,a ,,manual ,,or ,,an ,,easy ,,me?od ,,(
  ,,manag+ ,,bees1  ,,9 ,,! ,,mo/       
,,pr(itable ,,mann] ,,to ,,_! ,,own]1   
,,) ,,infallible ,,rules ,,to ,,prev5t  
,,_! ,,de/ruction ,,by ,,! ,,mo?4  ,,by 
,,john ,m4 ,,weeks1 ,( ,salisbury1 ,vt4 
,,second ,,edition4  ,,middlebury3      
,,elam ,r4 ,,jewett1 ,,pr9t]4  #ahcg4   
,ent]$ accord+ to act ( ,congress1 9 !  
ye> #ahcf4 ,by ,john ,m4 ,weeks1 9 !    
,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt (     
,v]mont4     ,,preface4  ,x appe>s to ! 
writ] ( ! foll[+ pages1 t a "w ( ?is    
description is mu* ne$$ 9 our c\ntry4   
,! cultivation ( ! bee 7,apis           
,mellifica7 has be5 too long neglect$ 9 
mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,?is g5]al 
neglect has unque/ionably orig9at$ f !  
fact1 t ! ,european enemy to ! bees1    
call$ ! mo?1 has f\nd its way into ?is  
c\ntry1 & has locat$ & naturaliz$ itself
 "h2 & has made s mu* havoc among !     
bees1 t _m di/ricts h entirely ab&on$ _!
 cultivation4 ,_m ,api>ians1 & m5 ( !   
highe/ lit]>y atta9m5ts1 z well z       

exp]i5ce1 h ne>ly exhau/$ _! pati5ce1 9 
exam9+ ! peculi> nature & habits ( ?is  
insect2 & h tri$ v>i\s exp]im5ts to     
devise "s means ( prev5t+ its           
depr$ations4 ,b1 aft] all t has be5     
done1 ! spoil] moves onw>d ) little     
mole/ation1 & v few ( our citiz5s are   
will+ to engage 9 ! ent]prize (         
cultivat+ ?is mo/ useful & pr(itable (  
all insects1 ! honey-bee4  ,! foll[+ "w 
is compris$ 9 a set ( pla91 concise     
rules1 by :i*1 if /rictly adh]$ to &    
practis$1 any p]son1 prop]ly situat$1   
may cultivate bees1 & avail himself (   
all ! b5efits ( _! labors4  ,if !       
,api>ian manages /rictly 9 accordance ) 
! foll[+ rules1 ! au?or feels confid5t t
 no colony w ev] mat]ially suff] by !   
mo?1 or w ev] be de/roy$ by !m4  ,!     
au?or is aw>e ( ! num]\s treatises      
publi%$ on ?is subject2 b !y appe> to   
him1 = ! mo/ "p1 to be ! result n s mu* 
( exp]i5ce z ( vague & conjectural      
speculation1 & n suffici5tly embody+ :at
 is practical & useful4  ,?is "w is     

int5d$ z an accompanim5t to ! ,v]mont   
hive1 & w be f\nd to be ! result (      
obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 & x is ?\ght     
comprises all t is necess>y to make a   
skilful ,api>ian4                       
,,! ,,au?or4  ,,index     ,,*apt]       
,rule ,i4  ,on ! con/ruction ( ! hive1  
#e    ,rule ,,ii4  ,on sw>m+ & hiv+1    
#aa   ,rule ,,iii4  ,on v5tilat+1       
#bc    ,rule ,,iv4  ,on prev5t+         
robb]ies1                            #bd
     ,rule ,v4  ,on equaliz+ colonies1  
by d\bl+1 trebl+1 c1  #bf    ,rule ,,vi4
  ,on remov+ honey1                     
#cj   ,rule ,,vii4  ,! me?od ( compell+ 
sw>ms to make extra             ,que5s1 
& keep !m = ! use ( _! own]1   #cc      
,rule ,,viii4  ,on supply+ sw>ms )      
,que5s1 :5 necess>y1    #ch    ,rule    
,,ix4  ,on multiply+ colonies to any    
desirable ext5t1             )\t sw>m+1 
#db     ,rule ,x4  ,on prev5t+ !        
depr$ations ( ! mo?1         #dc        
,rule ,,xi4  ,on fe$+1                  
#ef   ,rule ,,xii4  ,on w9t]+1          

#fj  ,rule ,,xiii4  ,on transf]r+ bees f
 "o hive to ano!r1      #fj             
,,xiv4  ,g5]al ,obs]vations1            
#fe     ,,manual1 c4     ,,rule ,i4     
,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a           
,,bee-,,hive4   ,a bee-hive %\ld be made
 ( s\nd bo>ds1 free f %akes & cracks2 x 
%\ld also be plan$ smoo?1 inside & out1 
made 9 a workmanlike mann]1 & pa9t$ on  
its outside4  ,,rem>ks4  ,t a bee-hive  
%\ld be made p]fect1 s z to exclude     
light & air1 is obvi\s f ! fact1 t !    
bees w f9i% :at ! workman has neglect$1 
by pla/]+ up all su* cracks & crevices1 
or bad jo9ts1 z are left op5 by ! jo9]4 
,! sub/ance !y use = ?is purpose is     
nei!r honey nor wax1 b a k9d ( glue or  
cem5t ( _! own manufactur+1 & is us$ by 
! bees to fill up all imp]fect jo9ts &  
exclude all light & air4 ,?is cem5t or  
glue is v cong5ial to ! gr[? ( ! mo? 9 !
 fir/ /ages ( its exi/5ce4  ,! mo? mill]
 ent]s ! hive1 g5]ally1 9 ! night--makes
 an incision into ! glue or cem5t ) h]  
/+1 & leaves h] eggs deposit$ 9 ! glue1 

:]e x rema9s secure f ! bees2 x be+     
gu>d$ by ! timb] on its sides4 ,?us1    
:ile a maggot1 7l>va7 ! mo? uses ! cem5t
 = food until x arrives s f> t[>ds a    
/ate ( maturity z to be able to sp9 a   
web1 :i* is m fully expla9$ 9 rem>ks on 
,rule #aj4  ,! size ( a hive %\ld be 9  
accordance ) ! /ricte/ rules ( economy1 
& adapt$ to ! peculi> nature & economy (
 ! honey-bee1 9 ord] to make !m         
pr(itable to _! own]4  ,! l[] ap>tm5t ( 
! hive1 :]e !y /ore _! food1 raise _! "y
 bees1 & p]=m _! ord9>y labors1 %\ld    
hold z mu* z a box ?irte5 in*es & "o    
half or f\rte5 in*es squ>e 9 ! cle>4    
,if ! hive is mu* l>g] ?an ! "o describ$
 above1 ) ! *amb] 9 proportion1 :i* %\ld
 hold ab\t two-?irds z mu* z ! l[]      
ap>tm5t1 ! bees w n be likely to sw>m   
dur+ ! season4  ,bees 9 l>ge hives nev] 
sw>m2 & ^? 9 hives mu* less ?an ! "o    
already describ$1 d b little else ?an   
raise "y bees & lay up a suffici5t      
quantity ( food to supply !m ?r\gh !    
com+ w9t]1 & are m liable to be robb$4  

,all hives ( bees t sw>m are liable to  
sw>m too mu*1 & r$uce _! colonies s l[ 9
 numb]s z to mat]ially injure !m1 & is  
frequ5tly ! cause ( _! de/ruction by !  
mo?1 :i* is m p>ticul>ly expla9$ 9      
rem>ks on ,rule #b4  ,! *ang] ( ! hive  
%\ld be made p]fectly tight1 s z to     
exclude all light f ! draw]s4  ,draw]s  
%\ld be small l ,no4 #b1 = all purposes 
except su* z are us$ = multiply+        
colonies & transf]r+1 :i* %\ld always be
 l>ge l ,no4 #a4  ,hives %\ld h elects  
on _! sides1 s z to susp5d !m 9 ! air "s
 di/ance f ! floor ( ! api>y1 ! bett] to
 secure ! bees f de/ruction by mice1    
reptiles1 & o!r v]m94  ,! back side or  
re> ( ! l[] ap>tm5t ( ! hive %\ld slant 
=w>d1 s z to r5d] ! same smalle/ at !   
bottom1 ! bett] to secure ! combs f     
fall+ :5 crack$ by fro/ or ne>ly melt$ 9
 hot wea!r4  ,no timb]s or bo>ds %\ld be
 plac$ v ne> ! l[] edge ( ! hive1       
because x facilitates ! entrance (      
depr$ators4 ,t ! back side %\ld slant   
=w>d1 is obvi\s f ! fact1 t bees g5]ally

 re/ "o edge ( _! combs on t side1 &    
build t[>ds ! front 9 su* a mann] z to  
ent] ^u ! same %eet :]e !y int5d to     
deposit _! /ores1 :5 !y fir/ ent] !     
hive1 )\t be+ compell$ to take any      
unnecess>y /eps4  ,! bottom ( ! hive    
%\ld slant d[nw>d f re> to front1 s z to
 af=d ! greate/ facility to ! bees to   
cle> _! t5em5t ( all (f5sive sub/ances1 
& let ! wat]1 :i* is occasion$ by !     
brea? & vapor ( ! bees1 run (f 9 cold   
wat]4 ,x also aids ! bees v mu* 9       
prev5t+ ! entrance ( robb]s4  ,! bottom 
bo>d %\ld be susp5d$ by /aples & hooks  
ne> ea* corn] ( ! hive1 9 su* a mann] z 
to af=d a free entrance & egress to !   
bees on all its sides1 :i* w bett]      
enable !m to keep _! t5em5t cle> ( !    
mo?s4  ,!re %\ld be a button atta*$ to !
 l[] edge ( ! re> ( ! hive1 s z to      
enable ! api>ian to gov]n ! bottom bo>d 
9 su* a mann] z to give all ! air !y    
ne$1 or close ! hive at pleasure4  ,!   
hive %\ld h two /icks plac$ at equal    
di/ances1 ext5d+ f front to re>1 re/+ on

 ! re>1 ) a screw driv5 ?r\gh ! front   
into ! end ( ! /ick1 :i* holds x fa/ 9  
its place1 & a v5tilator he> ! top ( !  
l[] ap>tm5t ( ! hive1 to let (f ! vapor 
:i* frequ5tly causes ! dea? ( ! bees 9 !
 w9t] by freez+4  ,! door to ! *amb]    
%\ld be made to fit 9 ! rabit+s ( ! same
 aga9/ ! jambs1 9 su* a mann] z to      
exclude ! light f ! w9d[s ( ! draw]s1 & 
also to prev5t ! entrance ( ! little    
ants4 ,x %\ld also be hung by butts1 or 
fa/5$ by a b>1 runn+ v]tically across ! 
c5tre ( ! door1 & conf9$ by /aples at   
ea* end4 ,!re %\ld be ?ree %eet-iron    
slides1 "o ( :i* %\ld be ne>ly z wide z 
! *amb]1 & "o or two in*es long] ?an !  
l5g? ( ! *amb]4 ,! o!r two %\ld be !    
same l5g? ( ! fir/1 & half its wid?     
only4  ,all hives & all _! app5dages    
%\ld be made exactly ( a size & %ape 9 !
 same api>y4 ,! tr\ble ( equaliz+       
colonies is f> less ?an x is to         
accommodate hives to sw>ms4 ,mu*        
p]plexity & sometimes s]i\s difficulties
 occur1 :]e ! api>ian uses diff]5t siz$ 

hives & draw]s4 ,b ?is "p ( ! subject w 
be m fully discuss$ "u its prop] rule4  
,,rule ,,ii4  ,,on ,,sw>m+ ,,& ,,hiv+4  
,! api>ian1 or bee-own]1 %\ld h 8 hives 
9 read9ess1 & 9 _! places 9 ! api>y1 ) !
 draw]s 9 _! *amb]s bottom up1 s z to   
prev5t entrance4  ,:5 a sw>m comes =? & 
has alight$1 cut (f ! limb if           
conv5i5t--%ake x g5tly1 s z to dis5gage 
! bees1 & let !m fall g5tly on to !     
table1 bo>d1 or gr\nd1 7z ! case may    
be17 place ! hive ov] !m be=e _m rise   
into ! air1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t to lay
 "o or m /icks 9 su* a mann] z to raise 
! hive s z to give ! bees rapid +ress & 
egress4 ,if ! bees act reluctantly 9    
tak+ possession ( _! new habitation1    
di/urb !m by bru%+ !m ) a goose-quill or
 "s o!r in/rum5t1 n h>%1 & !y w soon    
ent]4 ,9 case x is f\nd necess>y to     
inv]t ! hive to receive ! bees1 7:i* is 
frequ5t1 f ! mann] ( _! alight+17 !n1   
fir/ secure ! draw]s d[n to ! floor by  
ins]t+ a h&k]*ief or some?+ above !m2 n[
 inv]t ! hive & %ake or bru% ! bees into

 x2 n[ turn x g5tly "r end up on !      
table1 or o!r place1 obs]v+ ! rule      
a=esaid4  ,,rem>ks4  ,bees sw>m f n9e   
o'clock 9 ! morn+ to ?ree o'clock 9 !   
aft]noon on a fair day1 diff]+ 9 !      
season accord+ to ! climate4 ,9 ,v]mont 
!y g5]ally sw>m f ! middle ( ,may to !  
fifte5? ( ,july2 9 late seasons "s lat]4
 ,i h kn[n !m to sw>m z e>ly z sev5 9 ! 
morn+ & z late z f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,i h 
also kn[n !m to come =? :5 x ra9$ s h>d 
z ne>ly to defeat !m by beat+ d[n _m to 
! gr\nd :i* 7 probably lo/ f _! colony2 
& ,i once _h a sw>m come =? on ! sixte5?
 day ( ,augu/4  ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation h
 taught t ! ,que5 leaves ! old /ock     
fir/1 & h] colony rapidly foll[4 ,!y fly
 ab\t a few m9utes1 app>5tly 9 ! greate/
 confusion1 until ! sw>m is pr9cipally  
out ( ! hive4 ,!y !n alight1 g5]ally on 
! limb ( "s tree1 %rub1 or bu%1 or "s   
o!r place conv5i5t = !m to clu/] 9 a    
bun* n f> f ! old /ock1 & make _!       
arrangem5ts = a j\rney to a new         
habitation4 ,p]haps n "o sw>m 9 a ?\s&  

kn[s :]e !y are go+ until aft] !y h left
 ! old /ock1 alight$1 & =m$ into a      
compact body or clu/]2 & n !n until !y h
 s5t (f an embassy to se>* out a place =
 _! future resid5ce4 ,n[ if ! bees are  
hiv$ imm$iately aft] !y h alight$1 be=e 
!y s5d (f _! embassy to seek a new      
t5em5t1 !y w nev] fly away1 admitt+ !y h
 suffici5t room1 7= x is want ( room t  
makes !m sw>m 9 ! fir/ place17 & _! hive
 is cle> ( e ?+ t is (f5sive to !m4  ,! 
old cu/om ( wa%+ hives ) salt & wat] &  
o!r sub/ances1 to give !m a pleasant    
effluvia1 %\ld be spe$ily aboli%$4 ,no?+
 b bees %\ld ev] be put into a hive4    
,:5 bees die1 ! hive %\ld be cle>$ ( its
 cont5ts1 & scrap$ out clean1 & ! *amb] 
rubb$ ) clo? wet 9 clean wat]2 !n set x 
9 its place 9 ! api>y1 & !re let x /&   
until want$ = use4 ,an old hive1 ?us    
prep>$1 is z good z a new "o = !        
reception ( a sw>m4 ,! api>ian %\ld     
exam9e be=e us+ to see t ! hive is free 
f spid]s & cobwebs4  ,:5 bees are n hiv$
 imm$iately aft] !y h clu/]$ 9 a body1  

!y %\ld be remov$ to ! api>y1 or sev]al 
rods f ! place :]e !y alight$1 z soon z 
!y c be hiv$1 to prev5t _! be+ f\nd on !
 return ( ! embassy4 ,s9ce ,i h ?us     
practis$1 ,i h nev] lo/ a sw>m by       
flight4  ,exp]i5ce has taught t x is be/
 to remove ! new sw>m to ! place :]e x  
is int5d$ to /& dur+ ! season1          
imm$iately aft] hiv+4 ,few] bees are lo/
 by a spe$y removal1 ?an :5 p]mitt$ to  
/& until ev5+1 because !y are creatures 
( habit1 & are e mom5t e/abli%+ !mselves
 9 _! location4 ,x also prev5ts _! be+  
f\nd by ! embassy :5 !y return4 ,! long]
 bees /& 9 ! place :]e !y are hiv$1 !   
great] w be ! numb] lo/ :5 remov$4 ,b m 
( ?is h]eaft]4  ,:5 bees are collect$ 9 
draw]s = ! purpose ( equaliz+ colonies1 
by d\bl+1 c41 !y %\ld be p]mitt$ to /&  
until ev5+ be=e !y are unit$1 x be+ a m 
favorable "t = !m to become acqua9t$ )  
ea* o!r by degrees2 & ! sc5t ( ! bees 9 
! l[] ap>tm5t w ent] ?r\gh ! ap]tures   
dur+ ! night s mu* t !re is a great]    
degree ( sam5ess 9 ! peculi> smell ( !  

two colonies1 :i* takes (f _! animosity1
 if !y *ance to h any4  ,no confusion or
 noise :i* is uncommon to ! bees %\ld   
ev] be made dur+ _! sw>m+ or hiv+4 ,!   
only effect ( noise1 r++ ( bells1 tc41 t
 ,i c\ld ev] discov]1 01 to r5d] !m m   
ho/ile & unmanageable4  ,:5 bees are    
treat$ 9 accordance ) _! true nature1 !y
 are sometimes ho/ile1 :i* orig9ates f  
two causes3 ,fir/1 "s ( !m lie out ( !  
hive be=e sw>m+ & "s ( !m1 9 consequ5ce 
( _! confusion 9 sw>m+1 are n appris$ ( 
! int5tion ( ! ,que5 to leave ! old /ock
 & seek a new habitations & !y sally =? 
) ! sw>m )\t fill+ _! sacks ) /ores1 :i*
 always makes !m m irritable ?an :5 _!  
/oma*s are rill$ ) food4  ,! ,v]mont    
hive possesses advantages 9 ?is respect1
 z well z o!rs1 f> sup]ior to ! old box4
 ,in/ead ( ly+ out be=e sw>m+1 z 9 ! old
 box1 !y g up into ! draw]s1 & are      
con/antly employ$ 9 deposit+ ! delici\s 
fruits ( _! labors2 & be+ 9 ! hive1 :]e 
!y c he> & obs]ve all ! movem5ts ( !    
,que51 !y g =? well /or$ ) provisions   

suit$ to ! peculi> exig5cy ( ! case2 :i*
 ord9>ily prev5ts all feel+s ( ho/ility4
  ,! second reason :y bees are sometimes
 irritable1 & are dispos$ to /+ :5 !y   
sw>m1 is1 ! air is =bidd+ to !m1 by be+ 
cold or o!rwise1 s z to imp$e !m 9 _!   
det]m9$ emigration4 ,9 all su* cases1 ! 
api>ian %\ld be furni%$ ) a veil1 made (
 mill9et1 or "s light cov]+ :i* may be  
worn ov] 8 hat1 & let d[n s l[ z to cov]
 8 face & bosom1 & fix$ 9 su* a mann] z 
to prev5t _! /++4 ,he %\ld also put on a
 pair ( ?ick wool5 gloves or /ock+s ov] 
8 h&s1 ?us manag+ !m )\t ! lea/ dang]4  
,a clean hive is all t is ne$$ = a sw>m 
( bees1 ) c>eful & humane treatm5t4  ,a 
clu/] ( bees %\ld nev] be %ook or j>r$  
any m ?an m]ely to dis5gage !m f ! limb 
or place :]e !y are collect$1 nor %\ld  
!y fall any great di/ance1 because _!   
sacks are full :5 !y sw>m1 :i* r5d]s !m 
bo? clumsy & h>mless1 & h>% treatm5t    
makes !m irritable & unmanageable4  ,i  
"k ( no rule by :i* ! exact day ( _!    
fir/ sw>m+ c be kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,!      

api>ian w e/imate ne> ! "t by ! numb] ( 
bees 9 & ab\t ! hive1 z x w become v mu*
 cr[d$4  ,! day ( second sw>m+1 & all   
aft] t dur+ ! same season1 may be mo/   
c]ta9ly pr$ict$ z foll[s3 ,li/5 ne> !   
entrance ( ! hive 9 ! ev5+4 ,if a sw>m  
is com+ =? ! next day1 ! ,que5 w be he>d
 giv+ an al>m at %ort int]vals4 ,! same 
al>m may be he>d ! next morn+4 ,! obs]v]
 w g5]ally he> two ,que5s at a "t 9 !   
same hive1 ! "o mu* l\d] ?an ! o!r4 ,!  
"o mak+ ! lea/ noise is yet 9 h] cell1 &
 9 h] m9ority4 ,! s\nd emitt$ by !      
,que5s is peculi>1 diff]+ mat]ially f t 
( any o!r bee4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] (   
monoton\s notes 9 rapid succession1     
simil> to ^? emitt$ by ! mud-wasp :5    
work+ h] mort> & jo9+ x to h] cells1 to 
raise miss-wasps4 ,if1 aft] all1 ! wea!r
 is unfavorable to _! sw>m+ two or ?ree 
days :ile 9 ?is peculi> /age1 !y w n be 
likely to sw>m aga9 ! same season4  ,two
 reasons1 & two only1 c be assign$ :y   
bees ev] sw>m4 ,! fir/ is1 want ( room1 
& ! second1 to avoid ! battle ( !       

,que5s4 ,x is inde$ true t !re are      
exceptions4 ,p]haps "o 9 a hundr$ sw>ms 
may come =? be=e _! hive is fill$ )     
comb2 b f ne>ly =ty ye>s exp]i5ce 9 _!  
cultivation1 ,i nev] saw an in/ance ( x1
 :]e ! hive 0 n full ( bees at _! fir/  
sw>m+4 ,:5 bees g f ! old /ock to ! tree
 )\t alight+1 x is :5 !y lie out ( !    
hive be=e sw>m+1 & ! embassy are s5t =? 
be=e ! sw>m leaves ! old /ock4 ,:5 !    
fir/ sw>m comes =?1 eggs1 "y brood1 or  
bo?1 are left 9 ! combs1 b no ,que52 = !
 old ,que5 always goes =? ) ! sw>m1 &   
leaves ! old /ock entirely de/itute4 ,n 
a s+le ,que51 9 any /age ( m9ority1 is  
left 9 ! hive4 ,! bees v soon f9d       
!mselves de/itute ( ! means ( propagat+ 
_! species1 7= ! ,que5 is ! only female 
9 ! hive17 & imm$iately set !mselves to 
"w 9 con/ruct+ sev]al royal cells1      
7probably to be m sure ( success17 take 
a grub 7l>va7 f ! cell ( a common work]1
 place x 9 ! new-made royal cell1 fe$ x 
on royal jelly1 & 9 a few days !y a     
,que54 ,n[ z ! eggs are laid 9 ab\t ?ree

 litt]s p] week1 ! bees1 to be /ill m   
sure ( succe$+ 9 _! ent]prize1 take     
maggots1 diff]+ 9 age1 s t if m ?an "o  
,que5 is hat*$1 "o w be old] ?an ! o!rs4
 ,?is fact acc\nts = he>+ m ?an "o ,que5
 at ! same "t1 because "o comes out a   
p]fect fly1 :ile ! o!r is a nymph1 or   
little y\ng]1 & has n yet made h] escape
 f ! cell :]e %e 0 rais$2 & yet bo?     
answ] ! al>m ( ! o!r1 ! y\nge/ m feebly 
?an ! eld]4  ,bees w nev] sw>m b once ! 
same season unless !y make m ?an "o     
,que51 imm$iately aft] ! dep>ture ( !   
fir/ sw>m2 & n !n1 if ! bees p]mit !    
olde/ ,que5 to come 9 contact ) ! cell  
:]e ! "y ones are gr[+4 ,que5s ent]ta9 !
 mo/ deadly animosity t[>ds ea* o!r1 & w
 comm5ce an attack ^u ea* o!r ! fir/    
mom5t opportunity (f]s4 ,! old ,que5 w  
ev5 te> all ! cradles or cells to pieces
 :]e "y ones are gr[+1 & de/roy all !   
*rysalis ,que5s 9 ! hive4  ,if ! wea!r  
becomes unfavorable to sw>m+1 ! next day
 aft] ! al>m ( ! ,que5 is he>d1 &       
cont9ues s = sev]al days1 ! olde/ ,que5 

may come 9 contact ) ! o!rs1 or ga9     
access to _! cells2 9 ei!r case ! life (
 "o ( !m is de/roy$ by ! o!r1 & ! colony
 w n be likely to s5d =? ano!r sw>m !   
same season4 ,if ! old ,que5 succe$s 9  
tak+ ! life ( ! y\ng]1 or vice v]sa1 !  
rema9+ nymphs w be likely to %>e ! same 
fate ( _! m>tyr$ si/]s1 by ! h& ( !     
reign+ ,que51 :o consid]s all o!rs 9 !  
same hive z h] competitors4  ,second    
sw>ms w\ld be z l>ge & num]\s z any     
o!rs1 if x 0 n ! fact t !y come =? to   
avoid ! battle ( ! ,que5s4 ,bees are v  
t5aci\s to pres]ve ! lives ( _!         
sov]eigns1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( _! own rais+2
 & :5 !y f9d !y h m ?an "o 9 ! hive1 !y 
w gu>d ea* s /rong z to prev5t1 if      
possible1 _! com+ )9 rea* ( ea* o!r4 ,!y
 be+ ?us /rongly gu>d$ to prev5t !      
fight1 is unque/ionably ! cause ( _!    
giv+ ! al>m1 z describ$ 9 ! =ego+       
article4 ,! k ( ! exi/5ce ( ano!r ,que5 
9 ! same hive inspires !m ) ! greate/   
uneas9ess & rage2 & :5 ! olde/ "o f9ds  
h]self defeat$ 9 ga9+ access to h]      

competitor1 %e sallies =? ) z _m z see  
fit to foll[ h]1 & seeks a new          
habitation4  ,bees w n sw>m b once 9 a  
season1 if ! second "o does n come =? )9
 sev5te5 days f ! dep>ture ( ! fir/1    
unless !y sw>m = want ( room1 9 :i* case
 no ,que5 w be he>d be=e sw>m+4  ,!     
draw]s %\ld be turn$ ov]1 s z to let !  
bees into !m z soon z !y h built _!     
combs ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! hive4 ,if ! 
sw>m is s l>ge t ! l[] ap>tm5t w n hold 
all ( !m1 !y %\ld be let into "o or bo? 
( ! draw]s1 at ! "t ( hiv+2 o!rwise !y  
may g (f = want ( room4 ,bees %\ld be   
let into ! draw]s 9 ! spr+ z soon z     
blossoms are se54     ,,rule ,,iii4     
,,on ,,v5tilat+ ,,! ,,hive4   ,graduate 
! bottom bo>d & v5tilator at pleasure1  
by means ( ! button or o!rwise1 s z to  
give !m m or less air1 z ! circum/ances 
may require4  ,,rem>ks4  ,bees require m
 air 9 ord] to enable !m to endure !    
heat ( summ] & ! sev]ity ( w9t]1 ?an at 
any o!r "t4 ,if !y are kept out 9 !     
cold1 !y ne$ z mu* air 9 ! w9t] z 9 !   

heat ( summ]4 ,x is 9 a mild temp]ature 
only1 t x is safe to keep !m f ! pure   
air4 ,if plac$ bel[ fro/ 9 a dry        
s&-bank1 !y seem to ne$ sc>cely m ?an is
 conta9$ 9 _! hive at ! "t !y are buri$1
 dur+ ! :ole w9t]4 ,if kept 9 a clean1  
dry cell>1 ! m\? s contract$ z to keep  
out mice1 gives !m en\gh4 ,b if !y are  
kept 9 ! api>y1 !re %\ld be a sl[ curr5t
 ( air con/antly press+ 9 at ! bottom & 
(f at ! top ?ro' ! v5tilator4     ,,rule
 ,,iv4  ,,on ,,prev5t+ ,,robb]ies4   ,at
 ! mom5t x is obs]v$1 t robb]s are )91  
or ab\t ! hive1 raise ! bottom bo>d s   
ne> ! edge ( ! hive z to prev5t ! +ress 
or egress ( ! bees1 & /op ! m\? or      
common entrance & v5tilator4 ,at ! same 
"t take c>e t a small space on all sides
 ( ! hive be left op51 s z to af=d !m   
all ! air !y ne$4 ,op5 ! m\? only at    
ev5+1 & close e>ly 9 ! morn+1 be=e !    
robb]s r5ew _! attack4  ,,rem>ks4  ,bees
 h a peculi> prop5sity to rob ea* o!r1 &
 e precaution necess>y to prev5t x1 %\ld
 be ex]cis$ by ! cultivator4 ,families 9

 ! same api>y are m likely to engage 9  
?is unlawful ent]prize ?an any o!rs1    
probably because !y are locat$ s ne> ea*
 o!r1 & are m likely to le>n _!         
comp>ative /r5g?4 ,i nev] c\ld discov]  
any intimacy betwe5 colonies ( ! same   
api>y1 except :5 !y /ood on ! same b5*2 
& !n1 all ! social int]c\rse seems to   
subsi/ betwe5 ! ne>e/ neighbors only4   
,bees are n likely to engage 9 w>f>e &  
rob ea* o!r1 except 9 ! spr+ & fall1 &  
at o!r times 9 ! season1 :5 food is n   
easily obta9$ f blossoms4  ,bees d n (t5
 engage 9 robb]y 9 ! spr+1 unless x is 9
 su* hives z h _h _! combs brok5 by fro/
 or o!rwise1 s z to cause ! honey to    
drip d[n ^u ! bottom bo>d4 ,mu* c>e %\ld
 be ex]cis$ by ! api>ian to see t all   
su* hives are prop]ly v5tilat$1 & at !  
same "t clos$ 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t 
! entrance ( robb]s 9 ! day-"t1 until !y
 h m5d$ ! brea*1 s z to /op ! honey f   
runn+4  ,cle> wat] %\ld be giv5 !m e    
day1 s long z !y are kept 9 conf9em5t4  
,i h kn[n _m good /ocks to be lo/ 9 !   

spr+1 by be+ robb$2 & all = want ( c>e4 
,bees rob ea* o!r :5 !y c f9d b little  
else to d2 !y w rob at any "t :5 fro/   
has de/roy$ ! fl[]s1 or ! wea!r is s    
cold z to prev5t _! collect+ honey f !m4
 ,cold1 *illy wea!r prev5ts ! fl[]s f   
yield+ honey )\t fro/1 z 0 ! case 9 !   
summ] ( #ahce1 9 _m places4  ,bees ne$ b
 little air at any "t :5 !y rob1 & yet m
 is necess>y = !m :5 conf9$ by          
compulsory means1 ?an o!rwise4 ,:5      
depriv$ ( _! lib]ty1 !y soon become     
re/less1 & use _! be/ ef=ts to make _!  
way out ( ! hive--h5ce ! importance (   
leav+ a small space all ar\nd ! bottom1 
to admit air & to prev5t _! melt+ d[n4  
,,rule ,v4  ,,on ,,equaliz+ ,,colonies4 
,hive "o sw>m 9 ! l[] ap>tm5t ( ! hive2 
collect ano!r sw>m 9 a draw]1 & ins]t ! 
same 9 ! *amb] ( ! hive conta9+ ! fir/4 
,!n1 if ! sw>ms are small1 collect ano!r
 small sw>m 9 ano!r draw]1 & ins]t !    
same 9 ! *amb] ( ! hive conta9+ ! fir/1 
by ! side ( ! second4 ,9 case all ! bees
 f ei!r ( ! draw]s1 amalgamate & g bel[ 

) ! fir/ sw>m1 & leave ! draw] empty1 !n
 x may be remov$1 & ano!r small sw>m    
add$ 9 ! same mann]4  ,,rem>ks4  ,x is (
 prime importance to e bee cultivator1 t
 all 8 colonies be made z ne>ly equal 9 
numb]s & /r5g?1 z possible4 ,e exp]i5c$ 
bee-ma/] mu/ be aw>e t small sw>ms are (
 b little pr(it to _! own]4 ,g5]ally1 9 
a few days aft] !y are hiv$1 !y are     
gone2--no "o c trace _! /eps3 "s suppose
 !y h fl$ to ! woods--o!rs1 t !y 7      
robb$3 b aft] all1 no "o is able to give
 any satisfactory acc\nt ( !m4 ,"s      
pieces ( comb only are left1 & p]haps   
myriads ( worms & mill]s f9i% (f ! :ole4
 ,!n ! mo? is suppos$ to be _! de/roy]1 
b ! true hi/ory ( ! case is g5]ally ?is3
 ,! bees become disc\rag$1 or di%e>t5$1 
= want ( numb]s to con/itute _! colony1 
ab&on _! t5em5t1 & jo9 ) _! ne>e/       
neighbors1 leav+ _! combs to ! m]ciless 
depr$ations ( ! mo?4 ,!y are sometimes  
robb$ by _! adjo9+ hives1 & !n ! mo?s   
f9i% or de/roy :at is left4  ,second    
sw>ms are g5]ally ab\t half z l>ge z !  

fir/1 & ?ird sw>ms half z l>ge z second 
ones4  ,n[ if second sw>ms are d\bl$1 s 
z to make !m equal 9 numb] ) ! fir/1 !  
own] avails himself ( ! advantage ( a   
/rong colony1 :i* w n be likely to      
become di%e>t5$ = want ( numb]s1 nor    
ov]come by robb]s f /rong] colonies4  ,x
 is f> less tr\ble1 & less exp5se1 = !  
bee-own] lo equalize 8 colonies1 ?an to 
prep>e hives & draw]s ( diff]5t sizes to
 fit colonies4  ,:5 colonies & hives are
 made z ne> alike z possible1 _m evils  
are avoid$1 & _m advantages realiz$3 e  
hive w fit a place 9 ! api>y--e draw] a 
hive1 & e bottom bo>d & slide may 9 any 
case be us$ )\t mi/akes4  ,sw>ms may be 
d\bl$ at any "t be=e !y become s locat$ 
z to resume _! =m] ho/ility1 :i* w n be 
discov]$ 9 less ?an ?ree or f\r days4   
,bees are provid$ ) a res]voir1 or sack1
 to c>ry _! provision 92 & :5 !y sw>m1  
!y g load$ ) provision suit$ to _!      
em]g5cy1 :i* takes (f all _! ho/ility   
t[>ds ea* o!r2 & until ^! sacks are     
empti$1 !y are n easily vex$1 & z !y are

 compell$ to build combs be=e !y c empty
 !m1 _! cont5ts are reta9$ sev]al days4 
,i h d\bl$1 at a =tnight's int]val 9    
sw>m+1 ) entire success4 ,! op]ation    
%\ld be p]=m$ )9 two or ?ree days--at ! 
f>!/ f\r days4 ,! soon] x is done1 !    
less haz>d\s is ! exp]im5t4  ,z a g5]al 
rule1 second sw>ms only %\ld be d\bl$4  
,?ird & f\r? sw>ms %\ld always h _!     
,que5 tak5 f !m1 & ! bees return$ to !  
p>5t /ock1 accord+ to ,rule #aj4        
,,rule ,,vi4  ,,on ,,remov+ ,,honey4    
,ins]t a slide "u ! draw]1 s f> z to cut
 (f all communication betwe5 ! l[]      
ap>tm5t & ! draw]4 ,ins]t ano!r slide   
betwe5 ! fir/ slide & ! draw]4 ,n[ draw 
out ! box conta9+ ! honey1 ) ! slide t  
is next to x4 ,set ! draw] on its w9d[  
end1 a little di/ance f ! api>y1 &      
remove ! slide4 ,n[ supply ! place ( !  
draw]1 ?us remov$1 ) an empty "o1 & draw
 ! fir/ ins]t$ slide4  ,,rem>ks4  ,c>e  
mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 p]=m+ ?is op]ation4 ,! 
ap]tures ?r\gh ! floor into ! *amb] mu/ 
be kept clos$ by ! slides dur+ !        

process1 s z to keep ! bees f ru%+ up   
into ! *amb] :5 ! box is drawn out4 ,!  
op]ator mu/ likewise see t ! entrances  
into ! draw] are kept cov]$ ) ! slide1 9
 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! escape ( any 
( ! bees1 unless he is will+ to be /ung 
by !m4  ,if ! bees are p]mitt$ to ent] !
 *amb] 9 v w>m wea!r1 !y w be likely to 
hold ! occupancy ( x1 & build comb !re1 
:i* w *ange ! hive into "o no bett] ?an 
an old-fa%ion$ box4  ,i h succe$$ be/ 9 
remov+ honey by ! foll[+ me?od1 to      
wit3--,%ut ! w9d[-bl9ds s z to d>k5 "o (
 ! rooms 9 ! dwell+-h\se--raise up "o   
casem5t ( a w9d[--!n c>ry ! draw] &     
place ! same on a table1 or /&1 by !    
w9d[1 on its light or glass end1 ) !    
ap]tures t[>ds ! light4 ,n[ remove !    
slide1 & /ep imm$iately back into ! d>k 
"p ( ! room4 ,! bees w soon le>n _! true
 condition1 & w gradually leave ! draw]1
 & return home to ! p>5t /ock2 ?us leav+
 ! draw] & its cont5ts = _! own]2 n     
h[ev] until !y h suck$ e drop ( runn+   
honey1 if !re %\ld *ance to be any1 :i* 

is n (t5 ! case1 if _! "w is f9i%$4     
,!re are two cases 9 :i* ! bees manife/ 
"s reluctance 9 leav+ ! draw]4 ,! fir/  
is1 :5 ! combs are 9 an unf9i%$ /ate--"s
 ( ! cells n seal$ ov]4 ,! bees manife/ 
a great desire to rema9 !re1 probably to
 make _! /ores m secure f robb]s1 by    
affix+ caps to ! uncov]$ cells1 to      
prev5t ! effluvia ( runn+ honey1 :i* is 
always ! greate/ temptation to robb]s4  
,bees manife/ ! greate/ reluctance 9    
leav+ ! draw]1 :5 "y brood are remov$ 9 
x1 :i* nev] occurs1 except 9 su* draw]s 
z h be5 us$ = fe$+ 9 ! w9t] or e>ly 9 ! 
spr+4 ,:5 ! ,que5 has deposit$ eggs 9   
all ! empty cells bel[1 %e sometimes    
ent]s ! draw]s2 & if empty cells are    
f\nd1 %e deposits eggs !re also4 ,9 ei!r
 case1 x is bett] to return ! draw]1 :i*
 w be made p]fect by !m 9 a few days4   
,special c>e is necess>y 9 /or+ draw]s (
 honey1 :5 remov$ f ! c>e & protection (
 ! bees1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! honey f    
insects1 :i* are great lov]s ( x1       
p>ticul>ly ! ant4 ,a *e/1 made p]fectly 

tight1 is a good /ore-h\se4  ,if ! honey
 9 ! draw]s is to be pres]v$ = w9t] use1
 x %\ld be kept 9 a room s w>m z n to   
freeze4 ,fro/ cracks ! combs1 & ! honey 
w drip z soon z w>m wea!r comm5ces4     
,draw]s %\ld be pack$ ) _! ap]tures up1 
= keep+ or c>ry+ to m>ket4 ,all api>ians
 :o w\ld make ! mo/ pr(it f _! bees1    
%\ld remove ! honey z soon z ! draw]s   
are rill$1 & supply _! places ) empty   
ones4 ,! bees w comm5ce _! labors 9 an  
empty box t has be5 fill$1 soon] ?an any
 o!rs4     ,,rule ,,vii4  ,,! ,,me?od   
,,( ,,compell+ ,,sw>ms ,,to ,,make ,,&  
,,keep ,,extra ,,que5s1 ,,= ,,_!        
,,api>ian1 ,,or ,,own]4   ,take a draw] 
conta9+ bees & brood comb1 & place !    
same 9 ! *amb] ( an empty hive2 tak+ c>e
 to /op ! entrance ( ! hive1 & give !m  
clean wat]1 daily1 ?ree or f\r days4 ,!n
 un/op ! m\? ( ! hive1 & give !m lib]ty4
 ,! op]ator mu/ obs]ve ,rule #f 9 us+ ! 
slides4  ,,rem>ks4  ,! prosp]ity ( e    
colony dep5ds entirely on ! condition ( 
! ,que51 :5 ! season is favorable to !m4

  ,e bee-ma/] %\ld und]/& _! nature 9   
?is respect1 s z to enable him to be 9  
read9ess to supply !m ) ano!r ,que5 :5  
!y *ance to become de/itute4  ,!        
discov]y ( ! fact1 t bees h p[] to *ange
 ! nature ( ! grub 7l>va7 ( a work] to t
 ( a ,que51 is attribut$ to ,bonn]4 ,b  
nei!r ,bonn] nor ! indefatigable ,hub]1 
nor any o!r writ]1 to my k1 has gone s  
f> 9 ! illu/ration ( ?is discov]y z to  
r5d] x practicable & easy = common p to 
avail !mselves ( its b5efits4  ,!       
,v]mont hive is ! only "o1 to my k1 9   
:i* bees c be compell$ to make & keep   
extra ,que5s = ! use ( _! own]1 )\t     
extreme difficulty1 z well z dang]1 by  
/+s1 9 attempt+ ! exp]im5t4  ,! idea (  
rais+ h] royal highness1 & elevat+ &    
e/abli%+ h] ^u ! ?rone ( a colony1 may1 
by "s1 be deem$ altoge!r vision>y &     
futile2 b ,i w assure ! read]1 t x is   
easi] done ?an c be describ$4 ,i h bo?  
rais$ !m1 & suppli$ de/itute sw>ms      
repeat$ly4  ,:5 ! draw] conta9+ bees &  
brood comb is remov$1 ! bees soon f9d   

!mselves de/itute ( a female1 &         
imm$iately set !mselves to "w 9         
con/ruct+ "o or m royal cells4 ,:5      
complet$1 :i* is commonly )9 =ty-eight  
h\rs1 !y remove a grub 7l>va7 f !       
work]'s cell1 place ! same 9 ! new-made 
,que5's cell1 fe$ x on t k9d ( food :i* 
is design$ only = ,que5s1 & 9 f eight to
 sixte5 days !y h a p]fect ,que54  ,z   
soon z ! bees h safely deposit$ ! grub 9
 ! new-made royal cell1 ! bees may h _! 
lib]ty4 ,_! atta*m5t to _! "y brood1 &  
_! fidelity to _! ,que51 9 any /age (   
its m9ority1 is su*1 t !y w nev] leave  
nor =sake !m1 & w cont9ue all _! ord9>y 
labors1 ) z mu* regul>ity z if !y _h a  
p]fect ,que54  ,9 mak+ ,que5s 9 small   
boxes or draw]s1 ! own] w n be tr\bl$ by
 _! sw>m+ ! same season !y are made4    
,!re are s few bees 9 ! draw]1 !y are   
unable to gu>d ! nymph ,que5s1 if !re   
are any1 f be+ de/roy$ by ! olde/1 or ! 
"o :i* escapes f h] cell fir/4  ,9      
exam9+ ! draw]1 9 :i* ,i rais$ an extra 
,que51 ,i f\nd n only ! ,que51 b two    

royal cells1 "o ( :i* 0 9 p]fect %ape2 !
 o!r 0 mutilat$1 probably by ! ,que5 :i*
 came out fir/4 ,n[ :5 !re are s few    
bees to gu>d ! nymphs1 x w\ld n be v    
difficult = ! olde/ ,que5 to ga9 access 
to ! cells1 & de/roy all ! m9or ,que5s 9
 ! draw]4  ,:5 a draw] is remov$ to an  
empty hive1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ an     
extra ,que51 x %\ld be plac$ "s di/ance 
f ! api>y1 ! bett] to prev5t its be+    
robb$ by o!r sw>ms4 ,:5 x is "s di/ance 
f o!r colonies1 !y are n s likely to    
le>n its comp>ative /r5g?4 ,!re is b    
little dang] h[ev]1 ( its be+ robb$1    
until aft] ! bees are out ( dang] ( los+
 _! ,que51 :i* g5]ally occurs 9 ! sw>m+ 
season4  ,! ,que5 is sometimes lo/1 9   
consequ5ce ( ! "y brood be+ too f>      
advanc$ at ! "t ( ! dep>ture ( ! old    
,que5 ) h] sw>m4 ,if ! grubs _h advanc$ 
v ne> ! dormant or *rysalis /ate1 be=e !
 bees le>nt _! necessity = a ,que51 & ! 
old ,que5 neglect$ to leave eggs1 :i* is
 sometimes ! case1 !n x w\ld be         
impossible = ! bees to *ange _! nature1 

& ! colony w\ld be lo/1 unless suppli$ )
 ano!r4     ,,rule ,,viii4  ,,on        
,,supply+ ,,sw>ms1 ,,de/itute ,,( ,a    
,,que51 ,,) ,,ano!r4   ,take ! draw] f !
 hive1 :i* 0 plac$ !re accord+ to ,rule 
#g1 & ins]t ! same into ! *amb] ( ! hive
 to be suppli$2 obs]v+ ,rule #f 9 ! use 
( ! slides4  ,,rem>ks4  ,colonies       
de/itute ( a ,que5 may be suppli$ )     
ano!r ! mom5t x is f\nd !y h none2 :i*  
is kn[n only by _! actions4  ,bees1 :5  
depriv$ ( _! female sov]eign1 cease _!  
labors2 no poll5 or beebread is se5 on  
_! legs2 no ambition seems to actuate _!
 movem5ts2 no dead bees are drawn out2  
no de=m$ bees1 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( _!     
m9ority1 are extract$1 & dragg$ out ( _!
 cells1 & dropp$ d[n ab\t ! hive1 z is  
usual among all heal?y & prosp]\s       
colonies4  ,colonies t h lo/ _! ,que51  
:5 /&+ on ! b5* by ! side ( o!r sw>ms1 w
 run into ! adjo9+ hive )\t ! lea/      
resi/ance4 ,!y w comm5ce _! emigration  
by runn+ 9 confus$ platoons ( hundr$s1 f
 _! habitation to ! next adjo9+ hive4   

,!y imm$iately :eel ab\t & run home     
aga91 & ?us cont9ue1 sometimes = sev]al 
days1 9 ! greate/ confusion1 con/antly  
repl5i%+ _! neighbor's hive1 by enl>g+  
h] colony1 &1 at ! same "t1 r$uc+ _!    
own1 until !re is n a s+le occupant     
left2 & rem>kable z x is1 !y leave e    
p>ticle ( _! /ores = _! own] or !       
depr$ations ( ! mo?4  ,colonies lose _! 
,que5s m frequ5tly dur+ ! sw>m+ season  
?an any o!r4  ,9 ! summ] ( #ahcj1 ,i lo/
 ?ree good /ocks ( bees 9 consequ5ce (  
_! los+ _! ,que5s1 "o ( :i* 0 lo/ soon  
aft] ! fir/ sw>m+--! two o!rs n _m days 
aft] ! second sw>m+--all ( :i* manife/$ 
simil> actions1 & end$ 9 ! same results1
 :i* w be m p>ticul>ly expla9$ 9 rem>ks 
on ,rule #aj4  ,! ,que5 is sometimes    
lo/1 :5 %e goes =? ) a sw>m1 9          
consequ5ce ( be+ too feeble to fly ) h] 
"y colony2 9 :i* case ! bees return to  
_! p>5t /ock 9 a few m9utes4 ,9 fact all
 occurr5ces ( ?is k9d orig9ate 9 !      
inability ( ! ,que54 ,if %e returns to !
 old /ock1 ! sw>m w come out aga9 ! next

 day1 if ! wea!r is favorable4 ,if !    
,que5 is too feeble to return1 & !      
api>ian neglects to look h] up1 & re/ore
 h] to h] colony aga91 7:i* he ought to 
d17 ! bees w n sw>m aga9 until !y h made
 ano!r1 or are suppli$1 :i* may be done 
imm$iately by giv+ !m any sp>e ,que51 ,i
 h done x ) entire success1 & nev] fail$
 9 ! exp]im5t4  ,! ,que51 :5 lo/ 9      
sw>m+1 is easily f\nd1 unless ! w9d is s
 /rong z to h bl[n h] a consid]able     
di/ance4 ,a few bees are always f\nd )  
h]1 :i* probably s]ve z h] aids1 &      
greatly assi/ ! api>ian 9 spy+ h] out4  
,%e is frequ5tly f\nd ne> ! gr\nd1 on a 
spire ( grass1 ! f5ce1 or any place mo/ 
conv5i5t = h] to alight1 :5 h] /r5g?    
fails h]4 ,i once _h q a se>* = h]      
maje/y1 )\t mu* app>5t success4 ,at !   
same "t !re 7 fly+ ab\t me a doz5 or m  
common work]s4 ,at la/ h] royal highness
 0 discov]$1 conceal$ f my obs]vation 9 
a fold ( my %irt sleeve4 ,i !n return$  
h] to h] colony1 :i* _h already f\nd _! 
way home to ! p>5t /ock4  ,! ,que5 may  

be tak5 9 ! h& )\t dang]1 = %e nev] /+s 
by design1 except :5 conflict+ ) ano!r  
,que52 & yet %e has a /+] at lea/ "o    
?ird long]1 b m feeble ?an a work]4  ,! 
,que5 is kn[n by h] peculi> %ape1 size1 
& movem5ts4 ,%e diff]s b little 9 color 
f a work]1 & has ! same numb] ( legs &  
w+s4 ,%e is mu* l>g] ?an any ( ! bees4  
,h] abdom5 is v l>ge & p]fectly r\nd1 & 
is %ap$ m l ! sug>-loaf1 :i* makes h]   
kn[n to ! obs]v] ! mom5t %e is se54 ,h] 
w+s & proboscis are %ort4 ,h] movem5ts  
are /ately & maje/ic4 ,%e is mu* less 9 
size aft] ! season = bre$+ is ov]4 ,%e  
is easily select$ f among a sw>m1 at any
 season ( ! ye>1 by any "o :o has (t5   
se5 h]4     ,,rule ,,ix4  ,,on          
,,multiply+ ,,colonies ,,to ,,any       
,,desirable ,,ext5t1 ,,)\t ,,_! ,,sw>m+4
   ,?is l>ge draw]1 ,no4 #a1 %\ld always
 be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,ins]t slides1 z 
9 ,rule #f1 & remove ! draw] conta9+    
bees & brood-comb2 place ! same 9 !     
*amb] ( an empty hive2 /op ! entrances (
 bo? ! new & old hives1 tak+ c>e to give

 !m air1 z 9 ,rule #d4 ,give clean wat] 
daily1 ?ree or f\r days4 ,n[ let ! bees1
 9 bo? hives1 h _! lib]ty4  ,,rem>ks4   
,?is op]ation is bo? practicable & easy1
 & is ( prime importance to all         
cultivators1 :o wi% to avoid ! necessity
 ( hiv+ !m :5 !y sw>m2 & yet x w n      
prev5t sw>m+1 except 9 t "p ( ! divid$  
colony :i* conta9s ! ,que5 at ! "t ( _! 
sep>ation4 ,! o!r "p be+ compell$ to    
make ano!r ,que51 7& !y g5]ally make two
 or m7 w be likely to sw>m to avoid _!  
battle1 z expla9$ 9 rem>ks on ,rule #b4 
,! hive conta9+ ! old ,que5 may sw>m =  
want ( room2 b1 at any rate1 9 p]=m+ !  
op]ation1 x has sav$ ! tr\ble ( hiv+ "o 
sw>m1 & prev5t$ all dang] ( _! flight to
 ! woods4  ,multiply+ colonies by ?is   
rule is a p]fectly safe me?od ( manag+  
!m1 admitt+ !y are n all[$ to sw>m      
!mselves s l[ z to leave unoccupi$      
combs1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 rem>ks on     
,rule #aj4     ,,rule ,x4  ,,on         
,,prev5t+ ,,! ,,depr$ations ,,( ,,!     
,,mo?4   ,all su* /ocks z are infe/$ ) !

 mo?1 w manife/ x z soon z w>m wea!r    
comm5ces 9 ! spr+1 by dropp+ "s ( !     
worms ^u ! bottom bo>d4 ,let ! api>ian  
clean (f ! bottom bo>d e o!r morn+2 at !
 same "t /rew on a spoonful or two (    
fre%1 pulv]iz$ salt4  ,imm$iately aft] a
 second sw>m has come =? f a hive1 !    
same season1 ! old /ock %\ld be exam9$2 
& if sw>m+ has r$uc$ _! numb]s s l[ z to
 leave unoccupi$ combs1 ! api>ian %\ld  
take ! ,que5 f ! sw>m1 & let !m return  
to ! old /ock4 ,9 case !y rema9 9 a     
clu/]1 hive !m 9 a draw]1 & return !m   
imm$iately4  ,?ird & f\r? sw>ms %\ld    
always h _! ,que5s tak5 f !m & ! bees   
return$ to ! p>5t /ock4  ,,rem>ks4  ,?is
 insect 7! mo?7 is a native ( ,europe2 b
 has f\nd its way into ?is c\ntry1 &    
naturaliz$ itself "h4--,,?at*]4  ,?is   
unwelcome visitor has int]e/$ ! att5tion
 & call$ =? all ! en]gies ( ! mo/       
exp]i5c$ api>ians ( our c\ntry1 & ( _m (
 ! greate/ naturali/s 9 ! _w4 ,_!       
movem5ts h be5 obs]v$ & scrut9iz$ by !  
mo/ le>n$--_! nature has be5 /udi$2     

v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ to prev5t _! 
depr$ations2 b aft] all1 ! mon/] 9 gaudy
 hue m>*es onw>d1 committ+ ! greate/    
havoc & deva/ation1 ) b little          
mole/ation4 ,i h lo/ my :ole /ock at    
lea/ f\r times s9ce #ahjh1 z ,i suppos$ 
by ! mo?4 ,i tri$ all ! exp]im5ts       
recomm5d$ 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 t came  
to my k2 b aft] all1 ,i c\ld n prev5t _!
 ravages4  ,9 #ahcj1 ,i con/ruct$ a hive
 7:i* has s9ce be5 pat5t$7 :i* ,i       
suppos$ w\ld af=d all ! facilities =    
manag+ bees 9 e mann] t _! nature w\ld  
admit (1 & at ! same "t r5d] _!         
cultivation mo/ pr(itable to _! own]4   
,by con/ruct+ w9d[s ( glass1 on e side (
 ! hive1 ne>ly ! size ( its sides1 &    
d>k5+ !m by clos+ doors on ! outside ( !
 w9d[s1 :i* may be op5$ at pleasure1 ,i 
h be5 able to discov] _m important      
facts1 bo? 9 relation to ! nature &     
economy ( ! bee1 & its enemy ! mo?2 b1  
probably1 mu* yet rema9s to be le>n$    
conc]n+ bo?4  ,! mo?1 :5 fir/ discov]$  
by ! common obs]v]1 is a :ite worm or   

maggot1 ) a r$di% cru/$ head1 & v>ies 9 
size accord+ to its liv+4 ,^? :i* h full
 & unmole/$ access to ! cont5ts ( a     
hive1 w frequ5tly gr[ z l>ge z a        
turkey-quill1 & an in* & a half 9 l5g?4 
,o!rs are sc>cely an in* 9 l5g? :5 full 
gr[n4 ,!y h sixte5 %ort legs1 & tap] ea*
 way f ! c5tre ( _! bodies to _! head & 
ext]ior or abdom54  ,! worms1 l !       
silk-worm1 w9d !mselves into a cocoon1 &
 pass ! dormant 7*rysalis7 /ate ( _!    
exi/5ce1 & 9 a few days come out ( _!   
silk5 cases p]fect w+$ insects or       
mill]s1 & are soon ready to deposit _!  
eggs1 f :i* ano!r crop w be rais$4  ,!  
mill]1 or p]fect mo?1 is ( a grayi%     
color1 f ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to an in* 9
 l5g?4 ,!y usually lie p]fectly /ill 9 !
 day "t1 ) _! head d[nw>ds1 lurk+ 9 &   
ab\t ! api>y4 ,!y ent] ! hive 9 ! night1
 & deposit _! eggs 9 su* places z are   
uncov]$1 ( c\rse ungu>d$ by ! bees4 ,^! 
eggs hat* 9 a %ort "t1 v>y+ accord+ to  
circum/ances1 probably f two or ?ree    
days to f\r or five mon?s4 ,at an e>ly  

/age ( _! exi/5ce1 :ile yet a small     
worm1 !y sp9 a web1 & con/ruct a silk5  
%r\d1 or =tress1 9 :i* !y envelope      
!mselves1 & =m a sort ( pa?1 or gall]y1 
z !y pass onw>d 9 _! m>*2 at ! same "t  
be+ p]fectly secure f ! bees1 9 _! silk5
 case1 :i* !y wid5 z !y gr[ l>g]1 ) an  
op5+ 9 _! front only1 ne> _! head1 !y   
commit ! greate/ havoc & deva/ation on !
 eggs1 "y bees & all1 t come 9 _! way z 
!y pass4  ,:5 ! mo? has arriv$ to 8 full
 /ate ( maturity1 he makes prep>ation to
 *ange to a mill]1 by w9d+ into a       
cocoon1 z has be5 already expla9$4 ,!   
mill] is surpris+ly quick 9 all its     
movem5ts1 exce$+ by f> ! agility ( !    
quicke/ bee1 ei!r 9 flight or on its    
legs4 ,h5ce ! enemy becomes s =midable t
 ! bees are easily ov]come & soon fall a
 sure prey to him4  ,n[1 9 ord] to rem$y
 ! evils ( ! mo?s1 & prev5t _! ravages1 
& at ! same "t aid ! bees 9 _!          
prosp]ity1 & make !m pr(itable to _!    
own]1 ,i f\nd x necess>y to use a hive  
diff]+ mat]ially f ! old box1 & comm5c$ 

op]ations 9 ! "o already ref]r$ to1     
7call$ ! ,v]mont hive17 9 a c\rse (     
exp]im5ts :i* h produc$ results p]fectly
 satisfactory4 ,f six ye>s exp]i5ce 9   
its use1 ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt t bees may  
be manag$ to ! be/ advantage1 & )\t ev] 
be+ mat]ially injur$ by ! mo?s4  ,a     
bee-hive %\ld be made 9 a p]fect        
workmanlike mann]1 s z to h no op5      
jo9ts2 ! bo>ds %\ld be free f %akes &   
cracks1 because ! bees w make _! t5em5t 
p]fectly tight1 s z to exclude light &  
air1 by pla/]+ up all su* places z are  
left op5 by ! workman1 ) a k9d ( mort>1 
or glue1 ( _! own make1 :i* is nei!r    
honey nor wax1 b is v cong5ial to ! gr[?
 ( worms 9 ! fir/ /ages ( _! l>va /ate1 
& be+ secur$ f ! bees by ! timb]1 9 a   
%ort "t !y are able to def5d !mselves by
 a silk5 %r\d4  ,n[ ! mill] ent]s ! hive
 & makes an incision into ! bee-glue1 or
 cem5t1 ) h] /+1 & leaves h] eggs4 ,^!  
eggs hat* !re1 & ! brood subsi/ on !    
glue until !y h arriv$ s f> t[>d        
maturity z to enable !m to encase       

!mselves 9 a silk5 %r\d2 & !n !y move   
onw>d4  ,n[ unless ! bees *ance to cat* 
him by ! coll>1 or nape ( 8 neck1 :ile  
fe$+1 & drag him out ( 8 place (        
concealm5t1 !y w be compell$ to cut away
 ! combs all ar\nd 8 silk5 pa?1 or      
gall]y1 & drag out ! worm & 8 =tress all
 toge!r4 ,at ! same "t1 ! bees are      
compell$ to cut away ! combs s f> z to  
de/roy _m ( _! "y brood 9 mak+ room to  
remove ! annoyance4 ,i h kn[n !m to cut 
away _! combs f f\r to eight or t5 in*es
 to re move ?is silk5 %r\d1 & h kn[n !m 
to cut & drag out _! only rema9+ ,que5  
be=e %e 0 trans=m$ to ! p]fect fly1 :i* 
occasion$ ! entire loss ( ! :ole colony4
  ,repeat$ exp]im5ts h demon/rat$ !     
fact1 t plac+ bees on ! gr\nd1 or high 9
 ! air1 is no security aga9/ ! mo?s4 ,i 
h lo/ "s ( my be/ /ocks by plac+ !m on !
 gr\nd1 :5 ^? on ! b5* 7 n injur$ by !m4
 ,i h made a groove 9 ! bottom bo>d1 mu*
 wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds to !     
hive1 & fill$ ! same ) loam3 ,i !n plac$
 ! hive on ! same1 9 su* a mann] z to   

prev5t any crack or vacancy = ! worms2 &
 yet 9 rais+ ! hive f\r weeks aft]w>ds1 
,i f\nd !m app>5tly full gr[n all ar\nd 
! hive 9 ! dirt4 ,i h f\nd !m v pl5ty 9 
a tree n9ety feet f ! gr\nd4  ,! be/    
me?od1 9 common practice1 to prev5t !   
depr$ations ( ! mo?1 is1 to susp5d !    
bottom bo>d s f> bel[ ! l[] edge ( !    
hive z to give ! bees free entrance &   
egress all ar\nd ! same dur+ ! mo?      
season1 or to raise ! common hive1 by   
plac+ "u x little blocks at ea* corn]1  
:i* produces ne>ly ! same effect4 ,b ,i 
"k ( b "o rule1 :i* is an infallible "o1
 to prev5t _! depr$ations1 & t is ?is3  
keep ! combs well gu>d$ by bees4 ,see   
,rule #aj4  ,l>ge hives1 t nev] sw>m1   
are nev] de/roy$ by ! mo?1 unless !y    
lose _! ,que51 melt d[n1 or meet ) "s   
casualty1 out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( manag+ 
!m4 ,!y are n (t5 9 ! lea/ annoy$ by !m1
 unless !re are bad jo9ts1 cracks1 or   
%akes1 s z to af=d "s lurk+ places = !  
worms4 ,! reason = _! prosp]\s condition
 is obvi\s4 ,! /ock ( bees are s num]\s 

t _! combs are all kept well gu>d$ dur+ 
! mo? season1 s t no mill] c ent] &     
deposit h] eggs4  ,hives made s small z 
to sw>m1 are liable to r$uce _! colonies
 s small z to leave combs ungu>d$1      
especially :5 !y sw>m ?ree or f\r times 
! same season4 ,all sw>ms1 aft] ! fir/1 
sally =? to avoid ! battle ( ! ,que5s2  
con/antly mak+ a great] draft1 9        
proportion to ! numb] left1 until !     
combs are p>tly expos$1 :i* gives !     
mill] free access to _! edges4--,! se$s 
( rap9e & plund] are ?us quickly s[n1 & 
soon vegetate1 & =tify !mselves by _!   
silk5 =tress1 be=e ! bees are aw>e t _! 
fronti]s are invad$4 ,:ile ! mo?s are   
?us engag$ 9 e/abli%+ _! po/s on !      
fronti]s ( ! bees1 ! latt] are con/antly
 & indefatigably engag$ 9 provid+       
!mselves ) ano!r ,que51 to supply !     
place ( ! old "o1 :i* has dep>t$ ) a    
sw>m1 & rais+ "y bees to repl5i% _!     
r$uc$ colony4 ,n[ z ! mo?s h got        
possession ( ! gr\nd on _! fronti]s1 x  
requires a trem5d\s ef=t on ! "p ( !    

bees to save _! little colony f a       
complete ov]?r[4  ,if late1 or second & 
?ird sw>ms are always return$           
imm$iately1 accord+ to ! rule1 ! combs  
are kept s gu>d$ t ! mo?s are compell$  
to keep _! di/ance1 or be /ung to dea?  
be=e !y c accompli% _! purposes4  ,hives
 made s l>ge z n to sw>m may lose _!    
,que51 & !n !y w ab&on _! habitation &  
emigrate into ! adjo9+ hive1 leav+ all  
_! /ores to _! own]1 :i*1 unless        
imm$iately tak5 c>e (1 ! mo?s w n fail  
to de/roy4  ,! mo?s are (t5 compla9$ (  
:5 !y are n guilty4 ,hives are frequ5tly
 ab&on$ by _! occupants1 9 consequ5ce ( 
! loss ( _! ,que51 unnotic$ by any      
obs]v]1 & be=e any ?+ is kn[n ( _! fate1
 ! hive is de/itute ( bees1 & fill$ )   
mo?s4  ,9 ! summ] ( #ahcd1 "o ( my      
neighbors _h a v l>ge hive t nev] sw>m$1
 :i* lo/ _! ,que52 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few  
days ! bees entirely vacat$ _! t5em5t1 &
 emigrat$ into an adjo9+ hive1 leav+ !  
:ole ( _! /ores1 :i* am\nt$ to #bae lbs4
 ( honey 9 ! comb4  ,no "y bees or mo?s 

7 discov]$ 9 ! hive4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d
 frequ5tly occur1 & ! true cause is     
unkn[n1 f inatt5tion4  ,! ,que5 may be  
sup]annuat$1 or may become diseas$ 9 !  
bre$+ season1 s z to r5d] h] unfruitful2
 or %e may die ( old age4 ,9 ei!r case1 
! colony w be lo/1 unless suppli$ )     
ano!r ,que51 z expla9$ 9 rem>ks on ,rule
 #h2 = :5 ! ,que5 becomes unfruitful by 
ei!r ( ! =ego+ causes1 ! bees are n     
appriz$ ( ! loss :i* w 9 future be      
su/a9$ by !m1 until aft] ! means (      
repair+ ! same are gone beyond _! rea*4 
,all ! grubs may h pass$ ! v>i\s /ages (
 _! trans=mation1 or at lea/ advanc$ s  
f> t[>ds ! p]fect insect1 t _! nature _c
 be *ang$ to a ,que54  ,! ,que5 is mu* m
 t5aci\s ( life ?an any o!r bee1 & may  
live to a great age4 ,b "o ,que5 exi/s 9
 ! same hive any great l5g? ( "t4 ,:5   
!re are m ?an "o1 ! peculi> s\nd ( ea*1 
z expla9$ 9 rem>ks on ,rule #b1 is he>d 
by ! o!r1 :i* always results 9 a battle 
betwe5 !m1 or ! issue ( a sw>m 9 ! c\rse
 ( a day or two4  ,bees1 :5 plac$ 9 a   

d>k room 9 ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 or "s    
out-h\se1 are easily cultivat$ a %ort "t
 ) little tr\ble1 & are sometimes made  
pr(itable to _! own]2 b z !y are liable 
to "s ( ! same casualties z ^? kept 9   
sw>m+ hives1 !y _c be z pr(itable4      
,l>ge colonies nev] increase _! /ock 9  
proportion to ! sw>m+ colonies4 ,!re is 
b "o female 9 a l>ge colony1 & !y c d b 
little m 9 rais+ "y bees ?an to keep _! 
/ock good by repl5i%+ !m z fa/ z !y die 
(f or are de/roy$ by ! birds1 reptiles &
 insects1 :i* are great admir]s ( !m1 & 
sometimes swall[ !m by doz5s4 ,n[ if x  
requires five sw>m+ colonies to be equal
 9 numb] to ! "o fir/ describ$1 x is n  
difficult to imag9e t five times z _m   
bees may be rais$ by ! sw>m+ colonies3 =
 "o ,que5 w probably lay z _m eggs z    
ano!r4  ,! sw>m+ hives are no m liable  
to be de/roy$ by ! mo? dur+ ! sw>m+     
season1 ?an o!rs1 if ! hives are kept   
well repl5i%$ ) bees accord+ to ,rule   
#aj4     ,,rule ,,xi4  ,,on ,,fe$+      
,,bees4   ,if x is f\nd t a sw>m ne$    

fe$+1 hit* on ! fe$]1 well /or$ ) good  
honey1 :ile ! wea!r is w>m 9 ,octob]4   
,! api>ian %\ld use ! same precaution 9 
fe$+1 z direct$ 9 ,rule #d1 to prev5t   
robb]ies4  ,,rem>ks4  ,! be/ "t to fe$  
is 9 ! fall1 be=e cold wea!r comm5ces4  
,all hives %\ld be weigh$1 & ! weight   
m>k$ on ! hive be=e bees are hiv$ 9 !m4 
,!n1 by weigh+ a /ock z soon z fro/ has 
kill$ ! blossoms 9 ! fall1 ! api>ian w  
be able to =m a j e/imate ( _!          
necessities4  ,:5 bees are f$ 9 ! fall1 
!y w c>ry up & deposit _! food 9 su* a  
mann] z w be conv5i5t = !m 9 ! w9t]4 ,if
 fe$+ is neglect$ until cold wea!r !    
bees mu/ be remov$ to a w>m room1 or dry
 cell>1 & !n !y w c>ry up _! food1      
g5]ally1 no fa/] ?an !y consume x4  ,a  
fe$] %\ld be made l a box ) five sides  
clos$1 leav+ a "p ( ! six? side op51 to 
admit ! bees f _! common entrance ) its 
floor level1 :5 hit*$ on ! front ( !    
hive4 ,x %\ld be ( suffici5t dep? to lay
 9 broad comb1 fill$ ) honey4 ,if /ra9$ 
honey )\t combs is us$ = fe$+1 a float1 

p]=at$ ) _m holes1 %\ld be laid ov] !   
:ole ( ! honey 9 ! box1 or fe$]1 s z to 
prev5t any ( ! bees f dr[n+2 & at ! same
 "t1 ?is float %\ld be s ?9 z to enable 
!m to rea* ! honey4 ,x %\ld be made s   
small t x w settle d[n z fa/ z ! honey  
is remov$ by ! bees4 ,z soon z w>m wea!r
 comm5ces 9 ! spr+1 ! fe$] may be us$4  
,small draw]s _c be dep5d$ on z fe$]s1  
except 9 ! spr+ & summ]1 unless !y are  
kept s w>m t ! vapor ( ! bees w n freeze
 9 !m4 ,x w\ld be extremely haz>d\s = ! 
bees to ent] a fro/y draw]4 ,!y w soon] 
/>ve ?an attempt ! exp]im5t4 ,draw]s may
 be us$ )\t dang] f robb]s1 b :5 ! fe$] 
is us$1 robb]s mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ z     
direct$ 9 ,rule #d4  ,c>e %\ld be       
ex]cis$1 9 fall-fe$+1 to supply !m )    
good honey1 o!rwise ! colony may be lo/ 
be=e spr+ by disease4 ,poor honey may be
 giv5 !m 9 ! spr+1 at ! "t :5 !y c obta9
 & provide !mselves ) m$ic9e1 :i* !y    
only be/ und]/&4  ,sug> dissolv$1 or    
molasses1 may be us$ 9 ! spr+ to "s     
advantage1 b ought n to be sub/itut$ =  

honey1 :5 x c be obta9$4  ,bees         
sometimes die ( />vation1 ) pl5ty (     
honey 9 ! hive at ! same "t4 ,9 cold    
wea!r !y cr[d toge!r 9 a small compass 9
 ord] to keep w>m2 & !n _! brea? & vapor
 collect 9 fro/1 9 all p>ts ( ! hive1   
except 9 ! region !y occupy4 ,n[1 unless
 ! wea!r mod]ates1 s z to ?aw ! ice1 !  
bees w be compell$ to rema9 :]e !y are  
locat$ until _! /ores are all consum$ t 
are )9 _! rea*4 ,"o w9t] we _h cold     
wea!r n9ety-f\r days 9 succession1 dur+ 
:i* "t ! bees c\ld n move f "o "p ( !   
hive to ano!r4 ,i exam9$ all my hives on
 ! eighty-?ird day1 & on ! n9etie? day  
,i f\nd f\r sw>ms dead4 ,i imm$iately   
exam9$ = ! cause1 :i* 0 z already /at$4 
,i !n c>ri$ all my hives into a w>m room
 & ?aw$ !m1 s t ! bees c\ld move4 ,"s   
hives t ,i suppos$ 7 dead1 reviv$2 "s   
few sw>ms ,i f\nd ne>ly de/itute (      
/ores1 :i* ,i c>ri$ into ! cell>1 turn$ 
!m bottom up1 cut out a few ( ! combs1 s
 z to make room to lay 9 combs fill$ )  
honey1 :i* s]v$ z good fe$]s4     ,,rule

 ,,xii4  ,,on ,,w9t]+ ,,bees4   ,on !   
ne> approa* ( w9t]1 z soon z ! bees h   
rec$$ f ! draw]s & gone bel[1 ins]t a   
slide1 take out ! draw]s1 & supply _!   
places ) empty ones1 bottom up4 ,susp5d 
! bottom bo>d at lea/ "o eigh? ( an in* 
bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! hive1 & op5 !       
v5tilator4--,clean (f ! bottom bo>d z   
(t5 z ! wea!r *anges f cold to w>m4     
,close no doors ^u !m1 unless !y are    
kept 9 a spaci\s room1 & 9 su* a place t
 ! brea? & /eam ( ! bees w n freeze4    
,,rem>ks4  ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 practis$ 
by diff]5t individuals4 ,"s h buri$ !m 9
 ! gr\nd1 o!rs kept !m 9 ! cell>1 *amb]1
 c4 ,"o c\rse only w be obs]v$ 9 ?is    
place4     ,,rule ,,xiii4  ,,on         
,,transf]r+ ,,sw>ms4   ,?is op]ation    
%\ld nev] be effect$ by compulsion4     
,,fir/ ,,me?od4 ,ins]t draw] ,no4 #a    
into ! *amb] ( ! hive1 to be transf]r$ z
 e>ly z ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,if ! bees fill !
 draw]1 !y w rec$e f ! l[] ap>tm5t &    
w9t] 9 ! draw]4 ,z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z !    
bees c>ry 9 bread pl5tifully on _! legs1

 remove ! draw]1 :i* w conta9 ! pr9cipal
 "p ( ! bees1 to an empty hive4 ,n[     
remove ! old hive a few feet 9 front1 & 
place ! new "o conta9+ ! draw] :]e ! old
 "o /ood4 ,n[ turn ! old hive bottom up4
 ,if !re are any bees left 9 ! old hive1
 !y w soon return & take possession ( _!
 new habitation4  ,,second ,,me?od4     
,take draw] ,no4 #a1 well fill$ by any  
hive ! same season1 ins]t ! same into ! 
*amb] ( ! hive1 to be transf]r$ 9       
,septemb]1 7,augu/ w\ld be bett]47 ,if !
 bees ne$ transf]r+1 !y w repair to !   
draw] & make ! same _! w9t] qu>t]s4 ,!n 
proce$ 9 ! spr+ z direct$ 9 ! fir/      
me?od4  ,,rem>ks4  ,?is managem5t %\ld  
excite a deep int]e/ 9 e cultivator1 bo?
 9 a temporal & moral po9t ( view4      
,temporal1 because ! lives ( all ! bees 
are pres]v$2 moral1 because we are      
acc\ntable to ,god = all our acts4 ,we  
are n to be ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ! lives (    
animals or insects1 :i* are b l5t       
bless+s1 unless "s b5efit to ! own] c be
 d]iv$ f _! dea?1 :i* w outweigh ! evils

 result+ f su* a sacrifice4 ,duty       
compels me to prote/ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms & 
feel+s1 aga9/ ! inhuman practice ( tak+ 
! lives ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s & com=t+      
insects to ! wants ( ! human family by  
fire & brim/one4  ,:5 bees h occupi$ "o 
t5em5t = sev]al ye>s1 ! combs become    
?ick & fil?y1 by be+ fill$ up ) old     
bread & cocoons1 made by ! "y bees :5   
trans=m$ f a l>va to ! p]fect fly4      
,bees always w9d !mselves 9 _! cells1 9 
a silk5 cocoon1 or %r\d1 to pass _!     
torpid & def5celess 7*rysalis7          
/ate4--,^! cocoons are v ?91 & are nev] 
remov$ by ! bees4 ,!y are always clean$ 
imm$iately aft] ! escape ( ! "y bees1 & 
o!rs are rais$ 9 ! same cells4 ,?us a   
numb] ( bees are rais$1 :i* leaves an   
additional cocoon z (t5 z ! trans=mation
 ( "o succe$s t ( ano!r1 :i* (t5 occurs 
9 ! c\rse ( ! season4 ,n[ 9 ! c\rse ( a 
few ye>s ! cells become s contract$1 9  
consequ5ce ( be+ ?us fill$ up1 t ! bees 
come =? b m]e dw>fs & sometimes cease to
 sw>m4 ,combs are r5d]$ useless by be+  

fill$ up ) old bread1 :i* is nev] us$   
except = fe$+ "y bees4 ,a great]        
quantity ( ?is bread is /or$ up ye>ly   
?an is us$ by !m1 & 9 a few ye>s !y h b 
little room to p]=m _! ord9>y           
labors4--,h5ce ! necessity ( transf]r+  
!m1 or ! inhuman s5t5ce ( dea? mu/ be   
pass$ ^u !m1 n by be+ hung by ! neck    
until !y are dead1 b by be+ tortur$ to  
dea? by fire & brim/one4  ,x is obvi\s  
to e cultivator t old /ocks %\ld be     
transf]r$4 ,i h repeat$ly transf]r$ !m 9
 ! mo/ approv$ mann]1 by means ( an     
app>atus con/ruct$ = t purpose2 b !     
op]ation always result$ 9 ! loss ( !    
colony aft]w>ds1 or a sw>m :i* w\ld h   
come f !m4 ,:5 x is necess>y to transf] 
a sw>m1 ins]t draw] ,no4 #a into _!     
*amb] 9 ! spr+1 say ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,if  
!y till ! draw]1 let x rema9 !re2 if !y 
ne$ to be *ang$ to a new hive1 !y w     
rec$e f ! l[] ap>tm5t & make ! draw] _! 
w9t] qu>t]s1 :i* %\ld rema9 until w>m   
wea!r has s f> advanc$ z to af=d !m     
bread4 ,!n !y may be remov$ to an empty 

hive1 z direct$ 9 ! ,rule4 ,n[ ! draw]  
conta9s no bread1 & %\ld rema9 9 ! old  
/ock until ! bees c provide !mselves ) a
 suffici5t quantity ( t article to fe$  
_! "y bees )2 = bread is n collect$ e>ly
 en\gh & 9 suffici5t quantities to fe$  
_! "y z mu* z nature requires4 ,if !    
bees fail 9 fill+ ! draw]1 "o %\ld be   
us$ t is fill$ by ano!r sw>m4           
,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4   ,! read] might 
h expect$ _m ?+s demon/rat$ 9 ?is "w1   
:i* are omitt$ by design4  ,! /ructure (
 ! work] is too well und]/ood by e own] 
( bees to ne$ a p>ticul> description4 ,s
 also ( ! drone2 & ! ,que5 has already  
be5 suffici5tly describ$ to enable any  
"o to select h] out f among h] subjects4
 ,if any fur!r description is desir$1 ! 
obs]v] c easily satisfy himself by ! use
 ( a microscope4--,e sw>m ( bees is     
compos$ ( ?ree classes or sorts1 to wit3
 "o ,que5 or female1 drones or males1 & 
neut]s or work]s4 ,! ,que5 is ! only    
female 9 ! hive1 & lays all ! eggs f :i*
 all ! "y bees are rais$ to repl5i% _!  

colony4 ,%e possesses no au?ority ov]   
!m1 o!r ?an t ( influ5ce1 :i* is d]iv$ f
 ! fact t %e is ! "m ( all ! bees2 & !y1
 be+ end[$ ) k ( ! fact t !y are :olly  
dep5d5t on h] to propagate _! species1  
treat h] ) ! greate/ k9dness1 t5d]ness &
 rev]5ce1 & manife/ at all times ! mo/  
s9c]e atta*m5t to h] by fe$+ & gu>d+ h] 
f all dang]4  ,! gov]nm5t ( a hive is   
ne>] republican ?an any o!r1 because x  
is adm9i/]$ 9 exact accordance ) _!     
nature4 ,x is _! peculi> natural in/9ct1
 :i* prompts !m 9 all _! actions4 ,!    
,que5 has no m to d ) ! gov]nm5t ( !    
hive ?an ! o!r bees1 unless influ5ce may
 be call$ gov]nm5t4 ,if %e f9ds empty   
cells 9 ! hive1 dur+ ! bre$+ season1 %e 
w deposit eggs !re1 because x is h]     
nature to d s2 & ! nature ( ! work]s    
prompts !m s take c>e & nurse all ! "y  
l>vae1 labor & collect food = _!        
su/5ance1 gu>d & protect _! habitations1
 & d & p]=m all ?+s1 9 due ob$i5ce1 n to
 ! comm&s ( ! ,que51 b to _! own peculi>
 in/9ct4  ,! drone is probably ! male   

bee1 not)/&+ ! sexual union has nev] be5
 witness$ by any man2 yet s _m exp]im5ts
 h be5 tri$1 & obs]vations made1 t b    
little d\bt c be ent]ta9$ ( its tru?4 ,t
 ! sexual int]c\rse takes place high 9 !
 air1 is highly probable f ! fact1 t o!r
 insects ( ! fly tribe d copulate 9 !   
air1 :5 on ! w+1 z ,i h repeat$ly se54  
,t ! drone is ! male bee1 is probable f 
! fact t ! drones are n all kill$ at    
once2 b at lea/ "o 9 ea* hive is p]mitt$
 to live sev]al mon?s aft] ! g5]al      
massacre4  ,i exam9$ f\r sw>ms1 ^:      
colonies 7 /rong & num]\s1 ?ree mon?s   
aft] ! g5]al massacre ( ! drones1 & 9   
?ree hives ,i f\nd "o drone ea*2 ! o!r 0
 probably ov]look$1 z ! bees 7 ?r[n into
 ! fire z fa/ z !y 7 exam9$4 ,b !re are 
_m my/]i\s ?+s conc]n+ !m1 & mu* might  
be writt5 to little purpose2 & z x is   
design$ to g no fur!r 9 illu/rations ?an
 is necess>y to aid ! api>ian 9 good    
managem5t1 _m little speculations h be5 
entirely omitt$ 9 ! "w1 & ! read] is    
ref]r$ to ! writ+s ( ,?at*]1 ,bonn]1 &  

,hub]1 :o are ! mo/ volum9\s & ext5sive 
writ]s on bees )9 my k4  ,bees are      
creatures ( habit1 & ! ex]cise ( caution
 9 manag+ !m is requir$4 ,a /ock ( bees 
%\ld be plac$ :]e !y are to /& ?r\gh !  
season be=e !y =m habits ( location1 :i*
 w take place soon aft] !y comm5ce _!   
labors 9 ! spr+4 ,!y le>n _! home by !  
objects surr\nd+ !m 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity
 ( ! hive4 ,mov+ !m1 7unless !y are     
c>ri$ beyond _! k17 is (t5 fatal to !m4 
,! old bees =get _! new location1 & on  
_! return1 :5 collect+ /ores1 !y haze   
ab\t :]e !y =m]ly /ood1 sad p]i%4 ,i h  
kn[n "s f9e /ocks ru9$ by mov+ !m six   
feet & f t to a mile & a half4 ,x is    
bett] to move !m be=e sw>m+ ?an         
aft]w>ds4 ,! old bees only w be lo/4 ,z 
! "y ones are con/antly hat*+1 _! habits
 w be =m$ at ! new /&1 & ! combs w n be 
z likely to become vacat$1 s z to af=d  
opportunity to ! mo?s to occupy any "p (
 _! gr\nd4  ,sw>ms1 :5 fir/ hiv$1 may be
 mov$ at pleasure )\t loss ( bees1      
admitt+ !y are all 9 ! hive2 _! habits w

 be =m$ 9 exact proportion to _!        
labors4--,! fir/ bee t empties 8 sack & 
goes =? 9 se>* ( food1 is ! "o ^: habits
 are fir/ e/abli%$4 ,i h obs]v$ _m bees 
to clu/] ne> ! place :]e ! hive /ood1 b 
a few h\rs aft] hiv+1 & p]i%4 ,n[ if !  
sw>m _h be5 plac$ 9 ! api>y1 imm$iately 
aft] !y 7 hiv$1 ! numb] ( bees f\nd !re 
w\ld h be5 less4  ,bees may be mov$ at  
pleasure at any season ( ! ye>1 if !y   
are c>ri$ sev]al miles1 s z to be beyond
 _! k ( c\ntry4 ,!y may be c>ri$ long   
j\rneys by travell+ nights only1 & af=d+
 !m opportunity to labor & collect food 
9 ! day "t4  ,! importance ( ?is "p (   
bee-managem5t is ! only apology ,i c    
make = dwell+ s long on ?is po9t4 ,i h  
kn[n _m to suff] s]i\s losses 9         
consequ5ce ( mov+ _! bees aft] !y 7 well
 settl$ 9 _! labors4  ,bees %\ld nev] be
 irritat$1 "u any pret5ce :atev]4 ,!y   
%\ld be treat$ ) att5tion & k9dness4 ,!y
 %\ld be kept undi/urb$ by cattle & all 
o!r annoyances1 s t !y may be approa*$  
at any "t ) safety4  ,an api>y %\ld be s

 situat$1 t sw>m+ may be obs]v$1 & at ! 
same "t :]e ! bees c obta9 food easily1 
& 9 ! greate/ abundance4  ,x has be5 a  
g5]al practice to front bee-h\ses ei!r  
to ! ea/ or s\?4 ,?is doctr9e %\ld be   
explod$ ) all o!r :ims4 ,api>ies %\ld be
 s situat$ z to be conv5i5t to _! own]1 
z mu* z any o!r build+s4  ,i h !m front 
t[>ds all ! c>d9al po9ts1 b c di/+ui% no
 diff]5ce 9 _! prosp]ity4  ,"y sw>ms    
%\ld be scatt]$ z mu* z conv5i5t dur+ ! 
summ] season1 at lea/ eight feet ap>t4  
,!y %\ld be set 9 a frame & s cov]$ z to
 exclude ! sun & wea!r f ! hive4  ,x is 
n surpris+ t ?is bran* ( rural economy1 
9 consequ5ce ( ! depr$ations ( ! mo?1 is
 s mu* neglect$4--,not)/&+1 9 "s p>ts ( 
our c\ntry1 ! bus9ess ( manag+ bees has 
be5 entirely ab&on$ = ye>s1 ,i am       
confid5t !y may be cultivat$ 9 su* a    
mann] z to r5d] !m m pr(itable to _!    
own]s1 ?an any bran* ( agriculture1 9   
proportion to ! capital necess>y to be  
inve/$ 9 _! /ock4 ,!y are n taxable     
prop]ty1 nei!r does x require a l>ge l& 

inve/m5t1 nor f5ces2 nei!r does x       
require ! own] to labor ?r\gh ! summ] to
 support !m ?r\gh ! w9t]4--,c>e is1     
inde$1 necess>y1 b a *ild1 or a         
sup]annuat$ p]son c p]=m mo/ ( ! duties 
( an api>ian4 ,! cobwebs mu/ be kept    
away f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! hive1 &   
all o!r annoyances remov$4  ,! managem5t
 ( bees is a delightful employm5t1 & may
 be pursu$ ) ! be/ success 9 cities &   
villages1 z well z t[ns & c\ntry4 ,x is 
a s\rce ( great amusem5t1 z well z com=t
 & pr(it4 ,!y collect honey & bread f   
mo/ k9ds ( =e/ trees1 z well z g>d5     
fl[]s1 or*>ds1 =e/s1 & fields2 all      
contribute to _! wants1 & _! own] is    
gratifi$ ) a ta/e ( ! :ole4 ,sweet      
mignonette _c be too highly             
recomm5d$4--,?is plant is easily        
cultivat$ by drills 9 ! g>d51 & is "o ( 
! f9e/ & ri*e/ fl[]s 9 ! _w f :i* !     
honey-bee c extract its food4  ,!       
,v]mont hive is ! only "o ,i c use to   
mu* advantage or pr(it1 & yet !re are "s
 o!r improvem5ts1 :i* are f> sup]ior to 

! old box4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahcd1 ,i       
receiv$ 9 sw>ms & extra honey f my be/  
/ock1 ?irty doll>s2 & f my poore/1      
fifte5 doll>s4 ,my e>ly sw>ms af=d$     
extra honey :i* 0 sold1 am\nt+ to f five
 to t5 doll>s ea* hive2 & all ray late  
sw>ms :i* 7 d\bl$1 /or$ a suffici5t     
quantity ( food to supply !m ?r\gh !    
foll[+ w9t]4  ,! rules 9 ! =ego+ "w1    
p]haps1 may be deem$1 9 "s in/ances1 too
 p>ticul>2 yet1 9 all cases1 !y w be    
f\nd to be safe & unfail+ 9 _!          
application1 ?\gh liable to exceptions1 
su* z are incid5t to all specific rules4
  ,,supplem5t>y ,,rem>ks4  ,,on ,,rule  
,,fir/4--,! und]side ( ! *amb] floor    
%\ld be plan$ smoo?2 !n scrat*$ ) a %>p 
scrat*1 s z to enable ! bees to hold    
fa/2 o!rwise !y may fall sudd5ly ^u !   
bottom bo>d1 :i* may induce !m to leave 
! hive & flee to ! woods4 ,t ! inside ( 
! hive %\ld be made smoo?1 is evid5t f !
 fact1 t comb adh]es mu* m firmly to a  
smoo? bo>d ?an x doss to ! small fibres 
or spl9t]s :i* are left by ! saw1 & is  

less likely to drop4 ,^! rem>ks 7 omitt$
 9 ! "w by mi/ake4  ,,rule              
,,second--,,on ,,sw>m+ ,,& ,,hiv+1--,!  
,draw]s %\ld be turn$1 s z to let ! bees
 into !m at ! "t ( hiv+2 unless ! sw>m  
is s small t !y c locate 9 a draw]4     
,,rem>ks4--,bees comm5ce mak+ comb1 :]e 
! :ole colony h room to "w4 ,n[ if !    
bees c all get into ! draw]1 !y w beg9  
!re2 ( c\rse !y w raise "y bees &       
deposit bread 9 ! draw]4 ,if ! sw>m is s
 l>ge z to be unable to "w 9 ! draw]1   
!re is no dang] ( lett+ !m 94 ,at ! same
 "t !re may be dang] if !y are prev5t$ f
 ent]+1 because !y sometimes g (f = want
 ( room 9 ! l[] ap>tm5t4 ,i !re=e1      
recomm5d lett+ ! bees into ! draw]s at !
 "t ( hiv+ !m1 9 all cases1 except :5 ! 
sw>ms are small1 !n ! rule %\ld be      
/rictly adh]$ to4 ,not)/&+ ,i h hiv$    
hundr$s ( sw>ms 9 eight ye>s la/ pa/1 & 
h n lo/ a s+le sw>m by flight to !      
woods1 yet ,i frequ5tly he> ( losses (  
?is k9d1 :i* appe>s to r5d] ^! rem>ks   
necess>y4 ,my practice 9 hiv+1 is to get

 ! bees into ! hive z quick z possible1 
hang on ! bottom bo>d1 fa/5 ! same =w>d 
by means ( ! button s z to prev5t !     
escape ( any ( ! bees1 except ?r\gh !   
m\? ( ! hive2 place ! hive imm$iately   
:]e ,i int5d x %all /& ?r\gh ! season4  
,let ! bottom bo>d d[n #c_/h?s ( an in*1
 on ! ?ird day aft] sw>m+4  ,,rem>ks    
,,on ,,rule #aj4--,small sw>ms %\ld h ! 
,que5s tak5 f !m & ! bees return$ to !  
p>5t /ock1 s z to keep ! old hive well  
repl5i%$ ) bees dur+ ! mo? season2      
likewise to avoid ! loss ( ! old /ock by
 freez+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,too mu* sw>m+        
frequ5tly occasions ! loss ( ! old /ock 
! w9t] foll[+1 because _! numb]s are s  
r$uc$ t ! necess>y animal heat _c be    
kept up to prev5t !m f p]i%+ by cold4   
,!re may be m ?an "o que5 9 all sw>ms   
aft] ! fir/#a1 z 9 all cases :5 bees    
make "o que5 !y make a plurality ( !m1 &
 if m ?an "o is hat*$ at ! "t ( sw>m+1 9
 ! confusion :i* takes place 9 ! hive1  
dur+ sw>m+1 all ! que5s :i* are hat*$ w 
sally =? ) ! sw>m2 h5ce1 9 tak+ away    

que5s1 ! bee ma/] %\ld look = !m until !
 bees beg9 to return to ! p>5t /ock4    
,cut (f a limb & %ake ! bees on a table 
to f9d ! que5s4  -----    #a ,l>ge      
colonies sometimes loose _! que5 & h be5
       kn[n to make m1 9 :i* case1 9    
ord] to avoid !       conflict ( !      
que5s1 !y h be5 kn[n to sw>m out        
sev]al bu%els ( ,bees4