,italian ,h>psi*ord-,build+ 9 ! #af? & #ag? ,c5turies by ,john ,d4 ,%ortridge 7,,repr9t$ ,,) ,,*anges--#aigj7 ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,bullet9 #bbe ,pap] #ae1 ,pages #ic-ajg ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,press ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aigj ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,,out] ,,case ,,( ,,albana ,,h>psi*ord4 ,italian ,h>psi*ord-,build+ 9 ! #af? & #ag? ,c5turies ,by ,john ,d4 ,%ortridge ,! mak+ ( h>psi*ords fl\ri%$ 9 ,italy ?r\gh\t ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,! ,italian in/rum5ts 7 ( simpl] con/ruction ?an ^? built by ! ,nor? ,europeans1 & !y lack$ ! famili> second manual & array ( /ops4 ,9 ?is pap]1 typical examples ( ,italian h>psi*ords f ! ,hugo ,wor* ,collection 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum are describ$ 9 detail & illu/rat$4 ,also1 ! au?or (f]s an explanation = c]ta9 puzzl+ v>iations 9 keybo>d ranges & vibrat+ l5g?s ( /r+s ( ! ,italian h>psi*ords4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,john ,d4 ,%ortridge is associate curator ( cultural hi/ory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,p]haps ! mod]n t5d5cy to idealize progress has be5 responsible = ! neglect ( ,italian h>psi*ords & virg9als dur+ ! pres5t day revival ( int]e/ 9 old musical in/rum5ts4 ,:atev] laudable traits ! ,italian build]s may h _h1 !y _c be consid]$ to h be5 progressive4 ,_! in/rum5ts ( ! mid-#af? c5tury h>dly c be di/+ui%$ f ^? made ar\nd #agjj4 ,dur+ ?is #aej ye>s ! pione]+ ,flemi% mak]s add$ ! f\r-foot regi/]1 a second keybo>d1 & lute & buff /ops to _! in/rum5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! v fact t ! ,italian build]s 7 unwill+ to *ange _! models sugge/s t _! in/rum5ts 7 good en\gh to dem& no fur!r improvem5ts4 ,anyone :o has he>d a prop]ly re/or$ ,italian h>psi*ord or an accurately made reproduction w agree t ! tone ( su* in/rum5ts is ( exceptional beauty4 ,?is pap] consi/s ( a description ( ! /ructural features ( two typical ,italian in/rum5ts & a g5]al discussion ( ! /r++ & tun+ ( ,italian h>psi*ords & virg9als t is bas$ on c]ta9 measurem5ts ( #cc in/rum5ts h\s$ 9 v>i\s museums 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ! curators & o!r /aff memb]s ( ^! in/itutions ,i express my s9c]e gratitude = mak+ x possible = me to measure valuable in/rum5ts entru/$ to _! c>e or = supply+ simil> in=mation by mail4 ,! fir/ type ( in/rum5t describ$ bel[ usually has be5 designat$ 9 mod]n books ab\t musical in/rum5ts & 9 catalogs ( in/rum5t collections z a sp9et1 ! t]m virg9al be+ appli$ to ! rectangul> in/rum5ts hav+ ! keybo>d along ! long side4 ,s9ce bo? ( ^! types h basically ! same arrangem5t ( keybo>d1 wre/ plank1 hit* p9s1 /r+s & jacks1 & s9ce bo? types 7 kn[n z virg9als 9 #ag?-c5tury ,engl&1 x is logical to res]ve ! t]m sp9et = ano!r k9d ( in/rum5t1 namely ! "o ) ! wre/ plank & tun+ p9s 9 front ov] ! keybo>d1 & ) ! /r+s /ret*$ diagonally4 ,su* in/rum5ts 7 popul> 9 ,engl& 9 ! late #ag? & e>ly #ah? c5turies & 7 kn[n 9 ,engli% z sp9ets dur+ ! p]iod ( _! popul>ity4 ,by us+ ! t]m polygonal virg9al we c di/+ui%1 :5 necess>y1 ! five-sid$ ,italian model f ! rectangul> in/rum5ts usually produc$ 9 nor!rn ,europe4 ,"s rectangul> virg9als 7 made 9 ,italy2 "o ,flemi% polygonal virg9al1 made by ! eld] ,hans ,ruck]s 9 #aeia1 survives4 ,long in/rum5ts1 resembl+ ! gr& piano 9 %ape1 are call$ h>psi*ords4 ,( c\rse x is und]/ood t bo? types ( virg9als z well z ! sp9et & ! h>psi*ord 7 key$ *ordophones employ+ ! pluck+ action ( jacks & plectra4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,,polygonal ,,virg9al ,,9 ,,out] ,,case4 ,?r\gh\t ?is pap] ! diff]5t octaves are indicat$ accord+ to ! foll[+ sy/em3 ,illu/ration3 ,music ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,,polygonal ,,virg9al ,,remov$ ,,f ,,out] ,,case4 ,! ,typical ,italian ,polygonal ,virg9al ,to give a cle> idea ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,italian polygonal virg9al1 a detail$ description ( "o p>ticul> example is pres5t$ "h4 ,?is virg9al is includ$ 9 ! ,hugo ,wor* collection at ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,! mak]'s "n is n kn[n1 b ! in/rum5t is believ$ to h be5 built ar\nd #afjj4 ,z is true ( ! great majority ( ,italian virg9als & h>psi*ords ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 ! in/rum5t prop] is removable f its out] case4 ,! out] case 7fig4 #b71 ( /urdi] con/ruction ?an ! virg9al :i* x 0 design$ to protect1 is made ( wood ab\t #a_/b ?ick & is decorat$ ) pa9t+s ( female figures & g>l&s4 ,! orig9al legs are miss+4 ,our ma9 int]e/ is 9 ! virg9al prop] 7fig4 #c71 ! con/ruction ( :i* is comp>able 9 "s ways to t ( ! viol94 ,! v ?9 sides ( ! virg9al are held toge!r at ! corn]s by blocks1 & ! s\ndbo>d is support$ by a l9+4 ,! cross section draw+ 7fig4 #d7 %[s ! #i_/af ?ick bottom & ! sides :i* are #a_/h ?ick4 ,! l9+1 #a_/b by #a-a_/c1 runs ar\nd f\r sides ( ! in/rum5t1 ! wre/ plank replac+ x on ! fif? side4 ,! s\ndbo>d ?ickness1 measur$ inside ! holes ?r\gh :i* ! jacks pass1 v>ies f #a_/af 9 ! bass to #a_/h 9 ! treble4 ,! mann] 9 :i* v>iations 9 ?ickness are di/ribut$ ov] ! entire s\ndbo>d has n be5 det]m9$4 ,! cross section draw+ also %[s ! beautifully execut$ m\ld+s t make ! sides appe> to be ?ick] ?an !y really are4 ,! positions ( ! knee braces1 ! %ape ( :i* c be se5 9 figure #d1 are %[n along ei!r side ( ! keybo>d 9 figure #e4 ,^! braces are #c_/d ?ick4 ,! positions ( ! blocks1 small pieces ) ! gra9 runn+ p]p5dicul> to ! bottom1 & ! wre/ plank1 :i* is #a-a_/d ?ick1 are also %[n4 ,! two ribs are atta*$ to ! und]side ( ! s\ndbo>d 9 ! positions indicat$4 ,! jack guide1 built up ( sep>ate pieces held toge!r by long /rips d[n ei!r side1 is glu$ to ! und]side ( ! s\ndbo>d & ext5ds z f> z ! l9+ 9 ! treble b /ops a little %ort ( x 9 ! bass 7fig4 #e74 ,! jack guide is #ae_/af ?ick4 ,! lay\t ( ! s\ndbo>d 9 figure #f gives ! relative positions ( ! bridges1 tun+ p9s1 hit* p9s1 /r+s1 jacks1 & jack rail4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 "o jack & "o /r+ p] key4 ,! jacks pres5tly 9 ?is virg9al1 n be+ orig9al1 w n be describ$4 ,typical ,italian jacks w be describ$ lat]4 ,! bridges are #e_/af wide & v>y 9 height f #g_/af 9 ! bass to #c_/h 9 ! treble4 ,a cross section ( "o ( ! bridges appe>s 9 figure #d4 ,! jack rail1 also %[n 9 figure #d1 ext5ds ov] ! jacks #a-a_/h above ! s\ndbo>d4 ,x s]ves n only to prev5t ! jacks f fly+ out dur+ play b also to t]m9ate ! d[nw>d fall ( ! fronts ( ! keys4 ,! keys d n drop f> en\gh to t\* ! key frame1 b in/ead are /opp$ by ! jacks /rik+ ! jack rail4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,polygonal ,,virg9al4 ,a1 side2 ,b1 bottom2 ,c1 knee2 ,d1 l9]2 ,e1 s\ndbo>d2 ,f1 rib2 ,g1 bridge2 ,h /r+2 ,i1 jack rail4 ,scale1 #a3b4 ,! keybo>d has an app>5t compass ( f\r octaves & "o note f ,e to f4 ,%ort octave tun+ w\ld h ext5d$ ! compass d[n a major ?ird to ,c 9 ! bass1 ) ! ,e key s\nd+ ,c1 ! ,f key s\nd+ ,d1 ! ,g key s\nd+ ,e1 & ! rema9+ keys s\nd+ _! prop] pit*es4 ,^! ?ree keys w h]eaft] be ref]r$ to z ,c_/,e1 ,d_/,f & ,e_/,g4 ,! l[e/ eight keys h small wire eyes atta*$ to _! und]sides ne> ! front4 ,a correspond+ slot is cut ?r\gh ! inn] & out] cases1 all[+ ! eyes to be connect$ to a %ort p$al keybo>d :i* has n surviv$4 ,! keys !mselves v>y 9 l5g? f #aj 9 ! bass to #ah-a_/b 9 ! treble2 !y are m\nt$ on a trapezoidal key frame :i* is removable f ! in/rum5t4 ,! balance rail & balance rail p9s are on a diagonal1 result+ 9 a gradual b noticeable *ange 9 ! t\* f "o end ( ! keybo>d to ! o!r4 ,! rack1 #a_/b ?ick & #a-c_/d high1 is fa/5$ along ! back ( ! key frame & has "o v]tical saw cut = ea* key4 ,project+ f ! back ( ea* key is a small sliv] ( wood :i* rides 9 its prop] saw cut & s]ves to guide ! key4 ,! natural keys are v5e]$ ) boxwood & h arcad$ boxwood fronts4 ,! %>ps are small blocks ( h>dwood /a9$ black4 ,! sides1 s\ndbo>d1 ribs1 jacks1 guide1 jackrail1 & m\ld+s are made ( cypress1 ! wre/ plank & bridges are ( walnut1 & ! framework1 bottom1 keys1 & key frame are ( p9e4 ,! photographs 7figs4 #b1 #c7 %[ ! decorative use ( ivory /uds4 ,on ! s\ndbo>d appe>s ! ,lat9 inscription ,vita brevis1 ars longa4 ,a lam9at$ p>*m5t rose1 #c-c_/af 9 diamet]1 is plac$ 9 ! s\ndbo>d 9 ! position indicat$ 9 figure #f4 ,a typical example ( ?is decorative device is %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,! above-describ$ virg9al is typical ( ,italian practice4 ,o!r examples /udi$ g5]ally h diff]$ f x only 9 small details1 except 9 ! case ( compass & vibrat+ l5g?s ( /r+s4 ,^! factors w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 a foll[+ section4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,,int]ior ,,( ,,polygonal ,,virg9al4 ,a1 l9+2 ,b1 wre/ plank2 ,c1 rib2 ,d1 jack guide2 ,e1 knee2 ,f1 rack4 ,brok5 l9es indicate positions ( corn] blocks & brace "u wre/ plank4 ,scale1 #a3h4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,,s\ndbo>d ,,lay\t ,,( ,,polygonal ,,virg9al4 ,scale1 #a3h4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,,ridolfi ,,h>psi*ord ,,remov$ ,,f ,,case4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,ridolfi ,,h>psi*ord4 ,a1 bottom2 ,b1 knee2 ,c1 l9+2 ,d1 s\ndbo>d4 ,scale1 #a3b4 ,! ,typical ,italian ,h>psi*ord ,! in/rum5t *os5 to illu/rate ! /yli/ic features ( ! ,italian h>psi*ord is also 9 ! collection ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,?is h>psi*ord1 pur*as$ = ! ,museum 9 #ahib by ,dr4 ,g4 ,br[n ,goode1 0 made 9 #affe by ,giacomo ,ridolfi1 :o claim$ ,girolamo ,z5ti z 8 tea*]4 ,! inscription on ! namebo>d reads ,jacobus ,rodolphus ,hi]onymi de ,z5tis ,discipulus ,,mdclxv ,facieba4 ,l ! virg9al describ$ above1 ?is h>psi*ord is sep>able f its out] case4 ,! out] case re/s on a sep>ate /& consi/+ ( ?ree gilt cupids & a floral g>l&4 ,s9ce ! pa9t$ decoration ( ?is case is n orig9al1 ano!r out] case1 belong+ to a h>psi*ord made by ,horatius ,albana 9 #afcc1 0 select$ = ! illu/ration 7fig4 #a74 ,two unison /r+s p] key & two regi/]s ( jacks are provid$4 ,! app>5t compass ( ! keybo>d is f ,c_/,e to c4 ,! rema9s ( p$al connections c be se5 on ! l[e/ eight keys4 ,! sides ( ! h>psi*ord are #e_/cb ?ick2 ! bottom is #i_/af ?ick4 ,! sides & l9+ are support$ by knees t d n ext5d cle> across ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t z !y d 9 ! virg9al4 ,! knees are small triangul> pieces1 z %[n 9 figure #h4 ,s9ce ! add$ t5sion ( ! second set ( /r+s dem&s a some:at m sub/antial framework ?an t employ$ 9 ! virg9al1 a s]ies ( braces are atta*$ to ! floor4 ,^! are connect$ to ! l9+ by sev]al diagonal braces 7fig4 #i74 ,?is produces a rem>kably /rong b v light /ructure4 ,! keys 7n %[n7 are ( m con/ant l5g? ?an ^? ( ! virg9al2 !re=e1 ! t\* is mu* m uni=m4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,,framework ,,( ,,h>psi*ord4 ,a1 wre/ plank2 ,b1 belly rail2 ,c1 rib2 ,d1 bottom brace2 ,e1 diagonal brace2 ,f1 knee2 ,g1 l9+4 ,scale1 #a3h4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--,,lay\t ,,( ,,h>psi*ord ,,s\ndbo>d4 ,scale1 #a3h4 ,! wre/ plank is support$ by two end blocks1 aga9/ :i* ! p>tition beh9d ! action 7call$ ! belly rail7 is also plac$4 ,! s\ndbo>d is glu$ to ! top ( ! belly rail4 ,! wre/ plank is v5e]$ ) cypress1 giv+ ! appe>ance t ! s\ndbo>d ext5ds ov] x4 ,! jack guides also re/ on ! end blocks 9 ! space betwe5 ! wre/ plank & ! belly rail4 ,figures #h & #aa cl>ify ! arrangem5t ( ^! /ructural features4 ,figure #aj %[s ! lay\t ( ribs1 bridges1 & /r+s on ! s\ndbo>d4 ,! s\ndbo>d is ab\t #a_/h ?ick4 ,! bridge on ! wre/ plank tap]s 9 height f #c_/h 9 ! treble to #g_/af 9 ! bass & 9 wid? f #e_/af to #g_/af4 ,! s\ndbo>d bridge measures ab\t #c_/h by #a_/d & has virtually no tap]4 ,! s\ndbo>d does n h a rose1 al?\gh t decorative device is fairly common on ,italian h>psi*ords4 ,! jack guides are built up ( spac] blocks held toge!r by ?9 /rips along ! sides4 ,!re is n[ no provision = mov+ ! guides1 al?\gh plugg$-up holes visible 9 ! "r end ( ea* guide sugge/ t !y orig9ally c\ld be dis5gag$4 ,9 ,italian h>psi*ords g5]ally1 ! jack guides 7 controll$ by knobs project+ ?r\gh ! sides ( ! case4 ,sometimes ^! h>psi*ords _h lev]s pivot$ on ! wre/ plank & atta*$ to ! guides4 ,! ,ridolfi case has n be5 pat*$ & !re are no holes 9 ! wre/ plank :]e lev]s c\ld h be5 atta*$2 s1 ! guides probably 7 n int5d$ to be movable4 ,! jacks are simple slips ( walnut measur+ ab\t #c_/af by #g_/af by #c-a_/h4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! tongue1 spr+1 plectrum1 & damp] are %[n 9 figure #aa4 ,! damp]s are small pieces ( bucksk9 held 9 slots at ! tops ( ! jacks4 ,! plectra1 p]haps n orig9al1 are ( lea!r4 ,( c\rse1 !re are no adju/+ screws or cap/ans ( any v>iety4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! plectra ( ea* r[ ( jacks %\ld be po9t+ is n kn[n4 ,two clavicy!ria hav+ two regi/]s ( /r+s & a s+le r[ ( d\ble tongue jacks h be5 exam9$ by ! au?or4 ,ea* ( ^! jacks has two plectra1 "o po9t+ to ! "r & "o to ! left4 ,turn+ ^! jacks ar\nd does n alt] ! ord] ( direction4 ,! plectra ne>e/ ! keybo>d po9ts ! same way :e!r ! jack is upside d[n or n4 ,9 ! clavicy!rium at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ! plectra ne>e/ ! keybo>d po9ts to ! play]'s left4 ,9 a clavicy!rium at ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts ! opposite is true4 ,probably bo? arrangem5ts 7 us$ 9 h>psi*ords also4 ,/r+ ,l5g?s & ,pit* ,/&>ds ,! vibrat+ l5g?s ( ! /r+s ( ! polygonal virg9al & ( ! ,ridolfi h>psi*ord c be r\ghly det]m9$ f ! draw+s4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison1 a tabulation ( ! vibrat+ l5g?s 79 in*es7 ( ! ,c /r+s on bo? in/rum5ts foll[s3 ,polygonal ,h>psi*ord virg9al c #f-e_/h #e-a_/af c 7pit* ,c7 #ab-ae_/af #aj c 7middle ,c7 #be-i_/af #bj-a_/b c #dc-e_/af #db-a_/af ,c_/,e #ej-e_/f #fa-a_/d ,! l5g?s %[n = ! h>psi*ord repres5t ! %ort] ( ! two /r+s ) :i* ea* key is provid$4 ,9 ord] to produce a uni=m tone color ?r\gh\t ! compass ( a /r+$ in/rum5t1 x is necess>y1 among o!r ?+s1 to h ! t5sion ( all ! /r+s reasonably uni=m4 ,9 ! treble ?is is accompli%$ by v>y+ ! /r+ l5g?s4 ,s9ce ! l5g? ( a vibrat+ /r+ is inv]sely proportional to its frequ5cy1 ea* /r+ is made ab\t half z long z ! /r+ an octave bel[1 two ?irds z long z ! /r+ a fif? bel[1 etc4 ,?is pr9ciple _c be c>ri$ all ! way into ! bass s9ce ! l[e/ /r+s w\ld be inconv5i5tly long1 s some:]e bel[ middle ,c ! /r+s are gradually %ort5$ & ! diamet]s ( ! wires are increas$ 9 comp5sation4 ,z ! above comp>ison %[s1 ! /r+ l5g?s are approximately d\bl$ at ea* desc5d+ octave d[n to c on ! virg9al & c on ! h>psi*ord4 ,! %ape ( ! case all[s ! h>psi*ord to h long] bass /r+s ?an ! virg9al2 betwe5 c & c ! /r+ l5g? is d\bl$ 9 ! h>psi*ord4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! virg9al ! c /r+ is consid]ably less ?an twice z long z ! /r+ an octave above4 ,9 fact1 ! bass /r+s ( ! virg9al are %ort5$ to su* an ext5t t ! l[e/ /r+ ( ! h>psi*ord is mu* long] ?an ! l[e/ /r+ ( ! virg9al1 al?\gh 9 ! treble ! virg9al has long] /r+s ?an ! h>psi*ord4 ,if ! l5g? ( "o treble /r+ ( an in/rum5t ( ?is sort is kn[n1 ! l5g?s ( all b ! bass /r+s c be readily inf]r$2 we c approximately describe ! l5g?s ( two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! /r+s ( ei!r ( ! above in/rum5ts by giv+ ! l5g? ( "o /r+4 ,x has become cu/om>y to use c = ?is purpose1 & to ref] to x 9 su* cases z pit* ,c4 ,9 exam9+ a numb] ( ,italian h>psi*ords & virg9als dat+ f #aedj to #afid1 l5g?s = pit* ,c rang+ f #h to #ac-c_/d h be5 f\nd4 ,?is seems to be a great discrepancy = in/rum5ts t are o!rwise s /&>diz$4 ,s9ce a uni=m /&>d ( pit* did n yet exi/ 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 we w\ld expect ! /r+ l5g?s employ$ to be v>i$ some:at 9 ord] to accommodate ! in/rum5ts to high] or l[] tun+s4 ,also1 a pref]5ce = ! s\nd ( ?9n]1 long] wires or %ort]1 ?ick] ones may h caus$ "s build]s to increase or decrease ! /r+ l5g?s on _! in/rum5ts 9 proportion to ! /r+ diamet]s *os54 ,we h no precise evid5ce conc]n+ ! orig9al wire gauges ( ! /r+s ( ,italian h>psi*ords & virg9als4 ,al?\gh ! v>iety ( pit* ,c l5g?s enc\nt]$ on ! in/rum5ts /udi$ c p>tially be acc\nt$ = by ^! two factors1 a ?ird & m important cause exi/$4 ,among ! #cc in/rum5ts ab\t :i* in=mation has be5 secur$1 a correlation is disc]nible betwe5 ! app>5t manual compass & ! pit* ,c /r+ l5g?s4 ,sixte5 ( ! in/rum5ts asc5d to f4 ,= ^!1 ! l5g? ( ! pit* ,c /r+ v>ies f #aj-a_/d to #ac-c_/d4 ,! rema9+ in/rum5ts1 ) ei!r a or c z ! highe/ notes1 h pit* ,c /r+s rang+ f #h to #aa-c_/h 9 l5g?4 ,if ! av]age t5sion & wire diamet] ( ! two gr\ps are assum$ to h be5 ab\t equal1 ! diff]5ce 9 /r+ l5g?s w\ld sugge/ a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 pit*1 ! in/rum5ts hav+ ! compass ext5d$ to f s\nd+ some:at l[] ?an ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,,action ,,( ,,h>psi*ord4 ,a1 bottom2 ,b1 belly rail2 ,c1 s\ndbo>d2 ,d1 wre/ plank2 ,e1 key frame2 ,f1 rack2 ,g1 key2 ,h1 jack2 ,i1 jack rail4 ,scale1 #a3b4 ,!re is "s hi/orical evid5ce t ?is actually 0 ! case4 ,9 8 ,!atrum ,in/rum5torum ,mi*ael ,praetorius#a pictures a polygonal virg9al1 :i* appe>s to be v mu* l ! _m ,italian examples t survive today1 & a rectangul> virg9al t seems to be ,flemi%4 ,he specifies t bo? are s re*t ,*or-,?on 7at regul> *oir pit*74 ,praetorius also %[s a h>psi*ord#b t looks l a typical ,italian in/rum5t except = ! pres5ce ( a set ( /r+s tun$ an octave above unison pit*1 a r>e feature on ,italian h>psi*ords4 ,?is h>psi*ord is describ$ z s e9e ,qu>t tieff] alss ,*or-,?on 7a f\r? l[] ?an *oir pit*71 cle>ly indicat+ t s+le manual keybo>d in/rum5ts a f\r? ap>t 9 pit* 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,s9ce no reason is giv5 = ! h>psi*ord be+ tun$ a f\r? l[] ?an ! two virg9als1 we may assume t ! au?or consid]$ ! matt] commonplace en\gh z to dem& no fur!r elaboration & t in/rum5ts a f\r? ap>t 9 pit* 7 n r>e4 ,praetorius does n /ate t ! h>psi*ord 9 8 illu/ration 0 tun$ to a l[ pit* /&>d1 :i* 0 actually us$ = c]ta9 purposes or 9 p>ticul> localities4 ,he discuss$ ! num]\s pit*es 9 use be=e & dur+ 8 "t1 b ! only "o t he m5tion$ z be+ a f\r? bel[ *oir pit* he consid]$ obsolete & suitable only = pla9song4 ,if ! h>psi*ord 0 n int5d$ to be tun$ to ?is /&>d & us$ = ?is purpose1 x mu/ h be5 tun$ to *oir pit* & treat$ z a transpos+ in/rum5t4 ,qu]9us van ,blank5burg1#c writ+ 9 #agci1 /ates3 ,at t "t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury1 m5 _h s little exp]i5ce 9 transposition t 9 ord] to be able to transpose a piece a f\r? d[nw>ds !y made a special second keybo>d 9 ! h>psi*ord = ?is purpose4 ,?is seems incr$ible1 b ! v rem>kable pro( is ! fact t ! fam\s ,ruck]s f ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury = a p]iod ( m ?an ?irty ye>s made h>psi*ords only 9 ?is way4#d ,t ! second manual ( ! two-manual h>psi*ord orig9at$ z a device = transposition is well kn[n4 ,9 an article titl$ ,transpos+ ,keybo>ds on ,extant ,flemi% ,h>psi*ords1 ,sibyl ,m>cuse#e discusses surviv+ examples t %[ h[ ! second keybo>d 0 arrang$4 ,! upp] keybo>d 0 ! pr9cipal "o1 ) ! l[] keybo>d s\nd+ a f\r? bel[4 ,! /r+s act$ ^u by a c key on ! upp] manual 7 s\nd$ by an f key on ! l[]2 s1 9 *ang+ f ! upp] manual to ! l[]1 ! play] w\ld h to move 8 h&s to ! left ! di/ance ( a p]fect f\r? 9 ord] to /rike ! same keys1 ?us produc+ ! d[nw>d transposition4 ,! compass ( ! upp] manual 0 ,e_/,c to c4 ,s9ce ! l[] keybo>d 0 %ift$ to ! left1 space 0 provid$ = five additional keys at its treble end4 ,! app>5t treble range ( ! l[] keybo>d 0 !re=e ext5d$ to f1 al?\gh ! l[] f & upp] c keys work$ on ! same /r+s & produc$ ! same pit*4 ,room 0 also made = five extra bass keys at ! l[] end ( ! upp] manual4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce %ort octave tun+ 0 employ$ & x 0 desirable to be able to use ! same f+]+ 9 ! bass on bo? manuals1 ! tails ( ! ,c_/,e1 ,d_/,f & ,e_/,g keys ( ! upp] manual _h to be b5t to ! left 9 ord] to "w on ! /r+s play$ by ! ,f1 ,g1 & ,a keys respectively ( ! l[] manual4 ,! vacant space to ! left ( ! upp] manual ,c_/,e 0 fill$ by a block ( wood4 ,h5ce ! five extra bass /r+s n us$ by ! upp] manual 7 ^? play$ by ! ,c_/,e1 ,d_/,f1 ,e_/,g1 ,b1 & c keys ( ! l[] keybo>d4 ,( ! #af ,italian h>psi*ords & virg9als /udi$ t asc5d 9 ! treble to f1 #ac range to ,c_/,e 9 ! bass1 ?us hav+ exactly ! same compass z ! l[] 7transpos+7 keybo>d ( ! ,flemi% two-manual in/rum5ts4 ,twelve ( ! #ad ,italian examples hav+ c z ! highe/ key /op on ,c_/,e 9 ! bass & are id5tical 9 app>5t compass to ! ,ruck]s upp] manual4 ,! correlation ( compass & /r+ l5g? ( ! ,italian in/rum5ts1 ! /atem5ts ( ,praetorius1 & ! simil>ity ( ! ,italian keybo>d ranges to ^? ( ! ,ruck]s transpos+ h>psi*ords h be5 consid]$4 ,a plausible conclusion is t ! ,italian in/rum5ts ext5d+ to f 7 transpos+ in/rum5ts s\nd+ a p]fect f\r? l[] ?an ! prevail+ pit* /&>d4 ,adopt+ ! t]m9ology us$ = or*e/ral w9d in/rum5ts1 ^! c\ld be ref]r$ to z h>psi*ords 9 ,g4 ,! evid5ce ( ! correlation betwe5 /r+ l5g? & compass becomes mu* m conv9c+ if we assume t ! ,italian build]s ab&on$ ! practice ( mak+ transpos+ h>psi*ords ab\t ! same "t t ! ,ruck]s family /opp$ employ+ ! transpos+ l[] manual4 ,9 ! quotation previ\sly giv51 ,qu]9us van ,blank5burg tells u t ! ,ruck]s did n make transpos+ in/rum5ts lat] ?an ! #afcj's4 ,( ! #aj dat$ ,italian in/rum5ts ) ! keybo>d ext5d$ to f1 only ?ree 7 made aft] ! ?ird decade ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,ea* ( ^! has a %ort] pit* ,c /r+ ?an any ( ! sev5 e>li] in/rum5ts4 ,^! ?ree h>psi*ords1 dat$ #afed1 #afeh1 & #afff1 are accord+ly consid]$ nontranspos+ in/rum5ts1 ) ! extra treble keys repres5t+ an actual ext5sion ( ! upw>d range4 ,! six undat$ in/rum5ts ) f 9 ! treble are classifi$ z transpos+ in/rum5ts because ( _! pit* ,c l5g?s & are accord+ly believ$ to h be5 made be=e ab\t #afce4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,,typical ,,decorative ,,device1 kn[n z rose1 t appe>$ 9 s\ndbo>ds ( virg9als & h>psi*ords4 ,! #cc in/rum5ts on :i* ?is /udy is bas$ are classifi$ 9 ! li/ on page #ajg4 ,!y are gr\p$ accord+ to :e!r ! highe/ key is f or c1 ) ! exceptions ( ! ?ree h>psi*ords m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph & ?ree in/rum5ts t g only to a4 ,t ! ?ree in/rum5ts end+ on a belong ) ! nontranspos+ gr\p is indicat$ by _! /r+ l5g?s4 ,! li/+ gives additional in=mation ab\t ea* example4 ,/r+ l5g?s ( in/rum5ts hav+ two regi/]s are = ! %ort] ( ! two pit* ,c /r+s4 ,in=mation has be5 secur$ on two ,italian virg9als :i* 7 n includ$ 9 ! tabulation4 ,_! measurem5ts are completely at v>iance ) ! patt]n consi/5tly set by ! o!r #cc examples /udi$4 ,"o1 made by ,giovanni ,dom5ico 9 #aeef1 is 9 ! ,sk9n] collection2 x has a pit* ,c /r+ #ad-a_/af 9 l5g? & an app>5t compass ( ,c_/,e to c4 ,! o!r1 ) ! same app>5t compass & a #g-a_/b pit* ,c /r+1 is at ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,:e!r ^! in/rum5ts are exceptional 9 t]ms ( ! pit* to :i* !y 7 tun$1 ! t5sion :i* 0 appli$ to ! /r+s1 or ! ?ickness & weight ( ! /r+s !mselves1 has n be5 det]m9$4 ,! av]age ( ! pit* ,c l5g?s ( ! transpos+ in/rum5ts 9 ! li/ is #ab4gh2 t ( ! nontranspos+ gr\p is #aj4de4 ,?is sugge/s a sep>ation betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( ab\t a major ?ird s9ce ! fir/ av]age is r\ghly #e_/d ( ! second4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t ! sep>ation ( ! two av]ages is n great en\gh to positively indicate a p]fect f\r?--! fir/ av]age w\ld h to be #d_/c ( ! second to d s--does n disprove ! !ory ( transposition by a f\r?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a consid]able v>iety ( pit*es is no d\bt repres5t$ 9 bo? gr\ps s9ce a univ]sal pit* /&>d did n exi/ 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,also1 a m>g9 ( error ( only a semitone is z good z c\ld be expect$ consid]+ ! small numb] ( examples on :i* ! av]ages are bas$4 ,a fur!r possible ju/ification = ! relation%ip ( ! two av]ages is f\nd 9 ,praetorius' discussion ( ! pit* /&>ds ) :i* he 0 famili>4#f ,he /ates t *oir pit* 0 a major second l[] ?an *amb] pit* & t t]tiam m9orem 0 a m9or ?ird l[] ?an *amb] pit*4 ,praetorius says ( t]tiam m9orem3#g ,b 9 ,italy & 9 v>i\s ,ca?olic *oirs 9 ,g]many1 ! said l[] pit* is mu* 9 use4 ,= "s ,italians1 n unju/ly1 take no pleasure 9 high s++1 & ma9ta9 x is n beautiful1 & ! words _c be prop]ly und]/ood1 & x s\nds l cr[+1 yell+1 s++ at ! top ( "o's voice4444 ,possibly "s ( ! nontranspos+ in/rum5ts 7 tun$ to *oir pit* & o!rs to t]tiam m9orem1 :ile ! transpos+ in/rum5ts 7 set a f\r? l[] ?an *oir pit*4 ,?ree ( ! in/rum5ts li/$ are ottav9as1 small in/rum5ts tun$ an octave high] ?an usual4 ,ottav9as correspond to a f\r-foot regi/]4 ,m]s5ne#h m5tions t !y exi/$ 9 two sizes1 "o a fif? above ! usual pit* & ! o!r an octave above4 ,! ?ree ottav9as includ$ 9 ! table are consid]$ to be ( ! size s\nd+ an octave above ! usual pit* because !y h ,c_/,e to c ranges & pit* ,c /r+ l5g?s ab\t half ! av]age l5g? ( ! o!r in/rum5ts 9 ! nontranspos+ gr\p4 ,al?\gh no examples 7 f\nd = inclusion 9 ?is /udy1 x is probable t "s ottav9as a fif? above ! usual pit*--& !re=e an octave high] ?an ! transpos+ in/rum5ts 9 our li/+--survive4 ,su* in/rum5ts w\ld be expect$ to h app>5t ranges ( ,c_/,e to f & pit* ,c /r+s betwe5 #e-c_/d & #f-c_/d 9 l5g?4 ,,data ,,on ,,! #cc ,,in/rum5ts ,,/udi$ ,,key3 ,a43 ,date ,b43 ,pit* ,c l5g? 79 in*es7 ,c43 ,app>5t compass ,d43 ,type ,e43 ,regi/]s ,f43 ,mak] ,g43 ,pres5t location ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,transpos+ ,,in/rum5ts #aedj #aa-aa_/af ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,vi 444 ies ,metropolitan virg9al ,museum ( ,art #aefi #ac-a_/d ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,annibale ,juilli>d virg9al ,rossi ,s*ool ( ,music #afjb #ac-a_/d ,c_/,e-f ,rectangul> #h ,ioannes ,smi?sonian virg9al ,bapti/a ,in/itution ,bononi5 #afaj #ac-a_/b ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,pasqu9o ,h>d+ virg9al ,qu]ci ,museum1 ,*icago #afac #aa-a_/b ,c_/,e-f ,h>psi*ord #hh ,pasqu9o ,smi?sonian ,qu]ci ,in/itution #afag #ac-c_/d ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,giovanni ,yale virg9al ,batti/a ,univ]sity1 ,boni ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 #afbj #ac-i_/af ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,francesco ,rhode ,isl& virg9al ,poggio ,s*ool ( ,design1 ,provid5ce #aa-ae_/af ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,sk9n] virg9al ,collection1 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 #ab-ae_/af ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,smi?sonian virg9al ,in/itution #ac ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,bo/on ,museum virg9al ( ,f9e ,arts #aa-a_/b ,c-f ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,folg] virg9al ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #ab-c_/d ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,c9c9nati virg9al ,art ,museum #ac-e_/h ,c_/,e-f ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,smi?sonian virg9al ,in/itution ,,nontranspos+ ,,in/rum5ts #aedh #aa ,c_/,e-c ,polygonal #h ,dom5icus ,metropolitan virg9al ,pesaur5sis ,museum ( ,art #aeed a#aj-a_/b ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #hh ,padre ,vass> ,/oppacio ,college1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york #aehe b#aa-a_/b ,c_/,e-a ,ottav9a #d ,franciscus ,metropolitan ,bonaf9is ,museum ( ,art #afjb #aj-a_/b ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord ,*ri/(orus ,/e>ns ,rigun9i ,collection1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*4 #afae b#i-c_/d ,c_/,e-a ,ottav9a #d ,pasqu9o ,metropolitan ,qu]ci ,museum ( ,art #afbe #aj-a_/h ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #h ,val]ius ,sk9n] ,p]es ,collection1 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 #afcc #aa-c_/h ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #hh ,horatius ,smi?sonian ,albana ,in/itution #afde #aa ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #hh ,horatius ,vizcaya1 ,albana ,miami1 ,fla4 #afed #aj-a_/d ,c_/,e-f ,h>psi*ord #hh ,anonym\s ,smi?sonian ,in/itution #afeh #aa-a_/h ,c-f ,h>psi*ord #hh ,hi]onymus ,metropolitan de ,z5tis ,museum ( ,art #affe #aj ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #hh ,giacomo ,smi?sonian ,ridolfi ,in/itution #afff #aj-ae_/af ,a#a-;f ,h>psi*ord #hh ,hi]onymus ,metropolitan de ,z5tis ,museum ( ,art #afhb #aj-g_/h ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #hh ,giacomo ,rhode ,isl& ,ridolfi ,s*ool ( ,design1 ,provid5ce #afhc #h ,c_/,e-c ,polygonal #h ,b4 ,obici ,h>d+ virg9al ,museum1 ,*icago #afij #aj-ac_/af ,c_/,e-c ,h>psi*ord #h ,giovanni ,smi?sonian ,&rea ,in/itution ,m5egoni #afic #aj-e_/af ,g#a-;c ,h>psi*ord #hh ,anonym\s ,smi?sonian ,in/itution #afid #i-g_/h ,c-c ,h>psi*ord #hhd ,nicolaus ,smi?sonian 7m9us ,c7 de ,quoco ,in/itution #i-c_/d ,c_/,e-a ,clavicy!rium #hh ,anonym\s ,smi?sonian ,in/itution b#aj-c_/h ,c_/,e-c ,clavicy!rium #d ,anonym\s ,bo/on ,museum 7,ottav9a7 ( ,f9e ,arts #aa ,c_/,e-c ,polygonal #h ,anonym\s ,smi?sonian virg9al ,in/itution a ,?is l5g? is approximate4 ,x is d\ble ! l5g? ( ! %orte/ /r+ on ! in/rum5t4 b ,9 ord] to arrive at a mean+ful av]age value = ! /r+ l5g?s ( ! nontranspos+ gr\p1 x 0 necess>y to d\ble ! measur$ l5g?s ( ! pit* ,c /r+s ( ! ?ree in/rum5ts tun$ an octave high]4 -------------------------- ,figure ,negative ,catalog ,numb] ,numb] -------------------------- #a #efcbb #cbf1ije #b #dfgib #cjc1edd #c #dicee;,a #cjc1edd #d #dicee;,b #cjc1edd #e #dicef;,a #cjc1edd #f #dicef #cjc1edd #g #dicef;,d #ccb1agc #h #dicef;,d #ccb1agc #i #diceg;,a #ccb1agc #aj #diceg #ccb1agc #aa #dicee;,c #ccb1agc #ab #dfgie #cjc1ede -------------------------- ,,gpo3 #aigj ,o--#chj-bbh ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4,c4 ,price #be c5ts4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,mi*ael ,praetorius1 ,!atrum ,in/rum5torum1 ,wolf5bttel1 #afbj1 pl4 #ad4 #b ,ibid41 pl4 #f4 #c ,qu]9us van ,blank5burg1 ,elem5ta ,musica1 ,! ,hague1 #agci4 #d ,translation by ,ar?ur ,m5del 9 ,devices = ,transposition 9 ! ,organ be=e #afjj1 ,acta ,musicologica1 #aidi1 p4 #cc4 #e ,sibyl ,m>cuse1 ,transpos+ ,keybo>ds on ,extant ,flemi% ,h>psi*ords1 ,musical ,qu>t]ly1 ,july #aieb4 #f ,mi*ael ,praetorius1 ,syntagma ,musicum1 ,wolf5bttel1 #afad-afbj1 vol4 #b 7,organographia71 *apt] #b4 #g ,translation by ,ar?ur ,m5del 9 ,pit* 9 ! #af? & e>ly #ag? ,c5turies1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,musical ,qu>t]ly1 ,april #aidh4 #h ,m>9 ,m]s5ne1 ,h>monie ,univ]selle1 ,p>is1 #afcf1 p4 #aja4