,george ,b4 ,griff5hag5  ,,drug         
,,supplies 9 ! ,,am]ican ,,revolution   
,pap] #af1 pages #aji-acc1 f            
,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,(    
,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology    ,unit$      
,/ates ,national ,museum   ,,bullet9    
#bbe    ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution       
,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aifa                
,contributions f  ,! ,museum ( ,hi/ory &
 ,te*nology  ,pap] #af         ,drug    
,supplies 9 ! ,am]ican ,revolution      
,george ,b4 ,griff5hag5                 
,,cont95tal ,,m$ic9e ,,*e/s  #aaa       
,,treason1 ,,poison1 ,,& ,,siege  #aac  
,,f ,,bad ,,to ,,worse  #aae            
,,m$ic9es--,,none  #aah                 
,,private]s ,,to ,,! ,,rescue #aba      
,,brisk ,,bus9ess ,,9 ,,bo/on  #abb     
,,! ,,situation ,,improves #abb         
,,valley ,,=ge  #abc                    
,,9 ,,summ>y  #abi     ,,drug ,,supplies
 ,,9 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,revolution  by     
,george ,b4 ,griff5hag5        ,at ! />t
 ( ! ,revolution1 ! ,colonies 7 cut (f f
 !      s\rce ( _! usual drug supply1   

,engl&4 ,a few drugs trickl$      ?r\gh 
f ! ,we/ ,indies1 b by #aggf !re 0 an   
acute      %ortage4       ,lack (       
coord9ation & transportation result$ 9 a
 sc>city (      drugs = ! army hospitals
 ev5 :ile druggi/s 9 o!r areas          
resort$ to adv]tis+ 9 ord] to sell _!   
/ocks4 ,"s relief      came f ,briti%   
prize %ips captur$ by ! ,am]ican navy & 
private]s1 b ! *aotic condition ( drug  
supply 0 n eas$      until ! alliance ) 
,france e>ly 9 #aggh4       ,! ,au?or3  
,george ,griff5hag5--=m]ly curator (    
m$ical      sci5ces1 ,unit$ ,/ates      
,national ,museum1 ,smi?sonian          
,in/itution--is director (              
communications1 ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical 
,association1 & manag+ editor1 ,j\rnal (
 ! ,am]ican      ,ph>maceutical         
,association4   ,z "o hi/orian has      
rem9d$ u1 few fields ( hi/ory h be5 m   
int5sively cultivat$ by successive      
g5]ations ( hi/orians2 few (f] less     
rew>d 9 ! %ape ( fre% facts or !ories   
?an does ! ,am]ican ,revolution>y ,w>4#a

 ,?is is true to "s ext5t ev5 9 ! m$ical
 hi/ory ( ! ,revolution4 ,! details ( ! 
feud )9 ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( ! army h be5
 told & retold4#b ,ev5 acc\nts ( ! drugs
 employ$ & ph>maceutical s]vices h be5  
pres5t$1 prim>ily 9 ! =m ( biographies &
 z reviews ( ! ,lititz ,ph>macopoeia (  
#aggh4c ,h[ev]1 practically no?+ has be5
 publi%$ on ! actual availability (     
m$ical supplies4 ,fur!rmore1 ! discov]y 
( sev]al significant b unrecord$ acc\nt 
books ( private druggi/s :o furni%$     
sizable quantities ( drugs to !         
,cont95tal ,army & a c>eful             
re-evaluation ( ! unusually significant 
pap]s#d ( ,dr4 ,jona?an ,potts1         
,revolution>y ,w> surgeon1 ju/ify a     
review ( ! drug supplies dur+ ! e>ly    
ye>s ( ! w>4   ,cont95tal ,m$ic9e ,*e/s 
,z e>ly z ,febru>y #ba1 #agge1 !        
,prov9cial ,congress ( ,massa*usetts    
appo9t$ a committee to det]m9e :at      
m$ical supplies w\ld be necess>y %\ld   
colonial troops be requir$ to take !    
field4 ,?ree days lat] ! ,congress vot$ 

to make an inquiry :]e fifte5 doctor's  
*e/s c be got1 & on :at t]ms2 & on ,m>* 
#g x direct$ ! committee ( supplies to  
make a draft 9 favor ( ,doct4 ,joseph   
,w>r5 & ,doct4 ,b5jam9 ,*ur*1 = five    
hundr$ p\nds1 lawful money1 to enable !m
 to pur*ase su* articles = ! prov9cial  
*e/s ( m$ic9e z _c be got on cr$it4#e   
,a unique l$g] ( ! ,gre5leaf apo!c>y %op
 ( ,bo/on#f reveals t ?is ph>macy on    
,april #d1 #agge1 suppli$ at lea/ #e ( !
 #ae *e/s ( m$ic9es4 ,! acc\nt1 9 !     
am\nt ( j ov] ,l#bdg1 is li/$ 9 ! "n ( !
 ,prov9ce ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay1 & %[s 
t ,l#ea 0 paid 9 ca% by ,dr4 ,joseph    
,w>r54 ,! rema9+ ,l#aif 0 n paid until  
,augu/ #aj1 aft] ,w>r5 _h be5 kill$ 9 ! 
,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill4  ,! #ae m$ic9e  
*e/s1 includ+ presumably ! five suppli$ 
by ,gre5leaf1 7 di/ribut$ on ,april     
#ah--?ree at ,sudbury & two ea* at      
,concord1 ,groton1 ,m5don1 ,/[1         
,worce/]1 & ,lanca/]4#g ,no record has  
be5 f\nd to indicate :e!r or n ! ,briti%
 discov]$ ! m$ical *e/s at ,concord1 b1 

inasmu* z ! patriots 7 w>n$ ( ! ,briti% 
movem5t1 x is v likely t ! *e/s 7 among 
! supplies t 7 c>ri$ (f & hidd54 ,!     
,briti% de/roy$ z mu* ( ! rema9d] z !y  
c\ld locate4#h  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#a4--,m$ic9e scales & oval box ( m$ic9al
 h]bs us$ by ,dr4 ,solomon ,dr[ne dur+ !
 ,revolution4 ,pres]v$ at ,=t           
,ticond]oga ,museum1 ,new ,york4  ,two  
days aft] ! battles at ,lex+ton &       
,concord1 ! ,prov9cial ,congress ord]$ t
 a man & horse be made available to     
transport m$ic9es4 ,on ,april #cj1 ,&rew
 ,craigie 0 appo9t$ to take c>e ( ^!    
m$ical /ores & deliv] !m z ord]$4       
,m$ical supplies 7 an e>ly s\rce (      
anxiety to ! ,prov9cial ,congress (     
,massa*usetts4 ,! supply ( drugs 9      
,bo/on mu/ h be5 l>gely controll$ by !  
,briti% aft] ,lex+ton-,concord1 & !     
limit$ supply 9 ! neighbor+ small] t[ns 
0 soon exhau/$4 ,f\r days be=e ! ,battle
 ( ,bunk] ,hill ! ,congress ,ord]$ t    
,doct4 ,:it+1 ,doct4 ,taylor & ,mr4     
,p>ks1 be a committee to consid] "s     

me?od ( supply+ ! sev]al surgeons ( !   
army ) m$ic9es1 & fur!r ,ord]$ t ! same 
committee br+ 9 a li/ ( :at m$ic9es are 
9 ! m$ical /ore4#i  ,on ,june #aj !     
responsibility ( furni%+ m$ical supplies
 to ! army at ,cambridge %ift$ to       
,philadelphia :5 ! ,cont95tal ,congress 
accept$ ! reque/ ( ! ,massa*usetts      
,prov9cial ,congress to assume control &
 direction ( ! =ces assembl$ ar\nd      
,bo/on4 ,! ,cont95tal ,congress e/abli%$
 a ,cont95tal ,hospital ,plan on ,july  
#bg1 b x 0 n until ,septemb] #ad t !    
,congress appo9t$ a committee to devise 
ways & means = supply+ ! ,cont95tal     
,army ) m$ic9es4 ,on ?is same day1 !    
deputy commiss>y g5]al 0 direct$ to pay 
,dr4 ,samuel ,/r+] = ! m$ic9es he       
pur*as$1#aj :i*1 z we le>n lat]1 7 !    
initial supply = ! ,canadian campaign4  
,! fir/ record$ pur*ase ( drugs made    
directly by ,congress1 on ,septemb] #bc1
 0 a p>cel ( ,drugs 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4      
,rapalje1 :i* he (f]s at ! prime co/4#aa
 ,!n1 on ,novemb] #aj1 ,congress ord]$ t

 ! m$ic9e pur*as$ 9 ,philadelphia = !   
army at ,cambridge be s5t !re by l&4#ab 
,b difficulties ( supply comm5c$ e>ly4  
,on ,janu>y #a1 #aggf1 ,eliphalet ,dy]  
wrote ,joseph ,trumbull ask+ h[ c\ld !  
cask ( ,rhub>b :i* 0 s5t by ord] (      
,congress & 0 extremely want$ 9 !       
,hospital lye by to ?is "t4 ,aft] y came
 way ,i wrote to ,daniel ,br[n to see x 
deliv]$4#ac  ,9 ! fall ( #agge !re mu/ h
 be5 a reasonably good /ock ( drugs 9 ! 
h&s ( private ,philadelphia druggi/s1 & 
until ! end ( summ] !re 7 /ill a numb] (
 %ips f ,jamaica1 ,b]muda1 ,antigua1 &  
,b>bados putt+ 9 at ,philadelphia )     
supplies1 mu* ( :i* orig9ally came f    
,engl&4 ,philadelphia druggi/s includ$  
,william ,drewet ,smi?1 ,*emi/ &        
,druggi/ at ,hippocrates's ,head 9      
,second ,/reet2#ad ,dr4 ,george ,we$ 9  
,front ,/reet2#ae ,rob]t ,bass1 ,apo!c>y
 9 ,m>ket-,/reet2 ,dr4 ,an?ony ,yeldall 
at 8 ,m$ic9al ,w>e-,h\se 9              
,front-,/reet2#af & ! firm ( ,%>p       
,delaney & ,william ,smi?4#ag ,! l>ge/  

ph>macy 9 ,philadelphia 0 op]at$ by !   
,m>%all bro!rs--,*ri/oph] ,jr4 & ,*>les4
 ,?is ph>macy _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 #agbi at
 ,front & ,*e/nut ,/reets by ,*ri/oph]  
,m>%all1 ,sr41 a patriot :o took an     
active "p 9 ! c>e ( ! sick & w\nd$ 9    
,philadelphia hospitals dur+ !          
,revolution4#ah  ,z ! plans progress$ = 
rais+ troops f ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1     
,delaw>e1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? 
,c>ol9a1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,congress call$
 on ! committee on m$ic9es to procure   
prop] m$ic9e *e/s = ! battalions4444#ai 
,! j\rnal ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress fails
 to indicate ! s\rce ( ^! m$ic9e *e/s1 b
 ! ,m>%all bro!rs' manuscript wa/e book 
7daily record7 = ! p]iod ,febru>y #ba to
 ,july #f1 #aggf1bj indicates t !       
,m>%all apo!c>y %op 0 ! prim>y suppli]4 
,! records %[ t ! ,m>%alls furni%$ #bj  
m$ic9e *e/s to ! foll[+ battalions f    
,febru>y to ,june3#ba    ,febru>y #aggf3
 ,p5nsylvania #a/ ,battalion   ,m>*     
#aggf3    ,j]sey #c;d ,battalion        
,april #aggf3    ,p5nsylvania #b;d1     

#c;d1 & #f? ,battalions   ,may #aggf3   
,six ,virg9ia battalions                
,j]sey #a/ ,battalion                   
,p5nsylvania #d? ,battalion   ,june     
#aggf3     ,six ,nor? ,c>ol9a battalions
                  ,virg9ia #i?          
,battalion  ,! exact cont5ts ( ea* *e/  
are indicat$ 9 ! ,m>%alls' wa/e book4 ,!
 *e/ furni%$ to ! ,p5nsylvania #d?      
,battalion is an example ( ! ones       
suppli$ by ,congress 9 ! spr+ ( #aggf2  
its cont5ts are li/$ on page #acj4      
,congress int5d$ t all *e/s be          
sub/antially ! same1 b ! am\nt ( m$ic9es
 dem&$ exce$$ ! /ock ( ev5 ! l>ge/      
druggi/s4 ,! fir/ sev]al *e/s 7 complete
 z ord]$1 b z e>ly z ,april ! ,m>%alls 7
 runn+ out ( c]ta9 drugs4 ,gum opium &  
nitre f\nd by ,congress 0 includ$ 9 !   
*e/ = ! ,p5nsylvania #d? ,battalion1 &  
by ,may #aa ! ,m>%alls 7 out ( ,p]uvian 
b>k1 ipecac1 cream ( t>t>1 gum camphor1 
& r$ precipitate ( m]cury4 ,! *e/s      
outfitt$ aft] ,june #a also fail$ to    
include ,epsom salts1 & ! la/ *e/ lack$ 

jalap z well4 ,?us ! majority ( !       
battalions travel+ nor? 7 already )\t "s
 ( ! mo/ necess>y drugs 9 _! *e/s4      
,bli!ly _! m$ical (fic]s ?\ght !y c\ld  
obta9 ! miss+ drugs :5 !y arriv$ at !   
g5]al hospital4   ,treason1 ,poison1 &  
,siege  ,aft] ! ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 
! =ces ar\nd ,bo/on settl$ d[n = a      
#i-mon? siege4 ,two days aft] ,g5]al    
,wa%+ton arriv$ 9 ,cambridge on ,july   
#b1 #agge1 to take comm& ( ! army1 !    
,prov9cial ,congress ( ,massa*usetts    
ord]$ a committee to prep>e a lett]     
in=m+ him ( ! provisions t _h be5 made =
 ! sick & w\nd$ ( ! army4 ,on ! v same  
day1 ,july #d1 ! ,prov9cial ,congress   
appo9t$ ,&rew ,craigie m$ical commiss>y 
& apo!c>y = ! ,massa*usetts army4#bb    
,foll[+ a p]sonal inspection by ,wa%+ton
 on ,july #ba & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! g5]al  
hospital plan on ,july #bg1 ! ,cont95tal
 ,congress elect$ ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,*ur* z  
director g5]al ( ! newly creat$ m$ical  
dep>tm5t4 ,soon aft] ?is1 ,*ur* conf]r$ 
) sev]al ,massa*usetts (ficials reg>d+ !

 appo9tm5t ( apo!c>ies = ! m$ical /ore  
at ,wat]t[n4 ,on ,augu/ #c1 a committee 
( ! ,prov9cial ,congress advis$ t !     
,m$ical ,/ore 9 ,wat]t[n be cont9u$ :]e 
x n[ is1 & t ,mr4 ,&rew ,craigie1       
appo9t$ by ! late ,congress ,apo!c>y to 
! ,colony1 be direct$ to take *>ge !re(1
 & prep>e ! necess>y compositions2 & t  
,mr4 ,james ,mill] ,*ur* be appo9t$     
,assi/ant ,apo!c>y to put up & di/ribute
 said ,m$ic9es4444#bc  ,! m$ical        
supplies 7 sl[ 9 com+ f ,philadelphia1 z
 we h already not$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 troops
 7 arriv+ daily1 plac+ an increas$ dem& 
on all types ( supplies1 includ+ drugs4 
,"o ev5t :i* und\bt$ly result$ 9 delays 
9 e/abli%+ prop] supply depots 0 ! />tl+
 discov]y t ,director ,g5]al ,*ur* 0    
guilty ( hold+ treasonable correspond5ce
 ) ! enemy4 ,on ,octob] #af1 ,congress  
elect$ ,dr4 ,john ,morgan to replace    
,*ur*4#bd  ,on ,decemb] #b1 by ord] (   
,morgan1 ,apo!c>y ,craigie made an      
inv5tory ( ! m$ical supplies 9 ! g5]al  
hospital at ,cambridge4 ,! inv5tory     

includ$ #abj diff]5t items1 b only      
limit$ quantities ( ! ess5tial drugs4#be
 ,!re 7 #eb p\nds ( ,jesuits' b>k1 #ah  
p\nds ( cream ( t>t>1 #gf p\nds ( purg+ 
salts1 #a p\nd ( camphor1 #e p\nds (    
jalap1 #a p\nd ( ipecac1 & #a_/b p\nd ( 
t>t> emetic4 ,! #dd p\nds ( gum ammoniac
 0 report$ damag$1 & ! #hf p\nds (      
rhub>b 0 describ$ z bad4#bf ,an inv5tory
 ( m$ic9es held by ! diff]5t regim5tal  
surgeons 9 ,massa*usetts indicat$ t all 
regim5ts _h b few m$ic9es except =      
,colonel ,h&'s1 :i* report$ a good      
supply4#bg  ,h[ev]1 ?is r meag] inv5tory
 ( drugs probably 0 n inadequate4 ,!    
siege ( ,bo/on result$ 9 few w\nd$      
soldi]s1 & !re 0 a surpris+ly small     
am\nt ( sickness 9 ! army dur+ ! w9t] ( 
#agge-gf2 fur!rmore1 t[ns n too di/ant  
/ill _h a limit$ supply ( drugs on h&4  
,smi? & ,coit1 ( ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1  
in=m$ _! good ,cu/om]s1 & ! public 9    
g5]al1 t not)/&+ ! entire /op to        
,importation :i* ha? long s9ce tak5     
place1 !y /ill h on h&1 small           

,quantities ( mo/ ,articles ( ! ,apo!c>y
 ,way 444 :i* !y mean to sell at a      
reasonable retail+ ,price4#bh ,jacob    
,isaacks ( ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1      
simil>ly adv]tis$ a complete assortm5t (
 g5u9e ,m$ic9es1 ) furniture = conta9+ !
 same1 to ! am\nt ( ab\t #cjj p\nds     
/]l+2 :i* m$ic9es 7 pur*as$ ) ca%1 & w  
be sold1 at ! prime co/ & *>ges1 )\t any
 advance4 ,any ( ! lawful or ,cont95tal 
bills n[ curr5t w be tak5 9 pay = !     
above m$ic9es4#bi  ,drug supplies also 7
 q adequate 9 ,bo/on dur+ ! ,briti%     
occupation4 ,sylve/] ,g>d9] at ,! ,sign 
( ! ,unicorn & ,mort> 9 ,m>lbor[ ,/reet 
report$ t all k9ds ( ! be/ & fre%e/     
drugs & m$ic9es 444 are cont9u$ to be   
sold z usual4 ,h[ev] a caution>y note 0 
add$ t drugs & m$ic9es _h be5 con/antly 
import$ e fall & spr+ to ,june la/4     
,implicit 9 ! adv]tis+ is ! sugge/ion t 
! secur+ ( new supplies 0 highly        
unc]ta94#cj  ,a lett] dat$ ,decemb] #b1 
#agge1 f a ,briti% (fic] 9 ,bo/on to a  
fri5d 9 ,ed9burgh obs]v$ t _m ( our m5  

are sick1 & fre% provisions v de>4      
,h[ev]1 ! (fic] add$1 b ! ,rebels mu/ be
 9 a mu* worse condition4444#ca ,drugs 7
 import$ into ,bo/on dur+ ! siege z     
evid5c$ by an adv]tisem5t on ,febru>y   
#bb1 #aggf1 ann\nc+ j import$ f ,,london
 & to be sold at ,mr4 ,dalton's ,/ore1  
on ! ,long-,:>f1 a prop] assortm5t (    
,drugs & ,m$ic9es ( ! ,be/ quality 9    
,cases4#cb  ,by ! end ( ,febru>y #aggf1 
,wa%+ton _h decid$ to try to end ! siege
 ( ,bo/on by seiz+ ,dor*e/] ,heights &  
plac+ 8 artill]y !re 9 a position to    
bomb>d ! t[n4 ,g5]al ,h[e believ$ x 0 "t
 to leave1 & ! ,briti% evacuat$ on ,m>* 
#ag4  ,z ! ,cont95tal ,army mov$ into   
,bo/on1 !re 0 an outcry t ! ,briti% _h  
poison$ a supply ( drugs left beh9d4 ,on
 ,april #ae ! ,bo/on ,gazette report$ t 
x is absolutely fact t ! ,doctors ( !   
diabolical m9i/]ial but*] :5 !y evacuat$
 ,bo/on1 int]mix$ & left #bf weight (   
,ars5ick ) ! m$ic9es :i* !y left 9 !    
,alms ,h\se4#cc ,!n1 a week lat]1 on    
,april #bb1 appe>$ a s]ies ( te/imonials

 t _h be5 made by ,joseph ,w>r51 ,daniel
 ,scott1 & ,fr$]ick ,ridgley at ,wat]t[n
 on ,april #c;d by ord] ( !             
,director-,g5]al ( ! ,cont95tal         
,hospital4 ,w>r5 swore "u oa? t on or   
ab\t ,m>* #bi he _h gone into ! workh\se
 alm%\se lately improv$ z an hospital by
 ! ,briti% troops /ation$ 9 said t[n &  
^u exam9+ ! /ate ( a l>ge quantity (    
,m$ic9e left 9 ! m$ic9al /or]oom _h f\nd
 ab\t #ab or #ad p\nds ( ars5ic int]mix$
 ) ! drugs1 :i* 7 f\nd to be *iefly     
capital articles & ^? mo/ g5]ally 9     
dem&4#cd  ,despite ?is incid5t1 we h !  
^w ( ,morgan t a l>ge1 ?\gh unassort$   
/ock ( m$ic9es 0 collect$ 9 ,bo/on :5 ! 
,briti% evacuat$4#ce ,hospital ,surgeons
 ,eb5ez] ,crosby & ,fr$]ick ,ridgley    
report$ t at ! evacuation ( ,bo/on 444  
all ! ,mates ( ! ,hospital t c\ld be    
sp>$ f ,cambridge 444 7 employ$ 9 pack+ 
up & s5d+ (f to ,cambridge drugs1       
m$ic9es & o!r hospital /ores1 collect$  
by ord] ( ,dr4 ,morgan1 ! quantity ( :i*
 appe>$ great4#cf  ,inasmu* z few       

m$ic9es 7 li/$ 9 ! inv5tory ( /ores left
 by ! ,briti% on ! :>fs & 9 ! scuttl$   
%ips 9 ! h>bor1#cg x appe>s t mo/ ( ^!  
drugs obta9$ 9 ,bo/on 7 confiscat$ f !  
homes1 (fices1 & %ops ( ! ,loyali/s :o  
fl$ :5 ! ,briti% evacuat$4 ,morgan      
report$ t he _h tak5 possession ( !     
m$ic9es & furniture ( ,dr4 ,sylve/]     
,g>d9]'s %op1 & a small /ock ( drugs f !
 (fice ( ,dr4 ,william ,p]k9s1 a private
 practition]4#ch ,no inv5tory ( ^!      
supplies has be5 locat$ ?us f>1 b a     
contempor>y biograph] ( ,sylve/] ,g>d9] 
records t ! confiscat$ drugs f 8 %op    
fill$ f #bj to #be wagons4#ci ,?is is n 
unlikely because ,g>d9]'s apo!c>y %op 0 
"o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ prosp]\s 9 !         
,colonies prior to ! ,revolution4#dj    
,soon aft] ! ,briti% evacuat$ ,bo/on1 ! 
,gre5leaf apo!c>y %op 9 ,bo/on 0 aga9   
supply+ m$ic9es to ! ,cont95tal ,army4  
,! ,gre5leaf l$g]#da %[s t on ,may #be !
 %op sold ne>ly ,l#d wor? ( ,sundry     
,m$ic9es 444 to ! ,committee ( ,w>1     
,/ate ( ,massa*usetts ,bay4 ,!n1 on     

,june #bj1 ! ,massa*usetts ,assembly    
resolv$ t ,dr4 ,john ,gre5leaf ( ,bo/on 
be reque/$ to supply ! ,*ief ,surgeon ( 
444 ,colonels ,m>%all's1 ,:itney's &    
,craft's ,regim5ts 444 ) m$ic9es z may  
be necess>y4444#db ,a %ort "t lat] !    
,assembly advanc$ up to ,l#ej to        
,gre5leaf = pur*as+ su* m$ic9es z he _c 
supply f 8 own /ore4#dc  ,! ,gre5leaf   
l$g] %[s t ov] ,l#cb wor? ( m$ic9es 7   
sold = ,colonel ,:itney's regim5t & ov] 
,l#cf wor? = ,colonel ,m>%all's regim5t 
betwe5 ,june #ac & ,novemb] #bj1 #aggf4 
,?us1 drugs 7 available2 b until ! fall 
( '#gf1 ,gre5leaf 0 hav+ difficulty 9   
obta9+ an abundant supply4   ,f ,bad to 
,worse  ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 correctly      
=etell+ t ,new ,york ,city w\ld be !    
next ,briti% objective1 m>*$ !re f      
,bo/on ) z mu* ( 8 army z c\ld be induc$
 to /ay "u ! colors4 ,_h x n be5 = !    
pres5ce ( ,wa%+ton's =ces 9 ,new ,york1 
t colony w\ld c]ta9ly h rema9$ ,loyali/2
 z x 01 ! ,patriot committees _h !      
greate/ difficulty 9 keep+ ! ,tories    

quiet by /rong-arm me?ods4#dd  ,!       
availability ( drugs 9 ,new ,york prior 
to ! arrival ( ,wa%+ton's =ces did n    
seem to be p>ticul>ly affect$ by ! w>4  
,?omas ,attwood at 8 /ore 9 ,dock-,/reet
 (f]$ = sale a wide assortm5t ( drugs & 
m$ic9es1#de :ile ,william ,/ew>t (f]$ a 
fre% supply ( ,g5u9e ,drugs & ,m$ic9es  
444 on ! mo/ reasonable t]ms ei!r = ca% 
or at ! usual cr$it4#df ,! citiz5s (    
,new ,york did n ev5 h to d )\t _!      
popul> ,engli% pat5t m$ic9es4#dg        
,wa%+ton1 h[ev]1 _h to provide = 8 own  
m$ical supplies 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 a lett]
 dat$ ,april #c he ord]$ ,director      
,g5]al ,morgan to remove ! g5]al        
hospital to ,new ,york ) all conv5i5t   
spe$4444#dh ,! fix+ & complet+ ( !      
regim5tal *e/s 0 to be def]r$ until     
,morgan arriv$ at ,new ,york4  ,morgan  
rema9$ beh9d 9 ,bo/on = ano!r six weeks 
collect+ m$ic9es1 furniture1 & hospital 
/ores wor? ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,! l quantity 
444 c\ld n be procur$1 s ,morgan lat]   
claim$1 9 any o!r "p ( ,am]ica4 ,he 0   

also able to pur*ase drugs f ,salem1    
,newport1 & ,norwi*1 & be=e dep>t+ =    
,new ,york he complet$ a m$ic9e *e/ =   
ea* ( ! five regim5ts at ,bo/on1 ,salem1
 & ,m>blehead1 z ord]$ by ,wa%+ton4#di  
,morgan arriv$ 9 ,new ,york ab\t ,june  
#c & pur*as$ "s additional drugs !re4   
,by ,june #ag 8 /aff _h made up #cj     
m$ic9e *e/s = ! regim5ts at ,new ,york z
 well z = ! bran*es ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital
 at ,new-,york1 9 ! b[ry & neighborhood 
& at ,long-,isl&4 ,b ! numb] ( regim5ts 
requir+ m$ical supplies exce$$ ,morgan's
 expectations1 p>ticul>ly s9ce he _h be5
 advis$ t ! ,s\?w>d regim5ts w\ld be    
suppli$ by ,congress 9 ,philadelphia4#ej
  ,by ! middle ( ,june1 ,morgan mu/ h   
realiz$ t ! supply ( drugs available 0  
inadequate despite ! sizable quantity   
br\ght f ,bo/on & ! small /ock he 0 able
 to obta9 9 ,new ,york4 ,x appe>s t _m (
 ! ,new ,york druggi/s 7 ,loyali/s1 &   
someh[ !y & _! /ock ( drugs disappe>$ :5
 ne$$ by ,wa%+ton's army4 ,= example1   
druggi/ ,?omas ,attwood remov$ 8 /ore   

consi/+ ( a g5]al assortm5t ( ,drugs &  
,m$ic9es to ,new>k 9 ,may only to       
reappe> 9 ,new ,york aga9 "u ,briti%    
occupation ) a good /ock ( ,drugs &     
,m$ic9es4#ea  ,! ,new ,york ,committee (
 ,safety _h attempt$ to develop a /ock (
 drugs e>ly 9 ! ye> :5 !y 7 pl5tiful1#eb
 b 9 ,june ?is supply 0 valu$ at only   
,l#cj4 ,ev5 ?is small /ock 0 n available
 to ,morgan because :5 he ask$ p]mission
 to pur*ase ! m$ic9es at a reasonable   
price 444 = use ( ! ,cont95tal ,hospital
 ! ,new ,york ,prov9cial ,congress      
reject$ 8 plea on ,june #bf ) !         
explanation t ?is m$ic9e 0 to be res]v$ 
= ! use ( ! poor & o!r inhabitants ( ?is
 city4#ec  ,) increas+ dem&s to supply !
 troops 9 ! ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t1 ,morgan  
turn$ to ,philadelphia & ! ,cont95tal   
,congress4 ,morgan own$ a small /ock (  
drugs 9 ,philadelphia1 & knew ( ano!r   
supply 9 ! possession ( ! firm (        
,delaney & ,smi?1#ed s he s5t ,dr4      
,b>nabus ,b9ney to ,philadelphia to =w>d
 ) all dispat* :at m$ic9es he _h !re &  

:atev] c\ld be obta9$ f ,congress4#ee   
,congress resolv$ on ,july #ag to       
pur*ase ! ,m$ic9es 7n[ 9 ,phila7 belong+
 to ,doctor ,morgan1#ef b = ne>ly a mon?
 ,b9ney 0 unable to obta9 any additional
 supplies ei!r f ,congress or f private 
s\rces4  ,on ,june #be ,morgan wrote to 
,samuel ,adams ask+ = p[] to dem& a     
proportion ( ! ,cont95tal m$ic9es left 9
 c>e ( ,messrs4 ,delaney  ,smi?1 & he   
repeat$ ! reque/ 9 ,july4 ,h[ev]1       
,morgan's only reply f ,adams1 dat$     
,augu/ #e1 made no m5tion ( ! ,delaney &
 ,smi? drug /ock4 ,in/ead ,adams wrote  
only3 ,i h receiv$ sev]al lett]s f y1   
:i* ,i %\ld h soon] ackn[l$g$1 if ,i    
c\ld only h f\nd leisure4 ,i took h[ev]1
 ! necess>y /eps to h :at y reque/$     
effect$ 9 ,congress4#eg  ,f9ally1 on    
,augu/ #h1 ,congress direct$ ! committee
 = procur+ m$ic9es to supply ! director 
g5]al ( ! ,hospital ) su* m$ic9es z he  
may want4#eh ,by ?is "t1 su* a          
resolution 0 h>dly mu* consolation to   
,morgan4 ,evid5ce ( ! /atus ( ! supplies

 9 ! g5]al hospital at ,new ,york c be  
glean$ f an adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,new-,york  
,gazette ( ,july #bi sign$ by ,?omas    
,c>nes1 ,/ew>d & ,qu>t]-,ma/] to !      
,g5]al ,hospital3       ,,want$         
imm$iately 444 a l>ge quantity ( dry    
h]bs1 = ba?s1      fom5tations1 c4 c4   
p>ticul>ly baum hysop1 wormwood &       
mall[s1 = :i* a good price w be giv54 ,!
 good p (      ! neighbor+ t[ns1 & ev5  
^? :o live m remote f      ?is city1 by 
c>efully collect+ & cur+ quantities (   
useful      h]bs w greatly promote !    
good ( ! ,army1 & consid]ably           
b5efit !mselves4  ,! retreat f ,long    
,isl& on ,augu/ #bg & ! subsequ5t loss (
 ,new ,york ,city to ! ,briti% c]ta9ly  
did n help ! m$ical supply problem4     
,despite ! fact t "p ( ! m$ical /ores 7 
%ipp$ to ,/am=d1 ,connecticut1 & ano!r  
/ock ( supplies remov$ to ,new>k1       
,morgan admits t ! mo/ valuable "p 0    
/ill left 9 ,new-,york :5 ! enemy _h    
effect$ a l&+1 drawn a l9e across !     
isl&1 & 7 ent]+ ,new-,york4#ei ,g5]al   

,knox lat] told h[ late 9 ! day ( ! #ae?
 ( ,septemb]1 #aggf1 aft] ! enemy _h    
beat back "p ( ! ,am]ican troops1       
,morgan came ov] f ,p[les ,hook 9 a     
pettiaug]1 & _h h] load$ ) ,hospital    
/ores4#fj ,wa%+ton p]sonally report$ on 
,septemb] #af t ! retreat 0 effect$ ) b 
little loss ( ,m51 ?o' a consid]able "p 
( our ,baggage 444 "p ( our ,/ores &    
,provisions1 :i* we 7 remov+1 0         
unavoidably left 9 ! ,city4444#fa  ,"o  
small bundle ( private drug supplies    
sav$ f ! ,briti% is report$#fb by ,doct4
 ,prime1 ,a ,refuge f ,long ,isl&1 :o   
ann\nc$ ! op5+ ( a %op 9 ,we!rsfield4 ,!
 newspap] adv]tisem5t report$ t ,prime  
444 has sav$ f ! enemy a p>cel (        
m$ic9es1 "p ( :i*      he w\ld b>t] =   
su* articles z he wants1 especially %op 
ut5sils ( :i* he _h un=tunately lo/ !   
mo/ ( 8 own4444  ,! m$ical supply       
problem w5t f bad to worse z ,wa%+ton's 
army retreat$ f ,h>lem ,heights to ,:ite
 ,pla9s & !n f9ally into ,new ,j]sey4   
,morgan aga9 turn$ to ,philadelphia =   

drugs1 b obta9$ none or next to none4   
,in/ead ( t5 p\nds ( t>t> emetic :i*    
,morgan reque/$ f ,philadelphia druggi/ 
,rob]t ,bass & ! newly appo9t$          
,cont95tal ,druggi/1 ,william ,smi?1 f\r
 ounces 0 all t he receiv$1 b ) a prop] 
apology4#fc  ,on ,septemb] #ba1 ! supply
 ( b>k 0 completely exhau/$1 & ,wa%+ton 
0 furi\s4 ,on ,septemb] #bd 9 a lett] to
 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,congress1 ,wa%+ton    
*>g$ t ! regim5tal surgeons 7 aim+ to   
break up ! ,g5l4 ,hospital & t !y _h 9  
numb]less ,in/ances drawn = ,m$ic9es1   
,/ores1 c4 9 ! mo/ pr(use & extravag5t  
mann] = private purposes4#fd  ,to make  
matt]s worse1 new troops cont9u$ to     
arrive )\t m$ical supplies4 ,= example1 
^? f ,m>yl& arriv$ at ,:ite ,pla9s ) _! 
regim5tal surgeons fully expect+ ,morgan
 to supply !m ) m$ic9es1 ev5 ?\gh !     
,m>yl& ,conv5tion on ,octob] #d _h ord]$
 t ^! troops be suppli$ ) m$ic9es by !  
,m>yl& ,c\ncil ( ,safety be=e _!        
dep>ture4#fe  ,morgan ?\ght he _h at    
lea/ "o small b safe /ock ( drugs4      

,b>nabas ,b9ney1 :o 0 s5t to            
,philadelphia 9 ,july = m$ical supplies1
 0 successful 9 obta9+ a reasonable good
 ord] ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 includ+   
#cj lb4 ,camphor2 #aj lb4 ,ipecac2 #g   
lb4 ,opium2 #ej lb4 ,quicksilv]2 #dj lb4
 ,jalap2 #fh lb4 ,manna2 #ahf lb4       
,nitre2 #bjj lb4 ,cream ( ,t>t>2 #bfi   
lb4 ,b>k2 & o!r important articles4#ff  
,h[ev]1 s9ce ^! supplies arriv$ at      
,new>k j z ,wa%+ton 0 beg9n+ to pull out
 ( ,long ,isl&1 !y 7 deposit$ at a newly
 e/abli%$ hospital "u ,cutt+1 ! assi/ant
 apo!c>y4#fg  ,:5 ,morgan f9ally began  
draw+ on ^! supplies1 ,dr4 ,william     
,%ipp5 _h be5 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! hospitals
 9 ,new ,j]sey & ! m$ic9es _h be5 turn$ 
ov] to him by a vote ( ,congress4#fh    
,f9ally1 on ,janu>y #i1 #aggg1 ,congress
 dismiss$ ,morgan z director g5]al )\t  
giv+ any reasons except to indicate     
indirectly t x 0 due to 8 inability to  
provide adequate m$ical supplies4#fi ,to
 add insult to injury1 on ,febru>y #e   
,congress ask$ :at is become ( ! m$ic9es

 :i* ,dr4 ,morgan took f ,bo/on 444 &   
resolv$ to take measures to h !m secur$1
 & appli$ to ! use ( ! army4#gj         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,set (       
surgical in/rum5ts us$ by ,dr4 ,b5jam9  
,treadwell dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,includ$ 
are ?ree amputation knives1 =ceps1 a    
ball extractor1 & two surgical hooks4   
,pres]v$ at ! ,m$ical ,museum ( ! ,arm$ 
,=ces ,in/itute ( ,pa?ology4 7,photo    
c\rtesy ( ,arm$ ,=ces ,in/itute (       
,pa?ology47  ,mean:ile1 9 ,new ,york    
,city ! supply ( drugs _h return$ to    
normal or ne> normal )9 a few weeks aft]
 ! ,briti% occupation4 ,on ,septemb]    
#cj1 #aggf1 ,?omas ,br[nejohn ann\nc$ ! 
op5+ ( 8 m$ic9al /ore at ! corn] (      
,hanov]-,squ>e 444 :]e g5tlem5 ( ! army 
& navy c be suppli$ at ! %orte/ notice )
 all k9ds ( m$ic9es on ! mo/ reasonable 
t]ms4 ,on ,decemb] #af ,ri*>d ,speaight 
ann\nc$ t he has once aga9 op5$ 8 ,%op  
at ! sign ( ! ,elaboratory 9            
,que5-,/reet1 & a week lat] ,?omas      
,attwood return$ f ,new>k to op5 8 /ore 

( ,drugs & ,m$ic9es 9 ,dock-,/reet4 ,to 
t\* ^u ! sympa?y ( ! ,loyali/s1 ,donald 
,mc,lean1 ,surgeon ( ! late             
,sev5ty-,sev5? ,regim5t1 report$ 9      
,janu>y #aggg t he 0 n[ happily deliv]$ 
f 8 late captivity & aga9 op5+ a %op 9  
,wat]-,/reet = drugs & m$ic9es4#ga      
,importations f ,london comm5c$ z e>ly z
 ,decemb] #aggf :5 ! ,brig ,fri5d%ip ly+
 at ,bea*es ,:>f (f]$ = sale ,an        
,assortm5t ( ,drugs1 ,consi/+ ( ,b>k1   
,opium1 ,rhub>b1 c4 ,9 ,april #aggg     
,speaight adv]tis$ a fre% ,importation  
444 f ! orig9al w>e-h\ses 9 ,london1 &1 
9 ,june1 ,attwood adv]tis$ ,a l>ge &    
g5]al ,assortm5t ( ,drugs & ,m$ic9es    
fre%ly import$4444 ,sev]al ,m$ic9e ,*e/s
 complete1 fitt$ up 9 ,london1 ) pr9t$  
,directions4#gb  ,importation by !      
,briti% 0 n )\t its problems1 h[ev]4    
,joseph ,gurney ,bevan1 own] ( ! ,pl\gh 
,c\rt ,ph>macy 9 ,london1 wrote ,dr4    
,tras] 9 ,jamaica on ,octob] #be1 #aggg3
       ,i hope ?\ w be pleas$ ) ! ,b>k4 
,x is v good & !      be/ ,i h se5 ?is  

ye>1 b ,i d n ?9k any ,b>k 9 t[n is     
equal to :at ,i h se5 9 =m] ye>s4 ,?\   
wilt note ! snake      root to be v de>4
 ,! cause is ! /oppage ( ! ,am]ican     
trade4 ,opium is also mu* high] ?an ,i  
ev] knew x4 ,! insurance      is rais$  
on acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican private]s4       
,answ]+ a lett] f ,william ,/ew>t ( ,new
 ,york1 ,bevan wrote on ,m>* #e1 #aggg3 
,i wi% x 7 yet 9 my p[] to 444 =w>d !   
m$ic9es &      ut5sils ?\ ha/ writt5 =4 
,b on inquiry ,i am in=m$ t      x is n 
p]mitt$ t any?+ %all yet be s5t to ,new 
,york 9      a m]*antile way4 ,!re=e ,i 
mu/ def] till ! want$      int]c\rse    
betwe5 u & y is re-e/abli%$4444 ,i want 
to      advise !e to buy :at snake root 
?\ cans't pick up :i* ,i      believe if
 s5t hi!r at ! fir/ op5+ ( ! trade1 w   
turn      to good ,acc\nt4  ,bevan 0    
/ill reluctant to make any %ipm5ts 9    
,april because ! %ips & c>goes on _!    
arrival at ,new ,york w be at ! m]cy ( !
 p]sons 9 comm& !re1 b on ,septemb] #d  
he %ipp$ a l>ge ord] to ,mc,lean4#gc    

,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! w>1 ! ,pl\gh ,c\rt  
,ph>macy cont9u$ regul> %ipm5ts to      
,mc,lean z well z to ,/ew>t & to        
,br[nejohn4   ,m$ic9es--,none  ,morgan's
 *aotic situation at ,new ,york 0 mild  
comp>$ to ! conditions at ,=t ,george & 
,ticond]oga 9 ! ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t4 ,dr4 
,samuel ,/r+]1 m$ical director ( !      
,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t1 wrote ,g5]al ,wa%+ton
 on ,may #aj1 #aggf1 t ! majority ( !   
regim5tal surgeons _h nei!r m$ic9es nor 
in/rum5ts1 & t !re 0 no possibility (   
gett+ !m 9 ,canada4 ,wa%+ton repli$ t he
 w\ld direct ,dr4 ,morgan to s5d !      
requir$ supplies1 & ask = additional    
help f ,congress4#gd ,h[ev]1 until e>ly 
9 ,june1 ,morgan 0 9 no position to     
outfit m$ic9e *e/s = any ( ! troops at  
,new ,york1 mu* less = ! army 9 ! nor?2 
& ,congress didn't ev5 get ar\nd to     
direct+ ! committee appo9t$ to provide  
m$ic9es 444 to s5d a prop] assortm5t (  
m$ic9e to ,canada until ,june #ag4ge    
,aft] ,morgan _h e/abli%$ ! g5]al       
hospital at ,new ,york1 he wrote to     

,samuel ,adams on ,june #be t       444 
! /ate ( ! ,army 9 ,canada 444 = a      
supply ( m$ic9es      is truly          
deplorable4 ,g5]al ,gates sets out      
to-morr[ to take      comm& ( ! ,army 9 
,canada4 ,dr4 ,potts w accompany him4 ,i
 h      !re=e giv5 ord]s to supply him f
 ! ,g5]al ,hospital )      a l>ge *e/ ( 
su* m$ic9es z ,i c be/ sp>e1 & :i* c    
be got ready to-morr[ be=e 8            
dep>ture4#gf  ,until ,july #bd1 ! only  
m$ic9es to arrive at ,=t ,george 7 ! few
 t ,dr4 ,potts br\ght ) him ev5 ?\gh    
,morgan _h1 accord+ to ,/r+]1 promis$ to
 s5d by ! fir/ sloop tw5ty half-*e/s (  
m$ic9es put up at ,new ,york = t5       
battalions 9 ! nor?4 ,/r+] !re=e ask$   
p]mission ( ,g5]al ,gates at ,ticond]oga
 to g =? to ,york & see ! m$ic9es =?)   
=w>d$ by l&1 until !y c be safely       
convey$ by wat]4 ,p]mission 0 grant$ on 
,july #bi & ,/r+] dep>t$ = ,new         
,york4#gg ,mean:ile1 ,morgan _h writt5  
,potts on ,july #bh t he _h s5t ,dr4    
,james ,mc,henry to ,philadelphia =     

drugs1 & t he 0 s5d+ ,&rew ,craigie to  
,=t ,george to act z an ,apo!c>y4       
,morgan also ask$ = an inv5tory ( drugs 
on h& 9 ! ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t4#gh  ,/r+]  
sp5t only a day or two 9 ,new ,york )   
,morgan--j long en\gh to int5sify _!    
p]sonal feud ov] responsibilities &     
au?ority4 ,/r+] det]m9$ t ! tw5ty       
half-*e/s app>5tly 7 a figm5t (         
someone's imag9ation1 because supplies 9
 ,new ,york 7 almo/ z bad z !y 7 9 !    
nor?4 ,also1 he le>n$ t ,morgan 0 s5d+ a
 box ( m$ic9e nor?w>d "u ! c>e ( !      
,surgeon ( ,col4 ,wayne ,regt4#gi t 0   
und\bt$ly int5d$ to s]ve only z a       
regim5tal *e/4 ,/r+] !n hurri$ on to    
,philadelphia j 9 "t to int]cept        
,mc,henry1 :o _h obta9$ an ord] f !     
,committee ( ,congress = #dj lb4 ,b>k1  
#aj lb4 ,camphire & "s o!r articles4#hj 
,/r+] wrote ,potts on ,augu/ #ag t at   
la/ he _h obta9$ an ord] = m$ic9es t    
w\ld be pack$ 9 two days1 b add$ :5 y'll
 receive !m ,god kn[s4 ,he also report$ 
t !re w also arrive ano!r ,box "u ! c>e 

( ,doct4 ,mc,henry conta9+ only #e      
articles ( :i* !re is b #cj lbs4 ,b>k & 
,i ?9k n a purgative except "s few p\nds
 ( ,rhub>b & a little ,fol4 ,s5ae4#ha   
,mc,henry1 h[ev]1 only got z f> z ,new  
,york ) 8 meag] supplies1 because ,/r+] 
dis*>g$ him f ! s]vice 9 an attempt to  
%[ bo? ,morgan & ,potts :o _h ! mo/     
au?ority4#hb  ,/r+]'s inexcusably long  
abs5ce f 8 hospital po/ & failure to s5d
 ! ne$$ m$ic9es s ar\s$ ,g5]al ,gates t 
he wrote ! ,presid5t ( ! ,congress on   
,augu/ #ca z foll[s3#hc       ,!        
,director ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital 9 ?is    
dep>tm5t1 ,doctor      ,/r+]1 0 s5t to  
,new-,york ?ree & ?irty days ago1 )     
positive ord]s to return ! in/ant he _h 
provid$ ! drugs &      m$ic9es s mu*    
want$4 ,s9ce !n1 repeat$ lett]s h be5   
wrote to ,new-,york & ,philadelphia1    
sett+ =? 9 ! /ronge/      t]ms ! press+ 
necessity ( an imm$iate supply ( ^!     
articles4  ,f9ally1 almo/ a mon? aft] 8 
arrival 9 ,philadelphia1 ,/r+] set out =
 ,albany ) a small /ock ( drugs4 ,on    

,septemb] #g he wrote ,potts f ,albany t
 he hop$ ! small supply t he obta9$ & ! 
*e/ ( m$ic9es t ,morgan _h j s5t w\ld   
hold out until he c\ld obta9 additional 
supplies 9 ,new ,engl&1 :]e he 0 !n     
head$ to ransack t ,c\ntry ( ^? articles
 we want4#hd  ,mean:ile1 ,potts at ,=t  
,george _h />t$ mak+ ! desir$ inv5tory (
 m$ic9es4 ,x came z no surprise to      
anyone t ! situation 0                  
deplorable--inde$1 x 0 worse ?an t4 ,on 
,augu/ #ca a committee ( surgeons at    
,ticond]oga prep>$ at ,g5]al ,gates'    
ord] ,a ,catalogue ( ,m$ic9es ,mo/      
,necess>y = ! ,army4 ,?is li/1 und\bt$ly
 repres5t+ ! m9imum requirem5ts ( ea*   
battalion1 call$ = #bj p\nds ( b>k1 #d  
p\nds ( gum camphor1 #b p\nds ( gum     
opium1 #c p\nds ( p[d]$ ipecac1 #d p\nds
 ( p[d]$ jalap1 #b p\nds ( p[d]$ rhub>b1
 #ae p\nds ( ,epsom salts1 & #c p\nds ( 
t>t> emetic among two doz5 diff]5t      
m$ic9es4#he ,in/ead ( ^! m9imum         
requirem5ts1 regim5tal surgeons at      
,ticond]oga1 ,cr[n ,po9t1 ,m\nt         

,indep5d5ce1 & ,=t ,george pres5t$      
inv5tories 7mo/ly dat$ ,septemb] #h7 t  
cle>ly emphasiz$ _! de/itute condition4 
,! fir/ ,new ,j]sey battalion at        
,ticond]oga report$ ,no ,jallap1        
,rhub>b1 ,salts1 or ,ipecac2 :ile       
,colonel ,:ilocks' regim5t at           
,ticond]oga report$ ,no m$ic9es         
exclusive ( private prop]ty4 ,! five    
companies ( artill]y at ,=t ,george     
report$ ,m$ic9es--,none1 z did ! #bd?   
,regim5t at ,m\nt ,indep5d5ce4 ,o!rs    
report$ small or toll]able assortm5ts ( 
m$ic9e4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! inv5tory
 ( ! ,p5nsylvania #f? ,battalion at     
,cr[n ,po9t %[s x to h be5 lack+ b>k1   
ipecac1 rhub>b1 camphor1 & salts2 & only
 "o-half ounce ( jalap & #b ounces ( gum
 opium rema9$ 9 ! *e/ outfitt$ by       
,*ri/oph] & ,*>les ,m>%all on ,april #be
 9 ,philadelphia4 ,! #ae? ,regim5t (    
,foot at ,m\nt ,indep5d5ce claim$ #b    
ounces ( b>k & #a-a_/b ounces ( gum     
opium1 :ile ! #f? ,regim5t at           
,ticond]oga 0 z well (f z any ) "o-half 

p\nd ( b>k & #d ounces ( gum opium4#hf  
,comp>$ ) ! m9imum ne$ ( #bj p\nds ( b>k
 & #b p\nds ( gum opium1 ev5 ?is 0 n (  
mu* com=t4  ,! inv5tory ( ! ,m$ic9es 9 !
 ,cont95tal ,/ore at ,=t ,george dat$   
,septemb] #i 0 n v com=t+ ei!r4 ,:ile ! 
/ore includ$ #acg diff]5t items1 includ+
 equipm5t & conta9]s ( all ! capital    
m$ic9es1 only ,epsom salts appe>$ to be 
available 9 a suffici5t quantity4 ,sev5 
p\nds ( rhub>b 7 also on h&1 b          
conspicu\s by _! abs5ce 7 b>k1 ipecac1  
jalap1 gum camphor1 & gum opium4#hg  ,) 
_! cont9u\s reque/s & dem&s1 ! regim5tal
 surgeons made life mis]able = ,potts4  
,surgeon ,mate ( ! ,p5nsylvania #a/     
wrote t ! ,*e/ ( ,m$ic9e 444 is n yet   
arriv$ b expect x h\rly4444 ,trumbull   
ask$3 ,h y\r ,m$ic9es arriv'd8 ,h ,/r+] 
or ,mc,henry made _! appe>ance yet8 ,our
 p fall sick by ,doz5s4 ,i n a ,p5nys   
wor? ( ,m$ic9e h = !m1 ev5 9 ! mo/      
virul5t disord]s4 ,surgeon ,john/on     
begg$3 ,pray if possible s5d me #d p\nds
 ,pulv4 ,cort4 ,p]uv4 ,b>k & #c ounces  

,t>tar ,emetic4 ,) ^? m$ic9es ,i ?9k ,i 
c\ld re/ore a numb] ( our be/ ,m5 to    
p]fect ,heal?4#hh  ,9 ^? in/ances :]e "s
 drugs 7 on h&1 ! %ortage (             
ph>maceutical equipm5t hamp]$1 if n     
prev5t$1 ! prep>ation ( prop] dosage    
=ms4 ,surgeon ,mc,crea on bo>d ! ,royal 
,savage wrote on ,septemb] #b t he f\nd 
a great inconv5i5ce = want ( scales     
waits1#hi & ! surgeon at ,cr[n ,po9t    
wrote on ,septemb] #ai t ! ,m$ic9es :i* 
,i rec'd a few days ago w be ( v little 
,b5efit z ,i h no fit ,mort> c to prep>e
 !m )  mu/ use !m 9 ,decoction4#ij  ,x  
wasn't until ,octob] t any relief       
arriv$1 & ev5 !n !re 7 disappo9tm5ts4   
,&rew ,craigie1 at ,=t ,george1 receiv$ 
a wagonload ( h]bs on ,octob] #c1 b1 z  
,craigie report$ to ,potts1 "o half !   
load is entirely useless1 conta9+       
,saffron1 ,p9k fl[]1 & :ole ,headed     
,p5nyroyal1 c4 c4 ,dr4 ,br[n ?9ks 8     
broad %\ld]s w\ld c>ry all ! articles t 
are wor? any?+4 ,craigie recomm5d$ to   
,potts t paym5t %\ld n be made = all !  

useless articles4#ia  ,! long-lo/ ,/r+] 
f9ally arriv$ at ,albany f ,bo/on on    
,octob] #e & report$ to ,gates t he _h  
met ! greate/ success 9 procur+ ,l#e1jjj
 ( m$ic9es4#ib ,t5 days lat]1 ,/r+]     
wrote ,potts t he 0 n[ =w>d+ by waggon  
two ,b>rels  #a ,box ( ,m$ic9es 444 :i* 
w suffice = ! pres5t1 n ?9k+ x prud5t to
 s5d up ! :ole1 especially z we c always
 get !m up z !y are want$4#ic  ,ev5 aft]
 ! long delay1 mo/ ( ! supplies 7 /ill  
held 9 ,albany in/ead ( be+ di/ribut$   
among ! surgeons :o ne$$ !m4 ,?is       
infuriat$ ,potts to a po9t t ev5 ,/r+]  
f\nd x necess>y1 on ,octob] #be1 to     
expla93       ,i receiv$ ye/]day a lett]
 f y 444 be=e ?is "t y      w h rec'd   
su* ( ! articles y desir$ z we _h to    
sp>e      f ! ,m$ic9es ,i pur*as$ at    
,bo/on 444 ,i ?\ght x n      prop] to   
risque !m up "h2 nei!r 7 any ( !m 9     
p[d]1 & all t 7 s at ?is place we s5t y1
 & h      two h&s busy 9 prep>+ m = our 
own use4 ,i hope t !      %ipm5t s5t w  
be suffici5t = y\r purpose4#id  ,&rew   

,craigie _h s5t ?ree b>rels & f\r boxes 
( supplies to ,ticond]oga on ,octob]    
#bb1ie b ! %ipm5t obvi\sly did n        
suffice4 ,on ,novemb] #g ,/r+] wrote t z
 soon z possible ! ,m$ic9es y wrote =   
%all be prep>$ & s5t1 b !y are *iefly to
 be pulv]iz$4 ,9 8 typical /yle he add$1
 ,i _c conceive :at use y w h = five    
sieves :5 y h no l>ge mort>4#if  ,!     
,novemb] #bg report ( ! committee (     
,congress on ! conditions 9 ! g5]al     
hospital at ,=t ,george indicates t !   
supply situation 0 at la/ reasonably    
good1#ig b by ?is "t ! season 0 f>      
advanc$ & ! =ces _h to retire to w9t]   
qu>t]s4 ,/r+] 0 reliev$ ( 8 comm& along 
) ,morgan e>ly ! foll[+ ye>4 ,unlike t (
 ,morgan1 ,/r+]'s dismissal appe>s to h 
be5 bas$ on reasonably good gr\nds4     
,private]s to ! ,rescue  ,despite       
,congress' sl[ />t 9 provid+ m$ical     
supplies1 its memb]s realiz$ z e>ly z   
,decemb] #agge t additional s\rces (    
supply outside ! ,colonies w\ld be      
requir$4 ,on ,decemb] #bc !y he>d t     

,l#b1jjj ( m$ic9es1 surgeon's in/rum5ts1
 & l9t & b&ages 7 requir$ by ! army1 &  
on ,janu>y #c1 #aggf1 ! ,secret         
,committee report$ to ,congress t ^!    
supplies %\ld be import$ z soon z       
possible4#ih  ,9 ,septemb] #agge        
,congress _h creat$ ! ,secret ,committee
 to sup]vise ! export & import ( vital  
mat]ials requir$ = ! w>4 ,lic5ses to    
leave port 7 giv5 %ipma/]s on !         
condition t !y w\ld return ) vital      
milit>y /ores4 ,"u ?is disp5sation1     
,am]ican %ips set out = ,europe1        
,africa1 & ! ,we/ ,indies 9 se>* (      
ess5tial supplies4#ii ,_m mon?s 7       
requir$1 h[ev]1 to e/abli% su*          
importation z a significant s\rce (     
supply1 & ?is 0 especially true ) reg>d 
to m$ical supplies4  ,! delay 9 initiat+
 importation c h>dly be *>g$ z ! only or
 ev5 ! ma9 reason = m$ical supply       
%ortages 9 #aggf4 ,= example1 9 ,augu/ (
 t ye>1 :5 at lea/ a half-doz5 m$ical   
supply (fic]s 7 plead+ = drugs f        
,congress 9 ,philadelphia1 ,john ,?omson

 ( ,pet]sburg1 ,virg9ia1 adv]tis$ t he  
_h = sale ,rhub>b & ,jalap1 ,glaub] &   
,epsom ,salts1 ,jesuits ,b>k & a ho/ (  
o!r supplies4#ajj ,:e!r or n ,?omson's  
supplies con/itut$ any significant      
am\nt1 ! v fact t he _h to adv]tise !m  
indicates a lack ( coord9ation &        
communication betwe5 ^? urg5tly seek+   
supplies & ^? sell+ !m4  ,ev5 m fru/rat+
 7 ^? suppli]s "r "u ,congress's nose   
adv]tis+ ess5tial drugs4 ,suppli]s l    
,dr4 ,an?ony ,yeldall at 8 ,m$ic9al     
,w>e-,h\se 7 /ill adv]tis+ ,b>k1        
,camphire1 ,rhub>b1 c 9 ,july ( '#gf4aja
 ,philadelphia 0 second only to ,new    
,york = ,loyali/s1 & ,yeldall 0 lat]    
prov5 to be a /rong ,tory4 ,!n !re 7 ^? 
:o 7 nei!r ,patriot nor ,loyali/2 !y 7 j
 indiff]5t to ! cause = ,am]ican        
indep5d5ce1 & ?us insi/$ on ca%1 ev5    
?\gh six mon?s' cr$it 0 ! common        
practice j prior to ! w>4 ,9 #agga 9    
,philadelphia "o druggi/ regul>ly gave a
 #ae p]c5t disc\nt on all pur*ases if   
paid )9 six mon?s & #g-a_/b p]c5t       

disc\nt 0 all[$ = paym5ts betwe5 six &  
n9e mon?s1 b int]e/ 0 expect$ on all    
debts ov] a ye>'s /&+4#ajb  ,!          
bus9ess-m9d$ memb]s ( ,congress tri$ to 
foll[ prew> me?ods by seek+ cr$it4      
,m]*ants :o sold on cr$it f\nd t1 :5 !y 
f9ally 7 paid1 !y receiv$ pap] money    
back$ only by a promise to ex*ange =    
gold & silv] at "s future "t4           
,fur!rmore1 !y 7 caught 9 a spiral+     
inflation1 & (t5 f\nd t :5 !y f9ally    
receiv$ _! money f ,congress x !n w\ld  
co/ !m twice z mu* to repl5i% _! /ocks4 
,m$ical supply (fic]s !re=e f\nd x      
necess>y to pay ready ca% = m]*&ise out 
( _! own pocket1 & sometimes !y _h to   
wait six mon?s = reimbursem5t f         
,congress4  ,z we h not$1 by ! fall (   
#aggf ,bo/on _h become a bett] s\rce (  
supply ( drugs ?an ,philadelphia1 al?\gh
 x _h be5 occupi$ by ! ,briti% = n9e    
mon?s & ,morgan _h remov$ mo/ ( ! drugs 
left !re ! previ\s ,may4 ,?is 0 prim>ily
 due to a s+le factor--! ,am]ican       
private]4 ,briti% %ipp+ 0 vuln]able to !

 ,am]ican private]s1 :i* 7 fa/ vessels  
well suit$ to ?is k9d ( ent]prise4 ,well
 ov] #a1jjj captures 7 made dur+ ! w> by
 ,massa*usetts private]s alone1 & !     
arrivals ( ri* prize %ips at ,new ,engl&
 ports became frequ5t4#ajc  ,! ,gre5leaf
 l$g] confirms t drugs 7 includ$ 9 "s ( 
^! prize %ips4 ,on ,decemb] #ad1 #aggf1 
,gre5leaf records ! receipt ( ,l#fb f ! 
,massa*usetts gov]nm5t 9 paym5t = an    
invoice ( ,druggs tak5 f ! prize %ip    
,julius ,caes>4 ,gre5leaf receiv$ an ev5
 l>g] /ock ( druggs tak5 9 ! prize ,brig
 ,?ree ,fri5ds 9 ,m>* #aggg4 ,?is 0     
valu$ at ov] ,l#agj1 & 0 also us$ by    
,massa*usetts to pay on its acc\nt )    
,gre5leaf1 l>gely = outfitt+ its        
private]s4#ajd  ,on ,june #cj1 #aggg1   
,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] ( ,bo/on wrote ,dr4      
,potts1 /ill at ,ticond]oga1 z          
foll[s3#aje       ,i h ! pleasure to    
give y ?is ,e>ly notice ( a prize %ip   
be+ s5t into ,casco ,bay la/ week ) f\r 
tons ( ,jesuits ,b>k      on bo>d = "o  
valuable article besides a great        

quantity ( o!r      /ores = ! ,briti%   
,army at ,new-,york4   ,brisk ,bus9ess 9
 ,bo/on  ,a s]ies ( lett]s to ,director 
,g5]al ,potts f ,apo!c>y ,&rew ,craigie1
 :o 0 on a pur*as+ trip ?r\gh ,new      
,engl&1 gives u an int]e/+ glimpse into 
! situation4 ,on ,augu/ #bi1 #aggg1     
,craigie wrote ,potts f ,spr+field#ajf t
 he _h j arriv$ f ,we!rsfield :]e he    
pur*as$ #bbb p\nds ( b>k ( excell5t     
quality4 ,he saw x weigh$ & repack$1 &  
left ! necess>y in/ructions = %ipm5t to 
,albany4 ,hav+ he>d t a quantity ( ,b>k 
o!r articles are arriv$ at "s ea/]n     
ports ,craigie took (f = ,bo/on :]e he  
wrote ,potts on ,septemb] #a z          
foll[s3#ajg       ,i wrote y f          
,spr+field aqua9t+ y t ,i _h engag$ #bbb
      lb4 ,b>k at ! ,price ,l#e p] p\nd 
,mr4 ,liv+/on m5tion$ to      y2 x be+ v
 de> induc$ me to engage a less quantity
 ?an      y propos$ 'til ,i %\ld make   
enquiry "h4 ,i f9d to my great          
mortification t x is #dj_/%ill+s less   
?an t 9      ,we!rsfield4 ,i wi% we c\ld

 get cle> ( t engagem5t1 & at      lea/ 
?9k "s adju/m5t %\ld be made z ,i am    
in=m$ x co/      ,mr4 ,liv+/on :o b\ght 
x at publick sale only #c ,p\nds at :i* 
price ,i expect to engage #a or #bjj lb4
 tomorr[4444 ,9 ! morn+ ,i      g to    
,cape ,anne ab\t #dj miles f ?is1 aft]  
m$ic9es t h      lately arriv$4444      
,recall+ ,/r+]'s long abs5ce ( ! previ\s
 ye>1 ,craigie conclud$3       ,i %all  
pay p>ticul> att5tion to1 & if to be _h1
 procure !      articles1 b ev]y?+ is v 
de>4 ,i hope n to exce$ !      "t y h   
limit$4  ,craigie return$ to ,albany on 
,septemb] #bj & advis$ ,potts t he      
succe$$ 9 procur+ m$ic9es z expect$ & t 
he _h on ! road #b cov]$ waggons (      
capital m$ic9es c4#ajh ,! %ipm5t includ$
 #bjj p\nds ( b>k t ,craigie b\ght at   
,l#c a p\nd1 & wait+ = him 9 ,albany 7  
also ! #bbb p\nds ( b>k1 = :i* he 0     
bill$ at ,l#e a p\nd plus ,l#bc_/aj     
,c>t+ & ,exp5ses4#aji ,paym5t _h n be5  
made by ,novemb] #aj1aaj nor 0 !re any  
evid5ce ( an adju/m5t4  ,at ! same "t t 

,craigie 0 9 ,bo/on pur*as+ supplies = !
 ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t1 ,apo!c>y ,jona?an   
,b4 ,cutt+ ( ! ,middle ,dep>tm5t 0 also 
!re1 compet+ ) him4#aaa ,fur!rmore1     
sev]al ag5ts = ! ,congress 7,?omas      
,cu%+1 ,daniel ,till+ha/1 & ,john       
,brad=d7 7 pur*as+ drugs = ! ,cont95tal 
,navy4 ,gre5leaf's l$g] records t betwe5
 ,janu>y #bc & ,may #bh ov] ,l#ejj wor? 
( m$ic9e *e/s & sundry m$ic9es 7 sold to
 ,! ,unit$ ,am]ican ,/ates = !          
,cont95tal frigates ,bo/on1 ,hancock1   
,provid5ce1 & ,columbus4  ,?is          
competition among v>i\s bran*es ( ! army
 & navy l$ to a brisk bus9ess 9 ,bo/on4 
,druggi/s 9 ne>by communities *anc$ !   
,briti% blockade to s5d supplies :i* !y 
_h on h&4 ,= example1 ,jona?an ,waldo1  
an apo!c>y at ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1    
record$ 9 8 acc\nt book#aab on ,april   
#h1 #aggg1 t #ac packages & #d cases (  
m$ic9es are %ip'd on ,bo>d ! ,sloop     
call$ ! ,two ,bro!rs ,saml ,we/ ,ma/]4  
,an ,acc\nt & illegible ^w ( ,mr4 ,oliv]
 ,smi? ( ,bo/on ,apo!c>y & to him       

consign$4 ,evid5ce ( ! w> appe>s 9 !    
footnote to ! entry1 h[ev]4 ,x reads3 ,!
 cases are unm>k$ be+ %ip'd at ,night4  
,error ,except$4 ,jon4 ,waldo4   ,!     
,situation ,improves  ,oliv] ,smi?1     
adv]tis+ 9 a ,bo/on newspap] 9 ,octob]  
#aggg1 cle>ly emphasiz$ ! fact t ,a     
,l>ge & ,valuable ,assortm5t ( ,drugs & 
,m$ic9es 7 on h&4 ,includ$ 9 ! li/+ 7   
b>k1 gum camphor1 gum opium1 jalap1     
rhub>b1 & salts4#aac  ,back 9           
,philadelphia1 ! supply situation 0 also
 improv+4 ,william ,smi?1 ,cont95tal    
,druggi/s1 receiv$ ov] #e1jjj f         
,congress = drug pur*ases1#aad & !      
,m>%alls also cont9u$ to furni%         
,congress ) a v>iety ( m$ical supplies 9
 am\nts upw>ds ( #d1jjj4aae ,drugs 7    
occasionally be+ import$ into           
,philadelphia despite ! ,briti%         
blockade4 ,9 ,janu>y #aggg1 ,rob]t      
,bass1 an apo!c>y 9 ,m>ket ,/reet1      
adv]tis$#aaf ,a ,quantity ( ,p]uvian    
,b>k1 j import$ 444 toge!r ) ,drugs &   
,m$ic9es ( mo/ k9ds4 ,bass 0 supply+ !  

,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t ) drugs 9 ,febru>y    
#aggg1 b1 accord+ to a lett] f ,john    
,w>r5 to ,potts1 he is det]m9$ n ev5 to 
pack !m untill he %all receive ! money 9
 paym5t = !m4#aag ,9 ,m>*1 ,bass wrote  
,potts directly t       444 if 9 future 
y want any compositions let me "k 9 "t t
      ,i may h !m ready4 ,i c\'d n s5d a
 full quantity ( fly      ,pla/]s1 b am 
?is week mak+ a l>ge quantity ( mo/ k9ds
      & %all s5d ( defici5cy 9 y\r next 
ord]4#aah  ,9 ,june1 ,*ri/oph] & ,*>les 
,m>%all also receiv$ a small assortm5t (
 valuable m$ic9es1 j import$ & to be    
sold#aai to repl5i% _! /ock4 ,ev5       
,congress pur*as$ directly c]ta9 ( !    
importations1 on ,may #bh1 #aggh1 =     
example1 ord]+ t #gee #db_/ij doll>s be 
advanc$ to ! ,committee ( ,comm]ce1 to  
enable !m to pay ,&rew & ,james         
,caldwell1 ! freight ( sundry m$ic9es   
import$ 9 _! sloop f ,m>t9ico4#abj ,_m (
 ! ,briti% prize %ips 7 c>ri$ to ! ,fr5*
 isl& ( ,m>t9ique 9 ! ,we/ ,indies =    
trans-%ipm5t ( _! c>goes4  ,^! %ipm5ts  

h[ev] did n meet ) ! requirem5ts =      
m$ical supplies4 ,9 ,m>*1 ,apo!c>y      
,cutt+1 !n /ation$ at ! ,cont95tal      
,m$ic9e ,/ore 9 ,f\r?-,/reet1           
,philadelphia1 adv]tis$ t any price w be
 giv5 = old %eets1 or half worn l95     
prop] = l9t & b&ages1 :ile1 9 ,may1     
,commiss>y ,hugh ,james adv]tis$ t a    
h&some price w be giv5 = ,vials &       
,corks4#aba ,! problems ( m$ical        
supplies 7 (t5 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! 
public4 ,?omas ,c>nes1 ,qu>t] ,ma/] &   
,/ew>d ( ! ,am]ican hospital 9 ,new     
,engl&1 adv]tis$ 9 sev]al pap]s t he    
is au?oriz$ to make kn[n 9 ?is public   
mann]1 t no ,exp5se      %all be sp>$ 9 
future 9 mak+ ! mo/ ample ,provision =  
! sick & w\nd$ ( ! ,army4444 ,prop]     
m$ic9es w be      prep>$1 n only by     
,g5]al ,hospitals1 b by ,regim5tal      
,surgeons4 ,! ,difficulties ! ,sick &   
,w\nd$ met ) ! la/      ,campaign arose 
f ! unsettl$ ,/ate ( ! ,army1 & !       
,di/ance ,m$ic9es1 & o!r ,necess>ies us$
 to be s5t4#abb  ,! reorganization ( !  

m$ical dep>tm5t by ,congress1 includ+ ! 
e/abli%m5t ( two ,apo!c>ies & _! duties1
 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,packet on  
,april #ae1 & a front page acc\nt       
pres5t+ directions = pres]v+ ! ,heal? ( 
,soldi]s 0 featur$ 9 ! next issue4#abc  
,dr4 ,potts wrote ! ,m$ical ,committee 9
 ,congress on ,april #c1 #aggg3       ,i
 h ! ,hon\r to enclose y a ,return ( !  
,m$ic9es  ,/ores      belong+ to !      
,g5]al ,hospital 9 ! ,dep>tm5t1 :i* ,i h
      receiv$ f ,doctor ,samuel ,/r+]1  
^! ) :at ,i br\ght      ) me f          
,philadelphia  "s few ,i expect f ,bo/on
 w be      q suffici5t = ?is campaign4  
,9 contra/ to ! "t :5 /ores 7 %ort 9    
'#gf1 ! *airman ( ! ,m$ical ,committee1 
,m4 ,?ornton1 0 quick to reply on ,april
 #ab t       444 we are highly pleas$ ) 
y\r hav+ ! prospect ( a      suffici5t  
supply ( m$ic9es 9 y\r ,dep>tm5t = !    
ensu+      ,campaign1  approve ( !      
returns y h made u4#abd   ,valley ,=ge  
,wa%+ton's =ces 7 defeat$ at ,br&yw9e on
 ,septemb] #aa1 #aggg1 & on ,septemb]   

#be ! ,briti% army occupi$              
,philadelphia4 ,wa%+ton1 aft] try+ )\t  
success to dislodge !m by a sudd5 attack
 at ,g]mant[n on ,octob] #d1 retreat$ to
 ,valley ,=ge4  ,bus9ess 9 ,philadelphia
 "u ,briti% occupation cont9u$ mu* z x  
_h "u ,am]ican control1 except = a few  
miss+ suppli]s & a few new ones4 ,"o    
druggi/ :o 0 little 9 evid5ce aft] ! w> 
comm5c$ 0 back 9 bus9ess adv]tis+ )9 two
 weeks aft] ! ,briti% occupi$           
,philadelphia4 ,x 0 ,william ,drewet    
,smi? 7n to be confus$ ) ,william ,smi?7
 :o advis$ fri5ds & cu/om]s 444 t !y c  
be suppli$ ) ,m$ic9e & ,drugs z usual1  
at 8 %op 9 ,second-,/reet4 ,to indicate 
t he 0 expect+ an active bus9ess1 ,smi? 
also adv]tis$ = a p]son :o c be well    
recomm5d$ = hone/y & sobriety 444 to    
att5d a ,druggi/'s ,%op4#abe            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,page f !    
,wa/e ,book manuscript ( ! ,*ri/oph]    
,m>%all1 ,jr41 & ,*>les ,m>%all apo!c>y 
%op 9 ,philadelphia4 ,?is is ! fir/ page
 ( ! cont5ts ( a m$ic9e *e/ furni%$ on  

ord] ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress = !       
,p5nsylvania #d? ,battalion4 ,pres]v$ at
 ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania1 9
 ,philadelphia4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#d4--,page f ! l$g] ( ! ,gre5leaf       
apo!c>y %op 9 ,bo/on1 %[+ ! acc\nts     
betwe5 ,septemb] #c1 #aggf1 & ,may #bh1 
#aggg1 ) ! ,unit$ ,am]ican ,/ates =     
outfitt+ %ips ( ! ,cont95tal ,navy4     
,pres]v$ at ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian      
,society1 ,worce/]1 ,mass4  ,dur+ !     
,briti% occupation !re 0 a l>ge numb] ( 
!fts & losses--p]haps aid$ by ! ,am]ican
 patriots :o rema9$ 9 ,philadelphia--t  
includ$ drugs & surgical in/rum5ts4 ,9  
,novemb] an adv]tisem5t report$ ! loss (
 a sett ( ,surgeons ,pocket in/rum5ts 9 
a crimson *equ]$ cov]+1 ) a silv] clasp4
 ,:oev] w br+ !m to ! b> ( ! c(fee-h\se 
or to ,mr4 ,allman1 surgeons mate ( !   
,royal ,artill]y1 %all h a ,gu9ea rew>d1
 & no que/ions ask$4 ,9 ,april an       
unid5tifi$ druggi/ adv]tis$3 ,/ol5      
ye/]day aft]noon out ( an apo!c>y's %op 
,?ree ,specie ,glasses1 ) brass caps2 "o

 conta9$ two p\nds ( native c9nab>4     
,:oev] discov]s ! ?ief & goods %all h   
,tw5ty ,%ill+s rew>d f ! pr9t]4#abf  ,a 
sign ( ! times is evid5t f ! adv]tisem5t
 by ,dr4 ,an?ony ,yeldall1 :o (f]$ 8    
,anti-,v5]eal ,ess5ce at only ,two      
,doll>s4 ,?is no/rum1 x 0 claim$1 w\ld n
 only cure ! disease1 b w\ld absolutely 
prev5t cat*+ ! infection4 ,ea* bottle   
came ) pr9t$ in/ructions s t no que/ions
 ne$ be ask$4 ,! fact t ! adv]tisem5t   
appe>$ no less ?an #aj times f ,janu>y  
?r\gh ,april speaks = its success4#abg  
,x is int]e/+ to note t1 aft] ! ,briti% 
evacuat$ ,philadelphia1 ,an?ony         
,yeldall1 ,surgeon1 late ( ! city (     
,philadelphia1 0 includ$ among ^? :o 7  
*>g$ z hav+ kn[+ly & will+ly aid$ &     
assi/$ ! enemies & :o w\ld be br\ght to 
trial = high treason4#abh  ,:ile !      
,briti% =ces re/$1 well n\ri%$1 w>m1 &  
relatively secure 9 ,philadelphia1      
,wa%+ton's troops1 h>dly m ?an #bj miles
 away1 7 tortur$ by cold1 hung]1 &      
disease4 ,on ,decemb] #bc !re 7 #b1hih  

m5 at ,valley ,=ge report$ sick or unfit
 = duty because ( lack ( clo?+4#abi ,ev5
 s1 ! lack ( m$ical supplies 0 n[h]e ne>
 z bad z ! conditions t exi/$ 9 '#gf4   
,"u ! comm& ( ,director ,g5]al ,%ipp5 & 
,purveyor ,g5]al ,potts1#acj ! m$ical   
dep>tm5t op]at$ a s]ies ( hospitals 9   
su* ,p5nsylvania communities z ,ea/on1  
,be?lehem1 ,lanca/]1 ,ephrata1 &        
,lititz4 ,! pr9cipal hospital = ,valley 
,=ge 0 e/abli%$ #aj miles away at ,yell[
 ,spr+s 7n[ ,*e/] ,spr+s74  ,! l>ge/    
dra9 on m$ical supplies appe>s n to h   
be5 dur+ ! height ( w9t] b r 9 ! e>ly   
spr+ :5 ! m$ic9e *e/s ( v>i\s regim5ts &
 hospitals 7 be+ re/ock$ = ! expect$    
spr+ (f5sive4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to supplem5t
 ! supply ( m$ical supplies on h&4 ,9   
late ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*1 ,dr4        
,william ,br[n s5t ,purveyor ,g5]al     
,potts a li/ ( ne$s ( ! entire m$ical   
dep>tm5t t includ$ ,l#bj1jjj wor? (     
m$ic9es1 vials1 corks1 etc4#aca ,dr4    
,br[n supplem5t$ ?is li/ ) a lett] to   
,potts dat$ ,m>* #aa 9 :i* he itemiz$ ! 

foll[+ equipm5t3#acb    #c doz4 ,boxes  
,small ,apo!c>y's ,weights  ,scales   #c
 doz4 ,bolus knives   #c doz4 ,pot      
,spa?ulae   #b doz4 ,m>ble ,mort>s1 ( "o
 p9t1  ,pe/les   #b doz4 ,setts         
,measures1 f #a_/b ounce to #a p9t8   #f
 doz4 ,e>!n ,vessels 7deep7 ) h&les--(  
diff]5t     sizes1 f #b qu>ts to #b     
galls1 = boil+ ,decoctions1 or     #b   
doz4 copp] ,d4 ( "o gallon--= t purpose4
   #f doz4 ,delft ,w>e ,tiles1 = mix+   
,boluses c4 on4  ,:ile ,dr4 ,br[n 0     
complet+ 8 report on m$ical supplies1 he
 0 also conclud+ 8 compilation ( an     
em]g5cy milit>y hospital =mul>y :i* has 
become kn[n z ! ,lititz ,ph>macopoeia1 s
 nam$ because ,br[n 0 mak+ ,lititz 8    
headqu>t]s at ! "t4 ,! preface is dat$  
,lititz1 ,m>* #ab1 #aggh4 ,! actual     
title 7translat$ f ,lat97 reads3 ,=mul>y
 ( simple & yet efficaci\s rem$ies = !  
use ( ! milit>y hospital1 belong+ to !  
army ( ! ,f$]at$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4      
,especially adapt$ to our pov]ty &      
/rait5$ circum/ances1 caus$ by ! f]oci\s

 inhumanity ( ! enemy1 & ! cruel w>     
unexpect$ly br\ght ^u our fa!rl&4 ,?is  
=mul>y 0 publi%$ by ,/yn]  ,ci/ (       
,philadelphia 9 #aggh1 :i* means t x 0 n
 actually pr9t$ until sometime aft]     
,june #ah1 :5 ! ,briti% evacuat$        
,philadelphia4  ,9 ! preface ,br[n      
expla9$ t !re 7 two types ( =mulas      
conta9$ 9 ! ,lititz ,ph>macopoeia2 "o 0 
! m$icam5ts :i* mu/ be prep>$ & comp\nd$
 9 a g5]al laboratory2 ! o!rs are to be 
mix$1 z ne$$1 9 our hospital disp5s>ies4
  ,! ma9 /ore ( drugs 0 h\s$ at ,manheim
 until late ,m>*1 :5 ,%ipp5 ord]$       
,apo!c>y ,cutt+ to pack ! m$ical /ores  
!re & proce$ on to ,yell[ ,spr+s4#acc   
,cutt+ wrote ,potts on ,m>* #cj t       
444 ! articles t we h 9 /ore are n[     
ready to put on      bo>d ! waggons     
except+ ! want ( cases to conta9 !m4444 
,pap]1 ,tw9e1 ,squ>e ,snuff ,bottles    
,corks are s ess5tially      necess>y to
 take ) u1 to fit up ! ,regim5tal ,*e/s 
t ,i      wi% y\r ord] to buy !m at     
,lanca/] imm$iately4 ,i nev] he>d       

:at place 9 ! vic9ity ( ,camp has be5   
*os5 = our      tempor>y ,m$ic9e ,%op1  
nor :at quantities ! ,regim5tal         
,surgeons are to be supply'd :5 we get  
!re4444#acd  ,on ,april #af ,cutt+#ace  
wrote t !       444 disp5s+ /ore is     
op5'd "h at ,yell[ ,spr+s & we h        
begun to supply ! ,regim5ts 9 ,camp4444 
,dr4 ,co*ran has giv5      ord]s to !   
,division on ! left to br+ _! ,*e/s     
fir/1 &      we propose go+ ?r\gh ! :ole
 ,army 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y      lay4444 ,!
 be/ me?od ,i c ?9k ( is to act         
imm$iately ab\t      prep>+ new ,*e/s ^u
 ! ,nor!rn ,plan at "s conv5i5t         
place = all su* ,battallions z did n get
 *e/s f ,dr4      ,craigie 9 ! la/      
campaign4 ,:5 ^! new p>cels are ready1  
let u call all ! l>ge *e/s into ! ,/ores
 444 :i* are too      compleat  capaci\s
 = ,field ,s]vice1  9 lieu ( !m give out
      our small] ones4 ,by ?is ex*ange1 
! ,g5l4 ,hospital w be      well suppli$
 ) /&+ ,*e/s  acquire a great v>iety (  
useful articles :i* are n ess5tial 9    

,camp4  ,apo!c>y ,cutt+ 0 conc]n$1      
h[ev]1 ov] supplies &       444 v       
appreh5sive t ! sev]al ,hospitals 9 ?is 
vic9ity      w r5d] a fur!r re9=cem5t   
necess>y be=e we %all be      able to   
compleat ! :ole4444 ,to give only a few 
( ! ,capitals      to ea* w be a "w (   
,"t1  a mu* m int5sive piece (          
bus9ess ?an ,i at fir/ imag9$4          
,mean:ile1 ,potts _h s5t ,apo!c>y       
,craigie to ,baltimore to obta9 a fre%  
/ock ( drugs1 & probably to prev5t fur!r
 friction betwe5 ,craigie & ,cutt+4 ,?is
 feud />t$ e>ly 9 #aggg :5 ,apo!c>y     
,cutt+1 s]v+ ) ,%ipp5 9 ,philadelphia1 0
 nam$1 ov] 8 preceptor ,craigie1 to head
 ! newly organiz$ ,apo!c>y dep>tm5t ( ! 
army4#acf ,on ,m>* #bg ,craigie wrote f 
,annapolis advis+ ,potts t he _h be5 9  
,baltimore       444 n long s9ce & wait$
 on ,messrs4 ,lux  ,b[ly4 ,! m$ic9es    
7 n come to h& b 7 expect$4444 ,i h     
engag$ !      :ole invoice :i* conta9s  
sev]al important m$ic9es n      m5tion$ 
9 y\r li/4 ,i ?9k ! prices are full     

high1 ?o'      some:at less ?an ,dr4    
,%ipp5 affix$1 & x 0 n 9 my p[]      to 
procure !m at a *eap] rate4 ,!y 7 (f]$  
,l#bj p] lb4      = all ! ,can?>ides &  
mu* high] price = ! ,b>k4 ,!y      are n
 yet arriv$ f "s place 9 ,virg9ia :]e !y
 7      fir/ l&$4 ,i %all exam9e !m     
imm$iately on _! arrival1      & if good
 =w>d !m on to ,manheim1 if !y prove n  
good      %all reject !m1 z ! engagem5t 
is conditional4#acg  ,!n on ,april #d1  
,craigie wrote f ,*e/] ,t[n3#ach        
,i ?is day receiv$ a lett] f ,messrs4   
,lux  ,b[ley in=m+      me1 ! waggons 7 
arriv$1 b to _! great surprise ) only   
two packages ( m$ic9es1 ! o!rs be+ seiz$
 ne>      ,williamsburg = ! use (       
,virg9ia ,/ate4 ,^? arriv$ conta9      b
 a v small %>e ( any ( ! articles       
m5tion$ 9 y\r      li/ & ,i believe none
 ( ! ,b>k & ,can?>ides4 ,i %all         
imm$iately proce$ to ,baltimore & exam9e
 ^? two packages       if good s5d !m on
 to ,manheim1 provid$ ! price is        
agreeable4444 ,i %all inquire into !    

circum/ances ( ! seizure      & endeavor
 to f9d out if !re has be5 any unfair   
play :i* ,i      c h>dly suspect f ! "* 
( ! ,g5tlem54  ,j prior to ,may #a1     
,craigie return$ to ,c>lisle1 :]e !     
,elaboratory & ,/ores = ! reception ( ! 
m$ic9es c4 belong+ to ! milit>y         
hospitals 0 e/abli%$1#aci & compla9$ t  
he did n f9d ! m$ic9al /ore 9 ! ord] :i*
 he expect$ to f9d x3       ,we h _m    
important m$ic9es b by no means an      
assortm5t      suffici5t = ! ,army4 ,i  
speak only ( :at is n[ 9 /ore4      ,!re
 are ,m$ic9es 9 diff]5t places ( :i* ,i 
h no li/4  ,craigie fur!r not$ t ,cutt+ 
_h come up f ,yell[ ,spr+s on ,may #a to
 conf] reg>d+ plans = complet+ m$ic9e   
*e/s1 & w\ld leave ! foll[+ day =       
,baltimore :]e he obvi\sly 0 go+ to try 
to pur*ase m drugs4  ,craigie 0 puzzl$  
by ! e/abli%m5t ( a disp5s+ /ore at     
,yell[ ,spr+s1 & ask$ :e!r or n ! plan 0
       444 to h ! pr9ciple ,/ore at     
,c>lisle1 :]e all !      m$ic9es %all be
 prep>$1 & ! ,*e/s compleat$ suppos+    

! ,g5l4 ,hospitals w be m collect$1 & ! 
numb]      less5$4 ,i w\ld propose t an 
,apo!c>y att5d ea* ) a      compleate   
,*e/ ( ,m$ic9es2 t ! ,surgeon           
,physician ,g5l (      ! ,army be att5d$
 by an ,apo!c>y ) good ,*e/1 & !        
,regim5ts supply'd ^u ! ,nor!rn ,plan4  
,i w\ld h an ,issu+      ,/ore e/abli%$ 
at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! ,army1 f      
:i* ! ,hospital & ,regim5tal ,*e/s might
 occasionally be      repl5i%$4#adj  ,a 
sizable /ock ( drugs 0 f9ally receiv$ f 
,baltimore1#ada & a fairly good /ock 0  
br\ght d[n f ! /ores 9 ! ,nor!rn        
,dep>tm5t1 :i* 7 left well suppli$ by   
,craigie & ,potts4#adb ,an improv$ plan 
= obta9+ l9t f ! ,moravian ,si/]s at    
,be?lehem & ,lititz 0 propos$ by ,dr4   
,br[n1#adc & ! propriety ( sett+ ! glass
 works at ,manheim ago+ 0 (f]$ z a      
solution by ,craigie = obta9+ mu* ne$$  
vials4#add ,local manufactur+ at        
,c>lisle#ade & 9 ! ,j]sies#adf 0 us$ z a
 s\rce ( volatile & purg+ salts4        
,gibson records#adg t betwe5 ,april #ai 

& ,may #c1 #aggh1 ! comm&s ( ,g5]als    
,patt]son1 ,leon>d1 ,poor1 ,glov]1      
,scott1 & ,woodw>d turn$ 9 _! m$ic9e    
*e/s to ,apo!c>y ,cutt+ at ,yell[       
,spr+s1 & t e regim5t receiv$ a /&>diz$ 
field box conta9+ a def9ite li/ &       
quantity ( necess>y drugs & supplies4   
,h[ev]1 x appe>s likely t ! project />t$
 by ,cutt+ & cont9u$ by ,craigie 0 n    
complet$ until late ,june at !          
e>lie/4#adh ,! invoice ( ^? ?+s ?\ght   
ess5tial = ! protection & heal? (       
soldi]s 9 ! field or camp pres5t$ by    
,gibson#adi is actually an ,invoice ( a 
,*e/ ( m$ic9es c4 compleat$ 9 ! m$ic9al 
,/ore1 ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t = ,?os4        
,tillotson ,esq4#aej ,inasmu* z ! plan  
us$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t 0 employ$ by  
bo? ,craigie & ,cutt+1 ! items on ?is   
invoice may s]ve z a reasonably good    
picture ( ! m$ic9e *e/s ( '#gh z comp>$ 
) ^? ( '#gf 7see page #acj74  ,"o ( !   
reasons = bett] supplies at a "t :5 o!r 
conditions 7 ev5 worse ?an !y 7 9 #aggf 
is ! fact t ,congress 0 advanc+ sizable1

 if n always completely adequate1 am\nts
 ( money = ! ca% pur*ase ( supplies     
in/ead ( seek+ cr$it or expect+ ^?      
responsible to procure supplies by us+  
_! p]sonal money & wait+ on ,congress to
 reimburse !m4 ,dur+ #aggh1 ,congress   
advanc$ "s #idj1jjj to ,purveyor ,g5]al 
,potts alone = ! exclusive use ( !      
hospital dep>tm5t1 & ^! funds 7 9 turn  
di/ribut$ to ! prop] m$ical procurem5t  
(fic]s1 includ+ ! apo!c>ies4 ,x is      
significant to comp>e ! sum ( #a1jie1jjj
 provid$ by ,congress 9 #aggh )         
,l#aj1jjj 7ab\t #bg1jjj7 :i*1 accord+ to
 ,morgan1 0 ! limit = m$ical & hospital 
supplies 9 #aggf4aea ,true1 inflation _h
 set 9 by #aggh1 & ! value ( money _h   
decl9$ greatly4 ,= example1 can?>ides   
pur*as$ f ! ,m>%alls' apo!c>y %op 9     
,philadelphia 9 #aggf co/ #aj %ill+s p] 
p\nd z comp>$ ) ! can?>ides ,craigie    
pur*as$ 9 ,baltimore 9 #aggh at ,l#bj p]
 p\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ! wor/ ( ! inflation 0   
yet to come4#aeb   ,9 ,summ>y           
,initially ! drug supplies = ! ,am]ican 

,revolution>y ,army _h come f /ocks     
l>gely 9 ! h&s ( private druggi/s4      
,h[ev]1 ?is s\rce ( supply 0 totally    
inadequate = a w> t atta9$ su*          
proportions z ! ,revolution4 ,ev5 if    
/ocks ( drugs 9 ! ,colonies _h be5 f>   
great] ?an !y 71 !re is little reason to
 believe t %ortages w\ld n h develop$4  
,aft] all1 a good _m ( ! suppli]s 7     
,loyali/s1 & o!rs 7 indiff]5t to ! cause
 ( ,am]ican lib]ty4 ,ev5 ! mo/ patriotic
 ph>maci/s 7 fac$ ) a complete f9ancial 
suicide1 caught betwe5 a spiral+        
inflation & a ,congress t _h no money & 
only a promise = ! future4  ,z if all ^!
 problems 7 n bad en\gh1 ! int]nal      
organization ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( !    
army 0 s *aotic t1 ev5 if adequate      
supplies 7 available & if ! almo/       
insurm\ntable problems ( communications 
& transportation 7 solv$1 x is almo/    
c]ta9 t %ortages w\ld h develop$ at lea/
 dur+ ! campaign ( #aggf4 ,add to ?is ! 
fact t any retreat+ army is subject to  
loss ( supplies & ! reasons = ! %ortages

 become v obvi\s4  ,! enc\ragem5t :i*   
,congress1 ?r\gh its ,secret ,committee1
 gave to private %ipp]s = ! importation 
( vital w> mat]ials (f]$ little relief 9
 ! field ( m$ical supplies4 ,importation
 01 ( c\rse1 cut (f f ,engl&1 & ,france 
did n directly export any quantity (    
m$ical supplies1 at lea/ until #aggh4   
,am]ican private]s f\nd x mu* m         
pr(itable to prey on ,briti% %ipp+ ?an  
initiat+ trade *annels ) c\ntries :i*   
prior to ! ,revolution 7 prohibit$ f    
%ipp+ directly to ! ,colonies4 ,^!      
*annels ( comm]ce did n develop         
ext5sively until well aft] !            
,revolution4  ,h5ce ! mo/ imm$iate      
relief f m$ical supply %ortages 0       
provid$ by ! ,am]ican private]s4 ,drug  
c>goes f ,briti% prize %ips1 _m ( :i* 7 
en r\te to ,new ,york1 s]v$ z a mo/     
important s\rce ( supply1 p>ticul>ly 9  
#aggg & #aggh4  ,h[ev]1 ev5 ) ! mo/     
adequate supplies1 competition betwe5   
diff]5t bran*es ( ! army & navy & !     
confiscation ( supplies de/9$ =         

,cont95tal troops by /ate militias fur!r
 enc\rag$ inflation>y tr5ds4  ,! numb] (
 individual drugs m5tion$ 9 v>i\s       
inv5tories 0 consid]able1 z evid5c$ by !
 li/+ on page #acj4 ,h[ev]1 ( ^!1 only  
ab\t a doz5 con/itut$ ! really critical 
%ortages4 ,head+ ! li/ ( ^! capital     
articles 0 ,p]uvian or ,jesuits' b>k1 ! 
same c9*ona f :i* qu99e 0 lat] discov]$4
 ,tons ( b>k 7 us$ dur+ ! ,revolution>y 
,w>1 & ! price m ?an qu&rupl$ betwe5    
,june #aggf & ,septemb] #aggg4  ,! mo/  
prom95t gr\p ( drugs on ! li/ ( capital 
articles consi/$ ( ca?>tics &           
purgatives4 ,jalap1 ipecac1 & rhub>b 7 !
 botanical favorites1 :ile bitt] purg+  
salts 7,epsom salts7 & ,glaub]'s purg+  
salts 7 ! *emical *oices = purg+4 ,t>t> 
emetic 7antimony & potassium t>trate7 0 
! *oice = a vomit1 & can?>ides 7,spani% 
flies7 0 ! mo/ important +r$i5t ( bli/]+
 pla/]s4 ,gum opium 0 adm9i/]$ = its    
n>cotic effects1 :ile gum camphor1 nitre
 7saltpetre or potassium nitrate71 &    
m]cury 7pure metal z well z c]ta9 salts7

 7 employ$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,l9t1 
a =m ( absorb5t mat]ial made by scrap+  
or pick+ ap>t old wov5 mat]ial1 also (t5
 0 %ort 9 supply4  ,equipm5t %ortages   
includ$ surgical in/rum5ts & mort> &    
pe/les = pulv]iz+ ! crude drugs4 ,glass 
vials = hold+ comp\nd$ m$ic9es 7 also a 
supply problem1 especially aft] ess5tial
 drugs 7 aga9 available4  ,"s ( !       
%ortages 7 eas$1 if n solv$1 by local   
manufacture4 ,l9t 0 produc$ 9 l>ge      
quantities 9 ! ,colonies1 & glass vials 
7 manufactur$ 9 num]\s glas%\ses4 ,ev5  
local manufacture ( ! purg+ salts &     
nitre aid$ 9 elim9at+ %ortages ( ^!     
ess5tial items1 & at ! same "t initiat$ 
! fir/ l>ge-scale ph>maceutical         
manufactur+ 9 ,am]ica4  ,num]\s         
botanicals indig5\s to ! ,colonies 7    
widely employ$ 9 m$ic9e ( ! p]iod1 &    
c]ta9 ones su* z snak]oot 7s5eka71 :i* 0
 widely f\nd gr[+ 9 ,virg9ia1 w\ld h be5
 v sc>ce _h n an adequate supply be5    
imm$iately at h&4 ,h[ev]1 attempts to   
sub/itute o!r indig5\s plants = sc>ce   

drugs l ,p]uvian b>k 7 l>gely           
unsuccessful4 ,!re is no indication t   
hysop1 wormwood1 & mall[s call$ = dur+ !
 ,new ,york crisis 7 ev] f\nd to be     
suitable replacem5ts = any ( ! capital  
articles4 ,w9e app>5tly 0 m useful z a  
sub/itute = b>k ?an ! b>k ( butt]nut    
recomm5d$ by ! ,lititz ,ph>macopoeia4   
,p]uvian b>k1 jalap1 ipecac1 camphor1   
opium1 can?>ides--^! are ! drugs :i* !  
,am]ican army physicians want$1 & ^!    
con/itut$ ! mo/ s]i\s %ortage problems4 
,! m$ical supply problem 0 plac$ on     
relatively firm gr\nd by ! summ] (      
#aggh1 hav+ be5 e/abli%$ on ! pr9ciples 
prov5 9 ! ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t "u !        
guidance ( ,drs4 ,potts & ,craigie4     
,fur!rmore1 ! turn+ po9t 9 ! w> _h be5  
rea*$4 ,ev5 be=e ,wa%+ton's =ces w5t    
into w9t] qu>t]s at ,valley ,=ge1       
,burgoyne#aec _h surr5d]$ at ,s>atoga1  
on ,octob] #ag1 #aggg2 &1 be=e ! cold   
bleak w9t] at ,valley ,=ge 0 ov]1 !     
treaty ( ,fr5* alliance 0 sign$ on      
,febru>y #f1 #aggh4 ,! torm5ts at       

,valley ,=ge prov$ to be ! bir? ( a new 
,cont95tal ,army4  ,! ,w> 0 /ill a long 
way f be+ ov]1 & a v>iety ( problems 7  
yet to face ! ,cont95tal ,army4         
,inflation 0 yet to deal its h>de/ bl[  
to ! supply problem1 b n ev5 ?is c\ld   
produce ! *aos ( #aggf4 ,! wor/ ( ! drug
 supply problem 0 ov]4   ,cont5ts (     
,army ,m$ic9e ,*e/s  ,! foll[+ li/+ is  
an example ( ! cont5ts ( m$ic9e *e/s    
ord]$ by ! ,cont95tal ,congress4 ,! *e/ 
= ! ,p5nsylvania #d? ,battalion 0 fill$ 
= ,samuel ,k5n$y ,surgeon by ! ph>macy (
 ,*ri/oph] ,jr4 & ,*>les ,m>%all (      
,philadelphia 9 ,may #aggf4 ,! m$ic9es  
are li/$ on an invoice 9 ! ,m>%alls'    
wa/e book 9 ! possession ( ,! ,hi/orical
 ,society ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! cont5ts ( !
 ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t *e/1 compil$ 9 !     
,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t's ,m$ic9al ,/ore =    
,?os4 ,tillotson ,esq4 ,surgeon         
,physician ,g5]al to ! ,army1 probably 0
 fill$ by ,&rew ,craigie at ,=t ,george 
9 #aggh4 7,italics d5ote capital        
article2 a/]isk indicates t ! drug is   

m5tion$ 9 ,lititz ,ph>macopoeia4        
,contempor>y ,engli% names are 9 p>5!ses
 foll[+ ! ,lat9 li/+s47                 
,p5nsylvania    ,nor!rn                 
#d? ,battalion   ,dep>tm5t              
,*e/         ,*e/ ,,botanicals          
99,cortex ,p]uvianum       7,p]uvian    
b>k2 ,jesuits' b>k2 or b>k7             
#d lb4   99,pulvis ,corticis ,p]uviani  
7,p[d]$ ,p]uvian b>k7                   
#b lb4 ,opt42     #f lb4                
#b lb4 #bnd   99,pulvis ,radix ,jalapii 
7,p[d]$ jalap7                          
#b lb4           #b lb4   99,pulvis     
,radix ,ipecacuanhae       7,p[d]$      
ipecac7                               #h
 oz4           #ab oz4   99,pulvis      
,radix ,rhaei 7,p[d]$ rhub>b7        #a 
lb4 #d oz4     #d lb4    ,radix ,rhaei  
7,rhub>b root7                          
#b lb4   99,folia ,s5nae 7,s5nae or s5a7
                                    #b  
lb4   99,radix ,g5tianae 7,g5tian root7 
#a lb4           #b-a_/b lb4   99,radix 
,s5eka       7,s5ega2 rattlesnake root2 

or snake root7       #a lb4   99,radix  
,scillae ,sict4 7,squill2 or sea-onion7 
#f oz4    ,c9namomi 7,c9namon7          
#a lb4    ,cortex ,aurantorium 7,orange 
peel7                               #c  
lb4    ,flores ,*amomeli 7,camomile     
fl[]7                             #b oz4
    ,mellisae ,folia 7,balm7            
#a_/b lb4   99,gummi ,camphora          
7,camphor2 or camphire7        #aj oz4  
#b-a_/b lb4   99,gummi ,opium also ,opii
 7,opium7              #h oz4           
#a lb4   99,gummi ,arabicum 7,gum       
,arabic7                    #b lb4 ,opt4
      #b lb4   99,gummi ,aloe ,socotrina
 7,aloe2 or aloes7          #h oz4      
#a lb4    ,gummi ,aloe ,hepatica 7,aloe2
 or aloes7           #a lb4   99,gummi  
,ammoniacum 7,gum ammoniac7             
#ab oz4   99,gummi ,guaiacum 7,gum      
guaiac7                    #h oz4       
#c_/d lb4   99,gummi ,myrrhae 7,myrrh7  
#d oz4           #b oz4   99,balsamum   
,capivi 7,balsam ( copaiba7             
#a lb4 #d oz4     #b lb4   99,balsamum  

,p]uvianum 7,balsam ( ,p]u7           #c
 oz4    ,balsamum ,tolutanum 7,balsam ( 
tolu7            #h oz4   99,oleum      
,oliv>um 7,olive oil7                   
#b-a_/b lb4   99,oleum ,ric9i 7,ca/or   
oil7                        #a lb4 #d   
oz4     #b lb4   ,,drugs ,,( ,,animal   
,,orig9    99,can?>ides 7,spani% flies2 
or flies7            #d oz4             
#c_/d lb4   99,c]a ,flava 7,yell[       
beeswax7                      #a lb4    
#d lb4   99,mellis ,communis 7,honey7   
#c lb4    ,pulvis ,oculi ,cancorum      
7,p[d]$ crabs' eyes7                    
#a lb4   99,sp]matis ,ceti 7,sp]maceti7 
#c lb4   ,,*emicals    99,alumen        
,communis or ,cr$em 7,alum or rock alum7
  #a lb4   99,creta ppt precipitat$ or  
praep>ata 7,*alk7     #f lb4   99,pulvis
 ,cremor ,t>t>i 7,cream ( t>t>7    #d   
lb4           #b lb4   99,t>tarus       
,emeticum 7,t>t> emetic7            #f  
oz4           #a_/b lb4   99,sal ,nitri 
or ,nitrum 7,nitre or saltpetre7     #d 
lb4           #d lb4    ,sal ,abs9?ii   

7,salt ( wormwood7                   #h 
oz4   99,sal ,ca?articus ,am>u 7,epsom  
salts2       bitt] purg+ salts2 or bitt]
       ca?>tic salts7                   
#aj lb4   99,sal ,ca?articus ,glaub]i or
 ,sal       ,mirabile ,glaub]i          
7,glaub]'s salts2 ,glaub]'s       purg+ 
salts2 or ,glaub]'s wond]ful salts74    
#aj lb4   99,sal ,t>t>isatus 7,salt (   
t>t>7                                #b 
lb4   99,sal ,ammoniacum 7,sal ammoniac7
                                        
#a_/b lb4 ,cd4   99,m]curius ,corrosivus
 ,sublimatus       7,corrosive sublimate
 ( m]cury7                #b oz4        
#b oz4   99,m]curius ,praecipitatus     
,ruber       7,r$ precipitate ( m]cury7 
#d oz4           #b oz4   99,m]curius   
,dulcis ,ppt4 7,calomel7              #h
 oz4    ,flores ,sulphuris 7,fl[]s (    
sulphur7          #d lb4           #b   
lb4   99,oleum ,vitriolum 7,oil (       
vitriol7               #f oz4    ,oleum 
,t]ebin?9ae 7,oil ( turp5t9e7           
#a-a_/b lb4    ,t]ebin?9a ,v5etian      

7,turp5t9e7             #a lb4 #d oz4   
99,vitriolum ,album 7,:ite vitriol7     
#d oz4           #b oz4   99,elixir     
,vitrioli 7,elixir ( vitriol7           
#c lb4           #b lb4    ,vitriolum   
,romanum 7,roman vitriol7               
#d oz4    ,sac*arum ,saturni 7,sug> (   
lead7                #d oz4    ,vitrum  
,antomonii ,c]atum       7,c]at$ glass (
 antimony7                     #c oz4   
99,extractum ,saturni also ,acetum      
,li?>gyrites       7,li?>ge ( lead2     
li?>ge v9eg>2 or       extract (        
,saturn74                               
#aa oz4  ,,t9ctures    99,t9ctura       
,!baica or ,t9ctura ,opii       or      
,laudani ,liquidi 7,t9cture             
#ab oz4          #b lb4       ( opium2  
!baic t9cture2 liquid       laudanum2 & 
,syd5ham's laudanam74   99,t9ctura      
,myrrhae  ,aloes 7,t9cture (       myrrh
 & aloes74                              
#a lb4 #ab oz4    ,t9ctura ,c9namomi    
7,t9cture ( c9namon7                    
#b lb4   ,,spirits     ,spiritus ,salis 

,ammoniaci 7,_s ( sal       ammoniac7   
#a lb4 #e oz4    ,spiritus ,nitri       
,dulcis also ,salis       ,volatilis    
7,sweet _s ( nitre7             #b-a_/b 
lb4       #a lb4 #ab oz4    ,spiritus   
,lav5dula ,compositus       7,comp\nd _s
 ( lav5d]7                   #a lb4 #d  
oz4     #a-a_/b lb4    ,spiritus ,v9i   
,rectificatus 7,rectifi$       _s ( w9e7
                                 #a lb4 
#d oz4   ,,miscellane\s ,,prep>ations   
99,conserva ,ros>um ,rubr>um 7,cons]ves 
( r$ roses7                             
#a lb4    ,confectio ,c>diaca 7,cordial 
confection7                        #a   
lb4    ,electu>ium ,a/hmaticum          
7,a/hmatic       electu>y7              
#a lb4 #a oz4   99,elixir ,p>egoricum   
7,p>egoric elixir7                      
#b lb4    ,pillulae ,purgant 7,purgative
 pills7               #h oz4    ,pulvis 
e ,bolo ,compositus 7,comp\nd p[d]      
( bole ) opium7                         
#b lb4    ,l9imentum ,saponaceum 7,soap 
l9im5t7                                 

#c-a_/b lb4    ,saponis ,v5etian        
7,v5etian soap7               #b lb4    
#f lb4   ,,o9tm5ts    99,ungeuntum      
,lapide ,calam9ari 7,o9tm5t       f     
calam9e /one7                           
#aj lb4          #d lb4   99,ungu5tum   
,basilicum ,flavum 7,yell[              
basilicon o9tm5t7                       
#aj lb4   99,ungu5tum ,m]curale ,=tis   
7,/rong       m]curial o9tm5t7          
#f lb4    ,ungu5tum e ,gummi ,elemi     
7,o9tm5t (       gum elemi7             
#c lb4    ,ungu5tum ,album ,camphoratum 
7,camphorat$       :ite o9tm5t7         
#c lb4   ,,pla/]s    99,empla/rum       
,adhesivum 7,adhesive pla/]7        #f  
lb4    ,empla/rum ,dia*ylon 7,simple    
dia*ylon       pla/]7                   
#f lb4           #b lb4    ,empla/rum   
,dia*ylon cum ,gummi       7,dia*ylon   
pla/] ) gum7                            
#a lb4   99,empla/rum ,epispa/icum also 
,epi!ma       ,vesicatorium 7,bli/]+    
pla/]2       vesicatory pla/]74         
#a lb4    ,empla/rum ,/oma*icum ,maje/4 

7,/oma*       pla/]7                    
#a lb4   ,,surgical ,,dress+s1 ,,etc4   
99,l9teum ,praep>atum 7,l9t7            
#a lb4 f9e    ,t[                       
#ab lb4 f9e    ,sponge                  
#d oz4 f9e    ,tw9e                     
#a lb4 f9e      #a_/b lb4    ,tape      
#a piece         #b pieces    ,fracture 
pill[s                                  
#b    ,spl9ts                           
#b p4 ,%>ps     #cd doz4    ,?read      
#d oz4    ,ne$les                       
#g common    ,p9s                       
#a_/b ?\s&    ,compresses               
#f doz4    ,b&ages                      
#gjj    ,flannel                        
#f yds4    ,%e>s                        
#b pr4    ,rags                         
#a bundle   ,,surgical ,,in/rum5ts      
,director                               
#a               #a /eel   ,probe1 silv]
                                        
#a               #a   ,=ceps            
#a   ,ca!t]s                            
#a silv]   ,amputat+ in/rum5ts          

#a set   ,trepann+ in/rum5ts            
#a ,trepan        #a set   ,lancets     
#b be/ cr[n1                            
#d common   ,t\rniquets                 
#a ,brass         #h common             
)                                       
ligatures   ,syr+e1 pewt]               
#d               #b   ,syr+e1 ivory     
#b   ,gly/] pipe arm'd                  
#f   ,too?-draw+ in/rum5t               
#a ,cr[ ,bill   ,,ph>maceutical         
,,equipm5t    ,scales & weights         
#a box           #a set   ,mort> & pe/le
                                   #a   
,brass1                                 
#a ,glass   ,tyles 7pill tiles7         
#b   ,spatulas                          
#a wood5        #a l>ge1                
h&le1 #a       #a pocket                
iron h&le   ,bolus knife                
#a   ,plai/] knife 7pla/] spatula7      
#a   ,lea!r sk9s                        
#b lb4   ,,miscellane\s ,,supplies      
,bottles                                
,assortm5t      ,assortm5t   ,gallypots 

#a doz4          ,assortm5t   ,vials    
#f doz4 sort$   ,corks                  
#aj doz4   ,pillboxes                   
#a pacg4   ,wrapp+ pap]                 
#d quire   ,writ+ pap]                  
#a quire         #f quire   ,ink p[d]   
#b pap]s   ,quiles 7quills7             
#ad hundr$          99       99       99
       99       99  ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t    
,pr9t+ ,(fice3 #aifa   ,= sale by !     
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4         
,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice  ,wa%+ton #be1  
,d4,c4--,price #be c5ts         99      
99       99       99       99           
,,footnotes3  #a ,john ,c4 ,mill]1      
,triumph ( ,fre$om1 #agge-aghc1 ,bo/on1 
#aidh1 preface4  #b ,l\is ,c4 ,duncan1  
,m$ical ,m5 9 ! ,am]ican ,revolution1   
#agge-aghc1 ,c>lisle ,b>racks1 ,pa41    
#aica2 ,william ,o4 ,ow51 ,! ,m$ical    
,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army dur+ !
 ,p]iod ( ! ,revolution1 ,new ,york1    
#aibj2 ,james ,e4 ,gibson1 ,dr4 ,bodo   
,otto & ! ,m$ical ,backgr\nd ( !        
,am]ican ,revolution1 ,spr+field1 ,ill41

 #aicg2 ,james ,?omas ,flexn]1 ,doctors 
on ,horseback1 ,new ,york1 #aici4  #c   
,lyman ,f4 ,kebl]1 ,&rew ,craigie1 !    
,fir/ ,apo!c>y ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical    
,association1 #aibh1 vol4 #ag1 pp4      
#fc-gd1 #afg-agh2 ,fr$]ick ,hav5 ,pratt1
 ,! ,craigies1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,cambridge 
,hi/orical ,society 7#aida71 #aidb1 vol4
 #bg1 pp4 #dc-hf2 ,edw>d ,krem]s &      
,george ,urdang1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ph>macy1 
,philadelphia1 #aiea edition1 *ap4 #aa2 
,edw>d ,krem]s1 ,! ,lititz              
,ph>macopoeia1 ,! ,badg] ,ph>maci/1 nos4
 #bb-be1 ,june-,decemb] #aich2 ,j4 ,w4  
,engl&1 ed41 ,! ,fir/ ,c5tury ( !       
,philadelphia ,college ( ,ph>macy1      
,philadelphia1 #aibb1 pp4 #hd-id2       
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 #ahhd1 vol4
 #ef1 pp4 #dhc-dia4  #d ,jona?an ,potts 
,pap]s1 f\r volumes ( miscellane\s      
manuscripts at ,! ,hi/orical ,society ( 
,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia 7h]e9aft]   
ref]r$ to z ,potts ,pap]s74  #e ,j\rnals
 ( ! ,prov9cial ,congress (             

,massa*usetts ,bay1 quot$ 9 ,ow51 op4   
cit4 7footnote #b71 pp4 #bb-bc4  #f     
,gre5leaf ,l$g]1 #agfe-aggh1 at !       
,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,worce/]1
 ,mass4 7,! ,gre5leaf ph>macy 0 e/abli%$
 by ,elizabe? ,gre5leaf 9 #agbf or      
#agbg4 ,see ,j4 ,l4 ,sibley1            
,biographical ,sket*es ( ,graduates (   
,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 9 ,cambridge1        
,massa*usetts1 ,cambridge1 #aibj1 vol4  
#e1 pp4 #dgb-dgf2 ,jona?an ,gre5leaf1 ,a
 ,g5ealogy ( ! ,gre5leaf ,family1 ,new  
,york1 #ahed1 pp4 #hi1 #ia1 #bje1 #bjg2 
,bo/on ,po/-,boy & ,bo/on ,gazette1     
,novemb] #h1 #agfb1 obitu>y ( ,elizabe? 
,gre5leaf47  #g ,ow51 op4 cit4 7footnote
 #b71 p4 #bc4  #h ,j4 ,r4 ,ald51 ,!     
,am]ican ,revolution1 ,new ,york1 #aied 
p4 #bc4  #i ,ow51 op4 cit4 7footnote    
#b71 pp4 #ab-ac4  #aj ,j\rnals ( !      
,cont95tal ,congress1 #aggd-aghi1 edit$ 
by ,wor?+ton ,c4 ,=d1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 
#aije1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bej4 ,ne>ly all     
exc]pts f ,=d also appe> 9 ,ow51 op4    
cit4 7footnote #b74  #aa ,ibid41 vol4   

#c1 p4 #bfa4 ,! ,samuel ,w>d di>y =     
,septemb] #bc records t a p>cel (       
m$ic9es = ! hospital 0 to be b\ght 7,e4 
,c4 ,burnett1 ,lett]s ( ,memb]s ( !     
,cont95tal ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 
#aiba1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bje74  #ab ,=d1 op4 
cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4 #c1 p4 #cdd4  
#ac ,burnett1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aa71  
vol4 #a1 p4 #bib4  #ad ,p5nsylvania     
,l$g]1 ,may #f1 #agge4 ,william ,smi? 9 
,philadelphia 0 sell+ drugs 9 #aggb     
7,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 folio #eb74    
#ae ,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,decemb]   
#bf1 #agge4  #af ,p5nsylvania ,packet1  
,septemb] #aa1 #agge2 ,p5nsylvania      
,j\rnal1 ,septemb] #f1 #agge2           
,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 ,octob] #d1      
#agge4  #ag ,! ,m>%alls sold drugs to   
,%>p ,delaney & ,william ,smi? 9 ,april 
#aggf 7,m>%all ,wa/e ,book1 see footnote
 #bj74  #ah ,e4 ,t4 ,ellis1 ,! ,/ory ( a
 ,v ,old ,philadelphia ,drug ,/ore1     
,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 #aijh1 vol4
 #ge1 p4 #eg2 ,engl&1 op4 cit4 7footnote
 #c71 pp4 #cdh-cej2 ,p>ke1 ,davis  ,co41

 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,ph>macy 9 ,pictures1     
undat$ booklet edit$ by ,george ,b5d]4  
#ai ,=d1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4  
#c1 p4 #ddb2 vol4 #d1 pp4 #ahh1 #aig4   
#bj ,*ri/oph] ,jr4 & ,*>les ,m>%all     
,wa/e ,book1 ,febru>y #ba to ,july #f1  
#aggf1 at ,! ,hi/orical ,society (      
,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia4  #ba ,=d1  
op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4 #c1 p4    
#ddb2 vol4 #d1 pp4 #ahh1 #aig2 ,burnett1
 op4 cit4 7footnote #aa71 vol4 #a4  #bb 
,ow51 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 pp4       
#ah-ai4  #bc ,am]ican ,ar*ives 444 ,pet]
 ,=ce1 ed41 ,wa%+ton1 s]4 #d1 vol4 #a-f1
 #ahcg-df2 s]4 #e1 vol4 #a-c1 #ahdh-ec4 
,s]4 #d1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cjf4  #bd ,duncan1
 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 pp4 #fb-fd4    
#be ,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,june #bd1    
#aggi4  #bf ,x is q possible t !        
designation bad 0 a typographical error 
= radix4  #bg ,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4 #d1
 vol4 #e1 p4 #aae4  #bh ,connecticut    
,c\rant1 ,febru>y #ab1 #aggf4  #bi      
,newport ,m]cury1 ,janu>y #ae1 #aggf4   
#cj ,massa*usetts ,gazette1 ,septemb]   

#g1 #agge4  #ca ,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4  
#d1 vol4 #d1 p4 #aei4  #cb ,massa*usetts
 ,gazette1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aggf4  #cc    
,bo/on ,gazette1 ,april #ae1 #aggf4  #cd
 ,ibid41 ,april #bb1 #aggf4 ,x is wor?  
not+ t ,morgan did n ?9k ?is important  
en\gh to include 9 8 ,v9dication 7see   
footnote #ce74  #ce ,john ,morgan1 ,a   
,v9dication ( ,8 ,public ,"* 9 ! ,/ation
 ( ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,milit>y        
,hospital1 & ,physician 9 ,*ief ( !     
,am]ican ,army2 ,anno1 #aggf1 ,bo/on1   
#aggg4  #cf ,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,june 
#bd1 #aggi4  #cg ,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4 
#d1 vol4 #e1 p4 #dhh4  #ch ,morgan1 op4 
cit4 7footnote #ce71 pp4 #ajb1 #add2 &  
,indep5d5t ,*ronicle1 ,april #aj1 #aggg4
  #ci ,james ,?a*]1 ,am]ican ,m$ical    
,biography1 ,bo/on1 #ahbh1 vol4 #a1 pp4 
#bgj-bgc4  #dj ,= biographies ( ,sylve/]
 ,g>d9] see ,diction>y ( ,am]ican       
,biography1 ,new ,york1 #aica1 vol4 #h1 
pp4 #aci-adj2 ,appleton's ,cyclop$ia (  
,am]ican ,biography1 ,new ,york1 #ahhg1 
vol4 #b2 ,h4 ,a4 ,kelly & ,w4 ,l4       

,burrage1 ,diction>y ( ,am]ican ,m$ical 
,biography1 ,new ,york1 #aibh1 pp4      
#dej-deb2 ,james ,h4 ,/>k1 ,! ,loyali/s 
( ,massa*usetts1 ,bo/on1 #aiaj1 pp4     
#cac-cae4  #da ,gre5leaf ,l$g] 7see     
footnote #f74  #db ,am]ican ,ar*ives1   
s]4 #e1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bhb1 #bhd4  #dc   
,ibid41 p4 #cad4  #dd ,s4 ,e4 ,morison &
 ,h4 ,s4 ,commag]1 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,am]ican
 ,republic1 ,new ,york1 #aiej1 vol4 #a1 
p4 #baj4  #de ,new-,york ,j\rnal1 ,july 
#ac1 #agge4  #df ,ibid41 ,may #aa1      
#agge4  #dg ,new-,york ,gazette1 ,janu>y
 #a & ,janu>y #bi1 #aggf4 ,= a hi/ory ( 
! ,engli% pat5t m$ic9es 9 ,am]ica1 see  
,g4 ,b4 ,griff5hag5 & ,j4 ,h4 ,"y 9 ,!  
,*emi/ & ,druggi/1 #aieg1 vol4 #afg1 pp4
 #gad-gbb1 & 9 ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum 
,bullet9 #bah1 #aiei1 pp4 #aee-ahc      
7,contributions f ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory & 
,te*nology1 ,pap] #aj74  #dh ,george    
,wa%+ton1 ,! ,writ+s ( ,george ,wa%+ton1
 edit$ by ,john ,c4 ,fitzpatrick1       
,wa%+ton1 #aica1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #dfd-dfe4 
#di ,morgan1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ce71   

pp4 #d1 #i1 #fh2 ,p5nsylvania ,packet1  
,june #ai1 #aggi2 & ,wa%+ton1 op4 cit4  
7footnote #dh71 vol4 #d1 pp4 #dfd-dfe4  
#ej ,duncan1 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 p4 
#ace2 ,morgan1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ce71 
p4 #aa4  #ea ,new-,york ,gazette1 ,may  
#f & ,decemb] #bc1 #aggf4  #eb ,am]ican 
,ar*ives1 s]4 #d1 vol4 #d1 p4 #ajbf4    
#ec ,ibid41 vol4 #f1 p4 #adca4  #ed     
,morgan misspell$ ,delaney z ,delancey 9
 8 lett] ( ,june #be to ,adams4  #ee    
,morgan1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ce71 p4    
#abh4  #ef ,=d1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71
 vol4 #e1 p4 #egj4  #eg ,am]ican        
,ar*ives1 s]4 #d1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ajfi4    
#eh ,=d1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4  
#e1 p4 #fcc4  #ei ,morgan1 op4 cit4     
7footnote #ce71 p4 #ab4  #fj            
,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,june #bf1 #aggi4 
#fa ,wa%+ton1 op4 cit4 7footnote #dh71  
vol4 #f1 pp4 #eh-ei4  #fb ,connecticut  
,c\rant1 ,janu>y #f1 #aggg4  #fc        
,morgan1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ce71 pp4   
#ac1 #acf1 #adf4 ,william ,smi? 0       
appo9t$ ,cont95tal ,druggi/ on ,augu/   

#bj2 see ,=d1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71  
vol4 #d1 pp4 #bib-bic4  #fd ,wa%+ton1   
op4 cit4 7footnote #dh71 vol4 #f1 pp4   
#hf1 #aac4  #fe ,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4  
#e1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #aaf1 #hcg4  #ff       
,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,june #bd1 #aggi4 
#fg ,morgan1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ce71 p4
 #abi4  #fh ,ibid41 p4 xxv4 ,= details (
 ! mann] 9 :i* ,%ipp5 mov$ 9 on ,morgan 
to replace him ev5tually z director     
g5]al1 see ,flexn]1 op4 cit4 7footnote  
#b71 pp4 #c-ec4  #fi ,ibid41 p4 xxxv2   
,ow51 op4 cit4 7footnote #b71 p4 #ee4   
#gj ,=d1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4  
#g1 p4 #ia4  #ga ,new-,york ,gazette1   
,septemb] #cj1 ,decemb] #af1 #bc1 #aggf1
 ,janu>y #bj1 #aggg4  #gb ,ibid41       
,decemb] #i1 #aggf1 ,april #bh1 ,june   
#i1 #aggg4  #gc ,pl\gh ,c\rt ,ph>macy   
lett]book dat$ ,april #g1 #aggh1 ?r\gh  
,decemb] #h1 #aggi1 9 possession ( ,all5
 & ,hanburys1 ,london4 ,see also        
,*apman-,hu/on & ,erne/ ,c4 ,gripps1    
,?r\gh a ,city ,ar*way3 ,! ,/ory ( ,all5
 & ,hanburys1 #agae-aied1 ,london1      

#aied4  #gd ,duncan1 op4 cit4 7footnote 
#b71 p4 #ig4  #ge ,ow51 op4 cit4        
7footnote #b71 p4 #ci4  #gf ,am]ican    
,ar*ives1 s]4 #d1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ajfi4    
#gg ,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4 #e1 vol4 #a1 
pp4 #fea-feb1 #aaad4  #gh ,potts ,pap]s1
 vol4 #a1 folio #gg2 ,morgan to ,potts1 
,july #bh1 #aggf4  #gi ,ibid41 folio    
#hi2 ,/r+] to ,potts1 ,augu/ #ag1 #aggf4
 ,see also ,gibson1 op4 cit4 7footnote  
#b71 pp4 #ajh-aji4 ,wa%+ton m5tions     
,/r+]'s visit ) ,morgan 9 a lett] to    
,gates dat$ ,augu/ #ad 7,wa%+ton1 op4   
cit4 footnote #dh1 vol4 #e1 pp4         
#dcc-dce74  #hj ,ibid42 ,mc,henry to    
,potts1 ,augu/ #c1 #aggf4 ,/r+] arriv$ 9
 ,philadelphia on ! ev5+ ( ,augu/ #b4   
#ha ,ibid42 ,/r+] to ,potts1 ,augu/ #ag1
 #aggf4  #hb ,ibid42 ,mc,henry to       
,potts1 ,augu/ #ba1 #aggf4  #hc ,am]ican
 ,ar*ives1 s]4 #e1 vol4 #a1 p4 #abga4 ,=
 a simil>ly word$ lett] to ,egb]t ,b5son
 dat$ ,augu/ #bb1 see ,gibson1 op4 cit4 
7footnote #b71 p4 #aab4  #hd ,potts     
,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 folio #ih2 ,/r+] to    

,potts1 ,septemb] #g1 #aggf4 ,/r+]      
arriv$ 9 ,albany on ,septemb] #e 7,potts
 ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 folio #ig74  #he      
,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4 #e1 vol4 #a1 p4  
#abff4 ,o!r items includ$ ,acet4 ,com4  
six b>rels2 ,alo4 ,hepta4 #c lb42       
,calomel #b lb42 ,emp4 ,dia*yl #aj lb42 
,can?>id4 #b lb42 ,gm4 ,guiac #a lb42   
,myrrh #a lb42 ,hord4 ,com4 #ajj lb42   
,j]c4 ,precip4 ,rub4 #a_/b lb42 ,m]c4   
,cor4 ,sublim4 #a lb42 ,rad4 ,s]p5t4    
,virg4 #c lb42 ,sal4 ,nit4 #e lb42 ,_s  
,sal4 ,ammo4 #d lb42 ,ung4 ,dia?4 #c    
lb42 ,elix4 ,a/hmat4 #e lb42 & ,elix4   
,vitriol4 #aj lb4 ,also includ$ 7 six   
gross ( vials & corks & ?ree reams (    
wrapp+ pap]4  #hf ,potts ,pap]s1 vol4   
#a1 folios #ajb-ajf1 #ajh-aaa1 #aad1    
#aai4  #hg ,ibid41 folio #ii4 ,!re 0 a  
li/+ = #agj p\nds ( ,ca?>t3 ,am 7,epsom 
salts74 ,! #g p\nds ( rhub>b 0 li/$ z #c
 lb4 ,rad4 ,rhaei & #d lb4 ,pul4 ,rhaei4
 ,also on h& 7 #a-a_/b p\nds ( ,mi?ridat
 7opium74  #hh ,ibid41 folios #gc1 #id1 
#abd4  #hi ,ibid41 folio #d2 ,mc,crea to

 ,potts1 ,septemb] #b1 #aggf4  #ij      
,ibid41 folio #abd2 ,john/on to ,potts1 
,septemb] #ai1 #aggf4  #ia ,ibid41 folio
 #abe2 ,craigie to ,potts1 ,octob] #c1  
#aggf4  #ib ,am]ican ,ar*ives1 s]4 #e1  
vol4 #b1 p4 #ibc4 ,/r+] also wrote      
,potts on ,octob] #f to advise him ( !  
/ock 7,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 folio     
#abf74  #ic ,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1     
folio #aca2 ,/r+] to ,potts1 ,octob]    
#ae1 #aggf4  #id ,ibid41 folio #acc2    
,/r+] to ,potts1 ,octob] #be1 #aggf4    
#ie ,ibid41 folio #acb2 ,craigie to     
,potts1 ,octob] #bb1 #aggf4  #if ,ibid41
 folio #ach2 ,/r+] to ,potts1 ,novemb]  
#g1 #aggf4  #ig ,duncan1 op4 cit4       
7footnote #b71 p4 #aaj4  #ih ,=d1 op4   
cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4 #c1 p4 #dec1  
vol4 #d1 pp4 #bd-be4  #ii ,mill]1 op4   
cit4 7footnote #a71 pp4 #ajc-aac4  #ajj 
,virg9ia ,gazette1 ,augu/ #bd1 #aggf4   
#aja ,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,july #ah1
 #aggf4  #ajb ,g4 ,b4 ,griff5hag51 ,!   
,day-,dunlap #agga ,ph>maceutical       
,catalogue1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1

 #aiee1 vol4 #abg1 pp4 #bif-cjb4  #ajc  
#ajc ,mill]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #a71 pp4
 #aaj-aab4  #ajd ,gre5leaf ,l$g]1 op4   
cit4 7footnote #f74  #aje ,potts ,pap]s1
 vol4 #b1 folio #bac4  #ajf ,ibid41 vol4
 #c1 folio #cje4  #ajg ,ibid41 folio    
#cca4  #ajh ,ibid41 folio #cdf4  #aji   
,ibid41 folio #ccf4  #aaj ,ibid41 folio 
#cfi4  #aaa ,ibid41 folio #cca2 ,craigie
 to ,potts1 ,septemb] #a1 #aggg4  #aab  
,pres]v$ at ! ,essex ,in/itute1 ,salem1 
,massa*usetts4  #aac ,indep5d5t         
,*ronicle1 ,octob] #cj1 #aggg4  #aad    
,=d1 op4 cit4 7footnote #aj71 vol4 #e1  
p4 #gdh1 vol4 #g1 p4 #bgd1 vol4 #h1 p4  
#ech4 7,smi? receiv$ #b1dij on ,septemb]
 #i1 #aggf1 #b1ieb on ,april #ag1 #aggg1
 = sundry m$ic9es1 & ,caldwell  ,co4    
receiv$ #fff on ,july #g1 #aggg1 =      
sundry m$ic9e deliv]$ ,william ,smi?47  
#aae ,ibid41 vol4 #g1 p4 #cba4          
7,*ri/oph] & ,*>les ,m>%all receiv$     
#d1aea on ,may #b1 #aggg1 = sundry      
m$ic9es & *irurgical in/rum5ts suppli$  
by !m = ! use ( diff]5t battalions (    

cont95tal =ces47  #aaf ,p5nsylvania     
,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aggg4  #aag      
,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #b1 folio #aej4     
#aah ,ibid41 folio #aec2 ,bass to       
,potts1 ,m>* #ag1 #aggg4  #aai          
,p5nsylvania ,j\rnal1 ,june #aa1 ,july  
#i1 #bc1 #aggg4  #abj ,=d1 op4 cit4     
7footnote #aj71 vol4 #aa1 p4 #edf4  #aba
 ,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,m>* #ah1 ,may
 #bg1 #aggg4  #abb ,bo/on ,gazette1     
,febru>y #c1 #aggg2 ,connecticut        
,c\rant1 ,april #g1 #aggg4  #abc        
,p5nsylvania ,packet1 ,april #ae1 #bb1  
#aggg4 ,?is anonym\s article 0 writt5 by
 ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru% & repr9t$ z a        
pamphlet4  #abd ,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #b1 
folios #aeh1 #aei4  #abe ,p5nsylvania   
,l$g]1 ,octob] #aj1 #aggg2 ,p5nsylvania 
,ev5+ ,po/1 ,octob] #ad1 #ah1 #aggg4    
#abf ,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,novemb]  
#a1 #h1 #ac1 #aggg1 ,april #bi1 #aggh4  
7,a l>ge numb] ( adv]tisem5ts ann\nc+   
!fts appe>$ dur+ ! ,briti% occupation47 
#abg ,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,janu>y   
#aj ?r\gh ,april #bj1 #aggh1 &          

,p5nsylvania ,l$g]1 ,april #d1 #ae1     
#aggh4 ,yeldall adv]tis$ 8 ,anti-,v5]eal
 ,ess5ce only once "u ,am]ican          
occupation1 b at #d4jj p] bottle        
7,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,augu/ #bf1   
#aggg74  #abh ,p5nsylvania ,ev5+ ,po/1  
,june #be1 #aggg4  #abi ,gibson1 op4    
cit4 7footnote #b71 p4 #adi4  #acj ,x 0 
9 ,febru>y #aggh t ,dr4 ,potts assum$ 8 
(fice z purveyor g5]al = ! hospital     
dep>tm5t ( ! ,cont95tal ,army ) ! duty (
 pur*as+ & di/ribut+ all supplies &     
m$ic9es 7ibid41 p4 #aed74  #aca ,potts  
,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 folio #bd4 7,?is       
app>5tly is ! li/ prep>$ by ,br[n1 ev5  
?\gh x is n sign$ by him4 ,! item       
,m$ic9es1 ,vials1 ,cork c ,l#bj1jjj 0   
add$ ) ! /atem5t ,! above enum]at$      
articles %\ld be pur*as$ imm$iately1 &  
bo? 7 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,w4 ,%ipp51 ,d4,g4  
,! docum5t is undat$47  #acb ,ibid41    
vol4 #d1 folio #dai2 ,br[n to ,potts1   
,m>* #aa1 #aggh4  #acc ,ibid41 folio    
#dbh2 ,cutt+ to ,potts1 ,m>* #be1 #aggh4
  #acd ,ibid41 folio #dcb2 ,cutt+ to    

,potts1 ,m>* #cj1 #aggh4  #ace ,ibid41  
folio #dda2 ,cutt+ to ,potts1 ,april    
#af1 #aggh4  #acf ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 folio
 #aea2 ,tillotson to ,potts1 ,febru>y   
#bb1 #aggg4 ,cutt+ s]v$ z ,assi/ant     
,apo!c>y "u ,craigie at ,cambridge &    
,roxbury4 ,! feud has n be5 explor$ 9   
any ( ,craigie's biographies4  #acg     
,ibid41 vol4 #d1 folio #dbi2 ,craigie to
 ,potts1 ,m>* #bg1 #aggh4  #ach ,ibid41 
folio #dcg2 ,craigie to ,potts1 ,april  
#d1 #aggh4  #aci ,ibid41 folio #daa2    
,potts to ,gates1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aggh4  
#adj ,ibid41 folio #dda2 ,craigie to    
,potts1 ,may #a1 #aggh4  #ada ,ibid41   
vol4 #a1 folios #da1 #dd2 undat$        
invoices f ,lux  ,b[ly t und\bt$ly 7    
suppli$ dur+ ! spr+ or summ] ( #aggh4   
,also1 vol4 #d1 folio #dgf2 lett] f     
,james ,caldwell to ,potts advis+ ,i s5t
 =w>d f ,baltimore a case ( m$ic9e  five
 cases ( ,b>k 444 ,i h ?ree cases m (   
,b>k n yet up f ,williamsburg :]e x     
arriv$4  #adb ,ibid41 vol4 #d1 folio    
#deh2 ,craigie to ,potts1 ,may #a1      

#aggh4 ,craigie advises3 ,enclos$ is a  
small ,li/ direct$ to ,mr4 ,root ,israel
 ,root or ,josiah ,root1 bo? apo!c>ies f
 ,connecticut :i* ,i ?9k may well be    
sp>$ f ! ,nor?w>d1 & are mu* want$ "h4  
,i wi% !re=e !y may be ord]$4 ,&rew     
,atek9 our assi/ant !re might come )    
!m--he w\ld make a good ,hospital       
,apo!c>y4 ,also1 vol4 #d1 folio #dca1 an
 undat$ ,invoice ( ,m$ic9es c4 to be    
=w>$ = ,head ,qu>t]s to ,compleat ye    
,regim5tal ,assortm5ts = ! ,army ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,middle ,dep>tm5t = ! 
,campaign #aggh4  #adc ,ibid41 folio    
#dai2 ,br[n to ,potts1 ,m>* #aa1 #aggh4 
#add ,ibid41 folio #deh2 ,craigie to    
,potts1 ,may #a1 #aggh4  #ade ,ibid41   
folio #dbh2 ,cutt+ to ,potts1 ,m>* #be1 
#aggh4 ,cutt+ notes3 z to volatile      
salts1 ,i expect a f9e p>cel manufactur$
 at ,c>lisle by tomorr[4  #adf ,ibid41  
folio #dga2 ,craik to ,potts1 ,may #bd1 
#aggh4 ,dr4 ,craik1 a regim5tal surgeon1
 advises3 ,i wi% y c\ld procure "s      
,ca?>tic salts4 ,! ,regim5tal surgeons  

compla9 greatly = want ( !m4444 ,y may  
engage any quantity at ! salt works 9 ! 
,j]sies4  #adg ,gibson1 op4 cit4        
7footnote #b71 pp4 #aff-afg4  #adh      
,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #d1 folios #dfb1    
#dfg2 ,craik to ,potts1 ,may #b & ,may  
#ae4 ,on ,may #b1 ,craik advises t !    
m$ic9e *e/s are mu* want$ 9 ! ,regim5ts4
 ,doctr4 ,cutt+ _h be/ h !m fill$ up z  
soon z possible to prev5t compla9ts4 ,on
 ,may #ae ,craik comm5t$3 ,i am sorry   
,doctr4 ,cutt+ w5t away be=e ! ,regim5t 
,*e/s 7 f9i%$2 !re is great clam\r ab\t 
!m ?o ,doctr4 ,layman is z busy z       
possible4444 ,i hope ,doctr4 ,craigie w 
soon h 8 *e/s ready4  #adi ,gibson1 op4 
cit4 7footnote #b71 pp4 #afg-afh4  #aej 
,potts ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 folio #be1      
undat$4  #aea ,gibson1 op4 cit4         
7footnote #b71 p4 #agh1 & ,duncan1 op4  
cit4 7footnote #b71 pp4 #aae-aaf1 #bge4 
#aeb ,mill]1 op4 cit4 7footnote #a71 pp4
 #dbe-dgg4  #aec ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! 
m$ical aspects ( ,burgoyne's campaign is
 record$ by ,r4 ,m4 ,gorssl9e 9         

,canadian ,def5se ,qu>t]ly1 #aibi1 vol4 
#f1 pp4 #cef-cfc4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,transcrib]'s     
,notes3  ,! m>k] = footnote #c is miss+1
 b x appe>s to belong aft]   ( ! ,lititz
 ,ph>macopoeia ( #aggh4  ,9 footnote #ae
 ,i correct$ a typo1 ,p5nslyvania =     
,p5nsylvania  ,on page #aae ,i remov$ an
 extra quotation m>k   7pur*as+ su*     
m$ic9es z7  ,on page #aah ,i correct$ a 
typo1 capitivity = captivity   7happily 
deliv]$ f 8 late capitivity7  ,on page  
#aah ,i remov$ an extra quotation m>k   
7w turn to good ,acc\nt47  ,on page #abj
 ,i correct$ a typo1 enitrely = entirely
   7"o half ! load is enitrely7  ,on    
page #abh ,i correct$ a typo1 m$iic9es =
 m$ic9es   7,invoice ( a ,*e/ (         
m$iic9es7  ,on page #abi ,i correct$ a  
typo1 qu&rupl$ = quadrupl$   7price m   
?an qu&rupl$7  ,on page #acc ,i correct$
 a typo1 in/um5t = in/rum5t             
7,too?-draw+ in/um5t7  ,^! words occur  
bo? ways 9 ! text & ,i h n *ang$ !m3    
,b[ly & ,b[ley1 ,b>nabas & ,b>nabus