file 0 produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,,*apt]s ,,9 ,,rural ,,progress ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,ag5ts ,,! ,,bak] ,,taylor ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,cunn+ham1 ,,curtiss ,,wel* ,,company ,,los ,,angeles ,,! ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,,! ,,m>uz5-,,kabu%iki-,,kai%a ,,tokyo1 ,,osaka1 ,,kyoto1 ,,fukuoka1 ,,s5dai ,,! ,,mission ,,book ,,company ,,%anghai ,,k>l ,w4 ,,hi]semann ,,leipzig ,,*apt]s ,,9 ,,rural ,,progress ,,by ,,k5yon ,l4 ,,butt]field ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s logo ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,,press ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois ,,copyright #aijg ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,publi%$ ,febru>y #aijh ,second ,impression ,june #aiji ,?ird ,impression ,may #aiaa ,f\r? ,impression ,febru>y #aiac ,fif? ,impression ,octob] #aiaf ,compos$ & ,pr9t$ ,by ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r ,,ira ,,h[>d ,,butt]field ,,^: ,,con/ant ,,conc]n ,,= ,,rural ,,welf>e ,,& ,,life-,,long ,,s]vice ,,to ,,rural ,,int]e/s ,,h ,,be5 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,inc5tives ,,to ,,! ,,/udies ,,ly+ ,,beh9d ,,?is ,,book ,,preface ,?is book does n (f] a complete analysis ( ! rural problem2 b attempts1 9 g5]al1 to pres5t "s ( ! m significant phases ( t problem1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 to describe "s ( ! ag5cies at "w 9 solv+ x4 ,sev]al ( ! *apt]s 7 orig9ally magaz9e articles1 &1 ?\gh all h be5 revis$ & 9 "s cases entirely rewritt51 !y h ! limitations ( su* articles4 ,o!r *apt]s consi/ ( m =mal addresses4 ,necess>ily !re w be f\nd "s lack ( uni=mity 9 /yle & 9 me?od ( pres5tation1 & occasional duplication ( argum5t or /atem5t4 ,= p]mission to use articles1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ,i h to ?ank ! editors ( ! ,*autauquan1 ,ar5a1 ,=um1 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,mi*igan ,alumnus1 ,new ,engl& ,f>m]1 ,cornell ,c\ntryman2 also ,pr(essor ,l4 ,r4 ,taft1 sup]9t5d5t ( ,f>m]s' ,in/itutes 9 ,mi*igan1 & ! (fic]s ( ! ,am]ican ,civic ,association4 ,two *apt]s comprise mat]ial h]et(ore unpubli%$4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,! ,/udy ( ,rural ,life #c ,,ii4 ,! ,problems ( ,progress #aa ,,! ,,outlook ,,iii4 ,! ,expansion ( ,f>m ,life #de ,,iv4 ,! ,new ,f>m] #ec ,v4 ,culture f ! ,corn-,lot #ff ,,ag5cies ,,( ,,progress ,,vi4 ,education = ! ,f>m] #gg ,,vii4 ,f>m]s' ,in/itutes #ib ,,viii4 ,! ,hesp]ia ,movem5t #ajd ,,ix4 ,! ,rural ,s*ool & ! ,community #aba ,x4 ,! ,grange #acf ,,xi4 ,opportunities = ,f>m ,wom5 #afb ,,xii4 ,! ,c\ntry ,*ur* & ,progress #agj ,,xiii4 ,a ,summ>y ( ,rec5t ,progress #ahc ,,=w>d ,,/eps ,,xiv4 ,! ,social ,side ( ! ,f>m ,"q #aii ,,xv4 ,! ,ne$s ( ,new ,engl& ,agriculture #bjd ,,xvi4 ,an ,untill$ ,field 9 ,am]ican ,education #baf ,,xvii4 ,f$]ation = ,rural ,progress #bcc ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,rural ,,life ,! ,am]ican f>m problem1 p>ticul>ly its sociological aspect1 has n z yet _h ! att5tion t x des]ves f /ud5ts4 ,mu* less h ! que/ions t conc]n rural social advancem5t f\nd ! popul> m9d2 9 tru?1 ! g5]al city public has n be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! f>m]4 ,b !re seem to be rec5t indications t ! s5tim5t is *ang+4 ,! heat$ discussions 9 ,new ,engl& ab\t ,mr4 ,h>tt's int]e/+ cl9ic ov] a decad5t hill-t[n1 ! sugge/ive fa/-day proclamation ( ,gov]nor ,roll9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire a few ye>s ago1 ! m>vel\s developm5t ( agricultural education1 ! r5ew$ /udy ( ! rural s*ool1 ! widespread & gr[+ delight 9 c\ntry life1 h all ar\s$ an int]e/ 9 & presage a new att5tion to rural conditions4 ,?is is well4 ,! sociologi/ c h>dly af=d to omit ! rural classes f ! scope ( 8 /udy1 especially if he desires to inve/igate ! practical phases ( 8 subject4 ,moreov]1 no "o ) intellig5t notions ( affairs %\ld be ignorant ( ! =ces t control rural life4 ,9 view ( ?is app>5t *ange 9 ! attitude ( p t[>d ! f>m problem1 x may n be idle to sugge/ "s possible errors t %\ld be avoid$ :5 we are ?9k+ ( rural society4 ,! /ud5t w d\btless approa* 8 problem =tifi$ aga9/ misconceptions--he probably has ?\ghtfully e/abli%$ 8 view-po9t4 ,b ! av]age p]son 9 ! city is likely to call up ! image ( 8 ance/ral home ( a g5]ation ago1 if he 7 born 9 ! c\ntry1 or1 if n1 to draw ^u 8 obs]vations made on a summ] vacation or on casual bus9ess trips into ! int]ior4 ,or he takes 8 picture f ,%ore ,acres & ! ,old ,home/ead4 ,9 any case x is n improbable t ! image may be faulty & z a consequ5ce 8 appreciation ( pres5t conditions :olly inadequate4 ,let u consid] "s ( ^! possible s\rces ( misconception4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n fair to comp>e c\ntry life z a :ole ) ! be/ city conditions4 ,?is is (t5 done4 ,! obs]v] usually has education1 culture1 leisure1 ! exp]i5ce ( travel1 m or less weal?2 8 acqua9tance is mo/ly ) p ( l atta9m5ts4 ,:5 he fails to f9d a rural environm5t t corresponds 9 "s degree to 8 own & t ( 8 fri5ds1 he is quick to conclude t ! c\ntry has no?+ to (f] him1 t only ! city m9i/]s to ! high] wants ( man4 ,he =gets t he is "o ( a ?\s& 9 ! city1 & does n repres5t av]age city life4 ,he fails to comp>e ! av]age c\ntry conditions ) ! av]age city conditions1 manife/ly ! only fair basis = comp>ison4 ,or he may err /ill m griev\sly4 ,he may set opposite ea* o!r ! wor/ c\ntry conditions & ! bett] city conditions4 ,he ought 9 all ju/ice to balance c\ntry slum ) city slum2 & c]ta9ly s if he insi/s on try+ to f9d palaces1 great libr>ies1 eloqu5t prea*]s1 !at]s1 & rapid transit 9 ea* rural community4 ,city life goes to extremes2 c\ntry life1 :ile v>i$1 is m ev54 ,9 ! c\ntry !re is little ( l>ge weal?1 luxury1 & ease2 little also ( extreme pov]ty1 reek+ crime1 unutt]able fil?1 moral sewage4 ,f>m]s are ess5tially a middle class & no comp>ison is fair t does n keep ?is fact ev] 9 m9d4 ,we sometimes he> ! expression1 ,c\ntry life is s b>r5--t to me is its mo/ disc\rag+ aspect4 ,mu* c\ntry life is truly b>r52 b mu* m ( x is s only relatively & n ess5tially4 ,we mu/ admit t civilization is at lea/ p>tially v5e]2 poli% does wond]s = ! appe>ance ( folks z well z ( furniture4 ,b :ile ! beauty ( he>t ( oak is enhanc$ by its f9i%1 its utility is n de/roy$ by a failure to poli% x4 ,n[1 mu* ( ! s-call$ b>r5ness ( c\ntry life is ! oak m9us ! poli%4 ,we come to reg>d poli% z ess5tial2 x is l>gely relative4 ,& n only may we apply ! wrong /&>d to ! situation1 b our eyes may deceive u4 ,to ! un9itiat$ a clod ( dry e>? is ! mo/ unpromis+ ( objects--x is c\s9 to ! /one1 & ! type ( b>r5ness4 ,b to ! elect x is pregnant ) ! possibilities ( se$-"t & h>ve/1 ( a full fruitage1 ( abundance & cont5t = man & bea/4 ,& !re is _m a f>m home1 pla9 to an extreme1 devoid ( ! v5e]1 a home t to ! man ( ! t[n seems lack+ 9 all ! ?+s t season life1 b a home :i* virtue1 intellig5ce1 ?rift1 & c\rage trans=m into a g>d5 ( roses & a type ( heav54 ,i d n ju/ify neglect ( ! f9] mat]ial ?+s ( life1 nor plead = drab & homespun z passports to ! c\rts ( excell5ce2 b ,i insi/ t ! pla9ness1 simple liv+1 abs5ce ( luxury1 lack ( poli% t may be met ) 9 ! c\ntry1 d n necess>ily accompany a condition b>r5 ( ! ess5tials ( ! high] life4 ,sometimes rural communities are ridicul$ because ( ! trivial nature ( _! gossip1 int]e/s1 & ambitions4 ,!re may be "s ju/ice 9 ! criticism1 ?\gh ! situation is pa!tic r ?an humor\s4 ,b is ! *>ge :olly j8 ,9 comp>+ c\ntry ) t[n we are comp>+ two environm5ts2 necess>ily1 !re=e1 objects ( gossip1 int]e/s1 & ambitions diff] !re94 ,we expect t4 ,x is no criticism to ass]t t fact4 ,! te/ is n t ( an exi/+ diff]5ce1 b ( an ess5tial quality4 ,is n ,b5 ,bolt's new top buggy z legitimate a topic = discussion z is ,ar?ur ,john ,smy!'s new automobile8 ,does n ! price ( :eat mean z mu* to ! h>d-work+ gr[] z to ! brok] :o may nev] see a gra9 ( x8 ,may n ! grove at ,turtle ,lake yield z ke5 enjoym5t z d ! cont95tal =e/s8 ,is ! ambition to own a f9e f>m m ignoble ?an ! desire to own %>es 9 a copp] m9e8 ,x really does n matt] s mu* :at "o gossips ab\t or :at "o's delights are or :at ! c>v+ ( ! rungs on ambition's ladd]2 ! vital "q is ! effect ( ^! ?+s on "*4 ,d !y /unt or enc\rage ! inn] life8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t c\ntry p d n always accept _! environ+ opportunities = enjoy+ ! high] life ( m9d & he>t4 ,b d !y diff] 9 ?is respect f _! c\s9s ( ! t[n8 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t ?is is a l>ge c\ntry1 & t a /udy ( rural conditions 9 a c]ta9 community1 t[n%ip1 c\nty1 /ate1 or section may n give u ! correct basis ^u :i* to det]m9e ! agricultural /atus ( ! c\ntry4 ,nor mu/ we make ! mi/ake ( confus+ cons]vatism & decad5ce4 ,t ! city w 9 _m p>ticul>s always progress m rapidly ?an ! c\ntry is inevitable4 ,b spe$ is n ! ultimate crit]ion ( a full life4 ,aga9 mu/ we apply ! te/ :e!r ! ga9 is relative or ess5tial4 ,telephones1 free mail deliv]y1 electric c> l9es1 op]as1 great libr>ies1 ca!drals--all come to ! city fir/1 "s ( !m solely to ! city4 ,! c\ntry _c hope to be o!r ?an inh]5tly cons]vative z reg>ds su* in/itutions4 ,b may !re n be f\nd su* adaptations ( or sub/itutes = ^! in/itutions z %all n only pres]ve ! rural community f decad5ce1 b1 inde$1 build x up into /r5g?1 beauty1 & purity8 ,comp>ative lack ( id5tical res\rces ne$ n mean pov]ty ( atta9m5t4 ,let u agree t relatively ! c\ntry w lag beh9d ! t[n4 ,is ! c\ntry cont9ually ga9+ 9 ^? ?+s t are fundam5tally important & t m9i/] to its be/ life8 is ! k]nal "q4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common error 9 /udy+ rural conditions is ! failure to di/+ui% ! vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! urban problem & ! rural problem4 ,sociologically ! city problem is t ( conge/ion2 ! rural problem is t ( isolation4 ,! social conditions ( c\ntry & city are :olly diff]5t4 ,in/itutions t succe$ 9 alleviat+ social disord]s 9 ! t[n may or may n succe$ 9 ! c\ntry--9 any ev5t !y mu/ be adapt$ to c\ntry ne$s4 ,?is applies to organizations1 s*ools1 libr>ies1 social settlem5ts4 ,& ! adaptation mu/ be "o n only ( =m b ( _s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! f>m problem is a peculi> problem1 dem&+ special /udy1 a new po9t ( view1 & sometimes unique in/itutions4 ,^? accu/om$ to l>ge cities make a pretty broad classification ( c\ntry4 ,a t[n ( five ?\s& p is to !m c\ntry4 ,b x is n c\ntry4 ,! problem ( ! village & ! small t[n is n ! rural problem1 take x ! nation ov]4 ,! small] ! t[n1 ! m ne>ly x approa*es to rural conditions1 b its ess5tial problem is n t ( ! f>m4 ,&1 f9ally1 let no "o suppose t philan?ropy is ! *ief m$ic9e = ! social ill-heal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,! intellig5t /ud5t :o possesses ! true _s ( helpfulness may f9d 9 ! rural problem ample scope = bo? 8 bra9 & 8 he>t4 ,b he w make a fundam5tal & irrep>able error if he />ts out ) ! notion t pity1 *>ity1 & direct gifts w w9 ! day4 ,y may flatt] ! ,am]ican f>m]2 y _c patronize him4 ,he dem&s & ne$s1 n philan?ropy1 b simple ju/ice1 equal opportunity1 & bett] facilities = education4 ,he is nei!r slave nor paup]4 ,to conclude3 ,!re is a f>m problem1 & x is wor? solv+4 ,b x diff]s f ! city problem4 ,& if1 z is to be hop$1 ! rec5tly r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ?is "q is to be p]man5t1 we tru/ t ^? :o desire to make x a special /udy1 z well z ^? ^: int]e/ 9 x is g5]al & widely human1 may f ! />t avoid ! errors t are likely to obscure rural conditions :5 view$ ?r\gh city eyes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,progress#a ,x is impossible to acquire a ke5 & p]man5t int]e/ 9 ! rural problem unless "o fir/ ( all is cognizant ( its significance4 ,& lack ( k at ?is po9t may 9 "p acc\nt = ! fact already allud$ to t 9 ,am]ica ! f>m problem has n be5 adequately /udi$4 ,s /up5d\s has be5 ! developm5t ( our manufactur+ indu/ries1 s m>vel\s ! gr[? ( our urban population1 s press+ ! que/ions rais$ by mod]n city life1 t ! social & economic int]e/s ( ! ,am]ican f>m] h1 z a rule1 receiv$ m9or consid]ation4 ,we are impress$ ) ! rise ( cities l ,*icago1 =gett+ = ! mom5t t half ( ! ,am]ican p /ill live "u rural conditions4 ,we are p]plex$ by ! labor w>s t are wag$ ab\t u1 = ! "t unm9dful t "o-?ird ( ! work]s ( ?is c\ntry make _! liv+ imm$iately f ! soil4 ,we are a/\nd$1 & p]haps al>m$1 at ! great c5tralization ( capital1 possibly n realiz+ t ! capital inve/$ 9 agriculture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly equals ! comb9$ capital inve/$ 9 ! manufactur+ & railway indu/ries4 ,b if we pause to consid] ! scope & nature ( ! economic & social int]e/s involv$1 we _c avoid ! conclusion t ! f>m problem is wor?y ( s]i\s ?\ght f /ud5ts ( our national welf>e4 ,we are aw>e t agriculture does n hold ! same relative rank among our indu/ries t x did 9 =m] ye>s1 & t our city population has increas$ f> m rapidly ?an has our rural population4 ,we d n ignore ! fact t urban indu/ries are develop+ m rapidly ?an is agriculture1 nor d5y ! s]i\sness ( ! actual depletion ( rural population1 & ev5 ( community decad5ce1 9 "s portions ( ! ,union4 ,b ^! facts m]ely add to ! importance ( ! f>m "q4 ,& x %\ld n be =gott5 t !re has be5 a l>ge & con/ant gr[? bo? ( our agricultural weal? & ( our rural population4 ,dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury !re 0 a ga9 ( #ejj p] c5t4 9 ! value ( f>m prop]ty1 :ile ! non-urban population increas$ #bej p] c5t4 ,agriculture has be5 "o ( ! *ief elem5ts ( ,am]ica's indu/rial greatness1 x is /ill our dom9ant economic int]e/1 & x w long rema9 at lea/ a lead+ indu/ry4 ,! p ( ! f>m h furni%$ a /urdy citiz5%ip & h be5 ! prim>y s\rce ( mu* ( our be/ lead]%ip 9 political1 bus9ess1 & pr(essional life4 ,= an indef9ite future1 a l>ge proportion ( ! ,am]ican p w cont9ue to live 9 a rural environm5t4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,f>m ,,problem8 ,curr5t agricultural discussion w\ld lead u to ?9k t ! f>m problem is l>gely "o ( te*nique4 ,! possibilities ( ! agricultural indu/ry1 9 ! light ( appli$ sci5ce1 emphasize ! ne$ ( ! f>m] = m complete k ( soil & plant & animal1 & = increas$ pr(ici5cy 9 utiliz+ ?is k to secure great] production at less co/4 ,?is is a fundam5tal ne$4 ,x lies at ! basis ( success 9 f>m+4 ,b x is n ! f>m problem4 ,bus9ess skill mu/ be add$1 bus9ess me?ods en=c$4 ,! f>m] mu/ be n only a m skilful produce-gr[]1 b also a ke5] produce-sell]4 ,b ! mom5t we ent] ! realm ( ! m>ket we /ep outside ! individuali/ic aspect ( ! problem z embodi$ 9 ! curr5t doctr9e ( te*nical agricultural tea*+1 & are =c$ to consid] ! social aspect z emphasiz$1 fir/ ( all1 9 ! economic category ( price4 ,"h we f9d _m factors--transportation co/1 g5]al m>ket conditions at home & abroad1 ! /atus ( o!r indu/ries1 & ev5 legislative activities4 ,! f>m problem becomes an indu/rial "q1 n solely "o ( te*nical & bus9ess skill4 ,moreov]1 ! problem is "o ( a successful indu/ry z a :ole1 n m]ely ! p]sonal successes ( ev5 a respectable numb] ( individual f>m]s4 ,! f>m+ class mu/ progress z a unit4 ,b h we yet rea*$ ! he>t ( ! "q8 ,is ! f>m problem "o ( te*nique plus bus9ess skill1 plus ^! broad economic consid]ations8 ,is x n p]fectly possible t agriculture z an indu/ry may rema9 9 a fairly satisfactory condition1 & yet ! f>m+ class fail to ma9ta9 its /atus 9 ! g5]al social ord]8 ,is x n1 = in/ance1 q )9 ! b\nds ( probability to imag9e a good degree ( economic /r5g? 9 ! agricultural indu/ry exi/+ side by side ) ei!r a peasant regime or a l&lord-&-t5ant sy/em8 ,yet w\ld we expect f ei!r sy/em ! same social fruitage t has be5 h>ve/$ f our ,am]ican yeomanry8 ,we conclude1 !n1 t ! f>m problem consi/s 9 ma9ta9+ ^u our f>ms a class ( p :o h succe$$ 9 procur+ = !mselves ! highe/ possible class /atus1 n only 9 ! indu/rial1 b 9 ! political & ! social ord]--a relative /atus1 moreov]1 t is measur$ by ! dem&s ( ,am]ican ideals4 ,! f>m problem ?us connects itself ) ! :ole "q ( democratic civilization4 ,?is is n m]e platitude4 ,= we _c prop]ly judge ! significance & ! relation ( ! diff]5t indu/rial activities ( our f>m]s1 & especially ! value ( ! v>i\s social ag5cies = rural bett]m5t1 except by ! /&>d ( class /atus4 ,x is "h t we seem to f9d ! only satisfactory philosophy ( rural progress4 ,we w\ld n = a mom5t discr$it ! fundam5tal importance ( movem5ts t h = _! purpose ! improv$ te*nical skill ( our f>m]s1 bett] bus9ess managem5t ( ! f>m1 & wis] /udy & control ( m>ket conditions4 ,inde$1 we w\ld call att5tion to ! fact t social in/itutions are absolutely necess>y means ( secur+ ^! ess5tial factors ( indu/rial success4 ,9 ! solution ( ! f>m problem we mu/ delib]ately invoke ! influ5ce ( quick5$ means ( communication1 ( co-op]ation among f>m]s1 ( v>i\s means ( education1 & possibly ev5 ( religi\s in/itutions1 to /imulate & direct indu/rial activity4 ,:at ne$s pres5t emphasis is ! fact t !re is a def9ite1 real1 social end to be held 9 view z ! goal ( rural endeavor4 ,! highe/ possible social /atus = ! f>m+ class is t end4 ,we may n[1 z briefly z possible1 describe "s ( ! difficulties t lie 9 ! pa? ( ! f>m]s 9 _! ambition to atta9 great] class effici5cy & l>g] class influ5ce1 & "s ( ! means at h& = m9imiz+ ! difficulties4 ,a complete discussion ( ! f>m problem %\ld1 ( c\rse1 include ?or\gh consid]ation ( ! te*nical1 ! bus9ess1 & ! economic que/ions impli$ by ! /ruggle = indu/rial success2 = indu/rial success is pr]equisite to ! a*ievem5t ( ! greate/ social p[] ( ! f>m+ class4 ,b we %all consid] only ! social aspects ( ! problem4 ,,rural ,,isolation ,p]haps ! "o great und]ly+ social difficulty among ,am]ican f>m]s is _! comp>atively isolat$ mode ( life4 ,! f>m]'s family is isolat$ f o!r families4 ,a small city ( p]haps tw5ty ?\s& population w conta9 f f\r hundr$ to six hundr$ families p] squ>e mile1 :]eas a typical agricultural community 9 a prosp]\s agricultural /ate w h>dly av]age m ?an t5 families p] squ>e mile4 ,! f>m+ class is isolat$ f o!r classes4 ,f>m]s1 ( c\rse1 m+le consid]ably 9 a bus9ess & political way ) ! m5 ( _! trad+ t[n & c\nty seat2 b1 broadly speak+1 f>m]s d n associate freely ) p liv+ "u urban conditions & possess+ o!r ?an ! rural po9t ( view4 ,x w\ld be v5turesome to sugge/ v def9ite g5]alizations ) respect to ! precise influ5ce ( ^! conditions1 because1 s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 ! psy*ology ( isolation has n be5 work$ out4 ,b two or ?ree conclusions seem to be admissible1 & = t matt] r g5]ally accept$4 ,! well-kn[n cons]vatism ( ! f>m+ class is d\btless l>gely due to class isolation4 ,habits1 ideas1 traditions1 & ideals h long life 9 ! rural community4 ,*anges come sl[ly4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to tread ! well-worn pa?s4 ,! f>m] does n easily keep 9 t\* ) rapid mod]n developm5t1 unless ! movem5ts or me?ods directly affect him4 ,physical ag5cies :i* improve social conditions1 su* z electric lights1 telephones1 & pavem5ts1 come to ! city fir/4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! c\ntry speaks peace & quiet4 ,nature's r\t9e ( sun%9e & /orm1 ( summ] & w9t]1 enc\rages r\t9e & repetition 9 ! man :o works ) h]4 ,a complem5t ( ?is rural cons]vatism1 :i* at fir/ ?\ght seems a p>adox1 b :i* probably gr[s out ( ^! same conditions ( isolation1 is ! int5se radicalism ( a rural community :5 once x breaks away f its moor+s4 ,_m f>m]s are unduly suspici\s ( o!rs' motives2 yet ! same p (t5 succumb to ! wiles ( ! *>latan1 :e!r m$ical or political4 ,f>m]s are usually cons]vative 9 politics & int5sely loyal to p>ty2 b ! ,populi/ movem5t indicates ! t5d5cy to extremes :5 ! old allegiance is left beh9d4 ,old me?ods ( f>m+ may be f\nd alongside ill-consid]$ attempts to raise new crops or to utilize untri$ ma*9es4 ,o!r effects ( rural isolation are se5 9 a class prov9cialism t is h>d to eradicate1 & 9 ! developm5t ( m9ds less al]t to seize bus9ess advantages & less f>-sight$ ?an are develop$ by ! int5se indu/rial life ( ! t[n4 ,!re is "t to brood ov] wrongs1 real & imag9>y4 ,p]sonal prejudices (t5 gr[ to be rank & co>se-fib]$4 ,neighborhood feuds are n uncommon & are (t5 virul5t4 ,lead]%ip is made difficult & sometimes impossible4 ,x is easy to fall into p]sonal habits t may m>k (f ! f>m] f o!r classes ( simil> intellig5ce1 & t b> him f 8 rightful social place4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be di/9ctly unfair to ! f>m community if we did n emphasize "s ( ! advantages t gr[ out ( ! rural mode ( life4 ,f>m]s h "t to ?9k1 & ! typical ,am]ican f>m] is a man :o has ?\ght mu* & (t5 deeply4 ,a _s ( /urdy indep5d5ce is g5]at$1 & fre$om ( w & ( action is enc\rag$4 ,family life is n[h]e s educative z 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! :ole family co-op]ates = common ends1 & 9 its individual memb]s are br$ ! qualities ( indu/ry1 pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance4 ,! manual "w ( ! s*ools is b a make%ift = ! old-fa%ion$ tra9+ ( ! c\ntry-gr[n boy4 ,c\ntry life is an admirable prep>ation = ! mod]n indu/rial & pr(essional c>e]4 ,nev]!less1 rural isolation is a real evil4 ,pres5t-day liv+ is s di/9ctively social1 progress is s dep5d5t ^u social ag5cies1 social developm5t is s rapid1 t if ! f>m] is to keep 8 /atus he mu/ be fully 9 /ep ) ! re/ ( ! army4 ,he mu/ secure ! social view-po9t4 ,! disadvantages ( rural isolation are l>gely 9 ! realm ( ! social relations1 its advantages mo/ly on ! individual & moral side4 ,f>m life makes a /rong individual2 x is a s]i\s m5ace to ! a*ievem5t ( class p[]4 ,a cure = isolation sometimes sugge/$ is ! ga!r+ ( ! f>m]s into villages4 ,?is rem$y1 h[ev]1 is ( d\btful value4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*eme is n imm$iately practicable4 ,ab\t ?ree & "o-half billions ( doll>s are n[ inve/$ 9 f>m build+s1 & x w require "s motive m p[]ful ?an t inspir$ by academic logic to transf]1 ev5 gradually1 ?is inve/m5t to village gr\ps4 ,moreov]1 x is possible to dispute ! desirability ( ! rem$y4 ,! f>m village at be/ mu/ be a m]e hamlet4 ,x c secure = ! f>m] v few ( ! urban advantages he may want1 except t ( p]mitt+ clos] daily int]c\rse betwe5 families4 ,& x is que/ionable if ! petty society ( su* a village c comp5sate = ! fre$om & purity ( rural family life n[ exi/+4 ,x may ev5 be ass]t$ ) "s degree ( positiv5ess t ! small village1 on ! moral & intellectual sides1 is di/9ctly inf]ior to ! isolat$ f>m home4 ,at ! pres5t "t rural isolation 9 ,am]ica is be+ ov]come by ! developm5t ( bett] means ( communication among f>m]s :o /ill live on _! f>ms4 ,s successful are ^! means ( communication prov+ t we _c avoid ! conclusion t h]e9 lies ! rem$y4 ,improv$ wagon roads1 ! rural free mail deliv]y1 ! f>m telephone1 trolley l9es ?r\gh c\ntry di/ricts1 are br++ ab\t a positive revolution 9 c\ntry liv+4 ,!y are cur+ ! evils ( isolation1 )\t 9 ! slighte/ degree robb+ ! f>m ( its manife/ advantages = family life4 ,! f>m]s are be+ weld$ into a m compact society4 ,!y are be+ nurtur$ to great] al]tness ( m9d1 to great] ke5ness ( obs]vation1 & ! f\ndations are be+ laid = va/ly enl>g$ social activities4 ,! problem n[ is to ext5d ^! advantages to e rural community--9 itself a task ( huge proportions4 ,if ?is c be done & isolation c be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! solution ( all ! o!r rural social problems w become va/ly easi]4 ,,f>m]s' ,,organization ,organization is "o ( ! press+ social problems t ,am]ican f>m]s h to face4 ,! importance ( ! "q is intr9sic1 because ( ! g5]al social necessity = co-op]ation :i* *>act]izes mod]n life4 ,society is becom+ consci\sly self-directive4 ,! imm$iate phase ( ?is gr[+ self-direction lies 9 ! attempts ( v>i\s social gr\ps to organize _! p[]s = gr\p advantage4 ,& if1 z seems probable1 ?is gr\p activity is to rema9 a dom9ant feature ( social progress1 ev5 9 a fairly coh]5t society1 x is manife/ t !re w result m or less ( competition among gr\ps4 ,! f>m+ class1 if at all ambiti\s = gr\p influ5ce1 c h>dly avoid ?is t5d5cy to organization4 ,f>m]s1 inde$ m ?an any o!r class1 ne$ to organize4 ,_! isolation makes ?or\gh organization especially imp]ative4 ,& ! argum5t = co-op]ation ga9s =ce f ! fact t relatively ! agricultural population is decl9+4 ,9 ! old days f>m]s rul$ because ( m]e mass4 ,t is no long] possible4 ,! naive /atem5t t f>m]s mu/ organize because o!r classes are organiz+ is really good social philosophy4 ,9 ! gr\p competition j ref]r$ to !re is a t5d5cy = class int]e/s to be put above g5]al social welf>e4 ,?is is a dang] to be avoid$ 9 organization1 n an argum5t aga9/ x4 ,s ! f>m]s' organization %\ld be gu>d$1 at ?is po9t1 by adh]5ce to ! pr9ciple t organization mu/ n only develop class p[]1 b mu/ be s direct$ z to p]mit ! f>m]s to l5d ! full /r5g? ( _! class to g5]al social progress4 ,organization ?us becomes a te/ ( class effici5cy1 & consequ5tly a pr]equisite = solv+ ! f>m problem4 ,c ! f>m+ class secure & ma9ta9 a fairly complete organization8 ,c x develop effici5t lead]s8 ,c x ann\nce1 9 s\nd t]ms1 its propos$ gr\p policy8 ,c x l5d ! gr\p influ5ce to g5u9e social progress8 ,if s1 ! organization ( f>m]s becomes a movem5t ( pre-em95t importance4 ,organization1 moreov]1 is a p[]ful educational =ce4 ,x ar\ses discussion ( fundam5tal que/ions1 diffuses k1 gives practice 9 public affairs1 tra9s individuals 9 executive "w1 &1 9 f9e1 /imulates1 z no?+ else c1 a class :i* is 9 special ne$ ( social inc5tive4 ,organization is1 h[ev]1 difficult ( accompli%m5t4 ,:ile x w\ld take u too f> afield to discuss ! hi/ory ( f>m]s' organizations 9 ,am]ica1 we may briefly sugge/ "s ( ! difficulties involv$4 ,= =ty ye>s ! "q has be5 a prom95t "o among ! f>m]s1 & ^! ye>s h se5 ! rise & decl9e ( sev]al l>ge associations4 ,!re h be5 app>5tly two great factors contribut+ to ! d[nfall ( ^! organizations4 ,! fir/ 0 a misappreh5sion1 on ! "p ( ! f>m]s1 ( ! feasibility ( organiz+ !mselves z a political phalanx2 ! second1 a s5tim5tal belief 9 ! possibilities ( bus9ess co-op]ation among f>m]s1 m especially 9 l9es outside _! vocation4 ,!re is no place = class politics 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are "s ?+s legislation _c cure4 ,!re are s]i\s limitations to co-op]ative endeavor4 ,x took _m h>d exp]i5ces = our f>m]s to le>n ^! tru?s4 ,b back ( all lie "s inh]5t difficulties1 z1 = in/ance1 ! numb] ( p involv$1 _! isolation1 sectional int]e/s1 +ra9$ habits ( indep5d5t action1 ( individual initiative1 ( suspicion ( o!rs' motives4 ,!re is (t5 lack ( p]spective1 & unwill+ness to inve/ 9 a proc$ure t does n promise imm$iate returns4 ,! m]e fact ( failure has discr$it$ ! organization idea4 ,!re is lack ( lead]%ip2 = ! f>m indu/ry1 :ile x (t5 produces m5 ( /rong m9d1 ke5 p]ception1 resolute w1 does n1 z a rule1 develop executive capacity = l>ge ent]prises4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t f>m]s are ! only class t has n organiz$4 ,?is is n /rictly true4 ,! difficulties enum]at$ are real difficulties & h s]i\sly ret>d$ f>m organization4 ,b if ! progress made is n satisfactory1 x is at lea/ enc\rag+4 ,on ! purely bus9ess side1 ov] five ?\s& co-op]ative societies among ,am]ican f>m]s h be5 report$4 ,9 co-op]ative buy+ ( supplies1 co-op]ative sell+ ( products1 & co-op]ative insurance ! volume ( transactions rea*es l>ge figures4 ,a ho/ ( societies ( a purely educational nature exi/s among /ock-bre$]s1 fruit-gr[]s1 dairym54 ,x is true t no "o g5]al organization ( f>m]s1 embrac+ a l>ge proportion ( ! class1 has z yet be5 p]fect$4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x is ! ,grange1 :i*1 contr>y to a popul> notion1 is 9 a prosp]\s condition1 ) a really l>ge influ5ce ^u ! social1 f9ancial1 educational1 & legislative int]e/s ( ! f>m+ class4 ,x has _h a /eady gr[? dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 & is a quiet b p[]ful factor 9 rural progress4 ,! ,grange is p]haps too cons]vative 9 its adm9i/rative policy4 ,x has n at lea/ succe$$ 9 conv]t+ to its fold ! f>m]s ( ! great ,mississippi ,valley4 ,b x has workable ma*9]y1 x disav[s p>tisan politics & selfi% class int]e/s1 & x subord9ates f9ancial b5efits1 :ile emphasiz+ educational & broadly political advantages4 ,x seems fair to int]pret ! pr9ciples ( ! ,grange z :olly 9 l9e ) ! premise ( ?is pap]1 t ! f>m]s ne$ to pres]ve _! /atus1 politically1 indu/rially1 & socially1 & t organization is "o ( ! fundam5tal me?ods !y mu/ use4 ,! ,grange1 !re=e1 des]ves to succe$1 & inde$ is succe$+4 ,! field ( agricultural organization is an ext5sive "o4 ,b if ! f>m problem is to be solv$ satisfactorily1 ! ,am]ican f>m]s mu/ fir/ secure reasonably complete organization4 ,,rural ,,education ,x is h>dly necess>y to ass]t t ! education ( t portion ( ! ,am]ican p :o live ^u ! l& involves a "q ( ! greate/ significance4 ,! subject naturally divides itself into two phases1 "o ( :i* may be designat$ z rural education prop]1 ! o!r z agricultural education4 ,rural education has to d ) ! education ( p1 m especially ( ! "y1 :o live "u rural conditions2 agricultural education aims to prep>e m5 & wom5 = ! specific vocation ( agriculture4 ,! rural s*ool typifies ! fir/2 ! agricultural s*ool1 ! second4 ,rural education is b a section ( ! g5]al s*ool "q2 agricultural education is a bran* ( te*nical tra9+4 ,^! two phases ( ! education ( ! f>m population meet at _m po9ts1 !y mu/ "w 9 h>mony1 & toge!r !y =m a di/9ct educational problem4 ,! s]i\s difficulties 9 ! rural s*ool "q are p]haps ?ree3 fir/1 to secure a mod]n s*ool1 9 effici5cy some:at comp>able to ! t[n s*ool1 )\t unduly increas+ ! s*ool tax2 second1 s to enri* ! curriculum & s to exp& ! functions ( ! s*ool t ! s*ool %all become a vital & coh]5t "p ( ! community life1 on ! "o h& translat+ ! rural environm5t into t]ms ( "* & m5tal effici5cy1 & on ! o!r h& s]v+ p]fectly z a /epp+-/one to ! city s*ools & to urban c>e]s2 ?ird1 to provide adequate high-s*ool facilities 9 ! rural community4 ,! c5tralization ( di/rict s*ools & ! transportation ( pupils w probably prove to be m ne>ly a solution ( all ^! difficulties ?an w any o!r "o s*eme4 ,! plan p]mits ! paym5t ( high] wages = tea*]s & ought to secure bett] in/ruction2 x p]mits ! employm5t ( special tea*]s1 z = nature-/udy or agriculture2 x increases ! effici5cy ( sup]9t5d5ce2 x co/s b little1 if any1 m ?an ! di/rict sy/em2 x leaves ! s*ool amid rural surr\nd+s1 :ile introduc+ into ! s*oolroom itself a l>g] volume1 s to speak1 ( _w-atmosph]e2 x conta9s possibilities = community s]vice2 x c easily be exp&$ into a high s*ool ( reputable grade4 ,!re are two dang]s1 bo? some:at grave1 likely to arise f an urg5t campaign = c5tralization4 ,ev5 if ! movem5t makes z great progress z c\ld reasonably be expect$1 = a g5]ation to come a l>ge %>e1 if n a major portion1 ( rural pupils w /ill be taught 9 ! small1 isolat$1 di/rict s*ool2 !re is dang] t ?is di/rict s*ool may be neglect$4 ,moreov]1 increas$ s*ool ma*9]y always invites undue reliance ^u ma*9e-l me?ods4 ,c5tralization p]mits1 b does n gu>antee1 great] effici5cy4 ,a sy/em l ?is "o mu/ be vitaliz$ by con/ant & close t\* ) ! life & ne$s & aspirations ( ! rural community itself4 ,:]ev] c5tralization is n adopt$1 ! consolidation ( two or ?ree s*ools--a modifi$ =m ( c5tralization--may prove helpful4 ,:]e ! di/rict s*ool /ill p]si/s1 !re are "o or two imp]ative requirem5ts4 ,tea*]s mu/ h consid]ably high] wages & long] t5ure4 ,!re mu/ be m effici5t sup]vision4 ,! /ate mu/ assi/ 9 support+ ! s*ool1 al?\gh only 9 "p4 ,! small s*ools mu/ be correlat$ ) "s =m ( high s*ool4 ,! la/ po9t is ( great importance because ( ! comp>ative abs5ce 9 c\ntry communities ( opportunity ne> at h& = good high-s*ool tra9+4 ,agricultural education is di/9ctively te*nical1 n 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( m]e te*nique1 or ev5 ( appli$ sci5ce1 b 9 ! s5se t x mu/ be frankly vocational4 ,x has to d ) ! prep>ation ( m5 & wom5 = ! bus9ess ( f>m+ & = life 9 ! rural community4 ,agricultural education %\ld beg9 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,9 ?is s*ool ! po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 %\ld be broadly p$agogical r ?an imm$iately vocational4 ,=tunately1 ! wise tea*+ ( nature-/udy1 ! tra9+ ( pupils to "k & to love nature1 ! con/ant illu/rations f ! rural environm5t1 ! cont9ual appeal to p]sonal obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 absolute loyalty to ! f>m po9t ( view1 are n only s\nd p$agogy1 b =m ! be/ possible backgr\nd = future vocational /udy4 ,:e!r we call ?is e>ly "w nature-/udy or call x agriculture matt]s less ?an t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple be recogniz$4 ,x mu/ fir/ ( all educate4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 introduc+ su* "w into ! prim>y s*ool is to secure prop]ly equipp$ tea*]s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /up5d\s und]tak+ 9 agricultural education is ! adequate developm5t ( second>y education 9 agriculture4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority ( "y p :o secure any agricultural s*ool+ :atev] mu/ get x 9 in/itutions t academically are ( second>y grade4 ,?is is a huge task4 ,if develop$ to supply exi/+ ne$s1 x w call = an enorm\s exp5diture ( money & = ! mo/ c>eful plann+4 ,f ! tea*+ view-po9t x is a difficult problem4 ,mod]n agriculture is bas$ ^u ! sci5ces2 x w n d1 !re=e1 to e/abli% s*ools 9 ! m]e art ( f>m+4 ,b ^! agricultural high s*ools mu/ deal ) pupils :o are comp>atively immature1 & :o almo/ inv>iably h _h no prep>ation 9 sci5ce4 ,nor %\ld ! c\rses at ^! s*ools be ultra-te*nical4 ,!y are to prep>e m5 & wom5 = life on ! f>m--m5 & wom5 :o are to lead 9 rural developm5t1 & :o mu/ get "s inkl+ at lea/ ( ! real f>m "q & its solution4 ,! agricultural s*ool1 !re=e1 pres5ts a problem ( great difficulty4 ,a p]5nial "q 9 agricultural education is3 ,:at is ! function ( ! agricultural college8 ,we h n "t to trace ! hi/ory ( ^! colleges1 nor to elaborate ! v>i\s views relative to _! mission4 ,b let u = a mom5t discuss _! prop] function 9 ! light ( ! proposition t ! pres]vation ( ! f>m]s' /atus is ! real f>m problem2 = ! college c be ju/ifi$ only z x f9ds its place among ! social ag5cies helpful 9 ! solution ( ! f>m "q4 ,9 s f> z ! agricultural college1 ?r\gh its exp]im5t /ation or o!rwise1 is an organ ( rese>*1 x %\ld c>ry its inve/igations into ! economic & sociological fields1 z well z pursue exp]im5ts 9 soil f]tility & animal nutrition4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( /ud5ts1 ! agricultural college w cont9ue ! important "w ( tra9+ m5 = agricultural rese>*1 agricultural tea*+1 & exp]t sup]vision ( v>i\s agricultural ent]prises4 ,b ! college %\ld put r5ew$ emphasis ^u its ability to s5d well-tra9$ m5 to ! f>ms1 !re to live _! lives1 !re to f9d _! c>e]s1 & !re to lead 9 ! movem5ts = rural progress4 ,a decade ago x 0 n easy to f9d colleges :i* believ$ t ?is c\ld be done1 & "s agricultural educators h ev5 disav[$ su* a purpose z a prop] object ( ! colleges4 ,b ! /ronge/ agricultural colleges today h pride 9 j su* a purpose4 ,& :y n8 ,we n only ne$ m5 ?us tra9$ z lead]s 9 e rural community1 b1 if ! f>m+ bus9ess _c be made to (f] a c>e] to a reasonable numb] ( college-tra9$ m51 x is a sure sign t only by ! mo/ h]culean ef=ts c ! f>m]s ma9ta9 _! /atus z a class4 ,if agriculture mu/ be turn$ ov] :olly to ! untra9$ & to ! half-tra9$1 if x _c satisfy ! ambition ( /rong1 well-educat$ m5 & wom51 its future1 f ! social po9t ( view1 is inde$ gloomy4 ,! pres5t-day c\rse ( /udy 9 ! agricultural college does n1 h[ev]1 fully meet ?is dem& = rural lead]%ip4 ,! f>m problem has be5 reg>d$ z a te*nical "q1 & a te*nical tra9+ has be5 (f]$ ! /ud5t4 ,! agricultural college1 !re=e1 ne$s socializ+4 ,agricultural economics & rural sociology %\ld occupy a l>ge place 9 ! curriculum4 ,! m5 :o g f ! college to ! f>m %\ld appreciate ! significance ( ! agricultural "q1 & %\ld be tra9$ to organize _! =ces = g5u9e rural progress4 ,! college %\ld1 z f> z possible1 become ! lead] 9 ! :ole movem5t = solv+ ! f>m problem4 ,! f>m home has n come 9 = its %>e ( att5tion 9 exi/+ s*emes ( agricultural education4 ,! kit*5 & ! d9+-room h z mu* to ga9 f sci5ce z h ! dairy & ! or*>d4 ,! inspiration ( vocational k mu/ be ! possession ( h] :o is ! entrepr5eur ( ! family1 ! home-mak]4 ,! agricultural colleges ?r\gh _! dep>tm5ts ( dome/ic sci5ce--bett]1 ( home-mak+--%\ld inaugurate a compreh5sive movem5t = c>ry+ to ! f>m home a l>g] measure ( ! advantages :i* mod]n sci5ce is %[]+ ^u humanity4 ,! agricultural college mu/ also lead 9 a m adequate developm5t ( ext5sion tea*+4 ,magnific5t "w has already be5 done ?r\gh f>m]s' in/itutes1 read+ c\rses1 co-op]ative exp]im5ts1 demon/rations1 & correspond5ce4 ,b ! field is s imm5se1 ! numb] ( p involv$ s enorm\s1 ! difficulties ( rea*+ !m s _m1 t x (f]s a g5u9e problem1 & "o ( peculi> significance1 n only because ( ! g5]ally recogniz$ ne$ ( adult education1 b also because ( ! isolation ( ! f>m]s4 ,x %\ld be said t 9 no l9e ( rural bett]m5t has s mu* progress be5 made 9 ,am]ica z 9 agricultural education4 ,m]ely to describe ! "w t is be+ done ?r\gh nature-/udy & agriculture 9 ! public s*ools1 ?r\gh agricultural s*ools1 ?r\gh our magnific5t agricultural colleges1 ?r\gh f>m]s' in/itutes1 & especially ?r\gh ! exp]im5t /ations & ! f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 agricultural rese>* & 9 ! di/ribution ( ! be/ agricultural in=mation--m]ely to inv5tory ^! movem5ts prop]ly w\ld take ! "t available = ?is discussion4 ,:at has be5 said relative to agricultural education is less 9 way ( criticism ( exi/+ me?ods ?an 9 way ( sugge/ion z to fundam5tal ne$s4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,& ,,religi\s ,,problem ,wide g5]alizations z to ! exact moral situation 9 ! rural community are impossible4 ,conditions h n be5 adequately /udi$4 ,x is probably safe to say t ! c\ntry environm5t is extremely favorable = pure family life1 = temp]ance1 & = bodily & m5tal heal?4 ,to picture ! c\ntry a p>adise is1 h[ev]1 m]e sill9ess4 ,!re are 9 ! c\ntry1 z else:]e1 evid5ces ( vulg>ity 9 language1 ( co>s5ess 9 ?\ght1 ( social impurity1 ( di%one/y 9 bus9ess4 ,!re is room 9 ! c\ntry = all ! e?ical tea*+ t c be giv54 ,nor is x easy to discuss ! c\ntry *ur* "q4 ,conditions v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,union1 & no c>eful /udy has be5 made ( ! problem4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 x may be said t !re are too _m *ur*es 9 ! c\ntry1 & t ^! are illy support$4 ,consequ5tly1 !y h 9 _m cases inf]ior m9i/]s4 ,sect>ianism is probably m divisive ?an 9 ! city1 n only because ( ! natural cons]vatism ( ! p & a natural dis9cl9ation to *ange _! views1 b because sect>ian qu>rels are p]haps m easily fom5t$ & less easily h>moniz$ ?an any:]e else4 ,moreov]1 9 ! city a p]son c usually f9d a d5om9ation to 8 lik+4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 ev5 ) ! pres5t ov]*ur*$ condition1 ?is is difficult4 ,! ideal solution ( ! c\ntry *ur* problem is to h 9 ea* rural community "o /rong *ur* adequately support$1 prop]ly equipp$1 m9i/]$ to by an able man--a *ur* :i* leads 9 community s]vice4 ,! pa? to ! realization ( su* an ideal is r\gh & ?orny4 ,*ur* f$]ation1 h[ev]1 promises l>ge results 9 ?is direction & %\ld be especially enc\rag$4 ,:atev] outw>d =m ! solution ( ! c\ntry *ur* "q may take1 !re seem to be sev]al g5]al pr9ciples involv$ 9 a satisfactory attempt to meet ! issue4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c\ntry *ur* (f]s a problem by itself1 socially consid]$4 ,me?ods successful 9 ! city may n succe$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! c\ntry *ur* "q mu/ !n be /udi$ ?or\ghly & on ! gr\nd4 ,aga91 ! same pr9ciple ( f9ancial aid to be utiliz$ 9 ! case ( ! s*ools mu/ be invok$ "h4 ,! weal? ( ! :ole *ur* mu/ contribute to ! support ( ! *ur* ev]y:]e4 ,! /rong mu/ help ! weak4 ,! city mu/ help ! c\ntry4 ,b ?is aid mu/ be giv5 by co-op]ation1 n by condesc5sion4 ,! dem& _c be met by home mission>y ef=t nor by *ur*-build+ contributions2 ! pr9ciple goes f> deep] ?an t4 ,"s device mu/ be secur$ :i* b9ds toge!r ! :ole *ur*1 along d5om9ational l9es if mu/ be1 = a full developm5t ( *ur* "w 9 e community 9 ! l&4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is supreme necessity = add+ dignity to ! c\ntry p>i%4 ,too (t5 at pres5t ! rural p>i% is reg>d$ ei!r z a conv5i5t laboratory = ! cl]ical novice1 or z an asylum = ! decrepit or ineffici5t4 ,! c\ntry p>i% mu/ be a p>i% = our able/ & /ronge/4 ,! m9i/ry ( ! mo/ ,*ri/like mu/ be to ! hill-t[ns ( ,galilee z well z to ,j]usalem4 ,!re is /ill ano!r tru? t ! c\ntry *ur* _c af=d to ignore4 ,! rural *ur* "q is peculi>ly int]wov5 ) ! indu/rial & social problems ( ! f>m4 ,a decl9+ agriculture _c fo/] a gr[+ *ur*4 ,an active *ur* c r5d] especially /rong s]vice to a f>m community1 9 its influ5ce ^u ! religi\s life1 ! home life1 ! educational life1 ! social life1 & ev5 ^u ! indu/rial life4 ,n[h]e else are ^! v>i\s phases ( society's activities s fully memb]s "o ( ano!r z 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! c\ntry *ur* %\ld co-op]ate ) o!r rural social ag5cies4 ,?is means t ! c\ntry pa/or %\ld assume a c]ta9 lead]%ip 9 movem5ts = rural progress4 ,he is spl5didly fitt$1 by ! nature ( 8 "w & by 8 position 9 ! community1 to co-op]ate ) e>ne/ f>m]s = ! social & economic1 z well z ! moral & spiritual1 upbuild+ ( ! f>m community4 ,b he mu/ "k ! f>m problem4 ,"h is an opportunity = !ological sem9>ies3 let !m make rural sociology a requir$ subject4 ,&1 bett]1 "h is a magnific5t field ( labor = ! "r k9d ( "y m54 ,! c\ntry pa/orate may ?us prove to be1 z x ought to be1 a place ( honor & r>e privilege4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! c\ntry *ur*1 to r5d] its prop] s]vice1 n alone mu/ m9i/] to ! individual s\l1 b mu/ ?r[ itself into ! /ruggle = rural bett]m5t1 mu/ help solve ! f>m problem4 ,,f$]ation ,,( ,,=ces ,! sugge/ion t ! c\ntry *ur* %\ld ally itself ) o!r ag5cies ( rural progress may be c>ri$ a /ep f>!r4 ,rural social =ces %\ld be f$]at$4 ,! object ( su* f$]ation is to emphasize ! real nature ( ! f>m problem1 to int]e/ _m p 9 its solution1 & to secure ! co-op]ation ( ! v>i\s rural social ag5cies1 ea* ( :i* has its sph]e1 b also its limitations4 ,! me?od ( f$]ation is to br+ toge!r1 = conf]5ce & = active "w1 f>m]s--especially repres5tatives ( f>m]s' organizations1 agricultural educators1 rural s*ool-tea*]s & sup]visors1 c\ntry cl]gym51 c\ntry editors2 9 fact1 all :o h a g5u9e int]e/ 9 ! f>m problem4 ,?us w come cle>] views ( ! que/ions at issue1 broad] plans = re=m1 great] inc5tive to action1 & m rapid progress4 ,,conclusion ,9 ?is brief analysis ( ! social problems ( ,am]ican f>m]s x has be5 possible m]ely to outl9e ^? aspects ( ! subject t seem to be fundam5tal4 ,x is hop$ t ! importance ( ea* problem has be5 duly emphasiz$1 t ! wise/ me?ods ( progress h be5 indicat$1 & t ! relation ( ! v>i\s social ag5cies to ! ma9 "q has be5 cle>ly br\ght out4 ,let u leave ! subject by emphasiz+ once m ! "* ( ! ultimate f>m problem4 ,?is problem may be /at$ m concretely1 if n m accurately1 ?an 0 done at ! op5+ ( ! pap]1 by say+ t ! ideal ( rural bett]m5t is to pres]ve ^u our f>ms ! typical ,am]ican f>m]4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] has be5 ess5tially a middle-class man4 ,x is ?is type we mu/ ma9ta94 ,agriculture mu/ be made to yield returns 9 weal?1 9 opportunity1 9 cont5tm5t1 9 social position1 suffici5t to attract & to hold to x a class ( intellig5t1 educat$ ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,?is is an end vital to ! pres]vation ( ,am]ican democratic ideals4 ,x is a result t w n a*ieve itself2 social ag5cies mu/ be invok$ = its accompli%m5t4 ,x dem&s ! intellig5t & e>ne/ co-op]ation ( all :o love ! soil & :o seek ,am]ica's p]man5t welf>e4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! mat]ial = ?is *apt] is tak5 f an address entitl$ ,social ,problems ( ,am]ican ,f>m]s1 :i* 0 read be=e ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 section ( ,! ,rural ,community1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,septemb]1 #aijd4 ,,! ,,outlook ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,expansion ,,( ,,f>m ,,life ,n>r[ness is p]haps ! *>ge mo/ (t5 br\ght aga9/ ,am]ican f>m life4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is *>ge may be j1 ?\gh ! comp>isons t usually lead up to ! conclusion d n always discrim9ate4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are degrees ( desirability 9 f>m life1 & t at ! lea/ !re are multitudes ( rural communities :]e bright fl[]s /ill bloom1 :]e ! %ade is refre%+1 & ! wat]s are sweet4 ,b1 grant+ = ! "t t 9 ! ma9 rural life is less pleasant1 less ri*1 less expansive ?an city life1 we %all urge t ?is era ( re/riction is rapidly draw+ to a close4 ,!re are =ces at "w t are mold+ rural life by new /&>ds1 & ! old regime is pass+4 ,we %all soon be able to say ( ! c\ntry t old ?+s h pass$ away2 all ?+s h become new4 ,?is /atem5t may seem too optimi/ic to "s :o c m>%al an array ( facts to prove t bigotry1 n>r[ness1 & ! :ole family ( ills begott5 by isolation /ill ?rive 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is true t our picture is n all ( rose t9ts4 ,b :at ( t8 ,if x 7 n true !re w\ld be no f>m problem2 ! c\ntry w\ld h to conv]t ! t[n4 ,! fact rema9s t rural life is und]go+ a rapid expansion4 ,mat]ially1 socially1 & intellectually1 ! f>m] is broad5+4 ,old prejudices are fad+4 ,! pl[man is no long] cont5t to keep 8 eye =ev] on ! furr[4 ,! revival has be5 9 sl[ progress = "s "t & has n yet rea*$ its z5i?2 inde$1 ! movem5t is b well "u way4 ,= :ile ! new day came long ago to "s rural communities & !y are bask+ 9 a noonday sun1 yet 9 f> too _m localities ! fa9te/ gray ( dawn is all t r\ses hope4 ,! fundam5tal *ange t is tak+ place is ! gradual adoption ( ! new agriculture4 ,book-f>m9' is /ill decri$1 & _m p]fess]s h a rocky road to travel 9 _! attempts to guide ! masses ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( sci5tific k t has be5 con/ruct$ dur+ ! la/ decade or two4 ,?is difficulty has n be5 :olly ! f>m]'s fault--! sci5ti/ w\ld (t5 h be5 m p]suasive _h 8 w+s be5 clipp$4 ,b !re is a decid$ gett+ toge!r n[adays--! f>m] & ! man ( sci5ce h at la/ f\nd common gr\nd4 ,& :ile ! p5dulum ( agricultural prosp]ity %all always sw+ to & fro1 !re are1 to *ange ! figure1 reasons = believ+ t an increas+ numb] ( f>m]s h root$ ! tree ( p]man5t success4 ,to enum]ate "s ( ^! reasons3 7#a7 ,?\s&s ( f>m]s are f>m+ on a sci5tific basis4 ,!y use ! results ( soil & f]tiliz] analysis2 !y cultivate1 n to kill we$s s mu* z to cons]ve moi/ure2 horticulturi/s spray _! trees accord+ to =mulas laid d[n by exp]im5t]s2 dairym5 use ! ,babcock te/ = det]m9+ ! fat cont5t ( milk2 /ock-fe$]s utilize ! sci5ti/s' fe$+ rations4 7#b7 ,! numb] ( speciali/s among f>m]s is increas+4 ,?is is a sign ( progress surely4 ,m & m f>m]s are com+ to pu% a s+le l9e ( "w4 7#c7 ,new me?ods are be+ rapidly adopt$4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago h>dly a fruit-gr[] spray$ = insect & fungus pe/s2 today x is r>e to f9d "o :o does n4 ,! co-op]ative cream]y has n only revolutioniz$ ! "* ( ! butt] product made by ! factory sy/em1 b x has set ! pace = ?\s&s ( private dairym5 :o are n[ mak+ fir/-class dairy butt]4 7#d7 ,9 g5]al ! :ole idea ( int5sive f>m+ is ga9+ gr\nd4 ,?is specialization1 or int5sification1 ( agriculture makes a new dem&1 ^u ^? :o pursue x1 9 ! way ( m5tal & bus9ess tra9+4 ,?is tra9+ is be+ furni%$ by a multitude ( ag5cies1 & ! y\ng] g5]ation ( f>m]s is tak+ prop] advantage ( ! opportunities ?us (f]$4 ,:at are "s ( ^! regul> ag5cies8 7#a7 ,an al]t f>m press1 conta9+ contributions f bo? successful f>m]s & sci5tific work]s4 7#b7 ,f>m]s' in/itutes1 :i* are travel+ s*ools ( te*nical in/ruction = f>m]s4 7#c7 ,! bullet9s issu$ by ! gov]nm5t exp]im5t /ations locat$ 9 e /ate1 & by ! f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 7#d7 ,special w9t] c\rses 7( f two to twelve weeks71 (f]$ at ne>ly all ! agricultural colleges ( ! c\ntry1 = in/ruction 9 practical agriculture4 7#e7 ,regul> college c\rses 9 agriculture at ^! same colleges4 7#f7 ,ext5sion in/ruction by lectures & correspond5ce4 7#g7 ,a gr[+ book lit]ature ( te*nical agriculture4 7#h7 ,m enc\rag+ ?an all else is ! _s ( inquiry t prevails among f>m]s ! c\ntry ov]--! recognition t !re is a basis ( sci5ce 9 agriculture4 ,no /rong] pleas = ! advancem5t ( agricultural education c be f\nd ?an ^? t h rec5tly be5 =mulat$ by f>m]s !mselves4 ,if ?is reg5]ation ( f>m life 7 :olly mat]ial x w\ld be wor? not+2 = x promises a prosp]ity built on f\ndations suffici5tly /rong to )/& ord9>y /orms4 ,yet ?is is b a *apt] ( ! /ory4 ,n only are our ,am]ican f>m]s mak+ a /udy ( _! bus9ess1 br++ to x ! res\rces ( advanc+ k & good m5tal tra9+1 & h5ce d]iv+ f x ! /rong1 al]t m5tal "* t comes to all bus9ess m5 :o pursue equally intellig5t me?ods1 b ! f>m]s are by no means neglect+ _! duty to broad5 along g5]al intellectual l9es4 ,f>m]s h always be5 int]e/$ 9 politics2 !re is no reason to ?9k t _! int]e/ is decl9+4 ,! ,grange & o!r organizations keep _! att5tion on curr5t problems4 ,travel+ libr>ies1 s*ool libr>ies1 & ,grange libr>ies are giv+ new opportunities = g5]al read+1 & ! f>m]'s family is n sl[ to accept ! *ance4 ,l[ prices = magaz9es & family pap]s br+ to ^! p]iodicals an increas+ li/ f ! rural (fices4 ,rural free mail deliv]y promises1 among _m o!r results ( va/ importance1 to enl>ge ! circulation ( daily pap]s among f>m]s n less ?an t5fold4 ,! really great lesson t f>m]s are rapidly le>n+ is to "w toge!r4 ,!y h be5 ! la/ class to organize1 & jeal\sy1 di/ru/1 & isolation h made su* organizations z !y h _h comp>atively ineffective4 ,b gradually !y are le>n+ to compromise1 to "w 9 h>mony1 to s9k m]ely p]sonal views1 to tru/ _! own lead]s1 to keep tro? 9 f9ancially co-op]ative projects4 ,!re w be no ,f>m]s' ,p>ty organiz$2 b ! high] politics is ga9+ among f>m]s1 & m & m indep5d5t vot+ may be expect$ f ! rural prec9cts4 ,f>m]s are le>n+ to pool su* ( _! int]e/s z c be fur!r$ by legislation4 ,x is also true t ! :ole aspect ( social life 9 ! c\ntry is und]go+ a pr(\nd evolution>y movem5t4 ,f>m]s are meet+ "o ano!r m frequ5tly ?an !y us$ to4 ,!y h m picnics & holidays4 ,!y travel m4 ,!y g sight-see+4 ,!y take advantage ( excursions4 ,_! social life is m mobile ?an =m]ly4 ,f>m]s h m com=ts & luxuries ?an ev] be=e4 ,!y dress bett] ?an !y did4 ,m ( !m ride 9 c>riages ?an =m]ly4 ,!y buy neat] & bett] furniture4 ,! new] h\ses are pretti] & m com=table ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,bicycles & cam]as are n uncommon 9 ! rural home4 ,rural telephone ex*anges are relatively a new ?+1 b ! ne> future w see ! telephone a "p ( ! ord9>y furniture ( ! rural h\sehold2 :ile electric c> l9es promise to be ! f9al l9k 9 ! *a9 ( advantages t is rapidly trans=m+ rural life--robb+ x ( its isolation1 giv+ x balance & poise1 s(t5+ its h>d outl9es1 & 9 g5]al a*iev+ its ?or\gh reg5]ation4 ,?is sket* is no fancy tale4 ,! movem5t describ$ is g5u9e & p[]ful4 ,! busy city _w may n note ! signs ( progress4 ,well-m9d$ philan?ropi/s may feel t ! rural di/ricts are 9 special ne$ ( _! s]vices4 ,ev5 to ! wat*]s on ! walls !re is mu* ( disc\ragem5t 9 ! advancem5t t isn't be+ made4 ,yet x ne$s no prophet's eye to see t a va/ *ange = ! bett] 9 rural life & conditions is n[ 9 progress4 ,no /ud5t ( ^! conditions expects or desires t ! evolution %all be ,acadian 9 its results4 ,x is to be hop$ inde$ t c\ntry sweets %all n lose _! delights2 t ! f>m] himself may f9d 9 8 surr\nd+s spiritual & m5tal ambrosia4 ,b :at is want$1 & :at is rapidly com+1 is ! break+ d[n ( ^? b>ri]s :i* h s long diff]5tiat$ c\ntry f urban life2 ! ext9ction ( t social o/racism :i* has be5 ! f>m]'s fate2 ! oblit]ation ( t l9e :i* = _m a y\? has m>k$ ! b\nds ( opportunity3 9 fact1 ! creation ( a rural society ^: advantages1 rew>ds1 pr]ogatives1 *ances = s]vice1 means ( culture1 & pleasures are repres5tative ( ! be/ & sane/ life t ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ! ages c prescribe = mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,new ,,f>m] ,all f>m]s may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,!re is ! old f>m]1 !re is ! new f>m]1 & !re is ! mossback4 ,! old f>m] repres5ts ! anci5t regime4 ,! new f>m] is ! mod]n bus9ess agriculturi/4 ,! mossback is a m$iaeval survival4 ,! old f>m] 0 9 8 day a new f>m]2 he 0 up ) ! times1 z ! times !n 74 ,! new f>m] is m]ely ! wor?y son ( a noble sire2 he is ! mod]n embodim5t ( ! old f>m]'s progressiv5ess4 ,! mossback is ! man :o tries to use ! old me?ods "u ! new conditions2 he is n up ) ! pres5t times1 b back ) ! old times4 ,?\gh he lives & moves 9 ! pres5t1 he really has 8 be+ 9 ! pa/4 ,! old f>m] is ! man :o conqu]$ ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,8 axe /ruck ! cr[n f ! mon>*s ( ! wood1 & ! f]tile f>ms ( ,ohio are ! k+dom he creat$4 ,he broke ! sod ( ! ri* prairies1 & ! tassel+ cornfields ( ,i[a tell ! /ory ( 8 de$s4 ,he hit*$ 8 pl[ to ! sun1 & 8 we/w>d l5g!n+ furr[s fill ! _w's gran>y4 ,! new f>m] has 8 l>ge/ conque/s yet to make4 ,b he has put 8 fai? 9 ! /rong arm ( sci5ce2 he has at 8 h& ! comm]cial me*anism ( a _w ( bus9ess4 ,he believes he w w9 because he is 9 league ) ! ongo+ =ces ( our civilization4 ,! mossback _c w91 because he pref]s a fl9tlock to a ,maus]4 ,he has 8 eyes ^u ! gr\nd1 & uses snails in/ead ( />s = horses4 ,! old f>m] 0 a pione]1 & he _h all ! c\rage1 ent]prise1 & res\rcefulness ( ! pione]4 ,he 0 virile1 above all ?+s else4 ,he own$ & controll$ ev]y?+ 9 sight4 ,he 0 a /ate-build]4 ,half a c5tury ago1 9 ! ,middle ,we/1 ! /rong m5 & ! influ5tial families 7 l>gely f>m]s4 ,ev5 pr(essional m5 own$ & manag$ f>ms1 frequ5tly liv+ ^u !m4 ,! smell ( ! soil sweet5$ mu/y law books1 deodoriz$ ! doctor's d51 & float$ z inc5se above ! *ur* alt>s4 ,! new f>m] lives 9 a day :5 ! nation is n purely an agricultural nation1 b is also a manufactur+ & a trad+ nation4 ,he belongs no long] to ! dom9ant class1 s f> z comm]cial & social & political influ5ce are conc]n$4 ,b none ( ^! ?+s move him4 ,= he realizes t out ( ?is seem+ decl9e ( agriculture gr[ 8 be/ opportunities4 ,he disc>ds pione] me?ods because pione]+ is n n[ an effective art4 ,! mossback sees p]haps cle>ly en\gh ^! *anges1 b he does n und]/& _! mean+1 nor does he "k h[ to meet !m4 ,he is dazzl$ by ! romantic halo ( ! good old times1 dumf\nd$ by ! electric en]gy ( ! pres5t1 disc\rag$ & di/ract$ by ! pressure ( =ces t cru% 8 hopes & /ifle 8 /r5g?4 ,economically1 ! old f>m] 0 n a bus9ess man1 b a b>t]]4 ,! rule ( b>t] /ill survives 9 ! c\ntry groc]y :]e butt] & eggs are trad$ = sug> & salt4 ,! old f>m] 0 indu/rially self-suffici5t4 ,he did n f>m on a comm]cial basis4 ,he rais$ apples = eat+ & = cid]1 n = m>ket--!re 0 no apple m>ket4 ,he _h v little ready money1 he b\ght & sold few products4 ,he trad$4 ,ev5 8 gra91 :i* aft]w>d became ! f>m]'s great ca% crop1 0 rais$ 9 small quantities & gr\nd at ! ne>e/ mill--n = export1 b = a return migration to ! family fl\r-b>rel4 ,! new f>m] has always exi/$--because he is ! old f>m] gr[+4 ,he has kept pace ) our indu/rial evolution4 ,:5 ! regime ( b>t] pass$ away1 he ceas$ to b>t]4 ,:5 ! _w's m>ket became a fact1 he rais$ :eat = ! _w's m>ket4 ,z agriculture became a bus9ess1 he became a bus9ess man4 ,z agricultural sci5ce began to contribute to ! art ( f>m+1 he /udi$ appli$ sci5ce4 ,z indu/rial education develop$1 he f\nd$ & patroniz$ in/itutions = agricultural education4 ,z al]tness & ent]prise began to be indisp5sable 9 comm]cial activity1 he grew al]t & ent]pris+4 ,! mossback is ! man :o has ei!r misread ! signs ( ! times1 or :o has n possess$ ! spe$ dem&$ 9 ! two-m9ute class4 ,he is ! old f>m] gone to se$4 ,he tries to fit ! old me?ods to ! new regime4 ,b x is n suffici5t to picture ! new f>m]4 ,y mu/ expla9 him4 ,:at is x t makes ! new f>m]8 ,:o is he8 ,:at are 8 tools8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y _c expla9 ! new f>m] unless y "k ! old f>m]4 ,y _c h ! new f>m] unless y also h ! mossback4 ,! new f>m] is a comp>ative p]son1 z x 74 ,y h to def9e him 9 t]ms ( ! mossback4 ,! contra/ is n betwe5 ! old f>m] & ! new1 = t is m]ely a "q ( relative conditions 9 diff]5t epo*s ( "t4 ,! contra/ is betwe5 ! new f>m] & ! mossback1 = t is a "q ( m5 & ( _! relative effici5cy z memb]s ( ! indu/rial ord]4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 y mu/ obs]ve ! individual traits t *>act]ize ! new f>m]1 su* z ke5ness1 bus9ess in/9ct1 read9ess to adopt new me?ods1 &1 9 fact1 all ! qualities t make a man a success today 9 any call+4 ,= ! new f>m]1 9 respect to 8 p]sonal qualities1 is n a sport1 a ph5om5on4 ,he does n /& out z a di/9ct & peculi> specim54 ,he is a successful ,am]ican citiz5 :o gr[s corn in/ead ( mak+ /eel rails4 ,b y h n yet expla9$ ! new f>m]4 ,^! p]sonal traits d n expla9 him4 ,x may be possible to expla9 an individual & 8 success by call+ att5tion to 8 *>act]i/ics1 & yet y _c completely analyze him & 8 c>e] unless y und]/& ! conditions "u :i* he works--! indu/rial & social environm5t4 ,mu* less c y expla9 a class ( p by describ+ _! p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,y mu/ rea* out into ! great curr5t ( life t is ab\t !m1 & disc]n ! direction & p[] ( t curr5t4 ,n[1 ! conditions t t5d to make ! new f>m] possible may be gr\p$ 9 an old-fa%ion$ way "u two heads4 ,9 ! old sci5tific phrases ! two =ces t make ! new f>m] are ! /ruggle = life & environm5t1 or1 to use o!r words1 competition & opportunity4 ,competition has press$ sev]ely ^u ! f>m]1 competition at home & competition f o!r c\ntries4 ,at "o "t ! he>t ( ! :eat-gr[+ indu/ry ( ?is c\ntry 0 ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 9 ! ,g5esee ,valley2 b ! canal & ! railway soon made possible ! occupation ( ! great gran>y ( ! we/4 ,a multitude ( ambiti\s "y m5 soon took possession ( t gran>y1 & ! fl\r-mills 7 mov$ f ,ro*e/] to ,m9neapolis4 ,?is is an old /ory1 b ! same =ces are /ill at "w4 ,!re has be5 develop$ a _w-m>ket4 ,! %eep ( ! ,au/ralian bu% h become competitors ( ! flocks t fe$ ^u ! gre5 ,v]mont m\nta9s & ! ,ohio hills4 ,! pla9s ( ,arg5t9a gr[ :eat = ,london4 ,russia1 ,sib]ia1 & ,india p\r a con/ant /ream ( gold5 gra9 into ! indu/rial c5t]s ( ,we/]n ,europe1 & ! price ( ,am]ican :eat is fix$ 9 ,london4 ,^! =ces h produc$ /ill ano!r k9d ( competition2 namely1 specialization among f>m]s4 ,localities p>ticul>ly adapt$ to special crops are becom+ c5t]s :]e skill & intellig5ce br+ ! indu/ry to its height4 ,! truck-f>m+ ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic region1 ! fruit gr[+ ( we/]n ,mi*igan1 ! butt] factories ( ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota1 h cr[d$ almo/ to suffocation ! small m>ket-g>d5] ( ! nor!rn t[n1 ! man ) a doz5 pea* trees1 & ! f>m] :o keeps two c[s & trades ! surplus butt] = calico4 ,^! ?+s h absolutely =c$ progress ^u ! f>m]4 ,x is inde$ a /ruggle = life4 ,out ( x comes ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & ! fitte/ is ! new f>m]4 ,b along ) competition has come opportunity4 ,inde$1 out ( ^! v facts t h made competition s /r5u\s spr+ ! mo/ m>vel\s opportunities = ! progressive f>m]4 ,specialization br+s out ! be/ t !re is 9 ! locality & ! man4 ,x gives a *ance to apply sci5ce to f>m+4 ,our transportation sy/em p]mits ! pea* gr[]s ( ,gr& ,rapids to place _! crops at a pr(it 9 ! m>kets ( ,buffalo & ,pittsburg2 ! ri* or*>ds & v9ey>ds ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia f9d _! *ief outlet 9 ! cities ( ! manufactur+ ,nor!a/--?ree ?\s& miles away4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s1 f #ahfj1 ! exports ( :eat f ?is c\ntry increas$ f f\r million bu%els annually to "o hundr$ & =ty million bu%els2 ( corn1 f ?ree & "o-?ird million bu%els to "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five million bu%els2 ( beef products1 f tw5ty million p\nds to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty million p\nds2 ( pork products1 f n9ety-eight million p\nds to sev5te5 hundr$ million p\nds4 ,& n only d ! gra9 & /ock f>m]s f9d ?is outlet = _! surplus products1 b we are beg9n+ to %ip abroad high-grade fruit & fir/-class dairy products 9 consid]able quantities4 ,l[ rates ( freight1 mod]n me?ods ( refrig]ation1 express freight tra9s1 fa/ freight /eam]s--! :ole ma*9]y ( ! comm]cial & f9ancial _w are at ! s]vice ( ! new f>m]4 ,sci5ce1 also1 has f\nd a _w ( "w 9 m9i/]+ to ! ne$s ( agriculture1 & 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways ! new f>m] f9ds helps t h sprung up f ! broadca/ s[+ ( ! h& ( sci5ce4 ,b p]haps ev5 m rem>kable opportunities come to ! new f>m] 9 ^? social ag5cies t t5d to remove ! isolation ( ! c\ntry2 t assi/ 9 educat+ ! f>m] broadly2 t give f>m]s z a class m influ5ce 9 legislature & congress1 & t1 9 f9e1 make rural life m wor? ! liv+4 ,! new f>m] _c be expla9$ until "o is some:at famili> ) ! "* ( ^! rural social ag5cies4 ,!y h already be5 enum]at$ & classifi$ 9 a previ\s *apt]2 !y w be m fully describ$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t e successful f>m] is necess>ily a support] ( all ( ^! social ag5cies4 ,he may be a prosp]\s f>m] j because he is good at ! art ( f>m+1 or because he is a ke5 bus9ess man4 ,b m & m he is com+ to see t ^! ?+s are opportunities t he _c af=d to disreg>d4 ,inde$1 "s ( ^! in/itutions are l>gely ! creation ( ! new f>m] himself4 ,he is us+ !m z tools to fa%ion a bett] rural social /ructure4 ,b !y also fa%ion him4 ,!y s]ve to expla9 him1 9 great "p4 ,competition inspires ! f>m] to 8 be/ ef=ts4 ,! opportunity (f]$ by ^! new & gr[+ advantages gives him ! implem5ts :]e) to make 8 rightful ni*e 9 ! social & indu/rial sy/em4 ,x w\ld be errone\s to suppose t ! new f>m] is a r>a avis4 ,he is n4 ,! _s p]vad+ ! ranks ( f>m]s is rapidly *ang+4 ,we h be5 9 a /ate ( transition 9 agriculture4 ,b ! f>!r %ore has be5 rea*$ & ! bridge is possible4 ,! army ( rural advancem5t is be+ recruit$ ) great rapidity4 ,! advance gu>d is m ?an a body ( sc\ts1 x is an effective brigade4 ,i want also to make a plea = ! mossback4 ,he mu/ n be condemn$ utt]ly4 ,rememb] t competition among f>m]s has be5 int5se2 t rural environm5t bre$s cons]vatism4 ,rememb] also t ! f>m] _c *ange 8 me?ods z rapidly z c "s o!r bus9ess m54 ,rememb]1 too1 t !re is comp>atively small *ance = speculation 9 agriculture2 t l>ge aggregates ( capital _c be collect$ = f>m+1 & consequ5tly1 t ! approv$ means = secur+ imm5se weal?1 great indu/rial advancem5t1 & huge ent]prises are ne>ly abs5t 9 agriculture4 ,rememb] t ! voices call+ f ! city deplete ! c\ntry ( _m good f>m]s z well z ( _m poor ones4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m m5 on f>ms :o p]haps don't c>e = f>m+1 b :o = "s reason _c get away4 ,on ! f>m a man ne$ n />ve2 he c make a livelihood4 ,d\btless ?is simple fact is responsible = a multitude ( mossbacks4 ,!y c live )\t /r5u\s endeavor4 ,possibly a good _m ( u are /r5u\s because we are pu%$ into x4 ,s ,i h a good deal ( sympa?y = ! mossback1 & a mild sort ( scorn = "s ( 8 critics1 :o probably c\ld n d any bett] ?an he is do+ if !y essay$ ! g5tle art ( agriculture4 ,i also h sympa?y = ! mossback p>ticul>ly because he is ! man t ne$s att5tion4 ,! new f>m] takes ! initiative4 ,he patronizes ^! opportunities t we h be5 talk+ ab\t4 ,b ! mossback1 because he is disc\rag$1 or because he is ignorant1 or p]haps m]ely because he is cons]vative1 takes little int]e/ 9 ^! ?+s4 ,ab\t "o f>m] 9 t5 belongs to "s sort ( f>m]s' association4 ,?\s&s ( f>m]s d n take an agricultural pap]1 & p]haps millions ( !m h n read an agricultural book4 ,"r "h comes 9 ano!r fact4 ,e new f>m] :5 full gr[n competes ) e mossback4 ,! educat$ f>m] makes x /ill h>d] = ! ignorant f>m] to progress4 ,! future ( ! ,am]ican f>m] is "o ( ! mo/ pregnant social problems ) :i* we h to deal4 ,!re is inde$ an issue involv$ 9 ! success ( ! new f>m] t is /ill m fundam5tal ?an any yet m5tion$4 ,! old f>m] _h a social /&+ t made him ess5tially a middle-class man4 ,he 0 a l&hold]1 he 0 indep5d5t1 he 0 successful4 ,he 0 ! typical ,am]ican citiz54 ,! old f>m] 0 fa!r to ! be/ blood ( ,am]ica4 ,8 sons & 8 sons' sons h answ]$ to ! roll call ( our c\ntry's w>riors1 /atesm51 writ]s1 capta9s ( indu/ry4 ,c ! new f>m] ma9ta9 ! same relative social /atus8 ,& if he c1 is he to be an ari/ocrat1 a l&lord1 a capta9 ( indu/ry1 & to be> rule ov] ! mossback8 ,& is ! tribe ( mossbacks de/9$ to increase & become a ca/e ( p]man5t t5ants or peasants8 ,is ! future ,am]ican f>m] to be ! typical new f>m] ( ! pres5t1 or are we travel+ t[>d a social condition 9 :i* ! till]s ( ! soil w be und]l+s8 ,is !re com+ a "t :5 ! man ) ! hoe w be ! true picture ( ! ,am]ican f>m]1 ) a l[ /&>d ( liv+1 )\t ideals1 )\t a *ance = progress8 ,we mu/ elim9ate ! mossback4 ,x is to be done l>gely by education & by co-op]ation4 ,!re mu/ be a campaign = rural progress4 ,!re mu/ be a union ( ! c\ntry s*ool tea*]1 ( ! agricultural college pr(essor1 ( ! rural pa/or1 ( ! c\ntry editor1 ) ! f>m]s !mselves1 = ! production ( an increas$ crop ( new f>m]s4 ,any?+ t makes f>m life m wor? liv+1 any?+ t bani%es rural isolation1 any?+ t dignifies ! bus9ess ( f>m+ & makes x m prosp]\s1 any?+ t broad5s ! f>m]'s horizon1 any?+ t gives him a great] grasp ( ! rural movem5t1 any?+ t makes him a bett] citiz51 a bett] bus9ess man1 or a bett] man1 means ! pass+ ( ! mossback4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,culture ,,f ,,! ,,corn ,,lot#b ,! "q ( que/ions t ! college /ud5t asks himself is1 ,:at am ,i go+ to be8 ,! surface qu]y is1 ,:at am ,i go+ to d8 ,b 9 8 he>t ( he>ts he pond]s ! deep] que/ions3 ,:at may ,i become 9 real intellectual & moral wor?8 ,h[ l>ge a man1 measur$ by ! div9e /&>ds1 w x be possible = me to gr[ into8 ,^! are ! great que/ions because gr[? is ! great end ( life4 ,t is :at we are "h =1 to gr[4 ,to develop all our tal5ts1 all our possibilities1 to increase our native p[]s ( body1 m9d1 & s\l--?is is life4 ,x is important t we h a vocation4 ,we mu/ d some?+1 & d x well4 ,b ! real end is n 9 work+ at a pr(ession b 9 develop+ our abilities4 ,our symmetrical gr[? is ! measure ( our success z human be+s4 ,z ! /ud5t looks out ov] ! ocean ( life & scans ! horizon = signs ( ! wise c\rse = him to take1 he %\ld decide :e!r ! p>ticul> mode ( life t n[ appeals to him w yield ! greate/ possible measure ( gr[?4 ,he mu/ consult 8 ta/es1 8 tal5ts1 8 opportunities1 8 tra9+4 ,& ! te/ "q is1 ,w ?is l9e ( "w yield me ! gr[?1 ! culture1 ,i desire8 ,b :at are ! elem5ts t yield culture to an individual8 ,us+ culture 9 a v broad s5se z a synonym = gr[?1 we may say t ! ?+s contribut+ mo/ to ! culture ( ! av]age p]son are 8 "w1 8 leisure1 & 8 s]vice to o!rs4 ,we may n[ try to answ] ! "q we />t$ )1 z x pres5ts itself to _m a /ud5t 9 ! agricultural colleges ( our c\ntry4 ,w agriculture z a bus9ess1 w ! f>m life & environm5t1 contribute to ! gr[? :i* ,i desire = myself8 ,c ,i extract culture f ! corn lot8 ,let u fir/ see if ! "w or vocation ( f>m+ gives culture4 ,my answ] w\ld be t !re is sc>cely an occupation to be nam$ t requires broad] k1 m accurate obs]vation1 or ! ex]cise ( bett] judgm5t ?an does mod]n f>m+4 ,! f>m] deals ) ! application ( _m sci5ces4 ,he mu/ be an al]t bus9ess man4 ,he requires executive tal5t ( no mean ord]4 ,! /udy ( 8 occupation 9 its wid] phases leads him into direct contact ) political economy1 social movem5ts1 & problems ( gov]nm5t4 ,! que/ions confront+ him z a f>m] relate !mselves to ! lead+ realms ( human k & exp]i5ce4 ,i speak ( c\rse ( ! progressive f>m]1 :o makes ! be/ use ( 8 opportunities4 ,he c h>dly hope to become imm5sely weal?y1 b he c ma9ta9 t mode/ /&>d ( liv+ t usually is ! lot ( our mo/ useful & cultur$ p & t m9i/]s z a rule mo/ fully to ! ideal family life4 ,! truly mod]n f>m] _c help gr[+4 ,!re is mu* h>d "w on ! f>m4 ,yet on ! :ole !re is fully z mu* leisure z 9 mo/ o!r occupations4 ,!re is "t to read1 & books are today s easily accessible t liv+ 9 ! c\ntry is no b> to ! book%elf4 ,bett] ?an "t to read is "t to ?9k4 ,! f>m] has always be5 a man :o pond]$ ?+s 9 8 he>t4 ,he has _h a *ance to m$itate4 ,no culture is s\nd except x has be5 b\ght by mu* ?9k+2 all else is v5e]4 ,f>m life gives 9 good measure ?is "t to ?9k4 ,b x is 9 nature t ! f>m] f9ds or may f9d 8 mo/ f]tile field = culture4 ,"h he is at home4 ,"h he may revel if he w4 ,"h he may f9d ! s\rces ( m9d-lib]ation & ( s\l-emancipation4 ,he may be ! envy ( ev]yone :o dwells 9 ! city because he lives s ne> to nature's he>t4 ,bird & fl[]1 sky & tree1 rock & runn+ brook speak to him a v>i\s language4 ,he may read ,god's classics1 li/5 to ! music ( div9e h>monies1 & roam ! picture gall]ies ( ! ,et]nal4 ,s too 9 8 deal+s ) 8 k9d1 he lives close to m5 & wom5 :o are frank1 virile1 direct1 clean1 indep5d5t4 ,! culture com+ f su* associations is above price4 ,"o le>ns to pi]ce all %ams1 to honor ess5tial manhood1 to keep pure ! f\nta9s ( sympa?y1 ambition1 & love4 ,?us on ! f>m "o may f9d full opportunity = t second means ( culture1 leisure4 ,ano!r p[]ful ag5cy = cultivat+ ! human s\l is s]vice4 ,inde$1 s]vice is ! dynamic ( life4 ,to be ( use is ! ambition t be/ /imulates real gr[?4 ,culture is ! end ( life1 ! _s ( s]vice ! motive p[]4 ,s x is ( ?is ,i w\ld speak p]haps mo/ fully1 n only because x is a vital means ( culture1 b because x is also peculi>ly ! privilege & duty ( ! college man & ! college woman4 ,= let x be said t if any college /ud5t secures a diploma ( any degree )\t hav+ be5 seiz$ ^u by a high ambition to be ( "s use 9 ! "w ( help+ humanity =w>d1 !n h t p]son's ye>s ( /udy be5 9 va91 & 8 tea*+ also va94 ,! college man comes n to be m9i/]$ unto b to m9i/]4 ,he has be5 poorly taught if he leaves college ) no ?\ght b = 8 mat]ial success4 ,he mu/ h _h a vision ( s]vice1 8 lips t\*$ ) a coal f ! alt> ( social usefulness1 & 8 he>t cultivat$ to respond to ! call = any ne$ he c supply1 ,"h am ,i1 s5d me4 ,i ?9k x may safely be said t !re is no field :i* (f]s bett] *ance = lead]%ip to ! av]age college man or woman ?an does ! f>m4 ,take1 = in/ance1 politics4 ,! majority ( our /ates are agricultural /ates4 ,! majority ( our c\nties are agricultural c\nties4 ,! agricultural vote is ! det]m9+ factor 9 a l>ge proportion ( our elections4 ,x foll[s inevitably t hone/1 /rong f>m]s ) ! tal5t = lead]%ip & ! ability to h&le !mselves 9 competition ) o!r political lead]s h a m>vel\sly f9e *ance = useful s]vice4 ,s is x 9 educational que/ions4 ,n[h]e may ! citiz5 come into clos] contact ) ! educational problems ( ! day ?an ?r\gh s]vice on ! rural s*ool bo>d4 ,if he br+s to ?is position tra9$ intellig5ce1 "s acqua9tance ) educational que/ions1 & a desire to keep 9 t\* ) ! advancem5t ( ! times1 he c d = 8 community a s]vice t c h>dly be imag9$4 ,take ano!r field--t ( organization = f>m]s1 con/itut+ a problem ( great significance4 ,z yet ?is class ( p is relatively unorganiz$1 b ! movem5t is gr[+ & ! ne$ ( well-tra9$ lead]%ip is vital4 ,i _c speak too /rongly ( ! *ance "h (f]$ = active1 intellig5t1 ma/]ful m5 & wom5 9 be+ ( use z lead]s & (ficials 9 ! ,grange & o!r f>m]s' organizations4 ,s ) ! *ur* "q4 ,"o ( ! reasons = ! sl[ progress ( ! c\ntry *ur* is ! cons]vatism 9 ! pews z well z 9 ! pulpit4 ,! ard5t memb] ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association 9 college may feel t1 9 ! c\ntry1 !re w be no outlet = 8 ambition to be ( religi\s use to 8 fell[-m54 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,! "w ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association itself 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts is j beg9n+1 & promises l>ge gr[?4 ,wid] s]vice 9 ! *ur*1 a community f$]ation or union ( diff]5t *ur*es1 ! "w ( "y p's societies & ( ! ,sunday s*ools--all ^! af=d abundant opportunity = ! man or ! woman qualifi$ & will+4 ,!re are o!r l9es ( usefulness4 ,al?\gh ,i h /at$ t on ! f>m ! opportunities = p]sonal culture are great1 x mu/ be confess$ t ^! opportunities are n fully utiliz$ by ! av]age f>m]'s family4 ,"h !n is a v wide field1 especially = ! f>m]'s wife4 ,= if %e is a cultivat$ college woman1 %e c ?r\gh ! woman's club1 ! ,grange1 ! s*ool1 ! nature-/udy club1 ! travel+ libr>y1 & 9 scores ( ways ex]cise an influ5ce = good on ! community t may h f> great] results ?an w\ld come f h] ef=ts if exp5d$ 9 ! av]age city4 ,! f>m home too has lat5t capacities t are yet to be develop$4 ,x ought to be ! ideal home &1 9 _m cases1 x is4 ,b !re are n en\gh ( su* ideal homes 9 ! c\ntry4 ,no college woman ) a desire to d h] full s]vice 9 ! _w ought = an in/ant to despise ! *ance = s]vice z x exi/s on ! f>m4 ,all ( ^! opportunities s briefly sugge/$ might be enl>g$ ^u almo/ indef9itely1 b ! m]e m5tion ( !m emphasizes ! call = ?is s]vice & ?is lead]%ip4 ,n[h]e are lead]s m ne$$ ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! c\ntry has be5 robb$ ( _m ( its /ronge/ & be/4 ,! city & p]haps ! nation are ga9]s3 b ! c\ntry has suff]$4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 ! future ( our f>m+ communities dep5ds ^u ! quality ( lead]%ip t we are to f9d !re dur+ ! next g5]ation4 ,s we come back to our "q1 ,c ! f>m be made to yield to ! man or woman1 resid+ ^u x & mak+ a liv+ f x1 t measure ( gr[? & all-r\nd developm5t t ! ambiti\s p]son wi%es to atta98 ,& our answ] is1 ,yes4 ,9 its "w1 its leisure1 its field = s]vice1 x may m9i/] to s\nd culture4 ,if y love ! life & "w ( ! f>m1 d n hesitate to *oose t occupation = fe> ( becom+ n>r[ or /unt$4 ,y c live !re ! full1 free life4 ,y c gr[ to y\r full /ature !re4 ,y c get culture f ! corn lot4 ,,footnote3 #b ,address$ to /ud5ts 9 an agricultural college4 ,,! ,,ag5cies ,,( ,,progress ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,education ,,= ,,! ,,f>m] ,! two g5]ations liv+ subsequ5t to ! ye> #ahge are to be witnesses ( an era 9 ,am]ican hi/ory t w be kn[n z ! age ( indu/rial education4 ,^! ye>s are to be ! b\nd>ies ( a p]iod :5 ! g5]al pr9ciple t e individual %all be prop]ly tra9$ = 8 or h] occupation 9 life is to receive its practical application4 ,future g5]ations w d\btless ext5d m>vel\sly ! limits to :i* ! pr9ciple c be pu%$ 9 its m9i/rations to human endeavor1 b we are 9 ! "t :5 ! pr9ciple is fir/ to receive g5]al acceptation & is to be reg>d$ z a fundam5tally necess>y fact ( human progress4 ,we are already witnesses ( ! light4 ,ev5 )9 ! memory ( "y m5 has x come to pass t ! old w9e sk9s ( ! old educational in/itutions h be5 fill$ ) ! new w9e ( sci5ce & ( k & tra9+ appli$ to ! indu/ries & bus9esses ( life4 ,agriculture has p]haps be5 sl[ to feel ! curr5t ( ! new w9e z x fl[s f ! w9e press ( fa/-gr[+ indu/rial & social ne$4 ,b ! lea/ hopeful ( u c1 ,i am sure1 already see signs ( a va/ awak5+4 ,! f>m1 z well z ! pulpit1 ! b>1 ! s*oolroom1 ! %op1 ! c\nt+-room1 is brea?+ 9 ! new idea t k & tra9+ c be made ( use to e man4 ,?is awak5+ is due n m]ely to ! desire ( agriculturi/s to be 9 fa%ion1 nor to ! ef=ts ( agricultural p$agogues1 b to a real ne$4 ,x is common k t 9 ,am]ica we h n f>m$1 b h m9$ ! soil4 ,we h skimm$ ! cream ( f]tility1 & pass$ on to conqu] new areas ( virg9 soil4 ,?is pione] f>m+ has requir$ h>d "w1 ent]prise1 c\rage1 & all ! noble traits ( "* t h made our ,am]ican pione]s fam\s & t h )9 a c5tury subdu$ a wild]ness to civilization4 ,b ! f>m] ( today faces a new situation4 ,! f]tile l&s are fairly well occupi$4 ,! old l&s are deplet$4 ,^! old l&s mu/ be h&l$ skilfully if !y are to produce pr(itably4 ,!y mu/ be us$ because !re is little else to use1 & because !y are ne> ! be/ m>kets4 ,meantime1 sci5ti/s h be5 /udy+ ! deep ?+s ( nature1 & h be5 le>n+ ! laws t gov]n soil1 plant1 & animal4 ,?us we h ! f>m]'s ne$ met by ! !ori/'s discov]ies4 ,! f>m]1 to avail himself ( ^! discov]ies mu/ "k _! mean+ & be able to apply ! g5]al pr9ciple to ! specific case4 ,?is means agricultural education4 ,!n aga91 ! consumption ( high-class products increases at lea/ z rapidly z does our weal?4 ,! dem& comes n alone f ! ri*1 b f ! middle classes ( our cities4 ,skill$ artisans are l>ge consum]s ( *oice meats1 fruits1 & vegetables4 ,to gr[ ^! high-grade products means skill1 & skill means tra9+1 & tra9+ 9 ! l>ge s5se means education4 ,! ne$ = agricultural education1 is1 !n1 a real & vital "o4 ,x is press$ ^u u by economic & social conditions4 ,x is 9 l9e ) ! movem5t ( ! age4 ,9 discuss+ agricultural education1 we mu/ n =get t ! f>m] is also a citiz5 & a man4 ,he %\ld be an intellig5t citiz51 & %\ld !re=e /udy que/ions ( gov]nm5t4 ,z a man1 he %\ld be ! equal ( o!r m5 ( 8 same social rank4 ,he !re=e ne$s a good g5]al education4 ,he is m ?an m]e f>m]4 ,:ile z f>m] he mu/ connect 8 bus9ess ) its environm5t & out ( 8 surr\nd+s ga9 s\nd culture2 :ile he %\ld "k nature1 n only z its ma/]1 b z its fri5d2 he %\ld also be 9 sympa?y ) all t makes mod]n civilization wor? :ile4 ,& ev5 z m]e f>m]1 he f9ds himself face to face ) grave social problems4 ,he mu/ n only produce b he mu/ sell1 & 8 sell+ p[]s are gov]n$ by conditions ( ! m>ket1 by transportation facilities & practices1 & are affect$ by ! laws ( ! l&4 ,h5ce he mu/ be a /ud5t ( ^! problems & mu/ "k ! broad phases ( agriculture & its relations to o!r indu/ries4 ,no intellig5t man d\bts ! ne$ ( agricultural education4 ,let u1 !n1 say a ^w ab\t ! k9d ( education dem&$4 ,?is "q is settl$ v l>gely by ! discussion we h j _h ab\t ! ne$ ( ?is education4 ,fir/ ( all1 ?is education w give a fair ma/]y ( ! pr9ciples t gov]n prop] soil managem5t & plant & animal gr[?4 ,?is is fundam5tal4 ,! f>m] is deal+ ) natural laws1 & he mu/ "k 9 !m _! applications4 ,he _c be bl9d to _! dom9ance4 ,!y insi/ on recognition4 ,!y are jeal\s ma/]s & good s]vants4 ,nature s]ves only ! man :o obeys h]4 ,to obey he mu/ "k4 ,! tru? %all make him free4 ,h[ to secure l>g] crops ( bett] products at less co/ & /ill ma9ta9 soil f]tility1 is ! fir/ dem& ( mod]n agriculture1 & its solution dep5ds 9 l>ge measure ^u education4 ,b education does n /op "h4 ,! f>m] is also a sell] z well z a produc]4 ,he is a bus9ess man4 ,he is manag] ( an indu/ry4 ,he is an inve/or ( capital4 ,s ! "q w arise1 ,c he get any help f education 9 ! h&l+ ( ! bus9ess phases ( 8 f>m8 ,he c]ta9ly c4 ,y _c tea* a man bus9ess 9 ! s5se ( supply+ him ) good s5se1 bus9ess judgm5t1 ability to h&le m51 & s on4 ,b y c /udy ! g5]al conditions t gov]n ! bus9ess ( agriculture1 & y c report ! results ( y\r rese>*es to ! practical f>m]2 & he1 if he is will+1 may le>n mu* t w be helpful to him 9 decid+ ! _m difficult que/ions t confront him z a bus9ess man4 ,f>m adm9i/ration 9 its l>ge/ s5se w1 !n1 be a mo/ important phase ( agricultural education4 ,x is q possible = ! individual f>m] to succe$ admirably if he is equipp$ ) a s\nd tra9+ 9 ! pr9ciples ( production & 9 f>m managem5t4 ,b !re are /ill l>g] que/ions t f>m]s z a class mu/ meet if agriculture is to h its full success & if ! f>m] himself is to occupy ! social position he ought to h4 ,agriculture is an indu/ry among indu/ries4 ,f>m]s are a class among classes4 ,z an indu/ry1 agriculture has relations to o!r indu/ries4 ,x is subject to economic laws4 ,x involves some?+ m ?an gr[+ & sell+4 ,! nature ( ! m>ket1 railroad rates1 effects ( ! t>iff & ( taxation1 are que/ions vital to agriculture4 ,s ) ! f>m]s socially consid]$4 ,_! opportunities = social life1 _! s*ool facilities1 _! *ur* privileges1 _! associations & organizations--all ^! are important matt]s4 ,s agricultural education w n fail to call att5tion to ^! l>g] que/ions4 ,! well-educat$ f>m] w1 !n1 be tra9$ 9 ?ree l9es ( ?\ght--fir/1 t :i* deals ) ! gr[? ( products2 second1 t :i* deals ) ! sell+ ( products2 & ?ird1 t :i* deals ) agriculture z an indu/ry & f>m]s z a class ( p4 ,we may next discuss z briefly z possible ! me?ods by :i* agricultural education may be advanc$4 ,we may n consid] all ( !m1 b r att5d only to "s ( ^? ag5cies t seem ( peculi> int]e/ j at ?is "t4 ,!re is "o und]ly+ requisite ( successful agricultural education t is all-important4 ,x is fai? 9 agriculture4 ,any man to succe$ gr&ly mu/ h absolute fai? 9 8 bus9ess4 ,s ! f>m] mu/ believe 9 agriculture4 ,agriculture _c atta9 its highe/ rank unless ! m5 engag$ 9 x believe 9 x mo/ pr(\ndly4 ,!y mu/ believe t a man c make money 9 f>m+4 ,!y mu/ love ! f>m life & surr\nd+s4 ,!y mu/ believe t ! be/ days ( agriculture are ahead ( u1 n beh9d u4 ,!y mu/ believe t m5 c f9d 9 agriculture a *ance to use bra9s & to develop tal5ts & to utilize education4 ,agricultural education re/s on ?is fai?4 ,give u a /ate fill$ ) su* f>m]s & we c gu>antee a /rong sy/em ( agricultural education4 ,b ! se$s ( education _c gr[ 9 a soil b>r5 ( ! ri*ness ( s5tim5t = & confid5ce 9 ! f>m4 ,our agricultural colleges h be5 criticiz$ because !y h graduat$ s few f>m]s4 ,b ! fault is n all ) ! colleges4 ,! f>m]s also are to blame4 ,!y h n _h fai? en\gh 9 ! f>m to advise "y m5 to g to college to prep>e = f>m+4 ,!y admit ! value ( education = ! law1 = build+ railroads1 b n = f>m+4 ,?is mu/ be *ang$1 is be+ *ang$4 ,! la/ t5 ye>s h se5 a revolution 9 ?is respect1 & ! result is a mighty increase 9 agricultural educational int]e/4 ,"o p[]ful means ( agricultural education is ! f>m]s' organization or association4 ,all our dairy1 horticultural1 p\ltry1 & live-/ock associations are great educators4 ,s ( an organization l ! ,grange1 its *ief "w is education4 ,x br+s m9d 9 contact ) m9d2 x gives *ance = discussion & int]*ange ( ideas2 x tra9s 9 p[] ( expression2 x tea*es ! virtue ( co-op]ation4 ,f>m]s blund] :5 !y fail to enc\rage organization4 ,sometimes1 out ( fooli% notions ( indep5d5ce1 !y neglect to unite _! =ces4 ,!y are utt]ly bl9d to _! be/ int]e/s :5 !y d s4 ,!y %\ld enc\rage organization if = no o!r reason ?an = ! spl5did educational advantages t fl[ f x4 ,h[ev]1 our *ief int]e/ is1 p]haps1 9 ^? in/itutions t are =m$ purposely & especially = agricultural education & :i* are usually support$ out ( public funds4 ,!re are ?ree great fields ( endeavor 9 :i* ^! in/itutions are work+4 ,! fir/ /ep is to "k--to "k ! tru?4 ,s 9 agriculture we mu/ "k4 ,"k :at8 ,"k h[ nature works4 ,s ! man ( sci5ce /udies ! soil & f9ds out :at plant-food x conta9s1 h[ ! wat] acts 9 x1 :at heat & air d1 & ! int]-relation ( all ^! elem5ts4 ,he /udies ! plant & its habits & tries to discov] h[ x gr[s & h[ x c be improv$ = man's use4 ,he /udies ! animal & endeavors to le>n :at are ! be/ foods = x & :at laws gov]n its adaptation to human food4 ,he /udies climate & tries to f9d out :at plants & animals are mo/ appropriate to diff]5t locations4 ,he /udies injuri\s insects & diseases & devises rem$ies = !m4 ,he discov]s1 exp]im5ts4 ,s we h rese>* z ! fir/ t]m 9 agricultural education4 ,! in/itutions ( rese>* are our exp]im5t /ations & ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,_! "w may be lik5$ to ! pl[+ ( ! field4 ,!y /rive to "k h[ nature works1 & h[ man c make use ( h] laws 9 ! gr[+ ( plant & animal4 ,! next ?+ is to tea*4 ,! f>m] too mu/ "k4 ,k conf9$ to ! sci5ti/ has little practical use4 ,x is ! f>m] :o c use x4 ,moreov]1 new tea*]s mu/ be tra9$1 new exp]im5t]s equipp$1 & lead]s 9 e direction prep>$4 ,s we h agricultural colleges & s*ools4 ,if exp]im5t is to be lik5$ to pl[+1 ! "w ( ! s*ools may be comp>$ to s[+ & cultivat+4 ,agricultural colleges h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica almo/ fifty ye>s4 ,_! c>e]s h be5 bo? inspir+ & disappo9t+4 ,!y h _h to tra9 _! own tea*]s1 create a body ( k1 break d[n ! b>s ( educational prejudice4 ,?is "w has tak5 "t4 ,! results ju/ify ! "t & ef=t4 ,= today agricultural education is becom+ organiz$1 ! subjects ( /udy are well plann$1 & compet5t m5 are tea*+ & exp]im5t+4 ,! disappo9tm5t is tw(old4 ,!y h n graduat$ z _m f>m]s z !y %\ld h4 ,?is is due n :olly to wrong notions 9 ! colleges4 ,x is1 z sugge/$ be=e1 p>tly due to ! lack ( fai? 9 agriculture on ! "p ( ! f>m]s !mselves4 ,b ! colleges are 9 "p to blame4 ,_m ( !m h n be5 9 close t\* ) ! f>m]s4 ,!y h (t5 be5 out ( sympa?y ) ! int]e/s ( ! f>m]s4 ,!y h too frequ5tly be5 s]vile imitators ( ! traditions ( ! old] colleges1 in/ead ( /rik+ out boldly on a l9e ( orig9al & helpful "w = agriculture4 ,today1 h[ev]1 we see a rapid *ange go+ on 9 mo/ ( our agricultural colleges4 ,!y are seek+ to help solve ! f>m]s' difficulties4 ,!y are tra9+ "y m5 = f>m life4 ,! f>m]s are respond+ to ?is new int]e/ & are beg9n+ to h great confid5ce 9 ! colleges4 ,x is sometimes said t mo/ f>m]s :o get an agricultural education _c be tra9$ 9 ! colleges4 ,d\btless ?is is true4 ,probably a v small proportion ev5 ( educat$ f>m]s c or w graduate f a full c\rse 9 an agricultural college4 ,_m w d s4 ,!re is no reason :y a l>ge proportion ( ! graduates ( our college c\rses 9 agriculture may n g to ! f>m4 ,i h no sympa?y ) ! idea t ^? c\rses are too elaborate = ^? "y m5 :o want to f>m4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 if our agricultural colleges %all graduate hundr$s & ?\s&s e ye> :o return to ! f>m1 x /ill leaves ! great majority ( f>m]s unt\*$ 9 an educational way unless o!r means are devis$4 ,b !re are o!r means at h&4 ,we h fir/ ! agricultural s*ool4 ,! typical agricultural high s*ool gives a c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s1 (f]+ "w ( high-s*ool grade 9 ma!matics & ,engli%1 ) ab\t half ! "t devot$ to tea*+ 9 agriculture4 ,_m "y m5 want to get an insight into ! pr9ciples ( mod]n agriculture1 b _c af=d "t or money = college "w4 ,?is c\rse fits _! ne$4 ,a spl5did s*ool ( ?is design has be5 9 successful op]ation 9 ,m9nesota = m ?an a doz5 ye>s1 & has ne>ly five hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,9 ,wiscons9 !re are two c\nty s*ools ( agriculture = a simil> purpose4 ,o!r s*ools c\ld be nam$4 ,! agricultural colleges also (f] %ort] c\rses ( college grade1 p]haps ( two ye>s4 ,^! are v practical & useful c\rses4 ,n only t1 b ne>ly all ! colleges give special w9t] c\rses ( f t5 days to f\rte5 weeks4 ,^! are patroniz$ by ?\s&s ( "y m54 ,s 9 _m ways are ! colleges meet+ ! ne$4 ,we all agree t x is desirable = a "y man to take a full college c\rse1 ev5 9 agriculture4 ,b x is bett] to h a half-loaf ?an no bread4 ,yes1 bett] to h a slice ?an no bread4 ,! colleges furni% ! :ole loaf1 ! half-loaf1 & ! slice4 ,& "y m5 are n\ri%$ by all4 ,"o reason :y agricultural education has n made m rapid progress is because ! *ildr5 ( ! c\ntry s*ools h be5 taught 9 su* a mann] z to lead !m to ?9k t !re is no *ance = bra9s 9 f>m+4 ,bo? _! home influ5ce & _! s*ool atmosph]e h1 9 mo/ cases p]haps1 be5 work+ aga9/ _! *oice ( agriculture z a vocation4 ,x !re=e becomes important t ^! *ildr5 %all be s taught t !y c see ! opportunity 9 f>m+4 ,!y mu/1 moreov]1 be s tra9$ t !y w be nature /ud5ts2 = ! f>m] above all m5 mu/ be a nature /ud5t4 ,s we see ! ne$ ( introduc+ into our rural s*ools nature-/udy = ! "y pupils & elem5t>y agriculture = ! old] ones4 ,?is is be+ successfully accompli%$ 9 _m cases1 & is ar\s+ ! greate/ int]e/ & meet+ ) gratify+ success4 ,we %all )9 t5 ye>s h a new g5]ation ( "y m5 & wom5 ready = college :o h _h _! eyes op5$ z nev] be=e to ! beauties ( nature & to ! fasc9ation !re is 9 ! f>m]'s task ( us+ nature = 8 own advantage4 ,b :5 we h increas$ ! att5dance at our agricultural colleges t5fold2 :5 we h hundr$s ( agricultural s*ools tea*+ ?\s&s ( our y\? ! fundam5tals ( agriculture2 :5 ea* rural s*ool 9 our broad l& is in/ill+ into ! m9ds ( *ildr5 ! ne>ness & beauty ( nature & is tea*+ ! "y eyes to see & ! "y e>s to he> :at ,god ha? wr\ght 9 8 _m works ( l& & sea & sky1 9 soil1 & plant1 & liv+ animal--ev5 :5 t happy day %all dawn w we f9d multitudes ( m5 & wom5 on our f>ms /ill unt\*$ by agricultural education4 ,^! p mu/ be rea*$4 ,! m]e fact t _! s*ool days are =ev] beh9d !m is no reason :y !y %all n receive some:at ( ! inspiration & guidance t fl[ f ! s*ools4 ,s we h an imp]ative dem& = ! ext5sion ( agricultural tea*+ out f ! s*ools to ! f>m community4 ,! s*ool ?us n only %$s its light ^u ^? :o are )9 its gates1 b sets out on ! beautiful err& ( c>ry+ ?is same light into e f>m home 9 ! l&4 ,?is "w is be+ done today by ?\s&s ( f>m]s' in/itutes1 by demon/rations 9 spray+ & 9 _m o!r simil> l9es1 by home-/udy c\rses & correspond5ce c\rses1 by co-op]ative exp]im5ts1 by ! di/ribution ( leaflets & bullet9s1 by lectures at f>m]s' ga!r+s1 by travel+ s*ools ( dairy+4 ,^! me?ods & o!rs l !m are be+ invok$ = ! purpose ( br++ to ! f>m]s 9 _! homes & neighborhoods "s ( ! b5efits t ! colleges & s*ools be/[ ^u _! pupils4 ,we h se5 some?+ ( ! ne$ ( agricultural education1 ( ! k9d ( education requir$1 & ( ! means us$ to secure x4 ,does n ?is discussion at lea/ %[ ! supreme importance ( ! "q8 ,w n ! f>m]s rally !mselves to & league !mselves ) ! m5 :o are try+ to =w>d ! be/ int]e/s ( ! f>m8 ,%all we n all "w toge!r = ! bett]m5t bo? ( ! f>m & ( ! f>m]8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,f>m]s' ,,in/itutes ,a decade & a half ago1 !re 0 a vigor\s campaign = ! e/abli%m5t ( univ]sity ext5sion ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! campaign 0 a los+ "o--) b a few successes amid g5]al failure4 ,b _m ye>s be=e ?is agitation1 !re 0 begun a "w among f>m]s1 :i* 9 =m & _s 0 univ]sity ext5sion1 & :i* has con/antly develop$ until x is today "o ( ! mo/ pot5t among ! =ces mak+ = rural progress4 ,?is "w has be5 done *iefly by :at are n[ univ]sally kn[n z f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,! typical f>m]s' in/itute is a meet+ usually la/+ two days1 held = ! purpose ( discuss+ subjects t relate to ! int]e/s ( f>m]s1 m p>ticul>ly ^? ( a practical "*4 ,z a rule1 ! speak]s to :om set topics are assign$ are compos$ ( two classes3 ! fir/ class is made up ( exp]ts1 ei!r pr(essors or exp]im5t]s 9 agricultural colleges & simil> in/itutions1 or practical f>m]s :o h made su* a /udy (1 & su* a conspicu\s success 91 "s bran* ( agriculture t !y may well be call$ exp]ts2 ! second class comprises f>m]s liv+ 9 ! locality 9 :i* ! in/itute is held4 ,! exp]ts are expect$ to und]/& g5]al pr9ciples or me?ods1 & ! local speak]s ! conditions peculi> to ! neighborhood4 ,! meet+ usually beg9s 9 ! =5oon & ends ) ! aft]noon session ( ! second day--five sessions be+ held4 ,z a rule1 n ov] two or ?ree sep>ate topics are treat$ 9 any "o session1 & 9 a well-plann$ in/itute topics ( a l "* are gr\p$ toge!r1 s t !re may be a fruit session1 a dairy session1 etc4 ,ea* topic is commonly introduc$ by a talk or pap] ( tw5ty to =ty m9utes' l5g?4 ,?is is foll[$ by a g5]al discussion 9 :i* ^? 9 ! audi5ce are invit$ to ask que/ions ( ! speak] relevant to ! topic "u consid]ation1 or to express op9ions & give exp]i5ces ( _! own4 ,?is is a r\gh outl9e ( ! av]age f>m]s' in/itute1 b ( c\rse !re are _m v>iations4 ,!re are "o-day meet+s & !re are ?ree-day meet+s1 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! "o-day meet+s h gr[n 9 favor2 9 "s /ates local speak]s take little "p2 9 "s in/itutes a "q-box is a v prom95t feature1 9 o!rs x is omitt$ altoge!r2 9 "s cases ! ev5+ programme is made up ( educational topics1 or ( home topics1 or is ev5 arrang$ l>gely = amusem5t2 9 o!r in/ances ! ev5+ session is omitt$4 ,9 mo/ in/itutes wom5 are recogniz$ ?r\gh programme topics ( special int]e/ to !m4 ,x is n important to trace ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! f>m]s' in/itute movem5t1 & inde$ x is n v easy to say precisely :5 & :]e ! mod]n in/itute orig9at$4 ,f>m]s' meet+s ( v>i\s sorts 7 held e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,z f> back z #ahec ! secret>y ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,agriculture recomm5d$ t f>m]s' in/itutes be made an e/abli%$ means ( agricultural education4 ,by #ahga ,ill9ois & ,i[a held meet+s call$ f>m]s' in/itutes1 it9]ant 9 "*1 & design$ to call toge!r bo? exp]ts & f>m]s1 b nei!r /ate kept up ! "w sy/ematically4 ,bo? ,v]mont & ,new ,hamp%ire h held in/itutes annually s9ce #ahga1 ?\gh !y did n be> t "n 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,mi*igan has a unique record1 hav+ held regul>ly1 s9ce #ahgf1 annual f>m]s' in/itutes1 s kn[n & designat$1 :i* always h conta9$ practically ! ess5tial features ( ! pres5t-day in/itute4 ,! ,mi*igan legislature pass$ a law 9 #ahfa provid+ = lectures to o!rs ?an /ud5ts ( ! ,agricultural ,college1 & has made bi5nial appropriations = in/itutes s9ce #ahgg4 ,ohio1 9 #ahha1 ext5d$ ! in/itute idea to include e c\nty 9 ! /ate4 ,m important ?an ! orig9 ( ! f>m]s' in/itute movem5t is ! pres5t /atus4 ,practically e /ate & t]ritory 9 ! ,union c>ries on in/itutes "u "s =m or o!r4 ,9 some:at m ?an half ! /ates1 ! au?orities ( ! l&-grant colleges h *>ge ( ! "w4 ,9 ! o!r /ates1 ! bo>d ( agriculture or ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture has control4 ,9 #aije-f !re 7 held #c1ejj in/itutes1 9 #de /ates & t]ritories1 ) a total report$ att5dance ( #a1cjj1jjj p1 at a co/ ( ne>ly #cej1jjj4 ,! "w is l>gely support$ by ! /ate treasuries1 "s ( ! /ates %[+ a mo/ g5]\s _s4 ,! annual /ate appropriations = ! "w 9 lead+ in/itute /ates are z foll[s3 ,p5nsylvania1 #bj1ejj2 ,new ,york1 #bj1jjj2 ,m9nesota1 #ah1jjj2 ,ill9ois1 #ag1aej2 ,ohio1 #af1gdg2 ,wiscons91 #ab1jjj2 ,indiana1 #aj1jjj4 ,9 ^! /ates practically e c\nty has annually f "o to five in/itutes4 ,in/itutes 9 no two /ates are manag$ 9 ! same way1 b ! sy/em has fitt$ itself to local notions & p]haps to local ne$s4 ,a r\gh division may be made--^? /ates :i* h "s =m ( c5tral control & ^? :i* d n h4 ,ev5 among /ates hav+ a c5tral managem5t are f\nd all degrees ( c5tralization2 ,wiscons9 & ,ohio may be tak5 z ! extremes4 ,9 ,wiscons9 ! director ( in/itutes1 :o is an employee ( ! univ]sity1 has practically complete *>ge ( ! in/itutes4 ,he assigns ! places :]e ! meet+s are to be held1 bas+ 8 decision ^u ! location ( =m] in/itutes 9 ! v>i\s c\nties1 ^u ! eag]ness :i* ! neighborhoods seem to manife/ t[>d secur+ ! in/itute1 etc4 ,he arranges ! programme = ea* meet+1 suit+ ! topics & speak]s to local ne$s1 prep>es adv]tis+ mat]ials1 & sets ! dates ( ! meet+4 ,a local correspond5t looks aft] a prop] hall = meet+1 di/ributes ! adv]tis+ po/]s1 & be>s a c]ta9 responsibility = ! success ( ! in/itute4 ,meet+s are arrang$ 9 s]ies1 & a corps ( two or ?ree lectur]s is s5t by ! director ^u a week's t\r4 ,"o ( ^! lectur]s is call$ a conductor4 ,he usually presides ov] ! in/itute & keeps ! discussions 9 prop] *annels4 ,practice makes him an exp]t4 ,! /ate lectur]s d mo/ ( ! talk+4 ,local speak]s d n be> any l>ge %>e 9 ! programme4 ,que/ions are freely ask$1 h[ev]4 ,ohio has an in/itute society 9 ea* c\nty1 & ?is society l>gely controls its own in/itutes4 ,! secret>y ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 :o has *>ge ( ! sy/em1 assigns dates & speak]s to ea* in/itute4 ,aft] t ev]y?+ is 9 ! h&s ( ! local society1 :i* *ooses ! topics to be pres5t$ by ! /ate speak]s1 adv]tises ! meet+1 & ! society presid5t acts z presid+ (fic]4 ,local speak]s usually occupy half ! "t4 ,x does n seem z if ei!r ( ^! plans 9 its entirety 7 ideal--! "o an extreme ( c5traliz$ control1 ! o!r an extreme ( local managem5t4 ,yet 9 practice bo? plans "w well4 ,no /ates 9 ! ,union h bett] in/itutes nor bett] results f in/itute "w ?an ,wiscons9 & ,ohio4 ,skill1 intellig5ce1 & tact c\nt = m ?an p>ticul> in/itutions4 ,new ,york may be said to foll[ ! ,wiscons9 plan4 ,m9nesota goes ev5 a /ep f>!r2 in/ead ( hold+ sev]al s]ies ( in/itutes simultane\sly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ate1 att5d$ by diff]5t crews1 ! :ole corps ( /ate speak]s att5ds e in/itute4 ,no set programmes are arrang$4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u local conditions4 ,?is sy/em is exp5sive1 b "u pres5t guidance v effective4 ,mi*igan1 ,indiana1 & ,p5nsylvania h adopt$ sy/ems :i* are a mean betwe5 ! plan ( c5tralization & ! plan ( localization4 ,ill9ois has a plan admirably design$ to enc\rage local int]e/1 :ile provid+ = c5tral managem5t4 ,few o!r /ates h c>ri$ in/itute "w s f> z ! /ates already nam$1 & 9 "s cases !re seems to be a prejudice aga9/ a well-c5traliz$ & fully-develop$ sy/em--a feel+ t ea* locality may be self-suffic+ 9 in/itute "w4 ,b ?is attitude is we>+ away1 = exp]i5ce s]ves to demon/rate fully ! value ( sy/em4 ,! dang] ( c5tralization is bureaucracy2 b 9 in/itute "w1 if ! managem5t fails to provide = local ne$s1 & to furni% acceptable speak]s1 vigor\s prote/s soon correct ! ab]ration4 ,x has be5 /at$ t 9 ,am]ica we h no educational sy/em--t spontaneity is ! dom9ant feature ( ,am]ican education4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,s x has transpir$ t num]\s special features h come 9 to use 9 v>i\s /ates--features ( value & int]e/4 ,x may be wor? :ile to sugge/ "s ( ! m *>act]i/ic ( ^! features1 )\t attempt+ an exact category4 ,=m]ly ! only way 9 :i* wom5 7 recogniz$ at ! in/itutes 0 by home & social topics on ! programme1 ?\gh wom5 h always att5d$ ! meet+s freely4 ,"s ye>s ago ,m9nesota & ,wiscons9 add$ wom5 speak]s to _! li/ ( /ate speak]s1 & 9 ! case ( ,wiscons91 at lea/1 held a sep>ate session = wom51 simultane\sly ) "o or two sessions ( ! regul> in/itute1 ) demon/ration lectures 9 cook+ z ! *ief features4 ,mi*igan holds wom5's sections 9 connection ) in/itutes1 b g5]al topics are tak5 up4 ,9 ,ont>io sep>ate wom5's in/itutes h be5 organiz$4 ,9 ,ill9ois a ,/ate ,association ( ,dome/ic ,sci5ce has gr[n out ( ! in/itutes4 ,?us in/itute "w has broad5$ to ! advantage ( f>m wom54 ,at _m in/itutes !re are exhibits ( f>m & dome/ic products--a sort ( midw9t] fair4 ,(t5times ! m]*ants ( ! t[n 9 :i* ! in/itute is held (f] premiums z an inducem5t to ! f>m]s4 ,9 ,wiscons9 an educational feature ( mu* value takes ! =m ( /ock-judg+--usually at ! regul> autumn fairs4 ,! judges give _! reasons = _! decisions1 ?us emphasiz+ ! qualities t g to make up a p]fect or desirable animal4 ,9 sev]al /ates !re is held an annual /ate in/itute call$ a r\nd-up1 clos+ in/itute1 or ! l4 ,x is int5d$ to be a l>gely att5d$ & repres5tative /ate conv5tion ( agriculturi/s1 = ! purpose ( discuss+ topics ( g5]al int]e/ to m5 & wom5 f ! f>ms4 ,^! meet+s are frequ5tly v l>ge & en?usia/ic ga!r+s4 ,! c\nty in/itute society is a "p ( ! organization 9 "s in/ances v well develop$4 ,x gives p]man5cy to ! "w & ar\ses local int]e/ & pride4 ,! developm5t ( m5 & wom5 into suitable /ate speak]s is an int]e/+ phase4 ,z a rule ! mo/ acceptable speak]s are m5 :o h made a success 9 "s bran* ( f>m+1 & :o also h cultivat$ ! gift ( cle> & simple expression4 ,n a few ( ^! m5 become adepts 9 public speak+ & a*ieve a reputation outside ( _! own /ates4 ,9 sev]al /ates !re is held a normal in/itute--an autumn meet+ la/+ a week or two weeks1 & br++ toge!r1 usually at ! /ate college ( agriculture1 ! m5 :o are to give ! lectures at ! in/itutes ( ! w9t] to foll[4 ,! object ( ! ga!r+ is to br+ ! lectur]s into close contact ) ! late/ ?+s 9 agricultural sci5ce1 & to tra9 !m = m effective "w4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture employ$ an exp]i5c$ in/itute director to give all 8 "t to ! /udy & promotion ( f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,?is incid5t is sugge/ive ( ! important place :i* in/itutes h secur$ 9 ! "w = bett] f>m+4 ,! results ( a g5]ation ( in/itute "w are n easy to summ>ize4 ,x is safe to make a broad g5]alization by ass]t+ t ?is =m ( agricultural education has contribut$ 9 a rem>kable degree to bett] f>m+4 ,! be/ me?ods ( f>m+ h be5 advocat$ f ! in/itute plat=m4 ,agricultural college pr(essors1 & agricultural exp]im5t]s h talk$ ( ! relations ( sci5ce to practical f>m+4 ,! f>m]s h come to dep5d ^u ! in/itute z a means = ga9+ up-to-date in=mation4 ,& if in/itutes h in=m$1 !y h also done :at is /ill bett]--!y h inspir$4 ,!y h gone into _m a dormant f>m community & awak5$ ! :ole neighborhood to a quick] life4 ,!y h />t$ discussions1 set m5 ?9k+1 br\ght 9 a brea? ( fre% air4 ,!y h giv5 to _m a f>m] an opportunity = self-developm5t z a ready speak]4 ,o!r educational ag5cies1 su* z ! agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations1 h pr(it$ by in/itutes4 ,no "o ?+ has done m ?an ! in/itutes to popul>ize agricultural education1 to /ir up int]e/ 9 ! colleges1 to make ! f>m]s feel 9 t\* ) ! sci5ti/s4 ,f>m]s' in/itutes are a phase ( univ]sity ext5sion1 & x is z a "p ( ! ext5sion movem5t t !y are b\nd to increase 9 value & importance4 ,read+-c\rses & correspond5ce-c\rses are gr[+ factors 9 ?is ext5sion movem5t1 b ! p[] ( ! spok5 ^w is gu>antee t ! f>m]s' in/itute _c be sup]s$$ 9 fact4 ,& x is wor? not+ aga91 t :ile univ]sity ext5sion has n be5 ! success 9 ?is c\ntry :i* its fri5ds ( a decade ago fondly prophesi$ = x1 its humbl] c\s9--agricultural college ext5sion--has be5 a conspicu\s success1 & is acquir+ a con/antly increas+ p[] among ! educational ag5cies t are try+ to deal ) ! f>m problem4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,hesp]ia ,,movem5t ,! gulf betwe5 p>5t & tea*] is too common a ph5om5on to ne$ exposition4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! *asm is probably due m to c>elessness1 to ! pressure ( "t1 or to indol5ce ?an to any m s]i\s del9qu5cies2 yet all w admit ! disa/r\s effects t fl[ f ! fact t !re is n ! close intellectual & spiritual sympa?y t !re %\ld be betwe5 ! s*ool & ! home4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to demon/rate ! value ( any movem5t t has = its purpose ! bridg+ ( ! gulf4 ,b x is an om5 ( enc\ragem5t to f9d t !re are =ces at "w design$ to br+ tea*] & s*ool patron into a clos] work+ h>mony4 ,a /atem5t ( ! hi/ory & me?ods ( "s ( ^! ag5cies may !re=e well h a place 9 a discussion ( rural progress4 ,= ! movem5ts to be describ$ are ess5tially rural-s*ool movem5ts4 ,( fir/ int]e/ is an attempt :i* has be5 made 9 ! /ate ( ,mi*igan to bridge ! gulf--to create a common /&+-gr\nd = bo? tea*] & p>5t--& on t basis to c>ry on an educational campaign t x is hop$ w result 9 ! _m desirable conditions :i*1 a priori1 might be expect$ f su* a union4 ,at pres5t ! movem5t is conf9$ practically to ! rural s*ools4 ,x consi/s 9 ! organization ( a c\nty ,tea*]s & ,patrons' ,association1 ) a memb]%ip ( tea*]s & s*ool patrons1 prop]ly (fic]$4 ,its *ief me?od ( "w is to hold "o or m meet+s a ye>1 usually 9 ! c\ntry or 9 small villages1 & ! programme is design$ to cov] educational que/ions 9 su* a way z to be ( int]e/ & pr(it to bo? tea*]s & f>m]s4 ,?is movem5t 0 indig5\s to ,mi*igan--its f\nd]s work$ out ! s*eme on _! own initiative1 & to ?is day its promot]s h nev] drawn ^u any res\rces outside ! /ate = sugge/ion or plan4 ,b if ! fri5ds ( rural education else:]e %all be attract$ by ?is me?od ( solv+ "o ( ! vex$ phases ( _! problem1 ,i hope t !y w describe x z ! ,hesp]ia movem5t4 ,= ! movem5t orig9at$ 9 ,hesp]ia1 0 develop$ !re1 & its entire success 9 ,hesp]ia 0 ! reason = its fur!r adoption4 ,hesp]ia des]ves any r5[n t may *ance to come f ! widespread organization ( ,tea*]s & ,patrons' ,associations4 ,& :]e is ,hesp]ia8 ,x lies ab\t =ty miles nor? & we/ ( ,gr& ,rapids--a m]e dot ( a t[n1 a small c\ntry village at lea/ twelve or fifte5 miles f any railroad4 ,x is on ! extreme ea/]n side ( ,oceana ,c\nty1 surr\nd$ by f]tile f>m+ l&s1 :i* h be5 populat$ by a class ( p :o may be tak5 z a type ( progressive1 successful1 intellig5t ,am]ican f>m]s4 ,_m ( !m are ( ,scot* orig94 ,p>tly because ( _! native en]gy1 p>tly1 p]haps1 because _! isolation made x necess>y to develop _! own in/itutions1 ^! p believe 9 & support good s*ools1 ! ,grange1 & _m progressive movem5ts4 ,= sev]al ye>s !re _h exi/$ 9 ,oceana ,c\nty ! usual c\nty tea*]s' association4 ,b1 because ,hesp]ia 0 s f> f ! c5t] ( ! c\nty1 & because x 0 n easily accessible1 ! tea*]s :o taught s*ools 9 ! vic9ity c\ld r>ely secure a meet+ ( ! association at ,hesp]ia2 & 9 turn !y f\nd x difficult to att5d ! meet+s held 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! c\nty4 ,a few ye>s ago x *anc$ t ?is gr\p ( tea*]s 0 compos$ ( especially bright1 en]getic1 & orig9al "y m5 & wom54 ,!y det]m9$ to h an association ( _! own4 ,x occurr$ to someone t x w\ld add /r5g? to _! organization if ! f>m]s 7 ask$ to meet ) !m4 ,! idea seem$ to take1 & ! meet+s became q popul>4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahhe-hf4 ,special cr$it = ?is e>ly v5ture belongs to ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,brooks1 /ill ( ,hesp]ia & an ex-presid5t ( ! pres5t association1 & to ,dr4 ,c4 ,n4 ,s[]s1 ( ,b5ton ,h>bor1 ,mi*41 :o 0 "o ( ! tea*]s dur+ ! w9t] nam$1 & :o 0 elect$ secret>y ( ! ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,exam9]s 9 #ahhg4 ,mr4 ,brooks writes3 ,! programmes 7 s arrang$ t ! p>ticipants 9 discussions & 9 ! read+ ( pap]s 7 ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 tea*]s & patrons4 ,an active int]e/ 0 awak5$ f ! />t4 ,= "o ?+1 x furni%$ a ne$$ social ga!r+ dur+ ! w9t] = ! f>m]s4 ,! meet+s 7 held on ,saturdays1 & ! s*oolh\se favor$ 0 usually well fill$4 ,! meet+s 7 n held at any "o s*oolh\se1 b 7 made to circulate among ! diff]5t s*ools4 ,^! ga!r+s 7 s successful t simil> societies 7 organiz$ 9 o!r portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,mc,clure1 :o has s9ce 7#ahif-aijj7 be5 deputy sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction ( ,mi*igan1 0 elect$ c\nty-s*ool commission] ( ,oceana ,c\nty4 ,mr4 ,mc,clure is a man ( great en?usiasm & made a mo/ successful commission]4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea t ?is union ( tea*]s & patrons c\ld be made ( ! greate/ value1 9 /imulat+ bo? tea*]s & f>m]s to r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ! real welf>e ( ! *ildr5 z well z a means ( secur+ ne$$ re=ms4 ,8 fir/ ef=t 0 to prep>e a li/ ( books suitable = pupils 9 all grades ( ! rural s*ools4 ,he also prep>$ a rural lecture-c\rse1 z well z a plan = secur+ libr>ies = ! s*ools4 ,all ^! propositions 7 adopt$ by a union meet+ ( tea*]s & f>m]s4 ,8 next /ep 0 to unite ! int]e/s ( ea/]n ,oceana ,c\nty & we/]n ,newaygo ,c\nty 7,newaygo ly+ directly ea/ ( ,oceana71 & 9 #ahic !re 0 organiz$ ! ,oceana & ,newaygo ,c\nties ,jo9t ,grang]s & ,tea*]s' ,association1 ! ^w ,grang] be+ ins]t$ because ( ! activity ( ! ,grange 9 support ( ! movem5t4 ,mr4 ,mc,clure has p>donable pride 9 ?is ef=t ( 81 & 8 own words w be/ describe ! developm5t ( ! movem5t3 ,?is association meets ,?ursday night & cont9ues 9 session until ,saturday night4 ,"s ( ! be/ speak]s 9 ,am]ica h address$ ! association4 ,dr4 ,arnold ,tompk9s1 9 speak+ be=e ! association1 said x 0 a wond]ful association & ! only "o ( its "* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:at 0 my ideal 9 organiz+ su* associations8 #a4 ,to unite ! f>m]s :o pay ! taxes t support ! s*ools1 ! home-mak]s1 ! tea*]s1 ! pupils1 into a co-op]ative "w = bett] rural-s*ool education4 #b4 ,to give :olesome ent]ta9m5t 9 ! rural di/ricts1 :i* f necessity are m or less isolat$4 #c4 ,to create a ta/e = good ,am]ican lit]ature 9 home & s*ool1 & high] ideals ( citiz5%ip4 #d4 ,summ$ up 9 all1 to make ! rural s*ools "*-build]s1 to rid ! di/ricts ( surr\nd+s :i* de/roy "*1 su* z unkept s*ool y>ds1 f\l1 na/y ou?\ses1 poor1 unfit tea*]s4 ,^! re=ms1 y und]/&1 come only ?r\gh a heal?y educational s5tim5t :i* is ar\s$ by a sympa!tic co-op]ation ( f>m1 home1 & s*ool4 ,:at results h ,i be5 able to discov] gr[+ out ( ?is "w8 ,ideals gr[ s sl[ly t "o _c measure mu* progress 9 a few ye>s4 ,we are slaves to conditions1 no matt] h[ h>d1 & we suff] !m to exi/ r ?an ar\se ourselves & %ake !m (f4 ,! imm$iate results are bett] s*ools1 y>ds1 out-build+s1 s*oolrooms1 tea*]s1 lit]ature = rural p to read4 ,_m a fa!r & "m ^: lives h be5 brok5 ^u ! :eel ( labor h he>d "s ( ,am]ica's orators1 h read "s ( ! _w's be/ books1 because ( ?is movem5t1 & _! lives h be5 made happi]1 m influ5tial1 m hopeful4 ,?\s&s ( p h be5 inspir$1 made bett]1 at ! ,hesp]ia meet+s4 ,9 we/]n ,mi*igan ! annual ga!r+ at ,hesp]ia is kn[n f> & wide z ! big meet+4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,mi*igan ,mod]ator-,topics indicates 9 ! editor's breezy way ! impression ! meet+ = #aijf made ^u an obs]v]3 ,hesp]ia scores ano!r success4 ,rid+ ov] ! f\rte5 miles f ! railroad to ,hesp]ia ) ,gov]nor ,w>n] & ,d4 ,e4 ,mc,clure1 we tri$ to make ! latt] believe t ! cr[d w\ld n be =?com+ on t fir/ night ( ! f\rte5? annual big meet+4 ,x 0 z]o wea!r & mighty breezy4 ,= su* a movem5t to succe$ two ye>s is cr$itable1 to hold out = five is wond]ful1 to la/ t5 is m>vel\s1 b to gr[ bigg] & bett] = f\rte5 ye>s is a little %ort ( miracul\s4 ,mc,clure is recogniz$ z ! fa!r ( ! movem5t & 8 fai? didn't wav] a hair's bread?4 ,& sure en\gh !re 0 ! cr[d--/&+ room only1 to he> ! gov]nor & see ! great c>tooni/ ,j4 ,t4 ,mc,cutcheon ( ! ,*icago ,tribune4 ,= ?ree ev5+s & two days ! big hall is cr[d$ ) patrons1 pupils & tea*]s f ! t[ns & c\ntry r\nd4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s t ^! meet+s h be5 held1 ! c\ntry community has he>d "s ( ! _w's greate/ speak]s4 ,! plan has be5 adopt$ by o!r c\nties 9 ,mi*igan & o!r /ates bo? ea/ & we/4 ,its possibilities are well-nigh unlimit$ & its p[] = good is immeasurable4 ,ev]yone connect$ ) x may well feel pr\d ( ! success att5d+ ! n[ fam\s ,hesp]ia ,movem5t4 ,9 #ahig1 ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,mi*igan 7( :i* ,gr& ,rapids is ! c\nty seat71 organiz$ a ,tea*]s & ,patrons' ,association t is wor? a brief description1 al?\gh 9 m rec5t ye>s its "w has be5 p]=m$ by o!r ag5cies4 ,x nev]!less s]ves z a good example ( a well-organiz$ association design$ to unite ! s*ool & home int]e/s ( rural communities4 ,x 0 = sev]al ye>s signally successful 9 ar\s+ int]e/ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\nty4 ,besides1 x made a dep>ture f ! ,oceana-,newaygo plan :i* mu/ be consid]$ advantage\s = mo/ c\nties4 ,! ,hesp]ia meet+ is an annual affair1 ) big cr[ds & abundant en?usiasm4 ,! ,k5t ,c\nty association 0 it9]ant4 ,! memb]%ip includ$ tea*]s1 s*ool (fic]s1 f>m]s g5]ally1 & ev5 pupils4 ,an attempt 0 made to hold mon?ly meet+s dur+ ! s*ool ye>1 b = v>i\s reasons only five or six meet+s a ye> 7 held4 ,! meet+s usually occurr$ 9 "s ,grange hall1 ! ,grange furni%+ ent]ta9m5t = ! gue/s4 ,!re 7 usually ?ree sessions--,friday ev5+ & ,saturday =5oon & aft]noon4 ,! av]age att5dance 0 ne>ly five hundr$1 ab\t "o-t5? be+ tea*]s2 _m tea*]s z well z f>m]s w5t consid]able di/ances to att5d4 ,! ,k5t ,c\nty association did n collect any fees f its memb]s1 ! ,tea*]s' ,in/itute fund ( ! c\nty be+ suffici5t to provide = ! co/ ( lectures at ! association meet+s4 ,p]mission = ?is use ( ! fund 0 obta9$ f ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction4 ,"s c\nties h a memb]%ip fee2 at ,hesp]ia1 ! fee is #ej c5ts1 & a memb]%ip ticket entitles its hold] to a res]v$ seat at all sessions4 ,! ,k5t ,c\nty association also sugge/$ a read+-c\rse = its memb]s4 ,! success ( ! "w 9 ,k5t ,c\nty 0 due prim>ily to ! fact t ! educators & ! f>m]s & _! lead]s are 9 especially close sympa?y4 ,& "r !re is ! vital elem5t ( success 9 ?is "w4 ,! initiative mu/ be tak5 by ! educators1 b ! plan mu/ be ?or\ghly democratic1 & tea*] & f>m] mu/ be equally recogniz$ 9 all p>ticul>s4 ,! results ( ! "w 9 ,k5t ,c\nty 7 ?us summ>iz$ by ! commission] ( s*ools ( ! c\nty3 ,to tea*]s1 ! s]ies ( meet+s is a s]ies ( mid-ye> in/itutes4 ,e argum5t 9 favor ( in/itutes applies ) all its =ce to ^! associations4 ,to f>m]s !y af=d a ne>-by lecture c\rse1 accessible to all memb]s ( ! family1 & ( z high grade z ^? ma9ta9$ 9 ! l>g] villages4 ,to ! s*ools1 ! value is 9 ! g5]al s5tim5t & int]e/ awak5$4 ,! f9al vote on any propos$ s*ool improvem5t is tak5 at ! annual s*ool meet+1 & ! prevail+ s5tim5t 9 ! neighborhood has ev]y?+ to d ) ?is vote4 ,& n only ?is1 b ! g5]al int]e/ ( patrons may help & *e] bo? tea*] & pupils ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 indiff]5ce & neglect may freeze ! life out ( ! mo/ promis+ s*ool4 ,!re is no e/imat+ ! value to ! s*ools 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,k5t ,c\nty association _h a v simple con/itution4 ,x is app5d$ "h = ! b5efit ( any :o may desire to beg9 ?is b5efic5t "w ( endeavor+ to draw m closely toge!r rural s*ools & c\ntry homes4 ,,article ,i4--,,"n ,?is association %all be kn[n z ,! ,k5t ,c\nty ,tea*]s & ,patrons' ,association4 ,,article ,,ii4--,,memb]%ip ,any p]son may become a memb] ( ?is association by ass5t+ to ?is con/itution & pay+ ! requir$ memb]%ip fee4 ,,article ,,iii4--,,objects ,! object ( ?is association %all be ! promotion ( bett] educational facilities 9 all ways & ! enc\ragem5t ( social & intellectual culture among its memb]s4 ,,article ,,iv4--,,meet+s ,at lea/ five meet+s ( ! association %all be held ea* ye>1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*1 ! dates & places ( meet+s to be det]m9$ & ann\nc$ by ! executive committee4 ,special meet+s may be call$ at ! election ( ! executive committee4 ,,article ,v4--,,(fic]s ,,section #a4 ,! (fic]s ( ! association %all be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 a secret>y1 a treasur]1 & an executive committee compos$ ( five memb]s to be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,! election ( (fic]s %all occur at ! regul> meet+ ( ! association 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,! duties ( ea* (fic] %all be su* z p>liam5t>y usage assigns1 respectively1 accord+ to ,cu%+'s ,manual4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! executive committee to arrange a s*$ule ( meet+s & to provide suitable lectur]s & in/ructors = ! same on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,septemb] ( ea* ye>4 ,x %all be ! fur!r duty ( ?is committee to devise means to defray ! exp5ses incurr$ = lectur]s & in/ructors4 ,all meet+s %all be public1 & no *>ge = admission %all be made1 except by ord] ( ! executive committee4 ,,article ,,vi4--,,c\rse ,,( ,,read+ ,,section #a4 ,! executive committee may also recomm5d a c\rse ( read+ to be pursu$ by memb]s1 & x %all be _! duty to make su* o!r recomm5dations f "t to "t z %all h = _! object ! m effective c>ry+ out ( ! purposes ( ! association4 ,:e!r ! ,oceana ,c\nty plan ( a set annual meet+ or ! ,k5t ,c\nty plan ( num]\s it9]ant meet+s is ! bett] "o dep5ds mu* on ! situation4 ,x is n improbable t it9]ant meet+s1 ) an annual r\nd-up meet+ ( ! popul> type z ! great ev5t ( ! s*ool ye>1 w\ld be v satisfactory4 ,o!r c\nties 9 ! /ate h tak5 up ! ,hesp]ia idea4 ,9 "s cases associations simil> to ! ,k5t ,c\nty association h be5 develop$4 ,m rec5tly ! "w has frequ5tly be5 c>ri$ on by ! c\nty commission] ( s*ools directly4 ,in/itutes on :eels h become a factor 9 ! campaign = bett] rural s*ools4 ,"o commission] writes3 ,my aim has be5 to br+ into v close relation%ip tea*]s1 patrons1 & pupils4 ,?is is done1 9 "p1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,i engage1 = a week's "w at a "t1 "s educator ( /ate or national reputation to ride ) me on my visitation ( s*ools4 ,?r\gh ! day1 s*ools are visit$1 pupils' "w inspect$1 & 9 ! ev5+1 a rally is held 9 ! locality visit$ 9 t day4 ,a circuit is made dur+ ! week1 & ,friday ev5+ & ! ,saturday foll[+ a g5]al r\nd-up is held4 ,! results ( ?is "w h be5 f> rea*+4 ,tea*]s1 patrons1 & pupils are br\ght into close relation%ip & a high] /&>d ( education is develop$4 ,! =m ( organization matt]s little4 ,! ess5tial idea ( ! ,hesp]ia movem5t 0 to br+ toge!r ! tea*] & ! s*ool patron on a common plat=m1 to a common meet+-place1 to discuss subjects ( common int]e/4 ,?is idea mu/ be vitaliz$ 9 ! rural community be=e t progress 9 rural-s*ool matt]s :i* we desire %all become a fact4 ,x is only fair to say t adm9i/rators ( rural-s*ool sy/ems 9 sev]al /ates are attempt+ 9 "o way or ano!r1 & h done s = "s ye>s1 to br+ toge!r tea*]s & s*ool patrons4 ,9 ,i[a !re are mo!rs' clubs organiz$ = ! express purpose ( promot+ ! be/ int]e/s ( ! s*ools4 ,9 _m ( ! communities ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t organizes excursions1 & holds s*ool conte/s :i* are l>gely att5d$ by patrons ( ! s*ools4 ,ohio has :at is kn[n z ! ,ohio ,s*ool ,improvem5t ,f$]ation4 ,its objects are3 7#a7 to create a :olesome educational s5tim5t 9 ! citiz5%ip ( ! /ate2 7#b7 to remove ! s*ool f p>tisan politics2 7#c7 to make tea*+ a pr(ession1 protect$ & ju/ly comp5sat$4 ,c\nty associations ( ! f$]ation are be+ organiz$ & ! ef=t is be+ made to rea* ! patrons ( ! s*ools & to create ! "r public s5tim5t4 ,9 _m ( ! tea*]s' in/itutes !re is "o session devot$ entirely to subjects t are ( special int]e/ to ! s*ool-bo>d memb]s & to ! patrons ( ! s*ools4 ,educational rallies are held 9 _m ( ! t[n%ips1 at :i* ef=t is made to get toge!r all ! citiz5s & h an exhibit ( s*ool "w4 ,9 ,m9nesota1 a law 0 pass$ rec5tly to ! effect t s*ool (fic]s )9 a c\nty may att5d "o educational conv5tion a ye> ^u call ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,!y receive !re=1 ?ree doll>s = "o day's s]vices & five c5ts mileage ea* way = att5dance4 ,already a numb] ( v successful conv5tions h be5 held1 :]e9 all s*ool di/ricts 9 ! c\nties h be5 repres5t$4 ,! c\nty in/itutes 9 ,p5nsylvania are l>gely att5d$ by ! public & are design$ to rea* patrons z well z tea*]s4 ,9 ,kansas1 c\nty sup]9t5d5ts h organiz$ s*ool-patrons' associations & s*ool-bo>d associations1 bo? ( :i* def9itely purpose to br+ toge!r ! s*ool & ! home & ! (fic]s ( ! s*ool into "o body & to co-op]ate ) individuals = ! purpose ( bett]+ ! s*ool conditions4 ,d\btless o!r /ates are c>ry+ on simil> me?ods4 ,an int]e/+ movem5t :olly indep5d5t ( ! ,hesp]ia plan has rec5tly be5 put into op]ation "u ! lead]%ip ( ,pr9cipal ,myron ,t4 ,scudd] ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,new ,paltz1 ,n4 ,y4 ,he has organiz$ a s]ies ( c\ntry-s*ool conf]5ces4 ,!y grew out ( a recogniz$ ne$1 b 7 an evolution r ?an a def9ite s*eme4 ,! s*ool commission]1 ! tea*]s1 & ! ,grange p ( ! community h jo9$ 9 mak+ up ! conf]5ce4 ,an attempt is also made to int]e/ ! pupils4 ,at "o conf]5ce !re 0 organiz$ an a?letic league = ! b5efit ( ! boys ( ! c\ntry s*ool4 ,! practical phases ( nature-/udy & manual tra9+ are treat$ on ! programme1 & at lea/ "o session is made a p>5ts' meet+4 ,!re is no organization :atev]4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,w9%ip1 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,bo/on1 _h ! foll[+ editorial 9 ! issue ( ,june #ba1 #aijf3 ,x is n[ f\rte5 ye>s s9ce ,d4 ,e4 ,mc,clure spoke into be+ ! ,hesp]ia movem5t1 :i* is a great union ( educational & f>m] =ces1 9 a midw9t] ,*autauqua1 z x 74 ,twelve miles f ! railroad1 9 ! slight village ( ,hesp]ia1 a "o-/reet village1 "o side ( ! /reet be+ 9 "o c\nty & ! o!r side 9 ano!r1 = ?ree days & ev5+s 9 midw9t] ea* ye>1 9 a ram%ackle build+1 eight hundr$ p f all p>ts ( ! two c\nties sit 9 res]v$ seats1 = :i* !y pay a good price1 & li/5 to "o or two notable speak]s & a numb] ( local function>ies4 ,"o-half ( ! "t is devot$ to education & ! o!r to f>m int]e/s4 ,x is a great idea1 well work$ out1 & aft] f\rte5 ye>s x ma9ta9s its lu/9ess1 b ,i confess to disappo9tm5t t ! idea has n spread m ext5sively4 ,x is s useful !re1 & ! idea is s sugge/ive1 t x %\ld h be5 well-nigh univ]sal1 & yet despite occasional bluffs at x1 ,i "k ( no s]i\s ef=t to adopt x else:]e1 unless ! midw9t] meet+ at ,%elby1 9 "o ( ^! two c\nties1 c be consid]$ a spread ( ! idea4 ,?is *ild ( ! ,hesp]ia movem5t1 9 "o ( ! two c\nties1 & only tw5ty miles away1 _h ?is ye> _m m 9 att5dance ?an h ev] be5 at ,hesp]ia4 ,?is "w ( unit+ m closely ! int]e/s1 sympa?ies1 & intellig5ce ( ! tea*]s & patrons ( ! rural s*ool has _h a te/ 9 ,mi*igan ( suffici5t l5g? to prove t x is a practicable s*eme4 ,no "o que/ions ! desirability ( ! ends x is prep>$ to compass1 & exp]i5ce 9 ,mi*igan %[s n only t :]e ! educators h suffici5t ent]prise1 tact1 en?usiasm1 & p]si/5ce ! necess>y organizations c be p]fect$1 b t sub/antial results foll[4 ,= ! sake ( bett] rural s*ools1 !n1 x is s9c]ely to be hop$ t ! ,hesp]ia movem5t may f9d expression 9 num]\s tea*]s & patrons' associations 9 at lea/ ! great agricultural /ates4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,rural ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,community ,among ! great ph5om5a ( our "t is ! gr[? ( ! s*ool idea--! realization ( ! "p t ! s*ool plays 9 our civilization & 9 ! tra9+ ( our y\? = life4 ,our ,new ,engl& fa!rs />t$ ! s*ool 9 ord] t _! *ildr5 might le>n to read ! ,scriptures1 & ?us t !y might get "r ideas ( _! religi\s duty4 ,ev5 aft] ?is aim 0 outgr[n1 our s*ools = g5]ations did little m ?an to tea* ! use ( ! m]e tools ( k2 to read1 to write1 & to ciph] 7 ! great ga9s ( ! s*oolroom4 ,ev5 geography & gramm> 7 r late arrivals4 ,!n came ! idea t ! s*ool %\ld tra9 *ildr5 = citiz5%ip1 & x 0 argu$ t ! *ief reason :y s*ools %\ld be support$ at public exp5se 0 9 ord] t good citiz5s %\ld be tra9$ !re4 ,hi/ory & civil gov]nm5t 7 put into ! c\rse 9 ob$i5ce to ?is !ory4 ,ano!r /ep 0 tak5 :5 physiology 0 add$1 because x 0 an ackn[l$gm5t t ! s*ools %\ld d some?+ to tra9 y\? 9 ! individual art ( liv+4 ,/ill ano!r /ep 0 tak5 :5 manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce 7 br\ght into our city s*ools1 because ^! /udies emphasize ! fact t ! s*ools mu/ d some?+ to tra9 work]s4 ,& f9ally we h at pres5t ! idea ga9+ a /rong foo?old t ! s*ools mu/ tra9 ! *ild to fill its place 9 ! _w ( m52 to see all ! relations ( life2 to be fitt$ to live 9 human society4 ,?is idea really embraces all ( ! o!r ideas4 ,x implies t ! s*ools %all n only tea* ea* individual ! elem5ts ( k1 t !y %all tra9 = citiz5%ip1 t !y %all tra9 m5 9 ! art ( liv+1 t !y %all aid 9 prep>+ = an occupation1 b t !y %all d all ( ^! ?+s1 & d !m n m]ely = ! good ( ! individual1 b = ! good ( society z a :ole4 ,& n only is !re a feel+ t ! pupil 9 s*ool c be br\ght into clos] t\* ) ! life ( ! community1 b t ! s*ool z an in/itution c be made m useful to ! community z a :ole4 ,?is d\ble ?\ght has be5 express$ 9 ! phrase1 ,make ! s*ool a social c5t]1 & practically x is be+ sl[ly work$ out 9 num]\s city s*ools4 ,h[ f> c ?is idea be develop$ 9 ! c\ntry s*ool8 ,! purpose ( ?is *apt] is n to deal 9 ! !ory ( ! subject1 nor to argue p>ticul>ly = ?is view ( ! function ( ! s*ool1 b r to try to %[ "s me?ods by :i* ! rural s*ool & ! f>m community actually c be br\ght into clos] relations4 ,9 ?is way we may p]haps indicate t !re is a bett] *ance = co-op]ation betwe5 ! rural s*ool & ! f>m community ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to believe1 & t ?is clos] relation is wor? /riv+ =4 ,five me?ods w be sugge/$ by :i* ! rural s*ool c become a social c5t]4 ,"s ( ^! h already be5 tri$ 9 rural communities1 "s ( !m h be5 tri$ 9 cities1 & "s ( !m h n be5 tri$ at all4 #a4 ,! fir/ means ( mak+ ! rural s*ool a social c5t] is ?r\gh ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,x is "h t ! introduction ( nature-/udy into our rural s*ools w\ld be especially helpful4 ,?is nature-/udy :5 prop]ly foll[$ approves itself bo? to educators & to f>m]s4 ,x is a p$agogical pr9ciple recogniz$ by e mod]n tea*] t 9 education x is necess>y to consid] ! environm5t ( ! *ild1 s t ! s*ool may n be to him a ?+ remote & =eign4 ,! value ( nature-/udy is recogniz$ n only 9 ?us mak+ possible an intellig5t /udy ( ! c\ntry *ild's environm5t1 b 9 tea*+ a love ( nature1 9 giv+ habits ( correct obs]vation1 & 9 prep>+ = ! m fruitful /udy ( sci5ce 9 lat] ye>s4 ,our be/ f>m]s are also com+ to see t nature-/udy 9 ! rural s*ools is a necessity1 because x w t5d to give a k ( ! laws t gov]n agriculture1 because x w tea* ! *ildr5 to love ! c\ntry1 because x w %[ ! possibilities ( liv+ an intellectual life ^u ! f>m4 ,nature-/udy1 !re=e1 w h a v direct influ5ce 9 br++ ! *ild into close t\* ) ! :ole life ( ! f>m community4 ,b x is n s mu* a matt] ( introduc+ new /udies--! old /udies c be taught 9 su* a way z to make !m seem vital & human4 ,take1 = in/ance1 geography4 ,x us$ to be approa*$ f ! /&po9t ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x n[ beg9s ) ! s*oolh\se & ! pupils' homes1 & works outw>d f ! ?+s t ! *ild sees & kn[s to ! ?+s t x mu/ imag9e4 ,hi/ory1 writ+1 read+1 ! sci5ces1 & ev5 o!r subjects c be taught s z to connect !m vitally & def9itely ) ! life ( ! f>m community4 ,to quote ,colonel ,p>k]1 :o sugge/s ! valuable results ( su* a me?od ( tea*+3 ,x w\ld make a /rong1 b9d+ union ( ! home & ! s*ool1 ! f>m me?ods & ! s*ool me?ods4 ,x w\ld br+ ! f>m into ! s*ool & project ! s*ool into ! f>m4 ,x w\ld give p>5t & tea*] "o motive 9 ! c>ry+ out ( :i* bo? c\ld he>tily jo94 ,! p>5t w\ld appreciate & judge fairly ! "w ( ! s*ool1 ! tea*] w\ld honor1 dignify & elevate ! "w ( ! f>m4 ,! /udy ( ! l&scape ( ! ne>-by c\ntry1 ! /udy ( ! /reams1 ! /udy ( ! soils1 /udies t h to d ) ! location ( homes1 ( villages1 ! /udy ( ! wea!r1 ( ! common plants1 ( dome/ic animals--all ( ^! ?+s w give ! *ild a bett] />t 9 education1 a bett] compreh5sion ( ! life he is to live1 a bett] idea ( ! bus9ess ( f>m+1 a bett] notion ab\t ! importance ( agriculture1 & w t5d to fit him bett] = future life ei!r on ! f>m or any:]e else1 ?an c\ld any am\nt ( ! old-fa%ion$ book k4 ,is x n a /range fact t s _m f>m]s w decry book k :5 appli$ to ! bus9ess ( f>m+1 & at ! same "t set s mu* /ore by ! book le>n+ t is giv5 9 ! common ari?metic1 ! old-fa%ion$ read]1 & ! dry gramm> ( ! typical s*ool8 ,( c\rse anyone plead+ = ?is sort ( /udy 9 ! rural s*ools mu/ make x cle> t ! ord9>y accompli%m5ts ( read+1 writ+1 & ciph]+ are n to be neglect$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 pupils "u ?is me?od c be j z well tra9$ 9 ^! bran*es z "u ! old plan4 ,! po9t to be emphasiz$1 h[ev]1 is t a c\rse ( /udy con/ruct$ on ?is !ory w t5d to br+ ! s*ool & ! community clos] toge!r1 w make ! s*ool ( m use to ! community1 w give ! community m int]e/ 9 ! s*ool1 :ile at ! same "t x w bett] prep>e pupils to d _! "w 9 life4 #b4 ,a second way ( mak+ ! rural s*ool a social c5t] is ?r\gh ! social activities ( ! pupils4 ,?is means t ! pupils z a body c co-op]ate = c]ta9 purposes1 & t ?is co-op]ation w n only secure "s good results ( an imm$iate "*1 results t c be se5 & appreciat$ by ev]yone1 b t x w tea* ! _s ( co-op]ation--& !re is h>dly any?+ m ne$$ today 9 rural life ?an ?is _s ( co-op]ation4 ,! s*ools c p]=m no bett] s]vice ?an 9 tra9+ "y p to "w toge!r = common ends4 ,9 ?is "w su* ?+s z special day programmes1 z = ,arbor ,day1 ,wa%+ton's ,bir?day1 ,pione] ,day2 ! hold+ ( v>i\s s*ool exhibitions2 ! prep>ation ( exhibits = c\nty fairs1 & simil> endeavors1 are useful & are be+ c>ri$ out 9 _m ( our rural s*ools4 ,b ! be/ example ( ?is "w is a plan t is be+ us$ 9 ! /ate ( ,ma9e1 & is p]=m$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :at is call$ a ,s*ool ,improvem5t ,league4 ,! purposes ( ! league are3 7#a7 to improve s*ool gr\nds & build+s2 7#b7 to furni% suitable read+-matt] = pupils & p2 7#c7 to provide works ( art = s*oolrooms4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( ! league1 ! local leagues organiz$ 9 ea* s*ool2 ! t[n leagues1 ^: memb]%ip consi/s ( ! (fic]s ( ! local leagues2 & a /ate league1 ^: memb]s are delegates f ! t[n leagues & memb]s ( ! local leagues :o hold s*ool diplomas4 ,any pupil1 tea*]1 s*ool (fic]1 or any o!r citiz5 may jo9 ! league on paym5t ( ! dues4 ,! m9imum dues are "o c5t a mon? = ea* pupil1 = o!r memb]s n less ?an t5 c5ts a t]m4 ,b ^! dues may be made l>g] by vote ( ! league4 ,ea* t[n league s5ds a delegate to ! meet+ ( ! /ate league4 ,ea* league has ! usual numb] ( (fic]s elect$ = "o t]m4 ,^! leagues 7 fir/ organiz$ 9 #ahih & !y h already accompli%$ mu*4 ,!y h induc$ s*ool committees to "n v>i\s rural s*ools = di/+ui%$ ,am]ican citiz5s1 z ,wa%+ton1 ,l9coln1 & s =?4 ,!y give exhibitions & ent]ta9m5ts = ! purpose ( rais+ funds4 ,sometimes !y use ^! funds to buy books = ! s*oolroom4 ,! books are !n loan$ to ! memb]s ( ! league2 at ! end ( ! t]m ?is set ( books is ex*ang$ = ano!r set ( books f ano!r s*ool 9 ! same t[n%ip4 ,9 ?is way1 at a slight exp5se1 ea* s*ool may h ! use ( a l>ge numb] ( books e ye>4 ,! same ?+ is done ) pictures & works ( art1 ^! be+ pur*as$ & ex*ang$ 9 ! same way4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! league s*oolh\ses h be5 improv$1 inside & out1 & ! s*ool gr\nds improv$4 ,x is n s mu* ! do+ ( new ?+s t has be5 attempt$ by ?is league4 ,! important item is t ! s*ool has be5 organiz$ = ^! def9ite purposes1 & ! "w is c>ri$ on sy/ematically f ye> to ye>4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to %[ ! value ( ?is sort ( co-op]ation to ! pupil1 to ! tea*]1 to ! s*ool1 to ! p>5ts1 & ultimately to ! community z a :ole4 #c4 ,a ?ird me?od is ?r\gh co-op]ation betwe5 ! home & ! s*ool1 betwe5 ! tea*] & pupils on "o side1 & p>5ts & taxpay]s on ! o!r side4 ,p>5ts sometimes compla9 t ! av]age s*ool is a sort ( mill1 or ma*9e1 into :i* _! *ildr5 are plac$ & turn$ out j s fa/1 & 9 j su* condition4 ,b if ?is is ! case1 x is p>tly ! fault ( ! p>5ts :o d n keep 9 close en\gh t\* ) ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,x is n t p>5ts are n int]e/$ 9 _! *ildr51 b x is r t !y look at ! s*ool z some?+ sep>ate f ! ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,n[1 no?+ c be m necess>y ?an t ?is notion %\ld be done away )4 ,!re mu/ be ! close/ co-op]ation betwe5 ! home & s*ool4 ,h[ c ?is co-op]ation be br\ght ab\t8 ,frequ5tly p>5ts are urg$ to visit ! s*ools4 ,?is is all "r & prop]1 b x is n en\gh4 ,!re mu/ be a clos] relation ?an ?is4 ,! tea*] mu/ "k m ab\t ! home life ( h] pupils1 & ! p>5ts mu/ "k f> m ab\t ! :ole purpose & _s1 z well z ! me?od1 ( ! s*ool4 ,a great deal ( good has be5 done by ! jo9t meet+ ( tea*]s & s*ool (fic]s4 ,x is a v wise device1 & %\ld be kept up4 ,b altoge!r ! mo/ promis+ developm5t along ?is l9e is ! s-call$ ,hesp]ia movem5t1 describ$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,^! meet+s ( s*ool patrons & tea*]s take up ! "w ( ! s*ool 9 a way t w int]e/ bo? tea*]s & f>m]s4 ,!y br+ ! tea*]s & f>m]s into clos] t\* socially & intellectually4 ,!y disp]se fogs ( misund]/&+4 ,!y inspire to clos] co-op]ation4 ,!y create mutual sympa?y4 ,!y are sure to result 9 br++ ! tea*] into clos] t\* ) community life & ) ! social problems ( ! f>m4 ,& !y are almo/ equally sure to ar\se ! int]e/ ( ! entire community1 n only 9 ! s*ool z an in/itution & 9 ! possibilities ( ! "w x may d1 b also 9 ! "w ( t tea*] :o is = ! "t be+ s]v+ a p>ticul> rural s*ool4 #d4 ,a f\r? me?od is by mak+ ! s*oolh\se a meet+-place = ! community1 m especially = ! intellectual & ae/hetic activities ( ! community4 ,a good example ( ?is k9d ( "w is ! ,john ,spry ,s*ool ( ,*icago4 ,9 connection ) ?is s*ool !re is a lecture c\rse ea* w9t]2 !re is a musical society t meets e ,tuesday ev5+2 !re is a m5's club t meets e two weeks to discuss municipal problems & ! improvem5t ( home conditions2 !re is a woman's club to /udy = g5]al improvem5t & social s]vice2 !re is a mo!rs' c\ncil meet+ e two weeks2 !re is a lit]>y & dramatic society1 meet+ e week1 compos$ ( memb]s ( high-s*ool age1 & /udy+ ,%akespe>e p>ticul>ly2 !re is a dressmak+ & aid society meet+ two ev5+s a week1 to /udy ! cutt+ ( patt]ns1 g>m5t-mak+1 etc42 a food-/udy & cook+ club1 also meet+ two ev5+s a week2 an inv5tive & me*anical club1 meet+ two ev5+s a week1 & t5d+ to develop ! inv5tive & me*anical g5ius ( a gr\p ( "y m52 an art club2 & a boy's club1 ) music1 games1 read+-lessons1 read+ ( books & magaz9es1 int5d$ = boys ( f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,^! ?+s are all "u ! direction ( ! s*ool1 !y are free1 !y are design$ to educate4 ,x w n be feasible = ! rural s*ool to c>ry out su* a programme z ?is1 b d we realize h[ l>ge are ! possibilities ( ?is idea ( mak+ ! rural s*ool a community c5t]8 ,no d\bt "o ( ! advantages ( ! c5traliz$ rural s*ool w be to give a c5tral meet+-place = ! t[n%ip1 & to enc\rage "w ( ! "* t has be5 describ$4 ,( c\rse1 ! ,grange & f>m]s' clubs are do+ mu* along ^! l9es1 b is x n possible = ! di/rict s*ool also to d "s useful "w ( ?is "*8 ,s++-s*ools & debat+ clubs 7 q a common ?+ 9 ! rural s*ools =ty ye>s ago1 & !re are _m rural s*ools today t are do+ "w ( ?is v k9d4 ,is !re any reason1 = example1 :y ! c\ntry s*oolh\se %\ld n (f] an ev5+ s*ool dur+ a portion ( ! w9t]1 :]e ! old] pupils :o h left ! regul> "w ( ! s*ool c c>ry on /udies1 especially 9 agriculture & dome/ic sci5ce8 ,!re is ne$ = ?is sort ( ?+1 & if our agricultural colleges1 & ! dep>tm5ts ( public in/ruction1 & ! local s*ool sup]visors1 & ! c\ntry tea*]s1 & ! f>m]s !mselves1 c\ld come a little clos] toge!r on ^! que/ions ! ?+ c\ld be done6 #e4 ,fif? & la/1 z a me?od = mak+ ! s*ool a social c5t]1 is ! sugge/ion t ! tea*] h]self %all become some?+ ( a lead] 9 ! f>m community4 ,! tea*] ought to be n only a tea*] ( ! pupils1 b 9 "s s5se a tea*] ( ! community4 ,is !re n ne$ t someone %\ld take ! lead 9 inspir+ ev]yone 9 ! community to read bett] books1 to buy bett] pictures1 to take m int]e/ 9 ! ?+s t make = culture & progress8 ,!re are special difficulties 9 a c\ntry community4 ,! rural tea*] is usually a transi5t2 %e secures a city s*ool z soon z %e c2 %e is (t5 poorly paid2 %e is sometimes inexp]i5c$2 frequ5tly ! labor ( ! s*ool absorbs all h] "t & en]gy4 ,un=tunately ^! ?+s are s1 b !y ought n to be s4 ,& we %all nev] h ! ideal rural s*ool until we h conditions favorable to ! k9d ( "w j describ$4 ,! c\ntry tea*] ought to und]/& ! c\ntry community1 ought to h "s k ( ! problems t ! f>m]s h to face1 ought to h "s appreciation ( ! peculi> conditions ( f>m life4 ,e tea*] %\ld h "s k ( rural sociology4 ,! normal s*ools %\ld make ?is subject a requir$ subject 9 ! c\rse1 especially = c\ntry tea*]s4 ,tea*]s' in/itutes & read+-circles %\ld 9 "s way provide ?is sort ( ?+4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important means ( br++ ! rural s*ool into clos] t\* ) ! f>m community4 ,t5 ye>s ago ,h5ry ,sab91 ( ,i[a1 "o ( ! ke5e/ /ud5ts ( ! rural-s*ool problem1 9 speak+ ( ! sup]vision ( c\ntry s*ools1 said3 ,! sup]visor ( rural s*ools %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! mat]ial res\rces ( 8 di/rict4 ,he %\ld "k n only :at con/itutes good f>m+1 b ! prevail+ indu/ry ( ! region %\ld be s famili> to him t he c conv]se intellig5tly ) ! inhabitants1 & conv9ce !m t he kn[s some?+ besides books4 ,! object is n alone to ga9 influ5ce ov] !m1 b to br+ ! s*ool into t\* ) ! home life ( ! community ab\t4 ,x is n to invite ! f>m] to ! s*ool1 b to take ! s*ool to ! f>m1 & to %[ ! pupils t "h be=e _! eyes are ! f\ndations ^u :i* h be5 built ! great natural sci5ces4 ,! programme ne$$ to unite rural s*ool & f>m community is !n1 fir/1 to enri* ! c\rse ( /udy by add+ nature-/udy & agriculture1 & ab\t ^! co-ord9at+ ! conv5tional s*ool subjects2 second1 to enc\rage ! co-op]ation ( ! pupils1 especially = ! improvem5t ( ! s*ool & its surr\nd+s2 ?ird1 to br+ toge!r = discussion & acqua9tance ! tea*]s & ! patrons ( ! s*ool2 f\r?1 s f> z possible to make ! s*oolh\se a meet+-place = ! community1 = "y p z well z = old] p1 :]e music1 art1 social culture1 lit]ature1 /udy ( f>m+1 & 9 fact1 any?+ t has to d ) rural education1 may be fo/]$2 & fif?1 to expect ! tea*] to h a k ( ! indu/rial & g5]al social conditions ( agriculture1 especially ^? ( ! community 9 :i* h] lot is ca/4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,grange ,! difficulty ( unit+ ! f>m]s ( ,am]ica = any =m ( co-op]ative endeavor long ago became prov]bial4 ,! bus9ess ( f>m+ enc\rag$ individualism2 comp>ative isolation br$ indep5d5ce2 & re/rict$ means ( communication made union physically difficult1 ev5 among ^? :o might be dispos$ to unite4 ,x 0 n /range1 !re=e1 t ! agricultural masses develop$ a /ate ( m9d unfavorable = organization--t !y became suspici\s ( "o ano!r1 jeal\s ( lead]%ip1 unwill+ to keep ! pl$ges ( union1 & unable to s9k p]sonal views & prejudices4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! f>m]s !mselves h fail$ to realize ! situation1 or t no g5u9ely progressive /eps h be5 tak5 to rem$y x4 ,dur+ ! la/ f\r decades at lea/1 ! /ronge/ m5 t ! rural classes h produc$ h labor$ ) _! fell[s1 bo? 9 season & out ( season1 = union ( ef=t2 & _! ef=ts h be5 by no means 9 va94 ,x is true t "s ( ! attempts at co-op]ation h be5 ill-judg$1 ev5 fanta/ic4 ,x is true t mu* ( ! ma*9]y ( organization fail$ to "w & c be f\nd on ! social junk-pile1 9 company ) o!r disc>d$ implem5ts n :olly rural 9 orig94 ,b x is also true t great progress has be5 made2 t ! _s ( co-op]ation is rapidly em]g+ z a factor 9 rural social life2 & t ! weapons ( rural organization h a temp] all ! bett]1 p]haps1 because !y 7 fa%ion$ on ! anvil ( defeat4 ,among all ^! ef=ts to unite ! f>m+ classes1 by f> ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & ! mo/ successful is ! ,grange4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t w imm$iately be que/ion$ by ^? ^: memory recalls ! e>ly ru% to ! ,grange1 ,grang] legislation1 & simil> ph5om5a1 z well z by ^? ^: impressions h be5 glean$ f read+ ! p]iodicals ( ! late sev5ties1 :5 ! ,grange tide _h begun to ebb4 ,inde$1 x seems to be ! popul> impression t ! ,grange is n at pres5t a =ce ( consequ5ce1 t long ago x became a cripple1 if n a corpse4 ,only a few ye>s ago1 an intellig5t magaz9e writ]1 9 discuss+ ! subject ( f>m]s' organizations1 made ! /atem5t1 ,! ,grange is dead4 ,b ! ass]tion 0 n true4 ,! popul> impression mu/ be revis$4 ,! ,grange has accompli%$ m = agriculture ?an has any o!r f>m organization4 ,n only is x at ! pres5t "t active1 b x has m real influ5ce ?an x has ev] _h be=e2 & x is m ne>ly a national f>m]s' organization ?an any o!r 9 exi/5ce today4 ,! ,grange is also ! olde/ ( ! g5]al organizations = f>m]s4 ,?\gh ! notion ( organiz+ ! f>m]s 0 und\bt$ly broa*$ e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 ! g]m idea t actually grew into ! ,grange is ab\t =ty ye>s old1 & %\ld be cr$it$ to ,mr4 ,o4 ,h4 ,kelley1 a ,bo/on "y man :o settl$ on a ,m9nesota f>m 9 #ahdi4 ,he wrote consid]ably = ! agricultural press2 & ?is exp]i5ce help$ to br+ him to ! conclusion t ! great ne$ ( agriculture 0 ! education ( ! agriculturi/4 ,he soon came to feel t exi/+ ag5cies = ?is purpose--f>m pap]s & fairs--7 insuffici5t4 ,9 #ahff1 z ag5t = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,mr4 ,kelley made a t\r ( ! ,s\?1 ) ! view ( ga9+ a k ( ! agricultural & m9]al res\rces ( t section4 ,on ?is t\r he became impress$ ) ! fact t politicians w\ld nev] re/ore peace to ! c\ntry2 t if x came at all1 x w\ld h to come ?r\gh frat]nity4 ,z 8 ?\ght rip5$ he broa*$ to fri5ds ! idea ( a secret society ( agriculturi/s1 z an elem5t to re/ore k9dly feel+s among ! p4 ,?us ! ,grange 0 born ( two ne$s1 "o fundam5tal & ! o!r imm$iate4 ,! fundam5tal ne$ ( agriculture 0 t f>m]s %\ld be bett] educat$ = _! bus9ess2 & ! imm$iate ne$ 0 t ( cultivat+ ! _s ( bro!rhood betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,! latt] ne$ no long] exi/s2 b ! fundam5tal ne$ /ill rema9s & is suffici5t excuse = ! ,grange's exi/5ce today4 ,mr4 ,kelley int]e/$ six o!r m5 9 ! new idea2 & 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfg1 ^! sev5 f\nd]s ( ! ord] organiz$ ! ,national ,grange ( ,patrons ( ,husb&ry4 ,mr4 ,kelley is ! only "o ( ^! sev5 m5 n[ liv+4 ,?us 0 begun a movem5t = organization t _h result$ by #ahgc 9 ! =mation ( ov] #bj1jjj ,granges 9 #bh /ates1 compris+ n less ?an #gej1jjj memb]s2 & 9 t ye> ! ,national ,grange1 z a repres5tative body1 0 (ficially organiz$4 ,= f\r or five ye>s ?is unexampl$ prosp]ity cont9u$2 !n ! reports %[ a feel+ ( weakness creep+ 94 ,9 fact1 ! ord] z a :ole /eadily decl9$ 9 numb]s & pre/ige dur+ ! :ole ( ! decade foll[+ #ahhj4 ,! losses 7 mo/ s]i\s1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/2 = 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates x reta9$ its vitality1 &1 inde$1 grew /eadily4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s !re has be5 a widespread revival ( int]e/ 9 ! organization & ! outlook is exce$+ly promis+4 ,dur+ ! decade foll[+ #ahij ! memb]%ip increas$ n less ?an #ge p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! rate ( ga9 has be5 ev5 great]4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! (ficial records 9 ! five lead+ ,grange /ates3 #aijj #aije ---------------------------------------- -- ,granges ,memb]s ,granges ,memb]s ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,new ,york #eej #dc1jjj #ehb #ff1ejj ,ma9e #bge #bi1jjj #chg #di1jjj ,mi*igan #dbj #be1jjj #gca #de1jjj ,p5nsylvania #ebf #bj1jjj #efj #cd1jjj ,new ,hamp%ire #bfj #bd1jjj #bfc #bh1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,^! /ates lead1 b ! ord] is also active & /rong 9 ,v]mont1 ,connecticut1 ,ohio1 ,massa*usetts4 ,?irty /ates pay dues to ! ,national ,grange treasury1 & tw5ty-six 7 repres5t$ by delegates at ! la/ ,national ,grange4 ,s9ce #aije !re has be5 sub/antial gr[? 9 mo/ ( ^! tw5ty-six /ates1 bo? 9 numb]s ( ,granges & 9 memb]%ip4 ,! (ficial title ( ! ,grange is ,patrons ( ,husb&ry1 ( ! memb]s1 ,patrons1 & ( ! v>i\s divisions1 ,granges4 ,! subord9ate ,grange1 or local lodge1 is ! ,grange unit4 ,its area ( jurisdiction has1 nom9ally1 a diamet] ( ab\t five miles2 m r\ghly1 a ,grange to a t[n%ip is ! work+ ideal among ! organiz]s4 ,! memb]%ip consi/s ( m5 & wom51 & ( "y p ov] f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 :o may apply & by vote be accept$4 ,con/itutionally1 ^? ^: int]e/s are n imm$iately ) agriculture are ineligible to memb]%ip2 & c>e is also ex]cis$ t only ^? :o are ( good repute %all be recomm5d$4 ,! presid+ (fic] ( ea* ,grange is ! ma/]2 :ile among ! twelve o!r (fic]s ! lectur] is ! mo/ important1 & virtually acts z programme committee1 ) *>ge ( ! educational "w ( ! body4 ,meet+s are held weekly or =tnightly4 ,ea* regul> meet+ has fir/ its bus9ess session1 & !n its lectur]'s h\r1 or lit]>y session1 usually ) an int]v5+ recess = social greet+s1 etc4 ,! programmes are prep>$ by ! lectur]1 & consi/ ( g5]al discussions1 essays1 talks1 debates1 read+s1 recitations1 & music2 an attempt be+ made to suit ! ta/es & tal5ts ( all memb]s1 "y & old4 ,_m ,granges h built & own _! halls1 :i* are usually equipp$ ) kit*5 & d9+-room1 9 addition to audi5ce rooms2 = p]iodical fea/s are z regul> a feature ( ! association z are ! initiations ( new memb]s4 ,! ,granges ( a c\nty or o!r giv5 di/rict (t5 organize !mselves into a ,pomona ,grange4 ,! ,/ate ,grange is a delegate body1 meet+ annually2 delegates be+ *os5 by ! subord9ate & ,pomona ,granges4 ,! ,national ,grange is compos$ ( ! ma/]s ( ,/ate ,granges & _! wives1 & is also an annual ga!r+4 ,! ,national ,grange is ! legislative body ( ! ord]1 & has full au?ority 9 all matt]s ( doctr9e & practice4 ,b to ,/ate ,granges is left ! det]m9ation ( policy & adm9i/ration = ! /ates4 ,! ,/ate ,granges1 9 turn1 legislate = ! subord9ate ,granges1 :ile also pass+ d[n to !m ample local p[]s4 ,! ma*9]y is ?us /rongly c5traliz$1 & subord9ate ,granges are absolutely dep5d5t units ( a great :ole4 ,yet ! pr9ciple ( home rule p]vades ! organization2 & local associations are responsible = _! own me?ods & ! results ( _! "w1 ?\gh _! (fic]s usually "w 9 h>mony ) ! ,/ate & ,national ,granges4 ,p]haps ! cle>e/ conception ( :at ! ord] orig9ally meant to d c be ga9$ f a few quotations f ! ,decl>ation ( ,purposes ( ! ,national ,grange1 :i* 0 promulgat$ ov] ?irty ye>s ago1 & is /ill 9 =ce3 ,we %all endeavor to advance our cause by labor+ to accompli% ! foll[+ objects3 ,to develop a bett] & high] manhood & womanhood among ourselves4 ,to enhance ! com=t & attractions ( our homes & to /r5g!n our atta*m5ts to our pursuits4 ,to fo/] mutual und]/&+ & co-op]ation4 ,to ma9ta9 inviolate our laws1 & to emulate ea* o!r 9 labor1 to ha/5 ! good "t com+4 ,to r$uce our exp5ses1 bo? individual & corporate4 ,to buy less & produce m1 9 ord] to make our f>ms self-su/a9+4 ,to div]sify our crops & crop no m ?an we c cultivate4 ,to cond5se ! weight ( our exports1 sell+ less 9 ! bu%el & m on ho( & 9 fleece2 less 9 l9t & m 9 w>p & wo(4 ,to sy/ematize our "w1 & calculate intellig5tly on probabilities4 ,to disc\nt5ance ! cr$it sy/em1 ! mortgage sy/em1 ! fa%ion sy/em1 & e o!r sy/em t5d+ to prodigality & bankruptcy4 ,we propose meet+ toge!r1 talk+ toge!r1 work+ toge!r1 buy+ toge!r1 sell+ toge!r1 &1 9 g5]al1 act+ toge!r = our mutual protection & advancem5t1 z occasion may require4 ,we %all avoid litigation1 z mu* z possible1 by arbitration 9 ! ,grange4 ,we %all con/antly /rive to secure entire h>mony1 good w1 vital bro!rhood1 among ourselves1 & to make our ord] p]petual4 ,we %all e>ne/ly endeavor to suppress p]sonal1 local1 sectional1 & national prejudices1 all unheal?y rivalry1 all selfi% ambition4 ,fai?ful adh]5ce to ^! pr9ciples w insure our m5tal1 moral1 social1 & mat]ial advancem5t4 ,= our bus9ess int]e/s we desire to br+ produc]s & consum]s1 f>m]s & manufactur]s1 into ! mo/ direct & fri5dly relations possible4 ,h5ce we mu/ disp5se ) a surplus ( middle-m51 n t we are unfri5dly to !m1 b we d n ne$ !m4 ,_! surplus & _! exactions dim9i% our pr(its4 ,we wage no aggressive w>f>e aga9/ any o!r int]e/s :atev]4 ,on ! contr>y1 all our acts & all our ef=ts1 s f> z bus9ess is conc]n$1 are n only = ! b5efit ( ! produc] & consum]1 b also = all o!r int]e/s t t5d to br+ ^! two p>ties into spe$y & economical contact4 ,h5ce we hold t transportation companies ( e k9d are necess>y to our success1 t _! int]e/s are intimately connect$ ) our int]e/s4 ,we are oppos$ to su* _s & managem5t ( any corporation or ent]prise z t5ds to oppress ! p1 & rob !m ( _! j pr(its4 ,we are n enemies to capital1 b we oppose ! tyranny ( monopolies4 ,we long to see ! antagonism betwe5 capital & labor remov$ by common cons5t1 & by an enlight5$ /atesman%ip wor?y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we are oppos$ to excessive sal>ies1 high rates ( int]e/1 & exorbitant p]-c5t4 pr(its 9 trade4 ,we %all advance ! cause ( education among ourselves & = our *ildr51 by all j means )9 our p[]4 ,we especially advocate = our agricultural & indu/rial colleges t practical agriculture1 dome/ic sci5ce1 & all ! arts :i* adorn ! home be taught 9 _! c\rses ( /udy4 ,we emphatically & s9c]ely ass]t ! (t-repeat$ tru? taught 9 our organic law1 t ! ,grange--national1 /ate1 or subord9ate--is n a political or p>ty organization4 ,no ,grange1 if true to its obligations1 c discuss political or religi\s que/ions1 or call political conv5tions1 or nom9ate c&idates1 or ev5 discuss _! m]its at its meet+s4 ,we always be> 9 m9d t no "o1 by becom+ a ,patron ( ,husb&ry1 gives up t inali5able "r & duty :i* belongs to e ,am]ican citiz51 to take a prop] int]e/ 9 ! politics ( 8 c\ntry4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is 8 duty to d all he c 9 8 own p>ty to put d[n brib]y1 corruption1 & trick]y2 to see t none b compet5t1 fai?ful1 & hone/ m51 :o w unfl9*+ly /& by our indu/rial int]e/s1 are nom9at$ = all positions ( tru/2 & to h c>ri$ out ! pr9ciple :i* %\ld *>act]ize e ,patron1 t ! (fice %\ld seek ! man1 & n ! man ! (fice4 ,to enum]ate ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,grange w\ld be to recall ! progress ( agriculture dur+ ! pa/ ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,x has be5 a motor =ce 9 _m helpful movem5ts1 & 9 _m ways has organiz$ & incorporat$ ! be/ ?\ght ( ! mo/ intellig5t f>m]s1 ab\t means = rural advancem5t4 ,x has be5 an integral "p (1 & a mo/ pot5t factor 91 ! expansion ( ,am]ican f>m life4 ,! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! ord] is t x has taught ! f>m]s ( ,am]ica ! value ( co-op]ation & ! p[] ( organiz$ ef=t4 ,! lesson has n be5 fully le>n$1 x is true2 b ! success ( ! in/itution te/ifies t x is possible = f>m]s to "w 9 h>mony4 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t ?is result has be5 a*iev$ on cons]vative l9es4 ,x is comp>atively easy to organize on radical l9es2 easy to g5]ate en?usiasm by promis+ "s great re=m2 easy to inflame self-int]e/ by pictur+ mill5nial conditions1 especially :5 ! pocket is t\*$4 ,b q diff]5t is x to ar\se & su/a9 int]e/ 9 a l>ge popul> organization ^: object is education1 ^: wat*word is self-culture4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be b a half-tru? to ass]t t ! ord] places all its emphasis on ! sob] problems ( education4 ,agitation has _h its place2 ! hope ( bett] ?+s = ! f>m]1 to be a*iev$ ?r\gh legislation & bus9ess co-op]ation1 has be5 an inspiration to activity2 b ! notewor?y fact rema9s t x has secur$ a fair degree ( organization & co-op]ation among f>m]s *iefly by appeals to _! l>g] & nobl] int]e/s4 ,t ! association has va/ly improv$ ! social opportunities ( f>m]s is a trite say+ among old obs]v]s ( its "w4 ,x =ces isolation out ( ! saddle4 ,! regul> meet+s ( ! local bodies rapidly & surely develop ! social in/9ct among ! memb]s4 ,pomona ,granges br+ toge!r memb]s f all p>ts ( ! c\nty & make !m acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! ,/ate ,grange draws its memb]%ip f e corn] ( ! /ate2 & z its p]sonnel *anges ea* ye>1 ?\s&s are 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s giv5 ! wid] outlook1 ! m ext5d$ acqua9tance1 & ! broad] view t p>ticipation 9 su* a ga!r+ af=ds4 ,special social features add _! influ5ce4 ,z an educator on public que/ions ! ,grange has done a noble "w4 ,at ne>ly e meet+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 "s topic ( public conc]n is br\ght up by essay1 talk1 g5]al discussion1 or =mal debate4 ,! views ( ! village ,hampd5s may n always be economically sci5tific or s*ol>ly4 ,b x might surprise _m p to see h[ well read ! memb]s are & h[ cle>ly !y c express _! ideas4 ,_! discussions are n seldom in=mative1 & t !y make public op9ion 9 rural communities is beyond cavil4 ,! p]si/5t advocacy ( specific re=ms has direct$ ! ?\ght ( ! memb]s t[>d ! l>g] issues t s (t5 rise above ! haze ( p>tisan politics4 ,! ord] has prep>$ ! soil = adequate agricultural education4 ,:ile ! agricultural colleges =m]ly _h _m enemies among ! f>m]s1 & receiv$ scornful opprobrium f ^? :om !y 7 endeavor+ to help1 almo/ )\t exception ! ,granges h prais$ ! colleges1 welcom$ _! "w1 & urg$ f>m]s to educate _! sons at ^! in/itutions4 ,f>m]s' in/itutes1 ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 & ! f$]al ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h be5 equally welcom$ by ! ,grange s5tim5t4 ,! ,grange has always taught ! ne$ ( bett] rural education4 ,x has also t5d$ to develop its memb]s1 s t !y may n only appreciate education1 b t !y may be !mselves liv+ examples ( ! value ( su* education4 ,f>m]s' in/itute lectur]s frequ5tly say1 ,y c always tell :5 y rea* a community :]e a ,grange exi/s4 ,9 t meet+ w be f\nd m5 :o h read & ?\ght on f>m & public !mes1 m5 :o are n only ready 9 discussion1 apt 9 /atem5t1 & eag] to "q1 b m5 acqua9t$ ) p>liam5t>y law1 :o "k h[ su* assemblages %\ld be conduct$1 & :o c preside ) dignity & grace4 ,! ord] has und\bt$ly aid$ mat]ially 9 oblit]at+ sectionalism4 ,t a*ievem5t 0 "o ( its av[$ objects4 ,!re is no "q b x assi/$ 9 cem5t+ ,nor? & ,s\?2 & t x has br\ght ,ea/ & ,we/ into clos] sympa?y is equally true4 ,o!r f>m organizations h f\nd _! inc5tive 9 ! ord]4 ,^! x has nev] fr[n$ on1 ?\gh believ+ & always hop+ t x might attract ! majority ( f>m]s to its own ranks1 & by ?is unity become a m p[]ful factor 9 secur+ ! rights & develop+ ! opportunities ( ! rural classes ( ,am]ica4 ,x has always disc\nt5anc$ ! cr$it sy/em2 & t ca% paym5ts by f>m]s to m]*ants are f> m common ?an a qu>t]-c5tury ago may be fairly cr$it$1 9 "p at lea/1 to its influ5ce4 ,to describe ! _m specific legislative a*ievem5ts :i* ! ,granges ( ! nation & ( ! sev]al /ates h accompli%$ w\ld be t$i\s4 ,m]ely to enum]ate a few ( !m mu/ suffice "h4 ,a conv5i5t summ>y is made f an (ficial circul> rec5tly issu$ by ! ,national ,grange4 ,! ord] has _h a l>ge influ5ce 9 secur+ ! foll[+3 ,! sep>ation ( c]ta9 agricultural colleges f univ]sities :i* 7 receiv+ ! l&-grant funds1 b 7 n1 9 ! op9ion ( ! f>m]s1 duly contribut+ to agricultural education2 ! conf9+ ( ! appropriations "u ! second ,morrill act ( #ahij /rictly to in/ruction 9 agriculture & me*anical arts2 ! ,hat* ,act ( #ahhg1 e/abli%+ an exp]im5t /ation 9 ea* /ate & t]ritory2 mak+ ! head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture a cab9et (ficial2 ! agitation result+ 9 ! fam\s ,i[a c\rt decision1 t railroad fran*ises are subject to ! p[] t creat$ !m2 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,int]-,/ate ,comm]ce ,commission2 tax re=m 9 _m /ates2 laws favor+ pure food & dairy products2 prev5t+ ext5sion ( pat5ts on sew+ ma*9es2 ! e/abli%m5t ( rural free mail deliv]y4 ,! me?ods ( "w are _m & v>i$4 ,9 addition to ! regul> lit]>y & social programmes previ\sly m5tion$1 socials are held at ! homes ( memb]s1 ent]ta9m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds occur at ! ,grange hall1 & 9 _m ways ! association becomes ! c5t] ( ! social & intellectual int]e/ ( ! community4 ,x is debat+ society1 club1 lecture c\rse1 p>liam5t>y society1 !at]1 & circulat+ libr>y4 ,9 fact1 x l5ds itself to almo/ any function t w in/ruct1 ent]ta91 b5efit1 or assi/ its memb]s f9ancially1 morally1 intellectually1 or socially4 ,( c\rse1 n e ,grange is awake to its opportunities2 b z a rule1 :]e a live "o exi/s x is ! ackn[l$g$ lead] 9 social movem5ts4 ,x is n uncommon = ,granges to hold fairs = ! exhibition ( agricultural & dome/ic products4 ,! ,/ate ,fair ( ,new ,hamp%ire has be5 l>gely manag$ by ! ,grange4 ,9 _m cases ,granges z organizations w exhibit at ! ord9>y c\nty or di/rict fair4 ,picnics & field meet+s are com+ to be v popul> 9 "s /ates4 ,!y are held dur+ ! summ] season1 at a "t :5 "w is lea/ press+1 & are usually att5d$ by speak]s ( prom95ce 9 ! ord]4 ,_m subord9ate ,granges give public lecture c\rses dur+ ! w9t]1 secur+ speak]s on g5]al !mes4 ,!y also arrange = ent]ta9m5ts ( a popul> "*4 ,! ord] also p>ticipates 9 activities t are n /rictly ,grange "w4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,mi*igan1 ! ,/ate ,grange = sev]al ye>s c>ri$ on a ,fre%-,air ,"w1 by :i* ov] #a1jjj work+-girls1 *ildr51 & h>d-work+ mo!rs ) babies1 f ! l>g] cities1 7 giv5 a two-weeks' vacation 9 c\ntry homes4 ,! philan?ropic ag5cies ( ! cities arrang$ = transportation & secur$ ! b5efici>ies1 :ile ! ,grange obta9$ ! places = !m4 ,granges are always active 9 ! organization ( f>m]s' in/itutes1 agricultural fairs1 etc4 ,9 ,mi*igan !y h assi/$ 9 ! organization ( associations :i* are design$ to br+ toge!r bo? tea*]s & p>5ts = discussion ( rural-s*ool problems4 ,on two important matt]s ! ,grange has be5 misund]/ood1 n only by ! public1 b m un=tunately1 sometimes by its own memb]s4 ,9 8 ,division & ,reunion1 ,presid5t ,woodr[ ,wilson speaks ( x "u ! sub-title ( ,new ,p>ties4 ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,john/on1 9 8 ,am]ican ,politics 0 m discrim9at+1 = he said ( x3 ,9 its nature x is n political4 ,b he also said3 ,its object is co-op]ation among f>m]s1 9 pur*as+ & 9 o!r bus9ess int]e/s4 ,! fir/ conception ( ! "* ( ! ord] is :olly mislead+2 ! second is inadequate4 ,! ,grange is n a p>ty4 ,x nev] 0 a p>ty4 ,dur+ ! ,grang] legislation p]iod1 _m memb]s d\btless misconceiv$ ! true function ( ! ,grange1 & abus$ ! p[] organization gave !m1 :ile ! popul> m9d cr$it$ ! association ) _m notions = :i* x 0 n responsible4 ,x has nev] organiz$ itself z a f>m]s' p>ty4 ,! ,national ,grange has endeavor$ to keep /rictly alo( f p>tisan politics4 ,x is possible t 9 "s /ates ! influ5ce ( ! organization 01 9 ! e>ly days1 us$ = p>tisan purposes2 b ! p5alty 0 fully paid 9 ! disruption ( ! ord] 9 ^? /ates4 ,! ,grange today reg>ds p>tisan%ip z poison\s to its life1 & does n all[ x on its %elves4 ,?is is n to say t ! ,grange makes no appeal to legislation4 ,x is possible t 9 "s cases x places too mu* fai? 9 law z a means ( emancipation f economic bondage2 b1 9 ! ma91 its legislative po9t ( view is sane & cons]vative4 ,x believes t su* ills z are due to bad or imp]fect legislation c be1 at lea/ p>tly1 reliev$ by good or m p]fect legislation4 ,nor does x limit its int]e/ to measures t conc]n ! f>m] alone4 ,x is unalt]ably oppos$ to class legislation1 & aims to keep its own skirts cle>--to avoid ev5 ! suspicion ( (f5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,x may be ask$1 ,h[ does ! ord] manage to advocate public measures )\t becom+ involv$ 9 p>tisan squabbles8 ,simply by ceas+ to discuss a "q ! mom5t x becomes a p>ty football4 ,= in/ance3 ! monet>y policy ( ! gov]nm5t 0 w>mly discuss$ until ! conv5tions ( #ahif made x cle> t x 0 to be a p>ty issue4 ,aga93 ! ,grange has consi/5tly urg$ ! con/ruction & own]%ip ( ! ,int]oceanic ,canal by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t2 b x 0 sil5t on ! l>g] "q ( imp]ialism1 n because ! "q 0 n ( importance1 b because x became a subject ( p>ty controv]sy4 ,?is neutral policy z to p>ty que/ions imposes c]ta9 limitations on ! influ5ce ( ! organization2 b exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ?is1 m ?an any o!r ?+1 is responsible = ! fact t ! ,grange /ill lives & ?rives4 ,! o!r misconception lies 9 ! s5t5ce quot$ f ,pr(essor ,john/on1 t ! ,grange has = its object co-op]ation among f>m]s 9 pur*as+ & 9 o!r bus9ess int]e/s2 ! implication be+ t bus9ess 0 ! *ief function4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t 9 ! e>ly days ?\s&s jo9$ ! ord] = :at !re 0 9 x2 believ+ t ! organization furni%$ a means = aboli%+ ! middlem51 & putt+ ready money into ! pockets ( ! f>m]s4 ,:5 ^! sordid s\ls 7 disillusion$1 _! en?usiasm w5t d[n to ! z]o ( activity4 ,!y misund]/ood1 or int]pret$ too radically1 a well-def9$1 cons]vative1 legitimate purpose ( ! ,grange to co-op]ate on bus9ess l9es4 ,! ord] did believe t f>m]s c\ld d )\t ! surplus ( middlem52 x did purpose to aid ! f>m] f9ancially1 ?\gh ?is purpose 0 n its ma9 function4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ,grange /ores 7 organiz$4 ,a few ( ^! are 9 successful op]ation today1 b ! policy z a :ole has be5 ab&on$4 ,ano!r plan1 discuss$ ov] ?irty ye>s ago1 has dur+ ! pa/ decade come to assume practical importance z a me?od ( co-op]ation on bus9ess l9es4 ,! plan1 9 brief1 is t v>i\s ,/ate ,granges contract ) manufactur+ & jobb+ h\ses to furni% memb]s ( ! ord] ) goods at practically :olesale rates4 ,goods are ord]$ by ! subord9ate ,granges1 "u seal ( ! ord]2 are pur*as$ on a ca% basis2 & are %ipp$ to ! pur*as+ ag5t ( ! ,grange1 & by him di/ribut$ to ! individual buy]s4 ,su* mat]ials z b9d] tw9e1 salt1 h>ness1 ,p>is gre51 all k9ds ( f>m implem5ts1 vehicles1 sew+-ma*9es1 & fruit trees are pur*as$ advantage\sly4 ,ev5 /aple groc]ies1 etc41 are sometimes b\ght 9 ?is way4 ,memb]s (t5 save en\gh 9 s+le pur*ases to pay all _! exp5ses = ! ,grange4 ,!re is no capital inve/$2 !re are no debts impos$ ^u himself by ! pur*as]2 & !re has n be5 extreme difficulty 9 secur+ favorable contracts4 ,! plan seems de/9$ to cont9u$ enl>gem5t & usefulness z a legitimate phase ( bus9ess co-op]ation4 ,mi*igan ,granges pur*as$ n less ?an #cej1jjj wor? ( goods dur+ #aije1 "u su* a plan4 ,! e/imate = ,ma9e is ov] half a million doll>s4 ,9 sev]al /ates ! organization successfully conducts mutual fire insurance companies2 active memb]%ip 9 ! ,grange be+ an ess5tial requisite = memb]%ip 9 ! insurance company4 ,:]ev] ^! companies h become well e/abli%$1 x is ass]t$ t !y ma9ta9 a l[] rate ( assessm5t ?an ev5 ! popul> f>m]s' mutuals4 ,9 ,new ,york !re are tw5ty-?ree ,grange companies1 ) policies aggregat+ #he1jjj1jjj1 ! av]age co/ = ! ye> #aije be+ #a4if p] ?\s&4 ,s+le companies claim to h secur$ ev5 bett] rates4 ,?is insurance n only pays individuals1 b x attracts & holds memb]s4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire a fairly successful ,grange life insurance company exi/s4 ,9 co-op]ative sell+1 ! ord] has s f> accompli%$ v little1 except locally & among individuals or ,granges4 ,!re is a supreme difficulty 9 ! way ( successful transf]s among patrons !mselves1 z memb]s desir+ to buy wi% ! v l[e/ prices2 ^? desir+ to sell1 ! v highe/ prices4 ,arbitration "u su* circum/ances is n easy4 ,! fundam5tal ob/acle to memb]s sell+ toge!r on ! g5]al m>ket is t1 9 mo/ cases1 all memb]s d n h ! same ?+s to sell4 ,a co-op]ative cream]y1 = in/ance1 is organiz$ on ! basis ( a product--butt]2 ! ,grange is organiz$ on ! basis ( manhood--& ea* man may h 8 crop or /ock specialty4 ,?is difficulty1 ?\gh grave1 is n1 p]haps1 insup]able1 & w t5d to disappe> z memb]%ip enl>ges4 ,b x is only fair to /ate t1 s f>1 ! ,grange has n be5 able to devise any successful plan = co-op]ative sell+1 applicable on a l>ge scale4 ,!re are two or ?ree features t des]ve fur!r m5tion4 ,"o is ! position ( ! family 9 ! ,grange4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,grange 0 ! fir/ secret organization to place woman on a plane ( p]fect equality ) man4 ,9 e association ea* female memb] has a vote4 ,woman has f\r special (fices assign$ to h] sex1 & is eligible to any (fice 9 ! gift ( ! ord]4 ,! majority ( subord9ate lectur]s are wom52 _m subord9ate & ev5 ,pomona ma/]s are wom52 ,mi*igan's /ate lectur] is a woman :o is revolutioniz+ ! educational "w ( ! ord] 9 t /ate2 :ile ,m9nesota _h = "s ye>s a compet5t & e>ne/ woman z /ate ma/]4 ,e delegate to e ,/ate ,grange is a dual delegate--man & wife4 ,! /ate ma/] & 8 wife are delegates to ! ,national ,grange4 ,wom5 s]ve on all committees 9 ^! ga!r+s1 & a woman's voice is frequ5tly he>d 9 debates4 ,& n only ! wife1 b1 z previ\sly /at$1 ! *ildr5 above f\rte5 ye>s ( age may atta9 full memb]%ip4 ,a l>ge proportion ( e heal?y ,grange consi/s ( "y p1 :o h _! %>e 9 ! active "w4 ,?us x w be se5 t ! ord] cons]ves ! family life4 ,x is d\btful if any o!r social in/itution 9 rural communities1 n except+ ! *ur*1 s completely int]e/s ! entire family4 ,! organization is also a cons]vator ( morals4 ,:ile sect>ian discussions are z =eign to its purposes z is p>tisan politics1 & :ile x does n ev5 pret5d to take ! place ( ! *ur*1 x is built on a truly religi\s f\ndation4 ,its ritual is p]meat$1 9 ^w & 9 s5tim5t1 by ! religi\s _s4 ,e meet+ op5s & closes ) pray]4 ,moral "* is con/antly eulogiz$ & glorifi$ 9 ,grange esot]ic lit]ature4 ,! memb]%ip comes almo/ exclusively f t l>ge class ( f>m]s :o are moral1 high-m9d$1 ,god-fe>+ m5 & wom54 ,! ,grange has be5 oppos$1 bo? by f>m]s & by o!rs1 because secrecy is n a desirable attribute2 b ! exp]i5ce ( =ty ye>s & ! uni=m te/imony ( all lead]s 9 ! "w decl>e t ?is 0 a wise provision4 ,no influ5tial memb] has1 s f> z x is kn[n1 propos$ t ! ord] %\ld be dismantl$ ( its secret features4 ,! rituali/ic "w is n burd5some4 ,occasionally ! processes ( initiation may take "t t ought to be allott$ to educational "w2 b1 if ! initiation is prop]ly conduct$1 x has ( itself a high educational value4 ,! f9ancial /atus ( ! ,grange itself is wor? not+4 ,! fees = jo9+ are m]ely nom9al1 :ile ! dues are only t5 c5ts a mon? p] memb]4 ,^! fees & dues support ! subord9ate ,granges1 ! ,/ate ,grange1 & ! ,national ,grange4 ,!re are no high-sal>i$ (ficials 9 ! ord]1 & few sal>i$ positions ( any k9d4 ,! ,national ,grange today has ne>ly #ajj1jjj 9 its treasury1 & sev]al ,/ate ,granges h sub/antial res]ves4 ,?is policy is pursu$1 n = ! love ( ho>d+1 b because x is believ$ t x t5ds to ! p]man5cy & solid>ity ( ! ord]4 ,! ,grange is a live in/itution2 x has )9 itself ! capacity = satisfy+ a great ne$ 9 rural society2 & x is de/9$ to gr[? & l>g] & m p]man5t usefulness4 ,x is bas$ on correct pr9ciples3 organization1 co-op]ation1 education4 ,x is nei!r a political p>ty nor a bus9ess ag5cy4 ,x is progressively cons]vative--or cons]vatively progressive4 ,x is nei!r ultra-radical nor =ev] 9 ! rut4 ,its *ief "w is on cultural l9es4 ,x includes ! entire family4 ,x is n[ gr[+1 & !re is e reason = ?9k+ t ?is gr[? is ( a p]man5t "*4 ,! ,grange is ambiti\s to take its place beside ! s*ool & ! *ur*1 z "o ( a tr9ity ( =ces t %all mold ! life ( ! f>m] on ! broade/ possible basis--mat]ial1 intellectual1 social1 & e?ical4 ,is !re any good reason :y ?is ambition is n wor?y1 or :y its goal %\ld n be won8 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,opportunities ,,= ,,f>m ,,wom5 ,:ile rural life is (t5 suppos$ to be fatally defici5t 9 facilities = gr[? because ( its isolation1 ! wom5 liv+ on our f>ms are ?\ght to be ! especial victims ( ?is lack ( social opportunity4 ,no d\bt !re is mu* ( tru? 9 ! popul> op9ion4 ,mod]n city life unque/ionably t5ds to enliv51 to %>p51 to put a razor-edge on capacity4 ,naturally ! wom5 z well z ! m5 ( ! city are ?us /imulat$4 ,an in/ance ( ! opportunities con/antly pres5t$ to ! city wom5 is ! rapid multiplication ( wom5's clubs1 :i*1 especially 9 small] t[ns1 are absolutely revolutioniz+ ! life ( womank9d4 ,b h n ! wom5 ( ! c\ntry "s res\rces ( a simil> "*8 ,c !y n 9 "s way break ! bonds ( isolation8 ,are !re n = !m "s ( ! bless+s t come f a highly organiz$ society8 ,are !re n1 9 ! c\ntry also1 opportunities = ! co-op]ation ( m9d & he>t = common s]vice8 ,i ?9k all ^! que/ions c be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,x is at lea/ wor? :ile to endeavor to describe sev]al means by :i* ! woman ( ! f>m c keep pace ) h] urban si/]1 & "u conditions n s disc\rag+ z _m may suppose4 ,probably no movem5t has _h su* a pr(\nd significance = ! f>m wom5 ( ,am]ica z has ! ,grange movem5t4 ,we h already discuss$ ! g5]al aspects ( ,grange "w4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! f>m]'s wife is practically equal ) h] husb& 9 ,grange law & practice4 ,%e votes1 %e may hold (fice1 ev5 ! high] executive (fices4 ,a delegate to ! ,/ate ,grange is always two--a man & 8 wife if he has "o4 ,! wife s]ves on committees & votes z %e pleases4 ,?is equality ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! ord]4 ,! woman be>s h] %>e ( "w2 %e reads pap]s2 %e directs ! social phases ( ! ,grange2 %e talks on f>m topics if %e wants to2 %e debates s*ool affairs2 %e visits neighbor+ ,granges4 ,all ?is means education1 & education ( a v valuable sort1 ! effects ( :i* p]meate s ?or\ghly ^? communities :]e ! ,grange has long be5 e/abli%$ t "o h>dly realizes ! "w t has be5 accompli%$4 ,= x is n at all an exagg]ation to ass]t t a positive revolution (t5 comes ab\t f ! plant+ ( a ,grange 9 a neighborhood :]e no su* organization has ev] exi/$4 ,x f9ds mo/ ( ! wom5 diffid5t1 _m ( !m ) re/rict$ views1 few ( !m ) ! in/9ct = social s]vice develop$ beyond ! ne$s ( fri5dly neighbors4 ,9 ! ,grange ^! wom5 f9d new acqua9tances1 le>n ! p[] ( conc]t$ action1 meet ! responsibility ( (fice1 get to _! feet = a few words--unhe>d-( c\rage6 ,su* spee* is usually brief & p]haps n ready1 b x is likely to be cog5t1 because x is born ( exp]i5ce & /ops :5 ?r\gh4 ,c\nty & p]haps ,/ate ,granges add _! exp]i5ces4 ,& s on ?r\gh ! ye>s ^! %y1 res]v$1 possibly n>r[1 lives come to fl[]4 ,& ! ,grange has furni%$ ! dynamic4 ,/rong lead]s among f>m wom5 h be5 develop$ by ! opportunities ! ,grange has af=d$ !m4 ,& ?\s&s ( o!r wom5 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry h by ?is same means gr[n out ( _! n>r[ness1 discov]$ !mselves1 & become comp>atively cultur$1 well read1 able to take a woman's place 9 ?is day ( woman's p[] z a public factor4 ,x is safe to say t ! ,grange has be5 ! greate/ s+le influ5ce 9 ,am]ica ) respect to ! developm5t ( ! wom5 ( ! f>m4 ,ano!r factor 9 ! life ( f>m wom5 :i* has aris5 9 m rec5t ye>s is ! f>m]s' in/itute4 ,! audi5ces 9 "s cases are l>gely ( m51 b z a rule ! att5dance ( wom5 av]ages "o-?ird to "o-half4 ,until v rec5t ye>s ! wom5 jo9$ ) ! m5 9 all sessions ( ! in/itute1 & _! pres5ce 0 recogniz$ by appropriate subjects on ! programme1 frequ5tly pres5t$ by wom5 !mselves4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,m9nesota & ,wiscons9 initiat$ sep>ate meet+s = wom51 held simultane\sly ) ! ma9 meet+1 = purposes ( in/ruction 9 dome/ic sci5ce4 ,mi*igan1 a little lat]1 develop$ ! wom5's section ( ! f>m]s' in/itute4 ,?is is held "o aft]noon ( ! usual two-day session ( ! in/itute 9 a hall sep>ate f ! g5]al meet+1 & only wom5 att5d4 ,two topics are pres5t$ = discussion1 "o by a woman s5t by ! /ate1 ! o!r by a woman f ! t[n or a neighbor+ f>m4 ,topics conc]n+ *ild-tra9+1 mak+ h\sework easi]1 home life on ! f>m1 & ev5 !mes relat+ to ! problems t c5t] ab\t ! sex "q1 are ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,wom5 take "p mu* m freely ?an !y d 9 ! g5]al sessions ( ! in/itute4 ,across ! bord]1 9 ,ont>io1 ! wom5 h =m$ sep>ate in/itutes1 z !y h also 9 ,indiana4 ,all ?is means a new opportunity = ! f>m woman4 ,! ,grange is an organization1 & its memb]s ga9 all ! developm5t t comes f engag+ 9 ! "w requir$ to ma9ta9 a semi-lit]>y & social organization4 ,! in/itute1 on ! o!r h&1 is an ev5t1 & !re clu/] ab\t x all ! inspiration & sugge/ion t c come f any notable conv5tion = :i* "o w sacrifice n a little 9 ord] to att5d4 ,in/itute "w = wom5 is 9 its beg9n+s4 ,s f> we h f\nd t exi/+ in/itutions = wom5 9 rural di/ricts br+ toge!r m]ely ! wom5 ( ! f>m4 ,9 ! wom5's section ( ! in/itutes half ! audi5ce is usually f ! t[n4 ,?is meet+ occurs1 h[ev]1 b once a ye>1 & ! social effect ( ! comm+l+ ( city & f>m wom5 c prove only sugge/ive ( ! desirability ( fur!r opportunity = simil> ga!r+s4 ,at a ,mi*igan in/itute "s ye>s ago ?is desire fructifi$1 & ! product 0 a ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,club4 ,?is club secur$ a majority ( its memb]%ip1 ( "s n9ety1 f among wom5 resid+ on f>ms4 ,its meet+s are bi-weekly4 ,x is to be hop$ t ?is sort ( club may be organiz$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,x repres5ts ano!r /ep 9 ! emancipation ( ! f>m woman1 because x br+s h] into contact ) h] city si/]--& contact t is imm$iate1 vital1 inspir+1 cont9u\s1 & mutually helpful4 ,x may be ?\ght unnecess>y to =m a new set ( clubs = ! purpose indicat$1 b ! fact seems to be t ! ord9>y wom5's club ev5 9 small t[ns has fail$ to rea* ! woman :o makes h] home ^u ! f>m4 ,ano!r feature ( ?is idea ( ! ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,club is ! re/ room = f>m]s' wives4 ,9 a numb] ( cases :]e ?is has be5 tri$1 ! wom5 ( ! village or t[n provide a room z ne> ! %opp+ c5t] ( ! t[n z possible1 :]e ! c\ntry wom5 c f9d a place to re/1 to lun*1 & to leave _! *ildr54 ,^! rooms are fitt$ up 9 a neat b inexp5sive mann] ) ! necess>y conv5i5ces1 & are entirely free to ^? = :om !y 7 int5d$4 ,if ^! rooms are well manag$1 !y (f] n only a v practical =m ( assi/ance to ! wom5 ( ! f>m1 b !y may be ! means ( develop+ a =m ( co-op]ation betwe5 ! wom5 ( ! village & ! f>m1 & ev5tually lead+ to "s p]man5t s*eme ( mutual "w4 ,possibilities ( ?is sort ( ?+ are easily recogniz$4 ,9 ! realms ( high] education ! girl :o is to /ay ^u ! f>m has n be5 :olly neglect$4 ,9 ,kansas1 ,i[a1 ,connecticut1 ,ill9ois1 ,ohio1 & ,mi*igan1 at lea/1 & 9 connection ) ! agricultural colleges ( ^? /ates1 c\rses = wom5 7includ+ dome/ic sci5ce7 h be5 provid$4 ,!y are well patroniz$ by girls f ! f>m4 ,_m ( ^! girls d n m>ry f>m]s2 _m ( !m d4 ,& _! college tra9+ hav+ ?us be5 secur$ 9 an atmosph]e m or less agricultural1 !y mu/ inevitably take rank among _! si/]s ( ! f>m z lead]s 9 demon/rat+ :at f>m life = wom5 may be4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t ! trem5d\s movem5t ( rec5t ye>s :i* has s multipli$ /&>d read+-matt]1 bo? p]iodicals & books1 has rea*$ ! f>m4 ,a c5sus ( c\ntry po/-(fices w reveal ! fact t ! /&>d magaz9es g regul>ly to ?\s&s ( f>m homes4 ,agricultural pap]s1 religi\s pap]s1 & ev5 dailies f9d multitudes ( intellig5t read]s among f>m]s4 ,) ! adv5t ( bett] highways1 electric c> l9es1 rural free deliv]y1 & ! rural telephone1 ea* ( :i* is loom+ on ! horizon z an important feature ( ,am]ican f>m life2 ) ! ,grange or simil> organization 9 e s*ool di/rict2 ) ! developm5t ( c\rses = wom5 at all our colleges ( agriculture1 & ! logical complem5t ( su* c\rses 9 ! =m ( college ext5sion--f>m]s' in/itutes1 read+-c\rses1 travel+ libr>ies1 lecture & correspond5ce c\rses--we %all f9d f>m life tak+ on a new dress1 & p]haps f>m]s' wives may come to enjoy ! envy ( ^? wom5 :o are un=tunate en\gh n to h m>ri$ f>m]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,*ur* ,,& ,,progress ,! only way to an und]/&+ ( ! relation ( ! *ur* to rural progress is ?r\gh an appreciation ( ! place :i* ! *ur* z a social in/itution may h among o!r social in/itutions affect+ rural life4 ,moreov]1 to "k ! value ( ^! in/itutions "o mu/ fir/ "k ! rural social ne$s4 ,may we n !n1 ev5 at ! risk ( repetition1 take a brief survey ( ^! ne$s & in/itutions1 9 ord] t we may m cle>ly atta9 ! prop] po9t ( view8 ,at ! outset let u be sure t we h sympa?y ) ! c\ntryman z su*4 ,x is (t5 argu$ t ! rural "q1 or any phase ( x1 z = in/ance ! "q ( ! rural *ur*1 is important because ! c\ntry supplies ! be/ blood to ! city--& a roll-call ( ! fam\s c\ntry-born is read to prove ! po9t4 ,?is may be all true4 ,b x is only a p>tial view1 = x places ! emphasis ^u ! leav+ ( ! f>m1 :]eas ! emphasis %\ld be plac$ ^u ! f>m & ^? :o /ay !re4 ,we may praise ! c\ntry because x furni%es bra9 & brawn = ! _w's "w2 we may argue = c\ntry life because x possesses a good environm5t 9 :i* to re> a family2 we may dem& a s*ool sy/em t %all give ! c\ntry *ild z good a *ance z ! city *ild has4 ,9 all ?is we d well4 ,b we d n yet /& face to face ) ! rural problem4 ,= ! rural problem is ! problem ( ^? :o f>m4 ,x is ! problem ( ! man beh9d ! pl[4 ,x is he t is ! c5t] ( int]e/4 ,8 bus9ess1 8 success1 8 manhood1 8 family1 8 environm5t1 8 education1 8 future--^! con/itute ! problem ( ! f>m4 ,half our p make _! liv+ f ! br[n soil4 ,9 virtue1 9 intellig5ce1 9 real wor?1 ?is half comp>e favorably ) ! o!r half :o saw wood1 & %ovel s&1 & pull ?rottles1 & prep>e briefs1 & write s]mons4 ,! bus9ess ( agriculture provides directly = ! mat]ial welf>e ( ne>ly =ty millions ( our p4 ,x supports gigantic railway sy/ems1 fills ! hulls ( imm5se %ips1 furni%es raw mat]ial = ?\s&s ( indu/ries4 ,?is rural hemisph]e ( ,am]ican economic & social life is surely wor?y ! ?\ght ( ! capta9 ( indu/ry1 ( ! /atesman1 ( ! economi/1 ( ! educator1 ( ! prea*]4 ,we may also1 )\t dang] ( be+ put to confusion1 assume t ! till] ( ! soil is 9 ess5tial "* v mu* l o!r p4 ,f>m] nature is usually a fair specim5 ( human nature4 ,nev]!less ! environm5t ( ! f>m] is a peculi> "o4 ,individually z well z socially he is comp>atively isolat$4 ,he meets b little social friction4 ,! class to :i* he belongs is l>gely a segregat$ class1 physically & socially4 ,all ^! ?+s give to ! rural social problem a di/9ctive "* & give rise to ! great social ne$s ( ! f>m]4 ,:at are ^! ne$s8 ,i "n ?ree3 7#a7 ,complet] organization4 ,f>m]s d n co-op]ate easily4 ,!y nev] _h to co-op]ate l>gely "u ! old regime1 = pione] f>m+ plac$ a premium on individualism4 ,! pres5t c5tury h[ev]1 ) its emphasis ^u organization & co-op]ation1 calls ! f>m] to ! task ) ! w>n+ cry t unless he does organize he is 9 dang] ( los+ 8 pres5t indu/rial1 political1 & social /atus4 7#b7 ,bett] education4 ,! rural s*ools may n be s defici5t z to des]ve all ! scorn heap$ ^u !m by educational re=m]s2 b x is little en\gh to say t !y c be va/ly improv$4 ,!y are n keep+ up ) city s*ools4 ,! c\ntry is especially lack+ 9 good high-s*ool privileges4 ,( te*nical tra9+ too1 9 spite ( =ty ye>s ( agricultural colleges1 ! c\ntry is sadly 9 ne$4 ,nei!r 9 prim>y grades1 9 high s*ools1 9 special s*ools1 is !re an adequate am\nt ( /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( agriculture--pr9ciples :i* an age ( sci5ce dem&s mu/ be ma/]$ if ! indep5d5t f>m] is to be a success4 7#c7 ,quick] communication4 ,isolation has be5 ! bugbe> ( f>m life4 ,x mu/ be ov]come p>tly by physical means4 ,!re mu/ be a clos] t\* betwe5 individuals ( ! class1 & betwe5 f>m]s & ! dwell]s 9 ! t[n & city4 ,^! social ne$s are 9 "s degree met by ! f>m]s' organizations1 by ! rural & agricultural s*ools1 & by ! developm5t ( new means ( communication4 ,!re is a ho/ ( m9or ag5cies4 ,9 o!r *apt]s ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ ^! v>i\s in/itutions are endeavor+ to meet ^! rural ne$s4 ,s important are ^! factors ( rural life t we may n[ raise ! "q1 ,:at %\ld be ! relation ( ! rural *ur* to ^! ne$s & to ! ag5cies design$ to meet !m8 ,9 deal+ ) ?is phase ( ! subject1 we may be/ speak ( ! *ur* mo/ frequ5tly 9 t]ms ( ! pa/or1 = reasons t may appe> z we g on4 ,!re are ?ree ?+s ! c\ntry pa/or may d 9 ord] to br+ 8 *ur* into vital contact ) ^! great sociological movem5ts4 ,( c\rse he may ignore !m1 b t is *ur* suicide4 7#a7 ,he may recognize !m4 ,?is means fir/ ( all to und]/& !m1 to appreciate _! influ5ce4 ,!re is a law ( ! division ( labor t applies to in/itutions z well z to individuals4 ,?is law helps u to und]/& h[ su* in/itutions z ! ,grange & f>m]s' in/itutes are do+ a "w t ! *ur* _c d4 ,!y are do+ a "w t ne$s do+4 ,!y are s]v+ human ne$4 ,no pa/or c af=d to ignore !m1 mu* less 9 sne] at !m z unclean2 he may well apply ! lesson ( ,pet]'s vision1 & accept !m z m9i/]s ( ! k+dom4 7#b7 ,he may enc\rage & /imulate !m4 ,! rural pa/or may ?r[ himself into ! van ( ^? :o /rive = bett] f>m+1 = a quick] social life1 = m adequate educational facilities4 ,he c well take up ! role ( promot]--a promot] ( righte\sness & peace ?r\gh s-call$ secul> means4 ,?us %all he p]=m ! highe/ function ( ! prophet--to spiritualize & glorify ! common4 ,b ! rural pa/or c g ev5 f>!r4 7#c7 ,he may co-op]ate ) !m4 ,he may ?us assi/ 9 unit+ ) ! *ur* all ( ^? o!r ag5cies t make = rural progress1 & ?us secure a f$]ation1 if n ( ! _w1 at lea/ ( all ! =ces t are help+ to solve ! f>m problem2 & he may ?us f\nd a p>liam5t1 if n ( man1 at lea/ ( all :o believe t ! rural "q is wor? solv+ & t no "o movem5t is suffici5t to solve x4 ,we come n[ to ! mo/ practical "p ( our subject1 :i* is1 h[ ! propos$ relation betwe5 *ur* & o!r rural social =ces may be secur$4 ,!re are f\r sugge/ions along ?is l9e4 #a4 ,sociological /udy by ! rural pa/or4 ,?is is fundam5tal4 ,9 g5]al x means a fairly compreh5sive /udy ( sociological pr9ciples1 "s /udy ( sociological problems1 & "s practice 9 sociological inve/igation4 ,z x relates to ! rural pa/or1 x means also a k ( rural sociology4 ,x implies a grasp ( ! pr9ciples & significance ( mod]n agricultural sci5ce1 an und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory1 /atus1 & ne$s ( rural & agricultural education1 an appreciation ( & sympa?y = ! co-op]ative movem5ts among f>m]s4 ,does "o say1 ?is is ask+ too mu* ( ! burd5$ c\ntry pa/or ) 8 meag] sal>y & widespread p>i%8 ,let me ask if ! pa/or has any o!r road to p[] except to "k8 ,moreov]1 ! task is n s =midable z fir/ appe>s4 ,! pa/or is suppos$ to be a tra9$ /ud5t1 & s9ce he ne$s to "k ^! ?+s only 9 broad l9es1 ! acquir+ ( !m ne$ n compel ! midnight oil4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 urge t e pa/or h a c\rse 9 g5]al sociology1 ei!r 9 college or 9 sem9>y1 & if he has ! slighte/ intimation t 8 l9es w be ca/ 9 c\ntry places1 t he add a c\rse 9 rural sociology4 ,inasmu* z ! latt] c\rse is at pres5t (f]$ 9 few academic in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x might well be urg$ t brief c\rses 9 rural sociology be (f]$ at ! _m summ] s*ools4 ,b sociological /udy by ! pa/or means m ?an k ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( sociology & ( ! problems ( rural sociology2 x means a m9ute & compreh5sive sociological /udy ( 8 p>ticul> p>i%4 ,?is 9 its simple/ =m consi/s ( a religi\s canvass su* z is frequ5tly made bo? 9 c\ntry & city4 ,b ev5 ?is is n en\gh4 ,x %\ld at once be supplem5t$ by a v c>eful & inde$ a cont9u\s sociological canvass1 9 :i* details ab\t ! :ole bus9ess & life ( ! f>m %all be collect$ & at la/ assimilat$ into ! vital /ructure ( ! pa/or's k ( 8 problem4 #b4 ,! second sugge/ion looks t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( a social-s]vice *ur*1 or an in/itutional *ur*1 or aga91 z "o has phras$ x1 a c\ntry *ur* indu/rial4 ,!re seems to be a gr[+ feel+ t ! c\ntry *ur* may become n only ! di/9ctively religi\s c5t] ( ! neighborhood1 b also ! social1 ! intellectual1 & ! ae/hetic c5t]4 ,no d\bt !re is untold p[] 9 su* an idea4 ,no d\bt ! c\ntry *ur* has a peculi>ly ri* & invit+ field = community s]vice4 ,x w\ld be gratify+ if e c\ntry pa/or w\ld /udy ! possibilities ( ?is idea & endeavor to make an exp]im5t ) x4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 a supplem5tal sugge/ion1 at ?is po9t4 ,x is n possible to make ( e rural *ur* an in/itutional *ur*4 ,! *ur* is notably a cons]vative in/itution4 ,! rural *ur* is 9 ?is respect to ! mann] born4 ,rural *ur* memb]s are likely to be ultra-cons]vative1 especially z to means & me?ods4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 n true1 we might well lam5t any attempt to e/abli% a social-s]vice *ur* t endeavor$ to make ! *ur* ! sole motive p[] 9 rural reg5]ation1 t fail$ to recognize1 to enc\rage1 & to co-op]ate ) ! o!r social =ces :i* we h m5tion$4 ,b if e c\ntry pa/or _c h a social-s]vice *ur*1 is x n possible t e c\ntry *ur* %all h a social-s]vice pa/or8 ,!re are "s ?+s ! *ur* _c d2 !re is no?+ x may n ?r\gh its pa/or inspire4 ,!re are "s uses to :i* ! c\ntry *ur* _c be put2 !re are no uses to :i* ! c\ntry pa/or may n be put--z c\ntry pa/ors "k by exp]i5ce4 ,! pa/or ought to be an au?ority on social salvation z well z on p]sonal salvation4 ,he ought to be guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d 9 community affairs z well z 9 p]sonal affairs4 ,is he n inde$ ! logical c&idate = g5]al social lead]%ip 9 ! rural community8 ,he is educat$1 he is tra9$ to ?9k1 he is suppos$ to h broad grasp ( ! mean+ ( affairs1 he usually possesses _m ( ! qualities ( lead]%ip4 ,he is relatively a fixture4 ,he is less transi5t ?an ! tea*]4 ,he is ! only man 9 ! community ^: ta/es are sociological & :o is at ! same "t a paid man--all ?is aside f ! "q ( ! munific5ce ( 8 /ip5d4 ,let u !n h ! social-s]vice rural *ur* if we c2 b let u h ! social-s]vice rural pa/or at all haz>ds1 z ! fir/ t]m 9 ! =mula = solv+ ! sociological problem ( ! c\ntry *ur*4 #c4 ,co-op]ation among rural *ur*es4 ,! manife/ lack ( co-op]ation among *ur*es seems to _m laym5 to result 9 a trem5d\s wa/] ( p[]4 ,( c\rse x is a v h>d problem4 ,b is x insoluble8 ,x w\ld seem n4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! plan ( union sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,/rong 9 ,! ,new ,era is :olly practicable4 ,b ! burd5 ( ! sugge/ion at ?is po9t is ?is3 ,_c ! *ur*es unite suffici5tly = a ?or\gh religi\s & sociological canvass8 ,if !y _c f$]ate on a !ological plat=m1 c !y n unite on a /ati/ical plat=m8 ,if !y _c unite = religi\s "w1 c !y n jo9 h&s long en\gh to secure a m intellig5t basis = _! sep>ate "w8 ,x seems to me t ?is sort ( union is wor? :ile1 & t x is some?+ 9 :i* !re c\ld be full union1 9 :i* !re is nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 !re is nei!r bond nor free4 #d4 ,! pa/or may aid if n lead 9 ! f$]ation ( rural social =ces4 ,! idea involv$ is sub/antially ?is3 ,giv5 a f>m]s' organization t m9i/]s *iefly to indu/rial & economic ends1 ?\gh incid5tally to moral & educational ones2 a s*ool sy/em t fe$s *iefly ! accept$ educational ne$s1 ?\gh act+ p]haps z a mov+ =ce 9 indu/rial & social bett]m5t2 a *ur* :i* is *iefly a religi\s in/itution1 b :i* t\*es ! life ( ! community at _m o!r po9ts--giv5 ^! ?+s & ! obvi\s next /ep is co-op]ation among !m all1 9 ord] t a well-balanc$ k9d ( social progress may result4 ,?is =m ( f$]ation means ! attempt to solve ! f>m problem at all po9ts4 ,x sugge/s t ! army ( rural progress %all m>* ) ! w+s abrea/ ! c5t]4 ,x means t ! f>m]1 ! editor1 ! educator1 ! prea*]--all1 %all see ! "w t ne$s do+1 9 all its fulness1 &1 see+1 %all resolve to pu% ahead side by side4 ,to sum up3 ,! rural problem is a neglect$ b exce$+ly important "q4 ,out ( ! peculi> environm5t ( ! f>m] gr[ 8 peculi> social ne$s1 namely1 bett] organization1 full] & ri*] education1 quick] communication4 ,to meet ^! supreme ne$s we f9d a gr[+ & already p[]ful cot]ie ( f>m]s' organizations1 some:at het]og5e\s b rapidly develop+ plans ( agricultural education1 & a m>vel\s evolution ( ! means ( transportation = body1 voice1 & missive4 ,^! ne$s & ^! ag5cies are select$ z ! conspicu\s & vital elem5t 9 ! sociological problem t confronts ! rural pa/or4 ,:at %all be 8 attitude t[>d !m8 ,he may ignore !m2 b we assume t he w seek to "w ) !m & to use !m = ! great] glory ( ,god4 ,he mu/ !n recognize !m1 enc\rage !m1 & co-op]ate ) !m4 ,to d ?is successfully he mu/ fir/ be a /ud5t ( sociology2 he c !n well af=d to m$itate ^u ! possibilities ( mak+ 8 *ur* 9 "s measure a social-s]vice *ur* or at lea/ ( mak+ ( himself a social-s]vice pa/or2 he c "w = *ur* union at lea/ on sociological l9es2 & f9ally he c d 8 be/ to secure an active f$]ation ( all ! =ces involv$ 9 ! rural problem4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,rec5t ,,progress ,9 "s respects ! mo/ notable rec5t advance 9 rural matt]s consi/s 9 ! improv$ means ( communication 9 rural di/ricts4 ,! c\ntry is relatively isolat$1 & x is ?is isolation 9 its extreme =ms t is ! bane ( c\ntry liv+4 ,undue cons]vatism1 lack ( con=mity to progressive views1 undue prom95ce ( class feel+1 & a t5d5cy to be less al]t are ?+s t gr[ out ( ?is isolation2 b bett] means ( communication decrease ^! difficulties1 & ! la/ few ye>s h se5 a rem>kable advance 9 ?is respect4 ,= in/ance1 ! rural free mail deliv]y sy/em is only t5 ye>s old1 & yet today !re are m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s& r\tes ( ?is "* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]v+ possibly tw5ty million p ) daily mail1 a great proportion ( :om be=e _h v irregul> mail s]vice4 ,results are pat5t & m>k$4 ,"t is sav$ 9 go+ = mail2 m>ket reports come daily2 f>m]s are m prompt 9 _! bus9ess deal+s2 roads are kept 9 bett] %ape2 !re is an increas$ circulation ( pap]s & magaz9es4 ,?us ! f>m] is 9 clos] t\* ) affairs & mu* m al]t to bus9ess opportunities1 to political activities1 & to social movem5ts4 ,! circulation ( daily pap]s 9 c\ntry di/ricts has increas$ at a m>vel\s rate4 ,! am\nt ( lett]-writ+ has increas$4 ,rural deliv]y ( mail ar\ses ! _s ( be+ 9 ! _w4 ,its results h be5 almo/ revolution>y4 ,s1 too1 ! rural telephone4 ,rec5t inve/igation 9 ! /ates ( ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 & ,indiana %[$ t out ( #bjj1jjj subscrib]s to ! indep5d5t telephone companies ( ^? /ates ab\t "o-six? 7 9 f>m homes4 ,a few ye>s ago1 h>dly a telephone c\ld be f\nd 9 a f>m]'s family4 ,?is bus9ess is con/antly increas+4 ,! e/abli%$ telephone companies are pu%+ _! "w into ! c\ntry di/ricts1 small local ex*anges are be+ =m$1 & soon ! f>m]s1 9 ! ,nor? at lea/1 w be almo/ z well s]v$ by ! telephone z are p ( ! small] cities4 ,int]urban electric railways are be+ built v rapidly & _! advantage to ! f>m] is obvi\s4 ,x is d\btful if _! effect has be5 q s f>-rea*+ z "s h sugge/$4 ,at pres5t !y v l>gely p>allel exi/+ /eam railways1 & :ile !y give bett] freight & pass5g] s]vice & assi/ mat]ially 9 dim9i%+ rural isolation 9 ! areas :i* !y trav]se1 _! influ5ce does n ext5d v f> f ! l9e itself1 & !y rea* relatively small areas ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 _! value to ! f>m] is v l>ge1 &1 z !y increase 9 numb] & 9 effici5cy ( s]vice1 !y w become a p[]ful factor 9 rural progress4 ,! good-roads movem5t is beg9n+ to take on l>ge proportions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a complicat$ "q4 ,to make fir/-class roads is a co/ly bus9ess1 & :ile a few su* roads are ( great value 9 a g5]al social way1 !y d n q make g5]al c\ntry conditions ideal4 ,to accompli% ?is1 e road 9 ! c\ntry %\ld be a good road ! ye> ?r\gh1 & ?is is an ideal v difficult ( realization4 ,h[ev]1 9 g5]al1 ! roads are improv+ & z rapidly z ! weal? ( ! c\ntry w p]mit ! road sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w be develop$4 ,( c\rse1 good roads are a prime requisite = rural bett]m5t4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t dur+ ! pa/ decade ! improvem5t ( means ( communication 9 rural di/ricts has gone =w>d at a m>vel\sly rapid pace4 ,nor is x exagg]at+ to say t ! movem5ts nam$ are re-creat+ f>m life4 ,dur+ ?is same p]iod1 !re has be5 an almo/ equally wond]ful advance 9 ! means ( agricultural education4 ,j tw5ty ye>s ago ! exp]im5t-/ation sy/em ( ?is c\ntry 0 e/abli%$4 ,x took t5 ye>s = ! /ations to organize _! "w & to ga9 ! confid5ce ( ! f>m]s4 ,at pres5t h[ev]1 !y are look$ ^u ) great favor by ! f>m+ class & are do+ a magnific5t "w4 ,_! function is t ( rese>* *iefly1 al?\gh !y attempt "s control s]vice1 su* z inspection ( f]tiliz]s1 /ock foods1 etc4 ,9 rese>* !y aim bo? to /udy ! m intricate sci5tific que/ions t relate to agriculture & to c>ry on exp]im5ts t are ( m obvi\s & m imm$iate practical application to exi/+ conditions 9 ! v>i\s /ates4 ,!re is "o ( ^! /ations 9 ea* /ate & t]ritory1 besides a numb] ( /ations support$ by /ate funds4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton has also develop$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s until x is p]=m+ v l>ge s]vice = agriculture4 ,its annual exp5ditures aggregate eight or t5 million doll>s1 & x has 9 its employm5t hundr$s ( exp]ts c>ry+ on laboratory & field rese>*1 sc\r+ ! _w = plants & se$s t may be ( economic value1 & assi/+ to control plant & animal diseases4 ,x is also di/ribut+ a va/ am\nt ( practical in=mation1 put 9 readable =m & adapt$ to ! av]age f>m]4 ,its "w ( seek+ to ext5d ! m>kets ( our agricultural products is "o ( its notable successes4 ,agricultural s*ools h be5 talk$ ab\t = a c5tury1 & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury sev]al 7 />t$4 ,! fir/ p]man5t agricultural college 0 op5$ 9 #aheg1 9 ,mi*igan4 ,! ,morrill ,act ( #ahfb gave rise to a sy/em ( su* colleges & today !re w be f\nd "o 9 e /ate & t]ritory1 besides sev]al = ! color$ p ( ! ,s\?4 ,up to #ahij1 ^! colleges _h be5 n :olly satisfactory & ! f>m+ class 0 n patroniz+ v fully _! agricultural c\rses4 ,! fault belong$ bo? to ! college & to ! f>m]s4 ,! f>m]s 7 skeptical ( ! value ( agricultural education1 & ! colleges 7 (t5 out ( sympa?y ) ! real ne$s ( ! f>m]s1 & 9 fact f\nd x difficult to break away f ! p$agogical ideals ( ! old educational regime4 ,s9ce #ahij1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 a complete *ange ( s5tim5t 9 ?is respect1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,!re ! l&-grant colleges1 :e!r sep>ate colleges or :e!r organiz$ z colleges ( /ate univ]sities1 are secur+ magnific5t build+s = agriculture1 are (f]+ fully equipp$ c\rses1 & are enroll+ z /ud5ts "s ( ! be/ m5 9 college1 :om !y are educat+ n only = agricultural tea*]s & exp]im5t]s b also = practical f>m]s4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m grave problems connect$ ) ?is subject1 _m f>m]s :o d n yet respond to ! call = educat$ agriculturi/s1 & "s colleges t d n yet appreciate _! opportunity4 ,b ! *ange = ! bett] has be5 s m>k$ t all agricultural educators are extremely optimi/ic4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult & mo/ important phases ( agricultural education is t ( a second>y grade4 ,! great proportion ( educat$ f>m]s w probably be tra9$ = _! bus9ess 9 second>y s*ools4 ,?is problem is be+ approa*$ f _m /&po9ts4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota e/abli%$1 "s f\rte5 ye>s ago1 a s*ool ( agriculture1 :i* n[ enrols sev]al hundr$ pupils ( bo? sexes4 ,wiscons9 is try+ ! exp]im5t ( two c\nty s*ools ( agriculture4 ,occasionally ! public high s*ool w be f\nd (f]+ a c\rse 9 agriculture4 ,sev]al /ates are exp]im5t+ 9 "o or m ( ^! l9es1 & dur+ ! next few ye>s we %all see a l>ge developm5t ( ?is phase ( agricultural education4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ movem5ts 9 agricultural education has be5 an attempt to introduce nature-/udy & ev5 ! elem5ts ( agriculture into ! c\ntry s*ools4 ,cornell ,univ]sity has tak5 ! lead 9 advocat+ nature-/udy purely1 = ! s*ools2 & ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri has p]haps be5 ! lead] 9 advocat+ t ! "w be made ev5 m def9ite & practical1 & t ! c\ntry pupils %all be taught1 dur+ _! e>ly ye>s ev51 ! elem5ts ( agriculture4 ,bo? plans are be+ work$ out ) a fair degree ( success1 & _m o!r /ates are c>ry+ out ! "w 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,( c\rse ! idea is n a new "o1 b its pres5t practical application is a timely "o1 & x w n be long be=e ?is bran* ( agricultural education w become a prom95t factor 9 rural bett]m5t4 ,a mo/ sugge/ive phase ( agricultural education is college ext5sion "w4 ,univ]sity ext5sion has _h a r meteoric c>e] 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 s f> z x has be5 connect$ ) educational in/itutions2 al?\gh ! ext5sion idea is spread+ rapidly & is be+ work$ out ?r\gh home /udy & correspond5ce c\rses ( all sorts4 ,b ,i ?9k !re is sc>cely any field 9 :i* ! real college ext5sion idea is today be+ m successfully appli$ ?an 9 agriculture4 ,! "w />t$ ) f>m]s' in/itutes1 :i* 7 in/itut$ ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago & :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 practically all ! /ates ( ! ,union4 ,x has broad5$ )9 t5 ye>s1 until n[ x is c>ri$ on n only by f>m]s' in/itutes1 b ?r\gh home-correspond5ce c\rses1 ! introduction ( millions ( pamphlets into f>m homes1 demon/rations 9 spray+1 butt]-mak+1 soil te/+1 milk te/+1 & s on4 ,ont>io pres5ts a good illu/ration ( h[ a new agriculture c be creat$1 9 a doz5 ye>s1 by co-op]at+ me?ods ( agricultural education4 ,h] prov9cial dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 h] exp]im5t /ation1 h] agricultural college1 h] v>i\s =ms ( ext5sion "w1 & h] v>i\s societies ( agriculturi/s h all work$ toge!r ) an unusual degree ( h>mony = ! delib]ate purpose ( induc+ ,canadian agriculturi/s to produce ! ?+s t w br+ ! mo/ pr(it4 ,! results h be5 mo/ a/oni%+ & mo/ gratify+4 ,! rec5t progress 9 ! organization ( f>m]s has be5 less m>k$ ?an has be5 ! developm5t ( rural communication & agricultural education4 ,organization is a prime requisite = f>m]s4 ,!y feel ?is tru? !mselves4 ,= ! la/ =ty ye>s1 _m attempts--"s l>ge1 "s small1 "s successful1 "s great failures--h be5 made to ?is end4 ,! problem is an extremely difficult "o4 ,bus9ess co-op]ation among f>m]s is especially difficult &1 :ile co-op]ation has develop$ q l>gely--s mu* s t ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 0 able to report1 a ye> ago1 a li/ ( five ?\s& co-op]ative societies ( v>i\s k9ds among f>m]s--/ill x _c be said t ! f>m]s are co-op]at+ indu/rially 9 a relatively l>ge way4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a multitude ( associations & societies4 ,!y h also ! ,grange1 :i* is ! mo/ successful ( all ! g5]al organizations ( f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,contr>y to public belief1 ! ,grange is n defunct1 b has be5 gr[+ at a v rapid pace dur+ ! la/ few ye>s & has a l>ge influ5ce especially 9 ! ,ea/ & ,middle ,we/4 ,x has practically no exi/5ce 9 ! f> ,we/ & 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x has a national organization1 h[ev]1 repres5t+ "s tw5ty-six /ates4 ,its influ5ce 9 ,congress is said to be m>k$4 ,! local ,granges are do+ a v l>ge "w1 socially1 educationally1 & sometimes f9ancially4 ,! ,grange seems to und]/& itself n[4 ,its ideals h be5 work$ out pretty c>efully1 & its future gr[? is q c]ta94 ,we h sugge/$ t ! significant rural social movem5ts ( ! pa/ few ye>s h be5 ! improvem5t ( rural communication1 ! wond]ful developm5t ( agricultural education1 & ! fairly satisfactory developm5t ( organization among f>m]s4 ,x seems also app>5t t !re is a f\r? l9e ( developm5t t might be m5tion$ z be+ significant1 & x may be express$ 9 a some:at g5]al /atem5t t ! int]e/ 9 agricultural que/ions has increas$ 9 a v m>k$ way4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a new emphasis ^u c\ntry life g5]ally4 ,! p ( ! cities h be5 go+ to ! c\ntry m ?an ev] be=e4 ,a walk1 ! l5g? ( ,beacon ,/reet 9 ,bo/on1 at any "t f ! middle ( ,june to late autumn1 conv9ces "o t ! majority ( ! p are some:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,all ov] ! ,nor?1 city p are mak+ c\ntry homes = at lea/ a portion ( ! ye>4 ,!re is also a gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! f>m & f>m problems among ! g5]al public4 ,j n[ ! c\ntry s*ools are attract+ special att5tion f ! educators--s mu* s t ! late ,presid5t ,h>p] /at$1 n long ago1 t ! rural-s*ool "q is ! com+ "q 9 education4 ,ev5 ! c\ntry *ur* is be+ made a subject ( discussion 9 religi\s circles4 ,x is conc$$ t agriculture pres5ts problems4 ,& :ile ! ?robb+1 busy1 int5se life ( ! city br+s p]plex+ que/ions to our civilization1 our p are com+ to realize t ! agricultural population & ! agricultural indu/ry are /ill trem5d\s factors 9 our national life & success1 & t bo? social & indu/rial conditions 9 ! c\ntry are su* t !re also are grave que/ions to be settl$4 ,9 view ( ! facts :i* h be5 giv51 ,i ?9k if "o 7 ask$ to give a direct answ] to ! "q1 ,is ! f>m] keep+ up8 "o c\ld reply1 ,yes4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry1 ! f>m]s h n respond$ to ^! =w>d movem5ts4 ,! c\ntryman is naturally cons]vative4 ,n only t1 b !re are "s s]i\s que/ions t he has to meet 9 8 bus9ess & 9 8 life4 ,he f9ds x extremely & increas+ly difficult to get adequate labor4 ,he has n be5 able to take suffici5t advantage ( ! p[] ( co-op]ation4 ,! indu/rial & social developm5t ( ! city has lur$ away 8 *ildr54 ,& yet "o _c help feel+ t ^! really rem>kable advances ( ! pa/ decade are prophetic ( a /eady improvem5t 9 rural conditions1 ( a l>g] developm5t ( rural life1 ( a great] prosp]ity = agriculture4 ,) reg>d to ! future1 x seems to me t1 on ! social side1 ! progress ( ! next few ye>s is to be along ! l9es1 indicat$ above1 :i* h *>act]iz$ ! pa/ t5 or a doz5 ye>s4 ,/ill fur!r improv$ means ( communication w t5d to bani% isolation & its drawbacks4 ,realization ( ! b5efits ( organization & ability to co-op]ate w va/ly /r5g!n class p[]4 ,! means ( agricultural education w be develop$ v rapidly1 ) ! ideal 9 m9d ( be+ able to furni% "s sort ( agricultural tra9+ = e individual :o lives ^u ! f>m4 ,! c\ntry "q1 z a :ole1 w attract increas+ att5tion4 ,gradually x w be se5 t ! rural problem is "o ( ! greate/ int]e/ to all our citiz5s4 ,! _s ( co-op]ation w gr[ until n only ! f>m]s !mselves unite = _! own class int]e/s b ! v>i\s social ag5cies--indu/rial1 religi\s1 educational--m9i/]+ to rural bett]m5t w f9d !mselves also co-op]at+4 ,?us1 x seems to me1 ! outlook = ! future is full ( hope4 ,a g5u9e =w>d movem5t = rural bett]m5t has _h its beg9n+1 is n[ ga!r+ volume1 & w soon atta9 v l>ge proportions4 ,,=w>d ,,/eps ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,social ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,f>m ,,"q ,!re is a prov]b 9 ,grange circles :i* expresses also ! fundam5tal aim ( all agricultural education--,! f>m] is ( m consequ5ce ?an ! f>m & %\ld be fir/ improv$4 ,! fir/ t]m 9 all agricultural prosp]ity is ! man beh9d ! pl[4 ,improv$ agriculture is a matt] ( f]tile bra9 r ?an ( f]tile field4 ,m9d culture mu/ prec$e soil culture4 ,b if ! improv$ man is ! fir/ t]m 9 improv$ agriculture1 if he is ! effective cause ( rural progress1 he is also ! la/ t]m & ! *oice product ( g5u9e agricultural advancem5t4 ,we may p>aphrase ! sordid1 raise m corn to fe$ m hogs to buy m l& to raise m corn1 etc41 into ! div9e1 tra9 bett] f>m]s to make bett] f>m+ to gr[ bett] f>m]s1 etc4 ,we want tra9$ m5 t we may h an advanc+ agricultural art1 t we may make e agricultural acre r5d] its maximum4 ,! improv$ acre1 h[ev]1 mu/ yield n only corn b civilization1 n only potatoes b culture1 n only :eat b effective manhood4 ,b we may c>ry ! po9t a /ep f>!r4 ,! individual f>m] is ! />t+-po9t & ! end ( agriculture1 x is true4 ,b ! lone f>m] is an anomaly1 ei!r z a cause or z a product1 z ! lone man is ev]y:]e4 ,z an effective cause we mu/ h co-op]at+ individuals1 & z an end we desire an improv$ community & a high]-grade class ( f>m]s4 ,! f>m "q !n is a social "q4 ,valuable z are ! contributions ( sci5ce to ! problems ( soil & plant & animal1 ! ultimate contribution comes f ! developm5t ( improv$ m54 ,s ! real end is n m]ely to utilize ea* acre to its utmo/1 nor to provide *eap food = ! p :o d n f>m1 nor yet to r5d] agriculture indu/rially /rong4 ,! grave/ & mo/ f>-rea*+ consid]ation is ! social & patriotic "o ( endeavor+ to develop & ma9ta9 an agricultural class :i* repres5ts ! v be/ type ( ,am]ican manhood & womanhood1 to make ! f>m home ! ideal home1 to br+ agriculture to su* a /ate t ! bus9ess w always attract ! ke5 & ! /rong :o at ! same "t c>e m = home & *ildr5 & /ate & fre$om ?an = millions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! typical ,am]ican f>m]--! man :o is ess5tially middle class1 :o is intellig5t1 :o keeps a good /&>d ( liv+1 educates 8 *ildr51 s]ves 8 c\ntry1 owns 8 m$ium-siz$ f>m1 & :o at dea? leaves a mode/ e/ate--! ma9t5ance ( ! typical ,am]ican f>m] is ! real agricultural problem4 ,if ?is analysis is a correct "o1 x w vitally affect our plans = agricultural tra9+4 ,! /ud5t w be taught n only soil physics1 b social psy*ology4 ,he w le>n n only ! action ( bact]ia 9 milk f]m5tation1 b ! und]ly+ causes ( ! social f]m5t among ! f>m]s ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,he w conc]n himself ) ! value ( f>m]s' organizations z well z ) ! co-op]at+ influ5ces ( high-br$ corn & high-br$ /e]s4 ,! function & organization ( ! rural s*ool w be z s]i\s a problem to him z ! build+ & managem5t ( ! co-op]ative cream]y4 ,! c\ntry *ur* & its c>e] w int]e/ him fully z mu* z does ! late/ successful device = ty+ mil* c[s 9 ! /able4 ,he w want to get at ! k]nel ( ! political que/ions t confront agriculture j z fully & ?or\ghly z he wi%es to ma/] ! =mulae = comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,no man w h acquir$ an adequate agricultural education :o has n be5 tra9$ 9 rural social sci5ce1 & :o does n recognize ! be>+ ( ?is wide field ( ?\ght ^u ! bus9ess ( f>m+ z well z ^u ,am]ican de/9y4 ,rese>*1 too1 w be t\*$ ) ! social idea4 ,! m5 :o /udy conditions exi/+ 9 rural communities :i* h to d ) ! real life ( ! p--! effects ( _! environm5t1 ! t5d5cies ( _! habits & cu/oms--w ne$ z ?or\gh prep>ation = _! "w1 & ! result ( _! ef=ts w be z useful z t ( ! m5 :o labor 9 field & laboratory4 ,b ! mo/ pr(\nd consequ5ce ( recogniz+ ! social side ( ! f>m "q w be ! new atmosph]e creat$ at ! agricultural colleges4 ,^! in/itutions are fa/ ga9+ lead]%ip 9 all ! te*nical que/ions ( agriculture--lead]%ip gladly grant$ by progressive f>m]s :5ev] ! in/itution is manag$ ) intellig5ce & 9 ! _s ( g5u9e sympa?y ) f>m+4 ,b ^! colleges mu/ m9i/] to ! :ole f>m]4 ,!y mu/ help ! f>m] solve all 8 problems1 :e!r ^! problems are sci5tific1 or economic1 or social1 or political4 ,& let x be said 9 all e>ne/ness t 9 our rapidly %ift+ indu/rial ord]1 ! f>m]'s int]e/ 9 ! political1 social1 & economic problems ( 8 call+ is fully z great z x is 9 ^? purely sci5tific & te*nical4 ,& rightly s4 ,a prime /e] is a triumph4 ,b x w n ( itself keep ! f>m] free4 ,! #ej-;bu%els-(-:eat acre is a gr& bus9ess proposition provid$ ! g5]al indu/rial conditions favor ! gr[] z well z ! consum]4 ,:5 our agricultural colleges ent] into ! fulle/ sympa?y ) all ! rural problems1 :5 ! f>m home & ! rural s*ool & ! c\ntry *ur* & ! f>m]'s civic rights & duties & all ! relations ( 8 bus9ess to o!r indu/ries--:5 ^! que/ions are 9 ! air ( our agricultural colleges1 !n & !n alone w ^! colleges fulfil _! true mission ( be+ all ?+s to all f>m]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,ne$s ,,( ,,new ,,engl& ,,agriculture ,"o might "n a score ( important activities t %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 ord] to bett] ,new ,engl& agriculture4 ,b ! two fundam5tal ne$s are 7#a7 adaptation & 7#b7 co-op]ation4 ,by adaptation is meant su* developm5t ( agriculture z %all m fully utilize exi/+ physical & comm]cial conditions4 ,! ,we/ has = sev5ty-five ye>s press$ h>d ^u ,new ,engl& f>m+4 ,b along ) ?is we/]n competition has come a new opportunity = ! ea/]n f>m]4 ,new ,engl& f>m]s z a :ole h n quickly en\gh respond$ to ?is new opportunity4 ,_m ( _! tr\bles may be trac$ to ! failure to adapt !mselves to ! new conditions4 ,! m5 9 ,new ,engl& :o h met ! new opportunity are succe$+4 ,:at does ?is adaptation consi/ 98 ,x means1 fir/1 ! adaptation ( ! ,new ,engl& f>m] to 8 m>kets4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! type ( f>m+ is p]haps m dep5d5t ^u physical conditions ( soil & climate ?an ^u ! imm$iate m>ket4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! rev]se is n[ true1 & ! type ( ,new ,engl& f>m+ mu/ be adapt$1 absolutely & completely1 to ! dem&s ( its m>ket4 ,new ,engl& f>m]s h ! mo/ sup]b m>kets 9 ! c\ntry4 ,( ! six million p 9 ,new ,engl&1 approximately #ge p] c5t4 live 9 ! cities & villages4 ,!re are1 9 ,new ,engl&1 ?irty cities hav+ a population ( tw5ty-five ?\s& or m4 ,! great majority ( ^! cities are manufactur+ cities peopl$ by ! be/ class ( consum]s 9 ! _w--! ,am]ican skill$ artisan4 ,!y con/itute a ne>by m>ket t dem&s fre% products :i* _c be transport$ across a cont95t4 ,new ,engl& is also especially favor$ 9 its ne>ness to ! ,european m>ket4 ,! ,new ,engl& f>m] !n mu/ adapt 8 crops1 8 me?ods1 & 8 /yle ( f>m+ to 8 peculi> m>ket4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is adaptation mu/ be "o ( soil1 j z any:]e else1 only ! problem "h becomes m complicat$ because ( ! v>i$ "* ( ! f>m+ l&s4 ,h[ to make ! valleys & ! hills1 ! rocky ridges & ! s& pla9s ( ,new ,engl& yield _! l>ge/ possibilities 9 agriculture is a problem ( ! greate/ sci5tific & indu/rial int]e/1 & x is ! problem t ,new ,engl& agriculture has to face4 ,9 ?is connection comes also ! ne$ ( special v>ieties adapt$ n only to ! m>ket b to ! soil & climate4 ,?is pr9ciple ( adaptation is ! indu/rial key to future agricultural developm5t 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,b to a*ieve ?is adaptation1 to make ! key "w1 !re is ne$$ ! =ce ( social organization4 ,! f>m] mu/ be rea*$ be=e ! f>m c be improv$4 ,! man :o treads ! furr[ is a great] factor ?an nitrog5 or pota%4 ,h[ is ?is man to be rea*$1 inspir$1 in/ruct$8 ,l>gely by "s =m ( organization4 ,! second & great] ne$ !re=e is co-op]ation4 ,co-op]ation means fai? 9 agriculture--a fai? too seldom f\nd 9 ! ,israel ( ,new ,engl&'s yeomanry4 ,co-op]ation means ideals--ideals ( rural possibilities too seldom dream$ ( 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,yankee f>m]4 ,co-op]ation means p[]--p[] t _c be acquir$ by ! lone man1 n ev5 by ! resolute individualism s dom9ant 9 ,new ,engl& "*4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( co-op]ation1 all ( :i* are desirable & ev5 ess5tial if ! mo/ rapid agricultural progress 9 ,new ,engl& is to be secur$--co-op]ation among individuals1 among organizations1 among /ates4 ,! f>m]s ( ,new ,engl& mu/ "w toge!r4 ,! ,grange is /rong] 9 ,new ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r portion ( ! c\ntry ( simil> area--yet n "o f>m] 9 t5 belongs to ! ,grange4 ,we ne$ n dwell on ?is po9t1 = x is a tru? con/antly prea*$ ?r\gh ! ,grange & ?r\gh o!r means4 ,let me sugge/ two ideas relative to co-op]ation :i* h n receiv$ s mu* att5tion4 ,ea* organization has its peculi> "w4 ,! s*ool is to tra9 ! "y1 ! agricultural college to prep>e ! y\?1 ! f>m]s' in/itute to in/ruct & inspire ! middle-ag$ & mature4 ,! exp]im5t /ation seeks to discov] ! means by :i* nature & man may bett] "w toge!r4 ,! produc]s' unions endeavor to secure a fair price = _! goods4 ,! ,grange enl>ges ! views ( its memb]s & br+s ! p[] :i* comes f work+ toge!r1 buy+ toge!r1 meet+ toge!r1 talk+ toge!r1 act+ toge!r4 ,bo>ds ( agriculture control conditions ( heal? & disease among animals & plants4 ,! c\ntry fair educates & int]e/s4 ,! *ur* cr[ns all 9 its m9i/rations ( spiritual vision1 moral uplift1 & insi/5ce ^u "* z ! supreme end ( life4 ,b no in/itution c d ! "w ( ! o!rs4 ,!y are memb]s "o ( ano!r4 ,! h& _c say to ! foot1 ,i h no ne$ ( !e4 ,all ^! ?+s make = rural progress4 ,none c be sp>$4 ,! ,grange _c take ! place ( ! *ur*4 ,! in/itute _c supplant ! ,grange4 ,! college c\rse _c rea* ! adult f>m]4 ,! exp]im5t /ation _c in/ruct ! "y4 ,! *ur* _c secure re=ms 9 taxation4 ,^! ag5cies may h[ev] co-op]ate4 ,inde$ ! mo/ rapid & mo/ secure rural progress1 ! broade/ & s\nde/ agricultural gr[?1 c n take place unless !re be ?is =m ( co-op]ation4 ,!re w come add$ int]e/1 increas$ effici5cy1 l>g] views1 great] ambitions 9 our agricultural developm5t1 if1 9 ea* /ate1 all ( ^! =ces "w toge!r4 ,we may !re=e welcome mo/ cordially ! propos$ plan ( f$]at+ ! v>i\s agricultural societies ( ea* /ate into "o gr& committee organiz$ = ! purpose ( =w>d+ all ! agricultural int]e/s ( t /ate4 ,let !re be1 moreov]1 a ,league = ,rural ,progress1 9 ea* /ate or1 at lea/1 an annual conf]5ce on rural progress1 9 ea* /ate1 9 :i* ! repres5tatives ( ! f>m]s' societies1 ( ! s*ools1 ( ! *ur*es1 & inde$ all o!r p :o h ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 rural advancem5t may meet to discuss plans & me?ods :i* %all bett] agriculture & ! f>m]4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,!re ought to be co-op]ation among ^! v>i\s social in/itutions )\t respect to /ate l9es4 ,! f>m problem 9 ,new ,engl& is "o problem1 al?\gh diff]+ 9 details1 x is true1 9 diff]5t /ates4 ,co-op]ation %\ld n /op ) ! f$]at+ ( ! organizations ( a /ate4 ,!re is no reason1 = in/ance1 :y ! agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations ( ,new ,engl& %\ld n co-op]ate4 ,x is n practicable to prev5t all duplication ( "w4 ,i d sugge/ ! desirability & ! feasibility ( g5u9e co-op]ation4 ,:y %\ld n ^? 9 *>ge ( ! rural s*ools ( all ,new ,engl& meet toge!r & discuss ! difficulties & a*ievem5ts z !y exi/ 9 diff]5t /ates8 ,:y n h a ,new ,engl& ,society = ,agricultural ,education1 9 :i* all organizations & all individuals :o are int]e/$ 9 any phase ( ?is subject may meet = discuss+ ,new ,engl& problems8 ,c\ld n bo>ds ( agriculture co-op]ate to "s ext5t1 especially 9 f>m]s' in/itute "w ) g5]al plans & ideas8 ,c]ta9ly conf]5ces betwe5 ^! bo>ds ought to yield mo/ valuable results4 ,is ! idea ( a g5u9e ,new ,engl& fair a m]e dream8 ,_c ! ,granges ( ,new ,engl& pr(itably co-op]ate m fully8 ,x is true t !re is consid]able int]visitation1 & yet ! rank & file ( memb]s 9 "o /ate "k comp>atively little ( ! progress & me?ods ( ! ,grange 9 an adjo9+ /ate2 ?is k is conf9$ to a few lead]s4 ,w\ld x n be wor? :ile to attempt an occasional ,new ,engl& assemblage ( ,grange memb]s1 a repres5tative ga!r+ = discuss+ ,grange "w & = en?us+ ! ,grange p ( ,new ,engl& ) ! possibilities ( /ill fur!r ,grange developm5t8 ,! idea ( ,new ,engl& z a unit ( int]e/ 9 *ur* matt]s is already exemplifi$ by ! appo9tm5t ( a ,new ,engl& secret>y ( ! f$]ation ( *ur*es4 ,x is n too mu* to expect t1 9 ! ne> future1 all ! means = *ur* f$]ation 9 ,new ,engl& %all "w toge!r1 because x is evid5t t co-op]ation & unity are dem&$ by ! nature ( ! field4 ,& f9ally1 is x idle to ?9k t !re might be a ,new ,engl& ,league = ,rural ,progress or1 at lea/1 a ,new ,engl& ,conf]5ce on ,rural ,progress1 :i* %all br+ f e corn] ( ,new ,engl& repres5tatives ( ! agricultural colleges1 ( ! ,granges1 ( ! c\ntry *ur*1 ( ! rural s*ool1 ( ! c\ntry press1 & all o!r individuals :o believe 9 ! possibilities ( ,new ,engl& agriculture1 & 9 ! effici5cy ( ! fulle/ & free/ co-op]ation8 ,!re are sev]al p[]ful reasons :y an attempt to bett] ,new ,engl& agriculture w be greatly aid$ by co-op]ation t includes e in* ( ,new ,engl& soil f ,bo/on h>bor to ! ,b]k%ires1 & f ,mt4 ,katahd9 to ,po9t ,judi?4 7#a7 ,! importance ( ,new ,engl& agriculture4 ,9 ! app5d$ table is attempt$ a comp>ison betwe5 ,new ,engl& z a unit1 ! /ate ( ,mi*igan repres5t+ an av]age agricultural /ate1 & ! /ate ( ,i[a repres5t+ ! =emo/ agricultural /ate4 ,! figures1 tak5 f ! ,c5sus ( #aijj1 are giv5 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,su* a table is n conclusive z to agricultural conditions4 ,b x is v sugge/ive z to ! importance ( ,new ,engl& agriculture bo? indu/rially & socially4 ,x w be se5 t1 ) an area only a little l>g] ?an ,mi*igan1 ,new ,engl& comp>es 9 e respect favorably ) t av]age /ate &1 9 "s respects1 excels x1 :ile x excels bo? ,mi*igan & ,i[a by #fe p] c5t4 9 gross value ( product p] acre ( improv$ l&4 7#b7 ,agricultural conditions all ov] ,new ,engl& are q simil>4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! soil & climate ( "o /ate are ! soil & climate ( ano!r4 ,! p are ( ! same /ock1 ! same views1 ! same habits1 ! same traditions4 ,! dem& ( ! m>ket is fairly uni=m = diff]5t sections4 ,! ,new ,engl& city is ! ,new ,engl&]'s special possession z a m>ket4 ,f>m labor conditions are mu* ! same4 ,9 fact1 !re is h>dly a portion ( our c\ntry1 ( ! same area1 :i* 9 all ^! respects yields itself m completely to ! idea ( unity4 7#c7 ,! hopefulness ( ! f>m problem4 ,ne>ly f\r millions ( city p live 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,!y mu/ be f$4 ,! ne>ness ( ! m>ket means high-class products4 ,?is means int5sive agriculture4 ,int5sive agriculture means education & intellig5ce4 ,! cities are gr[+4 ,_! p[] ( consumption is /eadily & rapidly increas+4 7#d7 ,! unusual social equipm5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 an area b little l>g] ?an ,i[a1 :i* has "o agricultural college & "o agricultural exp]im5t /ation & no ,granges to speak (1 ,new ,engl& has1 9 comp>ison1 six agricultural colleges1 six exp]im5t /ations1 six bo>ds ( agriculture1 ov] a ?\s& ,granges1 & num]\s agricultural societies4 ,! means ( agricultural education 9 ,new ,engl& are m num]\s & may be m effici5t ?an 9 any o!r portion ( ?is c\ntry ( simil> area4 ,moreov]1 ! cities are n[ 9 a position to help solve ! problem 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,!y h lead]s4 ,!re are 9 !m m5 ) leisure & tal5t :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is problem & :o are will+ to help solve x4 7#e7 ,! s5tim5tal side4 ,a campaign = rural progress1 ) ,new ,engl& z ! unit1 ought to ar\se ! pride & en?usiasm ( all ! sons & daught]s ( ,new ,engl& :o /ill h ! privilege ( liv+ )9 h] bord]s1 z well z ! int]e/ & sympa?y ( all h] gr&sons :o1 ?\gh liv+ "u we/]n skies1 /ill *]i% 9 _! he>ts ! deepe/ affection = _! ,fa!rl&4 ,%all n ! idea ( unit+ all ! =ces ( agricultural bett]m5t t exi/ 9 ,new ,engl& be a /imulus to e f>m] 9 ! six /ates1 &1 inde$1 attract ! sympa?y & practical aid ( e lov] ( ,new ,engl& soil8 ,adaptation1 co-op]ation3 ^! are ! prim>y ne$s ( ,new ,engl& agriculture2 an adaptation ( ! f>m] & 8 f>m to exi/+ conditions1 a co-op]ation t unites individual f>m]s into v>i\s associat$ ef=ts1 t f$]ates ! "w & influ5ce ( ! diff]5t social ag5cies )9 ! /ate1 & t ultimately secures ! unity ( all ,new ,engl& 9 a great movem5t = rural advancem5t4 ,new ,engl& ,mi*igan ,i[a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,total l& area-- squ>e miles #fb1jjj #eg1ejj #ee1ejj ,numb] ( f>ms #aib1jjj #bjc1jjj #bbi1jjj ,acreage 9 f>ms #bj1ejj1jjj #ag1ejj1jjj #cd1fjj1jjj ,acres ( improv$ l& #h1ace1jjj #aa1hjj1jjj #bi1ijj1jjj ,value ( f>ms #fdj1jjj1jjj #fij1jjj1jjj #a1hce1jjj1jjj ,value ( f>m products #agj1jjj1jjj #adg1jjj1jjj #cfe1jjj1jjj ,p]sons engag$ 9 agriculture #bij1jjj #cab1jjj #cgb1jjj ,rural population #a1ejj1jjj #a1bjj1jjj #a1bfj1jjj ,value ( products p] acre ( improv$ l& #bj #ab #ab ,numb] ( ,granges #a1bjj #gbe ,numb] ( ,grange memb]s #abj1jjj #de1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,an ,,untill$ ,,field ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,education ,agricultural education 9 ?is c\ntry has ?us f> be5 an attempt to apply a k ( ! laws ( ! s-call$ natural sci5ces to ! practical op]ations ( ! f>m4 ,comp>atively little att5tion has be5 paid to ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! social sci5ces to ! life ( ! f>m]4 ,all ?is is p>tly expla9$ by ! fact t ! natural sci5ces 7 fairly well develop$ :5 ! ne$s ( ! f>m] call$ ! sci5ti/ to "w ) & = ! man beh9d ! pl[1 :5 a vani%+ soil f]tility summon$ ! *emi/ to ! s]vice ( ! gra9 gr[]1 :5 ! improvem5t ( bre$s ( /ock & races ( plants began to appeal to ! biologi/4 ,moreov]1 ^! practical applications ( ! physical & biological sci5ces are1 & always w be1 a fundam5tal necessity 9 ! agricultural "q4 ,b 9 ! f>m problem we _c af=d to ignore ! economic & sociological phases4 ,:ile x may be true t ! practical success ( ! individual f>m] dep5ds l>gely ^u 8 bus9ess s5se & 8 te*nical education1 x is folly to hope t ! success ( agriculture z an indu/ry & ! influ5ce ( f>m]s z a class c be bas$ solely ^u ! ability ( ea* f>m] to raise a big crop & to sell x to advantage4 ,g5]al intellig5ce1 appreciation ( ! tr5d ( economic & social =ces1 capacity to co-op]ate1 ability to voice 8 ne$s & 8 rights1 are j z vital acquirem5ts = ! f>m] z kn[+ h[ to make two blades ( grass gr[ :]e b "o grew be=e4 ,x f9ally comes to ?is1 t ! ,am]ican f>m] is oblig$ to /udy ! que/ions t confront him z a memb] ( ! indu/rial ord] & z a factor 9 ! social & political life ( ! nation1 ) z mu* zeal & und]/&+ z he is expect$ to %[ 9 ! /udy ( ^? natural laws gov]n+ ! soil & ! crops & ! animals t he owns4 ,9 ?is connection x is significant to note t f>m]s !mselves are already q z int]e/$ 9 ! social problems ( _! p>ticul> call+ & 9 ! g5]al economic & political que/ions ( ! day1 z !y are 9 sci5ce appli$ to _! bus9ess ( till+ ! soil4 ,n necess>ily t !y m9imize ! latt]1 b !y seem in/9ctively to recognize t social =ces may "w !m ill or "w !m good accord+ to ! direction & p[] ( ^? =ces4 ,?is /atem5t is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! aims1 purposes1 labors1 & discussions ( ! great f>m]s' organizations l ! ,grange are social 9 "*1 hav+ to d ) que/ions t are political1 economic1 sociological4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we turn to ^? public educational ag5cies t are int5d$ to assi/ 9 ! solution ( ! f>m problem1 we discov] t !y are giv+ slight att5tion to ! social side ( ! "q4 ,an exam9ation ( ! catalogues ( ! agricultural colleges1 :e!r sep>ate in/itutions or colleges ( /ate univ]sities1 reveals ! fact t1 beyond elem5t>y "w 9 economics1 9 civics1 & occasionally 9 sociology1 little opportunity is giv5 /ud5ts to /udy ! f>m "q f its social /&po9t4 ,) a few exceptions1 ^! in/itutions (f] no c\rses :atev] 9 rural social problems1 & ev5 9 ^! exceptional cases ! "w (f]$ is h>dly comm5surate ) ! importance ( ! subject4 ,ne>ly all our o!r colleges & univ]sities are subject to ! same comm5t4 ,! av]age /ud5t ( problems 9 economics & sociology & education ga9s on conception :atev] ( ! importance & "* ( ! rural phases ( our indu/rial & social life4 ,x may be urg$ 9 explanation ( ?is /ate ( affairs t ! lib]al /udy ( ! social sci5ces 9 our colleges & univ]sities & especially any l>ge att5tion to ! practical problems ( economics & sociology1 is a comp>atively rec5t ?+4 ,?is is true & is a good excuse4 ,b x does n (f] a reason :y ! social phases ( agriculture %\ld be long] neglect$4 ,! purpose ( ?is article is less to criticize ?an to describe a situation & to urge ! timel9ess ( ! l>ge developm5t1 9 ! ne> future1 ( rural social sci5ce4 ,at ! outset ! qu]ies may arise1 ,:at is meant by rural social sci5ce8 &1 ,:at is !re to be inve/igat$ & taught "u su* a head8 ,! answ] to ! fir/ qu]y has already be5 intimat$4 ,rural social sci5ce is ! application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! social sci5ces1 especially ( economics & sociology1 to ! problems t confront ! ,am]ican f>m]4 ,z a reply to ! second qu]y !re are app5d$ at ! end ( ?is *apt] outl9es ( possible c\rses 9 agricultural economics & rural sociology1 :i* 7 prep>$ by ! writ] = ! exhibit 9 rural economy at ! ,/4 ,l\is exposition4 ,!re are also subjects t h a political be>+1 su* z local gov]nm5t 9 ! c\ntry1 & prim>y re=m 9 rural communities1 :i* p]haps ought n to be omitt$4 ,s1 too1 v>i\s phases ( home life & ( art might be t\*$ ^u4 ,! subjects sugge/$ & o!rs l !m c\ld be conv5i5tly gr\p$ into f two to a doz5 c\rses1 z circum/ances might require4 ,:at classes ( p may be expect$ to welcome & pr(it by in/ruction ( ?is "*8 7#a7 ,! f>m]s !mselves4 ,assum+ t our agricultural colleges are design$1 among o!r functions1 to tra9 m5 & wom5 to become influ5tial f>m]s1 no argum5t is necess>y to %[ h[ /udies 9 rural social sci5ce may help qualify ^! /ud5ts = g5u9e lead]%ip ( _! class ( toil]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be rem>k$ t no subjects w bett] l5d !mselves to college ext5sion "w ?an ^? nam$ above4 ,lectures & lecture c\rses = granges1 f>m]s' clubs1 f>m]s' in/itutes1 etc41 on su* !mes w\ld ar\se ! greate/ int]e/4 ,correspond5ce & home /udy c\rses along ^! l9es w\ld be fully z popul> z ^? treat+ ( soils & crops4 7#b7 ,agricultural educators4 ,! soil physici/ or ! agricultural *emi/ w n be a less valuable speciali/ 9 8 own l9e1 & he c]ta9ly w be a m useful memb] ( ! faculty ( an agricultural college1 if he has an appreciative k ( ! f>m]'s social & economic /atus4 ,?is is ev5 m true ( m5 call$ to adm9i/] agricultural education 9 any ( its phases4 7#c7 ,rural s*ool adm9i/rators & ! m progressive rural tea*]s4 ,! c\ntry s*ool c nev] become truly a social & intellectual c5t] ( ! community until ! rural educators und]/& ! social environm5t ( ! f>m]4 7#d7;,c\ntry cl]gym54 ,! vision ( a social-s]vice *ur* 9 ! c\ntry w rema9 b a dream unless1 add$ to ! possession ( a he>t = su* "w1 ! cl]gyman kn[s ! f>m problem suffici5tly to appreciate ! broad] phases ( ! indu/rial & social life ( 8 p4 7#e7 ,editors ( f>m pap]s1 & ( ! s-call$ c\ntry pap]s4 ,probably ! editors ( ! bett] class ( agricultural pap]s are less 9 ne$ ( in/ruction su* z t sugge/$ ?an is almo/ anyone else4 ,yet ! same argum5ts t n[ lead _m "y m5 aspir+ to ?is class ( j\rnalism to reg>d a c\rse 9 sci5tific agriculture z a ve/ibule to _! "w may well be us$ 9 urg+ a /udy ( rural social sci5ce1 especially at a "t :5 social & economic problems are press+ ^u ! f>m]4 ,z = ! c\ntry pap]s1 ! "w ( purvey+ local gossip & /irr+ ! p>ty kettle too (t5 obscures ! trem5d\s possibilities = a high-class s]vice to ! rural community :i* su* pap]s may r5d]4 ,no m51 9 ! agricultural /ates at lea/1 h m real influ5ce 9 _! community ?an ! tra9$1 clean1 manly1 c\ntry editors--& !re is a multitude ( su* m54 ,if z a class !y possess$ also a wid] appreciation ( ! f>m]'s indu/rial difficulties & ne$s1 h>dly anyone c\ld give bett] s]vice to ! solution ( ! f>m problem ?an c\ld !y4 7#f7 ,ev]ybody else6 ,t is to say1 ! agricultural "q is big en\gh & important en\gh to be und]/ood by educat$ p4 ,! f>m]s are half our p4 ,f>m+ is our l>ge/ s+le indu/rial int]e/4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 agriculture is f\r-fif?s ! capital inve/$ 9 manufactur+ & railway transportation comb9$4 ,:e!r an individual has a special int]e/ 9 bus9ess1 9 economics1 9 education1 or 9 religi\s in/itutions1 he ought to "k ! place ( ! f>m & ! f>m] 9 t "q4 ,no "o c h a full appreciation ( ! social & indu/rial life ( ! ,am]ican p :o is ignorant ( ! agricultural /atus4 ,! natural place to beg9 "w 9 rural social sci5ce is ! agricultural college4 ,future f>m]s & tea*]s ( f>m]s are suppos$ to be !re4 ,! subjects embrac$ are z important 9 solv+ ! f>m problem z are biology1 physics1 or *emi/ry4 ,no skill$ f>m] or lead] ( f>m]s %\ld be )\t "s reasonably correct notions ( ! pr9ciples t det]m9e ! position ( agriculture 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,a brief /udy ( ! elem5ts ( political economy1 ( sociology1 ( civics1 is n en\gh2 no m ?an ! /udy ( ! elem5ts ( botany1 ( *emi/ry & ( zoology is en\gh4 ,! specific problems ( ! f>m] t are economic ne$ elucidation alongside ! /udy ( soils & crops1 ( plant-& /ock-bre$+4 ,& ^! economic topics %\ld be ?or\ghly treat$ by m5 tra9$ 9 social sci5ce1 & n incid5tally by m5 ^: *ief int]e/ is te*nical agriculture4 ,! normal s*ools may well discuss ! propriety ( add+ "o or two c\rses :i* be> on ! social & economic situation ( ! rural classes4 ,:ile ^! s*ools d n n[ s5d out _m tea*]s into rural s*ools1 !y may d s "u ! sy/em ( c5traliz$ s*ools2 & 9 any ev5t !y furni% rural s*ool adm9i/rators1 z well z in/ructors ( rural tea*]s4 ,!re seems to be a gr[+ s5tim5t :i* dem&s ( ! s*ool & ( ! tea*] a clos] t\* ) life z x is actually liv$4 ,h[ c rural tea*]s le>n to appreciate ! social function ( ! rural s*ool1 except !y be taught8 ,nor is !re any reason :y ! !ological sem9>ies1 or at lea/ ! in/itutions t prep>e ! m5 :o become c\ntry cl]gym51 %\ld n cov] "s ( ! subjects sugge/$4 ,if ! ambition ( "s p to see ! c\ntry *ur* a social & intellectual c5t] is to be realiz$1 ! m9i/] mu/ "k ! rural problem broadly4 ,! same argum5ts t impel ! city pa/or to become some:at famili> ) ! economic1 social1 & civic que/ions ( ! day hold ) equal =ce :5 appli$ to ! necess>y prep>ation = ! rural m9i/ry4 ,! univ]sities may be call$ ^u to tra9 tea*]s & inve/igators 9 rural social sci5ce = s]vice 9 agricultural colleges1 normal s*ools1 & !ological sem9>ies4 ,moreov]1 !re is no good reason :y any college or univ]sity graduate %\ld n "k m ?an he does ab\t ! f>m problem4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! int]e/ 9 ! f>m "q is v rapidly gr[+1 & t ! univ]sities w be b meet+ a dem& if !y beg9 v soon to (f] c\rses 9 rural social sci5ce4 ,! argum5ts = rural social sci5ce re/1 let u obs]ve1 n only ^u its direct aid to ! f>m]s !mselves1 b ^u its value z a basis = t intellig5t social s]vice :i* prea*]1 tea*]1 & editor may r5d] ! f>m+ class4 ,x is an ess5tial und]ly+ condition = ! successful f$]ation ( rural social =ces4 ,inde$ x %\ld 9 "s degree be a "p ( ! equipm5t ( e educat$ p]son4 ,x may n be out ( place to add1 9 conclusion1 t in/ruction 9 rural social problems %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o are ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 social sci5ce z well z accurate1 exp]i5c$1 & sympa!tic obs]v]s ( rural conditions4 ,x w\ld be mis*iev\s inde$ if 9 ! desire to be progressive any educational in/itution %\ld (f] c\rses 9 rural social sci5ce :i* gave sup]ficial or errone\s ideas ab\t ! sci5tific pr9ciples involv$1 or :i* enc\rag$ 9 any degree :atev] ! notion t ! f>m]'s bus9ess & welf>e are n vitally & =ev] b\nd up ) ! bus9ess & welf>e ( all o!r classes4 ,,outl9e ,,= ,a ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,agricultural ,,economics ,i4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,agricultural ,indu/ry4 ,dep5d5ce ^u nature4 ,capital & labor z appli$ to agriculture4 ,! laws ( r5t & ( decreas+ returns 9 agriculture4 ,relation ( agriculture to o!r indu/ries & to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,,ii4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,agricultural ,indu/ry4 ,9 anci5t times4 ,/atus 9 ,europe prior to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! /ruggle to ma9ta9 its /&+ aft] ! adv5t ( comm]ce & manufacture4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pione] /age4 ,developm5t ( comm]cial agriculture4 ,! new f>m+4 ,,iii4 ,pres5t ,/atus ( ! ,f>m+ ,indu/ry4 ,! _w's food supply4 ,agricultural res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,geographical factors4 ,soils1 climate1 f]tility1 natural enemies1 etc4 ,/ati/ics ( f>ms1 f>m weal?1 production1 etc4 ,lead+ sub-indu/ries1 c]eals1 /ock1 etc4 ,di/ribution ( production4 ,,iv4 ,! ,agricultural ,m>ket4 ,description ( ! m>ket--local1 dome/ic1 =eign4 ,me*anism ( ! m>ket4 ,banks & local ex*ange facilities4 ,middlem54 ,bo>ds ( trade4 ,prices ( agricultural products4 ,movem5ts ( prices4 ,agricultural competition4 ,depressions ( agriculture4 ,influ5ce ( options4 ,transportation ( agricultural products4 ,prim>y transportation--wagon roads & trolley l9es4 ,railroad & wat] transportation4 ,facilities4 ,rates4 ,discrim9ations4 ,deliv]y me?ods4 ,incid5ts ( ! transportation sy/em--elevators1 etc4 ,imp]fect di/ribution ( agricultural products4 ,developm5t ( ! m>ket4 ,increase ( consumption ( products--manufacture ( f>m products z a factor4 ,! factor ( *oic] products4 ,! factor ( bett] di/ribution ( products4 ,! local m>ket z a factor4 ,! =eign m>ket z a factor4 ,v4 ,bus9ess ,co-op]ation 9 ,agriculture4 ,hi/orical sket*4 ,pres5t /atus4 ,production4 ,m>ket+4 ,buy+4 ,miscellane\s bus9ess co-op]ation4 ,difficulties & t5d5cies4 ,,vi4 ,agriculture & ,legislation4 ,l& laws & l& policies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,agriculture & ! t>iff4 ,taxation & agriculture4 ,food & dairy laws4 ,gov]nm5t aid to agriculture4 ,,vii4 ,g5]al ,problems4 ,agricultural labor4 ,ma*9]y & agriculture4 ,int]e/ rates1 indebt$ness1 etc4 ,t5ant f>m+4 ,l>ge vs4 small f>m+4 ,bus9ess me?ods4 ,immigration & agriculture4 ,,outl9e ,,= ,a ,,brief ,,c\rse ,,9 ,,rural ,,sociology ,,introduction #a4 ,def9itions4 #b4 ,relation ( ! sociological to ! economic1 ! te*nical1 & ! sci5tific phases ( agriculture4 ,"p ,i ,,! ,,rural ,,social ,,/atus ,,*apt] ,i ,movem5ts ( ! ,f>m ,population #a4 ,/ati/ical survey4 #b4 ,! movem5t to ! ,we/4 ,hi/ory1 causes4 #c4 ,! movem5t to ! cities4 a7 ,gr[? ( cities4 b7 ,depletion ( rural population 9 c]ta9 localities4 #d4 ,causes ( ! movem5t to ! cities4 a7 ,indu/rial1 social1 & psy*ological causes4 #e4 ,results ( ! movem5ts ( ! f>m population4 a7 ,results bo? good & bad4 b7 ,resume ( indu/rial & social results4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,social ,condition ( ! ,rural ,population ,nativity2 color2 illit]acy2 families2 heal?2 temp]ance2 crime2 morality2 paup]ism2 defectives2 insanity2 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,social ,psy*ology ( ,rural ,life #a4 ,isolation & its results4 #b4 ,! f>m home & its environm5t4 #c4 ,traits ( family life4 #d4 ,traits ( individual life4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,social ,aspect ( ,curr5t ,agricultural ,que/ions #a4 ,t5ant f>m+4 #b4 ,l>ge vs4 small f>ms4 #c4 ,f>m labor4 #d4 ,irregul> incomes4 #e4 ,f>m ma*9]y4 #f4 ,specialization 9 f>m+4 #g4 ,immigration4 ,"p ,,ii ,,social ,,factors ,,9 ,,rural ,,progress ,,*apt] ,i ,means ( ,communication 9 ,rural ,di/ricts #a4 ,importance & /atus ( rural communication4 #b4 ,! new movem5ts = bett] rural communication4 a7 ,highways4 b7 ,rural free mail deliv]y4 c7 ,rural telephone4 d7 ,int]urban electric railways4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,f>m]s' ,organizations #a4 ,value (4 #b4 ,difficulties 9 organiz+4 #c4 ,=ms t organizations may take4 #d4 ,hi/ory & "w ( f>m]s' organizations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,g5]al d$uctions f /udy ( f>m]s' organizations4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,rural ,education #a4 ,di/9ction betwe5 rural & agricultural education4 #b4 ,! c\ntry s*ool4 a7 ,its importance1 organization1 ma9t5ance1 in/ruction1 & sup]vision4 b7 ,! rural s*ool z a social c5t]4 c7 ,! t[n%ip unit1 ! consolidat$ s*ool1 ! c5traliz$ s*ool4 #c4 ,high-s*ool privileges = rural pupils4 #d4 ,! rural libr>y4 #e4 ,o!r ag5cies = rural education4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,means ( ,agricultural ,education #a4 ,hi/orical4 #b4 ,rese>* 9 agriculture4 #c4 ,agricultural in/ruction to resid5t /ud5ts4 a7 ,high] education 9 agriculture4 b7 ,second>y education 9 agriculture4 c7 ,prim>y education 9 agriculture4 #d4 ,ext5sion tea*+ 9 agriculture4 #e4 ,miscellane\s ag5cies = agricultural education4 a7 ,f>m]s' societies4 b7 ,! f>m press4 c7 ,! c\nty pap]4 d7 ,indu/rial dep>tm5ts ( /eam railways4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,rural ,*ur* #a4 ,pres5t /atus4 #b4 ,difficulties 9 c\ntry *ur* "w4 #c4 ,! awak5+ 9 ! rural *ur*4 #d4 ,! in/itutional rural *ur*4 #e4 ,! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 9 ! c\ntry4 #f4 ,! rural ,sunday s*ool4 #g4 ,! rural social settlem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,social ,ideal = ,agriculture #a4 ,! importance ( social ag5cies4 #b4 ,! pres]vation ( ! ,am]ican f>m] ess5tial4 #c4 ,relation ( ?is ideal to our ,am]ican civilization4 #d4 ,! f$]ation or co-op]ation ( rural social ag5cies4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,f$]ation ,,= ,,rural ,,progress ,x is almo/ trite to ass]t ! ne$ ( ! socialization--to use a mu*-work$ phrase--( ! c\ntry4 ,x is possible t ?is ne$ is n great] ?an 9 ! cities1 b x is diff]5t4 ,among no class ( p is individualism s rampant z among f>m]s4 ,= m ?an a c5tury ! ,am]ican f>m] l$ ! free/ possible social life4 ,8 indep5d5ce 0 8 glory4 ,b1 :5 ! day ( co-op]ation dawn$1 he f\nd himself out ( tune ) ! movem5t1 0 dis9cl9$ to jo9 ! ranks ( organiz$ ef=t1 & he pref]s ev5 yet 8 p]sonal & local indep5d5ce to ! tru] fre$om :i* c be secur$ only ?r\gh co-op]ative endeavor4 ,moreov]1 ! social aspect ( ! rural problem is important n m]ely because ! f>m] is sl[ to co-op]ate4 ,! f>m problem is to be met by ! activities ( social in/itutions4 ,we may say 7assum+ ! home life1 ( c\rse7 t ! *ur*1 ! s*ool1 & ! f>m]s' organization are ! great rural social in/itutions4 ,!y are ! =ces n[ mo/ effici5t1 & ! ones t promise to abide4 ,?is classification may appe> to be a m]e truism1 :5 we sugge/ t "u ! *ur* %\ld be plac$ all ^? movem5ts t h a di/9ctively religi\s motive1 "u ! s*ool all ^? ag5cies t are prim>ily educational 9 design1 & "u f>m]s' organizations ^? associations ^: *ief function is to settle que/ions :i* conc]n ! f>m] z a bus9ess man & a citiz54 ,b ! classification answ]s fairly well4 ,x includes practically e device t has be5 sugge/$ = rural bett]m5t4 ,!re are two int]e/+ facts ab\t ^! rural in/itutions3 7#a7 ,none ( !m is do+ a ti! ( :at x ought to be do+ to help solve ! f>m problem4 ,! *ur* is app>5tly j ab\t hold+ its own1 ?\gh t is d\bt$ by "s obs]v]s4 ,rural s*ools are n1 z a rule1 keep+ pace ) ! dem&s be+ made ^u !m2 comp>atively few /ud5ts 9 ! :ole c\ntry are /udy+ sci5tific agriculture4 ,n "o f>m] 9 tw5ty belongs to a /rong f>m]s' organization4 7#b7 ,all ^! in/itutions are awak5+ to ! situation4 ,progress dur+ ! la/ decade has be5 especially gratify+4 ,co-op]ative ef=ts among f>m]s are m cauti\s1 b m successful4 ,! ,grange has ne>ly d\bl$ its memb]%ip s9ce #ahij2 & x1 z well z o!r f>m organizations1 has m real p[] ?an ev] be=e4 ,! rural-s*ool "q is "o ( ! livelie/ topics today among f>m]s z well z educators4 ,opportunities = agricultural education h _h a m>vel\s developm5t )9 a decade4 ,discussion ab\t rural *ur* f$]ation1 ! rural in/itutional *ur*1 rural social settlem5ts1 & ev5 exp]im5ts 9 ^! l9es are becom+ noticeably frequ5t4 ,! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association has1 its (fic]s ?9k1 f\nd ! way to rea* ! c\ntry "y man4 ,! in/itutions :i* we h j discuss$1 toge!r ) ! improvem5t t comes f su* physical ag5cies z assi/ quick] communication 7good wagon roads1 telephones1 rural mail deliv]y1 electric roads71 con/itute ! social =ces t are to be dep5d$ ^u 9 rural bett]m5t4 ,none c be sp>$ or ignor$4 ,! function ( ea* mu/ be und]/ood & its importance recogniz$4 ,to imag9e t sub/antial progress c result f ! emphasis ( any "o ag5cy to ! exclusion ( any o!r is a mi/ake4 ,to ass]t ?is is n to qu>rel ) ! /atem5t we frequ5tly he> n[adays t ! *ur* %\ld be ! social & intellectual c5t] ( ! neighborhood2 or t ! s*ool %\ld be ! social & intellectual c5t] ( ! neighborhood2 or t ! ,grange %\ld be ! social & intellectual c5t] ( ! neighborhood4 ,x is =tunate t ^! /atem5ts h be5 made4 ,!y %[ an appreciation ( a function ( ^! ag5cies t has be5 neglect$4 ,! fir/ item 9 rural social progress is t ! c\ntry prea*]1 ! rural tea*]1 ! c\ntry doctor1 ! c\ntry editor1 ! agricultural editor1 ! agricultural college pr(essor1 & especially ! f>m] himself1 %all see ! social ne$ ( ! f>m community4 ,b to ass]t1 = in/ance1 t ! *ur* %all be ! social c5t] ( t community may lead to a p>tial & ev5 to a fanatical view ( ?+s4 ,i w\ld n re/ra9 9 ! slighte/ ! en?usiasm ( any pa/or :o wants to make 8 *ur* occupy a c5tral position 9 community life1 nor ( ! tea*] :o wants to br+ h] s*ool into relation ) all ! economic & social life ( ! f>m1 nor ( ! lead] ( ! f>m]s' organization :o sees ! good t may be done ?r\gh ! social & intellectual tra9+ :i* 8 organization c give4 ,b if !re is dang] t ! prea*] 9 ! pursuit ( ?is ideal1 %all ignore ! social function ( ! s*ool & ( ! f>m]s' organization1 or t ! tea*]1 or ! f>m]1 or anybody else :o is int]e/$1 %all fail to see t !re is a logical division ( labor among rural social =ces1 & t x is only ! intellig5t & effici5t & h>moni\s co-op]ation ( all ^! =ces t w insure ! be/ progress1 !n to su* ,i appeal ) all ! p[] at my comm& to recognize n only ! bread? ( ! :ole movem5t1 b to appreciate ! limitations ( _! own special int]e/s4 ,!re are ?+s t ! *ur* _c d & %\ld n attempt to d4 ,!re are ?+s ! s*ool _c d & %\ld n attempt to d4 ,accept+ our conv5tional division ( social ag5cies1 we may say t effici5t rural progress /&s ^u a tripod ( =ces1 & t balance c be ma9ta9$ only :5 ea* is us$ 9 its prop] measure4 ,we rea* n[ ! he>t ( ! topic1 :i* is h[ ^! v>i\s social =ces may be br\ght into co-op]ation--a co-op]ation t is intellig5t & real4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 fir/ ( all1 ! enc\ragem5t ( all ef=ts along ?is l9e t are already "u way4 ,= in/ance1 !re are scatt]$ all ov] ?is c\ntry individual pa/ors :o are seek+ to make _! *ur*es ! social & intellectual beacon-lights ( ! community4 ,!re are o!r individuals :o are endeavor+ to apply ! social-settlem5t idea to ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are associations :i* attempt to br+ toge!r ! tea*]s & ! s*ool patrons = mutual discussion ( educational topics4 ,9 num]\s in/ances ! f>m]s' organizations include 9 _! memb]%ip ! c\ntry pa/or1 ! di/rict s*ool tea*] & p]haps ! c\ntry doctor4 ,9 ^! & d\btless 9 o!r ways ! idea we are deal+ ) is be+ promulgat$1 & up to a c]ta9 po9t ?is fact ( promiscu\s initiative is entirely satisfactory & desirable4 ,s long z ! "w is done x makes little diff]5ce :o does x4 ,e attempt to br+ any ( ^! ag5cies into clos] t\* ) ! f>m community is to be welcom$ mo/ he>tily4 ,b beyond a c]ta9 limit ?is promiscu\s "w mu/ be unsatisfactory4 ,! ef=ts & int]e/s ( any "o social ag5cy are b\nd to be p>tial4 ,inde$ ! m effective su* an ag5cy is1 ! m p>tial x is likely to be4 ,int5sity is ga9$ at ! exp5se ( bread?4 ,! ne$ = f$]ation exi/s 9 ! desirability ( secur+ bo? ! int5sity & ! bread?4 ,! precise me?od ( secur+ ?is f$]ation ( ef=t is n easy to =esee4 ,x c be det]m9$ only by trial4 ,x mu/ be work$ out 9 h>mony ) v>y+ conditions4 ,"s v g5]al plans at once sugge/ !mselves3 7#a7 ,let ! agricultural college 9 ea* /ate take ! lead 9 ! movem5t1 act+ n s mu* z an organization z a cle>+-h\se & a g-betwe54 ,let x direct conf]5ces on ! subject1 & seek to br+ all :o are int]e/$ 9 rural affairs into t\* & sympa?y4 7#b7 ,h a ,league = ,rural ,progress1 made up ( repres5tatives f ! *ur*es1 ! agricultural colleges1 ! dep>tm5ts ( public in/ruction1 ! f>m press1 v>i\s f>m]s' organizations1 etc4 7#c7 ,enl>ge ! ,hesp]ia movem5t1 :i* n[ seeks to secure co-op]ation betwe5 s*ool & f>m]s' organization1 by includ+ 9 x ! *ur*4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note t ?is idea ( a f$]ation ( rural social =ces is gett+ a foo?old & has inde$ already cry/alliz$ into organization4 ,a brief description ( :at has actually be5 done w !re=e n be out ( place4 ,s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 ! fir/ meet+ bas$ on ! def9ite idea ( co-op]ation betwe5 s*ool1 *ur*1 & ,grange 0 held at ,morris1 ,connecticut1 9 ! summ] ( #aija & 0 organiz$ by ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,hold51 !n pa/or at ,morris4 ,?is meet+ 0 a v successful local affair1 held 9 connection ) ,old ,home ,week celebration4 ,probably ! fir/ attempt to hold a simil> meet+ on a l>ge scale 0 ! conf]5ce at ! ,agricultural ,college1 ,mi*igan1 9 ,febru>y1 #aijb4 ,x 0 a jo9t meet+ ( ! ,mi*igan ,political ,sci5ce ,association & ! ,agricultural ,college & f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,! practical initiative 0 tak5 by ! ,political ,sci5ce ,association "u ! lead]%ip ( its secret>y1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams1 :o _h ! cordial co-op]ation ( ,presid5t ,snyd] ( ! ,agricultural ,college & ,pr(essor ,c4 ,d4 ,smi?1 !n sup]9t5d5t ( f>m]s' in/itutes4 ,x 0 a notable ga!r+1 & its promot]s 7 rejoic$ to see ! spl5did att5dance ( f>m]s p>ticul>ly2 tea*]s & cl]gym5 did n att5d z freely z might h be5 expect$4 ,! programme 0 a /rong "o & includ$ m5 ( national reputation & topics cov]+ a wide range ( int]e/s4 ,! addresses 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,mi*igan ,f>m]s' ,in/itute ,bullet9 = #aija-jb1 & 7 also ga!r$ into a publication ( ! ,mi*igan ,political ,sci5ce ,association "u ! title ,social ,problems ( ! ,f>m]4 ,! /ate ( ,rhode ,isl& has organiz$ on a p]man5t basis4 ,9 #aijd !re 0 held 9 ,k+/on1 at ! ,college ( ,agriculture & ,me*anic ,arts1 a ,conf]5ce on ,rural ,progress4 ,x 0 a "o-day meet+1 well att5d$ by repres5tative f>m]s1 cl]gym51 & educators4 ,a committee 0 appo9t$ to discuss fur!r proc$ure1 & ! next ye> !re 0 held 9 ! halls ( ,br[n ,univ]sity a two-days' conf]5ce4 ,! programme includ$ addresses on3 ,! ,grange1 ,! ,c\ntry ,*ur*1 ,s*ool ,g>d5s1 & sev]al phases ( practical agriculture4 ,among ! speak]s 7 ! assi/ant secret>y ( agriculture1 ,hon4 ,n4 ,j4 ,ba*eld]1 n[ ,ma/] ( ! ,national ,grange1 & ,dr4 ,josiah ,/rong4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijf !re 0 organiz$ ,! ,rhode ,isl& ,league = ,rural ,progress1 :i* 0 con/itut$ ?r\gh repres5tation f ! foll[+ organizations3 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture2 ,rhode ,isl& ,college ( ,agriculture2 ,/ate ,f$]ation ( ,*ur*es2 ,/ate ,grange2 ,/ate ,association ( ,s*ool ,sup]9t5d5ts2 ,/ate ,league ( ,improvem5t ,societies2 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty ,agricultural ,society2 ,newport ,agricultural ,society2 ,rhode ,isl& ,horticultural ,society2 ,newport ,horticultural ,society2 ,rhode ,isl& ,p\ltry ,association2 ,flori/s & ,g>d5]s' ,club2 ,k+/on ,improvem5t ,association4 ,?is league held ! ,?ird ,annual ,conf]5ce on ,rural ,progress1 ,april #aj & #aa1 #aijf1 ! fir/ day's session be+ at ,br[n ,univ]sity1 ,provid5ce1 & ! second day's at ,ea/ ,gre5wi*4 ,its f\r? meet+ 0 held 9 ,newport 9 ,m>*1 #aijg4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl& ! idea ly+ back ( ?is conf]5ce has c]ta9ly approv$ itself to all :o are int]e/$ 9 rural matt]s4 ,! foll[+ is ! con/itution ( ! league3 ,,con/itution ,rhode ,isl& ,league = ,rural ,progress ,i4 ,,"n4--,! "n ( ?is body %all be ! ,rhode ,isl& ,league = ,rural ,progress4 ,,ii4 ,,object4--,! object ( ! ,league %all be to secure ! co-op]ation ( ! v>i\s individuals1 organizations1 & ag5cies :i* are work+ = any phase ( rural advancem5t 9 ?is /ate4 ,,iii4 ,,memb]%ip4--,any organization int]e/$ 9 rural advancem5t1 :i* may desire to co-op]ate ) ! "w ( ! ,league1 may be repres5t$ 9 ! ,league4 ,any individual 9 ! /ate int]e/$ 9 rural progress may become a memb] ( ! ,league ^u ! paym5t ( "o doll> annual fee4 ,,iv4 ,,(fic]s4--,! adm9i/rative "w ( ! ,league %all be conduct$ by a c\ncil1 to be compos$ ( "o delegate f ea* organization repres5t$ 9 ! ,league1 to s]ve until sup]s$$4 ,! c\ncil at ! "t ( ea* annual conf]5ce %all *oose f among its memb]s a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 & a secret>y-treasur]1 & ^! (fic]s %all act z an executive committee4 ,v4 ,,meet+s4--,! meet+s ( ! ,league %all be held at ! call ( ! executive committee4 ,!re %all1 h[ev]1 be at lea/ "o annual ,conf]5ce on rural progress held "u ! auspices ( ! ,league4 ,,vi4 ,,f9ances4--,! funds necess>y to =w>d ! "w ( ! ,league may come f ?ree s\rces3 a7 ,contributions made by organizations belong+ to ! ,league & repres5t$ on ! c\ncil1 su* contributions to be volunt>y & 9 su* am\nt z ! respective organizations may designate4 ,! c\ncil may1 h[ev]1 make up a s*$ule ( desir$ contributions f ! v>i\s organizations & pres5t x to ! diff]5t organizations4 b7 ,memb]%ip fees f individual memb]s1 #a4jj p] ye> f ea* memb]4 c7 ,private subscriptions4 ,probably ! fir/ successful attempt to organize a p]man5t league = rural progress 0 accompli%$ 9 #aijd ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,rev4 ,g4 ,t4 ,nesmi?1 ( ,hebron1 ,ill4 ,x 0 call$ ,! ,mc,henry ,c\nty ,f$]ation1 & has held ?ree annual meet+s & seems to be on a solid basis4 ,mr4 ,nesmi? has endeavor$ to keep ! purpose ( ! league on a high plane by endeavor+ to /ate cle>ly ! object ( ! f$]ation1 :i* is1 t ! p ( ,mc,henry ,c\nty might h life1 & h x m abundantly1 & ?is life 0 n to be a n>r[ life4 ,x 0 ! l>ge/ aggregate & highe/ symmetry ( ! sixfold ends ( individual & community action1 viz41 heal?1 weal?1 k1 sociability1 beauty1 & righte\sness4 ,he also endeavor$ to make x cle> t ! f$]ation does n seek to supplant ! o!r =ces4 ,x r seeks to be a cle>+-h\se ( ! ideas ( all ! f$]at$ organizations2 to be a m\nt ( vision f :i* ea* may look & get a complete vision ( life2 to be a frat]nal bond :i* %all l9k all toge!r 9 common ties ( sympa?y1 fell[%ip1 & co-op]ation4 ,! results ?us f> obta9$ are p]haps be/ describ$ by quot+ ! words ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,conn1 ,jr41 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools ( ,mc,henry ,c\nty3 ,!re is "o noticeable omission 9 ! con/itution--a provision = ! prop] f9anc+ ( ! f$]ation4 ,?is is p>tially expla9$ by ! fact t ! f$]ation has l>gely c5t]$ ab\t ! c\nty ,tea*]s' ,association & ! c\nty ,f>m]s' ,in/itute1 organizations t are support$ 9 a f9ancial way by ! c\nty & ! /ate appropriations4 ,^! appropriations1 9 addition to "s volunt>y gifts1 h be5 suffici5t to meet ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! meet+s4 ,i ?9k t ,i am safe 9 say+ t ! int]e/ & also ! att5dance has probably increas$ #ajj p] c5t4 at ea* session4 ,ea* ye> has also se5 a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( our local m5 & wom5 help+ out on ! programme4 ,x is a little e>ly 9 its hi/ory to expect mu* evid5ce ( mat]ial results1 b ,i believe t results are already putt+ 9 an appe>ance1 especially f ! e/hetic /&po9t4 ,)\t d\bt m trees h be5 plant$ ab\t ! c\ntry homes & along ! c\ntry roadsides ( ?is c\nty ?an 9 any two prec$+ ye>s4 ,9 a great _m places roads h be5 clean$4 ,refuse & we$s h be5 remov$ & burn$4 ,l&scape g>d5+ on a simple scale is putt+ 9 an appe>ance 9 places :]e x 0 little expect$4 ,! nam+ ( f>ms is ano!r feature t is rapidly gr[+4 ,boys' c\ntry clubs are be+ =m$ & ?is ye>1 = ! fir/ "t1 ?ree ( ^! clubs met ) ! f$]ation1 _h a banquet1 & =m$ a c\nty organization4 ,( c\rse n all ( ^! movem5ts are rightfully to be attribut$ to ! direct influ5ce ( ! c\nty f$]ation4 ,! public s*ools ( ! c\nty h be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 /irr+ ! public consci5ce to a liveli] appreciation ( ! beautiful4 ,! regul> obs]vance ( ,arbor & ,bird ,days 9 our s*ools has done mu* t[>d initiat+ ?is movem5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! f$]ation has be5 ! great factor 9 unit+ o!rwise indep5d5t organizations into "o l>ge ma*9e = /irr+ ! social consci\sness & mold+ public s5tim5t4 ,x has prov$ to be an effici5t association 9 at lea/ ?ree ways1 9 co-ord9at+ our ef=ts1 h>moniz+ our me?ods1 & broad5+ ! field ( op]ation4 ,! con/itution ( ?is league is giv5 h]e) 9 full3 #a4 ,,"n4--,! "n ( ?is organization %all be1 ,! ,mc,henry ,c\nty ,f$]ation ( ,rural ,=ces4 #b4 ,,object4--,! object ( ! ,f$]ation is to ga9 a high] symmetry & a l>g] aggregate ( heal?1 weal?1 k1 sociability1 beauty1 & righte\sness to ! citiz5s ( ,mc,henry ,c\nty4 #c4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,f$]ation4--,! ,f$]ation %all consi/ ( ! foll[+ organizations3 ,! ,f>m]s' ,in/itute1 ,tea*]s' ,association1 ,dome/ic ,sci5ce ,association1 ,pa/ors' ,association1 ,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,temp]ance ,union1 & ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association4 #d4 ,,memb]%ip4--,any c\nty organization may become a memb] ( ! f$]ation by recomm5dation ( ! ,executive ,committee4 #e4 ,,(fic]s4--,! (fic]s ( ! ,f$]ation %all consi/ ( a presid5t1 z _m vice-presid5ts z !re are compon5t organizations1 a secret>y-treasur]1 & an ,executive ,committee4 #f4 ,,committees4--,! ,executive ,committee %all be compos$ ( ! presid5t1 ! secret>y-treasur]1 & ! presid5ts ( ! compon5t organizations4 ,!re %all be an ,audit+ ,committee & a ,committee on ,resolutions1 ea* consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s & to be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 ,! ,nom9at+ ,committee %all consi/ ( two memb]s f ea* ( ! compon5t organizations & !y %all be appo9t$ by ! presid5t4 #g4 ,,duties4--,! ,executive ,committee %all select ! date & fix ! place ( e meet+4 ,!y %all also prep>e ! programme4 ,! presid5ts ( ! compon5t organizations %all be ex-(ficio vice-presid5ts ( ! ,f$]ation4 #h4 ,,audit+4--,all bills %all be paid by ! treasur] aft] ! same h be5 c\nt]sign$ by ! ,audit+ ,committee4 #i4 ,,t]m ,,( ,,(fice4--,! t]ms ( all (fic]s %all be "o ye> or until _! successors are elect$4 #aj4 ,,h[ ,,elect$4--,all (fic]s %all be elect$ by ballot4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,conf]5ce = ,t[n & ,village ,bett]m5t has dealt ) "s phases ( ! f$]ation idea4 ,its object is to contribute to ! =mation ( a /rong1 def9ite1 & unit$ purpose among ! =ces work+ = ! improvem5t ( civic & social conditions 9 ,massa*usetts1 by br++ toge!r all t[n & village improvem5t societies1 citiz5's associations1 civic clubs1 & o!r organizations int]e/$ 9 ?is purpose4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 9 celebrat+ ! =tie? anniv]s>y ( its op5+ to /ud5ts1 ,octob] #b1 #aijg1 held a f\r days' conf]5ce on rural progress4 ,! programme cov]$ ne>ly ! :ole field ( rural developm5t & 0 made possible by ! co-op]ation ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 ! ,/ate ,grange1 ! ,massa*usetts ,civic ,league1 ! ,connecticut ,valley ,congregational ,club1 ! ,/ate ,committee ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ! ,we/]n ,massa*usetts ,libr>y ,club1 & ! ,head-,ma/]s' ,club ( ! ,connecticut ,valley4 ,no p]man5t organization 0 =m$1 b ! g5]al idea ( f$]ation ( rural social =ces 0 fully emphasiz$ & ?or\ghly appreciat$4 ,an attempt 0 made 9 ! spr+ ( #aijg to br+ toge!r ! v>i\s elem5ts ( rural progress 9 all ! ,new ,engl& /ates4 ,"u ! initiative ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture !re 0 held 9 ,m>*1 #aijg1 a ,new ,engl& ,conf]5ce on ,rural ,progress4 ,?is meet+ 0 held v l>gely = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! s5tim5t among ! lead]s ( ,new ,engl& agriculture ) respect to ! desirability & practicability ( f$]at+ on s l>ge a scale4 ,9 addition to ! ma9 meet+1 ! presid5ts ( ! agricultural colleges ( ,new ,engl& 7 call$ toge!r 9 a special section1 & ! same 0 true ( ! directors ( ! ,new ,engl& exp]im5t /ations1 ! ma/]s ( ! v>i\s /ate granges1 ! secret>ies ( ! v>i\s /ate bo>ds ( agriculture1 & ! lead]s 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,f$]ation ( ,*ur*es4 ,! idea ( f$]ation 0 cle>ly approv$ by ! delegates pres5t1 & a tempor>y organization 0 effect$4 ,x 0 vot$ to hold a simil> conf]5ce 9 ,bo/on 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh4 ,x is probably true t ! fir/ & mo/ important /ep 9 br++ ab\t a f$]ation ( rural social =ces is to educate all conc]n$ to ! desirability ( su* a f$]ation--to s[ ! se$s ( ! idea4 ,s f> z ma*9]y is conc]n$ x may n be necess>y to =m any new organization4 ,inde$1 :at is *iefly necess>y is a sort ( cle>+-h\se = an ex*ange ( ideas & plans among all :o are at "w on any phase ( ! rural social problem4 ,!re is ne$ ( a c5tral bureau t %all emphasize ! necessity ( a /udy ( agricultural economics & rural sociology1 & press ! value ( co-op]ation 9 ! "w ( social progress 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re is ne$ t some:]e tab %all be kept on ! :ole rural social movem5t4 ,we ne$ a direct+ =ce to assure a compreh5sive view & /udy ( ! :ole rural problem4 ,x is important t "s inve/igations %\ld be c>ri$ on t are n likely to be tak5 up by "s o!r ag5cy4 ,x w\ld be desirable to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( publication1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways to c>ry on a campaign ( education4 ,above all1 x w\ld be desirable to initiate local1 /ate1 & national conf]5ces p]vad$ by ! _s & purpose ( secur+ ! he>ty co-op]ation ( all rural social =ces1 ( all ! organizations t h any rural connection :atev]1 & ( all individuals :o h ! slighte/ g5u9e int]e/ 9 any phase ( ! f>m problem4 ,su* a bureau %\ld keep 9 con/ant t\* )1 secure ! confid5ce (1 & supply appropriate lit]ature to1 c\ntry tea*]s1 prea*]s1 editors1 doctors1 & bus9ess m51 &1 m ?an all1 to intellig5t & progressive f>m]s4 ,& let me add at ?is po9t1 t x mu/ be fully und]/ood t ! "w contemplat$ _c possibly a*ieve l>ge success unless x is done ) ! f>m]s1 r ?an = ! f>m]s4 ,! problem is f> f t ( do+ a mission>y "w = a d[n-trodd5 & ignorant class4 ,x is a mu* less h]oic1 a mu* m commonplace task4 ,x is simply c>ry+ ! idea ( co-op]ation ( individuals a /ep f>!r1 & endeavor+ to secure ! co-op]ation ( int]e/s t h precisely ! same goal1 al?\gh travel+ ^u diff]5t roads4 ,! prime purpose ( ! movem5t is to br+ ! speciali/ into close t\* ) ! m g5]al phases ( ! problem1 to secure bread? & :ol5ess1 to assure well-balanc$ ef=t4 ,,note4--,a pap] ) ! title ( ?is *apt] 0 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,civic ,association 9 #aija1 at ,m9neapolis4 ,a portion ( ! pap] is reta9$ "h4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! idea ( f$]ation is br\ght d[n to ! pres5t "t4