,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,!     ,,%ort ,,/ory   
,,by      ,,lewis ,,wor?+ton ,,smi?1    
,a4,m4      ,,drake ,,univ]sity1 ,,des  
,,mo9es1 ,,i[a      ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea?      
,,co41 ,,publi%]s     ,,bo/on  ,,new    
,,york  ,,*icago       ,,copyright1     
#aijb1     ,,by ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea?  ,,co4   
,,x ,,is ,a ,,pleasure ,,to ,,be        
,,p]mitt$ ,,to ,,associate      ,,)     
,,?is ,,little ,,book ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,my 
,,fri5d                ,,pr(essor ,l4   
,a4 ,,%]man             ,,( ,,!         
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,nebraska4             
,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*]s   ,9 ! au?or's
 classes ! ?ree /ories 9 ! volume       
entitl$ ,?ree ,hundr$ ,doll>s are fir/  
/udi$ because ( _! simplicity1 & ^! are 
foll[$ by p>ts ( ,! ,bonnie ,bri] ,bu%1 
& !n by ! /ories f ,bret ,h>te4 ,mrs4   
,phelps ,w>d's ,lovel9ess is especially 
valuable = illu/rat+ me?ods & devices = 
mak+ a simple !me dramatically int]e/+4 
,/ud5ts are requir$ to m>k /ories ) !   
symbols & discuss !m ) ref]5ce to !     
pr9ciples ( :i* ?is little book is an   

exposition1 b no recitation on ! book   
itself is requir$4 ,p]haps "o-?ird ( !  
"t 9 ! class-room is sp5t 9 discussion (
 ! %ort !mes writt5 by ! class1 & :5    
conv5i5t ^! are plac$ on ! bo>d be=e !  
class = t purpose4 ,9 ! !me "w foll[+ ! 
sugge/$ subjects ! ef=t is made to      
conf9e in/ruction & practice to "o ?+ at
 a "t1 b at ! conclusion ( ! "w ( ! t]m 
ea* memb] ( ! class is requir$ to h& 9 a
 complete orig9al /ory4     ,,! ,,writ+ 
,,( ,,! ,,%ort ,,/ory  ,,n>rative ,,=ms 
#a4 ,elem5ts ( ! ,/ory4--,?is little    
volume is meant to be a discussion ( b  
"o ( ! v>i\s =ms t lit]ature takes1 & x 
w be fir/ 9 ord] to see :at are !       
elem5ts t g to ! mak+ ( a n>rative hav+ 
lit]>y quality4 ,a /ory may be true or  
false1 b we %all "h be conc]n$ prim>ily 
) fiction1 & ) fiction ( no great l5g?4 
,9 writ+ ( ?is sort ! fir/ ess5tial is t
 some?+ %all happ52 a /ory )\t a        
succession ( incid5ts ( "s k9d is       
inconceivable4 ,we may !n settle ^u     
incid5t z a fir/ elem5t4 ,z a m]e matt] 

( possibility a /ory may be writt5 )\t  
any int]e/ o!r ?an t ( incid5t1 b a /ory
 deal+ ) m5 w n h mu* int]e/ = ?\ghtful 
read]s unless x also includes "s %[+ (  
"*4 ,fur!r1 z ! lives ( all m5 & wom5   
are m or less condition$ by _! surr\nd+s
 & circum/ance1 any /ory w require m or 
less description4 ,incid5ts are ( b     
little mom5t1 "* %[+ may h b slight     
int]e/1 description is purposeless1     
unless ! happ5+s ( ! /ory develop 9 !   
*>act]s feel+s t[>d :i* we assume "s    
attitude ( sympa?y or opposition4       
,includ+ ?is f\r? elem5t ( ! /ory1 we   
%all !n h incid5t1 description1 "*1     
mood1 z ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! n>rative =m4 
#b4 ,a ,succession ( ,incid5ts          
,requir$4--,a s]ies ( unconnect$ happ5+s
 may be int]e/+ m]ely f !               
unexpect$ness--or ! hurry & movem5t ( ! 
ev5ts1 b ord9>ily a /ory ga9s greatly 9 
its appeal to ! read] ?r\gh hav+ its    
sep>ate incid5ts develop$ 9 "s sort (   
organic unity4 ,! h&l+ ( incid5ts = a   
def9ite effect gives :at we call plot4  

,a plot %\ld "w /eadily =w>d to ! end or
 d5\em5t1 & %\ld yet conceal t end 9    
ord] t int]e/ may be ma9ta9$ to ! close4
 ,evid5tly a writ] :o f ! fir/ has 9 m9d
 ! outcome ( 8 /ory w subord9ate !      
sep>ate incid5ts to t ma9 purpose & s 9 
t controll+ motive give unity to ! :ole 
plot4 ,fur!r1 ! int]e/ 9 ! plot w be put
 on a high] plane1 if 9 ! transition f  
incid5t to incid5t !re is se51 n *ance  
simply1 b "s relation ( cause & effect4 
,:5 ! unfold+ ( ! plot is ?us ord]ly 9  
its developm5t1 ! read] feels 8 k9dl+   
int]e/ go+ =w>d to ! outcome ) a ke5]   
reli% because ( ! quick5+ ( ?\ght1 z    
well z ( emotion1 9 piec+ toge!r !      
details t ar\se a gl[ ( satisfaction4   
#c4 ,! ,"* ,int]e/4--,we c h>dly h any  
vital int]e/ 9 a /ory ap>t f an int]e/ 9
 ! *>act]s4 ,x is because ?+s happ5 to  
!m1 because we are glad ( _! good =tune 
or appreh5sive ( evil = !m1 t ! incid5ts
 9 _! succession ga9 importance 9 our   
emotions4 ,we are conc]n$ ) ?+s t affect
 our lives1 & second>ily ) ?+s t affect 

! lives ( o!rs1 s9ce :at t\*es ! =tunes 
( o!rs is b a "p ( t complex web ( de/9y
 & environm5t 9 :i* our own lives are   
enme%$4 ,9 ! /ory x is n s true z 9 !   
drama t1 = ! go+ out ( our sympa?ies    
t[>d ! h]o or ! h]o9e1 !re %\ld be o!r  
contra/+ *>act]s2 b a /ory ga9s color & 
movem5t f hav+ a v>iety (               
individualities4 ,especially if ! /ory  
is "o ( action1 def9ite sympa?ies are   
height5$ :5 !y are accompani$ by        
emotional antagonisms4 ,9 ,! ,ma/] (    
,ballantrae1 we come to take sides )    
,h5ry ,durrie almo/ :olly ?r\gh hav+    
f\nd 8 rival1 ! ,ma/]1 s black a mon/]4 
,su* e/abli%m5t ( a common bond ( int]e/
 betwe5 u & ! "* ) :om our sympa?ies are
 to be engag$ is a mo/ effective means (
 hold+ u to a p]sonal involvem5t 9 !    
developm5t ( ! plot4 ,!re mu/ n be too  
_m *>act]s %[n1 ! relations betwe5 !m   
mu/ n be too v>i\s or too complexly     
conflict+1 b :]e ! int]play ( feel+ &   
cla%+ motives is n too h>d to grasp1 a  
v>iety ( *>act]s gives life & w>m? (    

human int]e/ to a /ory4  #d4 ,uses (    
,description4--,inasmu* z !re are o!r   
int]e/s 9 our lives ?an ^? :i* are      
e/abli%$ by our relations ) our fell[s1 
int]e/s connect$ ) ! mat]ial _w ab\t u1 
any n>rative w probably h occasion to   
include "s description4 ,x may be       
necess>y m]ely z an aid to our und]/&+ (
 "s ( ! details ^u :i* ! plot turns1 x  
may help u to realize ! p]sonalities ( !
 *>act]s1 & x is (t5 useful 9 creat+    
backgr\nd & atmosph]e1 giv+ u "s ( !    
feel+s ( ^? ) :om ! /ory deals z !y look
 ^u ! beauty1 or ! gray dullness1 ( !   
*ang+ panorama ( _! lives4 ,/ev5son's   
description ( ! old sea-dog 9 ,treasure 
,isl& is an excell5t illu/ration ( !    
effectiv5ess ( a few l9es ( description 
9 mak+ u "k some?+ v def9ite 9 ! man4   
,i rememb] him z if x 7 ye/]day1 z he   
came plodd+ to     ! inn door1 8 sea-*e/
 foll[+ beh9d him 9 a     h&b>r[1 a     
tall1 /rong1 heavy1 nut-br[n man2 8 h&s 
ragg$ & sc>r$1 ) black1 brok5 nails1 & !
 sab] cut     across "o *eek1 a lurid   

:ite4  #e4 ,rossetti 9 ,! ,bride's      
,prelude1 a /ory 9 v]se1 aft] m]ely     
glanc+ at ! op5+ ( ! tale1 devotes eight
 /anzas to description introduc$ = !    
purpose ( backgr\nd & atmosph]e4 ,two ( 
!m are giv5 "h4      ,)9 ! w9d['s heap$ 
recess        ,! light 0 c\nt]*ang$     
,9 bl5t reflexes manifold      ,f p]fume
 caskets ( wr\ght gold      ,& gems !   
bride's hair c\ld n hold      ,all ?ru/ 
toge!r3 & ) ^!        ,a slim-curv$     
lute1 :i* n[1      ,at ,amelotte's sudd5
 pass+ !re1      ,0 swept 9 "s wise     
unaw>e1      ,& %ook to music ! close   
air4  ,?is helps u to ent] into ! life &
 _s ( ! "t & place1 to conceive         
imag9atively ! lik+s1 ! desires1 !      
passions1 ! purposes1 & ! p[]s t %all be
 pot5t 9 ! /ory4  #f4 ,k9ds (           
,description4--,description is prim>ily 
( two k9ds1 t :i* is to give accurate   
in=mation1 & t :i* is to produce a      
def9ite impression n necess>ily involv+ 
exactness ( imag]y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms is 
useful simply 9 ! way ( explanation1    

s]v+ ! fir/ purpose indicat$ 9 p>agraph 
f\r4 ,! second is useful = o!r purposes 
?an t ( exposition1 (t5 appeal+         
incid5tally to our s5se ( ! beautiful1 &
 requir+ always nice lit]>y skill 9 its 
managem5t4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d always
 t lit]>y description mu/ n usurp !     
(fice ( repres5tations ( ! mat]ial 9 !  
pla/ic arts4 ,x %\ld n be employ$ z an  
end 9 itself1 b only z subsidi>y to o!r 
ends4  #g4 ,v>i\s ,moods z              
,incid5ts4--,! moods 9 ! *>act]s ( a    
/ory & _! *anges are connect$ ) !       
incid5ts ( ! /ory1 s9ce !y are 9 "p     
happ5+s1 & ) ! *>act]s1 s9ce !y reveal  
"*4 ,ap>t f direct /atem5t ( !m1 we     
und]/& ! moods ( ! actors 9 ! little    
drama :i* we are made to imag9e is be+  
play$ be=e u f ! ?+s !y say1 f ! ?+s !y 
d1 & f ge/ures1 attitudes1 movem5ts1 :i*
 ! au?or visualizes = u4 ,if ^! moods   
are n made cle> to u or we _c see t !y  
are natural1 def9ite reactions f previ\s
 happ5+s 9 accord ) "*1 we d n h a s5se 
( organic unity 9 ! n>rative4 ,we become

 confus$ 9 try+ to e/abli% ! dep5d5ce ( 
incid5t & feel+ ^u some?+ prec$+1 & our 
int]e/ flags4 ,ev]y?+ t happ5s 9 a      
well-told /ory gives u feel+s :i* we    
look to f9d 9 ^? :om ! happ5+s affect 9 
! tale1 feel+s :i* %\ld call =? "s sort 
( responsive action = our satisfaction4 
,cle>ly1 if ! *>act]s are cold1 if we _c
 f9d 9 !m moods ( ! k9d & int5sity t to 
u seem w>rant$1 ! /ory w be a           
disappo9tm5t4     ,,lit]>y ,,divisions  
,,& ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples   #h4 ,!        
,conceptual & ,emotional4--,!oretically 
all writ+ is divid$ easily into two     
classes1 conceptual & emotional1 !      
lit]ature ( ?\ght & ! lit]ature ( feel+4
 ,9 ! actual attempt to classify writt5 
composition on ?is basis1 h[ev]1 no %>p 
di/9ction c be ma9ta9$4 ,ev5 matt]s (   
fact1 c]ta9ly su* matt]s ( fact z we c>e
 to write ab\t1 are ( m or less mom5t to
 u2 we _c deal ) !m 9 a :olly           
unemotional way4 ,9 our daily lives we  
are cont9ually rea*+ conclusions t diff]
 f ! conclusions rea*$ by o!rs ab\t !   

same matt]s ( fact1 & are try+ to make  
^! matt]s ( fact h ! same value = o!rs t
 !y h = u4 ,?is is true ( our bus9ess   
life z well z ( our social & home life4 
,x always w be s4 ,x is d\btless true t 
if our k ( matt]s ( fact embrac$ a k ( !
 univ]se1 & if ! exp]i5ce ( ea* ( u 7 j 
l t ( 8 fell[ & includ$ all possible    
exp]i5ce1 we might rea* id5tical        
conclusions4 ,?is is n true & nev] c be 
true4 ,x is 9 effect true ( a small     
portion ( ! ?+s ab\t :i* we ?9k1--!     
addition ( "o to two makes ?ree = e     
"o1--b outside ( ^! ?+s1 writ+ ne$ n be 
& seldom is purely conceptual4  #i4     
,subject-matt]4--,v>i\s z are ! ?+s ab\t
 :i* we write & manifold z are our      
int]e/s 9 !m1 !y may be classifi$ = our 
purposes "u f\r heads3 ,matt]s ( ,fact1 
,exp]i5ce1 ,beauty1 ,tru?4 ,aga91 we    
%all f9d difficulty 9 sep>at+ ea* ( ^! f
 ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,"s ( our exp]i5ces h    
c]ta9ly be5 revelations ( matt]s ( fact2
 )\t our exp]i5ces1 we %\ld h>dly h     
acquir$ any real s5se ( ! beautiful2    

save = !m we c\ld n h kn[n any?+ ( tru?4
 ,no accurate def9ition ( ^! ?+s        
c>efully di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m c be        
attempt$ "h4 ,x may be assum$ t :at is  
meant by matt]s ( fact w be und]/ood )\t
 def9ition4 ,z we read ! /ory 9 great   
measure = ! purpose ( enl>g+ our        
exp]i5ce1 ?is "p ( our possible lit]>y  
mat]ial is wor? consid]+ fur!r4 ,9 !    
*ild we are able to detect v e>ly a gr[+
 curiosity4 ,t curiosity does n disappe>
 :5 ! *ild has gr[n f boy to man2 he is 
/ill ask+ que/ions ( ! univ]se1 /ill    
try+ to piece ! fragm5ts ( 8 k into a   
law-ord]$ & w-ord]$ :ole4 ,:at he kn[s  
has be5 ! product ( exp]i5ce1 :at he may
 yet "k fur!r mu/ be ! product (        
exp]i5ce4 ,?is exp]i5ce may n all be    
p]sonal1 b ev5 t :i* he gets at second  
h& is s f> useful 9 help+ him t[>d t    
und]/&+ ( ! univ]se = :i* he hopes4 ,he 
nev] w rea* t und]/&+1 all 8 exp]i5ce w 
make b a fraction ( ?+s to be kn[n      
matt]s ( fact to him2 & yet a dea?less  
int]e/ 9 ! sc>cely recogniz$ belief t ! 

facts & =ces ( :i* he has kn[n h "s     
unify+ pr9ciple makes 8 emotions quick5 
at e new exp]i5ce t may h possible      
significance4  #aj4 ,appeal ( ,exp]i5ce1
 ,beauty1 & ,tru?4--,x w be evid5t1 !n1 
t exp]i5ce :i* someh[ makes ! impression
 ( sup]ior importance may be pres5t$    
inorganically & yet ga9 an int]e/$ he>+4
 ,! me?od ( creat+ ?is impression1 :e!r 
?r\gh ! appe>ance ( conviction 9 ! writ]
 or by v>i\s lit]>y devices1 ne$ n deta9
 u "h4 ,we %all be conc]n$ m]ely ) not+ 
t ! possible relation ( ! p>ticul> to ! 
g5]al1 ( ?is exp]i5ce to ! :ole (       
exp]i5ce1 makes x a ?+ ( mom5t4 ,9 j :at
 way exp]i5ce develops 9 u ! s5se ( !   
beautiful1 j :at x is 9 any?+ t makes u 
di/+ui% beauty 9 x1 _c n[ be det]m9$4 ,x
 w be en\gh = u to "k t lit]ature makes 
a l>ge appeal to a s5se ( ! beautiful 9 
u1 a s5se n =tuit\s & irrational1 ?\gh  
v>y+1 b normal & almo/ univ]sal1 dep5d5t
 ^u natural laws ( developm5t4 ,tru? is 
also difficult ( def9ition1 b we may    
und]/& t :5 out ( exp]i5ce1 z ?r\gh a   

process ( reason+1 we h rea*$ a         
conclusion t is some?+ m ?an a matt] (  
fact1 a conclusion t\*+ our emotions &  
hav+ vital spiritual int]e/ to u1 !     
exp]i5ce1 :e!r our own directly or at   
second h&1 has br\ght u to a tru?4 ,tru?
 is1 p]haps1 t matt] ( fact ( univ]sal  
intellig5ce t transc5ds ! matt] ( fact (
 ! f9ite m9d4  #aa4 ,lit]>y ,pr9ciples &
 ,qualities4--,!re are "s fundam5tal    
pr9ciples ( lit]>y pres5tation :i* we   
may briefly review "h4 ,all our /udy (  
sci5ce1 & 9 a less obvi\s fa%ion1 ( all 
! physical1 social1 & arti/ic _w ab\t u1
 is m or less an attempt to classify1   
simplify1 & unify facts ^: relations we 
d n see at a glance4 ,we mu/ obs]ve &   
le>n ! facts fir/1 b !y w be ( no great 
utility to u z unrelat$ items ( k4 ,!   
ne$ ( e/abli%+ "s sort ( law & ord] 9   
our und]/&+ ( ! mass ( ph5om5a ( :i* we 
mu/ take cognizance is s insi/5t t we   
e>ly acquire ! habit ( attempt+ to hold 
9 m9d any new fact ?r\gh its relation to
 "s o!r fact or facts4 ,9 o!r words1 we 

c reta9 ! k we acquire only by mak+ "o  
fact d duty = a great _m o!r facts      
includ$ 9 x4 ,our writ+ mu/ n violate   
:at is at once a necessity & a pleasure 
( ! m9d4 ,unity1 simplicity1 coh]5ce1   
h>mony1 or congruity1 mu/ all be s\ght z
 ess5tial qualities ( any writ+4 ,we mu/
 also indicate our s5se ( ! relative    
values ( ! ?+s ) :i* we deal by a prop] 
selection ( details = pres5tation1 a    
c>eful subord9ation ( ! less important  
to ! m important ?r\gh ! proportion (   
space & att5tion giv5 to ea*1 & ?r\gh   
o!r devices = secur+ emphasis4 ,let u   
keep 9 m9d value1 selection1            
subord9ation1 proportion1 emphasis1 z a 
second gr\p ( t]ms = pr9ciples involv$ 9
 writ+4 ,we may also wi% to give our    
subject fur!r elem5ts ( appeal ?r\gh :at
 may be sugge/$ beyond ! tell+1 ?r\gh ! 
melody & rhy?m ( ! words1 or ?r\gh a    
quick5+ ( ! s5se ( ! beautiful4         
,sugge/ion1 melody1 rhy?m1 beauty1 are  
to be includ$1 !n1 9 a ?ird gr\p (      
qualities t may contribute to !         

effectiv5ess ( :at we write4  #ab4      
,conceptual ,writ+4--,( ! lit]>y        
qualities t h j be5 discuss$1 only !    
fir/ gr\p is p]haps ess5tial to :at has 
be5 designat$ z conceptual writ+4 ,"h we
 may place expository writ+ on subjects 
:olly matt] ( fact1 ma!matical          
discussions1 sci5tific treatises l>gely1
 ?\gh n necess>ily1 & o!r writ+ ( l "*4 
,z unity is ! quality ( importance "h1  
we may well consid] ! units ( disc\rse4 
,our fir/ unit is t ( ! :ole            
composition1 ! second t ( ! p>agraph1 & 
! ?ird t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:i* ( ^! is !     
prime unit1 z ! doll> is ! prime unit ( 
our m$ium ( ex*ange1 may n be evid5t at 
once2 b if we exam9e ! writ+ ( cle>     
?9k]s c>efully1 )\t attempt+ to settle !
 matt] 9 any doctr9aire fa%ion1 we %all 
f9d t ! p>agraph1 & n ! s5t5ce1 is ! m  
unifi$ :ole4 ,i turn to ,c>d9al ,newman1
 & 9 ! middle ( a p>agraph f9d ! s5t5ce1
 ,?is %\ld be c>efully obs]v$1 a s5t5ce 
mean+less :5 tak5 f ! context4 ,z a "p (
 ! p>agraph x has a function1 b x is    

c]ta9ly z a unit ( detail & n z a prime 
unit4 ,a writ] l ,c>lyle makes ^! less] 
units m important1 b !y are /ill        
subord9ate to _! use 9 ! p>agraph4 ,9   
all our writ+ we %all d mu* = ! unity1  
simplicity1 & coh]5ce ( our "w by see+  
to x t our p>agraphs are prop]ly arrang$
 & t ea* fulfills ?is function ( a prime
 unit 9 ! composition4  #ac4 ,! ,s5se ( 
,value4--,:51 9 addition to /atem5t (   
m]e matt]s ( fact1 an au?or wi%es to    
impress 8 read]s ) 8 own s5se ( !       
importance & ! value ( :at he has to    
say1 or ( "s special phase ( 8 subject1 
he w employ ! pr9ciples ( ! second gr\p 
spok5 ( 9 a prec$+ p>agraph4 ,!y _c be  
ignor$1 inde$1 9 explanation ( ! simple/
 matt]s ( fact1 b a writ] :o means to   
conv9ce & p]suade w make m use ( !m4 ,8 
p]sonality w express itself 9 !         
selection ( details & 9 ! emphasis he   
places ^u "o detail or ano!r4 ,among !  
lit]>y =ms :i*1 besides be+ conceptual1 
are also conc]n$ ) p]suasion1 we f9d !  
oration1 ! essay1 a great deal ( bus9ess

 correspond5ce1 & mu* ( :at we read 9   
magaz9es & newspap]s4  #ad4 ,writ+ hav+ 
,arti/ic ,quality4--,:5 9 addition to   
express+ matt]s ( fact or tru?1 appeal+ 
p]haps to exp]i5ce1 we wi% to ar\se "s  
s5se ( ! beautiful & ! arti/ic1 we %all 
give our writ+ "s or all ( ! qualities (
 ! ?ird gr\p4 ,evid5tly1 writ+ ( ?is    
sort is 9 _m respects ! mo/ difficult1  
s9ce ! writ] mu/ h reg>d = unity & !    
relat$ pr9ciples1 z well z = ! qualities
 :i* peculi>ly di/+ui% x4 ,exp]i5ce1    
beauty1 & tru? are all available z      
subject-matt]1 & all ! pr9ciples gov]n+ 
lit]>y composition are conc]n$4 ,"h we  
%all f9d ! poem1 ! drama1 ! oration 9 "s
 ( its =ms1 mo/ essays ( ! bett] sort1 !
 great] "p ( good critical writ+1 lit]>y
 description1 & all n>rative =ms except 
! matt]-(-fact hi/orical writ+ (        
unlit]>y s*ol>s4  #ae4 ,two ,?+s        
,requisite 9 ,writ+4--,x is to be borne 
9 m9d t ! =ego+ classifications are by  
no means absolute4 ,g>d9] 9 8 ,=ms (    
,prose ,lit]ature says v truly t !      

ess5tial elem5ts1 n only ( lit]ature1 b 
( all ! f9e arts1 are3 fir/1 an organic 
unity ( conception2 & second1 ! p]vasive
 p]sonality ( ! arti/4 ,x is true t mu* 
( our writ+ does n aspire to lit]>y "*1 
b 9 v little ( our writ+ ( any sort c we
 af=d to neglect ! fir/ ( ^! elem5ts1 & 
9 v little ( x d we c>e to leave !      
second out ( acc\nt4 ,ev5 9 exposition (
 ! simpl] sort we may give to our writ+ 
! di/9ction ( a m lum9\s /yle & ! /rong]
 appeal ( a w>m] p]sonal int]e/1 if we  
%ape x into organic unity & make evid5t 
9 x ! p]vasive p]sonality ( ! arti/4    
,,! ,,/ory ,,9 ,,p>ticul>   #af4 ,! ,art
 ( ! ,/ory4--,h[ev] ab/ract ! ?9k+ (    
civiliz$ man may become1 all our        
intellig5ce1 to quote ,ladd's ,outl9es (
 ,physiological ,psy*ology1 is          
intellig5ce ab\t some?+ or o!r1 444 re/+
 on a basis ( s5sations & volitions4    
,difficult z x is & difficult z are !   
problems involv$ 9 its con/ruction1 !   
/ory is f "s po9ts ( view ! mo/ elem5t>y
 ( lit]>y =ms4 ,x is conc]n$ directly ) 

matt]s ( s5sation & volition4 ,if x is  
to play ^u our emotions1 x mu/ revive   
s5sations & volitions1 make u 9 "s      
degree "p ( ! action4 ,exp]i5ce is at   
once its w>p & wo(1 b :ile x gives u new
 exp]i5ces1 x mu/1 9 connection ) !m1   
revive old ones & s become tangible &   
real = u4  ,( ! memories t h come to u  
?r\gh ! s5ses ( sight1 he>+1 t\*1 smell1
 & ta/e1 ^? t are visual are probably ! 
mo/ cle>ly def9$ & p]si/5t = mo/ p4 ,!  
s5sation ( he>+ d\btless comes next1 &  
!n ^? ( t\*1 smell1 & ta/e4 ,a "n w     
suffice to make u see ! face ( an abs5t 
fri5d2 a few words1 or ! sight ( a music
 roll1 is en\gh to make u he> a favorite
 melody2 a l9e or two on a pr9t$ page   
br+s back to u ! sc5t ( ! hayfield or ! 
heavy odor ( hyac9?s 9 a cons]vatory4   
,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t ?is may be 9 ea*
 case1 n simply a br++ back ( ! idea ( !
 ?+s1 b a reviv+ ( ! s5sations !mselves4
 ,! seat ( s5sation is aft] all ! bra94 
,orig9ally we exp]i5ce s5sation ?r\gh "s
 excitation ( ! end organs ( s5se1 ! e>1

 ! n]ves ( t\*1 ! ret9a2 b ^! s5sations 
become associat$ ) v]bal images 9 ! m9d1
 & f9ally ! excitation ( ! v]bal images 
results also 9 ! revival ( ! orig9al    
s5sation4 ,!re is p]haps no "o ( u :o   
has n se5 :olly imag9>y mov+ %ad[s or   
fla%+ lights 9 ! d>k4 ,su* cases are n  
good illu/rations ( ! po9t1 possibly1 b 
mo/ ( u c at w he> a connect$ succession
 ( notes ) :i* we h famili>iz$          
ourselves4 ,9 my own rec5t exp]i5ce !re 
occurr$ a v cle> & :olly unexpect$      
subjective s5se ( smell :5 read+ ( an   
exp]im5t ) frogs :i* recall$ ! di/9ctive
 odor ( slimy wat]4 ,mr4 ,james ,sully1 
9 ,illusions1 says1 ,/ories are told (  
portrait pa9t]s :o c\ld summon visual   
images ( _! sitt]s ) a vividness equal  
to t ( reality1 & s]v+ all ! purposes ( 
_! art4 ,! same writ] says aga91 & ?is  
is peculi>ly significant1 t !           
physiologi/ ,grui?uis5 _h a dream 9 :i* 
! pr9cipal feature 0 a violet flame1 &  
:i* left beh9d x1 aft] wak+ = an        
appreciable duration1 a complem5t>y     

image ( a yell[ spot4 ,"h a purely      
subjective impression _h be5 reproduc$ 9
 ! n]ves ( s5se4  #ag4 ,! ,place (      
,s5sation 9 ,writ+4--,! ?+ t x seems    
important to dwell ^u "h is t subjective
 s5sations d g out f ! bra9 & /imulate 9
 a v real fa%ion ! s5sations t are      
naturally excit$ by ext]nal /imuli      
localiz+ !mselves 9 ! end organs ( s5se4
 ,z ^! s5sations1 :ile n ! all (        
emotion1 are l>gely involv$ 9 emotion z 
its m poignant elem5t1 & z emotion is a 
fir/ requisite 9 ! appeal ( a /ory1 x is
 evid5t t ! writ] ( /ories w d well to  
acquire ! art ( reviv+ s5sations4       
,fur!r1 z 9 ! quick5+ ( s5sations our   
ideas become m tangible & real1 writ]s  
:o employ o!r lit]>y =ms w f9d t _! /yle
 ga9s cl>ity & di/9ction by a l appeal  
to s5sation :5 possible4 ,j h[          
successful /ory-writ]s make appeal to   
s5sation1 revive exp]i5ce1 give new     
exp]i5ce1 & t\* ! s5se ( ! beautiful is 
to be tak5 up m def9itely 9 ! foll[+    
pages4 ,we c und]/&1 ( c\rse1 t         

subjective s5sations are n z /rong z ^? 
:i* we exp]i5ce directly1 b on ! o!r h& 
!y may be m v>i$1 !y may cr[d 9 ^u u m  
rapidly1 !y may be m congru\sly *os5 = a
 def9ite effect ?an 9 our actual life4  
,! total effect may !n be no less       
pron\nc$4 ,9 discov]+ h[ ?is is br\ght  
ab\t we %all f9d ! art ( ! %ort /ory4   
,,special ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,/ory   #ah4  
,symbols = ,visualization4--,on analyz+ 
a /ory = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! elem5ts 
( :i* x is compos$1 & ! k9d & degree (  
appeal :i* !y h = u1 we %all f9d x      
conv5i5t to employ a few symbols = !    
purpose ( label+ our f9d+s = discussion 
9 ! class room4 ,"s ( ! directions :i*  
we make w be bas$ ^u diff]5ces 9 ! way 9
 :i* ! ?+s pres5t$ are effective 9 our  
m9ds1 o!rs ^u diff]5ces 9 ! ?+s pres5t$1
 !mselves4 ,fir/ we %all "w ) symbols ( 
description & visualization1 ( :i* =    
conv5i5ce we may di/+ui% f\r sorts %ad+ 
"o into ! o!r1 n cle>ly def9$1 & yet    
wor? discuss+1 t we may cultivate a %>p]
 s5se ( qualities ( effectiv5ess 9      

visualization4 ,= ^! f\r sorts (        
visualization we may employ ! symbols1  
,v#a1 ,v#b1 ,v#c1 ,,vb#c4 ,= ! fir/ ( ^!
 ! symbol ,v#a is n v satisfactory1 s9ce
 we w employ x = simple description :i* 
pres5ts r ! idea ( ! ?+ ?an a m5tal     
picture1 b x w p]haps be simpl] to use x
 ?an to use a symbol = ! ^w description4
 ,hav+ 9 m9d ! idea ( a ?+1 we may by   
m5tal ef=t1 if ! idea is def9$ )        
suffici5t cle>ness1 call up ! image ( ! 
object4 ,v#b is ! symbol = a            
visualization ?r\gh a sugge/ion :i* !   
m9d1 by reason ( ! int]e/ k9dl$1 fills  
out to some?+ m ?an ! m]e idea1 m or    
less def9ite imag]y result+4 ,9 ! ,v#c  
=m1 we are1 z x 71 compell$ to see !    
image )\t m5tal ef=t1 s swiftly & surely
 d ! v]bal memory images ree/abli% old  
s5sations or comb9e ) old s5sations to !
 =mation ( new4 ,9 ! f\r? =m1 we w add !
 ,b 7,beauty7 :5 ! image :i* we see is  
su* z to appeal pleasurably to !        
ae/hetic s5se4 ,t !re %\ld be p]fect    
agreem5t 9 ! use ( any "o ( ^! symbols 9

 any p>ticul> case is1 ( c\rse1 n to be 
expect$4 ,our individual exp]i5ces h be5
 s diff]5t & ! associations ( s5sation  
are s v>i$ t ! "* & int5sity ( any      
visualization mu/ diff] 9 ea*           
individual4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is "o ( ! ?+s
 t complicate ! problem ( lit]>y        
composition & make /udy ( ^! ?+s (      
p>ticul> importance4  #ai4 ,audition &  
,o!r ,s5sations4--,z ! problem (        
audition is ( less mom5t ?an t (        
visualization1 we w make b ! "o         
di/9ction betwe5 su* pres5tation ( s\nd 
z calls up ! idea ( ! s\nd only1 a#a &  
su* z produces 9 u ! s5se ( ! s\nd      
itself1 a#b1 premis+ t any "o :o *ooses 
may make ! ?ree divisions prec$+4       
,appeals to ! o!r s5ses z occurr+ less  
(t51 we may gr\p toge!r "u ! symbol ,s1 
us+ #a ) ?is1 z ) a1 :5 x comes to u 9 !
 conceptual way1 & #b :5 x comes z an   
excitant ( s5sation4  #bj4 ,in/ances (  
,visualization4--,be=e we g f>!r1 x w be
 well to exam9e briefly an example or   
two ( lit]>y description4      ,! rim ( 

! sun 0 burn+ ! hilltops1 & already     
,v#b     ! vangu>d ( 8 /r5g? /emm+ !    
morn+ mi/s1     :5 ,i & my companion    
fir/ trod ! du/ ( a small         ,v#b  
t[n :i* /ood 9 our pa?4 ,x /ill lay v   
h>d &     :ite1 h[ev]1 & %>ply edg$ to  
its girdle ( olive       ,v#a     &     
mulb]ry trees dr5*$ 9 dew1 a compactly  
fold$     t[n well =tifi$ by /rong walls
 & _m t[]s1 )     ! mi/ ^u x & s(tly ov]
 x l a veil4 ,= x        ,v#b     lay   
well "u ! %ade ( ! hills await+ ! sun's 
com+4 ,9 ! /reets1 ?\gh !y 7 by no means
           ,v#a     asleep1 b1          
contr>iwise1 busy ) ! traffic ( m5      
,s#b     & pack mules1 !re 0 a %rewd    
bite z ( night air2       ,v#b     look+
 up we c\ld p]ceive h[ fa9t ! blue ( !  
sky 01 & ! cl\d-flaw h[ rosy yet ) !    
flu%     ( ,aurora's beauty-sleep4      
,!re=e we 7 glad to get     into ! m>ket
 place1 fill$ ) p & set ar\nd     )     
goodly brick build+s1 & to feel ! light 
&         ,s#b     w>m? /eal ab\t our   
limbs4                 --,,maurice      

,,hewlett1 ,e>?work out ( ,tuscany4  ,"h
 we %all fir/ use ! symbol ,v#b1 because
 ! image pres5t$ is "o t appeals at once
 to exp]i5ce1 exp]i5ce too t has n be5  
dimm$ by frequ5ce4 ,! in/ant :5 ! rim ( 
! sun comes up bright & r$ is ! in/ant  
:5 our expectation is mo/ k9dl$ t[>d !  
glory ( ! dawn & ( ! day :i* x =etok5s4 
,! vangu>d ( 8 /r5g? 9 ! next clause    
sugge/s ! purely fanciful4 ,?is mixture 
( ! concrete & ! ab/ract does n g back  
to s5sation1 a ?+ wor? not+ & s !       
visualization is de/roy$4 ,! dep5d5t    
clause br+s up a new visualization1 a   
,v#b1 9 ! du/ ( a small t[n4 ,! second  
s5t5ce is ,v#a1 until ! close :5 x      
becomes ,v#b ?r\gh ! quick5+ ( memories 
t h be5 emotional4 ,! vagu5ess ( a      
village hidd5 9 ! mi/ has appeal$ to our
 imag9ation 9 ! assurance ( a some?+    
unkn[n4 ,! next s5t5ce is ,v#a1 & s also
 is ! next until 9 ! %rewd bite z (     
night air we get an ,s#b4 ,! ,v#b ( !   
fa9t blue ( ! sky is de/roy$1 z 9 ! fir/
 s5t5ce1 by ! m]ely intellectual play+ (

 fancy 9 ,aurora's beauty-sleep4 ,! next
 s5t5ce gives u an ,s#b 9 ! clos+       
clause1 = :i* ! two prec$+ h be5 a      
prep>ation4      ,solemn & va/ at all   
times1 9 spite ( pett9ess 9 ! ne>       
details1 ! impression becomes m solemn &
 va/ t[>ds     ev5+4 ,! sun goes d[n1 a 
swoll5 orange1 z x 71 into     ! sea4 ,a
 blue-clad peasant rides home1 ) a h>r[ 
smok+     beh9d him among ! dry clods4  
,9 ?is f ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son ! la/    
s5t5ce br+s ! description to a ,v#c2 !  
smok+ h>r[ is sugge/ive ( s mu* m ?an ! 
cl\d ( du/ t has n yet settl$ to ! e>? 9
 ! /illness ( ! approa*+ twilight :5 !  
"w ( ! day is done4  #ba4 ,motor        
,effects ( ,visualization4--,!re is     
ano!r way 9 :i* ?+s se5 t\* s5sation4   
,look at a picture ( ! ,laocoon = a     
mom5t4 ,fix y\r eyes ^u ! contortions ( 
! limbs1 see ! agony ( ! face1 note !   
fangs ( ! s]p5t ready to emb$ !mselves 9
 ! fle%4 ,:ile fa/5+ ^! fe>ful details 9
 y\r m9d h y n felt "s ( ! horror ( x1 &
 has n t feel+ %[n a t5d5cy to inn]vate 

"s ( ! muscles1 has n y\r face %[n "s ( 
! suff]+ :i* y h be5 /udy+1 & h y n felt
 a t5d5cy t[>d ! muscul> movem5ts ( "o  
wri?+ 9 agony8 ,c]ta9ly1 su* motor      
impulses d result f c]ta9 k9ds (        
visualization1 & x ne$ h>dly be said t  
!y are peculi>ly effective 9 mak+ u     
really alive ) ! emotion :i* inh]es 9 ! 
movem5t or ! attitude :i* we see4 ,if ! 
ge/ures ( a speak] are to be effective1 
!y mu/ seem natural to u2 t is1 !y mu/  
be su* z we w\ld make if we 7 9 t fa%ion
 attempt+ to express a simil> emotion4  
,o!rwise ! motor sugge/ions ( ! words & 
! motor sugge/ion ( ! ge/ures may       
inhibit or neutralize ea* o!r1 or at    
lea/ produce a feel+ ( confusion4       
,halleck1 9 8 ,education ( ! ,c5tral    
,n]v\s ,sy/em1 says1 ,all /ates (       
consci\sness conta9 a motor elem5t4 ,:5 
a visualization or an audition1 z t ( a 
%>p comm&1 seems to h motor effects1 we 
may add to ! symbols ( k9d & degree (   
s5sation ! symbol x4  #bb4 ,inf]5ce 9   
,lit]ature4--,x 0 app>5t 9 !            

visualization quot$ f ,/ev5son t "s ( ! 
impressions :i* we get f lit]ature we   
get z inf]5ces4 ,du/ does n arise f a   
h>r[ s z to h ! appe>ance ( smoke on a  
w9dy day1 & !re=e we "k t x is quiet4 ,9
 ! op5+ ( a /ory "s ?+s mu/ be expla9$  
directly1 & = su* explanatory matt]1    
matt] f :i* we inf] no?+ beyond !       
/atem5t1 we w employ ! symbol ,exp42 b =
 o!r pres5tation ( matt]s ( fact we w   
employ ! symbol ,f#a4 ,f facts z        
pres5t$--& we w use ! t]m 9 a           
compreh5sive s5se--we may or may n draw 
inf]5ces1 & we w di/+ui% facts f :i* no 
inf]5ce is drawn by ! symbol ,f#a1 & ^? 
f :i* inf]5ce is drawn by ! symbol ,f#b4
 ,an inf]5ce may be prepond]at+ly       
intellectual or emotional2 we may1 :5   
desirable1 add ! symbol a = "o & b = !  
o!r4 ,an inf]5ce we may call an effect1 
& a fact z effect1 :e!r ! effect be     
emotional or conceptual1 is cle>ly m    
pot5t 9 a lit]>y way ?an a m]e fact4    
#bc4 ,effects ( ,incid5t &              
,mood4--,alli$ to ! fact z effect is !  

incid5t :i* makes u "k some?+ m ?an !   
happ5+ itself4 ,all incid5ts we may     
di/+ui% "u ! symbols ,9#a1 ,9#b;a1      
,9#b;b1 ! second>y symbols hav+ !       
significance z ) ,f above4 ,mood effects
 are1 9 g5]al1 m important1 & x w be    
wor? :ile to di/+ui% ?ree sorts1 m#a1 an
 inf]5ce :i* we draw reg>d+ ! mood ( !  
writ]1 m#b1 a l inf]5ce :i* becomes     
infecti\s1 creat+ 9 u 9 "s degree a l   
feel+1 & m#c1 an effect enabl+ u to draw
 an inf]5ce reg>d+ ! mood ( a "* 9 !    
/ory4 ,9 addition to ?is we %all f9d    
direct /atem5t ( mood1 b t we %all m>k )
 "s ( ! prec$+ symbols1 g5]ally ,f#a1   
p]haps4 ,we may und]/& fur!r t ! mood   
effects are ( bo? k9d & degree4 ,:5 !   
%[+ ( mood is su* z to make u realize 9 
x ! int5sity ( /rong emotion or passion1
 we may indicate ! height5+ ( ! feel+ by
 ! addition ( ! symbol d1 us+ k alone1  
or ) d to indicate t ! "* ( ! mood is   
%[n4  #bd4 ,me?ods ( ,*>act]ization4--,9
 our ev]yday life we are cont9ually     
draw+ inf]5ces 9 reg>d to ! *>act]s ( ^?

 ab\t u1 & we d ! same ?+ 9 a /ory4 ,"s 
writ]s tell u z cle>ly z !y c ! natures 
( ! m5 & wom5 !y are reveal+ to u1 :ile 
o!rs leave t almo/ :olly = u to         
conjecture4 ,we %all employ1 !n1 two    
sets ( symbols = "*1 "o = direct /atem5t
 ( "*1 & "o = "* effects4 ,! realization
 ( "* ?r\gh direct /atem5t may include  
pres5tation ( motives1 ideas1 passions1 
w1 special phases ( developm5t4 ,x may  
come ?r\gh report ( ! talk ( o!rs1 or   
?r\gh /atem5t ( op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$4
 c#a we w use = direct /atem5t (        
"*1--,john 0 a h>d old mis]1--& we w add
 to ?is symbol ! symbol a to indicate t 
?is is only s f> pot5t ) u z to make u  
"k ! writ]'s und]/&+ ( ! "* m]ely1 b to 
indicate t we recognize ! writ]'s feel+ 
= ! "* b d n %>e x1 & c to indicate t ! 
writ]'s feel+ = 8 "* affects u          
sympa!tically to a l feel+4 ,ano!r gr\p 
( symbols1 c#b1 c#c1 & c#d1 we w use =  
"* effects1 = su* k ( "* z we ga9 by    
inf]5ce4 c#b is a symbol = a g5]al      
inf]5ce reg>d+ a gr\p ( p or a          

community2 c#c & c#d are symbols =      
inf]5ces reg>d+ ! individual1 c#c       
indicat+ ! recognition ( type or class  
qualities1 c#d1 ! recognition ( m       
individual traits ( "*4 ,! di/9ction "h 
is m]ely "o ( matt] ( fact1 a di/9ction 
n always to be made ) sur5ess1 s9ce x is
 "o ( degree r ?an altoge!r "o ( k9d4   
,:5 ! way 9 :i* a man is good or *e]ful 
or av>ici\s is diff]5tiat$ = u f ! way 9
 :i* ano!r man is good or *e]ful or     
av>ici\s1 he is s f> individualiz$4     
,class *>act]ization1 c#c1 may be f\nd  
along ) individualization4 ,! extreme   
acc5tuation ( "o or a few *>act]i/ics to
 ! disreg>d ( o!rs gives ! effect (     
individualization1 b we %all und]/& ?is 
z 9 fact type *>act]ization1 s9ce our   
natures are s complex t 9 almo/ no case 
c ! conduct ( any "o be und]/ood ?r\gh k
 ( a few dom9ant traits ( "*4           
,individualization gives u intimacy (   
acqua9tance2 type or class *>act]ization
 makes u see m]ely ! /rik+1 peculi>1 or 
controll+ expressions ( p]sonality4 ,guy

 ,mann]+ 9 ,scott's ,guy ,mann]+ is b a 
type ( ! conv5tional soldi]4 ,tito      
,milema 9 ,george ,eliot's ,romola      
pres5ts s _m sides ( a complex nature t 
we easily di/+ui% him f all o!r *>act]s 
9 fiction :atev]4  #be4 ,! ,subjective &
 ,objective4--,writ]s1 9 _! me?ods (    
pres5tation1 may be broadly divid$ into 
two classes1 ^? :o write subjectively & 
^? :o write objectively4 ,a subjective  
writ] is "o ^: own p]sonality1 po9t (   
view1 feel+1 is insi/5t 9 :at he writes4
 ,an objective writ]1 on ! o!r h&1 is "o
 :o leaves ! ?+s ( :i* he makes record  
to produce _! own impression1 ! writ]   
himself rema9+ an almo/ impassive       
spectator1 tell+ ! /ory ) little or no  
comm5t4 ,*auc]1 9 ! prologue to !       
,cant]bury ,tales1 betrays 8 p]sonal    
feel+ = 8 *>act]s cont9ually1 & s is    
subjective4 ,%akespe>e 9 8 plays is     
objective1 pres5t+ all sorts ( m5 & wom5
 )\t %[ ( 8 own attitude t[>d !m4  #bf4 
,int]e/ ( ! ,plot & its ,purpose4--,we h
 se5 t int]e/ 9 incid5t is a fir/ int]e/

 9 ! /ory4 ,?is int]e/1 we mu/ und]/&   
fur!r1 is n to be ma9ta9$ by hav+ ?+s   
happ5 9 a matt] regulat$ only by *ance  
or ! exig5cies ( ! au?or's inv5tion at !
 mom5t4 ,! unification ( a /ory t       
results f ! subord9ation ( m9or incid5ts
 to a f9al outcome is an ess5tial       
necessity ( ! plot4 ,! plot1 inde$1 is !
 arrangem5t ( incid5ts ) ref]5ce to !   
d5\em5t4 ,! developm5t ( ! plot %\ld be 
su* z to indicate an end t[>d :i* !     
succession ( incid5ts is t5d+1 & yet su*
 z to keep ! read] 9 susp5se ) reg>d to 
! nature ( t end4 ,!re mu/ be novelty 9 
! happ5+s1 & yet ! novelty mu/ n be s   
great z to keep ! read] confus$ or /ra9 
belief4 ,! p]man5t hold ^u u ( a piece (
 fiction is enhanc$ if x embodies "s    
c5tral tru?1 illu/rat+ ! work+ out ( "s 
law ( life1 or involv$ 9 ! p]sonal      
attitude ( ! writ] t[>d "s problem (    
exi/5ce4 ,only dilettanteism &          
sup]ficiality =get t an arti/1 giv+ ! =m
 ( beauty to 8 conceptions1 is try+ to  
make !m z significant to o!rs z !y are  

to him1 & t ae/hetic & e?ical1 or       
spiritual1 significance are inextricably
 int]wov54 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be ! c>e ( !  
arti/ to see t any didactic purpose is n
 obtrusive4    ,f#b;b     #a4 ,a tray ( 
glasses 0 plac$ on ! table ) great      
solemnity by ! wri*t1 :o made no sign & 
invit$              none4 #b4 ,y might h
 suppos$ t ! circum/ance  ,f#b;b      _h
 escap$ ! notice ( ! company1 s ab/ract$
 &              unconsci\s 0 _! mann]1  
_h x n be5 t two              grav5     
images a m9ute lat] are /&+ by ! table4 
m#ck     #c4 ,ye 'ill ta/e1 ,tammas1 )  
settl$ melan*oly4    m#ck     #d4 ,na1  
na2 ,i've nae incle5ation ! day2 x's an 
awful   ,f#b;a     disp5sation1 ?is1    
,jeems4 #e4 ,%e wuld be b>ely saxty4    
m#ck     #f4 ,ay1 ay1 b we maun keep up 
! body sae lang z we're              "h1
 ,tammas4    c#b_/;c#d  #g4 ,weel1      
putt9' x t way1 a'm n say9' b yir   m#b 
ri*t1 yield+ unwill+ly to ! =ce (       
circum/ance4    c#d_/m#c  #h4 ,we're "h 
! day & !re ! morn1 ,tammas4 #i4 ,%e    

m#c      0 a f9e wumman--,mi/ress       
,/irton--a weel-liv9' wumman3           
?is w be a bl5d1 a'm ?9k9'4    c#d_/m#c 
#aj4 ,%e slippit aff sudd5 9 ! end2 a'm 
judg9' x's   m#c      frae ! ,muirt[n   
groc]2 b a body canna discreem9ate      
on a day l ?is4               #aa4 ,x 0 
,george ,h[e's fun]al t broke ! cu/om & 
,f#b;b     clos$ ! s]vice4 #ab4 ,:5 ,i  
came into ! g>d5              :]e !     
neighbors 7 ga!r$1 ! wri*t 0   ,exp4m#b 
remov+ 8 tray & n a glass _h be5 t\*$4  
#ac4              ,!n ,i guess$ t       
,drumto*ty _h a s5se ( ! fitness        
( ?+s & 0 /irr$ to its dep?s4           
#ad4 ,ye saw ! wri*t c>ry 9 8 tray1 said
 ,drum%eigh              z he w5t home f
 ! kirky>d4    m#c;d     #ae4 ,weel1    
yon's ! la/ si*t o't ye' ill get or a'm 
no   m#ck     ,drum%eigh4 #af4 ,i've nae
 objection masel' to a neighbor         
ta/9' at a fun]al1 a' ! m if he's come f
 !              upp] end o' ! pairi%1 & 
ye k5 ,i d9na hold wi' ?ae   m#c;d      
teetotal f\k4 #ag4 ,a'm ow] auld 9 !    

horn to *ange noo4   m#c_/;,f#b;b #ah4  
,b !re's times & seasons1 z ! ,gude     
,buik says1              & x wud hae be5
 an awfu' l bus9ess tae luik at a       
gless 9 ,m>get's ,g>d51 & puir ,domsie  
/&+ 9 ah5t              ! bri] bu% z if 
he cud nev] lift 8 heid aga94  #bg4     
,int]pretative ,application ( !         
,symbols4--,a little discussion ( !     
=ego+ f a ,a ,s*ol>'s ,fun]al 9 !       
,bonnie ,bri] ,bu% may s]ve to make "s (
 ^! ?+s cle>]4 ,! fact t ! wri*t is     
sil5t "h 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce makes u "k t   
?is is ! usual cu/om & t ^! p h an      
und]ly+ s5se ( decorum4 ,s5t5ce two has 
! same effect 9 _! ab/raction1 & ?is is 
emphasiz$ aga9 9 ! two grav5 images4 ,! 
?ird s5t5ce is a mood effect ( k9d1 s9ce
 we recognize ! conv5tionally sob]$     
feel+ )\t ! settl$ melan*oly4 ,?is is   
true aga9 9 s5t5ce f\r1 & 9 five we h a 
fact z effect1 draw+ ! inf]5ce t !y are 
a long-liv$ race 9 ,drumto*ty4 ,f !     
yield+ to an invitation s fram$ z to put
 aside ! semblance ( yield+ to          

incl9ation1 we get a k ( "* :i* seems to
 u individual1 b :i* is us$ by ! au?or  
to indicate a local community           
*>act]i/ic4 ,! au?or's mood ( amus$     
obs]vation is evid5t "h1 too1 9 8       
unbeliev+ acquiesc5ce 9 ,tammas's po9t (
 view4 ,9 s5t5ces eight & n9e we come to
 "k ,jeems 9 a m individual way1 ?r\gh !
 m+l+ 9 him ( moods ( conv5tional       
solemnity & ev]yday discussion4 ,?is is 
repeat$ 9 s5t5ce t54 ,9 s5t5ce twelve we
 draw an emotional inf]5ce conc]n+ !    
degree ( _! feel+ f ! fact t n a glass  
_h be5 t\*$4 ,?is is told 9 !           
explanatory way 9 ?irte5 ) ! addition ( 
a sugge/ion ( ! au?or's sympa!tic       
und]/&+ & appreciation4 ,kn[+           
,drum%eigh's res]ve1 f ?+s t h gone be=e
 ?is 9 ! /ory1 we feel t only /rong     
emotion c\ld h call$ out s5t5ce fifte52 
& ! apologetic tone ( sixte5 & sev5te5  
indicates r mood ?an su* height5$ feel+4
 ,s5t5ce eighte5 returns to ! mood (    
fifte5 & sixte51 & ?r\gh ! fact (       
,domsie's /&+ ah5t ! bri] bu% reveals   

bo? ,domsie's mood & ,drum%eigh's own 9 
our k ( its emotional appeal to him4    
#bh4 ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ! ,/ory4--,x is to 
be und]/ood t c]ta9 types ( ! %ort /ory 
are n includ$ 9 ?is /udy z n be+        
available = detail$ "w4 ,/ories 9 :i* ! 
int]e/ is almo/ :olly dep5d5t ^u !      
succession ( incid5ts c pr(itably be    
/udi$ only ) relation to ! plot4        
,g5]ally 9 su* cases ! ?+s t make ! /ory
 effective w be readily app>5t1 & !y c  
be br\ght out by a few que/ions4 ,to    
give v>iety & int]e/ to ! "w ! tea*] w  
occasionally f9d x desirable to call    
att5tion to /ories 9 curr5t p]iodicals1 
requir+ ! class to br+ 9 analyses ( !m  
%[+ /ructure ( ! plot1 me?ods ( manag+ !
 read]'s sympa?ies1 fundam5tal motive ( 
! /ory1 ! treatm5t ( "* & me?ods (      
pres5t+ x1 & su* o!r ?+s z seem mo/ (   
mom5t 9 ! /ory 9 "q4 ,:5 libr>y         
facilities p]mit1 x w be f\nd wor? :ile 
to make "s comp>ison ( ! %ort /ory z x  
is n[ writt5 9 ,am]ica ) ! %ort /ories (
 fifty ye>s ago & ( ! pres5t day 9      

,engl& & ,france4 ,no classification (  
/ories is attempt$ "h1 s9ce su*         
classification is ( no p>ticul> mom5t to
 ! writ] ( /ories4     ,a ,,few         
,,cautions   #bi4 ,! sugge/ions t foll[ 
are phras$ to cov] ! matt] (            
visualization1 b !y t\* ^u g5]al        
pr9ciples :i* are ( wid] application4 ,x
 has seem$ m conv5i5t at ?is po9t to    
give !m ?is specific treatm5t4  #cj4    
,au?or's ,purpose %\ld be               
,conceal$4--,an attempt to br+ ab\t a   
visualization or any o!r arti/ic effect 
9 ! m9d ( ! read] is =$oom$ to failure  
:5 9 any way ! writ]'s purpose too      
evid5tly betrays itself z su*4 ,too mu* 
9 ! way ( direct /atem5t or pr$ication  
is "o indication ( su* purpose1 & is    
!re=e m or less ineffectual4 ,=         
effective visualization "s sort (       
prep>ation ( ! mood or sympa?ies ( !    
read] is g5]ally requir$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1  
%\ld be conceal$1 be+ accompli%$ ?r\gh  
sugge/ion1 z is ! visualization itself4 
#ca4 ,unity 9 ,visualization4--,a       

visualization %\ld be s manag$ z to br+ 
! :ole picture1 or ne>ly all ( x1 into !
 m9d at once4 ,x is p>tly because x does
 n d ?is t ! me?od by details is n      
g5]ally effective4 ,a /r+ ( incomplete  
images pass+ ?r\gh ! m9d1 ea* "o tak+ ! 
place ( ! prec$+ & effac+ x1 is n       
arti/ically satisfy+4 ,x is possible to 
reta9 su* sep>ate images & at ! end br+ 
!m toge!r 9 a complete picture1 b ?is w 
require ef=t on ! "p ( ! read]2 & x is  
fundam5tally important 9 all writ+ to   
r$uce ! consci\s att5tion & ef=t ( !    
read] to ! l[e/ po9t4 ,only extreme     
lit]>y art c s nullify ?is ef=t 9 effect
 z to make description by detail        
pleasurable1 if ( any l5g?4 ,description
 by detail is1 p]haps1 m admissible 9   
writ+ hav+ a m$itative tone ?an 9 any   
o!r1 except1 ( c\rse1 te*nical          
description4  #cb4 ,f9e ,writ+4--,f9e   
writ+ is especially to be avoid$ 9      
visualization1 s9ce ! tone (            
artificiality is imm$iately de/ructive (
 ! read]'s confid5ce 9 ! s9c]ity ( !    

writ]4 ,x betrays ! au?or's purpose (   
produc+ an effect4 ,! appe>ance ( tru?  
free f any semblance ( ov]-/atem5t is a 
fir/ requisite4  #cc4 ,9 any            
visualization h>mony ( detail is ( prime
 importance4 ,ev5 9 describ+ some?+     
actually se5 x w sometimes be necess>y  
to leave out items really pres5t1 b n ( 
a k9d to contribute to ! g5]al effect4  
,! say+ t ,tru? is /rang] ?an fiction   
%\ld read t fiction may n be z /range z 
tru?4 ,h>mony ( mood is important1 z    
well z h>mony ( detail1 9 ! ?+ describ$4
 ,if ! picture is a quiet "o1           
exclamatory excitem5t on ! "p ( ! writ]1
 h[ev] affect+ ! sc5e may be suppos$ to 
be1 w prev5t its becom+ real to ! read]4
 ,^! ?+s are1 !n1 to be borne 9 m9d )   
reg>d to ! elem5ts ( a visualization3 ! 
details pres5t$ mu/ be s f> true to     
common k & exp]i5ce z to ga9 ready      
belief1 !y mu/ h unity 9 fact & 9       
effect1 & !y mu/ also be suffici5tly    
individual to appeal to ! m9d ) some?+ (
 ! s5se ( novelty4     ,,ref]5ce ,,table

 ,,( ,,symbols       ,exp4              
,explanatory matt]4      ,f#a   ,/atem5t
 ( fact f :i* no inf]5ce is drawn4      
,f#b   ,/atem5t ( fact f :i* an inf]5ce 
is drawn4      ,f#b;a  ,/atem5t ( fact )
 inf]5ce ma9ly logical4      ,f#b;b     
,/atem5t ( fact ) inf]5ce ma9ly         
emotional4      ,94   ,/atem5t (        
incid5t1 second>y symbols z ) ,f4       
,z#a  ,anticipatory sugge/ion1 a =etell+
 ( some?+ to                happ51 leav+
 ! read] 9 d\bt z to h[ x is to         
be br\ght ab\t4      ,z#b  ,anticipatory
 sugge/ion1 a =e%[+ ( some?+            
def9ite to happ51 excit+ ! read]'s      
curiosity to                "k :at x is 
& h[ x is to be br\ght ab\t4      ,z#c  
,anticipatory sugge/ion1 a =e%ad[+ (    
some?+                to be expect$ 9 ! 
way ( "* developm5t &                   
consequ5t happ5+4      ,v#a             
,description 9 :i* ! m]e idea ( ! ?+    
describ$ is pres5t$4      ,v#b   ,a     
k9dl+ h9t by :i* ! m9d is enabl$ to     
piece                toge!r a           

visualization ( ! object4      ,v#c     
,visualization ( s vivid a k9d z to     
possess ! m9d                completely4
 ,?is becomes      ,vb#c   :5 x         
pleasurably affects ! s5sibilities4     
,a#a   ,audition 9 ! way ( simple idea (
 ! ?+ to be                he>d4        
,a#b   ,audition z a reviv+ ( ! s5se (  
s\nd4      ,s#a   ,s5sation1 ! m]e      
pres5tation ( ! idea ( an               
appeal to "o ( ! o!r s5ses4      ,s#b   
,s5sation1 a subjective reviv+ ( !      
s5sation                itself4      x  
us$ to indicate t a subjective          
excitation ( "s "o                ( !   
s5ses has motor effects1 z 9 ! %iv] at !
                ?\ght ( a file ^u !     
tee?4      m#a   ,mood effect1 f :i* we 
le>n ! feel+ ( !                writ]   
)\t exp]i5c+ x ourselves4      m#b      
,mood effect f :i* we sympa!tically     
exp]i5ce                ! feel+ ( !     
writ]4      m#c   ,mood effect1 a       
revelation ( ! feel+ ( a                
"* 9 ! /ory4      c#a   ,direct /atem5t 

( "*4      c#a;a  ,direct /atem5t ( "* t
 does n reveal !                au?or's 
attitude t[>d ! "*4      c#a;b  ,direct 
/atem5t 9 :i* we are made aw>e ( !      
au?or's attitude t[>d ! "*1 b are n     
affect$ by x4      c#a;c  ,direct       
/atem5t ( "* sympa!tically              
influ5c+ u to ! au?or's attitude t[>d ! 
"*4      c#b   ,"* effect1 *>act]ization
 ( a gr\p or                community ( 
p4      c#c   ,"* effect1 class or type 
*>act]ization (                !        
individual4      c#d   ,"* effect 9 !   
way ( individualization4      d         
,degree1 add$ to symbol = mood effect to
 indicate                int5sity ( !   
feel+4      k     ,k9d1 us$ to indicate 
t ! inf]5ce conc]ns itself              
) "* & n int5sity4      _/     ,a symbol
 employ$ 7see section #bf7 to indicate t
 "o                inf]5ce is drawn z an
 ultimate conclusion f                  
ano!r m imm$iate inf]5ce4     ,,subjects
 ,,= ,,daily ,,!mes   ,subjects =       
visualization & ! reviv+ ( o!r          

s5sations4  #a4 ,a sunset sky4 #b4 ,a   
gr\p 9 ! p>k4 #c4 ,a spr+ fre%et4 #d4 ,!
 man at ! ?re%+ ma*9e4 #e4 ,! city      
across ! riv]3 night4 #f4 ,moonlight    
among ! hills4 #g4 ,a city /reet4 #h4 ,!
 college campus4 #i4 ,eleanor's rose    
g>d54 #aj4 ,! wit* ( ,endor 7#a ,sam4   
xxviii3 #f-be74 #aa4 ,mt4 ,pelee 9      
eruption4 #ab4 ,! woods at night4 #ac4  
,david play+ be=e ,saul4 #ad4 ,a f]ny   
wat] c\rse among ! trees4 #ae4 ,a       
bluebird 9 ! or*>d4 #af4 ,! viol9i/4    
#ag4 ,9 "t ( apple blossoms4 #ah4 ,!    
sc5t ( new-m[n hay4 #ai4 ,b>b>a at !    
piano4 #bj4 ,! fir/ wat]melon4 #ba4     
,sail+ ) ! w9d4 #bb4 ,dawn 9 ! m\nta9s4 
#bc4 ,! w9d among ! p9es4 #bd4 ,!       
blacksmi? & ! =ge4  ,subjects =         
pres5tation ( mood4  #a4 ,uncle ,dick   
he>s ! news4 #b4 ,balboa cat*es sight ( 
! ,pacific4 #c4 ,silas expla9s himself4 
#d4 ,napoleon look+ back at ,mosc[4 #e4 
,congressman ,norris is refus$ ! floor (
 ! conv5tion4 #f4 ,johnnie is told t he 
may g to ! circus4 #g4 ,e?an ,all5 at   

,ticond]oga4 #h4 ,bamba1 k+ ( an isl& 9 
! s\? seas1 sees ! fir/ %ip ( ! :ite    
man4 #i4 ,alfr$ meets a ,hall[e'en      
ob/acle4  ,subjects = visualization &   
pres5tation ( facts z effects4  #a4 ,a  
des]t$ h\se4 #b4 ,9 ! second-h& /ore4   
#c4 ,! railroad wreck4 #d4 ,! begg> at !
 door4 #e4 ,repres5tative ,dongan reads 
a lett] f ,! ,corn]s4 #f4 ,a woman at ! 
/ation4 #g4 ,mrs4 ,humphrey's kit*54 #h4
 ,! trail ( w>4  ,subjects = "* /udies4 
#a4 ,! village oracle4 #b4 ,! l&lord ( !
 ,lion ,inn4 #c4 ,! old /age-driv]4 #d4 
,! conductor4 #e4 ,an old-fa%ion$       
music-ma/]4 #f4 ,a pirate capta94 #g4 ,a
 c\ntry beau4 #h4 ,deacon ,bradley4 #i4 
,! s*ool bully4 #aj4 ,! female          
suffragi/4 #aa4 ,"o ( ! f\r hundr$4 #ab4
 ,a disciple ( ,mrs4 ,eddy4 #ac4 ,! man 
) ! hoe4 #ad4 ,! scissors gr9d]4 #ae4   
,capta9 ,doty ( ! police4 #af4 ,a       
c&idate = (fice4     ,,! ,,complete     
,,/ory   ,! inv5tion ( situations &     
plots c h>dly be a matt] ( class-room   
in/ruction4 ,if /ories come to "o1 x is 

well4 ,/udy ( ! detail$ means ( mak+ !m 
liv+ = ! read] w !n be wor? :ile4 ,!    
/ud5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to inv5t plots ( 
8 own1 b z a simplification ( ?is       
difficulty1 to ! end t "s ex]cise 9 !   
writ+ ( a complete /ory may be _h1 plots
 ( "s successful publi%$ /ories are "h  
giv5 ) sugge/ions reg>d+ me?ods (       
treatm5t4   ,i      ,sc5e1 a saloon :]e 
bo? m5 & wom5 are dr9k+4 ,"o (     !m1 a
 girl1 ?9ks %e sees at ! w9d[ ! face (  
,*ri/     ) 8 t5d] eyes4 ,%e leaves & w 
n p]mit ! o!rs     to g ) h]4      ,at a
 little di/ance %e comes ^u ! /rang]    
wait+ =     h]4 ,he tells h] t :5 %e    
wakes x w be to a new life     & %e w be
 81 bidd+ h] g to a h\se he po9ts out & 
rema9 = ! night4 ,%e obeys1 & ! man     
passes into !     %ad[4                 
,introductory s5t5ce 9 ! orig9al1 giv+ !
 atmosph]e (     ! /ory3 ,?is 0 ! /ory !
 my/ic told4 ,conclud+     s5t5ce 9 !   
orig9al1 connect+ x ) our s5se (        
unfa?omable my/]ies3 ,& ?is ! li/5]     
gravely ask$1     ',"o 0 *os51 ! o!rs   

left4 ,7 ! o!rs less 9 ne$     ( grace8'
      ,divisions ( ! /ory4 #a4          
,visualiz+ description ( ! saloon     & 
( ! /reet outside ?r\gh :i* ! /rang]    
passes4      #b4 ,appe>ance ( ! face at 
! pane & its effect on !     "y girl    
7m#c effect74 ,?is is ! difficult "p ( !
     /ory1 & ! read] c be made to       
believe 9 x only ?r\gh     sympa?y ) !  
girl's feel+4      #c4 ,! talk ( h]     
companions & h] answ]s 7m#c74      #d4  
,h] se>* = ! /rang] 9 ! night 7m#c74    
#e4 ,8 talk to h] :5 %e f9ds him4  ,?is 
/ory 9 ! orig9al conta9s a little less  
?an two ?\s& words4 ,x w be se5 at once 
t unless h&l$ 9 su* fa%ion z to appeal  
vividly to ! imag9ation1 a /ory ) ?is = 
its !me w seem weak & unreal4 ,x mu/ be 
made z sugge/ive z possible or x w fail4
 ,x prea*es1 b x mu/ avoid ! air (      
prea*+4 ,consid] c>efully h[ y w\ld     
pres5t ! /rang]--:e!r fir/ at ! w9d[ or 
be=e--s z to affect ! read] ) a s5se (  
some?+ m ?an human 9 him4   ,,ii        
,sc5e ( ! /ory is ! prairie des]t ( !   

,we/ 9 "t (     dr\?4 ,a p>ty ( m51     
includ+ two :o are n yet ?r\gh     _! "w
 9 an ea/]n college1 are rid+ 9 se>* (  
wat]1     hav+ _h none = two days4 ,wat]
 is f\nd1 b %ortly     aft]w>ds "o ( !  
two "y m5 is miss+4 ,! talk ( !     o!rs
 reveals ! abs5t "o's unselfi%ness &    
fri5dly     devotion to 8 *um4 ,soon he 
is se5 rid+ up excit$ly &     beckon+4  
,! o!rs foll[ him to a r\gh em95ce1 :]e 
he     /ops & li/5s1 implor+ !m to tell 
him :e!r !y c     he> a voice call+4 ,:5
 !y he> x too1 he is assur$ t     he has
 n lo/ 8 reason f ! ?ir/1 & toge!r !y   
beg9 a se>* :i* results 9 _! disc]n+ a  
cav]n 9 !     side ( an embankm5t :]e a 
man lies on a c\* moan+ =     wat]4 ,z  
!y try to ent]1 he w>ns !m away ) ! cry 
(     smallpox4      ,! /ory is told to 
a gr\p ( fri5ds ga!r$ toge!r ( an       
ev5+1 & ! n>rator draws f among 8 books 
a copy (     ,%akespe>e f\nd 9 ! cav]n  
by "o ( ! m51 be>+ on     its fly leaf1 
9 addition to ! own]'s "n1 ! ^w         
,bras5ose1 ! "n ( "o ( ! colleges at    

,ox=d4 ,!     pa?os ( ! /ory is 9 ?is   
la/ t\*1 an ,ox=d /ud5t     dy+ s       
loa?some a dea? 9 a /range & des]t l&1 &
     dy+ s h]oically4      ,divisions ( 
! /ory4 #a4 ,visualization ( ! des]t & !
     m54 ,! sc5t ( wat]4 ,dr9k+ f !     
muddi$ /ream4      #b4 ,"o ( ! "y m5    
/>ts (f alone 9 a delirium ( pa9        
7m#c74 ,he returns suff]+ f ! fe> t he  
has lo/ 8     reason 7m#c74      #c4 ,! 
discov]y ( ! cave 7,v#c & ,f#b;b74 ,!   
deliri\s     talk ( ! sick man4 ,8 sudd5
 joy 9 ! unexpect$ pres5ce     ( human  
be+s 7,v#c & m#c74 ,8 f9al ,g'way6      
,g'way6     ,smallpox6      #d4 ,!      
n>rator ( ! /ory %[s ! copy ( ,%akespe>e
 &     ! inscription on ! fly leaf4  ,! 
/ory 9 ! orig9al conta9s ab\t ?ree ?\s& 
words4 ,x is important t ! suff]+ ( ! m5
 be develop$ at "s l5g? 9 a conv9c+     
fa%ion4 ,x s]ves z a prep>ation = ! m   
t]rible suff]+ ( ! "o man :o moans =    
wat] z he te>s ! f\l smallpox sores4    
,?is %\ld be pres5t$ 9 z visualiz+ a way
 z possible & ) z full %[+ ( mood z may 

be4 ,! conclusion 9 division #d mu/ be  
altoge!r diff]5t 9 tone f ! prec$+4     
,n>rator & li/5]s are 9 a _w ( ease &   
com=t1 & _! int]e/ 9 ! /ory is an int]e/
 9 some?+ pa!tically remote4            
,,situations ,,to ,,be ,,develop$ ,,into
 ,,plots  7,adapt$ f publi%$ /ories n   
orig9al7   #a4 ,rome 9 ! e>ly c5turies  
aft] ,*ri/4 ,?ree p]sons are involv$1 "o
 man & two wom51 "o ( :om has j pl$g$   
tro? to ! man4 ,! man & ! o!r woman are 
devotees ( a my/ic fai?1 ^: prie/ resid+
 9 a d>k cav]n 9 ! hills calls n[ "o1 n[
 ano!r devotee to pass ?r\gh ! void to  
et]nal fell[%ip ) ,god4  #b4 ,oklahoma  
at ! "t ( ! op5+ ( ! /rip = settlem5t4  
,a man & 8 wife & two *ildr5 come f     
,kansas to f9d l& 9 ! /rip on ! day ( ! 
run4 ,!y h fail$ 9 ,kansas & are almo/  
out ( money4 ,! husb&1 :o is to make !  
run = ! /rip on horseback :5 ! signal   
guns are fir$1 falls sick4  #c4 ,a lumb]
 camp4 ,9 addition to ! m51 a man & 8   
wife :o cook & take c>e ( ! camp1 & a   
half-witt$ *ore boy4 ,! *ore boy tries  

to take c>e ( ! m5 & keep !m f dr9k+4 ,a
 numb] ( ! m5 g (f to a neighbor+ t[n = 
a spree1 & ! *ore boy goes ) !m4  #d4   
,"s place 9 ! region ( ! m\nta9 :ites ( 
! ,c>ol9as & ,t5nessee4 ,a beautiful    
girl ) a t+e ( negro blood t does n %[ 9
 nature1 intellectual end[m5t1 or       
appe>ance4 ,a m\nta9 :ite to :om %e is  
betro!d4 ,a "y man f ! ,nor? visit+ !   
family ) :om %e is /ay+ is attract$ by  
h]4 ,! contra/ ( ! life ( ! m\nta9 :ites
 to :i* h] betro?al if fulfill$ dooms   
h]1 & t ( ! _w ( ta/e & culture :i* h]  
nature dem&s4     ,,que/ions ,,on ,a    
,,doctor ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,s*ool1 ,,f ,,! 
,,bonnie ,,bri] ,,bu%   ,i  #a4 a4 ,:at 
has be5 accompli%$ 9 y\r sympa?ies by   
?is8 #b4 b4 ,has ?is be5 ?r\gh direct   
/atem5t ( ?+s call+ = y\r sympa?ies1 or 
?r\gh effects8 c4 ,is ! me?od cumulative
 & gradual1 or direct & insi/5t8 d4     
,w\ld y say t ! me?od "h is objective or
 subjective8 e4 ,:at symbols d y f9d t y
 h employ$ l>gely1 & = :at purpose h !  
devices = :i* two ( ^! /& be5 employ$8  

f4 ,w\ld y say t ! au?or puts mu* or    
little mean+ into 8 words8 ,is ! /yle   
diffuse & ?91 or does x accompli% mu* ) 
few words8 ,indicate a p>agraph or page 
t ju/ifies y\r conclusion & say h[4 g4  
,are ! inf]5ces :i* y are made to draw  
logical or emotional1 & d !y seem to y  
delicate & subtle or simple & direct8   
,indicate "s ( !m 9 confirmation ( y\r  
conclusion4   ,,ii  #a4 a4 ,d y see any 
*ange 9 ! me?od ( pres5t+ ,mac,lure "h8 
b4 ,h[ is x an advance 9 ! developm5t ( 
! /ory or n8 c4 ,0 ,"p ,i4 prep>ation = 
?is or n1 & if s1 h[8 d4 ,does ?is h a  
def9ite climax & d5\em5t1 & if s1 :]e8  
,,iii  #a4 a4 ,h[ does ?is make an      
advance ^u ! prec$+ 9 ! revelation (    
,mac,lure8 b4 ,does x 9 any way get ne>]
 to elem5tal human feel+8 c4 ,does x    
any:]e appeal directly to s5sation8 d4  
,d y f9d 9 ?is any feel+ = ! my/]y (    
exi/5ce8 ,does x seem to be an integral 
"p ( ! /ory1 com+ f its ess5tial emotion
 & free f obtrusive moraliz+1 or n8 e4  
,is !re any increase 9 int5sity ( feel+ 

9 ?is or n1 & if s1 h[ is x indicat$ 9 !
 symbols y h employ$8 f4 ,has ,mac,lure 
n[ be5 pres5t$ to u ) full %[+ ( 8      
di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics or n8 & d we f9d 9 
him a vital human nature8   ,,iv  #a4 a4
 ,d y ?9k a dea?-b$ sc5e a good subject 
= lit]>y pres5tation or n8 ,:y8 b4 ,w\ld
 y call x a difficult ?+ to pres5t or n8
 c4 ,d y f9d any?+ objectionable "h8 d4 
,has ! int]e/ ( ! :ole /ory dep5d$ ^u   
incid5t or ^u %[+ ( "*8 e4 ,does ?is ,"p
 ,,iv4 s]ve 9 any p>ticul> way to r\nd  
out our k ( ,mac,lure1 & if s1 9 :at    
way8 f4 ,:at is ! especially appeal+ ?+ 
9 ! portrait ( ,mac,lure8 ,& :at 9 !    
=tune & circum/ance ( 8 life8 g4 ,does  
?is appeal t\* 9 any fa%ion ^u our s5se 
( a some?+ inscrutable gov]n+ our lives8
 h4 ,:i* ( ! diff]5t sorts (            
subject-matt] 7see section #i7 seem to y
 to be ! m l>gely employ$ "h8 ,s f> z x 
is conc]n$ ) exp]i5ce1 is x a reviv+ (  
:at we h exp]i5c$ or an addition to our 
k ( life8 ,is !re 9 x a tru? t y c\ld   
=mulate into a law ( life1 or is ! tru? 

s mu* a matt] ( emotion z m]ely to t\* !
 s5sibilities & s give u a wid] vision8 
,,que/ions ,,on ,,lovel9ess1 ,,by       
,,elizabe? ,,/u>t ,,phelps-,,w>d        
7,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #ahii7   #a4
 a4 ,d y detect 9 ?is /ory any purpose  
beyond t ( rec\nt+ a s]ies ( happ5+s8   
,if s1 :at8 b4 ,if y 7 to write ! /ory1 
w\ld y ?9k x prospectively a difficult  
?+ to ar\se int]e/ 9 a dog8 c4 ,has t   
be5 done "h or n8 d4 ,if s1 :at are "s (
 ! au?or's devices & h[ successfully    
employ$8  #b4 a4 ,:at is ! arti/ic      
purpose ( ! fir/ two p>agraphs8 ,:y does
 ! au?or delay s long 9 tell+ u t %e is 
writ+ ( a dog8 b4 ,does %e let h] own   
feel+ = ! girl & dog appe> or n8 ,if s1 
is x obtrusive or n8 ,effective or n1 z 
y\r m>k+s indicate8 c4 ,are !re any     
incid5ts 9 ! /ory t a read] might = any 
reason be unwill+ to accept8 d4 ,if s1  
h[ is ! h&l+ su* z to disguise !        
difficulty or n1 z ! case may be8  #c4  
a4 ,:at devices are employ$ to make u   
int]e/$ 9 ,adah8 b4 ,are we made to feel

 t h] dep5d5ce ^u ! dog is natural &    
des]v+ ( sympa?y or n1 & if s1 h[8 c4   
,are ! incid5ts s manag$ z to ma9ta9    
int]e/ 9 ! expectation ( ! d5\em5t or n8
 d4 ,does ! /ory seem to h suffici5t    
unity ( purpose & plan or n8  #d4 a4    
,:at symbols d y notice t y h employ$   
mo/ l>gely8 b4 ,is ! /ory writt5 9 ! way
 ( direct /atem5t or ( sugge/ion8 c4 ,= 
:at frequ5t purpose w\ld y say t ! writ]
 employs ,f#b8 ,m#c8 ,m#b8 d4 ,c y say 9
 :at ! art ( ! /ory especially consi/s8 
e4 ,:at w\ld y probably h ?\ght ( ! /ory
 7 its art less delicate & sure8        
,,g5]al ,,outl9e ,,que/ions ,,= ,,/udy  
,,( ,,/ories ,,9 ,,curr5t ,,magaz9es1   
,,etc4   #a4 a4 ,^u :at is ! int]e/ ( ! 
/ory especially dep5d5t8 b4 ,are !      
incid5ts pres5t$ rapidly & coh]5tly1 or 
sl[ly & disconnect$ly8 c4 ,is !re a     
cle>ly def9$ plot or n8 d4 ,does ! plot 
h a climax ( entanglem5t1 or does x fail
 9 develop+ ?is feature ( ! /ory int]e/8
  #b4 a4 ,h[ is "* pres5t$8 b4 ,are !   
*>act]s well *os5 = _! reactions among  

!mselves8 c4 ,are ! ?+s !y d & say      
cont9ually consi/5t or n8 d4 ,are !y    
suffici5tly individualiz$ to escape !   
appe>ance ( ! conv5tional & to hold     
int]e/8  #c4 a4 ,does ! /ory /ate facts 
& happ5+s m]ely1 or does x get hold (   
vital s5sations & revive !m8 b4 ,if s1 9
 :at ways does x seem to d t8 c4 ,9     
g5]al does x seem to y subjective or    
objective 9 me?od8  #d4 a4 ,h[ mu* ( !  
int]e/ ( ! /ory is 9 ! developm5t ( !   
plot & h[ mu* 9 ! /irr+ ( vital         
s5sations1 includ+ sympa!tic moods8 b4  
,does ! developm5t ( ! /ory c5t] ab\t   
any idea or attitude t[>d life8 c4 ,:at 
excell5ces & :at faults d y f9d 9 !     
/ory8     ,,"s ,,/ories ,,available ,,= 
,,/udy   ,five ,hundr$ ,doll>s1 ,!      
,village ,convict1 & ,eli1 all 9 a      
volume "u ! title ( ! fir/1 ,heman ,:ite
 ,*apl91 ,little1 ,br[n  ,co41 #a4jj4   
,lovel9ess1 ,elizabe? ,/u>t             
,phelps-,w>d1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1
 #ahii4  ,! ,flail ( ,"t1 ,hel5 ,*oate  
,pr9ce1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1      

#ahii4  ,a ,*ri/mas ,c>ol1 ,dick5s1     
,cassel's ,national ,libr>y1 #aj c5ts4  
,beside ! ,bonnie ,bri] ,bu%1 ,ian      
,mac,laren1 ,david ,c4 ,cook1 ,elg9 &   
,*icago1 pap]1 #e c5ts4  ,! ,luck (     
,ro>+ ,camp1 ,t5nessee's ,p>tn]1 ,bret  
,h>te1 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9  ,co41 #a4jj1  
,ov]l& ,mon?ly1 ,septemb]1 #aijb4       
,bonav5ture 7,*apt]s ,,xvi-,,xviii71    
,george ,w4 ,cable1 copyright$1 b       
obta9able 9 a *eap repr9t4  ,! ,game & !
 ,nation1 ,ow5 ,wi/]1 ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly1  
,may1 #aijj4  ,nettleton's ,specim5s ( !
 ,%ort ,/ory1 ,h5ry ,holt  ,co41 #ej    
c5ts4     ,,books ,,t ,,may ,,pr(itably 
,,be ,,consult$   ,education ( ! ,c5tral
 ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ,r4 ,p4 ,halleck1 ,!    
,macmillan ,co4  ,! ,philosophy ( !     
,%ort ,/ory1 ,br&] ,mat!ws1 ,longmans1  
,gre5  ,co4  ,! ,%ort ,/ory1 ,yale      
,/udies 9 ,engli%1 ,h5ry ,holt  ,co4    
,=ms ( ,prose ,lit]ature1 ,j4 ,h4       
,g>d9]1 ,*as4 ,scribn]'s ,sons4  ,work+ 
,pr9ciples ( ,rhetoric1 ,j4 ,f4 ,g5ung1 
,g9n  ,co4  ,outl9e ( ,psy*ology1 ,e4   

,b4 ,tit*5]1 ,! ,macmillan ,co4  ,%ort  
,/ory ,writ+1 ,c4 ,r4 ,b>rett1 ,bak]    
,taylor ,co41  #a4jj4  ,*apt] ,,xii1 ,a 
,/udy ( ,prose ,fiction1 ,bliss ,p]ry1  
,h\ghton1 ,miffl9  ,co4          99     
99       99       99       99           
,,engli% ,,lit]ature4  ,! ,ard5         
,%akespe>e4      ,! ,great] ,plays 9 _! 
lit]>y aspect4 ,"o play 9 ea*           
volume1 ) ,introduction1 ,notes1 ,essay 
on ,metre1 & ,gloss>y4     ,bas$ on !   
,globe text4 ,f #add to #bbd pages4     
,clo?4 ,price1 #be     c5ts a volume4   
,?is edition pres5ts ! great] plays 9 _!
 lit]>y aspect1 & n m]ely z mat]ial = ! 
/udy ( philology or gramm>4 ,v]bal &    
textual criticism has be5 includ$ only s
 f> z may s]ve to help ! /ud5t 9 8      
appreciation ( ! poetry4  ,que/ions (   
date & lit]>y hi/ory h be5 fully dealt )
 9 ! ,introductions1 b ! l>g] space has 
be5 devot$ to ! int]pretative r ?an to !
 matt]-(-fact ord] ( s*ol>%ip4 ,ae/hetic
 judgm5ts are nev] f9al1 b ! editors h  
attempt$ to sugge/ po9ts ( view f :i* ! 

analysis ( dramatic motive & dramatic "*
 may be pr(itably und]tak54  ,9 ! ,notes
 likewise1 ?\gh x is hop$ t unfamili>   
expressions & allusions h be5 adequately
 expla9$1 x has be5 ?\ght m important to
 consid] ! dramatic value ( ea* sc5e1 & 
! "p t x plays 9 relation to ! :ole4    
,ea* volume has a ,gloss>y1 an ,essay ^u
 ,metre1 & an ,index4 ,app5dices are    
add$ ^u po9ts ( int]e/ t c\ld n be      
treat$ 9 ! ,introduction or ! ,notes4 ,!
 text is bas$ on t ( ! ,globe edition4  
,! foll[+ plays are ready3--            
,,hamlet4--,edit$ by ,edmund ,k4        
,*amb]s1 ,b4,a4      ,,macbe?4--,edit$  
by ,edmund ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,b4,a41 ,ox=d4  
,,julius ,,caes>4--,edit$ by ,ar?ur ,d4 
,innes1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,! ,,m]*ant
 ,,( ,,v5ice4--,edit$ by ,h4 ,l4 ,)]s1  
,b4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,twelf?            
,,night4--,edit$ by ,ar?ur ,d4 ,innes1  
,m4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,z ,,y ,,l         
,,x4--,edit$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,smi?1 ,m4,a41  
,ed9burgh4      ,a ,,midsumm] ,,night',s
 ,,dream4--,edit$ by ,edmund ,k4        

,*amb]s1 ,b4,a4      ,,cymbel9e4--,edit$
 by ,a4 ,j4 ,wyatt1 ,m4,a41 ,cambridge4 
,,! ,,tempe/4--,edit$ by ,f4 ,s4 ,boas1 
,m4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,k+ ,,john4--,edit$
 by ,g4 ,c4 ,moore ,smi?1 ,m4,a41       
,cambridge4      ,,ri*>d ,,ii4--,edit$  
by ,c4 ,h4 ,h]=d1 ,l4,h4,d41 ,cambridge4
      ,,ri*>d ,,iii4--,edit$ by ,george 
,macdonald1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,h5ry  
,v4--,edit$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,moore ,smi?1    
,m4,a41 ,cambridge4      ,,h5ry         
,,viii4--,edit$ by ,d4 ,ni*ol ,smi?1    
,m4,a41 ,ed9burgh4                      
,,coriolanus4--,edit$ by ,edmund ,k4    
,*amb]s1 ,b4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,mu* ,,ado
 ,,ab\t ,,no?+4--,edit$ by ,j4 ,c4      
,smi?1 ,m4,a41 ,ox=d4      ,,k+         
,,le>4--,edit$ by ,d4 ,ni*ol ,smi?1     
,m4,a41 ,ed9burgh4     ,introduction to 
,%akespe>e4      ,by ,,hiram ,,corson1  
,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric &       
,engli%     ,lit]ature 9 ,cornell       
,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #djj pages4          
,introduction     price1 #a4jj4  ,?is "w
 indicates "s l9es ( ,%akespe>ean ?\ght 

:i* s]ve to introduce to ! /udy ( !     
plays z plays4 ,! introductory *apt] is 
foll[$ by *apt]s on3 ,!                 
,%akespe>e-,bacon controv]sy1--,!       
,au!nticity ( ! ,fir/ ,folio1--,!       
,*ronology ( ! ,plays1--,%akespe>e's    
,v]se1--,! ,lat9 & ,anglo-,saxon        
,elem5ts ( ,%akespe>e's ,engli%4 ,! l>g]
 portion ( ! book is devot$ to          
comm5t>ies & critical *apt]s ^u ,romeo &
 ,juliet1 ,k+ ,john1 ,mu* ,ado ab\t     
,no?+1 ,hamlet1 ,macbe?1 & ,an?ony &    
,cleopatra4 ,^! aim to pres5t ! po9ts ( 
view dem&$ = a prop] appreciation (     
,%akespe>e's g5]al attitude t[>d ?+s1 & 
8 resultant dramatic art1 r ?an !       
textual /udy ( ! plays4                 
,introduction to ,br[n+4      ,by       
,,hiram ,,corson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( 
,rhetoric & ,engli%     ,lit]ature 9    
,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,clo?4 #cdh pages4 
,introduction     price1 #a4jj4  ,?is   
volume af=ds aid & guidance to ! /udy ( 
,rob]t ,br[n+'s poetry1 :i*1 be+ ! mo/  
complexly subjective ( all ,engli%      

poetry1 is1 = t reason alone1 ! mo/     
difficult4 ,! exposition pres5t$ 9 !    
,introduction1 ( ! con/itution &        
skillful managem5t ( ! dramatic         
monologue & ! ,argum5ts giv5 to ! sev]al
 poems includ$ 9 ?is volume1 w1 x is    
hop$1 r$uce1 if n altoge!r remove1 !    
difficulties ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! same       
section ( ! ,introduction c]ta9         
peculi>ities ( ! poet's diction are     
pres5t$ & illu/rat$4  ,! foll[+ is !    
,table ( ,cont5ts3--      ,i4 ,!        
,spiritual ,ebb & ,fl[ exhibit$ 9       
,engli% ,poetry f     ,*auc] to ,t5nyson
 & ,br[n+4 ,,ii4 ,! ,idea ( ,p]sonality 
& ( ,art1 z an int]m$iate ag5cy (       
,p]sonality1 z     embodi$ 9 ,br[n+'s   
,poetry4 7,read be=e ! ,br[n+ ,society  
( ,london 9 #ahhb47 ,,iii4 ,br[n+'s     
,obscurity4 ,,iv4 ,br[n+'s     ,v]se4   
,v4 ,argum5ts ( ! ,poems4 ,,vi4 ,poems4 
7,"u ?is head     are ?irty-?ree        
repres5tative poems1 ! ,argum5ts ( :i*  
are giv5 9 ! prec$+ section47     ,a    
,s\rce ,book ( ,greek ,hi/ory      ,by  

,,fr$]ick ,,morr[ ,,fl+1 ,pr(essor (    
,anci5t ,hi/ory1     ,univ]sity (       
,nebraska4 ,clo?4 xiv  #cgj pages4      
,illu/rat$4     ,introduction price1    
#a4jj4  ,?is book s]ves sev]al purposes4
 ,x 7#a7 supplies illu/rative mat]ial1  
drawn f ! be/ ,greek s\rces1 t may be   
us$ to supplem5t ! s*ool n>rative2 7#b7 
by means ( se>*+ que/ions1 x furni%es   
opportunity = m int5sive /udy ( c]ta9   
p]iods2 7#c7 by supply+ data ^u ! writ] 
( s\rce1 & at times1 m ?an "o s\rce ^u !
 same topic1 x makes possible ! /udy (  
simple problems 9 ! value ( evid5ce2    
7#d7 extracts are ( suffici5t l5g? s t !
 pupil may be giv5 "s idea ( ,greek     
lit]ature1 z f> z t is possible ?r\gh ! 
use ( translations2 7#e7 ! illu/rations 
n only supplem5t ! writt5 s\rces on !   
life ( ! ,greeks1 b h be5 select$ ) a   
view to impress+ ^u ! m9ds ( /ud5ts !   
great value ( ! arti/ic "w ( ! ,greeks4 
,a ,s\rce ,book ( ,roman ,hi/ory        
,by ,,dana ,c4 ,,munro1 ,univ]sity (    
,wiscons94 ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$1     x     

#beh pages4 ,introduction price1 #a4jj4 
,! s]ies ( extracts f orig9al s\rces    
conta9$ 9 ?is book cov] ! foll[+ topics3
 ,s\rces & cr$ibility ( e>ly ,roman     
hi/ory2 religion2 ! army2 mon>*ical     
in/itutions2 ! con/itution ( ! republic2
 e>ly laws & hi/ory2 ! conque/ ( !      
,m$it]ranean2 ! ,punic w>s2 results (   
=eign w>s2 misrule ( ! optimates2 ! la/ 
c5tury ( ! republic2 ! e>ly empire2     
,*ri/ianity & ,/oicism2 ,roman life &   
society--slav]y1 education1 mann]s1     
cu/oms1 amusem5ts2 prov9ces & prov9cial 
adm9i/ration1 etc4 ,ref]5ces to         
supplem5t>y s\rces are prefix$ to ea*   
*apt]4     ,a ,day 9 ,anci5t ,rome      
,a revision ( ,lohr's ,aus dem alt5     
,rom1 by ,,edg> ,s4 ,,%umway1           
rec5tly ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,rutg]s     
,college4 ,clo?4 #if pages4             
,fifty-n9e illu/rations 7sev5te5 full   
page74 ,retail price1 #ge     c5ts4     
,pap]1 #cj c5ts4  ,?is attractive little
 book gives a picture ( ! fam\s old city
 z comp>$ ) ! new4 ,avail+ himself ( !  

late/ excavations & ( rec5t photographs1
 ! au?or pictures graphically p]sons &  
places ( classic fame z ?\gh vividly    
pres5t4     ,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory    
7#ajjj ,b4,c4 to #ahhj ,a4,d47 ,by ,,m>y
 ,d4 ,,%eldon1 =m]ly ,pr(essor     (    
,hi/ory 9 ,wellesley ,college1 &        
,assi/ant ,pr(essor 9     ,lel& ,/an=d  
,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,half lea!r1 xvi  #eef 
pages4     ,introduction price1 #a4fj4  
,?is book gives a collection ( hi/oric  
mat]ial1 :i* may be dealt ) fir/-h&1 z !
 pupil deals ) ! actual sub/ance 9      
*emi/ry1 & ) ! liv+ plant 9 botany4 ,"w 
( ?is k9d /imulates ! /ud5t's hi/oric   
s5se & judgm5t4 ,x is especially adapt$ 
to help /ud5ts & tea*]s :o d n h access 
to l>ge libr>ies2 x conta9s )9 itself   
all t is absolutely necess>y = ! "w     
requir$4 ,! mat]ial giv5 consi/s ( maps1
 pictures1 li/s ( important ev5ts1 m51  
works1 & de$s1 tables ( political       
organizations1 & extracts f orig9al     
s\rces1 includ+ con/itutions1 cre$s1    
laws1 *ronicles1 & poems4 ,x is         

accompani$ by que/ions 9 ! nature (     
problems1 ! answ]s to :i* mu/ be work$  
out by ! pupil himself f ! giv5 data4 ,x
 is a book to be /udi$1 n read4         
,greek & ,roman ,hi/ory      ,or1       
,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory1 f #ajjj ,b4,c4
 to #dgf ,a4,d4 ,by     ,,m>y ,,%eldon  
,,b>nes1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9    
,wellesley     ,college1 & 9 ,lel&      
,/an=d ,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,clo?1 xiii     
#bee pages4 ,introduction price1 #a4jj4 
,?is book conta9s ! portion ( ,%eldon's 
,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory :i* relates to 
,greece & ,rome1 includ+ a small am\nt (
 prefatory anci5t hi/ory4 ,?is portion  
meets ! ne$s ( /ud5ts prep>+ = college1 
( s*ools 9 :i* anci5t hi/ory takes !    
place ( g5]al hi/ory1 & ( /ud5ts :o h   
us$ an ord9>y manual & wi% to make a    
spirit$ & helpful review4     ,tea*]'s  
,manual to ,g5]al ,hi/ory      ,by ,,m>y
 ,,%eldon ,,b>nes4 ,clo?4 #agb pages4   
,retail price1 #he     c5ts4  ,! /ud5t's
 edition ( ! ,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory   
conta9s mat]ial & problems = indep5d5t  

/udy4 ,! ,tea*]'s ,manual conta9s !     
answ]s to ^! problems1 embodi$ 9        
tabulations1 & a runn+ comm5t>y ( text1 
:i* w furni% sugge/ions = discussions & 
summ>ies4     ,aids to ! ,tea*+ ( ,g5]al
 ,hi/ory      ,a pamphlet ( #cj pages1  
by ,,m>y ,,%eldon ,,b>nes4 ,retail      
price1 #aj     c5ts4 ,also b\nd ) !     
,tea*]'s ,manual4     ,engli%           
,etymology4      ,a select gloss>y1 s]v+
 z an introduction to ! hi/ory (     !  
,engli% ,language4 ,by ,,fri$ri*        
,,kluge1 ,pr(essor at !     ,univ]sity (
 ,freiburg1 ,g]many1 & au?or (          
,etymologis*es     ,wort]bu* d] deuts*5 
,spra*e1 & ,,fr$]ick ,,lutz1 ,pr(essor  
at ,albion ,college1 ,mi*4 ,clo?4 #bdb  
pages4 ,introduction price1     #fj     
c5ts4  ,! purpose ( ?is "w is to s]ve z 
an introduction to ! /udy ( ! hi/orical 
developm5t ( ! ,engli% language4 ,!     
scope ( ! book is suffici5t to give !   
/ud5t an insight into ! ma9 l+ui/ic     
ph5om5a4 ,:ile ! me?od ( discussion is  
concise1 c>e has be5 tak5 to include all

 words ! hi/ory ( :i* be>s on !         
developm5t ( ! language at l>ge4 ,!     
au?ors h1 9 ! fir/ place1 trac$ back to 
! old] p]iods loanwords ( ,sc&9avian1   
,fr5* & ,lat9 orig91 & su* g5u9e ,engli%
 words z may af=d matt] = inve/igation4 
,9 ?is way !re has be5 provid$ a basis =
 e hi/orical gramm> ( ,engli%4     ,a   
,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,critical ,t]ms4      
,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,bray4 ,clo?4 #ceb pages4  
,retail price1 #a4jj4  ,9 lit]>y        
criticism1 & 9 ! discussion ( art1 !re  
are m ?an a hundr$ important t]ms ^:    
hi/ory det]m9es _! pres5t use & mean+4  
,!re are also sev]al hundr$ o!rs t]ms   
occasionally us$ 9 expla9+ ! l>g] t]ms  
or _! synonyms4 ,all ^! t]ms are "h     
arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,! hi/ory (
 ! m important t]ms is pres5t$ 9 full4  
,"u ea* is giv53 7#a7 ,its gr\p+ 7by    
synonyms74 7#b7 ,! hi/orical limits (   
its use4 7#c7 ,a brief /atem5t ( its    
mean+s4 7#d7 ,an explanation ( its      
*anges ( mean+4 7#e7 ,repres5tative     
quotations4  ,ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty    

critics are repres5t$ 9 ! quotations1 ! 
"w ?us cov]+ ! entire field ( ,engli%   
criticism4  ,! vocabul>y ( criticism is 
prec$$ by an ,introduction1 :i* gives a 
philosophical discussion ( critical t]ms
 "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ,:at is a ,critical
 t]m8 7#b7 ,g5]al ,hi/orical ,movem5ts &
 ,t5d5cies 9 ,critical ,t]ms4 7#c7      
,me?od ( ,deal+ ) ! ,sep>ate ,critical  
,t]ms4      ,! ,outlook1 ,new ,york3 ,! 
book is n simply a collection (         
in=mation2 x is bo? a contribution to ! 
hi/ory (     criticism & a text-book =  
its /udy4     ,engli% ,lit]ature      ,!
 ,ard5 ,%akespe>e4 ,! plays 9 _! lit]>y 
aspect1         ea* ) introduction1     
int]pretative notes1 gloss>y1 &         
essay on metre4 #be cts4      ,bronson's
 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature4 #chd    
pages4 #hj c5ts4      ,burke's ,am]ican 
,orations4 7,a4 ,j4 ,,george47 ,five    
complete         selections4 #ej cts4   
,burns's ,select ,poems4 7,a4 ,j4       
,,george47 #aah poems                   
*ronologically arrang$1 ) introduction1 

notes1 &         gloss>y4 ,illu/rat$4   
#ge cts4      ,col]idge's ,pr9ciples (  
,criticism4 7,a4 ,j4 ,,george47 ,f !    
,biographia ,lit]>ia4 ,) portrait4 #fj  
cts4      ,cook's ,judi?4 ,)            
introduction1 translation1 & gloss>y4   
,clo?4 #agj pages4 #a4jj4      ,cook's  
,! ,bible & ,engli% ,prose ,/yle4 #dj   
cts4      ,corson's ,introduction to    
,br[n+4 ,a guide to ! /udy (            
,br[n+'s poetry4 ,also has #cc poems )  
notes4 ,)         portrait ( ,br[n+4    
#a4jj4      ,corson's ,introduction to !
 ,/udy ( ,%akespe>e4 ,a critical        
/udy ( ,%akespe>e's art1 ) comm5ts on   
n9e plays4         #a4jj4               
,craw%aw's ,! ,mak+ ,( ,engli%          
,lit]ature4 ,an int]pretative         & 
hi/orical guide = /ud5ts4 ,map &        
illu/rations4         #dhd pages4 #a4be4
      ,davidson's ,prolegom5a to        
,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam4 ,a critical    
analysis1 ) an index ( ! poem4 #ej cts4 
,de ,qu9cey's ,confessions ( an ,opium  
,eat]4 7,g4 ,a4 ,,wau*ope47         #ej 

cts4      ,hall's ,be[ulf4 ,a metrical  
translation4 #ge cts4 ,/ud5t's          
edition1 #cj cts4      ,haw?orne &      
,lemmon's ,am]ican ,lit]ature4 ,conta9s 
sket*es1         *>act]izations1 &      
selections4 ,illu/rat$ )                
portraits4 #a4ab4      ,hodgk9's        
,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,au?ors4 ,gives aids = 
libr>y         /udy ( #bf au?ors4       
,price1 #e cts4 ea*1 or #c4jj p]        
hundr$4 ,complete 9 clo?4 #fj cts4      
,h[es's ,prim] ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4    
,illu/rat$4 #ej c5ts4      ,meiklejohn's
 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,language &          
,lit]ature4         ,revis$4 #fj cts4   
,milton's ,select ,poems4 7,a4 ,p4      
,,walk]47 ,illu/rat$4 #dhh pages4       
#ej cts4      ,m\lton's ,f\r ,ye>s (    
,novel-,read+4 ,a read]'s guide4        
#ej cts4      ,m\lton's ,lit]>y ,/udy ( 
! ,bible4 ,an acc\nt ( !         lead+  
=ms ( lit]ature repres5t$1 )\t ref]5ce  
to !ological matt]s4 #b4jj4             
,plumptre's ,translation ( ,aes*ylus4 ,)
 biography &         app5dix4 #a4jj4    

,plumptre's ,translation ( ,dante4 ,five
 vols4 ,illu/rat$4         ,/ud5t's     
edition1 #ej cts4 p] vol4 ,libr>y       
edition1 #d4jj         p] set4          
,plumptre's ,translation ( ,sophocles4  
,) biography &         app5dix4 #a4jj4  
,%elley's ,prome!us ,unb\nd4 7,,vida ,d4
 ,,scudd]47 #fj cts4      ,simonds's    
,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,engli%      
,fiction4 ,)         illu/rative        
selections4 #hj cts4 ,brief] edition1   
)\t         illu/rative selections4     
,bo>ds4 #cj cts4      ,simonds's ,sir   
,?omas ,wyatt & ,8 ,poems4 ,) critical  
analysis4 #ej cts4      ,web/]'s        
,spee*es4 7,a4 ,j4 ,,george47 ,n9e      
select spee*es )         notes4 #ge cts4
      ,:itcomb's ,! ,/udy ( a ,novel4   
#bea pages4 #a4be4      ,wordswor?'s    
,prefaces & ,essays on ,poetry4 7,a4 ,j4
 ,,george47 #ej         cts4            
,wordswor?'s ,prelude4 7,a4 ,j4         
,,george47 ,annotat$4 #ge cts4          
,selections f ,wordswor?4 7,a4 ,j4      
,,george47 #afh poems *os5         ) a  

view to illu/rate ! gr[? ( ! poet's m9d 
&         art4 #ge cts4   ,see also our 
li/ ( books 9 ,high] ,engli% & ,engli%  
,classics4  ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea?  ,,co41      
,publi%]s1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,*icago