,,te*nology ,,& ,,books ,,= ,,all #bjjh by ,m>ie ,leb]t is lic5s$ "u ,,cc ,,by-,,nc-,,sa #d4j4 ,to view a copy ( ?is lic5se1 visit https3_/_/creativecommons4org_/lic5ses_/ by-nc-sa_/#d4j_/ ,,te*nology ,,& ,,books ,,= ,,all ,,m>ie ,,leb]t ,updat$ ,v]sion ,,nef1 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 #bjjh ,copyright #bjjh ,m>ie ,leb]t ----- mile/ones & z _m pages1 ) an ov]view & an 9-dep? description = ea* mile/one4 ,?is book is also available 9 ,fr5*1 ) a diff]5t text4 ,bo? v]sions are available on ! ,,nef http3_/_/www4etudes-francaises4net_/doss i]s_/te*nologies4htm4 ----- ,m>ie ,leb]t is a rese>*] & j\rnali/ specializ+ 9 te*nology & books1 o!r m$ia & languages4 ,%e is ! au?or ( ,les mutations du livre 7,mutations ( ! ,book1 9 ,fr5*1 #bjjg7 & ,le ,livre #jajaja 7,! #jajaja ,book1 9 ,fr5*1 #bjjc74 ,all h] books h be5 publi%$ by ,,nef 7,net des tudes franaises _/ ,net ( ,fr5* ,/udies71 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 & are freely available onl9e at http3_/_/www4etudes-francaises4net4 ----- ,mo/ quotations are exc]pts f ,,nef int]views4 ,) _m ?anks to all ! p]sons :o are quot$ "h1 & :o k9dly answ]$ my que/ions ov] ! ye>s4 ,mo/ int]views are available onl9e at www4etudes-francaises4net_/entreti5s_/in dex4htm4 ---- ,) _m ?anks to ,greg ,*amb]la91 ,laurie ,*amb]la91 ,kimb]ly ,*ung1 ,mike ,cook1 ,mi*ael ,h>t & ,russon ,wooldridge1 :o k9dly edit$ &_/or pro(read "s p>ts 9 previ\s v]sions4 ,! au?or1 ^: "m tongue is ,fr5*1 is responsible = any rema9+ mi/akes4 ---- ,,table ,introduction #aifh3 ,,ascii #aiga3 ,project ,gut5b]g #aigd3 ,int]net #aigg3 ,,unim>c #aihd3 ,copyleft #aiij3 ,web #aiia3 ,unicode #aiic3 ,onl9e ,books ,page #aiic3 ,,pdf #aiid3 ,libr>y ,websites #aiid3 ,bold ,publi%]s #aiie3 ,amazon4com #aiie3 ,onl9e ,press #aiif3 ,palm ,pilot #aiif3 ,int]net ,ar*ive #aiif3 ,new ,ways ( ,tea*+ #aiig3 ,digital ,publi%+ #aiig3 ,logos ,diction>y #aiig3 ,multim$ia ,conv]g5ce #aiih3 ,onl9e ,be[ulf #aiih3 ,digital ,libr>ians #aiih3 ,multil+ual ,web #aiii3 ,op5 e,book ,=mat #aiii3 ,digital ,au?ors #bjjj3 your,dictionary4com #bjjj3 ,onl9e ,bible ( ,gut5b]g #bjjj3 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s #bjjj3 ,public ,libr>y ( ,sci5ce #bjja3 ,wikip$ia #bjja3 ,creative ,commons #bjjb3 ,,mit ,open,course,ware #bjjd3 ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe #bjjd3 ,google ,books #bjje3 ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance #bjjf3 ,micros(t ,live ,se>* ,books #bjjf3 ,free ,world,cat #bjjg3 ,citiz5dium #bjjg3 ,encyclop$ia ( ,life ,websites ,,introduction ,mi*ael ,h>t1 :o f\nd$ ,project ,gut5b]g 9 #aiga1 wrote3 ,we consid] e,text to be a new m$ium1 ) no real relation%ip to pap]1 o!r ?an pres5t+ ! same mat]ial1 b ,i don't see h[ pap] c possibly compete once p ea* f9d _! own com=table way to e,texts1 especially 9 s*ools4 7exc]pt f a ,,nef int]view1 ,augu/ #aiih7 ,tim ,b]n]s-,lee1 :o inv5t$ ! web 9 #aihi-ij1 wrote3 ,! dream beh9d ! web is ( a common in=mation space 9 :i* we communicate by %>+ in=mation4 ,its univ]sality is ess5tial3 ! fact t a hyp]text l9k c po9t to any?+1 be x p]sonal1 local or global1 be x draft or highly poli%$4 ,!re 0 a second "p ( ! dream1 too1 dep5d5t on ! web be+ s g5]ally us$ t x became a reali/ic mirror 7or 9 fact ! prim>y embodim5t7 ( ! ways 9 :i* we "w & play & socialize4 ,t 0 t once ! /ate ( our int]actions 0 on l9e1 we c\ld !n use comput]s to help u analyse x1 make s5se ( :at we are do+1 :]e we individually fit 91 & h[ we c bett] "w toge!r4 7exc]pt f3 ,! ,_w ,wide ,web3 ,a ,v ,%ort ,p]sonal ,hi/ory1 ,may #aiih7 ,john ,m>k ,ock]bloom1 :o creat$ ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page 9 #aiic1 wrote3 ,i've gott5 v int]e/$ 9 ! great pot5tial ! net _h = mak+ lit]ature available to a wide audi5ce4 74447 ,i am v excit$ ab\t ! pot5tial ( ! int]net z a mass communication m$ium 9 ! com+ ye>s4 ,i'd also l to /ay involv$1 "o way or ano!r1 9 mak+ books available to a wide audi5ce = free via ! net1 :e!r ,i make ?is explicitly "p ( my pr(essional c>e]1 or :e!r ,i j d x z a sp>e-"t volunte]4 7exc]pt f a ,,nef int]view1 ,septemb] #aiih7 ,"h is ! j\rney we are go+ to foll[3 #aifh3 ,,ascii is a #g-;bit cod$ "* set4 #aiga3 ,project ,gut5b]g is ! fir/ digital libr>y4 #aigd3 ,! int]net takes (f4 #aigg3 ,,unim>c is set up z a common bibliographic =mat4 #aihd3 ,copyleft is a new lic5se = comput] s(tw>e4 #aiij3 ,! web takes (f4 #aiia3 ,unicode is a univ]sal d\ble-byte "* set4 #aiic3 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page is a li/ ( free e,books4 #aiic3 ,! ,,pdf =mat is laun*$ by ,adobe4 #aiid3 ,! fir/ libr>y website goes onl9e4 #aiid3 ,publi%]s put "s ( _! books onl9e = free4 #aiie3 ,amazon4com is ! fir/ ma9 onl9e book/ore4 #aiie3 ,! ma9/ream press goes onl9e4 #aiif3 ,! ,palm ,pilot is ! fir/ ,,pda4 #aiif3 ,! ,int]net ,ar*ive is f\nd$ to ar*ive ! web4 #aiif3 ,tea*]s explore new ways ( tea*+4 #aiig3 ,onl9e publi%+ beg9s spread+4 #aiig3 ,! ,logos ,diction>y goes onl9e = free4 #aiig3 ,multim$ia conv]g5ce is ! topic ( an int]national symposium4 #aiih3 ,libr>y treasures l ,be[ulf g onl9e4 #aiii3 ,libr>ians become webma/]s4 #aiih3 ,! web becomes multil+ual4 #aiii3 ,! ,op5 e,book =mat is a /&>d = e,books4 #aiii3 ,au?ors g digital4 #bjjj3 your,dictionary4com is a language portal4 #bjjj3 ,! ,bible ( ,gut5b]g goes onl9e4 #bjjj3 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s digitizes books f public doma94 #bjjj3 ,! ,public ,libr>y ( ,sci5ce 7,p,lo,s7 works on free onl9e j\rnals4 #bjja3 ,wikip$ia is ! fir/ ma9 onl9e coop]ative encyclop$ia4 #bjja3 ,creative ,commons works on new ways to respect au?ors' rights on ! web4 #bjjc3 ,,mit (f]s its c\rse mat]ials = free 9 its ,open,course,ware4 #bjjd3 ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe is laun*$ z a multil+ual project4 #bjjd3 ,google laun*es ,google ,pr9t to r5ame x ,google ,books4 #bjje3 ,! ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance 7,,oca7 laun*es a _w public digital libr>y4 #bjjf3 ,micros(t laun*es ,live ,se>* ,books z its own digital libr>y4 #bjjf3 ,! union catalog ,world,cat goes onl9e = free4 #bjjg3 ,citiz5dium is a ma9 onl9e reliable coop]ative encyclop$ia4 #bjjg3 ,! ,encyclop$ia ( ,life w docum5t all species ( animals & plants4 ,unless specifi$ o!rwise1 all quotations are exc]pts f ,,nef int]views4 ,^! int]views are available onl9e at http3_/_/www4etudes-francaises4net4 #aifh3 ,,ascii ,ov]view ,us$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( comput+1 ,,ascii 7,am]ican ,/&>d ,code = ,in=mation ,int]*ange7 is a #g-;bit cod$ "* set = in=mation int]*ange 9 ,engli%4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #aifh by ,,ansi 7,am]ican ,national ,/&>ds ,in/itute71 ) an update 9 #aigg & #aihf4 ,! #g-;bit pla9 ,,ascii1 also call$ ,pla9 ,vanilla ,,ascii1 is a set ( #abh *>act]s ) #ie pr9table unacc5t$ *>act]s 7,a-,z1 a-z1 numb]s1 punctuation & basic symbols71 i4e4 ! ones t are available on ! ,engli%_/,am]ican keybo>d4 ,pla9 ,vanilla ,,ascii c be read1 writt51 copi$ & pr9t$ by any simple text editor or ^w processor4 ,x is ! only =mat compatible ) #ii ( all h>dw>e & s(tw>e4 ,x c be us$ z x is or to create v]sions 9 _m o!r =mats4 ,ext5sions ( ,,ascii 7also call$ ,,iso-#hhei or ,,iso-,lat97 are sets ( #bef *>act]s t include acc5t$ *>act]s z f\nd 9 ,fr5*1 ,spani% & ,g]man1 = example ,,iso #hhei-a 7,lat9-#a7 = ,fr5*4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjje7 ,:e!r digitiz$ ye>s ago or n[1 all ,project ,gut5b]g books are creat$ 9 #g-;bit pla9 ,,ascii1 call$ ,pla9 ,vanilla ,,ascii4 ,:5 #h-;bit ,,ascii 7also call$ ,,iso-#hhei or ,,iso-,lat97 is us$ = books ) acc5t$ *>act]s l ,fr5* or ,g]man1 ,project ,gut5b]g also produces a #g-;bit ,,ascii v]sion ) ! acc5ts /ripp$4 7,?is doesn't apply = languages t are n conv]tible 9 ,,ascii1 l ,*9ese1 encod$ 9 ,big-#e47 ,project ,gut5b]g sees ,pla9 ,vanilla ,,ascii z ! be/ =mat by f>4 ,x is ! l[e/ common d5om9ator4 ,x c be read1 writt51 copi$ & pr9t$ by any simple text editor or ^w processor on any electronic device4 ,x is ! only =mat compatible ) #ii ( h>dw>e & s(tw>e4 ,x c be us$ z x is or to create v]sions 9 _m o!r =mats4 ,x w /ill be us$ :ile o!r =mats w be obsolete 7or are already obsolete1 l =mats ( a few %ort-liv$ read+ devices laun*$ s9ce #aiii74 ,x is ! assurance collections w nev] be obsolete1 & w survive future te*nological *anges4 ,! goal is to pres]ve ! texts n only ov] decades b ov] c5turies4 ,!re is no o!r /&>d z widely us$ z ,,ascii "r n[1 ev5 ,unicode1 a univ]sal d\ble-byte "* encod+ laun*$ 9 #aiia to support any language & any plat=m4 #aiga3 ,,project ,,gut5b]g ,ov]view ,9 ,july #aiga1 ,mi*ael ,h>t creat$ ,project ,gut5b]g ) ! goal ( mak+ available = free1 & electronically1 lit]>y works belong+ to public doma94 ,a pione] site 9 a numb] ( ways1 ,project ,gut5b]g 0 ! fir/ in=mation provid] on ! int]net & is ! olde/ digital libr>y4 ,:5 ! int]net became popul> 9 ! mid-#aiijs1 ! project got a boo/ & ga9$ an int]national dim5sion4 ,! numb] ( electronic books rose f #a1jjj 79 ,augu/ #aiig7 to #e1jjj 79 ,april #bjjb71 #aj1jjj 79 ,octob] #bjjc71 #ae1jjj 79 ,janu>y #bjje71 #bj1jjj 79 ,decemb] #bjjf7 & #be1jjj 79 ,april #bjjh71 ) a curr5t production rate ( ar\nd #cdj new books ea* mon?4 ,) #ee languages & #dj mirror sites ar\nd ! _w1 books are be+ d[nload$ by ! t5s ( ?\s&s e day4 ,project ,gut5b]g promotes digitization 9 text =mat1 mean+ t a book c be copi$1 index$1 se>*$1 analyz$ & comp>$ ) o!r books4 ,contr>y to o!r =mats1 ! files are accessible = l[-b&wid? use4 ,! ma9 s\rce ( new ,project ,gut5b]g e,books is ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 conceiv$ 9 ,octob] #bjjj by ,*>les ,franks to help 9 ! digitiz+ ( books f public doma94 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjje1 updat$ 9 #bjjh7 ,! electronic book 7e,book7 is n[ #cg ye>s old1 :i* is /ill a %ort life comp>+ to ! five & a half c5tury pr9t book4 e,books 7 born ) ,project ,gut5b]g1 creat$ by ,mi*ael ,h>t 9 ,july #aiga to make available = free electronic v]sions ( lit]>y books belong+ to public doma94 ,a pione] site 9 a numb] ( ways1 ,project ,gut5b]g 0 ! fir/ in=mation provid] on an embryonic int]net & is ! olde/ digital libr>y4 ,long consid]$ by its critics z impossible on a l>ge scale1 ,project ,gut5b]g _h #be1jjj books 9 ,april #bjjh1 ) t5s ( ?\s&s d[nloads daily4 ,to ?is day1 nobody has done a bett] job ( putt+ ! _w's lit]ature at ev]yone's disposal1 :ile creat+ a va/ network ( volunte]s all ov] ! _w1 )\t wa/+ p's skills or en]gy4 ,dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s1 ,mi*ael ,h>t himself key$ 9 ! fir/ hundr$ books1 ) ! occasional help ( o!rs4 ,:5 ! int]net became popul>1 9 ! mid-#aiijs1 ! project got a boo/ & ga9$ an int]national dim5sion4 ,mi*ael /ill typ$ & scann$ 9 books1 b n[ coord9at$ ! "w ( doz5s & !n hundr$s ( volunte]s across _m c\ntries4 ,! numb] ( electronic books rose f #a1jjj 79 ,augu/ #aiig7 to #b1jjj 79 ,may #aiii71 #c1jjj 79 ,decemb] #bjjj7 & #d1jjj 79 ,octob] #bjja74 #cg ye>s aft] its bir?1 ,project ,gut5b]g is runn+ at full capacity4 ,x _h #e1jjj books onl9e 9 ,april #bjjb1 #aj1jjj books 9 ,octob] #bjjc1 #ae1jjj books 9 ,janu>y #bjje1 #bj1jjj books 9 ,decemb] #bjjf & #be1jjj books 9 ,april #bjjh1 ) #cdj new books available p] mon?1 ) #dj mirror sites worldwide1 & ) books d[nload$ by ! t5s ( ?\s&s e day4 ,:e!r !y 7 digitiz$ #cj ye>s ago or digitiz$ n[1 all ! books are captur$ 9 ,pla9 ,vanilla ,,ascii 7! orig9al #g-;bit ,,ascii71 ) ! same =matt+ rules1 s !y c be read easily by any ma*9e1 op]at+ sy/em or s(tw>e1 includ+ on a ,,pda1 a cellphone or an e,book read]4 ,any individual or organization is free to conv]t !m to diff]5t =mats1 )\t any re/riction except respect = copyright laws 9 ! c\ntry involv$4 ,9 ,janu>y #bjjd1 ,project ,gut5b]g _h spread across ! ,atlantic ) ! creation ( ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe4 ,on top ( its orig9al mission1 x also became a bridge betwe5 languages & cultures1 ) a numb] ( national & l+ui/ic sections4 ,:ile adh]+ to ! same pr9ciple3 books = all & = free1 ?r\gh electronic v]sions t c be us$ & reproduc$ indef9itely4 ,&1 z a second /ep1 ! digitization ( images & s\nd1 9 ! same _s4 #aigd3 ,,int]net ,ov]view ,:5 ,project ,gut5b]g began 9 ,july #aiga1 ! int]net 0 n ev5 born4 ,on ,july #d1 #aiga1 on ,indep5d5ce ,day1 ,mi*ael key$ 9 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 7sign$ on ,july #d1 #aggf7 to ! ma9frame he 0 us+4 ,9 upp] case1 because !re 0 no l[] case yet4 ,b to s5d a #e,k file to ! #ajj us]s ( ! embryonic int]net w\ld h cra%$ ! network4 ,s ,mi*ael m5tion$ :]e ! e,text 0 /or$ 7?\gh )\t a hyp]text l9k1 because ! web 0 /ill #bj ye>s ahead74 ,x 0 d[nload$ by six us]s4 ,! int]net 0 born 9 #aigd ) ! creation ( ,,tcp_/,,ip 7,transmission ,control ,protocol _/ ,int]net ,protocol7 by ,v9ton ,c]f & ,bob ,kahn4 ,x began spread+ 9 #aihc4 ,x got a boo/ ) ! inv5tion ( ! web 9 #aiij & ( ! fir/ br[s] 9 #aiic4 ,at ! end ( #aiig1 !re 7 #ij to #ajj million us]s1 ) "o million new us]s e mon?4 ,at ! end ( #bjjj1 !re 7 ov] #cjj million us]s4 #aigg3 ,,unim>c ,ov]view ,9 #aigg1 ! ,,ifla 7,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,libr>y ,associations7 publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( ,,unim>c3 ,univ]sal ,,m>c ,=mat1 foll[$ by a second edition 9 #aihj & a ,,unim>c ,h&book 9 #aihc4 ,,unim>c 7,univ]sal ,ma*9e ,readable ,catalog+7 is a common bibliographic =mat = libr>y catalogs1 z a solution to ! #bj exi/+ national ,,m>c 7,ma*9e ,readable ,catalog+7 =mats1 :i* meant lack ( compatibility & ext5sive edit+ :5 bibliographical records 7 ex*ang$4 ,) ,,unim>c1 catalog]s w\ld be able to process records creat$ 9 any ,,m>c =mat4 ,records 9 "o ,,m>c =mat w\ld fir/ be conv]t$ into ,,unim>c1 & !n be conv]t$ into ano!r ,,m>c =mat4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,at ! "t1 ! future ( onl9e catalogs 0 l9k$ to ! h>monization ( ! ,,m>c =mat4 ,set up 9 ! e>ly #aigjs1 ,,m>c is an acronym = ,ma*9e ,readable ,catalogue4 ,?is acronym is r mislead+ z ,,m>c is nei!r a k9d ( catalog nor a me?od ( catalogu+4 ,accord+ to ,,unim>c3 ,an ,introduction1 a docum5t ( ! ,univ]sal ,bibliographic ,control & ,int]national ,,m>c ,core ,programme1 ,,m>c is a %ort & conv5i5t t]m = assign+ labels to ea* "p ( a catalogue record s t x c be h&l$ by comput]s4 ,:ile ! ,,m>c =mat 0 prim>ily design$ to s]ve ! ne$s ( libr>ies1 ! concept has s9ce be5 embrac$ by ! wid] in=mation community z a conv5i5t way ( /or+ & ex*ang+ bibliographic data4 ,aft] ,,m>c came ,,m>c ,,ii4 ,,m>c ,,ii e/abli%$ rules to be foll[$ consi/5tly ov] ! ye>s4 ,! ,,m>c communication =mat int5d$ to be hospitable to all k9ds ( libr>y mat]ials2 suffici5tly flexible = a v>iety ( applications 9 addition to catalogue production2 & usable 9 a range ( automat$ sy/ems4 ,ov] ! ye>s1 h[ev]1 despite coop]ation ef=ts1 sev]al v]sions ( ,,m>c em]g$1 e4g4 ,,ukm>c1 ,,int]m>c & ,,usm>c1 ^: pa?s div]g$ because ( diff]5t national catalogu+ practices & requirem5ts4 ,we _h an ext5d$ family ( m ?an #bj ,,m>c =mats4 ,diff]5ces 9 data cont5t meant "s ext5sive edit+ 0 ne$$ be=e records c\ld be ex*ang$4 ,"o solution to incompatible data 0 to create an int]national ,,m>c =mat - call$ ,,unim>c - :i* w\ld accept records creat$ 9 any ,,m>c =mat4 ,records 9 "o ,,m>c =mat w\ld fir/ be conv]t$ into ,,unim>c1 & !n be conv]t$ into ano!r ,,m>c =mat1 s t ea* national bibliographic ag5cy w\ld ne$ to write only two programs - "o to conv]t into ,,unim>c & "o to conv]t f ,,unim>c - in/ead ( hav+ to write tw5ty programs = ! conv]sion ( ea* ,,m>c =mat 7e4g4 ,,int]m>c to ,,ukm>c1 ,,usm>c to ,,ukm>c etc474 ,9 #aigg1 ! ,,ifla 7,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,libr>y ,associations & ,in/itutions7 publi%$ ,,unim>c3 ,univ]sal ,,m>c ,=mat1 foll[$ by a second edition 9 #aihj & a ,,unim>c ,h&book 9 #aihc4 ,^! publications focus$ prim>ily on ! catalogu+ ( monographs & s]ials1 :ile tak+ into acc\nt int]national ef=ts t[>ds ! /&>dization ( bibliographic in=mation reflect$ 9 ! ,i,s,b,ds 7,int]national ,/&>d ,bibliographic ,descriptions74 ,9 ! mid-#aihjs1 ,,unim>c exp&$ to cov] docum5ts o!r ?an monographs & s]ials4 ,a new ,,unim>c ,manual 0 produc$ 9 #aihg1 ) an updat$ description ( ,,unim>c4 ,by ?is "t ,,unim>c _h be5 adopt$ by sev]al bibliographic ag5cies z _! 9-h\se =mat4 ,developm5ts didn't /op !re4 ,a /&>d = au?orities files 0 set up 9 #aiia1 z expla9$ on ! website ( ,,ifla 9 #aiih3 ,previ\sly ag5cies _h ent]$ an au?or's "n into ! bibliographic =mat z _m times z !re 7 docum5ts associat$ ) him or h]4 ,) ! new sy/em !y creat$ a s+le au?oritative =m ( ! "n 7) ref]5ces7 9 ! au?orities file2 ! record control numb] = ?is "n 0 ! only item includ$ 9 ! bibliographic file4 ,! us] w\ld /ill see ! "n 9 ! bibliographic record1 h[ev]1 z ! comput] c\ld import x f ! au?orities file at a conv5i5t "t4 ,s 9 #aiia ,,unim>c_/,au?orities 0 publi%$4 ,9 #aiia a ,p]man5t ,,unim>c ,committee 0 also creat$ to regul>ly monitor ! developm5t ( ,,unim>c4 ,us]s realiz$ t cont9u\s ma9t5ance - & n j ! occasional rewrit+ ( manuals - 0 ne$$1 to make sure all *anges 7 compatible ) :at already exi/$4 ,on top ( adopt+ ,,unim>c z a common =mat1 ,! ,briti% ,libr>y 7us+ ,,ukm>c71 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress 7us+ ,,usm>c7 & ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,canada 7us+ ,,c_/,,m>c7 work$ on h>moniz+ _! national ,,m>c =mats4 ,a ?ree-ye> program to a*ieve a common ,,m>c =mat 0 agre$ on by ! ?ree libr>ies 9 ,decemb] #aiie4 ,o!r libr>ies began us+ ,,sgml 7,/&>d ,g5]aliz$ ,m>kup ,language7 z a common =mat = bo? ! bibliographic records & ! hyp]textual & multim$ia docum5ts l9k$ to !m4 ,z mo/ publi%]s 7 us+ ,,sgml = book records1 libr>ians & publi%]s began work+ on a conv]g5ce betwe5 ,,m>c & ,,sgml4 ,! ,libr>y ( ,congress work$ on a ,,dtd 7,def9ition ( ,type ( ,docum5t1 :i* def9es its logical /ructure7 = ! ,,usm>c =mat4 ,a ,,dtd = ! ,,unim>c =mat 0 develop$ by ! ,european ,union4 ,"s ,european libr>ies *ose ,,sgml to encode _! bibliographic data4 ,9 ! ,belgian ,union ,catalog1 = example1 ! use ( ,,sgml all[$ to add descriptive elem5ts & to facilitate ! production ( an annual ,,cd-,,rom4 #aihd3 ,,copyleft ,ov]view ,! t]m copyleft 0 inv5t$ 9 #aihd by ,ri*>d ,/allman1 :o 0 a comput] sci5ti/ at ,,mit 7,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology74 ,copyleft is a g5]al me?od = mak+ a program or o!r "w free1 & requir+ all modifi$ & ext5d$ v]sions ( ! program to be free z well4 74447 ,copyleft says t anyone :o r$i/ributes ! s(tw>e1 ) or )\t *anges1 mu/ pass along ! fre$om to fur!r copy & *ange x4 ,copyleft gu>antees t e us] has fre$om4 74447 ,copyleft is a way ( us+ ( ! copyright on ! program4 ,x doesn't mean ab&on+ ! copyright2 9 fact1 do+ s w\ld make copyleft impossible4 ,! ^w 'left' 9 'copyleft' is n a ref]5ce to ! v]b 'to leave' -- only to ! direction :i* is ! inv]se ( '"r'4 74447 ,! ,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se 7,,fdl7 is a =m ( copyleft int5d$ = use on a manual1 textbook or o!r docum5t to assure ev]yone ! effective fre$om to copy & r$i/ribute x1 ) or )\t modifications1 ei!r comm]cially or non comm]cially4 7exc]pt f ! ,,gnu website7 #aiij3 ,,web ,ov]view ,! int]net got its fir/ boo/ ) ! inv5tion ( ! web & its hyp]l9ks by ,tim ,b]n]s-,lee at ,,c]n 7,european ,laboratory = ,p>ticle ,physics7 9 #aiij1 & a second boo/ ) ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ br[s] ,mosaic 9 #aiic4 ,! int]net c\ld n[ be us$ by anyone1 & n only by comput] lit]ate p4 ,!re 7 #ajj million int]net us]s 9 ,decemb] #aiig1 ) "o million new us]s p] mon?1 & #cjj million int]net us]s 9 ,decemb] #bjjj4 ,9 summ] #bjjj1 ! numb] ( non-,engli%-speak+ us]s rea*$ ! numb] ( ,engli%-speak+ us]s1 ) a p]c5tage ( #ej-ej4 ,accord+ to ,netcraft1 an int]net s]vices company1 ! numb] ( websites w5t f "o million 7,april #aiig7 to #aj million 7,febru>y #bjjj71 #bj million 7,septemb] #bjjj71 #cj million 7,july #bjja71 #dj million 7,april #bjjc71 #ej million 7,may #bjjd71 #fj million 7,m>* #bjje71 #gj million 7,augu/ #bjje71 #hj million 7,april #bjjf71 #ij million 7,augu/ #bjjf7 & #ajj million 7,novemb] #bjjf74 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii1 updat$ 9 #bjjh7 ,! ,_w ,wide ,web -t became ! ,web or web- 0 inv5t$ by ,tim ,b]n]s-,lee 9 #aihi-ij4 ,9 #aiih1 he /at$3 ,! dream beh9d ! web is ( a common in=mation space 9 :i* we communicate by %>+ in=mation4 ,its univ]sality is ess5tial3 ! fact t a hyp]text l9k c po9t to any?+1 be x p]sonal1 local or global1 be x draft or highly poli%$4 ,!re 0 a second "p ( ! dream1 too1 dep5d5t on ! web be+ s g5]ally us$ t x became a reali/ic mirror 7or 9 fact ! prim>y embodim5t7 ( ! ways 9 :i* we "w & play & socialize4 ,t 0 t once ! /ate ( our int]actions 0 on l9e1 we c\ld !n use comput]s to help u analyze x1 make s5se ( :at we are do+1 :]e we individually fit 91 & h[ we c bett] "w toge!r4 7exc]pt f3 ,! ,_w ,wide ,web3 ,a v %ort p]sonal hi/ory1 ,may #aiih47 ,*ri/iane ,jadelot1 rese>*] at ,i,na,l,f-,nancy 7,i,na,l,f3 ,national ,in/itute ( ! ,fr5* ,language7 wrote3 ,i began to really use ! int]net 9 #aiid1 ) a br[s] call$ ,mosaic4 ,i f\nd x a v useful way ( improv+ my k ( comput]s1 l+ui/ics1 lit]ature444 ev]y?+4 ,i 0 f9d+ ! be/ & ! wor/1 b z a disc]n+ us]1 ,i _h to sort x all out & make *oices4 ,i p>ticul>ly lik$ ! s(tw>e = e-mail1 file transf]s & dial-up connections4 ,at t "t ,i _h problems ) a programme call$ ,p>adox & "* sets t ,i c\ldn't use4 ,i tri$ my luck & ?rew out a "q 9 a speciali/ news gr\p4 ,i got answ]s f all ov] ! _w4 ,ev]yone seem$ to want to solve my problem6 7,july #aiih7 ,! ,w#c;,c 7,_w ,wide ,web ,consortium7 0 f\nd$ 9 ,octob] #aiid to develop int]op]able te*nologies 7specifications1 guidel9es1 s(tw>e & tools7 = ! web1 z a =um = in=mation1 comm]ce1 communication & collective und]/&+4 ,! ,w#c;,c develops common protocols to lead ! evolution ( ! web1 = example ! specifications ( ,,html 7,hyper,text ,m>kup ,language7 & ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,m>kup ,language74 ,,html is us$ = publi%+ hyp]text on ! web4 ,,xml 0 orig9ally design$ z a tool = l>ge-scale electronic publi%+4 ,x n[ plays an increas+ly important role 9 ! ex*ange ( a wide v>iety ( data on ! web & else:]e4 ,accord+ to ! network track+ firm ,netcraft1 !re 7 #ajj million websites on ,novemb] #a/1 #bjjf4 ,previ\s mile/ones 9 ! survey 7 rea*$ 9 ,april #aiig 7#a million sites71 ,febru>y #bjjj 7#aj million71 ,septemb] #bjjj 7#bj million71 ,july #bjja 7#cj million71 ,april #bjjc 7#dj million71 ,may #bjjd 7#ej million71 ,m>* #bjje 7#fj million71 ,augu/ #bjje 7#gj million71 ,april #bjjf 7#hj million 7 & ,augu/ #bjjf 7#ij million74 #aiia3 ,,unicode ,ov]view ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,janu>y #aiia1 ,unicode is ! univ]sal "* encod+ ma9ta9$ by ! ,unicode ,consortium4 ,unicode provides a unique numb] = e "*1 no matt] :at ! plat=m1 no matt] :at ! program1 no matt] :at ! language4 7exc]pt f ! website7 ,?is d\ble-byte plat=m-indep5d5t encod+ provides a basis = ! process+1 /orage & int]*ange ( text data 9 any language1 & any mod]n s(tw>e & in=mation te*nology protocols4 ,unicode is a compon5t ( ! ,w#c;,c 7,_w ,wide ,web ,consortium7 specifications4 #aiic3 ,,onl9e ,,books ,,page ,ov]view ,f\nd$ 9 #aiic by ,john ,m>k ,ock]bloom :ile he 0 a /ud5t at ,c>negie ,mellon ,univ]sity1 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page is a website t facilitates access to books t are freely readable ov] ! int]net4 ,x also aims to enc\rage ! developm5t ( su* onl9e books1 = ! b5efit & edification ( all4 7exc]pt f ! website7 ,john ,ock]bloom fir/ ma9ta9$ ?is page on ! website ( ! ,s*ool ( ,comput] ,sci5ce ( ,c>negie ,mellon ,univ]sity4 ,9 #aiii1 he mov$ x to its pres5t location at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,libr>y1 :]e he is a digital libr>y plann] & rese>*]4 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page li/$ #ab1jjj books 9 #aiii1 #bj1jjj books 9 #bjjc 7includ+ #d1jjj books publi%$ by wom571 #be1jjj books 9 #bjjf & #cj1jjj books 9 #bjjg4 ,! books h be5 au?or$1 plac$ onl9e1 & ho/$ by a wide v>iety ( individuals & gr\ps ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ) #g1jjj books f ,project ,gut5b]g4 ,! ,,faq also li/s copyright in=mation ab\t mo/ c\ntries 9 ! _w ) l9ks to fur!r read+4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,john ,m>k ,ock]bloom fir/ />t$ ! website ( ! ,s*ool ( ,comput] ,sci5ce ( ,c>negie ,mellon ,univ]sity 7,,cmu ,,cs71 & began ma9ta9+ ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page on x4 ,web space & comput+ res\rces 7 provid$ by ! ,s*ool ( ,comput] ,sci5ce4 ,int]view$ by email 9 ,septemb] #aiih1 ,john wrote3 ,i 0 ! orig9al webma/] "h at ,,cmu ,,cs1 & />t$ our local web 9 #aiic4 ,! local web includ$ pages po9t+ to v>i\s locally develop$ res\rces1 & orig9ally ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page 0 j "o ( ^! pages1 conta9+ po9t]s to "s books put onl9e by "s ( ! p 9 our dep>tm5t4 7,rob]t ,/ockton _h made web v]sions ( "s ( ,project ,gut5b]g's texts47 ,aft] a :ile1 p />t$ ask+ ab\t books at o!r sites1 & ,i notic$ t a numb] ( sites 7n j ,gut5b]g1 b also ,wiretap & "s o!r places7 _h books onl9e1 & t x w\ld be useful to h "s li/+ ( all ( !m1 s t y c\ld g to "o place to d[nload or view books f all ov] ! net4 ,s t's h[ my index got />t$4 ,i ev5tually gave up ! webma/] job 9 #aiif1 b kept ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page1 s9ce by !n ,i'd gott5 v int]e/$ 9 ! great pot5tial ! net _h = mak+ lit]ature available to a wide audi5ce4 ,at ?is po9t !re are s _m books go+ onl9e t ,i h a h>d "t keep+ up 7& 9 fact h a l>ge backlog ( books to li/74 ,b ,i hope to keep up my onl9e books works 9 "s =m or ano!r4 ,i am v excit$ ab\t ! pot5tial ( ! int]net z a mass communication m$ium 9 ! com+ ye>s4 ,i'd also l to /ay involv$1 "o way or ano!r1 9 mak+ books available to a wide audi5ce = free via ! net1 :e!r ,i make ?is explicitly "p ( my pr(essional c>e]1 or :e!r ,i j d x z a sp>e-"t volunte]4 ,9 #aiih1 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page li/$ m ?an #g1jjj books1 :i* c\ld be br[s$ by au?or1 by title or by subject4 ,x also li/$ significant directories & ar*ives ( onl9e texts1 & special exhibits4 ,f ! ma9 se>* page1 us]s c\ld se>* f\r types ( m$ia3 books1 music1 art1 & video4 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page began li/+ s]ials4 ,z /at$ on ! website3 ,along ) books1 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page is also n[ li/+ major ar*ives ( s]ials 7su* z magaz9es1 publi%$ j\rnals1 & newspap]s71 z ( ,june #aiih4 ,s]ials c be at lea/ z important z books 9 libr>y rese>*4 ,s]ials are (t5 ! fir/ places t new rese>* & s*ol>%ip appe>4 ,!y are s\rces = fir/h& acc\nts ( contempor>y ev5ts & comm5t>y1 ,!y are also (t5 ! fir/ 7& sometimes ! only7 place t quality lit]ature appe>s4 7,= ^? :o might /ill quibble ab\t s]ials be+ li/$ on a 'books page'1 back issues ( s]ials are (t5 b\nd & reissu$ z h>db\nd 'books'47 ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,exp]im5tal ,se>* ,sy/em ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress4 ,x also work$ ) ,! ,univ]sal ,libr>y ,project1 ho/$ at ,c>negie ,mellon ,univ]sity4 ,9 #aiii1 aft] graduat+ f ,c>negie ,mellon ) a ,ph4,d4 9 comput] sci5ce1 ,john mov$ to "w z a digital libr>y plann] & rese>*] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,libr>y4 ,he also mov$ ,! ,onl9e ,books ,page !re1 & w5t on exp&+ x4 #aiic3 ,,pdf ,ov]view ,,pdf 7,portable ,docum5t ,=mat7 0 conceiv$ by ,adobe 9 #aiib1 laun*$ 9 ,june #aiic ) ,adobe ,acrobat s(tw>e1 & p]fect$ ov] #ae ye>s z ! global /&>d = di/ribution & view+ ( in=mation4 ,x lets y capture & view robu/ in=mation f any application1 on any comput] sy/em & %>e x ) anyone ar\nd ! _w4 ,individuals1 bus9esses1 & gov]nm5t ag5cies ev]y:]e tru/ & rely on ,adobe ,,pdf to communicate _! ideas & vision4 7exc]pt f ! website7 ,adobe ,acrobat gives ! tools to create & view ,,pdf files & is available 9 _m languages & = _m plat=ms 7,mac9to%1 ,w9d[s1 ,unix1 etc474 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 ov] #ejj million copies ( ,,pdf-bas$ ,adobe ,read] 7=m]ly ,acrobat ,read]1 until ,may #bjjc7 h be5 d[nload$ worldwide4 ,approximately #aj ( ! docum5ts on ! int]net are available 9 ,,pdf4 #aiid3 ,,libr>y ,,websites ,ov]view ,! fir/ libr>y website 0 ! "o creat$ by ! ,hels9ki ,city ,libr>y 9 ,f9l&1 :i* w5t live 9 ,febru>y #aiid4 ,traditional libr>ies began us+ a website z a new virtual w9d[ = _! patrons & beyond4 ,patrons c\ld *eck op5+ h\rs1 br[se ! onl9e catalog1 or surf on a broad selection ( websites on v>i\s topics1 dep5d+ on _! ne$s4 ,libr>ies also began develop+ digital libr>ies alongside _! /&>d collections1 = a l>ge audi5ce to be able to access _! specializ$1 old1 local & regional collections4 ,libr>ians c\ld n[ fulfill two goals t us$ to be 9 contradiction - book pres]vation 7on %elves7 & book communication 7on ! int]net74 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,! fir/ libr>y website 0 ! "o creat$ by ! ,hels9ki ,city ,libr>y 9 ,f9l&1 :i* w5t live 9 ,febru>y #aiid4 ,_m libr>ies began develop+ a digital libr>y alongside _! /&>d collections4 ,digital libr>ies all[$ a l>ge audi5ce to h access to docum5ts belong+ to specializ$1 old1 local or regional collections4 ,?anks to _! digital libr>ies1 traditional libr>ies c\ld a*ieve a long-"t dream & fulfill two goals :i* us$ to be 9 contradiction - book pres]vation & book communication4 ,on ! "o h&1 books 7 tak5 out ( _! %elves only once to be scann$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 books c\ld easily be access$ any:]e at any "t1 & read on ! scre5 ( a comput]1 )\t ! ne$ to g to ! libr>y & /ruggle ?r\gh a l5g?y process to h access to ! orig9al books1 = v>i\s reasons3 conc]n = pres]vation ( r>e & fragile docum5ts1 r$uc$ op5+ h\rs1 =ms to fill out1 long wait+ p]iod to get ! docum5t1 & %ortage ( /aff4 ,all ^! reasons 7 (t5 hurdles to get ov]1 & (t5 requir$ ( ! rese>*] an unfail+ pati5ce & an out-(-!-ord9>y det]m9ation to f9ally get to ! docum5t4 ,"s virtual libr>ies 7 creat$ f scrat*1 "r on ! int]net f ! beg9n+1 ) no back up f a traditional libr>y4 ,?is 0 ! case ( ,a!na1 f\nd$ 9 #aiid by ,pi]re ,p]r\d1 a ,swiss tea*]1 & ho/$ on ! website ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&4 ,a!na 0 creat$ z a multil+ual digital libr>y focus+ on philosophy1 sci5ce1 classics1 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 & economics4 ,z ,g5eva is 9 ,fr5*-speak+ ,switz]l&1 x also focus$ on putt+ ,fr5* texts onl9e4 ,! ,helvetia section ga!r$ docum5ts ab\t ,switz]l&4 ,a specific page (f]$ a numb] ( l9ks to o!r digital libr>ies 9 ! _w4 ,9 an int]view dat$ ,febru>y #aiif1 ,pi]re ,p]r\d expla9$3 ,electronic texts repres5t an enc\ragem5t to read+ & a convivial p>ticipation to culture dissem9ation1 74447 & a good complem5t to ! pap] book1 :i* rema9s irreplaceable = read+ 744474 ,! pap] book rema9s a my/]i\sly holy companion ) pr(\nd symbolism = u3 we grip x 9 our h&s1 we hold x aga9/ our bodies1 we look at x ) admiration2 its small size com=ts u & its cont5t impresses u2 its fragility conta9s a d5sity we are fasc9at$ by2 l man x fe>s wat] & fire1 b x has ! p[] to %elt] man's ?\ghts f "t4 7exc]pt f ! ,swiss magaz9e ,in=matique-,in=mations7 ,! ,int]net ,public ,libr>y 7,,ipl7 op5$ 9 ,m>* #aiie z ! fir/ digital public libr>y ( & = ! int]net community4 ,its diff]5t sections 73 ,ref]5ce1 ,exhibits1 ,magaz9es & ,s]ials1 ,newspap]s1 ,onl9e ,texts1 & ,web ,se>*+4 ,!re 7 also sections = ,te5 & ,y\?4 ,all ! items ( ! collections 7 c>efully select$1 catalogu$ & describ$ by ! ,,ipl /aff4 ,z an exp]im5tal libr>y1 ,,ipl also li/$ ! mo/ int]e/+ projects run by libr>ians on ! int]net1 9 ! section ,especially = ,libr>ians4 #aiid3 ,,bold ,,publi%]s ,ov]view ,"s publi%]s decid$ to use ! web z a new m>ket+ tool4 ,9 ! ,u4,s41 ,,nap 7,national ,academy ,press7 0 ! fir/ publi%] 9 #aiid to po/ ! full text ( "s books1 = free1 ) ! au?ors' cons5t4 ,,nap 0 foll[$ by ,,mit ,press 7,,mit3 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology7 9 #aiie4 ,mi*ael ,h>t1 f\nd] ( ,project ,gut5b]g1 wrote 9 #aiig3 ,z univ]sity publi%]s /ruggle to f9d ! "r bus9ess model = (f]+ s*ol>ly docum5ts onl9e1 "s e>ly innovators are f9d+ t mak+ a monograph available electronically c boo/ sales ( h>d copies4 7exc]pt f ! ,project ,gut5b]g ,newslett] ( ,octob] #aiig7 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,! web became a m>ket+ tool = publi%]s4 ,"s publi%]s decid$ to put ! full text ( "s books on ! web1 = free1 ) _! au?ors' cons5t4 ,oddly en\gh1 !re 0 no drop 9 sales - on ! contr>y1 sales increas$4 ,9 ! ,,u1 ,,nap 0 ! fir/ publi%] to take su* a risk 9 #aiid1 foll[$ by ! ,,mit ,press 9 #aiie1 & x work$4 ,,nap 7,national ,academy ,press7 0 creat$ by ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces to publi% its own reports & ! ones ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,eng9e]+1 ! ,in/itute ( ,m$ic9e1 & ! ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil4 ,9 #aiid1 ,,nap 0 publi%+ #bjj books a ye> 9 sci5ce1 eng9e]+1 & heal?4 ,! new ,,nap ,read+ ,room (f]$ #a1jjj entire books1 available onl9e = free 9 v>i\s =mats 7image =mat1 ,,html =mat & ,,pdf =mat74 ,9 #aiie1 ! ,,mit ,press 7,,mit3 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology7 0 publi%+ #bjj new books a ye> & #dj j\rnals1 fir/ 9 sci5ce & te*nology1 & !n 9 ar*itecture1 social !ory1 economics1 cognitive sci5ce1 & computational sci5ce4 ,! ,,mit ,press decid$ to put a numb] ( books onl9e = free1 z a long-t]m commitm5t to ! effici5t & creative use ( new te*nologies4 ,sales ( ! pr9t books increas$4 ,mi*ael ,h>t1 f\nd] ( ,project ,gut5b]g1 wrote 9 #aiig3 ,z univ]sity publi%]s /ruggle to f9d ! "r bus9ess model = (f]+ s*ol>ly docum5ts onl9e1 "s e>ly innovators are f9d+ t mak+ a monograph available electronically c boo/ sales ( h>d copies4 ,! ,national ,academy ,press has already put #a1gjj ( its books onl9e1 & is f9d+ t ! electronic v]sions ( "s books h boo/$ sales ( ! h>d copy monographs - (t5 by two to ?ree times ! previ\s level4 ,x's 'great adv]tis+'1 says ! ,press's director4 ,! ,,mit ,press is exp]i5c+ simil> results3 ',= ea* ( our electronic books1 we've approximately d\bl$ our sales4 ,! pla9 fact is t no "o is go+ to sit !re & read a :ole book onl9e4 ,& x co/s money & "t to d[nload x'4 7exc]pt f ! ,project ,gut5b]g ,newslett] ( ,octob] #aiig7 #aiie3 ,,amazon4,,com ,ov]view ,amazon4com 0 a pione] onl9e book/ore t creat$ an entirely new economic model4 ,amazon4com 0 laun*$ by ,jeff ,bezos 9 ,july #aiie1 9 ,seattle1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,u4,s41 aft] a m>ket /udy :i* l$ him to conclude t books 7 ! be/ products to sell on ! int]net4 ,:5 ,amazon4com />t$1 x _h #aj employees & a catalog ( #c million books4 ,unlike traditional book/ores1 ,amazon4com didn't h w9d[s look+ out on ! /reet & books skillfully l9$ up on %elves or pil$ ^u displays4 ,! virtual w9d[ is its website1 ) all transactions made ?r\gh ! int]net4 ,books are /or$ 9 huge /orage facilities be=e be+ put into boxes & s5t by mail4 ,9 ,novemb] #bjjj1 ,amazon4com _h #g1ejj employees1 a catalog ( #bh million items1 #bc million cli5ts worldwide & f\r subsidi>ies 9 ,,uk 79 ,augu/ #aiih71 9 ,g]many 79 ,augu/ #aiih71 9 ,france 7,augu/ #bjjj7 & 9 ,japan 7,octob] #bjjj74 ,a fif? subsidi>y op5$ 9 ,canada 9 ,june #bjjb4 ,a six? subsidi>y - nam$ ,joyo - op5$ 9 ,*9a 9 ,septemb] #bjjd4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,jeff ,bezos laun*$ ,amazon4com 9 ,july #aiie1 aft] a m>ket /udy :i* l$ him to conclude t books 7 ! be/ products to sell on ! int]net4 ,9 ,spr+ #aiid1 he drew up a li/ ( tw5ty products t c\ld be sold onl9e1 rang+ f clo?+ to g>d5+ tools1 & !n rese>*$ ! top five1 :i* 7 ,c,ds1 videos1 comput] h>dw>e1 comput] s(tw>e1 & books4 ,i us$ a :ole bun* ( crit]ia to evaluate ! pot5tial ( ea* product1 b among ! ma9 crit]ia 0 ! size ( ! relative m>kets4 ,books1 ,i f\nd out1 7 an #hb billion m>ket worldwide4 ,! price po9t 0 ano!r major crit]ion3 ,i want$ a l[-pric$ product4 ,i reason$ t s9ce ?is 0 ! fir/ pur*ase _m p w\ld make onl9e1 x _h to be non-?reat5+ 9 size4 ,a ?ird crit]ion 0 ! range ( *oice3 !re 7 #c million items 9 ! book category & only a t5? ( t 9 ,c,ds1 = example4 ,?is 0 important because ! wid] ! *oice1 ! m ! organiz+ & selection capabilities ( ! comput] c\ld be put 9 good use4 7exc]pt f ! ,amazon4com press kit7 ,9 #aiih1 ,amazon4com 0 (f]+ #c million books1 ,c,ds1 audio books1 ,d,v,ds1 comput] games - m ?an #ad times z _m titles z ! l>ge *a9 sup]/ores - to #c million p 9 #afj c\ntries4 ,bus9esses c d ?+s on ! web t simply _c be done any o!r way1 wrote ,jeff ,bezos4 ,we are *ang+ ! way p buy books & music4 ,amazon4com quickly became ! l>ge/ onl9e book/ore1 ) a catalog ( ^! #c million items t c\ld be ord]$ onl9e1 au?oritative reviews1 au?or int]views1 exc]pts1 cu/om] reviews1 & book recomm5dations4 ,z an int]net retail]1 ,amazon4com c\ld (f] m s]vices ?an traditional retail]s3 l[] prices1 l>g] selection1 & a weal? ( product in=mation4 ,any book lov] c\ld po/ 8 own reviews ( books on ,amazon's website1 & read o!rs4 ,he c\ld read _m int]views ) au?ors1 & a numb] ( blurbs & exc]pts f books4 ,he c\ld se>* = books by au?or1 subject1 title1 ,,isbn or publication date4 ,prices 7 disc\nt$1 ) sav+s ( #bj-dj on #djj1jjj titles 7#dj on select$ feature books1 #cj on h>dcov]s1 & #bj on pap]backs74 ,! cli5t usually receiv$ ! books )9 a week4 ,if he reque/$ x1 he c\ld receive an email ann\nc+ a new book by a favorite au?or or a new book on a favorite topic4 ,he c\ld select "s book categories 7#dd li/$71 to be s5t a mon?ly review ( new books by email4 ,all ?+s t 7 entirely new at ! "t4 ,:at we take = grant$ n[1 i4e4 buy a book 9 ,europe f ! ,,u site ( ,amazon4com1 or buy a book 9 ! ,,u f ! ,g]man site ( ,amazon4de1 0 mak+ big waves at ! "t1 fir/ z unfair competition ) ! local onl9e book/ores1 !n = taxation4 ,a fir/ outl9e agreem5t 0 conclud$ betwe5 ! ,,u & ! ,european ,union 9 ,decemb] #aiig1 & ?is agreem5t 0 foll[$ by an int]national conv5tion4 ,! int]net 0 decid$ a free trade area1 i4e4 )\t any cu/om taxes = s(tw>e1 films & electronic books b\ght onl9e4 ,mat]ial goods 7books1 ,c,ds1 ,d,v,ds1 & s on7 & s]vices 7 subject to exi/+ regulations1 ) collection ( ! ,,vat = example1 b ) no additional cu/om taxes4 ,amazon4com & o!rs _h great assets1 b !re 7 bad news = small book/ores4 ,l ! small book/ore set up 9 #aiga by my fri5d ,ca!r9e ,doma9 9 c5tral ,p>is1 on ! isl& ,ile ,sa9t-,l\is1 surr\nd$ by ! ,se9e riv]4 ,! small ,ulysses ,book/ore is kn[n z ! olde/ travel book/ore 9 ! _w4 ,x has m ?an #bj1jjj books1 maps & magaz9es1 out ( pr9t & new1 9 a numb] ( languages1 ab\t any c\ntry & any k9d ( travel1 all pack$ up 9 a t9y space4 ,ca!r9e has be5 a travell] s9ce %e 0 a *ild4 ,%e travels e summ] - usually sail+ - :ile h] boyfri5d runs ! book/ore4 ,%e is also a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,national ,union ( ,antiqu>ian & ,mod]n ,book/ores 7,,slam71 ! ,explor]s' ,club & ! ,int]national ,club ( ,long-,di/ance ,travell]s4 ,ca!r9e visit$ #adj c\ntries1 :]e %e sometimes _h a h>d "t4 ,b "o ( h] mo/ difficult *all5ges 0 to set up a website on h] own1 f scrat*1 )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t comput]s4 ,ca!r9e wrote 9 ,decemb] #aiii3 ,my site is /ill pretty basic & "u con/ruction4 ,l my book/ore1 x is a place to meet p be=e be+ a place ( bus9ess4 ,! int]net is a pa9 9 ! neck1 takes a lot ( my "t & ,i e>n h>dly any money f x1 b t doesn't worry me444 ,nev]!less1 despite ! int]net1 %e 0 pessimi/ic ab\t ! future4 ,i am v pessimi/ic1 because ! int]net is kill+ (f speciali/ book/ores4 #aiie3 ,,onl9e ,,press ,ov]view ,! fir/ electronic v]sions ( pr9t newspap]s 7 available 9 ! e>ly #aiijs ?r\gh comm]cial s]vices l ,am]ica ,onl9e & ,compu,serve4 ,9 #aiie1 newspap]s & magaz9es began creat+ _! own websites to (f] a p>tial or full v]sion ( _! late/ issue - available freely or ?r\gh subscription 7free or paid7 - ) onl9e ar*ives4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ,times & ! ,sunday ,times set up a common website call$ ,times ,onl9e1 ) a way to create a p]sonaliz$ edition4 ,! weekly publication ,! ,economi/ also w5t onl9e 9 ,,uk1 z well z ! weekly ,focus & ! weekly ,d] ,spiegel 9 ,g]many1 ! daily ,le ,monde & daily ,libration 9 ,france1 & ! daily ,el ,pas 9 ,spa94 ,! comput] press w5t logically onl9e z well1 l ! mon?ly ,wir$1 creat$ 9 #aiib 9 ,cali=nia to cov] cyb]culture z ! magaz9e ( ! future at ! avant-g>de ( ! #ba/ c5tury1 or ,z,d,net1 ano!r lead+ comput] magaz9e4 ,m & m only electronic magaz9es 7 also creat$4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,! fir/ electronic v]sions ( newspap]s 7 available 9 ! e>ly #aiijs ?r\gh comm]cial s]vices l ,am]ica ,onl9e or ,compu,serve4 ,!n1 9 #aiie1 newspap]s & magaz9es began to create websites to (f] ! full v]sion ( _! late/ issue - available freely or ?r\gh subscription 7free or paid7 - :i* 0 !n ar*iv$ onl9e4 ,!re 7 also heat$ debates on copyright issues = articles po/$ on ! web4 ,m & m only electronic magaz9es 7 creat$4 ,9 #aiif1 ! ,new ,york ,times site c\ld be access$ free ( *>ge4 ,x includ$ ! cont5ts ( ! daily newspap]1 break+ news updates e t5 m9utes1 & orig9al report+ available only onl9e4 ,! ,wa%+ton ,po/ site provid$ ! daily news onl9e1 ) a full database ( articles includ+ images1 s\nd & video4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ,times & ! ,sunday ,times set up a common website call$ ,times ,onl9e1 ) ! possibility to create a p]sonaliz$ edition4 ,! respect$ ,economi/ 0 also available onl9e1 z 7 ! ,fr5* daily newspap]s ,le ,monde & ,libration1 ! ,spani% daily newspap] ,el ,pas or ! ,g]man weekly magaz9es ,focus or ,d] ,spiegel4 ,! comput] press w5t onl9e z well4 ,fir/ ! mon?ly ,wir$1 creat$ 9 #aiib 9 ,cali=nia to focus on cyb]culture & be ! magaz9e ( ! future at ! avant-g>de ( ! #ba/ c5tury4 ,!n ,z,d,net1 a ma9 publi%] ( comput] magaz9es4 ,beh9d ! news1 ! web 0 provid+ a :ole encyclop$ia to help u und]/& !m4 ,! web 0 provid+ in/ant access to a weal? ( in=mation 7geographical maps1 biographical notes1 (ficial texts1 political & economic data1 audiovisual & video data72 spe$ 9 in=mation dissem9ation2 access to ma9 photographic ar*ives2 l9ks to articles1 ar*ives & data on ! same topic2 & a se>* eng9e to br[se articles by date1 au?or1 title1 subject1 etc4 ,f ! />t1 !re 7 also all ^! z9es us+ ! int]net z a *eap way to get publi%$4 ,john ,labovitz laun*$ ,! ,e-,z9e-,li/ 9 ,summ] #aiic to li/ electronic z9es 7e-z9es7 ar\nd ! _w1 ! ones t 7 accessible via ! web1 ,,ftp1 goph]1 email1 & o!r s]vices4 ,! li/ 0 updat$ mon?ly4 ,:at exactly is a z9e8 ,john ,labovitz expla9$ on 8 website3 ,= ^? ( y n acqua9t$ ) ! z9e _w1 'z9e' is %ort = ei!r 'fanz9e' or 'magaz9e'1 dep5d+ on y\r po9t ( view4 ,z9es are g5]ally produc$ by "o p]son or a small gr\p ( p1 done (t5 = fun or p]sonal reasons1 & t5d to be irrev]5t1 biz>re1 &_/or esot]ic4 ,z9es are n 'ma9/ream' publications - !y g5]ally d n conta9 adv]tisem5ts 7except1 sometimes1 adv]tisem5ts = o!r z9es71 are n t>get$ t[>ds a mass audi5ce1 & are g5]ally n produc$ to make a pr(it4 ,an 'e-z9e' is a z9e t is di/ribut$ p>tially or solely on electronic networks l ! int]net4 #c1jde z9es 7 li/$ on ,novemb] #bi1 #aiih4 ,john wrote on 8 website3 ,n[ ! e-z9e _w is diff]5t4 ,! numb] ( e-z9es has increas$ a hundr$fold1 crawl+ out ( ! ,,ftp & ,goph] woodworks to decl>+ !mselves wor?y ( _! own doma9 "n1 ev5 ask+ = f9ancial support ?r\gh adv]tis+4 ,ev5 ! t]m 'e-z9e' has be5 co-opt$ by ! comm]cial _w1 & has come to mean ne>ly any type ( publication di/ribut$ electronically4 ,yet !re is /ill ! orig9al1 indep5d5t fr+e1 :o cont9ue to publi% f _! he>t1 or pu% ! b\nd>ies ( :at we call a 'z9e'4 ,john /opp$ updat+ 8 li/ a few ye>s lat]4 #aiif3 ,,int]net ,,ar*ive ,ov]view ,f\nd$ 9 ,april #aiif by ,brew/] ,kahle1 ! ,int]net ,ar*ive is a non-pr(it organization t built an int]net libr>y to (f] p]man5t access to hi/orical collections 9 digital =mat = rese>*]s1 hi/orians & s*ol>s4 ,an ar*ive ( ! web is /or$ e two mon?s or s4 ,9 ,octob] #bjja1 ) #cj billion web pages /or$1 ! ,int]net ,ar*ive laun*$ ! ,wayback ,ma*9e1 = us]s to be able to surf ! ar*ive ( ! web by date4 ,9 #bjjd1 !re 7 #cjj t]abytes ( data1 ) a gr[? ( #ab t]abytes p] mon?4 ,9 #bjjf1 !re 7 #fe billion pages f #ej million websites4 ,9 late #aiii1 ! ,int]net ,ar*ive also />t$ to include m collections ( ar*iv$ web pages on specific topics4 ,x also became an onl9e digital libr>y ( text1 audio1 s(tw>e1 image & video cont5t4 ,9 ,octob] #bjje1 ! ,int]net ,ar*ive laun*$ ! ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance 7,,oca7 ) o!r contributors z a collective ef=t to build a p]man5t ar*ive ( multil+ual digitiz$ text 7,text ,ar*ive7 & multim$ia cont5t4 #aiif3 ,,new ,,ways ,,( ,,tea*+ ,ov]view ,) m & m comput]s available 9 s*ools & at home1 & m & m int]net connections1 tea*]s began explor+ new ways ( tea*+4 ,go+ f pr9t book culture to digital culture 0 *ang+ _! relation%ip to k1 & ! way bo? s*ol>s & /ud5ts 7 see+ tea*+ & le>n+4 ,pr9t book culture provid$ /able in=mation :]eas digital culture provid$ mov+ in=mation4 ,dur+ ! ,septemb] #aiif meet+ ( ,,ifip 7,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,in=mation ,process+71 ,dale ,sp5d] gave a lecture ab\t ,creativity & ! ,comput] ,education ,indu/ry1 ) insightful comm5ts on =?com+ tr5ds4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,go+ f pr9t book culture to digital culture began *ang+ our relation%ip to k4 ,book culture provid$ /able in=mation :]eas digital culture provid$ mov+ in=mation4 ,dur+ ! ,septemb] #aiif meet+ ( ! ,,ifip 7,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,in=mation ,process+71 ,dale ,sp5d] gave an int]e/+ lecture ab\t ,creativity & ! ,comput] ,education ,indu/ry4 ,"h are "s exc]pts3 ,?r\gh\t pr9t culture1 in=mation has be5 conta9$ 9 books - & ?is has help$ to %ape our notion ( in=mation4 ,= ! in=mation 9 books /ays ! same - x endures4 ,& ?is has enc\rag$ u to ?9k ( in=mation z /able - z a body ( k :i* c be acquir$1 taught1 pass$ on1 memoriz$1 & te/$ ( c\rse4 ,! v nature ( pr9t itself has fo/]$ a s5se ( tru?2 tru? too is some?+ :i* /ays ! same1 :i* endures4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ?is /ability1 ?is ord]l9ess1 has be5 a major contributor to ! huge successes ( ! indu/rial age & ! sci5tific revolution4 74447 ,b ! digital revolution *anges all ?is4 ,sudd5ly x is n ! olde/ in=mation - ! longe/ la/+ in=mation t is ! mo/ reliable & useful4 ,x is ! v late/ in=mation t we n[ put ! mo/ fai? 9 - & :i* we w pay ! mo/ =4 74447 ,education w be ab\t p>ticipat+ 9 ! production ( ! late/ in=mation4 ,?is is :y education w h to be ongo+ ?r\gh\t life & "w4 ,e day !re w be some?+ new t we w all h to le>n4 ,to keep up4 ,to be 9 ! "k4 ,to d our jobs4 ,to be memb]s ( ! digital community4 ,& f> f tea*+ a body ( k t w la/ = life1 ! new g5]ation ( in=mation pr(essionals w be requir$ to se>* out1 add to1 critique1 'play )'1 & daily update in=mation1 & to make available ! con/ant *anges t are occurr+4 #aiif3 ,,palm ,,pilot ,ov]view ,9 ! #aiijs1 ,jacques ,gau*ey 0 a j\rnali/ & writ] liv+ 9 ,silicon ,valley & specializ+ 9 ,,x 7in=mation te*nology74 ,he 0 also work+ z a facilitator betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 ,jacques 0 among ! fir/ to buy a ,palm ,pilot 9 ,m>* #aiif1 & wrote ab\t x 9 8 free onl9e newslett]4 ,z a side rem>k1 he rememb]$ 9 ,july #aiii3 ,9 #aiif ,i publi%$ a few issues ( a free ,engli% newslett] on ! int]net4 ,x _h ab\t #aj read]s p] issue until ! day 79 ,janu>y #aiif7 :5 ! electronic v]sion ( ,wir$ ,magaz9e creat$ a l9k to x4 ,9 "o week ,i got ab\t #ajj emails1 "s f ,fr5* read]s ( my book ,la valle du risque - ,silicon ,valley editor's note3 ,! ,valley ( ,risk - ,silicon ,valley1 publi%$ by ,plon1 ,p>is1 9 #aiij1 :o 7 happy to f9d me aga94 ,he add$3 ,all my cli5ts n[ are int]net companies4 ,all my work+ tools 7my mobile phone1 my ,,pda & my ,,pc7 are or w soon be l9k$ to ! int]net4 ,despite fi]ce competition1 ,palm /ay$ ! lead] 9 ! ,,pda m>ket1 ) #bc million ,palm ,pilots sold betwe5 #aiif & #bjjb4 #aiig3 ,,digital ,,publi%+ ,ov]view ,digital publi%+ became ma9/ream 9 #aiig4 ,?is 0 a new /ep 9 ! *anges und]w5t by ! traditional publi%+ *a9 s9ce ! #aigjs4 ,! traditional pr9t+ bus9ess 0 fir/ disrupt$ by new photocomposition ma*9es1 ) l[] co/s4 ,text & image process+ began to be h&$ ov] to desktop publi%+ %ops & graphic art /udios4 ,impression co/s w5t on decreas+ ) desktop publi%+1 photocopi]s1 color photocopi]s & digital pr9t+ equipm5t4 ,digitization also accel]at$ ! publication process4 ,editors1 design]s & o!r contributors c\ld all "w at ! same "t on ! same book4 ,= educational1 academic & sci5tific publications1 onl9e publi%+ became a *eap] solution ?an pr9t books1 ) ! possibility ( regul> updates to include ! late/ in=mation4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,s9ce ! #aigjs1 ! traditional publi%+ *a9 has dra/ically *ang$4 ,! pr9t+ "w done by pre-press %ops 0 fir/ disrupt$ by new photocomposition ma*9es4 ,text & image process+ began to be h&$ ov] to adv]tis+ & graphic art ag5cies4 ,impression co/s w5t on decreas+ ) desktop publi%+1 copi]s1 color copi]s & digital pr9t+ equipm5t4 ,9 #aiig1 text & image process+ 0 provid$ at a l[ price by desktop publi%+ %ops & graphic art /udios4 ,digitization accel]at$ ! publication process4 ,editors1 design]s & o!r contributors c\ld all "w at ! same "t on ! same book4 ,digitization also made possible ! onl9e publi%+ ( educational & sci5tific publications1 :i* appe>$ z a f> bett] solution ?an pr9t books1 because !y c\ld be regul>ly updat$ ) ! late/ in=mation4 ,"s univ]sities began di/ribut+ _! own textbooks onl9e1 ) *apt]s select$ 9 an ext5sive database1 & articles & comm5t>ies f pr(essors4 ,= a sem9>1 a small pr9t c\ld be made ^u reque/ ) a selection ( onl9e articles s5t to a pr9t]4 ,electronic publi%+ all[$ "s academic publi%]s to keep runn+ _! bus9ess1 ) l[] co/s & quick access4 ,?is way1 small publi%]s w5t on publi%+ specializ$ books1 = :i* ! pr9t+ 9 a small numb] ( copies _h become m & m difficult ov] ! ye>s due to budget>y reasons4 ,^! books c\ld n[ be regul>ly updat$ & _! read]s b5efit f ! late/ v]sion4 ,read]s didn't ne$ to wait any m = a new pr9t$ edition1 (t5 po/pon$ if n cancell$ because ( comm]cial con/ra9ts4 ,electronic publi%+ & traditional publi%+ became complem5t>y4 ,! fronti] betwe5 ! two supports - electronic & pap] - 0 vani%+4 ,mo/ rec5t pr9t m$ia already /emm$ f an electronic v]sion anyway1 on a ^w processor1 a spread%eet or a database4 ,m & m docum5ts became only electronic4 ,& m & m pr9t books 7 scann$ to be includ$ 9 digital book/ores & libr>ies4 ,at ! end ( ! #aiijs1 !re 7 no reliable /ati/ics yet prov+ t ! l>ge-scale use ( comput]s & electronic docum5ts w\ld make u pap]less & save "s tress1 z hop$ by all ( u :o believe 9 nature pres]vation4 ,we 7 /ill 9 a transition p]iod4 ,_m p /ill ne$$ a pr9t v]sion = easi] read+1 or to keep track ( a docum5t 9 case ! electronic file 0 accid5tally delet$1 or to h "s pap] support = _! docum5tation or ar*ives4 #aiig3 ,,logos ,,diction>y ,ov]view ,logos is a lead+ translation company locat$ 9 ,mod5a1 ,italy4 ,9 #aiig1 ,logos _h #bjj 9-h\se translators 9 ,mod5a & #b1ejj free-lance translators worldwide1 :o process$ ar\nd #bjj texts p] day4 ,! company made a bold move at ! "t1 & decid$ to put on ! web all ! l+ui/ic tools us$ by its translators1 = ! int]net community to freely use !m z well4 ,! l+ui/ic tools 7 ! ,logos ,diction>y1 a multil+ual diction>y ) #g billion words 79 ,fall #aiih72 ! ,logos ,word!que1 a multil+ual libr>y ) #cjj billion words extract$ f translat$ novels1 te*nical manuals & o!r texts2 ! ,logos ,l+ui/ic ,res\rces1 a database ( #ejj gloss>ies2 & ! ,logos ,univ]sal ,conjugator1 a database = v]bs 9 #ag languages4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,! ,logos ,diction>y is a multil+ual diction>y ) #g1ehj1efj words 7z ( ,decemb] #aj1 #aiih74 ,! ,logos ,word!que is a ^w-by-^w multil+ual libr>y ) a massive database ( #cbe1iaf1hbg words extract$ f multil+ual novels1 te*nical lit]ature & translat$ texts4 ,logos ,l+ui/ic ,res\rces is a database ( #eec gloss>ies4 ,! ,logos ,univ]sal ,conjugator is a database = ! conjugation ( v]bs 9 #ag languages4 ,logos is an int]national translation company bas$ 9 ,mod5a1 ,italy4 ,9 #aiig1 ,logos decid$ to put all ! l+ui/ic tools us$ by its translators on ! web = free4 ,logos _h #bjj translators on ! spot & #b1ejj free-lance translators all ov] ! _w1 :o process$ ar\nd #bjj texts p] day4 ,:5 int]view$ by ,annie ,kahn 9 ! ,fr5* daily newspap] ,le ,monde ( ,decemb] #g1 #aiig1 ,rodrigo ,v]g>a1 ! head ( ,logos1 expla9$3 ,we want$ all our translators to h access to ! same translation tools4 ,s we made !m available on ! int]net1 & :ile we 7 at x we decid$ to make ! site op5 to ! public4 ,?is made u extremely popul>1 & also gave u a lot ( exposure4 ,! op]ation has 9 fact attract$ a great numb] ( cu/om]s1 b also all[$ u to wid5 our network ( translators1 ?anks to ! contacts made 9 ! wake ( ! initiative4 ,9 ! same article1 ,annie ,kahn wrote3 ,! ,logos site is mu* m ?an a m]e diction>y or a collection ( l9ks to o!r onl9e diction>ies4 ,a sy/em corn]/one is ! docum5t se>* s(tw>e1 :i* processes a corpus ( lit]>y texts available free ( *>ge on ! web4 ,if y se>* = ! def9ition or ! translation ( a ^w 7'didactique'1 = example71 y get n only ! answ] s\ght1 b also a quote f "o ( ! lit]>y works conta9+ ! ^w 79 our case1 an essay by ,voltaire74 ,all x takes is a click on ! m\se button to access ! :ole text or ev5 to ord] ! book1 ?anks to a p>tn]%ip agreem5t ) ,amazon4com1 ! fam\s onl9e book/ore4 ,=eign translations are also available4 ,h[ev]1 if no text conta9+ ! requir$ ^w is f\nd1 ! sy/em acts z a se>* eng9e1 s5d+ ! us] to o!r websites m5tion+ ! t]m 9 "q4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 words1 y c ev5 he> ! pronunciation4 ,if !re is no translation curr5tly available1 ! sy/em calls on ! public to contribute4 ,ev]yone c make _! own sugge/ions1 aft] :i* ,logos translators & ! company *eck ! =w>d$ translations4 #aiig3 ,,multim$ia ,,conv]g5ce ,ov]view ,z m & m p 7 us+ digital te*nology1 previ\sly di/9ct in=mation-bas$ indu/ries1 su* z pr9t+ & publi%+1 graphic design1 m$ia1 s\nd record+ & film mak+1 7 conv]g+ into "o indu/ry1 ) in=mation z a common product4 ,?is tr5d 0 nam$ multim$ia conv]g5ce1 ) a massive loss ( jobs1 & a s]i\s en\gh issue to be tackl$ by ! ,,ilo 7,int]national ,labor ,organization7 by #aiig4 ,! fir/ ,,ilo ,symposium on ,multim$ia ,conv]g5ce 0 held 9 ,janu>y #aiig at ,,ilo headqu>t]s 9 ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&4 ,?is int]national symposium 0 a trip>tite meet+ ) employ]s1 unioni/s1 & gov]nm5t repres5tatives4 ,"s p>ticipants1 mo/ly employ]s1 demon/rat$ ! in=mation society 0 g5]at+ or w\ld g5]ate jobs1 :]eas o!r p>ticipants1 mo/ly unioni/s1 demon/rat$ !re 0 a rise 9 unemploym5t worldwide4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,! fir/ ,,ilo ,symposium on ,multim$ia ,conv]g5ce 0 held 9 ,janu>y #aiig at ! headqu>t]s ( ,,ilo 7,int]national ,labor ,(fice7 9 ,g5eva1 ,switz]l&4 ,pet] ,leis9k1 associate pr(essor ( labor /udies at ! ,utre*t ,univ]sity1 ,ne!rl&s1 expla9$3 ,a survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom book publi%+ indu/ry %[$ t pro(read]s & editors h be5 ext]naliz$ & n[ "w z home-bas$ telework]s4 ,! va/ majority ( !m _h ent]$ self-employm5t1 n z a fir/-*oice option1 b z a result ( indu/ry m]g]s1 relocations & r$undancies4 ,^! p %\ld actually be reg>d$ z casualiz$ work]s1 r ?an z self-employ$1 s9ce !y h little autonomy & t5d to dep5d on only "o publi%+ h\se = _! "w4 ,?is int]national symposium 0 held z a trip>tite meet+ ) employ]s1 unioni/s & gov]nm5t repres5tatives4 ,"s p>ticipants /ill ?\ght our in=mation society w\ld g5]ate jobs1 :]eas x 0 already /at$ worldwide t multim$ia conv]g5ce 0 lead+ to a massive loss ( jobs4 ,mi*el ,mull]1 secret>y-g5]al ( ! ,fr5* ,f$]ation ( ,book1 ,pap] & ,communication ,indu/ry1 /at$ t ! ,fr5* graphics indu/ry _h lo/ #bj1jjj jobs - fall+ f #aaj1jjj to #ij1jjj - )9 ! la/ decade1 & t exp5sive social plans _h be5 necess>y to re-employ ^? p4 ,he expla9$3 ,if ! te*nological developm5ts really creat$ new jobs1 z _h be5 sugge/$1 !n x might h be5 bett] to inve/ ! money 9 reliable /udies ab\t :at jobs 7 be+ creat$ & :i* ones 7 be+ lo/1 r ?an 9 social plans :i* (t5 creat$ artificial jobs4 ,^! /udies %\ld highlight ! new skills & qualifications 9 dem& z ! te*nological conv]g5ce process broke d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! pr9t+ indu/ry1 j\rnalism & o!r vehicles ( in=mation4 ,ano!r problem caus$ by conv]g5ce 0 ! tr5d t[>ds own]%ip conc5tration4 ,a few big gr\ps controll$ n only ! bulk ( ! pr9t m$ia1 b a wide range ( o!r m$ia1 & ?us pos$ a ?reat to pluralism 9 expression4 ,v>i\s tax advantages enjoy$ by ! press today %\ld be re-exam9$ & adapt$ to ! new realities fac+ ! press & multim$ia ent]prises4 ,manag+ all ! social & societal issues rais$ by new te*nologies requir$ widespread agreem5t & cons5sus4 ,collective agreem5ts 7 vital1 s9ce nei!r individual negotiations nor ! m>ket alone c\ld suffici5tly settle ^! matt]s4 ,q !oretical comp>$ to ! unioni/s' int]v5tions1 "h 0 ! answ] ( ,walt] ,durl+1 director ( ,,at,t ,global ,in=mation ,solutions3 ,te*nology w\ld n *ange ! core ( human relations4 ,m sophi/icat$ means ( communicat+1 new me*anisms = negotiat+1 & new types ( conflicts w\ld all arise1 b ! relation%ips betwe5 work]s & employ]s !mselves w\ld cont9ue to be ! same4 ,:5 film 0 inv5t$1 p _h be5 afraid t x c\ld br+ !atre to an end4 ,t has n happ5$4 ,:5 television 0 develop$1 p _h fe>$ t x w\ld d away c9emas1 b x _h n4 ,"o %\ld n be afraid ( ! future4 ,fe> ( ! future %\ld n lead u to /ifle creativity ) regulations4 ,creativity 0 ne$$ to g5]ate new employm5t4 ,! _s ( ent]prise _h to be re9=c$ ) ! new te*nology 9 ord] to create jobs = ^? :o _h be5 displac$4 ,problems %\ld n be anticipat$1 b tackl$ :5 !y arose4 ,9 %ort1 humanity %\ldn't fe> te*nology4 ,9 fact1 employees 7 n s mu* afraid ( ! future z !y 7 afraid ( los+ _! jobs4 ,9 #aiig1 our society already _h a high unemploym5t rate1 :i* 0 n ! case :5 film 0 inv5t$ & television develop$4 ,dur+ ! next ye>s1 :at w\ld be ! balance betwe5 job creation & lay-(f8 ,unions 7 /ruggl+ worldwide to promote ! creation ( jobs ?r\gh inve/m5t1 innovation1 vocational tra9+1 comput] lit]acy1 retra9+ = new jobs1 fair conditions = contracts & collective agreem5ts1 def5se ( copyright1 protection ( work]s 9 ! arti/ic field1 & def5se ( telework]s z work]s hav+ full rights4 ,! ,european ,commission 0 expect+ #aj million ,european telework]s 9 ! ye> #bjjj1 :i* w\ld repres5t #bj ( telework]s worldwide4 ,despite unions' ef=ts1 w\ld ! situation become z tragic z :at we read 9 ! report ( ! symposium8 ,"s fe> a future 9 :i* individuals w be =c$ to /ruggle = survival 9 an electronic jungle4 ,& ! survival me*anisms :i* h be5 develop$ 9 rec5t decades1 su* z relatively /able employm5t relations1 collective agreem5ts1 employee repres5tation1 employ]-provid$ job tra9+1 & jo9tly fund$ social security s*emes1 may be sorely te/$ 9 a _w :]e "w crosses bord]s at ! spe$ ( light4 #aiih3 ,,onl9e ,,be[ulf ,ov]view ,libr>ies began putt+ 7digital v]sions (7 _! treasures on ! web = ! _w to enjoy4 ,! ,briti% ,libr>y 0 a pione] 9 ?is field4 ,sev]al treasures 7 onl9e 9 #aiih1 includ+ ,be[ulf1 kn[n z ! fir/ great ,engli% ma/]piece4 ,be[ulf is ! e>lie/ kn[n n>rative poem 9 ,engli%1 & "o ( ! mo/ fam\s works ( ,anglo-,saxon poetry4 ,! ,briti% ,libr>y holds ! only kn[n manuscript ( ,be[ulf1 dat$ circa #ajjj4 ,! poem itself is mu* old] ?an ! manuscript - "s hi/orians believe x might h be5 writt5 circa #gej4 ,s*ol>ly discussions on ! date ( creation & prov5ance ( ! poem cont9ue ar\nd ! _w1 & rese>*]s regul>ly require access to ! manuscript4 ,tak+ ,be[ulf out ( its display case = /udy n only rais$ cons]vation issues1 x also made x unavailable = ! _m visitors :o 7 com+ to ! ,libr>y expect+ to see ?is lit]>y treasure on display4 ,! digitization ( ! manuscript (f]$ a solution to ^! problems1 :ile provid+ new opportunities = rese>*]s & book lov]s worldwide4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,libr>ies began us+ ! web to make _! treasures freely available to ! _w4 ,"h is ! /ory ( ,be[ulf4 ,be[ulf is a treasure ( ! ,briti% ,libr>y4 ,x is an ,old ,engli% h]oic epic poem ( anonym\s au?or%ip4 ,?is "w ( ,anglo-,saxon lit]ature dates to betwe5 ! #h? & ! #aa? c5tury1 ! only surviv+ ,european manuscript dat+ to ! e>ly #aa? c5tury4 ,at #c1ahc l9es1 x is notable = its l5g?4 7exc]pt f ,wikip$ia7 ,! manuscript 0 badly damag$ by fire 9 #agca4 #ah?-c5tury transcripts m5tion hundr$s ( words & lett]s :i* 7 !n visible along ! *>r$ edges1 & subsequ5tly crumbl$ away ov] ! ye>s4 ,to halt ?is process1 ea* leaf 0 m\nt$ on a pap] frame 9 #ahde4 ,s*ol>ly discussions on ! date ( creation & prov5ance ( ! poem cont9ue ar\nd ! _w1 & rese>*]s regul>ly require access to ! manuscript4 ,tak+ ,be[ulf out ( its display case = /udy n only rais$ cons]vation issues1 x also made x unavailable = ! _m visitors :o 7 com+ to ! ,libr>y expect+ to see ?is lit]>y treasure on display4 ,digitization ( ! manuscript (f]$ a solution to ^! problems1 z well z provid+ new opportunities = read]s1 & = ! _w to enjoy4 ,! ,electronic ,be[ulf ,project 0 laun*$ z a huge database ( digital images ( ! ,be[ulf manuscript & relat$ manuscripts & pr9t$ texts4 ,9 #aiih1 ! database includ$ fib]-optic read+s ( hidd5 lett]s & ultraviolet read+s ( eras$ text 9 ! manuscript2 full electronic facsimiles ( ! #ah?-c5tury transcripts ( ! manuscript2 & selections f important #ai?-c5tury collations1 editions & translations4 ,major additions 7 plann$1 su* z images ( contempor>y manuscripts1 & l9ks ) ! ,toronto ,diction>y ( ,old ,engli% ,project & ) ! compreh5sive ,anglo-,saxon bibliographies ( ! ,old ,engli% ,newslett]4 ,! project 0 develop$ 9 p>tn]%ip ) two lead+ exp]ts1 ,kev9 ,ki]nan1 f ! ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky & ,paul ,sz>ma*1 f ! ,m$ieval ,in/itute1 ,we/]n ,mi*igan ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ,ki]nan edit$ ! electronic ar*ive & produc$ a ,,cd-,,rom conta9+ a numb] ( electronic images4 ,brian ,lang1 *ief executive ( ! ,briti% ,libr>y1 expla9$ 9 #aiih3 ,! ,be[ulf manuscript is a unique treasure & imposes on ! ,libr>y a responsibility to s*ol>s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,digital photography (f]$ = ! fir/ "t ! possibility ( record+ text conceal$ by e>ly repairs1 & a less exp5sive & saf] way ( record+ read+s "u special light conditions4 ,x also (f]s ! prospect ( us+ image enhancem5t te*nology to settle d\btful read+s 9 ! text4 ,network te*nology has facilitat$ direct collaboration ) ,am]ican s*ol>s & makes x possible = s*ol>s ar\nd ! _w to %>e 9 ^! discov]ies4 ,curatorial & comput+ /aff le>n$ a great deal :i* w in=m any future programmes ( digitization & network s]vice provision ! ,libr>y may und]take1 & our publi%+ dep>tm5t is consid]+ ! publication ( an electronic s*ol>ly edition ( ,be[ulf4 ,?is "w has n only advanc$ s*ol>%ip2 x has also captur$ ! imag9ation ( a wid] public1 engag+ p 7?r\gh press reports & ! availability ov] comput] networks ( select$ images & text7 9 ! appreciation ( "o ( ! prim>y artifacts ( our %>$ cultural h]itage4 7exc]pt f ! #aiih website7 ,! ,briti% ,libr>y 0 a pione] 9 ,europe4 ,o!r treasures ( ! libr>y 7 already onl9e3 ,magna ,c>ta1 ! fir/ ,engli% con/itutional text1 sign$ 9 #abae1 ) ! ,great ,seal ( ,k+ ,john2 ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 dat$ #fih2 ! ,diamond ,sutra1 dat$ #hfh1 :i* c\ld be ! _w's e>lie/ pr9t book2 ! ,s=za ,h\rs1 dat$ #adij-aebj1 an out/&+ ,r5aissance treasure2 ! ,codex ,arundel1 a notebook ( ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 & ! ,tyndale ,new ,te/am5t1 ! fir/ ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pr9t$ by ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 9 ,worms4 ,brian ,k+ also /at$ ! importance ( ! pap] _w1 & ! ongo+ commitm5t ( ! ,briti% ,libr>y to its pap] collections4 ,he add$3 ,! importance ( digital mat]ials w1 h[ev]1 increase4 ,we recognize t network infra/ructure is at pres5t mo/ /rongly develop$ 9 ! high] education sector1 b !re are signs t simil> facilities w also be available else:]e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! indu/rial & comm]cial sector1 & = public libr>ies4 ,our vision ( network access encompasses all ^!4 74447 ,! developm5t ( ! ,digital ,libr>y w enable ! ,briti% ,libr>y to embrace ! digital in=mation age4 ,digital te*nology w be us$ to pres]ve & ext5d ! ,libr>y's unp>allel$ collection4 ,access to ! collection w become b\ndless ) us]s f all ov] ! _w1 at any "t1 hav+ simple1 fa/ access to digitiz$ mat]ials us+ comput] networks1 p>ticul>ly ! int]net4 7exc]pt f ! website7 ,o!r national libr>ies />t$ digitiz+ _! collections to (f] a free digital libr>y4 ,:5 int]view$ by ,jrme ,/razzulla 9 ! daily newspap] ,le ,fig>o ( ,june #c1 #aiih1 ,jean-,pi]re ,angremy1 presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,national ,libr>y1 /at$3 ,we _c1 we w n be able to digitize ev]y?+4 ,9 ! long t]m1 a digital libr>y w only be "o elem5t ( ! :ole libr>y4 ,! digital libr>y ,gallica w5t onl9e 9 #aiig ) ?\s&s ( texts & images relat+ to ,fr5* hi/ory1 life & culture4 ,a major collection ( #ai?-c5tury ,fr5* texts & images 0 available "o ye> lat]4 #aiih3 ,,digital ,,libr>ians ,ov]view ,! job ( libr>ians1 t _h already *ang$ a lot ) comput]s1 w5t on to *ange ev5 m ) ! int]net4 ,comput]s made catalogs mu* easi] to h&le4 ,in/ead ( all ^! c>ds to be pati5tly classifi$ into wood or metal draw]s1 libr>ians c\ld type 9 bibliographic records 9 a program t 0 sort+ out books by alphabetical1 *ronological & sy/ematic ord]4 ,libr>ians also began us+ comput] programs to l5d books & buy new ones4 ,by network+ comput]s1 ! int]net gave a boo/ to union catalogs = a /ate1 a c\ntry or a region1 & fur!r$ int]libr>y loan4 ,electronic mail became commonplace = int]nal & ext]nal communications4 ,libr>ians c\ld subscribe to newslett]s & p>ticipate 9 newsgr\ps & discussion =ums4 ,a numb] ( libr>ians became webma/]s to run libr>y websites1 onl9e catalogs & digital libr>ies4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,i int]view$ ,pet] ,raggett1 a digital libr>ian at ,,oecd 7,organization = ,economic ,co-op]ation & ,developm5t71 & ,bruno ,didi]1 a digital libr>ian at ,in/itute ,pa/eur4 ,"h are "s exc]pts4 ,at ! ,,oecd ,libr>y ,:at is ,,oecd8 ,! ,,oecd is a club ( l-m9d$ c\ntries4 ,x is ri*1 9 t ,,oecd c\ntries produce two ?irds ( ! _w's goods & s]vices1 b x is n an exclusive club4 ,ess5tially1 memb]%ip is limit$ only by a c\ntry's commitm5t to a m>ket economy & a plurali/ic democracy4 ,! core ( orig9al memb]s has exp&$ f ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica to include ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,f9l&1 ,mexico1 ! ,cze* ,republic1 ,hung>y1 ,pol& & ,korea4 ,& !re are _m m contacts ) ! re/ ( ! _w ?r\gh programmes ) c\ntries 9 ! =m] ,soviet bloc1 ,asia1 ,lat9 ,am]ica - contacts :i*1 9 "s cases1 may lead to memb]%ip4 7exc]pt f ! #aiih website7 ,! ,c5t] = ,docum5tation & ,in=mation 7,,cdi7 ( ,,oecd provides in=mation to ,,oecd ag5ts 9 support ( _! rese>* "w4 ,9 #aiih1 !re 7 #fj1jjj monographs & #b1ejj p]iodicals4 ,! ,,cdi also provides in=mation 9 electronic =mat f databases1 ,,cd-,r,o,ms & ! int]net4 ,pet] ,raggett1 head ( ,,cdi1 has be5 a pr(essional libr>ian = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 fir/ work+ 9 ,,uk gov]nm5t libr>ies & !n at ! ,,oecd s9ce #aiid4 ,he has us$ ! int]net s9ce #aiif4 ,he built up ! ,,cdi ,intranet pages1 :i* became a ma9 tool = ! /aff4 ,pet] wrote 9 ,june #aiih3 ,at ! ,,oecd ,libr>y we h collect$ toge!r sev]al hundr$ ,_w ,wide ,web sites & h put l9ks to !m on ! ,,oecd ,intranet4 ,!y are sort$ by subject & ea* site has a %ort annotation giv+ "s in=mation ab\t x4 ,! rese>*] c !n see if x is possible t ! site conta9s ! desir$ in=mation4 ,?is is add+ value to ! site ref]5ces & 9 ?is way ! ,c5tral ,libr>y has built up a virtual ref]5ce desk on ! ,,oecd network4 ,z well z ! annotat$ l9ks1 ?is virtual ref]5ce desk conta9s pages ( ref]5ces to articles1 monographs & websites relevant to sev]al projects curr5tly be+ rese>*$ at ! ,,oecd1 network access to ,,cd-,r,o,ms1 & a mon?ly li/ ( new acquisitions4 ,! ,libr>y catalogue w soon be available = se>*+ on ! ,intranet4 ,! ref]5ce /aff at ! ,,oecd ,libr>y uses ! ,int]net = a good deal ( _! "w4 ,(t5 an academic work+ pap] w be on ! web & w be available = full-text d[nload+4 ,we are curr5tly inve/igat+ supplem5t+ our subscriptions to c]ta9 ( our p]iodicals ) access to ! electronic v]sions on ! int]net4 ,pet] add$3 ,! int]net has provid$ rese>*]s ) a va/ database ( in=mation4 ,! problem = !m is to f9d :at !y are seek+4 ,nev] has ! in=mation ov]load be5 s obvi\s z :5 "o tries to f9d in=mation on a topic by se>*+ ! int]net4 ,:5 "o uses a se>* eng9e l ,lycos or ,alta,vista or a directory l ,yahoo61 x soon becomes cle> t x c be v difficult to f9d valuable sites on a giv5 topic4 ,^! se>* me*anisms "w well if "o is se>*+ = some?+ v precise1 su* z in=mation on a p]son :o has an unusual "n1 b !y produce a confus+ numb] ( ref]5ces if "o is se>*+ = a topic :i* c be q broad4 ,try & se>* ! web = ,russia ,,& transport to f9d /ati/ics on ! use ( tra9s1 planes & buses 9 ,russia4 ,! fir/ ref]5ces y w f9d are freight-=w>d+ firms :o h bus9ess connections ) ,russia4 ,:at ab\t ! future8 ,! int]net is imp++ on _m peoples' lives1 & in=mation manag]s are ! be/ p to help rese>*]s ar\nd ! labyr9?4 ,! int]net is j 9 its infancy & we are all go+ to be witnesses to its gr[? & ref9em5t4 74447 ,in=mation manag]s h a l>ge role to play 9 se>*+ & arrang+ ! in=mation on ! int]net4 ,i expect t !re w be an expansion 9 int]net use = education & rese>*4 ,?is means t libr>ies w h to create virtual libr>ies :]e /ud5ts c foll[ a c\rse (f]$ by an in/itution at ! o!r side ( ! _w4 ,p]sonally1 ,i see myself becom+ m & m a virtual libr>ian4 ,my cli5ts may n meet me face-to-face b in/ead w contact me by e-mail1 telephone or fax1 & ,i w d ! rese>* & s5d !m ! results electronically4 ,at ! ,in/itute ,pa/eur ,libr>y ,9 #aiii1 ,bruno ,didi] 0 ! webma/] ( ! ,in/itute ,pa/eur ,libr>y4 ,! ,pa/eur ,in/itutes are exceptional obs]vatories = /udy+ infecti\s & p>asite-borne diseases4 ,!y are w$d$ to ! solv+ ( practical public heal? problems1 & h5ce c>ry out rese>* programmes :i* are highly orig9al because ( ! complem5t>y nature ( ! inve/igations c>ri$ out3 cl9ical rese>*1 epidemiological surveys & basic rese>* "w4 ,j a few examples f ! long li/ ( major topics ( ! ,in/itutes are3 mal>ia1 tub]culosis1 ,,aids1 yell[ fev]1 d5gue & poliomyelitis4 7exc]pt f ! #aiii website7 ,9 ,augu/ #aiii1 ,bruno wrote ab\t 8 "w z a webma/]3 ,! ma9 aim ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute ,libr>y website is to s]ve ! ,in/itute itself & its associat$ bodies4 ,x supports applications t h become ess5tial 9 su* a big organization3 bibliographic databases1 catalogu+1 ord]+ ( docum5ts & ( c\rse access to onl9e p]iodicals 7pres5tly m ?an #ajj74 ,x is also a w9d[ = our diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 at ! ,in/itute b also else:]e 9 ,france & abroad4 ,x plays a big "p 9 docum5tation ex*anges ) ! in/itutes 9 ! worldwide ,pa/eur network4 ,i am try+ to make x an int]l9k adapt$ to our ne$s = exploration & use ( ! int]net4 ,! website has exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m s9ce #aiif & its audi5ce is /eadily increas+4 ,i build & ma9ta9 ! web pages & monitor !m regul>ly4 ,i am also responsible = tra9+ us]s1 :i* y c see f my pages4 ,! web is an excell5t place = tra9+ & is includ$ 9 mo/ ongo+ discussions ab\t tra9+4 ,:at ab\t ! future ( libr>ians8 ,our relation%ip ) bo? ! in=mation & ! us]s is :at *anges4 ,we are increas+ly becom+ m$iators1 & p]haps to a less] ext5t 'curators'4 ,my pres5t activity is typical ( ?is new situation3 ,i am work+ to provide quick access to in=mation & to create effective means ( communication1 b ,i also tra9 p to use ^! new tools4 ,i ?9k ! future ( our job is ti$ to coop]ation & use ( common res\rces4 ,x is c]ta9ly an old project1 b x is really ! fir/ "t we h _h ! means to set x up4 #aiih3 ,,multil+ual ,,web ,ov]view ,9 #aiih1 ,r&y ,hobl] 0 a consultant 9 int]net m>ket+ = ,global9k1 a company specializ+ 9 language translation s(tw>e & s]vices4 ,r&y wrote 9 ,septemb] #aiih3 #he ( ! cont5t ( ! web 9 #aiih is 9 ,engli% & go+ d[n4 ,?is tr5d is driv5 n only by m websites & us]s 9 non-,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 b by increas+ localization ( company & organization sites1 & increas+ use ( ma*9e translation to_/f v>i\s languages to translate websites4 74447 ,because ! int]net has no national b\nd>ies1 ! organization ( us]s is b\nd$ by o!r crit]ia driv5 by ! m$ium itself4 ,9 t]ms ( multil+ualism1 y h virtual communities1 = example1 ( :at ,i call ',language ,nations'444 all ^? p on ! int]net :]ev] !y may be1 = :om a giv5 language is _! native language4 ,?us1 ! ,spani% ,language nation includes n only ,spani% & ,lat9 ,am]ican us]s1 b millions ( ,hispanic us]s 9 ! ,,u1 z well z odd places l ,spani%-speak+ ,morocco4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjjj1 updat$ 9 #bjjd7 ,9 #aiih1 o!r languages ?an ,engli% began spread+ on ! web4 ,9 fact1 ma9 non-,engli% languages 7 pres5t ne>ly f ! />t4 ,b mo/ ( ! web 0 9 ,engli%4 ,!n p f all ov] ! _w began hav+ access to ! int]net1 & po/+ pages 9 _! own languages4 ,! p]c5tage ( ! ,engli% language began to sl[ly decrease f ne>ly #ajj to #ij4 ,9 #aiih1 ,r&y ,hobl] 0 an int]net m>ket+ consultant = ,global9k1 a company specializ$ 9 language translation s(tw>e & s]vices4 ,previ\sly1 ,r&y work$ z a consultant = ,,ibm1 ,johnson ,johnson1 ,burr\ghs ,wellcome1 ,pepsi1 ,heuble91 & o!rs4 ,r&y wrote 9 ,septemb] #aiih3 ,because ! int]net has no national b\nd>ies1 ! organization ( us]s is b\nd$ by o!r crit]ia driv5 by ! m$ium itself4 ,9 t]ms ( multil+ualism1 y h virtual communities1 = example1 ( :at ,i call ',language ,nations'444 all ^? p on ! int]net :]ev] !y may be1 = :om a giv5 language is _! native language4 ,?us1 ! ,spani% ,language nation includes n only ,spani% & ,lat9 ,am]ican us]s1 b millions ( ,hispanic us]s 9 ! ,,u1 z well z odd places l ,spani%-speak+ ,morocco4 ,9 #aiii1 ,jean-,pi]re ,cl\ti] 0 ! editor ( ,*roniques de ,cybrie1 a weekly report ( int]net news4 ,jean-,pi]re wrote 9 ,augu/ #aiii3 ,! web is go+ to gr[ 9 ^! non ,engli%-speak+ regions4 ,s we h to take into acc\nt ! te*nical aspects ( ! m$ium if we want to rea* ^! 'new' us]s4 ,i ?9k x is a pity !re are s few translations ( important docum5ts & essays publi%$ on ! web -- f ,engli% into o!r languages & vice-v]sa4 74447 ,! rec5t introduction ( ! int]net 9 regions :]e x is spread+ raises que/ions :i* w\ld be good to read ab\t4 ,:5 w ,spani%-speak+ communications !ori/s & ^? speak+ o!r languages be translat$8 ,9 #aiii1 ,m>cel ,grangi] 0 ! head ( ! ,fr5* ,section ( ! ,swiss ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t's ,c5tral ,l+ui/ic ,s]vices1 :i* meant he 0 9 *>ge ( organiz+ translation matt]s = ! ,swiss gov]nm5t4 ,m>cel wrote 9 ,janu>y #aiii3 ,we c see multil+ualism on ! int]net z a happy & irrev]sible inevitability4 ,s we h to laugh at ! doomsay]s :o only compla9 ab\t ! supremacy ( ,engli%4 ,su* supremacy is n wrong 9 itself1 because x is ma9ly bas$ on /ati/ics 7m ,p,cs p] inhabitant1 m p speak+ ,engli%1 etc474 ,! answ] is n to 'fight' ,engli%1 mu* less :9e ab\t x1 b to build m sites 9 o!r languages4 ,z a translation s]vice1 we also recomm5d t websites be multil+ual4 ,! increas+ numb] ( languages on ! int]net is inevitable & c only boo/ multicultural ex*anges4 ,= ?is to happ5 9 ! be/ possible circum/ances1 we /ill ne$ to develop tools to improve compatibility4 ,fully cop+ ) acc5ts & o!r *>act]s is only "o example ( :at c be done4 ,9 #aiih1 ,h5ri ,slett5ha> 0 a pr(essor at ,web/] ,univ]sity1 ,g5eva1 ,swiz]l&4 ,he insi/$ regul>ly on ! ne$ ( bil+ual websites1 9 ! orig9al language & 9 ,engli%4 ,he wrote 9 ,decemb] #aiih3 ,i see multil+ualism z a v important issue4 ,local communities t are on ! web %\ld pr9cipally use ! local language = _! in=mation4 ,if !y want to pres5t x to ! _w community z well1 x %\ld be 9 ,engli% too4 ,i see a real ne$ = bil+ual websites4 ,i am delight$ !re are s _m (f]+s 9 ! orig9al language n[4 ,i mu* pref] to read ! orig9al ) difficulty ?an gett+ a bad translation4 ,he add$ 9 ,augu/ #aiii3 ,!re are two ma9 categories 9 my op9ion4 ,! fir/ "o is ! global outrea* = bus9ess & in=mation4 ,"h ! language is def9itely ,engli% fir/1 ) local v]sions :]e appropriate4 ,! second "o is local in=mation ( all k9ds 9 ! mo/ remote places4 ,if ! in=mation is meant = p ( an e?nic &_/or language gr\p1 x %\ld be 9 t language fir/ ) p]haps a summ>y 9 ,engli%4 ,we h se5 lately h[ important ^! local websites are -- 9 ,kosovo & ,turkey1 to m5tion j ! mo/ rec5t ones4 ,p 7 able to get in=mation ab\t _! relatives ?r\gh ^! sites4 ,he add$ 9 ,augu/ #bjjj3 ,multil+ualism has exp&$ greatly4 ,_m e-comm]ce websites are multil+ual n[ & !re are companies t sell products :i* make localization possible 7adaptation ( websites to national m>kets74 ,non ,engli%-speak+ us]s rea*$ #ej 9 ,summ] #bjjj4 ,accord+ to ! company ,global ,rea*1 !y 7 #eb4e 9 ,summ] #bjja1 #eg 9 ,decemb] #bjja1 #ei4h 9 ,april #bjjb1 #fd4d 9 ,septemb] #bjjc 7includ+ #cd4i non-,engli%-speak+ ,europeans & #bi4d ,asians7 & #fd4b 9 ,m>* #bjjd 7includ+ #cg4i non-,engli%-speak+ ,europeans & #cc ,asians74 #aiii3 ,,op5 ,,ebook ,,=mat ,ov]view ,9 #aiii1 !re 7 ne>ly z _m e,book =mats z e,books1 ) e company & organization creat+ its own =mat = its own e,book read] & its own electronic device4 ,! publi%+ indu/ry felt ! ne$ to "w on a common =mat = e,books & & publi%$ 9 ,septemb] #aiii ! fir/ v]sion ( ! ,op5 e,book 7,oe,b7 =mat1 an e,book =mat bas$ on ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,m>kup ,language7 & def9$ by ! ,op5 e,book ,publication ,/ructure 7,oe,b,p,s74 ,! ,op5 e,book ,=um 0 creat$ 9 ,janu>y #bjjj to develop ! ,oe,b =mat & ,oe,b,p,s specifications4 ,s9ce #bjjj1 mo/ e,book =mats 7 d]iv$ f - or are compatible ) ! ,oe,b =mat4 ,9 ,april #bjje1 ! ,op5 e,book ,=um became ! ,int]national ,digital ,publi%+ ,=um 7,,idpf71 & ! ,oe,b =mat became ! e,pub =mat4 ,! e,pub =mat is "o ( ! /&>ds = ! digital publi%+ indu/ry4 #aiii3 ,,digital ,,au?ors ,ov]view ,l _m arti/s1 ,jean-,paul began explor+ ! int]net & se>*+ :at hyp]l9ks c\ld (f] to exp& 8 writ+ t[>ds new directions4 ,he swit*$ f be+ a pr9t au?or to be+ an hyp]m$ia au?or1 & creat$ ,cotres furtifs 7,furtive ,cutt]s71 a website tell+ /ories 9 #c;,d4 ,he also enjoy$ ! fre$om giv5 by onl9e self-publi%+1 & wrote 9 ,augu/ #aiii3 ,! int]net all[s me to d )\t int]m$i>ies1 su* z record companies1 publi%]s & di/ributors4 ,mo/ ( all1 x all[s me to cry/allize :at ,i h 9 my head3 ! pr9t m$ium 7desktop publi%+1 9 fact7 only all[s me to p>tly d t4 ,he add$ 9 ,june #bjjj3 ,surf+ ! web is l radiat+ 9 all directions 7,i am int]e/$ 9 some?+ & ,i click on all ! l9ks on a home page7 or l jump+ ar\nd 7f "o click to ano!r1 z ! l9ks appe>74 ,y c d ?is 9 ! writt5 m$ia1 ( c\rse4 ,b ! diff]5ce is /rik+4 ,s ! int]net didn't *ange my life1 b x did *ange h[ ,i write4 ,y don't write ! same way = a website z y d = a script or a play4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjjj7 ,i int]view$ ,murray ,suid1 a writ] ( educational books1 :o 0 liv+ 9 ,palo ,alto1 ,cali=nia4 ,back 9 ,p>is1 ,i int]view$ ,jean-,paul1 an hyp]m$ia au?or1 :o wrote "s int]e/+ comm5ts ab\t digital lit]ature4 ,educational ,books ,9 #aiih1 ,murray ,suid 0 liv+ 9 ,palo ,alto1 9 ! he>t ( ,silicon ,valley4 ,he 0 writ+ educational books1 books = kids1 multim$ia scripts & scre5plays4 ,he 0 among ! fir/ to *oose a solution t _m au?ors w\ld soon adopt4 ,he expla9$ 9 ,septemb] #aiih3 ,if a book c be web-ext5d$ 7liv+ p>tly 9 cyb]space71 !n an au?or c easily update & correct x1 :]eas o!rwise ! au?or w\ld h to wait a long "t = ! next edition1 if inde$ a next edition ev] came out4 74447 ,i d n "k if ,i w publi% books on ! web -- z oppos$ to publi%+ pap] books4 ,probably t w happ5 :5 books become multim$ia4 7,i curr5tly am help+ develop multim$ia le>n+ mat]ials1 & x is a =m ( tea*+ t ,i l a lot -- bl5d+ text1 movies1 audio1 graphics1 & -- :5 possible -- int]activity74 ,murray add$ 9 ,augu/ #aiii3 ,9 addition to 'web-ext5d+' books1 we are n[ web-ext5d+ our multim$ia 7,,cd-,,rom7 products -- to update & enri* !m4 ,a few mon?s lat]1 he add$3 ,our company -- ,e,d,vantage ,s(tw>e -- has become an int]net company in/ead ( a multim$ia 7,,cd-,,rom7 company4 ,we deliv] educational mat]ial onl9e to /ud5ts & tea*]s4 ,hyp]m$ia ,writ+ ,9 #aiii1 ,jean-,paul1 an hyp]m$ia au?or1 0 ! webma/] ( cotres4net1 a site tell+ /ories 9 #c;,d4 ,he really enjoy$ ! fre$om giv5 by onl9e publi%+4 ,he wrote 9 ,augu/ #aiii3 ,! int]net all[s me to d )\t int]m$i>ies1 su* z record companies1 publi%]s & di/ributors4 ,mo/ ( all1 x all[s me to cry/allize :at ,i h 9 my head3 ! pr9t m$ium 7desktop-publi%+1 9 fact7 only all[s me to p>tly d t4 ,!n ! int]m$i>ies w take ov] & ,i w h to look some:]e else1 a place :]e ! grass is gre5]444 ,jean-,paul add$ 9 ,june #bjjj3 ,surf+ ! web is l radiat+ 9 all directions 7,i am int]e/$ 9 some?+ & ,i click on all ! l9ks on a home page7 or l jump+ ar\nd 7f "o click to ano!r1 z ! l9ks appe>74 ,y c d ?is 9 ! pr9t m$ia1 ( c\rse4 ,b ! diff]5ce is /rik+4 ,s ! int]net didn't *ange my life1 b x did *ange h[ ,i write4 ,y don't write ! same way = a website z y d = a script or a play4 ,b x wasn't exactly ! int]net t *ang$ my writ+1 x 0 ! fir/ model ( ! ,mac4 ,i discov]$ x :5 ,i 0 tea*+ myself ,hyp]c>d4 ,i /ill rememb] h[ a/oni%$ ,i 0 dur+ my mon? ( le>n+ ab\t buttons & l9ks & ab\t surf+ by association1 objects & images4 ,be+ able1 by j click+ on "p ( ! scre51 to op5 piles ( c>ds1 ) ea* c>d (f]+ new buttons & ea* button op5+ onto a new s]ies ( !m4 ,9 %ort1 le>n+ ev]y?+ ab\t ! web t today seems really r\t9e 0 a revelation = me4 ,i he> ,/eve ,jobs & 8 team _h ! same k9d ( %ock :5 !y discov]$ ! =]unn] ( ! ,mac 9 ! labs ( ,rank ,x]ox4 ,s9ce !n ,i h be5 writ+ directly on ! scre54 ,i use a pap] pr9t-out only occasionally1 to help me fix up an article1 or to give somebody :o doesn't l scre5s a r\gh idea1 some?+ imm$iate4 ,x is only an approximation1 because pr9t =ces u into a l9e> relation%ip3 ! words scroll out page by page mo/ ( ! "t4 ,b :5 y h l9ks1 y h a diff]5t relation%ip to "t & space 9 y\r imag9ation4 ,& = me1 x is a great opportunity to use ?is read+_/writ+ int]play1 :]eas leaf+ ?r\gh a book gives only a sugge/ion ( x -- a vague "o because a book is n meant = t4 #bjjj3 ,,y\rdiction>y4,,com ,ov]view ,aft] f\nd+ ,a ,web ( ,onl9e ,diction>ies 7,,wod7 9 #aiie1 ,rob]t ,be>d includ$ x 9 a l>g] project1 your,dictionary4com1 t he c(\nd$ 9 e>ly #bjjj4 ,he wrote 9 ,janu>y #bjjj3 ,! new website is an index ( #a1bjj diction>ies 9 m ?an #bjj languages4 ,besides ! ,,wod1 ! new website includes a ^w-(-!-day-feature1 ^w games1 a language *at room1 ! old ,web ( ,on-l9e ,gramm>s 7n[ exp&$ to include additional language res\rces71 ! ,web ( ,l+ui/ic ,fun1 multil+ual diction>ies2 specializ$ ,engli% diction>ies2 !sauri & o!r vocabul>y aids2 language id5tifi]s & guess]s1 & o!r features2 diction>y indices4 your,dictionary4com w hopefully be ! premi]e language portal & ! l>ge/ language res\rce site on ! web4 ,x is n[ actively acquir+ diction>ies & gramm>s ( all languages ) a p>ticul> focus on endang]$ languages4 ,x is ov]se5 by a blue ribbon panel ( l+ui/ic exp]ts f all ov] ! _w4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjja7 ,aft] creat+ ,a ,web ( ,onl9e ,diction>ies 9 #aiie1 ,rob]t ,be>d c(\nd$ your,dictionary4com 9 e>ly #bjjj4 ,he wrote 9 ,janu>y #bjjj3 ,a ,web ( ,onl9e ,diction>ies 7,,wod7 is n[ a "p ( your,dictionary4com 7z ( ,febru>y #ae1 #bjjj74 ,! new website is an index ( #a1bjj diction>ies 9 m ?an #bjj languages4 ,besides ! ,,wod1 ! new website includes a ^w-(-!-day-feature1 ^w games1 a language *at room1 ! old ,web ( ,on-l9e ,gramm>s 7n[ exp&$ to include additional language res\rces71 ! ,web ( ,l+ui/ic ,fun1 multil+ual diction>ies2 specializ$ ,engli% diction>ies2 !sauri & o!r vocabul>y aids2 language id5tifi]s & guess]s1 & o!r features2 diction>y indices4 ,your,dictionary4com w hopefully be ! premi]e language portal & ! l>ge/ language res\rce site on ! web4 ,x is n[ actively acquir+ diction>ies & gramm>s ( all languages ) a p>ticul> focus on endang]$ languages4 ,x is ov]se5 by a blue ribbon panel ( l+ui/ic exp]ts f all ov] ! _w4 ,answ]+ my "q ab\t multil+ualism1 ,rob]t ,be>d add$ 9 ,janu>y #bjjj3 ,:ile ,engli% /ill dom9ates ! web1 ! gr[? ( monol+ual non-,engli% websites is ga9+ /r5g? ) ! v>i\s solutions to ! font problems4 ,languages t are endang]$ are prim>ily languages )\t writ+ sy/ems at all 7only #a_/c ( ! _w's #f1jjj languages h writ+ sy/ems74 ,i /ill d n see ! web contribut+ to ! loss ( language id5tity & /ill suspect x may1 9 ! long run1 contribute to /r5g!n+ x4 ,m & m ,native ,am]icans1 = example1 are contact+ l+ui/s1 ask+ !m to write gramm>s ( _! language & help !m put up diction>ies4 ,= ^! p1 ! web is an af=dable boon = cultural expression4 ,answ]+ ! same "q1 ,caoimhn ,donnale wrote 9 ,may #bjja3 ,i w\ld emphasize ! po9t t z reg>ds ! future ( endang]$ languages1 ! int]net spe$s ev]y?+ up4 ,if p don't c>e ab\t pres]v+ languages1 ! int]net & accompany+ globalization w greatly spe$ _! demise4 ,if p d c>e ab\t pres]v+ !m1 ! int]net w be a trem5d\s help4 ,caoimhn ,donnale tea*es comput+ - ?r\gh ! ,gaelic language - at ! ,in/itute ,sabhal ,mr ,o/aig1 locat$ on ! ,isl& ( ,skye1 9 ,scotl&4 ,he also ma9ta9s ! college website1 :i* is ! ma9 site worldwide ) in=mation on ,scotti% ,gaelic4 ,he also ma9ta9s ,european ,m9ority ,languages1 a li/ ( m9ority languages by alphabetic ord] & by language family4 ,he wrote 9 ,may #bjja3 ,!re has be5 a great expansion 9 ! use ( in=mation te*nology at ! ,gaelic-m$ium college "h4 ,f> m comput]s1 m comput+ /aff1 flat scre5s4 ,/ud5ts d ev]y?+ by comput]1 use ,gaelic spell-*eck+1 ,gaelic onl9e t]m9ology database4 ,m hits on our web site4 ,m use ( s\nd4 ,gaelic radio 7bo? ,scotti% & ,iri%7 n[ available cont9u\sly worldwide via ! int]net4 ,major project has be5 translation ( ! ,op]a web-br[s] into ,gaelic - ! fir/ s(tw>e ( any size available 9 ,gaelic4 ,publi%$ by ,,sil ,int]national 7,,sil3 ,summ] ,in/itute ( ,l+ui/ics71 ,! ,e?nologue3 ,languages ( ! ,_w is a catalogue ( m ?an #f1gjj languages4 ,a pap] v]sion & a ,,cd-,,rom are also available4 ,b>b>a ,grimes 0 ! editor ( ! #h? to #ad? editions1 #aiga-bjjj4 ,%e wrote 9 ,janu>y #bjjj3 ,x is a catalog ( ! languages ( ! _w1 ) in=mation ab\t :]e !y are spok51 an e/imate ( ! numb] ( speak]s1 :at language family !y are 91 alt]nate names1 names ( dialects1 o!r sociol+ui/ic & demographic in=mation1 dates ( publi%$ ,bibles1 a "n index1 a language family index1 & language maps4 #bjjj3 ,,onl9e ,,bible ,,( ,,gut5b]g ,ov]view ,! ,bible ( ,gut5b]g w5t onl9e 9 ,novemb] #bjjj1 on ! website ( ! ,briti% ,libr>y4 ,z we all "k1 ! ,bible ( ,gut5b]g is consid]$ z ! fir/ pr9t book4 ,gut5b]g pr9t$ x 9 #adee 9 ,g]many1 p]haps pr9t+ #ahj copies1 ) #dh copies t w\ld /ill exi/ 9 #bjjj4 ,?ree copies - two full ones & "o p>tial "o - belong to ! ,briti% ,libr>y4 ,! two full copies - a little diff]5t f ea* o!r - 7 digitiz$ 9 ,m>* #bjjj by exp]ts f ! ,keio ,univ]sity ( ,tokyo & ,,ntt 7,nippon ,telegraph & ,telephone ,communications74 #bjjj3 ,,di/ribut$ ,,pro(read]s ,ov]view ,conceiv$ 9 ,octob] #bjjj by ,*>les ,franks1 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s 0 laun*$ onl9e 9 ,m>* #bjja to help 9 ! digitization ( public doma9 books4 ,! me?od is to break up ! t$i\s "w ( *eck+ e,books = errors into small1 manageable *unks4 ,orig9ally meant to assi/ ,project ,gut5b]g 9 ! h&l+ ( %>$ pro(read+1 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s has become ! ma9 s\rce ( ,project ,gut5b]g e,books4 ,9 #bjjb1 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s became an (ficial ,project ,gut5b]g site4 ,! numb] ( books process$ ?r\gh ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s has gr[n fa/4 ,9 #bjjc1 ab\t #bej-cjj p 7 work+ ea* day all ov] ! _w produc+ a daily total ( #b1ejj-c1jjj pages1 ! equival5t ( two pages a m9ute4 ,9 #bjjd1 ! av]age 0 #cjj-djj pro(read]s p>ticipat+ ea* day & f9i%+ #d1jjj-g1jjj pages p] day1 ! equival5t ( f\r pages a m9ute4 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s process$ a total ( #c1jjj books 9 ,febru>y #bjjd1 #e1jjj books 9 ,octob] #bjjd1 #g1jjj books 9 ,may #bjje1 #h1jjj books 9 ,febru>y #bjjf & #aj1jjj books 9 ,m>* #bjjg1 ) ! help ( #cf1jjj volunte]s4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjje1 updat$ 9 #bjjh7 ,! ma9 leap =w>d ( ,project ,gut5b]g s9ce #bjjj is due to ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s4 ,9 #bjjb1 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s became an (ficial ,project ,gut5b]g site4 ,9 ,may #bjjf1 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s became a sep>ate entity & cont9ues to ma9ta9 a /rong relation%ip ) ,project ,gut5b]g4 ,volunte]s don't h a quota to fill1 b x is recomm5d$ !y d a page a day if possible4 ,x doesn't seem mu*1 b ) hundr$s ( volunte]s x really adds up4 ,9 ,decemb] #bjjg1 five books 7 produc$ p] day by ?\s&s ( volunte]s4 ,f ! website "o c access a program t all[s sev]al pro(read]s to be work+ on ! same book at ! same "t1 ea* pro(read+ diff]5t pages4 ,?is significantly spe$s up ! pro(read+ process4 ,volunte]s regi/] & receive detail$ in/ructions4 ,= example1 words 9 bold1 italic or und]l9$1 or footnotes are always treat$ ! same way = any book4 ,a discussion =um all[s !m to ask que/ions or seek help at any "t4 ,a project manag] ov]sees ! progress ( a p>ticul> book ?r\gh its diff]5t /eps on ! website4 ,! website gives a full li/ ( ! books t are3 7a7 complet$1 i4e4 process$ ?r\gh ! site & po/$ to ,project ,gut5b]g2 7b7 9 progress1 i4e4 process$ ?r\gh ! site b n yet po/$1 because curr5tly go+ ?r\gh _! f9al pro(read+ & assembly2 7c7 be+ pro(read1 i4e4 curr5tly be+ process$4 ,on ,augu/ #c1 #bjje1 #g1fci books 7 complet$1 #a1bej books 7 9 progress & #hca books 7 be+ pro(read4 ,on ,may #a/1 #bjjh1 #ac1jci books 7 complet$1 #a1hdj books 7 9 progress & #a1jjj books 7 be+ pro(read4 ,ea* "t a volunte] 7pro(read]7 goes to ! website1 s_/he *ooses a book1 any book4 ,!n "o page ( ! book appe>s 9 two =ms side by side3 ! scann$ image ( "o page & ! text f t image 7z produc$ by ,,ocr s(tw>e74 ,! pro(read] c easily comp>e bo? v]sions1 note ! diff]5ces & fix !m4 ,,ocr is usually #ii accurate1 :i* makes = ab\t #aj corrections a page4 ,! pro(read] saves ea* page z x is complet$ & c !n ei!r /op "w or d ano!r4 ,! books are pro(read twice1 & ! second "t only by exp]i5c$ pro(read]s4 ,all ! pages ( ! book are !n =matt$1 comb9$ & assembl$ by po/-processors to make an e,book4 ,! e,book is n[ ready to be po/$ ) an index entry 7title1 subtitle1 au?or1 e,book numb] & "* set7 = ! database4 ,index]s g on ) ! catalog+ process 7au?or's dates ( bir? & dea?1 ,libr>y ( ,congress classification1 etc47 aft] ! release4 ,volunte]s c also "w indep5d5tly1 aft] contact+ ,project ,gut5b]g directly1 by key+ 9 a book !y p>ticul>ly l us+ any text editor or ^w processor4 ,!y c also scan x & conv]t x into text us+ ,,ocr s(tw>e1 & !n make corrections by comp>+ x ) ! orig9al4 ,9 ea* case1 someone else w pro(read x4 ,!y c use ,,ascii & any o!r =mat4 ,ev]ybody is welcome1 :atev] ! me?od & :atev] ! =mat4 ,new volunte]s are mo/ welcome too at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s 7,,dp71 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 & ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s ,canada 7,,dpc74 ,any volunte] any:]e is welcome1 = any language4 ,!re is a lot to d4 ,z /at$ on bo? websites1 ,rememb] t !re is no commitm5t expect$ on ?is site4 ,pro(read z (t5 or z seldom z y l1 & z _m or z few pages z y l4 ,we enc\rage p to d 'a page a day'1 b x's entirely up to y6 ,we hope y w jo9 u 9 our mission ( 'pres]v+ ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! _w 9 a freely available =m = ev]yone to use'4 #bjjj3 ,,public ,,libr>y ,,( ,,sci5ce ,ov]view ,! ,public ,libr>y ( ,sci5ce 7,p,lo,s7 0 f\nd$ 9 ,octob] #bjjj by biom$ical sci5ti/s ,h>old ,v>mus1 ,patrick ,br[n & ,mi*ael ,eis51 f ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ,palo ,alto1 & ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,b]keley4 ,headqu>t]$ 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,p,lo,s is a non-pr(it organization ^: mission is to make ! _w's sci5tific & m$ical lit]ature a public res\rce4 ,9 e>ly #bjjc1 ,p,lo,s creat$ a non-pr(it sci5tific & m$ical publi%+ v5ture to provide sci5ti/s & physicians ) high-quality1 high-pr(ile j\rnals 9 :i* to publi% _! mo/ important "w3 ,p,lo,s ,biology 7laun*$ 9 #bjjc71 ,p,lo,s ,m$ic9e 7#bjjd71 ,p,lo,s ,g5etics 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,computational ,biology 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,pa?og5s 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,cl9ical ,trials 7#bjjf71 ,p,lo,s ,neglect$ ,tropical ,diseases 7#bjjg74 ,all ,p,lo,s articles are freely available onl9e1 & deposit$ 9 ! free public ar*ive ,pub,med ,c5tral4 ,!y c be freely r$i/ribut$ & reus$1 includ+ = translations1 z long z ! au?or7s7 & s\rce are cit$4 ,p,lo,s also hopes to enc\rage o!r publi%]s to adopt ! op5 access model1 or to conv]t _! exi/+ j\rnals to an op5 access model4 #bjja3 ,,wikip$ia ,ov]view ,laun*$ 9 ,janu>y #bjja by ,jimmy ,wales & ,l>ry ,sang] 7,l>ry resign$ lat] on71 ,wikip$ia has quickly gr[n into ! l>ge/ ref]5ce website on ! int]net4 ,its multil+ual cont5t is free & writt5 collaboratively by p worldwide4 ,its website is a wiki1 :i* means t anyone c edit1 correct & improve in=mation ?r\gh\t ! encyclop$ia4 ,! articles /ay ! prop]ty ( _! au?ors1 & c be freely us$ accord+ to ! ,,gfdl 7,,gnu ,free ,docum5tation ,lic5se74 ,wikip$ia is ho/$ by ! ,wikim$ia ,f\ndation1 :i* runs a numb] ( o!r projects1 = example ,wiktion>y - laun*$ 9 ,decemb] #bjjb - foll[$ by ,wikibooks1 ,wikiv]sity1 ,wik9ews & ,wikiquote4 ,9 ,decemb] #bjjd1 ,wikip$ia _h #a4c million articles f #ac1jjj contributors 9 #ajj languages4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 ,decemb] #bjjf1 x _h #f million articles 9 #bej languages4 #bjja3 ,,creative ,,commons ,ov]view ,creative ,commons 7,,cc7 0 f\nd$ 9 #bjja by ,lawr5ce ,less+1 a pr(essor at ,/an=d ,law ,s*ool1 ,cali=nia4 ,z /at$ on its website1 ,creative ,commons is a nonpr(it corporation d$icat$ to mak+ x easi] = p to %>e & build ^u ! "w ( o!rs1 consi/5t ) ! rules ( copyright4 ,we provide free lic5ses & o!r legal tools to m>k creative "w ) ! fre$om ! creator wants x to c>ry1 s o!rs c %>e1 remix1 use comm]cially1 or any comb9ation !re(4 ,!re 7 "o million ,creative ,commons lic5s$ works 9 #bjjc1 #d4g million lic5s$ works 9 #bjjd1 #bj million lic5s$ works 9 #bjje1 #ej million lic5s$ works 9 #bjjf1 #ij million lic5s$ works 9 #bjjg1 & #acj million lic5s$ works 9 #bjjh4 ,sci5ce ,commons 0 f\nd$ 9 #bjje to design /rategies & tools = fa/]1 m effici5t web-enabl$ sci5tific rese>*4 cc,learn 0 f\nd$ 9 #bjjg z a division ( ,creative ,commons d$icat$ to realiz+ ! full pot5tial ( ! int]net to support op5 le>n+ & op5 educational res\rces4 #bjjb3 ,,mit ,,op5c\rsew>e ,ov]view ,! ,,mit ,open,course,ware 7,,mit ,,ocw7 is a l>ge-scale1 web-bas$ electronic publi%+ initiative laun*$ by ,,mit 7,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology7 to promote op5 dissem9ation ( k & in=mation4 ,a pilot v]sion ( ! ,,mit ,open,course,ware 7,,mit ,,ocw7 0 available onl9e 9 ,septemb] #bjjb1 ) #cb c\rse mat]ials ( ,,mit4 ,9 ,septemb] #bjjc1 ! site 0 (ficially laun*$ ) sev]al hundr$ c\rse mat]ials4 ,9 ,m>* #bjjd1 #ejj c\rse mat]ials 7 available 9 #cc diff]5t topics4 ,9 ,may #bjjf1 #a1djj c\rse mat]ials 7 (f]$ by #cd dep>tm5ts belong+ to ! five s*ools ( ,,mit4 ,9 ,novemb] #bjjg1 all #a1hjj c\rse mat]ials 7 available1 ) #bjj new & updat$ c\rses p] ye>4 ,9 ,novemb] #bjje1 ! ,,mit laun*$ ! ,open,course,ware ,consortium 7,,ocw ,consortium7 z a collaboration ( educational in/itutions creat+ a broad body ( op5 educational cont5t us+ a %>e model4 ,"o ye> lat]1 ! ,,ocw ,consortium includ$ ! c\rses ( #ajj univ]sities worldwide4 #bjjd3 ,,project ,,gut5b]g ,,europe ,ov]view ,9 ,janu>y #bjjd1 ,project ,gut5b]g spread across ! ,atlantic ) ! laun*+ ( ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe 7,,pg ,europe7 & ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 by ,project ,ra/ko1 a non-gov]nm5tal cultural & educational project locat$ 9 ,belgrade1 ,s]bia4 ,,dp ,europe uses ! s(tw>e ( ! orig9al ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s4 ,,dp ,europe is a multil+ual website1 ) its ma9 pages translat$ into sev]al ,european languages by volunte] translators4 ,9 ,april #bjjd1 ,,dp ,europe 0 available 9 #ab languages4 ,! long-t]m goal is #fj languages & #fj l+ui/ic teams repres5t+ all ,european languages4 ,,dp ,europe supports ,unicode to be able to pro(read e,books 9 num]\s languages4 ,unicode is an encod+ sy/em t gives a unique numb] = e "* 9 any language4 ,,dp ,europe f9i%$ process+ its #ajj? book 9 ,may #bjje & its #ejj? book 9 ,octob] #bjjh4 ,,dp ,europe op]ates "u life #ej copyright laws4 ,:5 x gets up to spe$1 ,,dp ,europe w provide e,books = sev]al national &_/or l+ui/ic digital libr>ies4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjje1 updat$ 9 #bjjh7 ,9 #bjjd1 multil+ualism became "o ( ! priorities ( ,project ,gut5b]g1 l int]nationalization4 ,mi*ael ,h>t w5t (f to ,europe1 ) /ops 9 ,p>is1 ,brussels & ,belgrade4 ,9 ,belgrade1 he met ) ! team ( ,project ,ra/ko1 to support ! creation ( ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s ,europe 7laun*$ 9 ,decemb] #bjjc7 & ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe 7laun*$ 9 ,janu>y #bjjd74 ,! laun*+ ( ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 by ,project ,ra/ko 0 inde$ a v important /ep4 ,,dp ,europe uses ! s(tw>e ( ! orig9al ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s & is d$icat$ to ! pro(read+ ( books = ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe4 ,s9ce ! v beg9n+1 ,,dp ,europe has be5 a multil+ual website1 ) its ma9 pages translat$ into sev]al ,european languages by volunte] translators4 ,,dp ,europe 0 available 9 #ab languages 9 ,april #bjjd & #bb languages 9 ,may #bjjh4 ,! long-t]m goal is #fj languages & #fj l+ui/ic teams repres5t+ all ! ,european languages4 ,:5 x gets up to spe$1 ,,dp ,europe w provide books = sev]al national &_/or l+ui/ic digital libr>ies4 ,! goal is = e c\ntry to h its own digital libr>y 7accord+ to ! c\ntry copyright limitations71 )9 a cont95tal network 7= ,france1 ! ,european network7 & a global network 7= ! :ole planet74 ,a few l9es n[ on ,project ,ra/ko1 :i* laun*$ su* a difficult & excit+ project = ,europe1 & catalyz$ volunte]s' en]gy 9 bo? ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,europe 7& any:]e else3 z ! int]net has no b\nd>ies1 !re is no ne$ to live 9 ,europe to regi/]74 ,f\nd$ 9 #aiig1 ,project ,ra/ko is a non-gov]nm5tal cultural & educational project4 ,"o ( its goals is ! onl9e publi%+ ( ,s]bian culture4 ,x is "p ( ! ,balkans ,cultural ,network ,initiative1 a regional cultural network = ! ,balkan p59sula 9 s\?-ea/]n ,europe4 ,9 ,may #bjje1 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s ,europe f9i%$ process+ its #ajj? book4 ,9 ,june #bjje ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe 0 laun*$ ) ^! fir/ #ajj books4 ,,dp ,europe supports ,unicode to be able to pro(read books 9 num]\s languages4 ,creat$ 9 #aiia & widely us$ s9ce #aiih1 ,unicode is an encod+ sy/em t gives a unique numb] = e "* 9 any language1 contr>y to ! mu* old] ,,ascii t 0 meant only = ,engli% & a few ,european languages4 ,on ,augu/ #c1 #bjje1 #acg books 7 complet$ 7process$ ?r\gh ! site & po/$ to ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe71 #dah books 7 9 progress 7process$ ?r\gh ! site b n yet po/$1 because curr5tly go+ ?r\gh _! f9al pro(read+ & assembly71 & #abe books 7 be+ pro(read 7curr5tly be+ process$74 ,on ,may #aj1 #bjjh1 #dif books 7 complet$1 #fec books 7 9 progress & #ia books 7 be+ pro(read4 #bjjd3 ,,google ,,books ,ov]view ,9 ,octob] #bjjd1 ,google laun*$ ! fir/ "p ( ,google ,pr9t z a project aim$ at publi%]s1 = int]net us]s to be able to see exc]pts f _! books & ord] !m onl9e4 ,9 ,decemb] #bjjd1 ,google laun*$ ! second "p ( ,google ,pr9t z a project int5d$ = libr>ies1 to build up a _w digital libr>y by digitiz+ ! collections ( ma9 p>tn] libr>ies4 ,! beta v]sion ( ,google ,pr9t w5t live 9 ,may #bjje4 ,9 ,augu/ #bjje1 ,google ,pr9t 0 /opp$ until fur!r notice because ( lawsuits fil$ by associations ( au?ors & publi%]s = copyright infr+em5t4 ,! program resum$ 9 ,augu/ #bjjf "u ! new "n ( ,google ,books4 ,google ,books has (f]$ books digitiz$ 9 ! p>ticipat+ libr>ies 7,h>v>d1 ,/an=d1 ,mi*igan1 ,ox=d1 ,cali=nia1 ,virg9ia1 ,wiscons9-,madison1 ,complut5se ( ,madrid & ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y71 ) ei!r ! full text = public doma9 books or exc]pts = copyright$ books4 ,! lawsuit ) associations ( au?ors & publi%]s 0 settl$ 9 ,octob] #bjjh4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #bjjh7 ,9 ,octob] #bjjd1 ,google laun*$ ! fir/ "p ( ,google ,pr9t z a project aim$ at publi%]s1 = us]s to be able to see snippets ( _! books & ord] !m onl9e4 ,! beta v]sion ( ,google ,pr9t w5t on l9e 9 ,may #bjje4 ,9 ,decemb] #bjjd1 ,google laun*$ ! second "p ( ,google ,pr9t z a project int5d$ = libr>ies1 to build up a digital libr>y ( #ae million books by scann+ & digitiz+ ! collections ( ma9 libr>ies1 beg9n+ ) ! ,univ]sities ( ,mi*igan 7#g million books71 ,h>v>d1 ,/an=d & ,ox=d1 & ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 ,! plann$ co/ 0 an av]age ( ,,u #aj p] book1 & #aej to #bjj million on t5 ye>s4 ,9 ,augu/ #bjje1 ,google ,pr9t 0 /opp$ until fur!r notice because ( lawsuits fil$ by publi%]s = copyright infr+em5t4 ,! program resum$ 9 ,augu/ #bjjf "u ! new "n ( ,google ,books4 ,google ,books 0 laun*$ 9 ,augu/ #bjjf to replace ! controv]sial ,google ,pr9t1 /opp$ 9 ,augu/ #bjje because ( ma9 copyright conc]ns4 ,google ,books (f]s exc]pts ( books digitiz$ by ,google 9 ! p>ticipat+ libr>ies 7,h>v>d1 ,/an=d1 ,mi*igan1 ,ox=d1 ,cali=nia1 ,virg9ia1 ,wiscons9-,madison1 ,complut5se ( ,madrid & ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y74 ,google scans #c1jjj books a day1 includ+ copyright$ books4 ,! inclusion ( copyright$ books is widely criticiz$ by au?ors & publi%]s worldwide4 ,9 ! ,,u1 lawsuits 7 fil$ by ! ,au?ors ,guild & ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,publi%]s 7,,aap7 = alleg$ copyright infr+em5t4 ,! assumption is t ! full scann+ & digitiz+ ( copyright$ books infr+es copyright laws1 ev5 if only snippets are made freely available on ! se>* eng9e4 ,to c\nt]act copyright conc]ns & ! problems ( a clos$ plat=m1 ! ,int]net ,ar*ive laun*$ ! ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance 7,,oca7 ) ! goal ( digitiz+ only public doma9 books & make !m se>*able & d[nloadable ?r\gh any se>* eng9e4 #bjje3 ,,op5 ,,cont5t ,,alliance ,ov]view ,! ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance 7,,oca7 0 conceiv$ by ! ,int]net ,ar*ive 9 e>ly #bjje to (f] broad1 public access to ! _w culture4 ,x 0 laun*$ 9 ,octob] #bjje z a gr\p ( cultural1 te*nology1 non pr(it & gov]nm5tal organizations will+ to build a p]man5t ar*ive ( multil+ual digitiz$ text & multim$ia cont5t4 ,! project aims at digitiz+ public doma9 books ar\nd ! _w & make !m se>*able ?r\gh any web se>* eng9e & d[nloadable = free4 ,unlike ! ,google ,pr9t project1 ! ,,oca scans & digitizes only public doma9 books1 except :5 ! copyright hold] has expressly giv5 p]mission4 ,! fir/ contributors to ,,oca 7 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 ! ,european ,ar*ive1 ! ,national ,ar*ives 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,o',reilly ,m$ia & ,prel+] ,ar*ives4 ,! digitiz$ collections are freely available 9 ! ,text ,ar*ive ( ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,9 ,decemb] #bjjf1 !y rea*$ a mile/one ( #ajj1jjj digitaliz$ books publicly available1 ) #ab1jjj new books add$ p] mon?4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 ,decemb] #bjjh1 "o million books 7 po/$ "u ,,oca pr9ciples or o!rwise public doma9 ho/$ by ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 #bjjf3 ,,micros(t ,,live ,,se>* ,,books ,ov]view ,micros(t has also p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance 7,,oca71 laun*$ by ! ,int]net ,ar*ive 9 ,octob] #bjje4 ,9 ,decemb] #bjjf1 ,micros(t releas$ ! beta v]sion ( ,live ,se>* ,books4 ,! book se>* eng9e p]=ms keyword se>*es = non copyright$ books digitiz$ by ,micros(t f ! collections ( ! ,briti% ,libr>y1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 & ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 foll[$ 9 ,janu>y #bjjg by ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y & ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,books (f] full text views & c be d[nload$ 9 ,,pdf files4 ,9 ! future1 ,micros(t int5ds to add copyright$ works ) ! p]mission ( _! publi%]s4 ,9 ,may #bjjg1 ,micros(t ann\nc$ agreem5ts ) sev]al ma9 publi%]s1 includ+ ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press & ,mc,graw ,hill4 ,aft] digitiz+ #gej1jjj books & index+ #hj million j\rnal articles1 ,micros(t end$ ! ,live ,se>* ,books program 9 ,may #bjjh & clos$ ! website4 #bjjf3 ,,free ,,worldcat ,ov]view ,world,cat 0 creat$ 9 #aiga by ! non-pr(it ,,oclc 7,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]7 z ! union catalog ( ! univ]sity libr>ies 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio4 ,ov] ! ye>s1 ,,oclc became a national & worldwide libr>y coop]ative1 & ,world,cat ! l>ge/ libr>y catalog 9 ! _w4 ,9 #bjje1 ,world,cat _h #fa million bibliographic records 9 #djj languages f #i1jjj memb] libr>ies 7paid subscription7 9 #aab c\ntries4 ,9 #bjjf1 #gc million bibliographic records 7 l9k+ to #a billion docum5ts available 9 ^! libr>ies4 ,9 ,augu/ #bjjf1 ,world,cat began to migrate to ! web ?r\gh ! beta v]sion ( ! new website ,world,cat4org4 ,memb] libr>ies n[ provide free access to _! catalogs & electronic res\rces3 books1 audio books1 ab/racts & full-text articles1 photos1 music ,c,ds & videos4 ,ano!r pione] site 0 ,red,light,green1 laun*$ 9 ,spr+ #bjjd 7) a beta v]sion 9 ,fall #bjjc7 z ! web v]sion ( ! ,,rlg ,union ,catalog1 ano!r major union catalog creat$ 9 #aihj by ! ,rese>* ,libr>ies ,gr\p 7,,rlg74 ,red,light,green end$ its s]vice 9 ,novemb] #bjjf1 aft] a successful #c-ye> run1 & ,,rlg jo9$ ,,oclc4 ,9 ,dep? 7publi%$ 9 #aiii7 ,9 #aiih1 two organizations - ,,oclc 7,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]7 & ,,rl9 7,rese>* ,libr>y ,in=mation ,network7 - 7 runn+ int]national bibliographical databases ?r\gh ! int]net4 ,! ,,oclc ,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t] is a non-pr(it1 memb]%ip1 libr>y comput] s]vice & rese>* organization d$icat$ to fur!r+ access to ! _w's in=mation & r$uc+ in=mation co/s4 ,m ?an #bg1jjj libr>ies 9 #fe c\ntries 7 us+ ,,oclc s]vices to manage _! collections & to provide onl9e ref]5ce s]vices4 ,! website 0 available 9 ,engli%1 ,*9ese1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,portuguese1 & ,spani%4 ,,oclc s]vices includ$3 access s]vices2 collections & te*nical s]vices2 ref]5ce s]vices2 res\rce %>+2 ,dewey ,decimal ,classification 7publi%$ by ,,oclc ,=e/ ,press72 & pres]vation res\rces4 ,f its headqu>t]s 9 ,dubl91 ,ohio1 ,,oclc op]at$ "o ( ! _w's l>ge/ libr>y in=mation networks4 ,libr>ies 9 ! ,,u jo9$ ,,oclc ?r\gh _! ,,oclc-affiliat$ regional networks4 ,libr>ies outside ! ,,u receiv$ ,,oclc s]vices ?r\gh ,,oclc ,asia ,pacific1 ,,oclc ,canada1 ,,oclc ,europe1 ,,oclc ,lat9 ,am]ica & ! ,c>ibbean1 or via int]national di/ributors4 ,,oclc 0 also runn+ ,world,cat - ! "n ( ! ,,oclc ,onl9e ,union ,catalog - :i* is a m]g$ electronic catalog ( libr>y catalogs ar\nd ! _w1 & ! _w's l>ge/ bibliographic database ) its #ch million records 79 e>ly #aiih7 9 #djj languages 7) translit]ation = non-,roman languages71 & an annual increase ( #b million records4 ,world,cat /emm$ f a concept :i* is ! same = all union catalogs3 e>n "t to avoid ! catalogu+ ( ! same docum5t by _m catalog]s worldwide4 ,:5 !y are ab\t to catalog a publication1 ! catalog]s ( ! memb] libr>ies se>* ! ,,oclc catalog4 ,if !y f9d ! record1 !y copy x 9 _! own catalog & add "s local in=mation4 ,if !y don't f9d ! record1 !y create x 9 ! ,,oclc catalog1 & ?is new record is imm$iately available to all ! catalog]s ( ! memb] libr>ies worldwide4 ,unlike ,,rl91 ano!r ma9 union catalog t accepts sev]al records = ! same docum5t 7please see bel[71 ! ,,oclc ,onl9e ,union ,catalog accepts only "o record p] docum5t1 & asks its memb]s n to create duplicate records = docum5ts t 7 already catalog$4 ,! records are creat$ 9 ,,usm>c =mat 7,,m>c3 ,ma*9e ,readable ,catalog7 accord+ to ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,catalogu+ ,rules1 #bnd v]sion 7,,aacr#b74 ,:at is ! hi/ory ( ,,oclc8 ,9 #aifg1 ! presid5ts ( ! colleges & univ]sities 9 ! /ate ( ,ohio f\nd$ ! ,ohio ,college ,libr>y ,c5t] 7,,oclc7 to develop a comput]iz$ sy/em 9 :i* ! libr>ies ( ,ohio academic in/itutions c\ld %>e res\rces & r$uce co/s4 ,,oclc's fir/ (fices 7 9 ! ,ma9 ,libr>y on ! campus ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity 7,,osu71 & its fir/ comput] room 0 h\s$ 9 ! ,,osu ,rese>* ,c5t]4 ,x 0 f ^! academic roots t ,fr$]ick ,g4 ,kilg\r1 ,,oclc's fir/ presid5t1 ov]saw ! gr[? ( ,,oclc f a regional comput] sy/em = #ed ,ohio colleges into an int]national network4 ,9 #aigg1 ! ,ohio memb]s ( ,,oclc adopt$ *anges 9 ! gov]nance /ructure t enabl$ libr>ies outside ,ohio to become memb]s & p>ticipate 9 ! election ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees2 ! ,ohio ,college ,libr>y ,c5t] became ,,oclc1 ,inc4 ,9 #aiha1 ! legal "n ( ! corporation became ,,oclc ,onl9e ,comput] ,libr>y ,c5t]1 ,inc4 ,today1 ,,oclc s]ves m ?an #bg1jjj libr>ies ( all types 9 ! ,,u & #fd o!r c\ntries & t]ritories4 7exc]pt f ! #aiih website7 ,9 e>ly #aiih1 ,world,cat _h #ch million records - ) "o record p] docum5t4 ,,rl9 7,rese>* ,libr>ies ,in=mation ,network7 _h #hh million records - ) sev]al records p] docum5t4 ,,rl9 0 run by ! ,rese>* ,libr>ies ,gr\p 7,,rlg74 ,! c5tral ,,rl9 database 0 a union catalog ( #hh million items held 9 ma9 libr>ies belong+ to ,,rlg memb] in/itutions1 includ+ rese>* & specializ$ libr>ies1 l law1 te*nical1 & corporate libr>ies4 ,,rl9 includ$3 7#a7 records t describ$ works catalog$ by ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,m$ic9e1 ! ,,u ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,,cons] 7,conv]sion ( ,s]ials ,project71 ! ,briti% ,libr>y1 ! ,briti% ,national ,bibliography1 ! ,national ,union ,catalog ( ,manuscript ,collections1 & ,,rlg memb]s & us]s2 7#b7 ne>ly all ! books catalog$ s9ce #aifh & rapidly exp&+ cov]age = old] mat]ials2 7#c7 in=mation ab\t non-book mat]ials rang+ f musical scores1 films1 videos1 s]ials1 maps1 & record+s1 to ar*ival collections & ma*9e-readable data files2 7#d7 unique on-l9e access to special res\rces1 su* z ! ,unit$ ,nations' ,,docfile & ,,catfile records1 & ! ,rigl] & ,deuts* ,index to pre-#aiej comm]cial s\nd record+s2 7#e7 int]national book v5dors' 9-process records1 t 7 transf]r$ to bibliograph]s1 acquisition s]vices & catalog]s1 to ord] records or help !m = catalogu+ items 9 _! own local databases4 ,,rl9 also provid$3 7#a7 ,a catalog ( comput] files4 ,ma*9e-readable data files 7 useful to a gr[+ numb] ( discipl9es4 ,,rl9 conta9$ records describ+ a numb] ( su* files1 f ! full-text ,fr5* lit]>y works 9 ! ,,artfl ,database to ! /ati/ical data collect$ by ! ,int]-univ]sity ,consortium = ,political & ,social ,rese>* 7,,icpsr7 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan2 7#b7 ,a catalog ( ar*ives & special collections4 ,! ar*ival & manuscript collections ( rese>* libr>ies1 museums1 /ate ar*ives1 & hi/orical societies conta9$ ess5tial prim>y res\rces1 b in=mation ab\t _! cont5ts 0 (t5 elusive4 ,ar*ivi/s & curators work$ ) ,,rlg to create an automat$ =mat = ^! collections4 ,9 #aiih1 !re 7 #ejj1jjj records available 9 ,,rl9 = ar*ival collections locat$ ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,^! records describ$ _m collections by p]sonal "n1 organization1 subject1 & =mat4 ,,rl9 also ho/$ ! ,engli% ,%ort ,title ,catalogue 7,,e/c71 an invaluable rese>* tool = s*ol>s 9 ,engli% culture1 language1 & lit]ature4 ,?is file provid$ ext5sive descriptions & hold+s in=mation = lett]press mat]ials pr9t$ 9 ,,uk or any ( its dep5d5cies 9 any language1 f ! beg9n+s ( pr9t to #ahjj - z well z = mat]ials pr9t$ 9 ,engli% any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,produc$ by ! ,,e/c editorial (fices at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,riv]side1 & ! ,briti% ,libr>y1 9 p>tn]%ip ) ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society & ov] #a1fjj libr>ies worldwide1 ! file 0 updat$ & exp&$ daily4 ,,e/c s]v$ z a compreh5sive bibliography ( ! h&-press era & z a c5sus ( surviv+ copies4 ,,e/c includ$ #dbj1jjj records z ( ,june #aiih1 f ! beg9n+s ( pr9t 7#adgc7 ?r\gh ! #ah? c5tury - includ+ mat]ials rang+ f ,%akespe>e & ,greek ,new ,te/am5ts to anonym\s ballads1 broadsides1 songs1 adv]tisem5ts & o!r ephem]a4 #bjjg3 ,,citiz5dium ,ov]view ,citiz5dium 0 laun*$ 9 ,octob] #bjjf z a pilot project to build a new encyclop$ia1 at ! initiative ( ,l>ry ,sang]1 :o 0 ! c(\nd] ( ,wikip$ia 7) ,jimmy ,wales7 9 ,janu>y #bjja1 b resign$ lat] on ov] policy & cont5t quality issues4 ,citiz5dium - :i* /&s = a citiz5's comp5dium ( ev]y?+ - is a wiki project op5 to public collaboration1 b comb9+ public p>ticipation ) g5tle exp]t guidance4 ,! project is exp]ts-l$1 n exp]ts-only4 ,contributors use _! own names1 n anonym\s pseudonyms1 & !y are guid$ by exp]t editors4 ,editors w be able to make cont5t decisions 9 _! areas ( specialization1 b o!rwise work+ %\ld]-to-%\ld] ) ord9>y au?ors4 7,l>ry ,sang]1 ,t[>d a ,new ,comp5dium ( ,k1 ,septemb] #bjjf7 ,con/ables make sure ! rules are respect$4 ,citiz5dium 0 laun*$ on ,m>* #be1 #bjjg1 ) #a1ajj articles1 #hbj au?ors & #ahj editors4 #bjjg3 ,,encyclop$ia ,,( ,,life ,ov]view ,laun*$ 9 ,may #bjjg1 ! ,encyclop$ia ( ,life is a global sci5tific ef=t to docum5t all kn[n species ( animals & plants 7#a4h million71 & exp$ite ! millions ( species yet to be discov]$ & catalogu$ 7#h to #aj million74 ,?is collaborative ef=t is l$ by sev]al ma9 in/itutions3 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory1 ,miss\ri ,botanical ,g>d51 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,biodiv]sity ,h]itage ,libr>y 7,,bhl74 ,! initial fund+ comes f ! ,mac,arthur ,f\ndation 7,,u #aj million7 & ! ,sloan ,f\ndation 7#b4e million74 ,a numb] ( pages w be available by mid-#bjjh4 ,! encyclop$ia w be op]ational 9 #c-e ye>s & complet$ 7) all kn[n species7 9 #aj ye>s4 ,built on ! sci5tific integrity ( ?\s&s ( exp]ts ar\nd ! globe1 ! ,encyclop$ia w be a mod]at$ wiki-/yle environm5t1 freely available to all us]s ev]y:]e4 ,,websites #aifh3 ,,ascii3 http3_/_/www4asciitable4com_/ #aiga3 ,project ,gut5b]g3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ #aigd3 ,int]net3 http3_/_/www4isoc4org_/ #aigg3 ,,unim>c3 http3_/_/www4unim>c4net_/ #aihd3 ,copyleft3 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/ #aiij3 ,web3 http3_/_/www4w#c4org_/ #aiia3 ,unicode3 http3_/_/unicode4org_/ #aiic3 ,onl9e ,books ,page3 http3_/_/onl9ebooks4libr>y4up5n4edu_/ #aiic3 ,,pdf3 http3_/_/www4adobe4com_/products_/acroba t_/adobepdf4html #aiid3 ,libr>y ,websites3 http3_/_/li/s4webjunction4org_/libweb_/ #aiid3 ,bold ,publi%]s3 http3_/_/www4nap4edu_/ #aiie3 ,amazon4com3 http3_/_/www4amazon4com_/ #aiie3 ,onl9e ,press3 http3_/_/www4ipl4org_/div_/news_/ #aiif3 ,int]net ,ar*ive3 http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/ #aiif3 ,new ,ways ( ,tea*+3 http3_/_/www4ifip4org_/ #aiif3 ,palm ,pilot3 http3_/_/www4palm4com_/ #aiig3 ,digital ,publi%+3 http3_/_/www4adobe4com_/devnet_/digitalp ubli%+_/ #aiig3 ,logos ,diction>y3 http3_/_/www4logos4x_/ #aiig3 ,multim$ia ,conv]g5ce3 http3_/_/www4ilo4org_/public_/engli%_/di alogue_/sector_/ #aiih3 ,onl9e ,be[ulf3 http3_/_/www4bl4uk_/onl9egall]y_/onl9eex _/englit_/be[ulf_/ #aiih3 ,digital ,libr>ians3 http3_/_/www4ifla4org_/ #aiih3 ,multil+ual ,web3 http3_/_/www4w#c4org_/,int]national_/ #aiii3 ,digital ,au?ors3 http3_/_/www4cotres4net_/ #aiii3 ,op5 e,book3 http3_/_/www4idpf4org_/ #aiii3 your,dictionary4com3 http3_/_/www4y\rdiction>y4com_/ #bjjj3 ,onl9e ,bible ( ,gut5b]g3 http3_/_/www4bl4uk_/treasures_/gut5b]g_/ homepage4html #bjjj3 ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s3 http3_/_/www4pgdp4net_/ #bjjj3 ,public ,libr>y ( ,sci5ce3 http3_/_/www4plos4org_/ #bjja3 ,wikip$ia3 http3_/_/www4wikip$ia4org_/ #bjja3 ,creative ,commons3 http3_/_/creativecommons4org_/ #bjjb3 ,,mit ,open,course,ware3 http3_/_/ocw4mit4edu_/ #bjjd3 ,project ,gut5b]g ,europe3 http3_/_/pge4ra/ko4net_/ #bjjd3 ,google ,pr9t _/ ,book ,se>*3 http3_/_/books4google4com_/ #bjje3 ,op5 ,cont5t ,alliance3 http3_/_/www4op5cont5talliance4org_/ #bjjf3 ,micros(t ,live ,se>* ,books3 http3_/_/blogs4msdn4com_/livese>*_/ #bjjf3 ,free ,world,cat3 http3_/_/www4worldcat4org_/ #bjjg3 ,citiz5dium3 http3_/_/en4citiz5dium4org_/ #bjjg3 ,encyclop$ia ( ,life3 http3_/_/www4eol4org_/