,,!   ,,subjection   ,,(   ,,wom5       
,,by   ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill    ,,london 
,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,read]1 ,,& ,,dy]  
#ahfi    ,,london3   ,,savill1 ,,edw>ds 
,,& ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet1    
,,cov5t ,,g>d54     ,,*apt] ,i4   ,!    
object ( ?is ,essay is to expla9 z      
cle>ly z ,i am able1 ! gr\nds ( an      
op9ion :i* ,i h held f ! v e>lie/ p]iod 
:5 ,i _h =m$ any op9ions at all on      
social or political matt]s1 & :i*1      
in/ead ( be+ weak5$ or modifi$1 has be5 
con/antly gr[+ /rong] by ! progress (   
reflection & ! exp]i5ce ( life3 ,t !    
pr9ciple :i* regulates ! exi/+ social   
relations betwe5 ! two sexes--! legal   
subord9ation ( "o sex to ! o!r--is wrong
 9 itself1 & n[ "o ( ! *ief h9drances to
 human improvem5t2 & t x ought to be    
replac$ by a pr9ciple ( p]fect equality1
 admitt+ no p[] or privilege on ! "o    
side1 nor disability on ! o!r4  ,! v    
words necess>y to express ! task ,i h   
und]tak51 %[ h[ ardu\s x is4 ,b x w\ld  
be a mi/ake to suppose t ! difficulty ( 

! case mu/ lie 9 ! insuffici5cy or      
obscurity ( ! gr\nds ( reason on :i* my 
conviction re/s4 ,! difficulty is t :i* 
exi/s 9 all cases 9 :i* !re is a mass ( 
feel+ to be cont5d$ aga9/4 ,s long z an 
op9ion is /rongly root$ 9 ! feel+s1 x   
ga9s r ?an loses 9 /ability by hav+ a   
prepond]at+ weight ( argum5t aga9/ x4 ,=
 if x 7 accept$ z a result ( argum5t1 ! 
refutation ( ! argum5t might %ake !     
solidity ( ! conviction2 b :5 x re/s    
solely on feel+1 ! worse x f>es 9       
argum5tative conte/1 ! m p]suad$ its    
adh]5ts are t _! feel+ mu/ h "s deep]   
gr\nd1 :i* ! argum5ts d n rea*2 & :ile !
 feel+ rema9s1 x is always ?r[+ up fre% 
intr5*m5ts ( argum5t to repair any brea*
 made 9 ! old4 ,& !re are s _m causes   
t5d+ to make ! feel+s connect$ ) ?is    
subject ! mo/ int5se & mo/ deeply-root$ 
( all ^? :i* ga!r r\nd & protect old    
in/itutions & cu/oms1 t we ne$ n wond]  
to f9d !m z yet less und]m9$ & loos5$   
?an any ( ! re/ by ! progress ( ! great 
mod]n spiritual & social transition2 nor

 suppose t ! b>b>isms to :i* m5 cl+     
longe/ mu/ be less b>b>isms ?an ^? :i*  
!y e>li] %ake (f4  ,9 e respect ! bur!n 
is h>d on ^? :o attack an almo/ univ]sal
 op9ion4 ,!y mu/ be v =tunate z well z  
unusually capable if !y obta9 a he>+ at 
all4 ,!y h m difficulty 9 obta9+ a      
trial1 ?an any o!r litigants h 9 gett+ a
 v]dict4 ,if !y d extort a he>+1 !y are 
subject$ to a set ( logical requirem5ts 
totally diff]5t f ^? exact$ f o!r p4 ,9 
all o!r cases1 ! bur!n ( pro( is suppos$
 to lie ) ! affirmative4 ,if a p]son is 
*>g$ ) a murd]1 x re/s ) ^? :o accuse   
him to give pro( ( 8 guilt1 n ) himself 
to prove 8 innoc5ce4 ,if !re is a       
diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! reality ( any  
alleg$ hi/orical ev5t1 9 :i* ! feel+s ( 
m5 9 g5]al are n mu* int]e/$1 z ! ,siege
 ( ,troy = example1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t !    
ev5t took place are expect$ to produce  
_! pro(s1 be=e ^? :o take ! o!r side c  
be requir$ to say any?+2 & at no "t are 
^! requir$ to d m ?an %[ t ! evid5ce    
produc$ by ! o!rs is ( no value4 ,aga91 

9 practical matt]s1 ! bur!n ( pro( is   
suppos$ to be ) ^? :o are aga9/ lib]ty2 
:o cont5d = any re/riction or           
prohibition2 ei!r any limitation ( !    
g5]al fre$om ( human action1 or any     
disqualification or disp>ity ( privilege
 affect+ "o p]son or k9d ( p]sons1 z    
comp>$ ) o!rs4 ,! a priori presumption  
is 9 fav\r ( fre$om & imp>tiality4 ,x is
 held t !re %\ld be no re/ra9t n requir$
 by ! g5]al good1 & t ! law %\ld be no  
respect] ( p]sons1 b %\ld treat all     
alike1 save :]e dissimil>ity ( treatm5t 
is requir$ by positive reasons1 ei!r (  
ju/ice or ( policy4 ,b ( none ( ^! rules
 ( evid5ce w ! b5efit be all[$ to ^? :o 
ma9ta9 ! op9ion ,i pr(ess4 ,x is useless
 = me to say t ^? :o ma9ta9 ! doctr9e t 
m5 h a "r to comm& & wom5 are "u an     
obligation to obey1 or t m5 are fit =   
gov]nm5t & wom5 unfit1 are on !         
affirmative side ( ! "q1 & t !y are b\nd
 to %[ positive evid5ce = ! ass]tions1  
or submit to _! rejection4 ,x is equally
 unavail+ = me to say t ^? :o d5y to    

wom5 any fre$om or privilege rightly    
all[$ to m51 hav+ ! d\ble presumption   
aga9/ !m t !y are oppos+ fre$om &       
recomm5d+ p>tiality1 mu/ be held to !   
/ricte/ pro( ( _! case1 & unless _!     
success be su* z to exclude all d\bt1 ! 
judgm5t ought to g aga9/ !m4 ,^! w\ld be
 ?\ght good pleas 9 any common case2 b  
!y w n be ?\ght s 9 ?is in/ance4 ,be=e  
,i c\ld hope to make any impression1 ,i 
%\ld be expect$ n only to answ] all t   
has ev] be5 said by ^? :o take ! o!r    
side ( ! "q1 b to imag9e all t c\ld be  
said by !m--to f9d !m 9 reasons1 z well 
z answ] all ,i f9d3 & besides refut+ all
 argum5ts = ! affirmative1 ,i %all be   
call$ ^u = inv9cible positive argum5ts  
to prove a negative4 ,& ev5 if ,i c\ld d
 all ?is1 & leave ! opposite p>ty ) a   
ho/ ( unansw]$ argum5ts aga9/ !m1 & n a 
s+le unrefut$ "o on _! side1 ,i %\ld be 
?\ght to h done little2 = a cause       
support$ on ! "o h& by univ]sal usage1 &
 on ! o!r by s great a prepond]ance (   
popul> s5tim5t1 is suppos$ to h a       

presumption 9 its fav\r1 sup]ior to any 
conviction :i* an appeal to reason has  
p[] to produce 9 any intellects b ^? ( a
 high class4  ,i d n m5tion ^!          
difficulties to compla9 ( !m2 fir/1     
because x w\ld be useless2 !y are       
insep>able f hav+ to cont5d ?r\gh p's   
und]/&+s aga9/ ! ho/ility ( _! feel+s & 
practical t5d5cies3 & truly ! und]/&+s (
 ! majority ( mank9d w\ld ne$ to be mu* 
bett] cultivat$ ?an has ev] yet be5 !   
case1 be=e !y c be ask$ to place su*    
reliance 9 _! own p[] ( e/imat+         
argum5ts1 z to give up practical        
pr9ciples 9 :i* !y h be5 born & br$ &   
:i* are ! basis ( mu* ( ! exi/+ ord] ( !
 _w1 at ! fir/ argum5tative attack :i*  
!y are n capable ( logically resi/+4 ,i 
d n !re=e qu>rel ) !m = hav+ too little 
fai? 9 argum5t1 b = hav+ too mu* fai? 9 
cu/om & ! g5]al feel+4 ,x is "o ( !     
*>act]i/ic prejudices ( ! reaction ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury aga9/ ! eighte5?1 to     
accord to ! unreason+ elem5ts 9 human   
nature ! infallibility :i* ! eighte5?   

c5tury is suppos$ to h ascrib$ to !     
reason+ elem5ts4 ,= ! apo!osis ( ,reason
 we h sub/itut$ t ( ,in/9ct2 & we call  
ev]y?+ in/9ct :i* we f9d 9 ourselves & =
 :i* we _c trace any rational f\ndation4
 ,?is idolatry1 inf9itely m degrad+ ?an 
! o!r1 & ! mo/ p]nici\s ( ! false       
wor%ips ( ! pres5t day1 ( all ( :i* x is
 n[ ! ma9 support1 w probably hold its  
gr\nd until x gives way be=e a s\nd     
psy*ology1 lay+ b>e ! real root ( mu* t 
is b[$ d[n to z ! int5tion ( ,nature & !
 ord9ance ( ,god4 ,z reg>ds ! pres5t "q1
 ,i am will+ to accept ! unfav\rable    
conditions :i* ! prejudice assigns to   
me4 ,i cons5t t e/abli%$ cu/om1 & !     
g5]al feel+1 %\ld be deem$ conclusive   
aga9/ me1 unless t cu/om & feel+ f age  
to age c be %[n to h ow$ _! exi/5ce to  
o!r causes ?an _! s\ndness1 & to h d]iv$
 _! p[] f ! worse r ?an ! bett] p>ts (  
human nature4 ,i am will+ t judgm5t %\ld
 g aga9/ me1 unless ,i c %[ t my judge  
has be5 tamp]$ )4 ,! concession is n s  
great z x might appe>2 = to prove ?is1  

is by f> ! easie/ portion ( my task4  ,!
 g5]ality ( a practice is 9 "s cases a  
/rong presumption t x is1 or at all     
ev5ts once 01 conducive to laudable     
ends4 ,?is is ! case1 :5 ! practice 0   
fir/ adopt$1 or aft]w>ds kept up1 z a   
means to su* ends1 & 0 gr\nd$ on        
exp]i5ce ( ! mode 9 :i* !y c\ld be mo/  
effectually atta9$4 ,if ! au?ority ( m5 
ov] wom51 :5 fir/ e/abli%$1 _h be5 !    
result ( a consci5ti\s comp>ison betwe5 
diff]5t modes ( con/itut+ ! gov]nm5t (  
society2 if1 aft] try+ v>i\s o!r modes (
 social organization--! gov]nm5t ( wom5 
ov] m51 equality betwe5 ! two1 & su*    
mix$ & divid$ modes ( gov]nm5t z might  
be inv5t$--x _h be5 decid$1 on !        
te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 t ! mode 9 :i* wom5
 are :olly "u ! rule ( m51 hav+ no %>e  
at all 9 public conc]ns1 & ea* 9 private
 be+ "u ! legal obligation ( ob$i5ce to 
! man ) :om %e has associat$ h] de/9y1 0
 ! arrangem5t mo/ conducive to !        
happ9ess & well be+ ( bo?2 its g5]al    
adoption might !n be fairly ?\ght to be 

"s evid5ce t1 at ! "t :5 x 0 adopt$1 if 
0 ! be/3 ?\gh ev5 !n ! consid]ations :i*
 recomm5d$ x may1 l s _m o!r primeval   
social facts ( ! greate/ importance1 h  
subsequ5tly1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ceas$ to 
exi/4 ,b ! /ate ( ! case is 9 e respect 
! rev]se ( ?is4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !      
op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! pres5t sy/em1 :i*    
entirely subord9ates ! weak] sex to !   
/rong]1 re/s ^u !ory only2 = !re nev]   
has be5 trial made ( any o!r3 s t       
exp]i5ce1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is vulg>ly   
oppos$ to !ory1 _c be pret5d$ to h      
pron\nc$ any v]dict4 ,& 9 ! second      
place1 ! adoption ( ?is sy/em (         
inequality nev] 0 ! result (            
delib]ation1 or =e?\ght1 or any social  
ideas1 or any notion :atev] ( :at       
conduc$ to ! b5efit ( humanity or ! good
 ord] ( society4 ,x arose simply f !    
fact t f ! v e>lie/ twilight ( human    
society1 e woman 7ow+ to ! value atta*$ 
to h] by m51 comb9$ ) h] inf]iority 9   
muscul> /r5g?7 0 f\nd 9 a /ate ( bondage
 to "s man4 ,laws & sy/ems ( polity     

always beg9 by recognis+ ! relations !y 
f9d already exi/+ betwe5 individuals4   
,!y conv]t :at 0 a m]e physical fact    
into a legal "r1 give x ! sanction (    
society1 & pr9cipally aim at !          
sub/itution ( public & organiz$ means ( 
ass]t+ & protect+ ^! rights1 in/ead ( ! 
irregul> & lawless conflict ( physical  
/r5g?4 ,^? :o _h already be5 compell$ to
 ob$i5ce became 9 ?is mann] legally b\nd
 to x4 ,slav]y1 f be+ a m]e affair ( =ce
 betwe5 ! ma/] & ! slave1 became        
regul>iz$ & a matt] ( compact among !   
ma/]s1 :o1 b9d+ !mselves to "o ano!r =  
common protection1 gu>ante$ by _!       
collective /r5g? ! private possessions (
 ea*1 includ+ 8 slaves4 ,9 e>ly times1 !
 great majority ( ! male sex 7 slaves1 z
 well z ! :ole ( ! female4 ,& _m ages   
elaps$1 "s ( !m ages ( high cultivation1
 be=e any ?9k] 0 bold en\gh to "q !     
rightfulness1 & ! absolute social       
necessity1 ei!r ( ! "o slav]y or ( !    
o!r4 ,by degrees su* ?9k]s did arise3 & 
7! g5]al progress ( society assi/+7 !   

slav]y ( ! male sex has1 9 all !        
c\ntries ( ,*ri/ian ,europe at lea/     
7?\gh1 9 "o ( !m1 only )9 ! la/ few     
ye>s7 be5 at l5g? aboli%$1 & t ( !      
female sex has be5 gradually *ang$ into 
a mild] =m ( dep5d5ce4 ,b ?is dep5d5ce1 
z x exi/s at pres5t1 is n an orig9al    
in/itution1 tak+ a fre% />t f           
consid]ations ( ju/ice & social         
exp$i5cy--x is ! primitive /ate ( slav]y
 la/+ on1 ?r\gh successive mitigations &
 modifications occasion$ by ! same      
causes :i* h s(t5$ ! g5]al mann]s1 &    
br\ght all human relations m "u !       
control ( ju/ice & ! influ5ce (         
humanity4 ,x has n lo/ ! ta9t ( its     
brutal orig94 ,no presumption 9 its     
fav\r1 !re=e1 c be drawn f ! fact ( its 
exi/5ce4 ,! only su* presumption :i* x  
c\ld be suppos$ to h1 mu/ be gr\nd$ on  
its hav+ la/$ till n[1 :5 s _m o!r ?+s  
:i* came d[n f ! same odi\s s\rce h be5 
done away )4 ,& ?is1 inde$1 is :at makes
 x /range to ord9>y e>s1 to he> x ass]t$
 t ! inequality ( rights betwe5 m5 &    

wom5 has no o!r s\rce ?an ! law ( !     
/ronge/4  ,t ?is /atem5t %\ld h ! effect
 ( a p>adox1 is 9 "s respects cr$itable 
to ! progress ( civilization1 & !       
improvem5t ( ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d4 
,we n[ live--t is to say1 "o or two ( ! 
mo/ advanc$ nations ( ! _w n[ live--9 a 
/ate 9 :i* ! law ( ! /ronge/ seems to be
 entirely ab&on$ z ! regulat+ pr9ciple (
 ! _w's affairs3 nobody pr(esses x1 &1 z
 reg>ds mo/ ( ! relations betwe5 human  
be+s1 nobody is p]mitt$ to practise x4  
,:5 any "o succe$s 9 do+ s1 x is "u cov]
 ( "s pretext :i* gives him ! semblance 
( hav+ "s g5]al social int]e/ on 8 side4
 ,?is be+ ! o/5sible /ate ( ?+s1 p      
flatt] !mselves t ! rule ( m]e =ce is   
end$2 t ! law ( ! /ronge/ _c be ! reason
 ( exi/5ce ( any?+ :i* has rema9$ 9 full
 op]ation d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,h[ev] any
 ( our pres5t in/itutions may h begun1 x
 c only1 !y ?9k1 h be5 pres]v$ to ?is   
p]iod ( advanc$ civilization by a       
well-gr\nd$ feel+ ( its adaptation to   
human nature1 & conduciv5ess to ! g5]al 

good4 ,!y d n und]/& ! great vitality & 
durability ( in/itutions :i* place "r on
 ! side ( might2 h[ int5sely !y are     
clung to2 h[ ! good z well z ! bad      
prop5sities & s5tim5ts ( ^? :o h p[] 9  
_! h&s1 become id5tifi$ ) reta9+ x2 h[  
sl[ly ^! bad in/itutions give way1 "o at
 a "t1 ! weake/ fir/1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i*   
are lea/ int]wov5 ) ! daily habits (    
life2 & h[ v r>ely ^? :o h obta9$ legal 
p[] because !y fir/ _h physical1 h ev]  
lo/ _! hold ( x until ! physical p[] _h 
pass$ ov] to ! o!r side4 ,su* %ift+ ( ! 
physical =ce n hav+ tak5 place 9 ! case 
( wom52 ?is fact1 comb9$ ) all ! peculi>
 & *>act]i/ic features ( ! p>ticul>     
case1 made x c]ta9 f ! fir/ t ?is bran* 
( ! sy/em ( "r f\nd$ on might1 ?\gh     
s(t5$ 9 its mo/ atroci\s features at an 
e>li] p]iod ?an sev]al ( ! o!rs1 w\ld be
 ! v la/ to disappe>4 ,x 0 inevitable t 
?is "o case ( a social relation gr\nd$  
on =ce1 w\ld survive ?r\gh g5]ations (  
in/itutions gr\nd$ on equal ju/ice1 an  
almo/ solit>y exception to ! g5]al "* ( 

_! laws & cu/oms2 b :i*1 s long z x does
 n proclaim its own orig91 & z          
discussion has n br\ght out its true "*1
 is n felt to j> ) mod]n civilization1  
any m ?an dome/ic slav]y among ! ,greeks
 j>r$ ) _! notion ( !mselves z a free p4
  ,! tru? is1 t p ( ! pres5t & ! la/ two
 or ?ree g5]ations h lo/ all practical  
s5se ( ! primitive condition ( humanity2
 & only ! few :o h /udi$ hi/ory         
accurately1 or h mu* frequ5t$ ! p>ts ( !
 _w occupi$ by ! liv+ repres5tatives (  
ages long pa/1 are able to =m any m5tal 
picture ( :at society !n 04 ,p are n    
aw>e h[ entirely1 9 =m] ages1 ! law (   
sup]ior /r5g? 0 ! rule ( life2 h[       
publicly & op5ly x 0 av[$1 ,i d n say   
cynically or %amelessly--= ^! words     
imply a feel+ t !re 0 some?+ 9 x to be  
a%am$ (1 & no su* notion c\ld f9d a     
place 9 ! faculties ( any p]son 9 ^?    
ages1 except a philosoph] or a sa9t4    
,hi/ory gives a cruel exp]i5ce ( human  
nature1 9 %ew+ h[ exactly ! reg>d due to
 ! life1 possessions1 & entire e>?ly    

happ9ess ( any class ( p]sons1 0 measur$
 by :at !y _h ! p[] ( en=c+2 h[ all :o  
made any resi/ance to au?orities t _h   
arms 9 _! h&s1 h[ev] dreadful might be !
 provocation1 _h n only ! law ( =ce b   
all o!r laws1 & all ! notions ( social  
obligation aga9/ !m2 & 9 ! eyes ( ^? :om
 !y resi/$1 7 n only guilty ( crime1 b (
 ! wor/ ( all crimes1 des]v+ ! mo/ cruel
 *a/isem5t :i* human be+s c\ld inflict4 
,! fir/ small ve/ige ( a feel+ (        
obligation 9 a sup]ior to ackn[l$ge any 
"r 9 inf]iors1 began :5 he _h be5       
induc$1 = conv5i5ce1 to make "s promise 
to !m4 ,?\gh ^! promises1 ev5 :5        
sanction$ by ! mo/ solemn oa?s1 7 = _m  
ages revok$ or violat$ on ! mo/ trifl+  
provocation or temptation1 x is probable
 t ?is1 except by p]sons ( /ill worse   
?an ! av]age morality1 0 seldom done )\t
 "s tw+es ( consci5ce4 ,! anci5t        
republics1 be+ mo/ly gr\nd$ f ! fir/ ^u 
"s k9d ( mutual compact1 or at any rate 
=m$ by an union ( p]sons n v unequal 9  
/r5g?1 af=d$1 9 consequ5ce1 ! fir/      

in/ance ( a portion ( human relations   
f5c$ r\nd1 & plac$ "u ! dom9ion ( ano!r 
law ?an t ( =ce4 ,& ?\gh ! orig9al law (
 =ce rema9$ 9 full op]ation betwe5 !m & 
_! slaves1 & also 7except s f> z limit$ 
by express compact7 betwe5 a commonweal?
 & its subjects1 or o!r indep5d5t       
commonweal?s2 ! bani%m5t ( t primitive  
law ev5 f s n>r[ a field1 comm5c$ !     
reg5]ation ( human nature1 by giv+ bir? 
to s5tim5ts ( :i* exp]i5ce soon         
demon/rat$ ! imm5se value ev5 = mat]ial 
int]e/s1 & :i* !nce=w>d only requir$ to 
be enl>g$1 n creat$4 ,?\gh slaves 7 no  
"p ( ! commonweal?1 x 0 9 ! free /ates t
 slaves 7 fir/ felt to h rights z human 
be+s4 ,! ,/oics 71 ,i believe1 ! fir/   
7except s f> z ! ,jewi% law con/itutes  
an exception7 :o taught z a "p (        
morality t m5 7 b\nd by moral           
obligations to _! slaves4 ,no "o1 aft]  
,*ri/ianity became asc5dant1 c\ld ev]   
aga9 h be5 a /rang] to ?is belief1 9    
!ory2 nor1 aft] ! rise ( ! ,ca?olic     
,*ur*1 0 x ev] )\t p]sons to /& up = x4 

,yet to en=ce x 0 ! mo/ ardu\s task :i* 
,*ri/ianity ev] _h to p]=m4 ,= m ?an a  
?\s& ye>s ! ,*ur* kept up ! conte/1 )   
h>dly any p]ceptible success4 ,x 0 n =  
want ( p[] ov] m5's m9ds4 ,its p[] 0    
prodigi\s4 ,x c\ld make k+s & nobles    
resign _! mo/ valu$ possessions to enri*
 ! ,*ur*4 ,x c\ld make ?\s&s1 9 ! prime 
( life & ! height ( worldly advantages1 
%ut !mselves up 9 conv5ts to "w out _!  
salvation by pov]ty1 fa/+1 & pray]4 ,x  
c\ld s5d hundr$s ( ?\s&s across l& &    
sea1 ,europe & ,asia1 to give _! lives =
 ! deliv]ance ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,x   
c\ld make k+s rel9qui% wives :o 7 !     
object ( _! passionate atta*m5t1 because
 ! ,*ur* decl>$ t !y 7 )9 ! sev5? 7by   
our calculation ! f\rte5?7 degree (     
relation%ip4 ,all ?is x did2 b x c\ld n 
make m5 fight less ) "o ano!r1 nor      
tyrannize less cruelly ov] ! s]fs1 & :5 
!y 7 able1 ov] burgesses4 ,x c\ld n make
 !m r5\nce ei!r ( ! applications ( =ce2 
=ce militant1 or =ce triumphant4 ,?is !y
 c\ld nev] be induc$ to d until !y 7    

!mselves 9 _! turn compell$ by sup]ior  
=ce4 ,only by ! gr[+ p[] ( k+s 0 an end 
put to fight+ except betwe5 k+s1 or     
competitors = k+%ip2 only by ! gr[? ( a 
weal?y & w>like b\rgeoisie 9 ! =tifi$   
t[ns1 & ( a plebeian infantry :i* prov$ 
m p[]ful 9 ! field ?an ! undiscipl9$    
*ivalry1 0 ! insol5t tyranny ( ! nobles 
ov] ! b\rgeoisie & peasantry br\ght )9  
"s b\nds4 ,x 0 p]si/$ 9 n only until1 b 
long aft]1 ! oppress$ _h obta9$ a p[]   
enabl+ !m (t5 to take conspicu\s        
v5geance2 & on ! ,cont95t mu* ( x       
cont9u$ to ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1  
?\gh 9 ,engl& ! e>li] & bett]           
organization ( ! democratic classes put 
an end to x soon]1 by e/abli%+ equal    
laws & free national in/itutions4  ,if p
 are mo/ly s little aw>e h[ completely1 
dur+ ! great] "p ( ! duration ( our     
species1 ! law ( =ce 0 ! av[$ rule (    
g5]al conduct1 any o!r be+ only a       
special & exceptional consequ5ce (      
peculi> ties--& f h[ v rec5t a date x is
 t ! affairs ( society 9 g5]al h be5 ev5

 pret5d$ to be regulat$ accord+ to any  
moral law2 z little d p rememb] or      
consid]1 h[ in/itutions & cu/oms :i*    
nev] _h any gr\nd b ! law ( =ce1 la/ on 
into ages & /ates ( g5]al op9ion :i*    
nev] w\ld h p]mitt$ _! fir/ e/abli%m5t4 
,less ?an =ty ye>s ago1 ,engli%m5 might 
/ill by law hold human be+s 9 bondage z 
saleable prop]ty3 )9 ! pres5t c5tury !y 
might kidnap !m & c>ry !m (f1 & "w !m   
lit]ally to dea?4 ,?is absolutely       
extreme case ( ! law ( =ce1 condemn$ by 
^? :o c tol]ate almo/ e o!r =m (        
arbitr>y p[]1 & :i*1 ( all o!rs1 pres5ts
 features ! mo/ revolt+ to ! feel+s (   
all :o look at x f an imp>tial position1
 0 ! law ( civiliz$ & ,*ri/ian ,engl& )9
 ! memory ( p]sons n[ liv+3 & 9 "o half 
( ,anglo-,saxon ,am]ica ?ree or f\r ye>s
 ago1 n only did slav]y exi/1 b ! slave 
trade1 & ! bre$+ ( slaves expressly = x1
 0 a g5]al practice betwe5 slave /ates4 
,yet n only 0 !re a great] /r5g? (      
s5tim5t aga9/ x1 b1 9 ,engl& at lea/1 a 
less am\nt ei!r ( feel+ or ( int]e/ 9   

fav\r ( x1 ?an ( any o!r ( ! cu/om>y    
abuses ( =ce3 = its motive 0 ! love (   
ga91 unmix$ & undisguis$2 & ^? :o pr(it$
 by x 7 a v small num]ical fraction ( ! 
c\ntry1 :ile ! natural feel+ ( all :o 7 
n p]sonally int]e/$ 9 x1 0 unmitigat$   
abhorr5ce4 ,s extreme an in/ance makes x
 almo/ sup]flu\s to ref] to any o!r3 b  
consid] ! long duration ( absolute      
mon>*y4 ,9 ,engl& at pres5t x is ! almo/
 univ]sal conviction t milit>y despotism
 is a case ( ! law ( =ce1 hav+ no o!r   
orig9 or ju/ification4 ,yet 9 all !     
great nations ( ,europe except ,engl& x 
ei!r /ill exi/s1 or has only j ceas$ to 
exi/1 & has ev5 n[ a /rong p>ty         
fav\rable to x 9 all ranks ( ! p1       
especially among p]sons ( /ation &      
consequ5ce4 ,su* is ! p[] ( an e/abli%$ 
sy/em1 ev5 :5 f> f univ]sal2 :5 n only 9
 almo/ e p]iod ( hi/ory !re h be5 great 
& well-kn[n examples ( ! contr>y sy/em1 
b ^! h almo/ inv>iably be5 af=d$ by !   
mo/ illu/ri\s & mo/ prosp]\s            
communities4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 !        

possessor ( ! undue p[]1 ! p]son        
directly int]e/$ 9 x1 is only "o p]son1 
:ile ^? :o are subject to x & suff] f x 
are lit]ally all ! re/4 ,! yoke is      
naturally & necess>ily humiliat+ to all 
p]sons1 except ! "o :o is on ! ?rone1   
toge!r )1 at mo/1 ! "o :o expects to    
succe$ to x4 ,h[ diff]5t are ^! cases f 
t ( ! p[] ( m5 ov] wom56 ,i am n n[     
prejudg+ ! "q ( its ju/ifiabl5ess4 ,i am
 %[+ h[ va/ly m p]man5t x c\ld n b be1  
ev5 if n ju/ifiable1 ?an ^! o!r         
dom9ations :i* h nev]!less la/$ d[n to  
our own "t4 ,:atev] gratification (     
pride !re is 9 ! possession ( p[]1 &    
:atev] p]sonal int]e/ 9 its ex]cise1 is 
9 ?is case n conf9$ to a limit$ class1 b
 common to ! :ole male sex4 ,in/ead (   
be+1 to mo/ ( its support]s1 a ?+       
desirable *iefly 9 ! ab/ract1 or1 l !   
political ends usually cont5d$ = by     
facti\s1 ( little private importance to 
any b ! lead]s2 x comes home to ! p]son 
& he>? ( e male head ( a family1 & ( e  
"o :o looks =w>d to be+ s4 ,! clodhopp] 

ex]cises1 or is to ex]cise1 8 %>e ( !   
p[] equally ) ! highe/ nobleman4 ,& !   
case is t 9 :i* ! desire ( p[] is !     
/ronge/3 = e "o :o desires p[]1 desires 
x mo/ ov] ^? :o are ne>e/ to him1 ) :om 
8 life is pass$1 ) :om he has mo/       
conc]ns 9 common1 & 9 :om any indep5d5ce
 ( 8 au?ority is (t5e/ likely to int]f]e
 ) 8 individual pref]5ces4 ,if1 9 ! o!r 
cases specifi$1 p[]s manife/ly gr\nd$   
only on =ce1 & hav+ s mu* less to       
support !m1 are s sl[ly & ) s mu*       
difficulty got rid (1 mu* m mu/ x be s )
 ?is1 ev5 if x re/s on no bett]         
f\ndation ?an ^?4 ,we mu/ consid]1 too1 
t ! possessors ( ! p[] h facilities 9   
?is case1 great] ?an 9 any o!r1 to      
prev5t any upris+ aga9/ x4 ,e "o ( !    
subjects lives "u ! v eye1 & almo/1 x   
may be said1 9 ! h&s1 ( "o ( ! ma/]s--9 
clos] intimacy ) him ?an ) any ( h]     
fell[-subjects2 ) no means ( comb9+     
aga9/ him1 no p[] ( ev5 locally         
ov]-ma/]+ him1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ) !      
/ronge/ motives = seek+ 8 fav\r & avoid+

 to give him (f5ce4 ,9 /ruggles =       
political emancipation1 ev]ybody kn[s h[
 (t5 its *ampions are b\ght (f by       
bribes1 or daunt$ by t]rors4 ,9 ! case (
 wom51 ea* individual ( ! subject-class 
is 9 a *ronic /ate ( brib]y &           
intimidation comb9$4 ,9 sett+ up ! /&>d 
( resi/ance1 a l>ge numb] ( ! lead]s1 & 
/ill m ( ! foll[]s1 mu/ make an almo/   
complete sacrifice ( ! pleasures or !   
alleviations ( _! own individual lot4   
,if ev] any sy/em ( privilege & en=c$   
subjection _h its yoke tightly rivet$ on
 ! necks ( ^? :o are kept d[n by x1 ?is 
has4 ,i h n yet %[n t x is a wrong      
sy/em3 b e "o :o is capable ( ?9k+ on ! 
subject mu/ see t ev5 if x is1 x 0 c]ta9
 to outla/ all o!r =ms ( unju/ au?ority4
 ,& :5 "s ( ! grosse/ ( ! o!r =ms /ill  
exi/ 9 _m civiliz$ c\ntries1 & h only   
rec5tly be5 got rid ( 9 o!rs1 x w\ld be 
/range if t :i* is s mu* ! deepe/-root$ 
_h yet be5 p]ceptibly %ak5 any:]e4 ,!re 
is m reason to wond] t ! prote/s &      
te/imonies aga9/ x %\ld h be5 s num]\s &

 s weighty z !y are4  ,"s w object1 t a 
comp>ison _c fairly be made betwe5 !    
gov]nm5t ( ! male sex & ! =ms ( unju/   
p[] :i* ,i h adduc$ 9 illu/ration ( x1  
s9ce ^! are arbitr>y1 & ! effect ( m]e  
usurpation1 :ile x on ! contr>y is      
natural4 ,b 0 !re ev] any dom9ation :i* 
did n appe> natural to ^? :o possess$ x8
 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! division ( mank9d into
 two classes1 a small "o ( ma/]s & a    
num]\s "o ( slaves1 appe>$1 ev5 to ! mo/
 cultivat$ m9ds1 to be a natural1 & !   
only natural1 condition ( ! human race4 
,no less an intellect1 & "o :i*         
contribut$ no less to ! progress ( human
 ?\ght1 ?an ,ari/otle1 held ?is op9ion  
)\t d\bt or misgiv+2 & re/$ x on ! same 
premises on :i* ! same ass]tion 9 reg>d 
to ! dom9ion ( m5 ov] wom5 is usually   
bas$1 namely t !re are diff]5t natures  
among mank9d1 free natures1 & slave     
natures2 t ! ,greeks 7 ( a free nature1 
! b>b>ian races ( ,?racians & ,asiatics 
( a slave nature4 ,b :y ne$ ,i g back to
 ,ari/otle8 ,did n ! slave[n]s ( !      

,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates ma9ta9 ! same      
doctr9e1 ) all ! fanaticism ) :i* m5 cl+
 to ! !ories t ju/ify _! passions &     
legitimate _! p]sonal int]e/s8 ,did !y n
 call heav5 & e>? to witness t ! dom9ion
 ( ! :ite man ov] ! black is natural1 t 
! black race is by nature incapable (   
fre$om1 & m>k$ out = slav]y8 "s ev5 go+ 
s f> z to say t ! fre$om ( manual       
lab\r]s is an unnatural ord] ( ?+s      
any:]e4 ,aga91 ! !ori/s ( absolute      
mon>*y h always affirm$ x to be ! only  
natural =m ( gov]nm5t2 issu+ f !        
patri>*al1 :i* 0 ! primitive &          
spontane\s =m ( society1 fram$ on !     
model ( ! pat]nal1 :i* is ant]ior to    
society itself1 &1 z !y cont5d1 ! mo/   
natural au?ority ( all4 ,nay1 = t matt]1
 ! law ( =ce itself1 to ^? :o c\ld n    
plead any o!r1 has always seem$ ! mo/   
natural ( all gr\nds = ! ex]cise (      
au?ority4 ,conqu]+ races hold x to be   
,nature's own dictate t ! conqu]$ %\ld  
obey ! conqu]ors1 or1 z !y euphoni\sly  
p>aphrase x1 t ! feebl] & m unw>like    

races %\ld submit to ! brav] & manli]4  
,! smalle/ acqua9tance ) human life 9 ! 
middle ages1 %[s h[ supremely natural ! 
dom9ion ( ! feudal nobility ov] m5 ( l[ 
condition appe>$ to ! nobility !mselves1
 & h[ unnatural ! conception seem$1 ( a 
p]son ( ! inf]ior class claim+ equality 
) !m1 or ex]cis+ au?ority ov] !m4 ,x    
h>dly seem$ less s to ! class held 9    
subjection4 ,! emancipat$ s]fs &        
burgesses1 ev5 9 _! mo/ vigor\s         
/ruggles1 nev] made any pret5sion to a  
%>e ( au?ority2 !y only dem&$ m or less 
( limitation to ! p[] ( tyranniz+ ov]   
!m4 ,s true is x t unnatural g5]ally    
means only uncu/om>y1 & t ev]y?+ :i* is 
usual appe>s natural4 ,! subjection (   
wom5 to m5 be+ a univ]sal cu/om1 any    
dep>ture f x q naturally appe>s         
unnatural4 ,b h[ entirely1 ev5 9 ?is    
case1 ! feel+ is dep5d5t on cu/om1      
appe>s by ample exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ s mu*   
a/oni%es ! p ( di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 :5 !y
 fir/ le>n any?+ ab\t ,engl&1 z to be   
told t x is "u a que53 ! ?+ seems to !m 

s unnatural z to be almo/ incr$ible4 ,to
 ,engli%m5 ?is does n seem 9 ! lea/     
degree unnatural1 because !y are us$ to 
x2 b !y d feel x unnatural t wom5 %\ld  
be soldi]s or memb]s ( p>liam5t4 ,9 !   
feudal ages1 on ! contr>y1 w> & politics
 7 n ?\ght unnatural to wom51 because n 
unusual2 x seem$ natural t wom5 ( !     
privileg$ classes %\ld be ( manly "*1   
inf]ior 9 no?+ b bodily /r5g? to _!     
husb&s & fa!rs4 ,! indep5d5ce ( wom5    
seem$ r less unnatural to ! ,greeks ?an 
to o!r anci5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! fabul\s   
,amazons 7:om !y believ$ to be          
hi/orical71 & ! p>tial example af=d$ by 
! ,sp>tan wom52 :o1 ?\gh no less        
subord9ate by law ?an 9 o!r ,greek      
/ates1 7 m free 9 fact1 & be+ tra9$ to  
bodily ex]cises 9 ! same mann] ) m51    
gave ample pro( t !y 7 n naturally      
disqualifi$ = !m4 ,!re c be little d\bt 
t ,sp>tan exp]i5ce sugge/$ to ,plato1   
among _m o!r ( 8 doctr9es1 t ( ! social 
& political equality ( ! two sexes4  ,b1
 x w be said1 ! rule ( m5 ov] wom5      

diff]s f all ^! o!rs 9 n be+ a rule (   
=ce3 x is accept$ volunt>ily2 wom5 make 
no compla9t1 & are cons5t+ p>ties to x4 
,9 ! fir/ place1 a great numb] ( wom5 d 
n accept x4 ,ev] s9ce !re h be5 wom5    
able to make _! s5tim5ts kn[n by _!     
writ+s 7! only mode ( publicity :i*     
society p]mits to !m71 an increas+ numb]
 ( !m h record$ prote/s aga9/ _! pres5t 
social condition3 & rec5tly _m ?\s&s (  
!m1 head$ by ! mo/ em95t wom5 kn[n to ! 
public1 h petition$ ,p>liam5t = _!      
admission to ! ,p>liam5t>y ,suffrage4 ,!
 claim ( wom5 to be educat$ z solidly1 &
 9 ! same bran*es ( k1 z m51 is urg$ )  
gr[+ int5sity1 & ) a great prospect (   
success2 :ile ! dem& = _! admission into
 pr(essions & occupations hi!rto clos$  
aga9/ !m1 becomes e ye> m urg5t4 ,?\gh  
!re are n 9 ?is c\ntry1 z !re are 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 p]iodical ,conv5tions &  
an organiz$ p>ty to agitate = ! ,rights 
( ,wom51 !re is a num]\s & active       
,society organiz$ & manag$ by wom51 = ! 
m limit$ object ( obta9+ ! political    

fran*ise4 ,nor is x only 9 our own      
c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica t wom5 are beg9n+ to 
prote/1 m or less collectively1 aga9/ ! 
disabilities "u :i* !y lab\r4 ,france1 &
 ,italy1 & ,switz]l&1 & ,russia n[ af=d 
examples ( ! same ?+4 ,h[ _m m wom5 !re 
are :o sil5tly *]i% simil> aspirations1 
no "o c possibly "k2 b !re are abundant 
tok5s h[ _m w\ld *]i% !m1 7 !y n s      
/r5u\sly taught to repress !m z contr>y 
to ! proprieties ( _! sex4 ,x mu/ be    
rememb]$1 also1 t no enslav$ class ev]  
ask$ = complete lib]ty at once4 ,:5     
,simon de ,mont=t call$ ! deputies ( !  
commons to sit = ! fir/ "t 9 ,p>liam5t1 
did any ( !m dream ( dem&+ t an         
assembly1 elect$ by _! con/itu5ts1 %\ld 
make & de/roy m9i/ries1 & dictate to !  
k+ 9 affairs ( /ate8 ,no su* ?\ght ent]$
 into ! imag9ation ( ! mo/ ambiti\s (   
!m4 ,! nobility _h already ^!           
pret5sions2 ! commons pret5d$ to no?+ b 
to be exempt f arbitr>y taxation1 & f ! 
gross individual oppression ( ! k+'s    
(fic]s4 ,x is a political law ( nature t

 ^? :o are "u any p[] ( anci5t orig91   
nev] beg9 by compla9+ ( ! p[] itself1 b 
only ( its oppressive ex]cise4 ,!re is  
nev] any want ( wom5 :o compla9 ( ill   
usage by _! husb&s4 ,!re w\ld be        
inf9itely m1 if compla9t 7 n ! greate/ (
 all provocatives to a repetition &     
increase ( ! ill usage4 ,x is ?is :i*   
fru/rates all attempts to ma9ta9 ! p[] b
 protect ! woman aga9/ its abuses4 ,9 no
 o!r case 7except t ( a *ild7 is ! p]son
 :o has be5 prov$ judicially to h suff]$
 an injury1 replac$ "u ! physical p[] ( 
! culprit :o inflict$ x4 ,accord+ly     
wives1 ev5 9 ! mo/ extreme & protract$  
cases ( bodily ill usage1 h>dly ev] d>e 
avail !mselves ( ! laws made = _!       
protection3 & if1 9 a mom5t (           
irrepressible indignation1 or by !      
int]f]5ce ( neighb\rs1 !y are induc$ to 
d s1 _! :ole ef=t aft]w>ds is to        
disclose z little z !y c1 & to beg (f _!
 tyrant f 8 m]it$ *a/isem5t4  ,all      
causes1 social & natural1 comb9e to make
 x unlikely t wom5 %\ld be collectively 

rebelli\s to ! p[] ( m54 ,!y are s f> 9 
a position diff]5t f all o!r subject    
classes1 t _! ma/]s require some?+ m f  
!m ?an actual s]vice4 ,m5 d n want      
solely ! ob$i5ce ( wom51 !y want _!     
s5tim5ts4 ,all m51 except ! mo/ bruti%1 
desire to h1 9 ! woman mo/ ne>ly        
connect$ ) !m1 n a =c$ slave b a will+  
"o1 n a slave m]ely1 b a fav\rite4 ,!y h
 !re=e put ev]y?+ 9 practice to enslave 
_! m9ds4 ,! ma/]s ( all o!r slaves rely1
 = ma9ta9+ ob$i5ce1 on fe>2 ei!r fe> (  
!mselves1 or religi\s fe>s4 ,! ma/]s (  
wom5 want$ m ?an simple ob$i5ce1 & !y   
turn$ ! :ole =ce ( education to effect  
_! purpose4 ,all wom5 are br\ght up f ! 
v e>lie/ ye>s 9 ! belief t _! ideal ( "*
 is ! v opposite to t ( m52 n self-w1 & 
gov]nm5t by self-control1 b submission1 
& yield+ to ! control ( o!rs4 ,all !    
moralities tell !m t x is ! duty ( wom51
 & all ! curr5t s5tim5talities t x is _!
 nature1 to live = o!rs2 to make        
complete abnegation ( !mselves1 & to h  
no life b 9 _! affections4 ,& by _!     

affections are meant ! only ones !y are 
all[$ to h--^? to ! m5 ) :om !y are     
connect$1 or to ! *ildr5 :o con/itute an
 additional & indefeasible tie betwe5 !m
 & a man4 ,:5 we put toge!r ?ree        
?+s--fir/1 ! natural attraction betwe5  
opposite sexes2 secondly1 ! wife's      
entire dep5d5ce on ! husb&1 e privilege 
or pleasure %e has be+ ei!r 8 gift1 or  
dep5d+ entirely on 8 w2 & la/ly1 t !    
pr9cipal object ( human pursuit1        
consid]ation1 & all objects ( social    
ambition1 c 9 g5]al be s\ght or obta9$  
by h] only ?r\gh him1 x w\ld be a       
miracle if ! object ( be+ attractive to 
m5 _h n become ! pol> /> ( fem99e       
education & =mation ( "*4 ,&1 ?is great 
means ( influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( wom5 hav+ 
be5 acquir$1 an in/9ct ( selfi%ness made
 m5 avail !mselves ( x to ! utmo/ z a   
means ( hold+ wom5 9 subjection1 by     
repres5t+ to !m meekness1 submissiv5ess1
 & resignation ( all individual w into !
 h&s ( a man1 z an ess5tial "p ( sexual 
attractiv5ess4 ,c x be d\bt$ t any ( !  

o!r yokes :i* mank9d h succe$$ 9 break+1
 w\ld h subsi/$ till n[ if ! same means 
_h exi/$1 & _h be5 z s$ul\sly us$1 to b[
 d[n _! m9ds to x8 ,if x _h be5 made !  
object ( ! life ( e "y plebeian to f9d  
p]sonal fav\r 9 ! eyes ( "s patrician1 (
 e "y s]f ) "s seigneur2 if dome/ication
 ) him1 & a %>e ( 8 p]sonal affections1 
_h be5 held out z ! prize :i* !y all    
%\ld look out =1 ! mo/ gift$ & aspir+   
be+ able to reckon on ! mo/ desirable   
prizes2 & if1 :5 ?is prize _h be5       
obta9$1 !y _h be5 %ut out by a wall (   
brass f all int]e/s n c5t]+ 9 him1 all  
feel+s & desires b ^? :i* he %>$ or     
inculcat$2 w\ld n s]fs & seigneurs1     
plebeians & patricians1 h be5 z broadly 
di/+ui%$ at ?is day z m5 & wom5 are8 &  
w\ld n all b a ?9k] "h & !re1 h believ$ 
! di/9ction to be a fundam5tal &        
unalt]able fact 9 human nature8  ,!     
prec$+ consid]ations are amply suffici5t
 to %[ t cu/om1 h[ev] univ]sal x may be1
 af=ds 9 ?is case no presumption1 &     
ought n to create any prejudice1 9 fav\r

 ( ! arrangem5ts :i* place wom5 9 social
 & political subjection to m54 ,b ,i may
 g f>!r1 & ma9ta9 t ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & 
! t5d5cies ( progressive human society1 
af=d n only no presumption 9 fav\r ( ?is
 sy/em ( inequality ( rights1 b a /rong 
"o aga9/ x2 & t1 s f> z ! :ole c\rse (  
human improvem5t up to ?is "t1 ! :ole   
/ream ( mod]n t5d5cies1 w>rants any     
inf]5ce on ! subject1 x is1 t ?is relic 
( ! pa/ is discordant ) ! future1 & mu/ 
necess>ily disappe>4  ,=1 :at is !      
peculi> "* ( ! mod]n _w--! diff]5ce :i* 
*iefly di/+ui%es mod]n in/itutions1     
mod]n social ideas1 mod]n life itself1 f
 ^? ( times long pa/8 ,x is1 t human    
be+s are no long] born to _! place 9    
life1 & *a9$ d[n by an inexorable bond  
to ! place !y are born to1 b are free to
 employ _! faculties1 & su* fav\rable   
*ances z (f]1 to a*ieve ! lot :i* may   
appe> to !m mo/ desirable4 ,human       
society ( old 0 con/itut$ on a v diff]5t
 pr9ciple4 ,all 7 born to a fix$ social 
position1 & 7 mo/ly kept 9 x by law1 or 

int]dict$ f any means by :i* !y c\ld    
em]ge f x4 ,z "s m5 are born :ite & o!rs
 black1 s "s 7 born slaves & o!rs freem5
 & citiz5s2 "s 7 born patricians1 o!rs  
plebeians2 "s 7 born feudal nobles1 o!rs
 common]s & roturi]s4 ,a slave or s]f   
c\ld nev] make himself free1 nor1 except
 by ! w ( 8 ma/]1 become s4 ,9 mo/      
,european c\ntries x 0 n till t[>ds !   
close ( ! middle ages1 & z a consequ5ce 
( ! gr[? ( regal p[]1 t common]s c\ld be
 ennobl$4 ,ev5 among nobles1 ! elde/ son
 0 born ! exclusive heir to ! pat]nal   
possessions1 & a long "t elaps$ be=e x 0
 fully e/abli%$ t ! fa!r c\ld dis9h]it  
him4 ,among ! indu/ri\s classes1 only ^?
 :o 7 born memb]s ( a guild1 or 7       
admitt$ into x by its memb]s1 c\ld      
lawfully practise _! call+ )9 its local 
limits2 & nobody c\ld practise any call+
 deem$ important1 9 any b ! legal       
mann]--by processes au?oritatively      
prescrib$4 ,manufactur]s h /ood 9 !     
pillory = presum+ to c>ry on _! bus9ess 
by new & improv$ me?ods4 ,9 mod]n       

,europe1 & mo/ 9 ^? p>ts ( x :i* h      
p>ticipat$ mo/ l>gely 9 all o!r mod]n   
improvem5ts1 diametrically opposite     
doctr9es n[ prevail4 ,law & gov]nm5t d n
 und]take to prescribe by :om any social
 or indu/rial op]ation %all or %all n be
 conduct$1 or :at modes ( conduct+ !m   
%all be lawful4 ,^! ?+s are left to !   
unfett]$ *oice ( individuals4 ,ev5 !    
laws :i* requir$ t workm5 %\ld s]ve an  
appr5tice%ip1 h 9 ?is c\ntry be5        
repeal$3 !re be+ ample assurance t 9 all
 cases 9 :i* an appr5tice%ip is         
necess>y1 its necessity w suffice to    
en=ce x4 ,! old !ory 01 t ! lea/        
possible %\ld be left to ! *oice ( !    
individual ag5t2 t all he _h to d %\ld1 
z f> z practicable1 be laid d[n = him by
 sup]ior wisdom4 ,left to himself he 0  
sure to g wrong4 ,! mod]n conviction1 ! 
fruit ( a ?\s& ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 is1 t   
?+s 9 :i* ! individual is ! p]son       
directly int]e/$1 nev] g "r b z !y are  
left to 8 own discretion2 & t any       
regulation ( !m by au?ority1 except to  

protect ! rights ( o!rs1 is sure to be  
mis*iev\s4 ,?is conclusion1 sl[ly arriv$
 at1 & n adopt$ until almo/ e possible  
application ( ! contr>y !ory _h be5 made
 ) disa/r\s result1 n[ 79 ! indu/rial   
dep>tm5t7 prevails univ]sally 9 ! mo/   
advanc$ c\ntries1 almo/ univ]sally 9 all
 t h pret5sions to any sort (           
advancem5t4 ,x is n t all processes are 
suppos$ to be equally good1 or all      
p]sons to be equally qualifi$ = ev]y?+2 
b t fre$om ( individual *oice is n[ kn[n
 to be ! only ?+ :i* procures ! adoption
 ( ! be/ processes1 & ?r[s ea* op]ation 
into ! h&s ( ^? :o are be/ qualifi$ = x4
 ,nobody ?9ks x necess>y to make a law t
 only a /rong-arm$ man %all be a        
blacksmi?4 ,fre$om & competition suffice
 to make blacksmi?s /rong-arm$ m51      
because ! weak-arm$ c e>n m by engag+ 9 
occupations = :i* !y are m fit4 ,9      
consonance ) ?is doctr9e1 x is felt to  
be an ov]/epp+ ( ! prop] b\nds (        
au?ority to fix be=eh&1 on "s g5]al     
presumption1 t c]ta9 p]sons are n fit to

 d c]ta9 ?+s4 ,x is n[ ?or\ghly kn[n &  
admitt$ t if "s su* presumptions exi/1  
no su* presumption is infallible4 ,ev5  
if x be well gr\nd$ 9 a majority (      
cases1 :i* x is v likely n to be1 !re w 
be a m9ority ( exceptional cases 9 :i* x
 does n hold3 & 9 ^? x is bo? an        
inju/ice to ! individuals1 & a detrim5t 
to society1 to place b>ri]s 9 ! way ( _!
 us+ _! faculties = _! own b5efit & = t 
( o!rs4 ,9 ! cases1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* !
 unfitness is real1 ! ord9>y motives (  
human conduct w on ! :ole suffice to    
prev5t ! incompet5t p]son f mak+1 or f  
p]si/+ 91 ! attempt4  ,if ?is g5]al     
pr9ciple ( social & economical sci5ce is
 n true2 if individuals1 ) su* help z !y
 c d]ive f ! op9ion ( ^? :o "k !m1 are n
 bett] judges ?an ! law & ! gov]nm5t1 ( 
_! own capacities & vocation2 ! _w _c   
too soon ab&on ?is pr9ciple1 & return to
 ! old sy/em ( regulations &            
disabilities4 ,b if ! pr9ciple is true1 
we ought to act z if we believ$ x1 & n  
to orda9 t to be born a girl in/ead ( a 

boy1 any m ?an to be born black in/ead (
 :ite1 or a common] in/ead ( a nobleman1
 %all decide ! p]son's position ?r\gh   
all life--%all int]dict p f all ! m     
elevat$ social positions1 & f all1      
except a few1 respectable occupations4  
,ev5 7 we to admit ! utmo/ t is ev]     
pret5d$ z to ! sup]ior fitness ( m5 =   
all ! functions n[ res]v$ to !m1 ! same 
argum5t applies :i* =bids a legal       
qualification = memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,if 
only once 9 a doz5 ye>s ! conditions (  
eligibility exclude a fit p]son1 !re is 
a real loss1 :ile ! exclusion ( ?\s&s ( 
unfit p]sons is no ga92 = if !          
con/itution ( ! electoral body disposes 
!m to *oose unfit p]sons1 !re are always
 pl5ty ( su* p]sons to *oose f4 ,9 all  
?+s ( any difficulty & importance1 ^? :o
 c d !m well are few] ?an ! ne$1 ev5 ) !
 mo/ unre/rict$ latitude ( *oice3 & any 
limitation ( ! field ( selection        
deprives society ( "s *ances ( be+ s]v$ 
by ! compet5t1 )\t ev] sav+ x f !       
incompet5t4  ,at pres5t1 9 ! m improv$  

c\ntries1 ! disabilities ( wom5 are !   
only case1 save "o1 9 :i* laws &        
in/itutions take p]sons at _! bir?1 &   
orda9 t !y %all nev] 9 all _! lives be  
all[$ to compete = c]ta9 ?+s4 ,! "o     
exception is t ( royalty4 ,p]sons /ill  
are born to ! ?rone2 no "o1 n ( ! reign+
 family1 c ev] occupy x1 & no "o ev5 ( t
 family c1 by any means b ! c\rse (     
h]$it>y succession1 atta9 x4 ,all o!r   
dignities & social advantages are op5 to
 ! :ole male sex3 _m inde$ are only     
atta9able by weal?1 b weal? may be /riv5
 = by any "o1 & is actually obta9$ by _m
 m5 ( ! v humble/ orig94 ,!             
difficulties1 to ! majority1 are inde$  
insup]able )\t ! aid ( =tunate accid5ts2
 b no male human be+ is "u any legal    
ban3 nei!r law nor op9ion sup]add       
artificial ob/acles to ! natural ones4  
,royalty1 z ,i h said1 is except$3 b 9  
?is case e "o feels x to be an          
exception--an anomaly 9 ! mod]n _w1 9   
m>k$ opposition to its cu/oms &         
pr9ciples1 & to be ju/ifi$ only by      

extraord9>y special exp$i5cies1 :i*1    
?\gh individuals & nations diff] 9      
e/imat+ _! weight1 unque/ionably d 9    
fact exi/4 ,b 9 ?is exceptional case1 9 
:i* a high social function is1 =        
important reasons1 be/[$ on bir? in/ead 
( be+ put up to competition1 all free   
nations contrive to adh]e 9 sub/ance to 
! pr9ciple f :i* !y nom9ally d]ogate2 = 
!y circumscribe ?is high function by    
conditions av[$ly int5d$ to prev5t !    
p]son to :om x o/5sibly belongs f really
 p]=m+ x2 :ile ! p]son by :om x is      
p]=m$1 ! responsible m9i/]1 does obta9 !
 po/ by a competition f :i* no full-gr[n
 citiz5 ( ! male sex is legally exclud$4
 ,! disabilities1 !re=e1 to :i* wom5 are
 subject f ! m]e fact ( _! bir?1 are !  
solit>y examples ( ! k9d 9 mod]n        
legislation4 ,9 no in/ance except ?is1  
:i* compreh5ds half ! human race1 are ! 
high] social functions clos$ aga9/ any  
"o by a fatality ( bir? :i* no ex]tions1
 & no *ange ( circum/ances1 c ov]come2 =
 ev5 religi\s disabilities 7besides t 9 

,engl& & 9 ,europe !y h practically     
almo/ ceas$ to exi/7 d n close any c>e] 
to ! disqualifi$ p]son 9 case (         
conv]sion4  ,! social subord9ation (    
wom5 ?us /&s out an isolat$ fact 9 mod]n
 social in/itutions2 a solit>y brea* (  
:at has become _! fundam5tal law2 a s+le
 relic ( an old _w ( ?\ght & practice   
explod$ 9 ev]y?+ else1 b reta9$ 9 ! "o  
?+ ( mo/ univ]sal int]e/2 z if a        
gigantic dolm51 or a va/ temple (       
,jupit] ,olympius1 occupi$ ! site ( ,/4 
,paul's & receiv$ daily wor%ip1 :ile !  
surr\nd+ ,*ri/ian *ur*es 7 only resort$ 
to on fa/s & fe/ivals4 ,?is entire      
discrepancy betwe5 "o social fact & all 
^? :i* accompany x1 & ! radical         
opposition betwe5 its nature & !        
progressive movem5t :i* is ! boa/ ( !   
mod]n _w1 & :i* has successively swept  
away ev]y?+ else ( an analog\s "*1      
surely af=ds1 to a consci5ti\s obs]v] ( 
human t5d5cies1 s]i\s matt] =           
reflection4 ,x raises a prima facie     
presumption on ! unfav\rable side1 f>   

outweigh+ any :i* cu/om & usage c\ld 9  
su* circum/ances create on ! fav\rable2 
& %\ld at lea/ suffice to make ?is1 l ! 
*oice betwe5 republicanism & royalty1 a 
balanc$ "q4  ,! lea/ t c be dem&$ is1 t 
! "q %\ld n be consid]$ z prejudg$ by   
exi/+ fact & exi/+ op9ion1 b op5 to     
discussion on its m]its1 z a "q ( ju/ice
 & exp$i5cy3 ! decision on ?is1 z on any
 ( ! o!r social arrangem5ts ( mank9d1   
dep5d+ on :at an enlight5$ e/imate (    
t5d5cies & consequ5ces may %[ to be mo/ 
advantage\s to humanity 9 g5]al1 )\t    
di/9ction ( sex4 ,& ! discussion mu/ be 
a real discussion1 desc5d+ to           
f\ndations1 & n re/+ satisfi$ ) vague & 
g5]al ass]tions4 ,x w n d1 = in/ance1 to
 ass]t 9 g5]al t]ms1 t ! exp]i5ce (     
mank9d has pron\nc$ 9 fav\r ( ! exi/+   
sy/em4 ,exp]i5ce _c possibly h decid$   
betwe5 two c\rses1 s long z !re has only
 be5 exp]i5ce ( "o4 ,if x be said t !   
doctr9e ( ! equality ( ! sexes re/s only
 on !ory1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! contr>y 
doctr9e also has only !ory to re/ ^u4   

,all t is prov$ 9 its fav\r by direct   
exp]i5ce1 is t mank9d h be5 able to exi/
 "u x1 & to atta9 ! degree ( improvem5t 
& prosp]ity :i* we n[ see2 b :e!r t     
prosp]ity has be5 atta9$ soon]1 or is n[
 great]1 ?an x w\ld h be5 "u ! o!r      
sy/em1 exp]i5ce does n say4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 exp]i5ce does say1 t e /ep 9        
improvem5t has be5 s inv>iably          
accompani$ by a /ep made 9 rais+ !      
social position ( wom51 t hi/orians &   
philosoph]s h be5 l$ to adopt _!        
elevation or debasem5t z on ! :ole !    
sure/ te/ & mo/ correct measure ( !     
civilization ( a p or an age4 ,?r\gh all
 ! progressive p]iod ( human hi/ory1 !  
condition ( wom5 has be5 approa*+ ne>]  
to equality ) m54 ,?is does n ( itself  
prove t ! assimilation mu/ g on to      
complete equality2 b x assur$ly af=ds "s
 presumption t su* is ! case4  ,nei!r   
does x avail any?+ to say t ! nature ( !
 two sexes adapts !m to _! pres5t       
functions & position1 & r5d]s ^!        
appropriate to !m4 ,/&+ on ! gr\nd (    

common s5se & ! con/itution ( ! human   
m9d1 ,i d5y t any "o kn[s1 or c "k1 !   
nature ( ! two sexes1 z long z !y h only
 be5 se5 9 _! pres5t relation to "o     
ano!r4 ,if m5 _h ev] be5 f\nd 9 society 
)\t wom51 or wom5 )\t m51 or if !re _h  
be5 a society ( m5 & wom5 9 :i* ! wom5 7
 n "u ! control ( ! m51 some?+ might h  
be5 positively kn[n ab\t ! m5tal & moral
 diff]5ces :i* may be inh]5t 9 ! nature 
( ea*4 ,:at is n[ call$ ! nature ( wom5 
is an em95tly artificial ?+--! result ( 
=c$ repression 9 "s directions1         
unnatural /imulation 9 o!rs4 ,x may be  
ass]t$ )\t scruple1 t no o!r class (    
dep5d5ts h _h _! "* s entirely di/ort$ f
 its natural proportions by _! relation 
) _! ma/]s2 =1 if conqu]$ & slave races 
h be51 9 "s respects1 m =cibly repress$1
 :atev] 9 !m has n be5 cru%$ d[n by an  
iron heel has g5]ally be5 let alone1 &  
if left ) any lib]ty ( developm5t1 x has
 develop$ itself accord+ to its own     
laws2 b 9 ! case ( wom51 a hot-h\se &   
/ove cultivation has always be5 c>ri$ on

 ( "s ( ! capabilities ( _! nature1 = ! 
b5efit & pleasure ( _! ma/]s4 ,!n1      
because c]ta9 products ( ! g5]al vital  
=ce spr\t luxuriantly & rea* a great    
developm5t 9 ?is heat$ atmosph]e & "u   
?is active nurture & wat]+1 :ile o!r    
%oots f ! same root1 :i* are left       
outside 9 ! w9try air1 ) ice purposely  
heap$ all r\nd !m1 h a /unt$ gr[?1 & "s 
are burnt (f ) fire & disappe>2 m51 ) t 
inability to recognise _! own "w :i*    
di/+ui%es ! unanalytic m9d1 indol5tly   
believe t ! tree gr[s ( itself 9 ! way  
!y h made x gr[1 & t x w\ld die if "o   
half ( x 7 n kept 9 a vap\r ba? & ! o!r 
half 9 ! sn[4  ,( all difficulties :i*  
imp$e ! progress ( ?\ght1 & ! =mation ( 
well-gr\nd$ op9ions on life & social    
arrangem5ts1 ! greate/ is n[ !          
unspeakable ignorance & inatt5tion (    
mank9d 9 respect to ! influ5ces :i* =m  
human "*4 ,:atev] any portion ( ! human 
species n[ are1 or seem to be1 su*1 x is
 suppos$1 !y h a natural t5d5cy to be3  
ev5 :5 ! mo/ elem5t>y k ( ! circum/ances

 9 :i* !y h be5 plac$1 cle>ly po9ts out 
! causes t made !m :at !y are4 ,because 
a cotti] deeply 9 arre>s to 8 l&lord is 
n indu/ri\s1 !re are p :o ?9k t ! ,iri% 
are naturally idle4 ,because            
con/itutions c be ov]?r[n :5 !          
au?orities appo9t$ to execute !m turn _!
 arms aga9/ !m1 !re are p :o ?9k ! ,fr5*
 incapable ( free gov]nm5t4 ,because !  
,greeks *eat$ ! ,turks1 & ! ,turks only 
plund]$ ! ,greeks1 !re are p]sons :o ?9k
 t ! ,turks are naturally m s9c]e3 &    
because wom51 z is (t5 said1 c>e no?+   
ab\t politics except _! p]sonalities1 x 
is suppos$ t ! g5]al good is naturally  
less int]e/+ to wom5 ?an to m54 ,hi/ory1
 :i* is n[ s mu* bett] und]/ood ?an     
=m]ly1 tea*es ano!r lesson3 if only by  
%[+ ! extraord9>y susceptibility ( human
 nature to ext]nal influ5ces1 & !       
extreme v>iabl5ess ( ^? ( its           
manife/ations :i* are suppos$ to be mo/ 
univ]sal & uni=m4 ,b 9 hi/ory1 z 9      
travell+1 m5 usually see only :at !y    
already _h 9 _! own m9ds2 & few le>n mu*

 f hi/ory1 :o d n br+ mu* ) !m to its   
/udy4  ,h5ce1 9 reg>d to t mo/ difficult
 "q1 :at are ! natural diff]5ces betwe5 
! two sexes--a subject on :i* x is      
impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society to 
obta9 complete & correct k--:ile almo/  
ev]ybody dogmatizes ^u x1 almo/ all     
neglect & make light ( ! only means by  
:i* any p>tial insight c be obta9$ into 
x4 ,?is is1 an analytic /udy ( ! mo/    
important dep>tm5t ( psy*ology1 ! laws (
 ! influ5ce ( circum/ances on "*4 ,=1   
h[ev] great & app>5tly in]adicable !    
moral & intellectual diff]5ces betwe5 m5
 & wom5 might be1 ! evid5ce ( _! be+    
natural diff]5ces c\ld only be negative4
 ,^? only c\ld be inf]r$ to be natural  
:i* c\ld n possibly be artificial--!    
residuum1 aft] d$uct+ e *>act]i/ic (    
ei!r sex :i* c admit ( be+ expla9$ f    
education or ext]nal circum/ances4 ,!   
pr(\nde/ k ( ! laws ( ! =mation ( "* is 
indisp5sable to entitle any "o to affirm
 ev5 t !re is any diff]5ce1 mu* m :at ! 
diff]5ce is1 betwe5 ! two sexes consid]$

 z moral & rational be+s2 & s9ce no "o1 
z yet1 has t k1 7= !re is h>dly any     
subject :i*1 9 proportion to its        
importance1 has be5 s little /udi$71 no 
"o is ?us f> entitl$ to any positive    
op9ion on ! subject4 ,conjectures are   
all t c at pres5t be made2 conjectures m
 or less probable1 accord+ z m or less  
au?oriz$ by su* k z we yet h ( ! laws ( 
psy*ology1 z appli$ to ! =mation ( "*4  
,ev5 ! prelim9>y k1 :at ! diff]5ces     
betwe5 ! sexes n[ are1 ap>t f all "q z  
to h[ !y are made :at !y are1 is /ill 9 
! crude/ & mo/ incomplete /ate4 ,m$ical 
practition]s & physiologi/s h asc]ta9$1 
to "s ext5t1 ! diff]5ces 9 bodily       
con/itution2 & ?is is an important      
elem5t to ! psy*ologi/3 b h>dly any     
m$ical practition] is a psy*ologi/4     
,respect+ ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( wom52 _!
 obs]vations are ( no m wor? ?an ^? (   
common m54 ,x is a subject on :i* no?+  
f9al c be kn[n1 s long z ^? :o alone c  
really "k x1 wom5 !mselves1 h giv5 b    
little te/imony1 & t little1 mo/ly      

suborn$4 ,x is easy to "k /upid wom54   
,/upidity is mu* ! same all ! _w ov]4 ,a
 /upid p]son's notions & feel+s may     
confid5tly be inf]r$ f ^? :i* prevail 9 
! circle by :i* ! p]son is surr\nd$4 ,n 
s ) ^? ^: op9ions & feel+s are an       
emanation f _! own nature & faculties4  
,x is only a man "h & !re :o has any    
tol]able k ( ! "* ev5 ( ! wom5 ( 8 own  
family4 ,i d n mean1 ( _! capabilities2 
^! nobody kn[s1 n ev5 !mselves1 because 
mo/ ( !m h nev] be5 call$ out4 ,i mean  
_! actually exi/+ ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,_m a
 man ?9ks he p]fectly und]/&s wom51     
because he has _h amatory relations )   
sev]al1 p]haps ) _m ( !m4 ,if he is a   
good obs]v]1 & 8 exp]i5ce ext5ds to     
quality z well z quantity1 he may h     
le>nt some?+ ( "o n>r[ dep>tm5t ( _!    
nature--an important dep>tm5t1 no d\bt4 
,b ( all ! re/ ( x1 few p]sons are      
g5]ally m ignorant1 because !re are few 
f :om x is s c>efully hidd54 ,! mo/     
fav\rable case :i* a man c g5]ally h =  
/udy+ ! "* ( a woman1 is t ( 8 own wife3

 = ! opportunities are great]1 & ! cases
 ( complete sympa?y n s unspeakably r>e4
 ,& 9 fact1 ?is is ! s\rce f :i* any k  
wor? hav+ on ! subject has1 ,i believe1 
g5]ally come4 ,b mo/ m5 h n _h !        
opportunity ( /udy+ 9 ?is way m ?an a   
s+le case3 accord+ly "o c1 to an almo/  
laughable degree1 inf] :at a man's wife 
is l1 f 8 op9ions ab\t wom5 9 g5]al4 ,to
 make ev5 ?is "o case yield any result1 
! woman mu/ be wor? kn[+1 & ! man n only
 a compet5t judge1 b ( a "* s sympa!tic 
9 itself1 & s well adapt$ to h]s1 t he c
 ei!r read h] m9d by sympa!tic          
intuition1 or has no?+ 9 himself :i*    
makes h] %y ( disclos+ x4 ,h>dly any?+1 
,i believe1 c be m r>e ?an ?is          
conjunction4 ,x (t5 happ5s t !re is !   
mo/ complete unity ( feel+ & community (
 int]e/s z to all ext]nal ?+s1 yet ! "o 
has z little admission into ! int]nal   
life ( ! o!r z if !y 7 common           
acqua9tance4 ,ev5 ) true affection1     
au?ority on ! "o side & subord9ation on 
! o!r prev5t p]fect confid5ce4 ,?\gh    

no?+ may be int5tionally )held1 mu* is n
 %[n4 ,9 ! analog\s relation ( p>5t &   
*ild1 ! correspond+ ph5om5on mu/ h be5 9
 ! obs]vation ( e "o4 ,z betwe5 fa!r &  
son1 h[ _m are ! cases 9 :i* ! fa!r1 9  
spite ( real affection on bo? sides1    
obvi\sly to all ! _w does n "k1 nor     
suspect1 p>ts ( ! son's "* famili> to 8 
companions & equals4 ,! tru? is1 t !    
position ( look+ up to ano!r is         
extremely unpropiti\s to complete       
s9c]ity & op5ness ) him4 ,! fe> ( los+  
gr\nd 9 8 op9ion or 9 8 feel+s is s     
/rong1 t ev5 9 an upright "*1 !re is an 
unconsci\s t5d5cy to %[ only ! be/ side1
 or ! side :i*1 ?\gh n ! be/1 is t :i*  
he mo/ likes to see3 & x may be         
confid5tly said t ?or\gh k ( "o ano!r   
h>dly ev] exi/s1 b betwe5 p]sons :o1    
besides be+ intimates1 are equals4 ,h[  
mu* m true1 !n1 mu/ all ?is be1 :5 ! "o 
is n only "u ! au?ority ( ! o!r1 b has x
 inculcat$ on h] z a duty to reckon     
ev]y?+ else subord9ate to 8 com=t &     
pleasure1 & to let him nei!r see nor    

feel any?+ com+ f h]1 except :at is     
agreeable to him4 ,all ^! difficulties  
/& 9 ! way ( a man's obta9+ any ?or\gh k
 ev5 ( ! "o woman :om alone1 9 g5]al1 he
 has suffici5t opportunity ( /udy+4 ,:5 
we fur!r consid] t to und]/& "o woman is
 n necess>ily to und]/& any o!r woman2 t
 ev5 if he c\ld /udy _m wom5 ( "o rank1 
or ( "o c\ntry1 he w\ld n !reby und]/&  
wom5 ( o!r ranks or c\ntries2 & ev5 if  
he did1 !y are /ill only ! wom5 ( a s+le
 p]iod ( hi/ory2 we may safely ass]t t !
 k :i* m5 c acquire ( wom51 ev5 z !y h  
be5 & are1 )\t ref]5ce to :at !y might  
be1 is wret*$ly imp]fect & sup]ficial1 &
 always w be s1 until wom5 !mselves h   
told all t !y h to tell4  ,& ?is "t has 
n come2 nor w x come o!rwise ?an        
gradually4 ,x is b ( ye/]day t wom5 h   
ei!r be5 qualifi$ by lit]>y             
accompli%m5ts1 or p]mitt$ by society1 to
 tell any?+ to ! g5]al public4 ,z yet v 
few ( !m d>e tell any?+1 :i* m51 on :om 
_! lit]>y success dep5ds1 are unwill+ to
 he>4 ,let u rememb] 9 :at mann]1 up to 

a v rec5t "t1 ! expression1 ev5 by a    
male au?or1 ( uncu/om>y op9ions1 or :at 
are deem$ ecc5tric feel+s1 usually 01 & 
9 "s degree /ill is1 receiv$2 & we may  
=m "s fa9t conception "u :at imp$im5ts a
 woman1 :o is br\ght up to ?9k cu/om &  
op9ion h] sov]eign rule1 attempts to    
express 9 books any?+ drawn f ! dep?s ( 
h] own nature4 ,! greate/ woman :o has  
left writ+s beh9d h] suffici5t to give  
h] an em95t rank 9 ! lit]ature ( h]     
c\ntry1 ?\ght x necess>y to prefix z a  
motto to h] bolde/ "w1 ,un homme peut   
brav] l'op9ion2 une femme doit s'y      
s\mettre4#a ,! great] "p ( :at wom5     
write ab\t wom5 is m]e sycophancy to m54
 ,9 ! case ( unm>ri$ wom51 mu* ( x seems
 only int5d$ to increase _! *ance ( a   
husb&4 ,_m1 bo? m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 ov]/ep 
! m>k1 & inculcate a s]vility beyond :at
 is desir$ or reli%$ by any man1 except 
! v vulg>e/4 ,b ?is is n s (t5 ! case z1
 ev5 at a q late p]iod1 x /ill 04       
,lit]>y wom5 are becom+ m freespok51 & m
 will+ to express _! real s5tim5ts4     

,un=tunately1 9 ?is c\ntry especially1  
!y are !mselves su* artificial products1
 t _! s5tim5ts are comp\nd$ ( a small   
elem5t ( individual obs]vation &        
consci\sness1 & a v l>ge "o ( acquir$   
associations4 ,?is w be less & less !   
case1 b x w rema9 true to a great ext5t1
 z long z social in/itutions d n admit !
 same free developm5t ( orig9ality 9    
wom5 :i* is possible to m54 ,:5 t "t    
comes1 & n be=e1 we %all see1 & n m]ely 
he>1 z mu* z x is necess>y to "k ( !    
nature ( wom51 & ! adaptation ( o!r ?+s 
to x4  ,i h dwelt s mu* on !            
difficulties :i* at pres5t ob/ruct any  
real k by m5 ( ! true nature ( wom51    
because 9 ?is z 9 s _m o!r ?+s op9io    
copiae int] maximas causas inopiae e/2 &
 !re is little *ance ( reasonable ?9k+  
on ! matt]1 :ile p flatt] !mselves t !y 
p]fectly und]/& a subject ( :i* mo/ m5  
"k absolutely no?+1 & ( :i* x is at     
pres5t impossible t any man1 or all m5  
tak5 toge!r1 %\ld h k :i* c qualify !m  
to lay d[n ! law to wom5 z to :at is1 or

 is n1 _! vocation4 ,happily1 no su* k  
is necess>y = any practical purpose     
connect$ ) ! position ( wom5 9 relation 
to society & life4 ,=1 accord+ to all ! 
pr9ciples involv$ 9 mod]n society1 ! "q 
re/s ) wom5 !mselves--to be decid$ by _!
 own exp]i5ce1 & by ! use ( _! own      
faculties4 ,!re are no means ( f9d+ :at 
ei!r "o p]son or _m c d1 b by try+--& no
 means by :i* any "o else c discov] = !m
 :at x is = _! happ9ess to d or leave   
undone4  ,"o ?+ we may be c]ta9 (--t :at
 is contr>y to wom5's nature to d1 !y   
nev] w be made to d by simply giv+ _!   
nature free play4 ,! anxiety ( mank9d to
 int]f]e 9 behalf ( nature1 = fe> le/   
nature %\ld n succe$ 9 effect+ its      
purpose1 is an altoge!r unnecess>y      
solicitude4 ,:at wom5 by nature _c d1 x 
is q sup]flu\s to =bid !m f do+4 ,:at !y
 c d1 b n s well z ! m5 :o are _!       
competitors1 competition suffices to    
exclude !m f2 s9ce nobody asks =        
protective duties & b\nties 9 fav\r (   
wom52 x is only ask$ t ! pres5t b\nties 

& protective duties 9 fav\r ( m5 %\ld be
 recall$4 ,if wom5 h a great] natural   
incl9ation = "s ?+s ?an = o!rs1 !re is  
no ne$ ( laws or social inculcation to  
make ! majority ( !m d ! =m] 9 pref]5ce 
to ! latt]4 ,:atev] wom5's s]vices are  
mo/ want$ =1 ! free play ( competition w
 hold out ! /ronge/ inducem5ts to !m to 
und]take4 ,&1 z ! words imply1 !y are   
mo/ want$ = ! ?+s = :i* !y are mo/ fit2 
by ! apportionm5t ( :i* to !m1 !        
collective faculties ( ! two sexes c be 
appli$ on ! :ole ) ! greate/ sum (      
valuable result4  ,! g5]al op9ion ( m5  
is suppos$ to be1 t ! natural vocation (
 a woman is t ( a wife & "m4 ,i say1 is 
suppos$ to be1 because1 judg+ f acts--f 
! :ole ( ! pres5t con/itution (         
society--"o might inf] t _! op9ion 0 !  
direct contr>y4 ,!y might be suppos$ to 
?9k t ! alleg$ natural vocation ( wom5 0
 ( all ?+s ! mo/ repugnant to _! nature2
 insomu* t if !y are free to d any?+    
else--if any o!r means ( liv+1 or       
occupation ( _! "t & faculties1 is op51 

:i* has any *ance ( appe>+ desirable to 
!m--!re w n be en\gh ( !m :o w be will+ 
to accept ! condition said to be natural
 to !m4 ,if ?is is ! real op9ion ( m5 9 
g5]al1 x w\ld be well t x %\ld be spok5 
out4 ,i %\ld l to he> somebody op5ly    
enunciat+ ! doctr9e 7x is already impli$
 9 mu* t is writt5 on ! subject7--,x is 
necess>y to society t wom5 %\ld m>ry &  
produce *ildr54 ,!y w n d s unless !y   
are compell$4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to   
compel !m4 ,! m]its ( ! case w\ld !n be 
cle>ly def9$4 ,x w\ld be exactly t ( !  
slavehold]s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,l\isiana4 
,x is necess>y t cotton & sug> %\ld be  
gr[n4 ,:ite m5 _c produce !m4 ,negroes w
 n1 = any wages :i* we *oose to give4   
,ergo !y mu/ be compell$4 ,an           
illu/ration /ill clos] to ! po9t is t ( 
impressm5t4 ,sailors mu/ absolutely be  
_h to def5d ! c\ntry4 ,x (t5 happ5s t !y
 w n volunt>ily enli/4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be
 ! p[] ( =c+ !m4 ,h[ (t5 has ?is logic  
be5 us$6 &1 b = "o flaw 9 x1 )\t d\bt x 
w\ld h be5 successful up to ?is day4 ,b 

x is op5 to ! retort--,fir/ pay !       
sailors ! hone/ value ( _! lab\r4 ,:5 y 
h made x z well wor? _! :ile to s]ve y1 
z to "w = o!r employ]s1 y w h no m      
difficulty ?an o!rs h 9 obta9+ _!       
s]vices4 ,to ?is !re is no logical answ]
 except ,i w n3 & z p are n[ n only     
a%am$1 b are n desir\s1 to rob ! lab\r] 
( 8 hire1 impressm5t is no long]        
advocat$4 ,^? :o attempt to =ce wom5    
into m>riage by clos+ all o!r doors     
aga9/ !m1 lay !mselves op5 to a simil>  
retort4 ,if !y mean :at !y say1 _!      
op9ion mu/ evid5tly be1 t m5 d n r5d] ! 
m>ri$ condition s desirable to wom51 z  
to induce !m to accept x = its own      
recomm5dations4 ,x is n a sign ( "o's   
?9k+ ! boon "o (f]s v attractive1 :5 "o 
all[s only ,hobson's *oice1 t or none4  
,& "h1 ,i believe1 is ! clue to ! feel+s
 ( ^? m51 :o h a real antipa?y to !     
equal fre$om ( wom54 ,i believe !y are  
afraid1 n le/ wom5 %\ld be unwill+ to   
m>ry1 = ,i d n ?9k t any "o 9 reality   
has t appreh5sion2 b le/ !y %\ld insi/ t

 m>riage %\ld be on equal conditions2   
le/ all wom5 ( _s & capacity %\ld pref] 
do+ almo/ any?+ else1 n 9 _! own eyes   
degrad+1 r ?an m>ry1 :5 m>ry+ is giv+   
!mselves a ma/]1 & a ma/] too ( all _!  
e>?ly possessions4 ,& truly1 if ?is     
consequ5ce 7 necess>ily incid5t to      
m>riage1 ,i ?9k t ! appreh5sion w\ld be 
v well f\nd$4 ,i agree 9 ?9k+ x probable
 t few wom51 capable ( any?+ else1 w\ld1
 unless "u an irresi/ible entra9em5t1   
r5d]+ !m = ! "t ins5sible to any?+ b    
itself1 *oose su* a lot1 :5 any o!r     
means 7 op5 to !m ( fill+ a             
conv5tionally hon\rable place 9 life3 & 
if m5 are det]m9$ t ! law ( m>riage %all
 be a law ( despotism1 !y are q "r1 9   
po9t ( m]e policy1 9 leav+ to wom5 only 
,hobson's *oice4 ,b1 9 t case1 all t has
 be5 done 9 ! mod]n _w to relax ! *a9 on
 ! m9ds ( wom51 has be5 a mi/ake4 ,!y   
nev] %\ld h be5 all[$ to receive a      
lit]>y education4 ,wom5 :o read1 mu* m  
wom5 :o write1 are1 9 ! exi/+           
con/itution ( ?+s1 a contradiction & a  

di/urb+ elem5t3 & x 0 wrong to br+ wom5 
up ) any acquirem5ts b ^? ( an          
odalisque1 or ( a dome/ic s]vant4       
,footnote #a3 ,title-page ( ,mme4 de    
,/ael's ,delph9e4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,x
 w be well to comm5ce ! detail$         
discussion ( ! subject by ! p>ticul>    
bran* ( x to :i* ! c\rse ( our          
obs]vations has l$ u3 ! conditions :i* !
 laws ( ?is & all o!r c\ntries annex to 
! m>riage contract4 ,m>riage be+ !      
de/9ation appo9t$ by society = wom51 !  
prospect !y are br\ght up to1 & ! object
 :i* x is int5d$ %\ld be s\ght by all ( 
!m1 except ^? :o are too little         
attractive to be *os5 by any man z 8    
companion2 "o might h suppos$ t ev]y?+  
w\ld h be5 done to make ?is condition z 
eligible to !m z possible1 t !y might h 
no cause to regret be+ d5i$ ! option (  
any o!r4 ,society1 h[ev]1 bo? 9 ?is1 &1 
at fir/1 9 all o!r cases1 has pref]r$ to
 atta9 its object by f\l r ?an fair     
means3 b ?is is ! only case 9 :i* x has 
sub/antially p]si/$ 9 !m ev5 to ! pres5t

 day4 ,orig9ally wom5 7 tak5 by =ce1 or 
regul>ly sold by _! fa!r to ! husb&4    
,until a late p]iod 9 ,european hi/ory1 
! fa!r _h ! p[] to dispose ( 8 daught] 9
 m>riage at 8 own w & pleasure1 )\t any 
reg>d to h]s4 ,! ,*ur*1 inde$1 0 s f>   
fai?ful to a bett] morality z to require
 a =mal yes f ! woman at ! m>riage      
c]emony2 b !re 0 no?+ to %ew t ! cons5t 
0 o!r ?an compulsory2 & x 0 practically 
impossible = ! girl to refuse compliance
 if ! fa!r p]sev]$1 except p]haps :5 %e 
might obta9 ! protection ( religion by a
 det]m9$ resolution to take mona/ic v[s4
 ,aft] m>riage1 ! man _h anci5tly 7b ?is
 0 ant]ior to ,*ri/ianity7 ! p[] ( life 
& dea? ov] 8 wife4 ,%e c\ld invoke no   
law aga9/ him2 he 0 h] sole tribunal &  
law4 ,= a long "t he c\ld repudiate h]1 
b %e _h no correspond+ p[] 9 reg>d to   
him4 ,by ! old laws ( ,engl&1 ! husb& 0 
call$ ! "l ( ! wife2 he 0 lit]ally      
reg>d$ z h] sov]eign1 inasmu* t ! murd] 
( a man by 8 wife 0 call$ treason 7petty
 z di/+ui%$ f high treason71 & 0 m      

cruelly av5g$ ?an 0 usually ! case )    
high treason1 = ! p5alty 0 burn+ to     
dea?4 ,because ^! v>i\s enormities h    
fall5 into disuse 7= mo/ ( !m 7 nev]    
=mally aboli%$1 or n until !y _h long   
ceas$ to be practis$7 m5 suppose t all  
is n[ z x %\ld be 9 reg>d to ! m>riage  
contract2 & we are cont9ually told t    
civilization & ,*ri/ianity h re/or$ to !
 woman h] j rights4 ,mean:ile ! wife is 
! actual bond-s]vant ( h] husb&3 no less
 s1 z f> z legal obligation goes1 ?an   
slaves commonly s call$4 ,%e v[s a      
lifelong ob$i5ce to him at ! alt>1 & is 
held to x all ?r\gh h] life by law4     
,casui/s may say t ! obligation (       
ob$i5ce /ops %ort ( p>ticipation 9      
crime1 b x c]ta9ly ext5ds to ev]y?+     
else4 ,%e c d no act :atev] b by 8      
p]mission1 at lea/ tacit4 ,%e c acquire 
no prop]ty b = him2 ! in/ant x becomes  
h]s1 ev5 if by inh]itance1 x becomes    
ipso facto 84 ,9 ?is respect ! wife's   
position "u ! common law ( ,engl& is    
worse ?an t ( slaves 9 ! laws ( _m      

c\ntries3 by ! ,roman law1 = example1 a 
slave might h 8 peculium1 :i* to a c]ta9
 ext5t ! law gu>ante$ to him = 8        
exclusive use4 ,! high] classes 9 ?is   
c\ntry h giv5 an analog\s advantage to  
_! wom51 ?r\gh special contracts sett+  
aside ! law1 by conditions ( p9-money1  
c43 s9ce p>5tal feel+ be+ /rong] ) fa!rs
 ?an ! class feel+ ( _! own sex1 a fa!r 
g5]ally pref]s 8 own daught] to a       
son-9-law :o is a /rang] to him4 ,by    
means ( settlem5ts1 ! ri* usually       
contrive to )draw ! :ole or "p ( !      
inh]it$ prop]ty ( ! wife f ! absolute   
control ( ! husb&3 b !y d n succe$ 9    
keep+ x "u h] own control2 ! utmo/ !y c 
d only prev5ts ! husb& f squ&]+ x1 at ! 
same "t deb>r+ ! rightful own] f its    
use4 ,! prop]ty itself is out ( ! rea* (
 bo?2 & z to ! income d]iv$ f x1 ! =m ( 
settlem5t mo/ fav\rable to ! wife 7t    
call$ to h] sep>ate use7 only precludes 
! husb& f receiv+ x in/ead ( h]3 x mu/  
pass ?r\gh h] h&s1 b if he takes x f h] 
by p]sonal viol5ce z soon z %e receives 

x1 he c nei!r be puni%$1 nor compell$ to
 re/itution4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( !        
protection :i*1 "u ! laws ( ?is c\ntry1 
! mo/ p[]ful nobleman c give to 8 own   
daught] z respects h] husb&4 ,9 ! imm5se
 majority ( cases !re is no settlem5t3 &
 ! absorption ( all rights1 all prop]ty1
 z well z all fre$om ( action1 is       
complete4 ,! two are call$ "o p]son 9   
law1 = ! purpose ( inf]r+ t :atev] is   
h]s is 81 b ! p>allel inf]5ce is nev]   
drawn t :atev] is 8 is h]s2 ! maxim is n
 appli$ aga9/ ! man1 except to make him 
responsible to ?ird p>ties = h] acts1 z 
a ma/] is = ! acts ( 8 slaves or ( 8    
cattle4 ,i am f> f pret5d+ t wives are 9
 g5]al no bett] treat$ ?an slaves2 b no 
slave is a slave to ! same l5g?s1 & 9 s 
full a s5se ( ! ^w1 z a wife is4 ,h>dly 
any slave1 except "o imm$iately atta*$  
to ! ma/]'s p]son1 is a slave at all    
h\rs & all m9utes2 9 g5]al he has1 l a  
soldi]1 8 fix$ task1 & :5 x is done1 or 
:5 he is (f duty1 he disposes1 )9 c]ta9 
limits1 ( 8 own "t1 & has a family life 

into :i* ! ma/] r>ely intrudes4 ,uncle  
,tom "u 8 fir/ ma/] _h 8 own life 9 8   
cab91 almo/ z mu* z any man ^: "w takes 
him away f home1 is able to h 9 8 own   
family4 ,b x _c be s ) ! wife4 ,above   
all1 a female slave has 79 ,*ri/ian     
c\ntries7 an admitt$ "r1 & is consid]$  
"u a moral obligation1 to refuse to h]  
ma/] ! la/ famili>ity4 ,n s ! wife3     
h[ev] brutal a tyrant %e may un=tunately
 be *a9$ to--?\gh %e may "k t he hates  
h]1 ?\gh x may be 8 daily pleasure to   
torture h]1 & ?\gh %e may feel x        
impossible n to loa! him--he c claim f  
h] & en=ce ! l[e/ degradation ( a human 
be+1 t ( be+ made ! in/rum5t ( an animal
 function contr>y to h] incl9ations4    
,:ile %e is held 9 ?is wor/ description 
( slav]y z to h] own p]son1 :at is h]   
position 9 reg>d to ! *ildr5 9 :om %e & 
h] ma/] h a jo9t int]e/8 ,!y are by law 
8 *ildr54 ,he alone has any legal rights
 ov] !m4 ,n "o act c %e d t[>ds or 9    
relation to !m1 except by delegation f  
him4 ,ev5 aft] he is dead %e is n _!    

legal gu>dian1 unless he by w has made  
h] s4 ,he c\ld ev5 s5d !m away f h]1 &  
deprive h] ( ! means ( see+ or          
correspond+ ) !m1 until ?is p[] 0 9 "s  
degree re/rict$ by ,s]jeant ,talf\rd's  
,act4 ,?is is h] legal /ate4 ,& f ?is   
/ate %e has no means ( )draw+ h]self4   
,if %e leaves h] husb&1 %e c take no?+ )
 h]1 nei!r h] *ildr5 nor any?+ :i* is   
rightfully h] own4 ,if he *ooses1 he c  
compel h] to return1 by law1 or by      
physical =ce2 or he may cont5t himself )
 seiz+ = 8 own use any?+ :i* %e may e>n1
 or :i* may be giv5 to h] by h]         
relations4 ,x is only legal sep>ation by
 a decree ( a c\rt ( ju/ice1 :i*        
entitles h] to live ap>t1 )\t be+ =c$   
back into ! cu/ody ( an exasp]at$       
jail]--or :i* emp[]s h] to apply any    
e>n+s to h] own use1 )\t fe> t a man :om
 p]haps %e has n se5 = tw5ty ye>s w     
p\nce ^u h] "s day & c>ry all (f4 ,?is  
legal sep>ation1 until lately1 ! c\rts (
 ju/ice w\ld only give at an exp5se :i* 
made x inaccessible to any "o out ( !   

high] ranks4 ,ev5 n[ x is only giv5 9   
cases ( des]tion1 or ( ! extreme (      
cruelty2 & yet compla9ts are made e day 
t x is grant$ too easily4 ,surely1 if a 
woman is d5i$ any lot 9 life b t ( be+ !
 p]sonal body-s]vant ( a despot1 & is   
dep5d5t = ev]y?+ ^u ! *ance ( f9d+ "o :o
 may be dispos$ to make a fav\rite ( h] 
in/ead ( m]ely a drudge1 x is a v cruel 
aggravation ( h] fate t %e %\ld be all[$
 to try ?is *ance only once4 ,! natural 
sequel & coroll>y f ?is /ate ( ?+s w\ld 
be1 t s9ce h] all 9 life dep5ds ^u      
obta9+ a good ma/]1 %e %\ld be all[$ to 
*ange aga9 & aga9 until %e f9ds "o4 ,i  
am n say+ t %e ought to be all[$ ?is    
privilege4 ,t is a totally diff]5t      
consid]ation4 ,! "q ( divorce1 9 ! s5se 
involv+ lib]ty ( rem>riage1 is "o into  
:i* x is =eign to my purpose to ent]4   
,all ,i n[ say is1 t to ^? to :om no?+ b
 s]vitude is all[$1 ! free *oice (      
s]vitude is ! only1 ?\gh a mo/          
insuffici5t1 alleviation4 ,its refusal  
completes ! assimilation ( ! wife to !  

slave--& ! slave "u n ! milde/ =m (     
slav]y3 = 9 "s slave codes ! slave c\ld1
 "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( ill usage1     
legally compel ! ma/] to sell him4 ,b no
 am\nt ( ill usage1 )\t adult]y         
sup]add$1 w 9 ,engl& free a wife f h]   
torm5tor4  ,i h no desire to exagg]ate1 
nor does ! case /& 9 any ne$ (          
exagg]ation4 ,i h describ$ ! wife's     
legal position1 n h] actual treatm5t4 ,!
 laws ( mo/ c\ntries are f> worse ?an ! 
p :o execute !m1 & _m ( !m are only able
 to rema9 laws by be+ seldom or nev]    
c>ri$ into effect4 ,if m>ri$ life 7 all 
t x might be expect$ to be1 look+ to !  
laws alone1 society w\ld be a hell ^u   
e>?4 ,happily !re are bo? feel+s &      
int]e/s :i* 9 _m m5 exclude1 & 9 mo/1   
greatly temp]1 ! impulses & prop5sities 
:i* lead to tyranny3 & ( ^? feel+s1 !   
tie :i* connects a man ) 8 wife af=ds1 9
 a normal /ate ( ?+s1 incomp>ably !     
/ronge/ example4 ,! only tie :i* at all 
approa*es to x1 t betwe5 him & 8 *ildr51
 t5ds1 9 all save exceptional cases1 to 

/r5g!n1 in/ead ( conflict+ )1 ! fir/4   
,because ?is is true2 because m5 9 g5]al
 d n inflict1 nor wom5 suff]1 all !     
mis]y :i* c\ld be inflict$ & suff]$ if !
 full p[] ( tyranny ) :i* ! man is      
legally inve/$ 7 act$ on2 ! def5d]s ( ! 
exi/+ =m ( ! in/itution ?9k t all its   
iniquity is ju/ifi$1 & t any compla9t is
 m]ely qu>rell+ ) ! evil :i* is ! price 
paid = e great good4 ,b ! mitigations 9 
practice1 :i* are compatible ) ma9ta9+ 9
 full legal =ce ?is or any o!r k9d (    
tyranny1 in/ead ( be+ any apology =     
despotism1 only s]ve to prove :at p[]   
human nature possesses ( react+ aga9/ ! 
vile/ in/itutions1 & ) :at vitality !   
se$s ( good z well z ^? ( evil 9 human  
"* diffuse & propagate !mselves4 ,n a ^w
 c be said = despotism 9 ! family :i* _c
 be said = political despotism4 ,e      
absolute k+ does n sit at 8 w9d[ to     
enjoy ! groans ( 8 tortur$ subjects1 nor
 /rips !m ( _! la/ rag & turns !m out to
 %iv] 9 ! road4 ,! despotism ( ,l\is    
,,xvi4 0 n ! despotism ( ,philippe le   

,bel1 or ( ,nadir ,%ah1 or ( ,caligula2 
b x 0 bad en\gh to ju/ify ! ,fr5*       
,revolution1 & to palliate ev5 its      
horrors4 ,if an appeal be made to !     
int5se atta*m5ts :i* exi/ betwe5 wives &
 _! husb&s1 exactly z mu* may be said ( 
dome/ic slav]y4 ,x 0 q an ord9>y fact 9 
,greece & ,rome = slaves to submit to   
dea? by torture r ?an betray _! ma/]s4  
,9 ! proscriptions ( ! ,roman civil w>s 
x 0 rem>k$ t wives & slaves 7 h]oically 
fai?ful1 sons v commonly trea*]\s4 ,yet 
we "k h[ cruelly _m ,romans treat$ _!   
slaves4 ,b 9 tru? ^! int5se individual  
feel+s n[h]e rise to su* a luxuriant    
height z "u ! mo/ atroci\s in/itutions4 
,x is "p ( ! irony ( life1 t ! /ronge/  
feel+s ( devot$ gratitude ( :i* human   
nature seems to be susceptible1 are     
call$ =? 9 human be+s t[>ds ^? :o1 hav+ 
! p[] entirely to cru% _! e>?ly exi/5ce1
 volunt>ily refra9 f us+ t p[]4 ,h[     
great a place 9 mo/ m5 ?is s5tim5t      
fills1 ev5 9 religi\s devotion1 x w\ld  
be cruel to inquire4 ,we daily see h[   

mu* _! gratitude to ,heav5 appe>s to be 
/imulat$ by ! contemplation (           
fell[-creatures to :om ,god has n be5 s 
m]ciful z he has to !mselves4  ,:e!r !  
in/itution to be def5d$ is slav]y1      
political absolutism1 or ! absolutism ( 
! head ( a family1 we are always expect$
 to judge ( x f its be/ in/ances2 & we  
are pres5t$ ) pictures ( lov+ ex]cise ( 
au?ority on "o side1 lov+ submission to 
x on ! o!r--sup]ior wisdom ord]+ all ?+s
 = ! greate/ good ( ! dep5d5ts1 &       
surr\nd$ by _! smiles & b5$ictions4 ,all
 ?is w\ld be v mu* to ! purpose if any  
"o pret5d$ t !re are no su* ?+s z good  
m54 ,:o d\bts t !re may be great        
goodness1 & great happ9ess1 & great     
affection1 "u ! absolute gov]nm5t ( a   
good man8 ,mean:ile1 laws & in/itutions 
require to be adapt$1 n to good m51 b to
 bad4 ,m>riage is n an in/itution       
design$ = a select few4 ,m5 are n       
requir$1 z a prelim9>y to ! m>riage     
c]emony1 to prove by te/imonials t !y   
are fit to be tru/$ ) ! ex]cise (       

absolute p[]4 ,! tie ( affection &      
obligation to a wife & *ildr5 is v /rong
 ) ^? ^: g5]al social feel+s are /rong1 
& ) _m :o are little s5sible to any o!r 
social ties2 b !re are all degrees (    
s5sibility & ins5sibility to x1 z !re   
are all grades ( goodness & wick$ness 9 
m51 d[n to ^? :om no ties w b9d1 & on   
:om society has no action b ?r\gh its   
ultima ratio1 ! p5alties ( ! law4 ,9 e  
grade ( ?is desc5d+ scale are m5 to :om 
are committ$ all ! legal p[]s ( a husb&4
 ,! vile/ malefactor has "s wret*$ woman
 ti$ to him1 aga9/ :om he c commit any  
atrocity except kill+ h]1 &1 if tol]ably
 cauti\s1 c d t )\t mu* dang] ( ! legal 
p5alty4 ,& h[ _m ?\s&s are !re among !  
l[e/ classes 9 e c\ntry1 :o1 )\t be+ 9 a
 legal s5se malefactors 9 any o!r       
respect1 because 9 e o!r qu>t] _!       
aggressions meet ) resi/ance1 indulge ! 
utmo/ habitual excesses ( bodily viol5ce
 t[>ds ! unhappy wife1 :o alone1 at lea/
 ( gr[n p]sons1 c nei!r repel nor escape
 f _! brutality2 & t[>ds :om ! excess ( 

dep5d5ce inspires _! mean & savage      
natures1 n ) a g5]\s =be>ance1 & a po9t 
( hon\r to behave well to "o ^: lot 9   
life is tru/$ entirely to _! k9dness1 b 
on ! contr>y ) a notion t ! law has     
deliv]$ h] to !m z _! ?+1 to be us$ at  
_! pleasure1 & t !y are n expect$ to    
practise ! consid]ation t[>ds h] :i* is 
requir$ f !m t[>ds ev]ybody else4 ,!    
law1 :i* till lately left ev5 ^!        
atroci\s extremes ( dome/ic oppression  
practically unpuni%$1 has )9 ^! few ye>s
 made "s feeble attempts to repress !m4 
,b its attempts h done little1 & _c be  
expect$ to d mu*1 because x is contr>y  
to reason & exp]i5ce to suppose t !re c 
be any real *eck to brutality1 consi/5t 
) leav+ ! victim /ill 9 ! p[] ( !       
execution]4 ,until a conviction =       
p]sonal viol5ce1 or at all ev5ts a      
repetition ( x aft] a fir/ conviction1  
entitles ! woman ipso facto to a        
divorce1 or at lea/ to a judicial       
sep>ation1 ! attempt to repress ^!      
aggravat$ assaults by legal p5alties w  

break d[n = want ( a prosecutor1 or =   
want ( a witness4  ,:5 we consid] h[ va/
 is ! numb] ( m51 9 any great c\ntry1 :o
 are little high] ?an brutes1 & t ?is   
nev] prev5ts !m f be+ able1 ?r\gh ! law 
( m>riage1 to obta9 a victim1 ! bread? &
 dep? ( human mis]y caus$ 9 ?is %ape    
alone by ! abuse ( ! in/itution swells  
to some?+ appall+4 ,yet ^! are only !   
extreme cases4 ,!y are ! l[e/ abysses1 b
 !re is a sad succession ( dep? aft]    
dep? be=e rea*+ !m4 ,9 dome/ic z 9      
political tyranny1 ! case ( absolute    
mon/]s *iefly illu/rates ! in/itution by
 %[+ t !re is sc>cely any horror :i* may
 n occur "u x if ! despot pleases1 & ?us
 sett+ 9 a /rong light :at mu/ be !     
t]rible frequ5cy ( ?+s only a little    
less atroci\s4 ,absolute fi5ds are z r>e
 z angels1 p]haps r>]3 f]oci\s savages1 
) occasional t\*es ( humanity1 are h[ev]
 v frequ5t3 & 9 ! wide int]val :i*      
sep>ates ^! f any wor?y repres5tatives (
 ! human species1 h[ _m are ! =ms &     
gradations ( animalism & selfi%ness1 (t5

 "u an outw>d v>ni% ( civilization & ev5
 cultivation1 liv+ at peace ) ! law1    
ma9ta9+ a cr$itable appe>ance to all :o 
are n "u _! p[]1 yet suffici5t (t5 to   
make ! lives ( all :o are s1 a torm5t & 
a bur!n to !m6 ,x w\ld be tiresome to   
repeat ! commonplaces ab\t ! unfitness (
 m5 9 g5]al = p[]1 :i*1 aft] ! political
 discussions ( c5turies1 e "o kn[s by   
he>t1 7 x n t h>dly any "o ?9ks ( apply+
 ^! maxims to ! case 9 :i* above all    
o!rs !y are applicable1 t ( p[]1 n plac$
 9 ! h&s ( a man "h & !re1 b (f]$ to e  
adult male1 d[n to ! base/ & mo/        
f]oci\s4 ,x is n because a man is n kn[n
 to h brok5 any ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 or  
because he ma9ta9s a respectable "* 9 8 
deal+s ) ^? :om he _c compel to h       
int]c\rse ) him1 or because he does n   
fly out into viol5t bur/s ( ill-temp]   
aga9/ ^? :o are n oblig$ to be> ) him1 t
 x is possible to surmise ( :at sort 8  
conduct w be 9 ! unre/ra9t ( home4 ,ev5 
! commone/ m5 res]ve ! viol5t1 ! sulky1 
! undisguis$ly selfi% side ( _! "* = ^? 

:o h no p[] to )/& x4 ,! relation (     
sup]iors to dep5d5ts is ! nurs]y ( ^!   
vices ( "*1 :i*1 :]ev] else !y exi/1 are
 an ov]fl[+ f t s\rce4 ,a man :o is     
morose or viol5t to 8 equals1 is sure to
 be "o :o has liv$ among inf]iors1 :om  
he c\ld fright5 or worry into           
submission4 ,if ! family 9 its be/ =ms  
is1 z x is (t5 said to be1 a s*ool (    
sympa?y1 t5d]ness1 & lov+ =getfulness ( 
self1 x is /ill (t5]1 z respects its    
*ief1 a s*ool ( wilfulness1 ov]be>+ness1
 unb\nd$ self-indulg5ce1 & a d\ble-dy$ &
 idealiz$ selfi%ness1 ( :i* sacrifice   
itself is only a p>ticul> =m3 ! c>e = ! 
wife & *ildr5 be+ only c>e = !m z p>ts (
 ! man's own int]e/s & belong+s1 & _!   
individual happ9ess be+ immolat$ 9 e    
%ape to 8 smalle/ pref]5ces4 ,:at bett] 
is to be look$ = "u ! exi/+ =m ( !      
in/itution8 ,we "k t ! bad prop5sities (
 human nature are only kept )9 b\nds :5 
!y are all[$ no scope = _! indulg5ce4   
,we "k t f impulse & habit1 :5 n f      
delib]ate purpose1 almo/ e "o to :om    

o!rs yield1 goes on encroa*+ ^u !m1     
until a po9t is rea*$ at :i* !y are     
compell$ to resi/4 ,su* be+ ! common    
t5d5cy ( human nature2 ! almo/ unlimit$ 
p[] :i* pres5t social in/itutions give  
to ! man ov] at lea/ "o human be+--! "o 
) :om he resides1 & :om he has always   
pres5t--?is p[] seeks out & evokes !    
lat5t g]ms ( selfi%ness 9 ! remote/     
corn]s ( 8 nature--fans its fa9te/ sp>ks
 & sm\ld]+ emb]s--(f]s to him a lic5se =
 ! indulg5ce ( ^? po9ts ( 8 orig9al "*  
:i* 9 all o!r relations he w\ld h f\nd x
 necess>y to repress & conceal1 & !     
repression ( :i* w\ld 9 "t h become a   
second nature4 ,i "k t !re is ano!r side
 to ! "q4 ,i grant t ! wife1 if %e _c   
effectually resi/1 c at lea/ retaliate2 
%e1 too1 c make ! man's life extremely  
uncom=table1 & by t p[] is able to c>ry 
_m po9ts :i* %e ought1 & _m :i* %e ought
 n1 to prevail 94 ,b ?is in/rum5t (     
self-protection--:i* may be call$ ! p[] 
( ! scold1 or ! %rewi% sanction--has !  
fatal defect1 t x avails mo/ aga9/ !    

lea/ tyrannical sup]iors1 & 9 fav\r ( ! 
lea/ des]v+ dep5d5ts4 ,x is ! weapon (  
irritable & self-will$ wom52 ( ^? :o    
w\ld make ! wor/ use ( p[] if !y        
!mselves _h x1 & :o g5]ally turn ?is p[]
 to a bad use4 ,! amiable _c use su* an 
in/rum5t1 ! highm9d$ disda9 x4 ,& on !  
o!r h&1 ! husb&s aga9/ :om x is us$ mo/ 
effectively are ! g5tl] & m in(f5sive2  
^? :o _c be induc$1 ev5 by provocation1 
to resort to any v h>% ex]cise (        
au?ority4 ,! wife's p[] ( be+           
disagreeable g5]ally only e/abli%es a   
c\nt]-tyranny1 & makes victims 9 _! turn
 *iefly ( ^? husb&s :o are lea/ incl9$  
to be tyrants4  ,:at is x1 !n1 :i*      
really temp]s ! corrupt+ effects ( !    
p[]1 & makes x compatible ) su* am\nt ( 
good z we actually see8 ,m]e fem99e     
bl&i%m5ts1 ?\gh ( great effect 9        
individual in/ances1 h v little effect 9
 modify+ ! g5]al t5d5cies ( ! situation2
 = _! p[] only la/s :ile ! woman is "y &
 attractive1 (t5 only :ile h] *>m is    
new1 & n dimm$ by famili>ity2 & on _m m5

 !y h n mu* influ5ce at any "t4 ,! real 
mitigat+ causes are1 ! p]sonal affection
 :i* is ! gr[? ( "t1 9 s f> z ! man's   
nature is susceptible ( x1 & ! woman's  
"* suffici5tly cong5ial ) 8 to excite x2
 _! common int]e/s z reg>ds ! *ildr51 & 
_! g5]al community ( int]e/ z conc]ns   
?ird p]sons 7to :i* h[ev] !re are v     
great limitations72 ! real importance ( 
! wife to 8 daily com=ts & enjoym5ts1 & 
! value he consequ5tly atta*es to h] on 
8 p]sonal acc\nt1 :i*1 9 a man capable (
 feel+ = o!rs1 lays ! f\ndation ( c>+ = 
h] on h] own2 & la/ly1 ! influ5ce       
naturally acquir$ ov] almo/ all human   
be+s by ^? ne> to _! p]sons 7if n       
actually disagreeable to !m73 :o1 bo? by
 _! direct entreaties1 & by ! ins5sible 
contagion ( _! feel+s & dispositions1   
are (t5 able1 unless c\nt]act$ by "s    
equally /rong p]sonal influ5ce1 to obta9
 a degree ( comm& ov] ! conduct ( !     
sup]ior1 altoge!r excessive &           
unreasonable4 ,?r\gh ^! v>i\s means1 !  
wife frequ5tly ex]cises ev5 too mu* p[] 

ov] ! man2 %e is able to affect 8       
conduct 9 ?+s 9 :i* %e may n be qualifi$
 to influ5ce x = good--9 :i* h] influ5ce
 may be n only un5light5$1 b employ$ on 
! morally wrong side2 & 9 :i* he w\ld   
act bett] if left to 8 own prompt+4 ,b  
nei!r 9 ! affairs ( families nor 9 ^? ( 
/ates is p[] a comp5sation = ! loss (   
fre$om4 ,h] p[] (t5 gives h] :at %e has 
no "r to1 b does n enable h] to ass]t h]
 own rights4 ,a ,sultan's fav\rite slave
 has slaves "u h]1 ov] :om %e           
tyrannizes2 b ! desirable ?+ w\ld be t  
%e %\ld nei!r h slaves nor be a slave4  
,by entirely s9k+ h] own exi/5ce 9 h]   
husb&2 by hav+ no w 7or p]suad+ him t %e
 has no w7 b 81 9 any?+ :i* reg>ds _!   
jo9t relation1 & by mak+ x ! bus9ess (  
h] life to "w ^u 8 s5tim5ts1 a wife may 
gratify h]self by influ5c+1 & v probably
 p]v]t+1 8 conduct1 9 ^? ( 8 ext]nal    
relations :i* %e has nev] qualifi$      
h]self to judge (1 or 9 :i* %e is h]self
 :olly influ5c$ by "s p]sonal or o!r    
p>tiality or prejudice4 ,accord+ly1 z   

?+s n[ are1 ^? :o act mo/ k9dly to _!   
wives1 are q z (t5 made worse1 z bett]1 
by ! wife's influ5ce1 9 respect to all  
int]e/s ext5d+ beyond ! family4 ,%e is  
taught t %e has no bus9ess ) ?+s out ( t
 sph]e2 & accord+ly %e seldom has any   
hone/ & consci5ti\s op9ion on !m2 &     
!re=e h>dly ev] m$dles ) !m = any       
legitimate purpose1 b g5]ally = an      
int]e/$ "o4 ,%e nei!r kn[s nor c>es :i* 
is ! "r side 9 politics1 b %e kn[s :at w
 br+ 9 money or invitations1 give h]    
husb& a title1 h] son a place1 or h]    
daught] a good m>riage4  ,b h[1 x w be  
ask$1 c any society exi/ )\t gov]nm5t8  
,9 a family1 z 9 a /ate1 "s "o p]son mu/
 be ! ultimate rul]4 ,:o %all decide :5 
m>ri$ p diff] 9 op9ion8 ,bo? _c h _!    
way1 yet a decision "o way or ! o!r mu/ 
be come to4  ,x is n true t 9 all       
volunt>y association betwe5 two p1 "o ( 
!m mu/ be absolute ma/]3 /ill less t !  
law mu/ det]m9e :i* ( !m x %all be4 ,!  
mo/ frequ5t case ( volunt>y association1
 next to m>riage1 is p>tn]%ip 9 bus9ess3

 & x is n f\nd or ?\ght necess>y to     
enact t 9 e p>tn]%ip1 "o p>tn] %all h   
entire control ov] ! conc]n1 & ! o!rs   
%all be b\nd to obey 8 ord]s4 ,no "o    
w\ld ent] into p>tn]%ip on t]ms :i* w\ld
 subject him to ! responsibilities ( a  
pr9cipal1 ) only ! p[]s & privileges ( a
 cl]k or ag5t4 ,if ! law dealt ) o!r    
contracts z x does ) m>riage1 x w\ld    
orda9 t "o p>tn] %\ld adm9i/] ! common  
bus9ess z if x 0 8 private conc]n2 t !  
o!rs %\ld h only delegat$ p[]s2 & t ?is 
"o %\ld be designat$ by "s g5]al        
presumption ( law1 = example z be+ !    
elde/4 ,! law nev] does ?is3 nor does   
exp]i5ce %[ x to be necess>y t any      
!oretical inequality ( p[] %\ld exi/    
betwe5 ! p>tn]s1 or t ! p>tn]%ip %\ld h 
any o!r conditions ?an :at !y may       
!mselves appo9t by _! articles (        
agreem5t4 ,yet x might seem t !         
exclusive p[] might be conc$$ ) less    
dang] to ! rights & int]e/s ( ! inf]ior1
 9 ! case ( p>tn]%ip ?an 9 t ( m>riage1 
s9ce he is free to cancel ! p[] by      

)draw+ f ! connexion4 ,! wife has no su*
 p[]1 & ev5 if %e _h1 x is almo/ always 
desirable t %e %\ld try all measures    
be=e resort+ to x4  ,x is q true t ?+s  
:i* h to be decid$ e day1 & _c adju/    
!mselves gradually1 or wait = a         
compromise1 ought to dep5d on "o w3 "o  
p]son mu/ h _! sole control4 ,b x does n
 foll[ t ?is %\ld always be ! same      
p]son4 ,! natural arrangem5t is a       
division ( p[]s betwe5 ! two2 ea* be+   
absolute 9 ! executive bran* ( _! own   
dep>tm5t1 & any *ange ( sy/em & pr9ciple
 requir+ ! cons5t ( bo?4 ,! division    
nei!r c nor %\ld be pre-e/abli%$ by !   
law1 s9ce x mu/ dep5d on individual     
capacities & suitabilities4 ,if ! two   
p]sons *ose1 !y might pre-appo9t x by ! 
m>riage contract1 z pecuni>y arrangem5ts
 are n[ (t5 pre-appo9t$4 ,!re w\ld      
seldom be any difficulty 9 decid+ su*   
?+s by mutual cons5t1 unless ! m>riage 0
 "o ( ^? unhappy ones 9 :i* all o!r ?+s1
 z well z ?is1 become subjects ( bick]+ 
& dispute4 ,! division ( rights w\ld    

naturally foll[ ! division ( duties &   
functions2 & t is already made by       
cons5t1 or at all ev5ts n by law1 b by  
g5]al cu/om1 modifi$ & modifiable at !  
pleasure ( ! p]sons conc]n$4  ,! real   
practical decision ( affairs1 to :i*ev] 
may be giv5 ! legal au?ority1 w greatly 
dep5d1 z x ev5 n[ does1 ^u comp>ative   
qualifications4 ,! m]e fact t he is     
usually ! elde/1 w 9 mo/ cases give !   
prepond]ance to ! man2 at lea/ until !y 
bo? atta9 a "t ( life at :i* ! diff]5ce 
9 _! ye>s is ( no importance4 ,!re w    
naturally also be a m pot5tial voice on 
! side1 :i*ev] x is1 t br+s ! means (   
support4 ,inequality f ?is s\rce does n 
dep5d on ! law ( m>riage1 b on ! g5]al  
conditions ( human society1 z n[        
con/itut$4 ,! influ5ce ( m5tal          
sup]iority1 ei!r g5]al or special1 & (  
sup]ior decision ( "*1 w necess>ily tell
 = mu*4 ,x always does s at pres5t4 ,&  
?is fact %[s h[ little f\ndation !re is 
= ! appreh5sion t ! p[]s &              
responsibilities ( p>tn]s 9 life 7z (   

p>tn]s 9 bus9ess71 _c be satisfactorily 
apportion$ by agreem5t betwe5 !mselves4 
,!y always are s apportion$1 except 9   
cases 9 :i* ! m>riage in/itution is a   
failure4 ,?+s nev] come to an issue (   
d[nright p[] on "o side1 & ob$i5ce on ! 
o!r1 except :]e ! connexion altoge!r has
 be5 a mi/ake1 & x w\ld be a bless+ to  
bo? p>ties to be reliev$ f x4 ,"s may   
say t ! v ?+ by :i* an amicable         
settlem5t ( diff]5ces becomes possible1 
is ! p[] ( legal compulsion kn[n to be 9
 res]ve2 z p submit to an arbitration   
because !re is a c\rt ( law 9 !         
backgr\nd1 :i* !y "k t !y c be =c$ to   
obey4 ,b to make ! cases p>allel1 we mu/
 suppose t ! rule ( ! c\rt ( law 01 n to
 try ! cause1 b to give judgm5t always =
 ! same side1 suppose ! def5dant4 ,if s1
 ! am5ability to x w\ld be a motive ) ! 
pla9tiff to agree to almo/ any          
arbitration1 b x w\ld be j ! rev]se ) ! 
def5dant4 ,! despotic p[] :i* ! law     
gives to ! husb& may be a reason to make
 ! wife ass5t to any compromise by :i*  

p[] is practically %>$ betwe5 ! two1 b x
 _c be ! reason :y ! husb& does4 ,t !re 
is always among dec5tly conduct$ p a    
practical compromise1 ?\gh "o ( !m at   
lea/ is "u no physical or moral         
necessity ( mak+ x1 %[s t ! natural     
motives :i* lead to a volunt>y adju/m5t 
( ! unit$ life ( two p]sons 9 a mann]   
acceptable to bo?1 d on ! :ole1 except 9
 unfav\rable cases1 prevail4 ,! matt] is
 c]ta9ly n improv$ by lay+ d[n z an     
ord9ance ( law1 t ! sup]/ructure ( free 
gov]nm5t %all be rais$ ^u a legal basis 
( despotism on "o side & subjection on !
 o!r1 & t e concession :i* ! despot     
makes may1 at 8 m]e pleasure1 & )\t any 
w>n+1 be recall$4 ,besides t no fre$om  
is wor? mu* :5 held on s prec>i\s a     
t5ure1 its conditions are n likely to be
 ! mo/ equitable :5 ! law ?r[s s        
prodigi\s a weight into "o scale2 :5 !  
adju/m5t re/s betwe5 two p]sons "o ( :om
 is decl>$ to be entitl$ to ev]y?+1 !   
o!r n only entitl$ to no?+ except dur+ !
 good pleasure ( ! fir/1 b "u ! /ronge/ 

moral & religi\s obligation n to rebel  
"u any excess ( oppression4  ,a         
p]t9aci\s adv]s>y1 pu%$ to extremities1 
may say1 t husb&s inde$ are will+ to be 
reasonable1 & to make fair concessions  
to _! p>tn]s )\t be+ compell$ to x1 b t 
wives are n3 t if all[$ any rights ( _! 
own1 !y w ackn[l$ge no rights at all 9  
any "o else1 & nev] w yield 9 any?+1    
unless !y c be compell$1 by ! man's m]e 
au?ority1 to yield 9 ev]y?+4 ,?is w\ld h
 be5 said by _m p]sons "s g5]ations ago1
 :5 satires on wom5 7 9 vogue1 & m5     
?\ght x a clev] ?+ to insult wom5 = be+ 
:at m5 made !m4 ,b x w be said by no "o 
n[ :o is wor? reply+ to4 ,x is n !      
doctr9e ( ! pres5t day t wom5 are less  
susceptible ( good feel+1 & consid]ation
 = ^? ) :om !y are unit$ by ! /ronge/   
ties1 ?an m5 are4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are 
p]petually told t wom5 are bett] ?an m51
 by ^? :o are totally oppos$ to treat+  
!m z if !y 7 z good2 s t ! say+ has     
pass$ into a piece ( tiresome cant1     
int5d$ to put a complim5t>y face ^u an  

injury1 & resembl+ ^? celebrations (    
royal clem5cy :i*1 accord+ to ,gulliv]1 
! k+ ( ,lilliput always prefix$ to 8 mo/
 sangu9>y decrees4 ,if wom5 are bett]   
?an m5 9 any?+1 x surely is 9 individual
 self-sacrifice = ^? ( _! own family4 ,b
 ,i lay little /ress on ?is1 s long z !y
 are univ]sally taught t !y are born &  
creat$ = self-sacrifice4 ,i believe t   
equality ( rights w\ld abate ! exagg]at$
 self-abnegation :i* is ! pres5t        
artificial ideal ( fem99e "*1 & t a good
 woman w\ld n be m self-sacrific+ ?an ! 
be/ man3 b on ! o!r h&1 m5 w\ld be mu* m
 unselfi% & self-sacrific+ ?an at       
pres5t1 because !y w\ld no long] be     
taught to wor%ip _! own w z su* a gr& ?+
 t x is actually ! law = ano!r rational 
be+4 ,!re is no?+ :i* m5 s easily le>n z
 ?is self-wor%ip3 all privileg$ p]sons1 
& all privileg$ classes1 h _h x4 ,! m we
 desc5d 9 ! scale ( humanity1 ! int5s] x
 is2 & mo/ ( all 9 ^? :o are n1 & c nev]
 expect to be1 rais$ above any "o except
 an un=tunate wife & *ildr54 ,!         

hon\rable exceptions are proportionally 
few] ?an 9 ! case ( almo/ any o!r human 
infirmity4 ,philosophy & religion1      
in/ead ( keep+ x 9 *eck1 are g5]ally    
suborn$ to def5d x2 & no?+ controls x b 
t practical feel+ ( ! equality ( human  
be+s1 :i* is ! !ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 b :i*
 ,*ri/ianity w nev] practically tea*1   
:ile x sanctions in/itutions gr\nd$ on  
an arbitr>y pref]5ce ( "o human be+ ov] 
ano!r4  ,!re are1 no d\bt1 wom51 z !re  
are m51 :om equality ( consid]ation w n 
satisfy2 ) :om !re is no peace :ile any 
w or wi% is reg>d$ b _! own4 ,su* p]sons
 are a prop] subject = ! law ( divorce4 
,!y are only fit to live alone1 & no    
human be+s ought to be compell$ to      
associate _! lives ) !m4 ,b ! legal     
subord9ation t5ds to make su* *>act]s   
among wom5 m1 r ?an less1 frequ5t4 ,if !
 man ex]ts 8 :ole p[]1 ! woman is (     
c\rse cru%$3 b if %e is treat$ )        
indulg5ce1 & p]mitt$ to assume p[]1 !re 
is no rule to set limits to h]          
encroa*m5ts4 ,! law1 n det]m9+ h]       

rights1 b !oretically all[+ h] none at  
all1 practically decl>es t ! measure (  
:at %e has a "r to1 is :at %e c contrive
 to get4  ,! equality ( m>ri$ p]sons    
be=e ! law1 is n only ! sole mode 9 :i* 
t p>ticul> relation c be made consi/5t )
 ju/ice to bo? sides1 & conducive to !  
happ9ess ( bo?1 b x is ! only means (   
r5d]+ ! daily life ( mank9d1 9 any high 
s5se1 a s*ool ( moral cultivation4 ,?\gh
 ! tru? may n be felt or g5]ally        
ackn[l$g$ = g5]ations to come1 ! only   
s*ool ( g5u9e moral s5tim5t is society  
betwe5 equals4 ,! moral education (     
mank9d has hi!rto emanat$ *iefly f ! law
 ( =ce1 & is adapt$ almo/ solely to !   
relations :i* =ce creates4 ,9 ! less    
advanc$ /ates ( society1 p h>dly        
recognise any relation ) _! equals4 ,to 
be an equal is to be an enemy4 ,society1
 f its highe/ place to its l[e/1 is "o  
long *a91 or r ladd]1 :]e e individual  
is ei!r above or bel[ 8 ne>e/ neighb\r1 
& :]ev] he does n comm& he mu/ obey4    
,exi/+ moralities1 accord+ly1 are ma9ly 

fitt$ to a relation ( comm& & ob$i5ce4  
,yet comm& & ob$i5ce are b un=tunate    
necessities ( human life3 society 9     
equality is its normal /ate4 ,already 9 
mod]n life1 & m & m z x progressively   
improves1 comm& & ob$i5ce become        
exceptional facts 9 life1 equal         
association its g5]al rule4 ,! morality 
( ! fir/ ages re/$ on ! obligation to   
submit to p[]2 t ( ! ages next foll[+1  
on ! "r ( ! weak to ! =be>ance &        
protection ( ! /rong4 ,h[ mu* long] is  
"o =m ( society & life to cont5t itself 
) ! morality made = ano!r8 ,we h _h !   
morality ( submission1 & ! morality (   
*ivalry & g5]osity2 ! "t is n[ come = ! 
morality ( ju/ice4 ,:5ev]1 9 =m] ages1  
any approa* has be5 made to society 9   
equality1 ,ju/ice has ass]t$ its claims 
z ! f\ndation ( virtue4 ,x 0 ?us 9 !    
free republics ( antiquity4 ,b ev5 9 !  
be/ ( ^!1 ! equals 7 limit$ to ! free   
male citiz5s2 slaves1 wom51 & !         
un5fran*is$ resid5ts 7 "u ! law ( =ce4  
,! jo9t influ5ce ( ,roman civilization &

 ( ,*ri/ianity oblit]at$ ^! di/9ctions1 
& 9 !ory 7if only p>tially 9 practice7  
decl>$ ! claims ( ! human be+1 z su*1 to
 be p>am\nt to ^? ( sex1 class1 or      
social position4 ,! b>ri]s :i* _h begun 
to be levell$ 7 rais$ aga9 by ! nor!rn  
conque/s2 & ! :ole ( mod]n hi/ory       
consi/s ( ! sl[ process by :i* !y h s9ce
 be5 we>+ away4 ,we are ent]+ into an   
ord] ( ?+s 9 :i* ju/ice w aga9 be !     
prim>y virtue2 gr\nd$ z be=e on equal1 b
 n[ also on sympa!tic association2 hav+ 
its root no long] 9 ! in/9ct ( equals = 
self-protection1 b 9 a cultivat$ sympa?y
 betwe5 !m2 & no "o be+ n[ left out1 b  
an equal measure be+ ext5d$ to all4 ,x  
is no novelty t mank9d d n di/9ctly     
=esee _! own *anges1 & t _! s5tim5ts are
 adapt$ to pa/1 n to com+ ages4 ,to see 
! futurity ( ! species has always be5 ! 
privilege ( ! intellectual elite1 or (  
^? :o h le>nt f !m2 to h ! feel+s ( t   
futurity has be5 ! di/9ction1 & usually 
! m>tyrdom1 ( a /ill r>] elite4         
,in/itutions1 books1 education1 society1

 all g on tra9+ human be+s = ! old1 long
 aft] ! new has come2 mu* m :5 x is only
 com+4 ,b ! true virtue ( human be+s is 
fitness to live toge!r z equals2 claim+ 
no?+ = !mselves b :at !y z freely conc$e
 to e "o else2 reg>d+ comm& ( any k9d z 
an exceptional necessity1 & 9 all cases 
a tempor>y "o2 & pref]r+1 :5ev]         
possible1 ! society ( ^? ) :om lead+ &  
foll[+ c be alt]nate & reciprocal4 ,to  
^! virtues1 no?+ 9 life z at pres5t     
con/itut$ gives cultivation by ex]cise4 
,! family is a s*ool ( despotism1 9 :i* 
! virtues ( despotism1 b also its vices1
 are l>gely n\ri%$4 ,citiz5%ip1 9 free  
c\ntries1 is p>tly a s*ool ( society 9  
equality2 b citiz5%ip fills only a small
 place 9 mod]n life1 & does n come ne> !
 daily habits or inmo/ s5tim5ts4 ,!     
family1 ju/ly con/itut$1 w\ld be ! real 
s*ool ( ! virtues ( fre$om4 ,x is sure  
to be a suffici5t "o ( ev]y?+ else4 ,x w
 always be a s*ool ( ob$i5ce = ! *ildr51
 ( comm& = ! p>5ts4 ,:at is ne$$ is1 t x
 %\ld be a s*ool ( sympa?y 9 equality1 (

 liv+ toge!r 9 love1 )\t p[] on "o side 
or ob$i5ce on ! o!r4 ,?is x ought to be 
betwe5 ! p>5ts4 ,x w\ld !n be an ex]cise
 ( ^? virtues :i* ea* requires to fit !m
 = all o!r association1 & a model to !  
*ildr5 ( ! feel+s & conduct :i* _!      
tempor>y tra9+ by means ( ob$i5ce is    
design$ to r5d] habitual1 & !re=e       
natural1 to !m4 ,! moral tra9+ ( mank9d 
w nev] be adapt$ to ! conditions ( !    
life = :i* all o!r human progress is a  
prep>ation1 until !y practise 9 ! family
 ! same moral rule :i* is adapt$ to !   
normal con/itution ( human society4 ,any
 s5tim5t ( fre$om :i* c exi/ 9 a man ^: 
ne>e/ & de>e/ intimacies are ) ^? ( :om 
he is absolute ma/]1 is n ! g5u9e or    
,*ri/ian love ( fre$om1 b1 :at ! love ( 
fre$om g5]ally 0 9 ! anci5ts & 9 !      
middle ages--an int5se feel+ ( ! dignity
 & importance ( 8 own p]sonality2 mak+  
him disda9 a yoke = himself1 ( :i* he   
has no abhorr5ce :atev] 9 ! ab/ract1 b  
:i* he is abundantly ready to impose on 
o!rs = 8 own int]e/ or glorification4   

,i readily admit 7& x is ! v f\ndation (
 my hopes7 t numb]s ( m>ri$ p ev5 "u !  
pres5t law1 79 ! high] classes ( ,engl& 
probably a great majority17 live 9 ! _s 
( a j law ( equality4 ,laws nev] w\ld be
 improv$1 if !re 7 n num]\s p]sons ^:   
moral s5tim5ts are bett] ?an ! exi/+    
laws4 ,su* p]sons ought to support !    
pr9ciples "h advocat$2 ( :i* ! only     
object is to make all o!r m>ri$ c\ples  
simil> to :at ^! are n[4 ,b p]sons ev5 (
 consid]able moral wor?1 unless !y are  
also ?9k]s1 are v ready to believe t    
laws or practices1 ! evils ( :i* !y h n 
p]sonally exp]i5c$1 d n produce any     
evils1 b 7if seem+ to be g5]ally approv$
 (7 probably d good1 & t x is wrong to  
object to !m4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a great
 mi/ake 9 su* m>ri$ p to suppose1       
because ! legal conditions ( ! tie :i*  
unites !m d n occur to _! ?\ghts once 9 
a twelvemon?1 & because !y live & feel 9
 all respects z if !y 7 legally equals1 
t ! same is ! case ) all o!r m>ri$      
c\ples1 :]ev] ! husb& is n a notori\s   

ruffian4 ,to suppose ?is1 w\ld be to %[ 
equal ignorance ( human nature & ( fact4
 ,! less fit a man is = ! possession (  
p[]--! less likely to be all[$ to       
ex]cise x ov] any p]son ) t p]son's     
volunt>y cons5t--! m does he hug himself
 9 ! consci\sness ( ! p[] ! law gives   
him1 exact its legal rights to ! utmo/  
po9t :i* cu/om 7! cu/om ( m5 l himself7 
w tol]ate1 & take pleasure 9 us+ ! p[]1 
m]ely to enliv5 ! agreeable s5se (      
possess+ x4 ,:at is m2 9 ! mo/ naturally
 brutal & morally un$ucat$ "p ( ! l[]   
classes1 ! legal slav]y ( ! woman1 &    
some?+ 9 ! m]ely physical subjection to 
_! w z an in/rum5t1 causes !m to feel a 
sort ( disrespect & contempt t[>ds _!   
own wife :i* !y d n feel t[>ds any o!r  
woman1 or any o!r human be+1 ) :om !y   
come 9 contact2 & :i* makes h] seem to  
!m an appropriate subject = any k9d (   
indignity4 ,let an acute obs]v] ( !     
signs ( feel+1 :o has ! requisite       
opportunities1 judge = himself :e!r ?is 
is n ! case3 & if he f9ds t x is1 let   

him n wond] at any am\nt ( disgu/ &     
indignation t c be felt aga9/           
in/itutions :i* lead naturally to ?is   
deprav$ /ate ( ! human m9d4  ,we %all be
 told1 p]haps1 t religion imposes ! duty
 ( ob$i5ce2 z e e/abli%$ fact :i* is too
 bad to admit ( any o!r def5ce1 is      
always pres5t$ to u z an injunction (   
religion4 ,! ,*ur*1 x is v true1 enjo9s 
x 9 h] =mul>ies1 b x w\ld be difficult  
to d]ive any su* injunction f           
,*ri/ianity4 ,we are told t ,/4 ,paul   
said1 ,wives1 obey y\r husb&s3 b he also
 said1 ,slaves1 obey y\r ma/]s4 ,x 0 n  
,/4 ,paul's bus9ess1 nor 0 x consi/5t ) 
8 object1 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity1  
to incite any "o to rebellion aga9/     
exi/+ laws4 ,! apo/le's acceptance ( all
 social in/itutions z he f\nd !m1 is no 
m to be con/ru$ z a disapproval (       
attempts to improve !m at ! prop] "t1   
?an 8 decl>ation1 ,! p[]s t be are      
orda9$ ( ,god1 gives 8 sanction to      
milit>y despotism1 & to t alone1 z !    
,*ri/ian =m ( political gov]nm5t1 or    

comm&s passive ob$i5ce to x4 ,to pret5d 
t ,*ri/ianity 0 int5d$ to /]eotype exi/+
 =ms ( gov]nm5t & society1 & protect !m 
aga9/ *ange1 is to r$uce x to ! level ( 
,islamism or ( ,brahm9ism4 ,x is        
precisely because ,*ri/ianity has n done
 ?is1 t x has be5 ! religion ( !        
progressive portion ( mank9d1 &         
,islamism1 ,brahm9ism1 c41 h be5 ^? ( ! 
/ation>y portions2 or r 7= !re is no su*
 ?+ z a really /ation>y society7 ( !    
decl9+ portions4 ,!re h be5 abundance ( 
p1 9 all ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o tri$ to 
make x some?+ ( ! same k9d2 to conv]t u 
into a sort ( ,*ri/ian ,mussulmans1 ) ! 
,bible = a ,koran1 prohibit+ all        
improvem5t3 & great has be5 _! p[]1 & _m
 h _h to sacrifice _! lives 9 resi/+ !m4
 ,b !y h be5 resi/$1 & ! resi/ance has  
made u :at we are1 & w yet make u :at we
 are to be4  ,aft] :at has be5 said     
respect+ ! obligation ( ob$i5ce1 x is   
almo/ sup]flu\s to say any?+ conc]n+ ! m
 special po9t includ$ 9 ! g5]al "o--a   
woman's "r to h] own prop]ty2 = ,i ne$ n

 hope t ?is treatise c make any         
impression ^u ^? :o ne$ any?+ to conv9ce
 !m t a woman's inh]itance or ga9s ought
 to be z mu* h] own aft] m>riage z be=e4
 ,! rule is simple3 :atev] w\ld be !    
husb&'s or wife's if !y 7 n m>ri$1 %\ld 
be "u _! exclusive control dur+ m>riage2
 :i* ne$ n int]f]e ) ! p[] to tie up    
prop]ty by settlem5t1 9 ord] to pres]ve 
x = *ildr54 ,"s p are s5tim5tally %ock$ 
at ! idea ( a sep>ate int]e/ 9 money    
matt]s1 z inconsi/5t ) ! ideal fusion ( 
two lives into "o4 ,= my own "p1 ,i am  
"o ( ! /ronge/ support]s ( community (  
goods1 :5 result+ f an entire unity (   
feel+ 9 ! own]s1 :i* makes all ?+s      
common betwe5 !m4 ,b ,i h no reli% = a  
community ( goods re/+ on ! doctr9e1 t  
:at is m9e is y\rs b :at is y\rs is n   
m9e2 & ,i %\ld pref] to decl9e ent]+    
into su* a compact ) any "o1 ?\gh ,i 7  
myself ! p]son to pr(it by x4  ,?is     
p>ticul> inju/ice & oppression to wom51 
:i* is1 to common appreh5sions1 m obvi\s
 ?an all ! re/1 admits ( rem$y )\t      

int]f]+ ) any o!r mis*iefs3 & !re c be  
little d\bt t x w be "o ( ! e>lie/      
rem$i$4 ,already1 9 _m ( ! new & sev]al 
( ! old ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican             
,conf$]ation1 provisions h be5 ins]t$   
ev5 9 ! writt5 ,con/itutions1 secur+ to 
wom5 equality ( rights 9 ?is respect3 & 
!reby improv+ mat]ially ! position1 9 ! 
m>riage relation1 ( ^? wom5 at lea/ :o h
 prop]ty1 by leav+ !m "o in/rum5t ( p[] 
:i* !y h n sign$ away2 & prev5t+ also ! 
sc&al\s abuse ( ! m>riage in/itution1   
:i* is p]petrat$ :5 a man entraps a girl
 into m>ry+ him )\t a settlem5t1 = !    
sole purpose ( gett+ possession ( h]    
money4 ,:5 ! support ( ! family dep5ds1 
n on prop]ty1 b on e>n+s1 ! common      
arrangem5t1 by :i* ! man e>ns ! income &
 ! wife sup]9t5ds ! dome/ic exp5diture1 
seems to me 9 g5]al ! mo/ suitable      
division ( lab\r betwe5 ! two p]sons4   
,if1 9 addition to ! physical suff]+ (  
be>+ *ildr51 & ! :ole responsibility (  
_! c>e & education 9 e>ly ye>s1 ! wife  
und]takes ! c>eful & economical         

application ( ! husb&'s e>n+s to ! g5]al
 com=t ( ! family2 %e takes n only h]   
fair %>e1 b usually ! l>g] %>e1 ( !     
bodily & m5tal ex]tion requir$ by _!    
jo9t exi/5ce4 ,if %e und]takes any      
additional portion1 x seldom relieves h]
 f ?is1 b only prev5ts h] f p]=m+ x     
prop]ly4 ,! c>e :i* %e is h]self disabl$
 f tak+ ( ! *ildr5 & ! h\sehold1 nobody 
else takes2 ^? ( ! *ildr5 :o d n die1   
gr[ up z !y be/ c1 & ! managem5t ( !    
h\sehold is likely to be s bad1 z ev5 9 
po9t ( economy to be a great drawback f 
! value ( ! wife's e>n+s4 ,9 an o!rwise 
j /ate ( ?+s1 x is n1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 a  
desirable cu/om1 t ! wife %\ld          
contribute by h] lab\r to ! income ( !  
family4 ,9 an unju/ /ate ( ?+s1 h] do+ s
 may be useful to h]1 by mak+ h] ( m    
value 9 ! eyes ( ! man :o is legally h] 
ma/]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x enables him /ill
 f>!r to abuse 8 p[]1 by =c+ h] to "w1 &
 leav+ ! support ( ! family to h]       
ex]tions1 :ile he sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t 9    
dr9k+ & idl5ess4 ,! p[] ( e>n+ is       

ess5tial to ! dignity ( a woman1 if %e  
has n indep5d5t prop]ty4 ,b if m>riage 7
 an equal contract1 n imply+ !          
obligation ( ob$i5ce2 if ! connexion 7  
no long] en=c$ to ! oppression ( ^? to  
:om x is purely a mis*ief1 b a          
sep>ation1 on j t]ms 7,i d n n[ speak ( 
a divorce71 c\ld be obta9$ by any woman 
:o 0 morally entitl$ to x2 & if %e w\ld 
!n f9d all hon\rable employm5ts z freely
 op5 to h] z to m52 x w\ld n be necess>y
 = h] protection1 t dur+ m>riage %e %\ld
 make ?is p>ticul> use ( h] faculties4  
,l a man :5 he *ooses a pr(ession1 s1 :5
 a woman m>ries1 x may 9 g5]al be       
und]/ood t %e makes *oice ( ! managem5t 
( a h\sehold1 & ! br++ up ( a family1 z 
! fir/ call ^u h] ex]tions1 dur+ z _m   
ye>s ( h] life z may be requir$ = !     
purpose2 & t %e r5\nces1 n all o!r      
objects & occupations1 b all :i* are n  
consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is4 ,!      
actual ex]cise1 9 a habitual or         
sy/ematic mann]1 ( outdoor occupations1 
or su* z _c be c>ri$ on at home1 w\ld by

 ?is pr9ciple be practically int]dict$  
to ! great] numb] ( m>ri$ wom54 ,b !    
utmo/ latitude ought to exi/ = !        
adaptation ( g5]al rules to individual  
suitabilities2 & !re ought to be no?+ to
 prev5t faculties exceptionally adapt$  
to any o!r pursuit1 f obey+ _! vocation 
not)/&+ m>riage3 due provision be+ made 
= supply+ o!rwise any fall+-%ort :i*    
might become inevitable1 9 h] full      
p]=mance ( ! ord9>y functions ( mi/ress 
( a family4 ,^! ?+s1 if once op9ion 7   
rightly direct$ on ! subject1 might )   
p]fect safety be left to be regulat$ by 
op9ion1 )\t any int]f]5ce ( law4        
,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,on ! o!r po9t :i* is  
involv$ 9 ! j equality ( wom51 _!       
admissibility to all ! functions &      
occupations hi!rto reta9$ z ! monopoly (
 ! /rong] sex1 ,i %\ld anticipate no    
difficulty 9 conv9c+ any "o :o has gone 
) me on ! subject ( ! equality ( wom5 9 
! family4 ,i believe t _! disabilities  
else:]e are only clung to 9 ord] to     
ma9ta9 _! subord9ation 9 dome/ic life2  

because ! g5]ality ( ! male sex _c yet  
tol]ate ! idea ( liv+ ) an equal4 ,7 x n
 = t1 ,i ?9k t almo/ e "o1 9 ! exi/+    
/ate ( op9ion 9 politics & political    
economy1 w\ld admit ! inju/ice ( exclud+
 half ! human race f ! great] numb] (   
lucrative occupations1 & f almo/ all    
high social functions2 orda9+ f _! bir? 
ei!r t !y are n1 & _c by any possibility
 become1 fit = employm5ts :i* are       
legally op5 to ! /upide/ & base/ ( ! o!r
 sex1 or else t h[ev] fit !y may be1 ^? 
employm5ts %all be int]dict$ to !m1 9   
ord] to be pres]v$ = ! exclusive b5efit 
( males4 ,9 ! la/ two c5turies1 :5 7:i* 
0 seldom ! case7 any reason beyond ! m]e
 exi/5ce ( ! fact 0 ?\ght to be requir$ 
to ju/ify ! disabilities ( wom51 p      
seldom assign$ z a reason _! inf]ior    
m5tal capacity2 :i*1 9 times :5 !re 0 a 
real trial ( p]sonal faculties 7f :i*   
all wom5 7 n exclud$7 9 ! /ruggles (    
public life1 no "o really believ$ 94 ,! 
reason giv5 9 ^? days 0 n wom5's        
unfitness1 b ! int]e/ ( society1 by :i* 

0 meant ! int]e/ ( m53 j z ! raison     
d'etat1 mean+ ! conv5i5ce ( ! gov]nm5t1 
& ! support ( exi/+ au?ority1 0 deem$ a 
suffici5t explanation & excuse = ! mo/  
flagiti\s crimes4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 p[]  
holds a smoo!r language1 & :omsoev] x   
oppresses1 always pret5ds to d s = _!   
own good3 accord+ly1 :5 any?+ is =bidd5 
to wom51 x is ?\ght necess>y to say1 &  
desirable to believe1 t !y are incapable
 ( do+ x1 & t !y dep>t f _! real pa? (  
success & happ9ess :5 !y aspire to x4 ,b
 to make ?is reason plausible 7,i d n   
say valid71 ^? by :om x is urg$ mu/ be  
prep>$ to c>ry x to a mu* great] l5g?   
?an any "o v5tures to d 9 ! face (      
pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,x is n suffici5t to   
ma9ta9 t wom5 on ! av]age are less gift$
 ?an m5 on ! av]age1 ) c]ta9 ( ! high]  
m5tal faculties1 or t a small] numb] (  
wom5 ?an ( m5 are fit = occupations &   
functions ( ! highe/ intellectual "*4 ,x
 is necess>y to ma9ta9 t no wom5 at all 
are fit = !m1 & t ! mo/ em95t wom5 are  
inf]ior 9 m5tal faculties to ! mo/      

m$iocre ( ! m5 on :om ^? functions at   
pres5t devolve4 ,= if ! p]=mance ( !    
function is decid$ ei!r by competition1 
or by any mode ( *oice :i* secures reg>d
 to ! public int]e/1 !re ne$s be no     
appreh5sion t any important employm5ts w
 fall into ! h&s ( wom5 inf]ior to      
av]age m51 or to ! av]age ( _! male     
competitors4 ,! only result w\ld be t   
!re w\ld be few] wom5 ?an m5 9 su*      
employm5ts2 a result c]ta9 to happ5 9   
any ease1 if only f ! pref]5ce always   
likely to be felt by ! majority ( wom5 =
 ! "o vocation 9 :i* !re is nobody to   
compete ) !m4 ,n[1 ! mo/ det]m9$        
depreciator ( wom5 w n v5ture to d5y1 t 
:5 we add ! exp]i5ce ( rec5t times to t 
( ages pa/1 wom51 & n a few m]ely1 b _m 
wom51 h prov$ !mselves capable ( ev]y?+1
 p]haps )\t a s+le exception1 :i* is    
done by m51 & ( do+ x successfully &    
cr$itably4 ,! utmo/ t c be said is1 t   
!re are _m ?+s :i* none ( !m h succe$$ 9
 do+ z well z !y h be5 done by "s m5--_m
 9 :i* !y h n rea*$ ! v highe/ rank4 ,b 

!re are extremely few1 dep5d5t only on  
m5tal faculties1 9 :i* !y h n atta9$ !  
rank next to ! highe/4 ,is n ?is en\gh1 
& mu* m ?an en\gh1 to make x a tyranny  
to !m1 & a detrim5t to society1 t !y    
%\ld n be all[$ to compete ) m5 = !     
ex]cise ( ^! functions8 ,is x n a m]e   
truism to say1 t su* functions are (t5  
fill$ by m5 f> less fit = !m ?an numb]s 
( wom51 & :o w\ld be beat5 by wom5 9 any
 fair field ( competition8 ,:at diff]5ce
 does x make t !re may be m5 some:]e1   
fully employ$ ab\t o!r ?+s1 :o may be   
/ill bett] qualifi$ = ! ?+s 9 "q ?an ^! 
wom58 ,does n ?is take place 9 all      
competitions8 ,is !re s great a         
sup]fluity ( m5 fit = high duties1 t    
society c af=d to reject ! s]vice ( any 
compet5t p]son8 ,are we s c]ta9 ( always
 f9d+ a man made to our h&s = any duty  
or function ( social importance :i*     
falls vacant1 t we lose no?+ by putt+ a 
ban ^u "o-half ( mank9d1 & refus+ be=eh&
 to make _! faculties available1 h[ev]  
di/+ui%$ !y may be8 ,& ev5 if we c\ld d 

)\t !m1 w\ld x be consi/5t ) ju/ice to  
refuse to !m _! fair %>e ( hon\r &      
di/9ction1 or to d5y to !m ! equal moral
 "r ( all human be+s to *oose _!        
occupation 7%ort ( injury to o!rs7      
accord+ to _! own pref]5ces1 at _! own  
risk8 ,nor is ! inju/ice conf9$ to !m3 x
 is %>$ by ^? :o are 9 a position to    
b5efit by _! s]vices4 ,to orda9 t any   
k9d ( p]sons %all n be physicians1 or   
%all n be advocates1 or %all n be memb]s
 ( p>liam5t1 is to injure n !m only1 b  
all :o employ physicians or advocates1  
or elect memb]s ( p>liam5t1 & :o are    
depriv$ ( ! /imulat+ effect ( great]    
competition on ! ex]tions ( !           
competitors1 z well z re/rict$ to a     
n>r[] range ( individual *oice4  ,x w   
p]haps be suffici5t if ,i conf9e myself1
 9 ! details ( my argum5t1 to functions 
( a public nature3 s9ce1 if ,i am       
successful z to ^?1 x probably w be     
readily grant$ t wom5 %\ld be admissible
 to all o!r occupations to :i* x is at  
all mat]ial :e!r !y are admitt$ or n4 ,&

 "h let me beg9 by m>k+ out "o function1
 broadly di/+ui%$ f all o!rs1 _! "r to  
:i* is entirely indep5d5t ( any "q :i* c
 be rais$ conc]n+ _! faculties4 ,i mean 
! suffrage1 bo? p>liam5t>y & municipal4 
,! "r to %>e 9 ! *oice ( ^? :o are to   
ex]cise a public tru/1 is altoge!r a    
di/9ct ?+ f t ( compet+ = ! tru/ itself4
 ,if no "o c\ld vote = a memb] (        
p>liam5t :o 0 n fit to be a c&idate1 !  
gov]nm5t w\ld be a n>r[ olig>*y inde$4  
,to h a voice 9 *oos+ ^? by :om "o is to
 be gov]n$1 is a means ( self-protection
 due to e "o1 ?\gh he 7 to rema9 = ev]  
exclud$ f ! function ( gov]n+3 & t wom5 
are consid]$ fit to h su* a *oice1 may  
be presum$ f ! fact1 t ! law already    
gives x to wom5 9 ! mo/ important ( all 
cases to !mselves3 = ! *oice ( ! man :o 
is to gov]n a woman to ! end ( life1 is 
always suppos$ to be volunt>ily made by 
h]self4 ,9 ! case ( election to public  
tru/s1 x is ! bus9ess ( con/itutional   
law to surr\nd ! "r ( suffrage ) all    
ne$ful securities & limitations2 b      

:atev] securities are suffici5t 9 ! case
 ( ! male sex1 no o!rs ne$ be requir$ 9 
! case ( wom54 ,"u :atev] conditions1 & 
)9 :atev] limits1 m5 are admitt$ to !   
suffrage1 !re is n a %ad[ ( ju/ification
 = n admitt+ wom5 "u ! same4 ,! majority
 ( ! wom5 ( any class are n likely to   
diff] 9 political op9ion f ! majority ( 
! m5 ( ! same class1 unless ! "q be "o 9
 :i* ! int]e/s ( wom51 z su*1 are 9 "s  
way involv$2 & if !y are s1 wom5 require
 ! suffrage1 z _! gu>antee ( j & equal  
consid]ation4 ,?is ought to be obvi\s   
ev5 to ^? :o co9cide 9 no o!r ( !       
doctr9es = :i* ,i cont5d4 ,ev5 if e     
woman 7 a wife1 & if e wife ought to be 
a slave1 all ! m w\ld ^! slaves /& 9 ne$
 ( legal protection3 & we "k :at legal  
protection ! slaves h1 :]e ! laws are   
made by _! ma/]s4  ,) reg>d to ! fitness
 ( wom51 n only to p>ticipate 9         
elections1 b !mselves to hold (fices or 
practise pr(essions involv+ important   
public responsibilities2 ,i h already   
obs]v$ t ?is consid]ation is n ess5tial 

to ! practical "q 9 dispute3 s9ce any   
woman1 :o succe$s 9 an op5 pr(ession1   
proves by t v fact t %e is qualifi$ = x4
 ,& 9 ! case ( public (fices1 if !      
political sy/em ( ! c\ntry is su* z to  
exclude unfit m51 x w equally exclude   
unfit wom53 :ile if x is n1 !re is no   
additional evil 9 ! fact t ! unfit      
p]sons :om x admits may be ei!r wom5 or 
m54 ,z long !re=e z x is ackn[l$g$ t ev5
 a few wom5 may be fit = ^! duties1 !   
laws :i* %ut ! door on ^? exceptions _c 
be ju/ifi$ by any op9ion :i* c be held  
respect+ ! capacities ( wom5 9 g5]al4   
,b1 ?\gh ?is la/ consid]ation is n      
ess5tial1 x is f> f be+ irrelevant4 ,an 
unprejudic$ view ( x gives additional   
/r5g? to ! argum5ts aga9/ ! disabilities
 ( wom51 & re9=ces !m by high           
consid]ations ( practical utility4  ,let
 u at fir/ make entire ab/raction ( all 
psy*ological consid]ations t5d+ to %[1 t
 any ( ! m5tal diff]5ces suppos$ to exi/
 betwe5 wom5 & m5 are b ! natural effect
 ( ! diff]5ces 9 _! education &         

circum/ances1 & indicate no radical     
diff]5ce1 f> less radical inf]iority1 ( 
nature4 ,let u consid] wom5 only z !y   
already are1 or z !y are kn[n to h be52 
& ! capacities :i* !y h already         
practically %[n4 ,:at !y h done1 t at   
lea/1 if no?+ else1 x is prov$ t !y c d4
 ,:5 we consid] h[ s$ul\sly !y are all  
tra9$ away f1 in/ead ( be+ tra9$ t[>ds1 
any ( ! occupations or objects res]v$ = 
m51 x is evid5t t ,i am tak+ a v humble 
gr\nd = !m1 :5 ,i re/ _! case on :at !y 
h actually a*iev$4 ,=1 9 ?is case1      
negative evid5ce is wor? little1 :ile   
any positive evid5ce is conclusive4 ,x  
_c be inf]r$ to be impossible t a woman 
%\ld be a ,hom]1 or an ,ari/otle1 or a  
,mi*ael ,angelo1 or a ,bee?ov51 because 
no woman has yet actually produc$ works 
comp>able to !irs 9 any ( ^? l9es (     
excell5ce4 ,?is negative fact at mo/    
leaves ! "q unc]ta91 & op5 to           
psy*ological discussion4 ,b x is q c]ta9
 t a woman c be a ,que5 ,elizabe?1 or a 
,deborah1 or a ,joan ( ,arc1 s9ce ?is is

 n inf]5ce1 b fact4 ,n[ x is a curi\s   
consid]ation1 t ! only ?+s :i* ! exi/+  
law excludes wom5 f do+1 are ! ?+s :i*  
!y h prov$ t !y are able to d4 ,!re is  
no law to prev5t a woman f hav+ writt5  
all ! plays ( ,%akspe>e1 or compos$ all 
! op]as ( ,moz>t4 ,b ,que5 ,elizabe? or 
,que5 ,victoria1 _h !y n inh]it$ !      
?rone1 c\ld n h be5 intru/$ ) ! smalle/ 
( ! political duties1 ( :i* ! =m] %[$   
h]self equal to ! greate/4  ,if any?+   
conclusive c\ld be inf]r$ f exp]i5ce1   
)\t psy*ological analysis1 x w\ld be t !
 ?+s :i* wom5 are n all[$ to d are ! v  
ones = :i* !y are peculi>ly qualifi$2   
s9ce _! vocation = gov]nm5t has made its
 way1 & become conspicu\s1 ?r\gh ! v few
 opportunities :i* h be5 giv52 :ile 9 ! 
l9es ( di/9ction :i* app>5tly 7 freely  
op5 to !m1 !y h by no means s em95tly   
di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,we "k h[ small a    
numb] ( reign+ que5s hi/ory pres5ts1 9  
comp>ison ) t ( k+s4 ,( ?is small] numb]
 a f> l>g] proportion h %[n tal5ts =    
rule2 ?\gh _m ( !m h occupi$ ! ?rone 9  

difficult p]iods4 ,x is rem>kable1 too1 
t !y h1 9 a great numb] ( in/ances1 be5 
di/+ui%$ by m]its ! mo/ opposite to !   
imag9>y & conv5tional "* ( wom53 !y h   
be5 z mu* rem>k$ = ! firmness & vig\r ( 
_! rule1 z = its intellig5ce4 ,:51 to   
que5s & empresses1 we add reg5ts1 &     
vic]oys ( prov9ces1 ! li/ ( wom5 :o h   
be5 em95t rul]s ( mank9d swells to a    
great l5g?4#a ,?is fact is s und5iable1 
t "s "o1 long ago1 tri$ to retort !     
argum5t1 & turn$ ! admitt$ tru? into an 
additional insult1 by say+ t que5s are  
bett] ?an k+s1 because "u k+s wom5      
gov]n1 b "u que5s1 m54  ,x may seem a   
wa/e ( reason+ to argue aga9/ a bad     
joke2 b su* ?+s d affect p's m9ds2 & ,i 
h he>d m5 quote ?is say+1 ) an air z if 
!y ?\ght t !re 0 some?+ 9 x4 ,at any    
rate1 x w s]ve z well z any?+ else = a  
/>t+ po9t 9 discussion4 ,i say1 !n1 t x 
is n true t "u k+s1 wom5 gov]n4 ,su*    
cases are entirely exceptional3 & weak  
k+s h q z (t5 gov]n$ ill ?r\gh !        
influ5ce ( male fav\rites1 z ( female4  

,:5 a k+ is gov]n$ by a woman m]ely     
?r\gh 8 amatory prop5sities1 good       
gov]nm5t is n probable1 ?\gh ev5 !n !re 
are exceptions4 ,b ,fr5* hi/ory c\nts   
two k+s :o h volunt>ily giv5 ! direction
 ( affairs dur+ _m ye>s1 ! "o to 8 "m1 !
 o!r to 8 si/]3 "o ( !m1 ,*>les ,,viii41
 0 a m]e boy1 b 9 do+ s he foll[$ !     
int5tions ( 8 fa!r ,l\is ,,xi41 ! able/ 
mon>* ( 8 age4 ,! o!r1 ,sa9t ,l\is1 0 ! 
be/1 & "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s rul]s1 s9ce ! 
"t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,bo? ^! pr9cesses rul$ 
9 a mann] h>dly equall$ by any pr9ce    
among _! contempor>ies4 ,! emp]or ,*>les
 ! ,fif?1 ! mo/ politic pr9ce ( 8 "t1 :o
 _h z great a numb] ( able m5 9 8 s]vice
 z a rul] ev] _h1 & 0 "o ( ! lea/ likely
 ( all sov]eigns to sacrifice 8 int]e/  
to p]sonal feel+s1 made two pr9cesses ( 
8 family successively ,gov]nors ( !     
,ne!rl&s1 & kept "o or o!r ( !m 9 t po/ 
dur+ 8 :ole life1 7!y 7 aft]w>ds succe$$
 by a ?ird74 ,bo? rul$ v successfully1 &
 "o ( !m1 ,m>g>et ( ,au/ria1 0 "o ( !   
able/ politicians ( ! age4 ,s mu* = "o  

side ( ! "q4 ,n[ z to ! o!r4 ,:5 x is   
said t "u que5s m5 gov]n1 is ! same     
mean+ to be und]/ood z :5 k+s are said  
to be gov]n$ by wom58 ,is x meant t     
que5s *oose z _! in/rum5ts ( gov]nm5t1 !
 associates ( _! p]sonal pleasures8 ,!  
case is r>e ev5 ) ^? :o are z           
unscrupul\s on ! latt] po9t z ,ca!r9e   
,,ii43 & x is n 9 ^! cases t ! good     
gov]nm5t1 alleg$ to arise f male        
influ5ce1 is to be f\nd4 ,if x be true1 
!n1 t ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( bett] 
m5 "u a que5 ?an "u an av]age k+1 x mu/ 
be t que5s h a sup]ior capacity = *oos+ 
!m2 & wom5 mu/ be bett] qualifi$ ?an m5 
bo? = ! position ( sov]eign1 & = t (    
*ief m9i/]2 = ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( a    
prime m9i/] is n to gov]n 9 p]son1 b to 
f9d ! fitte/ p]sons to conduct e        
dep>tm5t ( public affairs4 ,! m rapid   
insight into "*1 :i* is "o ( ! admitt$  
po9ts ( sup]iority 9 wom5 ov] m51 mu/   
c]ta9ly make !m1 ) any?+ l p>ity (      
qualifications 9 o!r respects1 m apt ?an
 m5 9 t *oice ( in/rum5ts1 :i* is ne>ly 

! mo/ important bus9ess ( e "o :o has to
 d ) gov]n+ mank9d4 ,ev5 ! unpr9cipl$   
,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici c\ld feel ! value ( a
 ,*ancellor de l',hopital4 ,b x is also 
true t mo/ great que5s h be5 great by _!
 own tal5ts = gov]nm5t1 & h be5 well    
s]v$ precisely = t reason4 ,!y reta9$ ! 
supreme direction ( affairs 9 _! own    
h&s3 & if !y li/5$ to good advis]s1 !y  
gave by t fact ! /ronge/ pro( t _!      
judgm5t fitt$ !m = deal+ ) ! great      
que/ions ( gov]nm5t4  ,is x reasonable  
to ?9k t ^? :o are fit = ! great]       
functions ( politics1 are incapable (   
qualify+ !mselves = ! less8 ,is !re any 
reason 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t ! wives &    
si/]s ( pr9ces %\ld1 :5ev] call$ on1 be 
f\nd z compet5t z ! pr9ces !mselves to  
_! bus9ess1 b t ! wives & si/]s (       
/atesm51 & adm9i/rators1 & directors (  
companies1 & manag]s ( public           
in/itutions1 %\ld be unable to d :at is 
done by _! bro!rs & husb&s8 ,! real     
reason is pla9 en\gh2 x is t pr9cesses1 
be+ m rais$ above ! g5]ality ( m5 by _! 

rank ?an plac$ bel[ !m by _! sex1 h nev]
 be5 taught t x 0 improp] = !m to conc]n
 !mselves ) politics2 b h be5 all[$ to  
feel ! lib]al int]e/ natural to any     
cultivat$ human be+1 9 ! great          
transactions :i* took place ar\nd !m1 & 
9 :i* !y might be call$ on to take a "p4
 ,! ladies ( reign+ families are ! only 
wom5 :o are all[$ ! same range ( int]e/s
 & fre$om ( developm5t z m52 & x is     
precisely 9 _! case t !re is n f\nd to  
be any inf]iority4 ,exactly :]e & 9     
proportion z wom5's capacities =        
gov]nm5t h be5 tri$1 9 t proportion h !y
 be5 f\nd adequate4  ,?is fact is 9     
accordance ) ! be/ g5]al conclusions :i*
 ! _w's imp]fect exp]i5ce seems z yet to
 sugge/1 conc]n+ ! peculi> t5d5cies &   
aptitudes *>act]i/ic ( wom51 z wom5 h   
hi!rto be54 ,i d n say1 z !y w cont9ue  
to be2 =1 z ,i h already said m ?an     
once1 ,i consid] x presumption 9 any "o 
to pret5d to decide :at wom5 are or are 
n1 c or _c be1 by natural con/itution4  
,!y h always hi!rto be5 kept1 z f> z    

reg>ds spontane\s developm5t1 9 s       
unnatural a /ate1 t _! nature _c b h be5
 greatly di/ort$ & disguis$2 & no "o c  
safely pron\nce t if wom5's nature 7    
left to *oose its direction z freely z  
m5's1 & if no artificial b5t 7 attempt$ 
to be giv5 to x except t requir$ by !   
conditions ( human society1 & giv5 to   
bo? sexes alike1 !re w\ld be any mat]ial
 diff]5ce1 or p]haps any diff]5ce at    
all1 9 ! "* & capacities :i* w\ld unfold
 !mselves4 ,i %all pres5tly %[1 t ev5 ! 
lea/ conte/able ( ! diff]5ces :i* n[    
exi/1 are su* z may v well h be5 produc$
 m]ely by circum/ances1 )\t any diff]5ce
 ( natural capacity4 ,b1 look+ at wom5 z
 !y are kn[n 9 exp]i5ce1 x may be said (
 !m1 ) m tru? ?an belongs to mo/ o!r    
g5]alizations on ! subject1 t ! g5]al   
b5t ( _! tal5ts is t[>ds ! practical4   
,?is /atem5t is con=mable to all !      
public hi/ory ( wom51 9 ! pres5t & !    
pa/4 ,x is no less borne out by common &
 daily exp]i5ce4 ,let u consid] !       
special nature ( ! m5tal capacities mo/ 

*>act]i/ic ( a woman ( tal5t4 ,!y are   
all ( a k9d :i* fits !m = practice1 &   
makes !m t5d t[>ds x4 ,:at is meant by a
 woman's capacity ( intuitive p]ception8
 ,x means1 a rapid & correct insight    
into pres5t fact4 ,x has no?+ to d )    
g5]al pr9ciples4 ,nobody ev] p]ceiv$ a  
sci5tific law ( nature by intuition1 nor
 arriv$ at a g5]al rule ( duty or       
prud5ce by x4 ,^! are results ( sl[ &   
c>eful collection & comp>ison (         
exp]i5ce2 & nei!r ! m5 nor ! wom5 (     
intuition usually %9e 9 ?is dep>tm5t1   
unless1 inde$1 ! exp]i5ce necess>y is   
su* z !y c acquire by !mselves4 ,= :at  
is call$ _! intuitive sagacity makes !m 
peculi>ly apt 9 ga!r+ su* g5]al tru?s z 
c be collect$ f _! individual means (   
obs]vation4 ,:51 consequ5tly1 !y *ance  
to be z well provid$ z m5 are ) !       
results ( o!r p's exp]i5ce1 by read+ &  
education1 7,i use ! ^w *ance advis$ly1 
=1 9 respect to ! k t t5ds to fit !m = !
 great] conc]ns ( life1 ! only educat$  
wom5 are ! self-educat$7 !y are bett]   

furni%$ ?an m5 9 g5]al ) ! ess5tial     
requisites ( skilful & successful       
practice4 ,m5 :o h be5 mu* taught1 are  
apt to be defici5t 9 ! s5se ( pres5t    
fact2 !y d n see1 9 ! facts :i* !y are  
call$ ^u to deal )1 :at is really !re1 b
 :at !y h be5 taught to expect4 ,?is is 
seldom ! case ) wom5 ( any ability4 ,_! 
capacity ( intuition pres]ves !m f x4 ,)
 equality ( exp]i5ce & ( g5]al          
faculties1 a woman usually sees mu* m   
?an a man ( :at is imm$iately be=e h]4  
,n[ ?is s5sibility to ! pres5t1 is ! ma9
 quality on :i* ! capacity = practice1 z
 di/+ui%$ f !ory1 dep5ds4 ,to discov]   
g5]al pr9ciples1 belongs to !           
speculative faculty3 to disc]n &        
discrim9ate ! p>ticul> cases 9 :i* !y   
are & are n applicable1 con/itutes      
practical tal5t3 & = ?is1 wom5 z !y n[  
are h a peculi> aptitude4 ,i admit t !re
 c be no good practice )\t pr9ciples1 & 
t ! pr$om9ant place :i* quickness (     
obs]vation holds among a woman's        
faculties1 makes h] p>ticul>ly apt to   

build ov]-ha/y g5]alizations ^u h] own  
obs]vation2 ?\gh at ! same "t no less   
ready 9 rectify+ ^? g5]alizations1 z h] 
obs]vation takes a wid] range4 ,b !     
corrective to ?is defect1 is access to !
 exp]i5ce ( ! human race2 g5]al         
k--exactly ! ?+ :i* education c be/     
supply4 ,a woman's mi/akes are          
specifically ^? ( a clev] self-educat$  
man1 :o (t5 sees :at m5 tra9$ 9 r\t9e d 
n see1 b falls into errors = want ( kn[+
 ?+s :i* h long be5 kn[n4 ,( c\rse he   
has acquir$ mu* ( ! pre-exi/+ k1 or he  
c\ld n h got on at all2 b :at he kn[s ( 
x he has pick$ up 9 fragm5ts & at r&om1 
z wom5 d4  ,b ?is gravitation ( wom5's  
m9ds to ! pres5t1 to ! real1 to actual  
fact1 :ile 9 its exclusiv5ess x is a    
s\rce ( errors1 is also a mo/ useful    
c\nt]active ( ! contr>y error4 ,!       
pr9cipal & mo/ *>act]i/ic ab]ration (   
speculative m9ds z su*1 consi/s         
precisely 9 ! defici5cy ( ?is lively    
p]ception & ev]-pres5t s5se ( objective 
fact4 ,= want ( ?is1 !y (t5 n only      

ov]look ! contradiction :i* outw>d facts
 oppose to _! !ories1 b lose sight ( !  
legitimate purpose ( speculation        
altoge!r1 & let _! speculative faculties
 g a/ray into regions n peopl$ ) real   
be+s1 animate or inanimate1 ev5         
idealiz$1 b ) p]sonifi$ %ad[s creat$ by 
! illusions ( metaphysics or by ! m]e   
entanglem5t ( words1 & ?9k ^! %ad[s !   
prop] objects ( ! highe/1 ! mo/         
transc5dant1 philosophy4 ,h>dly any?+ c 
be ( great] value to a man ( !ory &     
speculation :o employs himself n 9      
collect+ mat]ials ( k by obs]vation1 b 9
 work+ !m up by processes ( ?\ght into  
compreh5sive tru?s ( sci5ce & laws (    
conduct1 ?an to c>ry on 8 speculations 9
 ! companion%ip1 & "u ! criticism1 ( a  
really sup]ior woman4 ,!re is no?+      
comp>able to x = keep+ 8 ?\ghts )9 !    
limits ( real ?+s1 & ! actual facts (   
nature4 ,a woman seldom runs wild aft]  
an ab/raction4 ,! habitual direction (  
h] m9d to deal+ ) ?+s z individuals r   
?an 9 gr\ps1 & 7:at is closely connect$ 

) x7 h] m lively int]e/ 9 ! pres5t      
feel+s ( p]sons1 :i* makes h] consid]   
fir/ ( all1 9 any?+ :i* claims to be    
appli$ to practice1 9 :at mann] p]sons w
 be affect$ by x--^! two ?+s make h]    
extremely unlikely to put fai? 9 any    
speculation :i* loses sight (           
individuals1 & deals ) ?+s z if !y exi/$
 = ! b5efit ( "s imag9>y entity1 "s m]e 
creation ( ! m9d1 n resolvable into !   
feel+s ( liv+ be+s4 ,wom5's ?\ghts are  
?us z useful 9 giv+ reality to ^? ( ?9k+
 m51 z m5's ?\ghts 9 giv+ wid? & l>g5ess
 to ^? ( wom54 ,9 dep?1 z di/+ui%$ f    
bread?1 ,i greatly d\bt if ev5 n[1 wom51
 comp>$ ) m51 are at any disadvantage4  
,if ! exi/+ m5tal *>act]i/ics ( wom5 are
 ?us valuable ev5 9 aid ( speculation1  
!y are /ill m important1 :5 speculation 
has done its "w1 = c>ry+ out ! results (
 speculation into practice4 ,= ! reasons
 already giv51 wom5 are comp>atively    
unlikely to fall into ! common error (  
m51 t ( /ick+ to _! rules 9 a case ^:   
specialities ei!r take x out ( ! class  

to :i* ! rules are applicable1 or       
require a special adaptation ( !m4 ,let 
u n[ consid] ano!r ( ! admitt$          
sup]iorities ( clev] wom51 great]       
quickness ( appreh5sion4 ,is n ?is      
pre-em95tly a quality :i* fits a p]son =
 practice8 ,9 action1 ev]y?+ cont9ually 
dep5ds ^u decid+ promptly4 ,9           
speculation1 no?+ does4 ,a m]e ?9k] c   
wait1 c take "t to consid]1 c collect   
additional evid5ce2 he is n oblig$ to   
complete 8 philosophy at once1 le/ !    
opportunity %\ld g by4 ,! p[] ( draw+ ! 
be/ conclusion possible f insuffici5t   
data is n inde$ useless 9 philosophy2 ! 
con/ruction ( a provisional hypo!sis    
consi/5t ) all kn[n facts is (t5 !      
ne$ful basis = fur!r inquiry4 ,b ?is    
faculty is r s]viceable 9 philosophy1   
?an ! ma9 qualification = x3 &1 = !     
auxili>y z well z = ! ma9 op]ation1 !   
philosoph] c all[ himself any "t he     
pleases4 ,he is 9 no ne$ ( ! capacity ( 
do+ rapidly :at he does2 :at he r ne$s  
is pati5ce1 to "w on sl[ly until        

imp]fect lights h become p]fect1 & a    
conjecture has rip5$ into a !orem4 ,=   
^?1 on ! contr>y1 ^: bus9ess is ) !     
fugitive & p]i%able--) individual facts1
 n k9ds ( facts--rapidity ( ?\ght is a  
qualification next only 9 importance to 
! p[] ( ?\ght itself4 ,he :o has n 8    
faculties "u imm$iate comm&1 9 !        
cont+5cies ( action1 might z well n h !m
 at all4 ,he may be fit to criticize1 b 
he is n fit to act4 ,n[ x is 9 ?is t    
wom51 & ! m5 :o are mo/ l wom51         
confess$ly excel4 ,! o!r sort ( man1    
h[ev] pre-em95t may be 8 faculties1     
arrives sl[ly at complete comm& ( !m3   
rapidity ( judgm5t & promptitude (      
judici\s action1 ev5 9 ! ?+s he kn[s    
be/1 are ! gradual & late result (      
/r5u\s ef=t gr[n into habit4  ,x w be   
said1 p]haps1 t ! great] n]v\s          
susceptibility ( wom5 is a              
disqualification = practice1 9 any?+ b  
dome/ic life1 by r5d]+ !m mobile1       
*angeable1 too vehem5tly "u ! influ5ce (
 ! mom5t1 incapable ( dogg$ p]sev]ance1 

unequal & unc]ta9 9 ! p[] ( us+ _!      
faculties4 ,i ?9k t ^! phrases sum up ! 
great] "p ( ! objections commonly made  
to ! fitness ( wom5 = ! high] class (   
s]i\s bus9ess4 ,mu* ( all ?is is ! m]e  
ov]fl[ ( n]v\s en]gy run to wa/e1 & w\ld
 cease :5 ! en]gy 0 direct$ to a def9ite
 end4 ,mu* is also ! result ( consci\s  
or unconsci\s cultivation2 z we see by !
 almo/ total disappe>ance ( hy/]ics &   
fa9t+ fits1 s9ce !y h gone out ( fa%ion4
 ,moreov]1 :5 p are br\ght up1 l _m wom5
 ( ! high] classes 7?\gh less s 9 our   
own c\ntry ?an 9 any o!r7 a k9d (       
hot-h\se plants1 %ield$ f ! :olesome    
vicissitudes ( air & temp]ature1 &      
untra9$ 9 any ( ! occupations & ex]cises
 :i* give /imulus & developm5t to !     
circulatory & muscul> sy/em1 :ile _!    
n]v\s sy/em1 especially 9 its emotional 
dep>tm5t1 is kept 9 unnaturally active  
play2 x is no wond] if ^? ( !m :o d n   
die ( consumption1 gr[ up ) con/itutions
 liable to d]angem5t f slight causes1   
bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 & )\t /am9a to   

support any task1 physical or m5tal1    
requir+ cont9uity ( ef=t4 ,b wom5 br\ght
 up to "w = _! livelihood %[ none ( ^!  
morbid *>act]i/ics1 unless inde$ !y are 
*a9$ to an excess ( s$5t>y "w 9 conf9$ &
 unheal?y rooms4 ,wom5 :o 9 _! e>ly ye>s
 h %>$ 9 ! heal?ful physical education &
 bodily fre$om ( _! bro!rs1 & :o obta9 a
 suffici5cy ( pure air & ex]cise 9      
aft]-life1 v r>ely h any excessive      
susceptibility ( n]ves :i* c disqualify 
!m = active pursuits4 ,!re is inde$ a   
c]ta9 proportion ( p]sons1 9 bo? sexes1 
9 :om an unusual degree ( n]v\s         
s5sibility is con/itutional1 & ( s m>k$ 
a "* z to be ! feature ( _! organization
 :i* ex]cises ! greate/ influ5ce ov] !  
:ole "* ( ! vital ph5om5a4 ,?is         
con/itution1 l o!r physical con=mations1
 is h]$it>y1 & is transmitt$ to sons z  
well z daught]s2 b x is possible1 &     
probable1 t ! n]v\s temp]am5t 7z x is   
call$7 is inh]it$ by a great] numb] (   
wom5 ?an ( m54 ,we w assume ?is z a     
fact3 & let me !n ask1 are m5 ( n]v\s   

temp]am5t f\nd to be unfit = ! duties & 
pursuits usually foll[$ by m58 ,if n1 :y
 %\ld wom5 ( ! same temp]am5t be unfit =
 !m8 ,! peculi>ities ( ! temp]am5t are1 
no d\bt1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 an ob/acle to 
success 9 "s employm5ts1 ?\gh an aid to 
x 9 o!rs4 ,b :5 ! occupation is suitable
 to ! temp]am5t1 & sometimes ev5 :5 x is
 unsuitable1 ! mo/ brilliant examples ( 
success are cont9ually giv5 by ! m5 (   
high n]v\s s5sibility4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ 
9 _! practical manife/ations *iefly by  
?is1 t be+ susceptible ( a high] degree 
( excitem5t ?an ^? ( ano!r physical     
con/itution1 _! p[]s :5 excit$ diff] m  
?an 9 ! case ( o!r p1 f ^? %[n 9 _!     
ord9>y /ate3 !y are rais$1 z x 71 above 
!mselves1 & d ?+s ) ease :i* !y are     
:olly incapable ( at o!r times4 ,b ?is  
l(ty excitem5t is n1 except 9 weak      
bodily con/itutions1 a m]e fla%1 :i*    
passes away imm$iately1 leav+ no p]man5t
 traces1 & incompatible ) p]si/5t &     
/eady pursuit ( an object4 ,x is ! "* ( 
! n]v\s temp]am5t to be capable ( su/a9$

 excitem5t1 hold+ out ?r\gh long cont9u$
 ef=ts4 ,x is :at is meant by _s4 ,x is 
:at makes ! high-br$ racehorse run )\t  
slack5+ spe$ till he drops d[n dead4 ,x 
is :at has enabl$ s _m delicate wom5 to 
ma9ta9 ! mo/ sublime con/ancy n only at 
! /ake1 b ?r\gh a long prelim9>y        
succession ( m5tal & bodily tortures4 ,x
 is evid5t t p ( ?is temp]am5t are      
p>ticul>ly apt = :at may be call$ !     
executive dep>tm5t ( ! lead]%ip (       
mank9d4 ,!y are ! mat]ial ( great       
orators1 great prea*]s1 impressive      
diffus]s ( moral influ5ces4 ,_!         
con/itution might be deem$ less         
fav\rable to ! qualities requir$ f a    
/atesman 9 ! cab9et1 or f a judge4 ,x   
w\ld be s1 if ! consequ5ce necess>ily   
foll[$ t because p are excitable !y mu/ 
always be 9 a /ate ( excitem5t4 ,b ?is  
is :olly a "q ( tra9+4 ,/rong feel+ is !
 in/rum5t & elem5t ( /rong self-control3
 b x requires to be cultivat$ 9 t       
direction4 ,:5 x is1 x =ms n ! h]oes (  
impulse only1 b ^? also ( self-conque/4 

,hi/ory & exp]i5ce prove t ! mo/        
passionate *>act]s are ! mo/ fanatically
 rigid 9 _! feel+s ( duty1 :5 _! passion
 has be5 tra9$ to act 9 t direction4 ,! 
judge :o gives a j decision 9 a case :]e
 8 feel+s are int5sely int]e/$ on ! o!r 
side1 d]ives f t same /r5g? ( feel+ !   
det]m9$ s5se ( ! obligation ( ju/ice1   
:i* enables him to a*ieve ?is victory   
ov] himself4 ,! capability ( t l(ty     
en?usiasm :i* takes ! human be+ out ( 8 
e-day "*1 reacts ^u ! daily "* itself4  
,8 aspirations & p[]s :5 he is 9 ?is    
exceptional /ate1 become ! type ) :i* he
 comp>es1 & by :i* he e/imates1 8       
s5tim5ts & proce$+s at o!r times3 & 8   
habitual purposes assume a "* m\ld$ by &
 assimilat$ to ! mom5ts ( l(ty          
excitem5t1 al?\gh ^?1 f ! physical      
nature ( a human be+1 c only be         
transi5t4 ,exp]i5ce ( races1 z well z ( 
individuals1 does n %[ ^? ( excitable   
temp]am5t to be less fit1 on ! av]age1  
ei!r = speculation or practice1 ?an ! m 
unexcitable4 ,! ,fr5*1 & ! ,italians1   

are und\bt$ly by nature m n]v\sly       
excitable ?an ! ,teutonic races1 &1     
comp>$ at lea/ ) ! ,engli%1 !y h a mu*  
great] habitual & daily emotional life3 
b h !y be5 less great 9 sci5ce1 9 public
 bus9ess1 9 legal & judicial em95ce1 or 
9 w>8 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t !      
,greeks 7 ( old1 z _! desc5dants &      
successors /ill are1 "o ( ! mo/         
excitable ( ! races ( mank9d4 ,x is     
sup]flu\s to ask1 :at among ! a*ievem5ts
 ( m5 !y did n excel 94 ,! ,romans1     
probably1 z an equally s\!rn p1 _h !    
same orig9al temp]am5t3 b ! /]n "* ( _! 
national discipl9e1 l t ( ! ,sp>tans1   
made !m an example ( ! opposite type (  
national "*2 ! great] /r5g? ( _! natural
 feel+s be+ *iefly app>5t 9 ! int5sity  
:i* ! same orig9al temp]am5t made x     
possible to give to ! artificial4 ,if ^!
 cases exemplify :at a naturally        
excitable p may be made1 ! ,iri% ,celts 
af=d "o ( ! apte/ examples ( :at !y are 
:5 left to !mselves2 7if ^? c be said to
 be left to !mselves :o h be5 = c5turies

 "u ! indirect influ5ce ( bad gov]nm5t1 
& ! direct tra9+ ( a ,ca?olic hi]>*y & (
 a s9c]e belief 9 ! ,ca?olic religion47 
,! ,iri% "* mu/ be consid]$1 !re=e1 z an
 unfav\rable case3 yet1 :5ev] !         
circum/ances ( ! individual h be5 at all
 fav\rable1 :at p h %[n great] capacity 
= ! mo/ v>i$ & multif>i\s individual    
em95ce8 ,l ! ,fr5* comp>$ ) ! ,engli%1 !
 ,iri% ) ! ,swiss1 ! ,greeks or         
,italians comp>$ ) ! ,g]man races1 s    
wom5 comp>$ ) m5 may be f\nd1 on !      
av]age1 to d ! same ?+s ) "s v>iety 9 ! 
p>ticul> k9d ( excell5ce4 ,b1 t !y w\ld 
d !m fully z well on ! :ole1 if _!      
education & cultivation 7 adapt$ to     
correct+ in/ead ( aggravat+ !           
infirmities incid5t to _! temp]am5t1 ,i 
see n ! smalle/ reason to d\bt4         
,suppos+ x1 h[ev]1 to be true t wom5's  
m9ds are by nature m mobile ?an ^? ( m51
 less capable ( p]si/+ long 9 ! same    
cont9u\s ef=t1 m fitt$ = divid+ _!      
faculties among _m ?+s ?an = travell+ 9 
any "o pa? to ! highe/ po9t :i* c be    

rea*$ by x3 ?is may be true ( wom5 z !y 
n[ are 7?\gh n )\t great & num]\s       
exceptions71 & may acc\nt = _! hav+     
rema9$ beh9d ! highe/ ord] ( m5 9       
precisely ! ?+s 9 :i* ?is absorption ( !
 :ole m9d 9 "o set ( ideas & occupations
 may seem to be mo/ requisite4 ,/ill1   
?is diff]5ce is "o :i* c only affect !  
k9d ( excell5ce1 n ! excell5ce itself1  
or its practical wor?3 & x rema9s to be 
%[n :e!r ?is exclusive work+ ( a "p ( ! 
m9d1 ?is absorption ( ! :ole ?9k+       
faculty 9 a s+le subject1 & conc5tration
 ( x on a s+le "w1 is ! normal &        
heal?ful condition ( ! human faculties1 
ev5 = speculative uses4 ,i believe t :at
 is ga9$ 9 special developm5t by ?is    
conc5tration1 is lo/ 9 ! capacity ( !   
m9d = ! o!r purposes ( life2 & ev5 9    
ab/ract ?\ght1 x is my decid$ op9ion t !
 m9d does m by frequ5tly return+ to a   
difficult problem1 ?an by /ick+ to x )\t
 int]ruption4 ,= ! purposes1 at all     
ev5ts1 ( practice1 f its highe/ to its  
humble/ dep>tm5ts1 ! capacity ( pass+   

promptly f "o subject ( consid]ation to 
ano!r1 )\t lett+ ! active spr+ ( !      
intellect run d[n betwe5 ! two1 is a p[]
 f> m valuable2 & ?is p[] wom5          
pre-em95tly possess1 by virtue ( ! v    
mobility ( :i* !y are accus$4 ,!y p]haps
 h x f nature1 b !y c]ta9ly h x by tra9+
 & education2 = ne>ly ! :ole ( !        
occupations ( wom5 consi/ 9 ! managem5t 
( small b multitud9\s details1 on ea* ( 
:i* ! m9d _c dwell ev5 = a m9ute1 b mu/ 
pass on to o!r ?+s1 & if any?+ requires 
long] ?\ght1 mu/ /eal "t at odd mom5ts =
 ?9k+ ( x4 ,! capacity inde$ :i* wom5 %[
 = do+ _! ?9k+ 9 circum/ances & at times
 :i* almo/ any man w\ld make an excuse  
to himself = n attempt+ x1 has (t5 be5  
notic$3 & a woman's m9d1 ?\gh x may be  
occupi$ only ) small ?+s1 c h>dly ev]   
p]mit itself to be vacant1 z a man's s  
(t5 is :5 n engag$ 9 :at he *ooses to   
consid] ! bus9ess ( 8 life4 ,! bus9ess (
 a woman's ord9>y life is ?+s 9 g5]al1 &
 c z little cease to g on z ! _w to g   
r\nd4  ,b 7x is said7 !re is anatomical 

evid5ce ( ! sup]ior m5tal capacity ( m5 
comp>$ ) wom53 !y h a l>g] bra94 ,i     
reply1 t 9 ! fir/ place ! fact itself is
 d\btful4 ,x is by no means e/abli%$ t !
 bra9 ( a woman is small] ?an t ( a man4
 ,if x is inf]r$ m]ely because a woman's
 bodily frame g5]ally is ( less         
dim5sions ?an a man's1 ?is crit]ion w\ld
 lead to /range consequ5ces4 ,a tall &  
l>ge-bon$ man mu/ on ?is %[+ be         
wond]fully sup]ior 9 intellig5ce to a   
small man1 & an elephant or a :ale mu/  
prodigi\sly excel mank9d4 ,! size ( !   
bra9 9 human be+s1 anatomi/s say1 v>ies 
mu* less ?an ! size ( ! body1 or ev5 ( !
 head1 & ! "o _c be at all inf]r$ f !   
o!r4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s wom5 h z l>ge a   
bra9 z any man4 ,x is )9 my k t a man :o
 _h weigh$ _m human bra9s1 said t !     
heavie/ he knew (1 heavi] ev5 ?an       
,cuvi]'s 7! heavie/ previ\sly record$17 
0 t ( a woman4 ,next1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t ! 
precise relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! bra9
 & ! intellectual p[]s is n yet well    
und]/ood1 b is a subject ( great        

dispute4 ,t !re is a v close relation we
 _c d\bt4 ,! bra9 is c]ta9ly ! mat]ial  
organ ( ?\ght & feel+3 & 7mak+          
ab/raction ( ! great unsettl$ controv]sy
 respect+ ! appropriation ( diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! bra9 to diff]5t m5tal faculties7 ,i
 admit t x w\ld be an anomaly1 & an     
exception to all we "k ( ! g5]al laws ( 
life & organization1 if ! size ( ! organ
 7 :olly indiff]5t to ! function2 if no 
accession ( p[] 7 d]iv$ f ! great]      
magnitude ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b ! exception &
 ! anomaly w\ld be fully z great if !   
organ ex]cis$ influ5ce by its magnitude 
only4 ,9 all ! m delicate op]ations (   
nature--( :i* ^? ( ! animat$ creation   
are ! mo/ delicate1 & ^? ( ! n]v\s sy/em
 by f> ! mo/ delicate ( ^!--diff]5ces 9 
! effect dep5d z mu* on diff]5ces (     
quality 9 ! physical ag5ts1 z on _!     
quantity3 & if ! quality ( an in/rum5t  
is to be te/$ by ! nicety & delicacy ( !
 "w x c d1 ! indications po9t to a      
great] av]age f95ess ( quality 9 ! bra9 
& n]v\s sy/em ( wom5 ?an ( m54 ,dismiss+

 ab/ract diff]5ce ( quality1 a ?+       
difficult to v]ify1 ! effici5cy ( an    
organ is kn[n to dep5d n solely on its  
size b on its activity3 & ( ?is we h an 
approximate measure 9 ! en]gy ) :i* !   
blood circulates ?r\gh x1 bo? ! /imulus 
& ! rep>ative =ce be+ ma9ly dep5d5t on !
 circulation4 ,x w\ld n be surpris+--x  
is inde$ an hypo!sis :i* accords well ) 
! diff]5ces actually obs]v$ betwe5 !    
m5tal op]ations ( ! two sexes--if m5 on 
! av]age %\ld h ! advantage 9 ! size ( !
 bra91 & wom5 9 activity ( c]ebral      
circulation4 ,! results :i* conjecture1 
f\nd$ on analogy1 w\ld lead u to expect 
f ?is diff]5ce ( organization1 w\ld     
correspond to "s ( ^? :i* we mo/        
commonly see4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! m5tal  
op]ations ( m5 might be expect$ to be   
sl[]4 ,!y w\ld nei!r be s prompt z wom5 
9 ?9k+1 nor s quick to feel4 ,l>ge      
bodies take m "t to get into full       
action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 once got       
?or\ghly into play1 m5's bra9 w\ld be> m
 "w4 ,x w\ld be m p]si/5t 9 ! l9e fir/  

tak52 x w\ld h m difficulty 9 *ang+ f "o
 mode ( action to ano!r1 b1 9 ! "o ?+ x 
0 do+1 x c\ld g on long] )\t loss ( p[] 
or s5se ( fatigue4 ,& d we n f9d t ! ?+s
 9 :i* m5 mo/ excel wom5 are ^? :i*     
require mo/ plodd+ & long hamm]+ at a   
s+le ?\ght1 :ile wom5 d be/ :at mu/ be  
done rapidly8 ,a woman's bra9 is soon]  
fatigu$1 soon] exhau/$2 b giv5 ! degree 
( exhau/ion1 we %\ld expect to f9d t x  
w\ld recov] itself soon]4 ,i repeat t   
?is speculation is entirely hypo!tical2 
x pret5ds to no m ?an to sugge/ a l9e ( 
enquiry4 ,i h be=e repudiat$ ! notion ( 
its be+ yet c]ta9ly kn[n t !re is any   
natural diff]5ce at all 9 ! av]age /r5g?
 or direction ( ! m5tal capacities ( !  
two sexes1 mu* less :at t diff]5ce is4  
,nor is x possible t ?is %\ld be kn[n1 s
 long z ! psy*ological laws ( ! =mation 
( "* h be5 s little /udi$1 ev5 9 a g5]al
 way1 & 9 ! p>ticul> case nev]          
sci5tifically appli$ at all2 s long z ! 
mo/ obvi\s ext]nal causes ( diff]5ce (  
"* are habitually disreg>d$--left       

unnotic$ by ! obs]v]1 & look$ d[n ^u ) a
 k9d ( sup]cili\s contempt by ! preval5t
 s*ools bo? ( natural hi/ory & ( m5tal  
philosophy3 :o1 :e!r !y look = ! s\rce (
 :at ma9ly di/+ui%es human be+s f "o    
ano!r1 9 ! _w ( matt] or 9 t ( _s1 agree
 9 runn+ d[n ^? :o pref] to expla9 ^!   
diff]5ces by ! diff]5t relations ( human
 be+s to society & life4  ,to s         
ridicul\s an ext5t are ! notions =m$ ( !
 nature ( wom51 m]e empirical           
g5]alizations1 fram$1 )\t philosophy or 
analysis1 ^u ! fir/ in/ances :i* pres5t 
!mselves1 t ! popul> idea ( x is diff]5t
 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 accord+ z ! op9ions
 & social circum/ances ( ! c\ntry h giv5
 to ! wom5 liv+ 9 x any speciality (    
developm5t or non-developm5t4 ,an       
,ori5tal ?9ks t wom5 are by nature      
peculi>ly voluptu\s2 see ! viol5t abuse 
( !m on ?is gr\nd 9 ,h9doo writ+s4 ,an  
,engli%man usually ?9ks t !y are by     
nature cold4 ,! say+s ab\t wom5's       
fickl5ess are mo/ly ( ,fr5* orig92 f !  
fam\s di/i* ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 upw>d & 

d[nw>d4 ,9 ,engl& x is a common rem>k1  
h[ mu* m con/ant wom5 are ?an m54       
,incon/ancy has be5 long] reckon$       
discr$itable to a woman1 9 ,engl& ?an 9 
,france2 & ,engli%wom5 are besides1 9 _!
 inmo/ nature1 mu* m subdu$ to op9ion4  
,x may be rem>k$ by ! way1 t ,engli%m5  
are 9 peculi>ly unfav\rable circum/ances
 = attempt+ to judge :at is or is n     
natural1 n m]ely to wom51 b to m51 or to
 human be+s altoge!r1 at lea/ if !y h   
only ,engli% exp]i5ce to g ^u3 because  
!re is no place :]e human nature %[s s  
little ( its orig9al l9eam5ts4 ,bo? 9 a 
good & a bad s5se1 ! ,engli% are f>!r f 
a /ate ( nature ?an any o!r mod]n p4 ,!y
 are1 m ?an any o!r p1 a product (      
civilization & discipl9e4 ,engl& is !   
c\ntry 9 :i* social discipl9e has mo/   
succe$$1 n s mu* 9 conqu]+1 z 9         
suppress+1 :atev] is liable to conflict 
) x4 ,! ,engli%1 m ?an any o!r p1 n only
 act b feel accord+ to rule4 ,9 o!r     
c\ntries1 ! taught op9ion1 or !         
requirem5t ( society1 may be ! /rong]   

p[]1 b ! prompt+s ( ! individual nature 
are always visible "u x1 & (t5 resi/+ x3
 rule may be /rong] ?an nature1 b nature
 is /ill !re4 ,9 ,engl&1 rule has to a  
great degree sub/itut$ itself = nature4 
,! great] "p ( life is c>ri$ on1 n by   
foll[+ incl9ation "u ! control ( rule1 b
 by hav+ no incl9ation b t ( foll[+ a   
rule4 ,n[ ?is has its good side         
d\btless1 ?\gh x has also a wret*$ly bad
 "o2 b x mu/ r5d] an ,engli%man         
peculi>ly ill-qualifi$ to pass a judgm5t
 on ! orig9al t5d5cies ( human nature f 
8 own exp]i5ce4 ,! errors to :i* obs]v]s
 else:]e are liable on ! subject1 are ( 
a diff]5t "*4 ,an ,engli%man is ignorant
 respect+ human nature1 a ,fr5*man is   
prejudic$4 ,an ,engli%man's errors are  
negative1 a ,fr5*man's positive4 ,an    
,engli%man fancies t ?+s d n exi/1      
because he nev] sees !m2 a ,fr5*man ?9ks
 !y mu/ always & necess>ily exi/1       
because he does see !m4 ,an ,engli%man  
does n "k nature1 because he has _h no  
opportunity ( obs]v+ x2 a ,fr5*man      

g5]ally kn[s a great deal ( x1 b (t5    
mi/akes x1 because he has only se5 x    
sophi/icat$ & di/ort$4 ,= ! artificial  
/ate sup]9duc$ by society disguises !   
natural t5d5cies ( ! ?+ :i* is ! subject
 ( obs]vation1 9 two diff]5t ways3 by   
ext+ui%+ ! nature1 or by trans=m+ x4 ,9 
! "o case !re is b a />v$ residuum (    
nature rema9+ to be /udi$2 9 ! o!r case 
!re is mu*1 b x may h exp&$ 9 any       
direction r ?an t 9 :i* x w\ld          
spontane\sly gr[4  ,i h said t x _c n[  
be kn[n h[ mu* ( ! exi/+ m5tal diff]5ces
 betwe5 m5 & wom5 is natural1 & h[ mu*  
artificial2 :e!r !re are any natural    
diff]5ces at all2 or1 suppos+ all       
artificial causes ( diff]5ce to be      
)drawn1 :at natural "* w\ld be reveal$4 
,i am n ab\t to attempt :at ,i h        
pron\nc$ impossible3 b d\bt does n =bid 
conjecture1 & :]e c]ta9ty is            
unatta9able1 !re may yet be ! means (   
arriv+ at "s degree ( probability4 ,!   
fir/ po9t1 ! orig9 ( ! diff]5ces        
actually obs]v$1 is ! "o mo/ accessible 

to speculation2 & ,i %all attempt to    
approa* x1 by ! only pa? by :i* x c be  
rea*$2 by trac+ ! m5tal consequ5ces (   
ext]nal influ5ces4 ,we _c isolate a     
human be+ f ! circum/ances ( 8          
condition1 s z to asc]ta9 exp]im5tally  
:at he w\ld h be5 by nature2 b we c     
consid] :at he is1 & :at 8 circum/ances 
h be51 & :e!r ! "o w\ld h be5 capable ( 
produc+ ! o!r4  ,let u take1 !n1 ! only 
m>k$ case :i* obs]vation af=ds1 ( app>5t
 inf]iority ( wom5 to m51 if we except !
 m]ely physical "o ( bodily /r5g?4 ,no  
production 9 philosophy1 sci5ce1 or art1
 entitl$ to ! fir/ rank1 has be5 ! "w ( 
a woman4 ,is !re any mode ( acc\nt+ =   
?is1 )\t suppos+ t wom5 are naturally   
incapable ( produc+ !m8  ,9 ! fir/      
place1 we may fairly "q :e!r exp]i5ce   
has af=d$ suffici5t gr\nds = an         
induction4 ,x is sc>cely ?ree g5]ations 
s9ce wom51 sav+ v r>e exceptions1 h     
begun to try _! capacity 9 philosophy1  
sci5ce1 or art4 ,x is only 9 ! pres5t   
g5]ation t _! attempts h be5 at all     

num]\s2 & !y are ev5 n[ extremely few1  
ev]y:]e b 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,x is a   
relevant "q1 :e!r a m9d possess+ !      
requisites ( fir/-rate em95ce 9         
speculation or creative art c\ld h be5  
expect$1 on ! m]e calculation ( *ances1 
to turn up dur+ t lapse ( "t1 among !   
wom5 ^: ta/es & p]sonal position admitt$
 ( _! devot+ !mselves to ^! pursuits4 ,9
 all ?+s :i* !re has yet be5 "t =--9 all
 b ! v highe/ grades 9 ! scale (        
excell5ce1 especially 9 ! dep>tm5t 9 :i*
 !y h be5 longe/ engag$1 lit]ature 7bo? 
prose & poetry7--wom5 h done q z mu*1 h 
obta9$ fully z high prizes & z _m ( !m1 
z c\ld be expect$ f ! l5g? ( "t & !     
numb] ( competitors4 ,if we g back to ! 
e>li] p]iod :5 v few wom5 made !        
attempt1 yet "s ( ^? few made x )       
di/+ui%$ success4 ,! ,greeks always     
acc\nt$ ,sappho among _! great poets2 & 
we may well suppose t ,myrtis1 said to h
 be5 ! tea*] ( ,p9d>1 & ,cor9na1 :o five
 times bore away f him ! prize ( poetry1
 mu/ at lea/ h _h suffici5t m]it to     

admit ( be+ comp>$ ) t great "n4        
,aspasia did n leave any philosophical  
writ+s2 b x is an admitt$ fact t        
,socrates resort$ to h] = in/ruction1 & 
av[$ himself to h obta9$ x4  ,if we     
consid] ! works ( wom5 9 mod]n times1 & 
contra/ !m ) ^? ( m51 ei!r 9 ! lit]>y or
 ! arti/ic dep>tm5t1 su* inf]iority z   
may be obs]v$ resolves itself ess5tially
 into "o ?+3 b t is a mo/ mat]ial "o2   
defici5cy ( orig9ality4 ,n total        
defici5cy2 = e production ( m9d :i* is (
 any sub/antive value1 has an orig9ality
 ( its own--is a conception ( ! m9d     
itself1 n a copy ( some?+ else4 ,?\ghts 
orig9al1 9 ! s5se ( be+ unborr[$--( be+ 
d]iv$ f ! ?9k]'s own obs]vations or     
intellectual processes--are abundant 9 !
 writ+s ( wom54 ,b !y h n yet produc$   
any ( ^? great & lum9\s new ideas :i* =m
 an era 9 ?\ght1 nor ^? fundam5tally new
 conceptions 9 art1 :i* op5 a vi/a (    
possible effects n be=e ?\ght (1 & f\nd 
a new s*ool4 ,_! compositions are mo/ly 
gr\nd$ on ! exi/+ fund ( ?\ght1 & _!    

creations d n deviate widely f exi/+    
types4 ,?is is ! sort ( inf]iority :i*  
_! works manife/3 = 9 po9t ( execution1 
9 ! detail$ application ( ?\ght1 & !    
p]fection ( /yle1 !re is no inf]iority4 
,our be/ noveli/s 9 po9t ( composition1 
& ( ! managem5t ( detail1 h mo/ly be5   
wom52 & !re is n 9 all mod]n lit]ature a
 m eloqu5t vehicle ( ?\ght ?an ! /yle ( 
,madame de ,/ael1 nor1 z a specim5 (    
purely arti/ic excell5ce1 any?+ sup]ior 
to ! prose ( ,madame ,s&1 ^: /yle acts  
^u ! n]v\s sy/em l a symphony ( ,haydn  
or ,moz>t4 ,high orig9ality ( conception
 is1 z ,i h said1 :at is *iefly want+4  
,& n[ to exam9e if !re is any mann] 9   
:i* ?is defici5cy c be acc\nt$ =4  ,let 
u rememb]1 !n1 s f> z reg>ds m]e ?\ght1 
t dur+ all t p]iod 9 ! _w's exi/5ce1 & 9
 ! progress ( cultivation1 9 :i* great &
 fruitful new tru?s c\ld be arriv$ at by
 m]e =ce ( g5ius1 ) little previ\s /udy 
& accumulation ( k--dur+ all t "t wom5  
did n conc]n !mselves ) speculation at  
all4 ,f ! days ( ,hypatia to ^? ( !     

,re=mation1 ! illu/ri\s ,heloisa is     
almo/ ! only woman to :om any su*       
a*ievem5t might h be5 possible2 & we "k 
n h[ great a capacity ( speculation 9 h]
 may h be5 lo/ to mank9d by ! mis=tunes 
( h] life4 ,nev] s9ce any consid]able   
numb] ( wom5 h begun to cultivate s]i\s 
?\ght1 has orig9ality be5 possible on   
easy t]ms4 ,ne>ly all ! ?\ghts :i* c be 
rea*$ by m]e /r5g? ( orig9al faculties1 
h long s9ce be5 arriv$ at2 & orig9ality1
 9 any high s5se ( ! ^w1 is n[ sc>cely  
ev] atta9$ b by m9ds :i* h und]gone     
elaborate discipl9e1 & are deeply v]s$ 9
 ! results ( previ\s ?9k+4 ,x is ,mr4   
,maurice1 ,i ?9k1 :o has rem>k$ on !    
pres5t age1 t its mo/ orig9al ?9k]s are 
^? :o h kn[n mo/ ?or\ghly :at _h be5    
?\ght by _! pr$ecessors3 & ?is w always 
h5ce=? be ! case4 ,e fre% /one 9 !      
edifice has n[ to be plac$ on ! top ( s 
_m o!rs1 t a long process ( climb+1 & ( 
c>ry+ up mat]ials1 has to be gone ?r\gh 
by :oev] aspires to take a %>e 9 !      
pres5t /age ( ! "w4 ,h[ _m wom5 are !re 

:o h gone ?r\gh any su* process8 ,mrs4  
,som]ville1 alone p]haps ( wom51 kn[s z 
mu* ( ma!matics z is n[ ne$ful = mak+   
any consid]able ma!matical discov]y3 is 
x any pro( ( inf]iority 9 wom51 t %e has
 n happ5$ to be "o ( ! two or ?ree      
p]sons :o 9 h] lifetime h associat$ _!  
names ) "s /rik+ advancem5t ( ! sci5ce8 
,two wom51 s9ce political economy has   
be5 made a sci5ce1 h kn[n en\gh ( x to  
write usefully on ! subject3 ( h[ _m ( !
 innum]able m5 :o h writt5 on x dur+ !  
same "t1 is x possible ) tru? to say m8 
,if no woman has hi!rto be5 a great     
hi/orian1 :at woman has _h ! necess>y   
erudition8 ,if no woman is a great      
philologi/1 :at woman has /udi$         
,sanscrit & ,slavonic1 ! ,go?ic (       
,ulphila & ! ,p]sic ( ! ,z5dave/a8 ,ev5 
9 practical matt]s we all "k :at is !   
value ( ! orig9ality ( untaught g5iuses4
 ,x means1 inv5t+ ov] aga9 9 its        
rudim5t>y =m some?+ already inv5t$ &    
improv$ ^u by _m successive inv5tors4   
,:5 wom5 h _h ! prep>ation :i* all m5 n[

 require to be em95tly orig9al1 x w be  
"t en\gh to beg9 judg+ by exp]i5ce ( _! 
capacity = orig9ality4  ,x no d\bt (t5  
happ5s t a p]son1 :o has n widely &     
accurately /udi$ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs on a   
subject1 has by natural sagacity a happy
 intuition1 :i* he c sugge/1 b _c prove1
 :i* yet :5 matur$ may be an important  
addition to k3 b ev5 !n1 no ju/ice c be 
done to x until "s o!r p]son1 :o does   
possess ! previ\s acquirem5ts1 takes x 9
 h&1 te/s x1 gives x a sci5tific or     
practical =m1 & fits x into its place   
among ! exi/+ tru?s ( philosophy or     
sci5ce4 ,is x suppos$ t su* felicit\s   
?\ghts d n occur to wom58 ,!y occur by  
hundr$s to e woman ( intellect4 ,b !y   
are mo/ly lo/1 = want ( a husb& or fri5d
 :o has ! o!r k :i* c enable him to     
e/imate !m prop]ly & br+ !m be=e ! _w3 &
 ev5 :5 !y are br\ght be=e x1 !y g5]ally
 appe> z 8 ideas1 n _! real au?or's4 ,:o
 c tell h[ _m ( ! mo/ orig9al ?\ghts put
 =? by male writ]s1 belong to a woman by
 sugge/ion1 to !mselves only by v]ify+ &

 work+ out8 ,if ,i may judge by my own  
case1 a v l>ge proportion inde$4  ,if we
 turn f pure speculation to lit]ature 9 
! n>r[ s5se ( ! t]m1 & ! f9e arts1 !re  
is a v obvi\s reason :y wom5's lit]ature
 is1 9 its g5]al conception & 9 its ma9 
features1 an imitation ( m5's4 ,:y is ! 
,roman lit]ature1 z critics proclaim to 
satiety1 n orig9al1 b an imitation ( !  
,greek8 ,simply because ! ,greeks came  
fir/4 ,if wom5 liv$ 9 a diff]5t c\ntry f
 m51 & _h nev] read any ( _! writ+s1 !y 
w\ld h _h a lit]ature ( _! own4 ,z x is1
 !y h n creat$ "o1 because !y f\nd a    
highly advanc$ lit]ature already creat$4
 ,if !re _h be5 no susp5sion ( ! k (    
antiquity1 or if ! ,r5aissance _h       
occurr$ be=e ! ,go?ic ca!drals 7 built1 
!y nev] w\ld h be5 built4 ,we see t1 9  
,france & ,italy1 imitation ( ! anci5t  
lit]ature /opp$ ! orig9al developm5t ev5
 aft] x _h comm5c$4 ,all wom5 :o write  
are pupils ( ! great male writ]s4 ,a    
pa9t]'s e>ly pictures1 ev5 if he be a   
,raffaelle1 are undi/+ui%able 9 /yle f  

^? ( 8 ma/]4 ,ev5 a ,moz>t does n       
display 8 p[]ful orig9ality 9 8 e>lie/  
pieces4 ,:at ye>s are to a gift$        
individual1 g5]ations are to a mass4 ,if
 wom5's lit]ature is de/9$ to h a       
diff]5t collective "* f t ( m51 dep5d+  
on any diff]5ce ( natural t5d5cies1 mu* 
long] "t is necess>y ?an has yet elaps$1
 be=e x c emancipate itself f ! influ5ce
 ( accept$ models1 & guide itself by its
 own impulses4 ,b if1 z ,i believe1 !re 
w n prove to be any natural t5d5cies    
common to wom51 & di/+ui%+ _! g5ius f t 
( m51 yet e individual writ] among !m   
has h] individual t5d5cies1 :i* at      
pres5t are /ill subdu$ by ! influ5ce (  
prec$5t & example3 & x w require        
g5]ations m1 be=e _! individuality is   
suffici5tly develop$ to make head aga9/ 
t influ5ce4  ,x is 9 ! f9e arts1 prop]ly
 s call$1 t ! prima facie evid5ce (     
inf]ior orig9al p[]s 9 wom5 at fir/     
sight appe>s ! /ronge/3 s9ce op9ion 7x  
may be said7 does n exclude !m f ^!1 b r
 enc\rages !m1 & _! education1 in/ead ( 

pass+ ov] ?is dep>tm5t1 is 9 ! afflu5t  
classes ma9ly compos$ ( x4 ,yet 9 ?is   
l9e ( ex]tion !y h fall5 /ill m %ort ?an
 9 _m o!rs1 ( ! highe/ em95ce atta9$ by 
m54 ,?is %ortcom+1 h[ev]1 ne$s no o!r   
explanation ?an ! famili> fact1 m       
univ]sally true 9 ! f9e arts ?an 9 any?+
 else2 ! va/ sup]iority ( pr(essional   
p]sons ov] amateurs4 ,wom5 9 ! educat$  
classes are almo/ univ]sally taught m or
 less ( "s bran* or o!r ( ! f9e arts1 b 
n t !y may ga9 _! liv+ or _! social     
consequ5ce by x4 ,wom5 arti/s are all   
amateurs4 ,! exceptions are only ( ! k9d
 :i* confirm ! g5]al tru?4 ,wom5 are    
taught music1 b n = ! purpose ( compos+1
 only ( execut+ x3 & accord+ly x is only
 z compos]s1 t m51 9 music1 are sup]ior 
to wom54 ,! only "o ( ! f9e arts :i*    
wom5 d foll[1 to any ext5t1 z a         
pr(ession1 & an occupation = life1 is ! 
hi/rionic2 & 9 t !y are confess$ly      
equal1 if n sup]ior1 to m54 ,to make !  
comp>ison fair1 x %\ld be made betwe5 ! 
productions ( wom5 9 any bran* ( art1 & 

^? ( m5 n foll[+ x z a pr(ession4 ,9    
musical composition1 = example1 wom5    
surely h produc$ fully z good ?+s z h   
ev] be5 produc$ by male amateurs4 ,!re  
are n[ a few wom51 a v few1 :o practise 
pa9t+ z a pr(ession1 & ^! are already   
beg9n+ to %[ q z mu* tal5t z c\ld be    
expect$4 ,ev5 male pa9t]s 7pace ,mr4    
,rusk97 h n made any v rem>kable figure 
^! la/ c5turies1 & x w be long be=e !y d
 s4 ,! reason :y ! old pa9t]s 7 s       
greatly sup]ior to ! mod]n1 is t a      
greatly sup]ior class ( m5 appli$       
!mselves to ! art4 ,9 ! f\rte5? &       
fifte5? c5turies ! ,italian pa9t]s 7 !  
mo/ accompli%$ m5 ( _! age4 ,! greate/ (
 !m 7 m5 ( encyclopa$ical acquirem5ts & 
p[]s1 l ! great m5 ( ,greece4 ,b 9 _!   
times f9e art 01 to m5's feel+s &       
conceptions1 among ! gr&e/ ?+s 9 :i* a  
human be+ c\ld excel2 & by x m5 7 made1 
:at only political or milit>y di/9ction 
n[ makes !m1 ! companions ( sov]eigns1 &
 ! equals ( ! highe/ nobility4 ,9 !     
pres5t age1 m5 ( any?+ l simil> calibre 

f9d some?+ m important to d1 = _! own   
fame & ! uses ( ! mod]n _w1 ?an pa9t+3 &
 x is only n[ & !n t a ,reynolds or a   
,turn] 7( ^: relative rank among em95t  
m5 ,i d n pret5d to an op9ion7 applies  
himself to t art4 ,music belongs to a   
diff]5t ord] ( ?+s2 x does n require !  
same g5]al p[]s ( m9d1 b seems m        
dep5dant on a natural gift3 & x may be  
?\ght surpris+ t no "o ( ! great musical
 compos]s has be5 a woman4 ,b ev5 ?is   
natural gift1 to be made available =    
great creations1 requires /udy1 &       
pr(essional devotion to ! pursuit4 ,!   
only c\ntries :i* h produc$ fir/-rate   
compos]s1 ev5 ( ! male sex1 are ,g]many 
& ,italy--c\ntries 9 :i*1 bo? 9 po9t (  
special & ( g5]al cultivation1 wom5 h   
rema9$ f> beh9d ,france & ,engl&1 be+   
g5]ally 7x may be said )\t exagg]ation7 
v little educat$1 & hav+ sc>cely        
cultivat$ at all any ( ! high] faculties
 ( m9d4 ,& 9 ^? c\ntries ! m5 :o are    
acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( musical        
composition mu/ be c\nt$ by hundr$s1 or 

m probably by ?\s&s1 ! wom5 b>ely by    
scores3 s t "h aga91 on ! doctr9e (     
av]ages1 we _c reasonably expect to see 
m ?an "o em95t woman to fifty em95t m52 
& ! la/ ?ree c5turies h n produc$ fifty 
em95t male compos]s ei!r 9 ,g]many or 9 
,italy4  ,!re are o!r reasons1 besides  
^? :i* we h n[ giv51 t help to expla9 :y
 wom5 rema9 beh9d m51 ev5 9 ! pursuits  
:i* are op5 to bo?4 ,= "o ?+1 v few wom5
 h "t = !m4 ,?is may seem a p>adox2 x is
 an und\bt$ social fact4 ,! "t & ?\ghts 
( e woman h to satisfy great previ\s    
dem&s on !m = ?+s practical4 ,!re is1   
fir/1 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! family & !      
dome/ic exp5diture1 :i* occupies at lea/
 "o woman 9 e family1 g5]ally ! "o (    
mature ye>s & acquir$ exp]i5ce2 unless !
 family is s ri* z to admit ( delegat+ t
 task to hir$ ag5cy1 & submitt+ to all !
 wa/e & malv]sation insep>able f t mode 
( conduct+ x4 ,! sup]9t5d5ce ( a        
h\sehold1 ev5 :5 n 9 o!r respects       
labori\s1 is extremely on]\s to !       
?\ghts2 x requires incessant vigilance1 

an eye :i* no detail escapes1 & pres5ts 
que/ions = consid]ation & solution1     
=ese5 & un=ese51 at e h\r ( ! day1 f :i*
 ! p]son responsible = !m c h>dly ev]   
%ake h]self free4 ,if a woman is ( a    
rank & circum/ances :i* relieve h] 9 a  
measure f ^! c>es1 %e has /ill devolv+  
on h] ! managem5t = ! :ole family ( its 
int]c\rse ) o!rs--( :at is call$        
society1 & ! less ! call made on h] by !
 =m] duty1 ! great] is always !         
developm5t ( ! latt]3 ! d9n] p>ties1    
conc]ts1 ev5+ p>ties1 morn+ visits1     
lett] writ+1 & all t goes ) !m4 ,all ?is
 is ov] & above ! engross+ duty :i*     
society imposes exclusively on wom51 (  
mak+ !mselves *>m+4 ,a clev] woman ( !  
high] ranks f9ds ne>ly a suffici5t      
employm5t ( h] tal5ts 9 cultivat+ !     
graces ( mann] & ! arts ( conv]sation4  
,to look only at ! outw>d side ( !      
subject3 ! great & cont9ual ex]cise (   
?\ght :i* all wom5 :o atta* any value to
 dress+ well 7,i d n mean exp5sively1 b 
) ta/e1 & p]ception ( natural & (       

artificial conv5ance7 mu/ be/[ ^u _! own
 dress1 p]haps also ^u t ( _! daught]s1 
w\ld alone g a great way t[>ds a*iev+   
respectable results 9 art1 or sci5ce1 or
 lit]ature1 & does actually exhau/ mu* (
 ! "t & m5tal p[] !y might h to sp>e =  
ei!r4#b ,if x 7 possible t all ?is numb]
 ( little practical int]e/s 7:i* are    
made great to !m7 %\ld leave !m ei!r mu*
 leisure1 or mu* en]gy & fre$om ( m9d1  
to be devot$ to art or speculation1 !y  
mu/ h a mu* great] orig9al supply (     
active faculty ?an ! va/ majority ( m54 
,b ?is is n all4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! regul>
 (fices ( life :i* devolve ^u a woman1  
%e is expect$ to h h] "t & faculties    
always at ! disposal ( ev]ybody4 ,if a  
man has n a pr(ession to exempt him f   
su* dem&s1 /ill1 if he has a pursuit1 he
 (f5ds nobody by devot+ 8 "t to x2      
occupation is receiv$ z a valid excuse =
 8 n answ]+ to e casual dem& :i* may be 
made on him4 ,are a woman's occupations1
 especially h] *os5 & volunt>y ones1 ev]
 reg>d$ z excus+ h] f any ( :at are t]m$

 ! calls ( society8 ,sc>cely are h] mo/ 
necess>y & recognis$ duties all[$ z an  
exemption4 ,x requires an illness 9 !   
family1 or some?+ else out ( ! common   
way1 to entitle h] to give h] own       
bus9ess ! prec$5ce ov] o!r p's amusem5t4
 ,%e mu/ always be at ! beck & call (   
somebody1 g5]ally ( ev]ybody4 ,if %e has
 a /udy or a pursuit1 %e mu/ snat* any  
%ort int]val :i* accid5tally occurs to  
be employ$ 9 x4 ,a celebrat$ woman1 9 a 
"w :i* ,i hope w "s day be publi%$1     
rem>ks truly t ev]y?+ a woman does is   
done at odd times4 ,is x wond]ful1 !n1  
if %e does n atta9 ! highe/ em95ce 9 ?+s
 :i* require consecutive att5tion1 & !  
conc5tration on !m ( ! *ief int]e/ (    
life8 ,su* is philosophy1 & su*1 above  
all1 is art1 9 :i*1 besides ! devotion (
 ! ?\ghts & feel+s1 ! h& also mu/ be    
kept 9 con/ant ex]cise to atta9 high    
skill4  ,!re is ano!r consid]ation to be
 add$ to all ^!4 ,9 ! v>i\s arts &      
intellectual occupations1 !re is a      
degree ( pr(ici5cy suffici5t = liv+ by  

x1 & !re is a high] degree on :i* dep5d 
! great productions :i* immortalize a   
"n4 ,to ! atta9m5t ( ! =m]1 !re are     
adequate motives 9 ! case ( all :o foll[
 ! pursuit pr(essionally3 ! o!r is h>dly
 ev] atta9$ :]e !re is n1 or :]e !re has
 n be5 at "s p]iod ( life1 an ard5t     
desire ( celebrity4 ,no?+ less is       
commonly a suffici5t /imulus to und]go !
 long & pati5t drudg]y1 :i*1 9 ! case   
ev5 ( ! greate/ natural gifts1 is       
absolutely requir$ = great em95ce 9     
pursuits 9 :i* we already possess s _m  
spl5did memorials ( ! highe/ g5ius4 ,n[1
 :e!r ! cause be natural or artificial1 
wom5 seldom h ?is eag]ness = fame4 ,_!  
ambition is g5]ally conf9$ )9 n>r[]     
b\nds4 ,! influ5ce !y seek is ov] ^? :o 
imm$iately surr\nd !m4 ,_! desire is to 
be lik$1 lov$1 or admir$1 by ^? :om !y  
see ) _! eyes3 & ! pr(ici5cy 9 k1 arts1 
& accompli%m5ts1 :i* is suffici5t = t1  
almo/ always cont5ts !m4 ,?is is a trait
 ( "* :i* _c be left out ( ! acc\nt 9   
judg+ ( wom5 z !y are4 ,i d n at all    

believe t x is inh]5t 9 wom54 ,x is only
 ! natural result ( _! circum/ances4 ,! 
love ( fame 9 m5 is enc\rag$ by         
education & op9ion3 to scorn delights & 
live labori\s days = its sake1 is       
acc\nt$ ! "p ( noble m9ds1 ev5 if spok5 
( z _! la/ infirmity1 & is /imulat$ by !
 access :i* fame gives to all objects ( 
ambition1 includ+ ev5 ! fav\r ( wom52   
:ile to wom5 !mselves all ^! objects are
 clos$1 & ! desire ( fame itself        
consid]$ d>+ & unfem99e4 ,besides1 h[   
c\ld x be t a woman's int]e/s %\ld n be 
all conc5trat$ ^u ! impressions made on 
^? :o come into h] daily life1 :5       
society has orda9$ t all h] duties %\ld 
be to !m1 & has contriv$ t all h] com=ts
 %\ld dep5d on !m8 ,! natural desire (  
consid]ation f our fell[ creatures is z 
/rong 9 a woman z 9 a man2 b society has
 s ord]$ ?+s t public consid]ation is1 9
 all ord9>y cases1 only atta9able by h] 
?r\gh ! consid]ation ( h] husb& or ( h] 
male relations1 :ile h] private         
consid]ation is =feit$ by mak+ h]self   

individually prom95t1 or appe>+ 9 any   
o!r "* ?an t ( an app5dage to m54 ,:oev]
 is 9 ! lea/ capable ( e/imat+ !        
influ5ce on ! m9d ( ! entire dome/ic &  
social position & ! :ole habit ( a life1
 mu/ easily recognise 9 t influ5ce a    
complete explanation ( ne>ly all !      
app>5t diff]5ces betwe5 wom5 & m51      
includ+ ! :ole ( ^? :i* imply any       
inf]iority4  ,z = moral diff]5ces1      
consid]$ z di/+ui%$ f intellectual1 !   
di/9ction commonly drawn is to !        
advantage ( wom54 ,!y are decl>$ to be  
bett] ?an m52 an empty complim5t1 :i*   
mu/ provoke a bitt] smile f e woman (   
_s1 s9ce !re is no o!r situation 9 life 
9 :i* x is ! e/abli%$ ord]1 & consid]$ q
 natural & suitable1 t ! bett] %\ld obey
 ! worse4 ,if ?is piece ( idle talk is  
good = any?+1 x is only z an admission  
by m51 ( ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( p[]2 = t 
is c]ta9ly ! only tru? :i* ! fact1 if x 
be a fact1 ei!r proves or illu/rates4 ,&
 x is true t s]vitude1 except :5 x      
actually brutalizes1 ?\gh corrupt+ to   

bo?1 is less s to ! slaves ?an to !     
slave-ma/]s4 ,x is :olesom] = ! moral   
nature to be re/ra9$1 ev5 by arbitr>y   
p[]1 ?an to be all[$ to ex]cise arbitr>y
 p[] )\t re/ra9t4 ,wom51 x is said1     
seldom] fall "u ! p5al law--contribute a
 mu* small] numb] ( (f5d]s to ! crim9al 
cal5d>1 ?an m54 ,i d\bt n t ! same ?+   
may be said1 ) ! same tru?1 ( negro     
slaves4 ,^? :o are "u ! control ( o!rs  
_c (t5 commit crimes1 unless at ! comm& 
& = ! purposes ( _! ma/]s4 ,i d n "k a m
 signal in/ance ( ! bl9dness ) :i* ! _w1
 includ+ ! h]d ( /udi\s m51 ignore &    
pass ov] all ! influ5ces ( social       
circum/ances1 ?an _! silly depreciation 
( ! intellectual1 & silly panegyrics on 
! moral1 nature ( wom54  ,! complim5t>y 
dictum ab\t wom5's sup]ior moral        
goodness may be all[$ to pair (f ) !    
disp>ag+ "o respect+ _! great] liability
 to moral bias4 ,wom51 we are told1 are 
n capable ( resi/+ _! p]sonal           
p>tialities3 _! judgm5t 9 grave affairs 
is w>p$ by _! sympa?ies & antipa?ies4   

,assum+ x to be s1 x is /ill to be prov$
 t wom5 are (t5] misl$ by _! p]sonal    
feel+s ?an m5 by _! p]sonal int]e/s4 ,! 
*ief diff]5ce w\ld seem 9 t case to be1 
t m5 are l$ f ! c\rse ( duty & ! public 
int]e/ by _! reg>d = !mselves1 wom5 7n  
be+ all[$ to h private int]e/s ( _! own7
 by _! reg>d = somebody else4 ,x is also
 to be consid]$1 t all ! education :i*  
wom5 receive f society inculcates on !m 
! feel+ t ! individuals connect$ ) !m   
are ! only ones to :om !y owe any       
duty--! only ones ^: int]e/ !y are call$
 ^u to c>e =2 :ile1 z f> z education is 
conc]n$1 !y are left /rang]s ev5 to !   
elem5t>y ideas :i* are presuppos$ 9 any 
intellig5t reg>d = l>g] int]e/s or high]
 moral objects4 ,! compla9t aga9/ !m    
resolves itself m]ely into ?is1 t !y    
fulfil only too fai?fully ! sole duty   
:i* !y are taught1 & almo/ ! only "o :i*
 !y are p]mitt$ to practise4  ,!        
concessions ( ! privileg$ to !          
unprivileg$ are s seldom br\ght ab\t by 
any bett] motive ?an ! p[] ( !          

unprivileg$ to extort !m1 t any argum5ts
 aga9/ ! pr]ogative ( sex are likely to 
be little att5d$ to by ! g5]ality1 z    
long z !y are able to say to !mselves t 
wom5 d n compla9 ( x4 ,t fact c]ta9ly   
enables m5 to reta9 ! unju/ privilege "s
 "t long]2 b does n r5d] x less unju/4  
,exactly ! same ?+ may be said ( ! wom5 
9 ! h>em ( an ,ori5tal3 !y d n compla9 (
 n be+ all[$ ! fre$om ( ,european wom54 
,!y ?9k our wom5 insuff]ably bold &     
unfem99e4 ,h[ r>ely x is t ev5 m5       
compla9 ( ! g5]al ord] ( society2 & h[  
mu* r>] /ill w\ld su* compla9t be1 if !y
 did n "k ( any diff]5t ord] exi/+      
any:]e else4 ,wom5 d n compla9 ( ! g5]al
 lot ( wom52 or r !y d1 = pla9tive      
elegies on x are v common 9 ! writ+s (  
wom51 & 7 /ill m s z long z !           
lam5tations c\ld n be suspect$ ( hav+   
any practical object4 ,_! compla9ts are 
l ! compla9ts :i* m5 make ( ! g5]al     
unsatisfactor9ess ( human life2 !y are n
 meant to imply blame1 or to plead = any
 *ange4 ,b ?\gh wom5 d n compla9 ( ! p[]

 ( husb&s1 ea* compla9s ( h] own husb&1 
or ( ! husb&s ( h] fri5ds4 ,x is ! same 
9 all o!r cases ( s]vitude1 at lea/ 9 ! 
comm5cem5t ( ! emancipatory movem5t4 ,! 
s]fs did n at fir/ compla9 ( ! p[] ( _! 
lords1 b only ( _! tyranny4 ,! ,commons 
began by claim+ a few municipal         
privileges2 !y next ask$ an exemption = 
!mselves f be+ tax$ )\t _! own cons5t2 b
 !y w\ld at t "t h ?\ght x a great      
presumption to claim any %>e 9 ! k+'s   
sov]eign au?ority4 ,! case ( wom5 is n[ 
! only case 9 :i* to rebel aga9/        
e/abli%$ rules is /ill look$ ^u ) ! same
 eyes z 0 =m]ly a subject's claim to !  
"r ( rebell+ aga9/ 8 k+4 ,a woman :o    
jo9s 9 any movem5t :i* h] husb&         
disapproves1 makes h]self a m>tyr1 )\t  
ev5 be+ able to be an apo/le1 = ! husb& 
c legally put a /op to h] apo/le%ip4    
,wom5 _c be expect$ to devote !mselves  
to ! emancipation ( wom51 until m5 9    
consid]able numb] are prep>$ to jo9 ) !m
 9 ! und]tak+4  ,footnote #a3           
,especially is ?is true if we take into 

consid]ation ,asia z well z ,europe4 ,if
 a ,h9doo pr9cipality is /rongly1       
vigilantly1 & economically gov]n$2 if   
ord] is pres]v$ )\t oppression2 if      
cultivation is ext5d+1 & ! p prosp]\s1 9
 ?ree cases out ( f\r t pr9cipality is  
"u a woman's rule4 ,?is fact1 to me an  
entirely unexpect$ "o1 ,i h collect$ f a
 long (ficial k ( ,h9doo gov]nm5ts4 ,!re
 are _m su* in/ances3 = ?\gh1 by ,h9doo 
in/itutions1 a woman _c reign1 %e is !  
legal reg5t ( a k+dom dur+ ! m9ority ( !
 heir2 & m9orities are frequ5t1 ! lives 
( ! male rul]s be+ s (t5 prematurely    
t]m9at$ ?r\gh ! effect ( inactivity &   
s5sual excesses4 ,:5 we consid] t ^!    
pr9cesses h nev] be5 se5 9 public1 h    
nev] conv]s$ ) any man n ( _! own family
 except f beh9d a curta91 t !y d n read1
 & if !y did1 !re is no book 9 _!       
languages :i* c give !m ! smalle/       
in/ruction on political affairs2 !      
example !y af=d ( ! natural capacity (  
wom5 = gov]nm5t is v /rik+4  ,footnote  
#b3 ,x appe>s to be ! same "r turn ( m9d

 :i* enables a man to acquire ! tru?1 or
 ! j idea ( :at is "r1 9 ! ornam5ts1 z 9
 ! m /able pr9ciples ( art4 ,x has /ill 
! same c5tre ( p]fection1 ?\gh x is !   
c5tre ( a small] circle4--,to illu/rate 
?is by ! fa%ion ( dress1 9 :i* !re is   
all[$ to be a good or bad ta/e4 ,!      
compon5t p>ts ( dress are cont9ually    
*ang+ f great to little1 f %ort to long2
 b ! g5]al =m /ill rema9s3 x is /ill !  
same g5]al dress :i* is comp>atively    
fix$1 ?\gh on a v sl5d] f\ndation2 b x  
is on ?is :i* fa%ion mu/ re/4 ,he :o    
inv5ts ) ! mo/ success1 or dresses 9 !  
be/ ta/e1 w\ld probably1 f ! same       
sagacity employ$ to great] purposes1 h  
discov]$ equal skill1 or h =m$ ! same   
correct ta/e1 9 ! highe/ lab\rs (       
art4--,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds' ,disc\rses1
 ,disc4 vii4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,!re   
rema9s a "q1 n ( less importance ?an ^? 
already discuss$1 & :i* w be ask$ ! mo/ 
importunately by ^? oppon5ts ^:         
conviction is some:at %ak5 on ! ma9     
po9t4 ,:at good are we to expect f !    

*anges propos$ 9 our cu/oms &           
in/itutions8 ,w\ld mank9d be at all     
bett] (f if wom5 7 free8 ,if n1 :y      
di/urb _! m9ds1 & attempt to make a     
social revolution 9 ! "n ( an ab/ract   
"r8  ,x is h>dly to be expect$ t ?is "q 
w be ask$ 9 respect to ! *ange propos$ 9
 ! condition ( wom5 9 m>riage4 ,!       
suff]+s1 immoralities1 evils ( all      
sorts1 produc$ 9 innum]able cases by !  
subjection ( individual wom5 to         
individual m51 are f> too t]rible to be 
ov]look$4 ,un?9k+ or unc&id p]sons1     
c\nt+ ^? cases alone :i* are extreme1 or
 :i* atta9 publicity1 may say t ! evils 
are exceptional2 b no "o c be bl9d to _!
 exi/5ce1 nor1 9 _m cases1 to _!        
int5sity4 ,& x is p]fectly obvi\s t !   
abuse ( ! p[] _c be v mu* *eck$ :ile !  
p[] rema9s4 ,x is a p[] giv51 or (f]$1 n
 to good m51 or to dec5tly respectable  
m51 b to all m52 ! mo/ brutal1 & ! mo/  
crim9al4 ,!re is no *eck b t ( op9ion1 &
 su* m5 are 9 g5]al )9 ! rea* ( no      
op9ion b t ( m5 l !mselves4 ,if su* m5  

did n brutally tyrannize ov] ! "o human 
be+ :om ! law compels to be> ev]y?+ f   
!m1 society mu/ already h rea*$ a       
p>adisiacal /ate4 ,!re c\ld be no ne$   
any long] ( laws to curb m5's vici\s    
prop5sities4 ,a/raea mu/ n only h       
return$ to e>?1 b ! he>t ( ! wor/ man   
mu/ h become h] temple4 ,! law (        
s]vitude 9 m>riage is a mon/r\s         
contradiction to all ! pr9ciples ( !    
mod]n _w1 & to all ! exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* 
^? pr9ciples h be5 sl[ly & pa9fully     
work$ out4 ,x is ! sole case1 n[ t negro
 slav]y has be5 aboli%$1 9 :i* a human  
be+ 9 ! pl5itude ( e faculty is deliv]$ 
up to ! t5d] m]cies ( ano!r human be+1 9
 ! hope =soo? t ?is o!r w use ! p[]     
solely = ! good ( ! p]son subject$ to x4
 ,m>riage is ! only actual bondage kn[n 
to our law4 ,!re rema9 no legal slaves1 
except ! mi/ress ( e h\se4  ,x is n1    
!re=e1 on ?is "p ( ! subject1 t ! "q is 
likely to be ask$1 ,cui bono8 ,we may be
 told t ! evil w\ld outweigh ! good1 b !
 reality ( ! good admits ( no dispute4  

,9 reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! l>g] "q1 ! removal
 ( wom5's disabilities--_! recognition z
 ! equals ( m5 9 all t belongs to       
citiz5%ip--! op5+ to !m ( all hon\rable 
employm5ts1 & ( ! tra9+ & education :i* 
qualifies = ^? employm5ts--!re are _m   
p]sons = :om x is n en\gh t ! inequality
 has no j or legitimate def5ce2 !y      
require to be told :at express advantage
 w\ld be obta9$ by aboli%+ x4  ,to :i*  
let me fir/ answ]1 ! advantage ( hav+ ! 
mo/ univ]sal & p]vad+ ( all human       
relations regulat$ by ju/ice in/ead (   
inju/ice4 ,! va/ am\nt ( ?is ga9 to     
human nature1 x is h>dly possible1 by   
any explanation or illu/ration1 to place
 9 a /rong] light ?an x is plac$ by !   
b>e /atem5t1 to any "o :o atta*es a     
moral mean+ to words4 ,all ! selfi%     
prop5sities1 ! self-wor%ip1 ! unju/     
self-pref]5ce1 :i* exi/ among mank9d1 h 
_! s\rce & root 91 & d]ive _! pr9cipal  
n\ri%m5t f1 ! pres5t con/itution ( !    
relation betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,?9k :at x is
 to a boy1 to gr[ up to manhood 9 !     

belief t )\t any m]it or any ex]tion ( 8
 own1 ?\gh he may be ! mo/ frivol\s &   
empty or ! mo/ ignorant & /olid (       
mank9d1 by ! m]e fact ( be+ born a male 
he is by "r ! sup]ior ( all & e "o ( an 
entire half ( ! human race3 includ+     
probably "s ^: real sup]iority to       
himself he has daily or h\rly occasion  
to feel2 b ev5 if 9 8 :ole conduct he   
habitually foll[s a woman's guidance1   
/ill1 if he is a fool1 %e ?9ks t ( c\rse
 %e is n1 & _c be1 equal 9 ability &    
judgm5t to himself2 & if he is n a fool1
 he does worse--he sees t %e is sup]ior 
to him1 & believes t1 not)/&+ h]        
sup]iority1 he is entitl$ to comm& & %e 
is b\nd to obey4 ,:at mu/ be ! effect on
 8 "*1 ( ?is lesson8 ,& m5 ( ! cultivat$
 classes are (t5 n aw>e h[ deeply x s9ks
 into ! imm5se majority ( male m9ds4 ,=1
 among "r-feel+ & well-br$ p1 !         
inequality is kept z mu* z possible out 
( sight2 above all1 out ( sight ( !     
*ildr54 ,z mu* ob$i5ce is requir$ f boys
 to _! "m z to _! fa!r3 !y are n p]mitt$

 to dom9e] ov] _! si/]s1 nor are !y     
accu/om$ to see ^! po/pon$ to !m1 b !   
contr>y2 ! comp5sations ( ! *ivalr\s    
feel+ be+ made prom95t1 :ile ! s]vitude 
:i* requires !m is kept 9 ! backgr\nd4  
,well br\ght-up y\?s 9 ! high] classes  
?us (t5 escape ! bad influ5ces ( !      
situation 9 _! e>ly ye>s1 & only        
exp]i5ce !m :51 arriv$ at manhood1 !y   
fall "u ! dom9ion ( facts z !y really   
exi/4 ,su* p are little aw>e1 :5 a boy  
is diff]5tly br\ght up1 h[ e>ly ! notion
 ( 8 inh]5t sup]iority to a girl arises 
9 8 m9d2 h[ x gr[s ) 8 gr[? & /r5g!ns ) 
8 /r5g?2 h[ x is inoculat$ by "o        
s*oolboy ^u ano!r2 h[ e>ly ! y\? ?9ks   
himself sup]ior to 8 "m1 ow+ h] p]haps  
=be>ance1 b no real respect2 & h[       
sublime & sultan-l a s5se ( sup]iority  
he feels1 above all1 ov] ! woman :om he 
hon\rs by admitt+ h] to a p>tn]%ip ( 8  
life4 ,is x imag9$ t all ?is does n     
p]v]t ! :ole mann] ( exi/5ce ( ! man1   
bo? z an individual & z a social be+8 ,x
 is an exact p>allel to ! feel+ ( a     

h]$it>y k+ t he is excell5t above o!rs  
by be+ born a k+1 or a noble by be+ born
 a noble4 ,! relation betwe5 husb& &    
wife is v l t betwe5 "l & vassal1 except
 t ! wife is held to m unlimit$ ob$i5ce 
?an ! vassal 04 ,h[ev] ! vassal's "* may
 h be5 affect$1 = bett] & = worse1 by 8 
subord9ation1 :o c help see+ t ! "l's 0 
affect$ greatly = ! worse8 :e!r he 0 l$ 
to believe t 8 vassals 7 really sup]ior 
to himself1 or to feel t he 0 plac$ 9   
comm& ov] p z good z himself1 = no m]its
 or lab\rs ( 8 own1 b m]ely = hav+1 z   
,fig>o says1 tak5 ! tr\ble to be born4  
,! self-wor%ip ( ! mon>*1 or ( ! feudal 
sup]ior1 is mat*$ by ! self-wor%ip ( !  
male4 ,human be+s d n gr[ up f *ildhood 
9 ! possession ( une>n$ di/9ctions1 )\t 
plum+ !mselves ^u !m4 ,^? :om privileges
 n acquir$ by _! m]it1 & :i* !y feel to 
be disproportion$ to x1 inspire )       
additional humility1 are always ! few1 &
 ! be/ few4 ,! re/ are only inspir$ )   
pride1 & ! wor/ sort ( pride1 t :i*     
values itself ^u accid5tal advantages1 n

 ( its own a*iev+4 ,above all1 :5 !     
feel+ ( be+ rais$ above ! :ole ( ! o!r  
sex is comb9$ ) p]sonal au?ority ov] "o 
individual among !m2 ! situation1 if a  
s*ool ( consci5ti\s & affectionate      
=be>ance to ^? ^: /ronge/ po9ts ( "* are
 consci5ce & affection1 is to m5 ( ano!r
 quality a regul>ly con/itut$ ,academy  
or ,gymnasium = tra9+ !m 9 arrogance &  
ov]be>+ness2 :i* vices1 if curb$ by !   
c]ta9ty ( resi/ance 9 _! int]c\rse ) o!r
 m51 _! equals1 break out t[>ds all :o  
are 9 a position to be oblig$ to tol]ate
 !m1 & (t5 rev5ge !mselves ^u !         
un=tunate wife = ! involunt>y re/ra9t   
:i* !y are oblig$ to submit to else:]e4 
,! example af=d$1 & ! education giv5 to 
! s5tim5ts1 by lay+ ! f\ndation (       
dome/ic exi/5ce ^u a relation           
contradictory to ! fir/ pr9ciples (     
social ju/ice1 mu/1 f ! v nature ( man1 
h a p]v]t+ influ5ce ( su* magnitude1 t x
 is h>dly possible ) our pres5t exp]i5ce
 to raise our imag9ations to !          
conception ( s great a *ange = ! bett] z

 w\ld be made by its removal4 ,all t    
education & civilization are do+ to     
efface ! influ5ces on "* ( ! law ( =ce1 
& replace !m by ^? ( ju/ice1 rema9s     
m]ely on ! surface1 z long z ! citadel (
 ! enemy is n attack$4 ,! pr9ciple ( !  
mod]n movem5t 9 morals & politics1 is t 
conduct1 & conduct alone1 entitles to   
respect3 t n :at m5 are1 b :at !y d1    
con/itutes _! claim to def]5ce2 t1 above
 all1 m]it1 & n bir?1 is ! only rightful
 claim to p[] & au?ority4 ,if no        
au?ority1 n 9 its nature tempor>y1 7    
all[$ to "o human be+ ov] ano!r1 society
 w\ld n be employ$ 9 build+ up          
prop5sities ) "o h& :i* x has to curb ) 
! o!r4 ,! *ild w\ld really1 = ! fir/ "t 
9 man's exi/5ce on e>?1 be tra9$ 9 ! way
 he %\ld g1 & :5 he 0 old !re w\ld be a 
*ance t he w\ld n dep>t f x4 ,b s long z
 ! "r ( ! /rong to p[] ov] ! weak rules 
9 ! v he>t ( society1 ! attempt to make 
! equal "r ( ! weak ! pr9ciple ( its    
outw>d actions w always be an uphill    
/ruggle2 = ! law ( ju/ice1 :i* is also t

 ( ,*ri/ianity1 w nev] get possession ( 
m5's inmo/ s5tim5ts2 !y w be work+ aga9/
 x1 ev5 :5 b5d+ to x4  ,! second b5efit 
to be expect$ f giv+ to wom5 ! free use 
( _! faculties1 by leav+ !m ! free *oice
 ( _! employm5ts1 & op5+ to !m ! same   
field ( occupation & ! same prizes &    
enc\ragem5ts z to o!r human be+s1 w\ld  
be t ( d\bl+ ! mass ( m5tal faculties   
available = ! high] s]vice ( humanity4  
,:]e !re is n[ "o p]son qualifi$ to     
b5efit mank9d & promote ! g5]al         
improvem5t1 z a public tea*]1 or an     
adm9i/rator ( "s bran* ( public or      
social affairs1 !re w\ld !n be a *ance (
 two4 ,m5tal sup]iority ( any k9d is at 
pres5t ev]y:]e s mu* bel[ ! dem&2 !re is
 su* a defici5cy ( p]sons compet5t to d 
excell5tly any?+ :i* x requires any     
consid]able am\nt ( ability to d2 t !   
loss to ! _w1 by refus+ to make use (   
"o-half ( ! :ole quantity ( tal5t x     
possesses1 is extremely s]i\s4 ,x is    
true t ?is am\nt ( m5tal p[] is n       
totally lo/4 ,mu* ( x is employ$1 & w\ld

 9 any case be employ$1 9 dome/ic       
managem5t1 & 9 ! few o!r occupations op5
 to wom52 & f ! rema9d] indirect b5efit 
is 9 _m individual cases obta9$1 ?r\gh !
 p]sonal influ5ce ( individual wom5 ov] 
individual m54 ,b ^! b5efits are p>tial2
 _! range is extremely circumscrib$2 &  
if !y mu/ be admitt$1 on ! "o h&1 z a   
d$uction f ! am\nt ( fre% social p[] t  
w\ld be acquir$ by giv+ fre$om to       
"o-half ( ! :ole sum ( human intellect1 
!re mu/ be add$1 on ! o!r1 ! b5efit ( ! 
/imulus t w\ld be giv5 to ! intellect ( 
m5 by ! competition2 or 7to use a m true
 expression7 by ! necessity t w\ld be   
impos$ on !m ( des]v+ prec$5cy be=e !y  
c\ld expect to obta9 x4  ,?is great     
accession to ! intellectual p[] ( !     
species1 & to ! am\nt ( intellect       
available = ! good managem5t ( its      
affairs1 w\ld be obta9$1 p>tly1 ?r\gh ! 
bett] & m complete intellectual         
education ( wom51 :i* w\ld !n improve   
p>i passu ) t ( m54 ,wom5 9 g5]al w\ld  
be br\ght up equally capable ( und]/&+  

bus9ess1 public affairs1 & ! high]      
matt]s ( speculation1 ) m5 9 ! same     
class ( society2 & ! select few ( ! "o z
 well z ( ! o!r sex1 :o 7 qualifi$ n    
only to compreh5d :at is done or ?\ght  
by o!rs1 b to ?9k or d some?+           
consid]able !mselves1 w\ld meet ) ! same
 facilities = improv+ & tra9+ _!        
capacities 9 ! "o sex z 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ?is 
way1 ! wid5+ ( ! sph]e ( action = wom5  
w\ld op]ate = good1 by rais+ _!         
education to ! level ( t ( m51 & mak+ ! 
"o p>ticipate 9 all improvem5ts made 9 !
 o!r4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ?is1 ! m]e break+
 d[n ( ! b>ri] w\ld ( itself h an       
educational virtue ( ! highe/ wor?4 ,!  
m]e gett+ rid ( ! idea t all ! wid]     
subjects ( ?\ght & action1 all ! ?+s :i*
 are ( g5]al & n solely ( private       
int]e/1 are m5's bus9ess1 f :i* wom5 are
 to be w>n$ (f--positively int]dict$ f  
mo/ ( x1 coldly tol]at$ 9 ! little :i*  
is all[$ !m--! m]e consci\sness a woman 
w\ld !n h ( be+ a human be+ l any o!r1  
entitl$ to *oose h] pursuits1 urg$ or   

invit$ by ! same inducem5ts z any "o    
else to int]e/ h]self 9 :atev] is       
int]e/+ to human be+s1 entitl$ to ex]t !
 %>e ( influ5ce on all human conc]ns :i*
 belongs to an individual op9ion1 :e!r  
%e attempt$ actual p>ticipation 9 !m or 
n--?is alone w\ld effect an imm5se      
expansion ( ! faculties ( wom51 z well z
 enl>gem5t ( ! range ( _! moral         
s5tim5ts4  ,besides ! addition to !     
am\nt ( individual tal5t available = !  
conduct ( human affairs1 :i* c]ta9ly are
 n at pres5t s abundantly provid$ 9 t   
respect t !y c af=d to disp5se ) "o-half
 ( :at nature pr(f]s2 ! op9ion ( wom5   
w\ld !n possess a m b5eficial1 r ?an a  
great]1 influ5ce ^u ! g5]al mass ( human
 belief & s5tim5t4 ,i say a m b5eficial1
 r ?an a great] influ5ce2 = ! influ5ce (
 wom5 ov] ! g5]al tone ( op9ion has     
always1 or at lea/ f ! e>lie/ kn[n      
p]iod1 be5 v consid]able4 ,! influ5ce ( 
mo!rs on ! e>ly "* ( _! sons1 & ! desire
 ( "y m5 to recomm5d !mselves to "y     
wom51 h 9 all record$ times be5         

important ag5cies 9 ! =mation ( "*1 & h 
det]m9$ "s ( ! *ief /eps 9 ! progress ( 
civilization4 ,ev5 9 ! ,hom]ic age1     
,greek3 aidos t[>ds ! ,greek3 ,troadas  
,greek3 helkesipepl\s is an ackn[l$g$ & 
p[]ful motive ( action 9 ! great        
,hector4 ,! moral influ5ce ( wom5 has _h
 two modes ( op]ation4 ,fir/1 x has be5 
a s(t5+ influ5ce4 ,^? :o 7 mo/ liable to
 be ! victims ( viol5ce1 h naturally    
t5d$ z mu* z !y c\ld t[>ds limit+ its   
sph]e & mitigat+ its excesses4 ,^? :o 7 
n taught to fight1 h naturally incl9$ 9 
fav\r ( any o!r mode ( settl+ diff]5ces 
r ?an t ( fight+4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? :o h be5 
! greate/ suff]]s by ! indulg5ce (      
selfi% passion1 h be5 ! mo/ e>ne/       
support]s ( any moral law :i* (f]$ a    
means ( bridl+ passion4 ,wom5 7 p[]fully
 in/rum5tal 9 induc+ ! nor!rn conqu]ors 
to adopt ! cre$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 a cre$ s 
mu* m fav\rable to wom5 ?an any t prec$$
 x4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,anglo-,saxons & ( 
! ,franks may be said to h be5 begun by 
! wives ( ,e!lb]t & ,clovis4 ,! o!r mode

 9 :i* ! effect ( wom5's op9ion has be5 
conspicu\s1 is by giv+ a p[]ful /imulus 
to ^? qualities 9 m51 :i*1 n be+        
!mselves tra9$ 91 x 0 necess>y = !m t !y
 %\ld f9d 9 _! protectors4 ,c\rage1 & ! 
milit>y virtues g5]ally1 h at all times 
be5 greatly indebt$ to ! desire :i* m5  
felt ( be+ admir$ by wom53 & ! /imulus  
rea*es f> beyond ?is "o class ( em95t   
qualities1 s9ce1 by a v natural effect (
 _! position1 ! be/ passport to !       
admiration & fav\r ( wom5 has always be5
 to be ?\ght highly ( by m54 ,f !       
comb9ation ( ! two k9ds ( moral influ5ce
 ?us ex]cis$ by wom51 arose ! _s (      
*ivalry3 ! peculi>ity ( :i* is1 to aim  
at comb9+ ! highe/ /&>d ( ! w>like      
qualities ) ! cultivation ( a totally   
diff]5t class ( virtues--^? ( g5tl5ess1 
g5]osity1 & self-abnegation1 t[>ds !    
non-milit>y & def5celess classes        
g5]ally1 & a special submission & wor%ip
 direct$ t[>ds wom52 :o 7 di/+ui%$ f !  
o!r def5celess classes by ! high rew>ds 
:i* !y _h x 9 _! p[] volunt>ily to be/[ 

on ^? :o endeav\r$ to e>n _! fav\r1     
in/ead ( extort+ _! subjection4 ,?\gh ! 
practice ( *ivalry fell ev5 m sadly %ort
 ( its !oretic /&>d ?an practice g5]ally
 falls bel[ !ory1 x rema9s "o ( ! mo/   
preci\s monum5ts ( ! moral hi/ory ( our 
race2 z a rem>kable in/ance ( a conc]t$ 
& organiz$ attempt by a mo/ disorganiz$ 
& di/ract$ society1 to raise up & c>ry  
into practice a moral ideal greatly 9   
advance ( its social condition &        
in/itutions2 s mu* s z to h be5         
completely fru/rat$ 9 ! ma9 object1 yet 
nev] entirely inefficaci\s1 & :i* has   
left a mo/ s5sible1 & = ! mo/ "p a      
highly valuable impress on ! ideas &    
feel+s ( all subsequ5t times4  ,!       
*ivalr\s ideal is ! acme ( ! influ5ce ( 
wom5's s5tim5ts on ! moral cultivation (
 mank9d3 & if wom5 are to rema9 9 _!    
subord9ate situation1 x 7 greatly to be 
lam5t$ t ! *ivalr\s /&>d %\ld h pass$   
away1 = x is ! only "o at all capable ( 
mitigat+ ! demoraliz+ influ5ces ( t     
position4 ,b ! *anges 9 ! g5]al /ate ( !

 species r5d]$ inevitable ! sub/itution 
( a totally diff]5t ideal ( morality = !
 *ivalr\s "o4 ,*ivalry 0 ! attempt to   
infuse moral elem5ts into a /ate (      
society 9 :i* ev]y?+ dep5d$ = good or   
evil on individual pr[ess1 "u ! s(t5+   
influ5ces ( individual delicacy &       
g5]osity4 ,9 mod]n societies1 all ?+s1  
ev5 9 ! milit>y dep>tm5t ( affairs1 are 
decid$1 n by individual ef=t1 b by !    
comb9$ op]ations ( numb]s2 :ile ! ma9   
occupation ( society has *ang$ f fight+ 
to bus9ess1 f milit>y to indu/rial life4
 ,! exig5cies ( ! new life are no m     
exclusive ( ! virtues ( g5]osity ?an ^? 
( ! old1 b x no long] entirely dep5ds on
 !m4 ,! ma9 f\ndations ( ! moral life ( 
mod]n times mu/ be ju/ice & prud5ce2 !  
respect ( ea* = ! rights ( e o!r1 & !   
ability ( ea* to take c>e ( himself4    
,*ivalry left )\t legal *eck all =ms (  
wrong :i* reign$ unpuni%$ ?r\gh\t       
society2 x only enc\rag$ a few to d "r 9
 pref]5ce to wrong1 by ! direction x    
gave to ! in/rum5ts ( praise &          

admiration4 ,b ! real dep5d5ce (        
morality mu/ always be ^u its p5al      
sanctions--its p[] to det] f evil4 ,!   
security ( society _c re/ on m]ely r5d]+
 hon\r to "r1 a motive s comp>atively   
weak 9 all b a few1 & :i* on v _m does n
 op]ate at all4 ,mod]n society is able  
to repress wrong ?r\gh all dep>tm5ts (  
life1 by a fit ex]tion ( ! sup]ior /r5g?
 :i* civilization has giv5 x1 & ?us to  
r5d] ! exi/5ce ( ! weak] memb]s (       
society 7no long] def5celess b protect$ 
by law7 tol]able to !m1 )\t reliance on 
! *ivalr\s feel+s ( ^? :o are 9 a       
position to tyrannize4 ,! beauties &    
graces ( ! *ivalr\s "* are /ill :at !y  
71 b ! rights ( ! weak1 & ! g5]al com=t 
( human life1 n[ re/ on a f> sur] &     
/eadi] support2 or r1 !y d s 9 e        
relation ( life except ! conjugal4  ,at 
pres5t ! moral influ5ce ( wom5 is no    
less real1 b x is no long] ( s m>k$ &   
def9ite a "*3 x has m ne>ly m]g$ 9 !    
g5]al influ5ce ( public op9ion4 ,bo?    
?r\gh ! contagion ( sympa?y1 & ?r\gh !  

desire ( m5 to %9e 9 ! eyes ( wom51 _!  
feel+s h great effect 9 keep+ alive :at 
rema9s ( ! *ivalr\s ideal--9 fo/]+ !    
s5tim5ts & cont9u+ ! traditions ( _s &  
g5]osity4 ,9 ^! po9ts ( "*1 _! /&>d is  
high] ?an t ( m52 9 ! quality ( ju/ice1 
some:at l[]4 ,z reg>ds ! relations (    
private life x may be said g5]ally1 t _!
 influ5ce is1 on ! :ole1 enc\rag+ to !  
s(t] virtues1 disc\rag+ to ! /]n]3 ?\gh 
! /atem5t mu/ be tak5 ) all !           
modifications dep5d5t on individual "*4 
,9 ! *ief ( ! great] trials to :i*      
virtue is subject 9 ! conc]ns ( life--! 
conflict betwe5 int]e/ & pr9ciple--!    
t5d5cy ( wom5's influ5ce is ( a v mix$  
"*4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple involv$ happ5s to be 
"o ( ! v few :i* ! c\rse ( _! religi\s  
or moral education has /rongly impress$ 
^u !mselves1 !y are pot5t auxili>ies to 
virtue3 & _! husb&s & sons are (t5      
prompt$ by !m to acts ( abnegation :i*  
!y nev] w\ld h be5 capable ( )\t t      
/imulus4 ,b1 ) ! pres5t education &     
position ( wom51 ! moral pr9ciples :i* h

 be5 impress$ on !m cov] b a            
comp>atively small "p ( ! field (       
virtue1 & are1 moreov]1 pr9cipally      
negative2 =bidd+ p>ticul> acts1 b hav+  
little to d ) ! g5]al direction ( !     
?\ghts & purposes4 ,i am afraid x mu/ be
 said1 t dis9t]e/$ness 9 ! g5]al conduct
 ( life--! devotion ( ! en]gies to      
purposes :i* hold out no promise (      
private advantages to ! family--is v    
seldom enc\rag$ or support$ by wom5's   
influ5ce4 ,x is small blame to !m t !y  
disc\rage objects ( :i* !y h n le>nt to 
see ! advantage1 & :i* )draw _! m5 f !m1
 & f ! int]e/s ( ! family4 ,b !         
consequ5ce is t wom5's influ5ce is (t5  
any?+ b fav\rable to public virtue4     
,wom5 h1 h[ev]1 "s %>e ( influ5ce 9 giv+
 ! tone to public moralities s9ce _!    
sph]e ( action has be5 a little wid5$1 &
 s9ce a consid]able numb] ( !m h occupi$
 !mselves practically 9 ! promotion (   
objects rea*+ beyond _! own family &    
h\sehold4 ,! influ5ce ( wom5 c\nts = a  
great deal 9 two ( ! mo/ m>k$ features (

 mod]n ,european life--its av]sion to   
w>1 & its addiction to philan?ropy4     
,excell5t *>act]i/ics bo?2 b unhappily1 
if ! influ5ce ( wom5 is valuable 9 !    
enc\ragem5t x gives to ^! feel+s 9      
g5]al1 9 ! p>ticul> applications !      
direction x gives to !m is at lea/ z (t5
 mis*iev\s z useful4 ,9 ! philan?ropic  
dep>tm5t m p>ticul>ly1 ! two prov9ces   
*iefly cultivat$ by wom5 are religi\s   
proselytism & *>ity4 ,religi\s          
proselytism at home1 is b ano!r ^w =    
embitt]+ ( religi\s animosities3 abroad1
 x is usually a bl9d runn+ at an object1
 )\t ei!r kn[+ or he$+ ! fatal          
mis*iefs--fatal to ! religi\s object    
itself z well z to all o!r desirable    
objects--:i* may be produc$ by ! means  
employ$4 ,z = *>ity1 x is a matt] 9 :i* 
! imm$iate effect on ! p]sons directly  
conc]n$1 & ! ultimate consequ5ce to !   
g5]al good1 are apt to be at complete w>
 ) "o ano!r3 :ile ! education giv5 to   
wom5--an education ( ! s5tim5ts r ?an ( 
! und]/&+--& ! habit inculcat$ by _!    

:ole life1 ( look+ to imm$iate effects  
on p]sons1 & n to remote effects on     
classes ( p]sons--make !m bo? unable to 
see1 & unwill+ to admit1 ! ultimate evil
 t5d5cy ( any =m ( *>ity or philan?ropy 
:i* comm5ds itself to _! sympa!tic      
feel+s4 ,! great & cont9ually increas+  
mass ( un5light5$ & %ortsight$          
b5evol5ce1 :i*1 tak+ ! c>e ( p's lives  
out ( _! own h&s1 & reliev+ !m f !      
disagreeable consequ5ces ( _! own acts1 
saps ! v f\ndations ( ! self-respect1   
self-help1 & self-control :i* are !     
ess5tial conditions bo? ( individual    
prosp]ity & ( social virtue--?is wa/e ( 
res\rces & ( b5evol5t feel+s 9 do+ h>m  
in/ead ( good1 is imm5sely swell$ by    
wom5's contributions1 & /imulat$ by _!  
influ5ce4 ,n t ?is is a mi/ake likely to
 be made by wom51 :]e !y h actually !   
practical managem5t ( s*emes (          
b5efic5ce4 ,x sometimes happ5s t wom5 :o
 adm9i/] public *>ities--) t insight    
into pres5t fact1 & especially into !   
m9ds & feel+s ( ^? ) :om !y are 9       

imm$iate contact1 9 :i* wom5 g5]ally    
excel m5--recognise 9 ! cle>e/ mann] !  
demoraliz+ influ5ce ( ! alms giv5 or !  
help af=d$1 & c\ld give lessons on !    
subject to _m a male political economi/4
 ,b wom5 :o only give _! money1 & are n 
br\ght face to face ) ! effects x       
produces1 h[ c !y be expect$ to =esee   
!m8 ,a woman born to ! pres5t lot (     
wom51 & cont5t ) x1 h[ %\ld %e          
appreciate ! value ( self-dep5d5ce8 ,%e 
is n self-dep5d5t2 %e is n taught       
self-dep5d5ce2 h] de/9y is to receive   
ev]y?+ f o!rs1 & :y %\ld :at is good    
en\gh = h] be bad = ! poor8 ,h] famili> 
notions ( good are ( bless+s desc5d+ f a
 sup]ior4 ,%e =gets t %e is n free1 & t 
! poor are2 t if :at !y ne$ is giv5 to  
!m une>n$1 !y _c be compell$ to e>n x3 t
 ev]ybody _c be tak5 c>e ( by ev]ybody1 
b !re mu/ be "s motive to induce p to   
take c>e ( !mselves2 & t to be help$ to 
help !mselves1 if !y are physically     
capable ( x1 is ! only *>ity :i* proves 
to be *>ity 9 ! end4  ,^! consid]ations 

%[ h[ usefully ! "p :i* wom5 take 9 !   
=mation ( g5]al op9ion1 w\ld be modifi$ 
= ! bett] by t m enl>g$ in/ruction1 &   
practical conv]sancy ) ! ?+s :i* _!     
op9ions influ5ce1 t w\ld necess>ily     
arise f _! social & political           
emancipation4 ,b ! improvem5t x w\ld "w 
?r\gh ! influ5ce !y ex]cise1 ea* 9 h]   
own family1 w\ld be /ill m rem>kable4   
,x is (t5 said t 9 ! classes mo/ expos$ 
to temptation1 a man's wife & *ildr5 t5d
 to keep him hone/ & respectable1 bo? by
 ! wife's direct influ5ce1 & by ! conc]n
 he feels = _! future welf>e4 ,?is may  
be s1 & no d\bt (t5 is s1 ) ^? :o are m 
weak ?an wick$2 & ?is b5eficial influ5ce
 w\ld be pres]v$ & /r5g!n$ "u equal     
laws2 x does n dep5d on ! woman's       
s]vitude1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 dim9i%$ by
 ! disrespect :i* ! inf]ior class ( m5  
always at he>t feel t[>ds ^? :o are     
subject to _! p[]4 ,b :5 we asc5d high] 
9 ! scale1 we come among a totally      
diff]5t set ( mov+ =ces4 ,! wife's      
influ5ce t5ds1 z f> z x goes1 to prev5t 

! husb& f fall+ bel[ ! common /&>d (    
approbation ( ! c\ntry4 ,x t5ds q z     
/rongly to h9d] him f ris+ above x4 ,!  
wife is ! auxili>y ( ! common public    
op9ion4 ,a man :o is m>ri$ to a woman 8 
inf]ior 9 intellig5ce1 f9ds h] a        
p]petual dead weight1 or1 worse ?an a   
dead weight1 a drag1 ^u e aspiration ( 8
 to be bett] ?an public op9ion requires 
him to be4 ,x is h>dly possible = "o :o 
is 9 ^! bonds1 to atta9 exalt$ virtue4  
,if he diff]s 9 8 op9ion f ! mass--if he
 sees tru?s :i* h n yet dawn$ ^u !m1 or 
if1 feel+ 9 8 he>t tru?s :i* !y nom9ally
 recognise1 he w\ld l to act up to ^?   
tru?s m consci5ti\sly ?an ! g5]ality (  
mank9d--to all su* ?\ghts & desires1    
m>riage is ! heavie/ ( drawbacks1 unless
 he be s =tunate z to h a wife z mu*    
above ! common level z he himself is4   
,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is always "s    
sacrifice ( p]sonal int]e/ requir$2 ei!r
 ( social consequ5ce1 or ( pecuni>y     
means2 p]haps ! risk ( ev5 ! means (    
subsi/5ce4 ,^! sacrifices & risks he may

 be will+ to enc\nt] = himself2 b he w  
pause be=e he imposes !m on 8 family4 ,&
 8 family 9 ?is case means 8 wife &     
daught]s2 = he always hopes t 8 sons w  
feel z he feels himself1 & t :at he c d 
)\t1 !y w d )\t1 will+ly1 9 ! same      
cause4 ,b 8 daught]s--_! m>riage may    
dep5d ^u x3 & 8 wife1 :o is unable to   
ent] into or und]/& ! objects = :i* ^!  
sacrifices are made--:o1 if %e ?\ght !m 
wor? any sacrifice1 w\ld ?9k s on tru/1 
& solely = 8 sake--:o c p>ticipate 9    
none ( ! en?usiasm or ! self-approbation
 he himself may feel1 :ile ! ?+s :i* he 
is dispos$ to sacrifice are all 9 all to
 h]2 w n ! be/ & mo/ unselfi% man       
hesitate ! longe/ be=e br++ on h] ?is   
consequ5ce8 ,if x be n ! com=ts ( life1 
b only social consid]ation1 t is at     
/ake1 ! bur!n ^u 8 consci5ce & feel+s is
 /ill v sev]e4 ,:oev] has a wife &      
*ildr5 has giv5 ho/ages to ,mrs4        
,grundy4 ,! approbation ( t pot5tate may
 be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him1 b x is 
( great importance to 8 wife4 ,! man    

himself may be above op9ion1 or may f9d 
suffici5t comp5sation 9 ! op9ion ( ^? ( 
8 own way ( ?9k+4 ,b to ! wom5 connect$ 
) him1 he c (f] no comp5sation4 ,! almo/
 inv>iable t5d5cy ( ! wife to place h]  
influ5ce 9 ! same scale ) social        
consid]ation1 is sometimes made a       
reproa* to wom51 & repres5t$ z a peculi>
 trait ( feebl5ess & *ildi%ness ( "* 9  
!m3 surely ) great inju/ice4 ,society   
makes ! :ole life ( a woman1 9 ! easy   
classes1 a cont9u$ self-sacrifice2 x    
exacts f h] an unremitt+ re/ra9t ( !    
:ole ( h] natural incl9ations1 & ! sole 
return x makes to h] = :at (t5 des]ves !
 "n ( a m>tyrdom1 is consid]ation4 ,h]  
consid]ation is insep>ably connect$ ) t 
( h] husb&1 & aft] pay+ ! full price =  
x1 %e f9ds t %e is to lose x1 = no      
reason ( :i* %e c feel ! cog5cy4 ,%e has
 sacrific$ h] :ole life to x1 & h] husb&
 w n sacrifice to x a :im1 a freak1 an  
ecc5tricity2 some?+ n recognis$ or all[$
 = by ! _w1 & :i* ! _w w agree ) h] 9   
?9k+ a folly1 if x ?9ks no worse6 ,!    

dilemma is h>de/ ^u t v m]itori\s class 
( m51 :o1 )\t possess+ tal5ts :i*       
qualify !m to make a figure among ^? )  
:om !y agree 9 op9ion1 hold _! op9ion f 
conviction1 & feel b\nd 9 hon\r &       
consci5ce to s]ve x1 by mak+ pr(ession (
 _! belief1 & giv+ _! "t1 lab\r1 &      
means1 to any?+ und]tak5 9 its behalf4  
,! wor/ case ( all is :5 su* m5 happ5 to
 be ( a rank & position :i* ( itself    
nei!r gives !m1 nor excludes !m f1 :at  
is consid]$ ! be/ society2 :5 _!        
admission to x dep5ds ma9ly on :at is   
?\ght ( !m p]sonally--& h[ev]           
unexceptionable _! bre$+ & habits1 _!   
be+ id5tifi$ ) op9ions & public conduct 
unacceptable to ^? :o give ! tone to    
society w\ld op]ate z an effectual      
exclusion4 ,_m a woman flatt]s h]self   
7n9e times out ( t5 q errone\sly7 t no?+
 prev5ts h] & h] husb& f mov+ 9 ! highe/
 society ( h] neighb\rhood--society 9   
:i* o!rs well kn[n to h]1 & 9 ! same    
class ( life1 mix freely--except t h]   
husb& is un=tunately a ,diss5t]1 or has 

! reputation ( m+l+ 9 l[ radical        
politics4 ,t x is1 %e ?9ks1 :i* h9d]s   
,george f gett+ a commission or a place1
 ,c>ol9e f mak+ an advantage\s mat*1 &  
prev5ts h] & h] husb& f obta9+          
invitations1 p]haps hon\rs1 :i*1 = aught
 %e sees1 !y are z well entitl$ to z "s 
folks4 ,) su* an influ5ce 9 e h\se1 ei!r
 ex]t$ actively1 or op]at+ all ! m      
p[]fully = n be+ ass]t$1 is x any wond] 
t p 9 g5]al are kept d[n 9 t m$iocrity (
 respectability :i* is becom+ a m>k$    
*>act]i/ic ( mod]n times8  ,!re is ano!r
 v injuri\s aspect 9 :i* ! effect1 n (  
wom5's disabilities directly1 b ( !     
broad l9e ( diff]5ce :i* ^? disabilities
 create betwe5 ! education & "* ( a     
woman & t ( a man1 requires to be       
consid]$4 ,no?+ c be m unfav\rable to t 
union ( ?\ghts & incl9ations :i* is !   
ideal ( m>ri$ life4 ,intimate society   
betwe5 p radically dissimil> to "o      
ano!r1 is an idle dream4 ,unlik5ess may 
attract1 b x is lik5ess :i* reta9s2 & 9 
proportion to ! lik5ess is ! suitability

 ( ! individuals to give ea* o!r a happy
 life4 ,:ile wom5 are s unlike m51 x is 
n wond]ful t selfi% m5 %\ld feel ! ne$ (
 arbitr>y p[] 9 _! own h&s1 to arre/ 9  
lim9e ! life-long conflict (            
incl9ations1 by decid+ e "q on ! side ( 
_! own pref]5ce4 ,:5 p are extremely    
unlike1 !re c be no real id5tity (      
int]e/4 ,v (t5 !re is consci5ti\s       
diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 m>ri$ p1 on !  
highe/ po9ts ( duty4 ,is !re any reality
 9 ! m>riage union :]e ?is takes place8 
,yet x is n uncommon any:]e1 :5 ! woman 
has any e>ne/ness ( "*2 & x is a v g5]al
 case inde$ 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 :5 %e  
is support$ 9 h] diss5t by ! only o!r   
au?ority to :i* %e is taught to b[1 !   
prie/4 ,) ! usual b>efac$ness ( p[] n   
accu/om$ to f9d itself disput$1 !       
influ5ce ( prie/s ov] wom5 is attack$ by
 ,prote/ant & ,lib]al writ]s1 less = be+
 bad 9 itself1 ?an because x is a rival 
au?ority to ! husb&1 & raises up a      
revolt aga9/ 8 infallibility4 ,9 ,engl&1
 simil> diff]5ces occasionally exi/ :5  

an ,evangelical wife has alli$ h]self ) 
a husb& ( a diff]5t quality2 b 9 g5]al  
?is s\rce at lea/ ( diss5sion is got rid
 (1 by r$uc+ ! m9ds ( wom5 to su* a     
nullity1 t !y h no op9ions b ^? ( ,mrs4 
,grundy1 or ^? :i* ! husb& tells !m to  
h4 ,:5 !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion1     
diff]5ces m]ely ( ta/e may be suffici5t 
to detract greatly f ! happ9ess ( m>ri$ 
life4 ,& ?\gh x may /imulate ! amatory  
prop5sities ( m51 x does n conduce to   
m>ri$ happ9ess1 to exagg]ate by         
diff]5ces ( education :atev] may be !   
native diff]5ces ( ! sexes4 ,if ! m>ri$ 
pair are well-br$ & well-behav$ p1 !y   
tol]ate ea* o!r's ta/es2 b is mutual    
tol]ation :at p look =w>d to1 :5 !y ent]
 into m>riage8 ,^! diff]5ces (          
incl9ation w naturally make _! wi%es    
diff]5t1 if n re/ra9$ by affection or   
duty1 z to almo/ all dome/ic que/ions   
:i* arise4 ,:at a diff]5ce !re mu/ be 9 
! society :i* ! two p]sons w wi% to     
frequ5t1 or be frequ5t$ by6 ,ea* w      
desire associates :o %>e _! own ta/es3 !

 p]sons agreeable to "o1 w be indiff]5t 
or positively disagreeable to ! o!r2 yet
 !re c be none :o are n common to bo?1 =
 m>ri$ p d n n[ live 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
h\se & h totally diff]5t visit+ li/s1 z 
9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,!y _c help hav+
 diff]5t wi%es z to ! br++ up ( !       
*ildr53 ea* w wi% to see reproduc$ 9 !m 
_! own ta/es & s5tim5ts3 & !re is ei!r a
 compromise1 & only a half-satisfaction 
to ei!r1 or ! wife has to yield--(t5 )  
bitt] suff]+2 &1 ) or )\t int5tion1 h]  
occult influ5ce cont9ues to c\nt]work ! 
husb&'s purposes4  ,x w\ld ( c\rse be   
extreme folly to suppose t ^! diff]5ces 
( feel+ & incl9ation only exi/ because  
wom5 are br\ght up diff]5tly f m51 & t  
!re w\ld n be diff]5ces ( ta/e "u any   
imag9able circum/ances4 ,b !re is no?+  
beyond ! m>k 9 say+ t ! di/9ction 9     
br++-up imm5sely aggravates ^?          
diff]5ces1 & r5d]s !m :olly inevitable4 
,:ile wom5 are br\ght up z !y are1 a man
 & a woman w b r>ely f9d 9 "o ano!r real
 agreem5t ( ta/es & wi%es z to daily    

life4 ,!y w g5]ally h to give x up z    
hopeless1 & r5\nce ! attempt to h1 9 !  
intimate associate ( _! daily life1 t   
idem velle1 idem nolle1 :i* is !        
recognis$ bond ( any society t is really
 su*3 or if ! man succe$s 9 obta9+ x1 he
 does s by *oos+ a woman :o is s        
complete a nullity t %e has no velle or 
nolle at all1 & is z ready to comply )  
"o ?+ z ano!r if anybody tells h] to d  
s4 ,ev5 ?is calculation is apt to fail2 
dulness & want ( _s are n always a      
gu>antee ( ! submission :i* is s        
confid5tly expect$ f !m4 ,b if !y 71 is 
?is ! ideal ( m>riage8 ,:at1 9 ?is case1
 does ! man obta9 by x1 except an upp]  
s]vant1 a nurse1 or a mi/ress8 ,on !    
contr>y1 :5 ea* ( two p]sons1 in/ead (  
be+ a no?+1 is a some?+2 :5 !y are      
atta*$ to "o ano!r1 & are n too mu*     
unlike to beg9 )2 ! con/ant p>tak+ 9 !  
same ?+s1 assi/$ by _! sympa?y1 draws   
out ! lat5t capacities ( ea* = be+      
int]e/$ 9 ! ?+s :i* 7 at fir/ int]e/+   
only to ! o!r2 & works a gradual        

assimilation ( ! ta/es & *>act]s to "o  
ano!r1 p>tly by ! ins5sible modification
 ( ea*1 b m by a real enri*+ ( ! two    
natures1 ea* acquir+ ! ta/es &          
capacities ( ! o!r 9 addition to its    
own4 ,?is (t5 happ5s betwe5 two fri5ds (
 ! same sex1 :o are mu* associat$ 9 _!  
daily life3 & x w\ld be a common1 if n !
 commone/1 case 9 m>riage1 did n !      
totally diff]5t br++-up ( ! two sexes   
make x next to an impossibility to =m a 
really well-assort$ union4 ,7 ?is       
rem$i$1 :atev] diff]5ces !re might /ill 
be 9 individual ta/es1 !re w\ld at lea/ 
be1 z a g5]al rule1 complete unity &    
unanimity z to ! great objects ( life4  
,:5 ! two p]sons bo? c>e = great        
objects1 & are a help & enc\ragem5t to  
ea* o!r 9 :atev] reg>ds ^!1 ! m9or      
matt]s on :i* _! ta/es may diff] are n  
all-important to !m2 & !re is a         
f\ndation = solid fri5d%ip1 ( an endur+ 
"*1 m likely ?an any?+ else to make x1  
?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 a great] pleasure  
to ea* to give pleasure to ! o!r1 ?an to

 receive x4  ,i h consid]$1 ?us f>1 !   
effects on ! pleasures & b5efits ( !    
m>riage union :i* dep5d on ! m]e        
unlik5ess betwe5 ! wife & ! husb&3 b !  
evil t5d5cy is prodigi\sly aggravat$ :5 
! unlik5ess is inf]iority4 ,m]e         
unlik5ess1 :5 x only means diff]5ce (   
good qualities1 may be m a b5efit 9 !   
way ( mutual improvem5t1 ?an a drawback 
f com=t4 ,:5 ea* emulates1 & desires &  
endeav\rs to acquire1 ! o!r's peculi>   
qualities1 ! diff]5ce does n produce    
div]sity ( int]e/1 b increas$ id5tity ( 
x1 & makes ea* /ill m valuable to ! o!r4
 ,b :5 "o is mu* ! inf]ior ( ! two 9    
m5tal ability & cultivation1 & is n     
actively attempt+ by ! o!r's aid to rise
 to ! o!r's level1 ! :ole influ5ce ( !  
connexion ^u ! developm5t ( ! sup]ior ( 
! two is det]iorat+3 & /ill m s 9 a     
tol]ably happy m>riage ?an 9 an unhappy 
"o4 ,x is n ) impunity t ! sup]ior 9    
intellect %uts himself up ) an inf]ior1 
& elects t inf]ior = 8 *os51 & sole     
completely intimate1 associate4 ,any    

society :i* is n improv+1 is det]iorat+3
 & ! m s1 ! clos] & m famili> x is4 ,ev5
 a really sup]ior man almo/ always beg9s
 to det]iorate :5 he is habitually 7z ! 
phrase is7 k+ ( 8 company3 & 9 8 mo/    
habitual company ! husb& :o has a wife  
inf]ior to him is always s4 ,:ile 8     
self-satisfaction is incessantly m9i/]$ 
to on ! "o h&1 on ! o!r he ins5sibly    
imbibes ! modes ( feel+1 & ( look+ at   
?+s1 :i* belong to a m vulg> or a m     
limit$ m9d ?an 8 own4 ,?is evil diff]s f
 _m ( ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 dwelt on1 by  
be+ an increas+ "o4 ,! association ( m5 
) wom5 9 daily life is mu* clos] & m    
complete ?an x ev] 0 be=e4 ,m5's life is
 m dome/ic4 ,=m]ly1 _! pleasures & *os5 
occupations 7 among m51 & 9 m5's        
company3 _! wives _h b a fragm5t ( _!   
lives4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! progress (    
civilization1 & ! turn ( op9ion aga9/ ! 
r\gh amusem5ts & convivial excesses :i* 
=m]ly occupi$ mo/ m5 9 _! h\rs (        
relaxation--toge!r ) 7x mu/ be said7 !  
improv$ tone ( mod]n feel+ z to !       

reciprocity ( duty :i* b9ds ! husb&     
t[>ds ! wife--h ?r[n ! man v mu* m ^u   
home & its inmates1 = 8 p]sonal & social
 pleasures3 :ile ! k9d & degree (       
improvem5t :i* has be5 made 9 wom5's    
education1 has made !m 9 "s degree      
capable ( be+ 8 companions 9 ideas &    
m5tal ta/es1 :ile leav+ !m1 9 mo/ cases1
 /ill hopelessly inf]ior to him4 ,8     
desire ( m5tal communion is ?us 9 g5]al 
satisfi$ by a communion f :i* he le>ns  
no?+4 ,an unimprov+ & un/imulat+        
companion%ip is sub/itut$ = 7:at he     
might o!rwise h be5 oblig$ to seek7 !   
society ( 8 equals 9 p[]s & 8 fell[s 9 !
 high] pursuits4 ,we see1 accord+ly1 t  
"y m5 ( ! greate/ promise g5]ally cease 
to improve z soon z !y m>ry1 &1 n       
improv+1 inevitably deg5]ate4 ,if ! wife
 does n pu% ! husb& =w>d1 %e always     
holds him back4 ,he ceases to c>e = :at 
%e does n c>e =2 he no long] desires1 & 
ends by dislik+ & %unn+1 society        
cong5ial to 8 =m] aspirations1 & :i*    
w\ld n[ %ame 8 fall+-(f f !m2 8 high]   

faculties bo? ( m9d & he>t cease to be  
call$ into activity4 ,& ?is *ange       
co9cid+ ) ! new & selfi% int]e/s :i* are
 creat$ by ! family1 aft] a few ye>s he 
diff]s 9 no mat]ial respect f ^? :o h   
nev] _h wi%es = any?+ b ! common        
vanities & ! common pecuni>y objects4   
,:at m>riage may be 9 ! case ( two      
p]sons ( cultivat$ faculties1 id5tical 9
 op9ions & purposes1 betwe5 :om !re     
exi/s t be/ k9d ( equality1 simil>ity ( 
p[]s & capacities ) reciprocal          
sup]iority 9 !m--s t ea* c enjoy !      
luxury ( look+ up to ! o!r1 & c h       
alt]nately ! pleasure ( lead+ & ( be+ l$
 9 ! pa? ( developm5t--,i w n attempt to
 describe4 ,to ^? :o c conceive x1 !re  
is no ne$2 to ^? :o _c1 x w\ld appe> !  
dream ( an en?usia/4 ,b ,i ma9ta91 ) !  
pr(\nde/ conviction1 t ?is1 & ?is only1 
is ! ideal ( m>riage2 & t all op9ions1  
cu/oms1 & in/itutions :i* fav\r any o!r 
notion ( x1 or turn ! conceptions &     
aspirations connect$ ) x into any o!r   
direction1 by :atev] pret5ces !y may be 

col\r$1 are relics ( primitive b>b>ism4 
,! moral reg5]ation ( mank9d w only     
really comm5ce1 :5 ! mo/ fundam5tal ( ! 
social relations is plac$ "u ! rule (   
equal ju/ice1 & :5 human be+s le>n to   
cultivate _! /ronge/ sympa?y ) an equal 
9 rights & 9 cultivation4  ,?us f>1 !   
b5efits :i* x has appe>$ t ! _w w\ld ga9
 by ceas+ to make sex a disqualification
 = privileges & a badge ( subjection1   
are social r ?an individual2 consi/+ 9  
an increase ( ! g5]al fund ( ?9k+ & act+
 p[]1 & an improvem5t 9 ! g5]al         
conditions ( ! association ( m5 ) wom54 
,b x w\ld be a griev\s und]/atem5t ( !  
case to omit ! mo/ direct b5efit ( all1 
! unspeakable ga9 9 private happ9ess to 
! lib]at$ half ( ! species2 ! diff]5ce  
to !m betwe5 a life ( subjection to ! w 
( o!rs1 & a life ( rational fre$om4     
,aft] ! prim>y necessities ( food &     
raim5t1 fre$om is ! fir/ & /ronge/ want 
( human nature4 ,:ile mank9d are        
lawless1 _! desire is = lawless fre$om4 
,:5 !y h le>nt to und]/& ! mean+ ( duty 

& ! value ( reason1 !y incl9e m & m to  
be guid$ & re/ra9$ by ^! 9 ! ex]cise (  
_! fre$om2 b !y d n !re=e desire fre$om 
less2 !y d n become dispos$ to accept ! 
w ( o!r p z ! repres5tative & int]pret] 
( ^? guid+ pr9ciples4 ,on ! contr>y1 !  
communities 9 :i* ! reason has be5 mo/  
cultivat$1 & 9 :i* ! idea ( social duty 
has be5 mo/ p[]ful1 are ^? :i* h mo/    
/rongly ass]t$ ! fre$om ( action ( !    
individual--! lib]ty ( ea* to gov]n 8   
conduct by 8 own feel+s ( duty1 & by su*
 laws & social re/ra9ts z 8 own         
consci5ce c subscribe to4  ,he :o w\ld  
rightly appreciate ! wor? ( p]sonal     
indep5d5ce z an elem5t ( happ9ess1 %\ld 
consid] ! value he himself puts ^u x z  
an +r$i5t ( 8 own4 ,!re is no subject on
 :i* !re is a great] habitual diff]5ce (
 judgm5t betwe5 a man judg+ = himself1 &
 ! same man judg+ = o!r p4 ,:5 he he>s  
o!rs compla9+ t !y are n all[$ fre$om ( 
action--t _! own w has n suffici5t      
influ5ce 9 ! regulation ( _! affairs--8 
incl9ation is1 to ask1 :at are _!       

grievances8 :at positive damage !y      
su/a98 & 9 :at respect !y consid] _!    
affairs to be mismanag$8 & if !y fail to
 make out1 9 answ] to ^! que/ions1 :at  
appe>s to him a suffici5t case1 he turns
 a deaf e>1 & reg>ds _! compla9t z !    
fanciful qu]ul\sness ( p :om no?+       
reasonable w satisfy4 ,b he has a q     
diff]5t /&>d ( judgm5t :5 he is decid+ =
 himself4 ,!n1 ! mo/ unexceptionable    
adm9i/ration ( 8 int]e/s by a tutor set 
ov] him1 does n satisfy 8 feel+s3 8     
p]sonal exclusion f ! decid+ au?ority   
appe>s itself ! greate/ grievance ( all1
 r5d]+ x sup]flu\s ev5 to ent] into ! "q
 ( mismanagem5t4 ,x is ! same ) nations4
 ,:at citiz5 ( a free c\ntry w\ld li/5  
to any (f]s ( good & skilful            
adm9i/ration1 9 return = ! abdication ( 
fre$om8 ,ev5 if he c\ld believe t good &
 skilful adm9i/ration c exi/ among a p  
rul$ by a w n _! own1 w\ld n !          
consci\sness ( work+ out _! own de/9y "u
 _! own moral responsibility be a       
comp5sation to 8 feel+s = great rud5ess 

& imp]fection 9 ! details ( public      
affairs8 ,let him re/ assur$ t :atev] he
 feels on ?is po9t1 wom5 feel 9 a fully 
equal degree4 ,:atev] has be5 said or   
writt51 f ! "t ( ,h]odotus to ! pres5t1 
( ! ennobl+ influ5ce ( free gov]nm5t--! 
n]ve & spr+ :i* x gives to all !        
faculties1 ! l>g] & high] objects :i* x 
pres5ts to ! intellect & feel+s1 ! m    
unselfi% public _s1 & calm] & broad]    
views ( duty1 t x eng5d]s1 & ! g5]ally  
l(ti] plat=m on :i* x elevates !        
individual z a moral1 spiritual1 &      
social be+--is e p>ticle z true ( wom5 z
 ( m54 ,are ^! ?+s no important "p (    
individual happ9ess8 ,let any man call  
to m9d :at he himself felt on em]g+ f   
boyhood--f ! tutelage & control ( ev5   
lov$ & affectionate eld]s--& ent]+ ^u ! 
responsibilities ( manhood4 ,0 x n l !  
physical effect ( tak+ (f a heavy       
weight1 or releas+ him f ob/ructive1 ev5
 if n o!rwise pa9ful1 bonds8 ,did he n  
feel twice z mu* alive1 twice z mu* a   
human be+1 z be=e8 ,& does he imag9e t  

wom5 h none ( ^! feel+s8 ,b x is a /rik+
 fact1 t ! satisfactions &              
mortifications ( p]sonal pride1 ?\gh all
 9 all to mo/ m5 :5 ! case is _! own1 h 
less all[ance made = !m 9 ! case ( o!r  
p1 & are less li/5$ to z a gr\nd or a   
ju/ification ( conduct1 ?an any o!r     
natural human feel+s2 p]haps because m5 
complim5t !m 9 _! own case ) ! names ( s
 _m o!r qualities1 t !y are seldom      
consci\s h[ mighty an influ5ce ^! feel+s
 ex]cise 9 _! own lives4 ,no less l>ge &
 p[]ful is _! "p1 we may assure         
ourselves1 9 ! lives & feel+s ( wom54   
,wom5 are s*ool$ into suppress+ !m 9 _! 
mo/ natural & mo/ heal?y direction1 b ! 
int]nal pr9ciple rema9s1 9 a diff]5t    
outw>d =m4 ,an active & en]getic m9d1 if
 d5i$ lib]ty1 w seek = p[]3 refus$ !    
comm& ( itself1 x w ass]t its p]sonality
 by attempt+ to control o!rs4 ,to all[  
to any human be+s no exi/5ce ( _! own b 
:at dep5ds on o!rs1 is giv+ f> too high 
a premium on b5d+ o!rs to _! purposes4  
,:]e lib]ty _c be hop$ =1 & p[] c1 p[]  

becomes ! gr& object ( human desire2 ^? 
to :om o!rs w n leave ! undi/urb$       
managem5t ( _! own affairs1 w comp5sate 
!mselves1 if !y c1 by m$dl+ = _! own    
purposes ) ! affairs ( o!rs4 ,h5ce also 
wom5's passion = p]sonal beauty1 & dress
 & display2 & all ! evils t fl[ f x1 9 !
 way ( mis*iev\s luxury & social        
immorality4 ,! love ( p[] & ! love (    
lib]ty are 9 et]nal antagonism4 ,:]e !re
 is lea/ lib]ty1 ! passion = p[] is !   
mo/ ard5t & unscrupul\s4 ,! desire ( p[]
 ov] o!rs c only cease to be a deprav+  
ag5cy among mank9d1 :5 ea* ( !m         
individually is able to d )\t x3 :i* c  
only be :]e respect = lib]ty 9 ! p]sonal
 conc]ns ( ea* is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple4 
,b x is n only ?r\gh ! s5tim5t ( p]sonal
 dignity1 t ! free direction & disposal 
( _! own faculties is a s\rce (         
individual happ9ess1 & to be fett]$ &   
re/rict$ 9 x1 a s\rce ( unhapp9ess1 to  
human be+s1 & n lea/ to wom54 ,!re is   
no?+1 aft] disease1 indig5ce1 & guilt1 s
 fatal to ! pleasurable enjoym5t ( life 

z ! want ( a wor?y outlet = ! active    
faculties4 ,wom5 :o h ! c>es ( a family1
 & :ile !y h ! c>es ( a family1 h ?is   
outlet1 & x g5]ally suffices = !m3 b :at
 ( ! greatly increas+ numb] ( wom51 :o h
 _h no opportunity ( ex]cis+ ! vocation 
:i* !y are mock$ by tell+ !m is _! prop]
 "o8 ,:at ( ! wom5 ^: *ildr5 h be5 lo/  
to !m by dea? or di/ance1 or h gr[n up1 
m>ri$1 & =m$ homes ( _! own8 ,!re are   
abundant examples ( m5 :o1 aft] a life  
engross$ by bus9ess1 retire ) a         
compet5cy to ! enjoym5t1 z !y hope1 (   
re/1 b to :om1 z !y are unable to       
acquire new int]e/s & excitem5ts t c    
replace ! old1 ! *ange to a life (      
inactivity br+s ennui1 melan*oly1 &     
premature dea?4 ,yet no "o ?9ks ( !     
p>allel case ( s _m wor?y & devot$ wom51
 :o1 hav+ paid :at !y are told is _!    
debt to society--hav+ br\ght up a family
 blamelessly to manhood &               
womanhood--hav+ kept a h\se z long z !y 
_h a h\se ne$+ to be kept--are des]t$ by
 ! sole occupation = :i* !y h fitt$     

!mselves2 & rema9 ) undim9i%$ activity b
 ) no employm5t = x1 unless p]haps a    
daught] or daught]-9-law is will+ to    
abdicate 9 _! fav\r ! dis*>ge ( ! same  
functions 9 h] y\ng] h\sehold4 ,surely a
 h>d lot = ! old age ( ^? :o h wor?ily  
dis*>g$1 z long z x 0 giv5 to !m to     
dis*>ge1 :at ! _w acc\nts _! only social
 duty4 ,( su* wom51 & ( ^? o!rs to :om  
?is duty has n be5 committ$ at all--_m (
 :om p9e ?r\gh life ) ! consci\sness (  
?w>t$ vocations1 & activities :i* are n 
suff]$ to exp&--! only res\rces1 speak+ 
g5]ally1 are religion & *>ity4 ,b _!    
religion1 ?\gh x may be "o ( feel+1 & ( 
c]emonial obs]vance1 _c be a religion ( 
action1 unless 9 ! =m ( *>ity4 ,= *>ity 
_m ( !m are by nature admirably fitt$2 b
 to practise x usefully1 or ev5 )\t do+ 
mis*ief1 requires ! education1 !        
manifold prep>ation1 ! k & ! ?9k+ p[]s1 
( a skilful adm9i/rator4 ,!re are few ( 
! adm9i/rative functions ( gov]nm5t =   
:i* a p]son w\ld n be fit1 :o is fit to 
be/[ *>ity usefully4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r     

cases 7pre-em95tly 9 t ( ! education (  
*ildr571 ! duties p]mitt$ to wom5 _c be 
p]=m$ prop]ly1 )\t _! be+ tra9$ = duties
 :i*1 to ! great loss ( society1 are n  
p]mitt$ to !m4 ,& "h let me notice !    
s+ul> way 9 :i* ! "q ( wom5's           
disabilities is frequ5tly pres5t$ to    
view1 by ^? :o f9d x easi] to draw a    
ludicr\s picture ( :at !y d n l1 ?an to 
answ] ! argum5ts = x4 ,:5 x is sugge/$ t
 wom5's executive capacities & prud5t   
c\nsels might sometimes be f\nd valuable
 9 affairs ( /ate1 ^! lov]s ( fun hold  
up to ! ridicule ( ! _w1 z sitt+ 9      
p>liam5t or 9 ! cab9et1 girls 9 _! te5s1
 or "y wives ( two or ?ree & tw5ty1     
transport$ bodily1 exactly z !y are1 f !
 draw+-room to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,!y  
=get t males are n usually select$ at   
?is e>ly age = a seat 9 ,p>liam5t1 or = 
responsible political functions4 ,common
 s5se w\ld tell !m t if su* tru/s 7     
confid$ to wom51 x w\ld be to su* z hav+
 no special vocation = m>ri$ life1 or   
pref]r+ ano!r employm5t ( _! faculties  

7z _m wom5 ev5 n[ pref] to m>riage "s ( 
! few hon\rable occupations )9 _! rea*71
 h sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( _! y\? 9 attempt+  
to qualify !mselves = ! pursuits 9 :i*  
!y desire to engage2 or /ill m frequ5tly
 p]haps1 wid[s or wives ( =ty or fifty1 
by :om ! k ( life & faculty ( gov]nm5t  
:i* !y h acquir$ 9 _! families1 c\ld by 
! aid ( appropriate /udies be made      
available on a less contract$ scale4    
,!re is no c\ntry ( ,europe 9 :i* !     
able/ m5 h n frequ5tly exp]i5c$1 & ke5ly
 appreciat$1 ! value ( ! advice & help (
 clev] & exp]i5c$ wom5 ( ! _w1 9 !      
atta9m5t bo? ( private & ( public       
objects2 & !re are important matt]s (   
public adm9i/ration to :i* few m5 are   
equally compet5t ) su* wom52 among o!rs1
 ! detail$ control ( exp5diture4 ,b :at 
we are n[ discuss+ is n ! ne$ :i*       
society has ( ! s]vices ( wom5 9 public 
bus9ess1 b ! dull & hopeless life to :i*
 x s (t5 condemns !m1 by =bidd+ !m to   
ex]cise ! practical abilities :i* _m (  
!m are consci\s (1 9 any wid] field ?an 

"o :i* to "s ( !m nev] 01 & to o!rs is  
no long]1 op54 ,if !re is any?+ vitally 
important to ! happ9ess ( human be+s1 x 
is t !y %\ld reli% _! habitual pursuit4 
,?is requisite ( an enjoyable life is v 
imp]fectly grant$1 or altoge!r d5i$1 to 
a l>ge "p ( mank9d2 & by its abs5ce _m a
 life is a failure1 :i* is provid$1 9   
appe>ance1 ) e requisite ( success4 ,b  
if circum/ances :i* society is n yet    
skilful en\gh to ov]come1 r5d] su*      
failures (t5 = ! pres5t inevitable1     
society ne$ n itself inflict !m4 ,!     
injudici\sness ( p>5ts1 a y\?'s own     
inexp]i5ce1 or ! abs5ce ( ext]nal       
opportunities = ! cong5ial vocation1 &  
_! pres5ce = an uncong5ial1 condemn     
numb]s ( m5 to pass _! lives 9 do+ "o ?+
 reluctantly & ill1 :5 !re are o!r ?+s  
:i* !y c\ld h done well & happily4 ,b on
 wom5 ?is s5t5ce is impos$ by actual    
law1 & by cu/oms equival5t to law4 ,:at1
 9 un5light5$ societies1 col\r1 race1   
religion1 or 9 ! case ( a conqu]$       
c\ntry1 nationality1 are to "s m51 sex  

is to all wom52 a p]emptory exclusion f 
almo/ all hon\rable occupations1 b ei!r 
su* z _c be fulfill$ by o!rs1 or su* z  
^? o!rs d n ?9k wor?y ( _! acceptance4  
,suff]+s aris+ f causes ( ?is nature    
usually meet ) s little sympa?y1 t few  
p]sons are aw>e ( ! great am\nt (       
unhapp9ess ev5 n[ produc$ by ! feel+ ( a
 wa/$ life4 ,! case w be ev5 m frequ5t1 
z increas$ cultivation creates a great] 
& great] disproportion betwe5 ! ideas & 
faculties ( wom51 & ! scope :i* society 
all[s to _! activity4  ,:5 we consid] ! 
positive evil caus$ to ! disqualifi$    
half ( ! human race by _!               
disqualification--fir/ 9 ! loss ( ! mo/ 
inspirit+ & elevat+ k9d ( p]sonal       
enjoym5t1 & next 9 ! we>9ess1           
disappo9tm5t1 & pr(\nd dissatisfaction )
 life1 :i* are s (t5 ! sub/itute = x2 "o
 feels t among all ! lessons :i* m5     
require = c>ry+ on ! /ruggle aga9/ !    
inevitable imp]fections ( _! lot on e>?1
 !re is no lesson :i* !y m ne$1 ?an n to
 add to ! evils :i* nature inflicts1 by 

_! jeal\s & prejudic$ re/rictions on "o 
ano!r4 ,_! va9 fe>s only sub/itute o!r &
 worse evils = ^? :i* !y are idly       
appreh5sive (3 :ile e re/ra9t on !      
fre$om ( conduct ( any ( _! human fell[ 
creatures1 7o!rwise ?an by mak+ !m      
responsible = any evil actually caus$ by
 x71 dries up pro tanto ! pr9cipal      
f\nta9 ( human happ9ess1 & leaves !     
species less ri*1 to an inappreciable   
degree1 9 all t makes life valuable to !
 individual human be+4    ,,! ,,end4