,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #a ,,! ,,s*olfield ,,wool-,,c>d+ ,,ma*9es ,grace ,l4 ,rog]s ,,primitive ,,c>d+ #c ,,! ,,fir/ ,,me*anical ,,c>ds #e ,,john ,,& ,,ar?ur ,,s*olfield #h ,,! ,,newburyport ,,wool5 ,,manufactory #i ,,! ,,s*olfield ,,ma*9es #ab ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,,an ,,orig9al ,,s*olfield ,,wool-,,c>d+ ,,ma*9e1 built by ,ar?ur ,s*olfield or "u 8 imm$iate direction betwe5 #ahjc & #ahad1 z exhibit$ 9 ! hall ( textiles ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 7cat4 no4 ,t#aaajj74 ,! exhibits 9 ?is hall are "p ( ^? be+ prep>$ = ! enl>g$ hall ( textiles 9 ! new ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology n[ "u con/ruction4 7,smi?sonian photo #decif47 ,by ,grace ,l4 ,rog]s ,,! ,,s*olfield ,,wool-,,c>d+ ,,ma*9es ,fir/ to appe> among ! inv5tions t sp>k$ ! indu/rial revolution 9 textile mak+ 0 ! fly+ %uttle1 !n v>i\s devices to sp9 ?read & y>n1 & la/ly ma*9es to c>d ! raw fib]s s !y c\ld be spun & wov54 ,c>d+ is ?us ! important fir/ /ep4 ,= process+ %ort-l5g? wool fib]s its me*anization prov$ mo/ difficult to a*ieve4 ,to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #agic came ,john & ,ar?ur ,s*olfield1 br++ ) !m ! k ( h[ to build a successful wool-c>d+ ma*9e4 ,f ?is contribution to ! te*nology ( our !n infant c\ntry develop$ ano!r new indu/ry4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,grace ,l4 ,rog]s is curator ( textiles1 ,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution's ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,c>d+ is ! necess>y prelim9>y /ep by :i* individual %ort fib]s ( wool or cotton are sep>at$ & clean$ ( =eign mat]ials s !y c be spun into y>n4 ,! ?or\ghness ( ! c>d+ det]m9es ! quality ( ! y>n1 :ile ! position 9 :i* ! c>d$ fib]s are laid det]m9es its type4 ,! fib]s are laid p>allel 9 ord] to sp9 a smoo? compact y>n1 or !y are cross$ & int]m+l$ to produce a s(t bulky y>n4 ,primitive ,c>d+ ,! e>lie/ me?od ( c>d+ wool 0 probably "o 9 :i*1 by use ( ! f+]s alone1 ! tufts 7 pull$ ap>t1 ! =eign p>ticles loos5$ & extract$1 & ! fib]s bl5d$4 ,full]'s teasels 7?i/les ) hook$ po9ts1 ,dispasacus fullonum71 n[ bett] kn[n = rais+ ! nap on wov5 wool5s1 7 also us$ at a v e>ly date = c>d+4 ,! teasels 7 m\nt$ on a pair ( small rectangul> frames ) h&les2 & f ?is device develop$ ! famili> small h& c>d 7see fig4 #b71 measur+ ab\t #h in*es by #e in*es1 9 :i* c>d clo?+ 7wire tee? emb$d$ 9 lea!r7 0 m\nt$ on a bo>d ) ! wire tee? b5t & angl$ t[>d ! h&le4 ,! wool 0 plac$ on "o c>d & a second c>d 0 dragg$ across x1 ! two h&s pull+ away f ea* o!r4 ,?is action sep>at$ ! fib]s & laid !m p>allel to ! h&le1 9 a ?9 film4 ,aft] ! fib]s _h be5 c>d$ 9 ?is way sev]al times1 ! c>ds 7 turn$ s t ! h&les 7 toge!r & once aga9 !y 7 pull$ across ea* o!r4 ,) ! wire tee? n[ angl$ 9 ! same direction1 ! action roll$ ! c>d$ fib]s into a sliv] 7a loose roll ( untwi/$ fib]s7 t 0 ! l5g? ( ! h& c>d & ab\t ! diamet] ( ! f+]4 ,?is plac$ ! wool fib]s crosswise 9 relation to ! l5g? ( ! sliv]1 _! be/ position = sp9n+4#a ,until ! mid-#ah? c5tury h& c>ds 7 ! only type ( implem5t available = c>d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,,h& ,,c>ds ,,us$ ,,on ,,plantation ,,( ,,m>y ,c4 ,,purvis1 ,,nelson ,,c\nty1 ,,virg9ia1 dur+ e>ly #ahjj's & n[ 9 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 7cat4 no4 ,t#bhdh2 ,smi?sonian photo #cgbeh74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,,! ,,fir/ ,,ma*9e ,,9 ,,lewis ,,paul',s ,,briti% ,,pat5t #fcf1 ,,issu$ ,,augu/ #cj1 #agdh4 ,! treadle mov$ ! c>d-cov]$ bo>d ,b#a1 9 a horizontal direction z necess>y to p]=m ! c>d+ op]ation4 ,) ! aid ( ! ne$le/ick ! fib]s 7 remov$ sep>ately f ea* ( ! #af c>ds ,n4 ,! c>d$ fib]s 7 plac$ on a n>r[ clo? b&1 :i* unroll$ f ! small cyl9d] ,g1 on ! left1 & 0 roll$ up ) ! fib]s on ! cyl9d] ,i1 at ! "r4 ,fir/ ,me*anical ,c>ds ,! e>lie/ me*anical device = c>d+ fib]s 0 inv5t$ by ,lewis ,paul 9 ,engl& 9 #agch b n pat5t$ until ,augu/ #cj1 #agdh4 ,! pat5t describ$ two ma*9es4 ,! fir/1 & less important1 ma*9e consi/$ ( #af n>r[ c>ds m\nt$ on a bo>d2 a s+le c>d held 9 ! h& p]=m$ ! actual c>d+ op]ation 7see fig4 #c74 ,! second ma*9e utiliz$ a horizontal cyl9d] cov]$ ) p>allel r[s ( c>d clo?+4 ,"u ! cyl9d] 0 a concave frame l9$ ) simil> c>d clo?+4 ,z ! cyl9d] 0 turn$1 ! c>ds on x work$ aga9/ ^? on ! concave frame1 sep>at+ & /raight5+ ! fib]s 7see fig4 #d74 ,aft] ! fib]s 7 c>d$1 ! concave section 0 l[]$ & ! fib]s 7 /ripp$ (f by h& ) a ne$le /ick1 an implem5t resembl+ a comb ) v f9e ne$lelike metal tee?4 ,?\gh 8 ma*9e 0 f> f p]fect4 ,lewis ,paul _h inv5t$ ! c>d+ cyl9d] work+ ) /ation>y c>ds & ! /ripp+ comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,,! ,,pat5t ,,description ,,( ,,paul',s ,,second ,,ma*9e sugge/$ t ! fib]s be c>d$ by a cyl9d] action1 b be remov$ 9 ! same mann] z direct$ 9 ! fir/ pat5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,,illu/rations ,,f ,,briti% ,,pat5t #fbh1 ,,issu$ ,,janu>y #bj1 #agdh1 to ,daniel ,b\rn = a roll] c>d ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,s+le ,,feature ,illu/rat$ 9 ,ri*>d ,arkwright's ,briti% pat5t #aaaa ( ,decemb] #af1 #agge1 provid$ a crank & a frame ( iron ) tee? to remove ! c>d$ fib]s f ! cyl9d]4 ,ano!r important ,briti% pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #agdh to ,daniel ,b\rn1 :o inv5t$ a ma*9e ) f\r c>d+ roll]s set close toge!r1 ! fir/ ( ! roll]-c>d type 7see fig4 #e74 ,to produce a practical c>d+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 sev]al additional me*anical improvem5ts 7 necess>y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! did n appe> until m ?an two decades lat]1 9 #aggb1 :5 ,john ,lees ( ,man*e/] is report$ to h inv5t$ a ma*9e featur+ a p]petual revolv+ clo?1 call$ a fe$]1 t f$ ! fib]s into ! ma*9e4#b ,%ortly aft]w>d1 ! /ripp] roll]s#c & ! d(f] comb#d 7a me*anical utilization ( ,paul's h& device7 7 add$4 ,bo? ,james ,h>greaves & ,ri*>d ,arkwright claim$ to be ! inv5tor ( ^! improvem5ts1 b x 0 ,arkwright :o1 9 #agge1 fir/ pat5t$ ^! ideas4 ,8 comb & crank 7see fig4 #f7 provid$ a me*anical means by :i* ! c>d$ fib]s c\ld be remov$ f ! cyl9d]4 ,) ?is1 ! cyl9d] c>d became a practical ma*9e4 ,arkwright cont9u$ ! modification ( ! d(f+ end by draw+ ! c>d$ fib]s ?r\gh a funnel & !n pass+ !m ?r\gh two roll]s4 ,?is produc$ a cont9u\s sliv]1 a n>r[ ribbon ( fib]s ready to be spun into y>n4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 soon realiz$ t ! bulk *>act]i/ic desir$ 9 wool5 y>ns 7b n desir$ 9 ! compact types su* z wor/$ y>ns or cotton y>ns7 requir$ t ! wool be c>d$ 9 a ma*9e t w\ld help produce ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,,newburyport1 ,,massa*usetts1 9 #agif1 ,,an ,,engrav+ ,,f ,,john ,j4 ,,curri]',s ,hi/ory ( ,newburyport1 ,massa*usetts1 #agfd-aiji1 vol4 #b1 ,newburyport1 #aijf-ji4 ,9 c>d+ wool x 0 f\nd m effective to omit ! flat /ation>y c>ds & to use only roll]s to "w ! fib]s4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! sliv] also _h to be *ang$4 ,s9ce x 0 necess>y to remove ! wool fib]s crosswise 9 ! sliv]1 a flut$ wood5 cyl9d] call$ a roll]-b[l 0 us$ 9 conjunction ) an "u bo>d or %ell4 ,z a giv5 section ( ! c>d$ wool 0 f$ betwe5 ! flut$ cyl9d] & ! bo>d1 ! action ( ! cyl9d] roll$ ! fib]s into a sliv] ab\t ! diamet] ( ! f+] & ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]4 ,al?\gh ^! 7 only #bd-;in* l5g?s z comp>$ to ! cont9u\s sliv] produc$ by ! ,arkwright cotton-c>d+ ma*9e1#e wool c\ld /ill be c>d$ ) mu* m spe$ & ?or\ghness ?an ) ! small h& c>ds4 ,?is !n 0 ! /ate ( me*anical wool c>d+ 9 ,engl& 9 ! #agij's z two exp]i5c$ wool manufactur]s1 ,john & ,ar?ur ,s*olfield1 plann$ _! trip to ,am]ica4 ,john & ,ar?ur ,s*olfield ,! ,s*olfields1 h[ev]1 7 n to be ! fir/ to introduce me*anical wool c>d+ into ,am]ica4 ,sev]al attempts _h be5 made prior to _! arrival4 ,9 ,ea/ ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 ab\t #aggj ,eli%a ,pitk9 _h built a mill on ! ea/ side ( ,ma9 ,/reet ne> ! old meet+-h\se & ,hockanum ,bridge1 :i* 0 run by wat]-p[]1 suppli$ by damm+ ! ,hockanum ,riv]4 ,"h1 beside gr9d+ gra9 & pla/]1 0 set up ! fir/ wool-c>d+ ma*9e 9 ! /ate1 &1 x is believ$1 9 ! c\ntry4#f ,samual ,mayall 9 ,bo/on1 ab\t #aghh or #aghi1 set up a c>d+ ma*9e op]at$ by horse p[]4 ,9 #agia he mov$ to ,gray1 ,ma9e1 :]e he op]at$ a %op = wool c>d+ & clo? dress+4#g ,( ! ma*9es us$ at ! ,h>t=d ,wool5 ,manufactory1 organiz$ 9 #aghh1 a view] report$ he saw two c>d+-eng9es1 work+ by wat]1 ( a v inf]ior con/ruction4 ,!y 7 fur!r describ$ z hav+ two l>ge c5t] cyl9d]s 9 ea*1 ) two d(f]s1 & only two work+ cyl9d]s1 ( ! bread? ( b>e sixte5 in*es1 said to be inv5t$ by "s p]son !re4#h ,b ^! 7 isolat$ examples2 mo/ ( ! wool5 mills ( ?is p]iod 7 l ! "o built 9 #agib by ,john ,mann+ 9 ,ipswi*1 ,massa*usetts1 :]e all ! "w ( c>d+1 sp9n+1 & weav+ 0 /ill p]=m$ by h&4 ,! ,s*olfields' k ( me*anical wool-process+ 0 to f9d a welcome reception 9 ?is "y nation n[ /ruggl+ = economic indep5d5ce4 ,! exact reason = _! decision to emb>k = ,am]ica is unkn[n4 ,h[ev]1 x may well be t !y1 l ,samuel ,slat]#i "s ?ree ye>s e>li]1 _h le>n$ ( ! b\nties be+ (f]$ by sev]al /ate legislatures = ! successful introduction ( new textile ma*9es4 ,bo? ,john & ,ar?ur 7 exp]i5c$ 9 ! manufacture ( wool5s4 ,!y 7 ! sons ( a clo?i] 7dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 a p]son :o p]=m$ ! sev]al op]ations 9 f9i%+ clo?7 & _h be5 appr5tic$ to ! trade4 ,ar?ur 0 #cf & a ba*elor2 ,john1 a little y\ng]1 0 m>ri$ & _h six *ildr54 ,ar?ur & ,john1 ) 8 family1 sail$ f ,liv]pool 9 ,m>* #agic & arriv$ 9 ,bo/on "s two mon?s lat]4 ,^u arrival1 _! imm$iate conc]n 0 to f9d a dwell+ place = ,john's family4 ,f9ally !y 7 accommodat$ by ,j$$iah ,morse1 well-kn[n au?or ( ,morse's geography & gazette]1 9 a lodg+ 9 ,*>le/[n1 ne> ,bunk] ,hill4 ,9 less ?an a mon? ,john began to build a sp9n+ j5ny & a h& loom1 & soon ! ,s*olfields />t$ to produce wool5 clo?4 ,! two bro!rs 7 jo9$ 9 ! v5ture by ,john ,%aw1 a sp9n] & weav] :o _h migrat$ f ,engl& ) !m4 ,morse1 be+ mu* impress$ ) "s ( ! broadclo? !y produc$1 0 especially int]e/$ to f9d t ,john & ,ar?ur und]/ood ! actual con/ruction ( ! textile ma*9es4 ,morse imm$iately recomm5d$ ! ,s*olfields to "s weal?y p]sons ( ,newburyport 7see fig4 #g71 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 sponsor+ a new textile mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,a ,,s*olfield ,,wool-,,c>d+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! wool 0 f$ into ! ma*9e f a mov+ apron1 lock$ 9 by a pair ( roll]s1 & pass$ f ! tak]-9 roll] to ! angle /ripp]4 ,?is latt] roll] transf]r$ ! wool on to ! ma9 cyl9d] & act$ z a /ripp] = ! fir/ work] roll]4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh two m work]s & /ripp]s1 ! wool 0 prep>$ = leav+ ! ma9 cyl9d] by ! fancy1 a roll] ) long] wire tee? set to rea* into ! c>d clo?+ ( ! l>ge cyl9d]4 ,!n ! d(f] roll] pick$ up ! c>d$ fib]s f ! ma9 cyl9d] 9 #d-;in* wid?s ! l5g? ( ! roll]4 ,^! sections 7 fre$ by ! comb plate1 pass$ betwe5 ! flut$ wood5 cyl9d] & an "u bo>d1 :]e !y 7 conv]t$ into sliv]s1 & deposit$ into a small wood5 tr\gh4 ,! ,newburyport ,wool5 ,manufactory ,a ,newburyport philan?ropi/1 ,timo?y ,dext]1 contribut$ ! use ( 8 /able4 ,!re1 beg9n+ 9 ,decemb] #agic1 ! ,s*olfields built a #bd-;in*1 s+le-cyl9d]1 wool-c>d+ ma*9e4 ,!y complet$ x e>ly 9 #agid1 ! fir/ ,s*olfield wool-c>d+ ma*9e 9 ,am]ica4 ,! gr\p 0 s impress$ t !y organiz$ ! ,newburyport ,wool5 ,manufactory4 ,ar?ur 0 hir$ z ov]se] ( ! c>d+ & ,john z ov]se] ( ! weav+ & also z company ag5t = ! pur*ase ( raw wool4 ,a site 0 *os5 on ! ,p>k] ,riv] 9 ,byfield ,p>i%1 ,newbury1 :]e a build+ #ajj feet long1 ab\t half z wide1 & ?ree /ories high 0 con/ruct$4 ,to ! new factory 7 mov$ ! fir/ c>d+ ma*9e1 two d\ble-c>d+ ma*9es1 z well z sp9n+1 weav+ & full+ ma*9es4 ,! c>d+ ma*9es 7 built by ,messrs4 ,/&r+1 ,arm/rong1 & ,guppy1 "u ! ,s*olfields' imm$iate direction4 ,all ! ma*9]y ) ! exception ( ! looms 0 run by wat]-p[]2 ! weav+ 0 done by h&4 ,! ent]prise 0 9 full op]ation by #agie4 ,john & ,ar?ur ,s*olfield 7& ,john's #aa-ye>-old son1 ,james7 work$ at ! ,byfield factory = sev]al ye>s4 ,dur+ a wool-buy+ trip to ,connecticut 9 #agih1 ,john obs]v$ a valuable wat]-p[] site at ! m\? ( ! ,oxoboxo ,riv]1 9 ! t[n 7i4e41 t[n%ip7 ( ,montville1 ,connecticut4 ,"h1 ! bro!rs decid$1 w\ld be a good place to set up _! own mill1 & on ,april #ai1 #agii1 !y sign$ a #ad-ye> lease = ! wat] site1 a dwell+ h\se1 a %op1 & #ag acres ( l&4 ,z soon z arrangem5ts c\ld be complet$1 ,ar?ur1 ,john1 & ! latt]'s family left = ,montville4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,,9 ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,h5ry ,,=d ,,museum1 ,,de>born1 ,,mi*igan1 ,,is ,,?is ,,orig9al ,,s*olfield ,,wool-,,c>d+ ,,ma*9e ( ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ! ,h5ry ,=d ,museum47 ,! ,s*olfields q probably did n take any ( ! textile ma*9]y f ! ,byfield factory ) !m to ,connecticut--fir/ because ! ma*9es 7 built :ile ! bro!rs 7 "u hire & s 7 ! prop]ty ( ! sponsors1 & second because _! k ( h[ to build ! ma*9es w\ld h made x unnecess>y to incur ! inconv5i5ce & exp5se ( transport+ ma*9es ! hundr$ odd miles to ,montville4 ,h[ev]1 ,john ,s*olfield's sons report$#aj t !y _h tak5 a c>d+ eng9e ) !m :5 !y mov$ to ,connecticut 9 #agii & _h lat] transf]r$ x to a factory 9 ,/on+ton4 ,! sons claim$ t ! frame1 cyl9d]s1 & lags ( ! ma*9e 7 made ( mahogany & t x _h orig9ally be5 import$ f ,engl&4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld h be5 mo/ uncommon = a textile ma*9e1 ev5 an ,engli% "o1 to h be5 con/ruct$ ( mahogany2 & hav+ built successful c>d+ ma*9es1 ! m5 at ,byfield w\ld h f\nd x unnecess>y to attempt ! virtually impossible feat ( import+ an ,engli% "o4 ,if x ev] exi/$ & 0 tak5 to ,connecticut1 !re=e1 ?is ma*9e 0 probably n a c>d+ ma*9e manufactur$ by ! ,s*olfields4 ,x is m probable t ! fir/ ,s*olfield c>d+ ma*9e rema9$ 9 ! ,byfield mill z ! prop]ty ( ! ,newburyport ,wool5 ,manufactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,,an ,,orig9al ,,s*olfield ,,wool-,,c>d+ ,,ma*9e ,,at ,,old ,,/urbridge ,,village1 ,,/urbridge1 ,,massa*usetts4 ,x is n[ run by electricity4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,old ,/urbridge ,village47 ,dur+ ! next half c5tury1 ?is mill 0 held by a numb] ( individuals4 ,william ,b>tlett & ,moses ,br[n1 two ( ! lead+ /ockhold]s ( ! company1 sold x 9 #ahjd to ,john ,lees1 ! ,engli% ov]se] :o succe$$ ! ,s*olfields1 & he cont9u$ to op]ate x = ab\t #bj ye>s4 ,on ,augu/ #bd1 #ahbd1 ! mill 0 pur*as$ at a ,%]iff's sale by ,gorham ,p>sons1 :o sold a "p int]e/ to ,paul ,moody1 a ma*9i/ f ! textile t[n ( ,l[ell4 ,moody op]at$ ! mill = ! next #e ye>s & at 8 dea? 9 #ahca 8 heirs sold _! int]e/ back to ,p>sons4 ,9 #ahcb x 0 leas$ = #g ye>s by ,william ,n4 ,clevel& & ,solomon ,wilde "u ! "n ( ,william ,n4 ,clevel& ,co4 ,foll[+ ! expiration ( ! lease 9 #ahci1 a portion ( ! mill 0 occupi$ = #c or #d ye>s by ,eno* ,pe>son1 believ$ to h be5 a desc5dant ( ! ,john ,pe>son :o _h be5 a clo?i] 9 ,r[ley 9 #afdc1 & subsequ5tly v>i\s indu/ries occupi$ o!r portions & lat] ! entire build+1 :i* burn$ ) all its cont5ts on ,octob] #bi1 #ahei4 ,if ! fir/ ,s*olfield c>d+ ma*9e rema9$ a "p ( ! prop]ty1 !re=e x mu/ h be5 lo/ 9 t fire4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,s*olfields' importance to ,am]ican wool manufacture 0 n cont+5t on ! build+ ( "o successful c>d+ ma*9e1 reg>dless ( :e!r x 0 ! fir/4 ,x 0 ! *ange 9 ! scope ( _! bus9ess v5tures aft] _! move to ,connecticut t synonymiz$ ! "n ( ,s*olfield ) me*anical wool c>d+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,john & ,ar?ur _h built _! wool5 mill at ,uncasville1 a village 9 ! t[n ( ,montville1 & !re ,ar?ur rema9$ ) 8 bro!r until #ahja1 :5 he m>ri$1 sold 8 int]e/ to ,john1 & mov$ to ,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts4 ,john & 8 sons cont9u$ to op]ate ! mill until #ahjf1 :5 difficulties ov] wat] privileges spurr$ him to pur*ase prop]ty 9 ,/on+ton1 ,connecticut1 :]e he built a new mill conta9+ two d\ble-cyl9d] c>d+ ma*9es4#aa ,9 #ahac1 leav+ "o son 9 *>ge at ,/on+ton1 ,john return$ to ,montville & pur*as$ ano!r factory & wat] privileges4 ,he cont9u$ 9 ! wool5 manufacture until 8 dea? 9 #ahbj4 ,ar?ur1 soon aft] arriv+ 9 ,pittsfield1 con/ruct$ a c>d+ ma*9e & op5$ a ,pittsfield mill4 ,! foll[+ adv]tisem5t appe>$ 9 ! ,pittsfield ,sun1 ,novemb] #b1 #ahja3 ,ar?ur ,s*olfield respectfully in=ms ! inhabitants ( ,pittsfield & ! neighbor+ t[ns1 t he has a c>d+-ma*9e half a mile we/ ( ! meet+-h\se1 :]e !y may h _! wool c>d$ into rolls = #ab-a_/b c5ts p] p\nd2 mix$ #ae-a_/b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,if !y f9d ! grease1 & pick & grease x1 x w be #aj c5ts p] p\nd1 & #ab-a_/b c5ts mix$4 ,!y are reque/$ to s5d _! wool 9 %eets z !y w s]ve to b9d up ! rolls :5 done4 ,also a small am\nt ( wool5s = sale4 ,! p ar\nd ,pittsfield soon realiz$ t ! me*anically c>d$ wool 0 n only mu* easi] to sp9 b enabl$ !m to produce twice z mu* y>n f ! same am\nt ( wool4 ,al?\gh _m br\ght _! wool to be c>d$ at 8 factory1 ,ar?ur 0 n )\t problems4 ,^! 7 evid5t 9 8 adv]tisem5t ( ,may #ahjb1 9 :i* he /at$ t if ! wool 0 n prop]ly sort$1 clipp$1 & cleans$ he w\ld *>ge an extra p5ny p] p\nd4 ,he also add$ t he w\ld issue no cr$it4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 recogniz+ ! ne$ = additional c>d+ ma*9es 9 o!r localities1 ,ar?ur ,s*olfield und]took ! "w ( manufactur+ su* ma*9es = sale4 ,?r\gh ?is v5ture he 0 to spread 8 k ( me*anical wool c>d+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! ,s*olfield ,ma*9es ,! fir/ record ( ,ar?ur's sale ( c>d+ ma*9es appe>$ 9 ! ,pittsfield ,sun 9 ,septemb] #ahjc4 ,! next ye>1 9 ,may #ahjd1 8 adv]tisem5t in=m$ ! read]s t ,a4 ,s*olfield cont9u$ to c>d wool1 & also t3 ,he has c>d+-ma*9es = sale1 built "u 8 imm$iate inspection1 ^u a new & improv$ plan1 :i* he is det]m9$ to sell on ! mo/ lib]al t]ms1 & w give drafts & o!r in/ructions to ^? :o wi% to build = !mselves2 & cautions all :om x may conc]n to bew>e h[ !y are impos$ ^u by un9=m$ speculat+ companies1 :o dem& m ?an twice z mu* = ma*9es z !y are really wor?4 ,s*olfield mu/ h felt t "s ( 8 competitors 7 *>g+ mu* m = _! c>d+ ma*9es ?an !y 7 wor?4 ,also1 o!rs 7 produc+ inf]ior ma*9es t did n c>d ! wool prop]ly4 ,bo? factors enc\rag$ ,ar?ur to cont9ue ! comm]cial production ( wool-c>d+ ma*9es4 ,9 ,april #ahje he aga9 adv]tis$3 ,good news = f>m]s1 only eight c5ts p] p\nd = pick+1 greas+1 & c>d+ :ite wool1 & twelve & a half c5ts = mix$4 ,= sale1 ,d\ble ,c>d+-ma*9es1 ^u a new & improv$ plan1 good & *eap4 ,& 9 #ahjf3 ,d\ble c>d+ ma*9es1 made & sold by ,a4 ,s*olfield = #bec ea*1 )\t ! c>ds1 or #djj includ+ ! c>ds4 ,pick+ ma*9es at #cj ea*4 ,wool c>d$ on ! same t]ms z la/ ye>1 viz43 eight c5ts p] p\nd = :ite1 & twelve & a half c5ts = mix$1 no cr$it giv54 ,) bo? c>p5t]s & ma*9i/s work+ "u 8 direction1 he soon ab&on$ completely ! c>d+ ( wool & devot$ 8 full "t to produc+ c>d+ ma*9es4 ,an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,pittsfield ,sun %[s ,alex&] & ,eli%a ,ely provid+ c>d+ s]vice !re ) a ,s*olfield ma*9e 9 #ahjf4 ,s*olfield ma*9es 7 also set up 9 ,massa*usetts at ,be?uel ,bak]1 ,jr41 ,co4 9 ,lanesbor\gh 9 #ahje1 at ,walk] ,wor?+ton 9 ,l5ox1 at ,curtis's ,mills 9 ,/ockbridge1 at ,reub5 ,judd ,co4 9 ,william/[n1 9 ,lee at ! falls ne> ! =ge1 at ,bairds' ,mills 9 ,be?lehem 9 #ahjf1 & by ,john ,h>t 9 ,*e%ire 9 #ahjg4 ,subsequ5tly _m m ,s*olfield ma*9es 7 set up 9 _m o!r places z f> away z ,man*e/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 #ahji & ,mason ,village1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 ab\t #ahaj4 ,"o ( ! difficulties t ,ar?ur enc\nt]$ 9 build+ ^! e>ly ma*9es 0 9 cutt+ ! comb plates t fre$ ! c>d$ fleece f ! cyl9d]4 ,^! plates _h to be prep>$ by h&1 ! tee? be+ cut & fil$ "o by "o4 ,9 #ahad ,james ,/&r+1 an old fri5d & co-work]1 smuggl$ into ?is c\ntry a tee?-cutt+ ma*9e1 :i* he _h procur$ on a trip to ,engl&4#ab ,/&r+ kept ! ma*9e closely gu>d$1 p]mitt+ only ,s*olfield & "o o!r fri5d to see x4 ,/&r+ us$ 8 ma*9e to make new saws ( all descriptions & to re-cut old ones z well z to prep>e comb plates = ! c>d+ ma*9es4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is new simplifi$ me?od ( produc+ comb plates ,s*olfield's bus9ess did n fl\ri%1 = ! trem5d\s influx ( =eign fabrics aft] ! ,w> ( #ahab greatly damag$ ! dome/ic textile indu/ries1 includ+ ! manufacture ( c>d+ ma*9es4 ,by #ahah ,s*olfield's fri5ds _h p]suad$ him to apply to ,congress = relief4 ,to 8 bro!r ,john on ,april #bj1 #ahah1 he wrote3 444 ,i h be5 advis$ by my fri5ds to apply to ,congress by a petition z we 7 ! fir/ t introduc$ ! wool5 ,bus9ess by ,ma*9]y 9 ?is c\ntry & %\ld t plan be adopt$ ,i h b little hopes ( success b !y say if x does no good x wont doo any h>m b at any rate ,i %\ld l y\r op9ion & advice ab\t x4444 ,app>5tly ,john felt ! plan w\ld n succe$1 = on ! foll[+ ,decemb] #ag ,ar?ur wrote him aga93 444 ,) reg>d to apply+ to ,congress ,i h giv5 t up = ,i am ( y\r op9ion t x won't succe$ :at gave me "s hopes ,i 0 advis'd to x by a memb] ( ! ,s5et :o is a v influ5tial man 9 ,congress b he is n[ out & ,i ?9k tis be/ to drop x4444 ,ar?ur nev] appli$ to ,congress = ! recognition 8 contempor>ies felt he des]v$4#ac ,sev]al *anges 9 ! con/ruction ( wool-c>d+ ma*9es took place dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,z e>ly z #ahaf ,john ,s*olfield1 ,jr41 0 report$ to h 9 8 mill 9 ,jewett ,city1 ,connecticut1 a d\ble-cyl9d] c>d+ ma*9e #c feet wide4 ,& 9 #ahbb a ,worce/]1 ,massa*usetts1 ma*9e mak] adv]tis$ t he 0 con/ruct+ c>d+ ma*9es entirely ( iron4#ad ,al?\gh a few ( ^! iron c>d+ ma*9es 7 sold1 !y did n become common until #ej ye>s lat]4#ae ,!re is no record t ,ar?ur ,s*olfield manufactur$ c>d+ ma*9es ( a wid? great] ?an #bd in*es1 or entirely ( iron4 ,h[ev]1 little is kn[n ( 8 la/ bus9ess ye>s except t he rema9$ 9 ,pittsfield until 8 dea?1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahbg4 ,only ?ree wool-c>d+ ma*9es attribut$ to ! h&s ( ! ,s*olfields are kn[n to exi/ today4 ,all are #bd-;in*1 s+le-cyl9d] c>d+ ma*9es ( ! same g5]al description 7see fig4 #h74 ,!y diff] only 9 m9or respects t probably result f subsequ5t *anges & additions4 ,"o 7fig4 #i71 n[ locat$ 9 ! ,plym\? ,c>d+ ,h\se1 at ,gre5field ,village1 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan1 0 discov]$ 9 ,w>e1 ,massa*usetts4 ,ano!r 7fig4 #aj71 n[ at ,old ,/urbridge ,village1 ,/urbridge1 ,massa*usetts1#af 0 uncov]$ 9 a b>n 9 nor!rn ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,! ?ird 7fig4 #a71 is 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 9 ! collection ( ! ,division ( ,textiles4 ,bo? x & ! ,de>born ma*9e h 9 =m] times be5 describ$ z ! orig9al ,s*olfield wool5 c>d4 ,x is a romantic b unsub/antiat$ idea t ei!r ( ^! is ! fir/ ,s*olfield c>d+ ma*9e set up 9 ! ,byfield factory 9 #agid4 ,! au?or's op9ion is t all ?ree 7 built by ,ar?ur ,s*olfield dur+ 8 ye>s 9 ! ,pittsfield factory4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,national ,museum ma*9e supports ?is op9ion4 ,! woods us$ are all native to ! ,new ,engl& region4 ,! frame1 ! l>ge cyl9d] & ! roll] call$ ! fancy are con/ruct$ ( ea/]n :ite p9e 7! ,/urbridge ma*9e is also con/ruct$ pr9cipally ( p9e74 ,! jo9ts ( ! ma9 frame are mortis$ & t5on$4 ,at ! d(f+ end ! ma9 frame & cross supports are numb]$ & mat*$1 ,i to ,,iiii1 & at ! fe$ end !y are numb]$ ,v to ,,viii b 7 mis-mat*$ 9 ! orig9al assembly4 ,fur!r rigidity is a*iev$ by means ( h&-=g$ lag screws4 ,! ar* ( ! frame is bir* & ! ar* arm maple4 ,! #ad-;in* d(f] roll] is made ( *e/nut4#ag ,! iron %afts are squ>e & turn$ d[n at ! be>+s4 ,! work] roll]s are fitt$ ) sprockets & turn$ by a h&-=g$ *a94 ,! comb plate1 /amp$ ,/&r+1 is h& fil$1 & is und\bt$ly "o ( ^? made be=e ! tee?-cutt+ ma*9e 0 smuggl$ f ,engl&1 = al?\gh "o-?ird ( ! plate is q regul>1 ! size & pit* ( ! tee? 9 ! rema9+ two-?irds are irregul>4 ,"p ( ?is irregul>ity might be expla9$ z hav+ be5 caus$ by ! h&-%>p5+ ( a plate orig9ally cut by ma*9e1 b ! tee? 9 "o #b-;in* span n only v>y 9 size b h a pit* t w\ld h be5 impossible to produce aft] ! orig9al plate _h be5 made4#ah ,!re is no d\bt t ?is c>d+ ma*9e 0 made by ,ar?ur ,s*olfield1 or "u 8 imm$iate sup]vision1 sometime betwe5 #ahjc & #ahad4 ,x may well be "o ( ! ma*9es s5t to s\!rn ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #ahji or #ahaj1 z x is kn[n to h be5 run 9 ,na%ua & ,jeffrey1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 ! #ahbj's & #ahcj's1 aft] :i* x 0 run by ,james ,t[ns5d 9 ,m>lboro1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 f #ahcg until #ahij1 :5 x 0 exhibit$ at ! ,me*anics ,fair 9 ,bo/on4 ,mr4 ,rufus ,s4 ,fro/ pur*as$ ! ma*9e & own$ x until 8 dea? 9 #ahig4 ,:5 ! ,fro/ e/ate 0 settl$1 ! old ,s*olfield wool-c>d+ ma*9e 0 pur*as$ by ! ,davis ,furb] ,ma*9e ,co41 by :i* 9 #aied x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,national ,museum4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! orig9al ,s*olfield c>d+ ma*9e is regrettable1 b =tunately ! ,s*olfields' importance to ! ,am]ican wool5 indu/ry does n dep5d on _! hav+ produc$ ?is "o ma*9e4 ,^! bro!rs1 arriv+ "h at a critical "t 9 our nation's hi/ory1 made important contributions to our economic & to our te*nological progress--,john by 8 mill op]ations1 ,ar?ur by 8 ultimate "w ( con/ruct+ wool-c>d+ ma*9es = sale4 ,( ^! two aspects1 x is ! contribution ( ,ar?ur t has _h ! m f>-rea*+ effect1 = he spread 8 exp]t k ( me*anical wool c>d+1 9 ! =m ( ma*9es1 ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,engl& wool5 c5t]s4 ,8 ma*9es n[ /& z monum5ts to ! "w ( bo?4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! same type ( h& c>ds 7 also us$ = cotton 9 ,colonial ,am]ica1 b because ! cotton fib]s 7 n laid p>allel 9 ! sliv] only co>se y>ns c\ld be spun4 ,9 anci5t ,p]u ! fib]s = sp9n+ f9e cotton y>ns 7 prep>$ ) ! f+]s alone4 ,9 ,india ! cotton fib]s 7 comb$ ) ! f9e-too!d jawbone ( ! boalee fi% be=e ! fib]s 7 remov$ f ! se$4 7,j4,f4 ,watson1 ,! textile manufactures & ! co/umes ( ! p ( ,india1 ,london1 #ahff1 p4 #fd47 #b ,edw>d ,ba9es1 ,hi/ory ( ! cotton manufacture 9 ,great ,brita91 ,london1 #ahce1 p4 #agf4 #c ,! wire po9ts ( ! work] roll] pick up ! fib]s f ! fa/] mov+ ma9 cyl9d]1 c>d+ ! fib]s on contact4 ,a /ripp+ action takes place :5 ! wires ( ! work] roll] meet ! po9ts ( ! /ripp] roll] 9 a po9t to back action4 ,?is arrangem5t is us$ to remove ! wool f ! work] & put x back on ! wire tee? ( ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,illu/rat$ 9 ,w4 ,van ,b]g5 & ,h4,r4 ,mau]sb]g]1 ,am]ican wool h&book1 ,new ,york1 #aidh1 p4 #dea4 #d ,! d(f] comb1 a s]rat$ metal plate ! l5g? ( ! roll]s1 removes ! c>d$ fib]s f ! la/ roll] or d(f]4 #e ,?is 0 no great disadvantage at ?is "t1 z wool 0 /ill be+ spun on ! sp9n+ :eel4 ,! me*anical sp9n+ ( wool5 y>ns 0 an ob/9ate problem t 0 n solv$ until #ahae-ahbj4 ,x !n 0 necess>y to piece ^! #bd-;in* sliv]s toge!r be=e !y c\ld be spun until #ahbf1 :5 a device = ! d(f+ ( c>d$ wool 9 a cont9u\s sliv] 0 p]fect$ by an ,am]ican1 ,john ,g\ld+1 & pat5t$ by him4 #f ,a4,p4 ,pitk91 ,! ,pitk9 family ( ,am]ica1 ,h>t=d1 #ahhg1 p4 #ge4 #g ,f a lett] writt5 9 #ahhi by ,mayall's son2 ,a4,h4 ,cole1 ,! ,am]ican wool manufacture1 vol4 #a1 ,cambridge1 #aibf1 p4 #ij4 #h ,f a report ( ! visit ( ,h5ry ,wansey 9 #agid1 cit$ by ,w4,r4 ,bagnall1 ,! textile indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,cambridge1 #ahic1 p4 #ajg4 #i ,slat] introduc$ ! ,arkwright sy/em ( c>d+ & sp9n+ cotton into ,am]ica 9 #agij4 ,br++ nei!r plans nor models ) him f :i* to build ! ma*9es1 he reli$ in/ead on 8 detail$ k ( _! con/ruction4 ,engl& prohibit$ ! export ( textile ma*9es1 models1 & plans1 & ev5 attempt$ to prev5t skill$ artisans f leav+ ! c\ntry4 ,george ,s4 ,:ite1 ,memoir ( ,samuel ,slat]1 ,philadelphia1 #ahcf1 pp4 #cg & #ga4 #aj ,r4,c4 ,taft1 ,"s notes ^u ! introduction ( ! wool5 manufacture into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,provid5ce1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ag-ah4 ,! ,s*olfield sons1 ( :om ?ree 7 /ill liv+ 9 ! #ahhj's1 7 q eld]ly at ! "t ,taft talk$ to !m2 only ,james1 ag$ #ih1 w\ld h be5 able to rememb] ! ,connecticut move4 #aa ,!re is no record ( ! c>d+ ma*9e made ( mahogany :i* ,john's sons report$ _h be5 transf]r$ to ! ,/on+ton mill4 #ab ,?is is probably ! ma*9e t gave rise to /ories ( a c>d+ ma*9e hav+ be5 smuggl$ f ,engl& dur+ ! e>ly ,byfield days4 ,j4,e4,a4 ,smi?1 ,! hi/ory ( ,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts1 f ! ye> #ahjj to ! ye> #ahgf1 ,spr+field1 #ahgf1 p4 #afg4 #ac ,u4,s4 #ae? ,congress1 #a/ & #bnd sessions1 ,! debates & proce$+s 9 ! ,congress1 vols4 = #ahag-ahai 7#b74 #ad ,worce/] ,spy1 ,july #aj1 #ahbb4 #ae ,a natural delay4 ,al?\gh ! cyl9d]s & ! c>d clo?+ wore out & _h to be replac$1 ! heavy wood5 frames ( ! e>ly ma*9es rema9$ long 9 s]viceable condition4 #af ,once aga9 9 use1 x is n[ p[]$ by electricity4 ,a p\nd ( sliv]s f x 7ab\t #bfj7 may be pur*as$ = #c4jj4 #ag ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,william ,n4 ,watk9s1 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ,curator ( ,agriculture & ,wood ,products1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 = ! id5tification ( ! woods 9 ! specim54 #ah ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,don ,b]kebile ( ! ,smi?sonian's ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum /aff = 8 exam9ation ( ! metal tee? on ! comb plate ( ?is ma*9e4