,cov] design aft] engrav+ f ,did]ot4 ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #ea ,,woodwork+ ,,tools1 #afjj-aijj ,pet] ,c4 ,wel% ,,specialization #ahc ,,configuration #aid ,,*ange #bad ,,bibliography #bbg ,pet] ,c ,wel% ,,woodwork+ ,,tools #afjj-aijj ,?is hi/ory ( woodwork+ h& tools f ! #ag? to ! #bj? c5tury is "o ( a v gradual evolution ( tools ?r\gh g5]ations ( craftsm54 ,z a result1 ! s\rces ( *anges 9 design are almo/ impossible to asc]ta94 ,publi%$ s\rces1 moreov]1 h be5 conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! object %ap$ by ! tool r ?an ! tool itself4 ,! result+ sc>city ( in=mation is some:at comp5sat$ = by collections 9 museums & re/orations4 ,9 ?is pap]1 ! au?or spans ?ree c5turies 9 discuss+ ! specialization1 configuration1 & *ange ( woodwork+ tools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,pet] ,c4 ,wel% is curator1 ,gr[? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution's ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology4 ,9 #aiah1 ,,pr(essor ,w4,m4,f4 ,,petrie conclud$ a brief article on ,hi/ory 9 ,tools ) a rem9d] t ! hi/ory ( ?is subject has yet to be /udi$1 & lam5t$ ! survival ( s few precisely dat$ specim5s4 ,:at ,petrie f\nd s disc\rag+ 9 /udy+ ! implem5ts ( ! anci5t _w has consi/5tly plagu$ ^? conc]n$ ) tools ( m rec5t v9tage4 ,anonymity is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( h& tools ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,! reasons are _m3 fir/1 ! tool is an object ( daily use1 subject$ :ile 9 s]vice to h>d we> &1 9 "s cases1 ultimate de/ruction2 second1 a tool's usefulness is apt to cont9ue ?r\gh _m ye>s & ?r\gh ! h&s ( sev]al g5]ations ( craftsm51 ) ! result t its orig9s become lo/2 ?ird1 ! a*ievem5t ( an implem5t ( demon/rat$ pr(ici5cy dictat$ aga9/ radical1 & !re=e easily datable1 *anges 9 %ape or /yle2 & f\r?1 dat$ survivals ne$$ to e/abli% a range ( firm control specim5s = ! bett] id5tification ( unkn[ns1 p>ticul>ly ! wood5 elem5ts ( tools--h&les1 mold+s1 & plane bodies--are fru/rat+ly few 9 non-arid ar*aeological sites4 ,:5 trac+ ! prov5ance ( ,am]ican tools !re is ! additional problem ( het]og5e\s orig9s & %apes--t is1 :at 0 ! appe>ance ( a giv5 tool prior to its /&>dization 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,! answ] requires a brief summ>y ( ! orig9 ( select$ tool %apes1 p>ticul>ly ^? ^: =m 0 common to bo? ! ,briti% ,isles & ! ,cont95t 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,beyond ?is1 :5 did ! %ape ( ,engli% tools beg9 to diff] f ! %ape ( tools ( ! ,cont95t8 ,f9ally1 :at tool =ms pr$om9at$ 9 ,am]ican usage & :51 if 9 fact ev]1 did any ( ^! tools a*ieve a di/9ctly ,am]ican "*8 ,9 ! process ( fram+ answ]s to ^! que/ions1 "o is confront$ by a con/antly dim9i%+ lit]ature1 c\pl$ ) a /eadily increas+ numb] ( tool types4#a ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--afhe3 ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,tools t ! c>p5t] ne$$ to frame a h\se1 z li/$ by ,,johann ,,amos ,,com5ius 9 8 ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus 7 ! fell+ axe 7#d71 w$ge & beetle 7#g & #h71 *ip axe 7#aj71 saw 7#ab71 tre/le 7#ad71 & pulley 7#ae74 7,*>les ,hoole transl41 ,london1 #afhe4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--afhe3 ,,! ,,boxmak] ,,& ,,turn] z pictur$ by ,com5ius requir$ planes 7#c & #e71 workb5* 7#d71 aug] 7#f71 knife 7#g71 & la! 7#ad74 7,f ,johann ,amos ,com5ius1 ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y47 ,! lit]ature ( ! subject1 bo? new & old1 is sp>se1 ) int]e/ always c5t]+ ^u ! object %ap$ by ! craftsman's tool r ?an ^u ! tool itself4 ,h5ry ,m]c]'s ,anci5t ,c>p5t]s' ,tools1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aibi1 is an exception4 ,x rema9s a ri* s\rce ( in=mation bas$ prim>ily on ! m>vel\s collections pres]v$ by ! ,bucks ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society4 ,s9ce #aicc1 ! ,e>ly ,am]ican ,indu/ries ,association1 bo? ?r\gh collect+ & ?r\gh its ,*ronicle1 has call$ att5tion to ! vani%+ trades1 _! tools & te*niques2 ! magaz9e ,antiques has occasionally dealt ) ?is subject4 ,hi/orians ( economic & indu/rial developm5t usually neglect ! tools ( ! woodcrafts1 & :5 consid]+ ! toolmak]s1 !y h ref]5ce only to ! inv5tors & produc]s ( ma*9e tools4 ,! de>? ( writt5 mat]ial is some:at comp5sat$ = by ! collections ( h& tools 9 ,am]ican museums & re/orations1 notably ^? at ,williamsburg1 ,coop]/[n1 ,old ,/urbridge ,village1 ,w9t]?ur1 ! ,h5ry ,=d ,museum1 & ,%elburne2 at ! latt] 9 p>ticul> ! ext5sive collection has be5 bol/]$ by ,frank ,h4 ,wildung's museum pamphlet1 ,woodwork+ ,tools at ,%elburne ,museum4 ,! mo/ in=mative rec5t ,am]ican "w on ! subject is ,eric ,sloane's h&somely illu/rat$ ,a ,museum ( ,e>ly ,am]ican ,tools1 publi%$ 9 #aifd4 ,go+ beyond j ! tools ( ! woodwork]1 ,sloane's book also includes agricultural implem5ts4 ,x is a delightful comb9ation ( appreciation ( e>ly design1 no/algia1 & useful fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--agjc3 ,,! ,,tools ,,( ,,! ,,jo9] illu/rat$ by ,moxon are ! workb5* 7,a71 =e plane 7,b4 #a71 jo9t] 7,b4 #b71 /rike-block 7,b4 #c71 smoo?+ plane 7,b4 #d & ,b4 #g71 rabbet plane 7,b4 #e71 pl[ 7,b4 #f71 =m+ *isels 7,c4 #a & ,c4 #c71 p>+ *isel 7,c4 #b71 skew =m] 7,c4 #d71 mortis+ *isel 7sec4 ,c4 #e71 g\ge 7,c4 #f71 squ>e 7,d71 bevel 7,f71 gauge 7,g71 brace & bit 7,h71 gimlet 7,i71 aug] 7,k71 hat*et 7,l71 pit saw 7,m71 :ipsaw 7,n71 frame saw 7,o71 saw set 7,q71 h&saw 7unm>k$71 & compass saw 7,e74 7,joseph ,moxon1 ,me*anick ,ex]cises 4441 #crd ed41 ,london1 #agjc4 ,libr>y ( ,congress47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--agjc3 ,,only ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,tools us$ 9 c>p5try are li/$ by ,moxon3 ! axe 7,a71 adz 7,b71 socket *isel 7,c71 ripp+ *isel 7,d71 drawknife 7,e71 hookp9 7,f71 bevel 7,g71 plumb l9e 7,h71 hamm] 7,i71 comm&] 7,k71 cr[ 7,l71 & jack 7,m74 7,moxon1 ,me*anick ,ex]cises 4441 #agjc4 ,libr>y ( ,congress47 ,*>les ,hummel's =?com+ ,) ,hamm] 9 ,h&3 ,! ,dom9y ,craftsm5 ( ,ea/ ,hampton--to be publi%$ by ! ,yale ,univ]sity ,press--w be a major contribution to ! lit]ature deal+ ) ,anglo-,am]ican woodwork+ tools4 ,hummel's book w place 9 p]spective ,w9t]?ur ,museum's uniquely docum5t$ ,dom9y ,wood%op ,collection4 ,?is ext5sive collection ( tools--ov] a ?\s& 9 numb]--is ri* 9 attribut$ & dat$ examples :i* range f ! e>ly #ah? ?r\gh ! mid-#ai? c5tury4 ,! lit]ature ( ! subject has be5 greatly enhanc$ by ! ,engli% writ]1 ,w4,l4 ,goodman4 ,ext5d+ a s]ies ( articles t fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,! ,in/itute ( ,h&icraft ,tea*]s1 ,goodman has put toge!r a well-rese>*$ ,hi/ory ( ,woodwork+ ,tools 7,london1 #aifd71 "o p>ticul>ly useful = its weal? ( illu/ration f antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages4 ,specialization ,giv5 ! limitations ( precise dat+1 unc]ta9 prov5ance1 & an unev5 lit]ature1 :at c be le>n$ ab\t woodwork+ tools aft] #afjj8 ,9 "s in/ances1 design *ange c be not$ & docum5t$ to provide at lea/ a g5]al crit]ia = dat+4 ,frequ5tly1 ! orig9al appe>ance ( tools c be docum5t$4 ,= "s h& tools1 *>act]i/ics c be e/abli%$ t d5ote a national orig94 ,n infrequ5tly a tool's /yle1 decorative motif1 or simil>ity to o!r objects t coexi/$ at a giv5 "t c sugge/1 ev5 9 relatively mod]n times1 ! values ( ! society t produc$ x4 ,! s\rce ( su* in=mation d]iv$ f ! h& tool is g5]ally visual1 record$ 9 ! tool itself or 9 pictures ( x & support$ by manuscript & pr9t$ mat]ial4 ,survey ! pr9cipal pr9t$ s\rces ( ! #ag?1 #ah?1 & #ai? c5turies4 ,! fir/ ?+ t is app>5t is a rem>kable prolif]ation ( tool types )\t any significant *ange 9 ! def9ition & description ( ! c>p5t]'s or jo9]'s task4 ,beg9 9 #afhe ) ,*>les ,hoole's translation ( ,johann ,amos ,com5ius' ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus = use z a ,lat9 gramm>4 ,among ! occupations *os5 to illu/rate vocabul>y & usage 7 ! c>p5t] 7fig4 #a71 ! boxmak] 7cab9etmak]71 & ! turn] 7fig4 #b74 ,! ,c>p5t]1 accord+ to ,hoole's text1 squ>e? ,timb] ) a ,*ip ax 444 & sawe? x ) a ,saw :ile ! m specializ$ ,box-mak]1 smoo!? hew5-,bo>ds ) a ,pla9 ^u a ,"w-bo>d1 he make? !m v smoo? ) a little pla91 he bo>? !m ?or[ ) an ,augre1 c>ve? !m ) a ,knife1 fa/5e? !m toge!r ) ,glew1 & ,cramp-irons1 & make? ,tables1 ,bo>ds1 ,*e/s c4 ,hoole repeat$ ,com5ius' plates ) ! result t ! craftsman's tools & 8 "w h ! same *>act]i/ic m$ieval flavor z ! text4#b ,joseph ,moxon 9 8 well-quot$ "w on ! me*anic arts def9$ jo9]y z an ,art ,manual1 :]eby sev]al ,pieces ( ,wood are s fitt$ & jo9'd toge!r by ,/raight-l9e1 ,squ>es1 ,mit]s or any ,bevel1 t !y %all seem "o intire ,piece4 ,includ+ ! workb5*1 ,moxon describ$ & illu/rat$ #cj tools 7fig4 #c7 ne$$ by ! jo9]4 ,! c>p5t]'s tools 7 less favor$ by illu/ration2 only #ac 7 pictur$ 7fig4 #d74 ,! tools t ! c>p5t] us$ 7 ! same z ^? ( ! jo9] except t ! c>p5t]'s tools 7 /ructurally /rong]4 ,! axe s]ves z a good example ( ! diff]5ce4 ,! jo9]'s axe 0 light & %ort h&l$ ) ! left side ( ! cutt+ edge bezel$ to accommodate "o-h&$ use4 ,! c>p5t]'s axe1 on ! o!r h&1 0 int5d$ to hew great ,/uff & 0 made deep] & heavi] to facilitate ! squ>+ & bevel+ ( timb]s4#c ,by mid-#ah? c5tury ! craft ( jo9] & c>p5t] _h be5 completely rationaliz$ 9 ,did]ot's ,encyclop$ie & by ,&re ,r\bo 9 8 ,l',art du m5uisi]1 a "p ( ,duhamel's ,descriptions des arts et meti]s4 ,did]ot1 = example1 illu/rates #ad b5* planes alone1 g5]ally us$ by ! jo9] 7fig4 #e71 :ile ,r\bo sugge/s ! /eady sophi/ication ( ! art 9 a plate %[+ ! special planes & irons requir$ = f9e mold+ & panel+ 7fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--agfi3 ,,! ,,b5* ,,planes ,,( ,,! ,,jo9] increas$ 9 numb]1 b 9 appe>ance !y rema9$ mu* ! same z ^? illu/rat$ by ,moxon4 7,d5is ,did]ot1 ,recueil de plan*es sur les sci5ce et les arts lib]aux1 ,p>is1 #agfi1 vol4 #g1 ,m5uis]ie4 ,smi?sonian photo #effcj47 ,despite su* ?or\ghness1 )\t ! addition ( ! sev]al plates x w\ld be almo/ impossible to visualize1 ?r\gh ! descriptive text alone1 ! "w ( ! c>p5t] & jo9] except1 ( c\rse1 9 mod]n t]ms4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! num]\s texts on build+1 su* z ,batty ,langley's ,! ,build]'s ,complete ,assi/ant 7#agch7 & ,francis ,price's ,! ,briti% ,c>p5t] 7#agfe71 :]e build+ te*niques are well describ$ b illu/ration ( tools is omitt$4 ,?is inadequacy gr[s4 ,9 two #ai?-c5tury ,am]ican editions ( ,briti% works1 ,! ,book ( ,trades1 pr9t$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahjg1 & ,haz5's ,panorama ( ! ,pr(essions & ,trades 7#ahch71 ! descriptions ( ! c>p5t]'s trade are extremely elem5t>y4 ,?omas ,m>t9's ,circle ( ! ,me*anical ,arts 7#ahac71 al?\gh f> m ?or\gh ?an _m texts1 /ill def9$ c>p5try z ! art ( cutt+ out1 fram+1 & jo9+ l>ge pieces ( wood1 to be us$ 9 build+ & jo9]y z small "w or :at is call$ by ! ,fr5*1 m5uis]ie4 ,m>t9 enum]at$ #af tools mo/ useful to ! c>p5t] & #ba commonly us$ by ! jo9]2 9 summ>y1 he not$1 z _h ,moxon1 t bo? ^! arts are subs]vi5t to ar*itecture1 be+ employ$ 9 rais+1 ro(+1 floor+ & ornam5t+ build+s ( all k9ds 7fig4 #g74d ,9 ,pet] ,ni*olson's ,! ,me*anic's ,companion 7figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj71 ! all-too-famili> def9ition ( c>p5try z ! art ( employ+ timb] 9 ! con/ruction ( build+s sugge/s v little ( ! c>p5t]'s actual "w or ! improvem5t 9 tool design t _h occurr$ s9ce ,moxon's ,ex]cises4 ,f ,ni*olson's li/ ( ! tools requir$ by ! c>p5t]--a ripp+ saw1 a h& saw1 an axe1 an adze1 a socket *isel1 a firm] *isel1 a ripp+ *isel1 an augu]1 a gimlet1 a hamm]1 a mallet1 a pair ( p9c]s1 & sometimes planes--!re w\ld seem at fir/ glance slight advance s9ce ! #afjj's4 ,! enum]ation ( ! jo9]'s tools1 h[ev]1 indicates a consid]able prolif]ation1 p>ticul>ly :5 comp>$ to e>li] writ]s4 ,by ! e>ly #ai? c5tury1 ! m ref9$ "w ( jo9]y requir$ ov] #ej tools4 ,! b5* planes in/ruct$ ,ni*olson are1 ! jack plane1 ! =e plane1 ! try+ plane1 ! long plane1 ! jo9t]1 & ! smoo?+ plane2 ! cyl9dric plane1 ! compass & =k/aff planes2 ! /raight block1 = /raight5+ %ort edges4 ,rebat+ planes are ! mov+ filli/]1 ! sa% filli/]1 ! common rebat+ plane1 ! side rebat+ plane4 ,groov+ planes are ! pl\gh & dado groov+ planes4 ,m\ld+ planes are s9k+ snipebills1 side snipebills1 beads1 holl[s & r\nds1 ovolos & ogees4 ,bor+ tools are3 gimlets1 bradawls1 /ock1 & bits4 ,in/rum5ts = divid+ ! wood1 are pr9cipally ! ripp+ saw1 ! half ripp]1 ! h& saw1 ! panel saw1 ! t5on saw1 ! c>case saw1 ! sa% saw1 ! compass saw1 ! keyhole saw1 & turn+ saw4 ,tools us$ = =m+ ! angles ( two adjo9+ surfaces1 are squ>es & bevels4 ,tools us$ = draw+ p>allel l9es are gauges4 ,edge tools are ! firm] *isel1 ! mortise *isel1 ! socket *isel1 ! g\ge1 ! hat*et1 ! adze1 ! draw+ knife4 ,tools = knock+ ^u wood & iron are1 ! mallet & hamm]4 ,implem5ts = %>p5+ tools are ! gr9d+ /one1 ! rub /one1 & ! oil or :et /one4#e ,reflect+ :at ! text writ]s li/$1 toolmak]s by ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury gave buy]s a wide *oice4 ,! catalogue ( ,%effield's ,ca/le ,hill ,works (f]$ #bj comb9ations ( ready-/ock$ tool *e/s2 ! simple/ conta9$ #ab c>p5t]'s tools & ! mo/ complex1 #ci1 plus1 if desir$1 an additional assortm5t ( g>d5+ implem5ts 7fig4 #aa74 ,9 #aheg1 ! ,arr[mammett ,works ( ,middlet[n1 ,connecticut1 produc]s ( b5* & mold+ planes1 publi%$ an illu/rat$ catalogue t (f]$ #cd di/9ct types t includ$ ev]y?+ f holl[s & r\nds to d\ble jo9t]s & h&-rail planes 7fig4 #ab74f ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--aggd3 ,,&re ,,r\bo',s ,l',art du m5uisi] conta9s detail$ plates & descriptions ( ! mo/ specializ$ ( woodwork+ planes3 ^? us$ to cut panel mold+s4 ,! con=mation ( ^! tools 0 /ill di/9ctly 9 keep+ ) ! ,moxon type & sugge/s t1 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 no rem>kable *ange _h yet occurr$ 9 ! %ape ( planes4 7,&re-,jacob ,r\bo1 ,l',art du m5uisi]3 ,troisieme p>tie1 troisieme section1 l'art du m5uisi] eb5i/e ,p>is1 #aggd4 ,smi?sonian photo #digij-;,d47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--ahac3 ,,?omas ,,m>t9 ,,illu/rat$ ,,on ,,"o ,,plate ! tools ( ! c>p5t] & jo9] divid+ !m z foll[s3 ! tools mo/ useful to ! c>p5t]1 ! axe 7#g71 adz 7#f71 saw 7#bd71 socket *isel 7#ac71 firm] *isel 7#e71 aug] 7#a71 gimlet 7#c71 gauge 7#af71 squ>e 7#i71 compass 7#cf71 hamm] 7#ba71 mallet 7#bb71 hookp9 7#aa71 cr[ 7#ab71 plumb rule 7#ah71 & level 7#ai72 & ! tools mo/ (t5 associat$ ) jo9]y1 ! jack plane 7#cj71 try+ plane 7#ca71 smoo?+ plane 7#cd71 t5on saw 7#be71 compass saw 7#bf71 keyhole saw 7#bg71 squ>e 7#h71 bevel 7#bc71 gauge 7#ag71 mortise *isel 7#d71 g\ge 7#ad71 turnscrew 7#ae71 pl[ plane 7#bi71 mold+ plane 7#ce71 p9c]s 7#cg71 bradawl 7#aj71 /ock & bit 7#b71 sidehook 7#bj71 workb5* 7#bh71 & rule 7#ch74 ,! planes are ( p>ticul> int]e/ s9ce !y %[ cle>ly a *ange 9 =m f ^? previ\sly illu/rat$4 7,?omas ,m>t91 ,! ,circle ( ! ,me*anical ,arts1 ,london1 #ahac47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--ahcb3 ,,pet] ,,ni*olson ,,illu/rat$ an int]e/+ mixture ( old & new =ms4 ,an updat+ ( ,moxon1 ,ni*olson's c>p5t] requir$ an axe 7#a71 adz 7#b71 socket *isel 7#c71 mortise & t5on gauge 7#d71 squ>e 7#e71 plumb rule 7#f71 level 7#g71 aug] 7#h71 hookp9 7#i71 & cr[ 7#aj74 7,pet] ,ni*olson1 ,! ,me*anic's ,companion4 #a/ ,am]ican ed41 ,philadelphia1 #ahcb4 ,smi?sonian photo #effcc47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--ahcb3 ,,! ,,workb5* ,,del9eat$ ,,by ,,ni*olson 0 little improv$ ov] ,moxon's1 al?\gh ! planes--jack 7#a71 try+ plane 7#b71 smoo?+ plane 7#c71 sa% filli/] 7#g71 & pl[ 7#h7--;foll[$ ! =m se5 9 ,m>t9 7fig4 #g74 ,! inception ( ?is %ape occurr$ 9 ! %ops ( ,%effield toolmak]s 9 ! la/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & x p]si/$ until replac$ by metallic v]sions pat5t$ by ,am]ican innovators dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury4 7,ni*olson1 ,! ,me*anic's ,companion4 ,smi?sonian photo #effca47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--ahcb3 ,,! ,,brace ,,& ,,bit1 ,,gimlet1 ,,*isels1 ,,& ,,saws1 hav+ a*iev$ a /&>d =m di/9ctly diff]5t ?an ^? ( ,moxon's v9tage1 71 l ! plane1 sl[ to *ange4 ,! metallic v]sion ( ! brace did n replace ! /&>d ,%effield type 7#a7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until aft] #ahej4 ,= all int5t & purpose ! saw /ill reta9s ! *>act]i/ics illu/rat$ 9 ,ni*olson4 ,( int]e/ is ,ni*olson's comm5t reg>d+ ! saws2 namely1 t ! d\ble h&le 0 peculi> to ! h& 7#f7 & t5on saws 7#g71 :ile ! compass 7#i7 & ! sa% saws 7#h7 _h ! s+le h&le4 ,9 addition ! t5on saw 0 g5]ally back$ 9 iron & ! sa% saw 9 brass4 7,ni*olson1 ,! ,me*anic's ,companion4 ,smi?sonian photo #effcb47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,,e>ly #ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,( ,,toolmak]s indicat$ ! div]sity ( production4 ,! ,ca/le ,hill ,works at ,%effield (f]$ to g5tlem5 #bj *oices ( tool *e/s design$ to appeal to a wide v>iety ( us]s & purses4 ,! *e/ 0 available 9 ei!r oak or mahogany1 dep5d+ on ! g5tleman's ta/es 7fig4 #di74 7,book #hg1 ,cutl] & ,company1 ,ca/le ,hill ,works1 ,%effield4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--aheg3 ,,! ,,div]sity ,,( ,,tools available to buy]s made necess>y ! illu/rat$ trade catalogue4 ,al?\gh few 9 numb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e #ahej1 tool catalogues became volum9\s 9 ! la/ half ( ! c5tury z pr9t+ co/s dropp$4 7,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 ,smi?sonian photo #digij47 ,am]ican inv5tories reflect ! great increase sugge/$ by ! e>ly te*nical writ]s & trade catalogues cit$ above4 ,comp>e ! cont5t ( two ,am]ican c>p5t]s' %ops--"o ( #agji1 9 ,york ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 & ! o!r ( #ahbg1 9 ,middlebor\gh1 ,massa*usetts4 ,john ,cro/1 a ,virg9ian1 own$1 9 addition to sundry %oemak+ & agricultural implem5ts1 a doz5 gimlets1 *alkl9es1 bung aug]s1 a doz5 turn+ tools & mortis+ *isels1 sev]al doz5 planes 7ogees1 holl[s & r\nds1 & pl[s71 sev]al aug]s1 a pair ( #b-;foot rules1 a spoke %ave1 la?+ hamm]s1 a lock saw1 ?ree files1 compasses1 p>+ *isels1 a jo9t]'s hamm]1 ?ree h&saws1 fill+ axes1 a broad axe1 & two adzes4 ,ne>ly #abj ye>s lat] ,amasa ,?ompson li/$ 8 tools & _! value4 ,?ompson's li/ is a spl5did comp>ison ( ! tools ne$$ 9 actual practice1 z oppos$ to ! tools sugge/$ by ,ni*olson 9 8 treatise on c>p5try or ^? %[n 9 ! catalogues ( ! toolmak]s4#g ,?ompson li/$ ! foll[+3 #a set b5* planes #f4jj #a ,broad ,axe #c4jj #a ,adze #b4be #a ,panel saw #a4ej #a ,panel saw #a4eh #a f9e d-- #a4eh #a ,draw+ knife 4#df #a ,try+ squ>e 4#ic #a ,%+l+ hat*et 4#ej #a ,hamm] 4#ej #a ,rabbit plane 4#hc #a ,halv+ d 4#ej #a ,back$ f9e saw #a4be #a ,in* augre 4#ej #a pr4 divid]s or compasses-- 4#ga #a ,panel saw = splitt+ #b4ge #a ,t5non gauge #a4db #a ,bevel 4#hd #a ,bradd ,hamm] 4#ej #a ,ar*itect ,book #f4ej #a ,case ,ma!matical ,in/rum5ts #c4fb-a_/b #a ,panel saw #b4ge #a ,graft+ saw #a4jj #a ,b5* screw #a4jj #a ,/amp #b4ej #a ,d\ble jo9t rule 4#fb-a_/b #a ,sa% saw #a4ab-a_/b #a ,oil ,c 4#ag #a ,brace #cf /raw cold bits #i4jj #a ,w9d[ ,frame tool #d4jj #a ,bl9d tool #a4cc #a ,glue ,kettle 4#fb-a_/b #a ,gr9d/one )\t crank #a4ge #a ,ma*9e = :ett+ saws 4#ge #a ,t5non+ ma*9e #d4ej ,draft+ bo>d & squ>e ,bevel-- #a4be #a ,nose+ sa% plane ) templets copes #d4ej #a pr4 clamps = clamp+ doors #b4ag #a ,set ,b5* ,planes--d\ble irons4-- #g4ej #a ,gr9d/one #cjj lbs #f4be #a ,/ove = %op--#g4be1 "o elb[ 4#cg #dj lbs second h& pipe #d4jj #aa4fb #a ,b$ m\ld+ #b4jj #a ,pr4 %e>s = cutt+ t94-- 4#ag #a ,mortic+ ,ma*9e #aj4ge #a ,grecian ,ovilo #a4ac #a-c_/af be$ 4#fg #a ,_s level #b4be #a ,oil /one 4#db #a ,small try+ squ>e 4#dh #a p>e+ *isel 4#cg #a ,screw driv] 4#bi #a ,b5* screw 4#ge #a ,box rule 4#ej #a-c_/d ,augre 4#da #aa ,g\ges #a4ai #ac ,*isels #a4ag #a small iron vice 4#eb #a pr4 ,holl[ ,r\nds 4#hf #d ,fram+ *isels #a4je #a ,grove pl\gh ,irons--,sold at #d4ej #e4jj #a ,sa% plane = #a-a_/d /uff #a4ej #a ,cope+ plane 4#fg #a ,bead #a_/d-- 4#ge #a ,bead #c_/d #a4jj #a ,rabbit 7,sold at 4#ib7 4#ib #a ,smoo? plane #a4ej #a ,/rike ,block 4#ib #a ,compass saw 4#db #f ,gauges #a4hc #a ,du/ bru% 4#be #a ,rasp1 or wood file 4#be #a ,augre #b 94 4#gf #a ,augre #a 94 4#dj #a ,d #c_/d 4#cj #a ,spoke %ave 4#ej #a ,bevel-- 4#be #a ,box rule 4#hd #a ,iron squ>e #a4db #a ,box rule #a4be #a ,spur ,rabbit 7,sold--#a4ag7 #a4cc #a ,pannel plane #a4be #a ,sa% plane #a4be #a pr4 ,mat* planes #b4be #a ,two in* *isel or firm]-- 4#db #a ,mortic+ *isel #c_/h 4#be #a ,l>ge screw driv] #a4jj #a ,pr4 small clamps 4#ej #a pr4 ,spr+ divid]s 4#ib #a d-nipp]s 4#bj #a ,mortic+ *isel #a_/b 94 4#bh #a ,ovilo ,o/rigal #c_/d-- #a4be #a ,scotia ,o/rigal #e_/h-- #a4jh #a ,nose+-- #a4jh #a ,pr4 ,holl[ r\nds #a4cc #a ,ogee-- #a_/b in* #a4jj #a ,o/rigal #g_/h in* #a4jj #a ,bit-- 4#ae #a ,be$ #a_/b in* 4#hc #a ,claw hamm] 4#fg #a ,filli/] #b4ej #b ,be$s at #e_/h #a4hc #a ,pair ,quirk tools #a4ej #a ,side ,rabbit plane 4#hc #a ,l>ge /eel tongu$ sq4 #a4ga #a ,saw ,pad 4#fg #a pr4 fire /ones 4#ej #a small try+ sq4 4#ej #a ,set ,b5* planes d\ble iron$ )\t smoo? plane #f4jj #a ,b5* screw 4#ge ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,,e>ly #ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,9 addition to _! special function & importance z survivals docum5t+ an outmod$ te*nology1 ! h& tool (t5 comb9es a gracefulness ( l9e & a s5se ( proportion t makes x an object ( great decorative appeal4 ,! divid]s ( ! build] or %ipwright illu/rat$ "h are ( ,fr5* orig9 & may be valu$ z mu* = _! cultural significance z = _! te*nical importance4 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,g47 ,by #aijj1 ! c>p5t]'s tool *e/1 fully /ock$ & fit = ! f9e/ craftsman1 conta9$ #ij or m tools4 ,specialization is readily app>5t2 ! *ange 91 & a*ievem5t (1 ! ultimate design ( a specific tool is n s easily p9po9t$4 ,only by comp>+ illu/rations & surviv+ examples c su* an evolution be appreciat$ & 9 ! process1 :e!r pond]+ ! metamorphosis ( a plane1 a brace & bit1 or an aug]1 ! v>i\s /ages ( *ange enc\nt]$ co9cide ) ! rise ( mod]n indu/rial society4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--afhh3 ,,frontispiece ,,f ,,john ,,br[n1 ,! ,description & ,use ( ! ,c>p5t]'s ,rule1 ,london1 #afhh4 7,libr>y ( ,congress47 ,configuration ,h& tools are (t5 neglect$ 9 ! se>* = ! pleas+ objects ( ! pa/4 ,consid]$ too utilit>ian1 _! decorative appeal--! mell[ pat9a ( ! wood plane or ! delicately tap]$ legs ( a pair ( divid]s--(t5 goes unnotic$4 ,surpris+ly mod]n 9 design1 ! anci5t c>p5t]'s or cab9etmak]'s tool has a vitality ( l9e t c1 )\t ref]5ce to te*nical significance1 make x an object ( consid]able grace & beauty4 ,! h& tool is frequ5tly a lively & decorative symbol ( a society at a giv5 "t--a symbol1 :i*1 accord+ to ! judges at ,london's ,cry/al ,palace ,exhibition 9 #ahea1 gives indications ( ! peculi> condition & habits ( ! p :5ce !y come1 ( _! social & indu/rial wants & aims1 z well z _! natural or acquir$ advantages4#h ,! h& tool1 !re=e1 %\ld be consid]$ bo? z an object ( appeal+ %ape & a docum5t illu/rative ( society & its progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,cab9etmak]'s divid]s ( ,engli% orig94 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #dighi-;,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--aghc3 ,,cab9etmak]',s divid]s ( ,engli% manufacture1 dat$1 & m>k$ ,t4 ,pe>ma94 ,see detail1 figure #ag4 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--aghc3 ,,detail ,,( ,,cab9etmak]',s ,,divid]s %[+ "n & date4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,c>p5t]'s divid]s ( ,engli% orig91 undat$4 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,b47 ,on fir/ sight1 x is ! con=mation r ?an any facet ( its te*nical or social significance t /rikes ! eye2 p]haps ! mo/ decorative ( tools are e>ly divid]s & calip]s :i*1 prior to _! /&>dization1 exi/$ 9 seem+ly endless v>iety4 ,! great divid]s us$ by ! %ipbuild] & ar*itect = scrib+ & measur+ timb]s n only indicate build+ te*niques 7accession #fa4edh7 b also docum5t #ag?-& e>ly #ah?-c5tury decorative metalwork1 z se5 9 figure #ac4 ,well be=e ! #ag? c5tury1 arti/s & engrav]s recogniz$ !m z intrigu+ %apes to include 9 any potp\rri ( in/rum5ts1 ei!r 9 c>t\*es or ! frontispieces ( books 7fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--ahee3 ,,! ,,frontispiece ,,f ,,edw>d ,,%aw1 ,! ,mod]n ,ar*itect 7,bo/on1 #ahee71 %[s ! c>p5t]'s divid]s 9 ! =egr\nd un*ang$ 9 =m f ^? illu/rat$ 9 figure #ah4 ,( fur!r int]e/ 9 ,%aw's plate is ! dress ( ! workm5 & ! balloon frame ( ! h\se "u con/ruction4 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,a47 ,! two pairs ( cab9etmak]'s divid]s illu/rat$ 9 figures #ae & #af sugge/ significant *anges 9 ! design ( a basic tool4 ,! divid]s %[n 9 figure #ae are ,engli% & w\ld seem to be ( e>ly #ah?-c5tury orig91 p]haps ev5 e>li]4 ,!y are ,r5aissance 9 feel+ ) decorat$ legs & a he>t-%ap$ /op on ! end ( ! slide-arm4 ,9 "*1 !y are l ! great divid]s %[n 9 figure #ac3 functional1 b at ! same "t pres]v+ 9 _! decoration ! features common to a wide v>iety ( ironwork & w>es beyond ! realm ( tools alone4 ,! divid]s pictur$ 9 figure #af are a decid$ contra/4 ,dat$ #aghc1 !y are /rongly sugge/ive ( ,%effield orig94 ,gone is ! sup]flu\s decoration2 9 its place is ! /rong1 crisp l9e ( a tool t has rea*$ ne>ly ! ultimate ( function & manufacture1 a device :i* bo? 9 g5]al appe>ance & precise design is v mod]n 9 execution4 ,equally intrigu+ are ! small]1 m sl5d] divid]s 7accession #caieeg7 ( ! #ah?-c5tury h\se-build] z se5 9 figure #ah1 a =m t *ang$ v little1 if at all1 until aft] #ahej--;a fact confirm$ by ! frontispiece ( ,edw>d ,%aw's ,! ,mod]n ,ar*itect1 publi%$ 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahee 7fig4 #ai74 ,! d\ble calip]s ( ! woodturn] 7fig4 #bj7 h by f> ! mo/ appeal+ & +5i\s design ( all su* devices4 ,design$ = conv5i5ce1 few tools illu/rate bett] ! ae/hetic ( ! purely functional ?an ?is pair ( #ai?-c5tury ,am]ican calip]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--;,,e>ly #ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,calip]s ( ! woodturn] p]mitt$ d\ble read+s to be tak5 )\t *ang+ ! set ( ! tool4 ,inh]5t 9 ?is practical design is a gracefulness ( l9e seldom surpass$4 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #digic-;,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--agjd3 ,,! ,,floor ,,plane ,,or ,,long ,,jo9] ( ,norwegian orig9 exhibits ! *>act]i/ic decoration ( ! /ock & m\?1 patt]ns common on tools ( nor!rn ,european & ,sc&9avian orig94 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,norsk ,folkemuseum1 ,oslo1 ,norway47 ,int5d$ to e/abli% proportion & to insure precision1 x seems a natural consequ5ce t divid]s & calip]s %\ld 9 !mselves reflect ! same s5se ( balance & grace t !y 7 design$ to gov]n4 ,/ill1 ev5 ! mo/ prosaic examples ( woodwork+ tools1 completely divorc$ f ! quasi-ma!matical devices ( measure & proportion1 h ?is quality & c be admir$ solely z decorative objects4 ,?is is mo/ evid5t 9 ! ?ree ,european b5* planes illu/rat$ 9 figures #ba1 #bb1 & #bc3 "o ,norwegian1 dat$ #agjd2 "o ,dut* 7accession #caiefb71 dat$ #agef2 & "o ,g]man1 dat$ #ahji4 ,! ,norwegian & ,g]man examples1 ) _! elaborately c>v$ bodies & he>t-%ap$ m\?s1 are typical ( ! type t ,sw$i% & ,g]man coloni/s 9 ,am]ica might h us$ 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,!y are important = t reason4 ,also1 all ?ree exhibit elaboration f\nd on o!r mat]ial survivals f ^! c\ntries 9 _! respective p]iods4 ,= example1 ! incis$ rosette ( ! ,dut* plane 7fig4 #bb7 is especially sugge/ive ( ! rosettes f\nd on ,engli% & ,am]ican furniture ( ! #agej's & #agfj's1 specifically on high *e/s4 ,! decorative motifs t *>act]iz$ ,european tools ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies obscur$ te*nical improvem5t4 ,by contra/1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 tools ga9$ di/9ction ?r\gh ! directness ( _! design4 ,foll[+ ,engli% patt]ns1 tools ( ,am]ican make 7 /raight=w>d4 ,only lat]1 9 new tool types1 did !y imitate ! rococo fl\ri% ( _! ,european pr$ecessors4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! b>oque = ?+s functional seem+ly _h little appeal4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( woodwork+ planes on :i*1 unlike _! cont95tal c\s9s1 embelli%m5t is r>ely se54 ,exemplify+ ?is tradition are ?ree e>ly #ai?-c5tury ,am]ican planes3 a pl[1 = cutt+ *annels ( v>i\s wid?s on bo>d edges1 m>k$ ,g4 ,:ite1 ,philda 7fig4 #bd72 a rabbet1 = not*+ ! m>g9 ( bo>ds2 made by ,e4,w4 ,c>p5t] ( ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania 7fig4 #be72 & a jack or =eplane1 = r\gh surfac+ 7accession #fa4edg71 made by ,a4 ,klock & dat$ #ahah z se5 9 figure #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--agef3 ,,! ,,highly elaborat$ /ock & rosette-incis$ w$ge ( ! smoo?+ plane recall ! decoration on furniture ( ! p]iod4 ,! plane is ( ,dut* orig94 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,f47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--ahji3 ,,?is ,,b5* ,,plane ( ,g]man orig9 is dat$ #ahji4 ,x is ( a traditional =m t p]si/s to ! pres5t day4 ,! planes pictur$ 9 figures #ba1 #bb1 & #bc are simil> to ! type br\ght to ,nor? ,am]ica by non-,engli% coloni/s4 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #digic-;,f47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--;,,ab\t #ahah3 ,?is pl[ plane1 us$ to cut n>r[ *annels on ! edges ( bo>ds1 0 made by ,g4 ,:ite ( ,philadelphia 9 ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 ,x is ess5tially ! same tool depict$ 9 ! catalogues ( ,%effield manufactures & 9 ! plates f ,m>t9 & ,ni*olson4 ,! patt]n ( ! basic b5* tools us$ 9 ,am]ica consi/5tly foll[$ ,briti% design1 at lea/ until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury4 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #digid-;,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4 #ahcj-ahdj3 ,,! ,,design ,,( ! rabbet plane1 us$ to cut a groove ( fix$ wid? & dep? on ! edge ( a bo>d1 0 n improv$ ^u 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! c>p5t]'s dep5d5ce on ?is tool less5$ only aft] ! p]fection ( multipurpose metallic planes t c\ld be readily conv]t$ to cut a rabbet4 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #didghi-;,h74 ,! "q ( dat+ arises1 s9ce only ! ,klock piece is firmly fix$4 ,h[1 = example1 is ! e>ly #ai?-c5tury attribution arriv$ at = ! planes inscrib$ ,:ite & ,c>p5t]8 ,fir/1 ! nature ( ! /amp$ "n ,g4 ,:ite is ( prop] "* = ! p]iod4 ,second1 ,g4 ,:ite is li/$ 9 ! ,philadelphia city directories z a plane-mak] betwe5 ! ye>s #ahah & #ahbj1 work+ at ! back ( #e ,filb]t ,/reet & lat] at #cd ,juliana ,/reet4 ,?ird1 int]nal evid5ce on ! plane itself gives a clue4 ,9 ?is case1 ! h>dw>e--rivets & furrels--is simil> if n id5tical to t f\nd on fire>ms ( ! p]iod1 weapons ^: dates ( manufacture are kn[n4 ,! decorative mold+ on ! f5ce ( ?is plane is prop] = ! p]iod2 ?is is n a reliable guide1 h[ev]1 s9ce simil> mold+s are reta9$ ?r\gh\t ! c5tury4 ,f9ally1 ! plane is equipp$ ) a f5ce controll$ by slide-arms1 fix$ ) w$ges & n by adju/able screw arms4 ,aft] #ahcj1 tools ( high quality1 su* z ,:ite's1 inv>iably h ! screw arms4 ,! rabbet plane1 made by ,c>p5t]1 is traceable via ano!r r\te1 ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice records4 ,c>p5t]1 self-designat$ toolmak] ( ,lanca/]1 submitt$ pat5ts = ! improvem5t ( wood planes betwe5 #ahca & #ahdi4 ,examples ( ,c>p5t]'s "w1 always /amp$ z %[n 9 figure #bg1 survive1 bo? dat$ & undat$4 ,!re are sev]al ( 8 planes 9 ! collections ( ! ,bucks ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society1 & dat$ pieces are kn[n 9 private collections4 ,inh]5t 9 ! b5* planes is a feel+ ( motion1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! pl[ & ! rabbet :]e basic design alone conveys ! idea t !y 7 meant to move ov] fix$ surfaces4 ,( ! ?ree examples1 only ! brass tipp+s & setscrew ( ! pl[ plane sugge/ any enri*m5t1 & ( c\rse ^! 7 n int5d$ = decoration2 9 lat] ye>s1 h[ev]1 boxwood1 fruitwood1 & ev5 ivory tips 7 add$ to ! m exp5sive factory models4 ,also un9t5tional1 b pleas+1 is ! di/9ctive ?roat ( ! rabbet plane--a design t develop$ to p]mit easy dis*>ge ( %av+s1 & "o t mass manufacture did n de/roy4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--ahah3 ,,! ,,jack ,,plane1 us$ fir/ by ! c>p5t] = rapid surfac+1 is di/+ui%$ prim>ily by ! bezel$ & slightly convex edge ( its cutt+ iron4 ,z ) ! pl[ & ! rabbet1 its %ape is ubiquit\s4 ,dat$ & m>k$ ,a4 ,klock1 ?is ,am]ican example foll[s precisely ^? detail$ 9 ,%effield patt]n books4 7,smi?sonian photo #digid-;,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4--ahcj-ahdj3 ,,detail ,,( ! rabbet plane 7fig4 #be7 %[+ ! *>act]i/ic /amp ( ,e4,w4 ,c>p5t]4 7,smi?sonian photo #digid-;,d47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4--;,,ab\t #afca3 ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,illu/rations emphasize ! div]g5t appe>ance ( ,european & ,anglo-,am]ican tools4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n always ! case4 ,! woodwork]'s %op by ! ,dut* engrav] ,jan ,van ,vliet sugge/s ! simil>ity betwe5 ,engli% & ,european tool types 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,note 9 p>ticul> ! planes1 axe1 brace1 & aug] z comp>$ to ,moxon4 7,libr>y ( ,congress1 ,division ( ,pr9ts & ,photographs47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4--afij3 ,,! ,,cab9etmak]',s ,,%op f ,elias ,pozelius1 ,orbus ,pictus na* ,zei*nug5 d] ,susanna ,m>ia ,s&r>t1 ,nu]nb]g1 #afij4 7,libr>y ( ,congress47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--aefh3 ,,! ,,woodwork]',s ,,%op f ,hans ,sa*s1 ,eyg5tli*e ,bes*r]bung ,all] ,/&e 444 mit ,kun/rei*5 ,figur5 by ,jo/ ,amman1 ,frankfurt1 #aefh4 7,libr>y ( ,congress47 ,! div]g5ce f ,european to an ,anglo-,am]ican h&-tool design & ! approximate date t x occurr$ c be sugge/$ by a comp>ison ( contempor>y illu/rations4 ,! *ange 9 ! wood5 b5* plane c be foll[$ f ! e>ly #ag? c5tury ?r\gh its /&>dization at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,exam9e fir/ ! planes z drawn 9 ! #afcj's by ! ,dut*man ,jan ,van ,vliet 7fig4 #bh71 an et*] ( ,rembr&t's s*ool at ,leid51 & also ! examples illu/rat$ by ,porzelius 7fig4 #bi7 & by ,jo/ ,amman 7fig4 #cj74 ,comp>e !m to ,moxon's plate 7fig4 #ca7 f ! ,me*anick ,ex]cises 7#crd ed41 #agjc7 & to ! spl5did draw+ ( ! b5* plane f ,&re-,jacob ,r\bo's ,l',art du m5uisi]1 publi%$ 9 #agfi 7fig4 #cb74 ,9 all ( !m1 ! r\nd$ h&le1 or tote1 & ! =e-horn appe>1 *>act]i/ics ( bo? ,european & ,engli% planes ( ! p]iod be=e #agej4 ,! simil>ity ends ) ! mass production ( h& tools f ! %ops ( ! ,engli% toolmak+ c5t]s1 pr9cipally ,%effield4 ,an illu/ration f a patt]n & design book ( ! ,ca/le ,hill ,works1 ,%effield1 dat+ f ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ah? c5tury 7fig4 #cc71 %[s ! a*iev$1 famili> =m ( ! b5* planes1 z well z o!r tools4 ,! use ( ?is =m 9 ,am]ica is readily docum5t$ 9 ,lewis ,mill]'s self-portrait :ile work+ at 8 trade 9 ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahaj 7fig4 #cd7 & by ! %op sign c>v$ by ,isaac ,f[le 9 #ahbj = ,john ,brad=d 7fig4 #ce74 ,9 ea* example1 ! b5* plane cle>ly foll[s ! ,engli% prototype4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4--agjc3 ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,b5* ,,planes f ,moxon's ,me*anick ,ex]cises4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4--agfi3 ,,&re-,,jacob ,,r\bo',s ,,precise ,,r5d]+ ( ! b5* plane reta9s ! ess5tial features %[n by ,moxon--! r\nd$ tote or h&le & ! curv$ =e-horn4 7,&re-,jacob ,r\bo1 ,l',art du m5uisi]1 #agfi47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--;,,e>ly #ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,! b5* plane illu/rat$ 9 ,r\bo or ,moxon is seldom se5 9 ,am]ican tool collections4 ,! b5* planes1 smoo?+ planes1 rabbets1 & pl[s univ]sally resemble ^? %[n 9 ?is illu/ration f ! patt]n book ( ! ,ca/le ,hill ,works1 ,%effield4 7,book #hg1 ,cutl] & ,company1 ,ca/le ,hill ,works1 ,%effield4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4--;,,ab\t #ahaj3 ,,lewis ,,mill] ,,work+ ,,at ,,8 ,,b5* 9 ,york1 ,pa4 ,9 a pr$om9antly ,p5nsylvania-,g]man settlem5t1 ! plane us$ by ,mill] con=ms to ! ,%effield type illu/rat$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,ca/le ,hill ,works z %[n 9 figure #cc4 7,york ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society1 ,york1 ,pa47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4--ahbj3 ,,john ,,brad=d',s %op sign c>v$ by ,isaac ,f[le is a unique docum5t>y ( e>ly #ai?-c5tury tool %apes & is 9 ! ,bo/onian ,society1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 7,index ( ,am]ican ,design1 ,! ,national ,gall]y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4--agjc3 ,,! ,,jo9]',s brace & bit--a detail f ,moxon1 ,me*anick ,ex]cises 4441 ,london1 #agjc4 7,libr>y ( ,congress1 ,smi?sonian photo #effce47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--agfi3 ,,r\bo',s ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,! ,,brace & bit diff]s f ,moxon's only 9 ! precision ( ! del9eation4 ,contra/ ?is =m ) t ( ! /&>d ,%effield v]sion 9 figure #ch & ! metallic braces illu/rat$ 9 figures #dj ?r\gh #dd4 ,f ^! plates c be se5 ! progression ( ! bit/ock t[>d its ultimate p]fection 9 ! late #ai? c5tury4 7,&re-,jacob ,r\bo1 ,l',art du m5uisi]1 #agfi47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--;,,e>ly #ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,mass-,,produc$ ,,v]sion ( ! wood5 brace & bit took ! =m illu/rat$ 9 ,book #hg ( ,cutl]'s ,ca/le ,hill ,works4 7,c\rtesy ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4--ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,transitional ,,=m ( ! wood5 brace & bit incorporat$ ! ov]all %ape ( ! mass-produc$ v]sion b reta9$ ! ar*aic me?od ( fa/5+ ! bit to ! *uck4 ,! tool is ( ,dut* orig9 & sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ,%effield design on ,european tools4 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4--agfi3 ,,r\bo ,,illu/rat$ ,,! ,,metallic ,,brace &1 9 addition1 sugge/$ its use z a screwdriv]4 7,&re-,jacob ,r\bo1 ,l',art du m5uisi]1#agfi47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4--;,,ab\t #agge3 ,,=d1 ,,:itmore ,,& ,,brunton made & sold clockmak]'s braces ( metal ) a sweep & %ank t 0 imitat$ by ,am]ican pat5tees 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 7,catalogue ( ,=d1 ,:itmore & ,brunton1 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,birm+ham ,ref]5ce ,libr>y47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4--aheb3 ,,ne>ly ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s aft] ,r\bo's plate appe>$1 ,jacob ,switz] appli$ = a pat5t = an ,improv$ ,self ,hold+ ,screw ,driv]4 ,! simil>ity ( ,switz]'s draw+ & ,r\bo's plate is /rik+4 7,orig9al pat5t draw+ #i1deg1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4--ahff3 ,,! ,,simplicity ,,& ,,/r5g? ( ! brace propos$ by ,j4 ,p>k] ,gordon is 9 %>p contra/ to ! heavily spl9t$ sides ( ! wood5 brace commonly us$ 9 mid-#ai?-c5tury ,am]ica4 7,orig9al pat5t draw+ #eb1jdb1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4--ahfe3 ,,milton ,,nobles' ,,pat5t p]fect+ ! *uck :i* held ! aug] bit 0 an important /ep along ! pa? :i* l$ ultimately to ! complete acceptance ( ! metallic brace4 ,b>b]'s rat*et brace %[n 9 figure #ff completes ! metamorphosis ( ?is tool =m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,orig9al pat5t draw+ #ea1ffj1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,! c>p5t]'s brace is ano!r in/ance ( div]g5t design aft] a common orig94 ,ref] aga9 to ,van ,vliet's et*+ ( ! woodwork]'s %op 7fig4 #bh71 to ! detail f ,moxon 7fig4 #cf71 & f ,r\bo 7fig4 #cg74 ,all %[ ! brace 9 a =m famili> s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 a %ape common to bo? del9eators & craftsm5 ( ! ,cont95t & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,b1 z ! plane *ang$1 s *ang$ ! brace4 ,! /&>d =m ( ?is tool z x 0 us$ & produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! #ai? c5tury c be se5 9 ano!r plate f ! catalogue ( ! ,ca/le ,hill ,works at ,%effield 7fig4 #ch74 ,?is ,engli% influ5ce on ,am]ican tool design is no surprise1 s9ce z e>ly z #afcd ,william ,wood 9 ,new ,engl&'s ,prospect sugge/$ t coloni/s take to ! ,new ,_w ,all mann] ( ,ironw>es1 z all mann] ( nailes = h\ses 444 ) ,axes bo? broad & pit*+ 444 ,all mann]s ( ,aug]s1 pi]c+ bits1 ,:ip-saws1 ,two h&$ saws1 ,froes 4441 r+s = ,bettle heads1 & ,iron-w$ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4--ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,uphol/]]',s ,,hamm] is an unkn[n2 x is n dat$1 its mak] is anonym\s1 z is its us]4 ,x is ( ,am]ican orig91 yet ( a /yle t might h be5 us$ 9 ,engl& or on ! ,cont95t4 ,?is lack ( prov5ance ne$ n detract f its significance z a mat]ial survival4 ,?is hamm]1 ! brace 7fig4 #df71 ! bevel 7fig4 #dg71 & ! compass saw 7fig4 #dh7 are suffici5tly provocative 9 _! design to conjure "s image ( a te*nology dep5d5t ^u ! skill$ h& ( craftsm5 work+ 9 wood & ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! h&1 ! tool1 & ! f9i%$ product4 7,smi?sonian photo #digic-;,a47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4--ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,brace ,,& ,,bit 9 its nonfactory =m con=ms to a g5]al design patt]n 9 :i* none ( ! compon5ts are ev] precisely alike4 ,?is aspect ( v>iety ( detail--sophi/ication1 crud5ess1 decorative qualities or ! l--reflects some?+ ( ! individuality ( ! toolmak]1 a quality completely lo/ 9 ! /&>dization ( ! c>p5t]'s brace4 7,smi?sonian photo #digid-;,a47 ,engli% tool design 9 ! #ah? c5tury also influ5c$ ! cont95tal toolmak]s4 ,?is c be se5 9 figure #ci 9 a transitional-type bit/ock 7accession #caieef7 f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,adopt+ an ,engli% %ape1 b /ill pres]v+ ! anci5t lev] device = hold+ ! bit 9 place1 ! piece ) its grapev9e embelli%m5t is a m>k$ contra/ to ! sev]ely functional brass *ucks on braces ( ,engli% manufacture4 ,no less a contra/ are metallic v]sions ( ! brace4 ,^! beg9 to appe> ) "s regul>ity 9 ! ,u4,s4 pat5t specifications ( ! #ahdj's2 _! design is app>5tly d]iv$ f #ah?-c5tury prec$5ts4 ,r\bo 7fig4 #dj7 illu/rat$ a metal bit/ock 9 #agfi1 z did ,=d1 ,:itmore ,brunton1 mak]s ( jewel]s' & wat*mak]s' tools1 ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 9 _! trade catalogue ( #agge 7fig4 #da74 ,ea* sugge/s a prototype ( ! pat5t$ =ms ( ! #ahdj's4 ,= example1 9 #aheb1 ,jacob ,switz] ( ,basil1 ,ohio1 sugge/$1 z _h ,r\bo a hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 t ! bit/ock be us$ z a screwdriv] 7fig4 #db72 b f> m int]e/+ ?an ,switz]'s idea 0 8 del9eation ( ! brace itself1 :i* he describ$ z an ord9>y brace & bit /ock 7,u4,s4 pat4 #i1deg74 ,! inf]5ce is t su* a tool =m 0 already a famili> "o among ! woodwork+ trades 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,disreg>d+ ! screwdriv] atta*m5t1 :i* is n )\t m]it1 ,switz]'s /ock repres5ts an accurate r5d]+ ( :at 0 !n a well-kn[n =m if n z yet a rival ( ! old] wood5 brace4 ,likewise1 ,j4 ,p>k] ,gordon's pat5t #eb1jdb ( #ahff exemplifies ! /r5g!n+ ( a basic tool by ! use ( iron 7fig4 #dc7 &1 z a result1 ! a*ievem5t ( an ev5 great] functionalism 9 design4 ,! complete break ) ! m$ieval1 h[ev]1 is se5 9 a draw+ submitt$ to ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts 9 #ahfe 7pat4 #ea1ffj7 by ,milton ,v4 ,nobles ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york4#i ,nobles' creation 0 ( ?or\ghly mod]n design & appe>ance 9 :i*1 unlike e>li] types1 ! bit 0 held 9 place by a solid socket1 split sleeve1 & a tight5+ r+ 7fig4 #dd74 ,9 ?ree c5turies1 ?ree di/9ct design *anges occurr$ 9 ! c>p5t]'s brace4 ,fir/1 ab\t #agej1 ! s-call$ ,engli% or ,%effield bit/ock appe>$4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 ! v e>ly #ai? c5tury by ! re9=c$ ,engli% type ^: sides 7 spl9t$ by brass /rips4 ,n only _h ! m$ieval =m l>gely disappe>$ by ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 b s _h ! anci5t lev]-w$ge me?od ( fa/5+ ! bit 9 ! /ock1 a device replac$ by ! pressure-spr+ button on ! side ( ! *uck4 ,f9ally1 9 ?is evolution1 came ! metallic /ock1 n widely us$ 9 ,am]ica until aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 t embodi$ 9 its design ! influ5ce ( mass manufacture & 9 its sev]al e>ly v]sions all ( ! features ( ! mod]n brace & bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg4--ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,! visually pleas+ qualities ( walnut & brass provide a level ( response to ?is jo9]'s bevel q ap>t f its te*nical significance4 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #digic-;,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dh4--ah,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,h&le ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,saw1 *>act]i/ically ,dut* 9 %ape1 is an out/&+ example ( a recurr+ functional design1 "o :i* v>i$ accord+ to ! h& ( ! saw]4 7,smi?sonian photo #dighi-;,c47 ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*]1 impress$ by ! gr[+ sophi/ication ( ! toolmak]s1 describ$ ! h& tool 9 a mo/ reali/ic & objective mann] z an ext5sion ( a man's h&4 ,! antiqu>ian1 attun$ to m subjective & romantic appraisals1 w f9d ?is h>dly suffici5t4 ,look at ! uphol/]]'s hamm] 7accession #fa4ce7 se5 9 figure #de3 !re is no "q t x is a response to a dem&+ task t requir$ an effici5t & n too =ceful ext5sion ( ! workman's h&4 ,b !re is ano!r response to ?is implem5t3 namely1 ! admiration = an unkn[n toolmak] :o comb9$ 9 an elem5t>y /rik+ tool a hamm]head ( well-weight$ proportion to be wield$ g5tly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an extremely delicate h&le4 ,9 %ort1 "h is an object ab\t ^: prov5ance "o ne$ "k v little 9 ord] to enjoy x ae/hetically4 ,9 a l mann]1 ! #ah?-c5tury bit/ock ( ,flemi% orig9 7fig4 #df71 ! ,engli% cab9etmak]'s bevel ( ! same c5tury 7fig4 #dg71 & ! compass saw 7accession #fa4eb1 fig4 #dh7 capture 9 _! basic design some?+ beyond ! functional ext5sion ( ! craftsman's h&4 ,! sl[ curve ( ! bit/ock1 nev] id5tical f "o e>ly example to ano!r1 is lo/ 9 lat] factory-made v]sions2 s too1 ) ! com+ ( *eap /eel1 does ! comb9ation ( wood 7walnut7 & brass us$ 9 ! cab9etmak]'s bevel sl[ly disappe>2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! cu/om-fitt$ pi/ol-l grip ( ! saw1 !re is an id5tity1 9 feel+ at lea/1 betwe5 craftsman & tool nev] q a*iev$ 9 lat] mass-produc$ v]sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #di4--;,,e>ly #ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,designation ,,g5tleman',s ,,tool ,,*e/ requir$ a *e/ ( high-/yle b necessitat$ no *ange 9 ! tools x held4 7,book #hg1 ,cutl] & ,company1 ,ca/le ,hill ,works1 ,%effield4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ej4--ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,screwdriv]1 :i* began to appe> regul>ly on ! woodwork]'s b5* aft] #ahjj1 did n %>e ! long evolution & tradition ( o!r ,anglo-,am]ican tool designs4 ,! screwdriv] 9 its e>ly v]sions frequ5tly _h a scallop$ blade = no o!r purpose ?an decoration4 7,smi?sonian photo #digid47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ea4--ahgj3 ,,! ,,use ( a new mat]ial prompt$ a dep>ture f ! traditional 9 %ape & enc\rag$ surface elaboration4 ,! t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 0 %ort liv$ & ! mass-produc$ metallic plane rapidly a*iev$ a purity ( design z pleas+ z its wood5 pr$ecessors4 7,private collection4 ,smi?sonian photo #dighi47 ,occasionally1 rul+ ta/e is reflect$ 9 ! design ( ! c>p5t]'s equipm5t4 ,notable is ! g5tleman's tool *e/ 7fig4 #di7 adv]tis$ 9 ! patt]n book ( ! ,ca/le ,hill ,works4 ,! bracket feet1 brass pulls1 & inlaid keyholes imitate ! /yle ( ! dome/ic *e/ ( draw]s ( ! p]iod #agij to #ahaj--und\bt$ly1 features includ$ by ! manufactur] to appeal to a g5tleman ( ref9$ ta/e4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ,%effield product is ! plate f ,%aw's ,! ,mod]n ,ar*itect4 ,! concept ( ! build]-c>p5t] z a g5tleman /ill prevails1 al?\gh ! idea 9 ?is ,am]ican sc5e is convey$ 9 ! mid-#ai? c5tury ?r\gh fa%ionable dress4 ,! tools & 9 p>ticul> ! tool *e/ reflect only ! sev]e/ ( functional l9es 7fig4 #ai1 p4 #aif74 ,9 def]5ce to rul+ ta/e1 "s tools lo/ = a "t ! clean l9es t _h long di/+ui%$ !m4 ,! screwdriv]1 simple 9 %ape 7accession #fa4df7 b 9 little dem& until ! #ahdj's1 occasionally became mo/ elaborate 9 its factory-made =m 7fig4 #ej7 & dep>t$ noticeably f ! unadorn$ /yle ( traditional ,engli% & ,am]ican tools4 ,! scallop$ blade1 influ5c$ by ! rival /yles r ?an a te*nical ne$1 seem$ little relat$ to ! purpose ( ! tool4#aj ,no less ar*aic 9 decoration 0 ! iron-bodi$ v]sion ( ! pl[ plane 7fig4 #ea74 ,! ,anglo-,am]ican tradition seems completely put aside4 ,9 its place is a mo/ functional object1 b "o elaborately cov]$ ) a %ell & v9e motif6 ,pat5t$ 9 #ahgj by ,*>les ,mill] & manufactur$ by ! ,/anley ,rule & ,level ,company1 ?is tool 9 its unadorn$ v]sion is ( a type t 0 mu* admir$ by ! ,briti% exp]ts at ,philadelphia's ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf4 ,:at prompt$ su* sup]flu\s decoration on ! pl[ plane8 ,p]haps x 0 to appeal to ! flood ( newly arriv$ ,am]ican craftsm5 :o might f9d 9 ! rococo some?+ rem9isc5t ( ! old] tools !y _h kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,p]haps x 0 simply ! transf]5ce to ! tool itself ( ! decorative "w !n dem&$ ( ! wood craftsm54 ,or 0 x ma9ly a compulsion to dress1 ) little ef=t1 a lacklu/] mat]ial t seem$ />k & cold to ,victorians accu/om$ to ! ornat5ess be+ a*iev$ else:]e ) ! jigsaw & wood8 ,:atev] ! cause1 ! result did n p]si/ long z a guide to h&-tool design4 ,in/ead1 ! /rong1 pla9 l9es t _h evolv$ ov] two c5turies won univ]sal endorsem5t at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition4 ,! prize tools reflect$ little ( ! ornat5ess app>5t 9 ! w>es ( mo/ ( ! o!r exhibitors4 ,am]ican mak]s ( edge tools exhibit+ at ! ,c5t5nial %[$ ! _w n only examples ( quality b ( attractiv5ess z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eb4--ai,,? ,,c5tury3 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,axe ,,0 ,,unexcell$ 9 design & ease ( use4 ,european obs]v]s prais$ x z di/9ctly ,am]ican4 ,at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf ,coll9s & ,company ( ,new ,york ,city 0 s+l$ out z "o ( ! out/&+ manufactur]s exhibit+ ^! axes1 a reputation t p]si/$4 7,tools = all ,trades1 ,hamma*]1 ,s*lemm] & ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,smi?sonian photo #effbe47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ec4--ahgf3 ,,dis/on ,,& ,,sons ,,long ,,cont9u$ to rem9d prospective buy]s ( ! company's success at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exhibition by reta9+ ! ,c5t5nial ,saw1 ,no4 #gf z a br& "n4 7,illu/rat$ ,catalogue1 ,baldw91 ,robb9s & ,company1 ,bo/on1 #ahid4 ,smi?sonian photo #effbg47 ,*ange ,am]ican h& tools 9 #ahgf did n a*ieve ! popul> acclaim accord$ ! ,corliss eng9e1 yet few products %[n by ,am]ican exhibitors 7 m highly prais$ by =eign exp]ts4 ,x seems ju/ifi$ to sugge/ t ,am]ican edge tools display$ at ! ,c5t5nial _h rea*$ _! high po9t ( developm5t--a metamorphosis t began ) ! m$ieval ,european tool =ms1 mov$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( reliance on ,engli% prec$5ts1 & end$1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ) ! production ( ,am]ican h& tools occupy+ an enviable position be=e ! _w4#aa ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ed4--ahji3 ,,! ,,introduction ( ! gimlet-po9t$ aug] foll[$ ,ezra ,l',homm$ieu's pat5t ( #ahji4 ,f ?is date until its g5]al disuse 9 ! e>ly #bj? c5tury1 ! con=mation ( ! tool rema9$ un*ang$1 al?\gh ! quality ( /eel & ! precision ( ! twi/ /eadily improv$4 7,wa% draw+ f ! re/or$ pat5t draw+s aw>d$ ,july #ca1 #ahji1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives4 ,smi?sonian photo #digij-;,a47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ee4--ahee3 ,,russell ,,j5n+s' improv$ aug] bits1 fir/ pat5t$ 9 #ahee1 receiv$ sup]ior citation at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial2 9 ! ye>s foll[+1 ! trade "n ,j5n+s 0 seldom omitt$ f trade catalogues4 7,orig9al wa% draw+1 pat5t draw+ submitt$ by ,r4 ,j5n+s1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,! tool mo/ highly prais$ at ,philadelphia 0 ! ,am]ican fell+ axe 7fig4 #eb7 made out ( a solid piece ( ca/ /eel ) ! eye pun*$ out ( ! solid4 ,:5 comp>$ to o!r =ms1 ! ,am]ican axe 0 m easily work$1 & its %ape p]mitt$ an easi] )drawal aft] /rik+4#ab ,sawmak]s1 too1 7 s+l$ out = praise--9 p>ticul> ,dis/on ,sons 7fig4 #ec7 = improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( ! h&les1 & 9 ! mode ( fix+ !m to ! saw4 ,! ,dis/on saw also embodi$ an improv$ blade %ape :i* made x light] & m conv5i5t by giv+ x a great] tap] to ! po9t4 ,%effield saws1 once suppli$ to mo/ ( ! _w1 7 n exhibit$ at ,philadelphia1 & ! ,briti% exp]t lam5t$ t our monopoly rema9s ) u no long]4#ac ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ef4--ahid3 ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,j5n+s ,,z ,a ,,trade ,,"n is sugge/$ by ! vignette f ! ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ,baldw91 ,robb9s & ,company1 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 7,smi?sonian photo #effbh47 ,aug]s1 ess5tial to ! heavi] bran*es ( ! build+ trade 444 & 9 ! work%ops ( jo9]s1 c>p5t]s1 cab9etmak]s1 turn]s1 c>v]s1 & by amateurs & o!rs1 7 consid]$ a mo/ important exhibit at ! ,c5t5nial4 ,! aug] _h atta9$ a p]fection 9 ! accuracy ( ! twi/1 ! v>i\s =ms ( ! cutt]s1 ! quality ( ! /eel1 & f9e f9i% ( ! twi/ & poli%4 ,! anci5t pod or %ell aug] _h ne>ly disappe>$ f use1 to be replac$ by ! screw$ =m ( ! tool consid]ably ref9$ by comp>ison to ,l',homm$ieu's prototype1 pat5t$ 9 #ahji 7fig4 #ed74 ,russell ,j5n+s' pat5t$ aug] bits 7figs4 #ee-ef7 7 cit$ = _! workman%ip & quality1 &1 collectively1 ! ,exhibition fully e/abli%$ ! reputation ( ,am]ican aug]s4#ad ,likewise1 mak]s ( braces & bits 7 comm5d$ = ! numb] ( excell5t examples %[n4 ,"s 7 a dep>ture f ! famili> design ) an expansive *uck = ! bit1 b o!rs 7 simply elegant examples ( ! traditional brace1 9 wood1 japann$ & heavily re9=c$ ) highly poli%$ brass sid+s4 ,an example exhibit$ by ,e4 ,mills & ,company1 ( ,philadelphia1 receiv$ a c]tification f ! judges z be+ ( ! be/ quality & f9i% 7fig4 #eg74 ,! ,mills brace1 toge!r ) o!r aw>d-w9n+ tools ( ! company--drawknives1 screwdriv]s1 & spoke%aves--is pres]v$ 9 ! collections ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 7accession #caicbf74 ,today z a gr\p !y confirm ! rem>kably f9e quality ( 444 bo? iron & /eel t *>act]iz$ ! manufacture ( ,am]ican edge tools 9 ! second half ( ! #ai? c5tury4#ae ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eg4--ahgf3 ,,japann$ ,,& ,,spl9t$ ,,) ,,heavy ,,brass1 ?is brace 0 among ! aw>d-w9n+ tools exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial by ,e4 ,mills & ,company ( ,philadelphia4 7,smi?sonian photo #digib-;,d47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eh4--ahbg3 ,,! ,,b5* ,,planes exhibit$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf 7 a radical dep>ture f ! traditional4 ,9 #ahbg ,h4 ,kn[les pat5t$ an iron-bodi$ b5* plane t port5d$ a *ange 9 =m t w\ld witness a sub/itution ( /eel = wood 9 all critical areas ( ! tool's con/ruction1 & easy adju/m5t ( ! cutt+ edge by a setscrew1 & an increas$ flexibility t all[$ "o plane to be us$ = sev]al purposes4 7,wa% draw+ f ! re/or$ pat5t draw+s1 ,augu/ #bd1 #ahbg1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ei4--aheg3 ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,metallic ,,p>ts to critical areas ( we> z sugge/$ by ,m4,b4 ,tidey did n at fir/ radically alt] ! design ( ! b5* plane4 7,wa% draw+ f ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,m>* #bd1 #aheg1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,x is ! plane1 h[ev]1 t be/ exemplifies ! progress ( tool design4 ,9 #ahgf1 ,am]ican planemak]s 7 en?usia/ically cr$it$ ) hav+ a*iev$ an important *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! tool4#af ,al?\gh *ange _h be5 sugge/$ by ,am]ican pat5tees z e>ly z ! #ahbj's1 mass production lagg$ until aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 & ! use ( ?is new tool =m 0 n widespread outside ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,haz>d ,kn[les ( ,col*e/]1 ,connecticut1 9 #ahbg1 pat5t$ a plane /ock ( ca/ iron :i* 9 _m respects 0 a prototype ( lat] ,c5t5nial models 7fig4 #eh74ag ,x is evid5t1 ev5 9 its e>lie/ manife/ation1 t ! que/ = improvem5t ( ! b5* plane did n alt] its s\nd design4 ,9 #aheg1 ,m4,b4 ,tidey 7fig4 #ei7 li/$ sev]al ( ! goals t motivat$ planemak]s3 ,fir/ to simplify ! manufactur+ ( planes2 second to r5d] !m m durable2 ?ird to reta9 a uni=m m\?2 f\r? to obviate _! clogg+2 & fif? ! ret5tion ( ! ess5tial "p ( ! plane :5 ! /ock is worn out4#ah ,by f> ! greate/ numb] ( pat5ts 0 conc]n$ ) p]fect+ an adju/able plane iron & me?ods ( con/ruct+ ! sole ( a plane s t x w\ld always be true4 ,obvi\sly ! use ( metal r ?an ! old] m$ium1 wood1 0 a natural /ep1 b 9 ! process ( *ang+ f ! wood to ! iron-bodi$ b5* plane !re 7 _m transitional sugge/ions t comb9$ bo? mat]ials4 ,se? ,h[es ( ,s\? ,*a?am1 ,massa*usetts1 9 ,u4,s4 pat5t #cg1fid1 specifi$3 ,?is inv5tion relates to an improvem5t 9 t class ( planes :i* are commonly t]m$ b5*-planes1 compris+ ! =eplane1 smoo?+ plane1 jack plane1 jo9t]1 c4 ,! inv5tion consi/s 9 a novel & improv$ mode ( adju/+ ! plane-iron to regulate ! dep? ( ! cut ( ! same1 9 connection ) an adju/able cap1 all be+ con/ruct$ & arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t ! plane-iron may be set ) ! greate/ facility & firmly reta9$ 9 position by ! adju/m5t simply ( ! cap to ! plane-iron1 aft] ! latt] is set1 & ! cap also r5d]$ capable ( be+ adju/$ to comp5sate = ! we> ( ! sole or face ( ! plane /ock4 ,! /ock ( ,h[es' plane 0 wood comb9$ ) metal plates1 caps1 & screws4 ,?omas ,worrall ( ,l[ell 0 issu$ pat5t #ag1feg = a plane bas$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciple 7fig4 #fj74 ,worrall claim$ 9 8 specifications ( ,june #bc1 #aheg3 ! improv$ manufacture ( ! c>p5t]'s b5* plane or jo9t] z made ) its h&le1 its wood5 /ock to :i* said h&le is affix$1 & a sep>ate metallic cutt] hold]1 & cutt] clamp+ devices arrang$ toge!r sub/antially z specifi$4 ,f9ally pat5tees ?r\gh\t ! #ai? c5tury1 fac$ ) an increas+ prolif]ation ( tool types1 frequ5tly s\ght to p]fect multipurpose implem5ts ( a type be/ repres5t$ lat] by ! ubiquit\s ,/anley plane4 ,! evolution ( ! all-purpose idea1 :i* is incid5tally n peculi> to h& tools alone1 c be se5 f r&om /atem5ts select$ f ,u4,s4 pat5ts = ! improvem5t ( b5* planes4 ,9 #ahfd ,/eph5 ,williams 9 ! specifications ( 8 pat5t #dc1cfj /at$3 ,i d5om9ate my improvem5t ! univ]sal smoo?+ plane1 because x belongs to t v>iety ( planes 9 :i* ! face is made *angeable1 s t x may be conv5i5tly adapt$ to ! plan+ ( curv$ z well z /raight surfaces4 ,by ! use ( my improvem5t surfaces t are convex1 concave1 or /raight may be easily work$1 ! face ( ! tool be+ readily *ang$ f "o =m to ano!r to suit ! surface to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,! ann\nc$ object ( ,!odore ,duval's improv$ groov+ plane 7pat4 #ig1agg7 0 to produce 9 "o tool all t is requir$ to =m grooves ( sev]al diff]5t wid?s4 ,none 0 m appeal+ ?an ,daniel ,d4 ,:itk]'s saw-rabbet plane 7pat4 #eb1dgh7 :i* comb9$ an adju/able saw ) an adju/able f5ce or gage1 bo? be+ atta*$ to a /ock ) h&le simil> to a plane1 =m+ toge!r a tool comb9+ ! prop]ties ( ! jo9]'s pl[ & filli/] 7fig4 #fa74 ,nor 0 ,:itk]'s idea simply a draw+-bo>d ex]cise4 ,x 0 produc$ comm]cially & 0 well adv]tis$1 z se5 9 ! circul> reproduc$ 9 figure #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fj4--aheg3 ,,9 ,a ,,v>iety ,,( ,,arrangem5ts1 ! addition ( metal plates1 caps1 & screws at ! m\? ( ! plane1 z %[n 9 ,?omas ,worrall's draw+1 prov$ a transitional device t pres]v$ ! anci5t %ape ( ! tool & sl[$ ! introduction ( b5* planes made entirely ( iron4 7,wa% draw+ f ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,june #bc1 #aheg1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fa4--ahfe3 ,,n ,,all ,,multipurpose ,,innovations result$ f ! use ( new mat]ials4 ,daniel ,d4 ,:itk] pat5t$ a comb9ation saw & rabbet plane little diff]5t f "o illu/rat$ by ,&re-,jacob ,r\bo 9 8 ,l',art du m5uisi] 9 #agfi4 7,wa% draw+ f ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,octob] #d1 #ahfe1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,9 sum1 ^! ideas produc$ a major break ) ! traditional %ape ( ! b5* plane4 ,william ,fo/] 9 #ahdc 7pat4 #c1cee71 ,birdsill ,holly 9 #aheb 7pat4 #i1jid71 & ,w4,s4 ,l\ghbor\gh 9 #ahei 7pat4 #bc1ibh7 are p>ticul>ly good examples ( ! radical dep>ture f ! wood5 block4 ,&1 9 ! p]iod aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ,c4,g4 ,mill] 7discuss$ on p4 #bac & 9 fig4 #fc71 ,b4,a4 ,bl&9 7fig4 #fd71 & ,russell ,phillips 7pat4 #ajf1hfh7 pat5t$ multipurpose metallic b5* planes ( excell5t design4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t ! pat5tees m5tion$ above repres5t only a few ( ! great numb] t tri$ to improve ! plane4 ,only ! tr5d ( *ange is sugge/$ by ! descriptions & illu/rations pres5t$ "h4 ,! cumulative effect await$ a %[case1 & ! planemak]s f\nd x at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition ( #ahgf held 9 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fb4--;,,ab\t #ahfe3 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,an ,,idea f an #ah?-c5tury encyclop$ia ?r\gh an ,am]ican pat5tee to comm]cial reality c be se5 9 ?is fli] adv]tis+ ,:itk]'s saw-rabbet4 7,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 ,smi?sonian photo #effbi47 ,! impact ( ^! new planes at ! ,exhibition caus$ "s retrospection among ! judges3 ,! planes manufactur$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 o!r c\ntries fifty ye>s ago 7 =m$ ( be/ bee*-wood2 ! plane irons 7 ( /eel & iron weld$ toge!r2 ! jo9t] plane1 ab\t #ba in*es long1 0 a bulky tool2 ! jack & h& planes 7 ( ! same mat]ials4 ,v little *ange has be5 made ^u ! plane 9 ,great ,brita91 unless 9 ! sup]ior workman%ip & high] quality ( ! plane iron4#ai ,! solid wood-block plane1 v>y+ f c\ntry to c\ntry only 9 ! /ructure ( its h&les & body decoration1 _h pres]v$ its integrity ( design s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,at ! ,c5t5nial1 h[ev]1 only a few examples ( ! old-type plane 7 exhibit$4 ,a new %ape dom9at$ ! cases4 ,designat$ by =eign obs]v]s z ! ,am]ican plane1 x receiv$ ext5d$ comm5t4 ,"h 0 a tool con/ruct$ ) a skeleton iron body1 hav+ a curv$ wood5 h&le2 ! plane iron is ( ! f9e/ ca/-/eel2 ! cov] is fitt$ ) an +5i\s trigg] at ! top1 :i*1 ) a screw bel[ ! iron1 admits ( ! plane iron be+ remov$ = %>p5+ & sett+ )\t ! aid ( ! hamm]1 & ) ! greate/ ease4 ,! ext5sive v>ieties ( plane iron 9 use are fitt$ = e requirem5t2 a v +5i\s arrangem5t is appli$ to ! tools = plan+ ! insides ( circles or o!r curv$ works1 su* z /air-rails1 etc4 ,! sole ( ! plane is =m$ ( a plate ( temp]$ /eel ab\t ! ?ickness ( a h&saw1 accord+ to ! l5g? requir$1 & ?is plate is adapt$ to ! curve1 & is securely fix$ at ea* end4 ,) ?is tool ! "w is n only done bett] b 9 less "t ?an =m]ly4 ,9 "s exhibits ! face ( ! plane 0 made ( bee* or ( o!r h>d wood1 secur$ by screws to ! /ock1 & ! tool becomes a hybrid1 all o!r p>ts rema9+ ! same z 9 ! iron plane4#bj ,! popul>ity ( ,bailey's pat5t$ planes 7fig4 #fe71 ! type s prais$ above1 0 by no means transitory4 ,9 #ahhd ! ,bo/on firm ( ,goodn[ ,wightman1 ,import]s1 ,manufactur]s & ,deal]s 9 ,tools ( all k9ds1 illu/rat$ ! sev]al planes j describ$ & assur$ prospective buy]s t ,^! tools meet ) univ]sal approbation f ! be/ ,me*anics4 ,= beauty ( /yle & f9i% !y are unequall$1 & ! great conv5i5ce 9 op]at+ r5d]s !m ! *eape/ ,planes 9 use2 !y are ,,self-,,adju/+ 9 e respect2 & ea* "p be+ made ,,int]*angeable1 c be replac$ at a trifl+ exp5se4#ba ,by #aijj an adv]tisem5t = ,bailey's planes publi%$ 9 ! catalogue ( ano!r ,bo/on firm1 ,*&l] & ,f>quh>1 indicat$ t ov] #ijj1jjj _h already be5 sold4#bb ,o!r mass-produc$ edge tools--axes1 adzes1 braces & bits1 aug]s1 saws1 & *isels--illu/rat$ 9 ! trade lit]ature ( ! toolmak]s became1 z _h ! iron-bodi$ b5* plane1 /&>d =ms4 ,9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury ! tool catalogue replac$ ,moxon1 ,duhamel1 ,did]ot1 & ! build]s' manuals z ! prim>y s\rce = ! /udy & id5tification ( h& tools4 ,! ,c5t5nial _h call$ att5tion to ! sup]iority ( c]ta9 ,am]ican tools & toolmak]s4 ,! result 0 t until ! end ( ! c5tury1 trade lit]ature fai?fully drumm$ ! products t _h prov5 su* an attraction to ! num]\s artisans :o visit$ ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries4#bc ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fc4--ahgj3 ,,! ,,metallic ,,v]sion ,,( ,,! ,,pl[ ,,plane lat] produc$ by ,/anley & ,company 0 pat5t$ by ,*>les ,g4 ,mill] z a tool readily conv]tible into a groov+1 rabbet+1 or smoo?+ plane4 ,9 production ?is multipurpose pl[ ga9$ an elaborate decoration 7fig4 #ea7 n[h]e sugge/$ 9 ,mill]'s specification4 7,wa% draw+ f ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,june #bh1 #ahgj1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fd4--ahfg3 ,,! ,,draw+ accompany+ ,b4,a4 ,bl&9's specification = an ,improvem5t 9 ,b5* ,planes reta9$ only ! famili>ly %ap$ h&le or tote ( ! traditional wood-bodi$ plane4 ,?is new %ape rapidly became ! /&>d =m ( ! tool ) lat] v>iations *iefly relat$ to ! adju/ability ( ! plane-iron & sole4 7,wa% draw+ f ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,may #g1 #ahfg1 ,record ,gr\p #bda1 ! ,national ,ar*ives47 ,coll9s & ,company ( ,new ,york ,city _h be5 giv5 comm5dation = ! excell5ce ( _! axes2 ?r\gh ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,coll9s' br& fell+ axes1 broad axes1 & adzes 7 /&>d items1 z witness ,hamma*]1 ,s*lemm] & ,company's catalogue ( #ahif4bd ,dis/on saws 7 a byword1 & ! impact ( _! exhibit at ,philadelphia 0 /ill /rong1 z judg$ f ,baldw91 ,robb9s' catalogue ( #ahid4 ,highly recomm5d$ 0 ! ,dis/on no4 #gf1 ! ,c5t5nial h&saw ) its skew back & apple h&le4 ,j5n+s' pat5t$ aug] bits 7 likewise /&>d f>e 9 ne>ly e tool catalogue4#be ,s 7 b5* planes manufactur$ by companies t _h be5 cit$ at ,philadelphia = ! excell5ce ( _! product2 namely1 ,! ,metallic ,plane ,company1 ,auburn1 ,new ,york2 ,! ,middlet[n ,tool ,company1 ,middlet[n1 ,connecticut2 ,bailey1 ,leon>d1 & ,company1 ,h>t=d2 & ,! ,s&usky ,tool ,company1 ,s&usky1 ,ohio4#bf ,an excell5t indication ( ! p]si/5ce ( ! ,c5t5nial influ5ce1 & ( ! tool catalogue z s\rce mat]ial1 is se5 9 ,*&l] & ,f>quh>'s illu/rat$ pamphlet ( #aijj4 ,_! adv]tisem5t = ,b>b]'s improv$ rat*et brace 7fig4 #ff71 a tool mu* admir$ by ! ,c5t5nial judges1 amply illu/rates ! evolution ( design ( a basic implem5t pres5t 9 ,am]ican society s9ce ! fir/ ye>s ( settlem5t4 ,! ,b>b] brace repres5ts ! ultimate sophi/ication ( a tool1 a*iev$ ?r\gh an exp&$ indu/rial te*nology r ?an by an ext5d$ or newly f\nd use = ! device itself4 ,x is a prime example ( ! transition ( a tool f ,moxon to its p]fect$ =m 9 ! #bj? c5tury3 ,^! ,braces possess ! foll[+ po9ts ( sup]iority3 ,! ,sweep is made f ,/eel2 ! ,jaws are =g$ f ,/eel2 ! ,wood ,h&le has brass r+s ins]t$ 9 ea* end s x _c split (f2 ! ,*uck has a h>d5$ ,/eel antifriction wa%] betwe5 ! two sockets1 ?us r$uc+ ! we>4 ,! ,head has a be>+ ( /eel balls1 runn+ on h>d /eel plates1 s no we> c take place1 z ! friction is r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,! ,brace is heavily nickel-plat$ & w>rant$ 9 e p>ticul>4 ,we endeavor to make ^! goods z ne>ly p]fection z is possible 9 durability1 quality ( mat]ial & workman%ip1 & f95ess & beauty ( f9i%4#bg ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fe4--aijj3 ,,am]ican ,,planemak]s _h be5 cit$ at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial z hav+ introduc$ a dramatic *ange 9 ! nature ( ! tool4 ,al?\gh wood-bodi$ planes cont9u$ to be us$1 !y 7 outdat$ & 9 fact ana*roni/ic by ! close ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,f ! #ahgj's =w>d1 x 0 ! iron-bodi$ plane1 mo/ frequ5tly ,bailey's1 t enliv5$ ! trade lit]ature4 7,catalogue ( ,*&l] & ,f>quh>1 ,bo/on1 #aijj4 ,smi?sonian photo #eegih47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ff4--aijj3 ,,few ,,tools ,,sugge/ ,,m ,,cle>ly ! influ5ce ( mod]n indu/rial society ^u ! design & con/ruction ( traditional implem5ts ?an ,b>b]'s rat*et brace4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ t z ! tools ( ! wood craftsman became crisply effici5t1 8 "w decl9$ correspond+ly 9 individuality & "*4 ,! brace & ! plane1 z foll[$ f ,moxon ?r\gh ! trade lit]ature ( ! late #ai? c5tury1 a*iev$ p]fection 9 =m & op]ation at a "t :5 _! basic functions _h be5 usurp$ by ma*9es4 7,catalogue ( ,*&l] & ,f>quh>1 ,bo/on1 #aijj4 ,smi?sonian photo #effbf47 ,! description ( ,b>b]'s brace docum5ts a major te*nical *ange3 wood to /eel1 lea!r wa%]s to ball be>+s1 & natural pat9a to nickel plate4 ,x is also an explanation = ! appe>ance & %ape ( craftm5's tools1 ei!r h& =g$ or mass produc$4 ,9 ea* case1 ! s\ght-aft] result 9 ! =m ( a f9i%$ product has be5 an implem5t ( f95ess & beauty4 ,?is que/ motivat$ ?ree c5turies ( toolmak]s & br\ght vitality to h&-tool design4 ,moxon _h advis$3 ,he t w a good ,edge w91 ,mu/ ,=ge ?ick & ,gr9d ?94#bh ,if he$$1 ! result w\ld be an edge tool t assur$ its own] ease & delight4#bi ,?r\gh\t ! p]iod consid]$ "h1 ! mo/ praisewor?y rem>ks made ab\t edge tools 7 v>iations ( ei!r unsurpass$ 9 quality1 f9i%1 & beauty ( /yle or1 m simply1 comm5dation = excell5t design & sup]ior workman%ip4#cj ,! h& tool ?us provok$ ! same value words 9 ! #ai? z 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! ae/hetics ( indu/rial art1 :e!r prop\nd$ by ,moxon or by an (ficial at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial1 prov$ ! /&>d measure by :i* quality c\ld be judg$4 ,today ^! values are p>ticul>ly valid :5 appli$ to a class ( artifacts t *ang$ sl[ly & h z _! prime *>act]i/ics anonymity ( mak] & date4 ,) su* objects ! orig91 transition1 & v>iation ( %ape are ( prim>y int]e/4 ,consid] ! common aug] ^: ,(fice ,moxon decl>$ is to make great r\nd holes & ^: importance 0 s cle>ly /ress$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf4ca ,nei!r its purpose nor its gross appe>ance 7a ,t-h&l$ bor+ tool7 _h *ang$4 ,! tool did1 h[ev]1 develop qualitatively ?r\gh #bjj ye>s1 f a pod or %ell to a spiral bit1 f a blunt to a gimlet po9t1 & f a h&-fa%ion$ to a geometrically exact1 factory-made implem5t3 innovations associat$ ) ,cooke 7#aggj71 ,l',homm$ieu 7#ahji71 & ,j5n+s 7#ahej's74 ,9 ea* in/ance ! tool 0 improv$--a d\ble spiral facilitat$ ! dis*>ge ( %av+s1 a gimlet po9t all[$ ! direct ins]tion ( ! aug]1 & ma*9e precision br\ght ma!matical accuracy to ! degree ( twi/4 ,/ill1 ov]all appe>ance did n *ange4 ,at ! ,c5t5nial1 ,moxon w\ld h recogniz$ an aug]1 &1 fur!r1 8 lecture on its uses w\ld h be5 s+ul>ly curr5t4 ,! l>ge-bore spiral aug] /ill d5ot$ a mortise1 t5on1 & tr5ail mode ( build+ 9 a wood-bas$ te*nology2 at ! same "t its ne> c\s91 ! :eelwright's ream]1 sugge/$ ! reliance ^u a transport dep5d5t ^u wood5 hubs4 ,! aug] 9 its p]fect$ =m--f9e /eel1 p]fectly ma*9$1 & highly f9i%$--contra/$ ) an aug] ( e>li] v9tage w cle>ly %[ ! advance f =ge to factory1 b w indicate little new 9 its me?od ( use or its int5d$ purpose4 ,p]sons nei!r skill$ 9 ! use ( tools nor int]e/$ 9 te*nical hi/ory w f9d t !re is ano!r response to ! common aug]1 z !re 0 to ! uphol/]]'s hamm]1 ! #ah?-c5tury brace1 or ! saw ) ! cu/om-fitt$ grip4 ,?is is a subjective reaction to a pleas+ =m4 ,x is ! same reaction t prompt$ arti/s to use tools z vehicles to help convey lessons 9 p]spective1 a frequ5t practice 9 #ai?-c5tury art manuals4 ,! h>mony ( relat$ p>ts--! balance ( %aft & h&le or ! geometry ( ! twi/--makes ! aug] a decorative object4 ,?is is n to say t ! anci5t woodwork]'s tool is n a docum5t atte/+ a society's te*nical pr(ici5cy--+5uity1 craftsman%ip1 & productivity4 ,x is only to sugge/ aga9 t x is some?+ m2 a survival ( ! pa/ ^: intr9sic qualities p]mit x to /& alone z a bridge betwe5 ! craftsman's h& & 8 "w2 an object ( consid]able appeal 9 :i* integrity ( l9e & =m is n dimm$ by ! skill ( ! us] nor by ! quality ( ! object produc$ by x4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ?is integrity ( design is d]iv$ f ?ree c5turies ( exp]i5ce3 "o ( het]og5e\s "*1 ! mid-#ag? to ! mid-#ah?2 "o ( pr$om9ately ,engli% influ5ce1 f #agej to #ahej2 & "o t saw ! p]fection ( basic tools1 by native innovators1 betwe5 #ahej & ! e>ly #bj? c5tury4 ,9 ! two e>li] p]iods1 ! woodwork+ tool & ! products x f9i%$ _h a natural aff9ity ow+ l>gely to ! h>mony ( l9e t bo? ! tool & f9i%$ product %>$4 ,! lat] p]iod1 h[ev]1 pres5ts a /rik+ contra/4 ,h&-tool design1 ) few exceptions1 cont9u$ vigor\s & functional amid/ ! confusion ( an eclectic ar*itecture1 a flurry ( rival /yles1 ! horrors ( ! jigsaw1 & ! excesses ( ,victorian ta/e4 ,9 conclusion1 x w\ld seem t :e!r seek+ "s cont9u\s ?read 9 ! evolution ( a national /yle1 or :e!r apprais+ ,am]ican contributions to te*nology1 su* a se>* mu/ re/1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ^u ! "* & quality ( ! h& tools ! society has made & us$1 because !y (f] a cont9uity l>gely unkn[n to o!r classes ( mat]ial survivals4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,w4,m4 ,,fl9d]s ,,petrie1 ,hi/ory 9 ,tools1 ,annual ,report ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aiah1 pp4 #efc-egb repr9t4 #b ,,johann ,,amos ,,com5ius1 ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus1 transl4 ,*>les ,hoole 7,london1 #afhe71 pp4 #acj1 #adc4 #c ,,joseph ,,moxon1 ,me*anick ,ex]cises or ! ,doctr9e ( ,h&y-,works1 #crd4 ed4 7,london1 #agjc71 pp4 #fc1 #aai4 #d ,,m>t91 ,circle ( ! ,me*anical ,arts 7#ahac71 p4 #abc4 #e ,,pet] ,,ni*olson1 ,! ,me*anic's ,companion 7,philadelphia1 #ahcb71 pp4 #ca1 #hi-ij4 #f ,catalog1 ,book #hg1 ,cutl] & ,co41 ,ca/le ,hill ,works1 ,%effield 9 ! collections ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london2 & ,illu/rat$ ,supplem5t to ! ,catalogue ( ,b5* ,planes1 ,arr[mammett ,works 7,middlet[n1 ,conn41 #aheg7 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 #g ,york ,c\nty ,records1 ,virg9ia ,de$s1 ,ord]s1 & ,wills1 no4 #ac 7#agjf-agaj71 p4 #bdh2 & ! inv5tory ( ,amasa ,?ompson 9 ,,lawr5ce ,b4 ,,roma9e1 ,a ,yankee ,c>p5t] & ,8 ,tools1 ,! ,*ronicle ( ! ,e>ly ,am]ican ,indu/ries ,association 7,july #aiec71 vol4 #f1 no4 #c1 pp4 #cc-cd4 #h ,reports by ! ,juries3 ,exhibition ( ! ,works ( ,indu/ry ( ,all ,nations1 #ahea 7,london1 #aheb71 p4 #dhe4 #i ,u4,s4 pat5t specifications cit$ 9 ?is p>agraph may be f\nd at ! ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aj ,9 #ahfe ,george ,p>r 9 8 application = an improv$ screwdriv] /at$ categorically t ! scallop$ blade s]v$ no purpose o!r ?an decoration4 ,see ,u4,s4 pat5t #de1hed1 dat$ ,janu>y #aj1 #ahfe4 #aa ,francis ,a4 ,walk]1 ed41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5t5nial ,commission1 ,int]national ,exhibition1 #ahgf1 ,reports & ,aw>ds1 ,gr\p ,,xv 7,philadelphia1 #ahgg71 p4 #e4 #ab ,ibid41 p4 #f4 #ac ,ibid41 pp4 #i-aj4 #ad ,ibid41 pp4 #aa-ab4 #ae ,ibid41 pp4 #ad1 #dd1 #e4 #af ,ibid41 p4 #ac4 #ag ,re/or$ pat5t #d1hei,x1 ,augu/ #bd1 #ahbg1 ,national ,ar*ives1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #ah ,u4,s4 pat4 #af1hhi1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,! numb]$ specifications t foll[ may be f\nd 9 ! same place4 #ai ,walk]1 ed41 ,reports & ,aw>ds1 gr\p #ae1 p4 #ac4 #bj ,ibid4 #ba ,tools 7,bo/on1 #ahhd71 p4 #ed 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 #bb ,tools & ,supplies 7,june #aijj71 no4 #he 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 #bc ,walk]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 p4 #ad4 #bd ,tools = ,all ,trades 7,new ,york1 #ahif71 item #ge 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 #be ,see ,baldw91 ,robb9s ,co43 ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue 7,bo/on1 #ahid71 pp4 #ied1 #iic 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,libr>y4 #bf ,walk]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 p4 #ad4 #bg ,tools & ,supplies1 op4 cit4 7footnote #bb74 #bh ,me*anick ,ex]cise 4441 p4 #fb4 #bi ,ibid41 p4 #ie4 #cj ,walk]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 pp4 #ca-di4 #ca ,me*anick ,ex]cises 4441 p4 #id4 ,,bibliography ,book ( trades1 or libr>y ( ! useful arts4 #a/ ,am]4 ed4 ,:itehall1 ,n4,y41 #ahjg4 ,boy's book ( trades4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,! cab9etmak] 9 eighte5?-c5tury ,williamsburg4 7,williamsburg ,craft ,s]ies47 ,williamsburg1 ,va41 #aifc4 ,,com5ius1 ,,johann ,,amos4 ,orbis s5sualium pictus4 ,transl4 ,*>les ,hoole4 ,london1 #affd1 #afhe1 #aggg1 et al4 ,,cott]1 ,,john ,l4 ,ar*eological excavations at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia4 7,no4 #d 9 ,ar*eological ,rese>* ,s]ies47 ,wa%+ton3 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 #aieh4 ,,did]ot1 ,,d5is4 ,l'encyclop$ie1 ou dictionnaire raisonne des sci5ces1 des arts et des meti]s4 ,p>is1 #agea-agfe4 ,,e>ly ,,am]ican ,,indu/ries ,,association4 ,*ronicle4 ,williamsburg1 ,va41 #aicc4 ,,gillispie1 ,,*>les ,,c\l/on1 ed4 ,a ,did]ot pictorial encyclop$ia ( trades & indu/ry4 ,new ,york3 ,dov] ,publications1 ,inc41 #aiei4 ,,goodman1 ,w4,l4 ,! hi/ory ( woodwork+ tools4 ,london3 ,g4 ,bell & ,sons1 ,ltd41 #aifd4 ,,holtzapffel1 ,,*>les4 ,turn+ & me*anical manipulations4 ,london #ahdf4 ,,knight1 ,,edw>d ,,h5ry4 ,knight's ,am]ican me*anical diction>y4 ,new ,york1 #ahgd-ahgf4 ,,m>t91 ,,?omas4 ,! circle ( ! me*anical arts4 ,london1 #ahac4 ,,m]c]1 ,,h5ry ,c4 ,anci5t c>p5t]s' tools4 ,doyle/[n1 ,p5nsylvania3 ,! ,bucks ,c\nty ,hi/orical ,society1 #aiea4 ,,moxon1 ,,joseph4 ,me*anick ex]cises4 #crd ed4 ,london1 #agjc4 ,,ni*olson1 ,,pet]4 ,! me*anic's companion4 ,philadelphia1 #ahcb4 ,,pet]s51 ,,eug5e ,t4 ,g5tlem5 on ! fronti]3 ,a pictorial record ( ! culture ( ,mi*ilimack9ac4 ,mack9ac ,isl&1 ,mi*41 #aifd4 ,,petrie1 ,,sir ,,william ,,mat!w ,,fl9d]s4 ,tools & weapons illu/rat$ by ! ,egyptian collection 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,london1 #aiag4 ,,r\bo1 ,,&re-,,jacob4 ,l'art du m5uisi]4 7,9 ,h5ri-,l\is ,duhamel du ,monceau1 ,descriptions des arts et meti]s47 ,p>is1 #agfa-aghh4 ,,sa*s1 ,,hans4 ,das ,/a5debu*3 #aad ,holzs*nitte von ,jo/ ,amman1 mit ,reim5 von ,hans ,sa*s4 ,leipzig3 ,insel-,v]lag1 #aicd4 ,,s+]1 ,,*>les1 et al4 ,a hi/ory ( te*nology4 #e vols4 ,new ,york & ,london3 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aied-aieh4 ,,sloane1 ,,eric4 ,a museum ( e>ly ,am]ican tools4 ,new ,york3 ,wilfr$ ,funk1 ,inc41 #aifd4 ,,toml9son1 ,,*>les4 ,illu/rations ( trades4 #bnd ed4 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,,wel%1 ,,pet] ,c4 ,! ,decorative ,appeal ( ,h& ,tools1 ,antiques1 vol4 #hg1 no4 #b1 ,febru>y #aife1 pp4 #bjd-bjg4 ---- ,u4,s4 pat5ts1 #agij-ahgj3 ,new uses = old ideas4 ,pap] #dh 9 ,contributions f ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology3 ,pap]s #de-ec 7,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,bullet9 #bda71 by v>i\s au?ors2 ,wa%+ton3 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #aife4 ,,wildung1 ,,frank ,h4 ,woodwork+ tools at ,%elburne ,museum4 7,no4 #c 9 ,museum ,pamphlet ,s]ies47 ,%elburne1 ,v]mont3 ,! ,%elburne ,museum1 #aieg4 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice3 #aiff ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #bjdjb--,price #gj c5ts ,pap] #ea1 pages #agh-bbh1 f ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,bullet9 ,illu/ration ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution 4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4