,transcrib]'s notes3 #a7 ,peaucilli] is a pr9t]s error & has be5 *ang$ to ,peaucelli]4 #b7 ,! #d *>act]s at ! end ( ! ^w ',pafnut7i' d5ote a lett] 'i' ) a breve acc5t4 ,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology ,,pap] #bg ,,k9ematics ,,( ,,me*anisms ,,f ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,watt ,eug5e ,s4 ,f]guson ,,james ,,watt1 ,,k9ematic ,,syn!si/ #ahg ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,/raight ,,l9e #aii ,,s*ol>s ,,& ,,ma*9es #bji ,,me*anicians ,,& ,,me*anisms #baf ,,me*anisms ,,9 ,,am]ica1 #ahge-aiee #bbc ,,additional ,,ref]5ces #bbi ,,k9ematics ,,( ,,me*anisms ,,f ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,watt ,9 an inv5tive t\r de =ce t seldom1 if ev]1 has be5 equall$ = its brilliance & f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 ,james ,watt radically alt]$ ! /eam eng9e n only by add+ a sep>ate cond5s] b by creat+ a :ole new family ( l9kages4 ,8 approa* 0 l>gely empirical1 z we use ! ^w today4 ,?is /udy sugge/s t1 despite ! glamor ( today's sophi/icat$ me?ods ( calculation1 a highly develop$ intuitive s5se1 re9=c$ by a k ( ! pa/1 is /ill indisp5sable to ! design ( successful me*anisms4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,eug5e ,s4 ,f]guson1 =m]ly curator ( me*anical & civil eng9e]+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 is n[ pr(essor ( me*anical eng9e]+ at ,i[a ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,sci5ce & ,te*nology4 ,9 eng9e]+ s*ools today1 a /ud5t is introduc$ to ! k9ematics ( me*anisms by means ( a c\rse ( k9ematic analysis1 :i* is conc]n$ ) pr9ciples und]ly+ ! motions occurr+ 9 me*anisms4 ,^! pr9ciples are demon/rat$ by a /udy ( me*anisms already 9 exi/5ce1 su* z ! l9kage ( a retractable l&+ ge>1 comput+ me*anisms1 me*anisms us$ 9 an automobile1 & ! l4 ,a sy/ematic1 if n rigor\s1 approa* to ! design ( ge>s & cams also is usually pres5t$ 9 su* a c\rse4 ,until rec5tly1 h[ev]1 no s]i\s attempt 0 made to apply ! pr9ciples develop$ 9 k9ematic analysis to ! m complex problem ( k9ematic syn!sis ( l9kages4 ,by k9ematic syn!sis is meant ! design+ ( a l9kage to produce a giv5 s]ies ( motions = a p>ticul> purpose4 ,t a rational--num]ical or geometrical--approa* to k9ematic syn!sis is possible is a relatively rec5t idea1 n yet fully accept$2 b x is ?is idea t is responsible = ! int5se s*ol>ly int]e/ 9 ! k9ematics ( me*anisms t has occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry )9 ! la/ #aj ye>s4 ,?is s*ol>ly activity has result$ 9 ! r$iscov]y ( _m e>li] works on ! subject1 & ne>ly all ! s*ol>s n[ work+ 9 ?is field h ackn[l$g$ 9 "o way or ano!r _! debt to ^? :o arriv$ on ! sc5e at an e>li] "t ?an !y4 ,!re h be5 occasional reviews ( ! sequ5ce & nature ( developm5ts1 b ! emphasis naturally has be5 ^u ! rec5t pa/4 ,x seems to me t !re is some?+ to be ga9$ 9 look+ beyond our own g5]ation1 or ev5 beyond ! "t ( ,franz ,reuleaux 7#ahbi-aije71 :o is g5]ally cr$it$ ) orig9at+ _m ( our mod]n concepts ( me*anism analysis & design1 & to inquire into ! ideas t made possible ,reuleaux's contributions4 ,take to ,k9ematics4 ,x w repay y4 ,x is m fecund ?an geometry2 x adds a f\r? dim5sion to space4 --,*eby%ev to ,sylve/]1 #ahgc ,:ile no pret5se ( complet5ess is made1 ,i h tri$ 9 ?is pap] to trace ! high po9ts 9 ! developm5t ( k9ematic analysis & syn!sis1 bo? 9 academic circles & 9 ! work%op1 not+ :]e possible ! influ5ce ( "o ^u ! o!r4 ,if ,i h devot$ m space to p>ticul> p & episodes ?an is w>rant$ by _! contributions to ! mod]n treatm5t ( ! subject1 x is because ,i h f\nd t ! hi/ory ( k9ematics ( me*anisms1 l ! hi/ory ( any o!r bran* ( eng9e]+1 is m int]e/+ & m plausible if x is recogniz$ t its evolution>y developm5t is ! result ( human activity4 ,?is hi/ory 0 wr\ght by p l u1 no less intellig5t & no less subject ?an we are to environm5t1 to a subjective way ( look+ at ?+s1 & to a h]itage ( ideas & beliefs4 ,i h select$ ! p]iod f ! "t ( ,watt because mod]n me*anisms orig9at$ ) him1 & ,i h emphasiz$ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! p]iod because by #ahhe _m ( ! ideas ( mod]n k9ematics ( me*anisms 7 well develop$4 ,l9kages are discuss$1 to ! virtual exclusion ( ge>s & cams1 because mu* ( ! s*ol>ly "w 9 k9ematic syn!sis is pres5tly direct$ t[>d ! design ( l9kages & because l9kages provide a conv5i5t ?read = a n>rative t w\ld h become unnecess>ily complex if detail$ treatm5t ( ge>s & cams _h be5 includ$4 ,i h br\ght ! n>rative d[n to ! pres5t by trac+ k9ematics z taught 9 ,am]ican eng9e]+ s*ools1 clos+ ) brief m5tion ( ! s*ol>ly activity 9 k9ematics 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce #aiej4 ,an annotat$ li/ ( additional ref]5ces is app5d$ z an enc\ragem5t to fur!r "w 9 ! hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,james ,watt1 ,k9ematic ,syn!si/ ,james ,watt 7#agcf-ahai71 improv] ( ! /eam eng9e1 0 a highly gift$ design] ( me*anisms1 al?\gh 8 backgr\nd includ$ no =mal /udy ( me*anisms4 ,inde$1 ! /udy ( me*anisms1 )\t imm$iate reg>d to ! ma*9es 9 :i* !y 7 us$1 0 n introduc$ until aft] ,watt's important "w _h be5 complet$1 :ile ! actual design ( me*anisms _h be5 go+ on = sev]al c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,watt4 ,me*anisms t employ$ screws1 cams1 & ge>s 7 c]ta9ly 9 use by ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,:ile ,i am n aw>e ( unequivocal evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( f\r-b> l9kages be=e ! #af? c5tury1 _! widespread application by t "t indicates t !y probably orig9at$ mu* e>li]4 ,a tantaliz+ #ac?-c5tury sket* ( an up-&-d[n sawmill 7fig4 #a7 sugge/s1 b does n prove1 t ! f\r-b> l9kage 0 !n 9 use4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai7 del9eat$1 if he did n build1 a crank & slid] me*anism1 also = a sawmill 7fig4 #b74 ,9 ! #af? c5tury may be f\nd ! conv]sion ( rot>y to reciprocat+ motion 7/rictly speak+1 an oscillation ?r\gh a small arc ( a l>ge circle7 & vice v]sa by use ( l9kages ( rigid memb]s 7figs4 #c & #d71 al?\gh ! conv]sion ( rot>y to reciprocat+ motion 0 at t "t m frequ5tly accompli%$ by cams & int]mitt5t ge>+4 ,nev]!less1 ! idea ( l9kages 0 a firmly e/abli%$ "p ( ! rep]tory ( ! ma*9e build] be=e #afjj4 ,9 fact "o might h wond]$ 9 #aehh1 :5 ,ago/9o ,ramelli publi%$ 8 book on ma*9es1#a :e!r l9kages _h n inde$ rea*$ _! ultimate /age ( developm5t4 ,to illu/rate my po9t1 ,i h select$ ! plate ( ,ramelli t mo/ appeals to me 7fig4 #e71 al?\gh ! book exhibits m ?an #bjj o!r ma*9es ( comp>able complexity & +5uity4 ,footnote #a3 ,ago/9o ,ramelli1 ,le ,div]se et ,artificiose ,ma*9e1 ,p>is1 #aehh4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,up-&-d[n sawmill ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! guide me*anism at l[] left1 atta*$ to ! saw blade1 appe>s to be a #d-;b> l9kage4 ,aft] ,rob]t ,willis1 trans4 & ed41 ,facsimile ( ! ,sket*-,book ( ,wil>s de ,honecort 7,london1 #ahei1 pl4 #dc74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,slid]-crank me*anism ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 r$rawn f 8 manuscript notebooks4 ,a frame saw is depict$ at ! l[] end ( ! guides4 ,f ,!odor ,beck1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,mas*95baues 7,b]l91 #ahii1 p4 #cbc74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,bl[+ eng9e by ,vanuccio ,bir+uccio1 ab\t #aedj1 %[+ conv]sion ( motion ( ! wat]:eel %aft f rotation to oscillation4 ,f ,!odor ,beck1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,mas*95baues 7,b]l91 #ahii1 p4 #abj74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,gra9 mill1 #aehh1 %[+ conv]sion ( motion ( ! op]at+ b>s f oscillation to rotation4 ,note ! fly-weights1 pr$ecessors ( ! fly:eel4 ,f ,ago/9o ,ramelli1 ,le ,div]se et ,artificiose ,ma*9e 7,p>is1 #aehh1 pl4 opposite p4 #aii74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,ma*9e = rais+ wat]4 ,su* a ma*9e 0 built 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! #af? c5tury & 0 op]at$ = "s #hj ye>s4 ,f ,ago/9o ,ramelli1 ,le ,div]se et ,artificiose ,ma*9e 7,p>is1 #aehh1 p4 #aii74 ,!re 0 a va/ diff]5ce1 bo? 9 conception & execution1 betwe5 ! l9kages ( ,ramelli & ^? ( ,james ,watt "s #bjj ye>s lat]4 ,watt 0 responsible = initiat+ pr(\nd *anges 9 me*anical te*nology1 b x %\ld be recogniz$ t ! me*anic arts _h1 ?r\gh c5turies ( sl[ developm5t1 rea*$ ! /age :]e 8 g5ius c\ld fl\ri%4 ,! k & ability to provide ! mat]ials & tools necess>y = ,watt's rese>*es 7 at h&1 & ?r\gh ! optimism & pati5t enc\ragem5t ( 8 p>tn]1 ,mat!w ,b\lton1 !y 7 plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,watt's g5ius 0 n[h]e m evid5t ?an 9 8 syn!sis ( l9kages4 ,an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 ! success ( ,watt's l9kages1 h[ev]1 0 8 p>tn]'s appreciation ( ! entirely new ord] ( ref9em5t t !y call$ =4 ,mat!w ,b\lton1 :o _h be5 a successful manufactur] ( buttons & metal novelties long be=e 8 p>tn]%ip ) ,watt 0 =m$1 _h recogniz$ at once ! ne$ = c>e 9 ! build+ ( ,watt's /eam eng9e4 ,on ,febru>y #g1 #agfi1 he _h writt5 ,watt3#b ,i presum$ t y\r eng9e w\ld require money1 v accurate workman%ip & ext5sive correspond5ce to make x turn out to ! be/ advantage & t ! be/ means ( keep+ up ! reputation & do+ ! inv5tion ju/ice w\ld be to keep ! executive "p ( x out ( ! h&s ( ! multitude ( empirical eng9e]s1 :o f ignorance1 want ( exp]i5ce & want ( necess>y conv5i5ce1 w\ld be v liable to produce bad & inaccurate workman%ip2 all ( :i* defici5cies w\ld affect ! reputation ( ! inv5tion4 ,b\lton expect$ to build ! eng9es 9 8 %op ) z great a diff]5ce ( accuracy z !re is betwe5 ! blacksmi? & ! ma!matical in/rum5t mak]4 ,! ,soho ,works ( ,b\lton & ,watt1 9 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 solv$ = ,watt ! problem ( produc+ 9 great 7t is1 9 sizes l>ge en\gh to be useful 9 /eam eng9es7 ! me*anisms t he devis$4#c ,footnote #b3 ,h5ry ,w4 ,dick9son1 ,james ,watt1 ,craftsman ,eng9e]1 ,cambridge1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aicf1 pp4 #eb-ec4 ,footnote #c3 ,james ,p4 ,muirhead1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,james ,watt1 ,london1 #ahed1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ef1 #fd4 ,?is "w1 9 ?ree volumes1 conta9s lett]s1 o!r docum5ts1 & plates ( pat5t specification draw+s4 ,! contributions ( ,b\lton & ,watt to practical me*anics 9 great _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,!re 7 9 ! #ah? c5tury in/rum5t mak]s & mak]s ( timekeep]s :o _h produc$ a/oni%+ly accurate "w1 b su* "w compris$ relatively small items1 all be+ )9 ! scope ( a b5* la!1 h& tools1 & sup]b h&work4 ,! rapid advancem5t ( ma*9e tools1 :i* greatly exp&$ ! scope ( ! ma*9e-build+ art1 began dur+ ! ,b\lton & ,watt p>tn]%ip 7#agge-ahjj74 ,9 ,april #agge ! skirmi% at ,concord betwe5 ,am]ican coloni/s & ,briti% r$coats m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a w> t 0 to det]m9e = ! future ! c\rse ( political ev5ts 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,ano!r ev5t ( ,april #agge occurr+ 9 ,birm+ham n[ appe>s to h be5 "o t m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a new era ( te*nological advance4 ,x 0 ne> ! end ( ?is mon? t ,b\lton1 at ! ,soho ,works1 wrote to 8 p>tn] & comm5t$ ^u receiv+ ! ca/ iron /eam eng9e cyl9d] t _h be5 f9i%$ 9 ,john ,wilk9son's bor+ mill3 444 x seems tol]ably true1 b is an in* ?ick & weighs ab\t #aj cwt4 ,its diamet] is ab\t z mu* above #ah in*es z ! t9 "o 0 "u1 & !re=e x is become necess>y to add a brass hoop to ! pi/on1 :i* is made almo/ two in*es broad4#d ,footnote #d3 ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 p4 #hd4 ,?is cyl9d] inde$ m>k$ ! turn+ po9t 9 ! disc\rag+ly long developm5t ( ! ,watt /eam eng9e1 :i* = #aj ye>s _h occupi$ ne>ly all ( ,watt's ?\ghts & all ! "t he c\ld sp>e f ! requirem5ts ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,al?\gh !re 7 _m trials ahead = ! firm ( ,b\lton & ,watt 9 fur!r develop+ & p]fect+ ! /eam eng9e1 ! crucial problem ( leakage ( /eam pa/ ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d] _h n[ be5 solv$ by ,wilk9son's new bor+ mill1 :i* 0 ! fir/ l>ge ma*9e tool capable ( bor+ a cyl9d] bo? r\nd & /raight4 ,! bor+ mill is p]t95t to ! developm5t ( l9kages 9 great1 be+ ! fir/ ( a new class ( ma*9e tools t ov] ! next #ej or #fj ye>s came to include ne>ly all ( ! basic types ( heavy *ip-remov+ tools t are 9 use today4 ,! developm5t ( tools 0 accel]at$ by ! inh]5t accuracy requir$ ( ! l9kages t 7 orig9at$ by ,watt4 ,once x _h be5 demon/rat$ t a l>ge & complex ma*9e1 su* z ! /eam eng9e1 c\ld be built accurately en\gh s t its op]ation w\ld be relatively free ( tr\ble1 _m out/&+ m9ds became engag$ 9 ! developm5t ( ma*9es & tools4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to see h[ ,watt & o!rs grappl$ ) ! solutions ( problems t result$ f ! advance ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,dur+ ! #aggj's ! dem& = cont9u\s1 dep5dable p[] appli$ to a rotat+ %aft 0 becom+ insi/5t1 & mu* ( ,b\lton's & ,watt's ef=t 0 direct$ t[>d meet+ ?is dem&4 ,mills ( all k9ds us$ wat] or horses to turn :eel-"w1 b1 :ile ^! s\rces ( p[] 7 adequate = small op]ations1 ! quantity ( wat] available 0 (t5 limit$1 & ! use ( enorm\s horse-:ims 0 frequ5tly impracticable4 ,! only type ( /eam eng9e !n 9 exi/5ce 0 ! ,newcom5 beam eng9e1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ 9 #agab by ,?omas ,newcom51 also an ,engli%man4 ,?is type ( eng9e 0 widely us$1 mo/ly = pump+ wat] out ( m9es b occasionally = pump+ wat] into a res]voir to supply a wat]:eel4 ,x 0 arrang$ ) a v]tical /eam cyl9d] locat$ b5ea? "o end ( a l>ge pivot$ work+ beam & a v]tical plung]-type pump b5ea? ! o!r end4 ,heavy1 flat *a9s 7 secur$ to a sector at ea* end ( ! work+ beam & to ! eng9e & pump pi/on rods 9 su* a way t ! rods 7 always tang5t to a circle ^: c5t] 0 at ! beam pivot4 ,! weight ( ! reciprocat+ pump p>ts pull$ ! pump end ( ! beam d[n2 ! atmosph]e1 act+ on ! op5 top ( ! pi/on 9 ! /eam cyl9d]1 caus$ ! eng9e end ( ! beam to be pull$ d[n :5 ! /eam b5ea? ! pi/on 0 cond5s$4 ,! *a9s w\ld ( c\rse transmit =ce f pi/on to beam only 9 t5sion4 ,x is n[ obvi\s t a connect+ rod1 a crank1 & a suffici5tly heavy fly:eel might h be5 us$ 9 a conv5tional ,newcom5 eng9e 9 ord] to supply p[] to a rotat+ %aft1 b contempor>y evid5ce makes x cle> t ?is solution 0 by no means obvi\s to ,watt nor to 8 contempor>ies4 ,at ! "t ( 8 fir/ eng9e pat5t1 9 #agfi1 ,watt _h devis$ a /eam :eel1 or rot>y eng9e1 t us$ liquid m]cury 9 ! l[] "p ( a toroidal *amb] to provide a b\nd>y = /eam spaces successively =m$ by flap gates )9 ! *amb]4 ,! practical difficulties ( con/ruction f9ally rul$ out ?is solution to ! problem ( a rotat+ p[] s\rce1 b n until aft] ,b\lton & ,watt _h sp5t consid]able ef=t & money on x4#e ,footnote #e3 ,h5ry ,w4 ,dick9son & ,rhys ,j5k9s1 ,james ,watt & ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 ,ox=d1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #aibg1 pp4 #adf-adh1 pls4 #ad1 #ca4 ,?is "w pres5ts a full & kn[l$geable discussion1 bas$ on prim>y mat]ial1 ( ! developm5t ( ,watt's _m contributions to me*anical te*nology4 ,x is ably summ>iz$ 9 ,dick9son1 op4 cit4 7footnote #b74 ,9 #aggg a speak] be=e ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london obs]v$ t 9 ord] to obta9 rot>y output f a reciprocat+ /eam eng9e1 a crank naturally occurs 9 !ory1 b t 9 fact ! crank is impractical because ( ! irregul> rate ( go+ ( ! eng9e & its v>iable l5g? ( /roke4 ,he said t on ! fir/ v>iation ( l5g? ( /roke ! ma*9e w\ld be ei!r brok5 to pieces1 or turn$ back4#f ,john ,smeaton1 9 ! front rank ( ,engli% /eam eng9e]s ( 8 "t1 0 ask$ 9 #agha by ,8 ,maje/y's ,victuall+-,(fice = 8 op9ion z to :e!r a /eam-p[]$ gra9 mill ought to be driv5 by a crank or by a wat]:eel suppli$ by a pump4 ,smeaton's conclusion 0 t ! crank 0 q unsuit$ to a ma*9e 9 :i* regul>ity ( op]ation 0 a factor4 ,i appreh5d1 he wrote1 t no motion communicat$ f ! reciprocat+ beam ( a fire eng9e c ev] act p]fectly equal & /eady 9 produc+ a circul> motion1 l ! regul> efflux ( wat] 9 turn+ a wat]:eel4 ,he recomm5d$1 incid5tally1 t a ,b\lton & ,watt /eam eng9e be us$ to pump wat] to supply ! wat]:eel4#g ,smeaton _h ?\ght ( a fly:eel1 b he reason$ t a fly:eel l>ge en\gh to smoo? out ! halt+1 j]ky op]ation ( ! /eam eng9es t he _h obs]v$ w\ld be m ( an encumbrance ?an a pump1 res]voir1 & wat]:eel4#h ,footnote #f3 ,john ,f>ey1 ,a ,treatise on ! ,/eam ,eng9e1 ,london1 #ahbg1 pp4 #djh-dji4 ,footnote #g3 ,reports ( ! ,late ,john ,smeaton1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london1 #ahab1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #cgh-chj4 ,footnote #h3 ,f>ey1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 p4 #dji4 ,! simplicity ( ! ev5tual solution ( ! problem 0 n cle> to ,watt at ?is "t4 ,he 0 n1 z tradition has x1 block$ m]ely by ! exi/5ce ( a pat5t = a simple crank & ?us =c$ to inv5t "s o!r device z a sub/itute4 ,mat!w ,wasbr\gh1 ( ,bri/ol1 ! eng9e] commonly cr$it$ ) ! crank pat5t1 made no m5tion ( a crank 9 8 pat5t specification1 b r int5d$ to make use ( racks ) tee?1 or "o or m pullies1 :eels1 segm5ts ( :eels1 to :i* are fa/5$ rot*ets & clicks or palls4444 ,he did1 h[ev]1 propose to add a fly or flys1 9 ord] to r5d] ! motion m regul> & uni=m4 ,un=tunately = u1 he submitt$ no draw+s ) 8 pat5t specification4#i ,footnote #i3 ,briti% ,pat5t #abac1 ,m>* #aj1 #aggi4 ,james ,pick>d1 ( ,birm+ham1 l ,b\lton1 a buttonmak]1 9 #aghj pat5t$ a c\nt]weight$ crank device 7fig4 #f7 t 0 expect$ to remove ! objection to a crank1 :i* op]at$ ) *ang+ lev]age & ?us irregul> p[]4 ,9 figure #f1 ! c\nt]weight$ :eel1 revolv+ twice = ea* revolution ( ! crank 7,a71 w\ld all[ ! c\nt]weight to desc5d :ile ! crank pass$ ! dead-c5t] position & w\ld be rais$ :ile ! crank _h maximum lev]age4 ,no m5tion ( a fly:eel 0 made 9 ?is pat5t4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,briti% ,pat5t #abfc1 ,augu/ #bc1 #aghj4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,"o ( ! /eam eng9e ,crank ,pat5ts t h9d]$ ,james ,watt's progress4 ,?is pat5t1 grant$ to ,james ,pick>d 9 #aghj1 claim$ only ! arrangem5t ( c\nt]weights1 n ! crank4 ,! crank p9 to :i* ! connect+ rod 0 atta*$ is at ,aa4 ,f ,briti% ,pat5t #abfc1 ,augu/ #bc1 #aghj4 ,wasbr\gh1 f9d+ t 8 rot*ets & clicks did n s]ve1 actually us$1 9 #aghj1 a crank ) a fly:eel4 ,watt 0 aw>e ( ?is1 b he rema9$ unconv9c$ ( ! sup]iority ( ! crank ov] o!r devices & did n imm$iately appreciate ! regulat+ ability ( a fly:eel4#aa ,9 ,april #agha ,watt wrote to ,b\lton1 :o 0 !n out ( t[n3 ,i "k f exp]im5t t ! o!r contrivance1 :i* y saw me try1 p]=ms at lea/ z well1 & has 9 fact _m advantages ov] ! crank4#ab ,! o!r contrivance probably 0 8 swa% :eel :i* he built & :i* appe>$ on 8 next important pat5t specification 7fig4 #g;a74 ,also 9 ?is pat5t 7 f\r o!r devices1 "o ( :i* 0 easily recognizable z a crank1 & two ( :i* 7 ecc5trics 7fig4 #g;a1 b74 ,! f\r? device 0 ! well-kn[n sun-&-planet ge>+ 7fig4 #g;e74#ac ,9 spite ( ! simil>ity ( ! simple crank to ! sev]al v>iations devis$ by ,watt1 ?is pat5t drew no fire f ,wasbr\gh or ,pick>d1 p]haps because no reasonable p]son w\ld cont5d t ! crank itself 0 a pat5table feature1 or p]haps because ! simil>ity 0 n at t "t s obvi\s4 ,h[ev]1 ,watt /e]$ cle> ( directly disc]nible application ( cranks because he pref]r$ to avoid a suit t might ov]?r[ 8 or o!r pat5ts4 ,= example1 if ! ,wasbr\gh & ,pick>d pat5ts _h be5 void$1 !y w\ld h become public prop]ty2 & ,watt fe>$ t !y might get into ! h&s ( m5 m +5i\s1 :o w\ld give ,b\lton & ,watt m competition ?an ,wasbr\gh & ,pick>d4#ad ,footnote #aa3 ,dick9son & ,j5k9s1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 pp4 #aej1 #aed4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid41 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #ac3 ,william ,murdock1 at ?is "t a ,b\lton & ,watt erector1 may h sugge/$ ?is arrangem5t4 ,ibid41 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #ad3 ,muirhead1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 vol4 #c1 note on p4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,james ,watt's five alt]native devices = ! conv]sion ( reciprocat+ motion to rot>y motion 9 a /eam eng9e4 7,briti% ,pat5t #acjf1 ,octob] #be1 #agha74 ,f ,james ,p4 ,muirhead1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,james ,watt 7,london1 #ahed1 vol4 #c1 pls4 #c-e1 #g74 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,incl9$ :eel4 ,! v]tical %aft at ,d is rotat$ by action ( :eels ,h & ,j on cam1 or swa% plate1 ,,abc4 ,b\lton & ,watt tri$ ?is device b disc>d$ x4 ,illu/ration3 7b7 ,c\nt]weight$ crank :eel4 ,illu/ration3 7c7 ,ecc5tric :eel ) ext]nal yoke hung f work+ beam4 ,! :eel pivots at ,c4 ,illu/ration3 7d7 ,ecc5tric :eel ) int]nal driv+ :eel hung f work+ beam4 ,:eel ,b is pivot$ at c5t] ( %aft ,a4 ,illu/ration3 7e7 ,sun-&-planet ge>+4 ,?is is ! idea actually employ$ 9 ,b\lton & ,watt eng9es4 ,z ! optional l9k ,,jk held ! ge>:eel c5t]s always equidi/ant1 ! annul> guide ,g 0 n us$4 ,! sun-&-planet arrangem5t1 ) ge>s ( equal size1 0 adopt$ by ,watt = ne>ly all ! rotative eng9es t he built dur+ ! t]m ( ! crank pat5ts4 ,?is arrangem5t _h ! advantage ( turn+ ! fly:eel ?r\gh two revolutions dur+ a s+le cycle ( op]ation ( ! pi/on1 ?us requir+ a fly:eel only "o-f\r? ! size ( ! fly:eel ne$$ if a simple crank 7 us$4 ,! optional l9k 7,,jk ( fig4 #g;e7 0 us$ 9 ! eng9es z built4 ,f ! fir/1 ! rotative eng9es 7 made d\ble-act+--t is1 "w 0 done by /eam alt]nately 9 ea* end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! d\ble-act+ eng9e1 unlike ! s+le-act+ pump+ eng9e1 requir$ a pi/on rod t w\ld pu% z well z pull4 ,x 0 9 ! solution ( ?is problem t ,watt's orig9ality & sure judgm5t 7 mo/ cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,a rack & sector arrangem5t 7fig4 #h7 0 us$ on "s eng9es4 ,! fir/ "o1 accord+ to ,watt1 has broke out sev]al tee? ( ! rack1 b works /eady4#ae ,a little lat] he told a correspond5t t 8 d\ble-act+ eng9e acts s p[]fully t x has brok5 all its tackl+ repeat$ly4 ,we h n[ tam$ x1 h[ev]4#af ,footnote #ae3 ,james ,watt1 ,m>* #ca1 #aghc1 quot$ 9 ,dick9son & ,j5k9s1 op4 cit4 7footnote #e71 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #af3 ,watt to ,de ,luc1 ,april #bf1 #aghc1 quot$ 9 ,muirhead1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 vol4 #b1 p4 #agd4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--,watt eng9e ( #aghb 7,briti% ,pat5t #acba1 ,m>* #ab1 #aghb7 %[+ ! rack & sector us$ to guide ! upp] end ( ! pi/on rod & to transmit =ce f pi/on to work+ beam4 ,?is eng9e1 ) a #cj-;in* cyl9d] & an #h-;foot /roke1 0 arrang$ = pump+4 ,pump rod ,,ss is hung f sector ( ! work+ beam4 ,f ,james ,p4 ,muirhead1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,james ,watt 7,london1 #ahed1 vol4 #c1 pl4 #ae74 ,x 0 ab\t a ye> lat] t ! /raight-l9e l9kage#ag 0 ?\ght out4 ,i h />t$ a new h>e1 ,watt wrote to 8 p>tn]4 ,i h got a glimpse ( a me?od ( caus+ ! pi/on-rod to move up & d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 by only fix+ x to a piece ( iron ^u ! beam1 )\t *a9s1 or p]p5dicul> guides1 or unt[>dly frictions1 ar*-heads1 or o!r pieces ( clums9ess4444 ,i h only tri$ x 9 a slight model yet1 s _c build ^u x1 ?\gh ,i ?9k x a v probable ?+ to succe$1 & "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s simple pieces ( me*anism ,i h contriv$4444#ah ,footnote #ag3 ,watt's 0 a f\r-b> l9kage4 ,all f\r-b> /raight-l9e l9kages t h no slid+ pairs trace only an approximately /raight l9e4 ,! exact /raight-l9e l9kage 9 a s+le plane 0 n kn[n until #ahfd 7see p4 #bjd74 ,9 #ahec ,pi]re-,frdric ,s>rus 7#agih-ahfa71 a ,fr5* pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,/rasb\rg1 devis$ an accordion-l spatial l9kage t trac$ a true /raight l9e4 ,describ$ b n illu/rat$ 7,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahec1 vol4 #cf1 pp4 #ajcf-ajch1 #aabe71 ! me*anism 0 =gott5 & twice re9v5t$2 f9ally1 ! orig9al inv5tion 0 r$iscov]$ by an ,engli% writ] 9 #aije4 ,= *ronology1 see ,florian ,cajori1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 ed4 #b1 ,new ,york1 #aiai1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #ah3 ,muirhead1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aia-aib4 ,watt's m>vel\sly simple /raight-l9e l9kage 0 incorporat$ into a l>ge beam eng9e almo/ imm$iately1 & ! usually pessimi/ic & res]v$ inv5tor 0 close to a /ate ( elation :5 he told ,b\lton t ! new c5tral p]p5dicul> motion answ]s beyond expectation1 & does n make ! %ad[ ( a noise4#ai ,?is l9kage1 :i* 0 includ$ 9 an ext5sive pat5t ( #aghd1 & two alt]native devices are illu/rat$ "h 7fig4 #i74 ,"o ( ! alt]natives is a guid$ cros%ead 7fig4 #i1 top "r74 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid41 p4 #bjb4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,watt's me*anisms = guid+ ! upp] end ( ! pi/on rod ( a d\ble-act+ eng9e 7,briti% ,pat5t #adcb1 ,april #bh1 #aghd74 ,top left1 /raight-l9e l9kage2 top "r1 cros%ead & guide arrangem5t2 l[] left1 pi/on rod ,a is guid$ by sectors ,d & ,e1 susp5d$ by flexible cords4 ,f ,james ,p4 ,muirhead1 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,james ,watt 7,london1 #ahed1 vol4 #c1 pls4 #ba1 #bb74 ,brilliant z 0 ! conception ( ?is l9kage1 x 0 foll[$ up by a syn!sis t is v little %ort ( incr$ible4 ,9 ord] to make ! l9kage atta*$ to ! beam ( 8 eng9es m compact1 ,watt _h plumb$ 8 exp]i5ce = ideas2 8 exp]i5ce _h yield$ up ! "w done mu* e>li] on a draft+ ma*9e t made use ( a pantograph4#bj ,watt comb9$ 8 /raight-l9e l9kage ) a pantograph1 "o l9k becom+ a memb] ( ! pantograph4 ,footnote #bj3 ,x has only "o fault1 he _h told a fri5d on ,decemb] #bd1 #aggc1 aft] describ+ ! draft+ ma*9e to him1 :i* is1 t x w n d1 because x describes conic sections in/ead ( /raight l9es4 ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 ,! l5g? ( ea* oscillat+ l9k ( ! /raight-l9e l9kage 0 ?us r$uc$ to "o-f\r? in/ead ( "o-half ! beam l5g?1 & ! entire me*anism c\ld be con/ruct$ s t x w\ld n ext5d beyond ! end ( ! work+ beam4 ,?is arrangem5t soon came to be kn[n z ,watt's p>allel motion 7fig4 #aj74ba ,ye>s lat] ,watt told 8 son3 ,?\gh ,i am n ov] anxi\s aft] fame1 yet ,i am m pr\d ( ! p>allel motion ?an ( any o!r me*anical inv5tion ,i h ev] made4#bb ,footnote #ba3 ,?r\gh\t ! #ai? c5tury ! t]m p>allel motion 0 us$ indiscrim9ately to ref] to any /raight-l9e l9kage4 ,i h n discov]$ ! orig9 ( ! t]m4 ,watt did n use x 9 8 pat5t specification1 & ,i h n f\nd x 9 8 writ+s or else:]e be=e #ahjh 7see footnote #bb74 ,! ,cyclopa$ia 7,abraham ,rees1 ed41 ,london1 #ahai1 vol4 #bf7 def9$ p>allel motion z a t]m us$ among practical me*anics to d5ote ! rectil9e> motion ( a pi/on-rod1 c4 9 ! direction ( its l5g?2 & contrivances1 by :i* su* alt]nate rectil9e> motions are conv]t$ into cont9u\s rotatory ones1 or vice v]sa4444 ,rob]t ,willis 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism 7,london1 #ahda1 p4 #cii7 describ$ p>allel motion z a t]m some:at awkw>dly appli$ to a comb9ation ( jo9t$ rods1 ! purpose ( :i* is to cause a po9t to describe a /raight l9e4444 ,a4 ,b4 ,kempe 9 ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e 7,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #di7 wrote3 ,i h be5 m ?an once ask$ to get rid ( ! objectionable t]m 'p>allel motion4' ,i d n "k h[ x came to be employ$1 & x c]ta9ly does n express :at is int5d$4 ,! expression1 h[ev]1 has n[ become cry/allis$1 & ,i = "o _c und]take to f9d a solv5t4 ,footnote #bb3 ,muirhead1 op4 cit4 7footnote #c71 vol4 #c1 note on p4 #hi4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--,watt's p>allel motion4 ,eng9e's work+ beam is pivot$ at ,a4 ,pivot ,f is atta*$ to ! eng9e frame4 ,f ,dyonysius ,l>dn]1 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e 7,philadelphia1 #aheb71 pl4 #e 7,am]ican ed4 #e f ,london ed4 #e74 ,! ,watt f\r-b> l9kage 0 employ$ #ge ye>s aft] its inception by ! ,am]ican ,*>les ,b4 ,ri*>ds :51 9 #ahfa1 he design$ 8 fir/ high-spe$ eng9e indicator 7fig4 #aa74 ,introduc$ into ,engl& ! foll[+ ye>1 ! ,ri*>ds ,indicator 0 an imm$iate success1 & _m ?\s&s 7 sold ov] ! next #bj or #cj ye>s4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,*>les ,t4 ,port]1 ,eng9e]+ ,rem9isc5ces1 ,new ,york1 #aijh1 pp4 #eh-ei1 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,ri*>ds high-spe$ eng9e indicator ( #ahfa1 %[+ application ( ! ,watt /raight-l9e l9kage4 7,,usnm #cjgeae2 ,smi?sonian photo #dfegj74 ,9 consid]+ ! ord] ( syn!tic ability requir$ to design ! /raight-l9e l9kage & to comb9e x ) a pantograph1 x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t ?is 0 ! fir/ "o ( a long l9e ( su* me*anisms4#bd ,once ! idea 0 abroad1 x 0 only to be expect$ t _m v>iations & alt]native solutions %\ld appe>4 ,"o wond]s1 h[ev]1 :at direction ! subsequ5t "w w\ld h tak5 if ,watt _h n s cle>ly po9t$ ! way4 ,footnote #bd3 ,at lea/ "o e>li] /raight-l9e l9kage1 an arrangem5t lat] ascrib$ to ,ri*>d ,rob]ts1 _h be5 depict$ be=e ,watt's pat5t 7,pi]re ,patte1 ,mmoirs sur les objets les plus importants de l'ar*itecture1 ,p>is1 #agfi1 p4 #bbi & pl4 #aa74 ,h[ev]1 ?is l9kage 7reproduc$ "h 9 figure #ah7 _h no detectable influ5ce on ,watt or on subsequ5t practice4 ,9 #ahbg ,john ,f>ey1 9 8 exhau/ive /udy ( ! /eam eng9e1 wrote p]haps ! be/ contempor>y view ( ,watt's "w4 ,f>ey z a "y man _h sev]al times talk$ ) ! ag+ ,watt1 & he _h reflect$ ^u ! nature ( ! intellect t _h caus$ ,watt to be recogniz$ z a g5ius1 ev5 )9 8 own lifetime4 ,9 attempt+ to expla9 ,watt's g5ius1 ,f>ey set d[n "s obs]vations t are p]t95t n only to k9ematic syn!sis b to ! curr5tly fa%ionable t]m creativity4 ,9 ,f>ey's op9ion ,watt's inv5tive faculty 0 f> sup]ior to t ( any ( 8 contempor>ies2 b 8 _m & v>i\s ideas w\ld h be5 ( little use if he _h n possess$ a v high ord] ( judgm5t1 t faculty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ideas2 decompos+ comp\nd ideas into m simple elem5ts2 arrang+ !m into classes1 & comp>+ !m toge!r4444 ,f>ey 0 ( ! op9ion t :ile a m9d l ,watt's c\ld produce brilliant new ideas1 /ill ! common /ock ( ideas :i* are curr5t among/ communities & pr(essions1 w g5]ally prove to be ( a bett] quality ?an ! av]age ( ^? new ideas1 :i* c be produc$ by any individual f ! op]ation ( 8 own m9d1 )\t assi/ance f o!rs4 ,f>ey conclud$ ) ! obs]vation t ! mo/ useful additions to t common /ock1 usually proce$ f ! individuals :o are well acqua9t$ ) ! :ole s]ies4#be ,footnote #be3 ,f>ey1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 pp4 #fea1 #feb4 ,to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e ,dur+ mo/ ( ! c5tury aft] ,james ,watt _h produc$ 8 p>allel motion1 ! problem ( devis+ a l9kage1 "o po9t ( :i* w\ld describe a /raight l9e1 0 "o t tickl$ ! fancies ( ma!maticians1 ( +5i\s me*anics1 & ( g5tlemanly dabbl]s 9 ideas4 ,! que/ = a /raight-l9e me*anism m accurate ?an t ( ,watt f> outla/$ ! press+ practical ne$ = su* a device4 ,l>ge metal plan+ ma*9es 7 well kn[n by #ahcj1 & by midc5tury cros%eads & cros%ead guides 7 us$ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic 9 eng9es ) & )\t work+ beams4 ,by #ahai ,john ,f>ey _h obs]v$ q accurately t1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 _m o!r s*emes _h be5 tri$ & f\nd want+ & t no me?ods h be5 f\nd s good z ! orig9al eng9e2 & we accord+ly f9d1 t all ! mo/ e/abli%$ & exp]i5c$ manufactur]s make eng9es :i* are n alt]$ 9 any great feature f ,mr4 ,watt's orig9al eng9e4444#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,9 ,rees1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ba71 vol4 #cd 7,/eam ,eng9e74 ,john ,f>ey 0 ! writ] ( ?is article 7see ,f>ey1 op4 cit41 p4 vi74 ,two me*anisms = produc+ a /raight l9e 7 introduc$ be=e ! ,b\lton & ,watt monopoly end$ 9 #ahjj4 ,p]haps ! fir/ 0 by ,edmund ,c>twright 7#agdc-ahbc71 :o is said to h _h ! orig9al idea = a p[] loom4 ,?is ge>$ device 7fig4 #ab71 0 *>act]iz$ patroniz+ly by a contempor>y ,am]ican editor z possess+ z mu* m]it z c possibly be attribut$ to a g5tleman engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( me*anical /udies = 8 own amusem5t4#bg ,only a few small eng9es 7 made "u ! pat5t4#bh ,footnote #bg3 ,emporium ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,decemb] #ahac1 new s]41 vol4 #b1 no4 #a1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #bh3 ,f>ey1 op4 cit4 7footnote #f71 p4 #fff4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,c>twright's ge>$ /raight-l9e me*anism ( ab\t #ahjj4 ,f ,abraham ,rees1 ,! ,cyclopa$ia 7,london1 #ahai1 ,/eam ,eng9e1 pl4 #e74 ,! prop]ties ( a hypocycloid 7 recogniz$ by ,james ,:ite1 an ,engli% eng9e]1 9 8 ge>$ design :i* employ$ a pivot locat$ on ! pit* circle ( a spur ge> revolv+ inside an int]nal ge>4 ,! diamet] ( ! pit* circle ( ! spur ge> 0 "o-half t ( ! int]nal ge>1 ) ! result t ! pivot1 to :i* ! pi/on rod 0 connect$1 trac$ out a diamet] ( ! l>ge pit* circle 7fig4 #ac74 ,:ite 9 #ahja receiv$ f ,napoleon ,bonap>te a m$al = ?is inv5tion :5 x 0 exhibit$ at an indu/rial exposition 9 ,p>is4#bi ,"s /eam eng9es employ+ ,:ite's me*anism 7 built1 b )\t conspicu\s comm]cial success4 ,:ite himself r agre$ t :ile 8 inv5tion 0 all[$ to possess curi\s prop]ties1 & to be a pretty ?+1 op9ions d n all concur 9 decl>+ x1 ess5tially & g5]ally1 a good ?+4#cj ,footnote #bi3 ,h4 ,w4 ,dick9son1 ,james ,:ite & ,8 ',new ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1' ,transactions ( ! ,newcom5 ,society1 #aidi-aiea1 vol4 #bg1 pp4 #age-agi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,james ,:ite1 ,a ,new ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 ,man*e/]1 #ahbb1 pp4 #cj-ca1 #cch4 ,a hypocycloidal eng9e us$ 9 ,/\rbridge1 ,engl&1 is 9 ! ,h5ry ,=d ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,james ,:ite's hypocycloidal /raight-l9e me*anism1 ab\t #ahjj4 ,! fly-weights 7at ! ends ( ! diagonal arm7 function$ z a fly:eel4 ,f ,james ,:ite1 ,a ,new ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions 7,man*e/]1 #ahbb1 pl4 #g74 ,! fir/ ( ! non-,watt f\r-b> l9kages appe>$ %ortly aft] #ahjj4 ,! orig9 ( ! gras%opp] beam motion is some:at obscure1 al?\gh x came to be associat$ ) ! "n ( ,oliv] ,evans1 ! ,am]ican pione] 9 ! employm5t ( high-pressure /eam4 ,a simil> idea1 employ+ an isosceles l9kage1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahjc by ,william ,freemantle1 an ,engli% wat*mak] 7fig4 #ad74ca ,?is is ! l9kage t 0 attribut$ mu* lat] to ,john ,scott ,russell 7#ahjh-ahhb71 ! prom95t naval ar*itect4#cb ,an inconclusive h9t t ,evans _h devis$ 8 /raight-l9e l9kage by #ahje appe>$ 9 a plate illu/rat+ 8 ,abortion ( ! ,"y ,/eam ,eng9e]'s ,guide 7,philadelphia1 #ahje71 & x 0 c]ta9ly us$ on 8 ,columbian eng9e 7fig4 #ae71 :i* 0 built be=e #ahac4 ,! ,freemantle l9kage1 9 modifi$ =m1 appe>$ 9 ,rees's ,cyclopa$ia ( #ahai 7fig4 #af71 b x is d\btful :e!r ev5 ?is w\ld h be5 readily recogniz$ z id5tical ) ! ,evans l9kage1 because ! connect+ rod 0 at ! opposite end ( ! work+ beam f ! pi/on rod1 9 accordance ) e/abli%$ usage1 :ile 9 ! ,evans l9kage ! crank & connect+ rod 7 at ! same end ( ! beam4 ,x is possible t ,evans got 8 idea f an e>li] ,engli% p]iodical1 b concrete evid5ce is lack+4 ,footnote #ca3 ,briti% ,pat5t #bgda1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahjc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,william ,j4 ,m4 ,rank9e1 ,manual ( ,ma*9]y & ,millwork1 ed4 #f1 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #bge4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,freemantle /raight-l9e l9kage1 lat] call$ ! ,scott ,russell l9kage4 ,f ,briti% ,pat5t #bgda1 ,novemb] #ag1 #ahjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,oliv] ,evans' ,columbian eng9e1 #ahac1 %[+ ! ,evans1 or gras%opp]1 /raight-l9e l9kage4 ,f ,emporium ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 7new s]41 vol4 #b1 no4 #c1 ,april #ahad1 pl4 opposite p4 #chj74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,modifi$ ,freemantle l9kage1 #ahai1 :i* is k9ematically ! same z ! ,evans l9kage4 ,pivots ,d & ,e are atta*$ to eng9e frame4 ,f ,abraham ,rees1 ,! ,cyclopa$ia 7,london1 #ahai1 ,p>allel ,motions1 pl4 #c74 ,if ! idea did 9 fact orig9ate ) ,evans1 x is /range t he did n m5tion x 9 8 pat5t claims1 or 9 ! descriptions t he publi%$ ( 8 eng9es4#cc ,! practical advantage ( ! ,evans l9kage1 utiliz+ z x c\ld a mu* light] work+ beam ?an ! ,watt or ,freemantle eng9es1 w\ld n escape ,oliv] ,evans1 & he 0 n a man ( excessive mode/y :]e 8 own inv5tions 7 conc]n$4 ,footnote #cc3 ,greville & ,doro?y ,ba!1 ,oliv] ,evans1 ,philadelphia1 #aice1 pp4 #hh1 #aif1 & passim4 ,ano!r f\r-b> /raight-l9e l9kage t became well kn[n 0 attribut$ to ,ri*>d ,rob]ts ( ,man*e/] 7#aghi-ahfd71 :o ar\nd #ahbj _h built "o ( ! fir/ metal plan+ ma*9es1 :i* ma*9es help$ make ! que/ = /raight-l9e l9kages l>gely academic4 ,i h n discov]$ :at occasion$ ! introduction ( ! ,rob]ts l9kage1 b x dat$ f be=e #ahda4 ,al?\gh ,rob]ts pat5t$ _m complex textile ma*9es1 an inspection ( all ( 8 pat5t draw+s has fail$ to provide pro( t he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! ,rob]ts l9kage4#cd ,! fact t ! same l9kage is %[n 9 an engrav+ ( #agfi 7fig4 #ah7 fur!r confuses ! issue4#ce ,footnote #cd3 ,rob]t ,willis 7op4 cit4 ,footnote #ba p4 #daa7 cr$it$ ,ri*>d ,rob]ts ) ! l9kage4 ,rob]ts' #ae ,briti% pat5t draw+s exhibit complex applications ( cams1 lev]s1 guid$ rods1 cords1 & s =?1 b no /raight-l9e me*anism4 ,9 8 pat5t no4 #fbeh ( ,april #ac1 #ahcb1 = a /eam eng9e & locomotive c>riage1 ,rob]ts us$ ,watt's p>allel motion on a beam driv5 by a v]tical cyl9d]4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is engrav+ appe>$ z plate #aa 9 ,pi]re ,patte's #agfi "w 7op4 cit4 footnote #bd74 ,patte /at$ t ! ma*9e depict$ 9 8 plate #aa 0 inv5t$ by ,m4 de ,voglie & 0 actually us$ 9 #agef4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--,/raight-l9e l9kage 7be=e #ahda7 attribut$ to ,ri*>d ,rob]ts by ,rob]t ,willis4 ,f ,a4 ,b4 ,kempe1 ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e 7,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--,ma*9e = saw+ (f pil+s "u wat]1 ab\t #agfj1 design$ by ,de ,voglie4 ,! ,rob]ts l9kage op]ates ! b> 7,q 9 detail$ sket*7 at ! re> ( ! ma*9e bel[ ! op]ators4 ,! significance ( ! l9kage app>5tly 0 n g5]ally recogniz$4 ,a simil> ma*9e depict$ 9 ,did]ot's ,encyclopdie1 publi%$ sev]al ye>s lat]1 did n employ ! /raight-l9e l9kage4 ,f ,pi]re ,patte1 ,memoirs sur les objets plus importants de l'ar*itecture 7,p>is1 #agfi1 pl4 #aa74 ,! appe>ance 9 #ahfd ( ,peaucelli]'s exact /raight-l9e l9kage w5t ne>ly unnotic$4 ,a decade lat]1 :5 news ( its inv5tion cross$ ! ,*annel to ,engl&1 ?is l9kage excit$ a flurry ( int]e/1 & v>iations ( x occupi$ ma!matical m9ds = sev]al ye>s4 ,= at lea/ #aj ye>s be=e & #bj ye>s aft] ! f9al solution ( ! problem1 ,pr(essor ,*eby%ev1#cf a not$ ma!matician ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 0 int]e/$ 9 ! matt]4 ,judg+ by 8 publi%$ works & 8 reputation abroad1 ,*eby%ev's int]e/ am\nt$ to an obsession4 ,footnote #cf3 ,?is is ! ,libr>y ( ,congress spell+ ,pafnut7i ,l'vovi* ,*eby%ev 0 born 9 #ahba1 ne> ,mosc[1 & ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,mosc[ 9 #ahcg4 ,9 #ahec1 aft] visit+ ,france & ,engl& & obs]v+ c>efully ! progress ( appli$ me*anics 9 ^? c\ntries1 he read 8 fir/ pap] on approximate /raight-l9e l9kages1 & ov] ! next #cj ye>s he attack$ ! problem ) new vigor at lea/ a doz5 times4 ,he f\nd t ! two pr9cipal /raight-l9e l9kages !n 9 use 7 ,watt's & ,evans'4 ,*eby%ev not$ ! dep>ture ( ^! l9kages f a /raight l9e & calculat$ ! deviation z ( ! fif? degree1 or ab\t #j4jjjh in* p] in* ( beam l5g?4 ,he propos$ a modification ( ! ,watt l9kage to ref9e its accuracy b f\nd t he w\ld h to m ?an d\ble ! l5g? ( ! work+ beam4 ,*eby%ev conclud$ ruefully t 8 modification w\ld pres5t great practical difficulties4#cg ,footnote #cg3 ,oeuvres de ,p4 ,l4 ,t*eby*ef1 #b vols41 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahii-aijg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ech2 vol4 #b1 pp4 #eg1 #he4 ,at l5g? an idea occurr$ to ,*eby%ev t w\ld enable him to approa* if n q atta9 a true /raight l9e4 ,if "o me*anism 0 good1 he reason$1 two w\ld be bett]1 et cet]a1 ad inf9itum4 ,! idea 0 simply to comb9e1 or comp\nd1 f\r-l9k approximate l9kages1 arrang+ !m 9 su* a way t ! errors w\ld be successively r$uc$4 ,contemplat+ fir/ a comb9ation ( ! ,watt & ,evans l9kages 7fig4 #ai71 ,*eby%ev recogniz$ t if po9t ,d ( ! ,watt l9kage foll[$ ne>ly a /raight l9e1 po9t ,a ( ! ,evans l9kage w\ld dep>t ev5 less f a /raight l9e4 ,he calculat$ ! deviation 9 ?is case z ( ! #aa? degree4 ,he !n replac$ ,watt's l9kage by "o t is usually call$ ! ,*eby%ev /raight-l9e me*anism 7fig4 #bj71 ) ! result t precision 0 increas$ to ! #ac? degree4#ch ,! /eam eng9e t he display$ at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition 9 #ahgc employ$ ?is l9kage--! ,*eby%ev me*anism comp\nd$ ) ! ,evans1 or approximate isosceles1 l9kage4 ,an ,engli% visitor to ! exhibition comm5t$ t ! motion is ( little or no practical use1 = we c sc>cely imag9e circum/ances "u :i* x w\ld be m advantage\s to use su* a complicat$ sy/em ( lev]s1 ) s _m jo9ts to be lubricat$ & s _m p9s to we>1 ?an a solid guide ( "s k9d2 b at ! same "t ! arrangem5t is v +5i\s & 9 ?is respect reflects great cr$it on its design]4#ci ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ic1 #id4 ,footnote #ci3 ,eng9e]+1 ,octob] #c1 #ahgc1 vol4 #af1 p4 #bhd4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--,pafnut7i ,l'vovi* ,*eby%ev 7#ahba-ahid71 ,russian ma!matician active 9 analysis & syn!sis ( /raight-l9e me*anisms4 ,f ,ouvres de ,p4 ,l4 ,t*eby*ef 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijg1 vol4 #b1 frontispiece74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--;,*eby%ev's comb9ation 7ab\t #ahfg7 ( ,watt's & ,evans' l9kages to r$uce errors inh]5t 9 ea*4 ,po9ts ,c1 ,c'1 & ,c are fix$2 ,a is ! trac+ po9t4 ,f ,oeuvres de ,p4 ,l4 ,t*eby*ef 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ic74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--,top3 ,*eby%ev /raight-l9e l9kage1 #ahfg2 f ,a4 ,b4 ,kempe1 ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e 7,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #aa74 ,bottom3 ,*eby%ev-,evans comb9ation1 #ahfg2 f ,oeuvres de ,p4 ,l4 ,t*eby*ef 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #id74 ,po9ts ,c1 ,c'1 & ,c are fix$4 ,a is ! trac+ po9t4 ,!re is a p]si/5t rumor t ,pr(essor ,*eby%ev s\ght to demon/rate ! impossibility ( con/ruct+ any l9kage1 reg>dless ( ! numb] ( l9ks1 t w\ld g5]ate a /raight l9e2 b ,i h f\nd only a dubi\s /atem5t 9 ! ,gr&e ,encyclopdie#dj ( ! late #ai? c5tury & a report ( a conv]sation ) ! ,russian by an ,engli%man1 ,james ,sylve/]1 to ! effect t ,*eby%ev _h succe$$ 9 prov+ ! nonexi/5ce ( a five-b> l9k-"w capable ( produc+ a p]fect p>allel motion4444#da ,reg>dless ( :at tradition may h to say ab\t :at ,*eby%ev said1 x is ( c\rse well kn[n t ,capta9 ,peaucelli] 0 ! man :o f9ally syn!siz$ ! exact /raight-l9e me*anism t be>s 8 "n4 ,footnote #dj3 ,la ,gr&e ,encyclopdie1 ,p>is1 #ahhf 7,peaucelli]74 ,footnote #da3 ,james ,sylve/]1 ,rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ,me*anical ,conv]sion ( ,motion1 ,notices ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 #ahgc-ahge1 vol4 #g1 p4 #aha4 ,! fix$ l9k 0 n c\nt$ by ,sylve/]2 9 mod]n p>lance ?is w\ld be a six-l9k me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--,peaucelli] exact /raight-l9e l9kage1 #ahgc4 ,f ,a4 ,b4 ,kempe1 ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e 7,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--,model ( ! ,peaucelli] ,compas ,compos1 deposit$ 9 ,cons]vatoire ,national des ,arts et ,mti]s1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,photo c\rtesy ( ! ,cons]vatoire4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--;,james ,joseph ,sylve/] 7#ahad-ahig71 ma!matician & lectur] on /raight-l9e l9kages4 ,f ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 7#ahih1 vol4 #fc1 opposite p4 #afa74 ,*>les-,nicolas ,peaucelli]1 a graduate ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique & a capta9 9 ! ,fr5* corps ( eng9e]s1 0 #cb ye>s old 9 #ahfd :5 he wrote a %ort lett] to ! editor ( ,n\velles ,annales de ma?matiques 7s]4 #b1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #dad-dae7 9 ,p>is4 ,he call$ att5tion to :at he t]m$ comp\nd compasses1 a class ( l9kages t includ$ ,watt's p>allel motion1 ! pantograph1 & ! pol> planimet]4 ,he propos$ to design l9kages to describe a /raight l9e1 a circle ( any radius no matt] h[ l>ge1 & conic sections1 & he indicat$ 9 8 lett] t he _h arriv$ at a solution4 ,?is lett] /irr$ no p5s 9 reply1 & dur+ ! next #aj ye>s ! problem m]ely l$ to ! fill+ ( a few academic pages by ,peaucelli] & ,amde ,mannheim 7#ahca-aijf71 also a graduate ( ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 a pr(essor ( ma!matics1 & ! design] ( ! ,mannheim slide rule4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahgc1 ,capta9 ,peaucelli] gave 8 solution to ! read]s ( ! ,n\velles ,annales4 ,8 reason+1 :i* has a di/9ct flavor ( discov]y by h9dsight1 0 t s9ce a l9kage g5]ates a curve t c be express$ algebraically1 x mu/ foll[ t any algebraic curve c be g5]at$ by a suitable l9kage--x 0 only necess>y to f9d ! suitable l9kage4 ,he !n gave a neat geometric pro(1 sugge/$ by ,mannheim1 = 8 /raight-l9e comp\nd compass4#db ,footnote #db3 ,*>les-,ni*olas ,peaucelli]1 ,note sur une "q de geomtrie de compas1 ,n\velles ,annales de ma?matiques1 #ahgc1 s]4 #b1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ga-gh4 ,a sket* ( ,mannheim's "w is 9 ,florian ,cajori1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,log>i?mic ,slide ,rule1 ,new ,york1 ab\t #aiaj1 repr9t$ 9 ,/r+ ,figures & ,o!r ,monographs1 ,new ,york1 ,*elsea ,publi%+ ,company1 #aifj4 ,on a ,friday ev5+ 9 ,janu>y #ahgd ,albem>le ,/reet 9 ,london 0 fill$ ) c>riages1 ea* maneuv]+ to unload its *>ge ( g5tlem5 & _! ladies at ! door ( ! v5]able hall ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,amid/ a mighty ru/l+ ( silks1 ! elegant cr[d made its way to ! auditorium = "o ( ! fam\s weekly lectures4 ,! speak] on ?is occasion 0 ,james ,joseph ,sylve/]1 a small int5se man ) an enorm\s head1 sometime pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 9 ,am]ica1 & m rec5tly at ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy 9 ,woolwi*4 ,he spoke f ! same ro/rum t _h be5 occupi$ by ,davy1 ,f>aday1 ,tyndall1 ,maxwell1 & _m o!r notable sci5ti/s4 ,pr(essor ,sylve/]'s subject 0 ,rec5t ,discov]ies 9 ,me*anical ,conv]sion ( ,motion4#dc ,footnote #dc3 ,sylve/]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #da71 pp4 #agi-aih4 ,x appe>s f a comm5t 9 ?is lecture t ,sylve/] 0 responsible = ! ^w l9kage4 ,accord+ to ,sylve/]1 a l9kage consi/s ( an ev5 numb] ( l9ks1 a l9k-"w ( an odd numb]4 ,s9ce ! fix$ memb] 0 n consid]$ z a l9k by ,sylve/]1 ?is di/9ction became utt]ly confus+ :5 ,reuleaux's "w 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgf4 ,al?\gh l9k 0 us$ by ,watt 9 a pat5t specification1 x is n probable t he ev] us$ ! t]m l9k-"w--at any rate1 my se>* = 8 use ( x has be5 fruitless4 ,l9k "w is us$ by ,willis 7op4 cit4 footnote #ba71 b ! t]m mo/ likely did n orig9ate ) him4 ,i h n f\nd ! ^w l9kage us$ e>li] ?an ,sylve/]4 ,rem>k+ ^u ! popul> appeal ( mo/ ( ! lectures1 a contempor>y obs]v] not$ t :ile _m li/5]s might pref] to he> ,pr(essor ,tyndall exp\nd on ! ac\/ic opacity ( ! atmosph]e1 ^? ( a high] & dri] turn ( m9d exp]i5ce ineffable delight :5 ,pr(essor ,sylve/] holds =? on ! conv]sion ( circul> into p>allel motion4#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,b]n>d ,h4 ,beck]1 ,sci5tific ,london1 ,london1 #ahgd1 pp4 #de1 #ej1 #ea4 ,sylve/]'s aim 0 to br+ ! ,peaucelli] l9kage to ! notice ( ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 z x _h be5 br\ght to 8 att5tion by ,*eby%ev--dur+ a rec5t visit ( ! ,russian to ,engl&--& to give 8 li/5]s "s insight into ! va/ness ( ! field t he saw op5$ by ! discov]y ( ! ,fr5* soldi]4#de ,footnote #de3 ,sylve/]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #da71 p4 #ahc2 ,nature1 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahgc1 vol4 #i1 p4 #cc4 ,! p]fect p>allel motion ( ,peaucelli] looks s simple1 he obs]v$1 & moves s easily t p :o see x at "w almo/ univ]sally express a/oni%m5t t x wait$ s long to be discov]$4 ,b t 0 n 8 reaction at all4 ,! m "o reflects ^u ! problem1 ,sylve/] cont9u$1 he wond]s ! m t x 0 ev] f\nd out1 & c see no reason :y x %\ld h be5 discov]$ = a hundr$ ye>s to come4 ,view$ a priori !re 0 no?+ to lead up to x4 ,x be>s n ! remote/ analogy 7except 9 ! fact ( a d\ble c5tr+7 to ,watt's p>allel motion or any ( its prog5y4#df ,footnote #df3 ,sylve/]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #da71 p4 #aha4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out1 p>5!tically at lea/1 t ,james ,watt _h n only _h to solve ! problem z be/ he c\ld1 b t he _h no inkl+1 s f> z exp]i5ce 0 conc]n$1 t a solvable problem exi/$4 ,sylve/] int]rupt$ 8 panegyric long en\gh to enum]ate "s ( ! practical results ( ! ,peaucelli] l9kage4 ,he said t ,mr4 ,p5rose1 ! em95t ar*itect & surveyor to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 _h put up a h\se-pump work$ by a negative ,peaucelli] cell1 to ! great wond]m5t ( ! plumb] employ$1 :o c\ld h>dly believe 8 s5ses :5 he saw ! sl+ atta*$ to ! pi/on-rod mov+ 9 a true v]tical l9e1 in/ead ( wobbl+ z usual f side to side4 ,sylve/] c\ld see no reason :y ! p]fect p>allel motion %\ld n be employ$ ) equal advantage 9 ! con/ruction ( ord9>y wat]-closets4 ,! l9kage 0 to be employ$ by a g5tleman ( =tune 9 a m>9e eng9e = 8 ya*t1 & !re 0 talk ( us+ x to guide a pi/on rod 9 c]ta9 ma*9]y connect$ ) "s new app>atus = ! v5tilation & filtration ( ! air ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 due c\rse1 ,mr4 ,prim1 eng9e] to ! ,h\ses1 0 pleas$ to %[ 8 adaptation ( ! ,peaucelli] l9kage to 8 new bl[+ eng9es1 :i* prov$ to be exceptionally quiet 9 _! op]ation 7fig4 #be74dg ,a bit on ! ludicr\s side1 also1 0 ,sylve/]'s #gh-;b> l9kage t trac$ a /raight l9e along ! l9e connect+ ! two fix$ c5t]s ( ! l9kage4#dh ,footnote #dg3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aic4 ,footnote #dh3 ,kempe1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ba71 p4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--,mr4 ,prim's bl[+ eng9e us$ = v5tilat+ ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 #ahgg4 ,! cros%ead ( ! reciprocat+ air pump is guid$ by a ,peaucelli] l9kage %[n at ! c5t]4 ,! slate-l9$ air cyl9d]s _h rubb]-flap inlet & exhau/ valves & a pi/on ^: p]iph]y 0 =m$ by two r[s ( bru% bri/les4 ,prim's ma*9e 0 driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 ,photograph by ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london4 ,be=e dismiss+ ) a smile ! qua9t ideas ( our ,victorian =be>s1 h[ev]1 x is well to ask1 #hh ye>s lat]1 :e!r "s r elaborate "w report$ rec5tly on ! syn!sis ( /raight-l9e me*anisms is m to ! po9t1 :5 ! pr9cipal objective appe>s to be ! mov+ ( an indicator on a pleas+1 exp&$ 7i4e41 squa%$ flat7 radio dial4#di ,footnote #di3 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,decemb] #aied1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #baj4 ,b ,pr(essor ,sylve/] 0 m int]e/$1 really1 9 ! ma!matical possibilities ( ! ,peaucelli] l9kage1 z no d\bt our mod]n inve/igators are4 ,?r\gh a comp\nd+ ( ,peaucelli] me*anisms1 he _h already devis$ squ>e-root & cube-root extractors1 an angle trisector1 & a quadratic-b9omial root extractor1 & he c\ld see no limits to ! comput+ abilities ( l9kages z yet undiscov]$4#ej ,footnote #ej3 ,sylve/]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #da71 p4 #aia4 ,sylve/] recall$ fondly1 9 a footnote to 8 lecture1 8 exp]i5ce ) a little me*anical model ( ! ,peaucelli] l9kage at an e>li] d9n] meet+ ( ! ,philosophical ,club ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! ,peaucelli] model _h be5 greet$ by ! memb]s ) lively expressions ( admiration :5 x 0 br\ght 9 ) ! dess]t1 to be se5 by !m aft] d9n]1 z is ! laudable cu/om among memb]s ( t em95t body 9 mak+ kn[n to ea* o!r ! late/ sci5tific novelties4 ,& ,sylve/] w\ld nev] =get ! reaction ( 8 brilliant fri5d ,sir ,william ,?omson 7lat] ,"l ,kelv97 ^u be+ h&$ ! same model 9 ! ,a!naeum ,club4 ,aft] ,sir ,william _h op]at$ x = a "t1 ,sylve/] rea*$ = ! model1 b he 0 rebuff$ by ! exclamation ,no6 ,i h n _h ne>ly en\gh ( x--x is ! mo/ beautiful ?+ ,i h ev] se5 9 my life4#ea ,footnote #ea3 ,ibid41 p4 #ahc4 ,! aft]ma? ( ,pr(essor ,sylve/]'s p]=mance at ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 consid]able excitem5t among/ a limit$ company ( int]e/$ ma!maticians4 ,_m alt]natives to ! ,peaucelli] /raight-l9e l9kage 7 sugge/$ by sev]al writ]s ( pap]s = le>n$ j\rnals4#eb ,footnote #eb3 ,= a summ>y ( developm5ts & ref]5ces1 see ,kempe1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ba71 pp4 #di-ea4 ,two ( ,h>t's six-l9k exact /raight-l9e l9kages ref]r$ to by ,kempe are illu/rat$ 9 ,h5ry ,m4 ,cundy & ,a4 ,p4 ,rollett1 ,ma!matical ,models1 ,ox=d1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aieb1 pp4 #bjd-bje4 ,peaucelli]'s l9kage 0 ( eight l9ks4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahgf1 aft] ,sylve/] _h dep>t$ f ,engl& to take up 8 po/ z pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! new ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity 9 ,baltimore1 ,alfr$ ,bray ,kempe1 a "y b>ri/] :o pursu$ ma!matics z a hobby1 deliv]$ at ,london's ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum a lecture ) ! provocative title ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e4#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,kempe1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ba71 p4 #bf4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ! ,peaucelli] l9kage1 ,kempe belabor$ ! po9t t a p]fect circle c\ld be g5]at$ by means ( a pivot$ b> & a p5cil1 :ile ! g5]ation ( a /raight l9e 0 mo/ difficult if n impossible until ,capta9 ,peaucelli] came along4 ,a /raight l9e c\ld be drawn along a /raight edge2 b h[ 0 "o to det]m9e :e!r ! /raight edge 0 /raight8 ,he did n weak5 8 argum5t by sugge/+ ! obvi\s possibility ( us+ a piece ( /r+4 ,kempe _h collaborat$ ) ,sylve/] 9 pursu+ ! latt]'s fir/ ?\ghts on ! subject1 & "o result1 t to my m9d exemplifies ! g5]al direction ( _! ?9k+1 0 ! ,sylve/]-,kempe p>allel motion 7fig4 #bf74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--,sylve/]-,kempe translat+ l9kage1 #ahgg4 ,! upp] & l[] plates rema9 p>allel & equidi/ant4 ,f ,a4 ,b4 ,kempe1 ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e 7,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #cg74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4--;,gasp>d ,monge 7#agdf-ahah71 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique f #agid & f\nd] ( ! academic discipl9e ( ma*9e k9ematics1 ,f ,livre du ,c5t5aire1 #agid-ahid1 ,ecole ,polyte*nique 7,p>is1 #ahie1 vol4 #a1 frontispiece74 ,en?usia/ic z ,kempe 01 h[ev]1 he inject$ an apologetic note 9 8 lecture4 ,t ^! results are valuable _c ,i ?9k be d\bt$1 he said1 ?\gh x may well be t _! great beauty has l$ "s to attribute to !m an importance :i* !y d n really possess4444 ,he w5t on to say t #ej ye>s e>li]1 be=e ! great improvem5ts 9 ! production ( true plane surfaces1 ! /raight-l9e me*anisms w\ld h be5 m important ?an 9 #ahgf1 b he add$ t l9kages h n at pres5t1 ,i ?9k1 be5 suffici5tly put be=e ! me*anician to enable u to say :at value %\ld really be set ^u !m4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,ibid41 pp4 #f-g4 ,i h n pursu$ ! matt] ( cognate l9kages 7! ,watt & ,evans l9kages are cognates7 because ! ,rob]ts-,*eby%ev !orem escap$ my e>li] se>*1 z x _h app>5tly escap$ mo/ o!rs until #aieh4 ,see ,r4 ,s4 ,h>t5b]g & ,j4 ,d5avit1 ,! ,fecund ,f\r-,b>1 ,transactions ( ! ,fif? ,conf]5ce on ,me*anisms1 ,clevel&1 ,p5ton ,publi%+ ,company1 #aieh1 pp4 #aid-bjf1 repr9t$ 9 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,april #af1 #aiei1 vol4 #ca1 pp4 #adi-aeb4 ,see also ,a4 ,e4 ,r4 de ,jonge1 ,! ,correlation ( ,h+$ ,f\r-,b> ,/raight-,l9e ,motion ,devices by ,means ( ! ,rob]ts ,!orem & a ,new ,pro( ( ! ,latt]1 ,annals ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,m>* #ah1 #aifj1 vol4 #hd1 art4 #c1 pp4 #ge-ade 7publi%$ sep>ately74 ,x 0 dur+ ?is same summ] ( #ahgf1 at ! ,loan ,exhibition ( ,sci5tific ,app>atus 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 t ! "w ( ,franz ,reuleaux1 :i* 0 to h an important & la/+ influ5ce on k9ematics ev]y:]e1 0 fir/ introduc$ to ,engli% eng9e]s4 ,"s #cjj beautifully con/ruct$ tea*+ aids1 kn[n z ! ,b]l9 k9ematic models1 7 loan$ to ! exhibition by ! ,royal ,indu/rial ,s*ool 9 ,b]l91 ( :i* ,reuleaux 0 ! director4 ,^! models 7 us$ by ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,k5n$y ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 to help expla9 ,reuleaux's new & revolution>y !ory ( ma*9es4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,k5n$y1 ,! ,b]l9 ,k9ematic ,models1 ,eng9e]+1 ,septemb] #ae1 #ahgf1 vol4 #bb1 pp4 #bci-bdj4 ,s*ol>s & ,ma*9es ,:51 9 #ahbi1 ,&r-,m>ie ,ampre 7#agge-ahcf7 0 call$ ^u to prep>e a c\rse 9 !oretical & exp]im5tal physics = ! ,collge de ,france1 he fir/ set ab\t det]m9+ ! limits ( ! field ( physics4 ,?is ex]cise sugge/$ to 8 wide-rang+ intellect n only ! def9ition ( physics b ! classification ( all human k4 ,he prep>$ 8 s*eme ( classification1 tri$ x out on 8 physics /ud5ts1 f\nd x incomplete1 return$ to 8 /udy1 & produc$ f9ally a two-volume "w :]e9 ! prov9ce ( k9ematics 0 fir/ m>k$ out = all to see & consid]4#ef ,only a few l9es c\ld be devot$ to s specializ$ a bran* z k9ematics1 b ,ampre manag$ to capture ! c5tral idea ( ! subject4 ,footnote #ef3 ,&r-,m>ie ,ampre1 ,essai sur la philosophie des sci5ces1 une exposition analytique d'une classification naturelle de t\tes les connaissances huma9es1 #b vols41 ,p>is1 #ahch 7= orig9 ( ! project1 see vol4 #a1 pp4 v1 xv74 ,c9matique 7f ! ,greek ^w = movem5t7 01 accord+ to ,ampre1 ! sci5ce 9 :i* movem5ts are consid]$ 9 !mselves indep5d5t ( ! =ces :i* produce !m1 z we obs]ve !m 9 solid bodies all ab\t u1 & especially 9 ! assemblages call$ ma*9es4#eg ,k9ematics1 z ! /udy soon came to be kn[n 9 ,engli%1#eh 0 "o ( ! two bran*es ( elem5t>y me*anics1 ! o!r be+ /atics4 ,footnote #eg3 ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ea-eb4 ,footnote #eh3 ,willis 7op4 cit4 footnote #ba7 adopt$ ! ^w k9ematics1 & ?is ,anglicization subsequ5tly became ! /&>d t]m = ?is bran* ( me*anics4 ,9 8 def9ition ( k9ematics1 ,ampre /at$ :at ! faculty ( ma!matics at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 9 ,p>is1 _h be5 grop+ t[>d s9ce ! s*ool's op5+ "s #dj ye>s e>li]4 ,! /udy ( me*anisms z an intellectual discipl9e mo/ c]ta9ly _h its orig9 on ! left bank ( ! ,se9e1 9 ?is s*ool spawn$1 z sugge/$ by "o ,fr5* hi/orian1#ei by ! great ,encyclopdie ( ,did]ot & d',alemb]t4 ,footnote #ei3 ,g4 ,p9et1 ,hi/oire de l',ecole ,polyte*nique1 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 pp4 viii-ix4 ,9 _! =?com+ book on k9ematic syn!sis1 ,r4 ,s4 ,h>t5b]g & ,j4 ,d5avit w trace ! g]m9al ideas ( ,jacob ,leupold & ,leonh>d ,eul] ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,because ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique _h su* a f>-rea*+ influ5ce ^u ! po9t ( view f :i* me*anisms 7 contemplat$ by s*ol>s = ne>ly a c5tury aft] ! "t ( ,watt1 & by compil]s ( diction>ies ( me*anical movem5ts = an ev5 long] "t1 x is well to look = a mom5t at ! e>ly "w t 0 done !re4 ,if "o is int]e/$ 9 orig9s1 x might be pr(itable = him to inve/igate ! milit>y s*ool 9 ! anci5t t[n ( ,mzires1 ab\t #aej miles nor!a/ ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 "h t ,laz>e ,c>not1 "o ( ! pr9cipal f\nd]s ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 9 #aghc publi%$ 8 essay on ma*9es1#fj :i* 0 conc]n$1 among o!r ?+s1 ) %[+ ! impossibility ( p]petual motion2 & x 0 f ,mzires t ,gasp>d ,monge & ,jean ,ha*ette#fa came to ,p>is to "w out ! sy/em ( me*anism classification t has come to be associat$ ) ! names ( ,lanz & ,btanc\rt4 ,footnote #fj3 ,laz>e ,n4 ,m4 ,c>not1 ,essai sur les ma*9es en gnral1 ,mzires1 #aghc 7lat] publi%$ z ,pr9cipes fondam5taux de l'equilibre et du m\vem5t1 ,p>is1 #ahjc74 ,footnote #fa3 ,biographical notices ( ,monge & ,ha*ette appe> 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ed4 #aa4 ,see also ,l',ecole ,polyte*nique1 ,livre du ,c5t5aire1 ,p>is1 #ahie1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aa;ff4 ,gasp>d ,monge 7#agdf-ahah71 :o :ile a draftsman at ,mzires orig9at$ ! me?ods ( descriptive geometry1 came to ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique z pr(essor ( ma!matics ^u its f\nd+ 9 #agid1 ! second ye> ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,accord+ to ,jean ,nicolas ,pi]re ,ha*ette 7#agfi-ahcd71 :o 0 junior to ,monge 9 ! dep>tm5t ( descriptive geometry1 ,monge plann$ to give a two-mon?s' c\rse devot$ to ! elem5ts ( ma*9es4 ,hav+ b>ely gott5 8 dep>tm5t "u way1 h[ev]1 ,monge became involv$ 9 ,napoleon's ambiti\s sci5tific mission to ,egypt &1 tak+ leave ( 8 family & 8 /ud5ts1 emb>k$ = ! di/ant %ores4 ,be+ left 9 *>ge1 wrote ,ha*ette1 ,i prep>$ ! c\rse ( :i* ,monge _h giv5 only ! fir/ idea1 & ,i pursu$ ! /udy ( ma*9es 9 ord] to analyze & classify !m1 & to relate geometrical & me*anical pr9ciples to _! con/ruction4 ,*anges ( curriculum delay$ introduction ( ! c\rse until #ahjf1 & n until #ahaa 0 8 textbook ready1 b ! outl9e ( 8 ideas 0 pres5t$ to 8 classes 9 *>t =m 7fig4 #bh74 ,?is *>t 0 ! fir/ ( ! widely popul> synoptical tables ( me*anical movem5ts4#fb ,footnote #fb3 ,jean ,n4 ,p4 ,ha*ette1 ,trait lm5taire des ma*9es1 ,p>is1 #ahaa1 p4 v4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4--;,ha*ette's synoptic *>t ( elem5t>y me*anisms1 #ahjh4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( _m *>ts ( me*anical movem5ts t enjoy$ wide popul>ity = ov] #ajj ye>s4 ,f ,jean ,n4 ,p4 ,ha*ette1 ,trait lm5taire des ,ma*9es 7,p>is1 #ahaa1 pl4 #a74 ,ha*ette classifi$ all me*anisms by consid]+ ! conv]sion ( "o motion into ano!r4 ,8 elem5t>y motions 7 cont9u\s circul>1 alt]nat+ circul>1 cont9u\s rectil9e>1 & alt]nat+ rectil9e>4 ,comb9+ "o motion ) ano!r--= example1 a treadle & crank conv]t$ alt]nat+ circul> to cont9u\s circul> motion--he devis$ a sy/em t suppli$ a frame ( ref]5ce = ! /udy ( me*anisms4 ,9 ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t1 ,ha*ette's treatise1 9 ! orig9al ,fr5*1 0 us$ z a textbook 9 #ahbd1 & p]haps e>li]4#fc ,footnote #fc3 ,?is "w 0 among ! books s5t back by ,sylvanus ,?ay] :5 he visit$ ,france 9 #ahaf to obs]ve ! education ( ! ,fr5* army cadets4 ,?ay]'s visit result$ 9 8 adopt+ ! philosophy ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique 9 8 reorganization ( ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y ,academy &1 incid5tally1 9 8 inclusion ( ,ha*ette's c\rse 9 ! ,academy's curriculum 7,u4,s4 ,congress1 ,am]ican ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahcb-ahfa1 ,class v1 ,milit>y ,affairs1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ffa3 ,sidney ,=man1 ,we/ ,po9t1 ,new ,york1 #aiej1 pp4 #cf-fj74 ,!re is a collection ( miscellane\s pap]s 7index$ "u ,sylvanus ,?ay] & ,william ,mc,ree1 ,u4,s4 ,national ,ar*ives1 ,,rg #gg1 ,(fice1 ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 ,boxes #a & #f7 p]ta9+ to ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y ,academy ( ?is p]iod1 b ,i f\nd no m5tion ( k9ematics 9 ?is collection4 ,lanz & ,btanc\rt1 s*ol>s f ,spa9 at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 plugg$ "s ( ! gaps 9 ,ha*ette's sy/em by add+ cont9u\s & alt]nat+ curvil9e> motion1 :i* d\bl$ ! numb] ( comb9ations to be treat$1 b ! advance ( _! "w ov] t ( ,ha*ette 0 "o ( degree r ?an ( k9d4#fd ,footnote #fd3 ,phillipe ,l\is ,lanz & ,augu/9 de ,btanc\rt1 ,essai sur la composition des ma*9es1 ,p>is1 #ahjh4 ,ha*ette's *>t & an outl9e ( 8 elem5t>y c\rse on ma*9es is b\nd ) ! ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,libr>y copy ( ! ,lanz & ,btanc\rt "w4 ,?is copy probably repres5ts ! fir/ textbook ( k9ematics4 ,btanc\rt 0 born 9 #agfj 9 ,t5]iffe1 att5d$ ! milit>y s*ool 9 ,madrid1 & became inspector-g5]al ( ,spani% roads & canals4 ,he 0 9 ,engl& be=e #aghi1 le>n+ h[ to build ,watt eng9es1 & he introduc$ ! eng9es to ,p>is 9 #agij 7see ,f>ey1 op4 cit41 p4 #fee74 ,he ent]$ ,russian s]vice 9 #ahjh & di$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #ahbf ,j4 ,c4 ,pogg5dorff1 ,biographis*es-lit]>is*es ,h&wrt]bu* fr ,ma!matik 4441 ,leipzig1 #ahfc1 vol4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4--,rob]t ,willis 7#ahjj-ahge71 ,jacksonian ,pr(essor1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 & au?or ( ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism1 "o ( ! l&m>k books 9 ! developm5t ( k9ematics ( me*anisms4 ,photo c\rtesy ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,giuseppe ,antonio ,borgnis1 an ,italian eng9e] & memb] ( _m academies & pr(essor ( me*anics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia 9 ,italy1 9 8 monum5tal1 n9e-volume ,trait complet de m*anique applique aux arts1 caus$ a bifurcation ( ! /ructure built ^u ,ha*ette's f\ndation ( classification :5 he introduc$ six ord]s ( ma*9e elem5ts & subdivid$ ^! into classes & species4 ,8 six ord]s 7 rcepteurs 7receiv]s ( motion f ! prime mov]71 communicateurs1 modificateurs 7modifi]s ( velocity71 supports 7e4g41 be>+s71 regulateurs 7e4g41 gov]nors71 & op]ateurs1 :i* produc$ ! f9al effect4#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,giuseppe ,antonio ,borgnis1 ,?orie de la mcanique usuelle 9 ,trait complet de mcanique applique aux arts1 ,p>is1 #ahah1 vol4 #a1 pp4 xiv-xvi4 ,! brilliant ,gasp>d-,gu/ave de ,coriolis 7#agib-ahdc7--rememb]$ ma9ly = a pap] ( a doz5 pages expla9+ ! nature ( ! accel]ation t be>s 8 "n#ff--0 ano!r graduate ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique :o wrote on ! subject ( ma*9es4 ,8 book1#fg publi%$ 9 #ahbi1 0 provok$ by 8 recognition t ! design] ( ma*9es ne$$ m k ?an 8 und]graduate "w at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique 0 likely to give him4 ,al?\gh he embrac$ a "p ( ,borgnis' approa*1 adopt+ rcepteurs1 communicateurs1 & op]ateurs1 ,coriolis indicat$ by ! title ( 8 book t he 0 m conc]n$ ) =ces ?an ) relative displacem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! attractively simple ?ree-elem5t s*eme ( ,coriolis became well fix$ 9 ,fr5* ?9k+4#fh ,footnote #ff3 ,gasp>d-,gu/ave de ,coriolis1 ,memoire sur les equations du m\vem5t relatif des sy/mes de corps1 ,j\rnal de l',ecole ,polyte*nique1 #ahce1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #adb-aed4 ,footnote #fg3 ,gasp>d-,gu/ave de ,coriolis1 ,de ,calcul de l'effet des ma*9es1 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 ,9 ?is book ,coriolis propos$ ! n[ g5]ally accept$ equation1 "w =ce di/ance 7pp4 iii1 #b74 ,footnote #fh3 ,! r5[n$ ,jean ,victor ,poncelet l5t weight to ?is s*eme4 7,see ,franz ,reuleaux1 ,!oretis*e ,k9ematik3 ,grundzge e9] ,!orie des ,mas*95wes5s1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahge1 translat$ by ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,k5n$y z ,! ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y3 ,outl9es ( a ,!ory ( ,ma*9es1 ,london1 #ahgf1 pp4 #aa1 #dhg4 ,i h us$ ! ,k5n$y translation 9 ! ,reuleaux ref]5ces ?r\gh\t ! pres5t "w47 ,mi*el ,*asles 7#agic-ahhj71 ano!r graduate ( ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 contribut$ "s incisive ideas 9 8 pap]s on in/ant c5t]s#fi publi%$ dur+ ! #ahcj's1 b _! trem5d\s importance 9 k9ematic analysis 0 n recogniz$ until mu* lat]4 ,footnote #fi3 ,! in/ant c5t] 0 probably fir/ recogniz$ by ,jean ,b]n\lli 7#affg-agdh7 9 8 ,de ,c5tro ,spontaneo ,rotationis 7,johannis ,b]n\lli 444 ,op]a ,omnia 4441 ,lausanne1 #agdb1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bfe;ff474 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--;,franz ,reuleaux 7#ahbi-aije74 ,8 ,!oretis*e ,k9ematik1 publi%$ 9 #ahge1 provid$ ! basis = mod]n k9ematic analysis4 ,photo c\rtesy ,deuts*es ,museum1 ,muni*4 ,act+ ^u ,ampre's cle> exposition ( ! prov9ce ( k9ematics & exclud+1 z ,ampre _h done1 ! consid]ation ( =ces1 an ,engli%man1 ,rob]t ,willis1 made ! next giant /ride =w>d 9 ! analysis ( me*anisms4 ,willis 0 #cg ye>s old 9 #ahcg :5 he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( natural & exp]im5tal philosophy at ,cambridge4 ,9 ! same ye> ,pr(essor ,willis--a man ( prodigi\s en]gy & indu/ry & an au?ority on ar*eology & ar*itectural hi/ory z well z me*anisms--read 8 important pap] ,on ! ,tee? ( ,:eels be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s#gj & comm5c$ at ,cambridge 8 lectures on k9ematics ( me*anisms t culm9at$ 9 8 #ahda book ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4#ga ,footnote #gj3 ,rob]t ,willis1 ,on ! ,tee? ( ,:eels1 ,transactions ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s ( ,london1 #ahch1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #hi-aab4 ,footnote #ga3 ,willis1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ba74 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( its own] 7,mr4 ,w>r5 ,g4 ,ogd5 ( ,nor? ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts71 ,i h _h access to ,willis' own copy ( 8 #ahda edition ( ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4 ,! book is int]leav$1 & x conta9s notes made by ,willis f "t to "t until at lea/ #ahgj1 :5 ! second edition 0 issu$4 ,corrections1 em5dations1 notations ( "s ( 8 s\rces 7= example1 ! ,de ,voglie l9kage m5tion$ 9 footnote #ce above71 notes to himself to exam9e ! g5]al case & exam9e ! mod]n =ms ( /raight-l9e devices are int]sp]s$ ) ref]5ces to au?ors t _h borr[$ f 8 "w )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,( "o au?or ,willis writes an indignant ,he ignores my "w4 ,x seem$ cle> to ,willis t ! problem ( devis+ a me*anism = a giv5 purpose ought to be attack$ sy/ematically1 p]haps ma!matically1 9 ord] to det]m9e all ! =ms & arrangem5ts t are applicable to ! desir$ purpose1 f :i* ! design] might select ! simple/ or mo/ suitable comb9ation4 ,at pres5t1 he wrote1 que/ions ( ?is k9d c only be solv$ by t species ( intuition :i* long famili>ity ) a subject usually conf]s ^u exp]i5c$ p]sons1 b :i* !y are totally unable to communicate to o!rs4 ,9 analyz+ ! process by :i* a ma*9e 0 design$1 ,willis obs]v$3 ,:5 ! m9d ( a me*anician is occupi$ ) ! contrivance ( a ma*9e1 he mu/ wait until1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 m$itations1 "s happy comb9ation pres5ts itself to 8 m9d :i* may answ] 8 purpose4 ,he v5tur$ ! op9ion t at ?is /age ( ! design process ! motions ( ! ma*9e are ! pr9cipal subject ( contemplation1 r ?an ! =ces appli$ to x1 or ! "w x has to d4 ,!re=e he 0 prep>$ to adopt )\t res]vation ,ampre's view ( k9ematics1 &1 if possible1 to make ! sci5ce useful to eng9e]s by /at+ pr9ciples t c\ld be appli$ )\t hav+ to fit ! problem at h& into ! framework ( ! sy/ems ( classification & description t _h gone be=e4 ,he apprais$ ! celebrat$ sy/em ( ,lanz & ,btanc\rt z a m]ely popul> arrangem5t1 not)/&+ ! app>5tly sci5tific simplicity ( ! s*eme4 ,he reject$ ?is s*eme because no attempt is made to subject ! motions to calculation1 or to r$uce ^! laws to g5]al =mulas1 = :i* inde$ ! sy/em is totally unfitt$4 ,borgnis _h done a bett] job1 ,willis ?\ght1 9 actually describ+ ma*9]y1 ) 8 ord]s bas$ ^u ! functions ( ma*9e elem5ts or me*anisms )9 ! ma*9e1 b aga9 !re 0 no means sugge/$ by :i* ! k9ematics ( me*anisms c\ld be sy/ematically inve/igat$4 ,al?\gh ,willis comm5c$ 8 treatise ) yet ano!r synoptical table ( ! elem5t>y comb9ations ( pure me*anism1 8 view %ift$ quickly f description to analysis4 ,he 0 consi/5t 9 8 pursuit ( analytical me?ods = pure me*anism1 es*ew+ any excursions into ! realm ( =ces & absolute velocities4 ,he grasp$ ! important concept ( relative displacem5ts ( ma*9e elem5ts1 & bas$ 8 treatm5t ^u ! proportions & relations betwe5 ! velocities & directions ( ! pieces1 & n ^u _! actual & sep>ate motions4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid41 pp4 iv1 x-xii1 xxi1 #ae4 ,t he did n succe$ 9 develop+ ! =mulas t w\ld enable ! /ud5t to det]m9e all ! =ms & arrangem5ts t are applicable to ! desir$ purpose--t he did n pres5t a rational approa* to syn!sis--is n to be wond]$ at4 ,well ov] a c5tury lat] we /ill are nibbl+ at ! fr+es ( ! problem4 ,willis did1 none!less1 give ! ?\ghtful read] a glimpse ( ! mo/ p[]ful tool = k9ematic syn!sis t has yet be5 devis$2 namely1 k9ematic analysis1 9 :i* ! argum5t is conf9$ to ! relative displacem5ts ( po9ts on l9ks ( a me*anism1 & ?r\gh :i* ! design] may grasp ! nature ( ! means at 8 disposal = ! solution ( any p>ticul> problem4 ,z rem>k$ by ,reuleaux a g5]ation lat]1 !re 0 mu* 9 ,pr(essor ,willis's book t 0 wrong1 b x 0 an orig9al1 ?\ghtful "w t dep>t$ 9 _s if n always 9 me?od f its pr$ecessors4 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism 0 a prom95t l&m>k along ! road to a rational discipl9e ( ma*9e-k9ematics4 ,a ph5om5al eng9e] ( ! #ai? c5tury 0 ! ,scotti% pr(essor ( civil eng9e]+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 ,william ,john ,mac,quorn ,rank9e4 ,al?\gh he 0 at ! ,univ]sity = only #ag ye>s--he di$ at ! age ( #eb1 9 #ahgb--;he turn$ out dur+ t "t f\r ?ick manuals on su* div]se subjects z civil eng9e]+1 %ip-build+1 !rmodynamics1 & ma*9]y & mill-"w1 9 addition to lit]ally hundr$s ( pap]s1 articles1 & notes = sci5tific j\rnals & ! te*nical press4 ,end[$ ) app>5tly b\ndless en]gy1 he f\nd "t f 8 /udies to comm& a battalion ( rifle volunte]s & to compose & s+ comic & patriotic songs4 ,8 manuals1 (t5 us$ z textbooks1 7 widely circulat$ & w5t ?r\gh _m editions4 ,rank9e's "w _h a pr(\nd effect ^u ! practice ( eng9e]+ by sett+ out pr9ciples 9 a =m t c\ld be grasp$ by p :o 7 dismay$ by ! treatm5t usually f\nd 9 ! le>n$ j\rnals4 ,:5 ,rank9e's book titl$ ,a ,manual ( ,ma*9]y & ,millwork 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfi x 0 accurately *>act]iz$ by a review] z deal+ ) ! pr9ciples ( ma*9]y & millworks1 & z su* x is entirely di/9ct f o!r works on ! same subject :i* treat m ( ! practical applications ( su* pr9ciples ?an ( ! pr9ciples !mselves4#gc ,footnote #gc3 ,eng9e]+1 ,london1 ,augu/ #ac1 #ahfi1 vol4 #h1 p4 #aaa4 ,rank9e borr[$ :at appe>$ useful f ,willis' ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism & f o!r s\rces4 ,8 treatm5t ( k9ematics 0 n z closely reason$ z ! lat] treatises ( ,reuleaux & ,k5n$y1 :i* w be consid]$ bel[4 ,rank9e did1 h[ev]1 = ! fir/ "t %[ ! utility ( in/ant c5t]s 9 velocity analysis1 al?\gh he made use only ( ! in/ant c5t]s involv+ ! fix$ l9k ( a l9kage4 ,l o!rs be=e him1 he consid]$ ! fix$ l9k ( a me*anism z some?+ q diff]5t f ! movable l9ks1 & he did n p]ceive ! possibilities op5$ up by det]m9+ ! in/ant c5t] ( two movable l9ks4 ,_m o!r books deal+ ) me*anisms 7 publi%$ dur+ ! middle ?ird ( ! c5tury1 b none ( !m _h a disc]nible influ5ce ^u ! advance ( k9ematical ideas4#gd ,! c5t] ( inquiry _h by ! #ahfj's %ift$ f ,france to ,g]many4 ,only by scatt]$ individuals 9 ,engl&1 ,italy1 & ,france 0 !re any impati5ce ) ! well-e/abli%$1 g5]al und]/&+ ( ! ma*9e-build+ art4 ,footnote #gd3 ,sev]al su* books are ref]r$ to by ,reuleaux1 op4 cit4 7footnote #fh71 pp4 #ab-af4 ,9 ,g]many1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a surge ( indu/rial activity t attract$ "s v able m5 to ! problems ( h[ ma*9es ought to be built4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,f]d9& ,r$t5ba*] 7#ahji-ahfc71 pr(essor ( me*anical eng9e]+ 9 ! polyte*nic s*ool 9 ,k>lsruhe1 n f> f ,heidelb]g4 ,r$t5ba*]1 al?\gh he despair$ ( ! possibility ( f9d+ a true sy/em on :i* to base ! /udy ( me*anisms1 0 nev]!less a factor 9 ! developm5t ( su* a sy/em4 ,he _h "y ,franz ,reuleaux 9 8 classes = two ye>s1 f #ahej4 ,dur+ t "t ! old] man's comm&+ pres5ce1 8 ability z a lectur]1 & 8 infecti\s impati5ce ) ! exi/+ ord] influ5c$ ,reuleaux to foll[ ! s*ol>'s trail t l$ him to em95ce z an au?ority ( ! fir/ rank4#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,see ,c>l ,weihe1 ,franz ,reuleaux und die ,grundlag5 se9] ,k9ematik1 ,deuts*es ,museum1 ,muni*1 ,abh&lung und ,b]i*te1 #aidb1 p4 #b2 ,fri$ri* ,klemm1 ,te*nik3 ,e9e ,ges*i*te ihr] ,probleme1 ,freiburg & ,muni*1 ,v]lag ,k>l ,alb]1 #aied1 translat$ by ,doro!a ,w4 ,s+] z ,a ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,te*nology1 ,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aiei1 p4 #cag4 ,be=e he 0 #be ye>s old ,franz ,reuleaux publi%$1 9 collaboration ) a classmate1 a textbook ^: translat$ title w\ld be ,con/ructive ,lessons = ! ,ma*9e ,%op4#gf ,8 sev]al ye>s 9 ! work%op1 be=e & aft] com+ "u ,r$t5ba*]'s influ5ce1 gave 8 works a practical flavor1 simple & direct4 ,accord+ to "o obs]v]1 ,reuleaux's book exhibit$ a recognition ( ! claims ( practice su* z ,engli%m5 d n g5]ally associate ) ! writ+s ( a ,g]man sci5tific pr(essor4#gg ,footnote #gf3 ,see ,weihe1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ge71 p4 #c2 ,hans ,zopke1 ,pr(essor ,franz ,reuleaux1 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e1 ,decemb] #ahif1 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #acc-aci2 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #aijd-aije1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #hac-hag4 ,footnote #gg3 ,eng9e]+1 ,london1 ,septemb] #h1 #ahgf1 vol4 #bb1 p4 #aig4 ,reuleaux's orig9al ideas on k9ematics1 :i* are responsible = ! way 9 :i* we look at me*anisms today1 7 suffici5tly =m$ 9 #ahfd = him to lecture ^u !m4#gh ,/>t+ 9 #ahga1 he publi%$ 8 f9d+s s]ially 9 ! publication ( ! ,v]e9 zur ,befrd]ung des ,gew]befleisses 9 ,preuss5 7,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,indu/ry 9 ,prussia71 ( :i* he 0 editor4 ,9 #ahge ^! articles 7 br\ght toge!r 9 ! book t e/abli%$ 8 fame--,!oretis*e ,k9ematik4444#gi ,footnote #gh3 ,a4 ,e4 ,ri*>d de ,jonge1 ,:at is ,wrong ) ,k9ematics & ,me*anisms8 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,april #aidb1 vol4 #fd1 pp4 #bgc-bgh 7comm5ts on ?is pap] are 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,octob] #aidb1 vol4 #fd1 pp4 #gdd-gea72 ,zopke1 op4 cit4 7footnote #gf71 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #gi3 ,reuleaux1 op4 cit4 7footnote #fh74 ,?is 0 n ! la/ ( ,reuleaux's books4 ,8 trilogy on k9ematics & ma*9e design is discuss$ by ,de ,jonge1 op4 cit4 7footnote #gh74 ,9 ! introduction ( ?is book1 ,reuleaux wrote3 ,9 ! developm5t ( e exact sci5ce1 its sub/ance hav+ gr[n suffici5tly to make g5]alization possible1 !re is a "t :5 a s]ies ( *anges br+ x into cle>ness4 ,?is "t has mo/ c]ta9ly arriv$ = ! sci5ce ( k9ematics4 ,! numb] ( me*anisms has gr[n almo/ out ( measure1 & ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* !y are appli$ no less4 ,x has become absolutely impossible /ill to hold ! ?read :i* c lead 9 any way ?r\gh ?is labyr9? by ! exi/+ me?ods4#hj ,footnote #hj3 ,reuleaux1 op4 cit4 7footnote #fh71 p4 #bc4 ,reuleaux's confid5ce t x w\ld be 8 own "w t w\ld br+ ord] out ( confusion 0 well f\nd$4 ,8 book _h already be5 translat$ into ,italian & 0 be+ translat$ into ,fr5* :51 only a ye> aft] its publication1 x 0 pres5t$ by ,pr(4 ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,k5n$y 9 ,engli% translation4#ha ,footnote #ha3 ,ibid41 p4 iii4 ,! book 0 en?usia/ically review$ by ! weekly ,london j\rnal ,eng9e]+1#hb & x 0 giv5 l5g?y notice by ! rival j\rnal1 ,! ,eng9e]4 ,! editor ( ,! ,eng9e] ?\ght t ! me*anician w\ld f9d 9 x _m new ideas1 t he w\ld be taught to detect hi!rto hidd5 resemblances1 & t he mu/ "p--reluctantly1 p]haps--) _m ( 8 old notions4 ,b1 add$ ! editor ) consid]able ju/ice1 t he ! me*anician w\ld sudd5ly recognize 9 ,pr(essor ,reuleaux's 'k9ematic notation1' 'analysis1' & 'syn!sis1' ! long-felt want ( 8 pr(essional exi/5ce we d n = a mom5t believe4#hc ,inde$1 ! fre% & %>p ideas ( ,reuleaux 7 some:at cl\d$ by a long 7#fjj-page7 pres5tation2 & 8 k9ematic notation1 :i* requir$ ano!r attempt at classification1 did n simplify ! pres5tation ( radically new ideas4#hd ,footnote #hb3 ,eng9e]+1 loc4 cit4 7footnote #gg74 ,footnote #hc3 ,! ,eng9e]1 ,london1 ,m>* #cj & ,april #ac1 #ahgg1 vol4 #dc1 pp4 #baa-bab1 #bdg-bdh4 ,footnote #hd3 ,x is p]haps significant t ! fir/ pap] ( ! ,fir/ ,conf]5ce on ,me*anisms at ,purdue ,univ]sity 0 ,all5 ,s4 ,hall's ,me*anisms & ,_! ,classification1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,decemb] #aiec1 vol4 #be1 pp4 #agd-ahj4 ,! place ( classification 9 k9ematic syn!sis is sugge/$ 9 ,f]d9& ,freud5/e9's ,tr5ds 9 ,k9ematics ( ,me*anisms1 ,appli$ ,me*anics ,reviews1 ,septemb] #aiei1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ehg-eij4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4--;,alex&] ,blackie ,william ,k5n$y 7#ahdg-aibh71 translator ( ,reuleaux' ,!oretis*e ,k9ematik & discov]] ( ,k5n$y's ,law ( ,?ree ,c5t]s4 ,f ,m9utes ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 7#aijg1 vol4 #afg1 frontispiece74 ,nev]!less1 no e>li] au?or _h se5 ! problem ( k9ematic analysis s cle>ly or _h introduc$ s mu* t 0 fre%1 new1 & ( la/+ value4 ,reuleaux 0 fir/ to /ate ! concept ( ! pair2 by 8 concept ( ! expansion ( pairs he 0 able to %[ simil>ities 9 me*anisms t _h no app>5t relation4 ,he 0 fir/ to recognize t ! fix$ l9k ( a me*anism 0 k9ematically ! same z ! movable l9ks4 ,?is l$ him to ! important notion ( inv]sion ( l9kages1 fix+ successively ! v>i\s l9ks & ?us *ang+ ! function ( ! me*anism4 ,he devot$ #dj pages to %[+1 ) obvi\s delight1 ! k9ematic id5tity ( "o design aft] ano!r ( rot>y /eam eng9es1 demoli%+ = all "t ! fond hopes ( +5i\s b ill-in=m$ inv5tors :o ?9k t improvem5ts & advances 9 me*anism design consi/ 9 contortion & complexity4 ,! *apt] on syn!sis 0 likewise fre%1 b x consi/$ ( a discussion1 n a sy/em2 & ,reuleaux /ress$ ! idea t ,i h m5tion$ above 9 connection ) ,willis' book1 t syn!sis w be successful 9 proportion to ! design]'s und]/&+ & appreciation ( analysis4 ,reuleaux tri$ to put ! design] on ! "r track by %[+ him cle>ly ! ess5tial simplicity ( ! means ) :i* we h to "w & by demon/rat+ to him t ! _m ?+s :i* h to be done c be done ) b few means1 & t ! pr9ciples und]ly+ !m all lie cle>ly be=e u4#he ,footnote #he3 ,reuleaux1 op4 cit4 7footnote #fh71 p4 #ehb4 ,x rema9$ = ,sir ,alex&] ,blackie ,william ,k5n$y 7#ahdg-aibh7 & ,rob]t ,h5ry ,smi? 7#aheb-aiaf7 to add to ,reuleaux's "w ! elem5ts t w\ld give k9ematic analysis ess5tially its mod]n %ape4 ,k5n$y1 ! translator ( ,reuleaux's book1 became pr(essor ( eng9e]+ at ! ,univ]sity ,college 9 ,london 9 #ahgd1 & ev5tually s]v$ z presid5t bo? ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s & ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,smi?1 :o _h taught 9 ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,japan1 0 pr(essor ( eng9e]+ at ,mason ,college1 n[ a "p ( ,birm+ham ,univ]sity1 9 ,engl&4 ,:ile ,reuleaux _h us$ in/ant c5t]s almo/ exclusively = ! con/ruction ( c5trodes 7pa?s ( successive positions ( an in/ant c5t]71 ,pr(essor ,k5n$y recogniz$ t in/ant c5t]s might be us$ 9 velocity analysis4 ,8 book1 ,me*anics ( ,ma*9]y1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhf 7p>tly ?r\gh pressure ( "w & p>tly ?r\gh ill-heal?1 ?is book appe>s only n[74 ,9 x he develop$ ! law ( ?ree c5t]s1 n[ kn[n z ,k5n$y's !orem4 ,he not$ t 8 law ( ?ree c5t]s 0 fir/ giv51 ,i believe1 by ,aronhold1 al?\gh its previ\s publication 0 unkn[n to me until "s ye>s aft] ,i _h giv5 x 9 my lectures4#hf ,9 fact1 ! law _h be5 publi%$ by ,siegfri$ ,he9ri* ,aronhold 7#ahai-ahhd7 9 8 ,outl9e ( ,k9ematic ,geometry1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahgb alongside ,reuleaux's s]ies 9 ! j\rnal t ,reuleaux edit$4 ,app>5tly ,reuleaux did n p]ceive its p>ticul> significance at t "t4#hg ,footnote #hf3 ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,k5n$y1 ,! ,me*anics ( ,ma*9]y1 ed4 #c1 ,london1 #ahih1 pp4 vii1 x4 ,footnote #hg3 ,siegfri$ ,he9ri* ,aronhold1 ,outl9e ( ,k9ematic ,geometry1 ,v]e9 zur ,befrd]ung des ,gew]befleisses 9 ,preuss51 #ahgb1 vol4 #ea1 pp4 #abi-aee4 ,k5n$y's !orem is on pp4 #acg-ach4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4--,rob]t ,h5ry ,smi? 7#aheb-aiaf71 orig9ator ( velocity & accel]ation polygons = k9ematic analysis4 ,photo c\rtesy ! ,libr>ian1 ,birm+ham ,ref]5ce ,libr>y1 ,engl&4 ,k5n$y1 aft] locat+ in/ant c5t]s1 det]m9$ velocities by calculation & accel]ations by graphical diff]5tiation ( velocities1 & he not$ 9 8 preface t he _h be5 unable1 = a v>iety ( reasons1 to make use 9 8 book ( ,smi?'s rec5t "w4 ,pr(essor ,k5n$y at lea/ 0 aw>e ( ,smi?'s surpris+ly advanc$ ideas1 :i* seem to h be5 g5]ally ignor$ by ,am]icans & ,engli%m5 alike4 ,pr(essor ,smi?1 9 a pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahhe1 /at$ cle>ly ! ideas & me?ods = con/ruction ( velocity & accel]ation diagrams ( l9kages4#hh ,= ! fir/ "t1 velocity & accel]ation images ( l9ks 7fig4 #cc7 7 pres5t$4 ,x is un=tunate t ,smi?'s ideas 7 p]mitt$ to langui% = s long a "t4 ,footnote #hh3 ,rob]t ,h4 ,smi?1 ,a ,new ,graphic ,analysis ( ! ,k9ematics ( ,me*anisms1 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #ahhb-ahhe1 vol4 #cb1 pp4 #ejg-eag1 & pl4 #hb4 ,smi? us$ ?is pap] z ! basis = a *apt] 9 8 ,graphics or ! ,art ( ,calculat+ by ,draw+ ,l9es1 ,london1 #ahhi1 pp4 #add-afb4 ,9 a footnote ( 8 pap]1 ,smi? cr$it$ ,fleem+ ,j5k9 7#ahcc-ahhe7 ) sugge/+ ! t]m image4 ,aft] disc>d+ z practically useless ,k5n$y's graphical diff]5tiation1 ,smi? compla9$ t he _h fail$ to f9d any practical use = ,reuleaux's me?od ( c5troids1 m prop]ly call$ axoids4 ,su* /atem5ts 7 n calculat$ to enc\rage ,k5n$y & ,reuleaux to adv]tise ,smi?'s fame2 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd no indication t ei!r "o took (f5se at ! criticism4 ,smi?'s velocity & accel]ation diagrams 7 includ$ 7app>5tly embalm$1 s f> z ,am]ican eng9e]s 7 conc]n$7 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ed4 #aa1 #aiaj1 vol4 #ag1 pp4 #ajjh-ajji4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--,smi?'s velocity image 7! two figures at top71 & 8 velocity1 me*anism1 & accel]ation diagrams1 #ahhe4 ,! image ( l9k ,,bacd is %[n z figure bacd4 ,! l9es pa1 pb1 pc1 & pd are velocity vectors4 ,?is novel1 orig9al1 & p[]ful analytical me?od 0 n g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engli% or ,am]ican s*ools until ne>ly #ej ye>s aft] its inception4 ,f ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 7#ahhb-ahhe1 vol4 #cb1 pl4 #hb74 ,by #ahhe ne>ly all ! tools = mod]n k9ematic analysis _h be5 =g$4 ,be=e discuss+ subsequ5t developm5ts 9 analysis & syn!sis1 h[ev]1 x w be pr(itable to inquire :at ! me*anician--design] & build] ( ma*9es--0 do+ :ile all ( ?is intellectual ef=t 0 be+ exp5d$4 ,me*anicians & ,me*anisms ,:ile ! inductive process ( recogniz+ & /at+ true pr9ciples ( ! k9ematics ( me*anisms 0 proce$+ ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations ( ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & f9ally ,g]man s*ol>s1 ! actual design ( me*anisms w5t ahead ) scant reg>d = :at ! s*ol>s 7 do+ & say+4 ,aft] ! demon/ration by ,b\lton & ,watt t l>ge me*anisms c\ld be wr\ght ) suffici5t precision to be useful1 ! ,engli% tool build]s ,maudslay1 ,rob]ts1 ,clem5t1 ,nasmy?1 & ,:itwor? develop$ ma*9e tools ( increas+ size & tru?4 ,! design ( o!r ma*9]y kept pace )--sometimes j beh9d1 sometimes j ahead (--! capacity & capability ( ma*9e tools4 ,9 g5]al1 !re 0 an increas+ sophi/ication ( me*anisms t c\ld only be acc\nt$ = by an increase ( in=mation ) :i* ! individual design] c\ld />t4 ,reuleaux po9t$ out 9 #ahge t ! almo/ fev]i% progress made 9 ! regions ( te*nical "w 0 n a consequ5ce ( any increas$ capacity = intellectual action 9 ! race1 b only ! p]fect+ & ext5d+ ( ! tools ) :i* ! intellect works4 ,^! tools1 he said1 h increas$ 9 numb] j l ^? 9 ! mod]n me*anical work%op--! m5 :o "w !m rema9 ! same4 ,reuleaux w5t on to say t ! !ory & practice ( ma*9e-k9ematics _h c>ri$ on a sep>ate exi/5ce side by side4 ,! reason = ?is failure to apply !ory to practice1 & vice v]sa1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ! defects ( ! !ory1 he ?\ght1 because ! me*anisms !mselves h be5 quietly develop$ 9 practical ma*9e-design1 by inv5tion & improvem5t1 reg>dless ( :e!r or n !y 7 accord$ any direct & prop] !oretical recognition4 ,he po9t$ out t ! !ories _h ?us f> furni%$ no new me*anisms4#hi ,footnote #hi3 ,reuleaux1 op4 cit4 7footnote #fh71 p4 #h4 ,x is reasonable1 !re=e1 to ask :at 0 responsible = ! appe>ance ( new me*anisms1 & !n to see :at sort ( me*anisms _h _! orig9s 9 ?is p]iod4 ,x is imm$iately evid5t to a design] t ! progress 9 me*anisms came ab\t ?r\gh ! spread ( k ( :at _h already be5 done2 b design]s ( ! la/ c5tury _h nei!r ! leisure nor means to be con/antly visit+ o!r work%ops1 ne> & f>1 to obs]ve & /udy ! late/ developm5ts4 ,9 ! #ahjj's1 z n[1 ^w mu/ 9 ! ma9 be spread by ! pr9t$ page4 ,ha*ette's *>t 7fig4 #bh7 _h set ! patt]n = display ( me*anical contrivances 9 practical j\rnals & 9 ! l>ge numb] ( me*anical diction>ies t 7 compil$ to meet an app>5t dem& = su* in=mation4 ,x is a little surpris+1 h[ev]1 to f9d h[ p]si/5t 7 "s ( ,ha*ette's ideas t c\ld only h come f ! upp]mo/ sup]ficial lay] ( 8 cranium4 ,see1 = example1 8 an*or$ f]ryboat 7fig4 #cd74 ,?is device1 employ$ by ,ha*ette to %[ conv]sion ( cont9u\s rectil9e> motion into alt]nat+ circul> motion1 appe>$ 9 "o publication aft] ano!r ?r\gh\t ! #ai? c5tury4 ,z late z #aijc ! f]ryboat 0 /ill an*or$ 9 ,hiscox's ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 al?\gh ! tide _h *ang$ 7fig4 #ce74ij ,footnote #ij3 ,g>dn] ,d4 ,hiscox1 ed41 ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 ed4 #aj1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #aea4 ,! f]ryboat did n appe> 9 ! #aiag edition4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4--;,ha*ette's f]ryboat ( #ahjh1 a ma*9e = conv]t+ cont9u\s rectil9e> motion into alt]nat+ circul> motion4 ,f ,phillipe ,l\is ,lanz & ,augu/9 de ,btanc\rt1 ,essai sur la composition des ma*9es 7,p>is1 #ahjh1 pl4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4--;,f]ryboat f ,g>dn] ,d4 ,hiscox1 ed41 ,me*anical ,movem5ts 7ed4 #aj1 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 p4 #aea74 ,dur+ ! upsurge ( ! ,lyceum--or work+-man's in/itute--movem5t 9 ! #ahbj's1 ,jacob ,bigel[1 ,rum=d pr(essor ( appli$ sci5ce at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 gave 8 popul> lectures on ! ,elem5ts ( ,te*nology be=e capacity audi5ces 9 ,bo/on4 ,9 prep>+ 8 lecture on ! elem5ts ( ma*9]y1 ,bigel[ us$ z 8 au?orities ,ha*ette1 ,lanz & ,btanc\rt1 & ,ol9?us ,gregory's me*anical diction>y1 an ,engli% "w 9 :i* ,ha*ette's classification s*eme 0 copi$ & 8 *>t reproduc$4#ia ,footnote #ia3 ,jacob ,bigel[1 ,elem5ts ( ,te*nology1 ed4 #b1 ,bo/on1 #ahca1 pp4 #bca-bef2 ,ol9?us ,gregory1 ,a ,treatise ( ,me*anics1 #c vols41 ed4 #c1 ,london1 #ahae4 ,a translation ( ! "w ( ,lanz & ,btanc\rt#ib "u ! title ,analytical ,essay on ! ,con/ruction ( ,ma*9es1 0 publi%$ ab\t #ahbj at ,london by ,rudolph ,ack]mann 7= :om ! ,ack]mann /e]+ l9kage 0 nam$71 & _! synoptic *>t 0 repr9t$ aga9 9 #ahbb 9 ,durham4#ic ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,appleton's ,diction>y ( ,ma*9es#id 7#ahea7 adopt$ ! same sy/em & us$ ! same figures4 ,app>5tly ! wood engrav] trac$ directly onto 8 block ! figures f "o ( ! repr9ts ( ,lanz & ,btanc\rt's *>t because ! figures are 9 e case exact mirror images ( ! orig9als4 ,footnote #ib3 ,rudolph ,ack]mann1 ,analytical ,essay on ! ,con/ruction ( ,ma*9es1 ,london1 ab\t #ahbj1 a translation ( ,lanz & ,btanc\rt1 op4 cit4 7footnote #fd74 ,footnote #ic3 ,?omas ,f5wick1 ,essays on ,practical ,me*anics1 ed4 #c1 ,durham1 ,engl&1 #ahbb4 ,footnote #id3 ,appleton's ,diction>y ( ,ma*9es1 ,me*anics1 ,eng9e-,"w1 & ,eng9e]+1 #b vols41 ,new ,york1 #ahea 7,motion74 ,9 ! ,diction>y ( ,eng9e]+#ie 7,london1 #ahgc71 ! figures 7 r$rawn & doz5s ( me*anisms 7 add$ to ! rep]tory ( me*anical motions2 ! result 0 a fair catalog ( s\nd ideas4 ,! f]ryboat /ill tugg$ at its an*or cable1 h[ev]4#if ,knight's ,am]ican ,me*anical ,diction>y1#ig a classic ( detail$ pictorial in=mation compil$ by a ,u4,s4 pat5t exam9]1 conta9$ well ov] #aj1jjj f9ely detail$ figures ( v>i\s k9ds ( me*anical contrivances4 ,knight did n h a sep>ate section on me*anisms1 b !re 0 little ne$ = "o ( ! ,ha*ette v>iety1 because 8 :ole diction>y 0 a huge & fasc9at+ comp5dium ( ideas to be fil$ away 9 ! syn!tic m9d4 ,"o reason = ! popul>ity & usefulness ( ! v>i\s pictorial works 0 ! peculi> ability ( a wood or /eel engrav+ to convey precise me*anical in=mation1 an advantage n possess$ by mod]n halftone processes4 ,footnote #ie3 ,e4 ,f4 & ,n4 ,spon1 ,diction>y ( ,eng9e]+1 ,london #ahgc1 pp4 #bdba-bdeb4 ,footnote #if3 ,ibid41 p4 #bddg4 ,footnote #ig3 ,edw>d ,h4 ,knight1 ,knight's ,am]ican ,me*anical ,diction>y1 #c vols41 ,new ,york #ahgd-ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4--,typical me*anisms f ,e4 ,f4 & ,n4 ,spon1 ,diction>y ( ,eng9e]+ 7,london1 #ahgc1 pp4 #bdbf1 #bdgh74 ,_m pat5t j\rnals & o!r me*anical p]iodicals conc]n$ ) me*anics 7 available 9 ,engli% f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 b few ( !m f\nd _! way into ! h&s ( ,am]ican me*anicians until aft] #ahbj4 ,oliv] ,evans 7#agee-ahai7 _h mu* to say ab\t ! difficulties inv5tive me*anics labor$ "u = want ( publi%$ records ( :at _h prec$$ !m1 & = works ( ref]5ce to help ! beg9n]4#ih ,9 #ahag ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review also rem>k$ ^u ! sc>city ( eng9e]+ books 9 ,am]ica4#ii ,footnote #ih3 ,george ,escol ,sell]s 9 ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,july #ab1 #ahhd1 vol4 #g1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ii3 ,nor?-,am]ican ,review & ,miscellane\s ,j\rnal1 #ahai1 new s]41 vol4 #h1 pp4 #ac-ae1 #be4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahde z a pat5t j\rnal edit$ by ! pat5t promot] ,rufus ,port]1 c>ri$ almo/ f its beg9n+ a column or s entitl$ ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 9 :i* "o or two me*anisms--borr[$ f an ,engli% "w t _h borr[$ f a ,fr5* "w--7 illu/rat$ & expla9$4 ,! ,am]ican ,artisan began a simil> s]ies 9 #ahfd1 & 9 #ahfh x publi%$ a compilation ( ! s]ies z ,five ,hundr$ & ,sev5 ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 embrac+ all ^? :i* are mo/ important 9 dynamics1 hydraulics1 hydro/atics1 pneumatics1 /eam eng9es 444 & miscellane\s ma*9]y4#ajj ,?is collection w5t ?r\gh _m editions2 x 0 la/ reviv$ 9 #aidc "u ! title ,a ,manual ( ,me*anical ,movem5ts4 ,?is #aidc edition includ$ photographs ( k9ematic models4#aja ,footnote #ajj3 ,h5ry ,t4 ,br[n1 ed41 ,five ,hundr$ & ,sev5 ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 ,new ,york1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #aja3 ,w ,m4 ,cl>k1 ,a ,manual ( ,me*anical ,movem5ts1 ,g>d5 ,city1 ,new ,york1 #aidc4 ,_m read]s are already well acqua9t$ ) ! ?ree volumes ( ,+5i\s ,me*anisms = ,design]s & ,inv5tors1#ajb a "w t result$ f a conte/1 ann\nc$ by ,ma*9]y 7vol4 #cc1 p4 #dje7 9 #aibg1 9 :i* sev5 prizes 7 (f]$ = ! sev5 be/ articles on unpubli%$ +5i\s me*anisms4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,+5i\s ,me*anisms = ,design]s & ,inv5tors 7vols4 #a & #b edit$ by ,f4 ,d4 ,jones1 vol4 #c edit$ by ,h4 ,l4 ,horton71 ,new ,york1 ,indu/rial ,press1 #aicj-aiea4 ,!re 0 an int]e/+ class ( ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts call$ ,me*anical ,movem5ts t compris$ scores ( pat5ts issu$ ?r\gh\t ! middle decades ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,a sampl+ ( ^! pat5ts %[s t :ile "s 7 = devices us$ 9 p>ticul> ma*9es--su* z a rat*et device = a numb]+ ma*9e1 a lock+ index = gunmak+ ma*9]y1 & a few ge> tra9s--! great majority 7 = conv]t+ reciprocat+ motion to rot>y motion4 ,ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( ^! pat5ts reveals an appall+ abs5ce ( s\nd me*anical s5se1 & _m ( !m appe> to be attempts at p]petual motion1 9 spite ( an occasional disclaim] ( su* int5t4 ,typical ( _m ( ^! pat5t$ devices 0 a l9kage = multiply+ ! motion ( a fly:eel1 propos$ 9 #ahda by ,*>les ,johnson ( ,amity1 ,ill9ois 7fig4 #cg74 ,x is n pret5d$ t !re is any actual ga9 ( p[]1 wrote ,mr4 ,johnson2 & probably he meant x4 ,! av[$ purpose ( 8 l9kage 0 to increase ! spe$ ( a fly:eel & ?us decrease its size4#ajc ,footnote #ajc3 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t #bbie1 ,octob] #aa1 #ahda4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--;,johnson's conv]t+ motion1 #ahda4 ,! l9kage causes ! fly:eel to make two revolutions = ea* d\ble-/roke ( ! eng9e pi/on rod ,b4 ,f ,u4,s4 ,pat5t #bbie1 ,octob] #aa1 #ahda4 ,an ,engli%man :o a few ye>s e>li] _h inv5t$ a new ,motion _h claim$ t 8 device w\ld sup]s$e ! ord9>y crank 9 /eam eng9es1 ! beam1 p>allel motion1 & ext]nal fly:eel1 r$uce friction1 neutralize all extra cont5d+ p[]1 & leave no?+ = ! pi/on to d b ! "w int5d$ to be done4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,rep]tory ( ,pat5t ,inv5tions made %ort "w ( ?is device3 ,!re is h>dly "o ass]tion t c be support$ by pro(1 he wrote1 & mo/ ( !m are palpable mis/atem5ts4 ,! writ] attack$ ! 'beetle impetus :eel1' :i* he ! inv5tor ?9ks u all s beetle-head$1 z n to p]ceive to be a fly:eel1 & conclud$ ) ! /atem5t3 ,9 %ort ! :ole production ev9ces gross ignorance ei!r ( ma*9]y1 if ! pat5tee really believ$ :at he ass]t$1 or ( mank9d1 if he did n4#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,rep]tory ( ,pat5t ,inv5tions1 s]4 #c1 ,octob] #ahbh1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #aif-bjj1 & ,decemb] #ahbh1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #ceg-cfa4 ,al?\gh _m ( ! me*anisms = :i* pat5ts 7 tak5 out 7 design$ by p]sons :o w\ld make no use ( ! pr9ciples involv$ ev5 if su* pr9ciples c\ld at t "t h be5 cle>ly /at$1 x is a regrettable fact t wor?less me*anisms (t5 got z mu* space z s\nd ones 9 pat5t j\rnals1 & objections su* z ! "o above 7 infrequ5t4 ,! slant$ in=mation ?us convey$ to ! "y me*anician1 :o 0 j accumulat+ 8 fir/ k9ematic rep]tory1 0 at times sadly mislead+4 ,f ev5 ?is sket*y outl9e ( ! lit]ature on ! subject1 x %\ld be fairly evid5t t !re has be5 available to ! me*anician an enorm\s quantity ( in=mation ab\t me*anical l9kages & o!r devices4 ,:atev] "o may ?9k ( ! quality ( ! lit]ature1 x has und\bt$ly _h influ5ce n only 9 supply+ design]s ) in=mation b 9 =m+ a tradition ( h[ "o ought to supply ! backgr\nd t w enable ! m9d to assemble & syn!size ! necess>y me*anism = a giv5 purpose4#aje ,footnote #aje3 ,"s additional catalogs ( me*anical movem5ts are li/$ 9 ! select$ ref]5ces at ! end ( ?is pap]4 ,"s ( ! me*anisms t h be5 giv5 names--su* z ! ,watt /raight-l9e l9kage & ! ,g5eva /op--h appe>$ 9 textbook aft] textbook4 ,_! only excuse = be+ seems to be t ! au?ors mu/ include !m or risk c5sure by colleagues4 ,su* me*anisms are m int]e/+ to a read]1 c]ta9ly1 :5 he has "s idea ( :at ! "n has to d ) ! me*anism1 & :o orig9at$ x4 ,"o su* me*anism is ! drag l9k4 ,aft] ,i _h le>n$ ( ! drag l9k 7z mo/ ,am]ican eng9e]+ /ud5ts d71 ,i wond]$ = a:ile1 & ev5tually despair$ ( mak+ any s5se out ( ! t]m4 ,:at1 ,i want$ to "k1 0 be+ dragg$8 ,rec5tly1 9 ,ni*olson's ,op]ative ,me*anic & ,briti% ,ma*9i/ 7#ahbf71 ,i ran across ! sket* reproduc$ "h z figure #ch4 ,?is figure1 expla9$ ,mr4 ,ni*olson 79 vol4 #a1 p4 #cb7 repres5ts ! c\pl+ l9k us$ by ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt 9 _! portable /eam eng9es4 ,a1 a /rong iron p91 project+ f "o ( ! arms ( ! fly-:eel ,b2 ,d1 a crank connect$ ) ! %aft ,c2 & ,e1 a l9k to c\ple ! p9 ,a & ! crank ,d toge!r1 s ! motion may be communicat$ to ! %aft ,c4 ,s ! drag l9k 0 actually a l9k ( a c\pl+4 ,no?+ c\ld be m logical4 ,a drag l9k me*anism n[ makes s5se to me4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--;,drag l9k c\pl+ us$ on ,b\lton & ,watt portable eng9es4 ,! l9k ,e drags "o %aft :5 ! o!r turns4 ,f ,john ,ni*olson1 ,! ,op]ative ,me*anic1 & ,briti% ,ma*9i/ 7,philadelphia1 #ahbf1 vol4 ,i1 pl4 #e74 ,directly relat$ to ! drag l9k c\pl+ 7 ! pat5ts ( ,john ,oldham 7#aggi-ahdj71 an ,iri% eng9e] :o is rememb]$ ma9ly = ! c\pl+ t be>s 8 "n 7fig4 #ci74 ,8 ?ree pat5ts1 :i* 7 = v>i\s =ms ( /eamboat fea!r+ paddle :eels1 involv$ l9kages k9ematically simil> to ! drag l9k c\pl+1 al?\gh x is q unlikely t ,oldham recogniz$ ! simil>ity4 ,h[ev]1 = 8 well-kn[n c\pl+1 :i* employs an inv]sion ( ! elliptical trammel me*anism1 ,i h f\nd no evid5ce ( a pat5t4 ,probably x 0 "p ( ! ma*9]y t he design$ = ! ,bank ( ,irel&'s pr9t+ h\se1 ( :i* ,oldham 0 manag] = _m ye>s4 ,mr4 ,oldham & 8 beautiful sy/em 7 br\ght to ! ,bank ( ,engl& 9 #ahcf1 :]e ,oldham rema9$ until 8 dea? 9 #ahdj4ajf ,footnote #ajf3 ,oldham's paddle-:eel pat5ts 7 ,briti% ,pat5ts #dafi 7,octob] #aj1 #ahag71 #ddbi 7,janu>y #ae1 #ahbj71 & #edde 7,febru>y #a1 #ahbg74 ,rob]t ,willis 7op4 cit4 footnote #ba1 p4 #afg7 notic$ ! exi/5ce ( ! c\pl+4 ,draw+s or descriptions ( ! banknote ma*9]y app>5tly h n be5 publi%$ ?\gh !y probably /ill exi/ 9 ! banks' ar*ives4 ,! quotation is f ,fr$]ick ,g4 ,hall1 ,! ,bank ( ,irel& #aghc-aidf1 ,dubl91 #aidi4 ,john ,francis 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,bank ( ,engl& 7,london1 #ahdh1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bcb7 wrote3 ,! new ma*9]y = pr9t+ ! notes1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,oldham 444 is well wor?y ( a visit1 b w\ld be un9t]e/+ to del9eate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4--,top1 ,orig9al ,oldham c\pl+ built be=e #ahdj1 us+ a cross 7in/ead ( a c5t] disk71 z sket*$ by ,rob]t ,willis 9 p]sonal copy ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism 7,london1 #ahda1 p4 #afg74 ,bottom1 ,oldham c\pl+ z illu/rat$ 9 ,alex&] ,b4 ,w4 ,k5n$y1 ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y1 a translation ( ,franz ,reuleaux' ,!oretis*e ,k9ematik 7,london1 #ahgf1 pp4 #cae-caf74 ,! ,g5eva /op me*anism 7fig4 #dj7 0 prop]ly describ$ by ,willis z a device to p]mit less ?an a full revolution ( ! /> :eel & ?us to prev5t ov]w9d+ ( a wat* spr+4 ,x 0 call$ ,g5eva /op because x 0 us$ 9 ,g5eva wat*es4 ,! ,g5eva :eel me*anism1 :i* p]mits full rotation ( ! /> :eel & :i* is frequ5tly us$ = int]mitt5t drives1 0 improp]ly call$ a ,g5eva /op 9 a rec5t textbook probably because ! logical orig9 ( ! t]m _h be5 lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4--;,g5eva /op me*anism fir/ us$ 9 ,g5eva wat*es to prev5t ov]w9d+4 ,! />:eel ,b _h "o convex surface 7g-f1 dott$7 s ! :eel c\ld be turn$ less ?an a full revolution4 ,aft] ,rob]t ,willis1 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism 7,london1 #ahda1 p4 #bff74 ,! "n = ! ,scot* yoke seems to be ( fairly rec5t orig91 ! l9kage be+ call$ by a ,scotsman 9 #ahfi a crank & slot-head$ slid+ rod 7fig4 #da74 ,i suppose t x is n[ kn[n z a ,scot* yoke because1 9 ,am]ica at lea/1 a ,scot* 0 a slott$ b> t 0 slipp$ "u a coll> on a /r+ ( well-drill+ tools to support !m :ile a section 0 be+ add$ 7fig4 #db74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4--,scot* yoke1 describ$ z a crank & slot-head$ slid+ rod4 ,f ,w4 ,j4 ,m4 ,rank9e1 ,a ,manual ( ,ma*9]y & ,millwork 7ed4 #f1 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #afi74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4--;,a ,scot* support+ ! top memb] ( a /r+ ( well-drill+ tools :ile a section is be+ add$1 #ahgf4 ,f ,edw>d ,h4 ,knight1 ,knight's ,am]ican ,me*anical ,diction>y 7,new ,york1 #ahgf1 p4 #bjeg74 ,x 0 surpris+ to me to f9d t ! ,ack]mann /e]+ l9kage1 us$ today on mo/ automobiles1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahah :5 ,detroit 0 /ill a fronti] t[n4#ajg ,fur!rmore1 ! man :o took out ! pat5t describ$ himself z ,rudolph ,ack]mann1 publi%] & pr9tsell]4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h ! necess>y clue to ! l9kage's orig9 :5 ,i notic$ t ! fir/ ,engli% translation ( ! ,lanz & ,btanc\rt treatise 0 publi%$ by ,ack]mann1 b ! connection f9ally prov$ to be m logical1 if less direct4 ,ack]mann 7#agfd-ahcd71 son ( a ,bav>ian coa* build]1 _h sp5t a numb] ( ye>s design+ coa*es = ,engli% g5tlem5 9 ,london1 :]e he made 8 home4 ,"o ( 8 m notable commissions 0 = ! design ( ,admiral ,nelson's fun]al c> 9 #ahje4 ,! ,ack]mann /e]+ l9kage 0 n actually ,ack]mann's inv5tion1 al?\gh he took out ! ,briti% pat5t 9 8 "n & promot$ ! introduction ( ! runn+ ge> ( :i* ! l9kage 0 a "p 7fig4 #dc74 ,! actual inv5tor 0 ,ack]mann's fri5d ,george ,lank5sp]g] ( ,muni*1 coa*mak] to ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,! advantage ( be+ able to turn a c>riage ar\nd 9 a limit$ area )\t dang] ( ov]sett+ 0 imm$iately obvi\s1 & :ile !re 0 consid]able opposition by ,engli% coa*mak]s to an innovation = :i* a premium _h to be paid1 ! inv5tion soon made its way f its own intr9sic m]it1 z ,ack]mann pr$ict$ x w\ld4#ajh ,footnote #ajg3 ,briti% ,pat5t #dbab1 ,janu>y #bg1 #ahah4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,rudolph ,ack]mann1 ,obs]vations on ,ack]mann's ,pat5t ,moveable ,axles1 ,london1 #ahai4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to me to note an ab/ract ( ,w4 ,a4 ,wolfe's pap] ,analytical ,design ( an ,ack]mann ,/e]+ ,l9kage 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,septemb] #aieh1 vol4 #hj1 p4 #ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4--;,ack]mann /e]+ l9kage ( #ahah1 curr5tly us$ 9 automobiles4 ,?is l9kage 0 inv5t$ by ,george ,lank5sp]g]1 coa*mak] to ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia4 ,f ,d+l]s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal 7#ahbj1 vol4 #a1 pl4 #g74 ,! ,:itwor? quick-return me*anism 7fig4 #dd7 0 fir/ appli$ to a slott]1 or v]tical %ap]1 9 #ahdi1 & 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahea at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 ,london4#aji ,willis' comm5ts on ! me*anism are reproduc$ 9 figure #dd4 ,i hope t ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? 7#ahjc-ahhg7 w be rememb]$ = s\nd] me*anical contrivances ?an ?is4 ,footnote #aji3 ,! quick-return me*anism 7,briti% ,pat5t #abijg1 ,decemb] #ai1 #ahdi7 0 p]haps fir/ publicly describ$ 9 ,*>les ,toml9son1 ed41 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,useful ,arts & ,manufactures1 ,london1 #ahed1 vol4 #a1 p4 cxliv4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4--,quick-return me*anism4 ,top1 ,e>ly repres5tation ( ! quick-return me*anism pat5t$ by ,:itwor? 9 #ahdi1 f ,william ,johnson1 ed41 ,! ,imp]ial ,cyclopa$ia ( ma*9]y 7,glasg[1 ab\t #ahee1 pl4 #hh74 ,middle1 ,sket* by ,rob]t ,willis f 8 copy ( ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism 7,london1 #ahda1 p4 #bfd71 :i* %ews ,:itwor? dissect$ into a simpl] =m2 x is z obscure z mo/ subsequ5t attempts h be5 to expla9 ?is me*anism )\t a s*ematic diagram4 ,bottom1 ,l9kage t is k9ematically equival5t to ,:itwor?'s1 f ,rob]t ,willis1 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism 7,london1 #ahda1 p4 #bfd74 ,me*anisms 9 ,am]ica1 #ahge-aiee ,eng9e]+ colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 occupi$ until ! late #aidj's ) ext5d+1 ref9+1 & %>p5+ ! tools ( analysis t _h be5 sugge/$ by ,willis1 ,rank9e1 ,reuleaux1 ,k5n$y1 & ,smi?4 ,! actual practice ( k9ematic syn!sis w5t on apace1 b design]s (t5 decl9$ su* help z ! analytical me?ods might give !m & !re 0 little ex*ange ( ideas betwe5 s*ol>s & practition]s4 ,! capability & precision ( ma*9e tools 7 greatly enhanc$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 al?\gh1 ) ! exception ( ! c5t]less gr9d]1 no significant new types ( tools appe>$4 ,! ma*9es t 7 made ) ma*9e tools increas$ 9 complexity &1 ) ! introduction ( ideas t made mass production ( complex me*anical products economically feasible1 !re 0 an accel]at+ increase 9 quantity4 ,! adoption ( /&>ds = all sorts ( compon5t p>ts also _h an important be>+ ^u ! ability ( a design] economically to produce me*anisms t op]at$ v ne>ly z he hop$ !y w\ld4 ,! /udy ( k9ematics has be5 consid]$ = ne>ly #hj ye>s z a necess>y "p ( ! me*anical eng9e]'s tra9+1 z ! doz5s ( textbooks t h be5 publi%$ ov] ! ye>s make amply cle>4 ,until rec5tly1 h[ev]1 "o w\ld look 9 va9 = orig9al "w 9 ,am]ica 9 ! analysis or rational syn!sis ( me*anisms4 ,"o ( ! v e>lie/ ,am]ican textbooks ( k9ematics 0 ! #ahhc "w ( ,*>les ,w4 ,mac,cord 7#ahcf-aiae71 :o _h be5 appo9t$ pr(essor ( me*anical draw+ at ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 9 ,hobok5 aft] s]v+ ,john ,ericsson1 design] ( ! ,monitor1 z *ief draftsman dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4#aaj ,bas$ ^u ! f9d+s ( ,willis & ,rank9e1 ,mac,cord's ,k9ematics came too e>ly to be influ5c$ by ,k5n$y's improvem5ts ^u ,reuleaux's "w4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,a biographical notice & a bibliography ( ,mac,cord appe>s 9 ,morton ,memorial3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,hobok51 #aije1 pp4 #bai-bbb4 ,:5 ! faculty at ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity 9 ,/4 ,l\is introduc$ 9 #ahhe a curriculum 9 dynamic eng9e]+1 reflect+ a dissatisfaction ) ! traditional bran*es ( eng9e]+1 k9ematics 0 a s5ior subject & 0 taught f ,rank9e's ,ma*9]y & ,millwork4#aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #ahhe-ahhf1 vol4 #g1 p4 #geg4 ,at ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,pet] ,s*wamb1 pr(essor ( ma*9e design1 put toge!r 9 #ahhe a set ( pr9t$ notes on ! k9ematics ( me*anisms1 bas$ on ,reuleaux's & ,rank9e's works4 ,out ( ^! notes grew "o ( ! mo/ durable ( ,am]ican textbooks1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aijd4aab ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 accel]ation 0 m5tion$ only once 9 pass+ 7on p4 #d74 ,velocities 9 l9kages 7 det]m9$ by or?ogonal compon5ts transf]r$ f l9k to l9k4 ,in/ant c5t]s 7 us$ only to det]m9e velocities ( v>i\s po9ts on ! same l9k4 ,angul> velocity ratios 7 frequ5tly not$4 ,9 ! ?ird edition1 publi%$ 9 #aiba1 l9e> & angul> accel]ations 7 def9$1 b no accel]ation analyses 7 made4 ,velocity analyses 7 alt]$ )\t ess5tial *ange4 ,! f\r? edition 7#aicj7 0 ess5tially un*ang$ f ! previ\s "o4 ,treatm5t ( velocity analysis 0 improv$ 9 ! fif? edition 7#aich7 & accel]ation analysis 0 add$4 ,a six? edition1 fur!r revis$ by ,pr(4 ,v4 ,l4 ,d\ghtie ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 appe>$ 9 #aidg4 ,footnote #aab3 ,pet] ,s*wamb & ,allyne ,l4 ,m]rill1 ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism1 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,9 addition to ! "w ( ,reuleaux & ,rank9e1 ! au?ors ackn[l$g$ _! use ( ! publications ( ,*>les ,mac,cord1 ,/illman ,w4 ,rob9son1 ,?omas ,w4 ,goodeve1 & ,william ,c4 ,unw94 ,= complete titles see ! li/ ( select$ ref]5ces4 ,be=e #aijj1 sev]al o!r books on me*anisms _h be5 publi%$1 & all foll[$ "o or ano!r ( ! patt]ns ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,pr(essors ,woods & ,/ahl1 at ! ,univ]sities ( ,ill9ois & ,purdue1 respectively1 :o publi%$ _! ,elem5t>y ,me*anism 9 #ahhe1 said 9 _! preface :at has be5 said by _m o!r ,am]ican au?ors & :at %\ld h be5 said by _m m4 ,we make little claim to orig9ality ( ! subject-matt]1 wrote ,woods & ,/ahl1 free use hav+ be5 made ( all available matt] on ! subject4444 ,our claim to consid]ation is bas$ almo/ entirely on ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject has be5 pres5t$4 ,n cont5t ) ?is disclaim]1 !y cont9u$3 ,!re is1 9 fact1 v little room = su* orig9ality1 ! gr\nd hav+ be5 almo/ completely cov]$ by previ\s writ]s4#aac ,footnote #aac3 ,ar?ur ,t4 ,woods & ,alb]t ,w4 ,/ahl1 ,elem5t>y ,me*anism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 ,! simil>ity & aridity ( k9ematics textbooks 9 ?is c\ntry f ar\nd #aiaj are mo/ /rik+4 ,! g5]ation ( textbook writ]s foll[+ ,mac,cord1 ,woods & ,/ahl1 ,b>r ( ,cornell1 ,rob9son ( ,ohio ,/ate1 & ,s*wamb & ,m]rill manag$ to squeeze out any rema9+ juice 9 ! subject1 & ! dessication & /]ilization ( textbooks 0 ne>ly complete :5 my g5]ation us$ !m 9 ! #aicj's4 ,k9ematics 0 !n1 9 m ?an "o s*ool1 v ne>ly z x 0 *>act]iz$ by an obs]v] 9 #aidb--on an intellectual p> ) me*anical draft+4#aad ,i c recall my own nave belief t a textbook conta9$ all t 0 kn[n ( ! subject2 & ,i 0 n disabus$ ( my belief by my own textbook or by my tea*]4 ,i ?9k ,i detect 9 sev]al rec5t books a fre%1 less f9al1 & less tidy treatm5t ( ! k9ematics ( me*anisms1 b ,i w\ld yet recomm5d t anyone :o ?9ks ( writ+ a textbook take "t to review1 c>efully & at fir/ h&1 n only ! desk copies ( books t he has accumulat$ b a score or m ( e>li] works1 cov]+ ! la/ c5tury at lea/4 ,su* a /udy %\ld result 9 a bett] appreciation ( :at con/itutes a contribution to k & :at con/itutes m]ely ! r++ ( ano!r *ange4 ,footnote #aad3 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,octob] #aidb1 vol4 #fd1 p4 #gde4 ,! au?or ( ! cont5ti\s article t appe>$ 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ 9 #aidb "u ! title ,:at is ,wrong ) ,k9ematics & ,me*anisms8 made sev]al pron\ncem5ts t 7 que/ion$ by v>i\s read]s1 b 8 rem>ks on ! meag]ness ( ! college c\rses ( k9ematics & ! curi\s fact t ! textbooks are all /rangely simil> 9 _! incomplet5ess w5t un*all5g$ & 71 9 fact1 q timely4#aae ,footnote #aae3 ,de ,jonge1 op4 cit4 7footnote #gh74 ,x appe>s t 9 ! e>ly #aidj's ! g5]al classroom treatm5t ( accel]ations 0 at a level well bel[ ! exi/+ k ( ! subject1 = 9 a s]ies ( articles by two tea*]s at ,purdue att5tion 0 call$ to ! s]i\s consequ5ces ( errors 9 accel]ation analysis occasion$ by omitt+ ! ,coriolis compon5t4#aaf ,^! au?ors 7 rev]s+ a tr5d t _h be5 giv5 impetus by an article writt5 9 #aibj by "o ( _! pr$ecessors1 ,h5ry ,n4 ,bonis4 ,! e>li] article1 appe>+ 9 a practical-&-pr\d-(-x te*nical magaz9e1 demon/rat$ h[ ! accel]ation ( a po9t on a fly:eel gov]nor might be det]m9$ )\t ! use ( ! fictiti\s accel]ation ( ,coriolis4 ,! au?or's analysis 0 "r en\gh1 & he clos$ 8 article ) ! unimpea*able /atem5t t x is bett] psy*ologically = ! /ud5t & practically = ! eng9e] to und]/& ! fundam5tals ?or\ghly ?an to use a complex =mula t may be misappli$4 ,h[ev]1 _m read]s und\bt$ly read only ! lead p>agraph1 sagely nodd$ _! heads :5 !y rea*$ ! ^w fictiti\s1 :i* confirm$ _! half-=m$ conviction t any?+ z ab/ruse z ! ,coriolis compon5t c\ld h no be>+ ^u a practical problem1 & turn$ ! page to ! practical k9ks section4#aag ,footnote #aaf3 ,a4 ,s4 ,hall & ,e4 ,s4 ,ault1 ,h[ ,accel]ation ,analysis ,c ,be ,improv$1 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,febru>y #aidc1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #ajj-ajb1 #afb1 #afd2 & ,m>* #aidc1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #ij-ib1 #afh1 #agj4 ,see also ,a4 ,s4 ,hall1 ,tea*+ ,coriolis' ,law1 ,j\rnal ( ,eng9e]+ ,education1 ,june #aidh1 vol4 #ch1 pp4 #geg-gfe4 ,footnote #aag3 ,h5ry ,n4 ,bonis1 ,! ,law ( ,coriolis1 ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,novemb] #ah1 #aibj1 vol4 #ec1 pp4 #ibh-icj4 ,see also ,accel]ation ,det]m9ations1 ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 ,novemb] #be & ,decemb] #b1 #aibj1 vol4 #ec1 pp4 #igg-iha & #ajbg-ajbi4 ,less ?an #bj ye>s ago "o might h read 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ t ,practical ma*9]y does n orig9ate 9 ma!matical =mulas nor 9 beautiful vector diagrams4 ,:ile ?is rem>k 0 9 a lett] evok$ by an article1 & 0 n a reflection ( editorial policy1 x 0 nev]!less repres5tative ( an elem5t 9 ! ,am]ican tradition ( eng9e]+4 ,! unconsci\s arrogance t is display$ 9 ?is /atem5t ( ! practical design]'s cre$ is giv+ way to recognition ( ! value ( s*ol>ly "w4 ,le/ ! s*ol> develop arrogance ( ano!r sort1 h[ev]1 x is well to he> ! au?or ( ! /atem5t out4 ,a draft+ ma*9e is a useful tool1 he wrote4 ,x is n a sub/itute = a draftsman4#aah ,footnote #aah3 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,octob] #aidb1 vol4 #fd1 p4 #gdf4 ,! s*ol>ly int]e/ 9 a subject is fairly repres5t$ by ! pap]s t are publi%$ 9 ! transactions ( pr(essional societies &1 m rec5tly1 by orig9al pap]s t appe> 9 specializ$ magaz9es4 ,f #aijj to #aicj !re 7 few pap]s on me*anisms1 & mo/ ( ^? t did appe> 7 conc]n$ ) descriptions ( new me*anical motions4 ,9 ! #aicj's ! numb] ( pap]s report$ 9 ,eng9e]+ ,index increas$ %>ply1 b only because ! editors _h begun to include =eign-language li/+s4 ,!re has be5 9 ,g]many a ?read ( cont9uity 9 ! k9ematics ( me*anisms s9ce ! "t ( ,reuleaux4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! "w has _h to d ) analysis1 ! teas+ "q ( syn!sis t ,reuleaux rais$ 9 8 "w has nev] be5 ignor$4 ,! developm5ts 9 ,g]many & else:]e h be5 ably review$ by o!rs1#aai & x is only to be not$ "h t two ( ! ,g]man pap]s1 publi%$ 9 #aici 9 ,mas*95bau1 appe> to h be5 ! sp>ks = ! conflagration t /ill is increas+ 9 ext5t & int5sity4 ,accord+ to summ>ies 9 ,eng9e]+ ,index1 ,r4 ,kraus1 writ+ on ! syn!sis ( ! d\ble-crank me*anism1 drew fire f ! ,russian ,z4 ,s4 ,blo*1 :o1 9 #aidj1 discuss$ critically ,kraus's articles & proce$$ to give ! outl9e ( ! correct analysis ( ! problem & a g5]al num]ical solution = ! syn!sis ( any f\r-b> l9kage4#abj ,russian "w 9 me*anisms1 dat+ back to ,*eby%ev & foll[+ ! ,*eby%ev !ory ( syn!sis 9 :i* algebraic me?ods are us$ to det]m9e pa?s ( m9imum deviation f a giv5 curve1 has also be5 review$ else:]e1#aba & ,i c add no?+ ( value4 ,footnote #aai3 ,grodz9ski1 ,bottema1 ,de ,jonge1 & ,h>t5b]g & ,d5avit4 ,= complete titles see li/ ( select$ ref]5ces4 ,footnote #abj3 ,my s\rce1 z not$1 is ,eng9e]+ ,index4 ,kraus's articles are report$ 9 #aici & ,blo*'s 9 #aidj1 bo? "u ! section head+ ,me*anisms4 ,footnote #aba3 ,a4 ,e4 ,ri*>d de ,jonge1 ,are ! ,russians ,ahead 9 ,me*anism ,analysis8 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,septemb] #aiea1 vol4 #bc1 pp4 #abg1 #bjj-bjh2 ,o4 ,bottema1 ,rec5t ,"w on ,k9ematics1 ,appli$ ,me*anics ,reviews1 ,april #aiec1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #afi-agj4 ,:51 aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 "s ( ! possibilities ( k9ematic syn!sis 7 recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a few p]ceptive tea*]s fann$ ! t9d] into an op5 flame4 ,! fir/ publication ( note 9 ?is c\ntry on ! syn!sis ( l9kages 0 a practical "o1 b 9 conception & und]tak+ x 0 a bold ent]prise4 ,9 a book by ,john ,a4 ,hrones & ,g4 ,l4 ,nelson1 ,analysis ( ! ,f\r ,b> ,l9kage 7#aiea71 ! f\r-b> crank-&-rock] me*anism 0 exhau/ively analyz$ me*anically & ! results 7 pres5t$ graphically4 ,?is "w 0 fa9tly prais$ by a ,dut* s*ol>1 ,o4 ,bottema1 :o obs]v$ t ! complicat$ analytical !ory ( ! ?ree-b> sic curve has und\bt$ly kept ! eng9e] f us+ x & :o w5t on to say t we fully und]/& ! publication ( an atlas by ,hrones & ,nelson conta9+ ?\s&s ( trajectories :i* mu/ be v useful 9 _m design problems4#abb ,nev]!less1 ! au?ors furni%$ design]s ) a tool t c\ld be readily1 almo/ in/antly1 und]/ood 7fig4 #de71 & ! atlas has enjoy$ wide circulation4#abc ,! idea ( a geometrical approa* to syn!sis has be5 exploit$ by o!rs 9 m rec5t publications1#abd & x is likely t _m m v>iations on ?is !me w appe>4 ,footnote #abb3 ,bottema1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aba74 ,footnote #abc3 ,9 #ahea ,rob]t ,willis _h design$ a c\pl]-po9t pa?-g5]at+ ma*9e 7fig4 #df7 t c\ld h be5 us$ to produce a "w simil> to t ( ,hrones & ,nelson4 ,footnote #abd3 ,r4 ,s4 ,h>t5b]g & ,j4 ,d5avit1 ,sy/ematic ,me*anism ,design1 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,septemb] #aied1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #afg-age1 & ,octob] #aied1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #beg-bfe2 ,a4 ,s4 ,hall1 ,a4 ,r4 ,hol[5ko1 & ,h4 ,g4 ,laughl91 ,f\r-,b> ,lev] ,crank ,me*anism1 ,design ,news1 ,septemb] #ae1 #aieg1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #acj-aci1 ,octob] #a1 #aieg1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ade-aed1 & ,octob] #ae1 #aieg1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #acb-ada4 ,= a nomographic approa*1 ) p>ticul> application to comput]s1 see ,anton9 ,svoboda1 ,comput+ ,me*anisms & ,l9kages1 ,new ,york1 #aidh4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4--,pa?s ( #aa po9ts on ! c\pl] 7horizontal7 l9k are plott$ ?r\gh "o cycle4 ,da%es indicate equal "t int]vals4 ,f ,john ,a4 ,hrones & ,g4 ,l4 ,nelson1 ,analysis ( ! ,f\r ,b> ,l9kage 7,new ,york1 #aiea1 p4 #fce74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4--;,c\pl]-po9t pa?-g5]at+ ma*9e = f\r-b> l9kage4 ,?is device1 built by ,pr(essor ,willis z a tea*+ aid = demon/rat+ /raight-l9e l9kages1 c\ld h be5 adapt$ to produce a plate l ! "o %[n 9 figure #de4 ,f ,rob]t ,willis1 ,a ,sy/em ( ,app>atus = ! ,use ( ,lectur]s & ,exp]im5t]s 444 7,london #ahea1 pl4 #c74 ,pursuit ( solutions to ! complicat$ analytical !ory ( l9kages 0 /imulat$ by publication ( ,f]d9& ,freud5/e9's ,analytical ,approa* to ! ,design ( ,f\r-,l9k ,me*anisms 9 #aied1abe & an increas+ int]e/ 9 ! problem is indicat$ by ! ext5sive lit]ature t has appe>$ 9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,footnote #abe3 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #aied1 vol4 #gf1 pp4 #dhc-dib4 ,see also ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #aiee1 vol4 #gg1 pp4 #hec-hfa1 & #aief1 vol4 #gh1 pp4 #ggi-ghg4 ,! prop] role ( rational me?ods 9 ! syn!sis ( me*anisms is n yet cle>4 ,:ile we may talk ab\t k9ematic syn!sis1 wrote two ( today's lead]s 9 ! field1 we are really talk+ ab\t a hope = ! future r ?an a great reality ( ! pres5t4#abf ,:5 ! m5tal equipm5t & ! en?usiasm ( s*ol>s :o are devot+ _! "t to ! problems ( k9ematic syn!sis are consid]$1 h[ev]1 x is difficult to see h[ important new ideas c fail to be produc$4 ,footnote #abf3 ,r4 ,s4 ,h>t5b]g & ,j4 ,d5avit1 ,k9ematic ,syn!sis1 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,septemb] #f1 #aief1 vol4 #bh1 pp4 #aja-aje4 ,an annual ,conf]5ce on ,me*anisms1 sponsor$ by ,purdue ,univ]sity & ,ma*9e ,design1 0 inaugurat$ 9 #aiec & has met ) a lively response4 ,among o!r manife/ations ( curr5t int]e/ 9 me*anisms1 ! contributions ( ,am]icans to int]national conf]5ces on me*anisms reflects ! gr[+ recognition ( ! value ( s*ol>ly inve/igation ( ! k9d t c sc>cely hope to yield imm$iately tangible results4 ,:ile we look to ! future1 "o may ask h[ a l5g?y view ( ! pa/ c be ju/ifi$4 ,x seems to me t !re is inh]5t 9 ! almo/ fev]i% activity ( ! pres5t ! dang] ( becom+ s preoccupi$ ) op]ational !ory t ! goals may become cl\d$ & ! syn!sis 7let u put x less elegantly3 ! design7 ( me*anisms may nev] q come into focus4 ,if "o kn[s no?+ ( ! pa/1 ,i wond] h[ he c ) any confid5ce decide 9 :at direction he mu/ turn 9 ord] to face ! future4 ,ackn[l$gm5t ,i am grateful to ,pr(essors ,ri*>d ,s4 ,h>t5b]g & ,all5 ,s4 ,hall1 ,jr41 = read+ ! manuscript1 mak+ helpful comm5ts1 & sugge/+ mat]ial t ,i _h n f\nd4 ,! errors1 h[ev]1 are m9e4 ,additional ,ref]5ces ,! foll[+ li/ ( additional ref]5ce mat]ial on k9ematics may be ( help to read]s :o desire to d indep5d5t rese>*4 ,! mat]ial is li/$ accord+ to ! section head+s 9 ! text ( ! pres5t article4 ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,/raight ,,l9e ,,kempe1 ,a4 ,b4 ,h[ to ,draw a ,/raight ,l9e4 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,conta9s a useful bibliography4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,squ>+ ! ,circle & ,o!r ,monographs1 ,new ,york1 ,*elsea ,publi%+ ,company1 #aiec4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to /raight-l9e me*anisms s9ce ! "t ( ,kempe2 at lea/ a half doz5 articles h appe>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce #aiej1 b ,i did n inve/igate ! lit]ature publi%$ aft] #ahgg4 ,,s*ol>s ,,& ,,ma*9es ,,beck1 ,,!odor4 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,mas*95baues4 ,b]l91 #ahii4 ,reviews ( e>ly works1 su* z ^? by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,bir+uccio1 ,besson1 ,zonca1 etc4 ,,borgnis1 ,,giuseppe ,,antonio4 ,trait complet de mcanique applique aux arts4 ,p>is1 #ahah-ahba1 #i vols4 ,conta9s sev]al hundr$ f9ely detail$ plates ( ma*9es4 ,,lab\laye1 ,,*>les4 ,trait de c9matique ou ?orie des mcanismes4 ,p>is1 #ahfa 7ed4 #b74 ,?is "w 0 quot$ frequ5tly by ,lab\laye's contempor>ies4 ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,london4 ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific ,pap]s1 #ahjj-aijj1 ,au?or ,index4 ,london1 #ahfg-aijb1 & ,cambridge1 #aiad-aibe4 ----4 ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific ,pap]s1 #ahjj-aijj1 ,subject ,index4 ,london1 #aiji1 vol4 #b4 ,?is subject index 0 />t$ 9 #aijh1 & by #aiad ?ree volumes 7! ?ird 9 two p>ts7 _h be5 publi%$2 h[ev]1 ?is subject index 0 nev] complet$4 ,volume #b1 titl$ ,me*anics1 has "s #bjj entries "u ,l9kages4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t bo? ( ! ,royal ,society's monum5tal catalogs grew out ( a sugge/ion made by ,joseph ,h5ry at a ,briti% ,association meet+ 9 ,glasg[ 9 #ahee4 ,,weisba*1 ,,julius4 ,! ,me*anics ( ! ,ma*9]y ( ,transmission1 vol4 #c1 pt4 #a1 sec4 #b ( ,me*anics ( ,eng9e]+ & ,ma*9]y1 translat$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,kle94 ,new ,york1 #ahij 7ed4 #b74 ,,me*anisms ,,& ,,me*anicians ,,b>b]1 ,,?omas ,w4 ,eng9e]'s ,sket*-,book4 ,london1 #ahij 7ed4 #b74 ,,h]kim]1 ,,h]b]t4 ,eng9e]'s ,illu/rat$ ,!saurus4 ,new ,york1 #aieb4 ,,p]iodicals4 ,artizan1 f #ahdc2 ,practical ,me*anic & ,eng9e]'s ,magaz9e1 f #ahda2 ,rep]tory ( ,arts & ,manufactures1 f #agid2 ,newton's ,london ,j\rnal ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 f #ahbj4 7,! prec$+ p]iodicals h _m plates ( pat5t specification draw+s47 ,! ,eng9e]1 ,novemb] #aj1 #aicc1 vol4 #aef1 p4 #dfc1 & ,eng9e]+1 ,novemb] #aj1 #aicc1 vol4 #acf1 p4 #ebe4 7,rec5t ,engli% views que/ion+ ! utility ( k9ematics47 ,,tate1 ,,?omas4 ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism4 ,london1 #ahea4 ,conta9s figures f ,lanz & ,btanc\rt 7#ahjh74 ,,wylson1 ,,james4 ,me*anical ,inv5tor's ,guide4 ,london1 #ahei4 ,conta9s figures f ,h5ry ,adcock1 ,adcock's ,eng9e]s' ,pocket-,book1 #aheh4 ,,me*anisms ,,9 ,,am]ica1 #ahge-aiee ,,alb]t1 ,,calv9 ,d41 ,,& ,,rog]s1 ,f4 ,d4 ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 ,new ,york1 #aica4 ,conta9s a bibliography t includes works n m5tion$ 9 ! pres5t pap]4 ,,b>r1 ,,john ,h4 ,k9ematics ( ,ma*9]y4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,an e>ly textbook4 ,! au?or taught at ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,beggs1 ,,joseph ,s4 ,me*anism4 ,new ,york1 #aiee4 ,conta9s an ext5sive & useful bibliography4 ,,bottema1 ,o4 ,rec5t ,"w on ,k9ematics1 ,appli$ ,me*anics ,reviews1 ,april #aiec1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #afi-agj4 ,,conf]5ce ,,on ,,me*anisms4 ,?is conf]5ce 0 sponsor$ by ,purdue ,univ]sity & ,ma*9e ,design4 ,transactions ( ! fir/ two conf]5ces appe>$ z special sections 9 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,decemb] #aiec1 vol4 #be1 pp4 #agc-bbj1 ,decemb] #aied1 vol4 #bf1 pp4 #ahg-bcf1 & 9 collect$ repr9ts4 ,pap]s ( ! ?ird & f\r? conf]5ces 7,may #aief & ,octob] #aieg7 appe>$ 9 ,ma*9e ,design ov] sev]al mon?s foll[+ ea* conf]5ce & 9 collect$ repr9ts4 ,pap]s ( ! fif? conf]5ce 7,octob] #aieh7 7 collect$ & prepr9t$ = conf]5ce p>ticipants2 subsequ5tly1 all pap]s appe>$ 9 ,ma*9e ,design4 ,collect$ repr9ts & prepr9ts are available 7,may #aifj7 f ,p5ton ,publi%+ ,company1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,,de ,,jonge1 ,a4 ,e4 ,,ri*>d4 ,k9ematic ,syn!sis ( ,me*anisms1 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,july #aidj1 vol4 #fb1 pp4 #ecg-edb4 ----4 ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ,mod]n ,k9ematics1 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #aidc1 vol4 #fe1 pp4 #ffc-fhc4 ,,goodeve1 ,,?omas ,m4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,an e>ly textbook4 ,,grodz9ski1 ,,paul1 ,,& ,,mcew51 ,,ew54 ,l9k ,me*anisms 9 ,mod]n ,k9ematics1 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 #aied1 vol4 #afh1 pp4 #hgg-hif4 ,?is article evok$ int]e/+ discussion4 ,x is un=tunate t ,grodz9ski's p]iodical1 ,me*anism1 ,an ,int]national ,bibliography1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #aief-aieg & :i* t]m9at$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?1 has n be5 reviv$4 ,grodz9ski's incisive views & in=mative essays are valuable & int]e/+4 ,,h>t5b]g1 ,r4 ,s4 ,complex ,numb]s & ,f\r-,b> ,l9kages1 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,m>* #bj1 #aieh1 vol4 #cj1 pp4 #aef-afc4 ,?is is an excell5t prim]4 ,! au?or expla9s complex numb]s 9 8 usual lucid fa%ion4 ,,h>t5b]g1 ,r4 ,s41 ,,& ,,d5avit1 ,j4 ,k9ematic ,syn!sis1 ,ma*9e ,design1 ,septemb] #f1 #aief1 vol4 #bh1 pp4 #aja-aje4 ,,maccord1 ,,*>les4 ,k9ematics4 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ,an e>ly textbook4 ,,rob9son1 ,,/illman ,w4 ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,an e>ly textbook4 ,! au?or taught at ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,,unw91 ,,william ,c4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,ma*9e ,design4 ,new ,york1 #ahhb 7ed4 #d74 ,an e>ly textbook4 ,! au?or taught at ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college1 9 ,engl&4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aifb ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4--,price #dj c5ts