,,technology ,,and ,,books ,,for ,,all #bjjh by ,marie ,lebert is licensed under ,,cc ,,by-,,nc-,,sa #d4j4 ,to view a copy of this license1 visit https3_/_/creativecommons4org_/licenses_ /by-nc-sa_/#d4j_/ ,,technology ,,and ,,books ,,for ,,all ,,marie ,,lebert ,updated ,version ,,nef1 ,university of ,toronto1 #bjjh ,copyright #bjjh ,marie ,lebert ----- milestones and as many pages1 with an overview and an in-depth description for each milestone4 ,this book is also available in ,french1 with a different text4 ,both versions are available on the ,,nef http3_/_/www4etudes-francaises4net_/doss iers_/technologies4htm4 ----- ,marie ,lebert is a researcher and journalist specializing in technology and books1 other media and languages4 ,she is the author of ,les mutations du livre 7,mutations of the ,book1 in ,french1 #bjjg7 and ,le ,livre #jajaja 7,the #jajaja ,book1 in ,french1 #bjjc74 ,all her books have been published by ,,nef 7,net des tudes franaises _/ ,net of ,french ,studies71 ,university of ,toronto1 ,canada1 and are freely available online at http3_/_/www4etudes-francaises4net4 ----- ,most quotations are excerpts from ,,nef interviews4 ,with many thanks to all the persons who are quoted here1 and who kindly answered my questions over the years4 ,most interviews are available online at www4etudes-francaises4net_/entretiens_/i ndex4htm4 ---- ,with many thanks to ,greg ,chamberlain1 ,laurie ,chamberlain1 ,kimberly ,chung1 ,mike ,cook1 ,michael ,hart and ,russon ,wooldridge1 who kindly edited and_/or proofread some parts in previous versions4 ,the author1 whose mother tongue is ,french1 is responsible for any remaining mistakes4 ---- ,,table ,introduction #aifh3 ,,ascii #aiga3 ,project ,gutenberg #aigd3 ,internet #aigg3 ,,unimarc #aihd3 ,copyleft #aiij3 ,web #aiia3 ,unicode #aiic3 ,online ,books ,page #aiic3 ,,pdf #aiid3 ,library ,websites #aiid3 ,bold ,publishers #aiie3 ,amazon4com #aiie3 ,online ,press #aiif3 ,palm ,pilot #aiif3 ,internet ,archive #aiif3 ,new ,ways of ,teaching #aiig3 ,digital ,publishing #aiig3 ,logos ,dictionary #aiig3 ,multimedia ,convergence #aiih3 ,online ,beowulf #aiih3 ,digital ,librarians #aiih3 ,multilingual ,web #aiii3 ,open e,book ,format #aiii3 ,digital ,authors #bjjj3 your,dictionary4com #bjjj3 ,online ,bible of ,gutenberg #bjjj3 ,distributed ,proofreaders #bjjj3 ,public ,library of ,science #bjja3 ,wikipedia #bjja3 ,creative ,commons #bjjb3 ,,mit ,open,course,ware #bjjd3 ,project ,gutenberg ,europe #bjjd3 ,google ,books #bjje3 ,open ,content ,alliance #bjjf3 ,microsoft ,live ,search ,books #bjjf3 ,free ,world,cat #bjjg3 ,citizendium #bjjg3 ,encyclopedia of ,life ,websites ,,introduction ,michael ,hart1 who founded ,project ,gutenberg in #aiga1 wrote3 ,we consider e,text to be a new medium1 with no real relationship to paper1 other than presenting the same material1 but ,i don't see how paper can possibly compete once people each find their own comfortable way to e,texts1 especially in schools4 7excerpt from a ,,nef interview1 ,august #aiih7 ,tim ,berners-,lee1 who invented the web in #aihi-ij1 wrote3 ,the dream behind the web is of a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information4 ,its universality is essential3 the fact that a hypertext link can point to anything1 be it personal1 local or global1 be it draft or highly polished4 ,there was a second part of the dream1 too1 dependent on the web being so generally used that it became a realistic mirror 7or in fact the primary embodiment7 of the ways in which we work and play and socialize4 ,that was that once the state of our interactions was on line1 we could then use computers to help us analyse it1 make sense of what we are doing1 where we individually fit in1 and how we can better work together4 7excerpt from3 ,the ,world ,wide ,web3 ,a ,very ,short ,personal ,history1 ,may #aiih7 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom1 who created ,the ,online ,books ,page in #aiic1 wrote3 ,i've gotten very interested in the great potential the net had for making literature available to a wide audience4 74447 ,i am very excited about the potential of the internet as a mass communication medium in the coming years4 ,i'd also like to stay involved1 one way or another1 in making books available to a wide audience for free via the net1 whether ,i make this explicitly part of my professional career1 or whether ,i just do it as a spare-time volunteer4 7excerpt from a ,,nef interview1 ,september #aiih7 ,here is the journey we are going to follow3 #aifh3 ,,ascii is a #g-;bit coded character set4 #aiga3 ,project ,gutenberg is the first digital library4 #aigd3 ,the internet takes off4 #aigg3 ,,unimarc is set up as a common bibliographic format4 #aihd3 ,copyleft is a new license for computer software4 #aiij3 ,the web takes off4 #aiia3 ,unicode is a universal double-byte character set4 #aiic3 ,the ,online ,books ,page is a list of free e,books4 #aiic3 ,the ,,pdf format is launched by ,adobe4 #aiid3 ,the first library website goes online4 #aiid3 ,publishers put some of their books online for free4 #aiie3 ,amazon4com is the first main online bookstore4 #aiie3 ,the mainstream press goes online4 #aiif3 ,the ,palm ,pilot is the first ,,pda4 #aiif3 ,the ,internet ,archive is founded to archive the web4 #aiif3 ,teachers explore new ways of teaching4 #aiig3 ,online publishing begins spreading4 #aiig3 ,the ,logos ,dictionary goes online for free4 #aiig3 ,multimedia convergence is the topic of an international symposium4 #aiih3 ,library treasures like ,beowulf go online4 #aiii3 ,librarians become webmasters4 #aiih3 ,the web becomes multilingual4 #aiii3 ,the ,open e,book format is a standard for e,books4 #aiii3 ,authors go digital4 #bjjj3 your,dictionary4com is a language portal4 #bjjj3 ,the ,bible of ,gutenberg goes online4 #bjjj3 ,distributed ,proofreaders digitizes books from public domain4 #bjjj3 ,the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s7 works on free online journals4 #bjja3 ,wikipedia is the first main online cooperative encyclopedia4 #bjja3 ,creative ,commons works on new ways to respect authors' rights on the web4 #bjjc3 ,,mit offers its course materials for free in its ,open,course,ware4 #bjjd3 ,project ,gutenberg ,europe is launched as a multilingual project4 #bjjd3 ,google launches ,google ,print to rename it ,google ,books4 #bjje3 ,the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 launches a world public digital library4 #bjjf3 ,microsoft launches ,live ,search ,books as its own digital library4 #bjjf3 ,the union catalog ,world,cat goes online for free4 #bjjg3 ,citizendium is a main online reliable cooperative encyclopedia4 #bjjg3 ,the ,encyclopedia of ,life will document all species of animals and plants4 ,unless specified otherwise1 all quotations are excerpts from ,,nef interviews4 ,these interviews are available online at http3_/_/www4etudes-francaises4net4 #aifh3 ,,ascii ,overview ,used since the beginning of computing1 ,,ascii 7,american ,standard ,code for ,information ,interchange7 is a #g-;bit coded character set for information interchange in ,english4 ,it was published in #aifh by ,,ansi 7,american ,national ,standards ,institute71 with an update in #aigg and #aihf4 ,the #g-;bit plain ,,ascii1 also called ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii1 is a set of #abh characters with #ie printable unaccented characters 7,a-,z1 a-z1 numbers1 punctuation and basic symbols71 i4e4 the ones that are available on the ,english_/,american keyboard4 ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii can be read1 written1 copied and printed by any simple text editor or word processor4 ,it is the only format compatible with #ii of all hardware and software4 ,it can be used as it is or to create versions in many other formats4 ,extensions of ,,ascii 7also called ,,iso-#hhei or ,,iso-,latin7 are sets of #bef characters that include accented characters as found in ,french1 ,spanish and ,german1 for example ,,iso #hhei-a 7,latin-#a7 for ,french4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjje7 ,whether digitized years ago or now1 all ,project ,gutenberg books are created in #g-;bit plain ,,ascii1 called ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii4 ,when #h-;bit ,,ascii 7also called ,,iso-#hhei or ,,iso-,latin7 is used for books with accented characters like ,french or ,german1 ,project ,gutenberg also produces a #g-;bit ,,ascii version with the accents stripped4 7,this doesn't apply for languages that are not convertible in ,,ascii1 like ,chinese1 encoded in ,big-#e47 ,project ,gutenberg sees ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii as the best format by far4 ,it is the lowest common denominator4 ,it can be read1 written1 copied and printed by any simple text editor or word processor on any electronic device4 ,it is the only format compatible with #ii of hardware and software4 ,it can be used as it is or to create versions in many other formats4 ,it will still be used while other formats will be obsolete 7or are already obsolete1 like formats of a few short-lived reading devices launched since #aiii74 ,it is the assurance collections will never be obsolete1 and will survive future technological changes4 ,the goal is to preserve the texts not only over decades but over centuries4 ,there is no other standard as widely used as ,,ascii right now1 even ,unicode1 a universal double-byte character encoding launched in #aiia to support any language and any platform4 #aiga3 ,,project ,,gutenberg ,overview ,in ,july #aiga1 ,michael ,hart created ,project ,gutenberg with the goal of making available for free1 and electronically1 literary works belonging to public domain4 ,a pioneer site in a number of ways1 ,project ,gutenberg was the first information provider on the internet and is the oldest digital library4 ,when the internet became popular in the mid-#aiijs1 the project got a boost and gained an international dimension4 ,the number of electronic books rose from #a1jjj 7in ,august #aiig7 to #e1jjj 7in ,april #bjjb71 #aj1jjj 7in ,october #bjjc71 #ae1jjj 7in ,january #bjje71 #bj1jjj 7in ,december #bjjf7 and #be1jjj 7in ,april #bjjh71 with a current production rate of around #cdj new books each month4 ,with #ee languages and #dj mirror sites around the world1 books are being downloaded by the tens of thousands every day4 ,project ,gutenberg promotes digitization in text format1 meaning that a book can be copied1 indexed1 searched1 analyzed and compared with other books4 ,contrary to other formats1 the files are accessible for low-bandwidth use4 ,the main source of new ,project ,gutenberg e,books is ,distributed ,proofreaders1 conceived in ,october #bjjj by ,charles ,franks to help in the digitizing of books from public domain4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjje1 updated in #bjjh7 ,the electronic book 7e,book7 is now #cg years old1 which is still a short life comparing to the five and a half century print book4 e,books were born with ,project ,gutenberg1 created by ,michael ,hart in ,july #aiga to make available for free electronic versions of literary books belonging to public domain4 ,a pioneer site in a number of ways1 ,project ,gutenberg was the first information provider on an embryonic internet and is the oldest digital library4 ,long considered by its critics as impossible on a large scale1 ,project ,gutenberg had #be1jjj books in ,april #bjjh1 with tens of thousands downloads daily4 ,to this day1 nobody has done a better job of putting the world's literature at everyone's disposal1 while creating a vast network of volunteers all over the world1 without wasting people's skills or energy4 ,during the first twenty years1 ,michael ,hart himself keyed in the first hundred books1 with the occasional help of others4 ,when the internet became popular1 in the mid-#aiijs1 the project got a boost and gained an international dimension4 ,michael still typed and scanned in books1 but now coordinated the work of dozens and then hundreds of volunteers across many countries4 ,the number of electronic books rose from #a1jjj 7in ,august #aiig7 to #b1jjj 7in ,may #aiii71 #c1jjj 7in ,december #bjjj7 and #d1jjj 7in ,october #bjja74 #cg years after its birth1 ,project ,gutenberg is running at full capacity4 ,it had #e1jjj books online in ,april #bjjb1 #aj1jjj books in ,october #bjjc1 #ae1jjj books in ,january #bjje1 #bj1jjj books in ,december #bjjf and #be1jjj books in ,april #bjjh1 with #cdj new books available per month1 with #dj mirror sites worldwide1 and with books downloaded by the tens of thousands every day4 ,whether they were digitized #cj years ago or digitized now1 all the books are captured in ,plain ,vanilla ,,ascii 7the original #g-;bit ,,ascii71 with the same formatting rules1 so they can be read easily by any machine1 operating system or software1 including on a ,,pda1 a cellphone or an e,book reader4 ,any individual or organization is free to convert them to different formats1 without any restriction except respect for copyright laws in the country involved4 ,in ,january #bjjd1 ,project ,gutenberg had spread across the ,atlantic with the creation of ,project ,gutenberg ,europe4 ,on top of its original mission1 it also became a bridge between languages and cultures1 with a number of national and linguistic sections4 ,while adhering to the same principle3 books for all and for free1 through electronic versions that can be used and reproduced indefinitely4 ,and1 as a second step1 the digitization of images and sound1 in the same spirit4 #aigd3 ,,internet ,overview ,when ,project ,gutenberg began in ,july #aiga1 the internet was not even born4 ,on ,july #d1 #aiga1 on ,independence ,day1 ,michael keyed in ,the ,united ,states ,declaration of ,independence 7signed on ,july #d1 #aggf7 to the mainframe he was using4 ,in upper case1 because there was no lower case yet4 ,but to send a #e,k file to the #ajj users of the embryonic internet would have crashed the network4 ,so ,michael mentioned where the e,text was stored 7though without a hypertext link1 because the web was still #bj years ahead74 ,it was downloaded by six users4 ,the internet was born in #aigd with the creation of ,,tcp_/,,ip 7,transmission ,control ,protocol _/ ,internet ,protocol7 by ,vinton ,cerf and ,bob ,kahn4 ,it began spreading in #aihc4 ,it got a boost with the invention of the web in #aiij and of the first browser in #aiic4 ,at the end of #aiig1 there were #ij to #ajj million users1 with one million new users every month4 ,at the end of #bjjj1 there were over #cjj million users4 #aigg3 ,,unimarc ,overview ,in #aigg1 the ,,ifla 7,international ,federation of ,library ,associations7 published the first edition of ,,unimarc3 ,universal ,,marc ,format1 followed by a second edition in #aihj and a ,,unimarc ,handbook in #aihc4 ,,unimarc 7,universal ,machine ,readable ,cataloging7 is a common bibliographic format for library catalogs1 as a solution to the #bj existing national ,,marc 7,machine ,readable ,cataloging7 formats1 which meant lack of compatibility and extensive editing when bibliographical records were exchanged4 ,with ,,unimarc1 catalogers would be able to process records created in any ,,marc format4 ,records in one ,,marc format would first be converted into ,,unimarc1 and then be converted into another ,,marc format4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,at the time1 the future of online catalogs was linked to the harmonization of the ,,marc format4 ,set up in the early #aigjs1 ,,marc is an acronym for ,machine ,readable ,catalogue4 ,this acronym is rather misleading as ,,marc is neither a kind of catalog nor a method of cataloguing4 ,according to ,,unimarc3 ,an ,introduction1 a document of the ,universal ,bibliographic ,control and ,international ,,marc ,core ,programme1 ,,marc is a short and convenient term for assigning labels to each part of a catalogue record so that it can be handled by computers4 ,while the ,,marc format was primarily designed to serve the needs of libraries1 the concept has since been embraced by the wider information community as a convenient way of storing and exchanging bibliographic data4 ,after ,,marc came ,,marc ,,ii4 ,,marc ,,ii established rules to be followed consistently over the years4 ,the ,,marc communication format intended to be hospitable to all kinds of library materials2 sufficiently flexible for a variety of applications in addition to catalogue production2 and usable in a range of automated systems4 ,over the years1 however1 despite cooperation efforts1 several versions of ,,marc emerged1 e4g4 ,,ukmarc1 ,,intermarc and ,,usmarc1 whose paths diverged because of different national cataloguing practices and requirements4 ,we had an extended family of more than #bj ,,marc formats4 ,differences in data content meant some extensive editing was needed before records could be exchanged4 ,one solution to incompatible data was to create an international ,,marc format - called ,,unimarc - which would accept records created in any ,,marc format4 ,records in one ,,marc format would first be converted into ,,unimarc1 and then be converted into another ,,marc format1 so that each national bibliographic agency would need to write only two programs - one to convert into ,,unimarc and one to convert from ,,unimarc - instead of having to write twenty programs for the conversion of each ,,marc format 7e4g4 ,,intermarc to ,,ukmarc1 ,,usmarc to ,,ukmarc etc474 ,in #aigg1 the ,,ifla 7,international ,federation of ,library ,associations and ,institutions7 published ,,unimarc3 ,universal ,,marc ,format1 followed by a second edition in #aihj and a ,,unimarc ,handbook in #aihc4 ,these publications focused primarily on the cataloguing of monographs and serials1 while taking into account international efforts towards the standardization of bibliographic information reflected in the ,i,s,b,ds 7,international ,standard ,bibliographic ,descriptions74 ,in the mid-#aihjs1 ,,unimarc expanded to cover documents other than monographs and serials4 ,a new ,,unimarc ,manual was produced in #aihg1 with an updated description of ,,unimarc4 ,by this time ,,unimarc had been adopted by several bibliographic agencies as their in-house format4 ,developments didn't stop there4 ,a standard for authorities files was set up in #aiia1 as explained on the website of ,,ifla in #aiih3 ,previously agencies had entered an author's name into the bibliographic format as many times as there were documents associated with him or her4 ,with the new system they created a single authoritative form of the name 7with references7 in the authorities file2 the record control number for this name was the only item included in the bibliographic file4 ,the user would still see the name in the bibliographic record1 however1 as the computer could import it from the authorities file at a convenient time4 ,so in #aiia ,,unimarc_/,authorities was published4 ,in #aiia a ,permanent ,,unimarc ,committee was also created to regularly monitor the development of ,,unimarc4 ,users realized that continuous maintenance - and not just the occasional rewriting of manuals - was needed1 to make sure all changes were compatible with what already existed4 ,on top of adopting ,,unimarc as a common format1 ,the ,british ,library 7using ,,ukmarc71 the ,library of ,congress 7using ,,usmarc7 and the ,national ,library of ,canada 7using ,,can_/,,marc7 worked on harmonizing their national ,,marc formats4 ,a three-year program to achieve a common ,,marc format was agreed on by the three libraries in ,december #aiie4 ,other libraries began using ,,sgml 7,standard ,generalized ,markup ,language7 as a common format for both the bibliographic records and the hypertextual and multimedia documents linked to them4 ,as most publishers were using ,,sgml for book records1 librarians and publishers began working on a convergence between ,,marc and ,,sgml4 ,the ,library of ,congress worked on a ,,dtd 7,definition of ,type of ,document1 which defines its logical structure7 for the ,,usmarc format4 ,a ,,dtd for the ,,unimarc format was developed by the ,european ,union4 ,some ,european libraries chose ,,sgml to encode their bibliographic data4 ,in the ,belgian ,union ,catalog1 for example1 the use of ,,sgml allowed to add descriptive elements and to facilitate the production of an annual ,,cd-,,rom4 #aihd3 ,,copyleft ,overview ,the term copyleft was invented in #aihd by ,richard ,stallman1 who was a computer scientist at ,,mit 7,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology74 ,copyleft is a general method for making a program or other work free1 and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well4 74447 ,copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software1 with or without changes1 must pass along the freedom to further copy and change it4 ,copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom4 74447 ,copyleft is a way of using of the copyright on the program4 ,it doesn't mean abandoning the copyright2 in fact1 doing so would make copyleft impossible4 ,the word 'left' in 'copyleft' is not a reference to the verb 'to leave' -- only to the direction which is the inverse of 'right'4 74447 ,the ,,gnu ,free ,documentation ,license 7,,fdl7 is a form of copyleft intended for use on a manual1 textbook or other document to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it1 with or without modifications1 either commercially or non commercially4 7excerpt from the ,,gnu website7 #aiij3 ,,web ,overview ,the internet got its first boost with the invention of the web and its hyperlinks by ,tim ,berners-,lee at ,,cern 7,european ,laboratory for ,particle ,physics7 in #aiij1 and a second boost with the invention of the first browser ,mosaic in #aiic4 ,the internet could now be used by anyone1 and not only by computer literate people4 ,there were #ajj million internet users in ,december #aiig1 with one million new users per month1 and #cjj million internet users in ,december #bjjj4 ,in summer #bjjj1 the number of non-,english-speaking users reached the number of ,english-speaking users1 with a percentage of #ej-ej4 ,according to ,netcraft1 an internet services company1 the number of websites went from one million 7,april #aiig7 to #aj million 7,february #bjjj71 #bj million 7,september #bjjj71 #cj million 7,july #bjja71 #dj million 7,april #bjjc71 #ej million 7,may #bjjd71 #fj million 7,march #bjje71 #gj million 7,august #bjje71 #hj million 7,april #bjjf71 #ij million 7,august #bjjf7 and #ajj million 7,november #bjjf74 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii1 updated in #bjjh7 ,the ,world ,wide ,web -that became the ,web or web- was invented by ,tim ,berners-,lee in #aihi-ij4 ,in #aiih1 he stated3 ,the dream behind the web is of a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information4 ,its universality is essential3 the fact that a hypertext link can point to anything1 be it personal1 local or global1 be it draft or highly polished4 ,there was a second part of the dream1 too1 dependent on the web being so generally used that it became a realistic mirror 7or in fact the primary embodiment7 of the ways in which we work and play and socialize4 ,that was that once the state of our interactions was on line1 we could then use computers to help us analyze it1 make sense of what we are doing1 where we individually fit in1 and how we can better work together4 7excerpt from3 ,the ,world ,wide ,web3 ,a very short personal history1 ,may #aiih47 ,christiane ,jadelot1 researcher at ,i,na,l,f-,nancy 7,i,na,l,f3 ,national ,institute of the ,french ,language7 wrote3 ,i began to really use the internet in #aiid1 with a browser called ,mosaic4 ,i found it a very useful way of improving my knowledge of computers1 linguistics1 literature444 everything4 ,i was finding the best and the worst1 but as a discerning user1 ,i had to sort it all out and make choices4 ,i particularly liked the software for e-mail1 file transfers and dial-up connections4 ,at that time ,i had problems with a programme called ,paradox and character sets that ,i couldn't use4 ,i tried my luck and threw out a question in a specialist news group4 ,i got answers from all over the world4 ,everyone seemed to want to solve my problem6 7,july #aiih7 ,the ,w#c;,c 7,world ,wide ,web ,consortium7 was founded in ,october #aiid to develop interoperable technologies 7specifications1 guidelines1 software and tools7 for the web1 as a forum for information1 commerce1 communication and collective understanding4 ,the ,w#c;,c develops common protocols to lead the evolution of the web1 for example the specifications of ,,html 7,hyper,text ,markup ,language7 and ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,markup ,language74 ,,html is used for publishing hypertext on the web4 ,,xml was originally designed as a tool for large-scale electronic publishing4 ,it now plays an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the web and elsewhere4 ,according to the network tracking firm ,netcraft1 there were #ajj million websites on ,november #ast1 #bjjf4 ,previous milestones in the survey were reached in ,april #aiig 7#a million sites71 ,february #bjjj 7#aj million71 ,september #bjjj 7#bj million71 ,july #bjja 7#cj million71 ,april #bjjc 7#dj million71 ,may #bjjd 7#ej million71 ,march #bjje 7#fj million71 ,august #bjje 7#gj million71 ,april #bjjf 7#hj million 7 and ,august #bjjf 7#ij million74 #aiia3 ,,unicode ,overview ,first published in ,january #aiia1 ,unicode is the universal character encoding maintained by the ,unicode ,consortium4 ,unicode provides a unique number for every character1 no matter what the platform1 no matter what the program1 no matter what the language4 7excerpt from the website7 ,this double-byte platform-independent encoding provides a basis for the processing1 storage and interchange of text data in any language1 and any modern software and information technology protocols4 ,unicode is a component of the ,w#c;,c 7,world ,wide ,web ,consortium7 specifications4 #aiic3 ,,online ,,books ,,page ,overview ,founded in #aiic by ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom while he was a student at ,carnegie ,mellon ,university1 ,the ,online ,books ,page is a website that facilitates access to books that are freely readable over the internet4 ,it also aims to encourage the development of such online books1 for the benefit and edification of all4 7excerpt from the website7 ,john ,ockerbloom first maintained this page on the website of the ,school of ,computer ,science of ,carnegie ,mellon ,university4 ,in #aiii1 he moved it to its present location at the ,university of ,pennsylvania ,library1 where he is a digital library planner and researcher4 ,the ,online ,books ,page listed #ab1jjj books in #aiii1 #bj1jjj books in #bjjc 7including #d1jjj books published by women71 #be1jjj books in #bjjf and #cj1jjj books in #bjjg4 ,the books have been authored1 placed online1 and hosted by a wide variety of individuals and groups throughout the world1 with #g1jjj books from ,project ,gutenberg4 ,the ,,faq also lists copyright information about most countries in the world with links to further reading4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,john ,mark ,ockerbloom first started the website of the ,school of ,computer ,science of ,carnegie ,mellon ,university 7,,cmu ,,cs71 and began maintaining ,the ,online ,books ,page on it4 ,web space and computing resources were provided by the ,school of ,computer ,science4 ,interviewed by email in ,september #aiih1 ,john wrote3 ,i was the original webmaster here at ,,cmu ,,cs1 and started our local web in #aiic4 ,the local web included pages pointing to various locally developed resources1 and originally ,the ,online ,books ,page was just one of these pages1 containing pointers to some books put online by some of the people in our department4 7,robert ,stockton had made web versions of some of ,project ,gutenberg's texts47 ,after a while1 people started asking about books at other sites1 and ,i noticed that a number of sites 7not just ,gutenberg1 but also ,wiretap and some other places7 had books online1 and that it would be useful to have some listing of all of them1 so that you could go to one place to download or view books from all over the net4 ,so that's how my index got started4 ,i eventually gave up the webmaster job in #aiif1 but kept ,the ,online ,books ,page1 since by then ,i'd gotten very interested in the great potential the net had for making literature available to a wide audience4 ,at this point there are so many books going online that ,i have a hard time keeping up 7and in fact have a large backlog of books to list74 ,but ,i hope to keep up my online books works in some form or another4 ,i am very excited about the potential of the internet as a mass communication medium in the coming years4 ,i'd also like to stay involved1 one way or another1 in making books available to a wide audience for free via the net1 whether ,i make this explicitly part of my professional career1 or whether ,i just do it as a spare-time volunteer4 ,in #aiih1 ,the ,online ,books ,page listed more than #g1jjj books1 which could be browsed by author1 by title or by subject4 ,it also listed significant directories and archives of online texts1 and special exhibits4 ,from the main search page1 users could search four types of media3 books1 music1 art1 and video4 ,the ,online ,books ,page began listing serials4 ,as stated on the website3 ,along with books1 ,the ,online ,books ,page is also now listing major archives of serials 7such as magazines1 published journals1 and newspapers71 as of ,june #aiih4 ,serials can be at least as important as books in library research4 ,serials are often the first places that new research and scholarship appear4 ,they are sources for firsthand accounts of contemporary events and commentary1 ,they are also often the first 7and sometimes the only7 place that quality literature appears4 7,for those who might still quibble about serials being listed on a 'books page'1 back issues of serials are often bound and reissued as hardbound 'books'47 ,the ,online ,books ,page participated in the ,experimental ,search ,system of the ,library of ,congress4 ,it also worked with ,the ,universal ,library ,project1 hosted at ,carnegie ,mellon ,university4 ,in #aiii1 after graduating from ,carnegie ,mellon with a ,ph4,d4 in computer science1 ,john moved to work as a digital library planner and researcher at the ,university of ,pennsylvania ,library4 ,he also moved ,the ,online ,books ,page there1 and went on expanding it4 #aiic3 ,,pdf ,overview ,,pdf 7,portable ,document ,format7 was conceived by ,adobe in #aiib1 launched in ,june #aiic with ,adobe ,acrobat software1 and perfected over #ae years as the global standard for distribution and viewing of information4 ,it lets you capture and view robust information from any application1 on any computer system and share it with anyone around the world4 ,individuals1 businesses1 and government agencies everywhere trust and rely on ,adobe ,,pdf to communicate their ideas and vision4 7excerpt from the website7 ,adobe ,acrobat gives the tools to create and view ,,pdf files and is available in many languages and for many platforms 7,macintosh1 ,windows1 ,unix1 etc474 ,ten years later1 over #ejj million copies of ,,pdf-based ,adobe ,reader 7formerly ,acrobat ,reader1 until ,may #bjjc7 have been downloaded worldwide4 ,approximately #aj of the documents on the internet are available in ,,pdf4 #aiid3 ,,library ,,websites ,overview ,the first library website was the one created by the ,helsinki ,city ,library in ,finland1 which went live in ,february #aiid4 ,traditional libraries began using a website as a new virtual window for their patrons and beyond4 ,patrons could check opening hours1 browse the online catalog1 or surf on a broad selection of websites on various topics1 depending on their needs4 ,libraries also began developing digital libraries alongside their standard collections1 for a large audience to be able to access their specialized1 old1 local and regional collections4 ,librarians could now fulfill two goals that used to be in contradiction - book preservation 7on shelves7 and book communication 7on the internet74 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,the first library website was the one created by the ,helsinki ,city ,library in ,finland1 which went live in ,february #aiid4 ,many libraries began developing a digital library alongside their standard collections4 ,digital libraries allowed a large audience to have access to documents belonging to specialized1 old1 local or regional collections4 ,thanks to their digital libraries1 traditional libraries could achieve a long-time dream and fulfill two goals which used to be in contradiction - book preservation and book communication4 ,on the one hand1 books were taken out of their shelves only once to be scanned4 ,on the other hand1 books could easily be accessed anywhere at any time1 and read on the screen of a computer1 without the need to go to the library and struggle through a lengthy process to have access to the original books1 for various reasons3 concern for preservation of rare and fragile documents1 reduced opening hours1 forms to fill out1 long waiting period to get the document1 and shortage of staff4 ,all these reasons were often hurdles to get over1 and often required of the researcher an unfailing patience and an out-of-the-ordinary determination to finally get to the document4 ,some virtual libraries were created from scratch1 right on the internet from the beginning1 with no back up from a traditional library4 ,this was the case of ,athena1 founded in #aiid by ,pierre ,perroud1 a ,swiss teacher1 and hosted on the website of the ,university of ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,athena was created as a multilingual digital library focusing on philosophy1 science1 classics1 literature1 history1 and economics4 ,as ,geneva is in ,french-speaking ,switzerland1 it also focused on putting ,french texts online4 ,the ,helvetia section gathered documents about ,switzerland4 ,a specific page offered a number of links to other digital libraries in the world4 ,in an interview dated ,february #aiif1 ,pierre ,perroud explained3 ,electronic texts represent an encouragement to reading and a convivial participation to culture dissemination1 74447 and a good complement to the paper book1 which remains irreplaceable for reading 744474 ,the paper book remains a mysteriously holy companion with profound symbolism for us3 we grip it in our hands1 we hold it against our bodies1 we look at it with admiration2 its small size comforts us and its content impresses us2 its fragility contains a density we are fascinated by2 like man it fears water and fire1 but it has the power to shelter man's thoughts from time4 7excerpt from the ,swiss magazine ,informatique-,informations7 ,the ,internet ,public ,library 7,,ipl7 opened in ,march #aiie as the first digital public library of and for the internet community4 ,its different sections were3 ,reference1 ,exhibits1 ,magazines and ,serials1 ,newspapers1 ,online ,texts1 and ,web ,searching4 ,there were also sections for ,teen and ,youth4 ,all the items of the collections were carefully selected1 catalogued and described by the ,,ipl staff4 ,as an experimental library1 ,,ipl also listed the most interesting projects run by librarians on the internet1 in the section ,especially for ,librarians4 #aiid3 ,,bold ,,publishers ,overview ,some publishers decided to use the web as a new marketing tool4 ,in the ,u4,s41 ,,nap 7,national ,academy ,press7 was the first publisher in #aiid to post the full text of some books1 for free1 with the authors' consent4 ,,nap was followed by ,,mit ,press 7,,mit3 ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 in #aiie4 ,michael ,hart1 founder of ,project ,gutenberg1 wrote in #aiig3 ,as university publishers struggle to find the right business model for offering scholarly documents online1 some early innovators are finding that making a monograph available electronically can boost sales of hard copies4 7excerpt from the ,project ,gutenberg ,newsletter of ,october #aiig7 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,the web became a marketing tool for publishers4 ,some publishers decided to put the full text of some books on the web1 for free1 with their authors' consent4 ,oddly enough1 there was no drop in sales - on the contrary1 sales increased4 ,in the ,,us1 ,,nap was the first publisher to take such a risk in #aiid1 followed by the ,,mit ,press in #aiie1 and it worked4 ,,nap 7,national ,academy ,press7 was created by the ,national ,academy of ,sciences to publish its own reports and the ones of the ,national ,academy of ,engineering1 the ,institute of ,medicine1 and the ,national ,research ,council4 ,in #aiid1 ,,nap was publishing #bjj books a year in science1 engineering1 and health4 ,the new ,,nap ,reading ,room offered #a1jjj entire books1 available online for free in various formats 7image format1 ,,html format and ,,pdf format74 ,in #aiie1 the ,,mit ,press 7,,mit3 ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 was publishing #bjj new books a year and #dj journals1 first in science and technology1 and then in architecture1 social theory1 economics1 cognitive science1 and computational science4 ,the ,,mit ,press decided to put a number of books online for free1 as a long-term commitment to the efficient and creative use of new technologies4 ,sales of the print books increased4 ,michael ,hart1 founder of ,project ,gutenberg1 wrote in #aiig3 ,as university publishers struggle to find the right business model for offering scholarly documents online1 some early innovators are finding that making a monograph available electronically can boost sales of hard copies4 ,the ,national ,academy ,press has already put #a1gjj of its books online1 and is finding that the electronic versions of some books have boosted sales of the hard copy monographs - often by two to three times the previous level4 ,it's 'great advertising'1 says the ,press's director4 ,the ,,mit ,press is experiencing similar results3 ',for each of our electronic books1 we've approximately doubled our sales4 ,the plain fact is that no one is going to sit there and read a whole book online4 ,and it costs money and time to download it'4 7excerpt from the ,project ,gutenberg ,newsletter of ,october #aiig7 #aiie3 ,,amazon4,,com ,overview ,amazon4com was a pioneer online bookstore that created an entirely new economic model4 ,amazon4com was launched by ,jeff ,bezos in ,july #aiie1 in ,seattle1 on the west coast of the ,u4,s41 after a market study which led him to conclude that books were the best products to sell on the internet4 ,when ,amazon4com started1 it had #aj employees and a catalog of #c million books4 ,unlike traditional bookstores1 ,amazon4com didn't have windows looking out on the street and books skillfully lined up on shelves or piled upon displays4 ,the virtual window is its website1 with all transactions made through the internet4 ,books are stored in huge storage facilities before being put into boxes and sent by mail4 ,in ,november #bjjj1 ,amazon4com had #g1ejj employees1 a catalog of #bh million items1 #bc million clients worldwide and four subsidiaries in ,,uk 7in ,august #aiih71 in ,germany 7in ,august #aiih71 in ,france 7,august #bjjj7 and in ,japan 7,october #bjjj74 ,a fifth subsidiary opened in ,canada in ,june #bjjb4 ,a sixth subsidiary - named ,joyo - opened in ,china in ,september #bjjd4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,jeff ,bezos launched ,amazon4com in ,july #aiie1 after a market study which led him to conclude that books were the best products to sell on the internet4 ,in ,spring #aiid1 he drew up a list of twenty products that could be sold online1 ranging from clothing to gardening tools1 and then researched the top five1 which were ,c,ds1 videos1 computer hardware1 computer software1 and books4 ,i used a whole bunch of criteria to evaluate the potential of each product1 but among the main criteria was the size of the relative markets4 ,books1 ,i found out1 were an #hb billion market worldwide4 ,the price point was another major criterion3 ,i wanted a low-priced product4 ,i reasoned that since this was the first purchase many people would make online1 it had to be non-threatening in size4 ,a third criterion was the range of choice3 there were #c million items in the book category and only a tenth of that in ,c,ds1 for example4 ,this was important because the wider the choice1 the more the organizing and selection capabilities of the computer could be put in good use4 7excerpt from the ,amazon4com press kit7 ,in #aiih1 ,amazon4com was offering #c million books1 ,c,ds1 audio books1 ,d,v,ds1 computer games - more than #ad times as many titles as the large chain superstores - to #c million people in #afj countries4 ,businesses can do things on the web that simply cannot be done any other way1 wrote ,jeff ,bezos4 ,we are changing the way people buy books and music4 ,amazon4com quickly became the largest online bookstore1 with a catalog of these #c million items that could be ordered online1 authoritative reviews1 author interviews1 excerpts1 customer reviews1 and book recommendations4 ,as an internet retailer1 ,amazon4com could offer more services than traditional retailers3 lower prices1 larger selection1 and a wealth of product information4 ,any book lover could post his own reviews of books on ,amazon's website1 and read others4 ,he could read many interviews with authors1 and a number of blurbs and excerpts from books4 ,he could search for books by author1 subject1 title1 ,,isbn or publication date4 ,prices were discounted1 with savings of #bj-dj on #djj1jjj titles 7#dj on selected feature books1 #cj on hardcovers1 and #bj on paperbacks74 ,the client usually received the books within a week4 ,if he requested it1 he could receive an email announcing a new book by a favorite author or a new book on a favorite topic4 ,he could select some book categories 7#dd listed71 to be sent a monthly review of new books by email4 ,all things that were entirely new at the time4 ,what we take for granted now1 i4e4 buy a book in ,europe from the ,,us site of ,amazon4com1 or buy a book in the ,,us from the ,german site of ,amazon4de1 was making big waves at the time1 first as unfair competition with the local online bookstores1 then for taxation4 ,a first outline agreement was concluded between the ,,us and the ,european ,union in ,december #aiig1 and this agreement was followed by an international convention4 ,the internet was decided a free trade area1 i4e4 without any custom taxes for software1 films and electronic books bought online4 ,material goods 7books1 ,c,ds1 ,d,v,ds1 and so on7 and services were subject to existing regulations1 with collection of the ,,vat for example1 but with no additional custom taxes4 ,amazon4com and others had great assets1 but there were bad news for small bookstores4 ,like the small bookstore set up in #aiga by my friend ,catherine ,domain in central ,paris1 on the island ,ile ,saint-,louis1 surrounded by the ,seine river4 ,the small ,ulysses ,bookstore is known as the oldest travel bookstore in the world4 ,it has more than #bj1jjj books1 maps and magazines1 out of print and new1 in a number of languages1 about any country and any kind of travel1 all packed up in a tiny space4 ,catherine has been a traveller since she was a child4 ,she travels every summer - usually sailing - while her boyfriend runs the bookstore4 ,she is also a member of the ,french ,national ,union of ,antiquarian and ,modern ,bookstores 7,,slam71 the ,explorers' ,club and the ,international ,club of ,long-,distance ,travellers4 ,catherine visited #adj countries1 where she sometimes had a hard time4 ,but one of her most difficult challenges was to set up a website on her own1 from scratch1 without knowing anything about computers4 ,catherine wrote in ,december #aiii3 ,my site is still pretty basic and under construction4 ,like my bookstore1 it is a place to meet people before being a place of business4 ,the internet is a pain in the neck1 takes a lot of my time and ,i earn hardly any money from it1 but that doesn't worry me444 ,nevertheless1 despite the internet1 she was pessimistic about the future4 ,i am very pessimistic1 because the internet is killing off specialist bookstores4 #aiie3 ,,online ,,press ,overview ,the first electronic versions of print newspapers were available in the early #aiijs through commercial services like ,america ,online and ,compu,serve4 ,in #aiie1 newspapers and magazines began creating their own websites to offer a partial or full version of their latest issue - available freely or through subscription 7free or paid7 - with online archives4 ,in ,europe1 the ,times and the ,sunday ,times set up a common website called ,times ,online1 with a way to create a personalized edition4 ,the weekly publication ,the ,economist also went online in ,,uk1 as well as the weekly ,focus and the weekly ,der ,spiegel in ,germany1 the daily ,le ,monde and daily ,libration in ,france1 and the daily ,el ,pas in ,spain4 ,the computer press went logically online as well1 like the monthly ,wired1 created in #aiib in ,california to cover cyberculture as the magazine of the future at the avant-garde of the #bast century1 or ,z,d,net1 another leading computer magazine4 ,more and more only electronic magazines were also created4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,the first electronic versions of newspapers were available in the early #aiijs through commercial services like ,america ,online or ,compu,serve4 ,then1 in #aiie1 newspapers and magazines began to create websites to offer the full version of their latest issue - available freely or through subscription 7free or paid7 - which was then archived online4 ,there were also heated debates on copyright issues for articles posted on the web4 ,more and more only electronic magazines were created4 ,in #aiif1 the ,new ,york ,times site could be accessed free of charge4 ,it included the contents of the daily newspaper1 breaking news updates every ten minutes1 and original reporting available only online4 ,the ,washington ,post site provided the daily news online1 with a full database of articles including images1 sound and video4 ,in ,europe1 the ,times and the ,sunday ,times set up a common website called ,times ,online1 with the possibility to create a personalized edition4 ,the respected ,economist was also available online1 as were the ,french daily newspapers ,le ,monde and ,libration1 the ,spanish daily newspaper ,el ,pas or the ,german weekly magazines ,focus or ,der ,spiegel4 ,the computer press went online as well4 ,first the monthly ,wired1 created in #aiib in ,california to focus on cyberculture and be the magazine of the future at the avant-garde of the #bast century4 ,then ,z,d,net1 a main publisher of computer magazines4 ,behind the news1 the web was providing a whole encyclopedia to help us understand them4 ,the web was providing instant access to a wealth of information 7geographical maps1 biographical notes1 official texts1 political and economic data1 audiovisual and video data72 speed in information dissemination2 access to main photographic archives2 links to articles1 archives and data on the same topic2 and a search engine to browse articles by date1 author1 title1 subject1 etc4 ,from the start1 there were also all these zines using the internet as a cheap way to get published4 ,john ,labovitz launched ,the ,e-,zine-,list in ,summer #aiic to list electronic zines 7e-zines7 around the world1 the ones that were accessible via the web1 ,,ftp1 gopher1 email1 and other services4 ,the list was updated monthly4 ,what exactly is a zine8 ,john ,labovitz explained on his website3 ,for those of you not acquainted with the zine world1 'zine' is short for either 'fanzine' or 'magazine'1 depending on your point of view4 ,zines are generally produced by one person or a small group of people1 done often for fun or personal reasons1 and tend to be irreverent1 bizarre1 and_/or esoteric4 ,zines are not 'mainstream' publications - they generally do not contain advertisements 7except1 sometimes1 advertisements for other zines71 are not targeted towards a mass audience1 and are generally not produced to make a profit4 ,an 'e-zine' is a zine that is distributed partially or solely on electronic networks like the internet4 #c1jde zines were listed on ,november #bi1 #aiih4 ,john wrote on his website3 ,now the e-zine world is different4 ,the number of e-zines has increased a hundredfold1 crawling out of the ,,ftp and ,gopher woodworks to declaring themselves worthy of their own domain name1 even asking for financial support through advertising4 ,even the term 'e-zine' has been co-opted by the commercial world1 and has come to mean nearly any type of publication distributed electronically4 ,yet there is still the original1 independent fringe1 who continue to publish from their heart1 or push the boundaries of what we call a 'zine'4 ,john stopped updating his list a few years later4 #aiif3 ,,internet ,,archive ,overview ,founded in ,april #aiif by ,brewster ,kahle1 the ,internet ,archive is a non-profit organization that built an internet library to offer permanent access to historical collections in digital format for researchers1 historians and scholars4 ,an archive of the web is stored every two months or so4 ,in ,october #bjja1 with #cj billion web pages stored1 the ,internet ,archive launched the ,wayback ,machine1 for users to be able to surf the archive of the web by date4 ,in #bjjd1 there were #cjj terabytes of data1 with a growth of #ab terabytes per month4 ,in #bjjf1 there were #fe billion pages from #ej million websites4 ,in late #aiii1 the ,internet ,archive also started to include more collections of archived web pages on specific topics4 ,it also became an online digital library of text1 audio1 software1 image and video content4 ,in ,october #bjje1 the ,internet ,archive launched the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 with other contributors as a collective effort to build a permanent archive of multilingual digitized text 7,text ,archive7 and multimedia content4 #aiif3 ,,new ,,ways ,,of ,,teaching ,overview ,with more and more computers available in schools and at home1 and more and more internet connections1 teachers began exploring new ways of teaching4 ,going from print book culture to digital culture was changing their relationship to knowledge1 and the way both scholars and students were seeing teaching and learning4 ,print book culture provided stable information whereas digital culture provided moving information4 ,during the ,september #aiif meeting of ,,ifip 7,international ,federation of ,information ,processing71 ,dale ,spender gave a lecture about ,creativity and the ,computer ,education ,industry1 with insightful comments on forthcoming trends4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,going from print book culture to digital culture began changing our relationship to knowledge4 ,book culture provided stable information whereas digital culture provided moving information4 ,during the ,september #aiif meeting of the ,,ifip 7,international ,federation of ,information ,processing71 ,dale ,spender gave an interesting lecture about ,creativity and the ,computer ,education ,industry4 ,here are some excerpts3 ,throughout print culture1 information has been contained in books - and this has helped to shape our notion of information4 ,for the information in books stays the same - it endures4 ,and this has encouraged us to think of information as stable - as a body of knowledge which can be acquired1 taught1 passed on1 memorized1 and tested of course4 ,the very nature of print itself has fostered a sense of truth2 truth too is something which stays the same1 which endures4 ,and there is no doubt that this stability1 this orderliness1 has been a major contributor to the huge successes of the industrial age and the scientific revolution4 74447 ,but the digital revolution changes all this4 ,suddenly it is not the oldest information - the longest lasting information that is the most reliable and useful4 ,it is the very latest information that we now put the most faith in - and which we will pay the most for4 74447 ,education will be about participating in the production of the latest information4 ,this is why education will have to be ongoing throughout life and work4 ,every day there will be something new that we will all have to learn4 ,to keep up4 ,to be in the know4 ,to do our jobs4 ,to be members of the digital community4 ,and far from teaching a body of knowledge that will last for life1 the new generation of information professionals will be required to search out1 add to1 critique1 'play with'1 and daily update information1 and to make available the constant changes that are occurring4 #aiif3 ,,palm ,,pilot ,overview ,in the #aiijs1 ,jacques ,gauchey was a journalist and writer living in ,silicon ,valley and specializing in ,,it 7information technology74 ,he was also working as a facilitator between the ,united ,states and ,europe4 ,jacques was among the first to buy a ,palm ,pilot in ,march #aiif1 and wrote about it in his free online newsletter4 ,as a side remark1 he remembered in ,july #aiii3 ,in #aiif ,i published a few issues of a free ,english newsletter on the internet4 ,it had about #aj readers per issue until the day 7in ,january #aiif7 when the electronic version of ,wired ,magazine created a link to it4 ,in one week ,i got about #ajj emails1 some from ,french readers of my book ,la valle du risque - ,silicon ,valley editor's note3 ,the ,valley of ,risk - ,silicon ,valley1 published by ,plon1 ,paris1 in #aiij1 who were happy to find me again4 ,he added3 ,all my clients now are internet companies4 ,all my working tools 7my mobile phone1 my ,,pda and my ,,pc7 are or will soon be linked to the internet4 ,despite fierce competition1 ,palm stayed the leader in the ,,pda market1 with #bc million ,palm ,pilots sold between #aiif and #bjjb4 #aiig3 ,,digital ,,publishing ,overview ,digital publishing became mainstream in #aiig4 ,this was a new step in the changes underwent by the traditional publishing chain since the #aigjs4 ,the traditional printing business was first disrupted by new photocomposition machines1 with lower costs4 ,text and image processing began to be handed over to desktop publishing shops and graphic art studios4 ,impression costs went on decreasing with desktop publishing1 photocopiers1 color photocopiers and digital printing equipment4 ,digitization also accelerated the publication process4 ,editors1 designers and other contributors could all work at the same time on the same book4 ,for educational1 academic and scientific publications1 online publishing became a cheaper solution than print books1 with the possibility of regular updates to include the latest information4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,since the #aigjs1 the traditional publishing chain has drastically changed4 ,the printing work done by pre-press shops was first disrupted by new photocomposition machines4 ,text and image processing began to be handed over to advertising and graphic art agencies4 ,impression costs went on decreasing with desktop publishing1 copiers1 color copiers and digital printing equipment4 ,in #aiig1 text and image processing was provided at a low price by desktop publishing shops and graphic art studios4 ,digitization accelerated the publication process4 ,editors1 designers and other contributors could all work at the same time on the same book4 ,digitization also made possible the online publishing of educational and scientific publications1 which appeared as a far better solution than print books1 because they could be regularly updated with the latest information4 ,some universities began distributing their own textbooks online1 with chapters selected in an extensive database1 and articles and commentaries from professors4 ,for a seminar1 a small print could be made upon request with a selection of online articles sent to a printer4 ,electronic publishing allowed some academic publishers to keep running their business1 with lower costs and quick access4 ,this way1 small publishers went on publishing specialized books1 for which the printing in a small number of copies had become more and more difficult over the years due to budgetary reasons4 ,these books could now be regularly updated and their readers benefit from the latest version4 ,readers didn't need to wait any more for a new printed edition1 often postponed if not cancelled because of commercial constraints4 ,electronic publishing and traditional publishing became complementary4 ,the frontier between the two supports - electronic and paper - was vanishing4 ,most recent print media already stemmed from an electronic version anyway1 on a word processor1 a spreadsheet or a database4 ,more and more documents became only electronic4 ,and more and more print books were scanned to be included in digital bookstores and libraries4 ,at the end of the #aiijs1 there were no reliable statistics yet proving that the large-scale use of computers and electronic documents would make us paperless and save some tress1 as hoped by all of us who believe in nature preservation4 ,we were still in a transition period4 ,many people still needed a print version for easier reading1 or to keep track of a document in case the electronic file was accidentally deleted1 or to have some paper support for their documentation or archives4 #aiig3 ,,logos ,,dictionary ,overview ,logos is a leading translation company located in ,modena1 ,italy4 ,in #aiig1 ,logos had #bjj in-house translators in ,modena and #b1ejj free-lance translators worldwide1 who processed around #bjj texts per day4 ,the company made a bold move at the time1 and decided to put on the web all the linguistic tools used by its translators1 for the internet community to freely use them as well4 ,the linguistic tools were the ,logos ,dictionary1 a multilingual dictionary with #g billion words 7in ,fall #aiih72 the ,logos ,wordtheque1 a multilingual library with #cjj billion words extracted from translated novels1 technical manuals and other texts2 the ,logos ,linguistic ,resources1 a database of #ejj glossaries2 and the ,logos ,universal ,conjugator1 a database for verbs in #ag languages4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,the ,logos ,dictionary is a multilingual dictionary with #g1ehj1efj words 7as of ,december #aj1 #aiih74 ,the ,logos ,wordtheque is a word-by-word multilingual library with a massive database of #cbe1iaf1hbg words extracted from multilingual novels1 technical literature and translated texts4 ,logos ,linguistic ,resources is a database of #eec glossaries4 ,the ,logos ,universal ,conjugator is a database for the conjugation of verbs in #ag languages4 ,logos is an international translation company based in ,modena1 ,italy4 ,in #aiig1 ,logos decided to put all the linguistic tools used by its translators on the web for free4 ,logos had #bjj translators on the spot and #b1ejj free-lance translators all over the world1 who processed around #bjj texts per day4 ,when interviewed by ,annie ,kahn in the ,french daily newspaper ,le ,monde of ,december #g1 #aiig1 ,rodrigo ,vergara1 the head of ,logos1 explained3 ,we wanted all our translators to have access to the same translation tools4 ,so we made them available on the internet1 and while we were at it we decided to make the site open to the public4 ,this made us extremely popular1 and also gave us a lot of exposure4 ,the operation has in fact attracted a great number of customers1 but also allowed us to widen our network of translators1 thanks to the contacts made in the wake of the initiative4 ,in the same article1 ,annie ,kahn wrote3 ,the ,logos site is much more than a mere dictionary or a collection of links to other online dictionaries4 ,a system cornerstone is the document search software1 which processes a corpus of literary texts available free of charge on the web4 ,if you search for the definition or the translation of a word 7'didactique'1 for example71 you get not only the answer sought1 but also a quote from one of the literary works containing the word 7in our case1 an essay by ,voltaire74 ,all it takes is a click on the mouse button to access the whole text or even to order the book1 thanks to a partnership agreement with ,amazon4com1 the famous online bookstore4 ,foreign translations are also available4 ,however1 if no text containing the required word is found1 the system acts as a search engine1 sending the user to other websites mentioning the term in question4 ,in the case of certain words1 you can even hear the pronunciation4 ,if there is no translation currently available1 the system calls on the public to contribute4 ,everyone can make their own suggestions1 after which ,logos translators and the company check the forwarded translations4 #aiig3 ,,multimedia ,,convergence ,overview ,as more and more people were using digital technology1 previously distinct information-based industries1 such as printing and publishing1 graphic design1 media1 sound recording and film making1 were converging into one industry1 with information as a common product4 ,this trend was named multimedia convergence1 with a massive loss of jobs1 and a serious enough issue to be tackled by the ,,ilo 7,international ,labor ,organization7 by #aiig4 ,the first ,,ilo ,symposium on ,multimedia ,convergence was held in ,january #aiig at ,,ilo headquarters in ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,this international symposium was a tripartite meeting with employers1 unionists1 and government representatives4 ,some participants1 mostly employers1 demonstrated the information society was generating or would generate jobs1 whereas other participants1 mostly unionists1 demonstrated there was a rise in unemployment worldwide4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,the first ,,ilo ,symposium on ,multimedia ,convergence was held in ,january #aiig at the headquarters of ,,ilo 7,international ,labor ,office7 in ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,peter ,leisink1 associate professor of labor studies at the ,utrecht ,university1 ,netherlands1 explained3 ,a survey of the ,united ,kingdom book publishing industry showed that proofreaders and editors have been externalized and now work as home-based teleworkers4 ,the vast majority of them had entered self-employment1 not as a first-choice option1 but as a result of industry mergers1 relocations and redundancies4 ,these people should actually be regarded as casualized workers1 rather than as self-employed1 since they have little autonomy and tend to depend on only one publishing house for their work4 ,this international symposium was held as a tripartite meeting with employers1 unionists and government representatives4 ,some participants still thought our information society would generate jobs1 whereas it was already stated worldwide that multimedia convergence was leading to a massive loss of jobs4 ,michel ,muller1 secretary-general of the ,french ,federation of ,book1 ,paper and ,communication ,industry1 stated that the ,french graphics industry had lost #bj1jjj jobs - falling from #aaj1jjj to #ij1jjj - within the last decade1 and that expensive social plans had been necessary to re-employ those people4 ,he explained3 ,if the technological developments really created new jobs1 as had been suggested1 then it might have been better to invest the money in reliable studies about what jobs were being created and which ones were being lost1 rather than in social plans which often created artificial jobs4 ,these studies should highlight the new skills and qualifications in demand as the technological convergence process broke down the barriers between the printing industry1 journalism and other vehicles of information4 ,another problem caused by convergence was the trend towards ownership concentration4 ,a few big groups controlled not only the bulk of the print media1 but a wide range of other media1 and thus posed a threat to pluralism in expression4 ,various tax advantages enjoyed by the press today should be re-examined and adapted to the new realities facing the press and multimedia enterprises4 ,managing all the social and societal issues raised by new technologies required widespread agreement and consensus4 ,collective agreements were vital1 since neither individual negotiations nor the market alone could sufficiently settle these matters4 ,quite theoretical compared to the unionists' interventions1 here was the answer of ,walter ,durling1 director of ,,at,t ,global ,information ,solutions3 ,technology would not change the core of human relations4 ,more sophisticated means of communicating1 new mechanisms for negotiating1 and new types of conflicts would all arise1 but the relationships between workers and employers themselves would continue to be the same4 ,when film was invented1 people had been afraid that it could bring theatre to an end4 ,that has not happened4 ,when television was developed1 people had feared that it would do away cinemas1 but it had not4 ,one should not be afraid of the future4 ,fear of the future should not lead us to stifle creativity with regulations4 ,creativity was needed to generate new employment4 ,the spirit of enterprise had to be reinforced with the new technology in order to create jobs for those who had been displaced4 ,problems should not be anticipated1 but tackled when they arose4 ,in short1 humanity shouldn't fear technology4 ,in fact1 employees were not so much afraid of the future as they were afraid of losing their jobs4 ,in #aiig1 our society already had a high unemployment rate1 which was not the case when film was invented and television developed4 ,during the next years1 what would be the balance between job creation and lay-off8 ,unions were struggling worldwide to promote the creation of jobs through investment1 innovation1 vocational training1 computer literacy1 retraining for new jobs1 fair conditions for contracts and collective agreements1 defense of copyright1 protection of workers in the artistic field1 and defense of teleworkers as workers having full rights4 ,the ,european ,commission was expecting #aj million ,european teleworkers in the year #bjjj1 which would represent #bj of teleworkers worldwide4 ,despite unions' efforts1 would the situation become as tragic as what we read in the report of the symposium8 ,some fear a future in which individuals will be forced to struggle for survival in an electronic jungle4 ,and the survival mechanisms which have been developed in recent decades1 such as relatively stable employment relations1 collective agreements1 employee representation1 employer-provided job training1 and jointly funded social security schemes1 may be sorely tested in a world where work crosses borders at the speed of light4 #aiih3 ,,online ,,beowulf ,overview ,libraries began putting 7digital versions of7 their treasures on the web for the world to enjoy4 ,the ,british ,library was a pioneer in this field4 ,several treasures were online in #aiih1 including ,beowulf1 known as the first great ,english masterpiece4 ,beowulf is the earliest known narrative poem in ,english1 and one of the most famous works of ,anglo-,saxon poetry4 ,the ,british ,library holds the only known manuscript of ,beowulf1 dated circa #ajjj4 ,the poem itself is much older than the manuscript - some historians believe it might have been written circa #gej4 ,scholarly discussions on the date of creation and provenance of the poem continue around the world1 and researchers regularly require access to the manuscript4 ,taking ,beowulf out of its display case for study not only raised conservation issues1 it also made it unavailable for the many visitors who were coming to the ,library expecting to see this literary treasure on display4 ,the digitization of the manuscript offered a solution to these problems1 while providing new opportunities for researchers and book lovers worldwide4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,libraries began using the web to make their treasures freely available to the world4 ,here is the story of ,beowulf4 ,beowulf is a treasure of the ,british ,library4 ,it is an ,old ,english heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship4 ,this work of ,anglo-,saxon literature dates to between the #hth and the #aath century1 the only surviving ,european manuscript dating to the early #aath century4 ,at #c1ahc lines1 it is notable for its length4 7excerpt from ,wikipedia7 ,the manuscript was badly damaged by fire in #agca4 #ahth-century transcripts mention hundreds of words and letters which were then visible along the charred edges1 and subsequently crumbled away over the years4 ,to halt this process1 each leaf was mounted on a paper frame in #ahde4 ,scholarly discussions on the date of creation and provenance of the poem continue around the world1 and researchers regularly require access to the manuscript4 ,taking ,beowulf out of its display case for study not only raised conservation issues1 it also made it unavailable for the many visitors who were coming to the ,library expecting to see this literary treasure on display4 ,digitization of the manuscript offered a solution to these problems1 as well as providing new opportunities for readers1 and for the world to enjoy4 ,the ,electronic ,beowulf ,project was launched as a huge database of digital images of the ,beowulf manuscript and related manuscripts and printed texts4 ,in #aiih1 the database included fiber-optic readings of hidden letters and ultraviolet readings of erased text in the manuscript2 full electronic facsimiles of the #ahth-century transcripts of the manuscript2 and selections from important #aith-century collations1 editions and translations4 ,major additions were planned1 such as images of contemporary manuscripts1 and links with the ,toronto ,dictionary of ,old ,english ,project and with the comprehensive ,anglo-,saxon bibliographies of the ,old ,english ,newsletter4 ,the project was developed in partnership with two leading experts1 ,kevin ,kiernan1 from the ,university of ,kentucky and ,paul ,szarmach1 from the ,medieval ,institute1 ,western ,michigan ,university4 ,professor ,kiernan edited the electronic archive and produced a ,,cd-,,rom containing a number of electronic images4 ,brian ,lang1 chief executive of the ,british ,library1 explained in #aiih3 ,the ,beowulf manuscript is a unique treasure and imposes on the ,library a responsibility to scholars throughout the world4 ,digital photography offered for the first time the possibility of recording text concealed by early repairs1 and a less expensive and safer way of recording readings under special light conditions4 ,it also offers the prospect of using image enhancement technology to settle doubtful readings in the text4 ,network technology has facilitated direct collaboration with ,american scholars and makes it possible for scholars around the world to share in these discoveries4 ,curatorial and computing staff learned a great deal which will inform any future programmes of digitization and network service provision the ,library may undertake1 and our publishing department is considering the publication of an electronic scholarly edition of ,beowulf4 ,this work has not only advanced scholarship2 it has also captured the imagination of a wider public1 engaging people 7through press reports and the availability over computer networks of selected images and text7 in the appreciation of one of the primary artifacts of our shared cultural heritage4 7excerpt from the #aiih website7 ,the ,british ,library was a pioneer in ,europe4 ,other treasures of the library were already online3 ,magna ,carta1 the first ,english constitutional text1 signed in #abae1 with the ,great ,seal of ,king ,john2 the ,lindisfarne ,gospels1 dated #fih2 the ,diamond ,sutra1 dated #hfh1 which could be the world's earliest print book2 the ,sforza ,hours1 dated #adij-aebj1 an outstanding ,renaissance treasure2 the ,codex ,arundel1 a notebook of ,leonardo ,da ,vinci 7#adeb-aeai71 and the ,tyndale ,new ,testament1 the first ,english version of the ,new ,testament1 printed by ,peter ,schoeffer1 in ,worms4 ,brian ,king also stated the importance of the paper world1 and the ongoing commitment of the ,british ,library to its paper collections4 ,he added3 ,the importance of digital materials will1 however1 increase4 ,we recognize that network infrastructure is at present most strongly developed in the higher education sector1 but there are signs that similar facilities will also be available elsewhere1 particularly in the industrial and commercial sector1 and for public libraries4 ,our vision of network access encompasses all these4 74447 ,the development of the ,digital ,library will enable the ,british ,library to embrace the digital information age4 ,digital technology will be used to preserve and extend the ,library's unparalleled collection4 ,access to the collection will become boundless with users from all over the world1 at any time1 having simple1 fast access to digitized materials using computer networks1 particularly the internet4 7excerpt from the website7 ,other national libraries started digitizing their collections to offer a free digital library4 ,when interviewed by ,jrme ,strazzulla in the daily newspaper ,le ,figaro of ,june #c1 #aiih1 ,jean-,pierre ,angremy1 president of the ,french ,national ,library1 stated3 ,we cannot1 we will not be able to digitize everything4 ,in the long term1 a digital library will only be one element of the whole library4 ,the digital library ,gallica went online in #aiig with thousands of texts and images relating to ,french history1 life and culture4 ,a major collection of #aith-century ,french texts and images was available one year later4 #aiih3 ,,digital ,,librarians ,overview ,the job of librarians1 that had already changed a lot with computers1 went on to change even more with the internet4 ,computers made catalogs much easier to handle4 ,instead of all these cards to be patiently classified into wood or metal drawers1 librarians could type in bibliographic records in a program that was sorting out books by alphabetical1 chronological and systematic order4 ,librarians also began using computer programs to lend books and buy new ones4 ,by networking computers1 the internet gave a boost to union catalogs for a state1 a country or a region1 and furthered interlibrary loan4 ,electronic mail became commonplace for internal and external communications4 ,librarians could subscribe to newsletters and participate in newsgroups and discussion forums4 ,a number of librarians became webmasters to run library websites1 online catalogs and digital libraries4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,i interviewed ,peter ,raggett1 a digital librarian at ,,oecd 7,organization for ,economic ,co-operation and ,development71 and ,bruno ,didier1 a digital librarian at ,institute ,pasteur4 ,here are some excerpts4 ,at the ,,oecd ,library ,what is ,,oecd8 ,the ,,oecd is a club of like-minded countries4 ,it is rich1 in that ,,oecd countries produce two thirds of the world's goods and services1 but it is not an exclusive club4 ,essentially1 membership is limited only by a country's commitment to a market economy and a pluralistic democracy4 ,the core of original members has expanded from ,europe and ,north ,america to include ,japan1 ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,finland1 ,mexico1 the ,czech ,republic1 ,hungary1 ,poland and ,korea4 ,and there are many more contacts with the rest of the world through programmes with countries in the former ,soviet bloc1 ,asia1 ,latin ,america - contacts which1 in some cases1 may lead to membership4 7excerpt from the #aiih website7 ,the ,center for ,documentation and ,information 7,,cdi7 of ,,oecd provides information to ,,oecd agents in support of their research work4 ,in #aiih1 there were #fj1jjj monographs and #b1ejj periodicals4 ,the ,,cdi also provides information in electronic format from databases1 ,,cd-,r,o,ms and the internet4 ,peter ,raggett1 head of ,,cdi1 has been a professional librarian for nearly twenty years1 first working in ,,uk government libraries and then at the ,,oecd since #aiid4 ,he has used the internet since #aiif4 ,he built up the ,,cdi ,intranet pages1 which became a main tool for the staff4 ,peter wrote in ,june #aiih3 ,at the ,,oecd ,library we have collected together several hundred ,world ,wide ,web sites and have put links to them on the ,,oecd ,intranet4 ,they are sorted by subject and each site has a short annotation giving some information about it4 ,the researcher can then see if it is possible that the site contains the desired information4 ,this is adding value to the site references and in this way the ,central ,library has built up a virtual reference desk on the ,,oecd network4 ,as well as the annotated links1 this virtual reference desk contains pages of references to articles1 monographs and websites relevant to several projects currently being researched at the ,,oecd1 network access to ,,cd-,r,o,ms1 and a monthly list of new acquisitions4 ,the ,library catalogue will soon be available for searching on the ,intranet4 ,the reference staff at the ,,oecd ,library uses the ,internet for a good deal of their work4 ,often an academic working paper will be on the web and will be available for full-text downloading4 ,we are currently investigating supplementing our subscriptions to certain of our periodicals with access to the electronic versions on the internet4 ,peter added3 ,the internet has provided researchers with a vast database of information4 ,the problem for them is to find what they are seeking4 ,never has the information overload been so obvious as when one tries to find information on a topic by searching the internet4 ,when one uses a search engine like ,lycos or ,alta,vista or a directory like ,yahoo61 it soon becomes clear that it can be very difficult to find valuable sites on a given topic4 ,these search mechanisms work well if one is searching for something very precise1 such as information on a person who has an unusual name1 but they produce a confusing number of references if one is searching for a topic which can be quite broad4 ,try and search the web for ,russia ,,and transport to find statistics on the use of trains1 planes and buses in ,russia4 ,the first references you will find are freight-forwarding firms who have business connections with ,russia4 ,what about the future8 ,the internet is impinging on many peoples' lives1 and information managers are the best people to help researchers around the labyrinth4 ,the internet is just in its infancy and we are all going to be witnesses to its growth and refinement4 74447 ,information managers have a large role to play in searching and arranging the information on the internet4 ,i expect that there will be an expansion in internet use for education and research4 ,this means that libraries will have to create virtual libraries where students can follow a course offered by an institution at the other side of the world4 ,personally1 ,i see myself becoming more and more a virtual librarian4 ,my clients may not meet me face-to-face but instead will contact me by e-mail1 telephone or fax1 and ,i will do the research and send them the results electronically4 ,at the ,institute ,pasteur ,library ,in #aiii1 ,bruno ,didier was the webmaster of the ,institute ,pasteur ,library4 ,the ,pasteur ,institutes are exceptional observatories for studying infectious and parasite-borne diseases4 ,they are wedded to the solving of practical public health problems1 and hence carry out research programmes which are highly original because of the complementary nature of the investigations carried out3 clinical research1 epidemiological surveys and basic research work4 ,just a few examples from the long list of major topics of the ,institutes are3 malaria1 tuberculosis1 ,,aids1 yellow fever1 dengue and poliomyelitis4 7excerpt from the #aiii website7 ,in ,august #aiii1 ,bruno wrote about his work as a webmaster3 ,the main aim of the ,pasteur ,institute ,library website is to serve the ,institute itself and its associated bodies4 ,it supports applications that have become essential in such a big organization3 bibliographic databases1 cataloguing1 ordering of documents and of course access to online periodicals 7presently more than #ajj74 ,it is also a window for our different departments1 at the ,institute but also elsewhere in ,france and abroad4 ,it plays a big part in documentation exchanges with the institutes in the worldwide ,pasteur network4 ,i am trying to make it an interlink adapted to our needs for exploration and use of the internet4 ,the website has existed in its present form since #aiif and its audience is steadily increasing4 ,i build and maintain the web pages and monitor them regularly4 ,i am also responsible for training users1 which you can see from my pages4 ,the web is an excellent place for training and is included in most ongoing discussions about training4 ,what about the future of librarians8 ,our relationship with both the information and the users is what changes4 ,we are increasingly becoming mediators1 and perhaps to a lesser extent 'curators'4 ,my present activity is typical of this new situation3 ,i am working to provide quick access to information and to create effective means of communication1 but ,i also train people to use these new tools4 ,i think the future of our job is tied to cooperation and use of common resources4 ,it is certainly an old project1 but it is really the first time we have had the means to set it up4 #aiih3 ,,multilingual ,,web ,overview ,in #aiih1 ,randy ,hobler was a consultant in internet marketing for ,globalink1 a company specializing in language translation software and services4 ,randy wrote in ,september #aiih3 #he of the content of the web in #aiih is in ,english and going down4 ,this trend is driven not only by more websites and users in non-,english-speaking countries1 but by increasing localization of company and organization sites1 and increasing use of machine translation to_/from various languages to translate websites4 74447 ,because the internet has no national boundaries1 the organization of users is bounded by other criteria driven by the medium itself4 ,in terms of multilingualism1 you have virtual communities1 for example1 of what ,i call ',language ,nations'444 all those people on the internet wherever they may be1 for whom a given language is their native language4 ,thus1 the ,spanish ,language nation includes not only ,spanish and ,latin ,american users1 but millions of ,hispanic users in the ,,us1 as well as odd places like ,spanish-speaking ,morocco4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjjj1 updated in #bjjd7 ,in #aiih1 other languages than ,english began spreading on the web4 ,in fact1 main non-,english languages were present nearly from the start4 ,but most of the web was in ,english4 ,then people from all over the world began having access to the internet1 and posting pages in their own languages4 ,the percentage of the ,english language began to slowly decrease from nearly #ajj to #ij4 ,in #aiih1 ,randy ,hobler was an internet marketing consultant for ,globalink1 a company specialized in language translation software and services4 ,previously1 ,randy worked as a consultant for ,,ibm1 ,johnson ,johnson1 ,burroughs ,wellcome1 ,pepsi1 ,heublein1 and others4 ,randy wrote in ,september #aiih3 ,because the internet has no national boundaries1 the organization of users is bounded by other criteria driven by the medium itself4 ,in terms of multilingualism1 you have virtual communities1 for example1 of what ,i call ',language ,nations'444 all those people on the internet wherever they may be1 for whom a given language is their native language4 ,thus1 the ,spanish ,language nation includes not only ,spanish and ,latin ,american users1 but millions of ,hispanic users in the ,,us1 as well as odd places like ,spanish-speaking ,morocco4 ,in #aiii1 ,jean-,pierre ,cloutier was the editor of ,chroniques de ,cybrie1 a weekly report of internet news4 ,jean-,pierre wrote in ,august #aiii3 ,the web is going to grow in these non ,english-speaking regions4 ,so we have to take into account the technical aspects of the medium if we want to reach these 'new' users4 ,i think it is a pity there are so few translations of important documents and essays published on the web -- from ,english into other languages and vice-versa4 74447 ,the recent introduction of the internet in regions where it is spreading raises questions which would be good to read about4 ,when will ,spanish-speaking communications theorists and those speaking other languages be translated8 ,in #aiii1 ,marcel ,grangier was the head of the ,french ,section of the ,swiss ,federal ,government's ,central ,linguistic ,services1 which meant he was in charge of organizing translation matters for the ,swiss government4 ,marcel wrote in ,january #aiii3 ,we can see multilingualism on the internet as a happy and irreversible inevitability4 ,so we have to laugh at the doomsayers who only complain about the supremacy of ,english4 ,such supremacy is not wrong in itself1 because it is mainly based on statistics 7more ,p,cs per inhabitant1 more people speaking ,english1 etc474 ,the answer is not to 'fight' ,english1 much less whine about it1 but to build more sites in other languages4 ,as a translation service1 we also recommend that websites be multilingual4 ,the increasing number of languages on the internet is inevitable and can only boost multicultural exchanges4 ,for this to happen in the best possible circumstances1 we still need to develop tools to improve compatibility4 ,fully coping with accents and other characters is only one example of what can be done4 ,in #aiih1 ,henri ,slettenhaar was a professor at ,webster ,university1 ,geneva1 ,swizerland4 ,he insisted regularly on the need of bilingual websites1 in the original language and in ,english4 ,he wrote in ,december #aiih3 ,i see multilingualism as a very important issue4 ,local communities that are on the web should principally use the local language for their information4 ,if they want to present it to the world community as well1 it should be in ,english too4 ,i see a real need for bilingual websites4 ,i am delighted there are so many offerings in the original language now4 ,i much prefer to read the original with difficulty than getting a bad translation4 ,he added in ,august #aiii3 ,there are two main categories in my opinion4 ,the first one is the global outreach for business and information4 ,here the language is definitely ,english first1 with local versions where appropriate4 ,the second one is local information of all kinds in the most remote places4 ,if the information is meant for people of an ethnic and_/or language group1 it should be in that language first with perhaps a summary in ,english4 ,we have seen lately how important these local websites are -- in ,kosovo and ,turkey1 to mention just the most recent ones4 ,people were able to get information about their relatives through these sites4 ,he added in ,august #bjjj3 ,multilingualism has expanded greatly4 ,many e-commerce websites are multilingual now and there are companies that sell products which make localization possible 7adaptation of websites to national markets74 ,non ,english-speaking users reached #ej in ,summer #bjjj4 ,according to the company ,global ,reach1 they were #eb4e in ,summer #bjja1 #eg in ,december #bjja1 #ei4h in ,april #bjjb1 #fd4d in ,september #bjjc 7including #cd4i non-,english-speaking ,europeans and #bi4d ,asians7 and #fd4b in ,march #bjjd 7including #cg4i non-,english-speaking ,europeans and #cc ,asians74 #aiii3 ,,open ,,ebook ,,format ,overview ,in #aiii1 there were nearly as many e,book formats as e,books1 with every company and organization creating its own format for its own e,book reader and its own electronic device4 ,the publishing industry felt the need to work on a common format for e,books and and published in ,september #aiii the first version of the ,open e,book 7,oe,b7 format1 an e,book format based on ,,xml 7e,xtensible ,markup ,language7 and defined by the ,open e,book ,publication ,structure 7,oe,b,p,s74 ,the ,open e,book ,forum was created in ,january #bjjj to develop the ,oe,b format and ,oe,b,p,s specifications4 ,since #bjjj1 most e,book formats were derived from - or are compatible with the ,oe,b format4 ,in ,april #bjje1 the ,open e,book ,forum became the ,international ,digital ,publishing ,forum 7,,idpf71 and the ,oe,b format became the e,pub format4 ,the e,pub format is one of the standards for the digital publishing industry4 #aiii3 ,,digital ,,authors ,overview ,like many artists1 ,jean-,paul began exploring the internet and searching what hyperlinks could offer to expand his writing towards new directions4 ,he switched from being a print author to being an hypermedia author1 and created ,cotres furtifs 7,furtive ,cutters71 a website telling stories in #c;,d4 ,he also enjoyed the freedom given by online self-publishing1 and wrote in ,august #aiii3 ,the internet allows me to do without intermediaries1 such as record companies1 publishers and distributors4 ,most of all1 it allows me to crystallize what ,i have in my head3 the print medium 7desktop publishing1 in fact7 only allows me to partly do that4 ,he added in ,june #bjjj3 ,surfing the web is like radiating in all directions 7,i am interested in something and ,i click on all the links on a home page7 or like jumping around 7from one click to another1 as the links appear74 ,you can do this in the written media1 of course4 ,but the difference is striking4 ,so the internet didn't change my life1 but it did change how ,i write4 ,you don't write the same way for a website as you do for a script or a play4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjjj7 ,i interviewed ,murray ,suid1 a writer of educational books1 who was living in ,palo ,alto1 ,california4 ,back in ,paris1 ,i interviewed ,jean-,paul1 an hypermedia author1 who wrote some interesting comments about digital literature4 ,educational ,books ,in #aiih1 ,murray ,suid was living in ,palo ,alto1 in the heart of ,silicon ,valley4 ,he was writing educational books1 books for kids1 multimedia scripts and screenplays4 ,he was among the first to choose a solution that many authors would soon adopt4 ,he explained in ,september #aiih3 ,if a book can be web-extended 7living partly in cyberspace71 then an author can easily update and correct it1 whereas otherwise the author would have to wait a long time for the next edition1 if indeed a next edition ever came out4 74447 ,i do not know if ,i will publish books on the web -- as opposed to publishing paper books4 ,probably that will happen when books become multimedia4 7,i currently am helping develop multimedia learning materials1 and it is a form of teaching that ,i like a lot -- blending text1 movies1 audio1 graphics1 and -- when possible -- interactivity74 ,murray added in ,august #aiii3 ,in addition to 'web-extending' books1 we are now web-extending our multimedia 7,,cd-,,rom7 products -- to update and enrich them4 ,a few months later1 he added3 ,our company -- ,e,d,vantage ,software -- has become an internet company instead of a multimedia 7,,cd-,,rom7 company4 ,we deliver educational material online to students and teachers4 ,hypermedia ,writing ,in #aiii1 ,jean-,paul1 an hypermedia author1 was the webmaster of cotres4net1 a site telling stories in #c;,d4 ,he really enjoyed the freedom given by online publishing4 ,he wrote in ,august #aiii3 ,the internet allows me to do without intermediaries1 such as record companies1 publishers and distributors4 ,most of all1 it allows me to crystallize what ,i have in my head3 the print medium 7desktop-publishing1 in fact7 only allows me to partly do that4 ,then the intermediaries will take over and ,i will have to look somewhere else1 a place where the grass is greener444 ,jean-,paul added in ,june #bjjj3 ,surfing the web is like radiating in all directions 7,i am interested in something and ,i click on all the links on a home page7 or like jumping around 7from one click to another1 as the links appear74 ,you can do this in the print media1 of course4 ,but the difference is striking4 ,so the internet didn't change my life1 but it did change how ,i write4 ,you don't write the same way for a website as you do for a script or a play4 ,but it wasn't exactly the internet that changed my writing1 it was the first model of the ,mac4 ,i discovered it when ,i was teaching myself ,hypercard4 ,i still remember how astonished ,i was during my month of learning about buttons and links and about surfing by association1 objects and images4 ,being able1 by just clicking on part of the screen1 to open piles of cards1 with each card offering new buttons and each button opening onto a new series of them4 ,in short1 learning everything about the web that today seems really routine was a revelation for me4 ,i hear ,steve ,jobs and his team had the same kind of shock when they discovered the forerunner of the ,mac in the labs of ,rank ,xerox4 ,since then ,i have been writing directly on the screen4 ,i use a paper print-out only occasionally1 to help me fix up an article1 or to give somebody who doesn't like screens a rough idea1 something immediate4 ,it is only an approximation1 because print forces us into a linear relationship3 the words scroll out page by page most of the time4 ,but when you have links1 you have a different relationship to time and space in your imagination4 ,and for me1 it is a great opportunity to use this reading_/writing interplay1 whereas leafing through a book gives only a suggestion of it -- a vague one because a book is not meant for that4 #bjjj3 ,,yourdictionary4,,com ,overview ,after founding ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries 7,,wod7 in #aiie1 ,robert ,beard included it in a larger project1 your,dictionary4com1 that he cofounded in early #bjjj4 ,he wrote in ,january #bjjj3 ,the new website is an index of #a1bjj dictionaries in more than #bjj languages4 ,besides the ,,wod1 the new website includes a word-of-the-day-feature1 word games1 a language chat room1 the old ,web of ,on-line ,grammars 7now expanded to include additional language resources71 the ,web of ,linguistic ,fun1 multilingual dictionaries2 specialized ,english dictionaries2 thesauri and other vocabulary aids2 language identifiers and guessers1 and other features2 dictionary indices4 your,dictionary4com will hopefully be the premiere language portal and the largest language resource site on the web4 ,it is now actively acquiring dictionaries and grammars of all languages with a particular focus on endangered languages4 ,it is overseen by a blue ribbon panel of linguistic experts from all over the world4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjja7 ,after creating ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries in #aiie1 ,robert ,beard cofounded your,dictionary4com in early #bjjj4 ,he wrote in ,january #bjjj3 ,a ,web of ,online ,dictionaries 7,,wod7 is now a part of your,dictionary4com 7as of ,february #ae1 #bjjj74 ,the new website is an index of #a1bjj dictionaries in more than #bjj languages4 ,besides the ,,wod1 the new website includes a word-of-the-day-feature1 word games1 a language chat room1 the old ,web of ,on-line ,grammars 7now expanded to include additional language resources71 the ,web of ,linguistic ,fun1 multilingual dictionaries2 specialized ,english dictionaries2 thesauri and other vocabulary aids2 language identifiers and guessers1 and other features2 dictionary indices4 ,your,dictionary4com will hopefully be the premiere language portal and the largest language resource site on the web4 ,it is now actively acquiring dictionaries and grammars of all languages with a particular focus on endangered languages4 ,it is overseen by a blue ribbon panel of linguistic experts from all over the world4 ,answering my question about multilingualism1 ,robert ,beard added in ,january #bjjj3 ,while ,english still dominates the web1 the growth of monolingual non-,english websites is gaining strength with the various solutions to the font problems4 ,languages that are endangered are primarily languages without writing systems at all 7only #a_/c of the world's #f1jjj languages have writing systems74 ,i still do not see the web contributing to the loss of language identity and still suspect it may1 in the long run1 contribute to strengthening it4 ,more and more ,native ,americans1 for example1 are contacting linguists1 asking them to write grammars of their language and help them put up dictionaries4 ,for these people1 the web is an affordable boon for cultural expression4 ,answering the same question1 ,caoimhn ,donnale wrote in ,may #bjja3 ,i would emphasize the point that as regards the future of endangered languages1 the internet speeds everything up4 ,if people don't care about preserving languages1 the internet and accompanying globalization will greatly speed their demise4 ,if people do care about preserving them1 the internet will be a tremendous help4 ,caoimhn ,donnale teaches computing - through the ,gaelic language - at the ,institute ,sabhal ,mr ,ostaig1 located on the ,island of ,skye1 in ,scotland4 ,he also maintains the college website1 which is the main site worldwide with information on ,scottish ,gaelic4 ,he also maintains ,european ,minority ,languages1 a list of minority languages by alphabetic order and by language family4 ,he wrote in ,may #bjja3 ,there has been a great expansion in the use of information technology at the ,gaelic-medium college here4 ,far more computers1 more computing staff1 flat screens4 ,students do everything by computer1 use ,gaelic spell-checking1 ,gaelic online terminology database4 ,more hits on our web site4 ,more use of sound4 ,gaelic radio 7both ,scottish and ,irish7 now available continuously worldwide via the internet4 ,major project has been translation of the ,opera web-browser into ,gaelic - the first software of any size available in ,gaelic4 ,published by ,,sil ,international 7,,sil3 ,summer ,institute of ,linguistics71 ,the ,ethnologue3 ,languages of the ,world is a catalogue of more than #f1gjj languages4 ,a paper version and a ,,cd-,,rom are also available4 ,barbara ,grimes was the editor of the #hth to #adth editions1 #aiga-bjjj4 ,she wrote in ,january #bjjj3 ,it is a catalog of the languages of the world1 with information about where they are spoken1 an estimate of the number of speakers1 what language family they are in1 alternate names1 names of dialects1 other sociolinguistic and demographic information1 dates of published ,bibles1 a name index1 a language family index1 and language maps4 #bjjj3 ,,online ,,bible ,,of ,,gutenberg ,overview ,the ,bible of ,gutenberg went online in ,november #bjjj1 on the website of the ,british ,library4 ,as we all know1 the ,bible of ,gutenberg is considered as the first print book4 ,gutenberg printed it in #adee in ,germany1 perhaps printing #ahj copies1 with #dh copies that would still exist in #bjjj4 ,three copies - two full ones and one partial one - belong to the ,british ,library4 ,the two full copies - a little different from each other - were digitized in ,march #bjjj by experts from the ,keio ,university of ,tokyo and ,,ntt 7,nippon ,telegraph and ,telephone ,communications74 #bjjj3 ,,distributed ,,proofreaders ,overview ,conceived in ,october #bjjj by ,charles ,franks1 ,distributed ,proofreaders was launched online in ,march #bjja to help in the digitization of public domain books4 ,the method is to break up the tedious work of checking e,books for errors into small1 manageable chunks4 ,originally meant to assist ,project ,gutenberg in the handling of shared proofreading1 ,distributed ,proofreaders has become the main source of ,project ,gutenberg e,books4 ,in #bjjb1 ,distributed ,proofreaders became an official ,project ,gutenberg site4 ,the number of books processed through ,distributed ,proofreaders has grown fast4 ,in #bjjc1 about #bej-cjj people were working each day all over the world producing a daily total of #b1ejj-c1jjj pages1 the equivalent of two pages a minute4 ,in #bjjd1 the average was #cjj-djj proofreaders participating each day and finishing #d1jjj-g1jjj pages per day1 the equivalent of four pages a minute4 ,distributed ,proofreaders processed a total of #c1jjj books in ,february #bjjd1 #e1jjj books in ,october #bjjd1 #g1jjj books in ,may #bjje1 #h1jjj books in ,february #bjjf and #aj1jjj books in ,march #bjjg1 with the help of #cf1jjj volunteers4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjje1 updated in #bjjh7 ,the main leap forward of ,project ,gutenberg since #bjjj is due to ,distributed ,proofreaders4 ,in #bjjb1 ,distributed ,proofreaders became an official ,project ,gutenberg site4 ,in ,may #bjjf1 ,distributed ,proofreaders became a separate entity and continues to maintain a strong relationship with ,project ,gutenberg4 ,volunteers don't have a quota to fill1 but it is recommended they do a page a day if possible4 ,it doesn't seem much1 but with hundreds of volunteers it really adds up4 ,in ,december #bjjg1 five books were produced per day by thousands of volunteers4 ,from the website one can access a program that allows several proofreaders to be working on the same book at the same time1 each proofreading different pages4 ,this significantly speeds up the proofreading process4 ,volunteers register and receive detailed instructions4 ,for example1 words in bold1 italic or underlined1 or footnotes are always treated the same way for any book4 ,a discussion forum allows them to ask questions or seek help at any time4 ,a project manager oversees the progress of a particular book through its different steps on the website4 ,the website gives a full list of the books that are3 7a7 completed1 i4e4 processed through the site and posted to ,project ,gutenberg2 7b7 in progress1 i4e4 processed through the site but not yet posted1 because currently going through their final proofreading and assembly2 7c7 being proofread1 i4e4 currently being processed4 ,on ,august #c1 #bjje1 #g1fci books were completed1 #a1bej books were in progress and #hca books were being proofread4 ,on ,may #ast1 #bjjh1 #ac1jci books were completed1 #a1hdj books were in progress and #a1jjj books were being proofread4 ,each time a volunteer 7proofreader7 goes to the website1 s_/he chooses a book1 any book4 ,then one page of the book appears in two forms side by side3 the scanned image of one page and the text from that image 7as produced by ,,ocr software74 ,the proofreader can easily compare both versions1 note the differences and fix them4 ,,ocr is usually #ii accurate1 which makes for about #aj corrections a page4 ,the proofreader saves each page as it is completed and can then either stop work or do another4 ,the books are proofread twice1 and the second time only by experienced proofreaders4 ,all the pages of the book are then formatted1 combined and assembled by post-processors to make an e,book4 ,the e,book is now ready to be posted with an index entry 7title1 subtitle1 author1 e,book number and character set7 for the database4 ,indexers go on with the cataloging process 7author's dates of birth and death1 ,library of ,congress classification1 etc47 after the release4 ,volunteers can also work independently1 after contacting ,project ,gutenberg directly1 by keying in a book they particularly like using any text editor or word processor4 ,they can also scan it and convert it into text using ,,ocr software1 and then make corrections by comparing it with the original4 ,in each case1 someone else will proofread it4 ,they can use ,,ascii and any other format4 ,everybody is welcome1 whatever the method and whatever the format4 ,new volunteers are most welcome too at ,distributed ,proofreaders 7,,dp71 ,distributed ,proofreaders ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 and ,distributed ,proofreaders ,canada 7,,dpc74 ,any volunteer anywhere is welcome1 for any language4 ,there is a lot to do4 ,as stated on both websites1 ,remember that there is no commitment expected on this site4 ,proofread as often or as seldom as you like1 and as many or as few pages as you like4 ,we encourage people to do 'a page a day'1 but it's entirely up to you6 ,we hope you will join us in our mission of 'preserving the literary history of the world in a freely available form for everyone to use'4 #bjjj3 ,,public ,,library ,,of ,,science ,overview ,the ,public ,library of ,science 7,p,lo,s7 was founded in ,october #bjjj by biomedical scientists ,harold ,varmus1 ,patrick ,brown and ,michael ,eisen1 from ,stanford ,university1 ,palo ,alto1 and ,university of ,california1 ,berkeley4 ,headquartered in ,san ,francisco1 ,p,lo,s is a non-profit organization whose mission is to make the world's scientific and medical literature a public resource4 ,in early #bjjc1 ,p,lo,s created a non-profit scientific and medical publishing venture to provide scientists and physicians with high-quality1 high-profile journals in which to publish their most important work3 ,p,lo,s ,biology 7launched in #bjjc71 ,p,lo,s ,medicine 7#bjjd71 ,p,lo,s ,genetics 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,computational ,biology 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,pathogens 7#bjje71 ,p,lo,s ,clinical ,trials 7#bjjf71 ,p,lo,s ,neglected ,tropical ,diseases 7#bjjg74 ,all ,p,lo,s articles are freely available online1 and deposited in the free public archive ,pub,med ,central4 ,they can be freely redistributed and reused1 including for translations1 as long as the author7s7 and source are cited4 ,p,lo,s also hopes to encourage other publishers to adopt the open access model1 or to convert their existing journals to an open access model4 #bjja3 ,,wikipedia ,overview ,launched in ,january #bjja by ,jimmy ,wales and ,larry ,sanger 7,larry resigned later on71 ,wikipedia has quickly grown into the largest reference website on the internet4 ,its multilingual content is free and written collaboratively by people worldwide4 ,its website is a wiki1 which means that anyone can edit1 correct and improve information throughout the encyclopedia4 ,the articles stay the property of their authors1 and can be freely used according to the ,,gfdl 7,,gnu ,free ,documentation ,license74 ,wikipedia is hosted by the ,wikimedia ,foundation1 which runs a number of other projects1 for example ,wiktionary - launched in ,december #bjjb - followed by ,wikibooks1 ,wikiversity1 ,wikinews and ,wikiquote4 ,in ,december #bjjd1 ,wikipedia had #a4c million articles from #ac1jjj contributors in #ajj languages4 ,two years later1 in ,december #bjjf1 it had #f million articles in #bej languages4 #bjja3 ,,creative ,,commons ,overview ,creative ,commons 7,,cc7 was founded in #bjja by ,lawrence ,lessing1 a professor at ,stanford ,law ,school1 ,california4 ,as stated on its website1 ,creative ,commons is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others1 consistent with the rules of copyright4 ,we provide free licenses and other legal tools to mark creative work with the freedom the creator wants it to carry1 so others can share1 remix1 use commercially1 or any combination thereof4 ,there were one million ,creative ,commons licensed works in #bjjc1 #d4g million licensed works in #bjjd1 #bj million licensed works in #bjje1 #ej million licensed works in #bjjf1 #ij million licensed works in #bjjg1 and #acj million licensed works in #bjjh4 ,science ,commons was founded in #bjje to design strategies and tools for faster1 more efficient web-enabled scientific research4 cc,learn was founded in #bjjg as a division of ,creative ,commons dedicated to realizing the full potential of the internet to support open learning and open educational resources4 #bjjb3 ,,mit ,,opencourseware ,overview ,the ,,mit ,open,course,ware 7,,mit ,,ocw7 is a large-scale1 web-based electronic publishing initiative launched by ,,mit 7,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology7 to promote open dissemination of knowledge and information4 ,a pilot version of the ,,mit ,open,course,ware 7,,mit ,,ocw7 was available online in ,september #bjjb1 with #cb course materials of ,,mit4 ,in ,september #bjjc1 the site was officially launched with several hundred course materials4 ,in ,march #bjjd1 #ejj course materials were available in #cc different topics4 ,in ,may #bjjf1 #a1djj course materials were offered by #cd departments belonging to the five schools of ,,mit4 ,in ,november #bjjg1 all #a1hjj course materials were available1 with #bjj new and updated courses per year4 ,in ,november #bjje1 the ,,mit launched the ,open,course,ware ,consortium 7,,ocw ,consortium7 as a collaboration of educational institutions creating a broad body of open educational content using a share model4 ,one year later1 the ,,ocw ,consortium included the courses of #ajj universities worldwide4 #bjjd3 ,,project ,,gutenberg ,,europe ,overview ,in ,january #bjjd1 ,project ,gutenberg spread across the ,atlantic with the launching of ,project ,gutenberg ,europe 7,,pg ,europe7 and ,distributed ,proofreaders ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 by ,project ,rastko1 a non-governmental cultural and educational project located in ,belgrade1 ,serbia4 ,,dp ,europe uses the software of the original ,distributed ,proofreaders4 ,,dp ,europe is a multilingual website1 with its main pages translated into several ,european languages by volunteer translators4 ,in ,april #bjjd1 ,,dp ,europe was available in #ab languages4 ,the long-term goal is #fj languages and #fj linguistic teams representing all ,european languages4 ,,dp ,europe supports ,unicode to be able to proofread e,books in numerous languages4 ,unicode is an encoding system that gives a unique number for every character in any language4 ,,dp ,europe finished processing its #ajjth book in ,may #bjje and its #ejjth book in ,october #bjjh4 ,,dp ,europe operates under life #ej copyright laws4 ,when it gets up to speed1 ,,dp ,europe will provide e,books for several national and_/or linguistic digital libraries4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjje1 updated in #bjjh7 ,in #bjjd1 multilingualism became one of the priorities of ,project ,gutenberg1 like internationalization4 ,michael ,hart went off to ,europe1 with stops in ,paris1 ,brussels and ,belgrade4 ,in ,belgrade1 he met with the team of ,project ,rastko1 to support the creation of ,distributed ,proofreaders ,europe 7launched in ,december #bjjc7 and ,project ,gutenberg ,europe 7launched in ,january #bjjd74 ,the launching of ,distributed ,proofreaders ,europe 7,,dp ,europe7 by ,project ,rastko was indeed a very important step4 ,,dp ,europe uses the software of the original ,distributed ,proofreaders and is dedicated to the proofreading of books for ,project ,gutenberg ,europe4 ,since the very beginning1 ,,dp ,europe has been a multilingual website1 with its main pages translated into several ,european languages by volunteer translators4 ,,dp ,europe was available in #ab languages in ,april #bjjd and #bb languages in ,may #bjjh4 ,the long-term goal is #fj languages and #fj linguistic teams representing all the ,european languages4 ,when it gets up to speed1 ,,dp ,europe will provide books for several national and_/or linguistic digital libraries4 ,the goal is for every country to have its own digital library 7according to the country copyright limitations71 within a continental network 7for ,france1 the ,european network7 and a global network 7for the whole planet74 ,a few lines now on ,project ,rastko1 which launched such a difficult and exciting project for ,europe1 and catalyzed volunteers' energy in both ,eastern and ,western ,europe 7and anywhere else3 as the internet has no boundaries1 there is no need to live in ,europe to register74 ,founded in #aiig1 ,project ,rastko is a non-governmental cultural and educational project4 ,one of its goals is the online publishing of ,serbian culture4 ,it is part of the ,balkans ,cultural ,network ,initiative1 a regional cultural network for the ,balkan peninsula in south-eastern ,europe4 ,in ,may #bjje1 ,distributed ,proofreaders ,europe finished processing its #ajjth book4 ,in ,june #bjje ,project ,gutenberg ,europe was launched with these first #ajj books4 ,,dp ,europe supports ,unicode to be able to proofread books in numerous languages4 ,created in #aiia and widely used since #aiih1 ,unicode is an encoding system that gives a unique number for every character in any language1 contrary to the much older ,,ascii that was meant only for ,english and a few ,european languages4 ,on ,august #c1 #bjje1 #acg books were completed 7processed through the site and posted to ,project ,gutenberg ,europe71 #dah books were in progress 7processed through the site but not yet posted1 because currently going through their final proofreading and assembly71 and #abe books were being proofread 7currently being processed74 ,on ,may #aj1 #bjjh1 #dif books were completed1 #fec books were in progress and #ia books were being proofread4 #bjjd3 ,,google ,,books ,overview ,in ,october #bjjd1 ,google launched the first part of ,google ,print as a project aimed at publishers1 for internet users to be able to see excerpts from their books and order them online4 ,in ,december #bjjd1 ,google launched the second part of ,google ,print as a project intended for libraries1 to build up a world digital library by digitizing the collections of main partner libraries4 ,the beta version of ,google ,print went live in ,may #bjje4 ,in ,august #bjje1 ,google ,print was stopped until further notice because of lawsuits filed by associations of authors and publishers for copyright infringement4 ,the program resumed in ,august #bjjf under the new name of ,google ,books4 ,google ,books has offered books digitized in the participating libraries 7,harvard1 ,stanford1 ,michigan1 ,oxford1 ,california1 ,virginia1 ,wisconsin-,madison1 ,complutense of ,madrid and ,new ,york ,public ,library71 with either the full text for public domain books or excerpts for copyrighted books4 ,the lawsuit with associations of authors and publishers was settled in ,october #bjjh4 ,in ,depth 7published in #bjjh7 ,in ,october #bjjd1 ,google launched the first part of ,google ,print as a project aimed at publishers1 for users to be able to see snippets of their books and order them online4 ,the beta version of ,google ,print went on line in ,may #bjje4 ,in ,december #bjjd1 ,google launched the second part of ,google ,print as a project intended for libraries1 to build up a digital library of #ae million books by scanning and digitizing the collections of main libraries1 beginning with the ,universities of ,michigan 7#g million books71 ,harvard1 ,stanford and ,oxford1 and the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,the planned cost was an average of ,,us #aj per book1 and #aej to #bjj million on ten years4 ,in ,august #bjje1 ,google ,print was stopped until further notice because of lawsuits filed by publishers for copyright infringement4 ,the program resumed in ,august #bjjf under the new name of ,google ,books4 ,google ,books was launched in ,august #bjjf to replace the controversial ,google ,print1 stopped in ,august #bjje because of main copyright concerns4 ,google ,books offers excerpts of books digitized by ,google in the participating libraries 7,harvard1 ,stanford1 ,michigan1 ,oxford1 ,california1 ,virginia1 ,wisconsin-,madison1 ,complutense of ,madrid and ,new ,york ,public ,library74 ,google scans #c1jjj books a day1 including copyrighted books4 ,the inclusion of copyrighted books is widely criticized by authors and publishers worldwide4 ,in the ,,us1 lawsuits were filed by the ,authors ,guild and the ,association of ,american ,publishers 7,,aap7 for alleged copyright infringement4 ,the assumption is that the full scanning and digitizing of copyrighted books infringes copyright laws1 even if only snippets are made freely available on the search engine4 ,to counteract copyright concerns and the problems of a closed platform1 the ,internet ,archive launched the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 with the goal of digitizing only public domain books and make them searchable and downloadable through any search engine4 #bjje3 ,,open ,,content ,,alliance ,overview ,the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca7 was conceived by the ,internet ,archive in early #bjje to offer broad1 public access to the world culture4 ,it was launched in ,october #bjje as a group of cultural1 technology1 non profit and governmental organizations willing to build a permanent archive of multilingual digitized text and multimedia content4 ,the project aims at digitizing public domain books around the world and make them searchable through any web search engine and downloadable for free4 ,unlike the ,google ,print project1 the ,,oca scans and digitizes only public domain books1 except when the copyright holder has expressly given permission4 ,the first contributors to ,,oca were the ,university of ,california1 the ,university of ,toronto1 the ,european ,archive1 the ,national ,archives in the ,united ,kingdom1 ,o',reilly ,media and ,prelinger ,archives4 ,the digitized collections are freely available in the ,text ,archive of the ,internet ,archive4 ,in ,december #bjjf1 they reached a milestone of #ajj1jjj digitalized books publicly available1 with #ab1jjj new books added per month4 ,two years later1 in ,december #bjjh1 one million books were posted under ,,oca principles or otherwise public domain hosted by the ,internet ,archive4 #bjjf3 ,,microsoft ,,live ,,search ,,books ,overview ,microsoft has also participated in the ,open ,content ,alliance 7,,oca71 launched by the ,internet ,archive in ,october #bjje4 ,in ,december #bjjf1 ,microsoft released the beta version of ,live ,search ,books4 ,the book search engine performs keyword searches for non copyrighted books digitized by ,microsoft from the collections of the ,british ,library1 ,university of ,california1 and ,university of ,toronto1 followed in ,january #bjjg by the ,new ,york ,public ,library and ,cornell ,university4 ,books offer full text views and can be downloaded in ,,pdf files4 ,in the future1 ,microsoft intends to add copyrighted works with the permission of their publishers4 ,in ,may #bjjg1 ,microsoft announced agreements with several main publishers1 including ,cambridge ,university ,press and ,mc,graw ,hill4 ,after digitizing #gej1jjj books and indexing #hj million journal articles1 ,microsoft ended the ,live ,search ,books program in ,may #bjjh and closed the website4 #bjjf3 ,,free ,,worldcat ,overview ,world,cat was created in #aiga by the non-profit ,,oclc 7,online ,computer ,library ,center7 as the union catalog of the university libraries in the ,state of ,ohio4 ,over the years1 ,,oclc became a national and worldwide library cooperative1 and ,world,cat the largest library catalog in the world4 ,in #bjje1 ,world,cat had #fa million bibliographic records in #djj languages from #i1jjj member libraries 7paid subscription7 in #aab countries4 ,in #bjjf1 #gc million bibliographic records were linking to #a billion documents available in these libraries4 ,in ,august #bjjf1 ,world,cat began to migrate to the web through the beta version of the new website ,world,cat4org4 ,member libraries now provide free access to their catalogs and electronic resources3 books1 audio books1 abstracts and full-text articles1 photos1 music ,c,ds and videos4 ,another pioneer site was ,red,light,green1 launched in ,spring #bjjd 7with a beta version in ,fall #bjjc7 as the web version of the ,,rlg ,union ,catalog1 another major union catalog created in #aihj by the ,research ,libraries ,group 7,,rlg74 ,red,light,green ended its service in ,november #bjjf1 after a successful #c-year run1 and ,,rlg joined ,,oclc4 ,in ,depth 7published in #aiii7 ,in #aiih1 two organizations - ,,oclc 7,online ,computer ,library ,center7 and ,,rlin 7,research ,library ,information ,network7 - were running international bibliographical databases through the internet4 ,the ,,oclc ,online ,computer ,library ,center is a non-profit1 membership1 library computer service and research organization dedicated to furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs4 ,more than #bg1jjj libraries in #fe countries were using ,,oclc services to manage their collections and to provide online reference services4 ,the website was available in ,english1 ,chinese1 ,french1 ,german1 ,portuguese1 and ,spanish4 ,,oclc services included3 access services2 collections and technical services2 reference services2 resource sharing2 ,dewey ,decimal ,classification 7published by ,,oclc ,forest ,press72 and preservation resources4 ,from its headquarters in ,dublin1 ,ohio1 ,,oclc operated one of the world's largest library information networks4 ,libraries in the ,,us joined ,,oclc through their ,,oclc-affiliated regional networks4 ,libraries outside the ,,us received ,,oclc services through ,,oclc ,asia ,pacific1 ,,oclc ,canada1 ,,oclc ,europe1 ,,oclc ,latin ,america and the ,caribbean1 or via international distributors4 ,,oclc was also running ,world,cat - the name of the ,,oclc ,online ,union ,catalog - which is a merged electronic catalog of library catalogs around the world1 and the world's largest bibliographic database with its #ch million records 7in early #aiih7 in #djj languages 7with transliteration for non-,roman languages71 and an annual increase of #b million records4 ,world,cat stemmed from a concept which is the same for all union catalogs3 earn time to avoid the cataloguing of the same document by many catalogers worldwide4 ,when they are about to catalog a publication1 the catalogers of the member libraries search the ,,oclc catalog4 ,if they find the record1 they copy it in their own catalog and add some local information4 ,if they don't find the record1 they create it in the ,,oclc catalog1 and this new record is immediately available to all the catalogers of the member libraries worldwide4 ,unlike ,,rlin1 another main union catalog that accepts several records for the same document 7please see below71 the ,,oclc ,online ,union ,catalog accepts only one record per document1 and asks its members not to create duplicate records for documents that were already cataloged4 ,the records are created in ,,usmarc format 7,,marc3 ,machine ,readable ,catalog7 according to the ,anglo-,american ,cataloguing ,rules1 #bnd version 7,,aacr#b74 ,what is the history of ,,oclc8 ,in #aifg1 the presidents of the colleges and universities in the state of ,ohio founded the ,ohio ,college ,library ,center 7,,oclc7 to develop a computerized system in which the libraries of ,ohio academic institutions could share resources and reduce costs4 ,,oclc's first offices were in the ,main ,library on the campus of the ,ohio ,state ,university 7,,osu71 and its first computer room was housed in the ,,osu ,research ,center4 ,it was from these academic roots that ,frederick ,g4 ,kilgour1 ,,oclc's first president1 oversaw the growth of ,,oclc from a regional computer system for #ed ,ohio colleges into an international network4 ,in #aigg1 the ,ohio members of ,,oclc adopted changes in the governance structure that enabled libraries outside ,ohio to become members and participate in the election of the ,board of ,trustees2 the ,ohio ,college ,library ,center became ,,oclc1 ,inc4 ,in #aiha1 the legal name of the corporation became ,,oclc ,online ,computer ,library ,center1 ,inc4 ,today1 ,,oclc serves more than #bg1jjj libraries of all types in the ,,us and #fd other countries and territories4 7excerpt from the #aiih website7 ,in early #aiih1 ,world,cat had #ch million records - with one record per document4 ,,rlin 7,research ,libraries ,information ,network7 had #hh million records - with several records per document4 ,,rlin was run by the ,research ,libraries ,group 7,,rlg74 ,the central ,,rlin database was a union catalog of #hh million items held in main libraries belonging to ,,rlg member institutions1 including research and specialized libraries1 like law1 technical1 and corporate libraries4 ,,rlin included3 7#a7 records that described works cataloged by the ,library of ,congress1 the ,national ,library of ,medicine1 the ,,us ,government ,printing ,office1 ,,conser 7,conversion of ,serials ,project71 the ,british ,library1 the ,british ,national ,bibliography1 the ,national ,union ,catalog of ,manuscript ,collections1 and ,,rlg members and users2 7#b7 nearly all the books cataloged since #aifh and rapidly expanding coverage for older materials2 7#c7 information about non-book materials ranging from musical scores1 films1 videos1 serials1 maps1 and recordings1 to archival collections and machine-readable data files2 7#d7 unique on-line access to special resources1 such as the ,united ,nations' ,,docfile and ,,catfile records1 and the ,rigler and ,deutsch ,index to pre-#aiej commercial sound recordings2 7#e7 international book vendors' in-process records1 that were transferred to bibliographers1 acquisition services and catalogers1 to order records or help them for cataloguing items in their own local databases4 ,,rlin also provided3 7#a7 ,a catalog of computer files4 ,machine-readable data files were useful to a growing number of disciplines4 ,,rlin contained records describing a number of such files1 from the full-text ,french literary works in the ,,artfl ,database to the statistical data collected by the ,inter-university ,consortium for ,political and ,social ,research 7,,icpsr7 at the ,university of ,michigan2 7#b7 ,a catalog of archives and special collections4 ,the archival and manuscript collections of research libraries1 museums1 state archives1 and historical societies contained essential primary resources1 but information about their contents was often elusive4 ,archivists and curators worked with ,,rlg to create an automated format for these collections4 ,in #aiih1 there were #ejj1jjj records available in ,,rlin for archival collections located throughout ,north ,america4 ,these records described many collections by personal name1 organization1 subject1 and format4 ,,rlin also hosted the ,english ,short ,title ,catalogue 7,,estc71 an invaluable research tool for scholars in ,english culture1 language1 and literature4 ,this file provided extensive descriptions and holdings information for letterpress materials printed in ,,uk or any of its dependencies in any language1 from the beginnings of print to #ahjj - as well as for materials printed in ,english anywhere else in the world4 ,produced by the ,,estc editorial offices at the ,university of ,california1 ,riverside1 and the ,british ,library1 in partnership with the ,american ,antiquarian ,society and over #a1fjj libraries worldwide1 the file was updated and expanded daily4 ,,estc served as a comprehensive bibliography of the hand-press era and as a census of surviving copies4 ,,estc included #dbj1jjj records as of ,june #aiih1 from the beginnings of print 7#adgc7 through the #ahth century - including materials ranging from ,shakespeare and ,greek ,new ,testaments to anonymous ballads1 broadsides1 songs1 advertisements and other ephemera4 #bjjg3 ,,citizendium ,overview ,citizendium was launched in ,october #bjjf as a pilot project to build a new encyclopedia1 at the initiative of ,larry ,sanger1 who was the cofounder of ,wikipedia 7with ,jimmy ,wales7 in ,january #bjja1 but resigned later on over policy and content quality issues4 ,citizendium - which stands for a citizen's compendium of everything - is a wiki project open to public collaboration1 but combining public participation with gentle expert guidance4 ,the project is experts-led1 not experts-only4 ,contributors use their own names1 not anonymous pseudonyms1 and they are guided by expert editors4 ,editors will be able to make content decisions in their areas of specialization1 but otherwise working shoulder-to-shoulder with ordinary authors4 7,larry ,sanger1 ,toward a ,new ,compendium of ,knowledge1 ,september #bjjf7 ,constables make sure the rules are respected4 ,citizendium was launched on ,march #be1 #bjjg1 with #a1ajj articles1 #hbj authors and #ahj editors4 #bjjg3 ,,encyclopedia ,,of ,,life ,overview ,launched in ,may #bjjg1 the ,encyclopedia of ,life is a global scientific effort to document all known species of animals and plants 7#a4h million71 and expedite the millions of species yet to be discovered and catalogued 7#h to #aj million74 ,this collaborative effort is led by several main institutions3 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,harvard ,university1 ,marine ,biological ,laboratory1 ,missouri ,botanical ,garden1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,biodiversity ,heritage ,library 7,,bhl74 ,the initial funding comes from the ,mac,arthur ,foundation 7,,us #aj million7 and the ,sloan ,foundation 7#b4e million74 ,a number of pages will be available by mid-#bjjh4 ,the encyclopedia will be operational in #c-e years and completed 7with all known species7 in #aj years4 ,built on the scientific integrity of thousands of experts around the globe1 the ,encyclopedia will be a moderated wiki-style environment1 freely available to all users everywhere4 ,,websites #aifh3 ,,ascii3 http3_/_/www4asciitable4com_/ #aiga3 ,project ,gutenberg3 https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/ #aigd3 ,internet3 http3_/_/www4isoc4org_/ #aigg3 ,,unimarc3 http3_/_/www4unimarc4net_/ #aihd3 ,copyleft3 http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/copyleft_/ #aiij3 ,web3 http3_/_/www4w#c4org_/ #aiia3 ,unicode3 http3_/_/unicode4org_/ #aiic3 ,online ,books ,page3 http3_/_/onlinebooks4library4upenn4edu_/ #aiic3 ,,pdf3 http3_/_/www4adobe4com_/products_/acroba t_/adobepdf4html #aiid3 ,library ,websites3 http3_/_/lists4webjunction4org_/libweb_/ #aiid3 ,bold ,publishers3 http3_/_/www4nap4edu_/ #aiie3 ,amazon4com3 http3_/_/www4amazon4com_/ #aiie3 ,online ,press3 http3_/_/www4ipl4org_/div_/news_/ #aiif3 ,internet ,archive3 http3_/_/www4archive4org_/ #aiif3 ,new ,ways of ,teaching3 http3_/_/www4ifip4org_/ #aiif3 ,palm ,pilot3 http3_/_/www4palm4com_/ #aiig3 ,digital ,publishing3 http3_/_/www4adobe4com_/devnet_/digitalp ublishing_/ #aiig3 ,logos ,dictionary3 http3_/_/www4logos4it_/ #aiig3 ,multimedia ,convergence3 http3_/_/www4ilo4org_/public_/english_/d ialogue_/sector_/ #aiih3 ,online ,beowulf3 http3_/_/www4bl4uk_/onlinegallery_/onlin eex_/englit_/beowulf_/ #aiih3 ,digital ,librarians3 http3_/_/www4ifla4org_/ #aiih3 ,multilingual ,web3 http3_/_/www4w#c4org_/,international_/ #aiii3 ,digital ,authors3 http3_/_/www4cotres4net_/ #aiii3 ,open e,book3 http3_/_/www4idpf4org_/ #aiii3 your,dictionary4com3 http3_/_/www4yourdictionary4com_/ #bjjj3 ,online ,bible of ,gutenberg3 http3_/_/www4bl4uk_/treasures_/gutenberg _/homepage4html #bjjj3 ,distributed ,proofreaders3 http3_/_/www4pgdp4net_/ #bjjj3 ,public ,library of ,science3 http3_/_/www4plos4org_/ #bjja3 ,wikipedia3 http3_/_/www4wikipedia4org_/ #bjja3 ,creative ,commons3 http3_/_/creativecommons4org_/ #bjjb3 ,,mit ,open,course,ware3 http3_/_/ocw4mit4edu_/ #bjjd3 ,project ,gutenberg ,europe3 http3_/_/pge4rastko4net_/ #bjjd3 ,google ,print _/ ,book ,search3 http3_/_/books4google4com_/ #bjje3 ,open ,content ,alliance3 http3_/_/www4opencontentalliance4org_/ #bjjf3 ,microsoft ,live ,search ,books3 http3_/_/blogs4msdn4com_/livesearch_/ #bjjf3 ,free ,world,cat3 http3_/_/www4worldcat4org_/ #bjjg3 ,citizendium3 http3_/_/en4citizendium4org_/ #bjjg3 ,encyclopedia of ,life3 http3_/_/www4eol4org_/