,sitt+ room #c #bj #d #bdj 7#c7 ,b$rooms #a 7ea*7 #aj #a #cj ,ba?room #a #aj #b #bj 7#b7 ,halls #a 7ea*7 #aj #d #hj ,pantry #a #aj #a #aj ,cell> #a #aj #a #aj ---- ,total #eej ,s9ce amp]es equal watts divid$ by volts1 ! numb] ( amp]e h\rs requir$ 9 ?is case ea* night w\ld be #eej #cj #ah4c amp]e h\rs2 or approximately #d-a_/b amp]es p] h\r = #d h\rs4 ,say x is conv5i5t to *>ge ?is batt]y e f\r? day4 ,?is w\ld require a batt]y ( #d #ah4c amp]e h\rs1 or #gc4b amp]e h\rs4 ,! ne>e/ size on ! m>ket is ! #hj-;amp]e h\r batt]y1 :i* w\ld be ! "o to use = ?is in/allation4 ,to *>ge ?is batt]y w\ld require a dynamo capable ( deliv]+ #aj amp]es ( curr5t = #i h\rs4 ,! g5]ator %\ld be ( #de volts pressure 7all[+ #b-a_/b volts 9 ! g5]ator = ea* #b volts ( batt]y7 & ! capacity ( ! g5]ator w\ld !re=e be #dej watts4 ,?is w\ld require a #a-a_/d horsep[] gasol9e eng9e4 ,at #a-a_/d p9ts ( gasol9e = ea* horsep[]1 n9e h\rs "w ( ?is eng9e w\ld consume #ad p9ts ( gasol9e--or say #af p9ts1 or two gallons4 ,at #ab c5ts a gallon = gasol9e1 light+ y\r h\se ) ?is batt]y w\ld co/ #bd c5ts = f\r days1 or #f c5ts a day4 ,y\r city c\s91 us+ comm]cial curr5t1 w\ld pay #e-a_/b c5ts a day = ! same am\nt ( curr5t at #aj c5ts a kil[att-h\r2 or #h-a_/d c5ts at a #ae-;c5t rate4 ,if ! batt]y is *>g$ by ! f>m gasol9e eng9e at ! same "t x is do+ its o!r "w1 ! co/ w\ld be /ill less1 z ! extra gasol9e requir$ w\ld be small4 ,?is figure does n take into acc\nt depreciation ( batt]y & eng9e4 ,! av]age f>m] is too apt to ov]look ?is factor 9 figur+ ! co/ ( ma*9]y ( all k9ds1 & = t reason is unprep>$ :5 ! "t comes to replace worn-out ma*9]y4 ,! dynamo & swit*bo>d %\ld la/ a lifetime ) ord9>y c>e1 s !re is no depreciation *>ge aga9/ !m4 ,! /orage batt]y1 a #cj-volt1 #hj-;amp]e h\r in/allation1 %\ld n co/ 9 excess ( #ajj2 &1 if x is necess>y to buy a gasol9e eng9e1 a #a-a_/d horsep[] eng9e c be _h = #ej or less accord+ to ! type4 ,/orage batt]ies ( ! lead type are sold "u a two-ye>s' gu>antee--:i* does n mean t _! life is limit$ to t l5g? ( "t4 ,) good c>e !y may la/ z long z #aj ye>s2 ) poor c>e x may be necess>y to ?r[ !m away at ! end ( a ye>4 ,! eng9e %\ld be s]viceable = at lea/ #aj ye>s1 ) ord9>y replacem5ts2 & ! /orage batt]y may la/ f #f to #aj ye>s1 ) occasional r5ewal ( p>ts4 ,if x 7 necess>y to duplicate bo? at ! end ( t5 ye>s1 ?is w\ld make a c>ry+ *>ge ( #a4be a mon? = depreciation1 :i* mu/ be add$ to ! co/ ( light4 ,figur+ by ,lamp ,h\rs ,if all ! lamps are to be ( ! same size--ei!r t51 fifte51 or tw5ty watts1 ! light requirem5ts ( a f>m h\se c be figur$ readily by lamp h\rs4 ,9 t ev5t1 ! =ego+ table w\ld read z foll[s3 ,lamp h\rs ,kit*51 #a lamp1 #d h\rs #d ,sitt+ room1 #c lamps1 #d h\rs ea* #ab ,d9+ room1 #b lamps1 #b h\rs ea* #d ,b$rooms1 #c lamps1 #a h\r ea* #c ,halls1 #b lamps1 #d h\rs ea* #h ,ba?room1 #a lamp1 #b h\rs #b ,pantry & cell>1 #b lamps1 #a h\r ea* #b ,to det]m9e ! amp]e h\rs f ?is table1 multiply ! total numb] ( lamp h\rs by ! curr5t 9 amp]es requir$ = ea* lamp4 ,z #aj1 #ae1 & #bj-watt tung/5 lamps require 4#cc1 4#ej & 4#fg amp]es1 respectively at #cj volts pressure1 ! above requirem5ts 9 amp]e h\rs w\ld be #ab1 #ag-a_/b1 or #bd amp]e h\rs1 accord+ to ! size ( lamp *os54 ,?is gives ! av]age curr5t consumption = "o night4 ,if x is desir$ to *>ge ! batt]y twice a week on ! av]age1 multiply ! numb] ( lamp h\rs by #d1 to get ! size ( batt]y requir$4 ,! =ego+ illu/ration is n int5d$ to indicate av]age light requirem5ts = f>ms1 b is giv5 m]ely to %[ h[ a f>m] may figure 8 own requirem5ts4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x w be necess>y to in/all a batt]y ( #abj or m amp]e h\rs1 :]eas a batt]y ( #dj or #fj amp]e h\rs w\ld be q s]viceable 9 o!r in/ances4 ,x all dep5ds on h[ mu* light y wi% to use & are will+ to pay =1 because ) a /orage batt]y ! co/ ( electric light is directly 9 proportion to ! numb] ( lights us$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a l>g] g5]ator & eng9e are requir$ = a l>g] batt]y--al?\gh x is possible to *>ge a l>ge batt]y ) a small g5]ator & eng9e by tak+ m "t = ! op]ation4 ,h[ to ,*>ge a ,/orage ,batt]y ,direct curr5t only c be us$ = *>g+ /orage batt]ies4 ,9 ! r>e in/ance ( alt]nat+ curr5t only be+ available1 x mu/ be conv]t$ into direct curr5t by any "o ( ! _m me*anical1 *emical1 or electrical devices on ! m>ket--t is1 ! alt]nat+ curr5t mu/ be /raight5$ out1 to fl[ always 9 "o direction4 ,a %unt-w\nd dynamo mu/ be us$2 else1 :5 ! voltage ( ! batt]y rises too high1 x may back up & turn ! dynamo z a motor1 caus+ consid]able damage4 ,if a comp\nd dynamo is already in/all$1 or if x is desir$ to use su* a ma*9e = *>g+ /orage batt]ies1 x c be done simply by disconnect+ ! s]ies w9d+s on ! field coils1 ?us turn+ ! ma*9e into a %unt dynamo4 ,! voltage ( ! dynamo %\ld be approximately #ej p] c5t above ! work+ pressure ( ! batt]y4 ,= ?is reason #de-volt ma*9es are usually us$ = #cj or #cb-volt batt]ies4 ,high] voltages may be us$1 if conv5i5t4 ,?us a #aaj-volt dynamo may be us$ to *>ge a s+le #b-volt cell if necess>y1 al?\gh x is n advisable4 ,direction ( ,curr5t ,electricity fl[s f ! positive to ! negative t]m9al4 ,a *>g+ curr5t mu/ be s connect$ t ! negative wire ( ! dynamo is always connect$ to ! negative t]m9al ( ! batt]y1 & ! positive wire to ! positive t]m9al4 ,z ! pol>ity is always m>k$ on ! batt]y1 !re is little dang] ( mak+ a mi/ake 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,:5 ! /orage batt]y is *>g$1 & "o beg9s to use its accumulation ( en]gy1 ! curr5t comes out 9 ! opposite direction f :i* x ent]$ 9 *>g+4 ,9 ?is respect1 a /orage batt]y is l a clock spr+1 :i* is w\nd up 9 "o direction1 & unw9ds itself 9 ! o!r4 ,) all /orage batt]y outfits1 an ammet] 7or curr5t measure7 is suppli$ ) z]o at ! c5t]4 ,:5 ! batt]y is be+ *>g$1 ! indicat+ ne$le po9ts 9 "o direction 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t fl[+ 92 & :5 ! batt]y is be+ dis*>g$1 ! ne$le po9ts 9 ! opposite direction1 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t fl[+ out4 ,sometimes "o is at loss1 9 sett+ ab\t to connect a batt]y & g5]ator1 to "k :i* is ! positive & :i* ! negative wire ( ! g5]ator4 ,a v simple te/ is z foll[s3 ,/>t ! g5]ator & br+ x up to spe$4 ,connect "s =m ( resi/ance 9 s]ies ) ! ma9s4 ,a lamp 9 an ord9>y lamp socket w d v well = ?is resi/ance4 ,dip ! two ends ( ! wire 7"o com+ f ! g5]ator1 ! o!r ?r\gh ! lamp7 into a cup ( wat]1 9 :i* a p9* ( salt is dissolv$4 ,br+ !m almo/ toge!r & hold !m !re4 ,almo/ in/antly1 "o wire w beg9 to turn bright1 & give (f bubbles4 ,! wire :i* turns bright & gives (f bubbles is ! negative wire4 ,! o!r is ! positive4 ,illu/ration3 ,a r\gh-&-ready f>m electric plant1 supply+ two f>ms ) light1 heat & p[]2 & a ,w>d ,leon>d-type circuit-break] = *>g+ /orage batt]ies ,c>e ( ,batt]y ,s9ce specific directions are furni%$ ) all /orage batt]ies1 x is n necess>y to g into ! details ( _! c>e "h4 ,/orage batt]y plants are usually %ipp$ ) all connections made1 or pla9ly indicat$4 ,all t is necess>y is to fill ! batt]ies ) ! acid solution1 accord+ to directions1 & />t ! eng9e4 ,if ! eng9e is fitt$ ) a gov]nor1 & ! swit*bo>d is ( ! automatic type1 all ! c>e necess>y 9 *>g+ is to />t ! eng9e4 ,9 fact1 _m makes utilize ! dynamo z a self-/>t] = ! eng9e1 s t all t is necess>y to />t *>g+ is to ?r[ a swit* :i* />ts ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! batt]y is fully *>g$1 ! eng9e is /opp$ automatically4 ,! electrolyte or solution 9 :i* ! plates ( ! lead batt]y are imm]s$1 is sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( acid to five ( wat]1 by volume4 ,! specific gravity ( ord9>y comm]cial sulphuric acid is #a4hce4 ,s9ce its /r5g? is apt to v>y1 h[ev]1 x is be/ to mix ! electrolyte ) ! aid ( ! hydromet] furni%$ ) ! batt]y4 ,! hydromet] is a seal$ glass tube1 ) a graduat$ scale some:at resembl+ a !rmomet]4 ,! height at :i* x floats 9 any giv5 solution dep5ds on ! d5sity ( ! solution4 ,x %\ld indicate approximately #a4ae = a /orage batt]y electrolyte be=e *>g+4 ,x %\ld n be ov] #a4ae--or #a1aej if y\r hydromet] reads 9 ?\s&?s4 ,only pure wat] %\ld be us$4 ,di/ill$ wat] is ! be/1 b fre% clean ra9 wat] is p]missible4 ,nev] "u any circum/ances use hydrant wat]1 z x conta9s impurities :i* w injure ! batt]y1 probably put x out ( commission be=e its fir/ *>ge4 ,p\r ! acid into ! wat]4 ,nev] "u any circum/ances p\r ! wat] into ! acid1 else an explosion may occur f ! heat develop$4 ,mix ! electrolyte 9 a /one crock1 or glass conta9]1 /irr+ ) a glass rod1 & te/+ f "t to "t ) a hydromet]4 ,let x /& until cool & !n p\r x into ! batt]y j>s1 fill+ !m to #a_/b in* above ! top ( ! plates4 ,!n beg9 *>g+4 ,! fir/ *>ge w probably take a long] "t ?an subsequ5t *>ges4 ,if ! in/allation is ( ! automatic type1 all t is necess>y is to />t ! eng9e4 ,if x is n ( ! automatic type1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,fir/ be sure all connections are "r4 ,!n />t ! eng9e & br+ ! dynamo up to its rat$ spe$4 ,adju/ ! voltage to ! pressure specifi$4 ,!n ?r[ ! swit* connect+ g5]ator to batt]y4 ,wat* ! ammet]4 ,x %\ld regi/] 9 amp]es1 "o-eigh? ( ! amp]e-h\r capacity ( ! batt]y1 z already expla9$4 ,if x regi/]s too high1 r$uce ! voltage ( ! g5]ator slightly1 by means ( ! field rheo/at connect$ to ! g5]ator4 ,?is w also r$uce ! amp]es fl[+4 ,if too l[1 raise ! voltage until ! amp]es regi/] correctly4 ,cont9ue ! *>g+ op]ation until ! cells beg9 to give (f gas freely2 or until ! specific gravity ( ! electrolyte1 measur$ by ! hydromet]1 /&s at #a4bd4 ,y\r batt]y is n[ fully *>g$4 ,?r[ ! swit* ov] to ! s]vice l9e1 & y\r accumulator is ready to furni% light if y turn on y\r lamps4 ,occasionally add di/ill$ wat] to ! cells1 to make up = evaporation4 ,x is seldom necess>y to add acid1 z ?is does n evaporate4 ,if ! batt]y is kept fully *>g$1 x w n freeze ev5 :5 ! !rmomet] is well bel[ z]o4 ,a /orage batt]y %\ld be in/all$ z ne> ! h\se z possible--9 ! h\se1 if possible4 ,s9ce its curr5t capacity is small1 transmission losses mu/ be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 wir+ ! h\se = /orage batt]y s]vice1 ! same rules apply z ) /&>d voltage4 ,n m ?an #f amp]es %\ld be us$ on any s+le bran* circuit4 ,) l[ voltage batt]ies 7f #ab volts to #cb volts7 x is well to use ,no4 #aj or ,no4 #ab ,b4 ,s4 gauge rubb]-cov]$ wire1 in/ead ( ! usual ,no4 #ad us$ ) /&>d voltage4 ,! extra exp5se w be only a few c5ts = ea* circuit1 & preci\s volts w be sav$ 9 di/ribution ( ! curr5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,batt]y ,,*>g+ ,,devices ,! automatic plant mo/ desirable--,h[ an automobile light+ & />t+ sy/em works--,h[ ! same results c be a*iev$ 9 h\se light+1 by means ( automatic devices--,plants )\t automatic regulation--,c>e necess>y--,! use ( heat+ devices on /orage batt]y curr5t--,portable batt]ies--,an electricity r\te--,automobile p[] = light+ a few lamps4 ,! wat]-p[] electric plants describ$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s are practically automatic 9 op]ation4 ,?is is v desirable1 z su* plants require ! m9imum ( c>e4 ,x is possible to atta9 ?is same end ) a /orage batt]y plant4 ,automatic ma9t5ance approa*es a high degree ( p]fection 9 ! electric />t+ & light+ device on a mod]n automobile4 ,9 ?is case1 a small dynamo ge>$ to ! ma9 %aft is runn+ :5ev] ! eng9e is runn+4 ,x is always ready to pump electricity into ! /orage batt]y :5 ne$$4 ,an electric magnet1 w\nd 9 a peculi> mann]1 automatically cuts (f ! *>g+ curr5t f ! dynamo1 :5 ! batt]y is full2 & ! same magnet1 or regulator1 p]mits ! curr5t to fl[ into ! batt]y :5 ne$$4 ,! pr9ciple is ! same z 9 ! famili> plumb+ trap1 :i* con/antly ma9ta9s a giv5 level ( wat] 9 a tank1 no matt] h[ mu* wat] may be drawn f ! tank4 ,! result1 9 ! case ( ! automobile batt]y1 is t ! batt]y is always kept fully *>g$2 = no soon] does ! level ( electricity beg9 to drop 7:5 us$ = />t+ or light+7 ?an ! g5]ator beg9s to *>ge4 ,?is is v desirable 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! en]gy ( ! batt]y is always ! same2 & 9 ! second place1 ! m]e fact t ! batt]y is always kept fully *>g$ gives x a long life4 ,! same result c be a*iev$ 9 /orage batt]y plants = h\se light+1 :]e ! s\rce ( p[] is a gasol9e or o!r eng9e engag$ normally 9 o!r "w4 ,!n y\r electric curr5t becomes m]ely a by-product ( "s o!r op]ation4 ,take a typical in/ance :]e su* a plant w\ld be feasible3 ,f>m] ,br[n has a five horsep[] gasol9e eng9e--an ord9>y f>m eng9e = :i* he paid probably #ge or #ajj4 ,electric light furni%$ direct f su* an eng9e w\ld be intol]able because ( its con/ant flick]+4 ,?is five horsep[] eng9e is in/all$ 9 ! milk room ( ! dairy1 & is belt$ to a c\nt]%aft4 ,?is c\nt]%aft is belt$ to ! vacuum pump = ! milk+ ma*9e1 & to ! sep>ator1 & to a wat] pump1 any "o ( :i* may be ?r[n into s]vice by means ( a tight-&-loose pulley4 ,?is c\nt]%aft is also belt$ to a small dynamo1 :i* runs :5ev] ! eng9e is runn+4 ,! milk+ ma*9e1 ! sep>ator1 & ! wat] pump require t ! gasol9e eng9e be run on ! av]age ?ree h\rs ea* day4 ,! dynamo is connect$ by wires to ! h\se /orage batt]y ?r\gh a prop]ly design$ swit*bo>d4 ,! bra9s ( ?is swit*bo>d is a little automatic device 7call$ a regulator or a circuit break]71 :i* op5s & %uts accord+ to ! am\nt ( curr5t /or$ 9 ! batt]y & ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t f ! g5]ator4 ,:5 ! batt]y is full1 ?is regulator is op5 & p]mits no curr5t to fl[4 ,!n ! dynamo is runn+ idle1 & ! am\nt ( p[] x absorbs f ! gasol9e eng9e is negligible4 ,:5 ! level ( electricity 9 ! batt]y falls1 due to draw+ curr5t = light1 ! regulator is %ut1 t is1 ! dynamo & batt]y are connect$1 & curr5t fl[s into ! batt]y4 ,^! automatic in/rum5ts g /ill f>!r 9 _! bra9y "w4 ,!y d n p]mit ! dynamo to *>ge ! batt]y :5 ! voltage falls bel[ a fix$ po9t1 due to ! eng9e sl[+ d[n2 nei!r d !y p]mit ! dynamo curr5t to fl[ :5 ! voltage gets too high due to sudd5 spe$+ up ( ! eng9e4 ,necess>ily1 an in/rum5t :i* w take c>e ( a batt]y 9 ?is way1 is intricate 9 con/ruction4 ,t is n an argum5t aga9/ x h[ev]4 ,a wat* is intricate1 b s long z we cont9ue to w9d x at /at$ int]vals1 x keeps "t4 ,s ) ?is /orage batt]y plant3 s long z ,f>m] ,br[n />ts 8 eng9e to d 8 f>m *ores e day1 8 by-product ( electricity is /or$ automatically4 ,su* in/allations are n exp5sive4 ,a /orage batt]y capable ( light+ #h tung/5 lamps1 ( #af c&lep[] ea*1 cont9u\sly = #h h\rs 7or few] lamps = a long] "t72 a swit*bo>d conta9+ all ! requir$ regulat+ in/rum5ts2 & a dynamo ( suitable size1 c be _h = f #bej to #cjj4 ,all t is necess>y to put su* a plant 9 op]ation1 is to belt ! dynamo to ! gasol9e eng9e s t x w run at prop] spe$2 & to connect ! wires f dynamo to swit*bo>d1 & !nce to ! h\se s]vice4 ,! dynamo requir$ = ! above plant deliv]s #aj amp]es at #de volts pressure1 or #aj #de #dej watts4 ,a gasol9e1 gas1 or oil eng9e1 or a w9dmill ( #a-a_/b horsep[] furni%es all ! p[] ne$$4 ,if ! f>m] uses 8 eng9e daily1 or e o!r day1 = o!r purposes1 ! co/ ( p[] w be practically negligible4 ,) ?is sy/em electric lights are available at any "t day or night2 & :5 ! gasol9e eng9e is 9 s]vice daily = r\t9e f>m *ores1 ! batt]y w nev] run l[4 ,?is sy/em is especially desirable :]e "o uses a w9dmill = p[]4 ,! spe$ ( ! w9dmill is con/antly fluctuat+1 s mu* s 9 fact t x c\ld n be us$ = electric light )\t a /orage batt]y4 ,b :5 equipp$ ) a regulator on ! swit*bo>d :i* p]mits ! curr5t to fl[ only :5 ! batt]y ne$s x1 & !n only :5 ! spe$ ( ! w9dmill is correct1 ! problem ( turn+ w9d p[] into electric light is solv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! f>m] does n desire to g to ! additional exp5se ( automatic regulation1 !re are *eap] plants1 requir+ att5tion = *>g+4 ,^! plants are id5tical ) ^? describ$ above1 except !y h no regulators4 ,) ^! plants1 :5 ! batt]y runs l[ 7z is indicat$ by dimm+ ( ! lights7 x is necess>y to />t ! eng9e1 br+ x up to spe$1 adju/ ! dynamo voltage to ! prop] pressure1 & ?r[ a swit* to *>ge ! batt]y4 ,= su* plants x is cu/om>y to run ! eng9e to *>ge ! batt]y twice a week4 ,x is necess>y to run ! eng9e f #h to #aj h\rs to fully *>ge ! dis*>g$ batt]y4 ,:5 ! batt]y approa*es full *>ge1 ! fact is evid5c$ by s-call$ gass+ or giv+ (f ( bubbles4 ,ano!r way to det]m9e if ! batt]y is fully *>g$ is by means ( ! voltmet]1 z ! volts sl[ly rise to ! prop] po9t dur+ ! process ( *>g+4 ,a ?ird way1 & probably ! mo/ reliable is by ! use ( ! hydromet]4 ,! voltage ( ea* cell :5 fully *>g$ %\ld be #b4e2 x %\ld nev] be dis*>g$ bel[ #a4ge volts4 ,_m /orage batt]y electric light plants on ! m>ket are provid$ ) a simple & inexp5sive circuit break]1 :i* automatically cuts (f ! curr5t & /ops ! eng9e :5 ! batt]y is *>g$4 ,! curr5t is !n ?r[n f ! dynamo to ! h\se s]vice by an automatic swit*4 ,if su* a circuit break] is n includ$1 x is necess>y to ?r[ ! swit* by h& :5 *>g+ is begun or end$4 ,s9ce ! pr9cipal item ( fir/ co/1 z well z depreciation1 9 a /orage batt]y electric light plant is ! /orage batt]y itself1 ! smalle/ batt]y comm5surate ) ne$s is select$4 ,s9ce ! am\nt ( curr5t /or$ by ^! batt]ies is relatively small1 electric irons & heat+ devices su* z may be us$ freely on a direct-connect$ plant )\t a batt]y1 are r exp5sive luxuries4 ,= in/ance1 an electric iron draw+ #djj watts an h\r :ile 9 use1 requires z mu* en]gy z #bj tung/5 lamps ( #af c&lep[] ea* burn+ = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,its rate ( curr5t consumption w\ld be ov] #ac amp]es1 at #cj volts2 :i* w\ld require a l>g] batt]y ?an ne$$ = light 9 ! av]age f>m home4 ,! use to :i* electricity f a /orage batt]y is put1 h[ev]1 is :olly a matt] ( exp5se involv$2 & if "o is will+ to pay = ^! r exp5sive luxuries1 !re is no reason :y he %\ld n h !m4 ,heat+1 9 any =m1 by electricity1 requires a l>ge am\nt ( curr5t proportionally4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is less heat to be _h 9 !rmal units f a horsep[]-h\r ( electricity ?an f ?ree ounces ( coal4 ,:5 "o is g5]at+ curr5t f wat]-p[]1 or ev5 direct f gasol9e or oil1 ?is is n an argum5t aga9/ electric heat+ devices4 ,b x becomes a v s]i\s consid]ation :5 "o is in/all+ a /orage batt]y z ! s\rce ( curr5t1 because ( ! high initial co/1 & depreciation ( su* a batt]y4 ,f>m]s :o limit ! use ( _! /orage batt]y plants to light+ w get ! be/ s]vice4 ,portable ,batt]ies ,abroad x is becom+ q common = p[] companies to deliv] /orage batt]ies fully *>g$1 & call = !m :5 dis*>g$4 ,)\t a /ret* ( ! imag9ation1 we c imag9e an +5i\s f>m] possess+ a wat]-p[] electric plant build+ up a ?riv+ bus9ess among 8 less =tunate neighbors1 ) an electricity r\te4 ,x c\ld be made q z pay+ z a milk r\te4 ,illu/ration3 ,connections = *>g+ /orage batt]ies on #aaj-volt ma9s ,_m communities h wat] or /eam p[] at a di/ance too great to transmit #aaj-volt curr5t by wire economically2 & because ( lack ( exp]t sup]vision1 !y d n c>e to risk us+ curr5t at a pressure ( #ejj volts or high]1 because ( its dang] to human life4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be q feasible = families to wire _! h\ses1 & c>ry _! batt]ies to ! g5]at+ plant two or ?ree times a week to be *>g$4 ,!re are a numb] ( portable batt]ies on ! m>ket suitable = su* s]vice1 at voltages rang+ f #f to #cb volts4 ,! be/ results w\ld be obta9$ by hav+ two batt]ies1 leav+ "o to be *>g$ :ile ! o!r 0 9 use2 & if ! g5]at+ /ation 0 locat$ at ! cream]y or fe$ mill1 :]e ! f>m] calls regul>ly1 ! tr\ble w\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,su* a batt]y w\ld necess>ily be small1 & ( ! seal$ type1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 automobiles4 ,x c\ld be us$ m]ely = read+ lamps--or x c\ld be us$ = g5]al light+1 accord+ to ! exp5se ! f>m] is will+ to incur = batt]ies4 ,an ord9>y /orage batt]y us$ 9 automobile ignition & light+ sy/ems is ( ! #f-volt1 #fj-;amp]e type1 call$ 9 trade a #f-fj4 ,lamps c be _h = ^! batt]ies rang+ 9 sizes f #b c&lep[] to #be c&lep[]4 ,a lamp ( #ae c&lep[]1 draw+ #b-a_/b amp]es1 is us$ = automobile headlights1 &1 z any "o kn[s aft] an exp]i5ce ( meet+ a headlight on a d>k road1 !y give a great deal ( light4 ,a #f-fj batt]y keeps "o ( ^! lamps runn+ = #bd h\rs1 or two lamps runn+ #ab h\rs4 ,a m9imum ( wir+ w\ld be requir$ to in/all su* a batt]y = ! read+ lights 9 ! sitt+ room1 & = a hang+ light 9 ! d9+ room4 ,! cu/om>y gates = *>g+ ^! batt]ies 9 a l>ge city is #aj c5ts2 b 9 a c\ntry plant x c\ld be made less4 ,to *>ge su* a batt]y on a #aaj-volt direct curr5t1 x is necess>y to in/all "s means ( limit+ ! am\nt ( curr5t1 or 9 o!r words1 ! *>g+ rate4 ,?is *>g+ rate1 = #h h\rs %\ld be1 z we h se51 "o-eigh? ( ! amp]e-h\r capacity ( ! batt]y4 ,?us a #f-fj batt]y w\ld require a #g-a_/b amp]e curr5t4 ,connect+ two su* batt]ies 9 s]ies 7t is1 ! negative pole ( "o batt]y to ! positive pole ( ! second7 w\ld make a #ab-volt batt]y4 ,t5 or twelve su* batt]ies c\ld be connect$ 9 s]ies1 & a #aaj-volt direct curr5t g5]ator w\ld *>ge !m 9 #h h\rs at a #g-a_/b amp]e rate4 ,! diagram on page #bei %[s ! connections = *>g+ on a #aaj-volt circuit4 ,an ord9>y #af-;c&lep[] c>bon lamp is ( #bbj ohms resi/ance1 & 7by ,ohm's ,law1 ,c equals ,e divid$ by ,r7 p]mits #a_/b amp]e ( curr5t to fl[4 ,by connect+ #ae su* lamps across ! ma9s1 9 p>allel1 ! requir$ #g-a_/b amp]es ( curr5t w\ld be fl[+ f ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! lamps1 & back aga94 ,connect ! batt]y 9 s]ies at any po9t on ei!r ( ! two ma9s1 betwe5 ! lamps & ! g5]ator1 be+ c>eful to connect ! positive end to ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 & vice v]sa4 ,lamps are ! *eape/ =m ( resi/ance2 b 9 case !y are n available1 any o!r =m ( resi/ance c be us$4 ,iron wire w\nd 9 spirals c be us$1 or any ( ! _m makes ( special resi/ance wire on ! m>ket4 ,fir/ x is necess>y to det]m9e ! am\nt ( resi/ance requir$4 ,we h j se5 t ! *>g+ rate ( a #fj-;amp]e h\r batt]y is #g-a_/b amp]es4 ,apply+ ,ohm's ,law "h1 we f9d t ohms resi/ance equals volts divid$ by amp]es1 or ,r #aaj_/g4e #ad4fg ohms4 ,) a #bbj-volt curr5t1 ! ohms resi/ance requir$ 9 s]ies ) ! /orage batt]y ( ?is size w\ld be #bi4cc ohms4 ,automobile ,p[] = ,light+ ,!re are _m +5i\s ways by :i* an automobile may be utiliz$ to furni% electric light = ! home4 ,! simple/ is to run wires direct f ! /orage batt]y ( ! self-/>t+ sy/em1 to ! h\se or b>n1 9 su* a way t ! curr5t may be us$ = read+ lamps 9 ! sitt+ room4 ,by a judici\s use ( ! curr5t 9 ?is way1 ! normal op]ation ( ! automobile 9 ! daytime w keep ! batt]y *>g$ = use ( ! night lamps1 & if c>e is us$1 su* a plan %\ld n affect ! life ( ! batt]y4 ,c>e %\ld be us$ also1 9 ?is reg>d1 n to dis*>ge ! batt]y too l[ to prev5t its utiliz+ its function ( />t+ ! c> :5 x 0 desir$ to use ! c>4 ,h[ev]1 if ! batt]y 7 dis*>g$ bel[ its />t+ capacity1 by any p]adv5ture1 ! c> c\ld be />t$ by ! old-fa%ion$ crank+ me?od4 ,us+ an automobile light+ sy/em = h\se light+ implies t ! c> be /or$ 9 a g>age ne> ! h\se or b>n2 z ?is batt]y is too l[ 9 voltage to p]mit transmitt+ ! curr5t any di/ance4 ,"o hundr$ feet1 ) lib]al siz$ transmission wires is probably ! limit4 ,t su* a sy/em is feasible is amply prov$ by an occurr5ce rec5tly report$ 9 ! daily pap]s4 ,a doctor summon$ to a remote f>m h\se f\nd t an imm$iate op]ation 0 necess>y to save ! pati5t's life4 ,!re 0 no light available1 except a small k]os5e lamp :i* 0 worse ?an no?+4 ,! surgeon took a headlight (f 8 c>1 /rung a pair ( wires ?r\gh a w9d[1 & in/antly _h at 8 comm& a light ( ! necess>y int5sity4 ,ano!r mann] 9 :i* an automobile eng9e may be us$ = h\se light+ is to let x s]ve z ! *>g+ p[] ( a sep>ate /orage batt]y4 ,! eng9e c be belt$ to ! g5]ator1 9 su* a case1 by means ( ! fly :eel4 ,or a =m ( friction drive c be devis$1 by means ( :i* ! re> :eels 7jack$ up (f ! floor7 may supply ! necess>y motive p[]4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be necess>y to make all[ance = ! diff]5tial 9 ! re> axle1 s t ! p[] develop$ by ! eng9e w\ld be deliv]$ to ! friction drive4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( ,macmillan books by ! same au?or or on relat$ subjects4 ,,wat] ,,p[] ,,eng9e]s ,,design]s ,,& ,,manufactur]s ,,hunt ,,sup]ior ,,quality ,complete equipm5ts = develop+ wat] p[]s includ+3--,wat] ,:eels1 ,flumes1 ,gov]nors1 ,supply ,pipes1 ,gates1 ,hoi/s1 ,valves1 ,scre5s1 ,ge>s1 ,pulleys1 ,clut*es1 ,be>+s1 ,%aft+1 etc4 ,?ree types ( wat] p[] develop+ :eels1 rang$ to meet e condition4 ,illu/ration ,div4 ,no4 #a--,turb9e ,wat] ,:eels = l>ge p[]s & l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,div4 ,no4 #b--,rim ,lev]age ,:eels = small p[]s & v limit$ quantities ( wat]4 ,div4 ,no4 #c--,small ,wat] ,motors = m9imum wat] supplies "u high heads4 ,s5d = special catalogues & ,wat] ,p[] ,blanks to fill 9 = e/imates on suitable type ( ,wat] ,:eel = develop+ y\r wat] p[] to be/ advantage4 ,,rodney ,,hunt ,,ma*9e ,,company #fj ,,mill ,,/reet ,,orange1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,! ,,f>m] ,,( ,,tomorr[ ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej ,a crisp1 ent]ta9+1 & in/ructive discussion ( ! conditions :i* h br\ght ab\t ! pres5t agricultural problem 9 ,am]ica4--,c\ntryside ,magaz9e4 ,! book is int]e/+ly writt5 & full ( _m vital discussions4--,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce4 ,a popul> consid]ation ( ! fundam5tal factors affect+ ! bus9ess ( f>m+4--,pacific ,rural ,press4 ,! gr[+1 popul> "q ( f>m+ analyz$ f all angles1 ) _m helpful sugge/ions4--,leslie's ,weekly4 ,any p]son ( intellig5ce1 alive to ! pres5t & future welf>e ( 8 c\ntry w f9d ',! ,f>m] ( ,tomorr[1' a book ( absorb+ "*4--,times-,/>4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,cop]ation 9 ,agriculture ,by ,g4 ,,h>old ,,p[ell ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej ,! au?or has a broad outlook & nev] fails to sugge/ t ! economic advantages ( cop]ation may frequ5tly be q subord9ate to ! g5]al social & community int]e/s :i* are fo/]$ ?r\gh a common und]tak+4 ,he writes ) ! g5u9e int]e/ ( a man hav+ exp]i5ce & fai? 9 t ( :i* he speaks4--,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly4 ,a volume :i* expla9s 9 a lucid way ! features ( ! exi/+ sy/em & ! measures tak5 by f>m]s to protect _! int]e/s4--,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,/ati/ical ,society4 ,mr4 ,p[ell has n attempt$ to cov] ! entire field ( agricultural cop]ation1 b has conf9$ himself to its m important phases4 ,8 "w %[s a grasp ( ! issues involv$ & a rip5ess ( conclusion t comes only f actual contact ) ! practical side ( cop]ation4--,am]ican ,economic ,review4 ,! book is decid$ly wor? :ile4--,f>m ,life & ,agriculture4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,,rural ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,ea* volume illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 ,a s]ies ( practical books = f>m]s & g>d5]s1 sold z a set or sep>ately4 ,ea* "o is ! "w ( a compet5t speciali/1 & is suitable = consultation alike by ! amateur or pr(essional till] ( ! soil1 ! sci5ti/ or ! /ud5t4 ,illu/rations ( m>k$ beauty are freely us$1 & ! books are cle>ly pr9t$ & well b\nd4 ,,on ,,selection ,,( ,,l&1 ,,etc4 ,isaac ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f>m/ead #a #ej ,t4 ,f4 ,hunt's ,h[ to ,*oose a ,f>m #a #ge ,e4 ,s4 ,*eyney & ,j4 ,p4 ,w5tl+'s ,! ,f>m ,woodlot #a #ej ,gl5n ,w4 ,h]rick's ,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,h\sehold #a #ge ,,on ,,tillage1 ,,etc4 ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s ,! ,soil #a #ej ,isaac ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f]tility ( ! ,l& #a #ej ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s ,irrigation & ,dra9age #a #ej ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees' ,f]tiliz]s #a #be ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees' ,=age ,crops #a #ej ,j4 ,a4 ,widtsoe's ,dry ,f>m+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture #a #be ,s4 ,m4 ,tracy's ,=age ,crops = ! ,s\? #a #ej ,,on ,,plant ,,diseases1 ,,etc4 ,e4 ,c4 ,lodeman's ,! ,spray+ ( ,plants #a #be ,,on ,,g>d5-,,mak+ ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,g>d5-,mak+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,vegetable-,g>d5+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,=c+ ,book #a #be ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,plant ,bre$+ #b #jj ,,on ,,fruit-,,gr[+1 ,,etc4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,nurs]y ,book #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,fruit-,gr[+ 7,new ,edition7 #a #ge ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,! ,prun+ ,book #a #ej ,f4 ,w4 ,c>d's ,bu% ,fruits #a #ej ,w4 ,paddock ,o4 ,b4 ,:ipple's ,fruit-,gr[+ 9 ,arid ,regions #a #ej ,j4 ,e4 ,coit's ,citrus ,fruits ,prep> ,,on ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,live-,,/ock ,nelson ,s4 ,mayo's ,! ,diseases ( ,animals #a #ej ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan's ,! ,fe$+ ( ,animals #a #ej ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,horse #a #be ,m4 ,w4 ,h>p]'s ,break+ & ,tra9+ ( ,horses #a #ge ,george ,c4 ,watson's ,f>m ,p\ltry4 ,new edition #a #ej ,john ,a4 ,craig's ,%eep ,f>m+ #a #ej ,,on ,,dairy ,,"w1 ,,f>m ,,*emi/ry1 ,,etc4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,w+'s ,milk & ,its ,products4 ,new edition #a #ej ,j4 ,g4 ,lipman's ,bact]ia & ,c\ntry ,life #a #ej ,,on ,,economics ,,& ,,organization ,william ,a4 ,mc,keever's ,f>m ,boys & ,girls #a #ej ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f>m]'s ,bus9ess ,h&book #a #be ,george ,t4 ,fair*ild's ,rural ,weal? & ,welf>e #a #be ,h4 ,n4 ,ogd5's ,rural ,hygi5e #a #ej ,j4 ,gre5's ,law = ! ,am]ican ,f>m] #a #ej ,g4 ,h4 ,p[ell's ,cop]ation 9 ,agriculture #a #ej ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,rural ,,text-,,book ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,ea* volume illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 ,:ile ! ,,rural ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies is design$ prim>ily = popul> read+ & = g5]al use1 ?is relat$ new s]ies is design$ = classroom "w & = special use 9 consultation & ref]5ce4 ,! ,,rural ,,text-,,book ,,s]ies is plann$ to cov] ev5tually ! entire range ( public s*ool & college texts4 ,dugg>1 ,b4 ,m4 ,physiology ( ,plant ,production #a #fj ,dugg>1 ,john ,fr$]ick ,s\!rn ,field ,crops #a #ge ,gay1 ,c4 ,w>r5 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,judg+ ,live-,/ock #a #ej ,h>p]1 ,m4 ,w4 ,animal ,husb&ry = ,s*ools #a #dj ,hit*cock1 ,a4 ,s4 ,grasses #a #ej ,liv+/on1 ,george ,field ,crop ,production #a #dj ,lyon1 ,t4 ,l4 & ,fipp91 ,e4 ,o4 ,pr9ciples ( ,soil ,managem5t #a #ge ,mann1 ,a4 ,r4 ,beg9n+s 9 ,agriculture #ge ,montgom]y1 ,g4 ,f4 ,corn ,crops #a #fj ,pip]1 ,*>les ,v4 ,=age ,plants & ,_! ,culture #a #ge ,w>r51 ,g4 ,f4 ,elem5ts ( ,agriculture #a #aj ,w>r51 ,g4 ,f4 ,f>m ,managem5t #a #ge ,:eel]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,manures & ,f]tiliz]s #a #fj ,widtsoe1 ,john ,a4 ,pr9ciples ( ,irrigation ,practice #a #ge ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,! ,rural ,outlook ,set ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,f\r ,volumes4 ,ea*1 clo?1 #abmo4 ,uni=m b9d+1 attractively box$4 #e4jj p] set2 c>riage extra4 ,ea* volume also sold sep>ately4 ,9 ?is set are includ$ ?ree ( ,pr(essor ,bailey's mo/ popul> books z well z a hi!rto unpubli%$ "o1--,! ,c\ntry-,life ,movem5t4 ,! long & p]si/5t dem& = a uni=m edition ( ^! little classics is answ]$ ) ! publication ( ?is attractive s]ies4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,movem5t ,clo?1 #abmo1 #bbj pages1 #a4be po/age extra ,?is hi!rto unpubli%$ volume deals ) ! pres5t movem5t = ! r$irection ( rural civilization1 discuss+ ! real c\ntry-life problem z di/+ui%$ f ! city problem1 kn[n z ! back-to-!-l& movem5t4 ,,! ,,outlook ,,to ,,nature 7,new & ,revis$ ,edition7 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #aie pages1 #a4be po/age extra ,9 ?is alive & brac+ book1 full ( sugge/ions & enc\ragem5t1 ,pr(essor ,bailey argues ! importance ( contact ) nature1 a sympa!tic attitude t[>d :i* means great] effici5cy1 hopefulness1 & repose4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,! ,,f>m] 7,new ,edition7 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be po/age extra ,x is ! relation ( ! f>m] to ! gov]nm5t t ,pr(essor ,bailey "h discusses 9 its v>y+ aspects4 ,he deals specifically ) ! *ange 9 agricultural me?ods1 9 ! %ift+ ( ! geographical c5t]s ( f>m+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! gr[? ( agricultural in/itutions4 ,,! ,,nature ,,/udy ,,idea 7,new ,edition7 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be po/age extra ,x w\ld be well1 ! critic ( ,! ,tribune ,f>m] once wrote1 if ',! ,nature ,/udy ,idea' 7 9 ! h&s ( e p]son :o favors nature /udy 9 ! public s*ools1 ( e "o :o is oppos$ to x1 & mo/ important1 ( e "o :o tea*es x or ?9ks he does4 ,x has be5 ,pr(essor ,bailey's purpose to int]pret ! new s*ool movem5t to put ! "y into relation & sympa?y ) nature1--a purpose :i* he has admirably accompli%$4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! squ>e root symbol is indicat$ by sqrt7447 ,expon5ts are indicat$ by ,bold 9 a table is indicat$ by 44