,note3 = ?is onl9e edition ,i h mov$ ! ,table ( ,cont5ts to ! beg9n+ ( ! text & slightly modifi$ x to con=m ) ! onl9e =mat4 ,i h also made two spell+ corrections3 *ipp5dale to ,*ipp5dale & closely int]p5d5t to closely int]dep5d5t4 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,psy*ological ,,ae/hetics ,,by ,,v]non ,,lee ,au?or ( ,beauty & ,ugl9ess ,laurus ,nobilis etc4 ,cambridge3 at ! ,univ]sity ,press ,new ,york3 ,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons #aiac ,illu/ration3 title page ,) ! exception ( ! coat ( arms at ! foot1 ! design on ! title page is a reproduction ( "o us$ by ! e>lie/ kn[n ,cambridge pr9t]1 ,john ,sib]*1 #aeba ,,cont5ts ,preface & ,apology v ,i4 ,! ,adjective ,beautiful #a ,,ii4 ,contemplative ,satisfaction #h ,,iii4 ,aspects v]sus ,?+s #ad ,,iv4 ,s5sations #bb ,v4 ,p]ception ( ,relations #bi ,,vi4 ,elem5ts ( ,%ape #ce ,,vii4 ,facility & ,difficulty ( ,grasp+ #dh ,,viii4 ,subject & ,object1 or1 ,nom9ative & ,accusative #ee ,,ix4 ,empa?y 7,e9fhlung7 #fa ,x4 ,! ,movem5t ( ,l9es #gj ,,xi4 ,! ,"* ( ,%apes #gh ,,xii4 ,f ! ,%ape to ! ,?+ #hd ,,xiii4 ,f ! ,?+ to ! ,%ape #ij ,,xiv4 ,! ,aims ( ,art #ih ,,xv4 ,att5tion to ,%apes #ajf ,,xvi4 ,in=mation ab\t ,?+s #aaa ,,xvii4 ,co-op]ation ( ,?+s & ,%apes #aag ,,xviii4 ,ae/hetic ,responsiv5ess #abh ,,xix4 ,! ,/orage & ,transf] ( ,emotion #aci ,,xx4 ,ae/hetic ,irradiation & ,purification #adg ,,xxi4 ,conclusion 7,evolutional7 #aec ,bibliography #aef ,index #aeg ,,preface ,,& ,,apology ,i ,,h tri$ 9 ?is little volume to expla9 ae/hetic pref]5ce1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds visible %apes1 by ! facts ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,b my explanation is address$ to read]s 9 :om ,i h no "r to expect a previ\s k ( psy*ology1 p>ticul>ly 9 its m mod]n developm5ts4 ,i h !re=e bas$ my explanation ( ! problems ( ae/hetics z mu* z possible ^u m5tal facts famili>1 or at all ev5ts easily intelligible1 to ! lay read]4 ,n[ m5tal facts ?us available are by no means ! elem5t>y processes ) :i* analytical &1 especially exp]im5tal1 psy*ology has deal+s4 ,!y are1 on ! contr>y1 ! ev]yday1 sup]ficial & (t5 extremely confus$ views :i* practical life & its :olly unsci5tific vocabul>y pres5t ( ^? asc]ta9$ or hypo!tical sci5tific facts4 ,i h inde$ endeav\r$ 7= in/ance 9 ! analysis ( p]ception z di/+ui%$ f s5sation7 to imp>t "s rudim5ts ( psy*ology 9 ! c\rse ( my ae/hetical explanation1 & ,i h avoid$1 z mu* z possible1 mislead+ ! read] ab\t su* fe>ful complexes & cruxes z memory1 association & imag9ation4 ,b ,i h be5 oblig$ to speak 9 t]ms intelligible to ! lay read]1 & ,i am fully aw>e t ^! t]ms correspond only v approximately to :at is1 or at pres5t passes z1 psy*ological fact4 ,i w\ld !re=e beg ! psy*ologi/ 7to :om ,i (f] ?is little volume z a possible slight addition ev5 to 8 /ock ( facts & hypo!ses7 to und]/& t 9 speak+1 = in/ance1 ( ,empa?y z involv+ a ?\ght ( c]ta9 activities1 ,i mean m]ely t :atev] happ5s has ! same result z if we ?\ght2 & t ! processes1 :atev] !y may be 7also 9 ! case ( measur+1 comp>+ & co-ord9at+71 translate !mselves1 :5 !y are detect$1 into ?\ghts2 b t ,i d n 9 ! lea/ pre-judge ! "q :e!r ! processes1 ! ?\ghts1 ! measur+1 comp>+ etc4 exi/ on subord9ate planes ( consci\sness or :e!r !y are ma9ly physiological & only occasionally abutt+ 9 consci\s resultants4 ,simil>ly1 lack ( space & ! ne$ = cle>ness h oblig$ me to write z if %ape-pref]5ce inv>iably necessitat$ ! detail$ process ( ocul> p]ception1 in/ead ( be+ due1 z is d\btless mo/ (t5 ! case1 to e k9d ( associative abbreviation & equival5ce ( processes4 ,,v]non ,,lee ,maiano ne> ,flor5ce1 ,ea/] #aiac4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,adjective ,,beautiful ,,?is little book1 l ! great bran* ( m5tal sci5ce to :i* x is an introduction1 makes no attempt to =m ! ta/e ( ! public & /ill less to direct ! do+s ( ! arti/4 ,x deals n ) ought b ) is1 leav+ to ,criticism ! inf]5ce f ! latt] to ! =m]4 ,x does n pret5d to tell h[ ?+s c be made beautiful or ev5 h[ we c recognise t ?+s are beautiful4 ,x takes ,beauty z already exi/+ & enjoy$1 & seeks to analyse & acc\nt = ,beauty's exi/5ce & enjoym5t4 ,m /rictly speak+1 x analyses & acc\nts = ,beauty n inasmu* z exi/+ 9 c]ta9 objects & processes1 b r z call+ =? 7& be+ call$ =? by7 a p>ticul> gr\p ( m5tal activities & habits4 ,x does n ask3 ,:at are ! peculi>ities ( ! ?+s 7& ! proce$+s7 :i* we call ,beautiful8 b3 ,:at are ! peculi>ities ( our ?9k+ & feel+ :5 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?+ to :i* we apply ?is adjective8 ,! /udy ( s+le beautiful ?+s1 & ev5 m1 ! comp>ison ( v>i\s categories !re(1 is inde$ "o-half ( all sci5tific ae/hetics1 b only inasmu* z x adds to our k ( ! p>ticul> m5tal activities :i* su* ,beautiful 7& vice v]sa ,ugly7 ?+s elicit 9 u4 ,= x is on ! nature ( ?is active response on our own "p t dep5ds ! application ( ^? t]ms ,beautiful & ,ugly 9 e s+le in/ance2 & inde$ _! application 9 any in/ances :atsoev]1 _! v exi/5ce 9 ! human vocabul>y4 ,9 accordance ) ?is programme ,i %all n />t ) a =mal def9ition ( ! ^w ,beautiful1 b ask3 on :at sort ( occasions we make use ( x4 ,evid5tly1 on occasions :5 we feel satisfaction r ?an dissatisfaction1 satisfaction mean+ will+ness ei!r to prolong or to repeat ! p>ticul> exp]i5ce :i* has call$ =? t ^w2 & mean+ also t if x comes to a *oice betwe5 two or sev]al exp]i5ces1 we pref] ! exp]i5ce ?us m>k$ by ! ^w ,beautiful4 ,beautiful1 we may !re=e =mulate1 implies on our "p an attitude ( satisfaction & pref]5ce4 ,b !re are o!r words :i* imply t mu*2 fir/ & =emo/ ! words1 9 reality synonyms1 ,,useful & ,,good4 ,i call ^! synonyms because good always implies good =1 or good 91 t is to say fitness = a purpose1 ev5 ?\gh t purpose may be mask$ "u con=m+ to a /&>d or obey+ a comm&m5t1 s9ce ! /&>d or comm&m5t repres5ts n ! caprice ( a community1 a race or a div9ity1 b "s 7real or imag9>y7 utility ( a less imm$iate k9d4 ,s mu* = ! mean+ ( good :5 imply+ /&>ds & comm&m5ts2 n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$ !re is1 h[ev]1 no su* implication1 & good means no?+ m ?an satisfactory 9 ! way ( use & advantage4 ,?us a good road is a road we pref] because x takes u to our de/9ation quickly & easily4 ,a good spee* is "o we pref] because x succe$s 9 expla9+ or p]suad+4 ,& a good "* 7good fri5d1 fa!r1 husb&1 citiz57 is "o t gives satisfaction by ! fulfilm5t ( moral obligations4 ,b note ! diff]5ce :5 we come to ,beautiful4 ,a beautiful road is "o we pref] because x af=ds views we l to look at2 its be+ devi\s & inconv5i5t w n prev5t its be+ beautiful4 ,a beautiful spee* is "o we l to he> or rememb]1 al?\gh x may conv9ce or p]suade nei!r u nor anybody4 ,a beautiful "* is "o we l to ?9k ab\t b :i* may nev] practically help anyone1 if = in/ance1 x exi/s n 9 real life b 9 a novel4 ,?us ! adjective ,beautiful implies an attitude ( pref]5ce1 b n an attitude ( pres5t or future turn+ to our purposes4 ,!re is ev5 a significant lack ( symmetry 9 ! words employ$ 7at all ev5ts 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man7 to di/+ui% :at we l f :at we dislike 9 ! way ( wea!r4 ,= wea!r :i* makes u uncom=table & hamp]s our com+s & go+s by ra91 w9d or mud1 is describ$ z bad2 :ile ! opposite k9d ( wea!r is call$ beautiful1 f9e1 or fair1 z if ! great] com=t1 conv5i5ce1 usefulness ( su* days 7 =gott5 9 ! lively satisfaction af=d$ to our m]e contemplation4 ,our m]e contemplation6 ,"h we h /ruck ^u ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 our attitude :5 we use ! ^w good or useful1 & :5 we use ! ^w beautiful4 ,& we c add to our p>tial =mula beautiful implies satisfaction & pref]5ce--! di/+ui%+ pr$icate--( a contemplative k9d4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t w be confirm$ by an ev]yday anomaly 9 our use ( ! ^w beautiful2 & ! exam9ation ( ?is seem+ exception w n only exemplify :at ,i h said ab\t our attitude :5 employ+ t ^w1 b add to ?is in=mation ! "n ( ! emotion correspond+ ) t attitude3 ! emotion ( admiration4 ,= ! selfsame object or proce$+ may sometimes be call$ good & sometimes beautiful1 accord+ z ! m5tal attitude is practical or contemplative4 ,:ile we admoni% ! travell] to take a c]ta9 road because he w f9d x good1 we may he> t same road describ$ by an en?usia/ic coa*man z beautiful1 anglic f9e or spl5did1 because !re is no "q ( imm$iate use1 & ! road's qualities are m]ely be+ contemplat$ ) admiration4 ,simil>ly1 we h all ( u he>d an eng9e] apply to a piece ( ma*9]y1 & ev5 a surgeon to an op]ation1 ! app>5tly f>-fet*$ adjective ,beautiful1 or "o ( ! v>i\s equival5ts1 f9e1 spl5did1 glori\s 7ev5 occasionally jolly67 by :i* ,engli%m5 express _! admiration4 ,! *ange ( ^w repres5ts a *ange ( attitude4 ,! eng9e] is no long] b5t ^u us+ ! ma*9e1 nor ! surgeon e/imat+ ! advantages ( ! op]ation4 ,ea* ( ^! highly practical p]sons has swit*$ (f 8 practicality1 if b = an imp]ceptible fraction ( "t & 9 ! v middle ( a practical e/imation or ev5 ( practice itself4 ,! ma*9e or op]ation1 ! skill1 ! inv5tiv5ess1 ! fitness = its purposes1 are be+ consid]$ ap>t f action1 & advantage1 means & "t1 to-day or ye/]day2 platonically we may call x f ! fir/ great tea*] ( ae/hetics4 ,!y are be+1 9 "o ^w1 contemplat$ ) admiration4 ,& admiration is ! r\gh & ready "n = ! mood1 h[ev] transi5t1 = ! emotion1 h[ev] fa9t1 :]e) we greet :atev] makes u contemplate1 because contemplation happ5s to give satisfaction4 ,! satisfaction may be a m]e skeleton ( ! ,i'd r ?an n description2 or x may be a massive alt]ation 9 our be+1 radiat+ f> beyond ! pres5t1 evok+ f ! pa/ simil> conditions to corroborate x2 /or+ itself up = ! future2 p5etrat+1 l ! joy ( a f9e day1 into our animal spirits1 alt]+ pulse1 brea?1 gait1 glance & demean\r2 & transfigur+ our :ole mom5t>y outlook on life4 ,b1 sup]ficial or ov]:elm+1 ?is h9d ( satisfaction connect$ )1 ! ^w ,beautiful is always ( ! ,contemplative ord]4 ,& ^u ! fact we h ?us =mulat$ dep5d1 z we %all see1 mo/ ( ! o!r facts & =mulae ( our subject4 ,?is ess5tially unpractical attitude accompany+ ! use ( ! ^w ,beautiful has l$ metaphysical ae/heticians to two fam\s1 & ,i ?9k1 q mislead+ !ories4 ,! fir/ ( ^! def9es ae/hetic appreciation z dis9t]e/$ int]e/1 gratuit\sly id5tify+ self-int]e/ ) ! practical pursuit ( advantages we h n yet got2 & ov]look+ ! fact t su* appreciation implies enjoym5t & is s f> ! v rev]se ( dis9t]e/$4 ,! second philosophical !ory 7orig9ally ,s*ill]'s1 & reviv$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]7 takes advantage ( ! non-practical attitude connect$ ) ! ^w ,beautiful to def9e art & its enjoym5t z a k9d ( play4 ,n[ al?\gh leisure & fre$om f c>es are necess>y bo? = play & = ae/hetic appreciation1 ! latt] diff]s ess5tially f ! =m] by its contemplative nature4 ,= al?\gh x may be possible to wat* o!r p play+ football or *ess or bridge 9 a purely contemplative _s & ) ! deepe/ admiration1 ev5 z ! eng9e] or surgeon may contemplate ! p]fections ( a ma*9e or an op]ation1 yet ! conc5tration on ! aim & ! next moves con/itutes on ! "p ( ! play]s !mselves an em95tly practical /ate ( m9d1 "o diametrically oppos$ to contemplation1 z ,i hope to make evid5t 9 ! next section4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,contemplative ,,satisfaction ,,we h ?us def9$ ! ^w ,beautiful z imply+ an attitude ( contemplative satisfaction1 m>k$ by a feel+1 sometimes am\nt+ to an emotion1 ( admiration2 & s f> contra/$ x ) ! practical attitude impli$ by ! ^w good4 ,b we require to "k m ab\t ! di/9ctive peculi>ities ( contemplation z su*1 by :i*1 moreov]1 x is di/+ui%$ n m]ely f ! practical attitude1 b also f ! sci5tific "o4 ,let u get "s r\gh & ready notions on ?is subject by wat*+ ! behavi\r & li/5+ to ! rem>ks ( ?ree imag9>y wayf>]s 9 front ( a view1 :i* !y sev]ally consid] 9 ! practical1 ! sci5tific & ! ae/hetic mann]4 ,! view 0 f a hill-top 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome or ( ,ed9burgh1 :i*ev] ! ,read] c be/ realise2 & 9 its pres5ce ! ?ree travell]s halt$ & rema9$ = a mom5t absorb$ ea* 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,x w take u a c\ple ( h\rs to get home on foot--began "o ( ! ?ree4 ,we might h be5 back = tea-"t if only !re _h be5 a tram & a funicul>4 ,& t makes me ?9k3 ,:y n />t a jo9t-/ock company to build !m8 ,!re mu/ be wat]-p[] 9 ^! hills2 ! hill p c\ld keep c[s & s5d milk & butt] to t[n4 ,also h\ses c\ld be built = p ^: "w takes !m to t[n1 b :o want good air = _! *ildr52 ! hire-pur*ase sy/em1 y "k4 ,x might prove a gods5d & a capital inve/m5t1 ?\gh ,i suppose "s p w\ld say x spoilt ! view4 ,! idea is q a good "o4 ,i %all get an exp]t-- ,^! hills1 put 9 ! second man--are said to be "p ( an anci5t volcano4 ,i don't "k :e!r t !ory is true6 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to exam9e :e!r ! summits h be5 gr\nd d[n 9 places by ice1 & :e!r !re are traces ( volcanic action at diff]5t geological epo*s2 ! pla91 ,i suppose1 has be5 "u ! sea at no v di/ant p]iod4 ,x is also int]e/+ to notice1 z we c up "h1 h[ ! situation ( ! t[n is expla9$ by ! riv] af=d+ easi] %ipp+ on a coa/ poor 9 natural h>b\rs2 moreov]1 ?is has be5 ! inevitable meet+-place ( seaf>+ & pa/oral populations4 ,^! inve/igations w\ld prove1 z ,i said1 rem>kably full ( int]e/4 ,i wi%--compla9$ ! ?ird wayf>]1 b probably only to himself--,i wi% ^! m5 w\ld hold _! tongues & let "o enjoy ?is exquisite place )\t div]t+ "o's att5tion to :at might be done or to h[ x all came ab\t4 ,!y don't seem to feel h[ beautiful x all is4 ,& he conc5trat$ himself on contemplation ( ! l&scape1 8 delight br\ght home by a /ab ( reluctance to leave4 ,mean:ile "o ( 8 companions fell to wond]+ :e!r !re really 0 suffici5t pa/ure = dairy-f>m+ & wat]-p[] = bo? tramway & funicul>1 & :]e ! necess>y capital c\ld be borr[$2 & ! o!r "o hunt$ ab\t = m>ks ( /ratification & upheaval1 & ransack$ 8 memory = hi/orical data ab\t ! v>i\s tribes orig9ally inhabit+ t c\ntry4 ,i suppose y're a pa9t] & regrett+ y hav5't br\ght y\r sket*+ mat]ials8 said ! sci5tific man1 always int]e/$ 9 ! causes ( ph5om5a1 ev5 su* trifl+ ones z a man rema9+ quiet be=e a l&scape4 ,i reckon y are "o ( ^? lit]>y fell[s1 & are plann+ out :]e y c use up a description ( ?is place--correct$ ! rapid insight ( ! practical man1 accu/om$ to weigh p's motives 9 case !y may be turn$ to use4 ,i am n a pa9t]1 & ,i'm n a writ]--exclaim$ ! ?ird travell]1 & ,i ?ank ,heav5 ,i'm n6 ,= if ,i 7 ,i might be try+ to eng9e] a picture or to mat* adjectives1 in/ead ( m]ely enjoy+ all ?is beauty4 ,n b t ,i %\ld l to h a sket* or a few words ( description = :5 ,i've turn$ my back ^u x4 ,& ,heav5 help me1 ,i really believe t :5 we are all back 9 ,london ,i may be q glad to he> y two talk+ ab\t y\r tramway-funicul> company & y\r volcanic & glacial action1 because y\r talk w evoke 9 my m9d ! remembrance ( ?is place & mom5t :i* y h done y\r be/ to spoil = me-- ,t's :at x is to be ae/hetic--said ! two almo/ 9 ! same brea?4 ,& t1 ,i suppose--answ]$ ! ?ird ) "s animosity--is :at y mean by be+ practical or sci5tific4 ,n[ ! attitude ( m9d ( ! practical man & ( ! man ( sci5ce1 ?\gh diff]+ s obvi\sly f "o ano!r 7! fir/ b5t ^u produc+ new & advantage\s results1 ! second exam9+1 )\t ?\ght ( advantage1 into possible causes71 bo? diff]$ 9 ! same way f ! attitude ( ! man :o 0 m]ely contemplat+ :at he call$ ! beauty ( ! sc5e4 ,!y 71 z he compla9$1 ?9k+ ( :at might be done & ( h[ x _h all come ab\t4 ,t is to say !y 7 bo? ?9k+ away f t l&scape4 ,! sci5tific man actually turn$ 8 back to x 9 exam9+ fir/ "o rock1 !n ano!r4 ,! practical man mu/ h look$ bo? at ! pla9 9 front & at ! hill he 0 on1 s9ce he judg$ t !re 0 pa/ure & wat]-p[]1 & t ! /eepness requir$ supplem5t+ ! tramway by a funicul>4 ,b besides ! diff]5t items ( l&scape1 & ! same items "u diff]5t angles1 :i* 7 ?us (f]$ to ^! two m5's bodily eyes1 !re 0 a f> great] v>iety1 & rapid] succession ( items & p]spectives pres5t$ to ! eyes ( _! _s3 ! practical man's m5tal eye see+ n only ! hills1 pla91 & t[n ) details n co-exi/+ 9 p]spective or ev5 9 "t1 b tram-l9es & funicul>s 9 v>i\s /ages ( progress1 dairy-products1 pa/ure1 h\ses1 dynamos1 wat]falls1 (fices1 adv]tisem5ts1 *eques1 etc41 etc41 & ! sci5tific man's inn] vision glanc+ ) equal spe$ f volcanoes to ice-caps & seas 9 v>i\s /ages ( geological exi/5ce1 besides m9]als "u ! microscope1 inhabitants 9 prehi/oric or classic g>b1 let alone probably pages ( books & int]iors ( libr>ies4 ,moreov]1 mo/1 if n all ^! m5tal images 7block+ out f att5tion ! really exi/+ l&scape7 c\ld be call$ images only by c\rtesy1 swi%$ ov] by ! m5tal eye z by an express tra91 only j en\gh se5 to "k :at x 01 or p]haps no?+ se5 at all1 m]e words fill+ up gaps 9 ! *a9 ( ?\ght4 ,s t :at satisfaction !re might be 9 ! case 0 n due to ^! rapidly scamp]$ ?r\gh items1 b to ! v fact ( gett+ to ! next "o1 & to a loom+1 dom9at+ goal1 an ultimate desir$ result1 to wit1 p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce 9 ! "o case1 & a coh]5t explanation 9 ! o!r4 ,9 bo? cases equally !re 0 a kaleidoscopic & c9ematographic succession ( aspects1 b ( aspects ( :i* only "o detail p]haps 0 notic$4 ,or1 m /rictly speak+1 !re 0 no int]e/ :atev] 9 aspects z su*1 b only 9 ! possibilities ( action :i* ^! aspects impli$2 :e!r actions future & p]sonally pr(itable1 l build+ tram-l9es & float+ jo9t-/ock companies1 or actions ma9ly pa/ & q imp]sonally int]e/+1 l ^? ( ext9ct volcanoes or prehi/oric civilisations4 ,n[ let u exam9e ! m5tal attitude ( ! ?ird man1 :om ! two o!rs _h fir/ mi/ak5 = an arti/ or writ]1 & !n dismiss$ z an ae/hetic p]son4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,aspects ,,v]sus ,,?+s ,,hav+ settl$ ^u a p>ticul> po9t ( view z ! "o he lik$ be/1 he rema9$ !re 9 contemplation ( ! aspect x af=d$ him4 ,_h he desc5d$ ano!r tw5ty m9utes1 or look$ ?r\gh p[]ful glasses1 he w\ld h se5 ! pla9 bel[ z a juxtaposition ( em]ald gre51 raw ,si5na1 & pale yell[1 :]eas1 at ! di/ance :]e he *ose to rema91 its col\rs fus$ into indescribably lovely lilacs & russets4 ,_h he mov$ freely ab\t he w\ld h become aw>e t a fanlike arrangem5t ( %>ply conv]g5t l9es1 tempt+ 8 eye to run rapidly into _! v>i\s angles1 mu/ be ?\ght ( z a *essbo>d ( dikes1 h$ges1 & roads1 dull z if drawn ) a rul] on a slate4 ,also t ! foo?ills1 in/ead ( =m+ a monum5tal mass ) ! m\nta9s beh9d !m1 lay 9 a totally diff]5t plane & di/ract$ ! att5tion by _! aggressive projection4 ,:ile1 z if to spoil ! aspect /ill m1 he w\ld h be5 =c$ to recognise 7z ,rusk9 expla9s by 8 draw+ ( ! cottage ro( & ! ,matt]horn peak7 t ! exquisitely phras$ skyl9e ( ! fur!rmo/ hills1 pick$ up at rhy?mical int]vals into %>p cre/s1 dropp+ d[n m]ely to ru% up aga9 9 long concave curves1 0 m]ely an illusion ( p]spective1 ne>] l9es seem+ high] & fur!r ones l[]1 let alone t f a balloon y w\ld see only flatt5$ m\nds4 ,b to h[ ?+s might look f a balloon1 or "u a microscope1 t man did n give "o ?\ght1 any m ?an to h[ !y might look aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( tramways & funicul>s or h[ !y _h look$ be=e ?\s&s ( ye>s ( volcanic & glacial action4 ,he 0 satisfi$ ) ! wond]fully h>monis$ s*eme ( light & col\r1 ! patt]n 7m & m detail$1 m & m co-ord9at$ ) e additional explor+ glance7 ( ke5ly ?ru/+1 delicately yield+ l9es1 meet+ z purposefully z if !y _h all be5 alive & execut+ "s great1 intricate dance4 ,he did n conc]n himself :e!r :at he 0 look+ at 0 an aggregate ( ?+s2 /ill less :at might be ^! ?+s' o!r prop]ties4 ,he 0 n conc]n$ ) ?+s at all1 b only ) a p>ticul> appe>ance 7he did n c>e :e!r x answ]$ to reality71 only ) "o 7he did n want to "k :e!r !re might be any o!r7 aspect4 ,=1 odd z x may s\nd1 a ,?+ is bo? mu* m & mu* less ?an an ,aspect4 ,mu* m1 because a ,?+ really means n only qualities ( its own & reactions ( ours :i* are actual & pres5t1 b a f> great] numb] & v>iety !re( :i* are pot5tial4 ,mu* less1 on ! o!r h&1 because ( ^! pot5tial qualities & reactions con/itut+ a ,?+ only a m9imum ne$ be ?\ght ( at any giv5 "t2 in/ead ( :i*1 an aspect is all !re1 its qualities closely int]dep5d5t1 & our reactions entirely tak5 up 9 connect+ !m z :ole & p>ts4 ,a rose1 = in/ance1 is n m]ely a c]ta9 assemblage ( curves & /raight l9es & col\rs1 se5 z ! pa9t] sees x1 at a c]ta9 angle1 petals mask+ "p ( /em1 leaf protrud+ above bud3 x is ! possibility ( o!r comb9ations ( %apes1 includ+ ^? se5 :5 ! rose 7or ! p]son look+7 is plac$ head d[nw>ds4 ,simil>ly x is ! possibility ( c]ta9 s5sations ( resi/ance1 s(tness1 moi/ure1 prick+ if we attempt to grasp x1 ( a c]ta9 fragrance if we brea! 9 ! air4 ,x is ! possibility ( turn+ into a p>ticul> fruit1 ) ! possibility ( our f9d+ t fruit bitt] & non-edible2 ( be+ develop$ f cutt+s1 press$ 9 a book1 made a pres5t ( or cultivat$ = lucre4 ,only "o ( ^! gr\ps ( possibilities may occupy our ?\ghts1 ! re/ n glanc$ at1 or only glanc$ at subsequ5tly2 b if1 on trial1 any ( ^! gr\p$ possibilities disappo9t u1 we decide t ?is is n a real rose1 b a pap] rose1 or a pa9t$ "o1 or no rose at all1 b "s o!r ?+4 ,=1 s f> z our consci\sness is conc]n$1 ?+s are m]ely gr\ps ( actual & pot5tial reactions on our own "p1 t is to say ( expectations :i* exp]i5ce has l9k$ toge!r 9 m or less /able gr\ps4 ,! practical man & ! man ( sci5ce 9 my fable1 7 bo? ( !m deal+ ) ,?+s3 pass+ f "o gr\p ( pot5tial reaction to ano!r1 hurry+ "h1 dally+ !re1 till ( ! actual aspect ( ! l&scape !re rema9$ no?+ 9 _! ?\ghts1 trams & funicul>s 9 ! future1 volcanoes & icecaps 9 ! pa/1 hav+ entirely alt]$ all t2 only ! mat]ial con/itu5ts & ! geographical locality rema9+ z ! un%ift$ item 9 ^? mu* pull$ ab\t bundles ( ?\ghts ( possibilities4 ,e ?+ may h a great numb] ( v diff]5t ,aspects2 & "s ( ^! ,aspects may invite contemplation1 z t l&scape invit$ ! ?ird man to contemplate x2 :ile o!r aspects 7say ! same place aft] a prop] c\rse ( tramways & funicul>s & semi-deta*$ resid5ces1 or be=e ! ne$ful volcanic & glacial action7 may be su* z are dismiss$ or slurr$ z fa/ z possible4 ,inde$1 ) ! exception ( a v few cubes n 9 !mselves especially attractive1 ,i _c rememb] any ?+s :i* d n pres5t q z _m displeas+ aspects z pleas+ ones4 ,! mo/ beautiful build+ is n beautiful if /ood on its head2 ! mo/ beautiful picture is n beautiful look$ at ?r\gh a microscope or f too f> (f2 ! mo/ beautiful melody is n beautiful if begun at ! wrong end4 4 4 4 ,"h ! ,read] may int]rupt3 ,:at nons5se6 ,( c\rse ! build+ is a build+ only :5 "r side up2 ! picture isn't a picture any long] "u a microscope2 ! melody isn't a melody except begun at ! beg9n+--all :i* means t :5 we speak ( a build+1 a picture1 or a melody1 we are already implicitly speak+1 no long] ( a ,?+1 b ( "o ( ! possible ,aspects ( a ?+2 & t :5 we say t a ?+ is beautiful1 we mean t x af=ds "o or m aspects :i* we contemplate ) satisfaction4 ,b if a beautiful m\nta9 or a beautiful woman c\ld only be contemplat$1 if ! m\nta9 c\ld n also be climb$ or tunnell$1 if ! woman c\ld n also get m>ri$1 be> *ildr5 & h 7or n h67 a vote1 we %\ld say t ! m\nta9 & ! woman 7 n real ?+s4 ,h5ce we come to ! conclusion1 p>adoxical only z long z we fail to def9e :at we are talk+ ab\t1 t :at we contemplate z beautiful is an ,aspect ( a ,?+1 b nev] a ,?+ itself4 ,9 o!r words3 ,beautiful is an adjective applicable to ,aspects n to ,?+s1 or to ,?+s only1 inasmu* z we consid] !m z possess+ 7among o!r pot5tialities7 beautiful ,aspects4 ,s t we c n[ =mulate3 ,! ^w beautiful implies ! satisfaction d]iv$ f ! contemplation n ( ?+s b ( aspects4 ,?is summ+ up has br\ght u to ! v core ( our subject2 & ,i %\ld wi% ! ,read] to get x by he>t1 until he gr[ famili>is$ !re) 9 ! c\rse ( our fur!r exam9ations4 ,be=e proce$+ ^u ^!1 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 ask him to reflect h[ ?is la/ =mula ( ours be>s ^u ! old1 seem+ly endless1 squabble z to :e!r or n beauty has any?+ to d ) tru?1 & :e!r art1 z c]ta9 morali/s cont5d1 is a s*ool ( ly+4 ,= true or false is a judgm5t ( exi/5ce2 x ref]s to ,?+s2 x implies t besides ! qualities & reactions %[n or describ$1 our fur!r action or analysis w call =? c]ta9 o!r gr\ps ( qualities & reactions con/itut+ ! ?+ :i* is said to exi/4 ,b aspects1 9 ! case 9 :i* ,i h us$ t ^w1 are :at !y are & d n necess>ily imply any?+ beyond _! own peculi>ities4 ,! words true or false c be appli$ to !m only ) ! mean+ ( aspects truly exi/+ or n truly exi/+2 i4e4 aspects ( :i* x is true or n to say t !y exi/4 ,b z to an aspect be+ true or false 9 ! s5se ( mislead+1 t "q ref]s n to ! aspect itself1 b to ! ?+ ( :i* ! aspect is tak5 z a "p & a sign4 ,n[ ! contemplation ( ! m]e aspect1 ! beauty 7or ugl9ess7 ( ! aspect1 does n itself necessitate or imply any su* ref]5ce to a ?+4 ,our contemplation ( ! beauty ( a /atue repres5t+ a ,c5taur may inde$ be di/urb$ by ! reflexion t a creature ) two sets ( lungs & dige/ive organs w\ld be a mon/] & n likely to gr[ to ! age ( hav+ a be>d4 ,b ?is di/urb+ ?\ght ne$ n take place4 ,& :5 x takes place x is n "p ( our contemplation ( ! aspect ( t /atue2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 outside x1 an excursion away f x due to our invet]ate 7& v necess>y7 habit ( int]rupt+ ! contemplation ( ,aspects by ! ?9k+ & te/+ ( ,?+s4 ,! ,aspect nev] impli$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,?+ beyond itself2 x did n affirm t any?+ 0 true1 i4e4 t any?+ c\ld or w\ld happ5 besides ! fact ( our contemplation4 ,9 o!r words ! =mula t beautiful is an adjective apply+ only to aspects1 %[s u t art c be tru?ful or untru?ful only 9 s f> z art 7z is (t5 ! case7 delib]ately sets to mak+ /atem5ts ab\t ! exi/5ce & nature ( ,?+s4 ,if ,art says ,c5taurs c be born & gr[ up to man's e/ate ) two sets ( respiratory & dige/ive organs--!n ,art is tell+ lies4 ,only1 be=e accus+ x ( be+ a li>1 bett] make sure t ! /atem5t ab\t ! possibility ( c5taurs has be5 int5d$ by ! ,art1 & n m]ely read into x by ourselves4 ,b m ( ?is :5 we come to ! exam9ation ( ,subject & ,=m4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,s5sations ,,9 ! contemplation ( ! ,aspect be=e him1 :at gave t ae/hetic man ! mo/ imm$iate & und\bt$ pleasure 0 its col\r1 or1 m correctly speak+1 its col\rs4 ,psy*o-,physiologi/s h n yet told u :y col\rs1 tak5 s+ly & ap>t f _! juxtaposition1 %\ld possess s extraord9>y a p[] ov] :at us$ to be call$ our animal spirits1 & ?r\gh !m ov] our moods2 & we c only guess f analogy ) :at is obs]v$ 9 plants1 z well z f ! nature ( ! ph5om5on itself1 t v>i\s k9ds ( lum9\s /imulation mu/ h "s deep *emical rep]cussion ?r\gh\t ! human organism4 ,! same applies1 ?\gh 9 less] degree1 to s\nds1 q indep5d5t ( _! juxtaposition z melodies & h>monies4 ,z !re are col\rs :i* feel1 i4e4 make u feel1 m or less w>m or cool1 col\rs :i* are refre%+ or /ifl+1 depress+ or exhil>at+ q indep5d5t ( any associations1 s also !re are qualities ( s\nd :i* enliv5 u l ! bl>e ( ! trumpet1 or h>r[ u l ! quav] ( ! accordion4 ,simil>ly ) reg>d to imm$iacy ( effect3 ! fir/ *ords ( an organ w *ange our :ole mode ( be+ l ! *ange ( light & col\r on fir/ ent]+ a *ur*1 al?\gh ! music :i* t organ is play+ may1 aft] a few seconds ( li/5+1 bore u beyond endurance2 & ! ar*itecture ( t *ur*1 once we beg9 to take /ock ( x1 entirely dispel t fir/ impression made by ! *ur*'s light & col\r4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is d\btless physiological p[] ( col\r & s\nd1 ?is way :i* !y h ( invad+ & subjugat+ u ) or )\t our cons5t & long be=e our consci\s co-op]ation1 t ! ,man-on-!-,hill's pleasure 9 ! aspect be=e him 01 z ,i h said1 fir/ ( all1 pleasure 9 col\r4 ,also1 because pleasure 9 col\r1 l pleasure 9 m]e s\nd-quality or timbre1 is accessible to p :o nev] g any fur!r 9 _! ae/hetic pref]5ce4 ,*ildr51 z e "o kn[s1 are s5sitive to col\rs1 long be=e !y %[ ! fa9te/ s5sitiv5ess = %apes4 ,& ! timbre ( a p]fect voice 9 a s+le long note or %ake us$ to br+ ! h\se d[n 9 ! days ( our gr&p>5ts1 j z ! subtle or*e/ral bl5d+s ( ,wagn] entrance he>]s incapable ( di/+ui%+ ! notes ( a *ord & sometimes ev5 incapable ( foll[+ a modulation4 ,! ,man on ! ,hill1 !re=e1 receiv$ imm$iate pleasure f ! col\rs ( ! l&scape4 ,receiv$ pleasure1 r ?an took x1 s9ce col\rs1 l smells1 seem1 z ,i h said1 to invade u1 & insi/ ^u pleas+ :e!r we want to be pleas$ or n4 ,9 ?is mean+ ( ! ^w we may be said to be passive to s\nd & col\r quality3 our %>e 9 ! effects ( ^! s5sations1 z 9 ! effect ( agreeable temp]atures1 contacts & ta/es1 is a "q ( bodily & m5tal reflexes 9 :i* our consci\s activity1 our volunt>y att5tion1 play no "p3 we are n do+1 b done to by ^? /imulations f )\t2 & ! pleasure or displeasure :i* !y set up 9 u is !re=e "o :i* we receive1 z di/+ui%$ f "o :i* we take4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! pleasure :i* ! ,man on ! ,hill did take1 z di/+ui%$ f ?us passively receiv+1 f ! aspect be=e him1 be=e inve/igat+ into ! activities to :i* ?is o!r k9d ( pleasure1 pleasure tak51 n receiv$1 is due1 we mu/ dwell a little long] on ! col\rs :i* delight$ him1 & ^u ! importance or unimportance ( ^? col\rs ) reg>d to t ,aspect he 0 contemplat+4 ,^! col\rs--p>ticul>ly a c]ta9 ra9-wa%$ blue1 a pale lilac & a fad$ russet--gave him1 z ,i said1 imm$iate & massive pleasure l t ( c]ta9 delici\s ta/es & smells1 inde$ anyone :o _h wat*$ him att5tively might h notic$ t he 0 mak+ r ! same face z a p]son roll+1 z ,m]$i? says1 a f9e v9tage aga9/ 8 palate1 or draw+ 9 deep] draughts ( exquisitely sc5t$ air2 he himself1 if n too engag$ 9 look+1 might h notic$ ! accompany+ s5sations 9 8 m\?1 ?roat & no/rils2 all ( :i*1 8 only active response to ! col\r1 0 m]ely ! attempt to receive m ( ! already receiv$ s5sation4 ,b ?is pleasure :i* he receiv$ f ! m]e col\rs ( ! l&scape 0 ! same pleasure :i* !y w\ld h giv5 him if he _h met !m 9 s _m ske9s ( silk2 ! m complex pleasure due to _! juxtaposition1 0 ! pleasure he might h _h if ^? ske9s1 in/ead ( be+ on sep>ate leaves ( a patt]n-book1 _h be5 ly+ tangl$ toge!r 9 an untidy "w-basket4 ,he might !n probably h said1 ,^? are exactly ! col\rs1 & 9 mu* ! same comb9ation1 z 9 t l&scape we saw su* & su* a day1 at su* & su* a season & h\r1 f ! top ( t hill4 ,b he w\ld nev] h said 7or be5 crazy if he _h7 ,^? ske9s ( silk are ! l&scape we saw 9 t p>ticul> place & oh t p>ticul> occasion4 ,n[ ! odd ?+ is t he w\ld h us$ t precise =m ( words1 t is ! l&scape1 etc4 etc41 if y _h %[n him a p5cil draw+ or a photograph tak5 f t p>ticul> place & po9t ( view4 ,& simil>ly if y _h made him look ?r\gh /a9$ glass :i* *ang$ ! pale blue1 pale lilac & fad$ russet into em]ald gre5 & blood r$4 ,he w\ld h exclaim$ at ! loss ( ^? exquisite col\rs :5 y %[$ him ! mono*rome1 & p]haps h sworn t all 8 pleasure 0 spoilt :5 y =c$ him to look ?r\gh t atroci\s glass4 ,b he w\ld h id5tifi$ ! aspect z ! "o he _h se5 be=e2 j z ev5 ! lea/ musical p]son w\ld id5tify ,god save ! ,k+ :e!r play$ ) ?ree %>ps on ! flute or ) f\r flats on ! trombone4 ,!re is !re=e 9 an ,aspect some?+ ov] & above ! quality ( ! col\rs 7or 9 a piece ( music1 ( ! s\nds7 9 :i* t aspect is1 at any p>ticul> mom5t1 embodi$ = y\r s5ses2 some?+ :i* c be deta*$ f ! p>ticul> col\rs or s\nds & re-embodi$ 9 o!r col\rs or s\nds1 exi/+ mean:ile 9 a curi\s pot5tial s*ematic condition 9 our memory4 ,t some?+ is ,%ape4 ,x is ,%ape :i* we contemplate2 & x is only because !y ent] into %apes t col\rs & s\nds1 z di/+ui%$ f temp]atures1 textures1 ta/es & smells1 c be said to be contemplat$ at all4 ,inde$ if we apply to s+le isolat$ col\r or s\nd-qualities 7t blue or russet1 or ! m]e timbre ( a voice or an or*e/ra7 ! adjective beautiful :ile we express our lik+ = smells1 ta/es1 temp]atures & textures m]ely by ! adjectives agreeable1 delici\s2 ?is diff]5ce 9 our spee* is d\btless due to ! fact t col\rs or s\nds are m (t5 ?an n connect$ ea* ) o!r col\rs or o!r s\nds into a ,%ape & !reby become subject to contemplation m frequ5tly ?an temp]atures1 textures1 smells & ta/es :i* _c !mselves be gr\p$ into %apes1 & are !re=e objects ( contemplation only :5 associat$ ) col\rs & s\nds1 z = in/ance1 ! smell ( burn+ we$s 9 a description ( autumnal sights1 or ! cool wetness ( a grotto 9 ! p]ception ( its d>kness & its murmur ( wat]s4 ,on dismiss+ ! practical & ! sci5tific man because !y 7 ?9k+ away f aspects to ?+s1 ,i attempt$ to inv5tory ! aspect 9 ^: contemplation _! ae/hetic companion _h rema9$ absorb$4 ,!re 7 ! col\rs1 t delici\s rec5tly-wa%$ blue1 t lilac & russet1 :i* gave ! man 8 imm$iate %ock ( passive & 7z mu* z smell & ta/e7 bodily pleasure4 ,b besides ^! my inv5tory conta9$ ano!r k9d ( item3 :at ,i describ$ z a fan-l arrangem5t ( %>ply conv]g5t l9es & an exquisitely phras$ sky-l9e ( hills1 pick$ up at rhy?mical int]vals into %>p cre/s & dropp+ d[n m]ely to ru% up aga9 9 long rapid concave curves4 ,& besides all ?is1 !re 0 ! outl9e ( a di/ant m\nta91 ris+ flamelike aga9/ ! sky4 ,x 0 all ^! items made up ( l9es 7skyl9e1 outl9e1 & l9es ( p]spective67 :i* rema9$ un*ang$ :5 ! col\rs 7 utt]ly *ang$ by look+ ?r\gh /a9$ glass1 & un*ang$ also :5 ! col\r+ 0 r$uc$ to ! b>e/ mono*rome ( a photograph or a p5cil draw+2 nay rema9$ ! same despite all *anges ( scale 9 t almo/ col\rless pres5tm5t ( !m4 ,^? items ( ! aspect 71 z we all "k1 ,%apes4 ,& ) alt]$ col\rs1 & col\rs dim9i%$ to j en\gh = ea* l9e to deta* itself f its gr\nd1 ^? ,%apes c\ld be contemplat$ & call$ beautiful4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,p]ception ,,( ,,relations ,,:y %\ld ?is be ! case8 ,briefly1 because col\rs 7& s\nds7 z su* are =c$ ^u u by ext]nal /imulation ( our organs ( sight & he>+1 nei!r m nor less ?an v>i\s temp]atures1 textures1 ta/es & smells are =c$ ^u u f )\t ?r\gh ! n]v\s & c]ebral me*anism connect$ ) our sk91 muscle1 palate & nose4 ,:]eas %apes in/ead ( be+ ?us nilly willy se5 or he>d1 are1 at lea/ until we "k !m1 look$ at or li/5$ to1 t is to say tak5 9 or grasp$1 by m5tal & bodily activities :i* meet1 b may also refuse to meet1 ^? s5se /imulations4 ,moreov]1 because ^! m5tal & bodily activities1 be+ our own1 c be rehe>s$ 9 :at we call our memory )\t ! repetition ( ! s5sory /imulations :i* orig9ally />t$ !m1 & ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( diff]5t ones4 ,9 t]ms ( m5tal sci5ce1 col\r & s\nd1 l temp]ature1 texture1 ta/e & smell1 are s5sations2 :ile %ape is1 9 ! mo/ complete s5se1 a p]ception4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 s5sation & p]ception is a te*nicality ( psy*ology2 b ^u x re/s ! :ole "q :y %apes c be contemplat$ & af=d ! satisfaction connect$ ) ! ^w beautiful1 :ile col\rs & s\nds1 except z gr\p$ or gr\pable into %apes1 _c4 ,moreov] ?is di/9ction w prep>e u = und]/&+ ! ma9 fact ( all psy*ological ae/hetics3 namely t ! satisfaction or ! dissatisfaction :i* we get f %apes is satisfaction or dissatisfaction 9 :at are1 directly or indirectly1 activities ( our own4 ,etymologically & lit]ally1 p]ception means ! act ( grasp+ or tak+ 91 & also ! result ( t action4 ,b :5 we ?us p]ceive a %ape1 :at is x precisely t we grasp or take 98 ,at fir/ x might seem to be ! s5sations 9 :i* t =m is embodi$4 ,b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ?is _c be ! case1 s9ce ! s5sations are furni%$ u simply )\t our p]=m+ any act ( p]ception1 ?ru/ on u f outside1 &1 unless our s5sory app>atus & its correlat$ bra9 c5tre 7 out ( ord]1 receiv$ by u passively1 nilly willy1 ! ,man on ! ,hill be+ invad$ by ! s5se ( t blue1 t lilac & t russet exactly z he might h be5 invad$ by ! smell ( ! hay 9 ! fields bel[4 ,no3 :at we grasp or take 9 ?us actively are n ! s5sations !mselves1 b ! relations betwe5 ^! s5sations1 & x is ( ^! relations1 m truly ?an ( ! s5sations !mselves1 t a %ape is1 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 made up4 ,& x is ?is mak+ up ( %apes1 ?is grasp+ or tak+ 9 ( _! con/itu5t relations1 :i* is an active process on our "p1 & "o :i* we c ei!r p]=m or n p]=m4 ,:51 in/ead ( m]ely see+ a col\r1 we look at a %ape1 our eye ceases to be m]ely passive to ! action ( ! v>i\s light-waves1 & becomes active1 & active 9 a m or less complicat$ way2 turn+ its diff]5tly s5sitive portions to meet or avoid ! /imulus1 adju/+ its focus l t ( an op]a glass1 & l an op]a glass1 turn+ x to ! "r or left1 high] or l[]4 ,moreov]1 except 9 deal+ ) v small surfaces1 our eye moves ab\t 9 our head & moves our head1 & sometimes our :ole body1 along ) x4 ,an analog\s active process und\bt$ly di/+ui%es li/5+ f m]e he>+2 & al?\gh psy*o-physiology seems /ill at a loss = ! precise adju/m5ts ( ! inn] e> correspond+ to ! m9ute adju/m5ts ( ! eye1 x is g5]ally recognis$ t auditive att5tion is accompani$ by adju/m5ts ( ! vocal p>ts1 or prep>ations = su* adju/m5ts1 :i* acc\nt = ! impression ( foll[+ a sequ5ce ( notes z we foll[ ! appe>ance ( col\rs & light1 b z we d n foll[1 9 ! s5se ( connect+ by our activity1 consecutive s5sations ( ta/e or smell4 ,besides su* obvi\s or presumable bodily activities requisite = look+ & li/5+ z di/+ui%$ f m]e see+ & he>+1 !re is moreov] 9 all p]ception ( %ape1 z 9 all grasp+ ( mean+1 a m5tal activity involv+ :at are call$ att5tion & memory4 ,a prim] ( ae/hetics is no place = exp\nd+ any ( ! v>i\s psy*ological def9itions ( ei!r ( ^!1 let u call !m1 faculties4 ,besides ,i %\ld pref] t ^! pages deal only ) su* m5tal facts z c be f\nd 9 ! ,read]'s ev]yday 7h[ev] unnotic$7 exp]i5ce1 in/ead ( requir+ = _! detection ! artificial conditions ( specialis$ introspection or laboratory exp]im5t4 ,s ,i %all give to ^? mu* f\ght ov] words att5tion & memory m]ely ! r\gh & ready mean+ ) :i* we are famili> 9 ev]yday language1 & only beg ! ,read] to notice t1 :atev] psy*ologi/s may ev5tually prove or disprove att5tion & memory to be1 ^! two1 let u unsci5tifically call !m faculties1 are :at *iefly di/+ui%es p]ception f s5sation4 ,= in/ance1 9 grasp+ or tak+ /ock ( a visible or an audible %ape we are do+ some?+ ) our att5tion1 or our att5tion is do+ some?+ 9 u3 a travell+ ab\t1 a return+ to />t+ po9ts1 a summ+ up4 ,& a travell+ ab\t n m]ely betwe5 :at is giv5 simultane\sly 9 ! pres5t1 b1 ev5 m1 betwe5 :at has be5 giv5 9 an imm$iately proximate pa/1 & :at we expect to be giv5 9 an imm$iately proximate future2 bo? ( :i*1 ! pa/ :i* is put beh9d u z pa/1 & ! pa/ :i* is project$ =w>ds z future1 necessitate ! activity ( memory4 ,!re is an adju/m5t ( our feel+s z well z our muscles n m]ely to ! pres5t s5sation1 b to ! future "o1 & a buzz ( cont9u+ adju/m5t to ! pa/4 ,!re is a hold+ ov] & a hold+ on1 a react+ backw>ds & =w>ds ( our att5tion1 & q a little drama ( expectation1 fulfilm5t & disappo9tm5t1 or z psy*ologi/s call !m1 ( t5sions & relaxations4 ,& ?is little drama involv$ 9 all look+ or li/5+1 p>ticul>ly 9 all tak+ /ock ( visible or audible 7& ,i may add intellectual or v]bal7 %ape1 has its appropriate accompanim5t ( emotional *anges3 ! ease or difficulty ( und]/&+ produc+ feel+s ( victory or defeat :i* we %all deal ) lat]4 ,& al?\gh ! v>i\s p]ceptive activities rema9 unnotic$ 9 !mselves 7s long z easy & un9t]rupt$71 we become aw>e ( a lapse1 a gap1 :5ev] our m9d's eye 7if n our bodily "o67 neglects to sweep f side to side ( a geometrical figure1 or f c5tre to circumf]5ce1 or aga9 :5ev] our m9d's e> omits foll[+ f "s p>ticul> note to ano!r1 j z :5 we fall asleep = a second dur+ a lecture or s]mon3 we h1 9 common p>lance1 miss$ ! hang ( "s detail or passage4 ,:at we h miss$1 9 t lapse ( att5tion1 is a relation1 ! l5g? & direction ( a l9e1 or ! span ( a musical int]val1 or1 9 ! case ( words1 ! ref]5ces ( n\n & v]b1 ! co-ord9ation ( t5ses ( a v]b4 ,& x is su* relations1 m or less intricate & hi]>*ic1 :i* trans=m :at w\ld o!rwise be mean+less juxtapositions or sequ5ces ( s5sations into ! significant entities :i* c be rememb]$ & recognis$ ev5 :5 _! con/itu5t s5sations are completely alt]$1 namely %apes4 ,to our previ\s =mula t beautiful d5otes satisfaction 9 contemplat+ an aspect1 we c n[ add t an aspect consi/s ( s5sations gr\p$ toge!r into relations by our active1 our rememb]+ & =esee+1 p]ception4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,%ape ,,let u n[ exam9e "s ( ^! relations1 n 9 ! g5ealogical or hi]>*ic ord] assign$ to !m by exp]im5tal psy*ology1 b 9 s f> z !y con/itute ! elem5ts ( %ape1 & m especially z !y illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* ,i want to impress on ! ,read]1 namely3 ,t ! p]ception ( ,%ape dep5ds prim>ily ^u movem5ts :i* we make1 & ! measurem5ts & comp>isons :i* we in/itute4 ,& fir/ we mu/ exam9e m]e ext5sion z su*1 :i* di/+ui%es our active deal+s ) visual & audible s5sations f our passive reception ( ! s5sations ( ta/e & smell4 ,= :ile 9 ! case ( ! latt] a succession ( simil> /imulations affects u z m ta/e ( /rawb]ry or m smell ( rose :5 int]mitt5t1 or z a vague !re is a /rong or fa9t ta/e ( /rawb]ry & a !re is a smell ( lemon fl[]--:5 cont9u\s2 our organ ( sight be+ mobile1 reports n m black on :ite b s _m in*es ( black l9e on a :ite gr\nd1 t is to say reports a c]ta9 ext5sion answ]+ to its own movem5t4 ,?is quality ( ext5sion exi/s also 9 our s\nd-p]ceptions1 al?\gh ! explanation is less evid5t4 ,notes d n inde$ exi/ 7b only s\nd+ bodies & air-vibrations7 9 ! space :i* we call real because our eye & our locomotion co9cide 9 _! acc\nts ( x2 b notes are exp]i5c$1 t is ?\ght & felt1 z exi/+ 9 a sort ( imitation space ( _! own4 ,?is musical space1 z ,m4 ,dauriac has rightly call$ x1 has limits correspond+ ) ^? ( our p[] ( he>+ or reproduc+ notes1 & a c5tral region correspond+ ) our habitual exp]i5ce ( ! human voice2 & 9 ?is musical space notes are exp]i5c$ z mov+ up & d[n & ) a c5trifugal & c5tripetal direction1 & also z exi/+ at def9ite spans or int]vals f "o ano!r2 all ( :i* probably on acc\nt ( presumable muscul> adju/m5ts ( ! inn] & auditive app>atus1 z well z obvi\s s5sations 9 ! vocal p>ts :5 we ourselves produce1 & (t5 :5 we m]ely ?9k (1 !m4 ,9 visual p]ception ! sweep ( ! glance1 t is ! adju/m5t ( ! muscles ( ! inn] eye1 ! out] eye & ( ! head1 is susceptible ( be+ ei!r int]rupt$ or cont9u\s l any o!r muscul> process2 & its cont9uity is :at unites ! m]e successive s5sations ( col\r & light into a unity ( ext5sion1 s t ! same successive col\r-&-light-s5sations c be exp]i5c$ ei!r z "o ext5sion1 or z two or m1 accord+ z ! glance is cont9u\s or int]rupt$2 ! eye's sweep1 :5 n excessive1 t5d+ to cont9uity unless a new direction requires a new muscul> adju/m5t4 ,&1 except 9 ! case ( an ext5sion exce$+ any s+le movem5t ( eye & head1 a new adju/m5t answ]s to :at we call a *ange ( direction4 ,ext5sion !re=e1 z we h =e/all$ ) reg>d to s\nd1 has v>i\s modes1 correspond+ to some?+ belong+ to ourselves3 a middle1 answ]+ to ! middle n ( our field ( vision1 s9ce t itself c be rais$ or l[]$ by a movem5t ( ! head1 b to ! middle ( our body2 & an above & bel[1 a "r & a left ref]able to our body also1 or r to ! adju/m5ts made by eye & head 9 ! attempt to see our own extremities2 =1 z e prim] ( psy*ology w tea* y1 m]e sight & its muscul> adju/m5ts acc\nt only = ! dim5sions ( height 7up & d[n7 & ( bread? 7"r & left7 :ile ! ?ird or cubic dim5sion ( dep? is a highly complex result ( locomotion 9 :i* ,i include preh5sion4 ,& inasmu* z we are deal+ ) aspects & n ) ?+s1 we h z yet no?+ to d ) ?is cubic or ?ird dim5sion1 b are conf9+ ourselves to ! two dim5sions ( ext5sion 9 height & bread?1 :i* are suffici5t = ! exi/5ce1 ! id5tity1 or m correctly ! quiddity1 ( visible %apes4 ,su* a %ape is !re=e1 prim>ily1 a s]ies ( long] or %ort] ext5sions1 giv5 by a sep>ate glance t[>ds1 or away f1 our own c5tre or extremities1 & at "s def9ite angle to our own axis & to ! gr\nd on :i* we /&4 ,b ^! acts ( ext5sion & ori5tation cease to be ?\ght ( z measur$ & ori5tat$1 & inde$ z accompli%$1 by ourselves1 & are translat$ into objective t]ms :5ev] our att5tion is turn$ outw>ds3 ?us we say t ea* l9e is ( a giv5 l5g? & direction1 s or s mu* (f ! horizontal or v]tical4 ,s f> we h e/abli%$ relations only to ourselves4 ,we n[ comp>e ! acts ( ext5sion "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & we also measure ! adju/m5t requisite to pass f "o to ano!r1 cont9u+ to ref] !m all to our own axis & c5tre2 9 ev]yday spee*1 we p]ceive t ! v>i\s l9es are simil> & dissimil> 9 l5g?1 direction & ori5tation4 ,we comp>e2 & comp>+ we comb9e !m 9 ! unity ( our int5tion3 ?\ght ( toge!r !y are ?\ght ( z belong+ toge!r4 ,mean:ile ! process ( su* comp>ison ( ! relation ( ea* l9e ) u to ! analog\s relation to u ( its fell[s1 produces yet fur!r acts ( measurem5t & comp>ison4 ,= 9 go+ f "o ( our l9es to ano!r we become aw>e ( ! pres5ce (--h[ %all ,i express x8--well ( a no?+ betwe5 !m1 :at we call blank space1 because we exp]i5ce a blank ( ! p>ticul> s5sations1 say r$ & black1 ) :i* we are engag$ 9 ^? l9es4 ,betwe5 ! r$ & black s5sations ( ! l9es we are look+ at1 !re w be a possibility ( o!r col\r s5sations1 say ! :ite ( ! pap]1 & ^! :ite s5sations we %all duly receive1 =1 except by %utt+ our eyes1 we c\ld n avoid receiv+ !m4 ,b ?\gh receiv$ ^! :ite s5sations w n be att5d$ to1 because !y are n :at we are busi$ )4 ,we %all be passive t[>ds ! :ite s5sations :ile we are active t[>ds ! black & r$ ones2 we %all n measure ! :ite2 n sweep our glance along x z we d along ! r$ & ! black4 ,& z cet]is p>ibus our t5se aw>5ess ( active /ates always ?r[s into insignificance a passive /ate s&wi*$ betwe5 !m2 s1 b5t z we are ^u our r$ & black ext5sions1 & _! comp>ative l5g?s & directions1 we %all treat ! un9t]e/+ :ite ext5sions z a blank1 a gap1 z t :i* sep>ates ! objects ( our active int]e/1 & takes :at exi/5ce x has = our m9d only f its relation ( sep>at+ ^? int]e/+ actively measur$ & comp>$ l9es4 ,?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 our active p]ception & our m]ely passive s5sation acc\nts = ! fact t e visible %ape is compos$ ( l9es 7or b&s7 measur$ & comp>$ ) ref]5ce to our own ocul> adju/m5ts & our axis & c5tre2 l9es exi/+1 z we express x1 9 blank space1 t is to say space n simil>ly measur$2 l9es1 moreov]1 enclos+ betwe5 ea* o!r m ( ?is blank space1 :i* is n measur$ 9 itself b subject$ to ! measurem5t ( its enclos+ l9es4 ,& simil>ly1 e audible ,%ape consi/s n m]ely ( s\nds enclos+ sil5ce1 b ( he>d tones betwe5 :i* we are aw>e ( ! int]v5+ blank int]val :i* might h be5 occupi$ by ! int]m$i>y tones & semitones4 ,9 o!r words1 visible & audible ,%ape is compos$ ( alt]nations betwe5 active1 t is mov+1 measur+1 ref]r+1 comp>+1 att5tion2 & passive1 t is comp>atively sluggi% reception ( m]e s5sation4 ,?is fact implies ano!r & v important "o1 :i* ,i h inde$ already h9t$ at4 ,if p]ceiv+ %ape means comp>+ l9es 7!y may be b&s1 b we w call !m l9es71 & ! l9es are measur$ only by consecutive eye movem5ts1 !n ! act ( comp>ison evid5tly includes ! co-op]ation1 h[ev] inf9itesimally brief1 ( memory4 ,! two halves ( ?is ,*ipp5dale *air-back exi/ simultane\sly 9 front ( my eyes1 b ,i _c take /ock simultane\sly ( ! l5g?s & ori5tation ( ! curves to ! "r & ! curves ( ! left4 ,i mu/ hold ov] ! image ( "o half1 & unite x1 some:]e 9 :at we call ! m9d--) ! o!r2 nay1 ,i mu/ d ?is ev5 ) ! sep>ate curves con/itut+ ! patt]ns ea* ( :i* is measur$ by a sweep ( ! glance1 ev5 z ,i %\ld measure !m successively by apply+ a tape & !n rememb]+ & comp>+ _! v>i\s l5g?s1 al?\gh ! ocul> process may /& to ! tape-process z a m9ute ( our "t to sev]al hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,?is comes to say+ t ! p]ception ( visible %apes1 ev5 l t ( audible ones1 takes place 9 "t1 & requires !re=e ! co-op]ation ( memory4 ,n[ memory1 p>adoxical z x may s\nd1 practically implies expectation3 ! use ( ! pa/1 to s speak1 is to become t vision>y ?+ we call ! future4 ,h5ce1 :ile we are measur+ ! ext5sion & direction ( "o l9e1 we are n only rememb]+ ! ext5t & direction ( ano!r previ\sly measur$ l9e1 b we are also expect+ a simil>1 or some:at simil>1 act ( measurem5t ( ! next l9e2 ev5 z 9 foll[+ a melody we n only rememb] ! prec$+ tone1 b expect ! succe$+ ones4 ,su* int]play ( pres5t1 pa/ & future is requisite = e k9d ( mean+1 = e unit ( ?\ght2 & among o!rs1 ( ! mean+1 ! ?\ght1 :i* we contemplate "u ! "n ( %ape4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is int]play ( pres5t1 pa/ & future1 t ,wundt c\nts feel+s ( t5sion & relaxation among ! elem5ts ( =m-p]ception4 ,& ! m5tion ( su* feel+s1 i4e4 rudim5ts ( emotion1 br+s u to recognise t ! rememb]+ & =esee+ ( our acts ( measurem5t & ori5tation con/itutes a microscopic psy*ological drama--%all we call x ! drama ( ! ,,s\l ,,molecules8--^: fir/ famili> examples are ^? two peculi>ities ( visible & audible %ape call$ ,symmetry & ,ry?m4 ,bo? ( ^! mean t a measurem5t has be5 made1 & t ! degree ( its span is kept 9 memory to ! ext5t ( our expect+ t ! next act ( measurem5t w be simil>4 ,symmetry exi/s q z mu* 9 ,"t 7h5ce 9 %apes made up ( s\nd-relations7 z 9 ,space2 & ,ry?m1 :i* is commonly ?\ght ( z an especially musical relation1 exi/s z mu* 9 ,space z 9 ,"t2 because ! p]ception ( %ape requires ,"t & movem5t equally :e!r ! relations are betwe5 objectively co-exi/5t & durable m>ks on /one or pap]1 or betwe5 objectively successive & fleet+ s\nd-waves4 ,also because1 :ile ! s+le relations ( l9es & ( s\nds require to be asc]ta9$ successively1 ! comb9ation ( ^? v>i\s s+le relations1 _! relations ) "o ano!r z :ole & p>ts1 require to be grasp$ by an intellectual syn!sis2 z mu* 9 ! case ( notes z 9 ! case ( l9es4 ,if1 9 ei!r case1 we did n rememb] ! fir/ measurem5t :5 we obta9$ ! second1 !re w\ld be no p]ception ( %ape h[ev] elem5t>y2 :i* is ! same z say+ t = an utt]ly oblivi\s m9d !re c\ld be no relation%ips1 & !re=e no mean+4 ,9 ! case ( ,symmetry ! relations are n m]ely ! l5g?s & directions ( ! s+le l9es1 t is to say _! relations to ourselves1 & ! relation e/abli%$ by comp>ison betwe5 ^! s+le l9es2 !re is n[ also ! relation ( bo? to a ?ird1 itself ( c\rse relat$ to ourselves1 inde$1 z reg>ds visible %ape1 usually answ]+ to our own axis4 ,! expectation :i* is liable to fulfill+ or balk+ is !re=e t ( a repetition ( ?is d\ble relation%ip rememb]$ betwe5 ! l5g?s & directions on "o side1 by ! l5g?s & directions on ! o!r2 & ! repetition ( a common relation to a c5tral item4 ,! case ( ,,ry?m is m complex4 ,=1 al?\gh we usually ?9k ( ,ry?m z a relation ( two items1 x is 9 reality a relation ( f\r 7or m 72 because :at we rememb] & expect is a mixture ( simil>ity ) dissimil>ity betwe5 l5g?s1 directions or impacts4 ,,or ,,impacts4 ,= ) ,ry?m we come to ano!r po9t illu/rative ( ! fact t all %ape-elem5ts dep5d ^u our own activity & its modes4 ,a ry?mical arrangem5t is n necess>ily "o betwe5 objectively alt]nat$ elem5ts l objectively long] or %ort] l9es ( a patt]n1 or objectively high] or l[] or long] & %ort] notes4 ,ry?m exi/s equally :]e ! objective data1 ! s5se /imulations1 are uni=m1 z is ! case ) ! ticks ( a clock4 ,^! ticks w\ld be regi/]$ z exactly simil> by appropriate in/rum5ts4 ,b our m9d is n su* an impassive in/rum5t3 our m9d 7:atev] our m9d may really be7 is subject to an alt]nation ( m & less1 ( vivid & less vivid1 important & less important1 ( /rong & weak2 & ! objectively simil> /imulations f outside1 ( s\nd or col\r or light1 are p]ceiv$ z vivid or less vivid1 important or less important1 accord+ to ! beat ( ?is mutual alt]nation ) :i* !y co9cide3 ?us ! uni=m1 tick+ ( ! clock w be p]ceiv$ by u z a succession 9 :i* ! /ress1 t is ! importance1 is ?r[n ^u ! fir/ or ! second memb] ( a gr\p2 & ! recollection & expectation are !re=e ( a unity ( dissimil> importance4 ,we he> ,,/rong-,,weak2 & rememb]+ /rong-weak1 we make a new /rong-weak out ( t objective uni=mity4 ,"h !re is no objective reason = "o ry?m m ?an ano!r2 & we express ?is by say+ t ! tick+s ( a clock h no intr9sic =m4 ,= ,=m1 or z ,i pref] to call x1 ,%ape1 al?\gh x exi/s only 9 ! m9d capable ( e/abli%+ & correlat+ its con/itu5t relation%ips1 takes an objective exi/5ce :5 ! mat]ial /imulations f ! out] _w are su* z to =ce all normally con/itut$ m9ds to ! same s]ies & comb9ations ( p]ceptive acts2 a fact :i* expla9s :y ! arti/ c transmit ! %apes exi/+ 9 8 own m9d to ! m9d ( a behold] or he>] by comb9+ c]ta9 objective /imulations1 say ^? ( pigm5ts on pap] or ( s\nd vibrations 9 "t1 s z to provoke p]ceptive activities simil> to ^? :i* w\ld1 cet]is p>ibus1 h be5 provok$ 9 himself if t %ape _h n exi/$ fir/ ( all only 9 8 m9d4 ,a fur!r illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple t %ape-p]ception is a comb9ation ( active measurem5ts & comp>isons1 & ( remembrance & expectations1 is f\nd 9 a fact :i* has v great importance 9 all arti/ic deal+s ) %apes4 ,i h spok51 = simplicity's1 sake1 z if ! pat*es ( col\r on a blank 7i4e4 un9t]e/+7 gr\nd along :i* ! glance sweeps1 7 inv>iably contigu\s & cont9u\s4 ,b ^! col\r pat*es1 & ! s5sations !y af=d u1 are j z (t51 discont9u\s 9 ! highe/ degree2 & ! l9es con/itut+ a %ape may1 z = in/ance 9 con/ellations1 be entirely imag9>y4 ,! fact is t :at we feel z a l9e is n an objective cont9uity ( col\r-or-light-pat*es1 b ! cont9uity ( our glance's sweep :i* may ei!r accompany ?is objective cont9uity or replace x4 ,inde$ su* imag9>y l9es ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 isolat$ col\r pat*es1 are sometimes felt z m vividly exi/+ ?an real ones1 because ! glance is n oblig$ to take /ock ( _! p>ts1 b c ru% freely f extreme po9t to extreme po9t4 ,moreov] n only half ! effectiv5ess ( design1 b m ?an half ! effici5cy ( practical life1 is due to our e/abli%+ su* imag9>y l9es4 ,we are inevitably & p]petually divid+ visual space 7& some?+ ( ! sort happ5s also ) musical space7 by objectively non-exi/5t l9es answ]+ to our own bodily ori5tation4 ,e c\rse1 e trajectory1 is ( ?is sort4 ,& e draw+ execut$ by an arti/1 e l&scape1 (f]$ u by ,nature1 is felt1 because x is measur$1 ) ref]5ce to a set ( imag9>y horizontals or p]p5dicul>s4 ,:ile1 z ,i rememb] ! late ,mr ,g4 ,f4 ,watts %[+ me1 e curve :i* we look at is felt z be+ "p ( an imag9>y circle into :i* x c\ld be prolong$4 ,our sum ( measur+ & comp>+ activities1 & also our dramas ( remembrance & expectation1 are !re=e multipli$ by ^! imag9>y l9es1 :e!r !y connect1 con/ellation-wise1 a few isolat$ col\r indications1 or :e!r !y are e/abli%$ z /&>ds ( ref]5ce 7horizontals1 v]ticals1 etc47 = o!r really exi/+ l9es2 or :e!r aga9 !y be ?\ght (1 l ^? circles1 z :oles ( :i* objectively p]ceiv$ s]ies ( col\r pat*es might possibly be p>ts4 ,9 all ^! cases imag9>y l9es are felt1 z exi/+1 inasmu* z we feel ! movem5t by :i* we br+ !m into exi/5ce1 & ev5 feel t su* a movem5t might be made by u :5 x is n4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 ,i h dealt ) ^! imag9>y l9es only z an additional pro( t %ape-p]ception is an e/abli%m5t ( two dim5sional relation%ips1 ?r\gh our own activities1 & an active rememb]+1 =esee+ & comb9+ !re(4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,facility ,,& ,,difficulty ,,( ,,grasp+ ,,( ?is we get fur!r pro( :5 we proce$ to ano!r & less elem5t>y relation%ip impli$ 9 ! p]ception ( %ape3 ! relation ( ,:ole & ,p>ts4 ,9 deal+ ) ! gr\nd ^u :i* we p]ceive our r$ & black pat*es to be ext5d$1 ,i h already po9t$ out t our op]ations ( measur+ & comp>+ are n appli$ to all ! pat*es ( col\r :i* we actually see1 b only to su* z we look at2 an obs]vation equally applicable to s\nds4 ,9 o!r words our att5tion selects c]ta9 s5sations1 & limits to ^! all t e/abli%+ ( relations1 all t measur+ & comp>+1 all t rememb]+ & expect+2 ! o!r s5sations be+ exclud$4 ,n[1 :ile :atev] is ?us m]ely se51 b n look$ at1 is exclud$ z s mu* blank or o!rness2 :atev] is1 on ! contr>y1 includ$ is !reby cr$it$ ) ! quality ( belong+1 t is to say be+ includ$1 toge!r4 ,& ! m ! att5tion alt]nates betwe5 ! measur+ ( includ$ ext5sions & directions & ! expectation ( equival5t 7symmetrical or ry?mical7 ext5sions or directions or /resses1 ! clos] w become ! relation ( ^! items includ$ by our att5tion & ! m =eign w become ! exclud$ o!rness f :i*1 z we feel1 !y deta* !mselves4 ,b--by an amus+ p>adox--^! l9es measur$ & comp>$ by our att5tion1 are !mselvesnot only exclud+ s mu* o!rness or blank2 !y also t5d1 s soon z ref]r$ to "o ano!r1 to include "s ( ?is un9t]e/+ blankness2 & x is across ?is m or less completely includ$ blankness t ! eye 7& ! imag9ation67 draw su* imag9>y l9es z ,i h po9t$ out ) ref]5ce to ! con/ellations4 ,?us a circle1 say ( r$ pat*es1 excludes "s ( ! :ite pap] on :i* x is drawn2 b x includes or encloses ! re/4 ,place a r$ pat* some:]e on t enclos$ blank2 our glance & att5tion w n[ play n m]ely along ! r$ circumf]5ce1 b to & fro betwe5 ! r$ circumf]5ce & ! r$ pat*1 !reby e/abli%+ imag9>y b ?or\ghly measur$ & comp>$ l9es betwe5 ! two4 ,draw a r$ l9e f ! r$ pat* to ! r$ circumf]5ce2 y w beg9 expect+ simil> l5g?s on ! o!r sides ( ! r$ pat*1 & y w become aw>e t ^! imag9>y l9es are1 or are n1 equal2 9 o!r words1 t ! r$ pat* is1 or is n1 equidi/ant f e po9t ( ! r$ circumf]5ce4 ,& if ! r$ pat* is n ?us 9 ! middle1 y w expect1 & imag9e ano!r pat* :i* is2 & f ?is imag9>y c5tre y w draw imag9>y l9es1 t is y w make by no means imag9>y glance-sweeps1 to ! r$ circumf]5ce4 ,?us y may g on add+ real r$ l9es & imag9>y l9es connect+ !m ) ! circumf]5ce2 & ! m y d s ! m y w feel t all ^! real l9es & imag9>y l9es & all ! blank space :i* ! latt] measure1 are connect$1 or susceptible ( be+ connect$1 clos] & clos]1 e occasional excursion beyond ! b\nd>y only br++ y back ) an increas$ feel+ ( ?is int]connexion1 & an increas$ expectation ( realis+ x 9 fur!r details4 ,b if on "o ( ^! glance-flick+s beyond ! circumf]5ce1 y\r att5tion is caught by "s col\r pat* or s]ies ( col\r pat*es outside ( x1 y w ei!r cease be+ int]e/$ 9 ! circle & w&] away to ! new col\r pat*es2 or m probably1 try to connect t outly+ col\r ) ! circle & its radii2 or aga9 fail+ t1 y w ov]look x1 z1 9 a patt]n ( conc5tric circles y ov]look a col\r b& :i*1 z y express x has no?+ to d ) x1 t is ) :at y are look+ at4 ,or aga9 li/5+ to4 ,= if a *ur*-bell mixes its tones & ry?m ) t ( a symphony y are li/5+ to1 y may try & br+ !m 91 make a place = !m1 expect !m among ! o!r tones or ry?ms4 ,fail+ :i* y w1 aft] a second or two1 cease to notice ^? bells1 cease to li/5 to !m1 giv+ all y\r att5tion once m to ! sonor\s :ole :5ce y h expell$ ^? intrud]s2 or else1 aga91 ! intrusion w become an int]ruption1 & ! bells1 once li/5$ to1 w prev5t y\r li/5+ adequately to ! symphony4 ,moreov]1 if ! numb] ( ext5sions1 directions1 real or imag9>y l9es or musical int]vals1 alt]nations ( some?+ & no?+1 prove too great = y\r p[]s ( measurem5t & comp>ison1 p>ticul>ly if x all surpass y\r habitual int]play ( recollection & expectation1 y w say 7z be=e an ov] intricate patt]n or a piece ( music ( unfamili> h>monies & ry?m7 t y c't grasp x--t y miss ! hang ( x4 ,& :at y w feel is t y _c keep ! p>ts )9 ! :ole1 t ! b\nd>y vani%es1 t :at has be5 includ$ unites ) ! exclud$1 9 fact t all %ape welt]s into *aos4 ,& z if to prove once m ! tru? ( our g5]al pr9ciple1 y w h a hateful feel+ ( hav+ be5 trifl$ )4 ,:at has be5 balk$ & wa/$ are all y\r v>i\s activities ( measur+1 comp>+ & co-ord9at+2 :at has be5 trifl$ ) are y\r expectations4 ,& s f> f contemplat+ ) satisfaction ! objective cause ( all ?is vexation & disappo9tm5t1 y w avoid contemplat+ x at all1 & expla9 y\r avoidance by call+ t *aotic or futile assemblage ( l9es or ( notes ugly4 ,we seem ?us to h got a good way 9 our explanation2 & inde$ ! old] psy*ology1 = in/ance ( ! late ,grant ,all51 did n get any fur!r4 ,b to expla9 :y a %ape difficult to p]ceive %\ld be dislik$ & call$ ugly1 by no means am\nts to expla9+ :y "s o!r %ape %\ld be lik$ & call$ beautiful1 p>ticul>ly z "s ugly %apes happ5 to be f> easi] to grasp ?an "s beautiful ones4 ,! ,read] w inde$ rememb] t !re is a special pleasure atta*$ to all ov]com+ ( difficulty1 & to all und]/&+4 ,b ?is d\ble pleasure is %>$ ) =m-p]ception by e o!r successful grasp+ ( mean+2 & !re is no reason :y t pleasure %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! "o case m ?an 9 ! o!r2 nor :y we %\ld repeat look+ at 7:i* is :at we mean by contemplat+7 a %ape once we h grasp$ x1 any m ?an we cont9ue to dwell on1 to reit]ate ! m5tal processes by :i* we h work$ out a geometrical proposition or unravell$ a metaphysical crux4 ,! s5se ( victory ends v soon aft] ! s5se ( ! difficulty ov]come2 ! s5se ( illum9ation ends ) ! acquisition ( a piece ( in=mation2 & we pass on to "s new ob/acle & "s new riddle4 ,b x is diff]5t 9 ! case ( :at we call ,beautiful4 ,beautiful means satisfactory = contemplation1 i4e4 = reit]at$ p]ception2 & ! v ess5ce ( contemplative satisfaction is its desire = su* reit]ation4 ,! old] psy*ology w\ld p]haps h expla9$ ?is reit]ative t5d5cy by ! pleasurabl5ess ( ! s5sory elem5ts1 ! m]e col\rs & s\nds ( :i* ! easily p]ceiv$ %ape is made up4 ,b ?is does n expla9 :y1 giv5 t o!r %apes are made up ( equally agreeable s5sory elem5ts1 we %\ld n pass on f a once p]ceiv$ %ape or comb9ation ( %apes to a new "o1 ?us obta9+1 9 addition to ! s5sory agreeabl5ess ( col\r or s\nd1 a con/antly new output ( t feel+ ( victory & illum9ation att5dant on e successful intellectual ef=t4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 see+ t pa9t+ & music employ s5sory elem5ts already select$ z agreeable1 we ought nev] to wi% to see ! same picture twice1 or to cont9ue look+ at x2 we ought nev] to wi% to repeat ! same piece ( music or its sep>ate phrases2 /ill less to *]i% t picture or piece ( music 9 our memory1 go+ ov] & ov] aga9 z mu* ( its %ape z _h become our p]man5t possession4 ,we return !re=e to ! fact t al?\gh balk$ p]ception is en\gh to make u reject a %ape z ugly1 i4e4 su* t we avoid ent]+ into contemplation ( x1 easy p]ception is by no means suffici5t to make u *]i% a %ape z beautiful1 i4e4 su* t ! reit]ation ( our drama ( p]ception becomes desirable4 ,& we %all h to exam9e :e!r !re may n be "s o!r factor ( %ape-p]ception :]e) to acc\nt = ?is pref]5ce ( reit]at$ look+ at ! same to look+ at some?+ else4 ,mean:ile we may add to our set ( =mulae3 difficulty 9 %ape-p]ception makes contemplation disagreeable & impossible1 & h5ce e>ns = aspects ! adjective ugly4 ,b facility 9 p]ception1 l agreeabl5ess ( s5sation by no means suffices = satisfi$ contemplation1 & h5ce = ! use ( ! adjective ,beautiful4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,subject ,,& ,,object ,,b be=e proce$+ to ?is additional factor 9 %ape-p]ception1 namely t ( ,empa?ic ,int]pretation1 ,i require to =e/all an objection :i* my ,read] has d\btless be5 mak+ ?r\gh\t my la/ *apt]s2 m p>ticul>ly t 9 cle>+ away ! gr\nd ( ?is objection ,i %all be able to lay ! f\ndations ( my fur!r edifice ( explanation4 ,! objection is ?is3 if ! man on ! hill 0 aw>e ( p]=m+ any1 let alone all1 ( ! v>i\s op]ations describ$ z con/itut+ %ape-p]ception1 nei!r t man nor any o!r human be+ w\ld be able to enjoy ! %apes ?us p]ceiv$4 ,my answ] is3 ,:5 did ,i say or imply t he 0 aw>e ( do+ any ( x8 ,x is n only possible1 b extremely common1 to p]=m processes )\t be+ aw>e ( p]=m+ !m4 ,! man 0 n aw>e1 = in/ance1 ( mak+ eye adju/m5ts & eye movem5ts1 unless inde$ 8 sight 0 out ( ord]4 ,yet 8 eye movem5ts c\ld h be5 c9ematograph$1 & 8 eye adju/m5ts h be5 describ$ m9utely 9 a doz5 treatises4 ,he 0 no m aw>e ( do+ any measur+ or comp>+ ?an we are aw>e ( do+ our dige/ion or circulation1 except :5 we d !m badly4 ,b j z we are aw>e ( our dige/ive & circulatory processes 9 ! s5se ( be+ aw>e ( ! animal spirits result+ f _! adequate p]=mance1 s he 0 aw>e ( 8 measur+ & comp>+1 inasmu* z he 0 aw>e t ! l9e ,a--,b 0 long] ?an ! l9e ,c--,d1 or t ! po9t ,e 0 half an in* to ! left ( ! po9t ,f4 ,= s long z we are nei!r exam9+ into ourselves1 nor call$ ^u to make a *oice betwe5 two possible proce$+s1 nor =c$ to d or suff] some?+ difficult or di/ress+1 9 fact s long z we are att5d+ to :atev] absorbs our att5tion & n to our processes ( att5d+1 ^? processes are replac$ 9 our aw>5ess by ! v facts--= in/ance ! proportions & relations ( l9es--result+ f _! activity4 ,t ^! results %\ld n resemble _! cause1 t m5tal elem5ts 7z !y are call$7 %\ld appe> & disappe>1 & also comb9e into unacc\ntable comp\nds 7,br[n+'s n a ?ird s\nd1 b a />7 accord+ z we att5d to !m1 is inde$ ! besett+ difficulty ( a sci5ce c>ri$ on by ! v processes :i* x /udies4 ,b x is s because x is "o ( ,psy*ology's basic facts4 ,&1 s f> z we are at pres5t conc]n$1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 m5tal processes & _! results is ! fact ^u :i* psy*ological ae/hetics are bas$4 ,& x is n 9 ord] to conv]t ! ,man on ! ,hill to belief 9 8 own acts ( %ape-p]ception1 nor ev5 to expla9 :y he 0 n aw>e ( !m1 t ,i am insi/+ ^u ?is po9t4 ,! pr9ciple ,i h be5 exp\nd+1 let u call x t ( ! m]g+ ( ! p]ceptive activities ( ! subject 9 ! qualities ( ! object ( p]ception1 expla9s ano!r & q z important m5tal process :i* 0 go+ on 9 t unsuspect+ man4 ,b be=e proce$+ to t ,i mu/ make x cle>] h[ t man /ood 9 ! matt] ( aw>5ess ( himself4 ,he 01 inde$1 aw>e ( himself :5ev]1 dur+ 8 contemplation ( t l&scape1 ! ?\ght arose1 well1 ,i mu/ be go+ away1 & p]haps ,i %an't see ?is place aga9--or "s inf9itely abbreviat$ =m1 p]haps a m]e sket*$ out ge/ure ( turn+ away1 accompani$ by a slight feel+ ( cl++1 he c\ldn't = ! life ( him say 9 :at "p ( 8 body4 ,he 0 at t mom5t acutely aw>e t he did n want to d some?+ :i* x 0 optional to d4 ,or1 if he acquiesc$ passively 9 ! necessity ( go+ away1 aw>e t he want$ to come back1 or at all ev5ts want$ to c>ry (f z mu* z possible ( :at he _h se54 ,9 %ort he 0 aw>e ( himself ei!r mak+ ! ef=t ( te>+ himself away1 or1 if "s o!r p]son or m]e habit1 sav$ him ?is ef=t1 he 0 aw>e ( himself mak+ ano!r ef=t to impress t l&scape on 8 memory1 & aw>e ( a future self mak+ an ef=t to return to x4 ,i call x ef=t2 y may1 if y pref]1 call x w2 at all ev5ts ! man 0 aw>e ( himself z nom9ative ( a v]b to cl+ to1 79 ! future t5se7 return to1 to *oose z aga9/ "s o!r alt]native2 z nom9ative ( a v]b briefly1 to l or love4 ,& ! accusative ( ^! v]bs w\ld be ! l&scape4 ,b unless ! man's contemplation 0 ?us %ot ) simil> ideas ( "s action or *oice ( 8 own1 he w\ld express ! situation by say+ ?is l&scape is awfully beautiful4 ,?is ,,is4 ,i want y to notice ! =mula1 by :i* ! l&scape1 ceas+ to be ! accusative ( ! man's look+ & ?9k+1 becomes ! nom9ative ( a v]b to be s-&-s4 ,t grammatical trans=mation is ! sign ( :at ,i h designat$1 9 philosophical language1 z ! m]g+ ( ! activities ( ! subject 9 ! object4 ,x takes place already 9 ! doma9 ( simple s5sation :5ev]1 in/ead ( say+ ,i ta/e or ,i smell some?+ nice or na/y we say--?is ?+ ta/es or smells nice or na/y4 ,& ,i h n[ %[n y h[ ?is t5d5cy to put ! c>t be=e ! horse increases :5 we pass to ! m complex & active processes call$ p]ception2 turn+ ,i measure ?is l9e--,i comp>e ^! two angles into ?is l9e ext5ds f ,a to ,b--^! two angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,b be=e gett+ to ! f9al inv]sion--?is l&scape is beautiful in/ead ( ,i l ?is l&scape--!re is yet ano!r1 & f> m curi\s m]g+ ( ! subject's activities 9 ! qualities ( ! object4 ,?is fur!r putt+ ( ! c>t be=e ! horse 7&1 y w see1 attribut+ to ! c>t :at only ! horse c be do+67 falls "u ! head ( :at ,g]man psy*ologi/s call ,e9fhlung1 or ,infeel+--:i* ,pr(4 ,tit*5] has translat$ ,empa?y4 ,n[ ?is new1 & comp>atively newly discov]$ elem5t 9 our p]ception ( %ape is ! "o to :i*1 leav+ out ( acc\nt ! pleasantness ( m]e col\r & s\nd s5sations z su*1 we probably owe ! bulk ( :atev] satisfaction we connect ) ! ^w ,beautiful4 ,& ,i h already giv5 ! ,read] an example ( su* ,empa?y :5 ,i describ$ ! l&scape se5 by ! man on ! hill z consi/+ ( a skyl9e dropp+ d[n m]ely to ru% up aga9 9 rapid concave curves2 to :i* ,i might h add$ t !re 0 also a pla9 :i* ext5d$1 a valley :i* w\nd along1 pa?s :i* climb$ & roads :i* foll[$ ! undulations ( ! l&4 ,b ! be/ example 0 :5 ,i said t opposite to ! man !re 0 a di/ant m\nta9 ris+ aga9/ ! sky4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,empa?y ,,! m\nta9 rises4 ,:at d we mean :5 we employ ?is =m ( words8 ,"s m\nta9s1 we are told1 h orig9at$ 9 an upheaval4 ,b ev5 if ?is p>ticul> m\nta9 did1 we nev] saw x & geologi/s are /ill disput+ ab\t ,,h[ & ,,:e!r4 ,s ! ris+ we are talk+ ab\t is evid5tly n t probable or improbable upheaval4 ,on ! o!r h& all geologi/s tell u t e m\nta9 is und]go+ a /eady l[]+ ?r\gh its p>ticles be+ wea!r$ away & wa%$ d[n2 & our k ( l&slips & avalan*es %[s u t ! m\nta91 s f> f ris+1 is desc5d+4 ,( c\rse we all "k t1 objects ! ,read]1 & ( c\rse nobody imag9es t ! rock & ! e>? ( ! m\nta9 is ris+1 or t ! m\nta9 is gett+ up or gr[+ tall]6 ,all we mean is t ! m\nta9 looks z if x 7 ris+4 ,! m\nta9 looks6 ,surely "h is a case ( putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,no2 we _c expla9 ! m\nta9 ris+ by ! m\nta9 look+1 = ! only look+ 9 ! bus9ess is our look+ at ! m\nta94 ,& if ! ,read] objects aga9 t ^! are all figures ( spee*1 ,i %all answ] t ,empa?y is :at expla9s :y we employ figures ( spee* at all1 & occasionally employ !m1 z 9 ! case ( ?is ris+ m\nta91 :5 we "k p]fectly well t ! figure we h *os5 expresses ! exact rev]se ( ! objective tru?4 ,v well2 !n1 7says ! ,read]7 we w avoid all figures ( spee* & say m]ely3 :5 we look at ! m\nta9 we someh[ or o!r ?9k ( ! action ( ris+4 ,is t suffici5tly lit]al & indisputable8 ,s lit]al & indisputable a /atem5t ( ! case1 ,i answ]1 t x expla9s1 :5 we come to exam9e x1 :y we h said t ! m\nta9 rises4 ,= if ! ,read] rememb]s my *apt] on %ape-p]ception1 he w h no difficulty 9 answ]+ :y we %\ld h a ?\ght ( ris+ :5 we look at ! m\nta91 s9ce we _c look at ! m\nta91 nor at a tree1 a t[] or any?+ ( :i* we simil>ly say t x rises1 )\t lift+ our glance1 rais+ our eye & probably rais+ our head & neck1 all ( :i* rais+ & lift+ unites into a g5]al aw>5ess ( some?+ ris+4 ,! ris+ ( :i* we are aw>e is go+ on 9 u4 ,b1 z ! ,read] w rememb] also1 :5 we are engross$ by some?+ outside ourselves1 z we are engross$ 9 look+ at ! %ape 7= we c look at only ! %ape1 n ! sub/ance7 ( t m\nta9 we cease ?9k+ ab\t ourselves1 & cease ?9k+ ab\t ourselves exactly 9 proportion z we are ?9k+ ( ! m\nta9's %ape4 ,:at becomes !re=e ( our aw>5ess ( rais+ or lift+ or ris+8 ,:at c become ( x 7s long z x cont9ues to be !re67 except t x coalesces ) ! %ape we are look+ at2 9 %ort t ! ris+ cont9u+ to be ?\ght1 b no long] to be ?\ght ( ) ref]5ce to ourselves 7s9ce we ar5't ?9k+ ( ourselves71 is ?\ght ( 9 ref]5ce to :at we are ?9k+ ab\t1 namely ! m\nta91 or r ! m\nta9's %ape1 :i* is1 s to speak1 responsible = any ?\ght ( ris+1 s9ce x obliges u to lift1 raise or rise ourselves 9 ord] to take /ock ( x4 ,x is a case exactly analog\s to our transf]r+ ! measur+ done by our eye to ! l9e ( :i* we say t x ext5ds f ,a to ,b1 :5 9 reality ! only ext5d+ has be5 ! ext5d+ ( our glance4 ,x is a case ( :at ,i h call$ ! t5d5cy to m]ge ! activities ( ! p]ceiv+ subject ) ! qualities ( ! p]ceiv$ object4 ,inde$ if ,i insi/$ s mu* ^u ?is t5d5cy ( our m9d1 ,i did s l>gely because ( its be+ at ! bottom ( ! ph5om5on ( ,empa?y1 z we h j se5 x exemplifi$ 9 ! m\nta9 :i* rises4 ,if ?is is ,empa?y1 says ! ,read] 7reliev$ & reassur$71 am ,i to und]/& t ,empa?y is no?+ beyond attribut+ :at goes on 9 u :5 we look at a %ape to ! %ape itself8 ,i am sorry t ! matt] is by no means s simple6 ,if :at we attribut$ to ea* s+le %ape 0 only ! precise action :i* we happ5 to be accompli%+ 9 ! process ( look+ at x1 ,empa?y w\ld inde$ be a simple bus9ess1 b x w\ld also be a comp>atively poor "o4 ,no4 ,! ris+ ( ! m\nta9 is an idea />t$ by ! aw>5ess ( our own lift+ or rais+ ( our eyes1 head or neck1 & x is an idea conta9+ ! aw>5ess ( t lift+ or rais+4 ,b x is f> m ?an ! idea m]ely ( t lift+ or rais+ :i* we are do+ at ?is p>ticul> pres5t mom5t & 9 connexion ) ?is p>ticul> m\nta94 ,t pres5t & p>ticul> rais+ & lift+ is m]ely ! nucleus to :i* gravitates our remembrance ( all simil> acts ( rais+1 or ris+4 :i* we h ev] accompli%$ or se5 accompli%$1 rais+ or ris+ n only ( our eyes & head1 b ( e o!r "p ( our body1 & ( e "p ( e o!r body :i* we ev] p]ceiv$ to be ris+4 ,& n m]ely ! ?\ght ( pa/ ris+ b ! ?\ght also ( future ris+4 ,all ^! ris+s1 done by ourselves or wat*$ 9 o!rs1 actually exp]i5c$ or m]ely imag9$1 h long s9ce unit$ toge!r 9 our m9d1 con/itut+ a sort ( composite photograph :5ce all diff]5ces are elim9at$ & :]e9 all simil>ities are fus$ & int5sifi$3 ! g5]al idea ( ris+1 n ,i rise1 rose1 w rise1 x rises1 has ris5 or w rise b m]ely ris+ z su*1 ris+ z x is express$ n 9 any p>ticul> t5se or p]son ( ! v]b to rise1 b 9 t v]b's inf9itive4 ,x is ?is univ]sally applicable notion ( ris+1 :i* is />t$ 9 our m9d by ! aw>5ess ( ! p>ticul> pres5t acts ( rais+ or ris+ involv$ 9 our look+ at t m\nta91 & x is ?is g5]al idea ( ris+1 i4e4 ( upw>d movem5t1 :i* gets transf]r$ to ! m\nta9 along ) our own p>ticul> pres5t activity ( rais+ "s "p ( u1 & :i* ?ick5s & enri*es & m>ks t poor little ?\ght ( a def9ite rais+ ) ! int]e/1 ! emotional fullness ga!r$ & /or$ up 9 its long manifold exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r words3 :at we are transf]r+ 7ow+ to t t5d5cy to m]ge ! activities ( ! p]ceiv+ subject ) ! qualities ( ! p]ceiv$ object7 f ourselves to ! look$ at %ape ( ! m\nta91 is n m]ely ! ?\ght ( ! ris+ :i* is really be+ done by u at t mom5t1 b ! ?\ght & emotion1 ! idea ( ris+ z su* :i* _h be5 accumulat+ 9 our m9d long be=e we ev] came into ! pres5ce ( t p>ticul> m\nta94 ,& x is ?is complex m5tal process1 by :i* we 7all unsuspect+ly7 inve/ t in]t m\nta91 t bodiless %ape1 ) ! /or$ up & av]ag$ & ess5tial modes ( our activity--x is ?is process :]eby we make ! m\nta9 raise itself1 :i* con/itutes :at1 accept+ ,pr(4 ,tit*5]'s translation99 ( ! ,g]man ^w ,e9fhlung1 ,i h call$ ,empa?y4 99 ,f en & pas*o1 epa?on4 ,! ,g]man ^w ,e9fhlung feel+ into--d]iv$ f a v]b to feel oneself into some?+ 7si* 9 ,etwas e9 fhl57 0 9 curr5t use ev5 be=e ,lotze & ,viscb] appli$ x to ae/hetics1 & "s ye>s be=e ,lipps 7#ahig7 & ,wundt 7#aijc7 adopt$ x into psy*ological t]m9ology2 & z x is n[ consecrat$1 & no bett] occurs to me1 ,i h _h to adopt x1 al?\gh ! lit]al connotations ( ! ,g]man ^w h surr\nd$ its c5tral mean+ 7z ,i h j def9$ x7 ) sev]al mis*iev\s mis9t]pretations4 ,aga9/ two ( ^! ,i ?9k x wor? :ile to w>n ! ,read]1 especially z1 :ile s do+1 ,i c1 9 %[+ :at x is n1 make x ev5 cle>] :at ,empa?y really is4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two ma9 mis9t]pretations is bas$ ^u ! reflexive =m ( ! ,g]man v]b si* e9fhl5 7to feel oneself into7 & x def9es1 or r does n def9e1 ,empa?y z a metaphysical & quasi-my?ological projection ( ! ego into ! object or %ape "u obs]vation2 a notion incompatible ) ! fact t ,empa?y1 be+ only ano!r ( ^? v>i\s m]g+s ( ! activities ( ! p]ceiv+ subject ) ! qualities ( ! p]ceiv$ object :]e) we h already dealt1 dep5ds ^u a comp>ative or mom5t>y abeyance ( all ?\ght ( an ego2 if we became aw>e t x is we :o are ?9k+ ! ris+1 we :o are feel+ ! ris+1 we %\ld n ?9k or feel t ! m\nta9 did ! ris+4 ,! o!r 7& z we %all lat] see7 m ju/ifiable mis9t]pretation ( ! ^w ,empa?y is bas$ on its analogy ) sympa?y1 & turns x into a k9d ( sympa!tic1 or z x has be5 call$1 inn]1 i4e4 m]ely felt1 mimicry (1 = in/ance1 ! m\nta9's ris+4 ,su* mimicry1 n only inn] & felt1 b outw>dly manifold1 does und\bt$ly (t5 result f v lively empa?ic imag9ation4 ,b z x is ! mimick+1 inn] or out]1 ( movem5ts & actions :i*1 l ! ris+ ( ! m\nta91 take place only 9 our imag9ation1 x presupposes su* previ\s animation ( ! inanimate1 & _c !re=e be tak5 ei!r z con/itut+ or expla9+ ,empa?y itself4 ,su* z ,i h def9$ & exemplifi$ x 9 our ,ris+ ,m\nta91 ,empa?y is1 toge!r ) m]e ,s5sation1 probably ! *ief factor ( pref]5ce1 t is ( an alt]native ( satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 9 ae/hetic contemplation1 ! muscul> adju/m5ts & ! measur+1 comp>+ & coord9at+ activities by :i* ,empa?y is />t$1 be+ inde$ occasionally difficult & di/ress+1 b giv+ 9 !mselves little m ?an a negative satisfaction1 at ! mo/ t ( difficulty ov]come & susp5se reliev$4 ,b al?\gh n[h]e s fo/]$ z 9 ! contemplation ( %apes1 ,empa?y exi/s or t5ds to exi/ ?r\gh\t our m5tal life4 ,x is1 inde$1 "o ( our simpl]1 ?\gh f> f absolutely elem5t>y1 psy*ological processes1 ent]+ into :at is call$ imag9ation1 sympa?y1 & also into t inf]5ce f our own inn] exp]i5ce :i* has %ap$ all our conceptions ( an out] _w1 & giv5 to ! int]mitt5t & het]og5e\s s5sations receiv$ f )\t ! framework ( our con/ant & highly unifi$ inn] exp]i5ce1 t is to say1 ( our own activities & aims4 ,empa?y c be trac$ 9 all ( modes ( spee* & ?\ght1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! univ]sal attribution ( do+ & hav+ & t5d+ :]e all we c really ass]t is successive & v>i$ be+4 ,sci5ce has inde$ expla9$ away ! an?ropomorphic implications ( ,=ce & ,en]gy1 ,attraction & ,repulsion2 & philosophy has r$uc$ ,cause & ,effect f imply+ int5tion & ef=t to mean+ m]e con/ant succession4 ,b ,empa?y /ill helps u to _m valuable analogies2 & x is possible t )\t its con/antly *eck$ b con/antly r5ew$ action1 human ?\ght w\ld be )\t logical cog5cy1 z x c]ta9ly w\ld be )\t poetical *>m4 ,inde$ if ,empa?y is s rec5t a discov]y1 ?is may be due to its be+ "p & p>cel ( our ?9k+2 s t we are surpris$ to le>n its exi/5ce1 z ,molire's good man 0 to he> t be talk$ prose4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,l9es ,,any t5d5cy to ,empa?y is p]petually be+ *eck$ by ! ne$ = practical ?9k+4 ,we are made to ?9k 9 ! mo/ summ>y fa%ion f "o to ano!r ( ^? gr\p$ possibilities1 pa/1 pres5t & future1 :i* we call a ,?+2 & 9 su* discursive ?9k+ we n only leave f> beh9d ! aspect1 ! %ape1 :i* has />t$ a giv5 s*eme ( ,empa?y1 a giv5 movem5t ( l9es1 b we are (t5 fac$ by facts :i* utt]ly contradict x4 ,:51 in/ead ( look+ at a p>ticul> aspect ( t m\nta91 we set to climb+ x ourselves1 ! m\nta9 ceases to rise2 x becomes passive to ! activity :i* our muscul> s5sations & our difficulty ( brea?+ locate mo/ unmi/akably 9 ourselves4 ,besides :i*1 9 ?us deal+ ) ! m\nta9 z a ?+1 we are pres5t$ ) a s]ies ( totally diff]5t aspects or %apes1 "s ( :i* sugge/ empa?ic activities totally diff]5t f t ( ris+4 ,& ! m\nta9 9 "q1 se5 f "o d\ble its height1 w sugge/ ! empa?ic activity ( spread+ itself out4 ,moreov] practical life hu/les u into a succession ( m & m summ>y p]ceptions2 we d n actually see m ?an is necess>y = ! b>e recognition ( :atev] we are deal+ ) & ! adju/m5t ( our actions n s mu* to :at x already is1 z to :at x is likely to become4 ,& ?is :i* is true ( see+ ) ! bodily eye1 is ev5 m s ( see+1 or r n see+ b recognis+1 ) ! eye ( ! _s4 ,! practical man on ! hill1 & 8 sci5tific companion1 7:o is m]ely1 s to speak1 a man unpractically conc]n$ ) practical causes & *anges7 d n ?or\ghly see ! %apes ( ! l&scape be=e !m2 & /ill less d !y see ! precise %ape ( ! funicul>s1 tramways1 (fices1 *eques1 volcanoes1 ice-caps & prehi/oric inhabitants ( _! ?\ghts4 ,!re is n mu* *ance ( ,empa?y & ,empa?y's pleasures & pa9s 9 _! lightn+-spe$1 t\*-&-g visions6 ,b n[ let u put ourselves 9 ! place ( _! ae/hetically contemplative fell[-travell]4 ,&1 = simplicity's sake1 let u imag9e him contemplat+ m especially "o %ape 9 t l&scape1 ! %ape ( t di/ant m\nta91 ! "o ^: ris+--came to an end z soon z we set to climb+ x4 ,! m\nta9 is s f> (f t its detail is entirely lo/2 all we c see is a n>r[ & po9t$ cone1 p]haps a little toppl+ to "o side1 ( uni=m hyac9? blue deta*+ itself f ! cle> ev5+ sky1 into :i*1 f ! pal] mi/y blue ( ! pla91 x rises1 a m]e bodiless %ape4 ,x rises4 ,!re is at pres5t no d\bt ab\t its ris+4 ,x rises & keeps on ris+1 nev] /opp+ unless we /op look+ at x4 ,x rises & nev] has ris54 ,its drama ( two l9es /riv+ 7"o ) m sudd5ness ( en]gy & purpose ?an ! o!r7 to arrive at a p>ticul> imag9>y po9t 9 ! sky1 arre/+ ea* o!r's progress z !y meet 9 _! endeav\r1 ?is simple/ empa?ic action ( an irregul> & by no means rectil9e> triangle1 goes on repeat+ itself1 l ! p>abola ( a /eadily spirt+ f\nta93 = ev] accompli%+ itself anew & = ev] accompani$ by ! same effect on ! feel+s ( ! behold]4 ,x is ?is reit]ative nature :i*1 jo9$ to its s*ematic def9it5ess1 gives ,empa?y its extraord9>y p[] ov] u4 ,empa?y1 z ,i h tri$ to make cle> to ! ,read]1 is due n only to ! movem5ts :i* we are actually mak+ 9 ! c\rse ( %ape-p]ception1 to pres5t movem5ts ) _! v>i\s modes ( spe$1 int5sity & facility & _! accompany+ int5tions2 x is due at lea/ z mu* to our accumulat$ & av]ag$ pa/ exp]i5ce ( movem5ts ( ! same k9d1 also ) _! cognate v>i\s modes ( spe$1 int5sity1 facility1 & _! accompany+ int5tions4 ,& be+ ?us residual av]ag$1 & ess5tial1 ?is empa?ic movem5t1 ?is movem5t attribut$ to ! l9es ( a %ape1 is n clogg$ & inhibit$ by :atev] clogs & inhibits ea* sep>ate concrete exp]i5ce ( ! k9d2 /ill less is x ov]%ad[$ 9 our aw>5ess by ! result :i* we =esee z goal ( our real active proce$+s4 ,= unless !y involve bodily or m5tal /ra91 our real & !re=e transi5t movem5ts d n affect u z pleasant or unpleasant1 because our att5tion is always outrunn+ !m to "s mom5t>y goal2 & ! fa9t aw>5ess ( !m is usually mix$ up ) o!r items1 s5sations & p]ceptions1 ( :olly diff]5t *>act]s4 ,?us1 9 !mselves & ap>t f _! aims1 our bodily movem5ts are nev] int]e/+ except inasmu* z requir+ new & difficult adju/m5ts1 or aga9 z produc+ p]ceptible rep]cussions 9 our circulatory1 brea?+ & balanc+ app>atus3 a waltz1 or a dive or a gallop may inde$ be highly excit+1 ?anks to its resultant organic p]turbations & its concomitants ( ov]come difficulty & dang]1 b ev5 a danc+ d]vi%'s intoxicat+ rotations _c af=d him mu* ( ! specific int]e/ ( movem5t z movem5t4 ,yet e movem5t :i* we accompli% implies a *ange 9 our debit & cr$it ( vital economy1 a *ange 9 our balance ( bodily & m5tal exp5diture & repl5i%m5t2 & ?is1 if br\ght to our aw>5ess1 is n only int]e/+1 b int]e/+ 9 ! s5se ei!r ( pleasure or displeasure1 s9ce x implies ! m or less fur!rance or h9drance ( our life-processes4 ,n[ x is ?is complete aw>5ess1 ?is brimfull int]e/ 9 our own dynamic *anges1 9 our v>i\s & v>i\sly comb9$ facts ( movem5t inasmu* z en]gy & int5tion1 x is ?is s5se ( ! values ( movem5t :i* ,empa?y1 by its s*ematic simplicity & its reit]ation1 is able to re9/ate4 ,! contemplation1 t is to say ! isolat+ & reit]at+ p]ception1 ( %apes & 9 s f> ( ! qualities & relations ( movem5t :i* ,empa?y inve/s !m )1 !re=e %ields our dynamic s5se f all compet+ int]e/s1 cle>s x f all v>y+ & irrelevant concomitants1 gives x1 z ,fau/ w\ld h done to ! in/ant ( happ9ess1 a suffici5t duration2 & re9/at+ x 9 ! c5tre ( our consci\sness1 all[s x to add ! utmo/ x c to our satisfaction or dissatisfaction4 ,h5ce ! my/]i\s importance1 ! attraction or repulsion1 possess$ by %apes1 audible z well z visible1 accord+ to _! empa?ic "*2 movem5t & en]gy1 all t we feel z be+ life1 is furni%$ by !m 9 its ess5ce & all[$ to fill our consci\sness4 ,?is fact expla9s also ano!r ph5om5on1 :i* 9 its turn greatly adds to ! p[] ( t v ,empa?y ( :i* x is a result4 ,i am speak+ once m ( t ph5om5on call$ ,inn] ,mimicry :i* c]ta9 obs]v]s1 !mselves highly subject to x1 h inde$ consid]$ z ,empa?y's explanation1 r ?an its result4 ,9 ! light ( all ,i h said ab\t ! latt]1 x becomes intelligible t :5 empa?ic imag9ation 7itself v>y+ f individual to individual7 happ5s to be unit$ to a high degree ( 7also individually v v>y+7 muscul> responsiv5ess1 !re may be set up reactions1 actual or incipi5t1 e4g4 alt]ations ( bodily attitude or muscul> t5sion :i* 7unless inde$ !y )draw att5tion f ! contemplat$ object to our own body7 w necess>ily add to ! sum ( activity empa?ically attribut$ to ! contemplat$ object4 ,!re are moreov] individuals 9 :om su* mimetic accompanim5t consi/s 7z is s frequ5tly ! case 9 li/5+ to music7 9 *anges ( ! bodily balance1 ! brea?+ & he>t-beats1 9 :i* cases additional doses ( satisfaction or dissatisfaction result f ! p>ticipation ( bodily functions !mselves s provocative ( com=t or discom=t4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t su* mimetic accompanim5ts1 & e o!r associative rep]cussion into ! seat ( :at our fa!rs correctly call$ animal spirits1 w\ld be impossible unless reit]ation1 ! reit]ation ( repeat$ acts ( att5tion1 _h all[$ ! v>i\s empa?ic significance1 ! v>i\s dynamic values1 ( giv5 %apes to s9k s deeply into u1 to become s habitual1 t ev5 a rapid glance 7z :5 we p]ceive ! upspr++ l9es ( a m\nta9 f ! w9d[ ( an express tra97 may suffice to evoke _! famili> dynamic associations4 ,?us contemplation expla9s1 s to speak1 :y contemplation may be s brief z to seem no contemplation at all3 pa/ repetition has made pres5t repetition unnecess>y1 & ! empa?ic1 ! dynamic s*eme ( any p>ticul> %ape may g on work+ long aft] ! eye is fix$ on some?+ else1 or be />t$ by :at is sc>cely a p]ception at all2 we feel joy at ! m]e foot-fall ( "s belov$ p]son1 b we d s because he is already belov$4 ,?us does ! reit]ative "* ess5tial to ,empa?y expla9 h[ our contemplative satisfaction 9 %apes1 our pleasure 9 ! v>i\sly comb9$ movem5ts ( l9es1 irradiates ev5 ! mo/ practical1 ! app>5tly lea/ contemplative1 mom5ts & occupations ( our exi/5ce4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,?is reit]ative "* ( ,empa?y1 ?is fact t ! m\nta9 is always ris+ )\t ev] beg9n+ to s9k or add+ a s+le cubit to its /ature1 jo9$ to ! ab/ract 7! inf9itive ( ! v]b7 nature ( ! sugge/$ activity1 toge!r acc\nt = art's high imp]sonality & its exi/+1 9 a mann]1 sub specie aet]nitatis4 ,! drama ( l9es & curves pres5t$ by ! humble/ design on b[l or mat p>takes inde$ ( ! /range immortality ( ! y\?s & maid5s on ! ,grecian ,urn1 to :om ,keats1 z y rememb]1 says3-- ,fond lov]1 nev]1 nev] can/ ?\ kiss1 ,?\gh w9n+ ne> ! goal4 ,yet1 d n grieve2 ,%e _c fade2 ?\gh ?\ ha/ n ?y bliss1 ,= ev] wilt ?\ love1 & %e be fair4 ,& ?us1 9 consid]+ ! process ( ,ae/hetic ,empa?y1 we f9d ourselves sudd5ly back at our orig9al =mula3 ,beautiful means satisfactory 9 contemplation1 & contemplation n ( ,?+s b ( ,%apes :i* are only ,aspects ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,%apes ,,9 my example ( ! ,ris+ ,m\nta91 ,i h be5 speak+ z if ,empa?y inve/$ ! %apes we look at ) only "o mode ( activity at a "t4 ,?is1 :i* ,i h assum$ = ! simplicity ( exposition1 is und\bt$ly true 9 ! case ei!r ( extremely simple %apes requir+ few & homog5e\s p]ceptive activities4 ,x is true also 9 ! case ( %apes ( :i* famili>ity 7z expla9$ on p4 #gf7 has made ! actual p]ception v summ>y2 = in/ance :51 walk+ quickly among trees1 we notice only :at ,i may call _! dom9ant empa?ic ge/ure ( ?ru/+ or droop+ _! bran*es1 because habit all[s u to pick out ! mo/ *>act]i/ic outl9es4 ,b1 except 9 ^! & simil> cases1 ! movem5t ) :i* ,empa?y inve/s %apes is a great deal m complex1 inde$ we %\ld speak m correctly ( movem5ts ?an ( movem5t ( l9es4 ,?us ! m\nta9 rises1 & does no?+ b rise s long z we are tak+ /ock only ( ! relation ( its top ) ! pla91 ref]r+ its l9es solely to real or imag9>y horizontals4 ,b if1 in/ead ( our glance mak+ a s+le swi% upw>ds1 we look at ! two sides ( ! m\nta9 successively & comp>e ea* ) ! o!r z well z ) ! pla91 our impression 7& our v]bal description7 w be t "o slope goes up :ile ! o!r goes d[n4 ,:5 ! empa?ic s*eme ( ! m\nta9 ?us ceases to be m]e ris+ & becomes ris+ plus desc5d+1 ! two movem5ts ) :i* we h ?us inve/$ t %ape w be felt z be+ int]dep5d5t2 "o side goes d[n because ! o!r has gone up1 or ! movem5t rises 9 ord] to desc5d4 ,& if we look at a m\nta9 *a9 we get a /ill m complex & co-ord9at$ empa?ic s*eme1 ! peaks & valleys 7z 9 my description ( :at ! ,man saw f 8 ,hillside7 appe>+ to u z a sequ5ce ( ris+s & s9k+s ) correlat$ int5sities2 a slope spr++ up 9 proportion z ! previ\sly se5 "o ru%$ d[n2 ! movem5ts ( ! eye1 slight & sket*y 9 !mselves1 awak5+ ! composite dynamic memory ( all our exp]i5ce ( ! impetus ga9$ by swit*-back desc5t4 ,moreov] ?is sequ5ce1 be+ a sequ5ce1 w awak5 expectation ( repetition1 h5ce s5se ( ry?m2 ! long *a9 ( peaks w seem to p]=m a dance1 !y w furl & unfurl l waves4 ,?us z soon z we get a comb9ation ( empa?ic =ces 7= t is h[ !y affect u7 ^! w h5ce=? be 9 def9ite relation to "o ano!r4 ,b ! relation ne$ n be t ( m]e give & take & ry?mical coop]ation4 ,l9es meet+ "o ano!r may conflict1 *eck1 deflect "o ano!r2 or aga9 resi/ ea* o!r's ef=t z ! /eady det]m9ation ( a circumf]5ce resi/s1 opposes a ,quos ego6 to ! ru%+ impact ( ! spokes ( a :eel-patt]n4 ,&1 along ) ! empa?ic sugge/ion ( ! me*anical =ces exp]i5c$ 9 ourselves1 w come ! empa?ic sugge/ion ( spiritual *>act]i/ics3 ! l9es w h aims1 int5tions1 desires1 moods2 _! v>i\s little dramas ( endeav\r1 victory1 defeat or peacemak+1 w1 accord+ to _! dom9ant empa?ic sugge/ion1 be ligh!>t$ or languid1 s]i\s or futile1 g5tle or brutal2 inexorable1 =giv+1 hopeful1 despair+1 pla9tive or pr\d1 vulg> or dignifi$2 9 fact patt]ns ( visible l9es w possess all ! *ief dynamic modes :i* det]m9e ! expressiv5ess ( music4 ,b on ! o!r h& !re w rema9 innum]able emphatic comb9ations ^: poignant significance escapes v]bal classification because1 z mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood1 ,empa?y deals n directly ) mood & emotion1 b ) dynamic conditions :i* ent] into moods & emotions & take _! names f !m4 ,be ?is z x may1 & def9able or n 9 t]ms ( human feel+1 ^! v>i\s & v>i\sly comb9$ 7into coord9ate sc5es & acts7 dramas enact$ by l9es & curves & angles1 take place n 9 ! m>ble or pigm5t embody+ ^? contemplat$ %apes1 b solely 9 ourselves1 9 :at we call our memory1 imag9ation & feel+4 ,ours are ! en]gy1 ! ef=t1 ! victory or ! peace & coop]ation2 & all ! manifold modes ( swiftness or gravity1 ardu\sness or ease1 ) :i* _! e m9ute/ dynamic detail is fraught4 ,& s9ce we are _! only real actors1 ^! empa?ic dramas ( l9es are b\nd to affect u1 ei!r z corroborat+ or z ?w>t+ our vital ne$s & habits2 ei!r z mak+ our felt life easi] or m difficult1 t is to say z br++ u peace & joy1 or depression & exasp]ation4 ,q ap>t !re=e f ! conv5i5ce or n ( ! adju/m5ts requisite = _! ocul> measurem5t1 & ap>t ev5 f ! facility or difficulty ( comp>+ & coord9at+ ^! measurem5ts1 c]ta9 %apes & elem5ts ( %ape are made welcome to u1 & o!r ones made unwelcome1 by ! sole work+ ( ,empa?y1 :i* id5tifies ! modes ( be+ & mov+ ( l9es ) our own4 ,= ?is reason meet+s ( l9es :i* affect u z nei!r victory nor hon\rable submission nor will+ coop]ation are felt to be ineffectual & fooli%4 ,l9es also 7l ^? ( insuffici5tly tap]$ ,doric columns7 :i* d n rise ) en\gh impetus because !y d n seem to />t ) suffici5t pressure at ! base2 oblique l9es 7z 9 c]ta9 imitation ,go?ic7 :i* lose _! balance = lack ( a c\nt]vail+ ?ru/ aga9/ !m1 all ^!1 & alas _m hundr$s ( o!r possible comb9ations1 are dete/able to our feel+s4 ,& simil>ly we are fuss$ & bor$ by ! t5tative l9es1 ! uncoord9at$ directions & impacts1 ( inf]ior1 ev5 if te*nically exp]t & reali/ically le>n$ draughtsm51 ( arti/s ^: "w may *>m at fir/ glance by "s vivid lik5ess or poetic sugge/ion1 b reveal ) e additional day _! complete insignificance z movem5t1 _! utt] empa?ic nullity4 ,inde$1 if we analyse ! c5sure o/5sibly bas$ ^u eng9e]+ consid]ations ( mat]ial in/ability1 or on wrong p]spective or anatomical out ( draw+ we %all f9d t mu* ( ?is ho/ile criticism is really t ( empa?ic un-satisfactor9ess1 :i* escapes v]bal detection b is reveal$ by ! f+] foll[+1 z we say 7& t is itself an in/ance ( empa?y7 ! movem5t1 ! developm5t (1 bor+ or fuss+ l9es4 ,empa?y expla9s n only ! univ]sally exi/+ pref]5ces ) reg>d to %ape1 b also ^? p>ticul> degrees ( lik+ :i* are matt]s ( p]sonal temp]am5t & ev5 ( mom5t>y mood 7cf4 p4 #aca74 ,?us ,mantegna1 ) 8 prepond]ance ( horizontals & v]ticals w appeal to "o behold] z grave & reassur+1 b repel ano!r behold] 7or ! same 9 a diff]5t mood7 z dull & lifeless2 :ile ! un/able equilibrium & syncopat$ ry?m ( ,botticelli may ei!r fasc9ate or repel z morbidly excit$4 ,& ,leon>do's sy/ems ( :irl+ int]lac$ circles w m]ely baffle 7! enigmatic quality we he> s mu* (7 ! p]functory behold]1 :ile rew>d+ m adequate empa?ic imag9ation by all[+ u to live1 = a :ile1 9 ! modes ( ! int5se/ & mo/ purposeful & mo/ h>moni\s en]gy4 ,int5sity & purposefulness & h>mony4 ,^! are :at ev]yday life af=ds b r>ely to our long+s4 ,& ?is is :at1 ?anks to ?is /range process ( ,empa?y1 a few in*es ( pa9t$ canvas1 w sometimes all[ u to realise completely & un9t]rupt$ly4 ,& x is no poetical metaphor or metaphysical figm5t1 b m]e psy*ological fact1 to say t if ! int]lac+ circles & p5tacles ( a ,byzant9e floor-patt]n absorb u 9 satisfi$ contemplation1 ?is is because ! modes ( be+ :i* we are oblig$ to inve/ !m ) are su* z we va9ly seek1 or exp]i5ce only to lose1 9 our scatt]$ or hu/l$ exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,f ,,! ,,%ape ,,to ,,! ,,?+ ,,su* are ! satisfactions & dissatisfactions1 imp]sonal & unpractical1 we c receive1 or 9 reality1 give ourselves1 9 ! contemplation ( %ape4 ,b life has little leisure = contemplation2 x dem&s recognition1 inf]5ce & read9ess = active adaptation4 ,or r life =ces u to deal ) %apes ma9ly inasmu* z !y indicate ! actual or possible exi/5ce ( o!r gr\ps ( qualities :i* may help or hurt u4 ,life hurries u into recognis+ ,?+s4 ,n[ ! fir/ peculi>ity di/+ui%+ ?+s f %apes is t !y c occupy m or less cubic space3 we c hit up aga9/ !m1 displace !m or be displac$ by !m1 & 9 su* process ( displac+ or resi/+ displacem5t1 we become aw>e ( two o!r peculi>ities di/+ui%+ ?+s f %apes3 !y h weight 9 v>y+ degrees & texture ( v>i\s sorts4 ,o!rwise express$1 ?+s h body1 !y exi/ 9 ?ree dim5sional space2 :ile %apes al?\gh !y are (t5 aspects ( ?+s 7say /atues or vases7 hav+ body & cubic exi/5ce1 %apes z %apes are two dim5sional & bodiless4 ,s _m ( ! critical applications ( ae/hetic1 z well z ( ! hi/orical problems ( art-evolution are connect$ ) ?is fact or r ! cont9u$ misund]/&+ ( x1 t x is well to rem9d ! ,read] ( :at g5]al ,psy*ology c tea* u ( ! p]ception ( ! ,?ird ,dim5sion4 ,a v slight k ( cubic exi/5ce1 9 ! s5se ( relief1 is und\bt$ly furni%$ z ! /]eoscope furni%es x1 by ! inevitable slight div]g5ce betwe5 ! two eyes2 an ev5 m inf9itesimal dose ( su* k is claim$ = ! surfaces ( ea* eye sep>ately4 ,b :atev] notions ( ?ree-dim5sional space might h be5 develop$ f su* rudim5ts1 ! p]ception ( cubic exi/5ce :i* we actually possess & employ1 is und5iably bas$ ^u ! incomp>ably m important data af=d$ by locomotion1 "u :i* t]m ,i include ev5 ! t9y pressure ( a f+] aga9/ a surface1 & ! exploration ( a holl[ too? by ! tip ( ! tongue4 ,! muscul> adju/m5ts made 9 su* locomotion become associat$ by repetition ) ! two-dim5sional arrangem5ts ( col\r & light reveal$ by ! eye1 ! two-dim5sional be+ ?us turn$ into ! ?ree-dim5sional 9 our ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,b ! mi/akes we occasionally make1 = in/ance tak+ a road se5 f above = a *ur*-t[] project+ out ( ! pla91 or ! p]spective ( a m\nta9 range = its cubic %ape1 occasionally reveal t we d n really see ?ree-dim5sional objects1 b m]ely inf] !m by connect+ visual data ) ! result ( locomotor exp]i5ce4 ,! tru? ( ?is commonplace ( psy*ology c be te/$ by ! exp]im5t ( mak+ n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r1 col\r ( a floor patt]n seem convex or concave accord+ z we ?9k ( x z a light fl[] on a d>k gr\nd1 or z a :ite cavity bank$ 9 by a d>k ridge4 ,& :5 ! phili/9e 7:o may be y or me67 exclaims aga9/ ! out ( draw+ & false p]spective ( unfamili> /yles ( pa9t+1 he is1 n9e times out ( t51 m]ely express+ 8 inability to id5tify two-dim5sional %apes z repres5t+ ?ree-dim5sional ?+s2 s f> prov+ t we d n deciph] ! cubic relations ( a picture until we h guess$ :at t picture is suppos$ to /& =4 ,& ?is is my reason = say+ t visible %apes1 ?\gh !y may be aspects ( cubic objects1 h no body2 & t ! ?\ght ( _! volume1 _! weight & _! texture1 is due to an int]ruption ( our contemplation ( %ape by an excursion among ! recollections ( qualities :i* %apes1 z %apes1 _c possess4 ,& "h ,i w\ld =e/all ! ,read]'s objection t ! feel+ ( ef=t & resi/ance1 ess5tial to all our empa?ic deal+s ) two-dim5sional %apes1 mu/1 aft] all1 be due to weight1 :i* we h j describ$ z a quality %apes _c possess4 ,my answ] is t ,empa?y has extract$ & s*ematis$ ef=t & resi/ance by ! elim9ation ( ! ?\ght ( weight1 z by ! elim9ation ( ! aw>5ess ( our bodily t5sions2 & t x is j ?is elim9ation ( all incompatible qualities :i* all[s u to attribute activities to ^? two-dim5sional %apes1 & to feel ^! activities1 ) a vividness undim9i%$ by ! ?\ght ( any o!r circum/ances4 ,) cubic exi/5ce 7& its correlative ?ree-dim5sional space71 ) weight & texture we h !re=e got f ! contemplat$ %ape to a ?\ght ali5 to t %ape & its contemplation4 ,! ?\ght1 to :i* life & its ne$s & dang]s has giv5 prec$5ce ov] e o!r3 ,:at ,?+ is beh9d ?is %ape1 :at qualities mu/ be inf]r$ f ?is aspect8 ,aft] ! possibility ( occupy+ s mu* space1 ! mo/ important quality :i* ?+s c h = our hopes & fe>s1 is ! possibility ( alt]+ _! occupation ( space2 n our locomotion1 b !irs4 ,i call x locomotion r ?an movem5t1 because we h direct exp]i5ce only ( our own movem5ts1 & inf] simil> movem5t 9 o!r be+s & objects because ( _! *ange ( place ei!r across our motionless eye or across "s o!r object ^: relation to our motionless eye rema9s un*ang$4 ,i call x locomotion also to acc5tuate its diff]5ce f ! movem5t attribut$ to ! %ape ( ! ,ris+ ,m\nta91 movem5t felt by u to be go+ on b n expect$ to result 9 any *ange ( ! m\nta9's space relations1 :i* are precisely :at w\ld be alt]$ by ! m\nta9's locomotion4 ,! practical "q ab\t a %ape is !re=e3 ,does x w>rant ! inf]5ce ( a ?+ able to *ange its position 9 ?ree-dim5sional space8 to advance or rec$e f u8 ,& if s 9 :at mann]8 ,w x1 l a loose /one1 fall ^u u8 l flame1 rise t[>ds u8 l wat]1 spread ov] u8 ,or w x *ange its place only if we supply ! necess>y locomotion8 ,briefly3 is ! ?+ ( :i* we see ! %ape in]t or active8 ,& if ?is %ape belongs to a ?+ possess+ activity ( its own1 is its locomotion ( t sl[ regul> k9d we call ! gr[? & spread+ ( plants8 ,or ( ! sudd51 wilful k9d we "k 9 animals & m58 ,:at does ?is %ape tell u ( su* m =midable locomotion8 ,are ^! details ( curve & col\r to be int]pret$ into jo9t$ limbs1 c ! ?+ fl+ out lat]ally1 run aft] u1 c x cat* & swall[ u8 ,or is x su* t we c d ?us by x8 ,does ?is %ape sugge/ ! ?+'s possession ( desires & purposes :i* we c deal )8 ,& if s1 :y is x :]e x is8 ,:5ce does x come8 ,:at is x go+ to d8 ,:at is x ?9k+ ( 7if x c ?9k78 ,h[ w x feel t[>ds u 7if x c feel78 ,:at w\ld x say 7if x c\ld speak78 ,:at w be its future & :at may h be5 its pa/8 ,to sum all up3 ,:at does ! pres5ce ( ?is %ape lead u to ?9k & d & feel8 ,su* are a few ( ! ?\ghts />t$ by t %ape & ! possibility ( its belong+ to a ?+4 ,& ev5 :51 z we %all sometimes f9d1 !y cont9ually return back to ! %ape & play r\nd & r\nd x 9 c5trifugal & c5tripetal alt]nations1 yet all ^! ?\ghts are excursions1 h[ev] brief1 f ! _w ( def9ite un*ang+ %apes into t ( v>i\s & ev] v>y+ ?+s2 int]ruptions1 ev5 if 7z we %all lat] see7 int5sify+ int]ruptions1 ( t conc5trat$ & coord9at$ contemplation ( %apes1 ) :i* we h hi!rto dealt4 ,& ^! excursions1 & a great _m m1 f ! _w ( %apes into t ( ?+s1 are :at we %all deal )1 :5 we come to ,art1 "u ! head+ ( repres5tation & sugge/ion1 or1 z is usually said1 ( subject & expression z oppos$ to =m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,f ,,! ,,?+ ,,to ,,! ,,%ape ,,! necessities ( analysis & exposition h l$ u f ! ,%ape to ! ,?+1 f ae/hetic contemplation to discursive & practical ?9k+4 ,b1 z ! =ego+ *apt] itself sugge/s1 ! real ord] ( prec$5ce1 bo? = ! individual & ! race1 is inevitably ! rev]se1 s9ce )\t a prim>y & dom9ant int]e/ 9 ?+s no creatures w\ld h surviv$ to develop an int]e/ 9 %apes4 ,inde$1 consid]+ ! imp]ative ne$ = an ev] abbreviat$ & (t5 automatic sy/em ( human reactions to s5se data1 x is by no means easy to und]/& 7& ! problem has !re=e be5 utt]ly neglect$7 h[ mank9d ev] came to evolve any process z l5g?y & complicat$ z t =m-contemplation ^u :i* all ae/hetic pref]5ce dep5ds4 ,i w haz>d ! sugge/ion t famili>ity ) %apes took its orig9al evolutional utility1 z well z its orig91 f ! dang]s ( ov] rapid & uncritical inf]5ce conc]n+ ! qualities ( ?+s & man's prop] reactions t[>ds !m4 ,x 0 necess>y1 no d\bt1 t ! r\ghe/ sugge/ion ( a be>'s gr[l & a be>'s outl9e %\ld s5d our e>lie/ ance/ors into _! %elt]+ caves4 ,b ! occasional discov]y t ! be> 0 n a be> b "s m h>mless & edible animal mu/ h br\ght ab\t a comp>ison1 a discrim9ation betwe5 ! visible aspects ( ! two bea/s1 & a m5tal /orage ( _! diff]5ce 9 %ape1 gait & col\r4 ,simil>ly ! delud+ resemblance betwe5 poison\s & nutriti\s fruits & roots1 w\ld result1 z ! resemblance betwe5 ! nurse's f+] & nipple results ) ! infant1 9 att5tion to visible details1 until ! acquisition ( vivid m5tal images became ! *ief item ( ! savage man's education1 z x /ill is ( ! self-education ( ! mod]n *ild4 ,?is evolution ( int]e/ 9 visible aspects w\ld ( c\rse increase t5fold z soon z mank9d took to mak+ ?+s ^: usefulness 7i4e4 _! /ill non-exi/5t qualities7 might be jeop>dis$ by a mi/ake conc]n+ _! %ape4 ,= long aft] ov] & "u1 /raight & oblique1 "r & left1 _h become habitual p]ceptions 9 deal+ ) food & fuel1 ! effective aim ( a /one1 ! satisfactory flight ( an arr[1 w\ld be discov]$ to dep5d ^u m or less ( :at we call horizontals & p]p5dicul>s1 curves & angles2 & ! /ability ( a fibr\s tissue ^u ! int]vals ( cross+ & recross+1 ! ry?mical or symmetrical arrangem5ts reveal$ by ! h& or eye4 ,9 %ort1 mak+1 be+ inevitably %ap+1 w\ld h develop$ a m & m accurate p]ception & recollection ( e detail ( %ape4 ,& n only w\ld !re arise a comp>ison betwe5 "o %ape & ano!r %ape1 b betwe5 ! %ape actually "u "o's eyes & ! %ape no long] pres5t1 betwe5 ! %ape z x really 0 & ! %ape z x ought to be4 ,?us 9 ! v c\rse ( practical mak+ ( ?+s !re w\ld come to be little int]ludes1 recognis$ z useful1 fir/ ( m & m c>eful look+ & comp>+1 & !n ( real contemplation3 contemplation ( ! arr[-head y 7 *ipp+1 ( ! mat y 7 weav+1 ( ! pot y 7 rubb+ into %ape2 contemplation also ( ! o!r arr[-head or mat or pot exi/+ only 9 y\r wi%es2 ( ! %ape y 7 try+ to obta9 ) a premonitory emotion ( ! effect :i* its peculi>ities w\ld produce :5 once made visible to y\r eye6 ,= ! man cutt+ ! arr[-head1 ! woman plait+ ! mat1 becom+ famili> ) ! appropriate %apes ( ea* & ?9k+ ( ! v>i\s individual arr[-heads or mats ( ! same type1 w\ld become aw>e ( ! diff]5t effect :i* su* %apes _h on ! p]son :o look$ at !m4 ,"s ( ^! %apes w\ld be s dull1 increas+ ! t$i\sness ( *ipp+ & fil+ or ( lay+ /r& ov] /r&2 o!rs s al]t1 ent]ta9+ & likeable1 z if !y 7 help+ 9 ! "w2 o!rs1 al?\gh equally compatible ) utility1 fuss+ or di/ress+ "o1 nev] do+ :at "o expect$ _! l9es & curves to d4 ,to ^! suppositions ,i w\ld add a few m sugge/ions reg>d+ ! evolution ( %ape-contemplation out ( man's p]functory & semi-automatic see+ ( ,?+s4 ,! h&icraftsman1 arm\r]1 weav]1 or pott]1 b5efits by 8 own & 8 =]unn]s' practical exp]i5ce ( :i* %ape is ! m adapt$ = use & we>1 & :i* way to set ab\t produc+ x2 8 te*nical skill becomes half automatic1 s t 8 eye & m9d1 act+ z m]e ov]se]s to 8 muscles1 h pl5ty ( "t = contemplation s long z ev]y?+ goes "r & no new moves h to be made4 ,& once ! h&icraftsman contemplates ! %ape z x issues f 8 f+]s1 8 m9d w be gripp$ by t lik+ or dislik+ express$ by ! words beautiful & ugly4 ,nei!r is ?is all4 ,! own] ( a weapon or a vessel or piece ( tissue1 is n always int5t ^u employ+ x2 9 proportion to its usefulness & durability & to ! am\nt ( "t1 good luck1 skill or /r5g? requir$ to make or to obta9 x1 ?is *attel w turn f a slave into a comrade4 ,x is furbi%$ or m5d$1 display$ to o!rs1 boa/$ ov]1 p]haps sung ov] z ,alan ,breck sang ov] 8 sword4 ,! own]'s eye 7& n less t ( ! man envi\s ( ! own]67 c>esses its %ape2 & its %ape1 all its well-kn[n ins-&-outs & ups-&-d[ns1 haunts ! memory1 ready to />t into vividness :5ev] simil> objects come "u comp>ison4 ,n[ :at holds good ( primaeval & savage man holds good also ( civiliz$1 p]haps ev5 ( ourselves among our ma*9e made & easily replac$ prop]ties4 ,! %ape ( ! ?+s we make & use (f]s itself = contemplation 9 ^? int]ludes ( inatt5tion :i* are half ( ! ry?m ( all heal?ful "w4 ,& x is ?is normal ry?m ( att5tion sw++ f ef=t to ease1 :i* expla9s h[ art has come to be a "p ( life1 h[ m]e aspects h acquir$ = our feel+s an importance rivall+ t ( ?+s4 ,i !re=e comm5d to ! ,read] ! n[ some:at unfa%ionable hypo!sis ( ,semp] & 8 s*ool1 accord+ to :i* ! fir/ pref]5ce = beauty ( %ape mu/ be s\ght = 9 ^? arts l /one & metal "w1 pott]y & weav+1 :i* give opportunities = repetition1 r$uplication1 h5ce ry?m & symmetry1 & ^: mat]ial & te*nique produce :at are call$ geometric patt]ns1 mean+ su* z exi/ 9 two dim5sions & d n imitate ! %apes ( real objects4 ,?is !ory has be5 discr$it$ by ! discov]y t v primitive & savage mank9d possess$ a k9d ( art ( totally diff]5t nature1 & :i* analogy ) t ( *ildr5 sugge/s z e>li] ?an t ( patt]n3 ! art :i* ! +5i\s hypo!sis ( ,mr ,h5ry ,balf\r d]ives f recognition ( accid5tal resemblances betwe5 ! %apes & /a9s ( wood or /one & su* creatures & objects z happ5 to be upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]1 :o cuts or pa9ts :atev] may be ne$$ to complete ! lik5ess & enable o!rs to p]ceive ! sugge/ion4 ,:e!r or n ?is 0 its orig91 !re seems to h exi/$ 9 e>lie/ times su* an art ( a /rictly repres5tative k9d1 s]v+ 7l ! spontane\s art ( *ildr57 to evoke ! idea ( :atev] 0 int]e/+ to ! craftsman & 8 cli5ts1 & d\btless practically to h "s desirable magic effect ^u ! realities ( ?+s4 ,b 7to return to ! hypo!sis ( ! ae/hetic primacy ( geometric & non-repres5tative art7 x is c]ta9 t al?\gh su* e>ly repres5tations occasionally atta9 m>vell\s life-lik5ess & anatomical correctness1 yet !y d n at fir/ %[ any correspond+ c>e = symmetrical & ry?mical arrangem5t4 ,! bisons & wild bo>s1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,altamira cave frescoes1 d inde$ display vig\r & beauty 9 ! l9es con/itut+ !m1 prov+ t successful deal+ ) %ape1 ev5 if appeal+ only to practical int]e/1 inevitably calls =? ! empa?ic imag9ation ( ! m gift$ arti/s2 b ^! m>vell\sly drawn figures are all huddl$ toge!r or scatt]$ z out ( a rag-bag2 &1 :at is /ill m significant1 !y lack t insi/5ce on ! feet :i* n only sugge/s gr\nd b5ea? !m b1 9 s do+1 furni%es a horizontal by :i* to />t1 measure & take ! be>+s ( all o!r l9es4 ,^! a/oni%+ palaeoli?ic arti/s 7& inde$ ! v e>lie/ ,egyptian & ,greek ones7 seem to h ?\ght only ( ! liv+ models & _! pres5t & future movem5ts1 & to h c>$ z little = l9es & angles z ! mod]n *ildr5 ^: draw+s h be5 in/ructively comp>$ ) !irs by ,lev9/e9 & o!rs4 ,i !re=e v5ture to sugge/ t su* ae/hetically ess5tial att5tion to direction & composition mu/ h be5 appli$ to repres5tative art :5 its reali/ic figures 7 gradually incorporat$ into ! patt]ns ( ! weav] & ! pott]4 ,su* /ylisation is /ill describ$ by art hi/orians z a deg5]ation due to un9tellig5t repetition2 b x 0 on ! contr>y ! integrat+ process by :i* ! repres5tative elem5t 0 subject$ to su* ae/hetic pref]5ces z _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! manufacture ( objects ^: usefulness or ^: production involv$ accurate measurem5t & equilibrium z 9 ! case ( pott]y or weapons1 or ry?mical r$uplication z 9 t ( textiles4 ,be ?is "q z x may 7& ! increas+ /udy ( ! orig9 & evolution ( human faculties w "s day settle x67 we already "k en\gh to affirm t :ile 9 ! v e>lie/ art ! %ape-elem5t & ! elem5t ( repres5tation are usually sep>ate1 ! two get gradually comb9$ z civilisation advances1 & ! %apes orig9ally int]e/+ only inasmu* z sugge/ions 7h5ce z magical equival5ts7 or ?+s1 & employ$ = religi\s1 record+1 or self-expressive purposes1 become subject$ to selection & re>rangem5t by ! habit ( avoid+ disagreeable p]ceptive & empa?ic activities & ! desire ( giv+ scope to agreeable ones4 ,nay ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( pa9t+ & sculpture c\ld be =mulat$ z ! p]petual />t+ up ( new repres5tative int]e/s1 new int]e/s 9 ?+s1 _! spatial exi/5ce1 locomotion1 anatomy1 _! reaction to light1 & also _! psy*ological & dramatic possibilities2 & ! subord9ation ( ^! ev]-*ang+ int]e/s 9 ?+s to ! un*ang+ habit ( arrang+ visible %apes s z to dim9i% opportunities = ! contemplative dissatisfaction & increase opportunities = ! contemplative satisfaction to :i* we atta* ! respective names ( ugly & beautiful4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,aims ,,( ,,art ,,we h ?us at la/ got to ,art1 :i* ! ,read] may h expect$ to be dealt ) at ! outset ( a prim] on ! ,beautiful4 ,:y ?is c\ld n be ! case1 w be m & m app>5t 9 my rema9+ *apt]s4 ,&1 9 ord] to make ^? com+ *apt]s easi] to grasp1 ,i may z well =e/all & tabulate ! views !y embody ^u ! relation betwe5 ! ,beautiful & ,art4 ,^! g5]alisations are z foll[s3 ,al?\gh x is hi/orically probable t ! habit ( avoid+ ugl9ess & seek+ beauty ( %ape may h be5 orig9ally e/abli%$ by utilit>ian att5tion to ! non-imitative 7geometrical7 %apes ( weav+1 pott]y & implem5t-mak+1 & transf]r$ f ^! crafts to ! %apes int5d$ to repres5t or imitate natural objects1 yet ! di/9ction betwe5 ,beautiful & ,ugly does n belong ei!r solely or necess>ily to :at we call ,art4 ,!re=e ! satisfaction ( ! %ape-p]ceptive or ae/hetic pref]5ces mu/ n be confus$ ) any ( ! _m & v>i\s o!r aims & activities to :i* art is due & by :i* x is c>ri$ on4 ,conv]sely3 al?\gh 9 its m develop$ phases1 & aft] ! atta9m5t ( te*nical facility1 art has be5 diff]5tiat$ f o!r human employm5t by its =esee+ ! possibility ( %ape-contemplation & !re=e submitt+ itself to :at ,i h else:]e call$ ! ae/hetic imp]ative1 yet art has inv>iably />t$ f "s desire o!r ?an t ( af=d+ satisfactory %ape-contemplation1 ) ! "o exception ( cases :]e x has be5 us$ to keep or reproduce opportunities ( su* %ape contemplation already accid5tally af=d$ by natural %apes1 say1 ^? ( fl[]s or animals or l&scapes1 or ev5 occasionally ( human be+s1 :i* _h already be5 enjoy$ z beautiful4 ,all art !re=e1 except t ( *ildr51 savages1 ignoramuses & extreme innovators1 inv>iably avoids ugly %apes & seeks = beautiful ones2 b art does ?is :ile pursu+ all mann] ( diff]5t aims4 ,^! non-ae/hetic aims ( art may be r\ghly divid$ into 7,a7 ! mak+ ( useful objects rang+ f clo!s to weapons & f a pit*] to a temple2 7,b7 ! regi/]+ or transmitt+ ( facts & _! visualis+1 z 9 portraits1 hi/orical pictures or lit]ature1 & book illu/ration2 & 7,c7 ! awak5+1 int5sify+ or ma9ta9+ ( def9ite emotional /ates1 z especially by music & lit]ature1 b also by pa9t+ & ar*itecture :5 employ$ z aids to devotion4 ,& ^! l>ge classes may aga9 be subdivid$ & connect$1 if ! ,read] has a m9d to1 into utilit>ian1 social1 ritual1 s5tim5tal1 sci5tific & o!r aims1 "s ( !m n c\nt5anc$ or n av[$ by contempor>y morality4 ,h[ ! ae/hetic imp]ative1 i4e4 ! necessities ( satisfactory %ape-contemplation1 qualifies & deflects ! pursuit ( su* non-ae/hetic aims ( art c be %[n by comp>+1 = in/ance1 ! m]e audible devices = convey+ conv5tional mean+ & produc+ & keep+ up emotional conditions1 viz4 ! hoot+s & scree*+s ( mod]n indu/rialism no less ?an ! ritual noises ( savages1 ) ! arrangem5ts ( well con/itut$ pit*1 ry?m1 tonality & h>mony 9 :i* milit>y1 religi\s or dance music has disguis$ its non-ae/hetic functions ( convey+ signals or act+ on ! n]ves4 ,:atev] is unnecess>y = ei!r ( ^! motives 7or any o!rs7 = mak+ a noise1 c be put to ! acc\nt ( ! desire to avoid ugl9ess & enjoy beauty4 ,b ! work+s ( ! ae/hetic imp]ative c be/ be /udi$ 9 ! ,art ( ! visual-repres5tative gr\p1 & especially 9 pa9t+1 :i* all[s u to foll[ ! int]play ( ! desire to be told 7or tell7 facts ab\t ?+s ) ! desire to contemplate %apes1 & to contemplate !m 7o!rwise we %\ld n contemplate67 ) s5su\s1 intellectual & empa?ic satisfaction4 ,?is br+s u back to ! ,?ird ,dim5sion1 ( :i* ! possession is1 z h we se51 ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ,?+s1 :i* c alt] _! aspect 9 ! c\rse ( _! own & our actions1 & ,%apes1 :i* c only be contemplat$ by our bodily & m5tal eye1 & nei!r alt]$ nor ?\ght ( z alt]$ )\t m or less jeop>dis+ _! id5tity4 ,i d>esay ! ,read] may n h be5 satisfi$ ) ! ref]5ce to ! locomotor nature ( cubic p]ception z suffici5t ju/ification ( my ?us connect+ cubic exi/5ce ) ,?+s r ?an ) ,%apes1 & my imply+ t ae/hetic pref]5ce1 due to ! s5sory1 intellectual & empa?ic factors ( p]ception1 is applicable only to ! two o!r dim5sions4 ,& ! ,read]'s incr$ulity & surprise w h be5 all ! great]1 because rec5t art-criticism has s$ul\sly inculcat$ t ! sugge/ion ( cubic exi/5ce is ! *ief function ( pictorial g5ius1 & ! realisation ( su* cubic exi/5ce ! highe/ delight :i* pictures c af=d to _! wor?y behold]4 ,?is p>ticul> notion1 entirely oppos$ to ! facts ( visual p]ception & visual empa?y1 w repay discussion1 inasmu* z x accid5tally af=ds an easy entrance into a subject :i* has hi!rto pres5t$ inextricable confusion1 namely ! relations ( ,=m & ,subject1 or1 z ,i h accu/om$ ! ,read] to consid] !m1 ! contemplat$ ,%ape & ! ?\ght-( ,?+4 ,let u !re=e exam9e :y art-criticism %\ld lay s great a /ress on ! sugge/ion & ! acceptance ( t sugge/ion1 ( ?ree-dim5sional exi/5ce 9 pa9t+s4 ,9 pa9t+s4 ,= ?is alleg$ ae/hetic desid]atum ceases to be a crit]ion ( m]it :5 we come to sculpture1 ab\t :i* critics are m & m p]si/5tly tea*+ 7& ) a degree ( reason7 t "o ( ! greate/ m]its ( ! arti/1 & ( ! greate/ desid]ata ( ! behold]1 is precisely ! r$uction ( real cubic exi/5ce by avoid+ all projection beyond a unifi$ level1 t is to say by mak+ a solid block ( /one look z if x 7 a repres5tation on a flat surface4 ,?is contradiction expla9s ! orig9 ( ! !ory giv+ supreme pictorial importance to ! ,?ird ,dim5sion4 ,= art criticism ?\gh at l5g? 7?anks especially to ! sculptor ,hildebr&7 busy+ itself also ) pla/ic art1 has gr[n up ma9ly 9 connexion ) pa9t+4 ,n[ 9 pa9t+ ! greate/ sci5tific problem1 & te*nical difficulty1 has be5 ! sugge/ion ( ?ree-dim5sional exi/5ces by pigm5ts appli$ to a two-dim5sional surface2 & ?is problem has naturally be5 mo/ successfully h&l$ by ! arti/s possess+ mo/ en]gy & imag9ation1 & equally naturally %irk$ or bungl$ or treat$ p>rot-wise by ! arti/s ( less en]gy & imag9ation4 ,&1 z en]gy & imag9ation also %[ !mselves 9 f9] p]ception1 m vivid empa?y & m complex deal+s ) %apes :i* are only two-dim5sional1 x has come ab\t t ! effici5t & orig9al solutions ( ! cubic problem h co9cid$1 cet]is p>ibus1 ) ! production ( pictures ^: two-dim5sional qualities h call$ =? ! adjective beautiful1 & beautiful 9 ! mo/ int5se & complicat$ mann]4 ,h5ce successful treatm5t ( cubic sugge/ion has become an habitual 7& ?reat5s to become a rule-(-?umb7 crit]ion ( pictorial m]it2 ! m s t qualities ( two-dim5sional %ape1 be+ intr9sic & specific1 are difficult to run to gr\nd & describe2 :]eas ! quality ( ?ree-dim5sional sugge/ion is asc]ta9able by m]e comp>ison betwe5 ! %apes 9 ! picture & ! %apes af=d$ by real ?+s :5 se5 9 ! same p]spective & light+4 ,mo/ p c judge :e!r an apple 9 a picture looks z if x 7 solid1 r\nd1 heavy & likely to roll (f a sidebo>d 9 ! same picture2 & "s p may ev51 :5 ! picture has no o!r claims on _! int]e/1 exp]i5ce incipi5t muscul> contractions su* z w\ld ev5tually int]f]e ) a real apple roll+ (f a real sidebo>d4 ,apples & sidebo>ds (f] !mselves to ! meane/ exp]i5ce & c be dealt ) adequately 9 ev]yday language1 :]eas ! precise curves & angles1 ! precise relations ( directions & impacts1 ( p>ts to :ole1 :i* toge!r make up ! id5tity ( a two-dim5sional %ape1 are inde$ p]ceiv$ & felt by ! att5tive behold]1 b n habitually analys$ or set =? 9 words4 ,moreov] ! creation ( two-dim5sional %apes satisfy+ to contemplation dep5ds ^u two v diff]5t factors3 on traditional exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ! m g5]al arrangem5ts ( l9es1 & on individual en]gy & s5sitiv5ess1 i4e4 on g5ius 9 c>ry+ out1 & r++ *anges on1 su* traditional arrangem5ts4 ,& ! possession ( tradition or g5ius1 al?\gh no d\bt ! mo/ important advantage ( an arti/1 happ5s n to be "o to :i* he c apply himself z to a problem4 ,on ! o!r h& a problem to be solv$ is et]nally be+ press$ ^u e arti/2 press$ on him by 8 cli5ts1 by ! fa%ion ( 8 "t & also by 8 own self inasmu* z he is a man int]e/$ n only 9 %apes b 9 ?+s4 ,& ?us we are back at ! fact t ! problem giv5 to ! pa9t] to solve by means ( l9es & col\rs on a flat surface1 is ! problem ( tell+ u some?+ new or some?+ important ab\t ?+s3 :at ?+s are made (1 h[ !y w react to our do+s1 h[ !y move1 :at !y feel & ?9k2 & above all1 ,i repeat x1 :at am\nt ( space !y occupy ) ref]5ce to ! space simil>ly occupi$1 9 pres5t or future1 by o!r ?+s includ+ ourselves4 ,our enquiry into ! excessive importance attribut$ by critics to pictorial sugge/ion ( cubic exi/5ce has ?us l$ u back to ! conclusion conta9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 namely t beauty dep5d+ negatively on ease ( visual p]ception1 & positively ^u emphatic corroboration ( our dynamic habits1 is a quality ( aspects1 indep5d5t ( cubic exi/5ce & e o!r possible quality ( ?+s2 except 9 s f> z ! ?\ght ( ?ree-dim5sional1 & o!r1 qualities ( ?+s may int]f]e ) ! fre$om & read9ess ( m9d requisite = su* highly active & s5sitive processes z ^? ( empa?ic =m int]pretation4 ,b ! foll[+ *apt] w1 ,i tru/1 make x cle> t su* int]f]5ce ( ! ,?\ght ab\t ,?+s ) ! ,contemplation ( ,%apes is ess5tial to ! ry?m ( our m5tal life1 & !re=e a *ief factor 9 all arti/ic production & appreciation4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,att5tion ,,to ,,%apes ,,to expla9 h[ art 9 g5]al1 & any art 9 p>ticul>1 succe$s 9 reconcil+ ^! contradictory dem&s1 ,i mu/ rem9d ! ,read] ( :at ,i said 7p4 #ic7 ab\t ! satisfactory or unsatisfactory possibilities ( %apes hav+ begun to be notic$ 9 ! mom5ts ( slack5$ att5tion to ! processes ( manufactur+ ! objects embody+ ^? %apes1 & 9 ! int]vals betwe5 practical employm5t ( ^! m or less %apely objects4 ,& ,i mu/ ask him to connect ) ^! rem>ks a previ\s passage 7p4 #dd7 conc]n+ ! int]mitt5t nature ( normal acts ( att5tion1 & _! alt]nation z con/itut+ on-&-(f beats4 ,! d$uction f ^! two conv]g+ /atem5ts is t1 contr>y to ! a-priori !ories mak+ ae/hetic contemplation an exception1 a k9d ( bank holiday1 to daily life1 x is 9 reality "o-half ( daily life's natural & heal?y ry?m4 ,t ! real /ate ( affairs1 z reveal$ by psy*ological exp]im5t & obs]vation1 %\ld h escap$ ! notice ( s _m ae/heticians1 is probably due to _! !ories />t+ f arti/ic production r ?an f ae/hetic appreciation1 )\t :i* art w\ld aft] all probably nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,! production ( ! simple/ "w ( art _c inde$ be ?\ght ( z "o ( ! alt]nations ( ev]yday att5tion1 because x is a long1 complex & repeat$ly resum$ process1 a :ole piece ( life1 includ+ 9 itself hundr$s & ?\s&s ( alt]nations ( do+ & look+1 ( discursive ?9k+ ( aims & ways & means & ( contemplation ( ae/hetic results4 ,= ev5 ! humble/ arti/ has to ?9k ( :atev] objects or processes 8 "w aims at repres5t+1 convey+ or facilitat+2 & to ?9k also ( ! objects1 m>ble1 wood1 pa9ts1 voices1 & ( ! processes1 draw+1 cutt+1 h>monic comb9+1 by :i* he attempts to compass "o ( ! above-m5tion$ results4 ,! arti/ is n only an ae/hetically appreciative p]son2 he is1 9 8 own way1 a man ( sci5ce & a man ( practical devices1 an exp]t1 a craftsman & an eng9e]4 ,to produce a "w ( art is n an int]lude 9 8 life1 b 8 life's ma9 bus9ess2 & he !re=e /&s ap>t1 z e busy speciali/ mu/1 f ! bus9ess ( o!r speciali/s1 ( ^? m9i/]+ to mank9d's sci5tific & practical int]e/s4 ,b :ile x takes days1 mon?s1 sometimes ye>s to produce a "w ( art1 x may require 7! process has be5 submitt$ to exact measurem5t by ! /op-wat*7 n m9utes b seconds1 to take /ock ( t "w ( art 9 su* mann] z to c>ry away its e detail ( %ape1 & to cont9ue deal+ ) x 9 memory4 ,! unsuspect$ "p play$ by memory expla9s :y ae/hetic contemplation c be & normally is1 an int]mitt5t function alt]nat+ ) practical do+ & ?9k+4 ,x is 9 memory1 ?\gh memory deal+ ) :at we call ! pres5t1 t we ga!r up p>ts into :oles & turn consecutive measurem5ts into simultane\s relations2 & x is probably 9 memory t we deal empa?ically ) %apes1 inve/+ _! already p]ceiv$ directions & relations ) ! rememb]$ qualities ( our own activities1 aims & moods4 ,& simil>ly x is ?anks to memory t ! brief & int]mitt5t acts ( ae/hetic appreciation are comb9$ into a network ( contemplation :i* int]me%es ) our o!r ?\ghts & do+s1 & yet rema9s diff]5t f !m1 z ! re/orative functions ( life rema9 diff]5t f life's exp5diture1 al?\gh int]wov5 ) !m4 ,e ,read] ) any habit ( self-obs]vation kn[s h[ poignant an impression ( beauty may be got1 z ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( an express tra91 9 ! int]mitt5ce ( practical bus9ess or ab/ract ?9k+1 nay ev5 9 :at ,i h call$ ! (f-beat ( deepe/ p]sonal emotion1 ! v /ress ( ! practical1 intellectual or p]sonal in/ant 7= ! great happ5+s ( life are measur$ 9 seconds67 app>5tly driv+ 9 by contra/1 or convey+ on its excitem5t1 t irrelevant ae/hetic cont5ts ( ! (f-beat ( att5tion4 ,& :ile ! practical or intellectual int]e/ *anges1 :ile ! p]sonal emotion subsides1 t ae/hetic impression rema9s2 rema9s or recurs1 unit$1 ?r\gh e int]mitt5ce1 by ! feel+ ( id5tity1 t id5tity :i*1 l ! ris+ ( ! m\nta91 is due to ! reit]ative nature ( %ape-contemplation3 ! fragm5ts ( melody may be int]rupt$ 9 our memory by all mann] ( o!r ?\ghts1 b !y w recur & coalesce1 & recurr+ & coalesc+1 br+ ) !m ! p>ticul> mood :i* _! ry?ms & int]vals h awak5$ 9 u & awak5 once m4 ,t diagrammatic ,man on ! ,hill 9 reality ?\ght away f ! l&scape q z mu* z 8 practical & sci5tific companions2 :at he did1 & !y did n1 0 to ?9k back to x2 & ?9k back to x always ) ! same ref]5ces ( l9es & angles1 ! same relations ( directions & impacts1 ( p>ts & :oles4 ,& p]haps ! re/orative1 ! heal+ quality ( ae/hetic contemplation is due1 9 l>ge "p1 to ! fact t1 9 ! p]petual flux ( action & ?\ght1 x repres5ts reit]ation & !re=e /ability4 ,be t z x may1 ! int]mitt5t b recurr5t "* ( %ape contemplation1 ! fact t x is inconceivably brief & amaz+ly repetitive1 t x has ! ess5tial quality ( id5tity because ( reit]ation1 all ?is expla9s also two *ief po9ts ( our subject4 ,fir/3 h[ an ae/hetic impression1 int5tionally or accid5tally convey$ 9 ! c\rse ( :olly diff]5t int]e/s1 c become a con/ant accompanim5t to ! %ift+ preoccupations ( exi/5ce1 l ! rememb]$ songs :i* s+ !mselves sil5tly 9 our m9d & ! rememb]$ l&scapes becom+ an intangible backgr\nd to our ev]-v>y+ ?\ghts4 ,&1 secondly1 x expla9s h[ art c fulfil ! behe/s ( our *ang+ & discursive int]e/ 9 ?+s :ile satisfy+ ! imp]i\s un*ang+ dem&s ( ! contemplat$ pref]5ce = beautiful aspects4 ,& ?us we return to my />t+-po9t 9 deal+ ) art3 t art is condition$ by ! desire = beauty :ile pursu+ entirely diff]5t aims1 & execut+ any "o ( a v>iety ( :olly indep5d5t non-ae/hetic tasks4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,in=mation ,,ab\t ,,?+s ,,among ! facts :i* ,pa9t+ is set to tell u ab\t ?+s1 ! mo/ important1 aft] cubic exi/5ce1 is ,locomotion4 ,inde$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! race z well z 9 t ( ! individual1 pictorial att5tion to locomotion seems to prec$e att5tion to cubic exi/5ce4 ,= :5 ! palaeoli?ic1 or ! ,egyptian draughtsman1 or ev5 ! ,six? ,c5tury ,greek1 unites pr(ile legs & head ) a full-face *e/2 & :5 ! mod]n *ild supplem5ts ! insuffici5tly project+ full-face nose by a pr(ile nose tack$ on :]e we expect ! e>1 we are apt to ?9k t ^! mi/akes are due to indiff]5ce to ! cubic nature ( ?+s4 ,! rev]se is1 h[ev]1 ! case4 ,! primitive draughtsman & ! *ild are record+ impressions receiv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! locomotion ei!r ( ! ?+ look$ at or ( ! spectator4 ,:5 !y unite :atev] consecutive aspects are mo/ significant & at ! same "t easie/ to copy1 !y are 9 ! clut*es ( _! cubic exp]i5ce1 & :at !y are indiff]5t ab\t1 p]haps unconsci\s (1 is ! two-dim5sional appe>ance :i* a body pres5ts :5 its p>ts are se5 simultane\sly & !re=e f a s+le po9t ( view4 ,! progress ( pa9t+ is always f repres5t+ ! ,consecutive to repres5t+ ! ,simultane\s2 p]spective1 =e%ort5+1 & lat]1 light & %ade1 be+ ! sci5tific & te*nical means t[>ds ?is end4 ,^u our k ( ! precise /age ( su* pictorial developm5t dep5ds our correct recognition ( :at ?+s1 & p>ticul>ly :at spatial relations & locomotion1 ( ?+s1 ! pa9t] is int5d$ to repres5t4 ,?us :5 a ,byzant9e draughtsman puts 8 figures 9 :at look to u z sup]pos$ ti]s1 he is m]ely try+ to convey _! exi/5ce beh9d "o ano!r on a common level4 ,& :at we take = ! elaborate contortions ( a?letes & ,a!nas on ,six? ,c5tury vases turns out to be no?+ b an ar*aic repres5tation ( ord9>y walk+ & runn+4 ,! sugge/ion ( locomotion dep5ds fur!rmore on anatomy4 ,:at ! figures ( a pa9t+ are int5d$ to be do+1 :at !y are int5d$ to h j done & to be go+ to d1 9 fact all que/ions ab\t _! action & bus9ess1 are answ]$ by ref]5ce to _! bodily /ructure & its real or suppos$ possibilities4 ,! same applies to expression ( mood4 ,! impassiv5ess ( ar*aic ,apollos is m likely to be due to anatomical difficulties 9 displac+ arms & legs1 ?an to lack ( emotion on ! "p ( arti/s :o 71 aft] all1 contempor>ies ei!r ( ,sappho or ,p9d>4 ,& x is m probable t ! sculptors ( ,aeg9a 7 /ill emb>rass$ ab\t ! modell+ ( lips & *eeks ?an t1 hav+ ,hom] by he>t1 !y imag9$ 8 h]oes to die sil5tly & ) a smirk4 ,i h ent]$ into ?is "q ( p]spective & anatomy1 & giv5 ! above examples1 because !y w br+ home to ! read] "o ( ! *ief pr9ciples d$uc$ f our previ\s exam9ation into ! psy*ology ( our subject1 namely t all ?9k+ ab\t ?+s is ?9k+ away f ! ,%apes sugge/+ ^? ?+s1 s9ce x involves k :i* ! ,%apes 9 !mselves d n af=d4 ,& ,i h insi/$ p>ticul>ly ^u ! dep5d5ce ( repres5tations ( locomotion ^u k ( ?ree-dim5sional exi/5ce1 because1 be=e proce$+ to ! relations ( ,subject & ,=m 9 pa9t+1 ,i want to impress once m ^u ! read] ! di/9ction betwe5 ! locomotion ( ?+s 7locomotion active or passive7 & :at1 9 my example ( ! m\nta9 :i* rises1 ,i h call$ ! empa?ic movem5t ( l9es4 ,su* movem5t ( l9es we h se5 to be a s*eme ( activity sugge/$ by our own activity 9 tak+ /ock ( a two-dim5sional-%ape2 an idea1 or feel+ ( activity :i* we1 be+ normally unaw>e ( its orig9 9 ourselves1 project into ! %ape :i* has sugge/$ x1 precisely z we project our s5sation ( r$ f our own eye & m9d into ! object :i* has deflect$ ! rays ( light 9 su* a way z to give u t r$ s5sation4 ,su* empa?ic1 attribut$1 movem5ts ( l9es are !re=e intr9sic qualities ( ! %apes ^: active p]ception has call$ !m =? 9 our imag9ation & feel+2 & be+ qualities ( ! %apes1 !y inevitably *ange ) e alt]ation :i* a %ape und]goes1 e %ape1 actively p]ceiv$1 hav+ its own special movem5t ( l9es2 & e movem5t ( l9es1 or comb9ation ( movem5ts ( l9es exi/+ 9 proportion z we g ov] & ov] aga9 ! p>ticul> %ape ( :i* x is a quality4 ,! case is absolutely rev]s$ :5 we p]ceive or ?9k (1 ! locomotion ( ?+s4 ,! ?\ght ( a ?+'s locomotion1 :e!r locomotion done by itself or inflict$ by some?+ else1 necessitates our ?9k+ away f ! p>ticul> %ape be=e u to ano!r %ape m or less diff]5t4 ,9 o!r words locomotion necess>ily alt]s :at we are look+ at or ?9k+ (4 ,if we ?9k ( ,mi*el ,angelo's seat$ ,moses z gett+ up1 we ?9k away f ! approximately pyramidal %ape ( ! /atue to ! elongat$ oblong ( a /&+ figure4 ,if we ?9k ( ! horse ( ,m>cus ,aurelius z tak+ ! next /ep1 we ?9k ( a /raight5$ leg set on ! gr\nd in/ead ( a curv$ leg susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,& if we ?9k ( ! ,myronian ,discobolus z lett+ g 8 quoit & recov]+1 we ?9k ( ! mat*less spiral composition z unw9d+ & /raight5+ itself into a %ape z diff]5t z t ( a tree is diff]5t f t ( a %ell4 ,! pictorial repres5tation ( locomotion af=ds !re=e ! extreme example ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 discursive ?9k+ ab\t ?+s & contemplation ( %ape4 ,be>+ ?is example 9 m9d we _c fail to und]/& t1 j z ! ?\ght ( locomotion is oppos$ to ! ?\ght ( movem5t ( l9es1 s1 9 m or less degree1 ! ?\ght ( ! objects & actions repres5t$ by a picture or /atue1 is likely to div]t ! m9d f ! pictorial & pla/ic %apes :i* d ! repres5t+4 ,& we c also und]/& t ! problem unconsci\sly dealt ) by all art 7?\gh by no means consci\sly by e arti/7 is to execute ! ord] ( sugge/+ int]e/+ facts ab\t ?+s 9 a mann] su* z to satisfy at ! same "t ! ae/hetic dem& = %apes :i* %all be satisfactory to contemplate4 ,unless ?is dem& = s5sorially1 intellectually & empa?ically desirable %apes be compli$ ) a "w ( art may be int]e/+ z a diagram1 a record or an illu/ration1 b once ! facts h be5 convey$ & assimilat$ ) ! re/ ( our k1 !re w rema9 a %ape :i* we %all nev] want to lay eyes ^u4 ,i _c repeat too (t5 t ! diff]5tiat+ *>act]i/ic ( art is t x gives its works a value = contemplation indep5d5t ( _! value = fact-transmission1 _! value z n]ve-&-emotion-excitant & ( _! value = imm$iate1 = practical1 utility4 ,?is ae/hetic value1 dep5d+ ^u ! un*ang+ processes ( p]ception & empa?y1 ass]ts itself 9 answ] to e act ( contemplative att5tion1 & is z endur+ & intr9sic z ! o!r values are apt to be mom5t>y & relative4 ,a ,greek vase ) its bottom knock$ out & ) a sc>ce intelligible incid5t ( obsolete my?ology portray$ ^u x1 has claims ^u our feel+s :i* ! mo/ useful mod]n me*anism ceases to h ev5 9 ! int]vals ( its use1 & :i* ! newspap]1 cramm$ full ( ! mo/ important tid+s1 loses z soon z we h tak5 9 its cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,co-,,op]ation ,,( ,,?+s ,,& ,,%apes ,,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages & up to rec5t times ! *ief task ( pa9t+ has be51 o/5sibly1 ! tell+ & re-tell+ ( ! same ,scripture /ories2 &1 incid5tally1 ! tell+ !m ) ! addition ( con/antly new items ( in=mation ab\t ?+s3 _! volume1 position1 /ructure1 locomotion1 light & %ade & int]actions ( texture & atmosph]e2 to :i* items mu/ be add$ o!rs ( psy*ological or 7pseudo7-hi/orical k9d1 h[ x all came ab\t1 9 :at surr\nd+s & dresses1 & accompani$ by :at feel+s4 ,?is task1 (ficial & un(ficial1 is 9 no way diff]5t f ^? fulfill$ by ! man ( sci5ce & ! practical man1 bo? ( :om are p]petually deal+ ) additional items ( in=mation4 ,b m>k ! diff]5ce 9 ! arti/'s way ( accompli%+ ?is task3 a sci5tific fact is embodi$ 9 ! progressive mass ( k1 assimilat$1 correct$2 a practical fact is tak5 9 consid]ation1 built ^u2 b ! treatise1 ! newspap] or lett]1 once x has convey$ ^! facts1 is =gott5 or disc>d$4 ,! "w ( art on ! contr>y is rememb]$ & *]i%$2 or at all ev5ts x is made ) ! int5tion ( be+ rememb]$ & *]i%$4 ,9 o!r words & z ,i %all nev] tire ( repeat+1 ! diff]5tiat+ *>act]i/ic ( art is t x makes y ?9k back to ! %ape once t %ape has convey$ its message or done its bus9ess ( call+ y\r att5tion or excit+ y\r emotions4 ,& ! fir/ & =emo/ problem1 = in/ance ( pa9t+1 is t ( prev5t+ ! behold]'s eye f be+ c>ri$1 by l9es ( p]spective1 outside ! frame & ev5 p]si/5tly out ( ! c5tre ( ! picture2 ! sculptor 7& ?is is ! real reason ( ! sculptor ,hildebr&'s rules = pla/ic composition7 obey+ a simil> necessity ( keep+ ! behold]'s eye ^u ! ma9 masses ( 8 /atue1 in/ead ( div]t+ x1 by projections at diff]5t di/ances1 l ! /ick+ out arms & h&s ( ,roman figures4 ,s mu* = ! eye ( ! body3 ! behold]'s curiosity mu/ simil>ly n be c>ri$ outside ! "w ( art by1 = in/ance1 an incomplete figure 7legs )\t a body67 or an unf9i%$ ge/ure1 ?is be+1 x seems to roe1 ! only real reason aga9/ ! repres5tation ( extremely rapid action & transitory positions4 ,b :5 ! task ( convey+ in=mation implies t ! behold]'s ?\ghts be delib]ately l$ f :at is repres5t$ to :at is n1 !n ?is c5trifugal action is dealt ) s z to produce a c5tripetal "o back to ! "w ( art3 ! pa9t] sugge/s que/ions ( h[ & :y :i* get _! answ]s 9 "s item oblig+ y to take fre% /ock ( ! picture4 ,:at ,is ! mean+ ( ! angels & evid5tly sup]natural horseman 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,raphael's ,heliodorus8 ,y\r m9d flies to ! pray+ ,high ,prie/ 9 ! c5tral recess ( ! temple1 & 9 go+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 him1 ! ma9 gr\p & ! scatt]$ a/oni%$ by/&]s1 y are effectually enclos$ )9 ! ar*es ( t m>vell\s composition1 & induc$ to explore e detail ( its lovely & noble con/itu5t %apes4 ,! me?ods employ$ ?us to keep ! behold]'s att5tion inside ! "w ( art :ile sugge/+ ?+s beyond x1 naturally v>y ) ! exact nature ( ! non-ae/hetic task :i* has be5 set to ! arti/2 & ) ! arti/'s individual end[m5t & ev5 m ) ! traditional arti/ic =mulae ( 8 c\ntry & "t3 ,raphael's devices 9 ,heliodorus c\ld n h be5 compass$ by ,giotto2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld h be5 reject$ z academic by ,manet4 ,b :atev] ! me?ods employ$1 & h[ev] obvi\sly !y reveal t satisfactory =m-contemplation is ! "o & inv>iable condition z di/+ui%$ f ! innum]able v>y+ aims1 ( all works ( art1 ! ,read] w f9d !m discuss$ n z me?ods = secur+ att5tion to ! %ape1 b z me?ods ( employ+ t %ape = "s non-ae/hetic purpose2 :e!r t purpose be induc+ y to dr9k out ( a cup by mak+ its %ape conv5i5t or sugge/ive2 or induc+ y to buy a p>ticul> commodity by br&+ its "n & virtues on y\r m9d2 or fix+ y\r ?\ghts on ! ,madonna's sorr[s2 or awak+ y\r sympa?y = ,isolde's love trag$y4 ,& yet x is evid5t t ! arti/ :o %ap$ ! cup or design$ ! po/] w\ld be horribly disappo9t$ if y ?\ght only ( dr9k+ or ( %opp+ & nev] gave ano!r look to ! cup or ! po/]2 & t ,p]ug9o or ,wagn] w\ld h di$ ( despair if 8 sugge/ion ( ! ,madonna's sorr[s or ( ,isolde's love-agonies _h be5 s efficaci\s z to prev5t anybody f look+ twice at ! fresco or li/5+ to ! end ( ! op]a4 ,?is inv]sion ( ! "q is wor? inquir+ into1 because1 l ! analog\s p>adox ab\t ! pictorial realisation ( cubic exi/5ce1 x af=ds an illu/ration ( "s ( ! psy*ological intricacies ( ! relation betwe5 ,art & ! ,beautiful4 ,?is is h[ ,i propose to expla9 x4 ,! task to :i* an arti/ is set v>ies f "o "w to ano!r1 :ile ! %apes employ$ = ! purpose are1 z already said1 limit$ by 8 p[]s & especially by ! precise mom5t 9 arti/ic evolution4 ,! arti/ !re=e ?9ks ( 8 available %apes z some?+ giv51 z means1 & ! subject he is ord]$ to repres5t 7or ! emotion he is commission$ to elicit7 z ! all-important aim4 ,?us he ?9ks ( himself 7& makes ! critic ?9k ( him7 n z prev5t+ ! repres5t$ subject or express$ emotion f )draw+ ! behold] f ! arti/ic %apes1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z employ+ ^! arti/ic %apes = ! sole purpose ( t repres5tation or emotional expression4 ,& ?is mo/ explicable inv]sion ( ! real /ate ( affairs ends by mak+ ! behold] believe t :at he c>es = 9 a ma/]piece is n ! beauty ( %ape :i* only a ma/]piece c\ld h1 b ! efficacy ( br++ home a subject or express+ an emotion :i* c\ld be j z efficaci\sly repres5t$ or elicit$ by ! vile/ daub or ! wret*$e/ b>rel organ6 ,?is inevitable1 & ,i believe1 salut>y illusion ( ! arti/1 is fur!r 9 creas$ by ! fact t :ile ! arti/'s +5uity mu/ be b5t on avoid+ irrelevance & dim9i%+ opportunities = ugl9ess1 ! actual beauty ( ! %apes he is creat+ arises f ! dep?s ( 8 unreason$1 traditional & organis$ consci\sness1 f activities :i* might be call$ automatic if !y 7 n accompani$ by a critical feel+ t :at is produc$ ?us spontane\sly & inevitably is ei!r turn+ out z x mu/ & %\ld1 or1 contr>iwise1 insi/s ^u turn+ out exactly z x %\ld n4 ,! p>ticul> sy/em ( curves & angles1 ( directions & impacts ( l9es1 ! p>ticul> :ole-&-"p s*eme (1 let u say1 ,mi*elangelo1 is due to 8 modes ( ae/hetic p]ceiv+1 feel+1 liv+1 add$ to ^? ( all ! o!r arti/s ^: peculi>ities h be5 av]ag$ 9 :at we call ! s*ool :5ce ,mi*elangelo issu$4 ,he c no m dep>t f ^! %apes ?an he c pa9t ,rembr&t's ,pilgrims ( ,emmaus )\t ,rembr&t's sci5ce ( light & %ade & ,rembr&t's oil-&-canvas te*nique4 ,!re is no alt]native1 h5ce no *oice1 h5ce no feel+ ( a problem to resolve1 9 ?is "q ( %apes to employ4 ,b !re are doz5s ( alt]natives & ( acts ( *oice1 !re is a :ole s]ies ( problems :5 ,mi*elangelo sets to employ+ ^! inevitable %apes to tell+ ! ,p>t+ ( ! ,light f ! ,d>kness1 or ! ,creation ( ,adam on ! ,vault ( ! ,sixt9e1 & to surr\nd+ ! /ories f ,g5esis ) ,prophets & ,sibyls & ,ance/ors ( ,*ri/4 ,is ! ceil+ to rema9 a unity1 or be brok5 up into irrelevant compositions8 ,"h comes 91 alongside ( 8 almo/ automatic g5ius = %apes1 ! man's sup]human con/ructive +5uity4 ,see h[ he divides t ceil+ 9 su* a way t ! frames ( ! sep>ate compositions comb9e into a huge /ructure ( pa9t$ raft]s & brackets1 nay ! ,prophets & ,sibyls1 ! ,ance/ors & ,ance/resses !mselves1 & ! nak$ antique g5ii1 turn into ar*itectural memb]s1 hold+ t imag9>y ro( toge!r1 secur+ its seem+ /ability1 increas+1 by _! ge/ure its upspr+ & its weight9ess1 & at ! same "t det]m9+ ! tracks along :i* ! eye is =c$ to travel4 ,backw>ds & =w>ds ! eye is driv5 by t liv+ ar*itecture1 r\nd & r\nd 9 its se>* n[ = completion ( visible patt]n1 n[ = symbolic & n>rative mean+4 ,& ev] back to ! tale ( ! ,creation1 s t ! remote hi/oric incid5ts ( ! ,ance/ors1 ! trem5d\s & trem5d\sly pres5t lyric excitem5t & despair ( ! prophetic m5 & wom51 ! pagan sugge/ion ( ! a?letic g5ii1 all unite l ! simultane\s & consecutive h>monies ( a titanic symphony1 r\nd ! recurr5t & dom9ant phrases ( ^? c5tral /ories ( h[ ! univ]se & man 7 made1 s t ! behold] has ! emotion ( he>+ n "o "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ! :ole ( x4 ,b mean:ile1 & simil>ly int]*ang+ & multiply+ _! imag9ative & emotional appeal1 ! ?\ght ( ^? mo/ memorable ( all writt5 /ories unites ) ! p]ception & empa?y ( ^? m>vell\s sy/ems ( liv+ l9es & curves & angles1 ?robb+ ) _! immortal impacts & spe$s & directions 9 a great coord9at$ movem5t t always beg9s & nev] ends1 until x seems to ! behold] z if ^? pa9t$ %apes 7 !mselves ! cr[n+ "w ( "s eigh? day ( ,creation1 ga!r+ up 9 reposeful visible syn!sis ! :ole ( ,creation's ineffable en]gy & h>mony & spl5d\r4 ,?is example ( ,mi*elangelo's ceil+ %[s h[1 ?anks to ! ry?mical nature ( p]ception1 art fulfils ! mission ( mak+ u ?9k f ,%apes to ,?+s & f ,?+s back to ,%apes4 ,& x all[s u to see ! work+s ( t psy*ological law1 already manife/ 9 ! elem5t>y relations ( l9e to l9e & dot to dot1 by :i* :atev] c be ?\ght & felt 9 cont9u\s alt]nation t5ds to be turn$ into a :ole by su* reit]ation ( common activities4 ,& ?is means t ,art adds to its processes ( selection & exclusion a process ( inclusion1 safegu>d+ ae/hetic contemplation by draw+ :atev] is n :olly refractory into t contemplation's orbit4 ,?is turn+ ( non-ae/hetic int]e/s f possible competitors & invad]s into co-op]at+ allies is an incomp>able multiply+ factor ( ae/hetic satisfaction1 enl>g+ ! sph]e ( ae/hetic emotion & increas+ t emotion's volume & /ability by inclusion ( j ^? elem5ts :i* w\ld h compet$ to dim9i% !m4 ,! typical in/ance ( su* a possible competitor turn$ into an ally1 is t ( ! cubic elem5t1 :i* ,i h describ$ 7p4 #he7 z ! fir/ & mo/ con/ant intrud] f ! ?\ght ( ,?+s into ! contemplation ( ,%apes4 ,= ! introduction into a picture ( a sugge/$ ?ird dim5sion is :at prev5ts our ?9k+ away f a m]ely two-dim5sional aspect by supply+ subsidi>y imag9>y aspects susceptible ( be+ co-ord9at$ to x4 ,s p]spective & modell+ 9 light & %ade satisfy our habit ( locomotion by all[+ u1 z ! phrase is1 to g into a picture2 & go+ into1 we rema9 !re & e/abli% on its imag9>y planes s*emes ( horizontals & v]ticals besides ^? already exi/+ on ! real two-dim5sional surface4 ,?is addition ( %apes due to p]spective increases ! already exi/+ dramas ( empa?y1 in/ead ( int]rupt+ !m by our look+ away f ! picture1 :i* we %\ld infallibly d if our explor+ & s to speak cubic-locomotor t5d5cies 7 n ?us employ$ inside ! picture's limits4 ,?is alliance ( ae/hetic contemplation ) our int]e/ 9 cubic exi/5ce & our con/ant ?\ght ( locomotion1 does m h[ev] ?an m]ely safegu>d & multiply our *ances ( empa?ic activity4 ,x also increases ! s5sory discrim9ation1 & h5ce pleasureabl5ess1 ( col\r1 inasmu* z col\r becomes1 consid]$ z light & %ade & values1 a sugge/ion ( ?ree-dim5sional ,?+s in/ead ( m]ely a con/itu5t ( two-dim5sional ,%apes4 ,moreov]1 "o easily tires ( foll[+ v]ticals & horizontals & _! int]m$iate directions2 :ile empa?ic imag9ation1 ) its dynamic feel+s & frequ5t semi-mimetic accompanim5ts1 requires suffici5t int]vals ( repose2 & su* repose1 su* alt]nation ( diff]5t m5tal functions1 isprecisely af=d$ by ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( cubic exi/5ce4 ,art-critics h (t5 po9t$ out :at may be call$ ! ?9ness1 ! lack ( /ay+ p[]1 ( pictures defici5t 9 ! cubic elem5t2 !y ought also to h drawn att5tion to ! fatigu+1 ! almo/ halluc9atory excitem5t1 result+ f un9t]rupt$ att5tion to two-dim5sional patt]n & ar*itectural outl9es1 :i* 71 inde$1 int5d$ to be incid5tally look$ at 9 ! c\rse ( tak+ /ock ( ! cubic qualities ( furniture & build+s4 ,& s9ce ! limits ( ?is volume h re/rict$ me to pa9t+ z a type ( ae/hetic contemplation1 ,i mu/ ask ! ,read] to accept on my au?ority & if possible v]ify = himself1 ! fact t :at ,i h be5 say+ applies1 mutatis mut&is1 to ! o!r arts4 ,z we h already notic$1 some?+ analog\s to a ?ird dim5sion exi/s also 9 music2 & ev51 z ,i h else:]e %[n199 9 lit]ature4 ,! h>monies accompany+ a melody satisfy our t5d5cy to ?9k ( o!r notes & p>ticul>ly ( o!r alli$ tonalities2 :ile z to lit]ature1 ! :ole h&l+ ( words1 inde$ ! :ole ( logical ?9k+1 is b a cubic work+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 :at & h[1 a co-ord9at+ ( items & !mes1 keep+ ! m9d enclos$ 9 "o s*eme ( ideas by =e/all+ answ]s to ! que/ions :i* w\ld o!rwise div]t ! att5tion4 ,& if ! realisation ( ! ?ird dim5sion has come to be mi/ak5 = ! *ief factor ( ae/hetic satisfaction1 ?is error is due n m]ely to ! already notic$ co9cid5ce betwe5 cubic imag9ation & arti/ic g5ius1 b ev5 m to ! fact t cubic imag9ation is ! type ( ! v>i\s multiply+ factors by :i* ! empa?ic1 t is to say ! ess5tially ae/hetic1 activity1 c increase its sph]e ( op]ations1 its /ay+ p[] & its int5sity4 99 ,! ,h&l+ ( ,words1 ,engli% ,review1 #aiaa-ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,ae/hetic ,,responsiv5ess ,,our exam9ation has ?us proce$$ f ae/hetic contemplation to ! "w ( ,art1 :i* seeks to secure & satisfy x :ile fur!r+ "s ( life's v>i\s o!r claims4 ,we mu/ n[ g back to ae/hetic contemplation & f9d out h[ ! behold] meets ^! ef=ts made to secure & satisfy 8 contemplative att5tion4 ,= ! ,read] w by ?is "t h grasp$ t art c d no?+ )\t ! collaboration ( ! behold] or li/5]2 & t ?is collaboration1 s f> f consi/+ 9 ! passive be+ impress$ by beauty :i* unsci5tific ae/heticians imag9$ z analog\s to be+ impress$ by s5su\s qualities1 by hot or cold or sweet or s\r1 is 9 reality a comb9ation ( high] activities1 second 9 complexity & int5sity only to t ( ! arti/ himself4 ,we h se5 9 ! imm$iately prec$+ *apt] t ! mo/ delib]ate1 ?\gh n ! ess5tial1 "p ( ! arti/'s bus9ess is to provide aga9/ any possible di/urbance ( ! behold]'s responsive activity1 & ( c\rse also to increase by e means t output ( responsive activity4 ,b ! s\rces ( x are 9 ! behold]1 & beyond ! control ( ! mo/ +5i\s arti/ic devices & ! mo/ viol5t arti/ic appeals4 ,!re is inde$ no bett] pro( ( ! active nature ( ae/hetic appreciation ?an ! fact t su* appreciation is s (t5 n =?com+4 ,ev5 m]e s5sations1 ^? impressions ( s+le qualities to :i* we are mo/ unresi/+ly passive1 are n pleasurable )\t a fav\rable reaction ( ! body's *emi/ry3 ! same ta/e or smell w be attractive or repulsive accord+ z we h rec5tly eat54 ,& h[ev] indomitably col\r- & s\nd-s5sations =ce !mselves ^u u1 our submission to !m w n be accompani$ by ev5 ! mo/ passive pleasure if we are bodily or m5tally out ( sorts4 ,h[ mu* m frequ5t mu/ be lack ( receptiv5ess :51 in/ead ( deal+ ) s5sations ^: int5sity dep5ds aft] all two ?irds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! out] /imulation1 we deal ) p]ceptions :i* include ! bodily & m5tal activities ( explor+ a %ape & e/abli%+ among its con/itu5t s5sations relation%ips bo? to ea* o!r & to ourselves2 activities )\t :i* !re w\ld be = ! behold] no %ape at all1 b m]e ragbag *aos6--,& 9 calculat+ ! likelihood ( a p]ceptive empa?ic response we mu/ rememb] t su* active %ape-p]ception1 h[ev] in/antane\s z comp>$ ) ! cumbr\s processes ( locomotion1 nev]!less requires a p]fectly measurable "t1 & requires !re=e t its con/itu5t processes be held 9 memory = comp>ison & coord9ation1 q z mu* z ! simil> processes by :i* we take /ock ( ! relations ( sequ5ce ( s\nds4 ,all ?is m5tal activity1 less explicit b n less int5se or complex ?an t ( logically foll[+ an argum5t1 is !re=e su* t we are by no means always able or will+ to furni% x4 ,n able1 because ! ne$ = practical decisions hurries u into t rapid inf]5ce f a m9imum ( p]ception to a m9imum ( associat$ exp]i5ce :i* we call recognis+ ?+s1 & ?us out ( ! pres5ce ( ! p]functorily dealt ) %apes4 ,n will+1 because our n]v\s condition may be unable = ! /ra9 ( %ape p]ception2 & our emotional bias 7:at we call our int]e/7 may be fav\rable to "s incompatible k9d ( activity4 ,until q rec5tly 7& despite ,fe*n]'s fam\s introductory exp]im5ts7 ae/hetics h be5 little m ?an a bran* ( metaphysical speculation1 & x is only n[adays t ! b>e fact ( ae/hetic responsiv5ess is beg9n+ to be /udi$4 ,s f> z ,i h myself succe$$ 9 do+ s1 ,i ?9k ,i c assure ! ,read] t if he w note d[n1 day by day1 ! am\nt ( pleasure he has be5 able to take 9 works ( art1 he w soon recognise ! exi/5ce ( ae/hetic responsiv5ess & its highly v>iable nature4 ,%\ld ! same ,read] develop an int]e/ 9 su* 7(t5 humiliat+7 exam9ation into 8 own ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 he w discov] v>ieties ( x :i* w illu/rate "s ( ! *ief pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ?is little book4 ,8 di>y w report days :5 ae/hetic appreciation has begun ) ! in/ant ( ent]+ a collection ( pictures or /atues1 inde$ sometimes pre-exi/$ z he w5t ?r\gh ! /reets notic+ ! unwont$ *>m ( famili> objects2 o!r days :5 enjoym5t has come only aft] an ef=t ( att5tion2 o!rs :51 to p>aphrase ,col]idge1 he saw1 n felt1 h[ beautiful ?+s are2 & f9ally1 ?r\gh o!r v>ieties ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 days ^u :i* only %ortcom+s & absurdities h laid hold ( 8 att5tion4 ,9 ! c\rse ( su* ae/hetical self-exam9ation & confession1 ! ,read] might also become acqua9t$ ) days ^: exp]i5ce confirm$ my nev] suffici5tly repeat$ di/9ction betwe5 contemplat+ ,%apes & ?9k+ ab\t ,?+s2 or1 9 ord9>y ae/hetic t]m9ology betwe5 =m & subject4 ,= !re are days :5 pictures or /atues w inde$ af=d pleasurable int]e/1 b int]e/ 9 ! ?+s repres5t$1 n 9 ! %apes2 a picture appeal+ ev5 =cibly to our dramatic or religi\s or romantic side2 or contr>iwise1 to our sci5tific "o4 ,!re are days :5 he may be deeply mov$ by a ,guido ,r5i m>tyrdom1 or absorb$ 9 ! ,m>riage la ,mode2 days :5 ev5 ,giorgione's ,pa/oral may 7z 9 ,rossetti's sonnet7 mean no?+ beyond ! languid pleasure ( sitt+ on ! grass aft] a burn+ day & li/5+ to ! pla% ( wat] & ! tun+ ( in/rum5ts2 ! same ?\ght & emotion1 ! same int]e/ & pleasure1 be+ equally obta9able f an inn-p>l\r oleograph4 ,!n1 z reg>ds sci5tific int]e/ & pleasure1 !re may be days :5 ! di>i/ w be q delight$ ) a hide\s picture1 because x af=ds "s *ronological clue1 or new po9t ( comp>ison4 ,?is dates su* or su* a /yle--,ple9 ,air already attempt$ by a ,giottesque6 ,degas =e/all$ by a ,cave ,dwell]6 etc4 etc4 ,& f9ally days :5 ! ,di>i/ is haunt$ by ! ?\ght ( :at ! repres5t$ p]son w d next3 ,w\ld ,mi*elangelo's ,j]emiah knock 8 head if he got up8--,h[ w ! ,discobolus recov] :5 he has let g ! quoit8--or haunt$ by ?\ghts ev5 m frivol\s 7?\gh n any less ae/hetically irrelevant67 l ,h[ wond]fully l ,mrs ,s & ,s6 ,! liv+ image ( ,major ,blank6--,h[ ,i dete/ auburn p ) seal+-wax lips6 ad lib4 ,su* diff]5t ?9k+s away f ! %apes are (t5 traceable to previ\s ori5tation ( ! ?\ghts or to special /ates ( body & feel+s4 ,b explicable or n 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ^! v>ieties ( "o's own ae/hetic responsiv5ess w p]suade ! ,read] :o has v]ifi$ _! exi/5ce1 t contemplative satisfaction 9 %apes & its specific emotion _c be giv5 by ! greate/ arti/ or ! f9e/ tradition1 unless ! behold] meets _! ef=ts m ?an half way4 ,! spontane\s collaboration ( ! behold] is especially indisp5sable = ,ae/hetic ,empa?y4 ,z we h se51 empa?ic modes ( movem5t & en]gy & int5tion are attribut$ to %apes & to %ape elem5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! modes ( movem5t & en]gy involv$ 9 m]e %ape p]ception2 b %ape p]ception does n necess>ily call =? empa?ic imag9ation4 ,& ! l>g] or small] dynamic dramas ( ef=t1 resi/ance1 reconciliation1 coop]ation :i* con/itute ! mo/ poignant int]e/ ( a pictorial or pla/ic composition1 are inhibit$ by bodily or m5tal /ates ( a contr>y "*4 ,we cease to feel 7al?\gh we may cont9ue1 l ,col]idge1 to see7 t ! l9es ( a m\nta9 or a /atue are ris+1 if we ourselves happ5 to feel z if our feet 7 ( lead & our jo9ts turn+ to wat]4 ,! coord9at$ int]play ( empa?ic movem5t :i* makes c]ta9 m$iaeval floor patt]ns1 & also ,leon>do's compositions1 into :irl+ h>monies z ( a planet>y sy/em1 _c take place 9 our imag9ation on days ( re/lessness & lack ( conc5tration4 ,nay x may happ5 t arrangem5ts ( l9es :i* w\ld flutt] & flurry u on days ( quiet appreciativ5ess1 w become 9 e s5se sympa!tic on days :5 we ourselves feel flutt]$ & flurri$4 ,b lack ( responsiv5ess may be due to o!r causes4 ,z !re are comb9ations ( l9es :i* take long] to p]ceive because _! elem5ts or _! coord9at+ pr9ciples are unfamili>1 s1 & ev5 m s1 are !re empa?ic s*emes 7or dramas7 :i* baffle dynamic imag9ation :5 accu/om$ to some?+ else & :5 x !re=e meets ! new dem& ) an unsuitable empa?ic response4 ,empa?y is1 ev5 m ?an m]e p]ception1 a "q ( our activities & !re=e ( our habits2 & ! ae/hetic s5sitiv5ess ( a "t & c\ntry 7say ! ,flor5t9e f\rte5? c5tury7 ) a habit ( r\nd ar* & horizontals l t ( ,pisan ar*itecture1 c\ld nev] take ) en?usiasm to ! po9t$ ogeeval ellipse1 ! oblique directions & un/able equilibrium1 ! drama ( t\* & g /ra9 & resi/ance1 ( ,fr5* ,go?ic2 :5ce a con/ant readmission ( ! r\nd ar*$ %apes into ! import$ /yle1 & a spe$y return to ! famili> empa?ic s*emes 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance4 ,on ! o!r h& ! p]si/5ce ( ,go?ic detail 9 ,nor!rn ar*itecture ( ! sixte5? & occasionally ! sev5te5? c5tury1 %[s h[ insipid ! r\nd ar* & /raight entablature mu/ h felt to p accu/om$ to ! empa?y ( ,go?ic %apes4 ,no?+ is s r\t9i/ z imag9ation & emotion2 & empa?y1 :i* p>takes ( bo?1 is !re=e m dep5d5t on famili>ity ?an is ! p]ception by :i* x is />t$3 ,spohr1 & ! o!r pr(essional contempor>ies ( ,bee?ov51 probably he>d & te*nically und]/ood all ! peculi>ities ( 8 la/ qu>tets2 b !y lik$ !m none ! bett]4 ,on ! o!r h& cont9u$ repetition notori\sly begets indiff]5ce4 ,we cease to look at a %ape :i* we "k by he>t & we cease to int]pret 9 t]ms ( our own activities & int5tions :5 curiosity & expectation no long] let loose our dynamic imag9ation4 ,h5ce :ile utt] unfamili>ity baffles ae/hetic responsiv5ess1 excessive famili>ity prev5ts its />t+ at all4 ,inde$ bo? p]ceptive cle>ness & empa?ic int5sity rea* _! climax 9 ! case ( %apes :i* af=d ! excitem5t ( track+ famili>ity 9 novelty1 ! /imulation ( acute comp>ison1 ! emotional ups & d[ns ( expectation & p>tial recognition1 or ( recognition :5 unexpect$1 ! latt] hav+1 z we "k :5 we notice t a /rang] has ! trick ( spee* or ge/ure ( an acqua9tance1 a v p5etrat+ emotional w>m?4 ,su* discov]y ( ! novel 9 ! famili>1 & ( ! famili> 9 ! new1 w he frequ5t 9 proportion to ! def9it5ess & complexity ( ! %apes1 & 9 proportion also to ! s5sitiv5ess & /ead9ess ( ! behold]'s att5tion2 :ile on ! contr>y obvi\s qualities ( %ape & sup]ficial att5tion bo? t5d to exhau/ int]e/ & dem& *ange4 ,?is exhau/ion ( int]e/ & consequ5t dem& = *ange unites ) ! *ang+ non-ae/hetic aims impos$ on art1 toge!r produc+ innovation4 ,& ! m sup]ficial ! ae/hetic att5tion giv5 by ! behold]s1 ! quick] w /yle succe$ /yle1 & %apes & %ape-s*emes be done to dea? by exagg]ation or left 9 ! lur* be=e _! maturity2 a /ate ( affairs especially noticeable 9 our own day4 ,! above is a s]ies ( illu/rations ( ! fact t ae/hetic pleasure dep5ds z mu* on ! activities ( ! behold] z on ^? ( ! arti/4 ,unfamili>ity or ov]-famili>ity expla9 a l>ge "p ( ! ae/hetic non-responsiv5ess summ$ up 9 ! say+ t !re is no disput+ ( ta/es4 ,& ev5 )9 ! circle ( habitual responsiv5ess to "s p>ticul> /yle1 or ma/]1 !re are1 z we h j se51 days & h\rs :5 an individual behold]'s p]ception & empa?ic imag9ation d n act 9 su* mann] z to af=d ! usual pleasure4 ,b ^! occasional1 ev5 frequ5t1 lapses mu/ n dim9i% our belief ei!r 9 ! p[] ( art or 9 ! deeply organis$ & inevitable nature ( ae/hetic pref]5ce z a :ole4 ,:at ! k ( su* fluctuations ought to br+ home is t beauty ( %ape is mo/ spontane\sly & completely appreciat$ :5 ! att5tion1 in/ead ( be+ call$ ^u1 z 9 gall]ies & conc]ts1 = ! m]e purpose ( ae/hetic enjoym5t1 is on ! contr>y1 direct$ to ! arti/ic or natural beauty ( %apes1 9 consequ5ce ( "s o!r already exi/+ int]e/4 ,no "o except an art-critic sees a new picture or /atue )\t fir/ ask+ ,:at does x repres5t82 %ape-p]ception & ae/hetic empa?y aris+ incid5tally 9 ! exam9ation :i* ?is "q leads to4 ,! tru? is t ev5 ! art-critic is (t5e/ br\ght into en=c$ contemplation ( ! arti/ic %ape by "s o!r "q :i* arises f 8 p>ticul> bias3 ,by :om8 ( :at precise date8 ,ev5 su* te*nical que/ions z :]e & :5 re/or$ or repa9t$8 w elicit ! necess>y output ( att5tion4 ,x is possible & legitimate to be int]e/$ 9 a "w ( art = a doz5 reasons besides ae/hetic appreciation2 ea* ( ^! int]e/s has its own s5tim5tal1 sci5tific1 dramatic or ev5 moneymak+ emotion2 & !re is no loss = art1 b r a ga91 if we fall back ^u "o ( !m :5 ! specific ae/hetic response is sl[ or n =?com+4 ,art has o!r aims besides ae/hetic satisfaction2 & ae/hetic satisfaction w n come any ! quick] = turn+ our backs ^u ^! non-ae/hetic aims4 ,! v wor/ attitude t[>ds art is t ( ! holiday-mak] :o comes into its pres5ce ) no ult]ior int]e/ or bus9ess1 & no?+ b ! hope ( an ae/hetic emotion :i* is mo/ (t5 d5i$ him4 ,inde$ su* seek+ ( ae/hetic pleasure = its own sake w\ld lead to ev5 m ( ! blank despond5cy *>act]i/ic ( s _m gall]y go]s1 7 x n = ano!r peculi>ity ( ae/hetic responsiv5ess1 :i* is responsible = v puzzl+ effects4 ,?is sav+ grace ( ! t\ri/1 & 7z we %all see7 ?is pitfall ( ! art-exp]t1 is :at ,i propose to call ! ,transf]ability ( ,ae/hetic ,emotion4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,/orage ,,& ,,transf] ,,( ,,emotion ,,9 deal+ ) famili>ity z a multiply+ factor ( ae/hetic appreciation1 ,i h laid /ress on its effect 9 facilitat+ ! p]ception & ! empa?ic int]pretation ( %apes4 ,b repetition directly affects ! emotion :i* may result f ^! processes2 & :5 any emotion has become habitual1 x t5ds to be /or$ 9 :at we call memory1 & to be call$ =? n m]ely by ! processes 9 :i* x orig9at$1 b also indep5d5tly ( ! :ole ( !m1 or 9 answ] to "s common or equival5t factor4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?is psy*ological fact t we d n usually seem to recognise its exi/5ce4 ,x is ! explanation ( ! p[] ( words1 :i*1 ap>t f any images !y awak51 are (t5 irresi/ibly evocative ( emotion4 ,& among o!r emotions words c evoke ! "o due to ! easy p]ception & to ! life-corroborat+ empa?ic int]pretation ( %apes4 ,! ^w ,beautiful1 & its v>i\s quasi synonyms1 are among ! mo/ emotionally sugge/ive 9 our vocabul>y1 c>ry+ p]haps a vague b pot5t remembrance ( our own bodily reaction to ! emotion ( admiration2 nay ev5 elicit+ an incipi5t rehe>sal ( ! half-p>t$ lips & slightly ?r[n-back head1 ! drawn-9 brea? & wide-op5$ eyes1 ) :i* we are wont to meet opportunities ( ae/hetic satisfaction4 ,be ?is la/ z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ! emotion connect$ ) ! ^w ,beautiful c be evok$ by t ^w alone1 & )\t an accompany+ act ( visual or auditive p]ception4 ,inde$ beautiful %apes w\ld lose mu* ( _! importance 9 our life1 if !y did n leave beh9d !m su* emotional traces1 capable ( revival "u emotionally appropriate1 ?\gh outw>dly v dissimil>1 circum/ances2 & !reby enorm\sly increas+ "s ( our safe/1 p]haps because our mo/ purely subjective1 happ9ess4 ,in/ead !re=e ( despis+ ! raptures :i* ! pres5ce ( a ,v5us ( ,milo or a ,sixt9e ,madonna c inspire 9 p manife/ly incapable ( appreciat+ a ma/]piece1 & sometimes b>ely glanc+ at x1 we critical p]sons ought to recognise 9 ?is funny1 b consol+1 ph5om5on an additional pro( ( ! p[] ( ,beauty1 ^: specific emotion c ?us be evok$ by a m]e "n & s transf]r$ f "s pa/ exp]i5ce ( ae/hetic admiration to a4 pres5t occasion :i* w\ld o!rwise be m]e void & disappo9tm5t4 ,putt+ aside ^! k9d ( cases1 ! transf] 7usually accompli%$ by a ^w7 ( ! ae/hetic emotion1 or at lea/ ( a will+ness = ae/hetic emotion1 is probably "o ( ! explanations ( ! spread ( ae/hetic int]e/ f "o art to ano!r1 z x is ! explanation ( "s phases ( ae/hetic developm5t 9 ! individual4 ,! pres5t writ] c v\* = ! case ( at lea/ "o real *ild 9 :om ! possibility ( ae/hetic emotion1 & subsequ5tly ( ae/hetic appreciation1 0 ext5d$ f music & natural sc5]y to pictures & /atues1 by ! application ( ! ^w ,beautiful to ea* ( ^! diff]5t categories4 ,& some?+ analog\s probably help$ on ! primaeval recognition t ! empa?ic pleasures hi!rto atta*$ to geometrical %apes might be got f reali/ic %apes1 say ( bisons & re9de]1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 admir$ = _! lifelik5ess & skill1 b n yet subject$ to any ae/hetic discrim9ation 7cf4 p4 #if74 ,simil>ly1 9 our own times1 ! delight 9 natural sc5]y is be+ fur!r$ by ! developm5t ( l&scape pa9t+1 r ?an fur!r+ x4 ,nay ,i v5ture to sugge/ t x 0 ! habit ( ! ae/hetic emotion su* z m$iaeval m5 receiv$ f ! proportions1 directions1 & coord9ation ( l9es 9 _! ca!drals ( /one or brick :i* set _! musicians to build up1 l ,br[n+'s ,abt ,vogl]1 ! s\l's fir/ balanc$ & coord9at$ dwell+s made ( s\nds4 ,be ?is la/ z x may1 x is desirable t ! ,read] %\ld accept1 & possibly v]ify = himself1 ! psy*ological fact ( ! /orage & transf] ( ae/hetic emotion4 ,besides1 ! po9ts already m5tion$1 x helps to expla9 sev]al ( ! cruxes & p>adoxes ( ae/hetics4 ,fir/ & =emo/ t dictum ,de ,gu/ibus non e/ disput&um :i* "s philosoph]s & ev5 ae/heticians develop into an explicit d5ial ( all intr9sic %ape-pref]5ces1 & an ass]tion t beautiful & ugly are m]ely o!r names = fa%ionable & unfa%ionable1 orig9al & unorig9al1 or suitable & unsuitable4 ,z ,i h already po9t$ out1 diff]5ces ( ta/e are />t$ by ! p]ceptive & empa?ic habits1 s*ematically v>i\s1 ( giv5 times & places1 & also by ^?1 especially ! empa?ic habits1 connect$ ) individual n]v\s condition3 p accu/om$ to ! r\nd ar* f9d+ ! ,go?ic "o un/able & ecc5tric2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a p]son tak+ ke5 pleasure 9 ! sudd5 & lur*+ l9es ( ,lotto f9d+ ^? ( ,titian tame & humdrum4 ,b su* intr9sically exi/+ pref]5ces & incompatibility are q enorm\sly increas$ by an emotional bias = or aga9/ a p>ticul> k9d ( art2 by :i* ,i mean a bias n due to t art's peculi>ities1 b prev5t+ our com+ 9 real contact ) !m4 ,ae/hetic p]ception & especially ae/hetic empa?y1 l o!r intellectual & emotional activities1 are at ! m]cy ( a ho/ile m5tal attitude1 j z bodily activity is at ! m]cy ( rigidity ( ! limbs4 ,i d n hesitate to say t we are p]petually refus+ to look at c]ta9 k9ds ( art because1 = "o reason or ano!r1 we are emotionally prepossess$ aga9/ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 once ! fav\rable emotional condition is suppli$ to u1 (t5 by means ( words1 our p]ceptive & empa?ic activities foll[ ) twice ! ease !y w\ld if ! bus9ess _h begun ) !m4 ,x is q probable t a good deal ( ! enhancem5t ( ae/hetic appreciation by fa%ion or sympa?y %\ld be put to ! acc\nt1 n m]ely ( greg>i\s imitativ5ess1 b ( ! k t a fav\rable or unfav\rable feel+ is 9 ! air4 ,! emotion prec$es ! appreciation1 & bo? are g5u9e4 ,a m p]sonally humiliat+ ae/hetic exp]i5ce may be simil>ly expla9$4 ,unless we are v unobs]vant or v self-delud$1 we are all famili> ) ! sudd5 *eck+ 7(t5 almo/ physically pa9ful7 ( our ae/hetic emotion by ! ho/ile criticism ( a neighb\r or ! sup]cili\sness ( an exp]t3 ,dreadfully old-fa%ion$1 ,ar*i-connu1second-rate s*ool "w1 completely pa9t$ ov]1 utt]ly ha%$ 9 ! p]=mance 7( a piece ( music71 m]e prett9ess--etc4 etc4 ,h[ (t5 has n a s5t5ce l ^! turn$ ! tide ( hone/ incipi5t enjoym5t2 & trans=m$ u1 f enjoy]s ( "s really enjoyable quality 7ev5 ( su* old-z-!-hills elem5ts z cle>ness1 symmetry1 euphony or pleasant col\r67 into %rivell$ cavill]s at ev]y?+ save br&-new =mulae & tip-top g5ius6 ,inde$1 :ile tea*+ a few privileg$ p]sons to ta/e ! special quality :i* ,botticelli has & ,botticelli's pupils h n1 & ?us occasionally int5sify+ ae/hetic enjoym5t by di/+ui%+ :atev] diff]5tiates ! f9] arti/ic products f ! common]1 mod]n art-criticism has probably wa/$ mu* hone/ b %amefac$ capacity = appreciat+ ! qualities common1 because indisp5sable1 to1 all good art4 ,x is !re=e n )\t a c]ta9 retributive malignity t ,i end ^! examples ( ! /orage & transf] ( ae/hetic emotion1 & ( ! consequ5t bias to arti/ic appreciation1 ) t ( ! ,nemesis dogg+ ! /eps ( ! connoisseur4 ,we h all he>d ( "s pur*ase1 or all-b-pur*ase1 ( a wond]ful ma/]piece on ! au?ority ( "s fam\s exp]t2 & ( ! ma/]piece prov+ to be a m]e s*ool imitation1 & occasionally ev5 a c]tifi$ mod]n =g]y4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks on ! /orage & transf] ( ae/hetic emotion1 jo9$ ) :at we h le>n$ ab\t %ape-p]ception & empa?y1 w enable ! ,read] to r$uce ?is p>adoxical enormity to a natural ph5om5on discr$itable only :5 n hone/ly own$ up to4 ,= a s*ool imitation1 or a =g]y1 mu/ possess en\gh elem5ts 9 common ) a ma/]piece1 o!rwise x c\ld nev] sugge/ any connexion ) x4 ,giv5 a fav\rable emotional attitude & ! abs5ce ( obvi\s extr9sic 7te*nical or hi/orical7 reasons = scepticism1 ^! elem5ts ( resemblance mu/ awak5 ! vague idea1 especially ! empa?ic s*eme1 ( ! p>ticul> ma/]'s "w1 & 8 "n--%all we say ,leon>do's8--w rise to ! lips4 ,b ,leon>do is a "n to conjure )1 & 9 ?is case to de/roy ! conjur] himself3 ! ^w ,leon>do implies an emotion1 di/ill$ f a numb] ( highly priz$ & purposely repeat$ exp]i5ces1 kept to ga!r /r5g? 9 respectful isolation1 & fur!r height5$ by a ?rill ( initiate v5]ation :5ev] x is m5tion$4 ,?is ,leon>do-emotion1 once set on foot1 *ecks all unwor?y d\bts1 sweeps out ( consci\sness all ?\ghts ( inf]ior "w 7inf]iority & ,leon>do be+ emotionally incompatible671 respectfully holds ! c&le :ile ! elem5ts common to ! imitation & ! ma/]piece are gone ov] & ov]1 & ! diff]5tiat+ elem5ts exclusively belong+ to ,leon>do evok$ 9 ! exp]t's memory1 until at la/ ! objective "w ( art comes to be emb$d$ 9 recollect$ ma/]pieces :i* imp>t to x _! emotionally communicable virtue4 ,& :5 ! poor exp]t is f9ally ov]:elm$ ) ridicule1 ! ,phili/9e %rewdly decides t a %am ,leon>do is j z good z a g5u9e "o1 t ^! are all matt]s ( fa%ion1 & t !re is really no disput+ ( ta/es6 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,ae/hetic ,,irradiation ,,& ,,purification ,,! /orage & transf] ( ae/hetic emotion expla9 yet ano!r fact1 ) :i* inde$ ,i began ?is little book3 namely t ! ^w ,beautiful has be5 ext5d$ f :atev] is satisfactory 9 our contemplation ( %apes1 to a great numb] ( cases :]e !re c be no "q ( %apes at all1 z 9 speak+ ( a beautiful "* & a f9e moral attitude2 or else1 z 9 ! case ( a beautiful bit ( ma*9]y1 a f9e sci5tific demon/ration or a spl5did surgical op]ation :]e ! %apes involv$ are n at all su* z to af=d contemplative satisfaction4 ,9 su* cases ! ^w ,beautiful has be5 br\ght ov] ) ! emotion ( satisfi$ contemplation4 ,& c\ld we exam9e microscopically ! m9ds ( ^? :o are ?us apply+ x1 we might p]haps detect1 r\nd ! fully-focuss$ ?\ght ( t admirable b n[ise %apely ?+ or p]son or proce$+1 ! %ad[y traces ( half-=gott5 %apes1 visible or audible1 =m+ a halo ( real ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 & evok$ by t ^w ,beautiful ^: application !y p>tially ju/ify4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,rec5t psy*ology tea*es t1 odd z x at fir/ appe>s1 our m or less def9ite images1 auditive z well z visual1 & :e!r actually p]ceiv$ or m]ely rememb]$1 are 9 reality ! int]mitt5t "p ( ! m9d's cont5ts1 com+ & go+ & weav+ !mselves on to a con/ant wo( ( our own activities & feel+s4 ,x is precisely su* activities & feel+s :i* are ma9ly 9 "q :5 we apply ! words ,beautiful & ,ugly4 ,?us ev]y?+ :i* has come 9 connexion ) occasions = satisfactory %ape-contemplation1 w meet ) some:at ( ! same reception z t %ape-contemplation orig9ally elicit$4 ,& ev5 ! m]e/ items ( in=mation :i* ! pa9t] conveys conc]n+ ! visible univ]se2 ! m]e/ detail ( human "* convey$ by ! poet2 nay ev5 ! m]e n]v\s intoxication furni%$ by ! musician1 w all be irradiat$ by ! emotion due to ! %apes !y h be5 convey$ 91 & w !re=e be felt z beautiful4 ,moreov]1 z ! beautiful "* & spl5did op]ation h taught u1 r>e & desirable qualities are apt to be contemplat$ 9 a platonic way4 ,& ev5 objects ( bodily desire1 s long z t desire is n acute & press+1 may give rise to m]ely contemplative long+s4 ,all ?is1 add$ to :at has previ\sly be5 said1 suffici5tly expla9s ! _m & het]og5e\s items :i* are irradiat$ by ! ^w ,beautiful & ! emotion orig9ally aris+ f ! satisfi$ contemplation ( m]e %apes4 ,& t ?is contemplation ( beautiful %apes %\ld be at once s life-corroborat+ & s /rangely imp]sonal1 & t its special emotion %\ld be s susceptible ( radiation & transf]1 is suffici5t explanation ( ! elevat+ & purify+ influ5ce :i*1 ev] s9ce ,plato1 philosoph]s h usually ascrib$ to ! ,beautiful4 ,o!r morali/s h[ev] h n fail$ to po9t out t art has1 occasionally & ev5 frequ5tly1 effects ( ! v opposite k9d4 ,! ev]-recurr5t discussion ( ?is seem+ contradiction is1 h[ev]1 made an end (1 once we recognise t art has _m aims besides its di/+ui%+ "o ( increas+ our contemplation ( ! beautiful4 ,inde$ "s ( art's _m non-ae/hetic aims may !mselves be =eign to elevation & purification1 or ev51 z = in/ance ! lewd or brutal subjects ( "s pa9t+ & poetry1 & ! n]v\s intoxication ( c]ta9 music1 ex]t a debas+ or en]vat+ influ5ce4 ,b1 z ! :ole ( ?is book has tri$ to e/abli%1 ! contemplation ( beautiful %apes involves p]ceptive processes 9 !mselves m5tally invigorat+ & ref9+1 & a play ( empa?ic feel+s :i* realise ! greate/ desid]ata ( spiritual life1 viz4 int5sity1 purposefulness & h>mony2 & su* p]ceptive & empa?ic activities _c fail to raise ! pres5t level ( exi/5ce & to leave beh9d !m a high] /&>d = future exp]i5ce4 ,?is exclusively elevat+ effect ( beautiful %ape z su*1 is ( c\rse proportion$ to ! att5tion x receives & ! exclusion ( o!r1 & possibly bas]1 int]e/s connect$ ) ! "w ( art4 ,on ! o!r h& ! purify+ effects ( beautiful %apes dep5d ^u ! att5tion oscillat+ to & fro betwe5 !m & ^? o!r int]e/s1 e4g4 subject 9 ! repres5tative arts1 fitness 9 ! appli$ ones1 & expression 9 music2 all ( :i* non-ae/hetic int]e/s b5efit 7enhanc$ if noble1 r$eem$ if base7 by irradiation ( ! nobl] feel+s :]e) !y are ?us associat$4 ,= we mu/ n =get t :]e oppos$ gr\ps ( feel+ are elicit$1 :i*ev] happ5s to be m active & complex w neutralise its oppon5t4 ,?us1 :ile an ev5 high] int5sity & complexity ( ae/hetic feel+s is obta9$ :5 ! subject ( a picture1 ! use ( a build+ or a *attel1 or ! expression ( a piece ( music1 is 9 itself noble2 & a ,degas ballet girl c nev] h ! dignity ( a ,phidian goddess1 nor a gambl+ cas9o t ( a ca!dral1 nor ! music to ,wilde's ,salome t ( ,brahms' ,g]man ,requiem1 yet :atev] ( beauty !re may be 9 ! %apes w div]t ! att5tion f ! meanness or vil5ess ( ! non-ae/hetic sugge/ion4 ,we d n rememb] ! m]c5>y & lib]t9e allegory embodi$ 9 ,correggio's ,dana1 or else we re9t]pret t sorry piece ( my?ology 9 t]ms ( cosmic occurr5ces1 ( ! ,e>?'s weal? increas$ by ! fecundat+ sky4 ,simil>ly x is a common obs]vation t :ile unmusical ,bayreu?-go]s (t5 attribute demoralis+ effects to "s ( ,wagn]'s music1 ! g5u9ely musical li/5]s are unaw>e1 & usually incr$ul\s1 ( any su* evil possibilities4 ,?is "q ( ! purify+ p[] ( ! ,beautiful has br\ght u back to our />t+-po9t4 ,x illu/rates ! di/9ction betwe5 contemplat+ an aspect & ?9k+ ab\t ?+s1 & ?is di/9ction's coroll>y t %ape z su* is yon-side ( real & unreal1 tak+ on ! "* ( reality & unreality only inasmu* z x is ?\ght ( 9 connexion ) a ?+4 ,z reg>ds ! possibility ( be+ good or evil1 x is evid5t f all ! =ego+ t %ape z %ape1 & )\t ! sugge/ion ( ?+s1 c be evil only 9 ! s5se ( be+ ugly1 ugl9ess dim9i%+ its own drawbacks by be+1 ipso facto1 difficult to dwell ^u1 inasmu* z x goes aga9/ ! gra9 ( our p]ceptive & empa?ic activities4 ,! contemplation ( beautiful %ape is1 on ! o!r h&1 fav\r$ by its pleasurabl5ess1 & su* contemplation ( beautiful %ape lifts our p]ceptive & empa?ic activities1 t is to say a l>ge "p ( our intellectual & emotional life1 on to a level :i* c only be spiritually1 organically1 & 9 s f>1 morally b5eficial4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,conclusion 7,,evolutional7 ,,"s ( my ,read]s1 n satisfi$ by ! answ] implicit 9 ! la/ *apt] & inde$ 9 ! :ole ( ?is little book1 may ask a f9al "q conc]n+ our subject4 ,n3 ,:at is ! use ( ,art8 s9ce1 z we h se51 ,art has _m & v>i\s uses bo? to ! individual & to ! community1 ea* ( :i* uses is indep5d5t ( ! atta9m5t ( ,beauty4 ,! rema9+ "q conc]ns ! usefulness ( ! v dem& = ,beauty1 ( t ,ae/hetic ,imp]ative by :i* ! o!r uses ( art are m or less qualifi$ or dom9at$4 ,9 :at way1 ! ,read] may ask1 has s5sitiv5ess to ,beauty contribut$ to ! survival ( mank9d1 t x %\ld n only h be5 pres]v$ & e/abli%$ by evolutional selection1 b inve/$ ) ! trem5d\s p[] ( ! pleasure & pa9 alt]native8 ,! late ,william ,james1 z "s read]s may rememb]1 plac$ musical pleasure betwe5 s5tim5tal love & sea-sickness z ph5om5a unacc\ntable by any value = human survival1 9 fact ma/]ies1 if n p>adoxes1 ( evolution4 ,! riddle1 ?\gh n necess>ily ! my/]y1 does n consi/ 9 ! survival ( ! ae/hetic in/9ct ( :i* ! musical "o is a m]e sub-category1 b 9 ! orig9 & selectional e/abli%m5t ( its elem5t>y con/itu5ts1 say = in/ance space-p]ception & empa?y1 bo? ( :i* exi/ equally outside t in/9ct :i* is a m]e comp\nd ( !m & o!r prim>y t5d5cies4 ,= giv5 space-p]ception & empa?y & _! capacity ( be+ felt z satisfactory or unsatisfactory1 ! ae/hetic imp]ative is n only intelligible b inevitable4 ,in/ead !re=e ( ask+3 ,:y is !re a pref]5ce = :at we call ,beauty8 we %\ld h to ask3 :y has p]ception1 feel+1 logic1 imag9ation1 come to be j :at x is8 ,inde$ :y are our s5se-organs1 our bodily /ructure & *emical composition1 :at !y are2 & :y d !y exi/ at all 9 contradi/9ction to ! ways ( be+ ( o!r liv+ or o!r inanimate ?+s8 ,s long z ^! elem5t>y facts cont9ue %r\d$ 9 d>kness or tak5 = grant$1 ! g5esis & evolutional reason ( ! p>ticul> comp\nd :i* we call ae/hetic pref]5ce mu/ rema9 only "o degree less my/]i\s ?an ! g5esis & evolutional reason ( its psy*ological compon5ts4 ,mean:ile all we c v5ture to say is t z satisfaction d]iv$ f %apes we call beautiful1 und\bt$ly involves int5se1 complex1 & reit]ative m5tal activities1 z x has an und5iable p[] = happ9ess & h5ce = spiritual refre%m5t1 & z x moreov] t5ds to inhibit mo/ ( ! in/9cts ^: sup]abundance c jeop>dise individual & social exi/5ce1 ! capacity = su* ae/hetic satisfaction1 once aris51 w\ld be fo/]$ 9 virtue ( a mass ( evolutional advantages :i* are z complex & difficult to analyse1 b also z deep-seat$ & und5iable1 z itself4 ,,bibliography ,i4 ,lipps4 ,raumae/hetik1 ,leipzig1 #ahig4 ,ae/hetik1 vol4 ,i4 "p ii41 ,leipzig1 #aijf4 ,,ii4 ,k>l ,groos4 ,ae/hetik1 ,giess51 #ahib4 ,d] ,ae/hetis*e ,g5uss1 ,giess51 #aijb4 ,,iii4 ,wundt4 ,physiologis*e ,psy*ologie 7#e? ,edition1 #aijc71 vol4 ,,iii4 pg4 #ajg to #bji4 ,b ! :ole volume is full ( indirect sugge/ion on ae/hetics4 ,,iv4 ,mn/]b]g4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,art ,education1 ,new ,york1 #aije4 7,/atem5t ( ,lipps' !ory 9 physiological t]ms47 ,v4 ,klpe4 ,d] geg5wrtige ,/& d] exp]im5tell5 ,ae/hetik1 #aijg4 ,,vi4 ,v]non ,lee & ,an/ru!r-,?omson4 ,beauty & ,ugl9ess1 #aiab 7conta9s abundant quotations f mo/ ( ! above works & o!r s\rces74 ,,vii4 ,ribot4 ,le ,rle lat5t des ,images ,motrices4 ,revue ,philosophique1 ,m>* #aiab4 ,,viii4 ,witasek4 ,psy*ologie d] ,raumwahrnehmung des ,auges 7#aiaj74 ,^! two la/ nam$ are only indirectly connect$ ) visual ae/hetics4 ,= art-evolutional que/ions consult3 ,,ix4 ,haddon4 ,evolution 9 ,art1 #ahie4 ,x4 ,yrj ,hirn4 ,orig9s ( ,art1 ,macmillan1 #aijj4 ,,xi4 ,lev9/e94 ,k9d]zei*nung51 ,leipzig1 #aije4 ,,xii4 ,loewy4 ,nature 9 e>ly ,greek ,art 7translation71 ,duckwor?1 #aijg4 ,,xiii4 ,delia ,seta4 ,religione e ,arte ,figurata1 ,rome1 #aiab4 ,,xiv4 ,spe>+4 ,! ,*ildhood ( ,art1 #aiac4 ,,xv4 ,jane ,h>rison4 ,anci5t ,art & ,ritual1 #aiac4 ,,index ,ae/hetic3 aridity1 #acf-g2 imp]ative1 #ii-ajj2 irradiation1 #adg-eb2 purification1 #adi-eb2 responsiv5ess1 active nature (1 #abh-cf2 habit & famili>ity affect+1 #acd-f ,altamira cave frescoes1 #ie ,art3 diff]5tial *>act]i/ic (1 #aaf-ah2 non-ae/hetic aims (1 #ii-ajj1 #acg-h2 utility (1 #aec-e ,aspect3 ae/hetics conc]n$ )1 #ae1 #ba1 #aje2 %ape ! det]m9+ feature (1 #bf-h ,att5tion1 a factor di/+ui%+ p]ception f s5sation1 #cb ,balf\r1 ,h41 #ie ,beautiful3 ae/hetic irradiation proce$+ f use ( adjective1 #adg-h2 attitude impli$ by use ( adjective1 #b-g1 #ah-ai2 empa?y ! *ief factor ( pref]5ce1 #fg-h2 implies desire = reit]at$ p]ception1 #ec-d ,botticelli1 #hc ,brahms' ,g]man ,requiem1 #aej ,br[n+'s ,abt ,vogl]1 #ada ,col]idge's ,ode to ,dejection1 #aca ,col\r1 passive reception (1 #bc-d1 #bi ,contemplative satisfaction m>k+ ae/hetic attitude1 #h-ae ,correggio's ,danae1 #aea ,cubic ,exi/5ce3 p]ception (1 #he2 pictorial sugge/ion (1 importance atta*$ to1 discuss$1 #aja-e ,discobolus1 #aae ,e9fhlung1 #ei2 mis9t]pretations (1 #ff-g ,emotion1 /orage & transf] (1 #aci-df ,empa?y1 #fa-fi2 complexity ( movem5ts ( l9es1 #gh-hc2 movem5ts ( l9es1 #gj-gg2 second elem5t ( %ape-p]ception1 #ei-fj ,ext5sion exi/+ 9 p]ception1 #ce-h ,fe*n]1 #acj ,hildebr&1 #ajb1 #aah ,inn] ,mimicry1 #gd-e ,james1 ,w41 #aec ,keats' ,grecian ,urn1 #gg ,lev9/e91 #if ,lipps1 #ff ,locomotion ( ,?+s1 di/9ction betwe51 & empa?ic movem5t ( l9es1 #aaa-af ,lotze1 #ff ,mantegna1 #hb ,memory3 a factor di/+ui%+ p]ception f s5sation1 #cb2 9 p]ception1 #dj-a ,mi*el ,angelo1 #aad1 #abb ,movem5t ( ,l9es1 di/9ction betwe51 & locomotion ( ,?+s1 #aaa-af2 see also ,empa?y ,object ( ,p]ception1 subject's activities m]g$ 91 #eg1 #eh ,p]ception3 active process involv$ 91 #bi-cd1 #abh-i2 di/+ui%$ f s5sation1 #cb2 subject & object (1 #ee-fj ,raphael's ,heliodorus1 #aai ,relaxation an elem5t ( =m-p]ception1 #db ,rembr&t1 #abb ,ry?m1 #db-e ,semp]1 hypo!sis reg>d+ %ape-pref]5ce1 #id ,s5sations3 di/+ui%$ f p]ceptions1 #cb2 p]ception ( relation betwe51 #bi-cj ,%ape3 "* (1 #gh-hc2 contemplation (1 its int]mitt5t b recurr5t "*1 #ajf-aj2 det]m9es contemplation ( an aspect1 #bf-h2 elem5ts (1 #ce-dg2 ,empa?y an elem5t ( p]ception (1 #ei2 facility & difficulty ( grasp+1 #dh-ed2 a p]ception1 #bi-cd2 practical causes reg>d+ evolution (1 #ij-d2 pref]5ce1 its evolution1 #id-g2 & ,?+s1 _! co-op]ation1 #aag-bg2 ?9k+ away f1 to ,?+s1 #aca-b1 #hd-i ,s\nd1 passive reception (1 #bc-d1 #bi ,subject ( p]ception1 ext5t ( aw>5ess ( self1 #eg-i ,symmetry1 #db-c ,t5sion1 an elem5t ( =m-p]ception1 #db ,?+s & ,%apes1 _! coop]ation1 #aag-bg2 ?\ghts ab\t1 ent]+ into %ape-contemplation1 #hd-i ,?ird ,dim5sion1 locomotor nature ( k (1 #he-f1 #aja ,tit*5]1 #ei ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #hc1 #ade-f ,vis*]1 #ff ,watts1 ,g4 ,f41 #df ,:ole & ,p>ts1 p]ception ( relation (1 #dh-ed ,wilde's ,salome1 #aej ,wundt1 #db1 #ff